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B
SMITHSONIAN
MISCELLMEOUS COUECTMS.
VOL. XXIII.
^eparimeni of ihe ^nievior
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BULLETINS
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
VOLUME II
( Nos. 11-16. )
PrBIISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON:
OOTEBNMENT PBINTINa OFFICE.
1882.
(' L-IBRARY ^
6F TMt
LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR
^ UNIVERSITY. f
/^..5^V-^
ADVERTISEMENT.
The present series, entitled << Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,"
is intended to embraoe afl the publications issued directly by the Smith-
sonian Institution in octavo form; those in quarto constituting the
*< Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge." The quarto series in-
elades memoirs, embracing the records of extended original investiga-
tions and researches, resulting in what are believed to be new truths, and
constituting i>ositive additions to the sum of human knowledge. The
<)ctavo series is designed to contain re]>orts on the present state of our
knowledge of particular branches of science ; instructions for collecting
and digesting facts and materials for research ; lists and synopses of
species of the organic and inorganic worid ; museum catalogues; reports
of explorations; aids to bibliographical investigations, etc., generally
prepare^I at the express request of the Institution, and at its expense.
The assignment of a work to one or the other of the two series will
sometimes depend upon whether the reiiuired illustrations can be pre-
sented more conveniently in the quarto or the octavo form.
In the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, as well as in the
present series, ea(;h article is separately paged and indexed, and the
aotoal date of its publication is that given on its special title page, and
not that of the volume in which it. is placetl. In many (^ases works
have lieen published, and largely distributed, years before their combi
nation into volumes.
While due care is taken on the part of the Smithsonian Institution to
insure a proper standard of excellence in its puWications, it will be
readily understood that it cannot hold itself responsible for the facts
and conclusions of the authors, as it is impossible in most cases to verify
their statements.
S. F. BAIRD,
Seo'etary S. I.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
I. — Bibliography of the Fishes of the Pacific Coast of the United States to
the end of 1879. By Theodore Gill. 1882. 8vo., pp. 78. Bulletin of the Ka-
tional Museum, No,. 11.
IL — Contribntions to North American Ichthyology , based primarily on the
collections of the United States National Museum. (Part III. ) A. — On the DIh-
tribntion of the Fishes of the Alleghany Region of South Carolina,' Georgia, and
Tennessee, with descriptions of new or little known species. By David S.
Jordan and Albmbert W. Brayton. B. — ^A Synopsis of the Family Catosto-
midie. By David S. Jordan. 1878. 8vo., pp. 337. Bulletin of the National
Museum, No. 12.
TTT — The Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands. By Baron H. F. A.
Eggkrs. 1879. 8vo., pp. 136. Bulletin of the National Museumf No, 13.
Article IV. — Catalogue of the Collection to Illustrate the Animal Resources and the
Fisheries of the United States, exhibited at Philadelphia in 1876 by the Smith-
sonian Institution and the United States Fish Commission, and forming apart
of the United States National Museum. Prepared under the direction of G.
Brown Goods. 1879. 8vo., pp. 367. Bulletin of the National Museum, No, 14.
Article V. — Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America, made in con-
nection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. By Ludwig Kumlien.
li?79. tlvo., pp. 179. Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 15.
coNTiirrs.
KuMUKX, L. Ethnology, mammals, and birds.
Bkax, T. H. Fishes.
Vkrrill, a. E. Annelides, moUoscoids, and radiates.
Dalu W. H. Mollusks.
IXSKCTB:
EuwABDft, W. H. Diurnal lepidoptera.
ScuDDBB, S. H., and others. Hymenoptera, noctarnal lepidoptera, diptera, cole-
optera, nearoptera, and arachnida.
Gray, a. Plants.
TucKKHX AX, E. Lichens.
Farlow, W. G. Alga?.
• ■
Vll
^eparivneni of ihc 3Snfcrior:
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEIBI.
— 11 —
BULLETIN
OP TIIK
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
No. 11.
PUBLISHED UNDBR THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHI
ADVERTISEMENT.
Thin work is the eleveath of a series of papers iDtended to illas-
tiittc tbo collections of natural history' and etltnology belonging to the ,
ITiiitcd States, and constituting the National Moseom, of which the
Hriiithsonian Institution was placed jn charge by the act of Congress of
August 10, 1846.
It liiiH been prcparMi at the request of the Institution, and printed by
aiitlionly of the honorable Secretary- of the Interior.
8. F. BAIED,
Secretary of the Smithsonian InstitMtion.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF THB
ISHES OF THE PACIFIC COAST
OF THE
UNITED STATES
TJ
THE END OF 1879.
BY
THEODORE GILL.
I tm^t I
WASHINGTON:
TESNUENT PBINTINO OFFICE.
1882.
I ''
BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
THE FISHES OF THE PACIFIC UNITED STATES.
■i._j
PREFATORY.
The scientific literatare relative to the fishes of the western coast of
North America is of unusaally recent, as well as rapid, growth. Noth-
ing exact was known till the present century had far advanced, for the
accounts of tbe earlier writers, such as Venegas, intead of enlightening
the reader, convey absolutely false ideas respecting the character of
the iclithyic fauna. Exclusive of incidental notices, the beginnings of
an ichthyography of the northwest coast were first published in 1831
(but printed in 1811) in the ^*Zoographia Rosso- Asiatica '' of Pallas;
a few species from British Columbia were described by Richardson in
1836, while the fishes of California remained absolutely unknown till 1839,
when a glimpse, but an entirely inadequate one, was furnished by Lay
and Bennett in their notes and account of species collected during the
voyage of the English vessel Blossom. A long silence then supervened,
and, with the exceptions thus signalized, and the addition by Storer
of a single species of Syngnathiat in 184G, west-coast ichthyography
commenced in 1854 with the announcement, by Professor Agassiz, of
tb«» <liscovery of the remarkable family of Embiotocoids. This was
spee<lily followed by numerous communications, by Dr. Gibbons, Dr.
Giranl, and Dr. Ay res, on new species of fishes, mostly from the Cali-
forniau waters, but partly from the Oregon i an ones. As early as 1838,
nearly 200 species had been made known, and the descriptions of most
wert* ex)llected in a general report by Dr. Girard. The main features
of tW ichthyology of the Pacific slope were then already known; but
more recent laborers have not only extended largely our knowledge
of species, but added a number of entirely new forms, and thrown much
iiglit on the relations of the fish-fauna of that region to others.
The following bibliography is a nearly complete enumeration, in
chronological order, of the memoirs and articles of all kinds that have
**^ published on the fishes of the region in question. The chrono-
^been determined by the date of reading of the articles
>
eommooicated to learned societiea la cases of «qaestioD of priority,
the rigbt depeoda, of coarse, oa the period of pablicatiOD ; but this
is sometimes vitli great difliciiity ascertainable, and motives of cod-
venieoce have dictated tbe seqaeace adopted.
Perbaps some will be disposed to believe that the compiler has siimed
io redoodaDcy rather thao deficiency Iq this bibliographf. The evils
of the fonoer are;, however, easily reiue<!ied, while those of the latter
mast leave the consulter ia more or less doabt. Many popular works
hare been catalt^oed where original iaformation of even slight valoe
was coataiD«d, and when sncli works were among tbe earliest pablished
oa tbe regions in qnestion. Besides those eunmerated, works on Cali-
fornia, too nnmerons to mention, contain iacideutal iaformation (very
rarely of any original valne, however) re8|>ectiog tbe fishes and fisheries
of that State; and a onmber on tbe British possessions belong to the
same category. Among tbose relative to British Ctdnmbia and Van-
couver's Island worthy to be mentioned, but not to be particularized,
are the volomes of Wm. Carew llazlitt (l&M), J. Desford Pemberton
(ISCO), Duncan George Forbes Macdouuld (ISGi>), CapL C- E. Barrett
Lennanl (1862), Alexander Kaltray (IS&J), Com. K. C. Mayue (1862),
G. M. Sproat (ISOS), Francis Poole (1S72). and CapL W. F. Botler
(1373).
The titles of the Government publications are taken from a mnnn-
script compilation embracing notices of all the reports published by
the General and State governments on scientific explorations, and
iniendetl to be more |tarticular than the present wwk. They are
retained with the bars ( | ), indicating the disiribnlioa oa tbe title-
pag^s of the lines, etc.
lowing preceded l^y an asterisk (•) are selected from the remarks pre-
&tory to the paper in the proceedings, and those preceded by »
dagger (f ) have been composed by the present writer, since nothinfj
intelligible precedes the papers themselves. It is to be hoped that the
senseless and canseless sin in qnestion may speedily be discontinued.
There is no reason why any one should be compelled to read the whole
of an article (as is sometimes necessary) to obtain an idea of what the
paper relates to; and the '< Catalogue of Scientific Papers (1800-1863)
m
compiled and published by the Royal Society of London" shows how a
Wbliography edited under the best auspices may be involved in grave
enors by the negligence adverted to.
TITLES OF WORKS.
iY5Y — Noticia do la California, y do sa conqaista temporal y espiritual hasta el
tiempo prescDte. Sacada de la historia maDuscripta, formada en Mexico
afio de 1739. por el Padre Migael Venegas, do la Coiupaiiia de Jesas ; y de
otras NoticiaH, y Bolaciones aatignas, y modernas. Afiadida de algnnos mapas
particnlares, y uno general de la America Septentrional, Asia Oriental, y
Mar del Siir iutermedio, formados sobre las Memoriae mas recientes, y exactas,
qae se piibUcan jnntamente. Dedicada al Rey N.^^ Seflor por la Provincia
de Naeva-Espafia, de la Compafiia de Jesns. Tomo primero [ — Tomo ter-
cero]. — Con licencia. En Madrid: En la Imprenta de la Viuda de Manuel
Fernandez, y del Snpremo Consejo de la Inqnisicion. Afio de M.D.CCLVII.
[80, 3 vols.]
[TmoaUued as follows:— J
1 Natural and Civil History of California: containing an accurate descrip-
tion oC that country, its soil, mountains,- harbours, lakes, rivers, and seast
its animaln, vegetables, minerals, and famous fishery for pearls. The cus>
toms of the inhabitants, their religion, government, and manner of living,
before their conversion to the Christian religion by the missionary Jesu-
its. Together with accounts of the several voyages and attempts made for
settling California, and taking actual surveys of that country, its gulf, and
coast of the South-Sea. Illustrated with copperplates, and an accurate
map of the country and adjacent seas. Translated from the original Span-
isb of Miguel Venegas, a Mexican Jesuit, published at Madrid 175^.— In
two volumes. — Vol. I[ — II]. = London : printed for James Rivington and
Jame.H FK-tclier, at the Oxford Theatre, in Pater-Noster-Row. 1750. [8^,
vol. i, 10 1., 455 pp., 1 pi. ; vol. ii.]
[The only rofercncrs to fishes are as follows (v. i, pp. 47-48) :— " Knt if the soil of Cali-
fornia b© in f^eneral barren, the scarcity of provisions is snpplicd hy tho adjacent sea; for
both in the Pacifick ocean and tho Gulf of California, tho niiiltitndo and variety of fishes
art) incredible. Father Antonio do la Ascencion, speaking of tho bay of San Lucaa
(rx>wer California), .nays*, ' With the nets which every ship carried, they caiUKht a great
quantity of fish of different kinds, and all wbolesomo and palatable: particularly holy-
basm salmon, tnrbots, skates, pilchards, large oysters, thorn backs, mackerel, barbels,
booetos. soals, lobsters, and pearl oysters.' And, speaking of tho bay of Bau Francisco,
on the western coast, he adds: * Here arc such mnltitndes of fish, that with a net, which
the commoilore ha^l on board, more was canght every day than tho ship's company could
make use of: and of these a great variety, as crabs, oysters, breams, mackerel, cod, bar-
bels. thornbackH. &c.' And in other parts ho makes mention of tho infinite number of
sardines, which are left on the sand at the ebb, and so exquisite that those of Laredo in
Spain, then famous for this fl&h, do not exceed them. Xor oro fish less plentiful along the
gulf [of California], where to tho above mentioned species Father IMcolo adds, tunnies,
aocboTies, and others. Even in the rivulets gf this peninsula are found barbels and cray-
fiah: but the most diBtinguishod fish of both seas are tho whales; which induced the
•Bdeot coMDOjpraphera to call California, Pnnta de Balenaa, or Capo Whale : and these fish
biiagftNUid io amltitiidet along both coasts, give name to a channel in tho gulf, and a
•^"ftr.i. pp. 47-48)1
8
1772— Voyage en Califoniie pour I'observation du passage de VSnussur le disqne do
solcil, le 3 juin 1769; conteDant los observations de ce ph6nom^ne et la dis-
cription historique de la roate de Tanteur ^ travers le Mexiqae. Par fen M.
Chappe d'Auteroche, . . . R^ig6 et pnbli^ par M. do Cassini fils . . .
1 Paris: chez Charles- Antoine Jombeit. MDCCLXXII. [4°, half-title,
title, 170 [2] pp., plan, and 2 pi. — Sabio.]
[TraDslated aa follows:—]
A Voyage to California, to observe the Transit of Venus. By Mous. Chappe
d'Auteroche. With an historical description of the author^s route
through Mexico, and the natural history of that province. Also, a voyage
to Newfoundland and Sallce, to make experiments on Mr. Le Roy's time
keepers. By Monsieur de Cassini. London: printed for Edward and Charles
Dilly, In The Poultry. MDCCLXXVIII. [g<^, 4 p. 1., 315 pp., with "plan
of City of Mexico".]
Extract of a letter from Mexico addressed to the Royal Academy of Sci-
ences at Paris, by Don Joseph Anthony de Alzate y Ramyrez, now
a correspondent of the said academy, containing some curious particu-
lars relative to the natural history of the country adjacent to the City
of Mexico, pp. 77-105.
[It is nndoabtedly this work ibat is meant in the statement that has so largely gone the
rounds of the periodical press, to the effect th^t the Califoniian viviparoas fishes \rere ob.
served dnring ihe voyage for the obsurvation of the transit of Venus to Lower California,
1769. A perusal of the accounts given, however, renders it evident that the fishes in ques-
tion were not Erabiotocids but rather Cyprinodontids, probably of the genus MoUienuia,
The account by Don Alzate (pp. 89-91) is as follows: —
*' I send you some viviparous scaly fishes, of which I had formerly given you an account.
What I have observed in them this year is—' If you press the belly with your fingers, you
force out the fry before their time, and upon Inspecting them through the microscope you
may discern the circulation of the blood, such as it is to be when the fish is grown up.' If
you throw these little fishes into water, they will swim as well as if they had been long
accustomed to live in that element. The fins and tail of the males are larger and blacker
^ than those of the females, so that the s*^x is easily distinguished at first sight. These fish
have a singular manner of swimming ; the mole and the female swim together on two par-
allel lines, the female always uppermost and the male undermost ; they thus always keep
at a constant uniform distance from each other, and preserve a perfect parallelism. The
female never makes the least motion, either sideways or towards the bottom, but directly
the male does the same."
To this account is added a foot-note (p. 90) containing the following additional informa-
tion :—
" Don Alzate has sent those fishes preserved in spirits; their skin is covere<l with very
small scales ; they vary in length ftx>m an inch to eighteen lines, and they are seldom above
five, six. or seven lines in the broadest pan. They have a fin on each side near the gills,
two small ones under the belly, a single one behind the anus, which lies between the fin
and the single one; the tail is not fuiked ; lastly, this fish has a long fin on the back, a
little above the fin, which is under the belly.
"We know of some viviparous fishes in our seas, such as loach, &c. most of these have
a smooth skin without any scales. The needle of Aristotle is viviparous, and yet covered
with broad and hard scales, I have caught some that had young ones still in their womb.
Aa to these viviparous fishes, it is a particular and new sort, and we are obliged to Don
Alzate for making us acquainted with it. It breeds in a lake of fresh water near the City
of Mexico."
This is, so far as known, the earliest notice of the viviparity of Cynrinodontids. The
mode of consorting together (exaggerated in the account) is common to a number of rep-
resentatives of the family, and is alluded to by Prof. Agassiz in a name {Zygonectes, i. e.
swimming in pairs) conferred on one of the genera of the family.]
180§— Piscium Camtschaticorum [TerpuA;] et IWachnja'], Descriptiones et i cones
auctore [W. Q.] Tileaio. D. 26 Octobri 1808. Conventui exhib. die 2 Nor.
1808. < M6m. Acad. Sci. Pdtersb., v. 2, pp. 335-^5, 1810, viz :—
I. Hexagrammos Stelleri, Rossis Terpao dictas novam genns piscium
Camtscbatioorum. pp. 335-340, tab. 15.
n. DimenBiones piBois, beato Stellero Hexagraminos asper dicti, Rossis
Teerpnk ITerpukl i. e. lima (captas d. 20 Maij 1741 iu portn Divi Petri
et Paoli poDdtobat poDdero medicinali daas nsqne ad sex uncias). pp.
340-341.
III. Hezagraminos Stelleri, qaaanam genera sit interponcndns cuiDam
olaasi ordiDiqne sysietuatico sit iDserendns. Labrax Pallassii (rid. ej.
MoDOgraph.). pp. 34*2-343.
IV. DeBcriptio Stelleri anno 1741 concepta. pp. 343-347
V. Observationes anatomiccc. pp. 347-349.
VI. Wacbnja Camtscbatica est Gadus dor^^o tripterygio, Callariis spc-
eiaiim Lnsco affinis. pp. 350-353, tab. 16, 17.
VII. WacbnisB Camtsobatica) altera species, (Gadus gracilis niihi,) qno^ ab
indigenisCamtscbaticis acqne Cactjal, Rossis Wacbnja [ JVachvja'] dicitnr,
diroensionibas illnstrata. pp. 354-356, tab. 18.
VIII. Stelleri Descriptio piscis ovo<r sive asini antiquorniu. Turneri ad
GesDerum aselli 3 sivi ^glefini Rondelet et Gesneri. JEglefini Bellonii,
Anglornm Hadok, Russia Wacbnja [ JVachnjal diet! corrupt a voce Itael-
maDnica, in qua Uakal audit, pp. :i56-359.
IX. Observationes anatomicie. pp. 360-36:).
X. Observationes ex aliornm individnornm ejusdeni speciei dissectionibus,
pp. 363-364.
XI. Ad bistoriam Gadi dorse tripterys^io ore cirrato caudo a^qnali fere cam
radio primo spinoso (Kabeljau vel Cabiljau Belgarum) (Gadus morrbna
L. Blocb. tub. 64), adhnc annotata sequent ia. pp. 364-370.
XII. Annotationes anatomicie. pp. 370-371.
XIII. Tabularum explicatio. pp. 372-375.
l^^t— Labracea, novum genus piscium, oceani oriental is, anctore P. 8. PallaB.
CoDventni exbib. die 5 Julii 1809. <M6m. Acad. Sci. St. Pdtersb., v. 2,
pp. 3J-2-398, 1810.
