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SMITHSONIAN 

MISCELLMEOUS  COUECTMS. 


VOL.  XXIII. 


^eparimeni   of  ihe   ^nievior 

U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


BULLETINS 


OF  THE 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


VOLUME    II 

( Nos.  11-16. ) 


PrBIISHED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 


WASHINGTON: 

OOTEBNMENT  PBINTINa  OFFICE. 

1882. 


('        L-IBRARY        ^ 
6F   TMt 
LELAND  STANFORD  JUNIOR 
^        UNIVERSITY.      f 


/^..5^V-^ 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  present  series,  entitled  <<  Smithsonian  Miscellaneous  Collections," 
is  intended  to  embraoe  afl  the  publications  issued  directly  by  the  Smith- 
sonian  Institution  in  octavo  form;  those  in  quarto  constituting  the 
*<  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge."  The  quarto  series  in- 
elades  memoirs,  embracing  the  records  of  extended  original  investiga- 
tions and  researches,  resulting  in  what  are  believed  to  be  new  truths,  and 
constituting  i>ositive  additions  to  the  sum  of  human  knowledge.  The 
<)ctavo  series  is  designed  to  contain  re]>orts  on  the  present  state  of  our 
knowledge  of  particular  branches  of  science ;  instructions  for  collecting 
and  digesting  facts  and  materials  for  research ;  lists  and  synopses  of 
species  of  the  organic  and  inorganic  worid ;  museum  catalogues;  reports 
of  explorations;  aids  to  bibliographical  investigations,  etc.,  generally 
prepare^I  at  the  express  request  of  the  Institution,  and  at  its  expense. 

The  assignment  of  a  work  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  two  series  will 
sometimes  depend  upon  whether  the  reiiuired  illustrations  can  be  pre- 
sented more  conveniently  in  the  quarto  or  the  octavo  form. 

In  the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,  as  well  as  in  the 
present  series,  ea(;h  article  is  separately  paged  and  indexed,  and  the 
aotoal  date  of  its  publication  is  that  given  on  its  special  title  page,  and 
not  that  of  the  volume  in  which  it. is  placetl.  In  many  (^ases  works 
have  lieen  published,  and  largely  distributed,  years  before  their  combi 
nation  into  volumes. 

While  due  care  is  taken  on  the  part  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to 
insure  a  proper  standard  of  excellence  in  its  puWications,  it  will  be 
readily  understood  that  it  cannot  hold  itself  responsible  for  the  facts 
and  conclusions  of  the  authors,  as  it  is  impossible  in  most  cases  to  verify 
their  statements. 

S.  F.  BAIRD, 

Seo'etary  S.  I. 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS. 


I. — Bibliography  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Pacific  Coast  of  the  United  States  to 
the  end  of  1879.  By  Theodore  Gill.  1882.  8vo.,  pp.  78.  Bulletin  of  the  Ka- 
tional  Museum,  No,.  11. 

IL — Contribntions  to  North  American  Ichthyology ,  based  primarily  on  the 
collections  of  the  United  States  National  Museum.  (Part  III. )  A. — On  the  DIh- 
tribntion  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Alleghany  Region  of  South  Carolina,'  Georgia,  and 
Tennessee,  with  descriptions  of  new  or  little  known  species.  By  David  S. 
Jordan  and  Albmbert  W.  Brayton.  B. — ^A  Synopsis  of  the  Family  Catosto- 
midie.  By  David  S.  Jordan.  1878.  8vo.,  pp.  337.  Bulletin  of  the  National 
Museum,  No.  12. 

TTT — The  Flora  of  St.  Croix  and  the  Virgin  Islands.  By  Baron  H.  F.  A. 
Eggkrs.  1879.  8vo.,  pp.  136.  Bulletin  of  the  National  Museumf  No,  13. 
Article  IV. — Catalogue  of  the  Collection  to  Illustrate  the  Animal  Resources  and  the 
Fisheries  of  the  United  States,  exhibited  at  Philadelphia  in  1876  by  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution  and  the  United  States  Fish  Commission,  and  forming  apart 
of  the  United  States  National  Museum.  Prepared  under  the  direction  of  G. 
Brown  Goods.  1879.  8vo.,  pp.  367.  Bulletin  of  the  National  Museum,  No,  14. 
Article  V. — Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  Arctic  America,  made  in  con- 
nection with  the  Howgate  Polar  Expedition,  1877-78.  By  Ludwig  Kumlien. 
li?79.    tlvo.,  pp.  179.     Bulletin  of  the  National  Museum,  No.  15. 

coNTiirrs. 

KuMUKX,  L.    Ethnology,  mammals,  and  birds. 
Bkax,  T.  H.    Fishes. 

Vkrrill,  a.  E.    Annelides,  moUoscoids,  and  radiates. 
Dalu  W.  H.    Mollusks. 

IXSKCTB: 

EuwABDft,  W.  H.    Diurnal  lepidoptera. 

ScuDDBB,  S.  H.,  and  others.    Hymenoptera,  noctarnal  lepidoptera,  diptera,  cole- 
optera,  nearoptera,  and  arachnida. 
Gray,  a.    Plants. 
TucKKHX AX,  E.    Lichens. 
Farlow,  W.  G.    Alga?. 

•  ■ 

Vll 


^eparivneni    of  ihc   3Snfcrior: 

U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEIBI. 

— 11 — 


BULLETIN 


OP  TIIK 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 


No.    11. 


PUBLISHED  UNDBR  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 


WASHI 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


Thin  work  is  the  eleveath  of  a  series  of  papers  iDtended  to  illas- 
tiittc  tbo  collections  of  natural  history'  and  etltnology  belonging  to  the  , 
ITiiitcd  States,  and  constituting  the  National  Moseom,  of  which  the 
Hriiithsonian  Institution  was  placed  jn  charge  by  the  act  of  Congress  of 
August  10,  1846. 

It  liiiH  been  prcparMi  at  the  request  of  the  Institution,  and  printed  by 
aiitlionly  of  the  honorable  Secretary-  of  the  Interior. 

8.  F.  BAIED, 
Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  InstitMtion. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


OF  THB 


ISHES  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST 


OF   THE 


UNITED    STATES 


TJ 


THE   END   OF  1879. 


BY 


THEODORE    GILL. 


I  tm^t  I 


WASHINGTON: 

TESNUENT  PBINTINO  OFFICE. 

1882. 


I      '' 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


OF 


THE  FISHES  OF  THE  PACIFIC  UNITED  STATES. 


■i._j 


PREFATORY. 


The  scientific  literatare  relative  to  the  fishes  of  the  western  coast  of 
North  America  is  of  unusaally  recent,  as  well  as  rapid,  growth.     Noth- 
ing exact  was  known  till  the  present  century  had  far  advanced,  for  the 
accounts  of  tbe  earlier  writers,  such  as  Venegas,  intead  of  enlightening 
the  reader,  convey  absolutely  false  ideas  respecting  the  character  of 
the  iclithyic  fauna.     Exclusive  of  incidental  notices,  the  beginnings  of 
an  ichthyography  of  the  northwest  coast  were  first  published  in  1831 
(but  printed  in  1811)  in  the  ^*Zoographia  Rosso- Asiatica ''  of  Pallas; 
a  few  species  from  British  Columbia  were  described  by  Richardson  in 
1836,  while  the  fishes  of  California  remained  absolutely  unknown  till  1839, 
when  a  glimpse,  but  an  entirely  inadequate  one,  was  furnished  by  Lay 
and  Bennett  in  their  notes  and  account  of  species  collected  during  the 
voyage  of  the  English  vessel  Blossom.    A  long  silence  then  supervened, 
and,  with  the  exceptions  thus  signalized,  and  the  addition  by  Storer 
of  a  single  species  of   Syngnathiat  in  184G,  west-coast  ichthyography 
commenced  in  1854  with  the  announcement,  by  Professor  Agassiz,  of 
tb«»  <liscovery  of  the  remarkable  family  of  Embiotocoids.     This  was 
spee<lily  followed  by  numerous  communications,  by  Dr.  Gibbons,  Dr. 
Giranl,  and  Dr.  Ay  res,  on  new  species  of  fishes,  mostly  from  the  Cali- 
forniau  waters,  but  partly  from  the  Oregon i an  ones.    As  early  as  1838, 
nearly  200  species  had  been  made  known,  and  the  descriptions  of  most 
wert*  ex)llected  in  a  general  report  by  Dr.  Girard.     The  main  features 
of  tW  ichthyology  of  the  Pacific  slope  were  then  already  known;  but 
more  recent  laborers  have  not  only  extended  largely  our  knowledge 
of  species,  but  added  a  number  of  entirely  new  forms,  and  thrown  much 
iiglit  on  the  relations  of  the  fish-fauna  of  that  region  to  others. 

The  following  bibliography  is  a  nearly  complete  enumeration,  in 
chronological  order,  of  the  memoirs  and  articles  of  all  kinds  that  have 
**^  published  on  the  fishes  of  the  region  in  question.    The  chrono- 

^been  determined  by  the  date  of  reading  of  the  articles 


> 


eommooicated  to  learned  societiea  la  cases  of  «qaestioD  of  priority, 
the  rigbt  depeoda,  of  coarse,  oa  the  period  of  pablicatiOD ;  but  this 
is  sometimes  vitli  great  difliciiity  ascertainable,  and  motives  of  cod- 
venieoce  have  dictated  tbe  seqaeace  adopted. 

Perbaps  some  will  be  disposed  to  believe  that  the  compiler  has  siimed 
io  redoodaDcy  rather  thao  deficiency  Iq  this  bibliographf.  The  evils 
of  the  fonoer  are;,  however,  easily  reiue<!ied,  while  those  of  the  latter 
mast  leave  the  consulter  ia  more  or  less  doabt.  Many  popular  works 
hare  been  catalt^oed  where  original  iaformation  of  even  slight  valoe 
was  coataiD«d,  and  when  sncli  works  were  among  tbe  earliest  pablished 
oa  tbe  regions  in  qnestion.  Besides  those  eunmerated,  works  on  Cali- 
fornia, too  nnmerons  to  mention,  contain  iacideutal  iaformation  (very 
rarely  of  any  original  valne,  however)  re8|>ectiog  tbe  fishes  and  fisheries 
of  that  State;  and  a  onmber  on  tbe  British  possessions  belong  to  the 
same  category.  Among  tbose  relative  to  British  Ctdnmbia  and  Van- 
couver's Island  worthy  to  be  mentioned,  but  not  to  be  particularized, 
are  the  volomes  of  Wm.  Carew  llazlitt  (l&M),  J.  Desford  Pemberton 
(ISCO),  Duncan  George  Forbes  Macdouuld  (ISGi>),  CapL  C-  E.  Barrett 
Lennanl  (1862),  Alexander  Kaltray  (IS&J),  Com.  K.  C.  Mayue  (1862), 
G.  M.  Sproat  (ISOS),  Francis  Poole  (1S72).  and  CapL  W.  F.  Botler 
(1373). 

The  titles  of  the  Government  publications  are  taken  from  a  mnnn- 
script  compilation  embracing  notices  of  all  the  reports  published  by 
the  General  and  State  governments  on  scientific  explorations,  and 
iniendetl  to  be  more  |tarticular  than  the  present  wwk.  They  are 
retained  with  the  bars  (  |  ),  indicating  the  disiribnlioa  oa  tbe  title- 
pag^s  of  the  lines,  etc. 


lowing  preceded  l^y  an  asterisk  (•)  are  selected  from  the  remarks  pre- 

&tory  to  the  paper  in   the  proceedings,  and  those  preceded   by  » 

dagger  (f )  have  been  composed  by  the  present  writer,  since  nothinfj 

intelligible  precedes  the  papers  themselves.    It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 

senseless  and  canseless  sin  in  qnestion  may  speedily  be  discontinued. 

There  is  no  reason  why  any  one  should  be  compelled  to  read  the  whole 

of  an  article  (as  is  sometimes  necessary)  to  obtain  an  idea  of  what  the 

paper  relates  to;  and  the  '<  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Papers  (1800-1863) 

m 

compiled  and  published  by  the  Royal  Society  of  London"  shows  how  a 
Wbliography  edited  under  the  best  auspices  may  be  involved  in  grave 
enors  by  the  negligence  adverted  to. 


TITLES    OF    WORKS. 


iY5Y — Noticia  do  la  California,  y  do  sa  conqaista  temporal  y  espiritual  hasta  el 
tiempo  prescDte.  Sacada  de  la  historia  maDuscripta,  formada  en  Mexico 
afio  de  1739.  por  el  Padre  Migael  Venegas,  do  la  Coiupaiiia  de  Jesas ;  y  de 
otras  NoticiaH,  y  Bolaciones  aatignas,  y  modernas.  Afiadida  de  algnnos  mapas 
particnlares,  y  uno  general  de  la  America  Septentrional,  Asia  Oriental,  y 
Mar  del  Siir  iutermedio,  formados  sobre  las  Memoriae  mas  recientes,  y  exactas, 
qae  se  piibUcan  jnntamente.  Dedicada  al  Rey  N.^^  Seflor  por  la  Provincia 
de  Naeva-Espafia,  de  la  Compafiia  de  Jesns.  Tomo  primero  [ — Tomo  ter- 
cero]. — Con  licencia.  En  Madrid:  En  la  Imprenta  de  la  Viuda  de  Manuel 
Fernandez,  y  del  Snpremo  Consejo  de  la  Inqnisicion.  Afio  de  M.D.CCLVII. 
[80,  3  vols.] 

[TmoaUued  as  follows:— J 

1  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  California:  containing  an  accurate  descrip- 
tion oC  that  country,  its  soil,  mountains,-  harbours,  lakes,  rivers,  and  seast 
its  animaln,  vegetables,  minerals,  and  famous  fishery  for  pearls.  The  cus> 
toms  of  the  inhabitants,  their  religion,  government,  and  manner  of  living, 
before  their  conversion  to  the  Christian  religion  by  the  missionary  Jesu- 
its. Together  with  accounts  of  the  several  voyages  and  attempts  made  for 
settling  California,  and  taking  actual  surveys  of  that  country,  its  gulf,  and 
coast  of  the  South-Sea.  Illustrated  with  copperplates,  and  an  accurate 
map  of  the  country  and  adjacent  seas.  Translated  from  the  original  Span- 
isb  of  Miguel  Venegas,  a  Mexican  Jesuit,  published  at  Madrid  175^.— In 
two  volumes. — Vol.  I[ — II].  =  London  :  printed  for  James  Rivington  and 
Jame.H  FK-tclier,  at  the  Oxford  Theatre,  in  Pater-Noster-Row.  1750.  [8^, 
vol.  i,  10  1.,  455  pp.,  1  pi. ;  vol.  ii.] 

[The  only  rofercncrs  to  fishes  are  as  follows  (v.  i,  pp.  47-48) :— "  Knt  if  the  soil  of  Cali- 
fornia b©  in  f^eneral  barren,  the  scarcity  of  provisions  is  snpplicd  hy  tho  adjacent  sea;  for 
both  in  the  Pacifick  ocean  and  tho  Gulf  of  California,  tho  niiiltitndo  and  variety  of  fishes 
art)  incredible.  Father  Antonio  do  la  Ascencion,  speaking  of  tho  bay  of  San  Lucaa 
(rx>wer  California),  .nays*,  '  With  the  nets  which  every  ship  carried,  they  caiUKht  a  great 
quantity  of  fish  of  different  kinds,  and  all  wbolesomo  and  palatable:  particularly  holy- 
basm  salmon,  tnrbots,  skates,  pilchards,  large  oysters,  thorn  backs,  mackerel,  barbels, 
booetos.  soals,  lobsters,  and  pearl  oysters.'  And,  speaking  of  tho  bay  of  Bau  Francisco, 
on  the  western  coast,  he  adds:  *  Here  arc  such  mnltitndes  of  fish,  that  with  a  net,  which 
the  commoilore  ha^l  on  board,  more  was  canght  every  day  than  tho  ship's  company  could 
make  use  of:  and  of  these  a  great  variety,  as  crabs,  oysters,  breams,  mackerel,  cod,  bar- 
bels. thornbackH.  &c.'  And  in  other  parts  ho  makes  mention  of  tho  infinite  number  of 
sardines,  which  are  left  on  the  sand  at  the  ebb,  and  so  exquisite  that  those  of  Laredo  in 
Spain,  then  famous  for  this  fl&h,  do  not  exceed  them.  Xor  oro  fish  less  plentiful  along  the 
gulf  [of  California],  where  to  tho  above  mentioned  species  Father  IMcolo  adds,  tunnies, 
aocboTies,  and  others.  Even  in  the  rivulets  gf  this  peninsula  are  found  barbels  and  cray- 
fiah:  but  the  most  diBtinguishod  fish  of  both  seas  are  tho  whales;  which  induced  the 
•Bdeot  coMDOjpraphera  to  call  California,  Pnnta  de  Balenaa,  or  Capo  Whale :  and  these  fish 
biiagftNUid  io  amltitiidet  along  both  coasts,  give  name  to  a  channel  in  tho  gulf,  and  a 
•^"ftr.i.  pp.  47-48)1 


8 

1772— Voyage  en  Califoniie  pour  I'observation  du  passage  de  VSnussur  le  disqne  do 
solcil,  le  3  juin  1769;  conteDant  los  observations  de  ce  ph6nom^ne  et  la  dis- 
cription  historique  de  la  roate  de  Tanteur  ^  travers  le  Mexiqae.  Par  fen  M. 
Chappe  d'Auteroche,  .  .  .  R^ig6  et  pnbli^  par  M.  do  Cassini  fils  .  .  . 
1  Paris:  chez  Charles- Antoine  Jombeit.  MDCCLXXII.  [4°,  half-title, 
title,  170  [2]  pp.,  plan,  and  2  pi. — Sabio.] 

[TraDslated  aa  follows:—] 
A  Voyage  to  California,  to  observe  the  Transit  of  Venus.  By  Mous.  Chappe 
d'Auteroche.  With  an  historical  description  of  the  author^s  route 
through  Mexico,  and  the  natural  history  of  that  province.  Also,  a  voyage 
to  Newfoundland  and  Sallce,  to  make  experiments  on  Mr.  Le  Roy's  time 
keepers.  By  Monsieur  de  Cassini.  London:  printed  for  Edward  and  Charles 
Dilly,  In  The  Poultry.  MDCCLXXVIII.  [g<^,  4  p.  1.,  315  pp.,  with  "plan 
of  City  of  Mexico".] 

Extract  of  a  letter  from  Mexico  addressed  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences at  Paris,  by  Don  Joseph  Anthony  de  Alzate  y  Ramyrez,  now 
a  correspondent  of  the  said  academy,  containing  some  curious  particu- 
lars relative  to  the  natural  history  of  the  country  adjacent  to  the  City 
of  Mexico,    pp.  77-105. 

[It  is  nndoabtedly  this  work  ibat  is  meant  in  the  statement  that  has  so  largely  gone  the 
rounds  of  the  periodical  press,  to  the  effect  th^t  the  Califoniian  viviparoas  fishes  \rere  ob. 
served  dnring  ihe  voyage  for  the  obsurvation  of  the  transit  of  Venus  to  Lower  California, 
1769.  A  perusal  of  the  accounts  given,  however,  renders  it  evident  that  the  fishes  in  ques- 
tion were  not  Erabiotocids  but  rather  Cyprinodontids,  probably  of  the  genus  MoUienuia, 
The  account  by  Don  Alzate  (pp.  89-91)  is  as  follows: — 

*'  I  send  you  some  viviparous  scaly  fishes,  of  which  I  had  formerly  given  you  an  account. 
What  I  have  observed  in  them  this  year  is—'  If  you  press  the  belly  with  your  fingers,  you 
force  out  the  fry  before  their  time,  and  upon  Inspecting  them  through  the  microscope  you 
may  discern  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  such  as  it  is  to  be  when  the  fish  is  grown  up.'  If 
you  throw  these  little  fishes  into  water,  they  will  swim  as  well  as  if  they  had  been  long 
accustomed  to  live  in  that  element.  The  fins  and  tail  of  the  males  are  larger  and  blacker 
^  than  those  of  the  females,  so  that  the  s*^x  is  easily  distinguished  at  first  sight.  These  fish 
have  a  singular  manner  of  swimming ;  the  mole  and  the  female  swim  together  on  two  par- 
allel lines,  the  female  always  uppermost  and  the  male  undermost ;  they  thus  always  keep 
at  a  constant  uniform  distance  from  each  other,  and  preserve  a  perfect  parallelism.  The 
female  never  makes  the  least  motion,  either  sideways  or  towards  the  bottom,  but  directly 
the  male  does  the  same." 

To  this  account  is  added  a  foot-note  (p.  90)  containing  the  following  additional  informa- 
tion :— 

" Don  Alzate  has  sent  those  fishes  preserved  in  spirits;  their  skin  is  covere<l  with  very 
small  scales ;  they  vary  in  length  ftx>m  an  inch  to  eighteen  lines,  and  they  are  seldom  above 
five,  six.  or  seven  lines  in  the  broadest  pan.  They  have  a  fin  on  each  side  near  the  gills, 
two  small  ones  under  the  belly,  a  single  one  behind  the  anus,  which  lies  between  the  fin 
and  the  single  one;  the  tail  is  not  fuiked ;  lastly,  this  fish  has  a  long  fin  on  the  back,  a 
little  above  the  fin,  which  is  under  the  belly. 

"We  know  of  some  viviparous  fishes  in  our  seas,  such  as  loach,  &c.  most  of  these  have 
a  smooth  skin  without  any  scales.  The  needle  of  Aristotle  is  viviparous,  and  yet  covered 
with  broad  and  hard  scales,  I  have  caught  some  that  had  young  ones  still  in  their  womb. 
Aa  to  these  viviparous  fishes,  it  is  a  particular  and  new  sort,  and  we  are  obliged  to  Don 
Alzate  for  making  us  acquainted  with  it.  It  breeds  in  a  lake  of  fresh  water  near  the  City 
of  Mexico." 

This  is,  so  far  as  known,  the  earliest  notice  of  the  viviparity  of  Cynrinodontids.  The 
mode  of  consorting  together  (exaggerated  in  the  account)  is  common  to  a  number  of  rep- 
resentatives of  the  family,  and  is  alluded  to  by  Prof.  Agassiz  in  a  name  {Zygonectes,  i.  e. 
swimming  in  pairs)  conferred  on  one  of  the  genera  of  the  family.] 

180§— Piscium  Camtschaticorum  [TerpuA;]  et  IWachnja'],    Descriptiones  et  i cones 
auctore  [W.  Q.]  Tileaio.    D.  26  Octobri  1808.    Conventui  exhib.  die  2  Nor. 
1808.    <  M6m.  Acad.  Sci.  Pdtersb.,  v.  2,  pp.  335-^5,  1810,  viz  :— 
I.  Hexagrammos  Stelleri,  Rossis  Terpao  dictas  novam  genns  piscium 
Camtscbatioorum.    pp.  335-340,  tab.  15. 


n.  DimenBiones  piBois,  beato  Stellero  Hexagraminos  asper  dicti,  Rossis 
Teerpnk  ITerpukl  i.  e.  lima  (captas  d.  20  Maij  1741  iu  portn  Divi  Petri 
et  Paoli  poDdtobat  poDdero  medicinali  daas  nsqne  ad  sex  uncias).  pp. 
340-341. 

III.  Hezagraminos  Stelleri,  qaaanam  genera  sit  interponcndns  cuiDam 
olaasi  ordiDiqne  sysietuatico  sit  iDserendns.  Labrax  Pallassii  (rid.  ej. 
MoDOgraph.).    pp.  34*2-343. 

IV.  DeBcriptio  Stelleri  anno  1741  concepta.    pp.  343-347 

V.  Observationes  anatomiccc.    pp.  347-349. 

VI.  Wacbnja  Camtscbatica  est  Gadus  dor^^o  tripterygio,  Callariis  spc- 
eiaiim  Lnsco  affinis.    pp.  350-353,  tab.  16,  17. 

VII.  WacbnisB  Camtsobatica)  altera  species,  (Gadus  gracilis  niihi,)  qno^  ab 
indigenisCamtscbaticis  acqne  Cactjal,  Rossis  Wacbnja  [  JVachvja']  dicitnr, 
diroensionibas  illnstrata.    pp.  354-356,  tab.  18. 

VIII.  Stelleri  Descriptio  piscis  ovo<r  sive  asini  antiquorniu.  Turneri  ad 
GesDerum  aselli  3  sivi  ^glefini  Rondelet  et  Gesneri.  JEglefini  Bellonii, 
Anglornm  Hadok,  Russia  Wacbnja  [  JVachnjal  diet!  corrupt  a  voce  Itael- 
maDnica,  in  qua  Uakal  audit,    pp.  :i56-359. 

IX.  Observationes  anatomicie.    pp.  360-36:). 

X.  Observationes  ex  aliornm  individnornm  ejusdeni  speciei  dissectionibus, 
pp.  363-364. 

XI.  Ad  bistoriam  Gadi  dorse  tripterys^io  ore  cirrato  caudo  a^qnali  fere  cam 
radio  primo  spinoso  (Kabeljau  vel  Cabiljau  Belgarum)  (Gadus  morrbna 
L.  Blocb.  tub.  64),  adhnc  annotata  sequent ia.     pp.  364-370. 

XII.  Annotationes  anatomicie.    pp.  370-371. 

XIII.  Tabularum  explicatio.    pp.  372-375. 

l^^t— Labracea,  novum  genus  piscium,  oceani   oriental  is,  anctore  P.   8.  PallaB. 
CoDventni  exbib.  die  5  Julii   1809.     <M6m.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Pdtersb.,  v.  2, 
pp.  3J-2-398,  1810. 
[^T.  ap.  L.  deeagramintu,  L.  srtpereiliosuji,  L.  monopterygius.\ 

IVscription  de  quelquen  poissoiis  observes  pendant  son  voyaj;e  an  tour  du 
luonde.  Par  "W.  O.  Tilesius.  <  M^m.  Soc.  Imp.  des  Naturalistes  d<*  Moscon. 
t.  2,  pp.  212-249,  with  5  pi.,  1809. 

■•ll— Iconnmet  Descriptionum  piscinra  Canitschaticornm  continuatio  tcrtia  lonta- 
men  monograpbias  generis  Agoni  Blocbiani  sistens.  Anctoro  [W.  G.]  Tile- 
aio.  Cum  tabulis  vi  aineis. — Conventui  exbibita  die  11  DocenibrJH  IHll. 
<M6m.  Acad.  Sci.  Pdtersb.,  v.  4,  pp.  406-478,  1813,  viz:— 

De  Dovis  piscium  generibus,  Agono  Blocbii  et  Phalangiste  eel.  Pallasii, 
propter  synonym  iara  conjugendis.     pp.  406-454. 

Appendix  de  Cyprino  rostrato  et  cultrato,  Trachino  tricbodonto  i;t  Epene- 
phelo  ciliato.    pp.  454-457. 

Descriptio  Cyprini  rostrati  Tungusis  ad  Covymam  fluv.  Tschukutscbam  et 
Jucagiris  Onatscha  dicti.    pp.  457-474,  tab.  xv,  fig.  1-5. 

Epinepbelns  ciliatus  Camtscbaticus  et  Americanns.  pp.  474-478,  tab.  xvi, 
fig.  1-6. 

^  BoflBO-Asiatica,  sistens  Omnium  Animaliom  in  extenso  imporio 

^iacentibus  maribus '^observatorura  Recensionem,  Domicilia, 

Dtioncs,  anatomen   atqne    IconeB  plurimorum.     Anctore 


Pfttra  Pallas,  Eq.  Anr.  Academico-Pettopolitauo. — Tolnmeii  tertinm.— 
poll  in  OSIcina  Caen.  Academim  SciDDtinrum  Impreu.  M.DCC.CXI. 
MDCCCXXXI.    [4S  vii,  42H,  ciiv  pp.,  C  pi.] 

(Ai  IndtuUilDn  iho  tiilo-pagv,  tbo  ■' Zovgrnphia  fiouo-AiiiBtica''  was  ixit  n 
piMiiludMl  Igil,  Iwt  wu  priDled  In  IBll,  and  nu  only  ilvlalDtd  b]  Ibalouof  i 
p«-p]ilea.  Tbo  lotUiT-preu  ww,  hawaver,  U  ■  Bligbt  exlent,  dlatribnlcd  befon 
alar  publication  of  Iho  oJlllon.  nnd  a  copy  ^aa  poBBCd^pd  by  Cuvler,  wbo  haa 


D  bid  b- 


1  obtained  from  the  Rnai 


DrLca.    Tbo  fuUowlog  an  pabllshed  aa  ir  new.  tlthoaRh  savi 

■ilH«l:— 


puTloiuLy 
F/ialangUlci  nnpciiHTtniu  (p.  110,  pi.  17). 
Cotiui  piiliiacaMiluieepltti\a  (p.  lU,  pl-iQ)- 
Ooaai  platyapluihu  <|i.  IM.  pi.  SI). 
OoUiu  Iraehiinu  (p.  13H,  pi.  93). 
OMutpittaUntr  (p  HI,  p!.  20. 1 3,  *i. 
nioiniui  ddticAo^ubr  (p.  1)3,  pL  43,  f.  a). 
Btmnitu  an<7u>IIaHf  (p.  176.  pi.  4-J.  f.  3). 
'fiodiu  tsocAna  (ii.  IDS,  pi,  4-1). 
Oodu  pv.Tmmu  tp.  I  DO). 
Oadui ^llll>ria  (p.  SCO). 
.il  niniDifnr«  htxapUrvi  {p.  tnS). 
Jmtniiftrtfv  irpKpinnif  (p.!tn,  pL  <i4.r.  3). 
IVoeMiittf  IrldtHlan  (p  333.  pL  SO,  C 1), 
IViuMiiBi  «irrAgnu  (p.  a3T.  pL  sn,  f,  3). 
iVr«a  Mrfabt/if  (p.S<l). 
ii*6nur  (((HiiTriimmiii  (p.  ms,  pi.  6il,  f.  9). 
i>B&iiiXRip>reUia«u|i>,  978,  pl.CJ,  f.  I). 
Loliroi  iimnapUrvjTicu  (p.  If  1.  pi.  C3,  r.  *). 
Labrax  aelogranmtu  (ji,  9>°;),  pi.  01.  f.  1). 
Salmo  tagottplialai  (p.  ^79.  pi.  77.  f.  ai. 
Batmopnlnu  (p.37<V  pi.  7ti.  f.  9.  p'.  TOj. 
rlmtimrclaqnadrilabrratUitui  (p.  tK). 
I^fumntcUt  eiaitrleonii  (p.  Kt). 
Tlie  plMii*  rKforml  In  were  never  pabllaked. 
Tlio  only  olbrr  i>pi>clri  algnallied  m  luIinblUoU  of  ibr 


f 

11 

(Tnuialated  m  fonowt:—] 

Narrative  of  a  voyage  to  the  northwest  coast  of  America  in  the  years  1811, 
1612, 1813,  and  1814,  |  or  the  first  American  settlemeot  on  the  Pacific  |  By 
Oabziel  Franchere  |  Translated  and  4  dited  by  J.  V.  Huntington  |  —  |  Red- 
field  I  110  and  1 12  Nassau  street,  Now  York  |  1854.    [12°,  37G  pp.,  3  pi.] 

[Tbe  calmoD  is  noticed  in  chapter  18.1 

ISM— Voyage  pittoresqae  aatoar  dn  monde,  avec  des  portraits  de  sauvages  d'Am6- 
riqne,  d'Asie,  d'Afriqne,  et  des  lies  da  grand  oc^an ;  des  paysages,  des  vues 
maritimett,  et  plnsienrs  objets  d'bistoiro  natnrelle;  accompagn<^  de  descrip- 
tions par  M.  le  Baron  Cavier,  et  M.  A.  de  Cbamisso,  et  d'obser  vat  ions  snr  les 
cr&nes  hnmains  par  M.  le  DoCtenr  Gall.  Par  M.  Louis  Choris,  Peintre. — 
Paris,  de  Vimprimerie  de  Firmin  Didot,  .  .  .  1822.  [Fol.,  2  p.  1.,  vi  pp.4-[*]» 
12  pi.,  17  pp.-f[ii],  10  pi.,  20  pp.-fliii],  14  pi.,  10,3  pp.-f  [iv],  18  pi.,  24  pp.-f 
[v],  19  pi.,  22  pp.  -f  [vi],  23  pi.,  28  pp.  -f  [vii],  7  pi.,  19  pp.] 
[Partie  vi.]  Cbapean  do  bois,  snr  lequel  sont  peintes  divers  animaux  ma- 
rina.    Plancbe  v.    Par  G.  Cuvier.    pp.  21-22. 

[Cnvier  coosiders  that  one  of  the  fij;are8  (h)  represents  a  Diodon^  And  such  seem»  to  be 
the  coAe;  hut  no  npeciea  of  that  type  hae  been  found  so  far  northward  as  Unalashka, 
where  the  bat  was  ohtained.  ("  £u  A.  est  an  JHodon  oa  orhe  6pincux.  qui  est  pris  k  la 
ligno  tandis  que  les  grands  c6tac6s  du  reste  de  co  tableau  sont  poursnivis  avec  des  lances*' 
(p.i«).l 

I8S8— Account  |  of  |  an  expedition  |  from  |  Pittsburgh  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  | 
pcrforme<l  in  the  yeara  1819  and  *20,  |  by  order  of  |  the  Hon.  J.C.Calhoun, 
Sec'y  of  War :  |  under  the  command  of  |  Major  Stephen  11.  Long.  |  From 
the  notes  (if  Major  Long,  Mr,  T.  Say,  and  other  gen-  |  tlcuien  of  the  exploring 
party.  |  —  |  Compiled  |  by  Ed'win  James,  |  botanist  and  geologiHt  for  the 
expedition.  |  —  |  In  two  vols.— With  an  atlas.  |  Vol.11.  |  —  j  Phiiadelphia:  | 
H.  C.  Cart»y  and  J.  Lea,  Chesnnt  st.  |  1823.  [2  v.,  8°.  Vol.  i,  2  p.  1.,  003  pp. ; 
vol.  ii,3  p.  l.,442  pp.] 

I8JI§— Histoirr  Natun-llc  desPoissous,  par  M.  leB""  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....     Tomo   premier.     A   Paris,   chez    F.    G.    Levranlt,  .  .  .  , 
1"?^!^.     [KJ  e.l.  xvi,  574  pp.,  1  1. ;  4^  cd.  xiv,  422  pp.,  1  1.— pi.  l-^  (double).] 
Livre  premier. — Tableau  historiquo  des  progics  de  ric:hthyolo'^i«*,  deimis 

sou  orij^inc  jusqu'ii  nos  jours. 
Livre  deuxiome. — Idee  g<Sudralc  de  la  nature  et  de  I'orgauisation  des  pois- 

SOUH. 

(Pullas*  **Zo«;iraphia  R«>«80-A8iatica"  noticed  at.  pp.  200-201.] 

Histoire  Natiin-lle  des  Poissons,  j)ar  M.  le  li^"  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes       Tome    denxicme.      A    Paris,  chez    F.  G.  Levranlt,  .  .  . 

lrJ2-<.    (.>*    ('m1.  xxi,  (I  1.),  490  pp. ;  4^^  ed.  xvii,  (1  1.),  :.7l  pp.— pi.  9-10.] 
Livre  troisi««ine. — Des  poissons  do  la  fainille  des  Perthes,  on  des  Percoi- 
des.     [Par  Cuvier.] 

[Xo  wostcuast  npt'clos  Hpocifled.] 

•■^•— Histoire  NaturcUe  (U*8  Poisaons,  par  M.  k*  !)<»"  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
oiennea,  ....     Tome    troisieme.     A    Paris,  chez    F.  G.  Levranlt,  .  .  .  , 
1829.    [8^  cd.  xxviii,  500  pp.,  1  1. ;  4^  ed.  xxii,  (1  1.),  3G8  pp.— pi.  41-71.] 
Livro  troisieme. — Des  poissons  de  la  famille  des  Perches,  on  dvs  PercoTdcs. 
'^•rier.] 

Aon  StelUri,  based  on  Traehinut  triehodon  Pallas.  1 


12 

1829 — Histoire  Naturelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  le  B°"  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  parM.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....     Tome  qiiatri^me.    A  PariB,  cbez   F.  G.  Levraalt,  .  .  .  , 
U329.    [8P  e<l  xxvi,  (1 1.),  518  pp. ;  4^  ed.  xx,  (1 1.),  379  pp.—pl.  72-99, 97  bis.] 
Livro  qnatribuic. — Dea  Acantbopt^rygieuH  ^  jonecnirass^.    [Par Cuvier.] 

[N.  8p.  Oottus  ventraHt,  Hemilepidotut  TUetii.] 

Zoolof^iscbcr  AMns,  eDtbal tend  Abbildungen  nod  Bescbreibungen  nouerTbier- 
arten,  wubrend  des  Flotteapi tains  von  Kotzebue  zweiter  Reisc  urn  die 
Welt,  auf  der  Hussiscb-Kaiserlicben  Kriegsscblnpp  Predpriatie  in  den 
Jabreu  1823-182G  beobacbtet  von  Dr.  Friedr.  Eschscholtz,  Professor  und 
Director  des  zoologiscbcn  Museums  an  der  Universitiit  zu  Dorpat,  Mitglied 
mebrercr  gelebrten  Gesellscbaften,  Russ.  Kais.  Hofratbo  und  Ritter  des 
Ordons  doa  beil.  Wladiuiir.  Drittes  Heft. — Berlin,  1829.  Gedruckt  und 
verlegt  bei  G.  Reimer.   [Fol.,  title,  18  pp.,  pi.  11-15.] 

[X.  sp.  Blepsiat  vttUrietmis  (p.  4,  pi.  13),  on  which  was  subsequently  based  the  genus 
Temnittia  of  Richardson.  J 

1830 — Histoire  Naturelle  des  Poiseous,  par  M.  le  B^**  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....     Tome   cinquibme.     A  P^jris,  cbez  F.  G.  LevrauU,  .  .  .  , 
1830.    [8P  ed.  xxviii,  499  pp.,  2  1. ;  4^  ed.  xx,  374  pp.,  2  1.— pi.  100-140.] 
Livre  cinqui^me. — Des  Sci^^Qoides.     [Par  Cuvier.] 
[No  west-coast  species  noticed.] 

Histoire  Naturelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  le  B°"  Cuvier,  .  .  :  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....     Tome    sixibme.      A   Paris,  cbez    F.  G.  LeTrauIt<  .  .  .  , 

1830.  [8^  ed.  xxiv,  559  pp.,  3  I. ;  4°  ed.  xviii,  (3  1.),  470  pp.—pl.  14l-l()9, 162 
bis,  162  ter,  162  quarer,.167  bis,  168  bis.] 

Livre    sixieme. — (Partie  I. — Des    Bparoidee.    Partie  II.— Des  Mdnides.) 

[Par  Cuvier  et  Valenciennes.] 
[No  west-coast  species  noticed.] 

1831 — Histoire  Naturelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  le  B^"*  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes       Tome  septibme.      A  Paris,  cbez  F.  G.  Levrault,  .  .  .  , 

1831.  [8^  ed.  xxix,  531  pp.,  3  1. ;  4°  ed.  xxii,  (3  1.),  399  pp.—pl.  170-208.] 
Livre  septi^me. — Des  Squamipennetf.    [Par  Cuvier?] 

Livre  buiti^me. — Des  poissons  &  pbaryngieus  labyrintbi formes.      [Par 

Cuvier  f] 
[No  west-coast  species  noticed.] 

Histoire  Naturelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  le  B°^  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....  Tome  buiti^me.  A  Paris,  cbez  F.  G.  Levrault,  .  .  .  , 
1831.    [8^  ed.  xix,  (2  1.),  509  pp. ;  4'^  ed.  xv,  (2  1.),  375  pp.— pL  209-245.] 

Livre  neuvi^me. — Des  Scomb^roides.     [Par  Cuvier  ot  Valenciennes.] 

[No  west-coast  species  noticed.] 

Zoograpbia  Rosso- Asiatica.    See  1811. 

1833— Histoire  Naturelle  des  Poissous,  par  M.  le  B°°  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....  Tome  neuvidme.  A  Paris,  cbez  F.  G.  Levrault,  .  .  .  , 
1833.    [8o  ed.  xxix,  512  pp.,  11.;  4°  ed.  xxiv,  (1  1.),  .379  pp.—pl.  246-279.] 

Livre  neuvidme. — Des  Scomb^roides.    [Par  Cuvier  et  Valenciennes.] 

fNo  wost-ooMt  speoiet  noticed.] 


13 

lISft-Histoire  Naturelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  le  B^^  Cnvler,  .  .  .  ;  ot  par  M.  Valen- 
demieSy    ....      Tome  dixi^me.    A   Paris,  cbez  F.   G.  Levrault,  •  •  •  i 
1835.    L8°  cd.  xxiv,  482  pp.,  1  1. ;  4°  ed.  xix,  (1 1.),  358  pp.— pi.  280-306.] 
8oito   da   liyre  Denvi^me — Des  Scombdroides.     [Par  Cuvier  ct  Valen- 

eiennesT] 
Livredizt^xe. — De  lafamille  des  Teuthies.   [Par  Cuvier  et  Valenciennes f] 
Livre  onzi^me. — De  la  famille   des  Ttenioides.     [Par  Cuvier  et  Valen- 

cieDoeaT] 
Liyre  doazi^me. — Des  Atherinea.    [Par  Cuvier  et  Valenciennes  T] 
[No  weat-ooMt  species  noticed.] 

Ilti— Faana  Boreali-Amerioana;  or  the  Zoology  of  the  Northern  Parts  of  British 
America :  containing  descriptions  of  the  objects  of  Natural  History  collected 
on  the  late  northern  land  expeditious  under  command  of  Captain  Sir  John 
Franklin,  B.  N.  Part  third.  The  Fish.  By  John  Richardaon,  M.  D.,  F.  R. 
S.,F.  L.  S.,  Member  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  London,  and  Werneriau 
Natural  History  Society  of  Edinburgh ;  Hcmorary  Member  of  the  Natural 
History  Society  of  Montreal,  and  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Que- 
bec; Foreign  Member  of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Paris;  and  Correspond- 
ing mt^mber  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  ;  Surgeon 
and  Naturalist  to  the  Expeditions.— IlluHtrated  by  numerous  plates. — Pub- 
lished under  the  authority  of  the  Right  Honourable  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  Colon ipi  Affairs. — London  :  Richard  Bentley,  New  Burlington  street, 
MDCCCXXXVI.     [4°,  pp.  XV,  3i7  (-f  1)  pp.,  24  pi.  (numbered  74-97).] 

[S.  g.  and  o.  up.  Temnittia  (n.  g.,59),  Oyprinut  {LetieUetu)  ffraeUis  (12U),  ScUmo  Scouleti 
ll5ei,'j£l).  Salmo  quinna*  (219),  ScUmo  Qairdneri  (221),  Salmo  paucident  (-222),  Salmo  imp- 
pitch  {'i-i4),  Salino  Ctarkii  (225,307),  Salmo  (Mallottuf)  paeifieiu  (22G).  Aeiperwer  traTutmon- 
tat%ut  {'276),  Petromyzon  tridentatwt  (21>3)  ;  (Adde.'CDA:)  OoUwt  cutper  (295.313),  CyprinuH 
[AbramU)  haUtaltug  (301),  Oyprintu  (Leueuteus)  caurirus  ( )04),  Cyprinxu  (LexuUcus)  crego- 
nentit  CJ05).] 

Report  on  North  American  Zoology.  By  John  Richardson,  M.  D..  F.  R.  S. 
<  Rep.  6th  meeting  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  Aug.  1830,  ==v.  :>,  pp.  121-224, 1837. 

Pisces,  pp.  202-22.3. 

ABtoria,  or.  anecdotes  of  an  enterprise  beyond  the  Rocky  Mountains.     By 
Washington  Irving.     [Ist  ed.]     In   two  volumes.     Vol.1  [—11].    Phil- 
adelphia: Carey,  Lea  &.  Bluuchard.     18:}G.     [2  vols.,  8^.    Vol.  i,285  pp.; 
vol.  ii,279  pp.,  I  map  fohled.] 
[The  fiHht»H  aud  fisheries,  especially  Rnlmuu,  are  noticed  in  vol. 2, cliapt<ra  9  and  14. j 

Ilistoire  Naturelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  le  B°"  Cuvier ;  ot  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....  Tome  ouzieiiie.  A  Paris,  chez  F.  G.  Levrault,  .  .  .  , 
16:W>.     [8^  cd.  IX,  506  pp.,  11.:  4^  ed.  xv,  (11.),  37^  pp.— pi.  307-343.] 

Livre  troisi^me. — Des  MiigiIoi<les. 

Livre  (|uatorzi6nie. — De  la  famille  des  Gobioides. 

[Xo  weftt-coaMt  8pecics  noticed.] 

1§87— Hi>t<)ire  Naturoilo  des  Poissous,  par  M.  le  B""  Cuvier,  .  .  . ;  ot  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennea,  .  .  .     Tome  d  nizieim'.    A  Paris,  cbez  F.  G.  Levrault,  .  .  .  ,  1837. 
[li'"  ed.  xxiv,  r>()7  H-  1  pp. ;  4^  ed.  xx,  377  pp.,  1  1.— pi.  344-35^.] 
Snite  du  livre  quatorzieme.— Gobioi'des. 
Livre  <juinziemc. — Des  Acanthopterygiens  a  pectoralea  pddiculdes. 

»Wi— Histoire  Naturell**  dos  Poissons,  par  M.  le  B**^  Cuvier,  .  .  . ;  et  p:ir  M.  Valen- 
Qlannes,  .  .  *.    Tome  troisitime.    A  Paris,  cbez  Pitois-Levranlr  et  C*,  •  .  .  i 
reo  ed.  xix,  :>05  pp.,  1  1. :  40  od.  xyii,  .370  pp.— pi.  369-.^d8.] 
^vi^me — Labroides. 
~t  fpeoie*  noticed.] 


14 

1839 — Histoiro  Naturelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  \e  B^"*  Cuvier,  .  .  . ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, . .  .    Tomo  quatorzi^me.    A  Paris,  cbez  Pitois-LevraaltetC®,  •  •  •  » 
1839.    [8°  ed.  xxii,  464  pp.,  3  1. ;  4°  ed.  xx,  344  pp.,  3  1.— pi.  :J89-420.] 
Suite  da  livro  sdizi^me. — Labroidos. 
Livre  dix-Hcpti^me. — Des  Mabvcoptc^rygiens.    Des  Silaroides. 

[No  wc8t-coa8t  species  noticed.] 

The  Zoology  of  Captaia  Beecbey's  Voyage;  compiled  from  the  collections  and 
notes  made  by  Captain  Beechey,  tbe  officers  and  naturalist  of  the  Expe- 
dition, daring  a  Voyage  to  tbe  Pacific  and  Bebring's  straits  performed  in 
his  MijcHty's  Sbip  Blossom,  audor  the  command  of  Captain  F.  W.  Beechey, 
R.  N.,  F.  K.  S.,  «fcc.,  &c.  in  tbe  years  1825, 26, 27,  and  28.  By  J.  Hiobardson, 
M.  D.,  F.  11.  S.,  &c. ;  N.  A.  Vigors,  Esq.,  A.  M.,  F.  R.  S.,  &c. ;  G.  T.  Lay,  Esq. ; 
E.T.  Bennett,  Esq.,  F.  L.  S.,  &c.;  tbe  Rev.  W.  Buckland,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  S., 
F.  L.  S.,  F.  G.  S.,  &c.  and  G.  B.  Sowerby,  Esq. — Illustrated  with  nx^wards  of 
fifty  finely  coloured  plates,  by  Sowerby. — Published  under  tbe  authority  of 
the  Lonls  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty.  =  London  :  Henry  G.  Bohn,  4, 
York  Street,  Covent  Garden.— MDCCCXXXIX. 

Fishes ;   by  G.  T.  Lay,  Esq.,  and  E.  T.  Bennett,  Esq.,  F.  L.  S.,  &,c.     pp. 

41-75,  pi.  15-23. 
[N.  sp.  Ohimctra  coUiei  (p.  71,  pi.  23). 

This  volume  is  interestiag  as  being  the  fir^t  publication  in  which  any  attempt  has  been 
made  to  acioDtilically  indicate  the  fishes  of  the  coast.  The  "naturalist"  uf  the  expedition 
was,  however,  incompetent  for  the  task,  and  the  notes  taken  evince  that  he  was  not 
sufficiently  versed  in  the  rudiments  of  ichthyoloj^y  to  know  what  to  observe.  Neverthe- 
less, the  notes  have  an  interest,  if  not  of  importance,  enough  to  transcribe  what  relates 
to  the  regions  in  question : — 

"Off  Saint  Lawrence  Island  was  caught,  in  the  dredge  a  fish  apparently  allied  to  the 
genus  Liparig,  Art.  It  had  the  'ventral  fins  placed  before  the  pectorals,  but  united  and 
coutiouons  with  them;  aflat,  raisetl,  and  rough  tubercle,  of  nearly  the  diameter  of  an 
Englinh  sixpence,  was  seated  forward  between  the  pectorals,  its  anterior  part  reaching  as 
far  as  the  vontrala;  this  may  be  of  use  in  copulation  :  its  cceea  were  pretty  numerous.' — C. 
The  roughness  of  this  tubercle  renders  it  difiicult  to  refer  the  fish  to  any  known  species; 
but  it  in  probably  nearly  related  to  the  Cycloptenu  gelatiiUHtus,  Pali.,  a  Xipam  which  is 
known  to  inhabit  the  se^is  in  which  this  was  obtained.  The  existence  uf  ectca  removes  it 
from  LcpadogasUr,  Gouan. 

"Kotzebue  Sound  afforded  a  specimen  of  a  new  species  of  Ophidium,  L.,  the  Oph.  stigfna. 

"  On  the  coast  of  California,  a  little  to  the  northwards  of  the  hsrboor  of  San  Francisco, 
an  Orihagoriscus  was  met  with,  apparently  the  Ortk.  mola.,  Bl.  They  swam  about  the 
ship  with  the  dorsal  flu  frequently  elevated  above  the  surface."    (p.  50.) 

"On  the  coast  of  California,  at  Monterey,  Mr.  Collie's  notes  mention  the  occurrence  of 
[1]  a  species  of  Sparus,  of  two  Scombri,  and  of  a  Clupea.  [H]  The  flrst  of  the  JScombridce  is 
apparently  a  Scotnber,  Cnv.;  it  was  'smaller  than  the  macken'l;  it  was  marked  on  the 
back  with  cros3  waved  narrow  bands  of  black  and  greenish  blue;  its  flrst  dorsal  fin  had 
nine  spines,  and  there  were  four  small  pinnules  behind  the  second  dorsal  and  the  anal :  it 
had  a  simple  air-bladder  of  moderate  size,  and  an  immense  number  of  cceoa,  with  a  stomach 
extending  the  whole  length  of  the  abdomen,  narrow,  tapering  to  the  posterior  part,  and 
covered  throughout  nearly  its  whole  length  with  the  milt.  ?  Its  internal  membrane  forms 
longitudinal  folds;  the  intestines  have  three  convolutions.' — C.  This  fish  occurred  in 
shoals.  [:)J  The  second  species  was  met  with  but  once.  It  is  a  Camnx,  Cuv.,  of  which 
'  the  teeth  in  the  upper  maxillary  are  scarcely  to  be  felt:  the  pectorals  reach  nearly  to  op- 
posite the  an\L8:  a  double  narrow  stripe  of  deeper  blue  than  the  general  surface  runs  back- 
wards on  each  side  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  to  opposite  its  termination,  iho  two  parts  being 
separated  by  a  broad  line  of  dirty  white,  which  has  a  narrow,  dark-coloured  lino  along  it« 
middle:  there  are  no  distinct  divisions  in  the  anal  and  second  dorsal  iins:  tbe  air-bladder 
is  simple,  and  small,  and  extends  from  the /aucM  to  the  anu»;  the  stomach  is  much  shorter 
than  in  the  preceding  species;  the  eccca,  although  numerous,  are  less  so  than  in  it,  and  the 
Inteatine  is  foldtnl  in  the  same  manner.' — C  From  the  nature  of  the  colouring  of  this  flsh, 
as  deacribed  by  Mr.  Collie,  there  can  be  little  doubt  of  its  constituting  a  distinct  species. 


15 

[4]  Alouj;  wiUi  tbo  firStf  apecies  of  Scomber,  there  occorreil  in  shoals  a  small  species  of 
CtigMO.  L..  *withoat  teeth;  with  the  dorsal  fin  a  little  before  the  vontral ;  and  with  the  baok 
dark  fcreenifth  blae,  and  having  one  line  and  {Uirt  of  another  of  rounded  blnck  spots  on 
Mfh  side  nearly  on  a  lerel  with  the  eye:  the  gill  membranes  contain  six  rayn,  and  overlap 
each  other  at  their  lower  part ;  the  stomach  resembles  that  of  the  tlrst  Scomber,-  it  has  also 
DomeFoaa  ea«a ;  the  air-bladder  is  small  and  tapering.*— C.  The  other  fishes  observed  at 
Monterey  were  [5]  a  new  species  of  Ohimceni,  Ciiv.,  differing  esBf^ntialJy  from  the  Chimeera 
of  the  Atlantic,  and  approaching  somewhat  in  the  position  of  its  second  dorsal  fln  to  the 
OsOorAyndkut,  Cav.;  [6J  a  species  of  Torpedo,  Dam.;  and  [7J  a  Kaia  '*  (pp.  54^5).] 

lltt-Nairativo  of  a  Jourooy  across  the  Rocky  Monntalns,  to  tho  Columbia  River^ 
aad  a  Visit  t^  the  Sandwich  Ihlaudn,  Chili,  &c.  With  a  Scientiilc  Appendix. 
By  John  K.  To^wnsend,  Member  of  the  Academy  of  Nataral  Sciences  of 
Pbila«lelphia.  Philadelphia :  Henry  Perkins,  134  Chrstnut  street.  Boston : 
Perkins  A,  Marvin.— 1«39.  [hP,  352  pp.] 
[A  few  incidental  popular  noiices  of  salmon  and  treat  are  given.] 

[Reprinted  in  England  under  tho  following  title :— ] 

Sporting  Excursions  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  including;  a  Journey  to  the 
Columbia  River,  and  a  Visit  to  the  Sandwich  IslandH,  Chili,  &:c.  By  J.  K. 
Towshend  [«ic/],  Esq.  In  two  volumes.  Vol.  I  [ — II].  London:  Henry 
Colburn,  Publisher,  Great  Marlborough  Street.  Id40.  [8^.  Vol.  i,  xii  [-f  i], 
312  pp.,  1  pi.;  vol.  ii,  xii,  310  pp.,  1  pi.] 

(In  vol.  i,  chap.  7.  are  given  details  respecting  salmon  and  tho  modo  of  catching  them, 
and  the  fruutispiece  illustrates  a  native  woman  "  Mi>o;iring  tho  salmon  ".] 

iMO-HiKtoire  Naturelle  des  Pois-sons,  par  M.  le  B®"  Cuvier,  .  .  . ;  et  par  M.  ValoD- 
ciennes,  .  .  .    Tume  quiuzieme.    A  Paris,  chez  Ch.  Pitois,  ^diteur,  .  .  .  , 
1«40.    [tP  ed.  xxxi,  540  pp.,  1  1. ;  4^'^  ed.  xxiv,  397  pp.— pi.  421-455.] 
Suite  da  livre  dix-septi^me.— Siluroides. 
[No  weet-ooMt  species  noticed.] 

Narrative  of  a  whaling  voyage  round  tho  globe,  from  the  year  1H33  to  18iU), 
comprising  sketch*'*  of  Polynesia,  California,  the  Indian  Aicliipt'la;;o,  etc. 
with  an  account  of  Southern  Whales,  th(^  Sp«^nn  Whah'  Fish*  rv,  and  the 
Natural  History  of  the  climates  visired.  By  Frederick  Debell  Bennett, 
Esq.,  F.  R.  G.  S.,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surg«M»us,  London.  In 
two  volumes.  Vol.  I  [ — Ii].  Loudon:  Kichard  Ht'iitN'y,  Xiw  IJuiling- 
tou  htreet,  publisher  in  ordinary  to  her  Majesty. — 18 10.  [^^,  vol.  i,  xv,  402 
pp.,  I  pi.,  I  map;  vol.  ii,  vii,  396  pp.,  1  id.] 

IW^Histoire  Naturelle  des  Pois-^ons,  par  M.  le  B*'^  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ,  tt  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....     Tome  seizitime.     A   Paris,   chez  P.   Bertrand,  .  .  .  ,  184*2. 
l^i^  ed.  XX,  472  i»p  ,  1  1. ;  4^  ed.  xviii,  363  pp.,  1  1.— pi.  456-487.] 
Livre  dix-huitieme. — Cyprinoides. 

Zoology  of  New- York,  or  tho  New-York  Fauna;  comprising  detailed  descrip- 
tions of  all  the  animals  hitherto  observed  within  tlu^  Stair  of  New-Yorl\, 
with  brief  notices  of  those  occasionally  found  near  its  borders,  and  .iccoui- 
panied  by  appropriate  illustrations. — By  James  E.  DeKay. — Part  IV. — 
Fishes.  Albany :  Printed  by  VV.  &.  A.  Wliite  and  I.  Visscher.  184J.  [4^, 
xiv  [1,  errata],  415  pp.;  atlas,  1  p.  1.,  71)  pi.] 

[Tlie  letterpress  of  tho  Heptiles  and  Fishes,  each  Hoparately  paijed.  forms  one  volume, 
ndth«  plates,  each  SHparateiy  namben'd,  auothor.    Ei^ht  cf  the  DortbwoHt-cuaHt  Malnco- 
•peoies  {AbramiM  lalteatus,   Leucutcus  caurinus,  Lfucifcug  oregoncnaU,  Salmo 
lolflio  (Jairdnrrii,  Salmo  Scx)ulcri,  Salmo  tguppitch,  aud  Salmo  nitidus)  and  the 
traTumontamiJt)  cnanaerated  by  Kichardsou  (1^36)  are  briefly  iDdicate<l 


16 

1§44— Histoire  Natarelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  le  B<>b  Cuvler,  .  .  . ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....    Tome  dix-septi^me.  A  Paris,  cbez  P.  Bertrand,  .  .  .  ,  1844. 
[8°  ed.  xxiii,  497  pp.,  1  1. ;  4°  ed.  xx,  370  pp.  1  I.— pi.  487  (bi8)-519.] 
Saitedu  livre  dix-huitidme. — Cyprinoides. 

184L5 — Descriptiou  of  a  new  species  of  SyngnathuSf  broagbt  from  the  western  coast  of 
CaliforDia  by  Capt.  Phelps.    By  Dr.  D.  H.  Storer.    <^  Proo.  Boston  Soo. 
Nat.  Hist.,  V.  2,  p.  73,  December,  1845. 
[X.  sp.  SyngnathuM  cal\fomientis.] 

1846 — A  Synopsis  of  the  Fished  of  North  America.  By  David  Humphreys  Storer, 
M.  D.,  A.  A.  S.,  ....  <^Mem.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci.,  new  series,  vol. 
ii,  pp.  253-550,  Cambridge,  1846. 

[739  nominal  apecies  from  all  North  America,  inclading  the  West  Indiea,  arc  deaoribad. 
The  descriptions,  however,  are  most  inaptly  compiled  and  entirely  insnfficient.] 

A  Synopsis  of  the  Fishes  of  North  America.  By  David  Humphreys  Storer, 
M.  D.,  A.  A. S.,  ....  Cambridge:  Metcalf  and  Company,  Printers  to  the 
University.    1840.     [4©,  1  p.  1.  (=  title),  298  pp.] 

[A  rep.intf  with  separate  pagination,  title-page,  and  index,  of  the  preceding. 

According  to  Dr.  Storer  (Mem.  Acad.,  p.  SCO;  Syn.p.  8),  "  the  following  species  inhabit 
the  northwestern  coast  of  America  :— 

Trichodon  stelUri.  Salmo  solar. 

Cottus  pistilliger.  Salmo  quinnaL 

CoUiu  polyacanthocephaltu.  Salmo  Gairdnerii. 

Cottua  oiper.  Salmo  pau:iidens, 

Agpidophortu  acipewierintu.  Salmo  ScoiUeri. 

HemiUpidottu  TUeiii.  Salmo  tsuppitch. 

Blepiias  trUobua.  Scdm/o  nitidug. 

SebaaUs  variabilis.  McUlotut  pacifieua. 

CffprinuH  balteatus.  Cyelopterits  ventricoaud. 

Leaciacua  caurinua.  Acipenaer  traihsmontaniu."\ 
Ijtuciacua  orcgonenaia. 

Histoire  Natarelle  des  Poissons.par  M.  le  B<»"  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....  Tome  dix-huiti^me.  A  Paris,  chez  P.  Bertrand,  .  .  .  , 
184G.     [8^  ed.  xix,  505  pp.,  21.;  4°  ed.  xviii,  375  pp.,  2  1.— pi.  520-^V>3.] 

Suite  da  livre  dix-huiti6me. — Cyprinoides. 

Livre  dix-neuvifeme. — Des  Esoces  on  Lacioides. 

Histoire  Natarelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  lo  B°°  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....  Tome  dix-neavidme.    A  Paris,  chez  P.  Bertrand,  .  .  .  ,  1846. 
ItP  ed.  xix,  544  pp.,  3  1.;  4^  ed.  xv,  391  pp..  2  1.— pi.  .^>54-590.] 
Saitc  du  livre  dix-neavit>me. — Brocbets  oa  Lacioides. 
Livre  vingti^me. — De  quelques  families*   de  Mai  ;copt6rygiens,  interm^- 

diaires  eutre  les  Brocbets  et  les  Cliipes. 
[Xo  west-coast  species  described.] 

Histoire  Natarelle  des  Poissons,  par  M.  lo  B°"  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
ciennes, ....    Tome  vingti^me.    A  Paris,  chez  P.  Bertrand,  .  .  .  ;   1846. 
[8°  ed.  xviii,  472  pp.,  11.;  4^  ed.  xiv,  340  pp.  I  1.— pi.  591-603.] 
Livre  vingt  et  uni^me. — De  la  famille  des  Clupdoides. 

1848— Historia  Fisica  y  Politica  de  Chile  segun  documeutos  adquiridos  en  esta  re- 
pdblica  durante  doce  aQos  de  residencia  en  ella  y  publicada  bajo  los  aus- 
pieios  del  Snpremo  Gobierno.    Por  Claudio  Gay,  cindadano  Chileno,  indi- 

*  The  families  refe^rrod  to  are:— Chirocentres  (with  tbo  genas  Chirocentrua) ;  AIepoc6phale8  (with  Ale- 
poeephalua) ;  Lntodeir^tH  (with  Ohanoa And  Qonorhynchua) ;  Mormyres  (with  Mormyma) ;  Ilyodontt^s  (with 
Oaieoglotaum.  Uchnohoma,  and  Byodon)-,  Batirios  (with  Albuia  =  Btttirinu9) ;  ^lopiens  (with  Elopa  and 
Megalopa);  Arnica  (with  Afiua) ;  Vastres  on  Amies  f  (FottinM);  famillepartiouUtofk,  on  Amies  t  {H€t9rotia)i 
ErythroMcs  (with  Erylkrinua,  Maerodon,  Ltbiaaina,  and  PyrrhuHna) ;  and  Ombrea  (with  Umbra), 


17 

vidao  de  varias  socitMlades  oientificas  Dacionalcs  y  etrangeras.  Zoologia. 
Tomo  segando.  Paria,  en  casa  del  antor.  Chile,  en  el  Museo  de  Historia 
Nataral  de  Santiago.    MDCCCXLVIII.    [Text,  S° ;  atlas,  fol.] 

(Peeas,  pp.  137-370  and  in^ex.— In  this  work  are  described  several  species  afterward 
dbeovered  along  the  coMt  of  California.] 

1MS-Thirti0ih  Coogresa— first  session.  |  =  |  Ex.  Doo.  No.  41.  |  —  |  Notes  of  a  mili- 
tary reoonnoissance,  |  from  |  Fort  Leavenworth,  in  Missonri,  |  to  |  San  Di- 
ego, in  California,  |  including  part  of  the  |  Arkansas,  Del  Norte,  and  Gila 
Rivera.  )  —  |  By  Lieut.  Col.  "W.  H.  Emory.  |  Made  in  184G>7,  with  the 
advanced  guard  of  the  "Army  of  the  West."  |  —  |  February  9,  1848.-— Or- 
dered to  be  {Minted.  |  February  17,  1848.— Ordered,  That  10,000  extra  copies 
of  each  of  the  Reports  of  Lieu-  |  tenant  Emory,  Captain  Cuoke,  iind  Lieu- 
tenant Abort,  be  printed  for  the  use  of  the  House;  |  and  that  of  said  num- 
ber, 250  copies  be  furnished  for  the  use  of  Lieutenant  Emory,  Captain  | 
Cooke,  and  Lieutenant  Abort,  respectively.  |  Washington :  |  Wendell  and 
Van  Beuthuysen,  printers.  |  : : :  :  |  1848.  [ho^  g14  pp.,  50  lith.  pi.  not  num- 
bered, 14  numbered,  2  sketch-maps,  and  3  maps  folded.] 

(This  work  bat  been  so  badly  edited  that  the  following  analysis  may  prove  usefal»  and 
will  faeiliute  the  understanding  of  the  work :— ] 

CONTENTS. 

Notes  I  of  I  a  military  reoonnoissance,  |  from  |  Fort  Leavenworth,  in  Mis- 
souri, to  San  Diego,  |  in  California,  |  including  |  part  of  the  Arkansas, 
Del  Norte,  and  Gila  Rivers.  |  pp.  5-126,  26  lith.  pi.,  2  sketch-maps. 
Appi*ndix  No.  1.    [Letter  on  Indians  by  Albert  Gallatin,  and  reply  by 

W.  H.  Emory.]    pp.  127-134.,  1  pi. 
Appendix  No.  2.    [Report  on  botany.] 
[1.  Phanerogams  and  ferns.    By  John  Torrey.   pp.  135-155,  pi.  1-12.] 
[2.  Cactacea.    By  G.  Engelmann.    pp.  155-159,  14  lith.  pi.,  2  not 
numbered.] 
Appendix  No.  3.    Table  of  meteorological  observations,    pp.  lGO-174. 
Appendix  No.  4.    Table  of  geographical  positions,    pp.  175-178. 
Appendix  No.  5.    Table  of  astronomical  observations,    pp.  179-385.* 
Appendix  No.  6.    [Report  on  natural  history.      By  J.  W.  Al)ort.] 

pp.  3^6-414. 
Appendix  No.  7.     [Itinerary  of  Sonora,  Mexico.    By  P.  St.  Geo.  Cooke.  ] 
pp.  415-416. 
Report  of  Lieut.  J.  W.  Abort,  |  of  his  |  examination  of  New  Mexico,  |  i.i 
the  years  1846-'47.    pp.  417-546,  22  lith.  pi.,  1  map  folded. 
Notes  concerning  the  minerals  and  fossils,  collected  by  Lieutenant  J. 
W.  Abert,  while  engaged  in  the  geographical  examination  of  New- 
Mexico,  by  J.  W.  Bailey,  professor  of  chemistry,  mineralogy,  and 
geology,  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy,    pp.  517-548,  *J 
lith.  pis. 
Report  of  Lient.  Col.  P.  St.  George  Cooke  |  of  |  his  march  from  |  Santa  ¥<', 
New  Mexico,  |  to  |  San  Diego,  Upper  California,    pp.  549-563,  2  mapH 
folded. 
Journal  |  of  |  Captain  A.  R.  Johnston,  |  First  Dragoons,    pp.  565-614. 

[A.  species  of  Oila  is  noticed  at  p.  G2,  and  illastrated  by  a  poor  plate  opi>Ohite  the  text. 
It  Is  said: — **  We  beard  the  fish  playing  in  the  water,  and  soon  those  who  wero  dis4>n- 
Rifed  were  after  them.  At  first  it  was  supposed  they  were  the  moantain  trout,  bat,  bcinc; 
Qoaparatively  fresh  from  the  hills  of  Maine,  I  soon  saw  the  difference."] 

Biitoire  Natnrelle  des  Pois/ons,  par  M.  le  B°^  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valen- 
•  •  .  Tomo  vingt  et  unii^me.    A  Paris,  chcz  P.  Bertrand,  .  .  .  ,  l8Ai^. 
^  pp.;  40  ed.  xiii  (+  iii),  391  pp.—  pi.  (i07-()33.1 

"^ages  389-^04  misnambered  S09-2S4. 


18 

Sat  to  da  livre  viDgt  et  anidme  et  des  Clop^ides.* 
Livro  vingtrdeoxi^e. — Do  la  famille  des  Salmonoldeo. 
f  No  west-ooMt  species  described.) 

1 849^Frank  Forrester's  Fish  andFisbing  of  the  United  States  and  British  ProTinoes 
of  North  America.  Illustratetl  from  nature  by  the  author.  By  Etenrj 
'William  Herbert,  author  of  *'  Field  Sports,^  '*  Warwick  Woodlands,"  etc. 
New  York,  Stringer  &  Townsend,  222  Broadway,  1849.    tP, 

Histoire  NaturoUe  des  PoissoDS,  par  M.  le  B°^  Cuvier,  .  .  .  ;  et  par  M.  Valea- 
ciennea,  .  .  .  Tome  vingt-deuxi^tne.  A  Paris,  chez  P.  Bertraud,  •  .  .  ,  1849. 
[6o  ed. XX, 532, (index)  91  ( -hi) pp.;  4°  ed.xvi,395,(index)81  (+  l)pp.— pi. 
634-650.] 

Suite  du  livre  vingt-denxi^me.— Suite  de  la  famille  des  SalmonoSdes. 

[No  west-coast  species  described.] 

A  Monograph  of  tbe  Fresh  water  Cottns  of  North  Ameiica.  By  Charles  Gi- 
rard.    Aug.  1849.    <  Proo.  Am.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.,  v.  2,  pp.  409-411, 1850. 

On  the  genns  Cottus  Auct.  By  Charles  Girard.  Oct.  17, 1849.  <  Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hisl.,  v.  3,  pp.  180-190, 1849. 

1850 — Some  additional  observations  on  the  nomenclature  and  classification  of  the 
genus  Cottns.  By  Charles  Oirard.  June  19, 1^50.  <  Proc.  Bust.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist.,  v.  3,  pp.  302-305,  1850. 

1851— On  a  new  genus  of  American  Cottoids.  By  Charles  Giiard.  Feb.  5, 1851. 
<  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  4,  pp.  18-19,  1851. 

Rdvision  du  genre  Cottus  des  auteurs.  Par  Charles  Girard,  de  TAssociation 
am^ricaine  pour  Pavancemeut  des  sciences,  niembre  de  la  Sooi^t<S  d'histoin> 
naturelle  de  Boston.  [1851.  4°,  2S  pp  ]  •^  N.  Deuksclir.  allg.  Schweizer. 
Gesell.  gesammt.  Naturw.,  B.  12, 1852. 

Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge.  =  Contributions  to  the  Natural  His- 
tory of  tbe  Fresh  Water  Fidbes  of  North  America.  By  Charles  Girard.  I. 
A  Monograph  of  the  Cottoids.  Accepted  for  publication  by  tbe  Smithson- 
ian Institution,  December,  1850.  [Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,] 
vol.  iii,  art.  3.    [4^,  80  pp  ,  3  pi.] 

Dencriptiou  of  a  now  form  of  Lamprey  from  Australia,  with  a  Synopsis  of  the 
Family.  By  J.  E.  Gray,  Esq.,  F.  II,  S.,  V.  P.  Z.  S.,  etc.  <  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
London,  part  xix,  pp.  235-241,  plates,  Pisces,  iv,  v,  li^bl. 

List  of  the  specimens  of  Fish  iu  tbe  collection  of  the  British  Mu-^eum. — Part 
I. — Cbondropterygii. — Printed  by  order  of  tbe  trustees.  Loudon,  1851.  [12^, 
X,  [IJ,  U>0pp.,2pl.J 

[Tbe  uaiue  of  tbe  cumpiler  in  not  pablisbed  on  tbo  title-pnge.  Iu  tbo  aaiial  iutruductiun, 
Mr.  Gray  states: — *'Tbe  eharacUsra  of  tbe  geueru  of  Sbarks  and  Kays,  witb  tbeir  sy- 
oon>m!».  have  priocipully  been  derived  from  iho  work  of  Pruft-ssors  Miiller  and  Henle. 
Tbe  bpeciiiious  wbicb  were  not  named  by  tbose  authors  wben  eu;;agrd  in  their  work,  or 
by  Dr.  Audrew  Smith,  liave  been  detormiued  by  Mr.  Edward  Gerr.trd.''  The  responst- 
bility  of  the  compilation,  however,  apparently  devolves  on  JOUX  EDWaKD  GRAY. 
The  diagnoses  of  tbe  groups,  and,  for  the  most  part,  the  synonymy  of  the  species,  are,  in 
fact,  translated  or  transcr.bed  from  Miiller  and  llenle's  great  work  ou  the  Pla;;iostonies. 
•entitled  iS  follows:— Syr-teraatiacho  Ueschreibuug  der  PIa;;io«tomen  von  Dr.  J.  MCLLER, 
o.  .o.  Professor  der  Auatomie  iind  Pbys.ohigio,  und  Director  des  auatomischen  Theaters 
und  MuHeoms  in  Berlin,  und  Dr.  J.  UENLE,  o.  6.  Professor  der  Auatomie  und  Director 
des  anatomischen  Theaters  uud  V.aseums  iu  Ziirich.  Mit  seuLzi^  Sleindrucktmfeln. 
ilerllu,  Verlag  von  Veit  und  Comp— 1841.  [Fulio,  xxii.  200  pp.,  'i  1..  GO  pi.,  mostly  colored, 
uxmumbered.]    Anepoch-murkim^work,  but  witb  uonoticoa  of  Western  A nioi icon  species.] 


'The  Notopi^rcs  ai«  differentiated  from  the  Clupeoi'iej  us  a  very  uiatiuvi.  family  (auofamiiio  trte> 
4iatinote). 


19 

Ml — RopplemeDt  to  Frank  Forrester'B  Fish  and  Fishiug  of  the  United  States  and 
British  ProTinces  of  North  America. .  Dy  'William  Henry  Herbert,  author 
of  the  '*  Field  Sports  of  North  Amorica/'  '*  Frank  Forrester  and  bis  Friends/' 
etc.    New  York,  Stringer  A,  Towusend,  222  Broadway,  1851.    pp.  1-86. 

IMS—Descriptious  of  some  new  Fishes  from  the  River  Zofii.    By  &,  F.  Baird  and 
Charles  Oirard.    Jnne  28, 1853.    <  Proc  Acad.  Nat;  Sci.,  yol.  6,  pp.  368-369, 
Jane,  1853. 
(ST.  s.  sad  ip.  OUa  (n.  j^  36d),  Cila  ro^utta  (389).  GUa  eUgam  (309),  OUa  graeau  (369).J 

Descriptions  of  Now  Species  of  Fishes  collected  by  Mr.  John  H.  Clark,  on  the 

U.  S.  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey,  under  Lt.  Col.  Jas.  D.  Graham.    By 

Spencer  P.  Baird  and  Charles  Girard.    August  30,  1853.    <  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  v.  6,  pp.  387-390,  August,  1853. 

(N.  mp.  OWMfonutf  UOifimnLt  (388).  Oil%  Emoryi  (388).  QHm  Grahami  (389),  Cjfprinodan 

(389),  Hetnwndria  oJLnU  (380).  Heteromdria  oeeideniaU*  (390).] 


32d  Congress,  |  2d  session.  |  Senate.  |  Executive  |  No.  59.  |  —  |  Report  of  an  Ex- 
pedition I  down  the  |  ZuQi  and  Colorado  Rivers,  |  by  |  Captain  Ii.  Sit- 
Sree^refl^  |  Corps  Topographical  Engineers.  |  —  |  Accompanied  by  mapA, 
sketches,  views,  and  illustratioos.  |  —  |  Washington:  |  Robert  Armstrong^ 
pnblio  printer.  |  1853.  [8^,  190  pp.,  1 1.,  24  pi.  of  scenery  (pL  1  folded),  6  pi.  of 
mammals,  G  pL  of  birds,  2  pL  of  reptiles,  3  pL  of  fishes,  21  pL  of  botany,  1 
folded  map,  all  at  end.] 
Title,    p.  1. 

Report  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  cummunicating,  [etc]    p.  3. 
[Sitgieaves's  report.  ]    pp.  4-29. 

Report  I  on  |  the  natural  history  |  of  the  |  country  passed  over  by  the 
exploring  expedition  |  under  the  command  of  Brevet  Captain  L.  Sit- 
greaves,  |  U.  S.  Topographical  Engineers,  during  the  year  1851.  |  By  8. 
"W.  Woodhonee^  M.  D.,  |  surgeon  and  naturalist  to  the  expedition.  |  pp. 
31-40. 
Zoology.  I  —  I  Mammuln  and  BinU,  by  8.  W.  Woodboose,  M.  D.  I  Reptiles, 
by  Edwerd  Hallowell,  M.  D.  |  FislK^s,  by  Profl  a  F.  Baird  and  Charles 
Girard.  |  pp.  41-152. 
Mammals.    By  S.  W.  Woodhouse,  ^L  D.    pp.  43-57,  C  pi.  ( 1-G). 
Birds.    By  S.  W.  Woodhouse,  M.  D.    pp.  58-105,  6  pL  (1-G). 
Reptiles.    By  Edwaid  Hallowell,  M.  D.    pp.  106-147,  21  pi.  (l-20-t- 

10  o>. 
Fishes.     By  Spencer  F.  Baird  and  Charlea  Girard.    pp.  148-152, 
3  pi.  (1-3). 
Botany.  I  —  |  By  Professor  John  Torrey.    pp.  153-178,  21  pis.  (1-21). 
Medical  Report  |  —  |  By  S.  W.  Woodhouse,  M.  D.    pp.  179-ia'>. 
List  of  illustrations,    pp.  187-190. 
Table  of  contents.    [I  1.] 

Extraordinary  Fishes  from  Ca1iforni«n,  constituting  a  new  family,  described  by 
L.  Agaiii*  <  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  and  Arts,  (2),  v.  16,  pp.  380-390,  Nov.  1853 ; 
also  reprinted  in  Edinburgh  New  Phil.  Journ.,  v.  57,  pp.  214-227;  translated 
in  Archiv  filr  Xaturgeschichte  (Berlin),  Jab:g.  20,  B.  1,  pp.  149-162,  1853. 

(Family  named  "  F.UQiIy  Holconoti  or  Embiotucoido)"  (p.  383).    N.  g.  and  d.  sp.  Umbiotoca 
(D.  g.,  3c«) :— i.  Endfiotoca  JaektotU  (387) ;  Si.  Embiotoca  Caryi  (389).] 

[This  article  was  trazMlat^d  into  German  as  follows:—] 
Ceber  eine    neue  Familie  von  Fischen  au.s  Californien.    Von  L.  Agaaaiz. 
Silliman's  Amer.  Journ.  voL  xvi.  p.  380  Ubersetzt.    Vom  Heraosgeber 
^  TfVMohel].    <  Archiv  fUr  Naturgeschicbte,  20.  Jdhrg.,  B.  1,  pp.  14t^- 


r«a 


20 

[This  UuDslatiou  was  followed  by  the  following:  origioal  commauicatitw,  in  wbicb  tbe 
systematio  relations  of  tbe  family  were  definitely  determined:—] 

Uober  die  system atiscbe  Stellung  der  Gattnng  Eiiibiotoca.  BeinerkoDg  znr 
Yorigea  AbbaDdlaog.  Voni  Heraupgeber  [Dr.  F.  H.  Troflchel].  <Arcbiv 
rur  Natargescbichte,  20.  Jabrg.,  B.  1,  pp.  163-168,  1B54. 

1854— Tbe  Zoolocy  of  tbe  Voyage  of  H.  M.  8.  Herald,  auder  tbe  command  of  Cap- 
tain Henry  Kellett,  R.  N.,  C.  B.,  dar.ng  tbe  years  1845-51. — Pablisbed  under 
tbe  Authofity  of  tbe  Lorcis  CoiumissioDers  of  tbe  Admiralty. — Edited  by 
Professor  Edward  Forbes,  F.  R.  S.  Vcrtebrals,  iDclnaiog  Fossil  Mammals. 
By  Sir  John  Richardson,  Kut.,C.  B.,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  S.— London:  LoycU 
Reeve,  5,  Henrietta  streer,  Covent  Garden.— 1854.  [4^,  xi,  vi,  [1],  171  [+1] 
Pf .,  32  pi.] 
Fisb.    pp.. 156-171,  and  pi.  xxviii,  pi.  xxxiii. 

[Describes  PUUetta  attXUUa^  mouth  of  Coppcrmino  River  (164,  pi.  3S,  f.  1-3);  PfotetM 
glaeiaUi,  Batbnrst's  lulei  (166,  pi.  32):  Silmo  eomuetu*,  Yokou  River  (167,  pi.  32);  Salmo 
dermatinut,  Ynkon  River  (169,  pL  33,  f.  3-5).) 

Notice  of  a  collection  of  Fisbes  from  tbe  sonthern  bend  of  tbe  Tennessee 
River,  in  tbe  State  of  Alabam.'v.    By  la.  Agassiz.     <[  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  (2),  V.  17,  pp.  297-308,  Mar.  1854 ;  v.  17,  pp.  353-369,  May,  1854. 
Appendix. — Additional  notes  on  tbe  Holconoti.    pp.  365-369,  May,  1854. 

[N.  g.  and  n.  sp.  Embiotoea  laUralU  (366).  Rhaeoehilus  (n.  g.)  toxotet  (367),  AmfhitMaiM 
(n.  g.)  argenteus  (367),  Holeonohu  (n.  g.,  367)  rhodotents  (368).] 

[Translated  as  follows :— ] 

Nacbtriiglicbe  Bemerkangen  Uber  die  Holconoti.  Yon  Prof.  L.  Agassiz.  Ans 
Sillimun  Amer.  Journ.  xvii.  p.  365.  Uebersetzt  vom  Heransgeber  [J.  H. 
Troscbel].    <  Arcbiv  fur  Naturgescbicbte,  21.  Jabrg.,  B.  1,  pp.  30-34, 1855. 

Description  of  fonr  new  species'of  Viviparous  Fisbes  from  Sacramento  River 
and  tbe  Bay  of  San  Francisco.  Read  before  tbe  California  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  May  15,  ia'>4.  By  W.  P.  Gibbons,  M.  D.  June  27,  1854. 
<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  v.  7,  pp.  105-106,  1854. 

[X.  sp.  Hysteroearptii  TraskU  (105),  Hyperprosopon  argentevjm  (105)  and  var.  a.punUatum 
(10G>,  Oymatogcuter  aggregatut  (106),  CytnatogouiUr  minimut  (iOG).] 

Description  of  new  Species  of  Viviparous  Marine  and  Fresb-water  Fisbes,  from 
tbe  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  from  tbe  River  and  Lagoons  of  tbe  Sacramento. 
By  W.  P.  Gibbons,  M.  D.  [Read  before  tbe  California  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  Jan.  9tb  and  May  15tb,  22d,  and  29tb,  1854.]  July  25, 1854. 
<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  v.  7,  pp.  122-126,  Jnly,  1854. 

[N.  g.  and  n.  sp.  Ilolconotus  (132),  H.  Ageuntizii  (12*7),  II.  Gibbfmsii, "  Cal.  Acad,  of  N.  S."  (18-2). 
H./idiginoaut  (123),  Cymatogatter  (n.  g),  0.  Larkinsii  (12.1),  O.  pulekeUu*  (123).  C.  ellipHau 
(124),  Hysterocarpus  (n.  g.),  H.  Traskii  (124),  Hyperproscpon  (n.  g ),  H.  argenleua  (125),  H. 
aretuUtu  (125),  Mierometrut  (n.  g.),  21.  aggregatua  (125),  M.  minitnua  {\ab),MyiUophagu9  (n 
g.).  M.ffudatut  (125),  radiylahnu  (n.  g.),  P.  variegatus  (126).] 

[Translated  as  follows:—) 
Bescbreibnng  nener  Fiscbe  aus  der  Familie  Holconoti  ans  dem  Busen  von 
San  Francisco,  ans  dem  Sacramento- Fluss  und  dessen  Lagunen.  Von  T77. 
P.  Gibbons.  Aus  den  Proceedings  of  tbe  Acad,  of  nat.  .sc.  of  Pbiladelphia 
vol.  vii.  1854.  p.  122.  Ubersetzt  vom  Heransgeber  [F.H.  Troscbel].  <  Ar- 
cbiv rUr  Naturgescbicbte,  21.  Jabrg.,  B.  1,  pp.  331-341,  1855. 

Descriptions  of  new  Fisbes,  collected  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Heermann,  Naturalist  at- 
tacbed  to  the  survey  of  tbe  Pacific  Railroad  Route,  under  Lieut.  R.  S.  Wil- 
liamson, U.  S.  A.  By  Charles  Girard.  Aug.  29,  1854.  <  Proc  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Pbila.,  v.  7,  pp.  129-140, 1854. 

(N.  g.  and  n.  sp. :— 1.  Ogntrarehw  irUemtptvs  (199),  S.  OoUcptis  gulotut  (139),  3.  Atpioottut 
(n.  g.)  buon  (130),  4.  Leptoeottua  (n.  g.,  130)  armatuM  (131),  5.  Soorptmiehthyt  (n.  g.)  mormo- 
ratua  (131).  6.  Sebaatea  awieukttna  (131).  7.  Ckirua  pieeiu  (13S),  8.  Okiirua  gutUOua  (138).  0. 


21 

OpIAodom  (o  g.)  tlongaUu  (133).  10.  Otuteroittut  WUliamMoni  (133),  11.  OatUrostetu  micro* 
MfhalnM  (t33X  12.  AtherinopM  <iLg.)  cali/omierms  (134).  13.  GobwtgraeiUt  (lU),  14.  JSmM- 
0l9caUneata{i:HU  15.  ilmpAwt»e&ttf«»mtfw(135),16.  Atnp&weicAtM  ffMrmanni  (135),  17.  Oita 
CBMoaphala  (135),  18.  Pogo»ickthif$uuBquilohua  (130),  19.  Pogonichthyt  Kymntetnewt  (136),  20. 
ZiiWHua  {Q.  R.)  exUieauda  (137),  81.  Xarinia  crtusicauda  (137),  22.  ikioinia  con/ormw  (137), 
23.  Leuetomut  oecidetUaUt  (137),  24.  Olupea  mirabiUa  (138),  25.  MHetta  cmndea  (138},  26. 
AigAuilte  in^nlax  <138),  27.  Piatiehtkjft  (u.  f;.)  rugonu  (139),  28.  PUuroniehthyt  (n.  g.)  eceno- 
fiiff  (130),  29.  Pantpkryt  (n.  g.,  139)  t»eu2itf  (140),  30.  Ptettichthys  (n.  g.)  nulauohticlus  (140).] 

IM4— EnaiiMratioD  of  the  species  of  .marioti  Fishes,  cullecf«d  at  Sau  Francisco,  Cali- 

foniia,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  B.  Keonerly,  Daturalist  attucbed  to  the  survey  of  the 

Paeific  R.  R.  Koate,  aoder  Lient.  A.  \V.  Whipple.    By  Charles  Girard.    Ait;;. 

29, 1654.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Puila.,  v.  7,  pp.  141-142,  Aii«.  1854. 

(N.^-aod  n.  sp.:— 1.  Ohinu  eomteUatut  (141).  3.  PorichUiyt  (n.  g.)  rwtatut  (141),  8.  Gadu* 

(141),  10.  PteUiehtkys  sordidtu  (142). J 


OlMervatioQs  iipou  a  collection  of  Fishes  made  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  tho 
U.  States,  by  Lieuf.  W.  P.  Trowbridge,  U.  S.  A.,  for  the  Masenni  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  By  Charles  Girard.  Aug.  29,  1854.  <]  Proc. 
Aca(L  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  v.  7,  pp.  142-15(i,  1H54. 

[X.  g.  and  n.  sp.:— 1.  Labraxnetmli/er  {li-ii, 2.  Labrax  tlathraUu (143),  3.  Ileterottickus (d.  g  ) 
rMtmtiif  (143),  4.  Sphyrixna argentea  (\AA) ,  5.  Cottop«<«jMxrrtur  (144),  8.  iScorpoTitcAfA '»  tote- 
ra(4«(145),  9.  Seorjxxna  guWUa  (lA^) ,  U.  Sditutegroaacevit  {\¥j),  12.  &6a«te«/a«(;ia(U4r(  140),  15. 
QoMterotieutpUktimM  (147),  16.  Gattero$teus  inopimatus  (147),  17.  Va.brina  undulata  (I4P),  18. 
OlffikiModon  rulncundn*  (14^).  19.  BelonetxilU  (149),  20.  Dlenniu«  gentiUs  (149),  21.  (TunneUtcir 
«nM<««  (149).  23.  Apodiekthyt  (n.  g.)Jlavidu*  (150),  23.  Apodiclithyn  vUlaceut  (150),  24.  Anar- 
r&irA<u/rii«  (150),  -^G.  Voiu  modeteiM  (151),  29.  EmbiotocalineaUi  (151),  30.  EmMofoca  C<M- 
nd!yi  (t51|,  33.  XTofe^ntfrw  Trombridoii  (152).  33.  HoUoiiotuM  megalopt  (152),  31.  Phanerodoni 
in.%,\  /urtatMM  (153),  36.  PoganichUiys  argyreiotua  (1C3),  37.  i\(ndtdi/«  jMxrrtpuint«  (154),  42. 
JPapnudit  ddicdUtmnuu  (I54>,  43.  Argentina  pretioha  (150),  44.  PZeuron0cte««ia<;uIr/«««(155), 
48.  LtpiMdogatUr  retitvlatuM  (155),  49.  ^.ynsraiaeAtM  breviroUru  <156),  50.  Syngnathut  Icpto- 
rJkyacAttf<l56).J 

t  Descriptions  of  two  species  of  fish,  believed  to  be  new.  Sept.  4,  1854.  By 
Wm.  O.  Ayras.  <  Proc.  Gal.  Acad.  ScL,  v.  1,  pp.  3-4, 1854;  2d  ed.,  pp.  ^-4, 
187:J. 

(N.  tp.  Lcibm»  pmleher,  HtmUripUrut  niarmoralu».\ 

^Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  Sebastes.    Sept.  11,  1854.    By  Wm.  O. 
Ajreo.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  5-6,  1854;  2d  ed.,  pp.  S-T),  187:^. 
(N.  sp.  B.  n^nd/otuM,  S.  paweitpimt,\ 

f  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  fish.  /Sept.  18,  1854.  By  T?7m.  O.  Ayrea, 
M.  D.     <  Proc.  Cal.  AcrnL  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  7-8,  1854 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  7-8,  IH73. 

f  X.  up.  S«battei  ruber,  Sebaet^a  r%d>er  var.  parvus.  Sebaete$  variabilis,  Centrarehus  maai- 
hmt.\ 

tOhsenrations  on  the  development  of  Anablcps  Gronovii,  a  viviparous  linh 
from  Snrinam.  By  Prof.  Jefibies  "Wyman.  Sept.  20, 1854.  <  Proc.  Boston 
8oc.  Nat.  Hist,  v.  5,  pp.  60-81,  Dec.  1854.* 

"Remarks  in  relation  to  the  Mode  of  Development  of  EmbiotocoidsB.  By 
Charles  Girard.  Sept.  20,  1854.  <Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  5,  pp. 
«l-^2,  Dec.  1854. 

*Two  new  fishes,  Morrbna  callforuica  and  Grystes  liueatns.  By  Wm.  O. 
Ayrea.  Oct.  %  1854.  <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  9-10,  \^A ;  2d  cd., 
pp.  8-10,  187.3. 

(N.  sp.  Morrhua  eaUfnmiea,  Gryttet  lineatus.] 


•yClLMnstioDscD  the  develofiiueiitof  Anabh  p»Grou(>vii  (Cav.  oimI  Val.).  By  Jeffries  Wynmn 
^  MM.    <  Boston  Jonro.  Kat.  Hist.,  r.  6,  pp.  4.12-443,  pi.  17.  Nov.  te54. 


22 

* 

1§M — t  DesoriptioDs  of  a  new  species  of  cottoid  fish,  aud  remarks  oq  the  American 
Acanthocotti.  By  'Wbl  O.  Ayres,  M;  D.  Oct.  9, 1854.  <^  Proc.  CaU.  Acad. 
Sci.,  V.  1,  p.  11,  ltf54;  2d  ed.,  p.  11,  lrJ73. 

[N.  sp.  Clup^oeoUuB rotnutut  (=  Atpieottua Uiton Grd).] 

t  DescriptioDS  of  two  new  species  of  lJ8h.  By  Wm.  O.  Ayres^  M.  D.  Oct. 
23,  1854.  <  Proc.  CaL  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  13-14,  1854 ;  2d.  ed.,  pp.  12-13, 
187.3. 

New  species  of  Californian  Fishes,  by  TTVUliam  O.  Ayrea,  M.  D.  Nov.  1, 1854. 
<Proo. Boston  Sjc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  5,  pp.  94-103,  Dec.  1654,  aid  Feb.  1855. 

(N*.  sp.  Sebtutst  puueitpinis  (94),  Sebattei  nelmlotns  (06),  SebasU^  Ttib§r  (97),  SebastM  ni^er 
v&r. parvus (98),  CentrarchusmaeuloMut  (99),  JforrAiMi  eaii/ormea (100),  Labnuptdcher {101).] 

*  Descriptions  of  the  Stargeons  [Acipenser]  found  in  our  [Californian]  waters. 
By  "Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.  Nov.  27,  18.'>4.  <  Proc.  Cul.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  ji. 
15,  Deo.  1854 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  14-15  1873. 

[N.  sp.  A.  aeutiroUrig,  A,  medirottru^  A.  brachyrhynchtu.] 

Characteristics  of  some  Cartilaginous  Fishes  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  Am- 
erica. By  Charles  Girard.  Nov.  28, 1854.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila., 
V.  7,  pp.  19G-197,  1854. 

[N.  sp.:— I.  Oe§tracionfraiui»ei  (196).  S.  TriatU aemifeueiatum  <19G),  3.  SpiiuufiAemUkiat) 
SuckUyi  (196),  S.  Raja  binoculata  (t90)  ] 

Abstract  of  a  Report  to  Lieut.  Jas.  M.  Gilliss,  U.  S.N.,  upon  the  Fishes  col- 
lected during  the  U.  S.  N.  Astrououiical  Expedition  to  Chili.     By  Charles 
Oirard.    Nov.  28, 1854.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Na>.  Sci.  Phila.,  v.  7,  pp.  197-199, 1854. 
[Gtonns  Athtrinoptis  noticed,  aod  tbo  MeUUa  carulta  of  Aug.  29,  ltC4,  t.  7,  p.  138,  rede- 
scribed  as  a  ne«r  speoies,  nader  tiie  nanits  Aloea  mtuiez.  ] 

t  Descriptions  of  two  new  npeces  of  tish.    By  Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.    Dec.  4, 
1854.     <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  I,  pf.  17-18,  18.34 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  16-17, 1873. 
[N.  f«p.  0$menu  dimgahAa,  MugtHus /eli»  "[  ■ 

•  tDesoriptioDH  of  two  new  s.iecies  of  Cypriuoid '.  By  'Wm.  O.  Ayrea^  M.  D. 
Dec.  II,  1854.  <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  18-19, 1H54 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  17-18, 
1873. 

[S.  sp.  Cato»tmnu«  oeci^entalis,  (JtUa  ffrandis.] 

^  Descriptions  of  two  new  Cyprinoid  fish.    By  Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.    Dec.  18, 
1854.     <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  8ci.,  v.  1,  pp.  20-21, 1854 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  19-*:0, 1873, 
[K.  sp.  Lavinia  ffibbo»a,  L.  compregsa.  ] 

''Description  of  a  new  Cyprino  d  fish.    By  Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.    Dec.  25, 
la'M.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad,  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  21-22, 1854 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  20-21,  1873. 
[S.  pp.  Giia  fnierolepidota.] 

A  list  of  the  Fishes  collected  in  California,  by  Mr.  £.  Saranels,  with  descri)*- 
tions  of  the  new  species.  By  Charles  Oirard,  M.  D.  [1854.]  <  Boston 
Jouro.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  6,  pp.  533-544,  pi.  24-26,  1857. 

i 855— Synopsis  of  the  Ichthyological  Fauna  of  the  Pacific  Slope  of  North  America, 
cbiefly  from  the  collections  made  by  the  U.  S.  Exp.  Exped.  under  the  com- 
mand of  Capt.  C.  Wilkes,  with  recent  addit.-ons  and  comparis.ns  with  east- 
ern types.  By  Louis  Agassiz.  <^  Am.  Jonm.  Sci.  and. Arts,  v,  19,  pp.  71-99, 
Jan.,  1855 ;  v.  19,  pp.  2l5-2;n,  March,  1855. 

fN.  g.  aud  n.  sp.  Catostomtui  ocddentaUt  (94),  Aeroeheihu  (d.  g.,  96)  alutaeetu  (99),  Ptyeh^ 
cheUus  (o.  g.,  S97),  PtycJiooheiluM  graeUia  (S29),  Ptythocheihu  mmj^r  (S29),  MylatheiUu  (xk  g. 
itS0){aerraZM231).] 


23 

f  9^^— *Oa  two  flpeo^ee  of  Lipark.    By  Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.    Jan.  8, 1855.    <  Proo 
Oal.  Acad.  8ci.,  t.  1,  pp.  23-24,  Feb.  1, 1855;  8d  ed.,  pp.  21-23, 1873. 
(K.  ^».  Xr.  pmUkettMt^  L.  nmeomu.l 

t  Description  of  a  now  geuns  (Leptogiin»  lias)  aod  two  new  species  of  iishes. 
By  Wm.  O.  Ayraa,  M.  D.  Jan.  22, 1855.  <  Pioc.  CaL  Acad.  Sci.^  v.  1,  pp. 
25-27,  1855;  2d  ed.,pp.  24-25,  1873. 

f  l>fS8criptioD  of  a  Lamprey,  from  the  vicinity  of  Ban  Francisco.  By  "Wm.  O. 
AjTM^  M.  D.  Feb.  5,  1855.  <Proc.  CaL  Acad.  Soi.,  v.  1,  p.  *.:8,  Feb.  19, 
1855;  2d  ed.,  p.  27,  1873. 

*  Remarks  on  the  festal  Zyg»na  (Hammer-headed  Shark).  By  Jeffries  Wy- 
man.  Feb.  21,  1855.  "^Proc  Boston  Soc  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  5,  p.  157,  March, 
1855. 

\  D^riptioa  of  a  new  generic  type  among  fishes.    By  T77m.  O.  Ayrea,  M. 
D.    Fehc  2e,  1855.    <  Proc.  CaL  Acad.  ScL,  v.  1,  pp.  31-32, 1855;  2d  e<L,  pp. 
30-31,  1873. 
(N.  sp.  Amtkrrhiektky  oetliMUu.\ 

rDeseriptioa  of  a  new  species  of  Catastomas.    By  'Wtbl  O.  Ayre%  M.  D. 
Maroh  5,  1855.    <  Proc.  CaL  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  32-33, 1855;  2d  ed.,  pp.  31- 
32,  1873. 
(N.  «p.  Ostofto  mu»  lakiatmi.  \ 

'Description  of  a  new  ichthyic  type.    By  ^Vm.  O.  Ayves,  M.  D.    March  12, 
1855.    <  Proc.  CaL  Acad,  fici.,  v.  1,  pp.  33-35,  1855 ;  2(1  ed.,  pp.  32-34, 1873. 
(N.  %.  tkmi.  u.  ap.  Myitfikarmdon  (n.  g  >  rdkmgbu.\ 

*  Descriptioa  of  a  new  Trout.  By  "W.  P.  Oibbooa.  March  19, 1855.  <  Proc. 
CaL  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  t,  pp.  36-37,  1855;  2d  ed..  pp.  35-36, 1^3. 

(N.«p.telm«irtfiea.J 

*0u  specimens  of  Gasteroatt^us  plebeinH,  Oir.,  brought  from  San  Jos^  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Doaglas.  By  'Wm.  O.  Ayre^  M.  D.  April  2,  1^^.  <  Proc.  CaL 
Aca<L  Sci.,  v.  1,  p.  40, 1855;  2d  ed.,  p.  39,  187:L 

t  Description  of  a  new  Platesna,  and  remarks  on  the  Flatfish  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco marlMts.    By  Wm.  O.  Ayrea,  &L  D.    April  2,  1855.    <  Proc  CaL 
Acad.  ScL,  v.  I,  pp.  39-40,  1855;  2d  ed.,  pp.  39-40,  1873. 
(N.  sp.  Plate9aaMLuieata.\ 

t  Description  of  a  new  Salmo  and  a  new  Petromyzon.    By  ^Vm.  O.  Ayrea. 
April  16,  18.'»5.    <]  Proc  CaL  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  43-45,  1855;  2d  ed.,  pp. 
42-44,  1873. 
(X.  8p.  JMiHi0  rivtUarit^  Petromgnn  <iliatu8.l 

Notice  upon  the  Viviparous  Fishes  inhabiting  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica, with  an  euunieratiou  of  the  epecies  observed.  By  Charles  Girard. 
April  24,  1855.     <  Proc.  Aca<L  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  v.  7,  pp.  318-32:^  1-55. 

(N.  f^.  and  n.  up. :— :i.  Bmbiotoea  WeMi  (:)20).  5  Embwtoeaornata  (321 ),  G.  Emhiotoeapertpiea- 
ktHu  (3il),  7.  D^mmliektMy$  (u.  g.)  racnc  (331).  9.  Abmna{ix.  g  )  Trowbridgii  (3-J2),  11.  Ennich- 
tkfi  <&.  g.,  3:22).  EnnUslUhyi  megaUtpg  (323),  12.  EnniehtAys  Heermarmi  (323).] 

ITntsM^ated  into  G^raan  by  Dr.  Truachel  as  follows:— J 
Ueber  die  h^bendi^  gebiirenden  Fisclio  an  der  Westkiiste  von  Nordainerika. 
Von  Charles  Girard.    (Procee<ling8  of  the  Aca^rlemy  of  nat.  8c.  of  Phila- 
delphia April  1855.)      Uebersetzt  voin  llerauHgeber   [Prof.  Dr.  Troschel]. 
<'Aiebav  iiir  Natuigeachichte,  21.  Juhrg  ,  B.  1,  pp.  342-354  [numb.  344], 


24 

1855— t  Description  of  a  Gasterostens  believed  to  be  new,  and  on  the  American  ape- 

cies  of  the  gonna.    By  TTVm.  O.  Ayres.    April  30,  1855.    •^Proc.  Cal.  Acad. 

Sci.,  V.  1,  pp.  47-4rt,  1855;  2d  ed.,  pp.  46-47,  1873. 

f  N.  tp.  Ckuteroiteut  terratut ;  name  Oatterouteut  tMoayi  proposed  for  Qmtt§ntUu»  hiaeu- 
letUru  DeKay.] 

t  Description  of  "a  new  species  of  Apodichtbys.  By  "William  O.  AyrM^  M.  D. 
May  21,  iaT5.  <  Proo.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  55-5C,  1855 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  54- 
55,  1873. 

[N.  ap.  Apodichthyt  vire$ceru.\ 

t  Description  of  a  new  generic  tyi>e  of  Blennoids.  By  17711110111 0.  Ayrea,  M.  D 
June  4,  1855.  <  Proc.  Cul.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  5&-59, 1855 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  58-59, 
1873. 

[N.  sp.  Cebtdichtbyt  crigtagalU.] 

t  Description  of  a  new  Carangoid  fish.    By  William  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.    Jaly 
2,  1855.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  62-63, 1865;  2d  ed.,  p.  64, 1873. 
[N.  tp.  Ckiranx  symmetrieut.] 

t  Description  of  a  new  species  of  Whiting.  By  William  O.  Ayras,  M.  D. 
July  16,  1855.  <Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  p.  64,  1855;  2d  ed.,  pp.  65-66, 
1873. 

[N.  ftp.  Jferlangtu  produehu.] 

*  Description  of  a  finh,  representing  a  type  entirely  now  to  our  waters.  By 
"Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.  Aug.  6, 1855.  <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  ScL,  v.  1,  pp.  66-67, 
1855;  2ded.,  p.  61),  1873. 

[N.  sp.  Saunu  lueUycept.] 

*  Description  of  a  uew  species  of  Crauip  fish.    By  William  O.  A3rrei^  M.  D. 

Sept.  10,  1855.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1 ,  pp.  70-7 1, 1855 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  74-75, 
1873. 

[N.  ap.  Ibrpedo  oal\fomiea.] 

tOn  a  viviparous  fisb  from  Japan.  By  lK>uis  Agassiz^  Sept.  11,  1855. 
<^Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  and  Sei.,  v.  3,  p.  204,  1855. 

^'A  Flying  Fish,  Exoccoius  fawiatm  Le  Sueur,  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  lat.  30^ 
06'  N.,long.  1130  02'W.  [Gulfof  Califoruial,  preseuted  by  Dr.  Lanszweert." 
Sept.  24, 1855.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  71-73,  1855. 

t  Description  of  a  Shark  of  new  generic  type.  By  Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D. 

Oct.  8,  1855.     <Proc.  -Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  72-73,  1855;  2d  ed.,  pp. 
76-77, 1873. 

[N.  ap.  NotorhynehiMs  maculatua.'i  ^ 

*  Remarks  concerning  a  collection  of  fishes  made  by  Lieut.  W.  P.  Trowbridge 

at  or  near  Cape  Flattei-y,  W.  T.     By  'Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.     Oct.  22,  1855, 
<  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  p.  74, 1855;  2d  ed.,  p.  79,  1873. 

[10  apeciee  enomerated.) 

t  On  a  supposed  new  genus  of  Cottoids.    By  ^Vm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.    Dec.  24, 
1855.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  1,  pp.  75-77,  1855 ;  2d  ed.,  pp.  81-82, 1873. 
fN.  ap.  OalyeHepidotuM  tpinontM^  ScorpcmUhthya  UiUrdli§  GTd.=CQlyeiUpiiotutlatmrtitia», 


25 

IIM-Contribations  to  the  Ichthyology  of  the  Western  Coast  of  the  United  States, 
from  specimeDB  in  the  Musenm  of  Smithsonian  Institution.  By  Charles 
GlFurd,  M.  D.  Jane  24,  1856.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Kat.  Sci.  Pbila.,  v.  8,  pp. 
131-i;{7,  ISSTk 

[N.  g.  and  ii.sp.  Petraldbrax  (d.  g.,  131),  Homalopomus  (d.  g.)  Trovsbridgii  (133),  Gtigo- 
coUmi  (n.  g.,  133)  maeukmu  (133),  Leioeottut  (d.  g.)  hirundo  (1^3),  ArUd^us  (m.  g.,  134),  ilrfr. 
Mut  nUotfihtut  (134),  Sebtute*  mela7U>ps  (13A),  Oplopoma  (n.  c.)  panrherina  (135),  Ga«fr- 
fMfMtfiiiteniMduM  (133),  Gatterotteut  pugetti  (135),  GoMttf  Ntuberryi  (136),  i^'mbiotcca  ar^^y. 
roMma  (136),  Gtrrv^onitf  Vr<2Iui»iMon<  (13G),  Platichthys  umbronts  (13()),  Pleurcnichthyt  guttu- 
'lotet  (137),  ilmnMNlyCM^MVOiuKitf  (137),  ShinopUra  vegpertilo  (137).] 

Eesearches  upon  the  Cyprinoids  inhabiting  tho  fresh  wat«r  Fisbi'S  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  west  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  from  Hpt>citnens  in  the 
Moseani  of  the  Smithsonian  Instil nt  ion.  By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D.  Sept. 
30, 1856.    <  Pit)c.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  v.  8,  pp.  165- .;13,  1^56. 

[S.  g.  sad  n.  sp.  MyloeKeilut  fratereulut  (1G9),  Catoitomus  (Acomtw,  n.  8.  g.)  gencrotms 
(1741,  OatoHomuM  macroekeiluM  (175),  Catobtomu*  bemardini  (175).  Algannea  (o.  g),  Algaw 
MS  bieolor  (183),  Algansea  obeua  (183),  Algmuea /otmatta  (183),  Lavinia  hareugtu  (lr4), 
Aiyyreta  nudtfiw  (186),  Argyreua  oneuZta  (1(56),  Argi/reu*  notabUu  (186),  ^l/^ia  (d.  g),  Agoxia 
dktyitogtuter  (187),  ilj|K>«ia  m«tal2iea  (187),  ifeda  (u.  g.)  fulgida  (19*2),  liichardsoniuti  (u.  g.) 
faitercrfM  (202),  Tiaroga  (d.  g.)  eoM^  (*J04),  Tigoma  (n.  g).  7>>oma  6ico2or  (-JOG),  Tigoinapur- 
puTM  (-206),  THfoma  »iitorm«dta  (306).  lYyoma  o6e«a  (306),  2Yy(mia  Iluniboldti  C»OG),  Tigoma 
Umtaia  (306),  l^^oina  graeilit  (206),  Tigoina  nigre*cens  (307),  IV<70}/<a  croMra  (307),  Chconda 
(ii.g.),  CnUomia  Oooptfri  (307),  Oheonda  ecerulea  (307),  £i6oma  (a.  g.)  atraria  (308),  Vtyehockei- 
UiM  rapax  (209),  P(yeAocA«iIu«  luciitf  (209),  Ptyehoeheilus  vorax  (309).] 

Kotic^  npon  the  Species  of  the  Genus  Salmo  of  authors,  observed  chiefly  in 
Oregon  and  California.  By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D.  Oct.  iiS,  1856.  <  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  v.  8,  pp.  217-220,  1856. 

« 

[S.  sp.  Salmo  Mpeetabilit  (31<^),  Fario  aurora  (318),  Fario  argyreuM  (31h),  Fario  ktcUaUt^ 
(SIV),  Saiar  LewiH  (319),  Skitor  i;i. gina,%a  (230).l 

33d  Congress,  |  2d  Session.  |  House  of  Representatives.  |  Ex.  Doc.  |  No.  97.  |  =  | 
Narrative  |  of  |  the  Ez(.edition  of  an  American  Squadi-on  |  to  |  the  China 
Seas  and  Japan,  |  performed  in  the  years  1852,  1853  and  1854,  |  under  the 
command  of  |  Commodore  M.C.  Perry,  United  States  Navy,  |  by  |  order  of  the 
Government  of  the  United  States.  |  —  j  Volume  II.  With  illustrations.  |  — 
I  Washington:  |  A.  O.  P.  Nicholson,  printer.  |  1856.  [4"^,  4  p.  1.,  414  pp.; 
[Treaty,]  2  p.  1.,  14  pp.;  [Index,]  iii-xi  pp.,  1  1.] 

Notes  on  some  figures  of  Jupauese  Fish,  taken  from  recent  specimens  by 
tho  artists  of  the  U.  8.  Japan  Expedition.  By  Jcimes  Carson  Bre- 
voort.    (pp.  253-256,  pi.  iii-xii.) 

(CoDtalna  notice  of  Ditrema  aod  first  notico  of  the  recognition  of  tho  affinity  between 
the  Embiotoooids  of  CuhforLia  and  tho  Japanese  genns.] 

33d  ConRTrtiS,  2d  Session.  J  Senate,  j  Ex.  Doc.  No.  78.  |  =  ]  Reports  |  of  |  Explo- 
rations and  Surveys,  I  to  I  ascertain  the  most  practicable  inid  economical  route 
forarailroad  |  from  the  |  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacilic  Ocean  |  made  under 
the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  |  in  185!M,  |  according  to  actsof  Con- 
gress of  March.*?,  1853,  May  :U,1H54,  and  August  5, 1S54.  |  —  |  Volume  V.  |  —  | 
Washington:  |  Beverley  Tucker,  Printer.  |  1850. 
Explorations  and  Surveys  for  a  railroad  route  from  the  Mississippi  Rivor 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  War  Department.  |  =  \  Routcsin  California, tocon- 
nect  with  the  routes  near  the  thirty-filth  and  thirty-second  |  parallels, 
explored  by  Lieut.  R.  S.  Williamson,  Corps  Topographical  Engineers,  in 
1853.  I  —  I  Geological  report,  |  by  |  William  P.  Blake,  |  Geologist  and 
Mineralogist  of  the  Expedition.  |  [With  appendix.]  |  —  |  Washington, 
D.  C.  I  1857.  = 

^wpMBndix. — ^Article  L  Notice  of  tho  fossil  fishes.— By  Professor  Louis 
^ivp.  SlMie,  and  1  plate  (<'  Fossils  plate  1") ) 


26 

I85e— 3^  Congress,  |  fid  Session,  j  Senate.  [  £s.  Doc.  |  No.  78.  =^  Reports  |  of  |  Ezplo- 
rationsandSarveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  the  most  practicable  and  econoniicalroute 
for  a  railroad  |  from  the  |  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  |  made  ander 
the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  in  |  1853-4,  |  according  to  acts  of  Con- 
gress of  March  3,  1853,  May  31,  1854,  and  August  5,  1854.  |  —  |  Volume 
IV.  j  —  I  Washington :  |  Beverley  Tucker,  Printer.  |  1856. 
Explorations  and  surveys  for  a  railroad  route  from  the  Mississippi  Biver 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  War  Department.  |  =  |  Route  near  the  thirty-fifth 
parallel,  explored  by  Lieut.  A.  W.  Wbipple,  To}  ographical  |  Engineers, 
in  1853  and  1854.  |  —  |  Report  on  the  zoology  of  the  expedition.  |  —  | 
Washington,  D.  C.  |  1856.  =L17  pp.,  1  l.J 
No.  1. — Field  notes  and  explanations.— By  C.  B.  R.  Kennerly,  M.  D., 
Physician  and  Naturalist  to  the  Expedition. — pp.  5-17. 

1857— The  Northwest  Coast ;  or,  Three  Years'  Residence  in  Washington  Territory. 
By  James  G.  Swan.  [Figure  of  terr.  seal.]  With  numerous  illustrations. 
New  York:  Harper  &  Brotbers,  Publishers,  Fiaukliu  Siiuare.    1857.    [12^, 

435  pp.  (incl.  26  tigs,  and  pi.),  frontispiece,  1  map.] 

[Popular  notioes  of  fluhes — especially  s^mon  and  fluhing  for  salmon— «re  given  in  chap- 
ters 3,  7, 9,  and  14.] 

*  Account  of  some  observations  on  tbe  development  of  Auableps  Grooovfl,  as 
compared  with  tbat  of  tbe  Embiotocas  of  California.  By  Jeffries  VTyman. 
Nov.  18,  1857.    <  Proo.  Boston  S.  c.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  6,  p.  294,  Jan.  1858. 

Notice  upon  now  Genera  and  new  Species  of  Marine  and  Fresh-water  Fishes 
fh)m  Western  North  America.  By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D.  Nov.  24,  1857. 
<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Soi.  Phila.,  v.  9,  pp.  200-202,  Nov.  1857. 

[N.  g.  OLd  n.  sp.  ChiropHt  (n.  g.,  201),  OUgoeoUua  analis  (*^1),  (XigoeoUtu  gMrie^ipt  (901). 
Zaniolepit  (o.  r.)  latipinnis  (iOi),  BUp»ia*  oculofancuUus  (*.X)2).] 

33dCongn86,  |  2d  Session.  |  Senate.  |  Ex.  Doc.  |  No.  78.  |  =  |  Reports  |  of  |  Ex- 
.  plorations  and  Surveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  tbe  most  practicable  and  economical 
route  for  a  railroad  |  from  ihe  |  Mississippi  River  to  tbe  Pacific  Ocean.  | 
Made  under  tbe  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  in  |  1H54-5,  |  according  to 
Acts  of  Congress  of  March  3,  18.33,  May  31, 1854,  and  August  5, 1854.  |  —  | 
Volume  VI.  |  —  |  Washington :  |  Beverley  Tucker,  Printer.  |  1857. 
Exploiations  au<l  Surveys  for  a  Railroad  Route  from  tbo  Mississippi  River 
to  tbe  Paciiic  Ocean.  |  War  Department.  |  =  |  Routes  in  Californiti  and 
Oregon  explored  by  Lieut.  R.  S.  Williaiosoo,  Corps  of  Topo^>raphical  | 
Eugioeerc*,  and  Lieut.  Henry  L.  Abbo*,  Corps  of  Topographical  Engin- 
eern,  in  1855.  |  —  |  Zoological  Report. —  |  Washington,  D.  C.  |  1857.  |  = 
No.  1.    Report   upon    Fishes  collected  on  the  Survey. — By  Charles 
Girard,  M.  D.— pp.  9-34,  witb  plates  xxii  a,  xxii  6,  xxv  a,  xxv  5,  xi 
a,  xlvi,  Ixii,  Ixvi,  Ixviii,  Ixx,  Ixxiv. 

Report  on  the  fauna  and  medical  topograpby  of  Washington  Territory.  By 
Geo.  Suckley,  M.  D.  May,  1857.  <  Trans.  Am.  Med.  Assoc.,  v.  10,  pp.  181- 
217, 1857. 

[FiHhes  noliooi  at  pp.  903-203. ] 

1858 — Description  of  several  new  species  of  Salmouidas  from  tbe  north-west  coast 
of  America.  By  George  Suckley,  M.  D.  Read  December  6, 1858.  <^  Ann. 
Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  v.  7,  pp.  1-10,  1862. 

[X.  sp.  Salmo  Oibbsii  (1),  ScUmo  truneatu*  (3),  Salmo  gibber  (G),  Salmo  eot^luenttu  (8), 
Saltno  eanis  (9).] 

Ichthyological  Notices,  by  Chas.  Girard,  M.  D.  Dec.  28, 1858.  <  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Philtt.,  vol.  10,  pp.  223-225,  Dec.  1858. 

[$  1-4,  D.  ap. "  Fario  Xewberrii,  or  else  Salmo  Newberrii '  (3*2ri).] 


27 

MS-^DeokwilrdigkeltoD  eioer  Reiso  nacb  dem  rnssiscbcn  Amcrika,  imcli  Mikro- 
DQsien  and  durcb  Kamtscbatko.  You  F.  H.  v.  Kittlitz. — Erstcr  DudcI 
[ — Z welter  Baud]. — Gotba.  Verlag  von  Justus  PertLes.  1858.  [^°,  vol.i, 
XYi,  383  pp.,  2  pi. ;  vol.  ii,  2  p.  1.,  463  pp.,  2  pi.] 

84t-^8d  CoDgrefls,  |  2d  Session.  |  Senate.  |  Ex.  Doo.  |  No.  78.  |  =  |  Reports  |  of  j  Ex- 
ploralioiui  and  Surveys,  |  to  |  ascertain  tbo  most  practicable  and  ecoT^omical 
route  for  a  railroad  |  from  tbe  |  Mississippi  River  to  tbo  PaciAc  Ocean.  | 
Made  under  tbe  dirt^tion  of  tbe  Secretary  of  War,  in  |  18C3-6,  |  according  to 
Acta  of  Congress  of  Marcb  3,  lai:!,  May  31, 1H54,  and  August  5,1854.  |  —  | 
Volaiue  X.  I  —  |  Washington  :  [  Beverley  Tucker,  Printer.  |  18C9. 
Explorations  and  Surveys  for  a  railroad  route  from  tbo  Mississippi  River 
to  the  PaciGc  Ocean.  |  War  Department.  |  =  |  Fisbes:  by  Charles  Gi- 
raid,  M.  D.  i  —  I  Washington,  D.  C.  |  1858.*  =  [xiv,  400  pp.,  with  plaies 
vii-viii,  xiii-xiv,  xvii,  xviii,   xxii  c,  xxv,  xxix,  xxx,   xxxiv,  xxxvii, 
xl,  xli,  xlviii,  liii,  lix,  ixi,  Isiv,  Ixv,  Ixxi.] 

[S.  g.  mad  n.  sp.  (HipceoUut  glohicepn  (56),  Nautichthytt  (d.  g.,  74),  Amblodon  saturnnn  (9^), 
Pdamp*  Unedata  (lOfi),  Traehurtu  boopt  (108).  Epkipprm  zonatus  (110).  XcoelinuM  (:i  '/.,  1 14). 
iVdoeimitf  Blanchardi  (114),  Xiphidion  (n.  g..  119),  Xiphidion  mucosum  (110),  Ophidian  Tay- 
•  leri  (1%),  Paraliehthfn  (d.  g.,  14G),  Tigoma  egrejia  (-^l).  Thakichthys  (ta  f^.,  3r>),  ThcUichthys 

Strmutt  (3*^),  /;  graulin  naM««  (335),  Enffrauli»  con  prenstu  (33G),  Tctraodon  politu*  (340). 
Hippoeampu*  inffetu  (34*^),  Syngnathus  Abboti  (31G),  Syntpiathus  arundinaeetts  (34G),  Raja 
Oooperi  (37*2),  Petroinyzon  lindu*  (37U),  re:iomyzon  aatori  (3f0),  Ammocattcj  eibariits  (38.1). t 

Aa  this  repurt  brings  np  our  kuowlcdge  of  tbo  AhL  fauna  of  tbo  Pacific  coast  alope  of 
tbo  Uuitcd  States  to  tbo  time  of  it8  p  iblicat.on,  and  lua  ks  a  .  epocb  in  tbo  icb: hvogrnpby 
of  tbe  region  in  qufsiioc,  tbo  Rpocieii  dcacribcd  aro  btrelLbelow  ennmt  rated.  Of  tlm 
MTeral  columnp,  (1)  tbs first  contains  tbo  family  name,  (2)  tbe  ••  cond  tbo  generic,  (3)  the 
tbir4  tbe  specific,  and  (4)  tbo  rigbt  band  one,  ibo  page  wbero  tbe  npecies  are  described  :— 

Order  I.— ACANTHOPTERI. 


Percldn 


Trachinide 
SpbyrenidsD 


Cottidi 


Ambloplites 

intermptns 

10 

Paralabrax 

nebniifer 

33 

clatbratns 

34 

neteroflticbns 

roetratns 

30 

Spbynena 

ar;;entea 

39 

Cbiropsis 

COII8t('llntU8 

42 

pictus 

43 

guttatut) 

44 

nebnlosuB 

45 

OplopoTna 

pantborinr. 

40 

Opbiodon 

elnngatuH 

48 

Cottopsis 

a«per 

51 

gulosus 

W 

parvus 

i'4 

Olfgocottns 

niacolosuH 

5(> 

aualis 

57 

;;lobiocp9 

cm 

Leptocottas 

arniatos 

00 

Leioonttus 

birundo 

62 

Scorpficnichthys 

marrooTatns 

G4 

Aspicottos 

biKou 

CO 

Hemiiepidotas 

spinosuH 

fi8 

Anedias 

latoi-ala 

■lO 

.  i*|^  lUport  apon  tbe  Zoology  of  the  several  Pacific  IUiIn>ad  Roates.    Part  IV. 
^^ffrtMB  (j30),  "from  twenty  miles  west  of  Chcctaw  agency",  i^  tbe  only  otber  now  >'pcci(-8 


Order  I.-ACANTBOPTBRI-CoDtinaed. 
Dotoapilotm 


29 


Order  IH.— PHARYNOOGNATHI. 

Saborder  I.— MAUicoFTBUTon. 
SoomberMocids      Belone  exilis 

Saborder  IT.— ACAXTUOPTtRTon. 


158 


Pomaoontridft 

Glypbisodoa 

mbicanduB 

161 

LabidA 

Labrue 

palcber 

169 

Jali» 

modoMtas 

16^ 

XublotocoldA 

Embiotoca 

'     Jaoksoni 

IC«> 

CaAsidii 

171 

Webbi 

1T3 

lineata 

174 

omata 

176 

ponpicabilis 

178 

0 

argyrofloma 

180 

Damalicbtbys 

vacca 

189 

Pbftnerodon 

fDroatos 

184 

Abeona 

Trowbridgii 

186 

Bhaoochilus 

toxotea 

188 

1 

Hyeteiooarpas 

Trasldi 

190 

Holoonotas 

rbodotema 

193 

Ennicthys 

megalopa 

197 

Heermnnui 

199 

Amphisticbne 

arsenteaa 

901 

aimilia 

903 

Order  IV.— PHYSOSTOMI  or  MALACOPTBRL 
Saborder  II.— Abdominalks. 
uTpriuide  Tribt  (^  Cyprini. 


lateral  ia 

S14 

fratercnlas 

215 

MylopbarodoD 

coDocephaloa 

216 

• 

robaatns 

216 

Tribe  of  Cato«(omt. 

Acomua 

generosoa 

221 

Catostomoa 

occideDtalia 

224 

lablutua 

224 

maorocheilaH 

2-J5 

3W6«  of  Ohoudrostomi, 

Ortbodon 

microlopidotua 

237 

AlgaDsea 

bloolor 

238 

obesa 

239 

forrooaa 

239 

Lavinia 

exilicanda 

241 

barengna 

242 

Tribe  qf  Pogoniehthi, 

Argyreaa 

dalcia 

243 

nnbilaa 

244 

Pogonichtbys 

inffiqnilobaa 

245 

ayniTDetricaa 

946 

argyreioaoa 

246 

eommania 

247 

Ordtr  17.— PBTSOSTOUI  or  UAI^COFTXRI-CaDtiniwd. 


tBd.banili 


31 


Order  VII.-GAXOIDEI. 

BtiiTkHiJdA              Acipenaer                brachyrhjnchns  355 

transmoDtiiaaa  356 

acntlitwtris  355 

medirostris  356 

Order  VHI.— HOLOCBPHALT. 
Chimsrida  CbimaDra  Co!1iei  MO 

Order  IX.— PLAGIOSTOMI. 
Suborder  I.— Hquali. 


Seylliodootidn 

Triakie 

■emlfasoiatiM 

3«3 

Hoetelids 

Mufttelaa 

felis 

364 

C«etreeiootid« 

Cestnicloa 

fraDcisci 

385 

NotidABiflie 

Heptanchas 

macalatua 

367 

BpinMida 

Acantbins 

Sacklil 

368 

Saborder  II.- 

-Rajjb. 

Rbinobotidn 

Rbioobatias 

prodnctns 

370 

Torpedioidn 

Narcioe 

califomioa 

371 

Raiidn 

RiOo 

oooperi 

379 

Uniptera 

biooculata 

373 

MyliobeUds 

Rbinoptera 

vcspertillo 

375 

Order  X— DERMOPTERL 

Saborder  If  absipobbancbii 

«.  CTCLOeTOKI. 

Pe(roinysontid» 

Petromyzon 

tridentatas 

ciliatna 

lividas 

377 
378 
3:0 

• 

plarabeaa 
aatori 

380 

AmmoccDtes 

cibarina 

3t» 

Explorations  and  Snrveys  for  a  Railroad  roate  from  the  MiMissippi  River 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  War  Deparrment.  |  ^^  |  Rome  near  the  38. h  and 
39th  parallels, explored  by  Captain  J.  W.  GunniHon,  and  near  the  4l6t  | 
parallel,  explored  by  Lieutenant  E.  G.  B  ckwiLh.  |  —  |  Zoological  Re- 
porr.»  I  —  I  Washington,  D.C.  |  1857.  |  =  |  '  The  re|)ort  to  which  the  pres- 
ent article  belongs  will  bo  found  in  Vol.  II  of  ibe  series. 
No.  4.    Report  on   Fishes    collected   on    the  Survey. — By   Charles 
Girard,M.  D. — (pp.  21-27,  with  pi.  xxiii,  xlix,  liv,  Ivi,  Ixxiii,  Ixxv.) 
Explorations  and  surveys  for  a  railroad  route  from  the  MiHsissippi  River 
to  th«  Pacific  Ocean.  |  War  Department.  |  =  |  Route  near  the  thirty- 
fifth  parallel,  explored  by  Lieutenant  A.  W.  Whipple,  Topographical  | 
Engineers,  in  1653  and  1854.  |  —  |  Zoological  HciK)rt.  |  —  |  Washington, 
D.  C.  I  1859.  I  =  , 

No.  5.  Report  upon  Fishes  collected  on  the  Survey. — By  C.  Girard, 
M.  D.—pp.  (47-C9,  with  pi.  iii-vi,  ix,  x,  xxi,  xxiv,  xxv,  xxxv, 
xlfr,  lii,  Ivii,  Iviii.) 

Explorations  and  Surveys  for  a  Railroad  Route  from  the  Mississippi  River 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  War  Department.  |  =  |  Routes  in  California,  to 
connect  with  the  routes  near  the  thirty-fifth  and  thirty-second  |  parallels, 
explored  by  Lieut.  R.  R.  Williamson,  Corps  of  Top.  Eng.,  in  1853.  |  —  | 
Zoological  Report.  |  —  |  Washington,  D.  C.  |  1S59.  = 

No.  4.  Report  on  Fishes  collected  on  the  Survey.— By  Charles  Girard, 
]LD.--<pp.  83-91,  with  pi.  ii,  xii,  xxii,  xxvii,  xxviii,  Txxi,  xxxvi^ 
iM  «*«w  xivii.) 


32 

1859— Od  some  unusaal  modes  of  geetation  in  BatrachiaDs  and  Fishes.  By  Jeffiles 
Toyman.  <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and  Arts,  (2),  v.  27,  pp.  5-13,  Jan.,  IB.VJ;  re- 
printed <CaD.  Nat.,  V.  f),  pp.  42-49,  1860;  Zoologist,  v.  IW,  pp.  7173-7179, 

18tt0. 

lohthyological  Notices.  By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  ScL 
Phila.,  1859. 

$  5-27,  Feb.  23, 1859.  ▼.  10,  pp.  56-58, 1850. 
§  '^8-40,  March  29, 1859,  ▼.  10,  pp.  100-104, 1859. 
§  41-59,  April  'ie,  1-59,  V.  10,  pp.  113-122, 1659. 
i  tiO-77,  May  31,  1859,  v.  10,  pp.  157-161, 1859. 

[K.  sp.  Xeodinua  satiricui  (§  5,  p.  56),  Myrichthyt  tigrinut  ($  6,  p.  58).] 

t  On  new  fishes  of  the  Californian  coast.  By  VTm  O.  Ayrea,  M.  D.  Oct. 
17,  1859.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  2,  pp.  25-^2,  1859. 

[N.  sp.  Sebattetnigroeinctut,  Sebattei  helvomaculatut,  Sebastet  dongattu,  Anophpoma  (D.g.)' 
merlangiu,  SVtreoUpis  (n.  g )  gigaa,  SquAUna  ecU^fomiea,  Hippoglottut  Mli/ortiieia,  Muraena 
mcrdaXt  OrthagorvieuH  analis,  Jxdia  •emicinctu».\ 

Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  in  the  British  Museum.  By  Albert  Giinther,  .... 
Volume  first.    London:  priuted  by  order  of  the  trustees.    18o9.    [August] 

At  first  only  entitled: — Catalogue  of  the  Acaiithopterygian  Fibhes  in  the 
collection  of  the  British  Museum.  By  Dr.  Albert  Giinther.  Volume  first. 
GasterosteidfiB,  Berycidss,  Percidss,  AphredodoridsB,  Pristipomutida),  Mullidffi, 
Sparidtis.  London :  printed  by  order  of  the  Trustees.  18ri9.  [Genui-al  title 
4-  xxxix,  524  pp.— 10«.] 

1 860 — Salmon  Fishery  on  the  Sarraruento  River.  By  C.  A  Kirkpatrlck.  <^  Hatch- 
iugs's  California  Magazine,  v.  4,  pp.  529-534,  June,  1860. 

t  Notes  on  Finhes  previously  described  in  the  Proceedings,  with  figures  of  seven. 
By  "Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.  July  2, 1860.  <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  2,  pp. 
52-59,  1860. 

[X.  g.  HalioM  for  Brotmiiu  marffinatus.] 

Beitriige  zur  Kenntniss  der  Gobioiden.  Von  Franz  Steindachner.  (Mit  1 
Tafel.)  <[Sitzungsb.  niathem.-naturw.  Classe  [K.  Akad.  Wisseusch.]  vom 
.12.  Juli  1860,  xlii.  Band,  No.  23,  Sltzung  vom  18.  October  1860,  pp.  283-292. 

*  Description  of  new  fishes.  By  Wm.  O.  Ayrea,  M.  D.  Aug.  6, 18C0.  <Proc. 
Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  2,  pp.  60-64, 1860. 

[N.  ip.  Triehodon  lineatut,  Otmenia  thaleichthys^  with  fignres.] 

Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  in  the  British  Museum.  By  Albert  Giinther,  .... 
Volume  second.  London  :  printed  by  order  of  the  trustees.  1860.  [Sept.] 
At  first  only  entitled : — Catalogue  of  the  Acanthopterygian  Fishes  iu  the 
collection  of  the  British  Museum.  By  Dr.  Albert  Giinther,  ....  Volume 
second.  Squamipiunes,  Cirrhitidse,  TriglidsB,  Trachinidse,  ScijenidaD,  Polyne- 
midffi,  SphyrienidsQ,  Trichiuridee,  Scombridie,  Carangidse,  Xiphiidse.  Lon- 
don :  printed  by  order  of  the  Trustees.     1860.    [General  title  -(-  xxi,  548  pp. 

— &».  GcLI 

[Nov.  loc.  Xaucratea  duetor  (374),  Eeheneit  remoia  (378),  Eeheneis  nauerates  (384).  N.  sp. 
CoUut  criniger  (5S3),  Atpidophoroidea  inermit  (524).] 

Reports  of  Explorations  and  Surveys  to  ascertain  the  most  practicable  and 
economical  route  for  a  Railroad  from  t|ie  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  made  under  the  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  in  1853-6,  &c. 
Vol.  X.  Washington,  1859.  Fishes ;  by  Ch^iies  Girard,  M.  D.  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  1858.  [Review,  by  Theodore  QUL]  <  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  and 
Arts,  2d  series,  Yol.  30,  pp.  277-281,  Sept.  1860. 


33 

1M#— 96th  Coogreas,  1st  Sessioo.  ]  Sooate.  i  Ex.  Doc.  |  =  |  Reports  |  of  |  Explorations 

and  Sarveys  |  to  |  oscertaia  the  most  practicable  and  ecooomical  route  for  a 
railroad  |  from  |  the  |  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.    Made  under 
the  direcrion  of  tht%  Secretary  of  War,  in  1853>5,  accordinf;  to  act  of  Congress 
of  M!irch  3,  1853,  May  31,  1854,  and  August  5, 1854.  |  —Volume  XII.  |  Book 
IL  I  Washington:  |  Thomas  H.  Ford,  Printer.    1860. 
Explorations  and  Surveys  for  a  Riilroad  route  from  the  Mississippi  River 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  |  War  Department.  |  =  |  Route  near  the  forty- 
seventh  and  forty-n  nth  parallels,  explored  by  1. 1.  Stevens,  |  Governor 
of  Washington  Territory,  in  185:J-'55.    [pp.  9-353,  70  pi.]    Zoiilogicsl 
report.— Washington,  D.  C,  1800.   [viii,  (1),  399  pp.,  47  pi.] 
No.  5. — Rc*port  upon  the  fishes  collected  on  the  survey. — By  Dr.  G. 
Snpkley,  U.  8.  A.    (pp.  307-368,  with  pi.  i,  xl,  xv,  xvi,  xix,  xx,  xxxii, 
xxxiii,  xlii,  xliii,  xliv,  1,  li,  Iv,  Ix,  Ixiii,  Ixvii,  Ixix,  Ixxii,  Ixxv,  viz : 
Chapter  I.  R6X>ort  upon  the  Salmon  id®,    pp.  307-349.) 
Chapter  II.    Report  upon  the  Fishes  ex^nsivo  of  tho  Salroonidn. 
pp.  ;{50-368. 
(N.  sp.  Salmo  Matoni  (343).] 

[This  volame  slao  appeared  wi  h  the  following  title«page  and  modifications:—] 

The  Natural  History  of  Washington  Territory,  with  much  relating  to  Minne- 
sota, Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oregon  and  California,  between  the  thirty-sixth  and 
forty-ninth  parallels  of  Latitude,  being  those  parts  of  the  final  Reports  on 
the  Survey  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Route,  containing  the  Climate 
and  Physical  G^graphy,  with  full  Catalogues  and  Descriptions  of  the  Plants 
and  Animals  collected  from  1853  to  1857.  By  J.  G.  Cooper,  M.  D.,  and  Dr. 
O.  Suckley,  U.  S.  A.,  Naturalists  to  the  Expedition.  This  edition  contains  a 
new  preface,  giving  a  sketch  of  the  explorations,  a  classified  table  of  con- 
tents, and  the  latest  additions  by  tho  authors.  With  fifty-five  new  plates 
of  scenery,  botany,  and  zoology,  and  an  isothermal  chart  of  the  route. — New 
York:  Bai I li^ro  Brothers, 440  Broadway,  [etc.]  1859.  [4°.  xvii,26-|-7'2^^ 
viii,  399  pp.  (  -|-l-4  pp.  betw.  368  and  369),  61  pi.,  1  map.] 

tDe^riptions  of  tho  Califoniian  Atherini(1;B,  with  figures  of  the  species.  By 
'WuL  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.  Oct.  1, 1860.  <  Pioc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  2,  pp.  73- 
77.  I860. 

[Ni.  sp.  Atherinop»iM  ajflnii,  Atherinoptii  Unuit,  with  flgores.] 

t  Descriptions  of  two  new  Scia^noids,  with  fij^nres.  By  Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D. 
Nov.  5,  1H60.     <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  2,  pp.  77-81,  1860. 

f  N.  g.  and  sp.  Johnixu  nobilis,  Scriphus  (n.  g.)  politug.] 

t  Description  of  new  Californian  fishes,  with  figures.    By  Wm.  O.  Ayrea,  M. 
D.    Dec.  3,  1860.     <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  2,  pp.  82-86,  April,  1862. 
[N.  g.  and  sp.  Camarina  (n.  g.)  nigricant,  Poronotut  titniUimuM.] 

IMl — Observa:ion8  on  tho  genus  Cottus,  and  description  of  two  new  species 
(abridged  from  tho  forthcoming  report  of  Capt.  J.  H.  Sinipsou),  by  Theo- 
dore OilL  March  20,  1861.  <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  8,  pp.  40-42. 
April,  lH(il. 

[N.  g.  aad  d.  sp.  Potamoeothu  (n.  g.  40),  rotamoeiUuM  punetulatut.] 

Description  of  a  now  species  of  the  genus  Tigoma  of  Girard  (abridged  from 
tho  forthcoming  report  of  Capt.  J.  H.  Simpson),  by  Theodore  Gill.    March 
20,  18G1.     <  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  v.  8,  p.  42,  April,  1861. 
f N.  sp.  Tigoma  9qxiamat(i,\ 

BolL  N.  M.  No.  11- — 3 


34 

tSGl—Notes  on  tbe  described  species  of  Holconoti,  found  on  the  western  coast  of 
North  America.  By  Alexander  Agassiz.  March  20, 1H61.  <[Proc.  Bos- 
ton Soc.  Nat.  His  t,  v.  8,  pp.  122-134, 1801. 

[The  namber  of  specios  is  reduced  to  15,  which  are  grouped  under  9  genera.  X.  g. 
Tceniotoea  >  Embiotoca  lateraUs;  n.  sp.  Hyperprotopcn  ana{{«,— neither  described.] 

t  Commnnication  on  several  new  generic  types  of  fishes,  i.  e.,  PodotheoaS| 
Hoplopagras,  and  Stophanolepis.     By  Theodore  Gill.     April  16,  1861. 
<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  13J,  pp.  77-78, 1861. 
(N.  g.  and  sp.  Podotheciu  (n.  g.).] 

Revision  of  the  genera  of  North  American  Sciaeninse.     By  Theodore  Oill 

April  30, 1861.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  13],  pp.  79-89, 1861. 

[N.  g.  Bhinotoion  (85)  for  AmUodon  tcUumtu  Grd.,  6eniyimmnu9  (87)  for  Leiottomui  KfM- 
atut  Ayres.] 

On  the  Liostominc.     By  Theodore  GilL    April  30, 1861.    <[Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  13 J,  pp.  89-93, 1861. 
[Remarks  on  Leiattomut  lineatut  (93).] 

Salmonidffi  of  Frazer  River,  British  Columbia.  By  C.  Brew.  <[  Edinburgh 
New  Philos.  Jonm.,  v.  13,  p.  164, 1861.  ' 

On  the  HaploidonotinsB.  By  Theodore  Gill.  May  28, 1861.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat. 
Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  13],  pp.  100-105,  1861. 

[Remarks  on  Afnblodon  titumus  (105).] 

Notices  of  Certain  New  Species  of  North  American  Salmonidae,  chiefly  in  the 
Collection  of  tbe  N.  W.  Boundary  Commission,  in  charge  of  Archibald 
Campbell,  Esq.,  Commissioner  of  I  he  United  States,  by  Dr.  C.  B.  R.  Kennerly, 
Naturalist  to  the  Commission.  By  George  Suckley,  M.  D.,  late  Assistant 
Surgeon,  U.  S.  Army.  Read  before  the  Now  York  Lyceum  of  Natural  Historjs 
Jnne,  1861.     <  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  v.  7,  pp.  306-313,  1862. 

[N.  g.  and  sp.  Salmo  Kennerlyi  (307),  Salmo  brevicauda  (303).  Salmo  Warreni  (308).  Salmo 
Bairdii  (309),  Salmo  Parkei  (30D),  Oncorhynehttt  (n.  p.,  312),  Snlro  Campbeili  (313).] 

Notes  on  some  genera  of  fishes  of  the  western  coast  of  North  America.  By 
Theodore  Gill.  July  30, 1861.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  13],  pp. 
164-168,  1861. 

[N.  g.  Atraetoperca  (164),  ArchopUtet  (\^) ,  Parephipptu  (IGo),  Uypsypcpt  (165),  Sebastode* 
(165),  Aeantholebiitg  (166),  Pleurofframmut  (166),  Grammatopleunu  (166),  MegaVcottus  (166). 
Olinocottus  (166),  Blennicottut  (166),  Anoplagonut  (167),  Broitnophyeis  (168),  Hyptagimua. 
(167),  *P:^ragonu»  (167).] 

On  new  types  of  Aulostomatoids,  found  in  Washington  Territory.    By  Theo- 
dore GilL    July  30, 1861.     <  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  13],  pp.  168-170, 
1861. 
[N.  g.  and  sp.  Autorkynehut  (n.  g.,  160)  JUividu*  (169).] 

On  the  genus  Podothecus.  By  Theodore  Gill.  Sept.  24,  1861.  <  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  13],  pp.  258-261,  Sept.  1861. 

Description  of  a  new  generic  type  of  Blennoids.    By  Theodore  Gill.    Sept. 
24,  1861.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  13],  pp.  261-263,  Sept  1861. 
[N.  g.  ondsp.  AnopHarehw  (n.  g.,  361)  pwrpuruoena  (963).] 


35 

IMl— Cfttalogae  of  the    Fishes   in    the  British   Maseum.     By  Albert  Guntbei 
Volume  third.    London:  printed  by  order  of  the  trustees.    1861.    [Oct.] 

At  first  only  entitled:— Catalogue  of  the  Acanthopterygian  Fishes  in  the 
Collection  of  the  British  Museum.  By  Dr.  Albert  Giinther.  Volume 
third.  Oohiidffij  Discoboli,  Oxudercidse,  Batrachidce,  Pediculati,  Blenniida*, 
AcanthocIinidiB,  Comophorida),  Trachy  pterid£e/Lophotid£e,Tenthidida),  Acro- 
Durids,  Hoplognathidffi,  Malacuuthidie,  Naudido),  Polycentrida;,  Labyrin- 
thiei,  Laciocephalidffiy  AtherinidsB,  Mugilid^e,  Ophiocephalido^,  Trichonntid:e, 
CeptdidfiD,  Gobiesocidse,  Psych rolutidie,  CbutriscicUe,  Fistulariido;,  Masta- 
oembelidsDy  Notacaothi.  London :  printed  by  order  of  the  Trustees.  181)1. 
[Pablishod  in  Oct.    8P,    General  title  -f-  xxv,  586  +  x*  pp.— 10«.  Cd.] 

IS.  g.  and  n.  B^  Oytlopteru*  orbit  (158),  Ltparit  eyelopus  (1G3),  Centronotus  criata-gmlli 
(KO)  =  Anoplairdnu  cri»ta-gdUi  (564),  PtychroluUt  (n.  g.)  paradoxus  (516).] 

*  Description  of  a  new  ichthyic  form  from  the  coast  of  Lower  California.     By 
Wm.  O.  Ayrea,  M.  D.    Dec  1,  1861.     <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  pp. 
156-158, 186:2. 
[N.  sp.  Oifnotdon  parvipinnit.] 

Analytical  synopsis  of  the  order  Sqnali  and  revision  of  the  nomenclature  of 
the  genera.  By  Theodore  Gill.  Dec.  16,  1861.  <^Ann.  Lye.  Nat  Hist., 
N.  Y.,  V.  7,  pp.  368«-370*-|-;J71-408,  1862. 

Sqnalornm  generum  novorum  descriptiones  diagnosticie.  Theodore  Gill,  anc- 
tore.    Dec.  16, 1861.    <  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  v.  8,  pp.  4(XM13,  1862. 

MS^Description  of  a  new  species  of  Hemilepidotus,  and  remarks  on  the  group 
(Temnistia)  of  which  it  is  a  member.    By  Theodore  Gill.    Jan.  28,  1862* 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  13-14.  1862. 
[N.  sp.  JTemUepidotui  OibMi  (13).] 

Co  the  subfamily    of   ArgentiniosB.      By  Theodore  Gill.      Jan.  28,  1862. 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  14-15,  18(»2. 
[N.  g.  Meioptu  (14)  or  Hypomenu  (15).] 

Note  on  the  Scismofds  of  California.    By  Theodore  GUI.    Jan.  28,  1862. 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  16-18,  1862. 
[5  speoiet  enamerated.] 

t  Notice  of  fresh  water  Fishes  taken  in  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.    By  Wm. 
0.  Ayres,  M.  D.     Feb.  3,  1862.    <Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  2,  p.  IfJ:;, 
Sept.  1862. 
[8  sp.  Bpecifled.] 

On  the  limits  and  arrangement  of  the  family  of  Scombroids.  By  Theodore 
OilL  March  25,  1862.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  124-127, 
1862. 

Description  of  new  species  of  Alepidosauroit's.    By  Theodore  Gill.    March 
25, 1862.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  127-132,  1862. 
[S.  sp.  Alepidotaurut  {Catdoptu)  borealU  (128),  Alepidosaurui  (CatUoptu)  serra  (129).] 

Catalogue  of  the  fishes  of  Lower  California  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
collected  by  Mr.  J.  Xantus.  By  Theodore  Gill.  Part  I.  March  25, 1862. 
<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  140-151, 1862. 

Oft  m  new  genus  of  fishes  alBed  to  Aulorhynchus,  and  on  the  affinities  of  the 
V  AalofbyoehoidflB  ^  II  belongs.    By  Theodore  Gill.    April  29, 

Ni  k,  [▼.  14],  pp.  233-261,  1862. 


36 

I§69— Catslogne  of  the  Fishes  of  Lower  California,  in  the  Smithsonian  Institatioii, 
collected  by  Mr.  J.  Xantns.  By  Theodore  GiU.  Part  II.  April  29, 1862. 
<Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  242-246,  1862. 

Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  of  Lower  California,  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
collected  by  Mr.  J.  Xantns.  By  Theodore  GUL  Part  IIL  May  27,  1862. 
<Proc.  Acad.  Nat.*  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  249-262,  1862. 

Notice  of  a  collection  of  the  Fishes  of  California  presented  to  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  by' Mr.  Samael  Hubbard.  By  Theodore  QUI.  June  24,  1862. 
< Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  274-282,  1862. 

[N.  g.  andsp.  HjfpoeriHehtkyt  (n.  g.,  375)  anaUs  (375),  *BrachyiiHut  (n.  g.,  375)  //matiu  (375), 
Hyperpro9oponAgas9izU  (876),  Oiylebiut  (n.  g.,  377)  piehu  (378).  Apodiehtfutt  tanguineut  (379), 
•ApodUcktkyt  inornatu§  (379),  Parophrys  HubbardU  (381),  AIomm  <Ml(A»miaa  (381),  ItoploQ' 
iodon  sp.  (888).] 

Synopsis  of  the  species  of  Lophobranchiate  Fishes  of  Western  North  America. 

By  Theodore  Gill.    June  24, 1862.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [▼.  14], 

pp.  282-284, 1862. 

[N.g.Mid  9p.  DemuUwtethut  (n.  g^2e3)  pwieUpinnia  (883),  Syngnaihut  dimidioHu  (883 
884).! 

Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  in  the  British  Museum.  By  Albert  GUnther,  .... 
Volume  fourth.     London :  printed  by  order  of  the  trustees.    1862. 

Also  entitled :— Catalogue  of  the  Acanthopterygii  pharyngognathi  and 
Anacanthini  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Mnseum.  .  .  .  London :  printed 
by  order  of  the  Trustees.    1862.    [8°.    General  title  4-  xxi,  534  pp.— 8».  6d.] 

[X.  sp.  Ditnma  brev^'pinne  (348).  Pteuroneetei  PrarUdinii  (443),  Pleurtmeetei  digrammut 
(415),  Parophryt  Ayretii  (456).] 

Notes  on  the  family  of  Scombroids.  By  Theodore  Gill.  July  29, 1862.  <[  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  328-329,  l»62. 

Note  on  some  genera  of  Fishes  of  Western  North  America.  By  Theodore  GilL 
July  29,  1862.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14],  pp.  329-332,  1862. 

[N.  g.  and  sp.  Eucydogobiua  (n.  g.,  330),  Caularehus  (n.  g.,  330),  Eumierotremu*  (n.  g ,  330) 
Hyptifario  (d.  g.,  330),  Lepidoptetta  (n.  g.,  330),  Hyptoptetta  (u.  g.,  330),  OrtKopMtta  (n.  g., 
330),  Umpsetta  {jl  g.,  330),  Hydrdagut  (n.  g.,  331),  Qyroplewrodut  (n.g.,331),  Holorhinut 
(D.  g.,  331),  Entotpheniu  (n.  g.,  331).  43  genera  are  Btated  to  have  been  added  to  the  Call- 
fomian  faana,  either  as  entirely  new  or  in  substiintion  for  others  erroneoaaly  identified, 
•laoe  the  pablioation  of  G  irard*a  work.  ] 

On  the  classification  of  the  families  and  genera  of  the  Squali  of  California. 
By  Theodore  GilL  Oct.  28,  1862.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  14], 
pp.  48:V-501, 1862. 

IN.  g.  and  ap.  ShinottUeU  (n.  g.,  486)  Hmlei  (466).] 

i  Statement  in  regard  to  Sebastes  rosacens  and  S.  ruber.  By  VTm.  O.  Ayrea, 
M.  D.    Not.  3, 1862.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  2,  p.  207,  January,  1863. 

*  Description  of  Fishes  believed  to  be  new.  By  "Wm.  O.  Ayres.  M.  D. 
Nov.  3,  1862.     <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  2,  pp.  209-211,  January,  1863. 

[N.  sp.  Seboitodet  Jlavidus,  Seboitodet  ovalit.] 

*  Remarks  in  relation  to  the  fishes  of  California  which  are  included  in  Cuvier's 

genus  Sebastes.     By  Wm.  O.  Ayreoi  M.  D.    Nov.  3, 1862.    <  Proc.  Cal. 
Acad.  Sol.,  Y.  8,  pp.  211-218,  January,  1863. 


37 

INi— NoitoM  of  oerUtin  new  species  of  North  American  Salmooidis,  chiefly  in  the 
ooilection  of  the  N.  W.  Boundary  Cotnmissloo.  By  Gkeorge  Saokley,  M.  D. 
See  1861,  June. 

iifS— The  Beeonrces  of  Cftlifomia,  comprising  Agricultare,  Mining,  Geography,  Cli- 
nkate.  Commerce,  etc.,  etc  and  the  past  and  fa  tare  development  of  the  State. 
By  John  8.  HitteL — San  Francisco :  A.  Roman  &  Company.  New  York : 
W.  J.  Middleton.    1863.     [12^,  xvi,  464  pp.] 

(aootogy,  oksp.  vi  (pp.  140-146) ;  fishing  (pp.  313-317).] 

List  of  the  Fishes  sent  by  the  Museum  [of  Comparative  Zoology]  to  different 
InstitotioDS,  io  exchange  for  other  specimens,  with  Annotations.  By  F.  VT. 
Pntnam.    <  BalL  Mas.  Comp.  Zool.,  No.  1,  =  v.  1,  pp.  2-16,  March  1, 1863. 

*  Remarks  in  relation  to  the  genus  Notorhynchas.  By  Wm.  O.  Ayreo,  M.  D. 
March  2, 1863.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  3,  p.  15,  April,  1863. 

Citalogoe  of  the  Fishes  of  Lower  California,  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution, 
collected  by  Mr.  J.  Xantus.    By  Theodore  Gill.    Part  IV.    March  31, 1863. 

<  Proc  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  15],  pp.  80-68, 1863. 

Descriptions  of  some  new  spocies.of  Pediculati,  and  on  the  classification  of 
the  group.  By  Theodore  OiU.  March  31, 1863.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.,  [v.  15],  pp.  88-d2, 1863. 

Od  an  unnamed  generic  type  allied  to  Sebastes  [Sebastoplus,  Gill].    By 
Theodore  Gill.    August  25, 1863.    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  15], 
pp.  Sda7-909. 1863. 
[Contsins  refereaes  to  Ajtm'*  views  on  thu  CsUforniMi  Sebtutoidt.] 

'Remarks  on  ichthyic  types  new  to  the  California  Coast.    By  Wm.  O.  Ayrea, 
M.  D.    Sept.  7,  1863.    <  Pruc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  3,  p.  66,  ^ov.  1863. 
[N.  sp.  (imdMeribed)  Seomberttox  n.  sp.,  Atopio*  n.  sp.] 

Synopsis  of  the  Pomacentroids  of  the  Western  Coast  of  North  and  Central 
America.  By  Theodore  GilL  Sept  29,  1863.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci. 
Phila.,  [v.  15],  pp.  213-221,  1803. 

Notes  on  the  Labroids  of  the  Western  Coast  of  North  America.  By  Theodore 
OilL  Sept  29,  1863.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Pbila.,  [v.  15],  pp.  221-224. 
1863. 

Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Gadoid  Fishes.  By  Theodore  GilL  Sept.  29, 
1863.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v,  15],  pp.  229-242,  1863. 

Descriptions  of  the  genera  of  Gadoid  and  Brotuloid  Fishes  of  Western  Nurth 
America.  By  Theodore  Gill.  Sept  29, 1863.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philu. 
[v.  15],  pp.  242-254,  1863. 

Synopsis  of  the  family  of  the  Lycodoidie.    By  Theodore  Gill.    Sept.  29, 1863. 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  15],  pp.  254-262,  1863. 

Descriptions  of  the  Gobioid  genera  of  the  Western  Cosst  of  Temperate  North 
America.     By  Theodore  Gill.     Sept.  29,  186.3.    <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.,  [V,  15],  pp.  262-267,  186.3. 
[N.  g.  snd  sp.  CofypkopieruM  (d.  g.,  903)  (fiauco/ranum  (363).] 

On  New  Genera  and  Species  of  California  Fishes. — No.  I.    By  J.  G.  Cooper, 

M.  D.  Nov.  3, 1863.    <  Proc  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  v.  3,  pp.  70-77,  Nov.  1863. 

t^  tad  a.  qp.  Dekaya  (n.  g.)  aasislg,  Aifruia  (n.  g. )  punetipinnU,  Oreyntu  paeifi^ua.  \ 


38 

1868 — Notes  on  the  Sebastoid  Fishes  oocarring  in  the  Coast  of  California.  By  Wm. 
O.  Ayres,  M.  D.,  C.  M.  D.  S.  Nov.  10, 1H63.  <  Proc.  Zool.  Soo.  London  — , 
pp.  390-402,  1863. 

On  New  Genera  and  Species  of  California  Fishes. — ^No.  II.   By  J.  G.  Cooper,  M. 
D.    Nov.  16,  1863.    <  Proc.  Cal.Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  v.  3,  pp.  93-lW,  Dec.  1863. 
[N*.  ap.  Exoccstut  cal\f(>rnieuSt  Urohphiu  HaUerL]        ' 

Description  of  the  genus  Htereolepis  Ayres.  By  Theodore  GiU.  Nov.  24, 
1863.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  15],  pp.  329-330,  1863. 

• 

Description  of  the  genus  Osyjulis  Qill.  By  Thoodore  OilL  Nov.  24,  1863. 
<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  15],  pp.  330-331,  1863. 

1864 -Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  ^n  the  British  Museum.  By  Albert  Giinther,  .  .  . 
Volume  fifth.    London :  printed  by  order  of  the  trustees.    1864. 

Also  entitled  :->Catalogue  of  the  Physostomi,  containing  the  families 
Siluridffi,  CharacinidiB,  llaplochitonidss,  Steruoptyohidsd,  Scopelide,  Sto- 
miatidas,  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum.  .  .  .  London  :  published 
by  order  of  the  Trustees.     1864.    [8^.    (IncludiDg  general  title)  xxii,  455  pp.  ] 

Beschreibung  des  Heterodontus  Phillipii  Bl.  (Cestracion  Phillipii  Cuv.)  mit 
Riicksicht  auf  seine  fossilen  Verwandten.  Yon  Johaimes  Striiver  (Got- 
tingen).  Dresden,  1864.  [4^.  32  pp,  2  pi.]  <Verhaudl.  K.  Leopold-Carol. 
Akad.  der  Naturf.,  v.  31. 

On  new  Genera  and  Species  of  Californian  Fishes. — No.  III.  By  J.  G.  Cooper, 
M.  D.    Jan.  4,  1864.     <Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  v.  3,  pp.  108-114,  1864. 

[N.  g.  and  sp.  Myxodu  (or  Gibhontia^  n.  g.)  eilegwM^  CHlUchthyt  (D.g.)  mirabiUg,  PUroplO' 
fM  marmorata.] 

Description  of  a  new  Labroid  genus  allied  to  Trochocopns,  Gthr.  By  Theo- 
dore Gill.  Mar.  29,  1H64.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  16],  pp.  57-59, 
1864. 

[N.  g.  Pim^om§topon  (58),  Sebcuiomu*  (AO),  Sebcutotomui  (5&).] 

Note  on  the  nomenclature  of  Genera  and  Species  of  the  family  Echeneidoidie. 
By  Theodose  Oill.  Mar.  29,  1864.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  16], 
pp.  59-61,  1864. 

Critical  remarks  on  the  genera  Sebastes  and  Sebastodes  of  Ayres.  By  Theo- 
dore OilL  May  31, 1864.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  16],  pp.  145-147 
1864. 

[N.  sp.  Sebattotomut  pinniger  (147),  Sebcutotomtu  timulatu  (147).] 

Second  contribution  to  the  Selacbology  of  California.    By  Theodore  GilL 
May  31,  1864.     <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  16],  pp.  147-151,  1864. 
[N*.  sp.  Mu»ielu»  eal\fornicu»  (148),  Natorhynehut  boreaH*  (150). J 

t  Several  points  in  Ichthyology  and  Co nchology,  viz:  Percopsis  Hammoudii, 
n.sp.,  Paralepidoids and  Alepidosanroids,  Gymnotoids,  and  Campeloma  vice 
Melantho.  By  Theodore  Gill.  June  7,  1864.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.,  [v.  16],  pp.  151-152, 1864. 

tAyresia  punctipinnis  named  Chromis  punctipinnis  fide  Gill.  By  J.  O. 
Cooper,  M.  D.    July  18, 1864.    <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  3,  p.  160, 1864. 


39 

ISM—Noteon  the  Paralepidoids  Aod  MicrostoDiatoids,  and  on  some  peoaliarit!<»  of 
Arotio  Ichthyology.  By  Theodore  GilL  Sept.  27,  1864.  <^  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sd.  Phila.,  [▼.  16],  pp.  187-189,  1864. 

Synopsis  of  the  Cyclopteroids  of  Eiistorn  North  America.  By  Theodore  Gill. 
Sept.  27, 1864.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  16],  pp.  189-194,  1864. 

Synopsis  of  the  Plenronectoids  of  Californian  and  NortV western  America.  By 
Theodore  OilL  Sept  27, 1864.  <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [▼.  16],  pp. 
194-198,  1864. 

Bescriptioo  of  a  new  generic  type  of  Plenronectoids  in  the  Collection  of  tho 
Geological  Sorvey  of  California.    By  Theodore  GilL    Sept.  6, 1864.    <Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phihv.,  [v.  16],  pp.  .198-199, 1864. 
[N.  g,  sod  ap.  UetoponapM  (o.  r.,  198)  Cooperi  (199).] 

Note  on  the  family   of   Stichseoids.     By  Theodore  GilL     Sept.  7,  18C4. 

<  Proc.- Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  16],  pp.  208-211, 1864. 

Ili4— Note  on  the  family  of  Myliobatoids,  and  on  a  New  species  of  iBtobatis.    By 
Theodore  Gill.    April  3, 1865.    <^  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  New  York,  v.  8,  pp. 
135-138,  May,  1865. 
[N.  sp.  2iyUobatit  ealifomUu*  (137).  ^tobaUs  laUceps  (137).l 

Oo  the  Genns  Canlolatilns.  By  Theodore  GilL  April  25, 1865.  <  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat  Sci. Phila.,  [v.  17 J,  pp.6J-68, 1865. 

On  the  Cranial  Characteristics  of  Gadas  [Microgadus]  proximns,  Grd.    By 
Theodore  Gill.    April  25, 1855.    <  Proc.  Acsul.  Nat  Sci.  Phila,,  [v.  17],  p. 
69,1865. 
[N.  ff.  MierogaduB.] 

Note  on  several  Genera  of  Cyprinoids.    By  Theodore  Gill.    April  25, 1865. 

<  Proc.  Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  17],  pp.  69-70, 1805. 

Some  remarks  on  Labrus  pulcher  ( Ayres).  By  Albert  GUather,  M.A.,  M.  D.,. 
Ph.  D.    May  30, 1865.    <  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  17 J,  p.  77, 1H65. 

On  a  new  Generic  type  of  Sharks.    By  Theodore  GilL    Sept.  26, 1865.    <  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat  Sci.  Phila.,  [v.  17 J,  p.  177,  18o5. 
(N.  g.  nod  sp.  Micristoduf  (a.  g.,  177)  punetattu  (177).] 

Histoire  natnrelle  des  Poissons  on  Ichthyologie  g<5n^ra1e  par  Aug.  Dum^ril 
Professeur-administrateur  au  Museum  d'Histoire  Natnrellode  Paris.— Ou- 
vragi)  accompagn6  de  planches. — Tome  premier  [.]  ^lasmobrannhes  [i.  c] 
Plagiostomes  et  HoIoc<^phales  on  Chimdres. — Premiere  partie  [-Secondo 
partie].  .  .  .  Paris.  Librairie  EncycIop<Silique  de  Roret,  ....  1865, 
[Text,  2  p.  1.,  pp.  1-352;  seconde  partie,  2  p.  1.,  pp.  353-720.]  [8°;  atlas 
larger  8^,  pi.  1-14,  pp.  1-8.] 

Vanconver  Island  and  British  Colombia.    Their  History,  Resonrcos,  and  Pros- 
pects.   Hy  Matthew  Macfie,  F.  R.  G.  S.,  five  years  resident  in  Victoria,  T. 
L    London:  Longman,  Green,  Longman,  Roberts,  &  Green,  1805.     [8°,  xk 
pp.  (iuclndiog  blank  leaf  and  frontispiece),  1 1.,  574  pp.,  2  maps.] 
Chapter  Y.  General  Resonrcesof  Yanconver's  Liland.    pp.  131-171. 
VlibeiiflB.    pp.  163-171. 


40 

IMII— Catalogae  of  the  Fishee  in  the  British  Museum.    By  Albert  aiinther,  .... 
Yolame  sixth.    Loodoo :  printed  by  order  of  the  trustees.    1866. 

Also  entitled: — Catalogue  of  the  Physostomi,  containing  the  families  Sal- 
monidse,  Percopsidse,  Galaxidse,  Mormyridse,  Gymnarchidss,  Esocidie,  Urn- 
bridflBy  ScombresocidsD,  Cyprinodontida,  in  the  collection  of  the  British 
Museum.  .  .  .  London  :  printed  by  order  of  the  Trustees.  1866.  [8^  xv, 
368  pp.] 

(K.  tp.  Sdlmo  lordU  (148).] 

The  Naturalist  in  Vancouver  Island  and  British  Columbia.  By  John  Keast 
Lord,  F.  Z.  S.,  Naturalist  to  the  British  North  American  Boundary  Com- 
mission. [Vignettes.]  In  two  volumes.  Vol.  I  [—II].  London:  Richard 
Bentley,  New  Burlington  Street,  publisher  in  ordinary  to  Her  Mujesty.  1866. 
[2  vols.,  12°.  Vol.  i,  xiv  (incl.  frontisp.),  2,  368  pp.,  8  pi.;  voL  ii,  vii  (incl. 
frontisp.),  2,  375  pp.,  5  pi.] 

Volume  i. 

Chapter  n. — ^Victoria— The  Salmon :  its  haunts  and  haliits.    pp.  36-61. 

Chapter  III.— Fish  Harvesting,    pp.  62-96. 

Chapter  IV.— The  Round-fish,  Herrings,  and  Viviparous  Fish.    pp.  97-120 

Chapter  V.— Sticklebacks  and  their  Nests— The  Bullhead— The  Rock- 
.ood— The  Chirus— Flatfish,    pp.  121-141. 

Chapter  VI. — Halibut  Fishing— Dogfiiih— A  trip  to  Fort  Rupert— Ransom- 
ing a  Slave — A  promenade  with  a  Red  skin — Bagging  a  Chiers  head — 
Queen  Charlotte's  Islanders  at  Naniamo.    pp.  142-174. 

Chapter  VII.— Sturgeon-spearing — Man-sucker — Clams,    pp.  175-198. 

Volume  ii. 
Appendix. 

Li^t  of  Fishes  collected  in  the  Salt  and    Fresh  Waters  of  Vancouver 

Island  and  British  Columbia,    pp.  351-356. 

[In  the  list  are  ennmorated  apeoles  which  almost  certaioly  were  Dot  "collected  "  in  the 
waters  in  question.] 

Hr.  W.  PeteiB  machte  eine  Mlttheiluug  iiber  Fische  {Protopierus^  Aulidoops, 
LdbraXf  LahraoogloBBa^  NefM.tooeniriB,  Serranus,  Scorpia,  Opisthoffnathus,  Scom- 
hreaoXf  Aoharnes,  Anguilla,  Gymnomurcena,  ChilorMnuSf  Ophichthys^  Helmick- 
ihys),  <^  Monatsberichte  der  Kooigl.  Akademie  der  Wissenscbafben  zu 
Berlin,  1866,  pp.  509-526,  1  pi. 

[N.  g.  %nd  sp.  AulxKopt  (d.  g.,  510)  tpinetoeni  (510),  Scon.bn90x  hrevirattrii  (521).] 

1867 — On  the  identity  of  the  genus  Alepisaurus  Lowe  with  Plagyoc^us  Steller.    B^" 
Dr.  Albert  GKinther.    <  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  (4),  v.  19,  pp.  185-187. 

On  the  nourishment  of  the  foetus  in  the  Embiotocoid  Fishes.  By  James 
Blake,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  C.  S.  Jan.  21, 1867.  <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  v.  3, 
pp.  314-317,  Sept.  1867. 

On  the  organs  of  Copulation  in  the  Male  of  the  Embiotocoid  Fishes.  By 
James  Blake,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  C.  S.  Nov.  4,  lb67.  <  Proc  Cal.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
T.  3,  pp.  371-4J72,  May,  1868. 

1868 — Some  Recent  Additions  to  the  Fauna  of  California.    By  J.  G.  Cooper,  M.  D. 
Jan.  13, 186a    <Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  4,  pp.  3-13,  Nov.  1868. 

[The  namber  of  flsbea  is  stated  (p.  3)  to  be  196  in  1868,  against  133  known  in  1862.] 

Nourishment  of  the  Foetus  in  Embiotocoid  Fishes.  By  James  Blake,  M.  D., 
Loud.,  F.  R.  C.  S.    <  Joum.  Anat.  and  Physiol.,  v.  2,  pp.  280-282. 


41 


Ml-On  the  anal  fin  appendage  of  Embiotocoid  Fishes.  By  Jamea  Blake,  M.  D. ,  F. 
R.  C.  8.,  Piofeesor  of  Obstetrics  in  Tolard  Medical  CoUege,  St.  Francisco, 
California.    <  Jonrn.  Anat.  and  Physiol.,  v.  3,  pp.  30-32,  pi.  2,  figs.  1  and  2, 

Nov.iaea 

The  Vatnral  Wealth  of  California.  Comprising  early  history ;  geography, 
topofi^phy,  and  (oenery;  climate;  agricnltnre  and  commercial  prodnots ; 
geology,  aoology,  and  botany ;  mineralogy,  mines,  and  mining  processes ; 
maaofiictnTes ;  steamship  lines,  railroads,  and  commerce;  immigration, 
population  and  society ;  edncational  institations  and  literature ;  together 
witii  a  detailed  description  of  each  county ;  its  topography,  scenery,  cities 
md  towns,  agriealtnral  advantages,  mineral  resoarces,  and  varied  prodiic- 
tiona.  By  Titoa  Fey  Croniae.  San  Francisco :  H.  H.  Bancroft  &>  Com- 
pany. 1966,  [8°,  xvi,  696  pp.] 
Chapter  VII.    Zoology,    pp.  434-501. 

Fishes.    [By  J.  a.  Cooper.  M.  D.]    pp.  487-498. 
Chapter  XIII.    Miscellaneous  Subjects,    pp.  668-684. 
Fisheries,    p.  680. 

(The  Uiit  of  fUhtu  wm  eTidently  prepared  by  Dr.  J.  6.  Cooper,  althoagh  only  gec^ral 
oeknowledgiDeDt  for  MsieUooe  w%e  rendered  in  the  prefaoe.  It  wm  acknowledged  by 
Dr.  Cooper,  ae  anthor,  in  the  commnnioation  to  the  California  Academy  of  Scienoee,  indi- 
cated above.  Inaamuch  aa  thia  was  intended  to  be  aoomplete  ennmeration  of  the  flsbet  of 
Gillibmla,  the  names  are  reproduced  here.] 

BONY  FISHES. 


Pwoid» 

Stereolepia 

gigaa 

487 

1 

Paralabrax 

nebolifer 

487 

3 

▲traotopcrca 

olathrata 

487 

3* 

ArchoplitM 

intermptas 

487 

3* 

T^Vy<#|ff^ 

CanlolatUns 

aoomalna 

487 

4 

Swl^nfalm 

Rhinoeolon 

aatarnns 

488 

5 

Leioatonras 

lineatOB 

488 

6 

UmbriBa 

nndolata 

488 

7 

▲imotoeolon 

DobUe 

488 

8 

Serlphns 

politos 

488 

0 

Cbatodonida 

Parephippna 

sonatas 

488 

10 

Girella 

nigricans 

488 

11 

Pomaoentrids 

Glyphidodon 

mbicandos 

488 

IS 

Chromls 

panotipinnis 

488 

13 

BmbiotoooidiD 

HjsttTOoarpas 

Traskil 

489 

14 

Smbiotoca 

Jaoksoni 

489 

15 

argyroeoma 

489 

16 

Tflsniotoaik 

lateralia 

489 

17 

Hypeoma 

Caryl 

489 

18 

Dmnalichthys 

vaoca 

489 

19 

Phanerodon 

fiiroata^ 

489 

90 

Cymatogaster 

aggregatas 

489 

31 

Bhaohooheiloa 

toxotes 

489 

33 

▲mphistiohos 

argeniens 

489 

33 

« 

Holoonotos 

ihodotems 

489 

24 

pulcbellas 

489 

25 

Hyperproeopon 

argentenm 

489 

36 

aronatnm 

489 

37 

panctatara 

489 

38 

Hypocritichthys 

analis 

489 

89 

Bpiohyiatias 

frenatns 

489 

3D 

Abeona 

minima 

489 

31 

labrids 

Trochooopos 

poloher 

489 

33 

OzyJaliM 

modustas 

489 

33 

OHyphMddA 

Poroootns 

simillimns 

489 

34 

Scomber 

diego 

469 

35 

Bepeated. 


42 

B0H7  FISHES— CanUnuid. 

Piduij. 

UOMUtB 

piellloa. 

HaUtnctai 

ikrvlU 

■timehan. 

boop. 

Boltma 

am 

■iltratH 

CUzntoDU 

43 


«^ 


BONY  FlSHSS-ConUnaed. 


Encyclogobios 

Dowberrii 

492 

99 

GilHohthys 

mirabllis 

493 

100 

Q|oiopteri<UD 

Canlarohas 

retioalatua 

493 

101 

Liparis 

palobellus 

493 

109 

mncosus 

493 

103 

PlsaroBeoUdiD 

Hippogloasos 

californioas 

493 

104 

vaJgaria 

493 

105 

PUticbthys 

stellatoa 

493 

106 

Paropbys 

yetalaa 

493 

107 

Parophrys  t 

AyroaU 

493 

108 

Plateasaf 

bilineata 

493 

100 

Paralichthys 

macoloaoa 

493 

110 

Plearonicbtby* 

coenosus 

493 

111 

Habbardli 

493 

113 

HypaopMtU 

gottaUta 

493 

113 

Paetticbtbys 

melaoostiotut 

493 

114 

aordldua 

493 

115 

MetopoDopa 

oooperi 

493 

116 

OftdidA 

Merlucias 

prodactaa 

493 

117 

, 

Brosmopbycis 

marginatoa 

493 

118 

Gadus 

proximas 

493 

119 

Ammodytes 

peraonaiua 

493 

120 

OpbidUd» 

Ophidion 

Taylori 

493 

131 

8«linoDid«» 

Salmo 

quinnat 

494 

133 

Scoaleii 

494 

133 

Masoni 

494 

134 

•tollaftia 

494 

135 

iridea 

494 

136 

Coregoona 

WilliamaonU 

491 

137 

nypomesoa 

pratlofios 

494 

138 

Osmcms 

thalficbthys 

494 

139 

S«opelid» 

Synodos 

lucioceps 

495 

130 

Olopeids 

Alaaaa 

califomica 

495 

131 

Clapea 

mirabills 

495 

133 

Meletta 

csDmlea 

495 

133 

EograulU 

mnrdax 

495 

134 

delicaliMliuus 

495 

135 

compreasan 

495 

136 

nanus 

495 

137 

OyprinodsntidoD 

Cyprioodou 

californionHiA 

495 

138 

Fandalan 

parvipionis 

495 

139 

? 

495 

140 

^aranidn 

Maraeoa 

roordax 

493 

141 

Ophi'lianis 

califoruiennis 

495 

14-3 

Cyprinldjo 

Catostomns 

occidentalifl 

495 

143 

Ubiatus 

495 

144 

Aa)mu8 

generosua? 

495 

145 

Mylophnrodon 

rubustiis 

496 

146 

conocepbiluH 

496 

147 

Mylocbeilus 

fratercaliis 

49€ 

148 

Ptycbocheilns 

grandis 

496 

149 

luciu'9 

496 

150 

rapax 

496 

151 

Gila 

robust  a 

496 

153 

elegans 

496 

153 

Laxilua 

occidontalis 

496 

154 

Tigoma 

conformis 

496 

155 

croa^a 

496 

156 

Siboma 

crasaicanda 

496 

157 

Orthwlou 

microlepidotua 

496 

158 

Algangea 

formoaa 

496 

159 

• 

Larinia 

cxilicaada 

496 

160 

barengaa 

496 

161 

UABTILAOINOUS  FlSaSS.* 

OrUuioidioiu  uuUa 

OaMropbyna  polltna 

Hlppoommpni  lujIMU 

Hjfi£iintiliiii  oftllftmitoaala 

EtImoUdhUii* 
laptOTbjDcba* 


pODDllplnoll 

bncliyrbynohn*     ' 

•ODtinMbi* 

m'adiraatrli 

ColUal 


45 

1ST#— Maokerel-catohing.    [By  John  C.  Cremony.]    <  Overland  Monthly,  y.  4, 
pp.  161-168,  Feb.  1870. 

The  Fftoifio  Coast  Cod-ftsfaery.  [By  Capt.  C.  M.  Boammon.]  <  Overland 
Monthly,  ▼.  4,  pp.  436-440,  May,  1870. 

Catalogue  of  Fithee  in  the  British  Mnsenm.     By  Albert  GHinther,  .  .  . 
Volome  eighth.    London :  printed  by  order  of  the  trnstees.    1870. 

Also  entitled:— Catalogne of  the  Physostomi,  containing  the  tamilies Gym- 
DOtids,  8yinbraQchid»,  Mnnenidfo,  Pegasidss,  and  of  the  [orders]  Lopho- 
branchii,  Plectognathi,  [aud  subclasses]  Dipnoi,  Ganoidei,  Chondropterygii, 
Cyclostomata,  Leptooardii,  in  the  British  Mnseam.  .  .  .  London :  printed 
by  order  of  the  Trnstees.    1)^0.     iffi,  xxv,  549  pp.] 

(Sp.  new  to  ooMt:— Ootetf  canii  (379).    K.  g.  lehth^omynn  (506).] 

Ober  einige  Plenronectideo,  Salmoniden,  Gadoiden  nnd  Blenniiden  ans  der 
Decastris-Bay  and  voa  Viti-Levn.  Von  Franz  Steindachner  nnd  weil. 
Pro!  Dr.  Rudolph  Kner.  <  Sitzb.  K.  Alcad.  Wissensch.,  B.  61,  Abth.  i, 
pp.  421-447,  pi.  1,  1870. 

(7  ipeoiet  ideotifled  m  oommon  to  DecMtri*  Bay  and  the  AmerlcMi  ooost.] 

Histoire  natnrelle  dee  Poissoos  on  lohthyologie  g^n^rale  par  Aug.  Dumteil  [,] 
Membre  de  riostitnt  [,]  professenr-admioistratenr  an  Mns^iim  d'Histoire  Na- 
tnrelle de  Paris. — Oovrage  accompagn^  de  planches. — ^Tome  second  [.]    Ga- 

noldee,  Dipo^,  Lophobranches 1870. — ^Paris  [,]    Librairie  Enoy- 

elopMiqne  de  Roret,  ....    1870.    [4  Jnin. — ^Text,  8^,  2  p.  L,  624  pp. ;  Atlas, 
Uiger  fi^,  pi.  15-26,  pp.  9-12,  with  half  title.] 

18V1— The  Food  Fishee  of  Alaska.    By 'William  Healy  Dall.    <  Bep.  Comm.  Agric, 
1870,  pp.  37&-392, 1871. 

[14  species  specified :  no  new  species  described-] 

^  Remarks  on  the  mode  of  attack  of  the  Thrasher  Shark.    By  George  David- 
Joly  11,  1870.     <^  Free.  Cal.  Acad.  Set.,  v.  4,  p.  127,  April,  1871 


1  liT9— Notice  of  an  apparently  new  marine  auimal  from  the  Northera  Pacific.  By 
P.  L.  Solater,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  F.  R.  8.,  Secretary  of  the  Zoological  Society  of 
LoodoQ.  <^  Rep.  42d  meeting  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sc,  Aug.  1872,  Tr.  Sec,  pp. 
140-141. 

Notice  of  a  supposed  new  marine  animal  from  Washington  Territory,  north- 
west America.    [By  P.  L.  Sclater.]     <  Nature,  v.  i,  p.  43r),  Sept.  26, 1872. 

IThe  suppoeed  new  animal  was  reprcMntcd  by  "several  specimens  which  at  first  sight 
app**ared  to  resemble  long  thin  peeled  white  willow-wand  more  than  anything  else."  Mr. 
Sclater.  in  the  first  instance,  "  was  inclined  to  regard  them  as  possibly  bones  of  one  of  the 
fifantio  rays,"  and  afterwards  <when  he  had  been  told  what  they  wcr»  t)  "as  the  hardened 
Botochord  of  a  low  organised  fish."  They  were,  in  truth,  the  axial  skeletons  of  Pennatnlld 
loophytes! !! 

Cber  eioe  neo9  Gattung  von  Fischen  ans  der  Familie  der  Cataphracti  Cuv., 
Scombrocottus  salmonens,  von  der  Vancou vers-Insel.  Von  "W.  C.  H.  Peters. 
<  Monatsb.  K.  Preuss.  Akad.  Wissensch.  Berlin,  pp.  568-570,  1872. 

(K.  g.  and  sp.  SeombraoUtut  (n.  g.,  56^)  taltn<meut  (569).] 

Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  Fisheries  of  the  State  of  California  for  the 
years  1S70  and  1871.  Sacramento:  T.  A.  Springer,  State  printer.  1872. 
[8^,  col.  title,  24  pp.1 


46 

18Y9 — Arrangement  of  the  families  of  Fishes,  or  classes  Pisces,  Mar8ix>obraDchii,  and 
Leptocardii.  Prepared  for  the  Smithsonian  Institntion.  By  Theodore 
Gill,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.  Washington :  pablished  by  the  Smithsonian  Institn- 
tion. November,  1872.  (Smithsonian  MiscellaneoasColleotionB.  247.)  [8^, 
xlvi,  49  pp.] 

42d  Congress,  2d  session.  |  Senate.  |  Ex.  Doc.  No.  34.  |  Messago  |  from  the  | 
President  of  the  United  States,  |  commnnioating,  |  in  complianee  with  a 
resolution  of  the  19th  of  January,  18G9,  information  |  in  relation  to  the 
resonrces  and  extent  of  the  fishing-grounds  of  the  North  |  Pacific  Ooeao, 
opened  to  the  United  States  by  the  treaty  of  Alaska.  [Washington :  Gov- 
ernment Printing  Office.   1872. — 8°,  H5  pp.] 

On  p.  2  entitled  "  The  Fisheries  and  Fishermen  of  the  North  Pacific.**  By 
Richard  D.  Cutte. 

Preliminary  lieport  of  the  United  States  Geological  Sarvey  of  Wyoming,  and 
portions  of  contiguous  Territories,  (being  a  second  [really  fourth]  annual 
report  of  progress,)  conducted  under  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior, by  F.  v.  Ilayden,  United  States  Geologist. — Washington:  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office.  1872.  [8°,  511  pp.] 
Part  IV.  Special  Reports. 
Yll.  On  the  Fishes  of  the  Tertiary  Shales  of  Green  River,  Wyoming 

Territory.    By  Prof.  B.  D.  Cope.    pp.  425-431. 
VIII.  Recent  Reptiles  and  Fishes.    Report  on  the  Reptiles  and  Fishes, 
obtained  by  the  Naturalists  of  the  Expedition.    By  E.  D.  Cope,  A.  K. 
pp.  432-442. 

Prelimiuary  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  of  MontAna,  and 
port'ious  of  adjacent  Territories;  being  a  fifth  annual  report  of  progresv. 
By  F.  V.  Hayden,  United  States  Geologist. — Conducted  under  anihority  of 
the  Secn*tary  of  the  Interior. — ^Washington :  Government  Printing  Office. 
1872.  [8'J,  i-vi,  3-538  pp.  (with  C4  fig.),  2  pi.,  5  maps  folded.] 
Part  IV.     Zoology  and  Botany. 

VI.  Report  on  the  Recent  Reptiles  and  Fishes  of  the  Survey,  collected 
by  Campbell  Carrington  and  C.  M.  Dawes.  By  B.  D.  Cope,  A.  M. 
pp.  467-47(5. 

1§73— A  contribution  to  the  Ichthyology  of  Alaska.    By  E.  D.  Cope.    Jan.  17, 1873. 

<  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  v.  13,  pp.  24-32,  1873.    [Extras,  Maroh  11, 

1873.] 

[17  Hi>eciei)  ^nnmerated :  n.  sp.  Salmo  tuds$,  SprcUeUoides  bryoponu,  Xiphidium  eruortum, 
O&ntronottuketus,  (jhirtubalku,  OMrtuor<UruUiu,Ohirtutrigrammiu,AmmodiftstdUucanus, 
OiMduM  periseopiu,  Oadui  auratus,  Bathymaster  signattu,  FUuronectei  areu€Uxut.\ 

Note  on  the  Scombrocotttis  salmoneus  of  Peters,  and  its  identity  with  Anoplo- 
poma  fimbria.  By  Theodore  Gill,  M.  D.  March  17,  1873.  <  Proc.  Cal. 
Acad.  Sci.,  v.  5.  pp.  56-57,1873  (April);  reprinted.  <Ann.  and  Mag. Nat. 
Hist.,  (4),  V.  12,  pp  74-75,  Sept.  1873, 

*  The  first  shad  (Alausa  prsestabilis  DeEay)  caught  in  the  waters  of  Califor- 
nia. By  S.  R.  Throckmorton.  May  5, 1873.  <^  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Soi.,  v.  5, 
p.  85,  May,  1873. 

*  On  the  introduction  of  exotic  Food  Fishes  into  the  wliters  of  California.  By 
S.  R.  Throckmorton.  May  5,  1873.  ^  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  5,  pp.  86- 
88,  May,  lh73. 

Unite<l  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries. — Part  I. — Report  on  the 
condition  of  the  sea-fisheries  of  the  south  coast  of  New  England  in  1871  and 
1872.  By  Spencer  F.  Baird,  Commissioner. — With  supplementary  papers. — 
Washington :  Government  Printing  Office.  1873.  [8^,  xlvii,  852  pp.,  40  pi., 
with  38  1.  explaivatory  (to  pi.  1-38),  1  folded  map.] 


47 

Notes  on  Liparis  and  Cyclopteras.  By  F.  W.  Putnam.  Aagast,  1873.  <  Pro- 
eeedlngs  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advanccraent  of  Science,  vol. 
23,  B,  pp.  335-340,  Jane,  1874. 

87t~Annaal  Record  of  Science  and  Industry'  for  1872.    Edited  by  Spencer  F. 
Baird,  with  the  assistance  of  eminent  men  of  science. — New  York:  Har- 
per &  Brothers,  Publishers,  Fpnklin  Square.     1873.   [12^.] 
I.  Piscicnlture  and  the  Fisheries. 

Fish  Culture  in  California,  pp.  407, 408. 

Report  of  California  Fish  Commissioners,  p.  408, 409. 

Stocking  California  waters  with  Trout,  p.  409. 

Transporting  Black  Bass  to  Califoruia,  p.  409. 

Transferring  Shad  to  the  Sacramento  River,  p.  430. 

Stocking  California  with  Shad,  p.  430. 

Oil-works  on  Unalaschka,  p.  436. 

Spawning  of  Cod-fish  in  Alaska,  p,  4;^.  '' 

Cod-fishing  in  the  Shumagin  Islands,  p.  436. 

Salmon  Fisheries  in  the  Columbia  River,  p.  440. 

Capture  of  Sacramento  Salmon  with  the  Hook,  p.  441. 

Fisheries  of  the  Shumagin  Islands,  p.  444. 

Peculiarities  of  Reproduction  of  Califoruia  Salmon,  pp.  445, 446. 

Alleged  Discovery  of  Young  Shad  in  the  Sacramento  River,  p.  447. 

Ksport  on  the  Prybilov  Group  or  Seal, Islands  of  Alaska.  By  Henry  W. 
BUiott,  Assistant  Ageut  Treasury  Department.  Washington:  Goveruraent 
Printing  Office.  1873.  [4to,  16^  folios,  nor.  paged,  with  text  parallel  with 
1>ack,  and  extending  from  bottom  to  top,  50  phot,  pi.] 

Chapter  VIII.  Fish  and  Fisheries. 

See.  also.  1875. 

7l~*Xote  on  Subterianean  Fishes  in  California.  By  A.  W.  Chase.  <Ani., 
Jonm.  Sc.  and  Arts  (3),  v.  7,  p.  74,  Jan.,  1^74 ;  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  2, 
p.  70,  March  12,  1874. 

*0o  the  edible  qualities  of  the  Sacramento  Salmon.  By  Livingston  Stone. 
^Forest  and  Stream,  v.  1,  p.  :i31,  Jan.  1, 1874. 

l^reparing  Salmon  on  the  Columbia  River.  By  Charles  Nordhoff.  <  For- 
est and  Stream,  v.  1,  p.  397,  Jan.  29,  1874.  (From  Harper^s  New  Monthly 
Magazine.) 

Salmon-fi.shing on  the  Novarro.  [By  Thomas  Bennett.]  <Ovcrhind  Monthly. 
V.  12,  pp.  119-1:24,  Feb.,  1874  ;   Forest  and  Stream,  v.  2,  p.  29,  Feb.  19,  ltt74. 

h  the  Yellow  'P<:tc)i  (Pcrca  Jiaresccns)  a  good  fish  to  introduce  into  California? 
[By  lavingBton  Stone  ]     <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  2,  p.  84,  March  19, 1874. 

On  the  Plagopterina?  and  the  Iclithyolojjy  of  Utah.  By  Edward  D.  Cope, 
.V.M.  Rcail  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  March  20,1874. 
<Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  Phila.,  v.  14,  pp.  129-139,  1874. 

[N.  g.  and  D.  «p.  Plagopttrvs  (n.  g.,  130),  argentUnmui  (130),  Ltpidoweda  (n.  p.,  131), 
Lefidonuda  tiUata  (131),  Lepidomtda  jarrovii  (132),  ClinoMtomus  tcgnia  (133),  Rhinich- 
ttyt  hetuhatii  (133),  Hybopsit  timpanogciuU  (134),  Minomtu  platyrhynehtu  (134),  Mino- 
mu§  jarrorU  (133),  Cerafichthyt  ventrieotut  (13C),  Mt/loleuatt  parovanus  (136),  Clinostomvi 
pUe^thontia  (137),  Uranidea  vheeleri  (138).] 

<»eographical  and  Geological  Explorations  and  surveys  west  of  the  100th 
Meridian.    First  Lieutenant  G.  M.  Wheeler,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  in 

nPl^i^opterina)  and  the  Ichthyology  of  Utah.     By  Edward  D.  Cope, 
^oted  from  the  Proceedings  of  American  Philosophical  8o- 
Philadelphia:  McCalla  &,  Stavely,  Prs.,  237-9  Dock 
^14pp.] 


48 

1 874— Tbe  lotrodactlon  of  Eastern  Fish  into  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  togeUioi 
with  an  account  of  operations  at  the  United  States  Salmon  breeding  Es- 
tablishment on*  the  McCloiid  River,  California.  [By  Livingston  Stona] 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  2,  pp.  100-102,  March  26, 1874  (5i  c.). 

On  the  Speckled  Troat  of  Utah  Lake. — Salmo  virginalis,  Girard.  By  Dr.  H.  C. 
Yarrow,  U.  8.  A.     <  Am.  Sportsman,  v.  4,  pp.  68, 69,  May  2, 1874, 

Shad  in  California.  [By  S.  R  Thro<9kmortOD.]  < Forest  and  Stream,  v.  3, 
p.  229,  May  21, 1874. 

California  Salmon  [:  its  rapidity  of  growth.  By  Livingston  Stone.] 
<^  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  2,  p.  260,  June  4, 1874. 

Sports  in  California.— No.  II.— Trout  fishing  at  Humboldt  Bay.  [By  Mon- 
mouth.]   <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  2,  pp.  27:^,  274  (5  c),  June  11, 1874. 

Will  the  Columbia  Salmon  take  the  flyf  [Anon.]  <Am.  Sportsman,  v. 
4,  p.  166,  June  13, 1874. 

The  Salmon  Fisheries  of  Oregon.  [By  A.  ]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  t.  2,  p.  290, 
June  18. 1874. 

Sacramento  Salmon  vs.  Eastern  Salmon.  [By  Livingston  Stone.]  ^Am. 
Sportsman,  v.  14,  p.  198,  June  27,  1874. 

On  the  use  of  Giant  Powder  (Dynamite)  for  obtaining  Specimens  of  Fiah  at 
Sea.  By  A.'W.  Chase,  U,.  S.  Coast  Survey.  July  6,  1874.  <Proo.Cal. 
Acad.  Sci.,  v.  5,  pp.  334-337,  Dec.,  1874. 

lohthyic  Fauna  of  Northwestern  America.  [By  Mortimer  Kerry,  paemdom, 
J.  M.  Murphy.]  < Forest  and  Stream,  v. 2, pp. 356, 357  (i  col.),  July  16, 
1874. 

The  Salmonidae  of  the  Pacific.  [By  Mortimer  Kerry,  paeudon,  J.  M.  Mur- 
phy.]    <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  2,  pp.  369, 370  (6  c),  July  23, 1874. 

Salmo  Q.uinnat  and  Salmo  Salar.  [By  Charles  G.  Atkins.]  <  Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  2,  pp.  388, 389  (2  c),  July  30,  1874. 

Eastern  Fish  in  California.  What,  they  are  and  what  was  done  with  them. 
I  From  '^Sacramento  Record."]    <  Am.  Sportsman,  v.  4,  p.  358,  Sept.  5, 1874. 

Oregon  Salmon  Fisheries.  [From  **  Portland  Oregonian."]  <^Am.  SiK>rtsman, 
V.  4.  p.  :r/8,  Sept.  12, 1874. 

United  Stutes  Fish  Hatching  in  California.  [Editorial.]  < Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  3,  p.  84  (3  col.),  Sept.  17, 1874. 

Salmon  Fisheries  on  the  Columbia.  <^Am.  Sportsman,  v.  4,  p.  412,  Sept.  26, 
lb74. 

The  Salmon  Fisheries  of  Oregon.  <[  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  3,  pp.  155,  172, 
Oct.  15, 22, 1874. 

Annual  Reconl  of  Science  and  Industry  for  1873.    Edited  by  Spencer  P. 
Baird,  with  the  assistance  of  eminent  men  of  science. — New  York:  Harper 
&  Brothers,  Publishers,  Franklin  Square.     1874.     [12°.] 
Shipments  eastward  of  California  Salmon,  p.  433. 
Shall  in  the  Sacramento  River,  p.  449. 
Shad  in  California  waters,  p.  449. 
Pacific  Cod-fisheries  of  1873,  p.  458. 
Taking  California  Salmon  with  the  Hook^  p.  464. 

R^viHion  des  espies  du  groupo  des  Hpinoches.  Par  M.  B.  B.  Sftavagis. 
< Nouv.  Arch.  Mas.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  1. 10,  pp.  5-32,  pi.  1, 1874. 


49 

1ft-*Report  of  the  Commiasioners  of  Fisheries  of  the  State  of  Califoniia  for  the 
jeaiB  1872  and  1873. — San  Francisco :  Francis  &  Valentine,  printers  and 
engnven,  517  Clay  street ;   1874.     [8°,  28  pp.] 

United  Stxites  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.  Part  11. — Report  of  the 
CommiBidoner  for  1872  and  1873.  A — Inquiry  into  the  decrease  of  the  Food- 
Fishes.  B — The  propagation  of  Food-Fishes  in  the  waters  of  the  United 
States.  With  supplementary  papers.  Washini^on:  Government  Printing 
Office.  1874.  [80, 5  p.  1.,  cif;  (1),  808  pp.,  38  pL,  3  maps  folded.] 
Report  of  the  Commissioner,    pp.  i-xcii. 

Appendix  B. — ^The  Salmon  and  the  Trout,  (species  of  Salmo).    pp.  89-384. 
III.* — On  the  North  American  species  of  Salmon  and  Trout.  By  Qeorge 
Snokley,  Surgeon,  United  States  Army.    (Written  in  1861.)    pp. 
91-160. 
Tl. — Report  of  operations  during  1872  at  the  United  St-ates  Salmon- 
Hatching  Establishment  on  the  M'Cloud  River,  and  on  the  California 
SalmonidsB  generally ;  with  a  list  of  specimens  collected.    By  I«iv- 
Ingston  Stone,    pp.  168-*il5. 
XII.— On  the  Speckled  Trout  of  Utah  Lake,  Salmo  virginalis,  Girard. 

By  Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow,  U.  S.  A.  Lete.].    pp.  363-368. 
XIII. — Miscellaneous  notes  and  correspondence  relative  to  Salmon  and 
Trout,     (pp. 369-379),  viz:— 
D — On  the  edible  quiflities  of  the  Sacramento  Salmon.    [By  8.  R. 

Throckmorton.]    pp.  373-374. 
£ — On  the  Salmon-Fisheries  of  the  Sacramento  River.    By  Living- 
ston Stone.]    pp.  374-379. 

ITS-Salmon-hatchinx  on  McCloud  River.  [By  Wm.  M.  Tomer.]  <Overland 
Monthly,  v.  14,  pp.  79-85,  Jan.  1875. 

Korte  Bidrng  til  nordisk  Ichthyographie. — I.  Forolobige  Meddelelser  om  nor- 
diske  UlkeiBke.  Af  Dr.  Chr.  Liitken.  (Meddelt  den  31te  Marts  og  19de 
Maj  1875. )  ^^Videnakabelige  fra  den  Naturhistoriske  Forening  Kjobenhavn, 
1876,  pp.  355-388;  Fr.  trans.,  pp.  72-98,  1876. 

Ichtbyologische  Beitriige  (II).     Von  Franz  Steindachner.    29.  April  1875. 
<Sitzb.  K.  Akad.  Wisseusch.,  B.  71,  Abth.  i,  pp.  443-4«0,  1875. 
(4  CalifurBian  species  mentioned.] 

Ichthyologische  Beitriige  (III).  Von  Franz  Steindachner.  17.  Jnni  1875. 
<Sitzb.  K.  Akad.  Wissensch.,  B.  72,  Abth.  i,  pp.  29-iH),  1875. 

[13  Califumian  npecies  p.irticuLirizotl:  n.  sp.  Xenichthyt  eaU/omientis,  Scorpis  ealifor- 
niennt,  CorcitM  tteartuii^  Otolithits  cali/ornientU,  Atherinopt  u.  g.  or  u.  s.  g.  >Atherinop^xa 
ajtnit  Ayres-J 

Description  of  a  New  Species  of  Trout  from  Mendocino  County.  [Typical 
specimen  in  the  collection  of  California  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.]  By 
W.  R.  Gibbona»  Alameda.  June  22,  187.5.  <Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  6, 
pp.  142-144. 

[a.  sp.  Salmo  nundoeinentu.] 

California  Fishplanting.  [Signed  R  J.  Hooper.]  <Forest  and  Stream,  v. 
5,  pp.  19.20,  Aug.  19,  1875. 

Tronting  in  Colorado.  [Signed  "  Warren."]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5, 
p.  :V5,  Aug.  2(5,  1875. 

Edihle  Fish  of  the  Pacific.  [Signed  E.  J.  Hooper.]  <  Forest  and  Stream, 
V.  5,  p.  3(5,  Aug.  26,  1^75. 

KilauMi  Fishing  east  and  west — How  they  take  them  in  California.     [Signed 
]>.  I>wm.]    <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  38,  Aug.  2(5,  1875. 

•oas  through  the  volume  and  not  subordinated  to  the  parts. 

11 4 


50 

18Y5— Califoraia  Salmon.    When  to  take  them  with  a  fly.     [Signed  "Podgers."] 
.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  pp.  53, 54,  Sept.  2,  1875. 

Salmon  Scores  from  the  McClond  River.    [By  Sir  Rose  Price.]  <  Forest  and 
*  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  54,  Sept.  2, 1875. 

Fishing  in  Montana.    [Signed  A.  B.  Keeler.]    ^  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p. 
54,  Sept.  2,  1^75. 

The   Speckled    Beauties  ISalmo  fantinalis']   in   Colorado.    [From  "Denver 
News."]    <Rod  and  Gnn,  v.  6,  p.  348,  Sept.  4, 1875. 

Fishing  in  the  McCloud  Kiver.     [By  Sir  Rose  Prioe.]    ^RodandGon,  v. 
6,  p.  362,  Sept.  11,  1875. 

Carp  in  California.    [By  E.  J.  Hooper.]    ^Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  115, 
Sept.  30, 1875. 

California  Angling.    [By  B.  J.  Hooper.]    <^  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  133, 
Oct.  7, 1875. 

Flora  and  Fanna  of  California.  [  By  "W,  M,  Hinckley.  ]   <  Forest  and  Stream, 
V.  5,  p.  146,  Oct.  14,  1875. 

Lake  Tahoe,  Cal.    Its   Scenery  and  Trent   Fishing.    [By  E.  J.  Hooper.] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  151,  Oct.  14, 1875. 

Shipment's  of  California  Salmon  eggs.    [By  Iiivingston  Stone.]    <  Forest 
and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  179,  Oct.  28,  1875. 

Sea  and  Bay  Fishing  in  California. — Wonders  of  the  deep.     [By  E.  J.  Hooper.] 

<  Forest  and  Stix^am,  v.  5,  pp.  197, 198,  Nov.  4, 1875. 

Illegal  traffic  in  Salmon.     <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  217,  Nov.  11,  1875. 
[From  San  F^aneiteo  Daily  Evening  Post.] 

Progress  of  Fish-cnlture  in  California.     [By  E.  J.  Hooper.]    < Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  5,  pp.  19. — ^227,  Nov.  18, 1875. 

The  Oregon  Salmon  Fisheries.     lAnon,']    < Forest  and  Stream,  v. 5,  p.  230, 
Nov.  18, 1875. 

•Comparative  size  of  Trent  in  Europe  and  America.     [By  8.   C.  C.    i.  e. 
Clarke.]     < Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  230,  Nov.  18, 1875. 

On  what  do  Salmon  Feed?    [Editorial  from  E.  J.  Hooper's  ohservations. ] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  280,  Dec.  9,  1875. 

Distribution  of  California  Ova.     <^ Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  291,  Dec.  16, 
1875. 

Ichthyologischo  Beitnlge  (IV).    Von  Pranz  Bteindachner.    16.  December, 
1875.     <Sitbz.  K.  Akad.  Wissonsch.,  B  72,  Abth.  i,  pp.  551-616, 1875. 
[2  west-coast  species  described.] 

Tmckee  River  Trout.   I  Anon,']   <Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p.  308,  Dec.  23, 1875. 

What  do  Salmon  eat?    [By  R.  Tallant.]    <^ Forest  and  Stream,  v.  5,  p. 308, 
Dec.  2.3,  1875. 

Annual  Record  of  Science  and  Industry  for  1874.    Edited  by  Bpenoer  F. 
Baird,  with  the  assistance  of  eminent  men  of  science. — New  York :  Harper 
&  Brothers,  Publishers,  Franklin  Square.     1875.     [12^.] 
J.  Pisciculture  and  the  Fisheries,  pp.  419-428. 
Alaska  Cod-fisheries  in  1873.    j).  424. 
Stocking  a  pond  in  Utah  with  Eels.    p.  428. 
'   Destruction  of  Fish  on  the  Oregon  coast  with  nitro-glycerine,  p.  428L 


51 

>A  report  on  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the  Territory  of  Ala9ka.  By  Henzy  W. 
Xniiott,  special  agent  of  the  Treasury  Department. — Washington  :  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office.    1875.     [8o,  277  pp.] 

Chapter  VIII. — Fish  and  Fisheries.    The  Fisheries  of  Alaska,  pp.  165-167. 
[ThSa  iseaaentially  a  second  edition  of  the  report  of  Mr.  Elliott,  published  in  1873.] 

Deportment  of  the  Interior. — Bulletin  of  the  United  States  Greological  and 
Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories.  F.  V.  Uayden,  United  State's 
0eologi8t-in>Charge.  1874  and  1875.  Vol  1. — Washington:  Government 
Printing  Office.     1875.     [8°,  xiii  pp.-|-28  pp. +77  pp.-|-499  pp. +19  11.  un- 

pagedy  26  pi.,  3  maps,  1  woodcut.] 

[Consisting  of  the  separately  paged  Bulletins  Xos.  1,  2,  "  First  Series,*'  and  of  the  con- 
tinuonsly  paged  Bulletins  Kos.  I  to  6  inclusive,  "  Socond  Series,"  furnished  with  xiii  pp. 
extra  (title,  table  of  contents,  etc.).  The  uistinct.on  "Series"  is  not  maintained  after 
No.  8,  which  completes  vol.  1.] 

rirat  Series,  1874. 
No.  2.    [SO,  77  pp.,  1.] 
Review  of  the  Vertehrata  of  the  Cretaceous  Period,  found  west  of  the 

Mississippi  River.    By  Edward  D.  Cope,  A.  M.    pp.  5-48. 
Supplementary  Notices  of  Fishes  from  the  Freshwater  Tertiaries  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.     [By  Edward  D.  Cope,  A.  M.]    pp.  49-51. 

Second  Series,  1875-1876. 
No.  1.    [8°,  47  pp.] 
On  the  Fishes  of  the  Tertiary  Shales  of  the  South  Park  [Colorado]. 
B>  B.  D.  Cope,  A.  M.    pp.  3-5. 

La  Chasse  aux  animaux  marins  ct  les  p^cheries  chez  les  Indigenes  de  la  cdte 
nord-onest  d'Am<Snque,  par  m.  Alph.  Pinart.— Bunlogne-sur-mer,  Imp.  de 
Charles  Aigre,  4,  Rue  des  Vieillards.     1875.     [8°,  15  pp.] 

Engineer  Department,  United  States  Army. — Report  upon  Geographical  and 
Geological  Explorations  and  Surveys  west  of  the  One  Hundredth  Meridian, 
in  charge  of  First  Lieut.  G.  M.  Wlieeler,  Corps  of  Knginecrs,  U.  S.  Army, 
under  the  direction  of  Brig.  Gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  Chief  of  Engineers, 
U.  S.  Army.     Published  by  authority  of  Hon.  Wm.  W.  Belknap,  Secret^iry 
of  War,  in  accordance  with  acts  of  Congress  of  June  23,  1874,  and  Febru- 
nry  l.'>,  1875.     In  six  volumes,  accompanied  by  one  topographical  and  one 
geological  atlas. — Vol.  V. — Zoology. — Washington:  Government  Printing 
Office.     1875.     [4°.] 
Chapter  VI. — Report  |  upon  |  the  collections  of  Fishes  |  made  in  portions 
of  I  Neva<la,  Utah,  Califoniin,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  | 
during  I  the  years  1871,  1872,  1873,  and  1874.    |  By  |  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope 
and  Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow.=pp.  6:^''w03,  pi.  2r>-32. 
Appendix. — Description  of  a  Mugiloid  Fish  from  the  Mesozoic  Strata 

of  Colorado  [SylUemns  latiirons,  Copo],  pp.  701-703. 

[N.  up.  Apocope  eouesiL  Ynrrow  (p.  048.  pi.  27.  f.  2),  Gila  nigra.  Cope  (p.  W3,  pi.  30,f.  3), 
OilaHcminuda,  Cope  and  Tarniw  (p.  COG,  pi.  31,  f.  1).  Ilt/borftynchxa  xideriut.  Cope  (p.  C70, 
pi  31.  f.  «,)  OUa  ardegiaea  (p.  COO,  pi  30.  f.  1),  Oila  Mcminnda  (p.  066,  pi.  31,  f.  1),  Pantoateiuf, 
Copo  (n.  g.,  p.  673).  Catoitomiu  /ecundu*  (p.  078,  pi.  32,  f.  1). 

"The  most  extended  list  is  that  of  the  Colorado  basin  "  (p.  699) :— 


CyprinidiB 

PLtgoptems 

ar(;entimimii8 

640 

Moda 

ful;;ida 

642 

Lcpidomeda 

vittita 

642 

jarrovii 

643 

Coratichthys 

squamilo'.ntns 

000 

oscula 

647 

Apocope 

coacsii 

648 

▼entricosa 

048 

Bybotbyncbai 

no 

Put4)Meu 

baidun 

«3 

473 

JDllCDB 

«T8 

«n 

aw 

Cortgonn. 

ta 

Bnhna 

plcuritlcui 

Glnrdlnm 

MS 

1IniilJ» 

vtwleril 

Ma 

ire  tho»  of  Ih«  l».h,  gf  UMh,  whrth 

er  flvm  brfbn 

,700):- 

Apwop. 

arrinponU 

MS 

heubBTil 
Tnlwr»U 

MS 

Cemllcbthj. 

lllSllIUlDl 

an 

Hjboprf. 

Ilmpnnogenil* 

aS4 

apo 

Qlte 

•ST 

•SI 

b;(ln)|>bloi 

m™i» 

sss 

»»t"gl« 

S8> 

53 

-The  FiBheriee  and  Sea  Lions  of  California.  [Anon.]  ^  Forest  and  Stream, 
V.  6,  p.  387,  Feb.  24, 1876. 

The  Natural  and  Economic  History  of  the  Salmonidie — ^geographical  distribu- 
tion and  artificial  cnltnre.  By  Philo-Iohthyoa.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  pp. 
fi8-e9  (No.  3),  106  (No.  4),  116  (No.  5),  131  (No.  G),  147  (No.  7),  164  (No.  8), 
179  (No.  9).  " 

Check  List  of  the  Fishes  of  the  B^sh  Waters  of  North  America.  By  David 
8.  Jordan,  M.  S.,  M.  D.,  and  Herbert  E.  Copeland,  M.  S.  March  3,  1876. 
<^Balletiu  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences,  v.  2,  pp.  133-1G4, 
1876. 

• 

Yiyiparona  Perch:  [their  abundance  at  Santa  Barbara.  By  H.  C.  Tarro'^.] 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  6,  p.  132,  April  6, 1876. 

Angling  for  Smelts  in  California.  [By  E.  J.  Hooper.]  <^  Forest  and  Stream, 
▼.  6,  p.  166,  April  20, 1876. 

A  Viviparous  Perch.  [Editorial.]  <^  Forest  and  Stream,  t.  6,  p.  180,  with 
fig.,  April  27, 1876. 

Noget  om  Shegten  Soulv  ( JiunrAicAa^)  og  dens  nordiske  Arter.  Af  Proffessor 
Japetna  Steenatmp.  Med  en  Tavle.  <  Videnskabelige  Meddelelser  fra 
den  Naturhistorisk  Forening  i  Kjobenhavn,  1876,  pp.  159-202,  tav.  3. 

Salmon  Fisheries  on  the  Columbia  River.  [  JitoN.  By  Bamet  Phillipa. — 
From  Appleton's  Journal.]  <  Rod  and  Gun,  v.  8,  pp.  131-132  (5  col.).  May 
27,  1876,  with  2  figs. 

Bemarks  od  the  Various  Fishes  [of  the  family  of  Scorpffinidas]  known  as  Rock 
Cod.  By  "Wr  W.  LochdngtoiL  July  17,  1876.  <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  7, 
pp.  79-82. 

[K.  ipw  A6a«lef  iLyrvti*  proposed  as  a  sabstitate  for  8.  rosaetut  of  Ayres,  Imt  not  of 
Oirard. 

Notes  on  Some  California  Marine  Pishes,  with  description  of  a  new  species. 
By  W.  N.  Lockington.  July  17,  1876.  <  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  7,  pp. 
83-88. 

(N.  sp.  Arff)fr€iomu  Paeifieui,  MAgdalena  Bay. J 

Ichthyologischo  Bcitriige  (V.)  Vou  Franz  Stelndaohner.  20.  Juli  1876. 
<8it2b.  K.  Akad.  Wissensch.,  B.74,  Abth.  i,  pp.— ,1876. 

[13  west-coast  species  elucidated:   n.  sp.  ArtedUu  pugetentia^  Siphagonus  barbatutt 
Hjfp§agonu§  SuKtnii,  Btakea  n.  g.    <  Myxodea  eltgant  Cuoper.] 

Lake  Fishing  in  California.  [By  E.  J.  Hooper.  J  <[  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  7, 
p.  5,  Aug.  10,1876. 

Fishing  this  Season  [summer  of  1876]  in  California.  [By  E.  J.  Hooper.] 
<^  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  7,  p.  21,  Aug.  17, 1876. 

Notes  on  Califomian  Fishes.  By  W.  N.  Lockington.  September  4,  1876. 
<  Proc.  CaL  Acad.  Sci.,  v.  7,  pp.  108-110. 

(K.  up.  CentropomMM  viridis  (provisionally  named  on  p.  100)  from  Asoncion  Island,  Lower 
CaUfomiA.1 

Connecticut  River  Shad  for  California.  [By  8.  F.  Baird.]  <^  Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  7,  pp.  6d-67,  Sept.  7,  1876. 

California  Shad.    [Anon.]    •<^  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  7,  p.  83,  Sept.  14,  1876. 

^  Big  Fkh  [Salmon  weighing  100  pounds]  of  Alaska.     [Anon.  ]    <  Forest 
▼•7«iip»813  yy.  9,  1876.     , 


54 

18 Y6— Annual  Becord  of  Science  and  Industry  for  1875.  Edited  by  Spenoer  P. 
Baird,  with  the  assistance  of  eminent  men  of  science.  New  York :  Harper 
Sl  Brothers,  Publishers,  Franklin  Square.    1876.    [12o.] 

J.  Pisciculture  and  the  Fisheries,    pp.  405-440. 
Salmon  in  the  San  Joaquin,    pp.  4:)0-431. 
Salmon  Trade  pf  the  Columbia  River,    pp.  431-432. 
Salmon  in  the  Sacramento  River,    p.  432. 
United  States  Salmon-hatching  Establishment,  pp.  434-435. 

Engineer  Department,  U.  S.  Army.  =  Report  of  explorations  across  the  Great 
Basin  of  the  Territory  of  Utah  for  a  direct  wagon-route  from  Camp  Floyd 
to  Genoa,  in  Carson  Valley,  in  1859.  By  Captain  J.  H.  Simpson,  Corps  of 
Topographical  Engineers,  U.  S.  Army  [now  colonel  of  engineers,  bvt.  brig, 
gen.,  U.  S.  A.  ].  Made  by  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  under  in- 
structions from  Bvt.  BrijjT.  Gen.  A.  S.  Johnston,  U.  S.  Army,  commanding  the 
Department  of  Utah.    Washington :  Government  Printing  Office.     1876. 

Explorations  across  the  Great  Basin  of  Utah. = Appendix  L. — Report  on 
ichthyology.  By  Prof.  Theo.  GilL  pp.  383-431,  8  pL,  with  8 1.  explan- 
atory. 

[This  chapter  was  written  in  1861,  and  not  subseqaently  revised.] 

United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.  Part  III. — Report  of  the 
Commissioner  for  1873-4  and  1874-5.  A— Inquiry  into  the  decrease  of  the 
Food-Fishes.  B — ^The  propagation  of  Food-Fishes  in  t]ie  waters  of  the 
United  States.  Washington :  Government  Printing  Office.  1876.  [8^,  1i, 
777  pp.] 
Report  of  the  Commissioner,     pp.  vii-xlvi. 

Appendix  A. — Sea  fisheries  and  the  fishes  and  invertebrates  used  as  food, 
pp.  1-319. 

V. — Account  of  the  fisheries  and  seal-hunting  in  the  White  Sea,  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  the  Caspian  Sea.  By  Alexander  Schultz.  i>i). 
35-96. 

Api>endix  B. — ^The  river  fisheries,    pp.  321-540. 

XX. — Report  of  operations  in  California  in  1873.  By  Livingston 
Stone,    pp.  377-429. 

A— Clear  Lake.    pp.  377-381. 

B — Sacramento  River,    pp.  382-385. 

C — California  aquarium-car.    pp.  385-390. 

D — Overland  journey  with  live  shad.    pp.  390-402. 

E— The  McCloud  River  station,    pp.  402-423. 

F — Catalogue  of  collections  sent  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
in  1873.     pp.  424-427. 

G — A  list  of  McCloud  Indian  words  supplementary  to  a  list  con- 
tained in  the  report  of  1872.    pp.  428-429. 

XXI. — Hatching  and  distribution  of  California  salmon. 

A — Report  on  California  salmon-spawn  hatche<l  and  distributed. 

By  J.  H.  Slack,  M.  D.    pp.  431^34. 
B — Hatching  and  distribution  of  California  salmon  in  tributaries 

of  Great  Salt  Lake.     By  A.  P.  Rockwood,  Superintendent  of 

Fisheries  in  Utah  Territory,    pp.  434-435. 

XXII. — Report  of  operations  during  1874  at  the  United  States  salmon- 
hatching  establishment  on  the  McCloud  River,  California.  By  Liv- 
ingston Stone,     pp.  437^78. 

XXIII. — Correspondence  relating  to  the  San  Joaquin  River  and  its 
fishes,    pp.  479-483. 


55 

^— t1i6  Troat  of  Washington  Territoiy.    <  Foiest  and  Stream,  v.  7,  p.  413,  Feb, 
1,1877. 

Canned  Salmon.    lAnan.  ]    <  Forest  and  Stream,  v,  8,  p.  32,  Feb.  22, 1877. 

On  the  Genera  of  North  American  Fresh-water  Fi^es.  [By  David  8.  Jor- 
dan and  Charles  H.  Gilbert.  Feb.  27,  1877.  <Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc. 
PMa-,  ▼.  —I  pp.  83-104,  April  17,  1877. 

• 

Tlie  Oregon  Fisheries.  I  Anon,  From  ''Pacific  Life."]  <  Forest  and  Stream, 
T.  8,  p.  49,  March  1,1877. 

Fish  Culture  in  California.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  8,  pp.  16,  81,  207,  224. 
1877. 

Annnal  Record  of  Science  and  Industry  for  1876.  Edited  by  Spenoer  F. 
Baird,  with  the  assist>ance  of  eminent  men  of  science. -.-New  York:  Harper 
A,  Brothers,  Publishers,  Franklin  Square.     1877.    [12°.] 

I.  Pisciculture  and  the  Fisheries,  pp.  385-410. 

Biennial  Beport  of  the  California  Fish  Commission  [abstract],  pp, 

401-403. 
Cultivation  of  Carp  in  California,   p.  403. 

Department  of  the  Interior:  U.  S.  National  Museum.— Bulletin  of  the  United 
States  National  Museum. — No.  7. — Published  under  the  direction  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  Washington:  Oovemment  Printing  Ofilce. 
1877.     [8o.] 

No.  7. — Contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  Hawaiian  and  Fan- 
ning Islands  aud  Lower  California.    By  Thos.  H.  Streets,  M.  D. 

Trout  Fishing  in  Southwestern  Colorado.  ^  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  8,  pp.  189, 
190,  May  3, 1877. 

California  Salmon  Spawn  for  Shipment.  <^  Forest  and  Stream,  t.  8,  p.  191, 
May  3, 1877. 

Kishiiig  in  Lakes  San  Andreas  and  Pilercitas,  California.  [By  E.  J.  Hooper.] 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  8,  p.  270,  May  31, 1877. 

Contributions  to  North  American  Ichthyology.  Based  Primarily  on  the  Col- 
lections of  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

A.  Notes  on  the  Cottidie,  EtheostomatidsB,  PercidaB,  Centrarchid'.e, 
Aphododeridsp,  Dorysomatidte,  and  CyprinidaB.  With  Revisions  of 
the  Genera  and  Descriptions  of  New  or  Little-known  Species. — B.  Sj'- 
nopsis  of  the  Siliiridie  of  the  Fresh  Waters  of  North  America.  By  Da- 
vid 8.  Jordan.  Washington :  Government  Printing  Office.  1877.  [d^, 
2  title-pages,  120  pp.,  45  plates.] 

( Bulletin  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  No.  10.  ) 

M'CIoud  and  Sacramento  River  Trout.  [From  "San  Fnincisco  Pacific  Life."] 
< Foiest  and  Stream,  v.  8,  p.  299,  Juno  14,  1677. 

Stocking  the  Barren  Waters  of  the  Great  Divide.  [By  J.  W.  B.]  <  Forest 
and  Stream,  v.  8,  p.  400,  July  19, 1877. 

California  Salmon  in  Lake  Ontario.  [By  Sam.  Wilmot.]  <^  Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  8,  p.  419,  July  26, 1877. 

tdlifomUi  Salmon  in  the  James  River,  Va.     <[  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  8,  p, 

^  Imbr  19,1877. 

lia.    <  Forosi  and  Stream,  v.  8,  p.  420^  July  26,  1877. 


56 

1877— The  Long- Jawed  Gob;?.    By  ^^.  N.  Lookington.    <The  Ameriean  Na^n- 

alist,  V.  11,  pp.  474-478,  Aug.,  1877. 
(An  interesting  aoconnt  of  soiDe  pecaliarities  in  the  habits  of  6i0i«kthp§  mimKZif. J 

The  Coregoni — ^Thoir  natural  history,  native  waters,  economic  value,  and 
implements  connected  with  their  production.  [Juan.]  < Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  8,  pp.  439, 440.    1877. 

The  Coregoui.    No.  Part  2.    <C  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  9,  pp.  3, 4,  Aug.  3, 1877. 

A  Contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  Ichthyological  Fauna  of  the  Green  River 
Shales.  By  B.  D.  Cope.  <  Bull.  I  J.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terrs.,  y.  3, 
pp.  807-819,  Aug.  15, 1H77. 

California  Salmon.  [By  Emery  D.  Potter.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  Y.9,p. 
63,  Aug.  30, 1879. 

Notice  of  the  Utah  Trout  in  Provo  rising  to  the  fly.  By  W.  V.8.  <  Forest 
and  Stream,  v.  9,  p.  88,  Sept.  6, 1877. 

Canning  Salmon.    ^  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  9,  p.  88,  Sept.  6, 1877. 

Operations  of  the  McCloud  River  (Cal.)   Fish    Hatching   Establishment. 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  9,  p.  20H,  Oct.  13, 1877. 

The  Salmon  Fisheries  of  California.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  y.  9,  p.  5^,  Oct. 
25, 1877. 

Salmon  Trout  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  "^Forest  and  Stream,  v. 9, p. 247,  Nov. 
1, 1877. 

More  about  McLeod  River  Trout.  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  9,  p.  247,  Nov.  1,1877. 

The  Sportsman's  Gazetteer  and  General  Guide.  The  Game  Animals,  Birds 
and  Fishes  of  North  America:  their  habits  and  various  methods  of  capture. 
Copious  Instructions  in  Shooting,  Fishing,  Taxidermy,  Woodcraft,  etc.  To- 
gether with  A  Directory  to  the  Principal  Game  Resorts  of  the  Country;  il- 
lustrated with  maps.  By  Charles  Hallock,  Editor  of  '*  Forest  and 
Stream";  Author  of  the  "Fishing  Tourist";  "Camp  Life  in  Florida,"  etc. 
New  York:  "Forest  and  Stream"  Publishing  Company,  American  News 
Company,  agents.  1877.  [12°,  668  pp.,  -f-  208  pp.,  3  maps,  1  portrait. 
Part  I. — Game  Animals  of  North  America.  Fishes  of  the  Northwest,  pp. 
339-353.    Pacific  Coast  Fishes,  pp.  354-369. 

1 878 — Beneficial  Results  of  Salmon  Hatching  on  the  Sacramento  River.    [Editorial.  ] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  18,  Feb.  14, 1878. 

Trout  Fishing  at  Lake  Biglcr,  California.  I  Anon.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v. 
10,  p.  28,  Feb.  14, 1878. 

California  Salmon  Fishing  and  the  Game  Laws.     [Signed  E.  J.  Hooper.] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  47,  Feb.  21, 1878. 

[Price  of  first  four  Shad  of  the  season  in  San  Francisco =.$10  each.]  < Forest 
and  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  67,  Feb.  28, 1878. 

Birds  and  Salmon  in  California.  I  Anon.']  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  10,  p. 
95,  March  14, 1&78. 

Spawning  of  California  Salmon.  [Signed  B.  B.  Redding.]  <^ Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  10,  p.  155,  April  4,  1878. 

Red  Trout,  or  Redfish  of  Oregon  and  Idaho.     [By  Charles  Bendire,  U.  S.  A.  ] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  156,  April  4,  1878. 

Carp  in  San  Francisco.  [From  "Pacific  Life."]  -^Forest  and  Stream,  v. 
10,p.l74,  April  11,1878. 


57 

IfTi-The  Norway  Trout  of  the  Yellowstone.    I  Anon."]    <  Forest  and  Stream,  y. 
10,  p.  175  [195],  April  11, 1876. 

Prof.  Jordan  on  Chirac teristics  of  Trout.    [Signed  D.  8.  Jordan.  ]    ^  Forests 
and  Stream,  y.  10,  p.  196,  April  11,  1878. 
[Coatfdaa  mggwiioin  that  the  original  Redflsh  is  Hyptifario  kennerlyi.] 

Xanoal  of  the  Vertebrates  of  the  Northern  United  States,  including  the  Dis- 
triot  east  of  the  Miasiiisippi  River  and  north  of  North  Carolina  and  Tenn-     ^  o 
easee,  exclnsive  of  marine  species.    By  David  Starr  Jordan,  Ph.  D.,  M.       ^ 
D.,  Professor  of  Natural  History  in  Bntler  University.    Second  Edition,  re- 
vised and  enlarged. — Chicago:  Jansen,  McClurg  &  Comjiany,  1878.    [12^. 
407  pp.,  pnb.  May  16.  ] 
[Cootaiiw  tynopaii  of  the  Americnn  Sal^Aomnm  and  Coregoninai.] 

CaHfomia  Fishing  Prospects.  [  Signed  B.  J.  Hooper.  ]  <  Forest  and  Stream, 
V.  10, p. 939,  Mays,  1878. 

Notes  on  a  Collection  of  Fishes  from  the  Rio  Grande,  at  Brownsville,  Texas. 
By  DftTid  8.  Jordan,  M.  D.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.  v. 
4,  [pp.  397-406,  May  3;]  v.  4,  pp.  C63-C.b7,  July  29,  1879. 

[Specimcna  of  Hf/^Uroearptu  Tratkii  indioato<l  as  an  unlcnown  Labroid  form  at  p.  309, 
aad  described  as  the  type  of  a  new  genus  and  sp.  at  p.  667.  The  specimeus  had  been 
probably  miaplaoed.J 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Fresh  Waters  of  North  America.  By  David 
8.  Jordan,  M.  D.  <^Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.,  v.  4,  pp. 
407-442,  May  3, 1878. 

[A  simple  nominal  liat  of  the  flreah- water  species  nortrh  of  the  Mexican  region.] 

Spawning  of  California  Brook  Trout  in  New  York.  [By  Jamea  Annin,  jr., 
Caledonia,  N.  Y.].    <Chicago  Field,  v.  9,  p.  182,  May  4,  1878.    [F.  M.] 

Califomia  Salmon  on  Long  Island,  success  of.  By  a  member  of  the  South 
Side  Club.    <Chicago  Field,  v.  9,  p.  182,  Mrty  4,  1878.     [F.  M.] 

Trout  Hybrids.  [Possibility  of  intercrossing  Eastern  and  Califomian  Trouts. 
Editorial.]     <Fore8t  and  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  255,  May  9,  1878- 

California.  [Notice  of  distribution  of  land-locked  Salmon  and  Eastern  Trout 
by  Fish  Commissioners.]     <Fore8t  and  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  255,  May  9,  1878. 

The  heaviest  American  Salmon.  [Notice  of  one  weighinfj  82  pounds  caught 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River.  By  John  Qoudy.]  <Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  10,  p.  265,  May  9,  1878. 

Salmon  canning  on  Frazcr  River.  [By  Fred.  Mather.]  <^Chicago  Field, 
V.  9,  p.  196,  May  1.5,  1878.     [F.  M.] 

2J. — A.  On  the  Distribution  of  the  FiHhes  of  th(^  Allegheny  Region  of  South 
Carolina,  Greorgia,  aud  Tennessee.  With  Descriptions  of  New  or  Little- 
known  Species.  9y  David  8.  .Ionian  and  Alembort-  W.  Brayton. — B. 
Synopsis  of  the  Family  Catostomida).  By  David  S.  Jordan.  Washington  : 
Gk>vernment  Printing  Office.     1878.     (8vo,  237. ) 

Ran  of  Salmon  in  Califomia.  Note  by  A.  R.  <Chicago  Field,  v.  9,  p.  229, 
May  25,  1878.    [F.M.] 

Shad  in  Califomia.  Announcement  of  two  taken  in  San  Francisco  Bay  May  1. 
Note  by  B.  B.  Porter.    <Cliicago  Field,  v.  6,  p.  229,  May  25,  1873.    [F.M.] 

Otlilbniia  Salmon.    [Notice  of  their  ascent  up  the  McCloud  and  Sacranento 
HMay.]    <Foreflt  and  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  350,  June  6,  1878. 

Oregon  and  Califomia.     [Editorial.    With  three  wood- 
»  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  398,  June  27,  1878. 


58 

1878~Another  shipment  of  Shod  to  California.    Notice  by  Fred.  Mather.    <Clil* 
cago  Field,  v.  9,  p.  306,  July  6,  1878.    [F.  M.] 

California  Salmon  in  Lake  Ontario.  [By  John  J.  Robson.]  <Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  10,  p.  482,  July  25, 1878. 

Salmon  canning  in  Alaska.  An  account  of  the  objections  of  the  Indians  to 
the  landing  of  a  lot  of  Chinese  fish  canners.  From  Alaska  Cor.  ''  N.  Y. 
Sun."    <Chicago  Field,  v.  9,  p.  371,  July  27,  1878.     [F.  M.] 

Notes  on  a  Collection  of  Fishes  from  Clackamas  River,  Oregon.  By  Da^d 
8.  Jordan,  M.  D.    <Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  v.  1,  pp.  69-85,  Ang.r,  1878. 

The  Labrador  and  Columbia  River  Fisheries.  [From  the  ''New  York  Sun."] 
<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  10,  p.  507,  Aug.  1, 1878. 

The  Mysterious  Salmon.  A  quotation  from  the  '*Astorian"  on  the  subject  of 
the  salmon  taking  the  artificial  fly,  with  editorial  comment  by  Fred.  Ma- 
ther.   <  Chicago  Field,  v.  9,  p.  387,  Aug.  3, 1878.      [F.  M.  ] 

The  McCloud  River  Hatchery.  [By  K.  B.  Pratt.]  "(^ Forest  and  Stream,  v. 
11,  p.  2,  Aug.  8, 1878. 

Fish  Gossip:  Abundance  of  Salmon  in  the  McCloud  River,  and  their  annoy- 
ance to  anglers  when  fishing  for  Trout.  [Item  from  ''San  Francisco  Chron- 
icle,'' with  editorial  comment  by  Fred.  Mather.  <[  Chicago  Field,  v.  9, 
p.  403,  Aug.  10, 1878.      [F.  M.  ] 

Gameness  of  the  Quinuat  Salmon.  [By  Tarleton  EL  Bean.]  <^  Chicago 
Field,  V.  1 0,  p.  4,  Aug.  17, 1878.     [F.  M.  ] 

The  Fraser  River  Salmon  Season.  [From  the  "Now  York  World."]  -< For- 
est and  Stream,  v.  11,  p.  50,  Aug.  22, 1878. 

Fishing  in  Northern  California.  [By  B.  J.  Hooker.]  ^Forest  |uid  Scream, 
V.  11,  p.  51,  April  22,  1878. 

Trout  Fishing  in  Truckee  River.  Correspondent  of  the  "  Sacramento  Union." 
<Chicago  Field,  v.  10,  p.  20,  Aug.  24, 1878.      [F.  M.  ] 

Trouting  in  Nevada.  Catching  them  in  the  water-works  at  Gold  Hill  and 
Virginia  City.      [From  "Virginia  City  Chronicle."]     <  Chicago  Field,  v. 

10,  p.  — .  Sept.  14, 1878.     [F.  M.  ] 

Good  News  from  California.  [An  account  of  fish-ladders  in  the  Truckee  River, 
from  the  "Truckee  Republican."]     < Chicago  Field,  v.  10, p. 84,  Sept. 21, 

1878. 

Salmon  One  Cent  Each.  [Item  from  Frazer  River,  from  California  paper,  with 
editorial  comment  by  F.  Mather.]  <^  Chicago  Field,  v.  10,  p.  101,  Sept.  28, 
1878.     [F.M.] 

Salmon  Canning  on  Columbia  River.  An  acco#it  of  the  process,  with  statis- 
tics.   By  Fred.  Mather.    <CbicagoField,v.lO,p.  101,Sept.  28,1878.    [F.M.] 

Note  on  the  Sanriis  Inciocepa  of  Ayros.  [By  W.  N.  Lockington.]  <  Ann. 
&,  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (;'>),  v.  2,  pp.  348, 349,  Oct.,  1878. 

McCloud  River  Hatching  Station.  Daily  Record  of  Salmon  taken.  [Signed 
LivingBton  Stone. ]    <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  11,  p.  203,  Oct.  10, 1878. 

California  Trout  in  New  York.     [By  Seth  Oreen.]    < Forest  and  Stream,  v. 

11,  p.  20.3,  Oct.  10,  1878. 

McClond  River  Hatchery.  [Table  of  Distribution  of  Salmon  Eggs  during 
1878.  ]    <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  11,  p.  222,  Oct.  17. 1878. 


59 

llTS-Laod-looking  tlie  Qninnat  Salmon.  Experiment  of  H.  O.  Parker,  Commis- 
sioner on  Fisheries  for  Nevada,  in  Pyramid  and  Walker  Lukes.  <  Chicago 
Fifcld,v.l0,p.l65,Oct.26,1878.    [F.M.] 

Ths  Yellowstone  as  a  Trout  stream.  [  Jnoft.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  y.  11,  p. 
S63,  Oct.  31, 1878. 

Another  Devil  Fish  Story.  Accoont  of  devil-ilsh  (Ccrataptera)  intorfering 
with  a  submnrine  diver,  from  California  paper.  <  Chicago  Field,  v.  10, 
p.  181,  Nov.  2, 1878.      [F.  M.  ] 

Walks  around  San  Francisco.    By  W.   N.   Lockington.    No-  III.—Lake 
Honda  and  Real  Bock.    <Am.  Nat.,  v.  12,  pp.  786-793,  Dec,  1878. 
[K.  Sp.  BdMoHoma  Stovtii,  p.  703.] 

^Tote.— "No.  L— The  Ocean  Beach"  (v.  12,  pp.  347-354)  and  [No.  II.—] 
''The  Bay  Shore"  (v.  12,  pp.  505-512)  have  nothing  relative  to  lishes. 

Salmo  quinnat  in  France.  [By  IVed.  Mather.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  11, 
p.  360,  Dec.  5,  1878.     [See,  also,  pp.  339, 340,  Nov.  28, 1878.] 

On  the  occurrence  of  Stichffius  panotatns,(Fabr.)  Kruyer,  at  St.  MichaerH, 
Alaska.  By  Tarleton  H.  Bean.  <  Pioc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  v.  1,  pp.  279- 
281,  Dec.  17, 1878. 

Beport  on  the  collection  of  Fish'^s  made  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  U.  S.  A.,  in  Da- 
kota and  Montana  during  the  seasons  of  1873  and  1874.  By  David  8. 
Jordan,  M.  D.  <Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Surv.  Terr.,  v.  4.  pp.  777-799, 
Dec.  11, 1878.  . 

KoU. — [ConUdiM  an  "Analydsof  the  genera  of  American  Cypxinidae,  and  reference  of 
Pacifio  slope  genera  to  European  typee,  at  pp.  785-700.  J 

California  Salmon  in  Holland.  [Editorial.]  ^Forest  and  Stream,  v.  11, p. 
420,  Dec.  2::   1878. 

• 

45th  Congress,  3d  session.  I  House  of  Representatives.  J  Ex.  Doc.  1,  pt.  2.  Vol.      ^  c 
II.  I  =  I  Annual  Report  |  of  the  |  Chief  of  Engineers  |  to  the  |  Secretary 
of  War  I  for  the  |  year  1878.  |  —  |  In  three  parts.  |  —  |  Part  III.  |  —  |  Wash- 
ington :  I  Government  Printing  Office.  |  ltJ78.  | 

Appendix  NN.  |  —  |  Annual  Report  of  Lieutcnaut  Oeorge  M.  "Wheeler,  | 
Corps  of  Engineers,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  |  June  30,  1878.     [i)p. 
1421— 

Appendix  K.  |  Report  upon  the  Fishes  collected  during  the  years  1875,  1^70, 
sud  1877,  in  |  California  and  Nevada,  by  Prof.  David  8.  Jordan  and  H. 
W.  Henshaw.    [pp.  1600-1622,  pll.  1-4.] 

appendix  K  1.  |  List  of  Marine  Fishes  collected  on  the  coast  of  California 
near  Santa  j  Barbara  in  1H75,  with  notes  by  Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow,  Acting 
distant  Surgeon  |  U.  S.  A.,  and  H.  "W.  Henshaw.     [pp.  162;J-1627.] 

^-  1610,  pL  1. 2,  Catattomiu  tahoensu  Gill  and  Jordan. 

^'  ICIO,  pi.  3,  (kUastomut  arceopun  Jordan. 

^.  1619,  pi.  4,  Salmo  Heruhatoi  Gill  and  Jordan. 

*'*  Sportsman's  Gazetteer  and  General  Guide.  The  Game  Animals,  Birds, 
and  Fishes  of  North  America:  Their  Habits  and  Various  Methods  of  Cap- 
"^*'^.  Copious  Instructions  in  Shooting,  Fishing,  Taxidermy,  Woodcraft, 
^tci^  Together  with  maps.  By  Charles  Hallock,  Edifx)r  of  "Forest  aud 
^t»^nm'»;  Author  of  the  "  Fishing  Tourist,"  '*  Camp  Life  in  Florida,"  etc. 
^<*«*»th  Edition.    New  York :   Forest  and  Stream  Publishing  Co.     1878. 


M' 


60 

1878 — Manual  of  the  Vertebrates  of  the  Northern  United  States,  Inclnding  the  Dis- 
trict East  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  North  of  North  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee, exclusive  of  Marine  Species.    By  David  Starr  Jordan,  Ph.  D.,  M. 
D.,  Professor  of  Natural  History  in^Butler  University.    Second  Edition,  Re- 
\  vised  and  Enlarged.    Chicago:   Jansen,  McClurg  &,  Co.     1878.     (l2mo, 

407  pp.) 

The  Califomian  Salmon.  With  an  Account  of  its  Introduction  into  Victoria. 
By  Sir  Samuel  Wilson,  Member  of  the  Legislative  Council  of  Victoria. 
Melbourne :  Sands  &  McDougall,  Printers,  Collins  street  West.     1878. 

1879. — The  Nevada  Fish-hatchery.     [From  Carson  City  "Appeal."]    ^Chicago 
Field,  V.  10,  p.  332,  Jan.  4,  1879.     [F.  M.] 

Capture  of  a  Devil-fish  [Ceratoptera].  From  California  paper.  ^Chicago 
Field,  V.  10,  p.  :»5,  Feb.  1,  1879.     [F.  M.] 

The  Fisheries  and  Other  Resources  of  Alaska.  B^  EL  A.  R.  <^Cbicago  Field, 
V.  10,  p.  395,  Feb.  1,  1879.     [F.  M.] 

Viviparous  Perch  [Em biotocidiB.  By  Charles Hallock.  From ''Sportsman's 
Gazetteer."]    <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  11,  p.  519,  Jon.  23,  1879. 

Fish  and  Fishing  of  Oregon.  [By  Wm.  Lang.]  <  Forest  and  Streani,  v.  13,. 
p.  35,  Feb.  13,  1879. 

Report  of  the  Nevada  Fish  Commission.  [Notice  by  Fred.  Mather.]  <Chi- 
cago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  3,  Feb.  15,  1879. 

Rapid  growth  of  the  Califomian  Salmon.  lAnon,"]  <^Fore6t  and  Stream,  v. 
12,  p.  55,  Feb.  20,  1879. 

[An  abfltract  from  tho  '^Germao  Fiahing  Gazette."] 

Eastern  Trout  on  the  Pacific  Slojie.  [By  H.  H.  Holt,  Kaloma,  W.  T.  <For- 
est  and  Stream,  v.  12,  p.  105,  March  13,  1879. 

Rearing  Whitefish  in  confinement.  [By  B.  B.  Redding.]  <^Chicago  Field, 
V.  11,  pp.  67,68,  March  15,  1879. 

Interesting  Facts  from  Washington  Territorj*.     [By  Cha.  Bendire.]    <  For- 
est and  Stream,  v.  12,  p.  154,  March  27,  1879. 
[Refers  to  ''Salmo  Kennerlyi'\  Sec] 

The  Flounders  of  our  Markets.  Read  by  W.  M.  Lockington  before  the  San 
Francisco  Aead.  of  Sciences,  March  17,  1879.  ^Scientific  Press  Supple- 
ment, April,  1879;  Mining  and  Scientific  Press,  April  12  and  19,  1679. 

Salmon  Fishing  in  Oregon.  [By  H.  B.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  12,  p.  174, 
April  3,  1879. 

Traits  of  Rocky  Mountain  Trout.  [By  W.  N.  Bjera. ]  <  Forest  and  Stream, 
V.  12,  p.  174,  April  3,  1879. 

[Notice  of  a  "  *  Devil  Fish*  recently  taken  on  the  Pacific  coast  whose  body 
was  four  feet  long,  with  a  spear-shaped  tail  and  tentacles  seven  feet  long," 
t.  e.,  a  species  of  Ceratoptera.  From  the  *•  Santa  Barbara  Press."]  <Chi- 
cago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  148,  April  19,  1879. 

Description  of  a  species  of  Lycodes  {L.  Tumeri)  from  Alaska,  believed  to  be 
undescrilwd.  By  Tarleton  H.  Bean.  <Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  v.  1, 
pp.  463-466,  April  25,  1879.  ' 

The  Fishes  and  Birds  of  the  P^fcific  Coast.  [By  Calamink,  p$evdon  of  John 
L.  "Wilson.    <Chicago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  163,  April  26,  1879. 

[Note  relative  to  the  Fisheries  of  British  Columbia.  Notice  of  Report  to 
House  of  Commons.]    <Chicago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  165,  April  26,  1979. 


61 

lYt-Kotea  on  Bome  Fishes  of  the  Coast  of  California.    No.  I.    By  "W.  N.  Look- 
InCton.    <  Am«  Nat,  v.  13,  pp.  399-308,  May,  1879. 

California  Mountain  Trout  in  Eastern  Waters.    [By  Seth  Green.]    <  Forest 
and  Stream,  v.  U,  p.  364,  May  8,  1879. 
(8e^  •lao,  T.  12,  p.  288.] 

Tiont  and  Salmon  Season  in  California.  I  Anon,']  -^^  Forest  and  Stream,  v. 
1%  p.  Sn,  May  8,  1»79. 

Angling  in  California.  [Abstract  from  **  Pacific  Life.^']  ^  Chicago  Field,  v.  11, 
pp.  1^,  196,  May  10, 1879. 

[Catfish  in  California.]    <  Chicago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  196,  May  10,  1879. 

Pacific  Tront  [Salmo  iridea]  in  Eastern  Waters.  [Note  signed  H.  "W.  De  Long; 
with  description  appended  from  Hallock's  Sportsman's  Gazetteer.  ]  <^  For- 
est and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  388,  May  I.'),  1879. 

Does  tJie  Western  Salmon  die  after  spawning f  [By  Major,  pseudan. ]  <  Chi- 
cago Field,  V.  11,  p.  331,  May  17,  1879. 

California  Salmon  do  not  all  die  after  spawning.     [By  B.  B.  Redding.] 

<  Chicago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  33C,  May  34,  lt579. 

The  Roe  of  the  Salmon  the  Indian's  Bait.     [By  Jonas  C,  Portland,  Oregon.] 

<  Chicago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  337,  May  34,  1879. 

California  News.  [Notice  of  expected  consignment  of  eggn  from  U.  S.  Com- 
mission Fish  and  Fisheries.     Anon,     From  Sacramento  '^Record-Union.''] 

<  Chicago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  344,  May  31,  1879. 

On  a  new  Genns  of  Scombridte.  By  ^^.  N.  Lockington.  "^Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  [v.  — ],  pp.  133-1:^5. 

[S.  %.  and  sp.  Chriomitra  (p.  Ib3)  coneolor,  p.  184.] 

Who  branded  the  Salmon  f  [Notice  of  capture  of  four  salmon  branded  with 
W.  at  West  port,  Oregon.  By  Geo.  H.  Heather.]  <^  Chicago  Field,  v.  11, 
p.  3li0,  June  7,  1879. 

Lake  Tahoe.  [Jnon.  From  *^ Philadelphia  Press."]  <  Chicago  Field,  v.  11, 
p.  3G0,  June  7,  1879. 

Grand  Success  of  Shod  and  Salmon  Culture.  [By  B.  B.  Redding.]  <  Chi- 
cago Field,  V.  11,  p.  377,  Juno  14,  1879. 

Salmon  at  the  Antipo<les,  being  an  account  of  the  successful  introduction  of 
Salmon  and  Trout  into  Australian  waters.  By  Sir  Samuel  Wilson,  Mem- 
ber of  the  Legislative  Council  of  Victoria,  [etc.]  ;  author  of  a  work  on  the 
Angora  Goat,  and  papers  on  the  Ostrich,  the  Chinese  Yam,  etc.  London : 
Edward  Stanford,  r>5,  Charing  Cross,  S.  W.,  1879.  [3d  ed.,  13<^,  viii,  353  pp., 
Iphot.  pi.,  1  map  folded.] 

Partial  Contents. 
Chap.  V.  The  first  introduction  of  Califomian  Salmon  Ova.    pp.  34-35. 
Chap.  VIL  The  second^importation  of  Californian  Salmon  Ova.    pp.  39-38. 
Chap.  VIIL  The  Californian  Salmon,     pp.  39-58. 
Chap.  IX.  Is  tjie  Californian  Salmon  suitable  to  the  Murray  River  T    pp. 

59-456. 
Chap.  XIX.  The  Growth  and  Development  of  the  Salmonidie.    pp.  lGO-173. 
Chap.  XXII.  The  Distribution  and  Liberation  of  the  Californian  Salmon 
Fry.    pp.  193-344. 

dated  Jnne  16,  1879. 
'•Huioe  of  this  work,  in  a  sli.f^htly  different  form,  nnder  the  title  of  'The 
"V,*  woA  originally  poblishcil  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Zoological  and 
elsty  of  Melbourne  for  the  year  1878,  and  a  second  small  edition 
V"— From  ''Pretaee  to  the  third  edition."— See  1878] 


62 

1879— The  Chinese  and  other  Fishermen  of  California.  [Condensed  from  8an  Fnub- 
Cisco  "Chronicle  "  by  Fred.  Mather.  ]  <  Chicago  Field,  v.  11,  p.  291,  Jnne 
21, 1879. 

On  the  Occurrence  of  Hippop^lossns  vulgaris,  Flem.,  at  Unalashka  and  St. 
MichoePs,  Alaska.  By  Tarleton  H.  Bean.  <  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  v. 
2,  pp.  63-66,  July  1,  ld79. 

Pacific  Coast  Shad.  [Dy  William  Lang.]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  12,  p. 
487,  July  24, 1879. 

Notes  on  New  and  Rare  Fishes.  Read  before  the  California  Acad.  Science 
by  "W. N. Lockington.]  <  Scientific  Press  Supplement,  July,  1879;  Mining 
and  Scientific  Press,  Aug.  2  aud  16, 1879. 

Fish  Notes  from  the  Pacific  doast.    [By  Robt.  B.  C.  Steams.]    <  Chicago 
Field,  V.  11,  p.  389,  Aug.  2, 1879. 
[Extract  from  "American  Naturalist."] 

Curious  Facts  about  Trout  [i.  c,  jumping  from  flume  into  water  below.  By 
]|.  B.  R.,  t.  e.  B.  B.  Redding.  ]    <  Cb icago  Field,  v.  1 1,  p.  404,  Aug.  9, 1879. 

Alaska  iu  Summer. — Second  Paper.    [By  ^*PiSBCO,'^  t.  e.  Lester  Beardslee.] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  f>53,  Aug.  14,  lr<79, 

[R(>fcr8,  inter  alias,  to  capture  imd  curin ;  of  salmon  at  Port  Hunter.  1 

Largest  Salmon  on  Record.  [  Jnon.  ]  <^  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  557,  Aug. 
14. 1879. 

["  Victoria,  Juno  20.— A  salmon  that  weighed  98  pounds  when  canght  has  been  received 
here  from  the  Skecna  Rlx'cr  Fishery  by  Mr.  Turner,  Mayor  of  Victoria.  Its  length  is  5 
feet  11  inches  from  nose  to  tail.*'] 

Sbad  iu  tbe  Columbia.  [By  **S."]  <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  585,  Aug.  28, 
1879. 

[Refers  probably  to  Pomdtobu*.] 

Trolling  for  Salmon.    [  A  non.  ]    <[  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  588,  Aug.  28, 1879. 
[Relates  to  Columbia  River.] 

Oregon.      [Record    of    a    trout-fisbing    expedition.      By  William    Lang.] 

<  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  5d9,  Aug.  28, 1879. 

The  McCloud  River  Fishery.  [.4«o«.]  <^ Forest  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  604, 
Sept.  4, 1879. 

Salmon  a  Nuisance  to  Trout  Fishers.  [  Anon.  By  Fred.  Mather.  ]  <[  Chicago 
Field,  V.  12,  p.  52,  Sept.  G,  1879. 

The  North  Pacific  Ccdlisbery.  [By  W.  N.  Lockington.  Reprinted  from 
*'  Pacific  Life. "]     <  Chicai^o  Field,  v.  12,  p.  53,  Sept.  6, 1879. 

[Notice  of  Trout  passing  through  flnme  under  pressure  of  376  pounds  to  the 
square  inch.     Anon. ]     <^ Chicago  Field,  v.  12, p.  53,  Sept. 6, 1879. 

[Notice  of  Catfish — Aniinrus  nlbidua? — 5  to  15  inches  long,  taken  in  Sausal 
Lagoon,  where  planted  three  years  before.  Anon,'\  < Chicago  Field,  v. 
12,  p.  53,  Sept.  6, 1879. 

The  Pacific  Salmon  Fisheries.  I  Anon.  ]  <  Chicappp  Field,  v.  12,  p.  69,  Sept.  13, 
1879. 

[Notice  of  Catfish — Aminrus  albidus? — taken  in  McCloud's  Lake,  Stockton. 
Anon,  ]     <  Chicago  Field,  v.  12,  p.  C9,  Sept.  13, 1879. 

The  Trans-Continental  Expedition  of  the  California  Fish  Commissioners. 
[By  H.  A.  L.  ]    <  Forest  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  645  (3  col. ),  Sept.  18, 1879. 


63 

lUf-EeYiew  of  the  Plcarognectidie  of  San  Francisco.    By  W.  N.  Looldngtoiu 
<  Proc.  U.  8.  Nat.  Museum,  v.  2,  pp.  69-96,  July  2— Sept.  19, 1879. 
[K.  sp.  H^ppogfoMcidt$Jordani,p,73i  Olyptocephalus  Paei/lcutt  p.  80;  OlffptoesphalusiMehu  ' 
nM,pw8& 

[Notice  of  Catfish  for  Susan  River  and  Eel  Lake.    AwmS^    <[  Chicago  Field, 
T.  12,  p.  85,  Sept.  20, 1879. 

The  first  biennial  report  of  the  Nevada  Commission.    [Notice  by  Fred.  Ma- 
ther.  ]    <  Chicago  Field,  v.  12,  p.  85,  Sept.  20, 1879. 

Habits  of  California  River  Salmon.     [Anon,    Extract  from   '^Sacramento 
Bee."]    <  Chicago  Field,  v.  12,  p.  100,  Sept.  27, 1879. 

Fish  Culture  Operations  in  California.    [By  Livingston  Stone.  1    <  Forest 
and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  685,  Oct.  2,  1p79. 
[Refien  to  Salmon.l 

Why  Salmo  Quinnat  does  not  take  the  Fly.     \^An(m.  by  Charles  Hallockt 
<Foro8t  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  685,  Oct.  2,  1879. 

Washington  Terri  tory .    [  By  "  Multnomah, "  jMOMfon.  ]    <Forest  and  Stream, 
V.  13,  p.  687,  Oct.  2,  1879. 

[B«l»te«  to  flAhing  in  "  the  great  Spokane  country.'*] 

Salmon  Fishing  on  the  Pacific.    [Incomplete.    By  C.  R.]    <^Forest  and 
Stream,  v.  13,  p.  089,  Oct.  2,  1879. 

The  Fishery-  of  Mr.  A.  P.  Rockwood  [near  Salt  Lake  City.    Anon,    From  "The 
Juvenile  Instructor."]    <Chicago  Field,  v.  12,  p.  115,  Oct.  4,  1879. 

Do  Fish  hear  T    [By  W.  N.  Locklngton.    From  "  Pacific  Life.'*]    <Chicago 
Field,  V.  12,  p.  116,  Oct.  4,  1879. 

Trout  in  the  Tmckee.     [Amoiu  From  "  Sacramento  Bee.'']    <^Chicago  Field, 
V.  12,  p.  117,  Oct.  4,  1879.  , 

California.     [  Record  of  good  Grilse-fishing  in  September.  ]    By  B.  B.  Redding 
<Fore8t  and  Stream,  V4«13,  p.  715,  Oct.  9,  1878. 

Tbe  Game  and  Fish  of  Alaska.    [By  ^'  Piseco,"  i.  «.  Lester  Beardslee,  U.  S. 
N.]     <Forc8t  and  Stream,  v.  13,  pp.  723-724,  Oct.  16,  1879. 

Salmon  Eggs  from  the  Pacific.     [By  Livingston  Stone.]     <^Fore8t  ard 
Stream,  v.  13,  p.  725,  Oct.  1(>,  1879. 

California  Fishing.     [By  E.  J.  Hooper.]    <Fore8t  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  7?8 
Oct.  le,  1879. 

Wyoming  Territory.    [Note  on  Trout-fishing.    By  "Multnomah,"  j>«etu{oii.] 
<Fore8t  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  728,  Oct.  16,  1879. 

8pawn  in  off"  season  [of  Califoniian  Trout.     By  E.  C.  Tallant.    With  edito- 
rial note]    <Forettt  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  744,  Oct.  23,  1879. 

The  Redfish  of  the  Northwest.     [By  Ch.  Bendire.    With  editorial  note.] 
<Forest  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p.  745,  Oct.  23,  1879. 

Rocky  Mountain  Trout.     [By  Flyfisher,  pseudon.j  J.  J.  Stranahan,  Chagrin 
Falls,  O.  ]    <Chicago  Field,  v.  12,  p.  164,  Oct.  25,  1879. 

"Mountain  Trout". — (Salrao  virginalis).     [By  Oordon  Lamb.]     <Cbicago 
Field,  v.  12,  p.  164,  Oct.  25,  1879. 

Fishing  in  Gray^s  Harbor  [t.  e,   Salmon-fishery.     Anon.    From    "  Olympia 
fWMhlngton  Terr.)  Transcript.''    <Chicago  Field,  v.  12,  pp.  164, 165,  Oct. 


64 

18T9— Codfishing  in  the  Paclflo.   [Jnon.]   From  "San  FnnciaooAItA.")    <Chia«o 
Field,  T.  m,  p.  16a,  Oct.  2S,  1879. 
CaJifomia  Trout  in  Kew  York  Stitte.    [By  Claranoa  A.  Funiiin.]    <  FoimC 

and  Struou,  v.  13,  p.  T65,  Oct.  30,  lisn. 
Salmon  Fiahiag  on  the  Pacific.     [By  C.  R.]    <FoTMt  and  Btream,  t.  13,  p. 

7OT,  Oct.  30, 1879. 
,Wby  SiUmo  QoiDDat  does  not  tnke  the  Fly.     [EditoriaL]     <^FDre«c  tad 
Stroam,  v.  13,  p.  770,  Oct.  30,  1879. 

Notes  OD  Pacific  Coast  Fishes  and  Fiiberiea.    By  W.  IT.  LooUnttoo-    <Am. 

Sat.,  V.  13,  pp.  684-687,  Nov.,  18:9. 
Notes  on  some  nndescribcd  Flnhts  of  the  Pacific  Coast.     By  'W.  IT.  Iiodkia§- 

ton.     <Scientiiic  Press  Supiilement,  v.  — ,  p.  76,.Nov.,  1879. 
Carp  Breeding  in  California.     lAnon.     From  ''Sooonta  Index."]    ^Cliiap 

Field,  V.  12,  p.  180,  Kov.  1,  IWJ. 

TrontCiiltureiDKeTndB.   [Aimit.    From"VirKiiuaCityEiitBipriM.'']   <Ott 

cago  Field,  t.  12,  p.  180,  Nov.  1. 1879. 
Fiab  in  Washington  Territory.    [Jmmi.    From  the  "Ezperimeat,"]   <^Cb[ci|* 

Field,  V.  la,  p.  IHO,  Nov.  1, 1879, 

WftshiiiKtoD  Tiiixitorj-.     [Abuiidnocw  of  Trout.     B.v  Mcltsomah,  fMnidat.] 

<  Forest  and  Slreenj,  v.  13,  I'y.  illS-T-.W.  Nov.  6,  1879. 
The  Kcdflah  of  Iilitho.    By  Cbarlea  Bendlre.    <  forust  anil  Strvutn,  t,  U, 
p.  80fi,  with  fig.,  Nov.  13,  16711. 

ITho  flgnre  op|*iini  to  reprrnMit  fiyif/ririo  Ivnxrlyt.) 
California  Notes.     (From  the  ''  l-iai  FTfinciH-'o  Bee."}    <[  Chicago  Field,  v.  U^     i 
p.  ai3,  Nov,  I.%  1879.  I 

<  Fmvst  and  Stream,  v.  13,  p> 

The  Tront  of  Utah.     [Notice  of  irs  risiiig  to  a  fly.]    Fy  C.  B.  Westem 


EnlotphcDiu  eplhexodoD M 

Ephlppn*  lODMa* 77. 23 

Bplof  ph«lii>  clUMu , a 

EtythriDOB in 

KKhKbolU.  Dr,  Frladr 13 

Bnoycloiabliu M 

uavberril 43 

Bnmiciotnmiu U 

BxoecBlu*  eBlUbrDtcu 38,  <a 

fucUtu. Zt 

F. 

Fsrlo  irgyrviu 85.30 

wiron. 3t,»l 

CUrkil ID 

OmtnlDOTi 80 

Hewberrii Zt 

(tellstu* a.at 

UopplUh SO 

fuimtii.  CbtrgoM  A M 

Jlih, extern,  inCslifomU « 

Fli1ieri«a  or  Nortb  Pikciflo 4t 

PluUvrki,  Uii-gon         SS 

FlahM  of  WfomlDK M 

■nbtcnu 

7Ut-a>b 

.FtoDDdfis  «f  Sun  FraooUoo N 

JForbcB.  Eilniinl  M 

Trancliitr,  Osbrld. , Ifcll 

Fnndulua 1 ti 

patiiptnnli 3).  90,1) 

G. 

Gtdoid  flshea,  sfoapaii  ol 37 

gener* 87 

Osdiu  anntUB M 

donotrlpterjglft S 

flmbrU 10 

motrbiui s 

pertH»pu«  .,,.^. ,.. 40 

pntibDiu 21, tj 

prgniBui 10 

Calem  euil*  (G 

Oallatin,  Albort IT 

OuUroileua  bluuleMu 24 

inleimedlui 28,28 

micriKUpbuluB 31,  !E^  42 

plebdus. Zi,13,W,il 

liugBttl 2S,M 

MmWm 24,38,42 

WUliamuui .21,28,42 

OMtnipby«u  pollLiu 44 

G»y,  CUuiJiUB '  10 

GeDfoumui jl 

Glbbniu,  I>r g 

aibbons,  W.P ao,!3 

Qibboiu,  W,  R 40 

3S 

n* 38,42 


GUa.. 


P»8 
..  17, 


CODOcepboU , ..,.. 

CRTegi* 

tinana 1S.W.A 

Emorjl !». 

Jfmrilii  i».3». 

Gnhanil «. 

hydrcipbloi _.^,.^, 

DucnilepldatB 

nlfT* BI, 

phlcgethontli 

robuit* »,Mt4l^ 

■rminadB  «, 

Gilbert.  Cbarln  a 

Gill.  Tb«odoT« 3I,SB,«^ 

GiUicblhra 

mlimbUl. 38,4* 

GilllH,  Lleat.  Ju  U 

Ginrd,  Ur.  Chartea .  .3, 181  IS,  30, 31, 22, 91,  IS,  M. 

Girard,  Edward 

GlritnliDn*  HiuorlpQili 

GiroUn  nturlttuii  

GljpblwidOT]  niblDondiii ^  W 

Gt.vpbtocFphntDi  paclflinia 

ucblnu  

Gobiold  t*npr». 

Goblns  unclllB 

li^fduB  

Nowbeiryl 9S,28 

QoBOrbyocbuB  

Gaudy.  Jobn   

OnUDiuatiiplr  uniB 

Gray,  J.  E 

Gnt'D,  Setb U 

r,rjiL,'«  llin.ii(i.B     

GUDOrlluB  oniatua 21,28 

Gunnlaon,  Capt  J.  7 

lilititUn  AHim S2,3S,a«.a»,3»,40,44 

Uvniniiniunthft 

GyniDololdi 

GyropltfUroduB 

ftanclBcl 

B. 

nalBlnctiiB  rloraolbi 

HbILm 

lIulLbot  fl-blDg 

HoJloek.  ClmrleB... C4G9,«I1 

Hallow,  II,  Eilward   

H.  A.  L 

n,  A.  It 

H»id.-n,  F.  V 48 

Haililt.\yilliam  Carey..., 

II.  D 

H«KbiT,  GeoFRoH 

ncermnnn,  A.  L. 

Helniiihtbji 

lIciDib-pldoliuuibtBU.... K 


INDEX. 


69 


•  Page. 

fitnikpidotiu  apinosoB 27,42 

TUesU 12,16 

marmoratos 21 

Heaahaw,  H.  W 50 

BepCancbiu  maculatua 31 

Bicbert,  William  Henry 18,19 

Hnxinga 40 

Heteiandria  aflinls 19 

occidentalis 19 

Hcterodontua  philipU 38 

Heteroatkhoa 21 

Toatratua 21,27,42 

MtUftotim 16 

Baxactwnmiia 9 

aaper 0 

atelleri 8 

HiBoUej,  W.M 50 

Hippocampna  ingena 27, 30, 44 

Hippogioaaoidea  Jordani '   63 

Hippogloaaoa  oalifomicus 32,43 

vnlgaria 43,62 

Hittel,  John  S 37 

Bolcoiioti 20 

HokoAotoaAgaaaizii 20 

fiiliginoBua 20 

GibbonaU 20 

mogalopa 21 

polchelluB 41 

rhodoterua 20,29,41 

Trowbridgii 21 

Eokvhinoa 36 

Hfilt,aH 60 

HoBuJopoinaa 25 

Tniwbridgii 25,28 

Hooper,  E.  J 49, 50, 53,  55, 56, 57,  58,  63 

Eoplopagrus 34 

Hnbbard,  Samuel  36 

Huruphrt'yg,  A.  A 51 

Hunlingtoii,  J.  V 11 

Hybopeb  bivittatus 52 

timpanogoDHiB 47,  52 

Hyborhyiichus  Hiderius 51,  52 

fljdrolagua 36 

CoUUi 44 

HyoJon 16 

flyptrprosopou  20 

Aga«t<izii 36 

nnaliH 3  J 

arcuatum 41 

arcuatus 20 

argenteum 20, 41 

arj:c-nleiim  var.  cpunctatura        20 

argeDU'Ua 20 

puDCtatum 41 

fl.rpocritlchthy  8 36 

analis 31,41 

^^pwnesus 1J5 

pretiosus 43 

Hrinagunuu 34 

Swanii 53 

flyp«ifiu-lo 30 

Ki-nnerly i 57,  64 

HyPfpsetto 30 

guttulata 43 

HjrpMiruji  Caxyi 41 


Pa£e. 

Hypaypopa 84 

Hyaterocarpoa 20 

Traakii 20,29,41,57 

I. 

Icbthyoroyzon 45 

Irving.  Waahington 13 

iHcbnoaoma 16 

Isoplagiodon 36 

Henlei 44 

J. 

James,  Edwin 11 

Jobnioa  nobilis 33 

Johuaton,  Capt  A.  R 17 

Jonas,  G 61 

Jordan,  D.S 58, 55, 57, 68, 60, 60 

Julia  modestos 21,29 

scmicinctua 82 

J.  W.  B 55 

K. 

Eeeler,  A.B 50 

Kennerly,  Dr.C.B,B 21,26,84 

Kerry,  Mortimer   48 

Klrkpatrlok,  C.  A 82 

KittliU,  F.  H.  V 2t 

Encr,  Dr.  Rudolph 45 

L. 

Labraces 0 

Labracoglosaa 40 

Labrax 9,40 

clathratus 21 

decagrammuB 9, 10 

monopterygius 9,10 

nebulifcr 21 

octogrammus 10 

HuptTciliosus 9, 10 

Laltroids 37 

Labrus  pnlcher 21,  22, 29,  39 

Lamb,  Gordon 03,64 

Lanipctra  ]ilumbea 44 

Lan^,  William 60,62 

Laiit*7. weiTt,  Dr 24 

Lavinia 21 

( ()n)])re88a 22 

contomiis 21 

(M-aMMicauda 21 

oxilicauda 2 1 ,  29, 43 

bareugus 25,20,43 

gibbosa 22 

Lay,  G.  T 14 

LebiaMina 16 

Lelocottua  25 

liirundo 25,  27,  42 

linwttus 23.  28,  34,  41 

LrucisoiiH  canriniiH  15,16 

orogononsia 1 5,  16 

Louco.HomiiH  occidentalis 21 

Lcunard,  Capt.  C.  E.  Barratt 4 

Lopudogastcr 14 

incandriciis 28 

r«'ticulatus 21 

Lcjudogobiua  gracilis 42 


70 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Lepidomeda 47 

Jarrovii 47,51 

vittata 47,51 

Lepidopaetta 36 

Lt^ptocottus 20 

armatiu 20, 27, 42 

Leptognnnellaa  gracilis 23 

Lewia,  Captain 10 

Liparis 14,47 

Liparis  cyclopoa 35 

macosoB 23, 43 

pulchcllus 23,43 

Lookington,  W.  N 53,  Se,  58, 59, 80, 61, 62. 03, 64 

Long,  IC^J.  Stephen  H 11 

Lord,  John  Eeast 40 

Lompenoa  anguillaria 28, 42 

Ltttken,  Dr.  Chr 49 

LqzUqb  ocdden talis 30, 43 

Lyoodes  Tumerii 60 

Lycodoids 37 

M. 

McDonald,  Dancan  George  Forbes 4 

Maofle,  Matthew 39 

Mackerel  catching 45 

Macrodon 16 

MnJor 61 

Mallotas  padflcos 16 

Mon-sncker 40 

Mather,  Fred 57,68,59.60,62,63 

Mayne,  Com.  B.  C 4 

Meda 25 

fulgida 25,51 

Megalocottns 34 

Megalopa 16 

Meletta  ccerulea 21,22,30,43 

Merlangus  prodactna 24, 28, 43 

Mesopus 35 

Metoponops  39 

Cooperi 89,43 

MicristoduB 39 

punctatus 39 

Microgadus 39 

proximus 39 

MicrometruB   20 

aggregatus 20 

mmimoB 20 

Microetomatoids,  note  on 39 

MinomuBJarroTii 47 

platyrbynchuB 47 

MoUienesia 8 

Monmouth 48 

Morm^Tos 16 

Morrhua  califomica 21,22 

proxima 28 

Miiller  &  Henle 18 

Multnomah 63,64 

MursBua  mordax 32,43 

Murphy,  J.M 48 

MuBteluB  califomions 38 

fella 22,31 

MyliobatiB  colifomicua 39 

Mylocheilus  22 

caurinuB 29 

fraterculuB 25, 29, 43 


rajj€c 

I  Mylocheilus  lateralis 22,29 

Mylolencus  parovanus '. 47,52 

pulverulentus 52 

Mylopharodon 23,64 

conocephalns 28,43 

robustuB 28,28,43 

Myrichthys  tigrinuB *S2 

My  tilophaguB 20^ 

fasciatuB 20 

Myxodes  Clegans 88,59 

N. 


Karcine  califomica 

Nancrates  ductor 

Nautichthys 

oculo*£Mciatus 

Nematocentris 

NeoclinuA 


81 

8? 

27 

2» 

40 

27 

Blanchardi 27,28,42 

satiricuB 82 

Nevada  fish  hatchery 00 

Nordhoff,  Charles 47 

Notorhynchus 87 

borealls 88 

maculatns 24, 44 

O. 

Oligocottus  25 

analis 86.27,42 

globiceps 26,27,42 

maculoBus ^27,42 

Oncorhyncbus 84 

Opbicbthvs 40 

Ophidion  Taylori 27,28,43 

Ophidium 14 

stigma 14 

Ophidiarus  califoniiensis 43 

Opbiodon  21 

elongatuB 21,27 

Ophistbognathus 40 

Opiopoma 25 

pnnthcrina 25, 27, 42 

Orc3'nua  pacificus 87,42 

OrtbagoriscuB 14 

analis 32,44 

mola 14 

Orthodon  microlepidotuB 29,43 

Orthopsctta : 3G 

Osmerus  elongatus 22 

pretioBUS 30 

thaleichthys 32, 43 

OsteoglosBum  16 

Otolithus  califomiensis 49 

OxylebiuB 30 

pictuB 86 

Oxyjulis   38 

modest  us 41 


P. 


PuchylabruB 


ynriegatuB 


20 

28 

Pallas 8 

Pallas,  Potro •  lO 

Pallas,  P.S 9 

Pantostens 51 


INDBX. 


69 


•  Page. 

BaflepldotiM  tpiBMiit 27,42 

TilesU 12,16 

inarmorataa 21 

Bwfetw,H.W 50 

liplpadubi  BMculatii* 31 

Mot,  WffliJUB  Henry 18.19 

Imin|i 40 

fiiiciiBdrift  affini* 19 

occid«nt«li8 19 

Jbterodootu  pbUipU 38 

BitemtkbiM 21 

rMtratua ,21,27,42 

Btfcntk 16 

Imgnauniu 9 

Mper 9 

•telleri 8 

BheU^.W.  M 60 

lippoeamp«u  ingeiM 27,30,44 

BinogloMoidM  Jordani '   63 

Hippo|lowiu  californicuB 32,43 

mlgaria 43,62 

Btttel.JobB8 37 

UeoMti 20 

BikMotnaAxaaaizii 20 

ftiUgixioaus 20 

Gibbonaii 20 

megalopa 21 

pnlcbellns 41 

rbodotorua 20,29,41 

TrowbridgU 21 

BdorUiraa 36 

BBk.EII 60 

HnMlapomiia 25 

TrowbridgU 25,28 

SMper,E.J 49, 50, 53, 5^  56, 57,  58, 63 

Hiplopagroa 34 

Bnbbud,  Samuel  36 

BiiMphrtys,  A.  A 51 

Hntinxton,  J.  V 11 

HybopeU  blvittatua 52 

timpaoogenaU 47, 52 

Bjborbyiicbas  aiderius 51, 52 

HydtoUgna 36 

CoUiei 44 

^jodoa 16 

BjperprotopoQ 20 

Agaasizli 36 

asalia 34 

arcuatum 41 

arcoatua 20 

argenteam 20, 41 

argeuieam  var.  a  ponctatum       20 

argenteua 20 

ponctatum 41 

fiypocritlclithys 36 

analia 31,41 

^.^*^ne«aa 35 

pretiosoa 43 

Hypugonua 34 

Swanii 53 

^riiiftrio 36 

Komerlyi 57,64 

4te 36 

41 


Page. 

Hypaypopa 84 

Hyaterocarpna 20 

Traakil 20,29,41,57 

I. 

Icbtbyomyzon 45 

Irving.  Waahington 13 

IttcbnoBoma 16 

laoplagiodon 36 

Hcnlei 44 

J. 

Jamca,  Edwin 11 

Jobnioa  nobilia 33 

Jobnston,  Capt  A.  R 17 

Jona8,C 61 

Jordan,  D.S ....58,55,67,68,69,60 

Julia  modeatna 21,29 

acmicinctuB 82 

J.  W.  B 66 

K. 

Eeeler,  A.B 60 

Kennerly,  Dr.C.B,B 21,26,84 

Kerry,  Mortimer  48 

Eirkpatriok,  C.  A 82 

KlttlltE,  F.  H.  V 27 

Encr,  Dr.  Rndolph 46 

L. 

Labraces 0 

Labracogloaaa 40 

Labraz 9, 40 

cUtbratua 21 

decagrammoa 9,10 

moDopterygiuB 9,10 

nebullfer 21 

octogrammus 10 

Hupcrciliosua 9, 10 

Labroida 37 

LabruA  piilcbcr 21,22,29,30 

Lamb,  Gordon 03,64 

Lonipctra  plombea 44 

I.«iig,  William 60,62 

LanHzwecrt,  Dr 24 

Lavinia 21 

conipresaa 22 

conformis 21 

craasicauda 21 

exilicauda 21, 29, 43 

barengus 25,29,43 

gibboaa 22 

Lay,  G.  T 14 

Lebioitina 16 

Leiocottus 26 

hirundo 25,27,42 

liueatus 23.28,34,41 

Leuciscus  caurinna  15,16 

orogonensia 15, 16 

Lraco8omu8  occidentalis 21 

Lennanl,  Capt.  C.  E.  Barratt 4 

Lcpadogaater 14 

meandricus 28 

reticulatua 21 

Lepidogobins  gracilia 42 


70 


LeptDgaDD»Ua>  gntciUa 

LiKniii,  Ctpuln 

Liparta 

Llpori*  ojclopiu 


lAiklnston.  W.  K SS,  H,  98,  N,  W.  SI,  fli  sa,  M 

Long.  Mai.  Stephen  ? 


^eparimcni   of  ihc   ^niexxox 

U.   &  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


12 


BULLETIN 


OP  THB 


JNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


ISTo.    12 


PUBLISHED  DNDEU  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION. 


WASHINGTON: 

aOTEBNMENT     PRINTING     OFFIOB. 

1878. 

1 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


This  work  is  tbe  twelfth  of  a  seiios  of  papers  iateii<Iei]  to  itiastrate 
tbe  collectioDs  of  ?^:itiiral  History  iiu<l  Etliuolugy  bi-Iongiiiglo  ttie United 
States  ami  constitutiug  the  Nationnl  Museum,  of  which  tho  Smithsouiaii 
iDstitution  WAS  placed  in  charge  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  Auguitt  1(1,, 
1840. 

It  has  been  prepared  at  tbe  request  of  tbe  InsUtntiott,  and  printed  llf 
aathorit;  of  the  hoaornble  Sccretarj-  of  tbe  luterior. 

JOSEPU  BEXEr, 
Si.i:retary  oj  Xl%t  Smitlitfmiati  Insttt 

SKITHSOKTA^C  iNSTirrTlON, 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


ro 


NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY. 


BASED  PRIMARILY  ON  THE 


COLLECTIONS  OF  THK  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


III. 


A. — On  the  Distribotion  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Alleghany  Region  of  l^oath  Caiolinai 
Georgia,  and  Tenoeasee,  with  Descriptions  of  New  or  Little  Known  Species. 

BY 

DAVID     S.   .JORDAN 

AND 

ALEMBERT    W.    BRAYTON. 

B. — A  Synopsis  of  the  Family  Catostomid». 

BY 

DAVID    S.    JORDAN, 


-4^^*"^ 


WASHINGTON: 

OOVBBNMENT    PSINTINO    OFFIOE. 

1878. 


rot 

V  as 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Pago. 
A.— On  the  distribution  of  the  fishes  of  the  Alleghany  Region  of  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  and  Tennessee,  with  descriptions  of  new  or  little  known 

species 7 

List  of  streams  examined 8 

Ssntee  Basin 11 

Savannah  Basin 29 

Altamaha  Basin i 34 

Chattahoochee  Basin ^ 39 

Alabama  Basin 44 

Tennessee  Basin 56 

Camberland  Basin 71 

Rwapitnlation 82 

Table  show in{(  the  diHtributiou  of  species 82 

Distribntion  of  genera 88 

Conclusions 91 

"•-^ynopKis  of  the  family  Catostomidse 97 

Catwtoinina) .* 98 

Cycleptina^ 98 

BobalicUlhyinre 99 

Li*t  of  nominal  species 100 

Analysih  of  genera 103 

G«nu8  Quassilabia 104 

Qna>8ilabia  laccra lUfi 

^"DQsPlacopharynx 107 

I'lacopharynx  carinutuH 108 

^nns  Myxostoma 110 

%xostoma  carpio 118 

%X08tDma  euryops 119 

%X(KHU»tna  luacrolepidotiim 120 

%xo8toma  anreoliim 124 

^bxobtoma  craHsilubre 126 

^^yxojjtoiua  ronus 126 

%xo8toma  anisara 126 

%Xo8tonBa  pcBcilura 128 

%xoeU)ma  ulbidum 129 

^^^xostoma  cerviuuni 12^> 

%xo8toma  albnm 130 

%Xo!jtoma  thalassioum 131 

^^JXostoma  velatum 132 

**yxo8toiua  congestnin ^ 133 

%X08t«mapidien8O....*. 133 

V          %xoHtoina  coregonus 134 

^Jv^nstonia  papillosum 134 

^^Hfaiytiwiia 13('» 

138 

5 


TABLE   OP   C0:NTENT8. 

Page. 

Genus  Erimyzon 140 

Erimyzon  sucetta - 144 

Erimyzon  goodei 148 

Q«nn8  Cbasmistes ^ 149 

Cbasmistes  fecandns 150 

Genus  Catostomus* 151 

Catostonins  nigricans 162 

Catostomns  clarki 165 

Catostomns  insignis 165 

Catostomns  teres 166 

Catostomns  macrocbilua .^ 171 

Catostomns  oceidentalis 172 

Catostomns  labiatns 173 

Catostomns  araiopns -  173 

Catostomns  taboensis 173 

Catostomns  rostratns 174 

Catostomns  longirostris 175 

Catostomns  retropinnis 178 

Catostomns  latipinnis 178 

Catostomns  discobolus *. 179 

Genus  Pantostens 180 

Pantostens  virescens 182 

Pantostens  platyrbynchns 183 

Pantostens  generoens 183 

Pantostens  plebein% 184 

Genus  Cycleptus 186 

Cycleptns  clougatus 189 

Genus  Carpiodes 190 

Carpiodes  diffonuis 195 

Carpiodes  cntisanserinus 195 

Carpiodes  velifer 196 

Carpiodes  bison T 197 

Carpiodes  tbompsoni 198 

Cairpio<]cs  cyprinus 193 

Carpiodes  carpio 200 

Genus  Bubalichthys i>01 

Bnbalicbtbys  bnbalns HOG 

Bubalicbtbys  urns 209 

Bubalicht bys  racridioniilis 210 

Genus  Icbtbyobns 211 

Icbtbyobns  bubahis 214 

Genus  Myxocy prinus 217 

Myxocyprinns  asiaticus - 217 

Addendum SJig 

Cbasmistes  liorus 219 

Catostomns  fecundus 219 

Bibliograpby 221 

Index ; 231 


/ 


CONTRIBUTIONS 

TO 

NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY. 

No.  3. 


A.. 

STHE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  THE  FISHES  OF  THE  •  ALLEGHANY 
REGION  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA,  GEORGIA,  AND  TENNESSEE, 
WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  OR  LITTLE  KNOWN  SPECIES. 


By  David  S.  Jordan  and  Alembert  W.  Brayton. 


This  paper  is  based  primarily  on  the  collections  made  by  the  present 
^tera,  assisted  by  Mr.  C.  II.  Gilbert,  and  a  party  of  students  from 
Batler  University,  daring  the  past  summer  (1877),  in  various  streams  of 
Sooth  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Tennessee.  For  the  purpose  of  a  more 
oomplete  discussion  of  questions  of  geographical  distribution,  the  au- 
thors have  brought  together,  with  their  own  observations,  those  previ- 
ously made  on  the  fishfaunsB  of  the  same  streams  by  other  writers, 
specially  the  observations  on  the  fishes  of  the  Tennessee  Basin  by 
Professor  Agassiz  ;•  those  on  the  fishes  of  the  basins  of  the  Santeet 
(Catawba),  Tennessee,}  and  Cumberland,  ||  by  Professor  Cope,  and  on 
the  fishes  of  the  Cumberlaud,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  and   Altamaha 

'Notice  of  a  Collectioti  of  Fishes  from  the  Soathero  Hend  of  the  TeuDcssee  Rivor,  in 
t^  State  of  Alabama.    By  L.  Agassiz.     <  American  Journal  Sci.  Arts,  1^54,  pp.  207- 

♦Partial  Synopsis  of  the  Fishes  of  North  Carolina.  By  E.D.Cope.  <  Proc.Am.Philos. 
^  Phila.  1870.  pp.  44S-495. 

♦On  the  distribation  of  Fresh- water  Fishes  in  the  Alleghany  Region  of  Sonth-western 
^Bginia.    By  E.  D.  Cope,  A.  M.     <  Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  new  series,  vol.  vi, 
t  ia,  Jumary,  1S69,  pp.  207-247. 

'«M  EUMMtomine  Perch  irom  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina.    By  £.  D.  Cope. 

'O.iR  *70. 


8         CONTBIBUTIOSS  TO  NOBTH  4IfBBICAN  ICnTHTOLOOY — m. 

basins  by  Professor  Jordan.*  Tbe  purpose  of  tbia  papecistogix 
r^umi  of  all  that  is  certainly  known  in  regard  to  tbe  icbtbyolog; 
the  seven  bydrograpbic  basins  embraced  in  its  scope,  viz,  tbe  Sao: 
Savannah,  Altamaba,  Cliattahoochef ,  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  Ci 
bcrland.  For  purposes  of  comparison,  a  table  of  distribution  of  spei 
is  added,  which  includes,  in  addition,  what  is  known  of  the  flah-fiu: 
of  the  James,  Roanoke,  Nense,  Great  Pedee,  Aid  Ohio. 

The  following  is  a  clasaifled  list  of  the  streams  which  have  been 
amined  in  each  water-basin  included  in  Ibis  paper,  with  a  word  or  I 
suggestive  of  the  character  of  each. stream.  The  collections  in  ev 
case  were  made  by  one  or  both  of  the  present  writers,  nnless  otberv 

LIST  OF  STEEAMS   EXAMINED. 
I. — SANTEB  BASIH. 

1.  OatAwba  River  and  tributaries  in  North  Carolina.     (Cope,  18C9,) 

2.  Ennoree  Giver,  near  Chick  Springs,  S.C.    {Deep,  mnddy,  andrap 

3.  Reedy  River,  at  Greenville  Court-House,  S.  C.    (Muddy.) 

4.  Saluda  River,  at  Fair's  Mills,  west  of  Greenville.     {Clear  and  ra[ 

a  fine  seining-ground.) 

It. — SATANKAH  BASIN. 

1.  Tugaloo  River,  Ilabersham  County,  Qn.,  just  below  month  of  PantI 

(Clear,  broad  rapids.) 

2.  Panther  Creek,  north  of  Toccoa  City,  Ga.    (Clear  mooutaio-strea 


ON   THE   FI8HES   OF    THE   ALLEGHANY   REGION.  9 

4.  OeuiQlgeo  Biver,  Macon,  Ga.     (Collectiou  of  Dr.  T.  H.  Bean  and 
other  members  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission.) 

IV. — CHATTAHOOCnEE  BASIN. 

L  Chattaboochee  Biver  at  Shallow  Ford,  northwest  of  Gainesville,  Ga. 

(Broody  shallow^  rapid ;  water  moderately  clear.) 
1  SawaDoee  Creek,  near  Suwannee,  Gwinnett  County,  Ga.     (Deep, 

maddy^  and  very  cold.  Contains  chiefly  Codoma  eurystoma.) 
3.  Peach  Tree  Creek,  just  north  of  Atlanta.  (Deep  and  muddy.) 
i  Nancy's  Creek,  northwest  of  Atlanta.    (Clear  and  rapid.) 

5.  Flint  Eiver,  in  Taylor  County.    (Collection  of  Dr.  Hugh  M.  Neisler 
in  United  States  National  Museum.) 

V. — ALABAMA  BASIN. 

A. — Etotcah  River. 

1.  Pettis  Creek,  near  Cartersville,  Ga.    (Clear,  rocky.) 

2.  Silver  Creek,  near  Bome,  Ga.    (Clear,  rapid ;  a  fine  stream  for  col- 
lecting.) 

3.  Dyke's  Creek  and  Pond,  near  Rome,  Ga.    (Cle^r  and  cold.) 

B, — Oostanaula  River, 

4.  Rocky  Creek,  near  Floyd  Springs,  Ga.    (A  fine,  clear  stream.) 

5.  John's  Creek,  near  Floyd  Springs.    (Clear.) 

6.  Lovejoy's  Creek,  near  Floyd  Springs.    (A  small  sandy  Ptreanc,  full 
of  fishes.) 

7.  Big  Annuchee  Creek,  above  Rome.     (Clear.) 
^-  BigDrj*  Creek,  near  Rome.     (A  succession  of  weedy  rock-pools.) 
^'  Liitle  Dry  Creek,  near  Rome.    (Like  the  preceding.) 

10.  Waterb's  Creek,  above  Rome.    (Muddy  and  rocky.) 

11.  Lavender  Creek,  in  Texas  Valley,  Ga.    (A  small  clear  stream.) 

C. — Coosa  River. 

^  Beecb  Creek,  near  Rome.    (Muddy.) 

15-  Horseieg  Creek,  near  Rome.     (Rocky,  clear.) 

1^-  Little  Cedar  Creek,  at  Cave  Spring,  Ga.  (A  fine-,  clear,  cold  streani. 
One  of  the  best  for  the  collection  of  fishes.  Abounds  in  Xenisma 
Mliferum^  Hydrophlox  chrosomuHy  Codoma  callistia^  and  other 
beautiful  species.) 

9er,  near  Montgomery^  Ala.    (Collection  of  Dr.  Bean  and 


10      CONTBIBOTIONB  TO  NOETH  AMKEICAN  ICHTHYOLOGT — ^IIL 
TI.— TENNESSEE  BASIN. 

A.—.Ujpper  Course. 

1.  OliiioU  River,  tribntartes  in  Soutliwestern  Yirglnia.    (Oope,  IfK 

2.  PowoH'8  River,  near  Cumberlnud  Gnp.     (Clear.) 

3.  ludian  Creek,  neiir  Ciimberlunil  Gap.    (Clear.)  * 

4.  Station  Greet,  near  Cumberland  Gap.    (Clear.) 

5.  Uolstou    River,    various   tributaries    \a    Sonthwcatem   Virt 

(Cope,  1868.) 
It.  Frvtivli  Braid  River,  at  Newport,  Teno.     (Rather  deep  and  ma 
7.  Frviich  Broad  Eiver,  about  Warm  Spriogs,  N.  C,  ABheville,  - 

nnd  elsewhere.)     (Cope,  18C9.)     (Rapid,  rocky,  aod   gew 

dear.) 
S.  U\e  I'igeon  River,  at  Cliffton,  TeoD.    (Rather  clear.) 
9.  Svrnnnumxi  River,  at  foo;  of  Black  Mountaiu.    (Clear,  cold  m 

aiu  stream,  with  tront.) 

B.—lAnrcr  Courte. 

ItV  OhickdinanfEa  River,  at  Rtuggold,  Ga.     (Ratber  clear  aad 
iwky.) 

1 1.  Tirilwtarii's  of  Tennessee  Kiver,  abool  Hnntsville,  Ala.    {Agi 

NewmanV  ci>llwtion,  ISill.) 

12.  Tribn;ariei>  of  Tennessee  River,  nltoDt  Florence,  Ala.    (Storer,  1 


FI8HB8  OF  THE  6 ANTES  BASIN.  11 

The  Banteei  SaTannah,  Altamaba,  and  Ghattahoocheo  have  been 
ezuBined  only  in  that  part  of  their  coorse  which  flows  over  metainor- 
phie  rocks.  The  three  western  streams  have  been  studied  chiefly  in  the 
Kimtooe  regions.  The  litbological  cbaracter  of  the  bed  of  a  stream 
hu  fi  oertain  influence  on  its  fish-fauna,  as  will  be  seen  hereafter.  Gen* 
enQy  limestone  streams  are  richer  in  si>ecies  than  those  with  granitic 
bottoms. 

The  types  of  the  new  species  described  below  are  deposited  in  the 
Doited  States  National  Museum  at  Washington,  and  in  the  Mnsenm  of 
Bitto  Univendtyi  Indianapolis,  Indio^^a. 

I.— SANTBE  BASIN. 

Thirty-nine  species  are  ascertaioed  to  occur  in  the  headwaters  of  the 
Santee  River,  thirty-three  having  been  obtained  by  Professor  Oope  in 
the  Catawba  Biverin  North  Oarolina,  and  tbirty  by  the  present  writers 
it  the  Saluda  and  Ennoree  in  South  Carolina.  Of  these  thirty  nine 
ipedes,  ten  are  not  as  yet  known  irom  any  other  hydrographio 
besin.  These  are :  Alvardivs  craamsy  iTothanotua  thalasHnuSj  Ceratickthys 
hhroMUij  Ceratichikys  zanemua^  Codoma  pyrrhomelaa^  Codoma  chlorUtla^ 
fhiftogeais  niveus^  Albumops  chlorocephaXus^  Alburnopa  saludanvSy  and 
M^iBtoma  album.  The  appiirent  absence  of  Luxilus  comutus  in  the 
Great  Pedee,  Sautee,  Savannali,  Altamaha,  and  Chattahoochee  Ba^iusis 
remarkable,  as  that  species  is  abiiodant  in  the  tributaries  of  the  Neuse  on 
the  east  and  the  Alabama  on  the  west,  as  in  all  streams  northward  to 
Minnesota  and  New  England. 

Tke8{)ecies  most  abundant  as  to  individuals,  in  the  Saluda  at  least, 
i*  probably  KotropU  photogenia.  Next  to  this  come  Codoma  pyrrhome- 
'fliaud  Ccratichthys  bigtittatus.  Of  the  Catosiomidw^  Myxostoma  cervinum' 
•eems  to  be  the  predominant  species;  of  the  SlluridaSj  Amiurufi  brun- 
WKi,  and  of  the  Centrarchidcdj  Lepiopomun  auritus.  The  chief  food- 
flsiies  at  Greenville,  S.  C,  are  the  "Mud  Cats"  {Amiurus  brunneua  and 
ptoti/cephalus)y  the  '* Fine-scaled  Sucker''  {Catostomus  commerHoni)^  the 
Eel  (Anguilla  milgaris)^  the  "Spotted  Sucker"  (Minytreviamelanaps),  the 
^l^^Tch'"  {Lepiopomus  auritus)^  the  "War-mouth  Perch"  (Cft(cwo&ry«M« 
wVWiir),  the  "Jack"  (Esox  reticulatus)^  and  the  "Jump  Bocks"  (Myxo- 
i^a  cervinum). 


12      CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AXERICJLS  ICHTHYOLOOT — ^UI 

ETHEOSTOMATID^. 

Gemis  ALVORDIUS  Girard, 
I.  Altobdids  cbassds,  sp,  nor. 
Klhtetloma  uamlalum  vor.  Copk,  Proc.  Am.  Philoa.  Soo.  1870,  261,  262,  and  »S.  (Set 
ttadnpttru*  tnanlain*  (iirard.) 

A  Hiieciea  bvnniig  considerable  resemblance  to  A.  aspro,  but  lea 
diHtliivtly  iiinrkei)  iiiid  more  licavily  built,  tbe  form  being  less  gracernl 
tbut)  tl)At  of  tbe  oUier  members  of  tho  genus.  Bod;  considerably  com- 
pifawtl,  tbe  ilt'pth  4j  times  in  length  to  origin  of  caudal  (as  in  all  cmh 
ill  this  [Ht|H>r).  ileud  comiiuratively  sbort,  3^-  in  lengtb ;  the  BDOOt 
nuHlium,  nut  ncumimUe  as  iu  A.  phoxLcephalua,  jior  especially  obtaw. 
Kyt>  iiKHlentto,  h8  long  us  snout,  4  in  head.  Mouth  rather  small  for  tit 
gi'nus,  uearly  liorizuntiil,  the  upper  jatr  but  little  the  longer:  nppa 
j«w  not  im>jei'tiU> :  mnxtllury  reaching  anterior  margin  of  eye. 

Cl)(H.'kti  naked:  oiK>ix:les  with  a  fe\r  scales  above:  back  and  bnnit 
uaketl :  middle  line  of  belly  iu  some  specimens  naked :  in  otben  nith 
eiilarj^M  i>lalr&.     Seales  on  the  botly  nither  larger  than  osaal,  about 

Fin»  modomtely  develo|KHl:  dorsal  XII-I.  10,  \-nr\ing  to  XI-1, 11; 
ail  iiH^misp  in  tho  uuwt>er  of  the  spines,  as  osaal,  accompanying  * 
dM'Tvas«>  ill  the  nnuilter  of  soft  rays,  a  rule  apparently  not  hitherto 
tKtik'vd.  and  ix'fhaps  nut  of  gouenil  applicatioo.    Tbe  two  donal  flu 


^8H£S   OF  THE   SANTEE   BASIN.  13 

Genus  BOLEOSOMA  DeKay. 

2.  BOLEOSOMA  MAGULATICEPS   Copc. 

Mmma  maetilaticepa  Cope  (1870),  Proc.  Am.Pbilos.  Soc.  269  and  450.     (Catawba 
B.)— Jordan  Sl  Copklamd  (1^76),  Check  List  (Bull.  Baffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.), 
lea.    (Name  only.) 
Mh  maaUaHorp9  Jordan  (1877),  Ball.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  s,  15.    (Name  only.) 
^fkmma  olmstedi  Jordan  (1877),  Add.  N.  Y.  Lye  Nat.  Hist.  368.    (Ocmulgee  River.) 

A  single  specimen  taken  in  the  Saluda  Biver  at  Farr's  Mills  answers 
doselj  to  Professor  Cope's  description.  The  npper  part  of  the  cheeks 
kaTe,  however,  a  few  scattering  scales.  This  species  is  a  true  Boleosoma, 
Altboagh  the  type  of  Bolcosoma  has  but  a  single  anal  spine  and  B.  effuh 
^maod  B.  maculaticeps  have  two  anal  spines,  the  essential  character  of 
those  spines  is  the  same  in  both  cases,  and  the  genus  Arlina^  based  on 
B^efulgens^  is  a  synonym  of  Boleoaoma.  In  Boleosoma,  the  spines  are 
ill  weak  and  flexible,  and  those  of  the  anal  especially  so.  In  most  or 
an  of  the  other  genera  of  Etheoatomatidce^  the  anal  spines  are  stiff  and 
loug,  and,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  the  first  spiite  is  the  longer  of  the 
two.  In  the  species  of  Boleosoma,  with  two  anal  spines,  the  two  spines 
ireoDeqnal,  the  second  the  longer,  both  extremely  slender  and  flexible; 
iK)t  at  all  ^'  spinel-like,  except  that  they  are  not  inarticulate.  This 
feeble  condition  of  the  spines  seems  to  constitute  the  chief  generic 
character  of  Boleosoma, 

Two  of  the  species  provisionally  referred  by  Professor  Jordan  (Bull, 
U.S.  Nat.  Mns.  x)  to  ^^Arlina^\  viz,  Arlina  stigmcea  Jor.  and  A,  airipin- 
»«  Jor.,  have  the  anal  spines  well  developed,  as  usual  in  Etheostomatidce. 
These  two  species  and  their  congeners  apparently  constitute  a  distinct 
genas,  differing  from  Diplesium  in  the  toothed  vomer  and  from  Notho- 
w/w  ia  the  protractile  npper  jaw.  For  this  genus,  the  name  of 
Vhcentra  (Jordan)  has  been  suggested  (Man.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  p.  223),  in 
allQgiou  to  the  development  of  the  spines. 

Genus  NOTHONOTUS  Agassiz 

3.  NoTUONOTUS  thalassinus,  «/?.  nov. 

A  handsome  species,  differing  from  the  others  now  referred  to  this 
L   8«DUjiin  the  entire  nakedness  of  the  head. 

^T  rather, stout,  the  depth   about  5  times  in  the  length,  com- 

the  back  somewhat  arched.    Head  large,  4  in  length, 
and  convex  in  profile;  a  pretty  decided  angle 


14  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMEBICAN  ICHT^OLOQT — HI. 
opposite  the  e;e.  Eyes  larfi^o,  ),jgi]  ap^  longer  tban  the  mozzlc,  3 
ia  bead :  ioterorbital  space  ratber  narrow,  the  eye  having  some  opwat 
raDge.  Moutb  mixlerate,  sbghtly  obliqae,  the  maxillary  n-achiug  1 
orbit.  Upper  ji(\r  eligiitly  longer  than  the  lower,  not  protractile,  ties 
eotirely  naki-d,  both  ubeeliB  and  opercles  being  destitute  of  scaler 

Scales  large,  5-il!-5.  Uelly  scaled:  throat  naked:  ucck  anterior 
naked,  but  scaly  io  front  of  the  dorsal :  lateral  line  complete. 

Flus  all  large :  U,  X-1, 10,  or  lX-1,  II,  the  oiembraoe  of  the  first  dc 
sat  continued  to  the  base  of  the  second:  longest  dorsal  spinealitl 
over  balf  the  length  of  the  bead,  scarcely  shorter  tbati  the  solt  ray 
the  base  of  the  spinous  dorsal  a  little  lunger  thaa  that  of  the  soft  ilc 
sat.  Anal  IT,  8,  rather  smaller  thaa  set^oud  dorsal,  the  first  spiue  longi 
and  larger  than  the  second.  Caudal  tin  deeply  Innate,  almost  forhe 
Pectoral  and  ventral  fins  large;  the  former  reaching  nearly  to  the  veui 
the  latter  somewhat  shorter. 

Color,  in  spirits:  Olive,  closely  mottled  and  tessellated  above  witl 
dark  green ;  this  color  extending  down  the  sider*,  forming  fix  or  eigbl 
irregular  dark  green  bars.  Head  daik  green ;  a  dark  green  line  dom 
word  from  eye  and  another  forward.  Fins  in  males  nearly  plain,  Ibc 
spinous  dorsal  with  a  black  edge ;  females  with  all  tbu  tins  except  tbi 
ventrals  closely  barred  or  speckled  with  dark  green.  Two  paleoru>e( 
spots  at  the  base  of  the  caudal. 

Lite-colors :  The  colors  of  a  male  specimen  in  life  are  as  follows:  Bodj 
dark  olive  and  blotched  above:  sides  with  nine  dark  blue-green  veitiMl 


nSHES  OF  THE'  SANTEE   BASIN.  1 5 

Genus  ETHEOSTOMA  Eafinesque. 
4.  Etheostoma  flabellare  Kaf. 

(CaUmoius  flabellatua  Aact.) 

Three  specimens  doabtfuUy  referred  to  this  species  were  obtained  by 
Ffoteoer  Cope  in  tbe  Catawba  River. 

CENTRARCHIDJ]. 

Genus  MICROPTERUS  LacepMe. 

5.  MiOROPTEBUS  PALLiDUS  {Rafinesque)  QUI  d;  Jordan. 

Professor  Cope  obtained  this  species  in  the  Catawba.  We  collected 
iKKiein  the  Saluda  or  Euuoree,  bat  we  were  told  that  ^^  Trout '\  as  the 
species  of  Micrapteruit  are  universally  called  in  the  South,  are  frequently 
tikeo  there. 

Genus  CHiENOBRYTTUS  Gill  4 

6.  Ch^nobryttus  viridis  {Guv.  &  Vol,)  Jordan. 

The  War-mouth  Perch  occurs  in  abundance  in  the  Saluda,  and  appar- 
tttly  ID  all  the  South  Atlantic  streams.  Cope  says  that  it  is  exceedingly 
conmoD  in  all  the  streams  of  Eastern  North  Carolina,  and  that  it  is 
known  as  the  Red  eyed  Bream  on  the  Catawba.  This  species  is  very 
Ately  related  to  C.  gulosusy  dififering  chiedy  in  the  color  and  in  the 
•wnewhat  less  robust  form.    It  may  be  only  a  variety. 

Genus  LEPIOPOMUS  Rafinesque. 

7.  LEPIOPOMUS  AURiTUS  (LinncBus)  Raf. 

^  my  specimens  of  this  sp^ies  from  the  Saluda  have  a  dusky  blotch 
^bar  at  the  base  of  the  soft  dorsal,  a  feature  of  coloration  not  shown  by 
^y  Northern  s|)ecimens.  This  is  a  widely  diffused  species,  and,  like  most 
**ch|  is  quite  variable. 

Genus   EUPOMOTIS  Gill  &  Jordan. 

8.  EuPOMOTis  AUREUS  {Walbaum)  Gill  &  Jordan. 

^*^ies8or  Cope  obtained  this  species  in  Catawba  River.    We  have 
it  in  the  fe!         m  States.    It  is  probably  chiefly  con- 


16      COHTRIBUTIOKS  TO  KOBTH  AUEBICAN  ICHTHYOLOOT — HI. 
ESOCID^. 

Genus  ESOX  Linneeus. 

g.  Esox  BET1CULA.TC8  Le  Sueur. 

Very  common.  We  are  unable  to  distJDguisb  tbe  Sonthern  foi 
[jgiuiUratm  Say,  a^n'u  Holbrook}  as  even  rarietally  distiuct  from  tl 
Nortliern  reticulatua. 

10.  ESOX  EAVENELI  Holbrook. 

Obt^ned  by  Professor  Cope  in  tbe  Catawba.  Its  specific  distinctit 
from  E.  americanus  timeliii  api>earH  questionable. 

salmonidj:. 

Genus  SALVJ:L1NUS  Itkhardson. 

II.  Salveliiv'Ds  FONT1NAL1S  (JlfJtc/iifO  GUI  A  Jordan. 

Tbis  s[>eciea  was  found  by  Professor  Cope  iu  the  headnatera  of  t 
Catawba  Jiiver. 

CYPRINID^. 

Genus  CAMPOSTOMA  Agassis. 

12.  CAMPOSTOMA  ANUHALUX  {R"/-)  ^3- 


FISHES   OF  THE   SANTEE   BASIN.  17 

talent  to  the  sobgenerio  section  of  Albumops  or  ^^  Hybopsia^^  called 
EndioniuB  by  Oiranl. 

Body  elon^te,  but  compared  with  its  immediate  relatives,  hudsoninsj 
onanu,  aod  8torerianu8j  short  and  thick ;  moderately  compressed,  the 
depth  4|  in  length :  caadal  pedancle  shortened,  4f  in  length  :  head  large, 
4  times  in  length,  relatively  heavy  and  gibbous  forward,  the  snout 
roonded  in  profile,  as  in  A.  hudsonius.  Eye  large,  rather  wider  than 
interorbital  space,  about  equal  to  snout,  3^  in  head. 

Hooth  moderate,  snbinferior,  the  maxillary  not  reaching  to  eye. 

Scales  large,  thin,  and  loose,  5-39-3,  about  twelve  in  front  of  the  dor-* 
Ml  fin.   Lateral  line  somewhat  decurved  in  front. 

Fio8  moderately  developed.  Dorsal  beginning  in  advance  of  ventrals, 
If  8;  its  first  ray  nearer  snout  than  caudal.  Anal  I,  8,  rather  small. 
Pectorals  not  reaching  to  ventrals,  the  latter  not  to  vent. 

Color  clear  olivaceous,  nearly  white,  like  the  rest  of  the  group,  some 
H>eciineDS  showing  a  faint  plumbeous  lateral  line. 

Teeth  1,  4-4, 1,  two  or  three  of  the  principal  row  obtuse,  not  hooked ; 
ooijone  or  two  of  the  teeth  usually  showing  a  masticatory  face. 

Habitat — Abundant  in  Saluda  River,  where  it  reaches  a  length  of 
sboQt  foar  inches.    Also  obtained  by  Professor  Cope  from  the  Catawba* 

The  peculiar  characters  of  this  species  have  been  noticed  by  Pro- 
fcwor  Cope,  who,  however,  was  disposed  to  consider  it  a  variety  of 
B.  amarus.  It  differs  from  our  specimens  of  what  we  consider  to  be 
tbe  latter  species  (from  Ocmulgee  liiver)  in  the  smaller  eye,  the  thicker 
kead,  shorter,  deeper  bodj-,  more  decurved  front,  and  shorter  caudal 
i^oncle.  In  amarusj  the  eye  is  3  in  head,  the  head  4f  in  length,  and 
tbe  caadal  i)eduncle  3|. 

^e  have  been  disposed  to  unite,  under  the  generic  name  LuxilvSy  a 
^ge  uamber  of  species  forming  a  series  the  extremes  of  which  bear 
Kttle  resemblance  to  each  othc^r  or  to  the  means,  but  which  form  a  chain 
"ttonbroken  that  it  is  difficult  to  draw  any  generic  lines  among  them. 

ITbat this  group  may  ultimately  be  broken  up  into  natural  genera  is  very 
Probable,  but  the  groups  thus  far  proposed  have  not  received  very 
•»ti«factory  definition. 
These  species  agree  (a)  in  the  absence  of  any  special  modification, 
^ther  of  mouth,  fins,  or  alimentary  canal ;  {b)  in  the  dentition,  the 
"^h  being  in  one  or  two  rows,  always  four  in  the  principal  row  of 
"*iiriftl  type,  and  some  or  aU  of  them  provided  with  a  grinding 
And  io  Bometpafli       iviysi  one  edge  of  the  masticatory 


18       CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — lU. 

surface  is  more  or  less  creuate,  especially  in  yoang  individaals ;  (o)  the 
aual  fin  is  always  short,  containing  from  seven  to  nine  rays;  (d)  the 
dorsal  fin  is  never  inserted  very  far  behind  the  ventrals ;  (e)  the  lateral 
line  is  developed  and  continuous. 

The  species  dififer  much  among  themselves  in  size,  nuptial  dress,  and 
general  appearance,  notably  in  the  squamation,  the  scales  of  the  typical 
species  of  Luxilua  being  closely  imbricated  and  much  hight^r  than  long, 
while  in  the  gronp  called  Hudsonius  the  two  dimensions  of  the  scales  are 
»early  equal.  The  scales  themselves,  in  Hudsonius^  are  thin  and  loosely 
imbricated.  Within  certain  limits,  the  position  of  the  dorsal  varies  also. 
In  HudsonitiSy  its  first  ray  is  in  advance  of  the  insertion  of  the  ventrals; 
in  LtuciliM  and  AlburtiopSy  usually  directly  opposite ;  in  Photogenis  and 
HydrophloXj  distinctly  posterior.  The  form  of  the  mouth  varies  largely : 
in  L.ooccogeni8y  it  is  wide  and  ojblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting.  In 
the  typical  species  of  Alburnops  and  HudsoniuSy  the  mouth  is  small  and 
more  or  less  inferior. 

The  species  may  be  provisionally  grouped  as  follows,  under  five  groups, 
four  of  which  may  be  considered  as  distinct  genera.    Those  species 
whose  position  is  doubtful  are  indicated  by  a  mark  of  interrogation : — 
A. — LuxiLUS  Rafinesque.     (Scales  very  closely  imbricated,  much  deep- 
er than  long:  teeth2, 4-4, 2,  entire:  dorsal  fin  inserted  directly  op- 
posite  ventrals:   month    terminal:   size    large:    nuptial   dress 
peculiar ;  type  Gyprinus  cornutua  Mit.) 
eomutus  Mit.  coccogenis  Cope. 

seUne  Jor. 
B. — Photogenis  Cope.  (Scales  pretty  closely  imbricated,  deeper  than 
long:  teeth  1,  4-4,  1,  more  or  less  crenate  (rarely  one-rowed  1) : 
dorsal  fin  behind  ventrals,  always  with  a  black  spot  on  the  last 
rays  behind  :  males  in  spring  tuberculate,  the  lower  fins  and  the 
tips  of  the  vertical  fins  filled  with  satin-white  pigment  in  spring: 
mouth  terminal,  the  upper  jaw  longest :  size  medium ;  type  P. 
spilopterus  Cope  =  Cyprinella  analostana), 
analoatnnus  Girard.  nivetts  Cope. 

galacturus  Cope.  iris  Cope  (!). 

Icucopus  J.  &  B. 
C. — Hydrophlox  Jordan.     (Scales  less  closely  imbricated,  somewhat 
deeper  than  long;  teeth  usually  2,  4-4,  2,  often  more  or  less 
crenate :  dorsal  fin  distinctly  behind  ventrals,  unspotted :  breed- 
ing dress  pecnliar,  thema'es  almost  always  red :  mouth  terminal, 


I 


FISHES   OF  THE    SANTEE   BASIN.  19 

obliqae,  the  apper  jaw  nsaall}^  slightly  the  longer :   size  ver} 
small;  type  Eybopsis  rubricroceus  Coi^i^.) 

roBeus  Jordan.  chrosomus  Jor. 

rubrioroeeus  Cope.  xamocephalus  Jor. 

l^fpinnis  J.  &  B.  plumheolu8  Gope. 

chUitiev$  Goiie.  bivittatus  Cope. 

ekalifbcBfis  Cope.  lacertosus  Cope. 

D.«-ALBnBNOPs  Girard.  (Scales  rather  loosely  imbricated:  teeth 
4-4,  or  ly  4-4,  1 :  dorsal  fin  inserted  over  ventrals,  unspotted : 
sexes  alike:  mouth  more  or  less  inferior,  horizontal  or  oblique: 
size  small ;  type  Alhumops  blennius  Grd.) 

microsta^Hus  Raf.  timpanogenais  Cope. 

volueellus  Co[>e.  cliloracephalu8  Cope. 

9peetrunculus  Cope.  fretensis  Cope. 

procne  Coi>e.  nuMlus  Forbes. 

tiramineus  Cope.  blcnn%U8  Ord. 

iuditanus  Cope  (t).  shumardi  Grd. 

miMurienn^  Cope.  illecebrosus  Grd. 

sc^Zia  Cope. 

^^HuDSONius  Girard.  (Scales  thin  and  loosely  imbricated :  teeth  1, 
4-4, 1  or  2,  the  grinding  surface  often  distorted :  dorsal  inserted 
in  advance  of  ventrals:  colors  silvery :  sexes  alike:  mouth  in- 
ferior: body  elongate,  the  head  comparatively  short:  size 
medium ;  type  Clupea  hudsonia  Clinton.) 
taludanus  J.  &  B.  amarua  Girard* 

hudsonius  Clinton.  storerianus  Kirtland. 

We  have  substituted  the  name  Albumops  Grd.  for  the  earlier  name 
^iiopna^  as  we  think  that  the  latter  genus  was  founded  on  a  species  of 

15.  Alburnops  chloeocephalus  (Cope)  J.  &  B. 

^9^>9ptis  chlorooephaluB  CoPE  (1870),  Proc.  Am.  F»hilo8.  Soc.  461. 

'Hiis  beautiful  little  fish  is  abundant  in  the  clear  rapid  waters  of  the 

Salada.    It  resembles  H.  rubricroccua,  but  is  smaller  and  stouter- bodied, 

^th  smaller' mouth.    The  scales  in  front  of  the  dorsal  are  fewer  (about 

It)  in  number.    The  teeth  are  1,  4-4, 1  (2,  4-4,  2,  in  rubricroceua).    The 

meebnens  are  profusely  tuberculate  on  the  snout  and  ante-dorsal 

^"^nefoond  this  species  abundant  in  the  clear  waters 


20       CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — lU. 

Genus  PHOTOGENIS  Cope. 