[^T. ap. L. deeagramintu, L. srtpereiliosuji, L. monopterygius.\
IVscription de quelquen poissoiis observes pendant son voyaj;e an tour du
luonde. Par "W. O. Tilesius. < M^m. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes d<* Moscon.
t. 2, pp. 212-249, with 5 pi., 1809.
■•ll— Iconnmet Descriptionum piscinra Canitschaticornm continuatio tcrtia lonta-
men monograpbias generis Agoni Blocbiani sistens. Anctoro [W. G.] Tile-
aio. Cum tabulis vi aineis. — Conventui exbibita die 11 DocenibrJH IHll.
<M6m. Acad. Sci. Pdtersb., v. 4, pp. 406-478, 1813, viz:—
De Dovis piscium generibus, Agono Blocbii et Phalangiste eel. Pallasii,
propter synonym iara conjugendis. pp. 406-454.
Appendix de Cyprino rostrato et cultrato, Trachino tricbodonto i;t Epene-
phelo ciliato. pp. 454-457.
Descriptio Cyprini rostrati Tungusis ad Covymam fluv. Tschukutscbam et
Jucagiris Onatscha dicti. pp. 457-474, tab. xv, fig. 1-5.
Epinepbelns ciliatus Camtscbaticus et Americanns. pp. 474-478, tab. xvi,
fig. 1-6.
^ BoflBO-Asiatica, sistens Omnium Animaliom in extenso imporio
^iacentibus maribus '^observatorura Recensionem, Domicilia,
Dtioncs, anatomen atqne IconeB plurimorum. Anctore
Pfttra Pallas, Eq. Anr. Academico-Pettopolitauo. — Tolnmeii tertinm.—
poll in OSIcina Caen. Academim SciDDtinrum Impreu. M.DCC.CXI.
MDCCCXXXI. [4S vii, 42H, ciiv pp., C pi.]
(Ai IndtuUilDn iho tiilo-pagv, tbo ■' Zovgrnphia fiouo-AiiiBtica'' was ixit n
piMiiludMl Igil, Iwt wu priDled In IBll, and nu only ilvlalDtd b] Ibalouof i
p«-p]ilea. Tbo lotUiT-preu ww, hawaver, U ■ Bligbt exlent, dlatribnlcd befon
alar publication of Iho oJlllon. nnd a copy ^aa poBBCd^pd by Cuvler, wbo haa
D bid b-
1 obtained from the Rnai
DrLca. Tbo fuUowlog an pabllshed aa ir new. tlthoaRh savi
■ilH«l:—
puTloiuLy
F/ialangUlci nnpciiHTtniu (p. 110, pi. 17).
Cotiui piiliiacaMiluieepltti\a (p. lU, pl-iQ)-
Ooaai platyapluihu <|i. IM. pi. SI).
OoUiu Iraehiinu (p. 13H, pi. 93).
OMutpittaUntr (p HI, p!. 20. 1 3, *i.
nioiniui ddticAo^ubr (p. 1)3, pL 43, f. a).
Btmnitu an<7u>IIaHf (p. 176. pi. 4-J. f. 3).
'fiodiu tsocAna (ii. IDS, pi, 4-1).
Oodu pv.Tmmu tp. I DO).
Oadui ^llll>ria (p. SCO).
.il niniDifnr« htxapUrvi {p. tnS).
Jmtniiftrtfv irpKpinnif (p.!tn, pL <i4.r. 3).
IVoeMiittf IrldtHlan (p 333. pL SO, C 1),
IViuMiiBi «irrAgnu (p. a3T. pL sn, f, 3).
iVr«a Mrfabt/if (p.S<l).
ii*6nur (((HiiTriimmiii (p. ms, pi. 6il, f. 9).
i>B&iiiXRip>reUia«u|i>, 978, pl.CJ, f. I).
Loliroi iimnapUrvjTicu (p. If 1. pi. C3, r. *).
Labrax aelogranmtu (ji, 9>°;), pi. 01. f. 1).
Salmo tagottplialai (p. ^79. pi. 77. f. ai.
Batmopnlnu (p.37<V pi. 7ti. f. 9. p'. TOj.
rlmtimrclaqnadrilabrratUitui (p. tK).
I^fumntcUt eiaitrleonii (p. Kt).
Tlie plMii* rKforml In were never pabllaked.
Tlio only olbrr i>pi>clri algnallied m luIinblUoU of ibr
f
11
(Tnuialated m fonowt:—]
Narrative of a voyage to the northwest coast of America in the years 1811,
1612, 1813, and 1814, | or the first American settlemeot on the Pacific | By
Oabziel Franchere | Translated and 4 dited by J. V. Huntington | — | Red-
field I 110 and 1 12 Nassau street, Now York | 1854. [12°, 37G pp., 3 pi.]
[Tbe calmoD is noticed in chapter 18.1
ISM— Voyage pittoresqae aatoar dn monde, avec des portraits de sauvages d'Am6-
riqne, d'Asie, d'Afriqne, et des lies da grand oc^an ; des paysages, des vues
maritimett, et plnsienrs objets d'bistoiro natnrelle; accompagn<^ de descrip-
tions par M. le Baron Cavier, et M. A. de Cbamisso, et d'obser vat ions snr les
cr&nes hnmains par M. le DoCtenr Gall. Par M. Louis Choris, Peintre. —
Paris, de Vimprimerie de Firmin Didot, . . . 1822. [Fol., 2 p. 1., vi pp.4-[*]»
12 pi., 17 pp.-f[ii], 10 pi., 20 pp.-fliii], 14 pi., 10,3 pp.-f [iv], 18 pi., 24 pp.-f
[v], 19 pi., 22 pp. -f [vi], 23 pi., 28 pp. -f [vii], 7 pi., 19 pp.]
[Partie vi.] Cbapean do bois, snr lequel sont peintes divers animaux ma-
rina. Plancbe v. Par G. Cuvier. pp. 21-22.
[Cnvier coosiders that one of the fij;are8 (h) represents a Diodon^ And such seem» to be
the coAe; hut no npeciea of that type hae been found so far northward as Unalashka,
where the bat was ohtained. (" £u A. est an JHodon oa orhe 6pincux. qui est pris k la
ligno tandis que les grands c6tac6s du reste de co tableau sont poursnivis avec des lances*'
(p.i«).l
I8S8— Account | of | an expedition | from | Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, |
pcrforme<l in the yeara 1819 and *20, | by order of | the Hon. J.C.Calhoun,
Sec'y of War : | under the command of | Major Stephen 11. Long. | From
the notes (if Major Long, Mr, T. Say, and other gen- | tlcuien of the exploring
party. | — | Compiled | by Ed'win James, | botanist and geologiHt for the
expedition. | — | In two vols.— With an atlas. | Vol.11. | — j Phiiadelphia: |
H. C. Cart»y and J. Lea, Chesnnt st. | 1823. [2 v., 8°. Vol. i, 2 p. 1., 003 pp. ;
vol. ii,3 p. l.,442 pp.]
I8JI§— Histoirr Natun-llc desPoissous, par M. leB"" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tomo premier. A Paris, chez F. G. Levranlt, . . . ,
1"?^!^. [KJ e.l. xvi, 574 pp., 1 1. ; 4^ cd. xiv, 422 pp., 1 1.— pi. l-^ (double).]
Livre premier. — Tableau historiquo des progics de ric:hthyolo'^i«*, deimis
sou orij^inc jusqu'ii nos jours.
Livre deuxiome. — Idee g<Sudralc de la nature et de I'orgauisation des pois-
SOUH.
(Pullas* **Zo«;iraphia R«>«80-A8iatica" noticed at. pp. 200-201.]
Histoire Natiin-lle des Poissons, j)ar M. le li^" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes Tome denxicme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levranlt, . . .
lrJ2-<. (.>* ('m1. xxi, (I 1.), 490 pp. ; 4^^ ed. xvii, (1 1.), :.7l pp.— pi. 9-10.]
Livre troisi««ine. — Des poissons do la fainille des Perthes, on des Percoi-
des. [Par Cuvier.]
[Xo wostcuast npt'clos Hpocifled.]
•■^•— Histoire NaturcUe (U*8 Poisaons, par M. k* !)<»" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
oiennea, .... Tome troisieme. A Paris, chez F. G. Levranlt, . . . ,
1829. [8^ cd. xxviii, 500 pp., 1 1. ; 4^ ed. xxii, (1 1.), 3G8 pp.— pi. 41-71.]
Livro troisieme. — Des poissons de la famille des Perches, on dvs PercoTdcs.
'^•rier.]
Aon StelUri, based on Traehinut triehodon Pallas. 1
12
1829 — Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°" Cuvier, . . . ; et parM. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome qiiatri^me. A PariB, cbez F. G. Levraalt, . . . ,
U329. [8P e<l xxvi, (1 1.), 518 pp. ; 4^ ed. xx, (1 1.), 379 pp.—pl. 72-99, 97 bis.]
Livro qnatribuic. — Dea Acantbopt^rygieuH ^ jonecnirass^. [Par Cuvier.]
[N. 8p. Oottus ventraHt, Hemilepidotut TUetii.]
Zoolof^iscbcr AMns, eDtbal tend Abbildungen nod Bescbreibungen nouerTbier-
arten, wubrend des Flotteapi tains von Kotzebue zweiter Reisc urn die
Welt, auf der Hussiscb-Kaiserlicben Kriegsscblnpp Predpriatie in den
Jabreu 1823-182G beobacbtet von Dr. Friedr. Eschscholtz, Professor und
Director des zoologiscbcn Museums an der Universitiit zu Dorpat, Mitglied
mebrercr gelebrten Gesellscbaften, Russ. Kais. Hofratbo und Ritter des
Ordons doa beil. Wladiuiir. Drittes Heft. — Berlin, 1829. Gedruckt und
verlegt bei G. Reimer. [Fol., title, 18 pp., pi. 11-15.]
[X. sp. Blepsiat vttUrietmis (p. 4, pi. 13), on which was subsequently based the genus
Temnittia of Richardson. J
1830 — Histoire Naturelle des Poiseous, par M. le B^** Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome cinquibme. A P^jris, cbez F. G. LevrauU, . . . ,
1830. [8P ed. xxviii, 499 pp., 2 1. ; 4^ ed. xx, 374 pp., 2 1.— pi. 100-140.]
Livre cinqui^me. — Des Sci^^Qoides. [Par Cuvier.]
[No west-coast species noticed.]
Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°" Cuvier, . . : ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome sixibme. A Paris, cbez F. G. LeTrauIt< . . . ,
1830. [8^ ed. xxiv, 559 pp., 3 I. ; 4° ed. xviii, (3 1.), 470 pp.—pl. 14l-l()9, 162
bis, 162 ter, 162 quarer,.167 bis, 168 bis.]
Livre sixieme. — (Partie I. — Des Bparoidee. Partie II.— Des Mdnides.)
[Par Cuvier et Valenciennes.]
[No west-coast species noticed.]
1831 — Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B^"* Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes Tome septibme. A Paris, cbez F. G. Levrault, . . . ,
1831. [8^ ed. xxix, 531 pp., 3 1. ; 4° ed. xxii, (3 1.), 399 pp.—pl. 170-208.]
Livre septi^me. — Des Squamipennetf. [Par Cuvier?]
Livre buiti^me. — Des poissons & pbaryngieus labyrintbi formes. [Par
Cuvier f]
[No west-coast species noticed.]
Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°^ Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome buiti^me. A Paris, cbez F. G. Levrault, . . . ,
1831. [8^ ed. xix, (2 1.), 509 pp. ; 4'^ ed. xv, (2 1.), 375 pp.— pL 209-245.]
Livre neuvi^me. — Des Scomb^roides. [Par Cuvier ot Valenciennes.]
[No west-coast species noticed.]
Zoograpbia Rosso- Asiatica. See 1811.
1833— Histoire Naturelle des Poissous, par M. le B°° Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome neuvidme. A Paris, cbez F. G. Levrault, . . . ,
1833. [8o ed. xxix, 512 pp., 11.; 4° ed. xxiv, (1 1.), .379 pp.—pl. 246-279.]
Livre neuvidme. — Des Scomb^roides. [Par Cuvier et Valenciennes.]
fNo wost-ooMt speoiet noticed.]
13
lISft-Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B^^ Cnvler, . . . ; ot par M. Valen-
demieSy .... Tome dixi^me. A Paris, cbez F. G. Levrault, • • • i
1835. L8° cd. xxiv, 482 pp., 1 1. ; 4° ed. xix, (1 1.), 358 pp.— pi. 280-306.]
8oito da liyre Denvi^me — Des Scombdroides. [Par Cuvier ct Valen-
eiennesT]
Livredizt^xe. — De lafamille des Teuthies. [Par Cuvier et Valenciennes f]
Livre onzi^me. — De la famille des Ttenioides. [Par Cuvier et Valen-
cieDoeaT]
Liyre doazi^me. — Des Atherinea. [Par Cuvier et Valenciennes T]
[No weat-ooMt species noticed.]
Ilti— Faana Boreali-Amerioana; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British
America : containing descriptions of the objects of Natural History collected
on the late northern land expeditious under command of Captain Sir John
Franklin, B. N. Part third. The Fish. By John Richardaon, M. D., F. R.
S.,F. L. S., Member of the Geographical Society of London, and Werneriau
Natural History Society of Edinburgh ; Hcmorary Member of the Natural
History Society of Montreal, and Literary and Philosophical Society of Que-
bec; Foreign Member of the Geographical Society of Paris; and Correspond-
ing mt^mber of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia ; Surgeon
and Naturalist to the Expeditions.— IlluHtrated by numerous plates. — Pub-
lished under the authority of the Right Honourable the Secretary of State
for Colon ipi Affairs. — London : Richard Bentley, New Burlington street,
MDCCCXXXVI. [4°, pp. XV, 3i7 (-f 1) pp., 24 pi. (numbered 74-97).]
[S. g. and o. up. Temnittia (n. g.,59), Oyprinut {LetieUetu) ffraeUis (12U), ScUmo Scouleti
ll5ei,'j£l). Salmo quinna* (219), ScUmo Qairdneri (221), Salmo paucident (-222), Salmo imp-
pitch {'i-i4), Salino Ctarkii (225,307), Salmo (Mallottuf) paeifieiu (22G). Aeiperwer traTutmon-
tat%ut {'276), Petromyzon tridentatwt (21>3) ; (Adde.'CDA:) OoUwt cutper (295.313), CyprinuH
[AbramU) haUtaltug (301), Oyprintu (Leueuteus) caurirus ( )04), Cyprinxu (LexuUcus) crego-
nentit CJ05).]
Report on North American Zoology. By John Richardson, M. D.. F. R. S.
< Rep. 6th meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Aug. 1830, ==v. :>, pp. 121-224, 1837.
Pisces, pp. 202-22.3.
ABtoria, or. anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains. By
Washington Irving. [Ist ed.] In two volumes. Vol.1 [—11]. Phil-
adelphia: Carey, Lea &. Bluuchard. 18:}G. [2 vols., 8^. Vol. i,285 pp.;
vol. ii,279 pp., I map fohled.]
[The fiHht»H aud fisheries, especially Rnlmuu, are noticed in vol. 2, cliapt<ra 9 and 14. j
Ilistoire Naturelle des Poissons, par M. le B°" Cuvier ; ot par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome ouzieiiie. A Paris, chez F. G. Levrault, . . . ,
16:W>. [8^ cd. IX, 506 pp., 11.: 4^ ed. xv, (11.), 37^ pp.— pi. 307-343.]
Livre troisi^me. — Des MiigiIoi<les.
Livre (|uatorzi6nie. — De la famille des Gobioides.
[Xo weftt-coaMt 8pecics noticed.]
1§87— Hi>t<)ire Naturoilo des Poissous, par M. le B"" Cuvier, . . . ; ot par M. Valen-
ciennea, . . . Tome d nizieim'. A Paris, cbez F. G. Levrault, . . . , 1837.
[li'" ed. xxiv, r>()7 H- 1 pp. ; 4^ ed. xx, 377 pp., 1 1.— pi. 344-35^.]
Snite du livre quatorzieme.— Gobioi'des.
Livre <juinziemc. — Des Acanthopterygiens a pectoralea pddiculdes.
»Wi— Histoire Naturell** dos Poissons, par M. le B**^ Cuvier, . . . ; et p:ir M. Valen-
Qlannes, . . *. Tome troisitime. A Paris, cbez Pitois-Levranlr et C*, • . . i
reo ed. xix, :>05 pp., 1 1. : 40 od. xyii, .370 pp.— pi. 369-.^d8.]
^vi^me — Labroides.
~t fpeoie* noticed.]
14
1839 — Histoiro Naturelle des Poissons, par M. \e B^"* Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, . . . Tomo quatorzi^me. A Paris, cbez Pitois-LevraaltetC®, • • • »
1839. [8° ed. xxii, 464 pp., 3 1. ; 4° ed. xx, 344 pp., 3 1.— pi. :J89-420.]
Suite da livro sdizi^me. — Labroidos.
Livre dix-Hcpti^me. — Des Mabvcoptc^rygiens. Des Silaroides.
[No wc8t-coa8t species noticed.]
The Zoology of Captaia Beecbey's Voyage; compiled from the collections and
notes made by Captain Beechey, tbe officers and naturalist of the Expe-
dition, daring a Voyage to tbe Pacific and Bebring's straits performed in
his MijcHty's Sbip Blossom, audor the command of Captain F. W. Beechey,
R. N., F. K. S., «fcc., &c. in tbe years 1825, 26, 27, and 28. By J. Hiobardson,
M. D., F. 11. S., &c. ; N. A. Vigors, Esq., A. M., F. R. S., &c. ; G. T. Lay, Esq. ;
E.T. Bennett, Esq., F. L. S., &c.; tbe Rev. W. Buckland, D. D., F. R. S.,
F. L. S., F. G. S., &c. and G. B. Sowerby, Esq. — Illustrated with nx^wards of
fifty finely coloured plates, by Sowerby. — Published under tbe authority of
the Lonls Commissioners of the Admiralty. = London : Henry G. Bohn, 4,
York Street, Covent Garden.— MDCCCXXXIX.
Fishes ; by G. T. Lay, Esq., and E. T. Bennett, Esq., F. L. S., &,c. pp.
41-75, pi. 15-23.
[N. sp. Ohimctra coUiei (p. 71, pi. 23).
This volume is interestiag as being the fir^t publication in which any attempt has been
made to acioDtilically indicate the fishes of the coast. The "naturalist" uf the expedition
was, however, incompetent for the task, and the notes taken evince that he was not
sufficiently versed in the rudiments of ichthyoloj^y to know what to observe. Neverthe-
less, the notes have an interest, if not of importance, enough to transcribe what relates
to the regions in question : —
"Off Saint Lawrence Island was caught, in the dredge a fish apparently allied to the
genus Liparig, Art. It had the 'ventral fins placed before the pectorals, but united and
coutiouons with them; aflat, raisetl, and rough tubercle, of nearly the diameter of an
Englinh sixpence, was seated forward between the pectorals, its anterior part reaching as
far as the vontrala; this may be of use in copulation : its cceea were pretty numerous.' — C.