16.  PHOTOGENIS  NIVEUS  {Gope)  J.  &.  B. 
Eyhop9ia  niveu9  Cope  (1870),  Proc.  Am.  Pbilos.  Soo.  4G1. 

A  very  pale  species,  related  to  Photogenia  analostanus  and  P.  galacturus^ 
rather  than  to  the  species  of  ^^Hyhopsis^^  to  which  genus  Professor  Coi^e 
referred  it.  My  specimens  are  all  very  white,  with  a  narrow  bluish 
stripe  along  the  caudal  peduncle,  which  sometimes  forms  a  faint  spot 
at  base  of  caudal.  In  male  specimens,  the  snout  and  ante-dorsal  region 
are  covered  with  small  tubercles.  In  males,  the  dorsal  An  is  considerably 
elevated.  In  color,  the  dorsal  fin  is  largely  dusky  on  the  last  rays,  the 
most  of  the  fin  somewhat  creamy-tiuted.  The  tip  of  the  dorsal  fin  and 
the  tips  of  the  caudal  are  filled  with  milk-white  pigment,  as  in  the 
related  species.  The  anal  fin  is  entirely  milky.  The  teeth  are  1,  4-4,  I, 
provided  with  a  narrow  masticatory  surface. 

Fhotogenis  niveu8  is  abundant  in  the  Saluda  Eiver.  It  was  first  dis- 
covered by  Professor  Gope  in  the  Catawba  Kiver. 

17.  PHOTOGENIS  ANALOSTANUS  (Otrard)  Jordan. 

We  did  not  find  this  species  in  the  Saluda,  although  Professor  Cope 
states  that  it  is  abundant  in  the  Catawba.  It  is  perhai)S  possible  that 
Professor  Cope  mistook  our  Codoma  cliloristia^  a  species  which  resem- 
bles it  very  much,  except  in  dentition,  for  the  true  analostanus.  The 
^*Cyprinella  analostana^^  has  been  a  stumbling-block  in  the  classification 
of  these  fishes,  as  to  the  masticatory  surface  of  Lnxilus  it  adds  the  cre- 
nations  of  Cyprinella.  We  are  inclined  to  think  that  Cyprinella  should 
be  restricted  to  those  species  whose  teeth  are  without  grinding  surfaces 
and  are  permanently  crenate.  The  relations  of  Luxilus  analostanus^ 
spilopteru^j  galacturusj  leucopus,  and  nireus  are  much  more  intimately  with 
the  species  of  ^Codoma  than  with  Luxilus,  but  the  development  of  grind- 
ing surfaces  on  the  teeth  renders  it  necessary  to  refer  them  to  the  latter 
genus,  unless  Fhotogenis  be  admitted  as  a  distinct  genus. 

Genus  CODOMA  Girard. 

(Subgenus  EROGALA  Jordan.) 

Fhotogenis  Jordan  (1877),  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Ilist.  N.  Y.  335.  (Not  of  Cope,  whose  type, 
P.  apiloptems,  proves  to  be  a  species  closely  related  to  L.  analostanus,  if  not 
identical  with  it.) 

Examination  of  a  large  number  of  specimens  supposed  to  be  Fhotogenis 
9pilopterus^  from  Saint  Joseph's  Biver,  in  Northern  Indiana,  Professor 


FISHES   OF  THE   SANTEE   BASIN.  21 

'^[>e'tforigioal  locality,  has  convioced  ns  that  the  spilopteriiSy  the  type  of 
the  genos  PhotogeniSj  does  uot  belong  to  the  group  of  colored  species  for 
which  Professor  Jordan  lately  adopted  the  latter  name.    The  genus  PhO' 
tof^tf  (Jordan)  being  thus  left  without  a  name,  that  of  Erogala  has  beea 
BQggested  (}>,  spring-time;  ydXay  milk,  in  allusion  to  the  milk-white  pig- 
ment with  which  the  male  fishes  are  ornamented  in  the  nuptial  season)* 
Codoma  Ord.  differs  from  Erogala  in  the  form  of  the  head,  which  is 
Bhortj  blunt,  and  rounded,  as  in  Phnephales.    We  do  not  now  think  that 
the  two  are  distinct  as  genera,  and  prefer  to  consider  Erogala  as  a  sub- 
genos  of  Codoma. 

The  type  of  Erogala  is  Photogenis  stigtnaturua  Jordan.  This  subgenus 
is  remarkable  for  its  geographical  distribution.  All  of  the  species  thus 
far  kuown  belong  to  the  Southern  States,  and  each  of  the  Southern 
river-basins  probably  has  from  two  to  four  species  of  the  genus;  not  a 
single  apecics,  so  far  as  known,  being  common  to  two  different  river- 


The  distribution  of  the  species  of  Erogala  is  as  follows :— - 

Santee  Basin :  pyrrhomelas  Cope. 

chloristia  J.  &  B. 
Savannah  Basin :  none  known. 
Altamaha  Basin :  xcenura  Jor. 

calliaema  Jor. 
Chattahoochee  Basin :  euryntoma  Jor. 
Flint  River :  formosa  Putn. 
Alabama  Basin :  callistia  Jor. 

trichroiatia  J.  &  G. 
ccerulea  Jor. 
stigmatura  Jor. 
I^^er  west  their  place  is  taken  by  the  species  of  Gyprinella  having 
•^f^ated  teeth,  and  farther  north  by  the  species  of  Luxilm^  section  Pho- 
^^0^,  having  teeth  with  developed  grinding  surfaces. 

'Hie  species  of  Codoma  are  remarkable  for  their  exquisite  coloration, 
^ostof  them  being  adorned  with  bright  red  in  addition  to  the  milky 
pigment    The  black  dorsal  spot  is  present  in  all  the  species. 

18.  Codoma  ghlobistia,  sp,  nov. 

^tijf  sIm^   and   deep,  strongly  compressed,  the  form    elliptical, 

#  /I,  purrhomelas^  but  rather  deeper,  the  depth  of  adults 
'  BCeBd  rather  small  and  pointed,  4^  in  length. 


22      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY HI. 

Eye  moderate,  less  than  snout,  4  iu  head.  Mouth  rather  small,  quite 
oblique,  the  maxillary  not  attaining  the  line  of  the  orbit,  the  upper  jaw 
projecting  beyond  the  lower,  especially  in  spring  males.  The  head  and 
mouth  considerably  resemble  those  parts  in  P.  analo8tanu8. 

Scales*much  deeper  than  long,  very  closely  and  smoothly  imbricated, 
more  or  less  dark-edged  above.    5-37-3.    Lateral  line  decurved. 

Fins  moderately  develoi>ed :  dorsal  distinctly  behind  ventrals,  its  first 
ray  about  midway  between  nostrils  and  the  base  of  the  caudaL  Dorsal 
1,  8.    Anal  1,  8. 

Nuptial  tubercles  iu  the  male  greatly  developed,  covering  rather 
sparsely  the  top  of  the  head  and  the  region  anterior  to  the  dorsal.  Iu 
addition,  similar  tubercles  cover  the  caudal  peduncle  and  the  whole  sides 
of  the  body«  except  the  space  below  the  lateral  line  and  in  front  of  the 
ventrals.  The  tubercles  on  t^e  body  are  considerably  smaller  than 
those  on  the  head,  and  smaller  than  in  xcenura  or  pyrrhomelaSj  but  they 
cover  a  much  larger  area  than  iu  any  of  the  latter  species  of  the  genas. 
Chin  tuberculate. 

Teeth  1,  4-4, 1,  entire,  without  masticatory  surface. 

Coloration,  in  life :  General  color  a  dark  steel-blue,  a  very  distinct 
blue  stripe  along  each  side  of  the  caudal  peduncle,  as  in  (7.  ccerulea^  bat 
fainter :  sides  of  body  with  fine  steely-purple  lustre :  back  clear  green : 
head  clear  browjiish  :  iris  white:  cheeks  of  a  pale  violet  color:  lower 
part  of  sides  becoming  rather  abruptly  milky-white:  dorsal  fin  with 
the  usual  large  black  spot  on  the  last  rays  well  developed,  and  the 
usual  milk-white  pigment  in  the  tips:  lower  part  of  the  dorsal  fin  with 
))igment  of  a  tine  clear  green  color,  somewhat  as  in  analostanus,  but 
unusually  bright:  caudal  fin  chiefly  dusky,  its  tips  milky  and  the  base 
somewhat  so;  the  middle  of  the  fin  has  a  slight  reddish  tinge:  aual 
fin  entirely  milky,  a  faint  dusky  spot  on  its  last  rays,  resembling  that 
on  the  dorsal :  ventral  fins  milky. 

Female  and  young  specimens  are  more  slender,  and  the  bright  colors 
are  usually  wanting  or  obscured. 

Size  small ;  length  of  largest  specimens  less  than  three  inches. 

In  form,  this  species  resembles  C.  pyrrhomelasj  but  the  short  anal 
(eight  rays  instead  of  ten)  will  always  distinguish  the  species.  Tho 
coloration  of  the  male  is  different,  being  much  less  brilliant,  although 
))erhaps  more  delicate.  0.  chloristia  resembles  in  color  0.  ccerulea  most, 
but  the  latter  species  has  a  much  more  slender  form. 

Habitat — Abundant  iu  the  clear  waters  of  Saluda  Biver,  with  C. 


[ 


FI8HE8   OF  THE   SANTEE   BASIN.  28 

ff^^^i'^ukij  Phoiogenia  niveusj  Alburnaps  chlorocephaluSy  and  other  hand* 

19.  GODOMA  PYBBHOMELAS  (Cope)  J  Of. 
f^f*tHitkpfrrhameUi9  Copb  (1870),  Proo.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  463. 

This  species,  the  most  ornate  of  the  genns,  and  one  of  the  most  bril- 
liut  <tf  Oyprinida,  is  extremely  abundant  in  the  clear  rapid  waters  of 
the  Saloda  and  its  tribntaries.  The  general  color  of  the  males  is  dark 
iM-Uoe  above,  with  the  scales  darker-edged,  the  bi  lly  abrnptly  milky- 
whitSi  The  bead  is  pale  reddish ;  the  snout,  the  tip  of  lower  jaw,  and 
tke  iris  above  and  below  are  scarlet;  the  dorsal  fin  is  dusky  at  base, 
hn  a  large  black  spot  on  the  last  rays,  is  red  in  front,  and  broadly  milk- 
white  at  tip.  The  tii>sof  the  caudal  fin  are  milk-white;  next  to  this 
ootoee  adnsky  crescent ;  a  wide  bright  scarlet  crescent  lies  inside  of  the 
hliekaad  extends  into  the  two  lobes  of  the  fin.  The  base  of  the  fin  is 
pele. 

The  top  of  the  head  and  the  region  in  front  of  the  dorsal  are  covered 
vlth  small  pale  tubercles.  The  sides  of  the  caudal  peduncle  are  pro- 
vided with  rather  larger  tubercles,  arranged  in  rows  along  the  series  of 
Miles. 

This  is  the  most  abundant  fish  iu  the  waters  of  Catawba  River,  accord- 
ing to  Professor  Cope. 

Genus  NOTROPIS  Rqfinesque. 

(MinniluB  Rafioesqae;  Albumellus  Girard.) 

20.  NoTROPis  PHOTOGENis  {Cope)  Jordan. 

k''^ pkoiogfniM  Cora  (1864)  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  280. 

^'^•fifaiu  Umeof  Copk  (1860),  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  379,  and  elsewhere. 

Hj  specimens  differ  considerably  from  the  typical  forms  of  this  spe- 

• 

^  Imt  correspond  to  Professor  Cope's  '*  var.  a  aa  a  a^^  from  the  Ca- 
^^ha.  It  is  the  most  abundant  species  in  the  Saluda  waters,  especially 
^iiQiore  sluggish  tributaries.  Two  forms,  perhaps  varieties,  perhaps 
^iffijTent  sexes,  occur,  the  one  pale,  with  deep,  compressed  body ;  the 
other  darker,  with  the  scales  dark -edged  and  the  body  much  more  elon- 
K^  It  is  difficult  to  distinguish  the  latter  form  from  N.  ielescopus 
*  (^le).  The  pale  form  has  the  head  above  and  under  jaw  covered  with 
"^  pointed  tubercles. 


24      CONTRIBDTrpXS  TO  NOHTU  AUttKlCAM  ICHTHTOLOQT — ^Dl. 

Genus  GILA  Baird  <£  Girard. 

(Sabgeiius  CLINOSTOMDS  Oimrd.) 

21.  Gila  vasdoisula  {Cue.  di  Val.)  Jar, 

XwGiwvi  MndouHltM  C.  &.  V.  (1844),  Hint.  Nat.  Poiaa.  xvii,  317. 
CKi>04t(initt(ajf!MiiGiRAiiD(lR5ti),  Ptoc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.212. 

This  Bpctiies  is  cotamon  in  tbe  Saluda  waters,  as  in  the  Cotawb 
TadkiD,  and  otber  Soutborn  streamn.  It  seems  to  prefer  still,  or  eve 
muddy  waters,  as  wo  foand  it  more  abuudaiit  in  the  Beedy  Biver  tbi 
iu  either  Saluda  or  Enuoree.  Our  specimena  were  greenUb  orblnii 
in  color,  the  back  mottled  with  scales  of  a  diSereut  hue,  as  Dsnal  in  tli 
{;eDu8.  Id  the  mules,  the  region  behind  the  head  aod  above  the  pc 
torals  and  extending  backward  to  tbe  nual  arc  of  a  brigfat  rosy-n 
brightest  just  behind  the  bead.  Tbore  is  no  distinct  dark  lateral  ban 
None  of  oar  specimens  were  noticed  to  be  tnbeicalate.  The  oharacte 
distinguish ing  this  species  from  the  more  northerly  Q^ia  (G'/jiuwt<Mi 
/undutoides  have  been  well  given  by  Professor  Cope  (Joam.  Ao.  Ni 
Sci.  Philft.  1868,  228). 

Genua  NOTEMIGONUS  BqSnesque. 

22.  NoTKMiGONUS  AMERICAHU8  (ttn«.)  Jordan. 
Notamigonui  mcAohui  Jordan  (1077),  Add.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  p.  364. 


F18HE8   OF  THE   8ANTEE   BASIN.  25 

talUer  Bhorter  thaa  the  long  mazzle,  placed  nearly  midway  in  head, 
tboot  3^  in  head. 
Month  rather  large,  inferior,  the  lips  mnch  thickened,  Sucker-like ; 
upper  jaw  extremely  protractile;  the  lower  with  a  conspicuous  internal 
^Dge  of  papilise. 

Barbels  extremely  long,  probably  longer  than  in  any  other  of  our 
Cyprinoids;  their  length  §  to  |  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 

Scales  tiioderatey  pretty  closely  imbricated,  5-40-3;  15  or  IG  in  front 
of  doraiil.    Lateral  line  continuous,  slightly  deflected  forward. 

FiDS  rather  small,  high,  and  short.  Dorsal  1,  8,  originating  slightly 
behind  the  base  of  the  ventrals,  as  in  C  labrosus  and  C-  monachus.  Anal 
1)7.  Caudal  deeply  forked,  its  peduncle  long  and  slender. 

Coloration,  in  spirits,  quite  pale ;  a  small,  round,  black  spot  at  base 
ofcaadal:  dorsal  scales  dark-edged:  some  dark  points  along  caudal 
pedonde,  forming  a  dark  st.eak:  muzzle  punctate.  Largo  s|)ecimeus 
vitha  large  dark  patch  on  the  last  rays  of  dorsal,  as  in  C7.  monacUus 
tod  the  species  of  Codama :  base  of  dorsal  fin  with  dark  points.  Cheeks 
tnd  opercles  silvery. 

In  the  spring,  the  male  fishes  are  profusely  tnberculate  on  the  head 
indDeck,and  the  flus  arc  flushed  with  crimson.  Teeth  1, 4-4, 1,  hooked, 
vithoat  masticatory  surface. 

Tbe  largest  specimens  taken  were  nearly  three  inches  long,  but  most 
»ere  less  than  two. 

Ibis  species  is  abundant  in  SaUula  River.  It  appears  to  be  distiuct 
from  C.  labro8U8j  that  species  having  larger  scales  and  some  other  points 
of  difference.  C,  lahrusus^  monachusj  aiul  zanemus  differ  from  their  con- 
poers  in  the  backward  position  of  the  dorsal  and  in  the  greater  devel- 
opment of  the  lips. 

24.  Ceratichtuys  labrosus  Cope. 

^^^^•iiehtky$  Jalnro$M8  CoPK  (1870),  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  458. 

Professor  Cope  found  this  species  not  uncommon  in  the  upper  waters 
of  tbe  Catawba.     We  did  not  fiud  it  in  the  Saluda  or  the  Ennoree. 


I 


25.  Ceratichthys  hypsinotus  Cope. 

^''•ttei/Ajff  kffp»inotu$  CoPK  (1870),  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  458. 

Ais  species  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Saluda.    Breeding  males  are 
^tilled,  and  the  fins  are  quite  re<l.    The  head  is  more  or  less  rosy 
dale  al)ove.    This  species  has  a  very  small  barbel,  and  might 
to  a  EydropUox  of  the  mirjoroeeicf  type. 


26      C0KTBIBUTI0S8  TO  SOBTH  AMBBtCAS  ICHTHTOLOOT U 

20.  Ceratiohthts  biguttatds  (Eirt.)  BairA, 

The  commoD  Horned  Chub  is  very  abandaDt  id  all  the  tribota 
the  StUnilH. 

Genus  SEMOTILUS  Bqfinessue. 

27.  Sbhotilus  coBpoBAua  (Hit.)  Putn. 

This  commoD  species  occurs  ia  the  tribntariea  of  tbe  Salada. 

CATOSTOMTDJE. 
Genua  MYXOSTOMA  Mafinesque. 

( Jfoznloma  bdiI  TWwfxIu  Baf. ;  Ptgehoatowuit  Ag.) 
28.  Mtxostoxa  CEBTmuM  Cape. 

ThwfaliM  wrriiiN*  CoPB  (1868),  Jonni.  Ao.  Nat.  So.  Fhilo.  235. 
ItjrdtMlamu  oerrtmu  COTB  (lti70),  Pn>o.  Am.  PbUoa.  Soo.  4T8. 

This  little  Sucker  is  exceedingly  abaDdnnt  ia  the  Salnda,  Beed; 
BuDoree.  It  abounils  in  rapida  and  rooky  shoals,  and  is  popolarly  i 
as  •*  Jnmp-rockB",  from  its  habitof  leaping  (torn  tbe  vater.  It  ia  not 
valued,  except  by  Dcgroes,  small  boys,  ami  aataralists.  The  black 
margiu  of  the  dorsal  is  a  characteristic  color-mark. 


29.  BIyxobtoma  papuxosdm  (Cope)  Jor, 


FISHES  OF  THE  8AHTEE  BABOt.  27 

32.  Myxostoma  album  {Cope)  J.  db  B. 

PtydMMmrt  aVb^  Cops  (1870),  Proc  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  472. 

The  species — the  "  White  Mnllef — was  found  by  Professor  Cope  in 
tbe  Catawba  Biver  only.  We  obtained  no  specimens  from  the  Saluda, 
which  is  perhaps  due  to  tbe  fact  that  our  collections  were  not  made 
during  the  season  of  the  migrations. 

Genus  ERIMYZON  Jordan. 

{M7X09ioma  Agassiz,  but  Dot  of  Raf.) 

33.  Ebimtzon  suoetta  (Lac,)  Jordan. 

CfpriMM  raceUa  LAC^piDS. 
C^pritM  obUm^pu  MiTCHlLU 

This  species  is  moderately  abundant  in  the  Saluda  Elver.  Professor 
Cope  foand  neither  this  species,  nor  tbe  next,  in  the  Catawba. 

Genus  MINYTREMA  Jordan. 

34.  MlNYTBEMA  MELANOPS  [Raf)  Jor. 

Catottmua  melanops  IZafixesquu,  Kirtland,  etc. 
i/AiMfonki  victoria  Gikakd. 
Erimjfzon  wulanopa  Jordan. 

This  widely  diffused  species  is  abundant  in  tlie  mill-ponds,  etc.,  of  tbe 
Saluda  River,  and  is  known  as  the  Striped  Sucker.  It  is  considerably 
valued  as  a  food-fish.  Many  specimens  were  taken  at  Bannister's  Mills, 
on  the  Eunoree,  tbe  proprietor  of  tbe  mill,  Mr.  Bannister,  having 
kindly  drawn  oft'  tbe  water  from  his  pond,  in  order  to  enable  us  better 
to  examine  its  flsbe^.  Our  specimens  seem  to  be  precisely  like  the  ordi- 
nary melanops  from  tbe  Ohio  lliver  and  tbe  Great  Lakes. 

•  Genus  CATOSTOMUS  Le  Sueur. 

35.   CATOSTOMUS   COMMERSONI   {Lac.)  JoT. 

The  Fine-scaled  Sucker  is  common  in  tbe  Saluda,  as  in  nearly  every 
stream  east  of  the  Bocky  Mountains.  It  is  especially  abundant  in  mill- 
pouds. 


28      CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  MOBTH  AMERICAN  ICBTBTOLOGY — ^tH 
SILUUID^. 

Genus  AMIURUS  Rafitmgm. 

30.  AuiUBus  BBCNNBUS  Jordan. 

JmiKrkt  plaigetphalia  Cope  (li70),  Pcoc  Am.  Philoa.  Sdc.  485.    (Not  PtmOadn, 

ctjiiiatiui  Qnl.) 
AntUraa  brumieui  Juhdah  (1870),  Ann.  Lye.  Nat  Hilt.  366. 

Tbi»  U  tlie  coiuiDou  cat-flsb  of  tbe  Sutada,  aud  is  known  as  tlie 
Cat.  Adult  specioiens  roach  u  length  of  abont  18  inches,  and  bear 
reaemblunee  to  the  yoiitif;,  from  which  the  spcisies  was  first  dcsci 
The  adidts  are  extremely  elongate,  nearly  terete  behind,  with  fiai, 
bi-oad  heads.  In  color,  they  iir»  of  a  more  or  less  clear  yellotrish-ji 
more  ditttiiicCly  greeu  than  is  any  other  species.  The  nHine  "  brum 
ouly  a|iplies  well  bo  the  young.  The  species  may  be  known  frui 
relateil  A.  platycephalui  by  the  more  elongate  form,  tiie  shorter  an 
(10  to  18  rays  instead  of  20),  and  by  the  month,  which  is  some 
inferior,  tbe  lower  jaw  being  much  the  shorter,  while  in  A.platyeep 
the  Jaws  are  equal.  Tbe  color  is  also  different  in  the  two  species 
platycepluilHS  is  yellowish,  dark  above,  aod  more  or  less  marbled  oi 
sides  with  darker,  resembling,  iu  that  respect,  A.  marmorattu.  J 
bi-UHtiei'D,  the  caudal  fin  is  nsaally  nneqaal,  the  upper  lobe  beioj 
longer,  and  the  rudimentary  csndal  rays  are  nnasnally  nnmeroai 
siHJcitiien  nearly  a  foot  long  had  the  alimenbiry  caual  fuar  timn 


trSHES   OF  THE   SAVANNAH  BASIN.  29 

Genus  NOTURUS  Bafinesque. 

38.  NoTUBUS  INSIGNIS  {Richardson)  QUI  &  Jor. 

SStfmw  wuurginaim9  Baud. 

This  species  is  abandaDt  in  the  rock-pools  of  Keedy  River.  It  prob- 
blf  Occam  Iq  all  the  Atlantic  streams  as  far  north  as  Peunsylvania. 

ANGUILLID^. 

Genus  ANGUILLA  Thunlerg, 

39.  ANGUILLA  VULGARIS  Fleming. 

The  commoQ  Eel  is  abundant  in  all  the  streams  of  the  Southern  States 
08  far  explored. 

LEPIDOSTEIDiE. 

Genus  LEPIDOSTEUS  Lacepede. 

40.  LEPIDOSTEUS  OSSEUS  (L.)  Ag. 

This  Ash  is  said  to  occur  in  the  Saluda,  but  we  obtained  no  specimens. 

II. — WATEEBASIN  OF  THE  SAVANNAH  RIVER. 

Fifteen  species  are  ascertained  to  occur  in  the  water-basin  of  the 
ItvaoDah.  Of  thcHe,  two  species  are  recorded  from  npocimens  in  the 
Tnited  States  National  Museum ;  one  on  the  authority  of  Profesj^or 
Igissiz,  the  others  from  our  collections  in  the  Tugaloo  Hirer  and  in  Toe- 
M  Greek.  None  of  these  species  are  peculiar  to  the  Savannah  Basin. 
the  common  Cgprinidw  are  all  of  Tennessee  River  types ;  the  others  are 
4tber  sf^ecies  of  general  distribution,  or  else  are  shared  with  other 
iootbem  streams.  ^ 

Id  seining  the  Tugaloo  Eiver,  two  rather  unexpected  features  were 
iade  manifest:  first,  the  very  small  number  of  small  fishes,  both  Cypri- 
iMr  and  EtheostomatidcB  inhabiting  the  river.  There  seem  to  be  very 
bv  species  present,  and  these  few  are  represented  by  very  few  individ- 
Ids.  Although  the  islands  below  the  mouth  of  Panther  Creek  fcrnish 
QSt  excellent  seining-ground,  yet  our  fishing  was  a  series  of  '^  water- 
▲  fliuBle  draw  of  the  seine  in  the  Saluda  or  the  Etowah  would 

cues  and  more  individuals  than  were  secured  in 


30      CONTBISnTIONS  TO  NORTH  AUEEICAIT  ICHTHTOLOGy — n 

The  second  )>ecnliarity  of  tbe  Tagaloo  faaua  is  that  its  oband 
flbhes  are  all  of  ty|>ea  abuodant  ia  the  Teuaessee  Rirer,  but  Dot 
from  aay  otltor  of  tbe  Atlaatic  streams.  Of  tbese  may  be  men 
Photogenic  gnlaeturvi,  Luxilus  coccogatu,  Hydrophlox  mbrieroen 
Catogtomua  nigricans.  The  close  proximity  of  the  sources  of  the  T 
and  tbe  Little  Tennessee,  War  Woman  Crrek  and  Little  TenneMe< 
rising  on  opposite  sides  of  _  Rabun  Gap,  and  of  the  Tallnlah  ai 
HiaWHS»ei>,  may  perbups  help  to  explain  this  auonialy  of  distribn 

ETHKOSTOMATIDiE. 
Genus  HADEOPTERUS  Affossb. 

1.   DA.DB0PTSBU8  NiaROFASOtATUS  ^ff. 

A  single  large  specimen  was  taken  in  Toccoa  Creek,  near  ' 
Falls.    ' 

CENTRARCHID^. 
Genus  MICROPTERUS  Lac^p^. 

2.   MiCROPTERUS  SALMOIDES  (LtfC.)  OitL 
(Var.  MbaoUet.) 
Tbe  small-montbed  Black  Bass  or  "  Trout '^  of  Ibe  Sontlieni  at 

liiliooflu-c.  Al;ili;niKi)  differs  f 


i 


FI8BGB8  OF  TtiE   SAVANNAH   BASIN.  31 

bntrked  by  pretty  regalar  lines  of  dark  olive-green  spots  along  the 
aerieiof  scales.  The  lower  fins  are  asnally  more  or  less  red,  and  the 
khek,  yellow,  and  white  coloration  of  the  caudal  fin,  so  conspicnoos  iu 
joiogq)ecimeos  of  the  Northern  form — in  the  Western  States,  at  least — 
k  not  Dodceable  in  the  Soathern  variety. 

Ibis  species  is  abundant  in  the  tribataries  of  the  Savannah,  where  it 
ii  known  as  the  <'  Trent  ''• 

•     Genus  XENOTIS  Jordan. 
3.  Xenotis  sanguinolentus  {Agassiz)  Jordan, 

kiV>AK  (1S77),  Add.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  318. 

A  single  8i>ecimen  of  this  beautiful  fish  is  in  the  National  Museum 
from  Augusta,  Oa.  It  is  identical  with  my  specimens  from  the  Etowah, 
aeotioned  in  the  paper  above  cited,  but  it  is  possibly  not  the  species 
to  which  Agassiz  gave  the  name  of  sanguinolentus.  The  species  of  the 
(eous  Xenotis  are  extremely  difilcult  either  to  define  or  to  recognize. 

CYPRINODONTIDJE. 

'Genus  ZYGONECTES  Agassiz. 
4.  Ztgonegtbs  nottii  Agassiz. 

A  ^^ Zifgonect^s  guitatus^  is  recorded  by  Professor  Agassiz  from  the 
BaTaonah  near  Augusta.  Professor  Putnam  informs  me,  from  the  ex- 
imination  of  the  type-specimens,  that  the  species  is  identical  with  Z. 
sottti  Ag. 

SALMONID^.. 
Genus  SALVELINUS  Richardson. 

5.  ^^ILTELINUS  FONTINALIS  {Mitch.)  QUI  &  Jor. 

The  common  Brook  Trout  is  very  abundant  in  the  clear  tributaries  of 
tte  Chatuga  and  Toxaway  Kivers,  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  This 
i*T'ery  near  the  southern  limit  of  the  species,  although  it  is  said  to  occur 
in  certain  tributaries  of  the  Upper  Chattahoochee,  farther  west. 

CYPRINID^. 

Genus  LUXILUS  Rafinesqiie. 
6.  LuxiLUB  coccoGENis  (Cope)  Jordan. 

beAQtifol  species  is  common  in  the  Tugaloo.    The  numerous 
'\  pale,  and  showed  only  traces  of  the  distibctive  red 


32      CONTEIBOTIOSS  TO  KOETH  AHEBICAH  ICBTHYOLOGT — ^m. 

Genus  PHOTOGENIS  Cope. 

7.  PHOTOGKKIS  GALACTUnUS  (Ccpe)  J.  «£  B. 
BaptUepi*  galaclurut  CoPB  (1870),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  IGO 

Tbe  most  aliuDdatit  fish  iu  the  Tiigitloo.  Our  specimens  were  verf 
|)ale  Hud-diill  colored,  but  tbey  nre  not  otberwiiie  differeat  from  ^cd' 
mens  of  F.  galactuma  t'roDi  the  Tenuessee  aud  Cumberland  Biven. 

Genus  HYDROPHLOX  Jordan. 

8.   HVDBOPQLOX  BUBRICBOCBUS  (Cope)  J.  <£  8. 
Hyhoptii  rtibrierooeva  Cope  (1663),  Joarn.  Ac.  Nur.  Sc  £11. 

ThU  Burpaasiiigly  beautiful  little  fish  abounds  in  the  rock-pools  of  tbe 
smaller  tributaries  of  tbe  Tugaloo.  lu  Toecoa  Creek,  it  is  very  abniH 
dunt,  far  otitnumbcring  all  otber  speeies.  We  obtained  many  stieoi- 
nieua  ft-om  tliu  |iool  at  tbe  loot  of  Toceoa  I'alla. 

Tbe  lile-coloi'H  are  as  follows:  Dark  steel  blue;  a  dark  lateral  band  of 
c<>Hly  punctuliitiuna,  whicb  is  usually  distinct  on  tbe  anterior  half  vi 
body,  and  passes  tbrough  tbe  eye  aiouiid  tbe  snont.  All  the  Bus  of  a 
ricli  clear  red ;  the  dorsal  ratbcr  crimson,  the  eandal  pfuk,  the  lower  Bus 
full  bright  scarlet.  Uend  all  pale  scarlet -iL-d,  the  lower  jaw  fluked,  M 
if  bloody,  a  lustrous  streak  alung  the  sides,  below  which  ia  a  distiuefe 
(•ilvery  lustre.  Eyes  silvery,  sumenbat  flashed  with  re<1.  In  hick 
coloration,  the  entire  body  becomes  more  or  leas  red.  This  red  piff- 
ment  becomes  more  evident  when  a  flsb  is  Brst  placed  in  alcohol.     Ffnl 


FISHES   OF   THE    SAVANNAH    BASIN.  33 

^U  species  is  related  to  C7.  hypsinotus  (Gopo)^  bat  has  a  less  elevated 
^^1  regioD  and  longer  barbels. 

10.  Cbbatighthts  biguttatus  (Kirtland)  Oirard. 

Tbe  **  Horny  Head''  is  abundant  iu  all  the  small  streams  falling  into 
ibe  Tngaloo.  It  famishes  much  harmless  sport  for  the  amateur  anglers 
rbo  yearly  visit  the  beautiful  Tallulah  region. 

CATOSTOMIDJl. 

Genus  MYXOSTOMA  Bafinesque. 

11.  Myxostoma  cbrvinum  {Cope)  Jor. 

lie  little  "  Jump  Rocks"  occurs  in  some  abundance  in  the  Tugaloo 
t  its  tributaries. 

Genus  CATOSTOMUS  Le  Suem. 

{Hylomyson  Agassiz.) 
12.   CATOSTOMUS  NIGETCANS  Le  S. 

*be  Hog-sucker  occurs  in  rapid  waters  of  the  Tugaloo  and  Toccoa. 
B  cot  known  to  occur  iu  any  other  of  the  Atlantic  streams  south  of 
Potomac. 

SILURID^. 

Genus  AMIURUS  Rafinesque. 

13.  Amiuuus  platycephalus  (Oirard)  Gill, 
The  original  types  of  this  species  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  were 


a  tributary  of  the  Savannah  at  Anderson,  S.  C. 

Genus  ICHTII^LURUS  Bafinesque. 

14.   ICHTH^LURUS  PUNCTATUS  (Raf.)  Jor, 

fbe  common  '^Channel  Cat"  is  found  in  some  abundance  in  the  T« 
oo  River. 

ANGUILLIDiE. 

Genus  ANGUILLA  Tlmnberg. 

16.  ANGUILLA  VULGARIS  Fleming. 

'^van  inhabitant  of  tbe  waters  of  the  Tugaloo. 
3 


34      COKTRIBUllpSS  TO  NORTH  AWEeiCAN  ICHTHTOLOQY — in. 

III.— WA TEE- BASIN   OP  THE  ALTAMAHA  BITEB. 

Ttventy-tbrce  Species  are  known  tn  occar  in  tbe  water-ba«Q  of  tl 
Altamaba,  exclasive  of  tbe  Sbad  {Ahsa  sapidisntna),  wbicb  afcendsa 
tbeSoatberD  rivers  until  preventeil  by  ttiedaios  Of  these  twenty-tbiw 
four  nro  known  only  from  tbe  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee,  viz,  yothtmotu 
inscriptug, Egdrophlox  luUpinnU,  Codoma callisema,&ad  Codoma  xantra 
Tbo  otbers  are  cbicfly  species  of  general  tlistribation.  Five  species  <rer 
obtained  by  tbe  writers  in  the  headwaters  of  Ifae  Oconee  Biver,  Tii 
yotlumotvs  inscriptun,  HHcroptertis  salmoides.  Hgdropblox  lutiptnnia,  CeW 
iciilhyg  rubri/rons,  and  Ceraticktkys  Mguttatus.  The  otber  Hpeciea  nwo 
tioned  below  are  from  the  Ocinulcee. 

ETHEOSTOMATID^. 

Genus  HADROPTERUS  Agwisu. 
1.  Uadeoptekus  nigbofasciatus  Agas»is. 
Taken  at  tbe  Flat  Shoals  in  tbn  South  Fork  of  the  Ocmnlgee. 

Genus  BOLEOSOMA  DeKay. 

2.  BOLEOSOMA  MACCLATICEPS   Cope. 

A  s[ieciniL>u,  apparently  of  tbis  siiecies,  from  the  Ocmnlgee  Biver  i 
Macon,  Qa. 


FISHES   OF   THE   ALTAMAHA   BASIN.  35 

wbieh  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  anal ;  the  two  dorsal  (Ids  coDDected 
bjmembniDe.    Dorsal  XI-1, 11.    Anal  II,  8. 

Dorsal  spines  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  head.  Pectorals 
and  rentrals  well  developed. 

Color,  in  spirits :  Olive,  with  an  orange  spot  on  on  each  scale,  these 
fonDJog  eontinaoas  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales.  These  lines  are  quite 
ooQspicoous,  as  in  Xenisma  catenatum.  Three  dark  blotches  across  tbe 
back:  one  in  front  of  dorsal,  forming  a  black  spot  on  the  anterior  dor- 
ulspiDes;  one  between  the  two  dorsal  fins,  forming  a  similar  black 
ipoton  the  last  part  of  the  spinous  dorsal ;  and  one  on  the  caudal  pedun- 
cle, behind  the  second  dorsal. 

Sides  with  about  six  irregular  dark  olive  blotches  just  below  the 
bteral  line.  Second  dorsal,  caudal,  and  pectoral  extensively  dusky- 
sbaded.  Anal  unicolor.  Head  dusky  above,  a  dark  line  downward,  and 
one  forward  from  eye. 

A  female  specimen  taken  lacked  the  lines  of  orange  spots,  and  it  was 
oiore  distinctly  blotched  on  the  sides.  In  life,  the  male  specimen  had 
tbe  entire  anal  fin,  the  cheeks,  opercles,  and  a  bar  below  the  eye  bright 
blue.  The  extreme  edge  of  the  spinous  dorsal  was  blackish ;  below  this 
bright  orange  red,  and  a  dusky  bar  at  the  base.  The  colored  lines  of 
spots  were  ferruginous,  or  scarlet-red,  rather  than  orange. 

Length  2^  inches. 

Two  specimens  only  were  taken,  in  the  upper  waters  of  the  Oconee 
Kiver,  at  Sulphur  Springs,  in  Hall  County,  Georgia. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  this  interesting  genus.  In  the 
«Dooth  head,  it  resembles  K.  thalassinvsj  and  differs  from  the  others 
known.   The  entirely  dissimilar  coloration  separates  it  at  once  from  If, 

CENTRARCHIDiE. 

Genus  MICROPTERUS  Lacepede, 

4.  MiCROPTERUS  SALMOIDES   (Lac.)   QUI. 

Var.  salmoides, 
-^bnndant  in  the  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee. 

Genus  CHJENOBRYTTUS  Gill 

\  GHiENOBRTTTUS  vmiDis  (C.  <fc  V.)  Jordan. 
^^mtA^'  mkt  in  the  Ocmulgee. 


36       COHTBIBUTIOKS  TO  NOBTH  AHEBICAN  ICHTBTOLOQY — IIL 

Genue  LEPIOPOJrUS  Mafinesque. 

C.  LEPIOPOMUe  AUEITUS  (L.)  Raf. 
Common  in  the  Ocmolgee  River. 

Genus  CENTRA.RCHUS  Cuvier  &  Valmcietines. 

7.  Cehtrabchus  macuoptekus  [tadpide)  Jordan. 

Several  BpccimeoR  of  the  large-fitnied  Centrarckus  tire  in  tbe  {JdIK 
States  National  Musootn,  from  the  Ocmnlgec  River,  near  Macon,  0< 
Tbe  characters  distinguistiiiig  this  species  from  (7.  frideu  are  giveo  i 
Bulletin  No.  10  of  the  National  Museum,  p.  31. 

ESOCID^. 
Genus  ESOX  Liiinmus. 
S.  Esox  itETicuLATHs  Le  Sueur. 
Found  iu  tbe  Ocmnlgce  Kiver. 

CyPKINID^. 
Genus  ALBUENOPS  Oirard. 


yjBHES  OP  THK  ALTAMAUA  BA8IN.  37 

l^ove,  the  rnnuBle  moderately  rouuded.    Eye  rather  large,  nearly  as 
:>iiS  as  the  massle,  3}  to  3f  in  bead. 

Month  large,  qaite  oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  to  orbit,  the  man- 
iible  indaded. 

Scales  mediam,  6-40-^,  rather  closely  imbricated,  about  21  in  front 

of  the  dorsaL    Dorsal  nearer  caudal  than  muzzle,  distinctly  behind  the 

ventrals.    Dorsal  1, 8.    Anal  1, 8.    Pectorals  not  reaching  nearly  to  ven* 

Uals,  the  latter  not  to  vent. 

Color,  in  spirits:  Clear  olive;  a  dark,  burnished,  plumbeous  lateral 

'    bmd,  which  extends  through  the  eye  and  up  the  caudal  fin :  whole 

body  bright  crimson :  fins  yellow. 

.  Colors, in  life:  Clear  olive  above,  with  very  intense  green  dorsal 
and  vertebral  lines;  an  intense  metallic  blackish  band  along  sides; 
bdow  this  the  sides  bright  silvery,  in  the  males  bright,  clear  red,  the 
color  of  red 'berries ;  the  whole  body  more  or  less  flushed  with  red,  the 
bdly  especially  bright :  iris  crimson. 

Fins  all   bright  golden-yellow:   silvery  space  below  ^-e  strongly 
ninkei :  tip  of  lower  jaw  black. 
T^h  2,  4-4,  2,  with  masticatory  surface  developed. 
Length  2}  to  3  inches. 

Tliis  species  is  extremely  abundant  in  the  headwaters  of  the  Oconee, 
in  clear  rapid  streams.    It  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant  of  the  genus. 

Eydrophlox  lutipinnia  is  deeper-bodied  than  H.  rubricroceus.  It  has 
alsoasQialler  mouth  and  different  coloration,  especially  of  the  fins.  From 
A,  eUorocephaluSj  \\  differs  in  the  larger  mouth,  larger  size,  and  smaller 
scales:  the  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  are  also  usually  shorter.  The 
teeth,  also,  are  2,  4,  instead  of  I,  4. 

Genus  CODOMA  Girard. 
11.  CoDOMA  XiENURA  Jordan. 

J'JwKiM  (Pkotoffeni8)  xcenuru8  JordanX1877),  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  79. 

This  beautiful  fish  is  the  most  abundant  species  in  the  rapids  of  the 
Ocmolgee  at  Flat  Shoals. 

12.  CoDOMA  CALLISEMA  Jordan. 

^S/kmacaUitema  Jordan  (1877),  Ado.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  3G3. 

This  species,  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  the  genus,  is  very  abundant 
ii  the  South  Fork  of  the  Ocmulgce.    It  differs  from  the  other  species  of 


38      CONTB1BDTIOH8  TO  NOKTH  AMBBICAK  ICHTHYOLOGT — lit. 

tbe  genas  in  the  presence  of  a  single  row  of  teeth  and  ia  the  more  ac 
rior  position  of  tbe  dorsal,  which  is  scarcely  at  all  posterior  to  tbe  ^ 
trals.    It  is,  however,  rather  a  Codoma  tbau  an  Epiaema. 

Genus  KOTEMIGONUS  Bafinesque. 

13.  KOTGUISONUS  auebiganhs  (£.}  Jor. 
A'olnttffoMHt  itdtaaiu  Jordan  (1677),  Ado.  Lj-c.  Nst.  HUL  364. 

Very  abundant  everywhere  in  the  Ucmulgec  in  still  or  deep  wat4 
Adnit  specimens  have  tbe  lower  flns  jellow,  tipped  with  scarlet. 

Genus  CERATICHTHYS  Batrd. 

14.  Cebatichthys  BUBBiPBONs  Jordan. 

Xteomi*  rubrifron*  JoitD-U<'  (1^77),  Add.  Lfc.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  330. 

This  handsome  little  fish  was  first  describetl  from  the  Ocmnlgee  Bive 
where  it  is  abundiinL     It  is  also  common  in  the  Oconee. 

15.  Cebaticbthts  biguttatcs  (Kirt.)  tjirard. 
Abaadaat  in  the  Oconee;  not  noticed  in  the  Ocmnlgee. 

Genus  SEMOTILUS  Rafinesque. 

16.  SEMOTILrS  COIIPOEALIS  {Slit)  PutMtm. 
From  a  small  brook,  tributHry  to  the  Ocmnlgee.     In  the  Sooth,  tl 


FISHES  OF  THE   CHATTAHOOCHEE  BASIN.  39 

SILURIDJ). 

Genus  ICHTH^LURUS  Bafinesque. 

20.  loHTHJiLUKUS  PUNCTATUS  {Rofinesque)  Jordan. 
Very  common  in  tbe  Ocmulgee. 

Genus  AMIURUS  Bafinesque. 

21.  Amiubus  mabmoratus  (Holbrook)  Jordan. 

A  single  specimen  is  in  tbe  National  Maseum,  collected  by  Dr.  Hol- 
bn)okiD  tbe  Altamaba  Hiver.  Tbe  species  occurs  in  abundance  in  tbe 
^ams  aud  slougbs  of  Soutbern  lliiuois. 

22.  Amiubus  bbunneus  Jordan, 

Very  abundant  in  tbe  Ocmulgee,  from  whicb  river  it  was  first  de- 
scribed. 

ANGUILLID^. 

Genus  ANGUILLA  Thunberg. 

23.  ANGUILLA  VULGARIS  Fleming. 
Eels  occur  in  all  tbe  larger  tributaries  of  tbe  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee. 

IV. — WATER  BASIN  OF   THE   CUATTAHOOCHEE  RIVER. 

Oar  collections  in  tbe  Cbattabooebee  Basin  bave  been  ratber  unsatis- 
factory, as  only  twenty-one  spt'cies  bave  been  obtained.  Of  ibcse,  tbrce 
*<^Di  to  be  cbaracteristic  of  tbe  river,  and  bave  not  yet  been  obtained  else- 
'^here;  Setnotilus  thoreauianu^,  Photogenis  leucopus,  and  Codoma  eury- 
*U>ma,  Tbe  otber  species  taken  are  found  also  eitber  in  tbe  Altamaba 
or  Alabama,  or  botb. 

The  Chattaboochee  is  notewortby  as  being,  so  far  as  is  at  present 

^novrn^  tbe  easternmost  limit  in  tbe  Soutbern  States  of  tbe  Rock  Bass 

[^iHhhpUteH  rupestris)  and  tbe  Red  Horse  {Myxostoma  duquesnii)^  as  tbe 

i  'ejjterninost  limit  of  tbe  range  of  tbe  *'  Green  Cat "  {Amiurus  hrnnneus)^ 

*te  War-moutb  Percb  {Chwnobrytius  viridis),  and  tbe  "Jump  Rocks" 

UMpma  cervinum).     It  is  also  tbe  westernmost  of  tbe  series  of  riv- 

Baot/ee,  Savannab,  Altamaba,  and  Gbattaboocbee — 
loes  not  occur. 


40      C0MTHIBUTION8  TO  NOKTH  AMERICAS  ICHTHTOLOOY — 111. 

Four  of  tbe  Bpeck-s  here  ineiilioDed  wen  collected  sevenil  yfr 
ago  by  Dr.  Hugh  M.  Neitiler  at  some  point  in  Georgia,  Cfae  record  of 
locality  not  ciTtaiuly  prtservfd,  but  supi>08td  to  be  Fliut  Biver,  and 
DOW  iu  the  Museum  of  tbe  SmithHoniun  lustitotion.  Tbese  are  Coin 
ttoma  anomalum,  SemotUva  tlioreauianus,  Codoma  formoaa  ("■  ffrandifi 
nw"),  aud'  Apkododerus  sayanus  [^'Aalernotremia  meaotrema  "}. 

ETHEOSTOMATID^. 

Genus  HADROPTERUS  AgassU. 

1.  Hadeopiebds  niobofasciatus  Agtuaiz. 

Abandant  at  the  Shallow  Ford  of  the  Chattaboochee  near  GuSae 
Tille,  Oa. 

CENTRARCHIDiE. 

Genus  MICROPTERUS  Lucepede. 

2.   MiCEOPTEBUS  PALLIDUS  {Bof.)  Q.  <£  J. 
Not  very  abandant. 

3.  MiCROPTEBUS  SALMOIDES  (Lac.)  QilL 
Very  codhdod. 

Genus   A^IBLOPLITEB  Itajfncsmic. 


FISHES  OF  THE  CHATTAHOOCHEE  BlSIN.  41 

APHODODERIDJL. 

Genus  APHODODERUS  Le  Sueur. 

7.  APHODODBBUS  SATANT7S  (OiU)  DeK. 

The  Bpecimen  described  in  Balletin  No.  10,  U.  S.  Nut.  Mus.,  as  Aster- 
wf^nmitLmemiitrema  Jor.,  doabtless  belongs  to  this  species.  Tlio  ^^  genas  ^ 
kfkmoirtmia  is  probably  an  immature  stage  of  Aphododerus. 

CYPEINIDJ;. 

Genus  PHOTOGENIS  Cope. 

8.  PHOTOGENIS  LEUOOPUSy  irp.  nOV. 

Adender,  rather  plain  speciesi  closely  resembling  Photogenis  niveus 
fron  tbe  Saluda. 

Body  elougate,  compressed,  tapering  toward  tbe  snoot  and  tbe  long 
caodal  peduncle.  Depth  4}  in  length.  Head  moderate,  4^  in  length, 
IttXer  than  in  P.  niveuSy  rather  pointed,  wide  on  top.  Snout  rather 
loBgaml  somewhat  i>ointed.  Mouth  large,  qnite  oblique,  the  intermax- 
lUaries  on  the  level  •£  the  pupil :  upper  jaw  slightly  longest.  Eye 
■oderate,  rather  less  than  snout,  3^  io  head.  Scales  moderate,  rather 
closely  imbricated,  but  less  so  than  in  P.  analostanus,  G-39-3. 

Fins  moderate,  D.  I,  8,  A.  I,  8,  tbe  dorsal  evidently  bebiud  the  veu- 
tnls.  Pectorals  not  reaching  nearly  to  ventrals,  tbe  latter  not  quite  to 
^'cnt.   Neither  dorsal  nor  anal  si>ecially  elevated. 

Teeth  1,  4-4, 1,  hooked,  with  narrow  grinding  surfaces  and  usually 
MDowhat  crenate. 

Color  olivaceous,  the  sides  bright  silvery:  a  rather  ineonapicnous 
dark  blotch  on  last  rays  of  dorsal,  as  in  rehited  species.  A  round  black 
HH)t,  Dearly  as  large  as  eye,  at  base  of  caudal,  precisely  as  in  Codoma 
^9towa.  In  life,  the  coloration  is  pale ;  the  dorsal  fin  is  chiefly  of  a 
dear  yellowish-green  color,  as  though  yellowish  pigment  were  mixed 
with  wbite ;  tbe  upper  part  is  of  a  pale  ferrugineousred  and  tbe  extreme 
tip  milky-white.  The  caudal  fin  is  ferrugineous,  with  milk-white  tips. 
The  lower  fins,  especially  the  ventrals,  are  milk-white.  Tbe  snout  in 
oales  is  tnberculate,  and  very  minute  prickles  occur  on  tbe  sides  of  tbe 
Mdal  peduncle.    Length  3^  to  4  inches. 

Very  abundant  in  the  Chattahoochee  Eiver  at  the  Shallow  Ford ;  not 
notieed  elsewhere. 


42      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — III. 

Compared  with  P.  niveusj  P.  leucoptLS  Las  a  different  form,  the  dorsal 
region  is  less  elevated,  and  the  uuchai  region  less  depressed.  The  month 
is  larger,  the  maxillary  extending  to  nearly  opposite  the  eye,  instead  of 
falling  short.  The  eye  is  larger  and  the  mouth  is  less  inferior  in  P.  2ev- 
capus.    The  coloration  is  somewhat  different. 

Photogenis  leucopms  also  resembles  Codoma  eurystoma^  but  that  species 
has  a  heavier  head,  larger  eye,  stouter  body,  and  different  dentition  and 
coloration. 

Genus  CODOMA   Girard. 
9.  CoDOMA  EURYSTOMA  Jordan, 

rhotogenis  eurystoviua  Jordan  (1^77),  Aun.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  356. 

This  is  the  most  abundant  Cypriuoid  in  the  tributaries  of  the  Chat- 
tahoochee liiver.  It  frequents  especially  the  cold  streams,  but  does  not 
seem  to  be  adverse  to  mud.  In  Suwannee  Creek,  a  deep,  cold,  muddy 
stream  flowing  through  the  >voods.  this  was  almost  the  only  species 
obtained. 

Its  life-colors  are  as  foIli)Ws :  General  color  of  Luxilus  comutus  on  body, 
but  the  sides  with  considerable  coppery  lustre.  Dorsal  fin  with  a  sharp, 
black,  horizontal  bar  nbout  half-way  up.  In  young  fishes,  this  bar  is 
red.  The  tin  above  is  somewhat  milky ;  below,  it  is  pale.  There  is  a 
small,  but  distinct,  round,  black,  caudal  spot.  The  caudal  fin  is  chiefly 
ot  a  rather  dull  feirugiuous  red.  The  base  of  the  fin  is  pale,  the  tips 
rather  milUy.  The  anstl  fin  is  unniarked.  There  are  gilt  Hues  along  the 
back  and  sides.  A  dark  humeral  bar  is  usually  present,  and  the  upper 
edge  of  the  pectoral  fin  is  largely  black. 

The  teeth  of  this  species  are  usually  1,  4-4,  1,  as  at  first  described, 
but  we  have  found  several  individuals  1,  4-4,  2.  This  species  resembles 
somewhat  Phoiogcnis  Icucopus^  but  it  is  stouter  every  way,  with  deeper 
body,  larger  head,  and  much  larger  eye. 

10.  Codo:ma  FOR3IOSA  {Putnam)  Jordan. 

(Alburnus  fomw8U8  Putnam,   Lcuchcus  hijpsdopierus  GUutber,  Photogenia  grandipinnis 

Jordau.) 

The  typical  specimens  of  P.  grandipinniH  are  suppose<l  to  have  beer 
collected  in  Flint  liiver.  Leuciscvs  hypacloptcrns  of  Glinther  is  doubtless 
the  same  species.  We  follow  Giiuther  in  identifying  Alburnus  formosus 
Putnam  as  the  same,  although  there  is  little  in  the  very  imperfect  orig- 
inal description  to  warrant  it. 


FI8UES   OF   THE   CHATTAUOOCHEE   BASIN.  43 

Genus  CAMPOSTOMA  AgassU 

11.  CAMPOSTOMA  ANOMALUM  {Raf.)  Ag. 

Specimens  in  Dr.  Neislcr's  collection,  supposed  to  have  been  taken  in 
the  Flint  Biver^  in  Taylor  County,  Georgia. 

V 

Genus  SEMOTILUS  Bqfinesque. 
12.  Skmotilus  thoreauianus  Jordan. 
The  types  are  in  Dr.  Neibler's  collection,  probably  from  Flint  Siver. 

Genus  CERATICHTHYS  Baird. 

13.  CERATICHTHYS  BiGUTTATUS  {Kirlland)  Oirard. 
Very  abundant  in  the  Chattahoochee. 

CATOSTOMID^. 

Genus  MYXOSTOMA  Rafinesque. 
14.  Myxostoma  duquesnii  [Le  Sueur)  Jordan. 

V  species  which  we  are  unable  to  distinguish  from  the  common  "Red 
Iloree'^of  the  Ohio  is  abundant  in  the  Chattahoochee. 

15.  Myxostoma  cervinum  Cope. 

A  few  specimens  taken  in  the  Shallow  Ford. 

Genus  ERIMYZON  Jordan. 

IG.  Erimyzon  sucktta  (Lac  )  Jor. 
From  Peach  Tree  Creek  near  Atlanta. 

SILURID^. 

Genus  ICHTITiELURUS  Bafinesque. 

17.  ICHTniELURUS  PUNCTATUS  (Raf.)  Jor. 

is  exceedingly  abundant  in  tbe  Chattahoochee. 


44      CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  KOUTU  AMERICAN  ICH*rHYOLOQY — 111. 

Genus  AMIUHUS  Rqfinesque. 

IS.  Amiurus  BGUNNEUS  Jordan. 

Tbis  iH  tlio  most  abuoilimt  edible  fisb  iit  the  Chattabuocbee.  V 
K(ii:un>il  iijiwtinlii  of  lotty  laige  specimens  in  tno  bours'  seioing  at  Ili> 
Klmllow  Ford.  It  grow^  to  tbe  leugtb  of  about  IS  iiiclies,  atid  is  idikI 
valued  uu  food.    It  is  UHually  bnowo  as  the  Mud  OaL 

Genus  NOTURUS  Rafinesq^- 

19.   >'OTUBUS  LEPTACANTHUS  JortJaa. 
.ViilNiNa  Ifplafanthut  Juhhan  (1c<>7),  Ai>u.  Lj c.  Nat.  HUl.  N.  Y.  Si2. 

Tbi.s  siH'di'M  wiDt  originally  described  from  a  single  speciuit-u  takiiii 
SilviT  UiVfk,  a  tributary  of  ibe  Etowub.  A  second  H[>ecimeii.  Kiinilc 
rn  the  Ural,  wits  taki'U  by  us  at  tlic  Shallow  Ford  duviug  the  [mstsun 
uivr,  and  siiu'u  lUfii  a  third,  at  the  same  locality  as  tbt;  first.  lu  i-olu 
thJH  sptTit's  is  of  a  rich  pale  triiii»piin>nt  brown,  very  slightly  nintllc 
with  dnrktT. 

LEPIDOSTEID^. 
Gmius  LEPIDOSTEUS  Lacifede. 

tM.   LElMDUSTErS  OSSECS  (£.}   Aff, 


FISHES   OF   THE   ALABAMA   BASIN.  45 

Alabama  Basin.     These  are:  Xcnisma  steWferunu  Zygonecies  guttatus^ 

Zjig(miete$  kieroglyphicusy  Hydrophlox  xamoccphalusy  Hfjdrophlox  chroso- 

ait,  Codoma  callistia^  Codoma  trickroistia^    Codoma  coerulea^  Codoma 

tUpnatura^  yotrapis  stilbiuSj  Phenacobius  catostomus^  Catostomus  nigri- 

mMietovanuSj  and  Myxostoma  euryops.    1  exclude  from  ibis  enumeration 

OM  or  two  species  recorded  from  the  Black  Warrior  Eiver,  as  it  is 

likely  that  the  faana  of  that  stream  will  prove,  iu  part  at  least,  dififerent. 
Certain  common  Northern  or  Western  types,  apparently  absent  in  the 

ttreams  hitherto  noticed,  make  their  appearance  in  the  waters  of  the 

Alalnmai    Among  these  are  I/uxilus  comutvs^  Notemigonns  chrysoleueusj 

Ckambryttu8  gulosuSj  Hyodouj  Phenacobius,  etc. 

ETHEOSTOMATID^. 

Genus  PERCINA  Haldeman. 
1.  Pbecina  caprodes  {Eaf,)  Ord. 
Abondaut:  precisely  like  Northern  specimens. 

Genus  HADROPTERUS  Agassiz. 
2.  Hadroptebus  NiGROFASCiATUS  Agasniz. 
Abondaut:  first  described  from  near  Mobile. 

Genus  ULOCENTRA  Jordan. 
3.  Ulocentra  stigmjea  Jordan. 

Boldnma  ftigmcta  Jordan  (1877),  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  311. 

Coinraon  in  clear  water.    This  species  also  occurs  in  the  streams  of 

IiOaisiaD,a. 

Genus  BOLEICHTHYS  Girard. 

4.  BoLEiCHTHYS  ELEGANS  Girard. 

Abnndant  in  clear,  weedy  ponds.    This  may  not  be  identical  with 
Girard's  species,  which  was  originally  described  from  Texas. 

PERCID^. 

I  Genus  STIZOSTETHIUM  Rafinesque. 

5.  STIZOSTETHIUM  SALMONEUM  Rafinesque. 

^  liyer-channels  of  the  Oostanaula.    We  have  had  no  opportu- 
^  specimens,  and  we  are  not  sare  that  the  Alabama  fish 


46      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOU>OT-r-IU. 

CENTRARCHID^. 
Genus  MICROPTERUS  Laci^da. 

6.   MlCBOPTEBUS  PALLIDUS  {Baf.)  Q.  A  J. 

Abaodant. 

7.  MiCBOPTERUS  SALHOIDES  [Lac)  QUI. 
(Var.  aalmoidea.) 
Abandant,  bat  less  so  than  the  preceding.    The  two  species 
known  indiscriminately  aa  "Tront". 

Genus  CH^NOBRYTTUS  GUI. 

8.  Ch^nobeyttub  gulosus  {C.  &  V.)  QUI. 
From  the  Alabama  Biver  at  Montgomery. 

Genus  AMBLOPLITES  Rafinesque. 

9.  AMBLOPLITES  BUPESTBIS  {Raf.)  GUI. 
From  tbc  Etowah  and  Oostanaola;  ratber  common. 

Genus  LEPIOPOMUS  Rafinesque. 

10.  LEPIOPOMUS  PALLIDCS  (Mit.)   0.  *  J. 
Abtindnnt  in  tbc  Etowah  aod  Oostanaala. 


FISHES    OF   THE    ALABAMA    BASIN. 

Genus  CENTRARCHUS  Cuvier  <&  Valendennes. 
IS.  Cbntbaecuus  raiDBus  {Lac.)  0.  (ft  V. 
Specimens  &^m  Alabama  lliver,  at  Montgomery,  similar  to  others 
ftom  tbt!  Neuse  and  from  about  Cliarlrston.     Tljts  species  bns  been 
fooDd  by  Prof.  S.  A.  Forbes  in  Soatbern  Illinois. 

G«nus  POMOXYS  Rafinesque. 
16,  PoMOXTs  HiGitoMACuLATUS  {Le  S-)  Qtrard. 
Spfpimens  from  the  Atabikmii  Jliver  nt  Sloulgomery. 

17.   I'OMOXYS  ANMULARia   Et^. 
FmiD  Bound  Lake  near  Mootgomery. 

Genua  HAPLOIDONOTUS  Rajifiesque. 
18.  IlAPLOlDONOTUS  GBUSNTENS  Rafinesque. 
Abundant  in  the  Ooatananla. 

COTTID^. 
GenuB  P0TAM0C0TTU8  Om. 

19.  POTAMOCOTTUB  MERIDIONALIS  (Qirard)   Oill 
'MiMMIu  canlintt  Otu.  {1H61),  Proc.  Boat.  Soo.  Nat.  Hist. 
fItaeaiUMt  toplurut  JORDiH  (1877),  Add.  Lyo.  Kat.  Hist.  N.  T.  320. 

Bictedingly  abandant  in  all  the  clear  and  cold  tribotaries  of  the 
Ethvah,  Oostananla,  and  Coosa.  Many  opecimens  from  the  cold  waters 
of  the  Cave  Spring  Creek.  We  are  anable  to  satisfactorily  distingDish 
tho  fomiB  called  zophema,  caroUncE,  and  meridionalU,  and,  believing  them 
■IwciQcall;  identical,  we  anite  tbem  under  the  oldest  name. 

APHODODERIDJ!. 

Genus  APHODODEEUS  Le  Sueur. 

[iphrtdodenu  Le  6. ;  Stemoiremia  Nelson.) 

20.  APHODODERns  8AYANUS  (QilUams)  DeKay. 
SpeefmeDS  from  Alabama  Biver  near  Mootgomery.     Tbe  fisb  de- 
Vibed  by  Professor  Jordan  from  Flint  Biver,  nndcr  the  name  of  A»- 
VMto  mnoPrema^  is  andoabtedly  a  variation  of  this  spedes. 


48      CONTBIBDTIONS  TO  KOBTH  AMEBICAIT  ICHTBTOLOGT — ^IIL 

CTPRINODONTID^. 

Genua  XENISMA  Jordan. 

21.  Xenisma  STBLLiFBBnM  JortUm. 

Xenitma  ilelli/era  Jordan  (ItOT),  Add.  Ly o. Nat.  Hist.  N.  T.  322. 

TbiH  inoet  exqaisitely  colored  fish  is  very  abundant  in  all  tbe  eh 
tributaries  of  thu  Etowah,  Oostanaula,  and  Cooaa.  It  prefers  a 
Haters,  and  ascends  the  "  spring-runs"  to  tbeir  fouDtuin-headB. 

Genus  ZYGONECTES  Affossis.      • 
23.  ZYGONECTES  MOTTil  Agognz. 
Many  speciaieus  iu  tbe  MuBenm  of  tbe  Academy  of  Natnral  Seienec 
of  Phihidelphia,  from  near  Mobile.    This  and  tbe  nest  belong  to  tb 
group  of  short-bodied  species  called  Micrittius  by  Profesiior  Gill. 

23.  Ztqokecteb  guttatdb  Agastiz. 
Recorded  by  Professor  Agassiz  from  near  Mobile. 

24.  ZYGONECTES  HIEBOGLTPHIOUS  Agostiz. 
Recorded  by  Protessor  Agassiz  from  near  Mobile.    We  havenen 
seen  either  this  or  tbe  preceding,  and  donbt  if  any  one  will  over  reoO| 
uizetbetn  from  the  published  descriptious. 


F.SOCID.E. 


FISHES   OF   THE   ALABAMA   BASIN.  49 

DOROSOMATIDiB. 

Genus  DOROSOMA  Rafinesque. 

28.  DOBOSOMA  OEPEDIANUM  (Lac.)  OiU. 

(Var.  heterurum  Raf.) 

Specimens  in  the  United  States  National  Maseam  from  Eoaud  Lake 
itMoDtgomery,  Ala. 

OYPRlNIDiB. 

Genus  CAMPOSTOMA  Agassiz. 

29.  Oampostoma  anomalum  {Raf.)  Ag. 
Var.  prolixwn  (Storer). 
Abandant  in  tbe*  Etowah  and  Oostananla. 

Genus  LUXILUS  Rafinesque. 

30.  LUXILUS  CORNUTUS  (Mit.)  Jor. 

Very  abundant  in  all  the  tributaries  of  the  Etowah,  Oostananla,  and 
Com  Bivers. 

Hy  specimens  do  not  obvioasly  differ  from  those  from  New  York  and 
the  Northwest. 

Genus  HYDROPHLOX  Jordan 
31.  Hydeophlox  chbosomus  Jordan. 

Sj^tpfit  ckroBomus  Jordan  (1877),  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  333. 

Very  abundant  in  the  clear  tribataries  of  the  Oostananla,  Coosa,  aud 
fitowab.  In  Cedar  Creek,  at  Cave  Spring,  it  is  the  commonest  species 
tocorring  in  the  clear,  cold  waters,  with  Codoma  callistia  and  Xenisma 
tktti/erum.  None  of  our  Cyprinidce  excel  Hydrophlox  chrosomus  in  deli- 
Mey  of  coloration.  It  is  of  a  clear  hyaline-green  above;  clear  silvery 
Mow:  a  scarlet  band  straight  from  upper  edge  of  opercle  to  caudal : 
lorsal,  anal,  and  caudal  each  with  a  scarlet  bar.  In  this  species,  the 
Booth  is  rather  less  terminal  than  is  usual  in  tbe  group  called  Hydrophloa. 

32.  Hydrophlox  xjbnocephalus  Jordan. 

iti»  stwmoeepkaliM  Jordan  (1877),  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  334. 

M  preceding,  but  rather  less  common.    This  species  bears  some 
B  Toong  of  Codoma  callistia. 


60      COHTRIBnTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMEBICAN  ICHTHYOLOOT — IH. 

Genus  CODOMA  Girard. 
33.  CoDoau.  BTIGHATUBA  Jordan. 
Photogenii  ftigmatuni$  Jordan  (1817),  Ann.  L;c.  Nat.  Rist.  N.  Y.337. 

This  elegnnt  species  is  vt-ry'^HbaiidaDt  in  the  tribataries  of  the) 
wah,  Oostauaulft,  and  Cooan.  In  tbose  streams  which  are  oeitlier  i 
clear  Hnd  cold  nor  very  muddy,  it  is  Dsaally  the  most  abnndant  spei 

34.  CoDOMA  OALLiSTiA  Jordan. 

Phologtuii  cuffiMiM  JORDAN  (1877).  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  337. 

A  large,  ornate  species,  more  brilliantly  colored  than  the  preced 
hub  U'HH  graceful  in  form.  Female  specimens  are  dull  dark  olive,  i 
Ibo  dorsal  fln  brick-red.  This  species  occars  with  the  preceding,  hi 
rather  less  abundant. 

35.  CODOMA  TBICHBOISTIA  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  »p.  not. 

A  smiill,  slender  species,  grnceful  in  form  and  elegant  in  coloral 
It  is  most  nearly  related  to  C.  caltiatia,  but  may  lie  readily  distinguis 

Body  mthcF  slender,  considerably  compressed,  the  depth  4J  in  leo 
Head  rather  sktnder  and  jrainted,  4|  in  length.  Eye  of  modentei 
:H  in  bead.  Month  quite  large,  very  oblique,  the  maxillary  ezten 
to  opiK>site  the  anterior  margin  of  the  eye,  and  the  premaxilb 
being  on  »  level  with  the  middle  of  the  pupil,  the  mouth  thus  fa< 
nf  .V- 


HBHES  OF  THE   ALABAMA   BASIN.  •      61 

eitUy  the  anterior  pait|  is  of  a  bright  pale  vermiUion-red.  The  caadal 
fio  to  chiefly  rosyi  the  tips  millL- white.  The  anal  is  miUsy,  with  a  decided 
flush  of  Tose-eolor.    The  yentrale  are  milky. 

Female  spedmene  are  daller,  bat  the  black  fln-marklDgs  and  the  caa- 
dal spot  are  similar  in  all.  In  the  female  of  C.  calliatiaj  the  dorsal  mark- 
iop  are  obliterated. 

In  the  males,  in  spring,  the  head  and  anterior  dorsal  region  are  rather 
ipusdy  taberenlate.  The  caadal  pednncle  and  the  space  below  the 
literal  line  as  far  forward  ns  the  ventrals  are  covered  with  similar 
tobendes. 

TMh  1,  4-4, 1,  of  the  nsnal  ty|)e,  hooked  and  sharp-edged.  Maxi- 
■om  length  2|  inches.    C.  callistia  reaches  a  length  of  4  inches. 

Ooioma  trickroiatia  is  very  abundant  in  the  clear  tribataries  of  the 
Etowah  and  Oostanaala.  Specimens  were  taken  by  Messrs.  Jordan  and 
Gilbert  in  187d.  bat  the  species  was  at  first  confoanded  by  as  with  C. 
mUiitiaj  which  it  mach  rambles  in  coloration.  The  entirely  different 
Boath  will  distingaish  the  two  species  at  once. 

36.  Ebogala  OiBBULEA  Jordan. 

Jordan  (1877),  Add.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  T.  338. 

This  most  delicate  and  gracefal  fish  has  thas  far  been  only  fonnd  in 
the  Oostanaala  River  and  its  tributary,  Rocky  Creek.-  It  prefers  clear 
vatere. 

37.  CODOMA  FOBMOSA  (Putnam)  Jordan. 

The  typical  specimens  of  Alburnua  formosvs  Putnam  and  of  Leuciscus 
^n^dopterus  GUnther  were  obtained  from  near  Mobile.  The  species 
tberefore  belongs  to  the  fauna  of  the  Alabama  Basin.  Giiuther's 
description  applies  well  to  ^^Photogenis  grandipinnis  Jor.",  and  Alburnns 
fifno9U9  is  probably  the  same. 

The  following  is  an  analysis  of  the  characters  of  the  species  of  the 
Mihgeoas  Erogala  at  present  known : — 

^Ktion  I.  ADal  fin  elongate,  iU  rays  1, 10,  or  1, 11 :  teeth  1, 4-4, 1. 
*•  0OIM1  fio  entirely  posterior  to  ventrals,  its  rays,  in  males,  longer  than  head,  reach- 
ing nearly  to  the  base  of  the  oandal :  body  short,  mach  compressed :  back 
elevated;  depth  4  in  length:  head  4^:  mouth  large,  very  oblique,  the 
Jaws  eqnal :  black  dorsal  blotch  very  distinct :  a  distinct  black  caudal 
spot :  coloration  and  tubercles  nnknown :  size  small ;  length  2^  in- 
ches  FORMOSA,  1. 

ii*  Doffsal  fin  slightly  posterior  to  ventrals,  its  longest  rays,  in  males,  shorter  than 
the  head,  and  not  reaching  nearly  to  base  of  caudal :  caudal  peduncle 
taberculate :  fins  with  much  red :  sice  medium ;  length  3^  inches. 


92      90NTBIBDTION8  TO  NOBTH  AHEBICAN  ICHTHVOLOOT — ni. 

t.  Body  deep,  compTeeeed ;  depth  3)  to  3f  in  leugtb  :  floa  ftll  grektly  e1e?ktcdi(be 
height  oftbe  dorsal  five^ixtbs  the  len|[ttaof  the  head:  iiiaule,ut«titr 
part  of  dotsal  fin,  and  «  broad  cresceat  in  the  middla  of  the  eandil  b 
bright  scarlet:  poaterior  niar)[iD  of  caudal  blackish;  no  black  «pM  it 

base  of  caudal prKBBOnLU,! 

bb.  Body  more eloagate,  leas  compresaed,  ita  depth  4  lo  4^-  iu  length:  finaallnte 
low,  the  loageet  doraal  ra;  scarcely  |  length  of  head :  donal,  anal,  Hd 
cantlal  fins  chiefly  bright  crimson :  no  definite  daik  margin  to  eaad>l: 

a  faint  black  caadal  spot x.aKtnu,). 

Section  II.  Anal  fin  short,  ita  rays  I.S, or  1,9. 
'Teeth  one-rowed,  4-4.    Dorsal  fin  ecarcely  at  alt  poaterior  to  ventrala,  Itafinti^ 
nearer  anont  than  base  of  oandal:  body  elongate,  compreaaed:  omA 
Bmalliab,  obliqae,  rather  inferior :  dorsal  fin  ijreutly  elevated,  the  laii|Mf 
ray, io  males, longer  than  the  head:  black  dorsal  blotch  well  oiarlud: 
dorsal,  anal,  and  caadal  fins  chiefly  of  a  brjgbt  ferraginmu-anafsi 
a  bine  streak  along  alilea :  size  small ;  length  31-  inches. .  .caixiseu,! 
■■  Teeth  two-rowed,  1, 4-4, 1  (often  1,  4-4,  3,  in  C.  exrytfcMMi). 
0.  Black  markings  of  the  dorsal  fin  not  in  tbe  form  of  a  horimntal  bat  aenal  tbi 
fin. 
d.  Adult  males  without  red  markings  on  tbe  floe, 
e.  Nodiatioot  black  ordark  blaeepot  at  baeeof  eandal:  body  abort  and  daift 
strongly  coDipreesed :  floe  uot  greatly  elevated,  tbe  doiMtl  largelyoft 
bright  luetrons  pale  green :  black  donal  mariiiogs  distinct :  a  bloiri 
streak  along  sides :  males  with  the  whole  body  tnbercatate,  except  tbi 
space  anterior  to  tbe  ventrala  and  below  the  latersl  line :  bead  poiolad 
month  oblique,  the  upper  jaw  projectiug:   siie  anjall;   length  3  is 

chee cHu>Ki«n*,B 

«.  A  rather  faint  dark  blue  caudal  spot,  preceded  by  a  very  dininot  latat* 
band  of  clear  blue :  aides  chiefly  blue  and  silvery:  flns  dear  yelIo*,lh< 
black  markings  obscnre :  body  tiknder :  month  email :  Bna  not  gnatf} 

elevatt'd  :  size  Rniall ;  length  3(  inches cxMCLUft 

em.  A  large,  very  conspicuous  jet-black  spot  at  base  of  candal  :  body  elaofsM) 
moderately  compressed  :  color  pale  olivaceona  or  bluish :  sides  silTcty: 


FI8HE8   OF  THE   ALABAMA   BASIN.  53 

R 

Genus  NOTROPIS  Bafinesque. 

.38.  NoTBOPiS  LIBUS  Jordan. 
StWnpiM  Unu  Jordan  (1877),  Add.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  342. 

Common  in  tributaries  of  the  Etowah,  Oostaoaula,  and  Ooosa  in  still, 
deep  waters.  This  species  is  not,  by  any  means,  a  typical  member  of 
the  genus.  In  form,  coloration,  squamation,  and  nuptial  tubercles,  it 
BBMoibles  the  species  of  Lythrurus^  from  which  it  is  technically  separated 
If  the  wont  of  masticatory  surface  on  the  teeth.  Notropis  matutinus 
ipptoaches  it  in  the  small  size  of  its  scales. 

39.  NoTBOPis  STiLBius  Jordan. 

StMnpii  9HUrims  Jordan  (1877),  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  T.  343. 

Abundant  in  the  water-basin  of  the  Alabama.  The  species  of  this 
IMrns  greatly  need  revision. 

Genus  NOTEMIGONUS  Bafinesque. 

\  40.  NOTEMIGK>NUS  CHBYSOLEUOUS   {Mit.)  Jor. 

i 

[  {Kkmerieana  of  moet  writers ;  Dot  CyprinMS  americanus  Linuftus,  which  is  a  SoatheaMt- 

era  species— ^otomi^oitiM  ischanus  Jor.) 

This  familiar  species  is  very  abundant  in  bayous  and  weedy  streams 
-  in  the  basin  of  the  Alabama. 

Genus  PHENACOBIUS  Cope. 

41.  PHENACOBIUS  CATOSTOMUS  Jordan. 

'UMc^iM  cato$tomu9  Jobdan  (1877),  Add.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  332. 

This  Strongly  marked  species  was  found  in  abundance  in  two  clear 
^eams.  Silver  Creek  and  Cedar  Creek,  tributaries  respectively  to  the 
^wah  and  the  Coosa.  This  is  a  much  stouter  species  than  P.  uranops 
Oope;  it  has  less  developed  lips  and  is  in  various  other  ways  dissimilar. 

Genus  CERATICHTHYS  Baird, 

42.  Cebatiohthys  winchelli  {Oirard)  Jordan. 


n$  wimeMli  Girakd  (1856),  Proc.  Ao.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  1856,  211. 
IVifiolCftyf  kpalinus  Cope  (1868),  JourD.  Ao.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  1868,  236. 

vy  eommoD  in  the  Alabama  Basin.    0.  higuttatug  was  not  obtained 

uiy  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Alabama.    It  seems,  however,  to 

I  bj  Gkardaftom  the  Black  Warrior,  under  the  name 


54      C0KTBIBUTI0K8  TO  HOHTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHTOLOGY — IIL 


Genus  SEMOTILUS  Bqfineaque. 

43.  Semotiltjs  conpoBALiB  (Mit)  PtUnam. 
Commou  in  the  SDinlleretreams. 

Genus  RHINICHTHYS  Agassiz. 
44.  EHiHtCHTavB  oBiusus  Agtusis. 
Very  common  in  tbe  Bpring-ruus  tributary  to  the  Etowob  andOottt 
iiaula. 

CATOSTOMID^. 

Genus  MYXOSTOMA  Bafinesque. 
45.  Mtxostoma  iviAcBoLEpmoitJM  DUQUBsmi  (Le  S.)  JardaM. 

Tbe  "  Bed  Horsu "  i»  common  in  tbe  Etonab  aoU  Oostanaala.   TU 
Utchryinale  (Cope)  also  occur  i. 

40.  MisosTOMA  ETJEYOPS  Jordan. 

lasaatoma  rurgopa  Joiidan  (IdTT),  Alq.  Lju.  Nat.  HiBt.  N.  T.  3M. 

From  Lovejoy's  Creek,  a  tributiiryof  theOoataoaula.    The  type-tpM' 
men  of  this  singular  si>ecies  still  remaios  unique. 

Genus  CATOSTOMUS  U  Sueur. 


1    *'#;ii#^'' J- , 


§^  r  f  f  f ,:^ifiili  fl^  #»  tag  AXdiBiiiyL  BAsm.  il6 

0611118  OABPIODES  Bafinesque. 

QO.  Oa^piobbs  OYPBmus  (£0  8.)  Ag. 
A  8iD|^  q[)edincai  firoin  Bound  Lake  near  Montgomery,  Ala«,  appa- 
iCD^  iiiMitieal  with  PennsylvaDia  examples. 

Genus  BUBALICHTHYS  Agassiz. 

61.  BUBALIOHTHTS  (TAUBUS)  Agossiz. 

Bwidid  by  Professor  Agassiz  from  the  Alabama.  Other  species  of 
''BoflUo  Pish''  doubtless  oocor  in  the  Alabama,  bnt  the  species  have 
new  teen  stadied. 

SILURIDiE. 

Genus  ICHTHiELURUS  liqfinesque. 

62.  lOHTHJEELUBUS  PUNOTATUS  (Baf.)  JoT. 

Alxmdant  in  the  basin  of  the  Alabama. 

G^nus  AMIURUS  Bqfinesque. 

63.  AHIUBnB  NATALIS  ANTONIBNBIS  (Grd.)  JOT. 

Aboudaut  in  muddy  tribataries  of  the  Etowah  and  Ooosa. 

Genus  NOTURUS  Bafinesque. 

54.  NOTUBUB  LEPTAOANTHUS  Jordan. 

Two  specimens,  taken  in  Silver  Creek,  and  a  third  specimen,  from  the 
CiiaUahoocbee,  are  all  that  are  at  present  known  of  this  carioas  little 
"pedes. 

ANGDILLID^. 

Genus  ANGUILLA  Thunberg. 

65.  ANGUILLA  VULGARIS  Fleming. 
Abundant. 

LEPIDOSTEID^. 

Genus  LEPIDOSTEUS  Lacepede. 
06.  Lepidostbus  osseus  (L.)  Ag. 
^^Wk  the  Ck>stanaQla;  probably  common. 


56      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY ^IIL 


VI.— WATER-BASIN   OF  THE  TENNESSEE   RIYEB. 

The  fish-faana  of  the  Tennessee  Hiver  has  been  pretty  fully  studied, 
especially  as  to  its  Cyprinidod,  Thirty-seven  species  were  obtained  by 
Professor  Cope  in  the  French  Broad,  thirty-four  in  the  Holston,  and 
twenty- five  by  Professor  Jordan  in  tribntaries  of  the  Clinch  and  French 
Broad,  making  in  all  some  sixty  different  species  known  to  inhabit  the 
upper  waters  of  the  Tennessee.  In  the  lower  course  of  the  river,  thirty- 
four  species  are  recorded  by  Professor  Agassiz  from  the  Tennesaee 
River  at  Huntsville,  Ala. ;  twenty  species  were  obtained  by  the  writers 
from  the  Chickamauga  Hiver  at  Einggold,  Oa.,  and  seventeen  species 
from  Elk  River  at  Estill  Springs  in  Tennessee.  About  sixty-eight  spe- 
cies are  therefore  known  to  occur  in  the  lower  course  of  the  river.  In 
all,  eighty-two  different  species  are  known  to  inhabit  the  waters  of  the 
Tennessee.  To  this  number  many  species  of  large  fishes  inhabiting  the 
Ohio  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tennessee  might,  with  certainty,  be  added; 
but  it  is  not  the  province  of  this  paper  to  record  guesses.  Forty-six 
species  are  therefore  certainly  common  to  the  upper  and  .lower  coarses 
of  the  Tennessee  River. 

The  species  at  present  known  in  the  Tennessee  Basin,  only  from  the 
upper  course, — the  Clinch,  Holston,  and  French  Broad  Rivers, — are  the 
following  .'7— 


Hadropterus  uurantiacus. 
Diplesium  simoterum. 
Notbouotus  zonalis. 
Nothonotus  vulneratus. 
Notbonotus  rufilineatus. 
Etheostoma  flabellare. 
Salvelinus  fontinalis. 
Alburnops  spectrunculus. 


Ilydrophlox  rubricroceus. 
Hydrophlox  lacertosua 
Episema  leucioda. 
Notropis  micropteryx. 
Notropis  atheriuoides. 
Hemitremia  vittata. 
Placopharynx  carinatus. 


Noturus  eleutherus. 

In  all,  sixteen  species. 

From  the  lower  course  of  the  river  only,  the  following  are  known: — 


("Etheostoma")  cinerea. 
("Etheostoma")  tessellata. 
PoBcilichthys  jessiae. 
GbsBUobryttus  gulosus. 
Lepiopomus  obscurus. 
(Lepiopomus)  bombifrons. 
Eupomotis  pallidus. 


Xeuotis  inscriptus. 

Esox  (crassus). 

nyodon  seleuops. 

Pomolobus  cbrysochloris. 

Dorosomacepedianum  heterurum. 

Notropis  lirus. 

Phoxinus  flam  mens. 


nBHBS  OF  THE  TENNX68EE  BA81K.  57 


Qflftflitor. 

QoMrilttda  laoenu 
Oupiodes  biaon. 


Babaliohthys  onis. 
Amia  calva. 
Acipenser  maoolosns. 

In  all,  twenty  spedea. 

laonaaed  knowledge  will  considerably  modify  these  lists.  It  is 
fnbaUe  that  the  sixteen  species  in  the  first  list,  with  the  probable 
OMpCkniB  of  Noturus  eleuthems  and  Salvelmus  JmHnalUj  will  be  fonnd 
lo  inhabit  the  lower  part  of  the  river-basin,  if  sought  for  in  suitable 
loeilitiac.  It  is  likely  that  the  tribataries  of  the  Tennessee  having  their 
aome  in  the  Oumberland  Mountains  in  Alabama  have  the  same  fish- 
tens  as  similar  streams  rising  in  the  Oumberland  Mountains  in  Virginia. 

About  twelve  species  are  at  present  known  only  from  the  Tennessee 
Bfcr  and  its  tributaries.    These  are : — 


Hadioptems  aurantiacus. 
(Btheottoma)  cinerea. 
(BUieoBtoma)  tessellata. 
loOonotas  vulneratus. 
Hbtbonotus  rufllineatus. 
Foeiliohthys  jessi». 


(Lepiopomus)  bombifrons. 
Albumops  spectrunculus. 
Hydrophlox  lacertosus. 
Phozinus  flammeus. 
Bpisema  leucioda. 
Oeratichthys  monachus. 


I 


As  we  go  from  the  Alabama  to  the  Tennessee,  we  note  an  increased 
iMemblance  in  the  fish-fauna  to  that  of  the  Ohio  and  Upper  Mississippi 
legioD.  The  following  are  some  of  the  Northern  or  Western  types 
added  :^ 

Diplesiumj  Etheostamaj  PcBoilichthys^  Zabidesthes,  Zygonectes  (proper), 
f^nifma,  Hemitremia^  OhrosomuSj  Phoxinua,  Placapharynx^  Quassilabia. 

COTTID^. 

Genus  POTAMOCOTTUS  Gill 

1.  POTAMOCOTTUS  MEEiDiONALis  (Oirard)  Oill. 

From  Ohickamauga  River.  Also  a  single  specimen  from  the  Oave 
Spring  at  Oumberland  Gap.  Abundant  in  the  French  Broad  Biver 
(Cop0)  and  in  the  Holston. 

ETHEOSTOMATID^. 

Genus  PERCINA  Hddeman. 
2.  Pbboina  capbodes  (Eaf.)  Ord. 
Generally  abundant  in  clear  streams. 


00       CONTBIBUTION8  TO  NOBTH  AMBEICAN  ICHTHTOLOQT  — m. 

Genus  ALVORDIUS  Girard. 

3.  Alvobditjs  MAcni^TUS  Girard. 

(f  Altordiui  tnaciiUtiut  Grcl.;  Uadropterim  maculaiu*  Ord.;  EliieMtoma  UMnioidn  Aguu 
etc.;  AirOTCliiu  atpro  Cope  &  Jor.) 

Frotn  the  Oliucb  and  French  Broad  Bivers.  Alao  abaudant  in  tb 
ChickamaQga  at  Biuggold. 

Genus  HADROPTERUS  Affoasu. 
i.  Hadboptebus  AUBANTiAOUs  (Copc)  Jordao. 
French  Broad  River  {Cope). 

Genus  DIPLESIUM  Mafineague. 

5.   DJPLESIUM  BLENNIOIDES  {Rof.)  JoT. 

HolstOQ  and  French  Broad  Bivers.  AIho  from  Cbiekamaaga  Bive 
I>escnbcd  by  Professor  Agassiz  from  Huiitsville,  Alabama,  andff  Qi 
name  of  Jlgostoma  ncKmani. 

Q.  DiPLESiUM  siuoTBBDM  (Cope)  CopeloMd. 

From  the  Clioch  and  Ilolston  Bivera. 


Genus  BOLEOSOMA  DeKay. 


FI8HE8   OF  THE   TENNESSEE   BASIN.  59 

Genus  PCECILICHTHYS  Agassiz. 

11.  PCECILICHTHYS  JESSIE  Jor.  &  Brayt. 

JordiD,HMi.  Vert.  £.  U.  8.  ed.  2d,  1878,  237. 

fiodj  fasiforui,  rather  deep  and  compressed,  the  depth  5  to  5 J  in  leugth, 
the  form  of  the  body  similar  to  that  of  P.  spectahilis. 

Head  rather  large,  moderately  pointed,  4  in  length.  Mouth  rather 
large,  terminal,  the  upper  jaw  slightly  longest,  not  protractile.  Eye 
preltj  large,  high  up,  3^  in  head,  about  equal  to  snout. 

Cheeks  naked,  scaly  above:  opercles  scaly:  throat  naked:  neck 
above  scaly :  scales  medium,  6-45  to  50-7.  Lateral  Hoe  incomplete,  but 
extendiug  farther  than  in  P.  varialns  and  P.  spectdlnlia^  on  about  35 
scales,  or  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  secoud  dorsal. 

FJDs  moderate.    Dorsal,  Xll—^about  12.    Anal  II,  9. 

Color,  in  spirits,  olivaceous,  with  about  nine  squarish,  bar-like  blotches 
aloDg  the  sides,  and  about  five  dark  cross-blotches  on  the  back.  Dorsal 
andcaodal  fins  faintly  barred. 

Id  life,  the  fish  is  chestnut-colored  above,  and  the  squares  on  the  sides 
are  bright  dark  blue  :  the  fius  are  mottled  with  chestnut.  A  dark  yel- 
low or  orange  band  across  the  dorsal.  Second  dorsal  and  anal  with  dark 
aiKi  golden  speckliugs. 
!  Several  specimens,  each  about  two  inches  long,  taken  in  Chickamauga 
Kiver  at  Ringgold.  The  specimens  are  certainly  not  fully  grown,  and 
the  coloration  of  the  adult  male  is  doubtless  much  more  brilliant.  It 
vill  be  at  once  distinguished  from  P.  varialus  and  P.  fspectabilis  by  the 
ftcaliness  of  th<*  upi)er  pari  of  the  cheeks,  by  the  greater  development 
of  the  lateral  line,  the  more  numerous  dorsal  spines,  and  the  coloration. 
This  species  is  named  for  Mrs.  Jessie  D.  Brayton. 

Genus  ETHEOSTOMA  llafmesque. 
12.  ETHEOSTOMA  flabeLlare  Eofijiesque. 

Abundant  in   the  upper  waters  of  the  Tennessee  in  clear  rapid 

8trvam8. 

Genus  ? . 

13.  (ETnEOSTOMA)  ciNEiiEA  Storer. 

Described  from  Florence,  Ala.    The  description  has  reference  chiefly 
^  to  the  coloration.    Neither  this  species  nor  the  next  have  been  rec- 
*Qd  by  any  author  subsequent  to  their  description. 

'"'"'IIBOSTOMA)  TESSELLATA  IStorer, 

^t  at  Florence,  Ala. 


6U       C0NTBIBUTI0N8  TO  NOBTH  AUEBICAN  ICHTHTOLOQT — ^m. 
PERCID^. 

Genus  STIZOSTETHIUM  Bafinesgue. 
IS.  SrizosTKTinuM  vitbedh  {Cuv.  A  Jal.)  Jor.  &  Copel. 
FoQiid  by  Professor  Cope  in  the  French  Broad. 

16.  SlIZOSTETQIUM  SALHONEUH  Baf. 

Species  of  this  geons  occar  throagbout  the  Tenueasee  Basin.  I 
fenaor.  Oop»  ascribes  this  species  and  the  preceding  to  the  Fi«i 
Brand.    As  we  have  seen  no  specimeD,  we  follow  his  identificatiMu. 

CENTEARCHID^. 
Genus  MICROPTERUS  Laciphde. 

17.   MlCROPTBBUS  PALLIDCS  (Ad/.)  0(7 j  (£  JordOH. 
Not  QDOOiuiuou  in  (he  Tennessee  Basin. 

IS.   MiCROPTKRVS  SALKOIDES  (tOC)  ffilt 

Very  wnimoii  it)  (fae  Tennessee  River. 

G^nus  AMBLOPLTTES  Eajmesque. 

XSt.  AHBLOPUTES  BrPESTKlS  (St/.)  OiU. 


nSBBS  OF  THE  TEHNS88BB  BASIN.  61 

fron  HaDteville,  Ala.  We  are  UDable  to  decidei  from  the  description 
and  a  MS.  drawing  kindly  forwarded  by  Professor  Bliss,  whether  this 
ipedes  is  a  Lepicpamus  or  a  XenotU. 

Genus  XENOTIS  Jordan. 

24.  Xenotis  aANeuooLENTUS  {AgoMiz)  Jordan. 

Originally  described  from  the  Tennessee  Biver  at  Hontsville.  We 
bive  seen  no  specimens  from  that  locaUty,  and  are  onable  to  decide 
vketber  Agassix's  species  is  the  one  to  which  we  have  applied  the  name 
tngtilMolmituBt  or  whether  it  be  one  of  the  forms  of  the  S'orthem  JT. 

25.  Xbnotis  insobiptxjs  (Agaasiz)  Jor. 

Originally  described  from  the  Tennessee  Biver  at  Hontsville.  Also 
fimnd  by  Professor  Cope  in  the  apper  waters  of  the  same  river. 

Genus  EUPOMOTIS  GiU  A  Jordan. 

26.  BUPOMOTIS  PALLIDUS  {Agossiz)  O.dbJ. 
Originally  described  from  Htrntsville,  Ala. 

Genus  XYSTROPLITES  Jordan. 

27.  Xtstboplites  notatus  {Agassiz). 

Originally  described  from  Hantsville,  and  later  foand  by  Professor 
Cope  in  the  upper  waters  of  the  Tennessee.  This  species  may  be 
a  Eupomotis  instead  of  a  Xystroplitea.  It  much  resembles  the  Texan 
IflitropUtes  heros  B.  &  C. 

SCIiENID^. 

Genus  HAPLOIDONOTUS  Bafinesque. 

28.  HAPLOmONOTUS  GEUNNIENS  Rof. 

Abandant  in  the  Tennessee  Basin.  The  form  called  by  Professor 
^imiz  Amblodon  concinntia  needs  re-examination  before  it  can  be  admit- 
M  a8  a  species. 

ATHERINID^. 
Genus  LABIDESTHES  Cope. 

29.  LABIDESTHES  STOOULUS  Cope. 

Poond  by  Professor  Cope  in  Goal  Greek,  a  tribntary  of  the  Olinch 
ttver. 


62       CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IIL 

CYPRINODONTIDJE. 

Genus  XENISMA  Jordan. 

30.  Xenisma  oatenatum  {Storer)  Jordan. 

Originally  described  from  Florence,  Ala.  It  is  abundant  in  the  E 
Glincli,  and  Holston  in  clear  waters. 

Genus  ZYGONECTES  Agassiz. 
31.  Zygonectes  notatus  {Baf.)  Jor. 

DcbCiibed  by  Dr.  Storer  from  Florence,  Ala.,  under  the  name  of  Poaei 
olivacea.    This  species  prefers  still,  deep  waters. 

ESOCIDJE. 

Genus  ESOX  Linnets. 

32.  Esox  (ciJASSUS  Agassiz). 

A  species  is  recorded  by  Professor  Agassiz  under  the  name  of  jB^ 
erassus.  The  description  is  insufficient  and  the  species  is  at  presf 
unrecognized. 

HYODONTID^. 

Genus  HYODON  Le  Sueur. 

33.  Hyodon  selenops  Jordan  &  Bean. 

The  original  type  of  this  species  came  from  the  Tennessee  River 
Chattanooga.    Hyodon  tergisus  doubtless  also  occurs  in  the  lower  com 
of  the  river. 

CLUPEID^. 

Genus  POMOLOBUS  Rqfinesque. 

34.  POHOLOBUS  OHBYSOOULOBIS  Rof. 

Abandanc  in  the  channel  of  the  Lower  Tennessee. 


FISHES   OP  THE   TENNESSEE   BASIN.  SS 

DOROSOMATID^. 

^enua  DOROSOMA  Rajinesque. 

3S.  DOBOSOUA  OEPEDIANDM  UBTBRUBTTM  (Baf.)  Jof. 
Tlte  "OizZEinl  Shud  "  is  abuudunt  id  the  Lotrer  Teuiifssee. 

8ALM0NIDJE. 

Genus  SALVELINU8  Richardson. 
36.  Saltklintts  P0iNtijjai-I3  {Mitchill)  Gill  ifi  Jor. 
TbU  Hpccieii  occiirH  in  abuitdiince  in  SwaDnanoa  River,  at  tUL>  foot  of 
Bliutk  Monutain,  and  iu  all  clear  tributaries  of  tbo  Freucb  Broad  in  West- 
M  North  Carolina.  In  Southwestern  Virfriuist,  it  occurs  iu  certain  trlb- 
atariesof  the  Holston.  In  Rabun  Oount.y,  iu  yortlieasteru  Georgia,  it; 
iboaods  in  the  headwaters  of  the  Little  Teuneascc.  Professor  Copo 
Sales, OD  the  authority  of  Dr.  Uardy,  of  Asheville,  that  it  "ocenrainthe 
bMdtralem  of  the  Oliattafaoochee,  on  the  south  ^loiie  of  the  AllegbaDies, 
ii  Umrgia". 

CYPlUNIDiE. 

Genus  CAMPOSTOMA  Agassiz. 

37.  Cabtpostoma  anomalum  {Raf.)  Ag. 

Var.  prolixum  Storer. 

Everywhere  abundant.  In  the  clear  pools  of  the  Swannanoa  Biver, 
■ttbefoot  of  Black  Mountain,  tliis  fish  is  extremely  abundant,  and  the 
tvge  specimens  are  brilliantly  colored,  so  tbat  they  appear  to  be  Inmi- 
■ou  or  phosphorescent  as  one  looks  down  on  tbem  tbrongb  the  crystal 
nter. 

Genus  HYBORHYNCHUS  Agassu. 

38.  Htboehynchus  MOTATtJs  (Maf.)  Agiuaiz. 

^amerous  specimens  from  the  Chlckamauga  River.  These  are  nar- 
'o*er-headed  than  the  common  Western  form  (S.  aapereiliotua  Cope) 
Ud  want  the  barbel,  which  is  usually  distinct  on  the  latter.  It  is  not 
^nti»Ue  tbat  we  have  two  distinct  speciea. 


64       CONTKIBUnOtlS  TO  NORTH  AHEBICAN  lOBTBTOLOOT — DL 

Genus  LUXILUS  Re^nesgue. 

39.  LuxiLUS  COBNUTDS  {MibA.)  Jor. 
AbandaDt  in  every  stream  cxamiDed. 

40.  LuziLDs  cooooaasia  (Cope)  J&r. 
AbDQdaot  in  every  stream  examined. 

Genus  PHOTOGENIS  Cope. 

41.  PhOTOGBNIS  aALAOTURUS  {Copt)  Jor. 
AbundaDt  ID  every  stream  exnmined. 

G«nu8  HYDROPHLOX  Jordan. 
42.  Htdrophlox  bubbtoboobus  (Cope)  Jor. 

Described  by  Professor  Cope  from  tribataries  of  tbe  HolstoD.    It  ] 
fers  boisteroas  tnouutaia-streams. 

43.  Hydbophlox  LACBBTOstrs  (Cope)  Jor. 
Described  from  the  Holston. 

Genus  ALBURNOPS  Girard. 

44.  ALBUBNOPS  HICB08T<1M17S  (Bof.)  Jor. 


FISHES   OF  THE   TENNESSEE   BASIN.  65 

48.  NOTBOPIS  MICBOPTEBTX  (Cope)  JoT. 

From  tribotaries  of  the  Holston  and  GliDch. 

49.  NoTBOFis  PHOTOGENis  (Cope)  Jor. 

(^Igvolftft  pkotogetni9  Cope ;  PhoiogetUi  leuoops  Cope.) 

AboDdant  in  the  French  Broad  Biver. 

60.  NoTBOPis  TELESGOPUS  {Cope)  Jor. 

Holgton  and  French  Broad  Bivers  (Cope).  Also  abundant  in  Elk 
itirer.  If  oar  specimens  are  correctly  identified,  this  is  a  trae  Notropis. 
f^e  dod  it  not  easily  distingoishable  from  N,  photogenis. 

61.  NoTEOPis  LiBUS  Jordan. 

This  little  species  abounds  in  both  the  Elk  and  the  Ghickamanga. 

Genus  HEMITREMIA  Cope. 

62.  Hemitbemia  viTTATA  Cope. 
Described  from  the  Holston  River  near  Knoxville. 

Genus  CHROSOMUS  Itafinesque. 
63.  Ohbosomus  ebttubogast^b  Raf. 

Recorded  by  Professor  Agassiz  from  Huntsville,  Ala.  We  have  seen 
DO  specimens  fi-om  the  Tennessee  Kiver. 

Genus  PHOXINUS  Itafinesque. 
54.  PnoxiNUS  plammeus  Jordan  &  Oilbert. 

JofdaD,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.  ed.  2d,  p.  303. 

A  very  distinct  species,  resembling  "  Oila^  margarita  (Cope).bot  with 
the  short  lateral  line  of  P.  neogceus  Oope. 

Body  stout,  rather  more  slender  and  more  compressed  than  in  P. 
meogtrvs^  the  form  being  nearly  that  of  0.  margarita.  Depth  4  in  length, 
about  equal  to  the  length  of  the  head. 

Ilfad  short  and  deep,  smaller  than  in  n€og<mt8,  the  upper  outline 

lOfindeil,  the  muzzle  quite  blunt  and  rather  short.    Eye  rather  large, 

3}  iu  head,  longer  than  snout.    Mouth  small,  oblique,  the  lower  jaw 

•jectiDg,  the  intermaxillary  in  front  on  the  level  of  the  pupil,  and  the 

Uary  extending  to  opposite  the  front  of  tbe  orbit. 

ih  larger  than  'm^  but  still  quite  small,  iu  appear- 

.12- 


66      C0KTBIBUTI0S8  TO  NOETH  AMEBICAl?  ICHTHTOLOOT — in. 

nncft  8'milar  to  those  of  the  species  of  Qila  ;  doraal  and  ventnl  legio 
dcaleit ;  7-43-6.  Lateral  line  short,  decorred,  not  reachiog  to  base 
veutrals,  on  only  14  scales. 

Teeth  2,  4-5,  2,  as  in  P.  neogaus,  witboat  masticatory  snrface. 

Pins  small :  dorsal  \vell  bebiod  Teotrals :  pectorals  reaching  nea 
to  ventrnl8,tbe  latter  to  vent.  B.I,  8,  A.  I,  8;  the  latter  fin  rather  hi| 
^  Coloration  that  of  the  species  of  CUnoatomua,  especially  C.  margn 
(which  species, having  the  lateral  line  wanting  on  tbe  last  three  to eij 
scales,  might  perhaps  with  propriety  be  referred  to  Phoxinvs). 

Back  dark,  the  scales  profosely  punctate:  a  dusky  band  fonne^ 
dark  specks  along  the  sides:  cheeks  pearly:  space  below  lateral  1 
silvery ;  Id  tbe  type-specimen  flushed  ^ilh  rich  scarlet-red. 

Length  of  type  2j  inches. 

A  single  specimen  taken  in  Elk  Biver,  at  Estill  Springs,  in  ccMDp: 
with  Oila  cstor,  which  species  it  mnch  resembles  in  color.  Pkoxi 
llammeuB  bears  the  same  relation  to  P.  neoga-ua  that  Qila  mtor  doe 
tbe  small-scaled  Gila  elongata. 

Genus  GILA  Baird  dt  Girard. 
(Subgeuns  CLINOSTOMUS  Girard.) 
55.  Qila  ebtob  Jordan  &  BrayUm. 
Jordan,  Han.  Vort.  ed.  3d,  p.  UOO. 

A  large  and  handsome  8|>ecies,  related  to  Q.  elongata  and  O.pron 


FI8HE8  OF  THB  TENNESSEE  BA8IN.  67 

Odor  d«ik  olive  above,  with  a  bluish  lastre,  many  scales  darker,  as 
toonal  In  this  genos.  Sides  somewhat  silvery.  No  dark  lateral  band. 
A  broad  shade  of  deep  rose  color  along  the  sides,  below  which  most  of 
the  bdly  is  bright  crimson,  the  red  colors  brightest  anteriorly. 

Length  of  largest  specimens  aboot  4  inches.  Nnmerons  specimens 
fpOB  tlie  Blk  Biver  at  Estill  Springs,  and  from  Stone  Biver  at  Mnr- 
timbanf.  This  striking  species  resembles  most  O.  eUmgata  and  O.pro- 
fi§tr.  Both  those  species  have  much  smaller  scales  (70  to  75  in  tbe 
litnil  line  in  dangatOj  60  to  65  in  proriger).    The  coloration  is  likewise 

■ 

dilBMit,  the  two  latter  species  having  a  dnsky  band  along  the  sides, 
the  anterior  half  of  which  in  elongata  is  red  in  spring.  O.  cUmgaia  is 
much  more  dongate,  as  is  also  Q.  proriger.  The  month  appears  largest 
ii  6.  e$Mr.  Tbe  distinction  between  O.  proriger  and  O.  elongata  is  per- 
kapa  questionable. 

Genus  NOTEMIGONUS  Rafinesque. 

56.  NOTEMIGONUS  CHBT8L0LEU0U8  (ilftt)  Jor. 

Common  in  still  waters  in  the  Tennessee  Basin. 

Genus  PHENACOBIUS  Cope. 

57.  PHENAGOBIU8  IJEANOPS  Copc. 

Bather  common  in  tbe  Elk  and  Ohickamaaga  Bivers.  A  few  speci- 
loeDs  from  the  French  Broad.  Originally  described  from  the  Holston 
in  Virginia. 

Genus  RIIINICHTHYS  Agassiz. 
58.  Ehiniohthys  obtusus  Agassiz. 

(Rhinichthys  lunatus  Cope.) 

This  species  is  aboudant  in  all  clear  rocky  brooks  and  in  outlets  of 
•PriDgs. 

Genus  CERATICHTHYS  Baird. 

59.  CERATICHTHYS  MONACHUS  CopC. 

Abandant  in  Cbickaraauga  Biver.  Originally  described  from  the 
DoktOQ. 

60.  Oeratichthys  DissiMiLis  {Kirt)  Cope. 

Obtained  in  Elk  Biver. 


68       CONTBIBCnONS  TO  NOBTH  AMEBICAN  ICHTHTOLOOT — QL 

61.  Oeoatiohtqys  winohblli  (Qirardy  Jordam. 

{Ceratichthj/a  kyalimu  Cope.) 

Everywhere  abnndant  in  TeoneSBee  River.    Tbia  is  probably  Rybopnr 

gracilis  Ag.,  the  original  type  of  tbe  genus  SybopHs.    Id  that  cue,  it 

will  be  necessary  to  substitute  the  specific  name  graeilia  for  miuMIi. 

62.  Cebatiohthts  BiauTTATus  {Kirtland)  Qirard. 
Everywhere  very  abunOaot. 

Genus  SEMOTILUS«Ba^nes}«e. 
63.  Semotiltjs  cobporalis  (Mit.)  Putn. 
Tributaries  of  tbe  Clinch  and  French  Broad  j  chiefly  in  flmall  mount- 
aiu -streams. 

CATOSTOMID^. 

Genus  QUASSILABIA  Jordan  dt  Brayton. 
64.  Ql'ASSILABiA  LACEBA  Jordan  &  Brayttni. 
IjifoeliiU  hfcra  JonDAX  &  Braitok  (ItfTT),  Proo.  Ae.  Nat.  Se.  Phita. 

Two  specimens  of  this  singular  fish  were  taken  in  the  Cbickamansa 
Itiver  ut  Ringgold  and  one  8i>ecimen  in  Elk  Biver  at  Esdll Springs.  lo 
llio  Cliickamauga,  we  were  told  that  it  is  quite  common,  and  that  it  ■■ 


FISHES   OF   THE   TENNESSEE   BASIK.  69 

Genus  PLACOPHARYNX  Co^e. 
67.  Plaoophaeynx  carinatus  Co^e. 

This  large  species  is  the  common  ^'  Red  Horse  "  of  the  French  Broad. 
It  Oioch  resembles  the  preceding,  but  has  a  much  larger  mouth  and 
Jipsy  besides  the  different  dentition. 

Genus  ERIMYZON  Jordan. 

68.  Ebehyzon  sucETTA  {Lac.)  Jor. 
Obtained  in  Glinch  Hiver. 

Genus  MINYTREMA  Jordan. 

09.   MiNYTBEMA  MELANOPS  (-Ba/.)  Jw. 

Obtained  by  Professor  Agassiz  at  Huntsville,  Ala. 

Genus  CATOSTOMUS  Le  Sueur. 
70.  Catostomus  nigricans  Le  8. 
Very  abundant  throughout  the  Tennessee  Basin. 

71.  Gatostomus  gommebsoni  (Lac.)  Jar. 
Gtroerally  abundant. 

Genus  CARPIODES  Rafinesque. 

» 

72.  Oabpiodes  bison  Agassiz. 

fiower  Tennessee  Biver  (Cope.)    The  Buhalichthyince  of  the  Tennessee 
River  are  as  yet  unstudied. 

Genus  BUBALICHTHYS  Agassij^. 
73.  Bubaliohthys  ubus  Agassiz, 
Recorded  by  Professor  Agassiz  from  the  Tennessee  River, 

SILURIDiE. 

Genus  ICHTH^LURUS  Rafinesque. 

74.  IOHTH.SLUBUS  PUNCTATUS  (Baf.)  Jor. 

fat  the  TenneMee  Birar. 


70     coNTEiBimoNa  to  nobth  amebicak  icHmTOLoav — ^ra. 

Genus  AMIURUS  Rofinesque. 

75.  Amueus  natalis  [Le  8.)  QUI. 

Yar.  cupreua  (Raf.). 

Bather  abnodant  ia  Teouessee  Biver.  Other  species  of  this  geoos 
are  doabtless  common ;  bat  they  have  not  been  distiugaisbed. 

Genus  PELODICHTHYS  Hafinesque. 

76.   PELODICHTHrS  OLtTABIS  (Saf.)   Bill  &  Jor. 

Abnndnnt  in  the  chacaels  of  the  larger  streams.  Severul  spccimcD* 
from  the  Frepch  Broad. 

Tliia  species  probably  occurs  in  the  cbaonels  of  all  the  streams  men- 
tioned in  this  paper ;  but,  from  its  habits,  it  it)  iiot  easily  taken  with  a 
small  net. 

Genus  N0TURU8  Rafinesque, 

11.  JJoTDBUS  ELEUTHEBOS  Jordan. 

SolHrus  cleniheriH  Jordan  {IUTI),  Add.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  372. 

The  type-specimen  of  this  sitecies  was  from  Big  Pigeon  Rirei-,  m 
Cocke  (.'ounty,  Tennessee,  near  its  jmictiou  with  the  French  Brond. 
Many  other  specimens  bave  since  been  obtained  in  Tar  River,  l!<orUi 


FiBSEB  CP  THE   CUMBERLAND  BASIN.  71 

LEPIDOSTEID^. 

Genus  LEPIDOSTEUS  Lac^pede. 

80.  LEPIDOSTEUS  OSSEUS  (L.)  Ag. 

Generally  abandant. 

81.  LEPIDOSTEUS  PLATYSTOMUS  Baf. 

From  Hantaville,  Ala.  {Agassis). 

ACIPENSERIDiE. 

Genus  ACIPENSER  Agassis. 

82.  AcrpENSEB  MACULOSUS  Le  Sueur. 
HuDtsville^  Ala.  (Agaasiz). 

83.  AciPENSEB  BUBiGUNDUS  Le  Sueur. 
From  Ilaiitsvillo,  Ala.  (Agassiz). 

POLYODONTIDJE. 

Genus  POLYODON  Lacephde. 

84.   POLYODON  FOLIUM  ^^  Lac.^ 

Abundant  in  the  river-channels. 

VII. — WATEE-BASIN  OP  CUMBERLAND  RIVER. 

Sixty-five  species  are  known  to  occur  in  the  waters  of  the  Gnmberlnnd 
Biver.  Of  these,  forty-seven  have  been  obtained  in  the  lower  course  of 
the  river,  t.  e.j  in  the  vicinity  of  Nashville,  by  Professor  Winchell,  and 
ID  Stime  River,  at  Murfreesboro',  by  the  present  writers.  In  the  upper 
coorseof  thestream,thirty-threespecies  have  been  obtained  by  Professor 
Cope  iu  the  South  Fork  of  the  Cumberland  in  Tennessee  and  by  Professor 
JafUan  at  the  Falls  and  in  the  Bock  Castle,  Round  Stone,  Big  Laurel,  and 
other  tributaries  in  Kentucky.  Only  fifteen  species  are,  therefore,  known 
to  be  common  to  both  the  upper  and  lower  courses  of  the  stream.  The 
actual  differences  between  the  upper  and  lower  faunae  are,  however, 
probably  very  small,  if  similar  streams  are  compared.  The  differences 
fieallj  existing  are  iirobably  chiefiy  due  to  the  fact  that  the  large  fishes 

HriMting  the  lower  part  of  the  river  are  unable  to  ascend  above  the 

t)  vet  with  the  Tennessee,  the  disappear- 


72      CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHTOLOGT ^HI. 

aDce  of  one  or  two  Soatbern  types  will  be  Doticed,  as  will  be  the  sppciir- 
nnceofcertaiD  forma  abuodant  in  the  basin  of  the  Ohio.  Of  these  latter 
may  be  noticed  Pamliohthsa  variatva,  Apomotit,  Lstkrurta,  atKl  Pimepka- 
lea.  But  two  species,  both  Darters,  are  at  present  known  only  from  the 
Cumberland  River.  Tbese  are  Ulocentra  atripinnit  asd  N&tkonotKa  mh- 
guijluva, 

Tbo  Xfltional  Museam  is  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Professor  Win- 
chell  for  the  following  interesting — 

List  of  Fiskca  o/NaahviUe,  at  given  by  a  FMierman,  Daniel  A.  Birchett,  to 
A.  Winekat. 


"PEKCn   TRIBt:."' 

Nigger  lip  Cat. 

Suu  Pi^rcb. 

Chisel.head  Car. 

Coon  Perch. 

Kerkiu  Cat. 

Wbite  Pereh. 

Shovel-bil)  Cat. 

Itlaok  Perch. 

"snSKOW  TRIBK." 

Ked  IVrch. 

Silver  Side. 

Speoklwl  IVreh. 

Stone  Toter. 

Brama  Percli. 

Horny  Head. 

BnsH  or  Uock  Bass. 

White  Koacli. 

•'TROUT  TRIBE." 

Cre«k  Mullet. 

Steel  B^ck. 

White  Trout. 

Bl;»ok  Tniiit. 

MISCKLiANBOUB. 

^M 

FI8HE8  OF  THE   CUMBCBLAND   BASIN.  73 

COTTID-^. 

Genus  POTAMOCOTTUS  Gill 

1.  POTAMOCOTTUS  MEEIDIONALIS  (Ord,)   QUI. 

From  Gomberland  Biver  at  Nashville. 

ETHEOSTOMATID^. 

Genus  PERCINA  Haldeman. 
2.  Pebcina  capeodes  (Raf.)  Ord. 
Abuudant. 

Genus  ALVORDIUS  Girard. 

3.  Alyoedius  maculatus  {Girard)  Cope  A  Jordan. 

From  the  Bock  Castle  and  Camberland  at  various  ]>oiDt8. 

4.  Altordius  pnoxocEpnALUS  {kelson)  Cope  &  Jordan. 

From  the  Camberland  Biver  at  Nashville.  SpecimeDS  of  this  inter- 
e:«tiog  species  are  iu  the  National  Maseum  from  Marais  du  Cygne, 
Kansaa.  I  bave  otbers  from  the  Wabash  Biver.  Nelson's  types  were 
from  IlliDois  Biver. 

Genus  DIPLESIUM  Bafinesqtie. 

5.  DlPLESIUM  BLENNIOIDES  {Raf.)  J  or. 

Sooth  Fork  of  the  Cumberland  Biver  {Cope).    Also  from  Cumberland 
and  Stoue  Blvers. 

C.  DlPLESIUM  siMOTERUM  {Cope)  Copeland. 

From  the  Bock  Castle  Biver  at  Livingston,  Ky. 

Genus  ULOCENTRA  Jordan. 

7.  Dlocentra  ATRiPiNNis  Jordan. 

mlr1§immi$  Jordan  (1877),  BaUetin  X,  U.  S.  Nat.  MaBeom,  10. 

if  this  Bp  Tas  collected  in  the  Cumberland  Biver  at 

iIL 


7d       COHTBIBUTIOira  TO  HOSTH  AUEBICAH  ICHTHTffljOaT— UI. 

Genus  NOTHONOTUS  Agassis. 

«  6.  STOTHONUTDB  CAUTJBDS  {Cope)  Jor. 

Professor  Cope's  types  were  fhim  the  Sontb  Fork  of  tbo  ComberiiitiA  - 
Wo  have  seen  others  from  White  Biver  ia  IndiAoa,  sod  from  Haboiiio^ 
UlveruDd  other  strenuiB  in  Ohio.    This  species  is  not  identical  witt* 
yotkonotut  maeulatiu  Ag.  [Etheottoma  maculata  Eirt),  as  has  beco  tsap- 

1>0I<L>(1. 

Xothonotiis  maculatua  tia»  a  poiDted  instead  of  rooDded  snout;  lis 
JuvTB  ore  (■<iii>il ;  its  mouth  is  larger,  tlie  bod;  is  more  compressed,  aDd 
its  dormtl  Qu  moiu  devated,  the  soft  rajs  wheu  depressed  reaching  to  ; 
the  eiiudnl. 

Hpocimeus  in  the  National  Museum,  collected  in  Mahoning  River  bj 
I '  10 lessors  Baird  and  Kirtland,  show  the  following  characters  : — 

Body  modvriiti'ty  elongated,  very  deep,  strongly  compressed,  the 
ili'pth  i%  iu  length.  Head  4  in  length,  the  jaws  equal,  the  month  large. 
Eye  4|  iu  head.  Spinous  dorsal  with  a  long  base,  larger  titan  soft  dor- 
sal, the  spines  high,  tint  two  fins  slightly  connected.  Soft  ilorsu I  ele- 
vated, the  longest  niys  when  depressed  reaching  base  of  citudal,  the 
eiimla!  peduucle  very  short  and  deep.  Caudal  fiu  short  and  rounded. 
Anul  somewhat  smaller  than  second  dorsal.  Pi-ctorals  aud  ventrals 
mudunitt'. 

Hi'ali'K  not  lar;-i>,  58  to  00  in  the  lateral  line,  which  is  continaons: 


FISHES  OF  TH£  CU5fB£RLAND  BASIN.  75 

9.  NoTHONOTUS  SAW GUIFLUUS  ( Cope)  Jor. 
IVom  the  Sooth  Fork  of  the  Oumberlaud  in  Tenuessee  (Cope). 

Genus  BOLEOSOMA  DeKay. 

10.  BOLEOSOMA  MAGULATUM  Ag. 

From  the  Bock  Castle  Biver. 

Genus  POECILICHTHYS  Agassiz. 

11.  PCECILIOHTHYS  VARIATUS  (Kirt.)  Ag. 

FroiD  the  Sonth  Fork  of  the  CumberlaDd  Biver  {Cope). 

Genus  ETHEOSTOMA  Rafinesque. 

12.  ETHEOSTOMA  FLABELLARE  Rof. 

Abaudant  iu  the  mountain  tributaries  of  the  Camberland. 

PERCIDJl. 

Genus  STIZOSTETHIUM  Rafinesque. 
13.  Stizostethicu  salmon  euh  Raf. 
Ooo  or  two  small  specimens  from  the  Bock  Castle  liirer. 

CENTKARCHID^. 

Genus  MICROPTERUS  Lacefede. 

14.  MiCEOPTEEUS  PALLIDUS    {Raf.)    O.  cfc  J. 

The  **  White  Trout'',  as  this  species  is  often  called,  is  commou  in  the 
Camberland.  It  is  said  that  this  species  and  the  next  were  not  found 
above  the  falls  uutil  introduced. 

15.  MiCEOPTEEUS  SALMOIDES    (Lac.)    QUI. 

The  "  Black  Trout''  occurs  with  the  preceding,  and  is  still  more  abuii- 
laut. 

Genus  AMBLOPLITES  Rafinesque. 

16.  AMBLOPLITES  EUPESTRIS    {Raf.)    QUI. 

■mdant. 


76       CONTEIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AHBEICAN  ICHTHYOI-OGY — HI. 

Genus  APOMOTIS  Mafinesqm. 

17.   APOMOTIS  CYANELLDS    (Bfl/.)    Jor. 

Abundaut  iu  the  Cuatberland  Itirer  at  Naebville. 

Genus  LEPIOPOMUS  Rafinesque. 
18.  Lepiopouus  PALLlDUB  {MiU)  Gill  &  Jordan. 
Very  abiindaut  ia  tbe  Cumberlaod. 

19.  LEPIOPOMUS  OBSCUnus   (AgaBsiz)  Jor. 
Collected  by  Professor  Wincbell  in  tbe  Cumberland  Bivt^r  at  "Sax 
Ttlle. 

Genus  XENOTIS  Jordan. 

20.  XENOTTS  MEQM.OIIS    {Bof.)    JOT. 
AbuodaDt  in  tbo  Camberlaud  River. 

Genus  POMOXYS  Rafinesque. 
21.  POMOXTS  niQROMAOCLATUS    {Ls  8.)    Grd. 
Collected  by  Professor  Wincbell  at  Nasbville. 

22.   POUOXYS  ANI4UI.AJIIS  Bqf. 

Fruui  tbe  Cumberlaud  at  Sashvitle. 


FISHES   OF  THE   CUMBERLAND   BASIN.  77 

CYPRINODONTIDiE. 

Genus  XENISMA  Jordan. 
25.  Xbnisma  oatenatitm  {Storer)  Jordan. 
Collected  by  Professor  Winchell  in  streams  about  Nashville 

Genus  ZYGONECTES  Agassiz. 
26.  Zygoneotes  notatus  [Raf.)  Jor. 

From  Gamberland  and  Stone  Bivers.    Bafiuesque's  original  speci- 
mens were  from  the  Cumberland  at  Williamsburg. 

HYODONTIDiE. 

Genus  HYODON  Le  Sueur. 

27.  Hyodon  tebgisus  Le  Sueur. 

Abandant  in  the  Gamberland. 

28.  Hyodon  selenops  Jordan  db  Bean. 

Two  or  three  specimens  in  the  National  Museum  from  Cumberland 
River. 

CLDPEIDJ], 

Genus  POMOLOBUS  Rafinesque. 

29.  PoMOLOBUS  OHUYSOCHLOBis  Rafinesque. 
Abundant  in  the  Lower  Cumberland. 

DOROSOMATID^. 

Genus  DOROSOMA  Rafinesque. 

30.    DOBOSOMA  CEPEDIANUM  HETERURUM  [Raf.)  Jor. 

Abundant  in  the  Lower  Cumberland. 

cyprinidj:. 

Genus  CAMPOSTOBIA  Agassiz. 

31.  GAMPOSTOMA  AM03IALUM  {Rof.)  Ag. 


78      C0NTBIBUT10H8  TO  »OETH  AMERICAN  ICHTHTOLOOT m. 

Genus  PIMEPHALES  Bqfinesque. 

32.  PlMEPDALES  FROMBLAS  Rafinesque. 

Collected  by  Professor  WiqcLbH  in  tributaries  of  tLe  CatuberloniL 
Genu3  HYBORHYNCHUS  Agassiz. 

33.  HYBonHYNCHUS  WOTATD8  (fl«/.}4»?. 
Abandant  everjwbi^re  iu  tbe  CtitnberlaDd. 

Genus  LUXILUS  Rafinesque. 
34.  LuxiLUS  CORNTJTUS  iMH.)  Jordan. 
Exceedingly  abundant  everywhere. 

Genus  PHOTOGENIS  Cope. 

35,  PHOTOGENIS  GALAOTUBUS  {Cope)  Jor. 

Veryabnndaiit  every  wuereiu  tbe  Cumberland.    Some  specimeaRfrom 
Niitthville  Lave  tbe  eaudal  flu  palu  red.    Tliis  species  does  Dot  seem  tu 
occur  iu  tbe  Obio.    The  quotalions  from  tliat  river  were  I'otinded  c 
orroneoDS  ideutificntioos. 

3fi.    PnOTOGKNIS   ANALOSTANUS    {Ord.)  JoV. 

From  the  Cumberlaud  at  Nashville. 


riSnEB   OF  THE   CUMBERLAND   BASIN.  79 

40.  NoTBOPis  miceoptery:k  {Cope)  Jor. 
AboDilant  in  the  Bock  Castle. 

41.  NoTROPis  TELESCOPUS  (Cope)  Jor. 
Stone  Biver  at  Morfreesboro'. 

Genus  HEMITREMIA  Cope. 

42.   HEMITREMIA  VITTATA   CopC. 

Abandant  in  Big  Laurel  Biver  in  Laurel  Couuty,  Kentucky. 

Genus  GILA  Baird  <&  Girard. 
41  OiLA  ESTOR  Jordan  &  Brayton. 
SeT^eral  specimens  from  Stone  Biver  at  Murfreesboro'. 

Genus  CHROSOMUS  Agassiz. 

44.  CHROSOMUS  ERTTHROGASTER  Ag. 

From  the  tributaries  of  the  Bock  Castle. 

Genus  NOTEMIGONUS  Bqfinesgue 

45.  !NOTEMIGONUS  CHRYSOUEUCUS  (Mif.)  JoT. 

Common  in  sluggisli  waters. 

Genus  PHENACOBIUS  Cope. 
46.  Phenacodius  uranops  Cope. 
Taken  in  Bock  Castle  Biver. 

Genus  CERATICHTHYS  Baird. 

47.  CERATICHTHYS  DissiMiLis  (Kirtland)  Cope. 
From  Cumberland  Biver  at  Nashville. 

48.  CERATICHTHYS  AMBLOPS  {Raf.)  Ord. 

From  Cumbi»rland  Biver  at  Nashville. 

49.   CERATICHTHYS  BIOUTTATUS   [Kirt.)  Ord. 

IfU'jrwhefe  abundant. 


80      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHrOLOOr — UI. 

Genua  SEMOTILUS  Rafinesqm. 

50.  SeHOTILTIS  COBPOBALIS  {Mil.)  Put. 
From  Bock  Castle  River. 

CATOSTOMID^. 

Genus  MYXOSTOMA  Eafinesque. 
51.  Mtxostoma  macbolepidotum  duquesnii  {Le  8.)  Jor. 
Comiuon  in  the  Cumberlauil. 

Genus  ERIMYZON  Jordan. 

52.  Ebimyzon  bccbtta  {Lac.)  Jor. 
From  the  Cumberland  at  Xaehville  and  from  the  Uock  Castle. 
Genus  MINYTREMA  Jordan. 

53.   MiNYTBBMA   UELANOPS    (i?«/.)   Jor. 

From  the  Cumberland  at  Nashville. 

Genus  CATOSTOMUS  Le  Sueur. 
54.  Catostomus  nigbicans  Le  S. 


FI8RB6   OF  THE   CUMBERLAND  BASIN.  81 

SILURID^. 

Genus  ICHTH^LURUS  Rafinesque. 
58.  Ighth.s:lubus  punctatus  (Raf.)  Jor. 
Very  aboDdant 

Genus  AMIURUS  Rafinesque. 
59.  AanuEUS  natalis  (Le  S,)  GUI. 
CoIIectecl  at  Nashville  by  Professor  Wincbell. 

60.  Amiurus  nigricans  (Le  S,)  Oill 
From  the  Falls  of  the  Cumberland. 

Genus  PELODICHTHYS  Rafinesque. 

01.  PELODICnTHYS  OLIVARIS  [Eof.)  QUI  &  Jor. 

om  the  Bock  Castle  at  LiviDgston,  and  from  the  Camberland  below 
^alls. 

ANGUILLID^. 

Genus  ANGUILLA  Thunberg. 

62.  ANGUILLA  VULGARIS  Fleming. 

nroon  in  the  Cumberland.    A  very  large  specimen  'taken  in  the 
Castle  at  the  mouth  of  Round  Stone  River. 

LEPIDOSTEIDiE. 

Genus  LEPIDOSTEUS  LacepMe. 

63.  LEPIDOSTEUS  OSSEUS  (Z.)  Ag. 

m  the  Cumberland  at  Nashville. 

POLYODONTID^. 

Genus  POLYODON  LacepMe. 

64.  PoLYODON  FOLIUM  '■'^  LaoP 
"Vlaod  Biver. 


82      CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  A^HKBICAN  1CHTBT0UM3T — UL 


EECAPITULATIO:*. 

Tlie  folloffiug  tattle  sbon-g  the  distribution  of  tlie  species  io  the  ser 
riverbasius  especially  treated  in  tbiit  paper.  For  ;)urpoae8  of  compai 
son,  I  have  iutrodaced  the  resnits  of  Professor  Cope's  explorations  i 
the  Eoanoke,  James,  Neuse,  and  Great  Pedee,  of  Prof.  Forbes  an 
Hr.  NelsoD  in  the  Illinois,  und  of  mjself  and  others  in  the  Obia  j 
tuv  uareriflcd  species  bave  becD  introduced,  but  uU  doubtful  qnolatira 
and,  in  general, all  "guesswork"  bave  been  exclnded. 


Toble  showing  the  Distrib«tioH  of  the  Spec 

■es  it 

the  Different  RiterS«m 

r  < 

i 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1  = 

f 
1 

1 

X 

i 

+ 

1 

J 

J_ 

a. 

K. 

n. 

HT. 
W. 

1 

* 

+ 

+ 

+ 

"*' 

+ 

eeroiBOCuptmjM,  (Unf.)Gril 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

];lj,-.,.T>„|.,,-..,„.|„,„ii  ^„r                                     ' 

■ 

DISTBIBUnON  OF  fiPECIEa.  S3 


1 

II 

ill 

5 

4- 
4- 

■* 

+ 

+ 
+ 
4- 
+ 

4- 
+ 

+ 
+ 
4- 
4- 
4- 
+ 

4 

■3 

+ 

+ 

+ 

■«■ 

+  . 

+ 

4- 
+ 
4- 
+ 
4- 
+ 

+ 

+  i 

+ 

■  •■■i 

+  +..^ 

+  + 

+ 
+  H 

+ 
+ 

+ 

4-  ^ 

+ 

+ 

4 

* 

+  H 

* 

■* 

4- 

lV«^H,aTlrWl»,(C.  fc7.)JiiT 1  + 

l^n«i.IyaB.Ul■^(Baf,H;.*,I    ■. '  . 

+  ^ 

+  +].. 

-.  + 

t    4 

+  H 

+  H 

-  + 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

4- 
4- 

* 

W. 

lWmu"l»»iiraii,(AB.lJDr '  - 

tTilofwiiHlKhyni^J.tS ■  .. 

+ 
■ 

-  4 

-  - 

.  j  ,,  , 

'ftoimni.ni.rm'liln.a,  lUf 

* 

+ 
-t 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

f 

W. 

I^«.M™.lB^Jnr 

I*tl,liil,r«hl.«l«.Jor 

't^I'lBiKrtlrtna,  (AcMor 

'IianTllinliiaMiBKAi: '  - 

'■>»lhll.ll«Il«.|A|!.MI.*J 

b»«iMhuinv|iu<.ila,Ulll&Jar 1- 

fcrn-Hllmiiiiralan-.  rep* + 

<^>nRhsalrl>nf>.  (I^ntC.  &r |  . 

Cnir4h'hu»iuiicm[ilttnn,  (!-»&»  Jnr  | 

'w»y<iiien<niai'iiliitaa.  |L«S)Gnl !-» 

''~BJ.«liBiilflr,..Rar ',. 

Bfli-.,««a,Enu.Di™..Har - 

■»lW«lrni.  ..5ai.i».  iCilllaniD  I>eK«j '  - . 

UHI-tlw„rMlu«,Cup. !  . 

+ 

4  H 

s. 

Vtl. 

+  ■ 

+  -t 

4 

.  + 

+ 
* 

4- 

4- 
4- 
4- 
+ 

+ 

4- 
+ 

+ 

K. 
s. 

84       CONTEtliUTlOSS  TO  NORTH  AMEKICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — III. 
Talrle  ihoving  the  DUtrihution  nf  the  Specia  in  Ihe  Differail  Eirer-Baiimt—CoatioKi. 


1 

i 
J 

1 

1 
1 

i 

1 

^ 
l 

s 

1 

1 
j 

! 

1 

L 

1 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

sw. 

HI. 

S, 

ft 
K. 

»■ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+  . 

+  . 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

[ 

+ 

+  - 

__ 
* 

z 

... 

E™  (cr»t..^  Ai) 

EwiOfpba,  Cope 

+ 

.. 

... 

rrnup>iiE''t^*o*' ^E ■ 

Sj|r.ltnB«  fuDitnnll.,  (Mlt.)  Gill  «  Jor 

« 

+ 

; 

; 

+ 
+ 

Uoravimno'pcdtaBnTii  Mcruram,  (Itaf.)  .Tor  . 

■■ 

.  + 

* 

■ 

DISTBIBUriOH   OF  SPECIES.  85 

AMtkHvlif  (b  DUMbtlUm  «f  tie  Sprciu  U  the  Diffirail  Rtetr-Batint—CoaUiiaed. 


1 

1 

1 
1 

1 
1 

1 

* 

1 

1 

J! 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

1 

1 

(Com)  Jor 

+ 

+ 

;..  .J« 

i;jdr.ffUMlu[,i,.m,..,,J  /.LI       

Bf4njUeichllklurniCi.|.L)Jii(... 

M»»bl«>4!;,.,t..[,b.,kl...Iut 

'i. 

-  + 

.: 

+ 

■■■'  --r-." ■■:i'.:i-ii)JiT 

i't— !■■■'-...: -.Cn|„.,J^r 

- 

■" 

+' 

+ 

' 

i 

+ 

■t 

■* 

+ 

^Mmw    :.    ,,,.„:  ,.',.|„,,Jor 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

X. 

N«nfU    ,^.1    .U,r 

+ 

j 

1 

+ 

* 

+ 
+ 

"1 
■"1 

V, 

... 
+ 

■Wupii  lUtntinn*.  (i;>>p.-»  Jir 

»*^i*'liri^Jor   

■■■'■■ 



■ 

■' 

'■•Wwn.™  J.» 

<:-*«ipyrTb<.BH.t»(rop..)Jor 

'^*«Bif„ni,««,  (Putii.)Jur 

'■-*«i»wltiK.nw.J.ff    

'■■•■*m,EhL>r«tl».J.&B 

■4 
+1 

,|.., 

ZC- 
....... 

'"««-na«lll.lb..I.,r       

-■'«««   ■ iMr    

J."^«=^>                      '        

^'l*mWi«U.O.p.- 

^»^-™....i,_,    „..C.p. 

-"••TMWtaiumal^im ... 

•*»WImol,THto:a.<;,fl«. 

5*'nulrRuia  hi'itiii  Ion.  Copf  

^'*«»UlM«ll->C*rH,t."r>(»' 

'"■«ii.t..llaniin<-ufcJur.&a;lllK-n  

_*'adiH.KJmKlit.)Jor 

-;i=Sr.::::::::::;::;:::;::;:;:;:; 

'>U«TiBj,4™l-,.  (C.  i  V.lJor 

'^<««l»«a.cUr™Jcueu*(Mlt.)Jor 

.1  '. 

:i: 

■ 
+ 

■ 

1 

- 
+ 

+ 

- 

1 

■f- 

+ 
+ 

+ 

X. 

86       COSTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOETH  AMEBICAN  ICnTnYOLOOT — III, 


Table  slioains  Ihe  DUtribalion  of  the  Species  in 

1 

! 

1 

1 
1 

i 

1 

1 

■2 

1 

" 

< 

1 

fi        1                ri           (L(J 

"li      t      1  I      Co 

+ 

h  + 

: 

+ 

'.'. 

".. 

+ 

f- 

t  + 

+  - 
+ 

+  ■> 

+- 

Y  ». 

.  I. 

■■ 

'*' 

1 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

t-  + 

+  H 

Cunult>bthj»liJTi»Un>tu».Copo 

+ 

4- 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

n 

+ 

+ 

4 

* 

*■ 

: 

. 

".'. 

+  ■ 

SiaDmh\,m\lu>n^\au<nJor -,- 

M 

+ 

■; 

+ 
+ 

■  ■ 

i 

■ 

UISTSIBUTIOK   OF  SPECIES  87 

ff  »»  iNtMfadiM  ^Ike  aptdm  to  tiie  DiffertxU  fiiMr-Outo*— CoDtinaed. 


i 

1 

1 

g 

?5 

i 

i 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

H 
+ 

1 

+ 

+ 

! 

.   RW. 

■+ 

+  ^ 

+ 

t 

- 

+  ■* 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+  ^ 

-i-  -4 

+  ^ 
+  ^ 

+ 

+ 

.  + 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

A«in»i»l«.|IUr)J.&C 

W. 

4 

+■ 

+ 

*  ■( 

■t 

■♦■ 

+  ^ 

+  H 
+  . 

+  H 

+ 

'". 

+ 

+ 

)(iUii.«llUN<'l- 

... 

1-  + 

NW. 

+  -i 

+ 
+ 

1 

+ 

+ 

+ 

y  + 

+ 
+ 

+ 
■t- 

t 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
4- 

+ 

+ 

"<«lJd>hyo[hu|iiitlU:[rhyu'biu,(['^f|Glll.... 
W!-l.™...liu»..Wt 

iniMiMc«,ir^outi-u«.  (Kirt.) 

Anfc.«[«,,lser.(ll-r) 

*'n>»nM™hfiaa.i,(GrJ.( - 

3j 

-1- 

IS 

*■ 

J^ 

* 

' 

11 

^. 

w 

From  tb«  above  table,  it  will  bo  sfeu  that  tliu  namber  of  specicH 
'Bliabitiu^  iiiiy  ono  riverbasiit  rapidly  iiicreasen  as  we  lutivu  tlie 
■itlauticstreiiais  for  tlioso  of  tho  Giiir.  Tlie  following  table  sliows  tUo 
*"iin({emeiit  of  tbe  species  froiu  aiiotlier  point  of  view — ouiittiuf;  rt-fer- 
*w  to  the  raiiRe  of  tbe  npiHjies  outside  of  the  thirteen  rivera  includeil 
"I  tbis  table : 


Kdovu  only  from  the- 

Ohio 

ilibama 


Spucies. 


Known  only  from  the- 

Tennesaee 

llliuois 


Spucics. 


C0KTBIBUTI0K8  TO  NOBTH  AUEBICAK  ICHTHYOLOQT — DL 


Kuown  only  from  the— 

Santee 

Altuumlia 

(Ireut  PeUeo 

Neuse  

Chattulioochee 


Known  only  from  the — 


James 

CumberlaQtl  . 
Roanoake  ... 
SaraQiiah  ... 


Common  to — 

Ohio  and  lUiuois 

Ciiuiboi'lanil  and  Tennessee 

Tennessee,  Cmubcrlaud,  OLio,  and  Illinois 

Cumberland,  Oliio,  and  Illinois 

-Vlabama,  Tennessee,  Cumboitaiid,  Ohio,  and  Illinois. . 

.lames  uud  Nonso 

TenucssiH',  Ohio,  and  Illinois 

Ahtbauia  and  Tennessee 

&ivannah  and  Tcnni'ssee 

Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  Cumberland 

(Irt'ftt  Pedee  and  Santeo 

Cumberland  and  Ohio 


J^inlrilmtioH  of  Oeuerti. 


DISTEIBUTION    OS 
Dixtributum  of  Qenera- 


GEKEBA. 
1 — (/Uiitiiiiivil. 


1 

3 

^ 

1 1 

111 

ii: 

!:l; 

5  5  S  1 

ItfaaMk 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+  + 

f   ...   + 

Y    +  ... 

+    4 

::::;,::  r 

+    44 

MtaMIM 

»«»*tt)n 

4   4    4    T- 

+ 

+ ... 

' 

4    +    4 

+ 



4 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 

+  + 
+ ... 

.    ...  + 

•f   +  4- 

.  !,. 

4   + 

—  +  +  ■ 

"1;  r ;- 

+ 

+   +  + 

4   +. 

.4--..  +   4  -1 

■ftiiliijun. 

+ 

+ 

+ 

■" 

. 

+  + 

*   +  4- 

4-  +  . 

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Ivliluiluntb*  uppar  Jaw  pnilnntlks anil  tb*  aoul  ■plan Torjr  f»nliU.    ftiim  AvInWMft,  wllb 
"t'fiwo  la  |lii«i  TMpMt*.  I(  li  dliMuffilUViI  hj  Itin  lucoioplnln  luMnJ  lino.    1l  la  namwl  tnr 

■1Luit...fl>»fto,»lliwi  Cb.iiv.iiiUly  BxiwllMtTOunnuiFpLioftb.-r  " 


90       C0NTBIBUTI0N8  TO  HOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHTOLOOY — III. 
Dutribution  of  Genera — CoDtintied. 


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H 

CONCLUSIONS.     •  91 

CONCLUSIONS.* 

lu  the  course  of  the  iuvcstigations  detailed  iii  this  paper,  some  light 
basbcen  throwu  on  the  laws  wliich  goveru  the  distribution  of  fresh- 
vater  fishes  in  general.  The  writer  has  collate<l  the  kuowu  facts  into  a 
series  of  general  propositions,  which,  without  any  pretense  to  exhaust* 
iveness  or  to  originality,  are  here  briefly  stated.  It  may  be  premised 
that  some  of  these  propositions  are  only  half  truths,  to  be  more  com- 
pletely stated  when  our  knowledge  of  the  subject  shall  be  increased. 
Most  of  the  statements  also  refi^r  chiefly  to  the  smaller  and  non-migratory 
fishes,  es|>ecia11y  the  Htheostomatidcej  Gentrarchidm^  and  Ct/prinidce,  Our 
knowledge  of  the  range  of  the  larger  Catostomidce  and  Siluridce  is  still 
very  meagre. 

For  the  flrst  statement  of  several  of  the  following  propositions,  we  are 
indebted  to  Professor  Cope,  who  has  ably  discussed  the  subject  of  the 
ilistributiou  of  flshes  in  his  paper  on  the  Fishes  of  the  Alleghany  Kegion 
of  Soutbwest  Virginia,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  1868,  pp.  239-247. 

I.  lu  the  case  of  rivers  flowing  into  the  ocean^  the  character  ot  the 
fiuiu®  of  the  upper  waters,  compared  one  with  another,  bears  no,  or 
very  little,  relation  with  the  places  of  discbarge.  In  illustration  of  this 
ve  may  note  {a)  the  similarity  of  the  fannsB  of  the  Chattahoochee  and 
AlUmaha,  as  compared  with  the  Chattahoochee  and  Ahibama.  The 
launaj  of  Wisconsin  lUver  and  of  lied  lliver  of  the  North  arc  vrry  similar. 

II.  Itiver-basins  having  a  similar  discharge  into  some  largrr  river  or 
l-Jke  bave  a  Mmilarity  of  fauna,  due  to  this  fact,  and,  in  general,  other 
'liinps  being  equal,  the  nearer  together  the  places  of  discharge,  if  in 
fn-ih  water,  the  greater  the  similarity.  The  almost  identical  faunae  of 
the  Catawba  and  the  Saluda  will  illustrato  this. 

III.  Parallel  rivers  tributary  to  the  same  stream  have,  other  things 
'^'iiifj  equal,  more  in  common  than  streams  coming  from  opposite  direc- 
lioiis.  The  Wabash  and  Miami  have  more  in  common  than  either  has 
^itlj  the  Kentuckv. 

IV.  The  higher  or  the  older  the  water-shed  between  two  streams,  the 
^**^er  specii*s  are  common  to  both.     (This  matter  needs  lurther  investi- 

V.  Certain  species,  not  including  "species  of  general  distribution", 
i    ^wurou  opposite  sides  of  even  the  highest  watersheds.      This  fact  was 

^tuoticed  by  Professor  Cope.     The  occurrence  of  Luxilus  coccogeni^^ 

qI  the  remaining  part  of  this  paper  uppoarecl  in  the  American  Natnruiiat 
*i  VSn  (pp.  607-613).    For  this  part,  Professor  Jordan  is  uloue  rospon.sible. 


92       CONTEIBUTIONS  TO  SOUTH  AMERICAS  ICHTHYOLOGY — HL 

Uijdiophlox  rubrieroeeus,  PImtogeais gataclurua,  and  Catostomtti  iiigrka\ 
botti  iu  tlie  Teiiuessee  aDtlBavatinah,  will  illustrate  tbis.  Ndtbcroft 
two  fiF»t-iiaiiicd  Ni>ccifs  are  as  yet  known  from  anyottier  river-bositii 

VI.  H'lien  tlio  water-bed  between  two  streams  is  a  swamjiy  npla 
iiiHteail  (tf  ti  mountain -range,  tbe  same  species  may  be  found  in  tbe  be 
waters  uf  botb,  altbougb  tbe  Ni>ecies  inbabiting  tbe  lower  conrses  ma; 
different.  In  case  tbe  cue  stream  Hows  nortbward  and  tbo  other  son 
ward,  tbe  common  fauna  will  be  nearetit  like  tbat  of  Ibe  nortbern  Btrei 

In  Xoitbern  Indiana,  tbe  same  species  arc  found  in  tbe  waters  of  Su 
Jusepb's,  Maiimec,  VVubasb,  and  Illinois  Hi  vers,  altliough  tbese  strei 
di:jcbarge  tbeir  waters  in  widely  different  directions.  Tbe  swampy  wa 
sbed  between  tbem  is  often  overflowed  iu  tbe  spring,  afionliDg  to 
smaller  lisbes  au  easy  means  of  mi^iatiou. 

VII.  In  any  river-basin,  many  of  tbe  sjwcies  inbabiting  small  strei 
are  diflerent  from  tbose  oeourring  in  tbe  river-ebaunela.  Among 
brook  species  may  be  mentioned  J]ucalia  inconxlann,  Ptecilickthg»  apt 
bilix,  Xenotia  lyihrochlorin,  Xenitma  stelli/erum,  Saltvlinus  fuutini 
Ericymha  hiiccata,  Semoti(u)i  corjmratis,  Ckronomus  eri/throgaster, 
species  of  EhinitlUltys,  etc.  Of  cbaniiel  spe<!ieK,  HaploutonoU'S,  Ilyoi 
Dofogoiua,  Pomolobus,  Eoccvs  chrysopn,  all  the  "Butl'alo-fishes",  aud 
larger  Sihirida,  Ichlkcclurm  pvnctalvs,  Pttiidiclilkya  olivaris,  Antin 
nigiicans,  and  tbe  like,  will  serve  as  esainples. 

VIII.  JltLiny  species  inbabiting  tbe  upper  course  of  a  stream  are  tlil 
rnt  Irorii  tliose  of  tbe  lower.     Tbis  sulijcet  bas  been  abty  discussed 


CONCLUSIONS.  93 

pared  with  the  range  of  Ltunlus  cornutus.  Id  tbe  genns  Ceratwhthy/i^  C, 
biguttaius  probabl^"^  occars  in  every  stream  fr.>m  the  Sasquehanna  to  tbe 
Great  Skilt  Lake,  while  foar  other  species  of  the  same  genus,  G.  micro- 
pot/OH,  C.  monachus^  C,  sanemus^  and  C  labrontt^,  are  each,  so  far  as  is 
known,  contlned  to  a  single  river-basin. 

Xn.  In  any  river-basin,  the  most  abundant  species  (of  small  fishes) 
are  asnally  (a)  those  peculiar  to  it,  or  {b)  those  of  the  widest  distribution. 
In  illustration  of  this,  we  may  notice  the  abundance  of  Godoma  pyrrho-. 
mdns  and  Notrapis  photogenis  in  tbe  San  toe;  of  Godoma  atigmatura  and 
Luxilvs  cornutus  in  the  Alabama;  of  Godoma  eurystoma  and  Geratichthya 
higuttatua  in  the  Chattahoochee;  of  Godoma  xcenura  and  Notemigonua 
mmcanua  in  the  Ocmulgee.  To  this  rule,  however,  there  are  many 
excqitions  and  modifications. 

XIII.  In  general,  the  further  south  any  river-basin  lies,  the  more 
sptHjies  are  i)eculiar  to  i^,  and  the  greater  the  difierences  betwc*en  its 
tAQDiiand  that  of  the  neighboring  streams.  In  illustration  of  this,  the 
diftorences  existing  between  the  faun®  of  the  Alabama  and  Chatta- 
hoochee may  be  compared  with  those  between  the  faunoe  of  the  Susque- 
l^mnaand  Delaware.  Twelve  genera  are  known  to  be  common  to  the 
I'battahoochee  and  Alabama,  and  twenty-three  to  the  Susquehanna  and 
belaware.  In  the  Southern  streams,  tbe  process  of  evolution  of  specific 
toiin«  seems  to  have  gone  on  more  rapidly.  Tbis  matter,  however, 
UHjnires  further  investigation. 

XIV.  Sj>ecies  of  tbe  widest  distribution  often  have  breaks  in  their 
range  wbich  cannot  be  accounted  for  by  any  facts  now  in  our  posses- 
»*Jon.  LuxUua  cormitua^  so  a!)undant  in  all  tbe  waters  of  tbe  North  and 
^Vi'st,  does  not  occur,  so  far  as  is  known,  in  any  of  the  rivers  between 
ibeXeuse  and  the  Alabama,  in  both  of  which  streams  it  is  a))nndant. 
Various  species  range  over  several  river  basins  and  then  ceas(»  abruptly. 
Amiunts  brunnena  is  abundant  from  tbe  Santee  to  tbe  Cbattaboocbee,  in 
tbv  hxwv  river  tbe  most  abundant  food-fish,  while  in  the  very  nrxt  river- 
'»y«n,  tbe  Alabama,  it  is  unknown. 

XV.  Many  species  of  wide  distribution  which  are  absent  in  certain 
'''ivums  are  there  represente<l  by  certain  other  related  8i>eci<»s,  which 
^v  W  regarded  as  modified  descendants.  Thus,  in  the  South  Atlan- 
^•cstreaiiis,  Gh(vnobryttus  gitlosus  is  represented  by  Ghwnobryttus  viridiaj 
'9tmigonua  chryaoleucwt  by  Notemigonua  amcricanua,    Jn  tbe  South- 

i%Eupomotia  aureua  is  represented  by  Eupomotia  paUidua ;  in  the 
iJMiinii  gjfrinus  by  Koturua  aialtaj  Noturua  inaignia  by  Noturtia 


04      COKTHEBUTIONS  TO  NOETIl  AMEBICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — HI. 
'■xilin,  NoturuH  eleutherits  by  Notitrus  wii'uriw,  iltlanurii  pijgmaahy  Mt- 
lantira  limi. 

XVI.  Other  8i>ecie8  under  similar  ciicmusUDcea  have  no  sncli  repw- 
seutativea.    Thu  case  of  Luxilua  comutim  will  again  Ulastrate, 

XVII.  Certain  species  have  been  known  to  extend  their  geogiapbicil 
range  Kioce  the  opening  of  the  ciiuals.  Siu-b  are  more  esi>eciiill,v  ttu* 
migratory  s[)ecies  of  probably  marine  origin,  as  Dorosoma  /idemn, 
Pomolobus  ohrysochloris,  and  AnguUla  vuhjariit.  These  species  sreaon 
abundant  in  Liike  Michigan  and  Luliu  l^iie.  allhoitgh  rormerly  nuknoirD 
there.  The  range  of  certain  Percitla:  and  Ccntrarchitlw  has  undouUnlljr 
been  extended  by  the  same  meaus. 

XVIII.  The  cliaracterisliually  American  forms  of  fishes  arc,  gencrtil; 
speaking,  rare  or  absent  iu  the  waters  of  Nvw  England  and  of  tttf 
Pacific  sloi>e.  This  fact  has  been  well  stated  by  Professor  Agioisiz,  vbo 
called  New  England  "a  zoological  isUtnd". 

About  105  genera  of  freshwater  fishes  occur  in  the  waters  of  lb 
United  Stateci  east  of  the  Mississippi  Utver.    Of  th<.<se,  about  7(1  iloi 

in  New  Eugl.iud  {escUisive  of  I>nU<i  Champlain,  the  fuui 
which  is  nearly  identical  with  that  of  Luke  Ontario.)  Of  these 
lewer  genem  occurring  id  ^^ew  Englaod,  all  but  Salvctinus,  CwrtgotM, 
Esox,  Semotilus,  lihinichihyK,  and  po-ssibly  Atniurun,  are  reprejpuietl  bj 
a  single  species  each.  From  30  to  35  genera  occur  in  the  waters  tii  dW; 
Pacific  slope. 

XIX.  The  larger  the  river-basin,  the  greater  it«  variety  of  forms, 


CONCLUSIONS.  95 

iiessee,  and  OomberlaQd,  and  Albumops  miorostomus  in  the  James,  Boa- 
DOke,  KeiitQcky,  Gamberlaod,  and  Clinch. 

XXIV.  Certain  species  have  a  wide  east  and  west  range,  without 
apparent  regard  to  the  courses  of  the  rivers,  but  are  bounded  on  either 
the  north  or  the  south  by  parallels  of  latitude. 

Emoalia  inoonatanB  occurs  from  Western  New  York  to  Kansas  and 
nonhwai-d,  bat  it  is  never  found  southward  of  a  line  passing  about  fifty 
miles  south  of  Lake  Erie.    Percapais  guttatus  has  a  like  range,  but  its 
vcmtbeni  boundary  is  in  the  Potomac  and  Ohio.    Lota  lacustris  is  simi- 
larly circumscribed,  but  ranges  farther  to  the  east.    The  three  species 
{AL^krums  have  each  a  belt  of  latitude:  L.  cyanocephalus  belonging 
,    to  the  Great  Lakes  and  Upper  Missibsippi )  L.  diplamius  to  the  Ohio 
iDd  the  Potomac;  L.  ardena  to  the  Eoauoke,  James,  and  Cumberland. 
The  thi-ee  species  of  Hyodon  are  similarly  arranged. 

XXV.  Certain  species  have  a  peculiar  northern  and  eastern  range, 
occarriiig  in  the  waters  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  in  the  headwaters  of 
the  Illinois,  Wabash,  and  Scioto,  thence  through  the  Great  Lakes  to 
New  Eii;»land,  thence  to  South  Carolina  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Alleghaiiies.  Such  species  are  Eupomotis  aureuSj  Perca  americaiuij  and 
Amiums  catus. 

XXVI.  Certain  species  have  a  peculiar  northern  and  western  range, 
oecurihij^  in  the  Middle  States  and  in  the  Great  takes,  and  usually 
8oothw;jid  in  the  east  to  some  point  in  Virginia  or  iNorth  Carolina, 
ceasiii^r  in  the  same  latitude  on  both  sides  of  the  Alleghauies,  but  ex- 
U^mliiijr  s(»uthwest\vard  through  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexin).  Among  these  may  be  m(»utioued  Luxilus  cornutuSj  Xotemigonus 
cArifWcMriw,  AviblopUtes  rupcatris^  Apomotis  cyaneUus,  The  last-named 
5*l»n*hs,  however,  scarcely  ranj^es  east  of  the  Alleghanies. 

XXVII.  Certain  species  have  a  wide  range  north  and  south,  either 
wwtor  west  of  the  Alleglianies,  but  do  not  cross  that  chain.  Of  these 
niaybt'  mentioned  Lepiopomvs  imritus^  EnneaeanihuH  olesusj  Esox  rctmi- 
/afif*,  «.|(;.,  on  the  east,  and  IlaploiConoiuH  grunniem^  Hyodon  terglsm^ 
Sotyrw,  iniurus^  NoturuH  slaliSj  etc.,  on  the  west. 

XXVill.  The  distribution  of  fresh-water  fishes  is  dependent  (a)  on 
iresb-waier  communication  ;  (b)  on  character  of  stream,  i,  c,  of  water — as 
to  pun  V,  depth,  rapidity,  vegetable  growth,  etc.;  (c)  on  the  character  of 
the  riverbed  ;  (d)  on  climate,  as  determined  by  latitude  and  by  elevation 
aboTe  the  sea;  and  (e)  finally  on  various  unknown  factors  arising  from 
(he  u.nure  or  past  history  of  the  species  in  question,  and  from  the  geo- 
logiuiil  history  of  the  rivers. 


B. 


A  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FAMILY  CATOSTOMIDiE. 


Bv  David  8.  Jordan. 


Class  PISCES. 

Subclass  TELEOSTEI. 


Order  TELEOCEPHALI. 
Suborder  EVENTOGNATHL 

Family  CATOSTOMID^. 

9§iomoida  Gii.k.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  v.  13,  p.  8,  1661. 

mtmuida  Copk.  Prcc.  Am.  Aseoc.  Adv.  Sci.  v.  20,  p.  333,  1872. 

ninmidff  Joudan,  Man.  Vert.  £.  U.  8.  p.  292,  1876. 

rimidce  ^eD.  Kafinesque,  Risso,  Cuvirr,  Bonaparte,  Girakd,  Bi.kkker. 

rimid€t  anbfnm.  Hrckel,  Agassiz,  Blkeker,  GDntiier. 

rhe  family  of  CatostomidcB,  or  tbe  ''Suckers",  may  be  briefly  defiued 
follows: — Evenfogiiathous  hshes^  baviug  tbe  pharyngeal  teetb  pecti- 
orm,  in  a  single  row,  closely  approximated,  very  numerous,  and 
opresseil  at  riglit  angles  to  tbe  direction  of  tbe  bone,  and  tbe  intermax- 
tries  forming  bnt  a  small  part:  of  tbe  upper  arcb  of  tbe  moutb,  tbe 
xillaries  entering  into  it  largely  on  each  side.* 


following  more  elaborate  diagnosis  is  given  by  Professor  Gill  (Johnson's  Uni- 
■1  Qje]o|MDdia,  vol.  iv,  p.  1574)  : — '*  The  body  varies  between  an  elongated  subcylin- 
att  oblcmg  more  or  less  compressed  contour;  the  scales  are  of  niedinm  or 

» 

^  •  Ibe  lateral  line  is  genefally  pretent  and  decorved,  bnt  some- 
T  »7 


98      CONTBIB0TION8  TO  NORTH  AUBSICAN  ICBTaTOLOOT — 111  ' 

Jslarly  writiirH  on  fisbes,  as  veil  »s  most  foreign  ichtbyolopsta,  hm 
considered  tlie  Suckerd  us  fonuiiig  a  mere  tribe  or  sabfamily  of  tlSt 
OypHniAtB,  which  gionp  bas  been   vaHoQHly  denomioated  CaUntam, 
Catoatomina,  and  Catottomintc,  but  tSe  cburactem  above  noted,  of  tMlfc  . 
and  mouth,  seem  to  the  nriti-r  to  fally  jnstii;  their  separatiou  aaadii-  j 
tiDct  Tamil;      Tin  dorsal  fln  iu  CMfosfumt'cia!  is  more  developed  thu it  i 
asoal  in  American  CjpHnidte^  although' varions  Old  World  geaera  ibow  ; 
similar  characters.     The  devt'Iopmenl  of  the  lips  and  the  great  proliM-  ' 
tility  of  tbe  month   aie  Icntuies  nsuallj'  diagnostic,  but  in  thegeanr 
Qttosiii'abia  tbe  mouth   is  scarcely  piotractile,  tind  amoDg  oar  Qf^  ' 
Ht(f(7  certain  species  of  Pkmacobiva  nnd   Ceratiehthy»  have  tbirkerlipl 
than  iiavo  some  of  llie  (Jutnstomidte. 

The  CatoHtomidcB  fall  at  ouce  into  thiee  nell-niarhed  subfamilies,  &m| 
indioited  by  Professor  Gill,  aud  termed  by  him  Catattomince,  CyeteptiMl,  1 
and  Biibalickthi/inw.    These  umy  be  eharacterji^ed  iia  follows: — 

CatoslomincE. — Body  ol>loii(;  or  elongate,  snbterete  or  more  or  ImN 
nom pressed  :    dorsal   fln   nciirly    median,   short  and  snbquadrste,  irilkj 
from  nine  to  eighteen  developed  rnys:  ventral  fins  under  the  dorsal,  on 
nine  or  ten  rays :  anal  fln  hiph  and  short,  normally  of  seven  rays,  ni 
the  base  of  the  eaudal  lb:m  ihntof  (hi-  vrnimt  Sii»:  lips  well  develope 
usually  papillose  or  plicate:  gill-riikcrs  little  developed.    Genera^ 
iahia.   Placopliari/Ttx,    Myxoatoma,    Ermyzon,    Minytrema, 
Calostomu»,  Pantosteus. 

Ciic!epfinrr.^V,w}y  elongate,  slender ;  dorsal  fin  fnlcifnrm,of  abootM 


CATOSTOMID^.  99 

ated  by  ibe  nnioa  of  the  parietal  bones :  mouth  inferior,  with  thick 
pipinoee  lips :  gill-rakers  moderate,  soft.    Genus  Cycleptus, 

ButaKdUAytfue. — Body  stout,  oblong-oval,  and  compressed.  Dorsal 
fin  eloDf^te,  beginning  more  or  less  in  front  of  the  ventral  fins,  and  ex- 
tending at  least  as  far  as  the  commencement  of  the  anal,  its  rays  20  to 
50  in  number,  the  anterior  ones  more  or  less  elongate :  ventral  rays 
onully  10:  anal  rays  8  to  12:  b.ead  stout  and  heavy  :  mouth  moderate 
or  smally  with  thin  lips:  fontanelle  open:  gill-rakers  of  anterior  arch 
long,  slender,  and  stiff  above,  growing  smaller  downwards.  Genera 
Carj^eSj  BnbaliekthySj  Ichthyobu§,  Myxocyprinua. 

As  the  chief  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  ascycrtain  and  make  known 
the  proper  nomenclature  of  the  valid  genera  and  species  of  GatostomidcBy 
I  shall  omit  further  discussion  of  family  and  subfamily  characters,  and 
proceed  at  once  to  a  catalogue  of  described  species,  arranged  in  chrono- 
logical order,  with  the  date  and  my  identification  of  each  species  oppo- 
site its  name.  As  is  the  case  in  nearly  every  group  of  American  fishes, 
the  nnmber  of  nominal  species  is  about  three  times  the  number  really 
existing.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the  number  of  species  which  I  h:ive 
admitted  is  in  most  of  the  Catostomoid  genera  fewer  than  has  been 
recognized  by  previous  writers.  This  seems  to  me  to  result  not  from  any 
pecoliar  theories  as  to  what  constitutes  a  species,  but  from  the  fact  that  T 
havehada  greater  range  of  specimens  of  most  forms  than  any  previous 
writer  has  bad.  I  am  confident  that  in  the  presence  of  a  still  greater 
amount  of  material,  the  characters  of  several  other  species  will  be  found 
to  melt  away.  To  indicate  which  these  vspecies  are,  in  default  of  such 
material,  would,  however,  be  an  unprofitable  task.  In  this  group,  as  in 
so  many  others,  the  truth  well  stated  b\  Dr.  Cones*  becomes  apparent: — 
*•  We  can  only  predicate  and  define  species  at  all  from  the  mere  cir- 
cumstance of  missing  links.  *  Species '  are  the  twigs  of  a  tree  separated 
from  the  parent  stems.  Wo  name  and  arrange  them  arbitrarily,  in  de- 
faoltof  a  means  of  reconstructing  the  whole  tree  according  to  Nature's 
famifications.'' 


*  Birds  of  the  Northwest,  p.  327' 


100    CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHTOLOOT — III. 
List  of  Ifominal  SpeoUa  of  Cotostomida,  tvith  Idemt^ficatioiu. 


nominal  Bpccit-s. 

Dale. 

Ideiitiliciilioii. 

1773 

IHO;! 
IH03 
IBW 
IBH 
l«14 
1817 

IS  it' 

Ifll7 

1817 
1H17 
1H17 
lfi|7 

1-^17 

iyi7 

IP17 
1M17 
IB17 
IHI7 
IMIT 

ma 
\t>iii 

Erimyeoii  HUuettu. 
(CutostouiUB)  roMtrataa. 
CatOHtuuius  teren. 
EriDi>zon  sacetla. 
Curi"'*'!^  cyprino*. 
Erimjzon  sucbtta. 
Erimyzoii  auoetto. 

Mjxostonia  aureolum. 
Catostomos  t«reB. 
Cntmiomos  longirmtris. 

CaIo».omn»oiKricans. 
Cjcluptnu  eloDgatus. 
Enruyzonsucetia. 
MyxoHtoum  macnjlspidoinu.  doqa. 
CalostomaB  teten. 

lubtlifoliua  bubal  D8. 
MysoBtotua  maerolepidotDm  JiwiBi 

Calostonina  nigricaii'*. 
Riiljniii-Iitbvssp.! 

C;priuus  sui-oLtu  Luci^p&ile 

CutnstnniiiH  uif^rioanH  Li'  Sueur 

CaloHtoDiuHuiacnliwiisLe  Sueur 

CiilDBtonmsduquesDiil.fSlR-nr 

CiiliiatuiiiaB  bosloiiicDBla  Lo  Saenr 

■ 

U8T  OF  NOMINAL  6PKCIE8.  101 

LU  ^  Samkuil  Sjfeeies  of  CatosicKiidc^  with  IdenUficaHons^^omtinuei. 


Nominal  wwtMk 

Date. 

Identiflcation. 

Py|riBM(Catoatoniiia)aQ6arii  Rich 

PrpriBM(Catoatomaa)  retiealatiia  Rich . 
OilQitcMBaB  oracilla  Klrtlaod 

1836 
1836 
1838 
1842 
1842 
1H42 
1842 
1842 
1844 
1844 
1844 
1844 
1844 
1850 
1860 
1853 
1864 
1864 
1854 
1854 
1854 
1854 
1854 
1854 
1854 

ia-i4 

1854 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1855 
1856 
1856 
1856 
1856 
1856 

1H.'',6 

1896 

• 

Myxoatoma  aureola  m  T 
Catoatomas  terea. 
CatostoDins  teres. 

''^ flflgaitt DeKay  .....^ ...... .... 

Erimyson  aaoetta. 
Erimysoa  snoetta. 

lateofliopiia  DeKay...... 

^^nMnniia  mi^a  DeKay 

Myxoatoma  maorolepidotQiii. 
CatoatODioa  terea. 

Cttaftoniia  mdlidna  DoKav      x .  x .  a  ^ . 

LakeoflloDgatos  BeKayi • 

• 
ErimvzoQ  aacetta. 

GMoitomiia  fiiaoiotoa  Le  8oear,  M4S . . . . 
CttoMoama  planlaepa  YateoGieDnea. .. 

CttoMonna  earpio  YalaDoianiiea 

CitoitoBiia  tileaii  YalandeDiiea 

BdBiopiathaa  eyprinella  YalanoleiiDea. 

Gtetoona  ibntariaonB  Agaatis 

CttoMoama aurora  AgaaHia... ......... 

Miaytrema  melanopa. 
Catoatomoa  nigrieana. 
Myxoatoma  oarpio. 
(Catoatomoa)  roatratna. 

Catoatomoa  tarea. 
Catoatomoa  longiroatHa. 
Catoatomoa  latipionia. 
Babaliobthya  oraa. 
Bobaliohthya  ap. 
Carpiodea  biaon. 
Bnbalichtbys  sp. 
Carpiodes  cy prions. 
Myxostoma  ooogestnm. 
Catostomns  clarki. 
Catostomus  insigais 
Pantoflteiis  plebcins. 
Carpiodes  cyprinns. 
Cutostomus  occidentalis. 

OMoMmbob  latipinnia  Baird  &  Girard . . 
^^■vpiote  Drna  Agaatia 

CvpMft  tannia  Agaatia 

CvyMaa  biaon  Agaaaia 

Cirpiod«a  Titnloa  Amasiz 

Cirpiodee  Tacca  Agaasiz 

CMwtoinoa  ooDgestns  Baird  &  Girard . . 

CUoitomiia  clarki  Baird  &  Girard 

Catoitomos  ioMgnis  Baird  &  Girard . . . 
CitQitoinas  plebeias  Bainl  &,  Girard. .. 

Ciipiodes  tmuidos  Baird  &,  Girard 

Citoitomas  oooidentalis  Ay  res 

Idithvobos  rancbii  Airassiz 

Ichthyobns  bnbalns. 

lebthyobos  stolley  i  Agaasiz 

• 

Ichthyobns  bubalns. 
Erimyzon  oblongus. 
Carpiodes  thompsoni. 
Bnbalichtbys  nrns. 
Bubalichtbys  bnbalns. 
Bnbalicbthvs  nrns. 

virpiodes  thoiiiDsoni  Asassiz 

BvUIiobthys  oiger  Agaasiz 

BsUIiohthya  bnbalas  Agaasiz 

^baliehthvs  bonasns  Acraasiz 

^^stoitomas  occidentalis  Agassiz 

^^^tottomiis  bkbiatus  Avres 

Catostomns  occidentalis. 
Catostomus  labiatns. 

^^ttpiodesdainalis  Girard 

^'^ntottoina  clayiformis  Girard 

'"*BQitaina  konnorl  vi  Girard  ...... 

Carpio<les  cyprinns. 
Erimyzon  sucetta. 
Erimvzon  sucetta. 

^IwMoisa  yictoris  Girard 

Minytrema  melanops. 
Erimyzon  sncotta. 

^IkMoow  campbelli  Girard 

hychostomus  albidna  Girard 

I^ycboatooma  hajdeni  Qiraid 

Myxostoma  albidum. 
Minytrema  melanopa. 

102     CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  KOBTH  AUBSICAN  ICHTHTOU>QT — IIL 
List  of  Ifominal  species  of  Calottomida,  witk  Identifioationg — OoDtin 


Noiumal  biwci^h. 

Date. 

Identifieation. 

;              CatoHtDoius  ( AeouiUB)  generosiia  GitarH 
Catoatomus  (Aoomus)  grieuus  Girurd . . 
CutOBtomue  (Aeomiis)  Iftctariua  Girard. 
CaloatoniDaioacrocheilusGirard 

1856 
1B56 
1856 
ieo6 

leoe 
itce 

1856 

1800 
IttOO 
IW4 
1868 
1808 
18T0 
1870 
1«70 
1870 
IrtO 

laro 

1870 
IWO 
1870 
1870 
1670 
1870 

CatoBtomua  lon^inutris. 
Catoatomna  nacrocbilan. 

CatoslomDH  chloropteron  Ahbolt 

Bubalichlhya  meridioaillB. 
PlacophsryuncariiiBtDB. 

Uyiostoma  veo-tam. 

MyxoatoDia  pidU'Uae. 
MynoBtomHi  cortgono*. 
Myioatonia  albain. 
MyxoBtoma  tliiiluBaiDuiii. 
Mysoatoma  DiaciulopidotatL 
Myx.  macro lupidu turn  lacbrfDa 
MyxoHtoma  cra^HiUbre. 
Myxosloma.  nnitinra. 

ScloroRnathas  me  rid  ion  alia  GUather  ... 

Ptychoetoniii8  pappilloans  Cope 

PtjcbostoiDus  tlialaaoiiiuaCope 

PtyoboHtomua  lachrjmalis  Cope 

PlychwtomnsbrcvipKiiB  Cnjw 

■ 

ANALT8I8  OF  GENERA.  103 

iMt  of  Nominal  Speoies  of  CatostomidcB^  with  Identifications — Continued. 


NomiDal  species.  i  Date. 


MjxoBtoma  enryops  Jordan !  1877 

Bobilicbtbys  babalioas  Jordan ;  1877 

Uyxostoma  pcDcilnra  Jordan 1877 

Ugocbila  lacera  Jordan  A  Brayton 1877 

ErimyaoD  goodei  Jordan 1878 

CttMtomas  arsDopos  Jordan |  1878 

Cilostomas  retropinnis  Jordan 1878 


Identification 


My  xOBtoma  euryopn. 
Bubalicbtbys  bnbalus. 
Myxotttoma  poBcilura. 
Qoassilabia  lacora. 
Erimyzon  goodei. 
CatoHtomns  arseopas. 
CatOHtomns  retropiDnis. 


ANALYSIS  OF  GENERA  OF  CAT08T0M1DJS. 

'Doreal  fin  abort,  snbqnadrate,  witb  ten  to  eigbteen  developed  rays:  body  oblong  or 

elongate :  gill-rakers  feeblo.     {Catostomincs.) 

a.  Moatn  HiDgnlar,  tbe    npper  ]ip  not  protractile,  greatly  enlarged,  tbe  lower  lip 

developed  as  two  separate  lobes  :  opercalam  very  Hhort :  air-bladder 

in  tbree  parts:  scales  large  :  fontaoelle  well  developed:  laU-ral  lioe 

present:  pharyngeal  bones  and  teeth  ordinary Quabsilabia,  1. 

aa.  Mooth  normal,  tbe  lower  lip  entire  or  merely  lobed,  either  tubercular  or  plicate. 

b.  Air-bladder  in  tbree  parts:  lateral  line  continuous:  fontanelle  present :  scales 

large,  sobequal. 

&  Pharyngeal  bones  very  strong,  with  the  lower  teeth  much  enlarged,  subcy- 

lindrical  aud  truncate,  the  teeth  of  the  upper  part  of  the  bene  small 

and  compressed:  mouth  large,  somewhat  oblique,  witb   very  thick 

lips Placopiiaryjsx,  2. 

cc.  Pharyngeal  bones  moderato,  the  teeth  compressed^  gradually  larger  down- 

wardH:  mouth  moderate  or  soiall,  tbe  lips  usually  plicate. 

Myxostoma,  3. 
bh.  Air-bladder  iu  two  parts. 

d.  Lateral  line  interrupted  or  wanting  :  ecales  large  (40  to  r.O  in  tbe  cuurue  of 

the  lateral  lii.c) :  lips  plicate. 

e.  Lateral  line  incomplete,  obsolete  in  the  young,  becoming  developed  in  the 

adult,  but  always  more  or  less  iuternipted:  mouth  Bmall,  inferior. 

MiNYTRKMA,   4. 

«e.  Lateral  line  entirely  wanting  :  mouth  somewhat  oblique..  Erimyzon,  5. 
dd.  Lateral  line  complete  and  continuous  :  scales  small,  55  to  115  in  tbe  course 
of  the  lateral  line. 
/.  Fontanelle  present. 

g.  Mouth  very  large,  terminal,  oblique  :  lips  thin,  nearly  smooth. 

CHASMIHTES,  6. 

gg.  Mouth  inferior,  moderate  or  t«mall,  with  thick,  papillose  lips. 

Catojjtomus,  7. 

ff,  Fontanelle  obliterated  by  the  union  of  the  parietal  bones:  mouth  small, 

inferior,  with  thick,  papillose  lips,  the  lower  jaw  provided  with  a 

cartilaginous  sheath Pantostkus,  8. 


104     CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMEHICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IIL 

■•  Domnl  fin  elongate,  more  or  lens  plf  vntoil  in  front,  of  »l>oat  K  or  more  dcidop"* 
rays :  air  bladder  in  ttro  parts. 
I  KnotaDnlle  obliterated  by  the  □niou  of  thir  parietal  bones:  head  short  stidiiiiill: 
body  elongat*.    (Cjcftpfina.) 
k.  Mouth  small,  inferior,  with  very  thick,  papillose  lips :  tcales  small.  Ii3  lo  60  id 

the  coorae  of  the  lateral  line CvcLEFiti.* 

HFonlanello  well  dovelopeil :  Lead  Inrjfe  :  body  oblon);  or  ovate  :  scalen  larga, 33 1» 
4G  in  the  coarse  of  the  lateral  line.     (Dubalicktkgino!.) 
f.  Dorsal  raya  in  moderate  number  {^4  to  33). 
j.  Moatb  coDiparutively  small,  inferior,  protractile  downirards. 

t.  PboryDgoal  bones  uurrow,  irith  the  teeth  comparatively  thin  and  weak. 

Carpiodu,  I& 
kk.  Pharyngeal  bones  strong,  the  leetb  oompiuativel;  coarse  and  huge, '» 

creosing  in  size  down  wnrda BtiBAUCHTHT^  II' 

jj.  Month  qnite  large,  terminal,  protractile  forwards:  pharyngeal  bone* sad 

hmoderate:  lips  thin,  nearly  smooth IcuTuruBL's,  11 

U.  Dorsftl  fln  very  long,  ofnbuat  50  developed  rays MvxocyyiUKt;^  It 

Genus  QUASSILABIA  Jordan  d  Brayton. 

lasodtila  Jord.i.v  iIi,  Biuvtun.  Piuo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Fhila.  280.  1877.     (Pieoccopisd  ii 

concbulogy  OS  Lagtxhilm.) 
IJuMiilabia  ( JoiiDAN  &.  BRavton)  JoxD-tN,  Man.  VerC  E.  U.  S.  ed.  20,  401.  1>478. 
TyiNJ,  Lagoekila  loftra  Jordan  &  Bniyton. 
Etymulugy,  guantui,  broken  or  turn;  labia,  lip. 

Sucker.-*  like  Mi/xontima  iu  every  respect  exceptiog  the  structan  i 
mill  1111(1  oiRTciilit.     Heai)  sliortisb, conical,  with  lfiit;tiieuedeiK 


OINUB  QUASBILABIA.  106 

Bedn  burge,  predaelj  as  in  MgroitomOj  the  lateral  line  well  developed 
nd  iMtilj  Btraigfat,  with  about  46  scales  in  its  coorse. 

AirUadder  in  three  parts. 

tanal  peoaliarities  anknowo ;  probably  little  marked. 

But  a  riugle  species  of  this  gcDus  is  Icnown.  It  is  a  sort  of  offehoot 
ftooi  the  genus  MfxoBtama^  bat  its  uoo -protractile  mouth  and  singular 
krwtf  lip  would*  seem  to  indicate  some  real  affinity  with  the  genus  Exo- 

The  Dame  LagodMua  bad  been  previously  applied  to  a  genus  of  Gas- 
Jmpods  by  Blanford,  and  to  a  genus  of  Insects  by  Loe  w.  As  Lagoehila  is 
lalMCwitially  the  same  word,  with  the  same  etymology,  and  as,  if  written 
4i  iMst  correctness,  it  would  be  LagoiAilua  also,  its  authors  have  seen 
IttOMbstitaie  the  name  QuoiSikMa^  and  thus  to  forestall'  all  discus- 
ioitt  to  whether  the  name  Lagotkila  should  be  retained.  As  this  sub- 
Hitation  was  made  soon  after  the  original  description  of  the  genus,  and 
teftn  the  name  LagoehUa  had  come  into  any  general  use,  it  is  to  be 
boped  that  it  will  be  accepted  by  succeeding  ichthyologists. 

La80CB1Ia  JordttD  &  BraytoD,  1877.— **  Similar  to  JffJB0«/ama(Pr^M(omaMAca88iz) 
«DMpt  te  tbe  strootiiro  of  ibm  noath  pnrtB.  Dorsal  fin  short ;  lateral  Hdo  well  devel- 
ii^  ipci;  Mtlea  large,  eubeqoal ;  air-bladder  in  three  parte ;  foDtaoelle  between  parietal 
knei  well  developed ;  pharyngeal  bonus  weak,  with  nnmerons  small  teeth ;  upper  lip 
MA  aU  protractile,  greatly  enlarged,  bnt  attmnated,  and  sirgular  in  form.  It  consists 
of  tvo  elongated  and  narrow  lobes,  separated  by  a  narrow,  deep  fissure,  which  extends 
isvaid  to  the  edge  of  the  mandible  proper,  which  seems  to  be  armed  with  a  rather 
"M  or  almost  homy  plate,  about  as  in  the  genus  PantoateM.  Tbe  two  lubes  of  the 
^ii«  weakly  papillose.  The  lower  Hp  is  entirely  separated  from  the  upper  at  the 
»g^  by  a  deep  fissure.  Over  this  fissure  the  skin  of  the  cheek  lies  as  a  sort  of  cloak ; 
t^cresae  separating  this  skin  from  the  mouth,  exteuding  up  on  the  sides  of  the  muzzle, 
^fiwire  between  the  lips  extends  down  on  tbe  skin  of  tbe  nnd«r  side  of  the  head, 
^opercle  is  extremely  short  and  the  eye  is  eutirely  in  the  posterior  part  of  the  bead.^ — 
(JoiDAjf  &  Brayton,  Proc.  Ac  Nat  So.  Phila,  p.  280,  1877.) 

QviauLABiA  Jordan  A  Brayton,  1878. — ''  When  tbe  name  Lagoehila  was  firHt  pro- 
R^fbr  this  genus,  its  authois  were  not  aware  that  tbe  masculine  form,  LagochUuH, 
^  been  already  given  to  two  different  genera,  to  one  of  OasteroiK>dB  by  Blanford,  aLd 
1*  cue  of  Insects  by  Loew.  The  words  Lagoehila  and  Lagoohiltis  are  identical  in  ety- 
'><^'  and  in  all  except  terminations,  and  many  writers  would  consider  them  innufii- 
cKBtly  distinct,  and  would  hold  that  the  name  Lagoehila  should  be  cbanj^ed.  At 
P^'BiBn^Iam  inclined  to  the  contrary  opinion ;  nevertheless,  as  tbe  matter  standn,  and 
M  the  Dame  LagoekUa  ht^  not  yet  come  into  general  use,  less  confusion  porha|)s  will 
'*'^  ^toin  renaming  tbe  genus,  than  from  any  other  oourso.  The  nani«  Quaaailabia 
(loniaa  4  Bray  too)  ia  aooordingly  suggested  as  a  substitute  for  Lagoehila,  considered 
^  ^  pnoocnpied  in  oonobclogy.    The  etymology  is  qwunu,  broken  or  torn ;  labial  lip. 


1^ 


L 


106    CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMBBICAM  ICHTHTOLOGT— OL 

Tbe  CMS  is  preciself  like  that  of  th«  Kenng  of  Dotm,  Xtptqpitia  8wiuDM>n,  Utdf  •*■ 
.XAmaplila  b;  Dr.  Cooes,  on  uccoDDt  of  thepreviooaXipfoplUMof  LeMOD."— (JOU' 
Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sun.  Terr,  vol  iv.  No.  *,  p.  4la,  1878.) 

AMALVeiS  OF  SFRCIB8   OF  QUASaiLABIA. 

'Head  short,  conical,  with  lengtbeoed  aaout,  the  reftion  between  tbe  Vl»  flitU 
Kod  with  promioeDt  mncoDS  ridgot :  cheeks  and  lonoi  port  of  head  rather  s<ml 
opercle  moch  reduced,  its  greatest  lenftth  scoicelf  greater  than  tbe  diameter  ol 
eye:  bead  about  4}iD  length :  eye  li-iDleDgtb  of  bead,  about  Sin  leofctb  of  llWM 
iu  iitnutioD  thus  quite  posterior ;  length  of  the  top  of  tbe  bead  If-  iu  the  diib 
from  the  snoot  to  the  base  of  the  dorsal.  Body  mther  slender,  tbe  fsm  b 
between  that  of  ^yEMtmaaogreiNaw  and  if.  XMeroIqftdalsw,  thedepth4{  in  tteki 
Dorsal  fin  rather  low ;  ito  rajs  I,  U;  A.  I,  7;  V.  9.  8cal«a  &-46-&.  Color  elb 
blaisb-browD  s.bove;  sides  and  belly  nlvery ;  lower  fica  faiuUy  orange.. .L4Cn 

I.  QUASSILABIA  LAOBRA  Jordan  &  Brayton. 
Bare-lip  Sacker.     Split-tKoulk  Sucker.    Mag  Sucktro/  Ike  ScMo.     Cat-Iys. 
1^77— iMgachila  laeera  Jordan  &  Bravton,  Proc.  Ac  Nat.  8c  Phila.  980, 1877. 
Lagochila  lactra  JoftDAK,  Miui.  Vert.  ed.3d,  311,  1876. 
Qaaetihibia  laeera  Jordan,  Han.  Tert.  ed.  2d,  406,  l^S. 
QuataiUbla  lattra  Jordan,  Bui).  U.  S.  Oeol.  Surv.  Terr.  418,  187a 
Haditat. — Teuuesseo  Biver.    Scioto  Biver. 

Only  three  specimeas  of  ttiis  singular  Sucker  are  yet  known.  Tv 
tUeae  were  taken  by  Professor  Brayton  and  myself  in  tbe  Chiekuu 
Hiver  at  Ring^ld,  Catooaa  Coanty,  Georgia,  and  the  other  ia  BlkB 
near  Estill  Springs,  Tennessee.  In  both  these  streams,  the  apedei 
well  known  to  the  fishermeu,  who  sHid  that  it  is  one  of  tbe  most  t' 


GENUS  PLACOPHARYNX.  107 

Genus  PLACOPHARYNX  Cope. 

lUMfkmrpa  Cops,  Proo.  Am.  Philos.  Soo.  Pbila.  467, 1870. 
T^pe,  PlmeopktUTfna  mrinaUu  Cope. 
E^mology,  irAii^,  a  broad  surface ;  ^pvy^f  pharynx. 

Backers  like  MyoDoatoma  Id  all  respects,  except  that  the  pharyngeal 
bonee  are  mnch  more  developed,  and  the  teeth  reduced  in  number,  those 
00  the  lower  half  of  the  bone  very  large,  6  to  10  in  number,  nearly  cylin- 
diic  in  form,  being  but  little  compressed,  and  with  a  broad,  rounded 
or  flattened  grinding  surface.  The  forms  and  positions  of  these  en- 
larged teeth  vary  greatly.  In  a  specimen  before  me,  the  first  tooth  is 
the  highest  and  most  compressed,  its  summit  Xmng  rounded  and  then 
abrnptly  truncate.  The  second-  tooth  is  notably  shorter  and  thicker, 
mnch  larger,  and  rounded  on  top,  the  body  of  the  tooth  serving  as  a  pe- 
donde  for  the  swollen  grinding  surface.  The  third  tooth  is  still  shorter 
and  similar  in  form.  The  fourth  tooth  is  similar  to  the  first,  being  much 
higher  than  the  second  and  third,  and  flat  on  top.  The  others  seem  to 
be  irregularly  alternated  or  arranged  in  pairs,  a  long  one  and  a  short 
ooe,  the  long  teeth  in  all  cases  being  the  most  truncated,  as  if  their  sur- 
fiMsea  had  been  most  worn  off. 

As  I  have  at  present  no  perfect  specimens  of  this  genus,  nothing  but 
▼^  young  specimens,  and  pharyngeal  jaws  of  adults,  I  caiiuot  do  better 
thaa  to  copy  Professor  Cope's  original  description,  which  seeuis  to  be 
M  accurate  one.  I  substitute  the  generic  names  used  in  this  paper 
\)^xo%ioma^  etc.)  for  those  used  by  Professor  Cope  {Ptychostomusy  etc.), 
whenever  a  difference  occurs : — 

**  Allied  to  MyxoHioma,  The  pharyngeal  teeth  much  reduced  in  num- 
ber, only  seven  on  the  proximal  iialf  of  the  bone,  cylindric  in  lorm,  with 
•  broad,  truncate  triturating  suiiace.  These  play  against  a  broad,  ores- 
centic,  chitin-like  shield  on  the  posterior  root*  of  the  pharyngeal  cavity- 
Three  divisions  of  the  vesica  natatoria, 

"With  a  great  superficial  resemblance  to  Myxontoma^  the  masticatory 
apparatus  is  different  from  that  of  any  Catostoaioiil  form  known  to  me, 
^dcooibines  peculiarities  observed  in  some  forms  of  true  Cyprinidce, 
The  chitin-like  shield  is  found  in  some  of  the  latter;  it  is  represented  in 
Cflto«tomu«,  Myxostomaj  and  CarpiodesAyy  a  narrow  and  very  thin  pel- 
licle of  the  same  material,  frequently  interrupted  in  the  middle  line.'' 

But  one  species  of  the  genus  is  known.  It  is  app.irently  widely  dis- 
Abated  through  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Great  Lakes,  but  its 


108    CONTBIBUTIONB  TO  NOBTH  AMEBICAH  ICHTHTOLOOT — UL 

pecaliarities  lire  rarely  noticed  anleBS  the  pbaiyogeal  teeth  ai-e  expowiL 
Tbe  writer  hn^  obtained  four  setd  of  tbu  pharyngeal  jawB  and  one  eotin 
skeleton,  but  has  seen  only  two  small  specimens,  collected  by  FrofeMir 
Brayton  in  the  Illinois  Biver,  and  hns  obtained  uooe  ia  life. 

Stuce  the  foregoing  wus  written,  I  have  collected  nsmeioiM  larp 
specimens  in  the  Freuuh  Broad  River,  North  Carolina,  when  it  ulka 
most  nbundaot  member  of  tbe  family,  known  to  all  Oshermeu  as  the  "Bd 
Horse".  With  a  great  suiierficial  resemblunce  to  tbe  fioitbero  Bed 
Horse  {ifyxostoma  macroleptdotum),  PlacitpKaryttx  canttatnt  difiera  fha 
all  the  8i>ecies  of  Myxoatoma  in  its  larger  and  more  oblique  mooth  Hd 
extremely  thick  lips. 

2.  PLACOPHABYNX  CABINATU3  Cope. 

Big-jaictd  Smeter. 
taO—Platophatynx  earinaiiit  COPe,  Proc.  Aiu.  Phikw.  Soc  Philk.  467,  1870. 

FlaeopJtaiTttx  earimalvi  Joktiax,  Fisbea  at  lod.  221,  IH75.    (Name  odIj.} 
/■loMptarjrM  eariaiuiu  Jordak,  Msd.  Vort.  296,  lH7fi. 
Pladtpkarym  earinatui  Neuwn,  Boll.  No.  I,  IIU.  Hns.  Nat.  Hiat.  49, 1876. 
Placophatyaz  carinaitu  Jordan   &  Copelind,  Checlc  iJat,  IbS,  IB7S.    (Him 

only.) 
PUcopliartiiix  cari»aia$  Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Pbila.  72,  ttfTT, 
Plaeopkargwz  oariKatiai  JanUAS  &  Oilskkt,  id  Klipparfa  Bept.  53,  loTT.    (bw 

P(acopkargmr  cariKalu*  KuPPART,  FiraC  Heport  Ohio  F^tfa  CoiuiDinu>D,SG,tiffT. 
Placvphari)iix  cariaatMi  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mdb.  ix,  50,  Ign.   (Name  oolf.) 


FLACOPHARYNX  CARINATU8.  109 

tbe  posterior  extremity  of  this  ridgo  appears  in  some  Pti/chostomi.  Orbit 
bogitodinalty  oval,  4.5  times  in  length  of  head,  twice  in  interorbital 
vidth.    Type,  fourteen  inches  in  length. 

^  Color  in  alcohol  like  that  of  other  species,  nnifoim  straw  or  whitish 
•Birery. 

'^Tbe  pharyngeal  bones  of  this  species  are  mnch  stouter  than  those  of 
oCber  species  of  its  own  and  greater  size,  e,  </.,  Pt.  aureolus  of  eighteen 
tacbes,  where  they  are  comparatively  slight.  The  exteroposterior  ala  is 
tvlce  as  wide  as  the  body  inside  the  teeth  is  deep,  and  but  for  its  short 
hue  and  narrowed  tip  would  do  for  that  of  a  Semotilus.  But  while  there 
are  seven  broad  teeth  without  heel  or  cusp  on  the  basal  half,  there  are 
at  least  forty  on  the  distal  half,  they  becoming  more  compressed  and 
Doally  like  those  of  other  allied  genera.  There  are  fourteen  with  trun- 
cate extremities.  The  pharyngeal  plate  has  narrow  horns  directed  up- 
wards and  forwards,  and  is  thickened  medially.  It  is  placed  immedi- 
ately in  a<lvance  of  the  opening  of  tbe  (Bsopliagus.  I  have  but  one 
specimen  of  this  curious  species,  which  I  obtained  at  Lafayette,  on  the 
Wabash  Biver,  in  Indiana." 

Tlie  writer  has  in  his  collection  two  young  specimens  obtained  in  Illi- 
nois River  by  Prof.  Brayton,  a  skeleton  of  a  very  large  individual 
toand  in  Scioto  Biver  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Wheaton,  and  a  pair  of  pharyngeal 
bones  taken  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Levette  from  a  fish  taken  in  the  Wabash  at 
Terre  Haute.  I  have  also  seen  a  pair  of  pharyngeals  and  an  air-bladder 
of  one  taken  in  Detroit  Biver  by  Professor  Baird,  and  now  in  the  United 
States  National  Museum,  ami  a  jaw  from  '*  Post-pliocene  ^  deposits  near 
tbe  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  found  by  Dr.  John  Sloan.  The  jaws  and  air- 
bladder  above  noticed  are  the  only  specimens  of  this  species  preserved 
io  tbe  National  Museum. 

Siace  the  foregoing  was  written,  the  writer  has  obtained  numerous 
living  specimens  of  Placopharynx  carinatus  from  the  French  Broad  at 
Wolt  Creek  and  other  localities  in  Nortli  Carolina.  From  one  of  these, 
tbe  following  description  was  taken  : — 

Boily  oblong,  moderately  compressed,  heav^   at  the  shoulders :  head 

very  large,  3§  in  length  of  the  boily  :  eye  small,  behind  the  middle  of  the 

bead:  mouth  extremely  l<irge,  the  lower  jaw  oblique  when  the  mouth  is 

dosed,  the  mouth,  therefore,  protractile  forwards  as  well  as  downwards  : 

veiy  thick,  coarsely  plicate,  the  lower  lip  full  and  heavj',  truncjite 

:  head  above  evenly  rounded,  in  my  specimens  not  showing  the 

wribed  by  Professor  Goi>e  :  scales  G-15-6 :  dorsal  rays  13 ; 

^<»v-gi!aen  above;  lower  fins  red. 


110     CONTBlBUnOKS  TO  SOfiTH  AMEBICAH  ICHTHTOLOOT-^L 

GenuB  MYXOSTOMA  (Rqfineaque)  Jordan. 

CMMfomn  up.  Lp.  SUBUR,  »d(1  of  nil  irrit«n  tilt  1855. 

Moxetloitia  RaI'I.nesquk,  Ichtbyologin  Obivnsia,  1820,  54.  (PrupoMd  Bsftral^NQt 
ilioHBHiieciM  of  Caioeiomu*  with  eight  ventral  raya  And  the e«id>l  kilM 
eqnni :  typo  C.  aniiitrtti  Raf.) 

Ttreltiliit  RAFiNEe<)UE,  Iclitbyologia  Obieoais,  1S90,  &7.  (As  a  enbgeDDa,to  lad 
tliiwu  speciea  of  Caloiloniut  with  nine  veotral  rays:  no  type  daaguted— i 
<>[  tliu  species  recorded  belong  to  tbe  present  geons.  C.  amrtoltu  Le  Sao 
lliu  Hjiecies  first  oientioaed,  nod  to  this  species  nnd  its  relatives  the  ■ 
TcrcdtJtKf  w»i8  B^rirardB  restrioted  by  Professor  Cope.) 

PlfdnMlomHn  Aoassiz,  Amoricuo  Jonninl  of  Science  and  Arts,  I1IS&,  p.  203.  (Ko 
(leBifjnnlMl :  tbe  species  men tioned  nre  F.  anrwliu,  P.  muieral^idotm*,  P,  d« 
nfi,  and  P.  mtlanopi.     P.  aureolui  haa  been  conaidered  the  type  of  tbe  gem 

Ttntulut  CtirK,  Juaro.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  1S68,  236. 

Uoxoiloma  Jiikdan,  Haonnl  of  Tertebrntes,  It{7t),  295. 

Uj/t«*tima  Jdmdih,  Add.  Lye.  Nat.  HUt.  1H17, 348.    (Correeted  orthognfdiy.) 
Etynioliit-y./ibfu.  to  sack  ;  vrbfia,  nioatb. 
Type,  Latmiomat  anitunm  RafiDeeqao. 

Bo<l.v  iiion-  or  Il>i^s  elongate,  sometimes  nearly  terete,  asnally  mon 
leiwc-ompreMscHl. 

IIoHtl  viu-ioimly  long  or  short,  its  length  rangiDg  from  3}  to  5}  in  I 
or  thi>  IxHly :  eye  nsnally  rather  hirge,  varying  from  3  to  6  times  in 
lcnt;th  i>i'  the  side  of  the  bead,  its  position  high  ap  and  medial 
rtirliiT  )ift.'j:i'rln!':  sLi1iiirlilt;i1  buiio^  ft^ry  nftrrow.  fihvnys  much  \(n 


GENUS  MTX08TOMA.  Ill 

the  teeth  rather  coarser,  stroogly  compressed,  the  lower  five  or  six  mach 
Btiooger  than  the  others,  which  are  rapidly  diminished  in  size  upwards, 
each  with  a  prominent  internal  casp. 

Scales  large,  more  or  less  quadrate  in  form,  nearly  equal  in  size  over 
the  body,  and  not  specially  crowded  anywhere,  usually  about  44  in  the 
lateral  line  (41  to  56),  and  about  twelve  series  between  dorsal  and  veu- 
tiala.    Lateral  line  well  developed,  straight  or  anteriorly  decurved. 

Pins  well  developed,  the  dorsal  inserted  about  midway  of  the 
body,  its  first  rnys  usually  rather  nearer  snout  than  the  caudal,  the 
Domber  of  developed  rays  usually  about  13,  but  varying  in  difi'erent 
species  from  11  to  17 :  anal  flu  short  and  high,  usually  emarginate  in 
the  male  fish,  probably  always  with  seven  developed  rays :  ventrals  in- 
serted nearly  under  the  middle  of  the  dorsal;  their  number  of  rays  nor- 
mally 9,  occasionally  varying  to  10 ;  the  occurrence  of  ten  ventral  rays 
is  probably  an  accidental  individual  character,  and  not  a  permanent 
specific  one :  caudal  fin  deeply  forked,  the  lobes  about  equal,  except  in 
two  8i)ecies. 

Airbladdermth  three  chambers:  skeleton  essentially  as  in  Catostomus^ 
tbe  vertebrsB  in  M.  carpio  27-14  (Oiinther). 

Sexual  pcHSuliarities  little  marked,  the  males  in  the  spawning  season 
^th  tbe  lower  fins  reddened,  and  the  anal  rays  swollen  and  somewhat 
tabercalate. 

This  genus  is  widely  diffused,  some  of  its  species  occurring  in  all  the 
Wers  of  the  United  States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  excei)ting 
those  of  the  New  England  States.  Some  of  the  more  aberrant  species 
seem  to  be  quite  local ;  other  species  are  of  the  widest  distribution.  Tbe 
principal  species  in  the  genus,  although  not  the  technical  type,  M.  ma- 
f^^idotumy  is  very  widely*  diflused,  and  is  subject  to  much  variation. 

This  genua  is  one  readily  recognizable  by  external  appearance,  its 
species  being  known  to  the  fishermen  as  ^' Red  Horse  ^  am\  '^  Mullet  ^^; 
tbose  of  other  genera  being  called  rather  '*  Suckers".  Its  proper  nomen- 
clature has,  however,  been  a  subject  of  considerable  uncertainty. 

The  subgenus  Moxostoma  was  originally  proposed  by  Ratinesque  to 
inclmle  C.  anisurus  Eaf.,  with  the  following  diagnosis: — *'Body  oblong, 
wniprepsed;  head  compressed,  eight  abdominal  rays;  doisal  fm  com- 
nwnly  longitudinal ;  tail  commonly  unequally  forked." 

The  characters  here  noticed  are  either  common  to  several  genera, 
^  else  merely  8i)ecific,  and  the  use  of  the  generic  name  must  de- 
P^  CD  oar  identification  of  the  original  typical  species.     By  some 


1 

[co»-1 


112      COHTRIBUTIOKS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAS  ICHTHTOLOOY — HI. 

piocess  of  reaHoniog  Dot  uow  explaiuable.  Professor  AgaKsiz  ideobM 
ihis  with  Ibe  couidiud  Clinb  Sucker  of  the  West,  a  fpecies  wliirh  1 
BJiler  iileatical  wirli  C^fprinm  oblougus  Mituhili.  Ho  thus  trauslmt^ 
muni'  Moxonioma  frwm  the  '■  Uetl  Horse"  lo  tbe  "Cbab  Sucker"  jtnwp  ': 
Rafluesqiiti'a  description,  however,  renders  it  evident  tha!  his  flsb  tu\ 
one  of  the  Ited  Horse  kind;  and  n*  Moxoatoma  ia  the  first  generic 
iipplied  to  speoies  of  th»t  group,  it  muxt  be  retained  iu  spite  of  Ikl 
incoiiipleteuess-of  the  original  diagnosis. 

Teretulua  Rufinesque  was  proposed  three  pages  later  for  "aui-xteiwiw 
sabgenus,  to  which  belong  all  the  following  species  of  Le  Sueur:  C.iti 
reolut,  C.  niacrolepidotus,  C.  lougiroitrum,  C.  nigricans,  C.  v'-itatut,  It 
niOCuIoAUS,  C  nucetta,  besides  tliu  C.  teret  and  C.  oblongVK  of  Mitvbi&il 
To  these  he  adds  his  own  spi'uica.  C  melamtpn,  V.  tnelanotws  {=  Camit' 
atQiHU),  C.  fa«c!olaria,  C.  erytbrurva,  noil  C.  Jlcxuotus.  This  '■mniUNnffr 
themm"  receives  the  following  diagnosis: — "Body  elongate  e>liDilhal 
or  somewhat  quadrangular,  9  alMlominal  mjs,  dorsal  tin  coumioiily  si 
tail  equally  forked." 

A  niime  proposed  for  a  group  of  this  kind,  in  Ihe  opinion  of  Ibe  [m» 
ent  vrriter,  should  not  be  set  aBide,  but  should  be  retuined  for 
o:  more  of  the  species  originally  rcferreil  to  it,  and  when  any  niM 
adopts  snch  a  geuns,  be  shall  liave  the  right  to  select  any  of  the 
as  its  type,  nnd  the  name  should  be  considered  thereafter  as  npptji^ 
to  such  typical  species  only,  not  to  be  revived  in  cime  sncb  rypictd 
be  afterwards  lound  to  have  had  a  prior  genei  ic  name. 


GENUS   MTX08T0MA.  113 

and  lipa,  althoogh  the  species  of  Minytrema  was  iDadvertently  ioolnded 
JDit.  The  most  important  generic  featare,  the  tricellalar  air  bladder, 
WM  flret  notice<l  by  Professor  Cope. 

I  have  seen  fit  to  change  the  orthography  of  the  name  from  Moxofttoma 
to  Mifxostomay  in  accordance  with  its  apparent  etymology.  This  change 
is  rather  desirable  from  the  fact  that  it  tends  to  avoid  confnsion,  the 
name  Moxostoma  having  been  commonly  used  in  connection  with  a 
diSerent  genns. 

The  genus  Myxostoma  contains  two  well  marked  sections,  typified 
rwpectively  by  M.  velatum  and  M.  macrolepidotum^  and  characterized  by 
the  form  of  the  month  and  lower  lip  :  that  of  M.  velata  being  as  in  the 
^Q8  Erimyzon;  that  of  M,  mactvlepidotum  being  of  the  character  most 
oommoD  in  this  genns. 

Generio  Characterizations, 

MoxoeroMA  Rafiuesque,  1820. — ''  Body  obloDg,  compressed ;  bead  compressed,  eight 
abdoniiDtl  rayfl,  dorsal  fin  commo-kly  loDgitadinal ;  tail  commonly  unequally  forked.'' — 
{IMgologia  Ohienaia^  p.  54.) 

Tkkitulus  Rafinesque,  1820. — *'  Body  elongate  cylindrical  or  somewhat  quadrangu- 
lsr,9alNlo.ninal  niys,  dorsal  fics  commonly  small;  tail  eqnally  forked.  An  exten- 
iiTeiDb(i;enuH,  to  which  belong  all  the  following  species  of  Le  Sueur:  Caureolus^  C. 
^^ttnlepidotun^  C.  hnniroatrum,  C,  nigricans^  C.  rittatua,  C,  fnaculo8U8f  C,  aucetta,  besides 
the  ('.  teret  and  C.  oblongns  of  Dr.  Mitcbill.^'— (/eft.  Oh,  p.  57.) 

PTTcmwTOMi's  Agassiz,  1855.^—"  In  resin  ct  to  form  of  body  an<l  the  strncture  and 
position  of  the  tins,  this  genus  does  not  diliVr  from  Catostonins  proper,  but  may  be 
♦i'Stingniphfd  by  tli«»  following  striictnral  ])«'cnliaritieB.  The  lips  an^  marked  by  trans- 
TfTJie ricljjes  or  folds,  and  hardly  bilobed  bt-low  ;  they  are  not  ]»apilluti>d  as  in  Cdtosto- 
■w  proper.  Th«^  g«*neric  name  of  this  type  is  derived  fiom  this  character  of  the  lips 
Tbehetd  is  Hborter  and  stouter.  The  dorsal  is  longer  than  it  is  high,  bnt  hi  the  mules, 
UiRlon;»er  in  proportitm  than  in  the  females.  The  anal  of  the  male  is  alto  broader 
tbuitbat  of  the  female,  and  its  lower  margin  lobed,  while  in  the  female  it  is  trape- 
zoidil  und  narrow. 

"The  tcaU's  urv  as  large  on  the  anterior  as  en  the  posterior  region  of  the  bo<ly  ;  their 
▼Wiicil  dianiet<*r  about  as  great  as  the  longitudinal,  so  that  the  scales  are  nearly  quad- 
f^Bgnlar,  with  rounded  edges ;  the  ornamental  concentric  ridges  not  longer  nor  broader 
'^pon  the  i>o>terior  than  upon  the  lateral  and  anterior  fields ;  the  radiating  furrows  few, 
^lyoneor  two  in  the  i>08terior  field  and  one  on  each  side  limiting  that  field  Ironi  the 
**^n\  fields;  tho^e  t»f  the  anterior  field  are  more  numerous,  and  yet  not  crowded. 
ToUfof  the  lateral  line  arising  in  the  centre  of  radiation  or  farther  back  upon  the 
P'Wterior  fiehl. 

"The  pharyngeals  are  strong,  their  entire  edge  spreading  like  a  wing,  and  that 

•  ^pl^iog  margin    is  separated  from  the  symphysis  by  a  deep  omargination.      The 

twth  increasing  rather  rapidly  in  size  from  above  downwards,  are  more  apart  from  one 

Ball.  N.  M.  No.  12—8 


114    CONTBIBUnOSB  TO  KOBTH  AHEBICAH  ICHTHTOLOOr — OL 

anotberthBD  in  the  preoediDgK^Dera,  and  >rcbed  inward  ■■  in  HoxMtonuktlMiDHi 
edge  of  tbe  lower  ones  aqnare,  its  inaet  maripti  rlaiog  into  «  broad  cdbp  in  (fa«  uU 
Mid  upper  tcetb."~(  JiwricoM  Joam.  Sci.  Arlt,  xii,  p.  803.) 

TERETt-Li-s  Cope,  1868.— "Tbe  euentiitl  cbaracter  (rf  thia  gfiaaa  is  tbe  dividw 
the  nstatOT}-  bladder  into  Ibreechambera,  wbileCatOitomnsBtid  allCypKoidAeili'l 
bat  tiro.  Tbis  fe«tnre  ii  aceompsuied  bj  plicate  lipe,  aa  AfiaMiz  baa  indicatfd,i 
ulnenja  to  tbe  veotral  fin,  already  pointed  out  bf  BafineaqaB.  Tbe  apecie* »n  1 
largsat  acaled  of  tbe  tjpical  sDCkera.  Le  fiuear  and  Vatenciennn  bave  poinled  i 
tba  KMWric  featnreH  in  the  P.  niacrottpidotiu ;  Prof.  Baird  infonnB  me  that  it  dm 
In  PL  jlorealiiRd.,  and  I  fiud  it  iu  Ft.  onYimu  and  Pi.  duqueaiiL  It  no  donbtu 
^ao  in  tbe  PI.  atriDlai.  Other  species  ilescrilitd  by  Baird  and  Ginird  from  tbeSw 
weal  probably  posaees  it. 

"It  is  diBlcnIt  to  amlKn  a  name  to  this  eenns.  Ralinesqno  propoaea  it  npon  qbi 
able  cbaracteta,  and  ioclndea  with  it  species  of  Mozoatiima  and  Catoatomns.  kp 
pnrRedit  of  tbeaec]emeutii,but  did  not  exprcxa  its  ceeential  cbaivcter,  apparently  c 
Ing  oa  the  plicate  lips.  1  have  lalten  the  older  name,  leaving  for  otbera  Ibe  1 
deoiaioD."— (Journal  Acad.  \al.  Sci.  Phila.  tSW,  p.  '/36.) 

PrrcHosTouuB  Cope,  tSiO. — '*  Tlie  development  of  the  lips  furniab  important  J 
noatio  indications  in  this  genns.  !□  tbo^  mcst  urarly  allied  loMoxoatonia,  tbe  iDh 
lip  reaembles  that  of  tbat  genua  in  bein<;  narrower  and  devply  incised,  euiai;^: 
poateriorly  forming  a  bgnre  V  ivith  tbe  apex  forwards,  at  tbe  same  time  the  sapt 
lip  is  very  thin  and  often  narrow.  Such  species  are  nhorter,  and  tend  to  a  i^al 
velopment  of  doTsal  fin.  Otbeisof  tbi^  t,vpe  are  more  elongate.  Somespeoiesofl 
are  distingoisbed  by  their  rerj'  prominent  conic  muzzle  and  miunte,  inferior  nw 
reminding  one  of  the  Ciu-piodes.  In  oneBpeciesthelipsarepapilloaeiDeteadof  plii 
Id  some  species,  the  month  is  very  projectile,  in  others  scarcely  so  at  »ll. 

"  Bafinesqiie  proposed  a  genus  Tcretului  on  tbe  characteristic  pecaliaritj'  of  nine 


ANALYSIS   OF  SPECIES   OF  MTXOSTOMA.  115 

ANALYSIS  OF  SPECIES  OF  MYX06T0MA. 

«dittiDetIy  plicate. 

mrer  lip  foil,  its  posterior  edge  trancate)  not  infolded  and ''  /^-shaped ''. 
t.  Species  with  the  body  distinctly  compressed,  the  depth  3}  to  nearly  5  in  length. 
h.  Dorsal  fin  largely  developed,  its  rays  15  to  18  in  number :  head  rather  large, 
3}  to  4^  in  length,  broad  above :  month  large,  with  fall  lips :  eye  rather 
large :  body  deep,  strongly  compressed,  the  back  somewhat  elevated,  the 
depth  abont  3}  in  length :  dorsal  fin  high  and  large,  larger  than  in  anj 
other  species  of  tho  genus,  the  first  ray  about  as  long  as  the  base  of  th& 
fin :  scales  5-43-4,  quite  large :  coloration  very  pale  and  silvery,  the  lower 

ilns  white carpio,  3. 

M«  Dorsal  fin  moderate,  its  rays  12  to  14  in  number. 
c.  Scales  large,  41  to  50  in  the  course  of  the  lateral  line. 
d.  Caudal  fin  normal,  the  two  lobes  about  equal  and  similarly  colored, 
e.  Head  singular  in  form,  much  shortened,  the  muzzle  very  abruptly  de- 
curved,  descending  almost  perpendicularly  in  front  of  the  eye :  the 
head  wedge-shaped  from  behind  forwards,  and  less  so  from  below 
upwards,  its  sides  subvertical  and  the  lower  cross-diameter  of  the 
head  greater  than  the  upper. 
/.  Eye  very  large,  more  than  one-third  tho  length  of  the  side  of  the 
head  (in  an  individual  of  sis  inches  in  length):  lips  thin,  very 
faintly  plicate :  width  of  head  through  the  oporcles  greater  than 
the  thickness  ot  the  body :  head  4^  in  length  ;  depth  abont  the 
same :   dorsal  rays  13 :  scales  6-43-5 :  body  shortish,  closely  com- 
pressed, the  back   somewhat  elevated,  and  the  caudal   peduncle 
unusually  long  in  proportion  :  color  smoky-blue ;  lower  fins  white : 

size  probably  small euryops,  4. 

««.  Head  normal  in  form,  not  as  above. 

g.  Mouth  moderate  or  larp^e,  not  very  small,  nor  very  much  overpassed 
by  tho  muzzle :  lips  thick,  strongly  plicate :  body  stoutish,  vary- 
ing to  moderately  elongate:  dorsal  fin  medium,  its  developed 
rays  12  to  14,  usually  13  in  number :  scales  large,  about  G-45-5 : 
lower  fins  in  the  adult  red  or  orange. 
K  Head  comparatively  elongate,  4  to  5  in  length :  mouth  large : 

size  very  large,  reaching  a  length  of  two  feet 

or  more mackolepidotum,  5. 

X.  Head  quite  elongate,  4  to  4f  in  length  :  back  little 
elevated:  body  rather  elongate,  not  greatly 
compressed  :  scales  pretty  large,  6-42  to  49-5: 
back  bluish  or  olive ;  sides  brilliantly  silvery, 
with  bright  reflections ;  dorsal  fin  dusky  above ; 

lower  fins  bright  red duquesnii, 

XX.  Head  a  little  shorter,  4^  to  4i  in  length :  form 
of  the  preceding:  scales  distinctly  smaller, 
7  or  8-48  to  50-6:  back  with  much  smoky 
■hading lackrynuile. 


1 1  6     CONTEIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IlL 

*Ll|i»<U»tiDctlr  plicate — Continnod. 

xet.  Heail  still  sbortor  and  deeper,  4}  to  &  in  l«i[il 
its  upper  profile  conomrent  vith  tlw  ctT< 
of  tlie  bock,  nhich  U  conaidfrkbl;  clcvitd, 
the  forni  lieing  thus  soiuewh&t  elliplioil;  ttte 
compressed :  dorHBl  ra;a  nsii&ll]'  13:  mlontiw 
little  silvery,  the  aidos  refieoting  broKDUb  mi 
golden;  back  Boioky,  dome  of  tbe8calt*<liui; 

at  bose :  scales  6-43  to  50-5 naemUpiilok*. 

kh.  Head  oomparativelj'  short.  Ion  aod  amall,  5  to  5^  iu  Itagii; 
book  elevated  and  coinpre&ged ;  depth  8^  io  leagtti:  nuuuk 
rather  Boinll,  more  or  leas  overjiiuaed  by  the  soeni;  colw- 
atioD  bright  yelluniiib-broivD,  etc.,  not  silver; ;  Inirei  iv 
bright  red  :  dorsal  rays  IS :  scalw  li-i'i  to  48-5 ;  aiM  liugt. 

AURXOLim,! 

fg.  MoDth  vet7  small,  uiDch  overpnaaiHl  bf  the  oouic  mozele  ^  bol 

BtDDll,  about  5  ID  leogth, 

i.  Body  llattLah,  the  back  elevated  and  compremeU;  dri>[h  3(: 

muzzle  coDiracted :  scales  large,  i>--14s) ;  dorwl  rayii  oBolg 

Vd :  <lorHBl  liD  elevated  in  front,  it«  5t»t  soft  r^y  Iodk*''  '^ 

■  thfi    base    of   the  fiu  :   color   silvery,   nith   nmaky  ktiadii| 

above.  suDit  of  tlie  acnlea  blnrkiab  at  tbuir  Insea  :  lovrtiM 

white;  top  of  bead,  humernl  bar,  aad  dorsal  &□  dusk;. 

Ciusnti-iBUiT. 

ii.  tkxly  Outtish,  the  donal  outliDe  elevated,  the  form  brlnfSk* 

that  of  21.  (oregonMs :  bead  email  aod  conic ;  montfa  rxmi- 

iDgl)'  email,  tbe  suoat  fnr  overpaseiug  it,  the  iduzi1»  I 

maeb  longer  than  iu   Jf.   rrnMtilabn :  dotMj  lsf>  14: 

largv:  eoloralion  smoky  above,  some  scales  diwfcj  M 


^ 


AHAL78I8   OF   SPECIES   OF  HYX08T0MA.  117 

itinoily  plicate — CootiDaed. 

i&  Seales  Teiy  small  for  the  genos,  about  9-^6-8  in  DDmber :  body  moderately 
elongate,  the  depth  about  4  in  the  length. 
M.  Head  shortish,  conic,  the  snout  not  much  projecting,  about  4  in  length : 
eye  large :  dorsal  fin  bmall,  with  about  eleven  rays,  the  last  rapidly 
shortened  (characters  of  month  unknown,  but  probably  similar  to 
maerdlepidotum  and  ptBcUmra;  it  is  said  to  be  '*  much  larger  thau  in 

F.  congestut") albidum,  11. 

peoiea  with  the  body  elongate,  little  compressed,  broad,  the  depth  about  5 

in  length,  not  very  much  greater  than  the  thickness. 
j.  Head  very  short,  roundish  above,  rather  pointed  forwards, 
about  5  in  length :  cheeks  subvertical :  mouth  rather  large, 
with  thick  lips,  which  are  strongly  plicate,  the  folds  some- 
what broken  up :  eye  small :  fins  very  small,  the  dorsal 
rays  10  to  12 :  scales  rather  large,  6-44  to  49-5 :  color  green- 
ish-brown, a  pale  blotch  on  each  scale,  these  forming  con- 
tinuous streaks  along  the  rows  of  scales :  back  with  more 
or  lees  distinct  brownish  cross-blotches ;  fins  brownish,  not 
much  red ;  the  dorsal  blackish  at  tip :  size  smallest :  length 

less  than  afoot cervinum,  12. 

r  Up  thin,  not  infolded  and  ^^A'^^^P^ ''»  forming  a  narrow,  crescent-shaped 

^rder  around  the  mandible. 

k*  Head  small,  5  times  in  length:   muzzle  prominent,  but 
less  so  thau  in  M,  evregonvs :  mouth  moderate :  back  a 

little  elevated:  depth  about  3^  in  length :  dorsal  rays  12 
to  14,  its  free  border  often  incised :  scales  6-45-5 :  colora- 
tion very  pale ;  lower  fins  white :  sizo  large ;  reaches  a 

weight  of  four  pounds  or  more album,  13. 

kk.  Head  stout,  as  in  M.  velatumy  rather  long,  4  in  length, 
flattish  above,  muzzle  truncate,  not  very  prominent: 
mouth  moderate :  back  elevated :  dorsal  fin  long,  of  14 
or  15  rays :  sea-green  above ;   white  below ;  lower  fins 

white THALA88INUM,  14. 

:  lip  infolded,  A'^<^P^  when  viewed  from  below,  with  a  distinct  median 

crease,  in  which  the  two  halves  of  the  lip  meet,  forming 

an  acute  angle :  mouth  smalL 

2.  l>orsal  large,  with  IG  (15  to  17)  developed  rays. 

m.  Body  stout,  deep,  compressed,  the  back  elevated,  the 

depth  3  to  4  in  length :  head  short,  heavy,  flattish 

and  broad  above,  thick  throngh  the  cheeks,  3f  to  4^ 

in  length :  eye  rather  large,  midway  in  head,  4  to 

5  in  its  length :  mnzzle  rather  prominent,  bluntish, 

overhanging  the  very  small  mouth :  fins  very  large : 

dorsal  long  and  high,  its  height  five-sixths  the  length 

of  the  head:   pectorals  nearly  reaching  ventrals* 

color  silvery^  Hnoky  above;  lower  fins  red:  size 

laqpa...  velatum,  15. 


118     C0NTE1BCTI0N8  TO  KOETH  A3IERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGT — lit. 

•Lip«  dirtinctly  plicate — Cootinned. 

II.  Dorsal  modersb;,  tritb  \2  w  14  ilevuloped  n;«. 

n.  Head  compuutively  latKe,  aboat4  in  leogtb:  dnul 
rays  aaually  12. 
0.  Head  sbon  anil  very  wide  tbrongb  tbeopcrtiA 
Oat  aboTe:  body  Htoat,  ibe  back  tumeibt 
elevaUid,  deplb  4  in  leogtb  :  muzzlv  tciblniS' 
Gftle,  sliKbtly  iirojeutlng :  acalw  &-40-5 :  olln- 
ceous,  silver;  l>elon-;  dorsftt  Sndnsky. 


^"  oo.  Head  rolber  long,  44  in  leDgth,  flivlti«ll  •h«l 

iMidy  elouitate,  more  nearly  cyhnilricat,  til 
com  pressed:  luaizlc  tmucatu:  olivaceuiu,Ni 
limes  wilb  roHs  of  faiDt  spot*  aluug  ibean 
of  ii'4ile.i  t  dorsal  uatl  caudal  fiiia  bUck-«d(i4:J 
Bii«  qnite small:  resembles  If.  ccrctHiix.  bntttl 

moDtb  entirely  different PCDlEN^li,  IT. 

NH.  Head  very  amall,  about  5  in  leogtb :  muizle  t 
moch  projecting  beyoDil  the  vvrj  small  nu 
bod;  broadly  tusirorm,  niDch  compressM,  lb* 
bsck  eletithsd  and  orcbed :  dorsal  rajs  14 :  oIm 
silvery,  nitb  plumbeous  slindes  aboi'c; 
fliiH  while:  bIzobdiuH coRKOHXtA, U 

*  Lips  fall,  HtroDgty  papUloee,  mnch  as  in  Ibe  sobgeDae  Bjipailttiaai. 

p.  Body  comparalively  stoat,  Ibe  dorskl  ngM 
Bomeivbat  elevateil  and  rouoded,  tlie  dlfi 
being  aboat  4  in   lengtb,  tbe  bead  aboot  Nl 


MTXOBTOICA  KUBYOP8. 


119 


JTiMiiMM  Mnyte  Jordam,  Mao.  Yert.  896, 1876. 

Amfiiliw  cnyfo  Nklboh,  BoU.  No.  1,  Ilia.  Has.  Nat.  Hist  49, 1876. 

nrfteiM  ocfyfo  JosDiir  4b  Copbland,  Cheok  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 

JfaMlMM  mrfh  JORDAK  4b  GiLBKRT,  Id  Klippan'tt  Bept.  Fish  Comm.  Ohio,  53, 

1W7.    (Kama  only.) 
MpemUmm  evpio  Jobdait,  Man.  Yert.  £.  U.  8.  ed.  8d,  312, 1878. 

HabitaTw— Qieaft  Lake  Beglon  and  northward.    Also  in  the  Ohio  Btver. 

Tbia  s|)eoieB  is  apparentiy  not  very  common,  and  its  distribution  is 
frobsbly  diiefly  northward.  I  bave  obtained  but  one  living  specimen, 
i  Im  large  one,  from  Lac  des  Buttes  des  Mort8,  in  Northeastern  Wis- 
ooMiii.  This  speoimen  in  life  was  extremely  pale  and  silvery,  its  fins 
kiTing  none  of  the  orange  coloration  common  to  most  of  the  species. 
1.  Mtpjo  is  related  to  If.  fnaorolepidotumj  bnt  the  much  greater  develop- 
■ent  of  the  dorsal  will  always  distinguish  it. 

Spedwieif  in  VMM  Siaiet  NatUmal  Miuemm. 


lOnO    CIneinnati,  Ohio J.  W.  Miliier. 

Ilil4    Alpena,  Mich.  (Lake  HuroD) J.  W.  M liner. 

19170    Cincinnati,  Ohio J.  W.  Mihicr. 

IWl     Cincinnati,  Ohio J.  W.  Milner. 

1»I3    Cincinnati,  Ohio }  J.  W.  Miluer. 

Marietta,  Ohio i  Prof.  Andrews. 


4.  MYXOSTOMA  EURYOPS  Jord^tn. 

SnuthnoBed  Sucker. 

^^TerttmlM  evryops  Jordan  &  Copkland,  Check  LiHt,  157.    (Nauio  only.) 
}ijfjo*toma  euryops  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hint.  N.  Y.  xi.  348,  1877. 
Mjfiimioma  euryops  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  312,  lt;78. 

Habitat. — Alabama  River. 

^18  Bpecies  is  still  known  only  from  the  type  8|)eci men  obtained  in 
I^^fjo.v's  Creek,  a  small  tributary  of  Oostanaula  Kiver,  a  few  miles 
oorth  of  Rome,  Ga.  The  species  is  most  nearly  related  to  M.  macroJepi- 
^otumy  and  it  is  barely  possible  that  the  type  specimen  is  a  monstrosity 
^  that  species.  The  peculiarities  of  the  mouth,  and  the  fact  that  the 
^es  of  the  head  seem  to  be  normally  develoi)ed,  lead  me  to  consider  it 
A  distiuct  species. 


120    CONTEIBIJTIOHS  TO  NORTH  AMEEICAH  ICHTHTOLOGI-^n. 

5.  MYXOSTOIIA  MAOEOLEPIDOTDM  {Le  Sueur)  JprAm.       ! 

Common  Eed  Borse     MuUet.     WhiU  Sucker.    Largt-toaled  Suelur. 

,a.  Sabspt'ciLB  maerolepidotut. 

1617— C'afMfomiu  macrolepidotug  Le  Suecr,  Judhi.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  i,  94. 

Caloetomiu  macroJrpidolus  DeKay,  Nen  Yoik  Faaoa,  part  iv,  Fishei,SOII;lili 
Catoitoati»macrotrpidotatC\:vicn  &  VAi.BKCiKXNEB,Hiiit.  Nat.  desPoiiH>u,iTii, 

447, 1844. 
Caioetomu*  macrolepidolut  STOitER,  Synopsis,  4ti0, 1846. 
Ptuchottomm  macrolfpidotm  AOASKiZ,  Am.  Jonrn.  Sci.  Arts,  8d  Berics,  lii,  W, 

1835. 
Ptychotlomvt  nacroJrpidoluM  CoPK,  Proc.  Am.  Philoa.  8oc.  Pbili.  47ri,  IHTO. 
PtychoitomHt  nuuTolepidotai  Jokdan,  Fiahes  of  Jnd.  221, 1^75.    (Nitne  nnljr.] 
Mozottoma  maa-alepidotuni  JoitDAN,  Uan.  Vert.  39C,  1676. 
Teretalut  macroltpidolum  Nki.8on,  Bait.  No.  I,  Ills.  Hus.  Nat.  Hist.  4'J,  1476. 
Catoslomue  macrolepidotut  Uiilku  &  LVGOKit,  Fishes  of  Marj'Iand,  140,  1W6. 
Tirctului  macralepidotue  JouD\!i  &,  Copkland,  CbeokLlat;  z,  157,  1(576.    (Sib 

ODly.) 
Moxoatoma  macrolfpldota  JoituAK&GiLBEHT,  iDKIipparl'aBept.&3,lri7ti.   (Nw 

MnioilOttia  nuKToUpidola  Jouvas,  Mau.  Tert.  E.  U.  S.  ed.  2d,  313,  1678. 
l6i2—Catoito    lu  oneida  DeKat,  Kiw  York  Fann»,  part  iv,  Fiahea,  196. 

Caloelon   a  onrida  Stokku,  Sj'iiupsiH,  425, 1M6. 

Fl  eloslomus  ojteida  CoFR,  Fnic.  Am.  Pbiloa.  Soc.  Philo.  476,  1670. 
IfiiO— /  tj  ftojfomim  rohugtmi  CoFE,  Froc.  Am.  Pbiloa.  Soc  Pbilu.  473. 

TrreiuUt  robuilnt  JoKbtN  &.  Cupeu.nd,  Check  Ltat,  1!>7,  1»T6.    (Name  011I7.} 
Ip7G— Pi iichottomus  eongeitue  Cope  &  Yark(iw,  LieDlOQADt  Wheek-r'a  Espl.  W.  lOO 


HTXOSTOlfA  MACBOLEPIDOTUM.  121 

Miw  dmqwnU  Cuvdbr  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poissons,  xvii, 

L844. 

mtu  duqunnil  Kirtland,  Boston  Joarn.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  268,  1645. 

mus  duquesnii  8tobbr,  Synopsis,  423, 1840. 

itomtu  duquitnii  Aga^siz,  Am.  Jonm.  Sc.  Arts,  2d  series,  xix,  204, 1855. 

MM  duqiieaMi  Gt)NTHER,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mus.  vii,  18, 18G8. 

M  duquetnei  Cope,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  23G,  1868. 

itoflMM  duqueani  Cops,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Pbila.  476, 1870. 

iomus  duque$nei  Jordan,  Ball.  Bnfialo  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  95, 1876. 

7Ma  duqueanii  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  295, 1876. 

mu8  duquunu  Uuler  &  Lugger,  Fishes  of  Maryland,  139, 1876. 

M  duqueanii  Nelson,  Ball.  No.  1,  Ills.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist.  49, 1876. 

K«  duqueanii  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 

oma  duqueanei  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  in  Klippart's  Rept.  53,  1876.    (Name 

) 

oma  duqueanii  Jordan,  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  xi,  349, 1877. 

oma  duqueanii  Jordan,  Ball.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ix,  37,  1877.  * 

7ma  maerolepidota  var.  duqueani  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  cd.  2d,  p.  313, 1878. 

mua  erythruruSj  R\finesque,  Am.  Month.  Mag.  and  Crit.  Bev.  354. 

mua  erylhrurus  Rafinesque,  Icb.  Ob.  59,  1820. 

mua  erytkrurua  Kirtland,  Rept.  Zool.  Ohio,  168, 1838. 

Uomua  eryihrurua  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Pbila.  474,  1870. 

\tamua  eryihrurua  Jordan,  Fishes  of  Ind.  221, 1875.    (Name  only.) 

M  eryihrurua  Jordan  &,  Copeland,  Check  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 

melanurua  Rafinesque,  Ich.  Oh.  51. 

-Ohio  Valley.    Upper  Mississippi  River  and  southward;  most  abundant 
liu  to  Georgia. 

tiou  of  a  very  large  series  of  "Mullet"  and  "Red  Horse'' 
J8  parts  of  tlie  country  has  led  me  to  tbe  couclusiou,  at  first 
xpected,  that  all  the  various  forms  iiicluded  iu  the  above 
belong  to  one  widely  diffused  and  somewhat  variable  species, 
illef  of  the  lakes  and  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania  appears  gen- 
lififer  iu  the  more  elevated  and  compressed  body,  shorter, 
id,  and  brownish  or  brassy  rather  than  silvery  coloration, 
sents  the  general  tendency  of  ^^xaT.  macrolepidotum^ }  but 
of  ^^duquesnei^  can  be  found  which  will  match  the  average 
7tum  in  each  of  these  respects.  The  form  which  I  have  iden- 
Professor  Cope's  lachrymale  is  to  some  extent  intermediate, 
e  additional  peculiarity  of  smaller  scales.  In  this  respect, 
K^asional  individuals,  both  of  duqucsnei  and  of  macrolepidotumy 
*^  which  approach  it. 

the  waters  of  the  eastern  and  northern  parts  of  the 
wrolqndotum.  It  is  a^^  AAmnionly  as  a  food- 


122    CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMEBICAN  ICHTHTOLOGT— m. 

Hsb  in  tbe  winter  and  Hpring  in  the  marlietB  of  WaBbingUm  and  PtdltM 
[)liia,aB  ivell  us  in  tbe  markets  of  those  oities  in  tbe  W>.-8t  which  an  a^ 
plied  by  tlie  flsheriea  of  the  Great  Lalies.     It  ia  iirobahly  mooh  man 
nbiiiiduiit  ill  Lake  Erie  tbao  M,  aureolum  is,  and  it  baa  been  freqoeittj  j 
coufouiideil  with  the  latter  Hpeci(.'s.    I  unce  obtained  two  apecinM,  ' 
rnuh  of  neitrty  twelve  pouuds  weight,  in  tbe  Fox  BAver  in  WiscooHL 

lu  ibe  Ohio  Uiver  and  its  tribatariea,  and  hi  the  riven  of  tbe  Sooth- 
west  geuendly,  the  var.  duqtKsnii  is  tbe  prevailing  form.  This  I'uirti 
is  more  di'liuately  colored  than  tbe  other,  tbe  silvery  laMre  of  tbe  sella 
in  mure  otroiigly  marked,  and  tbe  red  of  the  fins  is  rutlu'r  iooie  virii 
This  form,  too,  is  valued  somewhat  as  a  food-flsb,  although  tbeflok,; 
likH  that  of  all  tbe  Suckers,  is  comitaratively  coarse,  tattteless,  and  falltf' 
boiivs.  The  variety  duqueenei  is  everywhere  known  by  tho  cariolltn^■ 
uncnliir  iiimie  of  "Ked  Uorse'',  a  name  possibly  to  be  accounted  Corby 
the  eolor  of  the  fins  and  the  form  of  the  head.  This  variety  also  gtta 
tou  large  size. 

Tbe  variety  lackrymale  I  otily  know  from  specimens  obtaiued  iu  iiM- 
wall  River,  Gettrgia,  iu  company  with  the  variety  duquetnei,  NotbliV 
distiurtive  wiis  noticed  in  regard  to  its  habits. 

Tbe  Hed  lloi-se  prefer  nitber  deep,  clear  water,  seldom  asceDdiDgfOf 
small  streams,  and  then  ebiedy  iu  tbe  spawning  season — in  Mitf— A 
wbieb  time  (bey  may  be  found  iu  gr«it  aboodance  in  any  rapid  rf  ft 
river  or  a  erei'k,  or  below  a  miUitond.  They  are  generally  caagUiV 
nets,  traps,  or  suaiva,  bnt  will  freqiieutly  bite  at  a  book  baited  vitkft 


MTZOBTOMA  MACSOLBPIDOTUM;  123 

thlMMgi  and  I  am  uiAble  to  distingaiah  it  from  typical  maerokpidotumj 
ihhoigh  the  moath  is  rather  emalli  more  like  tbat  of  aureolum. 

I  hate  identified  certaiD  apecimens  with  Professor  Cope's  P.  laekrynuUe 
with  a  little  donbti  as  the  points  of  differentiation  which  I  notice  are  not 
thoie  emphaaised  by  Professor  Cope.  The  original  types,  which  I  believe 
US  DOW  lost,  were  Item  the  Neose  Biver  in  North  Oarolina.  In  describ- 
iif  this  ^Moiea,  Professor  Oope  remarks,  **  This  species  is  qnite  near  the 
ImI  (P.  erffikrwruM)  and  may  at  some  fhture  time  be  shown  to  be  a  local 
Tviety  of  it,  bnt  in  this  case  P.  maorolepidotus  mnst  follow  also.'' 

Ihs  ayoonyms  of  var.  duquesnei  may  now  be  noticed.  Of  thesCi 
the  ODly  one  of  importance  is  that  of  Catostamus  erythrurus  Bafinesqnei 
neoitly  reoogoiaed  by  Professor  Cope  as  a  species  distinct  from  P. 

Ihe  presence  of  ten  ventral  rays  in  duquesniij  us  contrasted  with  nine 
vntnd  raya  in  erytirunu^  is  the  chief  point  on  which  Professor  Oope 
reli«  to  distingnish  the  two  species.  He  also  finds  the  mouth  rather 
■ore  inferior  in  duqueanii^  and  the  scales  rather  smaller,  7-48-7,  instead 

In  regard  to  the  number  of  ventral  rays,  my  experience  is  that  in  every 
Vedeti  of  the  genus  the  normal  number  is  nine^  but  that  ten-rayed 
iadividnals  occur  in  the  proportion  of  about  one  in  twenty  in  any  of  the 
Wttm.  I  have  seen  specimens  of  duqueanii  with  nine  rays  on  one  side 
wi  ten  on  the  other.  I  have  therefore  discarded  all  consideration  of 
the  Aomber  of  ventral  rays  as  a  specific  character.  In  regard  to  the 
nomber  of  scales  in  the  lateral  line,  the  usual  number  in  most  of  the 
ipeeies  is  43  to  44;  but  of  every  species  in  which  I  have  been  enabled 
toeiamine  a  large  series  of  individuals,  I  have  found  a  range  extend- 
ing firoin  42  to  49.  I  have  seen  ten-rayed  specimens  of  duquesnei  with 
Ivge  scales,  and  nine-rayed  erythruri  with  small  ones.  Within  the  limit 
<>f  i3  to  50  I  therefore  do  not  consider  the  number  of  scales  as  a  perma- 
i^t  specific  character.  The  greater  prominence  of  the  muzzle  in  duqttes- 
^ss  observed  by  Professor  Oope,  is  perhaps  accidental  or  individual. 
At  all  events,  it  is  too  uncertain  a  feature  to  base  a  species  on. 

The  Ri^tiliis  melanurua  of  Bafinesque  is,  as  I  have  elsewhere  shown, 
Probably  a  young  Bed  Horse,  with  a  dusky-shaded  dorsal  and  caudal, 
vhieh  that  acute,  but  superficial,  observer  mistook  for  a  species  of  Dace. 


124    CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  ffOBTH  AHEBICAH  ICHTHYOUMT— OL 

^cctmau  i»  Vtiied  SUtU*  A'climal  MammwL. 


•       HtautM. 

L.«:Oil>-. 

CodMM. 

Tsr.  tKocrolepUatiii. 

\ofa\ 

Potouu  Hiver 

J.  W.  UilM. 

llMOfl) 

Potoinno  Rivur    

J.W.MilM. 

liioti 

PoUiiDttoKivur 

J.W.UilDK. 

vmt\ 

PoUimiiD  River 

J,  W.  Milur. 

isaiT 

I'ulunino  River 

J.  W.  MilDtf. 

13:111) 

I'ctomM  BivtT 

J,  W.  Milnec. 

a.  B.  OoodB. 
J.W,  Mib« 

IMAI 

I'lilimiaoBirrr 

909-JO 

Bliick  Itivpr,  New  York 

8.  F.  B«ird. 

aoips 

'■nrooklyu- 

J.  C.  Bwi-oort. 

■ 

MTX08T01CA    AUREOLUM.  125 

CsiotiMtM  aureoiui  Btorxr,  Synopeis,  420, 1846. 

(kaottomui  OMrtohiB  Aoassiz,  Lake  Soperior,  357, 1850. 

P^fdUfttomuM  amrfolm9  Aoassiz,  Am.  Joofd.  Sc.  Ar's,  2d  series,  xix,  204, 1855. 

PtfelMfoMM  aMreolu9  Putnam,  Ball.  Mas.  Comp.  Zool.  10, 1863. 

PifdtO€Umm»  aureolus  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8c.  Pbila.  285,  1864. 

C«toffomi(«  aureoluB  GCntheb,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mas.  vii,  16,  1868.     (In  part; 
deMriptioD  apparently  copied  acd  confased.) 

Ptjfek0st4mM8  aweolua  Cops,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  476, 187C 

Moxo§tama  awreolum  Jordan,  Man.  y<;rt.  295, 1876. 

Ttnimltu  aureolum  Nelson,  Ball.  No.  1,  Ills.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  49, 1876. 

TattuluB  aurtolusJoKDASf  &  Copeland,  Cbeck  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 

Mc9o»fcma  aareola  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  in  Klippart's  Kept.  53, 1876.   (Name  only.> 

Mfxottoma  aurtola  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  £.  U.  8.  ed.  2d,  314, 1878. 
3-C«lo0'oHMw  Unfwrii  Richardson,  Franklin's  Joamal,772, 1823. 
^CfprimmB  {Catottomua)  Bueurii  Bichardson,  Faan.  Bor.*Am.  Fisbes,  pp.  118,303, 
1836. 

Cfftot/OMiM  tueurii  Cuv.  &.  Val.,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poissons,  xvii,  465, 1844. 

CatoBtomuM  aueuri  DbKay,  New^York  Fanna,  part  iv,  Fishes,  203, 1842. 

C^iotrlomnu  Buturii  Storbr,  Synopsis,  '125, 1846. 

PtfdMiomuB  ButuHi  CoPE,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  477, 1870. 

TtrttulmB  Btieurii  Jordan  Sl  Copeland,  Cbeck  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 
ti^CatoftomM  macrolepidotus  GCnther,  Cat.  Fisbes  Brit.  Mas.  vii,  18, 1868.    (Exol. 
•yn.  part.    Not  of  Le  Saenr.) 

Habttat. — Great  Lake  Region,  Upper  Missouri  and  Ohio  Valleys,  and  northward. 

This  species  is  very  closely  related  to  the  last,  and  m*ny  possibly  be  a 
iriety  of  it,  as  specimens  of  var.  macrolepidotum  often  occur  which  are 
ilh  difficulty  distinguished  from  it.  lu  general,  however,  the  smaller 
?ad,  smaller  month,  and  deeper  body  of  aureolum  sufficiently  distin- 
lish  them.  This  species  is  less  abundant  than  macrolepidotum^  and  is 
j)arently  more  northerly  in  its  distribution.  It  has  been  well  figured 
DeKay. 

Ihe  synoDymy  of  this  species  needs  no  special  remark.  It  seems 
>bable  that  (7.  lesueurU  belongs  here,  although  the  statement  that 
he  muzzle  projects  an  inch  beyond  the  mouth"  in  a  specimen  19 
hes  long,  if  correct,  would  indicate  difference.  The  name  "  le  sueurii^ 
5  first  given,  and  afterwards  changed  to  ^^sueurii^  on  the  ground  that 
article  ^'  le^  is  not  an  integral  part  of  Le  Sueur's  name. 


126     CONTBrBDTIONS  TO  NOETH  AMEBICAS  ICHTHYOLOQY— lU. 
Speoimrva  in  United  Siatee  Sational  ifunnn. 


11074 
111(^1 

12207 


Carlisk-,Pa 

Sandusky,  Obi  o 

Saodusk;,  Oliio 

CLDcinnntt,  Oblo 

CmclDDati.Obio 

Ecorf*.Mieli 

Boot  River,  WiHcoDsiii-. 


8.P.Bwri. 
.  J.W.UibK. 
.   J.W.Ullw. 

.    J.W.  llJlMt. 

J.  W.  UilMt. 
.   J.W.  HilM. 


7.  MYXOSTOMA  CRASSILABRE  {Cope)  Jordan. 

Thii^k-lippcd  Mallet. 

1870— /'/.i/c*<wIora«fl  crastilabrii  Cope,  Proc.  Ara.  Pbilos.  8oc.  Phila.  477. 1370. 

r«Te(«/ns  (Ta«8i(nftn>  Jordan  &  CoPEL.isn,  Cbeck  List,  157, 1976,    (Kaoif  odj.f 
Mgioaloma  cnaiUabHii  Jordan,  Man.  Vert,  e«I.  M,  314, 1H78. 

Hahitat.— Nenne  BJver,  North  Carolina. 

Thin  R|iecies  ia  kuown  only  from  Professor  Cope's  de^criplioti.  B 
Bppenrs  to  be  distinct  from  M.  aureolum.  which  is  probably  its 
relntirp.     Nothing  has  been  noted  in  regard  to  its  habits. 

8.  MYXOSTOMA  CONCS  (Cope)  Jordan. 


.     imOSTOMA  ANI8UBA.  127 

XBTO— fljyciwtowin  Irwiapg  Copb,  Proo.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phil*.  47a 

ftwhito  Inrtimw  JoRDiir  A  Copblamd,  Cbeok  List,  157, 1876.    (N«iiie  only.) 
Jfawiipw  Irgpfoyt  JosDAK  &  GiLBBBT,  in  Klippftrt's  Rept.  53,  1876.    rName 
onlj.) 

Jordan,  Boll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mob.  9,  50, 1677.   (Name  only.) 


B  AinAT.--Ohio  Valley  and  Great  Lakes. 

This  species,  first  described  by  Bi^nesqae  Id  1820,  has  been  entirely 
loBt  ligbt  of  by  succeeding  writers,  and  I,  doubting  the  existence  in  the 
Ohio  Biver  of  a  species  characterized  by  the  marked  inequality  of  the 
csadal  lobes,  have  hitherto  followed  Dr.  Kirtland  in  using  the  name 
mbum  for  the  fish  recently  named  ooUapnu  by  Professor  Cope.  Some 
Vedmens  lately  examined  by  me  from  the  Ohio  Biver  have  shown  the 
oiiteDoe  of  a  fish  corresponding  very  closely  to  Baflnesqne's  account, 
aid  which  really  has  the  inequality  of  the  caudal  fin,  on  which  he  lays 
mh  emphasis,  and  which  suggested  the  name  anisurus  (unequal-tail). 
This  llsh  appears  to  be  the  same  as  that  to  which  Professor  Cope  has 
gifm  the  name  of  breviceps.  Professor  Cope  had,  however,  but  a  single 
ipedmeny  in  poor  condition,  and  did  not  notice  the  fsloatiou  of  the 
Mdal,  or,  more  likely,  that  fin  was  not  preserved  intact.  I  have,  some 
tiae  since,  examined  Professor  Cope's  type,  preserved  in  the  Museum 
of  flie  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  at  Philadelphia,  and  believe  it  to 
be  identical  with  M,  emisura  Eaf.  The  form  of  the  head  and  body  and 
of  the  mouth  are  similar  in  the  two,  and  the  dorsal  in  both  is  simi* 
lady  falcate. 

This  species  resembles  aureolum  in  every  respect,  except  that  the 
dorsal  fin  is  shorter,  and  elevated  or  falcate  in  front,  the  free  border 
being  deeply  incised,  and  that  the  caudal  fin  is  similarly  elongated,  the 
upper  lobe  being  much  the  longer  and  greatly  attenuated. 

The  following  are  the  measurements  of  three  specimens:  10,788,  from 
Sftndnsky,  and  12,267  and  12,294  from  Cincinnati.  The  fractions  iudi- 
eate  percentage  of  the  length  to  the  base  of  the  caudal : — 


128    CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOOT-— m, 

MeaMremmti  of  (Ar«»  qwdnen*  of  Myxotloma  aa{«¥nt. 

10766.      VSSl.    UX 


Lenjrtb,  inoliee 'ii 

Depth ■      .sa 

LenKtbofliPiul.. ■ IS 

Width  nf  intcroTbltal  area  OB 

Length  of  snout 07-^ 

Era (B 

Lengtb  of  baseof  domat l&i 

Heiglit  oflongi'St  ray  of  dorsal 23 

Height  of  la«t  ray  of  dorsal 10 

Length  of  upper  caadal  lobo 31 

LeDgth  of  loner  caudal  lobu S8 

Length  of  middle  caadal  rays 13 

Donal  rayfl 2,13 

ScalM  G-4tW. 


£.li 


It  in  perhups  barely  possible  tliiit  this  flsli  is  Ibc  iduIp  of  own 
at  a  certain  ago,  but  it  seems  to  ine  dL'citledly  improbable.  Ttio  tvM| 
blance  between  tbe  two  is,  however,  very  strong,  and,  except  for  tt 
fins,  tbey  could  hardly  be  disliognished. 

Specimme  in  Tnif-fd  Stale*  Nalionnl  Muipum. 


MYXOSTOMA   CERVINUM.  129 

Specimen9  in  United  States  National  Museum, 


limber. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

nms 

Taniripaboa  River.  Loaisiaiia - 

Fred.  Mather. 

11.  MYXOSTOMA  ALBIDUM  (Oirard)  Jordan. 

Small'Scdled  Bed  Horse. 

B^PtpekasUmus  albidus  Gikard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Pbila.  172. 

PrjfcAottoMMt  albidus  Girard,  U.  S.  Mex.  Bound.  Sarv.  Ichth.  36,  pi.  xix,  f.  5-8, 

1659. 
Tvretulus  albidus  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 
Mfiostoma  alhidum  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.  315, 1878. 

HiBiTAT. — ^Rio  San  Jaan,  near  Monterey,  New  Leon,  in  Mexico. 

Tbi0  species  is  kDowu  only  from  Girard's  figure  and  description.  No 
oeoant  of  the  lips  is  given,  bat  the  month  is  said  to  be  a  "  great  deal 
vger"  than  in  M.  congestum.  The  description  is  trivial,  but  tbe  figure, 
Stan  correct,  represents  a  species  quite  unlike  our  other  members  of 
16  genus ;  the  chief  character  being  tbe  much  smaller  size  of  the  scales, 
kkh  in  the  description  are  merely  stated  to  be  '^  smaller  than  in  con- 
tfvt".  The  species  may  possibly  belong  to  some  section  of  the  genus 
lier*than  the  one  in  which  it  is  here  placed.  The  original  types.  No. 
0,  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  from  Rio  San  Juan,  near  Monterey,  New  Leon, 
i  DO  longer  to  be  found. 

12.  MYXOSTOMA  CERVINUM  {Cope)  Jordan. 

Jump-rocks,    Jumping  MuUeU 

^■^Teretulus  cervinus  Cope,  Jonrn.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  236. 

Ptjfchostomus  cervinus  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  47^,  1870. 

yioxosicma  oerdnum  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  296,  1870. 

Teretulus  cervinus  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  157,  1876.    (Name  only.) 

2fpxostowui  cervinum  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  xi,  365, 1877. 

Myxostema  cervinum  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  E.  U.  S.  ed.  2d,  315,  1878. 
i — CaUmiomus  duquesnii  GCntiier,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mus.   vii,  483.      (Not  of  Le 
Soenr,  nor  ot  p.  18.) 

UUTAT. — Rivers  of  the  Soath  Atlantic  States,  from  the  James  to  the  Chattahoochee. 


is  a  strongly  marked  and  very  abundant  species,  tbe  smallest  of 
pmns,  and  one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Catostomidw.    It  occurs  in  tbe 

*Two  specimens,  types  of  the  species. 

.  H.  M.  No.  12—9 


130     CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOETH  AMEEICAN  ICHTHTOLOGY — ^m. 

greatest  abiiudance  ia  tlie  swift  streams  of  tlie  South,  freqaeatug  I 
especially  tlie  rapids  or  "shoals",  and  olten  throwing  itself  from tbt  1 
water  in  its  eudeavora  to  reach  some  higher  rouk-pool.    It  ia  too  ei 
and  the  flesh  spoils  too  quickly  to  bo  much  viilued  for  food,  hat  gnat 
numbers  are  caught  for  "fun"  by  negroes  and  boys.    The  largest  sped- 
nieua  which  1  have  seen  were  taken  in  the  Chattahoochee,  andarcalioal 
ten  inches  iu  length  ;  ordinary  individuals  are  four  to  six  inches  long. 

Spedmeni  ill  United  Stalo'  Xational  Mu'ciim. 


„„„^,. 

Loo  all  tf. 

CoUertM. 

1 

1 

E.D.Cop^      T 

CliallaliMOheo  Rlv 

J. 

13.  MYXOSTOIIA  ALBUM  [Cope)  Jordan. 

WkUe  ilulUL 
ISrO^PISclioitamvg  albm  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Pbiloa.  Soo.  Pbila.  472. 

Tifrelu!ui  athua  JuitiiiiK  &  CopeljIn*i>,  Check  List,  13^,  ISTG.    (N»d 
Msimtoma  alba  Jurdan,  Man.  Vert.  eii.  2(1,  31G,  ISTB. 
HiWTAT. — Catawba  and  other  rivers,  of  Eftstcru  North  Cnrulintt. 


lfn08T0MA  THALASSimniL 


If  ^  hM  tpMlmaw  ^  Myxatioma  aXbuM. 


181 


Lngtbiliioliis 

IkpCk  (paccentoge  of  lenitth  to  baae  of  e«ndal) 

IuBctli  tf  bMd 

WUth  of  Interarbital  area 

LeBgih  of  mont 

DiiMter  of  orbit 

LeBgih  of  baae  of  docsal 

BM^ht  of  doml.....« ••••  ••••••  «••.•••.....•. 

Hri^oriMtny  of  dorMa....f: 

Lngihof  OQteroaadalrftysJ , 

Lngih  of  middlo  oaadal  rays 

Lngthof  peotonli 

laibir  of  doiHd  nyt 

SealM. 


The  form  is  elliptical,  not  maoh  compressed,  bat  rather  elevated, 
MMDewhat  as  in  EHmyzon  sueetta.  Head  short  and  stoat,  blautish^  broad, 
vA  roanded  above;  moatb  somewhat  inferior ;  the  plicsB  of  the  lips  few 
and  rather  broken ;  dorsal  fln  high,  its  free  border  somewhat  concave; 
Mdal  strongly  forked ;  color  lastroos  white,  with  greenish  reflections. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  species,  reaching  the  weight  of  fonr  ponnds 
or  more.  Professor  Cope  states  that  it  is  mnch  valued  as  a  food-flsh  by 
pecple  living  in  the  neighborhood  of  Catawba  Biver,  where  it  is  known 
fls  the  White  Mullet. 

•  Specimens  in  UniUd  States  National  Museum. 


Kamber. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

10632 

North  Carolina 

G.  B.  Goode. 

14943 

KiostoD,  N.C 

G.  B.  Goode. 

14990 

North  Carolina 

G.  B.  Goode. 

18535 

KioBton,  N.C 

J.  W.  Milner. 

19450 

North  Carolina '- 

G.  B.  Goode. 

14.  MYXOSTOMA  THALASSINUM  (Cope)  Jordan. 

Green  MuUet, 

ie70^J*tyekostomus  thalassinus  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  472, 1870. 

Tsr^ulms  thalassinus  Jordan  &  Copbland,  Check  List,  158, 1876.    (Name  only.) 
Jff  jDotfona  thalassina  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  316, 1878. 
HASrrAT.^Yadkin  Uiver. 


1 32    C0NTBIDUTI0N8  TO  NORTH  AMEBICAN  ICHTHYOLOOT— IIL 

I  hove  not  Been  tbis  species.  From  Professor  Cope's  descriptioti, it 
woaki  fippear  to  bo  allied  to  M.  album,  but  distingnishable  l>j  tli 
longer  head.  It  is  a  large  species,  ubuudant  in  the  Yadkin  Biver,  vhen 
it  is  used  for  food. 

16.  MYXOSTOMA  VELATUM  (Cope)  Jordan. 

Smalt-moulhed  Bed  Horse. 
1645— CatMtOMM  ofiJiww  KutTLAin),  BohIou  Joaru.  Nat.  Uist.  v,  2fi9  (villi  iilitr^ 

(Nut  of  EaSneaqne.) 
Calottomut  aaisura*  Storkr,  Sj'nopais,  421,  1640. 
Ptsvhaioittui  unituntt  Jokdxs,  Bull.  BufTub  Boo.  Nat.  Hist.  94,  1^6.  (Nhu 

ouly.) 
Moxontatna  animmu  JuitUAN,  Man.  Vert.  S95,  1S76. 
Terel<ilui  anUuruf  KiiLSDN,  Bull.  No.  1,  Ills.  Mnti.  Nat.  Hist.  49,  1876. 
TerdHfumiNisHnifJoiEDAN  Sl  CoFEUidi,  Check  Lis!,  158,  18T6.    (Nameonl]'.) 
JdoxotUma  amKunim  Jobdaj),  Proo.  Ac.  Kat  So.  Phila.  72,  1877. 
^laoftoma  auievrtm  Sov.um,  Froc.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Tbila.  80,  ieT7. 
itoxosloma  anisuTa  Jordak  &  Gilbert,   id  Klippart'a  Rept.  &3,  ld77.    (KlW 

if^oafonta  mtitura  JnnoAK,  Ball.  U.  B.  Nat.  Mns.  ix,  33, 1677. 
I8T0— PljrfMfoniiis  wlu(us  Cope,  Proc,  Am.  Pbilos.  Soo-  PLlla.  47L 
jrawdiodin  xdalum  Juiid\k,  Mnn.  Vert.  296,  ISTfi. 
TVrcfufNf  velalant  Nelson,  Bnll.  No.  I,  IIU.  Mas.  Nat.  Hist.  49,  1S7G, 
Trrflulan  i-elalue  JoitDAN  &  Copkland,  Check  List,  IbS,  1B76.    (Name  « 
Moxottoma  vrtala  Joitu.t»  &  GlLBEltT,iii  Klipparl'a  Rept.  ij3,  la76.   (Nu 
Myi.o*to«\a  retala  Juhdan'^  Uau.  Vert.  ed.  Sd,  317,  \iQd. 


MTXOSTOMA  PIDIEN8E.  133 

I  did  not  find  any  apecimenB  of  this  species  in  the  Fnited  States 
Halioiud  Mnaenm.  The  ^pes  of  velatus  and  coUapauSj  preserved  in  the 
MnaeQin  of  the  Academy  of  Natoral  Sciences,  at  Philadelphia,  I  have 

16.  MTXOSTOMA  OONOESTUM  [Baird  &  Girard)  Jordan. 

Oihbaut  Suoker. 

M5I   CWwfwiMi  WKgethu  Baird  A  Guubd,  Proo.  Aa  Nat.  So.  Phila.  *^7. 
Ftgekotimmu  eom^mitu  QtRASD,  Proo.  Ao.  Nat  So.  Phila.  172, 1856. 
Fl§ckmUmM§  etm§f$lM§  Girabd,  U.  S.  Hex.  Bound.  Sorv.  Ichth.  36,  pL  xxi,  1 5-8,. 

1869. 
(ki1m9omM9  eongwhu  GOirnnBR,  Cat.  Hahes  Brit.  Mas.  vii,  19, 1668. 
limlmlM  CMjfeilM  Jobdah  A  Copklani>,  Cbeok  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 
JffBDMfOMtf  eomgmia  Jobdax,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  317, 187& 
IfiT^PyrelotfosiM  hueeo  Cofb,  Hayden's  Geol.  Sanr.  Wyoming,  1870, 437. 

llr0lMim§  ht€»  Jordan  A  Copblakd,  Chcok  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 

Habhat.— Kansas  to  Texas. 

The  original  type  of  congeHuM^  No.  171,  fi*om  Bio  Salado,  Texas,  col- 
lected in  1851  by  John  H.  Clark,  seems  to  have  disappeared  from  the 
HnaeQin.  No  description  of  the  month  has  been  given,  except  that  it  is 
"^ery  smalP.  The  species,  therefore,  probably  has  a  month  similar  to 
that  of  ffelatum^  and,  if  so,  is  probably  identical  with  the  species  since 
dttcribed  as  P.  huceo  by  Professor  Cope.  I  have  not  seen  the  type  of 
f.  hueOf  and,  therefore,  can  only  suggest  the  probable  identity  of  the 
two;  bat,  as  the  matter  is  likely  to  remain  long  nusettled,  it  seems  best 
Pfovidonally  to  nnite  them.  "P.  congestm  "  Cope  &  Yarrow  is  certainly 
iM>t  this  species ;  more  likely  a  form  of  M.  macrokpidotum. 

17.  MYXOSTOMA  PIDIENSE  {Cope)  Jordan. 

Mullet  qfthe  Great  Pedee. 

^^l^Pt9eko$tomu9 pidiennB  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Pbila.  471. 

TeretuluM pidieiuis  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  158, 1876.    (Name  only.) 
MfpBotUma  pidim$i»  Jordan,  Man.  Vert  ed.  2d,  317, 1878. 

Habitat.— Great  Pedee  River,  North  Carolina. 

This  appears  to  be  a  slender  species,  resembling  '^P.  cervinus  in  color, 
Ann,  and  size''.  Professor  Cope  obtained  it  in  the  Yadkin  Biver.  I 
lave  not  seen  it.    No  specimens  are  in  the  National  Museum. 


134    CONTBIBUTIOHS  TO  NOBTH  ABCEBICAN  ICHTHTOLOQT— m. 
18.  MYX03TOMA  COBEOONUS  (C<^)  Jordan. 

IWO—PtydiMUmw  coregtmut  Cofb,  Proo.  Am.  Philaa.  Boo.  PhiU.  472. 

Terttulu*  cortgoniu  Jobdan  A.  Copbland,  Cheok  List,  158,  1S76.    (Nmim  enl] 
JfifXMfoma  eoregonu*  Jokdan,  Mao.  Tert.  ed.  3d,  317, 18TS. 
Habitat. — C&tawba  aod  Yadkin  Biven,  North  Carolina. 

I  have  not  seen  tbis  species.  Professor  Cope  states  that  "it  u 
exceeds  a  foot  id  lengtb,  and  is  very  abandant  in  the  Catawbi  i 
TadkiD  Bivers.  It  is  caagbt  vitb  tbe  preceding  two  Bi>ecie8  ani 
used  Tor  food,  bat  is  tbe  least  valued  of  all  tbe  species.  It  ia  eailo 
Morgaoton,  Blae  Mallet"  There  are  no  specimeoa  in  the  Katie 
Museam. 

19.  MTXOSTOilA  PAPILLOSUM  [Ct^)  Jordan. 
PapilloM  MMlltU 

ISnO—PtgdioelomiupappiUotn*  Cops,  Proo.  Am.  Pbiloa.  Soo.  Pbila.  470. 

TeraiilaapappHlo»¥»  Jordan  &,  Copbuank,  Check  Liit,  l&O,  1876.    (Kams* 
itgxoaUma  papiUotnm  Jordan,  Add.  Lyo.  NaL  Hist.  N.  T.  xi,  366^  1877.   (Oa 

gee  Biver.) 
Jfyxoitinwi  popUlMH  Jordak,  Han.  TerL  ed.  Xd,  318, 187eL 
Habitat.— North  Cuolina  to  Georgia. 


MTSOBTOMA    PAPILLOSUM.  135 

convex,  Bometinies  concave.    The  following  are  tlio  meaaiiremeDts  of 
Iwo  specioieus: — 


»oe9. 

18S36. 

J6i 
.29 
.26 
.10 
.13 
.05 
.19 
.»( 
.10 
2,1* 
6-46-5 

iNlo..  . 

Id  color,  this  species  is  smoky  above,  tbe  sides  silverj',  the  lower  flas 
Vhite. 

Proreasor  Cope  says  that  "they  attaia  oue  foot  in  length,  aod  do  not 
Uceed  one  ponud  in  weight".  I  have  specimeus  a  foot  and  a  half  loog 
ud  of  three  pounds  or  more^  weight. 

In  the  Ocmulgoe,  tbe  species  is  next  to  M.  cervinum  the  most  abundant. 
Mil  is  ciitk-d  the  White  Mullet,  or  Sucker.  Professor  Cope  found  it 
qniW abnudant  in  the  Catawba  anil  the  Yadkin  Rivers,  where  it  "is 
lii|;bly  vnlned  by  the  inhubitants  as  an  article  of  food.  It  is  regarded 
wtlie  best  of  the  Catostomi  for  that  purpose.  It  is  less  frequently 
taagbt  on  tbe  hook  tban  some  other  species,  but  in  the  autumn,  they 
nme  upon  the  weirs  in  considerable  numbers.  The  fishermen  call  it 
tiie 'Shiner'." 

Spectmeiu  in  Iht  United  Slaltt  Ifalional  Muanim. 


»Wb«. 

Looalitf. 

CoIlMtor. 

nam 

\&36 

Kinstoii,  N.C 

J.W.Milner. 

mQ 

Kiiuton.N.C 

J.  W.  MilDBr. 

ISWO 

KinatoD,  N.C 

J.W.Milner. 

OoiniilK«eBiver,  qa. 

136    COSTEIBUnOSS  to  KOETH  AMESICAH  ICHTHTOLOOI— «l 

Genus  MINYTREMA  Jordan. 

Mingtrema  Jokdak,  M*n.Tert.  ed.3d,  31S,  1378. 

Calonomut,  J'ludKMtmniu,  JUoxoitoMa,  and  Erimi/ioii  »p.,  AUTHORS. 

Tyiw,  CalottomaM  vutaiupi  Bafineaqne. 

Etymology,  iiivvc,  redocetl ;  Tp!//ia,  &pertiire,  ia  allaeioa  to  the  ImpetliMtioiM  of 
luMnil  line, 

SpccJea  with  the  form,  sqaamatioD,  and  geDeral  appearance  of  Jf 
stoma,  but  with  the  air-bladder  Id  two  parts,  as  io  Erimyutn,  and 
lateral  line  imperfect — in  the  very  youog  eotirel;  obBolete,  in  half  gr 
Npceimuns  ahuwing  as  a  soccesBioD  of  deepened  fnrrovs,  in  the  a 
with  perfect  tubes,  bat  iuterrupted,  these  tubes  being  wanting  on  b 
t>r  llio  Hcnlea,  eripocially  posteriorly. 

Head  moderate,  rather  broad  above;  mouth  moderate,  inferior, 
Izontal,  the  upper  lip  well  developed,  freely  protractile,  the  lower  ra 
Kmull,  infolded,  A-sbiiped  in  ontline,  plicate,  with  12  to  20  plicse  on  i 
aide;  lower  jaw  withont  cartilaginous  aheath ;  eye  moderate,  ra 
high  Dp,  plueed  abont  midway  of  the  bead.  Suborbital  bones  coi 
eiitbly  develi)i>ed,  not  very  much  narrower  than  the  fleshy  portic 
(lie  check  Iwlow  them,  the  posterior  suborbital  coucavo-coovez,  a 
twlei>  ns  loMK  us  deep,  sometimes  divided,  the  anterior  somewbatde 
than  lunfT,  otteu  divided  into  two,  sometimes  nniled  with  the  preorli 
whieh  ia  well  developed  and  much  longer  than  broad.    The  Dumber 


GENUS  MIKTTREBiA.  137 

iiely  8  or  10.  Anal  fin  high  and  short,  often  more  or  less  emarginate 
I  males.    Gaodal  fin  moderately  forked,  the  lobes  about  equal. 

Air-bladder  with  two  chambers. 

Hales  iu  spring  with  the  head  covered  with  many  small  tubercles. 

Bat  one  species  of  this  genus  seems  to  bo  known.  It  is  widely  dis- 
ributed  in  the  waters  of  the  Western  and  Southern  States. 

This  genus  has  been  recently  separated  from  Erimyzon^  on  account  of 
be  peculiarities  of  the  lateral  line.  The  form  of  the  body,  the  form  of 
beooath,  and  the  character  of  the  squamation  differ  considerably  in  the 
10  genera. 

Gtfnerio  CharacterizaiionB, 

IbHTTRRMA  Jordao,  m78.->'*  YooDg  specimeDS  of  this  epeoies  (melanops)  have  no 
rMeof  a  lateral  line,  as  in  Erimyzom.  Older  ones  (6  to  8  incbee)  show  a  deepening  of 
keforrows  along  the  median  series  of  scales.  Adults  of  12  to  18  inches  f>how  a  serien 
f  eonpletely  developed  tubes,  which,  however,  are  wanting  on  some  of  the  scales,  espe- 
liDy  behind.  As  Erimyzon  never  shows  any  traces  of  the  tubes  of  the  lateral  lino,  these 
•etnUahties  may  be  held  to  indicate  generic  distinction,  and  the  name  Minyirana  is 
ivs  proposed  for  E,  melanopt," — (Jordan,  Man,  Vert.  ed.  2d,  318, 1878.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  6PKCIK8  OF  MINYTKEMA. 

*Btdy obloog, little  compressed;  the  young  nearly  terete  ;  the  adults  deeper-bodied  ; 
tbe dorsal  region  not  elevated  :  depth  about  4  in  length,  varying  from  about  3  in 
idolui  to  4|  in  the  young  :  head  not  very  large,  4^  iu  length  of  body  (4^  to  4f), 
not  specially  depressed:  mucous  poiea  rather  strong:  eye  sninll.G  to  Gin  head: 
BBoath  qaito  inferior,  horizontal,  rather  small :  scales  large,  firm,  regularly  and 
MBoothly  imbricated,  iu  46  (44-47)  longitadinal  Beries  aud  13  (12  to  14)  transverse 
Mries,  tbe  scales  net  crowded  forwards:  fin-rays  usually,  dorsal  12,*  aual  7,  veu- 
tnl8  9. 

Coloration  dusky  above,  with  usually  a  black  blotch  behind  the  dorsal  fin  :  each 
Ktle  along  the  sides  with  a  small,  more  or  less  distinct  blackish  spot  at  i's  base, 
tlMw  spots  forming  interrupted  longitudinal  lines  along  the  rows  of  scales. 
Tbeae  lines  are  usually  very  distinct,  <  specially  in  the  adult,  bat  yonug  specimens 
often  show  them  faintly:  sides  and  belly  silvery, with  a  coppery  lustre:  scxaal 
peculiarities  moderately  marked;  very  old  males  with  the  head  covered  with  small 
tubercles  in  spring  :  no  great  changes  with  age,  either  in  form  or  coloration :  size 

large;  maximum  leugth  about  18 inches mklanops, 20. 

K__ . . 

*Ab  in  all  cases  in  the  present  paper,  the  number  of  developed  raya  is  here  understood, 
leooe,  two,  or  three  rudimentary  rays  not  being  counted,  and  the  last  or  double  ray 
'the dorsal  and  anal  being  counted  as  one. 


]38    CONTBIBDTIOHS  TO  NOBTH  AUERICAH  ICHTBTOLOOT-^n. 

20.  MINTTEEMA  MELANOPS  (Eaftnaque)  Jordan. 
Striped  SHektr.    StmdSMiier. 

VSSO—Caletlomvt  melanopt  Rafinesqck,  leb,  Ob.  57. 

CafojfoniMt  wuJanoprit  Eirtlakd,  Zool.  Ohio,  168, 1636. 

Caloalomut  melanopt  ElBTUND,  Boaton  Jonm.  Nat.  Hiat.  v,  271, 1B4S. 

Catoatomiu  nelanopt  STORED,  Synopali,  424, 1846. 

P(ycAMlomtumel(iiuip«AaAasiz,Aiii.  Jonm.  8c.  Arte,  9d  ■eriM,xix,904,lKS> 

Pti/ehottimtu  metanopt  Copb,  Pioc.  Am.  Pbilos.  SocPhUa.  478, 1870. 

Erimsioa  ncfanops  Jordan,  Bull.  Buffalo  Soo.  Nat  Biat.  95, 1876. 

Erittii/zon  mflanojM  Jordan,  Mail,  7011.294,1876. 

EriMsiim  mtlanopi  Nel-w.s-,  Boll.  No.  1,  Ills.  Mdb.  Not.  Hist.  48, 1876. 

Erimseon  melanopf  Jordan  &  Copelan-d,  Cbeck  LUt,  157, 1676. 

Erintt/zon  niclanqpa  Jordan,  Aqd.  Lye  Nat  HUt.  N.  Y.  xi,  347, 1677. 

Minytrema  vtelawopt  Jordan,  Uao.  Vert.  ed.  Sd,  316, 1678. 
ie44--Cato(fomiu  /aicialui  (Le  8UEim  M8S.)  Cuvieb  &.  Vaixncikxkis,  Hilt,  M*t.i 
PoissoDs,  xvii,  449. 

Caloitomiufaidaliu  Storer,  S.VDOpaU,  426, 1646. 

CeloiUHKiu/tXKiaiu*  OUnther,  Cat  Fiabee  Brit.  Utu.  vh,  19, 1668. 
1856 — Uoxoatoma  ridoria  Girard,  Proc.  Ac  Kat.  Sc.  Pblla.  171. 

31oiotU>ma  viclorinGiaARV,  V.  S.  Mex.  BoddiI.  Sarv.  Icbtfa,  3§,pL  xx,f.  1-3,1S! 
1856— Pf^Mlomu*  haydni  Girard,  Pioc  Ac.  Nat.  Re.  Pbila.  172. 

Ptschaatomua  hagdeni  Girakd,  U.  8.  Pac.  R.  B.  Expl.  x,  220,  pl.zliz,  1 1-4,  US& 

Trretul«»  liagdeni  Jordan  &.  Copeland,  Cbeck  LUt,  157, 187G. 
ISn—Tererulttt  tiicctia  Jordan  &.  Gilbert,  in  Klippart'e  Bept.  Fiah  Commr.  Obw, 
(Supposed  to  bo  C.  fuceifa  Lacfpfede,  as  it  was  perbaps  In  part  the  Cn 


MINTTBEMA  MELANOPS.  139 

lir-bladder  in  all  cases  was  bicellalar,  as  in  the  geuas  Erimyzon.  At 
;hat  time  he  had  never  seen  any  specimens  with  a  developed  lateral  line 
uid  then  nnqnestionini^ly  referred  the  species  to  Erimyzon.  Later,  Mr. 
I^elsoQ  noticed  the  occasional  partial  development  of  the  lateral  line, 
uid  lecentlyi  by  the  examination  of  a  fnll  series  of  specimens,  the 
vrriter  has  been  enabled  to  trace  the  stages  in  its  growth. 

This  fish  inhabits  all  the  Western  streams  and  lakes,  usually  in  com- 
pany with  Erimyzon  sucetta.  It  is  fond  of  clear  sluggish  waters,  and 
ibonnds  in  ponds  and  bayous.  It  is  used  for  food,  and  is  pretty  gooil 
for  a  ''Sucker",  which  is  not  saying  much.  This  species  is  more  than 
Qsoally  tenacious  of  life,  and  young  specimens  are  rather  interesting  as 
aqoariam  fishes. 

The  synonymy  of  this  species  needs  a  few  words.  It  was  originally 
described  by  Bafinesque  as  a  species  with  a  lateral  line.  This  first 
description  is  quite  indifferent,  but  the  account  of  the  coloration,  and  the 
name.  Striped  Sucker,  enabled  Dr.  Kirtland  readily  to  identify  it,  but 
the  latter  writer  found  the  "  lateral  line  obsolete  ^,  Later,  Valenciennes 
described  it  under  Le  Sueur's  MSS.  name  of  fasdatuSj  and  found  a  lateral 
Hoe.  As  Le  Sueur's  specimens  were  from  the  Wabash,  there  can  be  no 
doobt  of  their  identity  with  mclanopa.  Later,  Dr.  Girard  described  and 
figured  Texan  specimens  without  the  lateral  line  under  the  name  of 
Jfoxoatoma  Victoria:^  and  specimens  with  the  lateral  line  from  the  Upx>er 
Missouri  Begion  as  Ptychostomus  haydeni.  The  types  of  neither  of  these 
species  are  preserved,  but  no  distinctions  from  melanops  are  noticed  in 
either  case  by  the  describer,  and  the  range  of  melanqps  certainly  includes 
the  Missouri  river  and  the  waters  of  Texas. 

The  name  sucetta  has  been  once  or  twice  employed  by  me  for  this 
^^ies,  erroneously,  as  I  am  now  convinced.  I  found  this  species  in 
abandance  in  South  Carolina;  and  Le  Sueur,  apparently  quoting  from 
Lac^pMe,  says : — "  Sides  silvery,  with  brown  spots  at  the  base  of  the 
Kales,"  Nevertheless,  on  inspection  of  Lacdpfede's  description,  and 
especially  of  the  colored  figure  which  he  gives  from  a  drawing  by  Bosc, 
it  becomes  evident  that  the  Cyprinus  sucetta  Lacdp5de  is  the  same  as 
(^fprinus  ohlongus  of  Mitch  ill,  a  species  equally  abundant  in  the  same 
•aters.  Bosc's  drawing,  although  not  giving  the  details  of  structure 
■inately,  represents  the  general  form  and  coloration  of  the  body  and 
*■•  ^nd  ibis  figure  can  only  represent  the  Cyprinus  oblongus.  As  the 
mtMta  Lae^p^de  is  based  entirely  on  information  derived  from 

be  retained  for  the  species  which  Bosc  had  fig- 


]  40    COKTBIBUTIOXS  TO  NOBTH  AHEBICAN  ICHTHTOLOaT — UL 

ured.  As  for  tbe  espression,  "  brown  spots  at  the  base  of  the  tak 
if  really  originatiiig  wit!)  Bosc,  as  appears  to  be  the  case,  it  may  bi 
ari^Q  from  the  coufasion  of  aucetta  with  melanopi,  which  species  iob 
its  the  same  waters,  or  it  may  simply  refer  to  the  obscare  doskinen 
tb(«  bases  of  tbe  scales,  commoo  to  both  species. 

I  bare  examiued  many  specimens  of  Minytrema  weUnu^  from  i 
Great  Lakes,  from  rarioas  places  in  tlie  Mississippi  Yulley ,  and  from  1 
Teunessee,  Alabama,  Santee,  aud  other  Soatbern  rirers,  and  can  t 
DO  differences  of  any  importance.  Indeed,  the  species  seems  to  be  ti 
little  variable  for  one  so  widely  distributed. 

Spfeimttn  i*  ike  United  Slatet  A'aftoKal 


7694 
TiGd 
8134 
11030 
1 1 144 
1U4S 

17tai 

3fti75 


Sandunky,  OLio 

Sandusky,  Oliio 

S.in(1iieky,  Oh  [o 

Rauduaky,  Ohio  

Round  Lakp,  MoDtgoiuery,  Ala . 
Henitwtead,  Tei 

VrbiteSivur 


J,  W,  Jlilncr. 
J.W.Milner. 
J.W.Milncr, 
J.W.Milnw, 
KmnliMi&Br) 
Kutolien  dc  £• 
Dr.  Kenrten. 
D.  8.  Jordan. 


GENUS  ERIMTZON.  141 

obUqae  In  podtJon  when  the  month  is  closed,  the  month  thns  similar 
to  that  of  JeAttfotei.  Eye  moderatOi  rather  high  np,  placed  abont  mid- 
way of  the  head :  raborbital  bones  considerably  developed,  not  very 
mnoh  nanower  than  the  fleshy  portion  of  the  cheek  below  tbem,  the 
poaterior  suborbital  ooneavo-eonvezi  abont  tmte  as  long  as  deep,  some- 
times dividedi  the  anterior  somewhat  deeper  than  long,  sometimes 
divided  into  two,  sometimes  nnited  with  the  preorbital  bone^  which  is 
well  developed  and  mnoh  longer  than  broad.  Opercular  bones  moder- 
atdy  developed^  scarcely  or  not  ragose.  Fontanelle  evident,  rather 
large.  Gill-rakers  rather  long,  abont  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye  in 
leDgth.    Isthmob  moderateljr  developed,  atK>nt  the  width  of  the  eye. 

Pharyngeal  bones  weak,  the  teeth  quite  small,  slender,  and  weak, 
rapidly  diminishing  in  length  upwards,  each  tooth  narrowly  compressed, 
witk  a  cusp  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  cutting  surface,  and  some  ine- 
qtulities  besides. 

Body  oblong,  rather  shortened,  heavy  forwards  and  considerably  com- 
presMd. 

Bodes  rather  large,  more  or  less  crowded  forwards,  sometimes  showing 

tnegalarities  of  arrangement,  the  longitudinal  radiating  furrows  much 

ttnmger  than  usual,  the  scales  rather  longer  than  deep,  but  so  imbri- 

tated  in  the  adult  that  the  exposed  surfaces  appear  deeper  than  long. 

Lateral  line  entirely  wanting.    Scales  in  the  longitudinal  series  from 

1^  to  base  of  caudal  35  to  45  in  number ;  scales  in  transverse  row  from 

Inw  of  ventral  to  dorsal  12  to  18. 

Dorsal  fin  rather  short  and  high,  with  from  10  to  14  developed  rays, 
the  namber  usually  11  or  12. 

Beginning  of  dorsal  fin  rather  nearer  snout  than  base  of  caudal.  Pec- 
toral fins  moderate,  not  reaching  ventrals ;  the  latter  not  to  vent. 

Ventrals  under  a  point  rather  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  dorsal ; 
^irrays  normally  9,  but  occasionally  8  or  JO. 

Anal  fin  high  and  short,  more  or  less  emarginate  or  bilobed  in  adult 
JDales;  caudal  fiu  moderately  forked  or  merely  lunate,  its  two  lobes 
•bout  equal. 
Air-bladder  with  two  chambers. 

^is  genus  has  a  very  wide  range,  one  of  its  two  known  species 
I^^bly  occurring  in  all  the  streams  of  the  United  States  east  of  the 
Boeky  Mountains. 

^  existence  of  this  genus  seems  to  have  been  first  noticed  by  DeKay, 
wIk^  however,  erroneously  supposed  it  to  be  identical  with  the  Afri- 


142    CONTBIBUnONS  TO  NOBTH  AMEBICAN  ICHTBTOLOaT — ^m. 

can  gcnns  Zabeo  of  Cavler  and  Valenciennes.  Its  essential  cbu-aeter 
tbe  absence  of  tbe  lateral  line — was  first  noticed  by  Professor  Aj^ 
vbo  identified  its  typical  species  vitb  CaU>stom%»  {Moxottoma)  ommt 
Uaflnesqae,  and  tberefore  erroneously  called  tbe  genns  Moxoilom 
Tbe  application  of  tbe  name  Moxoitoma  to  tbe  Bed  Horse  gronp  vi 
pointed  out  by  tbo  present  writer  in  1876 ;  tbe  name  ErimjpoM  \tai 
tben  suggested  for  the  group  now  under  consideration. 

Tbe  ase  of  tbe  name  Teretulua  for  tbis  genus  bag  been  lately  an 
gested  by  Professor  Cope,  its  species  being  among  those  ennmented  t 
Itafiue^que  as  composing  bis  "  omnium  mthenan  "  to  wbicb  tiie  dib 
Teretu/uswns  applied.  If  we  subtract  from  tbe  original  group  Terttalt 
the  ditferviit  component  genera  in  order  of  time  of  proposal,  the  li 
one  left  would  be  Erimyzon,  or  rather  Minytrema.  But  tbe  name  Ta 
tulua  bas  already  been  restricted  by  Professor  Cope  to  tbe  Bed  Hor 
group,  the  principal  component  of  Itaflnesque's  Teretulw.  In  my  opi 
ion,  it  should  remain  there,  altbongb  tbe  earlier  name  Mgxoatoma  rende 
it  but  a  synonym.  We  cannot  afford  to  reconsider  our  use  of  theseo 
collective  generic  nomes  whenever  a  new  genas  is  proposed.  Tbe  **n 
of  excliiHiou",  if  stiffly  adhered  to,  would  require  the  substitolioB  < 
Acomva  fur  Pantosteus,  inasmuch  as  a  species  of  tlie  latter  genoa  «i 
referred  by  Uirard  to  the  former.  This  qoestion  is  further  disooN 
under  Myxostoma. 

Gmrric  ChamcUrisaliotu. 

Larro  Di-Kn^,  I84S, — "Doraal  long.    No  spines  nor  barbels.    IJp«  flMlif,  Hdft 


GENUS   EBIMTZON.  143 

eld  are  also  much  broader  and  farther  apart  than  those  of  the  lateral  and 
tlda.  The  acalee  are  smaller  upon  the  anterior  portion  of  the  body  than 
Idea.  Another  remarkable  pecnliarity  of  this  genns  consists  ii\  the  great 
there  is  among  the  adolte  in  the  form  of  their  fins  in  the  several  sexes.  The 
•  differ  strikingly  from  the  adalte  both  in  form  and  coloration.  .  •  .  • 
of  Moxoetoma  is  elongated  and  somewhat  compressed,  though  stouter 
of  Ptjfdko$tamu8  and  CatoaUmiu9  proper.     The  greatest  depth  Is  over  the 

ad  is  small ;  the  small  month  opens  obliqnely  forwards  and  downwards ; 
I  the  lower  Jaw  is  qnite  prominent.  The  lips  are  small  and  transversely 
e  lower  one  is  slightly  bilobed.  The  dorsal  is  over  the  ventrals ;  its  length 
ly  exceeds  its  height  in  the  males ;  in  the  females  its  dimensions  are  more 
al.  The  pectorals  and  ventrals  are  more  pointed  and  longer  in  the  males 
)  females.  The  lower  margin  of  the  anal  fin  is  bilobed  in  the  males,  while 
ales  it  is  simply  emarginated ;  in  both  sexes,  the  anal  when  bent  bRkwards 
Bcandal. 

laryngeal  bones  have-  a  greater  resemblance  to  those  of  the  genns  IchthyobuB 
ly  other  of  the  tribe  of  Catostomi ;  the  symphysis  however  is  shorter,  and 
ire  neither  so  miunte  nor  so  nuraerous;  they  increase  also  more  rapidly  in 
above  downwards,  and  are  more  strongly  carved  inwards,  the  innermost 
I  into  an  acnte  point,  which  is  more  prominent  in  the  middle  and  npper 
1  in  the  lower  ones.^' — (Aoassiz,  Am,  Joum,  Sd,  Arts,  1855,  p.  200.) 
DMA  Girard,  1656. — "  May  be  circnmscribed  by  characters  more  natural  than 
ing  ones.  And  the  most  striking  of  these,  it  must  be  conceded,  is  the  ab- 
lat  lateral  line  possessed  by  almost  all  fishes.  The  body  is  elongated  and 
i  ;,tbe  head  small;  the  mouth  small  also,  opening  obliquely  forwards  and 
s.  The  lips  being  small  and  transversally  ridged ;  the  inferior  one  being 
lobed.  The  anterior  margin  of  the  dorsal  is  situated  in  advance  of  the  inser- 
I  ventrals.  The  dorsal  fin  is  either  higher  than  long  or  else  its  length  is 
ts  height,  varying  somewhat  according  to  the  sexes,  as  well  as  the  anal, 
towever,  always  deeper  than  long.  The  shaft  of  the  pharyngeal  bones  con- 
rery  open  curve,  the  convex  margin  of  which  is  regular  and  entire.  The 
iselves  are  very  much  compressed,  strongly  carved  inwardly,  and  much 
riorly  than  superiorly." — (Girard,  Proc,  Ac,  Ifat  Sc,  Phila.  1856,  p.  171.) 
DMA  GQnther,  1868. — '^ Scales  of  moderate  size;  lateral  line  none;  fins, 
Is  and  pharyngeal  teeth,  identical  with  those  of  Catostomua  in  all  essential 
5UNTHER,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit,  Mu8,  vii,  p.  20.) 

>N  Jordan,  1676. — [Name  suggested  as  a  substitute  for  Moxoetoma  Ag.,  the 
*xostama  Raf.  (Catostomus  anisurus  Raf.)  not  being  a  member  of  this  genus.] — 
Bull  Buff,  Soc.  Kat.  Hist,  p.  95.) 

3H  Jordan,  1876.^^^  Dorsal  moderate  ;  air-bladder  in  two  parts ;  no  lateral 
osnally  plicate.^' — (Jordan,  Man,  Vert,  ed.  Ist,  p.  292.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  SPECIES  OF  ERIMYZON. 


becoming  gibbous  with  age,  the  ante-dorsal  region  more 
ilMadiiUs;  the  depth  3^  in  length,  ranging  from  2f  in  adults 


144    CONTBIBUnOKS  TO  NOBTH  AHEBICAN  ICHTHTOLOGT— 

to  4  ia  yonng:  head  stent,  short,  aboat  4}  tn  length  (4  to  l^itbe  h 
apace  wide  nod  deprcBsed,  Ibo  lower  porta  narrower, eo  that  it  isBomewl 
■haped  downwards  :  eye  not  large, 4)  in  bead  (4}  to5|) :  montli  protrac 
wards  and  forwards,  tbo  mandible  oliliqae :  scales  nsnoUy  closely  Imbrl 
more  or  less  crowded  forwards,  bat  often  showing  Toriossirregnlaritiesi 
incut,  aboDt  43  (39-45;  in  a  loneitudinal  series  and  15  (14  to  16)  in  a  trai 
ries  between  the  ventrala  and  tbe  dorsal.  Fin-rays  somewhat  varfablek 
with  11  (10  to  13)  developed  rays,  the  anal  with  7,  and  the  ventn 
(rarely  8). 

Coloration  varying  witb  age ;  Devet  distinct  serlee  of  black  spota  olonf 
of  scales;  young  witb  a  broad  black  lateral  band  bordered  above  by 
some  spucimenit  l>oni  dear  water,  this  hand  is  of  a  Jet-black  color  onj 
tinot;  In  others,  it  is  dnller;  later  this  band  becomes  broken  Into  a 
■  blotcbes,  wbicb  often  assnme  the  form  of  broad  transverse  bars ;  in  ad 
mens,  these  bars  disappear,  and  the  color  ie  nearly  nniform  brown,  dos 
pater  below,  every  where  with  a  coppery  or  brassy,  never  silver?,  lastre 
are  dnaky  or  smoky  brown,  rarely  reddish-tinged :  sexnal  difFerenees  at 
males  in  spring  with  nsnally  three  large  tubercles  on  each  side  of  the  i 
Willi  the  onal  fln  more  or  less  swollen  and  emarginate :  adnlt  speclmene 
b'ack  gibbons  and  the  body  strongly  compressed,  in  appearance  quite  t 

yonng.    Maslninm  length  about  10  inches sr< 

"Body  oblong,  the  back  more  elevated,  the  body  deeper  and  more  com  prcMi 
the  preceding,  tbe  greatest  depth  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  fin  being 
abont  3|  times  in  tbo  length ;  nape  less  gibbons  than  In  meetla;  head  q 
and  short,  tbe  large  eye  l}cing  almost  exactly  midway  in  its  length,  its 
in  that  of  the  body;  eyo41^1n  head;  interorbitalspoco  rather  narrow,  atrot 
versely  convex,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  head:  month  small,  proti 


ERIMTZON  SUCETTA.  145 

Erimffzon  Buottta  Jordan,  Man.  Yert.  295, 1876. 

Erimyzan  woeita  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  157. 1876. 

Erimjfsou  suceUOf  Jordan,  Man.  Verfc.  ed.  2d,  319, 1878. 
14-Cjfpriiiaw  obhnguB  Mitchill,  Lit.  &  Phil.  Trans.  New  York,  1,  459. 

Cafoftomif  ob!<mgui  Ls  Sueur,  Jonrn.  Ao.  Nat.  Sc.  108, 1817. 

Cato9tamu$  chl<nign9  Thompson,  Hist.  Yt.  184, 1642.    (Synonymy,  but  cot  dcscrix)- 
tion,  which  applies  to  M.  macrolqndotum.) 

Labto  obl(mgu9  DeKay,  New  York  Fauna,  part  iv,  Fishes,  193, 1842. 

CaUmtamuM  oblongus  CuviEU  &,  Yajlencienxes,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poissous,  xvii,  441, 
1844. 

Cat09tamus  oblongn»  Storbr,  Synopsis,  423, 184G. 

MoxosUmug  obUmgum  Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sc.  Arts,  2d  series,  xix,  203, 1835. 

Maxo$Uma  oblangum  Putnam,  Ball.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  10, 1863. 

2iI<MC09lama  ohlangum  Gill,  Canadian  Nat.  p.  19,  Aug.  1865. 

2i<tt09toma  oblongum  GCntiier,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mas.  vii,  21, 1868. 

ifoxoffoma  oblongum  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  468, 1870. 

lioxoiioma  oblongum  Jordan,  Fishes  of  lud.  221,  1875.    (Name  only.) 

Erimgzou  oblongus  Jordan,  Ball.  Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  95,  1876.    (Name  only ; 
generic  diagnosis  of  JSrimyzon,) 

Erimgson  oblongua  Jordan,  Man.  Yert.  294, 1876. 

MoxoBUma  oblongum  Uhler  &  Lugger,  Fishes  of  Maryland,  140, 1876. 

Enmjfxon  ollongus  Nelson,  Bull.  No.  1,  Ills.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  48, 1876. 

Erimgzou  oblonguB  Jordan  &,  Copeland,  Check  List,  157, 1876.    (Name  only.) 

Ttnlmlu9  oblongus  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  in  Klippart's  Rept.  5.3, 1876.    (Name  only.) 

Ikretulus  oblongun  Jordan  &,  Gilbert,  in  KlipparVs  First  Kcport,  Ohio  Fish  Com- 
mission, &%  pi.  xii,  f.  20,  1877. 

Erimyzon  oblongua  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  xi,  346, 1877. 
Erimjfzon  oblongus  Jordan,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  xi,  365, 1877. 
Erimyzon  oblongus  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  ix,  36, 1877. 
IBn— CotottoMiff  gibbosus  Le  Sueur,  Jourr.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  i,  92. 
Cslof<omar«  gibbo9U8  Storer,  Rept.  Ichthy.  Mass.  183, 18.38. 
Ubto  gibbo$M$  DeKay,  Now  York  Fauna,  part  iv.  Fishes,  194,  1842. 
Cutottomus  gibbosus  Storer,  Synopsis,  420,  1846. 
CatoetomiM  gibboma  Kirtland,  Hamilton  Smith's  Annals  of  Science. 
C^Aottmtu  gibbo8U9  Storer,  Hist.  Fishes  Mass.  291,  pi.  xxii,  f.  4,  lri67, 
1817— C«tortomM«  tubcrculaiua  Le  Sueur,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  i,  93. 

CaloifawM  tuberculatus  DeKav,  New  York  Fauna,  part  iv.  Fishes,  199,  1842. 
CaiotUmua  inberculatua  CuviER  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poissons,  xvii, 

■«44,1844. 
Catontonus  tubcrcuUitua  Tno^EAU,  Week  on  Concord  and  Merrimack,  38,  18G3. 
^'^"CatoifmM  rittatus  Li:  SuEUU,  Journ.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  104. 
I  Cai09hnu9  vitlatu8  DeKay,  New  York  Fauna,  part  iv,  Fishes,  203, 1842. 

f^^^omw  viitatus  Cuvier  &  Yalenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poissons,  xvii,  459, 
IBM. 

Stoker,  Synopsis,  422, 1846. 
tfii)iny  Ich.  Oh.  58. 


146    COBTBIBDTIOHS  TO  NOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHTOLOGY IIL 

18-12— tnifo  elegana  DkK.iv,  New  York  Fauoft,  paA  iv,  Fisboa,  Ida. 

Caloilomun  clegani  Stoker,  Synopflis,  435,  1846. 
1842— iaft™  caoput  DeKav,  New  York  Fapna,  part  iv,  FUhes,  195. 

Catoalomui  esopui  Storer,  8yDopEtB,  425,  1B46. 
I8i2—Labm  dongalut  DeEay,  New  York  Fnuno,  part  ir,  Fishee,  394. 
1U5Q — ifoiostoma  utiisiiriu  AOABSIZ,  Am.  JoDrn.  So.  Arts,  Sd  aeries,  xii,  Uti.    [Notrf 

EaGaeBqae.) 
ISiiTi—itoxastoma  tmof  Agasbiz,  Am,  Jonm.  6c.  Art8,2<IaoriM,  six,  203. 

AtoXMtoma  (en»e  Pctkam,  Bull.  Mas.  Comp.  Zool.  10,  1H63. 

3IoxoKloma  teaat  GUkther,  Cat.  Fisbes  Brit.  Miii.  vii,  21,  1«)8. 

Erinnj:an  tenaii  Jordan  &  Copkland,  Check  List,  157,  IHTS. 
ISTjG— -UoKUftma  claviformit  Girabd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Pblla.  171. 

itoiiHiloma  clar\/brmU  OiitAKD,  U.  8.  Poc.  K.  E.  Expl.  x,219,p].x)viii,r.S-a, 

Erimyton  clariformU  Jordan  &  Copbland,  Cbuck  Liat,  157,  1^76. 
IP-'ifi — Jfcjaietoiml  kesnerls't  GfRAUP,  Ptoc.  Ac.  Nat.  Be.  Pbiln.  171. 

itorotloma  keana-lffi  GlRAits,  U.  S.  Mer.  Bound.  Snrv.  Icbth.  34,  pi.  ii,  17-9, 
1£&6 — Moxmloma  campbelti  Girard,  Proo.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Pbilo.  172. 

3loxot(oina  fampbcUi  Girard,  U.  &.  Mex.  Bonud.  Sarv.  Ichtb.  35,  pi.  ix,  C  4-6,  USl 

Erimi/ioti  campbelli  Jokdan  &.  Cupeland,  Cl)eck  List,  157,-  1S76. 
Habitat. — All  waters  of  the  United  States  east  of  tlie  Eocky  Mouotaina. 
Tliis  protean  species  is,  next  to  Cafostomue  teres,  the  most  abanduC 
nnci  tbe  most  widely  diffused  of  our  species  of  Suckers.  It  occore  in 
every  stream  from  Maine  to  Texiis,  and  thrives  iu  all  sorts ^f  «nm, 
from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Broallest  ponds  and  hrooks.  Ita  rariatioM 
iu  color  and  form  are  remarkable;  but  after  tbe  elimination  of  IhoM 
nhii-b  are  known  to  be  due  to  dilToreoces  of  set,  age,  and  surrouudinpi 


EHIMYZON    SOCETTA.  l'4t 

XVofessor  Agassiz's  anisurvs,  conBidered  by  Lim  as  tbe  Western  rep- 
eeiitative  of  oMongus,  mnat  Wloug  liere.  ProR-ssor  Agnssiz^;;  tanut 
otu  Mobile  is  uot  described  ;  but  na  succtia  occurs  abuiidautly  in  AJa- 
Moa,  it  is  safe  to  jiresume  their  ideality.  Tbe  type  of  Moxostoma  tia- 
ifitrmU  Oirard  is  uow  lost.  Both  figure  nud  description  poiot  to  tbe 
[ODug  of  sucetta.  Tho  figure  represents  tlie  scales  rather  smalldr  than 
BWial,  but  it  may  not  be  correct.  The  types  of  Moxosioma  lemurlgi 
(Hnid  and  of  Mateotloma  eantpdellt  Girard,  from  Texas,  have  also  ilisap- 
pmi  i  bat  they  too  seem  to  have  been  based  on  tbe  ytmog  of  tbe 
inwit  spedes,  and  as  aueetta  certainly  ocoara  in  Texaa,  these  D<HniDal 
tfKita  oast  taXl  loto  tbe  Bynoaymy. 

Ibe  Chob  Backer  ia  one  of  tbe  Bmallest  species,  rarely  reacbisff  a 
hiffii  of  mora  than  a  foot.  It  is  tenacious  of  life,  and  bites  readily  at 
tmll  hook,  bat  ia  not  miicb  valued  for  food.  Tbe  yonng  are  rather 
kndnaie,  tbe  black  lateral  band  being  sometimes  very  distinct.  In 
tbaaquriam,  they-  act  as  scavetagers.  Tbe  adnlt  fishes,  especially  the 
■ilH,an  very  dnsky  in  color,  and  tbe  males  in  spring  are  provided 
«tt  ttne  large  tobercles  arranged  in  a  triangle  on  each  side  of  tbe  bnd. 
Belu  of  tbe  adolta  are  nsnally  black,  sometimes  tinged  with  red. 
SptBimai*  fa  UmiUfSUam  NaHwU  M 


X«ber. 

Localit;.' 

Collector. 

BDgH  Lmf  Creek 

7771 

mverheBd.L.  I 

8.  F.  Baird. 

8880 

8.  F.  Baird. 

MS9 

8700 

ZMaware  Coonty 

mi 

JMkni>,I». 

148    C0KTBIBDTI0N8  TO  HOBTH  AHEBICAN  ICHTHYOLOOT — lit 

Spectmciit  in  UnUrd  Slain  yaHoadl  VKKan— Continued. 


Number. 

Locality. 

CoUwU*. 

lOfiai 

Potomac  River 

J.  W.  MUncr. 

IIOM 

<"> 

Do. 

do 

nras 

do 

Do. 

niw 

do 

Do. 

Do. 

HB77 

Potoman  Kiver 

0.  B.Goad0. 

imo 

do 

J.  W.  MUoet. 

\tmi 

do 

Do. 

xmn 

do 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 

1«M4 

do 

17!<l(i 

Clour  Crock,  TexM 

Kaoilico  &,  EmU. 

iim 

do 

Do. 

l^rm 

Now  Bedford,  Maw 

K.  Kennicott. 
S.  F.  Baird. 

atwi 

Ci-dot  Svrnmp,  Now  Jersey* 

■ 

GENUS  CHASBOSTES.  149 

The  type  is  a  fine  specimen,  10^  incbes  loDg,  collected  by  Professor  G. 
kovn  Ooode  in  the  Saint  Johu'8  River,  Florida.  It  is  numbered  19071 
m  the  Haseam  Begister.  I  have  named  the  species  for  my  friend,  Pro- 
httor  Goode,  one  of  the  best  of  American  ichthyologists,  to  whom  we 
ive  indebted  for  the  discovery  of  the  species. 

SpedmeM  in  United  States  National  Museum. 


Kamber. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

19071 

Saint  John's  River,  Fla 

G.  Browu  GK)ode« 

Genus  CHASMISTES  Jordan. 

Chtmrittei  JoRDAV,  BuU.  Hayden  Geol.  Sarv.  Terr.  417, 187a 
Tfpe,  Ca:o$taMu$  fecmndui  Cope  &  Yarrow. 
Btjmology,  x*^f*^t  ^^  y&wn  or  gape. 

Fishes  related  to  Catostomtts^  having  the  teeth,  scales,  and  air- 
Irtadder  as  in  that  genns,  bat  distingaished  by  the  size  and  position 
Df  tbe  month,  the  great  development  of  the  mandible,  and  by  the  small, 
NNK)th  lips. 

Head  disproportionally  large,  forming  more  than  one-fonrth  of  the 
l^gth,  broad  and  flattish  above;  sides  of  head  vertical,  slightly  directed 
tiirards,  the  breadth  through  the  cheeks  less  than  the  breadth  above  the 
!ye8 ;  eyes  small,  high  up,  rather  posterior :  mouth  exceedingly  large, 
^rmioal,  the  lower  jaw  in  the  closed  mouth  being  very  oblique,  placed 
4  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees ;  the  lower  jaw  very  long  and  strong, 
U  length  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  head,  nearly  half  the 
tejTth  of  the  head  in  the  adult,  its  tip  when  the  mouth  is  closed  about 
m  a  level  with  the  eye ;  upper  jaw  very  protractile ;  upi)er  lip  very 
bio  (for  a  Sucker),  and  nearly  smooth  ;  snout  elevated  above  the  rest 
(f  the  head,  notably  so  when  the  mouth  is  closed ;  lower  lip  moderate, 
ODsisting  of  a  broad  flap  on  each  side  of  the  mandible,  in  front  reduced 
0  a  narrow  rim,  the  surface  of  the  lip  nearly  smooth,  without  evident 
•pillte:  nostrils  large;  suborbital  bones  narrow,  but  rather  broader 
hao  in  Catostomus ;  preorbital  unusually  large:  mucous  channels  mod- 
ptelj  developed;  fontanelle  very  large;  isthmus  rather  narrow: 
ngeal  bones  and  teeth  essentially  as  in  Catostomus, 

k^ier  slender,  tapering  pretty  regularly  from  the  shoulders  to 
'ompressed :  caudal  peduncle  rather  stout. 


150    COHTBIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AUEBICAH  ICHTHYOLOOT — m. 

Fins  moderate,  the  dorsal  raye  aboat  12,  tbe  anal  7 :  pedanl 
rather  loDg,  not  qnite  reacbiug  rentraU:  rentrals  reachiag  veotiui 
tin  high,  reaching  candal :  caudal  fin  rather  long,  its  lobes  eqaaL 

Scales  moderate,  large  oa  the  caudal  pedaucle,  macb  sniBUtr  iw 
crowded  anteriorly,  60  to  65  in  the  lateral  liDe,  aboot  18  in  a  tranareiti 
series  from  dorsal  to  ventrals. 

Sexual  peculiarities  nuknoffn. 

Coloration  nsual. 

Air-bladder  in  two  parts. 

Size  moderate  or  rather  large. 

The  single  species  now  included  in  this  genua  is  known  only  fM 
Utah  Lake.  Its  describers  referred  it  to  the  genos  Calostomiu,]A 
made  no  mentioD  of  its  singular  mouth  and  lips.  The  original  tfpea 
the  species  is  in  very  bad  condition,  the  mouth  being  shrunken  and  £l 
torted,  and  the  bones  of  tbe  head  protruding  through  the  skin,  so  tltf 
tbe  peculiarities  of  the  species  are  hardly  recognizable.* 

Genirio  CliaracteriiiUunu. 
CBASMiSTEa  JordaD,  1878. — "Tbis  gecns  ia  diatiDgalBhed  from  Catiutotat  bf  tt 
veTj  large,  termiDBl  mooth,  the  lower  Jaw  being  very  atroDR,  obUqne,italcaftbiiM 
one-tbird  tbat  of  tbe  bead.  Tbe  lips  aro  little  developed,  and  ore  very  nearly  «M<t 
Tbe  typeof  tbegennsia  C./teundutCope  &  YarroR."— (JonitAM,  Bull.  U.S.  OwLM 
Terr.  vol.  iv,  No.  2,  p.  417,  1878.) 


*  Daptb  about 


GSHTUB  CATOBTOMUa  151 

Ij  tke  inbabitants.  They  run  up  the  rivers  to  spawn  in  Jone  |  feed  on 
tie  bottom  and  eat  the  spawn  of  better  fish  |  spawning  beds  on  gravel ; 
Uts  at  hook  sometimes ;  are  extremely  nnmeroos,  and  are  considered 
iBoiBStiee  by  the  fishermen,  bnt  they  meet  with  a  ready  sale  in  wiutcr 
il  in  average  price  of  2}  cents  per  iionnd." 

8pedmmi9  im  UmUed  States  Naiicmal  Mwtewm. 


Hmbttr* 

Locality. 

Collector. 

mM 

Utah  Lake.  Utah 

20837 

Utah  Lake.  Utah 

Dr.  H.  C.  Tarrow.  (Many  specimeDS ) 
Dr.  H.  C.  Yanow.     (Type  Ckaami$tPB.) 
Dr.  H.  C.Tarrow.  (Typesoftbespeciee.) 

10898 

Utah  Lake.  Utah 

Utah  Lake,  Utah 

Genus  CATOSTOMUS  Le  Sueur. 

Lb  Suxua,  Jonni.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  i,  1H17, 69.    (Eqaivalent  to  family  Co- 
tMiomida,) 
BgmUHnm  Rafikssque,  Joom.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  i,  1818, 421.    (As  subgeDiu  of  Exo- 

§909SU!M») 

AwKtlhi  Rapcwsqux,  Ichtbyologia  Obiensis,  1820, 60.    (As  sabgenas  of  GaiO0fMitf«, 

Indoding  the  10-rayed  species.) 
QpimisRMi  AOASSiz,  Am.  Jooni.  Sc.  Arts,  1855, 203. 
Mimmu  GiHARD,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Pbila.  1856, 173. 
^mm  QiRARD,  Proc.  Ac  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  1856, 173. 
^^^ttitomui  Gill,  Canadian  Nataralist,  1865,  August. 
'^MHketjfZiM  JOKD.VN,  Man.  Vert.  2d  ed.  1878, 319.    (As  sabgenas.) 

1^,  Cyprinu9  catoatomus  Forster,  =  Catoatomus  hudaonius  Le  Saear,  :=  Catostomus  Jon- 
fi'^atnm  Le  Sueur. 
Etymology,  /caro,  low  ;  arbfia^  moatb. 

Etymology  of  Synonyms, 

^fpentelium:  probably  v^b^  below;  irivTCt  five;  ^,5oc,  lobe,  as  tbo  name  is  said  to 
'^  to  tbe  5-lobed  lower  lip,  supposed  to  distingnisb  it  from  tbo  3-lobed  subgenus 
J'ttWijipia;  possibly,  bo  we  vor,  from  iirbf  below;  cvrcXf/f,  perfect. 

^^^fotiifluM:    dcKuCt  ten;  duKTv?.ogf  too,  i'.  «.,  10  ventral  rays,  bence  properly  Dcca- 

^t^ysoM :  t-Ae,  mud  ;  itv!^(iu^  to  suck. 

^oniw  and  MinomuB  are  probably  meaningless  words,  witbout  etymology. 

Bead  more  or  less  elongate,  its  length  rangiug  from  3^  to  5  times  iu 
tbitof  the  bod}'^  its  form  varying  considerably  iu  the  different  snbgen- 
n.  £ye  asaally  rather  small,  high  ap  and  median  or  more  or  less  pos- 


152   coirrBiBnnoNS  to  nobth  amsricak  icHTHroLocnr— 401 

tenor  in  portion :  saborbital  bones  narroW|  longer  than  biottdi  MMh  m 
ill  MjpDOitoma :  fontanelle  always  present,  asnally  widely  opesi  in  t«t 
species  reduced  to  a  narrow  slit,  bat  never  wholly  obUbemfeed. 

Month  rather  large,  always  inferior,  and  sometimes  notaUy  ss  |  the 
upper  lip  thick,  protractile,  papillose ;  the  lower  lip  gieody  developsd, 
with  a  broad  free  margin,  deeply  incised  behind|  so  that  it  fbrms  two 
lobes,  which  are  often  more  or  less  separated ;  mandible  horiMotali 
Hhort,  not  one-third  the  len^rth  of  the  head  and  not  reaching  to  opporita 
the  eye :  lower  jaw  usually  without  distinct  cartilaginous  sheath :  op«* 
cular  apparatus  moderately  developed,  not  rugose :  pharyngeal  boais 
moderately  strong,  the  teeth  shortish,  vertically  eomprossod,  rapidly 
diminishing  in  size  npwards,  the  upper  surface  of  the  teeth  nearly  6MI| 
or  somewhat  cuspidate. 

Body  oblong  or  elongate,  more  or  less  fusifonui  subteretOi  more  or 
less  compressed. 

Scales  comparatively  small,  topically  much  smaller  and  crowded  aOf 
teriorly,  the  number  in  the  lateral  line  ranging  from  about  BO  to  llAi 
the  number  in  a  transverse  series  between  dorsal  and  ventrals 
3  5  to  40 :  lateral  line  well  developed,  straightish,  somewhat 
anteriorly. 

Fins  variously  developed :  dorsal  with  its  first  ray  nearly  midway  of 
the  body,  with  from  9  to  14  developed  rays;  anal  fin  short  and  higbf 
with  probably  always  7  developed  rays  5  ventrals  inserted  under  tb^ 
middle  or  posterior  part  of  the  dorsal,  typically  with  10  rays,  in  one  sab* 
genas  usually  9,  the  number  often  subject  to  variation  of  one ;  caud^ 
fin  usually  deeply  forked,  the  lobes  nearly  equal. 

Sexual  peculiarities  not  much  marked,  the  fins  higher  in  the  mial^ 
and  the  anal  somewhat  swollen  and  tuberculate  in  the  spring :  breed' 
ing  males  in  some  species  with  a  rosy  or  orange  lateral  band. 

Air-bladder  with  two  chambers.  Vertebrae  in  C.  teres  and  0.  nigri' 
cans  45  to  47. 

^<  The  skeleton  in  Catostomus  has  been  well  described  by  Yalencienne^ 
(XYII.  p.  433).  It  is  distinguished  by  the  comparative  want  of  solidly* 
certain  bones  consisting  merely  of  a  network  of  osseous  matter.  Tbero 
is  a  large  and  broad  fontanelle  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  head,  separ- 
ating the  parietal  bones,  and  leading  directly  into  the  cerebral  cavity- 
The  occipital  process  is,  below  the  anterior  vertebrse,  enlarged  into  B 
bladder-like  swelling,  which  is  not  solid,  but  consists  of  a  delicate  net- 
work only.    The  prefrontal  is  advanced  to  the  anterior  part  of  the  orbife 


QENUB  CATOSTOMUS.  153 

Tbe  jaw-bones  are  very  feeble,  the  intermaxillary  being  redaced  to  a 
tbiD  lamella,  which  does  not  descend  to  the  middle  of  the  maxillary. 
The  anterior  part  of  the  mandible  is  horizontal,  thin  and  i^lightly  dilated. 
Tbe  apophyses  of  the  four  aiiterior  vertebrsB  are  very  strong  and  long." — 
(GCntheb,  CaU  Fishes  Brit.  Mus.  \  ii,  13.) 

This  genas  as  at  present  restricted  comprises  three  well-marked 
groofis,  which  may  be  accepted  as  subgenera,  under  tbe  names  Catosto- 
mns^  Decttdactylusy  and  Bypenielium,    Oue  of  these  groups,  Hypentelium^ 
has  been  Qsnally  considered  as  a  distinct  genus,  on  account  of  the  dif- 
ferences in  the  form  of  the  head  and  in  the  squamation.    These  differ- 
eiioes  are,  however,  individually  of   subordinate  value,  and  should 
probably  be   held  to  designate   a  subgeneric  section,  rather  than  a 
distinct  genos. 