The roughness of this tubercle renders it difiicult to refer the fish to any known species;
but it in probably nearly related to the Cycloptenu gelatiiUHtus, Pali., a Xipam which is
known to inhabit the se^is in which this was obtained. The existence uf ectca removes it
from LcpadogasUr, Gouan.
"Kotzebue Sound afforded a specimen of a new species of Ophidium, L., the Oph. stigfna.
" On the coast of California, a little to the northwards of the hsrboor of San Francisco,
an Orihagoriscus was met with, apparently the Ortk. mola., Bl. They swam about the
ship with the dorsal flu frequently elevated above the surface." (p. 50.)
"On the coast of California, at Monterey, Mr. Collie's notes mention the occurrence of
[1] a species of Sparus, of two Scombri, and of a Clupea. [H] The flrst of the JScombridce is
apparently a Scotnber, Cnv.; it was 'smaller than the macken'l; it was marked on the
back with cros3 waved narrow bands of black and greenish blue; its flrst dorsal fin had
nine spines, and there were four small pinnules behind the second dorsal and the anal : it
had a simple air-bladder of moderate size, and an immense number of cceoa, with a stomach
extending the whole length of the abdomen, narrow, tapering to the posterior part, and
covered throughout nearly its whole length with the milt. ? Its internal membrane forms
longitudinal folds; the intestines have three convolutions.' — C. This fish occurred in
shoals. [:)J The second species was met with but once. It is a Camnx, Cuv., of which
' the teeth in the upper maxillary are scarcely to be felt: the pectorals reach nearly to op-
posite the an\L8: a double narrow stripe of deeper blue than the general surface runs back-
wards on each side of the first dorsal fin to opposite its termination, iho two parts being
separated by a broad line of dirty white, which has a narrow, dark-coloured lino along it«
middle: there are no distinct divisions in the anal and second dorsal iins: tbe air-bladder
is simple, and small, and extends from the /aucM to the anu»; the stomach is much shorter
than in the preceding species; the eccca, although numerous, are less so than in it, and the
Inteatine is foldtnl in the same manner.' — C From the nature of the colouring of this flsh,
as deacribed by Mr. Collie, there can be little doubt of its constituting a distinct species.
15
[4] Alouj; wiUi tbo firStf apecies of Scomber, there occorreil in shoals a small species of
CtigMO. L.. *withoat teeth; with the dorsal fin a little before the vontral ; and with the baok
dark fcreenifth blae, and having one line and {Uirt of another of rounded blnck spots on
Mfh side nearly on a lerel with the eye: the gill membranes contain six rayn, and overlap
each other at their lower part ; the stomach resembles that of the tlrst Scomber,- it has also
DomeFoaa ea«a ; the air-bladder is small and tapering.*— C. The other fishes observed at
Monterey were [5] a new species of Ohimceni, Ciiv., differing esBf^ntialJy from the Chimeera
of the Atlantic, and approaching somewhat in the position of its second dorsal fln to the
OsOorAyndkut, Cav.; [6J a species of Torpedo, Dam.; and [7J a Kaia '* (pp. 54^5).]
lltt-Nairativo of a Jourooy across the Rocky Monntalns, to tho Columbia River^
aad a Visit t^ the Sandwich Ihlaudn, Chili, &c. With a Scientiilc Appendix.
By John K. To^wnsend, Member of the Academy of Nataral Sciences of
Pbila«lelphia. Philadelphia : Henry Perkins, 134 Chrstnut street. Boston :
Perkins A, Marvin.— 1«39. [hP, 352 pp.]
[A few incidental popular noiices of salmon and treat are given.]
[Reprinted in England under tho following title :— ]
Sporting Excursions in the Rocky Mountains, including; a Journey to the
Columbia River, and a Visit to the Sandwich IslandH, Chili, &:c. By J. K.
Towshend [«ic/], Esq. In two volumes. Vol. I [ — II]. London: Henry
Colburn, Publisher, Great Marlborough Street. Id40. [8^. Vol. i, xii [-f i],
312 pp., 1 pi.; vol. ii, xii, 310 pp., 1 pi.]
(In vol. i, chap. 7. are given details respecting salmon and tho modo of catching them,
and the fruutispiece illustrates a native woman " Mi>o;iring tho salmon ".]
iMO-HiKtoire Naturelle des Pois-sons, par M. le B®" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. ValoD-
ciennes, . . . Tume quiuzieme. A Paris, chez Ch. Pitois, ^diteur, . . . ,
1«40. [tP ed. xxxi, 540 pp., 1 1. ; 4^'^ ed. xxiv, 397 pp.— pi. 421-455.]
Suite da livre dix-septi^me.— Siluroides.
[No weet-ooMt species noticed.]
Narrative of a whaling voyage round tho globe, from the year 1H33 to 18iU),
comprising sketch*'* of Polynesia, California, the Indian Aicliipt'la;;o, etc.
with an account of Southern Whales, th(^ Sp«^nn Whah' Fish* rv, and the
Natural History of the climates visired. By Frederick Debell Bennett,
Esq., F. R. G. S., Fellow of the Royal College of Surg«M»us, London. In
two volumes. Vol. I [ — Ii]. Loudon: Kichard Ht'iitN'y, Xiw IJuiling-
tou htreet, publisher in ordinary to her Majesty. — 18 10. [^^, vol. i, xv, 402
pp., I pi., I map; vol. ii, vii, 396 pp., 1 id.]
IW^Histoire Naturelle des Pois-^ons, par M. le B*'^ Cuvier, . . . , tt par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome seizitime. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . , 184*2.
l^i^ ed. XX, 472 i»p , 1 1. ; 4^ ed. xviii, 363 pp., 1 1.— pi. 456-487.]
Livre dix-huitieme. — Cyprinoides.
Zoology of New- York, or tho New-York Fauna; comprising detailed descrip-
tions of all the animals hitherto observed within tlu^ Stair of New-Yorl\,
with brief notices of those occasionally found near its borders, and .iccoui-
panied by appropriate illustrations. — By James E. DeKay. — Part IV. —
Fishes. Albany : Printed by VV. &. A. Wliite and I. Visscher. 184J. [4^,
xiv [1, errata], 415 pp.; atlas, 1 p. 1., 71) pi.]
[Tlie letterpress of tho Heptiles and Fishes, each Hoparately paijed. forms one volume,
ndth« plates, each SHparateiy namben'd, auothor. Ei^ht cf the DortbwoHt-cuaHt Malnco-
•peoies {AbramiM lalteatus, Leucutcus caurinus, Lfucifcug oregoncnaU, Salmo
lolflio (Jairdnrrii, Salmo Scx)ulcri, Salmo tguppitch, aud Salmo nitidus) and the
traTumontamiJt) cnanaerated by Kichardsou (1^36) are briefly iDdicate<l
16
1§44— Histoire Natarelle des Poissons, par M. le B<>b Cuvler, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome dix-septi^me. A Paris, cbez P. Bertrand, . . . , 1844.
[8° ed. xxiii, 497 pp., 1 1. ; 4° ed. xx, 370 pp. 1 I.— pi. 487 (bi8)-519.]
Saitedu livre dix-huitidme. — Cyprinoides.
184L5 — Descriptiou of a new species of SyngnathuSf broagbt from the western coast of
CaliforDia by Capt. Phelps. By Dr. D. H. Storer. <^ Proo. Boston Soo.
Nat. Hist., V. 2, p. 73, December, 1845.
[X. sp. SyngnathuM cal\fomientis.]
1846 — A Synopsis of the Fished of North America. By David Humphreys Storer,
M. D., A. A. S., .... <^Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sci., new series, vol.
ii, pp. 253-550, Cambridge, 1846.
[739 nominal apecies from all North America, inclading the West Indiea, arc deaoribad.
The descriptions, however, are most inaptly compiled and entirely insnfficient.]
A Synopsis of the Fishes of North America. By David Humphreys Storer,
M. D., A. A. S., .... Cambridge: Metcalf and Company, Printers to the
University. 1840. [4©, 1 p. 1. (= title), 298 pp.]
[A rep.intf with separate pagination, title-page, and index, of the preceding.
According to Dr. Storer (Mem. Acad., p. SCO; Syn.p. 8), " the following species inhabit
the northwestern coast of America :—
Trichodon stelUri. Salmo solar.
Cottus pistilliger. Salmo quinnaL
CoUiu polyacanthocephaltu. Salmo Gairdnerii.
Cottua oiper. Salmo pau:iidens,
Agpidophortu acipewierintu. Salmo ScoiUeri.
HemiUpidottu TUeiii. Salmo tsuppitch.
Blepiias trUobua. Scdm/o nitidug.
SebaaUs variabilis. McUlotut pacifieua.
CffprinuH balteatus. Cyelopterits ventricoaud.
Leaciacua caurinua. Acipenaer traihsmontaniu."\
Ijtuciacua orcgonenaia.
Histoire Natarelle des Poissons.par M. le B<»" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome dix-huiti^me. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . ,
184G. [8^ ed. xix, 505 pp., 21.; 4° ed. xviii, 375 pp., 2 1.— pi. 520-^V>3.]
Suite da livre dix-huiti6me. — Cyprinoides.
Livre dix-neuvifeme. — Des Esoces on Lacioides.
Histoire Natarelle des Poissons, par M. lo B°° Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome dix-neavidme. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . , 1846.
ItP ed. xix, 544 pp., 3 1.; 4^ ed. xv, 391 pp.. 2 1.— pi. .^>54-590.]
Saitc du livre dix-neavit>me. — Brocbets oa Lacioides.
Livre vingti^me. — De quelques families* de Mai ;copt6rygiens, interm^-
diaires eutre les Brocbets et les Cliipes.
[Xo west-coast species described.]
Histoire Natarelle des Poissons, par M. lo B°" Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
ciennes, .... Tome vingti^me. A Paris, chez P. Bertrand, . . . ; 1846.
[8° ed. xviii, 472 pp., 11.; 4^ ed. xiv, 340 pp. I 1.— pi. 591-603.]
Livre vingt et uni^me. — De la famille des Clupdoides.
1848— Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile segun documeutos adquiridos en esta re-
pdblica durante doce aQos de residencia en ella y publicada bajo los aus-
pieios del Snpremo Gobierno. Por Claudio Gay, cindadano Chileno, indi-
* The families refe^rrod to are:— Chirocentres (with tbo genas Chirocentrua) ; AIepoc6phale8 (with Ale-
poeephalua) ; Lntodeir^tH (with Ohanoa And Qonorhynchua) ; Mormyres (with Mormyma) ; Ilyodontt^s (with
Oaieoglotaum. Uchnohoma, and Byodon)-, Batirios (with Albuia = Btttirinu9) ; ^lopiens (with Elopa and
Megalopa); Arnica (with Afiua) ; Vastres on Amies f (FottinM); famillepartiouUtofk, on Amies t {H€t9rotia)i
ErythroMcs (with Erylkrinua, Maerodon, Ltbiaaina, and PyrrhuHna) ; and Ombrea (with Umbra),
17
vidao de varias socitMlades oientificas Dacionalcs y etrangeras. Zoologia.
Tomo segando. Paria, en casa del antor. Chile, en el Museo de Historia
Nataral de Santiago. MDCCCXLVIII. [Text, S° ; atlas, fol.]
(Peeas, pp. 137-370 and in^ex.— In this work are described several species afterward
dbeovered along the coMt of California.]
1MS-Thirti0ih Coogresa— first session. | = | Ex. Doo. No. 41. | — | Notes of a mili-
tary reoonnoissance, | from | Fort Leavenworth, in Missonri, | to | San Di-
ego, in California, | including part of the | Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila
Rivera. ) — | By Lieut. Col. "W. H. Emory. | Made in 184G>7, with the
advanced guard of the "Army of the West." | — | February 9, 1848.-— Or-
dered to be {Minted. | February 17, 1848.— Ordered, That 10,000 extra copies
of each of the Reports of Lieu- | tenant Emory, Captain Cuoke, iind Lieu-
tenant Abort, be printed for the use of the House; | and that of said num-
ber, 250 copies be furnished for the use of Lieutenant Emory, Captain |
Cooke, and Lieutenant Abort, respectively. | Washington : | Wendell and
Van Beuthuysen, printers. | : : : : | 1848. [ho^ g14 pp., 50 lith. pi. not num-
bered, 14 numbered, 2 sketch-maps, and 3 maps folded.]
(This work bat been so badly edited that the following analysis may prove usefal» and
will faeiliute the understanding of the work :— ]
CONTENTS.
Notes I of I a military reoonnoissance, | from | Fort Leavenworth, in Mis-
souri, to San Diego, | in California, | including | part of the Arkansas,
Del Norte, and Gila Rivers. | pp. 5-126, 26 lith. pi., 2 sketch-maps.
Appi*ndix No. 1. [Letter on Indians by Albert Gallatin, and reply by
W. H. Emory.] pp. 127-134., 1 pi.
Appendix No. 2. [Report on botany.]
[1. Phanerogams and ferns. By John Torrey. pp. 135-155, pi. 1-12.]
[2. Cactacea. By G. Engelmann. pp. 155-159, 14 lith. pi., 2 not
numbered.]
Appendix No. 3. Table of meteorological observations, pp. lGO-174.
Appendix No. 4. Table of geographical positions, pp. 175-178.
Appendix No. 5. Table of astronomical observations, pp. 179-385.*
Appendix No. 6. [Report on natural history. By J. W. Al)ort.]
pp. 3^6-414.
Appendix No. 7. [Itinerary of Sonora, Mexico. By P. St. Geo. Cooke. ]
pp. 415-416.
Report of Lieut. J. W. Abort, | of his | examination of New Mexico, | i.i
the years 1846-'47. pp. 417-546, 22 lith. pi., 1 map folded.
Notes concerning the minerals and fossils, collected by Lieutenant J.
W. Abert, while engaged in the geographical examination of New-
Mexico, by J. W. Bailey, professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and
geology, at the United States Military Academy, pp. 517-548, *J
lith. pis.
Report of Lient. Col. P. St. George Cooke | of | his march from | Santa ¥<',
New Mexico, | to | San Diego, Upper California, pp. 549-563, 2 mapH
folded.
Journal | of | Captain A. R. Johnston, | First Dragoons, pp. 565-614.
[A. species of Oila is noticed at p. G2, and illastrated by a poor plate opi>Ohite the text.
It Is said: — ** We beard the fish playing in the water, and soon those who wero dis4>n-
Rifed were after them. At first it was supposed they were the moantain trout, bat, bcinc;
Qoaparatively fresh from the hills of Maine, I soon saw the difference."]
Biitoire Natnrelle des Pois/ons, par M. le B°^ Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valen-
• • . Tomo vingt et unii^me. A Paris, chcz P. Bertrand, . . . , l8Ai^.
^ pp.; 40 ed. xiii (+ iii), 391 pp.— pi. (i07-()33.1
"^ages 389-^04 misnambered S09-2S4.
18
Sat to da livre viDgt et anidme et des Clop^ides.*
Livro vingtrdeoxi^e. — Do la famille des Salmonoldeo.
f No west-ooMt species described.)
1 849^Frank Forrester's Fish andFisbing of the United States and British ProTinoes
of North America. Illustratetl from nature by the author. By Etenrj
'William Herbert, author of *' Field Sports,^ '* Warwick Woodlands," etc.
New York, Stringer & Townsend, 222 Broadway, 1849. tP,
Histoire NaturoUe des PoissoDS, par M. le B°^ Cuvier, . . . ; et par M. Valea-
ciennea, . . . Tome vingt-deuxi^tne. A Paris, chez P. Bertraud, • . . , 1849.
[6o ed. XX, 532, (index) 91 ( -hi) pp.; 4° ed.xvi,395,(index)81 (+ l)pp.— pi.
634-650.]
Suite du livre vingt-denxi^me.— Suite de la famille des SalmonoSdes.
[No west-coast species described.]
A Monograph of tbe Fresh water Cottns of North Ameiica. By Charles Gi-
rard. Aug. 1849. < Proo. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v. 2, pp. 409-411, 1850.
On the genns Cottus Auct. By Charles Girard. Oct. 17, 1849. < Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hisl., v. 3, pp. 180-190, 1849.
1850 — Some additional observations on the nomenclature and classification of the
genus Cottns. By Charles Oirard. June 19, 1^50. < Proc. Bust. Soc. Nat.
Hist., v. 3, pp. 302-305, 1850.
1851— On a new genus of American Cottoids. By Charles Giiard. Feb. 5, 1851.
< Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 4, pp. 18-19, 1851.
Rdvision du genre Cottus des auteurs. Par Charles Girard, de TAssociation
am^ricaine pour Pavancemeut des sciences, niembre de la Sooi^t<S d'histoin>
naturelle de Boston. [1851. 4°, 2S pp ] •^ N. Deuksclir. allg. Schweizer.
Gesell. gesammt. Naturw., B. 12, 1852.
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. = Contributions to the Natural His-
tory of tbe Fresh Water Fidbes of North America. By Charles Girard. I.
A Monograph of the Cottoids. Accepted for publication by tbe Smithson-
ian Institution, December, 1850. [Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,]
vol. iii, art. 3. [4^, 80 pp , 3 pi.]
Dencriptiou of a now form of Lamprey from Australia, with a Synopsis of the
Family. By J. E. Gray, Esq., F. II, S., V. P. Z. S., etc. < Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, part xix, pp. 235-241, plates, Pisces, iv, v, li^bl.
List of the specimens of Fish iu tbe collection of the British Mu-^eum. — Part
I. — Cbondropterygii. — Printed by order of tbe trustees. Loudon, 1851. [12^,
X, [IJ, U>0pp.,2pl.J
[Tbe uaiue of tbe cumpiler in not pablisbed on tbo title-pnge. Iu tbo aaiial iutruductiun,
Mr. Gray states: — *'Tbe eharacUsra of tbe geueru of Sbarks and Kays, witb tbeir sy-
oon>m!». have priocipully been derived from iho work of Pruft-ssors Miiller and Henle.
Tbe bpeciiiious wbicb were not named by tbose authors wben eu;;agrd in their work, or
by Dr. Audrew Smith, liave been detormiued by Mr. Edward Gerr.trd.'' The responst-
bility of the compilation, however, apparently devolves on JOUX EDWaKD GRAY.
The diagnoses of tbe groups, and, for the most part, the synonymy of the species, are, in
fact, translated or transcr.bed from Miiller and llenle's great work ou the Pla;;iostonies.