The  group  Decadactylus  as  here  given  is  nearly  equivalent  to  Minomus 
and  Catostomus  of  Girard,  while  our  Catostomus  is  Girard's  Acomns. 
The  type  of  Catostomus^  as  restricted  by  Agassiz,  prior  to  Girard  being 
CjprijiiM  catostomus  Forster,  oi:e  of  the  small-scaled  group,  the  name 
beloDgs  properly  to  that  group,  and  Acomus  is  a  simple  synonym. 
Jknelylus  Bafinesque  was  not  originally  defined  in  any  very  tangible 
^ay,  inasmuch  as  its  author  included  in  it  species  of  Jfj/xosfoma  and 
QfcfeptiM.  As,  however,  it  was  intended  for  10-rayed  species,  and  as  one 
among  those  originally  placed  in  it  was  C.  teres  (as  (7.  bostoniensis)^  the 
the  name  Decactylus  {Decadactfjlus)  may  be  used  instead  of  Minomus  as 
adesigaation  for  the  subgenus  to  which  (7.  teres  belongs. 

The  genus  Catostomus  is,  next  to  Myxosioma^  the  most  rich  in  species. 
It  is  much  the  most  widely  distributed  of  tbe  genera  of  Suckers,  some  of 
'^8  members  abounding  in  every  river  of  North  America,  and  one  of  them 
*^''og  found  in  Asia. 

Generic  Characterizations, 

'Catostomus  LeSaeur,  1817. 
^ct  with  a  siaglo  tin. 

^^Ihmemhrane  tbree-rayed. 

^'eoii  and  apcrcula  smooth. 

''^•w  toothless  and  retractile. 

*^o«iiA  benea'.h  the  soont ;  lips  plaited,  lobed,  or  caruDculated,  suitable  for  sucking, 

*^roat  with  pectinated  teeth. 

*  h©  species  which  are  here  described  are  all  possessed  of  the  following  general 

^^^f^ters:— 

**^<*rfjf.— The  body  in  general  is  elongated  and  varied  in  its  form. 

**^ctitt. — ^Tbe  scales  in  almost  all  tbe  species  are  marked  with  radiated  lines,  and 

ftmbriated  on  their  edges ;  their  form  more  or  less  rbomboidal  or  roundish. 


I 


154    COHTBIBUTIONB  TO  NORTH  AUEBICAS  ICHTEYOLOOT- 

"OUt-eontrt. — The  giU-covers  are  large,  and  composed  of  tliree  pieoM;  t1 
plecfl  Bmall  in  aome,  hb  ia  exemplified  id  the  C.  macro f^idotat,  and  in  otben 
the  C.  eomniimli;  opening  or  eipansion  wide. 

"yoitril: — The  nostrtla  ore  doable  ou  each  side,  and  separated  by  a  mem 
largest  aperture  near  the  eyes. 

"Est*. — The  eyea  in  general  are  pretty  large,  a  little  obl»iig,  wlthoat 
membrane :  popil  black  and  rooadlah  :  Iridea  yellowiah,  sometimea  browi 
C,  gibhotu: 

"Tetth.—Ho  feeU  in  thojawa,  bnt  those  of  the  throat,  on  each  aide,  ancoi 
range  nf  bones,  generally  bloat  and  thick  at  their  summits,  placed  Id  a 
form,  on  an  oaseous,  arcaated  base,  of  which  they  are  a  cnapoaeDt  part 
time*  terminate  in  a  hooked  point,  as  ia  the  C.  naetloatu;  these  teeth  M«ei 
a  thick  maas  of  whitish  substance,  which  covers  the  throat,  and  snppliea  i 
ft  tongue. 

"ifoNtA.^Tbe  moKtA  is  generally  Innated ;  to  the  palate  is  attached  a  m« 

"Titoera. — The  intatinal  oanal  is  very  ninob  developed,  and  it  has  ita  (ai{ 
throat ;  tbe  ttotkodt,  which  is  simple,  and  without  plaits  and  cnrratarea,  1 
tlnuntiuD  of  this  canal,  and  appears  to  be  coDfonnded  with  it.  The  inteali 
nnmber  of  cironmvolntions ;  in  a  specimen  of  the  C.  ButcnUepidatiu  ol 
in  length,  they  were  3  feet  5  inohea  in  length.  The  lir«r  is  deliqnewen 
paates  into  oil  after  eipoanre  to  the  atmosphere.  ThoaJr-bloiiilcr  issnbeylii 
dlvldetl,  in  most  species,  into  two  parts ;  in  the  C.  maerokpidDdM,  it  is  sepaiat 
|uut«.  I  have  remarked  in  tbe  intestines  of  these  fishes  river-ahella  of 
ZynniM,  IMimut*,  etc.,  which  dwell  on  aquatic  plants  and  on  tbe  rock  at  tb 
the  rivrrs;  these  shells  the  CaUtttouti  are  onaljlefl  to  take  with  their  lips 
protruded  forwards  by  mDani  of  their  Jaws. 

"It  Is  necessary  to  remark  that  in  all  the  species  which  I  have  examine 
line  which  runs  from  the  napr,  beneath  the  eym,  and  another  along  the  I 


GENUS   CATOSTOMUS.  155 

xmys ;  tail  eqaally  forked.    Besides  the  two  following  species  (C  duqueanu;  C.  elongaiua) 

the  C.  boitonUnns  and  C.  hudaoniua  must  be  enumerated  here/' — (Rafixesque,  Ich.  Oh. 
p.  60.) 

Hypbnteuum  Rafinesqae,  1820. — "  Body  pyramidal  slightly  compressed,  with  very 
nuQate  soales.  Vent  posterior.  Head  scaleless,  nearly  eqiiare,  month  terminal  pro- 
tmded  beneath  toothless,  jaw  shorter  with  five  lobes,  the  middle  one  larger,  lips  very 
■audi.  Abdominal  fins  anterior  removed  from  the  vent,  dorsal  fin  anterior,  opposed  to 
them. 

^'This  genus  belongs  to  the  family  of  the  Cyprinidia,  and  is  next  to  my  gecns  Exoglos- 
mns,  with  which  I  had  nnittd  it;  but  this  last  differs  from  it  by  an  oblong  body,  fiat 
bead,  lower  lip  trilobe  not  protruded,  abdominal  fins  and  dorsal  fin  medial,  &c.  The 
same  expresses  the  character  of  the  lower  lip.'' — (Rafucesque,  Ich.  Oh.  p.  68.) 

Cjltostomcs  DeKay,  1842.—"  Both  lips  thick,  fiesby,  and  crenated  or  plaited ;  the 
lower  lip  pendant.  Dorsal  placed  above  the  ventrals  and  usually  short."— (DeKay, 
Xeuf  York  Fauna,  Fishes,  p.  19(5.) 

Catostomus  Heckel,  1843. — *'0s  infernni;  labia  camea,  lata,  rngosa,  suctni  apta; 
clrrhi  nolli ;  prseoperculum  ante  occiput.  Pinna  dorsalis  brevis,  rarius  elongata ;  analis 
biwior,  utraque  radio  osseo  nullo.    Dentes  pharyngei  pectiniformes. 


D  : 


8-13-29 


A  :  2   5  -   7 
(Characters  of  Tribus  IV,  including  Catostomus^  Rhytidostomus,  and  9  Ezoglossum.) 
^  Deotes  pectiniformes  40  —  40.    Os  inferum ;  labia  carnea ;  lata,  rugosa  ad  snctnm 

apta;  cirrhi  nuUi.    Pinna  dorsalis  et  analis  brevis,  ilia  ante  pinnas  ventrales  incipiens ; 

radios  psseus    nuUus.  —  Tractus   intestinalis    2^—3    long,  corp."  —  (Heckel,  Fische 
53fivii«,p.33.) 

Catostomus  Valenciennes,  1844. — "  lis  different  Oes  ables  ILeuciscusI,  avec  losqnels 
ils  ne  sent  pas  sans  affinity,  par  la  position  do  leur  boucbe  et  par  la  forme  des  I^vres 
qai  la  bordent.    Ces  organes  sont  assez  distincts  do  ceux  des  Chondrostomes. 

"L'absence  desbarbillonslesdloigne  aussi  des  Labdous  [Lahiv']t  avec  lesquels  ils  out 
d'ailleura  moius  de  rapports  que  M.  Cuvier  ne  lo  supposait  quand  il  a  r6dig6  le  Regno 
Animal.    Eufin  ils  different  de  tous  ces  geures  par  leurs  dents  pbaryngieuues. 

"Par  la  forme  g6n6rale  de  leur  corps,  ils  ressemblent  b.  nos  barbeaux  [7>ar6M«],  dont 
^  ont  presqne  tous  la  t6te  alougde,  lisso  et  nue,  et  le  museau  uu  peu  produiiuent, 
n^isila  n'ont  pas  leurs  barbillous,  et  la  dofbalc  manque  de  raj'ons  <$pineux  et  dentelds. 
Lj^boucho  est  situde  sous  le  museau ;  ello  est  sans  deuts,  et  les  I^atcs,  dlargies,  lobdes, 
caronculdes,  niais  sans  prolongueiueuts  fili formes,  serveut  in,  constituer  uue  sorto  do 
▼entonse  au  moyen  de  laquelle  ces  poissons  peuveut  adherer  ou  sucer.  Les  pbaryngieus 
•ontgrauds  et  arquds,  presque  en  demi-cerclo  ;  tout  lo  bord  iuterue  est  garui  do  dents 
coinpriindes,  ^  couronue  stride,  un  peu  plus  largo  que  la  base;  toutes  ces  deuts  dd- 
CToissent  regulitireraont  depuis  les  iuferidures  jusqu'aux  sujjdiieu resale  nombro  eu  varie 
Belon  les  esp^ces ;  elles  forment  un  peigue  sur  le  corps  I'os.  Les  opercules  sont  grauds ; 
^^  Darines  ont  cbacune,  couimo  h  rordinaire,  deux  ouvertures  rapprocbdes;  les  yeux 
**^z  Urges,  sont  ellipticiues,  et  ont  I'iris  ordinairenient  jaune ;  les  dcailles  sont  eu 
g*D^ral  petites  sur  la  nuque  et  pros  de  la  tote,  et  elles  vout  eusuito  en  augmentaut  a 
™^re  qu'on  s'en  approcbo  de  la  queue;  elles  sont' plus  ou  moius  rhomboldalcs  et 
•tri^  ou  frang6es. 


156    CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — ni. 

'*  Les  viscbres  rappellcDt  ceax  dcs  cyprino!de8  en  g^n^ral,  mais  I'mtestin,  ik  caiue  d» 
868  Qombroax  replis,  a  eccore  plas  d^iStendae.    .  .  .    Le  foie  se  rdsoat  bientOt  en 
huile;  la  vessie  adr^onne  est  commun^ment  divisd  en  denx  et  commnniqne  avec  le 
Laot  de  TcBSophage  comme  dans  no8  cyprins." — (Valenciennes,  HisLNoL  dea  PatstoMi 
xvil,  pp.  423-424.) 

Uylomtzon  Agassiz,  1855. — "The  name  of  this  genns  is  a  mere  translation  of  the 
Ternacular  name  of  its  type,  the  Mud-Sncker  of  the  West,  framed  in  imitation  o^ 
PetromyzoD,  but  expressing  its  habits  of  living  in  the  mud.    The  body  is  stoat  and 
heavy  in  front,  and  tapers  off  rapidly  from  the  shoulders  towards  the  tail;  behind  th» 
dorsal  it  is  nearly  cylindrical  in  form. 

"  The  short  quadrangular  head  is  broad  and  flat  above,  its  sides  are  vertioal.  Th» 
eyes  are  of  moderate  size  and  elliptical  in  form ;  the  snperorbital  ridges  are  eXevated 
above  the  general  level  of  the  bead.  The  mouth  is  inferior,  and  encircled  by  broad. 
fleshy  lips  which  are  covered  with  small  grains  or  papillod.  The  lower  lip  is  bilobed. 
The  dorsal  is  over  the  ventrals,  and  nearer  the  head  than  the  tail  ,*  its  height  and 
length  are  nearly  equal.  The  pectorals  and  ventrals  are  broad  and  rounded,  the  anal 
fin  is  slender  and  reaches  the  caudal.  The  scales  are  largest  on  the  anterior  portion  of 
the  body.  They  are  slightly  longer  than  high,  the  ornamental  concentrio  ridges  of 
the  posterior  field  are  broader  and  farther  apart  than  those  of  the  lateral  and  anterior 
fields;  those  of  the  auterior  and  i)Osterior  fields  rather  remote,  abont equal  in  number. 
Tubes  of  the  lateral  line  arising  froui  the  centre  of  radiation. 

*'  The  teeth  are  compressed,  so  that  their  sharp  edge  pn>}ects  inwards ;  at  the  same 
time  they  are  slightly  arched  inwards  and  inserted  obliquely  upon  the  pharyngeal 
bones.  They  increase  gradually  in  size  and  thickness  from  above  downwards.  The 
masticating  ridge  of  the  teeth  in  transverse,  compreHsed  iu  the  middle  and  sharp;  its 
upper  aud  lower  edges  are  rounded  and  more  projecting,  the  inner  point,  however,  mora 
projecting  than  the  outer  one." — (Agassiz,  Am.  Jouni.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  p.  205.) 

Catostomus  Agassiz,  1^55. — *'I  Lave  retained  the  name  of  Catostomus  for  the  typo 
to  which  it  was  originallj'  aiiplied  by  Forster.  The  body  is  elongated,  fusiform  and 
slightly  compressed.  The  snout  is  short  and  blunt,  and  projects  but  little  beyond  tho 
mouth,  which  is  inferior.  The  lower  jaw  is  short  and  broad.  The  lips  are  fleshy  and 
strongly  bilobed  below  ;  their  surface  is  conspicuously  granulated  or  papillated.  The 
head  is  considerably  longer  than  high.  The  dorsal  is  large  and  mostly  in  advance  of 
the  ventrals;  its  length  is  greiAr  than  its  height.  The  anal  fin  is  long  aud  slender, 
and  reaches  the  caudal.  The  sexnal  diti'erences,  so  conspicuous  in  the  genus  Moxostoma 
and  Prychostouius,  are  hardly  to  be  noticed  in  this  genus.  The  other  fins  are  of  moder- 
ate size,  and  more  or  less  pointed. 

"  The  scales  are  much  smaller  on  tho  anterior  than  on  the  posterior  portion  of  tho 
body ;  nearly  quadrangular,  with  rounded  angles,  but  somewhat  longer  than  high ; 
the  ornamental  concentric  ridges  of  the  posterior  field  broader  than  those  of  the  lateral 
and  anterior  fields;  the  radiating  furrows  more  numerous  than  in  Hylomyzon  and 
Ptychostomus,  and  encroaches  ui)on  the  lateral  tioUlH,  where,  iu  some  species,  they  are 
nearly  as  numerous  as  upon  the  anterior  and  posterior  fields.  Tubes  of  the  lateral  line 
wider  than  in  Hylomyzon  aud  Ptychostomus,  extending  from  the  centre  of  radiation 
to  the  posterior  margin. 

''The  pharyngeals  are  stout  and  compact,  the  outer  margin  not  so  spreading  as 


GBVnS  0AT08T0MU&  157 

in  Tt^tibatUmnmi  the  teeth  ere  blunter  and  laiiger  compftratiyely  than  iu  any 
otftMT  gjmoM  of  the  tiibt^  inoreadDg  more  rapidly  in  sixe  from  above  downwards,  so 
tbanfc  thoee  of  the  middle  of  the  aroh  are  already  of  the  same  cast  as  those  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  eomb;  their  oiown  is  blont  and  the  inner  edge  rises  into  a  blnnt  cusp."— 
(AO^AMZ,  Awl  Jmrm.  8e.  Art$,  1655,  p.  807.) 

MnoMUS  Girard,  1866.— "  We  propoee  to  include  under  the  head  of  Minamui,  such 

apaoies  aa  aie  ohaiaoteriaed  by  an  elongated  and  fusiform  body,  a  head  longer  than 

deep;  a donal  fin  eiUier  higher  than  long,  or  with  both  dimensions  eqnal.   The  lipe 

beUnff  Inberoolated,  moderately  bilobed.    The  pharyngeals  not  expanded  laterally,  but 

semaideraWy  bent  Inwardly.    The  teeth  compressed,  decidedly  bicuspid,  but  the  inner 

frqfeetiea  more  developed  than  the  outer.    The  scales  being  nearly  of  the  same  size, 

bat  alightly  smaller  anteriorly  than  posteriorly.''    (Includes  C.  kuignii,  C,  pUMuM^  and 

C.  el«r«i)— (GiRABD^  PhM.  Ao.  NaU  So.  Fhiia.  1856,  p.  173.) 

■ 

AooHua  Giracd,  1656^— ^And  then  giving  the  name  of  Acomua  to  those  species  in 
trbioh  the  head  is  very  elongated,  the  dorsal  higher  than  long,  and  the  scales  much 
nuUlsr  upon  the  anterior  region  of  the  body  than  upon  the  posterior.  The  lips  being 
jsplllsted  and  veiy  deeply  deft.  The  pharyngeals  are  gently  arched  and  not  expanded ; 
the  tssth  compressed  and  bituberoulated,  the  inner  projection  conspicuous;  the  outer 

obsolete,  though  existing."  (Includes  C./ortleriaaiff,  C.  aurora,  C.  2a<tpiN«i«,  C.  pair- 
C.  geturf9UB,  C.  gru0u$,  and  C.  laotariua.) — (Gibabd,  Proo.  Ac  XaL  8c  Pkila. 
lBG6,p.l74.) 

Gatostomus  Girard,  1856. — ''The  genus  Caia»iamu$,  Le  Sueur,  would  then  be  rc- 
Msted  to  such  species  In  which  the  head  is  moderately  elongated,  the  dorsal  fin  gen- 
nOy  toofsr  than  high,  and  the  sice  of  the  scales  less  disproportionate  anteriorly  and 
POiteriorly  than  in  Aeomus.  The  lips  are  papillated  aud  deeply  cleft.  The  pharyngeals 
piOTided  with  a  little  expansioQ  iDferiorly.  The  teeth  are  compressed,  with  the  inner 
P*4ection  of  the  crown  alone  developed.'*  (Inclodeii  C.  hudaaniua,  C  communis f  C.  ood- 
^(•Uf,  C.  lahiatua,  C.  macracheiluaf  C,  aucklH,  snd  C,  bemardini,) — (Girard,  Proo.  Ac. 
AttAtPWa.  1856,  p.  174.) 

Catastomus  Gill,  1865.— "Snoot  long.  Lateral  line  presei't,  nearly  straight.  Lips 
P^l^lUted."— (Gill,  Canadian  Naturalist,  Aag.  1865,  p.  19,  reprint.) 

Catostomus  GUnther,  1868. — **  Scales  of  small,  moderate  or  largo  size.  Lateral  line 
P^^^i^t,  running  along  the  middle  of  the  tail.  Dorsal  fin  of  moderate  extent,  with  not 
'^'^  tbsn  abunt  seventeen  rays,  opposite  to  the  velitri#l,  wit  boat  epine.  Anal  iiu  very 
'^^  hot  deep.  Fins  of  the  males  generally  more  prodoced  than  those  of  the  females, 
Md  frequently  with  homy  tubercles.  Month  inferior,  with  the  lips  more  or  less  thick- 
^^  snd  papillose,  the  lower  frequently  'bilol^'d.  Barbels  none.  Gill-rukers  well 
"**^^Md,  soft,  the  upper  lanceolate,  the  lower  quite  membranaceous,  low  folds  croso- 
^H  ths  bone.  Pseudobranchio).  Pharyngeal  bones  sickle-shaped,  armed  with  a  comb- 
'>^  teries  of  numerous  compressed  teeth,  the  teeth  becoming  larger  and  broader 
**^Mds  the  lower  end  of  the  series."— (GCnther,  Cat.  rtbhea  BHU  Mua.  vii,  p.  12.) 

Caiostomus  Jordan,  1876.— "Air  bladder  in  two  parts ;  lateral  line  well  develoi)ed; 
^Pl  pspillose ;  scales  much  smaller  anteriorly  than  posteriorly ;  interorbital  space 
••▼«;  body  sub-terete.''— (Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  1876,  p.  292.) 

RTTiirnBLiUM  Jordan,  1876. — '*Air  bladder  in  two  parts ;  lateral  line  well  devel- 
1*ii  lipe papiUoee ;  scales  about  as  large  on  front  part  of  body  as  on  tail;  body 


168    CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AlCESIOAV  ICHTHTOliOGT-— m. 

tapering npidly  from  Bhoalden  to  tail;  Interorbital  spaoa  oimoavo;  kngthof 
ffraater  thaa  depth  of  body.''~(  Jorbak,  Man.  VerL  1876^  p.  902.) 

Oatostomus  Cope  A  Jordan,  1677.—^  Body  oblong  or  elongate,  with  m  ahorty 
qnadrate  donal  fin ;  air  bladder  in  two  parts ;  lateral  line  weU  developed ;  ftnl 
diatinci."— (JoRDAK,  Fne,  Ac  NoU  So.  PkOa.  1877,  p.  81.) 

Hypmwtmjum  Jordan,  187^^**  Body  oblong  or  elongate,  with  a  ahort  aabqnadiai^^i 
donal ;  anal  rayt  nniformly  7 ;  month  normal,  the  lower  lip  nndlTided  or  deeply  lobecJB. 
lips  tnberonlate ;  lateral  line  well  developed ;  fontanelle  dittinet ;  no  maadlbnlar^ 
aheath ;  aealca  moderate,  not  crowded  forwards,  abont  eqnalover  the  body ;  body  loo^^ 
and  little  oompressed ;  head  transversely  concave  between  orbits^  long  and  flaftteoody 
the  physiognomy  being  therefore  peculiar;  ventral  rays  9."— (JosDtjar,  Jfin.  Fsrl  ed. 
9d,  1878,  pp.  900-310.) 

Catostomcs  Jordan,  1878.— [As  in  the  preceding  ezoept]  ^Sealea  smaBf  aaMller 
anteriorly  and  much  crowded;  head  transversely  convex  between  orbits;  ventnl 
rays  normally  10."— (Jordan,  Man.  Vtrt.  ed.  Sd,  1878,  pp.  900-310.) 

Dboadacttlus  Jordan,  1878  (as  subgenus).— <' Lateral  line  with  00  to  65  aealei; 
snoot  comparatively  short"— (Jordan,  Man.  Veri.  ed.  9d,  p.  310.) 

CATOflTOMUS  Jordan,  1878  (as  subgenus).—"  Lateral  line  with  abont  100  aeales; 
snout  much  produced."— (Jordan,  Ifoa,  Vmri.  ed.  Sd,  p.  880.) 

The  three  sabgenera  here  recognized  are  characterised  below.  The 
single  species  of  Hf/pentelium  is  foond  only  eastward  of  the  Booky 
Moantains.  Catostomas  and  Decadach/lus  each  have  representatives  on 
both  sides  of  the  mountains.  It  is  a  carioas  fact  that  the  Sonthwestem 
representatives  of  each,  as  a  rnle,  have  the  npper  lip  more  developed, 
and  with  more  namerons  series  of  papillse,  than  the  Eastern  ones.  In 
this  respect  as  in  others,  these  Western  species  approach  the  genus  Pan- 
tosteuSy  a  group  exclusively  Western  in  its  distribution. 

ANALYSIS  OF  SPECIES  OF  CAT08T0MU8. 

*  Scales  moderate ;  not  crowded  anteriorly,  nearly  equal  over  the  body ;  48  to  55  In  the 

lateral  line ;  12  to  15  in  a  transyerse  aeries  from  dorsal  to 
ventrals :  bead  flattened  above,  transversely  concave  between 
tbe  oi^te,*tbe  frontal  bone  thick,  broad,  and  short,  the  phy- 
siognomy being  therefore  peculiar:  ventral  rays  normally 
9:  upper  lip  very  thick,  strongly  papillose,  with  a  broad, 
free  margin,  which  has  upwards  of  8  to  10  series  of  papillie 
upon  it.  Lower  lip  greatly  developed,  strongly  papilloee, 
oonsiderally  incised  behind,  bnt  less  so  than  in  Catdetomm 
proper :  f ontanelle  shorter  and  smaller  than  in  DeoadadyluB : 
pectoral  fins  unusually  large.  {Hypentelium,) 
X.  Depth  4i  to  5  in  length ;  head  4  to  4^ ;  eye  rather  small,  4i  to  5  in  head :  color 

olivaceous;  sides  with  brassy  lustre;  belly  white;  back 
brown,  with  several  dark  cross-blotches,  irregularly  arranged, 
these  becoming  obsolete  in  old  individuals ;  lower  fins  doll 
red,  with  some  dasky  shading :  sise  large ;  maTimnm  length 
about  two  feet niobxoaii8|  94. 


GENUS  CATOSTOMUS.  159 

Dorsal  with  11  developed  rays :  scales  7-50-5 :  head  rather  longer,  4  to  4i  in 

length :  pectoral  fins  rather  longer :  colors  relatively  dnll ; 
no  distinct  whitish  stripes  along  the  rows  of  scales. 

niffricana, 

Donal  with  10  developed  rays:  scales  6-48-5:  head  rather  shorter,  4^  in 

length :  pectoral  fins  rather  shorter :  colors  hright«r ;  black- 
ish above;  belly  abruptly  white;  a  pale  spot  at  the  base  of 
each  scale,  these  forming  conspicnons  whitish  streaks  along 
the  rows  of  scales etotoanua, 

fS  smally  rednced,  and  crowded  anteriorly  more  or  less ;  58  to  72  in  the  lateral 

line  and  about  20  to  25  in  a  transverse  series  from  the  ven- 
trals  to  the  dorsal :  snout  moderate  or  rather  short.  (Deca' 
dactylus,) 

*er  lip  comparatively  thin,  with  but  few  (2  or  3)  rows  of  papill®. 

3oTBal  fin  with  but  10  or  11  developed  rays ;  scales  but  little  reduced  in  size 

forwards. 
Body  moderately  stout ;  depth  4}  in  length ;  head  very  small  and  short,  about 

5  in  length;  eye  moderate;  fins  all  notably  small:  scales 
small,  subequal,  9-70-9,  larger  on  the  middle  of  the  body  than 
on  the  caudal  peduncle :  body  with  scattered,  dusky,  nebu* 

loUS  spots CLARKI,  25. 

^,  Body  rather  elongate,  subterete,  heavy  at  the  shoulders  and  tapering  back- 
wards, the  depth  about  5  in  length ;  head  moderate,  about  4^ 
in  length ;  mouth  comparatively  small ;  lips  moderate,  the 
upper  narrow,  with  about  two  rows  of  large  tubercles :  scales 
little  crowded  forwards,  58  to  63  in  the  lateral  line,  19  in  a 
cross-series :  a  series  of  dusky  spots  along  each  row  of  scales, 
as  in  Jdinytrema  melanopa ;  the  sxK>t8  sometimes  obscure. 

INSIONIS,  26. 

.  Dorsal  with  11  to  13  developed  rays :  scales  much  reduced  and  crowded  ante- 
riorly, 
c  Body  moderately  stout,  varying  with  age,  subterete,  heavy  at  the  shoul- 
ders, the  depth  4  to  4}  in  length :  head  rather  large  and  stout, 
conical,  flattish  above,  its  length  4  to  4|  in  body  (3^  to  4^  in 
young) ;  snout  modera'tely  prominent,  scarcely  overpassing 
the  month  ;  mouth  rather  large,  the  lips  strongly  papillose, 
the  upper  moderate,  with  two  or  three  rows  of  papillte: 
scales  crowded  anteriorly,  much  larger  on  the  sides  than  be- 
low ;  scales  10-64  to  70-9 :  coloration  olivaceous ;  moles  in 
spring  with  a  faint  rosy  lateral  band  ;  young  brownish,  more 
or  less  mottled,  often  with  about  three  large  confluent  lateral 
blotches,  which  sometimes  form  an  obscure  lateral  band. 

TERES,  27. 

^  ftlck  and  full,  with  several  (5  to  8)  rows  of  papills :  scales  crowded 
flMTwards* 


160    C0STEIBUTI0N8  TO  NOBTH  AMEBICAM  ICHTHTOLOOT HI. 

t  Fnntanelle  well  developed  x  lips  withont  evident  ovtilaginoiu  -TimHi 
d.  Donal  fin  comparatively  long,  of  12  to  14  nfa. 
e.  HoDtb  qaite  large,  with  very  large  lip*,  tbe  Dpper  Itall  acd  pendent, 
with  6  to  8  rowB  of  Mtodh  papiDn :  head  Iwge,  4}  in  lenctb, 
rather  narrow,  qaadrangnlar,  tbe  aooat  pr^Jectiiif:  cje 
large:  dorsal  fin  moch  looger  than  high,  its  t%ja  klmot  14: 
acolea  12-72-10:  coloration  rather  dark;    >  diuky  latoal 

stripe MACROCHILCS,^ 

w.  Hoath  eomparatlvelf  HmaJl,  aioaller  than  in  C.  Urtt;   tbe  npper  Lp 
thick,  with  5  or  G  rows  of  papllltB,  which  are  moderatdj 

large :  heitd  mnndeil  nbove,  4^  ip  1«nEtb,  tbe  pro61e  MWI** 

thao  in  C.  tirres,  tlio  SDOut  more  poiultd,  tli»  two  siAes  of  Itw 
bead  more  coDvergent  forwards:  eye  small :  dorsal  fie  locgef 
Iban  high,  its  rn.;B  12  to  14 :  scalcB  13-72-10. 


dd.  DoTBul  Qd  abort,  higher  Ihao  loDg,  of  abant  II  developed  rays :  head  4 

Id  length,  rather  bluntish:  moath  moderate,  the  labinl  paptD* 

.  largely  developed,  tbe  upper  lip  full,  wilb  aboot  5  ranxf 

large  but  rather  Bparsa  papillu^:  scales  12-74~1^:  color  dark 

aborc;  siilcs  cloodcd  with  black  aud  yellow. ..LABiATca,X 

tt  Fontanelle  very  small  and  narrow:  bctb  jawB  with  a  weakcartitagiaotis  slit 

body  elougate,  fusiform,  subterete,  the  greatest  depth  4^  Ia  4{ 
in  len^  ;  head  email,  couical,  4}  ia  leD»tb;  month  quits 
large,  with  fiill,  tbiek  lips,  tbe  npp«T  very  wide  and  pentlest, 
with  about  6  rows  of  very  strong  papilts  :  tower  lip  I 
lobed,  Blmilarly  papillose:  interorbital  space  wide,  cod  t< 
eye  elevated,  pcielerior,  qoite  small:  lias  moderate;  dUMl 


OENUS  CAT08TOMU8.  161 

the  course  of  the  lateral  line  and  about  28  in  a  cross-Bories 
from  dorsal  to  ventrals:  coloration  very  dark;  fins  dasky; 
scales  everywhere  finely  punctate.  Size  large. .  tahoensis,  32. 
gg.  Body  elongate,  snbterete,  the  depth  4^  to  4f  in  length :  head  quite 
long  and  slender,  4^  to  4}  in  length,  depressed  and  flattened 
above,  broad  at  base,  but  tapering  into  a  long  snout,  which 
considerably  overhangs  the  large  mouth :  lips  thick,  coarsely 
tuberculate,  the  upper  lip  narrow,  with  2  or  3  rows  of 
tubercles:  eye  rather  small,  behind  the  middle  of  the  head: 
scales  very  small,  much  crowded  forwards,  95  to  114  in  the 
course  of  the  lateral  line,  and  about  29  (26  to  31)  in  a  cross 
row  from  dorsal  to  ventrals :  dorsal  rays  10  or  11 :  males  in 
spring  with  the  head  and  anal  fin  profasely  tuberculate,  the 
tubercles  on  the  head  small ;  the  sides  at  that  season  with  a 
broa<l   rosy   band:    size    large;  the    largest  species  in   the 

gecns LONGiuosTRis,  34. 

ff.  Upper  lip  very  broad,  with  several  (5  or  6)  rows  of  large  papillie. 
L  Body  long  and  slender,  snbterete,  compressed  behind,  the  form 
essentially  that  of  C.  longirostris,  the  depth  contained  5|  times 
in  the  length :  head  large,  4  in  length  of  body,  the  interorbital 
space  broad  and  flat,2|  in  length  of  head :  eye  small,  high  up 
and  rather  posterior:  preorbital  bone  very  long  and  blender, 
its  length  about  three  times  its  depth  :  mouth  large,  precisely 
as  in  C  latipinnia^  the  upper  lip  pendent,  very  largo,  with  5  to 
8  ceries  of  tubercles :  dorsal  iiu  not  t  longated  or  especially 
elevated,  its  rays  11,  the  beginning  of  the  dorsal  much 
nearer  base  of  caudal  than  pnout :  caudal  liii  long  and  strongly 
forked :  anal  fin  long  and  high,  reaching  base  of  candul :  ven- 
trals not  reaching  vent :  candal  ped ancle  stout  and  deep,  its 
least  depth  more  than  one-third  length  of  head,  its  length 
about  two-thirds  that  of  head  :  scales  quite  small,  about  as  in 
longirostriSj  the  exyiosed  portion  not  notably  lengthened: 
chest  with  well-developed  scales ;  scales  lG-100-14  :  coloration 
dusky  brown,  a  dusky  lateral  band,  pale  below,  the  dark  colors 
extending  low;  snout  quite  dark:  size  large..  i:kti{<)pi:<nis,  35. 
iL  Body  slender  and  elongate,  the  caudal  peduncle  especially  long  and 
very  slender,  the  depth  3^  in  the  length:  bead  motierato,  41 
in  length,  rather  slender,  with  prominent  snout  and  rather 
contracted,  inferior  mouth  ;  outline  of  the  mouth  triangular, 
the  apex  forwards;  the  lips  very  thick,  greatly  developed,, 
lower  lip  incised  to  the  base,  its  posterior  margin  extending 
backwards  to  opposite  the  eye :  jaws  with  a  slight  cartila- 
ginons  pellicle :  eye  small,  high  u\} :  preorbital  bone  broad, 
scarcely  twice  as  long  as  deep:  scales  long  and  low,  posteri- 
f  roooded,  their  horizontal  diameter  greater  than  the  vor- 


IH2    C0NTBIBUTI0K8  TO  NOKTH  AH2BICAN  ICHTHTOLOQT — ID. 

tical,   17-96  to  105-17 :    fins  aetmtnJj    aerelopvd,  mmk 

moto  elevated  in  the  nialee  tbao  in  the  female,  Ihe  free 
bonli^r  nf  the  dorsal,  in  tbe  males  at  leiOBt,  deeply  inditn)-  io 
tbo  mnles,  tb«  lieight  of  eacb  of  tbe  three  verliral  6m  »  . 
greater  (ban  tbe  leuglb  of  Ibe  bead:  dorsal  ntj»  1.%  iV 
begintiLii^  r&tber  oeorer  soont  Ibao  base  of  dorsal:  cindalli 
especially  etroDg,  tbu  mdimeDtarf  Tay»  at  its  base  DOBeaiUf 
developed  :  least  depth  of  caudal  pedaacle  le^a  than  ooe-Uiiii 
length  of  bead:  colorfttion  ratbet  si  Ivory,  the  tniOea  prohiblf 

rosy  aodtnbercnlatc  In  spring,. tJ.Tirtinta.3L 

4t  Footnnulle  iilnioat  obliterated,  reduced  to  »  narrow  slit:  each  jaw  with  i«l 
developed  cartlluginous  ebeath  (as  in  Fanlotieui). 
j.  Body  subterete, compresseil  behind, tbe  dtplb  5  in  lenelb:  < 
terorbilnl  Kpat^e  2  in  head:  head  qnile  short,  broad  tuk 
rounded  tibovo,  41  in  length :  eye  small,  far  back  and  higb  vf 
li  in  head  :  manth  very  large,  inferior,  beneath  the  ptvjirii^ 
snout:  npper  lip  very  full, pendent, irith  about  5Toirsi/l 
berries  n^iouit:  lover  lip  very  full,  mmlertitely  inoi«ed,«l 
nbont  10  rona,  a  noteh  separating  tbe  npper  lip  frootl 
lower,  ejcb  Jaw  \Tith  a  slightly  curved  cartlltiginoDs  abeathM 
Sis  eilg)',  tbe  tivo  parRllel  with  each  other  and  6lling  cl 
together:  (Ids  small:  dorsal  rays  11;  caoilal  little  la 
scutoa  Ifi-OO-ll.very  wncb  reiluwd  forwards  and  sitbJMtll 
luuiiy  im'gularilics:  colors dnsky :  8izetn>alI..DLSCUBOLnifl 

:'4.  t'ATOSTOMUS  MGKICANS  Lc  Sueur, 
ll-j   Smtrr.     Hog    .Vulltl.     Ilof    Mal'g.     Crt,a-l^.tolum,    .S(ob«  BoHer.    Slon 


OAT08TOHU8  KIQRICAK8.  163 

WjfMttiimm  ui§flmM  Irmnun  il  rciriT  iTm.  Phnrlr  Tilnt.  Ififi.  IfTTn 

CulMl$mw9  «%riMM  Jobdjji,  Ann.  Lye  Nfti.  HUt.  N.  Y.  zi,  345, 1877. 

Bn^midimm  wigrkmi  JoRiUN  A  Oilbsrt,  Id  Klippart'f  Bept.  63, 1876. 

^ffmMUm  «%riMM  Jordav,  Boll.  U.  8.  Nat.  Hna.  iz,  34, 1877. 

JjywUHMw  M§rkmm9  Jordan,  Mui.  Vert.  ed.  Sd,  319, 1878. 
lOff-CMtiHMif  waenlogiit  Zis  Bdsur,  Joarn.  Ac  Nat.  So.  Phila.  103. 

CrittliMi  naoalotiit  DsKat,  New  York  Faana,  part  i^,  Fishes,  203, 1842. 

CsitsliMt  wwrfotm  Cuvna  &  VALEKCiKimEs,  Hist  Nat  dee  Poles.  zvii,454, 
1814. 

Ortssfeemt  mmimlanu  Storbr,  Synopsis,  422, 1840. 

CtOatUmnu  wumUonu  Uhlbb  db  Lugger,  Fishes  of  Maryland,  139, 1870. 
lOf-finDfflostiMi  WMonpterum  Rafinssquk,  Jonm.  Ao.  Nat  8c.  Phila.  420. 

BffmUUmm  m€enpt&rum  Rafinrsqub,  loh.  Oh.  68, 1820. 

Sjgfmi§Umm  mmenpUrum  Eirtland,  Bept  Zool.  Ohio,  168, 1838. 

JBsdfiessnw  wuteropterum  Cu  vier  Sl  Valbncixkkes,  zvii,  480, 1844. 

Aif  loetiMi  maenptemm  Storer,  Synopsis,  488, 1846. 
UBMSttotlMiiit  xanlkopua  Bafikesque,  Ich.  Oh.  57. 

WM  GilfftoMiis  f  wkegaitomma  Bafinesqub,  loh.  Ob.  59.    (Most  likely  mythical. ) 
IMi-*Gi«otfMHis  jifanloppf  CtrviER  A  Valekcixmneb,  Hist.  Nat.  desPoissons,  zyU,  450, 
pL5ia 

GtlMloaisfp/aaioqM  Storbr,  Synopsis,  426^  1846. 

aa,  Sabepeeies  efowaNM. 

ttn-Crttiemas  nigrioana  var.  etowmnu  Jordan,  Ann.  Lyo.  Nat  Hist  N.  Y.  zi,  345. 

HABfTAT.— New  York  and  Maryland  to  North  Carolina ;  west  to  the  Great  Plains, 
▼tr.  etemniM  in  the  Alabama  Bi  ver.  Most  common  in  the  Central  Mississippi  Basin ;  not 
^Mwn  ftom  the  streams  of  the  Sooth  Atlantic  States,  ezcepting  the  Ssyannah  Biver. 

This  specie^  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  and  widely  distributed  of 
oorSackers.  It  abounds  in  rapids  and  sboals,  especially  in  tbe  larger 
streams,  and  its  singular,  almost  comical  form  is  familiar  to  every 
icbool-boy  in  tbe  West.  Its  powerful  pectoral  fins  render  it  a  swifter 
^  in  the  water  tban  any  others  of  its  family.  Its  habit  is  to  rest 
BOtioolesson  tbe  bottom,  where  its  mottled  colors  render  it  difiScult  to 
^Df^sh  from  the  stones  among  which  it  lies.  When  disturbed,  it 
darts  away  very  quickly,  after  tbe  manner  of  the  Etheostomoids.  They 
0^  go  in  flocks  of  eight  to  ten.  I  have  never  yet  found  tl^s  species 
m  really  niuddy  water,  and  when  placed  in  the  aquarium  it  is  one  of 
tkc  very  first  fishes  to  feel  the  influence  of  impure  water.  In  my  expe- 
^^oe,  it  is  a  fish  as  peculiar  to  the  clear  streams  as  the  species  of 
^^^^Mama  or  Uranidea  are.  Professor  Agassiz  speaks  of  it  as  the 
Und Sucker,  and  has  named  it  Rylomyzonjin  allusion  to  its  mnd-loving 
Mta.  It  is  fortunate  that  that  name  has  become  a  synonym,  for  it  is 
ctttainly  a  misnomer. 

^hk  Booker  reaohes  a  length  of  abont  18  inches.    It  is  not  mncb  valued 


164     CONTEIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMEEICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY HI. 

as  food,  bat  is  often  oaagbt  by  boys  with  a  spear  or  snaie.  In  companj 
with  other  species  of  Catotowus  and  itgxostoma,  it  aaccnAa  allonr  WeM- 
em  atrciims  in  April  for  the.  purposo  of  dpjiositing  its  spaivo. 

The  Soiitliern  form,  wbicb  I  have  dosiguated  as  viir.  etowatim.  Is  nioR 
inteusely  coUired  and  differs  in  some  minor  resiiects.  It  fregiienli 
great  abundance,  tbe  clear  tributaries  of  tlie  Etowah,  Oostanuiil»,  and 
Coosa  Rivers,  ia  company  with  Potamocottus  meridlonatia  (jopAcriM),  i 
species  to  which  the  young  of  the  Catostomvs  bears  much  rcseiublauce 
as  seen  iu  the  water. 

The  synonymy  of  this  species  has  been  well  worlied  out  by  PiofraM 
Agassiz.  The  variations  iu  age  and  appearauw  have  given  ri«e  toli 
number  of  nomiual  species,  most  of  which  have,  however,  already  \m 
disposed  of.  The  oldest  Fpecific  name,  niffricam,  has  beeu  the  one  dm 
generally  employed.  The  generic  name  used  de]>endB  ou  whether  1 
cousiOer  this  si)ecies  geneiically  distinct  from  tlie  ty|)e  of  Catoalomtn 
not.  It  would  seem — if  we  umy  tto  spealt — as  if  Mature  bad  iulradl 
Hypentelium  for  n  distinct  genus,  but  not  being  an  expert  in  geucff 
ehanicters,  had  failed  to  provide  it  with  any  which  can  Btaud  our 
The  name  Rylomyzon,  being  a  simple  synonym  of  Ht/pcntelium,  o\ 
caunot  be  used.  Baflnesque^s  accouut  is  much  inferior  to  that  of  P> 
fessor  Agassiz,  and  the  figure  given  by  him  i.s  one  of  the  vnnl 
published,  still  his  typical  species  is  readily  identifiable,  and  hia  i 
for  it  cannot  be  set  aside. 


CAT08T01CU8  INSIGNI&  165 

2S.  OATOBTOMUS  OLABEI  Baird  &  Girard. 

CUurV§  Swsktr. 

ttSMMflMMt  olmrkH  Baiiid  Sl  Girard,  Proo.  Pbila.  Ao.  Nat.  80. 27. 

Ca»Mtmmu$' aUarkU  Aoassiz,  Am.  Jonni.  8c  ArU,  2d  eeries,  xix,  S06, 1656. 
Mkimmm»0larm  Girard,  Proo.  Ao.  Nat.  80.  Phila.  173, 1856. 
Jfia— Mi  olmrkU  Girard,  U.  8.  Hex.  Bound.  8arv.  lohtb.  38,  pi.  xxii,  f.  5-8, 1859. 
Ct«00foMtit  oUarJM  Jordan  Sl  Cofblamd,  Cbeok  List,  166, 1876. 

Habttat.— Bio  Saota  Cmz  in  Arizona. 

Hothiog  is  known  of  this  speoies  except  fh>m  the  figure  given  by 
Oinrd  and  the  descriptions  published  by  Baird  and  Girard.  The 
ttigiusl  lupes  of  the.  species  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  Museum,  and 
there  are  no  specimens  of  recent  collection  which  appear  to  belong  to 
it  It  seemsi  however,  to  be  a  valid  species,  related  to  0.  itrngnis. 
Bi  Hps  have  not  been  figured,  hence  I  can  only  infer  that  it  belongs  to 
tke  gioop  with  a  narrow  upper  lip. 

226.  OATOSTOMUS  INBIGNIS  Baird  &  Girard. 

S^tM  Shaker, 

UM-CilofftoimM  inHgnii  Baikd  &  Girard,  Proo.  Philn.  Ao.  Nat  8c.  28, 1854. 
Minomu9  inHgnU  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  8c.  Pbila.  173, 1856. 
Mimmua  iniignia  Girard,  U.  8.  Mex.  Bound.  8nrv.  lobtb.  37,  pi.  xxi,  f.  1-4, 1859. 
Cal09tcmu9  inMgne  Cope  &  Yarrow,  Wbeeler's  Expl.  W.  lOOtb  Mer.  v,  Zool. 

676, 1876. 
CalotfoMiftf  intignia  Jordan  &,  Copelamd,  Check  List,  1.56, 1876. 

Habitat.— Tribntaries  of  the  Rio  Gila. 

The  original  types  of  this  species,  from  the  Eio  San  Pedro,  are  now 
lost  The  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Rotbrock  in  Ash  Greek,  Arizona, 
•Dd  referred  to  this  species  by  Professor  Cope,  undoubtedly  belong 
1^^  The  species  is  a  well-marked  one,  both  as  to  form  and  coloration. 
The  genas  Minomusj  of  which  it  was  made  the  type,  appears,  however, 
to  have  no  tangible  existence. 

Spedmena  in  United  Statei  National  Muaeum. 


Jtumber. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

ie:s6 

Aab  Creek.  Arizona 

Dr.  J.  T.  Rotbrock. 

166    CONTBIBUTION8  TO  NOETH  AHEBfCAlT  ICHTHTOLOGT — ^IIL 
27.  CATOSTOMUS  TERES  {MUekitt)  Le  8umr. 

Comaio*  Swka:     fFhit«  Sudcer.     Brook  Saclxr.    Fime-tealtd  Satlm: 

16IB— X4  Cgprin  ooniiurMMicii  LActp^Dis,  HiaL  Nat.  des  Foim.  v,  503,  GOSL 

Caimtamiu  wmmcrwBff  Jokdak,  Maa.  Vert.  ed.  2A,  380, 1878. 

18 Csprina*  ealMimua  Pbck,  Hem.  Am.  Acad,  ii,  pt.  2,  p.  55,  pi.  S,  t*.    (Rot  I 

FoTster.) 
IBU— CjipHnM  (ere*  Hircmu.,  Lit.  and  PhiL  Tniu.  New  York,  i,  45& 

CataaUmut  tera  Lk  Sukdr,  Joam.  Ac.  Nat  8c.  Phila.  108, 1817. 

CobMfaMH*  («nM  Thompson,  Hiat.  Vt.  134,  liNZ 

CatoalimiM  (n-n  Covibr  &  Tai.ekcieknes,  xii,  468,  1844. 

Catoitonuu  lera  SroRKR,  Synopsis,  493,  194C. 

Catotlonua  tern  Aqabsiz,  Am.  Jonm,  So.  Art*,  3d  wries,  xix,  SO^  I8BE. 

Caio*iom*t  lert*  GUmthbk,  Cat.  llshee  Brit.  Mdb.  vH,  IS,  1868. 

CatMUmuu  Utm  Cope.  Pioe.  Am.  Pbiloi.  Soc  Phila.  468, 18T0. 

Cotoilonx  tern  Jordan,  Fiahea  ui  lad.  221, 1875. 

Catotiomua  lera  Jobdaji.  Man.  Veit.  293, 1876. 

Cnhxtoniw  leva  Nelson,  Bull.  No.  1,  Ills.  Kan.  Nat. Hist  48, 1876.      ' 

Catottomiu  tera  Jordan  St,  Copeland,  Check  List,  156, 1878. 

Cato»tomtu  Itret  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  in  Elippart's  Bept.  53, 1876. 

CatotfomM  tertt  Jordan  Sl  Gh^BERT,  1q  Klippart'a  Firet  Beport  Ohio  Flth  Oi 
niesiOD,  84,  pL  xii,  f.  18-19, 1877. 

Calottomut  tera  Jordak,  Bull.  U.  6.  Nat.  Mas.  ii,  37, 1877. 
1817— CafostoaiM  comniHiiu  Le  Sueur,  Joarn.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  i,  95. 

CaCottimiiM  wmniatti*  DkKay,  New  York  Funoa,  part  iv,  FisfaM,  196,  ISM. 

Calottonmt  comanati»  CuviER  St  Valencibnnks,  Hist.  Nat.   dca  I 
4S6. 1844. 

LAXIi,  Rii^lriji  Jiiurn.  N'at.  Hial.  v,2C5, 1315. 


CATOSTOMUS   TERES.  167 

XS3l^-'Cato$Uimu9  prsdAt  Kirti«and,  Bept.  ZocL  Ohio,  168. 

183H— CfUoftoMiM  nigriooM  Storrr,  Rept.  Ich.  Mass.  86.    (Not  of  Le  Snear.; 

Catoatamua  nigrioaii8  Thompson,  Hisf.  Vermout,  135, 1642. 
lBi»-Cat08tomtt$  paUidiu  DkKay,  Now  York  Faaoa,  part  i v,  Fisho  >,  200. 

Cat09iamus  pal1idu9  Storbr,  Synopsis,  426, 1646. 
Wi—Caio$tamm8  aureolua  Cuvier  &  Valknciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Poiss.  xvii,  439. 
(Notof  LeSaear.) 
CatmUmus  anreolms  Gt^NTHER,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mas.  vii,  16, 1868. 
l^Sf^—CatoBtamus /or$Urianu8  AoA88iz,Luke  Superior,  358. 
\^S&-Cato$tamuafar8terianu8  Aoassiz,  Am.  Jouro.  Sc.  Arts,  2d  series,  xix,  208. 

Awmu$for8teriaRU8  Giilard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phi  la.  173, 1856. 
\956-Cato8tamH9  mcklU  Girard,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  175. 

CotottoHUM  tueklH  Girard,  U.  S.  P^.  R.  R.  Expl.  x,  pi.  li,  226, 1858. 
Cato8tomu9  $ucklU  Cope,  Uayden's  Geo].  Surv.  Wyomiog,  1870, 434, 1872. 
CatoatamuB  suckUjfi  Jordan  &  Copeiand,  Check  List,  156, 1876. 
\XfO-f  C€io9tomua  texanus  Abbott,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  473. 

f  CatostamuB  texanut  Jordan  &,  Copeland,  Check  List,  156, 1876. 
I960— CaiMfamiM  cklaropteron  Abbott,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  473. 
Ca^OftomaM  chJoropierum  Cope,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  85,  1865. 
CQto8tamus  ohloropterua  Jordan  &  Coprland,  Check  List,  156,  1876. 
\^Si^--Cata9iamM  alticolui  Cope  &  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v«  Zool.  677. 

OUostomus  aliioolus  Jordan  &,  Copeland,  Check  List,  156, 1876. 
ld76-ifozMfoma  triBiffnatum  (Cope)  Cop£&  Yarrow,  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v, 
ZooL679. 
ErimjfMon  trisignaius  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  157, 1876. 
Uabitat. — All  streams  from  Labrador  to  Florida  and  westward  to  the  Rocky  Moaot- 
MM.   Everywhere  abundaot.    The  most  widely  distributed  of  the  Catostamidce. 

This  species  is  the  commonest  of  all  tbe  Suckers  in  nearly  every 
8ti««u  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In  Canada,  in  New  England,  in 
the  Great  Lakes,  in  tbe  Mi8sissii)|>i  Valley,  in  South  Carolina,  in  Georgia, 
»n  Alabama,  it  is  everywhere  tbe  commonest  Sucker,  and  it  certainly 
occurs  in  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Texas,  tbougb  bow 
abundantly  I  am  unable  to  say. 

Thi8  species  is  everywhere  tbe  one  to  wbicb  the  name  of  "Sucker" 
primarily  belongs,  the  other  species,  tbougb  often  called  '*  Sucker",  as 
asort  of  general  term,  receiving  tbe  special  names  of  Red  Horse,  Buffalo, 
Mallet,  Chub  Sucker,  etc. 

This  species  is  subject  to  considerable  variations  in  different  waters. 
'd  Bhaded  brooks,  it  is  dark-colored  and  rather  slender.  In  open  or 
niaddy  waters,  it  becomes  pale.  In  tbe  Great  Lakes,  it  often  reaches  a 
wnsiderable  size  and  a  proportional  stoutness  of  body.  The  adult  is 
Mttally  uniformly  colored  above.  Young  fishes  IJ  to3  inches  in  length 
^  often  variegated,  and  sometimes  show  three  or  four  lateral  dark 

f 


168    CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  NOBTH  UfEJUCAM  ICHTRYOLOOT— 

blotches,  wbicb  are  fwrnetimes  couflaeDt  into  an  irregular  doal 
Such  little  fitihes  asuully  have  the  lateral  tine  im[»errect.  Od  8 
noQiinal  species  Maxoatoma  trMgnatum  was  based. 

The  male  fishes  in  the  spring  show  a  more  or  less  diatinct  pi 
roe;  lateral  baod.  The  males  and  femalea  asceod  the  small  sti 
the  spring  for  the  purpose  of  depositiug  tbeir  spawn.  The  coii 
of  their  times  of  migration  with  that  of  sooae  of  the  early  settlet 
Dots,  who  used  to  come  up  from  New  Orleans  in  the  spring,  n 
in  the  fall,  has  K'^en  to  the  natives  of  that  State  the  slang 
"Suckers",  as  aatives  of  Michigan  were  called  "  Wolverenes";  o 
sota,  "Uophers";  of  Wisconsin,  "Badgers'^;  of  Indiana,  "Hoosi 
Ohio,  "Buckeyes";  and  of  Missouri,  "Pukes". 

I  have  elsewhere  adopted  the  name  '•  eommtmoni"  for  this 
inasmuch  aa  there  ia  little  doulit  that  it  is  the  "Cgprin  eommeri 
of  Lac^pede,  as  has  long  since  been  noticed  by  Yalenoienues. 

Dr.  Giiitther  quotes,  in  the  syuoDymy  of  Catoib)mut  teres,  "< 
co»iffl£rj<rtn/ii)  Liic^pede";  but,  ou  examination  of  Lnc^ipMe's  wo 
unable  to  find  that  he  uses  the  uiime  commeraoni,  urJn  facC  any 
name  whatever  for  the  species,  :tnd  as  priority  of  date  can  h 
claimed  for  a  French  name  like  ^'Cyprin  commersonien",  I  am  a 
to  fall  bnek  on  Mitcbill's  very  appropriate  name  teres  for  the 
The  identity  of  C.  tere*  of  Mitchill,  C.  communis  and  C.  bostonien. 
Sueur,  C.  reliculatun  uf  Kichiirdiion,  C  gracilis  of  Kirtlaud,  and  C. 
of  DeRiiy  bus  been  loni;  since  shown,  and  has  been  generally  i 


?-^ 


OAT08TOMU8   TEBKS.  169 

iSfes  of  C,  sueklii  are  loBt,  bat  C.  teres  occurs  in  tbe  Upper  Mluooti 
ngiun,  auil  Girnrd's  desciiptioD  Liutaiituo  eiieciBc  difllBretice.  CatotUh 
HI  cMornptemn,  Abbott  is  evidently  tbe  eaoie.  €aU>»tomut  texaina 
AbtwtU  deacribed  from  a  dried  specimen,  is  leas  clear,  botwhat  there  is 
flf  ii;»ecifl(;  cbsiracterizalioD  iii  tlie  deacription  points  to  C.terea.  The 
4trwil  cariuutiou  is  frequently  observed  iu  stuffed  fittbes  id  vbioh  some 
1bbI]  is  Ifft  iti  tlje  back  to  sbriuk  in  drying,  tenvingtbeback  "carinated". 
I  have  examined  several  of  tbe  types  of  Catostomua  altioobuGoye. 
Aey  are  all  mr&II  fishea,  not  oue-fourth  ^romi,  and,  as  usnal  in  yoang 
lAcs,  tbe  bond  appenrs  proportiounlly  large.  I  see,  however,  no  rea- 
n  for  considering  Ibem  different  from  Valostomus  terea.  Moaoatoma 
lrifvii'ir«iN  I  have  already  referred  to.  The  aliaeuce  of  the  lateral  line 
lldQe  to  tlioir  youth,  not  to  tbeir  belonging  to  a  different  gena& 
Ute  three  largo  tatenil  spots,  "  not  seeu  in  any  other  of  the  order,"  are 
j-lmiid  on  young  spovimens  of  Catostomim  generitlly.  I  have  examined 
.Iketjpea  of  ^^Moxottoma  trmijuaium^,  itnd  bave  foaod  apecimeDS  of 
'irinllar  size,  Kltuilarly  colored  and  without  lateral  line,  from  Hichigau  and 
,  (rhb  other  Western  States.  I  would  nndertnke  to  mutch  them  from  any 
l^ttnamin  the  West.  Tbe  reference  of  these  speoiuens  to  'Moxoatama 
Wf^tipnti,)  wad  probably  tbe  result  of  a,  very  hasty  examiaatioD. 


^W 

Loc(Uit7. 

CollMtor. 

Dr.  Eennerlr. 

•»m 

HBri«tta,Obio 

"awtt 

7706 

*707 

■aTTT 

aaie 

• 

B«l 

BM 

tm 

fonHito.C«iwl» 

1 70    CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  HOBTH  AHBBICAN  ICHTHTOLCK 

SpeemaiM  in  Unilei  BlaUt  NalUMal  Mutemm — Coationed. 


Number. 

Locatity. 

8689 

B 

e:-2a 

Huron  Hlvof,  MicbigM 

S 

m&9 

8834 

Oswego,  N.  T -.... 

H870 

Alabamii 

&m 

mei 

Miaaouri  {!) 

B 

B 

C, 

1M!46 

Bluck  River .... 

J. 
J. 

1114^ 

Saiirtiinky,  Ohio 

■ 

CAT08T0MUS  HACBOCHILUS. 


171 


ill  United  States  T(aUonal  iftf«eiim— ContiDued. 


Kunber. 


S0241 

wm 

a02S6 

99266 
20267 
20260 
20316 
20344 
20377 
20382 
20454 


wm 


Locality. 


PiermoDty  N.  T 

Ifailiaon,  Wis 

QaeUec,  Canada 

Fox  River,  Wisconsin 

Sing  Sing 

Boot  RiTer,  Wisconsin 

Potomac  River 

Potomac  River , 

Platte  Valley  I  Nebraska 

Wilkesbarre,  Pa 

Etowah  River,  Qeorgia 

Salada  River,  Sonth  Carolina 
Fort  Bridger,  Wyoming 


Collector. 


S.  F.  Baird. 
S.  F.  Baird. 

S.  F.  Baird. 
S.  F.  Baird. 
8.  F.  Baird. 
S.  F.  Baird. 

Goode  &  Bean. 
Hoose. 

L.  H.Taylor. 
D.  S.  Jordan. 
D.  S.  Jordan. 


28,*  CAT08T0MUS  MACROCHILUS  Oirard. 

Large-lipped  Suo'er, 

^^^^Cat0»tomu$  macrocheilu8  Girakd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sc.  Phila.  175. 

ColottamuB  macrocheilua  Girakd,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Expl.  x,  225, 1858. 
(ktoitomus  macrochilHS  GCntukr,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mus.  vii,  20, 1868. 
(ktottamuB  macrockilu8  Jordan  &  Cofeland,  Chvck  List,  156, 1876. 

Hamiat. — Columbia  River. 

Only  the  original  type  of  this  species  is  known.  It  is  an  adult  spe- 
tttteo,  well  preserved.  Althongli  this  species  seems  closely  related  to 
^* (occidentalism  I  am  disposed  to  consider  it  distinct,  as  tbe  mouth  is 
^<^bly  larger  than  in  any  occidentalis  which  I  have  seen.  Tbe  exami- 
Ution  of  a  large  series  of  specimens  may,  however,  render  it  necessary 
to  QDite  them. 


Spedmena  in  United  States  National  Museum, 


Haber. 


Locality. 


•^  Oregon  (type  macrockilus) 


Collector. 


Lieut.  Trowbridge. 


s/ecundus  Cope  &  Yarrow,  see  Addenda,  p.  219. 


172     C0NTR1BDTI0N8  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHTOLOOT ffl 

29.  OATOSTOMDS  OCCIDENTALIS  Ayres. 

'  If'ailerH  Sacker. 

1B£4— CnlMlonua  ocddmtalit  Avrbs,  Proo.  CaL  Ac,  Mat-  Sc.  i,  18. 

CaloalomiM  oceideHtalU  AOASSIZ,  Am.  JoaTa.  So.  Ails.  2d  avnet,  lii,  W.  W- 

(CuHcribed  OS  uqiiit  B|>ecioB.) 
CtKoaloRiiu  occidrnialit  Gikajid,  Prcw.  Ac.  tinl.  Sc.  PhiU.  114,  1856. 
Caluatonni  iKxideiitalit  GlKSJlt),  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R  Eiiil.  i,  -224,  IffiS. 
Cafoaioniiu  occiilenfalii'  GD.ntqer,  Cat  FUhos  Brit.  Mus.  vi:,  IT,  1S6S. 
'     Catoatomaa  otxidmlalU  JORDAN  A  CopsuiHD,  Cbeck  Ltat,  150,   ISTri     (Xu' 
OQly.) 
185(i— f  t'aiiMlmiiH  bimardiHi  Gibahp,  Ptae.  Ao.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  175. 

t  Caioalontua  btvitardini  GlltARU,  U.  S.  &Iex.  Bonod.  Ichth.  40,  pi.  23,  t.  \-i,  Oi- 
t  CaKaloniig  bernar^ni  GCktiibic,  Cat.  FiHiies  Brit.  Mas.  v.  7,  17,  Ir/EH. 

Habitat. — Stri^nms  went  of  tbo  Rockj  Mountains,  [inibatily  gponrallj'  distnlin"^ 
TtiU  species  was  ili'scribed  almost  MmultaoeouHly  uodiT  ilic  fion 
uame  by  Dr.  Ayrea  and  Profossor  Agassiz.  Sioee  then  it  baa  bv#u  litilt 
noticed  by  iulittiyologistH,  ani)  its  distributiou  bus  rcmainetl  uiioerUtii' 
The  few  specimens  in  the  National  Museum  indicate,  bowerer, 
distribuliuD.  I  bave  here  united  Calontomus  bemardini  Gir.inl  loC. 
occidcntalin.  The  single  specimen  made  rbe  type  of  C,  beraardi 
so  that  we  can  probably  never  know  exactly  for  what  the  author  *!!■ 
tended  the  name.  The  size  of  the  dorsal  and  the  form  of  the  moathw 
given  in  Girard's  figure  indicate  a  species  of  Catostomuit  iatli«r  ttui 


GATOeTOMUS  TAH0EN8IS. 


173 


90.  OATOSTOMUS  LABIATUS  Ayrw. 

Tktdt'Vpped  Sadler. 

I 

1865--GilMlMMit  IMmiM  Aybxs,  Proo.  Cal.  Ao.  Nat  So.  i,  32. 

CffOftoMttt  UMtam$  QiRAKD,  Proo.  Ao.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  175, 1856. 
CUottoanif  IMaiiu  Qirard,  U.  S.  Pao.  B.  B.  Expl.  x,  224, 1858. 
dtottomif  loUatHf  Jobdak  A  Cofbland,  Cheok  List,  156, 1876. 

Habitat.— StreMM  of  Ora^n  (Klamath  Lake). 

I  have  seeu  only  the  specimeii  from  which  -Girard's  description  was 
takeo.  Like  nuteroehilus^  this  species  afipears  distinct  from  occidentaliiy 
but  the  examiDation  of  a  larger  series  of  specimens  is  uecessaiy  to 
proTe  it  At  present,  it  appears  to  differ  from  maorochilus  and  ocoiden- 
teKf  in  the  Bmaller  size  of  the  dorsal  fin. 

S^eohmwa  in  United  SUkUb  yatUmal  Mueenm. 


Hnabv. 


Looality. 


S39    KUmath  Lako,  Oregon , 


Collector. 


Dr.  John  S.  Newberry. 


31.  0AT0STOMU8  ARfflOPUS  Jardaiij  sp.  nov. 

Hard'keaded  Sucker. 
^^^^--CotetUmme  ontopue  Jordan,  MSS.,  Wbeeler'n  Report  Sarv.  W.  100th  Mer.  (ined,). 

This  species  represents  C.  discobolus  in  the  section  Deccbdactylus,  Its 
^^  narrow  fontanelle  and  sheathed  lips  indicate  its  close  relation  to 
^aatoaf^eux.  The  specific  name  is  from  apaioq^  small,  thin ;  o;r^,  hole  or 
•pertore.    The  typical  specimens  were  from  Kern  River,  California. 


Spedmene  in  United  States  National  Mhaeum, 


Knabrr. 


mo7 

17103 


Locality. 


Collector. 


Kern  River,  Cal.  (type) H.  W.  Hooshaw 


Careon  River,  Nevada 


H.  W.  Henshaw. 


32.  CATOSTOMUS  TADOENSIS  Gill  &  Jordan. 

Sucker  of  Lake  Tahof. 

^^^^Acomue  generoeun  Cooper,  CroiiiBe^H  Nut.  Wt-alth  Cal.  495.    (Not  of  Girard.) 
l^T^CaftMfomM  tahoensis  Gill  Sl  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  8.  Nat.  Mus.  xi,  p.  — . 

HABiTAT.—Lake  Tahoe,  Nevada. 

^e  Suc;ker  of  Lake  Tahoe  is  closely  related  to  Catost&mus  longirostris^ 
bataeems  to  differ  constantly  in  the  shorter  head  and  moro  contracted 


174     CONTHIBITTIONS  TO  NOETH  AMERICAN  ICHXnYOLOQY — 111. 

bmly.  It  it^said  to  be  very  abundant  in  LakoTaboe.  "Tbeyarctuigbt 
it)  uelH  and  souietimea  witb  tbe  book,  but  like  all  this  family  are  tatte 
poor  as  tooil"  {Cooper).  Acomus  generosun  of  Giianl,  with  which  thii 
species  bas  bueu  ideutilled,  ia  a  very  diflfereut  spec.k-s,  l>eli>ui;iiig  la  I 
diffurcDt  g«^nus. 

Spticiineiu  in  UtiUfd  Stale*  Natto-Mt  JfuMum. 


Locality. 


5240     Luke  Taboo  (typi-s  C.  tahtmatii)  .. 
17109     LakaTohou 


Collrfltor. 


J.  G.  CouiM. 
H.  W.  HniilMw. 


33.  CATOSTOMUg  ROSTUATUS  {TUesiits)  Jordan. 

Siberian  SHclxr. 

1&13—"  CgpHnat  roatraitu  TiLBSius,  M^m.  Ar.  Sc.  St.  F^t«rBboiin;>  >*■  p-464,  Ub.1^ 

flgB.  1-2,  leij," 

Cspriniia  roalmtiu  PAI.1.A8,  Zoofir,  Bo«MvAHiat.  iii,  308. 
Cspnu$  rmfrotiM  GOntbkr,  Cut.  Flshea  Brit.  Mns.  sii,  13,  1668.    (AndoaWU 
RpecLPH  of  Calostomu.) 
im—CaloiKmai  tileaii  CuviHR  &.  Talkncikniiks,  Hist.  Nat.dM  PoisaoiM,S<rii,Ml 
KM4. 
Habitat. — Enetern  Siburia. 

No  writer  wince  Tilesius  Hcema  to  have  observed  this  fish.  It  is,  Im 
ever,  unquestionably  n  species  of  Valostomv*,  ullieil  to  and  perbaiM  ei 
identical  with  C.  longirostris.     Tbe  following  is  Tilesius's  deKcript 


OATOSTOlfUS  L0VGIB0STRI8.  175 

I  AnuDii  OTbta*  pUea  itihino Jngoli  adnftto,  oarne  tegitnr  Miborbitalt    Xoniiui 

pMm  iittxiina  kthnfma  omm  oo&oha  ftdinstar  fornioatft,  anteriaB  oum  obitiD  mar- 

giat  poitoriori  JudoIa.    JiMilriciMi  ftrmioMoftflipo  trindiata  inter  operoali  laminam 

MiwkigBiB   mlitiia  Qtrinqiie  appioadmatam  coarota  et  in  isthmo  gal»  ooi^anota. 

Gpiyw  dUongom  ereoiiim  miorolepidotain,  aqnamis  lAvibiu  sabtilissime   radiato- 

Ariatit  obloDgidy  ad  caput  minoribos  Tanot  anam  et  oandam  nujoribus  imbrioatom 

cmriiBCDlQm  leTiter  compiieMmni  yentre-doTBnaqae  coiiTexiim.    Litita  toieraUt reota 

medinm  corporis  panlolom  deeoendeoB  per  eeriein  eqnamaniiKi  poetioe  incUamm 

Tcmu  caadam  mtgis  ooospioaa.    Color  in  dorso  atro  codmleoB  Ditidoa,  yersiM 

hNm  MibaigeDteiia,  enbtos  albens.    PKmui  peotomlet  qaatnordecim  xadiatsB,  radii 

Miii  loDgiiaiiDi,  vaUtmlm  deoemradiats,  radia  primo  oeeeo  aoaminato,  dwtaUi  decern- 

ntiita  el  daodecimmdiata,  radio  primo  cnm  admiDicnlo  xadioali,  ultimo  breviasimo 

id  btain  asqoe  fieso,  omnibus  ad  apices  qnadrifidis,  dorsalis  pinna  Tcntralibos  oppo- 

riti,  anslis  p.  septemiadiata,  radio  primo  simplici  com  adminicnlo  radicali,  reliquis 

fiadrifidis,  tertio  longissimo  feptimo  brevissimo.     CamdaU$  pinna  bifuroa  lacinia 

iftferiorpaalomi^ornndecimradiata,  saperior  noTemradiata  tota  pinna  viginti  radiis 

nftilta  extremis  lateralibns  cnm  adminicnlo  radicali  oonnatis.    Radii  pennamm  ad 

cxtranitatis  qnsdrifidi  et  eztremi  ad  radices  dnplicati  vel  ex  binis  tmncis  connati, 

Vm  sb  rem  primns  dorsalis  longitndioaliter  ad  basin  snlcatns  est,  quod  etiam  in 

|riBK>  SDslis  et  candalibns  extremis  fere  ex  tribns  compositis  cemitor.    In  doraali  et 

nail  pinna  radii  valde  distant,  peotorales  ventrales  et  analis  pinnie  anreo-mbescentes. 

rt  ad  baain  prominentea,  pectorales  adeo  tnberose,  yentralinm  radices  per  mem- 

^■aaoiam  laminam  triangnlarem  sqnamatam  obtegnntnr.    Anna  oanfls  propior.    In- 

taa  Don  exploraftvi.    Characteribns  cietemm  generia  cyprinacei  ore  nimimm  edentnlo, 

doDtibotpost  branchial iboB,  nienibrnua  branchiostega  triradiata  utiinqne  instmotns 

«t  A  c«leberrimo  Mtrck  plnra  speciroa  ex  siccata  ex  CovymeD  fluvio  allata  Hunt, 

|iaiM>inin»  Tsebokutschan  debignata  sunt.    Annotavit  simal  idem,  'piscem  in  Lena 

^  Indigirca  ejavqne  collaterali  lapidoso    Dogdo  flaviis  copioBam  essu  sed   propter 

tttiooisvelocitatem  captn  difflcilem  eese  et  non  nisi  in  cosois  flaininnm  ranjis  hamo 

^  ftragatim  et  Telocissime  natare,  sapidissimum  cssterom,  exceptu  vere,  cum,  ova 

■ptfgDDl  nee  aristis  impeditam  pisoem  esse,  attamen  ab  accolis  Covynio)  et  lodigircA 

(qnictpot  tantem  in  deliciis  habet,  reliqna  canibns  cedunt)  non  multnm  SBstimari."' — 

ffuia,  Zooffraphia  Bomio-Jgiaiioa,  pp.  308-310.) 

34.  0ATOSTOMU8  LONGIROSTRT8  Xc  Sueur. 

Long-noted  Sucker.    Northern  Sucktr,    Red'Sided  Sucker, 

I^T^^CipKNiM  caio$iomu$  Forsier,  Philos.  Trans.  Ixiii,  155,  tab.  (>,  1773.'' 

C|fpHiitr«  cata»UmM$  Schneidku,  ed.  Blocb,  444, 1802. 
l^--CBltofOfliM«  longiroBirum  Lk  Sukur,  Jonm.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Phila.  102. 

CatoitomuB  longiro$trum  Thompson,  Hist.  Vt.  135, 1842. 

(kOottamus  langiroeirU  DrKay,  New  York  Fauna,  part  iv,  Fishes,  203, 1848. 

Catoetomus  longiroitrum  Cuvier  Sl  Valenciennes,  xvii,  453, 1844. 

GalMlomiM  langiroitrum  Storrr,  Synopsis,  421, 1846. 

Gifatfomss  lomgirostrum  Jordan  &  Copei^and,  Check  List,  150, 1876. 

GrtPfftaitts  Umgiroitrit  Jordan  &  Oilubrt,  in  Klippart'a  Ropt.  53, 1877. 
^-Caliildaiaa  Mimmlm  Lb  Subur,  Jonm.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  107. 


L 


1 76    CONTBIBUTIONS  TQ  NOBTH  AMERICAN  ICHTBTOLOGT — UL 

Caloitomut  budioniui  CuviRR  &.  ViLKKCiKHNKa,  HlBt.Tfat.de«PoiM(nw,XTS,' 
1644. 

CalMtoniat  hudtiyniui  gTOREn,  S;DopsiB,  419,  lti46. 

Catoatonui  hudmmiva  Agabbie,  Aid.  Joam.  8o.  ArU,Sd  uriea,  xiz,  908, 166& 

CaloilomaK  hadiofiat  GOnthkh, Cat. FUbes  Brit.  Htu.  vil,  13, 186tl 

Caloftnmui  hadminiai  JuMixtN,  Man.  Vert.  293, 1874 

Caloetomun  haiiaoniui  Nblson.  Bull.  No.  1,  I[1b.  Mds.  Nut.  Hint.  46, 1876. 
Iel23— rodwfonnj  forsUrianut  Hicn*ui)aos,  Kranklin'i  Jonrasl,  720. 

Catoitomii'  /onlerianus  Richardson,  Fanna  Bor.-Amer.lii,  Fishes,  116,  IB3& 

Caloilamut  /ortlerianui  DeKay,  New  York  f'aaiM,  part  Iv,  Fiahee,  303, 144!. 

CaMtomut  fortteriantu  CnviRR  &.  VALENCiENMca,  Hist.  yst.  dM  Poimxir,  x 
i(a,  1444. 

Caloilontue  forelcrianva  Sturkh,  Synopsis,  419, 1H46. 

Acomna  foratiria»ii>  Giiiarh,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  Sc.  Pbila.  172,  1856. 

Caloilamua  fontrrianat  Pctnam,  Bull.  Miis.  Cotnp.  Zuol.  10, 1H63. 

Calottomua  fonlerianaa  Jordan  &.  Copei.and,  Check  List,  106, 1676. 
1^,0— Catoatoama  aurora  Agabsiz,  Lube  Superior,  MjO,  |il.  3,  f.  3-4. 

Jcomiu  aurora  OinAIU>,Pnjc.Ac.Nal.S<-.  PLila.lTS,  IH^A. 

Catoalemua  auroi'a  Putn'am. Bull.  Mns.  Cutnp. Zuol.  10, 1863. 
1856— dcomuf  griaena  Girari>,  Proc.  Ac.  Nal.  Sc.  Pbiln.  1T4. 

Jeomuii  gritrna  QiRAiti>,  U.  8.  Poc.  R.  R.  Ezpl.  1,32-2,  pi.  xlis,  ISSa 

CaloatomHa  griami  GONTtlBR,Cnt.  Fishes  Brit.  Mns.  vii,  14, 1868. 

Catoatomaa  griaeum  Copr,  Hu.vdcci's  Gcol.  Snrv.  W.vomiQK,  1(170, 434,  l>iii. 

Caio'iomua  griama  Jordan  &  Copklani>,  CIifcIi  List,  150, 1676. 
Ifm—Caloflomiia  laclariwa  GiRAftn,  Proc.  Ac.  Nut.  8c.  Pbila.  174. 

Aromat  lactariua  GlRAltD,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Eipl.  x,  923,  It^. 

Catoatomna  lac'ariaa  JoBDAN  &  Copeland,  Clicck  List,  156, 1676. 


CAT0ST0MU8  L0NGIR08TBIS. 


177 


e  to  this  species  the  name  of  aurora,  in  allusion  to  the  red  breeding 
DTs  of  the  male.  Western  specimens  were  still  later  described  by 
«rd  as  two  distinct  species,  griseus  and  lactariuSj  apparently  witboat 
Dparison  with  the  Eastern  forms. 

riie  examination  of  the  large  series  of  specimens  noticed  below,  to- 
her  with  others  from  the  Great  Lakes  and  Upper  Mississipin,  has 
iriDced  me  that  all  belong  to  one  species,  variable  to  some  degree, 
\,  not  more  so  than  is  Catostomus  teres  and  less  so  than  Erimyzon 
tUa.  Some  of  the  Upper  Missouri  specimens  referable  to  C.  griseus 
d«  have  on  an  average  rather  smaller  scales  (95  in  the  lateral  line 
itead  of  100  to  110) ;  but  I  am  unable  to  distinguish  a  t^mgible  variery. 
«  original  types  of  C.  lacf^rius  Girard  are  not  now  to  be  found,  but 
«  description  indicates  no  difference  from  C.  longirostris. 

Sptdmens  in  Unitid  States  Xational  Museum. 


SvBibcr. 


1054 

c:o9 

T04: 
7640 
7993 
813G 

8437 

8305 
SOlO 
9116 
9175 

mi2 

11213 
12910 
»G75 
20191 

»m 

SttSS 
SQ»7 


LociJity. 


Lake  Superior • .. 

Pagct's  Soood 

Platte  River,  Nebraska 
Yougbiogbeny  River  . . 
Lake  Winnipeg 


Xalato,  Yoncon  River,  Alaska. 


Essex  Connty,  New  York 

Qoebeo  

Great  Slave  Lake 

Pole  Creek,  Nebraska  ... 


Saint  Micbael's,  Alaska 

An  Sable  River,  Michigan 

An  Sable  River,  Michigan 

An  Sable  River,  Michigan 

Racine,  Wis 

Xorthem  Bonndary  Sar vey,  Dakota 

Rocioe,  Wis 

Lake  Saperior 

(Probably  original  types  of  griseus;  the  old  nnrnber 
and  locality  obliterated.) 

•  Wtct,  Nebraska 


Collector. 


J.  W.  Milner. 
R.  Kenuicott. 
Capt.  Simpson. 
Prof.  Andrews. 
R.  Kenuicott. 

W.  IL  Dan. 


S.  F.  Baird. 
R.  Kcnnicott. 
Lieut.  Wood. 


Dr.  Bannister. 
J.  W.  Milner. 
J.  W.  Milner. 
J.  W,  Milner. 

Dr.  Elliott  Coues. 
S.  F.  Baird. 
J.  W.  Milner. 
Bowman. 


178    COKTBIBUTIOKS  TO  SOBTH  AUEBICAK  ICHTHTOLOOT — m. 

35.  CATOSTOMDS  EETBOPINNIS  Jordan,  ep.  nov. 
1878— CalottomiM  retropinni»  Jordan,  BqII.  Hayden'a  Oeol.  Sarr.  Terr,  lined.). 

This  fine  species  combioea  tbe  moDth  of  C.  latipinnia  with  tbeSm 
nnd  genera!  characters  of  C.  hngiroxtria.  The  type  is  No.  21,197, « 
lected  by  Dr.  E))iott  Gooes  in  Millt  Biver,  Montana.  It  is  a  male  spei 
men  16J  inches  in  length.  A  specimen  previoaaly  examined  fh>mPltt 
Valley  was  identified  as  probably  the  female  of  C.  latipinnii,  bnt  8 
discovery  of  this  large  mate  specimeo  forbids  such  a  suppoaitioo. 

A?wim«n«  in  Iht  United  Stattt  Kational  Miutam. 


Nnuiber. 

Locality. 

CollMtor. 

36.  OATOSTOMUS  LATIPIEfliriS  Batrd  (6  Oirard. 

Grtal-finned  Swdxr. 

IKiS— CalMfomii*  lalipiKwiM  Baued  &.  Girard,  in  Proc.  Ac.  Ifat  8c.  Phil*,  vi,  S 
.iamia  Jatipimnit  Girakd,  Proc.  Ac  Nat.  6c  PhiU.  173, 1S5G. 
JtvmH*  Utipinnit  Girard,  U.  B.  Ucx.  Boand.  Surv.  Ichth.  39,  pL  ixii 


CAT08TOMU8  DISCOBOLUS.  179 

tkm  also  is  pecaliar,  and  the  form  of  the  moath  is  aulike  that  of  any 
other  species.  These  featares  are  all  well  shown  in  Girard's  figare  of 
tiie^eeiea  in  the  Ichthyology  of  the  Mexican  Bonndary. 

The  distribation  of  the  species  has  not  been  well  made  oat.  I  have 
MO  bat  one  specimen,  an  adalt  male  from  the  Gila  region,  apparently 
fee  one  from  which  Girard's  figare  was  made. 

Ihe  tyiie  of  Cataatomua  ffuzmaniensis  cannot  be  found.  The  figare  was 
Mde  from  a  yoang  fish,  and  the  distinctions  between  it  and  latipinnis 
issQch  as  often  distingaish  a  yoang  fish  from  an  old  one.  It  is  better, 
berefore,  to  anite  the  two  than  to  admit  an  insafficiently  characterized 
KNDioal  species. 

8pedmen$  in  United  States  National  Museum. 


fomber. 

Locality. 

Collector. 

SOOTS 

(Type  of  latipinnis  nndonbtedly,  bat  the  locality,  Rio  San 
Pedro,  tributary  of  Bio  Gilo,  and  old  number,  254  7,  oblit- 
erated.) 

J.  H.  Clark. 

37.  CATOSTOMUS  DISCOBOLUS  Cope. 

Large-lipped  Sucker, 

f^—Catastomus  discobolus  Cope,  Hayden's  Geol.  Surv.  Wyo.  1870, 435. 

CatostoMus  discobolus  Cope  &  Taiirow,  Wheelcr^s  Expl.  W.  lOOth  Mer.  v,  Zool. 

677,1876. 
Caiostomns  discobolus  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  15G,  1876. 

BABrTAT.-^Idaho  to  Arizona. 

This  iDteresting  species  is  a  Pantosteus  in  all  but  the  techuical  char- 
ter of  the  open  fontanelle,  and  in  this  respect  it  is  really  intermediate, 
the  foDtanelle,  in  the  adalt  at  least,  is  reduced  to  a  narrow  slit.  The 
aracters  given  in  the  analysis  were  taken  from  the  Snake  River  spe- 
oeD,  20|475,  larger  and  in  better  condition  than  most  or  all  of  those 
amined  by  Professor  Cope.  Professor  Cope's  original  types  came  from 
eeo  Eiver  in  Wyoming. 


180    CONTBIDUTIOKS  TO  NOBTH  AHEBICAH  ICHTHTOLOOT— IH 

Spcdinen*  in  Uniltd  Sialet  Xalionat  li 


laTltl 


ZuDi.N.Mex 

Arlzooa 

Snake  Bivur,  Idaho 


NewbeiTj. 
TuTow  &■  HensbM- 
C.  O.  Newbeny. 
F.V.Hard«n. 


Genus  PANTOSTEUS  Cope. 

iUnomuB  Cope,  U.S. Oeol.Surv.WyoraiDg.  1870, 414  (1872).    (Not  of  Oitmrd.) 
ranlmtem  Cupk,  Lioiit.  Wtieulur's  Espl.  W.  lOOtb  U«r.  t,  673, 1876. 
Catonloniit,  Juamu«  el  Minamut  sp.  Girard. 

Tyi«',  Hinomaa  ;iIafyrfti/inAin  Cope. 

HtyuuiloKy,  iritr,  all ;  oaTiov,  booo  (rrom  tho  closing  of  the  footaoelle  b;  bone). 

riviKl  iiuHlcmtP  or  nitlier  suiall,  4  tD  5  tiiDes  in  len^  of  body,  fi4tti 
mid  nitber  brond  nbitve,  anteriorly  somcwbut  pointed ;  fje  rather  bid: 
iiauully  boliind  tbu  iiiiddlu  of  tlic  liead  :  suborbital  bones  Darrov,  ai 
Cattmtomm ;  l>ones  of  bond  mtber  thivl:,  tbe  tivo  parietal  bones  fin 
tiuihHl,  eutin'ly  oblitcratiiig  tbe  foutanelle. 

Month  ratbor  l»r{>n>,  entirol.r  inferior;  each  juiv  with  a  morewli 
develoitod  cArtiloiiiiioiia  sbeutb,  separable  in  alcohol,  eBseotially  u 
CKondrostoma,  Acrochitu«,  and  related  ^euera ;  upper  lip  broad,  papillo 


GENUS  PANT08TEUS.  181 

cliate  between  that  of  Catostomus  proper  and  that  of  the  sabgenns 
Decadaeiylua, 

Tho  genus  was  first  indicated  by  Professor  Cope  iu  1874^  nnder  the 
name  of  JIf tnomutf,  he  supposing  at  the  time  that  Catostomus  insignis,  the 
type  of  Girard^s  MinomuSj  was  a  species  with  closed  fontanelle.  On 
obtaiDing  specimens  of  C.  insigniSj  it  became  evident  that  such  was  not 
the  case,  and  the  new  name  Pantosteus  was  proposed  for  the  genus. 
TantoHteus  runs  very  close  to  Catostomus^  two  species  referred  to  the 
latter  genus  (C.  discobolus  and  C.  arceopus)  being  almost  intermediate. 

Generic  Characterizations. 

MiNOXCS  Cope,  1872. — "I  have  proposed  to  adopt  as  valid  (Proc.  Amer. Philos. Soc 
lB70,4dO)  seven  genera  of  this  family.  I  will  now  add  an  eighth,  which  embraces 
8{Mcie8  which  combine  with  the  characters  of  Catostomus  proper,  a  complete  union 
of  tbe  parietal  bones,  which  obliterates  the  fontanelle  so  universal  among  the 
tocken.  The  only  other  exception  is  seen  iu  CycleptuSy  Raf.,  as  I  have  already  mcn- 
tioDed.  In  all  the  members  of  the  family  where  I  have  examiued  it,  this  fontauello  is 
quite  open  and  of  no  doubtful  proportions,  and  nowhere  reduced  to*the  slit  so  often 
wen  ia  SiXurida.  In  searching  for  the  characters  of  Girard's  so-called  genera  Minomus 
udioofliM,  I  find  that  the  type  of  the  former,  MAnsignis^  B.  G.,  presents  the  character 
above  mentioned.  I  therefore  adopt  his  name  for  the  new  genus,  and  add  two  new 
species,  Jf.  ddplunus  and  M,  tardus.  Whether  bis  two  other  species,  M.  plebeius  and  M. 
rftrtti,  belong  to  it  is  uncertain  as  yet,  but  they  have  the  same  physiognomy." — (Cope, 
Baiiaes  Qeol.  8urv.  Wyoming  for  1870,  p.  434, 1872.) 

Paktosteus  (Cope)  Yarrow,  1876.— "  Professor  Cope,  in  1870,  purposed  to  adopt  as 
vilid  seven  genera  of  this  family;  but  in  1872,  be  stated  bis  belief  that  an  eighth 
^boQld  be  added,  wkich  should  embrace  species  combining  the  characters  of  Catostomus 
pn»per,  u  complete  nuiou  of  the  parietal  bones,  which  obliterates  the  fontanelle,  so  uni- 
versal among  the  suckers ;  the  only  other  exception  being  seen  iu  Cycleptus,  Raf.,  as  ho  has 
already  observed.  In  all  the  members  of  the  family  that  he  has  examined  iu  this  re- 
Rard  the  foatanelle  has  been  found  quite  open  and  of  no  doubtful  proportions,  and  is 
Nowhere  reduced  to  the  slit  often  seen  in  the  Silurida?,  unless  it  be  in  tho  Catostomus 
^i»coboltu.  In  searching  for  the  characters  of  Girard's  so-called  genera  Minomus 
*<id  Acomusy  he  expressed  the  view  that  the  type  of  the  former,  M.  insignis^  Baird  &, 
'^irard,  presents  the  character  in  question.  This  conclusion  was  based  on  a  si)ecimen 
*^tto  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  from  Washington,  bearing  that  name.  Hav- 
'^Swnce  examined  five  specimens  of  tho  M.  i««f/ni«,  obtained  by  the  geologists  of  this 
^'^'vey,  be  finds  them  to  be  true  Catostorai  as  determined  by  tho  presence  of  the  fon- 
^wlle.  It  therefore  requires  a  name,  and  he  proposes  for  it  that  of  Pantostevs.  It 
^oibrices  P.  platyrhynchuSy  P.jarrovii  and  P.  mrescens  Cope  of  the  present  essay  and  P. 
^fknusaud  P.  &ardii«,  Cope,  ITayden's  Report, /.c."—(YAiU{OW,XieM<.  Wheeler's  ExpL 
^'.  10O/»  Mer.  vol.  5,  p.  G73, 1870.) 

Paktosteus  Cope  &  Jordan,  1877. — "Body  oblong  or  elongate,  with  a  short,  sub- 
I'^idrate  dorsal  fin  ;  air  bladder  in  two  parts  ;  lateral  line  \vell  developed  ;  fontanelle 
•^^wated  by  tho  nnion  of  tho  parietal  bones." — (Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila, 
^,^81.) 


182    CONTBIBUTIOKS  TO  NOBTH  AUEBICAN  ICHTHYOLOOT HL 

ANALYSIS  OF  sPKCiEs  or  PAXToerxcA. 

*  Scales  very  small,  100  to  lOQ  in  the  lateral  line ;  18  above  and  16  betow,  in  »  ei 
Belies:  body  eloDgate,compreBse(l, the caadal  pedaQclecoDtracted:  beadd 
nide, &  in  leogth:  muzzle  obtuse, little  projecting;  niipec  lip  wide;  lown 
full, emarginiite ;  jaws  ^itb  -n-ellduYHlopedcarlilaginoiuabeatba:  Bcslesm 
reduced  in  size  forwaida :  dorsal  rays  10 ;  venttal  9 :  color  bUvu ;  lower  tar. 
yellow J TiBXSCKis, 

**  Scales  8mall,60  to  65  in  the  coqtss  of  tbe  lateral  line. 
t  Scales  very  mncb  redncod  and  croirded  anteriorly :  npper  lip  full,  pendant ;  osrt 
ginoaa  ebeatbs  on  Jaws  well  developed,  the  commiBSitie  trausverae  and 
ruptly  angnlat*  at  the  corners  of  the  monlb. 
a.  Body  extremely  elongate,  the  depth  &1  to  7  in  length :  head  4{  in  l«ngth,iki 
and  wide,  with  (lepTtiased  and  eipmidedninzzle,  which  considerably  otcAh 
the  month  :  isthmns  very  u-ide :  dorsal  rays  11;  ventral  rays  9  :Kaleal5~6t~l 

belly  and  lower  fins  yellowish,  probably  red  io  life plat vrh t AUiiU^  1 

oa.  Body  moderately  elongate,  the  depth  4^  to  5  in  the  lengtb :  bead  ratba  ikM 
41^  iu  length, not  specially  broadened;  mazzle  not  greatly  overbuigia( ll 
month*  iIoiBalrays9(raielylO);  ventral  rays  10  (rarely 9):  KolealltoM 
to  67-13  to  15 :  light  brown  above,  with  dnsky  spots  and  clonds ;  males  >il 

the  chin  and  fins  red,  and  acrtnieon  lateral  band QXitEBu0a,A 

tt  Scales  subeqnal  over  the  body,  not  mncb  reduced  forwardB :  tipper  lip  rslkcta* 
lovnot  pendent ;  cartilagiuons  sheath  on  jaws  obsolete  (f). 
b.  Body  comparatively  stout,  the  caudal  peduncle  short  and  thick,  tbe  hackM*^ 
what  arched,  the  depth  4}  to  5  in  length  ;  head  bhort  and  wlde,l)attiskaMl 
4|  to  0  in  length  :  scales  14-64-15:  dorsal  rays  9  toll;  Teotralr^alOiUMk 
isb  alMve,  with  one  or  two  dark  lateral  shades ....PLKBim.tti 


38.  PANTOSTKl'^S  yiRESCENg  Cope 


PAHTOBTEUS  GENEBOSUa  183 

SO.  PANTOSTEUS  PLATYRHTNOHUS  Cope. 

Flai'headcd  Sucker, 

]ff4-JffiMMift  plaljfHIjfiieftM  Copk,  Proc.  Am.  Philos  800.  Pbila.  134. 

JlnfoifeiM  jplafjrrftjffiekM  Cops  A  Yakrow,  Wheeler's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  y, 

2ooL  e73,  pL  zzix,  £3,  3a,  1876. 
FnUmieui  platyrhpuikut  Jobdan  &  Copkland,  Check  List,  156, 1876. 
PMlMfeM  j>2aljfrA]nic)^«  Joadan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.  xi,  p.  ^,  IBTS. 

Habrat^— Utnh  Lake  and  tribntariee. 

The  specimens  which  I  have  seeu  of  this  species  are  all  small  and  in 
poor  coiiditioD.  Their  remarkable  slenderness  is  doubtless  in  part  due 
to  their  flabbioess.  The  species  as  noted  by  Professor  Cope  much 
ravmbles  Catostom^M  discobolus.  It  is  also  very  similar  to  PaiUosteus 
fwrotiMy  bat  at  present  I  consider  it  distinct. 

Bpeoimmu  in  United  States  IfatUmal  Mu$ekm. 


iuber. 


1S906 
16103 


Locality. 


Collector. 


Utah  Lake 
Utah  Lake 


Yarrow  &,  Henshaw. 
Yarrow  &,  Henshaw. 


40-  PASTOSTEU8  GENEROSUS  (Girard)  Jordan. 

Tarr(np*8  Sucker, 

^f^B^CatoBtomus  (iifoomtw)  generoaua  Girakd,  Proo.  Ac.  Nat.  8c.  Phlla.  174. 

Aoowute  genero»M8  Girard,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  £.  Expl.  x,  221,  lti5ti. 

Cai09Ufmv8  generosus  Jordan  &  CorKLAND,  Check  List,  ir>6, 1676. 
1874— iftiKMRtitf  ^'arrovii  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Pbila.  35. 

PanlasUua  jarrovU  Copk  Sl  YAJtROW,  Wheelei's  Expl.  W.  100th  Mer.  y,Zool.  674, 
pi.  xxix,  2,  2  a,  1876. 

Pamtotteua  yairotci  Jordan  &,  Coprland,  Check  List,  156, 1S7G. 

Habitat. — Rio  GrandA,  Colorado  Basin,  and  Great  Basin  of  Utah  ;  very  abundant. 

This  species  is  the  most  cbarncteristic  and  most  widely  diffused  of 
tbo  Suckers  of  the  Great  BaBiii.  It  was  first*  described  by  Girard  in 
1S56,  under  the  name  of  Catostomus  gc7icro8us.  Girard's  description, 
unaccompanied  by  a  figure,  was  so  very  loose  and  irrelevant  that  it  has 
liitberto  remained  unidentified.  I  have,  however,  had  the  opportunity 
of  examining  Girard's  original  types,  and  of  comparing  them  with  the 
^irpttof  Pantosteus  jarroviL  They  seem  to  me  to  belong  to  the  same 
ipeeies,  and  I  am  therefore  compelled  to  substitute  the  name  generosus 


184    CONTHIBUIIOSS  TO  NOETH  AUBBICAN  ICHTHYOLOOT — ^IIL 

for  tbat  of  jarrovU.    If  I  Jiat)  not  been  uble  to  compare  getterotia  « 
jarrovii,  I  should  never  Lave  saspected  tbeir  identity. 
Sptmi»e«>  in  UiMtd  Statt*  Katiotial  A 


Nnmbcr. 

Locality. 

CollMtM. 

15802 

Zuni  Eiver,  Now  Moxico  (types  ot  JarrovU) 

H.  W.  Heulww. 
Torrow  JtCops. 

41.  PANT0STEU9  PLEBEIU9  (Batrd  &  Girard)  Jordan. 
Plain  Stitker. 

1854— Catoffomuf  j>Ieinu»  Baird  &  Oikard,  Ptoc  Ao.  Nst.  Sc  Phila.  3& 

CaloftoMui  plebiiig  Agkssiz,  Aid.  Joam.  Sc.  Arts.'id  serlM,  xix,S09,  IfSS. 

XinoniHt  pUbdua  Girahd,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  173, 1^6. 

ilinoMut  ph-beiua  Girakd,  U.  6.  Mqx.  Bound.  Sarv.  Ichtb.  38,  pi.  xxii,  1 1-4,  U6 

Catotlomua  phJHJui  GCkther,  Cat.  Fisbea  Brit.  Jlns.  vii,  15, 1868. 

Calottomua  plthrjui  Jordan  &  Copbland,  Check  List,  156,  1H76. 

Pantoalfiu  iilebciiu  JonoMi,  Bull.  U.  8.  Sat.  Mna.  xi,  p.—,  1878. 
lr«;3— JliNoma*  drlpAJmu  CoPi:,  Hayden'a  Oeol.  Siitv.  Wyoming,  1870,  435,  1S73. 

Fantwfeii*  delphinia  CuPK  &.  Yarrow,  Lieut.   Wheeler's  Bepb  ExpL  W.  UN 


PANTOSTEUS  PLEBEIUS.  185 

and  form  of  body,  Panto«fei£«  plebeius  seems  to  resemble  Catosto- 
tignit  and  O.  elarhiiy  and  to  diverge  from  the  type  of  discobolus^ 
i»,  and  platyrhynchus,^ 

988or  Cope  (in  lit)  dissents  from  the  ideotification  above  made,  maintaiDing 
klpkimu  and  P.  hardw8  are  at  least  specifically  distinct  from  each  other,  ^'hat- 
7  be  the  relation  of  either  to  P.  pJeheiua,  As  I  have  seen  none  of  the  three 
qiestioD,  I  let  the  above  stand  as  I  had  written  it,  and  quote  the  original  de- 
is  of  the  three  nominal  species: — 

f  us  PLSBEiUB  Grd.^"  Body  snb-f  asifonn,  compressed.  Head  elongate,  snbcon- 
ning  the  fifth  of  the  entire  length.  Mouth  of  medinm  size.  Eyes  large,  sub- 
\,  their  longitudinal  diameter  being  contained  about  five  times  in  the  length  of 
lead.  Dorsal  fin  subquadrangular,  its  anterior  margin  being  equidistant  be- 
le  tip  of  the  snout  and  the  first  ludimentary  rays  of  the  upper  lobe  of  the 
The  latter  is  slightly  concave  posteriorly,  and  the  lobes  rounded  off.  The 
he  anal  is  contained  nearly  three  times  in  its  height,  and  when  brought  back- 
s  tip  extends  to  the  mdimentary  rays  at  f  ho  inferior  lobe  of  the  caudal  fin.  The 
are  inserted  under  the  posterior  third  of  the  dorsal ;  bent  backwards,  their  tip 
;  reach  as  far  as  the  anus.  The  pectorals  are  of  medium  development,  sub* 
Mteriorly  acute. 

scales  are  of  medium  size,  considerably  largest  on  the  peduncle  of  the  tail, 
eight  to  thirty  rows  from  the  base  of  the  ventrals  to  the  dorsal  fin.  About 
1  the  lateral  line,  which  is  not  discernible  as  far  back  as  the  base  of  the  caudal 

color  as  preserved  in  alcohol,  is  dark  brown  on  the  upper  regions,  faintly  mot- 
ti  blackish  patches.  The  sides  and  belly  exhibit  traces  of  orange  in  some  of 
imens,  in  others  it  is  pale  yellowish.  Tbe  fins  are  unicolor ;  the  dorsal,  caudal, 
orals,  blackish  brown  ;  the  anals  and  ventrals  yellowish." — (GiitAKi),  Ich,  U,  8. 

,  Bcundarjf  8urv, ,  p.  38,  figs.  1-4,  plate  xxii.) 

IU8  DELPHINUS  Cope. — "The  subequal  size  of  the  scales  of  this  species  would 
indifferently  to  the  true  group  Catustonius  of  Girard,  or  his  group  Mioomus, 
e  did  not  distinguish  clearly,  Tbe  preceding  species  would  enter  bis  Acomus, 
,  however,  only  an  undefined  group  of  species,  to  which,  by  tbe  way,  the  tyjie 
tomns,  C.  teres,  belongs.  This  species  is  especially  distinguished  from  those 
re  described  by  the  shortening  of  the  caudal  part  of  tbo  vertebral  column,  and 
eqaent  posterior  position  of  the  dorsal  fin.  Add  to  this  a  short,  wide  head,  and 
dy,  and  its  physiognomy  is  expressed. 

dorsal  outline  is  arched,  tbe  head  flat  above,  but  elevated  behind^  and  much  dn- 
on  the  muzzle.  The  muzzle  is  wide  and  does  not  project  beyond  tbe  upper  lip, 
i  appressed  to  its  lower  face  and  bears  four  rows  of  warts ;  its  smooth  com- 
1  part  is  narrow.  On  the  lower  lip  the  tubercles  advance  nearlj'  to  tbo  cora- 
;  this  lip  is  deeply  emargiuato  posteriorly  ;  the  eye  enters  the  length  of  the 
•  timea,  two  and  one-half  times  measuring  tbe  muzzle,  and  twice  tbe  inter- 
■«>  Head  four  and  two-thirds  times  in  length  to  end  of  caudal  basal  scales. 
ritndinal  series,  between  dorsal  and  ventral  fins ;  ventrals  remark- 


186    CONTBIBOTIONS  TO  KOBTH  AHEBICAN  ICHTIITOLOOT— DL 

GenuB  CYCLEPTUS  Bqfinesque. 

Cj/clrpluiTtAgiSEaQVB,  JouTDal  d«  Phj-siqae,  de  Cbimie  et  d'HiBtoireN4tiireUa,Fiii^ 

18l9,p.  421. 
IlhgtUoitomvi  Heckel,  Fisobo  Syriens,  Bnsuegger's  EeiRen,  1842,  p.  1023. 
Cetotlomtu  el  Stlerosnathu*  Bp,  AucT. 

T;po,  Cgclcplat  nigretoeM  Bafloesque,^  CalotComm  elongalaa  Le  SneuT. 
Etyniolugy,  nfrirAof, roDDil ;  Afirr^,  small.     "The  Dame  meanfl  Bmall,  loODd  ttotA' 

^llajinetque). 

Head  very  Bmall,  short  and  Blender,  its  length  contained  6  to  7  tinM  I 
in  that  of  the  body,  its  upper  anrface  ronnded ;  eye  quite  amoU,  iwiitf  ; 
median,  not  very  high  np,  its  length  C  to  8  in  that  of  the  eide  of  tka  ' 
head ;  suborbital  bones  rather  small  and  quite  narrow;  foutauelle  (*- 
tirely  obliterated  by  the  union  of  the  parietal  boues. 

Moutli  small,  entirely  inferior,  overlapped  by  the  projecting  toaO, 
tho  upper  lip  thick,  pendent,  covered  with  3  to  5  rows  of  tubercles,  tfc» 
outer  quite  large,  the  inner  small;  lower  lip  moderate,  formed  km- 

nbly  oliuTt,  «xt«Dding  little  more  tban  half  way  to  vent,  origiDUiug  under  porinV 
third  of  dorsal.     Pootorals  veil  srparated.    Istbmae  nido. 

"Color  iibove  blQckisb,  nitb  aetroDg  iDfenormargioal  shade  on  tb«  lower  part  rftl* 
sides,  iiud  tlie  ligbter  tiot  above;  abrovn  spot  jnst  above  axilla,  is  cut  off  fraaitV 
a  band  of  the  yellow  color  which  covers  the  belly  aod  head  below. 

"Tbuoiily  s|)ccies  coDcemiDg  which  any  doubt  can  arise  in  thenomeiiclatnncf  tUa 
one  isCirrnardiNt  of  Girord.  That  writer  states  that  tho  latter  pooMssea  15  IXnMS 
tbis,  n-ilh  the  ascription  of  a  slender  form  and  other  pecnliaritiec,  will  alwajl  w^ 


GENUB  CYCLEFTU8.  187 

irluik  u  in  CaUmiamM8f  bat  leas  fall,  incised  behind ;  jaws  without  card- 

lAsinooa  abeath ;  maciferoas  system  not  greatly  developed ;  opercular 

apparatas  not  greatly  developed,  the  opercalum  smooth  and  narrow. 

Latimins  moderate;  gill-rakers  moderately  long,  soft ;  pharyngeal  bones 

ft^rong,  the  teeth  stoat,  inci^easiug  in  size  downwards,  rather  wide  apart. 

Body  elongate,  moderately  compressed,  not  much  elevated,  the  caudal 

pedande  long,  the  greatest  depth  contained  4  to  6  times  in  length. 

Scales  moderate,  about  equal  over  the  body,  not  closely  imbricated, 
with  wide  exposed  surfaces,  the  number  in  the  lateral  Hue  from  55  to 
00,  and  about  17  in  a  transverse  series  from  dorsal  to  ventrnls ;  edges 
of  acales  serrate;  lateral  line  well  developed,  nearly  straight. 

Fins  rather  largo ;  dorsal  fin  beginning  in  front  of  ventrals  and  ending 
jut  before  anal,  of  about  30  rays,  strongly  falcate  in  fh>nt,  the  first  and 
Mamd  developed  rays  in  length  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  base 
of  the  fin,  the  rays  rapidly  shortened  to  about  the  eighth,  the  length  of 
tis  remaining  rays  being  nearly  uniform  land  all  short ;  caudal  flu  large, 
vldely  forked,  the  lobes  about  equal;  anal  fin  quite  small,  low,  of  7  or 
8 developed  rays,  scaly  at  base ;  ventrals  moderate,  with  10  rays;  pec- 
toiftls  elongate,  somewhat  falcate. 

Sexual  peculiarities  somewhat  marked;  the  males  in  spring  with  black 
pigment ;  the  head  then  covered  with  small  tubercles. 

Air-bladder  with  two  chambers,  the  anterior  short,  the  posterior 
riongate. 

Bat  a  single  species  of  this  singular  genus  is  as  yet  known.  It  is 
fooDd  in  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and,  although  not  a  rare 
fldi,  it  is  by  no  means  as  generally  abundant  as  are  many  others  of  its 
fcmily. 

Oenerio  Charaoterizaiions, 

Ctclkptus  RafineBqae,  1819.—^'  Cycleptus,  (abdominal).  DifTdrent  dn  gonro  Catos- 
^01.  Denx  nageoires  dorsales,  bouche  petite,  roude,  aa  bout  da  maseau;  15vro8 
c^Kcolaires.  Famille  Cyprioidiaf  C,  nigrescetis,  noirfttre;  ventre  blancb&tre,  bouche 
>BtRma»de  ;  queao  fourcbiSe.  Parvient  ii  deux  i)ied8  de  long;  ti^s  bon  j!i  manger,  raro 
^  rObio  et  le  Missouri.*'— (Rafixksquk,  Joum,  de  Phya.  etc  1819,  p.  421.) 

Ctcleptus  Bafinesixae,  1820.— '*  DilFerence  from  the  foregoing  genus  [Ca/o«tomiM]~ 
^donal  fins,  month  round  and  terminal.''— (Rafinesque,  Ich,  Oh.  p.  6.)   * 

BHrriDOSTOMUS  Heckel,  1842.— '^  Dentes  pectiniformes  CO-GO.  Pinna  dorsalis  basi 
^Ssta;  radio  tertio  vel  quarto  longissimo.  In  reliqnis  cum  genere  Catostomo  con- 
Wt"— (Heckkl,  Fische  SyrienSj  p.  33,  or  Russeger's  i?et«en,  p.  1023.— Species  referred  to 
^tCBQiis,  Cjfprinua  catoaiamus  Forster  and  Catodtomua  elongatus  Le  Suenr.) 

CrcterTUS  Agaaalz,  18&5. — **As  in  many  other  instances,  Railnesque  has  named,  bat 
^h»  defined  nor  oharaoterised  the  genus  to  which  I  now  call  attention.    He  has  not 


188    C6NTBIBUTI0K8  TO  KOBTH  AUEBICAN  ICHTHTOLOOY 1 

hiiniclf  even  wen  tbe  flab  npon  irhicli  tbe  g«nDS  is  founded,  uid  nfen  to 
f{eiiiiB  B  BpecieB  nblcb  caniiut  be  separated  frooi  tbia.  UoToaver,  the  cbaracte: 
tbe  KeniiB,  as  given  bj-  RaSaesqae,  are  Dot  trne  to  natare.  Y«t,  natwitb«t«ndi 
objoctions,  I  do  oot  feel  at  liberty  to  reject  his  generlo  uamr,  since  it  fa  poi 
IdoDtif)'  tbe  flub  be  meant  by  tbe  vemacuUr  nanie  nnder  wbicb  it  U  know 
Weat.  Tbere  is  nootber  leason  why  Ba6nesqDe's  description  of  oot  weatei 
ontibt  to  bo  careruUf  considered  and  ever;  possible  effort  made  to  identify  bii 
nnd  spcelee,  tbe  fact  that  be  waa  tbe  first  to  ioTcstigate  tbe  fishes  of  the  Ohio 
tribntarlea  upon  a  large  scale,  and  that  notwithstanding  the  loaeeneaa  iritb  whid 
formed  tbe  task  aiid  tbe  lameolable  iDoccnraciea  of  his  tooafaort  desci)ptionB,bJ 
boar  almost  upon  every  page  the  imprint  of  bis  keen  perception  of  the  natural  ■ 
of  B)>eoIes,  aud  Ibcir  intlmnte  Telationa  to  one  another ;  ao  mncb  so,  that  even  i 
haa  failed  to  assign  liia  generu  any  characters  by  wbicb  they  may  be  recognii 
vhen  the  species  upon  which  Ibey  were  fonnded  can  be  identified,  we  Dsaally  6 
there  ale  f[ood  reasons  fur  considering  them  aa  fonniog  disUnct  generk. 

"Tlie  tronblo  with  lUQneBque  is,  that  be  too  often  int  rod  need  in  hia  worlu 
which  be  had  not  olwuys  seen  himself,  and  which  be  referred  almost  at  mndoir 
bis  genera,  thns  defacing  his  well  characterised  groups,  or  that  be  went  so  f 
foiiDd  geuura  npon  siieciea  which  he  had  never  seen,  overlooking  perhapa  that 
already  described  sucb  types  under  other  names. 

"Tbe  genua  CfclepUt  affords  a  striking  example  of  all  tbeae  mtat«kes  ec 
logrlhcr.  In  bis  rvniarkabio  paper  upon  the  genns  Catattomiu,  Lesoenr  deacri 
IIrutvs  one  specie*  from  the  Ohio  River,  snder  (be  name  of  C.  tlomtalat,  pea 
its  elongated  cyliadrleol  body,  and  fur  its  long  dorsal  fin  beginning  half  way  1 
tbe  pivturala  and  ventrala,  and  extending  as  far  back  as  tbe  ioseitiou  of  t 
The  Biiri-ieB  Katlni«qne  introduct's  in  his  SQbgenas  Drmelyliu  among  the  geoi 
iMlMii.  wilhiiat  itVTceiving  that  it  belongs  to  bis  own  genus  Cgd^u*.  This 
arlaea  nndouhtnlly  (h>mbis  Iwlief  that  in  Cyclrptiu  there  are  twodona]s,wl>iet 


OTCLEPTUB  SL0NQATU8.  189 

''ThepliftKyiigeal  bones  an  rtrong,  their  aoterior  surface  being  flattened  anil  the 
gwtsst  diameter  being  the  transvene  one,  as  in  BuhalickikyM,  and  not  laterally  com- 
piesaerl  and  thin  as  in  Carpiodm  and  IdUkffobuM. 

^Tbib  sjrmphyisls  ia  short  and  its  pednnole  flat  and  sqnare,  separated  from  the  cnrved 
anh  bjT  Adoep  ssmieirealar  emargination*  The  teeth  are  also  stronger  and  stooter 
thsa  ia  Cmjfiwki  and  Iehikjfobu$f  as  is  also  the  ease  in  Bubalichthjftf  and  they  are  grad- 
isUj  inereasing  in  rise,  and  relative  thickness  from  the  upiier  part  of  the  arch  to  the 
«jBphyriS|  bnt  they  are  mnch  fewer  and  farther  spart  than  in  the  latter  genns.  Their 
loitf  edge  is  transveiM^  rather  blnut,  though  the  middle  ridgo  is  somewhat  project- 
iqg;  the  lower  teeth  are  so  shaped  that  their  inner  hngle  is  hardly  higher  than  the 
mtatf  while  in  the  middle  and  npper  teeth  it  is  gradaally  more  projecting,  and  from 
theaiddle  of  the  arch  upwards  forms  a  prominent  point  arched  outwards. 

''Tbesoalesareeonsideralily  longer  than  high,  with  a  rather  prominent  posterior  msr- 
gta;  nnmerons  radiating  furrows  upon  the  anterior  and  posterior  fieldSi  some  across 
tke  lateral  fielda;  the  concentric  ridges  of  the  posterior  field  are  not  only  broader  than 
tkn  of  the  other  fieldsy  but  instead  of  running  parallel  to  the  margin  of  the  scales 
^  sie  enryed  in  concentric  gothic  arches  between  each  two  radiating  furrows. 
BmkA  mentions  this  genns  under  the  name  of  BkjfUdoBtomua,  but  Rafinesqne's  name 
QMvtet  baa  the  priority.  Froiierly  it  ought  to  be  called  XfptofltyelM,  according  to  its 
H|Mlogy,  (see  my  Nomenclator  Zoologicus ;  Index  Universalis,  p.  109,)  but  under  thii 
taiBobody  would  recognise  it  as  Baflnesque's  name.  I  shall  therefore  not  urge  the 
cksp."— (AoAsaiz,  Am.  Joum.  ScL  ArU,  1B55,  p.  197.) 

CtCLBFrcs  Copo  6l  Jordan,  1877. — "  Body  mnch  elongated,  snbcylindrical  forwards : 
tall  elongate,  falciform,  of  30  or  more  rays ;  fontanelle  obliterated  by  the  union  of 
tke  ptrietal  bones ;  mouth  small,  inferior,  with  papillose  lips." — (Jordan,  Proo,  Ac 
M&.PM(a.l877,p.81.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  SPECIES  OF  CYCLEPTUS. 

*D^th 4  to  5  in  length :  head  6  to  6^:  eye  small,  6  to  7  in  length  of  head:  longest 
donol  rays  a  little  longer  than  head  :  pectorals  rather  longer  than  head :  dorsal 
nys  10 ;  anal  7  or  8 :  scales  9-r»6-7 :  coloration  very  dark,  the  males  almost  black ; 
nie large;  length  of  adalt  H  to  2ifeet eix>ngatu8, 42. 

43.  CYCLEPTUS  ELONGATUS  (Le  Sueur)  Agassiz. 

Black  Horse.    Gourd-seed  Sucker,    Missouri  Sucker,    SuckereL 

lS17-.Ca(Mtomtf«  elongatus  Lr  Sueur,  Joum.  Ac.  Nat.  So.  Pbila.  103. 
Catostomus  elongatus  Rafinf^que.  Ich.  Oh.  60, 1820. 
Coiostomus  elongatus  Kiktland,  Rcpt.  Zool.  Ohio,  16S,  183S. 
Catostomus  elongatus  DeKay,  Now  York  Faana,  part  iv,  Fishes,  203, 1842. 
Catostomus  elongaius  Cuvikr  &,  Valenciennks,  Hist  Nat.  des  Poiss.  xvii,  455, 

1844. 
Catostomus  elongatus  Kirtland,  Boston  Journ.  Nat.  Hist,  v,  267, 1845. 
CalMomus  elongatus  Storer,  Syn'}psi8, 422, 184G. 
Cgdefius  eUmgalus  Aqassiz,  Am.  Jonro.  So.  Arts,2J  series,  six,  197, 1855. 
Mriyna/Aaif  tlonffOiuB  QCnther,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit  Mus.  vii,  23, 18C8. 


]  90    CONTBIOUTIONS  TO  KOBTH  AHBSICAN  ICHTHTOLOOT-^IL 

CgeUpUi  tlottgatut  Jordak,  Fisbes  of  lad.  232, 1875. 

Cgclrplui  ilongalui  Jordan,  Bull.  BnfFiilo  Sac.  Nat.  HiaL  65, 1876.    (Huwa^>] 
Cuclfpiua  elotiQalat  Joudan,  Mod.  Vurt.298, 1876. 
Cgetrplat  tlongatui  Kelson,  Boll.  No.  1,  IIU.  Has.  Nnt.  HistSO,  187& 
Cpdeptas  dongatua  Jordan  &.  Copeumd,  Cboelc  List,  158, 1B76.    (Naow  oalj.) 
Cgeleplut  floagalaa  Jordan  A  Oilbkbt,  Id  Ellpparfs  Espt.  63, 1876.    (Nsm<4r.) 
Csoleptiu  tlongeta»  Jordak,  Ball.  U.  S.  Nat  Hos.  tx,  38, 1877. 
CgeltpM*  tJongatiu  Joiidak,  Mna.  Tert.  ed.  3d,  1878. 
1818— CjwItpfM  nigreicen*  Rafinbsql'K,  Joanial  de  Pb7riqDS,4Sl. 
Ciclrpln*  nigrttamt  Rafihbs<)ce,  Icb.  Oh.  61, 1820. 

II aditat.— Mississippi  Valley,  in  alt  the  lorf^r  streams. 

Tbia  8[)eoiea  is  found  Id  some  abundaDce  in  tbe  larger  streams,  il 
tho  Falls  of  the  Obio,  it  U  taken  in  nets,  and  meets  a  ready  sale.  It  1^ 
however,  muob  less  abundant  than  the  Buffalo  fishes  are.  Fron  ttl 
freneral  use  of  the  name  "  Missonri  Sacker  ",  its  abandaooe  in  the  SUM 
uf  Missouri  may  bo  inferred ;  but,  as  to  tbe  facts  in  the  case,  I  am  nri 
informed.  This  flsb  is  as  sharply  distinguished  from  tiie  other  Sackoiii 
ita  appearance  as  in  its  anatomy.  Tbe  dasky  colors  and  the  small  da 
of  the  head  attract  attention  at  once. 

Uut  one  siHH;ies  is  yet  kuonu.  That  being  the  case,  the  ayDonynif  el 
tbe  siteeies  i)c»ds  DO  discussion,  its  oldest  name  being  the  one  in  ootf 
mon  use. 


GENUS  CARPIODES.  191 

the  fleshy  portion  of  the  cheek  below;  fontanelle  always  present,  well 
developed. 

Month  always  small,  horizontal  and  inferior,  the  mandible  less  than 

one-third  the  length  of  the  head,  the  lips  thin,  the  upper  protractile, 

narroWy  the  lower  quite  narrow,  /y-shaped,  or  rather  Q-sbaped,  behind; 

both  lips  feebly  plicate  or  nearly  smooth,  the  plicsB  often  more  or  less 

broken  up;  jaws  without  cartilaginous  sheath;    muciferous    system 

moderately  developed;  opercular  apparatus  well  developed,  the  sub- 

operele  broad,  the  operculum  in  the  adult  more  or  less  rugose ;  isthmus 

moderate ;  pharyngeal  bones  remarkably  thin  and  laterally  compressed, 

vithashallowfurrowalongthe  anterior  margin  on  the  inside,  and  another 

more  central  one  on  the  outline  of  the  enlarged  surfaces;  teeth  very 

small,  compressed,  nearly  equally  thin  along  the  whole  inner  edge  of 

the  bone,  forming  a  fine  comb-like  crest  of  minute  serratures;  their 

cottiug  edge  rises  above  the  inner  margin  into  a  prominent  point. 

Gillrakers  of  anterior  arch  slender  and  stiff  above,  becoming  reduced 

downwards. 

Body  ovate  or  oblong,  the  dorsal  outline  more  or  less  arched,  the 
ventral  outline  more  nearly  straighti  the  depth  from  half  to  one-third 
the  length,  the  sides  compressed ;  the  back  notably  so,  forming  a  sort  of 
carina;  caudal  peduncle  short  and  deep;  scales  large,  about  equal  over 
the  body,  their  posterior  margins  slightly  serrate ;  lateral  line  well 
<leveloi)ed,  nearly  straight,  with  34  to  41  scales,  12  to  15  scales  in  a 
cross-row  from  dorsal  to  ventrals ;  dorsal  fin  beginning  near  the  middle 
of  the  body,  somewhat  in  advance  of  ventrals,  falcate,  its  anterior  rays 
Very  much  elevated  and  usually  filamentous,  their  height  ranging  from 
}  to  H  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  fin,  the  number  of  developed  rays 
ranging  from  23  to  30;  caudal  fin  well  forked,  the  lobes  equal ;  anal  fin 
comparatively  long  and  low,  emarginate  (in  males?),  its  number  of 
dt?vcloi)ed  rays  usually  8;  ventrals  shortish,  with  usually  10  rays ;  pec- 
torals short. 

Sexoal  peculiarities  little  marked ;  in  some  species,  at  least,  the  males 

• 

^D  spring  have  the  snout  minutely  tuberculate. 

i^loration  always  plain;  pale  olivaceous  above,  white  below,  but 
hardly  silvery,  the  fins  all  partaking  of  the  color  of  the  region  to  which 
%  belong. 

Air-bladder  with  two  chambers. 

Bixe  medium  or  rather  large. 

^  goios  was  first  recognized  and  defined  by  Professor  Agassiz  in 


192    C0NTEIBUTI0N8  TO  NORTH  AUBBICAH  ICHTHYOLOOT — m. 

1855.  Since  tbeD  it  bas  been  generally  reoeired  by  oatbora  node 
same  natiio  and  with  tbe  same  limits.  It  waa  first  briefly  ontliM 
Baduesque  \a  1830  under  the  name  of  Carpiodes,  tbeo  aftorvaH 
Valencieuues  defined  more  fully  uuderthe  name  of  Sderoffnatkti*. 
Carpiodes  and  Sclerognathus  having  tbe  same  typical  species  (Cntotl 
eijpriitm  Le  3uuur),  tbe  older  aud  preferable  name,  OafTiode*,  is  Uk 
to  lie  iidoptvd. 

Tliu  recognition  of  species  in  this  genas  is  a  matter  of  extreme 
culty,  from  their  great  resemblance  to  each  other  in  color,  use, : 
and  gi.'neral  appearance.  Unr  knowledge  of  tbe  species  Chns  & 
been  nimost  entirely  dno  t«  tbe  labors  of  Professor  Cope  (A  Partial 
opsia  uf  tbe  Fishes  of  Korth  Carolina",  Proc  Am.  Philos,  Soc  I 
1870).  I  have  myself  examined  specimens  agreeing  with  each  of 
llessor  Cope'tj  descriptions,  and,  with  two  exception  {Carpiodea  idm 
Carpiodes  grayi),  I  am  disposed  to  admit  all  his  species.  It  is  tme, 
ever,  that  in  every  large  collection  of  Carpiodea  there  are  sped 
disagreeing  more  or  loss  from  tbe  typical  forms  of  each  species 
which  should,  in  consistency,  be  described  as  distinct  species,  oi 
the  speoies  which  they  appear  to  connect  shoald  be  nnited.  I  han 
however,  examined  a  sufficiently  full  scries  of  Carpiodes  to  be 
pared  to  accept  either  of  these  alternatives.  I  have,  therefore,  t 
Professor  Cope's  analysis  of  the  species,  and  added  to  it  snch 
tional  features  as  I  have  been  able  to  observe,  aud  1  give  the  wbt 
onr  beet  knowledge  at  present  on  the  subject,  leaving  for  future  i 


QENUS    CABPIODES.  193 

00  Carp  of  the  Great  Lakes.  C  carpio  is  tlio  most  abundant  spe- 
Q  the  Ohio  Biver,  where  C.  veli/er  and  C.  cutisanserinus  also  occur 
DeDse  iinmbers. 

Q  coDviDced  that  neither  the  number  of  scales  nor  the  number  of 
:s  can  be  relied  on  to  distinguish  ttpecies  in  this  genus,  t]ie  entire 
of  variation  being  probably  found  in  every  species.  The  height 
anterior  rays  of  the  dorsal,  although  subject  to  considerable  varia- 
ith  age  and  wear,  seems  to  be  sufficiently  constant  to  divide  the 
8  into  two  groups. 

Gentric  Characierizaiion$, 

lODKS  Rafinesqne,  18*20. — "  Body  oblonp;,  somewhat  compressed ;  head  com- 
,  nine  ubdom'mal  rays,  dorsal  fiu  commonly  elongate,  tail  equallj  forked.'' — 
csQUE,  IcK,  Oh,  p.  56.) 

tooxATUUS  Storer,  1846. — "  Suont  slightly  advanced  boyound  the  month ;  the 
ty  of  the  month  is  snpported,  as  in  the  Caiostomi,  by  the  intermaxillary,  which 
shed  in  front  with  a  well  developed,  projecting,  cartilaginous  ethmoid.  The 
branch  is  long,  and  of  a  styloid  form,  while  the  horizontal  is  shortened,  and  is 
keel,  tho  inferior  edge  of  which  serves  merely  to  support  the  superior  angle  cf 
itb.  The  remainder  of  tho  maxillary  arch  is  forme<l  by  a  Obrous  ligament  cov- 
a  thin,  nndilated  lip,  reduced  to  a  thin  and  fleshy  protuberance.  Tho  upper 
wide,  very  solid  bony  piece,  under  which  tho  upper  lip  is  partly  drawn  ;  this 
ooDcealed  by  the  first  two  suborbitals,  beiug  wider  and  no  less  advanced  than 
the  Catostomi,  As  to  its  lips,  it  is  a  Leuciscus;  but  the  osteology  of  its  mouth 
es  that  of  the  Catostomi.  The  dorsal  is  long,  like  that  of  the  Curi)s.  The  head 
i,  marked  by  lines  of  mucous  i>ores.  Pharyngeal  teeth  comb-like,  iiner  and 
|oal  than  those  of  the  Catoatomi.  The  air-bladder  is  divided  into  two  large 
be  anterior  is  large  and  rounded,  with  a  slight  depression  at  its  superior  fuce : 
•nd  conica],  twice  as  long  as  the  iirst  and  followed  by  two  small  lubes;  the  sec- 
amnnicates  with  the  oesophagus  by  an  air-pipe." — (Storku,  .1/cm.  J;;j.  Jc.  *1»7« 
lc^6,  p.  427  ;  essentially  a  translation  from  Valcncienues's  account.) 
roDES  Agassiz,  1855. — **  Tho  bod^-  is  very  high  and  strcjngly  compressed,  the 
ridge  on  the  back  forming  tho  outline  in  front  of  the  dorsal  in  very  niucli  arched, 
alarlv  continuous  downwards  with  tho  rather  steep  piolilo  ef  iLo  head. 
head  is  short,  its  height  and  length  diiler  but  little.  The  snout  is  short  and 
The  small  mouth  is  entirely  inferior,  and  surrounded  by  narrow  thin  lips, 
re  more  or  loss  transversely  folded.  The  lower  jaw  is  short  and  broad.  Tho 
eal  bones  of  Carpiodcs  are  remarkably  thin,  compressed  laterally,  with  a  shal- 
low along  tho  anterior  margin  on  the  side,  and  another  more  central  one  on  tho 
flC  the  arched  surfaces ;  the  teeth  arc  very  small,  compressed,  equally  tliin  aloDg 
tw  inner  edgo  of  the  bone,  forming  a  line  comb-like  crest  of  minute  serraturcs ; 
Ming  edge  rises  above  the  inner  margin  into  a  prominent  X)oint. 

lobe  of  the  long  dorsal  is  slender,  its  third  and  fourth  rays  being  pro- 
ba  faUovring  ones  into  long  iilaments.     The  lower  (ins  aro  all  pointed, 

.  IL  Ko.  12—13 


1 


194    COSTBIBUTIOSS  TO  NOBTH  AHBBICAN  ICHTHTOLOOT— 41L 

rather  small,  and  hence  diffurent  from  one  another.  The  Tenlial  ridge  of  the  Wii* 
flat.  The  scales  have  maaj  uarrow,  radiatlog  tanowo  apon  tbe  iuit«tioc  field,  Mid  u* 
mote  deeply  marked,  !□  a  straight  liDe,  across  the  lateral  Qelila,  or  limiting  tbe  bKtil 
and  posterior  fields,  bardl;  any  upon  the  BDteiior  field,  the  waviDg  of  tbe  bnU« 
ooncentrio  ridges  prodociD^  □□!;  a  radiated  apiieorance  npon  that  field.  Tube  of  lit 
lateral  line  stiaigbt  and  simple,  arising  in  advance  of  tbe  centre  of  ndiation,  nbiekii 
seated  in  tbe  centre  of  form  of  the  scales."— (AoAsaiz,  Am.  Johtu.  So.  AtIm,  18j&,  p.  13.) 

CABnoPBS  Otlntbor,  1868.—"  DistiDgaished  from  SulrTCgnaihiu  (i.  e.  BtbaiiAlkft  vk 
Ichthpobiu)  by  its  very  thin,  compressed  pharyngeal  hone«,  which  are  armed  with  tj 
comb-lilie  eetiee  of  nearly  eqaally  aiuat«  compTessed  leetb."— (QOnthkb,  CaL  FtAa' 
JJ.(I.  Mm.  vii,  p.21.)  ' 

Caiipiodes  Cope  &  Jordan,  1877. — "Body  oblong  oval,  compressed;  doraal  elottfri^ 
elevutcd  in  front,  of  SO  or  more  rays ;  fantaneile  present ;  pharyngeal  booea  naini*, 
with  tbo  teeth  relatively  thin  and  weak;  month  siuall,  iofeiior,  protnetUe dew» 
■wards." — (Jordati,  Proc  Ac.  Kal.  Sc.  Phila.  1677,  p.  &S.) 


?  SfECIES  op  CARPIODSS. 

*  Dorsal  fin  with  the  anterior  rays  yery  mnch  elevated  and  attenaated,  eqaalling  M 
more  nsnaliy  exceeding  tho  length  of  tbe  base  of  tbe  fln. 
i  Mnzzle  very  abrap.tly  obtose,  almost  vertically  truncate  in  froot. 
a.  Mnzzle  exceedingly  blunt,  bo  that  the  anterior  edge  of  the  mandible  is  In  llH 

with  tilt  anterior  rim  nf  tliu  nrliit,  aiul  Ibo  maxillary  rencliMS  tn  tbe  antoW 
eilgo  of  the  pupil :  auterior  euborbital  dcopt^r  Chun  long:  hcud  4^  in  Icactti 
eye  quite  large,  ^i  to  4  in  bend  :  body  nrcbed,  tbe  depth  ^Dmewbat  iett  tbn 
half  tbe  length  :  first  my  of   dorsal  nearer  muzzle  than  l>ase  of  canddl 

sealea  6-35-1  :  D.  a4.  A.  8,  V.  9 DtPVonMM.  4 

■an.  Muzzle  notably  blunt, bnt  less  so  than  in  the  proceiling:  anl-erior  edgfof  iM 
ninndible  in  advance  of  the  orbit,  and  tbe  maxillary  jost  rescbing  lbs  lit! 


CABPI0DE8  CUTISANSEBINUS.  195 

U,  Hemd  intermediate,  its  length  contained  abont  4  times  (3f  to  4^)  in  that  of 
body:  anterior  n^  of  dorsal  not  thickened  at  base. 
&  Body  stonti  short,  the  back  mnch  arched,  the  depth  2i  in  length :  head  4  to 
H  in  length,  the  mnzzle  moderately  xK)inted :  dorsal  rays  considerably  ele- 
Tated,  two-thirds  as  long  as  base  of  fin :  eye  small,  5^  in  head :  tip  of  lower 
Jaw  mach  in  advance  of  nostrils ;  maxillary  reaching  line  of  orbit :  anterior 
suborbital  large,  deep,  roundish :  origin  of  dorsal  abont  midway  of  body : 
■eales  rather  closely  imbricated,  8-39  to  41-6 :  D.  27,  A.  7,  Y.  10. 

THOMPSONI,  47. 

eo.  Body  elongate,  not  mnch  elevated,  the  depth  2|  in  length :  head  3f  to  4, 
the  muzzle  prominent  but  rather  bluntish :  front  scarcely  concave  above 
eyes,  the  profile  forming  a  somewhat  uniform  curve:  eye  small,  nearly  G  iu 
head :  anterior  rays  of  dorsal  moderately  elevated,  nearly  three-fonrths  the 
length  of  the  fin,  the  first  ray  nearly  midway  between  snout  and  base  of 

caudal:  scales  6-37-5 :  D.  24  to  27,  A.  8,  V.  10 cyprixus,  48. 

hbh.  Head  comparatively  short,  its  length  contained  4^  to  5  times  in  the  length 
of  the  body :  body  more  fusiform  than  in  the  others,  compressed,  but  not 

• 

much  arched,  the  depth  2}  to  3  times  in  the  length:  anterior  rays  of  dorsal 
short,  notably  thickened  and  osseous  at  base,  the  first  ray  nearer  the  end  of 
the  muzzle  than  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin :  eye  small,  anterior,  4^  iu  head : 
muzzle  short,  but  projecting  much  beyond  mouth :  size  largest  of  the  genus. 

CARPIO,  49. 

43.  CARPIODES  DIFFORMIS  Cope. 

Deformed  Carp  Sucker. 

\0-'Carpiode$  difformis  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Pbilos.  Soc.  Phila.  480. 
Carpiodes  difformis  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  297, 187G. 
Carpiodet  difformU  Jordan  &  Copkland,  Check  List,  158, 1876. 
Carpiodes  difformis  Jordan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  72,  1877. 
Carpiodea  difformis  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  in  Klippart'a  First  Report  Ohio  Fish 

Commission,  86,  pi.  xiii,  f.  21,  ldi7. 
C^urpiodes  difformis  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  9,50, 1877. 
Carpiodes  difformis  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  321, 187H. 

Habitat. — Ohio  Valley ;  less  common  than  the  other  species. 

The  only  speciraeQ  which  I  have  seen  of  this  species  was  from  the 
Tabash  Eiver,  iu  which  stream  Professor  Cope's  original  types  were 
Elected.  No  specimens  are  in  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
hich,  indeed,  at  present  contains  very  few  of  the  Carp  Suckers  or 
lafialo-fisb. 

44.  CARPIODES  CUTISANSERINUS  Cope. 

L 

Long-finncd  Carp  Sucker*    QuiUback, 

Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  Phila.  481. 
Jordan  &  CopslanDi  Check  List,  IftS,  1876. 


196    CONTBIBUTIOMS  TO  NO&TH  AHBSICAN  ICHTHTOLOOT— 10. 

Carpiode$  cut'uaiiterlnu$  Jordak,  Bnll.  U.  S.  Not.  Has.  B,  SO,  1877. 

Carpiodct  calieantcriaaa  Jordan  Jt  Gilbert,  iu  EHppBrl'ii  It«pt.  S3,  UK. 

Carpiodtt  eatieanterinat  Jotinks,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  321,  1978. 
IBiO—Carpiodr*  Hlene  Cope,  Proc.  Am.  Pbilos.  Soc.  Phila.  491. 

Carpiodet  teiene  Joudan  Si  Copbland,  Cbeok  List,  158, 1876. 

Carpioda  teUne  Joudam  &,  QiLBBnT,  in  Klippoil'e  Bept.  63,  1870. 

Corrode*  ttUitt  Jordan,  Man.  Vurt.  ed.  3d,  321, 1978. 
l&Q—mOisobM  iijformia  Nblso.n-,  Bull.  No.  1,  U.  S.  Nat.  Moi.  49. 
Habitat. — MisBisBippi  Valloy ;  generally  abandont. 

This  Species  is  closely  related  to  C.  cel'/er,  but  differs  io  the  abni| 
truncate  snout,  that  of  velifer  being  conic.  I  am  unable  to  recogi 
C.  actene  as  a  distinct  species  at  prei^eut,  the  form  of  the  anterior  i 
orbital  being  the  only  (listtnguisbiog  I'eatare  of  much  importauGc, 
that  probably  not  a  constant  one.  C.  cutisanscriHus  is  as  abaudao 
the  Ohio  as  C.  veli/er,  and  I  have  seen  many  spcciiaeng  from  the  Illi 
Eiver. 

Sptelment  in  United  Stattt  national  Maiaan. 


Number. 

Locality. 

CoUm 

SO033 

45.  CAPPIOr)KS  VT:LlFER  [Rnfinenqvc)  Aginsl::. 

CABPIODES   BISON.  197 

'^^^-—SeUrognaihMt  cyp^inus  KirtlanDi  Boat.  Jonra.  Nat.  Hist.  vol.  y,  275.    (In  part; 
DofeofC.  d&y.) 

Habitat. — Wettem  streams  and  lakes  (Caynga  Lake,  New  York,  to  MiBsissippi 
Biver). 

This  species  is  qnite  abandant  in  the  Obio  Biver,  and  I  bave  seen 
specimens  not  evidently  distingnisbable,  from  Lake  Erie  and  from  otber 
waters  tribatary  to  the  Oreat  Lakes.  Indiscrimiuutely  with  C.  cutis- 
anserinuSy  it  is  known  to  the  fishermen  as  Quillback,  Skimback,  etc., 
the  lower-finned  species  being  called  ratber  ''Carp".  Most  of  the 
RyDODjmy  above  qnoted  includes  several  species,  the  true  veVfcr  being 
fir8tdi8tingoished  by  Professor  Cope.  Kafinesque's  anisopterus  I  bring 
iDto  the  synonymy  of  this  species,  simply  to  refer  to  it  somewhere.  It 
18  really  nnidentiflable.  Kirtland's  Sclerognathtis  cyprinus  refers  most  to 
this  species,  but  his  figure  represents  no  known  fisb.  The  head  is  too 
small,  and  the  form,  etc.,  incorrect. 

Specimens  in  United  States  Xational  Museum* 


Namber. 


»277 


LfOcality. 


Cayuga  Lake,  New  York 


Collector. 


There  are  also  several  otber  specimens  in  the  collection,  but  without 

locality. 

46.  C^UiPIODES  BISON  Agassiz. 

Long-headed  Carp  Sucker, 

^^^^Carpiodes  bison  Agassiz,  Am.  Jouni.  Sci.  Arts,  356. 

Carpiodes  bison  Agassiz,  Am.  Joarn.  Sci.  Arts,  190,  1855. 
Carpiodes  bison  Copk,  Proc.  Am.  Pliilos  Soc.  Phila,  463,  1870. 
Carpiodes  bison  Joi:dax,  Man.  Vert.  297, 1876. 
Carpiodes  bison  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  158,  1876. 
Ickthifobus  bison  Nklson,  Bull.  No.  1,  Ills.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  49,  1876. 
Carpiodes  bison  Jordan  &,  Gilukrt,  in  Klippart's  Rept.  53,  1876. 
Carpiodes  bison  Jordan,  Bnll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  ix,  50,  1877. 
Carpiodes  bison  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  322,  1878. 

"ABiTAT.—Missisftippi  Valley  (Osage  River,  Agassiz;  Mississippi  River,  Wabash 
**^*^  TeDoeesee  River,  Cope). 

^hat  the  fish  is  to  wbicb  Professor  Agassiz  gave  tbe  pame  ^^buon^ 
cannot  be  ascertained  from  tbe  publisbed  descriptions.  Professor  Coi)0 
lias  described  tbe  present  species  under  tbat  name,  and  we  accept  tbe 


198    CONTBIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AHEBICAK  ICnTnrOLOQY — IH 

name  bison  on  bis  authority.  Tliis  species  is  not  geaerallycoiniiioiii 
so  far  as  my  cxperieDce  goes.  I  liaro,  however,  Beeu  ooe  or  two  (aa 
the  Ohio  Itiver.    I  found  uo  specimcDS  iu  the  Nutional  Maaeam. 

47.  CABPIODES  THOMFSONI  Agauiz. 
LoIk  Carp. 
184Jt— Catottomu*  cypriRui  Tiiompsom,  Hint.  Vt.  133. 
18S — CitTpiode*  Ihomptonl  Agassiz,  Am.  Joarn.  Sc.  Arts,  Sd  series,  xix,  19L 

Carpiodet  Ihompaoni  Copb,  Proc.  Au.  Nat.  So.  Pbilo.  385,  ISM. 

Carpiodtt  thompmHii  Coeis,  Proc.  Am.  Fhilos.  iSod.  Philo.  483,  ltS70. 

Carpioda  tkompioiii  Jukdan,  Mao.  Vert.  397,  1876. 

Ichthyobiu  Ihompaoni  Nelson,  Ball.  No.  1,  lite. Mas. Nftt  KM. 49,  ia». 

Carpiodea  tkotaptoiii  Jordan  &  COfSLUtv,  Check  List,  158, 1B76. 

Carpiodta  thomptonil  JORDAN  &  OU.BERT,  ia  Klippact's  Bept.  03,  ISA. 

Carpiodet  Ihomptoai  Jobdam,  Mao.  Vert,  ed.  Ud,  322, 1678. 

.  IIabitat.— Orent  Lake  region ;  abundant. 

This  Species  occurs  in  more  or  less  abnodauce  throughout  the  CM 
Lake  region.  It  is  Ihe  shortest  and  most  arched  of  all  the  specio.  & 
dorsal  fin  is  about  intermediate  betn'een  that  of  velijer  and  tbitl 
earpio.  1  have  examined  very  many  specimeus  of  this  species,  ul< 
fiud  little  variation  among  them.  This  fish  reaches  a  length  of  mM 
thing  over  a  foot,  and  is  Bold  by  the  Lake  fiahermcn  as  **  Carp". 

SpcdmcTu  fn    Pnitrrf  Slaitt  ?>'nli'07ifll  Mnmm. 


CARPIODES  CTPBINUS.  199 

CwfMim  egpHwu  GOmthkr,  Cat  Fiahes  Brit  Mas.  vii,  24, 1868. 

C§rpi$im  qtspHu m  Ck>PB,  Pioo.  Am.  Fhilos.  8oo.  PbiU.  484, 1870. 

CSnyMn  cjipHiMt  Jobdak,  Kitthes  of  Ind.  202, 1875. 

GsrpMn  ^lEprtavt  Jordan,  Man.  Vert  297, 187C. 

CupMe$  egprimwB  Uhlbr  A,  Lugobr,  Fisbes  of  Maryland,  140,  1876. 

Gtrjiiocln  egprinmi  Jordan  &  Copkland,  Check  List,  158, 1876. 

Carpiodea  egprinMi  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  323, 1878. 
1IIS4— Csrpioclei  vaeoa  Aoassiz,  Am.  Jonrn.  Bci.  Arts,  356. 
18&4— OMpMat  UmidM9  Baird  &  Girard,  Proo.  Philo.  Ao.  Nat  8c.  2& 

Idhbiu  Umidm$  Oirard,  U.  8.  Mex.  Bound.  Sorv.  Icb.  34,  pi.  xiuc,  1 1-4, 1859. 

JefttftyodM  fwaidift  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  158, 1876. 
ISoS^CnpiMlft  damallM  Girard,  Proc.  Ao.  Nat.  8c.  Phila.  170. 

CtarpiodM  damalit  Giraicd,  U.  S.  Pac.  R.  R.  Expl.  x,  218,  pi.  xlviii,  f .  1-4, 1858. 

(krpiodea  damalii  Cofk,  Proo.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc  Phila.  85, 1865. 

(krpiodta  damalU  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  155, 1876. 
ISfO-GBrpiodcw  gragi  Copk,  Proc.  Am.  Pbilos.  8oc.  Phila.  482, 1870. 

CvpiodiB  ffrajfi  .Jordan  «Sl  Copeland,  Check  List,  158, 1876. 

GtipjodM  gragl  Cope  A  Yarrow,  Wheeler'tt  £spl.  W.  100th  Mer.  v,  Zool.  C8l, 
1876. 

HabitaT^ — New  Englazd  to  Alabama ;  thenco  to  Mexico  and  north  to  the  Upper 

I  have  elsewhere  already  united  the  Dominal  species  grayi  and  tnmi- 
fa)  for  the  following  reasons: — Giranl's  ^'Ictiobus  tumdna^  is  eortainly 
^Carpiodea,  as  is  plainly  shown  by  the  published  ii^^mv,  the  mouth  be- 
ing represented  as  small  and  inferior,  beneath  the  projecting  siiout.  I 
have  nnmeroQs  young  specimens  of  a  Carpiodcs  from  the  Kio  Grande, 
at  Brownsville,  Texas,  the  original  loculit  v  of  Ictiobiis  tumiduit.  But  my 
specimens  do  not  disagree  in  any  important  respect  Iroui  Carpiodcs  grayi^ 
from  the  same  river,  nor  am  I  able,  on  examination  of  authentic  speci- 
QteDsof  the  latter  species,  to  point  out  any  differences  between  them  and 
^y  Brownsville  specimens.  Therefore,  if  tumidua  and  grayi  are  really 
*liffereut,  the  differences  have  escaped  my  notice.  It  is  of  course  possi- 
'^lothat  my  Brownsville  specimens,  although  from  the  original  locality 
of  tumidua^  ma}*  not  be  that  species;  but,  as  the  types  of  tumidua  have 
^Kieu  lost,  I  do  not  see  how  the  question  can  ever  be  settled. 

I  am  furthermore  unable  to  separate  tumidua  as  thus  characterized 
from  damalia  Grd.,  and  the  close  relationship  existing  between  damalia 
and  c^rinua  has  already  been  noticed  by  Professor  Cope.  As  1  now 
'^dievo  that  cyprinua^  tumidua^  damalia^  aud  grayi  were  all  based  on  mem- 
1^  of  a  single  widely  diffused  species,  I  unite  them  in  the  above 
•ynonymy, 

^Riia  species  is  the  common  Carp  Sucker  of  Pennsylvania  and  the 


2U0    C0NTBIBUTI0N8  TO  NOBTH  AHEBICAM  ICHTHTOLOGT — m. 

Middle  States.  I  have  no  specimens  referable  to  this  species  from  tbt 
Great  Lakes,  nor  from  the  Miwisaiiipi  or  the  Ohio.  If  ej/priHia,  tn» 
dua,  and  damalk  are  identical,  however,  one  of  tno  thiogs  must  be  tnn 
Either  C.  cyprinjig  really  inhabits  the  whole  Mississippi  Valley,  bnt  bu 
beeD  overlooked  or  confoaiided  with  otbeit,  or  else  we  have  a  ver}' curi- 
ous auotnaly  in  the  distribution  of  the  8[>ecie8,  it  beiof;  aa  iohabitani 
of  waters  of  two  widely  separated  areas,  havinj;  little  in  common.  Ths 
former  supposition  tteemii  the  most  probable,  and  I  accordingly  looktir 
BpecimcDS  of  C.  cyprinus  in  the  Miattissippi  Valley. 
Spedaitti*  in  Vnittd  Siatt*  Saiional 


:»550 
13012 

iseai 

90109 


Locality. 


Kuund  Lake.  Montgomery,  Alabama . . 

Fort  Pierre,  Nelir.  (typea  of  Cdamalit) 

BepablicuD  Biver   

Rio  Grimdo.  Now  Mexico  (Vrratrj) 

Nebriwku 

"  U.  S.  Mi'z.  Doaodftry  SurTcy"  (typea  of  rnnJdjHf}, 
Bronoanllo,  Tex 


Knmliei)  ft '. 
Dt.  Evmiu. 
Wood& 
Dr.  O.  Loot. 


49.  OAKPIODES  CARPIO  {Rajinetque)  Jordan. 


i 


1690 — CotcMironiis  earpi 


Big  Carp  Sucktr.     Olirt  Carp  Smitr. 
I  ILlKlNESIjCE.  Ith.  Ob.  ^. 


GENUS   BUBALICHTHTS.  201 

doubt  that  Bafinesqae  had  the  same  fish  \n  miDd  as  his  C.  carpioj  and  I 
have  accordingly  adopted  the  latter  Qame. 

Spedmena  in  United  States  National  Museum. 


Komber. 


Locality. 


12291 
12292 


Obio  River,  Cinoinnati 
do 


Collector. 


J.  W.  Milnor. 
Do. 


Genus  BUBALICHTHYS  Agassiz. 

AMdkfAyt  Agassiz,  Am.  Jonra.  Scu  Arts,  1855, 11^2. 
SdengiMi3iUB  Gf  mthbr,  Oat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mas.  vii,  p.  22, 188a 
CvMiamwi  et  Carpiode$  sp.  of  authors. 

Type,  Carpiodea  urus  Agassiz. 

£tyiiiolo|(y,  ^ipUXoCt  bnffalo ;  Ixf^C*  fisb. 

Head  moderate  or  rather  large,  deep  and  thick,  its  superior  oatliac 
rapidly  rising,  its  length  a'bout  4  in  tbat  of  the  body :  eye  moderate, 
median  or  rather  anterior  in  position  ]  suborbital  bones  comparatively 
iiaiTowj  fontanelle  always  present  and  widely  open. 

Mouth  moderate  or  small,  more  or  less  inferior,  the  mandible  short, 
Mttleoblique,ortypieallyquiteborizontal,  the  mandible  less  than  one-third 
^^  length  of  the  head,  the  premaxillaries  in  the  closed  mouth  below 
tbe  level  of  the  lower  part  of  the  orbit ;  lips  rather  thin,  thicker  than  in 
^<^hthyohuSj  the  upper  protractile,  narrow,  plicate,  the  i)lica)  j^ouietimes 
broken  up  into  granules;  lower  lip  comparatively  full  (for  a  Buffalo- 
^!*b),  faintly  plicate,  the  plica',  biolten  up  into  granules,  the  lower  lip 
*^aviDg  the  general  n- shaped  form  seen  in  Cai'inodes;  jaws  without  car- 
tilaginous sheath ;  muciferous  system  well  developed ;  opercular  appa- 
^tu8  well  developed,  but  less  so  than  in  IchtJnjobus,  the  operculum 
^^rongly  rugose;  isthmus  moderate;  pharyngeal  bones  triangular,  with 
'^'"ge  teeth,  which  increase  in  size  from  above  downwards;  teeth  com- 
l^J'essed,  their  grinding  edge  blunt,  slightly  arched  in  the  middle,  and 
Provided  with  a  little  cusp  along  the  inner  margin,  which  ir  liardly 
^^tached  from  the  crown,  and  does  not  rise  above  the  surfaces :  gill-rakers 
^^  anterior  arch  slender  and  stiff  above,  growing  shorter  downwards. 
Body  ovate  or  oblong,  the  dorsal  outline  more  or  less  arched,  the  sides 
^^  the  body  compressed,  the  ventral  outline  curved  also,  but  to  a  less 
^^gree:  scales  very  large,  about  equal  over  the  body,  their  posterior 


202     COMTBIBDTIONS  TO  NOSTH  AMEBICAN  ICHTHTOLOaY — ^UI. 

outlines  soiuewbat  nerrate;  lateral  line  veil  dcveloi>ed,  nearly  stniig; 
n-ilh  3i>  tu  i'J  scales,  12  to  14  in  a  crobs-serieti  froiu  vcotrata  to  lionu 
doiiitil  tiu  bcginoiug  Dear  tbe  DiidOIe  of  tiie  body,  somewfaut  in  adtiiu 
of  the  rotitnita,  its  nateiior  rajs  elevated,  tlieir  bvigbt  aboat  equal  t 
half  tbe  base  of  tbe  fin,  tbe  number  of -rays  iu  tbe  dorsal  fia  raogin 
from  25  to  32;  caudal  &u  well  lorked,  the  lobes  about  equal,  not  la 
cato ;  anal  flu  comparatively  long  and  rather  low,  of  8  or  9  develoi* 
rays;  veutrals  moderate,  lOrayed ;  pectorals ratbcr sbort:  sexual peci 
liaritios,  if  auy,  unknowu  :  cotonttiou  dull  dark  brown,  nearly  plaiu,  h 
silvery  i  flus  olivaceous  or  more  or  less  dusky. 

Air-bladder  with  two  chambers. 

Size  quite  large. 

lu  general  appeftrauce,  the  species  of  Bi^lichtkya  bear  a  considerab' 
resembhiuee  to  those  of  Cai-piodea.  Tbe  form  is,  however,  coarser  thi 
that  of  any  Carpiodes,  tbe  dorsal  fin  is  lower,  and  tbe  coloration 
darker  and  duller.  The  species  reach  a  larger  size  than  dotboni 
Carpiodea,  but  whether  larger  or  oot  than  tbe  sjtecies  of  Icktkifobiu  1 1 
ouable  to  say.  In  exterual  appearance,  BtdMlichtlii/9  is  ioternieilii 
between  Carpioda  and  Icktkyobitt,  tbe  oue  species,  btibaltu,  resemblii 
Carpiodtg  most,  the  other,  vrui,  being  most  like  Icktigobiu. 

Ourkuowledgeof  the  species  of  this  genus  is  very  incomplete.  Uai 
species  were  uamed  and  indicated  by  Professor  Agnsdiz,  but  witb  ra 
fragmeutiiry  descriptions  that  not  a  single  one  of  tbem  is  oeitaia 
known  t>y  any  one.     I  have,  however,  been  able  to  identify  in  spediM 


GEErrS  BUBAUCHTHYS.  203 

deaeriptions  poblUhed  by  Professor  Agassiz  are  olinost  worthless  for  the 
distioetioii  of  species.  It  has  accordingly  seemed  best  to  me,  as  a  tem- 
porary arraogemeut,  at  least  antil  more  than  two  species  are  shown  to 
oeeor  in  cor  waters*  or  antil  some  one  is  able  to  show  from  examination 
of  Professor  Agassiz's  types  what  he  really  had  in  mind,  to  disiribnte 
Us  nominal  species  in  the  synonymy  of  the  two  which  w^  know.  I 
havo  accordingly  considered  each  of  Agassiz's  species  and  made  it 
identical  with  either  the  small-monthed  or  the  large-monthed  species,  as 
the  description  seemed  to  indicate.    A  third  species,  from  Central 

America,  which  I  suppose  belongs  to  this  genns,  is  added  from  Dr. 

O&Dther's  description. 

QtneHo  Charaoierlg€Uioii$. 

BmuLiCBTHTS  Agaasiz,  1855. — ^'At  the  time  I  viDdioated  the  propriety  of  restoring 
MM  of  the  genera  eetaUiehed  by  Bafinesqne  among  Cyprinoide,  I  did  not  snepecfe  that 
aigBnos  CoiyMefy  as  I  then  represented  it,  still  contained  two  distinct  type«,  tbongb 
Ibtd  Botioed  that  some  of  the  species  had  tbe  anterior  margin  of  their  dorsal  greatly 
pNtengsd,  whilst  in  others  it  hardly  rises  above  the  middle  and  posterior  of  tbat  fin. 
Bifing  sinee  examined  tHe  pharyngeals  of  all  tbe  species  of  this  tribe  wbich  2  havo 
Im  sble  to  secure  ih>m  diffiurent  parts  of  tbe  country,  I  find  tbat  those  witb  a  bigb 
tall  wbich  constitute  tbe  genus  Carpiodei,  bavo,  in  addition,  very  tbin  flat  pbaryn- 
|nli  with  extremely  minute  teeth,  wbilst  those  witb  a  low  dorsal  have  triangular 
ikayiigBala  with  larger  teeth,  increasing  gradually  in  sixe  and  tbickness,  from  tbe 
>9pir  Baigin  of  tbe  bones  towards  tbe  symphysis.  Tbe  difference  in  form  of  these 
^osfli  arises  ftom  tbe  circumstance  tbat  tbe  slight  ridge  upon  tbe  outer  surface  of  tbe 
veh  io  Carpiodet  is  transformed  in  this  second  type  into  a  prominent  edge,  dividing 
tbe  cater  surface  of  tbe  arcb  into  a  posterior  aod  anterior  plane,  meeting  under  an 
Mote  Angle,  Tbis  structural  bomology  is  satisfactorily  traced  by  the  difference  of  tlie 
external  appearance  of  these  two  planes,  the  posterior  one  being  fall  as  the  posterior 
half  of  tbe  flat  outer  surface  of  tbe  arch  in  Carpiodea^  whilst  the  anterior  plane  is 
^Miaely  porous,  indeed  studded  with  deep  pits  unalogoas  to  the  porous  character  of 
theoDterior  half  of  tbe  enter  surface  of  that  bono  in  Carpiodes.  The  teeth  themselves 
^oompressed ;  their  grinding  edge  is  rather  blnnt,  slightly  raised  in  the  middle,  and 
pvorided  witb  a  little  cnsp  along  the  inner  margin,  wbich  is  hardly  detached  from  the 
cioviiy  and  docs  not  rise  above  its  surface,  as  in  CarpiodeSf  Ichlhyobu8  and  Cycleptus, 

"In  tbis  genus  tbe  bnlk  of  the  body  is  not  placed  so  far  forwards  as  in  CarpiodeSj  tbe 
fcttest  height  being  between  head  and  tail.  The  upper  outline  of  the  body  is  less 
*^gly  arched  in  advance  of  the  dorsal ;  the  head  is  longer  than  high,  and  the  snout 
^  more  prominent  than  tbe  mouth.  The  mouth  opens  obliquely  downwards  and 
Awards,  tbe  lower  Jaw  being  nearly  as  long  as  tbe  upper.  The  lips  are  small  and 
fivialated.  Tbe  anterior  rays  of  the  dorsal  are  not  separately  prolonged  beyond  tbe 
'vtof  tbe  fin,  though  its  anterior  margin  is  higher  than  its  middle  and  posterior  por- 
^^  Tbe  lower  fins  are  as  in  Carpioda, 

'*Tbe  scales  have  many  narrow  radiating  farrows  upon  tbe  anterior  field,  none  across 
^  Itteral  fields,  and  few  upon  tbe  posterior  fields,  converging  to  the  centre  of  radio* 


-  .,.J, 


204    CONTRIBUnONS  TO  NORTH  AMSRICAN  ICUTHTOLOCFT — IIL 


tioD,  to  which  tho  tabes  of  the  lateral  line  extend  alio.  For  this  new  gmm  I 
the  name  of  Bkbalichtk!f§,  intending  to  reoall  the  name  of  Bofiilo  flahv  eoni 
applied  to  thia  species.  To  this  genus  belong  the  species  I  haw  deasribad  aa  i 
una  fiom  the  Tennesaed  River,  C  ttuurua  from  Mobile  River,  and  C*  wUmUu  from 
Wabash,  and  also  the  Caio9tomu$  niger  of  Raftoesque  and  Caldsloaiat  kiMat  <tf  0r, 
land  from  the  Ohio,  bat  not  C.  bubaUa  Raflnesqne,  which  is  the  type  of  the  geniia 
thjf€i^  descMbed  in  the  following  paragraph.  I  have  another  new  spedaa  from 
Osage  River,  sent  me  by  Mr.  George  Stolley.  This  shows  this  type  to  be  widely 
tribnted  in  oar  western  waters,  bat  thas  far  It  haa  not  been  Ibond  In  the  Aittaati 
states.  I  have  some  doabts  respecting  the  nomenclatare  of  these  apealea  wUoh 
rather  difflpalt  to  solve.  It  will  be  seen  npon  reference  to  Raflnesgoe^a  lehthyokulM 
Ohiensis,  p.  55  and  56,  that  he  mentions  two  species  of  his  sabgenos  JbittyaiaSyene 
which  he  calls  C.  bubalua,  and  the  other  C.  niger;  the  second  he  has  not  see 
bat  describes  it  on  the  aathority  of  Mr.  Aadabon  as '  entirely  similar  to  the  eomi 
Boffolo  fish,'  his  C,  hubdlue,  bat '  larger,  weighing  npwaids  of  fifty  poands.'  Dr.  KIrt* 
land,  on  the  other  hand,  describes  the  C  hMbalm$  as  the  largest  speelea  firand  In 
western  waters,  ond  odds  that  the  yonng  is  nearly  elliptical  in  ita  ontllne  and  ia 
sold  in  the  market  as  a  distinct  species  nnder  the  name  of  Bnftilo  Foreh.  If  there 
only  one  species  of  Baffiilo  in  those  waters  the  case  woald  be  very  simple^  nod  the 
UmUmuB  hubaJus  and  niger  of  Rofinesqne,  and  C.  hnhaiue  of  l5r.  Klrtland,  shonld  aimpl^' 
be  considered  as  synonymons,  bat  Dr.  Raach  of  Barlington  has  sent  me  fine  apeelAieo^ 
of  this  Bnffalo  Perch,  to  which  the  remark  of  Dr.  Klrtland, '  elliptloa!  In  Its  ontlioo^* 
perfectly  applies,  and  I  find  that  it  not  only  differs  specifically  bat  even  genericall3p 
from  the  broader,  high  backed,  common  Baffalo,  and  being  the  smaller  species,  I  tak.^ 
it  to  be  Raflnesque's  C.  hubalua,  tho  type  of  his  geuus  IchihyobuBf  which  is  more  foil 
charaotjrisod  below,  whiUt  the  larger  species,  Kafinesqne'tt  C.  niger,  can  be  no  othc 
than  Dr.  Eirtland's  C  buhalusj  *  tho  largest  species  of  the  western  waters.'  It  seeoc: 
therefore  hardly  avoidable  to  retain  the  name  uf  C.  niger  or  rather  BuhaUckikge  niy> 
for  the  common  Baffalo,  tboagb  Rafinesqne,  who  tint  named  the  fish,  never  saw  it, 
if  he  saw  it  mistook  it  for  his  own  bubaluSf  aod  though  Dr.  Kirtland,  who  correct 
describee  and  figures  it,  names  it  C.  bubalua,  for  such  is  the  natural  result  to  which 
history  of  the  successive  steps  in  our  investigation  of  these  fishes  lead.  Bot  oar  dil 
culties  here  ore  not  yet  at  an  end.  Among  the  splendid  collections  I  received  fh>m 
Ranch,  I  found  two  perfectly  distinct  species  of  BubalichthpSy  one  with  a  large  monc  ^^ 
and  the  other  with  a  small  months  and  ono  of  IchthyobuSf  living  together  in  the  Miss  ^S^^ 
sippl  River,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Burlington,  Iowa ;  and  the  next  question,  prol 
biy  never  to  be  solved,  will  be,  if  they  all  three  occur  also  in  the  Ohio,  whether 
nesque*s  C.  niger  was  the  big  mouthed  or  tho  small  mouthed  Bubalichihge,  Judgii 
from  the  figure  given  by  Dr.  Kirtland  in  the  Boston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  voL 
pi.  fig.  2, 1  believe  his  C.  bubalus  to  be  the  small  mouthed  species.  I  myself  have,ho! 
ever,  seen  only  one  specimen  of  the  big  mouthed  species  from  the  Ohio,  and  that 
rather  an  indifferent  state  of  preservation;  for  which  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  Baird, 
lione  of  the  small  mouthed  species.  Should,  however,  all  three,  as  is  possible,  occur 
the  Ohio  as  well  as  the  Mississippi,  to  avoid  introducing  new  names,  I  will  call 
big  mouthed  species  B,  niger,  preserving  for  it  Rafinesqne's  specific  name,-^he 


k 


GENUS   BUBALICHTHYS.  205 

moathed,  B.  hiihalu$f  retaining  for  it  the  name  which  Dr.  Kirtland  has  given  it,  oven 
lliODxh  the  speoies  oflchthifobM  most  bear  tho  samo  specific  name,  being  that  origin- 
mlly  applied  by  Bafinesque.  It  may  be  that  either  my  B.  vitulus  or  my  B.  urua  is  iden- 
tical with  Dr.  Kirtland's  C  huhalus,  but  until  I  can  obtain  original  specimens  of  this 
vpeeieey  this  point  most  remain  undecided,  as  it  is  impossible  for  mere  descriptions  to 
inatitote  a  sniBctently  minate  comparison.  The  specimens  from  Osage  Hiver  I  sbuU 
call  B,  hma9u$. 

"Compared  with  one  another,  these  species  differ  as  follows:  B.  niger^ (the  big- 
moathed  Boffalo)  differs  from  B,  bubalua  (the  small-monthcd  Bufialu)  by  its  larger 
BKmth,  opening  more  forwards;  its  more  elongated  body,  tho  first  rays  of  the  dorsiil 
riMDg  immediately  above  the  base  of  the  ventrals,  and  its  anterior  lobe  being  broader, 
mod  the  anal  fin  not  emarginated ;  B.  bon^isua  differs  from  B.  bubalua  and  from  B.  niger 
iia  having  the  month  larger  than  the  first  and  smaller  than  the  second,  and  from  B, 
hmbaluM  by  its  less  emarginated  dorsal,  which  renders  its  larger  lobe  broader,  anal  fin 
ii<9t  emarginated,  opercle  larger.  A  farther  comparison  with  the  Southern  species  could 
only  be  satisfactory,  if  accompanied  by  accurate  figures.^'— (Agassiz,  Am,  Journ.Sc.  ArtSy 
1365,  p.  192.) 

8CLEROGNATHC8  GUuther,  1869.—'*  Scales  of  moderate  or  rather  large  nize.    Lateral 

IxDe  ronoing  along  the  middle  of  the  tail.    Dorsal  fin  much  elongate,  with  about  30  or 

SKicre  rays,  none  of  which  xfre  spinous.    Anal  fin  short.    Mouth  small,  inferior  {Buba- 

Wi^Ukjfs)  or  snbterminal  {Sclerognathu8)f  with  the  lips  more  or  less  thickened.    Barbels 

Qill-rakers  long,  stiff  in  tho  upper  two-thirds  of  the  first  branchial  arch,  niodi- 

into  low  membranaceous  transverse  folds  in  the  lower  third.    Psendobranchiie. 

rngeal  bones  sickle-shaped^  armed  with  a  comb-like  series  of  numerous,  compressed 

increasing  in  size  downwards.^— (Gt^NTnER,  Cat  Fishes  BHL  Mus.  vii,  22,  1^.) 

BuBALiCHTHYS  Copo  Sl  Jordan,  1877. — **  Body  oblong  oval,  compressed ;  dorsal  elon- 

l^iftte,  elevated  in  front,  of  20  or  more  rays ;   fontanello  present ;  pharyngeal  bones 

s^v^Dg,  the  teeth  comparatively  coarse  and  large,  increasing  iu  size  downwards;  mouth 

inferior.'^— (Jordan,  Froc,  Ac.  Kat  So.  Phila.  1877,  p.  82.) 

ANALYSIS  OF  SPECIES  OK  BUBALICHTHYS. 

•fiody  considerably  elevated  and  compreksod  above ;  the  dorsal  region  siibcarinatt^ : 
belly  thicker;  depth  2^  to  2}  in  length ;  axis  of  body  above  the  ventraU  below 
the  lateral  line  and  nearly  twice  as  far  from  the  back  as  from  the  belly:  head 
moderate,  triangular  in  outline  when  viewed  from  the  side,  4  in  length:  eye 
eqnal  to  snout,  4  to  5  in  length  of  head,  much  larger  than  in  Z/.  nrus :  mouth  quite 
small,  notably  smaller  and  more  inferior  than  iu  B,  urus :  maudible  about  equal 
to  eye:  dorsal  fin  elevated  in  front  and  rapidly  declined,  the  highest  ray  rench- 
ing  much  beyond  the  middle  of  the  fio,  the  seventh  ray  about  half  the  length  of 
the  third  or  longest;  anal  rays  rapidly  shortened  behind,  tho  micdle  rays  much 
shorter  than  the  first  long  ones:  scalis  8-39-G;  dorsal, 29;  anal,  10;  ventral.s, 
10 :  coloration  paler,  tho  lower  tins  slightly  dusky bl'Balcs,  00. 

^ody  much  less  elevated  and  less  compressed  than  intheprecediug.thebackuotat  all 
carinated ;  axis  of  body  above  ventrals  about  at  the  lateral  line,  and  but  very  lit- 
tle farther  from  tho  dorsal  outline  than  from  the  ventral ;  depth  3  to  3^  in  length : 
head  very  stoat,  strongly  transversely  convex,  thicker,  larger,  and  lees  pointed 


206     COSTBIBOnONS  TO  SORTH  ASIERICAN  ICHTUYOLOGY— in, 

Ibftn  In  tho  next,  aliuiit  4  in  Icnglli :  iifc  nboiil  eqaal  to  anont,  S}  In  bfnd.nQck 
amaller  Ibnn  in  B.  hubalui:  nidnlb  largo,  conalilerably  oblitiae,apotiing  wvllfM- 
warilR :  niatKiiblu  louf^er  tbau  ejc  :  dorsal  Gd  lower  ami  less  ropidl;  di 
tban  in  tbo  uvit.  Cbe  longeBt  ray  ecarcelf  half  tbe  longtli  of  tbo  base  of  theSoi 
anal  Jin  rnauilcKl,  its  tnys  cot  ra|)iil]y  Bhorteiied,  th^  middle  ones  not  macb  «bonet 
tban  Ibo  louRcat:  coIotb  very  dark;  &aa  all  block:  eeaXn*  B-H-7;  donil.JIt; 

anal,  10 crcs, 

***  MoQib  Hinall.  idfurior,  Blifjbtly  carrugatrd:  depth  3(  to  3^  in  lengtli »  bead  4  la 
□ot  luaoh  longer  than  biffh :  eye  rather  amall,  one-liftb  of  the  leocth  of  ibebo^ 
und  i  thntot  ibo  mioiit :  anlwrbitnls  narrow.  Anterior  raya  not  tnnth prodnred, 
ahorler  than  ihv  bead;  caudal  foikod.  Origin  of  TCntral  vertically  belavtta 
fonrth  dorsal  ray.  Pectoral  Ha  not  extendiog  to  venttali-  There  * 
lon);[itudinal  attrica  of  Bcalee  botweou  the  latcrn!  liue  and  tbo  root  of  the  venD*!- 
Coloration  nnifoiQi,    Scales  7-3i*-3 ;  doraalSO;  anal  10 MEitiDiONAU-sX 

50.  BrTBALICHTHYS  BUBALQS  Agassiz. 

D-<ffalo-fii,h.     Small-moulhed  Buffalo.     High-hacked  Baffalo. 
\Sa6—Catotlom»>  bubaUa  Kuitland,  Rept.  Zool.  Obio,  1G3.     (Not  of  Haaneaqle.1 

Calottomut  bahalat  Kirtlaku,  Boiton  Jouro.  Nut.  Uist  v,  266,  lt)45. 

Caiattomaa  biibalat  Storbr,  Synopsin,  424.  lS4li. 

Buhallchthga  bHbalus  Acarsiz,  Am.  Joain.  Sc.  Artn,  3d  serios,  xiK,  195,  ISSow 

Bubalidtlhga  bubalue  Jordan,  Fisbea  of  Ind.,  33S,  Wb. 

Bubalichlhsa  babalus  JiinDAX  &  Copelaxd,  Chock  List,  108, 1976. 

Babalidiths*  babaUi  JonDAN,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.74, 1ST7. 

Biibal'ultttsi  bahalut  3otcD\s  Si.  Gilbert, in  KlLppaTt'aBept.53,  1ST7. 
1^4~r  f  CarpSodmi  laumt  Agassiz,  Am.  Jonrn.  Soi.  Arts,  355.    { Not  idt-ntifiable.) 


BUBALICIITHYS   BUBALUS.  207 

Ibis  18  probably  the  most  generally  distribated  of  the  various  species 
owD  popularly  as  Buffalo-fish.  The  question  as  to  its  proper  nomen- 
itore  is  even  more  complicated  than  that  of  the  next  species.  It 
\j  be  that  this  is  the  true  Imbalus  of  Bafinesque,  as  supposed  by  Dr. 
rtland.  But  as  that  species  was  the  type  of  the  genus  Ictiobusy  the 
ntiflcatioD  of  Rafinesqne's  species  with  the  present  one  would  lead 
changes  in  nomenclature  far  from  desirable.  The  name  IcMliyohus 
lid  then  belong  to  Bubalichthys  and  the  genus  Ichthyolym  would 
Hve  a  new  name.  As  this  can  never  be  proveu,  it  is  best  to  consider 
issis's  identification  as  correct  and  that  of  Dr.  Kirtland  wrong.  The 
t  mention  of  this  species  was  that  of  Dr.  Kirtland  as  Cato8tamti8  bu- 
tf.  The  name  buhdlm,  however,  was  given  through  an  erroneous 
itification,  and  must  be  passed  over.  Next  come  Agassiz's  names 
fH9  and  vitidus^  both  possibly  belonging  here,  but  just  as  likely  be- 
;iug  to  tcrtM.  Both  of  them,  from  the  exasperating  insufficiency  and 
levance  of  the  descriptions,  are  practically  unidentifiable.  Next  is 
issiz's  huhaluSy  noticed  below.  The  next  name  in  order  is  that  of 
hyobus  cyanellus  NeKson,  wl^ich  was  based  on  this  species,  as  I  have 
TUiined  by  examination  of  his  type.  This  is  the  first  tenable  name 
jin!y  belonging  to  this  species,  unless  we  adopt  the  name  bubalus. 
t  comes  Nelson's  altus.  A  specimen  answering  Nelson's  description 
til  respects,  and  as  evidently  belonging  to  the  species  now  under 
iideration,  is  at  present  before  me.  It  is  a  fine  adult  example, 
tly  comes  my  own  bubalintis,  intended  merely  as  a  substitute  for  the 
le  ^'' bubaliiH^^  not  then  considered  tenable  as  the  specific  name  of 
species,  having  been  given  to  it  originally  by  an  error  in  identifica- 
.  The  adoption  of  the  name  bubalus  by  Agassiz  after  the  knowledge 
his  error  may,  however,  be  considered  as  a  proposal  of  a  new  name, 
original  descriptions  of  iaurusj  vitulusj  cyaneUuSj  and  alius  are  hete 
joined. 

arpiodes  taurua  Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1855,  p.  355. — '*  From 
)ile  River,  Alabama.  The  form  of  the  body  is  intermediate  between 
t  of  C  Cyprinus  and  0.  Urns.  The  gill-cover  has  the  same  form  as 
?.  UruSy  but  it  is  larger  and  more  strongly  arched  behind.  The  hind 
'gin  of  the  scales  is  waving,  owing  to  a  somewhat  prominent  mid- 
aoglo.  The  anterior  rays  of  the  dorsal  equal  in  length  two-thirds 
tkal  of  the  base  of  the  fin.  Anal  not  lunate  behind.  The  ventrals 
'^eh  to  the  anal  opening.    Caudal  not  so  deeply  furcate  as  in 


208    CONTBIBin-IOXS  TO  KOBTU  AMEBtCAN  lOHTnTOLOOT — ^HI. 

Carpiodea  Titulus  Agaseiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sc.  Arts,  1865, p. 356, — "Fna 
tlio  WnbiisL  Kiver,  ludiaDa,  Tbis  seems  to  tw  a  smaller  species  ibu 
the  preceding  ones.  The  form  of  the  body  resembles  that  of  C  Tiam, 
bat  the  eyes  iiru  smaller ;  the  operule  U  more  broadly  rouDded  bebiad} 
the  Riiboperelo  has  its  posterior  and  free  border  regalarly  arched  aban 
and  below,  aod  oot  emarginate  as  in  C.  Taurus.  Tbe  directioa  of  At 
uamiTotit)  water-tabes  on  tbe  bead  and  cheeks  also  differ.  Tbe  nppv 
and  lower  bonier  of  the  scales  are  nearly  straight.  The  dorsal  doetnol 
exti'nd  quite  so  fur  forward.  I  am  indebted  to  Uol.  Btchard  Oveaof 
New  Uiirmouy  for  this  species." 

Ickthjobus  cganellvs  'SelsoJt,  Bnll.Ills.  Mas.  Nat.  Oist  i,  1877,  p. 49.- 
"  BIno  BuQ'iilo.  A  number  of  specimens  of  this  spL-cies  aro  in  theibti 
collcciioD,  from  tlio  Illiooia  liver,  and  in  Prof.  Jordan's  collection,  fn» 
the  Mississippi  at  8t.  Louis.  The  following  is  the  description,  (stei 
from  several  specimens,  measuring  from  S  to  9^  inches  is  length  :— 

"  Head  about  3^  in  length.  Depth  2^  to  5-6.  Bye  4^  to  5^  in  hetd. 
Dorsal  I,  30.  Anal  1, 8.  YentniU  10.  Lat  I.  38.  Longitodinal  nrni 
7-5  to  l-G.  Body  compressed,  high.  Anteriorly  broad,  oomptenti 
behind.  Longest  ray  reaching  18th  ray.  Pectorals  shorter  than  n» 
tmis,  both  shorter  than  head.  Anal  scarcely  reaching  caadal;  bead 
Yery  short,  high  and  thick ;  its  thickness  ^  length,  depth  1}  in  lenfA 
Uonth  quite  small,  oblique,  and  overlapped  by  a  slightly  projeetiK 
SDont.  Mandible  short,  4  in  head.  Opercle  becoming  wrinkled  rttt 
lU-,ii\  ^;il.l]!,  sliort  .iml  tliic!; ;  mazzli.'  oliliiso,  conic,  not  tw 


BUBALICHTHTS   URU8.  209 

^  Lateral  line  perfectly  straiji^bt  from  upper  edp^o  of  opercle  to  caudal. 

^  Scales,  8-35-5.    Dorsal  1. 25 ;  A.  1. 9. 

^^Golor  in  spirits,  dull  yellowish  olive;  fins  dusky. 

'*  Type  specimen  12  inches  long,  iu  Ills.  State  Museum,  from  Cairo, 

ioois.'' 

61.  BUBALICHTHYS  URUS  Agassiz. 

Big-moutked  Bvffalo,    Black  Buffalo,    Mongrel  Buffalo, 

8— f  f  Amblodom  niger  Bafinesqiie,  Jonrnal  do  Physique  Phila.  421.    (Entirely  uo- 
recognizable.) 

f  t  CiUostomua  niger  Bafinesque,  Icbth.  Oli.  56,  18*20.    (Unrocoj^nizablc ;  more 
likely  Cycleptua  elongatua.) 

BahaUchthga  niger  Agassiz,  Am.  Jonru.  8c.  Arts,  2d  series,  xix,  195, 1655. 

BMbalickthga  niger  Jordan,  Fishes  of  lud.  222, 1875. 

Bubaliehthgit  niger  Joudan,  Bull.  Buffalo  Soe.  Nat.  Hist.  95, 187G. 

Bmbalickthgii  niger  Jordan,  Man.  Vert.  29d,  1870. 

Btihalichthga  niger  Nki:kon,  Bull.  No.  1,  Ills.  Mns.  Nat.  Hist.  50, 1876. 

Bnbalickthga  niger  Jordan  &,  Copeland,  Check  List,  158, 1876. 

BmhaUckthgs  niger  Jordan,  Pruc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila.  75, 1877. 

Bnbalichtkga  niger  Jordan  &  Gilbert,  in  Klippart's  Rept.  53, 1876. 

Buhalickthga  niger  Jordan,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  is,  .34, 1877. 

Buftalichthgn  niger  Jordan,  Man.  Vort.  cd.  2d,  :^i 
4 — Carpiodea  uruB  Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  So.  Art^,  355. 

Bmhaliehtkg$  nrus  AOASSiz,  Am.  Jonrn.  Sc.  Arts,  2d  sor'es,  xix,  193, 1855. 

Bnhalichthgs  urus  Putnam,  Bull.  Mus.  Conip.  Zuol.  10.  1863. 

Bmbaiickthgn  nrua  Jordan,  Fishes  of  Ind.  222,  1875. 

Bwbaliekthyn  urun  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  158, 1876. 
h—Bulfalithtkyii  honaaus  Agassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sc.  Arts,  2d  seiie^^,  xix,  195. 

BmbalitkthgB  bonanuM  Jordan  6l  Copeland,  Check  List,  l.')8, 1876. 

Ubitat. — Mississippi  Valley,  in  the  larger  streams. 

rbis  is  an  abundant  species  in  the  Mississippi  and  its  larger  tributa- 
8.  It  is  very  distinct  from  the  preceding,  almost  intermediate  between 
AalichthyH  huhalm  and  Ichthyobm  bubalus.  It  may  indeed  be  necessary 
unite  these  two  genera  on  account  of  this  species. 
fhe  question  of  the  name  which  elionld  be  borne  by  this  species  is  a 
7  difficult  one.  Inasmuch  as  Rafinesque's  C.  niger  was  known  to  him 
ly  through  the  accounts  of  Mr.  Audubon,  a  gentleman  known  to  have 
ijed.  several  practical  jokes  on  the  too  credulous  naturalist,  and  to 
led  bim  thereby  to  describe  and  name  several  impossible  animals, 
lamoch  as  no  real  description  whatever  is  given  by  Riifinesque, 
that  the  name  niger  can  be  used  only  on  the  authority  of 
that  of  Ba  '^bat  being  the  case,  the  name 


210    CONTBIBUTIOKS  TO  NORTH  AHEBICAM  ICHTHTOLOGT — m. 

uriM  of  AgasBiz,  which  nnquestioDably  belongs  to  this  species,  hu 
year's  priority  over  niger,  and  is  really  the  first  tenable  name  applied  I 
any  species  of  BubalickViys.  Tbeoriginol  accontit  giveii  by  Bafloesqiwi 
his  Catostomu*  niger  auA  that  by  Professor  Agassiz  of  his  BubalidA 
urva  I  bere  append.  Agassiz'd  descriiitious  of  B.  niger  and  B.  boun 
have  been  previously  given  nnder  the  head  of  the  genos. 

Catostomiu  [Ictiobug]  nigar  Raf.  Ich.  Ob.  p.  56. — "Eutirely  black;  Ii 
era!  line  straight;  1  have  not  seen  this  flsb.  Mr.  Andabon  describea 
as  a  pecniiar  species  foun<l  in  the  Misaissippi  and  the  lower  part  of  fl 
Obio,  being  entirely  similar  to  the  cooimort  Buffaloflsb,  bat  large 
weighing  upwards  of  fifty  poundtt,  and  living  in  separate  schools." 

Carpiodes  urtu  Agassis,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  Arts,  1854,  p.  355. — "Fm 
the  Teuuesitee  Uiver.  It  grows  very  large,  weighing  occasionally  Iroi 
30  to  40  pounds.  The  body  in  this  species  is  not  so  high  as  in  C.  e|^ 
naa,  nor  is  it  so  compressed  above;  the  scales  are  also  not  so  bigb,  In 
more  angular  behind,  and  the  anterior  portion  of  the  dorsal  is  not  i 
elongated.  The  gill-cover  is  larger,  nod  the  distance  from  the  hind  ba 
der  of  Ihe  eye  to  the  inferior  angle  of  the  subopercle  near  the  b«ei 
the  pectorals  and  the  distance  from  the  same  point  to  the  saperiorii 
posterior  angle  of  the  opercle,  are  nearly  equal.  In  'C.  csprinuM  the  dl 
tances  iliffer  by  nearly  one  third.  The  tmboitersle  is  not  triangnlir,  N 
its  bind  border  is  nearly  regularly  arched  fmm  tbe  npt>erangletolk 
posterior  angle  of  the  interopercle.    The  anal  has  its  iMmterior  Bir|l 


QEHUS    lOHinTOBUS.  211 

Ughtly  oonrogated.    The  height  of  the  body  is  contained  thrloe  and 
M  third  or  thrice  and  one  fourth  in  tlie  total  length  (without  caudal), 

• 

he  length  of  the  head  four  times  or  four  times  and  a  half;  head  not 
iteh  longer  than  high.  Bye  rather  small,  one  fifth  of  the  length  of  the 
Mid  and  two  thirds  of  that  of  the  snont;  suborbitals  narrow.  The 
mturior  dorsal  rays*  are  not  much  produced,  being  shorter  than  the 
^Md.  Oaadal  fln  forked.  The  origin  of  the  ventral  fin  is  vertically 
Mow  the  fourth  dorsal  ray.  Pectoral  fln  not  extending  to  the  ventral, 
there  are  five  longitudinal  series  of  scales  between  the  lateral  line  and 
fte  root  of  the  ventral.  Coloration  uniform.  Pharyngeal  teeth  very 
Domerous  and  small,  increasing  somewhat  in  size  downwards. 
^'BioUsamaointa  (Guatemala)." 

Genus  IGRTBY OB\J 8  Bqfinesque. 

RAinnuQUX,  Joarnal  de  Physiqae.  de  Chymie  et  d'Histoire  NAtaielle,  Pwrii^ 
481,1819.    (Part.) 
hMu  Hafikbsqub,  Icb.  Ob.  1880,  p.  55'.    (As  sabgenoB  of  CaUMtamum,) 
Mi§tkM  A0A8SIZ,  Am.  Joani.  Sol.  Arta,  1855,  p.  195. 
Trpe,  AmJUodon  NMm  Rafineeqae. 
^^TBology,  IjfiiKf  fisl^ ;  /Sovf ,  boll  or  bnffalo ;  i.  e.,  baffalo-fish. 

Head  very  large  and  strong,  wide  and  deep,  its  length  3^  to  3|  in  that 
efthe  body,  its  upper  surface  broad  and  depressed;  eye  moderate, 
vbolly  anterior  in  position,  the  middle  of  the  head  being  entirely  behind 
it;8Qborbital  bones  proportionately  narrow;  fontanelle  large,  well  o[)en; 
<^percQlar  apparatus  largely  developed,  the  subopercaium  broad,  the 
<lKrcatum  broad,  strongly  furrowed. 

Moath  very  large  for  a  Sucker,  terminal,  protractile  forwards,  the 
Diddle  of  the  premaxillariea  rather  above  the  line  of  the  middle  of  the 
^ye,  the  posterior  edge  of  the  maxillary  extending  about  to  the  line  of 
^  oostrils;  mandible  very  strong,  oblique,  placed  at  an  angle  of  45 
degrees  or  more  when  the  mouth  is  closed,  its  posterior  end  extending 
^beyond  op[K)site  the  front  of  the  eye,  its  length  a  little  less  than  one- 
*ird  that  of  the  head.  Lips  very  little  developed,  the  up[)er  narrow 
M  smooth,  scarcely  appreciable,  the  lower  narrow,  rather  full  on  the 
Mee,  but  reduced  to  a  narrow  rim  in  front,  entirely  destitute  both  of 
fSpDbeand  plic®;  jaws  without  cartilaginous  sheath;  muciferous  sys- 
(^  of  head  well  developed ;  isthmus  narrow ;  pharyngeal  bones  in  form 
'itenediate  between  those  of  Carpiodes  and  those  of  Bubdlichthy8j  the 
^te  surlkoe  of  the  arch  standing  outwards/ and  presenting  a  porous 


212     CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — IH. 

outer  margin.  The  peduncle  of  the  symphysis  is  mnch  longer  propor- 
tionally, and  more  pointed  than  in  Carpiodea  and  Bub€Lli4Aihgs,  The 
teeth  are  very  nnmerous,  small,  thin  and  compressed  in  Carpiodei,hvX 
the  lower  ones  are  gradually  larger  than  the  upper  ones.  Their  inner 
edge  is  slanting  outwards,  and  not  uniformly  arched  as  in  BubaUcktkfi, 
or  truncate  as  in  Cycleptus,  the  innermost  margin  rising  somewhat  in  the 
shape  of  a  projecting  cusp.  Gill-rakers  of  anterior  arch  long  and  slender 
above,  becoming  shorter  downwards. 

Body  heavy,  robust,  not  especially  arched  above  nor  greatly  com- 
pressed, the  form  somewhat  elliptical,  the  depth  2^  to  3}  in  the  length 
of  the  body. 

S(!ales  large,  thick,  nearly  equal  over  the  body,  their  posterior  edges 
somewhat  serrate,  the  lateral  line  well  developed,  but  not  as  distinct  as 
in  CiirpioileSy  slightly  decurved  anteriorly,  the  number  of  scales  in  its 
course  30  to  42;  13  to  15  in  a  transverse  series  from  dorsal  to  ventrals. 

Dorsal  iin  with  an  elongate  basis,  its  number  of  rays  25  to  30,  the 
anterior  rays  somewhat  elevated,  their  length  about  half  that  of  the 
base  of  the  fin ;  caudal  not  much  forked ;  anal  fin  not  much  elevated, 
its  rays  about  0  in  number;  pectorals  and  ventrals  moderate,  tho  latter 
with  about  10  rays. 

Sexual  peculiarities,  if  any,  unknown.  Coloration  dark,  not  silvery, 
above  dusky  olive;  lower  tins  more  or  less  black. 

Air- bladder  with  two  chambers. 

Size  very  large. 

The  claim  of  this  group  to  generic  rank  has  been  questioned  by  Pro- 
fessor Cope  and  others.  The  difierences  in  the  pharyngeal  teeth  are 
perhaps  liardly  suflicient  to  distinguish  it  from  CarpiodeSj  but  at  pre^nt 
I  am  iiK-lined  to  think  that  the  great  development  of  the  mandible, 
which  forms  a  large  and  terminal  mouth,  am[)ly  sufficient  for  generic 
distinction.  The  relations  of  the  group  to  Bubalichthys  are  doubtless, 
in  reality,  closer.  Ichthyobtis  bears  much  the  same  relation  to  Buba- 
lichthi/s  that  (Jhasimstcs  does  to  Catostomus,  and,  so  far  as  the  mouth  is 
concerned,  but  in  a  greater  degree,  that  Erimyzon  bears  to  Minytrenia 
and  Placophanjnx  to  Myrostoma.  The  head  of  Ichthyohm  is  much  larger 
and  stouter,  and  the  whole  body  more  robnst  and  less  compressed  than 
in  Carpiodes,  I  know  from  autopsy  but  a  single  species  of  Ichthych^^* 
It  has,  however,  been  described  under  several  dififerent  names.  So  f*^ 
as  is  known,  the  genus  is  confined  to  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  ^^ 
species  having  been  recorded  from  the  Great  Lakes,  or  from  any  strcftt^s 


GENUS    ICHTHYOBUS.  213 

the  Alleghanies.  No  members  of  the  suborders  Cycleptinm  and 
ktkyina  are  knowo  from  the  United  States  west  of  the  basin  of 
Graade. 

Srpical  species  was  first  described  under  the  name  of  Amhlodon. 
imAmblodonoi  Bafinesque,  1819,  is  based  on  the  same  species 
Ictwbus  of  1820.  The  name  Amblodonj  however,  was  given  in 
to  the  pharyngeal  teeth  of  Haploidonotus  grunniena^  popularly 
d  to  be  the  teeth  of  the  BufiTalo  tish,  the  presence  of  which  teeth 
posed  to  distingaish  Amblodon  from  Catostomtut.  This  error  was 
rds  discovered  by  liaiinesque,  and  the  name  Amblodon  trans- 

0  the  Scisenoid  fish.    As  Amblodon  of  Kafinesque  included  the 
genera  Haploidonotua  and  IchthyobuSj  erroneously  confounded, 

on  the  discovery  of  this  error  its  author  restricted  the  name  to 
onotusy  I  think  that  we  are  justified  in  retaining  Ichthyobus 
of  Amblodon  for  the  genus  of  Catostomoids. 

Generic  Characterizatiotie. 

X>N  Rafinesqae,  181'J.— "  16.  Ambix)i>on.  (Abdominal,)  Diff<6reDtda  genro 
«.  Macboire  iDf^ricare  pavde  de  dents  osseuHes  serr^es  arrondies,  h  cooronne 
gales. — Lea  poiasons  de  ce  genre,  qui  abondent  dans  VObio,  le  Missoari  et  le 
>i,  BODt  distingu^Ses  par  le  nom  vulgaire  de  Boffaloe-Fish  (Poisson  boaffle) 
n^oia  de  la  Louisiane  les  nomment  Piconeau.  II  y  en  a  plusieurs  esp^ces  qui 
nt  soQvent  4  nne  tr^  grosse  taille.  Les  deux  suivants  habitent  dans  TObio. 
i/iM.  Brnn  oliv&tre  p&le  dessous,  joncs  blancbfttres.  D.  2d,  A.  12,  P.  16,  A.  9, 
A,  niger  est  enti^renient  noir;  tous  deux  ont  la  li^^ne  lat^rale  droite,  queue 
*te  tronqu^,  etc.  lis  sout  tr^s-bons  h  manger." — (Rafinesqur,  Journal  de 
flc  p.  421.) 

'S  Rafinesque,  1820. — *'  Body  nearly  cylindrical.  Dorsal  fin  elongated,  abdom- 
Brith  nine  rays,  tail  bilobed,  commonly  eqnal."^RAFiXE8QUE,  Ichthyologia 
».  55.) 

OBVS  Agasaiz,  1855. — ^*  In  tbe  form  and  position  of  tbe  fins,  as  well  as  in  tbe 
itline  of  tbe  body,  tbis  genus  is  very  nearly  related  t<>  Buhalichihya,  bnt  in  the 
9f  the  p:irts  of  the  head,  it  is  quite  dissimilar.  The  mouth  opens  directly 
aod  is  large  and  ronnd.  Tbe  lips  are  small,  smooth  and  thin  ;  the  upper  one 
cker  than  the  intermaxillary  itself,  and  tapers  to  a  narrow  edge.    At  the 

1  of  the  lower  jaw,  which  is  larger  than  in  any  other  genus  of  this  group,  the 
is  hardly  more  than  a  thin  membrane  connecting  its  small  lateral  lobes. 

e  is  small,  and  the  o{)ercul  iv  pieces  very  large. 

smies  have  many  narrow  radiating  furrows  upon  the  anterior  field ;  none 
lateral  fields,  few  upon  the  margin  of  the  posterior  field  and  these  not  ex- 
»  tlie  centre  of  radiation.    Tubes  of  the  lateral  line  straight  and  simple, 
vfy  ttt  tke  middle  of  tbe  posterior  field. 

ll  taMi anneither  flat  as  in  Carpiodea  nor  triangular  as  in  BubalUhthya, 


I  * 


214     COSTBIBUTJONS  TO  NOBTH  AMEEICAH  ICHTHYOLOGY — lU. 

but  prcseDt  an  iotecmediale  form  ;  Ibc  outer  suiface  of  Ilia  tktcb  sttmdiog  oiilvirii 
and  pregeutiug  a  porous  outer  margiu.  Tbtt  peduncle  of  Ibe  Bympbj'His  ia  marli  Joi 
proporliooaltj  and  [uori>  poiuted  tbun  iu  Carjiiod^t  and  Dabalichthgt.  The  Uelb  in 
vBcj  Dumeroun,  bhiqII,  thin  aud  couipressed  bb  in  Carpiodti,  but  tbe  loner  anet  an 
gradiiall;  larger  tbnn  tbe  upper  oues.  Their  inner  edge  is  slautinu  outwards,  UdM 
uniforuil;  arcbed  ae  iu  Bubalichlhi/ii  or  trunciit«  as  iu  Cfdeptiu,  tbe  innernicBt  ] 
riainK  sompwbat  in  tbe  shape  of  a  piojecting  cDsp."^ — (Agassik.  Am.  Joan.  ScMy 
1855,  p.  I960 

IcHTRVOBUS  CupeA, Jordan,  li^.— "Body  oklongOTitliCompruMed  ;  donalcdcnkl 
JD  front,  of  20  or  more  rays  ;  fontanelle  present ;  pharyngeal  bones  narrow,  wi 
leetb  relatively  thin  and  weak;  mootb  laige,  Bubtertuiual,  protractilo  foiwai^'- 
(JoRDA-v.  Proo.  Jo.  ATflt-ScPiila.  1877,p.lfi) 


*  Body  Tobnst,  uioderalelj  comptesned,  tbe  ontliue  Bomewbat  elliptical,  bat  tbe  iai 
rather  more  curved  tbau  the  belly  ;  depth  21  to  3^  in  length :  head  very  Urgs  U 
thick,  ^1}  in  leugtb  of  body :  opvrcniur  uppiiratUH  very  atroog,  the  oporculDm  iImI 
forming  nearly  half  tbe  leiigib  of  tbe  bead :  scales  very  large:  developed  nj*' 
thedonml  27  to  29;  anal  riiys  U;  ventrals  10:  scales  7-37  to  41-6:  coloraliondri 
browniHb-olive,  not  silvery  ;  fiiiit  dneky  :  size  very  large,  rescbt-s  a  length  ofuMt 
three  feet  awl  a  weight  of  20  to  30  pounds Bi'MIWifl 

63.  ICHTHYOBUS  BCBALCTS  {Rafitte»que)  Agtutiz. 

Aeil-mOHik  Buffalo  Fiii.     Largt-moulkci  Buffalo. 

1818— JmiWon  bubatiia  BAFt!lES<ll'E,  Journiil  de  Physique,  421. 

Calm  ofliKi  Aubaliio  Rafikesqur,  Am.  Houtb.  Mag.  Hud  Cril.  Bev.351. 191S. 

Cofoi-om..-  fc«f"i(«.  Ravinrsqitb.  m,.  Oli.  fi!>,  1820, 


ICHTHT0BU8  BUBALUS  215 

leikj/obtu  rmuekU  Putnam,  Ball.  Mas.  Comp.  Zool.  10, 1863. 

IcAjfO^MM  rauckU  JoEDAJS  &  COPELAXD,  Cbeok  List,  158, 1876. 

Iethjfohu9  rautMi  Jokdan  &  Gilbekt,  ia  Klippart's  Ri*pt.  53, 1876. 

idklAyo6iM  rmuokii  Johdan,  Mod.  Vort.  ed.  2d,  :^,  187^. 
B&— /cfAfofrM  ttoUejfi  Aqassiz,  Am.  Journ.  Sc  Arte,  2d  serios,  xix,  196. 

letkpohmB  ttolUjfi  Jordan  &  Copeland,  Check  List,  158, 1876. 
V7^Ieikjfobms  itchyrtu  Nrlson,  MSS.— Jobdan,  Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Pbila.  72. 

Ictkjfobut  itekifruB  Jobdan  Sl  CoPkland,  Check  List,  158, 1876. 

Ictkgobma  UckgruB  Jordan  Sl  Gilbert,  ia  Klippart's  Bept.  53, 1876. 

IdUkifabHt  itKkgrua  Jordan,  Moo.  Vert.  ed.  2d,  323, 1878. 

HABiT^r. — Mississippi  Volley ;  geoerally  abaadant  ia  the  larger  streams. 

Au  exaiDiDation  of  a  large  series  of  wide-mouthed  Buffalo  fishes 
XHD  the  Ohio,  Wabash,  IlIiDois,  and  Mississippi  Bivers  has  conviDced 
le,  ooutrary  to  my  previous  impressious,  that  all  belong  to  a  siugle 
pedes.  It  is  do^  absolutely  certain  what  Bafinesqae's  Caiostomua 
lAalus  was.  It  is  perhaps  as  likely  to  have  been  a  species  of  Bttba- 
ifiUkjftf,  as  supposed  by  Dr.  Kirtland,  as  an  Ichthyobus,  I  however 
dlow  Professor  Agassiz  in  identifying  it  with  the  present  species, 
rhick  is,  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  where  Kafinesque's  collections  were 
lade,  probably  the  most  abundant  of  the  Buffalo-fishes.  Neithei' 
Ufiaesque  nor  Professor  Agassiz  has,  however,  recognizably  described 
he  K()ecie8.  In  my  Manual  of  Vertebrates,  in  1876, 1  gave  a  short 
ceoant  of  Ichthyobus  2»K5a2u«,  drawn  from  two  large  specimens  taken  in 
•Vabash  River  at  Lafayette.  Besides  these,  I  have  numerous  smaller 
peciiueus,  obtained  in  the  Mississippi  at  Saint  Louis.  As  these  differed 
0  the  greater  compression  of  the  body  and  higher  flus,  I  have  identi- 
4^1  them  as  belonging  to  IchthyobuH  rauchii  Agassiz,  an  identification 
•bich  I  still  think  correct.  In  1877,  Mr.  Nelson  described  an  Ichthyobus 
tkyruSj  Irom  Mackinaw  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Illinois  Itiver,  near 
'eoria.  His  typical  specimen  was  very  stout  and  deep,  and  at  the  time  I 
lought  with  him  that  it  was  probably  distinct  from  I.  bubalus.  Lately  I 
i\e  been  enabled  to  reexamine  the  type  of  J.  2«o/t^rt//f  in  the  State  Museum 
'  Illinois,  and  to  compare  it  with  a  numerous  series  from  the  same 
cality.  I  found  it  possible  to  establish  au  unbroken  series  among 
em,  connecting  the  nominal  species  which  I  had  termed  bubalun^ 
uchiij  and  iachyrus,  the  differences  separating  them  being,  in  my  opin- 
I,  due  either  to  difi'erences  of  age  or  to  individual  peculiarities.  iVe 
deticription  of  any  importance  has  been  published  of  I.  stollcyi^  J 
lode  it  as  a  synonym  of  7.  btibalus.  I  know  nothing  whatever  con- 
)g  ik    IditkjfobuM  cyane'lus  Nelson,  as  below  stated,  is  a  species  of 


216      CONTBIBHTIONS  TO  NOBTH  AMEBICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — HL 

Buhaliclifhjs.  The  description  of  SckroijiialUM  cyprineUa  ValeiicieDnM 
rofera  principally  to  the  peueric  features  of  these  fishes.  It  agr*t«fn!lj 
with  /.  bubulus,  except  in  the  uaniber  of  scales  above  the  UterBlline, 
A  (liSerente  doubtless  due  to  ti  diSereiice  in  the  place  or  the  oidtiuec  of 
making  The  count.  AsnospeciUcchaructera  are  known,  and  aa  the  Jdk 
ihiob:ij<  bubaliut  doubtless  abounds  in  the  Loiver  as  in  the  Upper  Mim- 
sippi,  [  lei^tT I.cyprineHa  to  ibenvnonymyoi*/.  &u6a jus.  ilio  original  tm 
having;  probably  been  a  young  siicuimeii  of  that  sjiecies.  This  (tt>«ci»l 
perhaps  Ihe  largest  of  the  CatoHtmnida,  ivaeliiug  a  weight  of  liOwSI 
pounds  iiiidaleDgth  of  more  than  two  leel.  Tbeyouiig(-'McA$^'')*K 
sold  in  the  Illinois  markets  uixler  ifae  naoie  oC  Ited-uioulh  BafialA 
the  adult  l^eiDg  called  simply  BufiiLlo.  A  species  which  I  supixMc  tote 
the  pi-esent  one  [  have  seen  lukeu  in  immense  niimlH-is,  by  uieau*/ 
Hemes,  in  ihn  Mississippi  River  at  Bmlinglmi, Iuw;i.  The  tlesh  in  cood, 
although  not  first-rate.     It  is  lalher  (Kiarse,  and  is  lull  of  small  bun(«. 

For  purposes  of  comparison  1  here  add  the  oiigiiial  deseripliouii  offt 
egprinella,  I.  ravchii,  I.  utolieyi,  anil  /.  iscAyrux : — 

ScLKMOCKA-l  uus  CVPIIIMCU^  ValuuoieiiDcs.--"  Riva  ce  me  semble.  ne  JaoLADOM 
imi^paratiou  deitBolrirogDalbeadii  ^eiire  d«t  Catostonii^s  i]qh  I'ltpiice  doni  Jb  val*ildM 
Mi  Ift  d*<»ci  liitioD.  Aveu  QQi- bonubc,  fomi^o  comme  ccUc  du  Scirrogmallm*  efpnmM,!lll 
yojoaa  I'ouvei luce  purt^o  aa  bout  dii  museau,  la  Idvre  inr6rieare  plGa  longm  qM' 
Mlp£nt>iiie,  ul  pur  couiifqiit-Qt  il  n'j'  a  pluH  je  poBail)ilil^  d'emplojiBr  la  buueba  J» 


MTXOCTPRINUS   A8IATICUS.  217 

rroBUS  8TOLLXTI  Agftssiz.^'*  Body  higher  than  in  Ichthfobus  rauchii,  profile 
And  hence  anont  blnnter,  opercnUr  bones  larger ;  fins  proportionally  of  the 
xe.    From  Osage  Biver,  Missouri.'' 

ITOBU8  I6CBTBC8  Nelson. — '*This  is  a  very  stont  and  heavily  bnilt  species: 
I  in  length ;  head  extremely  broad  between  the  eyes  and  but  slightly  convex ; 
th  3(  times  in  length  of  body  ;  snoot  short  and  rounded,  opercular  apparatus 
lepih  of  head  1^  in  its  length ;  width  of  head  H ;  eye  6|  iu  head.  If  in  suout,  4 
orbital  space ;  caudal  peduncle  a  little  deeper  thdh  long  ;  scales  7-37-7,  nearly 
t,  a  little  crowded  anteriorly,  finely  punctate ;  fins  all  small ;  dorsal  1, 27 ;  anal 
iah  olive  above;  yellowish  below ;  fins  blackish.'' 

SpeeUnetu  in  United  Sialea  XtUional  Museittn. 


BT.  I  Locality. 


74    Illinois  Biver  at  Peoria  (very  large ;  typical  of  hubtUus) 


Collector. 


8.  A.  Forbes. 


Genus  MYXOCYPRINUS  Gill. 

piiatitf  Gill,  Johnson's  Cyclopaedia,  p.  ir)74,  1878. 
m  ef  Sderognathiu  sp.  Blbkkkr,  GDniuer. 
,  Carpiode$  oHatUms  Blocker, 
lology,  ftviaUf  to  suck ;  tcOirpivoCi  a  carp. 

\  gcnas  i8  known  to  me  only  l-oin  Dr.  Bleeker's  descriptioa  of  ita 
1  species.  Whether  it  diflfers  from  its  relatives,  IcJithyobus,  Buba- 
»,  etc.,  in  any  other  character  than  the  obvious  one  of  the  great 
se  in  the  number  of  its  dorsal  rays  and  the  smaller  scales,  I  do 
low.  In  any  event,  however,  its  right  to  independent  generic  rank 
aestionable. 

Generic  Characterizations. 

>CYPRIIIU8  Gill,  187{^. — *''  Mjfxocyprinus  is  a  name  proposed  for  the  Carpiode$ 
t  of  Bleeker,  which   is  dibtingnisbed   by  the  multiradiate  doimil  and  anal  fins 
52;  A.  13)." — (Gill,  Johnson's  Cyclopadiay  Appendix,  p.  1574.) 

W.  MYXOCYPKIXUS  ASIATICUS  (Bleeker)  Jordan. 

'arpiodcs  asiaticus  Blkeker,  Nederl.  Tydt»chr.  Dierk.  ii,  19. 
clrroffnathus  asiaticus  GUntiiuk,  Cat.  Fishes  Brit.  Mus.  vii,  23,  1868. 

FAT.— China. 

only  knowledge  of  this  species  is  from  Dr.  Bleeker's  original  de- 
DD,  which  I  here  subjoin  : — 

BV  Attanccs   BIkr. — Carpiod.  corpore  oblongo  compresso,  altitudine  H^ 
■a  absque,  3^  circiter  in  longitudine  corporis  cum  piuua  caudali, 


2J8     C0NTBIBUTI0N8  TO  NOBTH  AHBBICAM  ICHTHTOLOOT— m. 

done  vulde  elevato  maiime  compreBao ;  latitadiae  corporis  3^  oiiciter  in  cjoa  illilt- 
diue;  capitis  obtaao  5  feroia  loDftitodiiie  coiporis  abeqneiaintiler  in  loDgilsdiDecor 
poria  com  pinna  cBuduti  J  ocalis  in  media  capitis  longitadine  sitiB,dittinelro  5  droto 
in  lougiiudine  capitis,  diametria  2|  circLter  diEtantibDa;  linea  roatio^onali  vettinet 
ADDtedeclivl  roctiu8cu]a,roetTO  voldeconvexa;  oftribtu  oibitfs  appnutimatis,  poM*- 
Tioribos  valvula  clandendis ;  roatio  obtnao  tmncatinacnlo  rald«  oorooan  aatt  ricWi 
pTomineDte ;  lablis  vald«  caraoais  papillatia,  inferioi^lolii*  pamiu  prodnctia;  oMeub- 
orbitali  nnteriore  aat  longe  >nte  orbitam  sito,  aoaphBafbiini,  duplo  circitar  knipoia 
quam  alto  apice  acato  aDbiaranin  apectante;  oeae  saboibitali  i^  obliqne  tetngoaa 
sqae  alto  circiter  ao  longo;  OBsib!>s  Baborbitalibna  ceteria  (^cilibns  ocoli  lHamrtW 
quadrDpla  circiter  bnmilioribna;  opeicnlo  duplo  citx:iter  aItioraqn4xni  lato  laaTgiaibai 
poateriore  et  ioferiora  coovexo ;  oene  acapulari  valde  brevi  et  obi  nao ;  oaubna  phura- 
gealiboa  couiprcaaia  sat  vaiidia  attioribna  quam  latin,  dentibiia  30  ad  50  o 
corona  vultjo  uuitubercutalis;  squstnis  dimidio  libeto  et  ditoidio  ba 
•triatta,  TiO  in  liuca  lalerali,  24  in  aerie  (ranaveieali  abbqae  ventroliliua  inSmia  qavu 
12  lineam  lattraluDi  ioter  et  ioitiam  piptia!  dorsalia;  sqnamm  linea  laterali  pwtiM 
medio  emargiuatis  ;  linea  iateralia  aiugulis  isquauiia  tubulo  simplioe  marKlnam  mpai 
manim  liberiini  attingente  sotata ;  pinuis  dorsuli  ct  anali  basis  vagina  atioaomalB' 
olusa,  dorsali  baHi  uou  didUo  plua  cjno  2  iu  longitudiuu  totina  coiporia,  loDge  aoH 
pionoa  TCDtrales  incipientc,  antico  valdo  elevata  corporo  vix  hmsiliore,  acuta,  nUl 
emarginata,  lutdio  et  poatice  co:  poro  qnadruplo  circiter  bumiliore  radio  pwtico  ndk 
anali  poslicosubop|H>ailo;  pinuia  pecU)ralibns  tomuilak-a  capita  loogiotibaa,  vMtM 
lea  noDattinK^utibnai  venlralibua  acute  rotouilatiB  pectucalibua  non  mnlto  bravioiibM 
mnateui  uon  atiingeulibua;  atiali  corpore  minaa  duplo  bumiliore,  duplo  altionqnM 
baai  tonga,  acutiusculu  rotundata  uou  emargiuata ;  caudali  prolnude  emarginata  M* 
acutia  4}  corciter  iu  lODgitudiud  corporis ;  colore  corporo  [n»c«8ceDt»-oHvaceo,  piDK 
fuaco  vel  fuKcu-violaceo. 
"B.  3.    D.4-49.    P.I-17.     V.2-I1.    A.  3-11  vel  4-10.    C.  1-16-1  et  Utbrev. 


Big-mouUied  Sucker  of  Ulah  Lake. 

• 

'Jkan»i9te$  feeundua  Ji>rdan.  Ball.  Hayden^H  Qeol.  Snrv.  Terr.  \y,  No.  2, 417.    (Not 

Cai&^omu$  fecundua  Cope  &,  Yarrow.) 
TkanUeUs  fecwndue  Jordan,  p.  150  of  the  present  work. 

06  pages  149-151  of  the  present  work  were  in  press,  I  bave  care- 
recompared  Cope  and  Yarrow^s  description  and  figareof  their  Cato- 
ifecundusj  and  my  notes  on  their  typical  specimens,  with  the  speci- 
on  which  the  genas  ChamnisUs  was  based,  and  I  have  come  to  the 
tsion,  hinted  at  in  the  text,  that  the  Chasmistes  is  a  species  distinct 
G.  fecunduBy  and  thus  far  undescribed.  The  specific  name  liortis 
smooth;  Spo^^  border)  is  therefore  proposed  for  it,  in  allusion  to 
looth  lips. 

28(6).  OATOSTOMUS  FE0UNDU8  Capedk  Yarrow. 

•    Sucker  of  Utah  Lake, 

Momomme  fecuMdue  Cope  &  Yarkow,  Zool.  Lioat.  Wheeler's  Exp'.  W.  lOOtb  Mer. 

678,  plate  xxxii,  fig8. 1,1a. 
Oaioeiomnefecundue  J oliDAV  &  Copelakd,  Cbeck  List,  156,  1-76.    (Name  only. 

Not  CetloaUmuefeeundua  Jordan,  Ball.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xi ;  nor  Chaemistesfeoundua 

JordAD,  Ball.  Hayden's  Geol.  Sarv.  Terr,  iv.  No.  2, 417.) 

rrAT.— Utah  Lake. 

Stated  above,  I  at  first  identified  Chasmistes  liorua  from  Utah 
with  this  Bi^ies  from  the  same  waters,  the  two  being  very  sim- 
I  to  scales  and  fins,  and  the  form  of  the  month  and  snout  in  the 


220    COKTBIBDTIOirS  TO  KORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOQX— 

If  tioal  key  to  the  spedee  of  the  geuus.  IT  tlie  upper  lip  is  narroir,  vS  tlb 
few  rows  of  taberdes,  it  will  uot  be  eass  to  separate /Mtintf us  fiuiu  fef-^«- 
If  the  lip  is  broad,  with  man)'  series  of  tubercles,  it  n ill  be  approximat  ^e*i 
to  C  oCtffdmCalWf  differing,  buwever,  iu  the  larger  senles  (nbout  00  in 
the  lateral  line,  instead  of  72).  1  therefore  quolc  the  original  ilescrft  lo- 
tion, and  leave  the  relations  of  the  species  to  be  BDally  settled  at  soi^ue 
fiitnre  time : — 

"It  Ua  tca«CI«tottoaiiM  haTiog  tlie  parietal  foDtanelle  veil  nmrkinlaud  K-idelyop^n. 
Tbobewleiitenlii  enUra  length  5  Mmes,  tbe  diaaietorof  Iba  ocliit  6  tinjus  in  greule^C 
l^tifHl  of  tide  ol  bMd.  Tbe  InMrtiun  of  t lie  dorsal  fin  ante riocly  is  nearer  I u  flierx*<A 
of  the  miuale  tbui  inMrtloii  of  CKUdal ;  Ibe  ventraln  origioatiug  below  middle  of  dor-— 
mL  Tbe  width  of  the  donal  to  Ttottnl  euti:is  tliHintire  Icogdi  toiiievMiuD  of  cauil**^ 
etimee. 

" Badli :  D.  19-13.  A.1-8.  P.7.  V.  11.  Scalca  ere  in  SOloDKitudiuiiI  rowsfruui  Cb^ 
fDMrtioQ  of  tbe  flrgt  donal  to  pectoral,  and  io  60  transvetHe  ruws  (rom  Lnmofaiie  t«> 
IneartltHi  of  eaad^ :  tbe^  on  elo&gaio  hdiI  wtagoDal,  BDiallcr  on  dorsal  region,  bx>«3 
Iwgw on  Tentntl.  Bodrelongmted,  tmbfuuifoTm.  It  differs  from  C.  {Janaus) amena^M^, 
Otl^  In  tnwiy  pftrtiODlW*,  M  KIB7  bi.^  seen  fivm  the  (oIluwiDg  uompariwins. 

"Ginrd'eqteateahaeiio  fimtanellL';  ia  shorter  and  carroner;  tliediametur  of  url>lt 
•atere  gteateat  length  of  ride  of  bead  5  limts  iuatead  of  6.  Tbo  atitertor  Insertioa  of 
doiMtl  fin  U  eqnldUbuit  betweeo  tbi.-  end  of  the  suout  aod  the  insertion  of  tho  cuniM  aa-l . 
while  in  C.fecundui,  it  is  nearer  the  olid  of  ihc  scioiit  than  iiiecrliiiii  of  .■umlnl,  X*He 
veatrala  in  Cgraerosas  originate  nnder  tbe  poaleijor  third  of  tbe  donel;  in  C.  >!»•»*■■»• 
under  the  a iii die  tbird  of  the  doraal.  Tbe  redii  in  C.  poMnmuare:  D.  10,  A  2,7^  F- 
1G,V.10,C.27;  in  C./ecandtu;  U.  12-13, A.  1,8,P.  17. V.  II. 

"Thie  ei)«ci*iH  ie  aliundaut  in  Utah  Lake,  and  ia  called  'Sacker'  by  tbe  settl^**^ 
They  run  well  up  the  rivers  to  spawn  in  June ;  feed  on  the  bottom  and  eat  «paiM»  ^^ 
better  fish  ;  spawning  beds  on  gravel ;  bite  at  hook  sometimee ;  are  extremely  niiu***^ 
one,  and  are  considered  a  nuisance  by  tbe  fisbermen,  bat  tbey  meet  with  a  z«ady  W^** 
in  winter,  at  on  average  price  of  2}  cents  a  ponnd."— (Cofi  &,  Yarbuw,  L  o.) 

Bpadmm*  in  Unilei  Staiei  yalional  Unteum. 


Number. 

Locality. 

CoUeolor. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 


ThefollowiDg  list  comprises  all  tbe  works  known  to  the  writer  iu  which 
Dew  si)ecie8  or  genera  of  Catostomidcc  are  indicated,  or  in  which  original 
dMcriptioDS  are  given  of  genera  or  species  previously  known.  In  general, 
I Imve endeavored  to  include  all  papers  in  which  anything  of  importance 
VI8  added  to  or  wbtracied  from  the  sum  of  our  knowledge  of  these 
hhes:— 

PORSTBR  (John  Reinhold).  [Descriptiou  of  Cyprinua  catostomw  Foroter. )  <  Philo- 
Mpbical  TrannactioDB,  vol.  63,  London,  1773. 

LACfiPtDB  (Bernard  Germain  ^tlenne  de  la  ViUe-sur-Illon,  Comtede).  Hietoiro 
Natarvlle  des  Poissons  par  lo  Citoyen  La  C(^p^e,  membre  de  I'Institnt  national, 
«t  Prof(f8i>ear  du  Museum  de  biHtoire  nnturelle.  Tome  premier  ^  cinqai^me. 
A  Paris,  cbez  Platuian,  imprirreur  libraire,  Rne  d(i  Cimetibre  Andrd-des-Arc^,  No. 
10.  Uan  VI  do  la  Rdpublique,  —  ITUrf  [— L'au  XI  de  la  R6publique,  i.  e.  Ie03]. 

•  IDMcriptioiis  of  Le  Cjprin  catostooie,  Cj/prinus  eatostomus  Forster,  Le  Cyprin  coiumersonien, 
Md  LeCjprin  sacet,  Oyprinus  sucetta  Ldc6p6de.J 

BLOCB  (Mark  Elieser)  and  SCHNEIDER  (Johann  Oottiob).  M.  E.  Blocbii 
l^orisMedtcintB  Berolinen8i8,  et  societatiboH  literariis  multis  adscript i,  Systema 
IcbthyologisD  iconibatt  CX  illustratum.— Post  obitum  aactoris  cpui*  incboatum 
abtolvit,  correxit,  int«rpolavit  Jo.  Gottiob  Schneider,  Saxo.-Berolini,  samtibas 
Aoctoris  impresanm  et  bibliopolio  Sanderiano  commiejsum,  1801. 
(Dfaeription  of  Cyprinus  caio^tomu9  Forster.] 

"I«B8n78( — ).  '*Pi8ciiim  Camtscbatcicornm  descriptiones  et  icones.  <M6m.  Ac. 
8c- St,  P^tereb.  I  and  III,  1810-1811." 

IlWription  and  flf(ar«  of  Cyprinua  rostratua,  pp.  uov.,  from  EoBtem  Siberia.] 

PALLAS  (Petro).  Zoograpbia  Kohso  Asisitica  sisttns  Omnium  Aninialium  iu  cxter.so 
lniiH?rio  Kossico  et  adjacfntibus  maiibus  obstrvatoruni,  recensionfin,  doniicilia, 
^^J^s  et  descriptioues,  anatomon  atqiie  icnni's  [Inrimorem  anctore  PcJro  Pallas, 
M*  Aor.  Academico  Petropolitaiio.  Volnnien  tertiuni.  Petrop<»li.  iu  otliciua 
Caw.  Academiae  Scieutiarum  Impress.  MDCCCXI.  Edit.  MDCCCXXXI. 
[l)»«cription  of  Cifprinun  rostratva  quoted  from  TilosiuH.] 

^^^^LL  (Samuel  Latham).    The  Fishes  of  Now  York  Described  and  Arranged. 
<TraD8aftion8of  tbe  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,  Now  York,  1814. 
iH'pruitt*  Urea  and  Cyprinua  (jblongua,  »p.  nov.] 

^"BUR  (Charles  A.)  A  neu-  {;enii8  of  Fishes,  of  the  Order  Abdominales,  ^ro- 
'^*^.  HLder  the  name  of  Cafofttomus ;  and  the  characters  of  this  f^enns,  with  those 
°^Jt8  species,  indicated.  By  C.  A.  Le  Suenr.  Read  September  U>,  1817.  <  Journal 
^^^^*i  Ac-demy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  i,  1817,  pp.  88-90  and 
l^^Ul. 

_|*^tCTihe8  Catcttomw,  pjen.  nov.,  and  thr  follnwin;:  new  species,  most  of  which  are  fipureU :— C 

id  pMotiur,  O.  tuberculatum,  C.  macrolepidottui,  C.aurcolua,  O.eominunui,  iWongirontrum, 

C.  eUmgatua,  C.  vittatuJt,C.  duquetmii,  C.  boktonienaia,  and  O.  hud*oniya.    C. 

(Mitch.),  and  O.  aucetta  ( Lac. )  .ire  also  d<  ncrilMxl.    Thin  paper  ia  no  ezcel- 

^  with  most  that  has  tince  beeu  written  on  tbld  groap.] 

221 


222     CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  NORTH  AMERICAN  ICHTHYOLOGY — ^UI. 

RAFINESQUE  rConstantlne  Samuel).  Discoveries  in  Natural  History  maAn 
during  a  Jonrney  thron;;h  the  Western  Region  of  the  United  States  by  Constantine 
Samuel  Rafinesque  Esq.  Addressed  to  Samnel  L.  Mitchill,  President,  and  otiier 
members  of  ilie  Lyc«>nm  of  Natural  History  in  a  letter  dated  at  LonisTiile,  Falls 
of  the  Ohio,  20th  July  IdlS.  <  Amei  ican  Monthly  Magazine  and  Critical  Reviow, 
New  York,  September,  1818. 

(Description  of  Catostomtu  bitbalus  and  Catostomui  erythrurtu,  ^p.  nov.,  md  notloe  of  the  dlMor. 
ory  of  the  "Carp'*  "  Gatoitomus  maeroptertu''  and  the  "Sacker"  CatoHomtu  dugumnri,] 

Description  of  three  new  genera  of  fluviatilo  Fish,  PomoxU,  Sarckirut  and  Buh 

gloBHum.     By  C.  S.  Rafinesque.     Read  December  1st  &,  8th.      <Jonmal  of  the 
Academy  of  Natnral  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  i,  1818,  pp.  417-4JJ2. 

(DeacTiptioD  oX  ExoglMtum  {Hypentdiwn)  inaeropterum ;  sabgenos  and  speoiet  sew.] 


Prodrome  do  70  nouveanx  Genres  d'Animaux  d^couverts  dans  I'iut^riear  des 

]6tats-Uui.s  d'Amdrique  dnrant  Tunnde  181H.     <  Journal  de  Chymie,  de  Pbynqae 
et  d'Histoire  Nifcturollc,  Paris,  June'  1819. 

[Deacription  of  Amblod<m,  gen.  nov.,  baaed  on  the  pharyngeala  of  Haploidonotut  grmmiMt, 
erroneously  ascribed  to  a  Bnffulo-flsh,  with  the  species  A,  bubalut  and  A.  niger,  ap.  nov.,  and  of 
OycUptuB  nigrenoens,  gen.  ct  sp.  nov.] 

LAC^PiSDE  (Bernard  Oermaln  £tlenne).    Histoire  Nature!  le  des  Poissons,  par  M. 
le  Comte  Lac6p^e,  suite  et  complement  des  CBuvres  de  Bnffon.    Tome  cinqaitoe, 
avec  vingt-trois  nouvelles  planches  en  taille-douce.    Paris,  Rapet,  Rne  Saint* 
Andr^-des-Arcs,  No.  10,£diteur  du  Temple  de  la  Gloire  on  les  Pastes  Militaires        | 
de  la  France,  ouvrage  in-folio,  avec  figures.  1819. 
[A  reprint  of  Lac^pdde's  work.] 

RAFINESQXTXj  (Constantlne  Samuel).    Ichthyologia  Ohiensis  or  Natural  History 
of  the  Fislies  Inhabiting  the  River  Ohio  and  its  tributary  streams.     Preceded  by 
a  pljysical  description  of  the  Ohio  and  its  branches  by  C.  S.  Rafinesque,  Professor 
of  Botany  and  Natural  Hist^iry  in  Transylvania  University,  Author  of  the  An i*^ 
lysis  of  Nature  &c.  &.C.,  member  of  tbe  IJtorary    and  Pbilosophical  Society  o* 
New  York,  the  Historical  Society  of  New  York,  tbe  Lyceum  of  Natural  History  o* 
New  York,  tbe  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  the  American  AntiquariJ^** 
Society,  the  Royal  Institute  of  Natural   Sciences  o£  Naples,  the  Italian  Soci©*^ 
of  Arts  tfc  Sciences,  the  Medical  Societies  of  Lexington  and  Cincinnati  &c.,  &-^* 
The  art  of  seeing  well,  or  of  distinguishing  witli  accuracy  the  objects  which  "^^^ 
perceive  is  a  high  faculty  of  tbe  mind,  unfolded  in  few  individuals,  and  despi^^ 
by  those  who  can  neither  acquire  it,  nor  appreciate  its  results.     Lexington,  Iv^*-** 
tucky,  printed  for  the  Author  by  W.  G.  Hunt,  (price  one  dollar), — 18^.     (1  -^ro** 
8vo.    90  pp.) 

[Originally  [)riniii«l  in  tho  Western  lieviow  and  MlHCiNlaDeoas  Magazine,  Lexington,  Kenta^^^' 
1810-'J0.    It  cDntainH  ilescriptiouH  of  tho  genera   and    speciej*  of  Catostomi  found  in  the  O^^ 
River,  they  bcmg  referred  to  tbree  fumorti,  CatogtomiiK,  Cydeptus,  and  Ilyprntelium,  the  — •-^^'■-■' 


CaUmtowtm  b«'in;;    divided  into  live   new  Huhgenera,  Moxostoma,  IcUobus,  Carpiodfs,  TtrettS^'^^^ 
EuryntomMS,  aiid  Deoactyliu. 

The  foUowinjj  is  the  arrangement  of  the  speciea  described: — 


GenuH  Catc»siomls. 

Subgenus  MnxttHtoma. 

aniHunia,  sp.  nov. 

anieoptoruH,  Hp.  nov. 
Sub{;enuH  letiobtis. 

bubahiH. 

i:jger. 
Subj^enuH  Carpioden. 

carpio,  sp.  nov. 

velifer,  sp.  nov. 

xanthopns,  sp.  nov. 
Sabgenus  Teretulut. 

melanops,  sp.  nor. 


luelanotiKH,  sp.  nov. 

fa8cin!ari.<i,  sp.  oov. 

erythrnrns. 

floxnosus,  sp.  nov. 
Sub^nus  Eury^UrfHU*. 

megastomna,  sp.  nor. 
Sabgenus  Lkcactylus. 

daquesni. 
Genus  Cycleptus. 

nigr<»cen8L 
Oeous  Htpkntklium. 

macTopteram.] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  .    "  223 

RICHARDSON  (John).     [Franklin's  Joarnal.]    1823. 

[DeteriptHmt  of  €fat09tomui  fontnianvs^  ip.  hot.,  and  CaUaimnut  U  weurii,  ap.  nov.,  and  notes 
other  apeclaa.] 


— —  FaoDa-BoreiiU-Aniericana ;  or  the  Zoology  of  the  Northern  Parts  of  British 
AfflericA,  containing  descriptions  of  the  objects  of  Natnral  History  collected  on 
tbe  late  Northern  Land  Expeditions  ander  command  of  Capta.'u  John  Franklin, 
R.  N.  Part  thirtl.  The  Fish.  By  John  Richardson  M.  D.  F.  R.  S.  F.  L.  S.  member 
of  the  Qeograpbical  Society  of  London,  and  the  Wernerian  Natural  History 
Society  of  Edinburgh;  Honorary  Member  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Munt- 
ntl,  and  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Qnebec,  Foreign  Member  of  the 
Geographical  Society  of  Paris ;  and  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Nataral  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  ;  Surgeon  and  Naturalist  to  the  Expeditious. — 
Hlostrated  by  unmerous  plates. — Published  under  the  authority  of  the  Right 
Honorable  the  Secretary  of  State  for  Colonial  Affairs.  London  :  Richard  Bentiey, 
New  Barlington  St.  MDCCCXXXVI. 
[CoouUis  Dotioes  or  doecriptioDs  of  Oatostotntit  hud$oniut,  C./oreteriantu,  O.  aureolut^  O.  nigri- 

UtTLAND  (Jared  Potter).  Report  on  the  Zoology  of  Ohio,  by  Prof.  J.  P.  Kirt- 
land,  M.  D.  <  Second  Annnal  Rei)ort  on  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State  of 
Ohio,  by  W.  W.  Mather,  Principal  Geologist,  and  the  several  assistants.  Colum- 
bos:  Saniuel  Medary,  PrinUT  to  the  State.    1838. 

lC«talo|;iMt  of  Fisbee,  pp.  IGS-I'O.  Notes  on  species  mentioned,  pp.  190-197.  Nino  species 
''^^NTeil  to  Caio$toinu»  are  included,  as  follows: — vtlifer  Raf.,  aureolus  Le  S.,  elongattu  Le  8., 
D*^[U0tii  Le  8.,  erythruruM  Raf.,  buhalus  itaf ,  gracUin  Kirt.,  metanopgiu  Raf.,  nigrana  Le  S.,  and 
^Ift^tMnan  macropttrum  Raf.  *  C.  gracUu  Kirt.  [sp.  nov.]  is  briefly  characterizcil  as  distinguished 
^tbe  ■linuteiH'fls  of  the  scales  on  the  anterior  port  of  the  body,  and  ns  the  scales  approach  the 
nadal  flo  tbey  iDcreose  to  a  medium  size  "  (2.  c.  p.  19'.i).] 

8TQRER  (David  Hnmpbreys).  A  Report  on  the  Fishes  of  Mnssuchusetts.  By  D. 
Hamphn'VH  Storer,  M.  D.     <  B<:ston  Journal  of  Natural  History,  vol.  ii,  1839,  pp. 

[Dvicriptions  of  Catottomui  gibb<nnts,  C.  tuberculatus,  O.  nigricans,  and  C.  bo»ionifn*i«.] 

DRTLAND  (Jared  Potter).  Description  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Ohio  River  and  its 
Tributaries.  By  Jared  P.  Kiitland,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of 
Medicine  in  the  Medical  College  of  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati.  <  Boston  Joni-nal  of 
Kstoral  History,  vols,  iii-v,  1^40-1844. 

(IWeribes  and  flpires  CcUottomus  aureolut,  C.  communis,  C.  bubalus,  C.  elongattut,  C.  dvqttesni, 
Cssintna,  c.  mdanops,  C.  nigricans,  and  JSclerognathtu cyprinus.] 

'  ^  [Papers  on  tho  Fishes  of  Ohio — in  Family  Visitor  and  in  Annals  of  Science. 
CWteland,  1840-1840.] 

n^^icrlpttona  of  the  species  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Cleveland,  with  fl;inres,  most  of  them  from 
^  ■•aie  plat«»  as  in  his  "Fishes  of  t]>o  Ohio".  Catotitomvs  gracilis,  sp.  nuv.,  also  Catostomus 
*****»•«.  not  deeciibed  in  tho  previous  paper,  here  described  and  flpurecl.] 

^0ia>8ON(Zadcck).  Fishes  of  Vermont.  =Chapter  V,  (pp.  127-ir>l).  <Natural 
History  of  Vermont,  in  History  of  Vt  rmont,  Natural,  Civil,  &  StutiHticul,  by  Rev. 
^«ck  Thompson,  Burlington,  Vermont,  1842. 

lOmripiions  of  (kUostomus  cyprinxa,  C.  oblangus  (—  If.  macrolepidotum),  C.  teres,  C  nigricans 
'*C.tcr«j),  and  C  Umgirostrvm.] 


(Georges    Chretien    Leopold    Dagobert)    and    VALENCIENNE9 

if^nie),    Histoire  Naturellc  des  Poissons  par  M.  le  B.**"  Cuvier,  Pair  de  France, 

(MMer  de  la  L^ion  d'honnenr,  Conseillenr  de  F^tat  et  an  Conseil  royal 


224    C0NTBIBUTI0N8  TO  NOBTH  AUEBICAN  ICHTHYOLOGT— U. 

CUVIBR  (Q.  C.  Ii.  D.)in(I  VALENCIENKBSC^)— CoDtlnned. 

du  lIuBtTDctioD  pabliqao,  I'dd  dcs  qaaraote  de  rAcad^mit)  fnwTAite,  Amo^ 
da  I'AcuiMiiiie  des  Bellea-LettreB,  SecnSuira  perpetaelle  de  oelle  iIm  Seii 
Mi'mUru  dcs  Soci6tfo  et  Acaddmiee  royales  de  Loodrcs,  de  Berlin,  de  TUetA 
de  StockbolQi,  de  Turin,  ile  Gcettiugno,  dus  Paye-Baa,  deUDnich.deMddteei 
HlparU.  A.  ValeDcieaaeB,  ProfeHsenr  de  ZooIo}{ieaQ  Miisiamd'HiWi>lreiutti 
Meiobre  de  I'Acodrimte  royal»  dus  SciuDces  de  Berlin,  de  la  ScxiUti  Zootaxiq 
Loodrvs,  etc,     Tonm  ilil-HBptiiSme.     1842.    (Cr/pritio'ida.) 

[DoKrIpIlaDS of  Coliiitiiniui Autlnmiut,  O. /ortleriantit.  O.nuM,  O.gltbamiM,  a  tiik'Mli 
tKOcTatrpiaUat,  O.  autmlat.  O.  awimunit,  O.  timijirotlnim,  Cnigriant,  O.f 
C.  riimiui.  0.  4uqutmii,  O.  ioitonieaiit,  O.  lent,  0.  eUm^ui.  C.  fatcialv*  <*p-M 


cypriiuUa  (ap,  our.).  uJ  fzsirlomTii  tnacraptomm.    Tb»  Tolanis  wu  irriUes  aftat  tb*  4[ 

tuvicr  by  VuleucieoBM.] 

DBKAT  (Jamea  B.)  Zoulog;  of  Neix  Tork,  or  the  Sov  T»rk  Faitii»;  Minp 
detaili^i!  dtscripcionsof  all  the  animaU  bilberto  absvrv»d  nithin  the  State  at 
York,  Willi  Doticea  uf  Lboae  occBHionallj-  fonnd  near  its  borders,  and  mmodii 
b;  a|ipro[iriatH  illimtraliuDH.  By  Jauiea  E.  Dakay.  Part  IV.  Fiolim.  Al 
printBd  by  W.  &  A.  Wbited:  J.  Visscb«r.    ld«. 

{D«orLplioiiB  of  Labto  AfQan,  (ap.  iiot,>«  Labeo  Mttngat.  Labto  effprinat.  Labet  ^Mw 
Aopuf  {ap.  iiov  ),  CatiMomiu  comtitunui^  Qt/«(oinu  imtida  lap.  nur.),  CitOklomtu  Itdtn 
Cata-toiHtu  paUidas  (up.  iiov.l,  Cataitemut  annelut.  Calottamtu  nijriaitu.  C.U>ttaii.ai  ma 
dotiu,  villi  Dutjct's  of  olber  apicitn.    In  Ibe  Apprudii.  Ibo  numo  Labto  clonyatai  in  n^fM 


(Johaun  Jakob).  AbbilduDgHU  uud  Bescbrdbuugen  der  Fisvhe  S; 
nebKt  ekur  iiuuua  ClaimiQ cation  and  CbaracterJBlik  Etiniratlichcr  Gatlaagt 
Cyprii  un  von  Johaini  Jakob  Heckel,  iDBjM-ctor  am  K.  K.  Hof-Natamlienb 
in  Wieii,  melir.  eelt-brt.  GeHellscb.  Mit];lied.  Stuttgart,  E.  ScbweiteiUt 
VerlaK»lmndluDt;.     184:1.    pp.  lOD.    (=pp.  ■191-lUUU,  RDBw-gguHa  BeiseD.) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  225 

3RBR  (David  HninphreyB).    A  History  of  tbe  Fishes  of  Mossachasetts.    By 
Dftvid  Homphreys  Storer.     <  Memoirs  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and 
Sdaoees  (Boetoo),  new  series,  ( 1853  to  1H67). 
[DeiilpthiiM  sad  ezoellent  flgnres  of  Catottomtu  boiionieruU  aod  C.  fphbowt.] 


(Louis).  Notice  of  a  collection  of  Fishes  from  the  southern  bend  of  the 
Tennessee  River,  in  the  State  of  Alabama;  by  L.  Agassiz.  < American  Journal 
of  Seieooe  and  Arts,  second  series,  xviii,  1854,  pp.  297-<U)8, 35'J-3G5. 

[RflTlTes  tba  Rafinesqaian  Kenera  Carpiodei,  Ictiohus,  Cj/eleptua,  and  MoxotUtma;  descTibos  sp. 
BOT.  Carpiod$$  vruty  CkirpioJet  taunu^  Carpiodet  bison,  Carpiodes  vittUus,  and  Oarpiodet  vaeea,  and 
VMorda  CJblMlomtw  eommunit,  O.  nigriearu,  0.  duquesnii,  and  O.  melanopn  from  Hunts ville,  Ala. 
TIm  apeeifle  daacriiitioDa  are  comparative  only,  and  arc  not  readily  identitlabio.] 

IRD  (Sponcer  Fnllerton)  and  OIRARD  (Charles).  Description  of  New  Species 
of  Fishes  collected  in  Texas,  New  Mexico  aud  Sonora  by  Mr.  John  H.  Clark  on 
the  United  States  and  Mexican  Boundary  Survey  aud  in  Texas  by  Capt.  Stewart 
Van  Vliet,  U.  8.  A.,  by  S.  F.  Baird  and  Charles  Girard.  < Proceedings  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  vii,  1854,  pp.  24-*29. 

(Deecriptlons  of  Catottomut  congutiu,  C.  clarki,  O.  ituifftii*,  and  C.  tuthidwi,  ap.  nov.] 

fRBS  (William  O.)  Descriptions  of  two  new  species  of  Cypriuoids.  By  Wm.  O. 
Ayrea,  M.  D.  Dec.  11, 1854.  <  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Tol.  i,  pp.  18-19,  1854;  2d  ed.,  pp.  17-18,  1873. 

[Cuiutamut  oecideniaUi,  sp.  nov.] 

—  Description  of  a  new  species  of  Catostomus.    By  Wm.  O.  Ayres,  M.  D.    Feb.  26, 
ItiiKK    <  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  vol.  i,  pp.  31-32, 1855 ; 
U  ed.,  pp.  30-32,  1873. 
[CUoitamtu  labiatui,  sp.  nov.] 

AA83IZ  (LoniB).  Synopsis  of  tbe  Ichthyological  Fanna  of  the  Pacific  Slope  of 
Xorth  America,  chiefly  from  the  collectioos  made  by  the  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  uuder 
tbe  cooimand  of  Capt.  C.  Wilken,  with  recent  Additions  and  Comparisons  with 
EskterQ  type.H  ;  by  L.  Agat^siz.  <  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  2d  series, 
voLxix,  1855,  pp.  186-231. 

[Uhftracteriz4«  very  fully  tbe  genera,  viz : — Carpiodes  Raf. ;  Bubalichthys  Ag.,  gen.  nov. ;  lehthy- 
*^  Raf.;  CyeUptus  Kaf. ;  Iloxosttnna  Raf.;  J'tyehostomuM  A^.,  gen.  nuv. ;  Uylowyzon  Ag.,  gen. 
MT-;  ind  Catostomus  Lo  Sueur.  The  »pecics  of  cacb  genus  aro  noticed,  and  the  following  new 
'P'tic*  are  vtry  briefly  aud  in  most  cases  unMitibfactorily  described:— CV/rpiod^^  Uiompsoiii, 
A>MieA/Ay»  bonasus,  lehthyobus  rauchii^  Ichthyobus  stoUcyi,  Moxostoma  tenuc,  and  Catostomus 
MBMoOotu.] 

•^^ARD  (Charles).    Researches  upon  the  Cyprinoid  Fishes  inhabiting   the  fresh 

^»Ufr««f  the  United  States  of  Araericu,  west  of  tbe  Mississippi  Valh-y,  from  speci- 

B>«D«  in  the  Mufc^cum  of  the  Suiithsouiau  Institution.    By  Charles  Girard,  M.  D. 

<I*roceeding8  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  1856,  pp.  165- 
213. 

[Twenty-six  spates  ennmerated — most  of  tbem  brieflj*  described.  Two  new  f^cnera  are  pro* 
f^  Uiwnnus  and  Acomits,  and  the  following  new  species  are  cbaractorized :— Carpiodes  damalis. 
■■••oMonia  elavi/ormis,  Moxostoma  lenneriii,  Moxostoma  victorice,  Moxostoma  eampbelli,  Ptycho- 
"■VNu  aUndus,  Ptyehostomus  haydeni,  Acomus  guzmanienhis,  Acoinus  generosus,  Aoomus  griseus, 
*99mus  laetarius,  Catostomus  maerochilus,  Catostomus  sueklii,  and  Catostomus  bemardini.  Tbeso 
^CKnptioQs  are  mostly  short  and  insufficient.] 

•0«aeral  Eex)ort  upon  the  Zoology  of  the  Several  Pacific  Railroad  Routes. 

^Qfts  of  Explorations  and   Surveys  to  Ascertain  the  most  practicable  and 

^  Boote  for  a  Railroad  from  the  Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 

HAdireetioo  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  in  185:M),  according  to  Acts  of 

5 


226    COKTBIBDTIOMS  TO  KOBTH  AUEEICAN  ICHTHTOLC 

OIRASD  (Charlei}— CoQtinaed. 

CoDgTtMS  of  Untcb  3,  I6uJ,  May  31,  L8&4,  aod  AngDst  5, 18&4.  Voln 

tOD,  A.  O.  P.  KicholBoa,  Fiiater,  le59.    (Part  4,  Fiabes,  by  Dr.  Cbi 

[DCKTiptiODt  of  CarpiaUt  danuiit,  Mmatloma  tilavi/iimiit,  Ft^ntimui  kt 

rwiu,  Acomui  griieut,  Aaamt  lactariat,  CalcitoMut  atculaiiidU,  CtoMMMMW 
macnxJieiiut,  uid  Catmtamut  mstiu ,-  ill  of  tha  tpeoiu  except  Aauau  giKB 
O.  latialui,  ud  O  macroduitiu  being  aocompwiled  b;  flgait*.] 

United  8tat«s  and  Mezicaa  Boandar;  Sarvey,  nnder  the  on 

W.  H.  £iDory,  Major  First  Cavalry  and  United  States  ConimisMaii 
of  theBonndar;,  bj  Cbarles  Girard,  M.  D.  <  United  State*  and 
ary  Survey,  voL  ii,  i)art  i,  ld59. 

[DeKriptloD*  mid  Sgnm  of  JMolrut  tumidui.  Uextilama  tanerUi.  Moat 
itoma  tampbMi.  FlgekBttinnu  amgatvt,  Ptychnilanau  oBiiiiu,  Minomui  Iw 
tmu,  lltiwmiu  darki,  Sanuu  latifiraiit,  Scoaau  gianitivtitti*,  ud  Gblodoii 

BZiEE^SRCFletervan).    "ConapectuasystemaliBCypriDOTUui.    < 

Kedetl.  iDd.  XXI,  Hm." 

[SjiMiiiatio  ■mugBmeat  of  ttw  eeaenk) 
ABBOTT  (Cliarl»a  Coiuad).     Descriptions  of  Fonr  New  Species  of 

Cf  prinidiB,  by  Chatles  C.  Abbott.     <  Proceedings  of  tbe  Academ 

ences  of  Fhiladelphia,  1660,  pp.  473-174. 

[Deseribea  OsfoitoiiHU  loanw  ud  CMsMomuj  (Atorvpfnvn-l 

OnJi  (Thvodore  Nloholaa).  On  tbe  clasRificalion  of  tbe  ErB.sroON 
asoborderof  Tklrockpiiali,  byTbendore  Gill.  <Pn>ceedingaa 
Natural  Sciences  of  PhiladHlphia,  18GI,  pp.  6-U. 

[Cbancleriua  (be  idlwRler  ErtntogittMi,  eqainleDtto  "  tbe  tn»  Cyprlno 
ODtIaeUilDtbejaira.ud«llb  lanEcrikiritrni  lnvcr  pbarjrneHl  buHs".  Ilil 
into  foor  bmillet.— fioaMlspUrvidii.  Cobitaiite.  (^ipiwwidK  ud  Ctafu<nt*M 
being  Intnra  divided  inlo  three  ialjrwDUies,'-aua((i>iniHi.  Cgdtptau*,  uU  J 

FUTZTAM  (Frederick  Ward).    List  of  the  Fiahci  sent  by  tbo  Mo! 
iDStitatioas,  in  Bxchaii);e  for  other  Specimens,  with  Annotations 
=  BalIeliii  of  the  Mnsenm  of  Comparative  Zoology,  Caniti 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  227 

(Albert).  Catalogue  of  the  Physoetomi,  containiDg  the  families  Hetero- 
pygiiy  CjrprioidiBy  GonorhyDchid»,  Hyodootids,  Osteoglossidoe,  Clnpeidss,  Chi- 
roeeoiridn,  AlepocephalidsB,  NotopteriJ®,  Haloaanridse,  in  the  collection  of  the 
British  Museum,  by  Dr.  Albert  Oiinther.  London :  Printed  by  order  of  the  trnst- 
eea.  Id6d.  =  Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Biitish  MoHeni  by  Albert  Giiother, 
M.  A^  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  F.  B.  S.,  F.  Z.  S.,  etc.,  etc.    Volume  seveoth. 

[CoBtaina  deacriptions  of  twentj^four  spcciea,  besides  twenty-one  doabtfol  species  merely 
wniDcnted,  mrrmngwl  in  tout  genera,  OatoUomui^  Moxottoma,  SeUrognathut,  and  Carpiodes.] 

IPB  (HdwBTd  Drinker).  On  the  Distribution  of  Fresh  Water  Fishes  in  the  Alle- 
ghany Regioo  of  South- Western  Virginia.  By  E.  D.  Cope,  A.  M.  <  Journal  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  new  series,  vol.  vi,  part  iii, 
Jtnaary,  1869,  pp.  S07-247. 

[DesoriptioD  and  fl^nre  of  Tentuhu  eervintu,  sp.  nov.,  with  notes  on  T.  duqtumei^  Oatostomua 
wi§noami^  and  <7.  communit. 

flnUUR  (Albert).    An  Account  of  the  Fishes  of  the  States  of  Central  America 
tnaed  on  Collections  made  by  Capt.  J.  M.  Dow,  F.  Godman,  E^q.,  and  O.  Salvia, 
Esq.    By  Albert  GUnther,  M.  A.,  M.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  F.  Z.  S.     <  Transactions 
cf  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  vol.  vi,  1869,  pp.  377-494. 
IDMcripiion  of  BubaUcKthyt  msridionalit,  sp.  nov.] 

MPB  (Edward  Drinker).  Partial  Synopsis  of  the  Fishes  of  the  Fresh  Waters  of 
Konh  Carolina,  by  Edw.  D.  Cope,  A.  M.  <  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philo- 
wpbical  Society  of  Philadelphia,  1870,  pp.  448-^95. 

[BncripUons  of  riaeopharyfuc  cariTuUug  (gen.  et  sp.  nov.),  Ptyehottomtu  papiUonu  (sp.  noT.)f  P. 
wtaflH  (qk  nor.).  P.eoUapnu  (sp.nov.).  P.pidientit  {»i>.nor.),P.coreg<mu9  (sp.  nov.),  P.aUnu  («p. 
itf.),  P.  fJkaloMiaiM  (sp.  nov.),  P.  robusttu  (sp.  nov.),  P.  erythrurugt  P.  laehrymalU  (sp.  nov.),  P. 
■satfcpidoCiM,  P.  dvgvunei^  P.  carpio^  P.  oneida,  P.  aureolut,  P.  aueurii,  P.  ertusilabrit  (sp.  nov.), 
'•  ymkept  (sp. nov.),P.eonia  (sp.  nov.),  P.eerviniu,  Oarpiodes  diformii  (sp.  nov.),  C euHsaiuerinuM 
lip^soT.).  OLscIam  (sp.  nov.),  C  M^er,  O.grayi  (sp.  nov.).  01  fAonfjptoni,  C  bUoti,  C.eypriwut^  and 
Ci«fliii^4ir  (ap^nov.),  with  notes  on  other  species,  and  a  very  usefnl  analysis  of  the  species  of 
'Vebatomiu  and  Carpiodet.] 

^  -  Report  on  the  Kc^tiles  aud  Fishes  obtained  by  the  Naturalists  of  the  Expedi* 
^)  by  £.  D.  Cope,  A.  M.  <  Preliminary  Report  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Swey  of  Wyoming,  and  contiguous  territories,  (being  a  second  annual  report  of 
Piogfets,)  conducted  under  the  authority  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  by  F.  V. 
Htyden,  United  States  Geologist.    Washington:    Government  Printing  Office. 

.[C^ottomuM  diieoMus^  Mkiomtu  delphinut,  MinomuB  bardus,  and  Ptychostomut  buceo,  sp. nov.] 

On  the  PlagopterinsD  and  the  Ichthyology  of  Utah.  By  Edward  D.  Cope,  A. 
^  Bead  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  March  20th,  1874.  <  Pro- 
c^iDgs  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society  of  Philadelphia,  vol.  14,  pp.  129-139, 
1874. 

[^^i^amiiu pUaJtyrhynehuM  and  Minoiniu  jarrovii  described  as  nov  species.] 

)AH  (David  Starr).  Synopsis  of  the  Genera  of  Fishes  to  be  looked  for  in 
^iana,  by  Prof.  David  S.  Jordan,  M.  D.  <  Sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  Geologi- 
cal Sorvey  of  Indiana,  made  during  the  year  1874,  by  E.  T.  Cox,  State  Geologist; 
••isted  by  Prof.  John  Collett,  Prof.  W.  W.  Borden,  and  Dr.  G.  IVI.  Levette.  Indi- 
***Poli8.    Sentinel  Company,  Printers.    1875.    pp.  197-228. 

i^^  genera  characterised  snd  one  or  two  species  mentioned  under  each.] 

^^'Qiioeming  the  Fishes  of  the  Ichthyologia  Ohiensis,  by  David  S.  Jordan,  M.  S., 
^    <P)roeeeding8  of  the  BuiTalo  Society  of  Natural  History,  1676,  pp.  91-97. 

of  the  species  described  by  Raflnesque ;  a  new  genos,  Erimyzan^  being 
HitchilL] 


228     CONTEIBUnONS  TO  NORTH  AUEBICAK  ICHTHTOLOOT^IIL 

JORCAM  (David  Starr).  HaoDBlof  the  VertebraUsof  theNorthern  Unitodgli 
iiicliitliug  Ihe  iliBiriut  eoM  of  tbe  Misatwippi  Biver,  and  north  of  Kortb  Cml 
and  TuQQPjiSM,  exclusive  orniariue  Bpecies.  Uy  David  Starr  Jordan,  H.  tt^H. 
ProfoMorvf  Nutural  History  ia  N.  W.  C.  Uuiversiry  and  la  Indiana  State  Mtd 
College.  Cliicugo:  Jansen,  McCturg  A-Companj.  1876. 
[Twcnly-lbrw  apooks  brlcflj'  dsMillwd.  and  nfeired  to  nini  gCDsia.] 

miLaOn  (Edward  W.)  A  Partial  Catologae  of  tbe  Fishea  of  IlIiDoU,  b;  E. 
Nuleoii.     <  liiillulia  uf  tlie  Illiaols  Museum  of  Katural  HiEtory,  ^,  IBiG. 

[Niili!SDn  31  epeclc4;  IcIiOn/iibuicyiimlliudBicilbeii  aa  u  neVBiwclH,  tadtbspBOi  Cur 
nnlUHl  10  lehlkytbia] 

UHLBR  (P.  R)  antf  LUOOBR  (Otto).  List  of  Fishes  of  Maryland,  b;  P.  It.  U 
anil  Of.a  Lti;:gt)r.    <  Report  ot  Itie  CommiMiouers  of  Pisbetieaof  Uatjlaod, 

67-17(i.  (IWe). 

(SoTCD  stiecln  doscHbed.) 

COPB  (Bdwatd  Drinker)  nnil  HARROW  (Benry  C.)  Beport  npon  the  collect 
of  FiHliex  muilo  i[i  portions  of  Nevada,  Utah,  California,  Colorado,  New  He 
and  Ari70[in  during  tbe  years  IttTl,  1672,  1873  and  1874,  by  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope 
Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow,  =:Cbapler  VI,  <  Report  apon  Oeograpbical  and  Geak) 
Explorations  and  Surveys  Wfst  of  the  O^e  Hundredth  Meridian,  in  cbart;eof  1 
Lient^  Geo.  M.  WbeeW,  Corps  of  Eiiginifers,  U.  B.  Army,  nnder  tbe  diraclio 
Brig.Oun.A.  A.  Ilumplireya,  Chiefof  EngiDber8,U.  S.Army,  pnhlisbed  bysolbi 
of  Hon.  Wm.  W.  Belknap,  Secrelary  of  War,  in  accordance  with  acts  of  Cuaj 
of  Jmicas,  lW4,Bnd  Febrnary  15,187G.  In  six  volumes.  Accompanied  byonal 
graphical  untl  one  s^oloe'cal  atlas.  Vol.  V. — Zoology.  Washington:  GoranD 
Printing  Oftice.     lS7u.     (laanetl  io  187&} 

(Cnn'alB*  di-wTlpllanB  of  ranAxMu  (em.  dit.),  Panr«teu  jriafyHkynckiu,  Pautcilmujm 
i^nlHfnu  FinKru  (op.  dot.),  OttotUniui  imignt.  Cbbwdmw  alticnhnii.  Oalittuuu  4i0* 
Oilatlomur  /r^ndum  i<p.  dot.'.  Catmlomat  tvimaKittue,  XtoBibrmm  triiigiimttim  {■p.loM 
thoktamuji  nm!fe*tita.  and  Otrpiodci  'jrQjfi.  nkb  fl^urTaormovt  ot  tbe*prcfea.| 

JORDAIT  (David  Starr)  auri  COPELAITO  (Harbert  Sdwu).  ChMkLUrf 
Fishes  of  Ihe  Fresli  Waters  of  North  America,  by  David  S.  Jordan,  U.  S.,H 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  229 

^RbAH  (David  Starr)  and  BRA7TON  ( Alembert  TVinthrop).  On  Lagochila, 
s  Dew  genan  of  Catostomoid  fishes.  <  Prueeedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  1877,  pp.  ^fiO-^.^). 

[Description  And  flgnre  of  LagoehUa  laccra  (gen.  et  ftp.  dov.),  vrilh  an  analynis  of  tho  genera  of 
Calotiomida  admitted,  \\%:— LagoehUa,  Placopharjirur.  Myxoa'.oma  Erimyzon,  Uypentelium,  Cato- 
ttouitu,  Pantottetu,  CycUphu,  Carpiodea,  Jchthyobus,  Bab2lichUiy8,  udU  Myxoeypnnitis.] 

.HILLOCK  (Charlea).  The  Sportsman'd  Gazetteer  and  GcDcral  Guide.  The  Game 
Aaimals,  BirdB  and  FiMhes  of  North  America  :  their  Habits  and  Various  Methods 
of  Capture.  Copious  Instructions  in  Shoot iufj,  Fishiug,  Taxidermy,  Woodcraff, 
etc.  Together  with  a  Directory  to  the  Principal  Game  Resorts  of  the  Country: 
illustrated  with  maps.  By  Chailes  Hallock,  Editor  of  *' Forest  and  Stream", 
Aotbor  of  the  "  Fishing  Tourist",  "Camp  Life  in  Florida",  etc.  New  Yorit :  Forest 
and  Stream  Publishing  Company.    1)^77. 

[Contains  descriptions  and  notices  of  nunieroas  npecirs;  the  Ked  Horse,  If.  mo/crolepidotum^ 
being  on  p.  3:i8  inadvertently  called  "  Oatohtomxu  ecpedianum  ''.J 

ORDAN  (David  Starr).  Contributions  to  North  American  Ichthyology,  based 
priuiarily  on  the  Collections  of  the  United  bt:?tes  National  MuRcnm.  I.  Rt^view 
of  Rafioesque's  Memoirs  on  North  American  Fishes,  by  David  S.  Jordan.  Washing- 
ton :  Government  Printing  Office.  1877.  =  Bulletin  of  the  United  States  National 
Ifuiieam,  No.  9.  pp.  53. 
[Contains  idestiflcations  of  the  Tarioas  nominal  species  described  by  Raflnesqne.] 

—  Contributions  to  North  American  Ichthyology,  based  primarily  cm  the  Collections 
of  the  United  States  National  Museum.  II.  A. — Notes  on  CoUidfTy  EtheoHlomatidaSy 
I'emda:,  Centrarchidcey  AphododeridcPt  Dorysomatidw,  and  Cyprinidw^  with  revisions  of 
tbe  genera  and  desrriptions  of  new  or  little  known  species.  B. — Synopsis  of  the 
SHwida  of  the  fresh  waters  of  North  America.  By  David  S.  Jordan.  Washington : 
Government  Printing  Office.  1877.  =  Bulletin  of  the  United  States  National 
Moseum,  No.  10.  pp.  11(>. 
[Description  of  Myxostoma  paecilura,  up.  nov.] 

GILL  (Theodore  Nicholas).  Johnson's  Now  Universal  Cyclopaedia;  a  scientific  and 
iwpular  treasury  of  useful  knowledge.  Illustrated  with  maps,  plans  and  engrav- 
ings. Editors  in  chi«-f,  Frederick  A.  P.  Barnard,  S.  T.  1).,  LL.  D.,  L.  IT.  D.,  M.  N. 
A.  S.,  President  of  Columbia  Cc)llei;e,  New  York;  Arnold  Guy^it,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 
M.N.  A.  S.,  Professor  of  Geology  and  Physical  Geograi)hy,  College  of  New  Jersey. 
Aswciute  Editors — [29  persons,  among  thi  m  Theo<lore  Gill,  A.  M.,  M.  1).,  Ph.  D., 
M'N.  A.  S.,  Late  Senior  Assistant  Libraiian  of  the  Library  of  Congress].  With 
Dnnierons  contributions  from  writers  of  distiiiguislied  eminence  in  every  depart- 
^^nt  of  letters  and  science  in  tho  United  States  and  in  Europe.  Complete  in  four 
Volume}*,  including  appendix.  Volume  IV,  S — Apx>endix.  (Testimonials  at  the 
^odofthe  volume.)  Alvin  J.  Johnson  *SL  Son,  11  Great  Jones  Street,  New  York. 
^DCCCLXXVIII. 

[CoDtaics  a  dcRcription  of  tho  family  Cutastoinidn',  .i  Ust  of  tho  genera,  and  a  diagnosiH  of  Myxo- 
'yprinut,  gen.  nov.] 

''ORD^jy  (David  Starr).  Mannal  of  the  Vertebrates  of  the  Northern  United  States, 
•aciuding  tho  district  East  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  North  of  North  Carolina 
•od  Tennessee,  exclusive  of  Marine  Speoies,  by  David  Starr  Jordan,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D., 
'•^feMor  of  Natural  History  in  Butler  University.  Second  Edition  Revised  an<l 
'^Qlarged.    Chiv,*ago:  Jansen,  McClnrg  <fc  Company.     1?^7H. 

[Descriptions  of  forty  specioH,  referred  to  eleven  peuera :  — Lrtz/ooAi/o,  Placopharynx,  Myx-o- 
*^^a,  Ifmytrewo (gen.  nov.),  IJnmi/zon,  llypcntelium,  Catohtomuji,  Cyclrptiu,  Carpioden.  Ichthyobim, 
*^  BubaUehlhyt.    In  the  Addenda,  the  uamo  Qucu^ilabia  is  suggested  as  a  sulMtituto  tor 


230    CONTKIBimOHS  TO  NOKTH  AHEBICAS  ICHTHYOLOGY— lit. 

JORDAIT  (David  Stair),  A  Cata1oj{ue  of  tbe  Fisbus  of  tie  FVub  Wat«tB  of  Nnnlt 
America.    ByUavid  S.  Jordan,  M.  D.     <  Bnlliitln  IV,  Hayden's  G«ologi<sJ&omj 

of  tlio  TcrriloripB,  No.  2,  pp.  407-1=13.    Waabington,  Mny  3,  le*7a 

(Pirtj'-oiui  «pm1m  BnutOPPOleO  i  nmuiBBa  In  iblrtMo  Ecnns,  vts  ■.—BabaliclM^.  ItUlf4M 
Carpiodfjt,  Cftctepttu,  Pautowtau,  CitroMTamu*^  CAdnnuidi  (c^^u-  dov.),  Erin^an,  liingtftiiA  Mpt 
ilonut,  PUlCppluiTiinz,  and  Qiuutilal 

Notes  00  a  Ciillfttion  of  Fisbt-a  from  tbe  Rio  Grnoile,  nt  Brownsville, T»iu 

By  DnvlU  S.  Joriluo,  M.  D.     <Bullelia  Hujileii's  Uuilod  Stute«  Geoluglol  ad 
OM)gra.iMc>il  Survey,  vol.  iv,  No.  2.    WadhingtoD,  May  3,  ItCH. 
[Hj-aonj-m;  mid  Date  on  Carpiodri  (unii'dui.} 

A  Cnfnliigne  of  tbo  Fisbes  of   lUinoiH,  liy  Prof.  David  S.  Jordan.     <!lBMli 

8latu  Luboralory  of  Nnlural  Hintcry.    Tbo  Nutnral  HIsInry  of  IHInoit.    B 
No.  'J.     BlnomiiigtiiD,  111.,  June,  IBTt^. 

[TiTCOly-llireD  spcides  ooDioerateil.  with  nateB  i  thcw  org  amuEed  la  sine  KeiHink] 
FORBHB  (3.  A.)    Tbo  Food  of  Illiaoia  Pisbcs  by  S.  A.Fofbes.     <  Bollctin  ol  Ai 
Illinois  Slato  Laborntory  of  Nutnral  History,  No.  2,  lS7d. 
[Vuliublii  ootea  on  Ibc  food  of  Ckiliii:<imi(ta.\ 

JORDAN  (David  Stair),  Notes  on  a  Collection  of  Fisbcs  from  tbe  Rio  Oruft 
at  BrowDsvitlo,  Texas,  coDtiDUcil.  By  D.  S.  Jordan  M.  D.  <I]a}i1cD'*I 
of  the  GenloKival  and  Geogtnphicnl  Survey  of  tbe  TtTritoiirs,  rul.  iv,  Ko.  3.  Vt/^ 
<ii)r|on,  July  £),  ItiTri. 

[ItDDisrks  oD  Uie  probible  idnillT;  of  Carpleda  gnvi  and  JM-jbiu  Riinidw  with  CbijMl 

Cofalogne  of  tbe  Fisbes  of  Indiana,  in  Article  Piai^icoltnro  (by  Aleutl* 

noroa).    -^TwRoly-wvenlh  Annonl  Iti^pgrt  of  tbo  ladiaoa  Slatu  Bjanl  «f  Ag"> 
Giiltuiv,  li<77.    Volume  XIX.    IndLaDapolts.    lS7a 
(Twertjtwo  iptcji?*  »BQin*niipd.  ri-ferred  in  ten  gfntn.] 

JORDAN  (David  Stan)  and  BRATTON  (Alembert  'Wlntbrop).  On  tb*n 
ITlbntiou  of  tbe  Fisbes  in  tbf  Alle^-bnoy  Region  of  Soulb  Caroliua,  Gwrsill^ 
Twinfiw™,    wilb    IVwripli"!!"    of   Kew  nr    l.itllp  Known   Sp<cie».     Ry  PitHI 


INDEX. 


Paget 

Aeantharohus 89 

Aopeww 71,90 

idpeoaeridiD 71 

iflomoa 151, 157 

Mopos  (Boleoeoma) 82 

•ffiuB  (Clinmtomus) 24 

igwiti  (Chologaster) 84 

alba(Myxostoma) 130 

albidii8(AaiiuraB) b7 

albklos  (PtychoBtomus) 129 

tlbklosCTeretulua) 129 

altiidQm  (Myxoetonio) 101, 117,  129 

albam  (My xoatomd) . .  .27,  86, 102, 117, 130 

Allmmi»iw 16,19,36,04,78,90 

ilboB  (PtychoBtomas) 130 

iIlwi!i(Ttoretnliip) 206 

iltieolos  (Catostomus) 102, 167 

aHipinois  (Notropis) 85 

tltos  (Babalicbtbys) 102,  206 

AlTotdim* 12,  58,  73,  88 

»maro8(Albarnop8) 36,85 

»flttnia(Hybop8i8) 16 

>nArD8(Hybop8Uhu(l80Dia8) 36 

Ambloilon 211,213 

Ambloplites 40,46,60,75,89 

amblops  (Ceratichtbys) 79 

AmblyopsU 89 

•nericaDa  (Perca) 83 

*»Dericana  (Stilbe) 53 

*niericaDu»  (Noteuiigonns) 24,  38 

A*nia 70,  90 

•^ttiula 70 

^^uitua 28,  33,  39,  44,  55,  70,  81,  90 

AmiiiocceteH 90 

AiDiDocrypta 88 

•*>*loatanu8  (Photogeuis) 20,  78,  84 

•^^ffiilla 29,  .33,  39,  44,  55,  70,  81,  90 

'^'^gUillidiD 29,  :W,  39,  44,  55,  70,  81 

**^»^pteni8  (Cato8tomu8) 100,  196 

•**««ura  (Myxo8toma) m,  100, 102, 116, 

126, 128,  132 
•^Utmi8(Cato8tomu8)...100,  110,  126,  132 

^*»iaiiru8  (Moxo8toma) 132,  146 

•^imras  (Ptycbostoraus) 132 

nrna  (Teretnlu8) 132 

uroni  (Moxostoma) 132 


Page. 

aDDularis  (Pomoxys) 47,  76,  83 

anomalom  (Campo8toma)..  .16, 43,  49,  63, 

77,84 

antonieDsis  (Amiaras  Datalis) 55 

ApbododeridsB 41,  47 

ApbododeroB 41,  47,  89 

Apomotis 76,  89 

ars&opus  (Cato8toma8) 160, 173 

ardeUB  (Ly thmrus) 78,  85 

argenteus  (Ainuiucastes) 87 

argyritis  (Hybognatbaa) 16,  84 

asiaticos  (CarpiodeB) 102,  217 

asiaticuB  (My  xocypriuuB) 102, 217 

aapro  (Alvordius) 58 

Atberinidae Qly  76 

atberiDoides  (Notropib) 64,  78 

atrilatus  (ZygoDectes) 84 

atripinni8  ( ArliDa) 73 

atripiDnis  (Ulocentra) 73,  8i 

atroDabas  (Rbiaicbtby8) 86 

aurantiacu8(Hadropterii8) 58,  82 

aureola  (Moxostoma) 125 

aurcolum  (Moxostoma) 125 

auroolum  (Myxo8toma)..100,  101,  116,  124 
aureoluB(Cato8tomus)..  .100,  124,  125,  167 

aiireoluB  (Ptychostomus) 1:25 

aureus  (Eupomotis) 15 

auritus  (Lepiopomus) 15,  36,  40,  83 

aurora  ( Aconius) 176 

aurora  (Catostomus) 101,  17R 

bairdii  (Potamocottus) 8d 

bardus  (Mioomus) 184,  185 

bardu8(PaDto8teub). 184 

beroardiui  (Catostomus) 102,  17«2 

biguttatus  (Ceruticbth^s)..  26,3:^,38,43, 

68,  79,  86 

bison  (Carpiodes) 69, 86, 101, 194, 197 

blenniuides  (Diplesium) 58,  73,  t^ 

blenuioides  (Etbeostoma) 58 

Bolbicbtbys 45,89 

Boleosoraa 13,  34,  58,75,  89 

bombifrons  (Lcpiopomus) 60,  83 

bouasus  (Bubalicbtbys) . .  1 . . .  101,  209,  214 

bostoDiensis  (Catostomus) 100,  160 

breviceps  ( Moxostoma) 127 

breviceps  (My  xostoma) 127 

231 


232  INI 

btericepfl  (PtycbaatomiiH) 109, 137 

brevicepN  (Turutulim) Vit 

bruvipinue  (Boleosomn} 58 

braoiK^iiB  (AmiuraH)  r>B,  '^H,  44,  87 

BubuliobtbfmiD IS 

l)ubulli:bthrH..55,  C9,  90, 104,  201,  203,  ?05 

bubollDUH  (DnbalioblbjB) lOJ,  SOG 

Ijubolus  {AmblodoD) 211,214 

bubalHs  (BiibiUieht.by«)..101, 102,aff5,  20(i 

bubnluR  (CiLtOHtomuH} 100,  U)(},  m4 

biibalii8(Ii;htbyobiiH).sn,  100, 101, 102,214 

biicca;a(Erlcyi>ibtt) 84 

buovo  (Ftyoboatomui)} 103,  IffJ 

buuou  (Turetalua) I3J 

UulluriH  (SeinotiluB) m 

onlliBOiim  (CcHiomiil ...'JT.SS 

ciJIiBOinn  (Eiilnemii) a? 

cnIlislitt(Co<loiim) 50,f(5 

o«lli»tiDs(Pbolo;{eDiii) 50 

calv»<Aniift) 70,87 

uaniplwlli  (Erlmyiou} *.       146 

vftDiplrrlli  (MoxoHUiiDa} 101,146 

CiuiilHWtoma 16,  4:1,  41),  Kl,  77,  «0 

i!DUitira{Vull1uDtlB) 89 

oninurufl  (Noibonotns) 74,82 

oiiniuli'nso{Slizosteth(nin) f^t 

Ga|irDdu(Pt>rciiia) 45,57,i:),ea 

cnrinftlni.  {PlacophRryni).  .69, 8li,  102, 107, 

106,109 

carplcT  (CurpiiHles) ....  Mi,  100, 103, 19&.  SOD 

oarpio  (CsKwtoniUB) 100,  t0t,ItF<,UUO 

oiiipi»  (lubLbyobiiBj VOO 


{PtycboBtomos) 1 

(Teretiilus) lOll 

CbiBQobrjttnB 15,  35.  4(i,i% 

CbiutmiHtea 103,140,150,1 

cbirLllcua(Bydroiibloz) 

fhloiiatia  (Codaai&) fl, 

cbloTOOcpbolos  (Albarnopa) 19, 

cblarocepbalaa  (Hybopsis) 

cbloropUroD  (CaiiMt«iaas) ta£, 

Chotogiuitur . 

CbriwotuuB ISfi,T9 

cbrusomiia  (Hybopsia). 

obroaomoK  (Uydrupblox) 49 

chrymicliliiriH  (PifuiulubiiB}   ut,  77 

cbrysoIeuciiB  (Notciuigonus} K),U9. 

cbryBopB  (Ruocua) 

ciuerea  (Etbeoeloma) SO 

ctiuki  (CuloBtoiaas) luO, 

clatki  (Miuouiua) 

c  lav  i  form  ia  (Ecim;  SOD  > 

clavU'onula  (UoioatoDia) 101, 

ClinoBtamaB 'H 

ClapuiUra (B 

ouvcogeuia  (Laiilus) 3t,  M 

Codoma SO,  37,  l^se 

Of  Tulea  (Codona) ...... 

ciBraliia  (Erog^lla) 

oollapauH  (Ptjoboatoiiiila) 101, 

(Cahiatouiub).  ..fU,  1X1,9, 
lOB, 

(LoCypriu) IM 

comuiDtiU  (CaluaMntua) SO,  lU^ 

eougdstu  (Myxosloiiiii) 


INDEX. 


233 


TtLgt. 

I  (Amiaras  DaUils) 70 

wrinos  (Carpiodes) 80,  86, 102, 

194, 195, 196 

iM(Apomati8) 76,83 

BsCBabalichtbys) 86 

OB  (lohthyoboa) 102, '^06 

IDID 98 

UB 80,90,  104, 186,  187, 189 

E«)x) 84 

Blla 90 

lUCIchthyobos) 214 

lla  (SclerognatJias) 214,  215 

ids 16,  31,  36,  41,  49.  63,  77 

odootidoD 31,48,6-3,77 

ne 140 

t9  (Carpiodes) 55,  86, 101,  102, 

195, 198 

18  (Catoetonin8) 100 

is(Labeo) 193 

w  (Sclerogoathas) 197, 198 

»(Caipiode8) 199 

^lo8 151,154 

Mstylos 151, 15i,  159 

108  (MioomuH) 102,  184 

108  (PantostoQs) 184 

Doa  (Fnudnlas) 84 

18  (Carpiodes) 86, 102, 194, 195 

118  (IcbtbyoboH) 196 

8(Notropi8) 85 

18  (Notropis) 85 

am 58,73,88 

»ln8  (CatoetomnH) 102,  162, 179 

ma 49,  C.J,77,  90 

fnalldffi  49,  6i,77 

(Zygooecfes) 84 

His  (Ceraticb thys) 67,  79,  86 

mii  (Catoetomos),  100,  ICO,  121,  129 

mil  (Moxostoma) 121 

iDii  (Myxostoma  maorolupido- 

)    .../. 80,  100,121 

mil  (Myxostoma),  43,  54,  6?,  80,  115, 

120, 124 

mil  (Ptychostomas) 121 

mil  (Teretalos) 121 

ma 89 

•  (BoleichtbyB) 45,83 

t8  (CatostomoB) 146 

»  (Labeo) 101,  145 

eras  (Not uroB) 70,87 

lU(Gila) 85 

(CatoetomuB)..: 100,  189 

(Cyeleptoa),  80,  86,  100,  189,  190 

'%•©> 101, 146 

-•••• •« •       189 
89 


Page. 

ebs  (Boleicbthys) 83 

Episema 64,  90 

EricoBiua 88 

Ericymba 90 

Erimyzon,  27,  38,  43,  54, 69, 80,  90, 103, 136, 

140,  143 

Erogala 20 

erytbroga8tor(Cli;*o8omus) 65,  79,  8'> 

erythruroB  (CatoBtomus) 100,  121 

erythmruB  (Ptycbostonins) 121 

erytbruras  (Terotnlus)  — ' 121 

Esocidffi 16,  :16,  48,  63 

esopas  (CatoBtomns) 146 

CBopns  (Labeo) 101, 146 

eBtor(Gila) 66,79 

Esox 16,38,48,62,89 

EtbeoBtoma 15,  40,59,  75,  89 

E theoBtoinatidtD ....  12, 30,  34, 40, 45, 57, 73 

etowanam  (Hypenteliiim) 86 

etowanoB  (Catostonnis  uigricauB),  54,  159, 

163 

Eacalia 89 

Eapomotifl 15,46,61,89 

enryopB  (Myxostoma),  54,  86,  10;i,  115,  119 

euryops  (TeretaliiB) 1 19 

enryBtoma  (Codoma) 42,  85 

eurystomua  (PbotogeDiH) 42 

evides  (Ericoema) 82 

exilis  (NoturuB) 87 

ExogloBsnm 90 

fasciatUB  (CatoBtomus)  101, 138 

fasciolariB  (CatOBtomus) 100,  145 

fecauduB  (Catostooius) 102,  150,219 

fecQDduB  (Cbasmistes) 102,  150 

flabellare  (Etheostoma) 15»  59, 75, 8il 

flabellatas  (Catonotns) 15 

flammeuB  (Phoxinus) 65,  85 

flexuoBTiR  (Catostomus) 100,  166 

folium  (Polyodon) 71,  81,  87 

fontinalis  (Salveliuus) 16,  31,  63,  84 

formosa  (Codoma) 42,  51 

formosus  (Alburuns) 42 

forsterianns  ( Acomus) 107,  176 

forsterianus  (Catoatomus).  ..100,  101,  167, 

176 

freteusiB  ( Albnrnops) 85 

FnnduUiB 89 

furcatu8(Icbtb{elunia) 87 

galacturuB  (HypsilepiH) 32 

galaetnrus  (Photogeuis) 32,  64,  78 

Gambusia 89 

generosns  T Acomus) 183 

generoBUB  (Catoatomus) 102,  173,  183 

generoens  (PautoBteus) 102,  182,  183 

gibbosos  (Catostomus) 100, 145 


g!!)boniB(L»l»M> 145 

Oils 24,60,79.90 

Qirardluna 80 

goodei  (ErlmyzoD) 103,  144, 14» 

gracilis  (CatootoinuH) 101,167 

i;raDd)plDDi8  (Pbolugeuia) 4'2 

Bvayi  (Curpiodea) 102,199 

BrisenB  (Aconian) 176 

grannienB  ( llaploidonotna) 47,  Gl ,  7Q 

golosOB  (ChienobryUas) 46.80,83 

galtalna  (PeicapHis] 84 

gnttfttnn  (Zygonectat) 4*j,  ^4 

iafAcoians) 17S 

is  (CaUMtonmi) 102,  ITH 

Hadropteras. . . .  i 30,  34,  40, 45, 5tj,  68 

Haploidonotiifl 47,01.76,69 

lisydeni  (Pryabostooiua) 101,  138 

tftydeni  <TeretuIna) 138 

Heiuioplitea S9 

lloraitremln      65,  70,  90 

heteroilon(HBniittemiii) &i 

heto^u^llIU(Do^osonlal)e(lt^Jianllm).  49,  77 

hieroglypbkUH  (ZygoiiMtiH) 48,  81 

hintilo  (AmiiioctoUs) 87 

HndBonina 19,30,l»0 

hadBoniaa  (CatostomaaJ.lOQ,  166,  175,  ITG 

liyalinos  (Ceratichthys) 53,  6 i 

Hjbognathns 16,90 

HyborbyDOhaa 6:),  78,  90 

Hydrophloi 18,  32.  36,  49, 04. 90 

Hylomjum - 151, 156 

Hyodon 48,62,77,80 

Hyodontide 4i*,63,  77 

Hypenteliiim 151,154,155,  157,  156 

liypseloptsniH  {Z«Dois«aii) ii 

bypsiootas  (Ceraiicblbyn) 85 

Johtbnlumt 33,  39,  43,  55,  69,  B1,D0 

lohthyobna 90. 101, 211, 'il3,  914 

loHohaa 211,213 

Lnoatoma S8 

tncDDBtaDH  (Eaoalin) 83 

inBCTiptnsfNorbanulaa) 34,  83 

inwriptDS  (XenotiB) 46,01,(0 

ioaigae  (Catoal«niua) IKt 

iniigois  (Catostomns) 101,  169,  165 

iDBigniit  (HinomuB) 165 

Insigois  (NoturDB) S9,  87 

inleiTupta  (MoroDe) 83 

loa 88 

irideos  (Centrarcbiis) 47,  83 

iscbannB(NoteiiiigotiaO S4,  38 

IscbyniB  (Icbtbyobas) 102, 215, 217 

iscbymB  (LepiupomaB) 83 

Jarrovii  (MiuomuB) 103,  lf« 

jMTOVii  (PaotocWDSj 183 


Jewite  (PfcoilSchthyi) .....H.US 

keouerlyi  (UosoMoma) 101, 1« 

Labco UO,m 

[abialus  (Catoetomas)  IK.tli 

LaUldeathes  01,7^M 

labroflDi  (Ceralicblhyu)  ... ....  &J.M 

lacera  (Lagoohila) 68. 10:1. IM, IM 

lacera  (QuaBBilabia) G8,W,iK 

locertosas  (Hydrgphloi). Si 

laolirymala  (Myioatoma) 103. US,  19) 

lBobrymaliB(IIyxiwtoiiiadn<iueimi).    IV 
lacbrymalie    (Myxoatonia   inaoral«- 

pidotn) HO 

lachrvmaliH  (PtyehOBtoiunB) lOS.liKI 

laclirymalis  (Teretulns) ItO 

lactarlas  (Acomtiii) 1TB 

lactarfus  (CatosUmuB) IIN,1T6 

lacustna  (Lota). 9 

LagocbilB IM,M5 

latipinula  (Aooinus)  ..       lH 

iMipiniiiB  (CatostonniB)  ..101,102.1(Rtt8 

Lepidmiteuln 20, 44, 55, 71,  SI 

Lopidoatens 29,  44, 65,  71,BI,» 

U'piopomna 15,  :W,  40,  46,60,76,89 

icplncanthuB  (Noturas) 44,rnj,87 

Icsiiunrii  (Calostomna] 100,13$ 

leucioda  (Episema) (H,  85 

leucopB  (PhotogeniB) S^ 

leiicupuH  (PboloBenis) 41,  fl 

liiDi(U«laDiirft) « 

JiaeolntiiDi  (Etbeostoma) R 

lioma  (CbasDiitttcs] W 

liroH  (NotropiB)   !£l,S|f& 

Litholepis. W 

longiceps  (Hybopsis) *• 

longirostria  (Catoatonius),  86, 100, 109,  I6ti 
176 

long TOStrom  (Cntostomus) IM.IIS     I 

Lota * 

lunatns  (Rbinicbthys) P     , 

lQtipinDU<Hydrophl(Hc) 3C* 

Lniilna 18,31,49,64,78,8" 

lytbrochloria  (XoDotis) * 

Ljthnims ffi,* 

ipbatas  (Alvordiaa) ^    I 

(Cato8toiiinB)....10a,lflDtl'J^ 

macrocbirDB  {LepioponiDB) ^^ 

iiiacrolBpidot.1  (Myxoatoma) 

mncrolepidotum  (Moxostorou) " 

Diucculupidotum    (Myinstoma).  54,0^ 
86.  101,  103, 115.  116,  llK 

iDacrolepidotiim  (Teretolua) 

iDacrolepiilotiis  (Catoatomna).  100, 
macrolf  pidotn  a  (Ptycboatomc 
maciopterum  (Exi^loMum) , 


IKDEX. 


235 


Paget 

■•eiopteraiD  (HypeDteliam) 1G3 

■•ooptenis  (Gentnrohiis) 36,83 

Mealmticepe  (Arlina) 13 

■Mnbtioeps  (Boleoeoma) 13,34 

aKnUtain  (Boleoioma) 58,82 

■ieaUtam  (Etbeostoma) 12 

Meobtatt  (Alvoidios) 58, 73,  82 

tttiltM  (Hadroptenis) 58 

■tteolaUis  (Nothonotns) 82 

■ieiilotiu»(Acipeiiser) 71,87 

MealMiis  (CaUMrtomus) 100,  ia'3 

■nium  (Percioa) 82 

■Hfuotis  (EnneaoaDthuH) 83 

■uginatos  (Notaras) 29 

■ttBoratus  (Amiuros) 39,  87 

■ttotinas  (Notropis) 85 

auiilingaa  (ExogloHeaui) 8G 

a^plotu  (XenotiB) 76,83 

a^pstomns  (CatobtouiUB) 100,103 

MlaiiO|Ni(Cato8tonia8)...27,  100,  136,  138 

Mluwiia  (ErimyzoD) 27, 1*38 

■daaopa  (Minytretna),  27,  54,  69,  dO,  86, 

lyO,  101, 137, 138 

Mhoope  (Ptyohostomus) 138 

■ilinops  (Zygoneotes) 84 

MlmopsiB  (Catoatonias) 138 

IMaoiira 89 

BilaDonia  (RutiluB) 100, 121 

ariM  (Amiuras) 87 

MtetgriB  (Rbioicbthys) 86 

wndionaliB  (BubalichtbyH) . .  lOi,  206, 210 
■eridioDaliB  (PotamocottUB) .  .47, 57, 73, 82 

wrkliooaliB  (SclerogDatbas) 210 

VaogooiBtitu 89 

Xieioperca 89 

Mieroptcros ....  15,  30,  35,  40,  4'J,  60,  75,  b9 

■icRipteryx  (Notropis) 65,  79,  85 

aktOBtomuB  (AlbarnopB) 64,  78,  85 

■iaostomuB  (MiDDiluB) 64 

Miaooiiis 151, 157,  180,  181 

lliaytreaia..27,54,  69,  e^O,  90,  103,  130,  137 

ttforos  (NoluruB) 87 

lMlJeDe«ia 89 

MoacbaB  (CeraticbtbyB) 67,86 

HoxoBtOiua,  110, 113, 114,  i:^,  140,  142,  143 

JlyxocypriuoB 104,  217 

JtyxoBtoma,  26, 33, 38, 43, 54, 68, 80, 90, 103, 

110,  113 

itQB  (RbiDicbthys) 86 

lis  (Amiurns) 55,  70,  81,  87 

peaa  (PboxinoB) 85 

aeDiia(Alvordias) 82 

HAmModou) 209 

mmtenUM) 87 

WMIflhlliya) 2u9 


Page. 

niger  (GatostoQiDs) 2C9 

nigrescenB  (Cycleptus) 100, 186, 190 

Digricans  (Ainiurus) 81,  87 

nii;ricaQB  (Catostomiis),  'Si,  54,  69,  80,  100, 

101,  158,  159,  162,  163,  167 

Digricans  (  Hylomyzon  ) 162 

Digricans  (Hypent^liuni). 86, 162,  163 

nigrofasciatuB (Hadroptems)  ...30,  34,  40, 

45,82 

uigromaculatos  (Pomoxys) 47, 76 

ui vei ventris  ( Aniiarus) 87 

ni vena  (Pbotogenis) 20,  85 

notatns  (Uyborhy ncbus) 63,  78,  84 

notatns  (Xystroplites) 61,  83 

notains  (Zygonectcs) 62,  77,  84 

Notemigonus 24,  38,  53,  67,  79,  90 

NotbonotUB 13,34,58,74,89 

Notropis 23,  53,  64,  78,  90 

nottii  (Zygonectes) 31,  48, 84 

Notunis 29,44,55,70,90 

uncbaliB  (Hybognathns) 84 

nummifer  (Carpiodtni) 102,200 

occidentalis  (CatoBtomiiB)  ..  .101, 160, 172 

oblongos  (CypriuoB) 27,  100,  140,  145 

obloDgas  (Erimyzon) 100,  145 

obloDgUB  (Labeo) 145 

obloDgas  (MoxoBtoma) 145 

oblongus  (Terotulas)  145 

obscnrus  (Lepiopomus) 46,  60, 76,  83 

obtQBUS  (Rbinicbtbys) 54, 07,  86 

oblongus  (CatoBtomus) 145 

olivaris  (Pelodicbtbys) 70,  81,  87 

olmstedi  (Boleosomu) 13,  82 

oneida(Cato8tomu8) 101,  1*^0 

oneida  (PtycboBtomiis) 120 

osseus  (Lepidostcus) . .  29,  44,  55,  71,  81,  87 

pallidas  (Cat OBtoujus)    101,  167 

pallidas  (EuponiotiH)   46,  01,  83 

pallidas  (Lepiopomus)  ..  .40,  46,  60,  76,  83 
pallidas  (Micropterus),  15,  40,  46, 60, 75,  83 

Pantosteus 103,  It'O,  181 

papillosa  (Myxostoma) 1^34 

Iiapillosuiu  (Myxostouiu)..  .26,  38,  86,  102, 

118,  134 

papillosum  (Ptycbostomus) 102,  134 

papillosum  (Tcretulus) 134 

pcllucidus  (Pleurolepis) 82 

Pelodicbtbys. .  70,  81,  90 

peltastes  (Xonotis) 83 

Perca 89 

PercidcB 45,  60,  75 

Percina 45,57,73,88 

Percopsis 89 

Pbenacobius 53,67,79,90 

Pbotogenis 18.20,32,41,64,78,90 


236  lift 

Pig*. 

pbotogeoTH  (Sotropia) 23,  (i5,  ffi 

pbotogcQis  (SqualiUB) S3 

PhoxiuuB 0j,90 

phoxocepbaIa«  (Alvordius) 73,  82 

pidiuoBi(i(Myx<MtoD]a} 60,  ll»,  133 

pidjeiisia  (PtychuBtomuo)  - 133 

piilieiiU8('ri:retula>t) 133 

Pimupbalra 7rt,t)0 

pinoiger  (Euueacantlius) Si 

PlaaupUur;iiK liU,  90,  103,  107 

pluaicepe  (Cuuetomua) l&t 

plUfcepbaliu  (Aminrua} ^,  33,  tiJ 

platycephiklaii  (Fimuludas) Sd 

plikt)TbjrncbQS(,Uinouiaa) 102,  l&t 

platytbfDcbua(I>iiutaHteDB}..IHO,  162,  183 
plulyrbjDcU«B(Si;Bpbirbyaohopa)..         87 

plutyBtoumH  (LBpiilottleiis) 71,87 

plebeiUB  (C.auMtumiia) 101,184 

plubeiuaCMiuomUD) 184 

p]«b<^iii»(PiiuLusteiia} 103,  lH-2,  184 

jiJebtJaa  (.CittusUiiiias) .-       184 

I'tBCiliubtbja 59,  75,  89 

tHBciluTU  (Myxuatoma) 103,  110,  1^ 

Polyodou 71,  SI,  90 

PulyodaDtidn) 71,81 

Pumolobns &i,^^,90 

puiuotia  (Acautburcboa) 83 

Pumoxya 47,78,88 

PoMmocottuu 47,  Si, 73,  Ba 

prolixum  iCjinpiiatoiiia  auumiilum  )       IG, 

41),  C3 

promelaa  (Piinephales) 78.84 


rubellna  (Xolropia) 

rubiouudua  (Acipenser) 71, 

Tubricroeeua  (Hybopaia) 

rabrici-uceua  Ulyiliupbloit) 32,  M, 

rabiifroua  (Ceraliobthys) -t^  30, 

robrifroHB  (NooomiB) X., 

rabrifroDB  (Notropia).. . ,. 

rufilioeatuH  (NotboaotuB) tS 

mpeattiB  (AmbloplitM) ..  .40,  AS,  ao,  iS 
Bulmuidtti  (Uict()ptiTaB)..30,;lG,  40,  M, 


n 


Balm. 


(giimMtoibium)...45,G0,7S 

Balnaoueus  (EanK) 

Sat  noil  id  ai 16,31 

anlailMiaa  (AlbarDopa) U 

SftlveliDna 16,31,63 

Bangaifluua  (NoiboDotOB) To 

BanguiuuloDtns  (Xi;aoliB) 31,40,61 

suyauua  (Apbododenu) 41,47 

scabHcepB(EplB?mu).. ............ 

ScapbirbyDtbopa  

8citeoid» 47,19 

Soleroguatbua 190,  193,  :i01,  SOii, 

scopiferus  (PbeDacobiim) 

seltiiie  (CarpiodeaJ KM; 

BcluDopa  (Iljodouj 48,  Si,  77 

Semot.lnB 2»,38,43,54,(itl,ri 

abauiBnlii  (linoaCuina) 

aicculai  (Labideathea) SI 

Silurulai is,  SI,  39,  43,  RS, « 

eimoterum  (Diplcsium) S6,ti 

aiiuutaus  (HeiuiopliteB) .... 

ihijUHiolepi:*).. 


INDEX. 


237 


)ii8  (Alboraope) 85 

CatMtomos) 125 

[CyprtDos) 101 

CypriDos  (Catoetomas)) . . .      1^ 

Ptyohostomus) 125 

TeretoloB) 1 125 

8  (GsioatomaB) 161,  173 

h 88 

Bolialiohthys) 55,  206 

Carpiodes) 101,206 

M  (Notropis) 65,79,85 

lozostoma) 101, 146 

Grimyson) 146 

ito6toiuo8)..100,  101,  102,  159,  166 

18 110.  113,  114,  140 

1  (Phenacoblns) 86 

(Hy«KloD) 77,84 

a  (Etbeostomu) 59,83 

Dopferas 89 

(Catofttomus) 102,167 

la  (Myxoetonia) 131 

mm  (Myzoatoma)  ....86,  117,  131 

inn  (NothonotuH) 13,  82 

iQB  (Ptychoatomus) 102,  131 

iM  (Teretnlas) 131 

nl  (Carpiodes) 101,  195,  198 

Di  (Icbtbyobns) 198 

aims  (Setnotil  uh) 43 

loR 89 

ratoHtomug) 101,  174,218 

^tia  (Codoma) 50,  a") 

i* 8rt 

:um  (Eriiuyzon) 163,  167 

tnin  (Moxofttonia) 102,  107 

atu8  (CatoacoinuH) 100,  145 

(CurpicKlfB) 101,199 

(IcbtbyobaB) 199 

itbys 89 

■a 45,73,88 

*    88 

(Ph«nacobiu8) 6r,  79,  86 

ibalichthys)  ..69,  87,  101,  206,  209 

rpiodea) 101,  201, 209 

erogDatbuB) 206 


Page. 

vacca  (Carpiodes) 101, 199 

Vaillantia b9 

vandoiBula  (Gila) 24,85 

vandoisnluB  (Leaciscas) 24 

variatuB  (PoecilicbtbyB) 75,82 

velata  (Moxostoma) 132 

velata  (MyxoBtoma) •.       132 

velatutu  (MozoBtoma) 132 

velatam  (MyxoBtoma) 26, 68,  86, 102, 

117, 132 

velatnm  (Teretnlus) 132 

velatuB  (PtycboBtoniiiB) 102,  132 

velatUB  (TeretulQB) 1«J2 

velifer  (Carpiodea) 86, 194,  li;6 

velifer  (CatoBtomiw) 100,196 

velifor  (Ictbyobas) 196 

victoriiB  (MozoBtoina)  27, 138 

viresceDB  (PantOBteDB) 102, 182 

viridis  (CbteoobryttUB) 15,  35,  83 

vitrea  (loa) 82 

vitrenm  (Stizostetbiani)  60,83 

vittata  (Hemitreaiia) 65,  79,  85 

vittatuB  (CatOBtomoB) 100,  145 

vituliis  (Bubalicbtbya) 206 

vitulQB  (CarpiodeB) 101 

vulgariB  (Anguilla),  29,  33,  39,  44,  55,  70, 

81,  87 

vulDerntuB  (Notbonotos) 58,  82 

wincbelli  (Centrarcbus) 53,  68,  86 

wiDchelli  (Hybopsis) 53 

xtenocepbalus  (Hydropblox) 49 

xoiUoctipbaluB  (HybopsiB) 49 

xwiinra  (Codoiua) 37,  85 

xiCDuruB  (MiDiiiliiB) '<i^ 

xautbocepbaluB  (Amiurus) 87 

xaDtbopuB  (CatOBtomus) 163 

XeDidDia 48,  62,  77,  89 

XenotiB    31,  46,  61,  76,  89 

Xystroplites 61,  89 

yarrow  i  (PantosteiiB) 183 

zanemus  (CeraticbtbyB) 24,86 

zoDaliB  (NotbouotuB) 58, 82 

Zygonectes 31,  48,  62,  77,  89 


^eparimeni   of  i\ie   S^nicrior 

V.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEOTL 


13 


BULLETIN 


OF  TUB 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL   MUSEUM. 


ISTo.    13. 


PUBLISHED  UNDEE  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  SMITHSONI.VN  INSTITmON. 


WASHINGTON: 

OOYEBNHENT    PBINTINO    OFFICE. 

1879. 


fil 


'  I 


THJL  FLOEA 


OF 


,  f 


r.  CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS, 


BY 


B^RON  H.  F.  A..  EOGERS. 


WASHINGTON: 

aOTEBNHENT    PBINTINa    OFFTOB. 

1879. 


i  r 


ADVEETISEMENT. 


Tbis  work  is  the  thirteenth  of  a  series  of  papers  intended  to  illustrate 
tbo  collections  of  natural  historj'^  and  ethnology  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  and  constituting  the  National  Museum,  of  which  the 
Bmitlu^ouian  Institution  was  placed  in  charge  by  the  act  of  Congress  of 
Ane^Ht  10,  184G. 

It  hafi  been  prepared  at  the  I'equest  of  the  Institution,  and  printed  by 
aothority  of  the  honorable  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

SPENCER  F.  BAIRD, 
Secretary  <»fi\e  Smithsoinian  Institution. 
Smithsonian  Institution, 
Washington^  May^  1879. 


>RA  OF  ST.  CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS, 

WEST  INDIES. 


By  Baron  H.  F.  A.  Egoers. 


i  the  east  of  the  island  of  Porto  Eico,  between  18^  5'  and  18o  45'  K 
and  640  5'  and  65°  35'  W.  long.,  stretches  a  dense  cluster  of  some 
er  and  numerous  smaller  islands  for  a  distance  of  about  85  miles, 
!h  are  known  by  the  name  of  the  Virgin  Islands.  The  principal 
ids  are  Vieques  and  Culebra,  belonging  to  Spain,  St.  Thomas  and  St. 
,  belonging  to  Denmark,  and  Tortola,  Virgin  Gorda,  and  Anegada, 
Dging  to  England.  The  superficial  area  of  the  larger  islands  is  only 
1 10  to  40  square  miles,  whilst  the  smaller  ones  are  mostly  uninhabited 
8,  or  even  rocks,  some  of  which  are  nearly  devoid  of  vegetation,  the 
It-line  of  them  all  being  sinuous,  and  forming  numerous  small  bays 
creeks.  The  whole  group  is  evidently  a  submarine  prolongation  ot 
mountains  of  Porto  Eico,  showing  its  tops  and  higher  ridges  above 
level  of  the  sea,  the  depth  of  which  between  the  various  islands  and 
^o  Rico  is  only  from  6  to  20  fathoms.  The  declivities  to  the  north 
the  south  of  the  ridge  on  the  reverse  are  very  steep,  no  bottom  hav- 
lMH»n  found  25  miles  to  the  south  in  2000  fathoms,  and  80  miles  to  the 
h  the  Challenger  Expedition  found  a  depth  of  about  3850  fathoms, 
g:reatest  ever  measured  in  the  northern  Atlantic  Ocean, 
le  greatest  height  in  the  Arcliipeiago  is  attained  in  its  central  part, 
Clioraas  reaching  up  to  1550',  Tortola  even  to  1780',  St.  Jan  and 
:in  Gorda  teing  a  little  lower,  whilst  the  hills  in  Vieques  and  Ciile- 
to  the  west,  are  only  500'-G00'high,  and  Anegada,  the  northeastern- 
t,  is,  as  its  Spanish  name,  the  inundated,  implies,  merely  alow  or  half- 
oerged  island,  elevated  but  a  few  feet  over  the  level  of  the  sea.  The 
ral  islands,  therefore,  present  the  appearance  of  a  steep  ridge,  pre- 
ously  sloping  to  the  north  and  the  south,  and  cut  up  by  numerous 
DCS,  which  during  heavy  rains  are  the  beds  of  small  torrents,  but 
jh  generally  are  without  running  water,  and  which  at  their  lower  end 
91  into  small  level  tracts  on  the  sea-coast,  often  forming  a  lagoon  on 
modf  ohore.  Between  these  level  tracts  the  coast  is  usually  very 
BidL  Vftt  Mos.  No.  13 1  t 


2  FLOfiA.  OF  ST.   CHOIX  AND  THE  TntOm  ISLABM. 

Iwld  and  rocky,  forming  abrupt  promoDtories  of  consideroble  bei|^ 
and  picturesque  appearance,  the  hills  aod  ridges  on  the  other  bud 
being  more  rounded  and  of  a  softer  oatUne. 

The  wbole  group  of  islands,  vith  the  exception  of  Auegada,  wliidii 
built  up  of  a  tertiary  limestone  of  very  recent  and  probably  pliocM 
date,  belongs  to  the  cretaceous  period,*8howi»g  as  the  principal  iwi  » 
breccia  of  felsite  and  scoriaceous  stones,  the  cementing  part  of  idnA 
probably  consists  of  decomposed  hornblende,  and  having  ita  cantiH 
conmionly  filled  with  quartz  or  calcareous  spar.  Besides  this  prindpil' 
rock,  which  is  often  fouud  distinctly  stratified,  and  which  is  called 
Uluebit  by  the  inhabitants,  who  generally  employ  the  stone  for  buiI<liB{ 
materials,  limestone,  dioritc,  clay-slate,  and  other  less  frequent  minenb 
also  occur  in  the  islands,  forming,  however,  only  a  poor  substratum  kt 
vegetation  everywhere.  For  the  product  of  the  decomposed  roct  U 
generally  a  red  heavy  clay.  Only  Vieques  shows  a  more  fertile  soil,  pio- 
duced  by  the  alteration  of  a  syenite-like  diorite,  its  more  level  8urC)reit> 
the  same  time  allowing  the  fertile  strata  to  i-emain  on  the  surface ;  wUK. 
in  the  other  islands  the  heavy  rains  as  a  nile  will  wash  the  Ioowcotw. 
ing  of  the  ground  down  to  the  sea.  i 

From  viuious  facts  observed  in  Anegada  and  Virgin  Gorda  bj  Sif  fc' 
Schoinburgk,*  a«  well  as  by  Mr.  Scott,  in  Vieques,  at  Porto  Fi-rro  Bi|d 
it  appears  that  at  the  present  period  the  whole  chain  of  islands  i 
rising,  so  that  perhaps  in  a  geologically  speaking  not  verj'  distiuit  ti 
most  of  the  islands  may  becnn>e  connected  reciproenlly  and  wilh  I 


i 


FLORA  OP   ST.   CROIX  AND   THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  3 

the  idand,  reaching  in  some  places  as  high  as  1150'  (Mount  Eagle),  but 
avenging  60(y-S0(y  only. 

The  rock  of  these  hills  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  the  above-named 
gnwp,  although  the  Bluebit  of  this  latter  occurs  more  rarely,  and  is  sub- 
stitated  by  a  fine,  greyish,  stratified  clay-slate,  without  vestiges  of  any 
ofganic  remains.  Tlie  strata  of  tliis  slate  are  often  very  much  disturbed, 
80  as  to  present  an  exceedingly  broken  and  overturned  appearance.  The 
greater,  western  part  of  the  island  forms  a  large,  slightly  inclined  plain, 
dopbg  towards  the  south,  and  interrupted  in^a  few  places  by  low,  short, 
isolated  ridges  only  200'-30(y  high,  and  formed  of  a  tertiary  lime- 
stODe  of  the  miocene  period.  This  limestone  is  covered  by  a  layer  of 
detritus  and  marls  some  feet  thick,  but  shows  itself  at  the  surface  in 
nnoQs  places,  and  contains  several  fossils,  partly  of  still  existing  species 
of  moUusca. 

Along  the  coasts  are  found  some  new  alluvial  formations,  often  enclos- 
ing lagoons,  some  of  which  are  of  considerable  size.  These  lagoons  are 
bring  gradually  filled  up  by  vegetable  matter,  as  well  as  by  sand  and 
stones  washed  down  by  the  rains  from  the  hills;  but  whilst  in  the  Virgin 
Idands  many  similar  lagoons  have  been  raised  already  several  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea,  and  laid  completely  dry,  no  such  thing  has  been 
observed  in  St  Croix.  This  seems  to  indicate  that  no  rising  of  the  ground 
is  taking  place  in  the  latter,  as  is  the  case  in  the  former,  as  mentioned 
above.  From  its  whole  structure  and  formation  it  mav  be  inferred  that 
the  soil  is  more  fertile  in  St.  Croix  than  in  most  of  the  Virgin  Islands, 
Vieques  excepted,  the  sugar-cane  being  cultivated  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent on  the  island. 

TMiilst  thus  the  geology  of  St.  Croix  and  the  Virgin  Islands  presents 
some  not  unimportant  dift'erenees,  the  climate  may,  on  account  of  their 
similar  geographical  position,  as  well  as  elevation  above  the  sea-level,  be 
^d  to  be  materially  the  same  in  both. 

Inacconlance  with  the  geographical  position  of  theislands,  the  tempera- 
ture is  very  constant  and  high,  the  yearly  mean  average  being  27.2°  C, 
^vided  nearly  equally  over  all  the  months,  the  coldest,  February,  show- 
ing 25.60,  the  warmest,  September,  28.9o,  a  diflerence  of  :i.3o  only.  The 
*^e  uniformity  is  observed  in  the  daily  variation,  which  scarcely  ever 
''^'passes  50,  the  thermometer  rising  gnidually  from  6  a.  m.  till  2  i).  m., 
^d  falling  Just  as  gradually  during  the  rest  of  the  24  hours. 

lus  tlie  difference  of  temperature  at  the  various  seasons  of  the  year 
*  too  Bmall  to  aflfect  the  life  of  vegetation  to  any  very  i)erceptible  ex 


4  FLORA  OP  ST.   CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISUIID8. 

tent,  and  it  is  tberefore  the  variable  degree  of  moistaie  at  difleient  timn 
whicb  chiefly  pnxlnces  any  variation  in  the  development  of  vegetabfe 
life  at  the  difTerent  seasons. 

The  lowest  temperature  observed  at  the  sea-level,  in  the  ahade,  isl8J°; 
the  highest,  35.5°.  In  the  sun,  the  mercury  will  Boinetimes  rise  as  hi^ 
as  51°,  but  as  a  rule  does  not  surpass  40°.  Obsen'ationB  made  in  St 
Thomas  by  Knox*  and  myself  show  a  decrease  of  alwnt  S^fOTuielen- 
tioD  of  every  SOO',  which  gives  to  the  highest  ridges  la  St.  Thomas  tai 
Tortola  an  annual  mean  teiuperature  3  j°— 1°  lower  than  that  of  the  coait, 
a  difference  sufficient  to  produce  some  variation  in  the  flora  of  thea 
piirt».  The  northern  sloiie  of  the  hilts,  from  being  the  greater  part  rf 
the  year,  viz,  from  August  to  May,  less  exposed  to  the  rays  of  the  m, 
are  generally  also  somewhat  cooler  and  more  moist  than  Hie  soatbm 
ones,  the  consequences  whereof  are  also  felt  in  the  life  of  plants  toaoo*- 
siderable  extent. 

An  equal  regularity,  as  obser\-ed  in  the  temperature,  manifests  itadf 
with  regard  to  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  the  daily  variations  rf 
the  barometer  being  only  about  O-ftV,  and  the  maximum  yearly  dilfir- 
ence  only  0.'2".  It  is  only  during  strong  gales  and  horricanes  that  fli 
barometer  is  more  seriously  aSected,  it  then  falling  sometimes  as  noA 
as  2".  Tlicse  hurricanes,  as  a  nde,  occur  only  daring  the  mnnthn  bM 
August  to  Octolier,  at  whirh  jieriod  the  trade-winds  from  fhe  uortluMt, 
■  which  otherwise  blow  most  i)art  of  the  year,  generally  become  nnst 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CROIX  AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  5 

nin,  fidling  chiefly  in  the  form  of  short,  rapid  showers  of  only  a  few 
mmntea^  dnrationy  and  it  is  not  till  the  warmer  part  of  the  year  that 
htAYj  and  general  rains  become  possible  in  these  regions.  During  this 
litter  time,  the  trade- winds  become  irregolar  and  slight,  or  are  even 
entirely  saspended,  as  stated  before;  hence  the  moisture  generated  by 
tte  daily  evaporation  from  the  ocean  is  not  carried  off  as  soon  as  formed, 
Imt  iB  allowed  to  gather  into  rain-clouds,  and  finally  to  precipitate  itself 
■gain  as  rain  nearly  on  the  same  spot  where  it  was  formed. 

From  observations  made  in  various  islands  for  a  period  of  more  than 
kventy-five  years,  the  annual  mean  quantity  of  rain  seems  to  be  about 
tte  BBone  in  all  the  islands,  averaging  42''-44'';  the  eastern  parts  of  all, 
M  being  more  exposed  to  the  direct  action  of  the  winds,  always  show- 
Eig  a  considerably  smaller  quantity  than  the  central  and  western  ones. 

Although  no  month  of  the  year  is  without  rain,  yet  from  the  above  it 
■tH  be  easily  concluded  that  there  is  a  remarkable  difference  between 
fte various  months  in  this  respect:  the  driest,  February,  having  only  an 
irerage  of  1.5";  the  wettest,  October,  of  7.0";  and  to  this  difference,  at 
ike  various  periods  of  the  year,  it  is  chiefly  due,  that  notwithstanding 
k  uniform  temperature  all  the  year  round,  yet  some  variations  in  the 
■pect  and  intensity  of  vegetable  life  are  observed  in  the  various  sea- 


Both  the  annual  and  the  monthly  quantity  of  rain  are  subject  to  vary 
aoBsiderably,  one  year  showing  23",  or  in  some  places  18"  only,  another 
Igun  70"  or  78".  A  still  greater  difference  may  be  obsen- ed  between 
Bfe  eame  months  of  different  years:  thus,  February  having  had  one  year 
Iil9"  only,  another,  on  the  contrary,  3.75";  May  0.47"  the  one  year  and 
UiW"  the  other.  These  excessive  variations  must,  no  doubt,  materially 
Iftct  vegetable  life,  indicating  at  the  same  time  a  considerable  degree 
Ifbardiness  in  respect  to  drought  in  the  perennial  plants  indigenous  to 
&e  islands,  and  as  alluded  to  above,  acting  upon  them  in  a  similar  Avay 
fei  the  variations  in  temperature  in  colder  climates. 

The  number  of  days  on  which  rain  falls  averages  for  the  period  from 
185^73, 161  a  year,  giving  a  mean  fall  of  rain  of  0.27"  p(»r  diem :  April 
ftowing  the  lowest  nunber,  9 ;  October  the  highest,  16.  From  what  has 
heea  said  before,  it  is  evident,  however,  that  the  small  monthly  quantity 
"in  during  the  dry  i)art  of  the  year,  viz,  January  to  April,  divided 
over  a  great  number  of  days  (so  as  to  amount  to  0.14"  or  0.18" 
9\m  CBia  be  of  no  great  importance,  as  it  is  precipitated  in  a  short 
Bk  for  penetrating  into  the  soil,  and  so  is  very  soon 


6  FLORA   OF   ST.   CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  I8LAND8» 

evaporated  again  by  the  action  of  the  snn  and  the  trade-wind  oombined. 
It  is  not  till  May,  when  the  iucreased  quantity  of  rain  is  snfficieiit  to 
penetrate  the  parched  soil,  that  its  influence  and  effect  upon  vegetation 
makes  itself  felt  by  renewed  life  and  activity  in  ail  the  various  branches 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom  in  general. 

Looking  at  the  vegetation  of  St.  Croix  and  the  Virgin  Islands  in  its 
generality,  and  without  entering  into  details,  we  may  consider  it  to  be 
identical,  as  a  whole,  showing  the  same  main  features,  and  natoiaDy 
divided  into  four  distinct  formations,  as  in  most  other  West  India 
Islands,  viz.  the  littoral,  the  shrubby,  the  sylvan,  and  the  region  of 
cultivation,  connected,  of  coui*se,  here  and  there  by  intermediate  forma- 
tions, but  on  the  whole  \irtually  distinct  from  different  biological  con- 
ditions. 

Beginning  with  the  littoral  flora,  we  find  along  the  coast  in  shallow 
water  a  multitude  of  Alga3,  among  which  are  found  some  marine  Phane- 
rogamse,  especially  the  common  Thalassia  testudinum  and  Cfpnodocea 
manatorumy  and  in  less  quantity  the  beautiful  little  HcUophUa  BaiUonUj 
a  recently  discovered  Potamea,  with  oval  delicate  leaves,  and  growing 
gregariously  on  the  bottom  of  the  sea  in  coai'se  gravel.    The  vegetation 
of  tropical  seashores  is  of  ii  very  uniform  character  all  over  the  world, 
the  physical  conditions  being  similar  on  them  all,  and  the  niigratiou 
from  one  shore  to  another  l)eing  exceedingly  facilitated  by  the  sea  as 
well  as  by  birds,  storms,  and  the  action  and  intercourse  of  the  inhab- 
itants.   Thus,  the  same  species  of  littoral  i)lants  are  found  on  nccorly  all 
the  West  India  islands,  many  of  them  also  inhabitants  of  far  dLstnnt 
shores  on  the  African  and  Asiatic  continents, — belonging  to  the  cosui*>' 
politan  and  transoceanic  si)eei(^s,  a  list  of  which  was  first  prepared  by 
liobei'l  l>rown,  and  afterwards  angmented  by  A.  DeCandoUe,  and  whicli 
seem  to  i)ossess  an  extraordinary  faculty  for  migration.    According  ^^ 
the  different  character  of  the  c*oast,  as  sandy,  rocky,  or  swampy,  tl^^ 
vegetation  on  it  also  assumes  a  ditlerent  aspect. 

On  th(^,  sandy  shore,  which  is  composed  of  a  fine  white  gi-avel,  co^' 
sisting  principally  of  iiniumerable  pieces  of  broken  shells  and  coni-^J 
and  thus  forming  a  thick  hiyer  of  carbonate  of  lime,  we  see  a  luxmio"*^ 
flora  of  trees,  shrubs,  and  minor  x^l^'its,  which  all,  on  account  of  1>^^ 
underground  water  collecting  from  the  hills  above,  generally  havc^  ^ 
gi^een  ai>pearance  all  the  year  round,  even  when  the  hills  of  the  iuter^^^ 
present  a  withered  aspect  from  want  of  rain.  Among  the  trees  grc^^ 
ing  here  the  most  prominent  are  the  Hippaniane  Maywinella,  the  CoC?^ 


FLOBA   OF  ST.   CBOIX  AND  THE   VIHQIN   ISLANDS.  7 

loba  uvifer4iy  ChrygobaJanus  IcacOy  and  Canella  alba^  besides  the  Cocoa 

nwcifera^  which  is  planted  and  naturalized,  especially  on  the  low  sandy 

seashore.    Under  these  taller  forms  appear  many  kinds  of  shrubs,  such 

as  EooMtcphyUum  Browneij  Toumefortia  gnaphdlodeSy  Borrichia  arbores- 

ocMy  Emodea  UtoraliSj  Suriana  maritima^  Erithalis  fruticosa^  Colubrina 

fermgnuMOy  OuUandina  Bonduc  and  BonduceUa^  and  several  others. 

Still  lower  shrubs  and  sufiOmtesceut  herbs  are  Sccevola  Plumieriy  Tourne- 

forUa  gnaphdlodeSy  Sesuvium  portulacdstrunij  Heliotrqpium  curasaavicumj 

Pkilaxcrua  vermiculatusj  CaJcile  wqualia,  as  well  as  several  grasses  and 

sedges,  as  Sporobulus  UtoraliSj  Stenotaphrum  americanum^  and  Cyperus 

hrunneusy  as   also  some   remarkable  creepers   or   climbers,  such  as 

IponuEa  peS'Oaprw  and  Lablah  vulgaris. 

Most  of  these  species  disappear  on  the  rocky  cliffs,  where  they  give 
room  for  others,  mostly  shrubs  of  a  low  growth,  and  with  thicker  or 
more  coriaceous  leaves,  that  are  able  to  resist  the  force  of  the  wind, 
which  often  bends  the  whole  plant  into  a  dwarfish  individual,  the 
branches  of  which  are  cut  off  at  the  top  in  a  western  direction.  The 
most  common  of  these  shrubs  are  Jacquinia  armillariSy  EUcodendron 
^locarputHj  Plumieria  albay  and  Coccoloba  punctata^  as  well  as  some 
nKmocotyledonous  plants,  such  as  Fitcaimin  angmti/oliay  Agave  ameri- 
WM,  and  a  few  Cacti,  principally  the  stout  Mehcactus  communis. 

Still  more  different  forms  apx)ear  where  the  coast  becomes  swampy 
from  the  presence  of  lagoons.  Here  predominates  the  Mangrove  fonna- 
tion,  comi>o.sed  chiefly  of  lAigun<mlaria  racemosaj  Conocarpus  erectuSy  Avi- 
ccnnia  nltida^  and  lihizophora  Mangle^  which  all  grow  more  or  less  in  the 
vater  itself.  In  less  moist  i)lace8  we  find  some  others,  such  as  Budda 
BuceraSy  Anona palustris^  AnfheryUum  Bohrli,  and  the  curious  Batis  ma- 
^imaj  which  recalls  to  the  mind  the  halophytes  of  the  steppes. 

However  different  these  various  forms  of  littoral  plants  may  appear, 
comimred  to  each  other,  yet  tliey  all  have  in  common  the  predilection 
for  the  sea,  the  saline  exhalation  of  which  seems  indispensable  to  their 
growth.  Some  have  even,  like  Ai^icennia,  their  leaves  always  covered 
^th  small  salt  crystals;  others,  like  Bat  is  maritima,  are  true  halophj'tes, 
^donly  very  few  of  the  plants  of  the  coast  in  generality  are  found  in  the 
ulterior  even  of  these  small  islands.  An  ex(*(»ption  is  nuule  by  the  cocoa- 
^Qt  palm,  which  is  found  growmg  all  about  on  the  islands,  even  on  the 
^Pof  the  highest  hills,  as  also  by  Coccoloba  uviferoy  found  in  similar 
localities. 
In  passing  from  the  cosist  into  the  interior  we  find  on  the  eastern,  and 


I 


8  FLOBA.  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AKD  THB  TIBGnr  IBLAalML 

partly  also  on  the  sontiieni  paii;  of  all  fhe  idaadB,  m  dry  dmbby  vege- 
tation of  a  greyish  or  yeUowish  aspect^  whieh,  fhna  the  piedinidnaHiK 
genus  composing  its  elements,  I  have  called  tUe  Oroton  vegetatioiL  lUi 
peonliar  kind  of  diy  shmb  also  occurs  here  and  there  in  other  partoof 
the  islands,  where  the  soil,  through  recddess  cultiTation,  has  beoome  too 
exhausted  to  produce  a  growth  of  taller  trees,  and  it  cannot  be  estlmatBd 
to  cover  less  than  one  third  part  of  the  whole  surfboe  of  the  islandi,  pni 
dominating  in  some,  as  Tortola,  St.  Thomas,  and  Oulelna^  less  oonspioi- 
ous  in  others,  as  St.  Jan,  Yieques,  and  St.  Croix. , 

The  ravines  as  well  as  the  northern  and  western  parts  of  the  idaadi 
are  often  covered  with  a  growth  of  taller  trees,  fomung  a  kind  of  fozert^ 
composed  of  species  partly  eVtogreen  and  partly  with  dedduous  foliage^ 
and  which,  from  one  of  the  most  prominent  forms,  I  have  called  theEEie- 
dendron  vegetation.  The  area  covered  by  this  formation  may  be  tata 
to  be  about  one  fifth  of  the  whcde  surfiace,  the  best  wooded  islands  betaf 
St.  Jan  and  Yieques,  the  least  wooded  ones  St.  Thomas  and  Yirgia 
Gorda. 

The  remainder  of  the  surface  is  either  used  for  i>astnre  or  cnltivaliei 
with  sugar-cane  or  provisions,  the  former  On  a  large  scale  in  St  Croix 
and  Vieques  only,  the  latter  everywhere  on  the  islands  where  the  BcSi 
seems  i)roper  for  the  purpose.  This  last  section  I  tenn  Ihe  culti\^ted 
region. 

Considering  first  the  Croton  vegetation,  we  find  here  a  number  of  plants 
which  in  various  ways  have  become  enabled  to  resist  the  deteriorating 
effects  of  the  dry  climate,  and  to  exist  on  the  barren  rocky  soil  alway* 
found  where  the  moisture  is  not  sufficient  for  decomi)08ing  -the  natur^ 
rock  of  the  surface.    Thus,  some  of  these  plants,  as  the  whole  of  tb^^ 
genus  Croton,  already  mentioned  above,  have  small  leaves,  which,  lil^* 
the  stem,  ai'e  covered  with  scales  and  tomentose  hair,  cx)ntaiuiug  besid^ 
aromatic  oil,  all  which  contrivances  tend  to  diminish  evaporation  as  mu< 
as  possible.    The  most  common  species  of  this  remarkable  genus  are 
flavuH^  astroitca^  bicolor^  and  hetulinu.H:    Other  fonns  obtain  the 
object  by  having  \evy  small,  partly  deciduons  leaves  and  their  stipu^^ 
transformed  into  prickles,  especially  the  Acacias,  such  as  A.  FametiiM  ^ 
macracnntJWj  tortuosaj  and  samientma.    Others,  again,  are  rich  in  milt-^ 
juice,  as  Euphorbia  petiolarisj  Bauwolfixi  LamarcJciij  and  the  naturaliz^^ 
CaJotropis  procera^  or  merely  in  aqueous  sap,  as  the  Oacteie,  the  comm 
est  forms  of  which  are  Melocactus  commnni^j  Cereufi  floccomis^  and 
Species  of  Opuntia.    Others,  such  as  Bromeliaceae,  on  the  contrary, 


FLORA  OF  BT.   CROIX   AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS,  9 

f  diy  straGtare,  and  a  dense  cover  of  scales  for  protection,  whilst 
s  again,  Buch  as  Anona  squamosa^  whicli  are  apparently  without 
teans  to  resist  the  efit&cts  of  dry  weather,  have  no  other  remedy  left 
to  shed  their  leaves  daring  a  part  of  the  year,  and  thus  preserve 
existence  at  the  temi)orary  sacrifice  of  their  vegetative  organs, 
the  forms  mentioned  above  are  of  very  slow  growth,  and,  with  the 
tion  of  a  few  that  are  used  for  burning  charcoal,  of  scarcely  any 
tance  either  to  man  or  animals,  for  which  reason  the  districts  oc- 
1  by  them  as  a  rule  present  a  very  desolate  and  uninviting  appear- 

ere  the  climate  becomes  sufficiently  moist,  and  the  soil  in  conse- 
©  thereof  more  decomiK)sed  and  fertile,  the  forest  appears  in  place 
Croton  vegetation,  on  the  uncultivated  lands,  especially  in  ravines 
m  steep  declivities,  which  do  not  allow  of  cultivation  or  grass- 
ig.  As  nearly  everywhere  in  the  tropics,  the  forest  here  is  com- 
of  many  different  species  of  trees  mixed  together,  a  gregarious 
h  being  very  rare.  From  the  forests  of  moister  tropical  countrieSy 
rer,  the  woods  in  these  islands  are  distinguished  by  possessing  a 
ity  of  forms  with  thin,  herbaceous  leaves,  which  for  this  reason 
here  foliage  during  a  part  of  the  year,  thus  combining  the  appear- 
tf  the  woods  of  colder  climates  with  the  dark  evergreen  forms  of 
itertropical  countries.  Some  of  these  species  with  deciduous 
&  have  two  periods  for  flowering:  one  precocious  in  the  first 
IS  of  the  year,  when  the  small  quantity  of  rain  seems  iusufiicient 
duce  both  leaves  and  flowers  at  a  time,  and  another  later  in  the 
when  both  foliage  and  blossoms  are  vigorously  developed  by  the 
ijed  moisture  of  the  summer.  The  evergreens  for  the  same  reason 
a  less  fixed  and  more  unlimited  time  for  flowering,  and  seem  to 
their  reproductive  organs  whenever  the  quantity  of  rain  becomes 
ent  for  producing  them  besides  maintaining  the  already  existing 
3.  Among  the  great  variety  of  evergreen  forms  of  trees  and 
3,  I  shall  here  only  mention  as  the  most  common  several  species 
ona;  of  Guttifene,  such  as  CalophyUum  Calaba  and  Clmia  rosea; 
potace;e,  such  as  Sideroxylon,  Chrysopliyllum,  Lucuma,  and  Di- 
;  of  Rutaceaj,  as  Zanthoxylum  and  Tobinia ;  of  Lauracete,  as  Nec- 
I  and  Oi-eodoxylon,  as  well  as  many  others,  for  the  details  of  which 
to  refer  to  the  systematical  part  of  my  treatise.  Others  are  pos- 
ttf  aSriid  roots  by  which  to  a£&x  themselves  to  the  stems  of  trees 
MtMnrenil  species  of  Ficus;  others  again  are  vines,  such  as 
.  Goaani%  and  Gissus. 


10  FLOBA,  OF  ST.   CSOIX  AND  THE   TIBGIB   ffiI.AHD8. 

Interspersed  between  these  evergieens  are  seen  varioas  spedeatf 
arboreous  plants  with  decidaous  leaves,  the  miiuber  ofwhidi,  hovem, 
seldom  is  large  enough  to  seriously  change  the  general  aspect  of  tt« 
forest  as  being  uniformly  greeu  all  the  year  round.  The  time  for  ghed- 
(liiig  their  foliage  iu  these  forms  is  generally  from  January  to  Apil, 
most  of  tliem,  as  stated  before,  Suweriog  precocioosly  st  this  tiiiie,ii 
the  moisture  iu  the  ground  is  uot  suflicieut  to  allow  thwn  to  retWD  tbrir 
foliage  together  with  the  producing  of  the  flowers.  It  appears  evidtnt 
that  this  is  the  reasou  for  the  shedding  of  the  leaves,  ttom  the  fiict  ab- 
sen'ed  by  me  Id  several  species  (such  as  Fucidia  Erytkrina  and  othoijr 
that  individuals  which,  from  being  too  young  or  for  some  other  reaM* 
do  uot  dower,  do  uot  shed  their  foliage,  but  evidently  find  moistim 
euongh  iu  the  soil  to  i-esist  the  drought,  not  having  to  spend  thor 
resourees  uu  the  production  of  dowers  and  fruits,  as  others  of  their  kind. 

The  most  pronuuent  among  the  trees  and  shrubs  with  a  deddDoa 
foliage  are  ^poudia^i  lutea,  SchmideUa  occidentals,  the  enormous  Irit- 
dcttdrott  an/ractuosum,  Hura  crepitans,  Casearia  ramiftora,  Sabinea^rUt, 
aud  si'voral  othera,  which  uU  more  than  the  evergreens  contribute  tl«r 
slinrc  to  the  fonuiugof  a  layer  of  leaf-mould  under  the  taller  forms.  IK 
this  layer  is  but  scanty  in  most  places,  and  from  the  want  of  it,  asnO 
as  from  the  dense  shade  produced  by  the  evergreen  trees  and  sbnH 
the  minor  tonus  covering  the  ground  arc  comparatively  scarce,  n' 
chiefly  conttm-d  to  some  i*iperaeese,  Acanthaces,  and  Graminec, « 

■■■H  as  !i  fi.y  f.-riis  and  mo...Srs.  ^iiumi-  wliivl,  n,:>n<„.;i:.  ;»;J..„ir,i.  fr/rii 


FLORA  OF  8T.   CROIX   AND   THE  VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  11 

The  part  of  the  island  inhabited  and  cultivated  by  man  of  course  rep- 
resents the  least  of  interest  in  a  phyto-geographical  sense,  as  nature  here 
has  been  modified  and  modelled  according  to  the  wishes  and  necessity 
of  society  to  such  an  extent  as  to  almost  entirely  obliterate  its  original 
efaaracter.  As  stated  already,  the  principal  object  of  cultivation  is  the 
sugar-cane,  which,  however,  is  cultivated  on  a  large  scale  only  in  the 
two  largest  and  most  level  of  the  isLands,  Vieques  and  St.  Croix,  the 
others,  viz.  St  Thomas,  St.  Jan,  Tortola,  and  Virgin  Gorda,  having, 
with  a  few  exceptions,  long  ago  abandoned  the  cultivation  of  the  cane 
as  nnreniunerative,  the  two  remaining  of  the  larger  islands,  Culebra 
and  Auegada,  never  having  been  appropriated  to  that  purpose. 

Besides  the  cane,  some  Sorghum  vulgare  is  also  cidtivated  in  fields  for 
herbage,  the  rest  of  the  tilled  soil  being  used  for  the  planting  of  the 
common  tropical  vegetables,  generally  in  small  quantities,  on  patches 
of  soil  selected  here  and  there.  The  commonest  of  these  plants  are  Yam 
{Dio90orea  alata  and  altis9ima\  Sweet  Potato  (Ipomcea  Batatas),  Okro 
(AMmoHcItus  €8cul^nttut)j  Tanier  {Xanthosoma  sagitUe/olium),  Pigeon-pea 
(Cptkus  Cajan)y  Tomato,  and  Pepper  {Capsicum),  as  well  as  some  Cucur- 
bitacese,  as  Pumi)kin,  Melon,  and  others. 

Along  with  these  useful  plants  follow  a  great  number  of  herbaceous 
aonuals,  mostly  cosmopolitan  weeds,  introduced  after  the  settlement  of 
the  islands,  and  dependent  on  the  continuous  cultivation  of  the  land,  as 
without  the  clearing  of  the  soil  from  shrubs  and  trees  their  existence 
would  soon  be  terminated  by  the  stronger  arboreous  species,  which 
would  deprive  them  of  the  necessary  light  and  air. 

Thus,  much  against  his  wish,  man  favours  the  propagation  of  innu- 
neruble  weeds,  which  in  their  short  period  of  vegetation  produce  seeds 
Miough  to  secure  their  continuance  on  the  land  notwithstanding  the 
efforts  to  exterminate  them  by  frequent  weeding.  Among  the  com- 
inontjst  of  these  forms  are  some  Labiatoe  (Leonurus  sibiricus,  Lconotis 
^tpetvfolUiy  and  Leucas  martinicensis),  Argemone  mexicana,  Trihulus  max- 
waw,  Boerhaavia  erecta  and  paniculata,  and  especially  many  grasses 
and  8e<lges,  such  as  Panicum,  Paspalum,  Chloris,  Digitaria,  Cyperus, 
and  others.  The  most  troublesome  of  these,  from  an  agricultural  point 
rfview,  is  the  Bay-grass  {Cynodon  Daciylon),  said  to  be  introduced,  but 
oow  found  ever>  where,  and,  on  account  of  its  long  creeping  rhizoma, 
Nieitenniiiable. 

iQar  fozitiS  to  these  are  seen  growing  along  roads  and  ditches,  espe- 
^Lagomiiiossdy  as  Grotalaria,  Desmodium,  Phaseolus,  Clitoria, 


12  FLOIU   OF  ST.   CBOIX  AND  TBE  VtBOtK  IBLAHD8. 

Centrosema,TeramDiiB,Tigna,BbyDcho8ia,aiKl  others;  glasses, as  !#■ 
pago,  Aristida,  Sporobolus,  Eleusine,  DactyloGteiiinm,  and  Eiagnwti*; 
or  Synan  tberese,  as  ElepLaotopus,  DistreptUB,  Bidens^aud  Pectis.  Wliiltt 
all  tliese  latter  forms  flower  during  the  greater  part  of  tlie  year,  tbe  btaa- 
tifiil  Convolvulaceie,  such  as  Ipomosa  faatigiata,  NU,  umftellata,  ^itttcla, 
violacea,  aud  others,  are  in  blossom  ouly  during  tbe  winter  months,  tttm 
December  to  February. 

lu  some  places  that  are  moist  enough,  sedges  and  semi-aquatic  plantf 
will  be  seen  growing ;  in  a  few  rivulets  which  contain  water  all  the  jeai 
round,  and  which  are  limited  to  Vieques  and  St.  Oroix,  a  few  aqaadi 
forms  occur,  such  as  Eckinodorus  cordi/oliua,  Lemna  minor,  TjipAa  an 
gualifolia,  and  Xymphtca  ampla. 

The  pastures,  which  occupy  a  considerable  extent  of  tbe  laud,  an 
either  artificial, — planted  with  Guineargrasa  {Pantcum  maxintHM),  i 
perennial  plant,  and,  like  most  of  the  cultivated  W«;st  India  plants,  io 
troduced  from  the  Old  World, — or  natural,  covered  with  various  fonnsa 
indigenous  Gramineae  as  well  as  low  shrubs  and  trees,  that  have  eon 
tinually  to  bo  cleared  away  to  prevent  the  land  becoming  overrun  hj 
them.  The  artificial  pastures  as  a  rule  are  fenced  in,  and  often  protect^ 
against  the  dry  season  by  the  plautingofTbibet-trees{jic(u»aX«^ir),iM)ii 
commonly  naturalized  everywhere;  the  natural  ones,  on  the  contrai^',  an 
generally  opeu  and  abandoned  to  the  cattle,  whilst  the  artificial  cues  art 
cut  regularly,  and  the  stock  is  not  allowed  to  enter  them. 

Tbe  grasses  composing  the  natural  pastures  are  several  species offa 


FLORA   OF   ST.   CROIX   AND   THE   VIROIN   ISLANDS.  13 

muniSj  Datura  Metel  and  Stravianium,  Euphorbia  pilulifera^  heterophylla^ 
and  kt/perici/oliay  Mirabilis  jalapa,  Jatropka  curms^  Cassia  occidenialiSy 
and  especially  several  kinds  of  Sida  and  Abutilon  as  well  as  some  other 
Malvacese. 

The  four  formations  mentioned  above  are  usually  found  only  on  the 
larger  islands,  the  smaller  ones,  from  their  limited  size,  generally  pos- 
mm^  chiefly  the  littoral  and  shrubbj'  only.  The  island  of  Anegada, 
although  being  one  of  the  larger  ones,  yet  from  its  structure  and  the 
nature  of  its  soil,  seems  to  be  chiefly  covered  by  a  vegetation  composed 
of  the  plants  of  the  sandy  shore,  besides  some  of  the  trees  and  shrubs 
following  the  settlement  of  man  in  these  regions.  Sir  E.  Schomburgk, 
who  has  given  a  description  of  the  island  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal 
Geographical  Society,  1832,  asserts  that  the  island  possesses  several  in- 
teresting s|)ecies  of  plants,  among  others  a  peculiar  kind  of  Croton.  As, 
however,  I  have  not  been  able  to  procure  the  work  referred  to  above,  I 
am  not  prepared  to  say  which  those  species  are,  and  they  arc  not  men- 
tioned  by  Prof.  Grisebach  in  his  Flora  of  the  British  West  India  Islands. 

Although,  as  stated  above,  the  general  character  of  the  flora  both  in 
St  Croix  and  the  Virgin  Islands,  considered  as  a  whole,  is  essentially 
the  same  and  distinctly  West  Indian,  yet,  in  looking  more  closely  into 
det^tils,  we  are  soon  struck  by  finding  Ji  great  many  species  in  the  one 
^hich  are  not  fi)und  in  the  other.  This  is  thef  more  remarkable,  as 
from  a  geographical  and  eliniatical  i)oint  of  view  the  physical  condi- 
tions must  l>e  said  to  be  niatoriallv  identical. 

In  referring  to  the  list  of  i)lants  given  at  the  end  of  my  treatise  it  will 
^  seen  that  out  of  a  number  of  881  indigenous  phanerogamous  species 
noWss  than  215,  or  c.  i,are  found  in  the  Virgin  Islands  only,  whilst  1)8, 
oral)out  ^,  occur  only  in  St.  Croix,  thus  leaving  only  508,  or  less  than 
J»  in  common  to  both. 

As  may  be  expected  from  the  general  character  of  littoral  vegetation, 
thm»  ait>  vevy  few  species  which  are  not  found  on  both  sides  of  the  d(»ep 
^•hanncl  s(»parating  St.  Croix  from  its  northern  neighbours,  the  i)riiiclpal 
^'xception  being  Baceharis  dioka^  which  only  occurs  in  St.  Croix,  and 
^fjletCM  DonunrjensiJt,  found  by  me  only  in  the  Virgin  Islands. 

Some  greater  difference  is  found  in  tbe  dry  shrubby  formation,  where 
•■*«»]  very  common  plants,  such  as  Euphorhiu  peiiolaris^  Acacia  sar 
MamWaria  nitosay  and  others,  are  to  be  seen  in  the  Virgin  Isl- 
ninrix  having  to  itself  a  few  less  common  species,  such  as 


14  FLOBA  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AND  THE  VIBeiir  ISLAMINI 


It  is,  however,  in  fhe  fbrest  vegetation,  whioh  beifc 
original  flora  of  the  islands,  that  the  greatest  and  most  Tuied 
ences  are  observed,  showing  especially  the  great  variBtgr  of  q^eeisB 
the  Virgin  Islands  which  are  not  all  foond  in  St.  Cioix,  and 
which  are  many  of  the  commonest  and  most  generally  distribotod 
Belonging  to  St.  Croix  alone  are  comparatively  taw  and  ran 
chiefly  some  Bhamnaceae,  viz,  Maytenus  dasodendrotdes  and  IBisjgfim 
reticulatusj  Catealneaparvifhra^  Beloperone  nemcraBOy  JRsfilJei  DomvuttMk^ 
Buxus  VahUij  and  XTrera  elata.    All  these  fbrms  occor  only  in  a  flMr 
localities,  and  are  of  no  importance  to  the  general  character  of  vq^ 
tion,  as  is  the  case  on  the  Virgin  Islands  with  many  of  the  toXknriaig' 
species  that  are  fonnd  on  them,  bnt  not  in  St.  Croix.    It  wonld  be  too 
mnch  to  mention  all  the  different  species  here,  for  which  I  b^  to  idkr 
to  the  appended  list  and  tabular  statement.    I  shall  only  ennmeratat 
few  of  the  most  interesting,  especially  If alpighiaoesD  (as  BgnanimM 
Iticidaj  Maipighia  Cnida  and  angu9tffolia)j  Bntacesa  {Pilooarpm$  racm^ 
8USj  Tobinia  ^ptfuwo,  Xanthoxylum  ockrowjflum)^  Legominoses  (AiMMi 
fiaridoy  Pictetia  aristatOj  Sesbania  sericeaj  and  Aeaeia  nnd^fhra)^  apA 
SapotacesB  {Sapota  Sideroxylan).    Among  Monocotyledones  are  to  b^ 
mentioned  Arthrostylidivm  capillifolium^  Rhynchospora  pusUUij  Dioicor^ 
pilosimciilaj  Catopm  nutanSj  and  several  Orchids.    Several  of  these 
plants  grow  more  or  less  gregariously,  thus  becoming  cbaracteristksi^ 
to  the  formation.    Among  these  are  Maipighia  Cniday  Reynosia  latifof-i-^ 
Acacia  midijlora,  Sabinea  Jlorida,  and  several  species  of  Pilea,  most     ?' 
them  being  very  common,  and  even  generally  used  for  domestic 
poses.  • 

Besides  these  species,  entirely  wanting  in  St  Croix,  the 
Islands  possess  several  that  are  very  common,  or  at  least  not  uncomm- 
on  them,  but  which  occur  but  very  rarely  in  St.  Croix,  such  as  Thrin 
argenteaj  RondeUtia  pilosa,  Faramea  odoratissima^  Miconia  angustifol'^^^ 
Mimosa  Ceratoniaj  and  others,  and  most  of  which  I  have  not  found  ir'^^' 
self  in  the  latter  island,  but  only  found  labelled  with  St.  Croix  as  habi^:^*^ 
in  the  Copenhagen  herbarium,  so  that  an  error  in  some  cases  at  lec^*^ 
may  be  not  at  all  impossible. 

However  great  are  the  differences  in  the  flora  on  the  two  groups  ^^ 
islands,  yet  this  interesting  fact  is  not  due  to  their  possessing  endeirr^^i^ 
species,  as  all  the  plants  known  as  growing  on  them  are  also  found  '^ 
other  West  India  islands,  especiUly  Porto  Hico,  whence  the  vegetati^*^* 
of  both  the  Virgin  Islands  and  St^  Croix  seems  to  be  derived.    Thus       * 


FLORA  OF  8T.   CROIX  AND   THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  1«5 

ily  to  different  periods  of  immigration  under  varied  physical 
ons  that  we  must  ascribe  the  remarkable  discrepancies  in  the 
those  apparently  homogeneous  islands.  Some  few  si)ecies,  it  is 
■e  indeed  given  in  my  list  as  having  been  found  only  in  the  Vir- 
mds,  such  as  a  few  Cacteae,  Vemonia  ThamcBj  and  the  new  species 
ed  by  me  on  the  present  occasion.  But  as  long  as  Porto  Rico, 
and  even  Cuba,  ar6  still  insufficiently  explored,  it  may  very  well 
doubtfid  whether  those  species  do  not  also  occur  in  one  or  sev- 
them,  just  as  several  Cuban  plants,  described  as  endemical  in 
land  by  Prof.  Grisebach,  have  been  found  by  me  to  occur  not  at 
•equently  in  the  Virgin  Islands  and  St.  Croix,  such  as  Arthrosty- 
capiUifoliunij  Reynosia  laUfoliay  and  R,  mucronata, 
ly  thus  be  confidently  asserted  that  both  the  groups  in  question 
^rived  their  stock  of  plants  from  the  neighbouring  larger  island  of 
Rico.  The  question  that  remains  to  be  solved  is  merely  why 
ley  not  all  received  the  same  species,  and  particularly  why  is  it 
^  Croix,  although  the  largest  of  all,  has  received  a  comparatively 
•solutely  much  less  number  of  species  than  for  instance  the  far 
St.  Thomas  f 

be  explanation  of  these  interesting  facts  we  have  no  doubt  to 

the  geological  history  of  the  islands,  as  the  conditions  for  immi- 

over  sea,  even  if  possible  to  all  the  species,  are  essentially  the 

i  both  groups,  and  therefore  give  no  solution  of  the  problem  in 

D. 

thus  led  to  think  that  at  a  former  period  all  the  West  India 
have  been  connected  mutually,  and  perhaps  with  a  part  of  the 
an  continent  also,  during  which  time  the  plants  in  common  to 
islands,  as  well  as  to  the  West  Indies  and  the  continent,  have 
ed  themselves  over  their  present  geographical  areas,  at  least  as 
hey  are  not  possessed  of  i)articular  faculties  for  emigration  over 
•  By  a  subsequent  volcanic  revolution,  St.  Croix,  as  well  as 
f  the  other  islands,  has  thereafter  been  separated  from  Porto 
d  the  Virgin  Islands,  and  put  into  its  present  isolated  position, 
t  seems  to  have  retained  ever  since,  whilst  the  latter  group  of 
has  either  still  for  a  long  period  remained  in  connection  with 
Hco,  or,  if  separated  at  the  same  time  from  it  as  St.  Croix,  has, 
Jier  revolution,  been  again  connected  with  the  former. 

N  now  found  in  the  Virgin  Group,  but  not  occurring  in  St. 
h«V6  immigrated  into  the  former  from  Porto  Bico 


16 


FLOBA    OF    ST.    CBOIX    AND    THE    VIBQIN    JSLiAHDS. 


after  tlie  Keparatiou  of  St.  Croix  from  tbe  latter,  and  immigration  wonH 
finally  have  ceased  liy  the  sf-paration  between  tliem,  as  it  exiats  at  tbe 
present  i)eriod.  Thns,  the  plants  found  in  the  Virgin  Islands,  hnt  nx 
in  St.  Croix,  would  seem  to  have  been  more  recently  created  in  tht 
probable  centre  of  vegetation,  Porto  Rico,  or  some  other  of  the  larger  As- 
tilles ;  tbe  endemic  ones,  as  iu  the  other  islands  also,  being  the  yonngot 
of  all,  not  having  been  formeil  till  after  the  complete  separation  between 
the  islands  had  been  effected.  This  latter  suggestion,  which  perit^V' 
seems  contradictoi'y  to  the  general  accepted  theoiy  of  consideriog  tibe 
endemic  forms  on  oceanic  islea  as  the  remnants  of  the  oldest  originil 
vegetation,'  appears  to  be  conflnucd  bj-  tbe  fact  that  even  on  soA' 
recent  formations  as  the  Bahamas,  which  have  as  yet  been  but  i^lpe^< 
fectly  explored,  already  no  leas  than  eighteen  endemic  species  bavt-  bea 
discovered.) 

The  supposition  that  the  islands  may  have  been  separated  fVoin  ' 
beginning,  and  have  received  their  floras  through  immigration  ova' 
sea,  is  sufficiently  confuted,  partly  by  the  great  number  of  species  a 
men  to  them  all,  ivhich  clearly  indicates  the  connection  in  foniier  til 
with  a  larger  eoniitiy,  partly  by  the  eircumstance  that  most  of  the  tfH 
oies  common  to  the  islands  are  in  do  wiiy  better  adapted  for  migntil 
6ver  tbe  water  than  those  peculiar  to  the  Virgin  Islands  only ;  in 
but  few  of  them  apparently  possess  the  faculty  of  crossing  salt-v 
even  for  a  limited  distance. 

SiqipiisiTLi,^  tbe  tlipnry  of  a  ]irfiloiip'ed  or  nftencr  repented  connei 


FLORA  OF  8T.   CBOIX  AND   THE   VIRGIN  IRLANDS.  17 

Others  being  only  imprtfect.  Without  expecting  too  nmcli  froin  tliia 
cireomstanoe,  yet  I  feel  eonfldent  tliat  not  few  of  the  St.  Croix  plants, 
apparently  wanting  in  the  Vii'giu  group,  may,  by  closer  research,  still 
ht  discovered  growing  there  on  some  of  them,  whilst,  on  the  other  hand, 
I  am  eipially  confident  that  none,  or  scarcely  any,  of  the  Virgin  Islands' 
qiecies  wanting  in  St.  Croix  will  be  found  in  the  latter  island. 

It  may  furthermore  be  observed  that  scaix^ely  an^-  of  the  St.  Croix 
species  which  I  have  given  as  being  absent  from  the  Virgin  group  ar<^ 
common  or  widely  distributed  over  the  island,  and  so  are  not  possessed 
of  any  great  faculty  for  conquering  ground  in  the  struggle  for  exist- 
ence, for  which  reason  some  of  them  may  not  have  been  able  to  gain 
admmsion  on  the  much  smaller  surface  of  the  Virgin  Islands,  or,  having 
obtaiiicil  a  footing,  they  may  have  lost  it  again  by  the  later  immigra- 
tt)ii  of  other  species,  now  peculiar  to  the  group  compared  \Wth  St^  Croix, 
ttnny  of  which,  as  will  be  remembered,  are  gn^garious,  and  gifted  with 
Bieat  facility-  for  exf^anding  themselves. 

A  very  few  si>ecies  form  an  exception  as  to  the  limited  distribution  in 
Bt  Croix,  Bttchariis  Yahliij  Cordia  albaj  and  ^(jipJdla  marimicenMs^  oc- 
mning  rather  frequently  in  the  island,  but  having  as  yet  not  been  found 
Mall  in  the  Virgin  group,  although  they  occur  in  si^veral  others  of  the 
^est  India  islands.  I  am  not  prepared  to  give  a  satisfactoiy  explana- 
kion  of  this  fact  at  the  i)resent  moment;  but  such  isolated  exc^i)tions  will 
Oo  doubt  always  be  met  with  in  the  explanation  of  gcMieral  phenomena, 
fcal  mast  i)robably  a  more  thorough  investigation  of  vegetable  biology 
•ill  at  a  future  day  afibnl  a  satisfactory  explanation  of  such  appai-- 
^Btly  inconsistent  facts. 

In  drawing  the  necessary  consequen<;es  of  the  above  stated  theory  for 
Explaining  the  geogi*apliical  <listribution  of  vegetable  s])ecies  in  St.  Croix 
the  Virgin  Islands,  it  would  thus  appear  necessary  to  c^mclude,  for 
nee,  from  the  occurrence  of  tkihinea  florida  both  in  Porto  Rico,  the 
^ilfgiu  LsUikuds,  and  Dominica,  but  not  in  St.  Croix,  that  the  first-name<l 
Mamls  were  still  all  connected,  when  the  latter  had  already  been  sep- 
•nted  from  them  and  put  into  its  prc»sent  isolated  position.  A  similar 
%feren<*e  might  be  drawn  from  the  distribution  of  Malpighta  Cnida^ 
the  occurrence  of  Acacia  nndijhra  would  seem  to  prove  a  sinii- 
thing  for  Hayti,  Porto  Rico,  and  Antigua. 

i  can,  therefore,  scarcely  be  presumed,  as  done  by  Pi-of.  Griseba<*li 

"»  Geogr.  Verbreitung  der  Pfl.  Westiiidiens,  that  the  distribution 

is  regulated  chiefly  by  geographical  disbmces.    A  closer  in- 

of  the  flora  of  the  various  islands  no  doubt  will  confirm  the 


18  FLORA   OF   8T.   CROIX   AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS. 

theory  drawn  from  the  facts  observed  in  regard  to  the  mutual  reMoa 
between  St.  Croix  and  the  Virgin  Islands,  that  geological  revolatioos 
have  been  eqnally  or  perhaps  even  more  powerfully  influential  in  aiTang- 
ing  the  distribution  of  species  than  the  greater  or  smaller  distance,  mi 
the  similarity  of  physical  conditions. 

A  full  knowledge  of  these  interesting  facts  can,  however,  not  he  ex- 
pected till  a  more  thorough  exploration  of  all  the  West  India  islands 
has  taken  place.  Few  of  them  are  as  yet  tolerably  well  known,  and  it  is 
therefore  em^nestly  to  be  hoped  that  such  an  exploration  of  all  the  Wert 
Indies  may  soon  be  effected,  the  result  of  which  will  no  doubt  be  of 
the  highest  importance  both  to  botany  and  to  all  other  branches  of 
natural  science. 

It  generally  requires  tlie  accunudated  study  and  knowledge  of  gener- 
ations before  the  less  palpable  and  more  delicate,  but  often  most  impor- 
tant, fact^  in  natural  history  can  be  explained:  the  West  Indies  have 
been  comparatively  well  studied  since  th6  middle  of  the  last  ceutniyj 
and  it  would  seem  well  now  to  follow  up  the  work  in  order  to  complete 
a  thorough  investigation,  which  might  be  used  as  a  basis  for  the  ex- 
planation of  similar  facts  observed  in  other  and  less  well  known  parte 
of  the  world. 

The  flora  of  the  Virgin  Islands  and  St.  Croix  has  been  stu(he(l  by 
several  botanists,  some  of  whom  have  j)ublislied  the  results  of  their  it'- 
search,  which  has,  however,  amon^  the  former  group,  been  chietly  con- 
lined  to  llie  Danish  islands,  tlie  English  and  i)articularly  the  JSpanisli 
ones  having  as  yet  been  onl^'  imperiectly  explored. 

I'ublications  on  the  flora  of  these  islands  are  given  by  West  in  liis 
Description  of  St.  Croix  (Coj)enliagen,  170.'^);  Schlechtendal,  FloruU 
Ins.  St.  Thonne,  in  Linniea,  1828-31  and  18345  and  Eggers,  Flora  of  St. 
Croix,  HI  the  Vidensk.  Medd.  fra  Naturliist.  Forenuig  (Coi)enhageii,1876) 
besides  minor  contribut  ions  in  Vahl's  Ech)gie  Americana^,  Symbol®  Bo- 
tanicie,  and  Enumeratio  Plantanun,  Krebs  in  Xaturh.  Tidsskrift,  1847, 
on  the  flora  of  St.  Thomas,  De  Candolle's  Prodromus,  and  Grisebacli's 
Eh)ra  of  the  British  West  India  Islands.  This  latter  work,  no  doubt 
from  want  of  material,  scarcely  ever  mentions  tlie  British  Virgiu  Islands. 

Collectiims  of  ))lants  from  the  islands  in  question  are  found  chiefly  i^^ 
the  Museum  of  the  Botanical  Garden  in  Copenhagen,  as  well  as  scat- 
tered in  other  Euroi)ean  herbaria,  collected  principally  by  v.  Kohr,  West, 
Dr.  Ryan,  Ledru,  Bledle,  L'llerminier  in  the  past  century,  by  Benzon, 
Wahlmann,  Ehrenberg,  Dr.  Bavn,  Dr.  Hornl>eck,  Duchassaing,  Si'lioD*' 
burgk,  riee,  Wydler,  Orsted,  Krebs,  and  Eggers  in  the  i)resent 


FLORA  OF  8T.  CROIX  AND   THE   VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  19 

e  following  list  of  plants  from  St.  Croix  and  the  Virgin  Islands 
3d  on  my  own  collections  and  the  publications  or  collections  of  other 
iistS|  comprises  1013*  species  of  phanerogamous  and  vascular  cryp- 
Qons  plants,  of  which  881  are  indigenous  and  132  naturalized,  those 
ly  cultivated  being  added  in  brackets  after  each  family, 
determining  the  species  I  have,  besides  consulting  the  more  im- 
nt  general  systematical  works  on  botany,  as  much  as  possible  fol- 
L  Pro£  Orisebach's  standard  work  on  the  Flora  of  the  British  West 
Islands,  to  which  I  therefore  beg  to  refer  when  no  other  authority 
en.  Synonymes  and  references  to  other  authors  are  given  only 
)  it  was  thought  desirable  to  supplement  the  Flora  of  Grisebach  in 
espect. 

the  specific  names  of  plants  I  have  added  only  such  statements  as 
>t  given  in  Grisebach's  work, — as  local  name,  time  for  flowering, 
ical  use,  as  well  as  descriptive  remarks,  where  my  own  observation 
)  a  difference  from*  the  description  given  in  the  flora  mentioned 
•>• 

referring  to  Schlechtendal,  or  the  herbarium  of  the  Copenhagen 
am,  I  have  used  the  abbreviations  SchL  and  Hb.  Havn. ;  in  quoting 
or  Schlechtendal,  their  respective  works  on  St.  Croix  and  St. 
AS,  mentioned  above,  are  understood  to  be  referred  to. 
«ial  localities  for  habitats  are  given  only  where  a  plant  is  rare,  or 
events  uncommon ;  otherwise  the  island  alone  is  mentioned. 
)  expression,  '^All  islands,''  is  meant  to  imply  that  the  species  is 
.  both  in  St.  Croix  and  the  Virgin  group,  without  necessarily  mean- 
>  say  that  it  occurs  in  every  island  of  the  latter. 
somming  up  the  statistical  results  from  my  list  of  species,  nearly 
ame  conclusions  with  regard  to  the  most  numerous  families  are 
id  at  as  those  given  in  Prof.  Grisebach's  Geogr.  Verbr.  der  Pflanzen 
indiens,  p.  73,  for  the  Caribbean  Islands. 

)  proportion  between  Mono-  and  Dicotyledonous  plants  indigenous 
Aturalized  is  1:5.8,  in  the  indigenous  ones  alone  1:4.9,  thus  show- 
le  plurality  of  the  recently  introduced  plants  to  have  been  Dicoty- 
oas.  The  proportion  mentioned  in  the  plants  indigenous  to  the 
la  is  somewhat  lower  than  stated  by  Grisebach,  as  cited  above,  to 
3  role  in  the  West  Indies,  where  it  is  given  as  1:4,  indicating,  no 
^Uiat  the  climate  of  St  Croix  and  the  Virgin  Islands  is  less  moist 
i  of  tiie  West  Indies  in  general. 

Boi.  p.  1274)  gives  to  St.  Thomas  as  the  probable  irambor  of 
*  "«7  litl  shows  aboat  900. 


20  FLOEU.  OF   dT.  CBOIX   AMD   THE  TIBQUT  I8LAHD8. 

Tahk  tiotting  the  dUMhution  of  Iht  Indigemnu  Spedei  oj  Pkantr^ffamtt  aai  Crj/lt, 
ViuenlaTt*  in  St.  Croix  a»d  the  Firgin  Itlatida. 


b 

h 

s 

A.— UlCOITI-EDOSBS. 

' 

Craclf<» 

■ 

; 

1 

1 

rLOBA.  OF  ST.   CBOIZ  AND  THE   YIROm  ISLAND& 


21 


ing  ike  dUinbrntian  of  the  Indigenous  Species  of  Phanerogamof  and  Cryptogamm 
Vaeemlaree  in  St.  Croix  and  Hm  Virgin  Islands — Contiuued. 


<ce«D 


B.—M0K0C0TTLED05B8. 


laOMD 


» 


C. — CBTPTOGAMiB  VABCULARE8. 


1 

8 


8 
1 
2 
1 
8 


1 
5 


1 

4 
2 


3 
4 

1 


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08 
17 


Is 


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1 


2 
8 
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14 
15 


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215 
6 


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8 

24 
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10 
1 
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13 
1 
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80 

10 

1 


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2 
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6 
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568 
109 


& 


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34 

"liT 

132 
1018 


lA  OF  ST.  CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS. 

WEST  INDIES. 


L  PHANEROGAMJE. 
A.  dicotyleDones. 

DlIJUBIVIACi:^ . 

Ola  mgosa,  Poir. 

rhoinas  (Griseb.  Fl.  p.  3). 

ANOIVACEJE. 

na  moricata,  L.  (v.  Soorsop,  Susakka). 

Feb.-May.  Leaves  with  a  peculiar  strong  scent,  used  against 
ind  vermin.  Fruit  edible^  pulp  resembling  curdled  milk,  acidu- 
In  forests  and  thickets,  common. — ^All  islands. 

ftorifolla,  Dnn.  (v.  Wild  Sonrsop). 

Feb.-May.  Resembling  the  former  species  in  the  foliage, , but 
of  a  quite  different  smell.  Kot  uncommon  in  forests. — St.  Croix ; 
omas. 

ahiatris,  L.  (▼.  Monkey-apple,  Banya). 

tfay-June.  Fruit  not  edible ;  used  as  bait  for  fishes.  Common  in 
y  soiL — ^All  islands. 

qnamoaa,  L.  (v.  Sagar-apple). 

A.pril-June.   Foliage  partly  deciduous  in  March  and  April.    Fruit 

^  sweet,  soft.    Common  in  thickets. — All  islands. 

eticiilata,  L.  (v.  Custard-apple). 

April-May.  Fruit  edible.  In  woods,  not  uncommon ;  also  planted 
wellings. — All  islands. — The  enlarged  top  of  the  connective  in  all 
s  of  Aliona  is  siliceous.  Konc  of  the  species  enumerated  above 
ns  narcotic  principles,  as  is  the  ca^e  with  A,  Cherimolia^  MilL,  and 

• 

tteria  Ouregou,  Dim. 

rhomas  (Griseb.  Fl.  p.  7). 

adm  lanrifolia,  Rich.  ( Uvaria  exceUay  Vahl  in  Hb.  Joss.). 

Qmiz  (Caledonia  Gut,  West,  p.  292). 

23 


24  FLOBA   OF    3T.    CBOIX    AKD    THE   VIRGIN    ISLANDS. 

znENIiiPEHinACEf . 

9.  Cccciilus  domlagensis,  DC. 

I'l.  Jiiue-Aug.  Stem  wootlj",  a&  iniicli  as  two  iuvbes  in  diameter. 
Iiifloreacences  often  3  or  4  uuis«rial  in  the  same  axlL  (See  Dclfswtl, 
Icoiics,  t.  96.)  In  forests,  not  common. — 8t.  Thomas  (near  St.  Peter, 
1000'). 

10.  Ciasampeloa  Farelra,  L.  (v.  VclTft-lPoO-     ")  Parelra  aiiil  3)  microoipa.  W\ 
Fl.  Nov.-Hlarfh.     la  foresta  and  thickets,  common. — AH  i»lauds. 

11.  Nympliaaa  ampla.  DC.  (v.  Wiiter-lily).     (?)  parviOnra. 

Fl.  Apiil-Iuly.  In  ri\'ulet.s.— St.  Croix  (KingshiU  Got);  Vi«n» 
(Port  Royal). 

PAPATEBACES. 

13.  Argemone  mexlcaiia,  L,  (v.  TUistlo). 
Fl.  the  whole  yesir.    A  very  common  weed  in  dry  places. — All  ialindi 
CRUCIFEBJE.         ^ 

13.  ITaBtiirtliiiii  officinale,  B.  Br.  (v.  Wcter-creaa)- 
Never  seen  flowering.    Naturalized  along  ri^Tilets. — St  Croii;  SI 

Tlioiuas. 

14.  Slnapla  brBaaloata,  1..  (v.  Wild  Mnatanl). 
Fl.  .Tan.—Tune.     Around  dwellings  and  iu  vaste  places,  not  n 

moil. — AH  islands. 


FL0S4  OF  8T.   CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  25 

^.  C.  paogeaa*  W.  (▼.  Wild  Moss^beo).    c)  and  P)  Swartsiana. 

FL  the  whole  year.    Common  along  road8  and  ditches. — ^All  islands. 

K  C  ▼iacosa,  L. 

FL  May-Dec    Naturalized  here  and  there. — St.  Croix  j  St.  Thomas. 

.  Iforinga  pterygosperma,  G.  (v.  Horso-radish-treo). 

11.  the  whole  year.  Boot  with  a  flavour  of  horse-radish.  Naturalized 
d  common  near  dwellings. — All  islands. 

.  Cappaxis  amygdalina,  Lam. 

PL  March-June.  Leaves  on  young  radical  shoots  linear  in  this  and 
)  two  following  species.    Not  uncommon  in  thickets. — ^All  islands. 

.  C.  Jamaioeziaia,  Jacq.  (v.  Black  Willio).    u)  marglnata  and  /i)  aUiquosa. 

FL  April- Aug.  a)  not  uncommon;  yS)  less  common  along  the  shore 
d  in  thickets. — All  islands. 

C.  oynophallophora,  L.  (v.  Lingaan-tree).    o)  and  /?)  salig^na. 

FL  Feb.-Aug. — Glands  2-4,  uniserial  in  the  axils,  exuding  nectar 
len  young  before  tno  time  of  flowering,  and  are  to  be  considered  as 
laced  branches  or  inflorescences. 

.  C.  ▼erraooaa,  Jacq. 

Fl.  Ax>ril-May.  A  middle-sized  tree.  Not  uncommon  in  forests  on 
B  Virgin  Islands. 

.  C.  frocdosa,  Jacq.  (v.  Bat-bean). 

FL  Feb.-May.  Seeds  very  poisonous.  Common  in  forests. — ^All 
ands. 

.  Itfcrisonia  americana,  L.    n)  and  13)  subpeltata,  Oris,  in  litt. 

FL  May-Oct  A  considerable-sized  tree,  a)  all  islands;  /?)  leaves 
bpeltate St.  Croix  (Spring  Gut). 

BIXACEiE. 

.  Bixa  OreUana,  L.  (v.  Boucon). 

Fl.  June-July.  The  red  i)igment  of  the  fruit  was  generally  used  by 
e  Caribs  for  anointing  the  whole  bodj^  (Du  Tertre).  Naturalized  in 
rests. — St.  Croix  (Crequis,  Wills  Bay);  St.  Thomas  (Crown). 

.  TriUz  cracis,  Griseb. 

FL  April-June.    Stipules  very  variable.    Petals  always  abortive  in 

fjOMcimens.    A  low  tree  or  shrub.    Uncommon  in  forests. — St.  Croix 

IfliTy  Mt  Eagle);  St.  Thomas  (Flag  Hill);  St  Jan  (Cinnamon 


26  PLOEA   OF   HT.    CROIX    AND   THE    VIBGIK   ISLANDS. 

30.  Oaseaiia  sylveatiia,  Sw. 

Fl.  Jau^Feb.  aod  May-July.  Seed  corered  by  a  rod  arillus.  Co» 
mou  in  forests  and  tbickets. — AH  ialanda. 

31.  C.  patrifolia,  VT.    u)  anil  ^)  microoarpa.  Egg. 

Fl.  JIarcb-July.  Flowers  odorous.  Stamens  alternately  of  equal 
lengtb.  Not  uncommon  in  forests.  A  low  tree. — a)  Virgin  Mandf; 
^)  fmit  small,  2'"  diam.,  St.  Croix. 

32.  C.  ramiflora,  Yulil.    i:). 

Fl.  Jan.-Feb,  and  July-Aug.  Pedicel  articulate  below  the  midiUfc 
AriUus  fibrous.    Common  in  forests. — All  islands. 

33.  Samyda  glabtata.  Sw. 

Fl.  June.     Puire,  iu  thieketaon  liigbest  hill-tops.— St. Thomas  (Ciomi, 

uo(y). 

34.  S.  BCrmlata,  L. 

Fl.  Feb,-3Iay.  Flowers  odorous,  precocious.  Pedicels  articuluted  il 
tbo  middle.  Leaves  of  young  radical  shoots  linear.  Conunon  in  tlwti' 
ets. — All  islands. 

VIOLACCS. 

35.  lonidiom  atrlctum.  Vent. 

Fl.  all  tho  year  rounil.  Flower  matuUne.  Rather  uncommon  in  il- 
suixjs  of  rocks  iu  thickets. — St.  Ci'ois ;  Water  Island. 


.  TAinARICACE.C 


FLORA  OF  8T.   CBOIX  AND  THE   VIROIN  ISLANDS.  27 

and  covered  on  the  outer  side  with  fleshy  papillse.  Fruit  l-seeded  by 
aboTtion.  Oregarious  along  roadsides  in  dry  localities,  but  uncom- 
mon.— St  Thomas  (Bovoni). 

CAB¥0PH¥I.I.ACEJE:. 

L  PAROXYCmACEiE. 

4X  Drymazia  oordata,  W.    /3)  diandra. 

FL  May-June.  In  moist  localities  in  the  shade.  Bare. — St.  Croix 
(Spring  Garden). 

42.  Cyx)«elea  hmniftiaa,  Tarp. 

FL  July.  Gregarious  around  a  small  fresh- water  lagoon.  Bare. — 
T^ater  Island. 

IL  MOLLUGIXEiE. 

491  MoUngo  vertioUlata,  L. 

FL  Aug.  Leaves  often  fleshy.  On  ro(?ky  shores.  Bare. — Buck  Isl  • 
and,  near  St.  Thomas. 

44.  IC.  ondioatiUfly  Lam. 

Fl.  Sept.-Dec  Not  uncommon  in  moist  localities. — St.  Croix;  Buck 
Island  near  St  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

in.  PORTULACE^. 

45.  TaUnum  triangulare,  W. 

PL  all  the  year  round.  Flower  open  till  11  A.  M.  Sepals  of  unequal 
^e.  The  large  one  l-ribbed,  the  smaller  one  3-ribbed.  Petals  often 
Xellow  (as  represented  in*  Jacq.  Stirp.  Americ.  1. 135).  Bather  uncom- 
mon.   On  rocks  near  the  seashore. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

*^-  T.  patena,  W. 

Pi.  all  the  year  round.  Flower  open  from  3  P.  M.  till  sunset  Petals 
P^e  red  or  yellow  (Bot.  Mag.  1. 1543).  Boot  tuberous.  Here  and  there 
^  rocky  situations. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

^^-  Portnlaca  oleracea,  L.  (v.  Purslane),    a)  macrantha,  ,3)  micrantha,  Egg. 

1^1.  the  whole  year.  Flower  open  till  10  A.  M.  a)  brownish,  6  petals, 
^^  Uiany  as  25  stamens,  corolla  G"'  diam.  p)  green,  4  petals,  10-12  sta- 
^^lis,  corolla  3"'  diam.  Both  varieties  common  along  roadsides  and  in 
^iKMi  spots. — All  islands. 

9.  qoadrifida,  L.  (Mant.  78). 

St.  all  the  year  round.    Petals  4,  yellow,  2'"  long.    Flower  open  from 
"*-  -«\.  M.  till  3  P.  M.    Leaves  opposite,  clasping  together  towards  even- 
^C*    A  common  weed  in  gardens  and  along  roads. — ^All  islands. 


28  FLOEA,   OF   8T.    CROIX    AND    THE    VIBQIN    ISLANC8. 

49.  P.  pUoaa,  L. 

n.  all  tlie  year  roand.  Ofttti  iiearly  glabrous.  Boots  tubewus. 
Petals  led  or  yellow,  large.  Corollii  up  to  IC"  diaiu.,  open  ouly  liU  9 
!!.  m.  Seeds  dark  brouu.  Leaves  adpressing  themsches  doimward lo 
the  stein  towards  eveiiiug.  ^ot  uncommon.  Along  ditcbes  and  in 
grass-fields. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

50.  P.  baUmoldes,  L. 

Fl.  .Tnu(-Dee,  Common  along  roadside.s  and  among  rockSr-St. 
Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

51.  SeBuvium  poitulaoastmm,  L.  (v-  liay-flonor). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Sepals  rosy  inside.  Common  on  eandf 
shores. — All  islands. 

03.  Tiianttieina  monoeTiiuni,  L. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Bitmchea  always  originating  iu  the  aril  rf 
the  smaller  leaf,  SiameJis  7-17.  Sepals  and  stamens  rosy  or  wbilt 
Coinmoo  on  roeky  shoies. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

S3.  Malvastrum  splcatnm,  Oris.  (v.  Hullo w-atock). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Flower  expanding  in  the  afternoon.  Vaj 
variable.    A  common  weed  aloug  roads  and  in  fields. — All  islands. 


7L0RA  OF  8T.   CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  29 

M.  fllda  Jamaioeniiit  L. 

FL  Dec^Mareh.  Flower  expanded  till  9  A.  M.  Calyx  shorter  than 
the  ooiolla.  In  grass-fields  and  thickets.  Often  suffiratescenfc,  (y  high. 
Common^ — ^AIl  islands. 

19.  &  Bplnofla,  L.  a),  P)  angnsttfoUa,  Lam.,  and  y)  polycaipa,  Egg. 

FL  Sept-March,  j')  sufBrutescent,  4'  high.  Pedicel  as  long  as  the 
irhole  leaf.  Pistils,  ovaries,  and  carpids  always  12.  a)  and  fi)  common 
tn  grass-fields  and  pastures,    y)  near  rivulets. — All  islands. 

60.  8.  rbombiibUa,  L.  (▼.  Swart  Mar^n).    y)  retusa. 

FL  Dec-March.  Petals  showing  a  purple  blot  at  the  base.  Com- 
Dum  in  waste  places. — ^All  islands. 

61  B.  tristii,  Schlecht.  (Linntea,  iii,  271). 

St.  Thomas  (Schl.). 

62.  8.  aiiplna,  L'Her.    a)  glabra  and  /3)  piloaa,  Egg. 

FL  Nov.-March.  Two  very  distinct  forms :  a)  in  shady,  moist  places ; 
^  in  dry  localities.  Not  uncommon  in  thickets  and  forests. — All  islands. 

63.  8.  argnta,  Cav.  (not  S.  arguta^  Sw.,  as  stated  in  Grisob.  Syst.  Unters.  p.  31) 

St  Croix  (West,  297);  St  Thomas  (SchL). 

N.  8.  nexToaa,  DC.    a)  and  P)  vlacoaa,  Egg. 

FL  Dec.-April.  P)  viscous  and  glandular  pilose.  Petals  reddish; 
i^istils  red.    Not  imcommon  along  roads  and  ditches. — All  islands. 

te.  8.  acuminata,  DC.    a)  macrophyUa  and  P)  microphylla. 
St  Thomas  (Schl.).    "  In  locis  siccis.'' 

^.  8.  cordilblia,  L.    p)  althasfolia,  Sw. 

FL  March.  Here  and  there  along  roads. — St.  Croix  (West,  207);  St. 
taa  (Bethania). 

(7.  8.  hnmilia,  W.  (T)  Cav. 
St.  Thomas  (SchL).    "  In  locis  umbrosis.'^ 

^  Abatflon  i>exiplccifoUnxn,  G.  Don.    a)  and  /?)  albicans,  carpids  S-ovnlate. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Seeds  dimorphous.  The  two  seeds  in  the 
mperior  cell  glabrous^  the  one  in  the  inferior  silky,  a)  not  uncommon 
■obg  roads.    P)  uncommon. — St.  Croix  (a  and  /?);  St.  Jan  (/^). 

•  umbeUatiun,  8w. 

*Ofaielu    Seeds  cordate^  brown.    Not  very  common  in  open, 


30  FLORA.  OF  ST.  CROIX   AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS. 

70.  A.  indlcum,  G.  Don  (t.  Malioe).    □)  nnd  jl)  asiatJcnm. 

Fl.  all  tlie  year  rouml.  Flower  espaMdi.id  after  3  P.  M.  only.  Both 
forms  common  along  loads  and  on  waste  jtlitcea. — St.  Crois ;  St.  TbwniB. 

71.  A.  UEnOBtua,  Rli-h.  (v.  Munb-uiulloir). 

Fl,  Nov.-3Iay.  Flower  expanded  during  the  afternoon  only,  8(«d< 
intgulurly  triangular,  vcrrucoae,  grey. — St,  Croix. 

72.  BaBtardia  xdacoia,  Ktli.    a). 
]■'!.  all  the  year  round.    Flower  expanded  during  the  afternoon  onlj. 

Onmmoit  along  roa^ls  and  iu  dry  localities. — All  islands. 

73.  Malaobra  capitata,  L.     a)  and  ji)  aloeffoUa,  Jaoq. 
Fl.  Dec.-Alareb.    Flower  expanded  only  till  2  P.  M.    Along  ditdta 

luid  ill nioJBt  places.    a)rathercominoD;  ^)lesscommou, — Allislandi. 

74.  M.  nreiu,  Foit 

FL  April.  Petals  yellow,  puberuloua  externally.  Seeds  smootU,  si* 
brous.  Uucouimon  ou  Wiisle  places. — St,  TUomafi  (western  aiiore  of  tlm 
liorboiir).  , 

75.  Urepn  lobata,  L,    a)  ameiicaoa. 
n.  Nov.-Juiie.    Flower  expanded  till  10  A.  M.    In  foreata.— St  Cnil 

(mre;  Prosperity  on  tlie  north  coast);  St.  Thomas;  St.  Jan  (not » 
common). 

76.  PnTonla  splolfex,  Cnv, 
1'!.  Oiit.-Dec.    liatlier  common  in  thickets  and  forests, — All 


FLOBA  OF  ST.  CROIX  AND   THE  YIRGIN  ISLANDS.  31 

12.  S.  Sabdaiiffii,  L.  (v.  Red  Sorrel). 

FL  Oct-NoT.  Leaves  used  as  a  vegetable.  Calyx  at  length  fleshy, 
ised  for  lemonade.  Cultivated  and  naturalized  here  and  there. — St 
!/ioix;  St.  Thomas. 

13.  H.phoBiiioeiU|  Jacq. 

FL  Sept-March.  Bather  common  in  thickets,  especially  near  dwell- 
Qgs. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

t4.  H.braaUleiisia,  L. 

St  Croix  (West,  p.  298) 

15.  Goflsyplam  barbadense,  L.  (v.  Cotton-tree),    a)  and  /3). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Down  stellate.  Common  in  dry  localities, 
formerly  cultivated. — ^All  islands. 

16.  O.  vltifolinm,  Lam. 

Naturalized  in  St.  Thomas  (Sclil.),  perhaps  from  having  been  cultivated 
n  former  times. 

^7.  Paxitiiim  tUiaoeum,  A.  Jobs.  (v.  Muhoc). 

FL  Oct-3Iarch.  Bark  employed  as  rope.  Along  coasts,  but  rare. — 
It  Croix  (West,  p.  297) ;  St  Thomas  (Sehl.) ;  St  Jan  (Fish  Bay). 

tB.  ThespoBia  popnlnea,  Corr.  (v.  Otabeite  Tree). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Yery  easily  pnipagated  by  cuttings.  A  shady 
fee  with  verj'  hard  wood.  Naturalized  and  cultivated  everywhere,  espe- 
ially  in  moist  localities.    All  islands. 

All  Malvaceae  are  protandrous. 

[Cultivated  species:  Althce  rosea,  L.  (v.  Hollyhock);  Hibiscus  rosa- 
inensiSy  L.  (v.  Chinese  rose);  and  H.  imUahiliSj  L.  (v.  Changeable  Hibis- 

OS).] 

BOMBACEiE. 

9.  AdaDSonia  digitata,  L.  (v.  Guinea  Tamarind). 

PL  June-July.  Leaves  deciduous  in  March-April.  The  acid  pidp  of 
lie  fruit  used  for  lemonade.  Naturalized  in  wooded  valleys. — St  Croix 
E^posperity;  Crequis);  St.  Thomas. 

O.  Briodendron  anfraotaosum,  DC.  (v.  Silk-cotton-tree). 

FL  Feb.-April.  Leaves  deciduous  March-ApriL  Stem  growing  to 
Imense  size.    Common  in  forests.    All  islands. 

atmliiiMta,  Sw. 

:  GaidoD,  Werty  p.  298). 


32  PLOBA.  OP  BT.    CROIX   AND  THE  VIEOIN   ISLANDS. 

92.  Helloteras  jamaloeaBis,  Jnc:<[. 

Fl.  March-Aag.    Siiiral  of  caqiids  2J.     Common  iu  thickets.— All 

islands. 

BiiTTNEBIACEJE. 

93.  Ouazama  ulmlfolla,  Livin.  (v.  Jnc-hoss  CaUln}. 
Fl.  April-June.    Wooii  used  for  oars.    Not  nucommoD  in  pasbm*— 

St-Crois;  St.  Thomas. 

94.  Tboobroma  Cacao,  L.  (v.  Coroa-tTOc). 

n.  Jiiuo.     Xatiuulized  in  sliady  valleys. — St  Croix  (Prosperi^i 
Mount  Stewart). 

95.  Ayenia  pusUIa,  L. 
n.  all  the  year  round.  FIowbtb  often  transformed  into  a  bollov 

monstrosity  by  the  larva  of  a  wasp.    Fruit  muricate.    In  thickets,  ct 
nion. — All  ii^IaudK. 

96.  Melochria  pyramldata,  L. 
Fl.  all  the  year  round.     Common  iu  postnies. — St.  Croix. 

97.  M.  totnentosa,  L.  (v.  Brouni-woocl). 

FL  AH  the  year  round.    Calyx  toinentoee,  greyiali  white. 
)itt6rsi>erse<l  with  glandutons  hairs.    Used  for  brooms.     Commoa  ini 
thickets. — Ail  islauds. 
93.  H.  nodiflora,  Sw. 

I'l.  >'o\'.-.Iuly,     Common  in  pastuies  and  along  roads. — All  isliii 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CROIX  AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  33 

505.  Griseb.  Fl.  p.  97,  does  not  mention  them,  as  he  does  in  C.  oUto- 
119,  neither  does  the  figure  in  Wight's  Icoiies,  iii,  t.  739,  show  them  in 
lis  species.  From  observations  made  by  me  on  C.  acutangulxis^  as  well 
s  on  C.  hirtuSj  such  bristles  on  the  lower  serratures  of  the  leaves  are  ot 
10  specific  value  in  this  genus,  being  a  variable  feature.  In  gardens 
and  near  dwellings,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

105.  C.  sUiquosnti  L.  (v.  Papa-lolo). 

Fl.  Nov.-July.  Leaves  used  as  a  vegetable  (Calalu).  Along  roads 
and  in  pastures,  common. — All  islands. 

106.  C.  hirtu8»  L. 

R.  June-Sept.  Two  lowest  serratures  of  the  leaves  sometimes  show- 
ing one  or  two  setaceous  bristles.  In  gardens  and  along  roads,  not 
uncommon. — St.  Croix;  St  Thomas. 

107.  C.  hinatu8»  L. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Hairs  of  the  stem  scabrous.  On  sandy  shores, 
common. — ^^\11  islands. 

TEBNSTBOMlACEiE. 

108.  T«rD8trdmia  eUiptica,  Sw. 

FL  Feb.-April.  Tlie  two  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  persistent  calyx 
^  to  be  considered  as  such  (Swartz,  Flora  Ind.  Occ.  p.  9G1;  DC.  Prodr. 
'iP.o23;  and  Ilook.  &  Benth.  Genera  Plant,  i,  p.  182),  and  not  as  sepals 
(^^riseb.  Fl.  p.  10.3)  on  account  of  their  being  deciduous,  but  the  sepals 
^^t.  Tlie  number  of  ovules  in  my  specimens  are  about  twenty'  in  each 
^^l  (Hook,  and  Benth.  1.  c.  ascribe  to  the  genus  only  two,  rarely  three 
^^  six,  in  each  cell ;  Grisebach  1.  c.  only  two  to  four.  In  the  Catal.  Plant, 
^^b.  p.  36,  Griseb.  mentions,  however,  a  variety  of  T.  ohovaliSy  Ricli., 
^'th  ten  to  thirteen  ovules  in  each  cell.)  Sepals  rosy,  flowers  fragrant 
^  forests  on  high  hills,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Mai-oon  ITill,  900');  St.  Jan 
^oideaux  Hill,  1200'). 

OIJTTIFEB^. 

^-  Clnsia  rosea,  L.  (v.  Chiggt^r-applcO. 

^1.  May-Sept.  Aerial  roots  as  much  as  20'  hmg,  supporting  the 
*«3g  trees  on  rocks  or  other  trees.  In  forests. — St.  Croix  (rare.  Wills 
N'  );  Virgin  I.slands  (not  uncommon). 

^-    C.  alba,  L.  (v.  Wild  Mamoy). 

"'^  Croix  (West,  i).  312).    Probably  a  mistake  for  the  first  named 

B. 

BnlL  Nat  Mus.  Ko.  13 3 


34  FLORA.  OF  ST.  CEOIZ  AND  THE   TISOIN  Z8LAHD0. 

111.  Mammea  amerlcaiia,  L.  (v.  Mamey). 

FI.  Feb.  and  later  in  Aug.    Frait  geaerally  ODe-seeded,  eatsA 
Common  in  forests  and  planted  along  roads.— All  islands. 
113.  Calopbyllum  Calaba.  Jocq.  (t.  Santo  Uaria). 

Fl.  May-July.  In  forests  along  rivulets. — St.  Croix  (common  in  t 
nortbeni  part  of  the  island);  St.  Thomas  (rare). 

CANELLACEiC. 

113.  CaoeUa  alba.  Murr.  (v.  Whito-bark). 

Fl.  Jan.-April.  Berry  dark  crintaou.  Leaves  used  in  warm  batlis : 
rbcumatism.    On  sandy  sliores  and  in  forests. — All  islands. 

EBTTHIU>K¥LACE.S:. 

114.  EiytbToxylam  ovatam,  Cav.  (v.  Wild  Chen;,  Brisselet). 

Fl.  April-Sept.  Precocious.  Branches,  as  a  rule,  transformed  b 
brachy blasts.    Common  in  thickets. — All  islands. 

{E.  areolatum,  West,  p.  280,  and  E.  brevipcs,  Bert«ro  in  Sclilecbi  F 
rula,  are,  no  doubt,  mistakes  for  the  species  mentioned  above.) 

n  A  LPIGHI  ACE.X. 

lis.  BTTSonlma  sploata,  Bich. 

FJ.  July-Aug.    In  forests,  rare.— St.  Croix  (Parasol  HUl);  St  Hon 
^Signal  nUl);  St.  Jan  (Bordeaux). 
116.  B.laclda,  Rich. 


FLORA  OF  8T.  CROIX  AND  THE  YIEOIN  ISLANDS.  35 

II.  M.  Colda,  Spreng.  (Nene  Entdeck.  iii,  51). 

FL  Jane-Sept.  Along  roads  and  in  thickets,  not  uncommon. — St. 
an;  Water  Island;  Yieqnes. 

i2.  IC.  ancnstlfolia,  L. 
FL  June-Oct.    In  thickets,  not  uncommon. — ^Water  Island;  Vieques. 

L23.  BtigmaphyUon  periplooifoUum,  Joss. 

R  all  the  year  round.  Samarse  red.  In  thickets,  common. — ^All 
Blands. 

124.  Hetexopterla  purpurea,  Kth. 

R  all  the  year  round.    Common  in  hed^^es  and  thickets. — ^AU  islands. 

J5.  a  parvifolia,  DC.  (v.  Bnn  Vis). 

R  all  the  year  round.  As  common  as  the  preceding  species. — ^AU 
diiDds. 

SAPINDACEJC. 

2€i  Cardiospermiim  HaUcacabum,  L.  (v.  BaUoon-vino). 
R  Scpt.-March.    Rather  common  in  thickets  and  near  dwellings.*— 
it  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

21.  C.  microoarpum,  Kth. 

R  Jan.-March.  In  thickets,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Spring-gut);  St  Jan 
Euigheit).         m 

28.  Seijanla  Inclda,  Schum.  (v.  White  Vis,  Cabiite  rotting). 

R.  Dec-June.  Stem  used  as  rope.  Common  in  thickets. — All  isl- 
nds. — (Paullinia  curassavica.  West,  p.  281,  is  no  doubt  a  mistake  for 
his  species.) 

29.  Capania  folva.  Mart. 

R  January.    In  forests,  not  uncommon. — ^Virgin  Islands. 

•30.  Sapicdtui  inaBqualia^  DC.  (v.  Soap-seed). 

R  Dec-Jan.  Seeds  used  for  ornaments.  In  forests  along  ri\nilet8. 
^ot  uncommon. — St.  Croix. 

41.  ScbmideUa  occidentaU;;,  Sw. 

R  May-Sei)t.  Not  uncommon  in  forests,  especially  in  St.  Croix. — 
Ui  islands. 


bijaga,  L.  (v.  Keneppy  tree). 

■<icft-llf»r.    Leafless  during  flowering.    Flowers  fragrant.    Fruit 
IMe*     Katurahzed  and  now  very  common  everywhere, 


I 


1 


36  FLOHA    Of    ST.    CKOIX    AND   THE    VIHDIN    ISLANDS. 

oi'tfii  ioroiiuK  ^  Wi'oudiiry  {ji-(}Wlh  iu  t-lcarcd  wttodJiiinl.      IiitriMllt' 
from  the  SpauisL  uiuJii. — All  isluml^). 

133.  Dodoneea  TiBcoaa,  L. 
Fl.  jVpriL    On  sandy  sijiishoifs,  i-aro. — St.  Ci-oix  (Sandy  Point). 

nELIACEC 

134.  Mella  aempetvlieui,  Sir.  (v.  Lilitc?,  Hngbiisli). 

FI.  all  tlK'  yaw  I'otmd.    Cummon  in  forests  and  iit-ar  dwellings.— AM    1 
ielandd.  ' 

135.  Trichilla  hirta,  L. 

FL  Jim(>-.Iuly.    Common  iu  tliickets. — All  islands. 
{Guarea  trkbUioidev,  Jacq.,  said  to  ucciir  in  St.  Croix  (West, p.  281  )t 
eeems  toioio  rather  doubtful.) 

136.  Swieteola  MahagOQi,  L.  (t.  Mahngan^^), 

Fl.  April-June.     In  wooded  valleys  and'nlong  roa4ls  and  dwelliuff"^' 
Hot  unL'ommon. — St,  Croi.t ;  St.  Thomive. 

GEBANIACE^. 

[OultivatiKl  occur  several  spei-ics  of  Gei-anium,  L'Her.,  and  Pelarg*^^ 
niiun,  JVHer.j 

BALSAiniNACE.<«. 

137.  Balaamina  bortansls,  Desp.  (v.  Lndy-alippers). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Naturalized  everywiiere  in  §anlen|.    Seed-* 
often  germinating  in  the  capsule. — All  islands. 
AVBANTIACE^. 

138.  Cltnu  medlca,  L.    a)  (v.  Citruu).     0)  UmoDum,  Risso  (r.  Lime). 

Fl.  April-May.    a)  naturalized,  but  rare,  in  gardens.    H)  natoraliwdj 
common  in  gardens  and  near  dwellings,  altwi  in  forests. — All  IslandB. 

139.  C.  AataDtintii,  L.     u)  (v.  Orange}.    /})  Blgaiadia,  Diih.  (v.  Seville  Orange). 
Fl.  May-July,     Both  fonns  oaturalized  iu  gardens,  especiaOy  «^- 

Common  iu  St,  Croix ;  rare  in  St,  Thomas  and  St.  Jan,  where  the  spe**** 
is  said  to  have  died  out  nearly,  Irom  disease. — (Mentioned  also  ^^ 
Breutel,  London  Journal  of  Botany,  ii,) 

140.  C.  bnxlfolla,  Padr.  (v.  Forbiddeo  Fruit), 

Fl.  July.    Naturalized  iu  a  few  i)lace8, — St.  Croix;  St  Thomas. 

141.  C.  decnmana,  L.  (v.  Shaddock). 

FL  Jaly-Aug.    Fruit  used  for  preserves,    jratiirn.li?:ed  in 
St.  Croix ;  St  Thomas. 


FL0S4   OF  ST.   CROIX   AND  THE   VIEGIN  ISLANDS.  87 

%a.  Tripharia  trilbUata,  DC.  (v.  Sweet  Lime). 

PL  April-June.  Katuralized  in  thickets  and  near  dwellings.  Com- 
mon in  all  the  islands. 

[Cultivated  species:  Murraya  exotica^  L.  (v.  Cyprian),  and  Cookia 
ptrnctoto,  B^tz.] 

OXAJLIDACEJB. 

143.  Oxalis  Martiana,  Zncc. 

R  May-Aug.    Naturalized  in  gardens  on  all  the  islands. 

144.  0.  oomictilata,  L.    /?)  microphyUa,  Poir. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Gregarious  in  fields. — St.  Croix  ( Annally)  j 
8t  Thomas. 

Z¥OOPH¥I.I.A€EJE:. 

145.  TribaluB  clatoides,  L. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Along  roads  and  in  open  spots,  gregarious. — 
8t  Croix  (in  the  easternmost  part  of  the  island  only). 

146.  T.  maximtui,  L.  (v.  Ccutlpee-root,  Loiiglo). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Stamens  alternately  of  equal  length.  The 
thole  plant  is  used  in  baths  against  boils.  A  very  common  weed  along 
iwds  and  in  waste  places. — All  islands. 

147.  Gaajacam  officinale,  L.  (v.  Lignum  vitte,  PockcDliolt). 

n.  March-April.  Common  in  former  times,  but  now  nearly  exter- 
iiinated.     On  the  seashore  and  in  forests,  rare. — All  islands. 

BUTACEiE. 

148.  PUocarpus  racemosus,  Vali]. 

Fl.  Feb.-March.  Leaves  undivided,  3-foliate  or  impari-pinnate  in 
the  same  si)ecimen  (as  st.ated  in  Hook.  &  Benth.  Genera,  i,  299,  and  Fl. 
BrasiL  lasc.  65).  Inflorescence  terminal  and  axillary.  A  low  tree.  In 
Swests,  rare. — St.  Jan  (KingsLill,  1000') ;  Vieques  (Eavn  in  Hb.  Havn.). 
iSpecimen  from  Montserrat  in  Hb.  Ha\Ti.  also  named  P.  laurifolius^ 
rahL) 

MS.  Tofaiiiia  punctata,  6r. 

PL  Sept.  Leaves  often  pinnate.  Dots  on  the  leaves  i)ellucid.  In 
hickets,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix. 

50.  T.  spinosa,  Desv. 

FL  May-June.     Leaflets  prickly  on  i\i(t  principal  nerves  on  both  sides, 
BttiDg  2  stipular  prickles  at  the  base.     Cari>ids  3  (2-1)  globose,  with  a 
Mk,  black,  vemicose,  3'"  long.     Seeds  black,  shining.     Rare  in 
L  TBomas  (Flag  IIUl,  600"). 


38  FLORA  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AKD  THE  TIBQIH  I8USD8. 

151.  Fagaxa  miorqAylla,  Deat  (t. Bungoftt-baib)  (F.  tragtdm,  Jaaq.bi'WtlL.'Ji 

~Fi.  June-Dec.  Dots  of  the  leaves  iiellucid.  The  whole  plant  Lus 
strong  smell.  Not  imcommon  in  thickets. — St.  Croix ;  Buck  Islaiid, 
near  St.  Croix. 

133.  Santtiozyliiin  ClaTa-Heroalia,  L.  (t.  Wbite  Pritklc). 

Fl.  April-Jiiue,  Aculei  corky,  6'"  long,  gi-eyish,  with  a  narrow  brom 
point.     In  forests,  not  anconiinon. — All  islands. 

153.  Z.  Oanm,  Valil  (Nuturh.  Sclsk.  Skrift.  vl,  l;H,  1810)  (v.  Yellow  SanAvr). 
Kot  seen  flowering.     A  fine  timber-tree,  used  for  furniture.    Sot  ni' 

eommoD  iu  foreata  in  fonner  times,  bat  now  nearly  extinct. — St.  Jan 
(Bordeaux  Hills)  (StCroixl  St.  Thomas?)  (Blontserrut,  Byan  in  ffi>. 
Havn.) ;  Martiniquo  (West  in  Hb.  Havn.). 

154.  Z.  Oohroxylum.  DC  (v.  Tcllow  PrickJe)  l,Z.  tinplki/oUtim,  Vnhl  in  Hb.  Hn«.l 
Fl.  June-Sov.      9  Panicle  1"  long ;  pedicels  J'"  long,  braft^wlt;  H 

the  base  deeiduoos.  Calyx  5-partite,  J'"  diam.  Petals  5,  imbricalf, 
white,  5'"  long,  pellucid-dotted.  Style  thick,  |"'  high ;  stigmas  am- 
gular.  Ovaries  3  on  a  short  gynophore.  Cari>ids  3  (1-2)  globose,  th- 
ruc«se,  partly  dehiscent,  IJ'"  diam.  Seed  shining  black.  Stem  anw 
with  large  corky  aculei,  often  connected  and  forming  long  ridgea  dofl 
tlie  stem.  Wood  yellow.  Tlie  whole  iilant  is  posses8e<l  of  tlie 
strong  smell  as  Fagara.  Not  iincommou  in  foresis. — St.  Thomas  (FliJ 
Hill  600');  St.  Jan  (Eogiers)  (Montserrat,  Ryan  in  Hb.  Ha%Ti.;  Jtofr 
uique,  South  America,  Hb.  Uavii.).  (A  branch  without  flowers,  martoi 
mhyUuvi  St.  Croix,  Kviin  in  Hb.  Havn..  seems  to  belong  lo  thit 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AND  THB  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  39 


AMPEI^IDEJC. 

fr9.  CUtiia  sloyoides,  L.  (v.  Lambrali,  Pinna  koop). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Flowers  purple  or  yellow.    ASrial  roots  loDg, 
filiform.    Common  in  forests. — All  islands. 

LCD.  C;  trilbliata,  L. 

FL  all  the  year  round.    On  rocks  and  trees^  not  common. — St  Croix ; 
.Thoman. 

^L  C.  aoida,  L. 
Fl.  June-Aug.    In  thickets  near  the  coast,  common. — ^All  islands. 


C2.  Yitis  caxibasa,  DC. 

Fl.  June.^  In  dense  forests,  rare. — St  Croix  (Caledonia  Gut) ;   St 
nTlioinas  (Crown). 

CEI.ASTBACEJE:. 

2.^.  Maytaniia  elasodendroideB,  Gris.  (Cat.  Plant.  Cnb.  p.  54).    {BhamnuB  polif- 
gamui,  Vahl  in  Hb.  Havn.,  and  in  We«t|  p.  276.) 

FLDec.    Flower  brownish,  small.    Calyx  5-partite,  3'^' diam.    Petals 

S,  (md,  V"  long.    Stamens  5,  often  all  or  part  of  them  transformed  into 

petals  and  more  or  less  sterile.     Stigma  subsessile,  2-lobed.     Ovary  2- 

locular,  2-ovnlate.    Disc  brown,  undulate,  J''^  high.    Seed  black  with  a 

^^  arillus.    Rare  in  dry  thickets. — St.  Croix  (Fair  Plain). 

^64.  IL  laevigatus,  Oris,  in  litt.  {llhamnus  lcpviyatu8,  Yalil  'in  Symb.  Bot.  iii,  41 ; 
Ceanothus,  DC). 

Fl.  May-Oct.  Capsule  tanlily  dehiscent,  1-3-seeded,  6^'^  long.  Seeds 
^>iown,  reticulate  with  red  veins,  2'^^  diam.  Arillus  tougli,  white.  A 
**hrub  or  middle-sized  tree.    Not  uncommon  in  forests. — All  islands. 

^€5.  ElaBodendron  xylocarpum,  DC.  (v.  Spoon-tree,  Nnt  Muscat). 

PL  Sept.-Dec.  Stamens  often  transformed,  as  in  Maytenm  eUcoden- 
^i^es.  Drupe  orange-coloured,  8'"  long.  Common  on  rocky  shores; 
^ore  uncommon  in  St.  Croix. — All  islands. 

^66.  Myginda  paUens,  Sw. 

Fl  Oct.-May.    Common  in  thickets,  principally  in  marshy  soil. — All 
'elands. 

^^^.  M.  latfroUa,  Sw. 

St  Croix  (Pflug,  sec  Vahl  Symb.  Bot.  ii,  32) ;  St.  Thomas  (Schl.). 

-  Sohaeffexla  £nite8oen8»  Jacq. 
^X  Sept-Dec.    Common  in  thickets. — All  islands. 


40  FLOBA  OF  ST.  CKOIX  AND   TH£   TIBOIH  ISI.AXZ». 

RHAMNACEf . 

169.  HeyncMla  latlfoUa,  Griv.  (Cut.  PI.  Cnb.  34)  (v.  Guama).     Emend,  in  Sfpa, 
VidcUBkab,  Mudil.  fru  Naturhist,  Foreuing,  Copenhagen,  187B,  mm  iEow,;.  HI 

FI.  June-July.    Commou  iu  dry  tliickets. — Yirgiu  Islanda. 

170.  R.  mocionata,  Gris.  (1.  t.)  (Eggcre,  1.  c). 

Not  seen  flowering.     liare  in  dry  thickets  near  the  cfOBi. — St  Ciwi 
(easternmost  part  of  the  island,  near  Ta^e  Bay). 

171.  OondaUa  ferrea,  GriH.  (v.  EddcD-wnod). 

FI.  Sept.-Jan.    Keel  of  the  calyx -lobes  foliaceons.     Drupe  otbI,  %" 
long.    Kot  uncommon  in  thickets  and  forests. — All  islaads. 
173.  Colubiiua  fermgliioaa,  Brongn. 

FI.  Jon.  and  May-Julj'.    A  lev  shrub.     Common  on  saudy  8bore&- 
All  islauds. 

173.  C.  recllaata,  Brongu.  (v.  Snakr-root,  Wnliep-liark).  j 
FI.  Nov.-M[iith.     Style  2-3-iiartite.    Leaves  used  for  the  prepantillj 

)if  stomachic  tbiiiks.     Not  iinconinion  in  tliicketis. — All  islands. 

174.  Zizypbus  reticulata,  DC.  (Proilr.  ii,90)  (Pofivmi,  Volil,  E«l.  Am.  ui,  Cl).         J 
FI.  July.     Disc  brownish.     Capsule  3-locular,  one  aeed  in  each  te^  ' 

B'"  long,  glabrous.      Seeds    purple  j    pulp   reddish   brown.      !n  ilij 
thickets,  i-aic. — 9t,  Croix  (Fiiir  Plain). 

175.  Gonania  domiugecBlB,  L.  (y.  Sc>ai)-Blii'){,  SJlvi). 

FI.  Oct,-.Tan,     Stem  used  as  rope.    Common  in  thickets. — Ailislandi. 


FLORA   OF  ST.   CBOIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  41 

M.  S.  pmpAiaa,  L.  (y.  Jamaica  Plum). 

PL  Feb.-March,  precocious.  Naturalized  in  gardens  and  wooded  val- 
?!y&— All  islands. 

JSL  Rhus  antillana,  Egg.  (u.sp.)* 

Sect.  Sumach.  Leaves  impari- pinnate ;  leaflets  4-5-jugal,  petiolulate, 
biDceolate,  acuminate,  obtuse  at  the  base,  entire,  glabrous,  ehartaceous ; 
veins  prouiinulous  beneath.  Cyme  ramose;  branclilets  bracteolate, 
equaUing  the  leaves.  Flower  pedicellate,  small,  green,  5-raerous,  mostly 
^,  the  rest  hermaphrodite.  Calyx  and  petals  persistent  in  the  fertile 
flower.  Stamens  erect,  a  little  longer  than  the  petals,  inserted  into  a 
lenhy  central  disc ;  filaments  villous  at  the  base.  Ovary  inserted  upon 
a  short  fleshy  gynophore.  Drupe  globose,  glabrous,  1-seeded  by  abor- 
tion, A  low  tree.  Approaching  E.  metopiunij  L.  Fl.  Jan.  In  forests, 
rare.-^t.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill,  14000 ;  St.  Jan  (lib.  Ilavn.  as  Xanthox- 
Fhm).    (St.  Croix,  Stony-ground  f ) 

182.  Comocladia  ilicifoUa,  Sw.  (v.  Prapra). 

FLMarch-May.  Root  containing  a  lasting  red  dye.  Common  on  lime- 
stone.— All  islands. 

> 

183.  Mangtfera  indica,  L.  (▼.  Mango- tree). 

R  Feb.-April.  Fruit  edible.  Introduced  towards  the  close  of  last 
centwy,  and  now  cultivated  and  naturalized  everywhere. — ^All  islands. 

184.  Anacardium  cccldentale,  L.  (v.  Casliow,  Cherry). 

R  Dec.-Ai)ril.  Pedicel  becoming  fleshy,  and  cont^aining  in  abund- 
ance a  slightly  astringent  juice.  Seeds  used  as  almonds.  Common  in 
forests  and  along  roa<ls. — All  islands. 

l.i:qu]?ii]vos3e:. 

185.  Crotalazia  verrucosa,  L. 

FI.  all  the  year  round.  Naturalized  along  roads.  Very  common. — ^^VJl 
islauds. 

186.  C.  retaaa,  L. 

FI.  alPthe  year  round.  Common  along  roads  and  in  waste  places. 
N'atoralized. — All  islands. 

187.  C.  latifolic,  L. 

Fl.  Nov.  Leaves  golden  sericeous  beneath.  Corolla  greenish.  Xot 
lOComRKm  in  thickets. — W\  islands. 

|BL  C.incana,  L.  (v.  Rattle-buHh). 

lU  the  year  round.    Stipules  deciduous,  the  scar  exuding  nectar 
well  as  th(d  base  of  the  bracteoles.    Common  along  roads 
Crc  as. 


42  FLOBA  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AK1>  THE  TIBQIN  ISLANDS. 

1S9.  ludigofera  tlnctoiia,  L. 

Ft  Apiil-Aug.    Cultivated  in  former  times,  bat  nov  only  finnd  wild 
or  Dataralized.    Common  in  dry  localities. — All  islands. 
190.  I.  Anil.  L. 

Fl  all  the  year  roond.    The  irliole  plant  is  much  attacked  liy  insecti 
Very  common  in  dry  thickets. — ^All  islands. 
19X.  Tepbroala  clserea,  Pers.    a)  and  /3)  Utoralla,  Pers. 

Fl.  Feb.-June.    Both  fonns  here  and  there  in  thickets.— All  idaitdi. 

192.  Ctaoca  oaxlbiea,  Benth. 

St.  Croix  (Schl.)i  St.  Thomas  (Gris.  FL  p.  183). 

193.  Cooraetia  aiboiMi,  Gris. 
St.  Jan  (Gris.  Fl.  p.  183). 

194.  Sabfsea  flciriaa,  DC.  (v.  Watorpanna). 

Fl.  March-July.  Precocious.  Wood  used  for  fisbpots.  Gregariou 
Common  in  thickets  and  forests. — Tirgin  Islands.  (Cultivated  in  ft 
CrOLs.) 

195.  Plotetia  eqaamaU,  DC.  (Prodr.  ii,  314)  (v.  Fustic ). 

Fl.  Juno.  Flowering  i>eriod  only  Q  or  C  days.  Branches  in  tiuHaJ 
tlie  following  species  commonly  transformed  idto  bracbyblasts.  Cm 
mon  in  forests  and  thickets. — Virgin  Islands. 

196.  P.arlstata,  DC.(l.c.)(v.Fustic). 

Fl.  Feb.,  March,  and  June-Aug.    Bather  common  in  thickets.— fir 


FLOBA  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AND  THE  VIBGIN  ISLAND&  43 

202.  Alysioaxpns  vaginally  DC. 

FL  Nov.-Dec.    Leaves  very  variable.    Along  roads,  common. — All 
islands. 

S03.  Desmodiam  txiflomin,  DC. 

FL  Dec-Feb.    Common  near  ditches  and  in  moist  localities. — All 
islands. 

204.  D.  inoanom,  DC. 

FL  Oct-Jan.    Common  in  pastures. — ^All  islands. 

205.  D.  scoxpianu,  Desv. 

Fl.  Dec.-Jan.    In  pastures,  not  very  common. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas 
(Duchass). 

206.  Desmodiiiin  tortnosom,  DC. 

FL  Oct.-Jan.    Common  in  pastures. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

207.  D.  spirale,  DC.  * 

FL  Kov.-Jan.     Kot  uncommon  in  pastures  and  along  roads. — ^All 
idands. 

20e.  D.  moUa  DC. 

Fl  Dec.-Jan.    Lomentum  often  3-4-jointed.    Rather  common  in  pas- 
tures.—St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

209.  Stylosanthes  procuxnbens,  Sv/. 

Fl  Oct.-Dec    Lomentum  in  uiy  specimeua  always  3-jointed.    Com- 
DiOB  along  roads. — All  islands. 

210.  8.  visoosa,  8w. 

St.  Croix  (West,  p.  301).    (Perhaps  a  mistake  for  the  former  species.) 

^11,  Araohia  hypogsea,  L.  (v.  Pindars,  Ground-nuts). 

Fl.  May- Aug.    Seeds  used  for  making  cakes  or  eaten  roiisted.    Culti- 
vated and  naturalized. — All  islands. 


t,  Abms  prsecatoriofl,  L.  (v.  Jumboe-l)ead,  Scni]>ber,  Wild  Liquorice). 

II.  Oct.-Feb.    Leaves  used  for  washing  clothes.    Common  in  thick- 
^^B  and  on  hedges. — All  islands. 


Rhynchoaia  zninima,  DC.    a)  and  ft)  lutea.  Egg. 

B*L  all  the  year  round.  Seeds  black,  with  small  grey  spots.  «)  Stand- 
^ixl  veined  with  purple;  a  low  climber,  ft)  Standard  uniformly  yellow ; 
^liuabing  up  to  C  Both  forms  common  in  pastures  and  thickets. — ^All 
^^lajnds. 


44  FLORA   OF  ST.  CBOIX  AND  THE  TIBOIN  ISLAHD8. 

214.  R.  phaaeololdtM,  DC. 

Fl.  Marv)i.  Stem  laterally  comprossccl.  Bare  in  forests. — St  Than 
{Signal  Hill,  1200'). 

215.  R.  reUcnlata,  DC. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Leaflets  as  long  as  1^".     Common  on  few 
and  along  roads. — All  islands. 
316.  CajaDiia  Indtcus,  Sprcng.  (v.  Pigeoii-pea,  Veada  boimlje). 

Fl.  all  the  year  rauud.    Seeds  used  as  a  commou  vegetable  for  eo 
Cultivated  and  naturalized. — All  islands. 
217.  CUtoila  Ternatea,  L.  (v.  Blue  Vine), 

Fl.  all  tlie  year  round.     Common  in  tbiekets. — All  islands. 
21B.  Centrosema  Tirglniannin,  Bi'Otb.     a)  and  /?)  augnatifolitixn. 

Fl.  all  tlie  3~ear  round.  Veiy  common  in  ditches  and  on  fences.— 
islands. 

219.  ToramnoB  oncluatae,  Sw.,  var.  albiflomB,  Egg. 

Fl.  Sept.-Mareh.  Corolln  1^'"  long,  constantly  white.  Legome 
long,  bliioI>,  x>>Io^-  Common  in  pastures  and  along  roads.— St.  C'i< 
St  Thomas. 

220.  Oalactia  filiformls,  Bc-ntli. 

F],  Oct.-tTiin.  Koots  often  bearing  small  tubei«.  Common  in  ttu 
ets. — All  islands. 


FLORA  OF  ST.  CROIX   AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  45 

.  Pb.  alatns,  L. 

t  Croix  (West,  p.  299). 

.  Ph.  aemiereotiiB,  L. 

I  all  the  year  round.  Flower  expanded  only  in  the  sun.  Common 
ig  roads  and  in  pastures. — All  islands. 

.  CaiuiTmlia  panriflora,  Bentli.  (Flor.  Bras,  xv,  i,  177). 

I  Feb.  Inflorescence  extm-axillary  (as  in  C.  honariens^isj  Lindl.  Bot. 
;.  1199).  Legume  broad  on  the  back,  without  ^ominent  ridges,  3^' 
J,  ly  broad.  Seeds  crimson,  shining,  J''  long.  In  forests,  rare. — St. 
mas  (Signal  Hill,  1300'). 

C.  gladiata,  DC.      /3)  ensiformis,  DC.  (v.  Sour-eyes,  Overlook)  (DoUchos  adna- 
ci/ormis,  Jacq.  Icon.  Rar.  t.  559).     Bot.  Mag.  4027. 

I.  Aug.-Dec.  Naturali2e<l  in  provision  grounds. — St.  Thomas  (Signal 
,1200^). 

C.  obtnsifolia,  DC.  {DoUvhas  rotundifolius,  Yahl). 

1.  all  the  year  round.    Common  along  the  seashore. — ^All  islands. 

.  Hacima  pmxlens,  DC.  (v.  Cow-itch). 

L  Oct.-Xov.   In  shady  valleys.    Rare. — All  islands. 

Erythxlzui  CoraUodendroD,  L.  (v.  Flamboyant). 

L  Feb.- April.  Precocious.  Stamens  all  of  unequal  length.  Rather 
mon,  e8i)ecially  along  roads  and  near  dwellings. — All  islands. 

.  B.  horrida.  Egg.  (n.  sp.). 

L  Feb.-March.  Very  prickly.  Approaching  to  the  preceding,  but 
D,  branches,  petiole,  and  leaf-ribs  on  both  sides  armed  with  stout 
straight  prickles ;  legume  terete,  long- beaked.  A  low  tree,  branches 
cumbent.   In  forests,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

.  Piacldia  Erythrlna,  L.  (v.  Dog-woo<l^  Stink-tree). 

1.  March-April.  Precocious.  Only  those  individuals  that  flower  drop 
leaves.   Common  in  thickets. — All  islands 

.  DrepanocarpUB  Innatns,  Moy. 

t.  Croix  (Isert,  1787,  in  Hb.  Havn ;  West,  p.  298). 

.  HecaBtopbyUuxn  Brownei,  Pcrs. 

L  June-Dec.   Not  uncommon  on  sandy  shores. — All  islands. 

ioemiis,  Sw.  (v.  Dog  Almond,  Bastard  Mahogany,  Hon  Kloot). 

tA]iir.,and  Dec.     Not  uncommon  in  forests  and  along  rivu- 


46  FLOBA,  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AND  THE  YIBOIN  UUKIW. 

238.  Sophora  tomentoBa,  L.  • 

ri.  Jii]y-.Jan.    Aloiig  sandy  shores,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Wliite'B  Bar, 

Tiu-ner's  Hole). 

339.  UyToapemmm  fmteaceas,  Jacq. 
Fl,  May-fluiK*.     Legume  rt'siuotis.     Naturalized  near  dwellings— St 

Croix. 

240.  Heematoxyloii  campecblaDuiD]  L.  (v.  Lof^ood). 
I'l.  Feb.-JIay.     The  young  plants  prickly  on  the  stem.    Ilere  ai 

lliero  oa  simdy  shores.   More  common  in  former  times. — All  islands. 

241.  FarklDSonla  aculeata,  I',  (v.  Horse-bean). 
n.  all  tho  year  round.    Common  iu  dry  localities. — All  islands. 

242.  OuilandiuB  Bonduc,  L.  (v.Yulloir  Nickara). 
Fl.  Jfay-Oet.    Common  along  sandy  shores. — All  ishuids. 

343.  a.  melauouperma,  1^gg.(ii.s]i.)  (v. Btnck  Mckars). 

Fl.  June-Oct.  Resembling  the  preceding,  but  leaflets  smaller,  gU- 
bruus,  sbiuing,  pricble^s  red  ajid  seeds  shining- black.  Seeds  iiwd  IV 
oniumeuts.  In  dry  tliiekots  near  thesbore,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Sandy  Poiii^ 
Orapo-treo  Bay). 

244.  O.  Bonclaoella,  L.  (v.  Grey  Nickan}. 

FJ.  idl  the  yejir  roimd.  Anthers  successively  debi8C4?'nt.  FloirBi 
polygamous.    Very  common  along  sjindy  shores. — AU  islands. 

243.  Caaaalpliiia  palcherrlma,  Sn'.  (v.  Dudeldu). 
PL.Tunc-IVf',     llracteoles  large,  subulate,  but  deeidno«s,l)eforp  tta 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AND   THE  YIBQIN   ISLANDS.  47 

a  iMUsOliula,  L. 

FI.  NoY.-May.    Common  in  thickets  and  woods  on  high  hills. — St 
TEliomas. 

S5X.  C.  bioapcolaxia,  L.  (v.  Stiverbush,  Styver  bla). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Veiy  common  in  waste  places. — ^All  islands. 

252.  a  florlda,  Yahl. 

FL  Dec    Katoralized  near  towns. — St.  Thomas. 

253.  C.  biflora,  L.    /?)  angustisiUqua,  Lam. 

FL  Kov.-May.    In  thickets,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Longford). 

254.  C.  alata,  L.  (v.  Golden  Candlestick,  Flciti). 

•  

FL  May-Nov.  Along  rivulets,  not  uncommon.-^Virgin  Islands  (nat* 
nralized  in  St.  Croix). 

255.  C.  occidentaUs,  L.  (v.  Stinking-weed). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Root  used  against  fever.    A  very  common 
weed  near  dwellings  and  in  waste  places. — All  islands. 

256.  C.  obtusilblia.  L. 

Fl.  June-Nov.     Common  in  dry  localities. — St.  Croix  5  St.  Thomas. 

(C.  triflora^  Yahl  (Eclog.  Am.  iii,  p.  11)  (West,  St.  Croix),  is  a  doubt- 
fid  species.  I  have  not  been  able  to  ftnd  the  original  si)ecimen  of  Yahl 
in  Hb.  Havn.) 

257.  C.  glandulosa,  L.    a)8tricta,  Sclil.,  and  /?)  raznosa. 

Pi.  all  the  year  round.  Both  forms  common  in  pastures  and  along 
loads- — ^All  islands. 

258.  C.  zi^ctioanBi  L. 

FL  all  the  year  round.  In  the  same  localities  as  the  preceding. — St. 
Croix;  St- Thomas. 

259.  Tamarindtui  indica,  L.  (v.  Tamarind-tree). 

Fl.  March-June.     ^Naturalized  everywhere,   especially  near  dwell- 
^gs.— iVll  islands. 

^^O.  Hymenaea  Courbaril,  L,  (v.  Locust-tree). 

^  Jan.  and  July- Aug.  Bracts  large,  early  deciduous.  The  wood  is 
***  excellent  timber  on  account  of  its  lx»ing  very  hard  and  close-grained. 
"*^^  Ibrests,  here  and  there. — 2VII  islands. 

^^  Banhinla  tomentosa,  L. 
5*L  May-June.    Leaves  partly  deciduous  in  March.    Katuralized  in 
^^^^tlens  and  near  dwellings. — St,  Croix ;  St  Thomas. 


48  FLORA   OF  ST.   CBOIX   AKD  THE  TIBGIH  ISL&KIie. 

263.  8.  ongula,  Jacq 

St.  Thomas  {Gris.  Fl.  214). 

263.  Adenantbera  piTonloa,  L.  (v.  Coqiivlicot). 

Fl.  July-Otf.     Naturalized  near  dwellings  and  in  shady  valley! 
All  islands. 

264.  Heptunia  pubescens,  IVntli. 

Fl.  Aug.   Legume  containing  as  many  as  0  seeds.   Itnre. — Buck  lalc 
near  St.  Thomas, 

265.  DeemanthiiB  Tlrgatus,  W.    u)  and  S)  stilctiu,  Bert. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.     Both  forms  common  ia  pastures  and  al 
roads. — All  islands. 

266.  D.  depreaaiia,  Kth. 
St.  Thomas  (Schl.). 

267.  Mimosa  pudica,  L.   a)  (v.  Gritchpc). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Jn  pastures  and  along  roads. — St.  Croii  (' 
rai%,  Mt.  Stewart);  Virgin  Islands  (common). 


St.  Thoraa«{Gri8.  Fi.  21!>). 
269.  M.  Ceratonta,  L.  (v.  Bliiok  Amiin't,  Aionri'tHttckt^l). 

Fl.  June-Dec.   On  high  hill.'*.— St.  Crois  (West,  p.  312 ;  his  epecin 
are  found  in  lib.  Haru.) ;  Virgin  Islands  (common). 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CROIX  AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  49 

^4.  A.  macraoantha,  HB.     p)  glabrena  (y.  Stink  Cash^). 
FL  Dec.- April.    A  shrub  or  low  tree.    Wood  exhaling  a  very  dis- 
Le  odour.   Common  in  thickets  on  dry  hills. — All  islands. 

275.  A.  tortnoaa,  W.  (v.  CashiS). 

PI.  all  the  year  round.   Flowers  fragrant.   Bracteoles  rhomboid,  ciliate. 
Often  gregarious.    Common  on  dry  hills. — ^All  islands. 

276.  A.  Famasiana,  W.  (v.  Cashii). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Flowers  fragrant ;  bracteoles  spathulate,  ciliate. 
Foliage  of  this  and  the  two  former  species  eaten  by  goats,  and  their  wood 
generally  u«ed  for  making  charcoal.  Common  in  dry  localities. — ^All 
lalands. 

277.  A.  arabioa,  W. 

♦ 

Fl.  Nov.-Jan.     Naturalized  near  dwellings. — St.  Croix;  St  Thomas. 

27a  A.  Lebbek,  W.  (v.  Thibet-tree). 

Fl.  April-Sept.  Leaves  deciduous  Nov.-March.  Flowers  fragrant, 
foliage  eaten  by  cattle.  The  tree  is  often  overgrown  by  Loranthus  emar- 
i^natus.  ^Naturalized  in  pastures  and  elsewhere. — St.  Croix  (very  com- 
*>icn);  Virgin  Islands  (common,  except  St.  Jan,  where  the  tree  seems  not 
^o  thrive). 

(A.  frandosaj  W.,  var.  eglandulosaj  St.  Thomas,  is  mentioned  by 
^cshlechtendal  as  sx>ontaneous,  but,  being  an  East  Indian  species,  is  most 
l^^^)bably  only  cultivated  or  at  most  naturalized.  I  have  not  seen  the 
^l^ecies  in  the  island.) 

^  79.  CaUiandra  portoricensU,  Bentli. 

FL  Feb.   Climbing  by  the  aid  of  young  branches  that  twine  themselves 
^^^und  the  branches  of  other  trees.     In  forests,  rare. — St.  Jan  (King's 
ill);  Vieques. 

).  C.  purpurea,  Bentli.  (v.  Soldier-wood,  West). 

St.  Croix  (Gris.  Fl.  p.  224,  probably  on  the  authority  of  AVest.  This 
5^uthor,  however,  says,  p.  312,  that  the  tree  is  only  cultivated  in  the  isl- 
s^^id.  His  specimens  are  in  existence  in  lib.  Havn.  I  have  not  seen  the 
on  the  island). 

H  C.  Saman,  Gris.  (v.  Giant  Thibet-tree). 

n.  May-Aug.   A  very  large  tree  of  quick  growth.     ^Naturalized  near 
^l^w-ellings  and  planted  along  roads.—St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 


Pithecolobium  nnguia-cati,  Bentli.     a)  and  /3)  forfez,  Kth.  (v.  Crab-prickle). 

R.  8ept.-fTan.  Gynophore  V"  long.  Seeds  black,  shining;  ariUus 
'^^  Wood  used  for  fishpots.  Both  forms  common  on  limestone  and 
^  "J^arshy  soiL— All  islands. 

BulL  Nat  Mus.  No.  13 4 


60  FLORA.  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AND  THB  TIBQIH  ZSLAHIM. 

283.  Inga  laniliia,  W.  (v.  LEkdy-flnger-tiee). 

Fl.  July-^pt.  and  Jaa.~March.  Petiole  bearing  a  mamv  wli 
each  side.  Corolla  greenish.  (Jacqnin's  drawing  does  not  ahoi 
wing  on  the  petiole.  In  the  lettertiress,  however,  of  his  Stiip.  At 
expresses  a  doubt  whether  the  petiole  is  winged  or  not.)  Wood 
for  fences,  etc.     Common  in  forests. — All  islands. 

[Cnltivated species:  PMuntsatifum,  L.  (v.GreenPea);  Dolichotq 
«permu«,  DC.  (v.  Black -eye  Pea);  D.  sesquipedalUfli.;  PoincianaOi 
Hook.;  and  a  Caeparea.] 

CHBrSOBALANACEJB. 

284.  Chrysobalantu  Zcacr,  L,  (v.  Cocoa^plnm,  Cncos). 

Fl.  Dec.-Feb.  and  Jiily-Aug.  Fruit  black  orwbite;  osedforpree 
On  sandy  shores  or  in  forests  on  high  hills.  Common. — All  islam 
ROSACEA. 

ptlany  varieties  of  Rosa  galltca,  L.,  and  R.  centi/olia,  L.,  are  cnlb 

in  gardens  on  all  the  islands,  and  are  flowering  abimdantly  all  tb 

round.     In  the  time  of  West  {c,  1790),  roees  were  rare,  audflowen 

seldom,  so  that  we  here  seem  to  have  an  instance  of  gradotd  aod 

sation.] 

BITBTACejB. 

283.  OalyptTuitlieB  Ttiomaatana,  Berg  (Linuno,  xxvii,  S6). 
St.  Thomas  (Yentenat  and  Bavn  in  Hb.  Havn.). 

286.  C.  CtiTtraculla,  Sir.     0)  ovalls,  Berg,  and  t)  Zjwy^xaa,  Berg  (L  c.p.9 


FLORA  OF  ST.  CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  51 

293.  B.  Polmtii,  DC. 

St  Thoma«  (Oris.  Fl.  236). 

293.  &  monttooUy  DC. 

H  July-Sept.  Leaves  variable,  distichous.  Flowers  strongly  fra- 
grant. When  not  flowering,  the  shrub  emits  a  foetid  smell.  Eather 
ecmmon  in  forests. — ^All  islands. 

394.  B.  aadUazli,  Poir. 

R  Aug.-Oct.     Leaves   variable.     Petiole   reddish.     In  thickets; 
TMe^-St  Croix  (Lebanon  Hill,  Fair  Plain). 

295.  E.  lateriflora,  W.  {E,  cordaia,  DC.  Prodr.  iii,  272,  aud  probably  E,  goanlifloray  ib. 
273). 

FL  Sept-Nov.  Leaves  very  variable,  ovate,  cuneate,  or  oblong. 
Flowops  sessile  or  subsessile,  crowded  in  the  axils.  Beny  globose, 
porple,  2'"  diam.    Common  in  thickets  and  forests. — All  islands. 

296.  B.  Maailiflora,  Vahl  (Symb.  Bot.  iii,  64). 

FL  July-Oct.  Fruit  large,  rosy,  f -1''  diam.  Flowers  sessile,  large, 
tkite,  6^"  diam.  In  thickets,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas 
(CoweU's  Hill). 

(Both  DC.  and  Gris.  seem  to  confound  these  two  very  distinct  species, 
the  flowers  and  fruits  of  which  are  highly  different  in  most  resi)e<5ts. 
DC.  Prodr.  iii,  273,  says  of  his  U.  sessiliflora :  Fructus  dimidio  minor 
Quam  E.  ItUeriflorce,  yet  immediately  above  he  says  of  this  latter  species: 
^ctu8  et  sem.  iguoti.  Vahl's  description  is  very  correct,  also,  of  the 
fruit,  of  which  he  says:  Pruni  magnitudine,  globosus.) 

^97.  XL  flavovirens,  Berg  (1.  c). 

St,  Jan  (Ravn  in  Hb.  Havn.). 

^9a  B.  glabrata.  DC.  (Prodr.  iii,  274). 

St.  Croix  (Berg). 

B 
'.  R  paUena,  DC.  (E.  nitida,  Vahl  in  Hb.  Havn.)  (v.  Cromberry). 

Fl.  Sept.-Nov.    Leaves  shining.    In  forests,  uncommon. — All  islands. 

.  B.  acetOBana,  Poir.  (DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  283). 

8t  Jan  (in  forests.  Berg  in  Linnsea,  xxx,  662) ;  St.  Croix  (Mount  Eagle, 
icbanl). 

^L  R  vireialtoaa,  DC. 

FL  April-July.    Leaves  variable.    Common  along  the  seashore  and 
forests. — ^All  islands. 


52  FLORA  OP  ST.  CBDIX  AND  THE  TIRGIN  ISUHDB. 

302.  B,proo«ra.Foir.(v.BlAckCheri7,Bock-iii7TUe)(iryrl««c«nH(aa,TaklliiWMl,    i 

p.  iM). 

Fl.  Feb.  and  Aug.-Nov.  Flowers  fragrant j  fruit  edible;  a  fiivcwritt  1 
food  for  wild  pigeons.     In  Ibrests,  common. — All  islandtu 

303.  E.  pMndopBldlam,  Jac^.  (£.  Thomatiana,  Berg}  (v.  Bastard  Guata,  CluHtMi 

Cherry). 
Fl.  April-Dec.   Flowers  fragrant;  fruit  ovaL    Asbmborlowtne.  !■ 
forests,  not  uncommon. — All  ifilands. 

304.  E.  ItgUBtrina.  W. 

Fk  April  and  Sept.    In  tliicketa  and  woods,  common. — All  ftlaBd& 

305.  B.  poitorloeiulB,  DC.  (Prod.  Hi,  366)  IStauxMlfx,  Berg^  - 
St.  Croix  (ox  Hb.  Vahlii  in  Hb.  Berol.). 

30fi.  B.  nnUIara,  L.  (v.  !4urinani  Cherry). 

FI.  MiU'ch-Aiig.  Fi-oit  edible,  acidulous.  A  middle-sized  tree.  Kit^ 
uralizcd  and  planted  iu  gardens— St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

J 

307.  B.  fioribunda,  West  (v.  Gilnva-btury). 

Fl.  June-Aug.  Berry  black,  globose,  sLiiiiug,  i'"  diam.,  aromaliejj 
used  for  preserves  or  put  iu  rum.  Iti  forests,  not  uncommon. — .Ul  bt-j 
ands. 

(J?,  margiuata  and  E.  micrantha.  West,  p.  200,  ore  not  meotinned 
Valil's  Syuib.  Bot.  pars  iii,  as  stated,  and  are  probably  included  in 
of  the  species  enuniei-iited  above.) 

308.  Anamomia  punctata.  Cri-i. 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CROIX   AND  THE   VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  53 

X3.  Pniiioa  gnuuituniy  L.  (v.  Pomegranate). 

"FL  April-Oct.    Flowers  crimson  or  yellow    Fruit  the  same.    Nator- 
Bktised  in  valleys  and  near  dwellings. — ^All  islands. 

314.  Moozlria  dominswiala,  Walp.  {Petalama  Mouririf  Sw.). 

St.  Croix  (Baadonios  Out,  West,  p.  285,  and  specimens  in  Hb.  Havn.). 
[Cultivated  si>ecies :  Myrtus  communiSj  L.  (v.  Myrtle),  and  Couroupita 
fmmenris,  AnbL  (v.  Nutmeg).] 

MEIiASTOMACEJE:. 

315.  CUdemia  hirta,  Don. 

St.  Thomas  (Biedl^  sec.  Kaudin,  Ann.  des  sc.  nat.  1853,  xviii,  p.  532). 

316.  C.  tpioata,  DC.      • 

FL  June-July.    In  forests,  not  uncommon. — ^All  islands. 

317.  C.  rabra.  Mart. 

St.  Thomas  (Gris.  Fl.  p.  248 ;  Finlay  sec.  Kaudin,  1.  c.). 

3ia  Diplooliita  sermlata,  DC. 

FLFeb.-May.    Not  uncommon  in  wooded  vallRys. — St.  Croix;   St, 
Tbomas. 

319.  Ttoazygia  elasagnoldea,  DC. 

FL  April- Aug.    Common  in  forests  and  on  high  hills. — ^All  islands. 

320.  Miconia  argyrophyUa,  DC. 

St  Thomas  (Fiulay  sec.  Naudin,  Gris.  Fl.  p.  2ii6). 

321  M.  impetiolaris,  Don. 

leaves  as  long  as  1^'. — St.  Croix  (West  in  Hb.  Havn.) ;  St.  Thomas 
(Griii.  FL  p.  256;  Bonpland  §ec.  Naudin.  Montserrat  (Ryan  in  Hb. 
flavn.). 

^2.  M.  praaina,  DC. 

St  Thomas  (Riedl6  sec.  Naudin). 

^^3.  IC  laevigata,  DC. 

FL  March-July.    In  forests,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

^^4.  hL  angnatifolia,  Gris. 

Fl.  March.  A  good-sized  shrub,  often  gregarious  on  limestone. — St 
^loix  (Benzou  in  Hb.  Havn.);  Virgin  Islands  (not  uncommon.  Mont- 
^^rrat  (Ryan  in  Hb.  Havn.). 

[Several  of  the  species  mentioned  by  Naudin  as  having  been  coUected 
^St  Thomas  I  omit  as  being  a  rather  doubtful  habitat.  These  are: 
^^kudya  berbiceatuiy  Gris.  {Micania^  Naud.);  Cremanium  amygdalinumy 
^^^"rig.  (Omoxi,  DC),  and  Nepsera  aquatica^  Naud.] 


54  FLORA  OP  ST.   UBOIX  AMD  THE  TIBQIN  I8LAHDB. 

LrTHRABIEJB. 

323.     Amm.nla  UtUoUS,  L, 

Fl.  Dec-Jane.  Here  and  there  in  moist  localitiea. — Bt.  Croix  (L 
Cove,  Auna'8  Hope) ;  St  Tbomas  (Flag  HiU). 

326.  ABtbeirUnm  Rolull,  Tahl  (Symb.Bot.iiJ,  6S)(T.Piiokl«-irood). 

Fl.  Oct.-March.  Precocious.  Petiole  bibracteato  above  the  mi 
Id  marBhy  soil  oear  the  coast. — St.  Croix  (rare;  Fair  Plain,  i 
Ground) ;  Virgin  Islands  (common). 

[Cultivated  species:  Lawsonia  iiiermU,  L.  (v.  Mignonette),  and  J 
stromia  indica,  L.  (v.  Queen  of  Flowers)^] 

OFTAGBACEX.  • 

327.  TawUua  ■nXniticoaa,  L.    a)  UEoatrtfolla,  Kth. 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Here  and  there  in  moist  places.^ — St 
(Crequis,  Golden  Bock);  St  Thomas  (Caret  Bay). 

BHIZOFHOBACE.S. 

336.  RblBOpboia  Maugl*,  L.  (v.  Mangrove,  MaagolbootD). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Gregarious  uloug  the  shore  of  lagoons, 
islands.  (See  Botanisks  Kotiser,  1877,  Limd,  and  Yidensk.  Hed 
fTatorhist.  Foreuing  in  Copenhagen,  1877-78.) 

COIOBBETACEf . 

329.  TermtiuJlK  Oatappa,  L.  (v.  Almood-tree). 
nil  and  .'^'■iit.     Viituralizi'i)  ir 


flora  of  8t.  croix  and  the  virgin  islands.         55 

cvcitbbitaceje:. 

(Griaeb.  Flora,  and  Nandin:  Annales  des  sc.  nat.  1859,  '62,  '63,  and  '66.) 
3S3.  Momordioa  Charantia,  L.    a)  and  /3)  psendobalsamina  (y.  Maid-apple). 

^FL  Dec  and  April-Aag.    Common  on  fences  and  near  ditches. — ^All 
isisi^nds. 

334.  Lnlla  oyllndiica,  Roem.  (Syn.  Mon.  ii,  63)  (X.  Petola,  Sor.  Wight  Icon,  ii,  t.  49&> 
(v.  Strainer-vine). 

KL  Oct.-Dec    Tendril  5-fid.    Fruit  brown,  4"  long.    Naturalized  on 
fences. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

335.  Cuourbita  Pepo,  L.    u)  (v.  Pumpkin)  and  /?)  Melopepo  (v.  Squaali). 

Fl.  May  .-Nov.  and  Feb.     Fruit  used  extensively  as  a  vegetable. 
liTatoralized  and  cultivated. — All  islands. 


Lagenarla  imlgarlat  Ser.   a)  (v.  Gobio)  and  0)  viscosa.  Egg.  (v.  Bitter  Gobie). 

FL  Sept.-Jan.  The  whole  plant  has  a  strong  smell.  Tendril  2-fid. 
^)  leaves  viscous,  petiole  biglandular  near  the  top.  Used  as  a  blister. 
IJot  uncommon  in  waste  places,  a)  on  fences.  Fruit  used  for  goblets. — 
St.  Croix  J  St.  Thomaa. 

337.  Melothria  pervaga,  Gris. 

FL  Dec- April.    In  thickets,  not  uncommon. — ^AU  islands. 

338.  Cactixnia  Anguria,  L.  (v.  Cucumber). 

Fl.  Jaii.-March.  Anthers  glabrous  in  the  bud,  pilose  after  dehiscence, 
collecting  the  i>ollen.  Berry  used  for  soup  and  pickles.  Common  in 
pastures  and  on  fences. — All  islands. 

339.  Cephalandra  indlca,  Naud.  (1.  c.  1866,  p.  14)  {Cooclnia,  W.  &  A.). 

Fl.  Dec-June.  Naturalized  near  dwellings  and  in  shady  valleys. — 
8t  Croix. 

^.  Trianoaperma  graoUiflonun,  Gris.  (T.  Belangcriiy  Naud.). 

PL  Xov.-Jan.  Leaf  3-5-lobed.  Tendril  often  bifid.  In  forests,  not 
'incommon. — All  islands. 

^L  T.  ficifoUom,  Mart.  (Syst.  nat.  med.  veg.  Bras.  79)  {Bryonia^  Lam. ). 

Pi.  March.    In  forests,  not  uncommon. — St.  Thomas  (Soldier  Bay) ; 
St  Jan  (West,  p.  301). 

^^^.  Angaria  trilobata,  L. 

St  Croix  (Ham's  Bluff,  West,  p.  305). 


A.  glomerata.  Egg.  (n.  sp.). 

^.  Feb.-March  and  May- Aug.    Eoot  tuberous.     Stem  suffruticose, 
^^i'k  greyish.     Leaves  alternate,  ovate-triangulate  or  3-lobed,  some- 


56  FLORA  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AlfD  THE  TIBGIN  ISI.Un>8. 

times  3-partite,  narrowly  cordate  at  the  base,  dentioolate^  aomniu 
scabrous  above,  whitish  pubescent  beoeath.  Tendril  simple.  !  floi 
glomerate,  sessile  or  subsessile,  S-20  in  the  glomenile.  Calyx  urceol 
cylindrical,  small.  Petals  5,  orange-colonred  or  red,  lanceolate,  erect 
long.  Style  bifid;  stigmas  thick,  globose,  obsoletely  2-lobed.  Orat 
locular;  ovules  3-8  in  each  celL  Berries  densely  glomerate,  sessil 
subsessile,  oval,  glabrous,  striate,  red,  8'"  long.  Seeds  3-8,  niceo 
globose,  vermcose,  brownish,  2'"  long.  J  unknown.  A  high  din 
Stem  often  y  diam.  at  the  base,  succulent.  In  forests,  not  na 
mon. — St  Croix  (Jacob's  Peak,  Claremont,) ;  St  Thomaa  (Picarn  P< 
Bula). 

All  Cucurbitaceae  are  protogjuous. 

[Cultivated  Bi>ecies:  Sechium  edule,  Sw.  {v.  Choco);  Cueumis  tativt 
(v.  Mutton-encumber) ;  C.  Melo,  L.  {v.  Muskmelon),  and  CUmlUu 
fforiSf  Schrader  (v.  Watermelon).] 

PAPATACEX. 

344.  Cailoa  Papaya,  L.  C<r.  Papan). 

Fl.  March-Aug.  Stem  often  branched.  Fruit  used  as  a  veget 
Common  near  dweUings  and  in  waste  places.    All  islands. 

PASSIF1.0RACEiE. 

345.  Paaaiflom  ■nbaroaa,  L.  (v.  Pup,  ludigo-betty). 

FL  Sept-Dec.    Common  on  rocks  and  fences. — All  iwlftndtt. 


FLOBA  OF  ST.   CHOIX  AND  THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  57 

3SS.    P.  foMiim,  L.  (v.  Love  in  the  mUt). 

B*l-  8ept.-Jan.  Protandrous.  Ou  fences  and  near  ditches,  common. — 
St  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

[Cultivated  species :  P.  quadrangularisy  L.  (v.  Grenadilla),  the  berry  of 
which  is  edible.] 

TrRIfERACE^. 

353.  Turiiara  nlmlfoUa,  L. 

FL  March-Oct.    In  waste  places,  common. — ^All  islands. 

354.  T.  parriflora,  Benth. 

FL  Sept-Dec  and  Jan.-May.  •  Leaves  always  eglandular ;  calyx  not 
lomentose.  Gregarious  on  rocky  seashores,  rare. — St.  Thomas  (Cowell's 
Hill);  Buck  Island,  near  St.  Thomas. 

CACTACE^. 

W,  ICamlUarla  nivosa,  Link  (Pfeiffer  £num.  Cact.   1837,  p.  11)  (if.  toriolmnBf 
Hort.  Berol.). 

FLall  the  year  round.  Flower  pale  yellow;  berry  clavate,  purple. 
Seeds  brownish.  On  rocks  near  the  seashore. — ^Buck  Island  and  Flat 
Cays,  near  St.  Thomas ;  Tortola  (Pf.). 

356.  Melooactus  oommnnia,  DC.  (v.  Pope's  Head). 

H  all  the  y^r  round.  Berry  clavate,  i^urple,  ^"  long.  Seeds  black, 
verrucose.  Up  to  four  feet  high.  On  dry  hills  and  rocks,  especially 
Dear  the  shore. — All  islands. 

^57.  M.  atroaangnineua,  Hoi-t.  Berol.  • 

St.  Thomas  (Pf.  1.  c.  p.  44). 

•58.  Cerena  floccoaus.  Hort.  Berol.  (v.  Dildo). 

Pi.  Oct.-July.  Berry  depressed  globose,  dark  cnmson,  1^'^  diam. 
l*ulp  red;  seeds  small,  black.  On  dry  hills  in  thickets,  common. — All 
'^^laads. 

359.  c.  azmatua,  Otto. 
St.  Thomas  (Pf.  1.  c.  p.  81). 

^.  C.  triangularia,  Haw.  (v.  Cliigger-applo). 

^  July.    Berry  large,  crimson,  edible,  5''  long,  oval.    On  trees  and 
'^ks  in  forests,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 


C  graodifloroa,  Haw.  (v.  Nightblooming  Cereus). 

^fX  iiay-July.    Naturalized  in  gardens  and  near  dwellings. — St.  Croix ; 
^^  Thomas, 


68  FLOBA  OF  ST.   CROIX   AKD   THE   TIBOIN  ISIiAHIM. 

363.  Opnotia  onrawaTlOs,  Mill.  (t.  Bncliem). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Berry  pcrple,  |"  long,  davate.  Qngn 
in  dry  localities,  which  are  ol^ten  i-endered  imjieDetrable  by  its  pne 
Very  commoD. — ^All  ialandii. 

363.  O.  Tuna,  Mill.  (v.  Prickly  Pear). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Berry  ovate,  crimson,  edible.  Seeds  t 
black.  Used  for  fencing  pnipoBea.  In  dry  lociditiea,  very  como) 
All  islands. 

364.  O.  honlda,  Salm.  (v.  Bull-auckeis). 

Fl.all  the  year  round.  Flower  reddish-yellow.  In  dry  localities 
mou. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

369.  O.  ■plnoMlsBlma,  HilL 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Spines  white,  5-8  in  each  cluster,  deci 
on  the  stem.    Flower  J"  diameter.     Plant  reaching  20'— 25' high, 
thickets,  common. — All  islands. 

366.  O.  taberonlBta,  Haw.  (v.  Fmicb  Prickly  Pear). 

Fl.  the  whole  year.  Flower  small,  yellow.  Branches  used  foi 
tices.  Plant  lO'-W  high.  Naturalized  and  planted  near  dwelli 
St  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

367.  O.  ccocicelUfeiB,  Mill. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round:  Plant  I6'-20'  high.  On  limestooe,  n 
mon. — St.  Cmix :  St.  Thomas. 


FLOB^  OF  8T    CBOIX  AND  THE  YIBGIN  ISLANDS.  59 

ABAI.IACEJB. 

372.  Panaac  speoicMum,  Willd.  (Spec.  Plant.  It,  p.  1126). 

ISot  seen  flowering.  Leaflets  8,  of  unequal  size,  the  central  ones  lar- 
gest. Margin  slightly  undulate  and  denticulate.  Upper  surfacQ  covered 
▼ith  distant  and  deciduous  muricate  hairs  j  tomentura  on  the  lower  sur- 
fiM^  deciduous.  A  low  tree.  In  forests,  very  rare.  St.  Jan  (King's 
I,  KKKK,  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  hills).    (Cuba,  I*orto  Rico,  Ca- 

URIBEIililFER^. 

373.  Brynsium  fotidam,  L. 

FL  Sept.-Ma3\    Biennial.    Along  rivulets  and  in  moist  places,  rare. 
—St  Thomas  (Caret  Bay). 

374.  Anethum  graveolens,  L.  (v.  Dill). 

FL  March-Oct.    Naturalized  along  roads  and  near  dwellings. — All 
islaiids. 

[Caltivated  species:  Petroselinum  sativum^  Hoffm.  (v.  Parsley);  Baueus 
CarotOj  L.  (v.  Carrot) ;  Pimpinella  Ani4tumj  L.  (v.  Anise) ;  Fcmiculum  vnh 
9^  Gsertn.  (v.  Fennel);  Anthriscus  ccrefolium^  L.  (v.  Chervil),  and 
-^piiwi  graveolemty  L.  (v.  Celery).] 

liORAIVTHACi:^ 

375.  Loranthua  emarginatnr,  Sw.  (v.  Haas-fram-booni). 

PI.  all  the  year  round.  Inflorescences  uniserial.  On  trees,  especially 
Acacia  Lebhek  and  PUtonia  subcordatu.    Commou. — All  islands. 

376.  Phoradendron  flavena,  Gris. 

Pi.  April-June.  Seed  compressed,  green,  with  white  bauds.  On  Pi- 
^ia  9ub€ordatUy  rare. — St.  Croix  (Stony  Groimd). 

CAPRIFOIilACEJE:. 

(Cultivated  occur:  Sambuctis  nigra j  L.  (FL  April-July),  and  Lonicera 
^^prifoUumj  L.  (v.  Iloney-suckle).] 

RUBIACE^. 

^7.  Oenlpa  amerioana,  L. 
n.  July.    In  forests  on  high  hills,  rare. — St.  Thomas  (Crown) ;  St.  Jan 

cHogiers). 


L  Cateabasa  parviflora,  Sw. 

^L  Sept.-Dec.    Fruit  black,  shining.    In  dry  thickets,  uncommon. — 
^^  Croix  (Fair  Phiin). 


60  FLOHA   OP  8T    CEOIX    AND  THE   VTBQIN   ISLANDS. 

379.  Kandla  aculeata,  L,     a)  nod  d)  initlB. 

Fl.  April-.Jiily,     a)  in  tli-y  tbickets,  ^)  in  shady  valleys.    Common.— 
All  islands. 

380.  Hamelfa  patensi  Jai'q. 

Fl.  iiU  tbo  ye;ir  roimd,    C'-15'  high.     lu  shady  valleySj  not  ihitoiii- 
luuu. — Alt  iiiliuicls. 

381.  H.  latea,  Robr. 

Fl.  Jill  th^-yearronnd.     In  forests, nncommon. — St.  Croix;  SuThomin. 

3B2.  Qonz^ea  spioata,  DC. 

Fl.  May -Oct.    hi  pastures  od  h  igh  hills,  above  lOOC,  not  tmcommon.— 
Virgin  Isliinds. 

383.  Exoatemma  oailbteam,  K.  S.(v.  Black  Torch). 

Fl.  Juue-Di'o.    Goramon  in  thickets. — All  islands. 

384.  Portlandia  giandiSora,  L. 

FL  June- Dec— St.  Thomas  (DC.  Prodr.  iv,  p.  405;  Oris.  Fl.  p.  3_'4);  a. 
Croix  (cultivated). 

385.  Roudelatia  pUoaa,  Sw. 

Fl  all  the  yoar  round.    In  thickets.— St.  Croix  (rare,  near  CaneB*.T)i 
Virgin  Islands  ((Miuimoo). 

386.  Oldenlandla  coiymboHi.  L. 

I'l.  Feb.~M;ircli.     Seeds  brown,  minutely  vemicose.    In  waste  plJM% 
t  lU'iise  vi>i\l 


FUMLi  OF  ST.   CBOIX   AND   THE   VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  61 

^  CMaob  glabra,  DC. 

liTot  seen  flowering.  In  forests^  rare. — St  Croix  (Fair  Plain) ;  St. 
binnas  (Soldier  Bay). 

^  Sooloaapthtta  ▼eraioolor,  Valil. 

FL  Oct-Dec.  Pedicels  often  transfoimed  into  spines,  as  mentioned 
y  lie.  (Prodr.  iv,  484).  Leaves  2"'-3'^'  long.— St.  Croix  (West  and  Ryan 
aHb.  Havn.);  St.  13iomas  (rather  common  in  thickets);  Water  Island. 

IM.  Brlthalia  frntlooaa,  L.    a)  and  ^)  odorlfera,  Jacq. 

FL  Oct.-March.    Along  the  coast,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

895.  Ghloooooa  racemoaa,  Jacq. 

FL  March-Dec    In  forests,  common. — All  islands. 

896.  Izora  ferrea,  Benth. 

FL  Feb.-May  and  Nov.-Dec.  Among  rocks  on  high  hiUs  over  120(K, 
not  uncommon. — St.  Thomas  (Crown). 

197.  CoOea  arabioa,  L.  (y.  Coffee-tree). 

PL  May-July.  Berry  ripe  Nov.-Dec.  Naturalized  in  shady  localities. 
Poraierly  cultivated  on  most  estates  on  a  small  scale,  principally  in  St. 
Ian.— AU  islands. 

198.  Ftoamaa  odoratiaaima,  DC.  (v.  Wild  Coffee). 

FL  June.  In  thickets  on  high  hills. — St.  Croix  (West  and  Benzon  in 
Hb.  Havn.);  Virgin  Islands  (not  uncommon). 

899.  Psjchotxia  glabrata,  Sw. 

PI.  June-Sept.    Here  and  there  in  shady  valleys. — ^All  islands. 

M.  P.  tennifolla,  Sw. 
PI.  May.    In  thickets  on  high  hills,  rare. — St.  Thomas  (Crown,  150(y). 

iOl.  p.  Brownei,  Sprg. 

PL  June-Sept.    In  woods,  common. — ^All  islands. 

402.  p.  horizontaUs,  Sw. 

PL  May-Dec.    Along  roads  and  in  thickets,  common. — All  islands. 

103.  Paliocmrea  Pavetta.  DC.    o)  and  0)  var.  rosea,  Egg. 

FL  Feb.  and  Aug.  P)  corolla-lobes  rosy,  anthers  bluish,  and  stem 
irownish.  In  forests,  not  imcommon. — fi)  all  islands,  a)  St.  Thomas 
fignal  Hill). 

Di.  Mdrinda citriibUa,  L.  (v.  Painkiller). 

iMKAiig.    Leaves  used  against  headache.    Naturalized  in  gar- 
«<Z}  St  Thomas. 


62  FLORA  OF  BT.   CSOIX  AHD  THK  TIBODI  I8I.inM. 

405.  Oeophlla  renUbimlB,  Chun.  &  Solil. 

Fl.  Dec.-.TaD.  and  Aug.  On  the  gioiuid  in  dense  woodB|  nnr-i 
Thomas  (Signal  Hill,  St.  Feter) ;  Tieques  (Hb.  Havn.). 

40e.  Bmodea  Utonlla,  Sw. 
Fl.  Bee-May.    Along  sandy  coasts,  not  onconunon. — ^AU  islaod*. 

407.  Dtodla  riElcU,Cham.  &  Schl.  (LUhum,  iii,  34t). 
St.  Thomas  (Schl.). 

408.  D.  MmiMitMa,  Sw. 
St.  Thomas  (Schl.). 

409.  8p«imacoo«  tenoior,  Lam.  (v.  Iron-grass),     a)  and  ^)  an^iutlfolU.  I^ 

Fl.  all  the  yeai'  round.  P)  leaves  linear-lanceolate.  In  pastures 
dlong  roada.    Both  formB  common. — All  islands. 

410.  Boirerla  vertlclllata.  Me;. 

Fl.  May-Oct  Suffruticose.  In  pastures  on  hills. — St,  Creix  ( 
HavQ.) ;  St.  Thomas  (not  uncommon  on  Crown). 

411.  B.  atriota,  Mej.  [Primit.  PI.  Euequib.  p.  83). 

Fl.  I>ec.-March,  In  pastures,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix  (Pm 
Gronnd). 

{B.  vaginata,  Ch.  &  Schl.  (St.  Thomas,  Schl.),  is  a  doubtfiil  tf» 
(DC.  Prod,  iv,  551).) 


412.  B.  parvlfloTa,  Mey. 


FLOBA   OF  8T.  CBOIX  AND  THE  VISGIN  ISLANDS.  63 

4^X7.  Btephantppos  mollis,  Kth. 

FL  March-May.    Head  4-flowered.    In  pastnres^  here  and  there. — 
All  islands. 

4ljS.  Dittreptiui  spioatus,  Cass. 

FL  Jan.-March.    In  pastures  and  along  roads^  common. — All  islands. 

419.  AgeratQin  conysoidas,  L. 

Fl.  Dec.-Jane.   Acheninm  usually  4-gouoas.  Along  roads  and  ditches, 
commoD. — ^AU  islands. 

ttO.  Hebeolinium  maorophyUum,  DC. 

H.  June-Sept.  Achenium  black,  3-gonous.  In  forests. — St.  Croix 
(nro;  Caledonia,  Wills  Bay) ;  St.  Thomas  (not  uncommon). 

421  Bapatorium  odoratum,  L.  (v.  Christmas-bash). 

FL  Nov  .-March.   Along  roads  and  in  thickets,  common. — All  islands. 

M2.  B.  repandiun,  W. 
FL  Dec-July.   On  hills,  not  common. — ^All  islands. 

♦23.  B.  atrlpUoifoUom,  Vahl  (Sjinb.  Bot.  iii,  96). 

FL  Dec.-May.  Leaves  coriaceous,  glabrous ;  glandular  impressions 
wunerous  on  the  upper  surface.  Flower  odorous.  On  sandy  shores, 
wmmon. — All  islands. 

^24.  B.  canescens,  Vahl. 

FL  Oct.-Nov.  In  thickets,  uncommon.  St.  Croix  (Spring-gut) ;  St. 
Thomas  (DC.  Prod,  v,  155). 

^25.  B.  Ayapana,  Vent. 

St  Cn>ix  (naturalized  sec.  Vahl,  who  received  it  from  Pflug;  probably 
<>%  cultivated). 

*26.  B.  cuneifoUum,  Willd. 

St  Thomas  (DC.  Prod,  v,  177). 

^27.  BCikania  gonoolada,  DC. 

PL  Dec.-March.     In  forests. — St.  Croix  (rare ;    Caledonia) ;  Virgin 
*«IandR  (not  uncommon). 

*28,  Erlgeron  coneifolius,  DC.  (Prod,  v,  288). 

Fl.  Dec.-tTuly. — Rhizome  perennial,  for  which  reason  this  species  must 

*^  considered  sufficiently  distinct  from  the  annual  E.  JamaicenMs^  Sw. 

-^he  two  species  are  united  into  one  by  Prof.  Grisebacli  in  his  Fl.  p.  365. 

"^^  l)a.stures  on  high  hills,  not  uncommon  above  120(y. — ^Virgin  Islands. 

.  B.  spatholattis,  Vahl. 

^.  April-July.    Along  roads  and  ditches,  rather  common. — All  islands. 


64  ITLOUA  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AHD  nU  VIBOOr  ISLISM. 

430.  S.  canadftiula,  L. 

FLJune-lTov.  Bay-flowers  often  ligalate.  Along  roads,  ommoB 
All  islands. 

431.  Baoohula  VablU,  DC.  (Prod,  v,  411)  (S.  dioiai,  Tahl). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  As  inacli  as  SCK  bigh.  On  rocky  seaeha 
gregarious,  not  uncommon.  (The  specific  name  of  DC.  is  to  be 
ferred  to  tliat  of  Vahl,  notwithstanding  tlie  priority  of  the  l&ttet 
the  reasons  stated  in  the  Prodromus.) — St  Croix  (northwestern  coa 

432.  Fluoliea  odorata,  Cass.  (v.  Sneet  Scent,  Ovra  bla). 

Fl.  Feb.-April.  Leaves  used  as  tea  against  colds  and  as  din 
medicine.    In  moist  localities,  not  uncommon. — All  ialanda. 

433.  P.  pntpnrasoaiis,  DC. 

FL  aU  the  year  round.  Along  rivulets,  not  uncommon. — St  C 
(GaUows  Bay,  KlngsMU  Gut). 

434.  Ftarocaulon  virgatam,  DC. 

Fl.  ail  the  year  round.    On  dry  hills,  cooimon. — All  islands. 

435.  BlalBinpoaiDindlvailcatain.DC.(Prod.  V,  520)(if.jMU(fonM,  Ktb.). 
Fl.  Oct.-Feb.    Along  ditches,  gregarious,  rare. — St  Croix  (Jolly  I 

436.  Ogieia  ntderalla,  Grici. 

Virgin  Islands  (Oris.  Fl.  p.  369). 

437.  Aoanthoaponnum  hamlle,  DC. 

Fl.  all  tlio  yi'Jir  i-ound.     Leaves  not  glandular  beneath.    A  cMni 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CROIX   AND   THE  YIROIK   ISLANDS.  65 

i,  Bonlobia  arboresoens,  DC. 
FI.  all  the  year  round.    On  sandy  shores^  gregarious. — St  Croix  (com- 
moD);  St  Thomas  (Smith's  Bay). 

445.  Wedelia  oaniosa,  Rich. 

FL  June-Jan.    Along  ditches,  gregarious. — St.  Croix  (western  part 
of  the  island,  not  uncommon). 

M€w  W.  baphthalmoldes,  Gris.  (v.  Wild  Tobacco),    a),  0)  antigneiuda,  Nichols, 
and  y)  dominicenala. 

R  all  the  year  round.    Leaves  delicately  fitigrant.    a)  rare;  fi)  and  r) 
eonunon  along  roads  and  in  thickets. — All  islands. 

447.  W.  affiniii^  DC.  (Prod,  v,  541)  (  W.  calycina,  Rich.). 

•    8t  Thomas  ( Wydler). 

Ma  W.  aoapnlensis,  HB.  K. 
8t  Thomas  (SchL  in  Linnaea,  1831,  727). 

(Grisebach,  FL  372,  thinks  these  two  species  to  be  included  probiibly 
in  W.frutescens^  Jacq.) 

M9.  W.  omoiana,  Rich. 
8t  Croix  (DC.  Prodr.  v,  542). 

^^  W.  dlK^oidaa,  Less.  (Linniea,  1831,  728). 

St.  Thomas  (Less.  1.  c). 

iSl.  Melanthera  deltoidea,  Rich. 

8t  Thomas  (Less.). 

^^2.  Sderooaipna  afrlcanus,  Jacq.  (Icon.Kar.  i,  1. 176). 

Fl.  Nov.-Doc.    Along  roads  and  in  thickets,  mre.    (Naturalized t) — 
St  Thomas  (Parade  ground). 

^^  Bidena  leuoanthna,  W. 

PL  Sept-Dec.    Under  tree«,  on  high  hills. — St.  Croix  (West,  p.  303) ; 
Virgin  Islands  (common). 

^M.  B.  blpinnatQa,  Ij. 

Fl.  Sept-March.    Achenium  often  5-aiistate.    In  pastures  and  along 
Pitches,  common. — All  islands. 

^55.  Coamoa  oaudatua,  Kth. 

^1.  Dec.-March.    Along  roads  and  in  fields,  not  uncommon. — All 
^hnds. 

^^  Verbeaina  alata,  L. 
^*1.  Feb.- Aug.    Naturalized  in  gardens. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 
BulL  Nat  Mus.  No.  13 5 


66  FLORA,  or  ST.   CBOIX  AKD  TDK  VISGDr  ISUBDS. 

«S7,  Synedralla  tlodifloia,  G.  (t,  Fatten  barrow). 

FL  all  tlie  year  roond.    A  common  weed  everywhere. — ^All  idi 

458.  Peotls  punctata,  Jacq. 

FL   Oct-March.    In    pastures    and    along  ditches,   conuno 
islands. 

459.  p.  llnUblls,  Leu. 

St  Thomas  (Less.  Oris.  FL  p.  378). 

460.  p.  homlfasa,  Sw. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Oregarioos  on  rocks  and  between  sto 
ttncommon. — All  islanda 

461.  BKletoBaomlnKeiMlB,CaBB.    a)gUbnta,DC.;  ^) cardnlfoUa, DC.; )) 
Fl.  all  the  year  round.    On  the  sandy  seashore,  a)  and  ;-)  rati 

moil,    p)  found  by  Oersted  (Vld.  Medd.  1852,  p.  106).— St  Thwi 

463.  Breohtliltea  bleraolfoUa,  Raf.    a)  and  7)  oaoaloldaa,  Lesa. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    In  moist  locaUties,  not  oncommoD. — E 
{r);  St  Thomas  (a). 

463.  Emlllft  Mmotalfidla,  DC. 

Fl.  Jan.-Oct     la    shady    localities.     STatnraUzed,  oommc 
islands. 

464.  B.  Mgittata,  DC.  (Prodr.  vi,  302)  (Caralla  omvinen,  Sims.). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.   Naturalized  in  gardens. — St  Croix ;  St  1 
{Ccuialiacoccinea,  Sims.,  is,  according  to  DC.  Prodr.  Ti,332,»q 


FLORA   OP  ST.    CROIX   AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  67 

and  as  no  8i)ecimcns  are  to  be  found  in  Hb.  Havn.^  I  have  not  been  able 

to  identify  the  species.) 

[Cultivated  species:  Helianthus  annutiSj  L.  (v.  Sunflower);  Pyrethrum 
indicumy  Cass.;  Aster  chinermsyh.]  Tagetea patula^  L.;  Tithonia  spedosa^ 
Uook.;  Oeorgina  variabilis^  Willd.,  and  Lactuca  sativa^  L.  (v.  Salad).] 

rOBELIACEJE:. 

9 

468.  IfloComa  lougiflora,  Prsl. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  The  whole  plant  is  poisonous.  In  shady  locali- 
ties and  in  pastures  on  high  hills.  St.  Croix  (rare,  Mount  Pleasant, 
Wills  Bay) ;  Virgin  Islands  (rather  common  on  the  hills). 

OOODE  NOTIACJE  JS. 

469.  Sofwola  Plnmlerl,  L. 
FL  Jan.- April.     On  sandy  shores. — St.  Croix  (not  uncommon)  ]  St. 

Thomas  (Smith's  Bay). 

470.  Ardiala  ooriacea,  Sw. 

PI.  June-Aug.  Leaves  minutely  spotted  beneath.  In  forests  and  on 
high  bills,  not  imcommon. — All  islands. 

471.  Jaoquinia  armiUarlB,  L.     u)  and  p)  arborea,  V.  (v.  Bay  Sallie). 

Fl.  Sept.-Feb.    On  the  rocky  shore,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

sapotackje:. 

^72.  ChrysophyUum  Cainito,  L.  (v.  Star-applo). 

PL  May-July.  Fruit  edible.  In  forests,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Springfield) ; 
St  Thomas  (Signal  Hill). 

^73.  C.  pauciflonim,  Lam. 

PI.  June.     In  forests,  uncommon. — St.  Thomas  (Flag  Hill). 

474.  C.  oUviforme.  Sw.    (i)  monopyrenum. 
Fl.  July.    In  forests,  not  very  common. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

♦75.  C.  microphyUom,  Jacq.  (v.  Pabn6r). 

Fl.  Sept.-Jan.    In  wooded  valleys,  rare. — St  Croix  (Bugby  Hole) ;  St. 
Tliomas  (Santa  Maria  Gut). 

^76.  C.  glabmm,  Jacq. 

Fl.  Sept.-Dec.  and  March-July.  In  woods  and  thickets,  common. — 
All  islands. 

^77.  Sapota  Achraa,  Mill.  (v.  MeHpel). 

Fl.  Sept.-Oct.  and  March.  Fruit  sweet,  edible.  In  forests  and  culti- 
'^ated,  common. — All  islands. 


G8  FLOBA  OF  ST.   CSOIX  AND  THE   VIBOIH  ISLAKDS. 

478.  a  Blderoxylcn.  Gris.  (v.  Bully  wood). 

Kot  seen  in  flower.  A  tall  tree,  affording  a  splendid  paiple,  ve 
hard  timber.    In  forests,  rare. — St.  Jan  (Baas  Out). 

479.  Slderozylon  MssUcIiodendron,  Jacq.  (t.  Haatic). 

Fl.  Aug.-Scpt.  An  excellent  timber  tree.  In  forests,  raie. — St.  Ck 
(Lebanon  Hill) ;  St.  Thomns  (Korthside  Bay) ;  St  Jan  (Baas  G 
(Montserrat,  Eyan  in  Hb.  Hara.). 

480.  DIpludU  aallclfoUa,  DC. 

FL  Feb.-March.  In  thickets  and  forests. — St.  Croix  (not  nncomi 
in  the  western  part  of  the  island) ;  St.  Jan  (Klein  Cancel  Bay). 

481.  Bomalla  conoata,  6w.  (v.  Break-bill). 

FL  Feb.-April.  Brauches  often  transformed  into  long  spines.  1 
good  timber  tree.  Along  the  coast  principally  in  marshy  soil,  not 
common. — All  islands. 

482.  Lnoutna  mnltifiora,  DC.  (Achrai  nacrophglJa,  V&lil  iu  Hb.  Havn.). 

FL  June-July  and  Dec.-Jan.  Leaves  as  much  as  1  J'  long. — St.  C 
(Hb.  Havn.  from  Wills  Bay) ;  St.  Thomas  (here  and  there  in  foie 
Signal  Hill,  ISOO'). 

STTBACEJB. 

483.  Symploooa  taaittnlceuBlA,  Jacq. 

FL  March-Aug.  In  forests  on  high  hills.  Flowers  fragrant- 
Thomas  (Signal  Hill  above  1200',  not  uncommon). 


FLOBA  OF  ST.   CROIX  AND   THE   YIBOm  ISLANDS.  69 

APOCTNACE^. 

^  Tliefvetia  nexiifoUa,  Jnss.  (v.  Milk-bash). 

^  all  the  year  round.    Wood  employed  for  building  boats.    In  thick- 
^  on  dry  hills,  common. — ^All  islands. 

M.  Ran^rotfia  nltida,  L.  (y.  Milk-tree). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    In  forests  and  thickets,  common. — All  islands. 

190.  R.  TtwmarckH,  A.  DC.  (y.  Bitter-busli). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    On  dry  hills,  common. — All  islands. 

91  Narium  Oleander,  L.  (y.  Neiiom). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Naturalized  in  gardens  and  near  dwellings, 
ommon. — ^All  islands. 

^  TabemaDmontana  (citrifolla,  Jacq.  f ). 

Fl.  June-Aug.    In  thickets,  here  and  there^ — St.  Thomas  (French- 

tfi's  Bay). 

^  Visoa  roaea,  L.  (y.  Church-flower). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Near  houses  -and  on  waste  places,  very  com- 
Mm. — ^AIl  islands. 

M.  Plomieria  mbra,  L.  (y.  Red  Franchipani). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Naturalized  near  dwellings. — ^All  islands. 

95.  P.  obtnaifolla,  L.  (y.  White  Franchipani). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Naturalized  in  gardens. — All  islands. 

96.  P.  alba,  L.  (y.  Snake-root,  Klang  hont). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    On  rocks  near  the  shore  and  in  dry  thickets, 
OQunon. — All  islands. 

97.  Echitea  agg^lntinata,  Jacq. 

FL  July-Aug.    In  thickets,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Cane  Bay) ;  St.  Thomas 
PTagHiU). 

9a  B.  ciroiiialia,  Sw. 

FL  Dec    In  forests,  rare.— St.Thomas  (Flag  Hill). 

19.  R  nerlandra,  Gris. 

FL  Oct.-Jan.     Here  and  there  in  thickets,  not  uncommon. — AH 
lands. 

0.  B.  aaberecta,  Jacq. 

]|a3r*Aiig.    In  thickets,  uncommon. — St.  Thomas  (Cowell's  Hill) ; 
(WeBt,  p.  277). 


70 


FLORA   OF    ST.    CEOIX    AND   THE    TIKOIN    ISLAyOB. 


501.  E.  baibata.  Dcsr. 

St  Croix;  St.  Thomas  (DC.  Prodr.  viii,  453). 

[Cultivated  species :   AUamanda  catltartUxif  L.,  and  TaiernamoKtm 

capeiisis,  L.  (v.  Cape  Jessamiae).] 

ASC  LEPIADACEiE. 

502.  Hetas^lma  parviftorum.  R.  I)r. 
St.  Thomas  (Duclum). 

503.  U.  ScUecIitenaalil,  D.ce,  (Jf.  albifiomm,  Gris.). 

Fl.  all  the  year  rouLd.     In  diy  thickets,  very  common. — All  itilaiidL  . 

(The  specific  distinction  of  Grisehach's  species  does  not  seem  tD  ■ 

sufficiently  pennftnent  to  justify  a  separation  into  two.) 

504.  Aacleplas  cnrauaTlcB,  L.  (v.  Wild  I[iecncuana).  ^ 
Fl.  all  the  year  round.     Root  used  as  an  emetic.     Along  roads  and 

ditches,  cooimon. — All  islands.  > 

505.  A.  nivea,  L. 
St.  Tliomas  (Oris.  FL  419). 

506.  SuAdatemuu  BiowaAl,  M^f. 
St.  Thomaa  (West,  p.  278,  as  Asclepiae  i-iminalia,  8w.), 

507.  Calotropia  procera,  R.  Br.  (v.  Silk  Ciittdn). 
Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Natundized  in  dry  loCi^tieB,  commoiL— AI 


WLORk  OF  8T.   CBOIX  AND  THE   VIBOIK  ISLANDS.  71 

1 1.  tabcroM,  L. 

Bl  Feb.-MarclL  In  forests,  rare. — St  Croix  (Bngby  Hole) ;  St. 
MHoag  (SohL). 

3. 1  dteeota,  Pnrsh  (v.  Noyaa  Vine). 

PL  Nor.-May.  Gorolla-tabe  purple  inside.  The  whole  plant  has  a 
{te  of  pmssic  acid,  and  is  used  for  the  preparation  of  a  liqubr  called 
>jan.    On  fences  and  along  roads,  common. — ^AU  islands. 

1 1  pentaphyUa,  Jacq. 

^  Dec-March.  In  thickets  and  along  ditches. — St.  Croix;  St 
)iiia8. 

;.  L  quinqnefolia,  Gris. 

1  Dec.-Jan.  Corolla  expanded  from  8  A.  M.  to  3  P.  M.  In  pastures 
1  low  thickets,  common. — St.  Thomas. 

«.  L  Batatafl»  Lam.  (v.  Sweet  Potato),    a),  P)  leuoorrhisa,  and  y)  porpbyrorhisa. 

1  all  the  ye&r  round.  Propagated  by  cuttings.  A  common  vege- 
le.    Cultivated  and  naturalized  everywhere. — ^AU  islands. 

.  L  fiMtisiata,  Swt.    a). 

1  Oct- Jan.    In  thickets,  not  uncommon. — St  Thomas. 

L  L  Tiolaoaa,  L.  (▼.  Oranni  Vine). 

T.  Dec.-Feb.  Coralla  expanded  towards  evenj/ig.  In  forests  and 
Qg  rivulets,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

K  L  camaa,  Jacq. 

it.  Croix  (Wills  Bay  sec.  West,  p.  272). 

K  L  lencanthw,  Jaoq.  (Icon.Rar.  ii,  t.  318). 

il  March-May.  Capsule  pilose;  roots  tuberous.  On  dry  hills,  not 
9ommon  — St  Jan  (near  Klein  Kanelbay). 

>.  L  triloba,  L.    a)  and  /?)  EoBtachiana,  Juca[. 

1.  Sept-March.  Corolla  expanded  till  10  A.  M.  Both  forms  in  moist 
dities,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

.  L  nmbeUata,  Mey. 

L  Jan^-March.    Along  rivulets  and  ditches,  common* — ^AU  islands. 

» X,  pti  oain'W,  Sw.  (▼.  Bay  Vine). 

ttie  year  round.    Corolla  sometimes  white.    On  sandy  sea- 
islands. 


7*2  FLORA  OF  ST.   CROIX  AMD  THB  TIRQIH 

524.  L  aurifbUa,  R.  S. 
Danish  islands  (Gris.  Fl.  p.  471). 
(As  this  species  is  a  native  of  Senegal,  I  donbt  the 

above  habitat) 

525.  L  qnlnqneparUta,  U.S.  (Coav.  OMl^oIia*,  Weat(iMra  T*hl)Ma  DCPr 

367). 
St  Crdix  (West,  p.  271). 

526.  L  trlqnetra,  R.  S.  {Cobv.  triqwltr,  Tahl,  S;mb.  Bot.  ill,  32). 
St  Croix  (West,  p.  271);  St  Thomas  (Schl.). 

927.  I.  rApanda,  Jacq. 

FI.  Feb.-March.  Leaves  het«romorphoii8,  often  2-4-lobed.  ' 
large,  a  favourite  footi  for  wild  hogs.  In  forests,  uncommon. — Stl 
(Flag  Hill);  St  Jan  (Macmnbi). 

928.  I.  filUbrmla,  Jacq. 

FL  Oct-Apiil.  In  thickets,  often  near  the  shore,  not  uuxHnmo 
Croix;  St  l^omas.  * 

529.  I.  aroiMria,  Stead. 

Fl.  Dec-April.  Stem  woody,  as  much  as  i"  diam.  Boot 
tuberous.  Flowering  partly  precocious.  On  dry  hills,  in  thicbt 
uncommon. — All  islands. 

530.  I.  QnamooUt,  L.  («r.  Sweet  William). 


FLOBA  OF  8T.  CROIX  AND  THE  YIBQIN  ISLANDS.  73 

oqnamoiitia  tmnnlfoHa,  Gris. 

)ec.-Feb.    Seeds  glabrous^  greyish.    lu  thickets,  common. — ^All 


mvolTiiliis  pentanthns,  Jacq.  (Jaoquemontia  violacea,  Cbois.). 

ing^-Dec.    In  thickets,  on  hilLs,  common. — All  islands. 

jamaloeiMla,  Jacq. 

)ec«-Feb.  In  thickets,  on  the  sandy  seashore,  rare. — St.  Croix 
Point);  St  Thomas  (CowelFs);  Water  Island. 

nodifloiniB,  Deer.  (C  MiJloruSy  West)  (v.  Closhi-mulat). 

^t-March.    Common  in  thickets. — All  islands. 

malanaitictiis,  ScliL  (LinnfiDa,  vi,  737). 

homas  (Schl.). 

■agittifer,  HB.  Kth. 

homas  (Schl.). 

'olTuloa  HnifhHna,  L. 

^ec-ApriL    In  moist  localities,  here  and  there. — All  islands. 

macronatna,  Sw. 

kH^-March.    In  marshy  soil,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

munmularlua,  L. 

'ov.-March.    Among  rocks  in  shady  localities,  not  uncommon. — 

nds. 

acuta  americana,  L.  (v.  Love- weed). 

11  the  year  round.     In  dry  thickets,  covering  shrubs  and  trees, 
illing  them.    Very  common. — All  islands. 

it,  p.  271,  mentions  two  species.  Convolvulus  matutinus  and  C.vetie- 
IS  occurring  in  St.  Croix,  and  refers  for  their  description  to  VahFs 
Bot.  pars  3,  as  spec.  nov.  As,  however,  they  are  not  described  in 
Vahl's  publications,  and  no  specimeus  are  in  existence  in  Hb. 
I  am  unable  to  say  whether  they  are  old  specie^}  or  new  ones.) 
ivated  species:  Ipomcca  Leariiy  Aunal.  Fl.  et  Pom.  1840,  p.  381, 
Horsfallicej  Hook.] 

iiydroleaceje:. 

laa  Jamaioenaia,  L. 

jMbnAog.  Among  stones  and  rocks,  a  common  weed. — St.  Croix ; 


74  FLOBA   OF    ST.   CROIX    ASD   THE    VIRGIN    ISLANDS. 

547.  Cordia  QeraHCaDthuB,  Jncq.    ji)  BubcaiieBoeiu{v.  Rose  wood,  Cappar). 

FI,  Oct,  An  excelleut  timber  tree.  In  forests,  not  very  cointnon.— 
"N'irgin  I»liin<l, 

548.  C.  alba,  R.  S.  (v.  \VTute  Manjack).  * 
Fl.  Slarcli-Sopt.     In  thickets  and  along  roads,  not  uncommoa— 9L 

Croix  (eastern  part  of  the  island). 

549.  C.  Sebeatena,  Jac'i-    u)  (Bot.  Hug.  t,  794).     0)  rubra,  Egg.  (v.  Srarlet  C<jrii«, 

FliiytB  boom). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  P)  leaf-iibs  red;  calyx  scarlet  as  tlie  coruOs. 
Both  forms  Mmuion  in  forests  and  planted  near  dwellings, — All  islaoik 
590.  C,  Collococca,  L.  (v.  Mnnjack). 

PI.  March-ApriL    I*reeocions.     lu  forests,  common. — All  islands. 

551.  C.  altida,  Val.l. 

Fl.  Jau.-Feb.  and  Sept.-Oct.  Flowers  slightly  odorons.  lu  fore«U, 
not  uncommon. — AH  islands. 

552.  C.  Invlsate,  Lam.  •■        ^       - 
St.  Thomas  (ScLl.). 

553.  C.  sulcata,  DC. 
Fl.  Juno.      Leaves  up  to  1}'  long.      In  forests,  not  ( 

Islands;  St.  Croix  {West,  p.  275). 


FLORA  OF  8T.  CROIX  AND  THE  YIKGIN  ISLANDS.  75 

^^  TdniXMfiBrtla  gn«pha1oda%  R.  Br.  (v.  Sea-lavender). 

FL  aU  fhe  year  round.    On  sandy  shores,  common. — All  islands. 

'^  T.  hInatlMlma,  L.  (y.  Chichery  grape). 

ti  Sept-ApriL    Along  roads  and  in  thickets^  especially  on  lime- 
tone,  common. — ^All  islands. 

ia.  T.  tetidiMlma,  L. 

St  Croix  (West,  p.  270). 

H.  T.  bicolor,  Sw.    fi)  tevigata,  Lam. 

FL  May.  Berry  globose,  white.  Among  rocks  on  high  hills,  rare. — 
L  Thomas  (Grown,  150(K}. 

(i.  T.  lAotlloUa,  Vent. 

St  Thomas  (DC). 

i5.  T.  volntailifl,  L. 

FL  May-Ang.  Inflorescence  extra-axillary,  often  transformed  into  a 
Uow,  globose,  moricate,  green  monstrosity,  in  which  lives  the  larva  of 
dipterons  insect.    Common  in  thickets. — ^AU  islands. 

i6L  T.  mlorophylla,  Desv. 

FL  May-Sept.    In  the  same  localities  as  the  former,  common. — ^All 

lands. 

^7.  HeUotropium  Indioum,  L. 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Along  roads  and  in  waste  places,  common. — 

Qishmds. 

t^  R.  parviflonun,  L.  (v.  Eye-bright). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    A  common  weed  everj'where. — All  islands. 

>9.  H.  onraaaavloiini,  L. 

FL  the  whole  year.    On  the  sandy  seashore,  common. — All  islands. 

^  R.  frnttooaimi,  L. 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Up  to  6'  high.    On  di  y  hills. — St.  Croix  (com- 
tm  in  the  eaBtem  part);  Virgin  Islands  (not  nncommon). 
[Cultivated  species:  H. pervtmnumj  L.  (v.  Heliotrope.)] 

poLEmoNiACEii:. 

[Cultivated  in  gardens:  Phlox  Ih'tnnmondiiy  Hook.] 

solanaceje:. 

'tamfUffla  amaricana,  Sw.    a)  aud  /I)  pubescenB  (v.  Kain-tree). 

Flowers  odorous  before  rain.     In  thickets  and  woods, 
^  Idands  (cultivated  in  gardens  in  St.  Croix). 


76  >XOSA   OF  ST.   CBOIX  AND  THE  TIBQIH  iaUXOL 

572.  Datura  Motal,  L.  (v.  Fire-woe<l). 

Fl.  all  the  year  roaud.    Flowers  nocturnal.   Along  roads  and  iun 
places,  naturalized  weiywliere. — All  islands. 

573.  D.  faatnon,  L. 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Naturalized  in  gaidena  and  near  dweUingi 
All  islands. 

574.  D.  TatolB,  L. 

Fl.  May-Dee.    Along  roadB,  naturalized,  bnt  rare. — St.  Cioix  (Ho 

575.  D.  attamouitun,  L.  (t.  fHre-Treed). 

FL  Sept.-Feb.    i^aturalized  in  waste  places,  common. — ^AU  ialandi 

576.  IHootlaiia  Tabactun,  L. 

FL  May-Xov.    Used  as  a  medicine,  but  not  for  smoking.    Natanii 
near  dwellings. — All  islands. 

577.  Pbyaalla  pMHTiana,  L. 

FL  May-Nov.    In  fields,  nncommon. — St.  Tbomas  (Bapoon). 

578.  p.  pabeaoena,  L. 

Fl.  March-May.    In  shady  valleys,  uncommon. — St.  Croix  (Creqn 
St  Thomas. 

579.  P.  Unkiana,  Ns. 

FL  Dec.    In  cultivated  fields,  not  uncommon. — St  Thomas. 


FLOBA.  OF  8T.   CROIX  AND  THE*  VIHGIN   ISLANDS.  77 

15.  Ljoopenloiuii  oerasifbnne,  Dan.  (Solan,  p.  113)  (v.  Small  Ttoto). 

FL  May-Sept.  Berry  globose,  small,  yellow.  Not  uncommon  near 
ireDings  (perhaps  only  naturalized).  Used  as  a  vegetable. — St.  Croix  j 
:.  Thomas. 

16.  Xi.  asonlentiun.  Mill.  (v.  Tomato,  Trovo). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Berry  used  as  a  vegetable.  Cultivated  and 
ituralized  everywhere. — ^All  islands. 

17.  Bolannm  nodiflonmi,  Jocq.    a)  and  fi)  oleraceum,  Dun.  (v.  Lumbash). 

FL  May-Dec  Stem  often  prickly.  In  fields  and  in  waste  places,  corn- 
on. — ^AU  islands. 

18.  8.  ▼erbaoolfoliqin,  L.  (y.  Turkey-berry). 

FL  June-Oct.  In  waste  places,  not  uncommon. — Virgin  Islands;  St. 
roix  (West,  p.  274). 

19.  8.  raoemosum,  L.  (v.  Canker-berry). 

FL  an  the  year  round.  Proterandrous.  In  waste  places,  very  com- 
lOQ. — ^An  islands. 

Ml.  8.  Ignanm,  L.  (y.  Conker-berry). 

PL  all  the  year  round.  Habitat  of  the  preceding.  Very  common. — 
Jl  islands. 

iX,  8.  hahaiwmaa,  L.  {8,  persicttfoliumf  Dan.) 

FL  Jan.- Aug.    Along  coasts,  not  uncommon. — ^Virgin  Islands. 

^  8.  lanoeifoUnm,  Jocq. 

Xot  seen  flowering.  Leaves  and  stem  very  prickly.  In  forests,  rare. — 
L  Jan  (King's  Hill,  100(K). 

^  8.  tomnun,  Sw.  (y.  Plate-bosh). 

Fl.  aU  the  year  round.  A  shrub  or  small  tree.  In  forests  and  near 
ireOings,  common. — ^All  islands. 

H.  8.  inoliisam,  Oris.,  yar.  albiflomm,  Egg. 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Corolla  white,  ^''-l''  diam.  Stigma  3-5- 
^anched,  stellate.  Berry  globose,  somewhat  depressed,  hirsute^  orange  • 
^loared,  1"  diam.    The  excrescent  calyx  prickly.    In  drj^  thickets,  not 

locmimon. — ^Virgin  Islands. 

I 

vs.  8.  acnleatiasimani,  Jacq. 

n.  Aprilr-May.    Naturalized  by  mules  from  Montevideo. — St.  Croix 
Sffiksted). 


73  EXOSA  OF  ST.  CBOK  AND  THE  TIBGIN  ISLAHD8. 

597.  a.  potTBUnimi,  TaU  (v.  EakkerlalLka-beiry}. 

FL  all  the  year  Tonod.    In  dry  thickets,  common. — ^yii^;m  Isla 
(111  DC.  Prodr.  ziii,  i,  197,  it  is  stated  that  this  species  has  been 

in  St.  Croix  by  Wydler,  -which,  however,  appears  doabtfdl  to  me. 

1>.  275,  only  gives  St  Jan  as  habitat,  yet  Vahl  in  his  Symb.  Bot  i 

and  after  him  probably  Griseb.  Fl.  p.  443,  refer  to  West  as  the  antl 

for  St.  Croix  as  habitat.) 

598.  Cestram  laurlfolimn,  L'Her. 

FL  Jaii.-April,    Petiole  black  j  berry  dark  pnrple.    In  fowsti 
nncommoQ. — All  islands. 

599.  C.  dlanram,  L. 

Fl.  Feb.-June.    In  forests,  nDcommon. — Virgin  Islands;  St. 
(West,  p.  276). 

600.  C.  noatormim,  L. 

Fl.  March.    In  forests,  rare.^St.  Jan  (Bogiers,  Joshee  Gnt). 

jOultivated  species:  Datura  snaveoleiu,  RBK.;  Petunia  nyetagi* 
Juss.,  and  P.  violacea^  Liudl.;  Solantim  Seaforthianum,  Andr.,  8.  t 
sum,  L.  (v.  Irish  potato),  and  8.  Melongena,  L.  (v.  Egg-plant,  Benu 
SCROPHrLARIACE  £. 

601.  Booparla  dulcla,  L. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.     A  common  weed  along  loads  and  in 
localities. — AH  islands. 


602.  Capraila  blflora,  L. 


FLORA.  OF  8T.  CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  79 

Itivat^  species:  Maurandia  Barclayana,  Lindl.  (v.  Fairy  Ivy), 
lusseliajuncea^  Zucc.  (v.  Madeira  Plant).] 

BIOHrOlflACEJB. 

Tresoantia  Cojete,  L.  (v.  Calabash-tree). 

all  the  year  round.  Leaves  deciduous  in  Dec.  The  fruit  is  used 
)8sel8.    Near  dwellings  and  in  forests,  common. — All  islands. 

;.  cucuxbitina,  L.  (v.  Black  Calabash). 

March-Nov.  Wood  used  for  boat-building.  In  dense  forests  near 
its,  not  uncommon. — ^All  islands. 

*atalpa  lonsisiliqaa,  Cham. 
Thomas  (Oris.  Fl.  446). 

reooma  Berterii,  DC. 

March-July.  Leaves  deciduous  Feb.-April.  In  dry  thickets, 
lon. — ^Virgin  Islands. 

r.  laaoozylon,  Mart.  (v.  White  Cedar). 

March-April,  precocious,  and  later  coetanous  in  Sept.-Oct.    Wood 

for  building  boats.    In  forests  and  on  dry  hills,  common. — All 

Is. 

P.  stans,  J  ass.  (v.  Yellow  Cedar). 

all  the  year  round.    Anthers  pilose  beneath.    In  thickets,  com- 
often  gregarious,  especially  in  St.  Croix. — All  islands. 

Slgnonia  SDqaiDOOtialia,  L. 

April-Sept.  Anthers  pilose  or  glabrous  (hence  VahPs  distinction 
is  account  between  his  B.  spectahilh  (Symb.  Bot.  iii,  p.  80)  and  this 
»s  not  justified).  Here  and  there  in  marshy  forests. — St.  Thomas 
hside  Bay,  Sta.  Maria);  St.  Croix  (Salomon's estate,  West,  p.  294). 

3.  unguis,  L.  (v.  Cat-claw). 

April-May,  precocious,  later  ogaiii  coetanous  in  Nov.    Stem  1^" 
y  showing  the  irregular  structure  peculiar  to  all  climbing  Bignoni- 
Fruit  as  much  as  26''  long.    In  forests,  not  uncommon. — All 
Ls. 

Oistictis  lactillora,  DC.  (Prodr.  ix,  191)  {Bignonia,  Vahl). 

all  the  year  round.  On  fences  and  in  dry  thickets,  here  and 
— St  Croix  (Cotton  Grove,  Southgate  Farm)  (cultivated  in  St. 

IM). 

Mvwtld/vecies:  Tecoma  capcnsisy  Lindl.] 


80  FLOBA  OF   ST.   CBOIX   AND   THE  TISOIN   ISLAHM. 

ACANTHACE^. 

616.  Rnellia  tnberosa,  L.  (r.  Cbriatmas-pride). 

Fl.  all  the  year  ronud ;  moot  abandaotly  towarda  Christmaa.  Akw) 
roads  and  ditches,  commou. — All  islands. 

617.  S.  BtiApeiia,  L. 

St.  Croix  (Isert  sec  DC.  Prodr.  xi,  121). 

618.  atemaaacantbae  ooodneoa,  Oris. 

Fl.  Jan.-April.  Cleistogamons  dowers  in  July ;  also  an  intennediai 
form  between  cleistogamons  and  normal  dowers.  In  sliody  fonst 
rare. — St.  Croix  (Caledonia,  Wills  Bay) ;  St.  Jan  (Bordeaox  Bills);  S 
Thomas  (Wydl.  pec.  DC.  Prodr.  xi,  217). 

619.  Blecturam  Biownel,  Jaee.  (v.  Feoguiii  BalHain). 

Fl.  Dec.- April.  Used  against  cough.  lu  pastures  and  along  diti^ 
common. — All  islands. 

630.  BailerU  InpnUna,  Lindl  (Hot.  Ret;- 1. 1483). 

Fl.  Dec-April.  Naturalized  near  dwellings  and  in  gardens.— f 
Thomas;  St.  Jan. 

621.  Thyraaoanthtu  tiltldtu,  H*. 

St.  Croix  {V.  Bohr  sec.  Synib.  Bot.  li,  5,  and  Isert  see.  DC.  Prodr. ; 
327);  St.  Thomas  (Nees). 

622.  DUnthera  pectoralla,  Mutt.  (v.  Oanleu  Balsam). 

Fl.  Dec-March.    Used  against  coughs.    Katnralizetl  near  dvellii{ 


FLORA  OF  ST.  CROIX  AND  THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  81 

!8l  CkoHondra  SnftmdibnlifomiiB,  N«e8. 

K.  Maich-Jime.    Naturalized  in  gardens. — St  Cro&. 

(9.  Bteoandriiim  ropestre,  Ks.  (DC.  Prodr.  xi,  283)  {RutlUafy  Sw.  Fl.  lud.  Doe. 
p.  1071 ;  Plnm.  Icon.  ed.  Burm.  t.  75^  as  Gerardia).    a)  glabrous,  P)  pilose. 

FL  Dec-May,  cleistogamous.  ^Normal  flowers  June- Aug.  CoroHa 
panded  till  9  A.  M.  Ehizome  perennial ;  roots  fusiform,  tuberous, 
^^arious  on  the  ground  in  forests,  rare. — a)  St.  Thomas  (Flag  Hill, 
I'-OOCK) ;  fi)  St  Jan  (Bass  Gut). 

X  Antbaoanthns  ■pinosus,  Nees. 

n.  all  the  year  round.  Flowers  heterostylous.  On  rocks  and  in  for- 
8,  common,  especially  in  St.  Croix. — All  islands. 

L  A.  jamaioensis,  Oris. 

fL  June-July.  GoroUa-lobes  glandular  inside.  On  limestone,  rare. — 
Croix,  in  stony  ground. 

I.  A.  miorophyUtui,  Ns. 

«1.  May- Aug.    In  forests,  here  and  there. — All  islands. 

I.  JMoliptera  adsurgens,  J  ass. 

?L  Jan.-Feb.,  cleistogamous;    normal,  March- April.     In  thickets 

1  near  ditches. — St  Croix  (common) ;  St  Jan  (less  common). 

k  tennbergia  TolubUla,  Pers. 

n.  all  the  year  round.    Naturalized  along  ditches  and  rivulets. — St. 
Hx  (Caledonia,  Mt.  Stewart);  St  Thomas  (Tutu). 
Cultivated  species:   Oraptophyllum  hortense^  Nees,  Jmticia  bicolovy 
idr.,  Tkunhergia  alata,  Boj.,  Th.fragrans^  Eoxb.,  and  Sesamum  orien- 
?,  L.  (v.  Benye).] 

GESNERIACE^. 

I.  ICaxtynia  diandra,  Glox.  (v.  Cocks). 

?1.  Sept.-Bec     Three  rudimentary  filaments;  VS'  high.     Along 

tds  and  in  waste  places,  not  uncommon. — St  Croix ;  St  Thomas. 

LABIATiE. 

L  Oolnram  BaaUicum,  L. 

?L  May-xVug.    Naturalized  in  gardens. — All  islands. 

r.  O.  micraiithiim,  W.  (v.  Passia  Balsam). 

?L  Aug.-Nov.  Corolla  expanded  during  the  morning.  Used  against 
ighs.    Along  ditches  and  in  pastures,  gregarious. — All  islands. 

L  CSolena  amboinicna,  L.  (v.  East  India  Thyme). 

« 

Apnt-May.     Naturalized   in   dry  localities,  gregarioas.  —  AU 
Una.  Ko.  13 6  ~ 


82  FLOBA  OP  ST.  CBOIX  AHD   THE  TIBaiX  XSUXDB. 

639.  Hyptia  capltata,  Jocq.  (v.  WUd  Hope). 

Fl. Nor.-Marc]i.    Along rivolets, common. — St. Croix;  St-llia 

640.  H.  snavooleiM,  Poit. 

,  Fl.  Oct.-Feb.    3'-4'  high.    In  dry  locaUties,  commbii St  Cra 

Thomas. 

641.  H.  pcotlnata,  Poit.  (t.  French  Te»). 

Fl.  Kov.-April.    As  mach  as  8'  high.    In  dry  localitieB,  not  t 
mon. — All  islands. 
643.  H.  vertlcUlata,  Jacq. 

St.  Thomas  (Oris.  Fl.  p.  489). 

643.  Salvia  ocoldantaUs,  Sn. 

Fl.  Dec-March.    Rhizome  thick.    Along  roads,  common — ^ADi 

644.  S.  teneUa,  8w. 

St.  Thomas  (Oris.  FL  p.  490 ;  Schl.). 
649.  EL  BorotiiM,  L. 

Fl.  Sept.-April.    Ijeayes  very  bitter.    Corolla  white.    In  diy 
ties,  greg^ons,  common. — ^All  islands. 
646.  B.  cocclnea,  L.    <t)  luid  P)  cillata,  Benth. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Along  ditches  and  roads,  commoi 
islands. 


647.  Leonoma  BlblilcuB,  L. 


rLORL  OF  8T.   CROIX  AND  THE  YIKOIN  ISLANDS.  83 

TEBBENACEJB. 

Piim  aoliiBata,  Joss. 

I.  an  tho  year  round.  Corolla  expanded  till  10  A.  M.  A  common 
1  along  roads  and  in  gardens. — ^All  islands. 

Bonchaa  Bhranbergii,  Cham. 

L  Dec-May.    Gregarious  along  roads  and  in  dry  localities,  com- 

4 — St  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

Stachytarpha  jamaioenais,  Y.  (v.  Vervain). 

.  all  the  year  round.  Flower  expanded  till  noon.  Pollen  3-4- 
iched,  stellate.  Leaves  used  against  fever.  Very  common  along 
8  and  ditches. — ^AU  islands. 

8.  stilgoaa,  Vahl. 

.  Thomas  (Ehrenb.  sec.  DC.  Prodr.  xi,  564 ;  Gris.  Fl.  p.  494). 

Xitppia  Dodlfloxa,  Rich. 

.  an  the  year  round.  Gregarioud  in  moist  localities,  not  uncom- 
. — St.  Croix  (La  Reine,  Fair  Plain). 

Lantana  Camara,  L.  (v.  Sage). 

.  aU  the  year  round.  Berry  considered  to  be  poisonous.  On  dry 
f  very  common. — ^All  islands. 

L.  polyaoantha,  Schaner  (DC.  Prodr.  xi,  597)  (L.  sodbridaf  Ait.). 

.  all  the  year  round.  In  dry  localities,  here  and  there. — St  Croix 
Greorge) ;  St.  Thomas  (Solberg). 

L.  iziTolncrata,  L. 

.  aU  the  year  round.  Corolla  and  berry  violet.  In  thickets,  com- 
^  especially  on  limestone. — ^AU  islands. 

It.  reticulata.  Pers. 

.  all  the  year  round.  On  limestone,  rare. — St.  Croix,  in  stony  ground 
g's  Hill). 

dtharezylum  quadrangftlare,  Jacq.  (v.  Fiddlewood,  Snaanna). 

.  July-Sept.    In  forests,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

C  oinerenni,  L.  (▼.  Snsanna). 

►  July-Dec    Leaves  of  both  these  species  becoming  red  in  Feb.,  and 
ping  off  at  the  same  time  that  the  new  ones  make  their  appear- 
On  young  radical  shoots  the  leaves  are  linear  and  deeply  serrate, 
s  q;aite  useless,  even  for  firewood.    In  dry  thickets  and  for- 
«  gregarious. — ^AU  islands. 


84  FLOBA  OF  ST.   CROIX  AND  THE  TIBQIN  ISLABDB. 

662.  C.  TlIlOBiun,  Jacq.  (Icon.  Tor.  t.  IIH). 

Qt.  Tliomas  (Schlecht.,  Bertero,  Duchass.  eec.  Grin.  Syst  UuLj. 

663.  Danata  Flumierl,  Jacq. 

Ft.  May-Dec.    Along  roads  and  in  thickets,  commoii. — All  idaitd 

664.  CaUlcaipa  reUcnlata,  Sw. 
St.  Croix  (West,  p.  269). 

665.  JEelpblla  mBrtlnloeaal*,  Jacq. 

FI.  Angr.-Jan.  Floorers  often  heterostylons.  In  forests,  comim 
St.  Croix. 

666.  Clerodendron  acaleatnm,  L.  (v.  Cbnc-cbnc). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Common  on  dry  hills  and  iu  marshy  I 
All  Islands. 

667.  C.  fragnuiB,  W. 

Fl.  all  the  year  roond.  Long  ereeping  rhizome.  Gregarious  oi 
hills  in  shady  places,  naturalized.^St.  Thomas  (Dorothea,  Lilienc 

668.  PeUtia  dominseiul*,  Jacq.    a). 

FI.  May-Sept.  Leaves  often  temute.  Drupe  commonly  4-lo< 
A  tree  np  to  50*  high.  In  forests,  not  nneommon. — St.  Croix  (C 
nio,  Punch,  Wills  Bay), 

669.  Vlteac  dlvarioata,  Sw. 

Fl.  May-July.     Filaments  glandular-pilose.    A  low  tree,  ha 

I.  Cvn\K  lC:i\i-<\ou\:i.  -Wills  V.^y]-.  St.  TllOUlito  :Cl 


FLOBIl  of  ST.   CBOIX   AND   THE   YIBGIN  I8LAI*D8.  85 

PliAIVTAGIIVACEJB. 

1ant«y>  major,  L.    fi)  tropica  (v.  Kngliah  Plantain). 

JaiL-March.    Proterog^'nous.    Leaves  used  against  inflammation 
eyes. 

P  JLimiB  AGIN  A€  E  JB. 

^lomlMigo  floandens,  Thnnb.  (v.  Blister-leaf). 

all  the  year  round.    Leaves  used  as  blisters.    In  thickets  and 

s,  common. — ^All  islands. 

Itivated  species :  P.  cdpensiSj  Tliunb.] 

PH¥TeL.A€CACi:JE.  * 

ImlaiiA  Dmritima,  L. 

June-Dec.  Stamens  mostly  10.  Filaments  pilose.  On  sandy 
ij  not  uncommon. — ^All  islands. 

Cicrotea  debUia,  Sw. 

July-Sept.  In  sha<ly  places,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Spring  Garden, 
Bay). 

Uvioa  larvia,  L.  (v.  Snake-bush,  Stark  mahart).    a)  and  p)  pubeacena. 

all  the  year  round.  A  common  weed  everywhere,  both  forms. — 
lands. 

L  octandra,  L. 

Feb.-Aug.  Pedicel  and  calyx  becoming  reddish-brown  as  well 
e  fruit.  Stamens  in  two  whorls,  mostly  12.  In  thickets  and 
s,  common. — All  islands. 

'ettveria  alliacea,  L.  (v.  Gully-root). 

all  the  year  round.    A  very  common  weed  everywhere. — ^All 

Is. 

CHENePODIACEiE. 

nienopodinin  ambroaioidea.  L. 

March.  In  waste  places  and  on  walls,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix 
riksted) ;  St.  Jan  (Cruz  Bay). 

Hl  mnrale,  L. 

Jan.-May.    On   walls,   uncommon,  naturalized. — St.  Croix;  St. 

as. 

ciiatata,  Moq.  (DC.  I*ro<lr.  xiii,  ii,  p.  110). 

«di-Aag.    On  sandy  shores,  uncommon. — St.  Thomas  (Water 
8bOioix(Schl.). 


86  FLOBl  OF  ST.    CBOIX   AND  THE  TIBOIN  I8LAHD8. 

683.  BotualnKsnltU  baseUoldes,  Ktb.  (Bot.  Hag.  t.  3690). 

FL  All  the  year  round.     I^aturalized  in  gardens  and  onltivateri 
Croix;  St-Thoman. 

684.  BKtU  DuulUma,  L. 

FL  all  the  year  round.     Gregarious  along  the  coaat  of  lagoons, 
mon. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 
[OoltiTated  species :  Beta  vulgarie,  L.  (v.  Bed  Beet).] 

AIIIABAIVTACE^. 

6B5.  Celovia  argentea,  L.  (C,  manjaritacta,  L.), 

Fl.  all  the  year  lt>and.    Naturalized  around  dwellings. — St.  Tbt 
St.  Croix  (West,  p.  277). 

686.  C.  nittaa,  VaM. 

FL  all  the  year  round.    In  forests  and  thickets,  not  uncmnmon 
Croix;  St. Thomas. 

687.  CbamlsBoa  altUoima,  Eth. 

Fl.  Dec-March.     In  forests,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix  (Lei 
HiU) ;  St  Thomas  (Signal  HUl). 

688.  Aob7TaDtb«s  a^mre,  L.    a)  ugentoa,  Lam.    .4)  abtaaUoUa,  Lam. 
FL  Dec.-March.    In  thickets  and  on  waste  places,  commoa 

islands. 

689.  Oompbrena  Eloboaa,  L.  (v.  Bocholor'it  Bntton). 

FI.  all  rln'  yoar  round,     Xatunilizod  in  jjiirdeDS  and  ncArdwellii 


FLOBA  OF  8T.  CROIX  AND  THE  YIBGIN  ISLANDa  87 

C99.  Amblogsrne  polygonoides,  Baf. 

"FL  aU  the  year  round:  $  flowers  very  few.    In  sandy  places  near 
theooast^  common. — St  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

€96.  Boleropiui  amarantoldeB,  SchracL 

PL  all  the  year  round.    Leaves  often  discoloured  with  white  cross- 
stripes.   In  sandy  localities,  common. — ^AU  islands. 

€97.  Enzolns  caudatoB,  Moq. 

FL  all  the  year  round.    In  waste  places,  common. — ^All  islands. 

696.  B.  oleraceuB,  Moq.  (v.  Lumbo). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Fear  dwellings,  common. — All  islands. 

€99.  Amarantus  spinosuB,  L. 

FL  Jan^April.    Kear  rivulets  and  ditches,  uncommon. — St.  Croix; 
St  Thomas. 

TOO.  A.  triatia,  L. 

St  Thomas  (Wydler  sec.  DC.  Prodr.  xiii,  ii,  260). 

70L  A.  paiiiciilatii%  L.  (v.  Bowor). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    A  troublesome  weed  on  account  of  its  long 
tap-root    Common  everywhere. — All  islands. 

NTCTAGINACE^. 

W.  Mirabma  Jalapa,  L.  (v.  Four-o^clock). 

H.  all  the  year  round.  Flower  expanded  from  4  P.  M.,  purple,  yellow, 
^f  piuk.    Around  dwellings,  common. — All  islands. 

'^>  Boerhaavia  erecta,  L. 

fl.  Dec-Feb.    Along  ditches  and  in  pastures,  uncommon. — St.  Croix 
Oit  Stewart). 

'Oi.  B.  paxiioulata,  Rich.  (v.  Batta-batta). 

n.  all  the  year  round.    Calyx  often  ti*ansformed  into  a  hollow  mon- 
^^sity  by  the  larva  of  a  wasp.    A  very  common  w^eed. — All  islands. 

0$.  Pisonia  aouleata,  L. 
Jl.  Feb.- April.    In  forests,  common. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

'^,  P.  aabcordata,  Sw.  (v.  Manipoo,  Loblolly). 

tl.  April-June.    Leaves  partly  deciduous.    Wood  useless  for  timber 
^Ud  fuel.    Along  coasts,  common,  growing  to  a  large  tree. — All  islands. 

^7.  P.  InenxilB,  Jacq. 

FL  April-May.    Leaves  on  the  young  branches  whorled.    In  forest-s, 

^^^^Uimon. — All  islands. 

[Gultivated  species:  Bougainvillea  spectabiliSj  Willd.] 


88  FLORA   OF  ST.   CSOIX  AND  THB  TIBOIH 

POK.TaONACES. 

708.  Coocoloba  nvlfera,  Jaeq.  (v.  Son-griipe}. 

Fl.  Julj-Dfc.  Wood  baxil,  dark  piui)h'.  used  for  sbip  building,  0 
the  saudjr  seashore,  conunou.  Sometimes  iu  tbe  iuterior  a«  bighnpa 
1200'.— AU  islBDds. 

709.  C.  leogEwenBls,  Jnnq. 

Fl.  May—July.  Flowers  in  fascicles  of  3-4,  of  which,  however,  <m 
only  bears  fruit.  Ilrupe  oval,  violet,  i'"  long.  On  sandy  shores,  ram- 
St.  Croix  (Sandy  Point). 

710.  C.  rn§o*8.  Deaf.  (DC.  Proilr.  xiv,  IM;  Uot.  Mag.  t.  4536). 
St,  Tliomiis  (DC.  Prodr.  1.  cX 

711.  C.  laurlfolia,  Jeucii.  (Hort.  SfbcBUlir.  iii,  p.  9,  t.  26T). 
Fl.  Marcli-July.     Leaves  decidnons  Apiil  to  Slay.     Fruit  puipIU^ 

]>ointed  at  both  ends.    In  thickets,  here  and  there. — St.  Cruix  {Snaif 
Point,  Hard  Labour). 

712.  C.  dJvorslfolla,  Jatq. 
Fl.  May-July.    6'-8'  high.    Along  the  coast,  uncommon.— ^t.CtoI 

(La  Yallt^c,  Claremont). 

713.  C.  obtoaifoUa,  Jacig. 
St.  Croix  (West,  p.  281). 

714.  C.  punctata,  Jarq.    »)  Jacquioli,  ji)  barbadenaU,  Jacq,,  6)  parrlfolla  {r.Sd  I 

wnorl,  RiD'hoiitl,  J-)  mlcroBtichya,  W. 


FLORA   OF   ST    CBOIX   AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  89 

1.7.  PlKBbe  antiUana,  Meisso.  (DC.  Prodr.  xv,  i,  p.  31).    y)  cubensls. 

St.  Croix  (West  in  Hb.  Petrop.  sec.  DC.  1.  c). 

{Ph.  mantanay  Gris.,  said  by  Meissn.  (DC.  Prodr.  1.  e.  p.  236)  to  bo 

synonymous  with  Xauni«  longifolia,  Vahl,  mentioned  by  West,  p.  2  '2,  as 

a  new  species  firom  St.  Croix,  ought  perhaps  to  be  added  to  this  list ;  but 

as  tiie  specimens  seen  by  me  in  Hb.  Havn.  as  Lavrus  longifolia^  Yahl, 

do  not  agree  with  Grisebach's,  I  prefer  to  omit  the  species  here,  as  being 

donbtfol.) 

VIB.  Penaa  gratiaalma,  Oaertn.  (v.  Alligator  Pear). 

FL  March^May.    Stamens,  9  perfect,  3  less  perfect  and  sterile,  G  rudi- 
mentar}'.    The  fiiiit  is  a  favourite  vegetable.    In  gardens. — ^AU  islands. 

719.  BulUaiidia  pendola,  Ns.  {H,  Thcmaaj  Nees). 

St  Thomas  (sec  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  p.  65,  Hb.  KunthI). 

M.  AcrodioUdium  aalioifolitlm,  Gris. 

FL  May-Aug.    In  forests,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix  (Wills' Bay, 
Spring.gat). 

721.  Kectandra  ooilaoea,  GriB. 

FL  May-Aug.    In  forests,  rare. — St.  Thomas  (Soldier  Bay) ;  St  Jan 
(Hb.Havn.). 

722.  If.  membranacea,  Gris. 

PI.  Jime.    In  dense,  forests,  uncommon. — St.  Croix  (Wills  Bay)  5  St. 
Thomas  (Signal  Hill). 

^23.  H.  anUUana,  Meiasn.  (DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  15:^)  (X.  leucanthoy  Gris.). 

Pi.  May-June.    In  forests,  not  uncommon.    Fragrant. — ^All  islands. 

'^^-  Oraodaphne  leuoozylon,  Nees. 

Pi.  July.    In  dense  forests  on  high  hills,  uncommon. — St.  Thomas 
(Signal  Hill)  (Montserrat,  Ryan  in  Hb.  Havn.). 

'^S.  Caaayta  amerioana,  L. 

Pi.  March-April.  Inflorescence  often  branched.  On  Mauchineel  and 
"^cacia  trees  along  the  seashore,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix  (Cotton 
^'t>ve);  St.  Thomas  (Water  Bay);  Vieques  (Ub.  Havn.). 

^6.  Daphoopaia  caribaDa,  Gris. 

Jl.  July  and  Dec-March.    In  forests,  not  uncommon. — St.  Thomas 
^I^g  Hill,  Signal  Hill). 


90  FLOBA   OF  ST.   CBOIZ  ASD  THE  TIROIH  ISLAHIM 

EUFHOBBIACEJE. 

727.  Bnxiu  Vnhlll,  Baill.  (DC.  Prodr.  xvi, i,  p.  16}  (Tricera  lav^la,  8w., Tar.An 

Ontdi,  £ggeT8  in  FL  St.  Crncis,  p.  111). 
Fl.  Jane-Oct.    On  limestone,  rare. — SL  Croix  (Stony  Oroimd). 

728.  Savla  MuUlfloia,  W.  (Spec.  Float,  iv,  p.  771). 

Fl.  June-Dec.    In  thickete  on  dry  hillfi,  not  uncommoo. — ^All  iabu 

729.  PIiyllaiittaiiB  acomlnattu^  Vahl  (Ryuib.  Bot.  ii,  95). 

St.  Thomas  (Herb.  DC.  sec.  DC.  Prodr.  xv,  ii,  381).    V^l,  bowen 
gives  only  Cayenae  (Bohr)  aa  habitat. 
73a  Pfc.  WlTttri,  L.  (v.  Creole  Chinine). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Yery  common  in  gardens  and  along  roHb.- 
All  islands. 

731.  Ph.  dlsUohna,  UUU.  (DC.  Ptodr.  1.  c.  413)  {Oeoa,  L.)  (v.  Gooaoben?). 

Fl.  June-Sept.    Fruit  used  for  preserves.    Naturalized  near  dwd 
iugs. — ^All  islands. 

732.  Pb.  nobUU,  MUU.  (L  c.  415}.     ij)  ABtUlana  {Cieoa,  Jiub.)  (v.  GaDgoi»JMl}. 
FL  July,  and  aftervards  precocious  in  Dec-Jan.    In  foiestB,  i»tB 

common. — All  islands. 

733.  PlLlUoataa,8w.  (v.  Boxwood). 

Fl.  all  (he  year  round.    In  marshy  soil,  not  unoommoa^— Yieqnea. 


734.  SecnilDega  BCldothBiniiiu,  Mill!.  (1.  c. 451)  (Flfiy^ai, Oris.). 


FLORA.  OF  ST.   CROIX  AND  THE  VIBQIN  ISLANDS.  91 

Y3a.  C  betolimuK  Vahl  (Symb.  Bot.  ii,  p.  98). 

¥L  all  the  year  round.    A  low  shrab,  brownish.    Common  in  thick- 
(^&— All  islands. 

789.  C.  flavenfli  L.  (y.  Maribi). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Gregarious  on  dry  hills,  also  as  secondary 
growth ;  very  common,  and  a  troublesome  shrubby  weed. — ^All  islands. 

HO.  C.  discolor,  WiUd.  (Spec.  Plant,  iv,  352)  (C.  balaamifer,  L.). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Along  roads  in  dry  localities,  common. — St. 
Groix  (eastern  part  of  the  island) ;  St.  Thomas  (Hb.  Thunb.  sec.  DC.  # 
Ppodr.Lc.  p.  615). 

HL  C.  oTal'foUiiii»  West. 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Along  roads  and  in  waste  places,  very  com- 
Mi.— All  islands. 

Ht  c.  lobatii%  L. 

FL  March-Dec*    In  the  same  places  as  the  preceding,  very  common.— 
AD  islands. 

Ha.  c.  ]iiimili%  L. 

8t  Thomas  (Bertero  sec.  DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  670). 

(An  arboreous  as  yet  undetermined  Crotonea^  not  found  in  blossom, 
^^Qeors  in  a  few  specimens  on  Flag  Hill  in  St.  Thomas.) 

^^.  Alenrites  Molucoana,  Willd.  (Spec.  Plant,  iv,  590)  (J.  trilohay  Foret.)  (v. 
Walnut). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Naturalized  near  dwellings  and  in  gardens. — 
St  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

^iS.  Hicrfnella  pednnonlosa,  Mlill.  (Linnaea,  xxxiv,  153)  {Adelia  Ricinclla,  L.). 

FL  March-May,  precocious.    Always  very  spiny.    In  dry  thickets, 
^Qt  uncommon. — ^All  islands. 

'^tCw  Azgyxothamnla  fascicnlata,  MUll.  (Linnffia,  1.  c.  14C)  (DitaxiSy  Schl.). 
FL  Jan.-May  and  Sept.    In  thickets,  not  uncommon. — ^All  islands. 

^7.  A.  candioazifl,  Miill.  (DC.  Prodr.  1.  c.  741)  (Argythamniaf  Sw.). 

PL  Sept.-ApriL    Capsule  dark  blue ;  seeds  verrucose.    In  thickets, 
Common. — ^All  islands. 

^Wl  Aoalypha  ohamaedrlfolia,  MUIL  (1.  c.  879).     /?)  genuina  (A,  reptans,  Sw.), 
/)  brevipes. 

1*  an  the  year  round;  female  flowers  developing  gradually.    Bracts 
■Mi  after  dissemination.    On  rocks  and  in  crevices,  not  uncom- 
^  l$\\  St  Thomas  (r). 


92  FLORA  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AMD  THR  TIBGIN  ISLAHDS. 

749.  TraglB  Tolnbllia,  L.  (t.  Nettle,  Bran-nettle). 

FI.  Feb.,  Sept.  Male  flowers  often  tnuisfonned  into  a  globose  n 
strosity.  The  plant  is  believed  by  the  negroes  to  give  them  Ind 
marketing.    In  thickets  and  along  roads,  common. — All  islands. 

750.  Riolmu  oommnula,  L.    a)  (v.  Castoi-oil  tree). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Seeds  used  for  pressing  castor-oil.  Nata 
ized  on  waste  places,  common. — All  islands. 

751.  Manlbot  utUlskima,  Folil  (PUiut.  Bras,  i,  ^2)  (v.  CoBsaTB). 

Fl.  March-May.  Root  used  for  manufacturing  starch  and  flom^,  nl 
is  made  up  into  flat,  thin  cakes  (bambam).  Naturalized  and  ct 
rated. — All  islands. 

752.  Jatjopba  Curcaa,  L.  (v.  French  Physic-nat,  Skitnetcfai). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Seeds  very  drastic.  A  low  tree,  often  plan 
on  graves.     Naturalized  near  dwellings,  common. — All  islands. 

753.  J.  soujpUfoUa,  L.  <v.  PhyHii>uiit ).    a)  •tapbysasrlnfoUa.  j))  •tosana. 
Fl.  all  the  year  round.     The  whole  plant  has  a  disagreeable  bid 

Sufi^utescent,  l'-4'  high.     A  troublesome  weed  near  dwellings  Bod 
fields.     Very  common  everjTvhere. — All  islands. 

754.  J.  mnltlflda,  L.  (v.  Co»l-buBli). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Naturalized  in  gardens. — St.  Croix } 
Thomas. 


FLORA   OF   8T.   CBOIX   AND   THE   YIBOIS   ISLANDS.  98 

799.  IMechampia  loaiidenB,  L. 

H.  Feb.-Jime.  Male  inflorescence  bearing  at  the  base  two  re^^inous 
oorposcola,  deciduous  together  with  the  male  flowers.  Baillon  considers 
them  to  be  sterile  bracts;  Miiller  takes  them  for  monstrous  anthers. 
Central  female  flower  pedicellate.     In  thickets,  common. — All  islands. 

760.  Bnphorbia  bozifoUa,  Lam. 

FL  all  the  year  round.    On  the  sandy  shore,  common. — ^All  islands. 

761  B.  artioQlata,  Barm. 

FI.  all  the  year  round.    Along  the  seacoast,  common. — ^All  islands. 

762.  B.  pUoUfera,  L. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  In  waste  places  and  along  roads,  very  com- 
mou.— All  islands. 

763.  B.  hyperioifolia,  L.    o)  and  /?)  hyasopifoUa,  L. 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Lea^'es  distichous.  Used  against  dysentery. 
Same  places  as  the  preceding.    A  common  weed. — ^All  islands. 

764.  B.  thymifoUa,  Bnrm. 

FL  all  the  year  round.  The  whole  plant  reddish.  Leaves  folding 
together  during  night  and  in  rainy  weather.  Among  stones  and  along 
wads,  very  common. — All  islands. 

765.  B.  prostrata,  Ait. 

Fl.  the  whole  year.  Together  with  the  preceding,  common. — All 
idandjs. 

^66.  B.  petiolarUi,  SimH  (Dot.  Mag.  t.  883)  (v.  Mjinrhiiieel). 

R  the  whole  year.  Partly  i)recociou.s  in  the  spring.  On  dry  hills 
^<1  in  thickets. — Virgin  Islands  (common) ;  St.  Croix  (West,  p.  288?). 

(West's  E.  cotinifolia^  said  to  occur  in  St.  Croix,  is  evidently  meant  for 
this  species.  I  doubt,  however,  the  eorrec^tness  of  the  habitat,  and  am 
^opinion  that  it  is  a  mistake  for  St.  Thomas,  where  the  si)eeies  is  ex- 
ceedingly common.) 

^67.  B.  genicnlata,  Ortega  (D«'caa.  p.  16;  DC.  Prodr.  x\»,  ii,  72).     (K.  pruuifoUa, 
Jacq.  Hort.  Seliocnbr.  iii,  t.  277,  a  form  witli  lar^r,  Hcrratc  hsives.) 

FL  De<'.-^Iarch.     In  forests  and  near  dwellings,  not  uncommon,  often 
Sfejrarious. — St.  Croix  (Government  House) ;  St.  Tliomas  (Signal  Hill). 

^68.  E.  heterophyUa,  L.    ft)  cyathophora,  Jacr|. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.     Gregarious  in   dry  places,  common. — All 
idands. 

L  B.  noriifolia,  L.  (DC.  Plant.  Grat^es,  i,  t.  4()). 

JL  Mardh-Jiine.    A  large  tree,  stem  2^-3'  diam.     j^atnralized  near 
Mnfnfi,  eommon. — ^All  islands. 


94  FLOBA  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AND  THE  TIBOIN  IBUMDB 

770  PedUanthiu  UthTUuloIdu,  Poit.    a),  p)  padlfblfau,  Poit.,  Mid  r) 
follna,  Poit. 

Fl.  all  the  year  itnmd.  In  thickets  and  gardena,  aDeonmu 
isloDde. 

All  EuphorbiacecE  are  proterogynoos. 

ICultivated  Bpecies:  Jatropka  pandurt^olia,  Andr^' Codietmm 
turn,  Miill.  a)  pict«m,  Euphorbia  jmIoA«miiui,  W.,  E.  tplendetu,  i 
E.  omttgnorum,  L.] 

VBTICACEJB. 
771.  CsltlB  tilnvrvia,  Lnm. 

Fl.  June-Dec.     lu  forests  and  thickets,  not  tmcommoo. — All 


772.  C.  aonleata,  Sw.     a)  and  ji 
Fl.  March-Sept,     rroterogynous.      Both  forms  not  uncon 

tbickete. — AH  islands. 

773.  Sponla  mloronthB,  Decs. 

Fl.  April-Sept.   In  forests,  here  and  there. — All  islands. 

774.  Fiona  craaaineTvla,  Desf. 

Fl.  Jan.     In  forests,  not  uncommon, — St.  Croix  (Creqnis,  Wil 

775.  F.  Mgonata,  L. 

Fl.  May-Ang.     In  forests. — St.  Croix  (rare,  Creqnis);  Virgin 
(not  uncommon). 

776.  P.  Iwvigata,  Vahl. 

PI.  Jan.-March.     In  foresta  and  on  rocks,  not  uncommon. — i 
(Crequis,  Jacob's  Peak). 


FLORA  OF  8T.   CROIX   AND   THE   VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  95 

781  Miotiini  tinotoxia,  Don  (y.  Fustic). 

FL  Jone-Oct.  Young  shoots  with  deeply  serrate  leaves.  Wood 
afinding  an  excellent  timber,  but  now  very  scarce.  In  forests,  here 
and  fliere. — ^All  islands. 

TB8.  Ftoorya  SBStuanB,  Grand. 

FL  June-Dec.  On  rocks  in  shady  forests,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix 
(%xrmg  Oarden) ;  St.  Thomas  (Crown). 

TBI  TTren  elata,  Gris. 

8t  Croix  (Spring  Oarden,  West,  p.  306 ;  his  specimen  in  Hb.  Havn.). 

US.  XT.  iMOoilera,  Gand. 

8t  Thomas  (Wedd.  in  DC.  Prodr.  xvi,  i,  93). 

(WcRt's  Urtica  ehmgata^  Yahl,  said,  p.  306,  to  occur  in  St.  Croix,  and 
probably  intended  for  an  Ureraj  1  have  not  been  able  to  identify,  jfrom 
want  of  description  and  si>ecimens.) 

1B6L  Pflaa  miorophylla,  Liebm.    a),  p)  trianthemoides^  Lindl.,  and  y)  succnlenta 
(v.  Dnck-weed). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  On  rocks  and  stones  in  shady  situations,  a) 
aacommon ;  p)  and  y)  common. — ^All  islands. 

ViV.  p.  semidentata,  Wtddd. 

FL  March-July.  Gregarious  among  rocks  on  high  hills,  not  uncom- 
*oiL— St.  Thomas  (St.  Peter). 

'te  P.  grandia,  Wodd. 

PI.  June.  In  leaf-mould  on  high  hills,  gregarious,  uncommon. — St. 
Ibomas  (Crown,  1500'). 

'to.  p.  munmnlarifoUa,  Wodd. 

8t  Tliomas  (Hombeck  in  Hb.  Havn.);  Vieques  (near  Campo  Asilo). 

^  P.  inseqnalla.  Wedd. 

FL  July-Aug.  Gregarious  on  rocks  in  forests,  uncommon. — St. 
Itiomas  (Signal  Hill,  Crown). 

^2.  P.  SanctaD-Cniola,  Liebm.  (Vid.  Selsk.  Skrift.,  v.  R«ekke,  ii,  301). 

St  Croix  (Orsled,  1.  c). 

^2.  Rcmaaelia  lappnlaoea,  Gand. 

St  Thomas  (DC.  Prodr.  xvi,  i,  235 ;  Oris.  Fl.  p.  160). 
[Cultivated  si)ecies:  Ficus  Carica^  L.  (v.  Fig-tree),  and  jP.  elasticay  L.] 

ARISTe%eCHIACE^. 

Ml  Aiistoloeliia  trilobata,  L.  (v.  Tobacco-pipe). 

MaiT-Aiig.    On  fences  and  in  forests  on  high  hills. — St  Croix 
W)}  l^rgin  Islands  (not  uncommon). 


06  FLOBA  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AHU  THE  TISOIN  ISLAXOS. 

794.  A.  anguiolda,  L.  (DC.Piodr.  zv,i,464;  Bot.  Hag.  USl;  DMOOvtOi,  ILIW. 

des  AnHUea,  Ui,  902)  (v.  Cnme's  Neck), 
Fl.  Oct-Dec.  A  nomber  of  dipteions  insects  are  osnally  fMudn- 
prisoned  in  the  lower  part  of  theperigonal  tube,  whence  esc^>einin^ot 
sible  on  nccoimt  of  the  downward-bent  hairs  on  the  inner  suitace.  Ite 
hairs  dropping  off  after  fertiUzation,  the  imprisoned  insects  are  set  it 
libertj'  again.  la  thickets,  rare. — St.  Ctoix  (Recovery  Hill). 
BEOONIACES. 

795.  aegonla  hmnlUB.  Hort.  Ketr.  (ed.  i,  vol.  iii,  Xi3). 

St^  Thomas  (Finlay  in  Hb.  Mns.  Paris,  see.  DC.  Prodr.  iv,  i,  297; 
[Cultivated  occur  several  species  of  Begonia.] 

ARIENTACEA. 
[Cultivated  in  gardens  and  near  dwelUugs:  Ca^varina  e^iaetifoH 
Forat.    (Fl.  June-Aug.)     Of  very  quicli  growth.] 

PIPEBACES. 

796.  Piper  aebori,  Cas.  DC.  (Euekoo,  Mit).). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.    In  forests;  often  gregahoas  and  fonning 
dense  underwood,  commoQ.    Used  for  walking-sticbs. — All  islands. 

797.  F.  Bredemeyeri,  Jocq.  (Artaulhe,  MJq.). 

Fl.  Sept.    lu  shady  vaDeys,  not  nncoramon. — St.  Croix  (Oaledwi 
Creqnis). 

798.  P.  anrltuiii.  Kth. 

St.  Thomas  (DC.  Prod.  1.  c.  321). 


FLOR4  OF   ST.   CBOIX  AND   THE   VIBQIN  ISLANDS.  97 

^.  P.  obtmilblia,  Cas.  DC.,  Dietr.,  Miq.    a)  and  P)  olusiaBfoUa. 

FL  Ajiril-July.    On  rocks  and  under  shady  trees  in  leaf-mould.    Gre- 
gariooSy  not  uncommon,    a)  all  islands ;  fi)  St.  Thomas  (Crown). 

B0&  p.  ■oandena,  Ruiz  et  Pav. 
8t  Thomas  (DO.  Prod.  1.  c.  434). 

807.  P.  polystaohya,  Miq. 

FL  Dec-Jan.  Stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  reddish.  Among 
t)ck8  in  forests,  not  uncommon,  gregarious. — ^All  islands. 

B.  GYMNOSPERMJE. 

CTCADACEiE. 

[Cultivated  in  gardens  occurs  Cycas  revoluta^  Thunb.  (v.  Sago  Palm).] 

CONIFERS. 

[Cultivated  in  gardens  occur  several  species  of  Thuja.] 

C.  MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

AL.ISinA€EJE. 

08l  Bchinodoms  cordifoliuB,  Grin. 

Fl.  April-Aug.  Flower  expanded  only  till  10  A.  M.  Leaves  hetero- 
norphous,  the  primordial  ones  submerged,  linear-lanceolate,  passing 
by  degrees  into  the  ordinary  emersed  ones.  In  rivulets,  here  and  there. — 
8t  Croix  (King's  Hill  Gut,  Armas  Hope  Gut). 

HTDROCHARIBACE^,  L.  C.  Rich. 

Ml  Thala—la  teatudlnmn,  Solander  (Kocnig). 

^ot  seen  flowering.    Gregarious  in  shallow  seii- water,  very  common. — 
AD  islands. 

POTAlVIEiE,  Jiiss. 

^lO.  Cymodocea  manatonim,  Ascherson  (Naturf.  Frenudo   in  Berlin,  Jun. — Oct., 
1668). 

Sot  seen  flowering,  gregarious  on  the  bottom  of  the  sea ;  mostly  iu 
•fcallow  water. — All  islands. 

LBidoAllto  'Wiightiiy  Ascbers.  (1.  c,  nml  Neumayors  Auleit.  zur  wiss.   Boob. 
anf  Beiaen). 

TKiebs  sec.  Aschers.). 
■'^  .  13 7 


1)8  FLOEA,   OF   ST.    CBOIX    AND   THE   TIBQIN    ISLAJfDS. 

012.  Halophila  BalUonil.  AscLere.  (in  Neumnyer,  1.  c.  p.  307).  J 

Ghizomo  creeping,  tliin.  Leaves  ovsil,  di-iitii-iilate,  wborIe<l  or  oiipo- 
site,  3'"  long,  1^'"  broad.    Monoecious. 

FI.  J  :  3  locmbRiiiaceoiis  wLite  bracta;   1-3  stamens;  flliuacnt ]^' 
long;  aiithiT  t.vlinUrical,  yellowish,  glabrous,  1-celled.    I'olkii' 
grains  fusiforu. 
Fl.  9  :  3  persistent  bracts,  as  in  i? .    Ovary  sessile,  ovate,  y"  toog, 
-loculate.    Style  bifid,  2 J'"  long;  branches  point«<l,  often o( 
unequal  length.    Capsule  oviJ,  glabrous,  2'"  long ;  see<U  ibcni 
20,  globose,  baid,  tcssellat*  ou  the  surface.    Starch-grains  tri«ft- 
gular. 
Male  flowers  very  rare  compared  to  the  number  of  female  ones, 
Fl.  all  the  year  round.    Gregarious  on  the  bottom  of  the  seami  coaM 
eoral  sand  in  a  depth  of  from  two  to  four  fathoms,  here  and  therft— 8t 
Thomas  (harbour). 
813.  Rnppla  lo&tellata,  Koch. 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.  Gregarious  in  shallow  rivulets,  not  nDcoB' 
mon. — St.  Croix  (King's  Hill  Gut,  in  company  with  a  species  of  Chaia); 
St.  Thomas  (Tutu  Gut,  Krebs  in  Hb.  Havn.). 

[Another  Potamea,  possessing^  a  creeping  rhizonic  and  delicate  liiiW 
leaves,  has  been  found  by  me  in  the  harbour  of  St.  Thomas  at  a  depth  •*' 
from  3  to  C  fathoms,  but  on  account  of  only  sterile  dpecimens  having  bees 
obtained  it  remains  a«  yet  uudet*rmined. 


FLORA  OP  ST.   CROIX  AND   THE  VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  99 

L8.  Philodendron  hederaoenm,  Sch. 

FL  Ang.    On  trees  in  dense  forests,  rare. — St.  Thomas  (Crown,  140(y). 

19.  Ph.  glganteuin,  Sch.  (Prod.  Syst.  Aroid.  p.  261). 

PL  March-July.    Petiole  2'-.25'  long;  lamina  2J'-3'  long,  2'  broad. 

^micle  li''-3J''  long;  spathe  ll''-12"  long,  opening  itself  only  during 

■o  nights.    Spadix  white,  giving  out  a  strong  odour  and  considerable 

gh  temperature  during  antliesis.    Numerous  aerial  roots,  stem  l'-2' 

ag.    Among  rocks  in  dense  forests  on  liigl^  hills,  gregarious  on  trees. — 

.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill  and  Crown,  15000- 

[Hie  picture  in  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3314,  of  the  much  smaller  Ph.  fragrantissi- 

nHj  Kth.  {Caladiuniy  Hook.),  gives  a  good  representation  of  the  habit 

this  species.) 

D.  Caladimn  emaragdlnnm,  C.  Kocb  (Scbott,!.  c.  165)  (v.  Guinea  Guiger). 

PI.  May-July.  Khizome  tuberous,  yellow.  In  pastures  on  high  hills, 
t  uncommon. — St.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill,  above  St.  Peter,  1400'). 

L  Zanthoeoma  atrovirens,  C.  Koch  (v.  Soratcb-throat). 

J^ot  seen  flowering,  llhizome  large,  tuberous,  used  as  a  vegetable, 
aves  pungent  when  eaten  as  spinach.  Cultivated  and  naturalized  on 
>Yision  grounds. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 


I.  X.  BagittSBfoliiim,  Sch.  (v.  Tanier). 

FL  July.  Lamina  of  the  spathe  white,  with  a  delicate  rosy  tinge. 
atlie  disclosing  itself  during  two  nights  from  7  to  10  o'clock;  spadix 
anwhile  giving  forth  a  strong  fragnmcc  and  showing  a  tempenitnro 
12^  C.  above  that  of  the  air.  Leaves  used  as  spinach  and  the  tuberous 
2ome  as  a  common  vegetable.  Cultivated  and  naturalized  on  pro- 
ion  grounds. — All  islands. 

1  Z.?  hastattim.  Egg.  (Anim,  Vahl.)  (v.  Indian  Kale). 

^Cot  seen  flowering.  Leaves  hastate,  with  long  pointed  oblique  basilar 
>es;  used  for  spinach.  (Natm-alized  ?)  Cultivated  and  spontaneous 
forests. — All  islands. 

%.  Piatia  occidentalis,  Bl. 

PL  all  tlie  year  round.    Cultivated  and  naturalized  in  gardens. — St. 

omas. 

%,  I>eiiina  minor,  L. 

Sfot  seetf'flcm'ering.    In  rivulets,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix  (Jealousy 
^?Ur  Plain  Gut). 

^  tpedes:  Caladium  bicolovj  Yent.,  C.  picUim,  DC,  and  C 


100  KL0R4   OF   8T.    CEOIX   AND   THE    VIKGIN    ISLANDS. 

TVPIIACEiE. 

826.  Trpha  anBUBtUolia,  L.,  var.  domliigeiitla,  Ptra. 

I'l.  Sppt.-March.     Used  for  making  inats.    In  rivulets  mid  arouod 
laguous,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix;  St.  Jan. 

PANDANACEX. 

[Uultivatud    in   gai'dens  occurs    Pandanux  odoraiUisimua,  L  fil.  (r. 

Screw  Pine).) 

PALfll.E. 

827.  T&riiiax  BTgeutea,  Lc)iliL(v.  Tttyur-tree). 

FI.  May-June.     Stem  lO'-20' high.     Leaves  used  for  making  roprt, 
thatching  roofis,  and  other  domestic  pnrx)oses.    On  thtMiorthem  dopccf 
tile.  hilU  iu  forests  and  tickets. — St.  Croix  (very  rare,  only  one  spwamffl 
seen,  near  Bellevne  Mill) ;  Virgin  Islands  (common). 
S28.  Oreodoza  regia,  Kth.  (t.  Monntam  Cabbage). 

Fl.  April-Aug.    The  young  leaf-hnd  used  as  cabbage.    Berries  eat« 
by  hogs.     In  forests  and  along  roads,  common. — AU  islands. 
839.  CoooB  nuclfera,  L.  (v,  Cocon-uut  Trep}. 

Fl.  Feb.-Mareh.     Leaves  nsed  for  thatching  roofs.    The  ripe  fruit 

although  occurring  in  abundance,  is  scarcely  nsed,  and  of  no  ecouomicil 

iinijortaiu'e.    Natumlized  aloii^j  the  aeaahore  and  along  roadn.— .Ill 

islands. 

COminELVNACE.E. 

830.  Tradeacantia  geoiculata,  Jsct).    ,'j)  efloaa,  Mart. 

Fl.  .March.     Seeiln  bluish,  verruculose. — Vie<iues  (near  Campo  Asib^ 


tUORk  OF   ST.   CROIX   AND  THE  VIBGIN   ISLANDS.  101 

16.  C.  elegana,  Kth.  (v.  French  Grass). 

PL  all  the  year  round.    Flower  ephemeral.    In  moist  localities,  very 

>iDiDon. — ^All  islands. 

OBAiniNACEJE. 

37.  Bamboaa  TulgariB,  Schrad.  (v.  Bamboo  Cane). 

Not  seen  flowering.  ^Naturalized  along  rivulets  and  in  gardens. — 
k. Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

B38.  Aithroatylidiuxn  oapiUifolium,  Oris.  (Plant.  Wright,  in  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  Tiii, 
531,  1862). 

Not  seen  flowering.  In  forests,  climbing  among  trees  and  shrubs  to 
i  eoDsiderable  height,  rare.— St.  Thomas  (Flag  Hill,  TOO");  St.  Jan 
(Hombeck  in  Hb.  Havn.,  from  "a  large  cataract,  called  Battery''); 
Tieqnes  (flowering  specimens  from  Hombeck  in  Hb.  Havn. ;  others  re- 
wived  from  Campo  Asilo  by  me). 

139.  Bragrostis  poa»oidea,  P.  Br. 

FL  June-Dec.  Stigmas  white.  Along  roads  and  in  dry  localities^ 
often  gregarious,  common. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

MO.  B.  ciliaxla,  Lk. 
VL  March-Dec.    Anthers   black.     In  dry  localities,  common. — All 

idands. 

NL  Bporobdas  virginioas,  Kth.  (v.  Shandcr). 

¥1  May-Oct.  Anthers  and  stigmas  yellow.  Used  in  baths  for 
children.    Along  the  coast  and  lagoons,  common. — All  islands. 

Ha.  8.  litoralis,  K^.h.  (v.  Shandcr). 

n.  May-Dec.  In  the  same  places  as  the  preceding,  common. — All 
idands. 

Ma.  8.  indicna,  R.  Br.  (v.  Hair-grass). 

FL  May-Oct.  Anthers  purple;  stigmas  yellow.  Along  roads  and 
Btcfaes. — All  islands. 

M4.  Axistida  stxlota,  Mich. 

Fl.  March-Dec.  Anthers  yellow.  Awns  of  unequal  length,  always 
6nger  than  the  glumes.  Along  ditches  and  in  thickets,  here  and 
lere. — St.  Croix  (Crequis,  Fair  Plain);  St.  Thomas  (Schl.);  Stt  Jan 
Adrian  Estate). 

Us.  Olyra  latifoUa,  L.    ft)  amndlnaoea. 

•  FL Dec.-flan.    In  forests,  rare. — St.  Jan  (Cinnamon  Bay);  Vieques 
Ckmpo  Asilo). 

glaber,  Eth. 

"•Dee.    Anthers  yellow;  stigmas  white.    In  forests,  not  un- 


102  FLORA  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AKD  THE  VIKOIN   IBLAHDS. 

Q47.  PappMsplioium  alopocuxoides,  VuUI. 

Fl,  I'el).-Marcb.  l'-3'  high.  Among  rocks  near  the  coast,  rar^ 
Buck  Island, iiear St. Thomas;  Virgio  Gor(Ia(Vabiiu  Sjiuh.Botui,H'). 

848.  Bonteloua  litlglosa.  Lug. 
n.Oct-Jaji,     .i\jithers  red;  stigmas  white.     lu  thickets  ainl»M» 

]>]sices,  not  uncommou. — St.  Thomas  {Cowell's  Hill — Town). 

849.  Leptochtoa  mucrouata,  Ktli. 

Fl.  May-Oet.     Spikelets  often  1-flowered,     Along  ilitches,  not  ob- 
commou. — St.Crois. 
B50.  L.  virgata.  r.  Br.     a),  H)  gracilia,  Ns.,  and  y)  moltlSoia,  Eg^- 

Fl.  May-Dec.  Anthers  white ;  stigmas  imqile.  r)  spikelels  frflw- 
ered.  Awns  very  short;  fertile  glumes  not  ciliate.  Along  roadii,cfflfr 
nion. — a)  and  /i)  all  islands ;  ;■)  St.  Croix  (Work  and  Best). 

851.  Cblotis  eleuslnoldes,  Grin. 
Fl.  May-Nov.     Along  ditches,  here  and   there. — St.  ( 

HUl,  Mount  Welcome). 

852.  Ch.  radlata,  Sw. 

Fl.  May-Oct.  Stigmas  brown.  Gregarions  along  roads,  coiuiiwa»- 
AII  islands. 

853.  Ch.  oillata,  8w, 

Fl.  Feb.-Sept.     Anthers  rosy.   My  specimens  show  only  one  sta 
flower  in  each  epikelet  besides  the  fertile  one  (see  Swartz's  Flora  I 
J  roads,  not  iinrommoiL. — Ail  ishmils. 


FLORA  OF  8T.  CBOIX  AND  TUB  VIBGIN  ISLANDS.  103 

■pahuii  oomprewmiD,  Ns.  (v.  Flat  Oross). 

me-Oct.    Anthers  light  yellow;  stigmas  white.    Kear  ditches 

ahady  localities,  not  uncommon. — ^AU  islands. 

coi^Jiigattim,  Berg. 

ine-Dec    Anthers  yellow ;  stigmas  white.    In  moist  localities, 
1. — ^All  islands. 

pnailliim,  Vent. 

tiomas  (Fliigge  sec.  Gris.  Syst.  Unt,  p.  114). 

distichum,  L.    a)  and  /?)  Taginatiim,  Sw. 

me- Aug.    Proterandrous.    Authera  light  yellow ;  stigmas  black, 
rivulets,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

QOtatmn,  Fltigge. 

iiomas  (Fliigge  sec.  Gris.  Syst.  Unt.,  p.  114). 

casapitoaum,  Fliigge. 

lay-Sept.    Anthers  orange-coloured.    In  moist  localities,  not 
Qon. — All  islands. 

Slabmni,  Poir. 

ay-July,    Here  and  there  along  ditches. — St.  Thomas  (Schl.)  j 
(RiflfBay). 

plloatulmii,  Michx. 

arch-Sept.    Along  the  seacoast,  not  uncommon. — ^AU  islands. 

virgatmxi,  L.    u). 

lay-Oct.    Anthers  straw-coloured j  stigmas  white.     In  moist 
^s,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

panicalatum,  Ci. 

liomas  (Schlechtendal). 

apathaoeum,  HB.  K. 
lomas  (Schlechtendal). 

Slitaria  filifbrmia,  Mtihl. 

>ec.    In  diy  thickets,  here  and  there. — St.  Thomas  (CowelPs 

mtgtnata,  Lk.  (v.  Rnnning  Grass). 

ind^-Sept.    Anthers  purple  with  white  stripes;  stigmas  purple. 
pMtiii6-gni88.    Along  ditches  and  roads,  common. — All  islands. 


104  FLORA   OF   8T.   CROIX    AND   THE    VIRGIN    ISLANDS. 

870.  D.  Mtieera,  Eoutb. 

Fl.  .Tune-Oct    Aiitliera  and  stigmas  purple.    Along  roads,  cwiunoa.- 
All  islands. 
B71.  Erlocbloa  ptmctata,  Hninilt. 

fl.  March-Sept.    Anthers  brownish ;  stigmas  black.     In  moiHt  locill' 
ties,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix   (Creqnis,  La  Grange);    St.  Thomii 
(SohL). 
072.  Btenotaphiam  ameiicamun,  S^jhrank  (v.  Horse  Graas). 

Fl.  May-All g.    Anthers  orange-coloured;  stigmas  purple.    AloDgM 
eoast  and  in  moist  localities,  gregarious,  common. — All  islands. 
873.  Ortbopogon  aelailns,  Sprcng. 

Fl.  JIarcb-Dec.     Anthera  light  purple ;  stigmas  purjile.     In  foresbj 
common. — All  islands. 

871,  Pauicum  paapaloldea,  Pen. 
n.  llarch-Sept.     Anthers  reddish;   stigmas    straw-coluiired. 

hermaphrodite  flower  in  this  and  all  other  species  of  Pauieum  is  pi 
undrous,  the  stamens  dropping  off  liefore  the  stigmas  appear.    Thai 
liitter  are  then  fertilized  by  the  agency  of  the  wind  from  other  indind- 
nals  before  the  stamens  of  the  male  flower  make  their  appearanoe,  M 
fertilization  being  thus  evidently  impossible.     Aloug  HvnleU  and 
moi.st  localities,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 


875.  P.  briBoidea, 


FLORA.  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AND  THE  VIBOIN  ISLANDS.  105 

tO.  P.  dilRisiiiii,  Sw. 

WL  May-Oct.    Anthers  orange-coloured;  stigmas  dark  purple.    In 

oist  localities,  uncommon. — ^AU  islands. 

^Ih.  p.  maxImnTn,  Jacq.  (y.  Guinea  Grass)  (P.  polygamum,  Sw.). 

FL  June-Sept  Anthers  brownish ;  stigmas  light  purple.  A  splendid 
lasture-grass,  growing  to  the  height  of  12' j  forming  dense  tufts  and 
leing  propagated  by  the  rhizome.  Naturalized  and  cultivated  every- 
vrhere. — ^All  islands. 

882.  p.  diTaxioatnm,  L.    a)  and  /3)  pnbemluin. 

FL  May-Dec  Anthers  light  yellow;  stigmas  white.  Eesembling  a 
thin  Bamboo  Cane.  8^-16'  high.  Both  forms  not  uncommon  in  forests, 
climbing  over  trees  and  shrubs. — All  islands. 

063.  p.  glntinomun,  Sw. 
St  Croix  (West,  p.  267). 

884.  P.  brevlfolium,  L. 

FL  AQg.-Dec.  Anthers  and  stigmas  white.  In  gardens  and  along 
roads,  here  and  there. — St.  Thomas  (Barracks). 

885.  p.  oayennense,  Lam. 

St  Thomas  (Schlechtendal). 

886.  Setaria  glauoa,  P.  Br.    a). 

FL  May-Oct.    In  forests,  common. — All  islands. 

887.  8.  tetoaa,  P.  Br.    a)  and  ^)  caudata,  R.  S.  (v.  Soar  Grass). 

FL  April-Dec.  Anthers  orange-coloured;  stigmas  purple,  a)  3'-7' 
"^^h;  iu  forests  and  along  ditches,  common. — All  islands.  /?)  in  dry 
^^'ckets,  uncommon.— St.  Thomas  (CowelPs  Hill). 

^^.  Cenchrua  echinatus,  L.    /?)  viridia,  Spreng.  (v.  Burr  Grass). 

I'L  April-Dec.  Anthers  light  yellow;  stigmas  white,  with  a  puri)le 
*tH)t  in  the  middle.  The  ripe  farinaceous  seeds  eaten  by  the  cattle, 
^long  the  coast,  very  common. — All  islands. 

^9.  Anthephora  elegana,  Schreb.   * 

fl.  Jan.-Oct.  Anthers  brownish.  In  thickets,  here  and  there. — St. 
^'oix ;  St.  Thomas. 

^O.  Tricholaena  insularls,  Gris.  (v.  Bitter  Grass,  Long  Gross). 

Fl.  March-Dec.  Anthers  brownish ;  stigmas  white.  Never  touched 
y  cattle  w  hilst  green,  on  account  of  its  bitter  taste.  Spikelets  easily 
^tached  and  carried  far  away  by  the  wind.  Ver>'  common  along  roads 
^d  in  dry  places. — All  islands. 


106 


FLOEA  OP  ST.  CROIX  AND  THS  TIBGIH  ISUBD8. 


891.  Lappago  aliena,  Spreiig. 

Fl.  May-Dec.  Stigmas  white.  Generally  both  Bpikdete  h&i 
Near  ditcbei)  and  in  thickets,  common. — All  islands. 

892.  AndTopogon  aaocbaroidea,  L. 

F\.  Aiig.-Oct.  Anthers  light  yellow;  stigmas  dark  pnipie.  AwkboI 
twist^^d.    Along  roads,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix  (Beeston  Hill  Gwog^l 

893.  Aaathemm  blcoine,  P.  Br,  (v.  Jolly  Grass). 

Fl.  Jnly-Oct.  2'~i'  high.  Used  for  thatching  roofs.  Xot  falenby 
the  cattk'.  Gregarious  on  high  hills,  where  it  is  difficult  to  cwmUWl 
its  spreading,  even  by  burning  it  now  and  then. — St.  Thomas  (iiorUwn 
elope  of  the  highest  ritlgc), 

894.  Sorghum  vulgare,  Peru.  (v.  Guinea  Corii>. 
Fl.  Dee.    8'-10'  high.    Katoralized  and  cultivated  for  herhapp  iri 

for  making  flour  of  the  grain. — All  islands,  prinoipally  St.  Cwii  lal 

Vieques. 

B95.  Sacohaium  offlciuarttm,  L.  (v.  Sugor-cnnu). 

Vi.  Dec-May.  Niituralized  and  cultivated.  Sugar-growing  i*l 
arc  now  only  two,  viz.,  St.  Croix  and  Vieques,  wliilst  the  other  V 
Islands  have  only  a  very  few  cauo  estates,  principally  for  sel 

V  cane  in  the  markets.  The  average  produce  of  sugar  from 
above-mentioned  islands  is  about  25  miUion  pounds.  The  plant 
gated  by  cuttings  that  are  laid  entirely  under  ground. 

{Tlie  genus  Panicum  excepted,  all  Oramhmppre  are  proterog^T 


FLORA  OF  8T.   CROIX  AND  THE   VIRGIN  ISLANDS.  107 

OC  C.  ocbraoeiis,  Vahl. 
m,  May-Oct.    In  moist  localities^  uncommon. — St.  Croix  (Crequis). 

lOI.  C  -wiaoomm,  Ait. 

FL  April-Nov.  Stamens  always  3  (see  Swartz^s  Fl.  Ind.  Oce.  p.  113). 
lieeds  germinating  in  moist  weather  on  the  parent,  and  often  growing 
out  into  young  plants  an  inch  or  two  in  length.  Along  rivulets  and 
ditches,  not  uncommon. — St  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 

902.  C.  wnlimineiiBiB,  Roltb. 

8t  Thomas  (SchL). 

903.  C.  axtionlatYUik  L.  (y.  Stiug  Bisom). 

FL  March-Sept.    In  ditches,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix ;  St.  Thomas. 

901  C.  rotaiida%  L.  (v.  Nut  Grass). 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Tubers  sweet,  eaten  by  hogs.  A  troublesome 
▼eed,  very  common  in  fields  and  along  roads.— -All  islands. 

905.  C.  bnumeus,  Sw.  (C.  planif alius,  Rich.). 

FL  May.    On  the  coast  and  near  lagoons,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

901  C  aphacelatofl,  Rottb. 
FL  Feb.    On  high  hills  in  pastures,  uncommon. — St.  Thomas  (Signal 

xm). 

907.  C.  dintJiiis,  L. 

FL  Aug.    In  pastures  on  high  hills,  common. — St.  lliomas  (Signal 

An). 

900u  C.  nnifoUa%  Boecklcr  (LinnsBa,  Neue  Folge,  ii,  374). 

8t  Croix  (Bavn  in  Eeliq.  Lehm.). 

909.  C.  fflifonnlB,  Sw. 

FL  all  the  year  round.  In  moist  localities,  not  uncommon. — St. 
tlhomas. 

WlO.  C.  odoratTia,  L. 

Fl.  April-Oct.  Near  rivulets  and  ditches,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix 
[Mount  Pleasant,  Annas  Hope). 

Hi.  C.  pennatos,  Lam.  (Bcpcklcr,  1.  c.  404)  (C.  Ehrenhergiif  Kth.,  C.  JlexuosuSyYiitil). 

FL  all  the  year  round.    Along  the  coast,  not  uncommon. — St.  Thomas. 

r.    Along  rivulets,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 


108 


FLOBl.  OF  ST.  CBOIZ  AND  THE  TIBGra  ISLiHIIB. 


913.  C. fiaTomarlaoiu,  Gris.  {C.Jtavit*,  B<DcUer). 

PI.  Aog.    In  pastvireH  ou  hills,  lierc  aiid  there, — St.  Thomas  (Spa^  j 
Hill);  Buck  Island  {oear  St.  Thomas). 

914.  EyUiuea  ailformlB,  Sw.     a)  and  })  caplllarlB,  Gris. 

Fl.  Juiii?-Deo.     IiivolmTal  It-aves  of  varions  lengllis.    Both  fonnsrwl 
imcoinmoii  iu  ioreals. — St.  Croix  (The  William,  Eliza'H  Betreat). 

915.  K.  trioeps,  Rottb. 

Fl.  March.     In  ehatly  moist  localities. — St.  Jan  (Baas  Gut). 

916.  K.  monocephala,  Kottb. 

n.  all  the  year  round.     In  moUt  places  iu  forests,  common^-AD 
islands. 

917.  E.  ttrerlfolla,  Ifottb.  (Kmciiil.  in  BiBckJiT,  Linmen,  1@.~,  *•£>).    *))  loa^USt. 
St.  Thomaa  {Ehrenberg  sec.  Bceekler).  , 

918.  ScirpnB  capltntiu,  L. 

Fl.  all  till'  juar  round.    Acheninm  black.    Along  rivulets, 
All  islands. 

919.  S.  nodnlosua,  Kih. 
Fl.  March-Dec.   Along  rivulets  and  in  ditches,  uncomoion. — St.  Cntx 

(Adventure). 

920.  S.  snbdlstlcbus.  IVn^klcr  (Liumra,  mO-'O,  490). 
St.  Th(.m:is  (Bcklr.). 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AKD  THE   VIBGIN  ISLANDS.  109 

^6*  Bolaila  pratentis,  LindT.  (v.  Cutting  Gross). 

^  April-Nov.  In  forests  and  pastures  on  high  bills,  uncommon. — 
^t  Cioix  (Springfield,  Mount  Eagle);  St.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill). 

^.  8l  sdndeiis,  Nb.  (v.  Razor-grass). 

FL  Aug^-Sept.    In  forests,  rare.— St.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill,  1500'). 

3a  a  fllll6nni%  Sw.  (S.  Uthottperma,  W.). 

FL  May-Kov.  In  thickets,  not  uncommon. — St  Croix  (Eang's  Hill); 
it  Thomas  (Gowell's  Hill). 

[All  CyperacecB  are  proterog^^nous,  with  white  stigmas  and  light  ycl- 
m  anthers.] 

l.il.ia€eje:. 

29.  Aloe  viilgarii,  L.  (v.  Sempervivie). 

R  March-April.  Gregarious  on  limestone  (naturalized  f ),  common. — 
Jl  islands. 

BOl  Tnooa  glorioMi,  L. 

R  Jone-Aug.  Naturalized  in  gardens  and  near  dwellings. — St. 
roix;  St.  Thomas. 

XL  Agave  amexloana,  L.  (v.  Karatl^). 

FL  Feb.-May.    On  dry  hilLs,  common. — ^All  islands. 

12.  A.  ■oboUfera,  Salm-Dyck.  (v.  Karat(t). 

Very  seldom  or  never  bearing  flowers.  Propagated  by  bulblets  in 
tne^uly,  growing  out  to  a  considerable  size  whilst  still  on  the  x>arent. 
\  hills  and  in  tiiickets,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

9.  Fcmrcroya  oubensla,  Haw.  (v.  Female  Karatit). 

FL  March  and  July-Aug.  In  dry  thickets,  not  uncommon. — St. 
mx;  St.  Thomas. 

4.  Pancrattnm  oaiibeemii,  L.  (v.  White  Lily^  Ladybus). 

FL  May-Nov.  Flowers  nocturnal;  fragrant.  On  rocky  coasts,  not 
ioommon. — ^All  islands. 

5.  Crimun  embeacensi  Ait. 

FL  all  the  year  round.  Flowers  nocturnal;  fragrant.  Along  rivu- 
Mj  here  and  there. — St,  Croix  (H6gensborg). 

%  Aiiuuryllia  eqaestxla,  Ait.  (v.  Red  Lily). 

iMPdi-Oct.    On  rocky  shores,  gregarious,  not  uncommon. — ^AU 


110  VhORL  OF  ST.  CBOIX  AVD  THE  TIBQIN  JSLARDB. 

937.  A.  tnblapatha,  Ker.  (t.  SDOw-drop). 

FI.  April-Oct.,  especially  after  beavy  rains.  In  fields  and  near  < 
ings,  not  tincommon. — ^All  islands. 

[Cultivated  species :  Allium  Jistuloavm,  L.  (v.  GibotUe),  Polj/antiut 
rqm,  I.  (v.  Tuberose),  and  Crinum  giganteum,  Andr.J 

ASPABAOMAC  e  JE. 

938.  Saaaevlera  gnlneeneU,  W.  (Spec,  ii,  159)  (Bot.  Hog.  t  1179)  (v.  Goani 
Fl.  Nov.-Dec    Fibres  of  the  leaves  yield  a  good  material  for  i 

Katuralized  here  and  tbere  ou  dry  hills,  gregarions.— St,  Croix 
densfeld);  St.  Thomas  (around  town). 

SniLACEJE. 

939.  Snllox  havaneiMli,  Jacq, 

Not  seen  flowering.    In  forests,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix 
donia,  Wills  Bay,  Bohr's  Mindc). 
940-  B.  popalOM,  Kth.  (Enum.  Plant,  v,  192). 

FL  Jane-July  (.?).  Unarmed.  Leaves  4"-5"  long,  Z"~i"  broai 
foi-ests,  a  high  climber,  rare.— St.  Thomas  (Flag  HiU,  9C0'). 

DIOSCOREACEJE. 

941.  Dioscorea  piloalnscula,  Bert. 
Fl.  Dec,  but  rarely.    Older  leaves  purple  beneath,  broad  whites 


112  PLOEA   OF    ST,    CROIX    AND   THE    VIEOIN    ISLANDS, 

Inug,  wbite;  silky.    Oa  ti-ei-s  and  rocks  on  liiglt  bills,  uot  ancommour- 
St.  Thomas  (Sigual  HilJ,  Crowii,  IIOC-ISOO'). 
[Cultivated  species:  Ananassa  sativa,  LiiidJ.  (r,  Fiiie-aiiple). 

955.  Musa  patadisiaca.  Ij,  (r.  Planluiii). 

Fl.  Ma,y-A«g.     Fniit  eaten  only  boiled  or  fried.     Xatundii^d  sal 
cultivated,  but  rare. — All  islands. 

956.  M.  aaplentium,  L.  (v.  Bunana). 

FL  May-Nov.    Fruit  eaten  raw  or  fried.     Naturalized  and  cnltivaw) 
everywhere,  occurring  in  several  varieties  (Bacuba,  Fig,  Lady-f 
St.  Vincent  Banana,  et«.). — All  islands. 

SCITAniNE^K. 

957.  Renealmla  sylveatils,  Grin. 
FI.  Au};,    In  foi'esfa  in  shady  and  moist  Ioi-alitie»,  rare. — St.  CiWi 

(Golden  Rock};  St.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill,  1400'). 
9SB.  Zingiber  offlclnalle.  Kohc  (v.  Giugcr). 

PI.  Sept.    Xatiiralized  and  cultivated  in  forest  districts,  bon-  lal 
there. — St.  Croix;  St.  Thomas. 
959.  CaanK  lodloa,  L.  (v.  Inilinn  Shot). 

Fl.  all  the  year  round.     In  moist  places  and  near  dwellings,  d 
H. — All  islands. 


FLORA   OF   8T.   CROIX  AND   THE  VIRGIN    ISLANDS.  113 

I  high  hills,  here  and  there. — St.  Thomas  (Liliendal^  Bonne  Reso- 

Idandnun  subeequale,  Eggers,  n.  sp. 

eb.-March.  Tubers  cylindrical,  small,  several-leaved.  Leaves 
tar,  channelled,  pointed,  much  shorter  than  the  scai>e;  sterile 
hort,  distant,  pointed,  floral  ones  smaller ;  flowers  in  a  simple 
3-4.  Perigonial  divisions  lanceolate,  pointed,  nearly  conform, 
titly  adnate  to  the  column,  3-lobed;  lobes  rounded,  the  two  lat- 
8  a  little  shorter  than  the  middle  one.  Column  auricled  below 
ler;  auricles  small,  purple.  Ovary  linear,  striate,  \"  long.  Al- 
?.  iwieularej  Batem.,  but  leaves  several,  much  shorter  than  the 
nd  lip  broadly  3-lobed.  Leaves  6''-6''  long,  2'"  broad  j  scape 
high,  straight.  Peduncles  i"  long ;  i>erigonial  divisions  green- 
1  brown  spots,  i"  long ;  lip  purple,  with  darker  stripes  and  a 
rest  in  the  middle,  ^^  long.  The  whole  plant  of  a  sometimes 
sometimes  lighter  hue,  flowers  even  sometimes  quite  white.  On 
id  the  roots  of  trees  in  dry  thickets,  here  and  there. — St.  Thomas 
s  Hill,  Solberg). 

bifiduin,  Aubl. 

tiy-Dec.    On  trees  and  rocks,  not  uncommon.^-All  islands. 

sUiare,  L. 

ine-Feb.    Flowers  fragrant.    Gregarious  on  rocks  and  old  tree- 
common. — All  islands. 

sochleatnin,  L.  (Bot.  Mag.  t.  151,  bad). 

3ril-May.    On  trees  in  forests,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Mount  Eagle, 
acob^s  Peak,  95(K). 

patens,  Sw. 

ily-Aug.    Leaves  distichous ;  scape  compressed,  V-2'  high.    On 
leaf-mould,  rare,  on  high  hills. — St.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill,  ISOC). 


▼ola  cucnllata,  R.  Br. 

ne-Octb.    Gregarious  on  rocks,  rare. — St.  Thomas  (John  Bruce 
ystachya  Inteola,  Hook. 

arch-Nov.     Flowers  often  cleistogamous  and  n6rmal  on  the 
anch  and  at  the  same  time.    Both  forms  yielding  good  seeds. 
n  and  old  tree-trunks,  not  uncommon  on  hiUs. — St.  Thomas 
BOD,  120(K-150(y). 
IdLHat  Kiis.  Ko.  13 8 


114  FLOBA  OF  ST.   CBOIX  AND  THE  TIKGIR  ISLAITDS. 

971.  Ouclditun  Lomoulaiimii,  Liuill. 

Fl.  Miij-July.  Never  giviug  Quit,  but  propagatiog  itoelf  Iff  jm* 
ducing  young  plaiits  from  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  sterile  bracis  Mi* 
the  dowers,  which  remaiu  in  cODuection  with  the  parent  plant,  nnil  thm 
often  forming  long  colonies  of  plant*  from  one  ti-ee  to  another.  In  (it 
ests  and  thickets,  gregariouH,  but  rare. — St.  Thomas  (Picaru  Puniiitiulm 
Fortuna), 

(The  lateral  sepals  iu  my  specimens  being  distinct,  I  am  incliiivd  I" 
retain  Lindley's  specific  name  instead  of  uniting  mj-  plant  with  0.  tun- 
petalum,  W.,  as  done  by  (jrisebaeh.) 
973.  O.  vailegBtnm,  8<n-. 

Fl.  July-Ootb.  On  rocks  and  fi'ees  in  sha^ly  ])lacfK,  not  imcoiumtpn^ 
Virgin  Islands. 

973.  Pr«BCottia  myoauiua,  G.  Rchb. 

Fl.  March.  In  grass-flelds  on  hi{th  hills,  uncommon. — St.  Thora» 
(Signal  Hill,  1400'). 

974.  BplrantheB  alata,  Rivb. 
n.  Mareh.    I,eaves  deciduous  during  anthesis.    In  Icafmoald  on  lii|fc 

hills,  not  uncommon, — Virgin  Islands. 

975.  StenonhynchuB  lanceolatua,  Huh. 

Fl.  May.     leaves  deciduous  durjog  anthesis.    Only  ^'-1'  higli 
ohiypy  soil  iimong  rocks  on  high  hills,  rare. — St.  Tliomaa  (Signid  Hit 


cai&ivruo  aixxyjixf^  x\/va,o  vru    rti^rt    ujuiao*  am.%^±\j    cruvi.    Kuvxv^^^KJtta   o-uviuicio 

,  Signal  HUl). 

Uotmn  tziquatnixii,  8w. 

ady  places  among  rocks,  not  uncommon. — St.  Croix  (Creqiiis) ; 
tmas  (Signal  Hill). 

FIJLICES. 

>lil08lo«iiim  retiOQlattun,  L. 

astures  under  rocks  on  high  hills,  not  uncommon. — St.  Thomas 

). 

irallUi  aculeata,  8w.  (v.  Prickly  Fern). 

astnres  on  high  hills,  here  and  there. — St.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill, 
3t  Peter,  130(K). 

Uantum  ▼illoaum,  L. 

Dg  rocks  in  forests,  uncommon. — St.  Croix  (Crequis,  Vieques). 

intennedium,  8w. 
ligh  hills,  not  uncommon. — St.  Thomas  (Signal  Hill). 

mlorophyUum,  Kaulfl 

rant  in  the  morning.    In  dense  forests,  uncommon. — St.  Thomas 

taneram.  8w.  (v.  Maiden-hair). 
tickets,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 


I 


116  FLORA.  OF  ST.   CBOIX  ANa  THE  TIEOIH  ISLAIIM. 

909.  P.  padata,  L. 

Oregorioua  id  forests,  here  and  tbere. — St.  Thomas  (Signal  Wi,  n 
St.  Peter). 

990.  Toanltia  lanooolata,  R.  Br. 

In  leaf-mould  on  rocks,  not  ODCOmmon. — ^AU  islands. 

991.  ADtropbyum  llneatmn,  Kaolf. 

In  forests,  rare. — St.  Thomas  (St.  Peter). 

992.  Blecbsnm  oocldratale,  L. 

Gregaiioos  m  pastures  and  forests,  very  common. — All  islaDdB. 

993.  Chryaodlnm  vulgar^  F^. 

In  marshy  soil,  gregarious;  up  to  15'  high.  !Not  nncommon^ 
islands. 

994.  HemlonltU  palmata,  L.  (v.  Strawberry  Fern). 

Propagating  itself  by  buds  from  the  serratures  of  the  frond.  Gi 
riooB  in  shady  forests,  here  and  there. — St.  Croix  (Eliza's  Betieat) 
Jan  (Eogiers,  King's  Hill). 

995.  Ojnmognmm*  calomvlano^  Kanlf.  (v.  Silvery  Fern). 

On  hills  and  among  stones,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

Var.  pnmlla,  E|^. 

Dwarfy,  cartilaginous.     On  old  walls,  here  and  there. — St  ( 


FLORA  OF  ST.   CROIX   AND  THE  VIRGIN   ISLANDS.  JL17 

L  pfttensy  Sw. 

crests,  here  and  tliere. — St.  Croix  (Crequis);  St.  Thomas  (Crown). 

L  molle,  Sw. 

le  same  localities  as  the  preceding,  not  uncommon. — St.  Thomas 
IHill). 

L  invimm,  Sw.    a). 

lady  localities,  rare. — St.  Croix  (Crequis). 
'dypodinm  tetracfonnm,  Sw, 

rests,  not  uncommon. — ^AIl  islands 

^  oroiuitiixii,  Sw. 

3roix  (West,  p.  313,  Benzon  in  Hb.  Havn.)}  St.  Thomas  (Hb. 

^  ftmvuiii,  L. 

ead  trees  and  rocks,  not  uncommon. — All  islands. 

K  areolatimi,  Thunb. 

e  same  places  as  the  preceding,  but  rare. — St.  Thomas  (Crown). 

'.  inolram,  Sw. 

roix  (West,  p.  313). 

*.  inoanum,  Sw. 

ng  roots  of  large  trees,  gregarious,  not  uncommon.    All  islands. 

^  piloflalloides,  L. 

rests  and  pastures  among  rocks  on  high  hills,  here  and  there. — 

imas  (Signal  Hill,  1300"). 

'.  serpensi  Sw. 

*ees  and  rocks  on  high  hills,  rare. — St.  Croix  (top  of  Mount  Ea- 
C). 

.  PhyllitidiB,  L.    a)  and  /9)  repens. 

rests  on  rocks  and  trees,  not  uncommon. — ^AU  islands. 

yathea  aiborea,  Sw. 

12'-15^  high,  3"  diam.  In  forests  on  high  hills,  rare. — St.  Thomas 

,  western  slope,  HOCj  Caret  Bay  Gut). 


CORKECTIOXS  AKD  ADDITIOSS. 

Page  19.  Fourteeutli  line  from  above,  after  "local  naine"  read — which  bb  »  tnltii 
derived  ottberfrom  the  English  or  theDutuh  langnagp,  exc^ipt  in  VieqaesandCnlriin, 

Page  84.  To  Ariomnia  nitida. — The  gronnd  undei  the  tree  in  sometinieB  covmi]  wttk 
a  pecnliBT  kind  of  aerial  roots,  proceeding  from  tho  underground  roots  erect  inta  Ibt 
air  to  B  lioiglit  of  four  to  his  Intlits. 

Pago  99.  To  JroWea'.— A  supposed  Aroidca  with  an  iniioeuBo,  nearly  »phylloo«,clink- 
iug,  ii^rete,  green  st«m,  about  ICKK  long,  1"  diam.,  with  scaly,  early  dccidnoos  Inin 
and  oorial  roots  resembling  those  of  Yanilla,  iamet  with  in  a  few  places  in  Si.  T 
(among  rocks  ou  FlagMli  in  tho  forest).    As,  however,  neither  fruit  nor  floirrr  k* 
as  jet  been  found,  it  is  Btill  doubtful  even  to  which  family  this  inlnvsting  ap» 
may  belong. 

Page  100,  No.  827.  Cancel  the  lines,  "Leaves  used  for  making  ropea,  thatcbingto 
and  other  domestic  purposes." 


INDEX. 


b  tUMa  an  tboM  at  the  eultlnted  ploots  of  (he  lilukd*. 


ph» 

rt^ 

N 

lis 

JnanoiMKiiro        

IN 

H 

microphiu™ 

81 
U 

AntberyUum  Bohril 

H 

BaeEeOJl 

W 

110 

APOCTNACEJ; 

» 

« 

Chlwer 

33.  N 

« 

JRALIACKE 

SO 

48 

Art»ti<la«ricttt 

un 

120 


ArMoliKhi*  aDEOkildk  .. 


M  '  BION0MIA.C£X... 


Alb,  Bitter 

ASFARAGIHACBA . . 
Aapldinm  isvinuu 


lis  I  Tonh 

IM  ■  Wilbe 

US     Bluk-eje  Pe* 

IIS     Bl«biiiim  Browsd... 


Atl*r  MntntU 87      Bliaterle^ . 

AUEASriACBS W  ,  Bloodmot.. 

i»Ii]tid» 81,118  ,  BliMVlne.. 


-  BOMBAC££ 

Bonoy  Via. 

;  BontlA  dAptmoIdn  - 

BOKAGlNACKi 

BonrriB  p«r»ifloni   

«WoU 


I      Borrtcbto 
I      Bonobea  Ebnnbergii. 
BougainviUea 

III  TulpiHj Id  I  ll<iuM5ue»iillli 

112      8onlplou»  UliKlM* 


BthMCbjtneulik  .. 

>^*dlMk 

■MoMfoli* 

lek.Gold«i 

■)H» 

mb 

I" 

lb* 

UlCSS 

•«7 

alia 

dlea 

■Dbacti 

UDACEX 

•aj(d>Uiw 

ejDOptuUDpbMa . . 

X>LUCE« 


CuMia 93 

OHltalaU IT 

■ngiutiolUqUk 47 

bKllkria n 

biupaulkrU 47 

blflon « 

Filial* W 

8orid« *7 

gbndulo** 47 

smtdi* 4< 

nictieUw 47 

obtiuifoUft 47 

.  oooldenMU* <T 

UiiBujluaiui'iii-ana B» 

CwtiUenota SB 

CHt«r-oU  tnt K 

CHuariiia  eqniHllfollk M 

C»Wd*w 7B 

CiUliut  luiiguilliiini 7> 

Gitcli-aiid-kfDp          41 

CatMbea  parviQoia W 

C»Mp«lR  nnUu Ill 

CUlQa                 TO 

CrtruplBiKillHli. B4 

Criu                    T» 

CELASTEACE^ S» 

Crlvry                 » 

Celoala  ugenlea M 

Dltids M 

CeltUKiilnU M 

trlucrrla »4 

Cenchrai  echinaiui lOS 

Ccntlpepiroot           ST 

C«DtroKma  Tlrguiiuiani 44 

L'cphiluidra  InilicN.       — U 

CiTOua,  Nii:li1-b1oun]liij( ST 

Cereiu  unutui (7 

flOCCMDl E7 

grudlflornt ST 

flumiMlaiut S8 

jMruvAonu ->--<-- SB 

rh}fUanaita S8 

tricnculBri* ST 

Cwtrnm  diunmm 78 

UurifDUom ,. 7B 

Ch]iiulM»ii  alliuima. M 

CbanEi'alili-  Hiblwus 81 

<;b<'ibnlli..8  mkrophjUi US 

rUKSUl'OIHACEiE 8S 

Chenopodlum  unbroaloldei 8S 

Diunile 83 

Chettj- H41 

Black 62 

ChrintniM 62 

SnrinaiD 52 

Wild J4 

<:bprvil                S8 

<  hvvullicni  llnsiOMta Ill 

Cliirbrry  Gnipo To 

Cblgger-applo 33,57 

Chinese  Rose —  31 

CliioccKcsii  nwemvka <1 


1 


« 

« 

■      "  . 

OoojH»p«twUW 

. K 

hlraatu. 

Crflooecwi 

'"".'.'.      71 

.    a 

u 

..    » 

n 

..    • 

,    rt 

n 

...    * 

,     !• 

a 

« 

(tareBS 

DnXBNIACEJB.. 


11» 


■lllBalmft 

pil(»ln«nU... 110 

D10SC0KEACE« IIO 

Di  [)hnl  is  Halle  ifolU   M 

Diplochito  »pmiUl». W 

DiMlDltalooliflor*    TO 

l)iiitmpn«  BiteHtuB. 83 

DiTl.dfTf    W 

Dodoiuw  vtsooia 3S 

DogAlmDud U 

Dogwood 


« 


Drvpsnocariiuiliiiutiu U 

DrjTnttiluconliila !T 

Drypetci  eIaium H> 

IcTlgat* W 

Ihick.weed K 

IhideldQ 4fl 

IMmbCam M 

Darantn  Planilflri H 

EMtlndU  Thymo 81 

EliENACKS        « 

Eahlnudarua  irordtfollus VJ 

Schib'sAgglutlnst*. « 

burbiiU TO 

clrelialii « 

Deriflndra 49 

■ubeteota W 

EclipUdb* M 

Edrttn  wood                *) 

Egjj-plnnt                    78 

I)Kli>te»  ilomlDgfiulj flft 

Jtii'iKlundraQ  ijIncirpaiD 8B 

Eli'iihoDtopD*  molllg. 01 

Elcusluolndicn llli 

EmillA  wgltttiM «9 

■uBdhlfuU*. M 

Eogliah  FUoUin 8S 

EpideDdrambifldun.. ......  ■'-....- 113 


GDchlMtam.. 


■ubcqiule.— 

EisgrostlB  ciliaria 

poiBOldei 

EroohthitM  hlerocifoUk  .. 
Erieeron  cuudeosii 


80     SrithalUfrntlcow... 


S3      GEEiNIACEi... 

OT      Ofmnfun     

93      GlutTliibcI-live.. 


P««. 

Bt        teri. 

P^ 

HollDwitock 

a.te 

BooKIoot 

» 

Gi«» 

3T 

tlufi'luvUa  pen.Ula 

HtDBOCHARtOACEi 

Ilyniraicii  Conrbaril 

tlyplii  capltata 

psctiiiaM 

««"«1- 

BfttaU* 

Bona-ODX 

— 88 

70 

dtaseiU 

f"tij1.u 

*i 

pcntaphjll. 

P»"P™ 

Q^^iit  

quinqufpHliU 

triloba 

li 

126 


IpotnacB  nmbelktB 

TkilueA 

Ireslno  flatior 

IKIDACKE    ..  

IsaloQia  longlflon 

Ixora  Banihsta 

JkIuhCbUId 

Jicqacmoatia  UnmlfoU*  ■  ■ 

JmbbIu  Plum 

Jjmtboaa  ouditcccaaiA-  -  ^^  -  - 

JASMISACE*  . , 

^almifiuni  offldnaU 

piibuo«iu ...... 

TTPokttum ...... 

JatrophaCurcaa   .- 

goAAjpilfotia 

pandtiTB^oUa 

Doable 

Job'a  Teon 

JoUj-Gnu 

Jambee-bead 

Juniper 

JuHiroa  (offlrDllDoaa 

JujMela  Weolor 

perlplaciel 

Eaklurlakki-beTT;... 


LebldlU>«iiuia.. 


S  ,  Lemiui'Uented  VerbfOA-  - . 

3  I  Lwmati*  nepelsfoli* 

^     LeODanu  dbiTlciu 

2      XipMilllHHtUWIl/ 

1  virglalnuD 

2  I  Lpplooblok  miicninato — . 
1  I  Tlfitta 


Leacii 
Ligniuu-viLB  ■ . 

Lilag 

LILIACK*  -. 
LOf.Red 

White., ., 


LlDaciera  compocto .. 

LlpwUelata 

Lippla  nodiaon 

liquDTlcc  Wild 

Uqncrke-tnie 


LobluU;.. 


Lognrood 

LoDe&nwa 

Longlo 


p~»'*«» 

PhylUIidli 

LACOACB* 

as 

....^..     u 

'V^ 

■^pbyiJ* 

M 

Pop 

M 

OS 

mcriM 

M 

quadriada 

IT 

POTAMRE _ 

ProKOtttoUyominK 

Prickle- wood 

» 

46 

aythrln. 

glibniUi 

Ill 

P«lfll" 

4GI>-ACK« 

«= 

.T^. ::::::::::::::::::  m 

rimk'ajjmuiftim 

•« 

M 

IMniiiii  iiiul,.nr;i 

3T 

to 

«Si» 

jniacej: 

KauwoHln  l.imiiKkll 

00 

FmnchlpoBl 

uiy 

U7 

m 

P.B.. 

A 

nalwaidM 

ntricnlaw 

Ill 

VIOLACE2 

TobiMO-plpB 

S6 

« 

TUlnblU. 

7S 

W«ldl»i««piikelid. 

T«gtaTolnbUi. 

ETOtmaonm 

aa 

l-pi™l« 

Smnll n 

rh^m- 

■ 

INDEX. 


133 


Page. 

•• -.-. 109 

CkKvs-Herciilis 38 

flftnim 38 

macrophylliim 38 

Ochfozj^om 38 

106 


Page. 

Zingiber  officinalis 113 

Zixmia  elegans 64 

multiflora 04 

Zizypbus  reticulata 40 

Zomiadipbylla 43 

ZYGOPHYLLACB^ 87 


^eparitncnf   of  fhc    ^nievxovt 

V.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


14 


BULLETIN 


OF  THE 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


No.   14. 


PUBLISHED  UNDEE  THE  DIRECTION  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTIOIf. 


WASHINGTON: 

OOVEENMKNT  PEINTINO  OFFICE. 

1879. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 

Tltis  work  is  the  fourteeutb  of  a  series  of  papers  intended  to  iDostrat 
tlie  collections  of  Satural  Iliatoiy  aud  Etliuologj-  belonging  to  ih 
United  Estates  and  constituting  tbe  National  Museum,  of  'n-liicli  tb 
Siiiitlisoniau  Institution  was  placed  ia  charge  by  the  act  of  Coiigre^  o 
August  10,  1841i. 

It  lias  been  pi-ei)aiXHl  at  the  I'equcst  of  the  Inatitation,  and  printed  tr 
authority  of  the  honorable  Secretarj'  of  the  Interior. 

SPEKOER  F.  BAIKD, 
Secretary  SmitbsoniaH  IiulitHtion. 
Skitssoniak  Institution, 

Washington,  April  3, 1870. 


INTERNATIONAL   EXHIBITION,   1876. 


CATALOGUE 


OF  THE 


COLLECTION  TO  ILLUSTRATE 


THE 


Animal  Resources  and  m  Fisheries 


OF  THE 


TJNITED   STATES, 


EXHIBITED  AT  PHILADELPIIIA  IN  1876  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

AND  THE  UNITED  STATES  FISH  COMMISSION,  AND  FORMING  A 

PAST  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


PBXPABBD  UNDSB  TIIE  DIRECTION  OF 


G.    BROWN    GOODE 


I    1^1 


WASHINGTON: 

'^yBENMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE- 

1879. 


LIST  OF  PERSONS  ENGAGED  IN  THE  PREPARATION  OF  THE 

COLLECTION. 


JOSEPH  HENRY, 
Secretary  Smithsonian  Institution. 

SPENCER  F.  BAIRD. 
Director  of  the  Exhibition. 

G.  BROWN  GOODE, 
In  charge  of  Collection, 


CHAIRMEN  OF  COMMITTEES. 

t 

m 

Committee  on  Economical  Invertebrates. — ^William  H.  Dall,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Committee  on  Fresh  and  Preserved  Fish, — Eugene  G.  Blackford,  New  York. 

Committee  on  Fishing  Boats  and  Fittings. — A.  R.  Crittenden,  Middletown,  Conn. 

Committee  on  Hunting  Apparatus  and  Sportsman^s  Equipment. — Forest  and  Stream  Pub- 
lishing Company,  New  York. 

Committee  on  Fishing  ^ete.— American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston  and  New 
York. 

Committee  on  Anglers*  Equipments  and  Apparatus. — Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston. 

Comvtittee  on  Alcoholic  Collections^  ^c — Dr.  T.  H.  Bean,  W^ashington,  D.  C. 

Committee  on  Furs, — C.  A.  Herpich  &,  Co.,  New  York. 

Committee  on  Fish  Culture  and  its  Apparatus. — J.  W.  Miln'ER,  Wasliington. 

Committee  on  Whaling  Apparatus. — E.  B.  &  F.  Macy,  Now  Bedford,  Mass. 

Committee  on  Whale  and  Fish  Oils. — Capt.  N.  E.  Atwood,  Provincetown,  Moss. 

Committee  on  Chemical  Products. — E.  R.  Squibb,  M.  D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Artists. — J.  H.  Richard  and  A.  Zeno  Shindler. 
ModkUr, — Joseph  Palmer. 
Taxidermist, — Julius  Stoerzer. 
Photographer. — ^T.  W.  Smillie. 

V 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

NOTE XV 

1ST  OF  ANIMALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  BENEFICIAL  OR 
INJURIOUS  TO  MAN. 

1 

amivores) 1 

edia  (laud  carnivores) 1 

u'dia  (seals,  &c.) 5 

ta  (hoofed  animals) 7 

(sea-cows,  &c.) 9 

•hales) 10 

jet<5  (sperm  whales  and  dolphins) 10 

?ete  (baleen  whales) 12 

i'ora  (moles,  &c.) 13 

gnawers) -^- 14 

ialia  (marsupiates) 20 

20 

21 

lia  (crocodiles) 21 

nata  (tortoises) 21 

23 

lati  (anglers) 23 

nathi  (globe,  trunk,  and  file  fishes) 23 

•rancliii  (i)ii)e-fi8hc8,  &c.) 25 

phali 26 

osomata  (flat  fishes) 26 

mthiui  (cods,  &c.) 28 

hoptori  (spiny-finned  fishes) 31 

soces  (mullets,  &c. ) 53 

itognathi  (gar-finhes  und  flying-fishes) '  54 

>rai  (pikes,  &c.) 55 

mdyli  (salmon,  herring,  &c.) 5G 

ognathi  (caq)s) CI 

)gnathi  (cat-fishes) 62 

(eels) (33 

anoidci  (aniias) 03 

oganoidei  (gar-i>ikes) (54 

)8tomi  (paddle-fiBh) 64 

wstei  (sturgeons) 64 

ANCUIATKS (>5 

phali  (chimopras) ()5 

ikates  and  rays) 66 

(sharks) 67 

vu  1 


Tin  AKIMAL  KESOrnCES   OF  THE  UKITED   STATES. 

VII.    MABSIPOBIUNl'rilATKS , 11^ 

23.  Hj-peroartift  (lonipreys) . . . .  "K 

24.  HfperotrDti  (bags) TU 

Tin.  Leptocabdianb Ti) 

25.  CiiToatorai  (laneclots).,..,, . 70 

Section  B.— MEAK8  OF  PURSUIT  AND  CAPTUEE. 

\ Apjiaratm  of  direct  applieation. 

1.  Hand-implemests  [sraPLE  tools) Tl 

•  For  striking. 

1.  Clubs Ji 

2.  Slung  weiglit '1 

"  For  eutlinff. 

3.  Kmvca "I 

4.  Aies K 

"'For  Ihrtuting. 

5.  Spears  and  prodg... TrI 

n.  Implements  for  sbizuri:  op  object ^ 

*  Soaoping-inefrumenls. 

6.  Scoops 7J 

"  Grouping-hooka, 

7.  Booked  implemeDta  (nsed  witb  Bingle  motion,  that  of  hooking}......  ^ 

8.  BarbedinipleineDta(ui«od  with  twomoUons,  the  first  that  of  tbmstiiig).         ® 

9.  Tongs,  &c 8J 

'•*  Graa^ng-linee. 

10.  Nooses  (lariata  and  snores) .. ... .. 

11.  Loaded  lines  (tolas) , * 

""'  EHlangUng-linai. 

12.  Tangles * 

\\  Apparaiat  of  indirect  applioation. 
III.  Missiles 

*  Simple  miasHeg  (those  propelled  bg  the  unaided  arm). 

13.  Hurled  wcigbta ., 

14.  Hurled  sticks .......... ..,-,. ....... 

15.  Hurled  spears,  lances.. . .,.. 

"  Centrifugal  mi»aile»  (propelling  potcer  augmented  bi/  arHJiaal  lengthening  o/liearvt . 

16.  Slings,  and  spears  thrown  by  straps ... . ............. 

17.  Missiles  thrown  by  "throwing-Bticks" 


•**  Mi»»ilet  propelled  bg  a  sprivg. 
t  Spriog  coQsistiug  of  hent  rod. 


18.  Bows  and  oi 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  IX 

Page. 
Continued. 

U  Spring  consisting  of  elastic  cord, 
ibberslings 89 

ttt  Spring  consisting  of  metallic  helix, 
^ons 89 

••••  Mi89ile8  propelled  hy  oompreaeed  air  or  water,  ,\ 

8 89 

pns 90 


•*•**  JIfisailea  propelled  hy  comhuation  of  gunpowder, 

Ds 90 

Dry.)    Ammunition  and  its  preparation 91 

3ry.)    Accessories  of  loading,  repairing,  and  testing  fire-arms  ..  93 

)ry.)    Accessories  for  carrying  tire-arms.     (Accoutrements) 94 

OKa— Angung-tackle 95 

v^ith  movable  lines. — Hand-tackle 95 

rith  stationary  lines. — Set-tackle 97 

Dry. )    Parts  and  accessories  to  angling-apparatus 97 

ttt  Apparatua  to  a  greater  or  leas  extent  automatic, 

122 

ling  (meshing)  nets 122 

ingnets 126 

i\ii  Apparatua  entirely  automatic 

131 

ps 131 

ng-traps 134 

^ps 135 

traps 135 

re  preparations 1 135 

18  FOR  WHOLESALE  DESTRUCTION 136 

136 

iating  apparatus 136 

yes 136 

iiiii  Acceaaories  to  tlie  chaae  andfiahing, 

-ANIMALS 136 

g-mammals 136 

ries  to  hunting-mammals 138 

g-birds 137 

ries  to  hunting-birds 137 

g-fishes 137 

sl>  DISGUISES 137 

137 

133 

141 

IB  METHODS  AND  APPLIANCES 142 

inAftmiBportation 142 

162 

164 


X  ANIMAL   EESOUECES  OP  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

SEcnox  C— METHODS  OF  PEEPAEATION. 

I.  Pbepaiutton  anb  prbsektation  of  foods 

1.  PreaervatioD  of  the  livjug  animgla  (seeE,  3) ........ 

2.  Preservation  of  fresh  meats 

3.  Drying . . . .... ....  .... 

4.  Canaing  ami  pickling 

fi.  Preparation  of  baits . 

II.  Manufacturk  of  textile  FABtacs,  felts,  asd  stcffixob 

6.  From  hair  of  mammala  ...   ■ .. 

7.  From 'wh^lebuue 

B.  From  feathers '. 

9.  From  Bilk  of  iusects . . . ............  t 

10.  Prom  soft  parts  of  other  iuvettebrates J 

III.  Preparation  of  the  been  and  its  appendages T 

11.  Cnrrying C 

12.  Tanning n 

13.  Fur-dressing ., . 1' 

14.  Feather-dressing 17- 

15.  Manufacture  of  qnill  articles 1^ 

16.  Hair  and  wool  work ,.,,.......,., If 

TV.  Preparation  of  the  hard  tissues W 

17.  iTory  cutting  and  carving W 

18.  Preparation  of  horn  and  hoofs El 

19.  Pie2>aratioa  of  whalebone... ,, ,,, , , lU 

20.  Preparatiou  of  tortoise-shell W 

21.  Preparation  of  fish-scalo  work,  &,e  .................. ^t 

22.  PTvpnmtion  of  nnrrn „,..., Kl 

23.  Preparation  of  floral '•*] 

24.  Preparation  of  other  hard  tissnes 

V.  Preparation  of  oils  and  gei^atines 

ST).  Extraction  of  whale-oils 

26.  Extruetion  of  other  manmial  oila , 

27,  F-xtrtiftionofliinl  and  reptilfi  oils 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  XI 

Page. 

nON  OF  THB  ANIMAL  FOR  SCIENTIFIC  USES 176 

ation  of  wet  preparations 176 

in-making 177 

ag 177 

rmy 178 

lory. )    Photographic  and  other  delineating  apparatus 178 

N  D.— ANIMAL  PRODUCTS  AND  THEIR  APPLICATIONS. 

179 

n  a  fresh  condition 179 

Iried  and  smoked 182 

taltedy  canned,  and  pickled 184 

ie8(6ee24) ., 187 

nd  foods  for  animals 187 

188 

188 

r8(see20) 195 

I  fabrics 195 

9  EMPLOYED  IN  THE  ARTS  AND  MANUFACTURES 197 

*  Hard  materials, 

mdbone 197 

201 

md  claws 202 

203 

e-8hell 205 

205 

206 

206 

207 

•ial  earth 207 

natcrials  derived  from  invertebrates • 208 

**  Flexible  materials, 

r 208 

id  wool  (sec  also  8). 217 

219 

rs 219 

icand  isinglass 220 

Ic  materials  from  insects  and  mollusks 222 

?8 223 

*** Fluids  and  soft  materials, 

id  fats 223 

108 227 

ig  materials 228 

3al  products  and  agents  cmjiloyed  in  the  arts  and  medicine 229 

zcrs 231 

(see  under  30) 232 

materials 232 

E.— PROTECTION  AND  CULTURE  OF  USEFUL  ANIMALS. 

233 

■Iiiitod  fitates  Fish  Commission 233 


XII  AHIMAL  BESOVBCES  OF  THE  DNTTED  STATES. 

IL  Pkotectios 

2.  Preservation  of  game  and  fiah 2(1 

4.  (Accesaory.)    Eucmies  of  usctiil  antmalB 

111.  Pbopagatiox - , m 

5.  Fropagation  of  manunalB . ...... . ill 

6.  Propagation  of  birds Ml 

7.  Propagation  of  reptiles . , , 

8.  Propagation  of  nnipliibiuna . 

9.  Propagation  of  fishoB ,"„ . 

10.  Pioptigutiou  of  insect* , 

11.  Propngaliou  of  Iccchoa SU 

12.  PropBgatioa  of  moUiisks W 

13.  Pnipagiition  of  corals M^ 

14.  Propagation  of  apODges . SW 


CATALOGUE  OF  ILLUSTEATI0N8  OF  THE  ECONOMICAL  INVEHTEBEiTEfi 
OF  THE  AMERICAN  COASTS.     BY  W.  H.  DALL. 

MOLLUSCA  ciCFHAi^PODA.— Sqnida  and  Cuttles iSI 

MoLLUBCA  aASTEitoptiDA. — Sea-Snttils,  &c., 

A.  UBoful 

1,  UbwI  for  food  or  bait , 

i.  Useful  by  produeing  poorl-ehuU,  &c .     851 

3.  Affording  camoo  and  poicelain  slock 

4.  Used  in  Indian  tradu -- 

5.  Affording  djes!iiffs 

6.  Affording  bird- lime 

B.  Injurioiu 

1.  By  destroying  food-producing  moUusba  or  abell-flah,  ■neh  as  clama 

niTissels,  oysters,  cind  razor-flsh ... .... .... 

9.  I^jnrioue  by  destroying  vegetable  Bubstancea  and  garden  ptanta.. 
MoiACPCA  ACEPUAI.A.— Bivalvo  SholMah , 


TABLE   OP   CONTENTS.  XIH 

Pace. 

A  PHTLLOPODA 259 

efol.    Conyerted  into  fertilizers.    Carapax  used  as  a  scoop  or  boat- 
jailer 259 

A  I80P0DA 260 

efol;  by  removing  wrecks  or  snags 1 260 

iorions;  by  destroying  submerged  timber 260 

A    8TOMATOPODA 260 

A  DECAPODA. — ^LobsterS;  Shrimp;  Crawfisb,  Crabs 260 

eful;  food-supplying 260 

mmensal  with  other  food  supplies 261 

jnrious  by  burrowing  into  and  weakening  levees  and  dams 261 

epared  foods 261 

LA  (injurious) 262 

ly  dulling  the  edge  of  knives  and  spades  employed  in  ^'cutting  in" 

whale  blubber 262 

)y  obstructing  the  progression  of  vessels  upon  which  they  affix  them- 
selves    262 

.. — Worms  and  Leeches 262 

<?fnl 262 

In  surgery  and  medicine 262 

For  bait  in  fishing 262 

For  food 262 

jurious 262 

By  boring  into  and  destroying  oyster-shells 262 

. — Sea-Urchins,  Starfish,  Corals,  Medusae,  etc 262 

«ful 262 

Food-producing 262 

jurious 263 

.  Destroying  oysters,  clams,  &c 263 

.  By  their  urticatiug  powers  annoying  bathers  and  ''fouling"  nets 

and  fishiug  lines  with  slime — various  acalephs 263 

C8. — Sponges,  etc 263 

1 263 

.  For  conveyance  of  fluids  requiring  an  elastic  and  temporary  men- 
struum, and  as  a  detergent • 263 

.  Useful  as  an  elastic  medium  or  absorbent 264 

ioas 264 

.  By  destroying  oysters 264 

>8 264 

:.ANEOUS  PRODUCTS  OF  SEA  OR  SHORE,  NOT  OF  AN  ANIMAL 

NATURE. 

Lichens 264 

UgjB 265 

.  Having  economical  applications 265 

.  Ornamental  algas 265 

C  MATERIALS 271 


AKIMAL   EE80UHCES   OF  THE   UMTED   STATES. 


COMMEECIAL  STATISTICS  OF  ANIMAL  PRODUCTS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
A  REVIEW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHIEF  OF  THE 
BUREAU  OF  STATISTICS  FOE  THE  FISCAL  YEAH  EXDIXG  JL-NT  :ai,  lOT. 
BY  0.  BROWN  GOODE. 


Living  auimalB 

Food  prodneU,  escept  fl 
FJsU 


Ivory 

Wliolebone  „ 
ShBll 


Coral 

Leather 

Hides  and  Bl(iu9 

Briatles 

Quills 

Feilthers 

Glue  ftnd  gelatiue 

Sponges  

Oils,  fote,  and  soaps 

Perfmnety  materials 

Coloring  materials 

Cbemical  preparations,  inedicinee,  &c. 

Guano  nod  other  fertilizers 

Si>cdineuB  of  natural  Iiistor; 

Alpbalietical  index 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 


Q  the  occaBion  of  the  International  Exhibition,  in  1876,  certain  appro- 
tions  were  made  by  Congress  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and 
United  States  Fish  Commission.  The  former  was  called  upon  to 
)are  an  exhibition  to  illustrate  the  economical  value  of  the  mineral 
animal  products  of  the  country,  while  the  latter  was  to  perform  a 
lar  task  for  the  national  fisheries.  It  was  subsequently  found  desir- 
j  for  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  unite  with  the  Indian  Bureau  in 
claying  the  condition  of  the  aboriginal  tribes  of  the  United  States  in 
listoric  and  modem  times.  Four  distinct  departments  of  work  were 
J  provided  for,  (1)  an  ethnological  exhibition,  (2)  an  exhibition  of 
erals,  (3)  an  exhibition  of  animal  resources,  and  (4)  a  fishery  exhib:- 
.  The  first  and  second  were  arranged  on  opposite  sides  of  the  nave 
be  Government  building,  at  Philadelphia,  and  at  its  north  end.  The 
er,  it  was  found,  could  not  be  separated,  since  the  character  of  the 
mens  and  the  methods  of  arrangement  required  were  the  same, 
y  were  arranged  in  one  series  on  the  north  side  of  the  east  transept 
to  the  east  of  the  nave  extending  north  to  the  beginning  of  the 
eral  series. 

he  following  catalogue  is  a  simple  enumeration  of  the  objects  exhib- 
in  this  series,  and  illustrative  of  the  animal  resources  and  the  fish- 
s  of  the  United  States.  It  is  essentially  a  reproduction  of  the  card- 
ilogue  prepared  in  187G  and  still  in  use  in  the  administration  of  the 
action,  which,  having  been  greatly  augmented  by  systematic  efforts 
lie  United  States  and  by  donations  from  foreign  governments,  now 
IS  an  important  section  of  the  United  States  National  Museum.  The 
ilogue  has  been  as  far  as  practicable  made  complete  up  to  the  present 
?,  in  so  far  as  it  relates  to  North  America.  No  effort  has,  however, 
1  made  to  include  the  collateral  series  of  specimens  from  foreign 
itries. 

be  plan  of  arrangement  is  fully  shown  in  the  Table  of  Contents. 

inning  with  the  Useful  and  Injurious  Animals,  it  next  takes  up  the 

0X3  OF  Pursuit  and  Capture,  then,  successively,  the  Methods 

CTW0  THEM  for  Use,  The  Useful  Products,  and,  finally, 

XV 


XVI  INTEODUCTOET  NOTE. 

tlie  ^Ieass  of  Puotection  and  Culture.    The  preliniluaiy  plan 
classification  is  given  in  full,  whether  specimens  were  obtained  toiUiu- 
trate  it  or  not,  auil  indicates  wherein  the  collection  isstill  imperfect. 

It  seema  appropriate  to  remark  that  a  very  large  niunber  of  the  sped- 
mens  included  in  this  catalogue  and  exhibited  in   Philadelphia  wan 
borrowed  troni  the  permanent  collections  of  the  National  Museum,  and 
have  for  many  years  been  on  exhibition  in  the  Sutithsouian  building. 
G.  BROWN  GOODE. 

Washinqton,  April  11, 1879. 


*  Fur  u  fnller  cxpoHJtiun  of  this  plan  see  the  following;  pamphlet : 
Inltruutioniil  Exhibition  187G.  |  Bonnlin  Behulf  of  Uuited  Stales  Esepntive  Drpait- 
mentH.  |  -■    ■  -  -  |  Clasaiflcatinu  |  of  Ibo  j  Cull(u;tioa   to  Illuslrato  |  the  Animkl 
Bonres  of  the  United  States.  |  A  List  of  SubHtaneea  derived  trom  llio  Animal  l[lii|,il*<t 
with  SynopsiH  of  tho  Uwful  and  Injurious  Auitualu  |  and  a  Clansificstjuu  of  the 

ods  I  of  Capturu  and  UtUiiatiou.  |  |  By  G.  Brown  Goode,   M.  A.,  |  A« 

Curator   |   U.  S.  Natioual  Mnseuuj.    | |  Wnshingtwn:   |   Go>'enuneiil  ft 

Office.  I  1876.  I  Svo.  pp.  xiii  (I)  1S6.     Also  pnbUehnl  as  Bnllctin  No.  C, 

the  Interior,  United  States  National  Museniu;  and  aa  Article  VI  in  VoLXJlaf ' 

Umitheonian  MiacelluucoUB  Colluctions,  ^ya8lliugtou,  167d. 


SEOTIOlSr   Jk.. 


BT  OF  ANIMALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  BENEFICIAL 

OR  INJURIOUS  TO  MAN. 


*I.  MAMMALS. 

Oedeb  FER  a 

SUBOEDEE  FISSIPEDIA. 

FEIiIDiE. 

mfkis,  (GuIdenstSdt,)  Baf.— Bay  Lynx  or  Wild  Gat.— Forth 
America. 

12176.  liounted.    Denver,  Col.    C.  £.  Aiken.    Deo.  14, 1875. 
1SI77.  Moonted.    (Young.)    Denver,  CoL    C.  E.  Aiken.   ' 

ITBX  canadensis,  (Geoff.  &  Desm.,)  Baf.— Canada  Lynx.— Korfh- 
em  Korth  America. 

1S47&.  Mounted.    Honlton,  Me.    Bev.  B.  B.  McLeod.    Dec.  15, 1875. 

His  eyra,  Desm. — ^Eyba  Gat. — Southwestern  IN'orth  America. 

9SSL  Mounted.    Tehnantepec,  Mox.    F.  Somichrast. 

elte    yaffuarandi,   De8m.-^YAGUABXJNDi    Gat. — Southwestern 
Korth  America. 

8480.  Moonted.    Tabasco,  Mex.    CoL  Sarto. 

riis  concolor,  Linn. — ^Pxtma  or  Goxjgae. — ^America  generally. 

11813.  Moonted.    Central  Colorado.    James  Stevenson.    1874. 

elto  onca,  Linn. — Jaodab. — Southwestern  States,   Central  and 
South  America. 

10390 -f- 12296.  Moonted.    Died  in  captivity  at  Government  Insane  Asylum, 
Washington.* 

*Tlie  nombera  prefixed  to  the  enumeration  of  specimens  are  Smithsonian  cataloguo 
■iben.  When  two  numbers  are  given,  separated  by  the  mark  of  division  (-r),  the 
plaMotioned  nfm  to  the  particular  preparation  of  the  animal  in  question ;  the  second, 
cither  ralMed  part  entered  in  a  different  series.  For  example,  in  10390  -r  12296, 
4  innphig  belongs  to  the  skin  and  the  second  to  the  skeleton  of  a  specimen  of 


2  AKIUAL  BE80UBCE8  AND  FISHEBIES  OP  DHITED  STATXB. 

Felis  pardalis,  Linn. — Ocelot    or    Tioeb  Ca.t. — SontfaweBtem 

liTorth  AmertoA. 

13179+14179.  Honnted.   Tn1amaiH»,CcwUBica.  TaUnuneaaxpedltlaiL  TMI 

W.  M.  Gabb. 
12187.  Honnted.    TakmAnca,  Coet»  Bica.    TaUmanca  to^effithw.    Pib£  V. 

H..Gabb. 

CAIVID.K. 

Cania  lapD§,  Liim.,  mr.  grt8CO-albii«,— Gcay  Wolf.— NmA 
America  generally. 
3573  +  3520.  Mounted.     (Wiiitcr  pelage.)    Plnttc  River,  Neb.     C.  Dnalw. 

Tiilpes  nilTDS,  (Desm.,)  mr,  fiilviis,{Desm.)— Bed  Fos.— Xortli- 
em  North  America. 

7124.  Alonutod.     (Male.)    La  Piene'a  Hoiue,  Bocky  Mis.     B.  Kennicott   D«i 

isei. 

6403.  Mounted.     (Fomole.)    Viitton  Biver.    B.  Ecmiicott.     Oct.  31, 1660. 

Tulpes  fiilrus,  (Desm.,)  var.  decussntas. — Cross  Fox. 

G407.  Mouuiod.     (Female).     Ft,  McPLcrson,  Peols  Elver,  BndsciD's  Ba.T  Tmi- 
tory.     E.  Kennicott,     Nov.  29,  1861. 

"A  vary  fine  cross  fos,  ncarlj  silver,  small  and  apparently  j-oiiiig.  I^ 
Indians  told  mo  she  ^To□ld  ho  a  silver  fox  next  y ear."— KennicoU. 
ewa  Mounted.    (Female.)    Ft.  Mcl'liei^in,  Peels  Biver,  H.  B.  T.    B.  & 
cott.     Nov.  30,  1801. 
"A  good  typical  cross  fox ;  tail  rather  small." — Kennicott. 

6404.  Honntfld.     (Male.)    Yukon  Biver.     B.  Ivenuicott.    Oct.  3S,  180). 

"A  ratber  flno  cross  fos,  oppruaching  rooro  nearly  tbo  oilver  fni 
the  rc<L" — Kennicott. 
12166.  Sloonted.    Houll^n,  Maine.     Bev.  B.  B.  McLeod.    Dec  31,  IS:* 


ANHCAL  BE80URCE8  AND  FI8HEBIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.  3 

▼IririiiiAirafl,  (Sehieber,)  Gray.— Gray  Fox.— XJnited 
States  generally.  ' 

.  Mounted.    Yiigiiiia. 

rocyoii  Tir^riiiianas,  (Schreber,)  var.  littoralis,— Coast  Gray 
Fox. — ^Islands  of  the  Galifomia  coast 

1^140.  Mounted.    Santa  Cruz,  CaL    H.  W.  Henshaw.    U.  8.  Sorvey  W.  of  100  M. 

[nstela  Pennanti,  £rxl.—FiSHEB.— Northern  North  America. 

1S472.  Mounted.    Honlton,  Maine.    Rev.  R.  R.  McLeod.    Jan.  15,  1876. 
3S79.  Mounted.    Olympia,  W.  T.    Geo.  Gibbes. 

astela  americana,  Torton. — ^Pine  Martin  or  American  Sable. 
Northern  United  States. 

152544.  Mounted.    Hudson's  Bay  Territory.    R.  Kennicott. 
379.  Mounted.    Hudson's  Bay  Territory.    R.  Kennicott 

Mounted.    Hudson's  Bay  Territory.    R.  Kennicott. 

1015b  Mounted.    Hudson's  Bay  Territory.    R.  Kennicott. 

6414.  Mounted.    Yukon  River,  mouth  of  Porcupine,  Hudson's  Bay  Territory. 

R.  Kennicott. 
6189.  Mounted.    Yukon  River,  mouth  of  Porcupine,  Hudson's  Bay  Territory. 
R.  Kennicott. 

■torins  eriniuea,  (Linn.,)  Cavier.— White  Weasel  :  Ermine. — 
Northern  United  States. 

9355.  Mounted.    Kodiak.    F.  Bischoff.    1868. 

6498 -r  1029.    Mounted.    (Male.)    Yukon  River,  mouth  of  Porcuiune  R.    R, 

Kennicott. 
1427.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Middleboro,  Mass.    J.  W.  P.  Jenks. 

itorias    loni^ieauda,    Bonaparte.--LoN6-TAiLED   Weasel.— 
Western  United  States. 

9350.  Mounted.    Wyoming  Territory.    Dr.  F.  V.  Haydeu. 

itoriUB  Tisoii,  Bich. — Mink. — North  America  generally. 

12432.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Moore's  Lake,  Miuu.    J.  H.  Batty. 
4396.  Mounted.    Liard  River.    R.  Kemiicott. 
1653  -r  12309.  Mounted.    United  States. 
2392.  Mounted.    Cape  Flattery,  W.  T.    Dr.  Siickley. 

itorias  nigripes.  And.  &  Bach. — ^Blagk-footed  Ferret. — 
Western  States  (in  holes  of  Prairie  dogs). 

12409.  Mounted.    Spotted  Tail  Agency,  Neb.    Col.  A.  Chamben^  U.  S.  A.    Oct 
1,1875. 

Cheyenne,  Wyoming.    Capt.  Jas.  Gilliss,  U.  S.  A.    Dec.  27, 


4  ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AKD  FI8HEK1ES  OF  DNITED  STATES. 

Oulo  lUHcus,  Sabine.— Wolverene  or  Glutton. — Northern  5ar4 
America. 

3717.  Mounted.    Grant  Salt  Lake,  Utah.    Capt.  Stansbar;. 
4361.  Mounted.    Ft.  SimpBOQ,  H.  B.  T.     B.  E.  Roes. 

Taxidea   ainericann,  Waterli. — Amesican    Badgeb.— ^Vedten 
United  States  and  Pacific  Slope. 

12471.  Moontod.    Colorado.    Cluis.  E.  Aibeu.    Jon.  l^,  lE^R. 

Mephitis  mepiiiticaf  (Sbaw)  Baird. — Comxon   Ssxtnk. — Eaeto 
United  States. 

4348.  Mounted.  Washington,  D.  C.    C.  DrexlM. 

12523.  Mounted.  Ooldeu,  Col.     C.  E.  Aiken. 

1071.  Mounted.  Middloboro,  Maaa.    J.  W.  P.  Jenka. 

4127.  Mouutod.  Lynn,  Maes.    Georgo  Welth. 

1070.  Mounted.  (Male.)    Middtcboro.  Moss.    J.  W.  P.  J<>nks.    Dm.  S.  US. 

niephiti!«  niexicaoa,  Gray. — Mexican  Skunk. — Mexico. 

8566.  Mounted.    Orizaba,  Mei.     Mr.  Botteni. 

Spilogale    zorilla,  (Linu.)  Coues.— Little   Stkifbd   Sktsx- 

Westem  United  States  and  Pacific  Slope. 

1188.  Moonted.    8ant«  Clnca,  Cnl.    Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry.    Nov.,  isio. 

Conepatu§      mapnrito,      (Gmelin)     Cones.  —  White  -  BjICE:-< 
Skunk. — Southwestern  United  Statea.   ' 

790  —  IfleC.     Skin.    ■WeBloni  Tesaa.     Capl.  J.  Pope,  U.  8.  A- 


AHDCJLL  BE80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.  5 

nmM  amerieaniifl,  Pallas.— Black  Beab.— United  States  gen- 
erally. 

12380.  Mounted.    Northem  Michigan.    John  Wallace. 

halarctos  maritimas,  (Linn.)  Gray.— White  or  Polab  Beab. 
— ^Northern  America,  Euroi>e  and  Asia.  y 

12379.  Mounted.    Greenland.    John  Wallace. 

roeyon  lotor^  (Linn.)  Storr. — ^Raccoon. — ^United  States  generally. 

5148.  Mounted.    National  Institntion. 
5147.  Mounted.    National  Institution. 
26789.  Mounted.    Wyoming,  N.  T.    H.  A.  Ward.    Rochester,  N.  T. 

itoa  Aisca,  .—GoATrMUNDi.— Texas. 

12757.  Mounted.    BrownsviUe,  Texas.    Dr.  J.  C.  Merrill,  U.  S.  A. 

PINNIPEDIA. 

OTARIIDJB. 

lUirhiiiOS  ursinns,  (Schreber)  Gray.— Fub  Seal.— North  Pa- 
ciflc  Ocean  and  Bering's  Sea. 

[291S-34.  Mounted.    (Group  of  17.)   Pry bilov  Islands,  Alaska.    Alaska  Commercial 
Company,  San  Francisco. 

12935.  Mounted.    Alaska.    H.  W.  Elliott. 

uaetopias  Stelleri,  (Fischer)  Gray. — Sea  Lion.— Pacific  Coast. 

12489.  Mounted.    (Female.)    Prybilov   Islands,  Alaska.     Alaska  Commercial 

Company,  San  Francisco. 
15M88.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Prybilov  Islands,  Alaska.    Alaska  Commercial  Co., 

San  Francisco. 

12936.  Mounted.    (Young.)    North  Pacific. 

ilophus    Crilliespii,   (Macbain)   Gill. — ^The  Sea  Dog.— Pacific 
Coast. 

12937.  Mounted.    Southern  California.    Capt.  Baker. 

PHOCIDJB. 

Titolina,  Linn.— The  Common  Seal;  Habbob  Seal.— 
North  Atlantic 

iSa.  Cast    PtOTincetown,  Mass.    1875. 

^°lMil(ogniph.    (Toung.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
tnilL    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


6  ANIMAL  BB80CBCBS  AND  FISHEBUE6  OF  DNITED  STATBB. 

Phoca  Bichardsiit  (Gray)  GilL— IiBOPABD  Seai.v— STtxtti  P«il 


Pagophilns  graenlaadicDii,  (MiiU.,)  Gray. — Hasp  Seal^-Aic 
-y     Seas. 

5853.  Mounted.  Sablo  lalnnd,  N.  8.    P.  W.  Dodd. 

6122.  Honnted.  Fianklin  H&tbor,  Arctic  Seas.    B.  HoFMlaite. 

5851.  Mounted.  Sable  iHland,  If.  a    P.  W.  Dodd. 

12040.  Mounted.  St  John's,  N.  F.    Eov.  M.  Harvey. 

585£  Uoonted.  Sable  mand,  N.  &    P.  W.  Dodd. 

12039.  Moimtod.  St.  John's,  N.  F.    Eev.  M.  Harrey. 

1S038.  Honnted.  St  John's,  H.  F.    Bev.  H.  Harvey. 

Erignathas  barbatns,   (O.  Fabricios)  GilL— Sqcabe-fliff 
Seal.— Arctic  Seas. 
13422,  Skin.    Nowfoundlaod.    Govenmient  of  Nevfoundland. 

Histriopfaoca  eqaestris,  (Pallas)  GilL— Bakded  Seal.— Pm 
Coast,  Arctic  Seas. 
7680.  Skin  (in  collection  of  Furs).    Cape  Bomauzoff.    W.  H.  Dall. 
Pnsa  gryphns,  (O.  Fabricins)  GilL — Gbay  Seal. — ^Atlantio  Cot 

8694,  Uoonted.    Seeland.    Zoological  Moaenm,  Copenhagen. 
C  rSTOPHOBINiB. 

Cy«tophora  eristata,  (Brxl)  Kilsson. — Hooded  Sbai-— Atbi 


INIMAL  BE80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.  7 

Obdeb,  ungulata. 

BOTIDJB. 

BOVINJE. 

Isoii  amerieanns,   (Gmelin)  Gray. — ^Ahebigan    Buffalo. — 
Plains  between  Bocky  Mountains  and  Missouri  Biver. 

1S919.  Mounted.    Coloiodo.    C.  E.  Aiken. 

ribos  mosehatns,  Blalnville. 

lSS9a  Mounted.    (Female.)    Arctic  Coast,  H.  B.  T.    W.  L.  Hardestie.    Jan. 

23, 1875.    Also  skeleton  of  same  animal. 
1S897.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Arctic  Coast,  H.  B.  T.    W.  L.  Hardestie.     Jan.  23, 

1875.    Also  skeleton  of  same  animal. 
6255.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Ft.  Good  Hope,  H.  B.  T.    J.  S.  Onion. 

▲NTILOPINJB. 

i«ama   montana,    (Ord)  Gill. — ^Mountain   Goat. — Northern 
Bocky  Mountains  of  the  United  States  and  British  America. 

11894.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Montana.    W.  F.  Wheeler  and  J.  Armitage. 
11893.  Mounted.    Washington  Territory.    U.  S.  Northern  Boundary  Survey. 

OTINJB. 

la  montana,  Guvier. — ^Biohobn;  Mountain  Sheep. — ^Bocky 
Mountain  regions. 

11891.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Ft.  Fetterman,  Dakota.    James  Stevenson,  U.  8. 
C^L  Survey. 
160a  Horns.    H.  B.  Mollhausen. 

AIVTILOCAPRIDJB* 

itilocapra    amerieana,   Ord. — ^Pbonohobn  Antelope   or 
Cabbee. — ^Plains  west  of  Missouri  from  Lower  Bio  Grande 
to  Saskatchewan. 

5X)34.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Yellowstone  River.    Dr.  F.  Y.  Hay  den. 
3471.  Horns.    Ft.  Chadboume,  Texas.    Dr.  Swift,  U.  8.  A. 
6914.  Horns.    Ft.  Whipple,  Arizona  Ty.    Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  U.  S.  A. 
5084.  Horns.    Upper  Missouri.  T 

CERTIDJB. 

ce«    maehlis,    (Linn.)    Gray. — Moose. — ^Northwestern    United 
States. 

11868.  Mounted.    (Adult  male.)    Nova  Scotia.    Geo.  A.  Boardman. 
1S548.  Mounted.    (Adult  male.)    Nova  Scotia.    Mr.  Jack. 
"WL  Moanied.    (Toungcalf.)    Nova  Scotia.    Dr.  Bernard  Gilpin. 

Kftine.    General  S.  Churchill,  U.  8.  A. 
m.    AdiiQiidaGkBy  N.  T.    Henry  J.  Biddle. 


H  ANIUAL  BE80UBCES  AIH)  FISHEBIE8  OF  DSTTBD  SUm 

TarandoB  rangiftr,  J.  Brookes,  snbepecios  caiikoa,  iai.  > 
Ba4^-~WooDLAin}  GAxmon. — NwOieastem  TSvQi  Anw 
ica. 

13473.  Mounted.  Houlton,  Me.  Bev.  B.  B.  McLeod. 
12407.  Uonnted.  Honlton,  Me.  Rev.  B.  B.  HoLeod. 
1186^.  Mounted.    Lake  Superior.    J.  Bonuton. 

3289.  Antlers.     (Female.)    Nelson  Biver. 

3290.  Antlera.     (Female.)    Nelson  Birer. 

Tarandns  ran^ftr,  (Br.)  sabsp.  9r<enIandiciM,Br^-BlBil 

Gbound  Cabibou. — Arctic  America. 

6255.  Mounted.    Anstio  America. 

905.  Antlen.    North  Qieenlaud.     S.  Sternberg. 

90G.  Antlera.    North  Qceenland.    B.  Sternberg. 
6762.  Antlers.    Plover  Day.    Capt  C.  M.  Scunmon,  U.  S.  B.  K. 
7539.  Antlen.     Yukon  Bivel.    W.  H.  DolL 
4635.  Antlers.     Port  Fonlke,  N.  Greenland.    Dr.  I.  L  Hayeik 

Cerrus  canadensis^  End. — Amebioan  Elk. — ^Northern  Sa 
America. 

13474.  Moonted.     Ft  Sanders,  Wyoming.     Col.  A.  G.  Brackett^  U.  B.  A. 
4457.  Autlerft.    Elk  Co.,  Peuno.    FioL  S.  &  Holdeman. 

£911.  Antlers.  Ft.  Berthold,  MiBwniri  Biver.    Lt.  Warrau,  U.  8.  A.,  Oi.  F 
Hoyden. 

8G7.  Antlers.  Utah.    Col.  O.  Ciow,  U.  6.  A. 

8579.  AntlBre.  Platte  Biver.    Lt.  Biyan,  U.  S.  A. 

3552,  Antlers.^  Ft.  Tejon,  Lower  Gal.    John  Xaotoa. 

3551.  Antlers.  Ft.  Tcjon,  Cat.    John  Xantns. 

SIO.  Antlera.  Ft.  Union,  Mo.    A.  CnlbertMia. 

761.  AnUeta.  Ft.  Union,  Mo.    A.  Cnlbertaon. 

760.  Antlers.  Ft  Union,  Mo.    A.  Cnlbertaon. 


AHDCJLL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATED  9 

CariaciM  Tii^rinianiM,  (BodcUert)  Gray— Gontmned. 

3383.  Antlen.  (Hale.)    Ft.  Mason,  Tex.    M%f.  G.  H.  Thomas. 

3387.  Antlers.  (Male.)    Ft.  Mason,  Tex.    M^J.  G.  H.  Thomas. 
8D6.  Antlers.  St.  Lonis,  Mo.    J.  S.  Bowman. 

3388.  Antlers.  (Male.)    Ft.  Mason,  Tex.    M^J.  G.  H.  Thomas. 
GG7.  Antlers.  (Male.)    Cumberland,  Md. 

3088.  Antlers.  (Male.)    Essex  Co.,  N.  T. 

896.  Antlers.  (Ifale.)    St.  Louis,  Mo.    J.  S.  Bowman. 

9843.  Antlers.  Near  Denver,  Colo.    E.  Palmer. 

5077.  Antlers.  (Male.)    Washington,  D.  C. 

{)063.  Antlers.  Upper  Missouri  T 

6  siAriacas  Tirgrinianns,  (Bodd.)  Gray,  var.  mexieanuii.— Vir- 
ginia Deer. 

11869.  Mounted.    Talamanca,  Costa  Rica.    Prof.  W.  M.  Gabb. 

Cauiacas  maerotis,  (Say)  Gray.— Mule  Deeb.— Central  North 

America. 

11864.  Mounted. 

1^83.  Mounted.    Cheyenne,  Wyo.    Capt.  J.  M.  Oilliss,  U.  S.  A. 

6615.  Antlers.    Prescott,  Ariz.    Dr.  £.  Cones. 
831.  Antlers.    Big  Sioux,  f    T.  Culbertson. 

4175.  Antlers. 

6918.  Antlers.    Ft.  Laramie.    Col.  W.  0.  Collins. 

9682.  Antlers.    Mountains  of  New  Mexico.    Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry. 

C3  ^uriacus  eolumbianns,  (Bich.)  Gray. — Columbia  Black-tailed 

Deeb. — ^Pacific  Slope. 

8154.  Antlers.  Puget  Sound.    J.  G.  Swan. 

3203.  Antlers.  Whidby's  Island,  Pugot  Sound,  W.  T.    Dr.  Geo.  Suckley. 
5080.  Antlers.  Puget  Sound.    Dr.  C.  B.  Konnerly. 

3204.  Antlers.  Wliidby's  Maud,  Paget  Sound.    Dr.  Geo.  Suckley. 

Cirrus  dama,  Linn. — ^Fallow  Deeb  (introduced). 

1200.  Antlers.    Park,  Clarke  Co.,  Va.    Col.  J.  Fuloy. 
2257.  Antlers.    Clarke  Co.,  Va.    Col.  J.  Fuley. 

DICOTYLIDJB. 

I^icotyles   torqnatus,  Cuv. — ^Peccaby. — ^Bed  Biver,  Arkansas, 

and  South. 

1234d.  Mounted.    Talamanca,  Costa  Bica.    Talamanca  Espod.    Prof.  W.  M. 
Gabb. 

Obdeb,  sirenia. 

TRICHECHIDiE. 

*^  Mcheehns  manatus,  Linn. — MANAXEE.^Florida,  West  Indies, 

and  K.  E.  South  America. 

12295.  Mounted.    Florida.    P.  T.  Bamum. 
10037.  Skeleton.    Florida.    H.  A.  Ward. 


10        AHIM*r-  BE80UB0BS  AND  FI8EBBIES  OF  DNITED  BTUHL 

Oedee,  CETE. 

DELPHOriDA. 

DE1.PHINAPTEKI1V.S. 

DelpUnaptems  catodon,  (Linn.)  GilL — White-fish  or  Wh 

Whaxe.— Arctio  and  Sabarctdc  Seas   (asceoding  li 
rivers). 

1S490.  CuHt.  Gnlf  of  St.  Lawienoo.    O.  B.  Bentew  &  C«.,  Qneboe. 
16038.  Bkelaton.    Golf  of  St  LAwrenae.    G.  B.  Benfrew  &  Co. 
389.  Photograph.    U.  &  Fiah  CommiMioD. 

Monodon  monoceros,  lioiL — Naewhai..— Arctic  Seas. 

16304.  Task.    Greenland.    Pnrchaaed  from  George  T.  Nicketaou. 
DELPHINIlfS. 

I^eDCorhamphus  borealis,  (Peale)  GilL— Bight-whale  1 
POISE. — Pacific  Coast 

.  Skeleton. 

Delphinus  Bairdii,  DalL— Baibd's  Pobfoisb.— C^ifbraia  0 

16042.  SkeletOD.     Culifomift.    W.  H.  DoU. 

1M03.  Skoll.    San  Gabiiel  Biver,  CaL-  lieat.  BergLmd,  U.  &  A. 

Delphiniis  bombiflrons.  Cope. — Pobfoise.— Atlaatic  Cout. 
12481.  T  Caat.    New  York  Harbor.    John  Wallace. 


Tnrsiops  erebenaas,  (Cope)  Gill. — Fobpoise. — Atlantio  0 


AHDCAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES^       11 

afCHorliyiiclias  thieolea,  Gray.— Porpoise.— West  coast  of 
North  America. 

^rca  mtra.  Cope.— Killer.— Pacific  Coast. 

19018.  Jaw.    California.    Capt.  C.  M.  Scammon. 

rca  glmMmtoTf  (Bonnaterre)  Gray.— Killer.— Atlantic  Coast. 

1191&  SkulL    South  Atlantic.    8.  F.  Baird. 

hoc«ena  Tomeriiia,  Gill.— Bay  Porpoise.— Pacific  Coast. 

16044.  Skeleton.    Califomia.    W.  H.  Dall. 

hocAita  lineata,  Cope. — Striped  Porpoise.— Atlantic  Coast. 

621.  Photograph.    U.  8.  F.  C. 

hecaeHa  braehyeion.  Cope.— The  Snuffing  Pio  or  Herring 
Hog. — ^Atlantic  Coast. 

18302.  Cast    Cape  Cod.    Yinal  N.  Edwards. 

OLOBICEPHAJLINJB. 

loblceplialas  Scanunoni,  Cope.— Black-fish. — Pacific  Coast. 

9076.  SknlL    Califomia.    Capt.  C.  M.  Scammon. 

lobieeplialas  intermedius,  (Harlan)  Gray.- Black-fish.— 
Atlantic  Coast. 