•entitled iS follows:— Syr-teraatiacho Ueschreibuug der PIa;;io«tomen von Dr. J. MCLLER,
o. .o. Professor der Auatomie iind Pbys.ohigio, und Director des auatomischen Theaters
und MuHeoms in Berlin, und Dr. J. UENLE, o. 6. Professor der Auatomie und Director
des anatomischen Theaters uud V.aseums iu Ziirich. Mit seuLzi^ Sleindrucktmfeln.
ilerllu, Verlag von Veit und Comp— 1841. [Fulio, xxii. 200 pp., 'i 1.. GO pi., mostly colored,
uxmumbered.] Anepoch-murkim^work, but witb uonoticoa of Western A nioi icon species.]
'The Notopi^rcs ai« differentiated from the Clupeoi'iej us a very uiatiuvi. family (auofamiiio trte>
4iatinote).
19
Ml — RopplemeDt to Frank Forrester'B Fish and Fishiug of the United States and
British ProTinces of North America. . Dy 'William Henry Herbert, author
of the '* Field Sports of North Amorica/' '* Frank Forrester and bis Friends/'
etc. New York, Stringer A, Towusend, 222 Broadway, 1851. pp. 1-86.
IMS—Descriptious of some new Fishes from the River Zofii. By &, F. Baird and
Charles Oirard. Jnne 28, 1853. < Proc Acad. Nat; Sci., yol. 6, pp. 368-369,
Jane, 1853.
(ST. s. sad ip. OUa (n. j^ 36d), Cila ro^utta (389). GUa eUgam (309), OUa graeau (369).J
Descriptions of Now Species of Fishes collected by Mr. John H. Clark, on the
U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham. By
Spencer P. Baird and Charles Girard. August 30, 1853. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 6, pp. 387-390, August, 1853.
(N. mp. OWMfonutf UOifimnLt (388). Oil% Emoryi (388). QHm Grahami (389), Cjfprinodan
(389), Hetnwndria oJLnU (380). Heteromdria oeeideniaU* (390).]
32d Congress, | 2d session. | Senate. | Executive | No. 59. | — | Report of an Ex-
pedition I down the | ZuQi and Colorado Rivers, | by | Captain Ii. Sit-
Sree^refl^ | Corps Topographical Engineers. | — | Accompanied by mapA,
sketches, views, and illustratioos. | — | Washington: | Robert Armstrong^
pnblio printer. | 1853. [8^, 190 pp., 1 1., 24 pi. of scenery (pL 1 folded), 6 pi. of
mammals, G pL of birds, 2 pL of reptiles, 3 pL of fishes, 21 pL of botany, 1
folded map, all at end.]
Title, p. 1.
Report of the Secretary of War, cummunicating, [etc] p. 3.
[Sitgieaves's report. ] pp. 4-29.
Report I on | the natural history | of the | country passed over by the
exploring expedition | under the command of Brevet Captain L. Sit-
greaves, | U. S. Topographical Engineers, during the year 1851. | By 8.
"W. Woodhonee^ M. D., | surgeon and naturalist to the expedition. | pp.
31-40.
Zoology. I — I Mammuln and BinU, by 8. W. Woodboose, M. D. I Reptiles,
by Edwerd Hallowell, M. D. | FislK^s, by Profl a F. Baird and Charles
Girard. | pp. 41-152.
Mammals. By S. W. Woodhouse, ^L D. pp. 43-57, C pi. ( 1-G).
Birds. By S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. pp. 58-105, 6 pL (1-G).
Reptiles. By Edwaid Hallowell, M. D. pp. 106-147, 21 pi. (l-20-t-
10 o>.
Fishes. By Spencer F. Baird and Charlea Girard. pp. 148-152,
3 pi. (1-3).
Botany. I — | By Professor John Torrey. pp. 153-178, 21 pis. (1-21).
Medical Report | — | By S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. pp. 179-ia'>.
List of illustrations, pp. 187-190.
Table of contents. [I 1.]
Extraordinary Fishes from Ca1iforni«n, constituting a new family, described by
L. Agaiii* < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, (2), v. 16, pp. 380-390, Nov. 1853 ;
also reprinted in Edinburgh New Phil. Journ., v. 57, pp. 214-227; translated
in Archiv filr Xaturgeschichte (Berlin), Jab:g. 20, B. 1, pp. 149-162, 1853.
(Family named " F.UQiIy Holconoti or Embiotucoido)" (p. 383). N. g. and d. sp. Umbiotoca
(D. g., 3c«) :— i. Endfiotoca JaektotU (387) ; Si. Embiotoca Caryi (389).]
[This article was trazMlat^d into German as follows:—]
Ceber eine neue Familie von Fischen au.s Californien. Von L. Agaaaiz.
Silliman's Amer. Journ. voL xvi. p. 380 Ubersetzt. Vom Heraosgeber
^ TfVMohel]. < Archiv fUr Naturgeschicbte, 20. Jdhrg., B. 1, pp. 14t^-
r«a
20
[This UuDslatiou was followed by the following: origioal commauicatitw, in wbicb tbe
systematio relations of tbe family were definitely determined:—]
Uober die system atiscbe Stellung der Gattnng Eiiibiotoca. BeinerkoDg znr
Yorigea AbbaDdlaog. Voni Heraupgeber [Dr. F. H. Troflchel]. <Arcbiv
rur Natargescbichte, 20. Jabrg., B. 1, pp. 163-168, 1B54.
1854— Tbe Zoolocy of tbe Voyage of H. M. 8. Herald, auder tbe command of Cap-
tain Henry Kellett, R. N., C. B., dar.ng tbe years 1845-51. — Pablisbed under
tbe Authofity of tbe Lorcis CoiumissioDers of tbe Admiralty. — Edited by
Professor Edward Forbes, F. R. S. Vcrtebrals, iDclnaiog Fossil Mammals.
By Sir John Richardson, Kut.,C. B., M. D., F. R. S.— London: LoycU
Reeve, 5, Henrietta streer, Covent Garden.— 1854. [4^, xi, vi, [1], 171 [+1]
Pf ., 32 pi.]
Fisb. pp.. 156-171, and pi. xxviii, pi. xxxiii.
[Describes PUUetta attXUUa^ mouth of Coppcrmino River (164, pi. 3S, f. 1-3); PfotetM
glaeiaUi, Batbnrst's lulei (166, pi. 32): Silmo eomuetu*, Yokou River (167, pi. 32); Salmo
dermatinut, Ynkon River (169, pL 33, f. 3-5).)
Notice of a collection of Fisbes from tbe sonthern bend of tbe Tennessee
River, in tbe State of Alabam.'v. By la. Agassiz. <[ Am. Jonrn. Sci. and
Arts, (2), V. 17, pp. 297-308, Mar. 1854 ; v. 17, pp. 353-369, May, 1854.
Appendix. — Additional notes on tbe Holconoti. pp. 365-369, May, 1854.
[N. g. and n. sp. Embiotoea laUralU (366). Rhaeoehilus (n. g.) toxotet (367), AmfhitMaiM
(n. g.) argenteus (367), Holeonohu (n. g., 367) rhodotents (368).]
[Translated as follows :— ]
Nacbtriiglicbe Bemerkangen Uber die Holconoti. Yon Prof. L. Agassiz. Ans
Sillimun Amer. Journ. xvii. p. 365. Uebersetzt vom Heransgeber [J. H.
Troscbel]. < Arcbiv fur Naturgescbicbte, 21. Jabrg., B. 1, pp. 30-34, 1855.
Description of fonr new species'of Viviparous Fisbes from Sacramento River
and tbe Bay of San Francisco. Read before tbe California Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, May 15, ia'>4. By W. P. Gibbons, M. D. June 27, 1854.
<Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., v. 7, pp. 105-106, 1854.
[X. sp. Hysteroearptii TraskU (105), Hyperprosopon argentevjm (105) and var. a.punUatum
(10G>, Oymatogcuter aggregatut (106), CytnatogouiUr minimut (iOG).]
Description of new Species of Viviparous Marine and Fresb-water Fisbes, from
tbe Bay of San Francisco, and from tbe River and Lagoons of tbe Sacramento.
By W. P. Gibbons, M. D. [Read before tbe California Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences, Jan. 9tb and May 15tb, 22d, and 29tb, 1854.] July 25, 1854.
<Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila., v. 7, pp. 122-126, Jnly, 1854.
[N. g. and n. sp. Ilolconotus (132), H. Ageuntizii (12*7), II. Gibbfmsii, " Cal. Acad, of N. S." (18-2).
H./idiginoaut (123), Cymatogatter (n. g), 0. Larkinsii (12.1), O. pulekeUu* (123). C. ellipHau
(124), Hysterocarpus (n. g.), H. Traskii (124), Hyperproscpon (n. g ), H. argenleua (125), H.
aretuUtu (125), Mierometrut (n. g.), 21. aggregatua (125), M. minitnua {\ab),MyiUophagu9 (n
g.). M.ffudatut (125), radiylahnu (n. g.), P. variegatus (126).]
[Translated as follows:—)
Bescbreibnng nener Fiscbe aus der Familie Holconoti ans dem Busen von
San Francisco, ans dem Sacramento- Fluss und dessen Lagunen. Von T77.
P. Gibbons. Aus den Proceedings of tbe Acad, of nat. .sc. of Pbiladelphia
vol. vii. 1854. p. 122. Ubersetzt vom Heransgeber [F.H. Troscbel]. < Ar-
cbiv rUr Naturgescbicbte, 21. Jabrg., B. 1, pp. 331-341, 1855.
Descriptions of new Fisbes, collected by Dr. A. L. Heermann, Naturalist at-
tacbed to the survey of tbe Pacific Railroad Route, under Lieut. R. S. Wil-
liamson, U. S. A. By Charles Girard. Aug. 29, 1854. < Proc Acad. Nat.
Sci. Pbila., v. 7, pp. 129-140, 1854.
(N. g. and n. sp. :— 1. Ogntrarehw irUemtptvs (199), S. OoUcptis gulotut (139), 3. Atpioottut
(n. g.) buon (130), 4. Leptoeottua (n. g., 130) armatuM (131), 5. Soorptmiehthyt (n. g.) mormo-
ratua (131). 6. Sebaatea awieukttna (131). 7. Ckirua pieeiu (13S), 8. Okiirua gutUOua (138). 0.
21
OpIAodom (o g.) tlongaUu (133). 10. Otuteroittut WUliamMoni (133), 11. OatUrostetu micro*
MfhalnM (t33X 12. AtherinopM <iLg.) cali/omierms (134). 13. GobwtgraeiUt (lU), 14. JSmM-
0l9caUneata{i:HU 15. ilmpAwt»e&ttf«»mtfw(135),16. Atnp&weicAtM ffMrmanni (135), 17. Oita
CBMoaphala (135), 18. Pogo»ickthif$uuBquilohua (130), 19. Pogonichthyt Kymntetnewt (136), 20.
ZiiWHua {Q. R.) exUieauda (137), 81. Xarinia crtusicauda (137), 22. ikioinia con/ormw (137),
23. Leuetomut oecidetUaUt (137), 24. Olupea mirabiUa (138), 25. MHetta cmndea (138}, 26.
AigAuilte in^nlax <138), 27. Piatiehtkjft (u. f;.) rugonu (139), 28. PUuroniehthyt (n. g.) eceno-
fiiff (130), 29. Pantpkryt (n. g., 139) t»eu2itf (140), 30. Ptettichthys (n. g.) nulauohticlus (140).]
IM4— EnaiiMratioD of the species of .marioti Fishes, cullecf«d at Sau Francisco, Cali-
foniia, by Dr. C. B. B. Keonerly, Daturalist attucbed to the survey of the
Paeific R. R. Koate, aoder Lient. A. \V. Whipple. By Charles Girard. Ait;;.
29, 1654. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Puila., v. 7, pp. 141-142, Aii«. 1854.
(N.^-aod n. sp.:— 1. Ohinu eomteUatut (141). 3. PorichUiyt (n. g.) rwtatut (141), 8. Gadu*
(141), 10. PteUiehtkys sordidtu (142). J
OlMervatioQs iipou a collection of Fishes made on the Pacific coast of tho
U. States, by Lieuf. W. P. Trowbridge, U. S. A., for the Masenni of the
Smithsonian Institution. By Charles Girard. Aug. 29, 1854. <] Proc.
Aca(L Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 7, pp. 142-15(i, 1H54.
[X. g. and n. sp.:— 1. Labraxnetmli/er {li-ii, 2. Labrax tlathraUu (143), 3. Ileterottickus (d. g )
rMtmtiif (143), 4. Sphyrixna argentea (\AA) , 5. Cottop«<«jMxrrtur (144), 8. iScorpoTitcAfA '» tote-
ra(4«(145), 9. Seorjxxna guWUa (lA^) , U. Sditutegroaacevit {\¥j), 12. &6a«te«/a«(;ia(U4r( 140), 15.
QoMterotieutpUktimM (147), 16. Gattero$teus inopimatus (147), 17. Va.brina undulata (I4P), 18.
OlffikiModon rulncundn* (14^). 19. BelonetxilU (149), 20. Dlenniu« gentiUs (149), 21. (TunneUtcir
«nM<«« (149). 23. Apodiekthyt (n. g.)Jlavidu* (150), 23. Apodiclithyn vUlaceut (150), 24. Anar-
r&irA<u/rii« (150), -^G. Voiu modeteiM (151), 29. EmbiotocalineaUi (151), 30. EmMofoca C<M-
nd!yi (t51|, 33. XTofe^ntfrw Trombridoii (152). 33. HoUoiiotuM megalopt (152), 31. Phanerodoni
in.%,\ /urtatMM (153), 36. PoganichUiys argyreiotua (1C3), 37. i\(ndtdi/« jMxrrtpuint« (154), 42.
JPapnudit ddicdUtmnuu (I54>, 43. Argentina pretioha (150), 44. PZeuron0cte««ia<;uIr/«««(155),
48. LtpiMdogatUr retitvlatuM (155), 49. ^.ynsraiaeAtM breviroUru <156), 50. Syngnathut Icpto-
rJkyacAttf<l56).J
t Descriptions of two species of fish, believed to be new. Sept. 4, 1854. By
Wm. O. Ayras. < Proc. Gal. Acad. ScL, v. 1, pp. 3-4, 1854; 2d ed., pp. ^-4,
187:J.
(N. tp. Lcibm» pmleher, HtmUripUrut niarmoralu».\
^Descriptions of two new species of Sebastes. Sept. 11, 1854. By Wm. O.
Ajreo. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 5-6, 1854; 2d ed., pp. S-T), 187:^.
(N. sp. B. n^nd/otuM, S. paweitpimt,\
f Descriptions of new species of fish. /Sept. 18, 1854. By T?7m. O. Ayrea,
M. D. < Proc. Cal. AcrnL Sci., v. 1, pp. 7-8, 1854 ; 2d ed., pp. 7-8, IH73.
f X. up. S«battei ruber, Sebaet^a r%d>er var. parvus. Sebaete$ variabilis, Centrarehus maai-
hmt.\
tOhsenrations on the development of Anablcps Gronovii, a viviparous linh
from Snrinam. By Prof. Jefibies "Wyman. Sept. 20, 1854. < Proc. Boston
8oc. Nat. Hist, v. 5, pp. 60-81, Dec. 1854.*
"Remarks in relation to the Mode of Development of EmbiotocoidsB. By
Charles Girard. Sept. 20, 1854. <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 5, pp.
«l-^2, Dec. 1854.
*Two new fishes, Morrbna callforuica and Grystes liueatns. By Wm. O.
Ayrea. Oct. % 1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 9-10, \^A ; 2d cd.,
pp. 8-10, 187.3.
(N. sp. Morrhua eaUfnmiea, Gryttet lineatus.]
•yClLMnstioDscD the develofiiueiitof Anabh p»Grou(>vii (Cav. oimI Val.). By Jeffries Wynmn
^ MM. < Boston Jonro. Kat. Hist., r. 6, pp. 4.12-443, pi. 17. Nov. te54.
22
*
1§M — t DesoriptioDs of a new species of cottoid fish, aud remarks oq the American
Acanthocotti. By 'Wbl O. Ayres, M; D. Oct. 9, 1854. <^ Proc. CaU. Acad.
Sci., V. 1, p. 11, ltf54; 2d ed., p. 11, lrJ73.
[N. sp. Clup^oeoUuB rotnutut (= Atpieottua Uiton Grd).]
t DescriptioDS of two new species of lJ8h. By Wm. O. Ayres^ M. D. Oct.
23, 1854. < Proc. CaL Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 13-14, 1854 ; 2d. ed., pp. 12-13,
187.3.
New species of Californian Fishes, by TTVUliam O. Ayrea, M. D. Nov. 1, 1854.
<Proo. Boston Sjc. Nat. Hist., v. 5, pp. 94-103, Dec. 1654, aid Feb. 1855.
(N*. sp. Sebtutst puueitpinis (94), Sebattei nelmlotns (06), SebasU^ Ttib§r (97), SebastM ni^er
v&r. parvus (98), CentrarchusmaeuloMut (99), JforrAiMi eaii/ormea (100), Labnuptdcher {101).]
* Descriptions of the Stargeons [Acipenser] found in our [Californian] waters.
By "Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Nov. 27, 18.'>4. < Proc. Cul. Acad. Sci., v. 1, ji.
15, Deo. 1854 ; 2d ed., pp. 14-15 1873.
[N. sp. A. aeutiroUrig, A, medirottru^ A. brachyrhynchtu.]
Characteristics of some Cartilaginous Fishes of the Pacific coast of North Am-
erica. By Charles Girard. Nov. 28, 1854. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
V. 7, pp. 19G-197, 1854.
[N. sp.:— I. Oe§tracionfraiui»ei (196). S. TriatU aemifeueiatum <19G), 3. SpiiuufiAemUkiat)
SuckUyi (196), S. Raja binoculata (t90) ]
Abstract of a Report to Lieut. Jas. M. Gilliss, U. S.N., upon the Fishes col-
lected during the U. S. N. Astrououiical Expedition to Chili. By Charles
Oirard. Nov. 28, 1854. < Proc. Acad. Na>. Sci. Phila., v. 7, pp. 197-199, 1854.
[Gtonns Athtrinoptis noticed, aod tbo MeUUa carulta of Aug. 29, ltC4, t. 7, p. 138, rede-
scribed as a ne«r speoies, nader tiie nanits Aloea mtuiez. ]
t Descriptions of two new npeces of tish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dec. 4,
1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. I, pf. 17-18, 18.34 ; 2d ed., pp. 16-17, 1873.
[N. f«p. 0$menu dimgahAa, MugtHus /eli» "[ ■
• tDesoriptioDH of two new s.iecies of Cypriuoid '. By 'Wm. O. Ayrea^ M. D.
Dec. II, 1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 18-19, 1H54 ; 2d ed., pp. 17-18,
1873.
[S. sp. Cato»tmnu« oeci^entalis, (JtUa ffrandis.]
^ Descriptions of two new Cyprinoid fish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dec. 18,
1854. < Proc. Cal. Acad. 8ci., v. 1, pp. 20-21, 1854 ; 2d ed., pp. 19-*:0, 1873,
[K. sp. Lavinia ffibbo»a, L. compregsa. ]
''Description of a new Cyprino d fish. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dec. 25,
la'M. < Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci., v. 1, pp. 21-22, 1854 ; 2d ed., pp. 20-21, 1873.
[S. pp. Giia fnierolepidota.]
A list of the Fishes collected in California, by Mr. £. Saranels, with descri)*-
tions of the new species. By Charles Oirard, M. D. [1854.] < Boston
Jouro. Nat. Hist., v. 6, pp. 533-544, pi. 24-26, 1857.
i 855— Synopsis of the Ichthyological Fauna of the Pacific Slope of North America,
cbiefly from the collections made by the U. S. Exp. Exped. under the com-
mand of Capt. C. Wilkes, with recent addit.-ons and comparis.ns with east-
ern types. By Louis Agassiz. <^ Am. Jonm. Sci. and. Arts, v, 19, pp. 71-99,
Jan., 1855 ; v. 19, pp. 2l5-2;n, March, 1855.
fN. g. aud n. sp. Catostomtui ocddentaUt (94), Aeroeheihu (d. g., 96) alutaeetu (99), Ptyeh^
cheUus (o. g., S97), PtycJiooheiluM graeUia (S29), Ptythocheihu mmj^r (S29), MylatheiUu (xk g.
itS0){aerraZM231).]
23
f 9^^— *Oa two flpeo^ee of Lipark. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Jan. 8, 1855. < Proo
Oal. Acad. 8ci., t. 1, pp. 23-24, Feb. 1, 1855; 8d ed., pp. 21-23, 1873.
(K. ^». Xr. pmUkettMt^ L. nmeomu.l
t Description of a now geuns (Leptogiin» lias) aod two new species of iishes.
By Wm. O. Ayraa, M. D. Jan. 22, 1855. < Pioc. CaL Acad. Sci.^ v. 1, pp.
25-27, 1855; 2d ed.,pp. 24-25, 1873.
f l>fS8criptioD of a Lamprey, from the vicinity of Ban Francisco. By "Wm. O.
AjTM^ M. D. Feb. 5, 1855. <Proc. CaL Acad. Soi., v. 1, p. *.:8, Feb. 19,
1855; 2d ed., p. 27, 1873.
* Remarks on the festal Zyg»na (Hammer-headed Shark). By Jeffries Wy-
man. Feb. 21, 1855. "^Proc Boston Soc Nat. Hist., v. 5, p. 157, March,
1855.
\ D^riptioa of a new generic type among fishes. By T77m. O. Ayrea, M.
D. Fehc 2e, 1855. < Proc. CaL Acad. ScL, v. 1, pp. 31-32, 1855; 2d e<L, pp.
30-31, 1873.
(N. sp. Amtkrrhiektky oetliMUu.\
rDeseriptioa of a new species of Catastomas. By 'Wtbl O. Ayre% M. D.
Maroh 5, 1855. < Proc. CaL Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 32-33, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 31-
32, 1873.
(N. «p. Ostofto mu» lakiatmi. \
'Description of a new ichthyic type. By ^Vm. O. Ayves, M. D. March 12,
1855. < Proc. CaL Acad, fici., v. 1, pp. 33-35, 1855 ; 2(1 ed., pp. 32-34, 1873.
(N. %. tkmi. u. ap. Myitfikarmdon (n. g > rdkmgbu.\
* Descriptioa of a new Trout. By "W. P. Oibbooa. March 19, 1855. < Proc.
CaL Acad. Sci., v. t, pp. 36-37, 1855; 2d ed.. pp. 35-36, 1^3.
(N.«p.telm«irtfiea.J
*0u specimens of Gasteroatt^us plebeinH, Oir., brought from San Jos^ by the
Rev. Mr. Doaglas. By 'Wm. O. Ayre^ M. D. April 2, 1^^. < Proc. CaL
Aca<L Sci., v. 1, p. 40, 1855; 2d ed., p. 39, 187:L
t Description of a new Platesna, and remarks on the Flatfish of the San Fran-
cisco marlMts. By Wm. O. Ayrea, &L D. April 2, 1855. < Proc CaL
Acad. ScL, v. I, pp. 39-40, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 39-40, 1873.
(N. sp. Plate9aaMLuieata.\
t Description of a new Salmo and a new Petromyzon. By ^Vm. O. Ayrea.
April 16, 18.'»5. <] Proc CaL Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 43-45, 1855; 2d ed., pp.
42-44, 1873.
(X. 8p. JMiHi0 rivtUarit^ Petromgnn <iliatu8.l
Notice upon the Viviparous Fishes inhabiting the Pacific coast of North Amer-
ica, with an euunieratiou of the epecies observed. By Charles Girard.
April 24, 1855. < Proc. Aca<L Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 7, pp. 318-32:^ 1-55.
(N. f^. and n. up. :— :i. Bmbiotoea WeMi (:)20). 5 Embwtoeaornata (321 ), G. Emhiotoeapertpiea-
ktHu (3il), 7. D^mmliektMy$ (u. g.) racnc (331). 9. Abmna{ix. g ) Trowbridgii (3-J2), 11. Ennich-
tkfi <&. g., 3:22). EnnUslUhyi megaUtpg (323), 12. EnniehtAys Heermarmi (323).]
ITntsM^ated into G^raan by Dr. Truachel as follows:— J
Ueber die h^bendi^ gebiirenden Fisclio an der Westkiiste von Nordainerika.
Von Charles Girard. (Procee<ling8 of the Aca^rlemy of nat. 8c. of Phila-
delphia April 1855.) Uebersetzt voin llerauHgeber [Prof. Dr. Troschel].
<'Aiebav iiir Natuigeachichte, 21. Juhrg , B. 1, pp. 342-354 [numb. 344],
24
1855— t Description of a Gasterostens believed to be new, and on the American ape-
cies of the gonna. By TTVm. O. Ayres. April 30, 1855. •^Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci., V. 1, pp. 47-4rt, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 46-47, 1873.
f N. tp. Ckuteroiteut terratut ; name Oatterouteut tMoayi proposed for Qmtt§ntUu» hiaeu-
letUru DeKay.]
t Description of "a new species of Apodichtbys. By "William O. AyrM^ M. D.
May 21, iaT5. < Proo. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 55-5C, 1855 ; 2d ed., pp. 54-
55, 1873.
[N. ap. Apodichthyt vire$ceru.\
t Description of a new generic tyi>e of Blennoids. By 17711110111 0. Ayrea, M. D
June 4, 1855. < Proc. Cul. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 5&-59, 1855 ; 2d ed., pp. 58-59,
1873.
[N. sp. Cebtdichtbyt crigtagalU.]
t Description of a new Carangoid fish. By William O. Ayres, M. D. Jaly
2, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 62-63, 1865; 2d ed., p. 64, 1873.
[N. tp. Ckiranx symmetrieut.]
t Description of a new species of Whiting. By William O. Ayras, M. D.
July 16, 1855. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, p. 64, 1855; 2d ed., pp. 65-66,
1873.
[N. ftp. Jferlangtu produehu.]
* Description of a finh, representing a type entirely now to our waters. By
"Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Aug. 6, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. ScL, v. 1, pp. 66-67,
1855; 2ded., p. 61), 1873.
[N. sp. Saunu lueUycept.]
* Description of a uew species of Crauip fish. By William O. A3rrei^ M. D.
Sept. 10, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1 , pp. 70-7 1, 1855 ; 2d ed., pp. 74-75,
1873.
[N. ap. Ibrpedo oal\fomiea.]
tOn a viviparous fisb from Japan. By lK>uis Agassiz^ Sept. 11, 1855.
<^Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Sei., v. 3, p. 204, 1855.
^'A Flying Fish, Exoccoius fawiatm Le Sueur, from the Pacific Ocean, lat. 30^
06' N.,long. 1130 02'W. [Gulfof Califoruial, preseuted by Dr. Lanszweert."
Sept. 24, 1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 71-73, 1855.
t Description of a Shark of new generic type. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D.
Oct. 8, 1855. <Proc. -Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 72-73, 1855; 2d ed., pp.
76-77, 1873.
[N. ap. NotorhynehiMs maculatua.'i ^
* Remarks concerning a collection of fishes made by Lieut. W. P. Trowbridge
at or near Cape Flattei-y, W. T. By 'Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Oct. 22, 1855,
< Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, p. 74, 1855; 2d ed., p. 79, 1873.
[10 apeciee enomerated.)
t On a supposed new genus of Cottoids. By ^Vm. O. Ayres, M. D. Dec. 24,
1855. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 1, pp. 75-77, 1855 ; 2d ed., pp. 81-82, 1873.
fN. ap. OalyeHepidotuM tpinontM^ ScorpcmUhthya UiUrdli§ GTd.=CQlyeiUpiiotutlatmrtitia»,
25
IIM-Contribations to the Ichthyology of the Western Coast of the United States,
from specimeDB in the Musenm of Smithsonian Institution. By Charles
GlFurd, M. D. Jane 24, 1856. < Proc. Acad. Kat. Sci. Pbila., v. 8, pp.
131-i;{7, ISSTk
[N. g. and ii.sp. Petraldbrax (d. g., 131), Homalopomus (d. g.) Trovsbridgii (133), Gtigo-
coUmi (n. g., 133) maeukmu (133), Leioeottut (d. g.) hirundo (1^3), ArUd^us (m. g., 134), ilrfr.
Mut nUotfihtut (134), Sebtute* mela7U>ps (13A), Oplopoma (n. c.) panrherina (135), Ga«fr-
fMfMtfiiiteniMduM (133), Gatterotteut pugetti (135), GoMttf Ntuberryi (136), i^'mbiotcca ar^^y.
roMma (136), Gtrrv^onitf Vr<2Iui»iMon< (13G), Platichthys umbronts (13()), Pleurcnichthyt guttu-
'lotet (137), ilmnMNlyCM^MVOiuKitf (137), ShinopUra vegpertilo (137).]
Eesearches upon the Cyprinoids inhabiting tho fresh wat«r Fisbi'S of the United
States of America, west of the Mississippi Valley, from Hpt>citnens in the
Moseani of the Smithsonian Instil nt ion. By Charles Girard, M. D. Sept.
30, 1856. < Pit)c. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 8, pp. 165- .;13, 1^56.
[S. g. sad n. sp. MyloeKeilut fratereulut (1G9), Catoitomus (Acomtw, n. 8. g.) gencrotms
(1741, OatoHomuM macroekeiluM (175), Catobtomu* bemardini (175). Algannea (o. g), Algaw
MS bieolor (183), Algansea obeua (183), Algmuea /otmatta (183), Lavinia hareugtu (lr4),
Aiyyreta nudtfiw (186), Argyreua oneuZta (1(56), Argi/reu* notabUu (186), ^l/^ia (d. g), Agoxia
dktyitogtuter (187), ilj|K>«ia m«tal2iea (187), ifeda (u. g.) fulgida (19*2), liichardsoniuti (u. g.)
faitercrfM (202), Tiaroga (d. g.) eoM^ (*J04), Tigoma (n. g). 7>>oma 6ico2or (-JOG), Tigoinapur-
puTM (-206), THfoma »iitorm«dta (306). lYyoma o6e«a (306), 2Yy(mia Iluniboldti C»OG), Tigoma
Umtaia (306), l^^oina graeilit (206), Tigoina nigre*cens (307), IV<70}/<a croMra (307), Chconda
(ii.g.), CnUomia Oooptfri (307), Oheonda ecerulea (307), £i6oma (a. g.) atraria (308), Vtyehockei-
UiM rapax (209), P(yeAocA«iIu« luciitf (209), Ptyehoeheilus vorax (309).]
Kotic^ npon the Species of the Genus Salmo of authors, observed chiefly in
Oregon and California. By Charles Girard, M. D. Oct. iiS, 1856. < Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v. 8, pp. 217-220, 1856.
«
[S. sp. Salmo Mpeetabilit (31<^), Fario aurora (318), Fario argyreuM (31h), Fario ktcUaUt^
(SIV), Saiar LewiH (319), Skitor i;i. gina,%a (230).l
33d Congress, | 2d Session. | House of Representatives. | Ex. Doc. | No. 97. | = |
Narrative | of | the Ez(.edition of an American Squadi-on | to | the China
Seas and Japan, | performed in the years 1852, 1853 and 1854, | under the
command of | Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, | by | order of the
Government of the United States. | — j Volume II. With illustrations. | —
I Washington: | A. O. P. Nicholson, printer. | 1856. [4"^, 4 p. 1., 414 pp.;
[Treaty,] 2 p. 1., 14 pp.; [Index,] iii-xi pp., 1 1.]
Notes on some figures of Jupauese Fish, taken from recent specimens by
tho artists of the U. 8. Japan Expedition. By Jcimes Carson Bre-
voort. (pp. 253-256, pi. iii-xii.)
(CoDtalna notice of Ditrema aod first notico of the recognition of tho affinity between
the Embiotoooids of CuhforLia and tho Japanese genns.]
33d ConRTrtiS, 2d Session. J Senate, j Ex. Doc. No. 78. | = ] Reports | of | Explo-
rations and Surveys, I to I ascertain the most practicable inid economical route
forarailroad | from the | Mississippi River to the Pacilic Ocean | made under
the direction of the Secretary of War, | in 185!M, | according to actsof Con-
gress of March.*?, 1853, May :U,1H54, and August 5, 1S54. | — | Volume V. | — |
Washington: | Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 1850.
Explorations and Surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi Rivor
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = \ Routcsin California, tocon-
nect with the routes near the thirty-filth and thirty-second | parallels,
explored by Lieut. R. S. Williamson, Corps Topographical Engineers, in
1853. I — I Geological report, | by | William P. Blake, | Geologist and
Mineralogist of the Expedition. | [With appendix.] | — | Washington,
D. C. I 1857. =
^wpMBndix. — ^Article L Notice of tho fossil fishes.— By Professor Louis
^ivp. SlMie, and 1 plate (<' Fossils plate 1") )
26
I85e— 3^ Congress, | fid Session, j Senate. [ £s. Doc. | No. 78. =^ Reports | of | Ezplo-
rationsandSarveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and econoniicalroute
for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean | made ander
the direction of the Secretary of War, in | 1853-4, | according to acts of Con-
gress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume
IV. j — I Washington : | Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 1856.
Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi Biver
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Route near the thirty-fifth
parallel, explored by Lieut. A. W. Wbipple, To} ographical | Engineers,
in 1853 and 1854. | — | Report on the zoology of the expedition. | — |
Washington, D. C. | 1856. =L17 pp., 1 l.J
No. 1. — Field notes and explanations.— By C. B. R. Kennerly, M. D.,
Physician and Naturalist to the Expedition. — pp. 5-17.
1857— The Northwest Coast ; or, Three Years' Residence in Washington Territory.
By James G. Swan. [Figure of terr. seal.] With numerous illustrations.
New York: Harper & Brotbers, Publishers, Fiaukliu Siiuare. 1857. [12^,
435 pp. (incl. 26 tigs, and pi.), frontispiece, 1 map.]
[Popular notioes of fluhes — especially s^mon and fluhing for salmon— «re given in chap-
ters 3, 7, 9, and 14.]
* Account of some observations on tbe development of Auableps Grooovfl, as
compared with tbat of tbe Embiotocas of California. By Jeffries VTyman.
Nov. 18, 1857. < Proo. Boston S. c. Nat. Hist., v. 6, p. 294, Jan. 1858.
Notice upon now Genera and new Species of Marine and Fresh-water Fishes
fh)m Western North America. By Charles Girard, M. D. Nov. 24, 1857.
<Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila., v. 9, pp. 200-202, Nov. 1857.
[N. g. OLd n. sp. ChiropHt (n. g., 201), OUgoeoUua analis (*^1), (XigoeoUtu gMrie^ipt (901).
Zaniolepit (o. r.) latipinnis (iOi), BUp»ia* oculofancuUus (*.X)2).]
33dCongn86, | 2d Session. | Senate. | Ex. Doc. | No. 78. | = | Reports | of | Ex-
. plorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain tbe most practicable and economical
route for a railroad | from ihe | Mississippi River to tbe Pacific Ocean. |
Made under tbe direction of the Secretary of War, in | 1H54-5, | according to
Acts of Congress of March 3, 18.33, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — |
Volume VI. | — | Washington : | Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 1857.
Exploiations au<l Surveys for a Railroad Route from tbo Mississippi River
to tbe Paciiic Ocean. | War Department. | = | Routes in Californiti and
Oregon explored by Lieut. R. S. Williaiosoo, Corps of Topo^>raphical |
Eugioeerc*, and Lieut. Henry L. Abbo*, Corps of Topographical Engin-
eern, in 1855. | — | Zoological Report. — | Washington, D. C. | 1857. | =
No. 1. Report upon Fishes collected on the Survey. — By Charles
Girard, M. D.— pp. 9-34, witb plates xxii a, xxii 6, xxv a, xxv 5, xi
a, xlvi, Ixii, Ixvi, Ixviii, Ixx, Ixxiv.
Report on the fauna and medical topograpby of Washington Territory. By
Geo. Suckley, M. D. May, 1857. < Trans. Am. Med. Assoc., v. 10, pp. 181-
217, 1857.
[FiHhes noliooi at pp. 903-203. ]
1858 — Description of several new species of Salmouidas from tbe north-west coast
of America. By George Suckley, M. D. Read December 6, 1858. <^ Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v. 7, pp. 1-10, 1862.
[X. sp. Salmo Oibbsii (1), ScUmo truneatu* (3), Salmo gibber (G), Salmo eot^luenttu (8),
Saltno eanis (9).]
Ichthyological Notices, by Chas. Girard, M. D. Dec. 28, 1858. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philtt., vol. 10, pp. 223-225, Dec. 1858.
[$ 1-4, D. ap. " Fario Xewberrii, or else Salmo Newberrii ' (3*2ri).]
27
MS-^DeokwilrdigkeltoD eioer Reiso nacb dem rnssiscbcn Amcrika, imcli Mikro-
DQsien and durcb Kamtscbatko. You F. H. v. Kittlitz. — Erstcr DudcI
[ — Z welter Baud]. — Gotba. Verlag von Justus PertLes. 1858. [^°, vol.i,
XYi, 383 pp., 2 pi. ; vol. ii, 2 p. 1., 463 pp., 2 pi.]
84t-^8d CoDgrefls, | 2d Session. | Senate. | Ex. Doo. | No. 78. | = | Reports | of j Ex-
ploralioiui and Surveys, | to | ascertain tbo most practicable and ecoT^omical
route for a railroad | from tbe | Mississippi River to tbo PaciAc Ocean. |
Made under tbe dirt^tion of tbe Secretary of War, in | 18C3-6, | according to
Acta of Congress of Marcb 3, lai:!, May 31, 1H54, and August 5,1854. | — |
Volaiue X. I — | Washington : [ Beverley Tucker, Printer. | 18C9.