12479.  Cast.    (Fcdtos.)    Cape  Cod.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

12480.  Plaster  cast,  (7  feet.)    Cape  Cod.    Edwards.    Nov.  14,  1874. 
18480.  Cast. 

12840.  Cast  351.    Cast  of  head.    South  Dennis,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

1875. 

12841.  Cast  352.    Cast  of  head.    South  Dennis,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

1875. 

frampus  irriseas,  (Cuv.)  Gray. — Obampus;  Cow-fish.— Kortli 
Atlantic. 

15771 H- 12759,  508.    Cast.    Dec.  2,  1875. 

15772  -f-  127e)0,  503.    SkuUs.    Nov.  29,  1875. 

15773  -f- 12761,  506.    Cast  of  head  and  cast  of  whole.    Nov.  30,  1875. 
506  A.  Cast.    (Over  entrance.) 

622.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

12940.  Cast  of  head.    Cape  Cod,  Mass..   Y.  N.  Edwards. 

12941.  Cast  of  head.    Cape  Cod,  Mass.    Y.  N.  Edwards. 

12942.  Cast  of  head.    Cape  Cod,  Mass.    Y.  N.  Edwards. 

iNunpiis     Stearnsii,    Dall. — White-headed    or    Mottled 
Obampus. — ^Pacific  Coast. 

Cftlilomia.    W.  H.  DaU. 


12        ANIUAL  SES0URCU3  AND  PI&H&BIB8  OF  CSIIXD  STATES. 

ZIPHIID^. 

ZIPBllNf. 

iHesoplodoii    SowerbiensU,    (Blainv.,)    Oervais. — Sow£BSY% 
Whale. — Atlantic  Coasts 

ANARNACINJB. 

Anarnacns  semijunctus,  (Cope)  GUL— BoTTLB-SEADWHAiA- 
Atlantic  Coast. 

PHYSETERIDJG. 

PMTSETEBINf.  ^, 

Physeter    macrocephalus,    Linn. — Sperm   Whale.— Tropko- 

poll  tan  Seas. 

2!)0.V2.  Irou  inoclol.     Mrvlu  liy  captaia  of  whaling  ship.     J.  H.  Thoinptoiu    Xn 

I)c(lfor>l,  Mass. 
1004G.  JaWB,     U.  H.  Fieh  ConuniwioD. 
1G047.  JawB.     National  Inatitutc. 
25004.  WoiHlon  model.     Capt.  Beqj.  Bnss^U.    Nen  Bcdfonl,  Maaa. 

KOGIIN^. 

Kogia  Floweri,  Gill. — Poepoisb  Speem  Whale. — Pacific  Coart 


80IC.  Lower  ja 


.     Lower  Califomio, 

BAI,.a:i\'OPTERID^. 

AGAFHELINf . 


r 


AHIMAL  BB80U80E8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        18 

SlMmldiiis  taberosiis,  Cope.— Finback  Whale.— Atlantic  Ocean. 

Slblmldlas    borealls,    (Fischer)    Geoffiroy.  —  Sijlphub-bottom 

Whale. — ^Atlantic  Ocean. 

16039.  Skeleton.    Cape  Cod.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

SlblMddias    salAireas,    Cope.  —  Sulphitb-bottom  Whale.— 

Padflo  Ocean. 

BateHoptera    rostrata,    (Miiller)  Gray.— Obampus.— Atlantic 

Coast. 

Babenoptera  Tellftra,  Cope. — ^Finback  Whale  ;  Oregon  Fin- 

NER. — Pacific  Ocean. 

BalaBnoptera  Davldsoiiii,  Scammon. — Sharp-headed  Finner 

Whale.— Pacific  Coast 

ie040.  SkeletcHDL    Califomia.    Capt  C.  H.  Scammon. 

haIjJenidje. 

Batena  mysticetus,  Linn. — ^Bowhead  Whale. — Arctic  Seas. 

12938.  Model  in  plaster.    From  drawings  and  measorements  of  Capt.  C.  M. 

Scammon. 
16041.  Jaws.    Arctic  Ocean.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission^ 

Gubatena    Cullamach,    (Chamisso)    Cope. — Pacific    Bioht 

Whale.— North  Pacific. 

1S968.  Model  in  plaster.    From  drawings  and  measurements  of  Capt.  C.  M. 
Scammon. 

Kubalaena  cisarctica.  Cope. — Eight  Whale. — Atlantic  Coast. 

Order,  INSECTIVORA. 
TAIiPIDiE. 

^^alops  aquaticus,  (Linn.)  Cut. — Eastern  United  States. 

3965.  Mounted.  (Male.)    Washington,  D.  C.    G.  Exall. 

5830.  Mounted.  (Female.)    Washington,  D.  C.    G.  Exall. 

3866.  Mounted.  District  of  Columbia,  1658.    C.  Drexler. 

3864.  Mounted.  (Albino.)    Virginia,  October  30,  1846.    D.  F.  Kent. 

^^alops  arffentatus,  Aud.  &  Bach. — Silvery  Mole.— Western 

United  States. 

11351.  AlcohoUc.    Mt.  Carmel,  HI.    R.  Ridgway. 
783.  Moonted.    Tremont,  IlL    W.  J.  Shaw. 


14        XSatAL  K180UB0B8  AHD  FI8HSSIBS  OTDHITBD  BTUEkH. 

Scapanns  TownsendU,  (Bachman)  PomeL — Obbooit  Kou 

Pacific  Slope. 

3963.  Mounted.    Oragoo.    T.  R.  F«ale.    C.  S.  Exploring  Expedttkn. 
1963.  Honuted.    Ft.  SteiUcMnn,  Waah.  Ter.    Dr.  0«orge  Baekkj,  U.  S.  i 

Scapanas  Brevreri,  (Bachinan)  Pomd. — Haibt-tiii.ed  Hou 

Eastern  United  States. 
ES3.  Uonnted.    Clerelamd.  Ohio.    I>t.  J.  P.  Kirtland. 

CoBdylara  cri8tata,(Luui.)  niiger. — SiAs-vossD  Moia^-Ko 

em  cismontane  States. 
396B.  Uonnted.    WaeUngton,  D.  C. 

Order,  GLIRES. 
SCnjRIB.£. 

Sciarus  cinereas,  Linn.— Fox  Squibsel. — Eaatem  United  Sti 

4143.  Moonted.    IMstrict  of  ColmnbiA.    C.  Diexler. 
321  —  1240.  Mounted.    Wrateni  Uisaomi.    Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy.     IBM. 
4044.  Honuted.    (Male.)    District  of  ColombiA.    A.  B.  Jonkhia. 

Sclums  carolineaaia,  Omelin^— Obat  Sqitibbei- — United  Sb 

4043.  Uonnted.    District  of  Columbia.    S.  F.  Balid. 

334-^1352.  Moimt«d.    Racine,  Wis.    Rev.  A.  C.  Buir. 

333-^  1250.  Mounted.    Baeine,  Wis.    Dr.  P.  R.  B07. 
11071.  Uonnted.    New  Tork.    J.  G.  Bell. 
6844.  Mounted.    WaaMngton,  D.  C.    J.  K.  1 


ANIMAL  RGS0DBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UKITED  SPATES. 


qnadriTittatas,    (Say) 

Squireel. — Pacific  Slope,  i 


Eich. — MissouKi     Stuiped 


STamias   lateralis,  (Say)  Alleo. — Sat's  Stbiped  8qcibk: 
Bocky  Mountains,  from  Mexico  norttiwanL 


9310.  Mounted.    Canon  City,  Neradn. 
Bobwt  Bidgway.    March,  1668. 


i.  Snn-cy  of  Fortielli  Purnllel. 


^S^ermophiliis  grninniurii§,  (Say)  Bacli.— California Groxind 
Squirrel. — Western   Texas  and   Sifw  Mexico  ireat  to 

Sierra  Nevada  IMountains. 
1046—2315.  Monnleri.     Lob  Nogales,  Sonom.     Maj.  W.  H.  Emory,  U.  S.  A. 

^ ^Vermophilus   ^rammurnB,   (Say)   Bach.,   rar.   Beechyi. — 
_  California  Grounb  Squieeel. — Gala,  and  Lower  Cal^, , 

^k  west  of  Sierra  Nevadas. 


469.  Mounted.     Tejo' 

470.  Monuted.     Ttyoi 


VaUey,  Cal. 
VaUey,  Cal. 


^  ^enuophilus  Hnrrisi,  And.  &  Bach. — Harris'  Groithd  Squir- 
rel.— The  Great  Interior  Basin  and  Lower  California. 

471-HJOO.  Mounted.     Moliave  Desert.    Lien t.  R.  8.  Willi nmsoi 

^Vermophiliis'Frankllni,  (Sabine)  Bich. — Gray  Goph: 
Northern  Illinois,  northward  to  the  Saskatchewan. 

985.  Skin.     Eacine,  Wia.     Dr.  P.  R.  Hoy. 

^■lerinophilas   tereticaudis.  And.  &  Bach. — Round- tailed 
Ground  Squirrel. — Arizona. 
1584.  Sktn.     Fort  Ynmo,  Cal.     Mi^j.  G,  H.  Thomas. 

^■icrmophilus  tridecem-lineatus,  (Mitchell)  Audi  &  Bach.— 
Striped  Gopher  ;  Prairie  Squierfx. — The  prairic-s  ot 
the  United  States. 

437— 130J.  Mounted.     Head  of  Arkansas  Eivor,     Capt,  E.  O.  Beckwith. 

^BMmiophilus    mexicanns,    (Erxleben)    Wagner. — Mexican 
Ground  Squirrel. — Southwestern  Texas  and  Southern 
New  Mexico,  southeastward  into  Mexico. 
aaflB.  Monnted,     Engle  Fobs,  Te^os.     Dr.  W.  B.  King,  U.  8.  A. 

^.Permophilas  Parryl,  Rich. — Pasby's  Marmot. — Northern 
parts  of  the  Continent,  from  Hndson's  Bay  to  Behring's 
Strait. 


8730.  Mountod.     Felly  Lake.     H.  H.  MocFarlane.    Juno  21,  1864. 
ST89.  Mounted.     Lockhart  Eivor,  H.  U.  T.    B.  R.  Roes.    July  4,  If 
Saeo.  Moun(«d.    Kodiak.    F.  Bis«hoff.    Sept.  13,  lelGS. 


a 


16        AmUAL  SBS0UBCE8  AMU  FI8BEBIB8  OF  DHTTBD  8TAn& 

Spermophilas  spUosotna,  Bennett — Soitora.  Ohouhd  SqcH' 
BEL — Extern  base  of  tlie  Booby  Moantanu  north  to  WeH> 

em  Wyoining.  ■  i 

2620.  Fort  Thorn,  N.  Jlos.     Dr.  T.  C.  Henry. 

Spermophiliis      Richartlsoni,      (Sabine)      Baird.— Teuot 

GoPHBE. — Plains  of  the  Saskatchewan  soathward  lo  the 

Upper  Missouri. 

12360.  Skin.    Fort  Saunders,  Wjo.    Col.  A.  O.  Brockott. 

Spertnophilus     Townsendi,    Baeh. — TowNSBni>'8    Gbocsd 
Squierbl, — Plains  of  Colombia. 
3775.  Ciunp  Lloyd,  Utuli.     Capt.  J.  H.  Simpson,  U.  8.  A, 

Mpermophilns   annulatii§,  And.  &  Bach. — RmGExt  GEOun 
Squieekl. — Plains  of  Colima,  Mexico. 

.  Skins. 

Cynomys  ladovicianus,  (Ord)  Baird.— Pbairie  Doo.-~Gitit 
plains  east  of  the  Rocky  Monntains. 

4057.  Mounted.     (Female.}    Plotto  KiTer,  Ark.    Dr.  WoodLoiue. 
7770-f-345.     Moimtod.     (Male.)     Ft.  Lamed.    Dr.  E.  Coaes.     Uaj  31. 1«l 
11458.  Monnted.     Colorado.    J.  H.  Batty. 
^559.  Mounted-    Soda  Springs,  Colo.    Jos.  Storenson. 

Cynoniy§  coliunbianu«,  (Ord)  Allen. — Shobt-tail&d  PeaoiI 

Dog. — The  parks  and  plains  within  and  west  of  the  Body 

Mountains  to  the  plains  of  Colnmbia. 

5849.  Mounted.     Kort  Bridger,  Utiih.     C.  Dreilor. 


ANIICAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        17 

CASTORIDJE. 

itor  canadensis,  Kuhl. — American  Beaver. — United  States 
generally. 

9734.  Monnted.    (Yonng.)    Henry  Fork,  G.  R.     Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden.    Oct.,  1870. 

9 

GEOmYIDJE. 

imys  bnrsarius,  Rich. — Pouched  or  Pocket  Gopher.— Mis- 
soiiri  to  Minnesota  and  Nebraska. 

91.  Moaxited.    Columbia  River,  Oregon.    Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila. 

imys  tiiza,  (Ord,)  Cones. — Florida  Salamander. — Southeast- 
em  States. 

11905.  Skins.    Jacksonville,  Fla.    G.  Brown  Goodc. 

imys  castanofis,  Baird. — ^Texas  Pouched  Gopher.— Texas 
and  New  Mexico. 

4007.  Mounted.    Bent's  Fork.     Lt.  Abert. 

^momys  talpoides,  (Bich)  Baird.— California  Gopher.— 
Korthem  and  Western  North  America. 

366-H1280.  Monnted.     Monterey,  California.     Lt.  W.  P.  Trowbridge. 

^momys  clusius,  Cones.- Smai^l-foOted  Pouched  Gopher. 
— Rocky  Mountains. 

.  Skins.    Ft.  Bridger,  Utah. 

iTHJRIDJB. 

s  decumanus,  Pallas.— Brown  IIat.— United  States  generally. 
(Introduced.) 

5847.  Monnted.     Washington,  D.  C. 

»  rattus,  Linn. — Black  Rat. — United  States  generally,  but  rare. 
(Introduced.) 

12H-921.  Skin.     Foxburg,  Pa.     S.  F.  Baird. 

«  mnsculus. — Common  Mouse. — United  States  generally.    (In- 
troduced.) 

4051.  Monnted.     (Albino.)    District  of  Columbia. 

jpcromys    leucopuiit,    Wagner. — ^^Vhite-footed    ^Iouse. — 
Northern  United  States  west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Halifax.  N.  S.     A.  DowncH. 
»4 2 


la        AKIUAL  RE80UBCB8  AND  KISHBRIBS  OF  nHlTED  STATES. 

nreotoma  floridana.  Bay  &  Ord. — Flobida  Uat;  Wood  It^j 
Atlantic  SIoiMJ  nortlnvartl  to  Kcw  York. 
4334.  Mounted.     Hillsbimi,  Vn.     K.  Jouucy. 

IVeotouia  cinerea,  (Oiil)  Baird. — Bocky  Mountain  Bat. — Piu-iiir 
SloiMJ  imil  Uptwr  Missouri. 
5G63.  Mounted.    Fort  Liard,  Hudooo's  Uuy  Terr,    llvaa  itnd  Hard««t,v. 
Fiber  zibethiciiK,  Cuv.— Musx  Bat.— United  States  generallj. 

'HXiO.  Mouutcd.     (Fuiuiile.)    District  uf  Coluiiibin.     U.  O.  Pollard. 

HYSTRICID.K. 

Eireltaizon   dorsatUM,  (Liirn.)  Flem.,  rar.  dorftalns.— ^'Dirt 
haieed  Poecupine. — Xortliei-n  United  States. 

11066.  Moiiuted.    Maine.    Juhu  WallHci-. 
■    l-«02.  Mounted.     (Female.)    Mt.  WaBliiugtou,  N.  U.     C.J.  King.    July3.l<i 

Ercthizon  donatas,  (Liun.)  I'.  Ouv.,  rar.  ei^xanthni*.— Vel 

LOW-HAIEED  PORCUPiSE. — I'liciflc  Slope  and  Upper  Jfc 
aoiiri  region. 

9H&.  Hoimted.    Fort  Bridgcr,  Wyrauing.    Dr.  F.  Y.  Hayden,  U.  8.  GeolopA 
Sept.  20,  lew, 

SuBOEDBB  DUPLICIDENTATA. 
LEPORID.£. 


ABIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        19 

epos  americanus,  Erxl.,  var.  l^ashingrtonii.— Bed  Hare.— 
West  of  Eocky  Mountains  fix)m  Columbia  Kivor  into  British 
Columbia. 

3817.  Moanted.    Chiloweyuck  Depot,  Oregon.    Dr.  C.  H.  Kcnuerly,  V.  8.  A. 
June,  1859. 

'pun  americanus,  Erxl.,  var.  Bairdii.— Baird'b  Hare.— 
Higher  parts  of  Kocky  Mountains. 

4265.  Mounted.    (Female.)    Wind  River  Mountains.    Dr.  F.  V.  Ilayden. 
5882.  Mounted.    Head  of  Flathead  River,  Washington  Ty.    Dr.  C.  H.  Kennerly , 

N.  W\  Boundary  Survey.    Winter  1860. 
3791.  Mounted.    Ft.  Bridger,  Utah.    J.  H.  Simpson. 
303.  Mounted.    Shoalwater  Bay.    Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,-  Pacific  R.  I?.  Suney. 

March  5,  1854. 

pnn  campe8tri»9  Bach. — Prairie  Hare. — Central  plains  of 
North  America. 

1552.  Mounted.    Upper  Missouri.    Dr.  F.  V.  Hayden. 

4240.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Deer  Creek.    Dr.  F.V.  Hayden.    Doc.  18,  1859. 

69^972.  Mounted.    Ft.  Union,  Neb.    T.  Culbertaon. 
12013.  Mounted.    (Male.)    Frenchman's  Creek,  Montana.    Dr.  E.  Coucs,  U.  S.  A., 
Northern  Boundary  Survey.    July  5,  1874. 

ipiis  callotis,  Wagler Jackass  Hare  ;  Jack  Babbit. — South- 
western United  States. 

1170.  Mounted.    Klamath  Lake.    Dr.  J.  S.  Newberry. 

8477.  Mounted.    (Female.)    Ft.  Whipple,  Arizona.    Dr.  E.  Cones,  U.  S.  A. 
May  17,  1865. 
450.  Mounted.    Red  River,  Ark.    Capt.  Marcy. 

pus  califbmicus,  Gray. — ^California  Hare. — California. 

11070.  Mounted.    California.    J.  0.  BeU. 

1980.  Mounted.    Petaluma,  California.    E.  Samuels. 
12586.  Mounted.    Cape  St.  Lucas.    John  Xantus. 

pus  sylTaticus,  Bach. — Gray  Rabbit. — Eastern  United  States. 

12483.  Mounted.  Fairfax  Co.,  Va.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

11069.  Mounted:  New  York!    J.G.Bell. 

11068.  Mounted.  New  York!    J.G.Bell. 

4017.  Mounted.  New  York.    J.  G.  Bell. 

pu»  Bachmani,  Waterhouse. — Bachman's  Hare. — Texas. 

234 ;  243.  Skins.    Brownsville,  Texas.    Couch  and  Vau  Vliet. 

pun  sylTaticus,  Bach.,  var.  Audubonii.— Audubon's  Hare. 
— Southern  Arizona  and  California. 

1506L  Mounted.    San  Diego,  Cal.    Dr.  J.  F.  Hammond.    Dec,  ia'>5. 

Ifdmited.    (Female.)    San  Diego,  Cal.    Dr.  J.  F.  Hammond.    Dec.  28, 
IflBflL 


UO        ANIMAL  RE80UHCKS  AND  FISHEEIES  uF  t'MTKU  STATES. 

EfCpiifi  sylvatieus,  BacL.,  zar.  IWullalli. — Sage  Kabbit.— Unittd 
States  west  of  97th  meridian. 

iS-^JO.  Monntwl.     (Frnialp.)    Camp  Graut,  Arii.     Edwaitl  Pftlmer.    Krh. '», 

Eiepits  Trowbridgii,  Bniid, — Troavbrldge's  Hare. — Califomii. 

IISI.  Moiinlc.].     Satita  Cliirii,  Cal.     Dr.  J.  !*.  Newbcrrj.     Nov.,  1S.V.. 
■JOT4-^K1.     Mountwl.     PotfilmnH,  Cul.     E.  Samiiols. 

Ijepiis  aquatlcui*,  Bacli. — ^^''ATBR  Rabbit. — GiUf  States. 


Iiepii!«  palu«)lri«,  Bacli.— >lABsn  Rabbit. — Sontlieastem  Failed 
States,  on  lowlands. 

4018.  Mounted.     St.  SimoD's  jHlanil,  Go.     Dr.  Wilson.     ISOO, 
i856.f  Monntwl.    Society  Hill,  B.  C.    M.  A.  Curtis.    1856. 
leSI.  Moniiteil,    St.  Bimnn'M  IbIeukI,  Ga.    Dr.  S.  U.  WlUon. 


OnDKR,  EDEXTATA. 

]»A»i»VPO»ID.C. 

TatiiMJa  »tepteiii-cinrtu<s,  (Linn.,)  Gray.— arm adillo.- 
ivfstt'rn  United  States  anil  South. 

10197.  Motiiile.1.     Tolinwn.  Mesifo.     C.  11.  Laszla. 


IHIMAL  RK80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        21 


III.  REPTILES. 
Obder,  crocodilia. 

CROCODILID^. 

'oeodilas  americanas*  Scba.— Florida  Crocodile. — South- 
ern Florida. 

6364.  Honnted.    Biscayne  Bay,  Fla.    Purchased  fh>m  U.  A.  Ward. 

liffator  mississippicnsiii,  Daudiu. — Alligator. — Southeast- 
ern North  America. 

9960.  Cast.    JacksonTille,  Fla.    F.  C.  Goodo. 
8543.  Cast.    Jacksonville,  Fla.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

Order,  TESTUDINATA. 

TESTVDI]¥ID£. 

stvdo  Carolina,  Linn. — Florida  Gopher-Tortoise. — South- 
eastern Korth  America. 

9627.  Cast.    Florida.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

studo  Berlandieri,  Agassiz. — Southwestern  United  States. 

8926.  Brownsville,  Tex.    Dr.  J.  C.  Merrill,  U.  8.  A. 

EIHYDID^. 

Jacoclemmys  palustris,  Gmelin. — Diamond-back  Terrapin. 
— Qoast  from  New  York  to  Texas. 

8709.  Washington  Market.    J.  W.  Milner. 
90^.  Cast.    Mandeville,  La.    G.  Kohn. 

eodemys    rag^osa,    Shaw. — ^Eed-bellied    Terrapin. — ^New 
Jersey  to  Virginia. 

eOV\  Cast.    Kinston,  N.  C.    J.  W.  Milner. 

eodemys  concinna,  Leconte. — ^Florida  Terrapin. — South- 
eastern United  States. 

8907--8.  Cast.    Florida.    Professor  Baird. 

blliensis, 

U]e.La.    G.K 


22        ANIMAL  BE80URCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Id: 

■ 


CBELTDRID^. 

nacrochelys  lacertina,  Sclnv.— Alligatok  Titetle. 

Cast.     OreenvLUc,  Miss.     S.  W.  Fergusou. 

Chelydra  serpentina,  Lion. — Snapping  Tortoise. — Canada 
Ecuador. 


iiijj^on,  D,  (.'.     Josejili  Piilmtr. 

TBIOUVCHIDjE. 


I 


Aspidonectes  l^rox,  Schw. — Soft-shell  Tijbtli;.- 
Wcstfni  Loiii.siauM. 


1 

4 


Aspidonectes  spinil^r,  Les.— Soft-siiell  Turtle. — MiddU-  ^;n« 
nortlicrn  tritnitaries  of  the  Mississipiii  and  the  Saint  lium 
[■ence. 

S309.  Monnteil.     RiniiiK 'Sun,  Incl. 

9614.  Alcoholic.     M).  Cannel.  111.     11.  Ridgway. 

Chelonia  mydas,  Schw. — Gbeen  Tubtle.— AUantic  Coast  8oiitIIL.-b 
of  Long  Island. 
83^-^15367.  Cost  iu  papier-macb6.    New  York  market.    E.  O.  Blockfonl. 

Chelonia    virgata,    Schw.— Paoifio    Green   Tobtlk,— Pacifi^Bc 
Coast. 

9639.  Cost.     San  Diego,  Cal.    O.  N.  Hitchcock. 

Thalassochelys  caonana,  Linn. — Logoebhead  Tubtle. 

8386-^15259.  Cast.     Now  York  market     E.  G.  Blackford. 

Eretmochelys    Imbricata,   Linu. — Hawk's  bill  Turtle. 

Southern  Atlantic  Coast. 

.  Cast.     Now  York  market.     E.  G.  Blackford. 

Eretmochelys  sqnaniata,  Linii. — Paoifio  Hat^k's  bill  Tubtl^^^^ 
— Pacific  Coast. 
12388.  Shells.    Fiji  Island.    U.  S.  ExpL  Expedition. 
SPHARCiIDIB.£. 

Sphargis  coriacea,  Eondelet — Leatheebaok  Tuetle. — ^Atlanti-  ^^^  ■* 
Coast  to  Massachusetts. 
S3e9T-1526S.  Cast.    New  York  market    E.  G.  Blackford. 


4SIMAL  REROLRCES  AND  FI8HEEIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 


V.    FISHES. 


Okdeb,  pediculati. 

nAI.TUEID.£. 

cnbilfrons,  Iticb.— Sea  Bat. — West  ludiau  Fanna. 

Xer-ir.  Caat.     St.  Augnstlne,  Fla.     Dr.  J.  M.  Laing,  U.  S.  A. 
800.  Photograpli.     U.  S.  Fish  Commisaiuu. 

vespertilio,  (Linn.)  Cuv. — Sea  Bat. — ^West  Indian  Fanna. 

1£5T5.  AJcohollc  Bperimen.     AmiuoDa.     Criti^li  Mustuiu. 

LOPHIID^. 

,iU8  piscatorius,  Linn. — Goose  Fisn;  Angler. — Nova  Scotia 
to  Cape  Hatteras. 

Jfi06C.  Alcoholic  specimen.     TotupkiniviUe,  H.  Y.     Copley. 

14910.  Caat.     Woad'n  Holl,  Maaa.     U.  6.  Fish  CommisBion.     June  23,  1973. 

B57.  Cart.    Wood's  Holl,  Ma«8.    U.  S.  Fish  CommiflBion. 
IS,  13,  14,  ir>.  Pbolngrapliit.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

AIVTEMIV  ARIID^ . 
iphryne  histrio,  (Liuu.)  Gill. — JIouse-fish. — Pelagic. 

Alcoholic  Bi)ecimens,     Wood's  Hull,  Mass.     V.  N.  Eilnarda. 

Order,  PLECTOONATHI. 

rotunda,  Cnv. — SuN-Pisn. — yewfoundlaml  to  Cape  Hatteras.  ' 


,'.  Cast.    Noank,  Conn.     U.  8.  Fish  Commission.     Sept.  IC,  1974, 

IB833.  Cufit.    Noank,  Conu.     U.  S.  Fish  Commisalou.     Scpi.  16,  1B74. 
.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
764.  Color Kketrli.     {Ri.lianl.)     U.  S.  Fish  Coraroissiou. 

DIODOIVTIDjE. 

omycteriiN     geomelricus,     (Linn.)     Kaup. — Bun -fish. — 
South  of  Capi'  L'ad ;  West  Indian  Fauna,  &c. 

sea.  Cnat.    New  Totk  market,    E.  (i,  Blackford,    Oct.  7,  IS?.'.. 

L  CMt.     Wood's  Holl,  SIuso.     U.  S.  Fish  CommisaioD.    Ang.  1,  1973. 
e83-4-G.  Colorsketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


34        ANIMAL  RESOUBCES  AND  FI8HEBIIS  OP  UHITEO  8X13X1. 
Chllomycterus  ftdiffinosaB,  (De  Eay,)  GUL 

13938.  Alcoholic  epocimen.    Watcb  Hill,  R.  1.    U.  8.  Fiah  CominiMinL  i 
18, 1874. 

Trichodiodon  pilOBOs,  (Mitch.)  Bleeker. — Haibt  Box-nai 
Cape  Cod  to  Cape  HatteraB. 
.  Alcoholic  ipocimon.    Beosly'a  Point,  N.  J.    ProC  6.  F.  Baiid.    1^. 

TETRODOMTID.£. 

Tetrodon  laeTii:afD8,  (Liim.)  Gill.— Rabbit-fish. — Cape  Cod 
Florida. 

148b7.  Cust.     Viuoj-ard  Suund,  Maw.    U.  S.  Fish  Conunisaian.    Jnlj  13^  IS 
3,3.  Pbotographa.     U.  fi.  Fish  CommiaBiou. 

Chllichf  hys  targidaei,  (Mitob.)  GiU. — Swell-fisb.— Cape  C« 
Florida. 

10740.  CuBt.  Wood'8  Holl,  Mass.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
499.  Color  sketch.  (Richard.)  U.  S.  Fieh  CommiBBion. 
615-16.  Color  sketch.     Prof.  Alox.  Agasaiz. 

OSTRACIID.X. 

Ostraclum     qnadricome.     Lion.— Cow-fibh.— West    bi 
Fatma. 

lOOOe.  Cast.    Bermadas.    G.  Brown  Goode.    Uaroh,  1872. 
664.  Color   sketch.     (Burkhatdt.)    Florida.     Prof.   Alex.  Asasaii.    Atit 
Boston  Aqoarial  Gardon  June,  1860. 


UnifAL  BB80URCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UKITED  STATES.        25 

laltotes  capriscus, 

L1S33.  AlcohoUc  Bpecimen.    East  Coast.    John  Sutherland. 

leplianolepis   setiftr,  (Bennet)  Gill. — Stobeb's  File-fisel — 
Kova  Scotia  to  Florida. 

16519.  Alcoholic   specimen.      Wood's  Holl,  Mass.      U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
Sept.,  1875. 
617.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)    Capo  Cod.    Prof.  Alox.  Agassiz.    Aug.,  1859. 
496.  Color  sketch.    (Bichard.)    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Aug.,  1875. 

« 

mthorhiiius  occidentalism— West  Indian  Fauna,  &c. 

16746.  Alcoholic  specimen.    Chesapeake  Bay.    Capt.  John  Evans.    Oct.,  1875w 

latera  cuspicauda,  Bo  Kay. — ^LoNa-xAiLED  File-fish. — Gape 
Odd  to  Florida. 

16341.  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Sept.  13,  1875. 

15569.  Cast.  New  York.    £.  G.  Blackford. 

15827.  Cast.  New  York  market.    E.  G.  Blackford. 

15839.  Cast.  New  York  market.    £.  G.  Blackford.    Oct.  9,  1875. 

41^1'V-14.  Color  sketches.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

tacanthus  aurantiacus,  (Mit^h.)  Gill.— Obange    File- 
fish. — Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 

14914.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.  14,  1873. 
15870.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.  14,  1873. 
14916.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.  14,  1873. 
5y  6,  7,  8,  and  9.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
500.  Color  sketch. 


Order,   LOPHOBRANCHII. 

hippocaiupidje:. 

ppocampns  antiqaoriim,  Lcacb. — Sea-horse  ;  Horse-fish. 
— Cape  Cod  to  Cai>e  Hatteras. 

21044.  Alcoholic  specimen.    St.  Gcorge^s  Banks.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

u»  Peckianus,  Storer.— Pipe-fish.— K^ew-foundland  to 
Oape  Hatteras. 

Wood's  Holl«  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


26        ANIMAL  RE80UBCBS  AND  FISHEBIE8  OF  DNITED  STATES. 

Oedeb,  teleocephali. 

heterosomata, 

SOLEID^. 

Achirui  lineatus,  (Limi.)  Guv. — Asierican  Sole  ;  Hoo  Choke 
— Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 

ir743.  Cust,  (upper  ^idi-.)    ^?lM>d'il  Holt,  Mqbh.    U.  9.  F1^  Coiciiimikiii.    }'< 

21,  1874. 
15743.  Cost,  (ander  Hide.)    Wood's  Holl,  Msm.    U.  B.  Fish  CommiiMmi.   Fi 
SI,  1S74. 
380.  Photograpli.    U.  S.  Fish  Coiiimi»ioii. 
44B.  Photograph,  (upper  Bide.) 
449.  Photograph,  (under  Bide.) 
561.  Color  sketch.    Prof.  Alex.  Agasaiz. 

Solea  Tulgaris,  QaenBel. — Sole. — Coast  of  Europe. 

1^13.  CoBt.    England. 

16.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

PIiE1JBO]lfECTID.£. 

Euchalarodas  Patnami,  Gill.— Putnau's  Flat-fish.— Fom 
only  in  Salem  Harbor. 

5368.  AlcohoUo  specimen.    Salem,  Mass.    P.  W.  Pntnun. 

PseudopleuroDectes  americanus,  (Walb.)  GilL — Flat-fib 


ANIMAL  BESOUECES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        27 

flyptocephalutf  cynoglossus,  (Linn.)  Gill.— Pole  Floundeb. 
— ^^laine. 

'M.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
126^  Alcoholic  specimen.    Treat^s  Island,  Eastport,  Mc.    U.  S.  Fisli  Commis- 
sion.   Aug.,  1872. 

lOphopsetta  maculata,  (Mitch.)  Gill. — Wateby   Floundeb; 
Spotted  Tubbot. — Cape  Cod  tx)  Cape  Hatteras. 

15693.  Cast.    Wood-s  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.*-^iBh  Commission. 
10662.  Cast.    WooiVs  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 
25, 26.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 
780-1.  Color  sketch.    (Richanl.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

hiNiopsetta  ocellaris,  (De  Kay)  Gill. — Common  FLouin)EB.— 
Cape  Cod  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

15177.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 

10721.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Conunlssion. 

14899.  Cast.    Block  Island,  R.  I.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Sept.  24,  lr^4. 

10664.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

15176.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

27, 28.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

.'k£(-4.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  FiHh  Commission. 

basnopsetta  oblong^a,  (Miteh.)  Gill.— Foub-spotted  Floundeb. 
— Cape  Cod  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

10716.  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
10661.  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
29, 30.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

ka^nopsetta  dentata,  (Linn.)  Gill. — Southebn  Floundeb. — 
Cape  Hatteras  to  Florida. 

18048.  Alcholic  specimen.    St.  John's  River,  Fla.    Professor  Bainl. 

ippoi^lossus  americanus,  Gill. — Ualibut.— Xewfoundliind  to 
Cape  Hatteras. 

15698.  Cast.    Eastern  Mass.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Feb.  28,  1874. 
15705.  Cast.    Eastern  Mass.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Feb.  28,  1874. 
16587.  Cast.    Boston,  Mass.     F.  II.  Johnson.     Sept.  24,  1875. 
15732.  Cast. 
31, 32.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

767.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

ippogrlossoides  limandoidei§^,  Guntlier.— Sand  Dab. 

21037.  Alcoholic  specimen.    Halifax,  N.  S.    TT.  S.  Fish  Commission.     Sept.  11, 

1877. 
21616.  Alcoholic  specimen.    Gloucester,  Ma«s.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission.    .Inly 

29, 1878. 
UfKOk  CML    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    Y.  N.  Edwards.    Feb.  2,  1874. 


28        ANIMAL  BE80UBCE8  AND  FISHrJUES  OF  UHITKD  STATES. 

ReinhardtinB  hippo^lossoldes,   (Walb.)   GilL— Obeenlui 

ToHBOi. — Greenland. 

14«iy.  Cast,  (n|>piT  Hidu.)    Nowfouufllaiid.    E.  G.  Blackford.    Feb.,  1874. 
14^^69.  fast.    MonfuuiuUuna.     E.  G.  Blaekibnl.    Feb.,  X8T4. 

Xi.  I'hotograpli.    U.  S.  FisL  CoiiiniigaioD. 
21564.  Cast.    Lu  Have  Bonk.    U.  S.  Fisli  Coimuisaion. 

Psettichthya  melanostlctDBf  Girard.— Galifobnia  "  Spotte 
Sole."— Coast  of  California. 

16701.  Cast.    San  Francinco,  Cal.    L.  Stone.    Jan.  27,  1876. 

1G699.  Cast.    San  Francisco,  Cal.    L.  Stone.    Jon.  27, 187a 

16700.  Cast.    San  Francisco,  Cal.    L.  Stone.    Jon.  Z7, 187U. 

16699, 16700, 16701.  Alcoholic BpecimenB.    8au lYancisco.    U.S. Fish Cumnuw 

36, 39.  Photogrophs.    U.  8.  Fi«h  Conmuasion. 

777.  Color  sketch.     U.  S.  Fish  Conunisslon. 

7M.  Color  aketcb.     (Agassiz.)    Prof.  Alex.  Agaaaiz. 

Platichthys  stellatus,  (Pall.)  Gill. — Itouau  Floutideb.— Coa 
of  California. 

16696.  Caxt.  Sail  Fraui:iiu.'o,  Cal.    L.  gtouc. 
3S.  Photograpli.    U.  S.  Fish  Comniisiuon. 
531-2.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Couuuisaiuu. 
657.  Color  sketch.     (Agassiz.)    San   Fmiicisco.    Prof.  Aleic.  Agassiz.    X' 
1S5&. 

Parophrys  vetalus. — "  Sole." — Coast  of  California. 

17064.  Alcoholic  spocimcn.     Sou  Francisco,  Cat.     C.  S.  Fish  Commiaoion. 
776.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  CommtMioa. 

Ancylopsetta  qnadrocellata,  GilL 


ANIMAL  RB80URCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        29 

acmms  Bairdii,  Ooode  &  Bean. — Spike-Tatl. 

21014.  Alcoholic  specimen.     (Type. )    Gulf  of  Maine.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
Aug.  19,  1877. 

ollachias  carbonarias,  (Linn.)  Bon. — Pollaok. — Greenland  to 
Gape  Hatteraa. 

15971.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
16B254.  Cast.    Martha's  Vineyard.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    July  30,  1875. 
41, 42, 43.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
787.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Rdii9  morrhua,  Linn. — God-fish.— Polar  Begions  to  Gape  Hat- 
teras. 

16770.  Cast.    Irish  Sea.    Liverpool  Free  Public  Museum. 
14902.  Cast.    New  York  market.    E.  0.  Blackford.    April  3,  1874. 
15923.  Cast.    Portland,  Me.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
44, 45, 381, 392.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
610.  Color  sketch.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

icn^i^adus  proximus,  (Girard)  Gill. — ^Tom  God. — Goast  of  Gall- 
fomia. 

16696.  Cast.    San  Francisco,  Cal.    L.  Stone.    June  27,  1876. 
47.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 
616.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Nov., 
1859. 

icroffadns  tomcodus,  (Walb.)  Gill. — Tom  God  ;  Frost-fish.— 
Newfoundland  to  Gape  Hatteras. 

14634.  Cast.    Wood^s  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    June  11,  1873. 
14885.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    June  11,  1873. 
16608.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission.     Sept.  27,  1875. 
46.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
602.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

elanoiTaninius   aeglefinus,   (Linn.)  Gill.— Haddock.— New- 
foundland to  Gape  Hatteras. 

14897.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    June  18,  1873. 
14896.  Cast.    Portland,  Me.    U.  S.  Yiah  Commission.    Aug.  2,  1873. 
48, 49, 50.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
427.  Color  sketch.     (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

hycis  chuss,  (Walb.)  Gill. — Hake. — ^Newfoundland  to  Cape  Hat- 
teras. 

IGZ^.  Cast.     Boston,  Mass.    F.  H.  Johnson. 

hjCM  tenuin,  (Mitch.)  De  Kay. — Squirrel  Hake. — ^Xewfound- 
^  land  to  Gape  Hatteras. 

Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    June  18,  1873. 
ttoh^    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 


30        ANIMAL  BE8DTTBCES  AND  FI3HEG1ES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 
Phrcie  Chester!,  Goodc  &  Bviiii. — Lonu-finned  Hake. 

21*10.  AIooliolJu  BlietilDOn.     (Tyi«'-)    Gulf  (if  Maiiii-.     U.  S.  Fisb  Cuiiiiuu 
Aug.  27,  1W8. 

l^rophyci^  regius,  (Wiilb.)  Gill. — Spotted  Codlixg.— fajw 
tu  Ciipe  Ilatterae. 
7(W.  Cnliu-  Hkiltli.     (Emertou.)    U.  8.  Fiah  CuoiniissioD. 
ili84,j-(i.  Ciifts  uiiil  alcoholic  sputimODB.     New  York.     Fred.  Mather. 

MolTa  Tulgaris,  Fleming. — Ling. — Polar  Seas. 

11)775.  CiiKt.     Coiut  of  EDgUnil.     Livcrgimil  Freo  Public  Mnseum. 
aSKJ.  I'!i<.ti.gniph.     U.  S.  FUli  Coniiuissiou. 

Rbinonemus  caadacuta,  (Storer)  GUI. — Foub-beabded  lioci' 
LING. — NoviV  Scotia  to  Cape  Cod. 
KHiSG.  Ati'oliolii;  apecimtii.     Wood's  UoU,  Mum.     V.  N.  Ednanlt 

Ciliala  argentata,  (Beiuli.)  GUI. — Mackebrl  Midob.— Greetibnl 

to  Ciij>e  natteras. 
ilili'.i.  Ali'iihLilir.' Hjifcimeu.     Vineyard  Sounil,  Mima.    U.  >*.  Fish 

Hypslptera  ar^entea,  Giinthei'. 

■Jiatl.  Ak.>li..li.'  siHviin.ii,     OffCiiix-  Mny,  K.  J. 

Brottmius  americnniit*,  GilL- 


Cnpt,  It.  H.  Uurlbcrt. 
-CusK. — Nova  Scotia  to  Cape  Oa 


106O.i.  CjisI.     l!.im.,ii,  M»»,     Wiu.  Prior,  jr.,  a  Co.     Sept.  K,  1875. 
I'>^<8G.  Ciwt.     Wood's  Hull.  Moiw.     U.  8.  Fiab  Camiusdou.    Feb.  SI,  1^4. 
52.  Photo}^])!).     U.  8,  Fisli  Commiwiou. 
420.  Color  sketch,     (ttiuhurd.)    V.  S.  Fish  Commiuiou. 


ANIMAL  BE80URCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        31 

OPHIDIIDJB. 

phldinwi  marglnatiiiii,  Mitch. — Cape  Cod  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

10762.  Alooholic  specimen.    Tompkiusville,  N.  Y.    C.  Copley. 

liYGODIDJB. 

(larces  anguUlaris,  (Peck)  Storer.— Eel  Pout.— Newfoundland 
to  Cape  Hatteras. 

14888.  Cast.    New  York  market.    £.  6.  Blackford.    March,  1874. 
15694.  Casl.    Kantackot  Shoals.    U.  S.  Fish  Commissioii. 
651.  Color  sketch.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

CRYPTACA]¥THID^. 

rjrptacanthodes  maculatus,  Storer.— Spotted  Wby-mouth. 
— ^Nova  Scotia  to  Cape  Cod. 

16621.  Proviucetown,  Mass.  U.  8.  Fish  Commissiou. 
1.5889.  Cast.  Portland,  Me.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
15890.  Cast.    Portland,  Me.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

423.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commissiou. 

613.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)    Boston.    Prof.  Alex.  Agnssiz.    Dec.,  1861. 

ryi^tacanthodes  inornatus,  Gill. — Ghost-fish.  •<— Coast  of 
Massachusetts. 

1761.  Alcoholic  specimen.    Maine.    W.  Stimpson. 

AmnoDYTiDJE:. 

liioodytes  americanun.— Sa>d  Eel. 

382.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Commissiou. 

422.  Color  sketch.     (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commissiou. 

STI€H^ID^. 

ichJeus  punctatns,  (Fabr.)  KeiuL. — Xorth  Atlantic  Coast. 

590.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 
21068.  Alcoholic  specimen.    Halifax,  N.  S.    U.  S.  Fisli  Commissiou.     Sept.  4, 
1877. 

■■it  iioii  mmniiii     subbiAircatut^,     (Storer)     Gill.  —  Nova 
Scotia  to  Cape  Cod. 

i^mm.    I**^*^  N.  S.    U.  S.  Fish  Commissiou.    Aug.  25, 


ASIMAL  RE80DKCKS  AND  FISHERIES  OF  TTNTTED  STATES. 


XIPHIDIO^TID^. 

nunenoides   mucronatus,  (Mitch.,)  Oill. — Bock  Eel.— Kora 
Scotia  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

I3S47.  AJcoholio  »iM>';i""'Q-    Eastiiort,  Jle,    U,  8 
4^§.  Color  skotoL,     I'rtif.  Atcx.  Agnssiz. 

nurienoide!«   oraalii)*,   (Gii-aiil)    Gill. — Pacific    liocK  V.n^ 
Pacific  (,'oa.st. 

630.  Color  akotfb.    (Agiuwi/.)    Ft.  R.ii«^it«,  Gulf  of  (iiwgiu,  Wa-li.Trrr.  Pni 
Alos.  AgasRi/..     .Inly,  lUS. 

AiVARRHlCHAJDID^. 

AnarrhichaH  Tomerinus,  (Ag.)   Storer. — AVolf-fiso.— tinro- 
land  to  Cai)e  Ilattcius. 

IIH3S.  Cast.     Uc>st«n,  ilaaa.     F.  H.  JolinBon.    Sept.  8,  1^75. 
14900.  CiMt.     CoxBwnin'B  Lntgo,  K.  I.     IT.  S.  Full  CommiMion.    Jul;  £,  )9L 
37.  Photograph.     11.  S.  Fi«li  CouimiBsion. 
770.  Colnt  shctrJi.     (Riphard.)    V.  S.  FibU  Commiiisioo. 

Anarrhichas  lapns,  Linn. 

■^li^ir,.  Speuiuinn  hi  lirinc.    Cl.miTHt.T.     U.  S.  Fish  C 

BATRACHIB^. 

Bntrachus  tau,  Limi.— Toad-fi«ii;  Oyster-fish. — Nova  8cotJit» 
(Jnlf  of  Mexico. 


ANIMAL  RE80UBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        33 

€Y€IiOPTERIDJE:. 

Cydopteras  Imnpus,  Liim.— Lump-fish.— North  Atlantic. 

15688.  Cast    New  York.    E.  G.  Blackford.    May  15,  1874. 
15730.  Cast    New  York.    E.  0.  Blackford.    April  18,  1874. 
16660.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

58.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

788.  Color  sketch.    (Emerton.)    Yonng  specimen.    Fisher's   Island   Sound. 
U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.,  1874. 

liparididje:. 

Etfiparte  lineata,  (Lepechin)  Kroyer. — Striped  Lipabis.— North 

Atlantic. 

13960.  Alcoholic.    Watch  HiU  Reef,  R.  I.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.,  1874. 
788.  Color  sketch.    (Emerton.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Etfftliarifl  Rlontagrni,  Don. — Sea  Snail.— North  Atlantic. 

20433.  Alcoholic.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

triolidje:. 

I^i^ctylopterus  ToUtans,  (Linn.)  Lacep.— Flying  Gurnard.— 

Temi>erate  and  Tropical  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean. 

15673.  Cast    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.  8,  1873. 
.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

^■^lonotns  carolinus,  (Linn.)  Cuv.  &  Yal. — ^BROAD-FmaERED 

Sea  Eobin. — Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 

59.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

443.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
566.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

^■^onotns   eTolans,  (Linn.)  Oill. — Striped  Sea  Bobin. — Cape 

Cod  to  Florida. 

15735.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

15727.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

16411.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commissiou.    Sept.  25, 1875. 

60, 61, 62.  Photographs.    JJ.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

401,402.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

AGONIDM. 

Idophoroides    monopterygrius,   (Bloch.)    Storer.— Polar 
Seas  and  soath  to  Connecticnt. 

21700.  Alcoholic.    Massachusetts  Bay.    U.  S.  Fish  CommissioiL 
Ball.  N.  M.  No.  14 3 


L 


34        ANIMAL  RBSOUBCES  AND  FIBHBRIB8  OF  UNITED  BTATB8. 


Cottiis  octodecinispinosus,  Klitch. — Sculpin. — Hova  Scotia  a 
Cape  Hatteras. 

16*37.  Caat.    Boston,  Moas.    F.  H.  Jolmson.    Sept.  B,  1875. 

63.  Photogiapli.     U.  S.  Fbli  Conimtasion. 
537-8.  Color  akotch.     Prof.  Alex.  Agasalz. 

Cottns  grcenlandicns,  Cuv.  &  Val.— Geeenland  Scultb.- 
Polar  Eegions  to  Capo  Cod. 

164:)6.  Cast.  BostuD,  .Moss.  V.  U.  Johnsou. 
GTi.  Pliotograph.  U.  S.  Fiuh  Commiasion. 
.M-'i.  Color  eketcb.    Prof.  Ales.  Agasaiz. 

Cotliis  ITlitchilli,  Cur.  &  Val. — Pigsty  Sculpin. — New  Eugiuni 
Coast. 

14806.  Alcoholic  HpccimiMia.    Wood's  Holl,  Masa.     U.  S.  Fish  Commiaiion. 
62.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Coininisstoii. 
!i46.  Color  Bket4:h.     Prof.  Alex.  Agae^x, 

Uranidea  riscosa,  (Qald.)  DeXay. — American  Milleb^s  Thixl 

6W.  Color  Bkctch.     (Roetlcr.)     Plymouth,  Mobb.    Prof.  Alex.  Agaosiz.   Mint 
1860, 

nEmiTRIPTERIDJE). 

Hemitripterus  aniericauus,  (Giuel.)  Cuvier.— Sea  Kates.- 
Nowfomidlarid  to  Sew  York ;  Seas  of  Japan. 

1J736.  Cast.     WdoiI's  Holl,  Mas*.     U.  S.  Fish  Conn 


ANIMAL  KL80UKCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        35 

liastonias  anricalatus,  (Oirard)  Gill.— Blaok-eabed  Book- 
fish. — Coast  of  Galifomia. 

612.  Color  aketoh.   (Agaasiz.)   San  Francisco,  CaL   Prof.  Alex.  Agaasiz.   Nov., 
1859. 

t^astomus  flisciatus,  (Oirard)  Oill.— Banded   Book-fish.— 
Coast  of  Califomia. 

483.  Color  sketch.  (Richard.)    San  Francisco.    Livingston  Stone.    L^.  S.  Fish 

Commission.    March,  1876. 
614.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    Deep  Bay,  Mayne  Id.,  W.  T.    Prof.  Alex. 

Agassiz.    May  20,  1859. 

lastomus  elong^atus^  (Girard)  Oill. — ^Pacific  Coast. 

643.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Nov., 
1859. 

lastosomus  melanops,  (Girard)  Oill. — ^Black-headed  Bock- 
fish. — Coast  of  California. 

653.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Nov., 
1859. 
16689.  Cast.    San  Francisco,  Cal.    L.  Stone. 
482.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)  '  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

^astodes  pancispinis,  (Ayres)  Gill.— Coast  of  Califomia. 

637.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Nov., 

1859. 

irns  constellatus,  (Oirard)  Gill.— ^<  Bock  Trout."— Coast  of 
Califomia. 

16697.  Cast.    San  Francisco,  Cal.    L.  Stone. 

69.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

455.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

iTun  pictns,  Girard. — Pacific  Coast. 

642.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Nov., 
1859. 

ira9  g^uttatus,  Girard. — Coast  of  Califomia. 

638.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof  Alex.  Agassiz.     Nov., 

1859. 

SCARIDJB. 

iFUs  9qualidii8,  Poey.— Tawny  Parrot-fish. — West  Indian 
Fanna. 

973.  Staffed  skin.    Havana  market.    Prof.  F.  Poey. 

Abildg^aardii. — Parrot-fish. — West  Indian  Fauna. 

Stafied  skin.    Havana  market.    Prof.  F.  Poey. 


36        ANIMAL  BE80TJBCB8  AKD  FISHBBIB8  OP  DKITED  BTATH. 

Scarus  radians,  VbA. — Spanish  Pobot.—  West  Indian  Fmou. 

550.  Color  sketch.      (Burkhnrdt.)     New  PrOTidence.     Pni£  AIbx.  AgMi 
F.  8.  Shaw.    April,  1861. 

Pseiidoscarus  c«Braleui.— Blue  Pabsot-fish;  Kiliuoobe. 
West  Indian  Fauna. 

9733.  stuffed  akin.     Havana  market.     Prot  F.  Foey. 

IiABRID.£. 

Tantoga  onitiSf  (Linn.)  Oiintlier. — Tautoq;  BLAOK-FiSH^-B^y 

Fundy  to  Sonth  Carolina. 

10598.  Caat  Wood's  HoU,  Hobs.  U.  S.  Fish  Conuniasion. 
15022.  Cast.     Wood'8  Holl,  Hose.     U.  S.  Fiah  ConuniBeion. 

14893.  Caat.     Cbeaapeake  Bay.     U.  8.  Fi«h  Comminion.     May  13. 

10599.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Haas.    U.  B.  Fish  CommiMion.    Hay  12. 
10643.  Caat.    Wood's  Holl,  Uass.    U.  S.  Fiah  Commiarttm. 

15959.  Caat.  Wood's  HoU,  Maae.  U.  S.  Fiah  Conmuasion. 
10599.  Caat.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.  U.  S.  Fisli  CommiBtion. 
70,  71.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  ConunissioD. 

450.  Color  sketch.    (Adult.)    (Bichard.)    U.  8.  Fish  CommiMion. 

451.  Color  sketch.  (Young.)  U.  S.  Fish  Conuniasion. 
S54.  Color  sketch.  (Bnrkhardt.)  Piof.  Alex.  Agaani*. 
661.  Color  sketch.    Pio£  Alex.  Agassis. 

Tautogolabras  adspersns,  (Walb.)  Gill.— Cdnkeb;  GhoosiI' 

KewfonndlaDd  to  Gape  Hattcras. 

14894.  Caat.  Wood's  Holl,  Maas.  U.  8.  Fiah  Commiadon. 
10746.  Caat.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  8.  Fiah  Commiaalon. 

381.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Comndsaion. 


ASJUAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        37 


po]iia€E]%tridje:. 

lyphidodon  saxatiUs,  (Lmn.)  Ciiv.— Seboeant-majgr.— West 
Indian  Fauna. 

589.  Color  aketch.    (Borkhardt.)    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 
591.  Color  aketch.    (DaU.)    Bermndas.    Alive  in  Bamuiu's  Aqnarium.    Prof. 
Alex.  Agaasiz.    Dec.,  1862. 

omacentrns  leucostictus,  M.  &  T.— West  Indian  Fauna. 

81703.  Alcoholic.    Ft  Jefferson,  Fla.    Thos.  Moore. 

eliaiite«  insolatus,  G.  &  Y.— West  Indian  Fauna. 

21704.  Alcoholic.    Ft.  Jefferson,  Fla.    Thos.  Moore. 

ElfIBIOTO€ID^. 

mblotoea  l¥ebbl,  Girard.— Coast  of  Galifomia.' 

G26.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Nov., 
1859. 

nbiotoca  Jacksoni,  Agassiz. — Coast  of  California. 

€25.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Nov., 
1859. 

Kntotoea  lateralis,  (Ag.)  A.  Ag.— Striped   Peboh.— Coast 
of  California. 

10691.  Cast.    San  Francisco,  Cal.    L.  Stone. 
72.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
456.  Photograph.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 
658.  Color  sketch.     (Agassiz.)     Crescent   City,  Cal.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

May,  1859.  • 

669.  Color  sketch.    (Female.)   (Agassiz.)   San  Francisco.   Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

Nov.,  1859. 
660.  Color  sketch.    San  Francisco.     Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    April,  1860. 

imaliclithys  Tacca,  Giiard. — Coast  of  California. 

627.  Color  sketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    April, 
1860. 

etrograster  aggregatus,  Ag.— Pacific  Coast. 

641.  Color  sketch.    (Female.)    (Agassiz.)    San  Francisco,  Cal.    Prof.  Alex. 
Agassiz.    Dec,  1859. 

jrpsurus  Caryl,  Agass. — Perch. — Pacific  Coast. 

606.  Color  sketch.    San  Francisco,  Cal.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    April  1,  1860. 

iMUierodon  Aircatui^,  Girard. — Coast  of  California. 

080L  Colar  sketch.   (Female.)  (Agassiz.)  San  l^^ncisco.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassis. 
Hot.,  1659. 


38        ANIMAL  BEB0UBCE8  AND  FIBHEBIB8  OF  UMTTED  STATBI. 

AmphisUchus  ar^nteos,  Ag. — Coast  of  Califinnia. 

635.  Colorsketch.     (AgasEdz.)    (Mole.)    Son  Frtuiciaco.     Prof:  Ahz. A|M 
AprU,  tS60. 

Amphlstichas  similis,  Girard.— Coast  of  California. 

634.  Colorsketch.    (Agassiz.)    San  Pronciaco.    Prot  Alox.  A^aMii.  Ko 
1859. 

Rbachochilu8  toxotes,  Agaasiz.— Coast  of  C^ifornia. 

633.  Color  Bkotcli.     (Agosaiz.)    San  FronciBco.    Prof.  Alex,  rtgilwii     Uu 

1860. 

Holconotus  pnlchellus,  A.  Ag. — Coast  of  California. 

633.  Color  sketch.    (Male.)    (Agossiz.)    Son  Fnuicisco.    Prot  Alex.  Agw 
April,  1860. 

Bolconotns  rhodotems,  Oirard. — Coast  of  California. 

641.  Colorsketch.   (Femolo.)   (Agasaiz.)   San FnmcUco.    Prof.  Alex.  A^ 
Dec.,  1859. 

Hyperprosopon  argenteaa.  Gibbon. — Coast  of  California. 

630.  Coloriketoh.   (ycmalo.)  (Agaasiz.)  San FTandBoo.    Pn>£Akx.Apa 

March,  19G0. 

62S.  Colorsketch.   (Fonutle.)  (Agaasiz.)  SanFranciaco.   Prot  Alex.  AgM 

April,  1860. 

Abeona  Trowbridgii*  Girard.— Coast  of  California. 

WS.  Color  sketch.     (Female.)    (Agasaiz.]    California.     Pro£  Alex.  Jkgm 

teivthididj:. 


▲HIMAL  RESOURCES  AMD  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        39 

ATOtlurodiis  maculocinctus,  Oill. 

10956.  Alcoholic  specimens.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.   1876. 

oUicanthus  tricolor,  (Bl.)  Lac.— Black  Angel-fish.— West 
Indian  Fauna. 

593.  Color  sketch.     (Borkhardt.)     Santa  Cmz.     Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz;  Dr. 

Jefiies. 
5d4.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)    Sombrero  Id.,  W.  I.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz;. 

8.  R.  Knox. 

olacanthus  clliaris,  (Linn.)  Lac. — ^Anoel-fish. — West  Indian 
Fauna. 

575.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)     Florida.     Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Alive  in 

Boston  Aquarial  Gardens.    June,  1860. 

576.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)     Florida.     Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.     Alive  in 

Boston  Aquarial  Gardens.    June,  1860. 

577.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)     Florida.     Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.     Alive  in 

Boston  Aquarial  Gardens.    June,  1860. 
21876.  Alcoholic.    Bermudas.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

583.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)    Bermudas.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Alive  in 
Bamum's  Aquarium.    186^ 

Noacantlius  arcuatns,  (Linn.)  Cuv. — ^Palometta. — ^West  In- 
dian Fauna. 

602.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)     Florida.     Prof  Alex.  Agassiz.     Alive  in 
Boston  Aquarial  Garden.    June,  1860. 

XIPHIID^. 

ipliias  g^ladiusy  Sword-fish. — ^Atlantic  and  Mediterranean. 

10126.  Cast  in  papter-mach^.  Off  Nomau's  Laud,  Mass.  U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 
Aug.,  1875. 

21699.  Sword  If  inches  long.  Taken  from  nostril  of  Lamna  oomvUoa.  Glouces- 
ter, Moss.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.     Sept.  26,  1878. 

rtrapturus  albidns,  Poey. — Spike-fish.— Gape  Cod  to  West 
Indies. 

15834.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    July  23,  1873. 

73.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

411.  Water-color  sketch.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

btiophorus  americanus,  Cuv.  &  Yal.— Sail-fish.— Atlantic 
Coast  of  America. 

16664.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.,  187*2. 

74.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

TRICHIVRID^. 

iPicUums   lepturus,   Linn.— Hair-tail;    Soabbardfish. — 
Temperate  and  Tropical  Atlantic. 

RA.  CMt    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
"fllolu    (Burkhardt.)    Prof  Alex.  Agassiz. 


40       ANQUL  BESOUBCEB  AND  FISHESIEa  OF  UHITRD  ST&im. 

Scomber  scombrus,  Linn. — mackbbel.— Korthem  Adantie. 

1644%  Cast.  Ncn'  York  market.  E.  O.  Blackford.  Bept.  10,  181^ 
10604.  Cast.  (Male.)  Washington  market.  &  F.  Baird. 
10650.  Caat.  Wood's  Holl,  Maas.  U.  8.  FIbIi  Commudon. 
10650.  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.  U.  S.  Fisli  Commiauon. 
76,  77,  7S,  393,  395.  Fhotograptu.  U.  S.  Fiat  CommiMioii. 
755-6-7.  Color  sketchea.  U.  S.  Fish  Commisaion. 
654.  Color  sketcli.     Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

Sarda  pelamys,  (Linn.)  Ciiv. — Bonito. — ^AUa&tic  and  U«dite 


16325.  Cast.     Wood's  Holl,  Mass.     V.  S.  Fish  Commiaaion. 
1574a  Cast.    New  York  market.     E.  G.  Blackford. 
79,  80,  81.  Photographs.    U.  8.  Fiab  Commission. 

4e7-a    Color  sketehue.     {Richard.)     Wood's  HolL     U.  8.  Fish  Ccmmk 
1875. 
558.  Color  sketch.     New  York.     Prof.  Alex.  Agaasit.     Oct-.  20,  1817. 

Orcynas  flecnndi-dorsalis,   (Storer)   GiU.—TumrT;   Hoi 
MACKEBEL. — Newfoundland  to  Florida. 

16509.  Cast.    Now  York  market.    E.  G.  Blackford. 

aa,  83,  m.  photographs.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

436,  37,  96,  513.  Color  sketches.     (Bichard.)    U.  S.  Fish  CommlnioiL       I 

Orcynns  alliteratns,  (Baf.)  Gill.— Litti^  Tuinnr;  Albioob 
Pelagic. 


AHIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        41 

fMain  maciilatuin,  (Mitcb.)  Cuv. — Spanish  Mackerel. — ^At- 
lantic shores  of  Tropical  and  Temperate  America. 

15367.  Cast    Norfolk,  Ya.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
16407.  Cast    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
15750.  Cast.    New  York.    E.  0.  Blackford. 
86.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

514.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

663.  Color  sketch.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

rMain  regalef  (El)  Cuv. — Spotted  CERO.^West  Indian  Fauna 
and  north  to  Cape  Cod. 

16688.  Cast.    Key  West,  Ha.    £.  G.  Blackford. 
87,  88,  89.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
406-515.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
21612.  Stuffed.    Cuba.    Prof.  Felipe  Poey. 

'Mum  caballa,  Cuv.  &  Yal. — Cebo. — Atlantic  Shores  of  Tropi- 
cal and  Temperate  America. 

1647&  Cast.    New  York  market.    £.  G.  Blackfonl.    Sept.  14,  1875. 
90,  91,  92,  93,  94,  and  95.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
405-486-7.  Color-sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
21611.  Staffed.    Cuba.    Prof.  Felipe  Poey. 

■ler   setipinnis,    (Mitch.)    Ayres. — Silyeb-fish. — Maine    to 
Florida.    West  Indian  Fauna. 

ie915.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    V.  N.  Edwards.    Sept.  7,  1873. 
16615.  Cast.    New  York.     E.  G.  Blackford. 

l^relo«us  Tomer,  Lac. — Silveb-fish. — Gape  Cod  to  Florida, 
and  West  Indian  Fauna. 

16175.  Cast.    New  Yprk.    E.  G.  Blackford. 
15905.  Cast.    Wood's  Roll,  Mass.    V.  N.  Edwards. 

96.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
440,  495.  Color  sketches.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

irmtraetus    pisquetus,   (Cuv.  &  Yal.)  Gill.— Yellow  Cue- 
vall6. — ^Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 

16471.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mikss.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Sept.  14,  1875. 

15S43.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

1588S.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 

15887.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.     U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 

98,  99,  100.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

778-9.  Color  sketches.    (Richanl.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

"mchitrops  crumenophthalmus,  (Bloch.)  Gill.— Bigeteo 
Scab  ;  Goggle-eye. — Pelagic. 

ilaoholio.    New  York  market.    E.  G.  Blackford. 
U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 


42        ANIHAL  BBS0UBCB8  AND  FI8HBRIE8  OP  UHITBD  BTATB& 

Decapterns  puDCtatus,    (Mitch.)  GUL — ^BoTJim  Bosnia 

Indian  Fauna  and  north  to  MassaohTiaettB. 


Decapterua  macarellus,  (C.  &  Y.)  Gill. — Maoeesel  S 
West  Indian  Faona  and  north  to  Maaaachnaetts. 

16239.  Alcoholic  specimen.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  8.  Fish  CommiMio 
21630.  Alcoholic.    Newport,  R.  I.    Bamuel  Powel. 

Carangns  hippos,  (Linn.)    Gill. — Hobse    Cbetall£.— A 

Coasts  of  Temperate  and  Tropical  America,  East '. 

and  Australian  Seas. 
14359.  Cut.  Florida.    E.  O.  BlBckford. 

101.  Photograph.    U.  B.  Fish  CommiBHion. 
21654.  Alcoholic.    Newpo»,  R.  I.    Samuel  Puwel. 

Carang^Ds  chrysos,  (Mitch.)  Gill. — Yellow  Macebhbl.- 
Indian  Fauna  and  north  to  Cape  Cod. 

15708.  Cast.     Wood's  Holl,  Moss.     U.  S.  Fish  Commiaaiou.     Sept.  15,  It 
15746.  Cast     Wood's  Hull,  Moss.     U.  8.  Fish  Commission.     Oct.B,  1873 
15696.  Cast.     Wood's  Holl,  Mass.     U.  8.  Fish  CommiMion. 
102,  103.  Fbotogrnphs.    U.  8.  Fish  Commiuioii. 

Blepharichthys  crinitua,  (Akerly)  GiU.--THBEAi>-FigH.- 
Indian  Fauna  and  uotih  to  Capo  Cod. 

IB520.  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Maas.    U.  8.  Fish  CommiaBlon.    Sept.  16,  ISTi 
105-105.  Photographs.     U.  S.  Fish  CommiasioD. 


ANDIAL  SE80UBCES  AKD  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        43 

tolatmctus  sonatas,  (Mitch.)  Gill.— BAia)ED  Buddeb-fish.— 
Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 

16172.  Cast    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Sept.  14,  1875. 
16638.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
106-9.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

477.  Color  sketch.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

478.  Color  sketch.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

479.  Color  sketch.    U.  S.  Fish  Commii»ion. 

eriola  Lalandii,  0.  &  Y.  t — ^Ambeb-fish. — Atlantic  Ocean ;  Japan. 

16709.  Cast    Florida.    £.  0.  Blackford. 

110.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

IflffopUtes  occidentalis,  (linn.)  Gill.— Leatheb   Jacket.— 
West  Indies }  occasional  on  coast. 

16354.  Cast.    New  York  market.    £.  Q.  Blackford.    Ang.  13,  1875. 

111.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

489.  Color  sketch.    (Bichard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

CORYPHJBlVIDii:. 

irjrplittna  Suenri,  Cuv.  &  Yal. — ^Dolphin. — ^Pelagic;    occa- 
sional on  coast. 

16441«  Cast    New  York  market.    E.  Q.  Blackford. 

.  Color  sketch.    (Bichard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

16480.  Cast.    New  York.    E.  Q.  Blackford. 
16488.  Cast.    New  York.    £.  Q.  Blackford. 

iry^hiena  punctulata,  (Cuv.  &  Yal.)  Gthr.— Small-spotted 
Dolphin. — ^Pelagic ;  occasional  on  coast. 

16406.  Cast    Noank,  Conn.    J.  H.  Latham.    Aug.  25,  1875. 
112,  113,  and  114.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 

STROnATEIDiE. 

ilinuriehthys  perciformis,  (IVIitch.)  Gill. — Black  Euddbs- 
FISH. — ^Newfoundland  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

16616.  Cast.    Martha's  Vineyard.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Sept.  25,  1875. 
15935.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
544.  Color  sketch.    (Bichard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

^ronotus  triacanthus,  (Peck.)  Gill.— Habyest-fish  ;  Butteh- 
FiSH. — ^Maine  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

16691.  Cast    Wood's  HoH,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fiah  Commission. 
116.  Fliotograph.    U.  S.  I'ish  Commission. 
6fr-6L  Color  aketches.    (Bichard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


44        AHIHAL  BLSODRCBS  AND  FISHEBIBS  OP  UlTITSD  STATH 

PepriluB  Ciardenil,  (BL,  Schn.)  QilL— Shobt  Hastzst- 
West  Indian  Fauna  and  nortli  to  K'ev  Y<fflc 


LATILID^. 

Caiilolatilns  microps,  Goode  &  Bean. — Gnlf  of  Hexico. 

S097I.  Aloobolic.     PeuBacolo,  Fla.    Silas  Slenms. 

BEBYCID^. 

HoloceDtrum  sogo,  Bloch.— Squibbkl.— West  lodiaD  1 
accidental  on  coast ;  found  at  Sowport,  B.  L 

rra  Color  Bketch.    (BntkhaMt.)    Bemindaa.     Prof.  Alex.  AfcavU. 

Id  Bamimt's  Aquarium.    Dec.,  1863. 
&95.  Color  dkelcli.     (BnrUuirdt.)    Kew  Provideace.     Pro£  Alex.  Af 

S.  Shaw.    April,  1861. 
21^33.  Alcoholic.    Bermudiw.    J.  M.  Jones. 

SCIAEIVID.X. 

Cynoscion  rcgalis,  (Bl.)  Gill — Squeteague;  Weak-fish.- 
Ann  to  Florida. 

16316.  Caat.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Viah  Conuuiaaioii.    Jnlj  S7,  U 
12216.  Caat.    Wood's  Holl,  Hobs.    tl.  8.  Fish  CommiMrion.    Joly  S7.  IB 
116,  117,  lie,  119.    Pbotograiihs.    U.  8.  Fieb  CoouoiMioit. 
469-70.  Color  sketches.    (Eichaiil.}    U.  S.  Fish  Commisaioii. 


AKIIIAL  RESOURCKS  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        45 

iploldonotus  gri^nnniens,  Baf.— Fbesh-wateb  Drum.— Great 
Lakes  and  Mississippi  Valley. 

15701.  Caet.    Sandusky,  Ohio.    J.  W.  Milner.    1873. 
126-127.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

ostomns  obliquus,   (Mitch.)  De  Kay. — Spot.— Cape   Cod  to 
Florida. 

15616.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Ya.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
15817.  Cast.    Juno  10,  1873. 

141.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

567.  Color  sketch.    New  York.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Oct.  26,  1847. 

bstomiM  xanthurus,  Lacep.— Tellow-tailed  Spot. — Sonth- 
em  Atlantic  States. 

142.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

airdlella    punctata,   (Linn.)    Gill.— Silyt:r-fish  ;    Yellow 
Tail.— Cape  Cod  to  Florida. 

143.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

19060.  Alcoholic.    St.  John's  River,  Florida.    Q.  Biown  Goode. 

riaenops  oeellatusi,  (Linn.)  Oill.— Bed  Bass  ;  Spotted  Bass. — 
Cape  Cod  to  Florida ;  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

16463.  Cast    Washington  market.    J.  W.  Milner. 
16730.  Cast.    New  York.    E.  0.  Blackford. 
tn,  129,  130.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
.  Oil  painting.    (J.  H.  Richard.) 

Mitlelrms  albunius,  (Linn.)  Oill. — Southern  Eino-fish. — 
Cape  Hatteras  to  Florida. 

137.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
19081.  Alcoholic.    St.  John's  River,  Fla.    Q.  Brown  Ooode. 

cntieirrus  nebulosus,  (Mitch.)  Oill.— Kino-fish.— Cape  Cod 
to  Florida. 

16219.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    July  27,  1875. 
15579.  Cast    New  York  market.    E.  G.  Blackford.    October  14,  1875. 
15579.  Cast.    New  York  market.    £.  G.  Blackford.    October  14,  1875, 
131,  132,  133,  134,  135,  and  136.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
508-9-10-11-12.  Color  sketches.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


L 


ropogon  undulatus,  (Linn.)  Cuv.  &  yal.—CROAK£R.— At- 
lantic Coasts  of  America  south  of  Cape  Cod. 

15645.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Jnne  19,  1873. 
168101  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Jnly  18,  1873. 
.  U9, 140.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

^l^thoHHa.    81.  John's  River,  F\a.    G.  Brown  Goode. 


46        ANIMAL  BESODBCES  AHD  FIBHBBIE8  OP  DHTTBD  flTATBa. 


Eiicinostomns  arffeateus,  B.  &  G. — Cape  Cod  and.  ooatliv 

16960.  Alcoholic.    Wood's  Roll,  Maos.    U.  S.  Pish  CcHumiirioii. 

Encinostonms  Iieflroyif  Goode. — Bebmui>a  Shad. — ^Weetlo 

Fanna. 

21358.  Alcoholic.    BonnudAa.    O.  Brown  Goods. 

PIRIEIiEPTERKD^. 

Pimelepteras  Boscii,  Lacep. — Bbrail— West  Indian  Faosa 

north  to  Capo  Cod. 
20B44.  Alcoholic.    Newport,  B.  I.    8.  Powell. 
30635.  Alcoholio.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.     U.  S.  Fish  ConunioBion. 
S136&  Alcoholic.  -BenondaB.     0.  Blown  Good«. 

SPARID.£. 

Laffodon  rhoiuboides*  (Linu.)  Holbrook.— Sailob^  Ohod 
West  Indian  Fanna  and  north  to  Cai>e  Cod. 
21280.  Alcoholic.    St.  John's  Biver,  Fht.    G.  Biowu  Goode. 

Archosargus  probatocephalu«,(Walb.}GilI. — Shbxpshk 

Gape  Cod  to  Florida ;  Golf  of  Mezioo. 
10685.  Cast.    WMhington  muket-.    J.  W.  Milnot. 
15825.  Cast.    New  Toik  market.    £.  6.  Blackfoid.    October  SO,  IBTS. 
16826.  Cast.    New  Tork  market.    E.  O.  Blackford.    October  1^  1B7&. 


AMIHAL  RE80UBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        47 


PRISTIPOnATIDiB. 

emsrliun  arcuatumyGuY.&Yal.— Blue-ohegked  Bed-mouth. 
— South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States. 

14907.  Cast.    Florida.    E.  G.  Blackford. 

lenijrliiiii  fbrmosum,  (Linn.)  Cuv. — Squibbel  Bed-mouth. — 
South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States. 

15S4e.  Cast.    Florida.    £.  Q.  Blackford. 

Binjrliim,  sp. — South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States. 

15840.  Cast    Florida.    £.  0.  Blackford. 

Mmylum   chrysopterum,  (Linn.)  Cuv.t — Yellow -finned  . 
Gbunt. — South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States. 

15918.  Cast.    Florida.    £.  Q.  Blackford. 

Mmylum  elegans,  Cuv.  &  Yal.— Blue-stbifed  Bed-mouth.— 
South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States. 

15815w  Cast.    Florida.    £.  G.  Blackford. 

573.  Color  sketch.    (Dall.)    Florida.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Alive  in  Boston 

Aqnarial  Garden.    Juno,  1860. 

574.  Color  sketch.    (Bnrkhardt.)    Bermudas.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    Alive  in 

Bamnm's  Aqnarinm.    Nov.  1862. 

ftmylmii   arara,  Poey!— Ababa  Bed-mouth.— West  Indian 
Fauna. 

502.  Water-color  sketch.    (Borkhardt.)    Horida.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.   Alive 
in  Boston  Aqnarial  Garden.    June,  1860. 

rtliopristis    AilTomaculatus,   (Mitch.)   Gill.— Speckled 
Gbunt. — South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States, 

15812.  Cast.  Norfolk,  Va.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
15814.  Cast.  Norfolk)  Va.  U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 
1590a  Cast. 

■itotremiM  Tirginicus,  (Linn.)  Gill. — South  Atlantic  Coast  of 
United  States. 

15003.  Cast.    Florida.    E.  O.  Blackford.    April  16,  1874. 
148.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

551.  Color  sketch.    (Bnrkhardt.)    New  Providence.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz ;  F. 
S.  Shaw.    April,  1861. 


^ 


anus  Blackfordii,  Goode  &  Bean.— Bed  Snappeb.— We^t 
Indian  Fauna  and  north  to  Savannah  Bank. 

BQ.  Cast    New  York  market.    E.  0.  Blackford.    May  7,  1874. 
Waahington  market.    J.  W.  Milner. 
••qVlL    U.  S.  Fish  Cfflmniiwion. 


48        ANIHAL  BESOUSCEa  AND  FISBEBIEg  OF  UHITED  STATB 

Lu^anus,  ep. — Snapper. — ^Wost  Indian  Fanna  and  Sonlii 

lautic  States. 

15917.  Cast.     Florida.     E.  G.  BlAckford. 

IiUtjanus,  sp. — South  Atlantic  Coast  of  United  States. 
in641.  Cut.    Kej  West,  llo.    E.  O.  Btackfonl. 

Lu^anns  caxis^  (Bl.,  Scbn.)  Gill.— Obat  Snappes.— West 

Fauna  and  Soathem  Atlantic  Statea. 

18101.  Alcobolic.     Bennn^i.     Q.  Brows  Ooode. 

IiU^anus  Steamsli,  Qoode  &  Bean. — Gulf  Snappeb.— < 
Mexico. 
21330.  Ca«t.    PensMola,  FIa.    Silu  Steams. 

Rhomboplites,  aurombeus,  (Gut.  &  Yal.)  G-ilL — 3fAK 
SsAPPEK.— West  Indian  Fauna. 

21S24.  Alcoholic.    Charleeton,  S.  C.     C.  C.  Leslie. 
21338.  Alcoholic.     PenMtcols,  >1a.    Silaa  Steviu. 

Ocynrns   chrysurns,  (Bl.)  GilL— Golden  Tail.— West 
Fauna. 
14B0^  Cut.    New  Tork  maA^L    Fbrida.    E.  Q.  BUckfonL    April  1& 
150.  Fhob^nph.    U.  8.  Fish  Commuaioa. 

G65.  Color  sketch.    (Bnrkhardt.)    New  Proridenoe.    Piot  Akx.  Ap 
8.  Shaw.    Ap^l,  1661. 

CEIVTRARCIUn».£. 


AKIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.       49 

Icropterus  pallidas,  (Eaf.)  Gill  &  Jordan.— LARaE-MOUTH 
Black  Bass. — Great  Lakes,  Mississippi  Eiver  and  tribu- 
taries; Southern  States;  introduced  northward. 

10380.  Caat.    Norfolk,  Va.    Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow. 

1066a  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission.    Nov.  5,  1873. 

10381.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow. 
15880.  Cast.    CarroUton,  Ky.    J.  W.  Milner. 
10880.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow. 
155,  156.  Photographs.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 

teropterus  salmoides,  (Lac.)  Gill.— Small-mouthed  Black 
Bass. — Great  Lakes  and  Mississippi  Valley;  introduced 
eastward. 

15fi97.  Cast.    Potomac  River.    M%j.  Hobbs. 

PERCIDiE. 

^rca  fluTiatUis,  L.— Yellow  Perch.— Fresh  waters  of  East- 
em  United  States  and  Western  Europe. 

14976.  Cast.    Washington  market.    G.  Brown  Goode.    Feb.  27,  1875. 
167,  168,  169.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

792.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Ixostedium  Titreum,  (Mitch.)  Jordan  &  Gopeland,  (Yal.)  Gope. 
— ^Yellow  Pike-perch.- Fresh  waters  of  Central  United 
States. 

15668.  Cast.    New  York  market.    £.  G.  Blackford. 
14862.  Cast.    Sandosky,  Ohio.    J.  W.  Milner.    Oct.,  1873. 
611.  Color  sketch.    (Roetter.)    Sackett's  Harbor,  N.  Y.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 
Nov.,  1868. 
1566a  Cast.    New  York  market.    E.  G.  Blackford.    Not.  5, 1875. 
ITO,  171,  172,  173,  174.  Photographs.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 

793.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

isostedium  canadense,  (Smith)  Jordan. — Canada  Pike- 
perch. — St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  Upper  Missouri, 

178.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
15732.  Cast.    Ohio  River.    J.  \7.  Milner. 
15837.  Cast. 
175,  176,  177.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

SERRAlVIDiE. 

linephelus  morio,  (Cuv.)  Gill. — ^Eed-bellied  Snapper. — ^West 
Indian  Fauna  and  Southern  Atlantic  States. 

12516.  Cast.     Washington  market.    J.  W.  Milner. 
166.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Iteeplielas,  sp.- Snapper.— West  Indian  Fauna  and  Southern 
^  Atlantic  States. 

OmI.    IteidA^    £.  G.  Blackford. 


50         AFDUL  RBS0TTKCE8  ASD  FISHBRIBS  OP  UNITBD  STATU. 

Eplnephelns  DrammoMd-Hayi,  Goode  &  Bean.— Stib  € 

PER;  Hno);  John  PAW.— West  Indian  Fauna. 
16795.  Cast.    South  Florida.    E.  G.  Blackford. 
S1355.  Alcoholic.     Fousacola,  FIa.     Silas  Steama. 
• '.  Color  sketch.     Bennnda.     CoL  H.  Dnmunond-Hay. 

Epinephelus  niffritaa,  Holbrook.— Black  Obodfeil—Com 

Florida. 
21339.  Cast.    Pcnsacola,  Fla.    Silas  Steatiu. 

Epinephelus  striatns,   (Bloch.)   Oil]. — Haiii^bt;  Qrovtsl 

West  Indian  Fauna. 
16088.  Alcoholic.    Beimndas.    G.  Bromi  Ooode. 
562.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)    Bennndas.    ProfL  Alax.  Aga«dt.    AliT< 
Bamnm's  Aquarium.    Sov.,  1863. 

Epinephelus  gnttutnn,  (OmeL)  Goode.— Bebitoda  Hind.— ^ 
Indian  Fauna. 

16118.  Alcoholic     Bermndaa.     G.  Brown  Ooode. 
587.  Color  sketch.    (Burkhardt.)    Bennndaa.    Pio£  Alex.  Agaans.    Alit 
Banium's  Aqiiariimi.    Nov.,  1663. 

Tri»otropis  nndalosnSf  (Cut.)  Oill.f— Book  Gboufbs.— Ci 

Hattera«  to  Florida;  West  Indian  Fauna. 

15462.  Cast.    New  York  market.    £.  O.  Blackford.    June  14,  1873. 

l&esi.  Cast.    New  York  market.    £.  O.  Blackford.    Juoe  14, 1S75. 

704.  Color  sketch.     (Bichard.)    U.  S.  Fish  C 


Promlcrops  ^uasa,  (Poey)  Gill. — Jew-fish;  Guasa. — West : 


AHIMAL  BB80URCE8  AND  FI8HEBIE8  OF  UNITED  STATES.        51 

LABRACIDJS. 

K^ciis  llneatus,  (Sclrn.)  Gill.— Stbiped  Bass;  Eook-fish. — St. 
Lawrence  to  Florida. 

10G64.  Cast.    (Female.)    Potomac  River.    Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow. 

15737.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    May  27,  1873. 

15725.  Cast    Washington  market.    G.  Brown  Gk>ode. 

15706.  Cast.    New  York.    E.  G.  Blackford.    Nov.  28,  1874. 

185-186,  187.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

782-3.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

ecus  clury8op§9  (Bafl)  6111. — ^White  Bass. — Great  Lakes  and 
Mississippi  Valley. 

15807.  Cast.    New  York  market.    E.  G.  Blackford.    Oct.  7, 1875. 
188.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
503.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

rone  americana,  (Gmel.)  Gill.— White  Peboh.— Nova  Scotia 
to  Florida. 

10748.  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

10729.  Cast.  (Female.)    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

10730.  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
166ia  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

179, 180, 181,  182,  183,  184.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
766.  Color  sketch.    (Richard. )    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

EPHIPPIIDiE. 

rephippus  quadratus,  (Gun.)  Gill.— Moon-fish. — Gape  Cod 
to  Florida ;  West  Indian  Fauna. 

14886.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission.    July,  1873. 

14887.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    July,  1873. 
15820.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

196,  197.    Photographs.     U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 

LOBOTID^. 

botes    surinamensis,  Guv. — Triple-tail  Flasher.— Gai)e 
Cod  to  Florida ;  West  and  East  Indies. 

15702.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    August  28,  1873. 
16202.  Cast.    New  York  market.    £.  G.  Blackford.    July  20, 1875. 
201,  202.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

POmATOIfllD^. 

matomus  saltatriiL,  (Linn.)  Gill.— Blue-fish.- Pelagie. 

15871.  Cast.  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.     V.  N.  Edwards.    Juno  11,  1873. 
1X106.  CmI.    Norfolk,  Va.    G.  Brown  Goodo. 
Cmst 

«i-  198, 193, 194,  195,  386.    Photographs.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 
bIim.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


ANIMAL  EES0UECE8  AND  FISHEBIKS  OF  UNITED  STATKIL 


EliACATID^. 

Elacate  canadu§,  (Limi.)  Gill. — Cobia;  Cbab-baxeb. — Cape  Cod 
to  West  Indies. 

16060.  Cost.  Now  Yurk  market.  E.  0.  Blackford.  July  30,  18TS. 
14922.  Cast.  Point  Lootont,  Va.  J.  H.  Skidmore.  July  9,  1874. 
196,  199,  200.  Pholographa.     U.  S.  Fisb  Comniisaiou. 

PRIACAIVTHID^. 

Pseudopriacanthns  altu§,  (Gill)  Blevker. — SnoBT  Biq-£'\x- 
Cupe  Cod  to  Cape  Hiitterae. 

203.     Pbotograph.    U.  S.  Fiali  Commisaion. 

441.  Color  Bkotcb.     (Giohard.)    U.  S.  I'lah  Conuniesioii. 
1!>583.  Alcoholic.    Wood's  Doll,  Muss.     U.  S.  Flsti  ComiuUeiou.     S«pt,  ISn. 
mte4.  Alcoholic.    Wood's  Hoi],  Ma«s.     U.  S.  Fisli  ConunUsion.     1876. 

ECHEIVEIDID.^. 

LeptecheneiH  naiierateoide«t,  (Zuiew.)  Gill.— Bemora  ;  Srcos- 

Fisn. — Coast  geuerally. 

16071.  Cast.  Wood's  HoU,  Muss.  U.  S.  Fisb  ComnuBsiou.  July  10,  Iffli 
IflfilT.  Caet.  Wood's  Holl,  Moss.  U.  S.  Viih  CommissioD.  gept.  IS,  ISTS. 
16344.  Cast.     Wood'a  Uoll,  Maaa.     U.  S.  Fish  Conuuissioii.     Aug.  10.  l«Ji 

206,  207,  20a.  Pboiograplia.     U.  S.  Fish  Conunission. 
541-2-3.  Color  ekeU-h.     (Riplianl.)     U.  S.  Fiah  CommiBaion. 


RenioropMis  bracliyptern,  (Lnwe)  Gill. — Swohd-fish  Succel 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        53 

^hynena   picuda.  —  Southern  Babraouda. — West   Indian 
Fauna,  &c. 

81886.  Alcoholic.    Bermndas.    G.  Brown  Goode. 


PERCESOCES. 

MfCGVLmM. 

lofil  llneatufl,  Mitch. — Striped  Muulet.— Cape  God  to  Florida; 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

1S723.  Cast. 

212,  213,  214,  215,  216.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
421.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

ugil  albula,  linn.— White  Mullet.— Gax>e  God  to  Florida 
(probably  young  of  the  preceding  species). 

420.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
21302.  Alcoholic.    Florida.    6.  Brown  Goode. 

atheriividje:. 

lirostoma  notatum,  (Mitch.)  Gill.— Silver-sides;  Friar.— 
Maine  to  Florida. 

14930.  Cast. 
16612.  Cast. 

16620.  Cast.    Wood^R  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
380,  382.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
518.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Urostoma  californiensis,  (Girard)  Gill.— <<  Smelt."— Goast 
of  Galifomia. 

606.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
16603.  Alooholic.    San  Francisco.    Livingston  Stone. 
16603.  Cast    San  Francisco.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

HEMIBRANCHII. 

«ASTEROSTEIDiB. 

rgantenn  occidentalism  (Cuv.  &  Yal.)  Brevoort.— Ten-spined 
Stickle-back. — ^Newfoundland  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

384.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

644.  Color  sketch.  •  (Burkhardt.)    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

laterosteus   noTCboracensis,   Cuv.  &  Yal.- New  York 
SnOKLE-BACK. — 'Sgw  Bmnswick  to  Cape  Hatteras. 

'vtoli.    (Bnrkhardt.)    Prof:  Alex.  Agassiz. 


54        ANIMAL  BBSOURCBS  AND  PlfiHERieS  OP  DlttTliU  STATn. 

Apeltes  qaadracus,  (Kitch.)  Brev.— FoDB-sPinxD  SnasLB-Bu 
— New  Brunswick  to  Florida. 

361.  Ptaotograpk.    U.  8.  Fish  Commissioa. 

644.  Color  sketch.     (Burkhiirdt.)    Prof.  Alex.  AguaJE. 

Uanf  other  species  of  Gaateroatcus  ara  inclnded  in  th«  aeriea,  wUeh  i 
not  of  Bufiicieut  iinportanc«  to  bo  oniUDerstML 

AiriiO$TOIHID.£. 

Aulostoma  maculatum,  Yiil.— Tbuupet-fish. — West  Indi 
Fauna. 

568.  Color  akuteli.    (Burkhardt.)    Prof  Ales.  Agassis. 

FISTVLARUȣ. 

Fistularia   serrata,   Cuv.— ToBACCO-prPB-PisH.— Oape  Cod 
Florida;  West  Indian  Faiuta. 

16907.  Alcoholic.    Wood's  Roll,  Maes.     U.  S.  Fish  Commlasioii.     1876. 

SYNENTOGNATHI. 
BEL01VID.S. 

BelODe  ionglrostris,  (Mit«ii.)_  Gill— Siltrb  Oab-pish.— C« 

Cod  to  Florida. 

16555.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Haas.    U.  S.  Fish  Commudon.    Sept.  21,  Vm. 
16423.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mam.     U.  8.  Fish  CoinmJasion.     Stipt.  6,  1815. 

S17.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Cominission. 
1363.  Color  sketch.    Prof.  Alex.  Agossiz. 


ANIMAL  BESOURCES  AND  FISHEKIE8  OF  UNITED  STATES.       55 

BxoccBtas  noTeboracensis,  Mitch.!— Black- winged  Flying- 
fish.— Gape  God  to  Florida. 

— .  Alcoholio.    Block  Island,  R.  I.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.,  1874. 

ExocoDtas  Rondeletii^  Guv.  &  Yal. — ^IVIediterranean  and  Atlantic. 

21409.  Alcoholic.    Bermudas.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

Cjrptelarus  Aircatns,  (Mitch.)  Weinland.— Bearded  Flying^ 

FISH. — ^AtlaDtic. 

21412.  Alcoholic.    Bermudas.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

Buleptorhamphas  longrirostris,  (Guv.  &  Yal.)  Oill.— Gape  God 

to  Florida. 

15648.  Alcoholic.    Newport,  R.  I.    Bir.  Brown. 

Seomberesox  scutellatns,  Les. — Half-beak;  Skipper. — ^Kova 

Scotia  to  Florida. 

13164.  Cast. 

410y  539.  Color  sketches.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

HAPLOMI. 

ESOCIDJB. 

X  amerlcanas,  Gmelin. — ^Brook  Pickerel. — ^Massachnsetts  to 
Maryland. 

17766.  Alcoholic.     Koeseville,  N.  Y.     II.  N.  Hewitt. 
796.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fi^h  Commission. 

493.  Color  sketch.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

X  reticnlatus,  Lesuenr. — Pickerel. — ^Atlantic  slope^  New  Eng- 
land to  Alabama. 

15012.  Cast.    Washington,  D.  C.    G.  Brown  Goode. 
222.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
756.  Color  sketch.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

619.  Color  sketch.     (Roetter.)     East  Wareham,  Mass.     Museum  of  Comp. 
Zoology.    Feb.,  1869. 

^SOX  lucius,  Linn. — Pike. — ^Northern  America,  Asia,  and  Europe. 

•    14876.  Cast.    Sandusky,  Ohio.    J.  W.  Milner.    Oct.  25,  1873. 
14875.  Cast.    Sandusky,  Ohio.    J.  W.  MUnor.    Nov.  3,  1873. 
219.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

618.  Color  sketch.    (Roetter.)    Museum  of  Comp.  Zoology.     Saokett's  Har- 
bor.   Nov.,  1869. 

494.  Color  sketch.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

KflOX  nobilior,  Thompson.— Muskellunge  (weight  37  pounds).- 

Great  Lakes  and  Southern  British  Provinces  east  of  Eocky 
Mountains. 

14895.  Cost.    Sandusky,  Ohio.    J.  W.  MUner.    Oct.,  1873. 
290,  221.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


ANIMAL  RE8UURCKS  AND  FlSUERlBa  OF  UNI  ll-D  STATES. 


CYPRIMODOIVTID^. 

Cyprinodon  Tariegatus,  Luc.— Siiobt  Cvpbinodon.— Cape  Cod 
to  Florida. 

13986.  Akoliulit.    Nonuk,  Conn.    U.  8.  Pisli  Oouuniasion. 

Funduluspisculentus,  (Mitch.)  Yal. — Muhmichoq. — NoraScotu 
to  Florida. 

13970.  Alcoholic.     Noaok,  Conn.     U.  S.  Fish  CommiBHion. 
434,797.  Color  BketehoB.     (HioliacaO     U,  8.  Fiijh  Commisaion. 

Hydrargyra  majalis,  {Walb.)  Val.— May-fish.— Brackish  watm; 
Cape  Aiiii  to  Cape  Hatteras. 


434.  Color  skotcli.     (Richard.)     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

ISOSPONDYLI. 
sYivononiTiD^. 

Syuodus  fflBtenSf  (Linn.)  Gill. — Snake-fish. — Cape  Cod  to  Floridi 

1C583.  CB«t.     Nen-  York  market.     E.  G.  Blackford.     Sept.  24,  1875. 
424.  Color  akstdi.     (Eichnrd.)     U.  8.  Fiah  Commiaeioti. 


ANIMAL  BE80UBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        57 


COREGOnriDJB. 

oregonus  clupeifbrmis^  (Mitch.)  Milner.  —  White-fish. — 
Great  Lakes  and  British  America. 

16741. '  Cast.    Michigan. 

11^73.  Cast.    Ecorse,  Biich.    Goorgo  Clark. 

15741.  Cast..   EcoTse,  Mich.    George  Clark. 

14864.  Cooperstown,  N.  T.    Elihu  Phinney.  > 

224,225,223,227,228,229,230.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

oref^onns  labradoricus,  Eich. — Lattr  Whiting. — ^Northern 
Lakes. 

•  I 

832.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
16868.  Alcoholic.    Lake  Winnepisoogoe,  Me.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 

ro9opimii  qnadrilaterale^  (Rich.)  Milner. — ^^  Shad-waiteb." 
— Great  Lakes  and  northward. 

233.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
12360.  Alcoholic.    Grand  Lake,  Mo.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

rosopinm  Couesii,  Milner. — Chief  Mountain  TjAttr  White- 
fish. — Upper  Missouri  Region. 

14146.  Alcoholic.    Chief  Mountain  Lake.    Dr.  Elliott  Cones,  U.  S.  A. 

rgryrosomus  Artedi,  (Les.)  Hoy.— Herring  White-fish.— 
Great  Lakes,  etc. 

235.  Photograph.     U.  8.  Fish  Conmiission. 
752.  Color  sketch.    (Richarcl.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
11195.  Alcoholic.    An  Sable,  Michigan.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

SALIIIOJVIDJB. 
ilmo  salar,  Linn. — Salmon. — Northern  America  and  Europe. 

14896.  Cast.    Bncksporf.,  Me.    .Joseph  Palmer.    July  1,  1873. 
16744.  Cast.    Bncksport,  Mc.    C.  G.  Atkins.    Nov.,  1873. 
16743.  Cast.     Bncksport,  Me.    C.  G.  Atkins.    Nov.,  1873. 
10814.  Cast.    Bncksport,  Me.    C.  G.  Atkins.    July  1,  1873. 
239,  240,  241,  242.    Photographs.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
415.  Water-color  sketch.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Jmo  salar,  var.  sebago,  Girard. — Sebago  Salmon  (land-locked.) 
— St.  Croix  Eiver  and  Sebago  Lake.  Introdnced  into  other 
lakes. 

15467.  Cast.    Sysladohsis  Lake,  Me.     **Dobsis  Club,"  through  Judge  Harvey 

JeweU.    June,  1875. 
t€O07.  CMt. 

L    (Bioluad.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


58        ANIMAL  BBSOURCES  AND  FI8HBBIE8  OF  DNITBD  STATRR. 
Salmo  fiirio,  Liim. — Eivsb  Tbout. — Bivers  of  Burope. 

252.  Photogi'npli.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Oncorhynchus  quinnat,  (Bich.)  Oilutlier.^ — Quinnat  or  SiCBt 
MENTO  Salmon. — Northwest  Coast  of  America;  Bonthn 
California.  , 

10340.  Cost.    Kow  York  market    E.  O.  Blackford. 
10347.  Cast.     Socramcuto  River,  Col.     L.  Stone.    March,  1873. 
248, 249,  2oO,  201.     Photographs.    U.  S.  ViOi  ConuDisaiou. 
416.  Culor  sketch.    (Bivkanl.)    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 

CristiTomer  namaycntfh,  (Peun.)  Gill  &  Jordan.— Namatcts 
Tkout;  Lake  Teout.— Nortbcra  Lakes. 

246,  247.  Photographs.     U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 
10312.  Cost.    Mooeehead  Lake,  Mn.    E.  M.  SttUm-ll. 
IGOTO-Tl.  Caets.    Lake  Wiunepiseogee.    U.  S.  Fish  ConimiMioo- 
463,&2&-T.  Color  skotchM.     (Blchanl.)    U.  8.  Fish  Commiesioii. 

Salvelinus  A»ntinalis, (Mitch.)Gill  &  Jordan.— Bbook  Tbovt. 
BiverB  and  Lakes  of  British  North  America  and  of  tl 
Dorthem  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Appabrfaii 
Kauge. 

IGOae.  Cast.     Wood's  Holl,  Mass.     V.  N.  Edwards. 

159G1.  Cost.    Byiladobsis  Lake,  Me.    "Doluis  Club,"  throii)(b  Jndgc  Bin 

Jewell.    Juno,  1875. 
15728.  Cast.    New  York  market.    B.  Q.  Blackford.    Hareh  »,  ISTZ). 
10311.  Cost.    Nuw  York  market.    E.  G.  Blackford.    March  22,  IBTS. 
15470.  Cast.     Syslodobsis  Lake,  Mu.     "Dubsis  Club,"  throngh  Judge  RiK 


▲NIMAL  RB80URCB6  AND  F18HERIE8  OK  UNITED  STATES.        bd 


AliBriilDiE. 

Ibula  Tiilpes,  (Linn.) Goode. — Lady-fish. — Pelagic;  Tropical  and 
Subtropical  Seas. 

255.  Photograph.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 

21859.  Alcoholic.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

HYODOnrTIDJS. 

[yodon  tergnisus,  Les. — ^Moon-ete. — Great  Lakes  and  Mississippi 
VaUey. 

15661.  Cast.    New  York  market.    Z.  G.  Blackford.    Nov.  15,  1875. 
14863.  Casi.    Cincinnati,  Ohio.    J.  W.  Milner.    Nov.,  1873.    * 
253,  264.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
753.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 

ELOPID^. 

lop«  Miorus,  Linn. — Big-eted  Hebbing.— Tropical  and  Snbtropi- 
cal^Seas. 

15824.  Cast.  New  York  market.  £.  G.  Blackford.  Oct.  11,  1875. 

15821.  Cast.  New  York  market.  E.  G.  Blackford.  Oct.  11,  1875. 
15883.  Cast.  New  York  market.  E.  G.  Blackford.  Oct.  11,  1875. 

15822.  Cast.  New  York  market.  £.  G.  Blackford.  Oct.  14,  1675. 
15744.  Cast.  New  York  market.  £.  G.  Blackford.  Oct.  14,  1875. 
15824.  Cast.  New  York  market.  E.  G.  Blackford.  Oct.  11,  1875. 

256.  Photograph.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 

772.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

ei^alops   thrissoides,  (Schn.)  Glintlier. — ^Tabpum. — Gape  Cod 
to  Florida. 

14924.  Cast.    New  Jersey.    E.  G.  Blackford.    July  9,  1874. 
398.  Photograph.    Newx>ort,  R.  I.    8.  Powell.    Aug.,  1874.  § 

DVSSVJIIIERID^. 

tnimeus  teres,  (DeKay)  Brevoort. — Eound  Herring. — Cape  Cod 
to  Cape  Hatteras. 

2021G.  Alcoholic.    Newport,  R.  I.    S.  Powel. 

CLIJPEIDJS. 

reTOortia    tyrannus,    (Latr.)    Goode.  —  Menhaden;    Moss- 
BUNKER ;  Pogie. — Newfoundland  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

CMt.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 
('  Gaok    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission.    Aug.,  1875. 
^.  900^  886^  387.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
fkoH  AbBOL  A|pMBis. 


60        ANnUL  RB80UBCB8  AND  FI8HBBIE6  OF  DNITBD  8TATBB. 

BreToortia    patronus,  Goode.— Gulp    Menhadeh.— G«: 

Mexico. 

892.  Alcoholic.    Brazos  Santiago,  TesRS. 

Alma  aapldissimat  (Wilson)  Stopfer. — Shad. — ^Newfonndlaod 
Florida. 

10641.  Cast.    Potomac  River.    J.  W.  Hilner.    1873. 

10625.  Cast.     Potomac  River,  D.  C.    J.  W.  Hilner. 

14878.  Cut.    Connecticut  Biver.    £.  O.  Blackford.    Hay  7, 1974. 

861,  86S,  363,  264,  26G.  Photograpbs.    U.  R.  Fish  ComnuMioii. 

Opisthonema  thrisga,  Gill. — Thbgas  HEBBrao.— West  I&d 
Fanna  and  north  to  Cape  God. 

20218.  AlcoboUo.    Newport,  R.  I.    U.  S.  I'lsh  Commiwion. 

PoniolobiispBeudoharengrus,(Wil8on)Gill. — Alkwipe;  Fhi 

WATER    Hbrrino;    Gaspebsatt. — Newfonndland 
Florida. 

10622.  Cost.    (Female.)    Wood's  Boll,  Haas.    U.  S.  Fish  CommiMicm. 
266;  067,  268, 269,  386.  Photographs.    U.  8.  Fish  CommiMion. 
457.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commiasiou. 

Pomolobas  mediocris,  (Mitch.)  Gill. — Mattawocmu.;  Tai 
Hbrring  ;  Sea  Shad. — Kewfonndland  to  Florida. 

10657,  Cast.  Potomac  River.  J.  W.  Hilner.  1873. 
269,  270,  271.  Photographs.  U.  S.  l^isb  ConunismoD. 
458, 771.  Color  sketches.    (Bicbaid.)    U.  6.  Fiali  CommiMioD. 


Cliipea    harenffus,    Liun.— HERBmaj    Ssa    HEBBora.— H( 


ANIMAL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        6 1 

Enr»RA1JIiIDID^. 

iftgraulis  Tittata,  (Mitch.)  B.  &  G.— Anchovy.— Cape  Cod  to 
Gape  Hatteras. 

382.  Photograph*.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
14066.  AlcohoUc.    Watch  HIU,  R.  I.,  <&c.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

EVENTOGNATHI. 

CATOSTOJHIDJB. 

fttostomns  teres,  (Mitchill)  Les. — Common  Sucker.  ^Eastern 
Northern  America. 

279.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

18258.  Alcoholic.    Potomac  River.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

fxostoma     maerolepidotuin,    (Les.)    Jordan.— Striped 
SucKER.^Mississippi  Valley  and  Great  Lakes. 

15930.  Cast.    Washington  market.    J.  W.  Mihicr. 

16786.  Cast.    Washington  market.    J.  W.  Milner. 

16785.  Cast.    Washington  market.    J.  W.  Milner. 

278.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

rcleptns  elongatns,  (Les.)  Ag. — Black  Sucker. — ^Mississippi 
Valley. 

16781.  Cast.    Ohio  River.    J.  W.  Milner.    Nov.  5,  1875. 

280.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

rimyaEon    sucetta,    (Lac.)   Jordan. — Chub    Sucker. — Eastern 
United  States. 

281.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

rimysEon  Goodei,  Jordan. — Goode's  Sucker. — Florida. 

19071.  Alcoholic.    St.  John's  River,  Fla.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

nbalichthys  bubalus,  Ag. — Buffalo-fish. — Mississippi  Val- 
ley. 

14883.  Cast.    Cincinnati,  Ohio.    J.  W.  Milner.    Nov.  5,  1873. 

ftrpiodes  cyprinu§,  (Les.)  Ag.— Carp.— Eastern  Ui.ited  States. 

10735.  Cast.     Potomac  River,  D.  C.    J.  W.  Milner. 

16780.  Cast.    Sandubky,  Ohio.    J.  W.  Milner.    Nov.  3,  1875. 

'»Jl#cheiIU8  gnrandis,  (Ayres)  Girard.— <<  Pike."— Pacific  Slope. 

i^otognph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


62        ANIUAIi  KEBODBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OP  UlUTBD  STATBL 

JVotemisonuB  americanus,  (Linn.)  Jordan. — SmNEE^-Srat 
era  Bivers. 

19063.  Alooholio.     St.  John's  River,  Fla.     O.  Brown  Qoodtt. 

IVoteniigonns  chl^soleucus,  (Mitoh.)  Jordan. — Bhineb.— S» 
em  Atlaatic  States. 
435.  Color  sketch.    (Biclianl.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commisdon. 

Xeadsciis  pulchelliis,  Storer. 


Carassiiis  auralus,  (Linn.)  Sleeker. — Gold-fish. — Domeeticab 
native  of  China  and  Japan. 

16667.  Cast.    WftaUineton,  D.  C.    J.  H.  Richard. 

I8S90.  Alcoholic.     Pouds  of  MarylaDd.     U.  S.  Fiah  CommiaBioa. 


Order   NEMATOGNATHI. 


.durlchthys  mariniii,  (Miteh.)  B.  &  G. — ^Fork-tailed  C 
FISH.— Cape  Cod  to  Florida;  Gull"  of  Mexico. 

15575.  Cast.     New  Bedford,  Mass.     U.  S.  Fish  Commiasion.     Oct.  II,  18^ 
'J83,  284,  285.  Photographs.     U.  S.  Fish  CommiBsion. 
632.  Color  sketch.     (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Comi 


▲BDfAL  BE80URCB8  AKD  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        63 


Order   APODES. 

COnr«RIDJB. 

^B|^er  oceanica^  (Mitch.)  GilL — GoNasR  Eel. — ^Newfoundland 
to  West  Indies. 

14873.  Cast.     Weight  11  lbs.     Block  Id.,  R.  I.    U.  8.  Fiah  CommiBsion.     Sept. 

26,  1874. 
14872.  Cast.    Block  Island,  R.  I.    U.  8.  Fish  CommisBion.    Sept.  26,  1874. 
287.  Photograph.    U.  8.  Fiah  Commission. 

0 

Bfuilla  rostrata,  (Les.)  DeEay.— Common  Eel. — Eastern  United 
States. 

15731.  Cast.    New  York.    E.  G.  Blackford.    Aug.  26,  1874. 
16392.  Cast.    New  York.    E.  G.  Blackford.    Aug.  26,  1874. 
16729.  Cast.    Potomac  River.    J.  W.  Milner. 
16416.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    Wm.  Pahner.    Sept.  6,  1875. 
10749.  Cast.    Wood's  HoD,  Mass.    V.  N.  Edwards. 

286.  Photograph.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 
480-81.  Color  sketches.    (Richard.)    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 
773.  Color  sketch.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz. 

nrEmiCHTHYID^. 

^michthys  scolopaceus?  Eich. — Snipe  Eel. — Deep  waters 
of  the  Atlantic. 

21195.  Alcoholic.    George's  Bojak.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

SiriVAPHOBRAlVCHID^ . 

rMaphobranchus  pinnatus,  (Gronow)  Gunther. — Madeira 
Eel. — Deep  waters  of  the  Atlantic. 

21848.  Alcoholic    Sable  Island  Bank.    U.  8.  Fish  Conmiission. 


Order  CYCLOGANOIDEI. 

nia  calva,  Linn. — Mud-fish. — Central  and  Southeastern  United 
States. 

11134.  Cast.     Sandusky,  Ohio.    J.  W.  Milner. 

16634.  Cast.    New  York  market.    E.  G.  Blackford.    Sept.  24,  1875. 

i.  Photograph.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 

CkikMr  aketoh.     (Bnrkhardt.)     Charleston,  8.  C.    Prof.  Alex.  Agaasiz. 


64       ANIMAL  BESOUBCES  AND  I-I8HBRIE8  OP  CHTTED  8TATB. 

Obdek  rhomboganoidei. 

I.EPIDOSTEIDJ:. 

Lepldosteas  osseus,  Linn.— Gab  Pike.— Mississippi  ya%  > 

Atlantic  States  south  of  Delaware  Biver. 

10736.  Cast.  Sandusky,  Ohio.  J.  W.  Milner. 
miT.  Cast.  Sandtuk;,  OMo.  J.  W.  Milner. 
15366.  Cast.  FotoniBo  Kiver.  J.  W.  MUner. 
290,  391.  PbotOKTsphs.    U.  S.  Pish  Comnuasion. 

LepidosteuB  platystomns,  Baf.— Shobi'-hosbd  Gab  Pm 
Great  Lakes  and  streams  south  and  west  to  tba  Bo 
Mountains. 

3341.  Alcoholic.    Cleveland,  Ohio.     Prof.  Boird. 

Obder  selachostomi. 

POLYODOIVTID.X. 

Polyodon  fitlium,  Lac. — Paddle-fish.— Fresh  waters  of  Mi 
sippi  Valley. 

14671.  Cast.    Cincinnati,  Ohio.     J.  W.  Milner.    Nov.  5,  1873. 
15475.  Cast.     Madison,  lud.     Qeorge  Spnngler.    Jnne,  187t>. 
993.  Photograph.     U.  S.  Fist)  Cnnuiiissiun. 


Ohdm  CHONDROSTEI. 


ANIMAL  BEBOUBCES  AND  FISHEBIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        65 

penser  maealosus,  Les. — ^Lono-nosed   Stubgeon. — Great 
Lakes  and  Western  Elvers. 

607--8.  Color  sketch.    Hanteville,  Ala.    Prof.  Alex.  Agassiz.    1853. 

phyrhynchops    platyrhynchus,   (Bafl)   Gill. — Shovel- 
nosed  Stueoeon. — Mississippi  Valley. 

15939^.  Cart.    Ohio  River.    J.  W.  Milner. 

15939.  Cart.    Ohio  River.    J.  W.  Milner. 

15476.  Cast.    Madison,  Ind.    George  Spangler.    June,  1875. 

302,  303.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Conunission. 


VL  ELASMOBRANCHIATES. 

Order  HOLOCEPHALI. 

CHIJHJBRIDJB. 

maera  plumbea,  Gill. — Brown  Chim^ba. — ^Deep  waters  of 
Western  Atlantic. 

21904.  Cast.    Banqnereau.    Capt.  Joseph  W.  Collins. 

jTOla^nns  Colliei,  (Bennett)  Gill.— Paoifig  Chimera.— North- 
west coast  of  North  America. 

993.  Alcoholic.    Pnget  Sound.    Dr.  George  Snckley. 

Order  RAI^. 

IHYIilOBATID^. 

iobatis  FremenTillei,  (Ijcs.)  Storer. — Eagle  Eat. — Cape 
Cod  to  Florida. 

16603.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Sept.  23,  1875. 
14417.  Cart.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
306-319.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
760.  Color  sketch.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 


iobatis  californicus,  Gill.— California  Sting  Eat. — ^Coast 
of  California. 

16687.  Cast.  San  Francisco,  Cal.  L.  Stone. 
320.  Photograph.  U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
959.  Color  sketch.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

»ptera  quadriloba,  (Les.)  Cuv. — Cow-nosed  Eat. — Cape 
Cod  to  Florida. 

vmgltm.    U.  S.  Flab  CommiBsioii. 


66        ANIMAL  BGSOaRCES  AND  FI8HEBIE8  OF  UNTTBD  8TATB8. 

TRYCIOIVID^. 

Trjgon  centrura,  (Mitcb.)  Gill. — Sting  Bat. — GapeCodtoFlnidi. 

149-JO.  Cast.     Wood's  Holl,  Mass.     U.  S.  Fidi  CoDanuanoii.     Jniw,  lEffl 

148H2.  Cast.    Portland,  Mo.    Skillings. 

324,  325,  336,  327,  326,  329.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  ConuniMion. 

Tryffon  Sabina,  Lcsnenr.— Biver  Stino  Bay. — Soatbem  C<ntt 
entering  rivers. 
18068.  Alcoholic.    Lake  Monroe,  Fla.    Prof.  Boicd. 

'  Tryffon  haatata,  (De  Eay)  Storer. — Smooth  Stino  BAT^-Sontk 
om  Coasts 

21G26.  Skin.     West  Florida.     Dr.  J.  W.  Velie. 

Pteroplatea  maclara.  Mall.  &  Heiil& — ^Bdttebplt  Bat.— Caj 
Cod  to  Florida. 

16319.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  1 
321,  322,  3J3.  Photographs. 

torpedinidjf:. 

Torp^o  occidentalls,  Storer. — Torpedo;  Cbamp-fish.— Cs 

Cod  to  Florida. 
14912.  Cast.     Wood's  Holl,  Moss.    U.  S.  Fish  Commisston.     July  aS,  1871 
14919.  Cost.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  CommiMion.    July  5, 18n. 
16G&^>.  CoHt.    Wood's  HoU,  Ha«s.    U.  8.  Fish  Commiaaion.    July  5, 1873. 
330,  331,  3:t2,  333,  334,  3:15.    Photographs.    U.  8.  Fish  ComtniHaon. 

RAIIBJi. 


ANIMAL  BB80UBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.       67 

Kaia  tevls,  Mitch. — Shabp-nosed  Skate.— Kova  Scotia  to  Florida. 

14904.  Cast.    (Young  male.)     Montauk  Point,  N.  Y.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
Aog.  1,  1874. 
403.  Color  sketch.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
15704.  Cast.    (Yonng.)    Noank,  Conn.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Ang.  1,  1874. 
15703.  Cast.    Noank,  Conn.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
1665a  Cast.    (Young  male.) 
15707.  Cast 
16659.  Cast. 
347,  348,  349,  350,  351.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

RHIIVOBATIDJB. 

Unobatns  prodnctns,  Oirard.— Long>nosed  Skate.— Coast  of 
Califomia. 

16704.  Cast.    San  Francisco,  Cal.    L.  Stone. 
352.  Photograph.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

PRISTIDJB. 

istis  antlquorum,  (Linn.)  Lath.— Saw-fish.— Cajio  Cod  to 
Florida;  Tropical  Seas. 

19463.  Stuffed  skin.    Florida.    H.  A.  Ward. 

S<|VATinriDJB. 

BJitina  DmnerlUy  Les.— Monk-fish;  Fiddle-fish.— Gape  Cod 
to  Florida;  Temi)erate  and  Tropical  Seas. 

• 

14B90.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    V.  N.  Edwards.    Sept.  1,  1873. 
16410.  Cast.    Menemsha  Bight,  Mass.    Jason  Lace.    Sept.  1,  1875. 
353,  354|  355.  Photographs.    U.  8.  Fish  Commission. 


Order  SQUALI, 

IjASKNinJE. 

comnbica,  (Gmel.)   Fleming. — ^Porbeagle   Shark. — 
Atlantic,  Mediterranean,  Japan. 

21856.  Alcoholic.    Gloucester,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

uropnis  Dekayi,  Gill.  (d.  s.) — ^Mackerel  SHARK.^Newfoiind- 
land  to  Florida. 

15049.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    V.  N.  Edwards.     Sept.  20,  1873. 
15973.  Cast.    Wood^s  Holl,  Mass.    V.  N.  Edwards.    Dec,  1875. 
446.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


Atwoodi,  (Storer)  GilL— Atwood's  Shark;  Man- 
XAXSR. — ^Newfoundland  to  Florida. 


69        ANIMAL  CESOUUCES  AV!D  F18HBBIE8  OF  mTITED  STATEC 

Cynocephalas  glancus,  (Liim.)  Gill.— Bi.d:b-b]U2>sd  Sb 

Atlantic. 

199-29.  AlcohoUc.     WooiI'd  HoU,  Mosa.    V.  K.  Edwards 

ODOIVTASPIDIDf. 

Enffomphodas  littoralls.  Gill.— Saitd  Shabe. — ^PeUigio. 

1G64T.  Cost.     Wuutl'u  Holl,  Moss.  U.  8.  Fish  Commisuon. 

16648.  Cost.     Wood's  HoU,  Mqbb.  U.  S.  Fiali  Comniwion. 

419.  Color  skctcli.     (Sichord.)  U.  S.  Fiali  Commumon. 

44S>.  Color  ekotcli.     (Richard.)  U.  8.  Fish  Cummiaeion. 

AI.OPECID.S. 

Alopias   TUlpes,  (Linii.)  Bod. — Thbbsheb;  STlNai^-TAli 

lantic  and  Mediterranean. 

I62I3G.  Coat.    Menemaba  Bight,  Mass.     U.  S.  Pish  Commiasion.     July 
15T33.  Cost.    Wood's  HoU,  Moss.    U.  S.  Fisb  CommUaiuu. 
417.  Color  sketch.     (Richard.)     U.  S.  Fish  ConunisBiou. 

sphtrividje:. 

Spb^rna  zystena,  (Linn.)  Mail.  &  Henle.— HAaocBB-HEAD  i 
— TropicaJ  and  Subtropical  Seas, 

lti8Xi.  Citst.    Nounk,  Conn.    U.  S.  Fisb  CommiBaion. 
:t(iO,  tmi,  3G2,  363,  364.  Photographs.     U.  S.  I'lsh  Conmiiitsion. 
163.  Color  sketch.     (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Coiumisrioo. 

Reniceps  tibnro,  (Linn.)  Gill. — Shotel-hbab  Shark. — A 
and  Western  Pacific. 


AMIMAL  BE80URCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        69 

klcocerdo  tigrmus^  MuU.  &  Henle. — Tiger  Shark. — ^Atlantic ; 
Indian  Ocean. 

15740.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    V.  N.  Edwards.    July  22,  1873. 
16069.  Cast.    Buzzard's  Bay,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    1875. 
370y  371.    Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

■Atelus  eanis,  (Mitch.)  De  Kay. — Smooth  Dog-fish. — Cape  Cod 
to  Cape  Hatteras. 

14908.  Cast.    Norfolk,  Va.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    June  25,  1873. 
149S25.  Cast.    Wood's  HoU,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
107U4.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
10733.  Cast.    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    'U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
16649.  Cast.    (Male.)    Wood's  Holl,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
372y  373,  374,  375.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
.  Color  sketches.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

infflymastoma  cirratnm,  (GmeL)  M.  &  H. — Nurse  Shark. — 
Tropical  Atlantic. 

16909.  Alcoholic.    Chesapeake  Bay.    Maryland  Academy  of  Science. 

SPinrACIDJB. 

ivjiliis  amerlcaiius,  (Storer)  Gill. — Spined  Dog-fish.— Few- 
foondland  to  Cape  Hatteras. 


>5.  Cast.    Martha's  Vineyard.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    July  30,  1875. 
376,  377.  Photographs.     U.  S. -Fish  Commission. 
426.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

troscylUain  Fabricii,  (Eeinh.)  M.  &  H.— Greenland  Dog- 
fish.— ^Deep  waters  of  Western  Atlantic 

216^2.  Cast    Lat.  42^  b2f  N.,  Lon.  630  50'  W.    220  to  260  fathoms.    U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

HBiiftiosas  mlcrocephalus,  (Bloch.)  GUI. — Sleeper  Shark. — 
North  Atlantic. 

378,  379.  Photographs.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

447.  Color  sketch.    (Richard.)    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

16630.  Cast.     Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.    Renfrew  &  Co.    Nov.  20,  1875. 

jliUMirjinniiri  ccBlolepis,  Bocage  &  Capello. — ^Black  Dog- 
fish.— ^Deep  waters  of  jN'orth  Atlantic. 

«.  CMt.    hiHL  439  i(y  N.,  Lon  63°  50'  W.    220  to  260  fathoms.    U.  S.  Fish 


70       ANIH&L  BE80UBCE8  AND  PI8HEBIBS  OF 


EchinorhinDs  spinosui,  (OmeL)  DelamoiUe. — SPiHr  Shasi 
North  Atlantic. 

21913.  Cast.    ProvJDcutonn,  Mass.  '  £.  I;.  StnoU. 


VII.  MARSIPOBRANCHIATES. 
Oedeh  hyperoartia. 

PETKOJIYZONTIDiE. 

Petromyzon  americanas. — Laupbgy  Eel. 

4e9-90.  Color  sketcbes.     Prof.  Ales.  Agussiz. 

Ordee  hyperotreti. 

IHyxine  glatinosa,  Linn.— Hag-fish  ;   Slime-pish. — ^Nocth  . 

lantic. 

21679.  AIcolioUc.    Lo  Envo  Dank,  N.  B.    U.  8.  Fish  Conuninioa. 

VIII.  LEPTOCARDIANS. 


SECTION"  B. 


(THE  CHASE  AND  THE  FISHERIES.) 

EANS  OF  PURSUIT  AND  CAPTURE. 

I.  HAND  IMPLEMENTS  OR  TOOLS. 

^For  striking. 

1.  Clubs. 
ft&nned  clubs.' 

Salmon-clubs  used  by  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest  coast. 
Hunting-cl  abs.' 
Fishermen's  clubs. 

32717.  ''  Halibat  killer  and  gob-stick."  Philip  Mercbaut,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
A  heavy  clnb  with  which  the  fisherman  kUls  the  halibut  by  a  blow 
upon  the  head.  One  end  is  sharpened  for  use  in  detaching  hooks 
from  the  gullets  of  fish  which  have  swallowed  them. 

ed  clubs.' 

Stone-headed  dubs.' 

GlabSi  armed  with  teeth  or  bone  points.' 

GlabS|  armed  with  metal  points.' 


lomgr-^toncs.' 
laiiir-sbot.' 


2.   SLUNG-WElaHTS. 


Hunters'  knives. 


^^  For  cutting. 
3.  Knives. 


26152.  Hunter's  knife.  5^1nch  blade.    John  Russell  Cutlery  Co.,  Turner's 

[Falls,  Mass. 

26153.  Hunter's  knife.  6-inch  blade. 

26154.  Hunter's  knife.  7-inch  blade. 

26155.  Hunter's  knife.  8-inch  blade. 

26172.  Hunter's  knife.  5^-inch  blade.     . 

26173.  Hunter's  knife.  6-inch  blade. 

26174.  Hunter's  knife.  G^-inch  blade. 

26175.  Hunter's  knife.  8-inch  blade. 
2S191.  Hunter's  knife.  5-inch  blade. 

26192.  Hunter's  knife.  6-inch  blade. 

26193.  Hunter's  knife.  7-inch  blade. 
25194.  Hunter's  knife.  8-inch  blade. 


*  Displayed  in  the  Ethnological  division. 


71 


72         ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OP  UNITED  STATES.           1 

Straight  knives. 

Htintcjs'  knivoa. 

aem.  Hunter's  kcifo. 

G-inoh  blade. 

Jului  RuBSvll  Cutlety  Cu.,  Tuniai 

263UI.  Hnntci'B  knife. 

6-incli  lilade. 

HeSeiL  Hnnter'B  knife. 

7-incIi  blade. 

" 

26233.  HiuLter's  knife. 

B-iiioli  bliule. 

< 

2Gii4.  Himter'ftfciiift. 

lO-inch  bliido. 

" 

S61«.  Himter'a  knife. 

5i-uicfi  blade. 

" 

2fll4e.  Hantcr'a  knife. 

6-intli  blade. 

•• 

iBUT.  mmter'a  knife. 

T-incIi  blade. 

" 

I!6149.  Hunter's  knifo. 

B-incli  blade. 

« 

261fi0.  Hunter's  knife. 

tinch  blade. 

" 

26161.  Huntor'B  knife. 

frinch  blftdi'. 

« 

aCI6i.  Hunter-,  knife. 

7-iuch  blade. 

« 

26163.  Hunterli  knife. 

B4ncli  blade. 

" 

26161.  Hunter's  knifo. 

9-incb  blftde. 

" 

86165.  Hnntei'B  knife. 

lO-iudl  bllKfc. 

« 

26160.  Hunt«r'8lcnife. 

11-iiicU  blade. 

201G7.  Huntet'B  knife. 

12-ini'li  blade. 

" 

26IS6.  Hunter's  knife. 

54acL  blade. 

em57.  Huntei'H  knife. 

Si-inch  blade. 

" 

7-iDch  blade. 

" 

26202.  Houlei'B  knifa. 

5-inch  blade. 

" 

2IS03.  Hunter's  knife. 

6-inch  blade. 

:: 

B6J04.  HuntPT^ft  knifo. 

7-iiicl.  blade. 

64nch  blade. 

2C20o.  Huntart  knife.  9-inch  blade. 
2G207.  Hunter's  knife.  10-incli  blnde. 
23203.  Huntfli'a  kuifov     12-iuch  bli«io. 

Duilley  hunters'  knives. 

2ol97.  Hunter's  knife.  5-incIi  blade. 

2f>193.  Hunffii'B  knife.  G-int-h  blade. 

20199.  Huntcr'B  knife.  7-inch  blade. 

26200.  Hunter's  knife.  9-inch  blade. 

Hunters'  dirk-knives. 

26225.  Hnnter'B  knife  (metal  guard).  5-iuch  blade. 

26226.  Huuter'B  knifo  (metal  guard).  6-ineh  blade. 

26227.  Hunter's  knife  (metal  guard).  7-iueb  blade. 

26228.  Hunter's  knife  (molal  guard).  8-iuch  blade. 
2iJH3.  Huuter'B  knife  (inetal  guard).  7-inch  blade. 
26168.  Hunter's  knife  (solid  guani).  7-iucb  blade. 

Splitting  and  ripping  knives. 

29401.  Double-edged  throating  aud  ripping  knife.     A.  llcCurdy,  Glonai-»^* 

29403.  Donblu-edgcd  tbroatiug-kuifo  (old  etyle).     G.  B.  Poator,  Bei"^*' 

S9109.  Throating  or  ripping  knife.     A.  McOurdy,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
39411.  Throating  or  rippiog  knife.     Capt.  E.  L.  Howe,  GlonceBter,  U 


ANIMAL  RBSOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.       73 

Ight  kniTes.  ' 

plittiiig  and  ripping  knives. 

2941^  Doable-edged  ripping-kiiife  (peculiar  to  coast  of  Maine).    Wilcox, 

Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middle  town.  Conn. 
29402.  Mackerel-splitting  knife.    A.  McCurdy,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
29408.  Mackerel-splitting  knife.    Capl.  Sam.  Elwell,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
29404.  Codfish-splitting  knife.    A.  McCurdy,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

29413.  Cod  or  haddock  ripping  knife  (old  style).     G.  P.  Foster,  Beverly, 

Mass. 

29414.  Hoke  or  haddock  splitting  knife.    A.  McCurdy,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

29415.  Haddock-ripping  knife.  ''  ** 

aying-knives,  aboriginal  and  recent.^ 

26169.  Flaying-knife.    5-inch  blade.     John  EusseU  Cutlery  Co.,  Tumer^s 

[Falls,  Mass. 

26170.  Flaying-knife.    6-inch  blade. 

26171.  Flaying-knife.    7-inch  blade. 

26179.  Flaying-knife.    5-iuch  blade. 

26180.  Flaying-knife.    6-inch  bhide. 

26181.  Flaying-knife.    O^inch  blade. 

26185.  Flaying-knife.    C-inch  blade. 

26186.  Flaying-knife.    6-inch  blade. 
26187^  Flaying-knife.    7-inch  blade. 

26188.  Flaying-knife.    5-inch  blade. 

26189.  Flaying-knife.    6-inch  blade. 

26190.  Flaying-knife.    7-inch  blade. 

26211.  Flaying-knife.    5-inch  blade. 

26212.  Flaying-knife.    6-inch  blade. 

26213.  Flaying-knife.    G^-inch  blade. 

cibber-knives,  Eskimos.* 
^arding-knives  used  by  whalemen. 

XJsed  in  cutting  the  blubber  into  sections  from  the  "blanket  piece"  or  long 
strip  which  is  peeled  from  the  sides  of  the  whale ;  for  illustration  of  the 
manner  of  use  see  the  model  of  whaler  "cutting  in  the  blubber.'' 

25676.  Boarding-knife.    \V.  U.  Cook  &  Co., New  Bedford, Mass. 
"This  knife  has  seen  many  years  of  service." — A.  R.  C. 
26608.  Boarding-knife,  with  sheath.    A.  R.  Crittenden,  Middlctown,  Conn. 

flialemen's  boat-knives. 

Used  to  cut  the  harpoon-line  when  it  gets  tangled  in  paying  out. 

.  Boat-knife  (model).     Capt.  L.  Rowland,  New  Bedford. 

This  model  in  its  sheath  on  the  bulkhead  of  tlu^  whale-boat,  ready 
for  use,  is  shown  in  the  model  of  a  whale-boat  (No.  24860). 

eading-knives. 

32689.  Halibut-hciidiiig  Iir.ifc     Adolph  Voss,  GlouccsttT,  Mass. 
"^of  Eskimo  and  Indian  llayin^j-knivos  h  displayed  in  the  Ethuol(r-ic::l 

ift  exhibited  in  the  Etlmological  division. 


it 
it 
It 

n 
it 
it 
it 
tl 
it 
tl 
a 
tl 
it 
n 


74       ANIMU.  BE80UBCES  AND  FI8HEEIE8  OF  UNITED  STAIBat 

Straight  knlr«s. 

Finiimg-kiuTes. 

29400.  Halibut-finning  knife.    Alex.  McCnrdy,  OlonoMter.Uaaa. 
39412.  Halibat-finning  knife.     Cftpt.  E.  L.  Howe,  Glonceatcr,  Hm*. 

Chopping-knives. 

3940S.  Bait-cleaver  (nsed  in  balibnt  fishing).    Alex.  HcCnrdy,  Glonn 

32G65.  Cod-bait  knife.    Gloucester,  Mass.    U.  8.  Fisk  Commiouon. 
32664.  Bait-cleaver.  "  " 

Cheek-knives. 

39438.  Codfish  cbeek-knife.    Alex.  HcCunly,  Gloucester,  Hah. 
Tliroatiag-kiuves. 

33669.  Cod-throater(wngleedge).   Gloucester,  Hiwa.    U.  S.  Fish  Coaunj 
22670.  Cod-throatcr(doubleedge).  "  " 

l/^h-knives  (for  general  use). 

2Q159.  Fish-knife.      Heavy.      12-inch  blado.     John  Rosaell  Cnlleri 

Turner's  Falls,  Mass. 
SjIOB.  Fish-kuife.     Hook  htinalc.     13-iacb  blade.     Jobn   Rnwell  Ci 

Co.,  Tiimer'a  Falls,  Mass. 

Scaling-knives. 

Jobn  Bnssell  Catlery  Co.,  To 

Sailors'  and  fisbermen's  sheath-knives. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        75 

SiveaJiig-kiuveB,  nsed  by  fishermeii. 

29407.  SliveriDg-knife.  (Pattern  first  used  by  Cape  Aim  fishenneu.)  Geo. 
B.  Foster,  Beverly,  Mmhs. 

29399.  Slivering-kiiife.  (Cape  Auu  pattern.)    Alex.  McCurdy. 

29405.  Slivering-knifo.  (Nantucket  pattern.)  Samuel  Elwell,  jr.,  Glouces- 
ter, Mass. 

25764.  Slivering-knife.  Samuel  El  well,  jr.,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

32668.  Slivering-blade.  Gloucester,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

Flitching-knives. 

Used  in  slicing  halibut  into  steaks  or  '* flitches"  in  preparation  for  salting 
and  smoking. 

62726.  Shore  flitching-knife.    Gloucester,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
32690.  Bank  flitching-knife.    Adolph  Voss,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
29410.  Flitching-knife.     Gloucester,  Mass.  A.  £.  Crittenden. 

Clam  and  oyster  knives. 

26209.  Clam-knife.    John  Russell  Cutlery  Co.,  Turner's  Falls,  Mass. 

.  Oyster-knife  (model).    See  model  of  Chesapeake  oyster-canoe  (No. 

25003). 

Hfet-makers'  knives. 

These  knives  are  without  handles,  and  the  heel  of  the  short  (2  inches  long) 
round-point«d  blade  is  curled  so  as  to  fit  the  finger  like  a  ring. 

29439.  Net-mending  knives  (right-hand).    Alex.,  McCurdy,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

29440.  Net-mending  knives  (left-hand).    Alex.  McCurdy,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

Mackerel-riinmers'  fatting-knives  or  ploughs. 

Used  in  creasing  the  sides  of  lean  mackerel  (Nos.  2  and  3)  to  cause  them  to 
resemble  fat  (No.  1)  mackerel. 

25768.  Mackerel-plough.  Edwin  Blatchford. 

25769.  Mackerel-plough.  S.  Elwell,jr.,Glouce8t<ir,  Mass. 

25770.  Mackerel-plough.  S.  Elwell,  jr.,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

25771.  Mackerel-plough.  S.  Elwell, jr.,  Gloucester,  Mjwss. 
25773.  Mackerel-plough.  Edward  Davis. 

525774.  Mackerel-plough.     Edward  Davis. 

25775.  Mackerel-plough.    (Used  in  1860.)    Mi-s.  Hannah  M.  Burt. 

25720.  Mackerel-plough.    Central  AVharf  Co.,  Pro vincetown,  Mass. 

Spbtting-knives. 

Used  in  cleaning  fish  before  salting. 

32673.  Mackerel-splitting  knife.    Gloucester,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiisiyiou. 

22667.  Cod-splitting  knife  (curved).  •*  " 

22668.  Cod-splitting  knife  (straight).  "  " 

^  and  bone  knives  used  by  Indians  and  Eskimos. 

AndccBon  River  Eskimos,  Fort  Anderson,  H.  B.  T.    R. 


76        ANIMAL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  USTFED  BTATB8. 

Straigfht  kniTes. 

Stone  and  bone  knives  nsed  by  IndiaiiB  and  iSakimoe. 

IGllO.  Bone  knife.  Magemnt  EskimOB,  Nuuivak  Mamto,  Abukn.    V-  * 

Dall, 

2178.  Bone  knife.  Eakimoa. 

1328.  Bone  knifo.  Eskimos. 

Harpooa-kuives. 

16348.  Horpoon-knife,  with  sheath.     Magemnt  Eskimos,  Nnnivak  Islai 
[Ahuka.     W.  U.  E 
IGllO.  Harpoon-knifo,  with  aheath.  "  " 

16105.  Harpoon-knife,  with  sheath-  "  " 

1G103.  Earpoon-kmfe,  with  sheath.  "  " 

19382.  Harpoon-knife,  with  slate  blade.  "  " 

Honey-kniTes. 

The  thin  blade  bent  at  an  angle  to  the  handle. 
26145.  Hoiief-knifc.    John  Bnssell  Cutleiy  Co.,  Tnrner'H  Falls.  MaM. 

Skin  scrapers  and  parers,  osed  in  preparing  leather. 

2G144.  Tanner's  knife.    r2-inch  blade.    John  Russell  Cutler;  Co.,  Tnni 

[Falli,lL 
SI3195.  Tanner's  knife.     14-inch  blade.  "  " 

4.  Axes. 
Axes,  proper. 

Head-axes  for  whalemen. 

Used  in  cutting  off  head  of  whale. 


^  .»r.oonBC£S  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STAl 

ThroalrSpadeSy  flat  and  ronnd  shank. 

Used  in  catting  off  tlie  head  of  tho  whale. 
259^.  Throat-spade.    £.  B.  &  F.  Macy,  New  Bedford,  Moiis. 

Wide  spades. 

Used  in  "blubber-room'*  for  cutting  blubber  before  mincing. 
25629.  Wide  spado.    £.  B.  &  F.  Macy,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Half-round  spades. 

For  cutting  "  blanket*'  piece,  to  allov.'  blubber-book  to  enter. 
25937.  Half-round  spade.    E.  B.  &  F.  Macy,  Now  Bedford,  Mass. 

Head-spades. 

Used  in  cutting  off  the  head  of  the  whale. 
259*^2.  Head-spade.    E.  B.  &  F.  Macy,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Blubber-mincing  spades. 

For  mincing  blubber  before  trj'ing  out. 
25912.  Hand  mince-knife.    E.  B.  &,  F.  Macy,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Ghopping-knives. 

Used  to  chop  clams  for  bait. 

29489.  Clam-chopper.    William  II.  Hesbolt,  l^oviucetown,  Mass. 
32076.  Clam-chopper.     Atlolph  Voss,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

Bait-mill  knives. 

Used  on  the  rollers  of  bait-nniucinj^  macliiues;  for  mills  see  section  C.  5. 

1^417.  Bait-mill    kuifr.      rrovincctov.  u    patteni.      Williaui    H.    Hesbolt, 

I^roviiicotown,  ilass. 
20715.  Bait-mill  kuife.     :M.  W.  Grant,  Welllleet,  Mass. 

ce-choppcrs. 

Used  in  choppiu^  ice  fi)r  i^iicliiu^;  lirh  or  bait. 
32685.  Icc-choi)i)er.     Adolpli  Voss,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

-chisels. 

'"se<l  in  cutting  holes  in  tin?  ice  for  lijhing. 
25888.  Ice-chittcl  (nickel-plated).    Bnulford  <&  iVuthony,  Boston,  Mass. 


78 


AHIBCAL  BESODRCES  AND  FISHERIES  Of  VSTTBD  8TATBB. 


5.  ThEUSTIMG  SPRAJtS  AM>  PKOD8. 

Fishing- lances. 

Whale-lanoes. 

Used  by  whalers  to  give  the  denth-blow  to  the  whale. 

3S678.  Whalc-lanco  with  handle,  ready  for  use.     E.  B.   &  F.   Mac; 

Bedford,  Mass. 
25007.  Whale-lance  with  handle,  ready  for  nan.    J.  H.  Thonuon,  Ne 

ford,  Haas. 


25611.  Whalu-lance.     (Primitive  model)  need  by  New   Bedford   v 
W.  H.  Cook  &  Co.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 


10140.  Head  of  lanco  (bone  and  irou).     Eskimos  of  Northeast  coa«t, 
west  of  King  William's  Land.     Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 
1117.  Sool-Iauee.     Eskimos  of  Arctic  coast,  Anderson  River,  H.  B. 
MoFarlano. 


39453.  Sword-fish  lance.  Saml.  Elwcll,  jr.,  Gloucester,  Alaas. 
33703.  Swoid-fish  lance.  Vinald  McCalcb.  Gloucester,  Mass. 
25232.  Sword-flsh  lance  (with  screw  to  Ct  folding  handles).     U.  t 

Commission. 
36519.  Lance.     Indians  of  the  Northwest  const.     J.  G.  Swan. 

The  tip  of  this  lance  is  made  from  the  bom  of  the  mounta 
(Manama  montana). 


80        ANnUL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  DHTTBD  STATSa. 

HFor  vse  icitli  gounding-HtUB.' 
Armed  leads. 

CommoQ  "deep-sea  lead." 
Deep-sea-soiindin^  appamttis. 

Cap-leads. 

Scoop  sounding-macliine. 

a«  Ora^ng-hooka. 

7.  Hooked  htstbuhents.    (Those  ased  with  a  sinfrle  motioii,  tii 

liookiag.) 
Single-pointed  hooks. 

Gaff-books. 

2540.').  Snlmon'gnff  book  and  et.iff.    Bradford  &.  A;:lboii}-,  Boston,  M« 
3GG8.  GalT-hook.    U.  S.  Fisb  Conuuisuioii. 

29388.  Halibut-guff.     M.  \7.  Grant,  Wcliflcet,  Maes. 

32G78.  Hnlibat  liaml-galT.    Gloucester,  Maw.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

33363.  Halibnt  deck-gaff.  "  " 

2593!).  Haddock  hand-gaff.    A.  MtCurdy,  Gloocestcr,  Moua. 

2939a.  Haddock-gair.    M.  ^V.  Grant,  WeUfleet,  MsBs. 

aag-Ta.  Cod(iBb-gaff.    TJKeiliuGioTgc'sBankflshetiea.    A.  McCmdjr, Gk 

tcr,  MoBB. 
25939.  Dor>-  cod-gaff.     Usid  in  sbure  fiaberics.     A.  UcCunlf,  GkiM 

2r034.  Haud-goff.    Usediukolibut  fieUmcs.    A-McCnrdy,  GloocesUr,: 

29389.  Cod-gnff.    M.  W.  Grnut,  Wcllfleet,  Mas*. 

2G18T.  Gnff-houk.    Indians  of  Kortbwcst  coast.    J.  G.  Swan. 
aSSdO.  Gaff-book.     Property  of  J.  H.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  T.     Cootnl 
by  I'orest  ii.  Htreoni  Publishing  Co. 


'a  resources  and  fisheries  of  united  states.      81 


Aiffle-polnted  hooks. 

^Forks  used  in  handling  salted  and  dried  flsh. 

^ludemen's  hooks. 
Blubber-hooks. 

5251130.  Blabber-hook.    For  hauling  small  pieces  of  blubber.    E.  B.  &  F. 

Macy.    New  Bedford,  Mass. 
26133.  Blabber-hook.     Alieat  Eskimo.    Naniyak  Island,  Alaska.    W.  H. 

Dall. 

Blnbber  forks  and  pikes. 

25615.  Blubber-pike.    Used  for  tossing  blabber  into  try-kettle.    Humphrey 

S.  Kirby,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
25617.  Blubber-pike.    From  the  storeroom  of  a  returned  whaler.    Humphrey 
S.  Kirby,  New  Bedford^  Mass. 

Junk-hooks,  etc. 

For  hauling  heavy  pieces  of  blubber. 

25616.  Gaff-hook.    Used  to  haul  blubber  across  the  deck  from  chopper  to 

try-kettle.    Humphrey  S.  Kirby,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
25016.  Junk-hook.    E.  B.  &  F.  Macy,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

'Xianoe-hooks. 
y-polnted  hooks. 

>Gan-hooks. 

*  Gxappling-irons. 

liip-hooks  or  grapnels,  nsed  by  whalers. 

25018.  Whaler's  grapnel.  Used  for  towing  whale  to  ship.  E.  B.  &  F.  Macy, 
New  Bedford,  Mass. 

Une-hooks,  used  by  whalers, 

25024.  Whaler's  line-hook  for  catching  line,  &c.  E.  B.  &  F.  Macy,  New 
Bedford,  Mass. 

Olam-rakes. 

20466.  Clam-hoe.  Provincetown  style.  Wm.  H.  Hcsbolt,  Provincetown, 
Mass. 

20437.  Hand-claw.  Used  for  gathering ''hon-clams'' and**  scallopH.'*  Well- 
fleet,  Cape  Cod,  and  coast  of  Maine.    M.  W.  Grant,  Wellflcot,  Mass. 

.  Clam-rake  (model).    Used  in  collecting  the  sea-clam  {Macira  solidis- 

9ima)  on  Nantucket  Shoals.  These  clams  are  salted  down  and  used 
as  bait  for  cod,  halibut,  &c.  See  with  model  of  Nantucket  dory 
(26257). 

>ll  Is  thooKht  unnecessary  to  exhibit  these  familiar  implements. 
with  boat  fittings. 
heanohoxB. 


S2        ANIUAL  BE80UBCB8  AND  FI8HEBIES  OF  HIIITBD  STAntS. 

many-pointed  hooks. 

Many-pointed  flsli-jigs. 

29436.  Macfcetel-gaff.    Used  when  the  mackerel  awim  cloae  iu  lat]ge  ab" 

M.  W.  GroDt,  WelMeet,  Usm. 
:29441.  Mackerelbob.    Used  when  the  nuokerel  are  elooe  to  tbe  tcokI 

in  large  BcbDola.    Wm.  H.  Heabolt,  ProTincetown,  Ha—. 

Oiilaflhftn  rakes  or  spears. 

Used  by  Indians  of  tbe  Nortbtteet  coast  in  the  captuie  of  the  onlscha: 
candle-fish  ( Oamenu  padficm). 
.  Oulachan  rake  or  comb.    I'lttthead  Indiana.    J.  O.  Swan. 


35846.  Squid-jig.  George  P.  Steel,  Provincelown,  Hose. 

25714.  Squiil-jis.  "  " 

S57T6.  Sqvid-jig.  Gloucester  style.     A.  K.  CiittendeD,  Hiddletown,  C 

2M43.  Squid-jig.  Over  fifty  years  old.    Lemuel  CooV,  2d,  PrarinMtt 

32721.  Squid-jig.     Copt.  R.  H.  Hnrlbert,  Gloucester,  Moss. 

32722.  Squid-jig.  "  " 

25663.  Squid-line  andjig.     Used  in  catching  squid  for  bait.     Bndfw 

Antbony,.  Boston,  Mass. 
^29447.  Molds  used  in  forming  squid-Jigs.    John  B.  Pataons,  Rockport,  31 

Twisting-rods  (used  in  drawing  small  mammals  from  tbeir  honor 

.  Twisting-rod.     Virgiuio. 

8.  Barbed  Implements.    (Those  used  vrith  trro  modous,  the  first  ll 
of  thrusting.) 


ANIMAL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.  83 

^ars  with  fixed  heads. 

Aboriginal  flsh-spears. 

7420.  Head  of  fish-spear.     Eskimos.     Fort  Anderson,  Arctio  coast.     R. 

McFarlane. 
;)675.  Heads  of  fish-darts.     Eskimos.     Mackenzie's  River  district.     R. 

McFarlane. 
7514.  Head  of  fish-spear,  made  of  elk-horn.    Eskimos.    Northwest  coast. 

Geo.  Gibbs. 
2322.  Head  of  salmon-spear.     Indians.    Fort  Crook,  Grog.     Lient.  John 

Feimer,  U.  S.  A. 
2628.  Fish-dart  heads.    Indians.    Columbia  River.    U.  S.  Exploring  Ex- 
pedition.   Capt.  C.  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 
1439.  Lance-head  of  bone.    Indians.    New  Mexico.    Lieut.  A.  W,  Whip- 
ple, U.  S.  A. 
18933.  Fish-spears.    Sitka  Indians.    Sitka.    J.  G.  Swan. 
11429.  Salmon-spears.    Passamaqnoddy  Indians.  -Eastport,  Me.   E.  Palmer. 
10283.  Salmon-spear.    Eskimos.    Igloolik.    Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 
2543.  Fish-spear.    Tschutschi  Indians.    South  Pacific  Exploring  Expedi- 
tion.   Capt.  John  Rodgers,  U.  S.  N. 
23518.  Three-pronged  spear.    Northwest  coast.    J.  G.  Swan. 

Aboriginal  bird  and  fish  spears. 

19517.  Bird-spear.    Eskimos.    Greenland.    Geo.  Y.  Nickerson. 

10267.  Bird-spear  with  throwing-stick.    Aictio  America.    Smithsonian  In- 
stitution. 

15950.  Fish-spear.    Magemut  Eskimos.    Nunivak,  Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 

11358.  Fish  or  bird  spear.    Eskimos.    Bristol  Bay,  Alaska.    Viu  :cnt  Colyer. 

15689-90-91-93-94-95-96.  Bird-spears.    Eskimos.    Nunivak  Islands,  Alaska, 

W.  H.  DaU. 
7973-7997.  Fish  and  bird  spears.     Mushegay  Indians.     Alaska.     Smith- 
sonian Institution. 

^ars  irith  detachable  heads. 

lily-irons. 

25230.  Sword-fish  lily-iron.    Capt.  John  B.  Smith.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
25645.  Sword-fish  dart  and  socket,  peculiar  to  New  Bedford.    A.  R.  Crit- 
tenden, Middletown,  Conn. 

32714.  Sword-fish  lily-iron.    Adolph  Voss,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

32715.  Sword-fish  lUy-iron.  <*  " 

25208.  Swordfish-<lart  head.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 
.  "Turtle-peg"  harpoon.    Key  West,  Fla.    Dr.  J.  W.  Velie,  Chicago, 

ni. 

Elskimo  harpoons  of  stone,  bone,  and  ii'on. 

14255.  Iron  harpoon-head,   with  line  of  walrus  hide.     Eskimos.    Smith 

Sound.    Capt.  C.  F.  HaU. 
10120.  HarxK)on-head,  brass  and  iron.    Eskimos.    Victoria  Harbor.    Capt. 

C.  P.  HaU. 
Harpoon-heads  of  bone  and  iron.    Eskimos.    Northeast  coast.    S.  F. 

Baizd. 


84         ANIMAL  RBSOOBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  8TATBS. 

Spears  with  detachable  heads. 

Eskimo  harpoons  of  stooe,  bone,  aud  iron. 

19r>23.  Harpoou-lieiMl  of  atone  and  bonp.     Eskimos.     Greenltuiil     GfO.  f 

Nickerson. 
10136.  Head  of  walrus-harpoon.    Eskimoe.    IglooUk.    Capt.  C.  F.  Hill. 
10400.  Head  of  seal-barpoon.     Eskimos.     IglooUk.     Cftpt.  C.  T.  llslL 
10407.  Bone  haipoon-ltcad.    Eskimos.    King  William's  Sound.    Cipl.C.I 

Hall. 
10404.  Part  of  ancient  Inuoilharpoon-head.    BepnlsoBay.    Capt.C.F.Hal 
10Z73.  Handle  of  wbaling-barpoou  made  of  bone  and  vood.     E*kiiiH> 

Greenland,     Siuitbaonian  lustitntioD. 
19519.  Handle  of  wbaling-haipoon  made  of  wood  and  bone.     Eakiib 

Greenland.     Geo.  T.  Nickerson. 
lOilGi>.  Wfaaling-barpoou.    Eskimos.    Northwest  coast.    Smithiwiuui  lo! 

tution. 
19Q18.  Whaling-borpoon  of  recent  mannfacture,  with  he»d  uf  buo«  amlip 

handle  of  wood  and  iron,  and  seal-skin  line.   Eskimos.    Gneuh 

Geo.  T.  NickeiBon. 
565.  Haipoon-bead  of  bone  and  iron  with  walrus-bide  line.     Etkin 

Port  Fonlke.     Dr.  I.  I.  Hayes, 
21B6.  Seol-baipoou  bead  of  bone  and  iron.     Eskimos.     Anderaon  Bi' 

E,  McFarlane. 
13140.  Walrus-harpoon  head  of  bono  and  iron,  hide  line.     Innnit  Eakin 

Greenland.     S.  F.  Baiid. 
19776.  Boue  harpoon-liead  with  hide  line.    Eskimos.    Alaskk.    Bev.  J» 

11618.  8eal-hari>oon  head  of  bone.     Eskimos.     NuiuTok  Islauibi,  -Uc 

W.  H.  Ball. 
16631.  Miniature  model  of  seal-barpoon.    Eskimos.     AIaafc«.     H.  W.  EUi 
1678.  Miniature  model  of  eeal-barpoou.     Eskimos.     Alaska.    W.  H.  P 
16120-31-23-25,  5606-7631.  Seal-haipoon  beads  of  bone  and  iron.     Eskii 


ANIMAL  BESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        85 

^ars  irith  detachable  heads. 

Eskimo  harpoons  of  stone,  bone,  and  iron. 

18G8.  Uead  of  whaling-harpoon  with  line.    Makuh  Indiaus.    Neab  Bay, 
Wash.  Ter.    J.  G.  Swan. 
2667&-26825.  Handles  of  whaling-harpoons.    Makah  Indians.    J.  G.  Swan. 
2530.  Harpoon-dart«.    Eskimos.    Alaska.    North  Pacific  Exploring  Expe- 
dition.   Capt.  John  Rodgers. 
1^675.  Harpoon-dart.    Kotzebne  Sonnd.    W.  H.  Dall. 
5775-&-7-9-80.  Harpoon-darts.    Sitka,  Alaska.    W.  H.  Howard.  U.  S.  R.  M. 

Barpoon-spears. 

6364.  Head  of  barbed  fish-dart,  made  of  native  copper.    Eskimos.    Sitka, 

Alaska.    Dr.  T.  T.  Minor. 
9063.  Head  of  barbed  fish-dart,  made  of  native  copper.    Alaska.    Lieut. 
F.  W.  Ring,  U.  S.  N. 
20653.  Head  of  barbed  fish-dart  of  native  copper  with  line  of  twisted  sinew. 

Alaska.    Smithsonian  Institution. 
21413.  Fish-spear  with  detachable  barb.     Hoochuou  Indians.    South  Eel 
River,  California.    Stephen  Powers. 

Double-pronged  sx>ear8  with  detachable  heads.     MeCloud  River 
Indians,  Shasta  Co.,  Cal.    Livingston  Stone.    These  spears  are 
used  in  the  capture  of  the  Salmo  quinnat    The  handles  are  thirty 
feet  in  length.    The  barbs  are  made  from  the  splint  bones  of  deer. 
See  No.  13743,  below. 
19046.  Fish-spear  with  detachable  barbs.    Cooyunu  Pi-Ute  Indians.    Pyra- 
mid Lake,  Nevada.     Stephen  Powers. 
235S2.  Two-pronged  spear  with  detachable  barbs.    Indians  of  Northwest 

coast.    J.  G.  Swan. 
26826.  Handle  of  spear  similar  to  23522,  but  longer.    J.  G.  Swan. 
S3520.  Spear  with  many-barbed  detachable  head  and  kelp  line.    Indians  of 

Northwest  coast.    J.  G.  Swan. 
13743.  Points  for  salmon-spear  made  of  the  splint  bones  of  the  deer.    Me- 
Cloud River  Indians.    Shasta  Co. ,  Cal.    Livingston  Stone. 
650.  Harpoon-arrows  with  iron  tips.     Indians.     Cape  Flattery,  Wash. 
Ter.     Geo.  Gibbs. 
21306.  Wooden  barbs  for  fish-harpoon.     Indians.     Hoopah  Valley,  Cal. 
Stephen  Powers. 
2249.  Head  of  fish-harjioon.     Eskimos.     Anderson  River.     R.  McFarlane. 
11356.  Harpoon-dart  with  bladder-float.    Nashegay  Indians.    Alaska.    Dr. 
T.  T.  Minor. 

9.  TONGS,  &0. 

\For  hand-tise, 
1^9  (with  two  handles). 
>y8ter-tongs  and  oyster-rakes. 

96110.  Oyster-tongs.     S.  Salisbuiy,  Providence,  R.  I. 
9fa09.  Oyster-tongs.  ''  << 

<S^  Qyater-tongs.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middlotown,  Conn. 
■tertuj^pen.    S.  Salisbmy,  Providence,  R.  I. 


8<i        ANIMAL  SE80UBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATEtL 
*'  IVippers  *'  {vnth  cord  aiid  handle). 

Snake-tonga. 
Sponge-tongs. 
Coral-tonga 

tt  fW  use  with  80unding-Unes. 

"  Clamms  '*  for  deep-sea  soundings  (forceps  dosed  by  a  weight).' 

(Boss' "  deep-sea  clamms.") 
(Boll-dog  Boimding-macliine.) 

,,,  Gra^ing-linea. 

10.  : 


t  Stationary  fiooses. 
Jerk-snares. 

Bird-snares. 

Fiuh-anorea  of  wire,  gut,  btur,  &c 

tf  Thrown  nootes. 
I^ariats  and  lassos. 

11344.  Lariat  of  hide.    Apache  IndiaDS.    Ocncral  &I.  C.  U^gs,  U.  S.  A 
8534.  Lariat  of  hide.    Sioux  Indians.    NubniBka.    Dr.  S.U.HoTt4>D,r.5.i 
1912.  Lnriat  of  hide.     Sioox  Indiana.     Upper  Missouri  RiTrr.     Li«nt  G 

K.  Warren. 
0920.  Lariat  of  hide.    Comanche  Indians.    Tort  Cobb,  Ind.  T.    E.  Tiimt. 
G921.  Lariat  of  hide.     Couiancbo  Indians.     Llano  Estaciido,  T<-xu.    C 


ANDCAL  SES0UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        87 

^^^^ntangling-lines. 
12.  Tangles. 

The  tangles  are  employed  by  naturalists  for  tho  purpose  of  gathering  small 
spiny  animals,  such  as  sea-urchins  and  star-fishes,  from  the  bottom  at  con- 
siderable depths.  They  adhere  to  the  fibers  of  the  spun-yam  in  great  num- 
bers. It  hJEW  been  thought  that  this  instrument  might  advantageously  be 
employed  in  freeing  oyster-beds  from  their  worst  enemies,  the  star-fish. 

iwab-tanirles. 

Swab-tangles. 

26844.  Swab-tangle.    U.  S.  Fish  Conunission. 

(Diedge-tangleSy  used  by  English  collectors.) 
larro^r-tan^les. 

Harrow-tangles. 

26845.  Models  of  harrow-tangles.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission.    Formerly  used 

by  the  Fish  Conunission,  now  replaced  by  the  wheel-tangles. 

Fheel-tan^les. 

Wheel-tangles. 

26846.  Model  of  wheel-tangle.    U.  S.  Fish  Conunission. 
26848.  Wheel-tangles.    U.  S.  Fish  Conmiission. 


III.  MISSILES. 

^Simple  missiles  {those propelled  by  the  unaided  arm). 

13.  Hurled  weights. 

M^nes  and  disks  (thrown  by  the  hand). 

Weights  (dropped  from  an  elevation,  dead-falls,  not  automatic). 

14.  HUBLED  STICKS. 

»trmiffht  sticks. 

Clnbs  used  as  missiles. 
Barred  sticks. 

Throw-sticks,  used  by  the  Moqui  Indians  of  New  Mexico  in  hunting 
rabbits. 

-4.  Throw-fiticks.    Used  in  rahhit-hunting  by  Moqiii  Indians.    New  Mex- 
ico.   Br.  Edward  Palmer. 


88        ANIMAL  RESOUBCES  AND  FI8UEBIB8  OP  UNITBD  STATBft. 
15.  HUBUBD  BPEHRA 

Darts  and  lances. 

S«e  under  "Lsnccs  and  gpean,"  Above  enumoiatcd,  muiy  of  whkk  may 

used  aa  niiBaile^. 

a  «  Centrifugal  mianles.    {Propelling  power  augmented  bg  an  artifieial 
crease  of  the  length  of  the  arm.) 

16.  Slings  and  sfeabs  thrown  by  straps. 

SUn^s. 

9532.  Sling.    Nav^o  IndianB.    Sinitbacmian  Inatitutioo. 
17234.  Sling.    Indians.  "  " 

Spears  (vith  strapa). 

17.  Missiles  propelled  by  "THEOWiNG-sxiCKa'* 

Spears  (with  throwing-sticks,  nsed  by  Eskimos). 

Se«  above  under  "Bird  and  fiah  epenn,"  paiiicnlarly  No.  lOSCr,  %wptu  ' 
tluowing-atick  attached. 

7899.  Tbnwing-etick.     EHkiinoa.     Alenlian  lalanda.     Dr.  T.  T.  ICmi 
7933.  Throwing-etlck.    EakimoB.    Kodiak.  " 

16076.  Throwing-Btiok.    Eskimos.    Unalaahka.    W.  H.  DalL 
2S33.  Tbrowing-atick.     Eskimos.     Alaska.    North  Faciflo  ExpkciBf 

pedition.     Capt.  John  Bodgeis. 
11346-47.  Throwing-eticks.    Yukon  Eiver,  Alaska.    Vincent  Coljs. 
15643.  1642-16243.  Throwing'^ticke.    Eakimoa.    Nunirak  laland*.    W. 
Dall. 


ANIHAL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        89 

Huntmg-arrows. 

8827-28-29-30.  Bird-arrows.    Eskimos.    Alaska?    Smithsonian  Institution. 
5602.  Bird-arrows.    Ynkon  River,  Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 
15654.  Hunting-arrows.    Kodiak  Indians.    Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 
1641^14-15.  Hunting-arrows  with  heads  of  bone  and  iron.    Eskimos.    Nu- 
nivak  Islands,  Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 

.  Hunting-arrows  with  bono  heads.     Eskimos.     Nunivak  Islands, 

Alaska.    Vincent  Colyer. 

Harpoon-arrows,  used  in  fishing. 

11348-^.  Harpoon-arrows.      Eskimos.      Bristol   Bay,  Alaska.      Viueciit 

Colyer. 
1.5677-15681-82.  Harpoon-arrows.    Eskimos.    Nunivak  Islands,  Alaska.    \V. 

H.  DaU. 
19379.  Harpoon-arrow.    Eskimos.    Alaska.    Rey.  J.  Curley. 
8005-6-9.  Harpoon-aiTows.    Eskimos.    Nushegay  Indians.    Dr.  T.  T.  Minor. 

.eecMories  of  bo^rs  and  arro^rs. 

Holders.* 
Quivers.* 
Arrow-head  pouches.* 

Mplements  of  maniiAictHre. 

Flintrchipping  apparatus.* 

Anow-head  sharpeners.* 

Shaft-gauges.* 

Cord-twisting  apparatus.* 

Shaft-polishers.* 

Glue-sticks,  used  in  fastening  head  of  arrow.* 

Arranged  with  the  Ethnological  scries. 

II  Spring  comisting  of  elastic  card. 

19.  India-rubber  slings. 
^a-shooters  (used  in  killing  birds). 

in  Spring  consiitting  of  metallic  lielix. 
20.  Spring-guns. 

^^^^  Missiles  propelled  by  the  compression  of  air  or  water. 

21.  Air-guns. 

W^grmis  (missile  propelled  by  the  breath). 

-gOBS  carrj'ing  an-ows. 
inns  carrying  balls. 


UO       ANIUAL  RESOURCES  AKD  FISHBBIBS  OF  UHITBD  STATES. 

Piston  air-guns. 
Reservoir  air-guns. 

AiC'gans. 

2^35.  Bedford  Eureka  air-pistol,  with  daTta,aliig8,  and  gnn-nsL    (I 
Dec.  SI,  1^5.}    Enreka  Uann&ctniing  Compuiy,  Boaton, 

Air-gun  canes. 

Syringe-gnns. 

Humming-bird  gnus. 


.  Water-gums. 


Smif  hsonian  Iiu 


23.  GUN8  AND  PISTOLS. 

IWuzzle-loading  arms. 

26714.  Flint-lock  gun  (single  banel)old  fushiou 
SOD.  Single-barrel  shot  (t)  gun. 

Oiven  bj  Lord  Melville  to  Sir  Jolm  Franklin,  who  nted  1 
onfortuuate  e^qxiditions  in  1820, 1831,  and  18SS,  then  | 
Sir  Jobu  to  liis  interpreter,  St.  Oennain,  who  sold  it 
Factor  Smitli,  of  the  Hndaon  Bay  Co.,  who  gav«  it  to  hi 
law,  Chief  Factor  HcPheraon,  ttoax  whom  it  was  obtaiL 
B,  RosB,  of  the  Hndaon  Bay  Co. 

Breech-loading  arms. 

358D4.  Six-shooting  Bhot-giin.     Colt's  Fire-AnuR  Manufacturing  C< 

Hartford,  Conn. 
25695.  Double -barreled   brcecb-loailiuK   fowling-piece.      £.   Bt^uii 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        9 1 

Breech-loading  arms. 

5S9299.  Shot-barrel  for  Maynard's  rifle ;  3*2  inches,  .64  calibre.   MassachiiBotts 

Arms  Company,  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. 
25873.  Six-shooting  rifle;  44-inch  calibre.    Colt's  Hre- Arms  Manufacturing 

Company,  Hartford,  Conn. 
26889.  Carbine.    King's  improvement.    (Patented  March  29,  186G;  October 

16,   1860.     Model  1873.     Calibre   .44.)     Winchester   Repeatiu;: 

Anns,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

25248.  Breech-loading  sporting-rifle.    (Patented  October  17, 1866.    Reissued 

June  25, 1872 ;  Dec.  26, 1865.    Reissued  Oct.  1,  1867 ;  May  15,  im\ ; 
July  16,  1872.)     Whitney  Arms  Company,  Whitneyville,  Couu. 

25249.  Breech-loading  sporting-rifle.    PhoDnix  calibre,  44.    Whitney  AnuR 

Company,  Whitneyville,  Conn. 
25892.  Six-flhooting  revolver.    45  calibre.    (Patented  Sept.  19, 1871 ;  July  2, 
1872.)    Colt's  Fire- Arms  Manufacturing  Company,  Hartford,  Ccmu. 

24986.  C.  C.  Brand's  improved  whaling-gun.  Patented  June  22,  1852.  For 
use  with  C.  C.  Brand's  improved  bomb-lance.  24987.  Powder-flask 
with  charger.  24988.  Wad-cntter.  24989.  Wad-cutter  (inside). 
24992.  Prepared  wads.  24990,24991.  Screw-tlrivers.  C.C.  Brand. 
Norwich,  Conn. 

24993-97.  C.  C.  Brand's  improved  bomb-lance.  Patented  June  22. 1859.  For 
use  with  C.  C.  Brand's  improved  whaling-gun.  24997.  Kxplo<l(Ml 
lance.  24998.  Lance-hook  (for  drawing  charge).  C.  C.  Brnnd^ 
Norwich,  Conn. 

25251.  E.  Pierce's  harpoon-gun.    Patented  1865.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

26697.  Cunningham  &  Hogan's  breech-loading  bomb-gun,  with  explosivo 
lances.    William  Lewis,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

24.  (ACCESSORY.)    Ammunition  and  its  preparation. 
bLplosiTes. 

Gunpowder. 
Oim-cotton. 
Percussion  powder: 
Gaps. 

Needle  percussion. 
Primers. 
Wood  powder. 
Dynamite  or  giant-powder. 
^    Nitroglycerine. 
^  Bualine. 
^  Litiiiofiractear. 
Golonia  powder. 
Hiber  ei^losives. 

"ui  xraMOfi  thia  series  oonld  not  be  exhibited. 


if2        AMIUAL  RESOURCES  AKD  FI8HBRISS  OF  DHITED  8TA1 

missiles. 

Bullets. 

(Accessory.)    BoUet-molds. 

39300.  Put  of  molds  for  conical  And  crlmdiical  bull«ta.     Ml 
Arms  Company,  Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. 


-.  Series  of  Bamples  of  shot,  sizM  from  No.  000  to  So.  U 
Sparks,  Pbiladelpliia,  Pa. 


Explosive  bullets,  sheila,  &c. : 
Bomh-lance. 


Ift'addiog. 


Bulk  waddiog. 
Prepared  wads. 
(Accessory.)    Wad-cutters. 

Tbo  articles  of  this  class  may  be  seen  in  oonneotioii  irlth  tli«  i 

Ammunition-measures. 

Measures. 

Shot-measures.       >  ,  ,  , 

Powder.meaaures.  }  -^ttoebed  to  pouches  and  separate. 

16190.  Powdor-chorger.    Nimivak  Islands,  Aloak*.    W.  H.  DbH 


^.filMAL  BE80URCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        93 

ods  of  preparing  cartridges. 

taderSi  Grinix>ers,  and  cappers. 

2D3Q2.  Roaewood  loader  for  shot-cartridge.  Massaclmfietts  Arnid  Company, 
Chicopee  Falls,  Mass. 

29908.  Two  rosewood  loading-blocks.  Massachusetts  Arms  Company,  Chic- 
opee Fallsj  Mass. 

25897.  Cartridge-loading  machine.    £.  Remington  &  Sons,  Ilion,  N.  Y. 

29306.  Cartridge-capper.  Massachusetts  Arms  Company,  Chicopee  FallH, 
Mass. 

:C£SSORIES  OP  LOADING,  CLEANINa,  AND  REPAIRING,  SIGHTING, 

AND  TESTING  FIRE-ARMS. 

*iiment8  tor  cleaning,  loading,  Sk>c. 

unmers. 

large-drawers — "worms^ — and  other  loading  tools. 

These  may  be  seen  attached  to  the  various  wrappers. 

529307.  Wrench  and  cap-picker.  Massachusetts  Arms  Company,  Chicopee 
Falls,  Mass. 

29311.  Rod  and  tip  for  cloth,  plain.  Massachusetts  Arms  Company,  Chico- 
pee Falls,  Mass. 

29310.  Jointed  rod  and  brush,  ^(assachusetts  Arms  Company,  Chicopee 
Falls,  Mass. 

29309.  Screw-driyer.  Massachusetts  Arms  Company,  Chicoi>ee  Falls,  Mass. 
7525.  Gnn-screw-driyer.    Apache  Indians.    Arizona.    E.  Palmer. 

26695.  Loading-tools.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.     Con- 

tributed by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

26696.  Closer.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.    Contributed  by 

Forest  &,  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

29251.  Oil-bottle,  nickel  (No.  1).    Edwin  W.  Judge,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

29252.  Oil-bottle,  nickel  (No.  2).  "  " 

26696.  Oil-can.  Proi>erty  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Contributed  by 
Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

its,  &;ۥ 

(azzle-sights. 
ilit-mghts. 
^lobe-sights, 
^eep-sights. 
breech-sights. 
^Iain-sights, 
^adnating-sights. 
Blftsoope-sights. 
B^dSy  attached  to  gons. 
i^gaages. 

"m^  be  Meii  attached  to  the  gnna. 


94       ANIUAL  RBSOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  TWrTED  STATES. 

Recoil-checks. 

35700.  William  D.  Miller's  pntent  reooil-oheok  for  shcpt^raw  and  t. 
(Patented  Nov.  S,  1875,  No.  52. )    A.  J.  NomiAU,  Naw  Yotk, 
Advantages  claimed  for  this  arrangemeiit  aia  Uiat  It  npeb 

neutralizea  the  recoil,  permitB  steadiet  aim,  and  innrea  incn 

range  and  greater  penetration. 

26.  Fob  oasbydig  abmb  and  ahhunition. 
Ammunition-holders. 

Powder-horns : 
Horns. 
Flaska. 

Canisters. 
1910.  Powdor-hom.    Sioux  Indiaos.    Upper  Uiaeonri  Eiver,    Lieat,  < 

Warren,  U.  8.  A. 
1478.  Powdor-lioni.     Comftncho  Indians.     General  D.  N.  Coach,  U.  8. 
16309.  Poirder-hom.     Sitka,  AIbbIib.     W.  H.  Dall. 
1909.  Powder-bom  and  ponoh.     (ContAining  bnllet^,  gnn-fllota,  and  u 
pointB.)    Sioox  Indians.      Upper  Missooil  Biver.     Uent.  G 
Warren,  U.  8.  A. 
55S0.  Powder-horn.     Papago  aod  Apaebe  Indians.    E.  Palmer. 
S1673.  Poirder-bom  and  pouch.     Yankton  Sioux.     Dakota.     Aimy  Ht 

Moseom.     Dr.  J.  T.  Boagbter. 
26706.  Cartridge-box.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syraense,  K.  T. 

tributed  by  Forest  &,  Stream  Pablisbing  Company. 
26703.  Cartridge-flaak.    Pi'operty  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracnae,  N.  Y. 
tribnted  by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 
7313.  Powder-flask.    Apache  Indians.    M^Jor  Mills,  U.  S.  A. 
13035.  Powder-flask.    Alient  Eskimos.    Onnalaebka..   W.  H.  DalL 
16099.  Powder-flask.     Hagemut  Eskimos.    Knoivak  Islands,  Vii*" 


ANIMAL  BE80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        95 

aad  bullet  holders. 

iX>-holder8. 

5525.  Cap-case.    Apache  Indians.    Arizona.    £.  Palmer. 
26697.  Cap-box.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.    Contribated 
by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Compiuiy. 

Pouches. 

Boxes. 

Gap-strapSj  used  by  Indians. 

artridge-holders : 
Pouches. 
Boxes. 
Belts. 
Vesta. 

poH-holders. 

ings  for  arms: 

Shoulder-slings. 

Saddle-slings. 

Holsters, 
sits; 

Pistol-belts. 
acks  and  cases: 

6un-racks. 

Gun-cases. 

8546.  Gun-case.    Indians.    Ogalalla,  Nebr.    Dr.  S.  M.  Horton,  U.  S.  A. 
14849.  Gun-case.    Indian.    Colorado.    Maj.  J.  W.  Powell. 
26705.  Gun-case.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.     Contributed 

by  Forest  and  Stream  Publishing  Company. 
26704.  Gun-case.    Proi)erty  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.    Contributed 

by  Forest  and  Stream  Publishing  Company. 


IV.  BAITED  HOOKS.   ANGLING-TACKLE. 

27.  Hooks  with  movable  lines. 
kle  tor  9urf)iee-fi§liinff. 

?ly-fishing  tackle, 
ialmon-tackle. 
hoQt-tackle. 
L*bas8  tackle. 
•eUe. 


96        ANIUAL  BESOTTBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OP  UlflTED  8UTBS. 

Tackle  for  sarfltce-flshin;. 

Trolling-tackle : 
TroUing-tackle. 
WliiffiDg-tackle. 
Drailing-tackle. 
Gangs  of  books  for  minnow-bait. 

The  parts  of  tbc««  gears  may  be  seen  in  their  proper  plAce^  with  bn 
lines,  &c. 

26683.  Minnow-gang.     Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  S7r«ciue,  H.  T.    ( 
tTil}Dt«d  by  Forest  and  Stream  Pnblishing  Compmnj. 

Surf-tackle  for  throwing  and  hauling. 
Striped-bass  tackle. 
Bed-fish  or  bass  tackle. 
Blue-fish  tackle. 
Tide-drailing  tackle. 
Pasqae  and  Outtyhunk  bass-tackle. 

24606-9.  Blue-figh  lino.     Bigged  with  eel-ekin  sqnida.    J.  M.  K.  Soath< 

Newport,  K.  I. 
24602-7.  Blue-fiah  lines.     Rigged  with  cloth  squid.     Bloclclidand.    J.t 

Sontbwiok,  Newport,  R.  I. 

Tackle  fbr  fishing  below  the  sarftoce. 

Short  hand-gear. 

85684.  Mackerel-lines  and  cleats.    Bradford  &.  Anthony,  Boston,  Him 
SS840.  Mackerel  hook  snd  line.    A.  McCnrdy. 


AHIMAL  BE80nBC£8  AND  FIBHEBIES  OF  IGNITED  STATES.       97 

Tackle  fbr  flshln;  below  the  sar Aice. 

Deep-sea  gear: 

Flannder-gear. 

Shark-gear. 

Other  bottom-gear. 
Bobs: 

Eel-bobs. 

28.  Hooks,  with  stationabt  lines. — Set  taoklb. 
tarfkee  lines. 

Spilliards,  or  floating-trawl  lines. 

{•ttom-aet  lines. 

Trawl-lines,  or  bull-tows. 

25688.  Model  of  codfish-trawl,  naod  by  American  fiahennen  on  Western  and 

Grand  Banks  of  Newfoundland.    Buoys,  scale  of  ono-sixtli :  an- 

chois,  scale  of  one-fifteenth.    Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 
S9469.  Section  (one-fifth)  of  trawl-line.    Used  in  George's  Banks  codfisli- 

eries.    A.  R.  Crittenden,  Middletown,  Conn. 
6560.  Trawl-line  and  hooks.    Indians  of  Vancouver's  Island.    Dr.  T.  T. 

Minor. 
32705.  One  section  or  << skate"  of  a  halibut  trawl-line  with  (No.  3270C)  inner 

buoy  with  flag,  (No.  32707)  outer  buoy  with  "black-ball,"  (No. 

32708)  buoy-line,  and  (No.  32709)  anchor.    Capt.  Jos.  W.  Collins 

and  Philip  Merchant,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

Set-traps. 

85662.  Pickerel-traps.    With  lines  and  flags  for  fishing  through  the  ice. 

Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 

85663.  Set  of  implements  for  smelt-fishing  through  the  ice. 
85667.  Fishing-bows.    W.  M.  Young,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

.  (ACCESSOBT.)     PAETS  AND  ACCESSORIES  OF  ANGLING- APPARATUS 

AND  OF  HARPOON  AND  SEINE  LINES. 

^•ka  (including  a  ftiU  series  of  unmounted  hooks,  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  manufacture). 

Plain  hooks. 

25662.  The  ten  processes  through  which  American  hand-made  fish-hooks 
pass  from  the  wire  to  the  finished  hook.  Made  entirely  by  hand- 
labor  in  the  factory  of  J.  W.  Court,  Brookljrn,  N.  Y.  Bradford  & 
Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 
88684.  Double-refined,  cast-steel,  tai>ered  ][>oint;  Virginia  hooks,  flatted, 
Nob.  10  to  1  and  1-0  to  3-0.  American  Needle  and  Ush-Hook  Com- 
pany, New  Haven,  Conn. 
VMb  Si^ttftQe  cast-steel  blackfish-hooks,  japanned,  flatted,  Noe.  1  to  8. 

Needle  and  Fiah-Hook  Company,  New  Hayen,  Conn. 

11.14 7 


98        ANIMAL  BE80UBCK8  AND  FISHEBIB8  OP  UKmtD  8TATBL 

Hooks  (including  a  fall  series  of  munonnted  lAoka,  of  recent 

aboriginal  manu&ctnre). 
Plain  books. 

SSSSS.  Ed-hooka,  No.  6.    Ameriaan  Needle  and  FUtL-Hook  Ctnfaj, 

HaTes,  Conn. 
iS640.  HalibnMiooke,  Tinged ;  Nos.  1  to  3.   AmeiicHi  Needle  and  fWt-'. 

Company,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
SSSaa  Caat-eteel  Kirbj  eea  Bah-hooks,  flatted;  Noa.  1  to  IS.    Am* 

Needle  and  Fiah-Hook  Company,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
S5530.  CaatrSteel  Eiiby  sea  fieh-hooka,  ringed;  Noe.  1  to  IS. 
S5S39.  Saperior  cost-eteel  Kirby  eea  fiah-hooke,  galTaniwtd,  flatted; 

1  to  6.    American- Needle  and  Fisb-Hook  Company,  New  Hi 

STiE^.  Donble-ieflned  oaat-ateel  Kitby  river  and  tront  flah-boob^  rii 

Noa.  1  to  12  and  1-00  to  10-0.    American  Needle  and  FmIi- 

Company,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
25523.  Eirby  river  and  trout  flsb-hooks,  flatted,  Wtt»  mtperflae;  B 

to  12  and  1-0  to  10-0.    American  Needle  and  Rah-HookCtaa 

New  Haven,  Conn, 
3S519.  Snperfine  spring  steel  Kirby  salmon,  flatted;  No*.  IS  to  3-0.    i 

lean  Needle  and  Fiah-Hook  Company,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
9S&S0.  Carlisle  tront-hooka,   flatted;   Nos.   IS-SO.     American  Necdl> 

Fish-Hook  Company,  New  Haven,  Conn, 
25&S1.  Carlisle  trout-hooks,  ringed;  Nos.  8  to  3-0.    American  Ncedl 

Fiah-Hook  Company,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
2S&16.  Soperfine  caet^teel  Limerick  ealmon,  flatted ;  Noa.  1-0  to  li 

3-0  to  10-0.    American  Needle  and  Fiah-Hook  Ca«npany, 

Haven,  Conn. 
S5517.  Superfine  cast^eel  Limerick  salmon,  ringed ;  Noa.  1-0 1«  9  «i 

to  10-0.    American  Needle  and  Fish-Hook  Company,  New  S 

2551'!.  Donble-reflned  cast-steel  Limerick  river  and  tront  flah-booki(i 
points,  flatted) ;  Nos.  1-0  to  12  atad  2-0  to  10-0.    AmericaaS 


ANIMAL  RES00RCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.        99 

Ics  (indading  a  ftill  series  of  unmonnted  hooks,  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  manu&ctore). 
'lain  hooks. 

85631.  Double-refined  cast-eteel,  original,  central-draught  cod  or  mackerel 
hooks,  fl%tted.    American  Needle  and  Fish-Hook  Company,  New 
Haven,  Conn. 
25601.  Cod-hooks.    Used  when  fish  rise  to  the  sorface.    J.  M.  K.  Sonthwick, 

Newport,  R.  I. 
25538.  Shark-hooks.    Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 
2d465.  Shark-hooks.    M.  W.  Grant,  Wellfleet,  Mass. 

25648.  Shark-hook.  (Extraordinary.)  A.  R.  Crittenden,  Middletown,  Conn. 
2d464.  Ground-shark  hook.     Stylo  nked  forty  years  ago.     Elisha  Cook, 

ProYincetown,  Mass. 
85602.  Dog-fish  hook  with  chain.    Used  at  Newport,  R.  I.    J.  M.  K.  South- 
wick,  Newport,  R.  I. 
25641.  Dog-fish  hooks,  ringed.    American  Needle  and  Fish-Hook  Company, 

New  Haven,  Conn. 
29467.  Horse-mackerel  hook.    John  Thomas,  Bel&st,  Me. 
29505.  Hooks,  probably  lost  by  a  French  fishing-vesseL     Found  on  St. 
George's  Banks  on  a  piece  of  trawl;  fished  up  by  Geo.  H.  Lewis, 
Ftovincetown,  Mass. 
3S732.  French  cod-hooks;  taken  from  codfish  on  Jeffiries  Ledge.     Capt. 

James  Tarr,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
38731.  French  cod-hook;  taken  from  codfish  in  Salvages'  Shoals,  Cape 

Ann,  in  1856.    Capt.  James  Tarr,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
20654.  Wooden  fish-hooks.    Indians  of  Northwest  coast.    Bella  Bella,  B.  C. 
J.  G.  Swan. 

.  Fish-hooks.     Indians  of  Northwest  coast  of  America.     Straits  of 

Fnca,  Pnget  Sound.    U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition. 
1051.  Fish-hooks.    Pnget  Sound.    George  Gibbs. 
9765.  Fish-hook.    Wallapai  Indians.    E.  Palmer. 
5583.  ilsh-hook  of  wood  and  bone.    Gens  des  Fous  Indians.    Yukon  River, 

Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 
9807.  ilsh-hook  and  line.    Chilkaht  Indians.    Alaska.    Lieut.  F.  W.  Ring, 

U.  S.  A. 
5590.  Fish-hooks  and  sinkers.    Premorska  Indians.    St.  Michaers,  Alaska. 
W.  H.  Dall. 
19064.  Fish-hooks.   CooyuwecPi-Ute  Indians.  Pyramid  Lake,  Nev.   Stephen 

Powers. 
20651.  Fish-hook.     Bella  Bella,  B.   C.     J.   G.  Swan.     Indian  make. 
9270.  HaUbut-hook.    Alaska.    Dr.  Hoff,  U.  S.  A.  '*  " 

.  Halibut-hook.  •  Sitka,  Alaska,    J.  G.  Swan.  "  " 

9103-4.  Halibu^hook8.    Alaska.    Lieut.  F.  W.  Ring,  U.  S.  A.  "  '' 

1141.  Butt-end  of  hemlock  limb  for  making  halibut-hook.    Makah  Indians. 
Puget  Sound,  W.  T.    J.  G  Swan. 
16346.  Halibut-hooks.    Yakutat  Eskimo.    W.  H.  Dall. 
2630.  Fish-hook.    Northwest  coast  of  America.    Capt.  Chas.  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 

U.  8.  Exploring  Expedition. 
1324.  Hooks  and  lines.    Eskimo.    Anderson  River.    C.  P.  Gaudet. 
1989.  Fish-hook.    Arctic  America.    B.  R.  Ross. 
5118.  Fish-hook.    Anderson  River  Eskimos.    Mackenzie's  River  district. 

R.  Kennicott. 
6116.  Rsh-hook.     Fort  Anderson  Eskimos.     Mackenzie's  River  district. 
Tt,  MacFarlanc. 

^  hf  kelp  {Kereoqf»tis)f  fish-hook,  and  bladder  buoy.    Makah 
Heah  Bay.    J.  G.  Swan. 


100     ANIMAL  BES0UBCE8  AND  FISHEBIES  OF  UHITaD  SUIU. 

Hooks  (including  a  full  series  of  tmmonnted  books,  of  reeent  i 
aborigiiu^  numo&ctnre). 
Plain  books. 

9607.  Fiahing  line  and  hook.    Chilkaht  Indimi.    AUika.    lieoL  1'. 

Bing,  U.  S.  A.  • 

15G30.  Bone  fi«h-hook  with  whalebone  snood.    AlMit*.    IL  W.  Elliott. 
16315.  Fioh-hook.    Sitka.    W.  H.  DalL 
653.  Ealibat-hookB.    Indiane  of  Northweat  coaat  of  America.    Gt 

Oibb*. 
20656.  Halibat-hooks.    Indiani  of  Fort  Simpson,  B.  C^  J.  O.  Svao. 
156%.  Fiah-hookB.     Eskimos     Poonook,  Alaska.    H.  W.  Elliott 
10142.  Fish-hooks.     Eskimos.     Victoria  Harbor.     Capt  C.  F.  Hall. 
14280.  Fish-hooks.     Neoh  Bay,  W.  T.    James  O.  Swan. 
10116.  Bone  hook.     Magemnt  Eskimos.    Nnnivak,  Alaska.    W.  B.  Di 
16311.  Fish-hooks.     Nunivak  Islands,  Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 
1051.  Fish-hooks.    Capt.  Chas.  Wilkes,  U.  S.  K.    U.  8-  Exploring  1 

dition. 
10Q19.  Codfish-hook.    Eskimos.    Coast  of  Oinenland.    Capt  C.  F.  B 
3191-92.  Fish-hooks  of  stone,  bone,  and  iron.     Fort  Auderaou  Eat 

Hackende'a  Biver  district.    B.  Kunntcott 
2093, 2248.  Fish-hooks  of  bone  and  iron.     Aaderaon  KiTor  FrT^'"*"* 

MaoFarlane. 
16311-13.  Bone  hoolu  and  line  apreadera.    Thlinket  Eakimoa.    Sitka.Al 

W.  H.  DalL 
5118-7441.  Hooks  of  bone  and  iron.    Moclcensle'B  Biver  Eakimoa.    B. 

32660.  Smelt^preader  and  hooks.     01onceet«T,  Uasa.     O.  Brown  Good 

Jigs  and  drails. 

29448.  BBSS  and  bluefish  draiL     Elisha  Cook,  ProTinoetown,  Uan. 
294S&.  BlaefiBh-drail.     Piovincetown  style.     Lemael  Cook,  Sd,  Pnr 
town,  Mass. 


AinOCAL  B£80tJRCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      101 

km  (inclnding  a  ftill  series  of  unmounted  hooks,  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  manufacture), 
igs  and  drails. 

25669.  Blaeiish-draiL  Peculiar  to  Hyannis,  Mass.  Freeman  Hallett, 
HyanniSy  Mass.    Wlien  used,  covered  with  an  eel-skin. 

25600.  Weak-fish  Jigs.    Used  in  Newport,  R.  L    J.  M.  K.  Southwick,  New- 

port, R.  I. 
9078.  Metallic  squid.    Indians.    Ahisko.    Lieut.  F.  W.  Ring,  U.  S.  A. 

32657.  Cahoon's   improved   trolling-hooks.     (Patented  March   24,   1874.) 

Thomas  J.  Gifford  &  Co.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
12496.  Mackerel-Jigs.    Cape  Ann.    J.  P.  Nason,  Rockport,  Mass. 

32658.  Mackerel-Jig.    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown  Goode. 
29479.  Mackerel-jig.    John  B.  Parsons,  Rockport,  Mass. 

32734.  Mackerel-Jigs.    Used  thirty  years  ago.   A.  McCurdy,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

25599.  Mackerel-Jigs.    J.  M.  K.  Southwick,  New]K>rt,  R.  I. 

2594L  Mackerel-Jigs.    Used  about  the  year  1840.    Capt.  Edward  L.  Rowe, 

Gloucester,  Mass. 
12495.  Soapstone  ''Jig"  molds,  No.  1.    (Patented  March  15,  1870.)    Cape 

Ann.    J.  P.  Nason,  Rockport,  Mass. 
25780.  Soapstone  mackerel-Jig  mold.    Capt.  £.  L.  Rowe,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
5^781-^  Wooden,  lead-lined,  mackerel-Jig  molds.  ** 

25721.  Mackerel-Jig  mold.    (Patented  March  15,  1870;  J.  P.  Nason,  No.  2.) 

Central  Wharf  Company,  Provincetown,  Mass. 
32666.  Mackerel-Jig  mold.    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown  Goode. 
32654.  Mackerel-Jig  ladle.  <<  <' 

32661.  Mackerel-Jig  rasp.  "  *' 

32662.  Mackeiel-Jig  file.  <<  " 

32663.  Pewter  for  use  in  manufacture  of  jigs.    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown 

Goode. 
29461.  Codfish  <<trip"  and  "fly-Jig."    Styles  used  fifty  years  ago.    Lemuel 
Cook,  2d,  Provincetown,  Mass. 

25601.  Codfish  Jig-hook.    Used  when  the  fish  rise  from  the  bottom.    Mas- 

sachusetts.   A.  R.  Critteli^en,  Middletown,  Conn. 

poon-baits,  plain  and  fluted. 

25550.  Fluted  spoons  for  pickerel,  bass,  and  trout.  Manufactured  by  G.  M. 
Skinner,  Gananoqne,  Ontario.  Patented  United  States  and  Can- 
ada, 1874.    Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 

25550.  Trolling-spoons.     For  bass  and  pickerel.     Bradford  &  Anthony, 

Boston,  Mass. 

525555.  Bluefish-spoons.    Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 

2555P.  Spinners.  For  pickerel,  trout,  and  bass  fishing.  Bradford  &,  An- 
thony, Boston,  Mass. 

5^549.  Spoon-baits.  For  bass,  pickerel,  pike,  and  trout  fishing  (nickel- 
plated).    John  H.  Mann,  Syracuse,  N.  T. 

25551.  Spoon-baits.    For  bass,  pike,  pickerel,  and  trout  (silver-plated).    J. 

T.  Buel,  WhitehaU,  N.  Y. 

25552.  Spoon-baits.    For  pike,  pickerel,  bass,  trout,  and  bluefish.    Wm.  H. 

James,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 

25553.  Spoon-baits.    For  pike,  bass,  pickerel,  and  trout  fishing.    Wm.  H. 

James,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
20993.  Series  of  fluted  trolling-spoons.    D.  M.  Skinner,  Gananoque,  Onta- 
zfOy  Canadft. 
fliNKxn-liooks.     Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.     Con- 
Med  hj  IVxMSt  A  fltmaiii  Publishing  Company. 


102     ANIUA.L  BE80UBCJ£8  iSD  FXSHESDBS  OF  nVITBD  8X1118. 

Books  (indadiug  a  fbll  series  of  nnmoauted  hookB,  of  zeoat  i 
aboriginal  manofoctare). 
SpooD-baits,  plain  and  fluted. 

S8680.  Troat-spoon.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichola,  Sjmwaae,  H.  Y.    ( 

tribatod  by  Fonst  and  Stream  Publulung  Company. 
25654.  Spoon-biuts.    For  piko,  pickerel,  baas,  and  trout.     W.  D.  Cli^ 

&.  Son,  Theresa,  N.  Y. 
SS666.  Pearl  miimowB.    W.  M.  Young,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
25550.  MocHorg's  peail  Bpoons.     For  pickerel,  tioat,  Bod  baia.    Bndfti 
Anthony,  Boston,  Maw. 

Artificial  flies  on  hooks. 

32735.  Baw-flies.    Sara  J.  McBride,  Mnmfbid,  S.  Y. 

32736.  Tront-flioa.  "  " 
26105.  Salm^D-fliea.               "  " 

32737.  Artificial  files  for  salmon,  tront,  and  bass.    Bradford  & 
thoDy,  Boston,  Mass. 

Note. — For  convenience  this  entire  collection  ia  pntvioianaUy  en 
nndec  a  single  catalogue  nomber. 

a.  Peacock,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

b.  Moreh  Brown,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Fur  of  the  fox-sqairrel's  face  ribbed  over  with  olive  sUk.  Tail- 
strands  of  brown  foather  of  the  wild  mallard.  Winga — Fnnn  the 
feather  of  the  shoveller  duck  approaching  the  toil ;  the  light  yeaet-co 
feather  is  the  best,  and  if  nicely  tied  mnst  be  an  excellent  fly.  htf 
grizzled  cock's  hackle,  wound  twice  or  thrice  at  the  ahoolder.  Fm  I 
Bylvania,  hooks  Nos.  €  to  8 ;  for  New  York,  hooks  Nos.  5  aud  6 ;  Vtrw  i 
land,  hooka  Nos.  4  and  5. 


c  Great  Bed  Spinner,  with  water-color  sketch  of  orlginaL 


ANIMAL  BES0URCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     1 03 

ooks  (induding  a  foil  series  of  unmounted  hooks^  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  manufacture). 

32737.  Artificial  flies  for  salmon,  trout,  and  bass— Continued. 

i.  Bed  Spinner,  with  water-color  sketch  of  originaL 

Body — ^Bright  bro^vn  silk  ribbed,  with  fine  gold  twist.  Tail — ^Two  fibers  of 
red  cock's  hackle.  Wings — Upright  from  a  mottled  gray  feather  of  the 
mallard  stained  a  pale  blue,  the  brighter  in  color  the  better.  Legs — Plain 
red  cock's  hackle.  For  Pennsylvania,  hook  No.  6;  for  New  York,  hook  No. 
5;  for  New  England,  hook  No.  4. 

j.  Nicholson. 

h.  Black  Dog. 

2.  Atkinson. 

M.  Policeman. 

II.  Claret  Wasp. 

o.  Blue  Wasp. 

p.  Wren-tail,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Ginger-colored  for  ribbed  with  gold  twist.  Wings— Feathers  from  a 
wren's  tail;  if  these  cannot  be  procured  a  smaU  scapular  feather  of  the 
woodcock  makes  a  good  imitation,  and  may  be  hackled  with  the  same  kind 
of  feather.  For  Pemisylvania,  hook  Na  10;  for  New  York,  hook  No.  8;  for 
New  England,  hook  No.  6. 

q.  Bed  Ant,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — ^Peacock's  herl  tied  with  rod-brown  silk.  Wings — From  the  quill- 
feather  of  the  blue-Jay.    Legs — A  small  rod  cock's  hackle. 

r.  SOver  Horns,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

«.  Golden-dun  Midge,  with  wiater-color  sketch  of  original. 

U  Sand-fly,  with  water-color  sketch  of  originaL 

Body — Of  the  sandy-colored  fur  from  the  rabbit's  neck  or  from  the  fox-squirrel 
spun  on  silk  of  tho  same  color.  Wings — From  the  whimbrel  wing  made 
foil.  Legs — From  a  light-ginger  feather  from  the  neck  of  a  hen.  For 
Pennsylvania,  hooks  Nos.  6  to  8 ;  for  New  York,  hooks  Nos.  5  and  6;  for  Now 
England,  hooks  Nos.  4  and  5. 

«•  Stone-fly,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Fur  of  the  gray  squirrel,  when  it  is  shortest  is  best,  mixed  with  a  little 
yeUow  mohair,  leaving  yellow  about  the  tail.  Tail — A  strand  or  two  of 
brown  mottled  feathers,  say  of  mallard.  Wings — From  the  soft  inside 
feather  of  the  pea-hen's  wing.  Legs — Bluo-dun  cock's  hackle.  For  Penii- 
fyivania,  hooks  Nos.  G  to  8;  for  New  York,  hooks  Nos.  5  and  6;  for  New  Eng- 
land, hooks  Nos.  4  and  5. 

r.  Gravel-bed,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Dark  dun  or  lead-colored  silk  floss  dressed  very  fine.    Wings — ^From  a 

Mrrwi-leaiher  of  the  woodcock's  wing.   Legs — ^A  black  cock's  hackle,  rather 

•c  wound  twice  only  round  the  body.    For  Pennsylvania^  hooks  Nos.  8  to 

~  %  hooks  Noa.  6  to  8;  for  New  Engkuidy  hooka  Nos.  5  and  6. 


104     ANIMAL  BESOUECISS  ADD  PI8H£aiE8  OF  UHITEU 

Hooks  (iiicladiag  a  fiill  Beriea  of  aninoouted  hooks,  of  leecnt  i 

aboriginal  mapofitctnre). 

32737.  Artificial  fliea  for  st^on,  troat,  and  bass — Contiaiied. 

a,  Orannnm,  vitli  water-color  BkotcL  of  origiuAL 

Body — Fnrof  a  r^bit'a  face  with  >  little  flue  greeninohAir  woriudloit' 
tail.  Wings— From  the  inude  wlng-fMtlieT  of  a  graaat.  Lag^-i  i 
gingBr  hen's  hackle.  For  Peniisf  Ivanift,  hooks  Noo.  8  to  10;  fix  K«*  Xt 
hooks  Nos.  6 1«  8;  for  Now  England,  hooks  Noa.  fi  and  0. 

X,  Yellow  Don,  with  vater-color  sketch  of  ori^dL 

Body — Yellow  mohair  mixed  with  a  little  pale  blae  ttotu  a  manse  at  yd 
flosa  Bilk  with  the  least  blae  rabbit  for  spun  npou  it.  Wings— Upnj 
from  the  iuflide  wing-feather  of  a  mallard  or  summer  dock.  For  Fma 
vania,  hook  No.  10;  for  Now  York,  hook  No.  6;  for  New  England,  ho«ki) 
6  and  6. 

y.  Iron-bine  Dnn,  with  wateiMMtlor  sketch  of  original. 
I,  Hawtjtorn,  with  water-color  sketch  of  origintd. 

Body— Black  ostrich's  herl.  Wings— From  the  qaiU-fe*ther  of  the  Ei^ 
snipe.  Legs — A  black  cock's  hackle.  FDrFennaylvaaiA,ho(^}lai.Si* 
for  New  York,  hooks  Noa.  0  to  8 ;  for  New  England,  hooks  Noa.  &  ud  i- 


Body— Oreen  floss  silk  ribbed  with  silvertwiat  Tail— Orange-tlroad fin 
tippet,  wood-dock,  ibia,  and  green  parrot.  Legs — A  golden  yelknr  hsd 
Wings — Of  the  following  kinds :  wood-dack,  tippet,  brown  mallaid,bsib 
green  parrot,  blue  and  yellow  macaw,  with  a  few  atranda  ot  nd  ■■(■ 
black  ostrich  head.    Hooks  Noa.  1,  2,  and  3. 


AHIMAL  BB80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      105 

•oks  (indnding  a  fall  series  of  umnoiinted  hooks,  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  mannfiBMstore). 

32737.  Artificial  flies  for  salmon,  tront,  and  bass — Continued. 

00,  Lake  George. 

Body — Gold  twist  ribbed  with  silver  twist.  Tail — ^A  small  Cluiia  topping. 
Legs— A  bright  orange  hackle  with  a  shoolder  of  bright  claret.  Wiugs — 
Two  tippet  feathers  mixed  with  argns  pheasant|  brown  mallonl ;  black  ostrich 
head.    Hooks  Noe.  1,  2,  and  3. 

oJL  Chateaugay. 

Body — ^Lemon-yellow  floes  ribbed  with  gold  twist.  Tail — ^A  few  flbres  of 
brown  mallard.  Legs — A  ginger-colored  cock's  hackle.  Wings— Strips  of 
ahoveUer  dnck  mixed  with  fibres  of  argos  pheasant. 

ai.  YeUow  Drake. 

Body— TeUow  mohair  ribbed  with  silver  twist.  Tail — ^Three  fibres  of  yellow 
macaw.  Legs — ^Yellow  hackle  with  two  tarns  of  ibis  on  shoulder.  Wings — 
Strips  of  gray  mallard;  black  ostrich  head.    Hook  No.  3. 

tff,  Richardson. 

Body— A  light-blue  floes  silk  ribbed  with  silver  twist.  Tail— Three  strands 
of  brown  mallard.  Lega— Black  cock's  hackle.  Wings — Strips  of  English 
blue-Jay  mixed  with  brown  mallard.    Hooks  Nos.  3  and  4. 

dk.  Anthony, 
al.  Snow-fly. 
flR.  Captain, 
as.  Combination. 

Body — ^First  half,  yoUow  seal's  fur;  second  half,  rcd-cloret  seal  ribbed  with 
ailver  tinsel  (the  fur  to  be  picked  out).  Tail — A  few  fibres  of  gray  mallard 
mixed  with  ibis.  Legs — ^A  natural  red  hackle  dipped  in  yellow  dye.  Wrings 
— A  piece  of  the  same  kind  of  hackle  with  pale  ibis  strips.  On  each  side  a 
piece  of  gray  mallard  sufficiently  large  to  make  the  wing  full ;  black  ostrich 
head.    Hooks  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

aa.  Silver  Doctor. 

Body — Silver  tinsel  ribbed  with  gold  twist.  Tail — China  pheasant  topping. 
Lega— A  pale-blue  hackle  with  a  small  teal  or  guinca-hcii  nt  the  ^boulder. 
Wings — ^Mixed  fibres  of  wood-duck,  brown  mallard,  guinea-hen,  green  parrot, 
blue  macaw,  teal,  and  bustard;  black  ostrich  head.    Hooks  Xos.  2  and  3. 

tip,  Prouty. 

Body — First  joint,  silver  twist;  second,  black  ostrich  with  three  turns  of  tho 
twist  over  it.  Tail — Orange  floss  with  a  turn  or  two  of  twist,  a  topping 
mixed  with  fibres  of  English  blue-jay.  Legs — A  yellow  dyed  list  hacklo 
wound  over  the  ostrich.  Wings — Strips  of  whit<^  swan  dyed  yellow.  Ono 
each  aide  a  rib  of  teal-feather,  red  macaw  feelers ;  black  ostrich  head.  Heoka 
Boa.  Sand  3. 


106     ANIMAL  BES0UBCE8  AND  FISHBKtES  OP  UNITED  STATES. 

Hooks  (inGlnding  a  fall  series  of  nniDOimted  hooks,  of  reoa 
aboriginal  mannfiictaie). 

32737.  Artificial  flies  for  salmon,  tioat,  and  baaa — Oontinned. 

M.  Great  Blow.  ' 

at.  Cadis. 
OK.  Uonay. 

BlMk  silk  floss  ribbed  with  diver  twist.  Tail— A  small  feather  froml 
of  the  scarlet  ibis.  Legs — A  golden  yellow  hackle.  Wings— Dtut 
turkey;  bUck  ostrich  head.    Hooks  Nos.  1  and  2. 

ae.  Bound  Lake. 


Body — Brown  ostrich  Iierl,  ribbed  with  gold  twisty  tog  ormnge  Scm. 
Two  or  three  short  sprigs  of  yoUow  macaw.  Legs — A  small  soot; 
hackle,  wonud  fit>m  tag  to  shoulder.  Wiuga — Alternate  strips  d 
peacock'WlDg  feather  and  shoveller  daok,  with  a  sprig  or  two  of  «<» 
peacock  herl  bead.    Hooks  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 


Ismadoin  two  joints  of  bla«k  orange  mohair  with  gold  tinseh  Lep- 
blaok  hackle  wound  fiom  tail  to  head.  Tail — Bright  yellow  lonesn. 
— A  mixture  of  gold  pheasant  tall,  argoa,  and  teiiL     Hooks  Mm.  1, 1 

ay.  Priest. 
ax.  Francis  Sykes. 
ba.  Duke. 
U.  Dhoou. 
bf.  DuBtiu. 
Id.  Lascollcs. 
.   Snitching  Sfindy. 


ANIMAL  BES0UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      107 

ooks  (indading  a  fall  series  of  unmounted  hooks,  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  manufiacture). 

32737.  Artificial  flies  for  salmon,  trout,  and  bass — Continued. 
hL  wmow. 

Ul,  Proaty. 
h9*  Notion. 

Body — Firat  lialf  gold  twist,  remaiuder  brown  mohair,  with  three  turns  of 
the  twist  over  it.  Tail — ^A  topping  mixed  with  blue  kingfisher.  Legs — 
Brown  hackle.  Wings — Two  tippet  feathers  mixed  with  arp:ns  pheasant, 
brown  mallard,  teal,  China  pheasant-tail  feathers,  blue  and  yeUow  macaw, 
with  a  blue  kingfisher  on  each  side  of  the  wing ;  black  ostrich  head.  Hooks 
Nos.  2  and  3. 

hw,  Louise. 

Body — ^Brown  mohair  ribbed  with  gold  twist.  Tail — China  feather  topping. 
Leg9— Reddish  brown  hackle,  blue-Jay  on  shoulder.  Wings — Pheasant 
tippet  feather  and  tail  mixed  with  sprigs  of  green  parrot,  blue  macaw,  and 
kingfisher.    Head — Orange  mohair.    Hooks  Nos.  1  and  2. 

ke.  Bound  Lake. 

Body — Orange  and  red  claret  merging  into  each  other,  silver  tinselled.  Tail — 
Sprigs  of  gold  pheasant  tippet,  blue  macaw,  and  green  parrakeet.  Legs— 
A  claret  hackle  with  a  turn  or  two  of  orange  on  the  shoulder.  Wings — 
Two  strips  of  brown  turkey,  with  a  small  Jungle-cock's  feather  on  each  side. 
Hooks  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

fty.  KicholBon. 
ht.  Our  Pattern. 
00.  Saranac. 

Body — Claret  floss  silk  ribbed  with  gold  tinsel,  backed  with  silver  twist. 
Tail — China  pheasant  crest-feather.  Legs — ^A  claret  hackle.  Wings — ^Two 
China  pheasant  tippet  feathers  on  either  side,  a  strip  or  two  of  brown  mallard 
and  argus  pheasant;  black  ostrich  head.    Hooks  Nos.  1-0,  2,  and  3. 

eb.  Long  Tom  of  Long  Lake. 

•  Body — Gray  squirrel  mixed  with  a  little  green  mohair  ribbed  with  silver  tinsel. 
Tail — China  pheasant  crest-feather.  Legs — A  blue  dun  cock's  hackle;  at 
shoulder  two  or  three  turns  of  bright  claret  hackle.  Wings — Strips  of  brown 
mallard  mixed  with  strands  of  summer  duck,  peacock-wing,  and  upper 
coverts  of  the  wild  turkey,  red  macaw  feelers;  black  plush  head.  Hooks 
Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

00.  St.  Begis. 

Body — Cinnamon  mohair  ribbed  vrith  double  gold  twist.  Tail — ^A  strip  of 
China  pheasant  tippet  mixed  with  a  few  strands  of  bustard.  Legs — A 
chestnut  hackle  with  three  turns  or  so  of  orange-dyed  guinea-hen,  small 
short  in  the  fibres.  Wings — Strips  of  brown  mallard,  brown  turkey, 
icrliili  pheasant  tail,  and  China  tippet ;  black  ostrich  head.    Hooks  Nos.  1 


108     ANIMAL  BESOUBCES  AND  FI8HEK1ES  OF  UHITED  8T1TS8. 

Hooks  (incladiug  a  fnll  series  of  onmoantod  hoc^  oi  lecad  ai 
aboriginal  maiinfbctnie). 

32737.  Aitiflcial  flies  for  salmon,  troat,  and  bass — Gontinaed. 

cd.  No.  8.  I 

Body — Three  or  four  turns  of  moluiir,  rest  of  black  mohair  rilibed  willi  (tlw 
ttnsel  and  backed  with  gold  twisl.  THil— A,  biubII  tojipiuj;.  Legs— 4dji< 
black  h.-wklo  and  a  BlionJderof  rcl  tlarpt.  Winga — Misodfllirr»of  miHiA 
gaiDoa-licn  tail-feather  over  wing,  tivo  Btri]ia  of  dark  tiukey  Uppril  ^ 
v1li^e.    Hooks  Nos.  S  and  3. 

tt.  mghlaader. 

if,  Ladf  of  Mertoan. 

Bmly — Water-rats  fur  ribbed  witt  silver  twist.  Tail — A  tip  of  canma  t» 
trith  or  miiliair  and  a  gold  plieasant  topping.  L«gs — Two  or  threr  wnt* 
a  small  rod  Iiacklo  Qnished  off  with  a  black  hackle.  Wings— Striin  of  fbl 
gray  niallnriL    H«ail — Crinisonoetrich  or  mohair.   Hooka  Nua.  l-0.l,uit- 

eg.  Topiiy. 

Body — Black  mohair  ribbed  with  nilver  tiu8eL  Tail — A  topping  lip  <m^ 
Lege — A  turn  or  two  of  tvd  hackle,  the  rest  black  baokle.  Wiap-Bi* 
<a  brown  tnikey  tipped  with  white.  Head — CrimBon.  Hooka  Sob.  iA\ 
and  2. 

(*.  Sapper. 

Boiiy — Orotigo  raoliair  ribbtd  with  gold  tinsel.  Tail — Fibrei  of  green  )i«n* 
guiniML-heo,  tippet  feather,  and  ibia.  Legs — Orange  hackle.  sboulJf^i'M 
black  hackle.  Wiiigs— Strips  of  [icacock-wing  fcalbnr,  brown  bu1!»* 
green  parrot,  guincn-hon,  gold  pheasant  tail,  blue  macaw  feekrs;  bbc*^ 
trich  head.     Hooka  Noa.  1^  and  1. 


ANIMAL  RE80UBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES*     109 

olui  (incladinff  a  fall  series  of  unmounted  hooks^  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  manufacture). 

(2737.  Aitifip^i^^l  flies  for  salmon,  trout,  and  bass— Continued. 

€l,  Nidiolsoii. 

Body— Blood-red  mohair  ribbed  with  gold  tinsel.  Tail — Sprigs  of  mallard 
and  pheasant  tippet  feather.  Legs — ^A  blood-red  and  a  dark-blno  hackle 
wonnd  on  together.  Wings — ^Brown  mallard  and  blue  macaw  fbelers ;  black 
ostrich  head.    Hooks  Nos.  1  .and  2. 

Ml.  Caribou. 

Body— Tip  gold  tinsel,  tag  golden-yeyow  silk,  next  a  black  silk  Joint,  the 
rest  of  gray  caribou.  Legs — Gray  hackle  with  a  claret  on  the  shoulder. 
Tail— Gold  pheasant  topping.  Wings — ^Turkey  and  mallard  with  sprigs  of 
macaw  and  pheasant  tippet  feather;  black  ostrich  head.  Hooks  Nos.  1-^, 
and  1. 

cm.  Moose. 

Body — ^Yellow  floss  ribbed  with  silver  tinsel.  Tail — ^A  China  pheasant  top- 
ping. Legs — ^A  yellow  hackle ;  shoulder  hackle  a  guinea-hen.  Wings — ^Two 
tippet  feathers  of  the  China  pheasant  with  fibres  of  mallard  wood-duck  on 
each  side;  black  ostrich  head.    Hooks  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

eo.  Moosehead. 

Body — Deep  claret  mdhair  ribbed  with  gold  twist.  Tail— A  topping.  Legs— 
A  claret  hackle  with  three  turns  of  orange  hackle  at  the  shoulder.  Wings — 
Strips  of  brown  mallard  and  tippet  feather  with  red  macaw  feelers;  black 
ostrich  head.    Hooks  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

g^  Fiery-brown. 

Body — ^Fiery  brown  mohair  ribbed  with  gold  tinsel.  Tail — ^A  small  topping 
mixed  with  wood-duck.  Legs — A  brown-red  hackle.  Wings — Brown  mal- 
lard with  a  little  wood-duck  and  golden  pheasant  neck-feather  mixed;  black 
head.    Hooks  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

eg.  Parson. 

ST.  Gold  Wing. 

Of.  Gold  Mallard. 

ef.  Kircudbrightshire. 

CM,  Eagle. 

or.  Tartan. 

MP.  Last  Fly. 

er.  Atkinson. 

ef.  Stfftchan. 

Of.  Parson. 

Body— Black  mohair  tipped  with  orange  and  ribbed  with  silver  twist.  Tail— 
A  small  topping.  Legs— A  black  hackle.  Wings— Brown  turkey-tail ;  black 
head.    Hooks  Nos.  2  and  3. 

ia.  Ross. 

»4v— Cliimnnon'colored  floss  ribbed  with  gold  twist.    Tail— Sprigs  of  green 
1    l4g»— A  fhmace  hackle.    Wingch— Brown  mallard  mixed  with  pea* 
I*  Iriack  Oiftiioh  head.    Hooks  Kos.  1^0  and  1. 


110     ANIMAL  BESOtTBCES  AND  7TSHEK1ES  OF  UIOTED  STATES. 

Boobs  (indadiBg  a  fbU  series  of  mmionnted  hooks,  of  leoeit 

aboriginal  manafactcire). 

32737.  Artificial  flies  for  saliBon,  trout,  and  baas — Cootiimed. 

db.  Forayth. 
Se,  ChAmberlin. 

de.  WbitohM', 

df.  Ltrngrin. 

dg.  EDuneL 
dh.  Captain. 

di.  M^or.  , 

4'.  Darling. 
dk.  Ihu-luun  Bangn. 
dl.  Goldflncb. 
dm.  Britannia. 
d».  Fopbam. 
do,  Whit*  Tip. 
dp,  Whit*  Wing, 
dq.  Drake  Wing, 
dr.  Don  Wing. 
dt.  Black  and  Tellow, 
dt  Bias  Doctor, 
da.  Kate. 
dv.  Buggies. 

Ad,  LltUe  yeUow  Ha;  Don,  with  wat«t-«olor  aketeh  of  origlnaL 
tc  Oak  Fly,  with  watei-oolor  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Orange  floM  silk  ribbed  witti  aab-colored  litk  thread  or  a  Bttle  1 
the  aah-oolor  to  be  ahown  well  at  the  tail  and  ahonldera.  fnngt— Rm 
■oapnlar  feather  of  the  woodcock,  l^egs — A  fnmace  haeUe  ik  nd  «■ 
baokle  with  a  bhwk  list  op  the  middle.    For  PennBylvania,  hooki  K<a  i 

10:  fiirXi'vv  Yoi-k.  h..i.k-N.>..  ' 


jUnOCAL  BESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     Ill 


(inclading  a  fall  series  of  unmoanted  hooks,  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  manu&ctare). 

^737.  Artificial  flies  for  salmon,  trout,  and  bass — Continued. 

c6.  Alder  Fly,  with  water-color  sketch  of  origiual. 

Body— Peacock's  herl.  Wings— From  a  feather  of  a  brown  lien's  wing. 
Legs — ^A  red  cock's  hackle  or  a  black  cock's  hackle  will  answer  tolerably 
welL  For  Pennsylvania,  hooks  Nos.  8  to  10 ;  for  New  York,  hooks  Nos.  5 
and  6;  for  New  England,  hooks  Nos.  4  and  5. 

06.  Sky  Bine,  with  wateiMX>lor  sketch  of  original.  • 

«i.  Little  dark  Spinner,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 
96.  Turkey  Brown,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 
tf,  MagaUoway. 

Body — ^Half  black  ostrich  and  half  brown  mohair  ribbed  with  gold  twist. 
Tail — Short  fibers  of  yeUow  macaw.  Legs — A  fdmace  hackle  of  the 
shonlder.  Wings — Strips  of  brown  qnill-feathers  of  the  peacock ;  black 
ostrich  head.    Hoqjc  No.. 3. 

eg.  Bemis  Stream. 

Body — Chestnut  mohair  ribbed  with  gold  tinsel.  Tail — China  pheasant  top- 
ping. Legs — ^A  chestnut  hackle.  Wings — Strips  of  brown  peacock  mixed 
with  bustard.    Hooks  Nos.  1  and  2. 

eh.  Mooselocmaguntick. 

Body— About  equal  parts  mixed  of  gray  squirrel's  fur  and  pea-green  mohair 
ribbed  with  gold  twist.     Tail— Four  strands  of  argus  feathers.    Legs— A 

*  brown  bittern  hackle.  Wings — Gray  speckled  turkey,  white  tipped  (dye 
yeUow),  with  a  strip  of  argus  feather  on  each  side ;  green  ostrich  head. 
Hook  No.  1. 

•i.  Molechunkemunk. 

Body — Orange  floss  silk  ribbed  with  gold  tinsel,  backed  with  silver  twist. 
Tail — China  pheasant  topping.  Legs — A  furnace  hackle.  Wings — Brown 
mallard ;  black  ostrich  head.  * 

f^.  WiUow  Finch. 

Body — YeUow  seal's  fur  ribbed  with  silver  twist.  Tail— Sprigs  of  tippet 
feathers  mixed  with  yellow  macaw.  Legs — ^A  yellow  hackle,  at  the  shoul- 
der a  smaU  guinea-hen  stained  yellow.  Wings — Strips  of  swan  feather  dyed 
yeUow  with  a  spray  of  guinea-hen  (tail-feather)  dyed  yellow;  black  ostrich 
bead.    Hooks  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3. 

dk.  Oqnassac. 

Body — Red  claret  mohair  ribbed  vrith  pink  floss.  Tail— Yellow  tag  with 
pieces  of  argus  and  tippet  feathers.  X/egs — A  claret  hackle.  Wings — Strips 
from  the  quiU-feather  of  the  argus  pheasant;  black  ostrich  head.  Hooks 
Nos.  1-0  and  1. 

A  Welokennebago. 

Ho^— 2ed  pig's  hair  ribbed  with  broad  gold  tinsel,  backed  with  silver  twist. 
"■Wl— A  mixture  of  black  turkey  tipped  with  white  and  scarlet  ibis.   Legs — 
'•^liiekle.    Wings— Fibers  of  red  macaw  mixed  with  strips  of  black 
■Hgr  ti^n?^  ^^  ^hito ;  hiaok  ostrich  head. 


112     ANIMAL  RESOrCCKS  AND  FIS1IEBIE8  OP  UKirED  StAttS 

Boobs  (inclnding  a  fiiU  series  of  unmonnted  liooks,  of  na 

aboriginal  mannfitctme). 

32737.  Artificial  flies  for  trout,  sahiion,  and 


Body-— Silver  tinsel  ribbed  with  gold  twist.  Tall— FIben  of  CUs*  ; 
t^  mixed  with  gaiiiea-hen  and  red  maoftw.  Lega — A  briinut 
hackle.  Wings— Mixed  and  to  be  mode  ftill.  Two  atrlpa  of  browi 
tipped  with  wbit«-browi)  maHard,  China  pheasant  t^  m>A  gait 
black  ostrich  head.    Hooks  Nos.  1-0, 1,  and  S. 

en.  Orange  Qroose. 

w,  Tbnnder  and  Lightning. 

tp.  Longh  OilL 

eq.  Lillle. 

ST.  Black  Ant. 

m.  Bine  Blow. 

mt.  Hare's  Ear.  • 

ee.  Ibis. 
eir.  Scth  Green, 
ex.  Bed  Creeper. 
ty.  Turkey  Brown. 
«r.  Qoeen  of  the  Watew. 

fa.  Governor.  % 

/b.  White  Miller. 
fa.  Lion, 
/a.  Watei^witoh. 
/«.  Atkinson. 
ff.  Onr  Own  Pattern. 
fff.  Oreen  Drake,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 


AKIHAL  BES0URCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      113 

»ks  (inelading  a  full  series  of  unmounted  hooks,  of  recent  and 

aboriginal  manufacture). 

J737.  Artificial  flies  for  trout,  salmon,  and  bass— Continued. 

r«.  Pale  Evening  Dun,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 
fn.  July  Dun,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body— Mole's  fur  and  pale-yellow  mohair  mixed  and  spun  on  yeUow  silU. 
Tail— Two  or  three  whiskers  of  a  dark  dun  hackle.  Wings— From  the 
quiU-feather  of  a  hlue-Jay.  Legs— Dark  dun  hackle.  For  Pennsylvania, 
hooks  Nos.  8  to  10;  for  New  York,  hooks  Nos.  6  to  8;  for  New  England, 
hooks  Nos.  5  and  6.  ^ 

/o.  Gold-eyed  Gauge-wing,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 
fp.  Butcher,  No.  1. 
fq.  Blue  Ranger, 
/r.  Black  Ranger, 
/i.  Colonel. 
ft.  Children's  Farlow. 
/m.  Candlestick  Maker. 
fr.  Baker, 
/if.  Butcher, 
/r.  Namscn. 
fif,  BhickandTeaL 
fz.  Guinea  Hen. 
go.  Claret. 
gh.  Inquichin. 
gt.  Maxwell  Ranger. 
gd,  August  Dun,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body— Brown  floss  silk  ribhed  with  yellow  silk  thread.  Tail— Two  rabbit's 
whiskers.  Wings — Feather  of  a  brown  hen's  wing.  Legs — ^A  dark  red 
hackle.  For  Pennsylvania,  hook  No.  8 ;  for  New  York,  hook  No.  6 ;  for 
New  England,  hook  J^o.  5. 

gt.  Orange,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Orange  floss  silk  ribbed  with  black  sillc.  W^ings— Dark  part  of  the 
blue-jay's  wing.  Legs — A  very  dark  furnace  hackle.  For  Pennsylvania, 
hooks  Nos.  8  to  10 ;  for  Now  York,  hooks  Nos.  6  to  8 ;  for  New  England, 
hook  No.  6. 

gff.  Cinnamon,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Fawn-colored  floss  silk  ribbed  with  red  silk  thread.  Wings — Feathor 
of  a  yellow-brown  hen's  wing.  Legs — A  ginger  hackle,  ^or  Pennsylvania, 
hook  No.  8 ;  for  New  York,  hook  No.  6 ;  for  New  England,  hook  No.  6. 

1^.  Blue-bottle,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Bright  blue  floss  silk  with  a  few  turns  of  brown  floss  at  the  shoulder. 
Wings — From  the  quill-feather  of  a  water-hen.  Legs — Black  hackle  from 
a  cock  wrapped  down  the  principal  part  of  the  body.  For  Pennsylvania, 
hook  No.  8 ;  for  New  York,  hook  No.  6 ;  for  New  England,  hook  No.  5. 

^  Whirling-blue  Dun,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 

Body — Squirrel's  red-brown  fur  mixed  with  yellow  mohair.  Tail — One  or 
two  whisks  of  a  pale  ginger  hackle.  Wings— From  the  quill-feather  of  a 
Bittliacd.  For  Pennsylvania,  hook  No.  8;  for  New  York,  hook  No.  6;  for 
Wtm  Kngland,  hook  No.  6. 

1       ^lLHal4— 8 


i 


114      ANIHAL  BE80DBCE8  AKD  FISBESrBS  OF  UMITED  BTATXfl. 

Hooks  (iDclndiug  a  fbll  series  of  nnmoanted  hooks,  of  noeot  t 
aboriginal  manafiustnre). 

32737.  Artiflcial  flies  for  troat,  salmon,  and  bass — Contiimed. 

gi.  Willow,  witb  water-color  Bketch  of  originaL 

Body— Hold's  fiir  mixed  with  a  Uttl«  fine  yellow  moluir.  Wing*— IW 
qalll-£aatlier  of  a  wnter-ben  OT  coot.  Legs— A  dark  don  ben^  bacUc  I 
PemuylvanJo,  hooks  Nos.  8  to  10;  for  New  Torfc,  hook  No.  8;  lit  S 
EDgUod,  hooks  Mos.  6  and  & 

gk.  Bcftnty  Snow. 

gl.  B«d  Palmer,  with  wnter^olor  sketch  of  origiDsL 

Body — Bed  mohair  ribbed  with  gold  twiat  or  tinsel.  Legs— A  Mood- 
cock's  (saddle)  hackle  wrapped  nicely  OTcr  it,  working  the  hackle  t\» 
together  at  the  shonlder.  For  Pennsylvniiia,  hooksNos.  6,  8,  and  IB; 
New  York,  hooks  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6 ;  for  New  England,  hooks  Ncs.  %  4,  lu 

gm.  Black  and  Red  Palmer,  with  wat«r-color  sketch  of  originaL 
gtt.  Brown  Palmer,  with  water-color  sketch  of  original. 
go.  Furnace. 
gp.  Griizle. 
gq.  Ginger. 

gt.  Soldier. 
gt.  White. 
gtt.  Grizzle  Peacock, 

ga.  Block  Peacock. 

gx.  Black. 

gy.  Brown  Peacock. 


I 

AKIlfAL  RESOUKCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     115 

« (twisted  and  plaited). 

inen  lines. 

25626.  Hard-braid  linen  lines.    (1  to  5;  50  yards  eacli.)    G.  H.  Mansfield  &, 

Co.,  Canton,  Mass. 
25631.    Series  of  braided  linen  fish-linea    (50  yards.)    G.  H.  Mansfield  Si, 

Co.,  Canton,  Mass. 

25612.  Linen  fish-lines.    J.  &.  S.  Allen,  Walpole,  Mass. 

25613.  Linen  fish-lines.  << 
256ia  Linen  fish-lines.  '< 

25637.  Linen  bass-line.    (600  feet.)    Bradford  &,  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 

otton  lines. 

25619.  Cotton  fish-lines.  (20  feet  hank.)   L.  Crandall  &,  Co.,  Ashaway,  R.  I. 

25620.  Cotton  fish-lines.  (50  feet  shroud,  laid.)  '^ 

25621.  Cotton  fish-lines.  (28-fathom  hawser.)  '^ 

25622.  Cotton  fish-lines.  (14-fathom  hawser.)  << 

26738.  Fishing-line,  No.  3.   (Sea-Island  fly-line. )  J.  W.  Dresser,  Castine,  Me. 

26733.  Fishing-line,  No.  5.  "  " 

26743.  Fishing-line,  No.  5.    (Grolden  mackerel,  oiled.)     '^  '^ 

26741.  Fishing-line,  No.  6.    (Golden  mackerel,  oiled.)     **  '' 

26735.  Fishing-Une,  No.  6.  "  " 

26744.  Fishing-line,  No.  7.    (Groldon  mackerel,  white.)    **  " 

26739.  Fishing-line,  No.  7.    (White.)  **  ** 

26742.  Fishing-line,  No.  8.    (Golden  mackerel,  oiled.)     "  " 

26740.  Fishing-line,  No.  9.    (Golden  mackerel,  oiled.)     <<  '< 

26734.  Fishing-line,.  No.  9.  *'  " 

26745.  Fishing-lines,  No.  7,  8,  and  9.    (Sea-side  cotton  chalk-line,  white.) 

J.  W.  Dresser,  Castine,  Me. 

26736.  Fishing-line,  No.  10.     (14  fathoms,  hawser-laid.)     J.  W.  Dresser, 

Castine,  Me^ 
26732.  Fishing-line,  No.  11.     (Blnefish.)     (24  fathoms  long,  hawser-laid.) 
J.  W.  Dresser,  Castine,  Me. 

25624.  Tarred  cotton  fishing-lines.     (25-fathom  shroud.)     L.  Crandall  & 

Co.,  Ashaway,  R.  I. 

25623.  Cotton  fishing-lines.     (50  feet  shroud,  laid.)     L.  Crandall  &,  Co., 

Ashaway,  R.  I. 
26016.  Golden  mackerel  lines  of  assorted  sizes.    Made  from  pure  Sea-Isloixl 
cotton.    J.  W.  Dresser,  Castine,  Me. 

25625.  Braided  cotton  fishing-lines.  G.  H.  Mansfield  &,  Co.,  Canton,  Mass. 
25636.  Sea-Island  cotton  mackerel-lines.  Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 
25627.  Water-proof  braided  fish-lines.    (B  to  G.)    G.  H.  Mansfield  &  Co., 

Canton,  Mass. 
660.  Fishing-line.    Northwest  coast  of  America.    G.  Gibbs. 

Vlialebone  lines. 

2193.  Whalebone  fish-line.     Anderson  River  Indians.     Anderson  River. 

R.  MacFarlane. 
S197.  Whalebone  line  with  hooks.    Eskimo.    Anderson  River.    R.  Mao 

Farlane. 
20ifti  WliAl^bone  line.    Arctic  coast.    B.  R.  Ross. 


116      AlOHAL  BB80UBCES  ASD  FI8BEBIE8  OF  DHITBD  BTAin. 

liines  (twisted  and  plaited). 

Hide  ]ines. 

8787.  Fishing-line  made  of  Heal-sldii.     Mshlemut  EabiiDo.    'V.  H.  Dt! 
87SG.  Fietuag-lino  made  of  seal-Bkin.      Kaviokemat  Eakimo.     Ont 

Harbor,  AlasliB.    W.  H.  DaU. 
8780.  Fishing-lino  made  of  seal-skin.    Una]e«t  Eskinw.     St.  Hkb 

Alaskft.    W.  H.  DaU. 
16314.  Horpooa-line.    Nonivak  Island,  Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 
156IT.  Harpooa-line.     Hade  of  skin  of  yonug  walnu.     Alaska.    E 

Elliott. 
1937fi.  Harpoon-line  made  of  seal-skin.    Eev.  James  Cnrly. 
Bark  lines. 

S065&.  Fishing-line  made  of  cedar  bark.    Bella  Bella,  B.  C.    J.  0.  Sot 
20S89.  FishiQg-line  made  of  spruce  root-fibera.    Humegan  Indians.  Pi 

of  Wales  Islands,  Alaska.    J.  O.  Swan. 
SC831.  Harpoon-line,  cedar  bark.    Makah  Indians.    J.  0.  Swan. 

Kelp  lines. 

666.  Fishing-lines  of  sea-woed.     (Kertoogitit  Inlkeana.)    Northnnt  - 

of  America.    0.  Oibbs. 
6561.  Fish-line  of  kelp.    (NtreoeytlU  Ivtkeana.)    With  halibnt-bookB. 

dah  Indians.     Prince  of  Wales  Archipelago.    Dr.  T.  T.  Mino 
105S.  Fish-line.     {NercocgtlU  lutkrana.)    Sorlhwest  coast.    Lieot.  J 
White. 
26618.  Halibnt-line  of  kelp.     (_Xereocy»tU  Ivtha^a.)    Uakah  Indian!. 

Bay,  W.  T.    J.  O.  Swan. 
26810.  Fish-lioe  of  kelp  with  halibnt-hooks.     Clyoqnot  Indian*.   T« 
tot's  Isliind.    J.  G.  Swan. 

(ACCESSOET.)     APPABATUS  foe  TWISriMG  UNES 

Snoods,  leaders,  and  traces. 


ANIMAL  BESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OP  UNITED  STATES.     117 

:cr§. 

'Sinkers  and  swivels. 


vivclB.    Forfishing-Hnes.    Bradford  &.  Anthem y,  Boslon,  1 
uiltaulog.    NfinportDiixluls.   | 


,  Siali^ranndav 

25G05.  Scries  of  siukcrsaBedinfiiiliiBgrcrcoda] 

J.  M.  K.  Sotithwkk,  Newport,  H.  I. 
25607.  Huod-line  aiukera.    Bhodo  laland  >iod  £uet<<cu  Connectiuut.     A.  R.  ^ 

C'rittunden. 
3371S.  Cod-line  sinker.    Cenlrol  Wlarf  Company,  Provincetown,  Hub. 
S94&6.  Cod-U>ad  mold.     Used  to  uiuku  funo  in  muldiDg.    Jubu  D.  ForiHiiis,    , 

Hockport,  Mobs. 
15501.  Sinker  made  of  nalnu  Ivoiy.     Poriioo^  Kaklmos,  Alaska.     U.  W. 

ElUott. 


.  Net-»iuker8.    Wilcox,  Critt«nden  &.  Co.,  Hiddletown,  Conu. 

39393.  Nrt-rings  or  sinkers.     Wilcox,  Critteuden  is.  Co.,  Middlctowu,  Coidl. 
39474.  I'liiuitive  uot-ainkciB.     Used  iu  Wcllflcct,  Maw.     Newell  B.  Kicli, 

Wetllleot,  Maes. 
2G800.  McnLailen-DPt  siDkers  (old  stylo).     Formerly  usod  about  Boyerlj  ouit   J 

Salpn],  MuBS.    Georgo  B.  Foster,  Bcvprly,  Maiffi. 
25603.  StiuL'-aiukerB.     Newport  model,    J.  U.  K.  SoiHliwift,  Nen-port,  R.  I. 


Chopsticks. 

(hte-armed  chopsticks  or  "revolving  booms." 

Is. 

Liae-doatfl  of  wooil,  cork,  and  quill. 

25601.  Egg-shaped  HontH.    Wm.  M.  Yonng,  Philadelphia,  Pram. 

25<it!2.  Barrel-aba|H!d  Uoats.  ■' 

05663.  Saake-hend  floats.  "  '* 

25(i&4.  QiiUl  floats. 

fieine-floate  of  cork,  wood,  glass,  and  niblier  tubing, 

25597,  fieine-corka.     Used  at  Newport,  li.  1.     J.  31.  K.  Ijoiitliwirk,  Neivport, 
K.  I. 

Harpoon-floats  of  bladder,  inflat«d  skin,  and  woo«l. 

dOaoe.  Seal-ekin  bnoy.     Sitka  Alaska.    J.  G.  Swan. 
1035.  Beal-ekin  bnoy.    Makoli  Indiana.    Pnget  Sound.    J.  G.  Swiin. 
19515.  Seal-akiu  buoy.    North  Greenland.     G.  Y.  Nickcraon. 
S68S4.  Bcal-nkin  buoy.     (Used  in  wlmle  finberica.)    Clyoquut  IndionK,  Vui^  J 

oouver's  Isliind.    J.  G,  Swan. 
SGSiS.  Seal-skin  buoy.    (U»cd  In  wbale  Dhberies.)    Clymiuot  Indians,  Van>  ' 

oonvei'i  Island,    J.  O.  Swiin. 
VXm.  Seal's  bladder  buoy.     Bella  Bella,  B.  C.    J.  G.  Swiui. 
837, 4970.  Seal-akin  buoy  with  rope.    Makah  Indians.    NiM?ah  Bay,  Puget   I 
Sound.  W.  T.    J.  G.  Swan. 

^g  anil  other  floats  lor  lobater-pots,  gill-nets,  &c. 
nioIe-Une  drag. 


118     AMIMAli  BE80UHCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  BTITSB. 

29.  (ACCEBBOBT.)     AnGLING-APPABATUB. 

Reels. 

Simple  reels  for  fly-flshiug,  with  and  withont  che^ 

2G590.  BnkSB  iishing-rtcl.    Plain,  sluglc,  with  Tiug.    Bmdford  8c.  inhnT, 

BoetuD,  MiisH. 
25589.  BrasB  lishiug-reel.    Plain,  single,  uith  plate..     Bradford  Ic  inOnaj, 

Boston,  Mobs. 
2S^S7.  Brass  flabiug-rcc^l.    PUin,  single,  with  atop  and  ring.    Bndbtj  i 

Anthouy,  Buatcin,  Moss. 
S5588.  Braes  fishing-reel.     Plain,  single,  witli  slop  and  plale.    BndM  t 

Anthony,  Boston,  Moss. 
25577.  Hard-rublMT  lisliiog-recl,  Gerraan-silvcr  liand.     Rim  vrrj'  ni 

with  IcMithtr  case.     Bradford  &  Anthony,  BobIol,  Hum. 
255fi8.  Hiird-rubber  suliuon-Dshlng  reel,    Gcrmau^ilvt'r  rim.    BradforJl 

Authonj,  Boston,  3tass. 
25581.  Rubber  trout-reel.    (Fowlcr'spatent.)    Bradford  A.  Antlionr,  Beam. 

25592,  Oriiu'  patent  Gshing-ri'el.     Germnu  silver,  nickeled  and  pi'rfo 

Bradford  6c.  Anthony,  Boston,  Moss. 
25567.  Fine  click  bruss  fishing-reeL     (25  yards.)    Bradford  &.  An'lmr. 

Boston,  Mass. 
S55S6.  Brass  fiahiug-reoL     Cticb,  with  plate.     Bradford  &.Aiitlu<ii}-,Bnktii>. 

25585.  Brass  fisluog-rct'l.     Click,  with  ring.     Bradford  Sc^  Aulhony,  B 

25575.  German-silver troul-Qshing reel.     Click, with  rua.    BrodfoidlAi- 

thony,  Boston,  Mass. 
25565.  Germon-eilver  trout  click  fishing-reel,    {iro  yarda.1    Bradfind*  J>» 

thooy,  Boston,  Moos. 
2554i9.  Hard-rubber  troul-fisJiiug  reel.     Click,  German-silver  rim. 
25571.  Huni-rubber  trout-fishing  rwl.     Clii^k,  plain  rim.     BradfnRl  i 


ikHUAL  BBSOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     119 

:eel8« 

Multiplying  reels  for  bass  fishing,  with  or  without  check. 

25574.  Gennan-flilTer  fishing-reel.  Multiplying;  25  yards.  Bradford  & 
Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 

25570.  Hard  rubber  troat-fishing  reel.  Multiplying ;  60  yards.  Bradford 
&,  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 

25584.  Brass  fishing-reel.  Multiplying  stop  and  plate.  Bradford  &  An- 
thony, Boston,  Mass. 

25573.  Brass  fidiing-reel.  Multiplying  drag ;  60  yards.  Bradford  &  An- 
thony, Boston,  Mass. 

25572L  German-sUyer  fishing-reel.  Steel  pivot,  multiplying  drag,  300  yardK. 
Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 

25578.  CeUulold  fishing-reel.  With  multiplying  click  and  extra  spool. 
Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 

Gunwale-winches. 
Trawl-line  rollers. 

29432.  Trawl-roller  or  hauler.  ProTincetown  style.  Andrew  Kemicdy, 
Proyincetown,  Mass. 

29434.  Trawl-roller  or  hauler.  Cape  Ann  style.  Samuel  Elwell,  jr.,  Glou- 
cester, Mass. 

29488.  Trawl-roller  and  eye-plat«.  First  used  by  Provincetown  fishermen. 
Amasa  Taylor,  Proyincetown,  Moss. 

29445.  Improyed  trawl-roller  and  socket.  Amasa  Taylor,  Proyincetown, 
Mass. 

25767.  Trawl-roller.    Used  to  haul  in  trawls  oyer  the  sides  of  dory.    Allen 

L.  McDonald,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
.  Trawl-winch.    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown  Goods. 

Dredge-line  rollers. 
Seine- windlasses. 

[ftne-holders. 

Whaleman's  line-tub. 

88  F.  C.  Sounding-liue  reel.    XT.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

25009.  Harpoon-line  and  tub.  Used  in  whale-boat.  J.  H.  Thomson,  New 
Bedford,  Mass. 

Tub  for  trawl-line.    (See  under  Trawl.) 

Winders. 

Spools. 

25592.  Crab-line  reel.  Used  in  Newport,  R.  I.  J.  M.  K.  Southwick,  New- 
port, R.  L 

Seine-reels. 
tods. 

-     96611.  Common  rod.    Three  pieces;  ash  and  hornbeam;  brass  mounting. 
Bradford  &,  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 


120     ANIIUL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHEBIICB  OF  UBITeD  STAIU, 


25501.  General  fisbing-rod.    Nine  piecei ;  Gemuui-ailTer  n 

ford  Sl  AntboD;,  Boston,  If  bm. 
SSSOO.  Qenerol  fiihiug-iod.    Six  pieces;  Mh  uidlanc«wood;  GciibimIti 

mounting.     Bradford  &  Anthony,  BoBton,  If  aw. 
S0890.  Tmok-rod  of  greeDhcart, ;  five-jointed,  wilb  extra  fourth  pirn  u 

tip,  seven  pieces  in  all ;  weight,  8  oi. ;  length,   II  fret  6  iiclit 

TliiKldens  NorriB,  Philadelphia,  Pa, 
3&51S.  Gudgpon-rod.     Three  pieces;  asb  and  borabeMn;  bran aioiinliii 

common.     Bradford  &,  Anthony,  Boston,  Mast. 
85510.  Common  piekerel-rod.    Four  pieces.    Bradlunl  &.  Antbopj,  Ban 

25509.  Bait-rod  for  trout.     Four  pieces;  common.    Bndfoid  &.  AntbM 

Boston,  Mass. 
S5513.  Jointed  rod.     Fonr  Joints,  extra  tips,  tie  guides;  made  of  Cilnr 

bamboo;  fnll  mounted  in  brass.     Bradford  Sc  Anthony,  BhU 

25508.  Common  bass-rod.     Four  pieces ;  brass  moonted.    BradfbTU  t  i 
thonj-,  Boston,  Mass. 

25498.  Light  bana-rod.     Fonr  pieces;  extra  top;  ash  aiud  laucvvood;  li 

man-silver  mounting.    Bradford  &,  Anthony,  Boetnu,  UaM. 
25497.  Basa-riML    Fonr  pieces  and  extra  top  for  sca-flshiug;  ash  and  Ui 

wood;   Oeruiau-silver  monnting;  jeweled  tip,     Bcodfurd  i  . 

thony,  Boston,  Mass. 
25496.  gen-bass  rod.    Ash  butt  joint,  bamlioo  middle  Joint,  lanoewondHo 

double  guides,  jeweled;  German-silTer  monnting;  Jeweird  I: 

Bradford  &,  Antbonf,  Boston,  Mass. 

25499.  BInck-bass  rod.      Four   pieces  and   two    exttA  tops;   split  b 

boo;   German-silver  mounting.     Bradford  &.  Antbouy,  BM 

31^02.  Fly-rod.     Three  pieces  and  extra  t«p;   oedjw  and  ^tlil  ban! 
Bradford  &  Anthony,  Boston,  Mass. 


ANIIUL  BESOUBCES  AND  FI8HEEIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     121 

da. 

The  following  are  the  advantages  claimed  by  Mr.  Graves  for  his  new 
rods: 

"  1.  The  line  is  concealed  and  cannot  be  caught  in  underbrash  or  branches. 

2.  The  strain  on  the  rod  is  equalized  through  the  entire  length. 

3.  There  is  no  friction  through  rings  or  guides  except  on  the  tip. 

4.  The  strength  of  ^he  rod  is  greatly  increased. 

5.  The  weight  of  the  rod  is  diminished. 

6.  The  wet  line  is  not  reeled  up  to  decay. 

7.  The  rod  goes  under  the  brush  whore  the  big  trout  lie. 

8.  It  adds  greatly  to  the  comfort  and  pleasure  of  'the  gentle  art."' 
8666L  Plain  fly-rod.     Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.     Con- 
tributed by  Forest  &.  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

26662.  Bait-rod.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Contributed 
by  Forest  &,  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

aM663.  Bait-rod.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Contributed 
by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

2(712.  English  fly-rods.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Con- 
tributed by  Forest  &,  Stream  Piiblishing  Company. 

26707.  Rod-case.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Contributed 
by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

25682.  Split  bamboo  trout-rod.     11^  feet.    H.  L.  Leonard,  Bangor,  Me. 

26660.  Split  bamboo  rod.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Con- 
tributed by  Forest  &.  Stream*  Publishing  Company. 

26888.  Extra  greenheart  trout-rod ;  cedar  case ;  three-Jointed,  with  one  extra 

middle  and  two  extra  tips,  six  pieces  in  all ;  weight,  8  oz. ;  length, 
12  feet.    Thaddeus  Norris,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

26889.  Rent  and  glued  bamboo  trout-rod  in  cedar  case,  with  one  extra  mid- 

dle and  two  extra  tips,  six  pieces  in  all ;  weight,  8  oz. ;  length, 

12  feet.    Thaddeus  Norris,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
96883.  Plain  trout-rod  of  greenheart ;  three-jointed,  with  extra  middle  and 

tip,  five  pieces;  weight,  8  oz. ;  length,  .    Thaddeus  Norris, 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 
25881.  Split  bamboo  grilse-rod.    14  feet.    H.  L.  Leonard,  Bangor,  Me. 

25883.  Split  bamboo  salmon-rod.     16  feet.  **  '< 

25884.  Piece  of  bamboo.     Showing  spUting  process  in  construction  of  rods. 

H.  L.  Leonard,  Biuigor,  Me. 

25885.  Piece  of  bamboo.     Showing  gluing  process  in  construction  of  rods. 

H.  L.  Leonard,  Bangor,  Me. 
25401.  Chapman's  combination  troUing-pole.    Hnrpoon-line  holder  and  cane. 
W.  D.  Chapman,  Theresa,  N.  Y. 

25796.  Horn  cod-line  swivel.  Much  used  in  olden  time  by  Grand  and 
George*8  Banks  fishermen.     George  B.  Foster,  Beverly,  Mass. 

25945.  Cod-line  swivel.     Central  Wharf  Company,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

26017.  Cod-line  gange-swivcl.     A.  R.  Crittemlen,  Middlctown,  Conn. 

25944-6.  Patent  gauge-swivel.    Used  iu  cml-fishing.     Central  Wharf  Com- 
pany, Gloucester,  Moss. 

29486.  Cod-gange  swivel.  Showiug  mode  of  fastening.  Lemuel  Cook,  2d, 
Provincetowu,  Mass. 

8M87,  Haddook-gange  swivel.    Showing  mode  of  fastennig.    Lemuel  Cook, 
ftAf  Provincetowu,  Mass. 
Woodkione-swivel.    Used  en  cod-line.    Cap*:.  E.  L.  Rowe,  Gloucester, 


122     ANIUAL  BE80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STIOBL 


S5IM2.  Halibat-gange.    Showing  mode  of  fastening  on  the  bo^   A.  I 

Cilttenden. 
29457.  Sboik-hook  awivol.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  A  Co.,  HldOetowmCtn 
29395.  Primitive  ttttwl-baoy  gwivela.     George  B.  FiMtW,  BeTcrif.llHL 
39476.  Halibut  trawl-bnoy  swireL    Used  by  the  Geoige'a  Banb  lUiaM 

Auuua  Taylor,  ProTincetown,  Mast. 
39498.  Trawi-buoy  snivels.    Alex.  McCnrdy,  Eut  GloiH:««ter,  Him. 
2&187.  Trawl-bnoyropeHwiTBl.  Wilcox,Critteiiden&Co.,lIiddletovmCw 
25946.  Trawl-buoy  inpe  awiveL     Central  Wtuuf  Company,  FiDTiDnlm 

Maas. 


Clearing-rings. 
IHngorgen. 


394^  Trawl-eheave  bnshing.     Samuel  Elwell,  jr.,  OloooMter,  IUk 
.  Halibut  "gob^stick."    Philip  Meickant,  OkmceAtar,  Hhl 


V.  KETS. 

Entangling-hets. 

9Ie8bing-ne(«  (eutangling  in  meshes). 

J  Barrier-neU, 

Babbit-nets,  used  by  Indians  of  the  SouthweHt. 

14405-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21.      SmaU  i»bWI-»* 
Pi-Ute  Indiana,  Southern  Utah.     Mfij.  J.  W.  Powell. 
00.  Small  rabliil-net.  Pi-Ute  ludians,  Soa  them  Utah.  Utj-J.^I^ 


BE80DHCE8  AND  FISnBBIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      123 

IT-neCtt  (eutaiigling  iu  meslios). 
ets  aaed  in  th»  Great  Lakes. 

two  tm^Hluw  in  ili-plh,  31  to  5  inoli  mesh.  The  nels  viiivn  liung  (it  uiounUil 
lornBis  contain  t^-om  uuo  to  ibri'n  piiiiuilaiir  noliliing,  and  mage  in  Icn^li 
from  m  t«  1^  yanln,  and  is  ilcptli  fnmi  4^  ti>  6  fevt.  Tlicy  aiv  let  iu 
gangH  of  i)x>ni  tluvu  lu  tWv  unts,  and  tliivo  to  live  Bangs  ore  laid  mit  in 
Ann  setting  nanally  hy  alilof  oaillioatAorstoaiuars,  (t^uHUiiHlnlHof  Mfuki- 
uaw  boat  auil  laku  gill-uci  st^uuiur, ) 

For  Uoaltng  Ibp  iipiHV  liuu,  round  or  octagonal  DuiUnfliark  or  wooden 
piukuta  about  two  uud  onf<-liuir  fevt  iu  k>ogtL  nr  ow  1  b  nk  m  ai«  <i( 
load  or  HtunK.  Tlic-  nets  are  set  in  tniat  20  to  1011  fulL  n  »  f  nator,  tbi< 
liHid-iiiie  nesting  ujiou  tliu  bottom.    They  uru  taken  out  o  u.  u  iveok  and 

They  oro  n»ed  principally  for  the  cnptiire  of  tlii-  wh  t  flsl  {Coregoniu 
olbtM,  >rf.),  and  tbv  Inku  front  (.SnlmanunKi^cuiiA)  tli  u  t  inotit of  tliu coni- 
mon  lakn  tiabca  an>  tAki'n  Li  thiiM  meahea.  Sso-Iitlaiid  ootton  (3, 4.  h,  aiul 
€  thread]  in  Iwing  largely  aubstitntrd  for  Unnu  iu  their  mauuAiuturo. 

Thn  Weight  of  the  twinl^  pTtsferrvd  by  Kalicrmcu  varies  in  dilTotunt  locnli* 
tl««,  thot  nmA  in  Oiveu  Day  l>ciiig  tiko  flnl:^sT,  that  In  Lnko  Erio  nrxt. 
theu  I^kw  Michigan  and  &u|t«i'Ior,  and  hpavi<wt  iu  Luke  Hnrao.  Lake 
Onrorio  ruiisuniuH  about  G.UOO  pounds  of  ui>ttiug  aiinuHlly,  Eriu  7,51X1, 
Huron  6.00(1,  Miuhigim  20,000,  Oreun  Day  2,500.  aud  Liika  Superior  5,0(W. 
The  uggregDie  length  uf  this  netting  b  probably  about  1,37^000  yitrdfl. 

o  und  Lcrring  ^ll-nuta. 

IvmI  in  tbv  Greiit  Lukes  in  tlio  euptnre  of  Iho  siiu'O  {Salmo  niiumeet)  and  the 

'  Tl)csu  ut>in  arp  hung  and  ant  like  th<^  vhiteflsh-neta  prerioiisly  doKribcd. 
Tb><y  am  kiiit  from  linen  Ihreiul  (:{5-C(>,'.Vcord}  30  to  40  ine«hes  in  depth, 
nod  3)  (a  3  iucli  inenli.  About  S.i^OO  poitudx  arc  unniiully  consuiupd.  rhiolly 
obout  Eackel'B  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  and  Laki-a  Huron  luid  Mitliigun.     (E,  I(. 

Frondi.) 

JioroU  gUl-uets. 

liN.ll  on  Ihe  rnaxl  fn.u]  Cnpe  Cml  lo  Cupe  Ilaltcnis  iu  Ibc  caplnrt'of  thi-bluc- 
■h  {I'omatmniiii  naltalrij^). 

*Th(WD  nets  arc  knit  f>oni  cotton  twines  (1:2-16  Ihreod.  }  patent),  and  ore 
7S  to  UN)  fathoniM  in  lengtli.  and  BU  to  200  uie«bes  in  depth,  from  4^  to  6 
loch  miieh.  They  aru  heavily  l««ded  and  uuclinrvd  willi  lead-line  on  the 
iMitlOm.  olT-«hore,  iu  fruui  10  to  SO  fathoms  of  water.  They  are  chiefly 
tisi<d  by  Nvw  York  fislitDg  veasels;  probably  1,000  oruiore  aroin  use  on  the 
eoMt.  In  the  winttr  seusou  tlie  llBhing  vcaaels  Ibllow  tlu>  bluefish  as  fax 
•onlli  aa  Capo  Hnttcioa.    (E.  B.  Freaeh.) 

3e  or  trail  giTl-neta. 

wnI  on  the  coikHt  of  Nc!w  .lersoy  in  tb.>   ciipdirc!  of  tlje  Spanish  mackerel 

ICgbiym  trnirulatiiM),  &.f. 

•Tlieae  nets  ore  periilinr  in  shape.  They  are  straight  netB,  nnehored  iu 
itut  torn  of  nn  U  with  n  honk-tike  continuation,  hnavily  loaded,  and  with 
uichon  at  the  angliyi.  They  aw  knit  from  cottnn  twines  {'i-l2  thread,  i 
paiMii),thoou(Kr  end  Ving  of  Untr  twine.  Their  length  is  nhnut  100 
&Ih4iRi«,  ili'til  li  73-10(1  mcHbes,  3{  to  4  Inch  uieRh.  About  100  of  these  nro 
in  uMou  tlifconot,  mostly  between  Saudy  Hook  and  Bame gat  iJgbt.  (E. 
B.  rninch.) 


124     ANDCAI.  BESOCBCES  AHD  FI8REKIEB  OF  DNTCBD  SUTB. 
ncshiiig-ncts  (entaogliDg  in  meshes). 

Salmon  hook-gill-net  of  the  Saint  Lawrence. 

iDrifi-nets. 
f  Those  drifting  acroaa  the  Uda, 
Shad  gill-nets  osed  in  Sonthem  rivers. 

2C136, 2G131-2.  Model  of  shad  gill-net  American  NetmndTwlwCoDptn, 
Bostoa  and  Now  York. 

Used  in  rivers  of  the  Atliuitio  coast. 

These  nets  ore  knit  of  linen  thread  {22-60,  3-cord,  and  80-80,  »«riV 
They  range  in  length  from  50  to  ^OOfathnma,  and  in  depth  ftran  SS  W  " 
uicshcs,  4}  to  5  inch  mesh.    They  are  used  excliisivelj-  as  drifl-nrU 

On  the  Connecticut  River  about  4,000  poundM  of  this  netting  sre  "" 
annually.  The  average  weight  of  a  not  is  30  to  40  poonds,  its  ilepib4i> 
50  meshes,  5J  to  54  inches. 

On  the  Hudson  Biver  about  7,500  pounds  are  annQallynsed.fineilii'** 
(50-75, 2.cord),  100  to  200  fathoms  in  length,  and  from  50  to  90  mittn ' 
depth,  41  to  G  iuch,  weight  from  15  to  30  pounds  to  the  net- 
In  the  Delaware, Potomac,  and  Chesai>eake 20,000 puandsareoKil.^ 
30  to  GO  meshes  in  depth,  aud  Ci  (30  to  40, 2-cord)  length,  75  to  lOO&lka 

In  the  rivers  of  North  Carolina  nets  are  made  from  conns  tninr  (^ 
3-oord,  and  20-35,  3-eord)  25  to  40  meshes  in  depth,  5-51  E*i(^-  ^ 
lenjitth  is  about  100  yards.    About  25,000  iKiunds  are  used  annnsllv. 

In  the  rivers  of  South  Carolina  the  twine  is  slightly  finer  than  in. V'' 
Carolina  (25-35,  3-cnrd),  25toG0  meshta  deep,  tliesiz«oth<>nrisesbMiti 
some.     1,500  ponnds  are  used  annually. 

In  GtHirgia  and  Florida  almut  0,000  poauds  are  used.  This  nettiii: 
knit  from  linen  thread  (30-10,  3-cord,  and  25-.t5,  U-cord)  40  to  CO  M^ 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     125 


iiii8r"ii6t8  (entangling  in  meshes). 

Series  of  samples  of  gill-netting.     American  Ket  and 
Twine  Company,  Boston  and  New  York : 


26848. 

Depth  15  meshes, 

size  of  mesh  1^  inch, 

26849. 

it 

35 

tt 

tt 

2i 

26850. 

<( 

100 

it 

tt 

2i 

26851. 

« 

35 

• 

tt 

tt 

2i 

26R'V2. 

« 

50 

tt 

tt 

n 

26853. 

It 

22 

tt 

tt 

2* 

26854. 

tt 

50 

tt 

tt 

2* 

26^5. 

tt 

100 

tt 

tt 

2* 

26856. 

tt 

100 

tt 

tt 

3 

26^7. 

tt 

100 

tt 

tt 

3i 

26858. 

tt 

16 

tt 

tt 

3i 

26859. 

tt 

16 

tt 

it 

3i 

26860. 

It 

40 

tt 

tt 

3f 

26861. 

tt 

50 

tt 

tt 

4 

26802. 

it 

17 

tt 

tt 

4 

26833. 

tt 

35 

tt 

tt 

4 

26834. 

tt 

16 

it 

tt 

4i 

26885. 

tt 

45 

tt 

ti 

4i 

26866. 

tt 

14 

tt 

tt 

4i 

26837. 

tt 

14 

tt 

it 

4i 

26868. 

tt 

14 

tt 

tt 

4i 

26839. 

tt 

14 

tt 

tt 

H 

26870. 

tt 

16 

tt 

tt 

4i 

26871. 

tt 

13 

tt 

tt 

^ 

268r2. 

tt 

18 

It 

tt 

4i 

26873. 

ti 

16 

tt 

It 

4* 

26874. 

tt 

45 

tt 

tt 

5 

26875. 

tt 

12 

It 

ti 

5 

26876. 

tt 

GO 

tt 

tt 

5 

26877. 

tt 

G5 

t€ 

tt 

5 

26878. 

tt 

35 

tt 

tt 

^ 

26879. 

tt 

75 

it 

tt 

Ci 

2G880. 

tt 

11 

It 

it 
XBrift- 

C 

neU. 

No.  20 

"  40 

'*  25 

"  30 

"  25 

*'  35 

"  16 

"  25 

"  25 

**  25 

"  25 

"  30 

"  18 

"  20 

"  35 

"  40 

"  35 

"  40 

'*  35 

**  50 

"  35 

"  35 

"  35 

"  50 

"  50 

"  35 

"  30 

"  30 

"  35 

"  40 

"  35 

"  35 

"  35 


thread. 


t  Those  drifting  across  the  tide. 

t  ■ 

W135.  One  bale  of  brown  gill-notting.    American  Net  and  Twine  Company, 

Boston,  Mass. 
2G139.  One  bale  of  white  gill-notting.     American  Net  and  Twine  Company, 

Boston,  I^Iass. 

if  Those  drifting  along  the  tide, 

[ackerel  gill-nets. 
Eepring  gill-nets. 

38184-28-38.  Herring  gill-net.    Used  on  the  coast  of  New  England  and  the 
Fkorinces  in  the  captnre  of  the  herring  {Clupea  harengu$),    Amer 
Kel  and  Twine  Compftnyi  Boston,  Mass. 


1'26      ANnCAL  BESOUBOES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  OHITBD  flTAin. 

niesiiingr-nets  (entangling  in  meshes). 

Herring  gill-uete. 

These  nets  are  about  40  yards  long  and  150  meshes  in  depth.  Ttef  vi 
stretched  together  in  big  gangs,  floated  by  pieces  of  wood  and  wri^iM 
b;  stones.  They  are  made  of  45  and  6  thread  cotton  ftom  14  to  tO  jin, 
m  inch  avenge  mesh.  American  Net  and  Tnine  Company,  Bm(mi,1Iml 
.  Model  of  herring  gill-net.    American  Set  aai  Twine  Compuj,  But- 

Otiier  gill-nets. 

1667.  Oill-net.    Andeison  Biver  Eakimoe.     Anderson  SiTer,  H.  B.  T-  t' 

MucFailane. 
7968.  OiU-not  made  of  animal  fiber.    Kawqnettle  Indians.    Vsncomirt 

Inland,  B.  C.     Dr.  T.  T.  Minor. 
19043.  Gill-net    Cooynwoe  Pi-Ufe  Indians.    Pyramid  Lake,  Nev.   SWpb* 

Powers. 
4765.  GiU-netmadoofBabiche."    Anderson  River  Indians.    Vatkaoii 

River  district,  H.  B.  T.    HacFarlaue. 

Pocket-netfi  (eutaiigliug  in  pockets). 
Trammel-uetB. 

25270.  Modi'l  trammel-net.     10  feet  long,  2  feet  wide,  2  and  5  inrh 

William  E.  Hooper  &  Sons,  Baltimore.  Md. 
26118-29.  Trammel-net,    American  Net  and  Twine  Company. 

Uaeil  for  general  fiahing  in  rivo.rs  and  ponds  of  Smibem  iliK 
Valley. 

These  nets  range  from  20  to  75  yarda  in  length,  4  to  6}  fert  in  iH*^ 
The  inside  netting  of  finer  linen  thread  (liO-ai,  3-cord),  mesh  B-SJ,  1 W 
than  the  outside.     The  outside  netting- wallfrom  cotton  <15-SlltK<"^ 


OmiAL  HESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     127 

ss-seines. 
leflsh-seines. 
3eliu-semes.         ' 
rring-seines. 

96119.  Model  of  heiTing-seiiie.  Used  on  coasts  of  New  Englmid  and  the 
Provinces  in  capture  of  herring  (Clupea  harengua),  and  in  the  Hud- 
son, Potomac,  Delaware,  and  Chesapeake,  and  in  North  Carolina. 
American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston,  Mass. 

86127.  Model  of  herring-seine.  American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston, 
Mass. 

id-seines. 

iliese  are  used  in  the  rivers  of  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast. 

These  seines  are  knit  from  cotton  thread.  On  the  Connecticut  River, 
the  seines  are  of  nine-thread  twine,  5-^  mesh ;  on  the  Hudson,  the  mesh 
is  four  inches,  knit  of  six-thread  twine  in  the  wings  and  nine  thread  in 
the  bunt.  In  the  Delaware,  Potomac,  and  Chesapeake,  the  mesh  is  3i  to 
4|  inches,  the  twine  12,  15,  and  18  thread ;  in  North  Carolina,  the  mesh  is 
2i  to  3i  inches,  and  the  cotton  twine  twelve-thread.    (E.  B.  French.) 

l-seines. 

26137.  Model  of  cod-seine.  Used  in  Provinces  in  capture  of  cod  (Gadus 
morrkua),  American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston  and  New 
York.    30  to  40  feet  deep.    Mesh  5  inches,  18  to  21  thread,  cotton. 

ice-bunts. 

id  collecting-seines. 

26136.  Baird  net.  Designed  by  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird.  Used  by  naturalists  in 
collecting  small  fishes  in  brooks  and  ponds  and  in  following  behind 
large  seines  to  secure  the  small  species  which  escape  through  the 
meshes,  six-thread  coarse  cotton.  American  Net  and  Twine  Com- 
pany, Boston,  Mass. 

26126.  Model  of  Baird  net.  American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston, 
Mass. 

t-seines. 

26123,  26130.  Model  of  minnow-seine.  Used  by  amateurs  in  capture  of 
minnow-bait,  i  to  f  inch  mesb,  six-thread  cotton  twine.  Ameri- 
can Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston,  Mass. 

26121.  Model  of  minnow-seine,  with  bag.  Used  by  fishermen  to  secure  bait 
for  eel-pots.    American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston,  Mass. 

26668.  Minnow-seine.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Contrib- 
uted by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

er  seines. 

2232.  Seine.   Anderson  River  Eskimos.   Mackenzie's  River  district.  Robert 

MacFarlane. 
9444.  Seine  made  of  ^^  babiche.''    Tschutchi  Indians.    Capt.  John  Rodgers, 

U.  S.  N.,  North  Pacific  Exploring  Expedition. 


]  28     ANIMAL  BESOURCE8  AND  FI8HEBIES  OF  UNITED  VCHtWt. 


Otber  seiQes. 

2445.  Seinomodoof  "babiche."    Tschutchi  Indiana.    Capt.  JobnBodgB 

U.  8.  S.,  North  Pacific  Exploriug  Eipeditiou. 
S446.  Hauil-Rcino  made  of  graas.    Ticliiitclii  Indians.    Capt.  John  Bodge 

U.  S.  N.,  North  PiLcLlic  Exploring  Expeditiou. 
3447.  Houd-geine  modp  of  groBS.    Tachatehi  Indiana.     CA|tt.  John  Roilfc 

U.  S.  N.,  Nortb  PaciUc  Exploring  Expedition. 
WZU.  8ahnoD-D0t.     McCIond  River  ludioiia.     Shasta  Coilllt]r,  Cll.  Li 

ipgston  Stono. 
tiOG4a.  Salmon-Dot.     Itidiana  of  Northwest  coast.     Fort  Simpaon,  RC. 

G.  Svraa. 
2231.  Hand-Beino.     Anderson  River  Eskimo.     Mackenzie's  Riva  dilllt 

H.  B.  T.    R.  Kennicott. 
ai36U.  Piebitig-iiet.    Hade  ftom  fiber  of  milkweed  (J*elQrfa*  sp.).   Bm 

Dorre  Indians.    Sooth  Eel  River,  Cal.    Stephen  Powers. 
7929.  Fishing-net.    Made  &om  fibers  of  pineapple  (IlUaailria  h^).   lb 

dor,  Mox.     Dr.  Sattorius. 
897.  Fisbing-net  made  of  willow  bark.     Kootchin  Indiana.    Maikenn 

River  district,  H.  B.  T.     R.  Kennicott. 
4883.  Net  made  of  "ailkweed."    Fort  Crook  Indians.     Fort  Crook,  C 

Capt.  J.  W.  T.  Gardiner. 

Hoop-netH. 

Handle,  or  dip  nets. 

Bull-nets  (worked  with  ropes  and  blocks). 

Scoop-nets  (herring-nets,  poiind-scoops,  car-scoops,  &C.). 

23li08.  Bow  of  scoop-net.     Used  in  dipping  fish  bum  smack's  well.   J. 

K.  Southnick,  Newport,  R,  1. 
2SI65.  Series  of  scoop-net  hoops.     Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  1 


ANTICAL  RE80UKCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     129 

»p«iiet8« 

.iandlng-nets. 

26669.  Landing-net.  Property  of  J.  A  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  T.  Contrib- 
uted by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

20711.  Landing-net.  Proi>erty  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Contrib- 
nted  by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

26664.  Landing-net  and  rod.  Property  of  J.  A  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
Contributed  by  Forest  &.  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

Sskimo  auk-nets. 

1561G.  Bird-net  frame.    Alieut  Eskimos.    Alaska.    Henry  W.  Elliott. 

Baited  hoop-net : 
Grab-nets. 

26591-2.  3Iodels  of  lobster-nets.    Used  on  the  coast  of  California.    Johnson 

&  Young,  Boston,  Mass. 
26801.  Crab-nets.    American  Not  and  Twine  Company,  Boston  and  N<w 

York. 
:i2710.  Open  cunner-net.    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown  Goode. 
32711.  Folding  cunner-net.  **  '* 

iling-nefs. 

Beam-trawL 
(Otter-trawL) 

26882.  Model  of  beam-trawl.    American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston 

and  New  York. 
32720.  Model  of  bcam-trawl.    Made  by  J.  G.  Adam.    U.  S  Fish  Commission. 

>iedges: 

Flange,  or  ordinary  dredge. 
Bake-dredge. 
Oyster-scraper. 
(Coral-dredge.) 

26140.  Four  brown  dredge-nets.  Oyster-dredging,  dbc.  American  Net  and 
Twine  Company,  Boston  and  New  York. 

Powing-nets : 

Surface  tow-nets. 

25228.  Towing-net  frame.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

ling  or  jerl^  net 9. 

^urse-nets: 

Mackerel  purse-seines  (pursed  by  weight). 
Menhaden  purse-seines. 

SM87.  Model  of  mackerel  purse-seine.  Used  on  North  Atlantic  eoast  in 
eaptnro  of  mackerel  {Scomber  scombnu),  American  Net  and  Twiue 
Oooq^Miy,  Boston,  Mass. 

\14 9 


130     ANIMAL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Foldings  or  jerk  nets. 

Menhaden  purse-seines. 

'iM,  ISO.  Model  of  mackerel  purae-aeiue.      American  Net  and  Twi 
pauy,  Boaton,  Haas. 
Th«so  pui'se-seines  range  in  length  &om  120  to  S90  lUlkoma, 
750  to  1,000  meabea  in  depth,  reacliiiig  the  depth  of  SO  to  30  fi 
water.     The  average  mcHh  la  3|  inchea.    They  ore  made  of  Hne  B 
cotton  twine,  and  cost  from  (750  to  $1,500  complete.     Abont  301 
in  nse  on  the  coast  of  North  America.     The  pnrwng  ireigfat  ts 
100  to  150  pounds. 
26122-^135.  Model  of  pnne-aeine.    American  Net  and  Twine  I 
Boston,  Maaa. 
00  to  150  fathoms  in  length,  300  to  650  meshes  in  depth,  H 
Seivlstond  twine.    Wings,  9  to  12 ;  hag,  15  to  21,  coane. 
2517S,  Snatch-block  nsed  in  pnrsing-seine.     TT.ggin.  ^  Gifiord,  G 

Mass. 
SS186.  Bing  or  thimble  for  putBiug-seine.    Wilcox,  Crittendan  A 
dletown,  Conn. 

Cast-nets : 

Mullet  cast-nets. 
Pompauo  cast-nets. 
Bait  cast-nets. 

35046.  Costing-net.     Diameter  4i  feet.     William  E.  Hooper  A  So 

more,  Hd. 
36799.  Mullet  cast-net.    Diameter  5}  feet,  l^-inch  meah. 
:j680D.  Slmmp  cast-net.    Diameter  4^  feet,  (-inch  mesh. 

Clap-nets  for  birds. 
Babbit  spriug-nets. 


ANIMAL  BESOUBCBS  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     1 31 

LCcessory •)    Parts  of  nets  and  apparatus  for  manufacture. 

Netting-needles. 
Mesh-needles. 
Hanging-needles. 
Eskimo  netting-needles. 

25596.  Seine-needle  (home  made).    J.  M.  K.  Sonthwick,  Newport,  R.  I. 
S5693.  Seine-needle.  <<  ^  << 

25712.  Seine-needle  (called  hanging-needle).    N.  H.  Payne,  Wellfleet,  Maas. 
— .  Ejiitting-gange.    Used  in  regulating  size  of  mesh.    American  Net 

and  Twine  Company,  Boston  and  New  York. 
9639.  Seine-needle.    Eskimos.    Northeastern  America.    8.  F.  Baird. 
16802.  Seine-needle.    Magemnt  Eskimos.    Nunivak  Ishmd,  Alaska.    W.  H. 
Dall. 

5613.  Seine-needle  of  wood.    Yukon  River.    W.  H.  DalL 

5614.  Needle  of  bone.    Norton  Sound  Eskimos.        " 

16170, 16169, 16166, 161G7, 16168, 16171, 16196.  Seine-needles  of  Bone.  Mage- 
mnt Eskimos.    Nunivak  Island.    W.  H.  DalL 

1180.  Seine-needle  of  wood.    Chirikoff.    W.  H.  Dall. 

1315.  Netting-needle.    Eskimos.  Smithsonian  Institution. 

9639.  Seine-needle  of  bone.  Eskimos  of  Northeastern  America.  S.  F. 
Baird. 


VI.  TRAPS. 

32.  Pen-teaps. 


oeket-traps. 


Pitfalls : 

Pits,  covered. 

Barrel-traps. 

Jar  mole-traps. 

"  Eabbit-tii>e,"  used  in  England. 
Salmon-baskets  (Columbia  Elver). 
Salmon-weirs  (Upper  Columbia  River). 
Eiver-weirs,  with  pockets : 

Eel-traps. 
Fish-slides : 

Shad-slides,  used  in  the  rivers  of  North  Carolina. 

'25830.  Fiah-slide.    Used  in  James  River,  Virginia.    Scale  1  inch  to  the  foot. 

J.  G.  Adani. 
25831.  Fioh-slido  (with  box).    Used  in  rivers  of  Virginia.    Scale  1  inch  to 

the  foot.     J.  G.  Ad<am« 

^^bjrrinth-traps. 

Corrals. 
Turkey-traps. 


132     ANIHAL  BE30UBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  BUTES. 

liabyrinth-traps. 

Weirs,  or  poimds. 

12105.  Bar-wuir.    Used  in  Ba^  of  Fund?  homng  flsheriM.    Srak,  I  i: 

15  feet.    Capt.  W.  8.  Treat,  Eoetport,  Me. 
18101.  Fish-weir.     Used  in  Dennis  Biver,  He.     Scale,  i  inch  to  ihi 
Prof.  8.  F.  Baird. 

12106.  Salmon-nuir.      Used  iu  rivers  of  Maine.      Dennis  River.    Sh 

incli  to  8i  feet.     Prof.  S.  F.  Baird. 
S6833.  Model  of  heiirt-weir.     American  Net  and  Twine  Company. 
3&750.  Model  of  pound  net.     Used  in  Lake  Uicliigaa.     Sei^  H  bt 

inch.     Waokegan,  III.     D.  D.  Panoalee. 
.  Model  of  weir,  or  heart^net.    Used  on  soutbem  coast  of  Ken 

land.     Scale,  1  inch  to  8  feet.     Spindel's  Cove,  Wood's  Boll 

Prof.  S.  F.  Baird. 
26731,  26746.  Models  of  bruah-wejrs.     Used  in  the  Bay  of  Fnndy  in  t 

of  heiring  (^Clapea  )utrenipt«).     W.  B.  McLanglilin,  Gnod  ) 

N.  B. 
25829.  Model  of  Bsh-woir.     Used  by  aborigines  of  Vi^mia  in  the  Si 

century.    From  flgures  in  De  Bry.    J.  G.  Adam. 
25820.  Model  of  flsb-trap.    Valley  of  Yukon  River.    Scale,  1  Inch 

foot.     W.  H.  Dall. 

Ftmnel-traps. 
Fish-pots. 

1754.  Wicker  fish-pot  (model).     Used  in  West  Indies.     5  to  15  Ik 
Scale,  1  inch  to  the  foot.     H.  0.  Clanghton,  St.  Martin's,  V 
32738.  Fish-pot  (model).    Bermsdas.    Scale  of  i-    Mode  frum  wood 
merged  cedar.     Q.  Brown  Goode. 

Lobster-pots. 

12100.  Lobster-pot.     Used  in  Bay  of  Fnndy.     4  to  10 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     133 

Iiabjrrinth-traps. 

Eel-pots,  without  leaders. 

85016.  Leaders  for  eel-pot  (Nos.  25014-15-16).    Used  in  Martha's  Vineyard. 

Capt  Josiah  Cleveland,  Vineyard  Harbor,  Mass. 
26802.  Basket  eel-pot.    American  Net  and  Twine  Company. 
25018.  Roots  of  yonng  pine  trees  (Pintu  Btrohua),    Used  in  mannfactnie  of 

eel-pots.    Vineyard  Haven,  Mass.    O.  Brown  Goode. 

Barrel-pots  for  eels. 
Set-nets. 

38733.  C.  Set-net.    Diameter  of  largest  hoop,  15  inches.    U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission. 

Fykes  (set-nets  with  leaders). 

25045.  Fyke-net  with  wings.    Diameter,  3  feet.    "Wm.  £.  Hooper  A  Sons, 
Baltimore,  Md.  . 

26113.  Model  of  minnow-fyke.    American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston 

[and  New  York. 

26114.  Minnow-fyke.  "  " 
26117.  Minnow-fyke.                                  "  " 

Bird-fyke. 

26115.  26116.  Model  of  bird-net.    American  Net  and  Twine  Company,  Boston 

and  New  York. 

Bass-traps. 

25704.  Bass-trap.    Used  in  Peconic  Bay  and  Fisher's  Island  Sonnd.    Scale, 
i  inch  to  the  foot.    Charles  T.  Potter. 

^€>or- traps. 

t  Closed  by  the  falling  of  a  door. 
Box-traps  (figure  4). 

25833.  Horan's  box-trap.    Used  in  Philadelphia  Zoological  Gardens.    Scale, 

one-half.    Henry  Horan. 
25478.  Box-trap.    Used  iu  caxiture  of  hares,  possums,  etc.    Scale,  one-half. 

T.  N.  Woltz. 

Traps  with  hanging  doors. 

.  Self-setting  trap.    Used  in  capture  of  muskrats,  hares,  &c.    Scale, 

one-half.     Henry  Horan. 
25703.  Self-setting  trap.    To  be  set  in  mouth  of  rabbit-burrow.     Scale,  one- 
half.    E.  Herron. 

Double  box-traps. 

25477.  Double  box-trap.    Used  in  capture  of  hares,  possums,  &c.    Scale, 
one-half.    T.  N.  Woltz. 


134     ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OP  UNITED  STATES, 

Door- traps. 

Spring-door  traps. 

t)  ClmeA  by  falling  of  whole  trap. 
Bowl-traps. 
Cob-house  bird-traps. 

3S659.  Fall-trap.      Used  for  partridgra  and  other  birds.     Scklf,  ow-ldC 

T.  N.  Woltz. 
25705.  Fatl-trap.      Used  la   capture  of  partridgM,   &c.     Seals,  tm-^iH. 

Henry  Horan. 

Pigeon-nets. 

iff  Closed,  by  falling  of  tide, 

Bar-weii8,  arranged  with  the  otiier  weirs. 

Sheaf- traps. 

Sheaf-traps  {New  York  Harbor). 

33.   CLDTCerNG-TBAPS. 

IVoose-traps. 

Snares : 

Foot-path  and  barrier  snaiea. 
2033.  Snare  (mjulo  of  sinQtr).     Used  in  captiuv  af  lynxes,  »bUti 

Fort  Keuolution,  H.  B.  T.    H.  Eennicott. 
19063.  Robbit-Bnaro.     Coowoye  Pi-Ute  Indiana,      Pyramid  hnkr^  K*  - 

Stephen  Powers.  i 

25660.  Spring-trap  (modul).    Used  in  capture  of  lioica,  grouse,  &«.   fo^ 
(>n.obnlf.    K.  II. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     135 

Awed  traps. 

"  Steel  traps :" 

Newhonse  traps. 

25858.  Newhonse  trap.    No.  3,  for  otters.    Double  spring ;  spread  of  Jaws, 

5^  inches.    Oneida  Community,  N.  Y. 
25656.  Newhouse  trap.    No.  4,  for  deer.    Doable  spring;  spread  of  jaws,  6| 

inches.    Oneida  Community,  N.  T. 
25257.  Newhouse  trap.    No.  4,  for  beavers.    Double  spring;  spread  of  jaws, 

6^  inches.    Oneida  Conmiunity,  N.  T. 
,        25255.  Newhouse  trap.    No.  5,  for  bears.    Spreadof  jaws,  11}  inchcA;  weight 

of  each  spring,  2  pounds  and  10  ounces;  weight  of  trap  17  pounds, 

suitable  for  taking  the  common  black  bear.    Oneida  Community, 

N.  Y. 
25254.  Newhouse  trap.     No.  6,  for  grizzly  bears  and  moose.     Spread  of 

Jaws,  16  inches;  weight  of  each  spring,  6  pounds  and  10  miuces; 

weight  of  trai>  with  chain,  42  pounds;  made  throughout,  exc(*pt 

the  pan,  of  wrought  iron  and  steel;  strong  enough  to  hold  the 

moose  or  grizzly  bear.    Oneida  Community,  N.  Y. 
29250.  Spring  fish-trap.     (Patented  Dec.  9,  1856.)    Edwin  W.  Judge,  Kiw 

Haven,  Conn. 

Spring  bird-nets. 
(French  bird-trap.) 

13153.  Spring  bird-trap.    Used  in  France.    Dr.  H.  C.  Yarrow,  U.  S.  A. 

34.  Fall-tbafs. 
riMliinff-traps. 

Dead-flEdls. 
Figure-four  traps. 

25749.  Log  dead-fall  (model).    Used  in  Mississippi  Valley.    Scale,  1  inch  to 

the  foot.    Henry  Horan. 
15614.  Fox-trap.    Used  by  Mahlemut  Eskimos.    Henry  W.  Elliott. 

ierciiiff-traps. 

Spear-falls. 
Mole-traps. 
Harpoon-traps. 

Pickerel-hookSi  arranged  with  other  hooks. 

35.  Missile-traps 
voss-bow  traps. 

prinff-griins. 

36.  Adhesive  prepauations. 

i-Ume,  See. 
im  fe#eto,  Ac. 


136     ANIMAL  BESOURCES  AKD  FI8HEBIES  OP  XJSTTBD 

VII.  APPARATUS  FOR  WHOLESALE  DESTRUCTII 

37.  Poisons. 
Food  poisons. 

Phosphorus  poisons. 

Strychnine. 

Arsenic 

CJoiTosiTe  snbUinate. 

Gyanicle  of  potassiam. 

Opiorn  poisons. 

For  obvions  reaaons  this  aeries  is  not  ezhibitod. 

Blood  poisons:  Woorara. 

38.  ASPHTILATOBS. 

Apparatus  Ibr  smoking  out. 

(Apparatus  A>r  suflbcating  with  Aunes  of  suj 

Apparatus  fbr  drowning  out. 

'     30.   TOBPEDOES. 

30J.  Btouaoh-spbings. 
Eskimo  whalebone  springs  (used  for  killing  bears). 


iJIIMAL  BE80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      137 

29060.  Dog-call.    Edwin  M.  Judge,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
29861.  Dog^uJl. 

29262.  Dog-call  for  whip.  "  " 

2Sf254.  PoUce-call.  "  " 

292C5.  Railroad-caU.  '<  <* 

^-collars. 

C-carts. 
^r-muzzles. 

42.  HUNTING-BIEDS. 

Icons. 

'nnorants  {Carbo  sinensis).    Used  in  fishing  in  China. 

43.  aocessoey  to  hunttng-bieds. 
nmIs. 

rches.' 

nnorant-eollars. 

44.  Hunting-fishes. 

imora  (used  in  West  Indies  and  Australia). 


IX.  DECOYS  AND  DISGUISES. 

45.  Baits. 
itural  baits. 

Ffies  and  other  insects.  (This  should  include  a  collection  of  those 
insects  which,  as  the  favorite  food  of  fishes,  are  imitated  in  mak- 
ing artificial  flies.)    Arranged  with  hooks.    (See  under  29  a.) 

Worms. 

Mollusks. 

Salted  baits  (prepared). 

Menhaden. 

Herring. 

Squids. 

<31amR,  long. 

Olams,  hen. 

Pea-roe  of  cod  (used  in  French  sardine-fisheries,  and  largely  ex- 
ported). 

<lra88hopi)er  paste,  used  as  a  substitute  fT)r  pea-roe. 

TDoUmg  1i>aits,  <'stosh,^  &c. 

artioles,  on  account  of  their  perishable  nature,  cannot  well  be  exhibited. 


^  1 V  r .  _ 


138     ANIUAL  SB800BCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  BTATK 

IVatnral  baits. 

(Accesaories.)    Methods  of  preparing  baita: 
Bait-cutters. 
Biut-aulls. 
Bait-ladles. 
Wheelbarrows  for  bait-dams  (Xautaoket). 

32740.  Bemoh-cart.  Nantacket,  Moss.     W.  H.  ChaM,  Sd. 
Bait-boxes  aud  cans. 

25560.  Five  boitrboxes.     BrodfoM  A  ADthony,  Boaton,  lUw. 
26894,  Bait-box.     Forest  A:  Stream  Pablisbing  Company.    PEOpet^rf 
CA.  Niohob,  SytaniM, 
26S33.  Umnow-pail.  "  •' 

2imi.  Crab-can.  "  " 

23691.  ()rasabopper-u«a.  "  " 

Bait-needles. 

Artificial  baits.' 

Trolling-spoons,  • 

Spinners. ' 

Squids  and  jigs. ' 

"Bohs,"  used  in  soathem  waters.* 

Artificial  fiici. ' 

Accessories  to  artificial  baits.* 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      13^ 

iffht-decoys. 

living  decoy  animals  and  birds. 

Decoy-dogs,  used  in  hunting  ducks. 

Stool-pigeons. 

Tame  decoy-ducks. 

Tame  decoy-brants. 

Imitations  of  animals  and  birds.: 

Decoy-waders  (carved  in  wood). 

25042.  Blaok-bieasted  plover  (Squatarola  helveHoa),    P.  Brasher,  New  York.. 
25041.  Long-billed  curlew  (Numeneus  Umgirostria),  "  ** 

26043.  TeUow-shauks  (Oambeita  flavipes).  <<  " 

Decoy-waders  (stamped  in*tin). 

25909.  Black-breasted  plover  (Squatarola  helvetica),    Herman  Strater  &,  Sons^ 

[Boston,  Mass.. 
25906.  Golden  plover  (Charcidriua  virginious)  **  ^* 

25906-7.  Bed-breasted  snipe  (IfacrorAaifipAiM^riaetMf).    ^'  ^* 

SS&lO-n,  MouatonG  {StrepsiUis  inUfrpres),  **  ** 

These  decoys  are  made  hollow,  stamped  out  in  halves,  hinged  at 
head  and  tail  to  open  and  nest  together.  Que  dozen  plover 
weigh  3  pounds,  with  box  occupying  a  space  of  8^  by  9  inches,  ^ 
inches  deep.    Patented. 

« 

Decoy  swimming-birds  (made  from  the  skins  of  birds). 

7127.  Skin  of  canvas-back  duck  (FuUgula  vallianeria)  stuffed   with   dry 

tul^  grass  and  fitted  for  decoy  with  strings  and  weights.    Pi-Uro^ 
Indians.    Robert  Ridgway. 

7128.  Skin  of  red-head  duck  (Fuligulaferinay  var.  amcricana),  fitted  for  use  us- 

decoy.     Pi-Ute  Indians.    Robert  Ridgway. 

7129.  Same.    Robert  Ridgway. 

4783.  Same.    Pi-Ute  Indians.    Carson  Lake,  Utah.    Capt.  J.  H.  Simpson. 

19031.  Skin  of  widgeon  (Mareoa   americana),    fitted   for   use    as  decoy. 
Cooyuwee  Pi-Ute   Indians.      Pyramid   Lake,    Nevada.     Native- 
name,  Imoodoowe.    Stephen  Powers. 

29532.  Skin  of  a  pin-tail  duck  (Dafila  acuta),  stuffed  for  use  as  a  decoy.    P. 
Louis  Jouy,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Decoy  swimming-birds  (carved  in  wood). 

525040.  Brant  {Bernicla  hrenta),    P.  Brasher,  New  York  City. 
25035.  Mallard  {Anas  hoschas),    Henry  A.  Stevens,  Weedsport,  N.  Y. 
25242.        "  '*  Male.    John  Krider,  Philadelphia. 

25241.        **  ♦'  Female.        '*  ** 

29540.  Black  duck  {Anas  ohacurus).    Francis  Bnrritt,  South  Norwalk,  ('onn. 
25034.  "  ''  A.  Stevens,  Weedsport,  N.  Y. 

26051.  Pin-tail  duck  {Dafda  acuta).    John  Krider,  Philadelphia. 
26054.  Bald-pate  duck  ( Mareca americana).    Male.  John  Krider,  Philadelphia.. 
96065.  "  **  Female.      "  " 

8G03&  "  "  P.  Brasher,  New  York  City. 

WBOSL  Bine- wing  teal  (Querquedula  discors).    Henr>'  A.  Stevens,  Weedsport^ 
N.  Y. 


r 


f 


140     AMMAL  RLSOUECES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Imitations  of  animals  and  birds: 

Decoy  swim miiig- birds  (carved  in  wood). 

S&M5.  Bltie-vringtea\(QHiTq»<i:uladvicor>).     Female.     Jolm  Kriihtr,  FhiU- 

[detptdi. 
2S246.  "  "  Mal«.  " 

^QU.  Green-wing  teal  (Netlion  carolinensii).       "  "  " 

85243.  '•  "  Funinle.  "  " 

^039.  Broad-bill  duck  [Ftttigtila  mania).     P.  Brachor,  Sew  Vork  City, 

36056.  "  ■'  Male.   John  KrJdnr,  PIiUadal)iUk 
26059.              *'                         "  Female.       ■' 

29541.  "  "  Francis  Burritt.  Soulli  Nontilk, 

[Cou. 
fiSD39.  Seaiip  daok  {Fuligula  afflnU).     Hourj-  A.  Stevens,  Wivdaport,  S.T. 

55032.  Bed-head  duck  ^PKUgiOa  firiaa,  var.  ajxurkana).    Henry  A.  Stetm, 

[Weedgport,  N,  I. 
■aeoee.  "  •'  "  Male.     JohnKrite, 

[Ptiilodelplna 

36057.  "  "  "  Female. 

55033.  CanvuB-hack  dnck  {Faligula  vaUim\erUi).     Henry  A.  Stevens,  Werfi- 

[pott.N.T. 
awtr.  "  "  Male.    Johti  Kiidei,  Phil*- 

[delpldk 
26053.  "  "  Female.         " 

2503(S.  Whi8t]p-wing  dnck    (^Bacephala   ameHoina).      Henry   A.    StevBiH 

Wfedsport,  N.T. 
^6030.  Bntt«r-haU  dnck  (Bvcephala  albeola).     Hoary  A-  Stevena,  Wte^ 
port,  N.  Y. 

Decoy  swimming-birds  (stamped  in  tin,  witli  wooden  bottoiW 

and  bead  baLince  weigbts). 
S6047.  Slallard  (Jho*  bo»cluu).     Male.     Hermwi  Strater  A.  Sons,  Boitoo- 
25905.        "  "  Female. 

'2604a  Black  duck  (Jna«ab«nira).     Male.  "  " 

26049.  "  "  Female.  "  " 

Sti045.  ned-facuit  duck  {Faligula  ferina,  var.  aiii«rkatui).     Male.    Heno'* 

Strater  &,  Sons,  Boston. 
2604G.  Bead-head  duck  (FuUgula  ferina,  var.  aniericana).    Female.    Herm^ 

Strater  &  Sons,  Boston. 
20043.  Cauvna-back  duck  {Fiiligula  valtiancria).     Male.     Herman  Strater   -^ 

[Sons,  Boato^ 
2C044.  "  "  Female. 

25901.  Whistle-wing  duck  (Bucephala  americana).     Male. 

25902.  "  "  Female 
2590a.  Sheldrake  {Mergui  nmcriconiM).     Male. 
26904,          "                       '■                          Female. 
25900.  Surf  duck  {(Edemia  penpiciUata). 
20702.  Decoys.     Properiy  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.     Contributed 

by  Forest  &  Slrc.im  Publishing  Cumpauy. 

Imitations  of  flslies. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     141 

t-decoys. 

nitations  of  fishes. 

^294.  Lnre-fishes.  William  Morris,  Lake  City,  Mich.  Used  in  fifihin^ 
throngh  the  ice  for  pickerel. 

These  lure-fishes  are  used  to  decoy  large  fish  under  holes  in  the  ice^ 
so  that  they  may  be  within  reach  of  the  spear. 

lanket  decoy  (for  antelopes). 

aotems  and  other  apparatus  for  fire  hunting  and  fishing. 

antems  for  still-hunting. 

25238.  Centennial  dash-lamp.     For  sportsman's  hunting-wagons.     Wliit^ 

Manufacturing  Company,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

25239.  Dash-lamp.    Used  for  hunting  and  fishing.    White  Manufacturing 

Company,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 
23236.  Jack-lamp.    For  night-hunting  and  general  camp  uses.    White  Manu* 
facturing  Company,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 

25240.  Johnson's  jack-lamp  support.    For  night  hunting  and  fishing.    White^ 

Mnuufacturing  Company,  Bridgeport,  Conn. 
25237.  Fishiug-lamp.    White  Manufacturing  Company,  Bridgeport,  Conn.. 

interns  for  weequashing,  or  fire-fishing,  for  eels. 

29365.  Boat -lanterns.  Used  in  bow  of  boat  in  weequashing  or  spearing  t'els 
by  night.  Southern  New  England,  James  H.  Latham,  Noank, 
Conn. 

12107.  Birch-bark  used  for  torchlight  fishing.  Passamaquoddy  Indians.. 
Eastport,  Me.    Dr.  E.  Palmer. 

32739.  Torch  for  night  fishing.    Halifax,  K.  S.    Capt.  H.  C.  Chester. 

47.  COVEBS. 

ible  coders. 

Deer  heads  and  antelope  heads. 

8420.  Antelope  decoy.  Made  from  head  of  prong-horn  antelope  (^n/t7o- 
capra  amerioana),    Prescott,  Ariz.    Dr.  E.  Cones,  U.  8.  A. 

.  Antelope  decoy.    Arizona.    Dr.  J.  B.  White,  U.  8.  A. 

5537.  Deer  decoy.  Made  from  head  of  mule-deer  (CemMfnocrotia).  Apache 
Indians.    Edward  Palmer. 

ovable  copses. 
jvers  for  hunters. 
overs  for  boats. 

lonary  coTers. 

Inntrng-lodges. 


142     ANHUL  BE80URCES  AND  FISHEBIES  OF  UHITED  9100. 


X.  PURSUIT,  ITS  METHODS  AND  APPLIANCE& 

48.  Methods  op  tbakspobtation. 

Personal  aids. 

Snow-shoes. 

Skates. 

Alpenstocks  and  staves. 

Portable  bridges, 

Animal  equipments. 

Harness : ' 

Horso-trappings. 

Dog-liamesB. 

Girtlis,  sincbes. 

Bits,  cabrestos,  spurs. 
Saddles:' 

Biding-saddles. 

Pack-saddles. 

Aparejos. 

Kiding-pads  (for  buffalo  hunting). 

Fur  pack-saddle  (Hudson's  Bay  Territory). 
Vehicles : ' 

Deer-sledges. 

Dog- el  edges. 


a  BESOUBCES  AND  FI»HEBl£S  OF  UNITED  STATES.     143 


:k  canoes. 

Bark  canoe.    (ModeL)    Slave  Indians  of  Biackenzio's  Blver.    Fort 

Simpson,  H.  B.  T.    B.  R.  Ross. 
Bark  canoe.    (Model.)    Upper  Columbia  River.    G.  Gibbs. 
Birch-bark,  used  in  manufacture  of  canoes.    Passamaquoddy  Indians. 

Eastport,  Me.    £.  Palmer. 

sea  canoes. 

'  Indians  of  Northwest  coast  in  hunting  and  fishing. 

Wooden  canoe.    Northwest  coast.    J.  G.  Swan. 

Wooden  canoe.    (ModeL)    Queen  Charloftterlsland.    J.  G.  Swan. 

Wooden  canoe.  (ModeL)  Northwest  coast.  U.  S.  Exploring  Expe- 
dition.    Capt.  Charles  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 

Wooden  canoe.    (Model.)    Bella  Bella,  B.  C.    J.  G.  Swan. 

Wooden  canoe.  (Model.)  Oregon.  U.  S.  Exploring  Expedition. 
Capt.  Chailes  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 

Wooden  canoe.     (Model).     Northwest  coast.     Dr.  George  Suckley. 

Wooden  canoe.    (Model.)    Alaska.    Lieutenant  Ring,  U.  S.  N. 

Wooden  canoe.  (Model.)  Haldah  Indians.  Prince  of  Wales  Island, 
Alaska.    J.  G.  Swan. 

• 

canoes. 

Indians  of  the  Northwest  coast  in  whaling  and  sea  fisheries. 

Wooden  canoe.    (60  feet  long.)    British  Columbia.    J.  G.  Swan. 

Wooden  canoe.    (ModeL)    Sitka,  Alaska.    W.  H.  DalL 

Wooden  canoe.    (ModeL)    Alaska.    Dr.  J.  B.  White. 

Wooden  canoe.    (ModeL)    Alaska.  ** 

Wooden  canoe.     (Model.)    Northwest  coast.    George  Gibbs. 

Wood«n  canoe.    (Model.)    Neah  Bay,  Washington  Territory.    J.  G. 

Swan. 
Wooden  cauoe.    (Model, painted.)    Ihliuket  Indians.    Sitka,  Alaska. 

W.  H.  DalL 
Wooden  canoe.     (ModeL)    Northwest  coast.    George  Gibbs. 
Wooden  canoe.    (Model.)    Vancouver's  Island.    Dr.  C.  B.  Kenuerly. 
Wooden  canoe.     (ModeL)  **  ** 

Wooden  cauoc.    Model  of  Haidah  cano(;  (with  masts  and  pushing- 

sticks,  for  traveling,  fishing,  &c.).     Queen  Charlotte  Island.     J. 

G.  Swan. 
Wooden  canoe.     Model  of  Haidah  canoe  (for  deep  sea  and  war). 

Queen  Charlotte  Island.    J.  G.  Swan. 
Wooden  canoe.     Model  of  wooden  canoe  (with  masts,  paddles,  push- 
ing-sticks, and  ivory  hari>oons).     J.  G.  Swan. 
Wooden  canoe.     Model  of  Cogwell  canot^  (for  deep  sea  and  war). 

Flatliead  Indians.     J.  G.  Swan. 
Wooden  canoe.     British  Columbia.     J.  G.  Swan. 
Wooden  canoe.  *^  *^ 

Wooden  canoe.     Dug-out  canoe  (60  feet  long).     British  Columbia. 

J.  G.  Swan. 


144     AKIUAL  EESOtJBCES  AKD  FISHERIES  OV  UNITED  SUm 


Kyaks  or  bidarkas. 

Used  bj  EsklmoB  of  Arctic  America  in  huntiog  and  flabiRg. 

S6617.  Eyak.    (]3  feet  9  inches  long,  30  inches  wide.)    N«thwHi  n 

Sitka,  Alaska.     William  Burling. 
14971.  Ej'ak.     (Model.)    Alaska.     W.  H.  DalL 
10275.  Kyak.    (Model.)    Kodiak. 

149T1.  Kyak.     (Model.one  hole.)    Alaska.    W.  H.  D»l]. 
U1G09.  Kyak.     (Mo<lel,onehole.)    Alaska.     Dr.  J.  B.  White. 
tt2T.  Kyak.      (Model,   two-hole.)     Koloshes,  Alentinn  lahuidt.   Ctft 

E.  Sands. 
14!)T0.  Kyak.     (Model.)    Aloatian  lelands.    W.  H.  X>all. 
21604.  Kyak.     (Mo(lel,2-hole.)    Alaska.     Dr.  J.  B.  White. 
21005.  Eyak.     (Model, 3-hole.)    Alaska. 
■J1610.  Kyak.     (Model,3-hole,)    Alaska.  " 

21600.  Kyak.     (Model,  4-holp.)    Alaska.  " 

8788.  Kyak.      (Model.)     Unabeet  Eskimo.     Norton  Soiiod,  Alaak 

H.  Dall. 
26618.  Kyak.     Eight«eafi'Ctlong,22inctic3wide.    GreenlamL    t^^ 

S62.  Kyak.     (Model.)    East  coast,  Upeniavik.     Dr.  Hayes. 
14750.  Kyak.      (Model,    with    bird-spear,   harpoon,   and  tral-sliCi 

Eskimos,  TuBiack,  North  Greenland.    Prof.  S.  Y.  Baiid, 
2330.  Eyak.     (Model,  nitli  bird-spear,  lances,  and  spear-ivst.) 

River  Eskimos.     Mackenzie's  River  district.     E.  M«cFi»J 

Umiaks  or  bidarraR. 

Used  by  Eskimos  in  whaling  and  sea  fisheries. 

1098.  Uniiak.    (Model.)    Fort  Anderson,  H.  B.  T.    Bobeit  llw«=  '. 
15618.  Unuak.    (Model  of  fhime.)    Saint  Lawi«nc«L 


0UBCE8  AND  FISHKBIES  OP  UNITED  STATES      145 


ible  boato. 

EftOtl.  HegiMiiikii  {KirtaUk-  folding  boat.    Luug^,  ID  feet;  nidcb,  3  feet. 
Hi'ganiiiii  FoMitlile  Folding  Boat  Company,  Ballslon  Spa,  N.  Y. 
Directlinia  for  Bctliog  np  tioat: 

1.  riifol.1  ll,«  frame. 
■  tf.  Plnrii  llii'  kacc»  uuA  seals  in  pnaition  before  listening  tJie  Ihiiioui. 
riu)  Bi'rlioD  nt  thf  <^u(1a  of  tbe  Iioal. 
;i.   KiMli'u  the  hottoni-«iid  itcotioii  In  Iho  enda  of  the  IkihI  by  lliu 

ibamb-scrona. 
4.  VltKB  ou  till'  canvas  with  the  cords  and  tie  in  a  single  loop  (or  Imw 
knot}. 

BSie.  Model  uf  CulTiu  portnlile  cauviu  boat.  (Patonlnl  Oct.  0,  1^7-).)  R. 
A.  6ci>n  &.  Co.,  Albany,  N.  ¥. 
"This  boat  consistit  of  a  canvas  eitt'rior  niadi-  thoroughly  wutcr-pronf 
by  B  prepBTntlon  which  prescrvca  the  sliwDgth  of  the  canvas  and  pn-vcjila 
d«Cky  BHd  oiuilation.  It  is  shaped  like  a  canoe,  sharp  at  both  cuils.  and 
rata  thi^  water  kauilsuuivly.  Along  tbe  siiles  anrt  hottorn  arc  li-allicr 
tiionga,  by  whiuli  the  bouglie  and  liiiilie  cut  for  IVitnic  can  lie  Irmliivl  sr- 
onrelr  lo  the  canvas,  with  Hie  assistance  of  the  four  leather  framing 
ska  or  sockets  (tnn  for  eo^h  end),  which  connect  tliti  stem  and  stem 
to  (or  jirow  pieces)  witb  the  keeUon,  and  it  can  be  rendily  pot  together 
■aywheie  in  the  woods,  no  tools  being  mquirod  for  the  puqiose,  excepting 
neb  as  ate  aJwayt' Mrrird  by  a  party  of  sportsmen,  or  others,  an  ax  or 
hatcliet  only  Iwliig  needed.  Tlio  ffholo  of  it  can  Im"  packwl  nwiiy  in  ."i 
space  S4  inches  lung,  6  inches  wide,  and  3  inches  thick.  Tbe  size  now 
ic  (No.  3),  allhongh  but  18  feet  long,  will  carry  six  men,  or  four  men 
with  their  necessary  baggage,  and  weighs  but  13  pounda  when  rollnl  np. 
It  has  been  tested  in  a  heavy  sea  with  n  frame  of  green  boughs  cut  only 
two  honrs  before,  and  carried  a  weight  rif  700  pnnnds  safely  and  enaily." 
K870-36-1I3.  Model  of  Feuncr's  portable  boat.  With  cunvos  hoUoiu.  L'. 
A.  Fenncr,  Mystic  Rivi-r,  Connecticnt. 
On«  of  these  modelttbi  shown  closed  up  in  lis  cose  ready  for  IrauspoMiv- 
Hon,  the  otlier  set  np  for  nse. 


K19.  Fiq>«rcuiiue  "Marijk  Theresa."    N,  H.  Bishop,  Luke  George,  N.  Y, 

Desired  by  Rev.  Baden  Powell,  of  England ;  built  by  E.  Waters  A, 
Sons,  of  Troy,  N.  Y.  Dimensions:  length.  14  feet;  beam,  !!8  inches; 
depth  (amidship),  9  bches;  weight  of  canoe,  58  pounds;  weight  of  ca- 
Mist,  130  ponnds;  weight  of  outfit,  90  poiimla;  total,  278  ponnds. 
Rowed  by  Mr.  N.  H.  Bishop  (from  Troy,  N.  Y.,  '^,000  miles)  wliile  on  hJ« 
lint  geographical  J oiimoy  from  the  Oulf  of  Stunt  Lnwroncoto  the  (inlf  of 
Uezlco,  9,000  miles,  during  m4  and  1B75,  Since  (be  cooiplelioD  of  tho 
VOjrage  all  injories  the  hull  snstained  were  i«medled  by  the  ^iupl«  nppU- 
iOD  of  a  sheet  of  paper  and  a  coat  of  shellac  varnish  (o  the  outside  of 
tlut  boot.  Wlion  in  use  a  piece  uf  canvas  oorcrs  tlu>  nudecked  part  I'f  the 
OS  and  keeps  the  iul«rior  dry.  Water-coiimos  traversed  by  Mr.  Bishop 
during  18T4  iimU875;  From Qnobec,  rlversSaint Lawrence  and  Richelieu, 


14fi      AN1MA.L  BESOUaCES  AND  FISHESIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 


Lake  CbawpUu],  and  canal  to  Albiuiy ;  tho  Hudson,  Eill  Ton  KiU,  iiJ 
Raritan  rivura  and  canal,  and  tho  Dulawaro  to  Flulad«lpbia;  Dcli'aP'  ' 
Biveraud  baj  to  Cape  Heulopuu,  and  interior  aaU-nater  paBsagesnaouui 
of  Maryland  und  Virginia  to  Nurfulk;  the  EU^iabuIti  Biveraaduml'" 
Currituck  Sound,  Albemarle,  Pamlioo,  Cove,  Bogae,  Stiunp,  and  oibrt 
sonnda,  to  near  WUdud^od,  N.  C.  ;  Wnccamau  River  to  Georgctui 
C. ;  bf  aalt-water  creeks,  rivers,  bays,  and  sounds  along  tho  tout  i>l  l^ 
United  States  to  Florida;  fro m  Atlantic  coaot,  via  Saint  Uary'iu' 
wannae  rivers,  t-o  Gulf  of  Muxi(«. 

26628.  Bice  Lake  canoo.     William  English,  Petefborongh,  Ontario. 
Coracles  or  skin  boats. 


Whale  boat  (used  in  whale  flslieries). 

24660.  Whale-boat.     (Model,  with  all  dttiuga;  scale,  1  inch  to  foot.)   C^l 

L.  Howtand,  New  Bedford,  Masa. 
24669.  Whalo-boat.    (Model. )    C.  U.  Shute  d:  Son,  Edgartowu,  Mas. 
2G839.  Wbalo-boat,  35  fuet  long.     Williams,'  Haven  &  Co.,  New  LoodM. 

Conn, 
This  boat  Ls  mouu led  with  all  tho  gear  used  in  thocnplnrvof  Ihcol 

Seine-boat. 

25S^.  Model  of  Capo   Ann   acino-boat.      HlffiEina  A  Oiffiinl,  GkNKOM 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     147 


ilian  fishing-boats. 

Uaed  in  harbor  fisheries  of  California. 

28213.  Italian  fishing-boat.    (Model;  felucca  rig.)    San  Francisco.    Liv- 

[ingston  Stone. 

22214.  Italian  fishing-boat.    (Model;  felucca  rig.)  **  '< 

22215.  Italian  fishing-boat.    (Model;  felucca  rig.)  *'  " 
22217.  Italian  fishing-boat.     (Model.)     Chinese  fishhig-boat.     San  Fran- 
cisco.   Livingston  Stone. 

inkies. 

25729.  Martha's  Vineyard  pinkie-boat.    (Model ;  scale,  ^  inch  to  the  foot.) 
William  H.  Chase. 
Used  in  shore  fisheries. 
25896.  Norman's  Land  pinkie-boat.    (Model ;  scale,  ineh  to  the  foot.)    Capt. 
William  Cleveland,  Vineyard  Haven,  Mass. 
Used  in  cod  and  coast  fisheries. 

onting-skifGs. 

Used  for  hunting  and  fishing  in  mountain  lakes. 

26021.  Adirondack  boat.    Full  size.    Frederick  D.  Graves,  maker,  Boston, 

Mass. 
25681.  Adirondack  boat.    (Model;  scale,  ^  inch  to  the  foot.)    Frederick  D. 
Graves,  maker,  Boston,  Mass. 
Dimensions :  15  feet  long,  3  feet  6  inches  wide ;  weight,  75  to  80  pounds. 
For  the  use  of  sportsmen  this  boat  is  claimed  to  excel,  on  account  of  its 
extreme  UghUtets  and  durahilit^f  one  man  being  able  by  means  of  a  yoke  to 
carry  the  same  to  any  distance  without  fatigue.    This  boat  is  also  adapted 
for  family  purposes,  the  patent  rowlock  enabling  the  most  inexperienced 
lower  of  either  sex  to  propel  the  boat  with  ease  and  perfect  safety,  and 
without  any  possible  chance  of  losing  the  oars. 
35809.  Ausable  boat.    (Model.)    D.  L.  Fitzhugh,  Jr.,  Bay  City,  Mich. 

Used  in  trout  and  grayling  fishing,  with  well  for  live  fish. 
Length,  16  feet;  sides  twelve  inches  high  inside,  2  feet  10 
inches  wide  on  top,  2  feet  4  inches  at  bottom. 
20024.  Saint  Lawrence  bout.    (Length,  19  feet;  width,  43  inches.)    Henry 
Sweetman,  Clayton,  N.  Y. 
Used  in  trolling  in  the  Thousand  Island  region.    Length,  19  feet ; 
width,  43  inches. 
25053.  Alexandria  Bay  boat.  (Model.)  Cornwall  &  Walton,  Alexandiia,  N.  Y. 
Used  for  hunting  and  fishing  in  the  Adirondacks  and  the  Saint 
Lawrence. 

a  boats. 

24999.  New  England  surf-boat.    (Model ;  scale,  2  inches  to  the  foot.)    Cra- 
gin  &  Sheldon,  makers,  Boston,  Mass. 
Used  in  harbor,  lake,  and  river  fisheries. 
2500L  Whitehall  boat  (18  feet).    (Model;  scale,  2  inches  to  the  foot.)    Cra- 
gin  A  Sheldon,  BoHton,  Mas.s. 
101  Ship's  yawl.    (Model;  scale,  2  inches  to  the  foot.)    Cragiu  &  Shel- 
don. Boston,  Mass. 

^         *9aaters  and  fishing  smacks. 


148      ANIMAL  BE80UBCES  AND  FI8HERIEB  OF  UNITED  SliTEt. 


S3216.  San  Fiancisco  yawl.    [Model.)    Llvingiton  StOiM. 

Used  by  Italian  flsttermeii  on  coast  of  CaUfbniia. 
S$028.  Kautucket  Harbor  boat.    (Model;  scale,  1  inoh  to  ttie  foot)  W. 
Chase. 

Used  in  harbor  fishing. 

Oyster-ctBioes. ' 

35003.  Chesapeake  oyster-caooe  (made  from  two  logs).    (Model;  vi 
inch  to  the  foot.)    Mi^or  T.  B.  Forgnson,  M«7land  Fish  Cm 

Used  for  oyster-raking  iii  Cheeapeake  Bay. 
25002.  Chesapeake  canoe-pungy.     (Model;  scale,  1  inchtothefoot-)   1 
T.  B.  Fergnson,  Maryland  Fish  Commissioii, 
Used  in  oyster-dmdgiug  in  Cheeapeake  Bay. 

Dacking-boate. 

SS65&  Egg  Harbor  boat.     (Model;  scale,      inch  to  the  foot.     P.  Bn 
New  York  Citry. 
Used  for  hunting  in  marshes  and  bays. 
S6620.  Cedar   duck-boat    "  Central    Hopublic."      Bnilt  by   Capt.  0 
Bogort,    Burfinan,    Manahanken,    Ocean    Comity,  New  J< 
Dimensions:  12  feet  long,  beam  3  feet  11  iachts,  depth  li  ii 
N.  H.  Bishop.  Lake  Oeoige,  N.  T. 
This  is  the  boat  in  which  Mr.  Nathaniel  H.  Bishop,  of  Lake  G< 
Warren  County,  New  York  State,  rowed  fiom  nttsburg,  Ps.,  vis 
and  Mississippi  Biveia  aad  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  (3,600  mllea)  to  Cedsr  I 
Flo.,  while  on  his  second  geographical  expedition  during  1875-76. 
S8633.  New  Jeisey  sneak-boz.     (Model;  scale,  1  inch  to  the  foot.)    M 
Gifford,  Tuckertou.N.  J. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     149 

Jchooner-rigged  fishing- vessels. 