Explorations and Surveys for a railroad route from tbo Mississippi River
to the PaciGc Ocean. | War Department. | = | Fisbes: by Charles Gi-
raid, M. D. i — I Washington, D. C. | 1858.* = [xiv, 400 pp., with plaies
vii-viii, xiii-xiv, xvii, xviii, xxii c, xxv, xxix, xxx, xxxiv, xxxvii,
xl, xli, xlviii, liii, lix, ixi, Isiv, Ixv, Ixxi.]
[S. g. mad n. sp. (HipceoUut glohicepn (56), Nautichthytt (d. g., 74), Amblodon saturnnn (9^),
Pdamp* Unedata (lOfi), Traehurtu boopt (108). Epkipprm zonatus (110). XcoelinuM (:i '/., 1 14).
iVdoeimitf Blanchardi (114), Xiphidion (n. g.. 119), Xiphidion mucosum (110), Ophidian Tay-
• leri (1%), Paraliehthfn (d. g., 14G), Tigoma egrejia (-^l). Thakichthys (ta f^., 3r>), ThcUichthys
Strmutt (3*^), /; graulin naM«« (335), Enffrauli» con prenstu (33G), Tctraodon politu* (340).
Hippoeampu* inffetu (34*^), Syngnathus Abboti (31G), Syntpiathus arundinaeetts (34G), Raja
Oooperi (37*2), Petroinyzon lindu* (37U), re:iomyzon aatori (3f0), Ammocattcj eibariits (38.1). t
Aa this repurt brings np our kuowlcdge of tbo AhL fauna of tbo Pacific coast alope of
tbo Uuitcd States to tbo time of it8 p iblicat.on, and lua ks a . epocb in tbo icb: hvogrnpby
of tbe region in qufsiioc, tbo Rpocieii dcacribcd aro btrelLbelow ennmt rated. Of tlm
MTeral columnp, (1) tbs first contains tbo family name, (2) tbe •• cond tbo generic, (3) the
tbir4 tbe specific, and (4) tbo rigbt band one, ibo page wbero tbe npecies are described :—
Order I.— ACANTHOPTERI.
Percldn
Trachinide
SpbyrenidsD
Cottidi
Ambloplites
intermptns
10
Paralabrax
nebniifer
33
clatbratns
34
neteroflticbns
roetratns
30
Spbynena
ar;;entea
39
Cbiropsis
COII8t('llntU8
42
pictus
43
guttatut)
44
nebnlosuB
45
OplopoTna
pantborinr.
40
Opbiodon
elnngatuH
48
Cottopsis
a«per
51
gulosus
W
parvus
i'4
Olfgocottns
niacolosuH
5(>
aualis
57
;;lobiocp9
cm
Leptocottas
arniatos
00
Leioonttus
birundo
62
Scorpficnichthys
marrooTatns
G4
Aspicottos
biKou
CO
Hemiiepidotas
spinosuH
fi8
Anedias
latoi-ala
■lO
. i*|^ lUport apon tbe Zoology of the several Pacific IUiIn>ad Roates. Part IV.
^^ffrtMB (j30), "from twenty miles west of Chcctaw agency", i^ tbe only otber now >'pcci(-8
Order I.-ACANTBOPTBRI-CoDtinaed.
Dotoapilotm
29
Order IH.— PHARYNOOGNATHI.
Saborder I.— MAUicoFTBUTon.
SoomberMocids Belone exilis
Saborder IT.— ACAXTUOPTtRTon.
158
Pomaoontridft
Glypbisodoa
mbicanduB
161
LabidA
Labrue
palcber
169
Jali»
modoMtas
16^
XublotocoldA
Embiotoca
' Jaoksoni
IC«>
CaAsidii
171
Webbi
1T3
lineata
174
omata
176
ponpicabilis
178
0
argyrofloma
180
Damalicbtbys
vacca
189
Pbftnerodon
fDroatos
184
Abeona
Trowbridgii
186
Bhaoochilus
toxotea
188
1
Hyeteiooarpas
Trasldi
190
Holoonotas
rbodotema
193
Ennicthys
megalopa
197
Heermnnui
199
Amphisticbne
arsenteaa
901
aimilia
903
Order IV.— PHYSOSTOMI or MALACOPTBRL
Saborder II.— Abdominalks.
uTpriuide Tribt (^ Cyprini.
lateral ia
S14
fratercnlas
215
MylopbarodoD
coDocephaloa
216
•
robaatns
216
Tribe of Cato«(omt.
Acomua
generosoa
221
Catostomoa
occideDtalia
224
lablutua
224
maorocheilaH
2-J5
3W6« of Ohoudrostomi,
Ortbodon
microlopidotua
237
AlgaDsea
bloolor
238
obesa
239
forrooaa
239
Lavinia
exilicanda
241
barengna
242
Tribe qf Pogoniehthi,
Argyreaa
dalcia
243
nnbilaa
244
Pogonichtbys
inffiqnilobaa
245
ayniTDetricaa
946
argyreioaoa
246
eommania
247
Ordtr 17.— PBTSOSTOUI or UAI^COFTXRI-CaDtiniwd.
tBd.banili
31
Order VII.-GAXOIDEI.
BtiiTkHiJdA Acipenaer brachyrhjnchns 355
transmoDtiiaaa 356
acntlitwtris 355
medirostris 356
Order VHI.— HOLOCBPHALT.
Chimsrida CbimaDra Co!1iei MO
Order IX.— PLAGIOSTOMI.
Suborder I.— Hquali.
Seylliodootidn
Triakie
■emlfasoiatiM
3«3
Hoetelids
Mufttelaa
felis
364
C«etreeiootid«
Cestnicloa
fraDcisci
385
NotidABiflie
Heptanchas
macalatua
367
BpinMida
Acantbins
Sacklil
368
Saborder II.-
-Rajjb.
Rbinobotidn
Rbioobatias
prodnctns
370
Torpedioidn
Narcioe
califomioa
371
Raiidn
RiOo
oooperi
379
Uniptera
biooculata
373
MyliobeUds
Rbinoptera
vcspertillo
375
Order X— DERMOPTERL
Saborder If absipobbancbii
«. CTCLOeTOKI.
Pe(roinysontid»
Petromyzon
tridentatas
ciliatna
lividas
377
378
3:0
•
plarabeaa
aatori
380
AmmoccDtes
cibarina
3t»
Explorations and Snrveys for a Railroad roate from the MiMissippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Deparrment. | ^^ | Rome near the 38. h and
39th parallels, explored by Captain J. W. GunniHon, and near the 4l6t |
parallel, explored by Lieutenant E. G. B ckwiLh. | — | Zoological Re-
porr.» I — I Washington, D.C. | 1857. | = | ' The re|)ort to which the pres-
ent article belongs will bo found in Vol. II of ibe series.
No. 4. Report on Fishes collected on the Survey. — By Charles
Girard,M. D. — (pp. 21-27, with pi. xxiii, xlix, liv, Ivi, Ixxiii, Ixxv.)
Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the MiHsissippi River
to th« Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Route near the thirty-
fifth parallel, explored by Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, Topographical |
Engineers, in 1653 and 1854. | — | Zoological HciK)rt. | — | Washington,
D. C. I 1859. I = ,
No. 5. Report upon Fishes collected on the Survey. — By C. Girard,
M. D.—pp. (47-C9, with pi. iii-vi, ix, x, xxi, xxiv, xxv, xxxv,
xlfr, lii, Ivii, Iviii.)
Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad Route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Routes in California, to
connect with the routes near the thirty-fifth and thirty-second | parallels,
explored by Lieut. R. R. Williamson, Corps of Top. Eng., in 1853. | — |
Zoological Report. | — | Washington, D. C. | 1S59. =
No. 4. Report on Fishes collected on the Survey.— By Charles Girard,
]LD.--<pp. 83-91, with pi. ii, xii, xxii, xxvii, xxviii, Txxi, xxxvi^
iM «*«w xivii.)
32
1859— Od some unusaal modes of geetation in BatrachiaDs and Fishes. By Jeffiles
Toyman. < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and Arts, (2), v. 27, pp. 5-13, Jan., IB.VJ; re-
printed <CaD. Nat., V. f), pp. 42-49, 1860; Zoologist, v. IW, pp. 7173-7179,
18tt0.
lohthyological Notices. By Charles Girard, M. D. < Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL
Phila., 1859.
$ 5-27, Feb. 23, 1859. ▼. 10, pp. 56-58, 1850.
§ '^8-40, March 29, 1859, ▼. 10, pp. 100-104, 1859.
§ 41-59, April 'ie, 1-59, V. 10, pp. 113-122, 1659.
i tiO-77, May 31, 1859, v. 10, pp. 157-161, 1859.
[K. sp. Xeodinua satiricui (§ 5, p. 56), Myrichthyt tigrinut ($ 6, p. 58).]
t On new fishes of the Californian coast. By VTm O. Ayrea, M. D. Oct.
17, 1859. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 25-^2, 1859.
[N. sp. Sebattetnigroeinctut, Sebattei helvomaculatut, Sebastet dongattu, Anophpoma (D.g.)'
merlangiu, SVtreoUpis (n. g ) gigaa, SquAUna ecU^fomiea, Hippoglottut Mli/ortiieia, Muraena
mcrdaXt OrthagorvieuH analis, Jxdia •emicinctu».\
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert Giinther, ....
Volume first. London: priuted by order of the trustees. 18o9. [August]
At first only entitled: — Catalogue of the Acaiithopterygian Fibhes in the
collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Volume first.
GasterosteidfiB, Berycidss, Percidss, AphredodoridsB, Pristipomutida), Mullidffi,
Sparidtis. London : printed by order of the Trustees. 18ri9. [Genui-al title
4- xxxix, 524 pp.— 10«.]
1 860 — Salmon Fishery on the Sarraruento River. By C. A Kirkpatrlck. <^ Hatch-
iugs's California Magazine, v. 4, pp. 529-534, June, 1860.
t Notes on Finhes previously described in the Proceedings, with figures of seven.
By "Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. July 2, 1860. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp.
52-59, 1860.
[X. g. HalioM for Brotmiiu marffinatus.]
Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Gobioiden. Von Franz Steindachner. (Mit 1
Tafel.) <[Sitzungsb. niathem.-naturw. Classe [K. Akad. Wisseusch.] vom
.12. Juli 1860, xlii. Band, No. 23, Sltzung vom 18. October 1860, pp. 283-292.
* Description of new fishes. By Wm. O. Ayrea, M. D. Aug. 6, 18C0. <Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 60-64, 1860.
[N. ip. Triehodon lineatut, Otmenia thaleichthys^ with fignres.]
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert Giinther, ....
Volume second. London : printed by order of the trustees. 1860. [Sept.]
At first only entitled : — Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes iu the
collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther, .... Volume
second. Squamipiunes, Cirrhitidse, TriglidsB, Trachinidse, ScijenidaD, Polyne-
midffi, SphyrienidsQ, Trichiuridee, Scombridie, Carangidse, Xiphiidse. Lon-
don : printed by order of the Trustees. 1860. [General title -(- xxi, 548 pp.
— &». GcLI
[Nov. loc. Xaucratea duetor (374), Eeheneit remoia (378), Eeheneis nauerates (384). N. sp.
CoUut criniger (5S3), Atpidophoroidea inermit (524).]
Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and
economical route for a Railroad from t|ie Mississippi River to the Pacific
Ocean, made under the direction of the Secretary of War, in 1853-6, &c.
Vol. X. Washington, 1859. Fishes ; by Ch^iies Girard, M. D. Washing-
ton, D. C, 1858. [Review, by Theodore QUL] < Am. Jonrn. Sci. and
Arts, 2d series, Yol. 30, pp. 277-281, Sept. 1860.
33
1M#— 96th Coogreas, 1st Sessioo. ] Sooate. i Ex. Doc. | = | Reports | of | Explorations
and Sarveys | to | oscertaia the most practicable and ecooomical route for a
railroad | from | the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under
the direcrion of tht% Secretary of War, in 1853>5, accordinf; to act of Congress
of M!irch 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | —Volume XII. | Book
IL I Washington: | Thomas H. Ford, Printer. 1860.
Explorations and Surveys for a Riilroad route from the Mississippi River
to the Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | = | Route near the forty-
seventh and forty-n nth parallels, explored by 1. 1. Stevens, | Governor
of Washington Territory, in 185:J-'55. [pp. 9-353, 70 pi.] Zoiilogicsl
report.— Washington, D. C, 1800. [viii, (1), 399 pp., 47 pi.]
No. 5. — Rc*port upon the fishes collected on the survey. — By Dr. G.
Snpkley, U. 8. A. (pp. 307-368, with pi. i, xl, xv, xvi, xix, xx, xxxii,
xxxiii, xlii, xliii, xliv, 1, li, Iv, Ix, Ixiii, Ixvii, Ixix, Ixxii, Ixxv, viz :
Chapter I. R6X>ort upon the Salmon id®, pp. 307-349.)
Chapter II. Report upon the Fishes ex^nsivo of tho Salroonidn.
pp. ;{50-368.
(N. sp. Salmo Matoni (343).]
[This volame slao appeared wi h the following title«page and modifications:—]
The Natural History of Washington Territory, with much relating to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oregon and California, between the thirty-sixth and
forty-ninth parallels of Latitude, being those parts of the final Reports on
the Survey of the Northern Pacific Railroad Route, containing the Climate
and Physical G^graphy, with full Catalogues and Descriptions of the Plants
and Animals collected from 1853 to 1857. By J. G. Cooper, M. D., and Dr.
O. Suckley, U. S. A., Naturalists to the Expedition. This edition contains a
new preface, giving a sketch of the explorations, a classified table of con-
tents, and the latest additions by tho authors. With fifty-five new plates
of scenery, botany, and zoology, and an isothermal chart of the route. — New
York: Bai I li^ro Brothers, 440 Broadway, [etc.] 1859. [4°. xvii,26-|-7'2^^
viii, 399 pp. ( -|-l-4 pp. betw. 368 and 369), 61 pi., 1 map.]
tDe^riptions of tho Califoniian Atherini(1;B, with figures of the species. By
'WuL O. Ayres, M. D. Oct. 1, 1860. < Pioc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 73-
77. I860.
[Ni. sp. Atherinop»iM ajflnii, Atherinoptii Unuit, with flgores.]
t Descriptions of two new Scia^noids, with fij^nres. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D.
Nov. 5, 1H60. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 77-81, 1860.
f N. g. and sp. Johnixu nobilis, Scriphus (n. g.) politug.]
t Description of new Californian fishes, with figures. By Wm. O. Ayrea, M.
D. Dec. 3, 1860. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 82-86, April, 1862.
[N. g. and sp. Camarina (n. g.) nigricant, Poronotut titniUimuM.]
IMl — Observa:ion8 on tho genus Cottus, and description of two new species
(abridged from tho forthcoming report of Capt. J. H. Sinipsou), by Theo-
dore OilL March 20, 1861. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 8, pp. 40-42.
April, lH(il.
[N. g. aad d. sp. Potamoeothu (n. g. 40), rotamoeiUuM punetulatut.]
Description of a now species of the genus Tigoma of Girard (abridged from
tho forthcoming report of Capt. J. H. Simpson), by Theodore Gill. March
20, 18G1. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 8, p. 42, April, 1861.
f N. sp. Tigoma 9qxiamat(i,\
BolL N. M. No. 11- — 3
34
tSGl—Notes on tbe described species of Holconoti, found on the western coast of
North America. By Alexander Agassiz. March 20, 1H61. <[Proc. Bos-
ton Soc. Nat. His t, v. 8, pp. 122-134, 1801.
[The namber of specios is reduced to 15, which are grouped under 9 genera. X. g.
Tceniotoea > Embiotoca lateraUs; n. sp. Hyperprotopcn ana{{«,— neither described.]
t Commnnication on several new generic types of fishes, i. e., PodotheoaS|
Hoplopagras, and Stophanolepis. By Theodore Gill. April 16, 1861.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13J, pp. 77-78, 1861.
(N. g. and sp. Podotheciu (n. g.).]
Revision of the genera of North American Sciaeninse. By Theodore Oill
April 30, 1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 79-89, 1861.
[N. g. Bhinotoion (85) for AmUodon tcUumtu Grd., 6eniyimmnu9 (87) for Leiottomui KfM-
atut Ayres.]
On the Liostominc. By Theodore GilL April 30, 1861. <[Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., [v. 13 J, pp. 89-93, 1861.
[Remarks on Leiattomut lineatut (93).]
Salmonidffi of Frazer River, British Columbia. By C. Brew. <[ Edinburgh
New Philos. Jonm., v. 13, p. 164, 1861. '
On the HaploidonotinsB. By Theodore Gill. May 28, 1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 100-105, 1861.
[Remarks on Afnblodon titumus (105).]
Notices of Certain New Species of North American Salmonidae, chiefly in the
Collection of tbe N. W. Boundary Commission, in charge of Archibald
Campbell, Esq., Commissioner of I he United States, by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly,
Naturalist to the Commission. By George Suckley, M. D., late Assistant
Surgeon, U. S. Army. Read before the Now York Lyceum of Natural Historjs
Jnne, 1861. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v. 7, pp. 306-313, 1862.
[N. g. and sp. Salmo Kennerlyi (307), Salmo brevicauda (303). Salmo Warreni (308). Salmo
Bairdii (309), Salmo Parkei (30D), Oncorhynehttt (n. p., 312), Snlro Campbeili (313).]
Notes on some genera of fishes of the western coast of North America. By
Theodore Gill. July 30, 1861. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp.
164-168, 1861.
[N. g. Atraetoperca (164), ArchopUtet (\^) , Parephipptu (IGo), Uypsypcpt (165), Sebastode*
(165), Aeantholebiitg (166), Pleurofframmut (166), Grammatopleunu (166), MegaVcottus (166).
Olinocottus (166), Blennicottut (166), Anoplagonut (167), Broitnophyeis (168), Hyptagimua.
(167), *P:^ragonu» (167).]
On new types of Aulostomatoids, found in Washington Territory. By Theo-
dore GilL July 30, 1861. < Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 168-170,
1861.
[N. g. and sp. Autorkynehut (n. g., 160) JUividu* (169).]
On the genus Podothecus. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 24, 1861. < Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 258-261, Sept. 1861.
Description of a new generic type of Blennoids. By Theodore Gill. Sept.
24, 1861. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 13], pp. 261-263, Sept 1861.
[N. g. ondsp. AnopHarehw (n. g., 361) pwrpuruoena (963).]
35
IMl— Cfttalogae of the Fishes in the British Maseum. By Albert Guntbei
Volume third. London: printed by order of the trustees. 1861. [Oct.]
At first only entitled:— Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Volume
third. Oohiidffij Discoboli, Oxudercidse, Batrachidce, Pediculati, Blenniida*,
AcanthocIinidiB, Comophorida), Trachy pterid£e/Lophotid£e,Tenthidida), Acro-
Durids, Hoplognathidffi, Malacuuthidie, Naudido), Polycentrida;, Labyrin-
thiei, Laciocephalidffiy AtherinidsB, Mugilid^e, Ophiocephalido^, Trichonntid:e,
CeptdidfiD, Gobiesocidse, Psych rolutidie, CbutriscicUe, Fistulariido;, Masta-
oembelidsDy Notacaothi. London : printed by order of the Trustees. 181)1.
[Pablishod in Oct. 8P, General title -f- xxv, 586 + x* pp.— 10«. Cd.]
IS. g. and n. B^ Oytlopteru* orbit (158), Ltparit eyelopus (1G3), Centronotus criata-gmlli
(KO) = Anoplairdnu cri»ta-gdUi (564), PtychroluUt (n. g.) paradoxus (516).]
* Description of a new ichthyic form from the coast of Lower California. By
Wm. O. Ayrea, M. D. Dec 1, 1861. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, pp.
156-158, 186:2.
[N. sp. Oifnotdon parvipinnit.]
Analytical synopsis of the order Sqnali and revision of the nomenclature of
the genera. By Theodore Gill. Dec. 16, 1861. <^Ann. Lye. Nat Hist.,
N. Y., V. 7, pp. 368«-370*-|-;J71-408, 1862.
Sqnalornm generum novorum descriptiones diagnosticie. Theodore Gill, anc-
tore. Dec. 16, 1861. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., v. 8, pp. 4(XM13, 1862.
MS^Description of a new species of Hemilepidotus, and remarks on the group
(Temnistia) of which it is a member. By Theodore Gill. Jan. 28, 1862*
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 13-14. 1862.
[N. sp. JTemUepidotui OibMi (13).]
Co the subfamily of ArgentiniosB. By Theodore Gill. Jan. 28, 1862.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 14-15, 18(»2.
[N. g. Meioptu (14) or Hypomenu (15).]
Note on the Scismofds of California. By Theodore GUI. Jan. 28, 1862.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 16-18, 1862.
[5 speoiet enamerated.]
t Notice of fresh water Fishes taken in the Bay of San Francisco. By Wm.
0. Ayres, M. D. Feb. 3, 1862. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. IfJ:;,
Sept. 1862.
[8 sp. Bpecifled.]
On the limits and arrangement of the family of Scombroids. By Theodore
OilL March 25, 1862. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 124-127,
1862.
Description of new species of Alepidosauroit's. By Theodore Gill. March
25, 1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 127-132, 1862.
[S. sp. Alepidotaurut {Catdoptu) borealU (128), Alepidosaurui (CatUoptu) serra (129).]
Catalogue of the fishes of Lower California in the Smithsonian Institution,
collected by Mr. J. Xantus. By Theodore Gill. Part I. March 25, 1862.
<Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 140-151, 1862.
Oft m new genus of fishes alBed to Aulorhynchus, and on the affinities of the
V AalofbyoehoidflB ^ II belongs. By Theodore Gill. April 29,
Ni k, [▼. 14], pp. 233-261, 1862.
36
I§69— Catslogne of the Fishes of Lower California, in the Smithsonian Institatioii,
collected by Mr. J. Xantns. By Theodore GiU. Part II. April 29, 1862.
<Proo. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 242-246, 1862.
Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California, in the Smithsonian Institution,
collected by Mr. J. Xantns. By Theodore GUL Part IIL May 27, 1862.
<Proc. Acad. Nat.* Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 249-262, 1862.
Notice of a collection of the Fishes of California presented to the Smithsonian
Institution by' Mr. Samael Hubbard. By Theodore QUI. June 24, 1862.
< Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 274-282, 1862.
[N. g. andsp. HjfpoeriHehtkyt (n. g., 375) anaUs (375), *BrachyiiHut (n. g., 375) //matiu (375),
Hyperpro9oponAgas9izU (876), Oiylebiut (n. g., 377) piehu (378). Apodiehtfutt tanguineut (379),
•ApodUcktkyt inornatu§ (379), Parophrys HubbardU (381), AIomm <Ml(A»miaa (381), ItoploQ'
iodon sp. (888).]
Synopsis of the species of Lophobranchiate Fishes of Western North America.
By Theodore Gill. June 24, 1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [▼. 14],
pp. 282-284, 1862.
[N.g.Mid 9p. DemuUwtethut (n. g^2e3) pwieUpinnia (883), Syngnaihut dimidioHu (883
884).!
Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. By Albert GUnther, ....
Volume fourth. London : printed by order of the trustees. 1862.
Also entitled :— Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii pharyngognathi and
Anacanthini in the collection of the British Mnseum. . . . London : printed
by order of the Trustees. 1862. [8°. General title 4- xxi, 534 pp.— 8». 6d.]
[X. sp. Ditnma brev^'pinne (348). Pteuroneetei PrarUdinii (443), Pleurtmeetei digrammut
(415), Parophryt Ayretii (456).]
Notes on the family of Scombroids. By Theodore Gill. July 29, 1862. <[ Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 328-329, l»62.
Note on some genera of Fishes of Western North America. By Theodore GilL
July 29, 1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14], pp. 329-332, 1862.
[N. g. and sp. Eucydogobiua (n. g., 330), Caularehus (n. g., 330), Eumierotremu* (n. g , 330)
Hyptifario (d. g., 330), Lepidoptetta (n. g., 330), Hyptoptetta (u. g., 330), OrtKopMtta (n. g.,
330), Umpsetta {jl g., 330), Hydrdagut (n. g., 331), Qyroplewrodut (n.g.,331), Holorhinut
(D. g., 331), Entotpheniu (n. g., 331). 43 genera are Btated to have been added to the Call-
fomian faana, either as entirely new or in substiintion for others erroneoaaly identified,
•laoe the pablioation of G irard*a work. ]
On the classification of the families and genera of the Squali of California.
By Theodore GilL Oct. 28, 1862. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 14],
pp. 48:V-501, 1862.
IN. g. and ap. ShinottUeU (n. g., 486) Hmlei (466).]
i Statement in regard to Sebastes rosacens and S. ruber. By VTm. O. Ayrea,
M. D. Not. 3, 1862. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, p. 207, January, 1863.
* Description of Fishes believed to be new. By "Wm. O. Ayres. M. D.
Nov. 3, 1862. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 2, pp. 209-211, January, 1863.
[N. sp. Seboitodet Jlavidus, Seboitodet ovalit.]
* Remarks in relation to the fishes of California which are included in Cuvier's
genus Sebastes. By Wm. O. Ayreoi M. D. Nov. 3, 1862. < Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sol., Y. 8, pp. 211-218, January, 1863.
37
INi— NoitoM of oerUtin new species of North American Salmooidis, chiefly in the
ooilection of the N. W. Boundary Cotnmissloo. By Gkeorge Saokley, M. D.
See 1861, June.
iifS— The Beeonrces of Cftlifomia, comprising Agricultare, Mining, Geography, Cli-
nkate. Commerce, etc., etc and the past and fa tare development of the State.
By John 8. HitteL — San Francisco : A. Roman & Company. New York :
W. J. Middleton. 1863. [12^, xvi, 464 pp.]
(aootogy, oksp. vi (pp. 140-146) ; fishing (pp. 313-317).]
List of the Fishes sent by the Museum [of Comparative Zoology] to different
InstitotioDS, io exchange for other specimens, with Annotations. By F. VT.
Pntnam. < BalL Mas. Comp. Zool., No. 1, = v. 1, pp. 2-16, March 1, 1863.
* Remarks in relation to the genus Notorhynchas. By Wm. O. Ayreo, M. D.
March 2, 1863. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 3, p. 15, April, 1863.
Citalogoe of the Fishes of Lower California, in the Smithsonian Institution,
collected by Mr. J. Xantus. By Theodore Gill. Part IV. March 31, 1863.
< Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 80-68, 1863.
Descriptions of some new spocies.of Pediculati, and on the classification of
the group. By Theodore OiU. March 31, 1863. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., [v. 15], pp. 88-d2, 1863.
Od an unnamed generic type allied to Sebastes [Sebastoplus, Gill]. By
Theodore Gill. August 25, 1863. <Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., [v. 15],
pp. Sda7-909. 1863.
[Contsins refereaes to Ajtm'* views on thu CsUforniMi Sebtutoidt.]
'Remarks on ichthyic types new to the California Coast. By Wm. O. Ayrea,
M. D. Sept. 7, 1863. < Pruc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 3, p. 66, ^ov. 1863.
[N. sp. (imdMeribed) Seomberttox n. sp., Atopio* n. sp.]
Synopsis of the Pomacentroids of the Western Coast of North and Central
America. By Theodore GilL Sept 29, 1863. <Proc. Acad. Nat Sci.
Phila., [v. 15], pp. 213-221, 1803.
Notes on the Labroids of the Western Coast of North America. By Theodore
OilL Sept 29, 1863. <Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Pbila., [v. 15], pp. 221-224.
1863.
Synopsis of the North American Gadoid Fishes. By Theodore GilL Sept. 29,
1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v, 15], pp. 229-242, 1863.
Descriptions of the genera of Gadoid and Brotuloid Fishes of Western Nurth
America. By Theodore Gill. Sept 29, 1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philu.
[v. 15], pp. 242-254, 1863.
Synopsis of the family of the Lycodoidie. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 29, 1863.
< Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 254-262, 1863.
Descriptions of the Gobioid genera of the Western Cosst of Temperate North
America. By Theodore Gill. Sept. 29, 186.3. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., [V, 15], pp. 262-267, 186.3.
[N. g. snd sp. CofypkopieruM (d. g., 903) (fiauco/ranum (363).]
On New Genera and Species of California Fishes. — No. I. By J. G. Cooper,
M. D. Nov. 3, 1863. < Proc Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 3, pp. 70-77, Nov. 1863.
t^ tad a. qp. Dekaya (n. g.) aasislg, Aifruia (n. g. ) punetipinnU, Oreyntu paeifi^ua. \
38
1868 — Notes on the Sebastoid Fishes oocarring in the Coast of California. By Wm.
O. Ayres, M. D., C. M. D. S. Nov. 10, 1H63. < Proc. Zool. Soo. London — ,
pp. 390-402, 1863.
On New Genera and Species of California Fishes. — ^No. II. By J. G. Cooper, M.
D. Nov. 16, 1863. < Proc. Cal.Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 3, pp. 93-lW, Dec. 1863.
[N*. ap. Exoccstut cal\f(>rnieuSt Urohphiu HaUerL] '
Description of the genus Htereolepis Ayres. By Theodore GiU. Nov. 24,
1863. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 329-330, 1863.
•
Description of the genus Osyjulis Qill. By Thoodore OilL Nov. 24, 1863.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 15], pp. 330-331, 1863.
1864 -Catalogue of the Fishes ^n the British Museum. By Albert Giinther, . . .
Volume fifth. London : printed by order of the trustees. 1864.
Also entitled :->Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families
Siluridffi, CharacinidiB, llaplochitonidss, Steruoptyohidsd, Scopelide, Sto-
miatidas, in the collection of the British Museum. . . . London : published
by order of the Trustees. 1864. [8^. (IncludiDg general title) xxii, 455 pp. ]
Beschreibung des Heterodontus Phillipii Bl. (Cestracion Phillipii Cuv.) mit
Riicksicht auf seine fossilen Verwandten. Yon Johaimes Striiver (Got-
tingen). Dresden, 1864. [4^. 32 pp, 2 pi.] <Verhaudl. K. Leopold-Carol.
Akad. der Naturf., v. 31.
On new Genera and Species of Californian Fishes. — No. III. By J. G. Cooper,
M. D. Jan. 4, 1864. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 3, pp. 108-114, 1864.
[N. g. and sp. Myxodu (or Gibhontia^ n. g.) eilegwM^ CHlUchthyt (D.g.) mirabiUg, PUroplO'
fM marmorata.]
Description of a new Labroid genus allied to Trochocopns, Gthr. By Theo-
dore Gill. Mar. 29, 1H64. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 57-59,
1864.
[N. g. Pim^om§topon (58), Sebcuiomu* (AO), Sebcutotomui (5&).]
Note on the nomenclature of Genera and Species of the family Echeneidoidie.
By Theodose Oill. Mar. 29, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16],
pp. 59-61, 1864.
Critical remarks on the genera Sebastes and Sebastodes of Ayres. By Theo-
dore OilL May 31, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 145-147
1864.
[N. sp. Sebattotomut pinniger (147), Sebcutotomtu timulatu (147).]
Second contribution to the Selacbology of California. By Theodore GilL
May 31, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 147-151, 1864.
[N*. sp. Mu»ielu» eal\fornicu» (148), Natorhynehut boreaH* (150). J
t Several points in Ichthyology and Co nchology, viz: Percopsis Hammoudii,
n.sp., Paralepidoids and Alepidosanroids, Gymnotoids, and Campeloma vice
Melantho. By Theodore Gill. June 7, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., [v. 16], pp. 151-152, 1864.
tAyresia punctipinnis named Chromis punctipinnis fide Gill. By J. O.
Cooper, M. D. July 18, 1864. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 3, p. 160, 1864.
39
ISM—Noteon the Paralepidoids Aod MicrostoDiatoids, and on some peoaliarit!<» of
Arotio Ichthyology. By Theodore GilL Sept. 27, 1864. <^ Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sd. Phila., [▼. 16], pp. 187-189, 1864.
Synopsis of the Cyclopteroids of Eiistorn North America. By Theodore Gill.
Sept. 27, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 189-194, 1864.
Synopsis of the Plenronectoids of Californian and NortV western America. By
Theodore OilL Sept 27, 1864. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [▼. 16], pp.
194-198, 1864.
Bescriptioo of a new generic type of Plenronectoids in the Collection of tho
Geological Sorvey of California. By Theodore GilL Sept. 6, 1864. <Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phihv., [v. 16], pp. .198-199, 1864.
[N. g, sod ap. UetoponapM (o. r., 198) Cooperi (199).]
Note on the family of Stichseoids. By Theodore GilL Sept. 7, 18C4.
< Proc.- Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 16], pp. 208-211, 1864.
Ili4— Note on the family of Myliobatoids, and on a New species of iBtobatis. By
Theodore Gill. April 3, 1865. <^ Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v. 8, pp.
135-138, May, 1865.
[N. sp. 2iyUobatit ealifomUu* (137). ^tobaUs laUceps (137).l
Oo the Genns Canlolatilns. By Theodore GilL April 25, 1865. < Proc. Acad.
Nat Sci. Phila., [v. 17 J, pp.6J-68, 1865.
On the Cranial Characteristics of Gadas [Microgadus] proximns, Grd. By
Theodore Gill. April 25, 1855. < Proc. Acsul. Nat Sci. Phila,, [v. 17], p.
69,1865.
[N. ff. MierogaduB.]
Note on several Genera of Cyprinoids. By Theodore Gill. April 25, 1865.
< Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., [v. 17], pp. 69-70, 1805.
Some remarks on Labrus pulcher ( Ayres). By Albert GUather, M.A., M. D.,.
Ph. D. May 30, 1865. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., [v. 17 J, p. 77, 1H65.
On a new Generic type of Sharks. By Theodore GilL Sept. 26, 1865. < Proc.
Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., [v. 17 J, p. 177, 18o5.
(N. g. nod sp. Micristoduf (a. g., 177) punetattu (177).]
Histoire natnrelle des Poissons on Ichthyologie g<5n^ra1e par Aug. Dum^ril
Professeur-administrateur au Museum d'Histoire Natnrellode Paris.— Ou-
vragi) accompagn6 de planches. — Tome premier [.] ^lasmobrannhes [i. c]
Plagiostomes et HoIoc<^phales on Chimdres. — Premiere partie [-Secondo
partie]. . . . Paris. Librairie EncycIop<Silique de Roret, .... 1865,
[Text, 2 p. 1., pp. 1-352; seconde partie, 2 p. 1., pp. 353-720.] [8°; atlas
larger 8^, pi. 1-14, pp. 1-8.]
Vanconver Island and British Colombia. Their History, Resonrcos, and Pros-
pects. Hy Matthew Macfie, F. R. G. S., five years resident in Victoria, T.
L London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1805. [8°, xk
pp. (iuclndiog blank leaf and frontispiece), 1 1., 574 pp., 2 maps.]
Chapter Y. General Resonrcesof Yanconver's Liland. pp. 131-171.
VlibeiiflB. pp. 163-171.
40
IMII— Catalogae of the Fishee in the British Museum. By Albert aiinther, ....
Yolame sixth. Loodoo : printed by order of the trustees. 1866.
Also entitled: — Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Sal-
monidse, Percopsidse, Galaxidse, Mormyridse, Gymnarchidss, Esocidie, Urn-
bridflBy ScombresocidsD, Cyprinodontida, in the collection of the British
Museum. . . . London : printed by order of the Trustees. 1866. [8^ xv,
368 pp.]
(K. tp. Sdlmo lordU (148).]
The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. By John Keast
Lord, F. Z. S., Naturalist to the British North American Boundary Com-
mission. [Vignettes.] In two volumes. Vol. I [—II]. London: Richard
Bentley, New Burlington Street, publisher in ordinary to Her Mujesty. 1866.
[2 vols., 12°. Vol. i, xiv (incl. frontisp.), 2, 368 pp., 8 pi.; voL ii, vii (incl.
frontisp.), 2, 375 pp., 5 pi.]
Volume i.
Chapter n. — ^Victoria— The Salmon : its haunts and haliits. pp. 36-61.
Chapter III.— Fish Harvesting, pp. 62-96.
Chapter IV.— The Round-fish, Herrings, and Viviparous Fish. pp. 97-120
Chapter V.— Sticklebacks and their Nests— The Bullhead— The Rock-
.ood— The Chirus— Flatfish, pp. 121-141.
Chapter VI. — Halibut Fishing— Dogfiiih— A trip to Fort Rupert— Ransom-
ing a Slave — A promenade with a Red skin — Bagging a Chiers head —
Queen Charlotte's Islanders at Naniamo. pp. 142-174.
Chapter VII.— Sturgeon-spearing — Man-sucker — Clams, pp. 175-198.
Volume ii.
Appendix.
Li^t of Fishes collected in the Salt and Fresh Waters of Vancouver
Island and British Columbia, pp. 351-356.
[In the list are ennmorated apeoles which almost certaioly were Dot "collected " in the
waters in question.]
Hr. W. PeteiB machte eine Mlttheiluug iiber Fische {Protopierus^ Aulidoops,
LdbraXf LahraoogloBBa^ NefM.tooeniriB, Serranus, Scorpia, Opisthoffnathus, Scom-
hreaoXf Aoharnes, Anguilla, Gymnomurcena, ChilorMnuSf Ophichthys^ Helmick-
ihys), <^ Monatsberichte der Kooigl. Akademie der Wissenscbafben zu
Berlin, 1866, pp. 509-526, 1 pi.