■ 

2680d.  Noank  lobster-boat.    (Model.)    Capt.  H.  C.  Chester,  Noank,  Conn. 
25B25.  Block  Island  boat.    (Model;  scale,  ^  inch  to  the  foot.)    Capt.  H.  C. 
Chester. 
Used  in  cod  fisheries  and  shore  fisheries. 
25730.  Massachusetts  schooner-smack.    (Model;  scale,  i  inch  to  the  foot.) 
William  H.  Chase,  Boston,  Mass. 
Used  in  mackerel  fisheries  and  winter  oyHtcr  trade. 
S8731.  Maine  schooner-smack.    (Model;  scale,  i  inch  to  the  foot.)    Capt. 
H.  C.  Chester. 
Used  in  bank  cod  fisheries  and  eastern  mackerel  fisheries. 
S6596.  Oyster-schooner.    (Model;  scale,  1  inch  to  the  foot.)   T.  B.  Ferguson, 
Maryland  Fish  Conmiission. 
Used  in  oyster-dredging  in  Chesapeake  Bay. 
26584.  Schooner-smack.    (Model;  scale,  about  i  inch  to  the  foot.)   Johnson 
&,  Young,  Boston,  Mass. 
Employed  in  the  New  England  lobster  fishcricH. 
25727.  Noank  well-smack.    (Model;  scale,  |  inch  to  the  foot.)    H.  C.  Ches^ 
ter,  Noank,  Conn. 
Supplies  fresh  fish  to  local  markets  and  New  York  iced-fish  trade. 
24883.  Schooner-yacht.   (Model ;  scale,  ^  inch  to  the  foot. )  William  H.  Chase. 

Used  in  pursuit  of  sword-fish  and  blue-fishing. 
2S890.  Gloucester  schooner-smack,  style  1835.    (Model.)    M.  M.  McFadyn. 
First  form  of  sharp-bowed  schooner,  out  of  which  the  present 
Gloucester  schooner  was  developed. 
28219.  Old-fashioned  topmast  schooner.    (Model.)    A.  K.  Crittenden. 
26584.  Schooner-smack.    (Model ;  scale,  about  i  inch  to  the  foot.)   Johnson 
A  Young,  Boston,  Mass. 
Used  in  the  New  England  lobster  fisheries. 

iiips. 

257S6.  Whaling-ship.    (Model.)    C.  H.  Shute  &  Son,  Edgartown,  Mass. 
Crew  engaged  in  cutting  in  the  blubber. 

24881.  Whaling-bark.    (Model ;  scale,  ^  inch  to  the  foot.)    U.  8.  Fish  Com- 

mission. 
Used  in  northern  whale  fisheries. 

24882.  Merchant  ship.    (Model;  scale,  ^  inch  to  the  foot.)    U.  S.  Fish  Com- 

mission. 
Used  in  foreign  trade. 

oats  of  Great  Lakes. 

96625.  Mackinaw  boat.    (Mwlel.)    J.  W.  Milner. 

Used  in  fisheries  of  the  upper  great  lakes. 
26^6.  "Norwegian boat"    (Model.)    J.  W.  Milner. 

Used  in  Lake  Michigan  fisheries. 
26790.  Lake  Erie  pound  boat.     (Model.)    J.  W.  Milner. 
26627.  Square-stem  boat.    (Model.)    J.  W.  Milner. 

Used  in  Great  Lake  fisheries. 


ttsamors. 


Menhaden  steamer  with  seine-boats.    .  (Mo<lcl.)     Joseph  Lawlery 

Biistoly  Me. 
"HUaMiil  stoftmer.    (Model.)     N.  Crooks,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


150     ANIMIL  RESOnBCES  AND  FI8HEBIE8  OF  DNITED  RUBS. 


'   !S027.  QiU-uet  Bt«amer.    (Model ;  aoale,  1  inob  to  5  feet  &  iBcbcL) 
Used  in  Lokelkichlgan  fifiberlee. 
S&0S7.  "Camel"  floating-dock.     (Model ;  scale,  1  inch  to  6  fM  S  in 

WillliMn  H.  Chase. 
S8S08.  "Camel"  floating-dock.    Model  of  ateamaliip  Cnlia.    DipoMt 
F.  McFaddea,  Philadelphia. 
Built  in  1842  for  floating  loaded  eliips  over  Kantnckrt  bit 

Api^aratUB  accessory  to  risginir  fishinff-TCMeU. 


S6S3t.  Thtee  single  iron-sheaved,  plain-hook  tuckle  bloeka.    Wstti 

man  Sc  Sons,  Providence,  R.  I. 
SS830.  Two  double  iron-sbeaved,  plain-book  tackle  blocks.    Wslb 

man  &  Sons,  Providence,  K.  I. 
£>806.  "Dead-eye"b1ock.    Used  to secnre  the  standing  oi Gied H, 

tbe  bull  of  the  vessel.     Walter  Coleman  &,  Sons,  Proviilei 
256M.  "Heart"  block.    Used  to  secure  the  standing  or  fixed  riggii 

hull  of  the  veaai-l.     Walter  Coleman  A.  Sons,  Provideucr, 
25805.  "Bnll'e-eyo"  block.     Used  to  secure  tbe  standing  or  fixed  Ti 

the  bull  of  the  vessel.    Walter  Coleman  A,  Sons,  Provida 
25619.  One  single  brass-sbeaved,  inster-hook  tackle  block.    Wslt 

man  &,  Sons,  Providence,  B.  I. 
25150.  Series  of  boat-blocks.     Used  on  small  fisbing-boats  amunil  C 

and  Newport.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Hiddletown.  ( 
25617.  One  single  brass-sbeaved,  sister-hook  tackle  block.     Wah 

man  it  Sons,  Providence,  R.  I. 
1^18.  One  double  iron-aheaved,  siater-book  tackle  block.      Wall 

man  &,  Bona,  Providence,  R.  1. 
25812.  Bound  block.     For  Jib-aheets  and  small  craft.     Woltrr  Col 


ANUCAL  RESOUKCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     151 

paratas  accessory  to  rig^gringr  fishingr-Tcssels. 

Glews  and  hanks. 

29475.  Clement's  patent  solf-odjosting  jib-hank.  Wilcox,  Crittenden  St 
Co.,  Middletown/Conn. 

25143.  Jib-head,  with  patent  clew-thimble,  used  where  the  jib  has  been 
stretched  too  mnch ;  the  jib  is  shortened  at  the  head ;  and  the  jib- 
head  is  attached  to  the  sail.  Wilcox,  Crittenden  &,  Co.,  Middle- 
town,  Conn. 

25803.  Jib-hank.  Goes  on  jib-stay  to  hold  the  sail  to  it.  Walter  Coleman 
&  Sons,  Providence,  R.  I. 

25777.  Wooden  jib-hank.    Samuel  £1  well,  jr.,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

25156.  Series  of  single-stay  jib-hanks.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  dr-  Co.,  Middle- 

[town,Conn. 

25157.  Series  of  double-stay  jib-hanks.  ''  " 

25215.  Self-adjusting  j ib-hank  for  double  stay.    C lement's  patent.    Wilcox, 

Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middle  town,  Conn. 

25214.  Patent  self-adjusting  jibrhank.  Clement's  patent.  Wilcox,  Crit- 
tenden &  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 

29460.  Jib-sheet  block  (peculiar  to  Gloucester  fishing-vessels).  Samuel 
Elwell,  jr.,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

25156.  Pratt's  patent  jib-hank  or  yacht-jib.     Wilcox,  Crittenden  &,  Co., 

[Middletown,  Conn. 

25207.  Hook-and-eye  for  bonnet  of  jib.     .  "  " 

Shocks. 

29466.  Line-chock  for  whale-boat.    Provincotown  style.    William  W.Smith, 

Provincetown,  Mass. 
25180.  Line-chock  for  whale-boat.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &>  Co.,  Middletown, 

[Conn. 

25216.  Bow-chocks.  "  '• 

25195.  Boat-chocks.  "  " 

Boat-hooks. 

25926.  Whaler's  large-ring  boat-hook.     E.  B.  &  T.  Macy,  New  Bedford, 

Mass. 
25614.  Whale-boat  boat-hook  (peculiar  to  New  Bedford).     Humphrey  S. 

Kirby,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

25196.  Series  of  wrought-irou  boat-hooks.      Wilcox,   Crittenden  &  Co., 

[Middletown,  Conn. 
25200.  Boat-hook  for  gunboat.  '<  '' 

25226.  Boat-hook.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission  (deposited). 

25197.  Double  Navy  boat-hooks  with  ball  points.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &, 

[Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 

25198.  Series  of  Navy  boat-hooks  with  ball  points.  "  ** 

25199.  Series  of  sharp-pointed  boat-hooks.  "  " 

Bdaying-pins. 

25161.  Series  of  belaying-pins.     Wilcox,  Crittenden  &,  Co.,  Middletown, 

[Conn. 
flfidOBL  Belaying-pin  for  Cape  Ann  seine-boat.     ^^  ** 

.  Two  belaying-pins.    Samuel  Elwell,  jr.,  Gloncester,  Mass. 


152     ANIHAL  BE80DHCES  AND  F18HGBIE8  OF  UNITED  STinS. 

ApparatDs  accessory  to  riffginir  Oshlnff-TesscU. 

BigSfers'  hooks.' 

35104.  Deck  or  hammock  hook.    Wilcox,  Criltenilcu  &.  Co.,  UUdkUit 

35195.  Huomock-hook.  "  ■' 

2&S06.  Series  of  riggers'  sUter-hookB.  "  " 

25145.  Wide-mouthed  single-hookB,  or  Cape  Aim  bonnetr-Iiook*.    Wil 
[Crittenden  &.  Co.,  Uiddlctown,  C> 
3M78.  Bonnet-hook  and  grommet.  "  " 

3&462.  Bonnct^hook-aiitl-oye,  for  removing  tho  Jib.     Wilcox,  Ctittend< 
[Co.,  HiddlBtowD,  ( 
25165.  Series  of  books  and  thimbles.'  "  ' 

25943,  Purral  hooka.     8.  Elwoll,  jr. 

S5144.  Siat«r-hook8.     Wiicox,  Critteuden  &  Co.,  Uiddletown,  Conn. 
85160.  Sailmakoi's  beoch-hook.  "  " 

■25149.  Soihnaker'e  Ifoavei.  <■  " 

25207.  Hook-and-eye  for  bonnet  of  Jib.  "  " 

2S1B5.  Hook-and-eye  plate.  "  " 


35116.  Series  of  galvanized-iron  sail-grommets  (Wilcoi's  patent).    V 

Crittenden  &■  Co.,  Hiddletown,  Conn. 
S5117.  Series  of  brHflBsail-KTommets  (Wilcox's  pat«nt).     Wilcox,  Critt 

&,  Co.,  Middlotown,  Conn. 
25118.  Series  of  brass  grommots.    Conical  point,  rolled  rim.    Wiloox 

tenden  &  Co.,  Uiddletown,  Conn. 
95119.  Series  of  tnetalUo  grommots.    First  nscd  in  AmrricA.    Wilesi 

tenden  &■  Co.,  Uiddletown,  Conn. 
95130,  Series  of  brass  giommots.     First  patented  in  America.     Wikoi 

tenden  &,  Co-,  Middlotown,  Conn. 
2G1S1.  Rope-yarn   gronunets  (with   worked  holes  showing  i 


ANIICAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     153 

laratns  accessory  to  risirtngr  fishingr-Tcssels. 

[riommets. 

25132.  Series  of  throat-thimbles.    Gloncester  pattern.    Wilcox,  Crittenden 

&,  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 

25133.  Series  of  reef-tackle  or  saddle-thimbles.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co., 

Middletown,  Conn. 

25134.  Series  of  brass  sail-thimbles.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &.  Co.,  Middle- 

[town,  Conn. 

25152.  Series  of  open  or  riggers'  thimbles.  **  *^ 

25153.  Series  of  wire-rope  thimbles.  **  ^^ 

Inchors. 

25162.  Boat-anchor.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &Co.,  Middletowu,  Conn. 

25163.  Grappling-iron  for  dory.  "     *  " 

25219.  Wooden  killick  or  coast  anchor.    H.  C.  Chester,  Noank,  Conn. 
29249.  Series  of  sailors'  palms  (from  best  to  the  poorest).    Wilcox,  Critten- 
den &  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 

29423.  Sailor's  palm  (left  hand).    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &.  Co.,  Middletown, 

[Conn 

29424.  Sailor's  roping  palm,  A  1  (right  hand).     *^  " 

29454.  Superior  cast-steel  sail-needles.  **  '' 

fast-gear. 

25802.  Six  ^'purrcl  trucks."    Used  on  a  rope  around  the  most  to  keep  the 
gaff  on  the  mast.    Walter  Coleman  &  Sons,  Providence,  R.  I. 

25807.  Mast-hoop.    Used  to  hold  the  sail  to  the  mast.    Walter  Coleman  & 

Sons,  Providence,  R.  I. 

25808.  Lace  trucks.     Used  on  the  foot  of  sail  to  attach  it  to  the  boom. 

Walter  Coleman  &,  Sons,  Providence,  R.  I. 
251'>9.  Series  of  boat-mast  hoops.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middletown, 
Conn. 

25810.  Mast-hea<l  truck.     Used  on  top  of  mast  to  display  bunting  and 

signals.    Walter  Coleman  &  Sons,  Providence,  R.  I. 

25811.  Mast-head  ball.     Used  on  to])  of  the  topmast  to  display  bunting  and 

signals.    Walter  Coleman  &  Sons,  Providence,  R.  I. 

29480.  Mast-head  gear  for  dory.    Auiasa  Taylor,  Provincetown,  Mass. 

29481.  Mast  and  boom  attachment  for  dory.      **  " 

29484.  Mast  and  gaff  attachment  for  whale-boat  (new  style).     Used  by 
Provincetown  whalers.     Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middletowu, 

[Coun. 
25181.  Mast-hinge  for  whale-boat.  "  *' 

Loaders  and  foot-stops. 

25604.  Series  of  sail-leacbes  and  boom  foot-stops.     Used  by  Newport  sraack- 
men.    J.  M.  K.  Southwick,  Newport,  R.  I. 

25193.  Boom  foot-stops.     Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 

25181.  Mast-hinge  for  whale-boat.  "  " 

29450.  Fair-leader.     Used  on  the  booms  of  Gloucester  vessels.     Samuel  El- 
well,  jr.,  Gloucest^T,  >Ia8S. 

29463.  Patent  topsail  travelers.     Used  on  square-rigged  vessels.     Wilcox, 
Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 
IL  IfMi-iiook  clntch.    E.  A.  Sawyer,  Portland,  Me. 


154     ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UHITED  STATES. 

Apparatus  accessory  to  riffirins  flsltiiiff-TMMla. 

Boittrbuilders'  materiuls. 

25170.  Rlng-bolte.     Wilcox,  Critteoden  8c  Co.,  Hiddl«t««n,  Cmo- 
S6901,  Seriea  of  screw  eye-bolts.      "  " 

9530S.  Series  of  screw  ring-bolts.      "  " 

2&90R.  Series  of  ring-bolts.  "  " 

SS211.  Common  oval  bead  clincli  boat-nail.     Wilcox,  Crittendm  i  Ci 
[Ifiddletowii,C« 
S!C212.  Chiael-point  cliucli  bout-nails.  " 

2S213.  Coiint«rBiuik  clinch  bOBt-naik.  " 

35SS0.  Series  of  boat-rivet&  " 

2&2!j3.  WasbeiB  or  clinch-rings  for  rivets.  " 

8617S.  Stem  cap  for  Cape  Anu  soine-boat.  " 

35173.  Davit-guard  and  step-plate  fur  Cape  Ann  seine-boat  " 
SSITTh  Eye-plateoroar-holderawivelflforCapeAnnaclne-biiat  " 
2B176.  Gunwale  supporter  for  Cape  Ann  seine-boat.  " 

Q&178.  Davit-guard  and  step-plate  for  Cape  Ann  aeine-boot.  " 
25174.  Bteast-btace  for  Cape  Ann  seine-boaf .  " 

S&166.  Davit-iron  for  Cape  Ann  seiae-boats.  " 

S5167.  Tow-iron  for  Cape  Anu  seine-boats.  " 

SS166.  Tow-link  and  hook  for  Cape  Ann  seine-boat.  " 

29483.  Boom-rest  or  crotoh-soeket.    Used  on  the  tofl^l  nf  C»p(Wl 

vcflsels  when  they  are  "laying  to"  on  Georgp"* B»«l*    ■■ 

Brown,  Wellfleet,  Mass, 
21^04.  Water-deck  iron.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  *■  Co.,  MidiUetom,  C"* 

findder-fixtnres. 

2949C.  "W,  N.   Clark's  rudder-hanger."     (Patented   September  I  W 
James  B.  Clark,  Chester,  Conn. 
,  "Advantages  (lalmed  for  this  hanger :  To  ship  the  rudder  w*  bW 
to  enter  the  tongue  (which   Iiaa   tbe'  rudder  already  attached)  ia 


E 


SiMAL  RESOURCES  ANiJ  FISHEBJE8  Of  INITED  STATES.     155 

iraliu  accesiwry  to  rigging:  fishing- vessel)*. 

tdd«r-6xtlire8. 

any  ooo  sniliug  nver  a  liuc  or  tH'iiie,  as,  tbo  rudJer  c:ui  Ih'  riuily  raised  fur 
anoagb  to  piua  iiTer  and  prevent  a,  line  gutting  caught  between  the  rmU 
der  find  boal,  oh  nuuld  othMwiau  likely  eneae,  nnd  wbeii  ov<>r.  by  niinply 
letting  dotni  the  milder,  it  will  go  tu  its  place  again  ready  fur  ubo. 

By  tliia  an'tingemcnt  ve  are  enabk-d  to  get  lUe  hinges  further  down  nu 
tho  rudder,  thnieby  bringing  the  strain  on  both  of  tliom,  while  in  the  eld 
way,  the  lower  eye  and  pintle  oro  bo  far  fWim  tile  bottom  of  the  bout,  in 
ardi^  to  fiu'ilitat«  the  shipping  of  thi.-  hiddi-r,  Ihiit  lliiu  oni-  liiiH  to  b«ar 
n«ftTly  all  of  the  Btrain."  (W.  N.  CItukO 
SS190.  Bndder-gadgeoDi.  'Wilcox.  Crittenden  Jk  Co.,  Middletowu,  Conn. 
SSt82,  Budder-brares  for  wliale-boat.     Wilcox,  Crittonden  &  Co.,  Middlf- 

[town.  Com.. 
S&IOO.  Series  of  couiinon  wronght-iron  rnddcr-brates.     "  " 

351U0.  Serins  of  rudder  bmoos.  "  " 

29810.  Rudder-braces  for  New  Orlcius  cM-boat.  "  " 

35183.  EiiddiT-bmce«  for  metallic  life-boat.  ''  " 

S9473.  Dory  breast-hnoli  nod  stem  braces.  "  " 


SST79.  l^tny-sDil  suateb-deat.     Used  by  Gloooester  fiHhiug-sohoonerH.     A1- 

1«n  ],.  McDonald.  GloueeMer,  Xana. 
25000.  Wooden  cleats.     Unml  to  fasten  mpes  to.     Willinm  Coleman  A.  S.iiii. 

Providence,  B.  I. 
85918.  ScrieaofrnnnlUloikbi.   WUcos,  Critt«Qa<Mi&Co.,MiddIetAwii,  Cmm. 
2SS17.  Small  brass  cb'ats.  " 

25177.  Cleata  for  Cupn  Ann  sninB'boat.        "'  " 

2S191.  Bont-cleats.  "  " 

rlouks. 

S50m.  Whalc-1)oat  niwloelf.     Wileox,  Crittenden  dt Co.,  S[iddleto^vIl.  Conn. 

!S08S.  Brass  wash -streak  rowlock.  "  " 

iK113.  Steering  rowlock  with  stem  amkotfurCuiMAnn  seine-liont.    Wileov. 

Cri(t«ndon  A:  Co.,  Middlelown,  Conn. 
86114.  Socket  used  on  side  of  stem  for  steering.     Used  on  Cape  Ann  seine- 

boot.     Wilcox,  Crittenden  4,  Co.,  Hlddletown,  Conn. 
SS0S5.  Seine-boat  rowlock.     Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middlrtoivu,  Conn, 
aS(B0-7i  rulishi'dliruMi-uwlocks- 

fiS076.S&Of7.  Polished  brass  rowlock  nsed  ou  gunning-skUT.     Wilcox.  Crit- 
tenden &  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 
SGltH-S  Oftlvaniied  socket  rowlocks.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middle- 

[town.  Conn. 
as0e3-»-4.  Dross  eocket  rowlocks.  ■'  " 

aS(»I-a-3,  Plain  brass  patent  swivel  rowlock.  "  " 

950IH.  Galvanized- iron  paleut  swivel  rowlock.  "  " 

96101.  Kret  patent  swivel  rowlock  pnt  in  market.     Wilcox,  Critlundcn  ,1; 
Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 

Plirfii  bnus  towloak  nB«l  on  gunning-ski fT.    Wilcox,  Critten- 
den A,  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 
$id»-plul<-  rowlock  nscd  ou  giiuniuB-skifl".    Wilcox,  Crilteudeo 
t  Co.,  Middletown,  Cimn. 


166     ANIMAL  RESOUBCES  AND  FISUEBIEB  Oi'  UNITED  STATES. 

Apparatatt  accessory  to  rlg^ng  flsfainff-TeiMelt. 

Bovlocks. 

35166.  Rowlock  for  dory.    Shoiring  new  mode  of  taeUnung.    VUmi,  Ciii- 

t«nden  &,  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 
25705.  Dory  thole-pin  rowlock,    gamnel  Elwell,  jr.,  Qlonoeator,  itiMt. 
25090.  Gun-metal doryrowlockwitliSoathwick'iipatentfnBtciiiiig.   Vittoi. 

Crittendeu  &,  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 
25100.  Dory  rowlock,  ebowing  patent  mode  of  fostcniug.    Wilrox,  Criitni' 

don  ii,  Co.,  Middletown,  C<nin. 
36903.  "Lyman's  p'»t*iit  bow-fftcing  rowing-goir."    William  Ljinan, MkI- 
dlefleld,  Conn. 
This  bow-facing,  i,  e.,  &OQt  view, row ing-geai  is  ui  invention  Thiii 
tUlowB  the  rower  to  face  forward  iiuteadof  ImckwnTd,  pulling  iu  thtnix 
manner  as  with  tbe  ordinary  oars.    TbU  KveTseinovemeuIiiobtBiiwillo 
haviiig  the  our  in  tvcu  [litrln,  t-iuh  ginrt  liavhi^  »  boll-and-iiockrt  jiHii 
which  is  attni-hed  to  the  wal«  of  the  boat  by  means  of  a  slot  luid  lisibm. 
and  the  two  pnrta  connectMl  liy  a  rod  (with  hinged   IxMringB)  (tkir 
OTOSsea  the  wale  of  the  boat. 
The  advantages  elaimed  for  tliis  ntwing-gi-ar  over  the  urdinAry  u«,  '"'■ 
"  1.   The  oarlman/iicn  the  dirtclion  in  idtirh  it  got^, 

2.  The  iirrangemeat  of  tin-  Icvi'tn  is  wjtii  that  tho  oarsmaD  apiilin  i" 
strength  tolbn  best  Diechaiii^'nl  advantage,  enabling biniloron-fuWii'^ 
more  easily  than  with  any  uther  Uitr. 

3.  Daring  the  stroke  tbc  bow  of  the  bmit  h  slightly  raiaed  by  tU-ar 
lion  of  the  rower  instead  of  Iwing  lowcrcii  liy  hiu  motion  as  \n  onliw? 

4.  The  stroke  in  longer  thOiU  with  onliuary  oars. 

5.  The  onra  can  be  closed  u]!  out  of  the  way  along  thr  side  of  rlii  W 
without  dotachiog  them  from  thu  giinwnli'. 

G.  It  is  bettor  from  the  f<vct  that  thf  blade  of  the  iiai  is  in  frontiutto 

be  ram  at  the  beginning  uf  tbe  stroke,  so  that  there  is  uu  diffiimlij  " 

oiding  nhstiieW,  and  in  a  nrngh  •*»  there  in  little  d.-ingiT  uf  "fsktte 


lANIMAL  EESOURCES  AND  riSHEHlES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      157 


Uni: 

|Urala«  accessor}  to  rii^trius  fishing- vexMeli. 

im  locks. 

AlintiBt  any  oou  (eveu  if  liu  liiw  uvvur  ruwiril  it  lioulj  wiili  iiu  hoar's 
placUou  call  uho  tLiine  front  view  oura  wi>ll;  it  boln^  iimdi  iriuitr  toltarn 
to  uao  a  pair  of  tliMu  <inni  thau  a  |>ikir  nf  the  bock  view  unni."  (Williniu 
Lyman.) 

2S8fU.  Frederick  D.  Gruves's  improved  uuiulcM  rowtuck.     Fn-d.  I).  Griivm, 

Bmtoii,  MuHS. 

"Tlio  objrut  of  lliis  invontion  is  to  iniprovc  llic  consli'iicliou  uiiduperii- 

tioiiof  tlie  claw  nf  rnwlocka  iu  bdcIi  iimunrir  ti«,  liral,  tn  insure  tlic  (iropur 

innUiialiuD  of  tint  Ii)hiIc>  of  Iho  oar,  and  pii>vi<ut  ILi>  liuliilitj'  of  its  catcL- 

!ng  the  water  when  feathering  in  reuuT«riii)c,  us  well  us  io  iuniirw  tlii* 

proper  position  of  the  hladi^of  the  oor  wbvu  mukiuiflbe  £in)ke;  st'itindly, 

to  cnittble  tbu  onter  end  of  the  oar  to  be  raLsed  wheu  It  is  being  fi-athered, 

1b  order  to^reveat  its  contact  with  the  nalor  in  rnugli  wcintlicr.     My 

Improved  rowlock,  wliich  is  composed  iif  nu  Inclosing  ring  located  on  a 

pinlln,  and  an  inner  ring  incloseil  hj  the  Hug  and  adnpl^d  t'>  be  partially 

minted  therein;  tlin  luside  of  the  iuulotiug  riiij^  is  provided  with  a  g^roove 

whioU  extends  uliiiost  sround  it,  its  continuity  being  broken  only  by  a 

atop.     The  pintle  of  tho  rowlock  ia  inserted  iu  a  socket  Kttuched  to  tbo 

gnnwalu  of  Ihi'  boat,  tlio  pintle  and  rowlock  being  adapted  to  tiini  freely 

in  the  socket.    From  the  foregoing  it  will  readily  ho  seen  that  an  oar 

pivotiMl  in  llin  inner  ring  is  adapted  to  bo  partially  rotated,  in  lulditlnn  to 

Ita  oaoillatiug  moviiments,  so  that  when  its  stroke  is  cumptoti'il  it  ran  be 

tunird,  nu  u)  Iu  fi-ulhtr  the  blade  Lu  the  recover  atrokr.    The  iiiii]i  nud 

ahouldms  of  the  inner  ring  are  arranged  iu  aaoh  mutual  tolation  that  tho 

ahouldpr  abuts  agninat  tho  atop,  iu  feathering  the  oar,  lieforo  the  blade  be- 

ooinea  liniizontal  iu  cross-section,  so  that  the  cross-sectiou  of  tho  oar  is 

neceaaarily  inclined  downward  from  its  forward  to  Its  rear  edge  during 

Uio  feAthoriug  stroke,  this  incliuation  of  the  blade  preventing  its  forward 

edge  from  engaging  with  the  water  and  uy»rturiiing  the  rnner,  or,  in 

other  word«,  causing  him  to  "cat«h  u  crab."    This  limitation  of  the  oor 

In  its  rotation  prevents  awkward  accidents  in  fealheriug,  and  i^uables  an 

unskilled  perstm  to  low  with  a  considerable  degroe  of  certainly."    (F.  V. 

Grkvoa.) 

85098-8.  Gatvauijcd-iroii  patent  swivel  rowlo.k.      Wilcox,  CrillJ'udeJi  &. 

[Cn.,  Mid.Ile|.>ni>,  Conn. 

fiSOKt.  Oalvantited-iron  patent  swivel  rowlock.  "  " 

iS637.  OalvaniMd-iron  patent  swivel  roniock.  "  " 

8G096.  Oalvanized-iron  patent  swivel  rowloi'k.  "  '' 

fiSDT3-4-6.  Polished  brnas  patent  swivel  rowlock.  '■  " 

8St03-3.  Galvanized  socket  rowlock.  "  " 

Mill.  Countersunk  rowlock.    Used  ou  Ohio  River  tlat-boata.    Wilcox,  Crit- 

teudon  &.  Co,,  Middlnlown,  Conn. 
1MS8.  Bvwlook.    Newport  and  Providence  River  style.    Wilcox,  Critlen- 
[den  di  Co.,  Middlotowu,  Conn. 
fiS087,  North  Hivrr  pattern  rowlock.  "  " 

SGOeO;  Ea«t  River  pattern  rowlock.  "  " 

tB0l9.  Socket-Joint  tt.wlock.     Frederick  A.  Gower.  Providence,  K,  L 

"TlicBoiket-joint  rowlock  is  iiKeuded  to  increase  Ihe  speed  and  improYB 
the  oouvunience  of  rucio;;  buaH.     Its  ndvantag^  li"'"  pwved  so  eaaily    | 
^(parent  looarsmi'ii  th.it  1h''rr<  is  little  utHHl  of  dvl&iling  its  strong  points, 
Ibttt  iho  fbllowiug  ate  among  ila  leading  fcnt 


158      ANIMAL  BES0UBCE8  AND  F18HBBIE8  OF  UNITED  STATU. 

Apparatus  accessory  to  rig^g^D^  ashins-Tesscls. 


Witbliling  of  thii  oar  in  wholly  avoided.  If  the  oar  in  m  piopnri}  ginl 
fit,  it  will  bave  loss  than  ( inch  of  fore-aud-aft  motion  in  the  lock. 

"Catching  oralig"  ie  largely  avoided  b;r  pi^TVDting  the  oar  from  jam- 
ming in  the  lock  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  the  ntroke.  If  a  "mb' 
Bhonid  be  caught,  the  rowlook  ia  not  strained,  and  the  oar  can  be  rmt- 
eied  withont  stopping  the  boat. 

A  good  grip  of  the  water  is  aaaniad  to  even  the  inexperienced  ouan 
by  the  shape  of  the  back  of  the  rowlock,  which  comwponda  tothatoflbi 
oar.     The  oar  settles  itself  into  the  proper  position  on  beginning  theitrrtK 

Any  length  of  reach  may  be  taken  by  long-bnilt  men  in  going  fonmdi 
avoiding  an  evil  often  complained  of. 

A  space  half  as  wide  admits  passage  of  the  boat.  Equipped  wiCli  tkii 
lowlock  a  six  or  four  oared  shell  passes  through  an  opening  the  width  of 
the  outriggoTH.  Crewa  rowing  on  narrow  or  bridged  water  will  God  tlH 
advantage  worth  the  price  of  the  rowlocks  in  a  single  seaaon. 

Uniting  the  rods  at  a  single  point  bringu  the  whole  atrengtli  of  Iboit- 
rigger  liilo  play  at  every  port  of  the  ali'oke,  and  an  outrigger  thiu  n 
can  hardly  be  demolished  while  the  boat  standi. 

Any  o!\TS  may  be  used  if  of  recent  pa11«rn,  i.  e.,  withont  the  u[uij!l>l'5 
"bulge"  ou  the  loom.  It  is  only  necessary  to  make  a  slight  cbEMr  a 
the  button,  as  described  below. 

Better  time  may  be  made.  Eiperimenta  fbua  far  indicate  thai  li" 
Mcket-Joiut  rowlock  is  perceptibly  speedier  than  the  common  palteni,  t* 
the  stoppage  of  wabbUng,  and  general  smoothness  of  action. 

Baising  a  rowlock  with  the  common  outrigger  U  a  lialf  hnnr'a  wn^^ 
with  rusty  nuts  (one  or  two  of  which  usually  twist  the  bolt  off  iui 
ing)  ami  experimenting  to  get  the  right  thii-kueas  of  wa«hpra.  Will  I^ 
Bocket^jolut  rowlock  the  same  thing  is  done  in  two  miuulM  by  slipl«>; 
half  or  tUree-quartcraof  aninohof  waslierson  the  shaft  under  the  topnJ- 


.  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      159 

I  accessory  to  riggiiiS  flsUni^-Yessels. 


Thole-pins  for  metallic  life-boat.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middle- 

[town,  Conn. 
Whitehall  pattern  rowlock.  "  " 

Detroit  or  Lake  Michigan  rowlock.  **  '^ 

"Acme"  oarlock.    Pattern  invented  1876.    "  " 

Oar-holder  for  Cape  Ann  seino-boat  (old  model).    Higgins  &.  Gifford, 

GloacesteTy  Mass. 
Oar-holder  for  Cape  Ann  seine-boat.     Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co., 

Middletown,  Conn. 


One  pair  white-ash  oars  (9  feet).    B.  T.  Dodge,  maker,  Boston,  Mass. 

One  pair  white-ash  oars  (6  feet).  "                          " 

Pair  white-ash  oars  (12  feet).  "                          " 

Pair  pine  oars  (8  feet).  "                          " 

Pair  white-ash  oars  (9  feet).  "                          " 

Pair  spoon  oars  (10  feet).  "                          " 

Pair  of  oars  (7  feet  8  inches).    Waters  &  Son,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  makers; 
Delong  <&  Sous,  Glens  Falls,  N.  Y. 


White-ash  paddles.    R.  T.  Dodge,  maker,  Boston. 

Indian  paddles.    Northwestern  coast.    George  Qibbs. 

Indian  paddles.  «  « 

Indian  paddles.  "  Cape  Flattery.  GroorgeGibbs. 

Indian  paddles.  "  Whaling.  ** 

Indian  paddles.  '  * 

Indian  paddles.  " 

Indian  paddles.  " 

Indian  paddles.  '' 

Indian  paddles.    Fort  Townsend,  W.  T.    J.  G.  Swan. 

Indian  paddles.  "  " 

Indian  paddles.  "  ** 

Indian  x)addles  (for  skin  canoe  used  by  Aleut iaus).  Alaska.  Y.  Colycr. 

Indian  paddles  (for  skin  or  wooden  canoe).  "  *^ 

Indian  paddles.  "  "  " 

>  Indian  paddles  (used  by  Trimsein  Indians).    Fort  Simpson,  B.  C. 

5     J.  G.  Swan 

Indian  paddles.     Passamaquoddy  Indians,  Eastport,  Me.    E.  Palmer. 

Indian    paddles.      Northwestern    coast.       Exploring    Expedition. 

Lieut.  Wilkes,  U.  8.  N. 
Indian    paddles.       Northwesteru    coast.       Exploring   Expedition. 

Lieut.  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 
Whaling  paddle.    Makab  Indians,  Neeah  Bay.    J.  G.  Swan. 
Whaling  paddle.  " 

Whaling  paddle.  " 

Whaling  paddle.  << 

WiiAliiiK  paddle.  ** 


tt 
tt 


160     ANIU&L  BE80UBCBS  AKD  FISHEBILB  OF  UMITBD  SUTISB. 

Apparatus  accessory  to  rigffing  flshiny-Tc— efau 

Paddles. 

25775.  Whaling  paddle.  Makah  Indiana,  Xeeah  Bay.     J.  Q.  Svu. 

S6774.  WhaliDg  paddle.  " 

2f!773.  Canoe  paddle.  " 

2G772.  Canoe  paddle. 

2G771.  Canoe  paddle.  " 

S6770.  Canoe  paddle.  " 

26769.  Canoe  paddle.  " 

86766.  Canoe  paddle.  <■ 

267e7.  Canoe  paddle.  " 

26766.  Canoe  paddle.  '■ 

36765.  (moe  paddle.  " 

26764.  Canoe  paddle.  " 

26610.  Double  paddle.    Made  b;  Waters  A  Sod,  T107,  H.  T. ;  Da  L 
SODH,  Glens  Falls,  K.  Y. 

Poles  and  pushing  sticks. 

15653.  Bidarka  pole.  Nunivak,  Alaska.     W.H.  Dall. 
15C53.  Bidaikapole.  "  " 

17443.  Bidarka  pole.  Cave,  Kagamil  Island,  Alaska.    Alaska  Com 
Company. 

Candlestick. 

Used  in  hold  of  vessel  while  storing  fish. 

32741.  Candlestiok.    A.  UoCnrdj,  aionoestsr,  Haas. 
32682.  Candlestick  or  "Sticking  Tommy."    Olonceeter,  Han.  &  t 
Goode. 


INIIIAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      161 

paratos  accessory  to  liggliig  fishliig-Tessels. 

Pump  box  and  haft  for  seine-boat. 

29497.  Pomp  box  and  haft  for  seine-boat.    Andrew  Kennedy,  ProvincetowD, 

I  Mass. 
S9^9.  Pump  box  and  liaft  for  seine-boat.  *'  ** 

Bung-backet  or  "water-thief.'' 

25784.  Bung-bucket  or  '' water- thief^"    Wm.  H.  H.  Weston,  Provinoetown, 
Mass. 

Devil's  claw. 

Used  to  stop  the  chain  when  the  windlass  is  wanted  for  other  uses. 
29442.  Devil's  claw.    W.  H.  Hesbolt,  Provincetown,  Mass. 

Box  hook. 

Used  in  closing  boxes  packed  full  of  fish. 

32680.  Bilge  hooks.    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

dSM95.  Box  hook  or  ''deviPs  claw.''    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

Barrel-lifters. 

Used  for  stowing  away  mackerel-kegs  in  holds  of  vessels. 

29291.  Barrel-lifters.  Wilcox,  Crittenden  &,  Co.,  Middletown,  ConxL 
32679.  Chime  barrel-hooks.    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown  Gk>ode. 

Ice-hooks. 

For  lifting  ice  on  vessel  from  wharf. 
32674.  Ice-hooks.    Gloucester,  Mass.    G.  Brown  Goode. 

Lance-hooks. 

Fastened  on  side  of  whale-boat  to  hang  lance  on. 
25919.  Lance-hooks.    E.  B.  Sr.  F.  Macy,  New  Bedford,  MasSi 

Grappling  gear. 

Used  to  recover  lost  trawls. 
25936.  Grappling  gear.    A.  McCurdy,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

Ufarline  spikes. 

29418.  Marline  spike  or  pricker.    Used  for  splicing  trawl-lines.     Wilcox, 

Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middletown,  Conn. 
29455.  Marline  spike.    Made  from  the  jawbone  of  sperm  whale.    Robert  D. 
Baxter,  Provincetown,  Mass. 

29419.  Marline  spike.     Made  from  the  jawbone  of  whale.    Frank  O.  Blake, 

Portland,  Me. 

25147.  Sailmakers' marline  spike.    Wilcox,  Crittenden  &  Co.,  Middletown, 

[Conn. 

25148.  Sailmakers'  marline  pricker.  "  ** 
25164.  Series  of  marline  spikes.  "  " 
25778.  Fishermen's  marline  spike  or  trawl-line  splicer.     Alex.  McCurdy, 

East  Gloucester,  Mass. 

3un.  N.  M.  No.  14 11  • 


162     ANIUAL  BESOURCES  AND  FISHESIES  OF  UHITBD  8TA11 

Apparatus  accessory  to  rl^gin^  fl»hit»Te— clii 

Marline  spikes. 

25146.  Series  of  hickory  hand  fids.    Wilcox,  CritMndAn  A  Cik,  IC 

2S672.  Copper  marline  spike.    Made  at  eea  by  Thomaa  FreMHH. 
splicing  trawl-lines.     Sanford  Freemaii,  Korwiohpacl,  Jf 
33693.  Splicer.    Gloaceater,  Haas.    O.  Btdwii  Goode. 

Best  tor  barpoon,  &c. 

11392.  Beet  for  harpoon  and  boT  and  urow.    Alsntdao  lelaod. 
Colyer. 
Used  on  deck  of  kyak. 

Stretohers  for  kyak-line. 

9836.  Stretchers  for  kyak-line.    Eskimos. 

Stool. 

3978.  StooL    B.  MaoFarlane. 

Used  by  Eskimos  to  stand  ou  while  watching  ftr  ssil 

49.  Camp-outfit. 
Shelter. 

Lodges. 
Teats. 

HaDtiDg-camps. 
Hunters'  houses. 
Fishlng-hoQseB. 

Pamitare. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      163 

missary  supplies. 

ommissary  supplies. 

2&695.  Coffee-pot. 
35696.  Dipper. 
26697.  Toast-rack. 

25698.  Frying-pan. 

25699.  Bread-pan. 

F.  &  S.  60.  Camp-stove  and  utensils.  Property  of  John  A.  Nichols,  Syra- 
cnse,  N.  Y.    Contributed  by  Forest  &  Stream  Pablishing  Company. 

26673.  Coffee-heater.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Sjrracuse,  N.  Y.  Con- 
tributed by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

26713.  Camp-stove.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y,  Con- 
tributed by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

26843.  Lehmen's  patent  folding  camp-baker.  Scoville  &,  Johnson,  Mar- 
quette, Mich. 

able-furniture, 
reserved  meats,  &c 
anned  meats. 

24917.  Fresh  tomato  soup.    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

26649.  Ox-tail  soup  (star  brand).    Portland  Packing  Company,  Portland,  Me. 

24913.  Fresh  soup  and  bouilli.        Wm.  Underwood  &>  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

26648.  Soup  and  bouilli  (star  brand).  Portland  Packing  Company,  Port- 
land, Me. 

24921.  Mock-turtle  soup.    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

26641.  Cumberland  potted  sausage  (star  brand).  Portland  Packing  Com- 
pany, Portland,  Me. 

24927.  Ox-tail  soup.    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

24929.  Original  deviled  ragout.        '*  " 
2492a  Deviled  tongue.                       "  " 

24930.  Deviled  ham.  "  " 

26645.  Cumberland  roast  mutton  (star  brand).    Portland  Packing  Com- 

pany, Portland,  Me. 

24920.  Fresh  chicken.    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston.  Mass. 

26640.  Cumberland  roast  chicken  (star  brand).  Portland  Packing  Com- 
pany, Portland,  Me. 

24931.  Deviled  chicken.     Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

26646.  Cumberland  roast  veal  (star  brand).    Portland  Packing  Comx>any, 

Portland,  Mo. 
24916.  Fresh  mutton.    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

26647.  Cumberland  roast  beef  (star  brand).    Portland  Packing  Company, 

Portland,  Me. 

24910.  Beef  h  la  mode,    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

24911.  Fresh  mince-meat.  "  ** 
24915.  Fresh  veal.                                  "  " 

26639.  Champion  shell-beans  (star  brand).     Portland  Packing  Company, 

[Portland,  Me. 
26638.  Portland  blueberries  (star  brand).  "  " 

22238.  Fresh  blueberries.    Castine  Packing  Company,  Castine,  Me. 
2tM9.  Fresh  beef.    Wm.  Underwood  &  Company,  Boston,  Mass. 

^  Yannouth  sugar-corn.    (Patented  April  8,  May  13  and  20,  and  August 
'802.).  (Star  brand.) .  Poirtlaiid  Packing  Company,  Portland, 


164     ANIHA.L  BESOnSCES  AND  FI8HBBIES  OF  imTED  STATES. 

Commisaary  supplies. 


36653.  Yarmoutb  sDccotash.  Mode  ttom  Taimontli  HOgM^OOTi  ud  dm 
pioD  shell-boans  (star  brand).  Pordaud  Frckiiig  Coastoj,  F« 
land,  Me. 

50.  Personal  equipments. 


26G55.  CaDvas  hantiDg-coat.  Propert;  of  J.  A.  Niobola,  SyneoM,  ^' 
Contributed  by  Forest  &,  Stream  Pablishing  Company. 

36658.  Fur  vest.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracose,  N.  T.  Coottilnt 
by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

26659.  Buckskin  coat.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nicbols,  Sy»«tue,  M.  T.  C< 
tributed  by  Forest  &  Streoui  Publishing  Company. 

26670.  Mole-skin  pants.  _  Property  of  J.  A.  Nicboto,  SyraciMe,  N.  T.  C( 

tributed  by  l^'orost  it  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

26671.  Corduroy  hauler's  toat.     Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Sjracuit,  5- 

Contributed  by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 
96675.  Corduroy  bunter's  pants.     Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  8yr»«nse,Ii. 

Contributed  by  Forest  it  Stream  Publishing  Compaaj. 
36676.  Corduroy  vest.     Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  SyracoM,  N.  T-  C' 

tributed  by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 
26701.  Chamois  shirt.     Properly  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Sjracnsf,  K.  Y.  C. 

tributed  by  Forest  &  Stream  Publiabing  Company. 
S6594.  Hunler'snater-proof  suit,  with  patent  cartridge-holding  Tot  G 

C.  Henuing,  Washington,  D.  C. 
This  suit  inuludcs: 
1.  Pantaloons  so  made  that  they  can  bo  folded  close  to  the  Ieg>. 


ANIMAL  BESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      165 

ling. 

>otSj  moccasins,  leggings. 

26015.  Fishermen's  red  cod  boots.    Jonatlian  Buck,  Harwich,  Mass. 

26015.  Fishermen's  rod-leather  slippers.        '^  ** 

26014.  Fishermen's  black  boots.  ''  ** 

2582^.  Slippers  made  of  sheep-skin,  with  the  wool  on  the  inner  surface. 

Worn  by  fishermen  inside  of  their  boots.    A.  R.  Crittenden,  Mid- 

dletown.  Conn.  • 

26671.  Boot-packings.     Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.    Con- 

tributed by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

26672.  Moccasins.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.    Contributed 

by  Forest  &>  Stream  Publishing  Company. 
2G706.  Rubber  boots.     Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.    Con- 
tributed by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

ats  and  caps. 

25722.  Fisherman's  cap,  called  ''Russian  cap."    £.  R.  Cook,  Provincetown, 

Mass. 
26651.  Hunter's  rubber  cap.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Contributed  by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 
29542.  Series  of  sou'westers  and  oil-cloth  hats  (Cnpe  Ann  pattern).    J.  F. 

Carter,  Gloucester,  Mass. 

iothing  for  the  hands. 

25788.  Pair  of  mittens.      Called    '^Newfoundland    cuffs"   by    fishermen. 

Peculiar  to  Gloucester.    A.  R.  Crittenden,  Middletown,  Comi. 
25790.  Mackerel  cots.    Used  on  the  fingers  when  taking  mackerel  by  hook 

and  line.    Capt.  Samuel  Elwell,  Gloucester,  Mass. 
25787.  Pair  of  "hand-haulers."    Used  by  fishermen  off  the  Newfoundland 

Banks.    Joseph  Parsons,  jr..  East  Gloucester,  Mass. 

25789.  Pair  of  nipT»er8;  peculiar  to  Gloucester,  Mass.    Joseph  Parsons,  East 

Gloucester,  Mass. 

25718.  Pair  of  nippers.  Used  by  fishermen  to  protect  the  fingers  while 
hauling  in  trawls.    David  Conwell. 

25717.  Pair  of  nippers.     Central  Wharf  Company,  Provincetown,  Mass. 

26709.  Rubber  gloves.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Con- 
tributed by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

^tection  from  insects: 

Nets  for  beds  and  for  face. 

26700.  Mosquito-net.  Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Con- 
tributed by  Forest  &  Stream  Publishing  Company. 

Ointments  (such  as  tar  and  sweet-oil). 
Smudges  (such  as  pyrethrum  powder). 
•  Shields,  breastplates,  and  defensive  armor. 

apings. 

^ts. 

Belt  for  sheath-knife.    J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


166     ANIUAL  BB80UBCE8  AND  FISBBKIES  OF  DHITED  BTAin. 

Trappings. 

Crosa-belts. 
Game-bags. 

2G667.  Gamo-bttg.    Property  of  J.  A.  NicIioU,  SjraonM,H.T.    CoDtriln 

by  Forest  &,  Stream  FublisbiDg  Company. 
9K!3.  Game-bag.     Indiana  of  NorthweHt  cooat.    U.  S.  Ez^odng  £1; 

1473.  Gamo-bog.    Comanche  Indians.    Lient.  D.  N.  Coach,  U.  8.  A. 
'J023.  Gamv-bag  of  knit  leather  thongs.    Dog-iib Indians.    FortSiBf 

B.  C.    B.  B.  BoBB. 
2047.  Hunting-bag  of  "babiche."    Fort  Simpeon,  H.  B.  T.     B.  B.  B« 
2020.  Hmiting-bag  made  of  "babiche."    Dog-rib  Indians.    FoitSim; 

H.  B.  T.     B.  B.  Boea. 
255t.  Hunting-bag  of  "  babiche."    Fort  Bae  Eslcimos.    Hackeniie'*  I 

district.     Stratton  Joucs. 
2498.  Gomo-bag.     Indiaus  of  Northweat  coast.    U.  S.  Exploring  Ei 


Wrist-guarda. 

6927.  Wrist-gaard.     Used  in  shooting  ^th  the  bow.     Kiowa  Id 

Fort  Cobb,  I.  T.    E,  Palmer. 
5520.  Wrist-guard.    Apaclie  Indians.     Arizona.    E.  Palmer. 


Optical  instruments,  Ac. 

Snow-goggles. 


1^1.  Snow-blind.     Anderson  Biver  Eskimos.    R.  UtMFkrlaoe. 
10292.  Snow-goggles. 
1650,  2147,  21.^ 


ANIHAI4  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     167 

[edical  oatllt. 

Medicme^ests. 

Hnnter's  and  fishermen's  flasks. 

S6684  Flasks.    Property  of  J.  A.  Nichols,  Syracuse,  N.  T.    Contribatedby 
Forest  &  Stream  Publiahing  Company. 

Urttllelal  Ughte. 

Lanterns  for  camp  and  ship  nse.  ^ ' 
Torches. 


'  See  under  Sighi  dtcoif$  above,  p.  141. 


SECTION"   C. 


METHODS  OF  PREPARATION. 

L  PREPARATION  AND  PRESERVATION  OF  F0< 

1.  Peesebvation  dukikg  life  (see  noder  E,  3). 

2.  Fbbsebtaiion  of  fresh  meats. 

RefMgerators. 

Ice-boxea  and  re&igerators. 

.  Allegietti   iceberg-re&igerator.     Altegretti   IIcfHgwstor  Co 

[Ke. 
.  AUegretti  le&igeTator  show-case.  " 

Baiita  reMgerator. 

Banta  horizoDtal  refrigerator. 

.  Bauta  refrigerator  Bhow-caae.     Fiocssa  patented  Jul;  1,  IB 

A.  Banta,  Now  York  City. 
.  Zero  refrigerator.    Alexander  M.  Lesley,  New  Xort^ 

Be£rigerator-car8. 
(AccesBory.)    The  ice-trade: 

Ice  cutting  and  handling  apparatus. 


[^iNIMAL  BE80URCE8  AND  t'lSHLRIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      169 

ke-drying  apparatus. 

Herriug  sn)oke-houBe». 

12105.  Model  of  smokc-faoiise  iisimI  iu  preparation  of  bcrrlug  {Ctupea  harm- 

gtu).     Luliec,  Me.     U.  8.  Fiub  Coromiasion. 
ISKCt.  Model  of  smokcsIioiiBe  used  in  preparatiou  of  snlmon  {-Salmo  talar). 

Laiiec,  Mc.     U.  S.  Fudi  Conuuisiiioii. 

Halibut  smoke-houses.  I 

Sturgeon  smoke -houses, 
^^boriginal  drying- houses. 
HHethods  of  drying  haliotis,  used  by  the  Indians  of  California. 


4.  PRESEKVATION  BY  CANSINQ  AJTD  PICKLING. 

alting^  fish. 


Knives  {see  under  B,  2). 
Jcaling  apparatus. 

26039.  Eelnoy  &■  Hosmer'a  GBh-dresBer.     Sandueky,  Ohio.     Pat^nlcd  Srpt. 
15,  1873.    Kelsef  it  Bmmer,  Baaduakj,  Ohio. 

ibles,  tubs,  &c.  I 

ils. 

257ri0.  Model  of  D.  D,  Parmalee's  Waukegftn  fishery.     J.  W.  Hilner. 

This  model  shows  in  miniature  all  the  apparataa  employed  in 
□leaning  and  salting  dotv-u  the  lake  whitetish. 

-ecessory.)    Salt : 
Specimens  of  the  salts  used  in  preserving  fish. 
Model  of  salt-mills  used  on  Cape  Cod  in  former  days. 

Extensively  neuit  in  the  first  half  of  the  present  reutnry  >»  obtaining  uilt 
by  evaporation  of  sea-\ratoi.    Their  remains  ore  fonnd  on  Cape  Cod 

and  Nantnckot, 

25706.  MoiU'l  of  salt-works.    Nantucket,  Maa».     W.  H.  Chose,  2d. 


liag  mealitf. 

f  salmou-eanning  establialimcnt. 
"del  of  sardine-factory, 
ccessoiy.)     Cotton-oil,  and  its  manufacture. 
!6del  of  lobater-canning  factory. 

1,  Model  of  Jolinsou  &  Yonng's  lobstei-hoiise.     Warren  bridge,  near 
Fitchlinrg  ik'pot.     Johnson  &  Young,  Boston,  Mubb. 

This  model  showa  the  factory  with  its  vnta  li>r  steaming  tho 
lobsters,  the  nhaif,  and  the  derricks  usml  )□  handling  the 
lubslHK.  It  IB  aucompauied  by  models  of  lobsl«r-amack.  and 
of  the  principal  forms  of  lobttleT-nota;  catalogued  elsouhere. 

lei  of  oyster-canning  factory. 


170     ANIUAL  BE80UBCB8  AND  FISHERIES  OP  nHTTED  STATU 

o.  Pbepakatioit  of  baits. 
Bait-mills,  knires*  choppers,  &g.  (see,  also, under  B,Siii 

26011,  Voas"  improTed 
Olonceater,  1 

Bait-tubs,  vats,  &c. 


II.  MANOFACTUEi;  OF  TEXTILE,  FABRICS,  FEl' 
AND  STUFFINGS. 

6.  PBEPABATION  op  wool  and  HAIB  op  MtWfATA 

Preparation  of  wool  cloths. 

Washing. 

Shearing. 

Stapling  or  assorting. 

Scouring. 

Combing,  carding,  and  plneking. 

Spinning  and  reeling. 

Weaving. 

Fulling  and  teazling. 

Cropping. 

Pressing. 


ANDCAL  BEBOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     171 

^paration  of,  or  tli^iAng  tbr  wall-paper,   flrom 
reflise  quills. 

hreparation  of  fibers  tbr  manuflictare  of  plush  car- 
pets. 

9.  PBEPABATION  of  silk  op  INSECTS. 

Preparation  of  silk  of  silk-worms. 

Boiling  the  cocoons. 

Reeling. 

Spinning. 

Dyeing. 

Weaving. 

10.  PeEPARATION  of  soft  PABTS  of  OTHEB  mVEETEBEATES. 

hreparatima  of  silk  flrom  byssns  of  Pinna. 
Preparation  of  sponge  stuffing. 


H  PREPARATION  OF  THE  SKIN  AND  ITS  APPEND 

AGES. 

*  11.  CUBBYINO  OF  LEATHEB. 

^cesses  of  currying. 

Dipping. 
Graining. 
Scraping. 
Dressing. 

■iplements  employed  by  cnrrierii. 


*Head-knivp^» 

*  Pommels.'* 

*  Stretching-irons.^ 
^  Round-knives." 

Cleaners." 
<  Maces." 
^Horses"  or  trestles. 

*  Dressers." 

*  Treading-hurdles." 

and   Indian  currying  methods  and   imple* 
"'sJn^^  J  -id  sinew. 


172      ANIHAI.  BESOUBCEa  AND  FISBEBIBS  OF  nHTTED  BTATK 

12,  Leather  SBESsma. 

Processes  of  tanning  leather. 

SoabiDg. 
Liming. 
Tamting. 

Processes  or  tavring  or  oil-dressing  leather. 

Soaking. 
Liming. 
Oiling. 

Apporatns  or  leather-dressing,  recent  and  aborigii 

13.  FUB-DRESSINa. 

Processes  of  ftar-dressing. 

Currying.     (See  under  12.) 

Scouring. 

Tanning. 

Lustering. 

Ptacking  and  dyeing. 

14.  Peather-dbessdio. 

method  of  preparing  ornamental  ftathers. 

Scouring. 
Bleaching. 
Washing. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCKS  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      173 


VI.  PREPARATION  OF  HARD  TISSUES. 

17.  Ivory  cutting  and  carving. 

iuflicture  of  handlest  trinkets,  billiard-balls,  Stc. 

timing  and  sawing. 

olishing. 

leaching. 

ufhcture  or  organ  and  piano  keys. 

awing, 
trip-sawing, 
olishing. 
teaching.  &c. 

^r  processes. 

18.  Preparation  of  horn  and  hoof.* 
ming.' 

isiniT*^ 

19.  Preparation  of  whalebone." 

ing  and  other  processes.* 

uflictare  of  whip-makers'  stock  and  irhips. 

lUflicture  of  umbrella-makers'  bone. 

lafkcture  of  ribbon- weavers'  bone. 

uflicture  of  hat  and  bonnet  makers'  bone. 

ufltcture  of  suspender-makers'  bone. 

iUfkcture  of  stock-makers'  bone. 

iufhcture  of  dress  and  stay  makers'  bone. 

uflicture  of  billiard-table  cushions. 

lufkcture  of  snrg^ical  instruments. 

lufhcture  of  w^halebone  brushes. 

iniheture  of  rosettes,  woven  work,  and  trinkets. 


are  iUtistrated  in  part  by  the  specimens,  showing  the  horn,  whale- 
«<i<ibail|  in  y«rioii8  stages  of  preparation,  exhibited  in  Section  D'. 


174     ANIUAL  RESOnRCeS  AND  FraHEBIBS  OF  UmTED  BTim. 

Other  whalebone  manuflictares. 

20.  Pbepasation  of  tobtoise-shezx.^ 

21.  Pbefabation  of  fish-scau:  work. 

22.  Fbepabation  of  naobe. 

23.  Pbepabation  of  cobal. 

24.  Prepabation  of  othbb  haed  tebsubh. 


V.  OILS  AND  GEUTINES. 

25.     ElTBAOTION     OF     ■WHALE-OIL    (WITH    MODELS    OF    TKT-W 
CLAEIPYING-VATS,  ETC.). 


Preparation  of  body-oil. 

Cutting  in  and  stowin;; 

Leaning  and  mincing. 

Trying. 

Bailing. 

Cooling. 

BLiFl-L-Iill^r. 


\UAli  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     175 

neittii  and  appliaitccfii  of  rendering  whale-oil. 

ots. 

3013.  Model  of  whaler's  try-works.  Capt.  L.  W.  Howland,  New  Bedford, 
Mass. 

This  model  is  accompanied  by  miniature  models  of  cJl  the  implements 
nsed  in  trying  out  the  blabber,  viz: 

a.  Fire-pike. 

5.  Stirring-pole. 

0.  Scrap-hopper. 

d.  Skimmer. 

e.  Bailer. 
/.  Cooler. 

g,  Deck-^t. 
h.  Casks. 

ACTION  OF  OTHEB  MAMIVfATi  OILS. 

ACTION   OF  BIBD  AND  EEPTILE  OILS. 

ACTION  OF  FISH-OILS  (WITH  MODELS  OF  BOILEES,  PBESSES, 
LEIFYING-VATS,  ETC.). 

6899.  Model  of  menhaden  oil  factory.     Owned  by  Jos.  Church  &  Co. 
Joseph  Lawler,  Bristol,  Me. 
The  factory  is  the  most  elaborate  of  the  sixty  or  more  on  the  coast  of 
New  England  and  the  Middle  States,  and  is  160  feet  in  length  by  40  in 
width. 

.   EXTEACTION  OF  GLUE,  GELATINE,  AND  ISINGLASS. 


[IGS,  PERFUMES,  AND  CHEMICAL  PRODUCTS. 

Manufacture  of  perfumes. 
Manufacture  of  ivory-black. 
Manufacture  of  prussiates. 
Manufacture  of  murexides. 
^Preparation  of  cochineal  colors. 
Manufacture  of  inks  from  animal  substances. 
^Preparation  of  albumen. 
^Ianufacture  of  pepsin. 
^Manufacture  op  phosphorus. 
^Manufacture  of  sal  amimoniac. 
^Manufacture  of  a^oionia. 
Majj^ufacture  of  albumen  preparations. 
Manufacture  of  propylamine. 
Manufacture  of  formic  acid. 
Manupaotube  of  carbazotates. 


176      ANIMAL  BB80ITBCE8  AND  FISnEBIBS  OF  DNITBD 


VII.  MANUFACTURE  OF  FERTIUZBBS. 

46.  Prepabatiok  of  guajho. 
Hodel  of  fisli-ffnano  worki. 

Grinders  and  pulverizers. 
Mixers. 

2583S.  Uodcl  of  guADO-imxer    Patented  ApTil  27, 1867.    Poole  Mdl 
Baltimore,  Md. 
This  mixer  in  employed  in  the  fish-gnauo  worka  for  tlM  poipa 
thorouglily  mixing  the  flsb-Bcrap  vith  the  mineml  pbo^hateswi 
pliuric  acid. 

Guano  in  its  varioue  atagea,  with  its  ingredients,  Soath  Canliai] 
p1int«s,  Navossa  pbospbates,  scrap  (cmilo  and  dried),  mliAaffe 
koinito,  screened  and  unscreened  gnano,  and  sea-weed  nsedinfca 
tion :  a  full  series  of  tliese  ia  exhibited  in  the  case  of  Qnanos. 


VIII.  LIMES. 

46.  BUBKING  OP  LIME. 

models  of  kilns  Iter  burning  shells. 


IX.  PRESERVATION  OF  THE  ANIMAL  FOR  SCIENTE 


jmCAL  BESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     177 

# 

rratlre  mlxtnrest 

*bolic  acid, 
oral  hydrate, 
ricadd. 
oicadd. 


tallic  labels, 
■dunent  labds. 
ielible  ink,  pendls,  &o. 

APPABATUS  fob  FBBSEBVINa  AND  ICAKINe  SKELETONS. 

tmtioii  of  the  bones. 

oerating-vats. 

ling-vats. 

aning  and  bleaching  preparation* 

ting  of  the  bones. 

aping-tools, 
dcnlating-tools. 

49.  APPABATUS  FOB  N^lKINO  OASTS.     HODEUNa. 

ials. 

.ys. 

yBtets. 

les. 

Tter-machi  QXkd  earUm-pierre. 

latine. 

rafflne.  * 

lodion. 

This  apiMuratos  and  material  is  in  constant  nse  by  the  aa^stants  in  tho 
National  Mnsemn  and  the  Fiah  CommiBsion.  It  is  thonght  soaroely  nec- 
essary to  exhibit  it. 

les  and  modeling  tools* 

\t 

plaster, 
gelatine. 
paper, 
psxafluieb 

^  lf.Bb.14 ^12 


178   ANnuL  EESoimcEa  and  fishebies  of  uhited  states. 

50.  Apfxraxus  and  mexhodb  of  KAKZNa  Aim  uoumiKa  geo 

TAzidx:bm\, 
Tools. 

Flaying-tools. 
Scraping-tools. 
T&xldermiste'  toola  for  BtufBng ; 

Forceps. 

Pliers. 

Preserratires  and  insect-poirdcrB. 

AiBenic  and  Eoseiiical  Boap. 

CorroslTe  SQblimate. 

Salt,  alam,  &o. 

Persian  insect-povder. 

Tobacco,  snuff,  used  as  pieserrataTes. 

Frames,  Sec, 

Wooden  firames. 

Wireframes. 

Plaster  model-bodies.  , 

61.  (Acc£SBOBT.}    PHoroQBAPHto  aud  otheb  mBLomxiM  iiH 

BATTIB. 

Photo^aphic  apparafaa. 

Lenses. 

Cameras  and  fittings. 


SECTION"   X). 


ML  PR0DU(7rS  AND  THEIR  APPLICA- 
TIONS. 

I.  FOODS. 

1.  Foods  in  a  FBEsn  condition. 

This  section  includes  specimens  of  the  nuaketable  animalH  in  a  fresh 
condition  in  refrigeratoiB. 

Iblloiringr  species  of  fish  were  exhibited  in  the  AUegretti 
Banta  refrigerators  in  the  Oovemment  bmlding  from  May  10  to 
amber  10,  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Blackford,  of  New  York  City. 

M  (eastern  coast) : 

iVbiirish.  {Tetrodan  laevigcUus). 
ir-fish  {ChUamycterus  geometricus). 
le-flsh  {Bdlistes  capriscua). 
mg-tailed  file-fish  {AltUera  cmpioauda). 
^ange  file-fish  {Ceratacanthus  aura/ntiacus). 
Qoerican  sole  (Achirus  lineatm). 
at-flsh  {PseudopUwronectes  americanus)^ 
oirnder  {Chamopsetta  ocellaris). 
ilibat  (Hippoglossus  vulgaris). 
dlack  (PollaMus  oarbonarius). 
4  (Chidfu  hunrhua). 

^m-cod  or  frost-fish  {Microgadus  tamoodus). 
Mdock  {Melanogrammus  ceglefinus). 
ike  {Phyds  chuss). 
Hped  sea-robin  {Prionotus  evoUms). 
oad-fingered  sea-robin  {Prionotus  carolinua). 
Graven  {Hemitriptenis  americanua). 
olf-fish  (Anarrhichas  lupus), 

Utog,  or  black-fish  {Tautoga  onitis),  weight  22 j^  ponnds. 
ogset  or  cunner  {Tautogolabrus  adspersus). 
not-fish  {Pseudoscarus  sp.). 
rgeant-m%jor  {Olyphidodon  saxatilis). 
tq^flah  {Cycloptems  lumpus). 
{/Sh(ndb$r  icombrus). 

179  > 


180     AHIUAL  BBS0URCE8  AND  E^BEBIES  OF  UITITED  BTAT 
Fi^efl  (eaatem  coast) : 

Bonito  {Sarda  pelamya). 

Spaniali  mackerel  {Oybium  maeukthim). 

Cero  {Cybium  cahalla). 

Striped  cero  {Oybium  regale). 

Crevalle  (Carangu»  hippos  and  Paratraclua pfaqiielo^ 

Pompano  (ZVocftjrnotM  earolima). 

Biff-e^ed  scad  {Trachuntpa  orumau^itkalmMt). 

Soath  CaroliQa  rodder-fish  {Seriola/aaeiata). 

Silver-fish  (Arffynoius  vomer,  Sec). 

Thread-fish  (Blepharis  erinitut). 

Dolphin  {CoryphiEna  Sueuri  and  C. ptmchUata). 

Black  mdder-fish  {P^iniaichthys  pereifcyrMii). 

Batter-flsh  {^mmoUu  triacanthus). 

Short  harvest-fiah  (Pgn-tltw  Oardimn). 

Squirrel  (Holocentrum  togo). 

Sqneteagae  {Cynotwm  regalia). 

Spotted  Bqaeteagne  or  weak-fish  {Cyaowion  ogroKiwwwi). 

Dram  {Pogoniaa  ehromit). 

Spot  [lAostomua  obliqaut). 

Bed-fish,  or  spotted  bass  {Sciaenopa  oetUatut), 

King-fish  (Mentidrma  nebulatta). 

Croaker  {Micropogon  rmdvlatua). 

Sheeps-head  {Archt^argwa  probatoeepluUwt), 

Scappaug,  or  porgy  {St&notomvi  argyropa). 

Grunts  {Hcemylum  arcuatum,  &c). 

Bed  snapper  {Lutjanvs  Black/ordii). 


mCAL  BE80UBCE8  AITO  FI8HEBIES  OF  UNITED  STATEQ.      }81 

I  (eastern  coast) : 

d  shad  (Dorowma  Cepedianum). 
\  cat-flsh  (Aeiwticlithys  marinus). 
{AnguiUa  bagtamenris). 

rgeon  (Adpenser  oocyrhyncshviM  and  A.  brevirastris). 
>onbill  {Polffodon  folium). 
fj  or  skate  (Baia  sp.). 

>tted-fin  shark  {Isogampbodon  nuumUpiimis). 
S-flsh  {Mu8telu8  kBvis). 

g  (fresh  Abaters) : 

rboty  or  h^wyer  (lota  nuumlosa). 

ish- water  dram  {ffapJoidonotus  ffrvnniens). 

aU-monthed  black  bass  {Micropterus  galmoides)* 

rge-monthed  black  bass  {Miorqpterui  paUidus). 

3k  bass  {AmblopUtes  rupestris). 

i-flsh  (PomoUa  aurem). 

Qow  x>6rch  {Perca  flavescens). 

Llow  pike-i>erch  {Stizostedium  amerieanum). 

lite  bass,  or  striped  bass  {Boecus  ehrysops). 

se  pike  (Esox  IwAua). 

oqnallonge  {Esox  nohiUor). 

kerel  {Esox  retieidatus). 

>ok  tront  (of  eastern  slope),  {Salvelmus  fontimlU). 

^e  tront  {8almo  confinis). 

mon  tront,  or  Mackinaw  tront  {Oristicomer  namaycmk). 

lantic  salmon  {Salmo  %alar). 

^o  salmon  {Salmo  solar  var.  sebago). 

dte-fish  {Coregonus  albus). 

ce  herring  {Argyrosomus  harengus  and  A.  clupeiformis), 

^gan  grayling  {thymallus  tricolor). 

on-eye  {Hyodon  tergisus). 

^ers  {Catostomus  teres  and  Ptyehostomus  aureolus)* 

tblo  fish  {Bubdlichthys  biibalus). 

ner  {Stilbe  americana). 

iflshes  {Amiurus  catusj  A.  nigricans^  &c). 

^  (western  coast): 

mon  {Salmo  quinnal). 

asels. 

•ms. 

4)s. 


''l^'2     ANIHAL  SE80UBCK8  AltD  FlSHEaiEa  OF  UHITKD  SUIOL 


2.  Foods:  dried  jum 
mammal  preparations. 

Jerked  bear-meat. 

Jerked  seal  and  valms  meat  (Indian). 

U13&.  Piled  (Jerked)  flesh  of  harbor  eetX  (FtoM  •WkRmi).  Fl^tndtf 
PBaaamBquoddy  Indi&iu.    Eaetgoit,  Me.    £.  Pala^ 

Jerked  and  smoked  bnffaLo-meat 

14381.  Dried  (Jerked)  Oeeh  at  buffalo  (Bitm  a«*tanwi),  M  FV"* 
hDmbm'  lue.    Wyomuig.    F.  T.  Haydeo,  U.  B.  G«ok)giiL 

10917.  DriedCl(!rked)fleahoflKi&lo(SlMMa«HrieaMw}.  ^nftnAifi 
TniHanrt:    Aimf  Modicol  MlUBOm. 

Dried  and  smoked  bee£ 
Ihried  and  smoked  venison. 
Hams  of  varioas  kinds. 
Jerked  porpoise-meat  (Indian). 

11436.  Dried  a<"ked)  flesh  of  harbor  poipdae  (FkooMM  traakfttM).  ) 
parodbf  thePassamaqnoddylndiansoirEMtUDlfaiiiih  Em9 
Me.    £.  Palmer. 

Jerked  sqnurels  and  otker  small  manum^ 
Pfflumican. 

1S338.  Femmioaa  of  dried  flesh  of  bofCalo  (Bito»  MurionnH),  with  W 
■Itio  ease.  Prepued  for  hnnten'  oaa.  Weatom  FlaioA  i 
Medical  Moaeniii. 


ANIMAL  HESOUKCES  AND  FISHEBIES  OF  nNITEU  STATES.     183 

imal  preparations. 

Sausages. 
Chee^jc 

Sew  in  exhibition  or  Agricultural  Department. 

1  piteparations. 

Jerked  birds  (Indian). 
|»tile  preparations. 

'i>ried  lizaids  (Indian). 
I  prcparatioui. 

Smoked  halibut.  , 

IDried  cod,  haddock,  bake,  &c. 

3Si50.  Aldeu's  vapor-curod,  miiw-fiii.keil,  tnah  codfiali.    E.  0.  Bla^ 

Dried  and  smoked  mullet  and  roes. 
Dried  and  smoked  garfish,  flying-fish,  &c. 
iSnoked  herring,  alewlves,  &c.,  and  their  roes. 

13130.  SinokedNo.lherTingH(CIu;Miah(ireii!7ii*).    Eoatport.Me.    D.T.Odell. 
iai31.  Smiiked  "Magdoleua"  herring  (Clujiva  harcii/iu).     Eaetport,  M«. 

D.  T.  OdcU. 
12139.  Bmokcd  "scaled"  herringB  {Clapea  harengns).     Eostport,  tie.     D.  T. 

OdeU. 
2651)2-3-4.  Smoked heiTing  (Clupca  iareiigua).     Eaatpart,  Me.     QrifBu  Broa, 

Smoked  salmon,  oulachan,  ^liitc-fish,  smelt,  &c.,  and  their  roes. 

ISl'Jl,  Smoked  white-flBh  (CoregtHttu  albui).    Luke  Erie.    ScboclitiBnia., 

Sandusky,  Ohio. 
11G08.  Smoked  fleah.  of  Iho  quinnat  aalmon  (Satno  quinnat).    Prepared  by 

the  McCloud  Kivor  IndltuiB.     Sbaata  County,  California.    Living- 

ston  StoQB. 
1S1S3,  Smoked  sturgeon  (Acipnuer  nMcundtu).     Lake  Erie.     8clia«bt  db 

Bros.,  Sandusky,  Ohio. 
19646.  Dried  flesli  of  trout  (.Salmo,  ep.).     Used  KB  food  hy  the  Ahgy  K-Utt 

Indians  of  Walker  Lake,  Nevada.     Stephen  Powers. 
19353.  Dried  eggs  of  quinnnt  salmon  <_Satmo  quinnat).     Prepared  by  tha 

McCloud  Kivor  Indians.    Shasta,  Cal.    Livinggton  Stone. 
11040.  Dried  eggs  of  qnlnnat  salmon  (iSalmo  quinfial^.     Prepared  for  food  bf 

the  Bannack  Indians. 
91716.  Flour  made  from  floah  of  quinnat  salmon  (SaJmo  quinnat)  by  tha 

McCloud  RiTCT  Indians  of  California.     Livingston  Stone, 
£1712.  Basket  of  dried  salmon  (5aIino  qvinnat).     Prepared  for  food  by  thtt 

McCloud  River  Indians,    Shasta  County,  California.     Livingstoi 

SS284.  Dried  flesh  of  salmon  (Salmi?,  sp.}.     Prepared  by  the  Sitka  Indiana 

of  Alaska.    Alaska.    J.  G.  Swan. 
1S132.  Dried  flesh  of  the  quinnat  salmon  (Salino  quinnat).     Used  as  food  bf 

the  McCloud  River  Indians.     California.     Livingston  Stone, 


I 
I 


184     AHUUL  BE80UBCBS  AKD  FI8HBBIB8  OF  DHXTBD  8Um> 

Fl»h  preparattons. 

13758.  Dried  eggs  of  qniniwt  — Imtm  ^BtHma  qmtmmaf).  Vmim^ti^tt 
HoClood  BiT«r  Indians.  CaUfinnin.  Sbasto  CoantTt  (Ubak 
UvingBton  Stone. 

mtrr.  Eggs  of  "hening"  (,tp.  incog.).  UMd  M  fimd  br  OUa,  WiM. 
CoUeoted  by  them  upon  bonohea  of  hemlook  {Atlm  Ma  tmfuf), 
planted  in  Bhollow  voter,  upon  tbe ^mwx  —    -  .    .. 

Sitka,  Alaska.    J.  Q.  Swan. 

Smoked  sturgeon, 

VeeigOf  prepared  from  the  notochord  of  BtoigeoiL 

lasecta. 

Dried  grasslioppeTS  (Indiao). 


Worms. 

Dried  worms  (IndiaD).  i 

nollask  preparations. 

Dried  abalones  {ffaUotU)  prepared  by  the  G^ifomia  Chinwe. 
Dried  siphons  of  Sohisotlianrus  prepared  by  the  ludiaus  of  the  Si** 

weat  coast. 
Dried  slugs  {Limoic,  &c.),  nsed  by  Indians. 


Radiate  preparations. 


LL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     185 

parattons* 

tarkey. 
meats. 

S.  Fieah  tarkey  (Ifolflo^pH*  ^oUopova).   Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston, 

[Maas. 
tSL  Deyiled  tarkey  (Meleagri»  ffdOapavo).  <<  " 

14.  Comberland  roast  tarkey  (star  brand).  Portland  Packing  Company, 
Portland,  Me. 

chickeiu 
goose. 

ireparatlons* 

ind  canned  turtles  and  turtle  sonp. 
frogs. 

»1.  Alden  fresh  green  tnrtle.  Prepared  by  Alden  Sea  Food  Company. 
Sold  by  Lynn  Manafactaring  Company,  New  York.  Presented  by 
£.  O.  Blackford,  New  York. 

[larations* 

lalibuty  halibnt  fins,  &c 

1.  Preserved  fresh  halibnt  (HippoglossuB  vulgarU).  Wm.  Underwood 
&  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

x>d,  cod's  tongues,  sounds,  and  roe. 

!3.  Fresh  codfish  (  Gadu»  marhua).  Wm.  Underwood  A  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 
"3.  Fresh  haddock  {Melanogrammui  agl^nu$)*    '<  ** 

nackereL 
Spanish  mackereL 

iO.  Fresh  Segain  mackerel  (star  brand).    Portland  Packing  Company, 

Portland,  Me. 
I&-60.  Canned  mackerel  (Scomber  9c<mbru8).    Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  New 

York. 
!2.  Fresh  mackerel  (5ooiii5er  •com^rtw).   Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston, 

Mass. 

>Iuefisli. 

[)ompano. 

iword-fish. 

mullets. 

salmon. 

*4.  Fresh  salmon  (Salmo  salar).    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

»7.  Pickled  salmon  (Salmo). 

iG.  Fresh  Colombia  River  salmon.    Brookfleki,  jCdliimlila  BiTer,  W.  T. 

J;  Q.  Megler  &  Co. 
-%  Canned  salmon.    A.  Booth  &  Co.,  Cbimgi^ 


18fi      ANIMAL  KES0UaCE8  AND  FI8HEHIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Fi»ili  preparations. 

Salted  salmon. 

26756.  Freali  Columbia  River  Bulmon.    Brookfiuld,  W,  T.   J.  0.  MrglFtAC*. 

26757.  I'tobU  Culumliia  Bivor  soluuu.    Ittvukaad,  Columbia  £im, '0'.  t 

J,  G.  Moglor  &,  Co. 
26803.  Spring  Htilmoa  bollies  (saltod).     Oregon  Focldag  Compuif,  Fnl- 

laud,  Oreg. 
SC747,  Cook'a  Culumbia  Giver  fresh  aolmoa.     Oregon  Pa^tiiig  Compof- 

Oanned  menbadeD,  in  oil,  "  American  sardines.'* 

10609.  "AmcricftDHarilincs."   Prepared  "&i'tauile"CromtbemeQhai](D(ft>' 

voortia  (i/rannua).     Amoriuan  Surdiue  Companj',  New  York. 
16703.  Coriiiah  sardines  (i  I'huilo),  first  quulity.    PrupanMl  bj  Foi  4  Fi;* 

Falmouth  and  Hevagis»y,  Cornwall,  IVom  tUu  pUubanl  (Cl9» 

pikhardut). 
16G80.  "American  bonelnss  sardinoa."    Prepamd  in  olive  oil  fnxalhvi 

hodcn   {BrerooTlia   tj/raitntu).      Prucesa  patented  Ma;  H,  lA 

American  Sardiuo  Company,  New  York, 
15516.  "Sliadiuca."     Preparod  ftoni  the  meiiliadcn  (Brrcoorlia  (jm" 

Port  Monmoutli  Fisherj,  Now  York.     Hooper  Jk  Coit,  Nt*  lat 

(Spiced  lampreys)  used  in  Europe. 
Ancliovy-sauce  and  "essence  of  anchovies." 
Canned  menhaden,  in  oil,  "  American  elub-flsh." 
Spieed  menhaden,  "ocean  trout." 

.  Ocean  tront.     Hoope  Sc  Coll,  Port  Mounioutli,  N.  J. 

Salted  herring. 

•xniS.  Qiioddy  Rirci-  hprring  (s»ll*d).     GrifBn  Broa.,  EaBljmrt,  Ma  T* 


AKniAL  BES0UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     187 

toh  preparations* 

Pickled  fish  preparations* 

■ 

26555.  Pickled  eela  (Anguilla  hoaUmiensia). 

96033.  American  eels  (pickled  eels).    Max  Ams,  New  York. 

26636.  "Hamburger  aale''  (cans)  (pickled  eels).    Max  Ams,  New  York. 

26630.  "Hambnrger  aale^  (pickled  eels  in  Jelly^.    Max  Ams,  New  York. 

26631.  ''Hamburger  aale"  (wbole  eels  rolled  and  pickled  with  oliyeSi 

capeiB,  and  mushrooms).    Max  Ams,  New  York. 
26629.  Hamburger  aale  (boxes).    Max  Ams,  New  York. 

26632.  Hamburger  aale.    G.  Dittman,  Hamburg.    Max  Ams,  New  York. 

Extract  of  fish. 

26749.  Extract  of  fish.    Made  from  the  juices  of  the  flesh  of  fishes  (men« 
haden).  8.  L.  Goodale,  Saoo,  Me. 

reparations  ormoUusks* 

Ganned  clams. 

Canned  Little  Neck  clams. 

Ganned  scollops. 

Cockles  {(Jardium  edule)^  used  in  Europe  as  pickles  and  catsui». 

See  supplementary  catalogue  of  Invertebrates. 

4.  Gelatines. 

ammal  g^elatines  (see,  also,  under  24) 

(Gelatines  made  fix)m  tanners  refuse  and  fix)m  sinews. 
(Gelatines  made  firom  feet  and  hoofs. 
Gelatines  made  from  bone  and  ivory  shavings. 

ird  gr^latines. 

(Nests  of  esculent  swallows  {Calocalia  esculenta^  C.fuciphaga^  0.  inr 
dificOj  &c.),  exported  iiom  Indian  Archipelago  to  China.) 

bh  s^latines  or  ising^lass  (see,  also,  under  24). 
isect  gelatine. 

GMlatine  from  cocoons  of  silk- worms. 

5.  Baits  and  foods  for  animals. 

repared  baits.    (See  under  B,  45.) 

NnI  Air  dometiticated  animals. 

Oil-factory  scraps. 

nsh-scraps. 

"^Xittle-flsli  bone  (see  under  18). 


188     ANIMAl.  BESOUBCES  tMD  FISBERtBS  OK  UBTmD 


II.   CLOTHING. 

6.  Fttbs  (embracing  the  Airs  in  their  rough  etate  (poUriee),  aad 
vaiioos  stages  of  preparation ;  also  the  mannfii^iared  aitidM 
as  robes,  mgs,  eleaks,  sacks,  tippets,  cnf^  mofb,  hats,  etpa,  f 
trimmings,  and  linings). 

nammal  Airs. 

Puma  (FelU  eoneolor),  osed  for  caniage-robes,  Toga,  &0. 

H.  ei.  HisMDii.    C.  A.  Herpich  A  Co. 
Ocelot  {Felis  parddlit)  used  for  rags. 

12S09.  Texas.     SmiUisoiiUii  Institution. 

Jftgaar  {Felis  onea),  naed  for  rags. 

.  Texas.    Smithsoiuaii  luatitatioii. 

Cat  {FelU  domesttea),  osed  for  robes  and  phOofiophied  apptni 
Black  cat. 
White  c^ 
Maltese  cat 
Tortoise-shell  cat. 

H.  04.  NatuToL    United  Btat«B.    C.  A.  Heipiolt  A.  Co. 
H.  e&.  Dyed  brown.    United  States.    C.  A.  Heipioli  A,  Co. 


AHIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHEBIES  Of  UKITED  STATES.     189  | 


Coyote  or  prairie-wolf  (Canis  latrann),  used  for  rugs  and  robes. 
H.  73.  Colorwio.    C.  A.  Hcrpii;li  &.  Co, 
1014.  SmithBoaUn  Institution. 

Sed  fox  (Vvlpea fiilttt*)  tised  for  robes. 

34T5T.  Labrador.      6.  R.  Renfrew  d;  Co.,  CJuebec. 

H.  34.  Connecticut.     C.  A.  Ilcrpicb  >L  Co. 

H.  35.  ludiana, 

H.    3.  MiMOuri.  " 

Silver  fox  ( Vulpes  alopex,  var.  argentatuti),  used  for  maffa  and  trim- J 
mlugs. 

34753.  Labrsilnr.     G.  R.  Ren&ew  &  Co.,  Quebpc, 
CrORS  fox  { Vulpes  alopex,  var.  decmsaUta),  used  for  robes  aud  trim- 
mings. 

S4758.  Labrador.    G.  R.  Renfrew  &.  Co.,  Qiiebetj. 
H.  'JO.  UoDlana.     C.  A.  IIi:rpicU  &  Co. 

Arctic  fox  ( Vulpea  lagopm). 

24760.  Labrador.     Q.  R.  Rcn&ew  &.  Co.,  Qnobec. 
H.  SO.  White  Arctic.     C.  A.  Hon'ich  4.  Co. 
H.  as.  Blue  Labriulor.  " 

Kit  fox  ( Vulpes  velox)  iised  for  robes,  muffs,  tnmmiiigH. 

H.  37.  NoliruBka.    C,  A.  Herpieli  Sl  Co. 
Graf  fox  ( TIrocyon  virginianv»),  used  for  robes,  ruga,  and  linings. 

H.  32.  Michigan.    C.  A.  Herpich  &.  Co.  I 

H.  33.  North  Coroliua.  "  I 

American  or  Ilndson's  Bay  sable  {Mmtela  americana)^  used  for 
cloaks,  muffs,  cuffs,  boa.s,  linings,  &c. 
4393.  gammer  Arctic  const.     B.  R.  Rom. 
10176.  Alaika.     Lieut.  F.  M.  Ring. 
4389.  Arctic  const,    B.  R.  Rom. 
460.  Fort  Boise,  M.  T.     Dr.  Geo.  Buckley. 
24764.  Orange.     Labrador.     O.  R.  Renfrew  ic  Co,,  Quebeo. 
24763.  Silver.  " 

24762.  Black.  "  "  " 

H.  2S.  Lkbr&tlnr.     Sniitbhoninn  Instilalion. 
H.SS.  If.  W.  Eoosl. 
n.  26.  Lake  &ui>erioT.      '■  ■• 

H.  27.  Maine.  "  " 

Fisber  or  pohan  [Mvstela  Pennanti)  used  for  linings;  tails  u 
trimmings. 

3230.  Fort  Crook,  Orcg.     Capt.  Gardiner. 
lOOe.  Fort  Dalles,  Oreg.     Dr.  Geo.  Sucklej-. 
aOOO.  8tj>ilacooiQ,  WuBb.  " 

1003.  Fort  Dalle^  Oregon.  " 

M7ei.  Black.  Labrador.    0.  R.  Renfrew  it  Co.,  (JuebM. 


'     ANUUL  BB80CBCE8  AND  PI8HEBIE8  OS*  OHITED  B1;ai» 

immal  ftir«. 

Ermine  or  weasal  (Putoriua  erminea)  of  norUiem  hemiqriMK<« 
for  cloaks,  linings,  &c 

24765.  Labrador.    O.  R.  Benfrew  A.  Co.,  Qaeteo. 

H.  39.  (6  apeciroeiu.)    United  Statea.     C.  A.  Herpieh  &  Co. 

Mink  (Putorius  vison),  used  for  cloaks  and  mofE^ 

4395.  Arctic  coaat.    B.  K.  Rom. 
360.  California.    Lt.  Trowbijdge. 
3568.  Poget  Sonnd.    Dr.  Kenoerlr. 
S387.  Cape  Flattery,  Wash.    Dr.  G«o.  Sookler- 

34766.  Brown.    Labrador.    O.  B.  Benfrew  &  Co., 
H.  la  New  York.    C.  A.  Herpieh  A,  Co. 
H.  19.  Hinneoota. 
H.  20.  Ohio. 
H.  33.  Maine. 
H.  23,  HiawnrL 
H.  33.  Florida. 

Wolverine  {Qulo  luacm),  used  for  maflk,  robes,  linings. 

34767.  Labrador.    G.  R.  Renfrew  &  Co.,  Quebec. 
11339.  Filmora,  Utah.    Lient  Geo.  H.  Wheeler. 

4379.  Fort  Simpson,  H.  B.  T.     Bobt  Keonicott. 

Americaa  badger  (Taridea  amerieana),  used  for  mnfis  anC 

38609.  Sonthem  Utah.    U.  S.  Engineer  Corps. 
H.  70.  United  States.    C.  A.  Herpieh  &,  Co. 

Skunk,  Alaska  sable  {Mephitis  tnephttiM),  used  for  mnib^ 

_  ffoshitiiJtoi-i.  D.  C.     S.  F.  Biiird. 

l^A.  HcH'i'^h  A  Co. 


IMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     191 

lal  Airs. 

3tter  {JEnhydra  marina)^  used  for  mufbj  gloves,  collars,  cuffs, 
minings. 

L2262.  St.  Paul's  Island,  Alaska.    H.  W.  ElUott 

12265.  "  "  " 

12263.  «  "  " 

B.  44.  California.    C.  A.  Herpich  &  Co. 

B.  45.  Silver  tipped.    California.    C.  A.  Herpich  &  Co. 

« 

k  bear  ( Urms  americanus)^  used  for  caps,  rags,  mnfGs,  robes,  &o. 

24769.  Labrador.    G.  R.  Renfrew  &,  Co.,  Qnebeo* 

24770.  "  "  " 
H.  75.  Minnesota. 

H.  76.  Kansas. 

H.  77.  West  Virginia. 

12510.  White  bear  (Thdlarctos  mariiimua)^  nsed  for  rags,  robes;  extensively 

by  the  Eskimos. 
19904-5.  Grizzly  bear  (  Uraus  harrihiliB),  nsed  for  mgs,  robes,  trimmings. 
12507.  Raccoon  (Procyon  lotor)^  nsed  for  hats,  linings: 

H.  1.  Natural.    Northern  New  York.    C.  A.  Herpich  &,  Co. 

H.  9,  Natural.    Ohio.  " 

H.  3.  Natural.    Virginia.  " 

H.  4.  Natural,  plucked.    Wisconsin.  " 

H.  5.  Dyed  black.    Michigan.  " 

H.  6.  Dyed  black  and  silver  pointed.    Michigan.    C.  A.  Herpich  &,  Co. 

seal  {Callirhintts  ursinus)  used  for  cloaks,  hats,  gloves,  mnffs, 
lings,  trimmings,  &c^ 

12513-14-15-16-17-18.  St.  Paul's  Island,  Alaska.    H.  W.  ElUott. 

9526.  Unplucked.    Hutchinson,  Kohl  &,  Co.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

9527.  Unplucked.    Alaska.    Hutchinson,  Kohl  &,  Co. 

25757.  Unplucked.    Prybilov  Islands,  Alaska.    Hutchinson,  Kohl  &  Co. 

25758.  London  dye.    Alaska.    C.  A.  Herpich  &  Co. 
H.  93.  "  "  " 

22233.  Unplucked.    Alaska.    G.  C.  Treadwell  &  Co.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 

22234.  Plucked.     South  Sea.        "  " 

26610.  Unplucked  pelt  of  fur  seal.     Alaska. 

26611.  Plucked  "         "  " 

26612.  Plucked  and  dressed  pelt  of  fur  seal.    Alaska. 

26613.  Plucked  and  dyed  pelt  of  fur  seal.    Alaska.    Alaska  Commercial 

Company. 

arctic  fur-seal  {Aretocephalm  aucklandicus)^  &c. 

25762.  Dressed  by  G.  C.  Treadwell  &  Co.    Isles  de  Diego  Ramires. 
25761.               '*                     '*  South  Georgia  Islands. 

25760.  **  "  " 

25759.  ''  '*  Staten  Land,  South  Atlantic. 
25756.               ''                      ''  South  Shetland  Islands. 
25755.               "                      "  " 

86764.  "  "  " 

90894-^-^7.    Deposited  by  Duryea  A  Hallet,  R^hway,  N.  J. 


192     ANIMAL  KE80URCB8  AND  FI8UBHIB8  OF  OHirKD  BTllB. 

Mammal  Air«> 

Banded  seal  {Bittriophoca  equesirit),  used  by  Eskimos  as  flit 

7580.  (Bag).    Cape  Bomaiusoff.    W.  H.  DalL 
Square  flipi»er  seal  {Erigna&us  harbatut). 

iS^lZ.  Labrador.     QoTemocof  Newfoiuidluid. 

Pacifle  hair  seal  (PAoea  Rkhardi  f). 

H.  89.  White  coat.    Pacific.    C.  A.  Herpiob  St  Co. 

U.  9a  Wbite  coat,  bUtot  pointed.    Faoifio.    C.  A.  Her^db  *  Oh 

Hood  or  bladder-nose  aeal  {Cyatophora  crittata). 

12424.  Tonng.    Labrador.    OoTernor  of  Newfotrndland. 

12425.  Bedlamer  (I  year  old).     Labrador.    Governor  of  fiewfiKnuDtid 
12433.  Labrador.    Ooveruor  of  Nuwfonndland. 

Harp  seal  {Pc^ophilua  grcentandieus),  with  specimens  of  tlie  vl 
fbr  of  tlie  aobom  cab  and  the  blae  fiir  of  the  young. 

11828.  Unborn.     Newfoundland.    Uicbsel  CarrolL 

1242T.  Labrador.     Governor  of  Newfoundland. 

12421,  Tonng.    Labrador.     Oovamor  of  Newfoundland. 

12436.  Bedlamer.      "  "  " 

13134.  Sack  made  &om  wLite  ftir,     Qreeuland.     8.  F.  Baiid. 

Hair  seal  {Phoca  vituUna),  used  for  coats,  caps,  linings  fit  *" 

24771.  Labrador.    Q.  R.  Renfrew  A.  Co.,  Quebec 
H.  91.  D,ved  bUck,     Halifax.    C.  A.  Herpioli  &  Co. 
H.  93.  I^ed  brown.         "  " 


ANIMAL  BESOUfiCES  AKD  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      193 

imal  Airs 

Ik  {Cervus  canad<msi8)y  used  for  rugs  and  robes* 

H.  78.  Montana.    C.  A.  Herpich  «&  Co. 

irginia  deer  {Cariacus  virginianus). 

12512.  Virginia  deer,  used  for  trimminga  and  robes. 

Lack-tailed  deer  {Cariticiiut  columbiantis)^  used  for  robes  and  rugH. 

11604-11605.  Prepared  by  McClond  River  Indians,  California.    LivingstoQ 

Stone. 
3565.  ihiget  Sound.    Dr.  Kennerly. 

[ule  deer  (Cariacu8  fiuicrotis)^  used  for  trimmings,  robes. 

H.  99.  Montana.    C.  A.  Herpich- &  Co. 

V^oodland  caribou  (Tarandus  rangifer,  subspecies  caribou),  used  for 
rugs,  robes,  &c. 

24774.  Labrador.    0.  B.  Renfrew  &  Co.,  Quebec. 

Euren  ground  caribou  {Tarandus  rangifer,  subspecies  ^/ceytlandicK^r). 

12363.  (Albino.)    F.  Churchill,  Hudson's  Bay ;  W.  W.  Kirkby. 
8050.  (Young.)    Robe  from  Mackenzie's  River,  H.  B.  T.    R.  Kennicott. 

oose  {AUe%  nuUchis),  used  for  rugs  and  robes. 

24772.  Labrador.    G.  R.  Renfrew  &,  Co.,  Quebec. 

>le  {Scalops  and  Condylura  sp.),  used  for  robes  and  garments* 

H,  72.  United  States.    C.  A.  Herpich  &  Co. 

oodchuck  or  siffleur  {Arctomys  monax)  robes,  exx)orted  to  Europe 
^*  "  white  and  gray  weenusk." 

24776.  Labrodoi-.     O.  R.  Renfrew  &,  Co.,  Quebec. 
H.  71.  United  States.     C.  A.  Herpich  &'Co. 

'^Unot  {Arctomys  caligatiis),'  used  for  robes  and  trimmings. 

835.  Robe.    Indians  of  Rocky  Mountains,  west  of  Fort  Good  Hoi>e,  H. 
B.  T.     R.  Kennicott. 

Uichilla  {Chinchilla  lanigcr)  of  South  America,  used  for  mufifs, 
^^ntles,  boas,  cloak-linings,  and  trimmings. 

H.  103.  Real.     Bolivia.     C.  A.  Herpich  &  Co. 
a.  104.  Bastard.     Chili.  " 

^1^*8  marmot  {Spemiophilus  Farryi). 

Bobe.    Sitka,  Alaska.    J.  G.  Swan. 

Bpbe.    Indians  of  Rocky  Mountains,  west  of  Fort  Good  Hope,  H. 


194     ANIMAL  BK80URCE8  AND  FI8HBBIE8  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

nianunal  Airs. 

MuBQuash  (Fiber  zibethievs),  osed  for  mufi^,  capes,  caps,aDdiii 
and  imitations  of  beaver  fur. 

24779.  Labrador.     0.  B.  B«iifrew  A  Co.,  Quebec 

347B0.  Black  varietf.    Labrador.    0.  B.  Beufrew  A  Co.,  <taeb«e. 

H.  IS.  Natural  brown.     M^ne.     C.  A.  Herpicb  A.  Co. 

H.  13.  Natnrul  lirown.     Indiana.  *■  - 

H.  14.  Natnral  black.    New  Jersey.  " 

H.  15.  Plucked  aud  dj'ed.    C.  A.  Ht-rpich  A.  Co. 

H.  16.  Placked  and  colored.  " 

Nentria,  or  coypa  {Myopotamua  ooypue),  used  for  liidngs  ud  i 
and  imitations  of  beaver. 

H.  10&.  Plucked.    Baeuoe  Ajrca.    C.  A.  Herpich  &  C*. 
Beavet  {Castor  canadtntia),  used  for  linings  and  mvtb. 

1230.  Spotted  albino.     Bristol  Bay,  Alaska. 
34777.  American.    Labrador.    O.  R.  BeDfV«w  A  Co.,  ijnebee. 
24778.  "  ■'  "  " 

13506.  WUte. 
U.  46.  Dyed  sod  silTcr  tipped.     Hodson's  BayTerritorr.  CA-Bi 

A  Co. 
H.  47.  Dyed  and  silver  tipped.     Canada.     C.  A.  Hvpicb  ftCft 
H.  4S.  Dyed  and  plucked.    Lake  Superior.  " 

H.  49.  Natoral.     Lake  Superior.  " 

H.  !iO.  Natnral,  in  hair.     Kansns.  " 

Hare  (Xeptu,  various  8i>«cie8). 

H.  r>S.  United  Sliilc:!.     C.  A.  Hetpich  A  Co. 


r 


ANIMAL  RE80UBCE3  AND  F1SHEKIE8  OF  UNITED  STATES.      19u 

Airs. 

1011  {Cifiyinhiin  torqiiutiui). 

1302.  UbimI  by  Mnkub  IndiiuiB  in  maniifnotnre  of  rubos.    Nevah  Baj,  Waeh- 

iugtou  Territory.     J.  G.  Swan. 
1990.  B()lH.-l'roiuilowuuf.    NMiuhUay, WiuliingtouTurritocy.    J.O.&wan. 

run's  {d/ffHits  amerimnns)  furs  and  swan's  clown  trimmings. 


iwn  pelieoa  {Peleoanan  ftucvn). 

gS59.  TiboTou  MaotU,  S«ui>ra.     £.  I'nlmer. 

(Anwr  sp.). 

H.  99.  Uiuted  StatvB.     C.  A.  Herpkli  &  Co. 
H.  100.  tJnitefl  6lat«H.  ■' 

1.  Leathee.    (See  under  20.) 
8.  Textile  fauhics. 

tared  fVoin  hair  of  mammals. 

[nman  hair  u«ed  in  maniifiicture  of  watch-cbains. 

[air  of  bats  used  in  felting  and  in  iduiting  roiwa  in  Central  Amerii-i. 

and  tassels  in  New  Caledonia. 

rof  raccoon  used  in  ttlting  (larnely  cxiJorted  to  Germany  fur 
the  uMe  of  hattent). 
tsir  of  weaaels  and  sables  used  in  felting. 

r  of  fnr  seal  woven  with  silk  in  the  niamtfaetnre  of  shawls. 
Eoose  hair  and  its  f'abrius. 
E  and  calf  hair  used  in  the  mannfactnre  of  imitation  woolen  g<KidN. 

■p's  wool,  with  specimens  of  fleeces  and  stapled  wools,  IVoin 
Tarions  breeds  and  localities,  short-wool  tiibrics,  brond<'loths, 
jneriuue^,  flannels,  mou'selins  de  hiine,  serges,  tweeds,  blankets, 
«ari>etH,  and  tartuns,  worsted  fiibries,  stuffs,  bombiizine?,  eaiiilet-s, 
.ahawls,  plusher  and  velvets,  hosiery,  and  yarns,  tklts,  felt-clotbs, 
.ami  feJt-hats. 

loats'  wool  with  specimens  of  molniirs,  cashmeres,  phmbes,  velvet- 
eens, camlet*,  and  shawls.    {For  manufactured  wigs  and  x*enikes, 

e  tinder  21.) 

jTak  {Po^plwpwi  ffrunniem)  wool  with  spe<'imens  of  yak-lace  and 
other  fabrics.) 

mela'  hair  with  specimens  of  fabrics,  plnslies,  fells,  sliawls,  &c.) 

iirof1hima,paco,  gnanaco,  and  vicugna,  with  si>ecimeHs  of  alpaca, 
^oanaco,  and  other  fabrics,  and  imibrellas  and  other  articles  manil- 


196      ANIMAL  BE80UECE8  AND  FISHEBIES  OF  UNITED  STATES 
Prepared  CVvnt  hair  or  uiamnialB. 

Hair  of  horses  used  in  weaving  fiimiture-covers,  erhiolint-sfcirn 

aud  bags  for  pressing  oil. 
Hair  of  baf&lo  used  io  pltiiting  rupes,  luiiats,  &c. 
Fiu-  of  mole  used  in  felting. 

Beaver  (castor)  fur  with  sppcimi'ns  of  tJie  felt  dntbR,  hat--,  &«. 
(Neutria-fur  used  in  felting  and  in  the  manufacture  of  liat-.) 
Mosqnash  iiir  used  in  felting. 

Possum  hair  with  fabrics  of  Indian  and  other  manufactutv. 
Fur  of  rabbit  aud  hare  used  iu  felting,  with  specimens  of  hatsmd 

cloths. 
Whalebone  liber  used  in  weaving  clotli  covers  for  telescopea,  ic. 

Prepared  iVom  Teathers  of  birdtt. 

Cloths  woven  from  feather  (China). 

Prepared  iVom  silk  of  insects.     (This  collection  sbouU  it 

elude  specimens  of  the  cocoous,  the  raw  silk,  the  spun  BUk,aniiofik 

various  fabrics,  plain  and  figured  silks,  satins  and  satinettes.  ^hinls 

damaaks,  brocades,  crapes,  and  ribbons.) 

Silk  of  common  silk-worm  {Bombyx  mori). 

Silk  of  Samiat^ecropia,  Samia  polyphemus,  aud  other  native  .AjDfrrti 

motlis. 

(Silk  of  exotic  moths  other  than  Bombyx  mori,  such  as  the  ^-^ 
(Bomhyx  pernyi  and  Bombyx  mylitta),  the  moonga  {Satvnia 
meimft),  thojorce  {BombyT  reliffiosa),  the  ena  or  artndj*  (Bm** 
cynthia).) 


ANIHAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      197 


MATERIALS  EMPLOYED  IN  THE  ARTS  AND  MAN- 
UFACTURES. 

Hard  materials. 
9.  Ivory  and  bone. 
y  of  inaininal#i. 

asks  of  walrus  used  for  triukets,  handles,  jewelry,  buttons,  paper- 
knives,  counters,  &c. 

25656.  Tasks  of  walnis  (Romnarus  obeaus),  Alaska.  C.  H.  CrandaU. 
15592.  Commercial  walms  ivory.  Poonook,  Alaska.  H.  W.  Elliott. 
16174.  Teeth  of  yonng  walnis  (Ronmarus  obesus).    Used  in  making  powder 

chargers.    Nnnivak  Island,  Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 
24819.  Ivory  of  walras  in  rough  state.    Joseph  Shardlow,  Now  York. 
248S7.  Scrimshawed  tooth  of  walrus  (Itoainarus).     (Figure  of  lady.)    Geo. 

Y.  Nickerson,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
24886.  Scrimshawed  tooth  of  walrus  ( Roaniarua),    (Figure  of  lady  and  horse. ) 

Geo.  Y.  Nickerson,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
26896.  Scrimshawed  tooth  of  walrus  (i?o«maru«  CooAii).    Repulse  Bay.    Capt. 

H.  C.  Chester,  Noank,  Conn. 
25654.  Harpoon  head  made  at  sea  from  walrus  task.    J.  H  Bartlett  &  Sons, 

New  Bedford,  Mass. 
2631.  Handle  of  walrus  ivory.    Northwest  coast,  America.    United  States 

Exploring  Expedition.    Capt.  Chas.  Wilkes,  U.  S.  N. 
24815-6.  Cane  handles  of  walrus  ivory.     Joseph  Shardlow,   New   York. 

24812.  Chain  and  cross  of  walrus  ivory.  " 
24814.  Knobs  of  walrus  Ivory.                                      " 

24813.  Scarf-slide  of  walrus  ivory.  '' 
24817-18.  Sword  handles  of  walrus  ivory.  " 
24820-21-22.  Knife  handles  of  walrus  ivory.               ** 

24823.  Crochet-needles  of  walrus  ivory.  " 

24824.  Pool-balls  of  walrus  ivory.  " 
24825-6-7-8-9-30-31-32.  Buttons  and  studs  of  walrus  ivory.    Joseph  Shard- 
low,  New  York. 

'eeth  of  bears,  dogs,  wolves,  foxes,  peccaries,  and  other  large  mam- 
mals, used  as  implements,  arrow-tips,  and  ornaments,  by  Indians. 

6*^26.  Bear  teeth  (used  as  ornaments).     Bloonilield,  N.  Y.     Col.  E.  Jewett. 

illk  ivory  (used  by  Indians  for  ornamentation). 

1874.  Ivory  of  elk  (Cen'ns  canadensis).    Yamp  Utah  Indi«ins,  Utah.    Captain 
Gunnison,  U.  S.  A. 

hisks  of  mammoth  elephant  {Elephas  primigeniiis)  from  Northern 
America  and  Asia,  with  Eskimo  carvings.' 

15385.  Tusk  of  mammoth.     Alaska.     J.  G.  Swan. 

11041.  Comb.    Made  from  the  ivory  of  fossil  elephant.     Saint  MichaePs,. 
Alaska.    W.  H.  Dall. 

intettKtang  aeries  of  aboriginal  carvings  from  mammoth  ivory  is  displajetf 
bnologlcal  diyiaioiL 


1 


198      ANIMAL  nESOURCEB  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  8TATIS. 

Irory  or  iiianiiiial»(. 

Teeth  of  pecoaiTr'  {Dicoiyleti  sp.).' 

Ivory  of  uarwlial  (Jfojiodux  monoceroH),  used  for  canes. 

.  Tiwkn  of  nurwhal.    Grecnlnnd.    U,  S.  Fish  Commiaaion. 

13531.   Canu  niiule  from  tusk  i>f  uurnhnl.      Eakiuiua  of  Noith  Giwnliat. 
F.  T.  Comiaa^crt. 

Teeth  of  fli>enD-wbaIe  {Physeter  macrocephalua)  uod  their  applicaua 
to  the  manufacture  of  balbt,  buttons,  and  trinkets. 

SSOCa.  Toeth  of  iit>enn-nlialp.    J.  H.  Bartlctt  it  &om.  How  Bnlfurd.  Mk 
25T10.  Teetb  of  cuw  wliuli-.     Cupt.  Joseph  Fitdwr,  Pruviucetown,  l(t» 
35719.  Toptb  of  ■piTm-wluiI*'.    Andrew  Kennedy,  Pn>\-incclown.  Ma» 
»490(]~^.  TcuthofHpenn-wliali;,  i>olitihe(l.     J.  H.  Clark,  Ktq-pon,  ill. 
20701).  Teoth  of  tbi;  cow  viha\a  (scriuisliaweil).     Cupt.  JoBcpb  FUlirr,  I  -nr- 

7436.  TcH>rti  of  siivnu-wbalr.      ScrimBkuived  will)  BrilUb   cuat  uf  t.;* 

anil  feinnlfi  figure.     J.  Vurdpn. 
!i490r>.  Tooth  of  (qienu-whati!.     Scrimshan-iMl  nud  monnted  o»  viaUh  ■«%< 

fignre  of  American  eagle.    J.  H.  Clark.  Ni«wport,  R.  I. 
24904.  Tontli  of  sperm-whale.      Scrinisbswcd  with  figuiv  of  ccncifii  ui 

flonere.    J.  H.  Clark,  Newport,  R.  I. 
24901.  Tooth  of  siienu-nhak-.     tterimithawcd  with  ligurc  of  whaliBg-t^iP' 

J.  II.  Clark,  Newport,  R.  I. 
SHOOS.  Tooth  of  sperm-whnla.      Sctilnshawed   With  lignre  of  Atnrnc)  D 

colorH.    J.  H.  Clark,  Newport,  R.  I. 
349011.  Tooth  of  Nperm-wbala.     Scrimahawed  with  ti;jnre  of  girl  dncinf- 

J.  H.  Clark,  Newport,  R.  I. 
76j9.  Tooth  of  sperm- w hall?.     Scrimsh.iwc-d  with  this  lefcnid:  "T»l'"  ■ 

by  •  the  •  uhip  •  Montreal  ■  of  •  I.undoD  •  in  •  the  -  i'iu-if  • 


AHIUAU  RESOURCES  AND  PISUEHIES  OP  UNITED  STATES.     199 

'  of  reptiles. 

:tl)  o(  aUigiitor  used  for  jewel  ry,  whiatlfs,  caiie  Laudles,  l)attoiii:>, 

96895.  Ji-welry  inauiifatlured  from  tiseth  of  nlligiitjr  {AHigalor  mJMiMiiritit- 
»(«).    E.  i\  Gilbert.  JnckBonville,  Fla, 
Antictcusirutriulp  luulligntor  tvctb  lia«  s|irmig  ii|i  vrilhin  the  last  teii 
yoars.     Ti-ii  (.•stalilislnncutB  in  EastiTU  Floridu  urc-  cuyagud  iu  tlii'ir  niun- 


uk.H'  tei'tli  usetl  in  nroiiitg  weapons.' 
etli  of  sUiu-ks  and  other  fish  used  as  triukcts.' 
>ws  of  tbl^  hleeiKrr-abark  [Sonmioaus  hrci'ipiuna)  uacd  for  IiOud- 
dresaett  by  ludiiins. 


iifuutiii 


of  Ushes. 


iolcfi 


-.  Cot 


»f   hbu 


Mth.     Gulf  of  S 


t  I.a 


it  Sous.  (Jui^lit-c. 

of  maiuinalB. 

in  of  g])Iaucbno-8keletoD  of  fei-!E,  naed  as  chamis. 


tues  of  bear  and  otiier  large  mammals,  used  by  Indians  for  im- 
plemt^nts  and  as  tablets  for  iiaintings.' 

of  butfulu  and  of  tbu  domestic  nimiuauts,  used  as  subsiitute 
»r  ivory  iu  the  tuunuf)iul.imi  of  buttons,  handles,  combs,  &c 

iM85£i.  liouo  ;>iLriuM)l-huii<ll<<,     Josi'ph  SliurdliAv,  Sew  York. 
S4654.  Bouc  pnniBol-linuiIle.  "  " 

S4U&3.  Bone  punwol-baudlu. .  "  -' 

S4%3.  BoDi!  coantcrs.    Joseph  Slianllow,  Nt-w  Turk. 
24951.  Buii<- HhirlilH. 

24860.  Dodo  crilibngc-piiJB.       "  " 

nam.  Bonodito. 

44813-i-5-G-7-d.  Boue  LriiHli-linnilleB.    Joseph  Shardlow,  Sow  York. 
IMiMS.  Boup  Aiartingule-riiigs.  "  " 

21837.  Bone  nnpkiiL-riiigs.  " 

9H833-4-5-«.  Bonu  lianiMil-liamlK'.  " 

10S13.  Bon.     Undo  of  liotic.     (irceiiliuid  HHUimns,     Geo.  Y,  Nickvutoii. 
10880,  Bow,    Made  of  buuo.    Eskimo.    King  Willioni'i)  Lntut. 
KG73.  Boue  murlin-siiiki'.     AEade  at  sea  hy  ThomiiH  Fmiiiiiii.     llacti  for 
siilitiiig  trawl-Unrs.     Snuford  Pivi'iiijiii,  NunviiOi,  i.i, ,  .MiL'o. 

whale  jaw-bone,  need  for  hariiess-ruigs,  martingales,  &c. 
29333— t-^VG-7-8-O-40.  Piirasol-liBiiillti)  uimle  from  sperm- wlitilu'H  jnw.    Hue- 
voy  &.  Ford,  riiiludelpliiii. 

'DlHplnyod  in  I'^tliiiologicul  divi^oii. 


200     AKIMAL  RESOUBCI'S  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 
Bone  of  niainninls. 

Spenii-wlmlo.iiiw-l)ou(',  uwetl  for  barness-riDgs,  miirtiugalt^  &c. 

39241.  Piipur-i^u !.(*]>,  mo<li.'liiim  niMMTU-wiiaii''.-- jaiv.     Harvvy  Jt  l'iinl,l"hU- 

S4909.  Choppiug-kiiitV.    Made  froui  ju\r  of  Bperm -whale.     Pn>£  ».  V.  tUri. 
25791.  Sail-tbiinbte.    Mtulo  itoni  bono  of  nh»le.    J.  W.  FostPi,  BtktIi, 

S^T93.  SoaiQ-riilibur.  ITsod  l>y  hail-uinkem  lu  rub  along  Hams.  Miul«  bm 
jawlmnp  of  spcnu-wliale.     Fmuk  Wtat^rbcrgcr,  ISi-vptIj.  Uik 

ii5050,  Sail-muki'r'H  Land-JiU.  Mailo  M  K-a  from  juw-bone  of  sprtia-»-l»k 
A.  H.  CriUendcn,  UkUllftowii,  Conn. 

2!)G55.  Snw-fninK'.  M ado  at  w>a  from  bone  of  Bppnn-trhalo.  J.  H.BHtM 
Sl  Suna,  Kew  Bvdford,  Mohb. 

25401.  Pulle;.    Mude  ftotnjitw-boiioof  Htmnu-wliaK    E.  H.  Cook.ProriMt- 

'.S649.  Pnlley-block.     Madi)   at  sva  from  jaw-bone  of  8penn-wha>.    1.L 

CritU'udpn,  iUdrtl.'town.  Conn. 
25713.  Seiui'-nwdlc,     Made  from  jaw-bone  of  aperm-Tvhale.     N.  H.  r»T^ 
Wullfleet,  Mass. 

Hom-conM  of  niuiinaitt»,  used  in  mauufactiin'  of  assayers'  cupdi. 
Bone  or  birdM. 

Bones  of  h'uds,   iiHetl  by  Indiiius  iiu<l  Eskimos  ia  making  >«l^ 
iieedles,  flutes,  bird-calls,  aii(J  dress-tnuimuigs. 


Bone  ol*  flwhe!!!. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      20 1 

M'aste  bone  and  iTory. 

10.  Horn. 

(Embracing  the  varieties  of  horn  known  to  commci'ce,  the  split 
and  pressed  horns,  and  the  various  manufa€tiu*ed  iirticles,  such 
as  jewelry,  combs,  and  handles.) 

font  (employed  as  a  matenal). 

Horns  of  ox,  shoe]),  and  goat,  used  for  handles,  buttoms,  combs, 
I)Owder-flask8,  cups,  boxes,  stirrups,  spoons,  and  imitations  of 
tortoise-shell,  also  **  sensitive  Chinese  leaves,''  and  fonnerly  for 
transparent  plates  in  lanterns  and  horn-hooks,  for  trumpets,  and 
for  finger-nails  in  lay  figiuxis. 

35277.  Cow's  lionis.     Pliili})  R.  WfHxlfurd,  Boston,  Mass. 

25274.  Steer's  horns.  **  " 
)$276.  Buirs  horus.                      '•                           <' 

Bom  of  bufiOalo,  used  like  that  of  ox. 

25278.  Horns  of  buffulo  bull.     Philip  R.  Woodfoni,  Boston,  Moss. 
25280.  Horns  of  buflfalo  calf.  '*  " 

25279.  Horns  of  buffalo  cow.  "  " 

*       8489.  Spoon  of  bufifalo  honi.    Assluaboiu  Indians.    Fort  Boford,  Dakota^ 
Dr.  J.  P.  Kimball,  U.  S.  A. 
11030.  Spoon  of  buffalo  horn.     VcUowstone  VaUoy,  Dakota.     Lientenant 
Cusick. 

Som  of  musk  ox  {Ovibos  moschatus), 

1164a  Arctic  regions.    Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 

10389.  Spoon  made  from  horns  of  musk  ox.     Igloolik.    Capt.  C.  F.  Hall. 

25275.  Ox  horns.     Philip  R.  Womlford,  Boston,  Mass. 

Series  of  articles  manufactured  from  horn.    Geo.  F.  Lincoln,  Lieo* 
minster,  Mass. : 

1^9507.  Horn  as  it  comes  from  the  press,  cut  out  preparatory  to  making  combf^ 

^9508.  Combs.     Cut. 

'2%09.  UnliniMhe<l  combs. 

29510.  Horn  cut  into  small  pieces  for  use  in  manufacture  of  jewelry. 

29r>71.  Finiste*!  comb. 

29502.  Polished  jewelry  (uncolorcd). 

Horn  of  mountain  sheep  and  mountain  poat,  nsed  by  Aleutians  in 
ms^ng  spoons,  bowls,  and  numerous  other  implements. 

16809.  Horns  of  mountain  goat  {Mazama  moninna).     Used  bj'  Eskimo  for 
making  horn  spoons.     Alaska.     W.  H.  Dall. 
Spoon  made  from  horn  of  mountain  goat.    Bella  Bella  Indians. 
X  Q.  Swan. 

I  from  horn  of  mountain  goat.   Alaska.    A.  H.  Hoff,  U.  S.  A* 


202      ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHKBIES  OF  HUTTED  STAin. 
Horn  (employed  as  a  material). 

Honis  of  Rocky  Mountain  sheep  (0ns  motUana), 

704.  Spoon  made  firom  horn  of  Bocky  Mountain  aheepw    NeithwMl  mmL 

George  GibbB. 
20B42.  Spoon  mode  fhun  horn  of  Roolcy  Honntmin  abeopw    BUdak  ladiML 

Prince  of  Wkleg  Island,  Alaska.     J.  Q.  Siran. 
14455.  Spoon  mode  from  bom  of  Bocky  Himntain  ahoep.    H-Ute  laduM. 

MaJ.  J.  W.  PowelL 


Antlers  of  deer,  oik,  and  moose  (stag  horn),  used  in  the 
of  handles  for  instruments,  trinkets,  and  bnttooa. 

26229-2  :-10.  Carving  Avm  boni  of  deei  (Corlaoiw  vtrsfaiama*),    Hanry  4 

t'ord,  PhiladolphLi. 

3l:tl2.  S|>i>oDcun-odfronant1erofelk(CmBiMiKutaMif).     Hoo|iah bxlbM, 

Californiai.    S.  Powers. 

Antlers  of  iloer,  elk,  moose,  and  nearly  all  species  of  nunioaDte. 

cinployi^il  for  ormuncntal  jturposes.     (A  series  of  these  antlenti» 

used  ill  tln!  (It'coratioa  of  the  columns  in  the  Government  buitding.) 

Chemical  and  other  applications. 

"Burnt  horn  {corn:i  V3tum)  used  in  dentiftices. 

Carbonate  of  ammonia  (iiartsboni),  maua&ctuied  fiom  dcer\fMa^ 
(See  nnder  m.) 

11.  Hoofs  and  claws,  &c. 
(Embiuciii;;  the  commercial  hoof,  and  the  Tarious  stages  of  bubo- 

fiicturt!  n-pivscnted  by  specimens.) 


^BnaiA] 


,t  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  0NITED  STATES.     SOS 


8  of  bear,  puma,  wolf,  &c.,  used  by  Indians  in  oruamentation. 

Etlinologicul  series.) 
lan  nails,  u»ed  by  Indians  for  ornamental  trimming. 

ical  application  of  hoof^  and  claws. 

i  iu  nmuufuvtiire  of  jiiitKiuate  of  |>uta»h  (see  under  30). 

I  in  maniifaetiire  of  glue  (see  under  2i).  I 

12.  Baleen. 

elvonc  in  an  iinnianutiictured  state. 

UOiiL  Bulwnof  hiiiu|iliiu-lL  ^Klla.\e  {Miyajilfii  iflr*u6ifw}.     Coast  of  Ciilifor- 

piu.  I8T3.     V.  M.  Smimuiuli. 
IfiSll.  Ilono  nf  liniii|iliack  wbnlc  (Megaptera  rerMblUt).     Coast nf  Culifonua. 

C  M.  fitaninum. 
I3K>3.  Italc^n  of  hiimphnck  wIiiiIr  (Jfc^ptn-a  nitabilu).    Montiun;-,  Cal. 

1ST:).     C.  H.  ScainmoTi. 
I30W.  Baloon  of  Immpback  wLalo  {Mrgaplma  t<<T»abUia).    Moutcrey,  Cal. 

IH7U.    C.  &I.  Suamiiion. 
12903.  Bnl»«u  of  hiiiiipliacb  wbalo  (MMjapUra  rrvtaM'ii).    i^an  Luiti,  Cal. 

C.  M.  Hi-Huuiioij. 
13030.  ItaluHii  of  linuijiliuck  wh;kk<  {Mr^^ltra  rvrtahHit).     Sail  Luis,  Cid. 

C.  M.  Scaiii  rutin. 
130<£.  Bulmiu  of  HulplKir-lHiltom  wliule-  [S'lbhaldisa  lulfui-eaa),    Mouti-ri'.y, 

Cal.    (^  SI.  Scmuiuou. 
irS&I.  Balum  nf  niilpliiir-bottom  wliale  (Sibbaliliaa  Knl/iiri;mi).    tlontvrry, 

Cal.    C.  M.  St^onuDOij. 
VtOBS,  Buhp  of  tlie  CnUfumia  gray  whalu  {tlhaehiaiiEeka  glaiimu),     Moiitvr(')'> 

L'nJ.    1HT3.    V.  M.  ScammoD. 
164W.  Bnl™n.    North  Pacific.    Capt.  H«i>(l<reon. 
7494.  WliitliilHiiiDi.     Amletaoh  BUer  Eiikiiiuia,    Maokeniie'ii  Jtivei  dialriot. 

K.  Mac^Fnrlaiie. 
llOe,  Wliuli'boiii^.     PruparMl  by  AnilurBou  Rivei  Eakiiuos.     Mackt^uzio'a 

Kivrr  itUlriut..     B.  MuuFarlone. 
1116.  WUul.'Imun.     Auik-raon  Rivit  EBkimoB,     Muckfniio's  Kiver  dislriut, 

R.  UiicFarlauc. 
amv.  Wlioloboun.    Arctic  coast.     R.  KlacFarlane. 
tMiRtf.  WLalcbone  fibei-.    Curled  for  bcd-stullliig.      J.  A.  Scvey,  BoHton, 
Haas. 
'iWbftlelMiie.    Prepared  for  whip-mukurH'  iiao.    J.  A^  Sovcy,  BosIod, 

Uaaa. 
tfUp  with  whak-boue  slock,   kiiottcil,   iulaid  with  whale-tooth'a 
ivory,  l)andl»  woiuul  witk  tliiu  wlialubono.    AtncricaQ  WMp  Co., 
Wt-stUi'ia.  Muss. 
&49SU.  Dri!V-baiic«     WlialcUmu  prcpumd  for  dross-makeia'  iwe.     J.  A. 

8i!ruy,  Itoiton,  Mbm. 
SUHJS-  WhalrlHiiic.     Prepared   for  BospeDdcr-niokera'  use.     J.   A.  Sevoy, 
Uo«l»n,  Mom, 
Whal<'tiuna.     Prepared  for  bonnet" makers'  nee.    J.  A.  Sovey,  Bo»- 
tou,  SlttM. 
S4ML  W)iii:uliotiL-.     Pri'liari-d  fur  uuibrcllamuUcrB'  use.    J.  A.  Sevpy,  nos- 


20-4     ANIUAL  BESOUBCES  AKD  F18BBRIE8  OF  DHTTED  STOBL 

inuilebone  in  an  munnaiiActiurcd  state. 

24S40.  Wlialel>oiie.     Prepared  for  ftnaol-Bakaaf  hm,     J.  A.  Sevqr 

ton,  Mass. 
24D5I.  Groaa  dress-bone.     A^*hBlclMnie  piepared  for  ilmii  iiiilin'  w 

A.  Sevey,  Boettm,  Haas. 
S494d.  White  drew-boDe.     Whatebone  (white)  prapaird  for  i1rs>.bi 

nae.    J.  A.  Serey,  Itoaton,  Uui. 
24971^.  Wlialebone.    Prepared  for  bnuh-mnkeitf  lue.    J.  A.  8ct(;,  K 

[ 
2042.  WhftloboDe.      Prepared   for  ribbon-woarnV  oae.         '* 
34<H3.  Whalebone.     Prepared  for  bat-mskera'  dm.  *' 

24944.  Whalebone.     Prepaiwl  for  cap-maken' dm.  " 

24947.  Whalebone.     Prepared  for  neck-stock-maker^  nae.     " 
24952.  niiah'tione.     Prepared  for  coraet-tnakertf  nae.  " 

24949.  Eoiind  dre«e-bone.     Whalebone  prepared  for  draM-makri^  w 

A.  Sevcj-,  Boetnti,  Masa. 
34977.  Wbaleboae  fiber.    J.  A.  Sevey,  Boston,  Maae. 
24938.  Whalebone  cane.    Black  and  whites  twiaUd.    J.  A.  Bnvej.    ft 

[ 
24973.  Whalebone  boot-ahauka.  <* 

249j7.  Whalebone  tongoe-aciapera.  '' 

2493J.  \'i'halebone  probang.  " 

24935.  Whalebone  riding-whip,  made    of  black    and   white  whali 

twisted.     J.  A.  Sevey,  Boaton,  Haaa. 
24904.  ^V'halebono  riding-whip.    J.  A.  Sevey,  Boaton,  Um*. 
24937.  Whalebone  cane.     Plain.  "  " 

349J6.  Whalebone  cane.    Twisted.  "  " 

24972.  Whalebouo  ^nuulng-comb.     Used  by  painteta.     J.  A.  Sevej,  B 

I 
'249iM.  Whalebone  prollang.  " 

24960.  Whalebone  calcrpillar-hroah.  " 

249^1.  Whalubone  ahas-inga.  " 


ANIMAL  BE80UBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     205 

alebone  in  an  unmanuflictared  state. 

24860.  Whalebone  and  i*attan  whip-stalk.    Finished,  ready  for  covering- 
American  Whip  Company,  Westfield,  Mass. 

24858.  Whalebone.     As  prepared  for  use  in  the  whip.    American  Whip 

Company,  Wcstiield,  Ma«8. 

24859.  Whalebone  and  rattan.    Fitted  ready  for  sticking  together  for  whip- 

stalk.    American  Whip  Company,  Westfield,  Mass. 
24857.  Whalebone.     In  rough  state,    as    sold   to  whip    manufacturers. 

American  Whip  Company,  Westfield,  Mass. 
24962.  Whalebone.    Prepare4  for  whip-makers'  use  (patent).    J.  A.  Sevey,, 

Boston,  Mass. 

13.  Tortoise-shell. 
toise-shell  {Eretm4>chelys  squamata  Linn.). 

12387-8-9^90.  Tortoise-shell  (JS'rftiiiooAo^y*  •giMunata  I^nn.).    Pacific  hawk V 

bill  turtle.     Pacific  coast. 
24890.  Commercial  tortoise-shell.    GeorgeY.Nickerson,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 

26891.  Tortoise-sheU  jewelry,  &c.    Charles  W.  Eennard  &  Co.^ 
Boston,  Mass.: 

Comb  cut  and  polished. 
Comb  cut  before  polishing. 
Brooch  and  ear-rings. 
Sleeve-buttons. 
Necklace  and  locket. 

14.  Scales. 

les  of*  fishes  used  in  ornamental  work,  witli  specimens  of  flowers 
1  other  articles  manufactured. 

Fish-scale  jewelry.    F.  C.  Keergaord  &  Co.,  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. : 

25480.  8culcs  of  sheepshead  {Archosargu$  probaioocphalu$)* 

25481.  Scales  of  8hoepshea<l  ( A rchosargus  proha  tocephalns)^    Prepared  for  use. 

25482.  Brooch  and  ear-ring8.         "  ** 

25483.  Spray  of  flowers.  "  " 
254^.  Spray  of  flowers.  **  " 
25465.  Spray  of  flowers.                 **  " 

25486.  Spray  of  flowers.  "  " 

25487.  Spray  of  flowers  (dyed).  "  '* 

25488.  Necklace  and  cross.  *'  " 
254c!9.  Brooeli  and  ear-rings.  "  " 

25490.  Brooch  and  ear-rings  (dyed)  (Arckosargus  prohatacepluilus), 

26892.  Jewelry  made  from  scales  of  mullet,  drum,  &c,    Mrs.  C.  £.  Mott, 

Jacksonville,  Fla. 

Pearl  white,  or  essence  W Orient^  prepared  from  scales  of  Alhunius 
lucidus  and  other  CyprinidcB  and  Clupeidcej  used  in  making  artifi- 
cial pearls.)    (See  under  27.) 

26893.  Essence  d^Orient.    (Introduced  for  comparison.)    Gnstave  Bossaiifce, 

Paris. 


206      AKOUI.  BESODSCBS  AND  FISHERIES  OP  CHITBD  BTATE8. 

US.  Prabi. 

Pearls  and  nacre  (eml»acuig  tbe  peari-yieldinfr  shells,  witl 
pearls  and  the  tnotberV-pearl  in  tbe  roogli  state,  «itb  the  iud 
tared  buttons,  handles,  and  jewelry,  pearl-powder,  inhud  work 
papier-mache,  ornamented  with  mother-o'-peazl. 

Top-sbelk  [Turbinida),  and  their  application  to  nuunfacta 

sbeil-flowers.' 
Tower-shells  (Trochiday 
£ar-8faells  {ITiUiotida),  used  in  mannfactiire  of  battmu,  hao 

inlaid  work,  and  pearl  powder.* 
Other  gasetropods  supplying  nacie.' 
Pearl-oysters  (Avieulida),  with  pearls  aad  nacr&> 
Biver-mnssels  [Unionida),  with  pearis  Mid  nacre.' 
JUnssel^'  oysters,  and  other  conebifers  supplying  pearls  and  u 
Shells  of  nautilus  and  ai^naut,  prepared  to  exhibit  their  nxt 
Ornamental  pearl- work,  imitating  sprays  of  flowers,  &c' 
Imitation  pearls.' 

16.  Shell. 
Cameo  Mbell.' 

fShcll  of  uonvh  (Strombm  gigaa),  and  can-ings.' 
Shell  of  helmet  {Cafnn  ru/a,  C.  tuberota^  and  C.  wia3aga»Mnrt 
with  carvings.' 

Shells  used  ibr  implemenls,  &c.' 

Shells  of  Stromban,  Triton,  Dolmm,  J'imhs,  Murex,  and  Bvdi 
used  for  fog-lioms,  lamps,  vasej,  and  ornamental  bonlent  in  flo 


AKIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      207  | 

lift  UHcd  for  iHiplemenls,  Jkc. 

Ik'IIs  «if  C'lprtwa,  Rotcthi,  Olira,  TurriUlla,  I'hasiaticlta  (Veueti.in  1 
xliclh),  &<■.,  moniitetl  as  buttons  and  jewelry.' 
tniil'a-titiuii  sliell-work  for  box-covers  iiml  frajnes,  made  by  glniugl 
Rht'lLs  ill  mosaic' 

Ialeiii4>il  wbclls,  nw.il  by  dentifriw  and  iiorctOain makern.'    (Seo, also^  1 
iiiidi^r  ',i2.) 

iittlc-UsIi  Itone  from  S^pia  offidiialin,  used  as  a  pounce,  aa  a  denti-! 
frite,  as  iwlinhinf:  powders,  ibr  taking  flno  imprefisions  in  <;ouDt4!r- 1 
feiting,  and  as  finxl  for  binis,'    (See,  also,  undej-  D  6.) 
Dncn^ttons  from  Hie  stoniiicli  of  Aatacug,  known  as  "crali'seyes" 
aud  " rTab-Btone**,"  and  used  as  antatids.' 
nell  of  king-crab  {jAmulug polypliemus),  used  ait  a  hoat-baik-r.' 
pen^ulu  of  iiiolhiskH,  nse<t  as  "eye-stones."' 


1  an  a  innierial. 

>nd  {Ciiritnium  nobilin),  with  BiHK^imcDS  of  tlie  five  commercial  1 
pnido**  (I,frotliof  lil<K)d!  l!,tlowor  of  blood;  a,  4, 5,  blood  of  first,  j 
Btwond,  anil  tbinl  qualities)  of  tbp  white  variety,  and  of  tlic  romid  | 
beads,  Hegiipee  beads,  bracelets,  piiiK,  comnctH,  armlets,  car  rings,  | 
Ac' 
it«  coral,  Octtlhut,  sp.,  used  by  Jewelers.' 
repon^s  and  otlier  sliowy  corals,  nsed  for  oi-iimnental  puqioeos.'  , 

y  iixis  of  blaek  flexible  eonil  (I'lexaum  irnma),  used  for  eaneii>] 
■nd  whips  in  the  BiMniudas.' 

of  f:in  cufid  {HkipUlofforgift),  used  for  Nkinimcrs  and  sUainera  | 
tD  tlie  Itenuudas.' 
oml,  UKe<l  for  building  pai-powes.' 

I  rtM;k  of  ri-eont  fonimtion  (Cuquina),  uoed  in  Florida  in  maiiu- J 
factiire  of  uniiuneutal  vases  and  (wirvingu.' 
ok'ined  coitd.  used  tor  dentifrices,  as  an  antncid,  &v.' 
nilatiouH  of  I'c^l  coral  in  celluloid,  nibber,  and  other  substant-ei 

IS.   iNl'L'BORIAI,  KABXnS. 

kbltlff  pOMtlerM  [iise<l  fur  ]>oIisliiiif;  metalf,  cubiner-warc,  aud  J 

pefimt-iii*  of  |)olishiug  Klate,  IripoH,  aud  oilier  foivign  iKtlisliiii^  I 

powder,' 

pecdiDimH  of  American  infusorial  deposits.' 

■  Sm  wider  Put  n  of  tMii  cat»)ogiie. 


208     ANDUL  BESOL'BCES  AHD  FISHERIES  OF  UHITEU  STilB. 

Infusorial  earths  employed  in  Mawftctmes. 

Infusorial  earth,  nscd  in  making  window  and  plate  ^HB.' 
Inrnsorial  earth,  nsed  in  making  soluble  ^asa.' 
InftLsorial  earth,  used  in  making  mortar.* 
Inftusoiial  earth,  naed  in  making  molds  tor  metul  casting' 
Infusorial  earth,  used  in  making  Alters.' 
Infusorial  earth,  used  in  making  dynanut«.' 
lulusorial  earth,  used  in  m^ing  fire-poof  packing.* 
lnfu:»(»ial  earth,  as  an  absorbent  for  oils  and  Inpiida.' 

19.  OtUEB  UATEB1AL8  FBOM  INTKRTBBRA^B. 

From  insects. 

Brazilian  diamond-beetles,  nsed  in  jeveby. 
Wings  of  beetles,  ased  in  embroidery. 

From  echinoderms. 

Spines  of  echinoids,  nsed  for  slate-crayons. 

Flexible  vuUeriala. 

20.  LEATHEBa  (Embracing  the  hides  in  a  rough  state,  in  Ae  fid 
stipes  of  dressing,  and  manufactured  into  shoe-leatltv,  !■ 
ment,  vellum,  binders'  leather,  thongs,  &c. 

Lcatber  prepared  fVom  mammal  skins. 

Leather  {»rui>ared  from  human  skin. 

s  made  from  skin  of  mail.     H.  &  A-  HahrentKiIi,  Hc«  T<d 


■nUL  KEBOtlBCES  AND  FI8HEB1E8  OF  tmiTBD  STATES.      209 

ler  prepared  fVom  mammal  skins. 

Idi)  leutUer  (and  Ixilfiilu  loallitT,  but!-l(!ittbi'r}. 

Sf>931,  Iiuitiitiun  linckGliiD.     Jlaniifaclurcd  from  skin  of  Auierican  blMU 
(_eiaon  anierieaiuu).     Wilcos  TunDeiT,,  Elk  County,  Pennsylvsni*. 

S&953.  tollor  Irathor.    Mannfui-turtitl  IVoni  itkin  of  Ameriuun  biaon  (fiiaon 
L  amnrleaniui).    Wik'ox  Tonnwy,  .Elk  Coniity,  Punnsylvuniu. 

■MMk  ^°  loather.     Mannfm^taml  Irorn  «liiii  of  Auwrivnn  biBoii  (itiwii 
HHIB     amtrteimia).    Wilcox  Tnuni-ry.  £lk  Couuty,  Pi'tinitytviMiiA. 
^^^^nniftng  loBthor.  ManufnctitrcMl  from  ikio  of  Amcriojiu  liUon  (Ztwen 
^^^^     oawricwiii*).    Wllcux  Taunc^ry,  J%tk  County,  Pi'uuHylvuaia. 

leatber,  wiUi  spedmntiH  of  sain  leallier,  split  leather,  grain 
atiipj-,  rawhide  thoiign,  whipH,  leather  lx>Us  and  saddles,  and  of 
i]f-8kEu8,  jirepnred  for  biuders'  ami  bootmakers'  use,  aa  Kuseia 
ath(!r  and  vclliun,  and  tawed,  as  pnrt'hnient,' 
ep  l(5Utlier,  with  Kpevitnens  ul'  binders'  leather,  imitation  chamois 
ather,  wa^li  b'uthtrr,  buft'  leather,  roan,  imitation  luoroceo  and 

BTchnient,  with  vellum  made  tiwra  skins  of  deadboni  lambs, 
id  mannfiU-tared  gloves,  &c.* 

t  leather,  with  siwcimens  of  shagreen  leather,  moroero  leather, 
I  used  for  linings,  npholstei^,  bindings,  and  poeket-books,  ]>an:h- 
fcnt,  dnini-heiids,  &c.,  with  kid  leather,  ustJ  in  niauTifaj'ture  of 
toes  and  gloves,  uuder-elotbing,  and  vellum  madu  from  skin  of 

ouug  kids,  also  skiiibottlfs  used  in  Asia.' 

and  aHs  leather,  used  in  manufacture  of  shagreen,  sole  leather, 
leather,  satldles,  trunks,  water-hose,  iiuuip- valves,  miti- 
ary  accoutermonts,  ladies'  shoe-nppers.' 

SS71.  Tannoit  UK-xkiUi  usod  for  sole  Icatbur.    Cbeyonuu  Indians,  Kfuiaus. 
Dr.  O.  M.  ^t*nit>tr|j;.  tl.  S,  A. 

rhide. 

S0S4!).  Rawtiidp  |iri')iiiTC<l  for  boltin;;.     Dtirrow  Manufacturing  CoDipunj. 
aOM6.  Coil  of  n)|w,     MiliIi-  from  ruwliiclc.  " 

S9ftM.  Bnskct.  ■•  " 

SM47.  DoU'i  IipjmI.  ■'  " 

SSKHi.  Powdcr-dasks.  "  " 

r  leather,  dressed  as  bnlf  leather,  chamois-imitation  leather, 
Milan  lireased  (buckskin),  and  for  the  tlner  moroccwa,  albo  man- 
Bu]tar»l  into  gloveR,  gait«rs,  nnder-gannents,  iiulishent,  &c. 

SSB8S.  Bilck-l»nnp<I  skin  of  mult<  deer  (Cariainu  mairotie).     luiliniiH. 
6(C7.  L<«iitki>r  fruiu  skin  of  Avvi  {Caria'Mt  marrolint).    Tiuuied  by  Caddo 

Iiuliuns.    E.  Palmer. 
£2^    Biick-tunued  dc^or'sktu  [Carian*  niairofii).     Apaclic  lodiaiu.     E. 

14383.  Buck-taauod  akin  of  deer  (Curiiicvt  macrolia).    J.  W.  Powell. 


af  ibc  tucMDHire  esliibition  of  lentbera  in  the  Slion  and  Leather  Building^ 
Mm  Ii«s  bocu  nuule  to  complete  tliis  pait  of  the  collection. 
lit  JT.  M.  No.  14 14 


210     ANIUAL  BESOUBCeS  AND  FI8UBBIES  OF  UNITED  STAIII. 

I^eatbcr  prepared  fVom  mammal  sbin*. 

Deer  leather,  &o. 

6976.  Buck-tanned  skin  of  deer(C<)ri<iaM  Moorolb).    CcHMneheMB 

E,  Palmer. 
11606.  Buckskin  (Cartocw  coIunMantu).      Dremed   by  VeClood  Indw 

Shasta  County,  CoUfornict.    Livingston  Stone, 
11605.  Buckakin  (CarUumt  oelumMoitiM).      Tanned  by  UeCknd  IndiK 

Shasta  County,  California.     Livingston  BtotM. 
11604.  Buckskin  {Cariaau  ootmiAiaHM*).      Tanned  by  HcClood  bdii 

Shasta  Connty,  California.     Livingston  Stone. 
8540.  Backskin  for  moccasins.    Nebraska.    Dr.  S.  H.  Hortoa,  U.  S.  1 
36685.  Skin  of  Virginia  deer  (Cariaaa*  vtryManiu).     Seminole  loditti 

Florida.     O.  Brown  Goode. 
S4800.  Tanned  skin  of  young  Virginia  deer  {CarUtau  riryiwiwt).  J- 

Hendeison,  Big  Coon,  Ala. 

Moose  leather  in  ordinary  and  bnckskin  finish. 

SU781.  Moccasins  made  from  skin  of  mooM  (JIoMMoJdUt).    Htuon  liili> 

O.  B.  Ben&ew  Jt  Co.,  Quebec. 
S4787.  Bnbber-Bole  moccaaina  mode  from  skin  of  moose  (dyed).    0.  B.  B 

frew  &,  Co.,  Quebec. 
247^  Indian  moccasina  made  from  akin  of  moose.     Iioqnoia  tiibe.  & 

Renfrew  &  Co.,  Quebec. 
S4773.  Indian  bnck-Unned  skin  of  moose  (^loMMoUUt).    Labiador.   & 

Benfrew  St,  Co.,  Qnebec. 
24786.  Indian  moccasins  mode  from  akin  of  moose.    "Lady's  siie.'  0' 

Ben£rew  &,  Co.,  Qnebec. 
83a  Smoke-Unned  skin  of  moose  (JI«etMaZ«M«).    8UTe(L«keT}bdi 

R.  Eannicott,  Fort  Liaid. 


Cariboo  leather  in  ordinary  and  bnckskin  finish. 


IflHlL  EE80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      21  I 

r  prepared  IVom  mamnial  skins. 

a  of  ilifforent  Iwilliers  ilhistratiiig  the  manufuctiire  of  gloves: 

!5SS0.  Baw  skin  of  "M(ir»ub»miiwk"  drnc (Cariaint*  sp.)At>m  Bout.li  Amor- 

k-a.     S,  G.  HutcliiiiHon  &.  Co,,  Juhnatown,  N.  Y. 
tSJEST.  Skill  of  "Uarauluun  jack"  deer,  drvasod  by  f^ltive  taanQfftctnrcr, 

rNidy  for  nntting.    S.  G,  HiitohuMon  &,  Co.,  Johnstown,  N.  T. 
ISS88.  Gtovea  manitCuitnitid  JYom  skin  of  "Klntiinhum  Jock"  deer.     B.  0. 

Hutchinson  &  Co.,  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 
25380.  Saw  akin  of  denr  (Caruiemi  «p.>.     From  Central  Am«rira.      8.   G. 

Hatchinaon  &  Co.,  JoIiiibUiwd,  N.  Y. 
tSSSO.  Akin  of  <Ie«r  dreswMl  by  kIovo  luimufuutDrpra.     Coutral  America.    R. 

O.  Hutchinson  A.  Co.,  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 
S39I.  Baw  skill  of  innlu  Atxr  {Cariaviu  vtaerotU).     S.  Q.  Hutchinson  &  Co., 

Johnstomi,  N.  Y. 
25093.  Skin  of  mnlo  dcor  {Cariacui  nuirrotU).     Fat  or  liqnot  drcBscd.     8,  Q. 

Hutchinson  &  Co.,  Johiislown,  N.  Y. 
IS3S3.  Skin  of  male  de«r  (Cartacu*  iKiurotis).    OU  diewed.    S.  G.  Hat^.bin- 

800  &  Co.,  Johuatowo,  N.  Y. 
£394.  OtoTiw  niHdr  fmm  sktn   of  mule  dper  (Caruxnu  natwlia).     8.   G. 

Ilutohinsou  &  Co.,  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 
IsaOS.  Baw  akin  ofAfrioau  "bleosbok."    S.  G.  IlntDhiDsoii  &  Co.,  John*- 
r*  town,  N.  Y. 

^H&  Skin  nf  Afiican  "lilcca  bok"  (drras^d).     g.  0.  HntchinsoD  &  Co., 
Hp         Johnatown,  N.  Y. 
MHK.  Osuntlet  gtovea  made  Oom  skin  nf  African  ,"  bleea  bok."     S:  G. 

HiitfliiiiMin  &  Cu.,  JuliiiHtDwn,  N.  Y.  * 

ISS88.  Baw  skin  of  immtj-lnim  or  nntclnpn  (Aniiloeapra  aiita1eaiia)i    B.  0. 

flutcbljimn  &  Co.,  Juhnslonn,  N.  Y. 
IS399.  Skin  of  tirong-boni  or  antelopo  (AnUlorapra  (tBKn'nma).    Dreoai'd 

And  colored.    S.  O.  Hntchinann  &,  Co.,  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 
!S300.  QIOTcs  mndo  from  sklu  of  prong-horn  or  aiit4<lopo  {Antilocapra  amfrt- 

dinn).     S.  0.  HntchiDSon  Sc  Co.,  Johnstflwn,  N,  Y. 
15301.  Baw  skin  of  south  American  peccary  (Dimislrt  labiatut).    S.  0. 

Hulubinaon  &,  Co.,  Johnstown,  N.  V. 
S5303.  Olovea  madu  from  sldn  of  South  American  peccary  {Dieotplet  labia- 

hti).     8.  0.  Hutchinson  &  Co.,  Jobn!>town,  N.  V. 
6^0i^  Skin  of  South  American  pcccai;  {DUsotj/Ut  laHatat).     Dressed   for 

glore  ia:tniifacturer.     S.  G.  HatohiuBon  iL  Co.,  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 
IG3M,  Back-Uunt^  skin  of  sheep.  "  " 

16905.  DroMod  skin  of  tiheep,  tannml  like  kid  leather,  bnt  smoked  instfuul 

of  colored.     8.  G.  Hutchinson  &.  Co.,  Jobnalown,  N,  Y. 
96306.  Shoep-shiu  nuute   into   "kid  luntbcr."      S.   G.  Hutehineon  &  Co. 

Johnslflwn,  N.  Y, 
ISSOT,  QloveH  made  from  "  bid-dreascd  "  sbeep-akin.     8.  G.  Hntchinson  Jl 

Co.,  JohnstJjttTi,  N.  Y, 
S306.  "Kid''-ilre98ed  lamb-skin,  ready  for  coloring-    8.  0,  But«blnson  St. 

Co.,  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 
BSOO.  Lamb-skin  "kid-ilroa»c(l,"  colored.    8.  O.Hutchinson  4.  Co.,  John»> 

town,  N.  Y. 
SBlO.  OloTes  mnde  from  "kid-dressed"  lamb-skin.     S.  O.  HutobitiRon  & 

Co.,  Johnaliiwu,  N.  Y. 
BSll.  ],auib-«kiu  dreased  in  G«ntuuiy.     8.  Q.  Hutchinson  &.  Co.,  Johns- 
town, N.  T. 


I 


212      ANIMAL  BESOUHCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  ETATB8. 

Iicather  prepared  IVom  niainiual  ikinti. 

Series  of  ditt^reut  leathers  iUustrating  the  maauiactare  of  sUn 

The  following  account  of  the  gloTo  tcadc  iu  Kottli  Ameriois&oBlto 
pen  of  Ur.  S,  G.  Hiilcbingon: 

"Tho  niMtufacturo  orgjoveeantl  mittoiw  from  leaiber  waa  ttaitdii 
Falt«n  Coant^E,  Nevi  York  {according  to  best  iiifonnn.tiOD).  in  tbe  jW 
1S09,  by  people  from  Connocticnt,  wbo  first  engngixl  in  tho  uisDalklv* 
'  of  tinware  aai  in  exchanging  their  tinware  for  tho  prodncte  of  the  ono- 

try.  They  thus  obtainod  deer-pelta,  which  they  loamed  to  tan  MVMiliof 
to  the  Indian  proceiM,  and,  using  paper  patterns,  cat  and  made  Ibflnuit 
rough  mittene  and  gloves.  Sul)seqiienny  thoy  learnt  a  battoi  pnna 
of  tanning,  and  aiao  have  modo  great  improvenirputs  in  niaaufactmitf 
gtuvus;  and  from  apparently  inaignificant  and  accidental  begimuDEtb* 
originated  an  ntduatry  wliich  is  oHtimated  to  produce  over  (l,iH>,M 
worth  of  manufactiiroil  goods,  and  which  busincm  has  otvct  3«  firt  bds 
-mcGesaf'iUy  transplanted  else  where. 

"The  akins  nacd  in  the  manufacture  of  gloves  and  mittens  an  (tirJil- 
fbreot  T»riotio8of  deer-skioa  and  shcoii  a.nil  lamb  skins.  The  ilnr-atw 
aro  gleaned  from  the  entire  United  Ktat«B,  Mexico,  Central  and  it 
Anjerica,  and  Africa,  and  there  ia  as  much  diffennct!  in  the  quality  st^ 
skins  from  the  different  countries  OS  in  tho  climate  of  thu  uiouinst 
]oc&Uti(«  from  which  they  come.  The  heaviest  and  most  Ta1ti»lil>  Aa 
come  irom  nnder  the  equator. 

"  Sheop-skina  are  exteueivoly  nsed  in  the  mann&cturo  of  gloiw  i 
well  aa  deor-akius.  It  is  estimati>d  that  over  100,0(H)  dozen  are  usd  M 
nnally.  Tho  quality  of  these  varies  as  much  lut  deer-skius,  and  rtcps' 
ag  DiDcb  Diioo  the  acctioQ  of  counlry  from  which  tbay  comt'.  the  cms 
wool  akins  making  the  best  leather.  A  part  of  the  sh«>p-«kiw  M 
dressed  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  deer-skins,  and  are  finished  lon^ 
ble  bnokflkin.  Many  sheep  and  lamb  skins  ore  by  a  very  diffffM*!** 
Kt-Hn  ninde  into  what  is  called  kid  teat  Iter,  I  ho  lamb-Hkiun,  ajvW)!, 
making  a  ver>'  nic*  glove;  iu  fact,  some  of  the  lined  fur-triaininl (I** 


IMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      213 

r  prepared  fVom  mammal  skins. 

uf  diflferent  leatliers  illiistratiug  the  manufacture  of  gloves : 

First  into  raU,  low  sunkt^n  lu  the  ground,  i 

TLe ralHinp  skina aru  tltniwu  oilli  biisky  somiil, 

Anil  there  for  daya  ore  suffered  Ui  remain, 

Until  the  vrat«f  permeatea  tLo  gmtn, 

Aiid  tbeir  wbnie  yielding  tiirni  aiid  tvxture  nuko 

FU»ut  and  supple,  £ttiug  tbum  to  break. 

I^vne  o'er  the  sluitiiig  iKJim  the  brcuher  plks, 

With  long  two-hiuidird  knife,  hu  energies 

AU  the  odherlag  flesh  to  clcttn  away. 

His  is  the  hudcat  work  oud  pootcat  luj. 

Fleah-ltiiiiDg,  or  the  hairing  pruiu'as  called. 

Is  ni-xt  in  order  and  is  next  iiutuUcd. 

Ujion  the  flesh-dide  of  thtf  broken  skin 
^  Quiok-ruiie  ia  npniad  and  wUely  folded  in; 

1 Then  in  the  soak  or  water  vat  with  earo 

T  1b  plaecd  ton  duya  for  louseiiiug  the  hair. 

And  when  the  benni  and  kni  fe  auaiu  nre  prove4 
I   'ThoUniry  ciiot  is  Biudly  removed! 

In  lim^-vftts  next  the  skins  arc  iinl  la  Uine ; 

From  iiue  tu  six  weeks  is  the  allolU'd  tuu«. 

Tliia  proceaa,  perfected  bj  luw  degnes, 

ThickeuB  the  skins  and  imootha  the  stufacea. 
knife  aga 

Parching  is  nsed  for  heavy  skins  alnne. 
The  loeaoiug  of  the  term  is  drying  down ; 
Not  in  the  tetvors  oT  the  sconJiing  snn, 
But  in  the  Ahade  aloue,  't  is  safely  done. 
A  Making  then  ensues  until 
They  "re  softer  made  and  lilted  for  the  mill. 
Hilling  in  order  next  soccceds,  of  couific. 
Placed  in  the  stock,  by  «tcam  or  nat«t  force 
The  skins  are  briskly  run  six  hoars  or  more 


Beplaoed  agaiu,  and  milUag  is  reaev«d. 

Each  half  Iraor  oTteTward  alt«raately 

The}' 're  in  tbestocks  or  out  to  aironddiy. 

Until  thronghont  the  snbatance  of  the  skin 

The  oU  commingles  with  the  gelatine 

Or  glue,  and  leaves  the  other  parts  together 

The  true  and  genuine  product  we  csll  leather. 

The  beam  and  seudding-knife  again  ore  plied 

For  scudding  on  the  grain  or  facial  side. 

The  mucous  snbatsuoe  or  reticular 

Tisane  of  the  skin  is  shaved  off  liare. 

Tlie  [irocees  then,  to  perfect  and  in  crown, 

Beqnires  a  day  at  moai  for  drying  down. 

Ifiaxtin  lye-liunoT  vats  they're  placed  awhile, 

bi  vulgar  partuDcc,  'for  to  outthe  ile'; 

Bat  by  the  ohymie  law  affinity 

The  (ill  gelAtinous  and  alkali 

Combine,  withont  a  flgitre  or  a  trope. 

And  form  the  useful  prndnct  we  call  snap. 

A  half  hour  in  the  stocks  the  akius  being  ran, 

The  soap  waahed  out,  and  tbns  the  scnuriog '»  dona. 

To  soRen,  to  give  shape,  and  natoral  luze. 

Duly  the  slacking  process  ncxl<  applies. 

Fast  in  the  perch  the  pendent  skin  being  placed, 

Grasped  by  the  hand  and  firmly  should er-braeed, 

The  arm-stake  then  is  vigoroasly  applied 


d  into  ai|ii(Lro  blocks  fasliioued,  is  called  IjoC^ 


214     ANIMAL  HESOURCES  AND  FISnEEIES  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Leather  prepared  froni  mammal  skins. 

Series  of  diflerent  leathers  illustiatiiig  tbe  mauufacture  of  glAm 

Whiuh  b;  the  band  is  nibbed  upon  the  ekin.  ^^^h 

Pdroh  bung  until  the  ocbGr*!!  well  wrought  in  ^^^H 

And  deeplf  set,  prodocini;  n  soft,  mollow,  ^^^H 

Golden,  enduring,  ineiDBivo  yellow.  ^^^H 

This  buffing  named.    ThepiocaM  next  to  Itriag  ^^^H 

^^H                              Tho  manulwiture  throagh  ui  flniBhuig.  ^^^H 

^^H                             A  horiKuiitol  nbutt,  firm  oveTlaid  ^^^H 

^^^^                             With  emery,  and  b;  mnvhinocj'  mndtt  ^^^H 

^^^^                                To  turn,  elalxirsteti  theakiu  iilBovd  on  ^^^H 

^^*                               To  perfect  snioothneas,  und  tlie  -work  is  dou«.'  ^^^^ 

"The  manufacture  of  the  different  kinds  aud  style«of  glovwislMMi- 
iag  divided  up  bo  that  man;  of  our  leading  miumfajitDrers  are  nuUttl  * 
specialty  of  some  xi^i^eular  kind  of  gloves.  Some  make  eiclii>i*<lT 
heavy  buckskin  gloves  and  mittens;  others  make  exoln^Tely  aheep'*'^''* 
gloves  and  gauntlets  I  othoia,  lined  kid  gloves  of  various  kinds  aodEtylffci 
others,  nnlined  kid  and  antelope  or  castor  gloves  and  ladies'  gamitli'M~ 
thus  enabling  them  to  pay  strict  attention  to  their  particular  bncrla 
and  reaching  the  highest  degree  uf  perfection  attainable  at  this  agv  m'^ 
stage  of  tbe  business. 

"Marked  progress  Is  yearly  mode  in  this  indiutty,  and  it  ispredictf^ 
that  in  no  distant  fature  the  finest  gloves  made  in  tbe  world  will  bemtd* 
here  in  tho  two  villages  uf  Johustowu  and  GloversviUe,  X.  Y." 

Porpoise  leather. 

Beluga  leather  dressed  as  kid,  sole,  harness,  velvet,  pliish,  boot^ 
mail-bag,  belt,  and  pat«ut  (variiiahed)  leather, 

26018.  Tanned  skin  of  beluga  (Detpliinaplerua  ailodoM).     G.  It  Benfi*"  * 

Co.,  Quebec. 

26019.  Lacoleathor,  "RividreduLonp  enbos."   MaDufactnrodbumtbetldfl 

of  beluga  (Delphinapterua  eatadan),  by  the  Gulf  Porpoiso  TiJ^ 
Company. 

Seaver  leather,  used  in  manufacture  of  Baddies,  shoes,  gloves,  fUid 

ti^nks. 
Eat  leather,  uaetl  for  thumbs  of  kid  gloves. 
Leather  trimmings,  used  as  stuffing  for  balls,  &c. 

Prepared  iVom  intestines  of  mammals. 

Parchment  from  viscei'a  of  seals,  used  by  Eskimos  for  clothing,  b*n 
and  blankets. 

6559.  Int«8tine  of  seal.    Usodforwatcrproof  clothing.     Cook's  Inlel-   I* 

T.  T.  Minor. 
5570.  Intestine  of  seal.     Used  for  waterproof  clothing.     Yukoufiiret.   ^■ 

H.  Dalh 
65G9.  Intestine  of  seal.    Prepared  and  used forcloihing.    Dr.  T.T.I 
S0602.  Preparedseal'gutfoT waterproofdressea.    Sitka, Alaska.   J.C 
gee  also  nnnierous  garments  of  this  matcrutl  diiplaycd  i 
nological  division. 


AMMAli  BESOURCES  AND  FISDERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      21ij 

spared  IVom  intestines  ormammnls. 

Leutlinr  from  phaiynx  of  seiJ  iimJ  wiilriis,  used  by  Eskimo  for  boot^ 

paxciiiDcut  from  viitcera  of  bears,  used  in  Kaiutcliatka  for  luasksl 

and  wiudow-panes. 
Vutcem  of  ox,  used  in  mannfiuiture  of  gold-beaters'  skin. 
{ladders  of  animals,  used  for  poiicbes,  parctiiueut:,  bottle  aod  Jar 

covers,  and  by  Eskimo  for  oil^wttles. 
Fiflccra  of  sheep,  used  iii  mamifactm-e  of  "  cat-gut,"  with  specimen* 
of  wliip-cord,  hatters'  cord,  for  bowstrings,  clockmakera'  cord^J 
fllandre,  guitar,  violin,  and  harp  strings,  angling-lines,  &c. 
rjscvra  of  hog,  nsed  an  envelopes  for  minced  meat,  sausages,  &c. 
~        t  of  »ea-Uon  (Eum£topias  Stelieri),  di'esded  as  parchment  ea-l 
velapes  to  preserve  valuable  papers. 
aOeOS.  Sitku  Indimu,  Aluiika.    J.  G.  Sviaa. 

Bnews  of  sheep,  deer,  goat,  boffalu,  seal,  walrus,  and  other  animulSf  I 
xusod  in  manufacture  of  threads,  lines,  nets,  and  snow-shoes,  iai 
-strengthening  bows,  &&;  the  babiche  of  the  Eskimos  of  th< 
Northwest  coast. 

5IS5.  Baliichu.    SlccaoM  iDiliann.    Britlsli  Coltunblk.    J.  T.  Rotbnwk. 
3(U4.  Usckemic's  Itivur.     B.  Eciinioott. 
840.  Hsokemie^  Biver.  " 

net  Moo«e  alDew.  Fort  Good  Hope.  Uuokenzie'a  Bivfii 
JKKje.  gioeiTB  of  mooae  and  ciuiboo.  Fort  LUnl  Indiaus. 
&646.  Deer  sinew.  Ai'Bche  ludiiuuj.  Dr.  E.  ralnwr. 
SWO,  B»bi<'he.  Undreased  akin  of  mountoiii  ihcep. 
set.  Babiche  from  niouutun  sboop.  MackoDsie'*  Blrcr.  B.  E«nnleoth  1 
16^  Bow  covered  with  sinew  of  luoimtsii)  eheep  (Orf*  mimUma).  Diggar  I 
ludiiuH.  California.  Cnptaiu  Gunulson,  D.  H.  A. 
94736.  8uow.«bo««  miwle  fniis  sinew  of  caribou  (man's  size).     0.  R.  BeD>| 

fr»w  &  Co,,  Qaebed. 
9(119.  fiuuw-aho<>8  niudis  from  sinew  ofoariboii  (womao's  bIzd).     Q.  B.  Bet^4 
fn-w&Cc,  Quebec. 

^rcd  flrom  bird-skina  (Eskimos). 
Eider  leather.' 
leather.' 

Fort  Anderson.    R.  Maiy  I 


B.  K«iinicott,A 


'arcparal  n>oin  reptile  sldiu* 

Alligator  leather. 

16810.  SuIlodskinofaUigntarC-ini^rormutftiwriiiTiicaris).     U]) per  Saint  JoIid'i 

Biver,  Florida.     G-  Brown  a(iodi>. 
leSlff.  Tanned  skin  of  uUigotor.     Upiter  Saint  John's  Biver,  Florida,     O.  I 

Brown  Goodo. 


216     ANIUAL  RESOURCES  ASD  FISHEBIE8  OF  UBITBD  SfATM. 

Prepared  flrom  reptile  skins. 

Alligator  leather. 

35383.  Tanned  skin  of  alligator  (JHigator  MinfMl|9tauii).    UpfS  8* 

John's  Biv«r,  Florida.    G.  Brown  Ooode. 
24791.  Tanned  skin  of  alligator  (JI%aJM-«UMiM^VieM«{|). 

Schayer  Bios.,  Boston,  Haas. 
S4T96.  Cigar-case,  mado  &om  skin  of  alligator  ( JlUgwIor  * 

"Rosaet  finiah."    Bcbayer  Bros.,  Btmtoa,  Mam. 
347112.  Lady'BBatehel,  mode  trAn  skin  of  alligator  (AWfltt  m 

tit).     '■  Russet  fluish."    Sohayer  Bros.,  Boston,  HaM. 
24795.  Matcb-case,  made  ihaa  skin  of  alligator  (^AlUftor  Miwiw^ifi— i 

"Buaset  flnuh."    Bohayoi  Bros.,  Boston,  Hata. 
34793.  Slippers,  ntade  from  the  skin  of  alligator  (Alttfotpr  m 

"Busset  finish."    Schayer  Bros.,  Boston,  Hasa. 
84794.  Slippers,   made  &om  akin  of   alligator  {Aliigator   mim 

"Black  Gnisli.''    Schayer  Bros.,  Boston,  Man. 
26066.  BiiUng-boots,  made  from  skin  of  alligator  {AUigator  mimUf/imii, 

K.&.A.  Mahienholz,  New  York  City. 

SatUesiiake  leather. 

24797.  Dressed  skin  of  rattlesnake  (CrolalM  JariuM).    Big  Coon,  ilM.  I 

H.  Hendeison. 
24799.  Dressed  skin  of  rattlesnake  ( CVotelat  darisfw).    Big  Coon,  ik  f| 

H.  Henderson. 
34798.  Shoes  made  from  skin  of  rattlesnake  {Orolabu  dmrtttat).    BI|Om^ 

Ala.    J.  II.  Henderson. 
9043.  Bow  covered  with  skin  of  rattlesnake.    Used  by  Flathead  Uk* 

Fort  ColviUe,  W.  T.     Dr.  J.  T.  QhlMlin,  U.  8.  A. 

Other  snake  leather. 

.  Boots  made  f^m  skin  of  boa  (Boa  wmibiator).    B.  &  A.  Milnwhll 


[AL  RESOUBCES  AJSIJ)  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     217 

d  firom  fish-skins. 

leather  (shagreen  used  for  coverings,  and  by  the  Alaska  In- 
3  for  boot-soles).^ 

waste. 

manufactured  firom  waste. 

lanufactured  from  waste.    (See  under  24.) 

m  blue  made  from  leather  waste.    (See  under  30.) 

21.  Haib  and  wool. 

^  In  weaTlngr  and  IPclting.    (See  under  8.) 
^d  fbr  wigrs  and  ornaments. 

I  hair  as  an  article  of  commerce,  with  specimens  of  switches 
vngs,  and  also  of  the  trade  imitations  of  hair  in  jute,  horse- 
Ac. 

wool  as  employed  in  manufacture  of  wigs  and  perukes. 
I  scalp  locks  as  Indian  trophies.^ 
of  animals  as  trophies.' 

1  bristles  used  Ibr  brashes  (embracing  the  commer- 
and  bristles,  assorted  and  unassorted,  and  specimens  of  the 
ured  articles). 

-  skunk,  used  for  fine  brushes. 

40.  Gilders'  and  vamishers'  brushes  (black  hair;  flat).  Miles  Bros.  &>  Co. 
42.         «  a  <<  «  «  «  it 

42.  <'         **  **  <'  "  «  « 

43.  "         "  "  *'  "      (lound).  " 
14.  Dnsting-bmsh  (white  hair;  flat).  ** 

r  bear  used  for  vamishing-brushes. 

38.  Varnish  or  dusting  brush.    Miles  Brothers  &,  Co. 

39.  "Mottler"  brush.  " 

*  American  badger  used  for  fine  shaving,  graining,  gilding, 
lust  brushes.^ 

'American  badger  {Taxidea  americana)  adapted  to  the  man- 
ure of  brushes. 

'  squirrel,  especially  the  tail,  used  in  making  fine  artists' 
Is. 

JO.  "CameVs-hair"  varnish-brush.  French  style.  Miles  Brothers  &  Co. 
^.  "CamePs-hair"  coach-painters*  color-brush.  " 

Its  in  Ethnological  series. 
BDS  in  the  Ethnological  division. 

^4lair  bmshes  sold  in  America  are  almost  exclusively  manufactured  finom 
Wdgttr.    The  hair  of  the  American  badger  is  quite  an  well 


218     A.miiAL  BEBDUBCBS  AND  FISBEKIXS  OF  DHITEO  8TATI 

Hair  and  bristles  used  A»r  brashes. 

Hair  of  squirrel,  especial^  the  tail,  used  in  making  Am 
pencils. 

303S2.  "  Camers-hBir"  Tamish  or  copying  bnuh.   t'inglhh  ttj. 

Btotben  &.  Co.,  New  York. 
29333.  "Camel's-lnur"  gildera' broah.     UUm  Bnthen  &  Co.,  He 
39334-5.  "Camel's-hoir"  lacquering  bmsh,  " 

39336.  "Camel's-boir"  pencil,  quill  handles.  " 

2^353.  Series  of  acroltiag  mid  omomeuting  bnulies.  " 

Tbose  brushoa  are  mode  chiofly  tt»m  the  tail  of  the  gi^ 
(&JHrM  carotinauU),  and  aie  known  to  the  tnUl«  aa  "can 
bmahoa. 

Bristles  of  liog  and  peccary  used  in  making  coarse  brodiee 
nishing,  scrubbing,  &c. 

26020.  Seiiea  of  briatlea  (black).     B  Noe.  1-13.    William  WUka 

1 

26021.  "  "  "  (white).  B  Nos.  1-13.  " 
26028.  "  "  "  (yeUow).  B  Nos.  1-13.  " 
36027.  "  "  "  (red).  B  Nob.  HI-  " 
26028.  "  "  "  (black).  D  B  Noa.  f-18.  " 
36033.  "  "  "  (black).  ("Casings")  Noa.  1-12.  " 
26023.  "  "  "  (natural  black).    ("Ca«ing»'')Koa.  1-lt 

WUkens  &  Co. 
S6034.  Berieaofbii8Uea(white).    ("CMings'')Noa.l-13.    WUUh 

26025.      "     "       "       (white).    Medium  rtiff,  Nofc  1-12,  ' 

2ii029.       "      "        "       (union).    William  Wilkena  &  Co. 
26030.      "     "       "       (blue).  " 

86031.      "     "       "       (unbleached).  " 

Brushes  made  from  bristles: 
S9337.  Flat  oopying-bruah,  No.  I.    Miles  Brothen  &  Co. 


ANIMAL  RE80UECES  AND  FIStlERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     21!) 

aad  brUlles  uitcd  Ibr  bniithes. 

r  of  liorses,  used  for  lly-biiittlies. 

aom.  Svrioi  of  aamplca  uf  horsp-hair  (ilircd  blue).     William  Wilkena  Jk  Co. 
2tmLi.       "       "        ■'        ••  "  (.Ived  red).  " 

SlKXH.      "       "        ■'        "  "  (il'j-Btl  wliitfi).  " 


i  used  for  striping  aud  letter- 


ile8  Brotbrra  A  Co, 
ul's-liair  iicQctls.     Mile« 


luur  from  tlio  iasidu  of  cows'  t 
log  Ijrustics. 

S9ft«o~fi-7-*W>-G0.  Frc«i;o-pnintere'  briistms,  1-S. 
S!!X)5I.  SiMiiwi  uf  (ix-liuir  tttriiiiug-puDcils,  euld  aa  ci 
Uruthem  it  Cu. 

used  in  other  manuAictures. 

Ins  asad  in  alioemakers*  wax  ends. 

les  used  in  auat«>iiiii;iil  iiistniuient^. 

KQd  bristles  usihI  in  Jirtil'icinl  flics.    (See  under  B,  45.) 

of  cnttle  used  in  sti'engtheniug  mortar  and  plaster. 

■sed  fbr  stuffing. 

Kse-bair,  struight  and  carled,  used  for  matti«sses  and  cushions. 
Ifiuio  Lair  of  beaver  and  musquasb,  cut  from  felting-tiair,  used  ttx 

itvnx  of  rabbits  used  for  cushions.) 

VMd  as  a  medinin  Ibr  pigments. 

ol-flockiug  used  iu  tbe  inannfacture  of  wall-paper,  colored  felta, 
tid  rubber  elotb. 

lical  products. 

Tuse  human  and  other  hair  used  iu  maniifaotiire  of  pmsfiiate  of 
potasli,  witb  siiecimens  of  manulaetiired  product. 

as.  Quills. 
orinammal§. 

of  American  hedge-hog  used  by  Indians  iu  embi-oideiiug. 

of  birds. 

of  swan  and  turkey  for  en  grossing!  leus. 

of  goose  and  eagle  for  nriting-peus. 
[Is  of  4:row  and  duck  for  fine  pens. 

lis  used  in  making  tooth-picks,  flsbing-floats,  color-bottles,  pen- 
l-bimdles,  noedle-tiolders,  &c. 

23.  Featdkes. 

(See  under  Furs,  D  10.) 


220     ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  DiriTED  STATES. 

Feathers  used  fbr  implementt*  (indadisg  numafiMtand 

des). 

aOSSS.  Fan. 

36596.  Pan  made  from  featbera  of  roae»te  apoonbin  (FlmUlem  19^). 

C.  E.  Mott,  JaoksonviUe,  Flo. 
S6S97.  Fan  made  from  feathen  of  wbite  tem  (Sterna  ap. }.    lb>.  C.  E.  I 

Jacksonville,  Fla. 
S6596.  Fan  mode  from  leathers  of  white  crane  (OaruOaoaaMIMBa). 

C.  E.  Mott,  JackaonviUe,  Flo. 
26599.  Fan  mode  ih>m  feathers  of  btne  heron  (Floriila  eormlM).    H&i 

Mon,  Jacksonville,  Fla. 
S6601-26S05.  Fan  made  Ih>m   feathers  of  water-tnrkey  (PMn  mU 

Mrs.  C.  E.  Mott,  JacksonviUe,  Fla. 

26602.  Fan  made  from  feathers  of  fisb.«row  (CVirvM  ot^frm§ai)  «1 

heron  (Florid  cteriilea).    Mrs.  C.  E.  Uott,  JockBonnlle,  Ftti 

26603.  Fan  made  Axim  feathers  of  wood  ibis(r(uilaIii«lo«alBtsr)aiidpMi 

{Fntiaua  caroHnentit).  Mis.  C.  E.  Mott,  JmIuodvUIc,  FU. 
26606.  Fan  from  miscellaneone  feathers.  Mn.  C.  E.  Mott,  JackimiTQIi 
36813.  Domestic  turkey-feather  dusters.     5  sizca.     Chicago  I^thwD 

Company.     Chicago,  IlL 

Feathers  nsed   for  plumes  and   ornaments  (IdcIb 
plumes,  head-dresses,  cockades,  bat  and  dress  trimmings,  &e.) 

26604.  Bonqnet  mode  from  feathers  of  Florida  bird*,     ill*.  C  E.  UoB,. 

sonviUe,  Fla. 
29o^.  Flowera  made  f^m  feathera  of  Florida  biido. 

Feathers  used  in  other  manuniclnres. 

Feathered  arrow-shafts.    (See  under  B,  18.) 

Feathers  used  in  mahing  artiflci^  flies. 

Feathers  used  in  manufEictnre  of  textile  fobrics.    (See  ndt 


ANIMAL  BESODRCES  AND  FJ8HEBIES  OF  tJNlTED  STATES.     2211 

aline. 

fze,  or  fttKien  gine. 

3531T-18.  "A.  A.  E."    MuDiifiicluri'ilfromhomsainlhotift.     Wm.U. Brown,! 
Penbudy,  Mass. 

latinos  made  from  boue  aad  ivory  sUaviugs. 


P«««ts  of  esculent  swallows  {(■(ilocaiia  eHPiiJenUi,  C.  fueiphngn,  0.   < 
dijiai,  &e.)  uxporti-d  lioiu  Iiulian  Airliiiii'lago  to  Cbiua.) 

B'laiitf. 

inglOHS  (iriitliyocniln),  made  from  air-bladders  and  Nkiiis  of  fiRlies  I 
1  used  ill  tlif  maiiiifactare  of  fine  glues  niid  sizes,  adbesiveaiid  I 
irt  plai;t«nt,  diiimuDd  cemeut,  imUution  glu»s,  aud  tiiblv-Jelly  1 
r  and  confectioueiy  (neo  luider  I)  1,  D),iu  reHniug  wiuee  and  liquors,  T 
[  in  adulterating  milk,  in  fixiug  the  lti8t«r  of  ai-Iilidal  pearls,  aud  j 
I- In  lustering  silk  ribbons  (embracing  the  dried  bla^lders  and  the  1 
k'tnrod  products)  in  their  gi-adcsof  "lyre,"  "heart-shaped," 
"l«af,"  aud  "book"  isinglass. 
jtgtaBs  &om  Miuiids  of  cod  and  bake. 

L  iMinglim.    (Fint tiuolily.)    Miiiiiifiictiircilfruinwniiiilsuftflil.huke, 
Slp.     CaptT  Anit.    Cava  Ann  l&iuglaas  aud  Gluu  Compau.T,  Rock-    I 

I.  (Sncnnd  (juality.)      SIiiTiuflictnn.iI  ttnm  twiinila  of  hake,  rod,   Ac.  ' 

(.'ape  Ann  I»iU|jIn«N  Aiid  Glue  Compnn;,  fiockport,  Mmw. 
I.  Dried  Bonn'l  or  t-Oil  ((JdiluH  moiThua).     UhixI  in  Ibii  manufoctnre  ofa 

fBuigtass.     Geor)^*H  ItnuhM.     Cupo  Auu  lHiiii;tass  aud  Gluo  Coui>*f 

pail}',  Rockport,  Mnw. 
i.  Driod*onndorlinkn(/'AgF^eAu«<).     Used  in  mnunfactnTCof  isingliui 

Hay  of  Fuiidy.     L'i>|i«  Auu  Itiw^am  nud  Ghi«  Company,  Bockport,  M 

Hata. 
k  Sound  of  Imkp  [Phieit  chuKi),  asml  ii 

Portlnn.1.  Ml'.    H.  Trpfctht-ni. 
I.  Soand  of  liake  {t'kyeh  ohuu),  iiwd  ii 

Purtliind,  Mr.     H.  Trefothcrn. 
I.  IsiuglaaB.     Mnunfnctnrcd  from  soiinda  of  cod.  linko,  Ac. 

taingl.-isB  and  Olnc  Compitny,  Bockpori,  M:w». 
k  Alr-tilnddor  of  vod  (Gadiu nuirthiia),  iiMxliDnianiifactiimorialnglubl 

Capo  Ann  iBini^buis  and  Ohio  Conipuny,  liockpurt,  Mim 
k  Isitiglnitsmiidt' from skiusof co<1(Garfii«fiion'AKa).     Byuii' 

by  the  OlouceelcT  laingloM  and  Glue  Company.    Wm.  N.  Le  Puii,  J 

agnot,  Boston,  Mass. 
I,  ALr-blnddnr  of  "foreign  crab"  (opecioi  unknown),  used  fn  mojiti- 

fitclurp  of  isinglass.      Capo  Ann  Isiniflasa  and  Glue  Company, 

Hocbport,  MaM. 
■,  Ait-bladder  of  foreign  "wa  trout"  (an  nnknown  fish),  used  i' 

nuuiuljusturi!  of  iEingliist.     East  Indies.     Cap«  Auu  IsingJDSS  anAa 

Gloe  Coiuiuuiy,  Rockport,  Uass. 


1  t.bi?  m&nufartnrti  of  isingloM,! 

:i  the  manufucturc  of  isinglaa 

Capo  Anitfl 


222     ANIUAL  BBSOURCES  AND  FUHEBIES  OF  UmTKD 

Isinglass. 

Ismglass  from  sonnds  of  cod  and  haifee. 

25794.  Prepived  gine  mods  tram  skins  of  ood  (Oo^M  ■iwfcM).    Bf  ffl 

cetitcr  Isinglass  and  Glue  Compan;.    Wm.  H.  Le  Pali,  tfoii,  E 
ton,  Mass. 
25797.  "Conrt-plaster"  glne  made  from  akbu  of  ood  (Oafci  mmrtm). 
the  Gloucester  lainglBss  and  Olao  Company.    Wm.  H.  La  h 
agent,  Boston,  Mass. 

25795.  GlDO  made  from  skins  of  cod  (Gadiu  morrkna).    By  Okneottr  h 

glass  and  Qlne  Company.    Wm.  H.  Le  Pols,  agent,  Bostoa,  Mi 
20744.  Driedtongaesof  fish  (probably  cod),  used  byNtkAlndianainndi 
glne.     Sitka,  Alaska.    J.  G.  Swan. 


Isinglass  from  tbe  squeteagne  fomily  {8citBnidae),  principaSf  n 
by  confectioners. 

25265.  Ali-bladdoi  of  "  belnga "  (on  unknown  acinuoid  Bdi),  Mid  m  I 

mannfaotnre  of  isinglaas.     Cape  Ann  Isinglaaa  and  Glne  €<■;■ 

Bookport,  Mass. 
25369.  Air-bladder  of  hake  (PAycJacJkKsi),  nsed  in  mann&etnieofini^ 

Cap«  Ann  Isinglass  and  Glne  Company,  Bockport,  Uasi. 
S5312.  Air-bladder  of  scianoid  fish,  known  to  the  trade  OS  "tongae."  t> 

Indies.    Cape  Ann  Isinglass  and  Glne  Company,  BockpAlia 
2S267.  Air-bladder  of  8<|net«agne  (Cgno»e(imreffalU),  used  in  maanbeOBk 

isinglaea.    Cape  Ann  Isinglass  and  OlaeCompany,  BockpcM,!* 
13137.  Dried  sound  of  sqneteagne  (CyiuMcum  ngalU),  nsed  in  th*  »■■* 

ture  of  isinglass.    Long  Island  Sonnd.    Cape  Ann  LonglM  > 

Glne  Company,  Bockport,  Haas. 


kuial  resources  and  fikhee1e3  of  united  statea.    223 

26.  Sponges.' 

Simens  of  American  comnkcrcial  sponges  (nith  the 
?Bat  giiulcs,  and  iik-acln^d  sponges). 

^cimens  of  Muditerraiieau  sponges.) 

Bical  apparatus,  probangs,  aurilavus,  "  KpODgo-tcnts,"  and  oUier 
iHtni meats  man ufactn reel. 
Spoiigou-piline  used  as  a  substitute  for  XK)u1tic«8. 
Bpougoa  nsed  in  staffing  mattresses  and  cusliiona. 


Unal  oils. 


27.  OtLS  AKD  FATS. 


tr-oil  and  bear-fat  nscd  as  a  cosmetic  aod  in  tlic  manofaotiire  of 
omatiiins. 

{-oil  iiBed  in  the  manuftictnre  of  kid  gloves. 
1-oiI,  in  its  various  gnides,  used  for  lubricating. 
SS0S9-6CI.  Oil  of  scnlg  (C'xitoplutra,  Pagophgtw,  Puxa.  aTid  Phoca,  sp.).    New* 

fnnii<l1ni)tl.     Wftltnr  Grieve  &.  Co..  St.  Jnhn's,  N.  F. 
K03I-3.   Oil  nf  scaU  (Cuflniiliora,  Fagnphlliii,  Puia,   ou<l  Pktim,  sp.).    J. 

Muiin  &.  Co.,  Hnrbor  Cmcc,  N.  P. 
SS9T9.  Oil  of  burbor  seul  (PIiom  vilnUva).     Capt.  N.  E.  Atwouil,  Pruvince- 
to-vtu.  Moss. 

-elepbaot  oil. 

fiC057.  Oil  of  acn-olopbnnt  (Jtarrorhinan,  sp.>.     Harcn,  ■WiiUams   ft   Co., 

New  Lomloii,  Conn. 
30^8.  Oil  rif  «va-<>lotilinnt  (.ViurorAlnux  frmiinn).     Soiitb   Goort;m   hlaDd. 

UavMi,  WUIiiuus  &  Co.,  New  London,  Conn. 

ft-lion  oil. 
natec-oil. 

t  BDd  fot  from  domestic  animals,  (tallow,  suet,  lard,  oil  ased  in 
taps,  for  lubricating,  and  neat's-foot  oil  used  in  dressing  leather; 
I,  manufactured  mto  various  substances  {see  I>,  30),  and  tal- 
low candles  and  night-llgbt«.) 

1  fWni  body  of  whales,  grampuses,  and  porpoises  nsed  in  tlio 
hrts,  for  lubricating,  painting,  &c, 

S&OM.  Oil  of  hnmpbock  whale  (Megoplera,  gp.).     Atltintlc Ocean.     Haveu, 

•  WilllaiimA  Co.,  Nuw  Loniloji,  Coun. 

SQ(K&.  Oil  of  H},'1jt-whBl«.     Iluven.  Williams  &Co.,  New  London.  Conn. 
SS0B6.  OilufHalpliitr-l>ot.tnni  whnlc  (SiAboMiuf,  sp.].    Haven,  WUliams  & 
Co.,  Now  London,  Conn, 
on  of  lielnga  (Dclphiitaplerat  catodoa).     Renfrew  &  Co.,  Qnobec. 
.Cmd*  Arctic  whnlo  oil.     Qeorge  Di'lnno  &.  Co. 

BICMlir^  "winter"  «(ionn-oil,  fMm  tbi*  sperm-whale  (Phyfcler  ma- 
tTVO^kaluf),     George  Delano  A  Co..  New  Bedford,  Mass. 


224     ANIHAL  KESoaBCEB  ASD  FI8HEBIE8  07  UHTTED  STITBL 

IKammal  oil«. 

Oil  from  whales  nnd  porpoises. 

&S743.  Oilof  grampuB{GroMim«f)Sje)n).    ErtnotedbyexpCM&nto  tlcM 

E.  E.  Small,  Provincetown,  Mus. 
SS067.  Oil  of  gramyaH  {Grampui  gritau).    ExtTact«d  bj  expamce  to  tl 

son.     Capt.  Caleb  Cook,  New  Bedford,  Mbm. 
S6067.  Double  re6ned  oil  of  grampus  (_Grampti*  grinaty.    Cap*  Cod.  Cat 

Caleb  Cook,  FroTincetown,  Uass. 
116737,  "  PiesMd"  oil  of  grampiu  (GrowjNit  griteut).    E.  E.  flnwll,  Pn 

incetown,  Mms. 
S5967.  Oil  of  cowflab.    Capt  N.  E.  Ati^ood,  ProTinoetoini,  HaM. 
25958.  Oil  of  porpoise.     Marvin  Brotbera  A,  Bartlett,  Poriamonth,  K.  E 
25738.  Oil  of  poTpoise(£<ijrenarhjtiichiu  leKoapEntriM).  •ExbBctedbj'aipM 

to  the  son.    E.  E.  Small,  ProTincetoim,  Uaaa. 
SS974.  Oil    of  porpoiee    {DcIpAlnii*   trebefmiut).      Capt.  N.  E.   Atwn 

ProTincetown,  Maaa. 
13116.  Oil  of  barbor  porpoise  ^Fhoaata  aiKsrietma).    Prepand  bj  tbe  Fm 

maqnoddf  Indians.     Eastport,  Me.     Dr.  E.  Palmer. 
12115.    Oil  of  barbur  porpoise  (Pioomaaauiriwma).    Ea«tpart,lEe.   Dr.l 

26037.  Oil  of  harbor  porpoise  ( PAootnui  i>iii«Hmiiui).    PawamaqnodJy  B^ 

Maine.     George  H.  Peabody,  Eastport,  Me. 
26739.  Oilof  anoffer  (_Phooma  maeritaiia).     Extracted  by  expommttti 

snn.    E.  E.  Small,  Provincetown,  Mass. 
21893.  Cmdo    "body"-oil    fWim     Bperm-wbalo    (Pkjfettr    i 

George  Delano  &  Co.,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
26076.  OU  of  black-flsh  (Globicfpkala*  imUrmediMi),    North   j 

Company,  Wellfleet,  Mass. 
!^741.  Oil  of  black-fish  (GlabiMpAofcu  k«I««).    E.  E.  Small,  PrarineMn 

Mass. 
25064.  Heflned  oU  of  black-fish  (GfoNeepkoIw  tetowaiiM).     C^  Cb 

Capt.  Caleb  Cook,  ProTineetown,  Mass. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      220 

al  oils. 

B«k-Bsh  (iiid  pon'"''*e,iaw  oil,  &c. 

S60«.  "Jaw-iuunww"  uf  liliick-ftsh  [(IJobteephalHi  metai).     E.  E.   Sma!!, 

Pnivincetown,  Mlms. 
SS<MO.  Bltibhcr  of  bliiok-fl^Ii  uad  gTata]iaa(Gl<thieipha!iit  nicla»  and  OTatii,i.-» 

gHmt).     E.  E.  8mal],  Prnvinutluwii,  Uiuvi. 
9li041.  '-Melon"  Mnbbcrnfliliwk-flHh  {GlobivepkalM  melai).    E.  F..  Small, 

Pmvimvcluwn,  ilima. 
iSOBO.  "Melon  lilnl)b«r"   uf  Ulifcck-fisti    iOM'urjihattu  iMei-medluf).      Laju 

Cud.     C'a|ir.  Calub  t'ouk,  I'rt>viiii?<itu»  n,  Mush. 


!ani]ms-oiI  used  for  lubricating 


a  machinery. 


SfiOea.  "Meluii"  Wiiblwrof  (;rauii>uH(firumpHJ>yri«c"(i),     Cai*  C<m1.     Cui't. 

Cikleb  Couk,  rn>viii('HO«-ii,  Mhm, 
S&733.  Oil  fhmi  liciul  nf  grampus  (riraM/iui  gritrug),    Extntctixl  li.v  cip(Wii:i.' 

Ui  the  sun.     E.  E.  8m»l1,  Pr<>vmratown,  Maim. 

Mnn-oil  used  iu  lumps,  for  lubricating',  an  an  emollient  in  incib- 
cino,  for  lip-salveH,  and  in  the  uiaQufacture  of  spermaceti. 

mtH.  Cnule  "head"  sponn-oil  tram  ajH^rm-vthali:  {Fhnteler  nuicrortphalus). 

OtioTgr  DeUiin  &  Co.,  New  Bedford,  Miuw. 
Ilri7'4&.  Crndo  B|>cnu-nil  from  Bpona-whntaiPkuKtm-  macroveplialut).     E,  E. 

Smnll,  ProViiicctown,  Mmki. 

laceti,  with  8|iecimens  of  candles. 

24^tM.  Plniu  refined  sperm ocoti  &om  ap^nn-nliale  (PAi/tcfrr  Hiucrccf^Jtnluji). 

George  Delano  *  Co.,  New  Bectfonl,  Mass. 
MffSl.  Sperraueeti  canilles.    George  Delano  A.  Co.,  New  BeiU'unI,  Mom. 

nnfiictured  (flycerines,  used  as  a  presen-ative  and  antiHeptic,  as 
ft  cosmetic,  ma  iiu  emollient,  as  a  substitute  for  cod-liver  oil,  in  tlie 
naniifitctttre  of  nitroglycerine,  dynamite,  dnaline,  lithofhiet^-uri 
OOloQlunit^,  anil  other  explosiTi?a,  soap,  &c. 

90798.  Pure  looduroue  glycerine.    MAnnfnoturedliy  II.  Bon-cr,  Pliiladcljiliin. 
John  Wfcth  &  Bro.,  Pliiladelphiu. 

DDffwtnrcd  stoariru^,  with  candles  and  other  mannfactiired  ar- 
ticle. 
ps  manufactured  ftx>m  mammal-uil,  so«la-floaps  (hart],  toilet,  and 
ain  soaps),  potasb-noaps  (washing,  shaving,  and  soft  soapr^), 
^ochyhm  plaiiter,  &c, 

liter  mude  from  milk  of  cows,  goats,  and  horst^s. 
bontargurincM,  with  specimens  of  imitation  bntter. 
B  iif  bufiklo  nsecl  in  taniihig  by  ladiaus. 

vUs. 

of  petrels  and  other  sea-birds  uxed  by  Eskimos  ;tnd  in  the 
for  lamp-oiL) 
all.  N,  M.  No.  U 15 


226     ANIMAL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHEKIES  OF  nNITEO  STATBfl. 

Bird-oils. 

Goose-oil  nsed  by  watch-makers,  and  as  an  emollient. 
Oil  of  pigeon  {Ectopistea  miffratoriua),  used  as  food  by 
frontiersmen. 

Reptile-oils. 

Alligator-oil  manufactored  in  Florida. 


Tortle-oil  made  from  tortle-eggs,  used  in  dressing  leather  and 

manu&ctttre  of  soap. 
Bat^lesnake  and  other  snake  oils. 

Fish-Oils. 

Stm-flsh  oil  osed  by  fishermen  for  cure  of  rheumatism. 

25794.  OU  from  Uverof  eun-flsh  ( Jfufa  rolimda).  Extncted  bjaipmox 
the  BDQ.     £.  E.  Small,  ProTinceUiwii,  Haas. 

35959.  Oil  from  liTer  of  snii-fiBh  (Mala  rotunda).  Marriii  BtMlun  A  B 
lett,  Fort.amoDth,  N.  H. 

S59()6.  OU  firom  Uvor  of  aun-fisb  (MoUi  rol-iida).  Capt.  N.  E  Atn 
ProTiacetomi,  Mass. 

Oil  from  liver  of  the  cod  family. 

25982.  Oil  from  liver  nf  I'.od-fiah  ((radtu  morrhaa),  crude.     CapL  K.  L 

wood,  Provincetowa,  Mass. 
259ti0.  Liver-oil  of  cod-fish  (Gadiis  nMtrrAtia).    Mftrvin  Brothen  ft  Bull 

Portamcmth,  N.  H. 


AKIMAL  BESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     227 
i9li«Oil8. 

Herring-oa. 

White-fish  oil. 

Stargeon-oiL 

Menhaden-oil  used  in  carrying  leather,  in  rope  making,  for  lubri- 
cating, for  adulterating  linseed-oil,  as  a  paint-oil,  and  exported  to 
Europe  for  use  in  the  manufia/Cture  of  soap  and  for  smearing  sheep. 

26060.  Oil  of  menhaden  {Brevoartia  tyranHus),     Geo.  W.  Miles,  Milford, 

Conn. 
25744.  Oil  of  pogie  or  menhaden   {Brevoortia  tjfrannua),  kettle-rendered. 

£.  £.  Small,  Provincetown,  Mass. 
26077.  Oil  of  pogie  or  menhaden  (Brevoortia  tjfrannus).     North  American 

Oil  Company,  WelMeet,  Maaa. 

Oil  of  Other  fishes. 

2S973.  Oil  of  horse-mackerel  (Orcynua  aecundidorsalis).  Capt.  N.  £.  Atwood, 
Provincetown,  Mass. 

12117.  Oil  of  herring  (Clupea  harengus),    Capt.  U.  S.  Treat,  Eastport,  Me. 

12118.  Oil  fix>m  lake  sturgeon  (Adpenser  ruHcundua).    Lake  Erie.    Schacht 

&.  Bros.,  Sandusky,  Ohio. 

25960.  Oil  firom  liver  of  mackerel-bhark  {lauropaia  Dekayi),     Capt.  N.  £. 

Atwood,  Provincetown,  Mass. 
25975.  Oil  firom  liver  of  thresher-shark  (Alopias  vulpes),    Capt.  N.  £.  Atwood, 

Provincetown,  Mass. 
25956.  Oil  from  liver  of  dog-fish  (Squalus  amerioanua),    Marion  Bros.  &  Bort- 

lett,  Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

25961.  Oil  from  liver  of  dog-fish  (Squalus  amerioanua).    Capt.  N.  £.  Atwood, 

Provincetown,  Mass. 

"25957.  Oil  from  liver  of  skates  {Raia  Jaevia,  &c.).  Marion  Bros.  &  Bartlett, 
Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

25975.  Oil  from  liver  of  cramp-fish  ( Torpedo  occidentaiia).  Capt.  N.  £.  Atwowl, 
Provincetown,  Mass. 

25735.  Oil  from  liver  of  cramp-fish  ( Torpedo  ooddentalia).  £.  £.  Small,  Prov- 
incetown, Miiss. 

2G978.  Sword-fish  oil.    Capt.  N.  E.  Atwood,  Provincetown,  Mass. 

26979.  Mackerel-oil.  "  ** 

26080.  Skate-oil.  ''  '' 

26961.  Halibut-oil.  "  " 

Oulachan  oil  used  by  Indians  of  Northwest  coast  for  food  and  illu- 
mination. 
Soaps  made  from  fish-oil. 

28.  Perfumes. 
■^ininal  perAiines. 

Mask  of  musk-ox. 

Musk  of  the  musquash. 

Castoreum  of  the  beaver,  including  the  various  commercial  grades, 
the  Canadian,  Hudson's  Bay,  and  Eussian  castoreiim,  and  speci- 
mens of  castorine. 

^M097,  JSesnt-glands  of  beaver  {Caator  canadenaia).  Nebraska.  E.  R.  Squibb, 
M.  D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 


228     ANIMAL  BEB0USCB8  AND  FISHEBIB8  OP  DBTTED  STlltt. 

namnial  perAimes. 

Hyrac«um  of  tlie  damau  {Syrax  capenais). 

Amber^s  of  spenu-wliale,  witkBpecimens  of  ambrdne. 

26894.  Ambergris  (commeioial}.     Weeka  Potter,  Bovton. 

Reptile  pernmnes. 

Musk  of  alligator. 

Oil  of  liawksbill  and  loggerhead  turtles,  used  in  ^ettamaj. 

29.   COLOBING  HATEBIALS. 

Derived  ttom  maminals. 

Bone-black. 

iTOty-blavk  (noire  cTivoire),  used  in  fine  painting,  and  in  the  nu 

&cture  of  bank-note  ink. 
Pmssiates,  pmssian  blue,  ferrocyanide  of  potassium,  made  b 

hoo&  and  refiise  human  and  other  hair. 

26093.  Bed  prasuate  of  potassa  ( Potatninn  ferroqianidt).     E.  R.  Bqoibk 

D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

26094.  Tellow  prciasiate  of  potaau  IPoltuHim  /tmMguMtde).    E.  B.  Sfri 

M.  D.,  Brooklyn,  N.  T. 
26794.  Tellow  pmssiate  of  potMb.     Mannfaotoied  by  H.  Boww,  R 
delpbia.    Jobn  Wyetli,  Pbiliidelphift. 

Gall  of  animals  used  in  dyeing. 
Dong  of  animals  used  in  calico-printing. 

Hsematin  made  from  blood,  and  used  in  tnrkey-red  dyewoikt,3 
for  the  red  liquor  of  printers. 

M!."'I,iiiK  (.si-c  uti.l.T  I>,  21). 


AMIHAL  BES0UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     229 

riTcd  firom  insects. 

Canadian  cochineal. 

(Kermes  and  other  cochineals  of  commerce,  Coccus  ilicis.) 

Lac  dye  and  lac  lake,  from  Coccus  laccay  C.polonicuSy  C.  uva-ursij  and 

Ophia/abce. 
Dye  prepared  from  bed-bug  {Cimex  lectulariu^s). 
(Dye  prepared  from  Tromhidium^  in  Ouinea  and  Surinam.) 
Nut-p:alls  produced  by  insects,  and  used  in  tanning  for  black  dyes, 
for  woolen  cloth,  silk,  and  calico,  and  in  manufacture  of  ink  and 
gallic  and  pyrogallic  acid,  employed  in  photography. 

riTcd  firom  mollusks.^ 

(Sepia  from.  Sepia  officinalis.) 

Purple  dyes  from  gasteropods,  Murexj  Purpura^  &c. 

Purple  dyes  from  nudibranch  mollusks. 

Chemical  products  and  agents  employed  in  arts  and  medi- 

^    CINES. 

riTed  flrom  mammals. 

Secretion  of  skunk. 

Album  grcBcum  of  dogs  us^d  as  a  depilatory  in  tanning  hides. 

Albumen  of  blood,  employed  in  sugar-refineries,  in  certain  cements 
and  pigments,  and  as  an  antidote  and  emollient. 

Dong,  used  in  calico-printing. 

GaU  of  animals,  used  in  mixing  colors,  in  fixing  the  lines  of  crayon 
and  pencil  drawings,  in  preparing  the  surface  of  ivory  for  paint- 
ing, in  removing  grease,  and  in  medicine.  i 

Pepsiue  and  pancreatin,  prepared  from  stomach  of  hogs  and  calves. 

26796.  Saccharated  pepsin.    John  Wyeth  &  Bro.,  Philadelphia. 

26795.  Pancreatin,  saccharated.  **  ** 

25964.  Saccharine  pepsin.    E.  SchafFer,  Louisville,  Ky. 

25963.  Dry  pepsin  (concentrated).     E.  Schaflfer,  Louisville,  Ky. 

25962.  Pure  pepsin.    E.  Schaflfer,  Louisville,  Ky. 

29262.  Acid  phospho-lactate  or  milk-phosphate.     Prepared  directly  from 

milk,  by  Gail  Borden  &  Co.    New  York  Condensed  Milk  Company, 

New  York. 

riTed  firom  insects. 

Coccinella,  used  as  remedy  for  toothache. 

(Trehala,  made  from  nests  of  beetles  [Larinas  nidificans),  of  East 

Indies,  and  used  for  a  substitute  for  tapioca.) 
Formic  acid. 

Oarbazotic  acid  and  its  derivatives,  made  from  sewing-silk  scitipSy 
..    mofji  used  as  a  substitute  for  quinine. 

*  Bee  in  Part  II  of  the  present  catalogue. 


230     ANIMAL  BE80UBCB8  AND  FISHBBIE8  OF  UNITED  STOEa, 

Derived  Arom  insects. 

Beeswax,  used  Id  manufacture  of  candles,  cerates,  plasters,  and 
artificial  Howers,  in  modeling  and  easting,  and  in  medicine. 

Honey,  used  as  a  preservative,  a  food,  and  iu  medicine  as  ac  3p»- 
rient  and  demulcent. 

1907C.  Sugar  uiiide  of  canp-liec-    Pre])arod  by  the  Cooynwe*  loiliia!.  Pn* 
luid  Luke,  Nevada.    Stephen  Powera. 

(Wax,  Tised  in  Chinese  pharmacy,  secreted  bytlie  Coecua  p^bi.) 
{ft'.  Manna  from  the  Tamarix  mannifera,  used  as  food,  mi')  i» 

medicine  as  a  purgative. 
b'.  Cedar  manna  from  Mount  Lebanon,  from  Pinna  «rir  "- 
o'.  Arabian  manna,  of  Sedyaanim  uUingi.) 
(EireiJowder,  made  by  Chinese  from  tlieTelini  fly  (iVyoiri^rirfnni) 
of  India.) 

Derived  IVoiii  mamniRltt. 

(Koumiss,  a  fermented  liquor,  prepared  &om  mare's  and  cok's  mitt, 

and  employed  in  medieint's.) 
PLosphorus,  prepared   from  bones,   iritli  specimens  of  maulif^ 

vermin  poisons,  and  other  proilucts. 
Vaccine  limph,  derived  from  cows. 
Ammonia,  prepared  fi-om  tones  and  horn. 
Sal  ammoniac,  prepared  from  bonea  and  dung. 
Pruasiates,  prepared   from   hoof,  lioni,   and   leatlier  waAte,  ArtA 

blood,  hair,  and  wool,  with  specimens  of  bine  cyanide  of  t** 

slum.     (See  under  Coloring  Materials. 
rid  bom.' 


ANIMAL  BE800BCES  AND  FISHERIES  OV  TTNITKD  STATES.     231 

erlred  flrom  fishes. 

(Intestines  of  grayling,  used  by  Laplanders  as  a  substitute  for 

rennet.) 
Skins  of  eels,  used  by  negroes  for  rheumatism. 

^erired  ftrem  insects. 

Vesicatory  preparations  from  American  beetles,  Cantharis  cinerea 

and  C.  vittata. 
Vesicatory  preparations  derived  from  foreign  beetles,  cantharides 

or  Spanish  flies  {Cantharis  vesicatoria)j  and  other  species,  and 

substitutes,    Mylabris    ciclwrii^    Cercavia   Schcefferiy  Mdocj  sp., 

var.,  &c. 
Vesicatory  preparations  from  American  spiders,  such  as  Tegenaria 

medicinalis. 
Gall-nuts,  used  in  medicine  (see  under  29). 

^erired  flrom  Crustacea. 

Salve-bug  of  fishermen  of  l^ixvkk^  [Caligm  curft<«),  parasite  on  cod- 
fish. 

Crabs'  eyes,  or  concretions  from  stomach  of  astacus,  used  as  an 
antacid. 

^riTcd  flrom  worms. 

American  leech  {Macrohdella  decora)^  used  in  surgery. 
(Euro{)ean  leecli  {Hirudo  medicinalis)^  introduced  into  America.) 
(African  leech  {Hirudo  trochina),  introduced.) 
Leeches  used  as  barometers. 

»eriTed  flrom  moUusks. 

(Cuttle-fish  bone  of  Sepia  officinalis,)    (See  under  D,  III,  H.) 
Calcined  shells,  used  for  building-lime  and  in  manufacture  of  denti- 
frices and  enamel.    (See  uuder  D,  III,  H.) 

criTed  flrom  radiates. 

a.  Limes,  derived  from  calcining  coral  and  coral  rock.  * 

criTed  flrom  protozoans. 

Burnt  si)onge,  formerly  used  in  medicine. 

Infusorial  earth  and  its  applications.    (See  above  under  K.) 

31.  Fertilizers. 
M«ral  iruanos. 

:   Bat  gnaoo  from  caves. 
Biid  guano  from  oceanic  islands. 


232     ANIMAL  BES0UBCE8  AND  FIBHEBIB8  OF  UNITKD  STATBI. 

Artificial  pianos. 

Menhatlen  guano. 

Series  of  preparationa  illuHtratiu^  tbe  manafoctore   of  soli 

Pacifiu  gaauo.    Soluble  Paviflc  Uiiauo  Company,  Wood's  E 

Mass.' 

26104.  Crude  South  Caruliiiu  i>boHi)Iiate. 

SS213, 36103.  Cnishcd  South  Caroliua  pbosphatra. 

2610-2.  Gronnd  South  Ciitulina  )iboHphat«. 

26100.  Cnide  N&vaiwta  phoHiihnt«.     NaTaaMt  Iitlnnd,  W.  I. 

36101.  Sicily  aulpbur,  iiwit  iu  Diaaufactnn;  of  sulphnrio  tttud,  naed  in 

26099.  StaasTurth  kaiuitc,  usrd  in  pivMrvation  of  scrap. 

S609!>.  Crude  meuliaddn  M-Taii. 

26097.  Munhaden  scrap,  drii^cl  by  tbe  Hoglv  jMtent  diying-nuieliiDB. 

36095.  Soluble  PactficgiiuDO  (unscreened). 
S6098.  Soluble  Pacific  guaiio  (»cieened). 

Other  preparatiotis.' 

260G2.  Inland  guano.    Geo.  W.  Miles,  Milfoid,  Conn. 

26061-3.  Amnouiated  hone  Buperphosphate.     Geo.  W.  UUm,  MiUbid,C 

3SS46.  Leopoldshall  kainite.    Winfield  S.  Duuan,  Baltimore,  Md. 

Dried  meat  and  blood. 
Dried  blood. 

32239.  Black  dried  bloml.     Conttuns  16  per  cent,  ammonia.     WinM 

Dnnan,  Baltimore,  Hd. 
29240.  Black  blood-duat.     Contains  13  i>er  cent,  ammonia.     WiH6EU 

Uunau,  Baltjmorf,  Md. 
33341.  Red  blood-dust.     ContaluB  14  per  cent. 


SECTIOlSr  E. 


PROTECTION  AND  CULTURE. 

I.  INVESTIGATION. 

1.  Methods  of  the  United  States  Fish  Commission. 
[eth<»d8  or  irork. 

Apparatus  for  collecting  specimens.    (See  under  B.) 
Apparatus  for  physical  research. 
Appliances  for  working  up  results. 

This  should  include  a  model  of  coast  laboratory  with  aU  its  fittings. 

Photographs.' 

401.  Headquarters  of  the  United  8t(^tes  Fish  Commission,  Wood's  HoU, 
Mass. 

400.  Little  Harbor  of  Woo<rs  Holl,  Mass.,  with  headquarters  of  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

399.  Harbor  of  Wood's  Hole,  Mass.,  from  the  wharf  of  the  Fish  Commis- 
sion laboratory. 

396.  Harbor  of  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.,  with  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  fleet  for 

1871. 

397.  Village  of  Wood's  Holl,  M:i8fi.,  with  the  Pacific  Soluble  Guano  Com- 

pany's Works. 

404.  Yacht  "Mazeppa,"  employed  in  the  service  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission. 

403.  U.  8.  steamer  "Blue  Light"  at  the  wharf  of  the  U.  8.  Fish  Commis- 
sion, Wood's  Holl,  Mass. 

40^  Village  of  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.,  showing  laboratory  of  U.  S.  Fish 
Commission. 

tesnlts  or  work. 

1.  Reports  of  the  Commission. 

(United  Statp:s  Commission  of  Fish  and  I"isheries.  Part  I. — Report 
ox  the  condition  of  the  sfa-fisiieriks  of  the  south  coast  of 
New  England  in  1671  and  1K72.  By  SpenciT  F.  Baird,  Commissioner. 
With  supplementary  papers.  Wasbiugtoii :  Government  Printing-Office. 
1873.  8vo,  xlvii,  852  pp.,  40  pi.,  with  38  explanatory  (to  pi.  1-38).  1 
folded  map. ) 

I.  Keport  of  the  Commissioner  (S.  F.  Baird).    pp.  vii- 

xlvii.- 
II.  General  plan  of  inquiries  prosecuted.     (1.  Mem- 
oranda   of    inquiry    relative   to  the  FOf)D-FISHE8 

OF  the  United  .States.    2.  Questions  relative  to 

THE   FOOD-FISIIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATESi)       pp.  1-6. 

^i*Vi  photographs  here  enumerated  were  on  exhibition.     Many  others  are  in  the  pos- 
nf  ilie  Commission. 

■iloiif  with  general  title-page  (pp.  i-xlvii),  was  issued  in  advance  separately. 

233 


234     kmnil,  BES0DBCE8  Aim  F18HEB1ES  OF  UMITBD  STATES. 

Results  of  work. 


3  FiSBUuaft.    Part  L  1 


1.  Beports  of  the  Commission. 

(Dnited  States  Commission  of  Fish  a 

III.  TEaTIMOHT  in  regard  TO  THE  PRESENT  CONDIITO.V  ( 

THE  FISHERIES,  TAKEN  IX  1S71.      pp.  7-72. 

IV.  SpKCIAL  AROinCENTS   IN    RBOARD   TO   BEOCtAnVG  n 

SEA-FJSMEtUES  DY  luiW.      pp.  73-103. 

T.  Reports  of  State  commissions  in  reoabd  tu  am 

LATINO  THK  SEA-FISHKRIKB.      pp.  104-124. 

TI.  Report  of  cohfebbnce  of  the  United  &tatc»  Coi 
MisBioNBR  with  tiir  couhissionkrs  OF  BaoM  li 
AND  AND  MASSAcaussTTS,  held  October  a,  ISII.  n 
125-131. 
VII.  Draught  of  law  proposed  foe  the  cossidebitic 
of,  and  ekactmknt  by,  the  leoislatcres  or  Mi 
SACHUSETTS,  Rhode  Island,  and  CosNECncn.  pi 
132-134. 

VIII.    MlSCELLANKOI 

ON   THE  SUBJECT  O: 
DC.    EUBOPBAS   t 

ING  THE  FISHERIES  BY  LAW.      pp.   139-14^. 

X.  Notices  in  regard  to  the  abcsdasce  of  f 
New  Et.oL.vND  COAST  is  f 
XI.  Statistics   i 

SHORE  OF  New  England. 
XII.  Supplementary  testimony  and  j 

TIVE  TO  THE   CONDITION   OF  Tl 

SOUTH  SIDE  OF  New  England, 
18^195. 
XIII.  Pleadings  before  the  senate  ( 

ERIES    OF   TUB    KRODE    ISLAND    1 


■S-lfl. 


iiNIlCAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     235 

iults  of  work. 

1.  Beports  of  the  Commission. 

(UiOTED  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.    Part  I.) 

XIX.  Cataix>oue  of  the  fishes  of  the  bast  coast  ov 

North  A3[erica.    By  Theodore  GilL    pp.  779-822. 
XX.  List  of  Fishes  collected  at  Wood's  Holl  (between 
June  20  and  October  4).  •  By  S.  F.  Baird.    pp.  823-827. 
XXI.  Table  of  temperatures   of  the   Little   Harbor, 
Wood's  Holl,  Mass.,  from  January  1,  1873,  tcv 
December  31, 1873.    pp.  828-831. 
XXII.  List  of  illustrations,    p.  833. 
XXIII.  General  index,    pp.  835-852. 
United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.    Part  II. — Report- 

OF  THE  COMBUSSIONER  FOR  1872  AND  1873.      A.— INQUIRY  INTO  THE  DE- 
CREASE OF   FOOD-FISIIES.      B.— THE    PROPAGATION    OF    FOOD-FISHES   IN 

THE  WATERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.     By  Spencer  F.  Baird,  Commis- 
sioner.   With  supplementary  papers.    Washington:  Government  Print- 
ing-Office.    1874. 
Report  of  the  Commissioner.    (Table  of  contents  precedes  report. ) 
Appendix  A. — ^The  fisheries  of  the  great  lakes  and  the  species- 

OF  COREGONUS  OR  WhITEFISH. 

I.  Reports  ox  the  fisheries  of  the  great  lakes  ;  the 

RESULT  OF  INQUIRIES  PROSECUTED  IN  1871  AND  1872. 

By  James  W.  Milner.     (Table  of  contents  on  p.  77.) 

II.   MISCELLANEOUS    NOTES    AND     CORRESPONDENCE     RELA- 
TIVE TO  THE  Whitefish.     pp.  79-88. 
Appendix  B. — The  Salmon  and  the  Trout  (species  of  the  Salmo).  p.  89. 

III.  On  the  North  American   species  of  Salmon   and- 

Trout.     By  George  Suckley,  Surgeon  United  States 
Army  (written  in   18(51).     p.  9i.     Tabulated  list  or 
species,  pp.  92-159. 

IV.  The  Salmon  of  the  Danube,  or  the  Hucho  {Salmo- 

fcttc/to),  AND  its  introduction  INTO  AMERICAN  WATERS. 

By  Rudolph  Hessel.    p.  161. 
V.  Improvement  in  the  Salmon-fisheries  of  Sweden. 
(Extract  from  the  report  of  the  Royal  Swedish  In- 
tendant  of  Fisheries,  1868. )    p.  166. 
VI.  Report  of  operations  during  1872  at  the  United- 
States      HATCHING      ESTABUSHMENT      ON     McClOUD- 

River,  and  on  the  California  Salmonid^  gen- 
erally, WITH  a  list  of  specimens  COLLECTED.  By 
Livingston  Stone. 

A.  Introductory  remarks,     pp.  168-174. 

B.  The  Salmouida)  of  the  Sacramento  River,     pp. 

175-197. 

C.  Catalogue  of  natural-liistory  specimens  collected 

on  the  Pacific  slope  in  1872,  by  Livingston 
Stone,  for  the  United  States  Fish  Commission. 
VII.  Notes  on  the  Salmon  of  the  Miramichi  River.    By 
Livingston  Stone;  p.  216.    Fragmentary  notes,    p.  217. 
VIII.  The  SALMONiDiE  OF  Eastern  Maine,  New  Brunswick^ 
AND  Nova  Scotia.    By  Charles  Lanman.    pp.  219-'J25^ 
On  the  Salmon  of  Eastern  North  America,  and  its- 
■nciAL  ciiLTURE.    By  Charles  G.  Atkins.    (Table- 
Qts  on  p.  336.)    p.  226, 


236     ANIMAL  REBOUBCES  AND  FI8UEBIB8  OF  nHTTED  BTAIBL 

Results  ofwork. 

Beports  of  the  Commissiou. 

(United  States  Commission  op  Fish  aki>  Fishxbizs.    Past  IL] 

X.  Ok  the  Salmon  of  Haikx.     By  A.  C.  HAmlin.    t 
33tf-356. 
XI.  The  Lake  Trouts.    Bf  A.  Leith  Admna,  M.  A.,  &r. 
■  357. 
XII.  On  the  Speckled  Trout  of  Utah  Lake.    By  Di. 
C,  Yarrow,  U.  S.  A.,  Snigeon  and  Natntslist,  Ac. 

358-363, 
Xm.    MlSCET.LA>~EOU8  NOTES  AND  COKKBSPONDEXCK  RELAT, 

TO  Salmon  and  Trout,    pp.  364-378. 
XIV.  Additional  repobts  relative  to  thb  aATCHiKO  * 
PLANTiNO  OP  TUB  Penobscot  Sauion.    p.  380. 

A.  New  Hnmptihire.    p.  380. 

B.  New  Jersey,    p.  381. 

C.  PeunBylvania.    p.  38S. 

D.  Ohio.    p.  382. 

E.  Wisconsin,    p.  383. 

Appendix  C. — The  Shad  and  Alewife  (species  of  CUpaia). 
385. 
XV.  Letters  refebriko  to  experiments  of  W.  C.  Disa 
M.  D.,  IN  introdccinq  8hai>   into  the  Auu 
BiVER.    pp.  386,387. 

XVI.    LETTEBS  REFERRING  TO  SHAD  IN  THE  SIVltRS  TRIBCTl 

TO  THE  OuLF  OF  Mexico,    pp.  388-391. 

XVII.  Report  of  a  beconnaissancz  of  the  shad-siti 

SOOTH  of  the  Potomac.     By  H.  C.  Yanow,  U. 

pp.  396-401. 

XVIII.  Report  on  Srad-hatchino  opbratioks.    pp.  -iOM 

XIX.  Report  on   the   propagation   of  twe  Shad  (Jl 


AHIlfAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      237 

alts  of  work. 

.  Beports  of  the  Commission. 

(United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.    Part  II.) 

XXn.  Papers  relating  to  practical  fish-culture. 

A.  Method  of  treating  adhesive  eggs  of  certain  fishes^ 

especially  of  the  Cyprinid®,  in  artificial  propa- 
gation.   By  Hudolph  Hessel.    pp.  5(57-570. 

B.  On  the  so-called  ''dry''  method  of  impregnating 

spawn.     By  Alexander  Stenzel,  inspector  of 
fisheries  in  Silesia,  Germany,    pp.  571-574. 

C.  Fish-cultnre  in  salt  or  brackish  waters.    By  Theo- 

dore Lyman,  Fish  Commissioner  of  Massachu- 
setts,   pp.  575-577. 

D.  Descriptions  of  improved  apparatus  in  fish-hatch- 

ing,   pp.  578-587. 
Appendix  E. — Obstructions  to  the  upward  movement  of  fishes^ 

IN  STREAMS,  AND  THE  REMEDY,     pp.  588,  589. 

XXin.  On  fish-ways.    By  Charles  G.  Atkins,    pp.  591-615. 
XXrV.  On  obstructions  to  the  ascent  of  fish  in  certain 

RIVERS,     p.  617. 

A.  Obstructions  in  the  rivers  of  Maine.    By  £.  M. 

Stillwell.    pp.  617-621. 

B.  Obstructions  in  the  tributaries  of  Lake  Cham- 

plain.    By  M.  C.  Edmunds,    pp.  622-627. 

C.  Obstructions  in  some  of  the  rivers  of  Virginia. 

By  M.  McKennie.    pp.  628-629. 

D.  Character  of  the  streams  on  the  northern  shoiv  of 

Lake  Michigan.    By  J.  F.  Ingalls.   pp.  630-h)2. 
£.  Characters  of  some  of  the  northern  tributarii'S  of 
Lake  Michigan.     By  James  W.  Milner.      pp. 
632-634. 
Appendix  F.— Natural  History,    pp.  635-636. 

XXV.  The  Crustacea  of  the  fresh  waters  of  the  United 
States.    By  Sidney  I.  Smith. 

A.  Synopsis  of  the  higher  firesh-water  Crustacea  of 

the  Northern  United  States,    pp.  637-657. 

B.  The  crustacean  parasites  of  the  fresh-water  fishes 

of  the  United  States,    pp.  661-665. 
XXVI.  Synopsis   of    the    North    American    fresh-water 

Leeches.    By  A.  E.  Verrill.    pp.  666-689. 
XXVII.  Sketch  op  the  invertebrate  fauna  of  Lake  Sipe- 
RIOR.     By  Sidney  I.  Smith,     pp.  690-706. 
XXVIII.  Food  of  fresh-water  fishes.     By  Sidney  I.  Smith, 
pp.  708-709. 
XXIX.  Natural  and  economical  history  of  the  Gov i: ami 
(Osphromenus  goramy).     By  Theodore  Gill.    p.  710. 

A.  Natural  history.    i>p.  710-717. 

B.  The  introduction  and  attempts  to  introduce  the 

gourami  into  foreign  countries,     pp.  718-7*23. 

C.  Rules  for  transportation  and  introduction,    p.  727. 
XXX.  Notes  on  the  Grayling  {Thymallm)  of  North  Amer- 
ica.    By  James  W.  Milner.    pp.  729-742 

G. — ^Miscellaneous  Papers,    p.  743. 


238      ANIMAL  KE80UBCES  AND  FI8HEEIE8  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

Results  or  work. 

1.  Exports  of  tho  Commission, 

(United  States  Commission'  of  Fisd  and  Fisberiks.    Part  U.) 

XXXI.  Tempehature  in  tbe  Gclp  of  Mexico,  from  beomh 
OF  THE  United  Status  Coast  Survkv.    pp.  "ij-'t 

XXXII.    CORRBSPOIfDENCE  WITH   COMPANIES  BXLATIVK  TO  riOl- 
ITIES  IN  TRAKBPORTATION,  ETC-      pp.  749-756. 

XXXIII.  HePOIlTB    OV    SPECIAL    CONFERIUfCES    WITH     AX) 

FiSH-CuLTOBiSTs'  Association  and  State  C«a* 
EioNERS  OF  Fisheries,    p.  757. 

A.  Mectiug  ut  BoEloii,  Jnnt  Vi,  1872.    pp.  Ta) 

B.  MeetiiigntNewYork, October  17,1872,  pp.7(&-7n 

XXXIV,  Bibliooraphv  of  Keports  of  Fibheky  CommusoH 

By  TliemloruGiU.    pp.  764-773. 

A.  Nnnies  of  CommiimionerB.     p,  774. 

B.  Bibliograpb)^  of  reports,     pp.  775-TS4. 
List  of  ilixbtrations.    pp.  785-790. 
General  index,    p.  791. 

Ukfted  States  CotnussioN  of  Fish  and  Fisueribs.    Past  ILL— BmB 

of  THJt  COMMISSIONEB  FOR  1873-4  AND  1874-5,     A.— iNQITiaT  I! 
decrease  of  the  FOOD-FISHES.      B. — THE  PBOPAOATION  OF  FOOD-TUB* 

IN  THE  WATERS  OF  THF.  UNITED  STATES.    By  Spcucer  F.  Baiid,  ( 
Bii)aiir.    Wualiiugtoii ;  Gi>vfnmnmt  Printiug-Office.     1876. 
Appendix  a.— Sea-fisheries  and  tue  fishes  and  jntekixwui" 


I.  HisTOBicAi.  observations  OS  THE  cosDrnn-"'  or  n 

FISHERIES  A.MONO  THE  ANCIENT  OEEESS   AM>  BOUD 

AND  THEin  MODE  OP  SALTiNO  AND  pACKDfo  nm   H 
J,  K-  Smidlo,     pp.  l,a. 
II.  Statistics  op  the  most  important  fisheries  o' 
NoRTn  Atlantic.    By  Carl  DkinbccV.    pp.  -VJI 
III-  On  1 


ANIBfAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  SPATES.     239 

ilt9  or  work. 

.  Keports  of  the  Commission. 

(llKITED  STAtES  COMMISSION  OF  FiSH  AND  FISHERIES.     PaRT  IIL) 

XII.   On    the    SPAWNING    AND    DEVELOPMENT    OP    THE  COD- 
FISH.    By  Prof.  C.  O.  Sara.    pp.  195-222.     . 

XIII.  The  Norwegian  Lobster  fishery  and  rrs  histort. 

By  Axel  Broeck.    pp.  22^-252. 

XIV.  Transportation  of  Lobsters  to   California,     pp. 

253-257. 
XV .  On  the  artificiai.  propagation  of  the  Lobster,    pp. 

258-266. 
XVI.  On  the  Oyster  industries  of  the  United  States. 
By  Lieut.  P.  De  Broca.    pp.  267-320. 
Appendix  B.— The  river  fisheries,    pp.  321-322. 

XVU.  The  propagation  and  distribution  of  the  Shad. 

pp.  323-350. 
XVIII.  Report  of  the  Triana  trip.    By  J.  W.  Milner.    pp. 
351-362. 
XIX.  On  the   transportation   of   Shad  for   long   dis- 
tances,   pp.  363-371. 
XX.  Report  of  operatioiu  in  California  in  1873.    By 

Livingston  Stone,    pp.  372-427. 
XXI.  Hatching  and  distribution  of  California  Salmon. 

pp.  428-436. 
XXII.  Report  of  OPERAifoNS  during  1874  at  the  United 
States  Salmon-hatching  estabushment   on  the 
McCloud  River,  California.    By  Livingston  Stone, 
pp.  437-476. 
XXltl.  Correspondence    relating    to    the   San  Joaquin 

River  and  its  fishes,    pp.  477-484. 
XXIV.  The  Atlantic  Salmon  (Salmo  Salar).    By  A.  G.  Atkins, 
pp.  485-539. 
Appendix  C. — Fish-culture,  relating  more  especially  to  species 

of  {CyprinidcB).     pp.  540. 
XXV.  Notes  on  pisciculture  in  Kiang  Si.    By  H.  Kopscli. 

pp.  543-548. 
XXVI.  On  the  culture  of  the  Carp.    pp.  549-558. 
XXVII.  The  Gold  Orfe  {Cyprinus  orfus).    pp.  559-^2. 
XXVIII.  Directions  for  using  tables  for  recording  the 
propagation  and  distribution  of  fish.    pp.  5C3-568. 
Appendix  D. — The  restoration  of  the  inland  fisheries,     pp. 

569-570. 
XXIX.  Fisheries  and  fishing  laws  in  Austria    and   the 

world  in  general.     By  Carl  Poyrer.     pp.  571-G80. 
XXX.  How  can  our  lakes  and  ponds  be  stocked   with 

FISH  IX   THE   shortest   POSSIBLE  TIME  ?      By    Mr.    Vou 

dem  Borne.     i)p.  GSl-684. 
Appendix  E.— Natural  History,    pp.  ()85-f)8(;. 

XXXI.  Preliminary  report  on  a  sei{ip:s  or  dredgings  made 
ON  THE  United  States  Coast  Survey  steamer 
Bache  IX  THE  Gulf  of  Maine.  By  A.  S.  Packard, 
jr.,  M.  D.  pp.  687-690. 
XXXII.  List  of  the  marine  Alg^  of  the  United  States. 
By  W.  G.  Fallow,    pp.  691-718. 


240     ANDfAL  RE8UURCES  AND  FISBEBIES  OF  imiTED  I 

Results  of  work. 

1.  Beports  of  the  CommiHsioii. 

(United  States  Commission  of  Pish  and  Pisrxkizs.    Vaki  DI. 

XXX m.  SecTIOM   on    TIIB  OROAX8    OF  RXPRODDCTIOX  A> 

By  Dr.  Syvski.    pp.  719-7M. 
XXX IV.  Tbe  food  akd  mode  of  uvixg  of  the  Saimo 
TnoUT,  AND  THE  Shad.     Bjt  D.  Barfnrth.     pp.  7 
UjtiTED  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fishkbies.     Part  IV, — I 
OF  THE  Commissioner  for  19?5-187ii.    A. — Ikquisv  into  the  dei 
or  THE  FooD-FiBHBs.     B. — The  propaqatio.x  op  vooit-nsHEs 
WATEB8  OF  THE  UxiTED  STATES.     Washington:   GoTenuDent  Pi 
Offloe.    18TS.    6vo.,    pp-ix,  50, 1029,  pUtes  vi  (Hbt.of  wb»l«  fiab 
I.  Report  of  the  Commissioner. 
A. — Oenerai.  COK8I  derations. 

1.  Introductory  remakes,    p.  1. 
B.— Inquiry  into  the  decrease  of  food-fibbes. 

3.  Ihvestjoatioss  asd  opebatioxb  of  1873,    p.  *, 

3.  iKVESTIGATIONfi  AND  OPERATIONS  OP  16T6.      p.  7. 
C.-'THE  PROPAGATION  OF  FOOD-PISHES. 

4.  Gen AiAi.  CONSIDER ATtONS.    p.  8. 

6.  Actual  work  of  propaoation  of  fooi^fishei  t 
AND  1876.     p.  Sfl. 
The  abAd.    p.  20. 
The  Cuifomia  salmon,     p.31. 
Tbe  AtlMitic  salmon,    p.  25, 
The  Inud-locked  salmon,     p.  85. 
The  white-fish.    p.  36. 
The  cnrp.    p.  27. 
D.— Tables. 

Table  7.— HATCBiNa  axd  distributiox  or  nn  n 


ANDIAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     241 

»iBlt8  or  work. 

1.   Reports  of  the  Commission. 

(United  States  Commission  of  Fish  and  Fisheries.    Part  IV.) 

Appendix  C. — ^Tiie  propagation  of  food-fishes. 

VII.  The  carp  and  its  culture  in  rivers  and  Ij\ke8, 

AND    its   introduction    INTO   AMERICA.       Hy  Ku- 

dolph  He88i»l.     p.  8()5. 

VIII.   The  PROPAGATION  and  DISTRIBUTION  OF  SHAD.      Jlis. 

W.MihuT.    p.  901. 

IX.    On  the  COLLECTION  OF  EGGS  OF  SCHOODIC  SALMON 

IN  1875  AND  1(^6.     By  Charles  G.  AtkiuH.     p.  910. 
X.  Operations  on  the  McCloud  River  in  salmon- 
breeding  IN  1875.    By  Livingston  Stone,     p.  9*4*1. 
XI.  Operations  on  the  McCloud  River  in  salmon- 
breeding  IN  1876.    By  Livingston  Stone,     p.  9;)5. 
XII.  Correspondence  relating  to  the  exportation 
OF  fish-hatching  apparatus  to  New  Zejland, 
Germany,  &c.    p.  9^9. 
Alphabetical  index,    p.  1025. 

2.  Collections.    (See  under  A,  V  to  VIII.) 
liotagnraphs. 

See  series  of  photographs  and  eolor-sketclies  of  North  Ainericau 
fishes. 
ipwards  of  four  hundred  casts  of  coast  aud  fresh  water 

species. 

(See  under  A,  V  to  VIII.) 


►  • 


II.  PROTECTION. 

2.  Preservation  of  game,  Fisn,  etc. 

^  Front  man, 

Nune  laws. 

^^  From  artificial  obstructions. 

Mdi-ways. 

Gap  fish-ways. 

French,  ditch,  or  "Cape  Cod''  fish-ways. 

Oblique  groove  fish-ways. 


ingle  groove. 

IS3C6.  Mcxlel  of  fi.sh-way.    James  D.  Bre\vcr,  inventor,  Munry,  Lycoming 
Connty,  Pa. 
Model  offish-way.    James  D.  Brewer,  Miincy,  Pa. 

T  TJo.  14 ^16 


242       AKIMAL  BGSOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATn: 

FIsh-ways. 

Step  fish- way 8. 

Box  or  pool  flsh-wafs. 


Steps  contrived  by  airmigement  of  rocks  and  bowlders. 
^TOl.  Model  of  Diiucauson  Ssli  way.    J.  T.  Bothe. 

Inclined  plane  witUout  Bt«pa. 

29283.  Model  of  old  Pennsylvania  fisli-way.  Built  at  Columbia,  on  Ibt  S 
qiiebanna  Biver,  in  1866.  Dosigned  by  Jamea  W«mL  So 
i  inch  to  the  foot.    C.  0.  Atkins,  Bncksport,  Me. 

S9284.  Model  of  old  Pennsylvania  fiah-wny.  Baill  at  Columbia,  ontbFE 
quehanua  Biver,  in  1373.  Designed  by  James  Worral.  Sa 
i  incli  to  the  foot.    C.  G.  Atkins,  Backsport,  Me. 

Witb  partitions  at  right  angles. 

C9J0I.  itloilul  of  rectuDgular  return  fish-way.  Scale,  ^  inch  to  the  ioM. 
G.  Atkins,  BucltBport,  Me. 

Brackett'a  patent  fisli-way. 

2^65.  Bra<:kett'«  iiatent  lii«h-\ray.     Scalr,  i  inch  to  the  foot.    C.  d. 

kiij»,  Bucksport,  Me. 

MD37.  Model  of  the  tinh-naj'  at  Holyoke,  Mubh.,  on  tbe  CoanectMnl  Bi* 

Scale,  i  <.f  an  inch  to  the  foot  (^).     C.  Q.  Atkins. 

This  flitli-nay  is  on  the  Brackett  plan.     Asubmerged  [iJ«carfQ 

work  Bininoiinle<l  by  a  grating  serves  to  turn  the  fiab  iiwl 

fisli-wa.v.     It  carries  a,  column  of  water  2  feet  wide  ami  i  i 

deep  whirh  reaches  tlio  bottom  with  no  perceptible  inmaM 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     243 

^ith  rectangular  compartments. 

26937.  Model  of  rectangular  compartment  fish- way  on  the  inclined-plane 
system,  in  an  extended  arrangement.  Scale,  ^  inch  to  the  foot 
(A).    C.  G.  Atkins. 

piral  fish-ways. 

26949.  No.  11.    Model  of  rectangular  compartment  fish-way  on  the  inclined- 
plane  system,  in  spiral  arrangement,  devised  hy  Charles  G.  Atkins, 
of  Bucksport,  Me.,  in  imitation  of  Pike's  spiral  fish- way.    Scale,  ^ 
inch  to  the  foot  (^).    C.  G.  Atkins. 
This  model  represents  a  fish- way  precisely  the  same  capacity  and 
slope,  and  adapted  to  a  dam  of  the  same  height  as  No.  10, 
showing  the  great  economy  of  space  and  material  effected  by 
the  spiral  arrangement.     Further  advantages  of  the  spiral 
arrangement  are  the  facility  with  which  water  can  be  admitted 
at  different  heights  of  the  river,  and  contiguity  of  the  outlet 
to  the  dam  secured,  so  that  the  fish  will  readily  find  it. 
126931.  Model  of  Pike's  spiral  fish- way,  devised  by  Hon.  R.  G.  Pike,  of  Con- 
necticut.   Sale,  I  inch  to  the  foot  (^4).    C.  G.  Atkins. 
The  advantages  of  this,  the  first  spiral  arrangement  invent'Cd  in 
America,  are  the  same  as  those  claimed  for  that  arrangement 
ill  Pike's  spiral  fish-way. 

[oving  float  fish-ways. 

90930.  Model  of  Everleth's  fish-way,  devised  by  F.  M.  Everleth,  M.  D.,  of 
Waldorboro',  Me.  Scale,  i  inch  to  the  foot  (A).  C.  G.  Atkins. 
The  peculiarity  of  this  fish-way  is  the  movable  attachment  at  the 
upper  end,  which,  by  its  own  buoyancy,  rises  and  falls  with 
the  fluctuations  of  tlio  river,  thus  insuring  that  the  entrance 
shall  always  be  at  the  right  height  to  admit  the  requisite 
quantity  of  water. 


^^^  Front  natural  enemies. 

aratiis  Ibr  destroyin§r  injurious  species. 

Oyster-bed  tangles.    (See  under  B,  12.) 

lers  and  hopples. 
M  and  pens. 

[ennels  for  dogs,  &c. 
'ages  for  animals. 
lages  for  birds. 
ioges  for  insects. 

cost*  Cages  for  fire-flics.    West  Indies.    Miss  Septimia  Randolph. 


244     ANIMAL  BB80UECES  AND  F1RHEEIE6  OV  tTNTTBD  ST1TB& 

Fish-cars  and  other  Uontine  cages  Itor  aqaatfc  aa 
mals. 

^53S.  Model   of  fisli-morkotmaQ'H   car.     For  preservation  of  liriiig  & 

J.  M.  K.  Southwick,  Newport,  K.  I. 
ZSSSI.  Model  of  Providenco  Kivcr  &Nh-car.     Thew  are  towed  by  llw  mih 
and  88  fast  as  fish  ore  caught  they  are  put  into  it,  and  ta  kcp ' 
Providence  market.     D.  1).  Almy, 
29397,  Model  of  Noank  lobster-cur.    Capt.  H.  C.  Chester. 
29&38.  Model  of  fishcmiau's  car  for  trauaporting  llTutg  fish  to  nukM. 

M.  K.  Bonthwick,  Newjiort,  B.  I. 
26933.  Model  of  a  boat  used  in  traueporttDg  living  ftklmoD  at  tbe  Cnl 
States  salnion-lireeding  station  at  Buckaport,  Ue.    Sode,  I  iaA 
the  foot  {^,).     C.  Q.Atkins. 
When  in  use  tbe  boat  is  deprcaaed  until  flill  of  water,  a  nri 
of  salmon,  saaotimea  oa  many  as  30,  are  placed  in  it  iri 
ia  then  towed  after  another  boat,  tbe  luotion  inMtnii|;*« 
stunt  change  of  water,  which  passes  in  at  the  forwud  f 
iiud  out  at  the  after  ports.    The  net  and  grating  preioit 
escape  of  the  salmon,  nnd  the  cloth  ahiita  out  tfae«igbto(M 
thing  that  might  frighten  them. 

Aquaria. 

Globes. 
Aquaria. 

Hires  and  other  caf^es  for  insects. 
Ejire-boxes,  troughs,  &c..  Tor  microscoplsts*  nse> 
Fish-ponds,  flsh-fiirnis  (moileU). 

Sl<mc  &.  Uoop<^^r,  CharK-stiiu-n,  N.  H. 
Stouc  &.  Hooper,  Charlestowii,  X.  H. 


▲NDfAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     245 

7.  Propagation  of  reptiles. 
[ethods  or  terrapin  culture. 

8.  Propagation  of  amphibians. 

[ethods  of  tirog  culture. 

9.  Propagation  and  culture  of  fishes.^ 

ccemories  of  obtainingr  and  impregrnatinir  OTa. 

Pans,  pails,  &c. 

Strait-jackets  used  in  spawning  salmon. 

Spawning-race  (Ainsworth). 

Boiler  spawning-screen  (Collins). 

Spawning-vat  (Bond). 

latehingr-apparatus. 

26940.  No.  19.    Model  of  liatcliiiig-house  at  United  States  salmon-breeding 
station  at  Bucksport,  Me.    Scale,  ^  inch  to  the  foot  (^),    C.  G. 
Atkins. 
The  hatcliing-tronghs  are  arranged  in  sets  of  four  across  the 
building,  and  fitted  with  Bracket t  trays.    The  water  enters 
them  from  a  feed-trough  along  the  side  of  the  room  and  es- 
capes by  pipes  through  the  floor. 

Troughs : 
Plain. 

Gravel-bottomed . 
With  sieve-bottom  trays. 

52693G.  No.  20.  Model  of  hatching-troughs  and  trays  in  use  at  the  United 
f^tates  sulmon-breeding  stations  at  Bucksport  and  Grand  Lake 
Stream,  Me.    Scale,  full  size.    C.  G.  Atkins. 
The  eggs  to  be  hatched  are  placed  on  the  wire-cloth  trays. 
26935.  Moilel  of  hatching-frame  in  use  at  Grand  Lake  Stream,  adapted  to 
use  in  a  trough  or  in  an  open  streaui.     Devised  by  C.  G.  Atkins. 
Scale,  full  size.     C.  G.  Atkins. 
The  eggs  are  placed  on  all  of  the  trays  except  the  upper  one. 
The  interstices,  though  too  small  for  the  escape  of  the  eggs, 
permit  a  change  of  water,  and  when  the  frame  is  shut  it  con- 
fines the  trays  securely  in  place. 
2C070.  Model  of  hatching-apparatus  for  black-bass.    John  Roth,  Duncan- 
non,  Pa. 

Brackett's. 
Williamson's. 
Clark's. 
Vat«  or  cat^es : 
Holton's. 
Both's. 

*  Many  of  these  articles  cannot  conveniently  be  exhibited. 


24f>     AHIUAL  BESOCBCES  AND  FI8BBBIE8  OF  UHITSD 

HatctainfT-appnralas. 

01a8s-grille<l  boxes  (Coste's). 

26995.  Coste  hatcUng-traji.    Hre.  J.  H.  Slack,  Trontdftle,  N.  T. 

Jars  and  tin  vessels. 

22247.  SIiBd-hatching  can.     luTention  of  Fred.  Uathet.     U.  8.  FU 

£€909.  Fergueon  aqnuimn-Jar.    T.  B.  FergaMm,  Baltimon,  Hd. 
■23250.  Ferguson's  fiBh-hatching  cui.  "  " 

26998,  FergDBon's  hatching  jar.  "  " 

Hatching-boxes  (floating). 

26903.  Sbod-hatching  box.     Seth  Qieeu'a  patent.     U.  8.  Fish  Comri 
3C997.  Shad-hatching  box.     Beth  Green's  patent     Seth  Gi«en,  Boc 

N.  Y. 

26904,  Shad-hatching  box.     Brackett's  patent.     U.  S.  Fish  CommiH 
26962.  Shad-hatching  box.    Brackett's  patent.    E.  A.  Bnckett,  Wnd 

Mass. 
2690.''>.  Shad-hatching  hox  (No.  3).     Brackett's  patent.      U.  8.  Tid 

mission. 
36906.  Shad-hatching  box.    Bryant's  patent.    U.  Q.  Fish  Conuniawi 
Sfi90T.  Shad-hatching  box.    StiUweU  A  Atkins's  patent.    U.  S.  FU 

2G908.  Shad-hatching  box.    Banniater's  design.    U.  8.  Fish  ComuiB 
2G95S.  Hatching  apparatus.    N.  W.  Clark,  Clarkstou,  Hlch. 

.  Shad  hstching-box  (model).    J.  C.  Honse  &  0.  A.  HcClun.  V> 

ton,  D.  C. 

Adhesive  eggs  apparatas : 

Vertical  wire-clotli  trays. 
Hatchiog-basket. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     247 

hingr-apparatiis. 

ccessories: 

Feathering  quills  and  brushes. 
Rose-nozzles  (for  washing  eggs). 
Syringes,  bulb,  &c. 
Shallow  pans. 
Aerating-pipe. 

i8portin§r  apparatus. 

pparatus  for  transporting  eggs: 
Cans. 

Case  of  cups  (Wilmot's). 
Case  of  cups  (Clark's). 
Case  of  trays  (Clark's). 
Moss-erate«  (Stone's). 

25025.  Moss-crates  for  transportation  of  eggs  of  Sacramento  salmon  acrocs 
the  continent.    Livingston  Stone,  Charlestown,  N.  H. 

pparatus  for  transporting  fish : 
Barrels. 
Cans,  plain. 

2G911.  Milk-can,  nsed  in  transportation.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
29377.  Conical  tank.    Stone  &  Hooper,  Charlestown,  N.  H. 
26910.  Conical  can.    Livingston  Stone,  Charlestown,  N.  H. 

ans  with  aerating  accessories: 

2G914.  Tank  for  ocean  transportation.    Invention  of  Fred.  Mather.    U.  S. 

Fish  C  •.«raniission. 
29379.  Trant>|»'*r;iug-tank.    Stone  &  Hooi>er,  Chartestown,  N.  H. 
26881.  Transporting-can.    C.  W.  Rogers,  Waukegan,  HI. 
26932.  Model  of  box  nsed  in  the  transportation  of  living  salmon  at  the 
United  States  salmon-breeding  station  at  Bucksport,  Me.    Scale, 
2  inches  to  the  foot  (i).    C.  G.  Atkins. 
When  in  use  the  box  is  filled  with  water  and  from  5  to  7  sahmm 
placed  in  it  and  carted  a  mile. 

Slack's. 

Clark's. 

M.  A.  Green's, 
anks,  with  attachment  of  baud- wheel  to  car-axle  (Stone's). 
?anks,  with  Freiburg  aerating  appai-atus.) 
quarium-car  (Stone's). 
ive-box  (Atkins'w). 
ccessories: 

Air  force-pumps. 

Siphon- tubes. 

26912.  Rubber  siphon- tube.     U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

26913.  Aerating-rosOj  with  siphon.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 


2 18     ANIMAL  BBBOUBCKS  AND  FI8HEBIE8  OF  UHITliD  RAIB. 

Transpocting:  apparatus. 

Accessories: 
Bellows, 
Dipping  appaxatns. 

26934.  Hodclof  dipping-bag  aaediiurtead  of  A  dip-not  in  handling  nlw 
the  United  States  eabuon-broodiiig  station  at  Baekipail, 
Scale,  1  inch  to  the  foot  (_M-    C.  G.  Atkins. 

10.  Peopagation  of  insects. 

Propa^atioB  of  silk-wonn. 

Specimens  of  plants  use4  for  food. 
Model  of  house  and  its  appliances. 

Propagation  of  cochineal  insect. 
Propagation  of  bees. 

For  liives  see  under  E,  3. 

11.  rKOPAGATION  OP  WOHMS. 

Propagation  of  leeches. 

12.  Pbopaqation  op  mollusks. 

methods  of  oyster  culture. 

Stools  for  receiving  spat,  natural  and  artificial 
Otlier  apparatus. 


13.  Peopagation  op  cobalh. 


PA.IIT    II. 


CATALOGUE   OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


OF  THE 


ECONOMICAL  INVERTEBRATES 


OF 


THE   AMERICAN    COASTS. 


BY 


MV.   H.   DALL. 


249 


aOGUE  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  ECONOMICAL  INVER- 
TEBRATES OF  THE  AMERICAN  COASTS. 


MOLLUSCA. 
lusca  cephalopoda.— Squids  and  cuttles. 

32905.  Sepia  '*  boue,''  or  endostenm,  in  natural  condition.    East  coast  of  the 

United  States.    Uses:  Fed  to  cage-birds  requiring  lime. 
32905a.  Pounce:  Powdered  sepia-bone;  used  in  rewriting  over  erasures  to 

prevent  blotting,  in  medicine  as  an  antacid. 
33005.  Cuttle-tish  (Octopus  punctattie,  Gabb).    California  to  Alaska.    Used 

for  bait  in  the  co<l-tishery,  and  by  the  natives  for  food.    W.  H. 

Dall. 
25972.  Oil  of  squid  (Ommastrephes  iUecehroM).    Capt.  N.  E.  Atwood,  Prov- 

incetown,  Mass. 

lusca  gTAsteropoda.— Sea-snalls,  &c. 

A.  Useftil: 

1.  Used  for  food  or  bait: 

32885.  Velvet  chiton  (Crifptoclnion  steUeri).    Alaska  to  California.    Indiait 

food.     W.  H.  Dall. 

32886.  Coat-of-mail  shell  (£a//fen')m /f(ntca/a).    Alaska  to  California.    Indian 

fooil.    W.  H.  Dall. 

32883.  Limpet  (Acmaea  testudinalis).  Conueetiout  to  Labrador.  W.  H.  DalL 
32904.  Western  limpet  (Acm(M  patina),  Alaska  to  California.  W.  H.  Dall. 
32880.  Rockwinkle  (Litcrina  subtetK^brosa).  Alaska  to  Oregon.  W.  H.  Dall. 
32882.  Periwinkle  (Purpura  canaliculata).     Alaska  to  Callfoniia.     W.  H. 

Dall. 

32884.  Periwinkle  (Purpura  ostriva).     California.     W.  H.  Dall. 

32903.  Periwinkle  (Purpura  lapillua).     Cape  Cod  to  Labrador.    W.  H.  Dall. 

2.  Useful  by  producing  pearl-shell,  &c. : 

32830.  Turban-shell  (Jroc/rt«c{i8  iiorri««ti).     California.     H.Hemphill. 
32832.  Top-shell  (Pomaulax  undo8um)j  in  natural  state.     California.      H. 

Hemphill. 

32831.  Top-shell,  prepared  to  show  pearly  layers.     California.     H.  Hemp- 

hill. 
29301.  Manufactured  state  of  various  kiiuU  of  American  pearl-shells  derived 

from  giisteropods  or  sea-snails.     Furnished  by  A.  B.  De  Frece  Sl 

Co.,  428  Broadway,  New  York. 
32838.  Sea-ears  (Haliofis    Kamvhatkana)^    affording    pearl-shell  and  food» 

Alaska.    J.  G.  Swan. 

251 


252     ANIIUL  RE80UBCE8  AND  F18HEBIE8  OF  UNITED  STATES. 

112890.  Rough  «ea-car  ^S.  cotrugala).    Southem  Califanu*.    UMillinpwi 
shell  and  for  food.    Specimen  in  Datnral  coaditiofi.    W.  B.  Ditl 

.  Bough  sea-ear.    fipcclmcu  grooDd  And  polished  tOBbowpeulfltToi 

J.  T.  Ames, 
SaWO.  Ited  sea-ear  or  abalune  {H.  ruftmxiu).     Monterey.  CaL    UmJ  li 
pearl-abell  and  for  food.     Specimens  in  uatnnl  eottditiML   B 
Heniplull. 

,  Red  sea-enr.    PoDshetl  specimen  showing  pearly  laj«rt.    J.  T.Aan 

.  RiKl  WH-car.    Flesby  portion preiiaredand dried ibrfiMd by Ckli&ni 

Chiuosc.     Chinese  market,  California.     H.  Hemphill. 
33823.  White  abalone  (ff.  fmc&erodii),  prodocingpearl-sheUaitdfbod.  Kit' 

ural  state,     California.     Paul  Schnmacher. 
32899.  White  aboionc.     Natural  state.     Monterey,  Cal.     B.  HempbiU. 

.  Whitu  abulone.     Polished  to  show  pearly  layers.     Jaa.  T.  AmcL 

4792.  White  ahaloue.     Polished  specimens. 
33821.  Splendid  sea-ear  (H,  »pleHdeM»)  affording  food  and  pearl-sbrll.  Ci5- 

fornia.    Pant  Schumacher. 
aneOS.  Splendid   sea-ear.     Natural  condition.      Southem  CaUfnniia.    H, 
Hemphill. 
-; — .  Splendid  sea-car.     Polished  to  show  pearly  layers.  '  J.  T.  Ajar*. 

.  Splendid  Beo-cor.     Young  specimen  }ioUshed.     J.  T.  Amn. 

S9302.  .ManufocturcB  of  HalioiU  shell,  shoning  application  in  ibf  «& 

Furnished  by  A.  B.  De  Frece  &  Co.,  428  Broadway,  New  Yuft 
29IM8,  Ditto.     Parasol-handler.     Famished  by  Hancy  &.  Font,  PhibU- 
phia,  Pa. 

3.  Affording  cameo  nnd  itorcelain  stock : 

C9C8.  Ciniifo-Hhell  (Cawi«  nifa),  used  for  cameo  catting.     Fkddi-  ^ 

Will.  Stimpsou. 
.  Queen  conch  (^Strombui  gigiu),  eipnrted  to  Liverpool  in*  giMI  K* 

here  and  ground  up  for  making  poroolain."    Wert  Indies- 


4.  tTsed  m  ludiaii  trade: 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OK  UNITED  STATES.     253 

B.  Injorions: 

1.  By  destroying  food-producing  mollusks  or  shell  fish^ 

such  as  clams,  mussels,  oysters,  and  razor-fish : 

32860.  Ribbon  whelk  (Fulgur  carica),    Florida.     T.  A.  Conrad. 

32859.  Rovereed  whelk  (Fulgur  perversa),    CarolinaH.     Dr.  Wm.  StiuipHon. 

32861.  Hairy  whelk  {Sycotypus  eanaliculatus).    Vineyard  Sound.    Dr.  Wnu 

Stimpson. 
32864.  Winged  conch  (Strambua  alatus),    Tanipa  Bay,  Florida.    T.  A.  Conrad. 
32863.  Thorny  drill  (Hemifusus  hiooronatus).    Tampa  Bay,  Florida.    T.  A. 

Conrml. 
32835.  Dnll  {Uroaalpinx  cinereus),  Florida  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  W.  H.DalL 
32975.  Drill.    Sonth  Norwalk,  Conn.    Hoyt  Bros. 

32837.  Periwinkle  (Purpura  Jlaridana),    Barataria  Bay,  La.    Gustav  Kohn. 
32892.  Sea-snail  (Lunatia  Lewisii),    Monterey,  Cal.    H.  Hemphill. 
32913.  Sea-snail  {Xeverita  recluziana),    California.    W.  H.  Dall. 
27620.  Sea-snail  {Neveiita  dupUoata).    North  Carolina.    T.  D.  Knrtz. 
32866.  Seii'Snail  (LunaiiO'heros),    Massachusetts  Bay.    C.  B.  Fuller. 

2,  Injurious  by  destroying  vegetable  substances  and 

garden  plants : 

33088.  Slug  (Limax  Hewstoni).     Oakland,  Cal.     11.  Hemphill. 

Ilofica  acephala.— Bivalve  shellfish. 
A.  Producing  food  or  used  as  bait. 

*  Oystcrtf, 

1 .  Series  illustrating  distribution  and  geogiaphical  vari- 
eties: 

rca  virginica,  Gmelin. — East  American  oysters. 

327rf4.  Northoni  variety  {O,  horeaUsy  Lam.)    Prince  Edward's  l8lau<l.     J. 

W.  Dawson. 
32813.  Nova  Scotia.     .J.  II.  Willis. 
327t?o.  Shediac,  Now  Brunswick.    W.  H.  Dall. 

33092.  "Pourrier  Bed."    Shediac,  New  Brunswick.     G.  F.  Mathcw. 

33093.  *^Buctouche."    Kent  County,  Now  Brunswick.     G.  F.  Mathcw. 
32783.  Miramichi  River,  New  Brunswick.     "\V.  II.  Dall. 

32977.  Indigenous  oyster,  now  extinct.    »Shell-heni>s.    Damariscotta,  Maine. 

Robert  Dixon. 

32978.  Ditto.     Shell-heaps.     Sheejiscot  River,  Main(\     Robert  Dixon. 
32'?10.  Indigenous  oyster  (var.  horvallx).    Buzzard's  Bay,  Mass.     Dr.  Wni. 

Stimpson. 
32?*14.  Specimens  showing  ctilor-bands.     Rhode  Island.     General  Totten. 

Note. — The  following  scries  of  oysters  from  the  vicinity  of  New 
York  were  funiished  bv  Mr.  B.  J.  M.  Carlev,  ovster-<lealcr.  of 
Fulton  Market,  New  York,  through  Mr.  E.  G.  Blackford : 

32790.  "Greenwich.'*    Greenwich,  Conn. 

wm.  "Blue  Point."    Long  Island,  New  York. 

32779.  "Lloyd's  Harbor."    Long  Island,  New  York. 


204     ANIUAL  BESOLBCES  AND  FIBHEBIBS  OF  UNITED  STATIfl. 

3^701.  "Cow  Bay."    Long  Island,  New  Torfc. 

32791.  "Gleuwooil,"    Glenwood,  Long  Muid,  New  TMk. 

32813.  "Covo."    Long  Islniid,  New  York. 

329-20.  "City  lelond."     Long  Island  Sonnd,  New  York. 

33919.  "Mill  Poud."    Cow  iiay,  Long  Island,  New  York. 

32778.  "  Shrewsbury »."    Shrewsbury  Hiver,  New  Jenej. 

32915.   "Egg  iBlund."    Three  years  old.     Morris  Cove,  DeUwaic 

33788.  "  Chesspenke"    Crisfleld,  Md.     E.O.BlackfonU 

33976.  Fokamokc,  Virginia.    E.  G.  Blackford. 

Note. — Tho  following  srries  from  the  water*  of  Virguiia  i 
Maryland,  all  indigenous  or  "  natnral  growths"  m  diMinpuii 
from  "  plants,"  were  selected  by  Mr.  G.  W.  HarTey,aiidfDnid 
by  Harvey  &  Holden,  oyster^deolers  of  Wnshiogtoii,  D.C.: 

33096.  "St.  GeromeBivcr."    Maryland. 

33097.  "  Deep  Creek."    Eastern  shore  of  Maryland. 
33096.  "Tangier  Sonnd."  -Cbesapeako  Bay. 

33100.  "Little  Biver."    Western  shore  of  Maryland. 
33099.  "Point  Lookont  Creek."    Virginia. 

33101.  "  NoBwacldox."    Eastern  shore  of  Virginia. 

33095.  "  Bappahanuuck."    Bappobannock  River,  Virginijt. 

33103.  "York  Biver."    York  Biver,  Virginia. 

33104.  "Cherrystones."    Cheaapeoke Bay. 

33103.  "Preshy's  Creek."    Presby's  Creek,  Viiginia. 

Tho  following  scries  from  Flori<la  were  funtisheil  by  Kam 

Niles,  U.  S.  N.: 
32801).  "  Appalochicola  Buy."     Appalachicola  Bay,  EloriUa. 
3280li.  "Cat  Point."    Same  locality. 

32807. .     Same  locality. 

32808.  "  Bnceoon  oysters."    Appalaebicola  Buy,  Florida. 

The  following  scries  ftom  the  vicinity  of  New  Orleans  wen  id(c( 

by  M.  Zatarain,  and  funiiahcd  by  W.AIes.Gordoo.Mq-.o'Si 

Orleans,  La. : 


ANIMAL  BBSOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES      255 

« 

2.  Series  illustrating  culture  and  individual  variations: 
ea  Tirginica,  Gmelin. — East  American  oysters. 

That  portion  of  the  series  from  South  Norwalk,  Conn.,  was  fur- 
nished by  Hoyt  Bros,  of  that  place,  at  the  instance  of  James 
Richardson,  esq.  The  portion  of  the  series  from  the  vicinity  of 
New  York  was  furnished  by  Mr.  B.  J.  M.  Carley  through  Mr.  E. 
G.  Blackford,  of  New  York. 

o.  Growth.    1-20  years  old: 

32958.  Young  spat  on  various  stools.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

32957.  One  year  old.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

32967.  Two  to  three  years  old.    Natural  growth.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

3296B.  Three  to  four  years  old.    Natural  growth.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

32965.  "  CuUers."    Three  to  four  years  old.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

32962.  Three  years  after  transplantation.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 


32964. 
32916. 
32918. 
32776. 
32917. 


Box."    Four  to  six  years  old.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 
Cullers."    Three  years  old.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Single  extra."    Four  years  old.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Double  extra."    Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Box."    Three  years  old.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 


6.  Peculiarities  of  form  and  growth: 

32959.  "Pinched"  oyster  from  muddy  bottom.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 
32930.  Showing  effect  of  transplanting  the  "pinched"  from  a  muddy  to  a 

hard  bottom.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 
32787.  Form  caused  by  growing  in  a  tideway.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 
32786.  Form  caused  by  growing  in  still  water.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 
32974.  Curious  forms  of  shell.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 
32782.  Peculiar  growth.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 
32795.  Specimens  of  peculiar  form.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 

32971.  Natural  growth  on  stone.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

32973.  Natural  growth  on  part  of  stone  jug.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

32972.  Natural  growth  on  shells.  South  Norwalk,  Conn. 
32970.  Natural  growth  on  bottle.  South  Norwalk,  Conn. 
32969.  Natural  growth  on  crab.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

32780.  Illustrating  methods  of  attachment.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 

32914.  Blue  Point  "seed."    Long  Island,  New  York. 

32789.  Rosette  of  oysters.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 

32792.  Shell  growing  on  Mactra  shell.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 


32794. 
32793. 
32895. 
32894. 
32797. 
32796. 
32932. 


Seed  "  on  old  rubber  boot.    Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Seed"  growing  on  stone.     Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Seed  "  on  rubber  shoe.     Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Seed  "on  bone.     Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Seed  "  on  bark.     Vicinity  of  New  York. 
Seed"  on  leatlior  shoe.     A'icinity  of  New  York. 
Seed  "  on  old  boot-leg.     Vicinity  of  Now  York. 


c.  Enemies  and  i)arasites : 

.  Specimens  injured  by  wlielk.     South  Norwalk,  Conn. 

L  Specimens  injured  by  hnirj*  whelk.    South  Norwalk,  Conn. 


256     ANIMAL  BE80DRCE8  AND  FISUESIBS  OF  TnOTED  STiTU 

339-28.  Siwcimena  perforatod  liy  "  driU."    Soatb  Norwalk,  Cmb. 
3S9G;in.  tii)ecimuu  injured  by  boring  wonn  (on  JnaelU).    Boath  Stmlk 

3295G.  Siiei;imeDB  killed  by  atar-flah.     Sontb  Noriralk,  Conn. 
3396:1.  Specimens  aliovring  ravages  of  Cllo»a  or  boriDg  Bpongt.    SoothSi 
wulk,  C«uu. 
For  conuupntuil  crab  tiee  Crustacea. 
33092(1.  Lime  derived  from  oyater  shells.     Use  in  ni«liciiie  aadMBtM 
zer.    Wnahiugton,  D.  C.    W.  H.  Dall. 

•  "  "  Other  hivaltes. 
A.  Afibrding  or  available  fur  food  or  bait. 

33887.  Rock  oyator  (Plactmanomia  Rocrotellnaa,  Deah.}.     AlaikatoQ 

fornia.     W.  H.  Dall. 
33873.  Scallops  {Feclen  trrodiani,  Lam.).     Long  Inland  Sonnil.    Dr.  V 

gtimpBuii. 
328G6.  GTeat8callop{/'.teniiioM(o(4M,Migh.).    Coaat  of  Maine.   C  B.F0I 
■JT523.  Black  DiUBseUJryrilu*  ctfuU*,  L.).     MasaachoBetta  Baj.     Dr.  1 

Stimpson. 
32^)7.  Ditto.    San  PraaciHco  Bay,  California.     H.  Hemphill. 
:i2d4&.   Ditto.     Monterey,  Cal.     H.  Hemphill. 
SitHd.  Ditto.    San  Diego,  Cal.    H.  Hemphill. 
'SSWrt.  Grooved  mussel  {ModiaUt plimtulo,  Lam.).     Nabaul,  ita*.    Dr.T 

Stimpson. 
321^.  Ditto.     (Modiola,  aj>.)    Last  Island,  La.     Gnatav  Eohn. 
3-2858.  Brown  muaael  (Jf.  cajHu-,  Conr).     Sou  Diego,  Cal.     H.  Hpid^ 
3247G.  Ditto.     (Jf.  modioliu,  L.)    MaasacbusetU  Bay.     Dr.  W'lo.  $i>nT< 
U2897.  Ditto.     Massaehuwtts  Bay.     Dr.  Wm.  Stimpson. 

.  Ditto.     Caatine,  Me.     A.  G.  Crittenden. 

3*^1.  Giant  cockle  (CarriiNm  tnagnum,  Bim.).     Tampa  Bay,  FlofiiU. 

A.  Coiirad. 


ANIMAL  BESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      267 

32846.  Ditto.    (Tapes  ladniataj  Cpr.).    San  Diego,  Cal.    H.  Hemphill. 
32854.  Ditto.    (T.  Bt<im%nea,  Conr.).    Baolinas,  Cal.     H.  Hemphill. 
32844.  Ditto.    Tomales  Bay,  Cal.     H.  Hemphill. 

32869.  "Hen  clam"  ( Jfac/ra  »oZidw«ma,  Ch.).    Massacbusetts  Bay.    W.  H. 

Dall. 

32870.  Ditto.    Shells  utilized  for  catch-alls.    Newport,  R.I.    N.  C.  Peterson.. 
32888.  Ditto.    ( Jf.  falcata,  Gld.).    Alaska  to  California.    W.  H.  Dall. 
32826.  "Gapers"  (iScibiroManwiiu^toZZi,  Con.).     Oregon.    J. G.  Swan. 
32852.  Ditto.    Bauliuas,  Cal.    H.  HemphiU. 

32874.  Salmon  tellen  (ifoooma,  sp.).    Florida.    T.A.Conrad. 
32848.  "Tellens"  (M,  na«ttfa,  Conr.).    San  Francisco  markets.    H.  Hemp* 
hill. 

32847.  "Flat  ciam"(&;m6l6(2ect»a,  Cpr.).    San  Diego,  Cal.    H.  HemphiU. 
32909.  "Razor-fish"  (i8o/<?ii«ii«M,L.).    Cow  Bay,  New  York.    B.  J.  M.  Carley. 
32881.  Ditto.    (Siliqua patula,  Dixon.)    Alaska  to  California.    W.  H.  Dall. 
32955.  "Soft-shelled  clams"  {Mya  arenaria,  L.).     Cape  Cod,  Mass.    £.  G. 

Blackford. 

32829.  Ditto.    Oyster  Bay,  L.  I.    E.  G.  Blackford. 

32833.  Ditto.  Accidentally  transplanted  with  young  oysters  to  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay,  where  it  now  abounds  greatly.  Oakland,  CaL  H. 
Hemphill. 

33094.  Ditto.    Bay  of  Fundy,  N.  S.    G.  F.  Mathew. 

32^0.  Date-fish  (Platyodan  cancellatuSy  L.).  Baulinas  Bay,  Cal.  H.  Hemp- 
hill. 

32856.  Ditto.     {Zirphcea  crispata,  L.).    Baulinas,  Cal.    H.  Hemphill. 

B.  Useful  or  ornamental  bivalves  other  than  those  afifording 
food: 

a.  Pearl-producing. 

1.  Kiver  mussels: 

26092a.  Biver  mussel  affording  pearl-shell,  illustrating  application  of  raw 

material.     Cincinnati,  Ohio.    D.  H.  Shaffer. 
26092.  Carvings,  from  pearl-shell  afforded  by  river  mussels,  for  nse  as  studs, 

buttons,  pins,  brooches,  &c,    Cincinnati,  Ohio.    D.  H.  Shaffer. 
260926.  Pearls  derived  from  river  mussels.    Cincinnati,  Ohio.    D.  H.  Shaffer. 

.  A  series  of  river  mussels  of  various  species,  one  valve  polished,  the 

other  in  its  original  condition  in  eaeh  case.     Chicopee,  Mass.    Jas. 
T.  Ames. 
25966  to  26010.  Another  series,  both  valves  polished,  from  Dr.  C.  A.  Miller, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  comprising  the  following  species? 
Unio  rugosuSf  Barnes. 
alatuSy  Say. 
arnatus,  Lea. 
verrucosus^  Barnes. 
gihbosus,  Barnes. 
rectuSf  Lani. 
cylindricuSy  Say. 
pj/ramidatuSf  Lea. 
tuber cul at uSy  Barnes. 
siliquoideSj  Barnes. 
airculus.  Lea. 

m 

anodontoidesy  Lea. 
jNMtiflonw,  Lea. 
muumimt,  Barnes,  &o.,  &c 
7 


258     ANIHAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  DHITBD  STATBR. 

2.  Marine  pearl-shdls: 

13507.  American  pearl-oyster  (Af.Jtnbriata).    PMUunft.    CoLJewrtL 
3624.  Ditto.    IllitBtrating  formation  of  peorli.    Puiama.    CoL  JnML 

3SS36.  Ditto.    Gnlf  of  California.    J.  XantQB. 
,  Ditto.     Polished  ehell.     Chicopee,  Mass.     Joa.  T.  Ames. 

32921.  Ditto.     Hade  into  artificial  fiah-lioit.     Boston,  Hsaa.    BraiSai 

Anthony. 

32922.  Ditto.    Hade  into  ariifioial  minnow.'     Boaton,  Mm*.    BniSmi 

Anthony. 

.  Series  of  bnltoua,  atada,  atopper-caps,  &«.    Uauofitctmed  fna.  i 

allowing  application  of  American  peorl-oyBtei  ahelL     Fanud 
by  A.  B.  De  Freoe  &,  Co.,  438  Broadway,  New  Tort 

b.  Otherwise  Tiseful: 

32869.  "Hen  clam"  (Mactra  toUditrima,  Ch.).    Shell  uwd  for  aeoopt,  m 

akimmcn,  and  boat^bailers.  Painted  inaide  and  naed  for  catdi-< 
S95Z7.  BaakDt.  Made  from  Florida  ehells.  £.  F.  Gilbert,  JackaonTillr,! 
SS210.  Baaket.     Mads  from  Florida  aheUa,    Mra.  C.  E.  Hott,  Jackmm 

Fla. 
S2209.  Frame.     Made  iinm  Florida  Bea-shella.    Mrs.  C.  E.  Mott,  jKb 

ville,  Fla. 
2S211.  Eaater  Cross.    Aiade  from  Florida  abclla.     Mra.  C.  £.  Uott,  JKb 

vitlo,  Fla. 
29526.  Shell  flowers.     Made  from  Florida  sheila.     £.  F.  Gilbert,  Jvki 

ville,  Fla. 
S6595.  "  Coquinn."    Miacellaneous  apeciea  broken  up  &nil  cementrd  b;  i 

oetjon  into  a  natural  conglomerate,  nae<t  for  building  sMo> 

for  making  a  superior  kind  of  lime.     Saint  Angnstine,  FU. 

Browne  Goo<Ie. 
32839.  "Cuneate  clam"  (GanfAodon  cuaeofM).     Used  largely  fur  bait  I 

ural  condition.     Lake  Pontchartiain,  La.     Onatav  Kohn. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES      259 

32815.  Ship- worm.    (Teredo  sp.).     Gulf  coast.    Dewey. 

32816.  Ditto.    Showing  liniog  of  tubes.    Texas.    Dr.  Schott. 
19405.  Ditto.    (Xylo*rya  sp.)    Coast  of  Oregon.    J.  G.  Swan. 

D,  Prepared  foods: 

•  Specimens  of  various  brands  of  canned,  preserved,  and 
pickled  shell-fish  in  manufacturers'  packages : 

26579.  Pickled  oysters  (Ostrea  virginica).    Blue  Point.    B.  J.  M.  Carley. 
26581.  Pickled  oysters  {Oatrea  virginica).     Saddle  Rocks.     B.  J.  M.  Carley, 

New  York. 
25835.  Fresh  Cove  oysters  (Ostrea  virginica).    Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  New  York. 
25844-^.  Fresh  Cove  oysters  (  Ostrea  virginica).   Kemp,  Day  &  Co. ,  New  York. 
25861-3.  Spiced  Cove  oysters  {Ostrea  virginica),  hermetically  sealed.    Kemp, 

Day  &  Co.,  New  York. 
26577.  Pickled  Little  Neck  clams  (Mya  arenaria).    B.  J.  M.  Carley. 
26682.  Pickled  clams  ( Venus  meroenaria).     "  Cow  Bay."    B.  J.  M.  Carley. 
26642.  The  Farmers'  Old  Orchard  Beach  clams  (Little  Necks,  star  brand). 

Portland  Packing  Company,  Portland,  Me. 
26575.  Pickled  scallops  (Pecten  irradians).    Oyster  Bay.    B.  J.  M.  Carley. 

26580.  Pickled  mussels  {Mglilus  edulis).    East  River,  N.  Y.    B.  J.  M.  Carley, 

New  York. 
25873.  Scartooro'  Beach  clams  (  Venus  niercenaria).    Put  up  by  Buniham  & 

MorriU,  Portland, Me.    Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  New  York. 
25864-6.  Orchard  Beach  clams  (  Venus  mercenaria).    Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  Now 

York. 
25867-9.  Little  Neck  clams  (Mya  arenaria).    Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  New  York. 
25870-2.  Little  Neck  clams  {Mya  arenaria).    Put  up  by  Bogart  &  Co.,  New 

York.     Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  New  York. 
24925.  Little  Neck  clams  {Mya  arenaria).    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston, 

Mass. 
22235-6.  Pickled  Little  Neck  clams  {Mya  arenaria).    Penobscot  Bay.    Cas- 

tine  Packing  Company,  Castine,  Me. 
26752.  Alden's  granulated  clams.    Prepared  by  Alden  Sea-Food  Company. 

Sold  by  Lyon  Manufacturing  Company,  New  York.    Presenteil  by 

E.  G.  Blackford ,  New  York. 
96753.  Alden's  granulated  and  concentrated  clams  (paper  boxes).    Prepared 

by  Alden  Sea-Food  Company.    Sold  by  Lyon  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, N.  Y.    Presented  by  E.  G.  Blackford,  New  York. 


## 


Otherwise  prepared. 


5672.  Dried  siphons  of  Schizothcerus  NuttalU,    Prepared  by  the  Puget  Sound 
Indians,  Wash.  Ter.     Dr.  J.  G.  Suckley,  U.  S.  Army. 

CRUSTACEA. 

tacea  phyllopoda. 

A.  Useful;  converted  into  fertilizers;  carapax  used  as  a  scoop 
or  boat-bailer: 

2222.  King  crab,  Horseshoe  {Limuhis  polyphemns).     Florida.     F.  B.  Meek. 
Ditto.     Male  and  female.     Cape  May  C.  H.,  New  Jersey.     Thos. 

Beesley. 
DiHo.    Product  "cancrine,"  prepared  fertilizer.     Cape  May  C.  H., 
•"        Thos.  Bee«ley. 


260      ANIMAL  REHUURCES  AND  FISHERIEH  OP  UNITED  BTiTi  S 

Crustacea  iiiopoda. 

A.  Useful ;  by  remoring  wrecks  or  snags. 

B.  Injurious ;  by  destroying  submerged  timber. 

2286.  Wooiloater  (LimtMrio  li^nonini,  White).     Smi  Diego,  C*L    EHtsi 

bill. 
2254.  Ditto.    New  Haven,  Conn.    A,  E.  VertilL 

o.  Wood  showing  ravages: 
2240.  Eastport,  Me.     U.  3.  Fish  CommiMioii. 
2S90.  Wood's  Holl,  Maas.     Vinal  N.  Edworda. 
2221.  Sbd  Diego,  Cat.     H.  HemphiU. 

Crustacea  stomatopoda. 

Available  for  food: 

2253.  Squill  (SquiUa  empusa,  Say).     Long  iBloiid  Sonnd.     U.  B.  FU  0 


Crustacea  decapoda. — Lobsters,  shrdip,  crawfish,  CBtss 
A.  Useful;  food-supplying: 
2SS3.  River  slirimp  (Palmnon  ap.).    New  Orleans,  La.     GnstiT  Eabi. 
2264.  Ditto.     {Pal.  ohionu,  Smith.)    New  Orleans,  La.     GnaUT  Koln 
2269.  Ditto.    {Palirm^nt)    Isthmoa  of  Panama.    Dr.  Bnuoafoid. 
^^.  8e»shiijnp<,PalamOHetetrvlgarU,8tm.).     Long  laland  Soond.   U 

Fish  CoDuuission. 
S21I.  Shrimp  {Fandatat  Dana,  Stm.),  as  dried  for  «xpoK  by  Catifin 
Chinose.     San  Francisco,  Cal.     H.  HemphiU. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     261 

2SM8.  Crab  (Plafyonichus  ocellatus,  Latr.)*    Vineyard  Sound,  Mass.    U.  S. 

Fish  Commission. 
2256.  Ditto.    (PanopeuB  Herh$tUf  Edw.)    New  Orleans,  La.    Gustav  Eohn. 
2347.  Ditto.    (CardnnafMrnaSjlje^ch,)    New  Haven,  Conn.    A.  E.  VeniU. 

2243.  ''Soft-shelled"  (in  certain  stages  only)  crab  (Ckdlineoiea  hastatuSf 

Say).    Vineyard  Sound,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
2249.  Ditto.    Long  Island  Sound.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 
2218.  Keli>-crab   (JEjpitthus   producius,    Randall).      Monterey,    Cal.      H. 

Hemphill. 

2244.  Crab  {Cancer  horedliSf  St.).    Casco  Bay,  Maine.    U.  S.  Fish  Commis- 

sion. 
2242.  Common  crab  (Caiio0rtrr<watiM,  Say).    Casco  Bay,  Maine.    U.S.  Fish 
Commission. 

2245.  Ditto.    Vineyard  Sound,  Mass.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

2217.  Scalloped  crab  (Cancer  animnariiu,  Stm.).    San  Francisco,  Cal.    H. 

Hemphill. 
2216.  Market  crab  (Cancer  magister,  Dana).     San  Francisco,  Cal.     H. 
Hemphill. 

B.  Commensal  with  other  food  supplies: 

2266.  Oyster-crab  (Pinnotheres  ostreuniy  Say).  Commensal  with  all  south- 
ern oysters  and  with  northern-oysters  in  northern  rivers  where 
the  southern  oysters  have  been  long  planted.  New  York.  E.  G. 
Blackford. 

2272.  Ditto.  Commensal  on  the  western  coast  with  Pachydesma  and 
MytUus  califamianus,    San  Diego,  Cal.    H.  Hemphill. 

C.  iBJurious  by  burrowing  into  and  weakening  levees  and 

dams: 

2261.  Crawfish  (Cambanis  Clarkiij  Gir.  and  most  other  species).      Now 

Orleans,  La.    Gustav  Kohn. 
2259.  Fiddler-crab  (Gelasimu8 pugnaXf  Smith).    New  Orleans,  La,    Gustav 
Kohn. 

D.  Prepared  foods: 

Canned  lobster  and  crabs  in  manufacturers'  packages: 

25836-43.  Canned  lobster  (Homarus  americanus),    Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  New 
York. 

22237.  Canned  lobster  (Homarus  arnericanus).    Castine,  Mo.    Castino  Pack- 
ing Company. 

26643.  Fresh  star-lobster  (star  brand).    Portland  Packing  Company,  Port- 
land, Me. 

26651.  Fresh  star-lobster  (star  brand).    Portland  Packing  Company,  Port- 
land, Me. 

24926.  Fresh  lobster  (flb?n<irM«  americanus),    Wm.  Underwood  &  Co.,  Boston, 
Mass. 

525834.  Canned  lobster  (Homarus  americanus).    Kemp,  Day  &  Co.,  Now  York. 

24933.  Original  deviled  lobster  (Homarus  americanus).    Wm.  Underwood  &. 
Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

96578.  Pickled  lobsters  (Homarus  americanus).     Capo  Cml.     B.  J.  M.  Carley, 
New  York. 
Ptckled  prawns.    Savannah,  Ga.    B.  J.  M.  Carley. 


262     ANIMAL  BB80URCK8  AND  FISHBBIBS  OP  UinTBD  BTAin. 

Cirripcdia. 

Injurious: 

a.  By  dulling  ttie  e4g«  of  knives  and  spades  employed 

"cutting  in"  whalo  blubber: 
•2370.  Whole  barnacle  (ConmKla  Addrma,  Lam.)  on  dried  aldii  of  -'hm 
back  "  whulc.     New  England  coaal.     U.  S.  Fiab  Comminuon. 

b.  By  obstructing  tbe  progression  of  vessels  apou  whi 

thoy  affix  tbemselvcs: 
2371.  BaTDaclvb  (HalaHutrvgatiu,  &.C.).     Califoniia.     H.  Hemphill. 
AiraULOSA. 
Annelida. — Wobms  and  leeches. 
A.  Useful: 

1.  In  surgery  and  medicine: 

3236.  Leech  (Macrobdella  decora,  Verrill).    New  Uareo,  Conn.     A.  E.  V 

rill. 
3327.  Ditto.     (MaanAdtUa  sp.)    Monntain  Lake,  Cal.     H.  BcmphilL 

2.  For  bait  in  fishing : 

3228.  Earibwonn  (Lvmbriciu  ten-atrit,  L.}.     Washington,  D.  C.    W.  T 
3329.  Sea-worm  {Ner^t  sp.T).     Son  Francisco,  Cei.     H.  UemphUL 

3.  For  food: 

19713.  Dried  worms  (Ephydra  ap.).     Prepared  for  food  by  tin-  MonsrbK  1 

Ute  Indians.     Owen's  Lake,  Cal.     Stephen  Powers. 

19714.  Dried  womii.    Uwd  in  making  sonp  by  the  Mouachee  Pi-Ut«  Indiii 

Owen's  Lake,  Cal.     Stephen  PowetB. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     263 

3212.  Sea-urchin  (Strongylooentrotus  drceibachienais).      New  England  coast. 

U.  S.  Fish  Commistdon. 
3146.  Ditto.    (Toxopneustes  sp.)     Southern  United  States.     Dr.  William 

Stimpson. 
3145.  Ditto.    {T,  frandscorumf  Ag.)    Alaska  to  California.    F.  Bischoff. 

B.  Injorious: 

1.  Destroying  oysters,  clams,  &c. : 

3214.  Starfish  (Astetias  vulgariSy  Stm.).    Portland,  Me.     U.  S.  Fish  Com- 
mission. 

3149.  Ditto.    (Ast,  arenicolaj  Stm.)     Massachusetts   Bay.     Dr.  William 

Stimpson. 

3213.  Ditto.    Long  Island  Sound.    U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

3150.  Ditto.    South  Norwalk,  Conn.    Hoyt  Brothers. 

3151.  Ditto.    In  act  of  destroying  oysters.    South  Norwalk,  Conn.    Hoyt 

Brothers. 

2.  By  their  urticating  powers  annoying  bathers  and  "  foul- 

ing"  nets    and    fishing    lines   with    slime — various 
Acalephs. 

PEOTOZOA. 

rotozoans.— Sponges,  etc 

Useful: 

1.  For  conveyance  of  fluids  requiring  an  elastic  and  tem- 
porary menstruum,  and  as  a  detergent: 

3210.  Sponge  (on  bougie).     Boston,  Mass.    J.  A.  Levey. 
3206-9.  Sponge  (Spongia  barbaray  D.  &  M.).    Florida  Keys  and  Bahamas. 
Isaacs  &.  Co.,  8ponge-<lealcrs,  New  York. 

3205.  Ditto.    {Spotiffia  graminea,  "Eyatt),    (Prepared  by  cleansing  for  use.) 

Key  West.    Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. 
3203-4.  Ditto.    (Dried  in  natural  condition.)    Key  West.    Boston  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist. 

31^^  \  ^^**^-    ^^'  ^^^^*  ^^'  ^^*^>  Hyatt.)    Florida  Keys.    Isaacs  &  Co. 

3154-66.  Ditto.    (S,  dura^  var.  graviday  Hyatt.)    Florida  Keys.    Isaacs  &, 

Co. 
3172.  Ditto.    Dried  in  natural  state.     {Aplysina  aurca,  Eyvktt,)    Bahamas. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. 
3168-71.  Ditto.     (Cleaused.)     {S,  dura,  var.   puuctatay   Hyatt.)     Florida 

Keys.     Isaacs  &  Co. 
3177.  Ditto.     (Dried  in  natural  state.)    (iS^.    cerebri/ormiSy   Hyatt.)    Key 

West.     Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. 
3173-76.  Ditto.    (Cleansed.)    Key  West  and  Bahamas.    Isaacs  &  Co. 
3178-9.  Ditto.     (S.  tnbulifcrayljam.).     Florida  and  Bahamas.     Isa.aca&Co. 
3160-85.  Ditto.     (6'.   tubulifera,  var.  roiundCy  Hyatt.)    Florida  Keys  and 

Bahamas.     Isaacs  &  Co. 
-  3186.  Ditto.     (Dried  in  natural  condition.)    Florida  Keys.     Boston  Soc. 

Nat.  Hist. 


264     ANIMAL  RE80UBCE8  AKD  l-^tlHEBIES  OF  UNITSD  STAIU. 

3169-90.  Ditto,      (Cleansed.)      (S.    htbutifera,    T«r.    Ji*e0rwli,    Hfsi 

Florida  Keys  and  Bahanuw.    laaacs  A.  Co. 
3192-80.  Ditto.     (5.  goi^pina,  D.  &,  M.,  var.  lumta.)     Fknid*  Key*  : 

Bahanus.     Isaacs  &■  Co. 
3197.  Ditto.    (5.  jpwjrpna,  Tar.  (ftudrUfoo.)   Florida  Xbjw  and  Baluw 

Iaaac8  &  Co. 
3198-3302.  Ditto.     («.  9onyj)<aa,vaT.  jmroM.)    Florid* Keya end  Balm 

Isaacs  &  Co. 

2.  Uaefiil  as  au  elastic  medinm  or  absorbent: 

3S13a.  Sponge  prepared  for  nee  as  lint  in  mugtay.     Wm.  B.  Moaea,  Wi 

ingt«D,  D.  C. 
3S11.  Ditto.     For  stuffing  onshiona  and  packing.     Florida.     Jas.  Keki 

3S12a.  Ditto.     Prepared  for  stuffing  onshions,  matfaeosea,  &«.     Flod 
Wm.  B.  Uoeea,  WaehJDgton,  D.  C. 

Ii^uriona: 

1.  By  (lestroyiBg  oysters: 

3215.  Boring  epoDge  (Oioi>i)«itVtiirea,Vemll).    Hatmvfoim,  afttroji 
shell  has  disintegrated.    Tineyaid  Sonnd,  Uaaa.     U.  S.  Fish  C 

mission. 

32979.  Boring  spongo.    Shells  of  Pocten  showing  rav^^es.    Caatia«,lle. 

R.  Crittenden. 

32980.  Ditto.     Castine,  Mo.     L.  J.  Heath. 

32820.  Ditto.     Showing  effect  on  oyster-shell.    N«w  York  Bay.     B.  J. 

3147.  Ditto.    Showing  varionB  stages  in  shell.    Slirewsbnr;  BiTcr,  M 
B.  J.  M.  Carley. 

Rhizopods. 


ANDCAL  BE80URCKS  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     265 

29314.  "Cudbear."  Product  of  a  lichen  (Leoanora)y  extensively  applied  aa 
a  dye-stuff.  Western  coast  of  North  America.  W.  A.  Ross  & 
Bro.,  New  York. 

b.  Algm: 

1.  Having  economical  applications: 

^Availaible  as  food. 

~— .  Irish  moss  (Ckondrus  oriapus,  L.),  affording  gelatine.    New  England 

coast.    Dr.  W.  G.  Farlow. 
-^~.  Western  dulse  (Schuymenia  edulUf  Ag.).    West  coast  United  States. 

Rev.  £.  HaU. 
.  Dulse  (Rkodymenia  palmata,  Grov.),  used  for  food.     New  England 

coast.    Dr.  W.  G^  Farlow. 
.  Layer  {Porphffra  wUgariSf  Ag.),  used  for  food.    New  England  coast. 

Dr.  W.  G.  Farlow. 
— — .  Badderlocks  (Alaria  esculentaf  Grev. ).    Available  for  food.    Cape  Cod 

northward. 

^^ Employed  in  the  manufdcture  of  fertilizers^  iodine  and  bromine^  or 
"  artificial  staghom^  (Laminaria)  articles. 

.  Rockwccd  {Fucus  veHculosus,  L.  &  C).    New  England  coast.    Dr. 

W.  G.  Farlow. 
.  Bull-head  kelp  {Nereocyslia  Lutkeana,  P.  &  M.).     Stems  made  by  In- 
dians into  ii8hing-linc«.    Northwest  coast  of  America.    W.  H.  Dull. 

.  Specimens  of  lines  made  of  this  materiaf.     [See  ethnological  and 

fishing-implement  series.  ] 
S9373.  DeviPs  apron  (Laminaria  digitaia),  dried  stems  for  moiing  "tcntn/' 

Newfoundland.    Dr.  £.  R.  Squibb. 
29373a.  ^*  Sponge  tents'*  used  in  surgery,  made  from  dried  Laminaria  stouis. 
293735.  Paper-knife,    made  of   '^artificial  staghom^'  or  dried  Laminaria 
{langicruri8),  by  J.  H.  Batcheldcr,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

2.  Ornamental  algOD: 

The  following  scries,  prepare<l  by  Dr.  W.  G.  Farlow,  comprises  speci- 
mens collected  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Hooper  and  Dr.  Palmer,  at  Key  West;  by 
Dr.  Farlow  on  the  New  England  coast ;  by  Prof.  D.  C.  Eaton  firom  various 
sources;  by  A.  R.  Young,  at  New  York;  Mrs.  A.  S.  Davis,  at  Cape  Ann; 
Mrs.  Beebe,  at  Gloucester,  Mass. ;  Mrs.  B.  D.  Halstead,  at  Swompscott ; 
Mr.  H.  Averill,  at  New  York;  Dr.  L.  R.  Gibbes,  in  South  Carolina;  Miss 
M.  A.  Booth,  at  Orient,  L.  I. ;  and  from  California  and  Oregon  by  Dr.  C. 
L.  Anderson,  Capt.  I.  Stratton,  Rev.  E.  Hall,  Mr.  H.  Hemphill,  D.  Cleve- 
land, and  Mr.  W.  II.  Dall : 

AMAN8IA  MULTIFIDA,  Lmx.      Koy  Wcst. 

Dasta  Gibbesii,  Harv.     Koy  West. 
Dasya  ELEGAX8,  Ag.     Chenille,    Cape  Cod. 
Dasya  ramosissima,  Harv.     Key  West. 
Dasya  Harveyi,  Ashmead.    Key  West. 
Dasya  biollis,  Hai-v.    Key  West. 
Dasya  mucronata,  Harv.     Key  West. 
Dasta  Wurdemanni,  Bailey.    Key  West. 
Dasta  callitu amnion,  Harv.    San  Uii>go. 


266    ANIMAL  BE80UBCE8  AND  FIBBEBIEB  OP  UNITED  STATBL 

Dasya  Tumakowiczi,  Oatty.    Key  West. 
Dasya  L0PBOCLADO6,  Hont^    Ke;  Weat. 
Dasya  plumoba,  Bail,  and  Harr.    Santa  Cmz,  CaL 
BosTBTCHiA  HoNTAaNEi,  Huv.    Key  West. 
BoBTRVcniA  CAi.AMieTRATA,  MuDt.    Key  West 

BOSTRYCHIA  MORtTUANA,  Mont.     Florida. 

POLTBiPHONiA  URCEOLATA,  Grev.    Nahant,  Maas.    Var./pfMtStwEi 

PoLTSiPHONIA  Havamknsis,  Mont.    Vor.  finryi,  Ag.,  Key  We«t, 

Poi.YBiPHONiA  ferulacea,  Ag.     Key  Weat. 

FolYbiphonla  Olneyi,  Harv.     Doigh-Mtt.    Long  laUud  Sound. 

FoLYSlPHONiA  Habveyi,  Ball.     Xiggtr-kair.    Wood's  Holl,  Uaaa. 

PoLYStpaONiA  ELOKQATA,  Grev.     Lob*lrr-cla»M.     Gay  Head,  Mim 

Polysifhonia  VIOI.ACEA,  Grer.    Wood's  Hull,  UaM. 

POLYSIPHOKIA  FiBRiixosA,  Grev.     Wood's  Uoll,  Ubbb. 

POLYStPaoNiA,  VARiEOATA,  Ag.    Wood's  HoU,  Haw. 

POLYSipaoNiA  PENNATA,  Ag.    Califoniia. 

POLTBiPHONIA  PARASITICA,  Okv.    California.    Var.  deadrvUm,  ig.  C 

PoLYBiPHONiA  Bau^yi,  Ag.    Pacific  coaat. 
POLYSlPDONiA  PECTEN-VENERiB,  HaTV.     FloHda. 
PoLYSiPHotnA  ATE0RUBE8CENB,  Grev.    Wood's  HoU,  UaM. 
POLYBIPHOKIA  BtPIMNATA,  Post,  and  Bnpr.    Weat  coast. 
POLYBIPHONIA  WOOMI,  Harv,    Weat  coast. 

FOLYBIPBONIA  NlOBESCEXa,  Grev. 

POLYBIPHONIA  FASnOIATA,  Grev.     Nahant,  Masa^ 

Odontiiaua  AI.EUncA,  Ag.     Oregon. 

Odoi^thalia  Ltalui,  Ba^^■.    Neeah  Bay,  W,  T. 

Rhodomela  laiux,  Ag.     California. 

BqoDOHELA  KIJ3CCOBA,  Ag.    Aleutian  Islands. 

Bhoi>omela  6VBFUBCA,  Ag.     GloDcester,  Ubsb.     Var.  fradlft,  Maw  b 

Var.  Bodiei,  Long  Island  Souad. 
DIOENIA  SIMPLEX,  Ag.     Key  West. 


,HIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  PISHERIE8  OF  UNITED  8TATB8.     2(j7 

UKI.KSSK1II.V  Ai^TA,  Linn.     niiiacRMt^r,  Mai». 
l>RL£S8ERtx  UYi>0OLossUM,  Liiniix.    Chl'taWn,  S.  C. 
Dblbsspjua  TBNnpoUA,  Hutv.    Kvj  Wcat. 

DkLEWKRIA  INVOl-VIl.VH,  llurv.      Key  Wiwt. 

Dkixsscria  Lepribuhu,  Mont.    Nuw  fork. 

DXUWSKKU  DGCiPIEve,  Ag.     West  const.    Niwah  Hay,  W.T. 

NlTOPBTLLCM  PUKCTATUM,  var.  octllatum,  Orev.     Key  West. 

Hnx>Pi!YixtJM  sPKcTMUi-E,  Eawii,  tns*..    CalUbriiin. 

NtTOPUTixuM  LACEitATCM,  Grev,    Califomliu 

NlTOPIiYLLL'ii  [^TissmiTH,  Ag.     Califomlii. 

NiiuPMVLLUM  AiiKoi.ATtJM,  Efttoti,  luu.    Ciilirtiruiii. 

NiToPiivLLUM  (Neuroolossum)  Andeiisu.mi,  Ag.    Culifiiniia. 

HiTOPiiyLLUM  Rdprechtianuk,  Ag.    "Wctt  cuasl. 

CAU.lBLEPnABlS  CtUATA,  EUtx.     Cspe  Anu,  Moss. 

(JRACU^BIA  MCl.Til'AimTA,  Ag.     Viir.  uHgiuititiima,  lUtv.     New  York. 

Uraciuria  CRItVlcOKXiH,  Ag.     Key  West. 

tiBACiLAlilA  coNKKItVoiDKS,  Utey.     Fluruln ;  California. 

U&AciuiBiA  AitMATA,  Ag.    Key  We«i. 

CoSALLixA  opyiciKAUS,  L,    Capu  Ami. 

COKALU.SA  wju-AMATA,  ElIU  BDil  Sol.    Situ  DIo^k,  Califomin. 

Jania  RCHENfi,  Lmx.    Suu  Diagu,  Cullfuniiii. 

Jania  CAPIU.AORA,  Hftrv.    Kpy  West. 

Amphiroa  PRAGiLUssiuA,  Litix.    FloHdn.  ^^^^ 

Akpbiroa  N0DDL08A,  KUtx.    FloHila.  ^^^^1 

Amphiroa  debilih,  Klltz.    Florida.  ^^^^| 

Amphiroa  Caufornica,  Docaisoo.    Wt»t  (M>nat.  ^^^| 

HsutDBSiA  FARINOSA,  Lmi,    £iMt  cooat.  ^^^H 

UBi.OBKau  PUBTUUTA,  LiRi:.    Wood's  noil,  Maaa.  ^^^| 

LiniOTBAMKioN  poi.rHORrnuM,  AicAcb.    Eiutport,  Ue.  ^^^H 

HlLDICKBRA}II>TLA  RQSRA,  KUtl.      Eootport,  Mu.  ^^^^| 

Qbuoicm  corneum,  Lmx.     Florida;  Ncn  Huveu,  Coniii  ^^^^M 

OnJDIUM  CARTii.AcyNEDM,  Qfev.    Saut  Diego,  Cnl,  ^^^^| 

Gelidiuu  CouLTERt,  Horv.    CuUfomia.  ^^^H 

WURDKUANXIA  8ETACEA,  HarV.     Key  Wi'bI.  ^^H 

EcouxuUA  IsirOKMB,  Ag.     Key  Wnat. 

GucttKUMAt  ACAKTUOCLAPU»,  Ag.  (Ckr^jtyiRenJa,  Ilarv.).     Kry  Wvat. 

BYP.VKA  UtISCtFOBMItl,  Lmx.     Woml's  Holl,  Mass. 

HYPMKa  Cohnuta,  Ag.    Key  Woit.  , 

Rhodymenia  PaI:Mata,  Gcev.     Common  ituUf.    SwnuipHcatl,  Mnsa.  J 

RaoDYMKKIA  PAUiKTrA,  Qcev.    Cnliforuia,  I 

Rhodtmkxia  CORaluka,  Grtiv,     Caliibruin.  | 

EUTUORA  CRI§TATA,  Ag.      GlOOCCStCr,  HOSH.  I 

PlOCAMIPM  COCCISEUM,  Lyilgb.      VdT. /oIlflMHni.      WcSt  COilsl, 

&TENOGRAHMA  INTERHUPTA,  Mont.     CntiftfTDia. 

PiKEA  Caufornica,  Hnrv.    Ualiforuin- 

CtiAMPIA  PARVULA,  Uarv.     Noaiik,  Conn. 

LoMKSTAHIA  BArutVAifA,  Farlow  {ChuUclmtia,  Harv,).     New  York  Bay. 

LOMKKTARiA  ROSKA,  TliiiTPt.    Oay  Ileud,  Mam. 

RtunDONiA  TKNERA,  Ag.  {SolieHa  rkordalia,  Harv.)    Wood's  tloll,  Maaa. 

BltASDONiA  ('OL'LTERi,  llarv.    Callfumia. 

CoRDYLocLAniA  (.-o.KiTERTA,  Ag.    San  Diogo,  Cal. 

FotriDRa  ROTUNDCs,  Ajz-     Cap«  Ann,  Mass. 

FBTBeo.VNELIA  ATRO- PURPUREA ,  CfOnatif.      Key  W<^st.  ^^^ 

Kkmauox  Mi'LTiFiDu:!).  Ag.     Wotvli  nil),  It.  t.  ^^H 

SCIXAIA  Fl'DCELLATA,  DItod.     Gny  Ilc-ail,  Mods.  ^^^H 


268      ANIMAL  RKSOURCKS  ASIJ  FISHKRIES  OF  UNITED  8TAT1 

LiAGOitA  VaLida,  Ilurv.     Fl'irula. 

LuoORA  PiNNATA,  Uarv.    Florida. 

LiAGOCA  PULVKnuLKNTA,  Ag.    Kpy  West, 

WRAlfGEUA  PKKiciiiATA,  Ag.     Koy  West. 

PoYT.LOPnonA  BniiDifi,  Ag.    Iioag  Island  Soand. 

Phtllophoha  MBMBBANirOLLA,  Ag.     Long  laland  S 

OYMXoaoNGiiuBNonVBGicus,  Ag.  (inc.  G.  TDmyi,AB-)-    Peak'Bl*laiid,Me. 

Gymsogonorub  TKNT3IS,  Ag,    California. 

CrYUKoooNORva  QanrviTBei/E,  Ag.    Califbniia. 

Gtmnogo Nanus  ukkasis,  Ag.    California. 

AnNFELTiA  GIG AKTiNO IDES,  Ag.    West  ooMt. 

AUKPKLTIA  PLiCATA,  lY     Cnpe  Ann,  Mass. 

CVBToci^NiUM  PUBPOHA8CEKB,  Kiitz.    Block  Moai,  New  Todb    \ 

CAU^PIIYLUa  VARIEGATA,  Ag.     CaJifomitt. 

Callophyllib  odtusivolla,  Ag.     Son  Diego,  CoL 

Caijaphyllib  disciokba,  Ag.    California. 

GlOABTINA  AOICUI.ARIS,  Lmx.     Florida. 
GlGARTINA  CANALICULATA,  HatV.      Wcst  COOat. 

GiOABTHiTA  MAMILLOBA,  Ag.     Portliiud,  Me, ;  Sanla  Craz,  Col. 

OiGARTiNA  uicROPHYLLA,  Hurv.,  Olid  vflT.  horrida.    Califomia. 

GioARTiHA  luntiLA,  Ag.    West  coast 

CuoNiiitns  CRISPD9,  Lyngli.    IrUh  niwi,    Capa  Ann,  Maaa.    Veiy  M 

Chondhub  AFMNiB,  HoTV.     Catifomln. 

IRIDJGA  LAMIMARioiDES,  Bor;.  (inclading /ridiM  winoiand  tridaaiUAttmii:    \ 

Weet  coast. 
Endocladia  MuniCATA,  Ag.     West  const 
Ckyptonemiacrenulata,  Ag.     Key  West, 
CHRYsruBNU  i]ALYUK!noutK«,  Hsrv.    Kuy  West. 
Chbybtuehia  uvaria,  Ag.    Key  West.. 

Halymbnia  LtGULATA,  Ag.    Var.  CaHfoittiea  ;  Santa  Cma,  Cal. 
Halymbkia  Flohksia,  Ag.    Key  West 
Pbioxitib  lanceolata,  Hnrv.    West  coast. 
Prionitis  Andkiisonii,  Eatou,  insa,     Santa  Oil*,  C»L 
SCHIZYMRMA  KDULIS,  Ag.     Oregon. 

BohizymeniaI  coociNUA,  Harv.    Sauta  Cma,  Cal. 
GRATiii.uopiA  GinsRsii,  Harv.    Charleston,  S.C. 
Gratbloufia  CuTLERi^,  KUtz.     California. 
Orateloupia  ifiLictNA,  Ag.    Floriila. 
Halosaccion  uyDRoPiioRA,  Ag.    West  coast 
Halosacgion  fuciuola,  Post  and  Itiipr,    West  ooub 
HAr.DSACCi(iN  RAMBNTACKUM,  Ag.    EasliHirt,  Me. 
BpyRiDiA  ACULRATA,  KiltK.     Florida. 
SPYRIDIA  FII.A1IBNTOBA,  IlaFT.     Wootl'H  HoU,  UaBS. 
MlCROCLADiA  CoVLTBRi,  Harv.     West  coast 
MiCDOCLADIA  Californica,  Fariow.     California. 

MlOnOCLADIA  SOREALIS,  Eopf.     WflSt  COMt. 

Centrocerab  clavulatum,  Ag.     Key  West 
Cbntrockrab  Eatosianum,  Fariow.     WMt  coast 
CeRAMIUM  NITIiNS,  Ag.     Key  West. 
Ceramium  RUdrum,  Ag.     East  coast 
Cbrauium  Desu)N'ochampsii,  Cb.    Eastport,  MSi 
Ceramium  diapiiakuu.  Both.    CaUfomio. 
Cehamium  STRicrrM,  Ilorv.    New  Englanil. 
Ceramium  Yiiukuii,  Fariow,  mes.    CanarsiD,  L.L 
CsRAUiUM  TENUiasiMDH ,  Lyngt).     Kny  West. 


ANIBiAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     269 

Ceramium  fastiqiatum,  Harv.    Southern  Now  Englaud. 

Ceramium .     Key  West. 

Ptilota  densa,  Ag.    California. 

PnLOTA  HYPNOiDKS,  Harv.     California. 

PnLOTA  PLUMOSA,  Ag.    Var.  filidnaf  west  coast.    Var.  aerrata,    £a8tiK)rty 

Me.,  and  Neeah  Bay,  W.  T. 
Ptilota  elegans,  Bonnem.    New  York. 
Qloiosiphonia  CAPiLLARis,  CaiTO.    Cape  Ann,  Mass. 
Crouania  attenuata,  J.  Ag.    Key  West. 
Qriffithsia  Bornettiana,  Farl.     Wood's  Holl,  Mass. 
Callithamnion  tetraoonum,  Ag.    Orient,  L.  I. 
Calltthamnion  Baileyi,  Harv.    New  York. 
Caluthamkion  ptilophora,  Eaton,  mss.    California. 
Callithamnion  Borreri,  Ag.    New  Haven,  Conn. 
Callithamnion  ryssoideum.  Am.    Long  Island  Sound. 
Callithamnion  corymdosum,  Ag.    Beverly,  Mass. 
Callithamnion  versicolor,  Ag.,  var.  seiroapermumf  Harv.    New  York. 
Callithamnion  plumula,  Lyngb.    Gay  Head,  Mass. 
Callithamnion  h>:teromorpiium,  Ag.,  mss.    California. 
Callithamnion  Amkricanum,  Harv\    New  York. 
Callithamnion  PYLAiSiKi,  Mont.    Gloucester,  Mass. 
Caluthamnion  floccosl'M,  Ag.    Var. |>aci/!ct/m,  Harv.  Neeah,  Bay,  W.  T. 
Callithamnion  cruciatum,  Ag.    New  York. 
Caluthamnion  Lkjolisia,  Farlow,  mss.    San  Diego,  Cal. 
Callithamnion  Tukxkri,  Ag.    New  York. 
Callithamnion  Rotiiii,  Lyngb.    New  England  coast. 
Caluthamnion  roskum,  Lyng.    New  York. 
Porphyra  vulgaris,  Ag.    iMver,    East  coast. 
Bangia  fu8Coi'URPUREa,  Lyngb.    East  coast. 
Chantraxsia  kffloresckns,  Thur.    Gay  Head,  Mass. 
Chantransia  viRGATULA,  TbiiFct.    Portland,  Me. 
Erythrotriciiia  ckramicola,  Arescb.    Cape  Ann,  Mass. 
Padina  pavonia,  Lmx.     Peacock' a-tail.    Key  West,  Fla. 
ZONARIA  LOBATA,  Ag.     Key  West. 
ZoNARiA  FLAVA,  Ag.     Sau  Diego,  Cal. 
Taonia  Schrcederi,  Ag.    Florida. 
DiCTYOTA  FASCioLA,  Lmx.    Florida;  Mediterranean  Sea. 
DiCTYOTA  diciiotoma,  D.  C.    Cbarlcstou. 
DiCTYOTA  CIUATA,  Ag.     Koy  West. 
DiCTYOTA  Kunthii,  Ag.    San  Diego,  Cal. 
DiCTYOTA  ACUTiLOBA,  Ag.    Key  West. 
Saroassum  vulgare,  Ag.    Atlantic  Ocean. 
Sargassum  dacciferum,  Ag.     Gulf -weed.    Gulf  Stream. 
Sargassum  dentifollh:m,  Ag.     Key  West. 
Sargassum  Agardianum,  Farlow,  mss.     San  Diego,  Cal. 
TURBINAKIA  vulgaris,  Ag.     Key  West. 
Fucus  fastigiatus,  A<;.     West  coast. 

Fucus  DiSTicnus,  L.  (/'.  filiformiHf  Gm.).     Swampscott,  Mass. 
Fucus  furcatus,  Ag.     Marblebead,  Mass. 
Fucus  VESICULOSUS,  L.     Rocl-tcced.     Swampscott,  Mass. 
Fucus  si:j{Ratus,  L.     Nova  Scotia. 
Nereocystis  LCtki:axa,  Post,  and  Rupr.     Great  bladder-iceed,    Monterey, 

Cal.,  and  iioi-tbward. 
Alaria  esculenta,  Ore  v.     Badderlccks.     Hmware.     Cai>e  Cod. 


270     ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHEBIB8  OP  UNITED  STAT88. 

Lamixaria  BACCHAttntXA,  Lmx.     DeriFM  apron ;   Kelp.    New  Y^  nvU- 

word;  westconst;  Europe;  JapauT. 
Lamcnaria  lonqicruris,  De  la  Pyl.     Jfeviftaprtm;  Kdp.    New  loglui 
Lamihama  FLEXiCAi;ue,  Le  JoUh.     DeriP*  apron  ;  Etip.    New  Eaglui 
Agardh  Turner),  Post,  and  Riipr.     Sea-oalanier.    Nahant,  Hkm 
STILOrHORA  RHizoDKB,  Ag.     ViiicyBrd  Sound. 
A8PBBOC0CCUS  sisurtSL'B,  Bory.    Key  Wert, 
AsPEROCOccue  ECHlNATUa,  Orev.     New  Euglsud  ooast. 
Rtdroclatiirus  CANCELLATUe,  Bory,     Noank,  Conn. 
RAX.FBIA  VERRUCOSA,  Aresch.    Nahant,  Mass. 
Choi(i>a  PILUM,  Stack.     New  York. 
Chordahia  Fi^GRLiJPOKUis,  Ag.     Eastport,  He. 
CaORDARIA  ABIETIN'A,  Riipr.     Santa  Cruz,  Cal. 
CiiORDARiA  DiVARiCATA,  Ag.     Gloucester,  Maes. 
Castac^vea  viBRMCEXB,  ThiiTct.      Wood'H  HoU,  Mass. 
Lbatiiesia  ti:derii-x>hmib,  Gray.    Walcfa  Hill,  B.  I. 
Elachista  ¥V.CicolA,  Ft.     N^w  England. 
Mvrioneua  btranul'lakb,  Orev,     Wood'sHoll,  Haas. 
Myriokema  Leclancherii,  Harv.     Gluiicestfr,  Mass. 
ClaDOSTEPIIUS  BPOSGIOGCS,  Ag.     Newport,  R.  I. 

CLADOSTEriirs  VERTiciLLATUs,  Ag.    Gay  HeDil,  Maas. 

8pnACEi.AKiA  PUBCA,  Ag.     Oti  Awph\roa  CaUfornira,  San  Diego,  C>L 

SpiiACELAitiA  HAiiicAN'H,  Ag.    New  England. 

ECTOCARCUB  kirsius,  Ag,  (B.  lUlorall*.  Han',).     Ni-w  England. 

EcTOCARPUS  Farlowii,  TliiiTet.     I'eok'H  Island.  Me. 

EcTOCARPUS  HiLicL'LOsrs,  I,yngb.    Cbark-stoD,  S.  C, 

EcToCARi'UB  VIRIDI8,  Harv,     Orit'iit,  L,  1. 

EcrocARPfS  FASCicri^Tl's,  Harv.    New  England  roast. 

EcTocARPtrM  ciRAXULoSL'S,  Ag,     Santa  Cnii,  Cnl, 

KcTOCARPiTs  HooFERi,  ll»rv.     Greeiiport,  L.  1. 

Desmarestia  aculeata,  Lmx.    Eastport,  Me. 

Desmarestia  virii>18,  Ltnx.     Now  York. 

Debiiarebtia  liul'lata,  Luix.     Monterey,  Cal. 


ANIMAL  RESOURCluS  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     271 

Vaucheria  piloboix>idk8,  Thnret.     Wooers  IIolI,  Mass. 
Dasycladus  occidf.ntalis,  Harv.    Florida. 
Dasycladus  CLAVitFoiLMis,  Ag.    Key  Wf»t. 
AcETABULARiA  CREXULATA,  Liux.     Florida. 
Cymopoua  barbata,  Lmx.    Key  West. 
CfiABUSDORis  AXNULATA,  Mout.     Key  W^cst. 
Pexicillus  DUMKT08US,  Dne.     Florida ;  West  Indies. 
PENICILLU8  CAPiTATUS,  Liiix.    Mermaid's  shaving-bruah.    Florida. 
Blodgetti A  ?  coxFERVoiDEs,  HaTv.    Koy  West.  ^ 

Anadyomkne  FijiBELLATA,  LiUx.  Key  West. 
DiCTYOSPHiERiA  FAVUL08A,  Dne.  Key  West. 
ASCOTIIAMXION  INTRICATUM,  KUtz.     Key  West. 

Enteromorpiia  IXTESTINALI8,  Link.    New  England. 
ExTEROMORPHA  coMPRESSA,  Grev.    New  England. 
Enteromorpha  clathrata,  Grev.    New  England  coast. 
Ulva  LATI8SIMA,  Linn.    Sea-letiuce,    New  England  coast. 
Ulva  FA8CIATA,  Delile.    California. 
Cladophora  membranacea,  Ag.    Key  West. 
Cladopuora  RUPE8TKIS,  L.     Cape  Ann,  Mass. 
Cladophora  arcta,  Dillw.    Cape  Ann,  Mass. 
Cladophora  lanosa,  Roth.    Orient,  L.  I. 
Ci-ADOPHORA  UXCIAL18,  Fl.  Dan.     New  England  coast. 
Cladophora  LiKTEViREX8,  Dillw.    Key  West,  Fla. 
Cladophora  fracta,  Fl.  Dan.    Eastern  coast. 
Ch^tomorpha  Picquotiana,  Mont.    Cape  Ann,  Mass. 
Ch^tomorpha  melagoxium,  Web.  and  Mohr.    Cape  Ann,  Mass. 
CHiETOMORPHA  8UTORIA,  Berk.     Stonington,  Conn. 
CHiETOMORPHA  BRACUYGOXA,  Harv.     Key  West. 
CHiETOMORPHA  T0RTU08A,  DiUw.    Eastport,  Me. 
HoRMOTRiCHUM  YouxGAXUM,  Dillw.    Ncw  England  coast. 
Lyxgbya  MAJU8CULA,  Harv.    Cape  Cod. 
Lyngbya  ferrugixea,  Ag.    New  England  coast. 
Lyngbya  KDtzuxgiana,  Thnr.    Eastern  coast. 
Calothrix  confervicola,  Ag.    East  coast. 
Calothrix  8COPULORUM,  Ag.    East  coast. 
Sph^rozyga  Carmichaelii,  Harv.    Wood^s  Holl,  Mass. 
Petrocelis  cruexta,  Ag.    Eastport,  Me. 
Spirulixa  texulsslma,  Klitz.    Eastport,  Me. 
Chno(^spora  FA8TIGIATA,  Ag.    San  Diego,  Cal. 
H0RMACTI8  Farlowi,  Bomet.     East  coast. 

rg^anic  materials : 

.  Scooring-sand.    Impnre  silcx  for  domestic  use.    Alameda,  CaL    H. 

Hemphill. 
.    Glassmaker's-sand.    Pure  silex.    Isle  of  Shoals,  N.  H. 


272     ANIUU.  UGSOUBCES  AND  li^SHBBIES  OF  DNETBD  8TA11S. 

COMMERCIAL  STATISTICS  OF  ANIMAL  PRODUCTS  D!  THE 
UNITED  STATES:  A  REVIEW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  BR 
POKT  OF  TQE  CUIEF  OF  THE  BUREAU  OF  STATISTICS 
FOE  THE  FISCAL  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  30,  1877. 


By  G.  Brown  Goode. 


The  foUowing  review  of  tlie  cliaracter  and  commercial  values  atmnd 
products  used  or  produced  in  tbe  Uuited  States  is  intended  to  ^y^ 
meut  and  explain  in  part  the  preceding  "Catalogue  of  the  coIlivM 
illustrating  the  animal  resources  of  the  Unit«d  States,''  made  luidecdt 
direction  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  for  the  InteniUMd 
Exhibition  of  1876.  The  statistics  hare  been  arranged  with  n  lifwti 
a  concise  oxiiibition  of  the  extent  aud  location  of  the  trade  in  all 
stances  of  animal  origin.  The  classiflcatioD  is  nnifotm  with  that  * 
ployed  in  the  catalogue. 

An  attempt  is  made  to  show — 

1,  The  amount  of  imports,  the  countries  from  whirh  the  proeincB* 
imported,  and  the  iJorts  through  which  the  import  cjitries  are  dadf 
made. 

2.  Til e  domestic  consumption  of  foreign  pi-oducts.  TIic  taWerfi* 
[Mtrts  entered  into  consumption  is  more  detailed  than  au,y  of  thettkA 
aud  from  this  have  been  taken  many  statements  which  were  not  t\^ 
where  given,  as,  for  instance,  the  amounts  of  coral,  whalebone.  ckmi'A 
and  siMJcimeus  of  natural  histor.v. 


ANIMAL  RESOUBCES  AND  FISHEEIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     i13 


iroogh  the  Lake  x)ort8.  New  York,  with  its  extensive  shipments  from 
arope,  receives  the  next  proi)ortionate  share  ($111,501),  then  San 
rancisco  ($4,708),  Boston  ($3,029),  Baltimore  ($2,113),  Philadelphia 
1519),  and  New  Orleans  ($200). 

The  teams  of  emigrants  have  the  right  of  free  entry.    The  yearly 
itum  of  entries  is  placed  at  $26,070.    The  greater  proi>ortion  ($23,520) 
>pears  to  come  from  the  British  Provinces  through  the  Lake  ports. 
The  imports  of  birds  are  valued  at  $109,879.    Of  this  amount,  $71,989* 
mies  to  New  York,  and  consists  principally,  no  doubt,  of  singing  birds., 
he  Provinces  send  $38,328,  probably,  for  the  most  i)ait,  fowls. 
Leeches  are  imjwrted  to  the  amount  of  $4,227.    All  cjome  through 
ew  York,  except  $133  worth  through  New  Orleans. 
The  following  table,  compiled  from  the  ^^  Statement  showing  quantities 
ttd  values  of  foreign  merchandise  entered  into  consumption  in  the 
fnited  States  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1877,  &c."  (No.  20, 
p.  446-505),  while  it  necessarily  does  not  tally  with  the  figures  already 
iven,  is  instructive,  since  it  shows  in  fuller  detail  the  numbers  and  char- 
cter  of  the  imports  of  foreign  animals: 


Description  of  animoL 


Number. 


■ttfe 


Snidt 


for  breeding  parposen 
Mrla,  Imd  and  water 


9,240 

31,8U3 

282.432 

4,.'>34 

6,370 


Mm 


not  elsewhere  specified. 
ToUd 


Value. 


314, 
674, 

416, 
36, 
73. 

4. 


*>7 

mi 


618 

094 

883 

876,, 

476 

793 

187 

288 

737 


2, 159, 847 


The  domestic  ex]X)rts  of  living  animals  are  valued  at  $3,306,308,  as 
hown  in  the  following  table: 


Description  of  aniuiRl. 


tllM 

Dvn^catUe 
^•fp.. .. . 

«* 


Xiinibcr. 


2,042 
3,441 


179,  017 
65.107 


Valm-. 


$301,134 
478,434 


50,001  \  1,593.080 


234.480 
G99,180r 


Total. 


.'{,  :U)6, 308 


The  largest  number  of  horses  is  shipped  from  New  York  (727),  next 
Dm  Brazos  de  Santiago,  Tex.  (363),  Minnesota  (196),  San  Die^o,  Cal. 
•5),  Corpus  Christi,  Tex.  (82),  Puget  Sound,  Washington  (66),  San 
Kancisco  (52),  and  Baltimore  (^3).  The  horses  shipped  from  San  Fran- 
ioo  are  most  valuable,  being  woitli  $500  on  an  average;  those  from 
York  $150;  those  from  Texas  $40. 

*  principal  exports  of  horses  are  to  Mexieo  (603)eliietty  Iroui  Texas, 
HitariOy  &c.  (391),  the  Bri«sh  West  IntUes  and  Honduras  (232), 
•*  tlie  Fren(5h  West  Indies  and  French  Guiana  (129). 
10.  U 18 


274      ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AMD  FISHERIES  OF  USITED  STATES.  •    ^B 

Miil«s  are  Bliipi>e(l  iu  Uie  largest  imiubcisfi'tiiii  New  Yoik  (2,058),  S«3 
Orleans,  La,  ( 1,030),  Brazos  de  Santiago,  Tex.  (J  10),  Salima,  Tes.  (K), 
aud  Uiilvestou,  Tax.  (90).  Tliey  are  seut  chiefly  to  the  British  Wwsl 
Indies  and  Houdiiras  (1,541 ),  Cuba  (1,018),  the  FrcDch  West  Indies  ami 
Gitiaua  (252),  the  Central  American  States  (210),  British  Qniaua  {'M), 
and  Mexico  (134). 

Homed  cattle  are  sliipped  chiefly  from  Texas  (20,390),  Key  West,  Fla. 
,  {0,071),  Minnesota  (6,615),  New  York  (4,803),  Unron,  Mich.  (IJiS], 
I  BosroD  (1,500),  Philadelithia  (700),  Piiget  Sound,  \V.  T.  (Oil),  Detroit, 
I  Blinh.  (543),  aud  San  Diego,  Cul.  (085).  They  are  sent  chieSy  to  ChIki 
(^7,388),  Quebec,  Outai-io,  &c  (13,020),  England  (4,!K>1),  Liberia  (2,S09), 
Clutl  to  the  British  West  Indies  and  Honduras  (1,741),  the  Bennndas 
>   taking  u  large  share  of  the  latter. 

Sheep  are  sent  principally  from  Texa^  (108,747),  California  (53,4^), 
"Washington  Territory  (9,484),  and  Now  Y'ork  (-1,744).  and  find  their  vruj' 
mostly  toMtxico  (161,549),  Britisli  Columbia  (9,484),  British  West  Indias 
(2,299),  England  (2,692),  and  Quebec,  &c.  (1,003).  It  is  snlBoienUy  eri- 
)  dcut  that  Texas  and  California  send  to  Mexico,  Washington  Territory 
to  British  Columbia,  and  New  York  and  the  Atlantic  ports  to  Engliiad 
aud  the  West  Indies. 

Hogs  are  exporte<l  largely  from  Detroit,  Mich.  (34,504),  Huron,  MicIl 
^  (28,508),  aud  Minnesota  (339);  also,  from  Paget  Sound,  W.  T.,  to  the 
British  Provinces.     Key  West,  Fla..  sends  alxjut  230  to  Cuba,  and  Te\a» 
348  to  Mexico. 

There  is  a  foreign  f.\i)ort  of  living  animals  to  the  vahie  of  ^22,970, 
chiefly  to  England  (*12,130)  and  the  British  West  Indies  (*8,176).  ll  i- 
chiefly  from  N<-w  York  (*20,722). 

l-(ll)l)    ritUDUCT.S,    EXCEPT   ElSIl, 

The  import  entries  uf  fotHi  products  are  placed  at  $724,4.j2.  New  Yiul; 
is  the  chief  receptacle  of  these  imports  (*.)08,!)05),  folhinod  by  the  |wrts 
on  the  Canadian  boixler  (A17;J,(K)7),  San  Franeiseo  (?i.>i,7(Xi),  I'liiluii*!- 
phia  ($32,111).  New  Orleans  (*7,4(HI),  Boston  (65,2.53),  and  Key  Wwl, 
Fla.  (*2,;J3I>). 

The  receipts  from  Canada  (*il;t,191)  correspond  nearly  to  the  auioiiut 
given  tor  the  northern  liorder  ports,  those  froni  China  (*43,331)  tollie 
entries  of  San  Francisco,  and  thus*!  frem  Cuba  {5!2,.'>4t))  to  the  entries  of 
Florida,  New  York  and  Philadelphia  receive  nearly  all  the  remaiuder, 
which  is  princii)allv  sent  by  (iermany  ($325,693),  England  {ii65,\6i), 
France  ($63,119),  Belgiinn  (54,537),  the  Netherlands  ($40,145),  Ilalj 
($  1 1,957),  and  Mexico  ($2,670). 

The  total  value  of  the  import  of  honey  is  $61,205,  of  which  New  YoA 
iv::eives  the  ])rincipal  share  ($34,693),  then  New  Orleans  ($13,483)  ami 
Boston  ($8,019). 

Sausagi,'s,  sausage-ski  us,  and  Bologna  sausages  are  imported  toth^ 


ANIMAL  RESOUBCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      275 

le  of  ♦83,187,  of  wliieli  Kcw  Yuik  rf(-t'i\fS  ovvr  $80,000  and  New 

■Am  over  $1,300. 

i>iidea8e<l  eggs  come  only  to  New  York,  wbicli  iiuiK)rtH  to  tlie  \alue 

i:i,529. 

ilk  comes  to  the  Lake  \toTki  to  tlie  value  of  $2,002. 

tic  quantities  of  each  article  entered  into  consumption  arc  kIiowu  iu 

IbllowlDg  table: 


Artklw. 

Amou...    1      V«l... 

213,  WW 

t.^M0>2 

Ml!?? 

42,118 

W,0!3W 

:«.92B00 

73,7TJ 

nd  bmM,  game,  and  poultt;,  mbIsiI  or  uiuealed.  In  ca 

It(.»»8tl 

13,624 

6,  MS,  KM 

B1T.W3  W 

-^Tseou 

2.71»,)51 
82.131 

1»,*I3  50 

je  following  tables  show  the  imports  of  eggs  by  countries,  and  the 
esponding  entries  by  customs-districts. 


CannlilM. 

Egg«, 

Coimtcfca. 

3.0MI         IWl 

(M8,70a  Jl»,ffi3l 
J.BflB.3W  '4B»,«2J 

/A 

Smila,  New  Bmniwlck, 

Hondnnia 

»<>^Me 

DCt«!k,N.Y.. 
7liiMTil,N.T.. 

plain,  K.Y 

iaa.O>ilo 

iirfileh 


i,M.J.'- 


7.W  I  >V»ji..M,  H.  I 

13,  OS.-.  I  KorlolkHnil  I'Drtauunth,Va... 
no. -Ma  '  Oii'Enn.Onii 


UH,42T  !  1U8.320 


Is,  MB.  271  ',  017. 6S£ 


276      AmULL  BGBOUeCES  AND  PI8HEBIE8  OF  tlNITEU  aUTiS 
Tlie  aiuoiint  of  domestic  exports  is  shown  in  Uie  fullomng  b 

ArtlKlM.  I    Aa 


(" 


fiee^BtUea... 

Motton 

Pork 


PrMcrred  metU . . 
lATd 


Total... 


-.      ia« 

i(iT.aAi,aM     aMCT 


Fresh  beef  is  shipped  an  follows : 


New  York--.. ,- ...poendii..  a»,S30,«»  nnM 

Pblladelphln _ -..Jw-.--  ft«<etMO  tKW 

Btmtm do...  *!,«»  U« 

Porllud , „ do..,, I  «.»»  m 

Tot»l .....—. 4.«. I      WSRW        »jSS 

All  the  fresh  beef  goes  to  England  and  Scotland.  The  former  reoeira 
30,906,04«  poniiils,  rallied  at  S:i,«14,7V3.  and  tlie  latter i),304,050 ponndfc 
vahied  at  $9.17,744.' 

9altwl  Iwef  goes  jiriueiiially  from  New  York,  !'hiUiiifl]ihi!i,  lloston, 
Baltimore,  Snn  Fniiieisco,  I'ortlnnd,  and  Bnutos  do  Sanliiig<>,  Ta^ 
and  is  sent  to  almost  every  eonntry,  England  (ll*,727,88:i  pounib). 
Scotland  (5,887,774),  the  British  West  Indies  (2,774,804),  (lei-inBiiy 
(2,185,090),  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  (1,297,GB2),  and  British 
(iniana  (1,(142,150)  receiving  the  largest  proportion. 

Jlutton  goe«  fVotn  New  York  to  England  (219,!)28  [khuiiIk)  and  Scot- 
land (120,440). 

Pork  goes  chiefly  flvnn  New  York  (3!t,239,2a4  ponnd«),  Uosloa 
(10,703,002),  Huron,  MJoh.  (7,748,C«0),  Baltimore  (3.901,O4J),  Philwid- 
phia  (2,144,7H1),  and  Portland  (2,930,359)  to  England  (I!i,7!13,I(iH.li« 
British  North  American  Provinces  (17,090,5*0),  the  British  WcM  liwllMi 
Provinces  (0,8«7,4ft0),  Scotland  (2,847,340),  Porto  Rico  (2,92.'i,975),  ikr- 
many  (1,251,100),  and  the  Dutch  West  Indies  (1,120,100),  aM  well  w  w 
all  other  qnarters  of  the  globe. 

Uacon and hauis go  cliif fly  IVoin  New  Yoik (253,481,047 iKiuuds), EmWD 
(112,050,704),  Philadelphia  {72,7.is.ll!l],  Portland  ( 10,541,136),  Baltiiuoi* 
(6,146,098),  and  Huion,  .Mich.  (2,1^75.004).  lo  Kngland  (322,010,72(1).  Srot- 
land  (31,193,96i)),  Belgium  (30,840,038),  (iennany  (23.7I.-.,0'.I3).  Fniiw* 
(23,107,230),  Cnba  (10,813,912),  Sweden  and  Norway  (■>.27s.22S).  NVlliir- 
landa  (4,442,700),  tlie  British  Pmnnces  (3,032,464),  tlie   British  ffw* 

'Tlie  Joaroaluf  the  Bo.val  AgrJonUtinil  Society  of  Enclnuil  <197T)  Kiuftit  tlii'iiii|"|* 
of  l>e«U  Iwef  from  New  York  nnd  I'Uilwli'lphiu  in  lEe  lirat  four  monlb*  uf  IJi 
(9a,ei2,12^1M)iiml»)tj)li(iv('escpe(lud  tImwUoleimportof  thepi'BceiUng  juwilBi'*''''* 
poondB). 


I 


AKIUAL  aESOURCUa  AND  FlSUEUItS  QV  UMTED  &TATL». 

(1,241,484),  Spain  (1,004.S4U),  ami  hi  enmllci'  qiiuiititiex  to  almost  J 
t  ly  other  country. 
l'ieHer\-e<l  mciiitH  go  rliieHy  ft'om  Now  Vork  (*.i.oiilj,53S),  Galveston, 
\-  t*35!),0ti.i).  Btisfoii  (i?18(i,(u;i),  Oregon  (Slirvil'l),  ami  San  Fn 
o  ($114,5ai)  lo  fc;ngland($;J,lS9,ti88},  Scotland  (*l,2L'li,2W),  Geiiriany  1 
'  .11.05!)),  Fnuicf  (iSl2G,0in),  and  the  British  West  indies  (940,480). 
I   ad    goes    iliicliy    ihini    New   York    (1C6,!>L'4,2.")    l)oaiids),    Boslou  I 
'  ;^it,;n;)).  riiili.k-litliia  (Il,(i82,l40),  Baltimore  (11,072,057),  Poilland  ] 
,  I  l.srtU),  iiikI  lliin.ii,  Miuli.  (.V^o,?;^),  to  England  (00,196,750),  Sirot- 
.1   (.>8,u.-«<.7il).   IJelgUini    (2;t,HS2,27I ).    Franw;    (2^,788,009),    Cubftj 
I  'i'WijiWi),  Sfotliiiid  (ti.a'J«,«52),  British  Provinces  (O.llS.SM),  Noihir-  f 
Ms(5,597,l60),UDit«dStat€8ofColonibiin4,549,!»95),Bmzil(4,2ti7,31(»), 
lela,  Spanish  Africa,  llayti,  and  nnuiorons  other  conntriec. 
gofromSfw  York  (12,211  dozens),  VYashingion  TeiTitory (8,871),  j 
Cnnatlinn  lioiindnry  (»,;W»)  to  the  British  I'rovincos  (18,81 
(4,20(1),  !ind  Porto  Kico  (5».024). 
ilcii»ed  milk  goi's  IVom  New  York  (*!14,24(i),  San  Fi-aiiclsco  ($24,006), 
Itimore  (iE'l,'l2r>)  lo  tlie  BritiHJi  posResHions  in  AuHlralasiu  ($37,609), 
1  (*30,727),  .lapan  ($12,984),  British  West  ludiew  ($8,51)2),  China 
Cuba  (*4,74fij,  llrazil  (iS2,4»r.).  British  folunibiiv  (ii2,405),  Ceu-  , 
riva  ($1,754),  and  Ihiyti  ($1,248). 

goes  chiefly  from  Sew  York  (10;(,251,li01  iKauidn),  I'liiladclphiikJ 
,868),  IJoHton  (I,17LV'--).  ai"l  Huron,  Mich.  (l,ll(Vi2«),  to  Kii},'laildl 
^~9),8cothtna  (l,lO(M>l>9),anil  the  English  colonics,  with  smalt] 
itiiM  lu  oilier  connlrie.s, 

goeM   chiefly   from   New  York   (10,771,003  pounds),   Boston^ 

),  and  I'hilodelphia  (1,141,224)  to  England  (10,501,040).  Scot- 1 

1,7.17),  the  British  West  Indies  (1,277,1)4.")),  Scotland  (1,237,1)78),  I 

Iritish  l'n)vitiot%Cuha,  Porto  Eico,IIa,vti,  thw  Netherlands,  f.'oloia-T 

'enezuelu,  iind  the  Danish  West  Indies. 

foreign  <»xi>ortHof  pmvi^tions  amonnt  to  §04,478.  chiefly  ti-oin  NewfiJ 
to  England,  Cu'm,  Mexico,  British  Columljia,  Ccntrul  iind  Soiitlt 


b  qnandty  of  ll8h  imitorteil  not  Hiibjcet  to  duty  is  shown  in  the  I'ol-. 
Stable.  '  The  total  value  is  $1,400,730. 


Ilcnlng,  pltklnL      Mnckcrrl,  iiicklwL  ,  ^ 


BamJs.     DoUim.     ButivU. 


K  Knv  OrniuwlFk, 


2, 316  I      13,  Ml 


278     ANIMAL  RESOUBCBS  AND  FISHBBIES  OF  CNTTED  STATES. 


The  remainder  of  tbe  iiiiiiort  subject  to  duty  is  Khovn  in  the  nex 
The  total  value  is  $l,0r>4,748. 


Counlriea. 

SardiQM  anil  ucho- 
olltroiberiri*. 

HcrtJDg, 

ptckl.^ 

Ibekcrd.  pickM 

roimrtB. 

Don™. 

Pmnd* 

DdUn. 

Fomid*.  1  IMbn 

20 

IK 

1. 388 

^^.T. 

84 

61.  WO 

No™  Soolla,  New  Bran.«lck, 

« 

lM(tohW«itlndir..»lBrit. 

1 

SOS 

0,479 

14  1          W 

773,331 

I4.trj3 

WM5 

The  amuiints  of  Cana^lian  tisli  not  liable  to  duty  received  in  tb 
0H3  ciustoms-districts  are  shown  below: 

I  I'iah.  nni  of  Aniericm  flalkertt*. 


ANDCAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     279 

The  entries  by  customs-districts  of  flsli  not  from  Canada  and  dutiable 
are  shown  below: 


Districtm. 


BBltimore,  Md 

Boston  and  Cbarlestown,  Haas 

BnsoadeSantiaffo,  Tex 

BoilUo  Creek,  NT  Y 

Cftpe  Vincent,  N.  Y 

Champlain,  N.  Y 


Coyahosa,  Ohio 
DStroit, 


^  Mich. 
OalveatoiL  Tex  — 

Qeneaee,  N.  Y 

Huron,  Mich 

Key  West,  Fla 

Hichii;an,Mich... 
Now  Orleans,  La . . . 
irewYork,X.  Y... 

Niagara,  N.Y 

Oawegatchie.  N.  Y 
Phllaaelphia,  Pa . . . 

San  Diego,  Cal 

Sandnaky,  Ohi^.... 
San  Francinoo,  Cal. 

Superior,  Mich 

Vermont,  Vt 

Willamette,  Oreg . . 


Total 


Fish,  not  of  Anier- 
ican  fisheries. 


Herring,  pickled. 


Barrels. 


338 

2 

1 

21 


Dollars. 


2,686 
28 
12 
21 


45 
14,428 


6 


8 


770 
185,926 


All 
•other. 


Sar- 

Mackerel,       i";S*??il  not  else- 
pickled.        J^^?;^^-  when^ 


in  oil. 


Barrels.  Dollars. 


34 


14,873 


158 


180, 615 


6 


8 


14 


Dollars. 


309 

43,130 

417 


1,082 


43 


o 
67 


65,188 
578, 923 


105 


1,475 


82,134 
4 


■|- 


I 


Dollai-A. 


II. 


8€9 
?9 

im 

9."»2 

.1 

-O 

3K'{ 


1. 

4, 

11, 
4, 

1. 


.'1. 


0 

J 

118 

52 

.'>.-i4 

370 

4(n 

52 

oai 

864 
238 
085 
310 
200 


148  !  773,331  j  01. 
• 


(^4 


The  next  table  shows  the  amount  of  fish  entered  into  consumption : 


Description. 


Fish,  the  pmdact  of  the  sea-flsherles  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  New- 
foundland, Sec,  under  treaty  of  May  8, 1871,  act  of  March  1,  1875,  and 
not  dutiable : 

Fresh,  for  immediate  consumption pounds . . 

Herring,  pickled iNirrels.. 

Herring,  dried  or  smoked boxes.. 

Mackerel,  pickled barrels.. 

Salmon,  pickled do... 

Salmon,  dried  or  smoked pounds. . 

Shell-fish  and  turtles • 

other  fish,  uickleil barrels. . 

other  fish,  dried  or  smoked pounds.. 

Prepared  or  preservwl  in  cans,  or  otherwise  than  In  oil 

Fish,  dutiable : 

Herrings,  pickled  or  salt'ed barrels . . 

Fiah,  in  oil  or  preserved,  except  anchovies  or  sardines 

Mackerel barrels.. 

other  fish,  pickled do... 

other  fish,  pickled. ..   pounds.. 

Fish  prepare<1  in  cans 

Pickled  salmon bamJs.. 

Sardines  and  anchovies,  packed  in  oil  or  otherwise  in  tin  boxes: 

Whole  boxes,  5  X  4  X  3i  inches 

Half  boxes.  5  X  4  X  If  inches •. 

Quarter  boxes,  4J  X  3}  X  1| 

In  any  other  form 


Quantity.     I      Dollai-s. 


(^fitera,  dried. 


—  I 


13. 453. 033 

61. 791.  50 

316, 570. 50 

44, 160.  50 

21, 677 

37,069 


16, 004.  25 
5, 645, 357 


14,907 


84 
385i 
690,856 


i 


3,813 

264,285 

7,985.401 


31.-»,8.''.8  10 
207, 090  5.'> 

39, 4."i9  42 
373,  792  38 

62.  393  00 
3,704  00 
1,727  55 

90, 706  00 
229.0(11  00 

19,2-3  7rt 

190.431  00 

15, 996  00 

105  0(t 

2, 4.''»8  00 

48, 2(H>  00 

7,271  Co 

9  Wi 


2,838  00 

48.044  00 

661,  .597  2,"» 

11,018  2J 

722,997  50 

~l3, 44700 


'   280       ASIMAL  AE801IHCES  AND  F18HEKIES  OF  UNITED  STATES, 

The  following  table  showu  the  amount  of  domestic  exports  of  fi^:  j 


a^,.„. 

tjumlity. 

DBiinJ 

im,SJ« 

^"?'*" 

''US 

234,  111,  ZB3 

™,>i 

K.tstai 

TUe  fuUowing  table  allows  the  amouut  of  exjwrts  by  districts: 


"•iS" 

PUh, 

Fbih. 

plrkled. 

q,«tM 

Cwt. 

Uonsn. 

Dolkn. 

Bunla. 

Dalian. 

MUm. 

Boih. 

Mk 

£ 

«8 
1,30,1 

2 

4,715 

142 

Ml 

M,1S(I 

OM 

iTi.oni 

TS,tllS 

"'2 

2» 

'"■S 

:;:.:;; 

i^"ol^w"'s*"Y''"     ■■ 

11 

Cupi-ViiicMt.  N.Y 

■■"ioi 

""i.iw 

» 



„» 

ai 

I,»0 

.^! 

iori 

gS?;&"«::::;::-.:::;: 

V  .      .' 

ii 

:«i 

M 

1L338 

M,niB 

391 

BO,  200 

07 

64,002 

S,TM 
388,778 

'  i,8«i     i.m     at 

M,»S7 

1«8,41S 

313,042 

289 

^709 

::::;■■ 

::::::" 

2,5K 

KSjiri.;:-.:::: 

-■* 

032 

-4.;ij. 

'2.*W7" 
4.BB3 

21.  »H 

"ie 

■AM 

'"""i,i4!i 

17,  GOD 

E;": """--I 

51.5^ 

i,"6fl^«3  ...'....: 

B,2M       6,1(0 
7, 71U           LIH) 

WilhuiM-.H',  OT..B    

Vcnouot,  [jikm  fnuo  C»- 

isftWi 

ISO,  IJl 

114,338  1  70,  217 

1 

468,738 

2,48a,Ka 

170,  d" 

iW«,i«0 

431.  M 

r 


NIMAL'BESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     281 

allowing  table  shows  the  amounts  of  domestic  exports  of  fish  by 

js: 


Coontrieft. 


Republic 


jerican  States 


Fish,  ^ied  or 
smoked. 


Cwt.    Dollars. 


105 


'st  Indies 


'Ht  Indies  and  French  Guiana, 
ssessions  in  Africa  and  a^a- 
ids 


Messions,  all  other, 
iin:  Englimd 


45 


170 


1.316 


343 


624 


19, 039  I  84, 228 


a,  New  Brunswick,  and  Prince 

Island 

itario,  Bupert's  Land,  and  the 

st  Territory 

umbia 

and  and  Labrador 

'St  Indies  and  Bi^tish  Honduras 
iana - 


(sessions  in  Africa 

(Sessions  in  Australasia, 
[slands 


is 

st  Indies. 


loira,  and  Capo  Verde  Islands. 
e  PosM*8sions  in  Africa  and  ad- 
lands  

ilatic 

igo 


22 

86 

242 


163 
380 
012 


Fish, 
fresh. 


Dollars. 


Fish,  pioUed. 


Barrels.  Dollars. 


0 

50 

121 


60 
541 
857 


2,312 
305 


6,000 
2,302 


Fish,  oth- 
er cured. 


Oysters. 


Dollars. 


770 

300 

5,039 

3, 420 

2,572 


Dollars. 


812 

12 

1,841 

240 
2,555 


27       2,714     18,480 


0.502 

2,002 

87 

70 

5,084 

040 

104 

815 


41,  352 

18.000 

600 

350 

27,709 

4,886 

080 

3,474 


00 

62,387 

10 

55 

371 

42 

1 

24,004 

72 


644 

372,  025 

60^ 

406 

1,238 

443 

7 

77,818 

315 


611 
22 


3,205 
00 


oHsessions  in  Africa  and  a(\ja- 
ads 


id  Norway 

ites  of  Colombia. 


Hlands  and  ports,  not  elsewhere 


3,400 

18,483 

5,720 


19,503 
87,687 
24, 077 


196 
1,997 


760 
12, 142 


710 


5 


53,660 


270 

170 

746 

1,030 

2,046 

210 
2 


2.107 
1,042 
4,151 
4,700 

12, 137 

1,628 
16 


86 
222 


5,540 
1,478 


81 

626 

026 

20,737 


33,066 
0,280 


866 

4.652 

7,352 

225,040 


143 


430 

4 

6 

2,102 


3,117 

43 

56 

11,416 


2,480 

43,307 

7,286 

612 

13. 05.1 

72,536 

1,  587, 457 

5.  514 

50 

21,787 
2, 453 
L20 
25,280 
1.000 
201,606 
341 
207,468 
17, 701 
31.344 


402 

236 

;{4 


50 
i  18, 420 
i  11K,6J4 
I   2,CC7 

5,003 

I  56.516 

1.849 

I     68 

1.401 

I    800 

38 

'    183 

33,143 

2,002 

482 


1 
13 


10 
141 


i. 


2,523 
3,048 
5,067 


I    2,112 

00,200  I        588 
I     1,258 


16,534 
5,146 
8,137 


20,  516 
715 


101,402 

i    5, 232 


5, 160 
33 


J 

taken  frt)m  Canadian  reports 

id  total 


159, 648 


791, 785 
189, 151 

980,  936 


13 


129 


3.435 

14,  315 

20 

360 

66 
27 

6,757 
65, 401 

8,112 

384 

4,400 

13,080 

1,117 

7,256 

4,551 


43 


3,404 

72 

437 


14 

3,005 

145 


114, 138     76,  227   486, 738   2,  486,  225 


224 

2,  157 
1.381 

181 

200,  620 
170,  610 

4.11,230 


thousand  nine  Inindred  and  tliree  barrels  of  i)ickled  herring, 
at  $9,088,  passed  througli  Boston  to  Sweden  and  Norway  as  a 
export. 

?llaneous  fish  to  the  vahie  of  832,120  goes  as  foreign  export  to 
d  ($22,098),  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  (8o,795),  the  Fi^neli 
adies  ($3,932),  Quebec,  Ontario,  &c.  (8215),  and  Austrahisia  ($80). 
i  amomit  Boston  sends  the  most  ($31,905)  and  Portland  the  re- 
r  ($215). 


282     ANIMAL  RESOnSCEB  AND  FI8HEBIE8  OF  UtriTBD  8TATe& 
The  following  tivble  shown  the  foreign  exxurta  of  fish : 


YiMb.  bM  at  AmraioB  liAalm. 

Comitriej.. 

piSn?s. 

Bunl*. 

Dalian. 

Donus.      j     Dd 

ODtnlAmeriiiiiSUiteB 

LM 

••2i 

XocB  Scotia.  NeiiltnuiBwiok.  and  Prince  Bdwacd  IiUnd 

in 

S 

21 

KSM 

<T7 

^ 

n 

2*,T» 

The  vahie  of  the  import  of  yudressed  fur-skins  is  shown  in  Ilie  i 
tflhie: 

Jmp«rt»  of  fur-tkinn  undrtited. 
AreeDtine  Ri^jiiililic ,.,,.,, . ,...'...     t^ 


Chioa. . . 
l'>«mcb  Wmt  Ii 


lipH  ajid  Prenrh  (iiijaiia 


1 


MAL  RESOURCES  AITD  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     283 

jht  forward 12,400,747 

,  New  Brunswick,  &c 281 

essious  in  Australasia 239 

16  Baltic  and  White  Seas 178 

^ 115 

63 

nd  and  Labrador • 52 

43 

fc  Indies  and  British  Hondoras 38 

17 

14 

2,401,778 

e  imported  chiefly  to  New  York  ($2,142,947),  Philadelpbia 
Boston  ($72,625),  Montana  and  Idaho  (from  the  Hudson's  Bay 
of  course)  ($69,051),  and  San  Francisco  ($11,874). 
Lie  of  fur-skins  and  furs  entered  into  consumption  is  shown  in 
ing  table: 

'  all  kinds,  not  dressed  in  any  manner $1, 544, 893  89 

anufactures  of: 

,  on  the  skin 1,044,930  1fc{ 

,  partially  on  the  skin 198  10 

,  not  on  the  skin,  hatters',  and  others 1, 229, 322  64 

undressed,  and  not  on  the  skin    8,178  00 

ips,  muffs,  and  tippets  of  fur,  and  all  other  manufactures 

,  or  of  which  fur  shall  he  the  component  of  chief  value...  97,942  87 

3.925.467  73 

nd  lamb  skins  tanned  with  the  wool  on  are  imported  to  the 

3  to  the  amount  of  $22,232. 

lestic  export  of  furs  amounts  to  $3,836,579.    The  amount  of 

t,  by  customs-districts,  and  by  countries,  is  shown  in  the  fol- 

)le: 


Districts. 


a 

I 

larlentown,  Mass 

T 

Pa 

Wash 

Cal 

rog 

Niagara  and  Vermout, 
'anadian  reports 

>tal 


Furs  and 
fiir-skins. 


Dollars. 


20,900 

10,300 

13H.4(}8 

28,  640 
82» 

10 

000 

2,  777,  or>0 

210 

1,728 

7ri7,  986 

16,  707 

29,  337 

21 
10 


3,  788,  802 
47,  777 


3, 830,  579 


Conntries. 


Belgium 

France 

GfiTiiauy 

(rn»at  Brit^iin :  England 

Scotland 

Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and 

Prince  Edward  Island 

Qucbei'^  Ontario,  Rupert's  Land,  and 

the  Northwest  Tenitory 

Biitish  Columbia " 

British  Possessions  in  Australasia  . . 

Japan  

Netherlands 

VenezueUi 

I  Total 

>  Additions  taken  from  Canadiin  re- 
I      ports 

Grand  total 


Furs  and 
fur-skins. 


Dollars. 


605 

8,397 

1,000,380 

2,  WW,  253 

2, 200 

1,250 

32,  044 
37,  017 
200 
437 
200 
219 


3,  788,  802 
47,777 


3,  8:ji!.  ."7'J 


Ml- imdxessedy  are  sent  a«  foreign  exports  to  the  amount  oi* 
id  $105,020,  Qermany  #0,214,  France  $3,227,  and 


284     AMDIAL  BEBOUBCES  AMD  FISHBB1E8  OP  UHITXD  flTlXSa. 

Uoug-Kong  $625.     All  passes  through  Nev  Yori:,  exo^t  tlte  Hou^ 
Koug  sbipmeiLt,  which  goes  through  San  Francisco. 

There  is  also  a  foreign  export  of  fiira  to  the  ^-alne  of  $52^99:  to  Que 
hec,  &c.f  $37,518,  England  $8,025,  Mexico  $2,667,  Fiuice  $2,138,  tom 
Oermauy  $1,296.    It  passes  almost  entirely  tlirongfa  "Sew  Y<xfc. 


The  importation  of  onmuiufiictured  wool  amounts  to  12,171,19^ 
pounds,  valued  at  $7,156,944.  The  value  of  manofitctures  of  wool  (ec- 
clusiveofhate)  is  $25,601,922.    The  details  of  this  importation  aregjni 


ANIMAL  BES0URCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     285 


hi 

n 


1-^ 


"ti 


§ 
I 


I 


lit 
'  I 


& 


i» 


fU 


o 


too 


Sigsgs 


f>4lO  ^ 


•-•« 


ss 


iSii 


35 


& 


!  Oft 


8*^ 


s 


61 


94 


IS 


ss 


ca 


•^sf 


kO 


« 


^ 


of 


i. 


& 


'^ 


I 


3S 


lis 


83? 


ec 


§J 


e»eo< 


« 


i 


oo  t«< 


CI 


00 


(S 


9 

iS 

'2 

s 

1 

'& 

i 

m 

1 

1 

a 


^r    Q    S 


-3 


art 

3 

a 

a 


o 


c 


a 


SSI 


o  CO  oo 


CD  i-< 


^ 


$ 
^ 


§ 


CO 
CO 


a  <p  <p 


s 


CO 

o 
1-^ 


s 


t^cfiT 


^ 


N 


;^ 


OOi 


I  o  ej  ly  2j  ^  p 
I  r^  li)  in  a»      ^ 


53 


1-1  n 
ff     cTi-T-^ 


e»»n 


of 


o 
&4 


M 


g 


O 


06  fi^ '^        lA  O  C«  00  CO  Ol        t* 


lillHSSiliS; 


3 


tnn 


5  •^§©  ^ 


C4 


CO  M 


CO 


s 


O  Ol 

CO"* 


§ 

t- 


«  as  V 


4*  *  -  fl 

S 


•o  •' 


C  «3»S^5  5  o  S 


&:S    !  P  %<■  M    -«■ 


ic 


»-iO» 


co'x"p^ 


of 


CO 


s 


s 

c 


§ 


il 


K*^! 


2SG     ANIMAL  KE80UBCEIS  AND  FI8UBRIB8  Of  DNITBD  STATES. 


TLu  iiuijuitu  of  adhcailo  Iclt  are  valiiwl  at  J28,273.     Tliis  siibstaiiM 
I   comes  chiefly  to  New  York  and  8aii  Francisco.    The  import  of  rootinjr 

t  amounts  to  $5,299. 

The  exports  of  wool  and  woolen  niauut'uuturc«,  l»,v  cuatoms-ciisi 
\  'Sud  eoaatrios,  is  bIiowd  below; 


I 


AliHkm.llasl 
B>illLnuiiv.U 


aptliWo,Ti 


CluiDVlniwntN.nr 

Cli»inpWa,KT 

CoTinU  Cliriatl,  Xts 

IMn>lt.Ukti 

Dnluth.  Ulnu 

Uuhlu,  Mo 

Mimnl,  Ohi.. 

Ifewburyporl,  Muai* 

Oremui,  ihrg 

PortlitDd.Uu   

BiobmrnuLVa 

Btiaa  Mid  Berorlv,  Haw . . 
etoafm,CtL 


BhtuuiiiIi,  0 
B«^wrliii.Mt 


WaUolnro'.He  ... 
WULunellti,  (teas-. 
WllmliialDii.  N.  C  . 


Woo),  nir  and  fltwm. 


PoDodB.        IMUn. 


iuiia   to  Nlneus  and   Vcnnon' 


itdct^ 


Fraicb  PouicuicHia  in  Afric.i  n 

juccnt  lalmula 

Vronch  FoaBeoaious,  at]  ciilnv 

Gnat  IlrStaio:  ihiginiia  . 


(jiii-bCL,  UDtarlu,1tii|i.'ii 

Npwniiiiiillanil  anii'tJihi 


ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISUKRIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      287 


Wool,  and  manufactures  of. 

Countries. 

Wool,  raw 

and  fleece. 

Carjiets. 

Other  manu- 
Cuoturcsof 

• 

Pounds. 

Dollars. 

Tarda,     i    Dollars. 

1 

DoUarH. 

:m 

100 

138 

55 

150 

121 

60 

2,940 

1 

) 

14,460 

riftndff  . . ,,,,..,.,-.., 

170 

West  IndieB 

127 

;al 

' 

275 

ICadeira,  and  Cai>e  Yexde  Isliuids 
niese  PosaeMions  in  Africa  and 
:fint  ialanda r 

1,244 

'  ■  ■   1 

100 

1 

10  ,                  21 

85                    06 

1 

2,225 

I  States  of  Colombia 

1.153 

ay 

• '  "4 

1,040 

uela 

076  1                5.'i8 

1 

1,404 

her  islands  and  iM>rts,  not  else- 
re  sDecifled 

142 

1 

I'otal 

ons  taken  from  Canadian  repoi-ts . 

1          79,599 
1 

26,446 
670,008 

23, 479             16, 377 

275, 460 
101, 106 

1 

096,454 

436,506 

' 

ic  foreign  export  of  woolen  inaniifactnres  amounts  to  $373,753,  that 
imanufactnred  wool  to  $472,519  (3,088,957  pounds),  chiefly  to  Canada 
5,134),  France  ($23,835),  and  England  ($3,550). 


SILK. 


le  importii  of  raw  silk  are  shown  in  the  following  table: 


Silk,  raw 


e  .. 
anv 
aa. 


I 


•Rons 


44, 281 
133,106 

2, 192 
170. 891 

2,282 
819,056 

5, 360 


Dollurs. 


233,390 
1,017,339 

18,403 
1, 113,  832 

19.  979 
4,371,886 

18,108 


1,186,170     •  6,702,937 


aw  silk  coines  entirely  to  San  Francisco  (801,106  i)ounds),  New  York 
,328),  and  Phila<lelphia  (670). 

foreign  export  of  raw  silk  (38,515  i)Ounds),  valued  at  ($209,709),  goes 
3iigland  (37,018  pounds),  France  (1,000),  and  Quebec.  It  passes 
fly  through  New  York. 


288     ANIMAL  RESOUBCES  AND  FI8HBBIE8  OF  UNITED  BTATES 
Tbc  import  of  mauufactureB  of  silk  is  Bbown  below: 


Conntrl™. 

Dnmad 

ptMOgOOdL 

HalBy. 

*a 

DoUin. 

DaDn. 

» 

Im.ete 

».U7 

" 

],MI 

5g 

«10 

S2 

37 

IT* 

(8 

S2 

ia,7».M« 

-KM 

Almost  tbe  entire  imports  of  tliis  class  come  to  yew  York. 
The  amount  of  silk  and  manufactures  of  silk  eiitere<l  into  ccmsiUD 
is  sbowii  ill  the  following  table : 


ANIliAL  BES0UBCE8  AND  FISUEBIES  OF  UNITED  8TATE8.      289 

le  total  import  of  ivory  amounts  to  $379,402.  New  York  receives 
(,727,  Boston  $21,938,  Baltimore  $20,043,  Philadelphia  $2,749,  San 
icisco  $9G5. 

HORN. 

[le  total  value  of  the  importation  of  horns,  horn-tips,  and  horn-strips 
>S5,3(>8,  of  which  $240,487  comes  to  New  York,  $35,352  to  Boston, 
20  to  the  Lake  x>orts,  and  $4,119  to  Baltimore. 

WHALEBONE. 

nmanufactured  whalebone  entered  into  consumption  to  the  amount 

.880  pounds,  valued  at  $1,379.  The  consumption  of  manufactured 
lebone  is  valued  at  $851. 

^  SHELL. 

jells  of  everj'  description,  including,  doubtiess,  both  tortoise  shell 
shells  of  mollusks,  entered  into  consumption,  $162,708.70. 

CORAL. 

umanufactitred  coial  entered  into  consumption  to  the  amount  of 
$.14;  coral  cut  or  unmanufactured  to  the  amount  of  $28,049. 


LEATHER. 


• 


tie  following  table  shows  the  amounts  and  values  of  leather  and 
her  articles  entered  into  consumption : 

8  and  skins : 

joat-skioB,  Angora,  and  sheep-Hkius,  with  the  wool  on  (less  the 

value  of  the  wool) $7. 419  15 

Joat-skins,  raw 3,1B1,072  40 

Ul  other  hides,  raw  or  uucnre<1,  whether  dry.  salted,  or  pickled; 

and  skins,  except  sheep-skins,  with  the  wool  on 11, 795, 029  93 

her,  tanncfl,  not  nianufactur«Ml 4,  r)«8, 491  46 

ianufiujtureH  of  h-ather 3,449,979  7(> 

bneut.   8,938  00 

iiatious  of  viscera : 

Hanufactures  of  bladders 10()  00 

Sold-beaters'  molds  and  skins : 

Entered  into  consumption 14, 23G  00 

Imported  (this  whole  import  comes  to  New  York) 13, 6;i4  00 

Sinews,  nerves,  &c.,  crude 3, 798  00 

L*atgat  and  whipgut  unmanufactured,  catgut  strinjxs  and  gut- 
cord  for  musical  instruuimts,  also  gut  and  woi-ni;;ut  ior  ^\  hi[) 
and  other  cords,  entered  into  consumption 103, 109  39 

ie  total  entry  of  catgut  strings  amounts  to  $140,210.    Of  this,  New 
t  receives  $117,952,  Ikiltimore 812,218,  San  Fnimisco S5,r»35,  Boston 
11,  New  Orleans  $2,898,  and  Philadelphia  $l,(i44. 
col  pelt«,  less  the  value  of  the  wool,  are  imported  to  the  vahie  of 
IS.    This  import  is  entered  entire  at  Boston. 

"^OL  N.  M.  No.  14 19 


2D0      ANIMM.  IllCSOnRCES  AND  FI8HEEIE8  OF  UNITED  STATES.  1 

inDEa  a:(d  skins.  ^ 
Tlie  roIlowLD^  shows  the  valne  of  importatioiis  of  bides  aiid  skius:        i 

ArKuntino  Republic ^2,071,181     ' 

Austria 26.S4S    ' 

Beljriura SUETT 

Broial l,13fl,SW 

Contnl  American  Stftt«M A'lr. 

Cliili I9.K! 

Chiutt W! 

Frauco ZtJ.TH 

French  West  Indies  and  French  Goiima IMS 

Frmiph  FnMeaMona  in  Africa Wi,Mj 

All  otlier French  PoeBMBioiu l.Pi 

Qermany 234,13 

England l.a*,l« 

Nova  Suotto,  Now  Brunswick,  dio 1*.3B 

Suubec,  Ontario.  &c 4a3,i» 

ritish  Colnmbia a,« 

Neufrmndland  aud  Labrador i,Sl 

Brilbli  West  InditH  and  Hondnriu .     1T,ST 

-■ilbli  (iQiaua m 

_   itiHh  East  Indies 1.279.«il 

Britiull  I'osBPBsions  in  Airica lS4.'lli 

BrillKli  I'OHsraaious  ID  Anatralasia ffl7 

AHoUuT 38.W 

Hawaii 5ll^*l 

Bavti ?,«!> 

'    Italy CT 

Jagiaa m 

MMicb - i.m.m 

.  S«therlandB  !»» 

Ihitch  Went  Indict*  and  Dutch  Guiana 93,7W 

Portugal A™ 

AKOTca,  Madeira,  and  Capo  Verdo  Islands « 48,18 

Saultomin^o _ 19,917 

Ciilia *B,"f' 

PiinoRioo _ U.m 

SpiiiiiiJi  PrawMsions  claewhcro    14,6™ 

Tiirlwv  ill  Africa 5* 

Uiiilcd  Sluti;(t  of  Colombia 1,033,OT 

■  ITriinimv l,7!«,fK 

V,.ii,-j;it.'.la   7n3,fiU 

All  iiumiLulterod  ]ior(s  in  Afnta r^S3 

ii,9ea,;iii 
Tiic  nest  table  shows  the  ports  at  which  tiides  and  skins  are  eDteid 
by  the  importers : 


lliUlmoiv.  Mil 

Uonloii  DiHl  Ghnrlriitiiu'u.  Magi 

llraiiis  (lu  HouUiigii,  Ti'i 

Buflalii  Crtck,  I<.  T 

C;«|M>  Vluctmt,  N.  Y 

chic.ii.-i,"m * '.,... W' '..'.[ ["'.'. 

f.'oniiiH  Clirinti,  Ti-i 

]lc;ii>)t..  Uli:h     

I'aiill.'W.  CNn:i 

liiilv.-sl.iii.T.'X    

lll.iin-cnlvi-,  Jl;,8» 

Ilimni.  Uli-li 

Minni-xnlii,  Jlinn 

Ki-w  llrilf,ml,  SlBM 

xl-Ii  iliyi-™,'coni1?* .'.".'.'.y.'''. 

X.-wOtl™n.i,l.i  

N«wVciTk,r;.T .,,. 


HirtTs^d' 

klDB,  OlllPT 

Hum  Ian. 

'Bs 
■as 

■,,7's 

-J'S 

fltt^M 

NiaKBra,N.r 

Oswi'CatcMp.N.T.. 

OawccD.N.Y 

l>siDlka,N.C 

Pa»dp|Norle,Toi. 
r«rlltiTer,  Uiu... 
rivmoutb.  Uass  — 
I^nniilcnce,  R I  ... 
I'lijIFt  SouM,  Wash 

RkhmoBd,  Va  

San  VraDCiaco,  Cal.. 

Sniwrlnr-Mlcbi^;!; 

Vcimmit.Vt  

Wjllauipltc.  Oroa  . . . 
WilmiBgloD.  N.<!... 


ANDIAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.      29 1 


next  table  shows  the  importation  of  manufactared  leather  and 
3  made  therefrom : 


Leather,  and  mauutkctures  of. 

Coontries. 

Leather  of  all  kinds. 

Gloves  of  kid,  and  all 
other  of  skin  or 
leather. 

Other  manu- 
factures of. 

Pounds. 

Dollars. 

Doz.  prs. 

Dolkrs. 

Dollars. 

36 

5,374 

105 

633 

15 

4, 638, 015 

658,708 

1,191^606 

882 

49 

7,007 

130 

4^ 

0 

3,005,685 

442,568 

778,065 

255 

55 
6,377 

280 
41,024 

C77 

432 

104 

7,235 
15 

roHt  lBdie« 

231,093 

258,870 

00,063 

47 

1,350,022 

l,lf»,109 

543,517 

319 

142,501 

120,119 

242,549 
723 

100 

tia.  Neir  Bnmswiok.  &,o 

2 
12 

9 
105 

1,088 

^tario,  Ac 

583,873 

82,854 

10,948 

plumbfi^ 

755 

^egt  Indies  and  British  Honduras 

5 

■ttt  indies  -  - .             

"  354,  i43 

12 

480 

176. 198 

15 

567 

750 

ossessions  in  Africa,  &c 

50 

osseasions  in  Australasia 

177 

7 

1,821 
1,063 

1,214 
1,348 

310 

1,383 

119 

406 

2.785 
1,533 

1,284 
1,022 

16 
1 

93 
11 

1,242 

ids > 

ideira,  and  Cape  Verde  Islands . 
I  the  Baltic  and  White  Seas 

5 

400 

465 

41*7 

16 

97 

33 

424 
60 

283 
62 

112 

nd  Norway 

80 

2 

'Ates  ^  Colombia 

805 

115 

55 

162 
12 
42 

1 

204 

a 

1 

31 

a1 

7, 447, 423 

4,589,713 

500,802 

3, 128, 910 

507. 014 

exports  of  leather  are  as  follows : 


if  afl  kinds,  not  elso-vrhere  specified pounds. 

and  other  fine  leather 

1  shoes 


and  harness  and  other  manufactures 


.pairs. 


Quantity. 


25, 122, 936 


300,484 


Value. 


$2,480,427 

0, 010, 373 

1, 280, 225 

414,630 

450,073 


10, 047, 728 


foreign  exports  of  hides  and  skins  amount  to  8^4,415.  This  ex- 
j  made  from  New  York  and  Boston  to  France  ($13,970),  Nova 
and  New  Brunswick  (812,068),  Enj^land  (810,608),  and  Germany 
)).  That  of  leather  amounts  to  8100,7()2  (382,705  pounds),  cliicfly 
^land  and  Canada;  of  leather  gloves  813,372  (2,280  dozen  pairs), 
to  Canada  and  France;  and  other  manufactures,  817,857,  to  British 
bia,  Scotland,  Mexico,  England,  Canada,  and  France. 


292     ANIMAL  RESOUBCBS  AHD  FI8HEBIE8  OF  UNITEO  STATES. 


The  tables  below  show  the  amoante  of  exports  l^  countriw  u 
districts : 


LaHher,  imd  munfutiuH  et 

CooRtriei. 

I*.tl»rofril1tli»U. 
not  »l«wh*rB  apeci- 

ilBtoeea, 

P-ir.   Doll.™. 

p™.u. 

UolUn. 

lu^ 

™-. 

144 

215 

3M 
40.  Ui 
500. 3W 

» 

t^BU 

t 

.1^ 

8,  Ml 

las 

WH3 

«;7H 

U.1M 

..£ 

Pmich  WMt  Indlf*  «iid  Fnath 

lUqu^  LMgler,  «rf  St.  Plara 

i.ai7 

IK 

4.1M 

i4«3 
St4 

41 

flviD 

4.4T4 

1,M 

» 

3,E75,Z41 

1 

'S^Si'^:-^ 

il.001 
18.<ITi 

iT:ew 

340 
J«,OM 

4(1,  OT 

as: 

EDU 

8B,«33 
402 

1T( 

43,*02 

,ls 

£:.4ia 
s.n9 

11.140 

x.ax 

1.140 

4:4% 

&,M1 

^^^^Sd£ld^L.to.dor 

1,MS 

aii 

ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     298 


Leather,  and  manniactures  ot 


Districts. 


Boots  and  shoes. 


Pairs. 


Dollars. 


Md 


d  Chaiiestown,  Mass. 

Santiaco,  Tex 

»ek,l!lTx 

)ent,N.Y 

B,N.Y 

iristi,Tex 

jOhlo 

lich 

Una 


3,509 

63 

25,585 

25,823 


75 
1,650 
8,457 


1.444 


N.Y 
ioh.. 


iil^;:::;: 

VHisn... 
Tord,  Mass 
en.  Conn . . 
Ion,  Conn 
■ns.  La.... 


7m 

hie,  N.Y 
S.Y 


oddy,  Me 


Me 


xnd,  Wash. 


:ex 


Leather  of  all  kinds, 
not  elsewhere  speci- 
fied. 


Morocco, 
and  other 
fine. 


Pounds. 


Dollars. 


6,120 

60 

88,433 

32,218 


100 

1,658 

14,076 


3,342 


72 


3,286 


4,288 
129,857 


4,068 
^67,856 


3,755 


26,828 
2,116 


25 

8,119 

3isoo,Cal .M.SIS 


i,Ga. 

Vt 

te,  Oreg 


■  to  Kiaj^ra  and  Vermont, 
rom  Canadian  reports 


md  total 


3,135 
7,792 


145 


50 
516,145 


3, 312, 403 
125 


57,566 
95 
70 


60 
905 


10 
202,137 


Sad. 

dlerv 

ana 

hamefs. 


Dollars.   Dollars. 


Mann- 

factures 

of,  not 

else- 

irher© 


Dollars. 


666,173 
27 


16,639 
90 
21 


16 
250 


4,708 


3,013 


30,021 
3,120 


87 
4,279 

80.915 
3,581 

20,915 


300,484 


414, 630 
133,842 


50 


227 


280 


10, 020, 309 


5,065 


1,786,280 


30 

445,571 

40 

27,665 


8 


62 


112 


4, 499, 578 


441 


1, 119, 981 


1,580 


5,040 
1,233 


234 
550 


702 


1,535 


518, 679 


15 

103,103 

23 

7,895 


548,472 


25,122,936 


6, 016, 373 


159,506 
175 


20 


102 


1,280,225 


808 


65 


4.789 


875 

170 

44,305 

60 


2,418 
522 


264 

140 

30, 248 


368 
314 


94.085 


HAIR. 


1,370 


'  26,821 
153 
2,319 
1,934 
3,316 
841 
215 
4,077 
29 


662 
■'44 


5,268 

56 

233 

274,900 

140 

4,028 

32 

5,102 

680 

895 

862 

24 

24,851 

36 

3.268 


301.988 
380,312 


742,300 


amounts  of  hair  and  manufactures  of  bair  entered  into  consump- 
"e  sliown  in  the  following  table : 


Hair,  and  mannfactureH  of. 


Pounds. 


ir,  unmanufactured: 

lair,  cleaned  or  drawn 

tair.  not  cleaned  or  drawn 

ir,  used  for  weaving,  cleaned  or  nnclcancd,  drawn  or  undrawn 

Jr,  an,  and  cattle-hair,  cleaned  or  uncleancd,  drawn  or  undrawn,  unman* 
red 


bair.  unmanufactured,  not  otherwise  specified 

ir 

sir,  other  thui  hogs*,  for  beds  or  mattresses 

Ir,  msnnfactnretl; 

taoTM  of  human  hair 

Il  and  otiier  mMinfiictures  not  otherwise  provided  fur. 
aetoti,  tmlda,  chains,  &o 


121,588 
2,226,602 


M. 


Value. 


$40,652 
41,  C-J7 
90.108 

301,439 
54,  .'iOl 
15, 057 

Its 

14,825 

98,601 

1,481 

3 

748,  J  1:1 


2iJ4     AKIUAIi  BE80UBCE8  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UMITSD  STATES. 

Tho  imports  of  hair,  by  countries,  are  as  shown  below: 


H^r.  ud  nuusAc 

■— ^r- 

ConDtTlc*. 

H*lr,  bD- 
iiuiii.u)d 

Hair.oUter 

udmuin- 

bctHTHOf; 

uotelK- 

•'ST" 

iMlIan. 

Dolln. 

Pmmdj. 

DdOm. 

P«-i.IN 

tM;741 

IM,M* 

M«.»>  1 

ST 

n« 

iM,7i5 

IS.W6 

<tlM»:  : 

a,ST4 

iie,4tz 

&s; 

1.192 

■» 

2.m 

«01 
3T 

1,M1 

3,9!e 

an 

41 

T7.0T5 

""" 

»3,1« 

S1S.S« 

The  imports  are  made  chiefly  to  ^ew  York,  Boston,  and  Phihtd^ 
Tweuty-one  tbousanil  and  three  pounds  of  horse-hair  for  vetn 
valued  iit  $4,201,  pass  through  Boston  to  Eooland  as  a  foreijni  expt 
also  niauutUctures  of  human  Lair  to  the  value  of  $19,329,  chiedy  to  Ei 


4 
ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     295 


QUILLS. 

le  amoant  of  quills  entered  into  consumption,  prepared  and  unpre- 
d,  is  valued  at  $1,051.  The  value  of  toothpicks  entere<l  into  con- 
ption  is  $15,441. 

FEATHERS. 

le  value  of  feathers  entered  into  consumption  is  shown  below : 

tieiB  and  down  for  beds  and  feather-beds $12,531  50 

mental  feathers,  ostrich,  ynltare,  cock,  &.C.,  crade G34, 4^  20 

tiers,  dressed,  colored,  or  manofactured 15,352  00 

le  total  entries  of  feathers  amount  to  $11,313,  of  which  !N^ew  York 
ives  $10,431,  and  San  Francisco  $727,  with  trifling  entries  at  other 
s.  There  are  also  feather-beds  to  the  value  of  $1,404,  coming  chiefly 
ew  York  and  Philadelphia. 

GLUE  AND  GELATINE. 

le  imjKMi^  of  hide-cuttings  for  glue-stock  amounts  in   value   to 

^,722,  of  which  New  York  receives  $163,593,  Boston  $156,448,  and 

amore  $081.    Hoofs  and  other  glue-stock  of  that  description  are 

ed  at  ^10,650,  of  which  $10,188  comes  to  the  Lake  ports. 

le  imxK>rt  of  common  glue  amounts  to  1,112,527  pounds,  valued  at 

345.00. 

lie  consumption  of  gelatine  and  similar  products,  of  which  a  portion 

robably  of  vegetable  origin,  is  valued  at  $90,971. 

inglass  or  flsh-glue  entered  into  consumption  to  the  value  of  $32,236 

267  pounds). 

tie  total  import  of  flsh  sounds  and  glue  is  given  at  $16,125;  $11,727 

es  to  Boston,  and  $4,398  to  other  ports. 

lue  is  exported  to  the  amount  of  81,685  pounds,  valued  at  $16,009. 

SPONGES. 

le  total  import  of  sponges  is  valued  at  $91,742.  New  York  receives 
524,  Philadelphia  $2,452,  and  San  Francisco  $1,693. 

OILS,  FATS,   AND   SOAPS. 

le  following  quantities  entered  into  consumption : 


OilH. 

Amount. 

Dollnra. 

rer  oil,  bronvTi  or  crude,  from  provimeH,  not  iliitiuMo 

(liitiablr 

gallonn . . 

do  — 

129, 2fl3 
13. 732 

81, 607  00 
15,  4(t4  00 

foUI 

142, 99.i 

1'7,  041  00 

rstr  oil  Tcftii(>4l  nifMlicinal               

17  2<M)  00 

gallons.. 

<lo 

..  _  . __ 

1  at  ftsh  oil  from  provinc<?8,  not  duituble 

dutiiiltlt^ 

19,  C20 
26,  711 

10,  »H2  00 
11.237  00 

FMsl 

4U.  331 

2,  597. 50 
41U 
2r>,  522 

22,  210  00 

1 

gallons..; 

do        1 

■id  aU  •»*«""^(  not  otherwise  pruvitled  fur 

1, 124  03 
KO  00 

]MHinds . . ! 

i 

1,938  00 

2. 142  03 



296     ANIMAL  BESOURCBS  AND  FISnEBIBS  OF  mriTBD  STATCS. 


OILl 

A,^ 

Mtn 

n»T«uuW< 

issi 

•  Tbo  totnl  Import  ot ETOue  UDOtmU  to  «ua,D7a ,  Kew  York  receive*  tM,dta,  BoMo,  MW. 

Soap-grease  is  imported  to  the  value  of  (5,384.    Boston  reccdvee|2,38 
Kcw  Yoil£  $1,469,  tbe  Lake  ports  $894,  aud  Pliiladelphia  #637. 
The  total  import  of  sperm  oil  is  $5,590,  all  coming  to  Sao  FnnHMi 
The  next  table  shows  the  exports  of  oils  and  fata: 


Olli.tliti.ltc 

ADMODM. 

Ddn 

i>;ta: 
i.flia.iiB 

♦HI 

Tliere  is  a  foreign  export  of  whale  and  other  iisli  oils,  appareotlyliM 
the  British  Provinces  through  Boston  to  Belgium;  tliis  amounts  tolSJI 
gallons,  valued  at  $26,669.  A  small  foreign  expoit  of  dutiable  gilt<' 
this  description  goes  to  Quebec,  Ontario,  &c.  (1,459  gallons),  tbe  BtitU 
West  Indies  (23C),  and  Brazil  (10).  This  whole  export  amounts  to  1.% 
gallons,  valued  at  $794.    It  passes  through  Boston  (1,363  gallMUJu' 


ABIIUL  BESOUBCES  ikND  FI8HBBIB8  OP  UNITED  STATES.     297 


FMR., 

..TI^U. 

DtatrieU. 

'^SSS.'S 

While  amaaih.  not 

GaUona, 

Dothn. 

OoIlcHlL 

DolUn. 

82.007 

i'£ 

10.1W 

«,78! 

%m 

wo 

iB3S 

Z(N 

12> 

tS 

IS 

1*8.708 

84,088 

FEBFITUEBT  HATEBULS. 

The  next  table  shows  the  quantity  entered  into  consmnption  of  mate- 
itate  used  by  perfdmero : 


Oimcn.. 

Uollun. 

^m 

COLORING  MATEEIALS. 
Hk  uext  table  shows  the  quantity  entered  into  consumption  of  sub- 
•Manceu  used  by  color-makers : 


DoKFiplian. 

Pounds 

D..1U.™. 

^WteHl 

1.304,370 

*54;78i 

jE4^n«.SM«l.bntt«>.ud.tlek 

_D,Wli 

The  total  import  of  cochineal  is  1,324,1(k)  pounds,  valued  at  $640,325. 
The  next  table  shows  the  quantity  of  cochiuad  imported,  by  conn- 


Importt  of  eochtKeal. 

W                                                     Ccantrieg. 

Pffimda. 

DoUan. 

||>» 

»ffi 

BBS- 

298     ANIMAL  EBS0DBCB8  AND  FISHSUIKS  OF  DHITED  STATES. 
The  next  table  shows  the  quantit;  of  imports  by  costome  districU: 


Slatrict*. 


New  York  .... 

Bdston 

FhiladelphU.. 

Saa  Pnuialico. 


In  addition  to  tlie  above,  we  find  that  66,9S6  pounds,  raloed  * 
$52,938,  -p&ss  through  New  York  to  England  {foreign  cxiwrts). 


The  nest  table  shows  the  quantity  entered  into  cousamptiwi  of  ■ 
aud  manufactures  thereof. 


Dwrrii^n. 

AnouiL 

- 

Wu..iidi<u>oiilhct 

ore.  or. 

1&8K 

J 

CuUtOttM 

nrlnepnyldedlbr 

^ 

The  total  import  of  wax  aniouiiti^  to  $16,844,  of  which  Sew  Yort»- 

ceives  $11,764  and  Philadelphia  63,330. 
The  total  export  of  wax  amounts  to  276,891  pounds,  valuint  at  i 
The  total  export  of  bone-black,  ivorj-black,  and  lamp-black  (I 

ier  not  of  animal  origin),  amounts  to  515,488  pounds,  valued  at  I 


ANIMAL  BK80URCES  AND  FISHEBIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     299 

die  mannfactore  of  fertilizers,"  is  placed  at  $82,882.  The  amount  en- 
tered into  consumption  is  $56,935. 

The  principal'  import  is  through  the  Lake  ports,  whidi  enter  to  the 
ralne  of  $52,469.  Baltimore,  the  seat  of  many  extensive  fertilizer  fac> 
wiies,  receives  to  the  value  of  $23,857,  New  York  $4,937,  and  Bostou 
Kl,475. 

The  total  export  of  bones  and  bone-dust  amounts  to  7,072,000  pounds^ 
rafaied  at  $121,493. 

GUANO  AND  OTHER  FEBTILIZEBS. 

The  imi>ort  entry  of  guano,  except  from  bonded  islands,  is  placed  at 
^1^482  tons,  valued  at  $873,790. 

The^xport  of  guano  amounts  to  954  tons,  valued  at  $41,530.  2,757 
OBS,  valued  at  $77,190,  goes  as  a  foreign  export  to  Ireland  (1,537  tons),. 
England  (680),  and  Cuba  (535).  It  passes  through  Petersburg,  Ya. 
1,437  tons),  Beaufort,  S.  C.  (779),  and  New  York  (541). 

Other  fertilizers  are  imported  to  the  value  of  $157,471.  Of  this* 
iBUHmt  Baltimore  receives  $48,230,  New  York  $18,897,  Philadelphia 
W^13,  and  other  ports  $80,647. 

■  lianures,  probably  mostly  animal,  are  exported,  to  the  value  of 
Mt/>76|602. 

SPECIMENS   OF   NATUEAL   HISTORY. 


The  following  entered  into  consumption : 

of  natural  history,  botany,  and  mineralogy  for  cabineta,  ^c,  and 


^Ni  lor  sale 
bMons 


_  and  other  preparations  of  anatomy 

•rfMbirds!^".'.'!!."""'..*.' !.".".'.'"///..'."'/."/. 
VmUb 


112, 191 

4,040 

11 

li097 

375 


Total 17,714 

The  following  table  shows  the  countries  from  which  guano  is  imported  r 


Countries. 


^H. 


m^ 


West  IndicA  and  Rrit- 
Hoodunis 


Guano  (except  Irom 
bonded  islands). 


Tons. 


1,832 

Hi 

4 

615 

100 

70 


Dollars. 


55,  lao 
790 
317 

7, 123 

3,178 

143 


Countries. 


Guano  (except  from 
bonded  islands). 


Mexico 

Venezuela 

All  other  countries  and  ports 
in  South  America 

Total 


Tons. 


18, 481 
4,403 


25,  582 


Dollars. 


741. 124 
f55,  27G. 


873,  390 


Gnano  is  brought  chiefly  to  Kew  York  (1G,738  tons),  Baltimore  (7,732),. 
idelphia  (673),  Norfolk  (300),  San  Francisco  (122),  and  :5^ew  Or- 


2U4      AKUUL  KEB01TBCE8  AND  FI8HEBIE8  OF  tTHlTED  STAin. 
The  imports  of  hair,  by  countries,  are  as  sho'wii  below: 


Hair,  u 

™™° 

HoneJuirferiran 
big. 

Coimtriee. 

=£ 

Hair,  other 

iMlUn. 

DolUn. 

Ponud*. 

Didlua. 

PMBfc    Dd 

B«,H1 

M1,M» 

M*.»|  a 

ST 

335 

1«,71B 

»S.«6 

OlSU 

BS2 

ia,7« 

»»,TH 

B,Z78 
!l.lff7 

IT.  Ml 

1,1IB 

IS* 

a.  ITS 

i;£ 

«oi 

>.„ 

3,926 

5>S 

"f!S.  * 

41 

7T,075 

162. 5M 

KI3.14S 

213.  SW 

Tbe  imports  are  made  chiefly  to  ^cw  York,  Boston,  and  Plijladel}ita 
'Xweuty-one  thousand  and  three  pounds  of  horse-hair  for  weaiii 
valned  at  $1,201,  pass  through  Boston  to  £u||hiud  as  a  foreifni  eipv 
also  manufactui'es  of  hiuuau  hair  to  the  value  of  $19,320,  chiefly  to  ¥n 

l;iiiil.  mill  (illii-riiair  maiLurnctiiivs  fw: !..-.',»:)  rliirllv  in  !;.1jjiimi 


4 
ANIMAL  RESOURCES  AND  FISHERIES  OF  UNITED  STATES.     295 


QUILLS. 

The  iMnoant  of  quills  entered  into  consumption,  prepared  and  unpre- 
pared, is  valued  at  $1,051.  The  value  of  toothpicks  entered  into  con- 
mimption  is  $15,441. 

FEATHERS. 

The  value  of  feathers  entered  into  consumption  is  shown  below : 

Feathers  and  down  for  beds  and  feather-beds $12,531  50 

Ornamental  feathers,  ostrich,  vnltare,  cock,  &.c,,  crude Go4, 450  20 

Feathers,  dressed,  colored,  or  manofactured 15,352  00 

The  total  entries  of  feathers  amount  to  $11,313,  of  which  !N^ew  York 
receives  $10,431,  and  San  Francisco  $727,  with  trifling  entries  at  other 
ports.  There  are  also  feather-beds  to  the  value  of  $1,404,  coming  chiefly 
to  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

GLUE  AND  GELATINE. 

The  import  of  hide-cuttings  for  glue-stock  amounts  in  value  to 
$a20,722,  of  which  New  York  receives  $163,593,  Boston  $156,448,  and 
Baltimore  $081.  Hoofs  and  other  glue-stock  of  that  description  are 
▼alned  at  ^10,650,  of  which  $10,188  comes  to  the  Lake  ports. 

The  imjiort  of  common  glue  amounts  to  1,112,527  pounds,  valued  at 
$28,345.60. 

The  consumption  of  gelatine  and  similar  products,  of  whi(*>h  a  portion 
is  probably  of  vegetable  origin,  is  valued  at  $90,971. 

Isinglass  or  flsh-glue  entered  into  consumption  to  the  value  of  $32,230 
^fi,267  pounds). 

The  total  import  of  flsh  sounds  and  glue  is  given  at  $16,125;  $11,727 
comes  to  Boston,  and  $4,398  to  other  ports. 

Glue  is  exported  to  the  amount  of  81,685  pounds,  valued  at  $16,069. 

SPONGES. 

The  total  import  of  sponges  is  valued  at  $91,742.  New  York  receives 
$74,524,  Philadelphia  $2,452,  and  San  Francisco  $1,693. 

OILS,  FATS,   AND   SOAPS. 

The  following  quantities  entered  into  consumption : 


Oils. 


Ood'liver  oil,  browTi  or  crude,  from  proviut-cs,  not  iliitiaMo gallonn. 

diitiabU; do. . . 


Total 

Cod-liver  oil,  refined,  medicinal 

Wbale  or  fish  oil  from  provinces,  not  duitablc gallons . . 

dutialde do 


Amount. 


129, 263 
13.  7.TJ 


142, 905 


Dollara. 


19,  620 
26,  711 


Totia 


tWoot,  and  all  animal,  not  otlierwise  proviiled  for gallons . . 

do 


46,  \m 

2,  597. 50 
410 


jm 

Xdtal. 


pounds.-!      2.5,522 


81, 607  00 
15.  434  00 

1»7,  041  00 

17.  21H>  00 

10,  9KJ  00 
11.237  00 


22,  21ft  W 

1, 124  'j;i 

KO  00 

1,938  00 


2, 142  03 


INDEX    OF    OBJKCTS. 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


A. 

Page. 

184 

'rowbridgii 88 

ilbird-spean 88 

drying-honaes 169 

fitb-q;>ean 83 

t,  Inftuorial  earth  for 208 

•bora  moscoidea 266 

Thierii 266 

uaohlmrgus 38 

nigricans 38 

es,  hatching 246-248 

of  bows  and  arrows 89 

of  obtaining  and  impregnating 

ova 245 

to  artifldal  baita 138 

to  hnnting-birdi 137 

to  honting-doga 136 

iria  orennlata 271 

Ineatos 26 

tMzotic 229 

boUo 177 

mic 229 

lie 177 

ic 177 

r  brevirostris 64 

macoloBQS 65 

rabicnndas 64 

storio 64 

■id» 64 

eggs  appiiratas 246 

preparations 135 

jys  marinns G2 

pipe 247 

>e€h  (llirudo  trochina) 231 

lae 12 

8  gibbosiis 12 

rumeri 270 

ollecting-tank 176 

33 

gigariinoides 268 

plicata 2C8 

sonal 142 

pumps 247 

anes 90 

89 

*i8ton 90 

leservoir 90 

:nlenta 269 

kble 190 

40 

i^ea 59 

59 

* 


Albumen,  &c.,  Imports  of. 299 

ofblood 22» 

of  eggs 280 

Preparation  of 175 

preparations,  Manufacture  of 17& 

Album  gnecum  of  dogs 22f^ 

Aloes  malchis 7 

Alcohol 176. 

Alcoholic  specimens 176^ 

Alewife 60 

Alewives,  Smoked 185 

Alg» 265 

for  "artificial  staghom".... 265- 

for  fertilizers 265- 

as  food 265 

for  manufacture  of  bromine 265- 

for  manufacture  of  iodine 265 

Ornamental 265 

Alligator 21 

misaissippiensis 21 

leather 215-^9 

Musk  of 228 

Teeth  of 199> 

Turtle 22 

AlligatorK)il 226- 

Alopecid® 68 

Alopias  vulpes 68 

Alosa  sapidissima 60 

Alpenstocks    142^ 

Alcidium  Blodgettii 266 

Alum,  d&c 17» 

Alutera  cuspicauda 25 

Amber-fish 4:* 

Ambergris,  Imports  of 29i^ 

of  spermwhale 228 

Ambloplites  rupestris iS 

Ambreine    22^ 

American  Iladger 4, 190 

Beaver 17 

Buffalo 7 

Club-fish 18ft 

Elk 8 

I-.eech 231 

MUler's  Thumb 34 

Sable 189^ 

Otter 4 

Sardines 186 

Sole 2C 

Amia  calva 63 

AmiidsB 63 

Amiurus  catus 62 

Amanaia  multifida 265 

Ammodytes  americanus 31 

301 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


OBJECTS. 

1 

uf^H 

Bomb.L;D» 

::::::i.iS 

Btt^k-amaRodkBOi 

BIiuk-flHli 

uU 

S2i-tai 

lO^^                I 

:.:...:  n      1 

::-r 

-     HUakrt  dc™>  (for  utdopn) 

»i 

ExpoHsof aw                  1 

iiii>llvui>BbaviDgs,GelBUiieirrom..     Z21               J 

importaut m-m  ^^J 

BlMClllUg 

1«2 

Fi*li 

nv-^^^l 

Bl«l««ttL. 

Oowmlo 

UT.^^^| 

m           1 

Bovld> 

^.^^H 

1 1    Mnlndoa  nude*                                          T7 

-.^.l^t-pt™ 

m^^ 

l1UTOt-8^ 

38 

m    ^^ 

Bow-nionthed  Ciir-flsh 

'] 

...Ml  

M,61 

"      J 

SiiuplB 

s  .J 

utkto 

Bl».hM.I«dfllllBk 

M 

SB 

Obua-gtiUed  iCoite'O  

!<«'^^l 

.   «j         1 

-    ..     in           1 

BB.U 

ua-ita 

™            1 

lr»"Kh» 

39S 

BiMI-iK>lii<-.  Pii»p.b(ii  ud  haft  A>r 

M«.1M 

Ibhiiw.  Cat-rigged 

148 

niB6-no» 

^    , 

L    sT"  °.:::";:;:::: :::": ::::::"uJ« 

Brwrtplau. ..*S^^H 

■       sun 

K.  ^" 

IM 

B™T««tto|«tra™ i^^l 

BHdgB^Port-W» *!^^H 

^^        Bull  2f.  M.  No.  14 20                                                        ^^^^^H 

INDEX  OP  OBJECTS. 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


305 


P«ge. 

per » 

17 

lBi4di « 

,l«^MIHnUlL    *i 

BwMll-ininnhwl «S 

tKkU S5 

.B<NkA* K 

11,30 

U 224-225 

■dBocUih ta 

Deer  iCirUciuaoIiiiiiIiiMiiiM  ..     las 

nI  FtyluR-flili    » 

jmlmiln  21G 

«)'  tine  uittlapral 141 

npoTtaaf 280 

rubbrr  uid  mukinavj ••••.      102 

172-lTJ 

rapantion ITT 

;tifm  ciinitiw 42 

2T1 

uneuof. 228 

■■tin 228 

a» 180 

(UTDWlJ Bt 

(ball*) SB 

(b;  the  bcMlli) 88 

■k m 

k* 81 

oki 81 

l»e« T3 

ndog  (pudoi TT 

Hm 81 

30 

88 

edRed-BMntti 4T 

38.61 

•ll«l 185 

-liiea m 

Klito 80 

dShaA 08 

Jnmn 4S 

<l  Knl-munth 4T 

!re' matcrtol* 154 

80,151 

142-150 

ntm HI 

.tag 148 

lluop-boi  and  haft  for. Ue,Ul 

ling 112 

ini:,  Ot-rigged 1*8 

HiiiB 112 

liiittihlng UT 

inatLakea  119 

uble 145 

14T-14e 

■to 140 

»T,138 

M 

"  W  Ho.  14 20 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


Choppiuif-kiuTe*,....,... w.^.. ..,..,.  U^ 

ChopiUokj in 

ChonloBlmu. rt 

ClionUrlii  abintiM  .  ? S» 

dlvirteiilil SI 

"         flagollUonuU  -. -....,„„  sn 

Chrygj^niFiilBbiilfiiieiiialdc* Ml 

DTOtU. » 

ChubSuokfr O 

ClmlDoUdia  ovoUii M 

CilisU  usentata > 

Clnlp*di4,  liJurioM n 

CirroBl4rml ,..._, —,,,,  1* 

CiiBt,  Import*  of. n 

CUdopdora  tircta-, ,- TTl 

tnc^« n 

Unau. 
mmibr 

tup«trU.- in 

uiiKuii*  m 

Cliuloatopliii*  (poDStMOl . ft 

r«rticfllatiia ,  Tk 

Clun-liooks.  lum,  indploks. • 

ClUD-kiiiTca  % 

Cliua-nlu* - a 

Cluo  ahoreU V 

CliuuH N 

CMocd a 

Deep-tea . ........  ft 

Hen - IK 

LiUle  Neck,  CaniMd Hi 

CInp  ncU  fur  biriia I» 

Cbirk's  tnnB  St: 

liwiebn ....  2tS 

Cbnr,lievn«   10 

Clints ....  30 

of  l>e;ir X 

ofpnnrn SB 

otwuir ao 

Cl»ja 1- 

ClpaniTB.. in 

ClfoainK  fln-arms. s 

Clearing.rlD^....., 1^ 

Clcar-noaoil  Skate « 

Clews ISftlSl 

Cl<»ct«,Dark I" 

Clothing 16I,MMI»-I» 

FcallnTS  fur W 

forban-U ■. '» 

Clubii.AnnHl ^ 

(.n  ini«Hib'«) ^ 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


307 


Pag«. 

tie 185 

story,  Model  of  lobster 169 

Model  of  oyster 169 

eats 169,170 

reoervation  by 169,170 

Jmoa,  establishment,  Model  of . .      169 

145,146 

3h 142 

jhbark 142,143 

;-out 144 

ter f. 148 

oden 148 

247 

'8 247 

I's 247 

247 

'8 247 

138 

B,  Imports  of 299 

as  oooidentalis 25 

"flah-ways 241 

/. 66 

nes 127 

J 95 

92,93 

91,165 

95 

41 

hrysos 42 

ippos 42 

im  (Stone's) 247 

lUratus 62 

Bs,  Manufacture  of 175 

acid 229 

id 177 

of  ammonia  (hartshorn)  (see  un- 

200,202 

Imal,  Imports  of 209 

m  Atwoodi 67 

170 

>lumbianus 9 

acrotis  9 

ir{;iniax&iis 8-9 

irrcn  Ground 8,193 

ather 210 

'oodland 8 

'oodland 193 

61 

f 228 

aports  of 286 

:yprinus 61 

gerator 168 

rxe 177 

lolders 95 

Ball,  shot,  and  wire 02 

Methods  of  preparing 92>93 

137,142 

I  (used  in  Kantucket) 142 

rory 173 

ols 108 

ps  (Clark's) 247 

(Wilmot's) .      247 

ijBCGbak's) 247 

.95,245 


P«ge. 

Costagnoa  virescens i 270 

Cast-net 180 

Castor  canadensis 17 

Castoreumof  beaver 227,298 

Castoridae 17 

Castorine 2ST 

Casts,  Apparatus  formaking 177 

Casts  of  fishes ...  241 

Cat  (Felis  domestica) 188 

Black 188 

Maltese 188 

Tortoise-shell .*  188 

White   188 

Catalogue  of  illustrations  of  inyertebrates  of 

American  coasts 251 

Cat-fish,  Fork-tailed 62 

Mud 82 

"Cat-gut"  snoods  and  leaden 116 

CatostomidA 01 

Catostomus  teres 61 

Cat-rigged  fishing-boats 148 

Cattle,  Foreign  imports  of 274 

Cattle,  Hairof 219 

Caulerpa  A  shmeadii 270 

clavifera 270 

•'  '     crassifolia. 270 

'•        cupressoides 270 

ericifolia 270 

•*        lanuginosa 270 

**        paspaloides 270 

••        plumaris 270 

"        prolifora 270 

Caulolatilus  microps 44 

Caviare 186 

Cedar  manna  (Pinus  cedrus) 230 

Centrarchida)    4^ 

Centroceras  clavulatum 26B 

"          Eatonianum  268 

Centropristis  atrarius '. 50 

Centroscylllum  Fabricii     61 

Centro8C3rmnus  CGelolepis 69 

Ceramium  Deslongchampsii 268 

••         diaphanum    268 

'•          fastigiatum 209 

nitons 268 

•'         rubrum 268 

strictum  .' 268 

"         tenuissimum 268 

YoungU 268 

Ceratacanthus  aurantiacus 25 


41 

41 

7 

h 

B 

10 

27 

27 

27 

31 

Cha?tomori»ha  biachygona 271 

*'            molagonium   271 

Picquotiana 271 

sntoria   271 


Cero  

Spotted 

Cervida) 

Cervus  canatlensis  — 

••      dama    

Cetc 

Cha?nop8etta  dentata.. 

"  oblon;]:a  . 

' '            ocellaris 
Cbsetodontidtc 


tt 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


311 


Page. 

(Caxiaona  Tirginiaima) 8,0,198 

168 218 

200-210 

"2 

ar 165 

a 267 

plena 267 

ogloaanm 267 

tlvens 267 

rienrii 267 

rcifolia 266 

lifolia 267 

paratna,  Other 178 

echanical 178 

\m 10 

acatodon 10 

10 

10 

rdii 10 

ibifrona 10 

illsof 206 

lorial,  Specimena  of. 207 

at 182 

ik 182 

culeata 270 

pilata 270 

ridia 270 

urioua  apeciea,  Apparatoa  for .  243 

acl  speara 83-85 

161 

Terrapin 21 

1*8,  Brazilian 208 

aatns 0 

9 

i  favuloaa 271 

loba 269 

a 269 

>toma 269 

Ola 269 

thii 269 

20 

i^iniana 20 

ex 266 

146 

23 

Boioularo 50 

128 

171 

ratua 248 

122 

137 

ibyhaml) 87 

ra 241 

38 

137,142 

137 

188 

69 

id 69 

16 

S 

ledPralrie 10 

69 

C9 

137 


Page. 

Dog-harness 142 

Dog-muzzles 137 

Dog-oil 223 

Dog-aledges 142 

Dog-whips 136 

Dogwhiatlea 13^137 

Doga 136 

Albom  grscom  of 229 

Kennolafor,  &e 243 

Teethof 197 

Decoy,  used  in  hunting  ducka 139 

Dolium,  Sheila  of 206 

Dolphin 48 

•      Small-spotted 43 

Domestic  animals,  Oil  and  fat  firom 223 

Domestic  exporta  277 

Domeaticated  animala,  Food  for 187 

Door-trapa 133-134 

DoTosomidas 60 

Dorjs 146 

Dory  scoop * 100 

Dorysoma  cepc<lianum 00 

Double  box-traps 133 

Down  of  birds 220 

of  geese 220 

of  eider-duck 220 

ofrabbiU 219 

for  stuflBngs,  Preparation  of 170 

of  swana 220 

Drag  whale-line 117 

Drailing-tackle 96 

Draila 100-101 

Drawera,  Charge 93 

Dredge,  Coral 129 

Ordinary 129 

Dredge-line  roUera 119 

Dredge-rake 129 

Dredgea 129 

Hand 79 

Dredge-tangles .87 

Dress-goods,  Imports  of 286 

Dress  and  stay  maker's  bone,  Manufacture 

of 173 

Dressers "  171 

Dressing 171 

Dressing,  Feather 172 

Dressing  fiir,  Process  of 172 

gut  and  ainew,  Methoda  of 171 

leather 172 

Dried  abalones  (Haliotia) 184 

co«l 183 

grasshoppers 184 

holotlniriunit 184 

lizanlH 183 

meat  and  blood,  Guano  fh>m 232 

mullet 183 

siphons  (SchizothcDrus) 1H4 

slugs  (Llmax,  &o.) 184 

worms 184 

Dried  and  smoked  beef 182 

flying-fish 183 

foods 182-184 

garflah 183 

roea 183 

Drift-nets 124-125 


312 


INDEX   OF  OBJECTS. 


DrUE" 'Ti 

pKBh-wnter ** 

UrjiKB,  Beaeb 1«S 

I'yyiag  aod  etnamlng  auid-bktli ITS 

Jlr.t-big-bDUHi,  Aborigliial ItB 

Prjing,  Pre«er™Uon  by lBB-170 

DuftUne 61 

Iiiickin«-boBl» lis 

Duek,  QnlUs  of 2JB 

l>udle)r  huntora'  knivaa 7! 

Hugong-cD 

^""S 

I  »nng  of  anlnula  da 

UapUeidenUlu 

Ruskj  Slack 

DnunnUeridB ...«.__.. .....^. 

Hyp,  Bed-bug 

Cooblnool 

L»o  .     

ii.vBtoe n 

Pyo^tofi.  BctMDBilB  for 

I)>?1  frora   gut^rgpodi  (Unrex,  Poipnni, 

&0.) 

I>3~fl«  frDm  nadibnach  molliukB. _. 

iDfntarlal  cnrtb  lilt 

E. 

F^gle,  Qnlll*  Dt 

Rv 

Eu-alull*  (HdiotlOie) 

Kiirth,  luftiaarlBl 

Eurlha  InfiMotial a 

tiiiflr.Cnib 


Eelti»iM u^™-_ 

EgI-w Jrs  with  ll^BM. .i.ii 

EgE-nipperm ,.....^_... 

SgS*'  ■Albnlovli  of __..- 

EiportB  md  Ii>90rti  </ »..,..] 

Eggs,  gbdlof ».»... 

YoUot 1 

B^anlioe  SkBte «,.«.- 

BbioDlds.  Spine*  of _.___• 

EJdcT-daDk.  Down  of »r..__^ 

ElMiliiats  fadooU  ....„ _..„___il 


Elppbaat.  Sw.... 

Eloptuuil-Beal 

Klk,  AmeHoui  ... 
Antiere  of. .  - 


katbct _. 

Salted 

Elopids ^ 

Emhlolaca  JickMoii 

Webbi 

EmUoIaoide... 

aoj-dldw 

EUH  or  ■rind;.  Bilk  of  (Bmbji  q 

Enciroling'iicte 

EndocLadU  murlcAU -.-....-- 

EnsmlM  of  nieftil  u 

EngnuIidldiD 

Engraoli*  TlttaW 

EngraTiii^r  lUiiBtratJunBL,  U«U>odiaf-.- 
Enhydni  marina 


la  Deg  <Canli) 

lurpoon*  (Mods,  booe,  tRm)  . . 
uoMIng-needle* 


nlRTodiu  Putiuuii[ 

bsmu  1 1 )  Minthooliulam  - . . 
iufbnai'.  


iMocnDiaiu  nibbiAirektiu  . . 
■iDptuSWiUeri 


N4a,A«njnK»l.rOTl97.V-TT  901 

Of  HDCbOTlM.  pnwrrod,  FutuIkii  -     SBi 
of  UviDf  unlnwlK.  DomiwUc ZT4-ST5 


or  bimo-black.  S, 
lit  Ixora,  &c  ■ . . 
or  benta  and  b)i< 
of  butter    ...   . . 


by  dioQiGla  - .  -  - - . 

ftrih 

picklod 

Net 

Of  food  prodDcU.  oxcopt  fliih. . 
S^rdgD,  of  A*h 

of  plcklod  hsrriiig  — 


3U 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


P.ge. 

PallJsBpau IM 

FaU-traps 13S 

FumB.  Flih  (modal*) 2M 

F»t,BeK 2M 

FBU.Connuiipticniof. 2Wk29T 

Inip(in»or Ifl«-29T 

■ndoila 823-227 

Fenlhar-drtMinB ITS 

Futher-fftbriu,  PrepuaUaD  of I'O 

Fentherod  iiTrow-»li«n« 220 

Fedtliortng  brneheii M7 

Kutbim '....OB-^SO 

Idt  utmcui  am 2£o 

of  bird*,  PrepuedfKim IH 

CoDSimiptiaD  of 2M 

Dlr  dothing 219 

ImplamimU  for 220 

Importsof 2M 

Died  In  other  roanolkotnrw 2J0 

omamenUl.  Method  of  pTepaTiuj;. .  1T2 

Ibronumenta 220 

fbr  plume* 22« 

Pnparation  of 170 

for  teitUo  Ibtmes 220 

Fwjtnf  deer ^ *« 

ud  boob,  GelMliia  ftom 1B7 

■dheaiTe.  Imports  of 3B7 

Hiiir  UBodia  .,„. ^-. ,--.„---.-..,  ^,      2IT 

Felt»,  HaoQfsGtnrB  of 170-171 

FetlrtB lao 

Fertooyaniili' of  potMslnm 228 

Foniliier- 231. aia 

AlgH)  tor 2M 

Other  animal 232 

Mapubcliire  of 170 

Filier-nBtUng ISO 

Fiber,  WlmJobono loe 


nib,  onndiBipuiUof.. 


Domeatla  axpoita,  )qr  ooaatiiM 
dried  or  Buokcd.  Sxpom  of  .. 
ZiporIa.b;dlaMeta 


Foreign  sipoTta  of . 
fnoh,  Export*  of '  - 

geUtiSH  IHS  21) . . 

Importoot 

Imports  of  tnmb . . . 
Net  eitMjrts  of 


pickled.  BipoHa  <•{... 

FUb-bonea 

Flab«an  for  wgiulii'  uDlauU 
FUhjairts  (lued  In  Nsniui'kn 
FIsbenafa'B  rlub 

sheatti-knire«  .. 
Fiiber  ot  pi'kBD  (Mnitilu  1*1^1 

Fi»heo 

Cbetokal  prodaclH  fn-i 

Coloring  flTBu 

Cultuniof 

imliug. . 


ImltatlDBi  ul  — 
Ivor.vnf  

'^■i"e"'i"tt'jf 

Real! 


Flab.fhriDi!  (uodeli) 

FlBh  guoDo  watk*.  Haiti  ot 

K«lilo«.bo«l» 

F^shing-hoiue* 

FiKhiDg.luir#H, .  -  - .  - 

Pi«b-jlg«,  Muny-pointid... 


-•■« 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


315 


-8. 
O. 


8. 


l8. 


from  invertebrateB. 


Page. 

...     243 

...      242 

54 

54 
82 

...     leo 

168 

isetts 168 

dland 168 

129 

246 

94 

ind  fishermen's 167 

26 

26 
...  116 
73 
...  178 
...  208 
...   222 

138 

r  bass 102-114 

I  hooks 102 

insects 187 

for  salmon 102-114 

trout lOa-114 

>paratas 89 

76 

traqoatie  animals 244 

DCS 97 

117 

117 

117 

iro  of,  d^ 172 

117 

Ipaper  from  leftise  qoUls. .     171 

228 

3 21 

21 
18 
17 
21 
27 
27 
27 
28 
26 
26 
27 
27 
26 

97 

55 

55 

54 

183 

33 

pie  reels  for 118 

do 95 

138 

160 

129-130 

dfor 265 

Is 187 


x>rtoise 


der 

I 

ion 

spotted 


h 

r 

th'back 
lem 

ry 

er 


rded 

k-winged 

»rfly 

d  and  smoked. 


Page. 

Food,  for  domeatioaied  animala 187 

Bivalve  ahell-flah  for 263 

Bivalves  fbr 256-267 

Lobsters,  shrimp,  crawfish,  crabs,  for.  260-261 
products,  except  fish,  Exports  of . . .  .277>27S 
products,  except  fish.  Imports  of ... .  276-276 

poisons 136 

Preparation  of 16ft-170 

PresenratTon  of 168-170 

Sea-snail  used  for 261 

Foods 179-187 

Canned 184 

Dried  and  smoked  182-184 

In  a  fresh  condition 179 

Pickled 184 

Salted,  canned,  and  pickled 184-187 

Foot-path  snares 134 

Foot-stops 183 

Forceps 178 

Force-pumps,  Air 247 

Foreign  animals,  Imports  of 274 

Fork,  Blubber 174 

Forks 81 

Fork-tailed  Catfish 62 

Formic  acid 229 

Manufacture  of  .> 176 

Fossils 300 

Four-bearded  Bookling 30 

Four-spined  Stiokle-baok 64 

Four-spotted  Flounder 27 

Fowls,  foreign,  Imports  of 274 

Fox,  Arctic  (Vulpes  lagopus) 189 

Cross  (Vulpes  slopes  deonssatus) 189 

Gray  (Urocyon  virginianus) 189 

Kit  (Vulpes  velox) 189 

Bed  (Vulpes  Ailvus) 189 

Silver  (Vulpes  alopex  argentatus) 189 

Squirrel 14 

Foxes,  Teeth  of 197 

Frames 177-178 

Wire 178 

Wooden 178 

French  bird-trap 136 

fish- way  s 241 

Fresh-water  Drum 46 

Herring 69 

Friar 53 

Frog  culture,  Methods  of 246 

Frost-fish 29,56 

Frosen  glue 221 

Fucus  distich  us 269 

fastigiatus 269 

furcatus 269 

serratus 269 

vesiculosus 269 

163 

Fulling 170 

Fundulns  pisculentus 56 

Funnel-trap 1 32 

Fur  of  beaver  (castor) 196 

Furof  hare - 196 

of  mole 196 

of  musquash 196 

paok-saddle  (Hudson's  Bay) 142 


II 


Fuel. 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


317 


Page. 

ilifoniJb 17 

«y 15 

Kskot 17 

>uched 17 

oall-footed  Poached 17 

rix>ed ^.  17 

ixaa  Pouched 17 

ellow 16 

■toise,  Florida 21 

armata 207 

oenrioomis 267 

confervoidea 267 

nmltipartita 267 

g:-tight8 98 

171 

11,13 

piseua 11 

tfottled 11 

>teani8U U 

SVliite-headed 11 

ill 225 

81 

•gear    161 

irona 81 

Ale 12 

looka 80 

1 48 

«rpaate 137 

«r8,I>iied 184 

iaCutleriie 288 

fllicina 268 

Gibbeail 268 

tomed  troagha 245 

era 246 

(Urocyon  virgiDJaniia) 188 

tier 15 

Intestineaof 231 

Michigan 58 

»it 19 

6 

per 48 

rrel 14 

le 12 

e8,Boat8of 149 

iportaof 207 

Dog-flah 69 

Scolpin 84 

Turbot 28 

He 22 

na 247 

Bonettiaxia 260 

246 

176 

63 

.Americana 266 

ar 4 

152-153 

50 

Lack 50 

ock 50 

'  Eaat  American  oystera 255 

wkled 47 

tknr-lhmfld 47 

■tf '. 195 

Ifllkartetfliaen^Exportaof.....  300 


ti 


Page. 

Guano  and  other  fertilizcfrs,  Importaof 30O 

Net  imports  of 301 

Bat 231 

Bird 231 

from  dried  meat  and  blood 232 

Menhaden 233 

Pacific,  preparationa  illastrating 232 

Preparation  of 176 

Guanoa,  Artificial 1 232 

Natural 231 

Guards,  Wrist 166 

Guasa 50 

Gulf  Menhaden 60 

Snapper 48 

Guloluacua 4 

Gun-caaea 95 

Gun-cotton 91 

Gunpowder : 91 

Gun-racks  95 

Guna,  Humming-bird 90 

Guns  and  pistols 90,135 

Gunwale  winchea 119 

Gurnard,  Flying 33 

"Gut,"  SUk- worm 222 

Gymnogongms  Griffithsia 268 

linearis 268 

Norvegicua 266 

tenuia 268 


Haddock 29,183 

Norway 34 

Hnmatin  fhnn  blood 228 

Haemylum 47 

araia 47 

arouatum 47 

chrysopterum 47 

elegana 47 

formosum 47 

Hag-fiah 70 

Hair  of  American  badger  (Taxidea  Ameri- 
cana)       217 

of  Antelope  (on  skin) 218 

bracelets,  Sec.,  Importaof 294-295 

and  bristles  for  artificial  flifea  (see  un- 

derB45) 21!> 

and  bristles  for  brashes 217-219 

ofbats 195 

of  bear 217 

Bufblo 196 

Camel*s 113 

Cattle 219 

Consumption  of 294 

cloth,  Imports  of 294-295 

curled,  for  mattresses,  Imports  of . ..  294-1*95 

of  deer  (on  skin) 218 

for  felting  (we  under  8) 217 

Fur-seal 195 

Guanaco 195 

hog's,  Importaof 294-295 

Horse ...196-219 

Human 190 

human.  Imports  of 294, 295 

Human,  for  commerce 217 

human,  Refuao  of,  &c 219 


IHDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


319 


Page. 

Lnggm-neto 123,124-126 

oil 227 

pioUed,  Foreign  exports  of 288 

Imports  0^ 27a-270 

Bound 60 

SiOted 186 

Sea 60 

Smoked 188 

smoke-hoosee 169 

TaQor 60 

TbnMd 60 

White-fish 67 

ring-Hog 11 

ring-seines 127 

pcramys  leaoopns 17 

srosomsta 26 

alines U6 

1 60 

>8  and  skins,  Exports  of 292 

Imports  of 291 

skins,  &0.,  Net  exports  of 801 

importsof 801 

SDhrsndtia  rosea  267 

poesmpidsB > 25 

[Mwsmpiis  antiqnoram 25 

pogloesoides  limandoides 27 

poglosens  americaniis 27 

iophoms  americaniis 89 

riophoca  eqnestris 6 

fis(seennder£8) 248 

lisr  insects 244 

sad  peocary,  Bristles  of 218 

Choker 26 

Heiring 11 

Viseeraof 215 

^  Sxportsof 274 

Eoreign  imports  of 274 

:csnthns  dliaris 80 

••          tricolor 39 

'<^iiotos  pulohellas 38 

**         rhodotems 38 

Ion 89 

leentmmsogo 44 

M^hali 65 

rthurians,  Dried 184 

Hers 05 

im'svats 245 

*y 230 

Importsof 276 

cy-knires 76 

dedSeal 6 

d  or  Bladder-nose  Seal  (Cystophora  cis- 

ta 192 

ds 137 

boots,  Ac 135 

b  and  daws 202-205 

of  satelqpe 202 

of  bison 202 

of  deer 202 

of  horse 202 

of  mnskox 202 

of  ox 202 

161 

123 

80 


Page. 

Hooks  with  ardiiclal  flies 103 

Baited 05 

Blubber 81 

Boat 80,160 

Can 81 

Clam 80 

ny 188 

Gaflf. 80 

Grasping 80 

Ice 161 

Jank,&o 81 

Lance 81,161 

Lip 81 

Many-pointed 81-82 

Heat 168 

for  minnow  bait,  Gangs  of 06 

mounted  on  leaders 116 

with  movable  lines 05 

Pickerel 135 

Plain 97-100 

Babbit 80 

Biggers* 152 

Single-pointed 80-81 

Spring 135 

Squirrel 80 

with  stationary  lines 97 

Unmounted,  recent  and  abonginm . . .  97-114 

Whalemen's 81 

Hoop-nets 128-129 

Hopples 243 

Hormactis  Farlowi 271 

Hormotrichum  Youngaiinm 271 

Horn 201 

Burnt 202 

of  bufEMo 201 

of  goat 201 

Imports  of.  4 290 

and  hoof;  Preparation  of 173-174 

asmaterlal 202 

of  mountain  goat 20] 

of  mountain  sheep 201 

of  musk-ox  (Ovibos  moschatns) 'JOl 

of  Bocky  Mountain  sheep 202 

Pout G2 

Horn-cores  of  ruminants 200 

Homed  cattle,  Exports  of 274 

Horns 04 

of  ox 201 

of  sheep 201 

Horse  CreTall6 42 

Hoofs  of 202 

leather 209 

Mackerel 40 

Horse-fish 25 

Horse-hair 219 

Horses,  bairof 196,219 

Imports  and  exports  of 274 

or  trestles 171 

Horse-trappings 142 

Hosiery,  &c.,  Importsof 2d6 

Hound-fish 64 

Houses,  Fishing 162 

Hunters' 162 

smoke.  Herring 160 

Human  hair 106 


INDEX   OF    OBJECTS. 


■Ita.  Lcalher  j 
HamMlng-blrd  gmu. . . 
Hampbuk  WhBla 


flulu im 

hmiu« ua 

linlreB n-7S 

ihcath-knlTei 74 

UnntlDg-UTowi 88-8a 

HoDtliig-bbda,  AoDHaorlea  to ]ST 


HoDUng-flobB,, --.',..,.. 

Hnntlng-doga,  AoceMorlM  to. . . 

HimtSii|t-fl>bt« 

HtmUne-lodge* 


HuitSng-sklA  ■  - , 
Rnnting-mlts .  ■ . 
Horled  spcBn  . , , 


vf8ieht« 

HjdnrgfniuaJsIIa 

Hydrate  chloral 

Il;droi:litt]]nia  cuicfUatai 

njdrolagu*  Collici 

Hyodon  tergionfl -^.•, 

HyodonUilw 

Hyperoikrtiii -  -  - 

HypraproHipan  BrgeDtani 
Hyprrotreli 


of  toreign  u 

Fonlgn,  of  bT«e4iiig  *DiaiiiU  -  ■  -' 
of  anlmaJj  not  Hptfciled' 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


lafltUblebagB Ill 

InfnsorlBl  deposits,  SpsolmeM  of MT 

euthftirabaaTbaiU '.--      SM 

earth 131 

eart])  for  dynunita M8 

earth  forflro-proof  pncliiiE SOB 

earth  for  flltr™,  .-      »B 

•.arthforsulublPglnaa  ...      208 

earth  for  mnlilt*  rurmi'tiil  eutlng.      208 

Mrtb  for  iniikia>:  murliir US 

Mrtba 207.408 

«rtha  employed  to  manntUtim.      208 
<«rtbs    fur   wlDdow  and    pbto 

glaae 108 

I^jecUng-tjilDge* 1T8 

imariuotblvalTea StS-VS 

UB.<nBilB m 

IntinJiliUii.  iJtudlH.*o ITT 

Inks  bom  nDlDinl  HubatiiDcoa.  Uumlhetnn 

of 1TB 

Iodine,  AlgnuHdln  toanofactnn  of. MB 

Inorsimio  matrriuls 271 

loMct  gtlatitie 18T 

Inaaotlvon IS 

Inaeot  prodaoUana in 

powder 171 

In*e4^« UI,9M 

CaitcafOr 3W444 

Coloiiag  from 1IS-B2B 

iriTCB  for  SU 

Chemlcul  girodiicU  from tStSn 

l-roiiiijiaLioD  of  SM 

rroitcUan  from MS 

iDRlrOIDIMltBfDtclsUlfllg,  lotdillg,  &0 03 

Hooked 80 

Optical,  io ...108-18T 

Prodding T8-70 

Scooping TO 

Intcraol  i>aru.itc« SM 

Iiitpjilmefiof  gTHj'lIng 23] 

of  mammala,  Leather  prapatBd 
from 214-215 

liiTvrt.'l.nit.'B.  n^ilble  nialertiU  from 222 

Other  material!  ftom 208 

iQVrntiKiition 233 

Iridm  lamlnDriuidoa »g 

Ironn,  Flagging,  &c -  100 

Grappling 81 

Lily 83 

InluglBSB 187,221-822 

from    alT.bladdent,    &o.    (lobth;s- 

coUb) 221 

nudgcbtiuo 220 

I'uuBimiiiliun'Of 290 

fnim  Boundi  of  cod  and  bake 221-222 

from  B(|uet«sgne  (Scbeiddae) 222 

Isogompbodon  niBcuIlpiiinia BS 

iBOBpondjli 3* 

lanropBia  Dekaj-i 67 

Italian  BablDg-lioala 147 

iTorj- 1OT-1B9 

lTory.corTing 171 

iTory-cntting 173 


322 


IKDEX  OF   OBJECTS. 


PWB. 

Kd1t«,  nilcUns _ 

ofrepta™ IM 

J. 

Mtactog.... 

Ripping 

Stgw ISS 

8P"Mto« » 

JW ITHMfl 

Straight 

ThiOBtiiia 

J«w«dtnpi iS*-US 

KogUiUB ^... 

JwkedbMrmMt 182 

L. 

mv loo-ioi 

Lm,  4c,  Import,  qf. „— 

JohiiP.w(fldD » 

L»cKT.I.i7*Iriginiii. — 

■ 

INDEX ,  OF   OBJECTS. 


323 


Pago. 

ing-nets 128-129 

ma «.... 162 

for  camp  and  Bhip 167 

for  fire  hunting  and  fishing 141 

for  BtiU  hunting 141 

for  woeqnaahing  or  fire-fishing —      141 

oil  exports  and  imports 276-277,297 

smooth  Black  Bass 49 

ts 86 

« 86 

ida 44 

mda  cenricomis 266 

gemmifera 266 

implicata 266 

obtnaa 266 

panicnlata 266 

papilloea 266 

pinnatifida 266 

virgata 266 

I,  Game 241 

OTS 116,163 

Hooks  mounted  on 116 

B,  Aimed 80 

i,Cnp 80 

bg.knives 174 

ing  and  mincing 174 

ier 195 

Alligator 216-216 

Ass 209 

Auk 216 

Beaver 214 

Belnga 214 

Bison 209 

Bnflklo 209 

Caribou w 210 

Consumption  of 290 

Cunyingof 171 

Deer 209-210 

dressing 172 

dressing  apparatus,  recent  and  abo- 
riginal        172 

Eel 216 

Eider 215 

Elk 210 

Exports  of 292-294,301 

Goat 209 

Horse 209 

Imports  of 290, 301 

Jacket 43 

and  its  manufactures,  &,c  (oxxK)rt8 

and  imports) 202-294 

Mountain-sheep 210 

Moose 210 

Ox 209 

from  pharynx  of  seal  and  walrus  . .      215 

Porpoise 214 

prepared  from  bird-skins 215 

prepared  from  flsh-skins 216-217 

prepare<1  from  bumnn  skin 208 

prepared  from  intestmcs  of   niani- 

mals 214,215 

prepared  from  mammal  skins 208-214 

prepared  tnm  reptile  skins 215-217 

iweparod  from  scale-fish 21G 

Bat 214 


Page. 

Leather,  Kattloanake 216 

Beindeer 210 

Seal 208 

•       Sea-Lion 208 

Shark 217 

shavings,  &0.,  Gelatine  made  from .  220 

Sheep 209 

Othersnake 216 

trimmings - 214 

Walrus 208 

Waste 217 

Leatherback  Turtle 22 

Leathers 208 

for  manufiicture  of  gloves 211-214 

Leathesia  tuberifonnis 270 

Leech,  African  (Hirudo  troohiDa) 231 

American  (Macrobdella  decora) 231 

European  (Hirudo  medicinalis) 231 

Leeches  as  barometers 231 

Foreign  imports  of 274 

Propagation  of 248 

and  worms,  Injurious  and  useful ...  263 

Leggings^ 165 

Lenses 178 

Leopard'hunting 136 

Leopard  Seal 6 

Lepidosteids 64 

Lepidosteus  osseus 64 

"         platystomus 64 

Lepiopomus  pallidus 48 

LeporidsB 18 

Lepteoh«neis  naucrateoides 52 

Leptocardians 70 

Lepus  americanus  (var.  amerioanus) 18 

amerioanus  (var.  Bairdii) 19 

amerioanus  (var.  virginianus) 18 

amerioanus  (var.  Waahingtonii) 19 

aquaticus 20 

19 

19 

19 

19 

20 

19 


Baohmani 

califomicus 

callotis 

campestris 

palustris 

sylvaticus 

sylvaticus  (var.  Audubonii) 19 

sylvaticus  (var.  Xuttalli) 20 

timidus  (var.  arcticus) 18 

Trowbridgli 20 

Leuciscus  pulchellus 62 

Leucorhamphus  borealis 10 

Levels  (attached  to  guns) 93 

Liajiora  pinnata 268 

"       pulvcrulenta 268 

valida 268 

Lice,  Fish 264 

Lichens 264 

Lifters,  Barrel 161 

Lights,  Artificial 1C7 

LUy-irons 83 

Lime 230 

Bird 135 

Burning  of 176 

Limes 176,231,232 

Liming 172 

Limph,  Vaccine 230 


dM    >.    d 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


]jDe.fliwlAufw<wi1,oiiTk,ii)idiiuiJL ILT 

Ltnc-holder* lis 

Line,  ItyatSlretohcrsfor 1(K! 

liotn  lints 115 

IJnci.Bark IIB 

Doltoni-«t 07 

FIoatlBK-timrl B7 

Harpoon-----.' - 37 

Hide 110 

Kelp UB 

Loidad -  M 

(PUltod) 114-110 

Setae n 

SOk IH 

Sorfua —  Err 

Tmwl »7 

(TirisUd)- ....1H-H8 

TwIatlDg  appuutiu  far llB 

WkllBtalbT,  and  other  Uckls lET 

WTulobons- 115 

Llortomiu  obUqmu -.  40 

UpttridldM 33 

LlpudsllneBU , \a 

Montogui 33 

"     Slripea - as 

Lip-books til 

LltholiuMBr Bl 

LlthetllBinnioD  polfiDorplkum --  207 

LitllB  SCripMl  Sbunli 4 

LlHloTnnny 40 

LiTe-lwi  (Alkiiu'B) ?4} 

UTe-boscB.  trmglis.  Ac,  fbr  mlcroMoplita' 


Lcipbopsatta  nuKulata 

Lata  nuiciilon 

LoQDgci. 

LtUDt<>lkIi 

Lnaletliia 

Ln^anii*  BUokfbriU 

•       SteanuU 

Lutra  caoiulnuLB 

LutrliuE 

Lycodlila ,.-, 

LjDglij  a  foiTOBliie* 

nioJuKoU 

Lyaii,  Hay  {Lyni  mftu)... 

MacEniliug-yals 

MMhioc.  MiBcliig 

Markoirl 

fiillO'"- 

1>ick]«il,  Imparts  of  „. 

fi«llr<] 

ralldir , 

Soad , 

Shark 

iUdgo 

Mackpfil  rimmm 

Mackiuav  blolikrta 

Uocrocholii  iBoerUuA 

JklacmridK -  -  -  - 

MncninisBaiidli.. 


UTDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


INDEX  OP  OBJECTS. 


Page. 
MMboiU  or  cnlturu  of  doneMlcatcil  ani- 

,  or  dreulug  gnt  and  linev ITl 

orUnllcdStaUiFlahComnilMloii      Hi 

at  IVog  cultnre SIS 

a(dr;li>g  tulioUa 160 

ot  bellotyplng  and  CDgnving  —      17B 
of  nmrafentorliig  Ttlflciiil  Ice  -..      U8 

of  mlitk  DTiItnifi , -'.._      244 

of  oyster  cnltnre 248 

ofosLriili  cnltuni.- 2*4 

of  prepuing  ball!  (acceuotiea)  ..      139 

,        of  preparing  cnitridges V2-S3 

ofpmpuliigoniamciitBlfeiitlierB       173 

ofpaisultaod  *pplluiDea 14!:-1ff7 

of  terrapin  coltnre 346 

orttButportstlon 142-lfla 

otWDTlt 233 

Metraguter  ageregattu sn 

Uflxlcui  Oroand  Sqalrrel 15 

Utehigui  GTBjUng S8 

UloToeUdtobareBlia 2«8 

Califomlo* MS 

Coulleri -  !S8 

WcrogBilua  pro  limn* 29 

Ulcropo^n  nndalatna 41 

Wlctoptenia  pdlidoe 49 

aalmolfloa 4B 

MicrostomidB Sfl 

Uldge,  Uaekorel 30 

MUk,  Canned 184 

I>eil<iCiBtod 188 

Eipofta  and  Importa  of. ..270,177 

3tillBtBiilt,kiilvn,ol>oppen,fta ISS^ITO 

wincing  and  loaning 174 


INDEX  OF   OBJECTS. 


ige-taak.  AgHlU  model.  ■ . 


orU  and  ImporU  of. . . 


Jlf DinlcaB  — 
rnwDTlUet... 
«cLiDcberil._. 


!l™ll«Hmft. 

Page. 

-.    r& 

or»c.ilentiw>U(nn 

..    m 

gill,  aalmon  hook 

..      U4 

Barrier 

..      122 

gUl.  Shad.  nKd  In  SontlKm  rim* . . 

..      I£4 

Paitaof,  tormuiDfiuiMTetaaoNNr; 

.iBo-iai 

SBttlntgUl.  a«v)» 

..    iffl 

Mettiuii  hung  to  Urns,  Sample*  of . 

NMling-nBedlai 131 

KtltlDE-tirins ISO 

Nciilrta,  or  cojpa  (Mjopotunm  oojpiu) ...  IM 

fur l»e 

NowtouncUand  fl«kiM 108 

NcwhouMj  trap* 131-13G 

New  York  StioklcUck IB 

Nippers M 

lIlppen.BgE He 

mtophjrllum  (Seuraglonnm]  AndonanU —  Kr? 

"           knobtom 187 

Utinlmum 267 

"           punDtatma.... ........ ........  207 

Rupieehtlanum 207 

apKtalilla Zfl7 

Nitroglycerino SI 

Kocweii S6 

Koo«6.t(»p« IJt 

VoTtUorD  Barnoada... 63 

Hkb 18 

NorlhwMleni  MaimoC IB 

Norwuy  Haddook 24 

NotemigouaB  amerlouna m 

"         chrraolenona 92 

NoEElfi-nua  (for  washing ogga) .............  247 

Nodibraoeh  moUiuks,  DjM  faun 2211 

None  Shark 69 

Nulrgallj 22St 

OaiB - IM 

ObUqae  giDOTs  flali-vnya. 241 

ObMoiHi,  CuDCnt. 17S 

"Ocesa  Treat " 18C 

ODcanlo  Bonilo 40 

Oovlot  (Fctia  pardalia) I3§ 

Octsrtiair   5 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


Pnec. 


Shark-lii-er 


Turtle ~....... 

fhnn  vholca,  fto..._. 

Whiter ...  ^.....1 


mid  Ota ...SO' 

Tlnh - 

uud  gokllaea 

Importi  of 

Ointmmrs  laa  lar  uid  B«Kt«S) 

OMwlfB 

OlooniiLr^Tliws......  ............ 

OUgDplltca  oo 
OUn,  Sbntlaof... 
Onchorbynobtu  qninnat... 
Oa[~anncd  chopsUoka 

Openuki,  MuUnaks  at 

Opbidihlw 

Opbidinm  marglaataiii 

C^iitbaBcmaihrUa 

OpUcal  iDstnimnilB.  Ac... 

OquDHaTrDDt 

Oran^  FUc-flah 


JUDEX  OP  OBJECTS. 


^^m^ti^LM 

.      283 

.      218 

.«,M 

.      IM 

.    zn 

.      183 

83 

.      IBS 

.      1«7 

-      MS 

7 

.    m 

.      203 

.      2M 

.      315 
.      103 

.      M8 

.      2+S 

IS 
.      12S 

z^3-!!sa 

213,214 
.      2M 

.      354 

22 
3 

.      143 
.      1»5 
ISO-ISO 

43 

Puu 

P»g* 

ahjia.m»>iBt) 

Pmfflno 

P»BUlt«.Ert.nnl 

r"::::::::::::;:;;:*:::: 

rio*  of  obhtlnlDg  ud  Impi* 

PuopbTf  ■  Totulna 

P»nM-fl»li 

Puiy'B  nurmot  (SpennopbUQi  P«rtj». 

PutM 

r»ir.John 

■=si» 

oviturt  (Arlouliito) 

lllttlodDgWTBlfM 

»5T 

'Vmia 

30S 

IM 

1'oci.llarilte.  of   fonn   of  XMt  AnxiriOU 

PodicuUU 

23 

renlciUos  capiUtUB 

iir  {HudBon'B  Bay  Territory) 

Pen»  HuTlatiU* 

lied 

Striped 

^Vbilo 

(for  buffiilo-biuitLDB) 

PercnmioB  noodlo 

Perfumery  mstoHal*,  Conimnption  uf . . . 

■  ITS.  227 

INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


r.Tf,m,™  Mi«Dm^ 

PBa>;. 

..,.      228 

....      1« 

Plamhookl 

-Ighl' - 

Mtmgln 

" -•-■— 

Plant. 41. 

for  food.  8p«4iMB« 

....           0 

PhOCWB 

;::;    I 

" 

ri™mn«tide 

PluctiDK 

-J 

..333.W 

?o«lict-tnpi 

Poeto 

Bloed ^ 

....       IS 

....      135 

l,  1 

INDEX  OF  OBJECTS, 


S«lt«d 

I,  Fisb  (modeli)... 


A^ShkTk 

lain atock,  Se»«ulla  br... 

ipHis,  WUto-halrad 

Tellawhaired 


n  (DiiUlpbx>tlr)dnliiia«)... 


PnirleBan 

Sqnlml 

Wolf. 

Pradktoij  auimila  not  elMwIier*  exhibited. 

Pnparatlon  of  ■IbnnwD 

of  b»lt» 

of  bod;«ll 

of  tho  bODM 


DblDHil  wdon. . . 


of 

of  flab  wilo  work 

..      174 

otoarlodbalcforKnffiDg... 

..      ITO 

o(  bom  and  hoot. 

.173-17* 

of  other  hard  tiMue. 

.173-17* 

(ottolMlbeU 

of  tUk  f^om  bjuna  of  ploDa. . . 

of  ^Ik  of  kswota . 


of  the  abtD  and  111  I 


i>f  (ptniuHitl 

of  apon^Btofftng...----. - 

of  aoft  paita  of  oUwr  taiTaite- 


otbeadoU 174 

of  atofflnga  - 17D 


ot«h>lab(ak« 17D,lT3-m 

ot  wDOl^kitba 170    ■ 

of  wool  and  balTof  marnnul*..      170 

Pnpantjooa.  AdbsaiT* lU 

Blnl ISMes 

rub 181,181,187 

Uammal 18^184 

ofmoUuk* 18*.  187 

of  piokkdOah 187 


liy  pli^kllng 

PreservuioDs 

Preserved  neata,  JU: 

PrcBervlng   flsh.  Specimnia  ol 


.  ieft-170 

..188-170 


Preaaing 170-173 


INDEX  OF   OBJECTS. 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


'mlwl  pndocta  from 231 

irkni xa 

■fOl !m 

es 

la SS 

OS 

W 

m 

M 

w 

m 

81 

r , M 

cota 170 

B3 

IT 

IT 

IS 

214 

18 

fountain 18 

18 

cMher 219 

84 

IformakliiiirtlflolillUM 188 

loTDtla 180 

SOS 

r « 

«d 08 

es 

OS 

t 04 

.*. 48 

mlliamnoblli*) SOT 

IpwAilTiu) 180 

IS 

4T 

14 

napper 40 

'errapin II 

le 98 

Vrata  47 

3lii»«hMked 41 

nii»4triped <7 

-lulTTtl 47 

11&-110 

lying 11&-110 

110 

118 

ITD-lTl 

1T4 

210 

oaodotberlialr ?1D 

Buta 108 

Mrt 108 

■ j«e 

Ihtr 110 

ted 184 

<  Uppogloaaoidw ae 

52,137 

iiacbrptata !S 


333 

KendariDff  whale-oil,  Ina&imifDtB  and  appU-  ' 

inccaaf 1T4-17& 

Braiospa  tlbnm 88 

Kenncta,  Import*  ot 200 

Jtepalriiie,«lgbC<i]g.  andtaitlngflre«iina..  OS 

BnitUeatk 228 

Eitractkaot 17S 

p«rfuniM 238 

pnpaTotlons 183-185 

aklns.  Leaihw  pnpared  (Pom 215-310 

Beplllc*                                 , 21 

'  OheTnical  pnidiicta  from 200 

[vorvof             108 

l'(.)ivil.-iilinu  ul'  245 

Hepgrta  i>l  ilii'  I'.  S.  I'IhIi  Comululon Z33-28T 

Beasuch,  Apparalu*  fbr  pbyalut 233 

Baaetvolr  alr-gimi 00 

But  fbc  hatpoon,  Ac IK 

Beaulu,  Applianoea  tot  working  np 235 

0fvorkorU.a.FI*bComail*«laD..=»-241 

■■  Rl>v»lvm;;  iHionis" - IIT 

Jilialiiloiiiu  rouUrri 287 

iLUfra       297 

Rbod^eula  oonlUua 287 

"         palmala 2A7 

lihaf hlinoclfa  );kncn« 112 

BhscbochllijaliiiatfB  38 

HbluobntiilB               87 

miii]Dl)BtDB  i>nKliicluii 07 

TUiinoncmiiB  CBadncato 80 

Tlliiiioptera  qnadriloUt 85 

Rbodomdia  Oooeoaa 200 

larii 288 

•ubfotoa 288 

libombocblnis  oalcocblr 82 

Bhomboganoicli!!        84 

Ithoiabaplitea  aarorulntu 48 

llhombuBliDTlj        28 

"       iqmlniM 28 

KliyiDpcKk  tTai'ful 2« 

l;il)tioiin'i>3vi?r9'  buno,  Mannfaotore  ot 173 

Kidliij^'imilii  Ifiir  biig;U<i  bnntlns) 14! 

Rldliig-Hddlea 142 

Hlgger'a hooka  -,.-,,^^..-^^ ^.........  152 

K I  Bi^'S  flab  tug  'VrM-'Iri,  Appaiatoa  acceaaory 

m  l.'m-183 

ItlgbtWbale 13 

Itlgbt-Wbale  Forpolaa 10 

Kingnl  Ground  fiquirrel lO 

Itlnea,  Clraiiug 122 

ItipplngknlTM R-Tl 

ItlTfT-niDsaela  (UDlonidn) 208^187 

Riwr.welra.  wttti  pocketa 13t 

KiTetSUngRay...  60 

Trout 58 

Rob«a,Fur 182 

Robin,  Rooml. 4! 

Koccos  cbryaops Si 

' '       lincatufl ', , - ,  -  51 

KockBaan 48 

Eel 32 

Cronper 80 

Troot 85 

Rook-aah  61 

Bandrd »6 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


Smj 

ItwikUn^  Vtna-hetiiBi. .  ■ 
Bocky  UonnUiD  Rut 


Bo«,  Dried  and  imoked 

KoUrr,  Bpkwnliig-aoceai  (Collbu).-. 

Kullcn.  DndKe-Uuo 

Tmwl-llne 


uCwkil. 

RWHJ-flnh 

Boae-noulcB  (fur  witshiiig  eggi) 

ItiMett(w.iroym  work,  and  trinketa,  Uwd- 


Boagh  ilonnder , . 

BooDd  Herring 

Robin 

"Bouna.EnlTe*" 

Bound-tailed  Ground  i 


Si>uil>b  micken 

BKori-Bah 

tongopA  of  Imlb 


Mling,rHli 

Salt-milli.  Uodeb  of  |C«t»  Cod). 
Eatta,  BpecImniB  of,  uafi  in 


vi'llntiH  foni 


iilU.. 


f  unim  i«n>i>l>.  Slllc  uT 

p«ljTi*"3onii,  Silk  of . . . 

Smiiiili'B  KiU  nctUng 

of  netting  hung  to  111 
Sand-bBth  drrlne  and  n 


INDEX  01"  OBJECTS. 


ise^aos 

iM 205 

>«ther  prapmd  from MS 

ntus ie» 

01 , :* 

amDRD.  21T 

Heal IB 

nUtiu. la 

Inud* 217 

ewerl U 

•wnMDdil U 

^hopa  plAtjrhjnahiu .  ^  ^  ^  -  -  -  _ .  -  05 

JS 

ilgunlli K 

a« M 

idn» as 

1 ua 

(flcoccinea 2<8 

wlulU 2«S 

Cnl  flBhlUS-VOaMlll H9 

clblllU    « 

ualw 14 

lUU 307 

inallsot  Kg)T>t 230 

•  14 

nii .,    14 

liiu'iuiii - 14 

mw 14 

id» 54 

.  «cut«Uatu> 93 

40 

160 

llng-nMUDe BO 

trummta 70 

34 

.170-172 

tot 12D 

ck leo 

d  pare™.  Skin 70 

lo 79 

171-172 

■Is  lJT-178 

187 

31 

■nliuid 34 


SwLioD 

Uon,  Throat  of 

Ottar 

BaToi 

Sobln,  BToad-flngand . . 

BoUn,  Striped 

Stod.... 

Snail 

Sea-boat* 

SeHUphant  oU 


Sak-Uonleatber... 


tor  bait 2JI 


lorn* 

fordfe-Btalb 

IiOnriooa 

for  pcarl-thell,  &o 

for  poroolaln  (took..  ■ 
DMd  In  Indian  trade  ■ 

Sea-urcUna 

Seal,  Banded 

Elephant  _..,.._.._.„... 


hairCPhncaTitollDa).. 

Harbor 

Harp 


HiHided... 

leather . . . 
Leopard  r. 


Slneweof... 21 

Sqnare-fllppcr (l,l> 

Walrus,  leather  (rem  pharyoi  ol 21 

riciiliDij'irai,  Import!  of S9 

f^bogo  SiUmun      I> 

BoboslranuLriDun 3 

"riripftruK B 

Sebnsludw  pinciplnis 3 

SeliutoiDD*  aarloDlatns 3 

"          vloneatDS I 


ilalrd  rulWting  . . 


INDEX    OF    OBJECTS. 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


337 


Shot 92 

Sbot-holden 94-95 

Shot-measares 92 

Shot,  Slang 71 

ShoukLer-alingB 96 

ShoTel-head  Shark 68 

Shovel-nosed  Sturgeon 65 

Sborels 79 

CUm 79 

Oyster 79 

Showtl 16 

SfbbAldiiis  borealls 18 

•*        snlfurens 13 

"        tectirostris .*...  12 

**        tuberosns 18 

Blgh^deooys j 139-141 

Breech 93 

Globe 93 

Oradoftting 93 

Mtmle 03 

Peep 93 

PUln 93 

SUt 93 

Telescope 93 

Silk  tram  byssns  of  Pinna,  Preparation  of. .  171 

dress-goods,  Imports  of 289 

of  ena  or  arindy •  196 

Exports  of  raw 289 

hosier)-,  Imports  of 288 

Imports  of  raw 288-289 

of  insects,  Prepared  fhmi 196 

of  insects,  Preparation  of 171 

of  Joree  (Bombyx  religiosa) 196 

lines 114 

and  its  manufactures,  Consumption  of.  289 

mannfikctures,  Foreign  exjKyrts  of 289 

other  mannfJEu^res  of.  Imports  of 289 

other  manufbctures.    Imports  of^   by 

countries 289 

of  moonga 196 

of  exotic  moths 196 

raw,  Net  imports  of 801 

of  Samia  cecropia 196 

of  Samia  polyphcmus 196 

of  silk- worms,  Preparation  of 171 

of  spiders 196 

of  tussah  (Bombyx  pemyi)    196 

of  common  silk- worm  (Bombyx  mori) . .  196 

Silk-worm  gut 222 

Sflk-worm-gut  snoods 116 

Silk- worm.  Propagation  of 248 

Silarids 62 

Silver  Fox  ( Vulpcs  alopex  argentatus 189 

Fish 41,45 

Gar-fish 54 

Hake 3d 

Squeteagoe 44 

Sflrer-sides 53 

Silvory  Mole 13 

Simple  bows 88 

reels  for  fly-fishing 118 

Siaches 142 

of  boffido 215 

of  deer 215 

Gelatines  fitnn 187 

BulL  K  M.  No.  14 22 


Page. 

Sinewsof  goat 215 

of  seal '. 215 

of  sheep 215 

of  walrus 215 

Single-groove  fish-ways 241 

Single-pointed  hooks 80-81 

Sinkers 117 

Sinkers,  Not 117 

Siphons,  Dried IW 

Siphon-tubes 247 

Sirenia 'J 

Slsco  gill-nets -. 123 

Sixe 221 

Sizes  and  glues  (see  under  24) 200 

Skate,  Clear-nosed 66 

Eglantine 66 

Long-nosed 67 

Sharp-nosed 67 

Spring 66 

Spotted 66 

Skate-Uver  oil 227 

Skates 142 

Skeletons,  Sio 300 

Apparatus  for  making 177 

Skewers,  &c *. 168 

Skiflk,  Hunting 147 

Skimmer-nets 246 

Skin  and  its  appendages.  Preparation  of  .  .171-173 

boaU 146 

of  Eels 231 

Skins,  Apparatus  for  making  and  mounting.  178 

of  eel  (Anguilla  vulgaris) 216 

Skin  scrapers  and  x)arers 76 

Skipper 65 

Skunk,  AlaskaSable 190 

Conmion 4 

Hair  of,  for  brushes 217-219 

Little  Striped 4 

Mexican 4 

Porpoise lo 

Secretion  of 229 

Striped  (Spilogale  zoriUa) 190 

White-backed 4 

Slack's  cans 247 

Shito,  Polishingof 207 

Sledges,  Deer 142 

Dog 142 

Steeple  Shark 09 

Slides.  Fish 131 

Shad 131 

Sllme-flsh 70 

Slings 167 

for  arms 95 

Bird  (used  by  Eskimos) 86 

India-rubber 89 

Sa<ldle 95 

Shoulder 95 

and  spears  thrown  by  straps 88 

Slit-sights 93 

Slivering-knives 74-7:> 

Slugs,  Dried  (Limax,  &c) 184 

Slung-shot 71 

stones 71 

weights 71 

Small-footed  Pouched  Gopher 17 


INDEX    OF    OBJECXa 


Solon  Tulgoris  ....^ ., 

Soleiilffi ,,,,,. 

Soluble  gUu.  lufdHtti^  eiib  te  -.. 

SomniosuH  fuii,-nic«ptulliu 

od  Squirrel „_„ 

Boiuid-ilcco>  • - ,.,. 

Suuiiditis-inuhlae.  B 

of  cod  >; 
Soulhem 

Flounilet ... 
ElDg-fish... 

Sowerby'B  Wlml* 

Spuki,  BlubbeT.iiiint 

C 

li 

B 

TbimW 

Wluilo 

Wbukmoo'iboat.-. 

Wide 

Spuiiiib  Lady-Osh 

MKlnnl 

nuKktrel,  El 

Sp.rel»  , 
SpuidiP. 

gpal,  Slooli  for  rHfJrtnc  tu 

cUl 

BpftwnliiiB-roce  (AiMwqrthI 

Spawnio);  uilmaii.  6ttal^Jacket  br... 

Spaimlng.«crepi]  mllAr  (CdUIbb) 

Spawninji-T»t  (Bond) „. 

Spntr-blli 

Spuur.flsh  Snoliflr ;..,. 


DfDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


Tagr. 

Czpmttof ar 

ES 

Bxportittf 207 

PniMnttmot 174 

ud  wax,  Import*  of. ^..  297 

PtaoUlnl IS 

gnnmnnu  (BeevbjU U 

HafTkl IS 

moikuKU 15 

PiuT]-l « 

Bichudaoni U 

■pUoiomk IS 

tcnUotodla IS 

TownModi la 

tridtoeni'UikeatiiB IS 

lOiKa 270 

TBdian* S10 

)  Carmlcbadll 271 

0     22 

ilr.nd»  (B 

ID £2 

&"" 68 

ua 

f^j* IK 

tudau in 

kol IM 

b 222 

3B 

2» 

rtluB IBl-iej 

W 

e> 

;-8»h <n 

Ehlonldea 208 

las 

170-ni 

rk 70 

4«  M 

"K 243 

HU" 223 

o 2S3-2W 

juerlcaa  conunarcU,  Speclmeiu 

of- 223 

mportoof 2M 

tedltemoeui.  Spedmeua  of 223 

TopagaUnii  of 248 

line 223 

I,  plidn  ind  fluted 101-103 

UlDg 

skeleton  of  DtTBiFuiB  of 

nl»<* 72-73,75 

t-taUtd 


BpoUed  Skate as 

Bqoetaavoa 44 

Tnibot n 

Vrj-aaaOt 81 

SpiitWii.  flu  Shark 68 

SpreuilcrB            IIT 

Slirlng  liH-noti IM 

Spring -clnor  tnipl  I8i 

Sprlngea 134 

SpiiDE-gniia 8a,13S 

Spring-books 135 

Spriugt,  Stomach 136 

Spring-weln  (St.  Lameiioa) 130 

Spoia 142 

Spy  rill  ianculi'BtB 268 

"       flluoenloB 208 

Squall 07 

Sqoalna  annTicanm 08 

t^limrO'dlppirSeaUErfpiathnabntataa}..  6,103 

a.|iijiUunBiimflrm «7 

SquatlakUe 67 

Bqaeteagne 44 

(ScioiDldail,  lalDglanbom 221 

BUtw 44 

Spotted 44 

SquliU 137 

■Ddcottlea 251 

andJLBi 82,138 

Squltrd 44,50 

Callfarnla  Gm; 14,  IS 

roi u 

Giay 14 

Hair  of. .217-218 

HairU'  Ground IS 

Mexican  Gnmnd IS 

Missouri  Striped IS 

Prairie IS 

Red 14 

RedmODth 47 

Ringed  GroDIld 16 

Rouud-lallod  Oroimd 15 

Townaend'a  Ground 18 

Tufl-earpd 14 

Say's  Striped 15 

Souora  Ground.. 16 

SqnitrclHako 2fl 

Squirrel  hooka 90 

^quIrnKiTiTliOil.  and  otheramaU  mammal*.  JB2 

Suintt*,  Flib  Conuniailon 178 

SUplIng 170 

Starflsh. 262 

StargueT.  Naked 33 

Star-nosed  Uals 14 

Star  Snapper 50 

Stationary  covers 141 

StaTca 143 

Steamcni  148-lSO 

Steaming 173 

Stcorine,  Import*  of 107 

Slsarines,  Uanufactored 225 

"StptltnlpB" 134-135 

StenogrammB  inteirnpta 267 

blrDotoning  argyrop* 46 

Step  flib-waja S4> 

Stephanolcpla  letUto 25 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


Dried... 


Straieht 

SUniiiiDtiai;.  Lmitenis  tor 

SUngKny 

CKlitamla 


Smooth 

Stluxtedtum  caiuideiue. 

vitrenm  .. 

Klock'DiakerB'  I 


SMna  Imiiu  . . 


pIseoiiB  .. 
filiwlii  foe  OjlUH 

Stopping 

■    Slupa,Foot 

SU^ra^Uuk,  m 
Slorer's  FUp^flal 
"SlOBh" 


Sword-lUll „.. 

Smulrying  mppiMtd* _ — 

Bmf-tiwklorortlirowtiigaBdhHiliac 

8w»]low^  MctUrat.  HhUoT «.< 

Sitmu.  DoitD  of 

SwimmliiE-blrd.,  Dauy  [i>n«di>«<«A.- 

INDEX   OP   OBJECTS. 


TdMsope^hta 

TelcKopta 

TenaplDed  Stlckle-baek  .. 
TonCbldld« 


caItDn,U(itb>kUof S4S 

B«d-lMlllad 21 


TetniptiinnilbiduB. »• 

TutrodonlBrtgatM M 

Tel  nidoi]  tills          24 

Teini  I'onplied  Gopher     " 

Toitllo  fubrii'ii                   MS 

ftbrira,  FeatlwT*  for OO 

Muubcture  or. 1T0-1T1 

Thilucloa  muillmiu S 

ThnliiiMorlirJjB^kDtiUuk 32 

Thechii»viiDdtbefl«heriM 71 

ThB  Finb -CommiuliiDcr.  BeporU  Df 23a^n 

Thief,  WuWr IM 

Tbomoniyi  diuliu IT 

t4lpoidea IT 


Tlifwici-anh. 

Horrljig 60 

ThnahOT at 

TbnwliiiHlinivMi T* 

Tbmjil  of^ii-llDii Z15 


Thnmb,  Amerl 

Thjmallii-lriMlor   tS 

Tiiin-dnlljiig  Unkle M 

Tis«  shirk aa 

Tinder 230 

Tbiveuele  34a 

Tlpe,R>bbit 131 

ToMl-flBb S3 

Tobacco-pipe  FUh M 

Tobaccu,  mDlT.  lued  u  pre«emtiTH ITS 

T»gglo-pin 191 

Tolllng-b»l(B im 

Tom  Cod 29 

Toll)!^4c BS 

Coral 86 

Uj-eler 8S 

.Snake M 

Sponge M 

Tongnes,  Cod's 185 

SalUid,  ut  bpflUo.  deer,  hone 184 

sailed.  Import*  of ?7« 

Tools 193, 17» 

ArtiniUling ITT 

Carrtng... 168 

FUjIng - 176 


342 


INDEX  OF  OBJECTS. 


T»e«- 

Tnii»,SprfngJ»or _„ , 

Steel „.,„ 

Tniwl-linoranen „„ 

TDbite(M(.BBd«nMA4 

Modeling 

Soniplug 

for  «tolllng,  Taiidenniirta' 

...      1T7 
.--      17S 

Tnvl,B«m „. 

T.inwdo 

...        0« 

...      S05 

...        16 

Triobtaniileptnni. „, 

TrigUdB _ 

Trod*.  I«  (MtMSorj) 

...      188 

THpodB  ud  aUIul,  Cmen  with  hU 

Tiiuiiportoaui.,UBlhod»of. 

-.u2-m 

FEKs.  Appnnitni  for 

.-.    in 

TnUing-UcUe ™..— . 

TrombidJon  dye ,-, 

...    i« 

T"-!- 

(JntTel-bottonwl 

INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


343 


Page. 

Tub  for  traw-line  (8M  Trawl) 110 

Tnft-eared  Squirrel U 

TuIAkthm.  Raftof 144 

Tunny 40 

Little 40 

Turbinarla  vulgaris 269 

Turbot 28 

Greenland 28 

Spotted 27 

Turkey,  Canned 185 

Quillaof 219 

traps 131 

Turning 173 

Turritclla,8hen8of 207 

Tursiops  erebennna 10 

••       Giim 10 

Turtle,  Alligator 22 

Canned 185 

Green 22 

Hawksbill 22 

Leatherback 22 

Ix^ggerhead 22 

on 226 

Pacific,  Green 22 

Pacific,  Hawkabill 22 

Salted 186 

Softrshell » 22 

soup 185 

Tnsks  of  mammoth  elephant  (Elephas  primi- 

genius) 197 

of  walrus 197 

Tassab,  Silk  of  (Bombyx  pemyi) 196 

Twine,  Netting 130 

Twisted  lines 114-110 

Twisting-rods 82 

U. 

Udotea  conglutinata 270 

"      flabellata 270 

"Diva  fiuciata 271 

••     latissima 271 

Umbrellu-makors'  bono,  Manulkcture  of —  173 

Umiaks 144 

Unarmed  clubs 71 . 

Uranidea  viscosa 34 

Urano«copid» 32 

Urgulata 7 

Uropbyds  reglus 30 

Ursidn 4 

Ursns  americanns 5 

••     horribilU 4 

V. 

Yocoinelimph 230 

Vat,Spawning  (Bond) 245 

Vats 245 

BoiUng '..  177 

Helton's 245 

Macerating 177 

Roth's 245 

Vaucheria  plloboloides 271 

Vehicles 142 

Venison,  Dried  and  smoked 182 

Imports  of 276 


Page. 

Vertebne,  Shark's 200 

Vertical  wire-doth  trays 246 

Vesicatory  preparations fhnn- beetles,  &o...  231 

Vessels,  fishing,  Schooner-rigged 149 

Tin 246 

Vests 95 

Veziga 184 

Veals 170 

Vicugna  hair 195 

Virginia  Deer  (Cariacos  virginianus) 8-9, 193 

Hare 18 

Viscera  of  bears,  Parchment  ftt>m 215 

ofhog 213 

of  ox 216 

of  seals.  Parchment  from 214 

of  sheep 215 

Vomer  setipinnis 41 


W. 

Wad-cutters  (accessory) 92 

Wadding 92 

Bulk 92 

Waders,  Decoy  (carved  in  wood) 139 

Decoy  (stamped  in  tin) 139 

Wade,  Prepared 92 

Wagons...: 142 

Wallets  for  lines  and  other  tackle 167 

Walrus 1 6 

leather 208 

Sinewsof 215 

Tusks  of 197 

Waste,  Bone  and  ivory 200-201 

Water  Rabbit 20 

Water-guns 90 

Water-telescopes —  106 

Water-thief 161 

Water-proof  suits 164 

Watery  Flounder 27 

Wax  (Coccus  pehlah) 230 

Exports  of 299 

Imports  of 299 

Manufactures  of 299 

Woy8,Fish  241-243 

Weak-fish 44 

Weapon-holders 95 

Weasels 136 

Hair  of 195 

Weaving 170-171 

Hair  used  in 212 

worsted  doths 170 

Web,  Spiders' 222 

Weequashing  or  fire-fisLing,  Lanterns  for. .  141 

Weighing-scales 92 

Weights  (dropped) 87 

Hurled 87 

Slung 71 

Weirs,  Bar 134 

Eel,  with  leaders 132 

or  pounds 132 

River,  with  pockets 131 

Salmon  (Upper  Columbia  River) ....  131 

Spring  (St.  Lawrence) 130 

West  coast  oysters 254 

Western  Argentine 66 


INDEX    OF    OBJECTS. 


Wtude-bwit  (whiilo-fl«liCTle«l l« 

WholctKHin  bnuliM,  Mmufaetnt*  of 173 

CotuuunplLoD  of 2flO 

flbiT IM 

line* US 

■.Otbcr 174 

mof. lT«,lTS,i;i 

1  BpdagB,  Eaklmo ]M 

(lumuiubiltaredatiKe) 3(0-305 

Tmale,  B<.ttlo.b«d  13 

Bowbeid 13 

FinhMk K-l» 

■ndaBtlall,£lpIlrtoimdlmpoIlgof.28a-39T 

Qtus n 

Oraj IS 

PMdfloIUgbt 13 

PorpolM  Bpenn 13 

night 13 

Scngg 13 

Shnip-liMded  Fliuwr 13 

Sowerhy'a 13 

SalphDr-batloiii 13 

WlwlA-laooei '. 73 

Whale-line  drag 117 

WLilr-oU,  iDsCmmcnlB  and  appUncM  of 

rmdoiiniE- , , , 174-175 

BeOsctlon  of  (with  modelaj . . .  .174-178 

■Whii1<!-»p»de» 70 

TTliiiltjnpii'i.  boiit-npiidi^ ,,,,. 13 

tiib,line 119 

btrat-hauheU 10 

bpal-knive*    73 

bookB 81 

TThii  ling-guns M 

WhHJiu,  &£.,  OUfrom Zi3-2i4 

■Wbp*lbartowB(orbBlI-clam» liS 

Wbool.taiiglea OT 

Whlfflng-tacblo Sfl 

Wbip-maien'  alack  and  irblpi,  Jlju>a(tu> 

(uroof 173 

Whip*,  Dos IM 

Whlitlm,  Dog - lSe-137 

WhIM-baaked  Bktuik 4 

18§ 

raral  (OcuUna) M7 

Miilln  S3 

Peatl -_ 20S 

Habblt 18 

Wbuls  - 10 

Wbl(€-fisb IB,  S7 

Chit-f  Mountain  Loko ST 

oU 227 

Smokwl 183 

Whltiufhoted  Mijuw  17 

WUIie-halrwi  Pottiipuut 18 

Wblle-bcaded  Oranipaa 11 


WblUng K 

LakB ■■n 

WholiMale  dmtncUaa  appantot. IM 

WtsB,  Hairnwdfor u: 

WUUamaoD'a  (nrnglu Mi 

Wiucbco.  OuDwale in 

Wlnden lit 

Wlndluar*.  BbIdc  IM 

Window  and  plate  ifftm,  InAuorM  ewtte 

t«r m 

Wblgsof  beeOci - M 

Wing-abdI.  B;Fasaa  of  (MuiaBablUil IK 

WinloFlmnHlvr m 

Sbad. a 

Wlnftamea   171 

Wolf{CanUIiipna) IK 

Clawaof. S 

Wol/.fisb. ,      r 

WolveTlno(GololiMci«) iW 

Woodsbnck  or  SUBeoT  (ArotsfD5a  Banail.  .UlIM 

fhunM W 

Woodlaiul Cariboo  (TaiBBdnanngUtrt  ...   t,lS 

Wood.powdor .  ■ --.. W 

WoodBi 

do4h«,P 

Kiportaof. !iT-%JBi 

Hooking .niiO' 

GoBt'a  (for  wigs,  ic.) Its, -IT 

andbair a: 

ImiHrtlMor    3B-»l*l 

nnd  bairof  maminala,  PTcpatBlien  ot      IT> 
pclta,  Importa of . . . . . _...     3i 

Sliwip'a  (on  »kin)   ;i< 

wDTit ..._ m 

Woolen  mil*'*' Eiporta  of W7-W 

Woorai*....... ._..__...  .,-,..-     ..  (36 

Work.  Reanlls  at;  rmind  Stat«  IMih  I'om 

mioslOD aWll 

Wonna lid  W 

Dried W 

In1«BtinAl. .,..,- M 

and  iHcbi'B.  injurloiu K 

andlM«br8,uaefnl SI 

Chemical  producUtltiln  .. 3' 

Prnpagntion  of ...     •" 

-Wonna"  and  oiber  loading  tool« '> 

WoniUd  cloth*.  WaarbjB '^ 

Wmnpulia  pmirillaia .  J* 

Wrist-guanlii  .- i" 

Wrj-.moiitb.  Spotted " 

WurdeiniiiaiiB  oclUMa ■    '*' 

X 

3:ipU»a  Eladtna .      * 

Xipbldlontldn " 

SIphiidai ^ 


INDEX   OF   OBJECTS. 


345 


T. 

Page. 

ik  (PoSpbAgoi  gnumlena) 105 

BlknrCieTaU6 il 

Goplier 16 

Haokerel 42 

Perch 49 

Pik6-p«roh 49 

T«a 45 

eUoW'flimed  Omni 47 

eOow-ibotedMinnoi 16 

•haired  PoTOopiiie IB 


Paifc. 

Yellow-tailed  Spot 45 

Z. 

ZalophuB  GUliespii 5 

Ziphiida 12 

Ziphiins 12 

Zoarcee  aagnillarls 31 

Zonlohthya  flMdatos 42 

Zonaria  flava 260 


^^^^^^Sde^f^onthibutor^^^^^^B 

p.g«. 

Abbott,  Dr.  CO 240 

P.g.. 

Bowcbon,  Brtndley 238 

Bownuai,J.B 9 

BoHUigs,  QiuMve 306,328 

Adam.  J. O 131,18B,H« 

AcLuu.,  A.  Leith 2H 

AiRhIi,  A!..Biaer,  24,  26.  20.  41.  44,  4B,  47.  M 

68,68,08.  80,  Oa,  IB,  86.  68.  JO 

Alkan,  C.E 4.7,H 

Bradfoid  4t  AnttMay.. -77,  W,  8%  K  B7. 08. 102.114. 

Ill,  120, 128,  IM,  268 

Brmnd.C.C 81 

■fc-V^ ™ 

BreotA.J 238 

^Bwaieui  KMdl«  ■&&  nri>.Hook  Conpuiy .  .Ir7, 08, 

■^                                                                  08.100 

^■XiMricui  Net  ud  Twine  CompMij.  .125, 128.  m, 

ISB,  180,181, 132,  IM 

Am-^ricu,  Whli,  Cumpmy 203,205 

Am«a,  JiiDin  T 252, 2B«,  £GT,  268 

Andnraun,  Br.O.L 26S 

C. 

■t                                                  341,!4S.24T,St8 
^^«ood,Cq>I.V.B 228,234,  MO,  MT,  251 

CcDtnl  Whuf  Compui;  .  .15,  UN,  101,  UT,  111,  122. 
lOS 

Ch.paiiiD!w.D.,&S<m 102                , 

B«rd,8,F 11,14,17,21,22,34.37.26,40.04.08. 

08, 78, 88, 84, 80, 131. 183, 144. 100. 1B3, 200, 23! 

BmllM-. Captalu S 

Biiot»,G.A 108 

Bapbw.J.C 8 

BurtDtth.D 240 

B«ii«Ura,J a 

B«niuni,P.T 8 

CI.«l«r,C«ptH.C 146.148.101,187.244 

Chioien  ^«tfaar-Diuter  CnnpOBy 220 

Clark.  J.H *MM,W 

CleVBUinl,CBptJod»h ISI.1U 

ColeDimn,  Wnlter ISl,  IBB 

^^Ui^a«^i 7 

ColUnii,T.0 8                1 

Coljer.  Vlnotnt 83, »  ««.  W.  150,  W  308 

Illrtop,N.H 146,148 

llliii:lifDn1.  K,  0 253. 2H,  268. 167, 290, 260 

Carter,  J.F 1«9 

Cuth.Bl'iicklniiComponr 164 

(.'■pp  Ann  blugUu  uul  Gluo  Compwy  . . .  231. 3£2 

347                         j 

^nM««i  Society  Nutond  HimoTf 3K1 

INDEX  OF   CONTBIBUTOBS. 


Coana,t.A Ka,3X.2S7 

Conw,!!.  DsTliI 16S 

Cook,  Capt  Caleb W4.I25 

Cook,  ColMnnn 100 

Cook,  EliakB «,l(» 

Cook.K.H 200 

CoolE,  Lemael M,  M,  1(»,  101, 121 

CootW-H A  78 

Copley,  O 13,31 

Cooeh,  Lleat  D.  N 1ft,  M.  147.  IM 

Cone*,  nr. Elliott 7.9,18,  IB, M,W,  HI 

Cragin  i  SliBldno M7 

Cnndill,  aH 197 

Cnudall.  L.,  Ai  Co lU 

Crittenden.  A.K T5,TS,{B,B3,BT,>B,  101.117, 

m,14l,lt&,S04i:£6.'WI 

Cmok.KB 16i 

Crook*,  H 140 

CiillwrtHni,T ^  IB 

Curie]',  Rer.  June* 84.10.110 

CiutU,H.A 30 

Cnllok.  Denteiuat »1 


Dall.  W.  U  ..0,  B,  10. 12,70, 81, 83,  BS,  se,  8>,  OS,  B4,  M 

100,  lis.  131, 132.  ist,  142,  iH.  100.  lae.  is; 

l(r7.  SOI.  214, 318, 2S1, 2Nl  2M.  250, 2CT,  M 

l>anJ*U.W.C 23 

Damir  UuDboturbig  Cavpuiy 16 

DavJi.  Mr«.A,S M 

IhiTJs,  BenJimin 2-'! 

DoviB.  Edward 1 

DHBWn,  J.W M 

Be  Freer,  A.  B..  *  Co 2S1, 262.25 

Deboo.  Heorgo,  *  Co 2*8,224,22 

DflDBg  i  Son* 158, 1« 

Dewey  .     2o 

I>linn,  R"l>ert,... M 


£iall,a tl 

EiplartngEii«dilf0BlI.8 ^MmWaB 

F, 

Foddordln,  A ■ 

fUrle.  Janiea ■ 

Fiilta,4-J ,.      H 

Fartoir,W.G JRVKM 

Feiner.LientJohB ■ 

Faooet.C.A ]■ 

Fergn»Pi>,  S.  W fl 

FirROaoD,  Ui«J.  T. B m«MlLV 

FiahCc>auiiiuiim,D.S..S,U,I3.1);IT,]ll«H,« 

T4,  T5^  Ts,  M,  B%  a,  n,  SI,  ui.  i3Mm  mw 

ltD.151,  iaa^IM.16>,I78.1M,M^)n,WS 

Flihet,  Cspt.  Jo*. W 

FiUbogh,  D.  H HI 

Filihiich,  n.  L  W 

Fcimt  tnd  liliwua  Pabti*hiii{;Coinpaaj.  HRft 
1%  101. 102,  Ut,  lis.  131,  UT.  IKMniM  MM 

Fa«l«.G»TgFB T%T];1SkllI.III.tt» 

Prestnoii,  SanloTd IM^MIMW 

Fm»-li,E.B miM.ma 

Fuller,  C.B JRSI 

FuleJ.CoLJ 0 

e. 

Gabb,  W.  H » 

Gardiner,  C*pt.  J.  W.T KP 

G*Ddet,C.P • 

Ghiaalln,  Dr.  J.  T ■ 

Glbbe*,T>T.  L.R... ,.    » 

Gibb*,TbM.   .  4,S3iU,WtIai.U^l]^ll%l4S 

Glironl,JohBD. ■• 

GiffonJ,  Thorn**  J ■ 

GUbrrt.K.F ....■»» 

GUll«»,  J.  M -      • 

GilLTheo «at* 

CiilpJH.  Dr.  Ik'ni 


TNDEX  OP.COKTRIBUTOBS. 


.Dr.  A.  I, 1*,1S 

iPortablaFoUlngBoatCompMiy..      14S 

.H 2tl,SH,2H,2GT,MI.3K2eikm 

.a.J.H !OI.SW,ai« 


...  U3,1H 

7.8J,B1,1« 
...  !S3S,JW 


tUiBtanl IW,  IM,1H 

k.a.  N 22 

A.  H HIW.201 


I.E..  ft  Sou 118,130,133 

r m,is*.i3s 

B.U s«,eMio 


CptL n,T«,i«,ns 


CmptKH 30,82 

DU.  S.  a,  &  Co 211 

OD,EDhl*Co 131 


)r  12,S«,39 


mO  CuUaiy  Conpuy Tl-Tl 


JahDmi,  7.  B 37,rt.Xt,U 

Jaluuaii,C^t.Q.  A S3 

JohunD  ft  Tonng U>,  133,  I4B,  IN 

Jon;,  P.  LonU 13» 

Jndte,  Edwin  H 137 

Jndp^EdwJD  W >3 


F,  C,  iCo... M 

KfU'j  JcDumnor lo 

Kmp,  D«j  t  To  19MW,  M 

Kenn.i1t,  Andrvw lie,  181,  IB 

K-'unCTlV,  Dr.  B,  1IM«,  1»0,  IB 

KtiiDicott,B 1^M.I00,1I8,1U,138.1« 

139,110.11 

Kennud.  CbcrinW So 

Kent,D.  F 1 

KImtMlI,  Dr.  J.  F 20 

C.  J.KlDC 1 

Etdg,  Lieat  F.  W 8 

KlnftW.B 1 

Kiiby,  JIumpliTi'yS 81,(1, It 

KIrkby.  W,  W    18 

Klrttkud,  Dr.  J.  P 1 

Kuoi,  S.B 3 

Ksbn,  QnaU* ll,tt>,lHilS&10l>.M 

Kop«cb,H 28 

K>id«,  Jolm 1»,U 

Kuril,  T.D tt 


LUnftJ.M 13 

LuimnD.  Clurlia 23S 

L<  Pall,  WUllIm  H 111,212 

Lawlo.C.H » 

LUliuD,  JuDU  H 13, 131,141 

Lcnlcr.JtMiiph..  143,173 

Lftwrencfl,  Alft«d 10 

Lawnoce,  Am« 203 

LeBT«iw(irth,J.n 8 

Lelb,T 32 

L«inuM,H.L Ill 

LmIbj.A.M IM 

LMliPpC.C 48 

LevBy,J.A  20 

L«wl«.G*orBeH »• 

Lewis,  WLUlMD 01 

LincolD,  Oeorgo  F 201,202 

Liverpool  rtee  PobUo  MoMnm 20, 30 

Loce,Ja»on  07 

Ljmttn,  Theodore 23T 

Liman.  WUliun .'. .,      IM 


MiiOT.K.B.ftF T«tTa,Sl,lSl.l«l 

HnhrenWi 208,210 

MiiD.'iflftld,  (I,  E.  A  Co llt.Ui 

Miirct  fnpthln 1* 

Martin.  C»pLS.  J m 

Munrln  Droa.  &  Bartlett  220,227 

MiiBUchaMtMAnnaCompma)- SD.D1,B2,B3 

Mmbw  Fnsd ao.sa,24« 

Mutlirw,G.F ; 2M 

Muth>ws,Dr.V \* 


350 


INDEX  OF   CONTBIBDTOBS. 


McBrlde,SknJ 

UcCuleb,  Vloald IS 

Ui-CUln.A.0 Mfl 

UL-Curdy,  Alex. . .  .72. 7S,  BO,  H,  101,  ]2%  ISO,  161.  IffJ 

McDoDald.M S42 

H<:[>aDdi<],AnuiL llft,lU 

McFBdd(ul.F 150 

M'^Fadjo.  l£Bleolm l<e.l»S 

MacFutencR fl,  IB.  7fi.  83;  W,  H,  100,  U.*!, 

127, 131, 138.  lU,  162, 180,  ȣ,  203, 20g,  -ilS 

MoFiiTliuie.B.R 

McKonuis.  M 

MdUDEbUo.  W.  B 

UBL«id,B(!r.B.B 

Huylind  Acodem;  of  Soleaca 

MiHk,F.  B 2Sa.2Se 

Mirglsr.J.G.,  4  Co ia&,l«« 

U<)l(;^GenenlU.0 86 

More  (milt,  PhUip .71,87,132 

MeiTttLDr-JC 5,21 

Middlslon.  Curaon  i  Co 28 

MllM,  GeoTKe  W SO,  M,  217, 118.  SIB,  m.  2»2 

UHIet,  Dr.  C.  A 257 

MUnn'.J.W 21.4S,Sa,«0,BM£2.I39,lW.iao, 

235, 337,  2M,  2*1.200 

Minor,  Dr,  T.  T 4.  BS,  88,  B9, «,  IIB,  126, 214 

MoUtKoiia.,  n.  B   7 

M.Mn\Tt».miu 87,38 

Miirri^  Willtam 96,141 

MosMi,  Wflllam  B 2« 

Mott,  Mr».C.E 21)5,25(1.238 

MunaJ.,  *Co 223 

HDBOiiinDf  CompuBtireZDolog; $5,M 

N. 

Sliaon.J.P 101 

NwidDil  lEBtltutlon 4,5.12 

NaUnnalPrFaervingCotDpaDf IB2 


Peyrfr.CK-l „, _...,    m 

Pollard.fi.Q „„      a' 

Pooled  Bant .,.,.,::.     flU, 

Pope,C.pl.J „       II 

rortliiDil  PackitigCoMipMr .I4Mi.i4)IK. 

Potter,  T.  &  E.  H. M 

Potter,  Churl™  T HH 

PottU',  n-nlu m 

Powxil  Ui\j.  J.  W 80,BIMG,lll,IM^lAaB.M 

PflwelLS a«« 

Fowera,  StopbCD  .65,  M,  M;  131,  UK.  12^  IH  OtUl 
in,lM.!RStai 


nnej, 


Pl»[t,W.B,., 

Prior,  Wmi»m.  ^f.,  *  Co 

PutMni,  F.W 


IUDdDlpli,ScpUiiiU,lliM _    V 

KeailDEtoniSoiui,B |MI 

RMifTBir.G.R [n,«aiM 

RrnlVeiT.G.  I{.,&Ca....ia.«.LaLUitmHt*l 
21i^ll(.2U!Ka 

Elch.  Sewell  B »«■ 

RlchKil.J.H „   mjt 

BiebiaiMm,Jimf .MfcKli 

RidgwBj.  Itobert IKUAB 

King.  Lieot  F.  M »4«,l4iL» 

Bndite™,  Hwl«n  M.,  &Co... ■ 

RodScn.  Capt  Joliii SA* 

Ro^n,  C.  W ,,...,.._,. _.,.,..     IP 

RfB*.B.R......  4,lS,M,W^0a.tlM4U;i>KW 

RoH  ftnudfalr 


INDEX  OF  CONTB3UT0BS. 


M,US 

lOI 

Ma 

...T0,22t,32S,ttT 


[uUtDUcin e3,H8S,8^«.Ul. 

IBS,  18a 

Tbw 2M 

M.X..«i.tt,».  Vn,  IIT,  m,  128, 131, 

13a,lM,ll>3,S44 

itge MpM 


ryA 13a,lM 

.rimn 7,18 

I B8,aa7 

ai,is2,2H,aM,2«a 

IMlKl 260 

per 244.247 

^loa. .  2t^  H  Sfc  3T,  58,  M,  OS,  «T.  es,  12«, 
3,  l»4,  IBS,  210,  as,  230, 240, 241. 248, 247 

: 8« 

iiBii.&3oDa 18B.14I) 


George  0, 14. 18.  ti.  84, 143,  lf»,  100, 235 

rohn 2S,44 

l.78,8«,  82-g},8g,M.(X.8«,  1(H),  IIS.  IIT, 

.  I5S.  im.  188. 184, 1»3. 105, 11^.  201, 202. 

214, 215, 222, 251, 2.S7, 250 


Trovbildge.LlsatW'.F 17,  IN 

Tiriw,U4<iT « 

IT. 

Uoderwood  &  Co 188, 104. 189^  2W 

lIiider«ODd,WlUbm 281 

tTnited  Slatea  KorUiem  BranduT  Sorrej..        T 

T. 

T<kntiike,lLL US 

Tu4ea,J HMUB 

T(U«.Dr.J.W «,8^ea 

Tarrlll.A.B 184,187, 28^X1, 38! 

TerrIll,C.S 380 

VleUe,W 16 

yaH,Adolph 78.75.77,88,170 

W. 

Wilker,  Dulel ISO 

Wal]Me,Jolui 5,10,18,  WO 

Wftlthun  d^Gntuin tO 

Wir  Department M 

W>rd,H.A 5,0,l^Sl,e7 

V>m!ti.LientQ.K 8,8t,M 

Welch.  Georgo 4 

Welplry,  Dr.  P 8,18 

■Wemlchi  Wanilfl 318 

Weeterbergor.Fnuilt,.. -.,..-... ...........      900 

WeMoii.WllliuiiiH 180,101 

■Willi*,  J,  H.  868 

Wherlrt.  Ll.-iit- (itoriw  M 180 

Wlieelw.W.K 7 

WbippU.Lieul.  .\.  W  ...  83 

WtilteMiiiuIkcturliieCanipaDy 141 

Whltv.Ur.J.B 141,148.144 

WhitP.I.ii-.il.J.W .'.. 118 

WIriiiir  k  Aimi  f.-ompimy 80,01 

Wilcoi.Criltrnden&Ca 73,74,88,88,117,122, 

]2<l,  180. 150-157,  IW-ieZ 

Wilroi  Tnnncry -....      200 

Wi1lH-n*.WilliiiiB.ftC» 218,210 

WIULmnii,  lUv™  A  Co 148 

WmLi.ln».ili.U.-at.ll.S 15 

■Willi*,  .r.u 18 

WilmolS «0 

Wilwm,  I)r 20 

WiacbirsliT  Repeating  Aim* 01,02 

Wiikra.  LieulrmmC 150 

Wilkes.  C»pt.Cbuloi 8, 88, 03, 143,  t»7, 188 

Wuoiiforcl,riilllpR 203 

■Welti.  G.W 138 

WolttT-N    133.134 

Womi,  W.F 8 

WcKHlbouac,  DecloT 14. 10 

WeodforA  Philip  R 201 

Wjplh,,loho,  «:Bro  22^ 228. 22*1229 

X. 
Xaniu-..Tnlin in.;,'* 

T, 

Yarniw,  II.C   48, 40,  .11, 1 3j,  238 

TouiiB.A.R 285 

YoimB,W,H   100 

Teung,W,M 0(^07,102,117 


^ej^avimeni   of  fKc   SRnieriori 

U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 

18 


BULLETIN 


OF  THB 


UNITED  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM. 


TSTo.   1  6. 


PUBLISHED  UNDER  THB  DIRECTION  OF  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTIOK 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING     OFPIOB. 

1879. 


I 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


This  work  is  the  flfteeenth  of  a  Herie^  of  papers  intended  to  illosttate  ■ 
tho  collections  of  Natui'al  History  aiitl  Ethiiologj-  belonging  to  tto 
United  States,  and  constituting  the  National  Museum,  of  AvLich  liie 
Smitbsomau  Institution  v/aa  plficed  in  charge  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  , 
August  10, 1846.  j 

It  has  been  prepared  at  the  request  of  the  Inetitatiou,  and  printed  b; 
anthority  of  the  honorable  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

SPENCER  F.  BAIRD, 
Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Instttvtion. 

SlQTHSOHIAN   INSTITUTION, 

Washington,  April  15,  1879. 


I 


CONTRIBUTIONS 


TU  THE 


vTATUKAL  HISTOET 


OF 


ARCTIC  AMERICA, 


MABB  IN  CONNECTION  WITH 


THE  HOWGATE  POLAR  EXPEDITION,  1877-78, 


BY 


LTJDTTia  KUMLIBN", 

HATUBAUBT  OF  TBI  EZPmDITIOir. 


'    »^».  I 


WASHINGTON: 

OOVEBNMENT     PRINTING    OPFIOB. 

1870. 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


iMTBODUCnON.     Bf  LUDWIO  Edmubn I 

:;  LovwiG  KmiLiKif U 

Bf  LUDWIO  EUHUEN < 

BiRDa.    By  Luswia  EuMiJEM I 

FuHES.    By  TablstonH.  Bkan    ■ 

Cbustacba.    ByS.  L  Smitb 0 

Ahnsudes.    By  a.  E.  Vekhqx Ul 

Hou-USKB.     ByW.H.DAix If 

MoiJ.uscoii>8.    By  A.  E.  Terrill tf 

Radiates.    By  A.  E.  Tebbill B 

iMSEcro:  DiDHSAi.  Lepidoptkra.    By  W.  B.  Edwabds W 

Insects:  Htmenoptera,  KocnntNAL  Lbpidoptxka,  Bipteba,  CoukvbUi 

NEUItOPTEEA,  AND  ARACHNIDA.     Bj  B.  H.  SCCDDEB  ANI>  OTHBRfl 9 

PlAKTS.    ByAflAORAT I" 

LlCBENS.     By  Edwasd  Tdceerman  . . 


INTRODUCTION. 


Bt  L  up  wig  Kdmuks. 


e  vessel  coDTejing  the  Ilowgato  preliounary  Poljir  Expedition  woa 
^orenoe^of  Kcw  LoiidoD,  Conn.  She  is  a  fore-and-utlsutioonerof 
lis  tons,  and  was  built  in  Wells,  Me.,  in  1S51,  for  mackerel,  and 
blbseqneiitly  iiscfl  as  n  sealer  iu  (lie  «oiittiem  seas, 
■oagb  «•  KtaiiDcli  and  Ikir  &ea-l>oat,  as  far  as  her  diinixiutive  dimen- 
boDld  allow,  a  less  siutable  vessel  for  the  puriiose  could  hardi; 
been  chosen.  To  say  tiiat  she  wa^  too  small  for  thorough  scientillo 
■overs  the  ground,  hut  quite  fails  to  eonvey  a  proper  idea  of  \rhat 
hdcB  all  scicutific  hiburs  were  subjected  to  on  this  uecuunt. 
nehoouer  was  lltte<l  out  iu  New  London,  and  sailed  on  the  mom- 

■  August  3,  1877,  unfortunately  at  least  two  niontlis  later  than 
me,  had  her  object  been  purely  scieutific. 

■primary  object  of  the  expedition,  by  Captain  How^ttfa  order, 

■  collect  material,  skins,  skin  clothing,  dogs,  sledges,  and  Eskimo, 
m  use  of  a  future  colony  on  the  shores  of  Lady  Franklin  Bay. 
koodaryobjectof  the  expedition  was  scientific  work;  and,  thirdly, 
■g  waa  to  be  one  feature  of  the  cruise. 

HT  as  the  primary  object  is  concerned,  the  vxpeditiou  was  as  snc- 
H  as  coald  be  expected :  a  large  iimonut  of  skins  was  collected 
Hdeitito  clothing;  the  services  of  sixteen  Eskimo  were  secured, 
^ve  willing  to  accompany  the  coming  steamer  northward;  nearly 
^ngs  were  secured,  and  several  good  sledges,  with  an  auijile  sap* 
^Biale^  jaw-bones  for  shoeing  the  mnuers  for  some  years. 
^H  been  stated  by  Captain  llowgate,  "  the  pecidiar  natnre  of  her 
^^B(ted  tlio  enterprise  from  the  level  of  ao  ordinary  whaling  voy- 
^^B  higher  pliiuo  of  geogniphical  discovery."  Every  one,  except 
^^■sts,  had  a  "  lay"  in  the  voyage ;  and,  so  far  as  the  crew  was 
^^H  their  "  lay  "  was  to  be  theu*  ouly  remuneration ;  as  a  natural 
^^^Be,  whaling  became  the  primary  object  to  them.  The  expe* 
^^^nlso  tuirly  i^ucceasful  in  this  direction. 
^^^Htfae  scientific  work  is  concerned,  some  valuable  work  waa 


1 


6  NATUBAL   HI8T0BT  OF  ABCTIC  A3IERICA. 

done,  especially  by  Mr.  Shermaa  in  meteorology ;  atiU,  neuly  all  ibaack 
tifio  labors  were  prosecated  under  very  disconiaging  conditiiHU.  T 
lack  of  any  place  to  work  in  save  a  anow-but  on  shore,  in  wtuch  n^ 
sufficient  Ugbt  nor  heat  was  to  be  obtained,  rendered  it  very  diffleoU 
prosecute  certain  investigatious.  The  late  date  of  sailing  and  tbe  en 
departure  from  the  winter  harbor  deprived  na  of  the  moat  inttteBtii 
and  profitable  seasoa  for  Bcientific  research. 

The  outward  trip  presented  nothing  to  break  the  osoal  monotcny  at 
long  sailing  voyage:  fogs  and  light  wiods  prevailed  till  off  the  north 
Besolntion  Island,  when  astrong  northeast  gale  was  encountered.  13 
schooner  was  heavily  loaded  and  poorly  trimmed,  so  that  some  nncn 
ness  for  safety  was  uaturally  felt,  especially  as  we  were  close  insho 
among  icebergs  and  rocks,  in  a  thick  fog  and  on  an  unknown  coast  Oi 
boat  was  stove  in  and  a  few  barrels  of  provisioas  washed  &om  ded 
otherwise  no  damage  was  done. 

The  first  anchorage  was  in  Kiautilio  Harbor,  on  the  western  shofei 
Cumberland  Sound,  September  12,  fortj'-ooe  days  after  leanng  Sff 
London.  Some  natives  were  secured  here,  to  assist  in  whaling;  andi 
their  worldly  possessions,  including  dogs,  sledges,  boats,  &c.,  were  ttkr 
upon  the  decks,  aud  the  schooner  weighed  anchor  and  started  fix  tk 
opposite  side  of  tbe  sound.  A  short  stay  was  made  at  the  Kikbrtn 
Islands,  atid  ou  the  6th  of  October  the  Florence  dropped  anchor  it  Ik 
little  harlwr  of  Annanactook,  at  about  lat  (»7°  N".,  long.  G8°  5V  W. 

Mr.  Sliomiaiiaii.liiiv.M-lfjoai* 


IKTEODUCTION. 

g  circumstauces,  the  results  of  his  labors  cannot  fail  to  be  very  \ 
B  and  do  justice  to  Mr.  Slierman's  iiidefatigable  peraeverauco  axu 
irly  attainments.     We  spent  our  time  iu  procui-iug  and  taking  ci 

mens,  as  well  as  taliing  our  "  wateli"  sit  tlie  observatory  v 
s  bnsy  witli  otiier  work. 

a  our  peculiar  siuroundiiigs  and  the  isolation  to  wliicU  we  wen! 
Necessarily  subjected,  we  lost  much  of  our  wonted  enthusiasm  during  tl 
long,  dreary  winter,  and  found  rest  only  in  continual  work. 

The  spring  of  1878  was  stormy  and  backward,  and  the  prevalence  of 
southerly  gales  kept  the  ice  closely  packed  about  us  till  the  fore  part  of 
.TiUy.  This  treacherous  condition  of  the  ice,  and  early  departure  &om 
li.'  winter  harbor,  roblied  us  of  any  opportunity  to  prosecute  extendej 
-•-arches,  except  in  the  uuraediate  vleiuity  of  the  harbor;  thus  tlH 
:!iost  valuable  season  was  completely  lost  to  us. 

The  Florence  loft  her  winter  harbor  on  the  6th  of  Jul}',  liaviug  all  t 
collected  material  fur  the  fbture  Arctic  colony  stored  in  her  hold,  i 
i\t*«a  Eskimo  and  twenty -eight  dogs  ou  deck. 

In  the  uiiueccssary  haste  of  departure  many  valuable  pix'parat ions  liai 
M  lv»  abandoned  for  want  of  time  to  get  them  aboard,  us  well  as  spat 
ij)  !itorc  titom. 

Short  stoppages  were  ma^e  at  two  or  three  points  on  the  outwai 
'-rissage  from  tlie  sound,  and  uii  the  lOtli  of  July  we  rounded  Cape  Merc 
111  took  ilie  patrk-ice  of  Davis  Straits.    It  was  ou  this  day  tJiat  t 
linoncr  received  the  bump  which  afterwards  cost  us  so  much  troubli 
nI  ansiety. 

I'tie  |>ack  proved  to  be  quite  loose,  Xmt.  ejiteusive,  and  the  does  ratUei 

I'luU,  but  the  winds  were  invariably  contrary  and  quite  still',  and  tlu 

I  most  impenetrable  fog  made  the  uuvigatiou  dangerous  and  tediomifl 

■  were  often  obliged  to  tie  up  to  a  doe  and  await  a  "lead"  in  the  pa* 

or  the  lifting  of  the  murky  fog  veil. 

Godhavn  Harbor,  Dtsko  Island,  Greenland,  was  reached  ou  the  'M^ 
of  July.  Wo  were  all  in  high  spirits  iu  auticipation  of  news  from  hoiiM 
'  not  tlie  presence  of  tbe  exjiected  expedition  steamer.  Of  course  tit 
"iblo  disappointment  was  sorely  t^elt. 
I'hc  adveut  of  the  expedition  was  awaited  with  great  anxiety,  iii'if 
|i«>ciaUy  as  no  word  had  been  scut  us  ria  Denmark,  so  wo  natiirallj 
ificluded  tito  vessel  orves-sels  were  belated  from  some  cause;  batwhei 
;  f  u  weeks  of  waiting  brougiit  us  no  news,  the  anchor  was  weighed,  and 
-  Florence  put  on  a  course  for  Cnmberland  once  moiv,  to  i-etnru  the 
l^gkinw  aud  tliaireffecta  to  their  country. 


S  NATURAL   HI8T0BT    OP   ARCTIC   AMERICA. 

Daring  otit  sojoom  in  Oodhaven  eveiy  attention  was  paid  to  oar  OOB- 
fort  by  the  higtily  enlightened  Danes  resident  there,  and  these  thm 
short  weeks  were  to  ns  the  most  enjoyable  of  the  whole  cndae.  Wc 
puTsned  our  scientiflo  hibors  here  as  elsewhere  when  an  ancdiongem 
made,  bat  in  this  case  had  tiie  misfortnne  of  being  on  an  cdd  SDd  wd- 
rorked  Add. 

On  the  evening  of  the  22d  of  August,  the  Mocence  left  GodhaTcn  ai 
sped  on  a  southerly  course,  with  a  fair  north  wind;  this  Boon  veered  to 
ESE.  and  blew  a  gale.  For  four  days  the  schooner  lay  bove-to  nnd* 
close-reefed  storm-sail,  while  the  hatches  were  battened  down  overtbt 
poor  native^  iu  the  hold.  We  were  entirely  at  the  mercy  of  the  eienaw 
and  drifted  with  the  sea.  An  impenetrable  fog,  with  heavy  rain,  oa- 
tinaed  the  whole  time,  and  we  were  drifting  among  hundre<ls  of  i» 
bergs,  bat  luckily  did  not  come  in  contact  with  any. 

On  the  27th  land  was  sighted  on  our  8tarbo<ird  quarter,  and  sob» 
qneut  obser^-ationa  proved  us  to  bo  in  the  month  of  Exeter  Sovmt!  Wt 
had  drifted  completely  across  D^vis  Straits. 

On  the  31st  of  August  we  ngiiiu  anchored  at  Kiantilic,  and  moft  rUt 
ingly  landed  our  passengers  and  all  their  goods,  and  enjoyed  a  feirdaj* 
of  rest, — rest  from  the  howling  of  wind  and  wave  and  Irom  the  fiir  U* 
musical  sqaall  of  the  juvenile  E^himo  and  tie  flendisb  howls  of  the  dof» 
We  could  also  enjoy  tbe  luxiuy.of  clean  and  free  decks  once  more,  ihi 
fij-st  time  since  June. 

ti  tiiu  12tli  of  Sciileiubcr  wiliingliaiida  heiided  the  Floreru'C  lorLonif. 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

head  sea.  We  were  80inewh(»*e  off  Sable  Island  at  the  time,  our  exact 
bearings  being  unknown  to  us.  The  pumps  were  kept  maimed,  and  dili- 
gent search  made  for  the  leak,  but  without  avail.  Such  a  condition  of 
affiurs  cafit  a  shadow  of  gloom  over  the  whole  company :  our  provisions 
gone,  ship  leaking  badly,  and  not  knowing  at  what  moment  it  might 
gain  on  us;  the  elements  in  all  their  fury  let  loose,  so  that  we  were  en- 
tirely in  their  i)ower,  drifting  helplessly  at  the  mercy  of  raging  billows, 
without  knowledge  of  our  i)osition  within  a  hundred  miles.  On  the 
evening  of  October  25,  Thatcher's  Island  lights  were  sighted,  and  the 
Slorence  seemed  to  have  become  animated,  for  with  a  fair  NW.  breeze 
•be  sped  like  a  thing  of  life,  and  before  midnight  we  saw  the  reflected 
lights  of  Boston  on  the  clouds,  and  the  next  morning  dropped  anchor  in 
Provincetown,  Mass.  Provisions  were  secured  and  some  slight  repairs 
made. 

On  the  morning  of  October  30,  the  Florence  lay  alongside  of  the  same 
dock  she  had  left  fifteen  months  before,  every  man  brought  back  ali^e 
and  welL 


ETHNOLOGY. 

PEAGMBNTAIIV  NOTES  OS  THE  ESKIMO  OF  CnUIIKRI.ASD  80ITHD. 


lie  Cumberlaml  Straits,  Souud,  Gulf,  or  Iclet,  extenda  from  abonj 
laU  G.V  X.  to  Uit.  07°+  N.     It  is  the  Ciimlwrlomt  Siraits  of  Baffin,  itai 
tirigitiul  ilisi!overer  ut  tbe  end  of  Ilie  Mxteeotli  century;  tlie  Hogiirth.l 
Sound  of  Cai>t,ain  Penny,  who  rediscovered  it  in  1839;  and  the  North*/ 
ambcrlaud  inlet  of  Captain  Wareham  m  1841. 

During  tbe  last  quarter  ceutury  it  has  often  been  visited  by  Scotdii] 
.111(1  Ameriuin  wiialemen,  ships  frequently  vintering  on  tbe  southwest 
I' I'll  shores. 

It  ia  at  present  unknown  if  it  be  a  sound  or  gulf;  it  is  generally  con-l 
sidered  as  a  gulf,  but  some  Eskimo  say  tliat  the  Kiugwab  Fjord,  one  o 
tlie  arms  extending  to  the  NE.,  openn  into  a  hitge  expanse  of  watw,~] 
to  them  iinkoowii.    Icebergs  arc  also  soineHino»  foimd  in  tim  Qord  that, 
from  their  positions,  seem  to  have  come  from  the  northward,  and  not 
from  the  south. 

The  eastern  shore  of  this  soimd  forms  the  western  boundary  of  thi 
iwrtion  of  Cumberland  Island  which  Ues  botwet^ti  its  waters  and  Dari 
Stniiti*,  and  known  as  the  Penny  Peninsula. 

In  about  lat.  C(i°  N.  the  Kingnite  FJoixi  extends  from  the  sound  in  a 
KN'K.  direction,  and  nearly  joins  Exeter  Sound  from  Davis  Stratti^ 

I  y  are  separated  only  by  a  portage  of  a  few  miles.  The  Cnniberlandi 
.  >klmo  make  frequent  excursions  to  tlie  eastern  shore  via  these  Qord9, 
but  seem  to  have  e)ct«nded  their  uiigmtiong  but  a  short  distance  nortfe-J 
wanl,  finding  Cumberland  Sound  uioro  1^)  their  tastes. 

The  width  of  Cumberland  Sound  opposite  Niantilic  Is  about  ihir 

:tk'S,  possibly  its  widest  part.    It  is  indented  by  numerous  and  lai 

I J  Ills,  few,  if  any,  of  them  having  been  explored ;  many  islands  are  scafrfl 
'  r>_-d  along  both  shores,  and  in  some  instan(«s  form  quite  considerablti 

-.Kips.  ' 

Tbe  present  Eskimo  are  few  in  numbers.     We  would  estimate  ttu 
e  jiiipulatioi],  men,  women,  and  chQdren,  on  both  sides  of  tbe  i^nndL 


12  NATURAL   HISTORY  OF  AECTIC  AMERICA. 

irom  Cape  Mercy  on  tlie  east  to  Nugumeute  on  the  vest,  Dot  to  rxG««d 
four  hundred  iDdividnals.  It  is  certain  that  within  the  last  thirty  yei rs 
the  mortality  has  been  very  great  among  them;  even  the  vbalemeii 
remark  an  astouiahing  diminution  in  their  niunbers  at  the  present  day, 
as  compared  with  twenty  years  ago. 

Kumerous  traditions  exist  among  them  of  the  time  when  they  wamd 
witli  other  trilies,  and  old  men,  now  livin;;,  have  pointed  out  tu  ii.s  iBlaudu 
that  werc!  once  tlic  iicciic  of  Imttles,  where  the  besieged  party  was  starred 
into  submitttjion  by  their  enemies.  According  to  the  nsnal  st<ny,  tb 
burling  of  stones  was  one  of  the  moat  effective  and  common  mode*  of 
warfare;  this  was  especially  the  case  when  one  party  could  get  upon  a 
ledge  above  the  other.  At  the  present  day  tbey  are  peaceful  and  qoia, 
h<ive  no  recognized  lender,  and  no  desire  to  fight,  even  if  their  nmnben 
would  permit  of  it. 

As  the  story  goes,  the  present  population  were  the  victors  in  tboK 
fights,  and  tool^  posnossion  of  the  country  they  now  inhabit.  Some  say 
they  came  from  the  northwest,  and  found  another  tribe,  which  tbej 
overcame  and  drove  away.  Their  stories  on  this  subject  vary,  and 
sometimes  with  this  unusually  interesting  tradition,  as  well  as  many 
others,  they  get  events  of  a  very  recent  date  hopelessly  mixed  np  wift 
the  rest;  and  it  is  no  unusual  instance  to  find  that  some  whaler  with* 
good  imagination  has  supplied  and  restored  lost  portions  of  thenu^ 
rative,  to  their  entire  satisfaction;  but  these  restorations  are  chJeiBf 


^B  KTIIKOLOGV.  IS 

^HkJu  uuule  houties  uut  of  atone.'  Tliey  weru  ulilti  tu  lift  laigti  stoiiocfl 
^Hwere  afraid  of  tbem;  we  t'ouglit  witli  tlieui  and  killed  tlieui.  Tli^H 
^H  S'unuks)  coiue  in  Uiti  flrgt  place  fiom  drccnlandA  Ttic  woineti  muda 
WMiii'S  Iroui  tlieir  own  liair.  They  had  no  dogs  at  that  time,  but  lli^n 
miulo  sludges  and  harnesses,  and  finally  (witchou  =  by  and  by)  put  tkol 
hai-uesses  on  three  wickn,  one  whilo,  one  red,  ami  odb  blit<:k;  they  tbeiifl 
i;jllcd,  luid  when  they  looked  they  found  the  stoues  had  been  trans^l 
iMrined  into  dogs.  After  a  time  tliey  got  plenty  dogs;  tlien  they  wcobl 
about  more.  The  preneut  Eskimo  could  not  miderstund  their  language. 
They  lived  to  a  gfeatage  {E.  tnlceieottk  nami  =  did  not  die!).  Fur  to  the 
veAt  some  Kskimo  lately  saw  some  Tunukg;  they  bad  bear-skiu  rlo^h- 
ing.  In  the  Tunuka  land  (where!)  the  musk  ox  (oming  muJc),  Ift-ar,  and  J 
seals  are  abimdaiit.  They  build  walls  of  stones  on  the  land,  and  drive  I 
tlie  reindeer  inte  ponds,  and  cat«h  them  in  kyacks.  They  have  a  largej 
ioag  call^ong  (coat,  or  jumper  jacket)  that  they  fasten  down  aroiuud 
a  on  tlie  ice  whUe  they  are  watching  a  seal's  hole ;  nudemeath  tbitn 

la  itketoli  of  foBudatloD,  No.  1.    8Iodo  fonndaiione  of  a  somewhat  peoulinr  pat-  % 
vfimnd  tnniAnf  of  Uio  larger Qorda.     Thembjeutof  tbeslcetcb  was  about  fitiir-  I 
D  its  greatest  (lianietcr  (the  larger  en-cloaare)  inside ;  the  smaller  one  al'uut     \ 
■  fMt.    Tbo  mraQgeioeut  ia  much  the  eomo  as  the  Eakimo  ubo  at  the  preeout  ilay,  ii 
i  platform  in  the  end  opposite  the  entraace  for  a  sleeping  and  general  loangln^ 
plAOe,  »nd  two  Hmaller  platforms  on  eilher  aido,  where  the  hunps  are  kept,  and  ■where 
thp  garbage  accnmnlates. 

Tbufio  fouDdationa  are  now  mere  rains.  Some  of  the  stones  in  the  walls  areso  largo 
that  It  must  have  required  the  united  efforts  of  HYoral  men  to  place  them  in  position. 
Rm)  aloaue  gradually  dinilniHh  in  size  &om  the  foundation  upward.  Standing  walls  aro 
bMn  two  to  three  feet  high,  and  might  have  been  a  foot  higher,  to  Judge  &om  the 
locMO  Btonea  lying  about.  Tbera  was  prebabl;  a  &aine-wurk  of  whale  ribs,  over  which 
tliB  aeal-pkin  covering  was  spread. 

Ou  thv  iiiirtb  side  of  this  foimdatiou  were  seven  kyaoks,  built  of  small  stones;  th^  J 
lie?  parallel  to  irnch  other,  and  are  from  ten  to  flftcim  feet  in  length;  thejr  are  built  of  " 
L  ^iii^lo  row  of  stonea,  and  only  one  tier  high.     These  are  said  to  indicate  thenunilier 
iiriiateH  that  havedit<d.    Th«j  appvar  to  an  more  like  the  work  of  children.     In 
i:iinp-plaw!a  we  found  the  remans  of  PflfKtmyj/irHdii*  (abundant),  PAtwatartaW, 
\,phora  criMtala,  IVuAecftiM  rofinarua,  Umu  mariliniui  (tb<9  tliree  laet-namod  species  J 
IT'  now  only  aa  eCragglers  in  the  vicinity},  Eangi/er  larandui,  Beluga  catodon,  LarutM 

—  f,  and  Stmatrria 1  (nullinima, probably).     Otber  boueeare  found,  but' not fl 

■  ^uliSBhln  from  decay.    No  implements  were  found  eitept  a  stone  skiu'^craper^ 
I'[i>8eiit  Eskimo  eay  these  stone  fonndationa  wi^re  made  by  the  Tunabi.    They  a: 
■ri  in  variona  out-of-lhe-way  places,  especially  in  the  grontAr  Kingwah  Fjord. 
\lioat  twunty  years  ago,  s  man  and  women  (Greenlandoni)Iaadetl  near  Capo  Mctcyi^ 
iiii:  fiot  adrin.  on  a  piece  of  ice  nn  the  Oncnlanil  iNHtBt.     rrom  this  oooitrrence  w«.J 
......jictuTv  that  the  sl»ry  haa received  a  modem  ad<lition. 


14  NATUBAL  BISTORT  OF  ASCTIC  AHEBICA. 

g'-nueiit,  on  the  ice,  they  place  a  lamp;  over  this  lamp  thc^  cook  meat 
THeir  eyes  are  sore  all  the  time.  We  are  afiraid  of  Ihem ;  do  not  like 
tnem;  glad  they  hare  gone  away." 

This  tradition  differs  somewhat  in  the  particulars  when  told  by  dilKr- 
fnt  individuals,  hut  the  mahi  points  are  essentially  the  same.  Uuf 
will  not  tell  it  all ;  some,  only  i>arts  of  it.  The  ridicoloos  story  abou 
the  dogs  is  firmly  believed  by  the  present  Eskimo  as  the  origin  of  Umm 


That  the  Tunuks  have  been  seen  of  late  years  in  the  west  is  not  is- 
probable, — that  is,  natives,  different  in  dress  and  stature;  but  theyvcR 
most  likely  the  tribe  known  aa  the  Pelly  Bay  Eskimo  from  ttie  doiA 
shores  of  Hudson's  Straits  and  fh)m  Fox  Channel,  they  being  Isrgs 
and  more  robust  than  the  Cumberland  Eskimo  of  the  present  day.  It  ii 
certiun  that  since  the  whalers  have  begun  coming  among  the  Cumber 
land  Eskimo,  and  introduced  venereal  diseases,  they  have  deteriotstcd 
very  much.  They  now  almost  depend  upon  ships  coming,  and  as  a  oco- 
sequence  are  becoming  less  expert  linnters,  and  more  careless  in  Ibe 
construction  of  their  habitations,  which  are  merely  mde  temporaiy  ditl- 
tera  made  at  a  few  minates'  notice.  Great  suffering  often  ensues  fr« 
living  in  these  miserable  huts.  The  seal  skin  that  should  have  gone  te 
rcpa^ir  the  tent  in  bartered  to  the  whalemen  for  a  little  tobacco,  or  sow 
valueless  trinket,  which  is  soon  thrown  aside.  The  men  are  employed  le 
catch  whales,  ■whm  tlioy  ^ilimild  he  hniiliTi;;  m  OTflcr  to  <:niijily  tl^r 


ETITSOLOOY. 

I  aoy  scasoD.  Tbe  priiicipal  ones  are  known  as  Nngameute,  Kiautilii:^ 
Bwtjoyiutt,  Eemeauit,  Annanactook,  Oosooatlluin,  Ejiijunjiiiti,  Eikker- 
,  and  Middliejaacktaack  Islands,  and  Shauineer,  situate  at  different 
bnts  on  botli  sides  of  Cumberland  Soaud.  During  the  winter  tliey  con- 
tegate  at  these  points  in  tittle  villages  of  snow-huts. 
Tbe  present  principal  he^idquarters  are  at  the  Kikkerton  Islands,  or  at 
Siuntilic,  according  to  which  jioint  the  whalers  winter.  The  old  harbor 
r  Kemasnit,  once  the  winter  harbor  of  whalers  and  a  favorite  resort  of 
)  Eskimo,  is  now  deserted,  except  by  a  few  6Uiieninuuat«<i  couples, 
bo  manage  to  caUih  enongh  seal  to  live  on. 

8  a  mle,  the  present  ra<%  is  of  short  stature,  the  men  fi-om  Ave  feet 

e  inches  to  five  feot  six.    There  are  some  exceptions,  but  they  are 

i  fovor  of  a  less  rather  than  a  greater  height.     The  women  are  a  little 

prter.    The  lower  extremities  ai-e  I'ather  short  in  jiroportion  to  the 

,  and  l>ow-legs  are  almost  the  rule.    Tliis  probably  arises  from  the 

r  in  which  the  children  are  canied  in  the  mother's  hood,  as  well 

k  Che  early  age  at  which  they  attempt  to  walk.    The  habit  of  sitting 

•-tegged  may  also  have  a  tendency  to  produce  this  defoiuiity.    Tlieir 

[aaudfeet  are  small  and  well  fonned.    Their  hands  are  almost  covered 

b  the  scaraofcut«  and  bruises.     It  »ecms  that  in  healingthe  injured  part 

I,  and  is  always  afterwards  disgustingly  prominent-    Tliere  is  a  great 

tion  in  the  color  of  their  skin,  and  a  description  that  would  answer 

r  one  might  not  apply  at  all  to  another.    Even  among  those  that  are 

r  pure  breed  there  arc  some  whose  skins  are  no  darker  than  a  white 

M*s  Koold  he  if  subjected  to  the  rigors  of  wind  and  cold,  and  the 

iTor-rcraoveti  accumulation  of  soot  and  grease.    Others  again  seem  to 

ne  been  "boni  bo."    The  children,  when  young,  are  quite  fair.    The 

gren  are  small,  oblique,  and  black  or  very  dark  brown.    The  hair  is 

Kb,  Rtraigbt,  coarse,  and  very  ahiindant.     It  is  rarely  wavy  or  curly 

nong  the  full-blooded  Innuits. 

[  There  are,  of  conrse,  exceptions  to  the  above  in  cases  of  half-breeds. 
:  fiices  are  broad  and  flat,  with  rather  large  lips  and  prominent 
tbones. 
Atidde  is  not  practiced  among  the  Cumberland  Eskimo  at  the 
mt  day.  I  have  learned  from  some  of  the  most  intelligent  that  this 
pons  custom  was  in  vogue  in  former  times,  however.  Among  the 
a  of  Repulse  Bay  and  those  living  on  the  north  shores  of  Hudson's 
kits,  It  is  practiced  to  a  considerabje  extent,  e.specially  with  the  tribe 
1  the  Pelly  Bay  natives.    The  practice  is  confined  almost  en- 


16  NATDBAL   HISTORY  OP  AECTIC  AMERICA. 

tirely  to  female  children,  the  reason  being,  they  tell  os,  titiat  they  ua 
anahle  to  hunt,  and  consequentl;  of  little  acconut.  It  seems  to  iam 
b<«n  referable  to  the  same  cause  among  the  GTunberland  EsidmoL  Thca 
biterconrse  mth  the  whites  seems  to  have  modified  some  of  tlie  mort 
barbarous  of  their  primitive  habits. 

Twins  are  not  common,  and  triplets  veiy  rare.  The  males  oatnnmba 
the  females.  Infanticide  may,  to  Bome  extent,  be  the  c^nse ;  bnt  Imtf 
diseases,  which  are  alarmingly  prevalent,  seem  more  fatal  to  the  woon 
than  to  the  men. 

Children  are  often  mated  by  the  parents  while  they  are  still  mar  ii- 
&nts.  There  is  sach  an  extreme  laxity  of  monls  that  the  yoong  mmm 
almost  invarialy  become  wives  only  a  short  time  before  they  are  mothen 

'  It  is  impossible  to  say  at  what  age  the  women  cease  to  bear  chiMMi, 
as  tlicy  li;"tvc  no  uk'ii  uf  tln'ir  own  age,  ami  few  :iri'  :tlilf  to  fount  at"''* 
ten.  Puberty  takes  place  at  au  early  age,  possibly  at  fitorteen  with  lit 
female.  They  are  not  a  proliflc  race,  and  it  is  seldom  a  woman  has  mm 
than  two  or  three  childi'en,  and  often  ooly  one,  of  her  own ;  still  dih;, 
or  almost  all,  have  children ;  bnt  iuqiiiiy  will  generally  divulge  tb* fiW 
that  some  of  the  children  have  been  bought.  Almost  every  young  vtoga 
has  or  has  had  a  child,  but  the  Identity  of  the  fatlier  is  in  no  vriae  oecBt- 
sary  in  order  to  iusiu^  the  I'cspcctability  of  the  mother  or  child.  !'•«* 
children  are  generally  traded  or  given  away  to  some  elderly  cotqifa  • 
soon  as  they  are  old  enough  to  leave  the  mother.  The  fostft-iianM 
falce  quite  as  good  rare  of  sncb  iwlopted  cliitdren  a?  if  they  wotp  iks 


ETHNOLOOr. 


17 


•  !r  tliTCQ  wives  ill  one  liiit  make  an  aUogctUcr  banaonioiis  Iioust-lioldj 
I  'lit  all  little  (ItiHouIties  are  generally  Hettlcd  by  the  biisbaml,  in  a  u 
lur  better  calcitlated  to  insure  reverence  to  ma^euliue  streuyth  t 
risiMHst  for  Biiporior  iutelligeiice, 

The  seairity  of  women  at  i)reecnt  in  proportion  to  the  men  makes 
|pi>lygamy  a  luxury  only  to  be  imlulgeil  in  by  the  wealthy.  Divorce,  if 
It  will  b*'  called  by  that  mime,  is  very  frequent  among  them.    All  that 

^  neeiletl  is  that  the  husband  tires  of  hi,t  wife,  or  knows  of  a  better  one 
1  li:it  he  is  able  to  procure.    Neitlier  does  it  seem  to  trouble  the  v 

;iucb :  she  is  quite  sure  to  have  another  offer  befoivloug;  and  a  u 

<  >l'  this  kind  seema  to  benefit  both  parties.    One  rather  reuiarkiible  a 
i-ry  laudable  practice  among  Ihe^w  people  is  the  iuloption  of  yomig' 

<  Itildn-u  wlioae  poi'eiits  are  dead,  or,  a;)  oft«u  happens,  whose  mother  is 

>  only  recognized  parttnt.    Orphans,  so  to  spt^ak,  are  thus  twice  as 
mun  as  among  civiUze<l  nations.     These  childrc-n,  whether  b 

toieoeii'ed  as  a  gift,  are  always  takcu  as  good  care  of  as  if  they  n 
r  own,  espetrially  if  they  are  boys. 
lODg  the  Eskimo  employed  by  tlio  Florence  was  a  family  that  h 
»ehtldrun,  who  ptisscd  for  brother  and  sIsUt.    One,  the  boy,  v 

r  of  "  Eskimo  Joe,"  of  Polaris  lame..     He  had  been  bought  from  ' 
B  Hndson's  Sti-aits  Eskimo,  some  two  hundred  miles  to  the  south.    He 

>  a  perfect  little  satau;  and,  thongb  lie  gave  ns  much  annoyance,  he 
SA  oever-failing  source  of  amnsement  to  us  all.    The  girl,  again,  wa« 

tve  of  Exeter  Sound,  on  the  west  coast  of  Davis  8taits ;  still,  both 

fiidenMl  as  their  own  children,  and  well  cared  for. 
if-breeds  are  said  to  be  of  more  irritable  tcmi>crame!it8,  and  1 
p to liear  exposure  and  fatigue,  than  the  fiill-blootlcd  Eskimo. 
Bfood  of  the  Cnmberlnnd  Eskimo  consists  entirely  of  desh,  andii 
tBeotions  of  Iho  sound  of  Pa^mnyK  fatulm.  In  fact,  this  animnlil 
'  principal  dependence  for  food,  fuel,  clothing,  and  light. 
o  will  eat  a  few  of  the  berriesof  Vacdnitim  uUijinngumanA  Emjietrum 
I,  the  roots  oS  PetUculurU,  nnd  ixwasionally  a  little  Fiiciia  reaiculo- 
1  Is  winter,  but  this  eonstitntes  a  very  small  and  niiiuiportiiut  part  0 
rfood. 

B  soon  OA  the  ice  has  fairly  left  the  sound,  the  Eskimo  hunter  lean 

b  ttlnler  encampment,  with  his  family  and  such  )>ortions  of  his  house- 

il  good*!  an  wdl  be  needed,  and  takes  a  tour  inland  or  np  some  of  the 

D  fjords  after  reindeer.    The  larger  jKirt  of  ids  possessions,  including 

!i,dog8,hiiiiie.sses, winter elothuig,&e., he  seoretes among  then 

i  Miifi^iieuted  spot.    Uis  dogs  oiv  pat  uu  some  little  ru(^k^,'  \ 

1.  Sat.  MU3.JJ0. 15 2 


18  NATUHAL  HISTOET  OP  AECTIC   A3IERICA. 

to  shitt  tor  themselves.  They  eke  ont  a  scanty  sabsisteoce  by  hl 
good  ase  of  their  time  at  low  tide,  Cottus  soorpiiu  coDstitatuig  the  gi 
part  of  their  food  at  this  season. 

There  ai-e  at  present  so  many  whaleboats  owned  by  tliese  £e 
tliat  they  experience  little  difficalty  in  making  quite  -  extensive  cr 
three  or  four  families  constituting  a  boat's  crew.  They  will  load  a  i 
boat  to  within  an  inch  or  two  of  the  gunwale,  and  then  set  ont  for 
weeks  of  enjoyment  and  abnndance.  The  squaws  do  therowiiig  ai 
*'captiiin"  stands  mi^vBtically  in  the  stem  with  the  Bttrcring  oar, 
the  rest  of  the  men  are  either  asleep  or  on  the  lookout  for  gtuiw. 
cargo  consists  of  their  tent-poles,  the  skin-tenta,  pot«,  and  lamps, 
sundry  skin-bags  containing  the  women's  sewing  and  skiiittiiig  iit« 
Their  hunting-gear,  of  course,  forms  a  quite  conspicuous  portion  o 
contents  of  the  l>oat.  Very  few  there  are  at  present  who  have  m 
come  the  possessors  of  a  lialf-barrel.  and  this  vessel  occaiiies  a  cm 
uoos  place  in  the  boat,  and  is  almost  constantly  receiving  lulditio 
animal  matter  in  some  shape ;  a  few  young  eiders  or  gulls  will  kw 
covered  up  with  the  intestines  of  a  seal  and  its  flesh.  From  this  i 
tacle  all  obtain  a  piece  of  meat  whenever  they  feel  hungry.  Tbij 
sel  is  never  emptied  of  its  contents,  except  by  accident  or  when  aca 
of  material  forbids  its  repletion  ;  and,  as  the  temx>eratiire  at  this  M 
is  well  up  in  the  "  sixties  "  rluring  the  day,  this  garbage  heap  hee 
80  offensive  as  to  be  nnbearable  to  any  one  but  an  Eskimo. 

They  proceed  at  a  verj-  leisurely  rate,  rowing  for  a  few  minutes 


ETHNOLOGY. 

^md  then  the  younger  people  engage'  in  vanons  ganu 
while  the  older  ones  grather  around  some  aged  crone,  who  eseitedly 
i-ecounts  the  hiiuts  of  her  gjrlhoo<l  days,  plentifully  intemiising  stray 
]M>rllonit  of  the  old  gagas  and  legends  with  which  her  momorj-  is  replete. 
Th(i8  they  live  from  day  to  day,  the  men  hunting  and  the  women  stretch- 
ing the  skins,  till  the  ueaHon  eume^  aronnd  when  tlieyninst  retnnt 
the  eoast.  nappy,  contented,  vagabond  race !  no  thunghts  of  tlie 
row  disturb  the  tranqniUity  of  their  minds. 

When  a  deer  is  killed  any  ditttJince  from  camp,  the  meat  is  cachi 
rith  the  intention  of  returning  after  it  in  winter;  but  with  what  the 
>0lve8  and  foxes  devour  and  what  the  Eskimo  never  can  fliid  again, 

y  little  is  bmugbt  back. 

3fany  have  now  firearms  of  some  patt^M■^  or  ntlier;  and  though  they 

1  Imnt  for  a  ball  that  haa  niisse<l  its  mark  for  half  a  day,  they  do  not 

ritate  to  Are  at  any  useless  creature  that  comes  in  their  wiiy.    Those 

;  have  no  gnus  use  bows  and  arrows  ma<Ie  from  reindeer  antlers. 

netlmes  the  doer  are  driven  into  ponds,  and  even  into  the  salt  water, 

1  captured  hi  kyacks  with  Iian>ootis. 

r^35iey  ha%'e  an  interesting  custom  or  superstition,  namtOy,  the  killing 

f  the  efil  ipifit  of  the  deer;  some  time  during  the  winter  or  early  in 

[ng,  at  any  rate  before  they  can  go  deer-Lnutiug,  they  onngregnte 

Jier  and  dispose  of  this  imaginary  evil.    The  chief  anooot,  angekok, 

i  medicine-man,  is  tlie  main  performer.    Ho  goes  through  a  number  of 

ftttions  and  contortions,  constantly  hallooing  and  calhng,  till  suddenly 

t  imaginary  deer  is  among  them.    Now  begins  a  lively  time.    Every 

a  Is  screaming,  running,  jumping,  Bpearing,  and  stabbing  at  the  imag- 

y  deer,  till  one  would  think  a  whole  mad-house  was  let  loose.    Often 

T  proves  very  agile,  and  must  he  hartl  to  kill,  for  I  have  known 

1  to  keep  this  performance  up  for  days;  in  fact,  till  they  were  com- 

y  exhausted. 

e  of  these  performances  an  old  man  speared  the  deer,  anotlier 
died  out  an  eye,  a  third  stabbed  him,  and  so  on  till  he  was  dead, 
a  who  are  able  or  fortunate  enough  to  inflict  some  injury  on  this 
,  especially  ho  who  inflicts  the  death-blow,  is  considere<i  ex- 
»ely  lacky,  as  ho  will  h.ive  no  difficulty  in  procuring  as  many 
I  be  wants,  for  there  is  no  longer  an  evil  spirit  to  tuni  his  bullets 
H  from  tlieir  course. 
^  Ihe^  soliiom  kill  a  deer  afler  the  regular  hunting  season  is  ov^ 
B  peri'ormiutee  has  been  gone  through  with,  even  though  a  rery 


this 

[i  ex- 

] 


20  NATURAL  HISTOHT  OF  ABCTIC  AUEBZCA. 

Salmo  salar,  and  one  other  species  of  Salmo  that  I  coald  not  pn 
enough  of  to  identify,  are  caaght  to  some  extent  in  Jtme  and  Septet 
iu  some  of  the  lai^er  Qords ;  they  are  mostly  caught  with  a  spear, 
sometimes  with  a  hook.     (For  description  ride  nuder  hanting-gear, 

When  these  Qsh  ate  caught,  they  are  pat  into  a  seal-skin  bag,  ai 
remains  tied  up  till  the  whole  becomes  a  mass  of  putrid  and  fermeo 
fish,  about  as  repulsivo  to  taste,  sight,  ajid  smell  as  can  be  imagi 
Coitus  aoorpiua,  which  contributea  so  largely  towards  the  Greenlan 
larder,  is  not  utilized  by  the  Cumberland  Eskimo,  except  in  cases 
scarcity  of  other  food  suppUes;  the  fish  is  abundant  in  their  wai 
however,  and  fiilly  as  good  eating  as  they  are  on  the  Cireenland  om 

Birds  and  their  eggs  also  contribute  towaids  their  sustenance  in 
eon;  they  are  extremely  fond  of  eggs,  and  devour  them  in  astonid 
qoantities. 

The  "black  ^in"  of  the  whale,  called  by  them  mu1:tuk,  is  estee 
the  greatest  delicacy.  When  they  first  procure  a  supply  of  this  t 
they  almost  invariably  eat  themselves  sick,  especially  the  children, 
found  this  black  skin  not  unpleasant  tasting  when  boiled  and  then  pici 
in  strong  vinegar  and  eaten  cold ;  bnt  the  first  attempts  at  masticatii 
will  remind  one  of  chewing  India  nibber.  When  e^ttcn  to  excess,  e 
cially  when  raw,  it  acts  as  a  powerful  laxative.  It  is  genonUy  a 
with  about  half  an  inch  of  blabber  adhering. 

The  greater  portion  of  their  food  is  eaten  raw,  espedally  in  wii 


^^^^^^^^^  21 

Ibontity  of  1>tood ;  this  mnkes  a  thich  aiid  ratber  greasy  sonp  that  mnst 
tie  nuite  noiirisliing;  the  oliildren  are  very  fond  of  it.    It  seems  irossiblo 
Siat  tvom  this  disli  has  originated  the  popular  error  that  these  i)eaple_ 
IHnk  oil,  a  notion  that  is  Eiiiiply  preposterous.  ^B 

'  I  found  among  some  of  these  i>eople  a  little  spoon,  or  rather  a  miDiM 
^ITB  scoop,  made  of  ivory,  ^Lieb  they  used  to  drink  the  sonp  with ;  it 
Ippears  to  t>e  an  old  ntensil,  now  faet  going  out  of  use,  for  they  can  now 
[Hroonrfi  tin  mugs.  A  reindeer's  rib,  pointed  at  one  end,  is  used  to  fish 
1^  the  ineAt  with,  and  sometimes  to  convey  it  to  the  month.  These 
tastnunents  are  found  In  the  graves,  l)at  seem  to  be  but  little  used  at 
fee  present  day. 

>  Wlien  a  seal  is  brought  to  the  encampment,  especially  if  they  have  not 
^eea  plenty  for  some  days,  all  the  villagers  an.'  invited  to  the  but  of  the 
Ibeby  bnnt^r,  and  the  seal  is  soon  dispatched.  A  eoujtle  of  the  younger 
tout  skiu  the  anihial  and  distribute  the  pieces  to  the  assembled  company 
p  &st  OS  needed.  The  testicles,  being  c-onsidered  ns  tbe  choicest  titbit, 
pn  asnally  banded  over  to  the  hostess:  tbe  spinal  coM  is  also  rated  as 
Itae  of  til©  choicest  portions  of  the  aiumal.  During  these  feasts  tliey 
lor^  tliemselvos  t{i  their  utmost  capacity,  and  arc  in  good  humor  and 
piuious.  Though  there  may  be  ever  so  poor  prospects  to  prociu*  more 
bod  for  the  morrow,  this  docs  not  deter  them  trom  gluttonously  devour- 
iBg  the  last  morsel,  aud  then  go  on  allowance  till  tbey  can  get  a  tVesh 
tapply.  I  have  seen  tbem  thus  gorge  tlK-mselvos,  and  then  lie  down  to 
feep  with  a  piece  of  seal  meat  by  their  side,  wliieh  they  attacked  every 
^me  lliey  awoke. 

►  The  intestiaes  of  binls,  notably  Litgupm  and  Somuteria^  are  Iooke4l 
^xm  as  cboiwj  parts,  and  birds  brought  to  the  encampment  are  gt-ne- 
JUly  "drawn"  by  the  hunters.  The  fatty  excrescence  at  the  base  of  the 
^per  mandible  of  tbe  male  Sotn.  spcctaldlin  is  too  great  a  temptation 
Ik"  tbem.  It  was  with  great  difficulty  (hat  wc  could  induce  them  to 
bniiig  these  birds  to  etunp  without  ba\ing  them  thus  mutilated. 

■■  Since  whalers  began  to  cruise  in  the  Cumberland  watere,  tbey  have 
kNmd  that  it  is  deoidwlly  to  their  advantage  to  hire  boats'  crews  of 
lUivcs  to  assist  In  the  captiin^  of  whales.  They  make  good  whalemen. 
K^ett  «ucb  crews  are  secured,  tbey  wisely  count  in  all  of  their  fjimily  in  the 
bvgain,  so  tliat  to  secure  the  serv'ices  of  a  crew  of  seven  men  one  uiust 
bed  thirty  or  more.  While  working  for  whalers,  these  Eskimo  depend 
tfmost  whollj-  on  the  ship  tor  their  foot!  supplj  ;  as  a  consequence, 
jKjifogt  bewniiiig  poor  hunters,  and  prefer  to  lounge  aoxjund  a  vi 


pend 


22  NATTTEAL  HISTOBZ  OF  AfiCTIC  AUEBICA. 

and  pick  up  swib  scraps  as  offer  tliemeelTes  rathra  tban  to  strike  oat  for 
themselves  and  live  independently  and  in  compaiutiTe  plenty. 

As  to  meals,  or  regular  meal-times,  they  eat  when  hungiy,  if  they  have 
anything.  They  always  eat  in  the  morning  before  going  oat  to  hnnt,* 
hut  the  principal  meal  is  in  the  evening,  on  their  retnm.  "When  sappUed 
with  rations  by  the  ships,  they  often  have  their  regular  meals  aboud: 
but  this  does  in  no  wise  hiuder  them  from  taking  their  nsnid  eveiiiii{ 
allowance  of  raw  meat  when  they  tetnm  to  their  huts. 

That  the  Eskimo  possess  considerable  powers  of  abstinence  canixit 
be  disputed ;  but  it  is  not  so  remarkable  after  all,  for  they  cert^nly  Inn 
bad  ample  experience  in  this  direction.  That  they  are  able  tb  bear  us- 
porary  or  sustained  exertion  better  tban  the  whites  is  donbtftiL  ntf 
are  acclimated  and  hare  clothing  snited  to  the  climate,  and  readily  adipc 
themselves  to  the  rude  shelter  of  a  snow-bank,  if  necessary- ;  bat  gjn  ■ 
healthy  white  iniin  lis  good  clothes,  and  he  will  stand  as  much  £ui^, 
and  perhaps  more. 

While  hunting  with  the  Eskimo,  we  often  had  onr  nose  aud  fuoc  iitwa, 
when  it  did  not  seem  to  affect  the  Eskimo  in  the  least;  but  wLf>u  it  one 
to  a  tramp  through  the  suow  all  day  long,  few  of  tlieni  would  staod  a 
any  better  than  we  could. 

Some  have  judged  their  powors  of  endurance  from  the  muuur  il 
which  they  will  follow  their  game;  hut  it  seems  to  us  it  is  r.ttherlkt> 
wonderful  patience,  for  we  have  known  them  to  follow  animal  tradsf* 
a  wliole  day,  wlu-ii  \v<'  roiifi'ss  wu  (.■otihl  nut  iHscovcr  the  iiiiute«t  tnst 


ETaNOLOGT. 

in  al8o  made  of  tbe  same  kind  of  seal,  unless  they  are  ibrtanate  enongl)  ' 
In  {inxMire  Calluvvphalvn  TituUnus,  \k)ucli  skins  are  so  liiglily  ptized  that 
tliL'y  iiAetbt>meveu  though  there  is  only  suihcient  for  a  part  of  the  fronts 
of  their  jackets. 

Both  the  men  aud  women  wear  a  garment  the  osiu;t  duplicate  in  shapj 
iiridvr  tlie  unter  one;  this  ^^^armeut  is  made  either  from  the  youny  8 
HI  the  whit«  coat  or  of  reindeer. 

The  coat  of  the  men  does  not  open  iu  ftont,  but  is  drawn  on  ove 
]\vaA  like  a  ahu't,  and  ban  n  hood  that  QXs,  the  head  snugly,  while  tb^ 
.'Oman's  hood  is  large  and  loose,  and  the  jacket  is  quite  loose-litting,  so 
IS  lu  receive  the  chihl,  which  is  always  carried  in  ttie  hood.   The  woman's 
i.irket  liulher  diil'ers  from  tJie  men's  in  being  shorter  in  front,  and  end- 
mi;  in  a  rounded  point,  while  behind  it  reaches  quite  to  the  ground  iu 
1  he  form  of  a  lauce-shaped  train.    This  appendage  is  eaught  up  iu  tlie  , 
Kituio  manner  qh  the  fashionable  train  of  the  present  day  among  civQ^ 
ized  ualions,  when  the  condition  of  the  ground  is  uufuvorahle  for  i 
trailing.    After  all,  is  not  this  fashion  borrowoil  from  the  Eskimo  j 
Thert^  is  often  an  approach  towards  this  prolouf^atlon  in  the  men's 
els,  esiK'cially  when  made  of  deer  skin,  hut  never  so  long  as  on  twi] 
woman's.    Npilherdn  little  girls  have  a  long  train  to  the  jacket;  but  as 
Boon  MS  they  arrive  at  the  age  when  they  are  no  longer  looked  upon  aA 
fhildren,  they  leaiu  to  imitate  their  mothers.    There  are  never  any  iiool^  j 
r\H  in  the  jackets  of  either  sex,  the  hood  siTving  for  this  purpose. 

The  paiita  of  the  men  ai-e  made  from  the  same  material  as  the  o 
with  tlie  exception  that  the  young  seal  iu  the  white  coat  is  olteu  used  for 
the  uHt^er  as  well  as  the  inner  garment.  The  pants  rea*'h  only  to  the 
iiI>I>Gr  part  of  the  jwlvis,  and  are  kept  up  by  means  of  a  string  around 
I  lie  body.  They  reach  a  little  below  the  knee,  where  they  are  met  I 
I  lie  l)ootj«.  When  made  of  deer  skiii,  tliey  are  usually  ornamented  bffl 
iriages  of  cut  skiu  around  the  lower  edges. 

h  Uie  women's  pauts  ditfer  from  the  men's  in  being  composed  of  t 
lamte  pieces,  tlie  lower  reaching  from  a  little  below  the  knee  to  tblj 
e  of  the  thigii,  and  ai-e  kept  in  place  by  a  string  which  runs  to 

I  upper  edge  ol'  the  other  [lortion.     The  lower  portion  of  these  panta- 

pis  is  removed  while  they  are  at  work  in  their  igloos,  and  the  bare 
Bgli  U8e<l,  as  a  board  would  be,  to  lay  the  seal  skin  on  while  cleaning 

Bblnhbe-rfVom  it.    Thewomenhave  the  habit  of  thrusting  their  hands 

rtveen  the  upiier  and  lower  pantaloons  the  same  as  we  do  in  a  pockety  j 
I  taei^  Ihey  use  this  space  as  a  sort  of  pocket. 
^Uttle  girls  wear  their  breechea  like  the  men  till  the^  g^\,\o'\i«'uso.d 


24  NATUBAL  HI8T0BT  OF  ABCTIC  AVEBICA. 

twelve  years  of  age.  Yery  Bmall  children  are  dressed  in  a  ftvitAii 
jacket  without  attached  hood;  hut  their  heads  are,  neverthelen,  vdl 
bundled  up  in  a  double  &wD-8kiii  hood  that  fits  the  scalp  closely.  Ilui 
hood  is  never  removed,  except  peivhance  by  accident,  till  the  child  otU- 
grows  it.    The  lower  extremities  are  osaally  not  clad  at  alL 

The  children  are  carried  on  the  mother's  back  inside  her  jack«L  He 
cut  of  the  jacket  is  such  that  the  child  goes  down  as  far  as  the  motbeA 
vaiat,  when  the  closeness  of  the  jacket  prevents  it  going  any  futhc 
The  hood  allows  the  child  freedom  for  its  arms  and  head,  bot  the  lep 
ace  crami>ed  underneath  its  body,  and  this  is  probably  one  canK  tf 
bow-leggedness  and  possibly  the  shortness  of  the  lower  extremitie*.  f 
have  scoD  tlie  Eskimo  mother,  with  a  child  fiist  asleep  in  hor  hood,  Iwild. 
ing  a  toopik.  This  work  often  necessitated  her  stooping  over  so  mod 
as  to  seemingly  endanger  the  diimping  of  the  infant  over  her  h*w!  ni 
the  ground ;  still,  it  did  not  seem  to  inconvenience  the  child  iu  the  Irait 
as  it  slept  soundly  througli  tlie  whole  proceeding. 

The  Jcdmil;  or,  as  generally  pronounced,  kummtng,  or  bootis  are  (ain- 
cipolly  ma<1o  from  tlie  skins  of  adult  Fagomya  fostidus,  with  the  ImirfA 
the  soles  being  made  &om  the  skin  of  Phoca  barbata.  For  winter  m« 
a  very  beantiful  and  serviceable  boot  is  made  irom  the  skin  of  mnibw 
legs  sewed  together  lengthwise ;  they  are  used  only  iu  dry  tinow,  Uat 
quite  useless  when  the  snow  is  wet.  Another  style  of  boot  is  to  luw 
the  leg  of  netsick  skin,  but  with  the  hair  on.  These  hoots  n^cb  nwrfj 
t»  the  knee,  and  are  kept  in  place  by  means  of  a  string  aronnd  the  1"!^ 


ETHNOLOGY. 

^tsick  skill,  witli  tlie  hair  on,  aad  the  Lair  Hide  r 
pniinl  itiid  till'  hair  iiointiiip  fixim  IIib  too Tiai-kivards.  ThiH  v«ry  muc3 

»  llic  drawing  ou  of  the  lioot. 
!or  summtT  wear  tlie  yoiiug  of  the  nt-taick  iti  tlic  woolly  c-oat  is  siibut 
1  for  reindeer  for  tbe  stiK'kiugs.  Dog  skin  is  also  RonietimeH  used  fi 
ikingK,  but  not  so  commonly  among  tlie  Cumberland  Eskimo  a* 
p  uf  FliidKOU'^  Stniits,  who  nsc  do*:  wkins  for  pants  as  well  a; 


Lll  tbe  dotbing  is  Hewed  with  sinews,  it'indeer  or  white  wluile.  llie 
plf<er  sinews  are  dried  in  bulk  as  tJiey  eonie  i>om  tbe  animal,  aiUl  an^ 
!t  nfT  as  needed.  Tlie  fibres  are  separated  as  line  aa  necessary,  junl 
B  drawn  quickly  between  tbe  twtb  toseciuf  a  more  unilonn  sine.  Tb© 
ben  nil  «ewtowaiil«  tbeuiwlves,  nsliig  ,the  Miinihleon  tin-  lir«t  finj:er; 
w  m^orn  UHo  bnt  one  kind  of  seam ;  the  Hlges  of  the  skin  arc  ejvra- 
w  matebed  together,  and  joined  by  sewing  over  iiiul  over  the  o 

Tlieir  thimbles  ((tailed  tlMk,  alno  stgniDes  first  finger)  aivi  madeM 

I  the  skill  of  I'lioca  harhata ;  in  i^hape  they  aro  inei'ely  tin  nblno] 

J  willle.ieiitly  large  to  eover  tbe  point  ol'  Ihe  finger.    A  rim  is  col 

tnd  the  oiitttide  edge  for  nlwuC  one  biilf  its  length  ;  this  j}>rins  n  mil 

p  uiulcr  u'liieli  Mm  linger  ia  pa^wd,  »ud  in  tliis  iimiiiicr  it  \^  kepi 

I'l;  fonnd  tbis  style  of  thimble  mneli  nion"*  convenieut  tbai^] 
telAl  one  of  the  usnal  form. 
F  few  of  the  Tumberland  Eskimo  at  tbe  present  day  use  unytbinj 
l»t«?l  ueedleH,  or  Imne  <ine3  made  after  tbe  same  pattern.    We  hav«i| 
t  un  instrniiient  fiiiid  to  have  bei^n  iimvI  iih  a  needle  that  is  eonsidei 
t  different  from  anything  wo  ever  siiw  Itei'orc.     An  Eskimo  lironghi 
■  UH,  and  wanted  a  batehot  in  exeluuigc.    "We  thought  it  eertuiii  ti 
fad  return  and  otTer  in  tra^le  at  onr  terinti,  but  ho  did  not,  »nd  \ 
fcrxaw  him  again.   Tliis  tool  wait  almost  exactly  like  an  awl  inKbiipl 
1  an  eye  near  tbe  point.    They  most  Imva  had  to  thread  this  bfl 
bent  for  each  stiteb.    The  iietHllo  part;  was  apparently  of  deer  boi 
■'tb?  bfUidte  of  walms  ivorj'. 

B  favorite  and  principal  tool  of  the  women  is  a  kiiifi»  sbapi'd  like  a 
^ar>'  mineing-knife.  Nejirly  all  the  Cumberland  Eskimo  Iiavc  noirj 
hired  Iron  enough  from  some  wouree  or  otiier  so  that  thcv  ean  bavftl 
Ion  knife  tif  this  pattern.  Before  tbcy  eoiild  proeiu'e  iTioiigb  imiti'l 
tnnulu  tbe  knife  of  ivory,  and  merely  sank  flakes  or  pieet«  of  irotfl 
■the  edge,  in  Uie  same  manner  as  the  natives  of  Xorth  (Ireeiibind  dof 
B  present  time.    Tbia  same  pmctii!o  of  sinking  iron  Dakes  mto  tb(tl 


26 


NATURAL  HI8T0ET  OP  AKCTIC  AMERICA. 


edge  was  also  used  ou  tlieir  large  skinniug-ktiires,  wluch  were  made  fivm 
a  walrus  tusk,  and  mueli  after  the  patteru  of  au  ordinary  steel  butcher 
liuite.  Some  of  tbese  ivory  knives  have  uo  irou  iu  tlieui }  but  ut  tlio 
l)resent  time  tbey  are  used  principally,  if  uot  entirely,  for  cnttiug  snow 
aud  removing  ice  from  their  kyacks. 

The  women  seldom  use  any  other  kind  of  knife  thuu  such  us  jti»t  dc 
scribed.  With  them  they  remove  the  blubber  fl-om  the  skius,  split  skiiu, 
cut  upmeat,aDdwheusewiug  this  instrument  is  used  luslead  of  scinson. 
lliey  begin  a  garment  by  sewing  together  two  i»ieces  of  skin  and  sliap' 
ing  them  as  they  go  along  by  means  of  the  knife,  cutting  for  an  iucli  w 
two  and  then  sewing.  They  always  push  the  kuife  from  tbein  when 
working  it. 

Tattooing  does  not  seem  to  be  as  prevalent  now  as  formerly,  for  it  ii 
mostly  on  the  aged  women  that  oue  Huds  it  at  present  Tho  marbiiigi 
resemble  India  ink  iu  appearance,  and  are  done  with  gunpowder  at piw- 
eut.  titill,  some  use  the  old  method,  by  taking  the  juice  of  Fucui  r«H» 
losits  L.  (or  a  eloaely  alUed  8i)ecies),  and  some  small  aigai  that  appjr 
ently  contain  a  good  deal  of  iodine,  and  mixing  with  iampblacik. 

Instances  camo  under  our  obserratioD  of  people  of  apparently  greit 
age,— siiy  seventy  years  auU  over,  to  judge  from  appearances;  tlioj  lud 
gray  hair  (a  i-aro  thing  among  the  Eskimo],  and  were  nearly  mai; 
the  women  had  the  tet^th  worn  close  to  the  gums  by  chewing  8kin& 

It  is  impossible  to  arrive  at  any  definite  conclusion  regarding  tbir 
age,  as  they  keep  uo  record  of  time  and  cannot  refer  to  any  past  ewA 
by  any  ineaus  of  notation.  We  could  not  learu  of  the  nidost  att^npt  at 
picture-writing  or  hicrogl>i>Iiice;  and,  as  they  possess  no  records  That- 
ever,  their  traditions  are  handed  down  fitim  generation  to  generstJoB 
without  being  fixed  by  any  means  which  allow  eveu  «u  approxbnatB 
estimate  of  their  growth  and  prosperity. 

Most  of  them  are  unable  to  count  beyond  their  fen  fingers,  and  noV 
arenuable  to  go  over  six;  some,  again,  are  said  to  have  names forimn- 
bera  to  twenty,  but  they  are  few.  The  numerals  are  (Ufl'ereutly  pro- 
uounced,  and  we  found  difficulty  in  getting  oue  sufficiently  conversanl 
with  them  to  give  us  tho  numerals  to  ten. 

One^Atdma,  or  atansal, 

Two=lldcho. 

Tlaec^Pingasvit,  ovpuigasat. 

Foar=s  S^emin^,  or  sesemat, 

FWc=TMHmetu!,  or  tddlimdt. 


F 


ETHNOLOGY. 


Sevtii=Pingashumg  (?). 
Eieht=Aukbini0aniHaclimH  (G  ami  2). 
'Sme=8chiackmam  (T  T), 
T«n=£owoIin. 
[  Above  ten  tLey  aro  said  to  fiouiit  tUoh'  toes  and  take  ten  and  o 

1  two,  &e. ;  bnt  we  were  unable  to  find  one  who  knew  tlieir  uaiucfl. 

Siey  will  tell  you  thfty  have  eaught  scale  or  birds  up  to  sis,  but  if  more 

ley  generally  put  it  amashuadly  {a  good  many),  which  may  be  any  niuu- 

p  ftom  seven  upwards. 

*  In  the  treatment  of  the  siek  thcj'  are  very  superstitious,  aud  in  fact 

If  resort  almost  entirely  to  their  ancoot,  angekoks,  or  medieine-men. 
K^ie  following  la  a  Greenlnnder's  legend  that  pixtposes  to  give  a  rcasmil 
y  people  die :  "  The  cause  of  people's  dying  is  laid  t«  a  worn 
(bare  discoiu-sed  thus :  '  Let  the  people  die  gradiuUy,  otherwise  theg 
11'  not  have  room  in  tlie  world.'" 
pOtbei-8  relate  it  in  this  manner:  "Two  of  the  first  people  quarreled. 
hie  said :  '  Let  it  be  day  and  let  it  be  night,  and  let  the  people  die.'    The 
ler  Baid:  'Let  it  only  be  night  ami  not  day,  and  let  the  people  live.  , 
1  long  wrangle  it  came  to  pass  as  the  first  had  said." 
^It  is  interesting  that  this  same  carious  legend  exists  among  the  KskimtfS 
"of  Cuinberland  Sound;  tliey  say  though  that  "those  who  ipuureled 
finally  arranged  matters  and  had  both  entire  day  and  entire  night  at  the 
different  seasons,  so  that  both  parties  might  be  suited." 
The  lungs  of  Xg?iw  glacialU  are  considered  as  a  sure  cure  fur  boils  an<l 
Itnanner  of  sores;  thoy  draw,  they  say,  and  their  manner  of  applying 
1  is  the  same  as  we  would  a  ponltice,    Tliey  must  be  applied  as 
0  after  the  animal's  death  as  jiossible,  and  while  they  aro  yet  warm. 
In  oases  of  scurvy  they  never  use  Vochliarta,  but  tlie  stomach  of  a 
freshly  killed  roiudecr,  with  tlie  vegetable  contents,  instead.    If  tho 
scurvy  patient  be  very  bad,  the  limbs  are  bound  with  pieces  of  the  deer's 
Htomaeh,  whale  or  seal's  blubber,  or  any  kind  of  Iresh  meat.     If  a  whale 
ean  be  eaught  at  such  a  time,  the  patient  is  sometimes  bodily  shoved  iuto^ 
the  carcass,  or  the  lower  extremities  only  are  sunken  into  tlie  flesh. 

The  most  prevalent  disease  among  tliem  seems  to  be  lung  disease ;  It  ' 
is  alarmingly  common,  suid  consumption  probably  kills  more  than  all 
other  diseases  combined. 
^L  Tho  whalemen  have  introduced  venereal  disi'iases  among  tlieui,  wluch^ 
^■^ve  spread  at  a  terrible  rate,  and  devastate  the  natives  almost  like  4 


28  IfATUBAL   HISTOfiT   OF  ABCTIC  AHEBICA. 

I  could  not  learn  that  they  have  any  knowledge  of  the  medical  pn^ 
ertiea  of  any  plant  or  shrub.  Some  of  the  coarser  kinds  of  alga  are 
])rocurcd  at  low  tide  from  the  cracks  in  the  ice,  and  eaten  raw,  bat  only 
because  they  are  fit  to  eat,  they  say;  the  roots  of  Pedicuiari*  an  afao 
sometimes  eaten. 

AVhcn  the  voinen  are  about  to  be  confined  they  are  placed  in  a  snnll 
snow-liut,  if  it  he  winter,  and  in  a  little  skin  tent,  if  sommer,  by  tbm- 
selves.  Tlieir  only  attendant  is  a  little  girl,  vho  is  afipointed  by  the  htai 
aneoot  of  the  encampment.  A  little  raw  meat — deer,  if  they  have  it— ii 
put  into  the  hut  with  her,  and  she  is  left  to  give  birth  to  the  child  as  bwt 
she  can.  The  reason  she  is  removed  from  her  tent  is,  that  should  modier 
or  child  die  in  the  tent  nothing  pertaining  to  the  equipment  of  the  eotab- 
lishment  could  ever  be  used  again,  not  even  the  tent-covering  « 
the  husband's  hnuting-gear.  In  some  instances  they  are  oblig«d  tf  ■ 
modify  tliis  custom  somewhat.  We  have  known  them  to  cut  the  tnt- 
cover  about  two  feet  from  the  ground  all  nronnd  and  nse  the  upper  per 
tion.  A  man's  wife  accidentally  shot  herself  in  her  igloo,  but  the  gun  »» 
too  great  a  sacriUcc;  he  used  it,  but  the  rest  of  his  household  el&rt» 
were  left  to  waste  away  where  they  lay.  "We  knew  of  another  inaann 
where  tlic  tent-poles  were  brought  into  use  again  in  the  course  of  a  yev 
after  a  death  had  occurred  lM>neath  them. 

As  soon  as  the  mother  with  lier  new-bom  babe  is  able  to  get  up  ud 
gu  out,  usually  but  a  few  hours,  they  are  taken  in  charge  by  an  igtd 


ETHNOLOGT.  2^H 

to  end  faUlly   o  tlip  patiPtit,  even  though  liis  ailmout  might  uut  haiiijH 
ii<->-n  80  <laii{^r(iiis  hail  proper  care  been  taken.     'W'e  kuow  of  <^^H 
.'i^^taDCu  vherv  a  iniin  vn»  thiiu  put  out  tuilie  i^cveri  different  timea;  b^H 
III-  rvtiuvorwl  oiid  crawled  l>u«k  to  lii»  igluo,  iuid  looks  uow  as  if  hv  vaa 
;;oo«i  for  a  number  of  years  yet.    Stories  are  conuuuii  of  how  aged  and 
infirm  pi*ojde  are  pat  out  of  the  way  by  the  yomiger  ones,  to  rid  Chem- 
-Ivc8  of  a  uselesH  burden;  but  of  tliis  \re  know  nothing  from  ix>rooiU^| 
i  'Mcrviitione,  or  from  ixOiable  sources.  ^| 

Uccaaional  inntances  of  suicide  happen,  geuemliy  when  tlm  pert^on  |H 
alllinted  with  some  incurable  disease.  Hanging  soeius  to  be  the  I'arorttqB 
uhhIk  of  killing  themselves.  ^ 

The  ancool'n  manner  of  operating  is  various,  and  almost  every  one  haa 
0  metliftd  peculiar  to  himself.  ^V'e  conid  get  but  a  glimpse  of  somo 
Ethem,  as  tlu-y  are  averse  to  Iiuviiig  a  white  muu  witness  their  puiform- 
i,  and  we  had  the  gn-ateat  difficulty  in  getting  any  one  to  explttiu 
I  their  nieaiung.  The  folU>wing  legend  is  i:iupi)osed  to  give  the 
ft  for  becoming  an  anmot;  it  is  interesting  that  this  legend  does-v 
I  lliff«r  vsttentially  from  the  Greenlauder's.  (  V»Wp  (i^a^uhlnds  U}!i^| 
iastration,  Idler  Nuturel-Historie,  Hans  Egede,  1741.)  ■ 

PTe  would  here  add  that  those  who  beruuit-  ancooU  ak  only  sticli  aJ 
B  natorBlly  iHmsesaed  of  a  more  penetrating  mind  than  their  fellowaj 
terally  the  biggest  raticals  in  the  encampment,  who  st^Idom  pay  aPiM 
bcution  to  what  in  right  or  just,  but  ply  their  vocation  so  as  to  win  fi)|^| 
DiSi>]ve«  n^'nowu  among  their  fellows,  and  iKissess  themselves  of  adjM 
JBted  article  as  remunurution  for  tht.-ir  Hcrvieea.  ^M 

The  manner  in  vhick  one  may  htcome  an  ancootf  or  iinfjikok.         ^H 

nj  one  wishing  to  liecome  an  ancoot  must  go  away  u  long  distance 
B  where  there  is  any  other  person.  Then  he  must  llnd  a  large  stone, 
I  scat  himself  by  it,  and  eall  on  Tomfjorind:*  Tliis  spuit  will  then,  _ 
e  himself  present  to  him.  The  would-be  oncoot  will  at  lirst  bo  vajH 
1  frightened  at  the  arrival  and  appearance  of  this  spirit,  so  mao|^| 
t  he  is  seised  with  severe  pains,  and  falls  down  and  dies,  liud  l^fl 
a  dead  for  three  days.  Tlien  he  comes  to  life  agaiu,  and  retiiiqfl 
D  a  very  wise  man.  H 

^ Tomgartuli  nt  1ljt>  unlives  ut'  SuutL  GrcpiilAud,  uud  Tomanak  ut  Notlh  Gri'fiilaiK^H 
e  hi^icrt  omck,  tliv  nmetvT  apint  of  tlivw  peoiik.    TbcfD  are  innnj'  spirit*  i>f  lM[^| 
r,  callnd  Tontrl;  thcao  e»u  bo  aocu  ouly  by  [he  angrtokt,  nflvr  tboir  iinwliiig  wd^^l 
mfOTtiit,    It  iipp'^urs  thai  tliis  noiil  stguiflc-s  tile  {;rFati'Rl  spirit  of  GihhI.mi  wiiB^^I 
Tliej  now  cnll  Uio  Devil  Tarn^ariiik,  nail  lu  their  aiiclcnt  Iwlinf  tUcir  Qixti^^l 
Msk,  the  «4UDii.  ^^1 


30  NATUBiX  HISTOET  OP  AfiCTIC  AKEBICA. 

An  aiicooVs  daty  is,  first,  to  matter  over  the  sick,  t 
veil  again;  secondly,  he  will  talk  with  Tomgartuk,  and  get  h 
fh>m  iiim  as  to  how  he  must  manage  ao  that  they  will  have  b 
their  undertakings;  thirdly,  of  him  be  learns  if  tuiy  one  is  abottt  tod 
and  what  the  canso  is,  or  if  some  unusual  death  or  miafortone  is  abc 
to  occur  to  the  people. 

Their  devotion  and  belief  in  the  aneoota  an  onlimited ;  they  can  hi 
be  induced  to  trespass  on  the  commands  or  disbelieve  tJie  jnophee 
of  these  imiwrtant  personages.  When  on;e  has  been  a  very  eoneai 
ancoot  for  a  long  time  he  may  become  a  great  ancoot;  this  neuaaiU 
a  period  of  fasting,  and  then,  as  the  story  goes,  an  ftnifnal  tb^  i 
amarook  (the  same  word  is  used  for  wolf,  and  for  an  animal  whiek 
probably  mythical,  unless  it  can  be  a  Qvlo)  comes  into  bis  but  andbi 
the  man,  who  immediately  falls  to  pieces;  his  bones  are  then  conwi 
to  the  sea,  where  he  lives  for  some  time  as  a  walrus ;  be  finally  nm 
among  his  people,  a  man  in  appearance,  but  a  God  in  power. 

If  the  prophecy  of  an  ancoot  does  not  come  to  pass  as  he  had  mi 
would,  any  phenomenon  of  nature,  as  a  halo,  corona,  anrom,  &c^  it  t 
ficicnt  to  have  broken  the  spell,  and  the  ancoot  loses  nothing  of  his  iq 
tation  by  the  failure,  for  it  is  then  believed  that  the  measnre,  whatn 
it  might  have  been,  was  not  pleasing  to  Tomgartuk. 

The  i>eople  come  to  these  soothsayers  after  all  manner  of  inftwrnatit 
Wo  knew  of  one  case  where  a  yonng  woman  asked  an  ancoot  if  her; 
unborn  cliild  would  be  a  boy  or  girl,    lie  retired  outside  the  hut  tar 


^H  ETHNOLOGY.  dfl 

^^Raftor;  one  differs  from  t)ie  other  only  in  this  wise,'t1iat  if  dcatli  in 

vaosetl  by  ccrtiiin  lueaiis  tboy  {lo  to  tlic  one,  aud  if  tliey  die  a  tiatiirall 

death  tbtiy  go  to  the  other.  I 

Tlie  fnlloniDg  is  their  idea  of  the  future:  "In  tlte  spirit-land  all  wilfl 

hitve  it  as  go<id  as  or  better  than  tliey  bad  it  on  cartli,"    Yh  tbey  desiga 

ii.'itf  two  places  vrliero  tbe  soul  gaes  after  death,  viz:  "Some  go  up;' 

ij-ra  far  down  into  the  earth."    But  the  lower  place  is  considered  pref- 

i  I  lie.    This  is  described  as  a  beautifiil  land,  with  everlasting  sunshine, 

'  '[-c  the  seal  and  reindeer  abound  iu  fiibuloiis  qiiantitit^^  nnd  food  itM 

I'^cquently  abnndant.    To  this  latter  pluce  go  only  such  as  are  kille^l 

I'lher  Eskimo,  women  who  die  in  childbirth,  such  as  drown  in  "tlra 

uer,  and  whatcrii;  they  think,  this  being  the  better  phtco,  it  is  a  sort  oM 

i  t'oipenne  for  the  sufttringtheyunderwenton  earth;  all  the  rest  go uptfl 

I II  this  connection  we  will  mention  that  the  CnnibeMand  Eskimo  thiiil^ 

>  -turora  bormlis  i»  tbo  spirits  of  dead  Eskimo  dancing  and  having  tfl 

•fi  time  generally.    It  has  even  considerable  influence  over  tbcm,  ao^l 

■  y  are  well  pleased  to  see  a  bright  aurora.    The  Greenlanders,  on  th^fl 

ii.r  hand,  say  it  is  the  npirits  of  dead  Eskimo ^Afint;.  ■ 

N\'o  have  been  told  by  some  that  those  who  hunt  in  the  kya<ik  and  gets 

t.  or  drivAh  npon  the  ice  or  aome  nniiihabited  island  are  supplied  witUfl 

hI  from  tliese  regions;  tliat  in,  living  game  is  tlirown  in  their  way  fOM 

'  'II  to  capture,  BO  they  will  not  starve.    This  is  fiimly  believed  bythenufl 

f  ulike  the  Greenlanders,  the  Cumberland  Eskimo  of  the  present  dan 

se  no  permanent  habitations.    Tliey  may  live  at  the  same  locality  fo^ 

Mtvcml  winters  in  succession,  but  each  year  constnict  a  new  snow -house 

Tbe  Gmenlander  has  a  periu:inent  sod  or  stone  hut,  and  lives  iu  tents 

only  while  away  hunting.    The  Cumberland  natives  live  in  snow  houses  _ 

tVom  the  time  the  snow  get«  firm  enough  to  be  fit  to  build  with  till  id 

nieJtB,  in  Juno.    They  genemlly  begin  the  construction  of  the  snow-bouse^ 

or  igloo,  in  the  latter  part  of  October.    A  place  is  chosen  which  is  sbel- 

tertd  fivm  the  north,  under  the  lee  of  a  rock,  if  possible,  and  where  there 

it»  a  consi<Ierable  depth  of  snow.    Tliey  begin  by  treading  a  circular 

Kpaco  about  sixteen  feet  in  diameter;  on  this  they  kvi-p  piling suow  ao^B 

maoiping  it  down  as  hanl  as  i>ossible  tUl  the  whole  mass  is  a  raisedfl 

plutfunn  as  hard  as  ice.    They  tlien  cut  out  a  stpiare  block  from  the  mid4 

die,  about  eighteen  inches  deep.    After  this  block  is  removed  tliey  havd 

a  cbanec  to  ent  otliers  from  around  the  sidcfi,  and  this  space  is  eulargeS 

till  it  becomes  of  the  desired  dimensions.    The  sleeping  platform  is  lelfl 

aa  tliey  finished  treacling  it,  no  blocks  being  cut  from  this  ]>ortion;  ifl 


32  NATDEAL  HI8T0BT  OF  ABCTIC  AMEBICA. 

alsosen'^s  to  sfand  on  while  conBtrncting  the  wall,  vfaicIiUalvajrt  do 
fittm  tbc  inside,  the  builder  being  fiimiHlied  with  fresh  sztow-blockstn 
the  outside  whcu  his  supply  gives  out.  The  wall  ia  built  in  &  spizalftt 
so  that,  if  viewed  from  above,  it  woold  have  the  appearance  of  a  com 
coil. 

The  only  tools  used  in  building  are  a  saw,  if  they  can  get  it,  for  a 
iug  out  the  blocks,  and  a  long  knife,  made  from  a  wahraa  tuak,  forni 
miug  them  into  shape.  In  cutting  and  fitting  the  blocks  of  snow,  6 
show  skill  and  ingenuity,  so  that  they  make  as  perfect  an  arch  as  tlw  b 
mason.  When  the  but  is  done,  or  rather  enclosed,  there  is  neith»  d 
liur  window,  and  the  builder  is  a  prisoner.  A  door,  however,  is  k 
nmde,  but  at  the  opposite  end  from  where  the  entrance  is  to  be;  tluM 
this  ui>ertuie  the  women  and  children  begin  dragging  in  the  "fnrnitoi 
while  the  men  "  chhik"  up  the  places  where  the  blocks  join  each  odi 
The  structure  is  so  strong  that  it  readily  bears  a  man's  weight  no  i 
toi).  'When  evorj'thing  is  ready  inside  and  out,  thelampsare  lit;  m 
times  mure  than  tlie  usual  number  are  piocnred,  and  trimnted  to  ban 
lirightly  as  possible;  the  heat  begins  to  melt  the  inner  surface  of  i 
structure,  but  it  soon  freezes  and  forms  quite  a  coating  of  ice;  tliit. 
course,  lulds  considerably  to  the  strength  of  the  building.  The  inaidt 
now  lined  with  the  seal-skin  tent  of  their  summer  toopiks,  fastentd 
all  around  the  sides  and  top  by  means  of  small  pegs  of  wood  or  Iw 
A  window  is  cut  through  the  wall  over  the  entrance-way,  fociag  i 
south ;  it  consists  of  a  half-moon- shaped  bow  of  whalebone,  over  wb 


•■'MOMt  any  timu  au  iiuiiisli-lookins  la-iul,  tovcred  with  u  tliick  iiiato 
^U-d  blatik  hair,  j)k'ntifull,y  pomliTed  willi  reimIo«r-liair  of  varioiid 
•zHiH  ati<l  c'ulurit,  i>i-otrudiiit;fiiim  among  (he  pile  of  skins,    'ilie  ^Iiote 
,  Illy  crowd  lugt^ther  on  thia  platfonn,  like  so  luauy  inga.    Tbe  l;ii:ipf| 
Lcpt  burning  day  and  night,  and  the  woman's  plaeo  is  diixwtly  la 
111  iif  llioin  on  the  »U'eping  jdatform.     Here  tliey  xit  cross-legged  an<V; 
i  k.    Buck  of  tlic  liunp»  t>nd  amiind  them  they  pile  np  their  nieat^ 
1 1  ^  accumulation  of  garbage  is  only  cleitned  out  when  it  hecomL-s  mi'Cti- 
.s;irj'  to  uiakii  room  for  a  fVe&h  supjily.    This  pile  of  pntrifying  tiesh  soonl 
bM-omos  cxti-emely  uffensive  bi^th  to  siglit  an<l  smell.     Meat  issometiraoa 
bronght  in  the  huts  that  is  already  spoiled,  even  though  the  tempenwl 
1 1-  inaj'  be  SO  degrees  below  zero.    Tliis  often  happens  with  deer.    "W»  \ 
:>U  the  cause  may  be  that  the  body  of  tlic  animal  immeiliately  frcezea 
the  ontsidv  and  forms  a  coating  of  non-condncting  iiw,  which  prct 
its  the  escape  of  gas,  which  instead  permeates  the  tissues.     If  thfr  I 
iiiial  is  disemboweled  as  soon  as  killed,  it  does  not  happen.    SevcraLj 
n';iSHe.s,  still  warm,  iire  often  piled  one  ujion  theottier,  and  the  anima] 
It  is  probably  suHicient  to  start  dceomposition  b<!t'ore  the  mass  freezes 
\  round  the  lumps  lie  the  lioues  they  liave  i»icked  the  meat  from,  and 
I  li  olhcr  parts  as  are  discanlcd  in  time  of  pleoty.    TIiisiHbhishisnol  ' 
.•;wn  out,  hilt  rooted  among  after  a  ti^sh  supply,  as  it  is  neetlod, 
N<-:u-ly  every  igloo  has  a  little  addition  on  one  side,  with  im  opetung  J 
It  from  thehiuside  of  the  main  hut.     lu  this  tliey  keep  their  deer-sJu 
<i  lies  when  not  in  use,  and  ahto  an  oxtra  blubher  supply.    Over  Ihfl 
Liuip  is  liung  a  half-moon-shaped  frame  of  whalelione,  witli  seal-tikiH 
tUungs  drawn  lightly  Rcrosit.    On  this  they  put  their  foot-gear  to  dq 
tliiriiig  the  night. 

Wlieu  tiie  suow  begins  to  melt,  and  their  igloos  tumble,  liiey  have  a 
tuid  time  for  a  few  days.    Tlie  skin-tent,  or  too])ik,  must  imw  Im  brought  J 
into  re<)(iisltion  and  do  service  nlone,    yor  the  toopik  they  select  a  Hat  1 
mcdi,  from  which  the  snow  haa  melted,  and  by  mcajis  of  two  seta  of,  1 
ptdi-s,  tliose  for  the  front  cud  of  the  stnicture  tlic  shortest,  and  laslicd 
-■•ther  at  the  top,  like  an  Indian  wigwam,  with  a  ridge-pole  belwcea 
■II,    Over  tills  the  skin  cover  is  siiread,  and  secnre*!  to  the  rook  by 
.:na  of  stones  laid  on  the  lower  edge.    Ail  the  after  itortJoa  of  tliis 
<  t  U  umde  fVoin  seal-skin,  with  the  liair  on,  on  the  back  genvndly  a 
i^-e  fOide  Pogi>pkilu»  ffra-nlandktu.   The  forward  part  is  made  from  what 
I  hey  term  mamma,  which  is  prepared  from  the  skins  of  the  nelsick  in 
Uiu  following  manner :  After  the  bliibl>cr  has  been  remu%'ed  in  tbe  naoal 
BmII.  Nat.  Mas,  No.  1 


31 


NATURAL    IIISTOKT    OF    AltfTIC    AMKIMCA. 


way  (tlie  skius  of  pregnant  femalos  and  Iliose  siicklJug  youiis  uonB 
best),  tltoy  split  the  skina,  or  ratber  remove  a  membrane  that  lii'ii  be- 
tween the  bhibber  and  the  skin  proper.  The  eiihttinf^  is  done  wiUi  Mm 
vomau'u  knife.  The  skin  is  laid  upou  a  flut  surfuee  and  tlmknifuptiHk'd 
away  from  the  operator.  When  the  mamma  is  removed  from  the  skin  it 
is  treated  in  tlie  same  manner  ns  the  skins,  stretched,  and  drietl  in  tbe 
Bun.  It  is  tough  and  transparent,  and,  being  very  oily,  dues  not  eawly 
get  satimited  with  water. 

When  the  toopik  is  about  to  be  raised,  the  iskiti  eovering  is  flrst 
atretebed  out  upon  the  rock,  and  the  poles  are  pushed  uiidemeath,  Bod 
tbeu  raised  up,  stretclutig  the  cover  as  tightJy  on  tlie  poles  a»  posMfahi 
Tbe  toopik  is  carried  with  them  when  tbey  go  bunting  in  summer. 

Such  babittitious  are  of  variable  dimensiuuB,  regrdated  by  the  nunbcr 
of  occupants  somewhat,  but  more  by  the  industry  of  the  hunter  and  tb« 
economy  of  his  wife,  for  tbe  skins  need  repairing  very  often ;  and,  as  b 
consequence,  many  of  the  more  shiftless  natives  liave  extremely  jwar 
shelters,  patched  up  with  dog  and  bear  skin  and  old  cast-away  piece*  of 
canvas,  which  they  have  paid  well  for  in  serviceable  seal-skins. 

Their  greatest  concern  is  to  procure  the  irales.  At-  prewnt  niauy  get 
broken  oars,  lance-poles,  &c.,  fW)m  the  whalers;  bnt  Htill,  ingenioo^ 
lashed  together,  bone  supports  for  the  tent  arc  yet  fonnd  among  then. 
The  inside  ari'angement  of  the  toopik  does  not  differ  essentially  btm 
that  of  the  igloo,  except  it  may  be  a  little  nastier  as  a  nile  and  smell  ■ 
trifle  stronger,  Sometimes  whale-ribs  are  made  use  of  instead  ofpohfl, 
and  are  very  ingeniously  lashed  together.  TheKO  were  more  in  TOgut 
formerly,  before  they  could  procure  poles  from  the  thips. 

We  thiuk  they  were  perhaps  less  nomadic  in  past  times,  as  tJiew  •» 
still  extant  sod  foundations,  which  were  no  doubt  used  iis  pennaatot 
abodes. 

At  the  present  day,  so  many  of  the  Cumberland  Eskimo  have  pfo- 
cured  some  kind  of  firearms  that  their  primitive  modes  of  banting  and 
their  hunting  implements  have,  to  a  great  measure,  been  modified,  and 
even  in  some  iustaiiees  altogether  lost.  Bows  and  arruwa  are  ftat  be- 
coming an  institution  of  the  past;  th»y  do  not  now  rely  00  theniftr 
killing  reindeer  as  they  did  at  one  time.  Bows  and  arrows  are  fomtd 
around  the  settlements,  broken  and  out  of  rei)air;  the  arrows,  of  differ- 
ent kinds,  lying  about  unused,  or  doing  service  asiH)me  oUter  tool,  Tbt' 
childi-en  nil  have  bows  and  arrows;  but  tbey  sehlom  kill  larger  gBnie 
than  suowbirtlij  and  lemmings. 


ETIINOLOOV. 

r  primo  importance  to  tlic  Kskiuiu  is  Itis  wiinHy,  or  spear.    At  tbe 
lent  diiy,  the  sealiug:  spear  is  often  uiiule  &'om  au  old  wliale-lauce, 

riii)j  a  woodi-n  liitndle  and  an  iron  Iiarpooii  liead  {rliie  eUel^bos). 
The  socket  of  the  laoce  is  put  on  the  opjraHito  end  of  ttie  handle,  and  is 
ns»'€l  for  a  variety  of  purposes.  This  kind  of  Hi)ear  is  very  uscftd  to  the 
Eitlcimo  iu  mtehiiig  the  seals  in  their  afliilm  through  the  iw.  Thoy  are 
exti-enifly  expert  in  the  use  of  this  weapon,  and  p<}ssess  such  uiarrelons 
patience  that  they  will  stand  by  a  seal's  atluk  all  day  awaiting  the  ro- 
tnm  of  the  aniniaL 

This  upear  is  can-ied  on  all  occasions  wherever  they  go  and  whatever 
kind  of  game  they  parsne.  The  opposite  end  of  the  spear  troiu  which 
thfi  harpoon  ia  fastened  is  also  their  princijiol  tool  iu  hnihliug  fox-traps 
wt'  ice,  cutting  down  hummocks  so  as  to  get  their  sledges  over  the  shore- 
i«*,  &c.  Not  the  least  important  use  of  tliis  instrument  is  to  soiuul  tbe 
ii'«  with  it.  In  traveling  they  very  often  conic  to  places  whei-e  tJie 
nipid  running  tide  has  worn  the  ice  very  thin,  and  by  means  of  this 
(tjiear  they  carefully  feel  their  way  along.  They  will  even  cross  on  a 
Him?  that  is  completely  rotten  by  feeling  around  till  they  get  uiwu  a  more 
Ri>Iid  Hi>ot  and  then  advancing.  They  are  very  much  averse  to  gcttii^ 
into  the  water,  as  none  of  them  are  able  to  swim. 

The  harpoon-head  used  with  this  speai'  is  mjule  of  ii-on,  and  is  abi 
Ihree  and  a  half  inches  in  length  and  one  inch  between  the  outside  taps 
iif  thf^  barbs.  They  mannfaoture  them  entirely  by  tiling,  and  will  sit 
and  file  for  many  days  till  they  get  the  instniment  in  the  desired  form. 

For  whales  and  walrus  they  use  a  much  different  weapon,  the  Bamc« 
we  imagine,  as  they  used  before  the  whites  came  among  tlicm.  It  is  fl 
large,  awkward,  bidky-looking  afiair,  with  a  shaft  made  from  the  horn 
of  Monodon  monocerox,  or  from  parts  of  a  whale's  jawbone,  ingeniously 
lashed  together,  when  wood  is  not  pi-ocuralile.  Some  have  the  handle 
composed  of  as  many  as  eight  to  a  dozen  pieces,  l>eautifully  and  < 
puclly  lashed  together,  till  the  whole  is  as  firm  as  though  it  were  c 
[Hised  of  a  single  piece. 

Althongh  such  large  spears  were  not  rare  among  tliese  natives,  we 
found  dilQculty  iu  getting  them  to  part  with  them.  A  favorite  harpoon- 
bead  is  also  hard  to  procure,  though  they  may  not  have  ns«l  it  for  years. 
Borne  considerable  value  seems  to  be  attached  to  these  old  implements, 
especially  if  they  have  been  snccessfnl  with  them  in  former  times.  We 
HAlV«utl  more  upon  the  illustration  hero  given  of  this  spear  than  npi 
^^BjB  choice  of  words,    Tlieir  old  harpoon-head  fur  seals  was  probaUl 


36  NATURAL  HISTORY  OP  ARCTIC  AMERICA. 

of  the  pattern  here  flgured.  This  specimen  is  from  a  grave  at  Exeter 
Sound,  and  greatly  resembles  in  pattern  the  iron  seal  liarpotui-beaiU  li 
tLe  ])rescnt  ([ay.  Others  were  made  like  tlie  walrus  harpoon,  Irat  Lav- 
ing barbs,  instead  of  being  iron-tipped.  A  very  ingenioas  contrivuxx 
about  these  old  spears  is  the  perfect  ball-and-socket  joint  vhich  onites 
tlie  echcetnung,  or  boue  iwrtion  (on  which  the  harpoon  is  planed),  wtft 
the  shaft.  The  shaft,  if  made  of  wood,  has  a  bone  tip,  which  is  capped 
to  receive  the  rounded  end  of  the  eebeemung  ;  they  are  kept  in  jdace  by 
two  thongs  of  seal-skin,  which  makes  it  sufficiently  firm  to  use,  bnt  it 
the  same  time  will  allow  the  eebeemung  to  double  upon  the  shaft  witbon 
breaking  when  an  animal  is  struck. 

Ab  before  mentioned,  so  few  bows  and  arrows  are  now  in  use  that  it 
is  almost  impossible  to  procure  a  bow  and  set  of  arrows  that  are  actually 
or  have  been  in  ose.  In  the  following  illustration,  no  less  than  eight  diflo- 
ent  patterns  of  arrows  are  represented.  We  have  derived  our  infiKU- 
tion  from  various  sources  besides  our  own  obserrationB.  We  bad  i>- 
stmcted  some  of  the  most  intelligent  Eskimo  to  make  for  us  wooda 
models  of  all  the  different  kinds  of  arrows  that  they  ever  knew  wen  in 
use.  So  far  as  we  wero  able  to  procure  or  see  the  original,  these  modcb 
were  faithfully  and  well  executed,  and  leaves  us  no  reason  to  think  tbt 
they  in  any  instance  imposed  upon  us.  Some  of  the  arrows  we  htn 
seen  in  the  possession  of  sailors  that  had  bartered  for  them  for  a  mat 
song,  bill  woiiUl  lint  traili^  lliciii  to  us,  iinK-r  the  iiiiprcssitui  that  IhfJ 
■  Stal.'s.     T]..-\-  ii.i\\'  ui.ili.iMvadoni 


i:thxuloi!V. 

h]p  iron  supply,  No.  8  is  butii'  tippi'tl.  I  cuiiUl  not  Ipttrii  wliy  th«  jmim 
-honld  be  80  Iwiit,  liiit  many  had  them  so,  and  oven  prpferrcd  it.  All 
livir  HtTow«wow  laiiheil  with  liuolyseiiai-atMdet'rsiiu'ws.  tbv  fttatLcr- 
iiies  were  nwiili'  always  miule  troiri  the  priniari^-s  of  Stnx  HcaniHixm.  or 
' '  racHlm  carlo.  The  arrows  wi-re  all  short ;  in  fa«t,  their  length  di'iK-ndccl 
-iiiiit'what  on  tho  wood  supply.  Wo  were  unable  to  find  l)ut.  a  * 
N|>f>cinioii  of  flint  arrow-heads  in  the  graves. 

Thu  bow  is  nitule  troin  reindi-er  antlers;  thL-»e  art?  split,  using  on] 
■no  of  thf  halvi's  in  the  coiistrut'f  ion  of  the  bow.  It  is  ahvaya  made  iOr' 
ihree  piixMw,  ingenioiialy  lashed  together.  On  the  back  of  the  bow  are 
tlirtxi  or  more  slrings,  made  like  the  bow-string;  these  are  fastened  at 
both  ends  of  the  bow,  and  also  secnivly  at  the  middle  of  the  back.  Tliis 
of  eoiii-w:!  gives  additional  strength  to  the  iitl'air,  and  is  a  eouvenient 
place  to  earry  an  extra  sti-iiig.  The  bowa  are  very  short,  often  not  more 
:  lian  thirty  inches.  Not  every  Eskimo  is  able  to  mannfauiuro  his  own 
i>ow;  but  eAch  eneampment  has  generally  nt  least  one  skilled  mechanic, 
•who  Hupplies  the  rest. 

Bows  and  arrows  were  principally  used  in  the  captore  of  the  reinileer, 

1,  and  birds,  st'Idom  seals.    These  bows  are  surprisingly  elastic,  and 

i  Eskimo  ore  able  ta  use  them  with  woiidppfiil  rtosterity.    In  shootiug 

b  wuapon,  tbe  string  is  plaeed  on  tlielirst  Joint  of  the  llrst  and  second 

H  of  the  right  band. 

Liiotber  Eskimo  implement  fast  going  out  of  nee  is  the  Jcakirak,  or 

mon  spear.    A  glance  at  the  Wgure  will  give  a  better  idea  of  this  ia- 

inent  than  we  ean  express  in  words.     The  two  outside  tines  are  each 

bnt  seven  inebes  in  lengtli,  and  are  made  of  reindeer  antlers.    Near 

B  tip  and  enriing  inward  is  a  tooth-like  prong  about  one  and  three- 

Ilia  inehcH  in  length.    The  iH>iut)«  of  these  teeth  eome  to  the  end  of 

B  mlddlo  tine,  which  is  about  six  inches  in  length,  perfectly  straigbt, 

I  made  from  walms  ivory.    The  three  tines  are  securely  lashed  to  a 

e  of  the  jaw-bone  of  Uie  wbale,  of  varj-ing  length,  sometimes  only  a 

:,  but  often  two  or  three  foet.     When  the  bone  shaft  is  too  short  to 

(,  tlM?y  generiilly  have  a  Rhort  ■wooden  handle  lashed  to  it  to  iimke  it 

B  deatred  lengt  h.     The  two  outside  tines  of  this  spear  arc  very  elastic, 

1  ftitring  out  when  a  fish  \s  stniek,  bnt  elose  iigain  wIk-ii  the  liody  of 

b  B»b  ha«  passed  beyond  the  tootli  points  whieb  project  inwun!.    It 

k'tboH  impossible  for  it  to  esea)ie,  the  central  tine  Imving  eiiteretl  tlie 


Jiother  instnmieut,  generally  used  ii 


eelion  with  the  kalira 


38  SATURAL  HI8T0RV   OP  ARCTIC   A3dEBICA. 

the  ajdk-kaljujak,  or  ivory  fisb-bait  It  is  about  four  JDclies  iu  Intgti 
and  is  made  to  look  as  much  like  a  fish  as  possible.  A  line  is  iKun 
throngb  the  middle  of  the  back,  aod  is  fastened  on  the  belly;  here  is 
small  ivory  hook  that  reaches  from  an  incb  to  two  inches  below  the  & 
The  principal  use  of  the  ajaJtiaijvjak  is  not,  however,  to  Jkool  fish,  b 
to  lui-e  them  wltbio  reach  of  the  sitear.  The  Eskimo  takes  his  ivoiy  fi 
and  bobs  it  up  and  down  in  the  water,  generally  in  a  tide  cravk  a 
hole  in  the  ice  on  purpose,  and  watehes  till  he  spies  a  fish  making  for 
He  then  gently  begins  to  haul  in  on  his  line,  if  the  fish  follows  the  hn 
till  it  is  within  reach  of  his  spear ;  sometimes  a  greedy  fish  will  swaDc 
the  bait  and  get  oiught  with  this  primitive  gear.  At  the  jmte 
day  they  seldom  use  this  implement.  Iron  fish-hooks  are  supplied  iIk 
&om  the  ships;  but  they  are  poor  fishermen  compared  with  the  Grtt 


One  little  implement  of  comparatively  insignificant  importance  stet 
not  to  have  been  superseded  by  any  modem  substitute  as  yet.  It  iat) 
hzdjuk,  a  small  piece  of  ivory  of  diSieront  shapes,  used  to  insert  inil 
lips  of  the  seals  while  dragging  tbem  over  the  ice.  We  have  given  iflo 
trations  of  the  principal  patterns  wu  foniiil  in  use.  Ifo.  8  is  the  same  i 
9*0.  7  when  seen  from  the  top.  This  is  a  verj-  ingenious  piece  of  «oii 
Tho  main  body  of  the  piece  is  hollow,  and  the  portion  yo.  1 1  has  a  bo 
which  prevents  it  pulling  throngb,  but  at  the  same  time  turns  fivrlj 
and  prevents  the  line  from  twisting  when  the  seal  turns  over.  It  wt 
well  made  that  the  inside  piece  cannot  bo  got  through  any  of  the  opti 


irrRNOLOGY.  3H 

1  instriuiicnt  in  uisvil  only  to  catch  tbe  youiig  of  I'ngomys  /atidv^M 
IB  thuj' are  still  inthewliit*  coats;  they  ai-e  caught  cither  while  lyiMB 
Be  the  atluk  on  the  ice  or  while  still  in  the  SDUw-buirow.  Wheu  uH 
Imo  sees  a  yomig  seal  on  the  ice,  he  begins  to  make  hia  way  caiitional;n 
ftnl  it,  stopping  ircqiienlly,  and  giving  the  animal  ample  opportunity  I 
uigfy  it8  curiosity.    The  sea.!  will  work  its  head  and  fon^  part  of  tli6 
|r  In  njerky,  awkward  inaiincr,  and  keep  edging  nciirer  and  nearer 
katluA-;  the  Eskimo  watches  every  movement  of  the  iiieul,and  knows 
Itlio  proiM<r  moment  to  advance  u  atvi*  or  two  and  then  slup.    TIiik 
pmvro  is  kept  up  till  he  gets  near  enough  to  reach  the  seal  with  hw 
m.    He  then  makes  a  quick  Jump,  at  the  same  time  striking  the  hook 
UliH  animal.     Sealing  among  the  Oiimberland  E»kinio  is  suffleientljj 
bibed  nn<ler  our  iiote»  ou  I'agomyg  /atidus,  in  the  import  of  lliu  mtuaB 
L  for  us  to  leave  it  out  of  tliis  paper.  H 

Ibei)  a  seal-skin  is  about  to  be  prepai'eil  for  drying,  the  blubber  ifl 
Iremoved  somewhat  roughly;  the  skin  is  then  laid  on  a  board,  anfjl 
I  tlie  womau'd  knife  the  membrane  underneath  the  blubber  is  aein 
(fed  (torn  the  8kin.    The  knife  must  be  vei-y  shar])  to  do  this  8nei*es^| 
f.    The  oiierntorii  always  push  the  knife  from  them;  it  takes  consi^fl 
ho  exp(!ri('ii(5e  in  order  to  do  the  job  well.    When  all  tlie  blubber  ia 
kwd,  which  will  Ui\w  thi'ee  or  four  hours  of  faithful  work,  the  skin 
men  outiudv,  and  by  means  of  the  feet  is  I'olled  and  nibbed  around 
be  snow  for  Mime  time,  and  by  tliis  procena  they  succeed  in  removing 
igi  tmce  of  grease  from  the  hair.     When  thoroughly  washed,  tlie  skin 
U  npon  the  stretchers,  if  it  bo  winter,  to  dry ;  these  stretchers  are 
by  four  poles,  which  are  lushed  together  at  the  comers  like  a  quill- 
le,  the  pni]>er  distance  apart  to  suit  the  size  of  tbe  skin.    The  skin 
Kured  in  ])laee  by  sealskin  thongs  passed  thi-ough  tittle  slits  alotl] 
idgCD  and  made  fast  to  the  poles.    When  the  skin  is  ]iro))ej'ty  stretch  A 

■  tbe  frame,  it  is  put  above  the  lamps  incide  tlie  snow-hut  to  drj'. 
Inui   gets  highor  and  begins  to  have  some  effect,  the  skins  i 
■dbod*,  flesh  side  up,  on  the  sunlhem  shipes  of  snow-banks,  and  a 
msd  by  means  of  wooden  or  lione  jn-ga  olwut  a  foot  in  length. 
kason  advances  and  the  snow  melts  they  begin  to  stretch  the  skin^l 

■  tfao  ground  by  means  of  the  beforc-nientioued  pegs.    Tbe  skit] 
■otiulinwed  to  rest  npon  the  gi-onnd,  but  are  raised  a  few  inches 
It  the  air  to  circulate  undej-neath.    Skins  dry  very  fast  when  ex]>ose 
llfi  manner. 
IW  first  days  of  spring  are  always  a  busy  time  with  tlie  Eskin 


40  NATrilAL    HISTORY    OF   ARCTIC    AMERIC.i. 

■^onieii.  One  tbiug  13,  tUcy  get  niofo  iresUly  killed  Hkins  to  prepare,  tai 
tboii  tb(<y  genci'ally  bare  a  buiiiIiih  nlock  of  tbe  winter'a  cMnh  vtaeb 
they  coiiid  not  tiiltc  care  of  b.y  (ho  slow  process  of  (Irj'iiig  over  the 
lamps  in  the  huts  diiiiug  winter.  Tlie  akius  of  the  young  in  tlie  wUixt 
coats  ai-n  dried  in  some  conHidenible  qniiutitieti,  as  it  takes  about  ftthwii 
to  i:iake  a  single  suit  of  clothes,  and  many  have  <Umble  suits  imide  from 
WiXii  materJuL  Tlioy  bavi«  no  iden  of  any  tJiu,  and  preiiaiv  lli«  sldM 
nierely  l)y  nibbing  them  with  tbeir  skin-scrapers. 

\\g  insert  ft  sketch  of  a  very  old  sliin-scraper,  such  as  ai-e  now  fi 
only  in  the  old  graves.  It  is  made  of  stone,  with  a  wooden  handle, 
wliioh  is  fastcne<l  to  the  stoue  by  means  of  a  sti-ip  of  whalebone.  Aa^ 
otlier  and  later  pattern  is  made  from  the.  scapula  of  a  reindew.  A  bS- 
ter  idea  of  its  make  can  l>e  got  from  the  sicetcb  than  by  a  descrii>tiao. 
Siieli  scrapers  aie  still  in  use,  bnt  sene  as  a  sort  of  auxiliary*  to  a  semper 
made  from  a  tin  can,  resembling  a  little  scoop  in  sbai>e,  and  having  * 
vooden  Imndle.  This  is  the  stjle  of  sei-ajHT  made  at  tbe  present d^, 
and  is  by  fur  tlie  most  ctfoetive  iustntment  of  the  three.  Tbe  miuiiiff 
of  using  these  scrapers  is  to  take  tbe  skin  firmly  in  tbe  left  handmd 
]intting  the  knee  or  f(x>t  upon  tbe  lower  part  of  it  holding  it  secure];, 
wliile  tlic  Bcniper  w  workcil  wltli  tbe  right  lumd,  pushing  downiriri 
witJi  some  foi'cc.  If  the  skins  ai'o  very  Avy,  when  they  begin  tbeyve 
somewlnit  softened  by  rubbing  with  tbe  bauds,  or  even  chewing  tta 
most  stubborn  parts.  Tliey  continue  uwing  these  tools  upon  a  hide 
till  It  gains  the  desii-ed  pliabilitj.  All  the  work  of  stretching,  dri'iug, 
eleaning,  washing,  and  softening  tbe  skins  falls  njmn  the  women. 

Tbe  skins  of  Phoca  barhafa  are  sti-etched  on  a  frame  like  those  of  tbe 
notsick,  but  not  till  the  hafr  has  been  removed.  The  cutting  of  tlieliur 
is  one  of  tbe  nastiest  and  most  disgusting  sights  one  can  imagine.  Itgtft- 
ei-ally  fulls  to  tbe  lot  of  some  old  woman  to  do  this.  Tbe  skins  ani  tillomd 
to  lie  and  become  somewhat  putrid,  a  itortion  of  [he  blnbbei-  reniaiuiugoo. 
The  only  tool  usedistbe  woman'«kuife  Ix'forcnieiitioni^.  Wbenabuat 
to  clean  one  of  these  skins,  tbe  squaw  takes  oH  her  boots,  stockings,  and 
pantaloons,  and,  tucking  her  feet  undei'  lier  body,  lays  this  dirty,  bliiody, 
greasy,  stinking  sldn  on  her  bare  thigh,  the  rtcMh  side  down.  She  tJitsi 
pmhes  the  kinfe  against  the  hair,  cutting,  or  rather  ahaving  it  off. 
her  band  l>ecomes  too  oily  to  bold  on  to  the  skin,  shy  puts  licr  fiujen 
iut^o  her  mouth,  and  thus  cleans  them.  When  properly  cleaned,  it  >< 
di'ied  in  the  manner  already  spoken  of,  cxei;i>t  that  tbe  back  aad  belly 
of  the  animal  are  dried  separately,  aa  tbe  skiu  is  dilTereot  on  those  ^ 


^H  ETIIXDLOOY.  49 

^lolis  of  tlie  !ki(I.v,  mifl  wmild  ilry  nncvciily.  Wlieii  dry,  it  is  ulmost  M 
stiff  amUinrd  as  a  boitnl,  Tiiis  wkiii  is  itwd  mainly  for  tin;  soles  (M 
IvMitu ;  lliL>  piitt^'i'ii  in  cut  I'l'inn  the  liitle,  iiiiil  tlii'ii  clinccd  till  it  bt'comsl 
-iirtioifiitly  Nofteiieil  to  sew.  This  Iiwt  oiwration  is  also  mainly  peM 
!'>!  iiie<l  by  tlio  old  aqaaw».  WLen  Miey  are  t^o  old  to  sew,  tlioy  becnnM 
■  -.jiHik  diwwoiT*  as  the  lust  rt-sort,  and  wLeii  tlieii-  teetli  fiiU  lln-m  tli« 
:ni'  better  ofl'  in  the  (jnive.  I 

Seal-skiua  aw  also  uianulartured  into  drinking  nips;  siicli  enps  gen 
'  jiilly  have  ii  depth  and  diunieter  of  about  three  incbea.    A  sborll 

flight  piec?  of  l)ono,  niofitly  tho  IniiiH'nis  of  a  gull  or  duck,  is  sewefl 
iiiio  th«  upper  riiu  on  one  Ride,  pifjjecting  outside  about  two  iiichea  imlfl 
-.1  half;  this  fierves  for  a  Imndle.  Tho  hair  sido  of  the  skin  is  used  fofl 
tlie  insitlo  of  the  vessel.  Larger  vessels,  sotnewlmt  resend)litig  a  snisJ| 
navk,  wen;  nsed  to  cany  water  in  at  their  encampments;  but  when  odi 
iravelingi'they  nioHtly*aiTj  their  water  supply  in  a  seal's  sloniaeb,  pTM 
]i»red  for  tlie  pu^iose.  ■ 

We  woidd  naturally  exiH-el  thesi'  peojiln  to  he  very  expert  in  making 
various  devices  for  caiitaring  tbeir  game  in  traps  or  snares.  This  does 
not  seem  to  be  the  vase,  however.  Tbey  make  a  fox-trap,  wliieli  is  nothing 
more  tbiin  u  littlR  ruuud  hut  af  ice,  with  a  hole  in  one  Hide  jimt  largo 
■enough  for  the  fox  to  emwl  into.  Inside  the  but  is  a  large  slab  of  ice, 
-nUicb  rests  bomontally  npon  a  small  uptight  piece  of  ice;  the  end  of 
tho  upright  rests  on  the  bait,  and  when  the  fox  jtnlls  at  the  meat  he 
4]raws  the  upright  down,  and  the  ice  slab  falls  upon  him  aud  he  is  a  sure 
prisoner. 

Another  manner  of  catching  foses  is  to  make  an  ice  house  niiu 
larger,  so  high  that  a  man  can  reatldy  stand  up  in  it.  A  small  funnel* 
^liajKil  hole,  jnst  large  enough  to  admit  the  fox,  is  made  at  the  top 
the  stmcturo,  and  the  bait  is  hung  inside  just  out  of  his  reacih.  The 
I'ox  will  work  a  long  time  trying  to  secure  it,  and  finally  crawl  in  and 
Jump  down  npon  the  floor  of  the  hut,  but  then  he  is  unable  to  get  out 
again. 

A  sort  of  snare  is, sometimes  inmle  for  hares.  It  is  nothing  more  than 
n  seal-skin  line,  with  a  number  of  slip-nmises  npon  it;  this  is  laid  across 
the  runs  of  the  animals,  or  npon  their  feediug-gronTids.  They  are  often 
caught  ill  this  manner;  but  tho  foxes  are  generally  the  only  ones  bene- 
fited by  the  capture;  alt  that  the  Eskimo  finds  is  a  little  hair  and  a  few 

mee  the  next  morning. 
Birds  are  sometime:^  snared  in  about  the  same  manner,  except  tliAl 


he  I 

ire  1 

of 
'be 


42  HATUEAL   HISTORY    OF   ARCTIC   AMEBICA. 

tbey  use  finely  braided  deer  siuews  for  the  snares,  instead  of  scal-^ii. 
They  take  a  good  many  eiders  on  their  neste  in  tliia  manner. 

When  traveling  over  the  fiozcn  wastee  in  winter  they  use  snow-dntifc 
These  are  half-mooR-shaped,  of  whalebone,  with  seal-sldn  thongs  tighllf  , 
drawn  across.  They  are  aboat  sixteen  inches,  long.  Another  pattern  i 
is  merely  a  frame  of  wood,  about  the  same  length,  and  eight  or  ta 
inches  wide,  with  seal-skiQ  thongs  for  the  foot  to  rest  on.  Aa  their  dog/ 
feet  often  get  very  sore  while  traveling  on  cmsty  snow,  they  make  tbta 
little  mocvasins  of  seal-skin  to  protect  t>he  feet. 

Nearly  all  the  Eskimo  become  snow-blind  in  spring,  thon^  tbey  M* 
eye-blinkers  of  wood.  These  are  only  a  piece  of  wood  fitting  daadr 
over  the  eyes,  and  having  a  horizontal  slit  abont  one-sixteeotJi  of  a 
inch  wido;  it  affords  a  good  deal  of  protection  to  the  eyes,  but  tliey  an 
generally  not  put  on  till  the  condition  of  their  eyes  forbids  them  goia| 
withoat.  Some  cye-blinkcrs  of  bone  were  found  in  a  gTa%'e;  they  *(» 
apparently  very  old,  and  of  a  different  pattern,  but  so  much  decayed  a 
not  to  admit  of  handling. 

All  the  Cumberliind  Eskimo  of  tho  present  day  have  sledges  of  wooi 
This  has  either  been  bartered  from  the  whalotneu  or  secured  fhxn  tk 
wrecks  of  ships.  There  ai-e,  nevertheless,  some  remains  ocuasionaQf 
found  of  sledges  that  were  composed  entirely  of  bono,  whales'  jaw -bow 
apparently.  They  were  made  in  many  pieces,  and  ingeniously  lacM 
All  their  slL^dgot^  of  the  ptiMcut  day  nw  sho«)  with  Iton&aad 
when  about  to  undertake  ii  joitmuy  they  pour  warmed  btuod  upon  li 


ETHNOLOGY. 


4S 


Kioi  liiiKl  of  game,  a*,,  for  iostance,  bears ;  then  they  carry  s*  1 
»,  which,  however,  dixrn  not  materiiilly  difler  from  Uio  whuli-  luiM 
ft  omiak,  or  wouiau'it  akm  boat,  ia  iiow  rare  among  them,  as  they  i 
>  to  iirociire  whale-boats  from  ships,  ami  one  boat  will  accomiao- 
e  sercTnl  families.  Some  of  tlie^so  bojits  still  exist  iu  the  -siciiiity  of 
:umeiite  ami  farther Hoiilli.  It  required  about  fifteen  ektiis  of  Phoca 
'to/a  to  conatruct  one,  and  several  years'  occumuUirtion  of  drift-woe 
mlt  Heeins  very  probable  that  before  the  atlvent  of  whalemen  they  pea 
i  ft  gKat  many  rites  and  ccreiiiouies,  many  of  wliieb  are  now  obi 
I,  or  exist  oidy  iu  tradition.  Sometimes  one  of  these  old  customs  v 
repeated,  but,  as  a  general  thing,  not  in  tbo  presence  of  a  white  n 
jb«y  can  help  it. 

■uu  of  these  customs,  wliich  possesses  a  good  deal  of  interest,  ia  tl 
luier  of  greeting  a  stranger.  When  a  strauger  arrives  ut  an  encai 
nt,  and  is  personally  nnkuown  to  all  or  the  major  portion  of  { 
ibitants  of  tlie  village,  he  receives  an  introduction  after  the  foUoi 
I  inouuer:  Tlio  vUhigcrs  (the  men)  form  themselves  into  a  sin^ 
:,  tUI  of  them,  with  the  e.\<;uptiou  of  the  stranger  and  the  head  anoo 
0  village,  having  hare-skin  mittens  on;  they  then  begin  a  mono) 
I  eiuging  chant,  keeping  tiiuQ  with  Ibcir  anus,  swiuging  tlieiu  j 
ot,  raii^iag  the  hand  as  high  as  tlie  shoulder,  with  arm  sliglitly  Ixs 
I  tJien  desei-ibing  a  half  circle  by  lowering  tlio  hands  as  far  as  tl 

men.  Finally,  the  ancoot  and  the  stranger  step  out  fi-om  the  ranlq 
[  fhoo  one  another.  Both  have  mittens  of  seal-sUin.  The  strangt 
iplaoeuLly  folils  his  arms  over  his  breast,  and  inelines  his  bead  to 
a  Bide,  so  as  to  fully  expose  hts  check,  fvliile  the  ancoot  deals  him  » 
ribleblowon  it,  sometimes  feUiugbim  to  the  ground.  The  two  aelora 
i  change  parts,  and  it  becomes  the  stranger's  turn  to  strike 

8  with  a  veugeanee;  the  two  then  ktss  each  other,  and  the  t 
by  is  over.  The  stranger  is  now  duly  initiated  to  share  in  any ; 
leir  customs,  and  due  hospitality  is  shown  liim  Ity  nil.  Among  fail 
leges  he  can  also  choose  for  himself  a  wife  during  his  sojourn. 
lOtber  custom,  which  was  once  very  popular,  is  the  following :  An 
4  dresses  himself  up  in  the  most  hideous  manner,  having  se\eral 
8  of  pants  on,  among  the  rest,  and  a  horrid  looking  mask  of  skins. 
I  men  U'lid  women  now  I'auge  themselves  in  separate  and  ojiposite 
I,  and  the  ancoot  takes  his  place  between  them.  Ho  then  ])icks 
E  a  nuui  and  conducts  him  to  a  woman  in  the  opposite  ranks. 
plo  thwi  go  to  the  woman's  but  and  Iiave  a  grand  spree  for  a  d 


44  NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  AECTIC  AHEBICA. 

or  two.  Tliismanuei'of  proceeding  is  kept  np  till  all  the  womaitrntoM 
are  di8i>osed  of.  This  one  is  always  the  aneaoffa  choice,  and  her  hen 
serves  fur  liiuiself.  The  people  thus  a88einb1e<l  are,  of  coarse,  all  nl 
known  to  him,  and  lie  understands  pretty  well  how  to  inate  themtita 
to  meet  general  appi-obatioii. 

When  tlift  women  have  their  monthly  courses,  they  will  not  w(Mli,M 
visit  the  ship,  or  even  each  others'  hots. 

The  dead  are  generally  covered  with  a  little  pUe  of  stonesi'so  ai^ 
^over  as  to  form  a  sort  of  tomb.  It  is  also  qnite  common  at  the  p«Mi 
time  to  leave  the  dead  fully  exi>08ed  upon  the  rocks.  All  the  "Sjism 
liave  a  grcathorrorof  handling  a  corpse,  so  that  when  a  person  is  voyaA 
lie  is  carried  out  to  die,  and  where  be  lays  the  stone  pUe  is  erected  anal 
iiim.  The  hunting  implements  and  many  of  the  valuables  of  the  deeMwi 
are  put  by  him ;  saeh  things  as  he  will  need  for  a  long  time  iiuiit,mk 
the  rest  outside  of  the  grave.  We  have  fonod  in  one  grave  the  akckUM 
of  two  dogs,  remains  of  a  sledge,  whip,  &c.,  and  the  partial  skekM 
of  a  Pagomys  fcetidua.  The  right  femur  of  the  Eskimo  skeleton  in  (to 
grave  was  deformeil,  and  had  the  appearance  of  having  been  btokea  al 
allowed  to  grow  together  without  setting.  He  was  probably  lame  te- 
ing  life,  and  the  dogs  and  sledge  had  been  given  liim  in  order  to  Ad- 
tate  his  traveling  to  tlie  happy  hunting-groands.  In  another  giana 
'discovered  portions  of  a  kyack.  That  decayeil  bow  and  arrows,  tpi^ 
and  all  their  hunting  implements,  were  at  o&e  time  plenty  in  gran^ii 
viTv  Jiiipjiivnt;  l»il  of  liit<(  yoiii's  tlicy  liiivo  so  iimended  tbls  DftjtfpM 


^H  ETH.XOLOGV.  4a>l 

^^Bft  rule,  tlicy  are  D»t  kind  to  the  ng^d  or  feeble    We  know  of  odu  I 
^^Bce  where  an  old  cripiflu,  wlio  hati  no  oue  wlio  would  recogiiiiu  liia  I 
^H^ty,  was  obll^'iHl  tu  gu  sciding  I'ur  himself.    Xlt*  had  but  one  dog,  ] 
kiid  no  Kk-d;  no,  taking  a  Hciil-iikiii  mid  allowing  the  dog  lo  iUng  it,  he 
cKiiveycd  to  the  H<.>iiling)j:iYmiid  on  tliis  novul  t'ouvi-j  iince.    Tliero 

■  1 1-  overy  duy  largt'  aledn  Ii-uving  tliw  «iicauipmeut,  hut  no  one  offertnl 
t'l  Itilp  tJi»*  old  man,  aa  thfi-c  wsia  no  prosjtert  of  Ids  heiug  able  U^  iveiii-   I 
rmare  the  favor.  I 

Among  their  many  superstitioiw  notioiiN,  tlio  wearing  of  charms  about  \ 

tli'j  |>erMin  is  one  of  the  moat  curious.     These  aro  railed  amgoouk,  or  J 

■m-'Huit,  and  may  be  nothing  but  pieces  of  bone  or  wood,  birds'  billM  or  I 

.  s,  or  an  aniiual'tt  teeth  or  skin.    Tu  tbese  eliaruis  they  attribute  J 

I  niiittinLl  powers,  and  believe  them  Uy  be  able  to  keep  the  wearer  1 
I  siekncsa  or  misforiune.  It  is  a  common  custiim  lor  the  wife  ta  J 
^v~  a  piece  of  seal's  blubber  on  her  husband's  kyaek  when  he  is  about   I 

:  <)  hunting;  this  will  give  him  success.    Little  strips  of  deer-skin  are.  I 

■j;  about  the  person  in  different  places  to  insure  success  in  some  nntler-  1 

!  I ig  or  to  ward  off  some  misfortune,  real  or  imagiuaty.     We  diseov-  ] 

I I  '<no  of  these  charms,  which  seemed  to  possess  unusual  intercut.  It  J 
worn  by  a  little  girl  about  eight  years  old.  She  had  a  small  eiivel-  J 
"f  seal  skin  that  was  worn  on  the  back  of  her  inside  jacket.  W©  1 
ct-ded  in  bribing  her  grandmother  to  show-  ua  the  «)ntenta  of  the  j 

<  liipe,  which  proved  to  be  two  small  stones,  the  one  a  blnish  flint,  (ho  I 

r  apparently  meteoric  iron.    The   tra^lition  connected   with  these-  J 

:>'>,  the  gmnd  mother  suid,  is  that  a  very  long  time  ago  an  Kskimo,  I 

M   whom  she  was  a  lineal  descendant,  had  discoverwl  the  iron,  and  I 

'  I'ickexl  np  a  stone  to  break  a  piece  off  and  take  home  with  him ;  I 

"  lien  he  struck  the  inm  (ire  tlcw  fioiii  it,  and  he  soon  learned  how  I 

I  >kc  u^eof  this  nccidental  discovery,  and  liecame  a  great  man  among  _  1 

l'(Oph-.    AtthispointwuhHittlie  thread  of  the  old  woman's  nai-rative,  I 

^ill  we  t^oidd  fnrtlier  learn  was  that  these  two  small  jtici^'s  luul  Ix^eit  I 

>  rvwl  in  the  funiily  for  successive  generations,  ami  were  inherited  by  I 

'  1 1  im  her  mother,  and  tliat  she  had  now  given  them  to  her  graiulchild,  I 

'  liild's  mother  being  dead.    The  child  will  in  tuni  give  it  to  her  I 

.^cn.    She  thought  tld.seharm  of  inestimable  vahic,  and  could  not  I 

liuced  to  part  with  it,  for,  whe  said,  "No  one  has  yet  died  while  I 

:ug  thi.-^  charm."  I 

ii'ther  eharin  of  gi«at  value  to  the  mother  who  has  a  yuiuig  babe  I 

!■  caidue  tooth  of  the  polar  bear.    This  is  used  as  a  kind  of  clasp  to-  I 


46  NATURAL    HISTOaV   Or    ARCTIC    AMERICA. 

a  seal-skin  striug,  which  passes  around  the  body  and  keeps  the  bnastt 
lip.     Hex  milk  supply  cannot  fail  while  ahe  wears  this. 

SlaJiy  of  the  ancooU  by  long  practice  become  quite  competent  jug- 
glers, and  often  take  advantage  to  show  ofl'  their  powers  to  the  edifica- 
tiou  of  their  fi-ieDds.  A  common  trick  with  a  fnU-fledged  ancoot  ia  to 
come  Buddenly  into  a  hut  with  a  harpoon  toggled  on  his  breast,  and  tbs 
handle  sticking  in  his  buck,  the  wound  bleoding  profosely.  Sach  demon- 
stations  make  a  lasting  impression  upon  the  minds  of  those  who  wit- 
ness it,  and  it  becomes  no  less  marvelous  when  they  see  that  he  enrrires, 
without  even  a  mark  after  the  woimd. 

A  very  interesting  legend  is  one  which  they  tell  as  to  the  origin  of 
man,  as  regards  creation,  and  the  beginning  of  all  things.  They  say  it 
came  so  of  itself.  Of  tlie  creation  of  man  they  say ;  In  the  beginmnE 
there  grew  up  from  the  earth  a  man ;  he  got  a  wife  from  one  of  to 
thumbs  (t),  and  from  this  pair  the  race  baa  originated.  But  the  whites, 
whom  they  call  ct^lunet,  or  codluTiak,  they  have  sprung  from  dog».  At 
Eskimo  woman  at  one  time  gave  birth  to  human  beings  and  dogs.  Tbeit 
latter  she  put  in  an  old  boot,  and  threw  them  out  into  the  sea,  saying, 
"  Go  hence,  and  become  whit«  people."  From  this  they  say  whites  Bw 
On  the  SCO,  and  their  eliii)fi  fire  like  tho  Innits'  boots,  round  at  both 


MAMMALS. 

IBAOMENTJRY  NOTES  ON  THE  1141IMALU  OF  CUHBERLAND  BOTOD. 


!bUowiug  list  coutiUns  little  else  than  tratfiiK-uUuy  notes  on  sach 
[  procured,  or  witli  cerLiiiity  identified,  during  my  sliort  8o- 
1  tlio  northern  waters  of  C'iinil>erlau(l  Sound  (the  Hogartb  Sound 
y),  at  about.  !at.  07°  N. 
pcgion  about  oar  winter  hai'bor  was  inar\'elously  barren,  and  very 
mmals  are  fonnd  there.  ItH  location  is  such  that  many  of  the 
thut  freqnent  the  sootliexn  waters  are  seldom  found  iihout  An- 
Mk,  as  it  is  80  far  "  inland."  It  is-u  nmty  for  a  bear  to  stray  up 
nd  any  distance,  and  some  of  the  sealH  and  most  of  the  ctitjiceans 
|r  of  irregidar  occurrence. 

the  soutbem  outraiice  of  the  eound,  however,  tlie  harp  sail,  polar 
'alruB,  and  many  of  the  cetaeeana,  are  regular  visitors.  I  Iiave 
least  doubt  that  many  cetaceans  are  found  in  these  waters  that 
t  see.  Should  I  placo  confidence  in  the  information  of  whale- 
putling  whales,  I  could  ea^ly  make  ont  many  species,  and  some 
ftrrelous  ones;  liut  my  experieneo  has  been  that  nhalemcn  gen- 
B  not  to  bo  relied  npoii  in  this  matter,  as  they  confound  species 
I  a  degree  tliat  one  can  nevex  unravel  the  snarl,  and  their  own 
r  nomenclature  makes  nmtters  worse  instead  of  better. 
tfiy  was  also  much  too  short  foranythiog  like  a  satisfactory  inves- 
B  of  certain  iuteresting  problems.  I  was  even  obliged  to  leave 
•laablo  skeletons,  and  could  hare  procured  many  more  bad  there 
y  place  to  stow  them  away  on  shipboard. 

B  seems  to  be  a  prevalent  belief  among  the  Eskimo,  as  well  as  the 
,  that  the  mammals  have  disappeared  from  this  section  of 
^  at  a  wonderful  rate  within  the  last  few  years.  I  found  the  re- 
f  Tricbechus  rosmanis,  Cistophora  crintata,  and  Vrsiis  maritimtut  in 
lent  kitohenmiddens  in  Eingwah  I^ord,  in  localities  where  these 
i  occnr  at  the  present  day  only  a^  rare  stragglers.  It  is  hardly 
a  tliAt  such  large  animals  could  have  been  brought  any  distance, 


48  NATURAL   niSTORT   OP  ARCTIC  AMBBICA.  H 

eo  tliey  must  at  a  comparatively  rectint  date  Iiave  been  fwuidTi 
immediate  viciuity.  I  could  find  no  trat-e  of  the  musk-ux,or  Miy  E^iiao 
that  hail  ee&a  ouc;  but  almost  any  of  them  <;ould  ileseribo  the  atumal 
■wry  iiitelligPDtly,  aud  would  t^?!!  yoti  tlicy  an*  foiitid  fiir  to  tiie  iHRtfa. 
The  E»Idmo  name  for  this  aniuiiU,  "umingmuk,"  \a  by  no  means  a  ran 
name  anmng  them,  and  it  is  possible  that  tLey  were  once  foand  «o  Cnm- 
berlaud  lalaud,  but  are  now  extinct,  as  otlier  spei-ies  arc  in  a  fair  wayuf 
becoming'. 

The  vicinity  of  the  Kilikerton  Islands  offers  many  adnuitAgos  t« 
naturalist ;  it  is  now  a  pennauent  wbaling  station,  and  a  person  coul  I  at 
any  lime  secure  the  valuable  assistance  of  natives,  besides  baviuf;  ampl* 
conveniences  for  drying,  stowing,  &c  It  would  be  comparatively  «i«j; 
to  secure  a  good  skeletou  of  an  adult  right  wliale  at  this  pIiKte  if  a  ym- 
sou  went  about  it  in  the  proi>er  manner.  Almost  any  of  the  smaller  wta- 
ceans,  and  all  tlic  seals,  adult^  young,  and  fietal,  could  be  secnrMl  al  a 
very  trifling  outlay  of  ijresents  to  tbe  Eskimo. 

1.  Ursus  matltimtia,  Liiiuif. 

"Xuiiuok,"  C till] brrl and  Eskimo. 

It  is  a  rare  occurrence  to  And  a  bear  any  distance  up  Cnmberlwtd 
JSonnd ;  they  are  common  about  Cape  Mercy,  Sbanmecr,  and  K^ugnmeot*, 
but  seldom  sU^y  above  Niantilic,  or  the  Kikkerton  Islands.  Bdoir 
Niaiitilic,  on  the  sontheni  side  of  Bear  Sound,  in  the  vicinity  of  nts* 
the  Eskimo  call  Okaglik  and  Kokaluyah,  they  are  (piite  plenty.  Huy 
are  captured  hero  every  yeai",  e8pet^ialIy  in  spring,  by  tbe  Eskimo,  who 
fearlessly  attack  them  in  their  trail  kyacks,  but  are  afraid  of  them  « 
tbe  ice  or  land.  From  Nugnmeute  to  Hudson's  Straits  they  apiK-arto 
be  even  more  plenty,  and  westwai-d,  in  the  nortliem  waters  of  Budi«Hi% 
Bay,  whaletDcn  often  procure  twenty  or  more  skins  in  a  season. 

lu  October,  1877,  an  enormous  female  nith  two  cubtt  paid  tbe  Eslamv 
oncampmeut,  at  the  Kikkerton  Islands,  a  visit.  They  swam  ^)^'c^  the 
Salmon  Fjord,  probnbly  scenting  11  dead  whidethat  was  on  tbe  beach  urar 
the  huts.  The  bears  made  a  lively  time  among  the  huts,  and  a  coii 
aiderable  outlay  of  ammunition  and  dogs  was  made  bcfoni  Ibiy  »«*■ 
finally  captured.  There  wore  about  two  hundred  dogs  and  half  as  DiiUi> 
natives,  iHisides  tbe  crews  of  two  whalers ;  sill  this  motley  crowd  mndtt  witr 
on  tlie  bears;  one  of  tbe  whaling  captains,  a  little  braver  than  tl>eiiul< 
got  too  close  tu  the  old  bear,  and  she  dealt  bim  a  blow  wbieli  kuodiid 
his  gun  many  feet  into  a  snow-bank ;  sbe  tlieu  bfgau  to  make  way  irilli 
him,  but  was  prevented  by  the  Eskimo  and  dogs.     A  yonng  Eskimo  ww 


MAMMALS. 

Bprved  in  a  similar  manner,  bnt  sustained  quite  serious  injuries.  CJ 
ci^nstcmation  and  fear  prevailed  anionj;  tlie  women  and  tliildrcn,  aiu 
tliat  memorable  oight,  when  the  nannokea  besieged  tlieir  quiet  cam] 
.v;ts  long  a  lively  topic  of  coDversatioa. 

HTieii  the  Florence  took  the  pack-ice  off  Cape  Mercy,  a  Imge  male  wi 
-mldeidy  espied  alongside,  but  he  did  liia  best  to  get  away  iis  fast 
jiosstblo;  a  boat  was  lowered  and  Ills  capture  was  as  devoid  of  excil 
meiit  as  the  killing  of  a  sLeep  in  a  bam-yanl.    "We  hswl  at  this  time 
teen  Eskimo  and  thiity  dogs  on  deck,  and  the  greater  portion  of  tltfi 
meat  was  utilized  as  food  by  one  or  the  other  without  any  sj-niptoms  of 
|ioisouing.    During  the  season  that  Pat}<iwyg  fietidus  have  their  young, 
the  bears  begin  to  wander  up  the  Qords  in  search  of  them,  and  are  at 
this  rime  often  found  a  considerable  distance  from  the  open  water. 

In  and  about  the  old  stone-hut  foundations  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Atiuauactook  I  found  the  remains  of  bears.  There  is  a  stoiy  among  tl 
Eskimo  that  the  bear,  walrus,  and  hooded  seal  were  once  xilenty  tb( 
but  for  some  cause  do  not  now  frequent  the  locality.  X  very  young  cub 
vkio  was  secured  in  April  by  a  Shaumeer  Eskimo.  The  vicinity  of  Cape 
Mercy  is  one  of  the  most  frequented  localities  for  bears;  here  tlieycome 
down  on  the  pack-ice  with  the  current  from  the  north.  JEHkimo  fl-om 
(be  region  northward  in  Cumberland  are  in  the  habit  of  coming  here 
to  htuit  them. 
2.  Vnlpea  lasopni,  Liiini<. 

"Touyiinnik,"  Cumbeiiaml  Eski 

Tlie  Arctic  fox  is  quite  common  on  both  sides  of  Cnmbcrland  in  all  suit 
able  lu<^^ali  ties.  During  the  winter  they  often  fare  badly,  and  become  qull 
impudent  when  pressed  by  hunger,  even  coming  upon  the  sehoonera* 
decks  at  night.  They  were  a  souree  of  annoyance  as  well  as  aniusemont  to 
ii,s  around  onr  observatorj'.  We  were  not  tlie  fortunate  possessors  of 
I'liough  glass  to  let  the  light  in  through  the  wall  of  snow  tbat  surrounded 
I. or  tent,  so  we  had  recourse  to  oileil  sheeting  stretched  over  tbo  aper- 
(iirc,  borrowing  the  idea  from  the  Eskimo  window  of  seal  intestine,  But 
aa  we  ha<l  no  dogs  about  our  snow-bouse,  tbe  foxes  became  so  bold 
during  tbe  long  cold  nights  of  winter  that  they  often  came  and  sat 
irorind  tbo  stovepipe  that  projected  through  the  roof  of  the  hut.  Oiir 
I  loth  windowii  had  to  be  wpaired  very  often,  as  they  would  tear  them 
down  and  cat  them  for  tbo  oil  tbe  cloth  contained.  It  was  almost 
ible  to  catch  them  with  a  steel  trap.    I  tietl  the  bait  undemeaUL, 

a  lODgafi^  and  carefully  placed  the  trap  iu  a  Utile  excavation  in 
Bull.  Nat  Mu9.  Ni 


I 


50  NATURAL  H18T0EY  OF  AKCTIC  AMERICA. 

BQow,  and  covered  the  wliole  with  snow ;  but  they  dug  beneath  tha  tmp, 
Bod  secured  the  hait  from  below,  oft^ii  even  without  spriii^ng  the  trap. 
With  an  iee  trap  made  after  the  Eskimo  pattern  I  was  more  siirvessiiil. 
As  soon  as  the  sewls  begin  pupping,  the  foxes  fai-e  better;  tliis  wuwra 
is  in  fact  the  grand  banqueting  time  for  these  auiitials,  after  the  long 
sufi'erings  and  privations  of  winter.  At  this  season  (Maw^h,  April, 
May),  they  destroy  a  gieat  many  young  seals.  I  have  often  fuunil  the 
remains  of  the  seals  so  well  shinned  and  cleane<I  that  it  seems  impossi- 
ble it  could  have  been  done  by  an  animal.  Thoy  begin  by  biting  He 
skin  around  the  inouth,  and  drawing  the  entire  animal  through  the  apCT- 
ture,  and  turning  the  skin  inside  out;  even  the  llippers  are  drawn  tlirongh 
to  the  nails,  and  every  vestige  of  tlie  meat  removed.  Nor  is  tii«  nkiii 
bitten  in  the  least,  although  it  is  finely  cleaned  of  all  the  fat,  Bnt  the 
most  remarkable  part  of  all  is,  that  the  skeleton  remains  intact  and  And; 
cleaned.  When  the  Eskimo  find  snch  skins,  tliey  alvrays  make  aw  rf 
them,  as  they  are  quite  as  well  skinned  as  if  they  had  done  it  them- 
selves. The  white  variety  appears  to  Iw  much  more  abnnilant  than  the 
blue.  According  to  tlie  Eskimo,  the  two  varieties  interbreed,  and  Utt 
young  are  sometimes  dark  and  both  parents  white,  and  rwe  rer»a.  Dol- 
ing the  winter  month!*  tliey  congregate  in  considerable  iinniliprs  aboni 
any  carcass,  especially  a  whale,  and  got  themselves  thoroughly  bcgrinird 
with  grease- 
It  often  happens  that  some  venturesome  fellow  succeeds  in  g«llilV 
upon  the  ducks'  island,  in  breeding  time,  by  means  of  tlio  iC'C,  and  it 
left  there;  but  when  the  birds  leave  ho  gets  enough  sUell-flsli,  &c.,al 
low-water  to  live  on  till  the  ice  makes.  If  they  are  a  short  distance  ft»m 
the  mainland  or  from  other  islands,  they  do  not  hesitate  to  take  to  tlM 
water. 
3.  CanlB  fomUlBiis,  Liitn^,  var.  borealls. 

"  Kiiimik,"  or  "  Mikkio,"  Cumherlaud  Eskimo. 
As  might  be  exx>ected,  the  dogs  of  the  Cumberland  Eskimo  areafflirtwl 
with  the  much  (h-eaded  rabies.  I  psiid  considerable  attention  to  the 
subject,  in  hox>es  of  being  able  to  throw  some  light  on  the  cauiie  of  Una 
disease,  but,  like  many  others  before  me,  with  little  snce^wt.  In  tlie  to* 
place,  so  far  as  the  dogs  about  our  winter  harbor  were  coMcemodatlottl. 
there  are  other  causes  besides  the  so-called  hydrophobia  that  lessen* 
their  ranks,  though  when  a  rlog  dies  this  is  always  the  vaase  aHsigned. 
Some  of  the  best  dogs  that  die^I  at  AuTmuaetook  during  the  wlulw  of 
1S77-78  died  fttim  injni-ies  inflicted  on  the  head  by  »  dab  in  tbe  b 


MAAIMALS.  51 

of  their  masters.  After  tliese  dogs  were  disableil  tbey  wandered  about 
ilie  settleinetit  staggerinp  and  howling,  and  were  to  all  appeanmee  bona 
fule  vietiius  of  hydrophobia ;  bnt  ou  disse^tJon  it  was  only  too  plain  what 
the  matter  was.  Many  of  tlie  dogs  ai-e  so  overworked  and  so  illy  treated 
that  they  could  not  survive  the  repeated  injuries  inflicted  upon  them  if  I 
they  were  as  sti-ong  again. 

Tlio  Eskimo  have  the  habit  of  putting  a  slnt  in  heat  on  ahead  as 'j 
leader,  as  by  this  method  they  considerably  accelemte  the  raovementS'l 
of  the  restof  the  team,  and  save  themselves  some  extra  labor;  but  these 
dogs  often  prove  themselves  too  eager,  and  rnptnre  blood-vesselH.    I 
have  seen  snch  cases  where  the  dog  vomited  clear  blood,  and  also  dia- 
.  barged  it  copiously  through  the  anas;  such  cases  survive  but  a  few  days  j 
i^i'neniUy.    Again,  many  young  dogs  are  taken  from  the  mother  longfl 
before  they  are  prepared  by  nature  to  shift  for  themselves,    I  have  posi- 
tive evidence  of  this  being  a  prolific  cause  of  so  many  young  dogs  dying. 
Of  nil  tlio  dogs  that  died  at  Aunanactook,  at  least  four-fifths  of  the  adults 
were  males,  and  the  greater  number  of  these  died  about  the  time  the  J 
f<.'inale8  were  in  heat.. 

I  was  very  much  interested  to  see  if  the  theory  that  hydrophobia  itfi 
in'valent  onlyiu  countries  where  the  females  ai-e  subjected  to  India*  I 
■  1  iuiinate  slaugliter,  or  aiumal  instinct  thwarted  or  i)erverted  imder  the  I 
uaii  of.au  ignorant  and  false  modesty,  would  work  here,  instances  l>eing  j 
cited  of  Turkey  and  other  countries,  where  the  dog  is  held  sacred  and  j 
allowed  to  run  at  large,  that  hydiopbobia  is  unknown.    According  to  * 
Iho  theoiy,  then,  that  its  origin  is  always  the  result  of  nnrequited  affec- 
tion, we  should  not  find  this  disease  among  tlio  Eskimo  dogs,  where  it 
may  reasonably  be  expected  that  natim)  has  allowed  the  jiroper  propor- 
tion of  the  sexes  and  man  does  not  interfere;  but  here  is  the  point; 
Una  the  Eskimo  dog  unrestrained  freedom  to  follow  the  instincts  of  J 
liis  animal  natiuv  I    We  answer,  By  no  means.    To  be  sure,  there  arftl 
I  ilenty  of  females,  but  they  are  appropriated  by  such  dogs  as  possess  tfa^  I 
t:ivateit  streuglh ;  the  females  go  to  them,  and  the  weaker  dogs  are  given 
Ibo  cold  shoulder.    As  a  geueral  thing,  the  iiossession  of  a  slut  is  a  dis- 
puted |>oiut,  which  ends  in  a  hard  light  lietween  the  dogs;  but  there  is 
no  further  question  after  the  battle,  and  the  vantpiished  dog  has  to  bear  ^ 
.t  double  disappointment;  this  he  seems  unable  to  do,  and  worries  hta 
M'lf  into  a  mehincholy  that  soon  takes  the  form  of  the  so-calleil  hydi 
ifliobia. 
^BX carefully  watched  a  team  of  three  dogs  that  I  often  went  scaliod 
^HKIi;  one  was  a  female  and  two  were  males;  the  slut  seemed  tq  be  « 


52  NATUBAL  HISTOBT  OF  ABCTIC  AMEBICA. 

propriated  by  one  qt  the  dogs  without  qoestion,  tall  one  day  a 
dog  from  another  settlement  was  added  to  theteam.  The 
the  slat  now  became  the  canae  of  a  series  o£  severe  fig^hts,  vbidi  foM 
in  favor  of  the  strange  dog,  which  immediataly  becune  the  gnardiaii  <rf 
the  Bint.  The  beaten  dog  began  to  lag  and  droop,  and  in  a  /nr  dnyi «« 
dead,  having  gone  throngh  all  the  stages  of  hydrophobia  to  all  i^pitr- 

This  was  not  the  only  instance  of  a  similar  natnr«  that  came  rate 
my  observation;  still  I  do  not  wish  to  be  nnderatood  that  I  plftMia 
shaken  iaith  in  this  theory.  I  had  too  short  a  time  for  observatiun.  a&d 
too  few  examples  to  warrant  me  in  making  generalizations  on  (btm 
data;  but  I  think  it  well  worth  the  time  for  any  one  who  does  g«  the 
oppoi'tmiity  not  to  overlook  these  facts.  I  dissected  a  number  of  the 
male  dogs  that  died  from  the  rabies,  but  I  never  could  detect  any  rfths 
organs  diseased  exce]>t  the  penis,  testicles,  and  sometimes  the  kiitM^ 
Why  this  should  be  the  case  I  am  at  a  loss  to  say.  There  is  not  otba 
theory  that  may  throw  some  hght  on  the  subject,  viz,  the  constant  inM- 
breeding  of  the  dogs.  I  have  known  of  instances  where  a  dog  h«i 
iwssession  of  the  mother  and  lier  yearling  whelps,  all,  mother  incluU. 
of  which  he  was  father  to.  It  is  certain  that  the  progeny  resoltiaf 
from  such  connections  are  very  inferior,  and  tend  toward  degenentiaj 
the  race.  It  often  happens  that  female  dogs  cohabit  with  woItw,  lh« 
dog  being  driven  off  by  the  superior  strength  of  the  wolf.  This  pnc- 
I  is  clmmctfrized  by  snperior  strength  and   yrcat  pnwaBrf 


MAMMALB. 


531 


BBbre  tlie  reindeer  herds  alxmiid.  It  i>fteu  happens  that  the  Eskiinol 
dogs  and  wolvos  interlireod ;  the  female  dog  is  especially  liable  to  fo*! 
Iiabit  wiOi  a  wolf,  and  the  progeny  arc  considered  much  superior  beaiita,! 
tiiit  are  very  hanl  to  manage.  I  liavo  seen  Eskimo  dogs  that  corr«>l 
■-l"iiuled  Lair  for  hair  with  tho  Arctic  v 

Tho  E»kiiiio  Bity  there  lire  packs  of  (logo  now  in  sonic  localities  tbatfl 

li.ivc  run  wild,  and  in  all  probability  returned  to  the  original  wolf  tj'pfi.l 

Tliire  are  ittories  of  some  kind  of  animal,  that  from  the  descnption  ^renl 

-^<  ime  may  be  a  Guli>,  but.  others  say  it  is  only  thu  common  dog ;  suckl 

iials  are  always  reported  from  the  interior. 

li  is  said  that  the  female  wolf  is  considerably  fleeter  than  the  miilSr  J 
bung  longer- bodictl.    Tlie  females,  the  Ilskimo  say,  always  distan<'e  the 
mnle^s  in  tho  cliuso  iifter  the  reindeer,  and  generally  siicc4M;d  in  killing 
the  deor  before  tbo  male  comes  up. 

5.  Mustela  ermiaea,  Liim^. 
Two  Bpet'imeus,  pi-ocured  in  tho  Kiiignile  Fjord,  one  in  the  summer  J 

i  one  in  the  winter  fur.  Appears  to  follow  the  lemming  in  thcirl 
:;  i^tioiitj ;  in  nowhere  abundant  in  Cumberland,  and  even  unknown  to^ 
->>iiK- of  the  Eskimo.  Said  to  be  able  to  capture  the  bare  and  ptarmirl 
:::tn  by  atttu'hing  itself  to  some  vitut  part  and  not  loosening  its  hold  I 
till  the  victim  isdeatl.  I  am  rather  skejiticul  ou  this,  however.  Still,  j 
tbe  Eskimo  say  they  have  seen  them  du  it,  and  it  really  puzxlcB  we  tol 
tell  what  else  they  shonld  live  upon  during  winter,  as  they  do  imt  hiber' J 
nntd). 

6.  Myodea  torqnatM,  <rnH.)  Kpj-9. 

"Amiiignk,"  Cmiibyrlniiil  Eskii 

1  procured  but  a  single  sjiecimen  of  tbe  lemming;  this  was  caughtffl 

ir  Cape  Mercy.    They  may  yet  bo  common  somewhere  along  thdl 

Mid,  aa  1  saw  traces  in  different  places  where  we  stopped.    Accordiugfl 

iIlo  Eskimo,  tbey  art)  getting  less  common  everj- year,    Wbalemenl 

1    •■  told  me  that  twenty  ycare  ago  some  ships  procured  as  many  a4a 

f  humlred  skins  at  KlantiUc,  in  tie  spring,  from  the  young  Eskimo,  j 

-:•■  killed  tliem  with  bows  and  arrows.     From  what  leould  Icam  of  lliftl 

i.imo,  tbe  lemming  is  very  irn'gular  in  its  migrations,  api)earing  in4 

ii  numbers  at  one  place,  and  then  dtwipiwaring  for  many  ye: 

L.epiiB  glaclalfa,  Ldu'b. 

"Okooillook,"  C'uiubi'rlaiKl  Eikiitiii. 
Common  In  all  suitable  localities.    Many  do  not  undergo  any  changdfl 
[  color  during  summer,  and  I  doubt  if  it  be  more  tbau  partial  ebangeg 


54 


KATUKAL   HISTORY    OF    ARCTIC    AMEBICA. 


with  any.  I  bave  seen  puie  wliite  speciiueus  daring  all  Ui6 
uiontlia,  and  occasionully  one  abont  half-gray.  Tlie  Kskimo  finuly 
believe  that  the  lungs  of  the  bare  applied  fi-esli  lo  a  boil  or  sons  of  any 
kiud  is  a  sure  core.  The  sjieciineiiB  I  examined  in  (Juoiberland 
much  smaller  than  Greenland  specimens. 

8.  Rouglfer  tarandus,  (Liiiuf)  Bd. 

"  Tnktao,"  Cumberland  Eskimo. 

The  reindeer  are  foimd  in  considerable  numbers  on  both  sides  of  Ooii- 
bcrhiud  Sound,  but  by  far  the  gi-eater  uumber  on  the  -nesteru  shore, 
is  no  rare  instance  to  iind  them  during  the  summer  months  un  the 
coast;  they  seem  to  deliglit  in  feeding  upon  tiie /ud  exiHM*ed  at  In* 
tide.    In  winter  tbey  rotii-e  to  the  larger  valleys  and  go  farther 
bcuig  seldom  seen  on  the  coast  at  this  season  of  the  year. 

The  Eskimo  go  reindeer-bunting  every  summer,  commonly  daring  tl» 
mouths  of  July,  August,  and  September.  At  this  season  they  make 
qiute  extensive  excursions  inland,  where  the  deer  are  more  abundaat 
and  nhich  more  easily  pi-ocured.  Withiu  the  last  few  years  thwy  an 
rciMii'ted  as  less  common  on  the  Penny  Peninsula;  but  I  hear  of 
ent  dimjnntion  in  their  numbers  to  the  west  and  sontbwest, 
toward  Lake  Kennedy,  where  they  are  reported  as  very  abundant. 

JJefore  the  introduction  of  firearms  among  the  Eskimo  by  the  while- 
men,  thej'  took  advantage  of  the  habits  of  the  deer  iu  eouniig  down  to 
the  coast,  and  drove  them  into  the  water,  where  they  were  naaily  cap- 
tiu'ed  with  a  kyack.  The  Eskimo  bring  the  skins  baek  with  them  bi 
tbeii'  winter  encampment,  having  ca^lied  the  meat  for  tbo  osteusihle 
puii>ose  of  returning  for  it  in  winter.  This  seldom  hapjtens,  however, 
ami  the  wolves  generally  make  way  with  it.  It  is  said  that  when  a  herd 
is  first  approached  by  a  hunting  party  that  has  been  liviug  on  the  let- 
coast^they  scent  them  along  way  off',  but  that  they  soon  lose  this  power: 
tlie  fact  being,  I  take  it,  that  the  peculiar  odor  of  the  salt-watw  has  left 
the  Eskimo.  During  the  winter  they  herd  together  iu  large  liroves,  and 
when  a  suitable  valley  is  found  paw  up  the  snow  for  a  coiuuduubk 
extent,  till  it  looks  as  if  a  herd  of  swine  bad  been  rooting  in  the  sdov. 
These  droves  are  continually  beset  by  x»acks  of  wolves,  which  keep  a  vig- 
ilant watch  for  any  that  unluckily  stray  out  of  the  henl,  for  such  a  «ne 
is  immediately  atta-.-ked  and  run  dowi.  It  is  seldom,  however,  that  tin? 
wolves  can  do  ninch  damage  to  the  henl  when  they  keep  logol 
they  form  a  cuele,  with  1  lie  weaker  ones  iu  the  centre,  and  can 
the  wolves  at  baj. 


ogottag* 
iitl^Bfl 


MAMMALS.  !■ 

CaUoceptialoa  vltalfiias,  (Lina^)  F.  Cut.  ^M 

I   "  Eaitsit'iak,"  Cambirrlautt  Eskiinn.  H 

pa  fio-cUIcd  " fi-esli- water  seal*"  of  tlic  wimleiiicn  is  one  (if  tlic  rurflfl 
bi*^  in  the  Cuinberlaud  -watexs.    TUey  are  mostly  mot  witli  far  oH 
Rjonbt  nnd  iu  the  fresb-wntiu*  Htn-.nniR  iiiid  puuds,  ivliore  tlicy  go  aftJB 
Boii.    Tliey  ai'e  rather  dilHcult  to  eaiitiire,  as  at  the  eeasou  tliey  asfl 
pDouly  int't  with  Uiore  is  ko  little  blithher  on  thimi  that  they  sinfl 
B  shot.    The  ukiiis  are  higlilyiirized  hy  the  E^Uiino  ■nonieii  forthf^fl 
ttbi,  and  if  tliL-y  do  not  havi*  t-uuiigh  for  the  entire  garment  wfflB 
mrfaat  they  have,  always  putting  it  %^*ithiii  the  most  eoavetiieut  si^fl 
me  wearer.    It  in  said  by  the  Kskiino  tliat  the  young  rpjiiajn  in  tb9 
fee  coat  but  tliree  or  four  day»,  dili'vring  gi-eatly  in  tiiis  res[>ect  froaB 
mimy»  fatidm.    Neither  do  they  make  an  eseiivation  underneath  thfl 
m  int  the  reception  of  the  young,  like  the  above-mcntionotl  specieifl 
b>ii|i  later  in  tlio  seaeoii,  ou  the  borv  ice,  fully  esposed.    Tlie  adii^| 
■B  ofleu  engage  in  serrre  eombat^  with  eaeh  other.    I  have  se^fl 
b  m  ficratehed  up  that  they  were  nearly  worlhh'BS ;   in  faet,  the^ 
Brno  eonsidor  a  "kaasiarsoak"  (a  very  large  kasaigiak)  as  having  an 
BHt  worthle-Rs  skin,  ami  seldom  use  it  exeejit  for  their  skin  tents.    The 
b  Of  tho  youTiff)  on  tbe  contrary,  an.*  a  gieat  ai^quitiitioii.    It  is  said, 
■My  with  a  shade  of  exaggeration,  that  the  affeetions  of  the  Eskimo 
b<d  can  be  secured  by  a  present  of  kassigiak  skuis,  when  all  ordinary 
ba  of  pei'^uasion  have  failed  to  mo^'e  her.  H 

baKOmyB  fcstidus.  (FuK)  Gni;-.  I 

*  "N>tairk,"  iwlnltit  gencnilly;  ''Tigftk,"  Adult  ma1i«;  "KetsSavili,'' yiinii);  aitiH 
}  abndiUng  and  till  one  yt-nr  old;  "  IIhwd,"  yimiig  iu  white  fonts,  of  iho  Cna^f 
L  bfrltui)  EHkiniu,  "Pf('kHiiiDii]'T'iiwy,''}'UUii);,  plg('im-Kn^'lisliurihi'n-lift]«ii^| 
pSs  seal  is  very  common  iu  all  the  f}onls  and  bays  from  Ilndsoi^H 
■tsiiorthw-anl  along  Cnmberland  Island  to  the  e:((renie  head  of  Cusfl 
pnd  Sound,  on  all  th(^  outer  islands  about  Cai>e  Mercy,  and  on  thS 

I  coast  of  l)a^'is  Straits.     I  have  seen  skins  from  Lalie  Kennedjfl 

II  could  not  distinguish  fi'om  thot«e  found  in  Cnmlterland  Soundfl 
I  soot  was  never  noticed  but  a  few  miles  from  land ;  was  not  met  wit^H 
■0  pack-ice,  nor  on  the  Clreenland  coast  except  far  up  the  ^onbfl 
■  wa«  iu  July  and  August;  bntlam  informed  that  they  become  moin 
BKHi  toward  autumn,  and  are  found  iu  considerable  numbers  somJB 
Bnrafhtm  land;  they  are  less  common  here,  however,  than  on  tJifl 
It  coast.  I 
t  was  a  source  of  great  cu^iot^i1y  to  the  GreeuhLnders  to  see  tltlfl 


•1 


I 


56  NATURAL  EI8T0ET   OF  ARCTIC  AMERICA. 

clotliiu;;  of  tlio  Cumberland  Eskimo  made  from  Uie  skins  of  Uif  ywng 
seal ;  they  at  first  mistook  it  for  bear.  I  was  infonnwl  that,  io  the  vitiBily 
of  l>isko  at  least,  they  never  procure  enough  of  the  skins  of  the  yoniiK 
in  the  white  coat  to  nse  them  for  clothing  to  any  extent. 

In  the  Cumberland  waters  they  are  resident,  aiid  do  nut  migrate  at  tQ 
nnlots  mneh  disturbed,  and  then  they  merely  sc«k  a  uiorc  »>>cludtd 
locality.  Ou  the  Greenland  coast  they  aptiear  to  migrate  op  tlie  in 
fjords  in  summer,  but  to  be  more  generally  distributed  at  otlicr  aeuoBl 

The  nctsick  shows  a  decided  predilection  for  the  qniet  still  bays  and 
^ords,  seldom  \'enturing  far  from  land.  They  are  the  only  seal  cmgbl 
tlirough  the  ice  in  winter,  and  are  consequently  the  chief  and  almutt 
sole  dcpeiidonco  of  the  Eskimo  for  food,  fuel,  hglit,  and  clothing. 

The  skins  of  the  adults  are  made  into  summer  clothing,  wbile  tbe 
young  are  in  great  demand  for  under-garments  and  for  iroti«e». 
Children  often  have  entire  suits  of  the  young  in  the  white  voats;  tat^ 
clotbuig  looks  very  beautiful  when  now,  but  it  is  new  but  a  few 
days,  and  after  this  it  is  repulsive  enough.  The  females  were  fnanil 
ejiceinte  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  and  a  ftntus  nearly  rea<ly  for  birti 
was  taken  from  the  uterus  January  IG.  It  was  two  feet  front  the  eudrf 
nose  to  the  end  of  liind  flippers.  It  was  so  doubled  iu  the  litems,  Iww- 
ever,  as  to  occupy  a  space  hardly  a  foot  in  length;  the  hind  Oipptn 
were  turned  forward  on  Ihe  tibial,  the  fore  flippers  hugged  the  sidea,ud 
the  head  bent  over  on  the  neck  and  inclined  to  one  side. 

In  a  liirge  tjord  known  as  the  Greater  Kiugwah  the  tide  runs  so  swiftly 
at  one  locality  that  It  never  freezes  for  a  space  varjnng  from  ten  to 
hundred  acres.  Here  the  notsiok  gather  iu  considerable  numbers  all 
winter,  and  it  is  a  favorite  resort  for  such  Eskimo  as  are  fortuuoU 
enough  to  possess  a  gun.  Being  but  a  fewmileH&omoarwinterfaarbor, 
there  were  almost  daily  excursions  to  these  tide  rifts  by  <mr  Estdno 
huntei's.  After  the  1st  of  March  very  few  pregnant  females  were  killed 
at  this  place,  they  having  by  this  time  chosen  tbc  localities  for  bBvisg 
their  young.  Those  killed  after  this  date  were  all  adult  "  tigak,"  «r  oM 
stinking  males. 

It  was  interesting  that  the  young — yearlings  and  some  two-year  ^dl> 
such  as  ha«l  not  yet  arrived  at  maturity — were  seldom,  if  ever,  killed  io 
this  open  water,  but  lived  in  colonies  by  themselves.  When  an  EskiBW 
finds  a  number  of  atluka  (breathing-holes)  near  togitther,  he  always  Btti^ 
the  place  by  raising  Uttlo  mounds  of  snow  near  the  holes,  for  h«  kiKHfS 
tliat  here  is  a  colony  of  young  autmaUt  which  have  better  skins  awl 


■Uat  than  Hie  old  ones,  and  are  moreover  much  easier  to  capture.    3fH 
Hiave  counted  iiunrly  seveuty  of  these  atlukt^  on  a  space  of  two  acres.      H 
B  Wlioii  11  pregnant  female  lias  cliosen  the  place  where  she  is  to  havef 
H|er  yoiuig,  she  makes  an  excavation  from  six  to  ten  feet  in  leugth  under 
Hbe  snow,  and  from  three  to  five  feet  wide,  the  height  varj-ing  with  the 
Hbickness  of  the  snow  covering.    The  atluk  is  at  one  extremity  of  this 
Bpoavatlon,  and  in  ^ucb  a  position  that  it  is  always  a  ready  vhauiiel  of 
■Mreat  in  cuse  of  danger. 

Wt  The  first  young  found  in  the  Upper  Cumberland  waters  was  during 
Bpe  early  days  of  Man;h;  still  I  have  taken  a  fcetus  fi-oiu  the  mother  iu 
Bho  middle  of  April.  The  most  profitable  time  for  hunting  the  young 
HbkI  ia  daring  tlie  month  of  April ;  after  this  date  they  have  shed  so 
^pnch  that  tlie  skins  are  nearly  worthless  till  the  hispid  hiiir  has  got  to 
■h  of  the  proper  length,  when  they  are  considered  as  the  prime  article-, 
^pDd  second  only  to  the  youug  of  Callocepltaliut  vituUnus  in  ijiiality. 
^  The  first  young  oue  I  procured  that  had  begnn  to  shed  was  April  15. 
Hlfaave  seen  esaiaples  tliat  were  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  the  whito 
MWat,  but  still  not  having  the  next  coat  in  sight.  Such  sp<.H;imens  on 
^Hose  examiuation  will  be  found  to  have  a  very  liuc  coat  of  the  new  hair, 
^■■t  BO  short  as  not  to  be  perceptible  except  on  close  examination,  still 
Hnowing  tlic  e^act  location  and  distribution  of  the  dark  and  light  mark- 
^■Bga;  the  akin  at  this  time  is  very  bla«k,  and  often  much  scratched  np, 
H^ffobahly  by  the  mother  in  trying  to  make  the  young  one  shift  for  itself. 
Htxtften  exanuni>d  the  stomiielis  of  young  as  well  as  adult?,  but  till  after 
^■bc^  hod  begun  shedding  the  white  coat,  and  were,  in  all  probability, 
^HB  to  30  days  old,  1  found  nothing  but  the  mother's  milk.  After  they 
H^e^in  to  shift  for  themseh'es,  their  food,  for  a  time  at  least,  consists  of 
UBtmtmari  of  different  species. 

B  Before  the  youug  shed  the  white  coat,  they  are  from  23  to  3C  inches 
HBtom  the  nose  to  end  of  Dippers;  the  average  the  season  through,  from 
■k  good  series  of  measurements,  was  about  SO  inciies.  They  are  verj- 
HvBriablo  in  color;  some  are  pure  white;  otiiers  very  whitt.^  on  the  lower 
Bptrt*,  but  moiii  or  less  dusky  on  back;  others  again  are  a  fine  straw- 
n^Bilow,  with  the  same  dusky  variation  as  in  the  white  ones.  TIui  yellow 
■b  also  vaiiable  in  the  intensity  of  shiMle.  Rarely  some  are  found  that 
Ib|V6  quite  dusky  all  over,  especially  on  the  hond  and  back;  these  are 
^generally  small  and  scrawny  individuals.  The  hair  is  also  quite  as  \'ari- 
ahlo  in  texture  as  in  color.  In  some  it  is  fine,  long,  and  woolly  (mostly 
iu  the  pure  white  esamples).    In  others  it  is  straight  or  wavy,  while 


58  NATURAL  BISTORT  OF  ARCTIC  AlCESICA. 

some  have  eliort  and  quite  hispid  hur.  They  weigh  at  birth  from  finr 
to  six  anil  one-half  iMnnds,  hut  grow  at  an  astODuding  late,  beoouing 
exceedingly  fat  in  a  few  days.  The  blubber  on  the  young  a  few  dayi 
old  is  almost  white  and  thickly  interspersed  with  blood-vessels ;  it  is  not 
lit  to  biun.  There  is  usnally  but  one  young  at  a  birth;  still  twins  u 
not  of  rare  occurrence,  and  one  instance  come  under  my  obeemti« 
where  there  were  triplets,  but  they  were  small,  and  two  of  them  Todd 
probably  not  bave  lived  had  they  been  bom.  The  season  for  hnntiiig 
the  young  at  lat.  67°  N.  begins  about  the  middle  of  March  and  oo- 
tinues  until  the  latter  part  of  April.  The  first  two  weeks  of  Apiil  an 
the  most  prodnctive,  as  later  the  bidr  Is  apt  to  be  very  loose,  and  bsq 
even  have  large  bare  patches  on  them. 

When  the  season  lairly  opens,  the  Eskimo  hunter  leaves  the  wiatir 
encampment  with  liis  family  and  dog-tt^am  for  some  favdrite  reswi  rf 
this  seal;  he  soon  constructs  his  suow-hnt,  and  is  as  well  settled  u if  il 
had  been  his  habitation  for  years,  for  the  seals  he  catches  bring  W» 
and  his  fitmily  food  and  fuel,  and  snow  to  melt  water  from  is  alnji 
plenty,  so  that  his  wants  are  easily  supplitnl,  and  be  is  contentMl  and 
hapi)y. 

The  manner  of  hunting  the  young  seal  is  to  allow  a  dog  lo  nu) «« 
ahead  of  tlie  hunter,  but  having  a  strong  sealskin  line  about  Iiih  otvt, 
wliicb  the  Eskimo  does  not  let  go  of.  The  dog  scents  the  seal  in  iu  « 
cavation,  which  could  not  have  been  detected  from  the  outside  bylta 
eye,  ;iTid  the  Iniiiter,  by  a  vigorous  jump,  breaks  down  the  cnviT  Mm 


^%omi 


Jome  of  the  Eskimo  Iiuoters  Ijelonging  to  tlie  Florence  broiiglit  asm 
mnny  aa  seventy  at  one  loud.  Theywea*  kept  frozen,  aud  we  uliuosfrfl 
lived  on  tlie  meat  duiiiig  the  season,  and  learned  to  like  it  veiy  nineh,  V 

Sunie  of  the  hispid  seals  pup  ou  the  ice  without  any  eoveriuy  wbitt- 1 
ever.  Six  instances  of  this  nature  came  under  my  observation,  and  they  I 
were  all  young  animals.  The  young  exjrased  in  this  manner  ainioafcl 
always  fall  a  prey  to  foxes  and  ravens  before  they  are  old  enough  to  | 
take  care  of  themselves. 

As  the  season  advances  aud  the  young  begin  to  shed  their  coats,  tbflil 
roof  of  their  igloo  is  ofl*n,  or  perhaps  always,  broken  down,  and  thft|^ 
mother  aud  young  can  he  seen  on  sunny  days  basking  iu  the  warm  sun-  \ 
whine  beside  their  atluk.    The  mother  will  take  to  the  water  when  the 
hunter  has  approaehed  within  gunshot,  and  leave  the  young  one  to  shift 
for  itself,  which  generally  euds  in  its  staring  leisurely  at  the  hunter  till  . 
suddenly  it  finds  a  hook  in  its  side ;  a  stout  seal-skin  line  is  then  mado  I 
fast  to  its  hind  flippers,  and  it  is  let  into  the  atluk;  it,  of  course.,  mak«8  ^ 
desperate  eflbrts  to  free  itself,  and  is  very  ajtt  to  attract  tlie  attention  of 
the  mother  if  she  is  anywhere  in  the  vicinity.    The  Eskimo  carefully 
watches  the  movements  of  the  young  one,  and,  as  soon  as  the  mother  is 
oliserved,  beginn  to  hunl  in  on  tlie  line.    Tlie  old  one  follows  nearer  and  J 
nearer  to  tlie  surface,  till  at  last  she  crosses  the  hole  at  the  proper  depth,  | 
and  the  deadly  harpoon  is  planted  iu  her  body,  and  she  is  quickly  drawn  J 
out.     If  the  mother  has  seen  the  hunter  approaching  the  athik,  however,  f 
she  will  not  even  show  Lei-self.    I  have  never  known  of  an  iiistancdl 
where  tiiey  have  attempted  to  defend  their  offspring  from  man.    I  onca  I 
saw  8  raven  trying  to  kill  a  young  seal  while  the  mother  was  making  J 
frantic  but  very  awkwaixl  attemjtts  to  catch  the  bird  iu  her  mouth.  I 
When  the  young  first  assume  the  coat  of  the  adults  (about  the  time  the  J 
ice  begins  to  loosen),  they  seem  possessed  of  a  vast  amount  of  curiosity,  ' 
and  while  swimming  near  the  land,  as  they  tUuiost  always  do,  can  be 
Inred  within  gunshot  by  whistling  or  singing.    They  wotdd  olten  play 
uboat  the  schooner,  diving  nuderueath  and  coming  up  on  the  oi>i>osite 
Hide,  apparently  eiyojnug  it  hugely.    They  delight  to  swim  among  the  ^ 
pieces  of  floating  iee  iu  the<jniet  bays.    The  young  aud  yearlings  of  thU  I 
species  are  often  found  togethei'  in  sumll  bands,     Tlie  adult  females  wOl  ' 
average  four  feet  and  a  half  to  the  end  of  the  fiipix'rs.    Such  siwciinena 
ore  probably  from  four  to  seven  years  old ;  the  males  are  a  little  larger. 
There  is  great  variation  in  the  skulls,  but  the  sexes  c^n  reiulily  be  dt^  J 
tingnisheil  by  the  skull  alone,  tlie  males  having  a  lunger  and  uarrowotj 
^^df  with  the  ridges  more  promiueut. 


60  NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  AECTIC  AHESICA. 

It  is  ouly  ttie  adult  males  (called  "  tigak,"  stinker,  by  the  Eskiino] 
that  emit  the  horribly  disagreeable,  all-penneating,  ever-penetrBting 
odor  that  lias  suggested  its  specific  name.  It  is  ao  stTong  that  one  cu 
smell  an  Esldmo  some  distance  when  be  has  been  partakjng  of  the  fledL 
They  say  it  is  more  nourishing  than  the  flesh  of  the  females,  and  Oat  • 
person  can  endure  great  fatigue  after  eating  it.  If  one  of  tlieae  tigit 
'comes  in  contact  with  any  ot^er  seal  meat,  it  will  become  so  taintedH 
to  be  Tcpiilsive  to  an  educated  palate }  even  the  atlnk  ef  the  tigak  aa 
be  detected  by  its  odor- 
There  is  sometimes  caught  a  hairless  variety  of  this  seal  that  the  Es- 
kimo call  "obitook."  I  have  seen  one  such  skin.  It  had  a  feviae 
curly  hairs  scattered  o^'er  it,  but  they  were  very  different  in  textsn 
from  the  ordinary  hair.  I  do  not  know  if  the  specimen  otbenrise  dif- 
fered from  the  ordinary  seal.  The  food  of  the  adults  consists  largelycf 
different  species  of  crastaceans,  and  during  winter  especially  th^  nb- 
sist  to  a  considerable  extent  upon  flsh.  I  have  fonnd  in  them  the  »- 
mains  of  Cottus  scor^tis,  C.  ffranlandtcta,  Gadiu  ogac  (commonly),  aitd 
JAparis  vulgaris.  During  the  time  the  adults  shed  for  nearly  a  montli 
previous  I  coidd  detect  nothing  but  a  few  pebbles  in  their  8toiiiadi& 
They  become  poor  at  this  time,  and  will  sink  when  shot  in  the  watw. 
The  milk  is  thick  and  rich,  and  Is  sometimes  eaten  by  the  natives.  The 
excrement  looks  like  pale,  thickly  clotted  blood. 

There  are  sometimes  found  albinos,  of  which  the  Eskimo  tell  marvdoui 


MAMMALS. 


r  not  overs  to  7  cents,  and  this  mostly  in  tobacco,  trinkets,  Or  shipia 
stores.    To  encourage  tliem  to  procure  more  skins,  tliey  are  fiu-ni-stiedif 
witU  a  clieap  breech  loading  gun  and  a  few  hundred  cartridges,  wLichT 
tliey  soon  waste,  and  tlien  tlaeir  guns  are  of  course  wortliless.    At  the 
rate  both  young  and  adults  are  slaughtered  at  the  present  day,  tJioy 
will  soon  become  so  scarce  that  there  will  not  be  enough  to  supply  thft 
wants  of  the  natives. 

11.  PagophUtia  grcenUndlcus,  (.Mflll.)  Gniy. 
^^t       "Siolik,"  Cnmlicrland  Eskimu. 

^^be  saddle-back  is  of  frequent  occurrence  about  the  southern  wat^i^ 
^EvQmberland  Sound  in  spring  and  autumn.     It  is  rather  rai'cly  fouudl 
Kingly,  but  generally  in  consideniblo  schools.    They  are  even  occasion*  I 
ully  found  as  far  up  tlie  sound  as  Aunanactook,  but  mostly  the  youof^.  I 
Their  procreation  is  unknowii  to  the  Cumberland  Eskimo.    A  few  schoolii  1 
were  noticed  at  different  times  during  September,  1877,  and  October, 
1S78,  fnim  the  islands  off  the  middle  Labrador  coast  to  Cumlierland,  at 
times  at  consideiable  distaiieejj  from  land.    Every  Eskimo  who  can 
secure  it  will  have  an  adult  male  kiolik  skin  on  tlie  back  of  his  tonpik. 
The  skins  are  here  never  used  for  clothing,  the  hair  being  too  short  and  , 
tUiti.    They  ilisappear  from  Cumberland  when  the  ice  makes,  and  retuj 
again  in  spring  with  open  water,  but  stay  only  a  short  time.    The  flee 

I  inch  inferior  to  the  netsick. 
Fhoca  baibata,  O.  Fub. 
"Ogjook,"  Cumberland  Eakiuio;  "Ou-Book,"  Greenlnu'lcrs. 
bis  seal  was  first  noticed  a  little  to  the  southward  of  Gape  Chidljr^l 
1  thence  northward  to  our  winter  harbor  in  about  lat.  (i7'^  N".  Aofl 
ling  to  the  Eskimo  they  are  the  most  common  about  Ca]ic  Mercy,l 
Nngiimeute,  and  the  southern  Cumberland  waters,  where  they  remaiaa 
Uie  year  aromid,  if  there  is  open  water.  Tliey  i-emain  in  the  sound  onlyl 
ing  the  time  there  is  opeu  water,  as  they  have  no  atluk. 
It  the  west  coast  of  Davis  Straits  they  are  not  rare,  but  are  said  h^M 
[emen  to  diminish  in  numbers  alwvo  lat.  75'=  N.  Tlicy  apiwar  to  be  ' 
e  common  on  the  southeJii  shores  of  the  west  coast  of  Davis  Sti'aits 
a  on  the  northern,  so  that  the  natives  go  southward  some  distance 
Kure  tJte  skins.  Was  noticed  among  the  pack-ice  in  Da\i8  Strait*  J 
^uly  aud  August. 

3  ogjook  delights  in  basking  upon  pieces  of  floating  ice,  and  goBr>ll 
f  keeps  well  out  at  sea.    I  have  never  seen  any  numbers  togethetj  J 
KaJmost  always  singly.    The  old  males  do  not  seem  to  agree  well,  an 


62  NATDHAL  HI8T0ET  OF  AHCTIC  AHEBICA. 

often  Lave  severe  battles  on  the  ice-floes  when  they  meet.    Tbey  on  tbe 
foie  flippers,  instead  of  the  teeth,  in  fighting. 

In  Cnmbadaiid  they  begin  working  northward  as  &8t  as  the  Sue 
edge  of  the  ice  breaks  np,  amring  in  the  vicinity  of  Annanactook  sbiat 
the  latter  days  of  Jane.  In  autumn  they  move  aoathwvid  as  Suit  m 
the  ice  makes  across  the  sound,  always  keeping  in  open  water.  Thtf 
are  seldom  found  in  the  smaller  Qords  or  bays,  but  delight  in  wide  et- 
pauses  of  water.  They  dive  to  great  depths  after  their  food,  vliidii 
almost  entirely  enistacea,  moUusks,  and  even  clams  of  considerable  mt 
This  seal  has  a  habit  of  turning  a  snmmersaalt  when  about  to  din, 
especially  when  fired  at;  this  peculiarity,  which  is  not  sbfwed  by  ur 
other  species  that  I  hare  seen',  is  a  characteristic  by  which  it  may  bt 
distinguished  at  a  considerable  distance.  During  May  and  Jone  dw; 
crawl  out  upon  au  ice-floe,  to  bask  and  sleep ;  at  such  times  tbeyaie 
easily  approached  by  the  Eskimo  in  their  kyacks  and  killed.  An  adnli 
will  often  meiisure  ten  feet  between  the  two  extremes.  The  color  it 
variable ;  the  tawniness  more  or  less  clouded  with  lighter  or  darker  mak- 
ings irrcgtdarily  dispersed.  By  July  some  of  theni  become  alnort 
naked.  At  this  season  their  stomachs  contained  nothing  but  stowt; 
some  of  tliem  nearly  of  a  quarter  jwund  weight.  They  seem  to  eat  notfc- 
ing  during  the  entire  time  of  shedding,  probably  six  weeks.  Colain  it 
is  they  lose  all  their  blubber,  and  by  the  middle  of  July  have  oothin; 
but  "  wliitehorse,"  a  tongh,  vhite,  somewhat  cartilaginous  substance,  in 
Qlncc  of  blubber.    At  this  season  they  sink  when  shot.     So 


^H  MAMMALS.  63  I 

^^Dolor  uniform  grizzi;  mouae-color,  witli  a  tinge  of  olive-gray.  Mnz- J 
zle,  crown,  and  irregular  patolieB  on  buck  and  fore  flippers  white.  From  I 
noae  to  eyes  a,  black  line  crossing  the  head  back  of  the  eyes,  forming  a  I 
l)erfect  cross.  Nails  boni-bliie,  tipped  with  white.  Iris  dark  brown.  I 
Nose  black.  Mnzzle  wide ;  lips  full  and  flesliy,  giving  the  animal  a  I 
bull-dog  expression.  Body  long  and  slendtT.  Beard  pellucid,  abundant  | 
white,  stout,  the  bristles  growing  shorter  fixim  the  eye  toward  the  nos-  I 
trils.  Hind  flipiwrs  large  and  heavy,  looldug  disproportionate.  The  ■ 
Imir  rather  short,  bnt  flue  and  somewhat  woolly.  There  was  intersiietaed 
another  kind  of  hair,  stilt'  and  of  a  steel-blue ;  the  next  irout,  I  take  it. 

The  Eskimo  are  firm  iu  the  belief  that  the  ogjook  sheds  its  first  coat 
within  the  litems  of  the  mother.    In  this  instance  there  was  certainly  j 
I)lenty  of  loose  hair  in  the  utenis;  but  the  specimen  had  been  dragged  ] 
some  miles  iu  it«  envelope  over  the  rough  ice,  and  banged  around  consid-  | 
erably,  besides  ha\"ing  been  kept  three  or  fom-  days  in  an  Eskimo  igloo  i 
among  a  heap  of  decaying  garbage,  so  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  if  the  ' 
hair  was  loose.    There  was  Uttle  blubber  on  the  sjtecimen,  and  this  was 
thickly  iutersi>er8ed  with  blood-vessels.    The  uiteatines  toward  the  anus 
were  filled  with  dung.    The  kidneys  were  verj'  large,  /he  heart  remark- 
ably so.    Tho  eartilaginoua  prolongation  of  the  thonix,  so  prouiibeiit  ' 
ill  Fiujoviyti  fcetidus,  is  wanting  in  this  species. 

The  ogjook  is  of  great  vahie  to  the  Eskimo,  who  prize  the  skins  very 
highly.    All  their  harnesses,  scaling-lines,  &c.,  are  made  from  the  raw 
skins ;  besides  this,  they  make  the  solas  of  their  boots,  and  sometimes 
olher  ptirtions  of  their  dress,  from  the  skin.    In  such  locaUties  as  tlie 
whalemen  do  not  visit,  and  the  natives  ai*  obUged  to  construct  skin  | 
boats,  this  seal  is  in  great  demand.    It  takes  fifteen  skins  tor  an  omiuak,  j 
or  akin  boat,  and  tJiese  skins  require  renewing  very  often.    The  skiu  of  I 
the  back  and  belly  dries  unevenly,  so  the  Eskimo  skin  the  animal  by  ■' 
cutting  it  longitudinally  along  both  sides,  and  drying  the  skin  of  the 
upper  and  lower  parts  separately.    It  is  a  prevalent  belief  among  whale- 
men that  seals'  livers,  and  more  esi>ecially  thoseof  this  species,  are  poison- 
ous; but  1  am  incline4l  to  rate  this  as  imagination.     Wo  ate  the  Uvers-  j 
of  all  species  wo  procured  without  any  ba<i  eil'ects. 

13.  Tricbecbus  roamanu,  Lhind. 

"Awouk"  uml  "Ivik,"  Ciiiuljcrlaii<!  Eskimo. 
The  walrus  is  quite  common  about  Caiio  Merey  and  the  sontheni  waters  I 
of  Cumberland,  but  at  the  present  day  rarely  strays  far  up  the  sound. 
Their  remains,  however,  are  by  no  means  rare,  oven  in  the  Greater  Kuig-  i 


64  NATDKAL  HISTOET  OP  AECTIC  AMEBICA. 

wab,  and  many  of  the  old  Eskimo  hnt  foimdadons  coDtain  the  veaiiH 
of  tliis  animal.  The  Eskimo  say  they  got  mad  aad  left;  oettun  itii 
tbey  ai-e  found  around  AuQanactook  only  as  stragglers  at  the  pmial 
day.  Oonsidenible  nnmbers  were  observed  on  pieces  of  floating  ke  nctr 
C;it>e  Mercy  in  July.  About  Kngameate  tiiey  are  largely  hunted  by  tltt 
Eskimo  living  tbore.  The  Eskimo  say  the  tasks  of  the  male  alwifl 
boud  outward  toward  the  tips,  while  those  of  the  female  baid  iovaid. 

14.  ClBtopbora  oilBtata,  (ErxIcbO  Nilss. 

TIic  bladder-nose  appears  to  be  very  rare  in  the  npper  Cambcilnl 
waters.  One  Bi>ecimea  was  procured  at  Annanactook  in  antomn,  dt 
only  Olio  I  saw.  The  Eskimo  had  no  name  fbr  it,  and  said  they  had  Mt 
seen  it  before.  I  afterward  learned  that  they  are  occasionally  tsta 
about  the  Kikkerton  Islands  in  spring  and  autumn.  I  found  Atit 
i-euiaius  iu  the  old  kitcbenmiddcns  at  Kingwah.  A  good  many  iof- 
Tiduals  were  noticed  among  the  p%ck-ice  iu  Davis  Straits  in  July. 

CETACBA. 
1.  Balfena  myatlcetno,  Liuu^. 

"Akbik,"  CnmbcrltkQd  Eskimo. 

Also  called  "  Pnmah."  I  thiuk  the  word  bad  its  origin  in  this  wik 
Wht'n  whalemen  first  began  to  cruise  iu  these  waters,  few,  if  tnyrf 
theui,  liiid  a  knowledge  of  the  Eskimo  language,  and,  to  make  the  natina 
understand  what  they  were  after,  imitated  the  spouting  of  the  whak  bf 

Itkmu;.'.     'Hiis  wns  soon  tnl-.cn  up  Y-v  tlir  T!s1iimrt  ns;  llir  ".■>«ninal:' 


MAMMALS.  65 

have  succeeded  in  permanently  frightening  others,  which,  instead 
Peking  the  upper  waters  of  the  sound  for  a  few  weeks'  quiet  feeding, 
:e  out  and  are  seen  no  more. 

stead  of  allowing  these  animals  to  go  up  the  sound,  and  find  their 
rite  feeding  grounds,  they  are  attacked  and  chased  as  soon  as  they 
r  themselves  at  the  mouth  of  the  sound.  In  fact,  they  have  been 
ersistently  persecuted  that  now  very  few  pass  up  above  Niantilic  or 
K^ikkerton  Islands. 

le  fall  whaling  begins  late  in  September  and  continues  till  the  ice 
es  across  the  sound.  The  whaling  at  this  season  is  attended  with 
t  danger  and  hardships  to  the  crews,  and  it  is  while  prosecuting 
fall "  fishing''  that  the  foundation  to  many  a  stubbori^  case  of  scurvy 
Id. 

le  spring  whaliug  begins  generally  in  March  or  April,  and  continues 
g  the  floe  edge  until  July,  when  the  ice  has  left  the  sound, 
le  Eskimo  from  the  southern  part  of  the  sound  and  along  the  coast 

Nugumeute  to  Hudson's  Straits  report  whales  as  foiuid  in  those 
ities  all  Avinter ;  it  is  then  quite  probable  that  they  reproduce  on 
9  coasts  during  the  latter  part  of  winter. 

3Cording  to  Eskimo  tradition,  these  animals  were  once  very  abund- 
n  the  Cumberland  waters,  and  their  remains  now  bleaching  on  the 
y  shores  faithfully  testify  to  this  fact. 

*  late  years,  whalers  frequenting  Cumberland  Sound  have  been  in 
liablt  of  employing  natives  to  catch  whales,  supplying  them  with 
s  and  all  necessary  equipments.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  they  are 
)  successful  than  the  whites  in  this  hunt. 

ith  their  own  primitive  gear,  the  Eskimo  seldom  attacked  a  large 
e;  but  yearlings  were  frequently  caught.  I  was  presented  with  a 
oon-head  by  the  captain  of  a  Peterhead  whaler,  that  had  been  taken 
>f  a  very  large  whale  caught  near  the  Kikkerton  Islands;  it  was  im- 
etl  in  the  muscles,  so  that  the  whale  must  have  been  struck  while  it 
quite  small  in  order  that  the  harpoon  should  have  pierced  through 
)lubber.  The  weapon  is,  moreover,  of  a  pattern  which  the  Eskimo 
»wed  it  to  say  they  never  saw  before;  but  I  must  confess  I  can  see 
i  very  slight  difference  in  it  from  those  in  use  at  the  present  day. 
e  "black  skin,"  called  ^'muktuk"  by  the  natives,  is  considered  as 
?at  delicacy;  when  they  have  not  eaten  of  this  food  for  some  time, 
then  get  an  opportunity  to  indulge  to  their  heart's  content,  they  eat 
tiey  can  hardly  move. 

Bull.  Nat  Mus.  No.  15 5 


G6  NATUEAL  HISTOBT   OF  ABCTIC   AHEfilCA. 

2.  FhysallB  aotiqaornm.  Gray. 

Kazor-liock  of  whalers. 

I  cannot  positively  assert  that  the  lazor-back  freqaents  the  Ciudi 
land  n-atcrs  to  any  great  extent ;  in  foot,  I  somewhat  doubt  if  it  do 
one  reason  being  possibly  the  Bcarcity  of  fish.  I  have  seen  it  no 
of  Hudson's  Straits  and  abont  Cape  Mercy,  as  well  38  on  the  Giecsli 
coast  in  Disko  Bay. 

3.  Megaptera  tongltiMuia  Gray. 

Hump-back  of  wbalers.' 

I  could  not  ascertain  that  this  whale  is  common  in  Cumberland  st  i 
season.  It  frequents  the  southern  waters,  but  is  little  tronbledbfi 
whalers.    The  {Eskimo  do  not  seem  to  have  a  very  clear  idea  of  it. 

4.  Orea  gladiator,  (Bonn.)  Snnd. 

"KiUer"  of  whalera. 
The  killer  is  a  very  common  whale  in  the  Cumberland  waters.  H 
arrive  with  the  white  whales,  which  they  follow  up  the  Qords.  Mi 
thrilling  stories  are  told  by  the  Eskimo  as  well  as  whalemen  of  despa 
fights  between  this  animal  and  other  whales.  The  Eskimo  are  tati 
afraid  of  it,  especially  the  solitary  kyacker.  I  have  knon'n  the  wl 
whales  to  come  in  close  proximity  to  the  ship  and  lie  along  her  siil 
when  they  were  pursncd  by  those  voracious  sea- wolves. 

5.  Fhocsoa  commanla,  Brooks. 

The  porpoise  is  by  no  means  rare,  especially  in  the  southern  nt 


MAMMALS.  67 

are  covered  with  parasites ;  but  after  they  have  been  rolling  and  nib- 
bing themselves  on  the  sand-beaches  for  a  few  days  they  look  much 
smoother  and  their  color  is  a  creamy  white.  The  Eskimo  say  the  males 
and  females  keep  separate,  but  I  do  not  think  there  is  much  truth  in 
fhis  statement.  Some  think  they  go  on  these  shoals  to  avoid  the  attacks 
of  the  killers,  which  play  sad  havoc  among  them  outside,  but  do  not 
follow  them  into  shallow  water ;  but  if  this  were  the  reason,  they  would 
take  refuge  in  any  small  bay  or  inlet,  and  not  choose  this  particular  Qord 
year  after  year.  I  found  no  external  parasites,  but  the  internal  ear 
eavity  was  nearly  Med  with  worm-like  animals  nearly  two  inches  long. 
They  were  firmly  attached  by  one  end,  and  stood  erect,  having  some- 
what the  appearance  of  very  coarse  hairs.  While  migrating  into  the 
sonnd  they  always  keep  just  at  the  floe  edge,  and  if  the  ice  is  broken  do 
not  seem  to  like  getting  among  it.  In  the  winter  of  187G-77,  a  couple 
got  belated  and  firoze  up  in  the  Kingwah  tide  rifts.  They  were  harpooned 
1^  the  Eskimo  in  January.  A  considerable  number  of  these  whales  are 
caught  by  the  Eskimo  from  their  kyacks. 

T.  Monodon  monooeros,  Linn^. 

Narwhal  of  whalemen.     ' *  KUleluaksuak, ^  Eskimo. 

By  no  means  abundant,  but  of  regular  occurrence  in  spring  and  au- 
tumn. These  whales  give  the  Eskimo  much  trouble  to  capture,  on 
account  of  their  agility.  The  horn  is  often  used  for  the  handle  of  the 
liarpoon,  and  for  various  other  purposes  where  wood  is  scarce. 


lie  following  list  is  of  necessity  CragiueDtary  and  very  iocompleto 

s  rojisDDs.    lu  the  first  place,  tlie  expedition  did  not  iirrive 

I  the  proposed  wiDtfir-quart«r8  until  October,  when  the  weather  ha<l 

»>ine  60  inclement  that  most  of  the  birds  had  gone  southward.    Dur- 

f  the  brief  stops  that  were  made  at  difTerent  harbors  in  the  autumn  of 

p7, 1  was  often  obliged  to  remain  on  shipboard  for  want  of  a  boat, 

1  of  cmi»iDg  about,  as  I  would  otherwise  have  done.    Of  coiuve 

ten  went  out  with  Oie  Eskimo;  but  as  they  were  looking  for  whales 

3  seals,  I  got  only  such  bii'da  as  accideutally  came  in  oiu*  way.     lu  t 

ing,  the  scboouer  was  luider  weigh  before  the  birds  hi»d  fairly  begi 

ting-    The  last  three  weeks  of  oar  sojonm  in  the  winter  harbor  I  ^ 

fevented  from  making  any  exploration.^,  ejtcopt  in  the  immediate  viciri- 

f  of  the  harbor,  on  account  of  the  ico,  which  vas  drireo  northward  by 

i  long-contiuued  southerly  gales.    This  ice  formed  so  perfect  a  barrier 

but  ns  that  we  could  not  get  out  of  the  harbor,  and  to  hare  ventured 

long  it  wilii  a  boat  wlieu  the  strong  currents  were  whirling  and  crash- 

I  it  in  every  diiiictiou  would  have  be«n  a  piece  of  foolhanliuess  tJ 

Ud  but  have  resulted  disastrously. 

Siere  is  no  point  on  either  side  of  Cumberlsiiid  Gulf  or  Sound  tb^ 

(  Buitable  for  a  naturalist  than  was  Aunauactook  Harbor.    It  is 

1  by  a  clustCJ'  of  small  rocky  islands,  the  outermost  of  a  large 

np  lying  between  the  Ctre«t<T  aurt  Lesser  Kingwah  Fjords.    The 

xt  point  to  the  mainland  from  the  harbor  was  about  nine  miles. 

tore  were  estensive  valleys,  witli  Iar{;e  grassy  t1at«  and  sandy  beaches, 

li  f^^nent«d  by  diQerent  kiuds  of  bird»,  both  for  feeding  and  bre4 
Ignmnds. 

liiin  the  season  was  so  far  advaucd  that  tliese  places  became  the 

a  of  birds,  I  seldom  got  an  opportunity  to  go  on  a  cruise,  for  with 

P  inclemency  of  the  weather,  the  uncertainty  of  procuring  a  boat>  and 

B  tnMK'lierous  romlition  of  tlie  ice,  it  was  almost  wni*  that  one  or  M 


70  NArURAL  HISTORY  OF  ARCTIC  AUEBICA. 

other  of  these  drawbacks  tvould  uideflnitely  postpone  a  coiifeiD[dtM 
journey.  At  this  time  I  had  the  use  of  bat  one  hand,  and  coald  not 
manage  a  kyaek. 

All  the  islands  in  the  vicinity  of  Aonaiiactook  are  rocky— fiolid  rod. 
in  fact — with  extremely  scanty  A-egetation.  The  shores  are  genenllf 
steep  bluffs,  and  rerj'  Uttlc  beach  is  exposed  at  low  Hde.  A  few  nila 
up  the  Crreater  Kingwah,  however,  are  v^ry  extensive  beachea,  ail 
thither  itll  t]ie  waders  congregated  as  soon  as  the  ice  began  to  kma 
from  the  shores.  After  leaving  our  winter  harbor,  the  Floreoce  naie 
brief  stops  at  different  points,  but  for  such  short  periods  that  it  gan 
me  very  little  time  for  explorations- 
After  our  arrival  on  the  Greenland  coast  I  received  verj'  gi«at  asiiS- 
auce  &om  Governor  Edgar  Fenckcr  and  lady,  of  Godhavu,  through  wbon 
kindness  I  procured  m.iny  valuable  specimens.  I  can  iievcr  forget  tk 
kindness  and  unbounded  hospitality  of  this  educated  and  refined  gn- 
tlemau  and  enthusiastic  naturalist. 

To  Inspector  Krarup  Smitz  and  lady,  of  Godhavu,  I  am  nnder  ro}' 
great  obligations,  not  alone  for  the  valuable  donations  of  iulen;«ttii( 
Eskimo  implements,  but  for  their  untiriug  zeal  in  making  our  sojoni 
as  pleasant  as  possible,  and  the  ready  and  entertaining  infonuatioii  m 
many  little  known  subjects  pertaining  to  Arctic  matters. 

I  was  not  a  little  surprised,  as 'well  as  delighted,  to  find  in  Govmw 
Fencker  a  person  perfectly  familiar  with  the  birds  of  Korth  Amoria  u 


BIRDS.  71  I 

p  liotJi  sc'ttlemeiits  for  the  interior  every  suiumor,  bo  tliere  woiild  bo  I 
\o  difficulty  ill  &<-ciiring  Esldmo  (piidea  and  iisiustaiib:).  wltu  nrv  iibso-  ] 
iitely  JuvcHftsiry  to  the  sncfiess  of  such  an  ('nt*rj)ri8(!.    Good  strong  dog- 
»im»,  U)  carry  boats  and  all  tht^  rcqiiirod  equipineJits,  ran  l>i-  secured  ] 
i-om  the  Kiikinio,  tliey  driving  tium'  oivn  feaiiiM. 

TIio  start  should  be  made  iu  May,  atid  the  conxBe  ny  the  fo-caUedJ 
' Mollu  Kdtook  "  Qord  that  opens  into  the  fjulf  about  forty  luik's  iiorUil 
f  thu  KikkertoB  Islsuids  on  thy  westom  sliore.  This  Qord  can  at  thisi 
ea«oD  be  traveled  with  ease  with  sltdgea  it^t  entire  tlistance — about  1 
jncty  miles.  During  tliis  stageof  the  journey  the  Eskimo  couhl  secure  1 
oougb  Hi.'iil  iit  the  tjonl  for  both  man  and  beast.  Wlit^u  the  iulaud  I 
tiuutry  wait  reached,  roindMT  would  uiake  a  very  acceptable  substitute.  J 
Jut  this  supply  ifhoiild  in  no  wise  \w  sok-ly  dciH-ndcd  ujioii.  'WHien  the  ] 
lead  of  the  ijord  is  reached  there  will  Itc  found  a  fresh-water  stream,  the  | 
Oi^tcrii  exit  for  the  Keniicily  I-akc  waters.  This  stream  should  be  fol- 
i>wed  to  the  lake.  If  it  be  late  in  the  ik.-u«on,  a  whale-boat  may  be  takuD  1 
ip  the  stream  witli  comparative  case.  There  nivi  some  places  wheJ"e  the  I 
m>am  runs  in  narmw  gorges,  but  Ibe surrounding  couutiy  offcnf  suitable  | 
Aat<e»  for  a  portage  over  such  point**,  into  tlic  numerous  lake-like  cs- 
iJiusiunM  that  will  be  met  with.  IF  it  be  in  May  there  will  l>c  found  an  | 
itiundanec  of  snow  for  traveling  with  slulgcs  on  (he  land,  and  the  com- 

H  :i  I  ively  level  character  of  the  countrj',  wldch  becomes  more  «trikiugiy  J 
I-.  one  iiears  tlie  lake,  will  pwseut  hut  few  obstacles  to  a  good  dog-  1 


\  light  canvas  t«nt  ahouki  be  a  part  of  the  equipment.    While  thtM 
'v  Intti^^  this  could  I>e  inclosed  within  a  wall  of  snow,  and  later  be'| 
iimh'  very  comfortable  with  a  stone  walk 

The  take  alxiunds  in  nnmei'ons  small  islands,  has  sandy  as  well  aafl 
rrsissy  beaches,  (1d<1  is  a  favorite  resod  for  uiyrinds  of  waterfowl     It  i«T 
■  l:iige  that  one  cannot  sec  across  it.     Its  Iw^ation  is  probably  between 
<><rth  and  G7th  iiarallels  of  north  latitude.     Salmon  iire  abundant  in 
waters,  and  a  seal  that,  fVoui  the  skin,  I  could  not  distinguish  from 
I'tiijnmyfi  /inHdns,  aliouuds  iu  considerahle numbei'S.    The  neinity  Is  the  i 
■;n'oritc  feeding  ground  of  immense  henia  i>f  windtvr.     Wolves  and  I 
\>\on  are  very  numerous,  and  amoug  the  Eskimo  there  is  mentiou  of  an  | 
iijimal  that  from  their  destTiptiuns  imd  drawings -seems  tobeaOuItt. 
I'lssils  (Silnrian)  seem  to  bo  very  abundant,  and  petritiictious  mar--] 
!  iiisly  jierfect  alxtund  in  the  lowlands.    The  »un'outidiug  coiuitry  InW  I 
:<  li  the  gouenil  tis|)ect  of  a  high  nortlieru  prairie,  heiug  quite  Hut  and.*! 


72  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    ARCTIC    AlIEIHCA. 

snstaiiiing  a  good  growth  of  gmss  i»id  plunts.  The  a«coDt  lo  Um)  Cfln- 
berlaod  coast,  ou  the  east  and  the  Fox  Channel  on  the  west  ia  so  gnulml 
that  it  in  hardly  porceptibk',  the  coaetrline  in  both  instati<:«H  being  pr» 
dpitoHs.  This  is  especiaJly  true  of  the  westerQ  slope,  where  it  is  so 
gradual  that  it  is  with  tht-  greatest  astonishment  one  suddeulj  Dnib 
himself  on  the  summit  of  an  enormous  clifi',  with  the  breiikets  of  Via 
Ohannt,'!  dashing  on  the  rocks  below  him  and  an  expanse  of  watex  stretd- 
ing  to  the  westward  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 

The  westci'Q  outlet  of  the  lake  is  largei*  than  the  eastern,  and  is  wd 
to  empty  thi-ough  a  deep  gorge  near  Point  McDonald. 

A  far  less  satisfaet^iry  time  to  go  is  after  the  breaking -up  of  tin  In- 
There  is  no  doubt  it  coidd  be  perlbrmed  with  less  labor  and  fatignett 
Uiis  time,  but  fur  the  naturalist  the  liest  season  wonld  be  over. 

When  the  eollections  are  ready,  they  can  be  safely  cached  till  wiDUft 
and  brought  down  in  comparative  safety  ou  dog-sledges,  A  very  inl* 
esting  station  tor  a  naturalist  would  be  near  the  mouth  of  the  gut^  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  liikkerton  Islands ;  at  this  jilace  thia-e  would  Iwopto 
water  hi  April  or  May,  and  many  valuable  birds  couJd  be  seeured  brfiw 
they  scatter  over  the  countiy  to  breed.  \VIien  the  biixls  anin  »t 
Auuimactook,  the  seitson  is  alre^y  eo  far  advanced  thui  they  imnwili- 
atuly  begin  nesting.  1  have  concluded  to  retain  in  the  present  list  BUOf 
species  ou  very  slight  evidence  in  the  hope  that  it  may  iu  some  degm 
assist  future  explorers  and  put  them  on  the  lookout  lor  some  s|>m3m 
that  might  otherwise  escape  their  notice. 

The  birds  do  not  congregate  in  large  numbers  on  the  islands  in 
Cumbeilaud  to  breed,  the  way  they  do  to  the  southward  and  on  the 
Greenland  coast.  There  is  an  exception  with  SnmutsrUi  moI/i'MUM. 
Borne  species  that  breed  by  myiiads  two  hundred  miles  to  the  soulhwirii 
and  ai-e  equally  numerous  on  the  coast  of  Greenland  to  73'^  N.  biL, 
are  found  only  as  occasional  stragglers  in  the  CumberUiud  watetu 

Some  idea  of  the  barrenness  of  the  islands  around  Annana<-t4X>k  nt? 
be  anived  at  from  the  fact  that  from  October  to  July  oiiti  bare  ood 
two  ptarmigans  wore  brought  hi,  and  there  vren.\  twelve  Eskimo  tlM 
hunted  tlie  greater  part  of  the  time,  and  I  vas  out  on  every  ocatetuD 
when  I  thought  it  at  all  likely  that  such  game  could  he  procured,  Sonlii 
whalers  have  told  me  that  near  Kugumeiite  they  have  had  as  high  ii* 
two  hundred  ptarmigans  during  the  winter,  and  hares  in  abundance. 

I  have  added  the  Eskimo  names  of  the  birds  in  sncb  indtuiieiis  i^  ' 
could  do  so  with  certainty.    The  Greeulnndei-s'  names  «rc  ufteniiniw- 


^B^TO^mHD  the  Coinberland  Soniid  Eskimo;  these  liave  also  becin 
willed.  These  names  will  be  of  use  to  any  one  Tisitiug  tins  region  natM 
coiiverHaut  with  the  Eskimu  hinguago.  I 

1.  Taidua  aUclee,  Bd.  ■ 

t.)no  siniuuii'ii  ciiiiglit  on  shipboard  off  the  coast  of  Kewfuuiidhiudfa 
tUtober -JS,  187S.  ■ 

3,  Saxicola  <siialltlle,  [iKvIuit.  H 

Ilroeds  along  both  shores  of  Cumberland  imd  on  the  west  const  oS 
1  ).i\\i(  ^tniits,  but  rare.  fl 

One  of  the  commonest  land  bi«Is  on  Disko  Isliind,  Gii'ciihind,  :in^| 
luoimd  Disko  Bay,  both  un  the  islands  and  mainland.  T  showeil  specifl 
mens  to  Ettkimo  from  Nugnmeiito  and  Fi-obisher  Straits,  and  tliey  in'>l 
staiitly  n-i^ognized  them  and  said  tboy  breed  tliere,  bat  are  not  plenty.  ■ 
3.  AattiiiB  tudovlciauna.  BvM^liHt.  I 

Kiing'Uiik.tciok,  Cuuilierlonrl  Eskiriio.  ■ 

The  first  specimens  were  seen  in  the  spring  at  Anniinactook  Harbor  ooJ 
the  .TOtii  of  May.  There-was  no  biu-ugrunnd;  but  they  frequented  tJiM 
tide  rifts  itt  low  water,  sean;hing  after  HniuU  marine  animals.  I 

Ft  looked  very  strange  to  see  thisbinl  rimniiig  about  among  the  otonelM 
Aiui  in  the  water  like  a  Ciacliui.  1  examined  the  stomachs  of  sitecimenifl 
killed  In  these  loeahties,  and  found  tlieiti  to  contiun  QammantM,  T^tmodi^^ 
;».(/(«,  Ciiprdtn,  iind  a  fe\F  small  tnollimiM .'  There  eau  be  no  doubt  th^fl 
tli('>  wen^  f(M.-ding  on  this  food  from  neee^ssily,  and  not  choice^,  for  Ihei^fl 
^^  isnobiiro  gronud  and  no  insects  at  (his  time.    During  the  first  ofl 

irieweliad  tlie  severest  snowstorm  of  the  season,  ami  I  think  mo^9 
1  lieui  perished.    They  would  eome  around  the  observatory  and  sheltovB 

I  iiiselvesa*  best  they  could.  They  were  bo  far  reduee<I  that  they  weiM 
-ily  eaiight  with  the  hand.  I 
In  autiiriin  they  h'jive  for  the  south  about  the  middle  of  Sept«mbeSil 
:  tliis  season,  l>esidcs  their  diet  of  insects,  they  feed  on  the  berries  ofl 
/ijietrum  nigrum  and  Vacanium  uliginoswm.    During  summer  their  foojH 

.  ■  ■iisistjs  almost  entirety  of  insects,  largely  of  dipterous  lurvie,  whieh  the^| 
['loeure  among  the  cnricai  lun^nnd  the  IK'sh-water  ponds.  At  AnnanaoJ 
[•'Ilk  they  began  building  about  the  20th  of  June.  The  nest  was  alwayd 
pldi^il  deep  iu  a  rock  ei'es'ice,  so  far  in,  in  fact,  that  I  eoulil  not  KMureil 
any  of  the  nests  I  found.  On  the  Greenland  coast,  espiwially  iu  theJ 
rieinity  of  habitations,  they  ofttiu  build  iu  a  tussock,  much  like  a  suarrow  J 

II  there  the  ravens  ai-e  not  so  numerous  or  destructive  to  biiils  ua^M 
„'--s  aa  in  Cumberland.  fl 


74  NATUBAL  HISTOBY  OF  ABCTIC  AMERICA. 

They  practice  every  artifice  to  decoy  an  iutmder  from  tlie  Tidnityi 
the  uest — HhammiBg lameness,  and  nttering  Uie  most  plaintive  cries ;  fli 
ting  fi<om  crag  to  crag  before  the  pnrsner  till  they  hare  led  him  &r  fa 
yoiid  the  iumt,  wIibii  suddenly  they  seem  to  have  recovered,  and  ta) 
louger  flights,  till  at  last  they  jump  up  very  smartly  and  fly  awsji 
I)arontly  highly  elated  at  the  little  ruse  they  have  so  soccessfiilly  |^ 
tieed. 

This  little  bird  is  considered  a  great  enemy  by  the  Eskimo.  They  a 
it  warns  the  rciudeer  of  the  approach  of  the  hunter,  and,  still  vat* 
will  tell  the  reindeer  if  it  be  a,  very  good  shot  that  is  in  porsiut,  tb 
they  may  redouble  their  efforts  to  escape.  The  Eskimo  never  lowi 
opportunity  to  kill  one  of  these  birds.  I  liave  seen  one  with  n  tH 
wa&tiug  his  last  balls  in  vain  attempts  to  kill  one  when  he  knev  th: 
tliere  was  a  herd  of  reindeer  not  more  than  a  quarter  of  u  mile  aw; 
Tiicy  are  generally  distributed  ou  both  sides  of  Cumberland  Soaiid  an 
the  west  shores  of  DaWs  Straits  to  hit.  68°  y.  at  least,  but  noirbri 
very  abundant.  Toward  autnmn  they  l>ecoiue  more  or  less  gregaikm 
and  seem  to  migrate  along  the  seashore. 

4.  Bitta  catolineuls,  L. 

Caught  oil  shipboard  off  the  coast  of  Kewfoundlaud  October  ~ 

5.  Dendrosca  coTonata,  (L.)  Gray. 

A  single  e^sample,  an  adult  male,  in  Go<lha\-n  Harbor,  Greeolaoi 
July  31, 1878. 


BISDB.  ^H 

b  of  nu3ge.  At  tho  time  I  pronoiincoil  it  nodoubtcdly  the  female 
MJ'yrrlinUi  curitpca,  wliicb  it  respmbled  very  nincb  iude«d,  but  now  I 
Kline  tn  tlie  belief  that  it  wiu*  luoie  likel.v  the  muki oi' Pffrrhula  maninti, 
Bd  that  the  ftiiua]e  Vas  Hitting.  I  mado  n  lifu-isizo  drnwiii};  uf  it,  uu<l 
■>W4h1  it  lo  all  the  Kskiino  in  ttie  vicinity.  None  <:uuld  I'ecu^iiizu  it; 
Bt  Botno  fluid  they  hitd  sei^u  such  a  bird  at  Lake  Kennedy,  but  t  hat  they 
rere  ''tiimmiuuik  alwrtook,"  all  i-ed.  This  may  have  heen  Piiiivola,  ciiu- 
toator,  CarpodficUH  pnrpuram,  iir  PyrrhuUi  europca,  as  I  duubt  not  but 
k}  last  KpccieH  would  be  called  ''  all  rutl "  by  an  EHkiioo,  The  red  part 
Mild  eei'latnly  make  the  most  lasting  inijn'eHsiou  en  his  nihid.  I  tiied 
ft  mme  huur»  tu  x'"^^''^^  "'■'^  binl,  but  at  last  it  Hew  over  a  mviue  that 
ptaiolil  not  cruss.  I  never  got  an  uppurtunity  tu  revisit  the  louality, 
Hid  lids  interesting  discoveiy  had  ti>  be  left  unsettled.  The  bird  was 
Kforently  s^ute-colyred  on  the  bwast,  the  upper  and  lower  toileuvei 
■)8X>icuousIy  whitfi,  the  tup  of  heiul  and  throat  much  darker  tbuu  H 
mtk.  The  flight  wus  undulating.  It  kept  whistling  almost  eonHtautlj 
Kiob  led  me  to  think  it  was  a  male  bird. 
BCatpodaona  purpuTeua.  (Gm.)  firuy. 
Bpnrlng  a  dense  fog,  September  1,  1877,  nff  Resolution  Island,  norMi 
■  Hudson's  Straits,  one  of  Uiese  binis  was  eaught  on  board  the  Flor- 
■De.  The  Eskimo  describe  a  binl  a.l>ont  the  size  of  the  ])urple  finch 
Bitoeetirs  in  the  iut^riur,  and  in  "all  rtnl."  Such  infonuation  is,  how- 
Ber,  in  no  manner  reliable,  as ''  abertook"  may  be  any  color  D'om  umber 
BTermiliou,  and  "all,"  especially  when  it  comes  to  red,  may  be  but%_ 
Kail  part  of  the  plumage. 
■,  Loxla  leueoptera.  (WiU.). 
■Caught  on  board  the  schooner  in  a  fog  oft'  Bouuo  Bay,  Newfoundland, 
Kgust  lii,  IKiT.  Very  common  in  the  low  pines  at  the  head  of  Oon- 
ft>tion  Bay,  Newfoundland,  Oetober,  1878. 

B.  2:glothuB  Unaiia,  (L.)  Cah. 

P        "Anuriili,"  Ciunberlnuil  Eakinici.     ■'OrjiiugwaljmV,"  Grtcnliuwlpre. 

I  Arrive  in  Cunibeiland  as  soon  as  tl»e  enow  begins  to  disaxjpuar  from 

Bpi  mouutaiu  sides.     I  foiuid  them  about  Niantilic  and  the  Kiklcertou 

HaDds  in  September  and  October,  but  very  few  at  our  winter  harbor. 

Bey  tut:  now  common  fixtm  Kugumeute  to  lladsou'a  Straits,  aiid  inlaud 

Krard  Lake  Kennedy.    Wherever  tliere  in  a  valley  with  any  eoniiider- 

|b1e  vegetation,  especially  low  willows,  they  are  almost  sure  to  be  fouud. 

pi>gOTVtd  abuuduntly  on  Uisko  Island,  Greenland,  where  I  found  half- 


76  NATURAL  BI8T0BY  OF  AECTIC  AHESICA. 

fledged  youDginthelastdaysof  July.  The  oestberewaa  bofltinsiall 
willows,  like  a  Chrysomitria.  Aithoagli  they  seemed  to  be  mignting  is 
October,  I  did  not  see  any  flocks,  bat  only  a  few  straggling  individoak 
Tbey  seem  to  wander  fh>in  the  land  veiy  often  in  iTogs.  I  have  ooontei 
a  dozen  or  more  in  the  rigging  at  one  time  from  Hudson's  Straits  to  ^ 
autilie.  Off  Kikkertarsoak  Islands,  on  the  Labrador  ooast,  as  much  h 
ouo'btuidrcd  mUes  ih>m  loud,  these  birds  came  aboard  of  the  scboont 
in  a  gale.    They  were  all  young  birds. 

13.  JBglothaB  hoIboUi,  B«inbi1t. 

A  largo  linnet  was  couglit  in  a  thick  fog  in  Grinnell  Bay,  Septenhcr 
3, 1877.  It  measured  G.25  inches  in  length.  The  specimen  was  "picked' 
by  one  of  ^e  ship's  company  while  I  went  down  into  the  cabin  atter  bit 
skinning  tools.  The  body  (withont  feathers)  was  preserved  in  aludwl, 
and  Air.  Bidgway  pronounces  it  JS.  holbolli.  It  was  the  only  sped- 
meu  I  procured  that  differctl  in  the  least  from  a  typical  linaria. 

13.  ChiTsomitiifltriBtis,  <L.)  Bp. 

Au  adult  male  caught  on  shipboard,  August  22, 1877,  off  Cape  Mng- 
foi'd,  Labrador. 

14.  Pleotroplianea  dIvaUb,  (L.)  Mejer. 

"Kopcmimk,"  Cumburlaod  Eskimo.     "KopauauDrsuk,"  GreculMidfri. 
The  first  snowbird  seen  at  our  winter  harbor  was  April  u,  an  adnk 
male    The  weatlier  was  quite  severe,  and  there  was  no  bare  gruaitd 


T-tTmo  grove ;  t.  c,  inside  the  stone  caini  that  they  erect  over  the  body. 
i:ive  even  seen  a  nest  built  in  on  Eskimo  rranium.  The  uest  is  large 
I   Iralky,  nearly  tbe  entire  structuix'  iK'iug  composed  of  Poa  arctica 

■  I  other  grosses,  aud  invariixbly  lined  -with  featbei-s  or  hair.  One  nes^J 
1  .Iiily  11,  that  eoutiiined  small  young,  was  thkkly  lined  with  tha 

...urof  Vulpen  lagopus.    Some  contain  ouly  feathers;  others  both  Imir  andl 
I'lttlicrs.    The  number  of  eggs  iu  all  the  neiits  I  found  was  sis.    Thejfl 
!  iiisent  an  almost  endless  variation  iu  size  and  coloration,  great  difieivfl 
.1  .■  being  observable  even  in  the  same  nest.  fl 

The  Know  banting  is  generally  distributed  on  both  sides  of  Ciutibcs^ 
ii'i,  but  is  nowhere  abundant.  Almost  any  locality  is  suitable,  but  iH 
iil.t  if  the  food  supply  would  be  sufficient  if  they  did  not  st^atter  wdlfl 

■  r  the  coiintrj'.  They  are  verj-  common  on  Disko  Island  and  aruuujfl 
i'l-ko  Bay.  Half-fledged  young  were  taken  near  Godhavn  August  3tM 
riie  lirst  i)limiage  of  the  young  is  a  nnifonn  ashy  gray.  The  food  of  th^ 
-iiowhinl  in  summer  consists  largely  of  aquatic  dipterous  laiTie.    Fort 

:  use  they  are  constantly  searching  among  the  grass  at  the  wiges  of  fresh  ■ 

lur  ponds.    During  the  autumn  they  feed  mostly  on  various  kinds  of 

I  lis.    They  are  very  fond  of  the  berries  of  Empctrvm  niffrum  and  Vacd- 

iiri  tilitfhtoKum.    As  soon  as  the  young  are  full-grown,  tlioy  begin  tM 

iijrregatein  small  loose  ftoeks,  and  move  southward  with  the  lirst  snown 

."I  September.    The  young  have  by  tills  time  beeome  lighter  in  plumag^a 

anrt  the  nisset  wash  Ijegins  to  appe<u-  on  the  hea<l  and  neck.    Tliey  werd 

oft*n  seen  on  board  th§  schooner  on  the  passage,  at  one  time  titd  /lUK^ 

drerl  milfa  at  sea,  off  Cape  Chidly.    There  seems  to  be  a  striking  dilTereuod 

in  IJie  size  between  Greenland  and  Alaskan  speeimens,  the  hitter  beinjfl 

the  larger.  M 

IS.  Pl«ctiopbane«  lapponicas,  (L.)  Sclliy.  ^M 

"  Kiiiligak,"  Cnmburland  Eakiun.     ''  Nitrbsnnnutiih,"  GreonlaDilcra.  ^M 

WtJSot  nearly  so  common  as  the  preceding  in  Cumberland.     In  tltfl 

Hpomu  of  1S77, 1  fonnd  a  good  many  iu  the  ^icinitj'  of  Niantihc,  bufl 

^Mriicre  else;  saw  no  males  in  the  breeding  plumage  after  September." 

During  the  summer  of  1878, 1  procured  one  single  specimen  in  June.     I 

think  they  breed  jn  the  Interior  on  the  level  land,  and  do  not  fretjiient 

tlie  9en-coast  so  much  as  P.  nicalis.     I  found  them  very  cotnition  uu 

Ohiko  Island,  and  procured  eggs  aud  young  in  July  aud  August.    Their 

food  at  this  time  seemed  to  be  entirely  dipterous  larvie,  for  which  they 

iidied  about  fresh-water  pools.  In  autumn  they  feed  on  seeds  auM 
_  I  riea.    Many  lit  on  the  schooner  during  fogs  and  storms  all  the  w«qH 


NATURAL    niSTOBY    OF    ARCTIC    AJIEBICA. 

from  Cape  Chidly  to  Niantilie.  Accorduig  to  tlie  Eskimo  tliey  are racm 
commOQ  than  nipolia  from  Nugiimeute  southward  nnd  iii  the  iiilerior. 
There  ajtpeai's  to  ho  quite  a  niaiked  differenpe  in  specimens  t'mm  Oiwn- 
laiid  and  from  Alaska,  and  a  comparison  of  a  large  8me»  may  give  wnne 
interesting  results.  The  Eskimo  say  they  will  eat  bhibbir  and  KMlif 
theii'  food  gets  covered  by  snow.  1  have  seen  a  sjimmi-'n  that  was  M 
covered  with  some  oily  substjuice  that  the  feathers  on  tlie  breast  and 
belly  were  matted  together.  1  am  told  by  N ogumeute  Eskimo  that  in 
summer  the  males  "  akapok  amasuit"  (talk  a  great  deal).  From  tiial 
infer  that  they  are  probably  bvely  songsters  daring  the  brewling  Btasn. 

16,  Juaco  hyemaliB,  (L.)  Sul. 

Oin-<'  (jl)(iiiued  on  shiplniard  olV  Helle  Isle.  October,  1878. 

17.  Bcolocophagus  feimgineaB,  (Gii).}  Sw. 

Caught  on  sbipboard  during  u  gale  off  the  north  coast  of  Sewfiaai 
land,  October,  1878. 
IG.  CorvuB  corax,  Liiit)£. 

"Tuilluiili,"  Ciiuiliprlivml  Eskimo,     "Kcnietook,"  GrotilniidrrH ;  liiit  nlwrjUtd 
"Tiilliiak." 

Tlie  raven  is  extraordinarily  common  on  both  shores  of  Cumbeslfliid 
and  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Penny  Peninsula.  In  winter  tiiey  COB- 
grcgate  about  the  Kskimo  encampments,  where  they  can  almost  alwap 
got  dead  dog,  if  nothing  more.  All  the  specimens  collected  by  me  in 
Cumberland  are  of  remarkable  size,  much  larger  than  any  I  ever  saw  an 
tbo  Greenland  coast.  The  same  was  remarked  by  Governor  Fenckcr,  rf 
Godbavn,  who  said  he  never  could  see  any  reason  why  the  American 
raven  should  be  called  a  variety  of  the  Eurojiean  till  he  saw  my  qted- 
mens  fmm  the  western  coast  of  Davis  Straits. 

When  the  raven  gets  closely  pressed  by  hunger,  he  will  attack  almoBt 
anything  but  man.  Young  reindeer  fall  an  easy  prey  to  them.  Vihea 
they  attack  a  young  deer,  there  are  generally  six  or  seven  in  eouiimny, 
and  alraut  one-half  the  number  act  as  relays,  so  that  the  deer  ia  givun 
no  rest.  The  eyes  are  the  first  parts  attacked,  and  are  geuemlly  speelf 
ily  plucked  ont,  when  the  poor  animid  will  tlirash  and  flounder  aboat 
till  it  kills  itself.  In  the  capture  of  the  young  of  Pa^omyg  ftxtiditt  tliej" 
e\ince  a  considerable  degree  of  intelligence,.  I  have,  on  diflewml  occa- 
sions, witnessed  them  capture  a  young  seal  that  lay  basking  in  tlie  snu 
near  its  bole.  The  ilrst  maua!iivre  of  the  ravens  was  to  siul  lasiirely 
over  the  seid,  gradually  lowering  with  each  cirule,  till  atladtoueofthun) 


BIRDS.  1 

iili.'iily  (Trapped  directly  intu  tlie  soal's  hole,  tlius  oiitting  off  it«  i 
,it  fhim  the  water.    Its  mate  would  then  attnuk  (lie  sesd,  and  e 
.■\  .tr  to  drag  or  drive  it  as  far  away  IVom  tho  hole  as  posfiiblo.    The* 
I'kiiiy  raven  seemod  Ut  ifrike  the  seal  on  the  top  of  the  head  with 
!  lowLTfnl  bill,  and  thus  break  the  tender  «knll.     In  two  iustanees  T 
:  Avud  Ihe  coiubnt  to  jirot-ewl  until  (he  seal  wa»  killed,  and  then  drove 
If  ravena  away.     I  found  no  murks  on  the  seal,  exe«!pt  the  blows  o 
le  liead,  whifili  had  frattnred  tiie  skull  in  two  places. 
!  Vefimber  13, 1S77, 1  witnessed  a  vei-y  umustng  ehase  after  a  J 

itiHH.    There  were  two  ravens,  and  they  gave  alternate  <-tiase  to  t^ 
II'.     Soriietiuies  the  raven  would  catch  the  hare  by  the  ears,  and  li 

I  rav^en  would  roll  down  the  niomitaiu  side  together  thirty  i 
<  I.  till  tlie  raven  lost  his  hold,  and  then  itj^  companion  would  be  ( 

in]  aiith^vnew  the  attack.     They  killed  the  hare  in  a  short  time,  t 
iii'<llutely  begun  devouring  it. 
i  hey  are  extremely  destructive  to  the  eggs  iniil  young  of  till  birital 

I I  have  an  open  nest.    They  brced  no  early  in  the  season  that  t 
iiig  are  fully  tiedged  by  the  time  Uie  eiders  begin  laying,  and  (b 

irit.'  mven  family  theu  take  up  tlieir  itbode  on  the  duek  ii<!aiidH,i 
i  iio  thi'ni»elv«8  with  eggs  aud  youug.    Nur  is  it  nidy  the  pggs  t 

,  lint  their  miscliievoiu)  nature  nuist  ont,  and  I  have  .teen  them  di'i%-4l 
'   ihiek  from  her  nest  and  deliberately  break  the  eggs. 
1  ii<-  Eskimo  accuse  the  raven  of  woruing  the  «leer  of  the  a])proach  < 
'    liuuier  by  a  peculiar  eioak  not  utteri^d  at  other  times.    This  h 

ilil  odium  to  their  not  over-enviable  reputiition.    They  iire  constant 
'iidants  of  the  Eskimo  while  seal-hunting.    If  the  hunter  pmc: 
■  ii-  seal  Ihiui  he  can  take  bnek  with  him,  he  will  cover  them  withs 

I  leturn  for  them ;  but  the  oi)emtinn  has  been  watched  by  the  b! 

I  "Ts  from  the  neighboring  iilifls,  and  a  good  number  of  them  a 

ill'  at-(iuaiiited  with  the  discovery,  and  as  soon  as  the  Eskimo  in  gon^ 

-leal  i.i  exhumed  and  sot>n  reduced  to  the  mere  skeleton.     I  Iried  onJ 

-  ii-al  ocuksious  to  catch  them  by  baiting  a  hook  with  a  piece  of  meat^ 

I  larefully  concealing  the  string  in  tlie  snow.    They  took  hold  of  t 

I I  very  eantioasly,aiid  lifted  it  till  they  saw  the  string,  and  then  £ 
iv  in  great  haste. 

I  luriug  the  winter,  while  making  skeletons,  I  nseii  to  thi-ow  the  refiw 

'  -id«  of  the  obsen'atory;  and  I  have  repeatedly  watched  the  ravei 

inmnd  aTid  wait  till  I  went  to  dinner,  about  IWO  p.  m.     It  was  t] 

I'liiirse,  iinile  itark;  but  as  s(h)h  as  I  leiY.  the  hut  they  came  and  ( 

iiir  meal,  bm  were  extremely  cautious,  ofteii  turning  ftifc  V*^"*'^  ^ 


80  NATDBAL    HISTOBV  OP  ABCTIC   AHEBICA. 

many  times  before  they  swallowed  tliem,  and  even  throwing  anil  totwins 
them,  to  be  sure  that  there  was  no  trap  ahout  it.  Some  pieces  tlial 
looked  suspicions  they  would  not  eat^  bnt  walked  around  llieiQ  and 
turned  them  over,  bnt  could  not  bo  convineed  that  there  wa«  not  «mi« 
trickery  about  them.  I  have  often  found  tbeni  hunting  about  tlic  ob- 
servatorj-  after  somfe  stray  scraps,  even  on  my  return  from  dinner,  wba 
it  was  BO  dark  that  I  could  not  sec  them  but  a  few  feet  away.  On  moon- 
light nights  I  liave  known  them  to  make  visits  to  the  rubbish  pile  out 
sideonr  observatorj- ;  but  such  eases  are  rare,  and  only  at  the  eeaaim 
when  they  cannot  get  any  food  without  the  greatest  diillculty.  At 
Annannctook  Harbor  they  began  building  as  early  as  Man^h  20,  but  I 
saw  some  carrying  pieces  of  skin  and  hair  from  the  Eskimo  eiicumpioeiiU 
many  days  earlier  than  this,  and  when  we  had  a  (*?mperature  of  -iffi 
Fahr.  « 

They  nest  only  on  the  south  side  of  tlie  Iiighest  and  most  iuaet»«aM( 
cliffs,  so  the  neat  can  seldom  be  reached.  1  examined  on*.*  ni-st  built  (« 
a  httle  slielf  of  a  high  cliQ'.  It  was  composed  almost  entirely  of  pieeH 
of  Eskimo  skin  clothing,  among  which  were  scatt*'rcd  the  larger  winj- 
bones  of  gulls,  the  larger  primaries  of  several  siwcies  of  binls,  twigsrf 
Balix,  &c.  The  iaaide  IiM  a  gucxl  lining  of  Foa  alpina,  aiul  a  mmib/t- 
able  quantity  of  reindeer,  fox,  and  dog  hair,  the  whole  pi-esenting  arny 
cozy  apjiearance  indeed.  As  soon  as  the  seals  begin  to  pup  under  Hi 
snow  on  the  ice,  they  follow  the  foxes,  which  find  the  seal  and  drag  llnsi 
out.  Now  the  ravens  can  faro  well  on  the  leavings.  Tlie  Eskimo  Hnnly 
believe  that  it  does  not  luirt  the  ravens'  eggs  to  freeze.  They  «ay  tte 
shell  cracks,  but  the  inner  membrane  is  very  thick  and  tough.  I  fouuil 
that  the  Scotch  whalers  are  also  of  this  opinion,  Aome  i>ositively  atwett- 
ing  that  they  had  known  .froaeM  ravens'  eggs  to  hatch ! 

The  young  are  full-fledged  by  the  latter  part  of  May.  Dnriugthe 
autumn  months  they  feed  largely  on  the  berries  of  VacciRium  vUginuwrn 
and  Entpetrum  nigrum.  I  have  often  observed  theui  lishiug  at  low  titte 
among  the  stones.  I  killed  a  conplo  to  ascertain  tlie  nature  of  the  fnKt 
they  got.  I  found  it  to  be  Cofftw  scorpiua  and  Liparis  mitgnriii  f,  willi  a 
few  smalt  crushiceans, 

They  are  resident  in  Cumberland  the  entire  year,  but  »pi>car  more 
numerous  in  winter,  from  their  bal)it  of  staying  about  the  Eskimo  eu- 
campment^. 

The  raven  is  considered  as  worse  than  useless  by  the  Eskiniii.  IVj 
make  no  use  of  them  except  to  wipe  the  blood  and  greaM  teoui  thwr 
hands  and  face  with  the  feathers. 


ipldouax  flavivenUiB,  B<1. 
Tiiki-ri  iit  HO.SI  off  Cape  PartweU,  Grueoland,  September,  1878.    This 
I  tbiuk,  tiifl  first  recorded  itiataiice  of  its  occarrenve  in  Greenland. 

.  BraobyotnspoliutTia,  (tluoliHt.)Guutd  ' 

"Sntiiuk"(I),  GniPiiIondfjit. 
^Pimrf^iitly  rare.    Found  breeding  iu  the  Kingnite  Fjord  in  the  Penny 
iiisniii;  iilso  iu  the  Greater  KingwtiL.     Prolmbly  will  be  fuund  more 

n  in  the  inteiior  toward  tlie  Nouthwpst  in  Hall's  Lund,  if  it  be  the 

ji's  dejfcribed  to  me  by  Eskimn  fi-cini  there.    They  say  it  nest^under- 
I  ti  an  overhanging  shelf  of  I'ock  oil  or  near  the  groiuid.    Aiii>eara  to   | 
nire  on  the  eoaot  of  Greenland.     Is  found  as  far  north  us  "Hi^  N.  lat. 

..  NyctftH  acaodlaca,  (L.)  Xcwt. 

'■  Ojiigjiiok,"  Cumlwdaiiil  EBkimu,    "  Opik  "  aud  "  Opirksouk,"  (itw-uliimlcre. 
1  wan  vrry  mneh  atirpritted  not  to  find  this  owl  more  common.    At  the   i 
il>  kerton  Islands  and  np  Kingnite  Fjord  were  the  only  loealities  where  I 
'  i  It  on  the  west  eoast.    From  Hadsou's  Stitiit**  to  Niigmneute,  in  Ilnll's 
■■\,  it  is  more  eommon,  probably  on  account  of  the  firooter  abundiuieo 
ii^ires  and  ptarmigans  in  this  region.    It  probably  breeds  on  the 
.■le Islands  in  Disko Bay, and ou  the  "islands"  (the rocks  projeetinjf  ' 
'i^b  the  tj;Iavier)  in  the  glacier  on  the  mainland,  to  the  eastward  of  I 
I >  11  bench,  Greenland.    They  arc  by  no  means  gtrietly  nocturnal.     I 
Keen  them  chasing  ptarmigan  at  midday  in  OctolH-r,  when  the  nun 
'     shining  brightly.    I  have  seen  them  coursing  along  the  nhore  at  Inw  j 
1  r,  appnri'ntly  j^Aiwy;  but  whether  they  were  hunriug  fur  sniiR'  nr  fish 
iT[i  uiiablu  to  say,  as  they  were  so  shy  that  I  could  not  get  within  rifle 
i>,'e  of  them.     The  primaries  are  highly  prized  by  Uie  Eskimo  fortlteir 
'.VF<.    These  birds  migrate  to  the  southward  about  the  same  time  as  I 
iiiiyority  of  the  waterfowl, 
raloo  caodlcans,  Gm. 
"  KirkMivciunk,"  OrcealnDili^i'H. 
I  'iiring  the  whole  year's  collecting  on  Cumbei-lamI  Island  I  saw  but  j 

^ingIe  specimen,  late  in  November,  1877.  Ue  wan  Iteset  by  a  large 
.<  iinrse  of  ravens  that  were  teasing  him,  as  the  Jays  do  hawks  and  I 
I  ~  at  home.  According  to  the  Comlterland  Eskimo,  they  are  very  1 
• .  and  seldom  seen  except  in  winter.  Many  do  not  know  them  at  all. 
Disko  Island,  especially  in  the  Godhavu  district,  they  are  eonunon  I 
'.  resident.  These  hawks  seem  to  prefer  nesting  in  the  vicinity  of  I 
!rd  rocks,"  where  thoy  can  procure  iilentj  of  birds  with  very  litUo  I 
^  Bun.  Kat  Mns  Ko.  16 G 


82  HATUEAL  HISTORT  OP  ABCTIC  AHERICA. 

tronble.  In  winter  they  eabsist  wholly  onptaraiigaDS  and  hares.  0« 
emor  FeDckcr,  duriDg  liis  long  residenoe  in  Korthero  Greenland,  hash 
good  opportunities  for  stadying  thib  bird,  and  he  thinkB  there  in  bat  o 
species  inhabiting  tho  country,  having  known  of  instances  where  t 
parents  of  a.  nest  represented  the  two  extremes  of  plumage.  Xor  d( 
the  difference  seem  to  be  sexual,  seasonal,  or  altogether  dependent  up 
age,  but  more  probably  partaking  of  that  rem^kable phenomenon  fm 
iar  in  Scops  asio. 

During  my  frequent  excursions  about  Disko  Island  I  often  had 
opportunity  of  witnessing  this  hawk  prepng  upon  jaegers,  kittiwab 
&c,  but  was  surprised  that  they  axe  not  possessed  of  Bwifter  flight, 
duck  hawk  would  have  made  a  short  Job  of  catching  a  kittiwnke  th 
one  of  these  hawks  followed  tiU  lie  fairly  tired  the  binl  out.  Th«r  a 
cess  seems  to  dei>end  more  upon  a  stubborn  perseverance  than  aLuTii 
of  flight.  The  flesh  of  the  young  birds  is  by  no  means  despicable  foo 
and  is  highly  prized  by  the  Danish  colonists. 

23.  Paloo  ooDuuniils,  6m. 

A  regular  breeder  in  Cumberland.  Usually  found  about  the  Eidt 
Islands.  Procured  nearly  full-fledged  young  in  August  that  were  Ub 
from  the  nest  on  a  high  cliff  in  the  Greater  Kingwah  Fjord. 

24.  Aator  titticapiUns,  (Wils.)  Jard. 

A  single  specimen,  at  ffiantilic,  September  19, 1877. 

25.  HalUetas  albiolUa,  Uua6. 


tlifiro  is  a  rankei'  growth  of  willows.     The  stomocha  of  those  I  e 
I'  tbis  species  containeil  willow  buds  and  small  twi^s.    From  Niigi 
iiiute  soutliwan]   aud  westward  in    th«   interior  thi-y  aix?  abnndi 
I -'warding  tn  the  EHkimo  stories,  but  which  species  is  of  com'm;  iiiipoe 
I  ]•■  t»  say.    Th«y  begin  to  change  color  a«  soon  as  the  snow  coniineuot 
r  •  I  fucit,  in  lat,  07°  N.  aboiit  the  middle  of  May.    This  chaogo  in  pluin^ 
;igo  is  more  tawly  as  one  goes  farther  north.    I  was  informed  hj  inteUi- 
urirt  Grcciilaiiders  that  north  of  ITpoTiiavik,  near  the  glacier,  they  hail 
'■iTind  ptarmigans  nesting,  aud  that  the  nialewat;  in  perfect  winter  jduni- 
.v^f.    This  was  probably  L.  rupexiri».    If  this  befme,  it  is  iMwsible  that. 
.11  sections  where  much  snow  remains  during  the  summer  the  change  is 
^-l■ry  late,  or,  [terhaps,  does  not  occur  at  all. 

27,  IiagopuB  n]p«Btris,  (Gmpl.)  l.curli. 

"Akagik,"  CiiinbcTlaiiil  (^kliuo.     "AkFiksok,"  (jit>unluu(lon. 

I  am  nuable  to  IJjfow  any  light  on  the  distrihutioii  of  these  birds  in 

(.'umtx'rhtud,  as  1  wa«  unable  to  procure  hut  a  single  specimen  of  tiii^ 

■  I'wies  and  two  of  the  proeeding.    The  crop  was  crammed  fidl  of  !<phag- j 

nuin  mos». 

2a  melallUA  aemlpalmata.  (Bi).)  Ca1>. 

"Koodlnkkitlcnk,"  Cun>t><rrhui<l  Kskiiuo. 
Arrived  at  Anuanaetook  about  the  middle  of  June.  By  ii 
riire.  Breeds  ou  the  mossy  banks  of  fi-esh-water  ponds  along  both  tlie  ' 
Kingwah  Fjords,  as  well  as  other  localities  in  Cumbei'land.  It  sci-ms 
iTniarkablo  that  the  Cnniberland  Eskimo  shoidd  discrinnnate  iKilween 
rliis  and  the  following  siwcies,  when  they  confound  all  the  larger  guUn 
under  one  name.  They  told  me  tliat  .E.  hiaticula  was  larger,  flotr 
hi.-iter,  and  had  a  stronger  voice  than  semipalmatus !l  All  of  which  is 
true.  The  condition  of  the  iee  at  the  time  tbej*e  hii-ds  were  iiestiug 
kept  me  from  risiling  their  breeding -grounds,  although  but  a  few  mileii 
awa.v.  They  migrate  sonftiwaiil  as  soon  as  the  fresh  water  is  frozen. 
29.  iBsl^UtJaliiaUcula,  (L.) 

'"Tiikagvujok,"  GruenluuiliirB. 
I  am  not  aware  that  this  si>eeie8  has  hitherto  been  ititrodue«l  into  ti 
Nortti  Aiue.riean  fauna,  though  loug  known  as  a  ex>mmon  bini  ou  ( 
tlreenUind  coast,  where  ^.  aemipalmata  is  rare.     It  is  apparently  u 
conimou  than  the  preceding  in  Gnmberland.    Arrives  about  the  « 
liiue,  and  breeds  in  similar  lo(^>4dities.     Very  eoinmou  about  Disko  Islai 
(ircmland,  where  young  birds  were  procured.     This  bird  is  readitj 
distiogiiudiable  &um  ^.  scmipalmata  by  il«  greater  size  and  m<q 


84  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    ARCTIC    AMERICA. 

robust  form,  iu  having  a  white  i>atcli  above  und  Iwihilid  the  e^e,  and 
much  mder  pectoral  baud;  it  will  also  befoond  that  imly  the  outer  and 
middle  toes  are  uuited  by  a  web. 

30.  Strapailas  Interprea;  (L,)  111. 

"Telligvak,"  Greenlandem. 
Common  uboiit  Disko  Bay,  Qreeuland,  aod  northvard  to  73^  X.  liL 
at  least.  Breeds  ou  the  Green,  Hunde,  and  Whale  IsIaDds  in  Dvbt 
Bay.  They  nest  among  the  Sterna  arotiea,  and  it  is  impossible  to  dit- 
tinguish  between  the  eggs  of  the  two  species.  Ifot  observed  in  Cub- 
I)erland  Sound,  nor  on  the  east  coast  of  the  Penny  Peninsula;  stiD,  ifce 
bird  was  instantly  recognized  by  the  Cumberland  Eskiioo,  vhen  Ibe;r 
iwtw  it  on  the  Greenland  coast,  and  they  liad  the  same  name  for  it  as  tbe 
Greenlanders. 

31.  ReonrvlrostilB  uneiloaDa,  Gm. 

I  enter  this  bird  on  my  list  on  Eskimo  authority, — ^poor  ant1iority.it 
is  true,  but  I  have  in  my  possession  a  drawing,  made  by  a  wild  Eakimn. 
that  is  so  unmistakably  this  bird  that  I  do  not  hesitate  to  accept  ii, 
especially  when  he  gave  me  a  perfect  description,  and  that  witbont  mj 
attempt  on  my  i)art  to  draw  him  out.  He  says  he  saw  them  for  the  fiist 
time  in  the  summer  of  1877,  while  reindeer  hunting,  south  of  Lakt 
Kennedy. 

33.  Lobip«*  hyperbormia,  (L.)  Cuv. 
"Shatgak,"  Cnmberland  Eekimo. 


■  filUcMllUB.  (L.)  Bp.  fl 

"  Sliataak,"    Ciioiborlnnd   Eskimo.      •■  Wlmk-bird,"   or   "Bnwliead   Bird,"  of  I 
n  LiUcniGli.  I 

These  birds  were  met  with  at  great  distsnws  from  laiid.  The  flrst  a 
wen  «n  our  ontward  iiassdge  wan  tm  Aiiguat.  1,  1877,  ia  Lit.  41°  N.,  1 
liHii;.  C8°  W. ;  bore  large  Docks  were  met  witli.    Ab  we  proceeded  north- 1 

iiii,  tiieir  numbers  iucrea^ied  till  we  reaf^hed  Griunell  Bay.    Off  tbev 

iifftMik  Islands,  on  tbo  Labrador  coast,  two  hundred  miles  fironi  IbeM 
iiesire.st  land,  1  saw  very  large  fluelu  during  a  strong  gule.  Hardly  a  I 
Say  pii£8cd  bnt  some  n'ere  seen,  either  flying  about  in  u  rapid  and  vig- 1 
orons  iiiauiier,  often  rising  to  a  considerable  height,  and  then  suddenly  I 
parting  ofl'  in  the  direction  of  a  spouting  whale,  or  swimming  about<l 
with  that  grace  so  eminently  characteristic  of  the  phalaropes.  Tbey  I 
foil.nv  tbi)  whales,  and,  as  wwii  an  a  whale  is  seen  to  blow,  immediately  I 

M  I  forhim,  as  a  quantity  of  marine  animals  are  always  i)rouglit<to  the  I 

■  iry  few  were  se«n  north  of  Probisher  Straits,  for  the  wenther  by 
time  had  probably  become  too  severe  for  lliem,  and  I  tbiiik  thr 
lis*  seen  on  the  passage  were  migrating  southward.     I  am  more  in- 
lim-d  to  tliinlc  80,  as  Ibe  next  year,  in  going  nver  nearly  the  same  nnite  J 
1   riioiith  Inter,  very  few  were  seen.    They  arrive  in  Cnmberlnnd  with  I 
Lfac  bn-uking-up  of  the  ice,  and  from  this  lime  till  they  hegin  breeding  I 
ue  seldom  seen  on  the  shore,  but  cruise  out  in  tlie  sound.     ^\'lmleiuen  I 
llways  wateb  tlicse  biixls  while  they  are  wheobng  around  high  in  the  I 
^r  in  gracefid  and  rapid  circles,  for  they  know  that  as  soon  as  they  I 
^ht  a  whale  blowing  they  start  for  hint,  and  fivm  their  elevated  pottl-  I 
'••>ii  they  can  of  course  discern  one  at  a  much  greater  distance  than  the  I 
-i  in  the  boat.    I  doubt  if  it  be  altogether  the  marine  animals  brought  I 
r  1  le  snr^e  by  the  whale  that  they  are  after,  for  if  the  whale  remainx  V 
'  V  f  the  snrfatM;  any  length  of  time  they  always  settle  on  his  ba<!k  and 
t  parasites.    One  specimen  was  brought  me  by  an  EKkimo  that  he 
I  t;illed  on  the  back  of  au  Orca  glailiator;  the  (esophagus  was  fairly 
lititried  with  X:<Trtw)f7i/»rfi(in  <rw((/(ice«nH,  still  alive,  although  the  bird  J 
I   l>een  killed  some  hours;  they  looked  to  me  like  CapreUa  pheuima  I 
I  t'yammixti.   According  to  the  Eskimo  who  killed  it,  tlie  birds  were  I 
Ling  something  from  the  whale's  back.    I  have  often  seen  them  dart  fl 
II  among  a  school  of  7Mi>fttmii)fCT*(>t(«  leuctu  and  follow  Ihcm  as  far  as  I 
Mild  see.   On  one  ooeasioD  a  pair  suddenly  alighted  astern  of  n)y  boat,  I 
I  vven'  not  three  feet  G-ooi  me  at  times;  they  foUowwl  directly  in  the  I 
^  :ike  of  the  boat,  and  seemed  so  iutent  on  picking  up  food  that  they  I 


8G  NATUBAL  BISTORT  OF  ABCTIC  AHEBICA. 

paid  no  attention  Tt-'iHtcver  to  us.  Thej'  had  probably  mistaken  the 
I)oat  for  a  whole. 

Tliey  are  -witliont  doubt  the  most  gracefnl  of  all  birds  on  the  water,  so 
light  and  buoyant  that  they  do  not  seem  to  touch  the  water.  Wliik 
swimming,  they  ai-e  continaally  nodding  the  head  and  turning  from  oor 
side  to  the  other.  Tliey  have  greater  powers  of  flight  than  eitlier  Jipf- 
boreus  or  tcihonij  and  fly  much  more  swiftly.  In  Cumberland,  as  well  u 
on  the  Greenland  coast,  tliey  nest  with  hyperboreua. 

Governor  Fencker  tells  me  they  are  not  found  as  far  north  as  kf/a- 
boreus;  probably  few  breeil  above  75°  N.  lat.  Are  common  on  thewil 
lying  islands  between  Kugumentc  and  Hudson's  Straits,  About  tb( 
entrance  of  Exeter  Sound,  on  the  east  coast  of  Penny  Peuiusubi,  an 
Homo  islands  which  the  Eskimo  call  "Shatgak  nana'' — PhahirafiN 
land^— so  they  are  probably  very  common  there. 

"When  they  begin  nesting  tliey  live  more  on  shore,  and  probably  gH 
tlieir  food  along  the  beaches  at  low  tide.  Tliei-e  is  great  vuriution  in 
plumage,  even  among  the  apparently  adult  birds,  in  spring.  I  think  it 
■{uite  probable  that  tliey  do  not  attain  their  fnll  plumage  the  fir^^t  year. 

34.  TrtnEa  mloutiUa,  Vieill. 

Noticeil  in  Kiautilie,  September,  1877,  aud  ui  Disko  Fjoni,  Gn-ealaol 
August,  1878. 

35.  Titnsa  fuMlooUla,  Vieill. 

Breeds  in  Kingwah  aud  Kiugnito  Fjoixls,  and  probably  in  other  coii 


I  wei-0  very  couimoii  in  all  the  localities  that  I  visil 

LOiiniberlaud  Islsuid.     Saw  a  good  many  on  the  Greenland  coarit.     It 

laid  thiit  some  reniaiu  in  the  Qords  of  South  Gret-nluud  all  winter. 

[riicy  soeui  wmiilctely  devoid  of  i'eiir,  and  ean  alinoiit  be  tmught  with 

p  hand8.    Altiongh  sueh  lovei-a  of  the  rocky  sea-shore,  tliey  nest  on 

B  borders  of  fresh-watur  lalces.     Hundreds  were  bmeditig  a  few  uiilea 

u  our  wintei'  harbor,  but  it  was  iaipoasihle  to  reach  the  mainland  on 

wnnt  of  the  treaeheruus  condition  of  the  Hoaliug  ice.    The  siiecimeiis 

lected  by  nie  ou  Cumberland  Inland  diflcr  BO  much  from  the  Aliiskau, 

bt  I  conjectui'e  the  probability  of  a  western  %'ariety  when  a  series  can 

I  brought  together  for  compaiisou. 

"  By  the  latter  days  of  June  very  few  were  to  be  seen  i>n  the  «ea-»h» 

ley  having  gone  inland  to  bri'ed. 

They  appear  very  sociable,  and  wbt-u  a  hirge  flock  is  togellicj-  tbej 

1  up  a  lively  twitter,  by  no  meaus  unpleasant.    As  the  breeding 

n  ap])roachc8,  the  males  have  a  peculiar  cry,  resembling  somewhat 

]At  of  Aclitnrun  hartramiiig,  but  lower  and  not  so  prolonged.    When 

H  note  is  uttered  they  assume  a  very  dignified  strut,  and  ortt-u  raise 

i  wings  up  over  the  back  and  slowly  fold  thcni  again,  like  the  upland 

lover.    .iViler  the  breeding  season  commenees  very  few  are  seen  on  the 

El-sbore  till  the  young  are  fuU-giowu,     Tlicy  are  somewhat  crepuscolai- 

I  their  habits. 

'.  Ttlnga  Hubarqiuta,  (Gould)  Tcmm. 
PNot  iincommou  in  North  Grecnhuid.  Eggs  were  procured  at  Chi 
lab,  Greenland,  throngii  the  kindness  of  Governor  Edgar  Pvad 
BTot  observed  ou  any  part  of  Cumberland  that  1  visited. 


I.  Trlnga  canutus,  Litin^. 

A  Kiuiill  iloclv  lit  on  the  schooner's  deck  in  November  after  the  Imi-bor 

a  frozen  over.    Saw  none  in  the  spring  or  summer.     Seem  to  be  qui 

ton  in  North  Greenland,  but  probably  do  not  nest  south  of  k 

>,  Calldris  areaaria,  Liiiii. 

One  small  dock  in  September,  1877,  at  Niautilic;  no  specimens  v 
wnred. 


a  tmdBonloa,  (I)  (Lulli.)  Sw, 
'  Two  godwils  were  seen  near  Cape  Edwaida,  on  the  west  co 
nborland  Sound,  in  September,  1877,  but  I  could  not,  witli  certainty, 
[i  tliu  si>ectes. 

— r^"  > 


8e  NATDBAL  H16T0BY  OF  ABCTIC   AHERICA. 

41.  TotautiB  m«lauoleactia,  (Om.)  VieilL 
A  single  specimen  on  Arctic  Island,  Onmberiand  SooihI, 

14,  1877. 

42.  NomeninB  boreali^  (Font.)  L»tli. 

A  few  flocks  seen  passint;  northward  ap  Kingwah  fjord  id  Jmc 
One  specimen  procured.  Not  noticed  in  automn.  W«ll  known  to  the 
Cumbei'Iand  Eskimo. 

43.  Gnu (  (pTObably  frmteroulnB). 

Quite  common  in  some  localities.  Breeds  in  Kingwah  and  Kinfailc 
Fjords  in  Cumberland,  In  Exeter  Sound,  and  Home  Bay  on  the  wcii 
coast  of  Davis  Btraits.    Common,  especially  during  spring,  at  Godhftn. 

4*.  Cysniu 1 

Swaus  occiBionally  occur  m  the  Soatbera  Cumberland  waters ;  bat  the 
npecics  is  imcertain,  as  I  could  not  procure  a  apecimon.  Said  to  be  of 
regular  occurrence  in  the  Lake  Kennedy  region. 

45.  Anaer  albtfrona,  vur.  gamlMU,  (Hart.)  Coues. 

Kot  observed  in  any  numbers  about  our  winter  harbor,  but  undoobt- 
©dly  occurs  in  abundance  on  the  fresh- water  lakes.  This  i^  probably 
the  goo.se  that  the  Eskimo  take  in  such  great  numbers  at  Jjake  KeoHdv. 
where  they  drive  them  towards  the  sea-coast  while  they  are  in  moult. 
Are  common  on  the  Greenland  coast  to  72°  N.  lat.,  and  probably  anA 
farther.  Large  flocks  were  met  with  on  the  pack-ice  in  Ibe  middled 
Davis  Straits,  July  24, 25,  and  26.    Eggs  were  procnred  in  the  Godba^vi 


Plwks  of  whistlers  wei-c  observed  on  three  oot^AttioDS  iii  Slay;  but  I 

bid  nut  with  certainty  identity  tJio  spooien,  ua  none  were  killed.    B. 

ptultca  is.  (|uite  eommou   iu   the  Godhavn  district  on  the  coast  i 

uihuid;  bre(.-ds  near  Cliristiautjhajib. 

I  HlBtiionlous  torqnatna,  (Lino.)  Dp. 

"ToriiniiidrliMtk,"  Ortx^nlaiiilurB, 

ree  exuHiples  seen,  and  one  killed  at  Annanactook.     Not 

in  the  Owlhavn  district  on  the  Greenland  coast. 
\  Hvelda  glaclalie.  (Liiiii.)  Lvucli. 

"Agiii^nk,''  Cumlw^lapd  Efikiinn.     "Agli'k,"  Grcunlanileis. 

rived  at  the  heiul  of  Cumberland  during  the  latter  days  of  Ml|! 
\  soon  U8  there  was  extensive  open  water  they  became  cjuitw  i 
I,  and  their  loud  and  ineesxant  cries  could  tie  heanl  at  any  hour  out  of 
b  twenty-four.    They  nest  on  the  suuill  roeky  islnnds,  espuciullj'  about 
I  Great«r  Kiugwah  Fjord,  but  singly,  and  not  iu  eolonita.    I'huy  arti 

irious  when  they  tirst  arrive,  but  soon  pair  and  scatter.  Couimon  on 
b  whole  Greenland  coa^t,  and  l>ree<l  far  to  the  north.  These  ducktt 
I  tbe  noisiest  birtls  for  their  mre  I  bavc  ever  wet.  During  the  bre 
[  plumage,  scarcely  any  two  males  can  be  found  that  tms  preeUi 


L  Polystlota  BUUerl,  (Poll.)  EjXo"- 

L  beautiful  adult  male  was  shot  in  Disko  Fjord  in  August,  1878. 
Kitnon  is  now  in  the  collection  of  Governor  Edgar  Fenckcr  of  Uo*l- 
DuHng  the  time  we  were  blockaded  by  the  icojani  at  Auuantu^ 
;  Harbor,  iu  Cumberland,  I  saw  thi-ee  or  four  of  these  eiders.  At 
i  time  »  superb  speeiuieu  sut  fur  hours  on  a  eake  of  ice  btit  a  short 
e  from  the  ship ;  but  I  could  not  reach  it  on  avconnt  of  the  breid;- 
I;  ice.  I  watched  him  a  long  time  with  a  good  glass,  and  there  is  no 
■aticHi  of  its  identity.  Iu  late  automn  I  saw  some  that  I  think  were 
S  species. 

1,  Somateila  molUajdma,  ( I.iun.)  Lrnch. 

"Metiik,"  Cumlicrlftini  Eskimo.     ''Mt-tti'k"  and  "Araaiilik," <ireeii!ainit-n 
This  eider  is  one  of  the  commonest  birds  in  Cimiborland,  an<l  the  only 
s  that  congregates  t'tgether  in  any  eonsidcrablo  uuml>ers  to  breed, 
r  nru  at  all  times  gregarious.     The  old  males  separate  frt 
ftles  and  young  as  .soon  as  the  breeding  season  Js  ovei',  aitd  a 
'  tbcmselves  in  large  flocks.     Thoy  also  migrate  southward  i 


90  NATUBAL  HISTORY   OP  ABCTIC  AMERICA. 

earlier  tLan  the  females  iind  young.  During  tbe  autnmn  of  187T  ve 
pi-ociuYul  about  seventy  of  tLese  birds;  but  not  a  single  adnlt  nule  nc 
sbot  or  even  seen.  They  veie  met  vith  in  largo  flocks  at  lus  off  tbt 
out^r  islands  on  the  east  coast  of  Hall's  Land;  here  I  also  remukcd 
that  they  seemed  to  be  all  males.  As  soon  as  there  is  any  open  wata 
they  are  found  in  spring;  still  they  were  not  common  at  Annanavtook 
till  the  latter  days  of  May.  Eskimos  from  the  south  reported  them  oa 
the  doe  edge  near  Kiantilic  early  in  May,  and  I  saw  a  few  on  an  webet;; 
near  the  Middlii^uacktwack  Islands  on  the  30tli  of  April,  lliey  a* 
stand  almost  any  tempei'ature  if  they  can  find  open  water.  I  saw  tut 
adult  male  iu  the  tide  rifbi  of  the  Greater  Klngwali  in  Januai^*.  Tit 
day  I  saw  him  it  was  — 50°  F. ;  but  ho  proveil  too  lively  for  mv.  Tbf 
Eskimo  could  have  procured  him  on  difiereat  occasions;  but  tbfvhid 
some  superstitions  notion  regarding  so  unusual  an  occuneuc«,  aod 
would  not  kill  it. 

In  tbe  fall  of  1877  I  often  found  broods  still  unable  to  fly,  ibeugfa 
moi'C  tliDU  three-fourths  grown,  as  late  as  the  middle  of  October.  SauD 
Hocks  coutiDued  about  the  open  tide-holes  till  2^ovemlM^r  17.  At  thi; 
date  I  kille4l  six  young  males;  the  temi>erature  was — 7=^  Fah.  Thej 
had  at  tlii»  time  about  fifty  miles  to  the  open  water. 

Xheii'  food  in  autumn  consists  almost  entirely  of  moUusks.  I  faarr 
taken  kIicIIs  from  the  cesophagiis  more  than  two  inches  in  length;  frm 
ii  siuyle  biiil   1  have  taken  out  forty-three  shells,  varjing  from  act- 


I  bebiiid  to  see  how  tlie  ducks  would  act  when  tlifg 
As  soon  as  the  boat  was  gone  they  began  to  return  to  ihtd 
I,  botli  mules  and  females.   It  wus  vety  amuKiii)^  to  soe  a  uiiUts  aligU 

li,  nest,  and  with  a  satisfied  air  settlo  htmseU'  down  on  the  <? 

a  suddenly  a  female  would  come  to  the  same  nest  and  intbrui  h^ 

k  tio  htid  made  fi  mishikp, — it  was  not  his  uost.   He  started  up,  look) 

iklj-  around,  discovered  Uis  niintake,  and  with  an  tiwliwaitl  and  vest 

rouH  bow,  accompanied  with  some  suitable  explanation,  I  »up]K> 

iiriuldled  olf  in  search  of  his  own  home,  where  he  found  his  t'uithM 

B  iustalletl.    Sow  followed  an  pxiilauatiou  that  seemed  to  be  hugely 

fcyed  by  all  in  the  vicinity.    A  pretty  lively  conversation  was  kept 

■I>rohably  ou  the  purport  of  our  visit,  as  llicy  seemed  much  L-xcitw 

fuhl  spare  no  moro  time  to  watch  tJiem,  and  crept  out  from  my  hi<Uiig> 

i  into  fall  view  of  all,  and  a  look  of  gii^ater  disgust  and  astonisli- 

Bt  than  these  birds  gave  me  is  dillleuU  to  imagine;  they  evidently 

nled  such  iin^lerhand  work  beneath  the  dignity  of  a  human  being, 

I  i>robably  n^ted  me  wor^e  than  a  gull  or  raven.     So  sudden  and 

ied  was  my  apiHiarancc  that  many  did  not  leave  their  nests,  but 

1  and  squaketl  at  ine  like  geese;  the.se  ^amc  birds  left,  their  nestS 

>  when  the  boat  was  within  a  qusirter  of  a  mile  of  the  islam!. 

3ie  first  eggs  were  procured  June  21.    The  islands  on  which  tb^ 

t  are  but  small  barren  rocks,  of  an  acre  or  less  in  extout,  and  often 

h  a  few  Ceet  above  high  tide-mark.     There  are  a  few  patches  of  Aw 

t  and  Cochlearia  officinalis  scattered  about,  and  ^Iiese  cont^iin  the 

mbor  of  nests.    Eatili  nest  has  a  Uttle  circle  of  green  sod  alK 

jirbich  is  manured  every  year  and  becomes  ciuite  luxuriant. 

nndti  are  sometimes  a  foot  high  and  as  much  in  diameter,  having  been  ' 

t  for  many  years  in  snce«ssiou.     Very  little  repairing  is 

jary  to  fit  the  nest  for  the  reception  of  the  eggs, — merely  a  little 

hs  or  moss.     But  little  down  is  usc<)  till  Mie  full  complement  of  eg|p[ 

^id.    Th«  nests  al^•  often  so  close  togt^tlier  that  it  is  impossible  t 

k  without  stepping  on  them.   A  nest  seldom  contains  more  tJian  fl^ 

I,  otlen  Uiree  or  four,  and  I  never  saw  as  many  as  six  but  twic 

a  principal  breedingphices  in  Cuiulwrland  are  between  lat.  60°  a 

\  N.     The  lower  of  tliese  places  la  aljout  ton  miles  off  shore  froi3 

iDnkeitu;  the  greatest  number  of  birds  nest  here.    The  seven  islands 

liie  uorthwaitl  about  twenty-five  miles  are  favorite  resorts;  also  the 

Ml  islands  to  the  8E.  of  ^Vunanactook.    There  is  also  a  group  knotfi 


92 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF   ARCTIC    AMERICA. 


to  the  Eskimo  as  the  "Shiitook"  IstaudB,  in  the  Greater  King^ali,  wliiTv 
1  found  tlicin  extremely  abiuidaiit.  In  the  Mallutvcitu  Fjonl,  acconiiu;; 
to  the  Eskimo,  is  another  very  luueh  freqiienKMi  brueding-iilSTO,  bnt  1 
did  uot  visit  it. 

Thouwiods  of  eggs  could  be  gathered  on  thene  rocktt  daring  the  latbt 
X>art  of  June  and  tlie  Jlrst  three  weeks  of  July.  It  seems  to  me  that  ll 
woidd  pay  whalemen  to  gather  the  down  which  can  here  bo  secnrnl  in 
great  quantities.  The  islands  arc  so  close  together  that  they  could  all 
be  worked  within  two  days  of  each  other.  There  are  a  great  man)'  im- 
mature  bii-ds,  both  male  and  female,  that  do  not  breed  j  Uiey  assenblr 
iu  largo  flocks,  and  are  often  met  with  at  considerable  distanises  ftmu 
laud.  I  have  found  sach  Socks  conmiouly  in  Cumberland,  on  the  vett 
coast  of  Davis  Straits  and  Daffin's  Bay,  and  uii  the  Greenland  txaa 
abundantly.  Many  large  Bocks  were  seen  in  the  middle  i>f  Darii 
Straits,  among  the  pack-ice,  in  the  latter  part  of  July.  During  the  flnt 
days  of  August  I  s:iw  iuimense  flocks  of  eiders  on  the  western  end  Of 
Disko  Island,  all  males,  flying  southward.  The  specimens  collected b; 
me  in  Oimiberland  present  certain  striking  and  reuiiu-kablc  jioiulsof 
difference  from  specimens  from  the  South  Labnulor  and  Newfoundluui 
coitsts,  cspociolly  in  the  form  and  size  of  bill.  I  had  prepared  a  serifs  ol 
BkulJs,  selected  fmia  over  two  hundred  bii-d3,  that  was  wJcnhited  t4PBlio« 
the  variation  among  them;  but,  unfortunately,  they  were  nmuug  tbe 
8i>ecimens  that  I  bad  to  leave  behind,  iu  the  aunece:j6ar>*  haste  of  dui 
departure,  of  wldch  1  was  given  hut  a  few  hours'  warning. 

These  ducks  are  of  great  use  to  the  Eskimo;  their  eggs  am  eageiiy 
sought  after  and  devoured  in  astonishing  quantities.  The  birds  theio- 
selves  constitute  a  good  portion  of  their  food  at  certain  times,  and  tl» 
skins  are  used  for  a  portion  of  their  foot-gear  in  winter,  and  somctiiiies 
for  clothing.  We  found  the  flesh  of  the  young  iu  autimtu  vety  aceeptnldc 
indeed;  but  the  adults  in  spring  were  i-ather  rank.  Some  specitncns 
were  procured  tiiat  weighed  over  five  pounds.  They  bocom«  extreniEb' 
fat  by  the  end  of  June ;  and  when  an  Eskimo  can  get  a  number,  be  will 
eat  little  else  but  the  fat.  I  wau  often  saved  much  labor  by  having  them 
remove  the  fat  from  the  skins,  which  they  did  wirh  their  tL-etti,  and  uiiidi 
more  eflcctually  than  1  could  have  done  it  with  a  knife.  These  birdH 
suffer  much  &>m  the  depredations  of  gidls  and  ravens.  Laru*  gtawivi 
even  nests  among  the  ducks,  and  the  ravens  live  ofl'  the  eggs  aad  dltfilt!-. 
lings  the  cutira  season. 


Siorakitsook"  nnd  "Kiugalik,"  Grc 


94.  Bomateria  •peotabUla,  (L.)  Boii'. 
"KiDgalalik."   CnmbeHnnd  Eskiu 
laaiten. 

TbR  king  eiders  were  not  noticed  till  the  JOth  of  Jmie.  I  saw  a  few 
l^ir(5(!  tlocks  at  different  times  daring  spring;  but  tLero  were  a  biindred 
i»olli»sima  to  one  spectabilU.  Tliey  appear  to  keep  hy  themselves,  and 
^int  to  mix  with  molltssima,  at  least  during  the  breeding  season.  I  nevei 
-:nviiuyon  this  <.'ider  islands.  The  Eskimo  say  tbat  some  years  theg 
iire  veiy  plenty  and  others  very  few  are  found.  One  Eskimo  t«lii  i 
that  be  nuue  found  tbein  nesting  in  great  numbers  some  distnne«  up  t 
(ireater  Kiugwah,  but  not  in  company  with  the  common  eider, 
arrive  later  and  leave  earlier  than  violUssima.  in  July  I  saw  many  of 
these  iluuks,  mules  and  females,  alniut  America  llarbor.  The.  sexual 
orgiius  of  those  I  procured  were  not  developed,  itnd  they  were  all  in  the 
plumage  of  the  female.  I  suspected  them  to  he  such  birds  us  wes 
tbacbed  very  late  the  prece<Uug  season.  Saw  a  great  many  in  the  si 
plumage  on  the  west  coast  of  Davis  Straits  and  around  Uisku  Island; 
many  of  the  males  seemed  to  bo  assuming  tlie  plumage  of  Uie  adult. 
( iovernor  Feiicker  told  Die  that  there  were  always  a  good  nuridxr  of  these 
birda  aroimd  iii  isiimmer  thiit  i\k\  not  breed.  Many  dockH  of  male  birds 
wcro  noticed  west  of  Disko,  all  flying  southwanl.  Governor  Feucker 
has  procured  identified  eggs  of  tins  duck  at  tJpemavik  hy  shooting  the 
parent  on  the  nest.  They  are  very  common  around  Disko,  bat  breed 
farther  north.  I  shot  a  half  grown  young  in  Kiugwah  Fjord  in  October, 
1377.  The  tump  of  fat  at  the  base  of  the  bill  of  the  adult  males  is 
esteemed  a  greiit  delicacy  with  the  Eskimo,  and  it  is  very  seldom  th^l 
bring  one  back  that  does  not  have  this  choice  titbit  removed. 

55.  CZMemla 1 

From  tlie  Middle  Labnidor  coast  north  to  hit.  IJ7°,  I  saw  at  ibffereiri 
times  large  scoters,  but  could  not  identify  the  species. 

I  will  here  make  mention  of  a  dnek  that  I  saw  on  two  or  three  occasioDi 
It  seemed  to  have  the  size  and  general  muke-up  of  a  scoter,  but  ba^ 
Tiuiob  white  on  the  scapulars  and  about  the  bead.  A  dock  was  wuigi 
by  one  of  the  ship's  officers;  he  said  it  had  a  white  ring  around  theno< 
and  the  rest  of  the  body  was  nearly  all  black.  The  bird  tbat  I  saw  ^ 
unknown  to  me;  it  may  iwBsibly  have  been  the  CampUiltrmus  /ofcra-J 
doriuH.  I  find  in  my  notes  that  the  first  one  I  saw  was  pronounced  ^ 
j»anially  albino  scoter;  but,  seeing  more  just  bkeit,  I  gave  this  theory  i 


»4  NATURAL  HISTOBT  OT  ASCTIC  AMERICA. 

56.  Uergofl  ■eirator,  Linn^. 

"Pye,"  or  "P^k,"  CumberlaDd  Eskimo  and  GreenlaBdMS. 
A  regular  breeder  in  Oumberland,  bnt  not  very  commoB.    SfSlM 
the  perpendicHlar  faces  of  high  difis.    Fotmd  oa  the  Oreenlaad  « 
to  73°  ^.  lat.  at  leafit,  and  probably  farther.    BegisH  nesting  in  Conl 
laud  about  July  1. 

57.  Bnla  basaana,  Brisa. 

Koticed  at  different  times  Axtm  Beaver  Island,  Nova  Sootin,  to 
65°  'N.,  most  numerously  in  the  Galf  of  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Sa 
Labrador  coast.     Not  observed  in  Camberlaod. 

58.  GtaoolaB  oarbo,  Linn^. 

"OkaitHok,"  CumberlaDd  Eebimo  and  Greeolanders. 
A  regnlar  breeder  in  Cumberland ;  did  not  appear  to  be  conunon,  I 
the  Eskimo  say  that  some  years  they  are  quite  plenty.     The  primii 
were  formerly  in  great  demand  for  their  arrows. 

59.  Bapbagns  skaa,  (Brilnn.)  Coues. 

"Sea-Len"  of  whalemen. 
One  specimen  procured  at  sea,  lat.  41°  N.,  long.  68°  W.,  Atlantic  Ooe 
Others  were  seen  at  the  time.  Appears  to  be  of  frequent  occnnenc* 
the  George's,  Newfoundland,  and  Nova  Scotian  banks  in  winter.  St 
near  Lady  Franklin  Island,  north  of  Hudson's  Straits,  in  Septusb 
they  then  had  young  ones  on  the  rocks.  ■ 

60.  atercorailns  pomatorhlniu,  {Tonm.}  TicUI. 


^p  led 


niRDS. 


*  ledges  ou  the  clifl',  ior  tlio  young  I  siijiiiiLse.  They  wcri  vory  « 
1  (isko,  and  tlie  greatest  caution  was  required  to  shoot  tlieui.  I  xliO^ 
I  n',  even  in  full  iilumage,  that  did  not  have  some  white  on  at  least  o 
;  llio  larai.  TLoy  live  to  n  gi-oflt  extent  upon  the  labors  of  the  kitti- 
I'.w,  tbongli  Lhcy  do  not  hesitate  to  attiiek  lAjrus  kucopleruH  and  even 
"/,«*.  Thoy  are  destxactivG  t^t  young  birds  and  eggs.  It  is  a  comniou_ 
i\il  to  see  five  or  six  after  one  giiU,  whieb  ia  soon  tniulu  Ui  disgorges 
:< < I  ihen  ItiP  jaege-rs  llgUt  among  themselves  for  the  morsel,  whieli  ofteq 
:  ^  1i)Ht  in  the  »i^/(T.  Eggs  were  proeurcd  at  ClnuRliavn,  fJreeidandjl 
1  iit'.Hi  ciintaincd  three  eggs. 
.    StercorariiiB  paiaHltlcua,  Trillin. 

"  Ishiiu^cuk,'*  Ciinibtirlniiil  Eskimo  udA  GrM^iiliinileTH. 
i  iii^  species  seems  to  have  the  same  general  distribution  as  the  fore 
Hig,  but, so  far  as  my  obsenations  went,  far  from  as  common.     Eggi 
)(■  obtained  from  the  Wiiigat  Straits.     They  do  not  breed  in  Cumb* 
iril  Round;  in  fa<;t,  I  rarely  saw  one  in  the  Cumberland  waters, 
speeies  weeuis  to  depend  on  Risita  tridactyla  for  the  greater  part  of  itol 
food. 
62.  SterowraiiuB  bafEoDl,  (Boio)  C'lini^o. 

"Iii)iitn)!uk."Ciimti«rl&U(lEskliiiu  and  Gn<*>iil]Uiil«ni. 

A  very  few  of  these  birds  visited  the  npper  Cumberland  waters  i 

''^he,  and  soon  disappeared.     1  doubt  if  they  breed  there.     I  saw  bnj 

i>  few  in  all  tbe  localities!  visite<l.    Seems  to  be  more  common  o 

.  I  than  on  the  weat  coast  of  Davis  Straitt.    One  Hue  tii>ccimen  wai 

found  (lead  ou  the  ice,  with  a  ^trought-iron  nail  three  itiehes  in  length  id 

Uie  a:sopliagU8.    The  nail  had  probably  fallen  out  of  a  whale-boat  thafl 

linil  been  dragged  over  the  ice,  and  the  bir)l  had  mistaken  it  for  a  Usltj 

!i[s  s|>eeles  has  probably  the  mast  northerly  rangeof  anyof  tliejacgem 

> '•-<)» in  tliB  Waigat  Straits  aiul  about  Oinenak  on  the  Greenland  c 

il  by  the  Kskimo  to  be  the  first  to  return  in  the  spring.    'X'huy  c 

iLiiy  were  the  iii-st  to  visit  Annauactook. 

~  3.  I.ania  glauQtl*,  ItrilDQ. 

"  Nu»|;uh,'' Canibvrland  Kskituo.  "Kagn,"  Un^tiitnnitvrH, 
TIds  gull  is  thcfirst  bird  to  arrive  in  spring.  In  1878  tliey  made  their 
Ltf ifrearanee  in  the  Kingwah  Fjord  by  the  20th  of  April.  It  was  still  abuuH 
-.  <'nty  nnlcs  to  the  floe  edge  and  open  water;  still  they  seemed  to  fitrt 
1  \  well  on  the  young  seals.  Many  are  caught  by  tUem,  and  those  pai 
Illy  devoure«l  by  foxes  are  carefully  cleaned  of  every  vestige  of  flesh .  Ad 
I  ..^  seastin,  the  Eskimo  deUght  in  capturing  Ibem  in  various  ways.  Oiia 
Ui  ilic  must  |)opnlar  is  to  build  a  small  snow-hut  ou  the  ice  in  a  localltjj 


96  NATURAL   HISTORY   OF  ARCTIC  AMERICA. 

freqaenteil  bj-  the  gulls.  Some  blabber  or  scraps  of  meat  are  expoaed 
to  view  on  tbo  top,  and  seldom  fails  to  indnce  tbe  bird  to  alight  on  tbe 
roof  of  the  stinicture.  This  is  so  thin  that  the  Eatdrao  on  tho  inride  ca 
i-eadily  see  the  bird  through  the  snov,  and  with  a  quick  grab  vill  bnak 
throngh  the  snow  and  catch  the  bird  by  the  legs.  Some  ose  a  speat, 
thrusting  it  violently  throagh  the  roof  of  the  hat.  Maiif  are  killed  \>f 
oxiMsing  piecea  of  blabber  among  tbe  bummocky  ice  and  lying  concealed 
within  proper  distance  for  bow  and  arrow  practice. 

By  the  middle  of  May  they  had  become  very  abnndant  aboat  Anutt- 
actook;  still,  there  was  no  open  water  within  fifty  or  sixty  miW 
These  were  all  adults  in  full  plumage ;  saw  no  iminatare  birds  till  Jnlj. 
They  settle  on  ice  around  the  Eskimo  encampments,  and  even  on  tk 
rocks  in  close  proximity  to  the  hats.  Daring  this  sea^oD  they  ke^  up 
an  almost  constant  screaming  at  all  hoiu^  of  the  day  and  night. 

May  24, 1  noticed  a  couple  of  pairs  building.  I  think  this  ia  theeariieet 
date  they  would  begin  nidification  at  this  latitude.  June  4.  I  saw  a 
few  L.  gUiueus  among  a  large  fiock  of  Som.  mollUsima  that  were  dinnp 
for  foo<l  outside  the  harbor  in  a  small  lead  in  the  ice.  As  soon  as  tbr 
duck  came  to  the  surface,  the  gull  attacked  it  till  it  disgorged  soroethhl!^ 
which  was  immediately  gobbled  up  by  the  gnll.  The  gall  picked  sevtni 
times  at  what  was  disgorged,  which  leads  me  to  the  belief  that  the  food 
was  small  crustaceans.  This  piratical  mode  of  living  is  vety  characto" 
JKtic  of  Larua  fflancus.  At  this  season  of  the  year  there  was  so  little  4^ieii 
water  in  the  vicinity  that  they  would  have  had  great  difiBcaltj-  in  pronr 


BIRDS. 

in  October,  but  »  very  few  an  far  Koiitii  as  the  Kikkertarsoak  Islands  ' 
^11  the  Labiadur  coast.  TLey  iiro  I'lir  less  cotiiiiiuu  oq  tlio  Greenland 
'  ii;ist  1.Ik]|i  L.  letu-optcrnn,  wUUo  in  Cumberland  it  is  just  the  opposite. 
Uskiino  fVom  Cape  Mercy  tell  mo  tbey  arc  foiiiut  nil  ■winter  off  the  eapo 
and  abont  Sliaumeer.  A  single  siH-ciinen  staitl  in  tlio  tide-rifts  of  the 
Orcatcr  Kingwalt  duriug  the  winter  of  I877-7S.  lu  autumn  they  rnnai 
in  the  upper  Cnmbeiland  waters  as  long  >i»  they  continue  oi>en. 

I  hnre  oi^amincd  souiv  uestM  that  were  built  on  the  duck  islai 
iilways  mi  Iho  bigh(wt  eminence;  tbu  stnu-tiuv  seemed  to  have  be< 
used  iiud  lidded  to  for  many  years  in  BUcveH8ioii,  i)ix)bably  by  the  same 
pair.  In  sliape  tbey  were  pyrauud-fonned  moniids,  over  four  feet  at  the 
Imsc  and  about  one  foot  at  the  top,  and  nearly  two  and  a  half  feet  in 
height,  Thwy  wei-e  composed  of  eveiy  conccivablw  object  found  in  the 
\  icinity,  grass,  wa-woed,  uioss,  Hcbeus,  feathws,  Imnes,  skin,  egg-shella^ .. 
&c,  Tlie  normal  niiuiber  of  eggs  is  tbifc,  but  often  only  two  are  fouadj 
Have  taken  the  downy  young  in  the  littler  part'  of  June.  I  bad  an  < 
I'ortimily  of  seeing  how  these  young  hopefuls  are  inHtructed  ui  egg- 
MK-king,    The  parent  ranicd  a  duck's  egg  to  the  nest  and  broke  a  hole 

ri   it,  ami  the  yuuiigonejust  tielped  himself  at  his  leisui-e.     Alter  the 
\iniug  aiv  full-tlcdgpd,  these  liirds  are  eminfiilly  grogai'ious,  nud  are 

iftcn  seen  feeding  iu  ronsidemble  flocks.    The  flesh  in  highly  esteemetl 
l>y  the  Eskimo;  we  found  the  young  by  no  means  despicable  footl. 

Tb«  Eskimo  use  I  he  skin  with  the  feafliers  on  for  ii  part  of  their  wia 
tor's  (oot-gear.  Thoy  nre  extrnoi-dinarily  gix'e<Iy  and  ^-oi-aeious;  nothing 
iu  llie  animal  kingdom  neems  to  como  amiss  to  tlioru.  1  have  seen  a 
half  dozen  tugging  at  im  Eskimo  dog  skin;  but  this  provetl  too  much 
for  them,  tbougli  they  matle  desperate  attempts  to  get  off  some  small- 
pieces,  which  they  wouhl  bare  eat*n  had  thuy  aacccedcd. 
young  or  di.'uibled  binis,  Ash,  and  erustaujans  aiu  their  ironimon  t 
They  oixj  also  veiy  fond  of  feeding  upon  seal  eaj-casses.  The  first  plm 
age  of  the  yonng  is  much  lighter  than  tluit  of  a  yearling  biixl.  Tbia  I 
just  the  opposite  of  L.  teucoptcrug,  tbey  lieiug  the  darkest  when  yom 
The  young  of  L.  ijlnuciin  gels  darkei'  in  antnuni,  but  when  tirst  I 
fledgt-d  resembles  more  the  bird  of  two  years,  except  that  there  is 
tra«c  of  hhie  on  the  mantle,  and  they  have  somewhat  flarker  primari 

64.  Itanu  leucopterua,  Fitliri', 

■'  Nowj'nli,"  Ciinilii'riuiiil  Eskiijui.     "  N'ajuiij^ak,''  rirct-uliitiili-rs. 

kTlie  Eskimo  do  not  distinguish  between  Z.  gUtvciui,  leucopleniK,  gla 
Kenn,  and  argentatun;  they  arc  all  "nowyah";  in  fact,  I  am  le4l  t 
Bun.  Nat.  51ns.  Xo.  15 7 


98  NATUBAL  HISTOBT  OF  ABCTIC   AMEBICA. 

think  it  a  sort  of  general  term  as  tbey  a&e  it, — something  like  "  gnlL* 
Thia  Bpeciea  is  far  lees  common  in  Cnmberland  than  gUutau.  On  tbr 
G-ieenlaud  coast  it  is  tiie  most  common  gull,  except  Siua  frii?<iri)<ii 
My  opportunities  for  studying  Ipuoopterus  were  not  very  eztensiTe^  Bid 
my  conclnsions  may  be  too  hasty ;  but  still  it  is  worth  while  fiv  (Am 
that  may  get  better  opportunities,  to  obserre  if  the  following  panti 
of  difference  are  constant : 

First.  Leueopterus,  24  inches  or  leSBj  glauctu,  27  to  32  inches. 

Second.  Tarsus  and  toes  of  leucopterua  in  fiilly  adnlt  birds  often  ortm/t 
red,  and  not  flesh-colored  as  in  glaucM. 

Third.  Biug  around  the  eye  in  leuooptent«  flesh-colored;  in  ^fowv, 
reddish  purple. 

Fourth.  Toung  of  glaucus  in  first  plumage  as  light  as  the  bird  of  tke 
second  year ;  the  young  of  leucoptervs  nearly  as  dark  as  the  yonnf  of 
glaacetceru.    The  bill  is  also  weaker  and  thinner  than  in  giaucu$. 

Governor  Fencker  says  he  has  often  had  birds  that  answered  tiearl) 
to  the  description  of  L.  kutchituii,  but  with  chrome- yoUow  bill,  with  vrr- 
million  spot,  and  not  flesh-colored, with  dusky  tip;  these  birds  wht 
always  found  to  measure  less,  however,  than  the  average  fflancn*,  whki 
is  directly  the  opposite  of  my  ctperience  with  hutchintii.  There  may  he 
a  gradation  betweea  the  two  speciea  as  ihr  as  regards  sizej  but  the 
above  cited  i>oints  of  difference  have  proved  good  so  far  as  my  obwr- 
vations  have  gone.  Thuy  mis  indiscriminatt.'ly  with  giatunu  M  ^ 
liiiK'?",  but   arc  :ili\-:.ys  rcjulily  ilistinKnishiil'lc   I'v   'lirir    sm;iII.T  <k. 


llii.'  niok  liuU  tbrijwii  uvorlxiaril ;  wfvi-  shy  uui]  difliciill.  to  (iltciot.  l''a 
t;iowri  young  of  Uiw  miK-cios  wert-  slmt  in  the  first  days  of  Septembi 
tUtHL'  wfr«  »!V«u  liarker  tliaii  tins  jomig  of  £.  nrgentaUis,  the  priniai 
and  tail  being  rer}/  nearly  black. 

66.  Lama  marlnu^  Lluri. 
"  Nujunlluk.''  Urri'Dlumli-Di, , 

(.>bm^iTed  ill  Ciiuil>erlaud  ouly  iu  iate  iMitumii ;  raunot  UHu-itain  Xhi 
t  lic.v  IjiL'pd  tliei-c ;  iitiit«  common  on  the  Groeiilaud  const  form  Oa^  to  70=^ 
N.  lilt.    Abundant  iu  October  on  the  Houtli  Labrador  coast  and  Xew- 
fouiidliuid.     11  iitulreds  daily  frequcntSt.  Jolm's  Harbor.  If ewfoundlaJ 

67.  L«nts  argentatua,  ItrUuu. 
■■NowyiiL,"  CuinlH'rIund  Enkiiuu, 

Not  UDComujou  in  Cumberland,  and  breeds  to  lat.  GT'^  X.  A  mei 
Htratiglcr  on  tho  Greenland  coaat.  Bpeoimen  eliot  Juoe  20  in  CamlM 
land  contaiued  ova  as  liu'ge  as  bucksliot. 

L  Paeopblla  ebuiasa.  (lui. 

■' Nnyanarsiik,"  Orcoulamlei'M, 

Very  common  in  Kingwalt  Fjcnd  and  vicinity  just  beforo  it  fl'oze  u 

r  u  fuw  days  only.    None  seen  iu  spring.    Does  not  breed  in  (.'umb< 

By  no  means  common  on  tho  Greenland  coast.    The  food  of  tli03e 

mined  conaist«d  of  small  crustiwi-ans.     I  saw  one  trying  to  .-iwallow 

b  wing  of  a  Som.  motlisHima  that  tlii^  cook  had  Uii-own  overboard,  when 

Itaot  it.    The  wing  was  so  lodged  iu  the  (esophagus  that  it  would  cer- 

itnly  have  cbokwl  th«  bird  had  it  not  disgorgnl.    Those  tliat  visited 

•  neighborhoo{1  seemed  to  have  a  very  dccideti  prefercuce  for  meat. 

iuco  saw  throe  or  four  alight  on  a  seal  that  bad  just  been  killed,  and 

bcmpt  to  get  at  tho  flesh.    They  are  easily  decoyed  within  shot  by 

wing  pieces  of  meat  on  the  ice.     Were  one  of  tho  most  ;ibiindcint 

I  greedy  birds  around  a  whale  carcuss  that  had  been  killed  in  the 

alty.    Tlie  Bi)ecinmns  I  procured  that  were  nearly  in  a<liilt  phiniage 

i  a  greenish  yellow  bill  at  base  and  bright  yellow  tip,  with  wo  dmly 

trkitufii!  the  younger  birds  only  hail  the  bill  cloudeil  with  dusky. 

■  Tliere  appears  to  I)o  a  marked  diflerenee  in  the  size  of  the  c 

fenialt^  being  one  to  two  inches  ahorlw  than  the  male. 

,^.  Rlaaa  tiidactrla,  Linn. 

"Iionar(Ui"(UttleNunyuU),  CuutbetJiuiilEBkiuKi,    "Tnltunit,"»r  ■ 
Qre«nlamU-re  ami  KskJnin  nbout  Froliisbpr  Stmila. 
'  The  kittiwake  was  first  noticed  In  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  on  « 
wani  passage,  the  18th  of  August,  1877.    From  this  jKtiut  norths 


100  NATURAL  HISTORY   OF  ARCTIC   AMERICA. 

they  were  with  us  coiisbmtly,  if  we  were  near  land  or  &r  out  at  Mti,  ■ 
stonnorcalm,  fogorsuow;  ooday — scarcely  an  boor — bat  acMneof  thoe 
interesting  birds  were  oar  (-ompanions;  often  a  few  indiridnalB  only,at 
other  times  flocks  of  many  bimdrcds  or  erca  periiaps  tboasands  od  the 
islands  of  the  north  Labrador  coast.  In  GnmberlaDd  they  are  by  Cir  tbt 
most  common  gull,  antl  in  fact  the  most  abnndaat  species  in  fikll.  bat  m 
far  as  I  conld  learn  do  not  breed  there.  From  September  t3I  the  is 
covered  the  water  they  were  extraordinarily  abundant,  ccmgiegating  n 
immense  flocks.  When  the  tide  mns  strong  they  follow  the  Mreamfir 
many  nules  in  regular  order,  about  half  their  number  constantly  dipping 
into  the  water,  while  the  rest  fly  on  ahead  a  few  feet ;  while  thus  feedin; 
they  remind  one  of  a  flock  of  passenger-pigeons  fee^ling  in  a  grain-field. 
The  food  obtained  at  snch  a  time  is  mostly  small  emAtaoeans. 

"When  a  good  feeding-place  is  found,  the  whole  flock  settles  down,  and 
so  close  together  that  almost  any  number  can  be  shot.  The  jacgeni  iR 
always  on  the  alert  for  snch  flocks,  and  when  they  gel  near  the  gnlli, 
they  all  fooUshly  take  wing,  when  the  jaeger  singles  out  a  likely  looking 
subject,  which  is  soon  made  to  disgorge.  Tlie  flo<'k  soon  settles  »^ain. 
and  the  same  niancenvre  is  repeated. 

I  did  not  net',  a  single  kittiwake  in  the  iipp^i*  Cumberland  viuea 
during  spring  or  summer,  where  there  were  thousands  the  prevJoo* 
autumn.  A  very  few  immature  birds  were  noticed  on  an  icebers.  Jnlj 
18,  near  Capo  Mercy ;  but  these  were  all  I  saw  till  nearing  the  Gnvnlawl 


1JIR1»S. 


10 


it   III  lidiil  of  tme  of  tLo  liskiiuo  Imls,  feeding  from  a  iiile  of  garbage)^ 
!n;  iiiso  foiled  to  KOiture  it.    TLo  bin!  looked,  to  uic  like  an  adnlt  X. 
franklini,  a  bird  not  bithcrtu  taken  up  as  bclonpng  lo  tlie  Greenland 
fauna. 

70.  Xema  eabloU,  (t^uli,}  Lcacli. 
On  tbe  Oth  of  October,  187",  oh  the  i)ae»itgo  Irom  the  Kikkert 
lauds  northwaixl,  a  pair  of  tJieso  birds  kept  close  to  tlie  stem  of  tbe 
toiler  for  many  miles.    I  could  easily  bavo  shot  them,  but  it  would 
^vo  been  impossible  to  procure  tlieiii  had  I  dono  so.     Saw  no  others  f| 
f  time. 

L  Stvma  maorura,  N'aiiui. 

"liiuiikililalc,"  CuBibcrlnnil  Eskiaio  aiic]  GiTPulmnlcrs. 
I  the  19th  and  20th  of  June  there  went  thousiaiids  of  these  bin 
^ut  Annanactook  Harbor,  but  this  was  itiso  the  only  time  I  saw  a 
1  Bdkinio  say  they  breed  on  the  Suvea  Islands  in  Ouinborland  boie| 
,    They  were  flret  noticed  in  the  Gulf  of  Saint  Lawrenee  iu  Av 
From  this  point  thoy  seemed  inoi-e  or  less  common  along  the  en-" 
b  Labrador  eousl  and  thu  islands  north  of  Hudson's  Straits,  but  not  in 
linberland.    On  the  Greenland  eoaj^t  they  are  abundant,  in  suitable 

lilies,  to  lal.  TS°  JJ.    In  Disko  Bay  they  aro  very  tommou,  and  brc 

f  tboosauds.    Tliey  begin  migrating  soutliward  during  the  latter  dtq 

&ngnst,  when  the  young  are  large  enough  to  take  care  of  themselvf 

H'ared  to  be  plenty  at  the  mouth  of  Exeter  Sound,  where  "  ka))Ul 

b  verj'  abundant. 

L  Pulmariw  slacialla,  Li'iu'li. 

"Oohudhik,"   Ciimborlana   ExkiiDO.       ■' Kakordhik"   inliitL')   iiii<)   '-I^hIiM 

(dark),  Gru'iMilauilers. 

u  our  outward  passage  Uiwm)  bii-ds  wei*  drat  noticed  off  Belle 

,     From  this  point  northwurd  their  numbers  increased ;  t 
e  everywhere  eloso  in  shore  and  fnr  out  at  sea,  at  all  times  and  ii 
ktber.    Nearly  all  the  Fulmoi-a  I  saw  iu  the  autuuui  of  1877  were 
nt-colored ;  saw  none  so  dark  as  I  did  in  the  sprmg.    They  wi^iv  very 
moD  in  Oumbei'land  till  the  middle  of  October.     Were  eapeeiti] 
tndant  oft'  shore,  Caiio  Gbidly,  Be^olntion  Island,  (jriniicU  liay,  a 
robisber  Straits,  during  the  latter  part  of  August,  September,  and  for 
tef  Octobei'.    These  were  white  with  u  pearly  grey  mantle  and  bright 
low  bill.     1  also  procm-ed  a  few  that  wore  ashy ;  thei>«  1  presumed 
o  young  birds;  but  in  Jidy,  1878, 1  found  a  few  of  these  dark-colored 
mea,  darker  than  any  I  over  saw  in  fall,  breeding  near  Qniekstep  Harbor, 


102  VATUHAL    HtiTOET   tJT 

111  OiiiiiIh'I'IhiuI,  »ii  mauh  .ibaII  rovfcy  b>fcuii6t>.  Wb^n  freifc  At*  Ack- 
ciilim'il  lilitlH  liuv«  a  bri^t  ^i^t-^rttm  ^Mim.  «^p«cully  ip|  iiwt  «■  Ac 
iHH^k  iiml  Ixivk.  Tb*:  b«K  t^  •honef.  stnacf.  Jul  :bBefc«iL<lwfcj  ka«« 
liiHtt<Ht)  iif  follow.  Od  Bh>:  K'jOBCain.  fKi£i&.  i1 1 1  r  nf  ii1  tkMr  Ihi4i 
\\wn\  li,v  myriads  lo  tb>^  t*tj  ^ami^x  of  ilw-  BHiimsjia-  atMVt  ^MVfrn. 

\ttltlK. 

In  I'lxiititr  Hoamt  and  c<>  cm  tH-^rrbwud  aloa;c  tti^  v<^  ikMr»»at  Dani 
HIltlltM  iirul  BaffinV  Btkr.  UL<r  'Luk  TiuiMT  iweiiu  to  E>c>^fcjuBU&  ^ar 
< '11)111  Hffiri':  ii»*:v  aft-  *-sm>>r>iitiArflT'  abimiiaat.  hcvolic^  ^>t  tboana^ 
oil  Mil)  I'adlie  hixoA.  and  ;b^T  u^  .^o  tdm«  iboat  tb#ir  zteitinf-pfarts 
1  hat  tlii^'  <^n  V  killed  *ith  a  «i^fc-  Th*  "^g^  rv«i  after  beis;  bt*i. 
for  iriuiiy  mrfOth.*  ?>ull  r^caia  th^  nuL^ky  otlor  p««iiti:u  to  tbtr  bods.  EVf- 
fwitly  fr*sh  «rK^  are  (|atte  gw-i  <ranns.  bm  if  i  .iwri-U-  -f  itays  <»W  tbe 
liiiiHky  'kI<^  IiOr  rft  p^rnMAt^I  thiirm.  »rri^n  tlwr  a[t>nD;>-u.  ;b  ti  ibrT  ii>- 1 
llftlfs  too  mncb  for  a  civilizeil  palat>^. 

H<i  far  a-  my  obs*rvatioa*  w*nt.  a»t>f>r  tUrfc  hinL*  werv  5«*n  in  HTise 
Itiari  ill  ThIL  i<o  the  <Iark  {iIoiuasL-  t'.inDot  Ij>^  •-bunk-irrii^tit.'  of  the  yuaiii^ 

Tlift  KMJIimoke  U  on*-  of  th«r  3Tee«li»r>t  »i  t^inla.  I  havr  seen  thrti 
fffrdin;;  on  tb«  tranrar^  ti(  a  whale,  when  ifaeir  lot^s  an*!  aaition^  t«i«  frr 
fMrtly  tb<R>«  of  a  vn! tore.— completely  begrimed  with  bloMl  and  gP'.t.'c. 
and  »o  fan  that  they  coohl  not  take  wing.  I  found  ^reai  diffienlty  in 
pnxniring  white  specimens  that  were  not  more  or  less  ilaabeil  over  witfc 
'-^jiTT.''  e:ipeciany  aboat  the  head  an<l  neck.    These  ItinLi  |iuti0se««  rt- 


76.  Fnfflmu  major,  (BHss.)  Faber. 
Abundaut  ^m  Belle  Isle  to  Ueeohition  Island.    Kot  obsei 

Cumberland. 

77.  ColymbuB  torqaatuo,  Linn. 

"Toodlik,"  Cmnbcrlaud  Eskimo  and  Greenlandera. 

Quite  common  ia  Cumberland,  wliere  it  breeds.    Saw  no  specimeoB  J 
that  approiiclied  llio  variety  adamiii. 

70.  Colymbua  arotlcna.  I.iuu. 

"  Cuilliilik,"  Cntiilwrland  EckJmu. 
Not  common,  but  breeds  in  KiugMaU  Fjord.    First  specimen  shot  June 
•Ji.    Saiv  a  fvvf  in  anturan  near  Grinnell  Bay.    Not  found  in  North 
Giconlainl  mcnrding  to  Governor  Fencker. 

79.  Colymbua  aepteiitiionalia,  Liiiu. 

"Kiikoiik,"  CiLNiiii'tliiud  Enkimo.    ■' KurkBaiik,'"  Greenlnnders. 
Verj'  euiumoii  in  all  the  localities  visited  by  me.     Begins  nesting  u 
the  upper  Tumltertand  waters  in  the  latter  part  of  .June.    The  nest  i 
placed  on  the  low  rocks  with  very  little  grass  and  moss  beneath  thsa 
eggs.    Tliey  are  very  noi.'iy,  esiieciaUy  during  the  muting  season. 
Hot  leave  as  long  as  there  in  open  water. 

80.  ntamanla  torda,  Leivcb. 

'■  Akiiamuk,''  Gri-cnlandprs. 

Was  seen  on  many  occasions  and  often  in  close  proximity  to  the  ship 
from  the  outer  islands  of  the  Middle  Labrador  coast  to  Frobisber  Straits. 
They  were  often  noticed  considerable  distances  irom  land.    Are  not 
found  in  Cumberland,  but  by  uo  means  rare  on  the  entire  west  coast  <rf_ 
Greenlanil  to  latitude  G9°  K.    Off  the  North  Labrador  coast  I  noticed  J 
oil  .several  occasions  a  small  auk  (f)  intermediate  iu  size  between  Mer- 
nulun  title  and  Uria  grylle,  with  much  the  same  pattern  of  coloration  as 
tlie  former,  but  with  tufts  or  plumes  of  white  feathers  on  the  bead.     I 
.t;tw  some  with  single  young,  and  at  one  time  killed  three  at  a  single 
discharge;  but  the  ship  was  under  such  licadway  that  the  sailor  sta- 
tioned on  the  waist  could  not  reach  them  with  his  [lole  sind  net.    The 
tiii-d  is  entirely  unknown  to  nie,  but  I  suspect  it  will  be  fomid  to  be  one  g 
of  the  sutall  luiks  hitherto  supposed  to  Inrlongonly  to  the  North  Pacifl 

SI.  Fratsronla  aroUoa.  il..)  III. 
■'KiliiiugaU,"  (IruKii landers. 
Observed  abuudautly  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  thence  nort 
wanl  to  Iludsou's  Straits.     Sot  known  to  the  Cumberland  Eskimo; 
Lmt  common  on  the  Greenland  coast  to  TO*  N.  at  least.    Breeds  plenti- 


104  NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    ARCTIfr    AMERICA, 

fiilly  ou  the  Huiide  iuul  Greeu  Islands  in  Disko  Ba.v,  where  e^fsvere 
prociu'cd.    There  seems  to  be  no  appreciable  (liffen'iioe  in  Culf  of  St 
Lawreiieo  specimeim  aud  those  from  North  Greeulaiul  except  In  siM. 
G2.  Metgnlus  alle,  L, 

■'  Kacrriik,"  (Ircriiliiu'lpr*. 
Common  on  the  north  <:oii«t  of  Labrador,  off  UcMihilion  Tslniiil,  Gnu 
uell  Bay,  and  Frobisher  Straits,  but  did  not  sec  any  in  Cumbi-rluiiiL 
1  sho^fcd  specimens  to  the  Kskimo,  and  they  called  it  n  young  ■'  akpa" 
{Lomria  tirra).  So  I  preeuuie  the  bird  is  ^ery  rare,  if  foiriid  ut  all,  in 
the  Cumberland  waters.  Still  they  are  abundant  off  Kxeter  Sonnd  and 
to  the  northward  on  the  west  coast  of  Bafiin's  Bay.  Governor  Fenc- 
ker  says  they  ne«t  to  latitude  78°  N.,  aud  perliajis  farthiT.  Sest 
abundantly  on  the  Whale  Islands  in  Disko  Bay.  I  procurctl  yonng  off 
Besolntion  Island  in  the  fore  part  of  September.  Tbey  were  vtrj 
common  among  the  pack-ice  in  Davis  Stntits  diuio};  Jnly.  Often  a 
considerable  number  would  be  seen  sitting  on  the  ice.  They  wou 
devoid  of  fear.  I  have  caught  them  from  the  schooner's  deck  with  » 
net  on  the  end  of  a  pole  while  they  were  swimming  alongside. 
63.  TJria.  EijUe,  (L.)  LalL. 

" Pesholak,"  Cumliwlaiiil  EbIquio.  "Si-rlmk,"  or  ''Siifyviik,"  Gm'nlAndoB. 
"Was  first  obsen'ed  off  Eesolntion  Island  in  the  first  days  of  Septem- 
ber, 1877.  Tbey  were  then  busily  engaged  fishing  and  can-ying  the  fish 
np  the  cliffs  to  the  young,  which  were  not  yet  in  the  water.  They  wv 
most  esjwrt  divers  and  are  often  seen  fishing  whore  there  is  a  cunaider- 
able  depth  of  water.  I  once  shot  an  adnlt  female  that  was  carrying  u 
little  Morrhtm  7  inches  in  length  up  to  her  young.  This  was  on  the  I'Jtli 
of  September,  and  the  young  were  not  more  than  tlircc-fonrtlw  grown 
at  this  date.  I  visited  no  locality  either  on  Cnmtterlaud  or  On  the  Green- 
land  coast  where  this  bird  was  not  abundant.  Some  sections  aiuof 
course  more  suitable  than  others,  and  bere  they  ai-e  very  tmmeions. 
They  Iwgan  to  change  into  the  winter  plumage  in  the  latter  jiart  of  Sep- 
tember. Some  of  the  earlier-hatched  young  were  much  earlier  tlisn 
this,  but  the  adults  were  not  in  perfect  winter  dress  till  the  middle  f>f 
October.  They  remained  about  onr  winter  harbor  as  long  as  there  «rii* 
opeu  water,  and  even  one  or  two  staid  in  the  Kingwah  rifts  all  winter. 
In  spring  tbey  returned  as  soon  as  there  was  oiwn  water.  About  tijc 
Sonthem  Cumberland  waters  some  remain  all  winter, — I  be  Iii«kiWj 
■  (tay  only  the  young  birds.    At  Anuouactook  Harbor  tbey  beg^HHH 

^^         iuij;  about  June  25.    The  normal  number  of  eggs  is  two ;   ^"O^^^^^l 


B^^omnoT  Always  nest  in  {■^G^iceH  and  fissures  of  cliSs,  where  it 
mtten  extremely  difficult  to  get  at  tlieni.  Tliey  are  very  tame ;  but  it 
kext  to  an  impossibilitj'  to  Kboot  one  on  Ibu  water  if  tbe  birti  is  watch- 
B  yon,  for  tJivy  dive  (luitc  as  i|nit'kly  as  a  loon.  I  bavo  seen  tlirec 
■rely  bla«k  specimens,  whicb  I  consitli'i-ed  to  Iw  U.  carbo.  One  was 
Icarvd  in  Omnborland,  but  was  lost,  with  many  others,  alter  we  arrivei^ 
Bie  Uuit«d  States.  I  have  examinetl  s|>cciinenK  of  cnrbo  since  in  t^H 
■tlisonian  collection,  and  my  bini  was  oothiug  but  a  nielunistii;  »pe4^| 

■  of  U.  ffryltc.  I  also  liftve  seen  an  albiuo  8]H>cimi>n.  ^M 
Bieru  wore  a  few  birds  in  an  air-bolu  in  tho  icu  ne&i-  our  harbor  in  t)^| 
wr  days  of  Jane  tlnit  to  all  ai)j>earanc«  resembled  tbe  autumn  plui^| 
w>f  t1i«  young;  but  thciee  Vfas  too  txcuurhoroiis  for  metovonture  ou^H 

■  sent  an  Eskimo,  llu  returned  and  reiKtrtod  theui  ><  Knnituealcn 
■mlak"  (very  near  a  Guillemot).  But  if  he  meuut  that  they  wetd 
■n]>erfeet  plnma^e  or  another  spe«ii«  closely  ro«embliug  grgUe,  I  couMH 
■make  oat.  Ho  could  not  got  close  eiioufjli  to  tho  uir-holc  to  proeord 
■specimen  he  killed,  and  I  never  saw  or  heard  anylliing  nioiv  of  theil^| 

■liomvla  airn,  Urnaill.  ^M 

'     "Akpn,"  CluuIhjiIihiiI  Kskiiiio  iiiul  Grei-tilaiiili-ii..  ^M 

X  liatl  bopetl  to  be  able  to  throw  some  light  on  tho  subject  of  the  re^ 
Uoiisbii*  of  the  Murres,  but  1  ftinl  ii)y  matei-ial  coiresiwuds  with  myn 
■Drtuuities  for  obsen'iition — very  ]>oor  and  uusatisfiietory.     I  first  met 
■e  binls  in  numlx^rs  otf  tbe  coast  of  Resolution  Ishind,  but  many  were 

■  farther  south.     About  Giinnell  Itay  and  I-Yobisher  Straits  they  are 
Imoii  oven  as  far  as  tho  mouth  of  Ciuulwrland,  but  apparently  quitesJ 

■  in  the  waters  of  that  sound     Tlio  Eskimo  say  they  formerly  breuj 
■rent  numbers  on  the  Kikkcrtou  Inlands;  Init  they  have  now  apjta- 
Bly  absindoned  them.    There  are  larye  breeding-pla<»s  about  Cape 
■cy  and  Walsingham,  the  largest  "rookery"  lieing  on  the  Padlie 
Inda  in  Exeter  Soitud.    On  Ihe  Greenland  coast  they  are  very  abund'J 
K  breeding  by  thonsands  in  many  localities.    ObseiTed  plentifiUly  ifiu 
vpack-ico  in  July.    AH  the  epocimcns  collected  by  me  were  typicaS 
ft.    I  procured  but  one  single  troHe.    Tho  var.  ringvia,  Itriinn.,  Gor'1 
Krr  Teneker  has  not  met  djiring  eleven  years'  collecting  on  the  Greeo^ 

■  coast;  and  var.  froUe  apjiear<i<  to  bo  far  b-oui  coninmn.  There  19  tl 
ftirkablu  variation  in  tbe  distribution  of  the  dark  color,  tsouio  l>eiu|[fl 
Bo  on  the  throat  (juite  to  the  bill,  and  again  1  have  seen  si>eeimoii|fl 
■rely  black.  The  dark  markings  on  the  oggs  of  L.  arra  and  troile,  l^H 
m  as  .4.  tortJa,  eau  readily  be  obliterate*!  with  lukc-wann  water.        ^M 


n 


FISHES 

COUECTED  IN  CUKBERLAND  GULF  AND  DISXO  BAT. 


By  Taklkton  H.  Bean. 


The  collection  of  fishes  made  by  Mr.  Kumlien  embraces  ten  species*  as 
follows : 

1.  Bareogadus  saida. 

2.  Oadus  ogac. 

3.  Oymnelis  viridis. 

4.  Idparis  vulgaris. 

5.  Cyclopterus  lumpus. 

6.  Coitus  scorpius. 

7.  Cottus  scorpius  sub-species  gronlandictis. 

8.  Cottus  scorpioides. 

9.  Oymnacanthus  pistilliger, 

10.  Oa^t^osteus  pungitius  snh'Hj^ecies  br(ichypoda. 

With  these  I  have  combined  several  species  collected  by  Lieut.  W.  A. 
Mintzer,  U.  S.  K.,  in  Cumberland  Gulf  in  1876,  the  two  following  being 
additions  to  Mr.  Kumlien's  list: 

11.  Lycodus  mucosus. 

12.  Salvelinus  Naresi. 

Besides  giving  a  report  upon  these  twelve  species  recently  obtained 
by  the  United  States  National  Museum,  I  have  ma<le  a  list  oi*  the  spe- 
cies recorded  from  Northeastern  North  America,  which  is  by  no  means 
complete,  but  is  as  nearly  so  as  the  limited  time  allowed  me  for  search- 
ing would  permit.  Of  course  there  are  many  Greenland  species  which 
we  may  be  sure  are  found  also  on  our  northeastern  coast,  but  we  have 
as  yet  no  positive  evidence  of  their  occurrence. 

The  additions  to  our  collections  and  to  our  knowledge  of  the  species 
made  by  Mr.  Kumlien  are  by  far  the  most  important  contributions  from 
the  region  in  question  hitherto  received  by  the  museum,  and  that  excel- 
lent naturalist  deserves  hearty  acknowledgments  for  the  valuable  ma- 
terial which  he  has  secured  in  the  face  of  great  obstacles.  Two  of  the 
species  taken  by  him  have  not  before  been  recorded  from  the  northeast 

107 


108  NATURAL   HISTOEY  OF  ARCTIC  AMERICA. 

uoost — Cottu8  aeorpuisaad  Qasteroateus puTigitius  sob^pedeskvdk^ 
Many  of  the  others  arc  extremely  rare  in  collections. 

LiciitcDaot  MiDtzer'8  collection  also,  thoagh  small  in  Uw  biibIib 
species,  is  rich  in  interest,  and  has  greatly  extended  oor  aniMJrta 
unth  some  of  the  rarest  of  northera  forms. 

Family,  PLEtrKONECTID.ai. 

1.  Plearoasotos  FranUlnll  Glinibcr. 

Pltunnteta  Franklinii  GCkth.,  Cat.  l-lsh.  Brit.  Mas.,  iv,  ldG2,  p.  H2. 

FUuroneotel  (Bfcomiua)  gJacialii  Bicu.,  F.  B.  A.,  ii:,  1836,  p.  358, 

Platema  gtadatit  Rich.,  Voy.  Herald,  FIbIics,  1^4,  p.  166,  pL  ixxii 

Kichardsou  records  the  species  from  Bathurst's  Inlet  (67^  40*  S.,11 

W.};  Dr.  Guntherha^  Arctic  American  specimens  &om  Dr. Bae anil 

Haslar  collection.    Judging  from  the  descriptions  given  by  BidtliA 

and  Giinther,  Pleuronectea  Franklimi  is  very  closely  related  to  P.  fli 

(Storer)  Gill. 

2.  HlppogloBaua  vulgaris  Flouiuig. 

Halibut  KuMLiEM,  in  lit.  I'eh,  1(5,  1(*79. 

Mr.  Kumlien  writes  me,  that  "  in  Fehmary  a  large  halibut  vwcN 
in  a  seal  breathing-bolo  by  an  Eskimo,  but  it  was  sometfaing  eotitrij 
known  to  them." 

It  may  be  that  this  was  not  HippogloBsut  vulgariSy  but  PlatytomatiA 
hippoglossoides  {=Reinhardiiu8  kippoglossoidea  (Walb.)  Gill). 


FISHES.  109 

d  inequality  of  the  lobes  and  the  singular  shape  are  not  present  in  the 
3i.ller  individuals  referred  to  below. 

dr.  Kumlien  sent  the  following  notes  of  color:  "Brassy  red;  belly 
ite^  eye  red.  Fins  dark  purple  brown."  A  sketch  of  this  specimen 
IMr.  Kumlien  has  the  caudal  lobes  equal. 

L747.  (481.)  Kingwah  iljonl,  Cumberland  Gulf,  A.  L.  Kiunlien.  D.  13,  — ,  20.  A. 
^1.    y.  6.    Length  180  millimetres. 

'"  Tound  on  a  seal-hole.  Iris  silvery  white.  Fins  dark  purple  brown. 
Uy  and  lower  parts  silvery.    Back  brassy  olive  brown." — Knmlien, 

1*748.  (857.)  Head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  A.  L.  Kumlien.  D.  13,16,20.  A.  19,21. 
9.    y.  6.    Length  160  millimetres. 

^  Dark  brassy  red,  becoming  blue-black  on  head.  Silvery  white  on 
ly.  Pectorals  white.  All  the  rest  of  the  fins  dark  purple-blue." — 
nilien. 

L753.  (969.)  Cumberland  Gulf,  Jan.  2,  1878,  A.  L.  Kumlien.    Length  112  millim. 

*  The  principal  food  of  Pagomys  fxtidtis  at  this  season.'' — Kumlien. 

I  have  followed  the  lead  of  Malmgren*  and  Collettt  in  employing  the 
tne  Oadus  aaida  Lepech.  Professor  Gollett  has  made  a  direct  com- 
rison  of  examples  of  this  form  of  cod  from  Archangel,  Greenland, 
itzbergen,  and  Nova  Zembla^  and  he  believes  the  polaris  of  Sabine, 
24,  Fabridi  of  Bichardson^  1836^  and  agilis  of  Beinhardt,  1838,  to  be 
entical  with  O.  saida.  The  only  difierence  that  he  obser\'^ed  is  that 
dividuals  from  the  White  Sea  have,  as  a  rule,  darker  fins  than  the 
8t,  which  he  justly  attributes  to  a  difference  in  the  surroundings  of 
le  bottom  in  the  different  places.  They  agree  in  squamation,  structure 
'the  teeth,  position  of  the  anus,  and  in  every  particular  of  the  structure 
'the  body  so  completely  that  they  cannot  possibly  be  separated.^ 

PoUaohins  carbonarius  (Linn.)  Bon. 

Merlangus  carbonarius  Rich.,  Last  of  the  Arctic  Voyages,  1855,  p.  375. 

Bichardson  records  the  species  from  Davis  Strait. 

Oadns  morrhna  Linn. 

Gadus  morrhua  Rich.,  F.  B.  A.,  iii,  1836,  p.  243. 

Elichardson  states  that  Davis  observed  many  cod  in  the  i>ossession  of 
d  Eskimo  who  live  between  Cape  Baleigh  and  Cumberland  Strait. 


Ofv.  Kgl.  Vet.  Akad.  Furh.  1864,  p.  531. 

Cbristiania  Vid.  Selsk.  Forh.  No.  14,  1878,  (p.  HO). 

Men  ioNTigt  stemmc  do  i  Skjoelbekliedning,  Tandbygniug,  Stillingen  af  Anus  og  i 

.vert  Ponkt  af  deres  Legemsbyguing  saa  ftildkommen  overcns,  at  nogen  Adskillolso 

Uem  den  ikke  er  mulig. — Colktt^  L  c. 


110  NATURAL   HISTOBY   OF   ABCTIC   AMEHICA. 

6.  GaduB  ogao  Rich. 

CidB*  oym-  Rich.,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  iii,  1836,  p.  246. 

Godu*  oeak  Budt.,  Vid.  Selsk.  Naturvid.  og  Math.  Afb.,  dc«l  vii,  IfSia. 

OadM  ooat  ErOykk,  Voy.  en  Scanrl..  Ac,  pi.  xis. 

■in^a.    {1417.)     i     Oiidtliaab,  Greenlimd,  Angust  11,  ICTe.    D.  13,  13,  «.    i 
SI.     V.  6.     Lt^ngtli  iif  spucimeu  330  millilnctrea. 

A  black  spot  ou  the  second  dorsal,  §  as  loTig  jia  the  eye,  between  tbt 
thirt«entb  and  flfteenth  raj's. 

ai724-  (1418.)  9  Godtliaab,Grctiiland,  August  11.  lS7a  D.  14,  IB,  20.  h.», 
16.    V.  <i.     Leugth  tif  Hpocimcu  35S  millimctTi's, 

Tbe  lateml  line  shows  an  ioterniption,  nieasuriug  23  miUimctrGeoa^ 
left  side,  the  right  being  nonual.  The  first  portion  of  the  Intera]  liw 
ends  at  the  vertical  tlirougli  the  iuterapaco  bctwuon  the  first  and  eeoomt 
dorsals:  the  second  portion  begins  at  the  verticiil  let  &11  from  the  sixtb 
rfty  of  the  second  dorsal. 

ai7a5.  (14IB.)  9  Godthaub,  Greculiuid,  Angiist  11,  1973.  D.  14.  17,  18.  K.  !>. 
SO.     V.  6.     Length  of  epocimen  300  miltimotreR. 

KichordsoQ  records  this  species  at  Cape  Isabella,  Peninsnla  of  Boothia- 
GdtJiiK  oijac  Rich.,  may  be  only  a  viirioty  of  O.  morrhua  Linn..  »■• 
claimed  by  Dr.  Giinther ;  bnt  after  examining  many  siwcimens  of  tbe 
latter  species  and  comparing  thoni  with  Mr.  Kiimlien's  examples,  I  prefer 
to  consider  these  distinct  from  G.  morrhiia  and  identical  with  Itichanl- 
son's  species.  It  may  be  that  a  laiger  series  would  lead  me  to  the  same 
coucliisioii  reached  by  Dr.  Giinther.  I  have  studied  all  the  common  cort 
in  the  Uiuted  States  National  Museum,  a  verj"  large  series,  ivccutly  in 
creased  by  the  addition  of  a  monster  weighing  100  pounds,  and  find  thai 
<}ad)is  ogac  is  distinguished  fi-om  (!.  morrhmi  by  several  inipoi-tant  cliar 
acU'is,  among  which  are  (I)  a  more  slender  caudal  peduncle;  (i!)  a  longer 
barix'l ;  (3)  a  larger  eye;  (i)  a  gitatcr  distance  between  the  eyes;  {'>)  a 
longer  pectoral ;  and  (fi)  the  more  advanced  )io.iition  of  the  vontral,'*- 
These  differences  may  be  seen  in  the  tables  of  measurements,  in  wLidi 
are  given  the  proportions  of  parts  of  the  Irody  in  hundredths  of  the  total 
length  without  tlic  caudal. 

The  general  color  of  Mr.  Kumhen's  specimens  is  very  dark  brown,  and 
the  sides  are  inarblcd  with  white. 


I 


Tabh  of  MtMurvmeittt. 
Siiede*,  Oadut  agae  lUcb. 


Concnt  Dnmber  of  ipvcdiDaD  ■  ■ 
IiKallt? 


Boa  J: 

l,ciut  hiaeht  uf  tnU 

HiMd: 

(in<iit«si  leajEtli 

WldtborintennbluawM.. 

LcnKlh  of  anoat  

Ixaglh  of  batbel 

Length  of  nuiillliiry 

I,«iglhDrnuiiidibIa. 


fotot 


S1.T2S. 
Qrvenknd. 


Tabk  of  if AwiireiNratt— Continued. 


C«n«tad>it«MqHlm«> 

1T,«5. 
Lolbten.  Ndt- 

17,IMa. 
Hargeo. 

17,40«». 

1T.4M  t. 
Ib-rg™. 

metTM. 

IDMhl 

Mmi- 

lOMha 

uuu- 

metna. 

'<^h.  1  urn. 

length. 

Xxti*nMl«uth<iritbODttwid>l)  .. 

341 

<13 

1 

»00 



39 

n 

1" 

H 

15 
51 

:::::::■     lai 

'Si 

"    1   

Itonallflnt): 

IS 

lat 

M 
M 

■*       1         •** 

V«lh«l: 

112  NATUBAL  HISTORY  OP  ARCTIC  AUEBICA. 

Famfly,  LTCODID^. 

7.  O jmnella  viiidis  (Fabr.)  Rhdt. 

21739.  (726.)  Head  of  Cnmberlana  Gulf,  June  13,  tsra  Length  c»f  ImgaCSail 
I^ngtb  of  abgrter  59  tuillim. 

"Qravel  betusL,  at  low  tide." — Kumlien, 

21749.  (G4e.)  Head  of  CumbeTland  Gulf,  Hay  30, 1878.  a,  lOBmiUIiB.  l,llBwI 
c,  6D  tnilliui.     d,  60  millim. 

"  Coogjannemak  of  the  Eskimo." — Kumlien. 

21757.  (6G1.)  Head  of  Cumberlaod  Gulf,  Jnno  6,  ISre.    D.  95.    A.  77.    Ln|II 
specimoD  104  millim. 
"  Gravel  beach." — Kumlien. 

2175».  (G47.)  Head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  Uay  30, 19;a  D.  105.  LengthofEn 
147  millimetrea. 

"Tide-rifts,  among  stonm."— Kumlien.  Color-sketch  accompw;] 
^1759.  (C4G. )  Head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  May  30, 187%  D.  102.  Length  IttjBl 
"Tido-rifts,  among  stones." — KvmlieTi. 

31700.  (G45.)  Head  ofCumberliuid  Gulf,  May  30, 187a     D.  100.     LengtbltiMil 

*'  Tide-rifts,  among  stones." — Kumlien. 

121999.  (80.)  NiaDtilto,CumberlaDdGulf,  Augnut,  1876.  W.  A.  Hinti«',U.&K. 
aiOmillim.  ft,  170  millim. ;  D.  ca.  95;  A.  77;  P.  13.  «,  175  millini. ;  A75;P. 
^134 millim.;  A.  78;  P.m. 

"Fonnd  between  high  and  low  watermark." — Mintzer. 
This  BiHjcies  ia  recorded  from  Prince  Regent's  Inlet  (Bicb.,  F.  B. 
iii,  183C,  i>.  271 ;  stomach  of  kittiwake  gnll);  Korthnmberlaod  Son 


rescrration.  As  there  is  Uttlu  on  record  conccmiBg  Uie  species,  and 
Ui«  example  under  consideratinn  is  mncli  larger  tlian  the  typos,  and, 
while  it  agrees  In  nil  important  parliculara  with  Kiehardson'tt  descrip- 
tiou  and  llgiire  of  L.  ntimcoKVK,  still  bIiows  some  diScreiicoB  in  the 
orementA,  I  have  drawn  np  a  dciscriptioii  and  prei)ar«d  an  s€conii)anyii)g 
table  of  iue»Aureinent8.  It  will  be  obsened  that  in  Lieutenant  Jlintzer's 
Bpecinieu  the  liead  is  longiir  and  widt^r  and  the  height  and  width 
body  slightlj  1p8»  than  in  the  tyjies,  wliieh  variations  may  bo  acconnt< 
for  by  the  difference  in  size. 

I-ilto  all  the  other  desciilied  species  of  Lycodcs,  except  L.  paxilli 
(loode  &  Bean,  of  whicti  I  have  knowledge,  the  width  of  the  body  at  tin 
vent  is  Terj*  much  less  thnn  jnst  behind  the  pectorals,  and  the  height 
of  the  body  at  the  same  jtoint  is  also  considerably  less  than  it  is  in  the 
anterior  jiart  of  the  body ;  in  other  words,  the  body  tapers  decidedly, 
and  the  tail  is  much  compressed. 

Description. — ^The  length  of  tJie  eiample  is  430  millimetres  (17  Englinl 
inches).    Scales  arc  entirely  wanting. 

The  greatest  height  of  the  body  (at  the  pettorals)  is  contained  ^  timi 
and  its  greatest  width  (jnst  behind  the  pectorals)  0  times  in  the  tol 
longtli.    Tlie  width  at  the  vent  Is  contained  8  times  in  the  length  of  the 
head,  and  twico  in  the  length  of  the  longest  dorsal  ray.    The  height  at 
the  ventnilB  about  equals  the  height  of  the  I»ody  at  the  i»ectoriU8.    The 
height  of  the  body  at  tbe  vent  equals  half  tlie  greatest  width  of  the  h< 
and  is  C4intained  11 J  times  in  the  total  length. 

The  head  is  very  large,  its  longtli   being  ^  of  the  total,  and  M 
greatest  width  contained  GJ  times  in  the  whole  length.    The  iltstanee  fn>i 
the  tip  of  the  snont  to  the  nape  is  ^  of  total  length,  and  J  of  the  leuj 
the  mandible.    The  distance  between  the  eyes  is  (M^ntained  (i  timi 
I  lie  length  qf  the  head.    The  length  of  the  snout  is  ^  of  the  leni 
oi  the  head.    The  nostrils  are  much  farther  from  the  eyes  than  from  eaol 
otber,  their  distance  from  the  eyes  being  contained  4^  times  in  the  leuj 
of  the  hciul.    The  length  of  the  upjwr  jaw  is  contained  (JJ  times 
total  length  ;  of  the  lower  juw,Gg  limes;  the  npperjaw  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  inandri)le  in  length.    The  eyes  are  very  small,  close  together, 
!M!d  high,  their  long  diameter  Iieuig  equal  to  i^of  the  length  of 

,M.l. 

1  ho  distant^  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  to  the  beginning  of  the  dors 
1 1  in  contained  3^  times  in  the  total  length.    Tlie  lirst  ray  of  the  d 
i'lntained  5 J  times  in  the  length  of  the  heat], and  the  longest,  4  t 
ITie  distance  of  the  anal  (Vom  the  snont  ia  JJ  of  the  total  length  i 
L       Bull  Nat.  Mils.  No.  15 S 


»g 

r'a         M 

1 


114  NATURAL  BISTOBT  OF  ASCTTC  AHEBICA. 

almost  equals  twice  tbe  distance  of  the  pectond  ftom  the  snoot  Tbe 
flrat  anal  ray  is  contained  9}  times  in  the  length  of  the  head,  the  kmgwt 
4^  times.    The  Tent  is  nefu'ly  in  the  middle  of  the  total  length. 

The  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  snoat  to  the  base  of  the  pectoitl  ii 
contained  3^  times,  and  the  length  of  the  pectoral  6}  times  in  total 
length.  The  length  of  the  pectoral  eqoals  that  of  the  mandible,  and 
only  slightly  exceeds  one-half  of  the  length  of  the  hettd. 

The  distance  of  the  ventral  &om  the  tip  of  the  snout  equals  the  tength 
of  the  head.  The  length  of  the  ventral  equals  the  long  diiuneter  of  tte 
eye. 

Badial  /ormuUi.—'D.  (including  half  of  caudal)  90 ;  A.  (indndiDg  lalf 
of  caudal)  71;  P.  18;  T.  3. 

Colon. — ^These  agree,  in  the  main,  so  closely  with  Bichardstrn's  d^ 
scription  of  them,  that  it  is  annecessary  to  say  more  than  tliat  the  oon- 
markings  are  faint  and  narrow. 

The  gape  of  the  month  is  very  wide.    The  character  and  arrangeiDesi 
of  the  teeth  agree  perfectly  with  the  original  description. 
Table  of  JfRMur«Mmt*. 


t         ber 

f         Im 

1«-U 

T?^ 

IDOtluaf 

UM. 

4M 

^^ik 

FISHES.  115 

9.  Lyoodes  polaris  (Sabine)  Blch. 

Blennius  polaris  Sabinb,  App.  Parry's  First  Toy.,  p.  ccxii. 
Lyoodes  polana-RiCH,,  Last  Arc.  Voy.,  1865,  p.  362. 

Described  firom  North  Georgia,  lat  75^  N.,  long.  11(K>  W.  Eecorded, 
also,  from  the  west  Bide  of  the  Peninsnla  of  Boothia  by  Capt.  J.  C.  Boss. 

10.  Uronaotes  Parryl  (Boss)  Gilnther. 

Ophidium  Parrii  Boss,  in  Parry's  Third  Voy.,  App.,  p.  109;  Polar  Voyage,  p. 
199.— BiCH.,  F.  B.  A.,  iu,  1836,  p.  274. 

Discovered  in  Baflin's  Bay  and  Prince  Regent's  Inlet  Observed  near 
Felix  Harbor,  ^ected  by  a  glaucous  gull. — Rich.y  L  e. 

Family,  STICH-^ID-^. 

11.  Centroblennins  nnbilns  (Bich.)  Gill. 

iMw^ffemu  mubiluB  BiCH.,  Last  Arc.  Voy.,  1855,  p.  359,  pi.  xxviii. 

This  species  was  described  from  Northumberland  Sound,  lat.  76^  53^  N. 

Family,  ZIPHIDIONTID^. 

12.  Mturasnoides  faaoiatns  (Schn.)  Gill. 

OwnneUui  fasdatus  Bicn.,  Last  Arc.  Voy.,  1855,  p.  357,  pi.  xxvii. 

Bichardson  records  the  species  from  Northumberland  Sound. 

FamUy,  CYCLOPTERID^. 

13.  Bomiorotremiui  apinoaiui  (Fabr.)  GilL 

Cydoptenu  tpinaaua  Gt^NTH.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1877,  pp.  293,  476. 

Gilnther  has  examined  specimens  from  Franklin  Pierce  Bay. 

14.  Cjroloptenui  Inmpiui  Linn. 

21726.  (1411.)  Godthaab,  Disko  Island,  Greenland. 

Mr.Kumlien  brought  down  a  single  specimen  430  millimetres  in  length, 
and  furnished  the  following  notes  of  color :  ^^  Varying  shades  of  dusky 
olive  green.    Dorsal  light.    Belly  nearly  white.    Iris  umber." 

Family,  LIPARIDID^. 

15.  Zaipaxls  vnlgazis  Fleming.  « 

Lipari8  Imeata  (Lep.)  Er()ter,  Nat.  Tidsskriit,  ii,  2,  p.  284;  ili,  1,  p.  244;  Voy. 

en  Scand.,  &«.,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  2. 
Liparii  lineatus  Collett,  Christiania  Vid.  Selsk.  Forh.  1878,  No.  14,  (p.  32). 

21762.  (657.)    Annanactook,  Cumberland  Gulf.    D.  42.    A.  H,  34.    P.  35.    C.  11. 

Taken  in  "  7  fathoms.    Nee-fitz-shak  of  the  Eskimo." — Kumlien. 

21763.  (859.)  Head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  June  29,  1878.  (a)  D.  19,  23;  A.  34. 
(b)  D.  19,21;  A.  35. 

"  Fastened  to  kelp  in  7  fathoms." — Kumlien, 

21764.  (860.)    Annanactook,  Cumberland  Gulf,  June  29,  187a 

"  Fastened  to  kelp." — Kumlien. 


116  KATUBAL  BISTORT  OF  ABCTIC  AHERICA. 

317QS.  (858.)    Head  of  CumlwrlMid  Gulf,  JiuwS9,ie7&   D.41.    A.S4.  P. 94.  CM 

''Fastened  to  kelp  in  6  fitthoms."— £iimH«fi. 

31763.  (&73.)    Anniuiactook,  Camberlaiid  GdIC 

Beferrcd  doalitftilly  to  L.  vulgaria.    The  specimeD  is  young  and  in  bid 
condition.    It  was  taken  in  9  foUioms. 

Bicliardsoii  (F.  B.  A.,  ill,  1836,  p.  263)  mentions  this  species  from  tke 
west  side  of  Da^is  Strait  in  lat.  70°,  and  from  Regent's  Inlet. 

Professor  Collett  fonnd  the  alimentaiy  canal  of  one  of  his  e 
filled  with  small  amphipods,  one  of  tbem  being  CapnOa  * 
Kr,,  together  with  many  individnals  of  Proiomedda/tuciata  Kr." 

16.  Llpaila  F>biloU  EiSy et. 

LipaTi$  Fabrieii  QttUTHER,  P.  Z.  8.,  1877,  pp.  SH,  476. 

Dr.  Oiinther  has  examined  specimens  collected  in  Discovery  Bay  » 
Franhlin  Pierce  Bay. 

Family,  AOONID^. 

17.  A>pldoplioiold«a  monoptoiygltu  (Bloch)  Storer. 

A»pidO])horoidf»  monoplcryglvi  OUmtb.,  F.  Z.  S.,  1BT7,  p.  S95. 

A  young  individual  was  taken  in  30  fathoms,  lat.  65"  N.,  long.  53°  W. 
QUntber,  I.  c 

Family,  COTTID^. 

18.  CoUqs  aooipliw  Linn. 

21989.    (151.)  S  Kiantilio  Harbor,  Camberland  Gnlf,  A.  L.  Kntnlien. 
31743.     (IBO.)   S  Niontilic  Harbor,  Cnmberlnod  Gulf,  A.  L,  Enmlieu. 


FISHES. 


117 


was  presented  to  the  United  States  National  Museum  by  Prof.  Robert 
CoUett  The  agreement  between  these  two  in  all  essential  particulars 
is  very  striking.  We  may  safely  record  this  species,  then,  at  least  as 
tax  south  as  Eastport.  The  true  Cottus  scarpius  may  be  distingiliiihed 
from  the  sub-species  which  follows  by  its  narrower  interorbital  distance, 
and  the  lesser  length  of  the  dorsal  spines,  particularly  the  anterior  ones. 

Table  of  Measurements, 
Species,  CoUut  teorpiu*  Unn. 


Current  number  of  specimen 
Locality 


21«742  a,  d- 
Cumberland  Golf. 


MilUme. 
tres. 


Extreme  length 

Length  to  origin  of  middle  caudal  royi 

Greatest  heiffht 

Greatest  width  (at  pectoral  base) ■ 

Height  at  ventrols 

Least  height  of  tail 

Head: 

G  reatest  length 

Distance  fit>m  mont  to  nape 

Greatest  width  at  base  of  pneop.  spines 

Width  of  interorbital  area 

Length  of  snout 

Length  of  upper  Jaw 

Length  of  mandible 

Distance  ttom  snout  to  orbit 

Diameter  of  orbit 

Dorsal  (spinous) : 

Disisnce  from  snout 

Length  of  base 

I^ength  ftom  end  of  dorsal  to  origin  of  mid- 
dle caudal  rays 

Length  of  first  spine 

Jjcngthof  second  spine 

Length  of  third  spine 

Length  of  fourth  spine 

Length  of  fifth  spine 

Length  of  sixth  spine 

Length  of  seventh  spine 

Length  of  eighth  spine 

Length  of  ninth  spine 

Length  of  tenth  spine 

Length  of  longest  ray 

Length  of  lost  ray 

Anal: 

Distance  from  snout 

Length  of  base 

Length  of  first  ray 

I^ength  of  longest  ray 

Length  of  last  ray 

Caudal: 

Length  of  middle  rays 

Pectoraf: 

Distance  firom  snout  (upper  axil) 

Length 

Yentral: 

Distance  from  snout 

Length 

Bxonohiostegals I 

Donol 


100 
140 


Pectoral 
Tentral. 


{ 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


Right  VI  > 

LeftVUj 

X,16 

14 

Right  10) 

Left     J8$ 

.       1.3 


23 

21 

23 

0 

88 
28 
23 

? 
J? 

10 

8 

84 
23 

10 
10 
11 
12 
12 
12 
12 
10 

0 

8 

81 

10 
ft 

04 
2ft 

5 
18 

0 

20 

35 
26 

82 
20 


21.989.  9. 

Cumberland 
Gulf. 


IdiUi. 
metres. 


180 
150 


lOOths 

of 
Itingth. 


VI 

X,16 
13 

17 

1.8 


24 

21 

24 

0 

88 
27 
28 

J» 

18 

20 

10 

8 

88 
2ft 

10 

0 
10 
U 
13 
12 
12 
11 

0 

7 

2 
17 

6 

64 

24 

7 

14 

6» 
20 

34 
27 

32 

20 


10,874,  Jut. 
Sastport,  He. 


MOli. 
metres. 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


88 
72 


VI 

IX,  15 
14 

17 

1.8 


24 
20 
24 

6* 

30 
28 
23 

5 

8 
17 
10 


10 

3ft 
22 


11 
12 
13 
12 
11 
10 

8 

5| 

3 


10 


63 
20 

0 
12 

7 

oo 

tea* 

3G 
26 

34 
21 


NATUBAL  HI8T0BT  OF  ABCTIC  AHEKICA. 
Table  of  MmiuremeitU — ContiiKied. 


Comot  nombeT  of  apeclinDa !     17A3Sa,-d. 

L«aUti {     "^=^;;^.'*"- 


GiwtcMlenetb.. 

IMrtoiioo  from  BH - ,- 

OnMtM  orldtb    at  bue   < 


UoDUtn  of  orUC.  .. 
DdimI  (iplnoiu) : 
Dbtuice  rrom  >.. 
LeniFth  of  baao  .  _ 

•~- — —it  boigbt... 

Len^h  of  aeoapd  spine . . 
Leagtb  a[  IblrdBplne  ... 
Lni^th  of  Amtlh  iiptDO  -  - 
LoEiflthof  flitb  ipme ...-__ 

Lengtb  of  giitfa  ajilno 

LflDjrth  of  MTMitb  Aplno.-. 
Lea^h  of  eigblb  tabu 
Loni^h  of  ninth  spla^ 
Lim^b  of  tenEb  apine  . 
I*nsth  nf  IpDgiwt  tuf  . . 


17,*33  b.  ?. 
DerEtn-Kor- 


FISHES. 

^1730.  Qodthaab,  Gicculiuiil,  A.  L.  Kumlien. 

'JI731.  GodUioab,  Gnwiilanit,  A.  L.  Koiulieu. 

21740.  (IGI.)  (f .    Niantilio  HarlKir,  Cumlwrlunrt  Gulf,  A.  L,  Kumlicn. 

S1T51.  (67.)     Voiiag.    Arolic  Id.,  Ciimlwrlond  Gulf,  X.  I-.  Kumlien. 

IG031.  Manj  jouug.    Ciuubirrliuiil  Cull',  Liuut.  W.  A.  MInticr. 

I  liavB  readied  practically  tbe  same  eoiiclusiou  coDeeming  tbe  i 
lioDB  of  C.  Kcorpiu«  and  V.  ffronlandicus  as  Dr.  LUtkcn,  Malmgren,  and  Col 
Iftt,  Bincft  it  is  probable  tliat  they  use  the  t^riu  "  \Tirietj* "  in  the  same  seii8u 
in  whicli  I  use  "  sub-species."  Dr.  Liitkeu,  however,  supposes  tbe  Cultun 
rnriabilia  of  Ayres  to  t)e  a  synonym  of  C.  Hcorpitu  sub-species  ffriinlandi- 
cuji;  but  it  is  identical  with  Cottus  aneus  Mitchill.  The  Cottu*  Mitchilli 
(if  Ciuier  and  YaleDcieuncs,  which  was  a  mere  name  based  on  the  Cottiut 
sa/rpiu*  of  Mitchill,  is  evidently  a  synonym  of  C.  ncorpiun  sub-sitecies 
fjronlandicm ;  but  the  name  Cottun  Mitchilli,  as  used  by  Dr.  DeKay  and 
F'rofessor  Gill  and  understood  in  the  muaenm  catalogues,  was  aasociaM 
with  the  spoeiea  which  shonid  be  called  C.  (TiifM*  of  Mitchill.  DoKaj^ 
Cottus  teneus  as  described  and  flgtired  is  a  compound  of  tetifus  and  o 
lierimiqtiniitivit.    H'la  C.  MitckilU  is  the  true  imeux  uf  Mitchill. 

C  WTUfuii  Mitchill  is  the  smallest  of  tbe  morino  sculpins  of  the  e 
coast  so  far  »»  known,  luid  appears  to  be  tbe  least  widely  distrtbuteil.  \ta 
limiln  may  be  stated  as  Long:  Island  on  the  soutli  and  Maine  on  tlK-  north. 
1 1  has  thu  narrowest  interorbitnl  space  of  our  five  known  species, 
not  uncommon  to  find  individuals  of  2J  inches  in  length  full  of  8i>aw 
Tbe  base  of  the  anal  is  almost  invnrinbly  sliortf^r  than  that  of  the  6 
dorwil.  It  is  highly  probable  that  DcKny's  figure*  of  Cottm  < 
Mitchill  was  drawn  Irom  a  specimen  of  Coitus  octodeciingpinosus  Mitch- 
ill, the  only  known  Eastern  American  seulpiu  with  so  long  ft  spine  on 
tbe  proioperculuni.  The  nnmber  of  anal  rays  (13)  in  this  figure  1 
iit'\-er  been  recorded  in  Coitus  mnctta,  but  is  common  in  C.  octodecim 
Mosw.  DeKay's  figure  of  Colius  Mitchilli  is  a  fair  representation  of  t 
aneua  of  Mitchill. 

Cottus  Dcorpiug  Bnb-si>ecies  grimUindicm  has  about  the  same  soathei 

tit  as  C.  cenem,  hut  it  mnges  northward  to  Greenland.  It  is  abundant 
"Wood's  Holl,  Miissai^ihuiietts,  in  winter.  The  United  States  Fish 
tnmission  has  found  it  common  in  snmmer  at  different  points  along 
I  coast  between  Cape  Cod  and  Halifa.\,  Nova  Scotia.  At  Salem  i 
mcest«r  it  wa«  caught  team  the  wbar%-e8.  Tbe  stomach  of  an  ado] 
medium  size,  taken  at  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.,  by  the  Fnited  Sta 
Fish  Ounnnissioo,  contained  three  crabs,  Cancer  irroratus. 


120 


NATUBAL  mSTOBT  OF  ABCTIC  AUEKICA. 


Cottus  octodedmapinosut  Mitchill  is  known  from  TTftTifw  on  th«  BOfth 
to  Beesley's  Point,  ISew  Jersey,  «n  the  sontli,  where  it  was  ooUeeled  bf 
Pro£  S.  F.  Baird  in  1854.  It  ia  considered  a  sh^low-water  species ;  bnt 
the  United  States  Fish  Commission  has  a  specimen  frtim  68  &t)ioiBi  ta 
the  Golf  of  Maine,  where  the  temperature  was  aboat  12°  Fahr.  Ike 
greater  portion  of  the  examples  were  iVom  10  fothoms  or  less. 

Add  to  these  Cottus  aoorpioides  of  Fahridns,  and  it  will  oompMe  the 
list  of  Eastern  North  American  species  of  the  genns  Cotfa  ao  te  M 
known. 

As  already  intimated,  Cottus  soorpius  sab-species  ffrSnlandieia  is  quite 
readily  separated  from  tiie  typical  0.  aeorpiiu  by  its  wider  intoortilil 
distance  and  its  higher  spinous  dorsal,  which  differences  are  best  ex(» 
plifled  in  the  specimens  firom  Greenlfuid,  and  appear,  along  with  otkcf% 
in  tiie  measurement  tables. 

Table  of  Meanremmtt. 

SpeclBi,  OottM  taifpliut  taHnfucixa  (rnnlBHUoit. 


CorrenlnumbororBpecimm 

SLTJI.                            a.7M. 

MUIlnw- 

lMlh.01 
length. 

Mmiwt 

ZK- 

Kmrme  lencth 

M 

us 

"EW....tb.teM 

« 

^1 

FISHES. 


121 


Table  qf  MeaturemenU — Continaed. 


Cvxreiit  nmDlMr  of  ■pecimcn 


LooaUiy 


CmmUU: 

Length  of  middle  lays 

PwtorsT: 

Dutanoe  from  snout  (upper  axil) 

Length 

▼entnl: 

Distance  from  snout 

Length 

Brmchiostegals 

Domal  


{ 


Poetoral { 

Yentral 


21,731. 


21,780. 


Godthaab,  Greenland,  Aug.  8, 1R78. 


Millime- 
tres. 


Bight  YI 

Left     VI 

X.16 

14 

Bight    17 

Left      17 

I.  3 


lOOths  of 
length. 


86 
28 

29| 
21 


MLnhne- 
tree. 


vn 
vn 

XI,  17 

14 

17 

17 

I.  8 


lOOthsof 
length. 


21* 

34 
29 

81 
24 


Current  number  of  spechnen. 


Locality 


length 

Length  to  or%in  of  middle  oandal  rays. 


height  of  taU 

Length  of  caudal  peduncle . 
B!ead: 

Width  of  interorbitol  area . 

Length  of  snout ■ 

Length  of  upper  Jaw 

Lenffth  of  mimdiDle 

Donal  (spinous) : 

Length  of  first  spine 

Length  of  secofba  spine  ... 

Length  of  third  spine 

Length  of  fourth  spine  . . . . 

Lenirth  of  fifth  spine 

Length  of  sixth  spine 

Length  of  seventli  spine . . . 

Length  of  eiithth  spine  . . . . 

Length  of  ninth  spine 

X^ength  of  tenth  spine. 

Length  of  eleventh  spine . . . 

Length  of  longest  ray 


Distance  from  snout 
Pectoral: 

Length 

Yentral: 

Distance  firom  snout 

Length 

Braoohiostegals 

Dorsal , 


{ 


Pectoral 
Yentral. 


21,729. 


21,728. 


Godthaab,  Greenland,  Aug.  8, 1878. 


Millimo- 
tres. 


lOOthsof 
length. 


235 
195 


Bight  YI 

Left     YI 

XI.  I,  16 

14 

Bight    17 

Left      17 

I.  8 


H 

10 

6 

9 
19 
20 

20 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
19 
10 
13 
10 
6 
20 


81 

88 
25 


Millime- 
ties. 


218 
178 


lOOthsof 
length. 


18 

19 

181 

18 

19 

181 

n 

14 
9 
6 


20 


YI 

YI 

X,!,  10 

13 

17 

18 

I,  8 


83 
28 


NATUBAL  HIBTOBT  OF  ABCTIC  AMERICA. 


La«[  boiRbt  of  UQ 


t«nfftb  of  dnh  B 

' tliof  M<a>£nfaw.. 

Ih  of  elelitlianaHi 

bUisT  ninth  ai^ne  — 

Lmgtb  of  UMb  *plsa 

Lenetk  of  IdBceat  rmy 

LFoCtb  of  tHtn; 


DliliDco  fnns  snout 
Loagrh  of  ttntrmy.. 


PISHES.  12^ 

r  of  them.    It  is  a  species  cliaract«rizod  by  a  vnvy  Bliurt  liea<l  iindl 
ft  jiiws,  tlie  beaU  coDBtitutiug  only  one-third  of  the  total  leugtJi  witl 
the  caudal,  and  llio  upper  Jaw  equalliug  less  thnn  ouc-seveiith  uf  tlu 
I  leiigth.    The  length  of  the  iippcr  jaw  of  C.  grimtandiou)!  eijiial 

f  more  tlian  one-sixth  of  the  total  length  without  caudal,  and  idi 
^rpim  it  is  contained  only  Gj  timea  in  the  length  exclusive  of  the  I 
The  BpecieH  agrees  with  Fabricins's  description  and  with  Dr. 
n*8  diagnosis  of  CoUw  swrjiioides.    For  the  sake  of  comparison,  I 
b  prej^ared  a  table  of  measurements  of  the  head  and  jawa  of  9  addl-j 
I  specimens  of  0.  griinlandicus  to  follow  the  nieasureinents  of  ( 
ioidef.    The  unit  of  length  in  the  tables  is  the  total  length  to  t 
if  Uie  middle  caudal  rays. 
riptioH, — The  shape  of  the  body  resembles  that  of  Cotdm  scorpiu 
e  caudal  peduncle  is  longer  and  more  slender. 
0  greatest  height  of  the  body,  n'liich  is  at  tlie  vontrals,  equals  thq 
mce  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  to  tho  nape,  and  in  contained  4j  timei 
B  length  without  caudal.    The  caudal  peduncle  is  slender  and  long ; 
ist  height  is  less  than  the  long  diameter  of  the  orbit,  and  its  length 
uigin  of  the  middle  caudal  iitys  equals  the  length  of  the  longest 


e  length  of  tlie  bead,  measured  to  the  end  of  the  opercular  flap,  i 
jkined  3  times  in  the  unit  uf  length.     The  width  of  the  heitd  at  thd 

f  the  priEopcrcHlar  spines  rqualH  the  distance  from  the  snout  tofl 
[papc,  oud  nearly  equals  the  length  of  the  anal  base,    llie  long* 
leterof  the  eye  equals  half  tho  length  of  the  upper  jaw,  and  im 
I  little  less  than  tho  length  of  the  snout.    The  distance  hotweei 
fyes  equals  ^  of  the  length  of  the  mandible,  and  is  continued  £ 
1  the  unit  of  length.    The  lengtli  of  the  snout  equals  j  the  leugtll 
B  mandible,  and  is  contaiueil  14  times  in  the  unit  of  length. 
B  distance  of  the  spinous  dorsal  fioin  the  snout  equals  twice  till 
h  of  the  longest  ray  of  tlie  second  dorsal  and  is  nearly  or  qoit< 
K  to  the  length  of  the  hea<l.    The  first  spine  is  contained  11  tiuie«,f 
xmd  9J  times,  and  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  0  times  in  the  unifel 
From  this  point  the  spines  diminish  gradually  in  length  tol 
:,  which  is  ^  as  long  as  the  first.     The  longest  ray  of  the  seconcll 
i  is  contained  flj  times  in  the  unit  of  length. 
e  distance  of  the  anal  from  the  snout  equals  twice  the  length  of  thai 
The  anus  is  directly  under  the  origin  of  the  second  dorsal, 
igtli  of  tho  anal  base  is  about  equal  to  the  distance  from  t 


124 


NATL'RAL   HISTOET   OP    ABCTIC    AMEEICA. 


snout  to  tbo  nape.  The  first  aud  laat  rays  aie  usually  cqnal  in  leogtb, 
and  equal  tbe  length  of  the  snout  The  longest  anal  ray  eqoals  in  tenglh 
the  caudal  peduncle. 

The  length  of  the  middlis  caudal  rays  is  contained  from  5  to  6  timCT  in 
ttie  nnit  of  length, 

The  distauce  of  the  pectoi^  from  the  snout  is  couUiined  3^  tiiui«,  and 
its  length  3^  to  4  times  in  the  unit  of  length. 

The  distance  of  the  ventral  from  the  snout  equals  twice  the  hmgUisf 
tlie  upjter  Jaw.  The  length  of  the  ventral  iu  females  is  coDtaloed  5 
times  (in  one  nearly  6  times)  in  the  nnit  of  len^;  in  males,  aboot4J 
times. 

Sadial formula.— B.\l;  D.  IX-X,  15-10;  A.  11-13;  P.  15-16;  V.I, 3. 

Dr.  Liitken  is  of  the  opinion  that  ^'■CoUug  packffpw  Giinther  (IWidi 
Port  Leopold)  is  the  genuine  C.  gmrpioides,"  in  which  opinion  I  fullj 
coincide  after  a  comparison  of  Mr.  Kumlien's  specimens  with  FahridoA 
description  of  C,  Bcorpioidea  aud  the  description  of  C.  packypm. 

Coitus  scorpioidea  appears  in  Professor  Gill's  List  of  East  Coast  Fishea 
with  a  doubt  as  to  its  reference  to  the  genus  Cottu»,  to  which  gvnns, 
howev  J,  it  was  properly  referred  by  Fahrlcius. 

faite  of  MeaiUTemmtii. 


I     2l,-!ib  b,  d.     I 


LocJltj- 

LatSfi= 

24' N. 

Long.  ae°  KWf. 

MiUl- 

leDfcth. 

Mim- 

IMtttu 

of 
longth. 

S. 

E  trpT      1      rtli 

83 

« 

113 

US 

Buily: 

33 

33 

ID 
ID 

11 

S3 

Doi  tal  (8|>iD0D8) : 





FISHES. 


125 


Table  of  Measurnneni^—Contirmed. 
Species,  Ootttct  MOfpfoidM  FBl>r. 


iJnnent  nnmber  of  specimen 


21,745  a.        I      21,745  b,  (f.    \      21,745  c,  9. 
Lat60"24'N.    Long,  CS9  4V  W. 


Mnu. . 

metres. 


ILnol: 

Distanoe  from  snont . . 

Len;jtb  of  base 

Length  of  iiist  ray — 

Length  of  longest  ray. 

Length  of  last  ray  .... 
i^Mtdml: 

Length  of  middle  rays 
Paetoraf: 

Distance  firom  snout . . 

Length 

Distance  from  snout . . 

Length 

Bmichioategals 

Donal 


Pectoral 
Ventral. 


VI 

IX,  16 

13 

15 

1.8 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


60 
24 

8 
18 

8 

21 

81 
29 

29 
21 


Milli. 
metres. 


X,16 
12 
16 

1.8 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


60 


80 
80 

29 
23 


Milli. 
metres. 


IX,  16 
1-i 
10 
1.3 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


61 


26 
17 


Cmrent  number  of  specimen 
Locality 


{ 


length 

Length  to  origin  of  middle  caudal  nys. 
Body: 

Greatest  height 

Greatest  wkfth 

Boiirht  at  ventrals 

Least  heisht  of  tail 

LengUi  of  caudal  peduncle 


Greatest  length 

Distance  from  snont  to  nape 

Greatest  width 

Width  of  iutcrorbital  area . . 

Length,  of  snout 

Length  of  maxillary 

I>ngth  of  mandible 

Distance  fh>m  snout  to  orbit 

Diameter  of  orbit 

Dorsal  (spinous) : 

Distance  from  snout 

Length  of  base 

Length  of  first  spiuo 

Length  of  second  spine 

Length  of  tbinl  spmo 

Length  of  fourth  spine 

Length  of  fifth  spine 

Length  of  sixth  spine 

Length  of  seventh  spine  .... 

Length  of  eijgbth  spine 

Length  vf  nmth  spmo 

Length  of  tenth  spine 

Length  of  Ion;;est  ray 

Length  of  last  ruy 


Distance  fhnn  snout 

Length  of  base 

Length  of  first  ny. . 


21,745(1,9. 

Lat  eco  24'  N. 
Lon.  680  4y  w. 


22,827,  9. 

Cumberland 
Gulf. 


Milli. 
metres. 


102 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


Milli. 
metres. 


223 
100 


6 

14 

33 
23 


5 

7 

14 

15 


7 
31 


61 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


23 
22 
23 

H 


32 

23| 

22 

?i 

14 
15 

8 

7 

30 
27 
10 
11 

111 

'? 

7 
5 
3 
16 
6« 

61 
23 

7* 


Aver- 
ages. 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


28 


7 
32 


0 

10| 
11 
11 
11 
10 

9 

7 

5 

3 
16 


61 

It 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF   ARCTIC   AMERICA, 
Table  «f  IfMsiirmiwni*— Contimied. 

Species.  Oettiu  tnrpUda  Fkbt. 


ai,7<6  4  9- 

1*1.  (W  w  N. 

M.sn.  9. 
Ci»iib«tiuid 

Lonllty { 

Aw 

Mini- 

looth. 
or 

Mill,-  i  '"«'- 

l«Mta 

AdbI: 

f 

n 

M 
IB 

3U 

ar 

IB 
SO 

:::: 

'"Sl^':;::;;::;:::; : 

T 

u 

3p«cic>.  OnWia  marpliu  snb^pecf h  pronEan<li«u. 


22, 

■72  a. 

«~n* 

aiB.. 

BaekipnlUg. 

MQIi. 

lOOtlu 
length. 

Mtm- 

let^h. 

,rL 

URki 
lOfU. 

S 

W 

" 

17* 

S 

Hcoa; 

m 

Curriutniraibfrof 

Buckeport,  Ue. 

22,272 1 
BackBport,  Ue. 

Biickq>cM.]b. 

1       11 

^ 

»"""■]  lea  Jtb. 

Milli. 

IfTlgtb- 

Milll. 

76 

17 

79 

i 

80 

22.272  ff. 
Itiick«rgrt.Me. 

:S,Z7!A. 
BuckuportMe- 

DnckiT*'.''^ 

MOli- 

IMths 
Icn^h. 

lnfU««. 

IDWlll 

or 

leoglh. 

■n^fSt 

3 

Exlrcmpkiiilh  wiHiontcoodiil - 

7I 

19 

^ 

:::..:. 

I 

H™1: 

^ 

PISHES.  127 

SI.  Ctottos  qnadzioomis  Linn. 

CotttuguadrieomiiBiCH.,  Last  Arc.  Voy.,  1855,  pp.  348-9 :  GtifTH.,P.Z.SMl877, 
p.  293. 

Bichardson  records  the  species  from  the  Coppermine  Biver  region  and 
OoEonation  Gulf  (68o  3(K  N.,  llQo  y7.).—0iinth€r. 


.  Cottiu  polaxls  Sabine. 

CoUuapolaria  Rich.,  Last  Arc.  Voy.,  1855,  p.  351. 

Bichardson  refers  to  this  species  as  occurring  at  Korth  G^rgia,  lat. 
72P  'S.y  and  at  the  Peninsula  of  Boothia.    The  radial  formula  appears  ' 
to  me  more  like  that  of  a  Centridermichthys  than  anything  else,  but  the 
genus  to  which  it  properly  belongs  is  uncertain. 


Oymnaoanthns  pistiUlgar  (PaU.)  GiU,  MS. 
CoUiu  ventrdli8  Cuv.  &  VaIm,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.,  iv,  p.  194:  Colleit,  Cluristi- 
ania  Yid.  Selsk.  Forh.  1R78,  No.  14,  (p.  15). 

81738.  (1373.)  Godthaab,  Dlsko  Id.,  Greenland,  A.  L.  Kamlien.  D.  XII,  I,  16. 
A.  18.    y.  3.    Yentrals  nearly  reach  vent. 

91733.  (1374.)  Godthaab,  A.  L.  Knmlien.  D.  XII,  15.  A.  19.  V.  3.  Ventrals 
moh  fifth  ray  of  anal. 

91734.  Qodthaab.  A.  L.  Kamlien.  D.  XI,  16.  A.  18.  V.  3.  Ventrals  extend 
ttfttla  more  than  halfway  to  vent. 

8173S.  Godthaab.  A.  L.  Knmlien.  D.  XI,  17.  A.  18.  V.  3.  Ventrals  reach  thinl 
my  of  anal. 

91798.  Godthaab.  A.  L.  Knmlien.  D.  XII,  17.  A.  19.  V.  3.  Ventrals  nearly 
jwch  Tent. 

91737.  Godthaab.  A.  L.  Kamlien.  D.  XII,  I,  15.  A.  18.  V.  3.  Ventrals  reach 
iMirtti  ray  of  anal. 

91741.    (151.)    Niantilic  Harbor,  Cumberland  Gulf,  A.  L.  Kamlien. 

91743.    (180.)    NiantiUc  Harbor,  A.  L.  KumHen. 

88338.    Niantilic  Harbor,  Aug.  1876,  Lieut.  W.  A.  Miutzer. 

17431.  Christiania,  Norway,  M.  G.  Hotting,  inspector  of  fisheries.  D.  XII,  14.  A. 
16b    V.  3.    Ventrals  reach  fourth  ray  of  anal. 

Dr.  Liitken  rejects  the  name  Oymnocanthus^  Swainson,  because  the 
genus  was  badly  defined.  There  can  be  no  difference  of  opinion  as  to 
the  fact  that  the  genus  was  poorly  characterized ;  but  there  is  an  attempt 
at  definition  and  a  reference  to  a  figtire  of  the  type-species,  so  that  one 
need  not  hesitate  as  to  what  is  intended.  K  we  begin  to  reject  names 
of  genera  because  they  are  not  accompanied  by  complete  descriptions, 
we  may  find  it  difficult  to  draw  the  line  between  what  we  shall  accept 
and  what  we  shall  r^ect.    In  retaining  Swainson's  name  it  may  not 


128  KATUBAL   HI8T0BT  OF  ABCTIC  AMERICA. 

be  amiss  to  rcprodnce.  bis  descriptioD.*  Gonceming  Uw  qietsAe  u 
pistiUiger,  T>r.  Ltitken  8ays:t  "Inflnenced  by  Steindachiuf^  boI 
(Wien.  Sitzungsb.  1876}  on  C.pUtilliger,  Palla8, 1  have  Boa^it  infon 
tiou  coaceming  thia  species  in  tbe  Berlin  Mosenis;  the  type  ia  ool 
bad  half  skin  preserved  in  spirifas ;  Prof.  Peten  has  beeo  so  oUig 
as  to  send  it  to  me  for  investigatioD,  and  I  have  thereby  been  aU 
convince  myself  that  the  'pistils'  ^hich  Pallas  describes  as  soft  thic 
with  spongy  heads  are  in  reality  only  tbe  half  emciform,  spiny  n 
which  distingnish  a  certain  part  of  the  side  of  the  body  in  C  Wna 
Since  the  name  'pUtilliger'  is  thus  founded  on  a  nusapprehenskn, 
reputed  priority  (1811)  cannot  reqnlre  tbat  it  be  given  the  preftn 
over  the  next  in  the  series,  and  ve  shonld  therefore  fix  upon  the  u 
Phobctor  ventrdlis,  ■  Cuv.  &  VaL"  If  we  were  to  throw  out  all  nai 
which  are  Uised  upon  a  misapprehension  it  would  involve  na  in  •  p 
deal  of  unnecessary  confusion,  and  it  would  be  difficult  to  dMide  1 
far  tlie  elimination  shonld  proceed.  Tbe  &ct  that  Dr.  LUtken  eoaM 
cognize  the  peculiarity  in  which  the  si)eciflc  name  originated  is  a  nr 
apology*  for  its  adoption  by  Pallas. 

24.  loelns  hmmatoa  Kruf  er. 

Icelua  hamalua  GQkth.,  P.  Z.  8.,  1877,  pp.  293,  476. 

This  Bi)ecies  was  collected  in  Discovery  Bay,  Franklin  Pierce  B«y,i 
at  Oape  Napoleon,  in  the  month  of  Angnst,  by  Captain  Feilden,  and 
Franklin  Pierce  Bay,  August  11, 1875,  by  Mr.  C.  Hart 


FISHES. 


129 


Family,  GASTEROSTEID^. 

26.  OaAtaroBteuB  iiiBOiilptus  Rich. 

GaateroBteus  inaculptua  Rich.,  Last  Arc.  Voy.,  1855,  p.  356,  pi.  xxy.  * 

The  types  were  from  Northumberland  Sound,  lat.  76^  53^  N. 

27.  Oasterosteus  pungitius  Linn.,  sub-species  braohypoda  Bean. 

In  small  streams  on  the  sides  of  Oosooadlin  Mountain,  and  in  a  Stile 
pond  on  the  top,  1,500  feet  above  tide-level,  Mr.  Kumlien  collected 
numerous  examples  of  a  many-spined  stickleback,  which  resembles  Ods- 
teraatevs  pungitius  Linn.,  in  most  particulars,  but  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished from  it  by  its  very  short  ventral  spines.  The  tables  of  measure- 
ments and  radial  formulsB  appended  will  show  other  differences,  which 
are,  however,  not  so  important. 

Description. — ^The  greatest  height  of  body  is  contained  5f  times  in  its 
length  to  origin  of  middle  caudal  rays  (in  gravid  females,  4^  times) ;  the 
greatest  width,  10  times  (in  gravid  females,  8  times).  The  height  at  ven- 
trals  is  contained  5^  times  in  length  of  body  (in  gravid  females,  5  times  or 
slightly  less).  The  least  height  of  tail  equals  half  the  length  of  the  first 
dorsal  spine.    The  length  of  caudal  peduncle  is  ^  of  length  of  body. 

The  length  of  head  equals  4  times  the  length  of  upper  jaw,  and  is 
from  i  to  ^  of  length  of  body.  The  greatest  width  of  head  nearly  equals 
length  of  middle  caudal  rays.  The  distance  between  the  eyes  equals 
the  length  of  snout,  which  equals  the  length  of  antecedent  spine  of  soft 
dorsal.  The  length  of  the  operculum  equals  the  length  of  ventral  spine, 
which  is  slightly  less  than  a  third  of  length  of  head.  The  length  of 
mandible  equals  the  long  diameter  of  the  orbit. 

The  distance  of  the  spinous  dorsal  from  the  snout  is  ftx)m  J  to  -ft  of 
length  of  body,  and  is  almost  uniformly  less  than  its  length  of  base.  The 
first  and  second  spines  of  the  dorsal  ai*e  equal  in  length,  and  are  about 
I  as  long  as  the  ventral  spine.  The  last  spine  of  the  dorsal  is  slightly 
less  than  the  first.  The  antecedent  spine  of  the  second  dorsal  is  some- 
what longer  than  the  first  of  the  spinous  dorsal,  and  half  as  long  as  the 
first  ray  following  it.  The  first  ray  of  the  soft  dorsal  is  contained  8J 
times  in  length  of  body,  and  is  three  times  as  long  as  the  last  ray. 

The  distance  of  the  anal  from  the  tip  of  snout  equals  |  of  length  of 
body ;  its  length  of  base  is  twice  the  length  of  its  first  and  longest  ray, 
and  slightly  less  than  J  of  length  of  body.  The  anal  spine  is  half  as 
long  as  the  first  anal  ray  (in  young  individuals,  f ). 

The  length  of  the  middle  caudal  rays  is  contained  8J  times  in  length 
ot'  body ;  the  length  of  external  rays,  7^  times. 

The  distance  of  the  pectoral  fix)m  the  tip  of  snoxLtAA  QOW\.^Ti<^  ^>3as^^^ 
Ball.  Nat  Mns.  No.  W ^9  % 


130  NATURAL   niSTOKT    OF    ARCTIC   AMERICA. 

in  tb6  total,  aud  about  eijuals  t^vice  its  own  length.     Wbea  espande 
the  pectoral  extends  usually  to  the  7th  dorsal  spine  (6th  to  8th). 

The  distance  of  the  ventral  from  the  tip  of  snout  slightlyesceeiis  A  of 
length  of  body.  The  length  of  the  ventral  spine  is  always  a  little  lesa 
than  jf  of  the  length  of  the  head. 

lladial/ormwla.—D.lX-XI,I,10-ll;  A.  1,9-11;  C.+,12,+;  P.IO; 
V.  1, 1. 

Color. — General  color  dull  silvery,  minutely  punctulated  with  black; 
npiwr  half  of  body  with  large  irregular  areas  of  black ;  chin,  throat,  and 
alHlumeu  black  in  males,  silvery  in  llie  females  studied.  Nilssou  records 
a  similar  condition  in  Q.  pungUitts.* 

The  relations  ot  Qasierontcm  pangitim  yax.  bravhypoda  to  the pungitiiu 
{=P)/f;oiilffU)i  occidentalis  (0.  &  V.)  Brevoort)  of  New  England  are  showu 
in  the  table  of  comparative  measurements  which  follows.  I  do  not  lue 
the  name  Pyoosteu^  occide?Ualis,  for  the  reason  that  our  many-spiuol 
stickloback  bearing  that  name  shows  no  characters  by  which  it  may  t« 
Bex>ai'ated  Irom  the  Gasteroatempungitiua  of  Linn6  as  a  species,  and  tlie 
genus  Pygoateus  has  nothing  to  exclude  it  from  Qasterosteus.  The  gewa 
Pligoiteus,  although  credited  to  Brevoort,  was  not  defined  by  him;  it 
appeiu's  in  Gill's  Cataloguef  as  a  name  only.  The  first  to  indicate 
chanictei^s  by  which  it  was  thought  the  genus  could  be  distinguished 
was  Jordan ;  f hej'  are  stated  to  be  the  following :  "  Dorsal  spines  7  or 
moie;  sides  mailed  or  not."  J  So  far  as  the  squamation  is  concerned, 
the  collections  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  show  all  sorts  of 
individual  vai'iation,  and  justify  tlie  ground  taken  by  Giinther  in  his 
an-augemcnt  of  the  varieties  of  G.  aculeatiis;  certainly,  the  squamation 
is  not  even  of  specific  importance.  The  number  of  dorsal  spines  in  the 
specimens  of  G.  pungitius  studied  ranges  from  7  to  11.  In  Gasteroateiu 
inconstans,  §  Kiitland,  the  range  is  firom  3  to  C.    1  have  seen  a  fresh- 

*"  Variat  iibilomine  iiigro." — Prod.  Ichlh.  Scand.,  ISSi,  p.  86. 

f  Cnlalogiie  of  tlio  Finlies  of  tho  Eastern  Coast  of  North  America  from  Greenland  to 
Georgia,  by  Theodore  Gill,  Jan.  1«11,  p.  39. 

I  M.iiiiial  of  the  VL-Mebratea  of  tho  Northoru  United  States,  1*76,  p.  24d. 

}£.'uca(iain(!Oiw(oji«,  Jordan,  Manual  of  Verlebru(«a,18?G;  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila, 
1S77,  p.  fw.  Tho  geu<:ric  ehaiactera  ascribed  to  Encalia  are:  (1)  "Dorsal  spines  in  u 
right  line,"  which  is  also  tnlo  in  Gaetcroelcue  actiUalue,  L. ;  even  in  tho  inany-spim-d 
stickleback,  G.  pungiliiiii,  1  havo  frcqnently  seen  the  last  four  or  five  spines  in  a  righi 
liili',  ivhile  the  nutcrior  ones  preserved  their  zigzag  arrangement ;  (2)  "  Ventral  plates 
coalesced  iuto  u  narrow  plate  on  this  modiau  lino  between  tho  ventral  fius,"  jnst  as  in 
G.  aciiJealii»  undo,  pangiliat;  (3)  "A  distinct  sub-quadrate  post -pectoral  plate,"  wliicb 
ia  present  in  most  sticklebacks;  tlie"  associated  characters^indicated  contain  nothing 
gcncrically  diatinuUve, 


PISHES.  131 

water  stickleback  firom  Maine,*  which  resembles  (?.  pungitius  in  many 
respects,  but  has  only  2  dorsal  spines.  The  number  of  dorsal  spines 
would  seem,  therefore,  to  be  certainly  of  not  more  than  si>ecific  value. 

Oasterostevs  nebuloaus  seems  to  me  to  be  separated  firom  0.  pungitius 
by  no  constant^haracter,  but  only  by  its  habitat  Oasterosteus  mainenHs 
is  identical  with  0.  pungititts. 

Apeltea  (DeKay)  Jordan  is  well  separated  firom  Oasteroatetts  by  the 
fitmcture  of  its  pubic  bones. 

The  United  States  National  Museum  has  received  from  the  Mus^ 
d'Histoire  Katurelle,  of  Paris,  one  of  the  types  of  Oasterosteus  blanchardi 
Sauvage,  described  from  specimens  sent  from  Boston,  United  States. 
This  species  is  our  common  many-spined  stickleback,  0.  pungitiuSy  as  will 
appear  from  the  table  of  measurements,  and  the  name  must  be  regarded 
as  a  synonym  of  the  latter.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  in  passing  that  the 
ahape  of  the  post-pectoral  plate  in  species  of  Oasterosteus^  which  has 
been  employed  as  an  important  diagnostic  character,  is  so  variable,  even 
on  the  two  sides  of  the  same  fish,  that  it  is  not  to  be  depended  upon. 

The  sticklebacks  of  eastern  North  America,  so  far  as  observed  be  me, 
may  all  be  referred  to  the  genera  Apeltes  and  Oasterosteus. 

The  basis  of  the  foregoing  description  of  the  stickleback  collected  by 
Mr.  Kumlien  is  the  table  of  measurements  which  follows.  Only  8  exam- 
ples were  measured,  but  these  show  the  extremes  of  variation  in  the 
.  numerous  specimens  secured.  In  none  of  the  individuals  does  the  length 
of  the  ventral  spine  exceed  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  head. 

Mr.  Kumlien  has  sent  me  the  following  notes  on  the  species:  ^^The 
Oasterosteus  was  taken  from  a  pond  more  than  a  thousand  feet  above 
fbe  sea  on  the  mountain  side.  Said  ponds  were  not  over  18  inches  deep, 
and  of  course  freeze  solid  in  winter.  In  fact,  there  was  but  very  little 
water  at  the  time  I  procured  the  fish.  It  is  imi>ossible  that  they  could 
have  come  up  from  below,  as  the  i>ond  empties  by  a  series  of  perpendicular 
ikUs,  some  of  them  30  feet  or  more.  In  my  note-book  I  find  that  they 
were  light  greenish  above,  barred  with  dusky  brown  and  black;  beneath 
white,  irregularly  blotched  with  black.  Caudal  pinkish.  Male  (f )  with 
a  crimson  spot  at  base  of  pectoral  fin." 

•  Gasterosteus  Atkinsii  Bean,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mns.  ii,  p.  — . 


132 


NATURAL    HISTORY    OF    ARCTIC    AUEBICA. 
TaMe  0/ Jfea*Mran«a(i. 


ClurontDamli«IofBp«inum 

i«^B { 

21,738.  1  21,771. 

CurabcflBJid 

Gulf. 

71,786.121,708. 
CumWrUnd 

21,773.  Ul.TTSa. 

CmnbcTliuid 

Golf. 

!l.T7>e|n.Ta* 

It 

|J 

i 

Ij 

] 

It 
If 

3§ 

I! 

ai 

1J 

It 

ii 

P 

LeaiiUi  to  und  of  oitenwl 

d- 

48 

St 

d" 

47 

G«^d. 
!0B 

'.oe 

g 

Gmvid. 
«3 

4' 

OS 

a 

Tmdc 

tt  __ 
.ti     .1 

Im    ^i 

.M     .* 

.»     -! 

1  : 

'.V    -1 
.a     ■ 

:•«   ■ 

!«  :■ 
.»  ■& 

.a    .E 

Grtfliretwifoi 

Height  Btventmla 

Least  beisht  of  t^ 

length  ofomUal  podandu 

IS 
15 

oe 

08 
07 
OS 

W 
08 

IHJ 

m 

17 

08 
08 

07 

OS 

1 

,'.7 

17 
085 

055 
81 

US 

u 

OS 

IS 

1 

12s 

IS 
14 

us 

88 

oe 

»« 

07 

M 

M 
0« 

25 

08 
l« 

81 

M 

M 
M 
» 

80 

GrealtM  wiifii 

Lcsglb  of  operculmn  .... 

iSSJSSESC:;;::: 

Diamster  of  orbit 

-sas™, 

LaiBiuof8™tBMi^:::::' 

Length  of  Mcond  ipine . . . 

LcDRtbofloalaptno 

DonwlOuft): 

Lenstbofbane 

,enslh  afiioiei'cdcnt  Boinc 

LcnalliofdnitraT 

LraglbofloaiiMiraj... 
Linglboliiulray 

Dislanctf  frunj  unoiit 

^1 

I'l.SUKS. 


133 


Table  of  (Comparative  M€a9uremenU. 


OoMUrotieut 
pungitiut* 
Xinn.  (ftver- 
ages  of  7  ex- 
amples). 


lOOOthsof 
length. 


Body: 

Greatest  height  

Greatest  width 

Height  at  ventralB 

Least  height  of  tail 

Length  of  caudal  peduncle. 
Head: 

Greatest  length 

Greatest  witUh 

WMth  of  interurbital  area 
»        Length  of  snout    

Length  of  operculum 

Length  of  upper  law 

Length  of  mandiole 

Long  diameter  of  eye 

Dorsal  (spinous) : 

Distance  from  snout 

Length  of  base 

Length  of  first  spine 

Length  of  sccona  spine 

Length  of  lost  spine. 

Dorsal  (soft) : 

Length  of  base 

•      Length  of  antecedent  spine 

Length  of  first  ray 

Length  of  longest  ray 

Length  of  last  ray 

Anal: 

Distance  from  snout 

Length  of  base 

Length  of  first  spine 

Length  of  first  ray , 

Length  of  longest  ray 

Caudal : 

Length  of  middle  rays 

Length  of  external  raya 

Pectoral: 

Distance  from  snout , 

Length , 

Tentral: 

Distance  from  snout 

Length 


.170 
.100 
.170 
.036 
.150 

.266 
.110 
.062 
.062 
.084 
.070 
.080 
.082 

.286 
.276 
.  066 
.066 
.050 

.245 
.080 
.140 
.140 


.570 
.220 
.086 
.130 
.130 

.110 
.137 

.300 
.160 

.370 
.121 


O.  pungittui 
yar.  waehy- 
poda  Betm 
(averageaof 
8exunples). 


lOOOths  of 
length. 


.187 
.107 
.177 
.032 
.140 

.265 
.118 
.060 
.060 
.080 
.066 
.076 
.073 

.276 
.310 
.057 
.058 
.050 

.250 
.060 
.120 
.120 
.040 

.600 
.235 
.064 
.120 
.120 

.117 
.134 

.300 
.160 

.857 
.088 


*  =  Pygotteiu  oceidentalU  (C.  &  V.)  Brcvoort,  from  which  the  averages  were  taken. 

Table  of  Measurements. 
Genus,  QatttrotieuH. 


Canent  number  of  specimen 
Locality 


Extreme  length  to  origin  of  middle  caudal  rays 

Length  to  end  of  external  caudal  rays 

Body: 

Greatest  heisht 

Greatest  width     

Height  at  ventrals 

Least  height  of  taU 

Length  of  caudal  pednnde 


'Pungitiua 
L.,  22,015  a. 


Pungitius 
L.,  22,015  h. 


Christiania,  Norway,  K.  Col- 
lett. 


Millimotres 
and  lOOtbs 
of  longth. 


33 
38 


.18 
.10 
.18 
.04 
.13 


Milliraotres 
and  lOOtbs 
of  length. 


29 
34 


.18 
.10 
.18 
.04 
.13 


Blanehardi  SauYSge 
(type)  (39)  21,139. 

Boston,  U.S. 


Millimetres  and  lOOtha 
of  len^rth. 


46 
52 


.16 
.09 
.16 
.04 
.1B5 


184  NATURAL   HISTOEY    OF   ABCTIC  AMEEICA. 

TalUof  k 


LoeeUly -.S 

GreitMt  leogth 

GrMlest  wlJUi 

■Widtborintororhltalarea 

Length  or  sDUQt 

Leaetli  of  operonlam 

Leagtli  of  maiillarj 

L<>ugtb  oruuldlble 

Dlametoc  of  ocblt 

Donal  fepLnanii) : 

Diittiuicofitimaaoot 

I*nj{lh  of  baae    

LflDgth  of  flnlflplnfi 

Iien^thof  ■eoond  qiiua 

Lengtli  of  Uatipme 

Doiul(wtrt): 

Length  o(  boa 

Xsnjitb  of  Antecedent  iplne 

Length  of  tint  »; 

LanBtb  of  longest  my  ., 

Length  ul' hut  ray 

Length  of  l)AAe  . ^ - 

Length  of  fliat  spina 

Leoyihofflralnir 

Lonfth  of  loageat  taj 

Lcoirlh  of  Iflat  my ......,...,,.......- 

Caodnl: 

LeuglLof  mlddlorayi 

PeotoraT! 

Dutunro  ^m  mont • —  -• 

Lenfth.,- 

Dinlancsfhiininonl. 


L.,2-i,01Sa.    I   L.,£;.olSb. 
Chiifldanbi,  Nurwny,  R  Col- 


UUIbnetn:*  MilUmetre* 
DsdlHnhB  and  U  ' 
of  length.        of  len 


FISHES.  135 

SdhnOf  bnt  could  not  secnre  specimens  fhat  were  not  split  or  otherwise 
mutilated. 
Salvelintis  Naresi  occurs  there,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  present  paper. 

30.  Salmo  Heamii  Rich. 

8alnu>  Heamii  Rich.,  F.  B.  A.,  iii,  1836,  p.  167. 

The  species  was  described  from  the  Coppermine  Eiver,  lat.  67^42^  N. 

81.  Salvelintui  alipes  (Rich.)  Gill  &,  Jordan. 

Salmo  alipea  Rich.,  F.  B.  A.,  ui,  1836,  p.  169:  GCnth.,  P.  Z.  8.,  1877,  p.  476. 

Boothia  Felix  (Rich.)  5  Discovery  Bay  (Giinth.). 

32.  Salvelinus  nltidus  (Rich.)  Gill  &>  Jordan. 

Salmo  niUdm  Rich.,  F.  B.  A.,  iii,  1836,  p.  171. 

The  sx)ecies  was  described  from  Boothia. 

33.  SalvalintiB  Hoodil  (Rich.)  Gill  &  Jordan. 

Salmo  Hoodii  Rich.,  F.  B.  A.,  iu,  1836,  p.  173. 

Bichardson  described  it  from  Boothia  Felix. 

34.  CMdveUnns  arottmu  (Giinth.)  Gill  &  Jordan. 

Salmo  arctitrus  GCnth.  P.  Z.  8. ,  1877,  p.  294,  pi.  xxxii. 

Dr.  Otlnther  established  the  sx>ecies  nx)on  specimens  obtained  in  lat. 
820  28'  N.  and  82©  W  K 

35.  SalveUnus  Nareai  (Gilnther)  Bean. 

Salmo  Nareai  GCnther,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  iii,  1877,  p.  476,  pL  L. 
89000      9 .  Cumberland  Gulf,  Aug.  1876.    Lieut.  W.  A.  Mintzer. 
89000  a.  $.  Cumberland  Gulf,  Aug.  1876.    Lieut.  W.  A.  Mintzer. 
22000  5.  i.  Cumberland  Gulf,  Aug.  1876.    Lieut.  W.  A.  Mintaser. 

Of  this  small  charr,  Lieutenant  Mintzer  secured  the  above-named  sped- 
mens,  and  labelled  them  '<  Salmon  Trout."  The  larger  of  the  two  females 
oontains  well-developed  ova,  some  of  which  are  free  in  the  cavity  of  the 
abdomen.  The  species  agrees  very  closely  with  Dr.  Giinther^s  descrip- 
tion of  S.  Naresi.  The  description  and  table  of  measurements  which 
follow  will  afford  a  means  of  estimating  the  correctness  of  an  identifica- 
tion which  records  the  species  about  20  degrees  south  of  the  locality  from 
which  it  was  originally  described. 

Description, — ^The  greatest  height  of  the  body  is  contained  5  times  in 
the  total  length  without  caudal,  and  equals  twice  the  length  of  the  upper 
jaw.  The  height  at  the  ventrals  equals  the  distance  from  the  tip  of  the 
snout  to  the  nape.  The  least  height  of  the  caudal  peduncle  equals  the 
length  of  the  middle  caudal  rays. 

The  greatest  length  of  the  head  is  contained  4^  times  in  total  length 
without  caudal^  and  about  equals  twice  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  first 


136  NATURAL  HI8T0RT   OF  ARCTIC  AMERICA. 

dorsal  fin.  The  greatest  width  of  the  head  is  a  little  less  than  half  t 
length.  The  distance  between  the  ej'es  eqnals  their  loDg  diameter  u 
half  the  length  of  the  mandible.  The  length  of  the  snout  eqnals  bi 
the  length  of  the  middle  caudal  rays.  The  lengtb  of  the  opennla 
equals  the  distance  between  the  eyes.  The  length  of  the  upper  jtm 
contained  from  10  to  11  times  iu  total  length  wltUont  caudal,  aadtl 
length  of  the  mandible  7 j  times.  The  distance  from  the  snont  tod 
orbit  is  4  or  nearly  i  of  the  distance  fh)m  the  same  point  to  the  baac< 
the  pectoraL  The  long  diameter  of  the  eye  equals  4  of  the  gtcate 
height  of  the  body.  The  teeth  are  arranged  just  as  in  the  specima 
examined  and  described  by  Dr.  Onnther. 

The  distance  of  the  first  dorsal  fittro  tlie  tip  of  the  snout  equals  J ' 
the  distance  of  the  anal  from  the  same  i>oint,  and  is  contained  2;  tin 
in  total  length  without  caudal.  The  length  of  the  base  of  the  lirst  ilois 
is  contained  8^-  to  9  times  in  total  length  without  caudal,  and  <^  i 
longest  ray,  7  times. 

The  adipose  dorsal  is  placed  at  a  distance  from  the  tip  of  the  emm 
equal  to  ^  of  the  total  length,  exclusive  of  the  caudal.  Its  height  aba 
eqnals  the  distance  from  the  snout  to  the  orbit. 

The  distanceof  the  anal  from  the  snout  equals  ^  of  the  total  teii^i 
before  measured.  The  length  of  the  anal  base  eijuals  half  the  length' 
the  head  in  the  larger  female,  and  ^'^  of  tot.il  length  iu  the  smalk 
The  longest  ray  of  the  anal  equals  twice  the  distance  l>etween  the  ey* 
mid  the  last  ray  equals  half  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  iirst  dorsal 


FISHES. 


137 


present  in  all  the  examples,  and  yet  there  is  exceUent  reason  for  believ- 
ing the  largest  specimen  at  least  mature. 

In  the  measurements  the  unit  of  comparison  is  the  length  to  the  origin 
of  Hie  middle  caudal  rays.  The  figure  of  8.  NareH  is  employed,  and 
(he  agreement  between  that  and  the  Cumberland  Gulf  specimens  is 
striking. 

Table  of  Measurements, 


Cnxiait  number  of  spedmen . 


LoMUty 


X^ength  to  ongin  of  middle  candal 


Body: 

Oreateet  height.... 

Greatest  width 

Height  at  Tentrala . 
Least  height  of  tail 


Greatest  length 

Distance  from  spout  to  nape 

Greatest  width 

Width  of  intororbital  area  . . . 

Length  of  snoat 

Length  of  operculum 

Length  of  upper  liiw 

Length  of  mandible 

Distance  from  snout  to  orbit. 

Long  diameter  of  eye 

Dorsal  (first) : 

Distance  from  snout 

Length  of  base 

Length  of  longest  ray 

Dorsal  (adipose) : 

Distance  from  snout 

Length  of  base 

H^ght 


Distance  from  snout 

Length  of  base 

Length  of  longest  ray. . . 

Length  of  last  ray 

Caudal: 

Length  of  middle  rays  . . 

Lenffth  of  external  rays. 
Pectoral: 

Distance  from  snout 

Length 

Tentral: 

Distance  frt>m  snout  — 

Length 

Vent  frmn  tip  of  vcntrals  . . . 

BraachiostegEkls 

Doraal 


Pectoral 

Tentral 

If  amber  of  csecal  appendages 


22,000,  9. 


Cumberland 
Gulf. 


MiUi. 
metres. 


130 
120 


lit 
13 
11 
16 
1,9 
28 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


20 

12 

17 

8 

23 
17 
11 
6i 

4 

6i 
10 

13 

5 

«» 

45 
12 
14 

79 
3 
5 

75 
12 
13 
5* 

8 
17 

22 
18 

53 

8 


22,0000,9. 


Cumberland 
Gulf 


MiUi- 
metres. 


121 
103 


10? 
13 
11 
15 
1,9 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


19 
10 
15 

8 

23 
17 
lOi 

5 

7 
0 
13 
5* 
6 

46 
11 
14 

80 


75 

10 

13 

0 

8 
17 

22 
17 

54 
13 

7* 


22,000  6,  <f. 


i 


Cumberland 
Gulf: 


Milli- 
metres. 


88 
74 


13 
11 
14 
1,9 
27 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


19 

10 

16 

8 

26 
19 
11 


5 
7 

10* 
14 


8 

47 
12 
16 

80 


73 

11 

18 

6 


19 

23 
20 

65 
14 


Vig.  ot  8.  Nor- 
«SinP.Z.&. 
iii,18T7,pLL. 


MiUi. 
metres. 


197 
172 


11 
13 
U 


1.9 
42 


lOOths 

of 
length. 


»  •  •  • 

19 

H 

22 


5 

6 

10 


46 
12 
12 

80 

H 

76 

10 

12 

6 

18 

22 
18 

64 

121 


Family,  CLUPEID^. 

36.  Clupea  harengua  Linn. 

Clupea  harengus  Rich.,  F.  B.  A.,  iii,  1836,  p.  231. 

BiGhardson  mentions  the  occurrence  of  the  herring  at  Bathurst^s  Inlet, 
WON.,  109OW. 


NATUEAL   HISTOHY  OF  ARCTIC  AUEBICA. 
Fanuly,  SAOCOPHABTNGmiB. 


1 


37.  Saooopbaiynx  flaeeUmn  Mitoh. 

Ophiognalkut  ampulUnxua  Barwood,  Phil.  Trans.,  1827,  p.  49,  pi.  7  («ib  Rieb.  j. 
Saocopharj/nx  ampullaoeua  RiCB.,  t'.  B.  A.,  tii,  1836,  p.  271. 
"Ihc  individual  described  by  Dr.  Harwood,  measuriiig  four  feet  and 
a  half  in  length,  was  captured  in  tlio  entrance  of  Davis  Strait,  by  Cap- 
tain Sawyer,  of  the  ship  Harmony." — Hicn.,  I.  o. 

U.  S.  NATlONil,  MCSKUM,  April  'i,  1879. 


SOPFLEMEHTAEY  NOTE.— Tho  description  of  a.  species  of  Cottut  from 
the  United  States  by  Sanvage*  has  jost  como  \a  my  notice.  The  sab- 
ject  of  the  description  and  figure  is  undoubtedly  the  Cottus  wntv*  uf 
Mitchill. 

May  23,  1879. 

•  CoUat  [Aoanthoaittut)  ancgw  Sauvaoh,  Nonv.  Archiv.  i!u  Mtujum  d'Hlstoitc  NHu- 
(•Ue,  PftdB,  Seui^me  S^e,  Tome  Prenier,  I818,  p.  145,  [il.  i.  Sg.  riu. 


ORTJSTAOEA. 


By  S.  I.  Sbcith. 


The  following  crustaceans  were  all  collected  in  the  Golf  of  Onmber* 
JaacL 

Cnmgon  boreas  J.  C.  FabridoB  (Phipps). 

A  female  (No.  145)  110°^  in  length,  <^  Niantilic  Island,''  September  24^ 
1877. 

HIppolyte  Qroonlandica  Miers  (J.  C.  FabiioiuB). 

Two  females :  one  (So.  1644)  100°^  in  length,  from  stomach  of  Cottua 
$earpiu8y  September  6, 1878 ;  the  other  (So.  207)  80°^  long,  from  stom- 
ach of  sculpin  (So.  150),  1877. 

BppolTte  Fkibiloil  Kioyer. 

A  female  (So.  537),  52°^  long,  7  fisbthoms,  tide-hole,  ^^Annanactook 
Island,"  June,  8, 1878;  and  a  male  (No.  862),  42"»  in  length,  head  of 
Onmberland  Gnlf,  June  29, 1878. 

CNunmams  locnsta  J.  C.FabiicioB  (=&.  omatua  liilne-Edwards). 

"Penny  Harbor,  latitude  66o»  (So.  225),  October  4, 1877;  "Arctic  M- 
and,"  low  water  (So.  65),  September  13, 1877;  "Annanactook  Harbor'^ 
(So.  576),  June  20, 1878. 

Amathnia  Sabini  Bate  and  Westwood  (Leach). 

Head  of  Cumberland  Gulf  (So.  86) ;  <<  Annanactook  Harbor"  (Sob.  584 
and  59^),  4  fathoms,  June  19, 1878 ;  (So.  585),  Cumberland  Gulf. 

Bypezla  mednaamm  Bate  (O.  F.  MttUer). 
"Annanactook  Harbor,"  So.  586,  June  19, 1878. 

Capa«Ua  aeptentrionalia  Er5yer. 

^^Annanactook  Harbor"  (So.  583),  ^<  caught  through  crack  in  ice,  4 
&thoms,  on  kelp,"  May  19, 1878 ;  <<Grave  Island  beach"  (Sob.  626  and 
627),  June  27, 1878;  (So.  420). 

Xiepas  fltscionlaria  Ellis  and  Solander. 

Cumberland  Gulf,  at  surface. 


140  NATURAL   HISTORY   OF   AKCTIC    AMEHICA. 

Balauus  balanoides  Stimpson. 

Large  well  developed  specimena,  of  the  low,  broarl  form.  An* 
Island, September  13,  1877.  This  and  tbe  preceding  were  identified! 
Mr.  E.  B.  Wilson. 

There  is  also  in  tbe  rcUection  a  specimen  of  Hyaa  araneut  Leach  (3 
1420),  from  "Godthaah,  Greenland,  September  U,  1878."  On  its  en 
pax  were  epecimeiis  of  Balanua  v 


ANNELIDE8. 


By  a.  E.  Verrill. 


ANNELIDA. 


Haniiothoe  imbilcata  (L.)  Malipgren. 

Penny  Harbor,  Gmnberland  Gulf,  low-water,  October  4, 1877,  lot  23b. 
Head  of  gulf,  on  gravel  beach.  May  28,  and  June  1, 1878,  lots  642,  660, 
and  664. 

Nereis  pelag;lca  Linnd. 

Penny  Harbor,  Cumberland  Gulf,  lat.  66^,  low-water,  October  4  and 
6, 1877,  lots  221,  222, 237.  Head  of  gulf,  on  gravel  beach.  May  28, 1878, 
lot  642. 

PhyUodoce  Ordnlandlca  OBrsted  (t). 

A  specimen  in  bad  state  of  preservation.    Cumberland  Gulf. 

Syllis,  Bp. 

Penny  Harbor,  low-water,  October  4,  1877.  Head  of  Cumberland 
Golf,  gravel  beach,  low-water,  May  28, 1878. 

datenides  granulata  (Linn6)  Malmgren. 

Cumberland  Gulf,  low- water. 

Thelepua  oinoinnatus  (Fabr.)  Verrill. 

Amphitriie  cincinnata  Fabr.,  Fauna  Gronl.,  p.  286, 1780. 

Tkelepua  circinnatus  Malmgren,  Kordiska  Hafs-Annulater,  in  Ofversigt  af 
Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.  Forhandl.  1865,  p.  387,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  58  (specific  name  in- 
correctly spelled). 

Lumaraflava  Stimpson,  Inveit.  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  30,  1853. 

Cumberland  Gulf.  Common  on  the  American  coast  south  to  Cape 
Cod,  and  in  deeper  water  as  far  as  Long  Island  Sound. 

Malmgren  and  several  other  recent  writers  have  erroneously  written 
the  name  of  this  species  '^drcinnatus,^ 

141 


^ 


4 


142  NATURAL    UISTORT    OF   ARCTIC   AMERICA. 

BplrorbiBlucidns  (Mimt.)  Mciruli. 

Very  common  in  Ctimljerland  Gulf,  on  ascidians,  iilg^e,  polyzoa,  etc., 
low-water  to  0  fittlioms;  Penny  Hurbor,  October  4;  ADoaoactook  1 
bor,  May  20, 1878 ;  liead  of  the  Gulf,  May  28,  1878. 

BpiroibU  quadrangolajls  Slimptton. 

Camberland  Gulf,  lo iP-i\ (iter.    One  specimen. 

GEPHYREA. 

Phascoloaoma  morgatltaceum  (^ai-s)  Eor.  &.  Duq.  (T), 

naseoloaoma   margaritaoean   KoBES    aad   DakielsseN,    Kbiiuii  LitI,  Iforrfg, 
iU,  p.  135,  pi.  15,  figs.  43,  41,  18r7. 

A  large  8i>ecimen,  about  6  inches  long,  fi-om  the  stomaoli  of  a  Cotlia, 
in  Cumberlaud  Sound,  September  6, 1878  (lot  1685),  probably  beloiigsto 
this  species. 

.  Total  length  150"" ;  diameter  of  body,  IS"" ;  length  of  pnibosri* 
Iroui  unal  opening  to  end,  112"'™.  Body  liirge,  round,  abruptly  roundM 
posteriorly,  with  a  slight  mammilla  at  the  tip;  anteriorly  it  tapers  giwla- 
ally  into  the  proboscis,  which  is  long  and  becomes  slender  toward  the 
end.  The  surface  appears  nearly  smooth  to  the  eye,  except  that  ihtm 
are  more  or  less  irregular  transverse  wTinkles  and  slightly  raised  folds. 
Under  a  lens  it  is  seen  to  be  everywhere  finely  triinsversely  wrinkled 
and  striated,  and  in  many  i>arts  reticulated  with  longitudinal  wTiiikIrs, 
while  small,  depressed,  sueker-likeorgan.s  art'  -scattered  overthe  siu^iu'e 
of  tlio  body  and  base  of  the  proboscis ;  at  the  ]iostenor  end  of  the  body 
the  longitudinal  wrinkles  become  distinct  grooves,  converging  to  the  ti[>. 
with  rows  of  suckers  between  them,  and  the  circular  wrinkles,  crossiiij; 
tlie  interspaces,  are  conspicuous.  The  proboscis  is  destitute  of  papill;!" 
and  hooks,  and  is  smoother  than  the  body,  with  faint  indications  of 
transverse  lighter  and  darker  bands  of  color.  Tentacles  uumeroii.*, 
slender.  Internally  the  two  dorsal  retractors  arise  only  a  short  distance 
behind  the  anal  opening,  their  bases  being  wide  apart  toward  the  sides. 
The  ventral  retractors,  arising  near  the  middle  of  the  body,  are  lar^-e 
and  stout,  with  their  thick  bases  close  together,  barely  ]ea\-ing  space  for 
the  nervous  cord  to  pass  between  them.  Segmental  organs  large,  tbiik. 
cylindrical,  obtuse,  dark  brown,  about  2r>"""  long  and  ^'"™  in  diametiT; 
their  oi>enuigs  somewhat  in  advance  of  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  rt-tr;ii-- 
tors  and  lower  down  on  the  sides.  Intestine  very  long,  forming  a  doable 
coil  of  numerous  turns,  iilling  the  iKtstcrior  part  of  the  body  to  the  end. 
Generative  organ  voluminous,  surrounding  the  intestine.     A  slender 


ANNELIDES.  143 

transverse  muscle  passes  from  the  rectum  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  body^ 
and  the  rectum  is  attached  to  the  adjacent  wall  by  a  large  bundle  of 
muscular  fibers.  Muscles  of  the  body- wall  form  a  continuous  layer^  with- 
out distinct  fascicles. 

NEMEETDfA. 

Amphipoms  Stimpsoni  Yerrill. 

OmmaU>plea  Stimpsoni  Girard,  in  Stimpson,  Invert,  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  28|  fig. 
18, 1853. 

Gravel  beach^  low-water,  Cumberland  Gulf^  June  1,  1878,  lot  663. 
^*  Color,  deep  purplish  brown  above,  lilac  beneath."  Also  from  reef  in 
Penny  Harbor,  October  6, 1877,  lot  222. 

Amphiponia.  Bp. 

Body  thick,  depressed,  somewhat  tapered  to  both  ends,  25"™  to  36°>™ 
long,  as  contracted  in  alcohol.  Head  with  a  small  roundish  cluster  of 
minute  ocelli  on  the  pale  antero-lateral  margins.  Keck  with  a  slightly 
marked  transverse  groove,  converging  backward  in  form  of  a  Y,  on  the 
dorsal  surface.  Color,  in  alcohol,  dark  bluish  green ;  the  under  surfetce 
and  margins  of  head  yellowish  white.    In  life,  "bright  pea-green.'' 

Penny  Harbor,  Cumberland  Gulf,  lat.  66°,  October  4, 1877,  lot  225. 
Arctic  Island,  low- water,  September  13, 1877,  lot  66. 


MOLLITSKS. 


LIST  OP  SHELLS  OBTAINED  BY  MR.  LUDWIO  KUMLIEN.  NATURALIST  TO  THE  HOWOATB 
EXPEDITION,  1877-78,  AT  POINTS  IN  CUMBERLAND  SOUND,  ARCTIC  REGIONS,  WEST 
FROM  BAFFIN'S  BAY. 


By  W.  H.  Dall. 


Tbe  locality  at  which  the  schooner  Florence,  conveying  the  party, 
made  her  winter  quarters,  according  to  Mr.  Kumlien's  rei>ort,  was  not 
favorable  for  extensive  collections  in  any  department. 

The  prevalence  of  ice  in  the  irregularities  of  the  sound  and  other  cir- 
canistances,  especially  the  abrupt  and  rocky  character  of  the  shores, 
rendered  it  difficult  to  obtain  specimens  of  invertebrates,  which  in  x)oint 
of  fact  were  all  collected  at  a  few  small  areas  of  beach,  some  of  which 
were  a  long  distance  from  winter  quarters. 

Nevertheless,  when  the  difficulties  are  considered,  the  results  are  very 
creditable  to  Mr.  Kumlien's  energy  and  perseverance,  and  are  not  with- 
out value  for  the  study  of  geographical  distribution. 

The  number  of  specimens  is  small ;  but  twenty-four  species  are  repre- 
sented, some  of  which  were  also  obtained  by  a  party  under  Lieutenant 
Miutzer,  U.  S.  N.,  who  explored  for  minerals  in  nearly  the  same  region 
a  year  or  two  previous  to  the  visit  of  the  Florence. 

As  was  to  be  expected,  none  of  the  species  are  new:  Modiolaria  faba 
Fabr.,  which  has  almost  been  lost  sight  of  by  nati^ralists,  and  Glyci- 
meris  Kurriana  Dkr.,  a  species  whose  validity  has  been  much  questioned, 
were  among  the  most  interesting  forms  obtained. 

The  species  are  as  follows  (those  with  an  asterisk  are  represented  by 
only  one  or  two  specimens,  and  only  Buccinnm  gronJandicum  was  at  all 
numerous) : 

*  Ommastrephes  illecebrosa,  Lesueur. 

*  Buccinum  glaeialCj  Lmn6. 

*  Bticcinum  ciliatumj  Fabr.,  var.  Molleri^  Eve. 

*  Buccinum  humphreysianumj  Bennett  (probably). 

*  Buccinum  belcherij  Eve. 

Bull.  I^at.  Mus.  No.  15 10  145 


14G 


KATLEAL    HISTORY   OF  ARCTIC  AMEBICA. 


Buednum  Usnebrosum,  Haucock,  (typical). 
BucciRum  sronlandicum^  Cbemn. 

•  Trophon  truncatim,  Strom. 
Margarita  vmbilicalis,  Brod.  &  8by. 
Margarita  hetioiiui,  Fabr.,  tran. 
Xitorina  ffriinlandica,  Moi-ch. 
^cmaa  lentudinalvi,  Lion^. 
Aeaiidia  papilloaa,  Idund. 

•  DmdionotuB  regnoliUii,  Coutliooy, 
Mya  tnincata,  Liiiu£. 

•  Qlycimervi  Kvrriana,  Dkr.     On  mnd  fiats. 
Jfajricara  arvtica,  Liuu6. 
'^Anlarte  liurealiK,  Gray;  attached  to  kelp. 

•  Tiirtonui  miautii,  Fabr.;  in  nest  o{  Modiolaria. 
Modiolaria  larigata,  Gray. 
Modiolaria  dinwrii,  Liuni?. 
Modiolaria  (Vreaella)  faba,  Fubr. 

Vkiton  {Ttmirella)  marmorca,  Fiibr. 

lihyxflionella  pKJttnceo,  Fiaeljfr;  citad  broken  valves,  apparently  dis- 
.■Sor;!;cd  by  souic  bin!,  wt-re  Ibiiud  on  Hie  hills  at  a  considerable  distance 
IrtHii  tlic  sf'ii.  'liny  iiic  evidfiitly  uot  fossil,  and  are  probably  to  be 
ibiind  liviii;;  in  Mi>r:ilil(-  |il;i(-cs  ut  low-water  mark. 


MOLLUSOOIDS. 


By  a.  E.  Verrill. 


TUNICATA. 


▲aoidiopsU  complanata  Verrill. 

ABcidia  complanata  Fabr.,  Fauna  Qronlandica,  p.  332,  1780.— VERRiiXy  Amer. 

Joum.  Set.  1,  p.  98, 1871,  fig.  11. 
Asoidia  callaaa  Stimpsok,  Invert,  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  19,  1853. 
Ascidiopsia  complanata  Verrill,  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  iii,  p.  289,  pL  yiii,  f.  8, 1872. 

Some  of  the  young  specimens  are  translucent  pale  olive;  others  are 
older,  with  a  dark  olive-brown,  thicker,  and  rougher  test.  It  appears 
to  be  the  most  common  species.  It  is  broadly  attached  by  one  side, 
obliquely,  and  both  tubes  are  on  the  upper  side,  near  one  end.  They 
are  both  short  and  broad. 

Lot  !No.  235,  Penny  Harbor,  Cumberland  Gulf,  at  low-water,  Octo- 
ber 4,  1877.  No.  592,  head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  attached  to  roots 
of  kelp.  May  19, 1878.  No.  595,  Cumberland  Gulf,  May,  1878.  No.  664^ 
head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  on  gravel  beach,  June  1, 1878. 

Halocynthia  VerriU  =  Cynthia  Savigny  (fioji  Fabr.,  1808).  • 

The  name  Cynthia  having  been  preoccupied,  and  no  other  tenable 
name  having  been  given  to  the  group,  I  propose  to  substitute  Halo- 
cynthia for  the  typical  section  of  Savigny's  genus,  characterized  by  the 
square  apertures,  compound  tentacular  appendages  of  the  mantle,  and 
the  development  of  two  ovaries.  The  other  subdivisions  established 
by  Savigny  appear  to  be  of  generic  value,  in  the  modem  sense. 

Balocynthia  rustica  Verrill. 

Ascidia  rustica  Lixx£. — Fabricius,  Fauna  Gronlandica,  p.  330, 1780,  para. 
Asddia  monoceros  MOller,  Kruycr's  Naturhist.  Tidssk.,  yoI.  iv,  p.  95,  1842. 
Ascidia  condylomata  Packard,  Mem.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  i,  p.  277, 1867. 
Cynthia  monoceros  Verrill,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  1,  p.  93, 1871. 

Distinguished  by  the  irregular,  unequal  warts  and  tubercles  of  the 
surface,  the  larger  ones  mostly  situated  above  the  middle,  and  by  the 
more  or  less  prominent  subcouical  tubercle  at  the  summit,  between  the 
bases  of  the  tubes.  This  terminal  tubercle  is  often  surmounted  by  sev- 
eral hard  chitinous  points,  and  in  the  young  a  similar  point  often  occurs 

147 


May  19, 1878.    Both  adult  and  young. 

Haloojrnthia  echinata  Yerrill. 

Ascidia  echinata  Linn£. — Fabricius,  Fauna  Gronlandica,  p.  331. 
Cjinthia  echinata  Stimp.,  Invert,  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  20, 1854. — Bis 

Invert,  of  Mass.,  p.  18,  pi.  xxiii,  fig.  3260. — ^Yerriix,  Amer.  Jon 

1871. 

Lot  No.  59C,  Cumberland  Gulf,  May  10, 1878. 

Besides  the  two  species  of  this  genus  brought  home  by 
tion,  the  following  occur  on  the  American  coast  north  o] 
H.  pyriformis  (Rathke),  Southern  New  England  to  Gieenl 
losa  (Fabr.),  perhaps  young  of  the  preceding,  Labrador  to 
jff.  tuherculum  (Fabr.)  =  Cynthia  camea  (Ag.)  Verrill  =  C.pl 
ard  (young),  Cape  Cod  to  Greenland ;  R,  pukkella  Yerrill  i 
Eastport,  Me.,  to  Grand  Banks;  H.  partita  (Stimp.),  M 
Bay  to  North  Carolina.' 

POLYZOA. 

Crlaia  ebomea  (L.)  Lamouroux. 

Gulf  of  Cumberland.    One  specimen. 

Diastopora  patina  (Lam.)  Smitt. 

Annanactook  Harbor,  on  Laminariaj  7  fieithoms,  May  '. 
Haloeynthia  rustica^  head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  May  5, 187& 

Aloyonidiam  mytili  DalyelL 


^^^^^^^^^^B  14SM 

^SuuuuoS&taRnitt.  ex  Fuliriciiis.  ■ 

Salivoriutria  borvatl*  Bl'SK.  H 

Cellaria  borealit  Smitt,  0^-c^Bigt  &f  Kougl.  Vct.-Akad.  Fiirh.  Idi;;,  ]>.  3C1,  InbM 

XX,  Itg.  17,  1867.  I 

Oil  Halocyvtkia  rustiat,  attached  to  roots  of  Laminaria.  m 

Uead  of  Cumberlnnd  Gulf,   May  JO,  1878,  lot  591'.      Sonio  of  ihtM 

-•piriitieiiB  iiiv  very  young,  witJi  only  a  single  elnvate  joint ;  orliers  ar^| 

iii'urly  two  iucheti  bigh,  and  beginning  to  brancb.  fl 

Membrauipora  BophUe  IJiisk.  V 

With  tbo  biat  {lot  592).    AJso  from  Annanuctook  Harbor,  May  19^1 

1878,  on  roots  of  IxiHiinarw,  7  fathoms.  M 

nta  (JoliuKt.)  Gray.  I 

Motlia  rrulgarit,  forma  antata  Smitt,  Oversigt  of  Kotigl.  Vi>trii»liiips-Akacl.  Fiirli.  fl 

ISGT,  p.  14,  tub.  XXV,  f.  78-83,  1^67.  I 

kroral  speuimens  occurred  on  tlie  roots  of  Lamitiaria,  7  fathoms,  Ao^ 

Ktook  Harbor,  May  10,  1878  (lot  o07).     Some  agn?e  with  tbo  varJ 

»  Smitt  (L^ralia  anaata  Johnst.],  but  in  most  cases  there  are  well^ 

loped  calcareous  papillae  near  the  sides  of  the  apertures  as  in  thtfl 

wt^llaia.  ■ 

^opt  the  generic  name  EiclMrina  given  by  Milne  Edwards  to  %■ 

,  including  the  presi-iit  species,  ia  1835  (in  Lamarck,  An.  sanfti 

,,  ed.  2,  vol.  ii,  pp.  218,  230],  and  for  which  bo  cited  at  the  type  B,M 

r  (Moll.).    Dr.  Gray  (List  Brit.  Animals  in  British  Museum,  p.9 

b848)  also  restricted  tbu  name  to  the  same  and  closely  allied  spe-l 

Dr.  Smitt,  however,  united  tliia  group  with  IJij^otltoa,  vhiehw 

B  to  be  a  sutUcienty  distinct  genuK,  ■ 

e  restricted  genus  Escitarina,  as  I  limit  it,  is  characterized  by  tbefl 

ril-mai'ked  median  sinus  of  the  apertures  of  the  zoiecia,  together  witbfl 

the  lateral  a^icularitL,  usually  developed  near  one  or  both  sides  of  thfrl 

-•■"■rtures.    The  mode  of  growth  is  usually  Lepralia-ltke,  but  may  alsofl 

I'ischarine.    It  is  tlicrefore  equi\'alent,  or  nearly  so,  to  the  genael 

iiiztiporvlia,  re<wiitly  proposed  by  Hiucks  for  the  same  typical  specieikfl 

'llio  genus  Escharmdea,  proposed  by  Edwimls  in  the  same  work,  hasl 

al-io  been   incorrectly  nseil  by  some  writers;   for  although  Gray  ror^l 

.".tricted  it,  in  1848,  to  one  of  the  original  sjiccies,  E.  coccinea  (AbUdg.)f,A 

I ,  making  it  e(iiiivalent,  in  part,  to  D'mcopora  Smith,  the  las^Ilame(d 

1 1-1  r  bas  applied  it  to  a  group,  tj-pified  by  E.  romacea,  unt  included  byfl 

i.(l«arda.    As  the  name  should  he  restored,  in  accordance  with  Groy'^fl 

<iiiiiliitioii,  I  have  pivpoacd  elsewhere  the  name  E»cltaropnis, iis  u  substi^| 

lute  for  Eacharoidca  o{  Smitt,  including  two  Kortliern  Atlantic  f<i>rcioA9 


uim  generic  name. 

Celleporella  hyalina  'l^A  Gray. 
Cellepora  hyalina  LiNN^. 

Mollia  hyalina  Smitt,  op.  cit.  p.  16,  tab.  xxv,  f.  84, 65. 
Bippothoa  hyalina  Smitt,  Florida  Bryozoa. 

Very  common,  Annanactook  Harbor,  7  fathoms,  on  Zam 
19,  and  9  fathoms.  May  20, 1878,  lot  570.  Penny  Harbor,  Ic 
Margarita  helicinaj  October  4,  1877,  lot  226.  Gravel  beach,  1 
of  Cumberland,  May  28, 1878,  lot  642,  and  on  Haloeynthta 
572,  May  19. 


RADIATES. 


By  a.  £.  Yerrill. 


EOHINODEEMATA. 

Pentaota  firondosa  Jseger  (Gimner,  sp.)* 

CuoumariafrondoBa  Forbes,  Brit.  Starfishes,  1841.— DuBSX  and  KoRSX,  184C 

One  large  Bpecimen,  Godthaab,  Greenland,  August  11^  1878. 

StrongylocentrotoB  Drfibaohienais  A.  Agassiz. 

Penny  Harbor,  Gulf  of  Cumberland,  reef  at  Jow- water,  October,  4, 1W7„ 
lot  420. 

Ztaptaaterlas  Qrdnlandica  Yerrill. 

Asieraoanthion  Grdnlandicus  Steenst. — LCTKENyOversigtoverOronlandBEclkixio- 
dermatai  p.  29,  1857. 

Head  of  Gulf  of  Cumberland,  Kiantilic  Harbor,  lot  144 ;  low-water,, 
September  25, 1877,  lot  179 ;  Arctic  Island,  lot  66 ;  Penny  Harbor,  lat- 
660,  at  low- water,  October  4, 1877,  lot  224 ;  also  same  locality,  lot  290. 

Leptaateriaa  MuUeri  Yerrill,  1866. 

Aateracanthian  Mulleri  Sars,  Fauna  Litt.  Korveg.,  i,  p.  56,  f.  38,39;  Oversigt  aT 
.  Norges  Echinodermer,  p.  88.  • 

Annanactook  Harbor,  4  fathoms.  May  19, 1878,  lot  580. 

Stephanaateriaa  albula  Yerrill. 

Aateracanthum  albulus  Stimpson,  Invert,  of  Grand  Manan,  p.  14,  fig.  5,  1853. 
Aaieracanthion  prohlema  Steenstrup. — LCtken,  op.  cit.  p.  30. 

Common  in  Cumberland  Gulf.  Gravel  beach  at  the  head  of  the  gulf^ 
etc.  The  only  lot  with  the  date  remaining  is  649,  May  30, 1878.  Wittt 
lot  725  is  the  following  note :  "  Dull  lilac  above,  yellowish  white  beneath.'^' 

All  the  specimens  are  young,  with  the  rays  irregular  in  length  and 
variable  in  number. 

Ihe  genus  Stephanmterias,  l)roposed  by  me  for  this  species  several- 
years  ago,  is  characterized  by  a  peculiar  structure  of  the  skeleton  and 
spines  as  well  as  by  its  remarkable  method  of  fission,  so  well  elucidated 
by  Dr.  Liitken.  When  adult,  there  are  usually  six  regular  equal  rays^. 
such  specimens  becoming  four  or  five  inches  in  diameter.  But  in  smaller 
specimens,  still  undergoing  self  division,  there  are  usually  two  to  foiur 

151 


ambulacral  grooves,  and  a  few  usually  occur  in  tlie  adoral  augl 
the  bases  of  the  rays. 

Ophio£;lyplia  nodoBa  Lyman. 

Ophiura  nodosa  LCtken,  Addit.  ad  Hist.  Ophiuridarum,  p.  48,  pi. 

1858. 

Lot  249.    Annanactook  Harbor,  low- water,  October  7,  187 

crimson.'' 

HYDEOIDA. 

Bertiilaria  argentea  Ellis  and  SoL 

Gravel  beach,  head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  low- water,  May  ! 

Haleciam  tenellum  Hincks. 

Gravel  beach,  head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  low-water,  lot  6- 

1878. 

Obelia,  sp. 

With  last.    Also  from  Penny  Harbor,  low-water,  Octob 
attached  to  Acidiopsis  camplanata. 

ANTHOZOA. 

Urticina  crassiccmia  Ehienberg,  1834. 

Jciinia  crassioomi%  MCller,  Prodromus,  1776. 
TeaVm  crassieomxB  6o8»R,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist. ;  Actinologia  Brit.,  p.  209, 
Rhwladima   Darisii  Ati.— Vkkhill,  Revision  Pol>7)s,  in  Menu  BO0I 
Hint.  vol.  i,  \k  Id,  (author's  copies,  18G4). 

Head  of  Cumberland  Gulf,  low-water,  lot  667,  on  rooU 
naria.    Annanactook  Harbor,  May  19, 1878. 


KADIATES.  153 

Marine  Invertebrata),  although  it  had  not  been  recorded  from  any  local-  ' 

ity  between  the  Bay  of  Pundy  and  Greenland.    TThe  numerous  specimens 

in  this  collection  serve  to  confirm  that  conclusion. 

Common  at  low- water  in  the  Gulf  of  Cumberland  (lots  179,  237,  664), 

Penny  Harbor,  October  4,  lot  237.    Gravel  beach,  head  of  gulf,  June  1,  . 

1878. 

PORIFEEA. 

Two  or  three  si)ecies  of  sponges,  not  yet  determined,  are  in  the  collec- 
tion. GThe  most  interesting,  as  well  as  most  common  one,  forms  elongated, 
«rect,  rather  flaccid  tubes,  two  or  three  inches  high  and  .25  to  .35  in 
<liameter,  open  at  top. 

It  occurred  on  the  gravel  beach,  head  of  the  gul^  attached  to  stones, 
June  13, 1878,  lot  770;  also  in  lot  643. 


^' 


INSECTS. 

DIUBNAL  LEPIDOPTBOA. 


By  W.  H.  Edvards. 


Family,  PAPILIONID,ffi. 

Sub-family,  Papilionin^. 
Genns,  Colim,  FabrieiuB. 

1.  C.  H«oIa,  Lefebrro. 

One  female  was  taken  at  Quickstep  Harbor,  Gulf  of  Cumberland,  lati-  1 
tu<le  6G°.    This  species  inhabits  Southern  Greenland  and  regions  to  the  J 
westward.    It  has  been  attributed  to  Iceland,  but,  as  is  now  supposed, 
erroneously.    It  also  inhabits  Southern  Laplaud. 

Mr.  M'Lacldan,  in  his  Report  on  the  butterflies  collected  by  the  recent 
British  Arctic  Expedition,  states  tbat  C,  Jet/rt  was  taken  as  far  north  as 
latitude  81°  45',  at  Hayes  Sound ;  and  he  gives  information  obtained 
from  Captain  Feilden,  E.  K,  attached  to  the  Alert  as  naturalist,  on  tlie  . 
habits  of  Lepidoptera  in  these  high  latitudes,    '■  During  the  short  period 
when  there  is  practically  no  night,  butterflies  are  continuously  on  the 
wing,  supposing  the  sun's  surface  not  to  be  obscured  by  clouds  or  pass-   ' 
ing  snow  showers.    That  about  one  month  in  each  year  is  the  longest   i 
period  in  which  it  is  possible  for  these  insects  to  apjicar  in  the  perfect  , 
state,  and  that  about  six  weeks  is  the  limit  of  time  nllowed  to  plant-   i 
feeding  larvte,  during  all  tlie  rest  of  the  year  the  land  being  under  snow  J 
and  ice."    Mr.  M'Lachlun  doubts  if  there  is  sufficient  time  in  each  year  ( 
for  the  preparatory  stages  of  the  butterfly, — egg,  larva,  and  chrysalis,—  ( 
and  is  disposed  to  think  that  more  than  one  year  is  necessary.     In  the 
northern  United  States,  the  larvie  of  Colias  fi'eqneiitly  pass  the  winter 
when  balf-grown,or  even  younger,  and  I  think  it  probable  this  is  the  habit 
oiUecla.    From  two  to  three  weeks  at  the  end  of  the  short  Arctie  sumnier^  < 
and  less  time  at  the  beginning  in  the  following  year,  would  seem  to  suf-  | 
^^  fur  the  whole  round  of  transformations,  | 

^Hd  Dr.  Standinger's  Catalogue,  CoHas  Boothii,  Curtis,  is  put  down  as  J 
^Knonyui  of  Becla;  but,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr,  M'Lacldan,  the  two  J 
^Bdistinet  species.  I 

^M  i^      A 


slightly  different  form,  Americana. 

Family,  NYMPHALIDiR. 

Sttb-fkmily,  NYMPHALm-ffi. 
Genus,  ArgynniSj  Fabricins. 

X,  A.  Freya,  Thunberg. 

Two  males  were  taken  in  Southwest  GreenhmcL  This  spi 
tributed  over  the  boreal  regions  of  both  continents;  in  An 
Greenland  to  Alaska ;  and  it  follows  the  Bocky  Mountains  a 
south  as  Colorado.    It  is  subject  to  very  little  yariation. 

2,  A.  Polaris,  Boisdaval. 

One  male  was  taken  at  Quickstep  Harbor.  This  species 
stricted  in  distribution  than  Freya^  and,  so  jEu*  as  known,  is 
iN^ortheast  America,  &om  Labrador  to  the  Arctic  Sea.  It  w 
the  British  Exx>edition  as  far  to  the  north  as  latitude  81^ 
the  American  Expedition  (Polaris)  at  81^  5(K.  It  varies  mm 
and  the  example  sent  me  by  ^Ir.  Kumlien  is  remarkably  mel 
upper  surface,  the  hind  wings  especially  showing  scarcely  an 

Sub-family,  Satybin-E. 

Genus,  ChionobaSj  BoisduvaL 

1.  C.  Semidea,  Say. 
Oeno.  Boisdnval. 


INSECTS.  157 

rado  and  New  Mexico.  In  the  White  Mountains  it  is  abundant  on  the 
summit  of  Mount  Washington  5  but  in  the  territory  between  this  region 
and  Labrador  it  is  unknown,  as  also  between  Mount  Washington  and 
the  Eocky  Mountains.  How  far  to  the  northwest  of  the  continent  it 
flies  is  not  known  to  me.  It  has  not  appeared  in  collections  from 
Alaska,  in  which  Freya  was  represented  in  considerable  numbers.  The 
peculiar  distribution  of  this  species,  C.  SemidcOy  by  which  it  inhabits 
mountain  summits  thousands  of  miles  apart  and  not  the  intervening 
country,  and  in  the  White  Mountains  of  Kew  Hampshire  is  thoroughly 
isolated  and  restricted  to  a  very  small  area,  is  explained  as  in  the  case 
of  plants  similarly  distributed  and  isolated  (address  of  Prof.  Asa» 
Gray,  Dubuque,  1872).  The  advance  to  the  southwanl  of  the  glacial 
ice  pushed  before  it  multitudes  of  plants  and  animals,  forcing  them 
along  very  distant  lines  of  longitude  in  many  cases;  and  when  the  re- 
ceding of  the  ice  took  place,  and  a  milder  temi)erature  began  to  prevail^ 
some  species  which  had  obtained  a  foothold  at  the  south  remained  there^ 
finding  a  climate  in  which  they  could  live,  upon  lofty  mountains  only^ 
being  unable  to  exist  in  the  lowlands.  In  the  case  of  this  butterfly^ 
such  a  climate  was  found  at  or  near  the  snow-line  in  the  Bocky  Mount- 
ains, and  upon  the  summits  of  the  White  Mountains. 


I 


4 


INSECTS. 


HTMraOPTEBA,  NOCTUBNAL  LEPIDOPTEBA,  DIPTEBA,  COLEOPTEBA.  MEUBOPTEBA. 

AND  ARACHNIDA. 


By  8.  H.  ScuDDER  and  others. 


The  insects  collected  by  Mr.  Kumlien  were  very  few  in  numberi  amount- 
ing to  only  sixteen  species ;  and  they  appear  to  add  little  to  our  previous 
knowledge  of  the  fauna*  Nevertheless,  as  all  lists  firom  high  northern 
locaUUes  possess  a  certain  importance,  the  following  is  given.  The 
Hymenoptera  were  determined  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Cresson^  the  report  on  the 
Lepidoptera  is  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Grote ;  Mr.  E.  Burgess  has  named  the  Dip- 
tera,  Dr.  J.  L.  LeConte  the  Coleoptera,  Dr.  H.  Hagen  the  Neuroptera, 
and  Mr.  J.  H.  Emerton  the  Arachnid. — Sakuel  H.  Souddeb. 

The  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  were  placedin  thehands  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards 

m 

for  examination,  and  appear  on  pp.  15&-157. 

HYMENOPTEEA. 

1.  No.  944.  Bombus  lacmtris  Cress.    One  specimen;  American  Harbor, 

Gulf  of  Cumberland,  July  6, 1878. 

2.  No.  1287.  BombiM  sp.  near  B.  Scutellaria  Cress.,  and  probably  B.  green- 

landicua  Smith.    One  specimen;  Godhavn,  Greenland,  August  3, 
1878. 

3.  No.  1431.  Limneria  sp.  (not  described).    One  specimen ;  Disko  Fjord, 

Disko  Island,  Greenland,  August  9, 1878. 

NOOTUENAL  LEPIDOPTERA. 

4.  Laria  Bossii  Curtis,  Appendix  to  the  Second  Voyage  of  Sir  J.  Eoss, 

Ixi,  PI.  A,  fig.  10. 
The  specimens  belonging  to  this  species  are  (1)  a  dried  larva,  black, 
with  yellowish  bro^vn  hairs,  and  on  each 'side  a  row  of  yellow  tufts,  arcti- 
iforra ;  (2)  a  slight  cocoon  formed  of  the  larval  hair  like  those  of  the 
genus  Orgyia)  (3)  a  single  worn  male  specimen  of  the  moth.  The  speci- 
mens were  collected  at  Annanactook,  Cumberland  Island,  the  latter  part 

159 


160  SATLRAL    UISTORV    OF   ARCTIC    ASIERICA.  I 

of  June.  The  cocoon  Laa  nttaclied  to  it  a  fragment  of  a  lichen  nod ' 
several  coniferous  needles,  and  was  evidently  formed  on  the  gjonjiJ: 
these  objects  are  merely  slightly  attached  and  form  no  p.irt  of  the  stnu- 
ture  itself.  The  cocoon,  whichiaclosein  texture,  yet  very  frail  and  liylil, 
contains  the  black  and  shining  pupa,  ^vhich  is  nnuttuolly  thickly  clotbed 
witli  brownish  hair. 

Curtis  says  of  this  species :  "  It  is  a  very  abundant  iuscct,  csi>edallj 
in  the  caterpillar  state,  for  about  a  hundred  were  collected  on  the  Iflth 
of  .luno  1832,  near  Fury  Beach."  His  descriptiou  of  the  larva  doe^  not 
well  accord  with  the  present  specimen.  lie  says:  "The  cntcrxiitlar  is  iargt 
and  hairy,  arul  of  a  beautiful  shining  velvety  bliiek,  tlie  liaim  bciiig 
somewhat  ochreous ;  there  are  two  tufts  of  black  hnii-  on  tlie  back,  fol- 
lowed Jjy  two  of  orange."  His  description  of  the  pui»a  rnjtl  web,  as  vti 
as  of  the  perfect  insect,  agrees  with  the  specimens  now  receiVMk  H* 
gives  the  food-plant  of  the  larva  as  Saxifragu  tricuspidata  ami  « 
oppositifolUi. 

I  have  recorded  (Psyche,  1,  131)  the  occurrence  of  this  8i>efie»  alxH-e 
the  tree-line  on  Mount  Washington,  N.  H,    It  is  another  instance  of  the 
distribution  of  our  existing  speci^a  of  moths,  throngh  the  agency  oftb« 
(tbatige  in  eliinate  attending  tliu  Glacial  Epoob. 
5.  No.  1431.  Amrta  melanopa  {Thxmh,). 

A  single  specimen  colIecUid  at  Disko  Fjord,  Disko  Island,  Angnttl^ 
1878.    This  species  has  been  taken  above  timber-line,  13,000  foet  den- 
i^-ut:.  TT.  L.  C;iri»;iiter.  on  T;ios  Ft-ak.  Tiwk 


INSLCTS.  161 

10.  A  Tacliinid  of  unrecognizable  genus;  two  pupa  cases  and  a  fly  which 

has  escaped  from  one  in  confinement,  with  crumpled  wings ;  foimd 
parasitic  on  the  larva  of  Laria  Rossii^  Annanactook,  Cumberland 
Sound. 

11.  No.  12*3.  CaWpfu)ra  erythrocephalaMeig,    One  specimen ;  Godthaab, 

Greenland. 

12.  No.  1098.  Scatophaga  apicalis  Curt.  (=f  8.  squalida  Meig.).    One 

specimen;  ott* shore,  Americuui  Harbor,  (Cumberland  Sound,  July 
13,  1878. 

COLEOPTERA. 

13.  No.   lOCl.   Amara  lucmatopus   l)ej.   (Feronia);   Stereocorus  shnili^ 

Kirby.  One  specimen ;  American  Harbor,  Cumberland  Souiul, 
July  10,  1878.  The  species  is  foinid  generally  throughout  sub 
arctic  America. 

14.  No.  1041.  Agahus  {GaurodyicH)   trwiis  A\\\}q.    Five  specimens  in 

poor  preservation ;  Lake  Caroline  Mann,  Cumberland  Island,  Sep- 
tember 1,  1878.  The  siKJcies  is  abundant  in  Alaska  and  extends 
down  to  California  in  the  Sierra  region. 

NEUROPTEKA. 

15.  No.  IGll.  A  Limnophilid,  perhaps  an  2/a/€^t/«.    Several  larval  cases 

with  dried  larvcB  in  some  of  them ;  the  cases  are  comi)osed  of 
minute  scales  of  mica.  Lake  Caroline  IVfann,  Cumberland  Island, 
September  1, 1878. 

ARACIINIDA. 

IG.  No.  10(>1.  Lycotta  sp.,  probably  L.  grcenlaidica  Thor.    One  dried 
specimen  ;  American  Harbor,  Cumberlai  d  Sound,  July  10,  1878^ 

Bull.  Nat.  Mus.  No.  15 11 


PLANTS. 


LIST  OP  THE  PLANTS  COLLECTED  AT  POINTS  IN  CUMBEELAND  SOUND  BETWEEN  THE 
SIXTY-SIXTH  AND  SIXTY-SEVENTH  PARALLELS  OF  NORTH  LATITUDE  AND  ON  TBB 
SOUTH  SHORES  OF  DISKO  ISLAND,  GREENLAND. 


By  Asa  Gray. 


The  Howgate  Expedition  arrived  in  Cumberland  Sound  about  tihe 
middle  of  September,  1877 ;  the  ground  was  then  covered  with  snow, 
but  this  melted  on  the  southern  slopes  some  days  later,  and  exx>osed  a 
few  plants  still  in  flower,  Campanula  rotundifolia^  Lychnis  apetalaj  Stella- 
ria  longipeSy  var.  Udwardsiij  &c. 

In  the  succeeding  summer  the  Florence  left  her  winter-harbor  early 
in  July,  and  while  there  was  yet  considerable  snow  remaining  in  the 
valleys.  At  the  time  we  left  our  winter-quarters  there  were  but  four 
or  five  plants  in  flower  in  the  vicinity,  such  as  Taraxacum  Dens-leonia^ 
Cochlearia  officinalis^  Saxifraga  stellatOf  and  Saxifraga  rivulariSj  var. 
hyperborean 

Pyrola  rotundifolia,  var.  pumiUiy  showed  buds  on  a*southern  slope  by 
the  last  day  of  May,  but  the  same  plants  were  not  in  flower  by  July  7. 
The  season  appeared  to  be  unusually  backward,  frequent  snow-storms 
prevailing  till  the  latter  days  of  June. 

At  America  Harbor,  on  the  east  side,  and  nearly  opposite  Annanac- 
took,  the  winter-harbor,  plants  were  in  much  richer  profusion  and  ap- 
parently more  than  a  week  earlier  than  at  the  former  place. 

As  large  a  number  of  plants  were  collected  hero  as  our  short  stay 
would  admit  of.  A  few  days  were  also  spent  at  the  Kikkerton  Islands, 
and  such  of  the  islands  as  were  accessible  to  us  faithfully  himted  ovex, 
but  many  species  were  not  yet  in  flower. 

On  the  south  shores  of  Disko  Island,  Greenland,  we  collected  for  a 
few  (lays  in  August,  and  here  the  bulk  of  our  plant-collection  was  made. 

Many  8])ocie8  were  found  here  that  we  Iwd  collected  in  Cumberland, 
but  they  were  strikingly  more  luxuriant  and  generally  quite  abundant. 
In  the  following  list  the  species  collected  at  points  in  Cumberland  Sound 
will  be  indicated  by  the  letter  C;  those  from  Disko  Island,  Greenland, 
by  the  letter  G.— L.  K. 

1G3 


164  KATUKAL  HISTOEY   OF  ARCTIC  AUEBICA. 

Tkalietrvm  alpinum,  L.    G. 

Ranunculus  nivalis,  L.    C. 

Ranunculus  affinis,  K.  Br.    C. 

Ranunculus,  not  identified. 

Papater  nudicaule,  L.    0  and  G. 

Arabia  alpina,  L,     G  and  C. 

Cochlearia  officinalis,  L.    C. 

Cochlearia  arctica,  Schl.    G. 

Draba  stcUata,  Jacq.    C. 

Draha  stellata,  var.  nivalis,  Begl.    C. 

Draba  crassi/olia,  GnUi.    G. 

Draha  kirta,  L.    C. 

Silene  acaulig,  L.    C  and  Q. 

Lychnis  alpina,  L.     G. 

Lychnis  apetala,  L.    C. 

Lgchnia  affinia,  Wobl.    G  and  G. 

Cerastium  alpinum,  h.    G  and  G. 

Stellaria  longipes,  Goldie. 

StcUaria  longipcs,  var.  Edusardsii,    C  and  G. 

Arcnaria  peploiUcs,  L.     G. 

hrijas  octopetala'h. 

Dryas  oetopetala,  var.  integri/oUa,  Cb.  &  Scb.     0  and  G. 

PotcntiUa  nivca,  L.    (J. 

Pofmfifhi  mamlntf,  Pom 


PLANTS.  165 


Arnica  alpina^  Murr.    G. 

Taraxacum  Dens-leaniSj  Desf.    G  and  (J. 

Taraxacum  palustre J  DC.    C. 

Campanula  rotundi/oliaj  L.    C  and  G. 

Campanula  uniflora^  L.    G. 

Va^ccinimn  uliginosumj  L.    C  and  G.     (var.) 

Arct08taphylo8  alpinay  L.    G  and  G. 

Cassiope  hypnoides^  Don.    C  and  G. 

Ca^siape  tetragona^  Don.    C  and  G. 

Bryanthus  taxifolius^  Gray.    G. 

Rhododcftidron  Lapponicum^  Wahl.    C  and  G. 

Ledum  palustre,  L.    C  and  G. 

Loiseleuria  procumbenSj  Desv.    C  a  nJ  ( ^ 

Pyrola  rotundifoliay  L. 

Pyrola  rotundijfoliaj  var.  pumiUij  Hook-    O  and  G. 

Diapevma  Lappanicaj  L.    C  and  G. 

Armeria  vulgaris^  L.    C  and  G. 

Veronica  alpina^  L.    G. 

Euphrasia  offidnaliSj  L.    G. 

Bartsia  alpina^  L.    G. 

Pedicularis  Langsdorffiij  Fisch.    G. 

Pedicularis  TAingsdorffiij  var.  lanata. 

Pedicularis  hirsuta^  L.    C  and  G. 

Pedicularis  flammca^  Jj.    G. 

Pedicularis  Lappanicaj  L.    G. 

Mertensia  maritimaj  Don.    G. 

Oxyria  digyna^  Campd.    C  and  G. 

Polygonum  viviparum^  L.    0  and  G. 

Empetrum  nigrum^  L.    C. 

Betula  nana^  L.    C  and  G. 

Salix  herbacea,  L.    C  and  G. 

Salix  glauca,  L.    C. 

Salix  arcticay  E.  Br.  1    C. 

Habenaria  albida,  E.  Br.    G. 

Habenaria  hyperborean  E.  Br.    G.    New  to  Greenland  I 

Tofieldia  borealiSj  Wabl.    C  and  G. 

Luzula  spadiceaj  DC.    C. 

Luzula  spadiceaj  var.  parvifloraj  Mey.    O. 

Luzula  arcuatttj  Wahl.    C. 


L66  NATUBAL  HISTOBT  OF  ABCTIC  AMERICA. 

L.izula  arcitata,  var.  hyperborea.    0. 
Eriophorum  tkkeucJizcri,  Hoppe.    O. 
Eriophorum  vaginatum^  L.    C 
Eriophwum  polyatachyum,  L.    O. 
Carex  lagopina,  Wahl.    G. 
Carex  rigida,  Good.    G. 
Carex  rariflora,  WahL    G. 
HierocMoa  alpina,  L.    C. 
Aiapeeurvs  eUpinva,  L.    O. 
Poa  alpinOf  L.    G  and  G- 
Featuea  ovina,  L.    C. 
Festuoa  ovina,  var.  Itrev^flora.    n 
Glyoeria  angustata,  B.  Br.    G. 
WooSsia  hyperhorea,  R.  Br.    G. 
Cystopteris /ragilia,  Bemii.    G. 
Afpidium  LonchitiSf  Sw.    G. 
Potypodium  Dryopteris.  L.    G. 
Equisetiim  arveme,  L.    G  and  0. 
Lyeopodium  Sekigo,  L.    G  and  0. 


LICHENS. 


LIST  OF  LICHENS  COLLECTED  IN  THE  TICINITT  OF  ANNANACTOOK  HABBOft,  CUMBEB- 

LAND  SOUND,  AT  ABOUT  LAT.  67*»  N.,  LONG.  68o  49*  W. 


By  Edward  Tvckebmjcx, 


Cetraria  nivalis j  (L.)  Acb.    G. 

Cetraria  cucullatay  (Bell.)  Acli.    6. 

Cetraria  islandica^  (L.)  Acli.    G. 

Cetraria  ialandica^  var.  DeliscBj  Br.    G. 

Dactylina  arctica^  (Hook.)  Nyl.    G. 

Alectoria  ochroleuca, 

Alectoria  ochroleuca^  var.  cincinnata^  Fr.    G. 

Alectoria  ochroleuca^  var.  nigricann^  Ach.    G. 

Alectoria  jtibataj  (L.). 

Alectoria  juhata^  var.  cftalyhetformisj  Ach,    G. 

Theloachistes  parieiiniMj  (It.). 

Tlieloschistes  parietinusj  var.  pygmcmSj  Fr.    D. 

Parmelia  saa^atiliSj  (L.)  Fr.    G. 

Parmelia  aaxatiliSj  var.  omplialodeSj  Fr.    G. 

Parmelia  aaxatiliSj  var.  panniformiSj  Fr.    G, 

Parmelia  physodeSj  (L.)  Ach. 

Parmelia  physodeSj  var.  encaustay  Fr. 

Parmelia  physodesy  var.  alpicolaj  Nyl.    G. 

Parmelia  stygia. 

Parmelia  stygia^  var.  lanata^  (Mey.).    G. 

Parmelia  conspersa^  (Ehr.)  Ach.    G. 

Parmelia  centrifuga^  (L.)  Ach.    G. 

Umbilicaria  vellea^  (L.)  Kyi.    G. 

Umhilicaria  proboscidea,  (L.)  Stenh.    G. 

Umbilicaria  proboscideaj  var.  arctica^  Ach. 

Umhilicaria  anthracina,  (Wahl.)  Schoer.    G. 

Umbilicaria  cylindricaj  (L.)  Delis.    G. 

Umbilicaria  hyperborea^  Hoffm.    G. 

Umbilicaria  erosa^  (Wei.)  Hoflfm.    G. 


ie7 


IfiH  KATURAL  HISTORY  OF  ARCTIC  AMERICA. 

Peltigera  canina,  {L.}  noffm.     G. 

I'eltigera  pulverulenta,  {Tayl,}  Nyl.    tr. 

Pannaria  hypnorum,  (HofFm.)  Kcerb.    G. 

Flacodium  clegana,  DC. 

Flacodium  vitclUnum,  (Ehrh.)  Hppp.    G. 

Lecanora  rubina,  (Vill.)  Ach. 

Lecanora  rubina,  var.  opaca,  Acli. 

Lecanora  tarlarea,  (L.)  Anb.    G, 

Lecanora  oculata,  (Dicks.)  Acli. 

Lecanora  ventosa,  (L.)  Acb.    G. 

Stereocavhn  tomentonum,  Fr. 

StereocauUm  tomentosum,  vur.  alptuum,  Ta.vir, 

Stereocaulon  paschale,  (L.)  Fr.     G. 

StereocauUm  deav^atum,  Floerk.     O. 

Cladonia  rangiferina,  (L.)  Hoffm. 

Cladonia  rangiferina,  var.  alpestrU,  Schcer. 

Cladonia  uncialis,  (L.)  Fr.    G. 

Cladonia  bellidtftora,  Acb.  (Sclioer.).    G. 

Cladonia  comwcopioidcs,  (L.)  Fr.    G. 

Cladonia  comucopioidea,  var.  incrassata,  Aiict.    G. 

Cladonia  defvrmis,  (L.)  Hoft'm.    G. 

Heterothecium  pezizoideum  Acli.    G. 

Bwllia  papiJlaia,  (Sommerf.)  Flot    G. 

^ft(WopAor«s  fragilia,  (It)  Pers. 


ALG^. 


LIST  OF  ALGAE  COLLECTED  AT  POINTS  IN  CUMBERLAND  SOUND  DURING  THE  AUTUMN 

OF  1877. 


By  W.  G.  Farlow. 


Odontluilm  dentaia, 
Bhodomela  subfuaca. 
Ehodomela  tenuiaaima. 
Polyaiphonia  crctica. 
Delesseria  roatrata. 
Delcsseria  alata. 
Rhodophyllis  veprfntla, 
Euthora  cristata, 
Phyllophora  interrupta. 
Phyllopliora  memhranifolia. 
PtiloUi  plumosa^  var.  serrata. 
Ceramium  rubrum. 
Callithamnioii  PylaiscoL 
CalUthamnion  RothiL 
Chordaria  fla^elUfonnis. 
Dwtyosiphon  foeniculaceua. 
Phlccospora  tortills, 
Spliacelaria  arctica. 
Cluetopteris  plumosa. 
Ectocarpus  hiemalis. 
Ectocarpu8  FarlowiL 
Ectocarpua  Landsburgiif 
Ectocarpus  firmus,  var. 

Monosioma f 

Cladophora  arcta. 

ITloihrix  flacca. 

Hcematococcus  lacustris  {Protococcus  nivcUia). 


too 


MINERALS. 


By  F.  M.  Exduch. 


The  following  is  the  catalogue  of  the  minerals  collected  by  Dr.  Knm- 
lien.  Each  one  of  the  sjiecies  is  represented  by  a  number  of  specimens 
Interesting,  among  them,  is  a  collection  of  the  supposed  meteoric  stones 
from  Ovifak. 

SmithaoniaD 
number. 

9580.  Supposed  3IETE0RIC  stoks  from  Ovifak,  Disko  Island,  Green- 
land. 
1)581.  Geanite,  probably  fix)m  a  dnft-bowlder,  Gi-eenland. 

9582.  Rose  quartz.    A  large  number  of  specimens  from  Greenland. 

9583.  Oethoclase,  from  Niantilic  Gulf,  Cumberland. 

9584.  TouEMALiNE,  crystals  with  one  end  termination.    Some  of  them 

are  of  considerable  size.     Color  black.    Niantilic  Gulf. 

9585.  Muscovite,  crystals  and  large  plates.    The  latter  contains  some 

hematitic  inclusions.    Niantilic  Gulf. 
958G.  Muscovite,  crystals.    Niantilic  Gulf. 

9587.  Oethoclase,  massive,  yellow.    Niantilic  Gulf. 

9588.  Biotite,  in  small  crystals.    Niantilic  Gulf. ' 

9589.  QuAETZ,  colorless.     Niantilic  Gidf. 

9590.  Chalcedony,  gray  and  blue.    Disko  Fjonl. 

9591.  Argyllite,  red,  compact.    Ovifak. 

9592.  Chalcopyrite,  massive,  in  quartz.     Cumberland  Gulf. 

9593.  Pyrrhotite,  associated  with  some  pyrite.    Cumberland  Gulf. 

9594.  Smoky  quartz,  massive.    Cumberland  Gulf. 

9595.  Chlorite,  crystallized.    Cumberland  Gulf. 

9596.  Apatite,  crjstalline.    Cumberland  Gulf. 

9597.  Garnet,  variety,  probably  Spessartitej  crystallized  in  clusters  and 

single  large  crystals.    Cumberland  Gulf. 

9598.  Apophyllite.     Small  quantities  associated  with  Chalcopyrite. 

Cumberland  Gulf. 

171 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Acidiopdaoomplanata..... 152 

AcnuM  tMtndinalis 146 

Actixkia  eiaasicornis 152 

■pectabilU 152 

ActitaruM  bortramins S7 

JSgialitU  biaticula 83 

**        semipalmata 83 

iEgiothus  iiolboUi 76 

linaria 75 

iEoUdiapapillosa 146 

Agabua  (Gaarodytes)  triatis 161 

Aginsak 89 

Aglek J, 89 

AgonidcD 116 

AjAk-ka\jtyak 38 

Akagik 83 

Akeiksek 83 

Akpa 104,105 

Ak  parnak 103 

AlcbemiUa  mlgaria 164 

Alcyonidinm  xnytili 148 

Alectoria  Jabata 167 

"        Jabata  Tar.  ohalybeifonnia 167 

"        ocbroleaca 167 

"        ocbroleaca  var.  cinclxmata 167 

**        ochrolenca  yar.  nigricaDs 167 

AlgsD 169 

Alopecuros  alpinos 166 

Amara  hsmatopna 161 

Axnarook 30,52 

Amaabiiadly 27 

Amatbilla  Sabinl 139 

Amgoouk  or  amnait 45 

Ampelia  garmlas 74 

Ampbipoma 143 

Ampbipoms  Stimpaoni 143 

Ampbitrite  cinclxmata 141 

Amurak 75 

Anaaboscbaa » 88 

Ancoot 28,29,30,43,44,4,6 

Ancoot  angekok 21 ,  27 

Angokoka 29 

Annelida 141 

Annelids 141 

Anser  albifrons  var.  gambcli H8 

bN-perborens 88 

Antennnria  alpina 164 

Antbozoa 1.V2 

AntbiiA  ladovicianna 73 

Apatite 171 

Apeltes 131 

Apophyllite 171 

Arabia  alpina 164 

Aracbnida 159,161 

Arcbangelica  offlcfnalia 164 

Arctoatapbylos  alpina 165 

Arenaria  i>eploidea 164 


Page. 

Argylllte in 

Argynnia 166 

"        Cbaridea 166 

••        Freya 156,157 

Pobms 156 

Armeria  vnlgaria 165 

Arnica  alpina 165 

Aacidia  calloea 147 

"       complanata 147 

"       condylomata 147 

*•       ecbinata 148 

"       monoceroa 147 

*•       metica 147 

Aacidiopeia  complanata 147 

Aapidinm  Loncbitia 166 

Aapidopboroidea  monopterygius ^  116 

Astarte  borralia 146 

Asteracantbion  albulua 151 

Mulleri 151 

"             problema 151 

Aeteriaa 152 

Atiiaaa 26 

Atluka 35,89,56 

Atkkbinigan 27 

Aukbinigan-macboni 27 

Aurora  borealia 81 

Awingak 53 

Awoak 63 

Baird,Prof.  S.  F 120 

Balanna  balanoidea 140 

"       crenatue 140 

Bartaia  alpina 165 

Bean,  Tarleton  H 107,113 

Belnga  catodon 13, 24, 60 

Be  tubi  nana 1  a'» 

Biotite 171 

Birda 71 

Blennius  polaris lir> 

Bombns  lacastris ir>9 

Bcatellaria 159 

Boreogadas  polaria 108 

Raida 107,108 

Bowboad  Bird 85 

Bracbyotns  palastriH 81 

Branta  hutcbinsii 88 

Bryantbas  taxifolitis    icr> 

Buccinum  bekherl 145 

ciliatum  var.  Miilleri 145 

•*          jilaciale 145 

j^riinlandicum 140 

bumphreysiannm 145 

**         tt'nebrosum 146 

Bacepbala 1 89 

i»bindica 89 

Bnelliapapillata 168 

173 


Bunodta  spcctablUs  — 

Buplisgus  gkua 

BurBeBB,  Mr.E 


CibloDet 

Colldrifl ■rcnarin  ----- 

CiilllpharB  i>ryIhrDCBpbkla. . . 

CiillithiiDiniDn  Pyt^sni 

Kothli 

CulLociphidns  \i  tutinuB 

CampHnuta  roCniidEfpIl*  ----. 


JSDBX. 


CuapliiliL'idug  labnidariiu 

Cull  bniillulB  VU-.  boiwlU 

"     DccldonUltaTBr.  grlwD-alb*... 
CmpirUa 


!x1ikgoplnB-- 


CHpoilaoQii  purpnrma . . 
CMwlope  hypnoldM 

Crlliiria  BrtlcuUt* 

Crllepon  bykllna 


■■  HecU.. 
CoDett,  Prof  .. 
Coljmbiu  ■ml 


CoBldiB . . 


IM.I» 

wni 


CnnellB  lUa. .. 


DID 

TV 

EX. 

175 

■■     ortoi«ul.i-nr.latigrWolto 

IM 

IBl 

1» 

Ocphyn* 

GUlTbcodon.... 

.      U2 

(ilvtLm,.ti.KiurlMi;i.... 
l".n^]ili.iliHm  KorrtEioam 

I«,l« 

Lflndibureill 

IBS 

M 

r.T..c,n.,>i.,irbo ST 

IT.  73,77, 80. 1» 

Gnu l(pT0b«b);ft' 

GbIo 

cambfr                      108,110.115^118 

ajmnncantbiaplBdllicor 

Oj-mwlisviriJi. 

lial 

H.g*n.I>r.  n 

i" 

.      IM 

Smnll 

TUljlri* 

160 

149 

Hiloc;nthi> 

■"rtl" 

115 

1JK 

i«.iso 

r,.„.i.,.,,'^,...-,„..iEdi[« 

70 

U»rt.C 

..      1211 

.      J0» 

10.M 

110 

Gamn^nri                                                                   57 

jorusla 

J« 

iHahaook 

Igl" 

Insects 

Iihtmak 

SB 

IM 

1G3.1S0 
..  H.95 

iDKUlptu 

Junco  hyemsU. 

Dcbolomw 

131 

78 

»« 


VowKMb 

■fovj-ah 


DkiKHllnok 

OniiaL  

(honiiUtruplini  ill 


PatHii-i'iiindii'iiuJv  . 


I'JrOK'lui  FFiiliitlipi 


w.i»tUto 
■uitilia 


INDEX.  177 

P»ge.  F*C» 

Ul  Peaholiik IM 

ii  i'hukrop.iiInUMriM 81,86 

' ^.-_-..^,,        A5  '  t^buACDloAJOiaiiiaE^mriUceunw- 141* 

l»,16l  ,  l»Wul)Mb»t»  U,24,B2,4C,43,« 

W,M  ItiloMMponi Inrtilla  IHI 

Be  Pb«bMurv™tnJt]i.    i38 

81  ■  PlijlliicliR'i"Gi(JBlundlca Ul 

IM  Pb.vtlopbon 

rii.viitlia  u 

lii  PlEkanlnny  pUMj- S5 

1«J  PiDWinilt ••» 

.,        163  Plninibi  i'nui'l™lor 73 

KI  Plaoridiiiin  »legiiii» ISK 

91,  Da                         vitcUlunm 168 

.-•-,. M  I'luul- 1« 

S3  I'lalfiM  Kluriulia iw 

a  rbi>siinuiUcbUi}-jililiipoi[lo«M>td(«.., 108 

BbroB* 1*5  rlrctrophuii  bppnnlcrDi 77 

wnl. in  -  uiialit 78,77,78 

101  Plmr.iiw.twi  yi^nklinil   I08 

61                             (IthiimbDilglaoIaU*.... I08 

1 Ift2  '  I'luuivuMitW* 108 

-.- 163  PoHolpini SO.lSn 

81         ■•   arutlcii 77,01 

81  ri.l>,.™uui.-Mp«uii.,... 165 

IW  ruJyl>">iiii"i  lirjoplsrl* I6C 

IM-  I'"li-ii)h..DUiiir,ll(B 160 

73  l'tilyiiUrt«  Mclleri w 

171  i'Dlyioii IM 

171  PoiifeiH  isa 

Ifl.".  I'lii-mllb  uM'uIua i64 

PruIooi'JBkfHCUU 116 

13,17,J*2«,Wt,«,*»,iJ,03,:i,  l-tamlKiiM 73 

78,78.  loa  Ptilntd  pltuuuixi  var.  namU 16* 

W  1*1101111  K kubll lec 

idloiu 38.61                     lo^liir 103 

M  .  Vy 04 

...      IW  PjipWruB 136 

..10*                         (Koldcntiili* 130 

.  .      IM  r.vnJit  roiuadlfoliii MG 

-.      in  rotuniUliiUii  Titr.  pmnite 1«3,1» 

...      167  PjrrbirtlU-, 171 

...      It!  r,nThiil.. 74 

...      107  (iii.irli 171 

...      107 

...      1»7  KhJUiIk. 151 

107  E*',  Dr IOC 

107  l{iiu;dlVr  Umuluii  ia,U 

..     10.;i«  iL.niini'iiluM  iifHiilii- 104 

...      105                            aitiiln lei 

...       ISS                -           li«l  ■iloDUfi'd 104 

ICJ  Bc<:iii'\ir»>trisiiuicHcaiu 84 

...      lOS  '  IkiuluinlliiiitbhiiwfdnMibiM     Ivo 

...      16S  Bhiuni>h<.iiivl» 161 

1«8                                nlwiU 161 

13  ItbwUitinui  imviaii  IN: 

...      HI  RbndoJiiHlrnii  Lii|>|">Di<'uin IK 


Bull.  Nat.  Miw.  No.  li 


-l:i 


niDBX. 


Spimrbla  Inddoa ....  r ... . 
<|aadTHigiil>ria 

SUudiuiwr,  Dr 

SMIIiirliiliinglprii     

Strptunutcriia 

olbnla 


INDEX. 


179 


nu.ik 

umik 

nlus  ulici« ... 
rtonia  minnta 


Pmjc©. 

14 

14 

73 

146 

It  III  i\  tlacca 160 

ibiliranfi  anthrudna 1ti7 

«■  vlindrica 167 

<  n»Bji 167 

liy]»«;rl>«>re:i 167 

]»t-obo8cideu 167 

prftboACiilea  var.  arctica 167 

vplloa 167 

i.»(i»ibo .* 10^ 

•     -ryU« 94,108,104.105 


Page. 

UromottR  Parryi lir» 

Unas  maritliBiia 13,47,4U 

Urtlciua  oraniconris 1:'^* 

ntiinianin  tonla 103 

Vaci-iuiiim  uliginoaimi Ifi,  78, 77, 8u.  lOT* 

Vfr«ini«';4  alpina IGTi 

VtniU,  A.E 141.147.151 

VuliM-s  la^»])UM 49, 77 

Wlialo-binl J?'- 

Xf  nia  iwbiuli 101 

ZiyhidioDtidsB IJfi 


\ 

*• 

■ » 

*m  . 

.^J 

r-^::-^^ 

'« 

'f 

^HOKTNe 

^' 

-,  a^^^H**.*  • 

J^':'-^^'.  -^'^^^.:.. 

*'^1^- 

*  .  •  ' 

m  ■ 

• 

^ 

1 
i 

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