[N. g. %nd sp. AulxKopt (d. g., 510) tpinetoeni (510), Scon.bn90x hrevirattrii (521).]
1867 — On the identity of the genus Alepisaurus Lowe with Plagyoc^us Steller. B^"
Dr. Albert GKinther. < Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), v. 19, pp. 185-187.
On the nourishment of the foetus in the Embiotocoid Fishes. By James
Blake, M. D., F. R. C. S. Jan. 21, 1867. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., v. 3,
pp. 314-317, Sept. 1867.
On the organs of Copulation in the Male of the Embiotocoid Fishes. By
James Blake, M. D., F. R. C. S. Nov. 4, lb67. < Proc Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
T. 3, pp. 371-4J72, May, 1868.
1868 — Some Recent Additions to the Fauna of California. By J. G. Cooper, M. D.
Jan. 13, 186a <Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 4, pp. 3-13, Nov. 1868.
[The namber of flsbea is stated (p. 3) to be 196 in 1868, against 133 known in 1862.]
Nourishment of the Foetus in Embiotocoid Fishes. By James Blake, M. D.,
Loud., F. R. C. S. < Joum. Anat. and Physiol., v. 2, pp. 280-282.
41
Ml-On the anal fin appendage of Embiotocoid Fishes. By Jamea Blake, M. D. , F.
R. C. 8., Piofeesor of Obstetrics in Tolard Medical CoUege, St. Francisco,
California. < Jonrn. Anat. and Physiol., v. 3, pp. 30-32, pi. 2, figs. 1 and 2,
Nov.iaea
The Vatnral Wealth of California. Comprising early history ; geography,
topofi^phy, and (oenery; climate; agricnltnre and commercial prodnots ;
geology, aoology, and botany ; mineralogy, mines, and mining processes ;
maaofiictnTes ; steamship lines, railroads, and commerce; immigration,
population and society ; edncational institations and literature ; together
witii a detailed description of each county ; its topography, scenery, cities
md towns, agriealtnral advantages, mineral resoarces, and varied prodiic-
tiona. By Titoa Fey Croniae. San Francisco : H. H. Bancroft &> Com-
pany. 1966, [8°, xvi, 696 pp.]
Chapter VII. Zoology, pp. 434-501.
Fishes. [By J. a. Cooper. M. D.] pp. 487-498.
Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Subjects, pp. 668-684.
Fisheries, p. 680.
(The Uiit of fUhtu wm eTidently prepared by Dr. J. 6. Cooper, althoagh only gec^ral
oeknowledgiDeDt for MsieUooe w%e rendered in the prefaoe. It wm acknowledged by
Dr. Cooper, ae anthor, in the commnnioation to the California Academy of Scienoee, indi-
cated above. Inaamuch aa thia was intended to be aoomplete ennmeration of the flsbet of
Gillibmla, the names are reproduced here.]
BONY FISHES.
Pwoid»
Stereolepia
gigaa
487
1
Paralabrax
nebolifer
487
3
▲traotopcrca
olathrata
487
3*
ArchoplitM
intermptas
487
3*
T^Vy<#|ff^
CanlolatUns
aoomalna
487
4
Swl^nfalm
Rhinoeolon
aatarnns
488
5
Leioatonras
lineatOB
488
6
UmbriBa
nndolata
488
7
▲imotoeolon
DobUe
488
8
Serlphns
politos
488
0
Cbatodonida
Parephippna
sonatas
488
10
Girella
nigricans
488
11
Pomaoentrids
Glyphidodon
mbicandos
488
IS
Chromls
panotipinnis
488
13
BmbiotoooidiD
HjsttTOoarpas
Traskil
489
14
Smbiotoca
Jaoksoni
489
15
argyroeoma
489
16
Tflsniotoaik
lateralia
489
17
Hypeoma
Caryl
489
18
Dmnalichthys
vaoca
489
19
Phanerodon
fiiroata^
489
90
Cymatogaster
aggregatas
489
31
Bhaohooheiloa
toxotes
489
33
▲mphistiohos
argeniens
489
33
«
Holoonotos
ihodotems
489
24
pulcbellas
489
25
Hyperproeopon
argentenm
489
36
aronatnm
489
37
panctatara
489
38
Hypocritichthys
analis
489
89
Bpiohyiatias
frenatns
489
3D
Abeona
minima
489
31
labrids
Trochooopos
poloher
489
33
OzyJaliM
modustas
489
33
OHyphMddA
Poroootns
simillimns
489
34
Scomber
diego
469
35
Bepeated.
42
B0H7 FISHES— CanUnuid.
Piduij.
UOMUtB
piellloa.
HaUtnctai
ikrvlU
■timehan.
boop.
Boltma
am
■iltratH
CUzntoDU
43
«^
BONY FlSHSS-ConUnaed.
Encyclogobios
Dowberrii
492
99
GilHohthys
mirabllis
493
100
Q|oiopteri<UD
Canlarohas
retioalatua
493
101
Liparis
palobellus
493
109
mncosus
493
103
PlsaroBeoUdiD
Hippogloasos
californioas
493
104
vaJgaria
493
105
PUticbthys
stellatoa
493
106
Paropbys
yetalaa
493
107
Parophrys t
AyroaU
493
108
Plateasaf
bilineata
493
100
Paralichthys
macoloaoa
493
110
Plearonicbtby*
coenosus
493
111
Habbardli
493
113
HypaopMtU
gottaUta
493
113
Paetticbtbys
melaoostiotut
493
114
aordldua
493
115
MetopoDopa
oooperi
493
116
OftdidA
Merlucias
prodactaa
493
117
,
Brosmopbycis
marginatoa
493
118
Gadus
proximas
493
119
Ammodytes
peraonaiua
493
120
OpbidUd»
Ophidion
Taylori
493
131
8«linoDid«»
Salmo
quinnat
494
133
Scoaleii
494
133
Masoni
494
134
•tollaftia
494
135
iridea
494
136
Coregoona
WilliamaonU
491
137
nypomesoa
pratlofios
494
138
Osmcms
thalficbthys
494
139
S«opelid»
Synodos
lucioceps
495
130
Olopeids
Alaaaa
califomica
495
131
Clapea
mirabills
495
133
Meletta
csDmlea
495
133
EograulU
mnrdax
495
134
delicaliMliuus
495
135
compreasan
495
136
nanus
495
137
OyprinodsntidoD
Cyprioodou
californionHiA
495
138
Fandalan
parvipionis
495
139
?
495
140
^aranidn
Maraeoa
roordax
493
141
Ophi'lianis
califoruiennis
495
14-3
Cyprinldjo
Catostomns
occidentalifl
495
143
Ubiatus
495
144
Aa)mu8
generosua?
495
145
Mylophnrodon
rubustiis
496
146
conocepbiluH
496
147
Mylocbeilus
fratercaliis
49€
148
Ptycbocheilns
grandis
496
149
luciu'9
496
150
rapax
496
151
Gila
robust a
496
153
elegans
496
153
Laxilua
occidontalis
496
154
Tigoma
conformis
496
155
croa^a
496
156
Siboma
crasaicanda
496
157
Orthwlou
microlepidotua
496
158
Algangea
formoaa
496
159
•
Larinia
cxilicaada
496
160
barengaa
496
161
UABTILAOINOUS FlSaSS.*
OrUuioidioiu uuUa
OaMropbyna polltna
Hlppoommpni lujIMU
Hjfi£iintiliiii oftllftmitoaala
EtImoUdhUii*
laptOTbjDcba*
pODDllplnoll
bncliyrbynohn* '
•ODtinMbi*
m'adiraatrli
ColUal
45
1ST#— Maokerel-catohing. [By John C. Cremony.] < Overland Monthly, y. 4,
pp. 161-168, Feb. 1870.
The Fftoifio Coast Cod-ftsfaery. [By Capt. C. M. Boammon.] < Overland
Monthly, ▼. 4, pp. 436-440, May, 1870.
Catalogue of Fithee in the British Mnsenm. By Albert GHinther, . . .
Volome eighth. London : printed by order of the trnstees. 1870.
Also entitled:— Catalogne of the Physostomi, containing the tamilies Gym-
DOtids, 8yinbraQchid», Mnnenidfo, Pegasidss, and of the [orders] Lopho-
branchii, Plectognathi, [aud subclasses] Dipnoi, Ganoidei, Chondropterygii,
Cyclostomata, Leptooardii, in the British Mnseam. . . . London : printed
by order of the Trnstees. 1)^0. iffi, xxv, 549 pp.]
(Sp. new to ooMt:— Ootetf canii (379). K. g. lehth^omynn (506).]
Ober einige Plenronectideo, Salmoniden, Gadoiden nnd Blenniiden ans der
Decastris-Bay and voa Viti-Levn. Von Franz Steindachner nnd weil.
Pro! Dr. Rudolph Kner. < Sitzb. K. Alcad. Wissensch., B. 61, Abth. i,
pp. 421-447, pi. 1, 1870.
(7 ipeoiet ideotifled m oommon to DecMtri* Bay and the AmerlcMi ooost.]
Histoire natnrelle dee Poissoos on lohthyologie g^n^rale par Aug. Dumteil [,]
Membre de riostitnt [,] professenr-admioistratenr an Mns^iim d'Histoire Na-
tnrelle de Paris. — Oovrage accompagn^ de planches. — ^Tome second [.] Ga-
noldee, Dipo^, Lophobranches 1870. — ^Paris [,] Librairie Enoy-
elopMiqne de Roret, .... 1870. [4 Jnin. — ^Text, 8^, 2 p. L, 624 pp. ; Atlas,
Uiger fi^, pi. 15-26, pp. 9-12, with half title.]
18V1— The Food Fishee of Alaska. By 'William Healy Dall. < Bep. Comm. Agric,
1870, pp. 37&-392, 1871.
[14 species specified : no new species described-]
^ Remarks on the mode of attack of the Thrasher Shark. By George David-
Joly 11, 1870. <^ Free. Cal. Acad. Set., v. 4, p. 127, April, 1871
1 liT9— Notice of an apparently new marine auimal from the Northera Pacific. By
P. L. Solater, M. A., Ph. D., F. R. 8., Secretary of the Zoological Society of
LoodoQ. <^ Rep. 42d meeting Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc, Aug. 1872, Tr. Sec, pp.
140-141.
Notice of a supposed new marine animal from Washington Territory, north-
west America. [By P. L. Sclater.] < Nature, v. i, p. 43r), Sept. 26, 1872.
IThe suppoeed new animal was reprcMntcd by "several specimens which at first sight
app**ared to resemble long thin peeled white willow-wand more than anything else." Mr.
Sclater. in the first instance, " was inclined to regard them as possibly bones of one of the
fifantio rays," and afterwards <when he had been told what they wcr» t) "as the hardened
Botochord of a low organised fish." They were, in truth, the axial skeletons of Pennatnlld
loophytes! !!
Cber eioe neo9 Gattung von Fischen ans der Familie der Cataphracti Cuv.,
Scombrocottus salmonens, von der Vancou vers-Insel. Von "W. C. H. Peters.
< Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, pp. 568-570, 1872.
(K. g. and sp. SeombraoUtut (n. g., 56^) taltn<meut (569).]
Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of California for the
years 1S70 and 1871. Sacramento: T. A. Springer, State printer. 1872.
[8^, col. title, 24 pp.1
46
18Y9 — Arrangement of the families of Fishes, or classes Pisces, Mar8ix>obraDchii, and
Leptocardii. Prepared for the Smithsonian Institntion. By Theodore
Gill, M. D., Ph. D. Washington : pablished by the Smithsonian Institn-
tion. November, 1872. (Smithsonian MiscellaneoasColleotionB. 247.) [8^,
xlvi, 49 pp.]
42d Congress, 2d session. | Senate. | Ex. Doc. No. 34. | Messago | from the |
President of the United States, | commnnioating, | in complianee with a
resolution of the 19th of January, 18G9, information | in relation to the
resonrces and extent of the fishing-grounds of the North | Pacific Ooeao,
opened to the United States by the treaty of Alaska. [Washington : Gov-
ernment Printing Office. 1872. — 8°, H5 pp.]
On p. 2 entitled " The Fisheries and Fishermen of the North Pacific.** By
Richard D. Cutte.
Preliminary lieport of the United States Geological Sarvey of Wyoming, and
portions of contiguous Territories, (being a second [really fourth] annual
report of progress,) conducted under authority of the Secretary of the In-
terior, by F. v. Ilayden, United States Geologist. — Washington: Govern-
ment Printing Office. 1872. [8°, 511 pp.]
Part IV. Special Reports.
Yll. On the Fishes of the Tertiary Shales of Green River, Wyoming
Territory. By Prof. B. D. Cope. pp. 425-431.
VIII. Recent Reptiles and Fishes. Report on the Reptiles and Fishes,
obtained by the Naturalists of the Expedition. By E. D. Cope, A. K.
pp. 432-442.
Prelimiuary Report of the United States Geological Survey of MontAna, and
port'ious of adjacent Territories; being a fifth annual report of progresv.
By F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist. — Conducted under anihority of
the Secn*tary of the Interior. — ^Washington : Government Printing Office.
1872. [8'J, i-vi, 3-538 pp. (with C4 fig.), 2 pi., 5 maps folded.]
Part IV. Zoology and Botany.
VI. Report on the Recent Reptiles and Fishes of the Survey, collected
by Campbell Carrington and C. M. Dawes. By B. D. Cope, A. M.
pp. 467-47(5.
1§73— A contribution to the Ichthyology of Alaska. By E. D. Cope. Jan. 17, 1873.
< Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., v. 13, pp. 24-32, 1873. [Extras, Maroh 11,
1873.]
[17 Hi>eciei) ^nnmerated : n. sp. Salmo tuds$, SprcUeUoides bryoponu, Xiphidium eruortum,
O&ntronottuketus, (jhirtubalku, OMrtuor<UruUiu,Ohirtutrigrammiu,AmmodiftstdUucanus,
OiMduM periseopiu, Oadui auratus, Bathymaster signattu, FUuronectei areu€Uxut.\
Note on the Scombrocotttis salmoneus of Peters, and its identity with Anoplo-
poma fimbria. By Theodore Gill, M. D. March 17, 1873. < Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., v. 5. pp. 56-57,1873 (April); reprinted. <Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., (4), V. 12, pp 74-75, Sept. 1873,
* The first shad (Alausa prsestabilis DeEay) caught in the waters of Califor-
nia. By S. R. Throckmorton. May 5, 1873. <^ Proc. Cal. Acad. Soi., v. 5,
p. 85, May, 1873.
* On the introduction of exotic Food Fishes into the wliters of California. By
S. R. Throckmorton. May 5, 1873. ^ Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 5, pp. 86-
88, May, lh73.
Unite<l States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. — Part I. — Report on the
condition of the sea-fisheries of the south coast of New England in 1871 and
1872. By Spencer F. Baird, Commissioner. — With supplementary papers. —
Washington : Government Printing Office. 1873. [8^, xlvii, 852 pp., 40 pi.,
with 38 1. explaivatory (to pi. 1-38), 1 folded map.]
47
Notes on Liparis and Cyclopteras. By F. W. Putnam. Aagast, 1873. < Pro-
eeedlngs of the American Association for the Advanccraent of Science, vol.
23, B, pp. 335-340, Jane, 1874.
87t~Annaal Record of Science and Industry' for 1872. Edited by Spencer F.
Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science. — New York: Har-
per & Brothers, Publishers, Fpnklin Square. 1873. [12^.]
I. Piscicnlture and the Fisheries.
Fish Culture in California, pp. 407, 408.
Report of California Fish Commissioners, p. 408, 409.
Stocking California waters with Trout, p. 409.
Transporting Black Bass to Califoruia, p. 409.
Transferring Shad to the Sacramento River, p. 430.
Stocking California with Shad, p. 430.
Oil-works on Unalaschka, p. 436.
Spawning of Cod-fish in Alaska, p, 4;^. ''
Cod-fishing in the Shumagin Islands, p. 436.
Salmon Fisheries in the Columbia River, p. 440.
Capture of Sacramento Salmon with the Hook, p. 441.
Fisheries of the Shumagin Islands, p. 444.
Peculiarities of Reproduction of Califoruia Salmon, pp. 445, 446.
Alleged Discovery of Young Shad in the Sacramento River, p. 447.
Ksport on the Prybilov Group or Seal, Islands of Alaska. By Henry W.
BUiott, Assistant Ageut Treasury Department. Washington: Goveruraent
Printing Office. 1873. [4to, 16^ folios, nor. paged, with text parallel with
1>ack, and extending from bottom to top, 50 phot, pi.]
Chapter VIII. Fish and Fisheries.
See. also. 1875.
7l~*Xote on Subterianean Fishes in California. By A. W. Chase. <Ani.,
Jonm. Sc. and Arts (3), v. 7, p. 74, Jan., 1^74 ; Forest and Stream, v. 2,
p. 70, March 12, 1874.
*0o the edible qualities of the Sacramento Salmon. By Livingston Stone.
^Forest and Stream, v. 1, p. :i31, Jan. 1, 1874.
l^reparing Salmon on the Columbia River. By Charles Nordhoff. < For-
est and Stream, v. 1, p. 397, Jan. 29, 1874. (From Harper^s New Monthly
Magazine.)
Salmon-fi.shing on the Novarro. [By Thomas Bennett.] <Ovcrhind Monthly.
V. 12, pp. 119-1:24, Feb., 1874 ; Forest and Stream, v. 2, p. 29, Feb. 19, ltt74.
h the Yellow 'P<:tc)i (Pcrca Jiaresccns) a good fish to introduce into California?
[By lavingBton Stone ] < Forest and Stream, v. 2, p. 84, March 19, 1874.
On the Plagopterina? and the Iclithyolojjy of Utah. By Edward D. Cope,
.V.M. Rcail before the American Philosophical Society, March 20,1874.
<Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila., v. 14, pp. 129-139, 1874.
[N. g. and D. «p. Plagopttrvs (n. g., 130), argentUnmui (130), Ltpidoweda (n. p., 131),
Lefidonuda tiUata (131), Lepidomtda jarrovii (132), ClinoMtomus tcgnia (133), Rhinich-
ttyt hetuhatii (133), Hybopsit timpanogciuU (134), Minomtu platyrhynehtu (134), Mino-
mu§ jarrorU (133), Cerafichthyt ventrieotut (13C), Mt/loleuatt parovanus (136), Clinostomvi
pUe^thontia (137), Uranidea vheeleri (138).]
<»eographical and Geological Explorations and surveys west of the 100th
Meridian. First Lieutenant G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., in
nPl^i^opterina) and the Ichthyology of Utah. By Edward D. Cope,
^oted from the Proceedings of American Philosophical 8o-
Philadelphia: McCalla &, Stavely, Prs., 237-9 Dock
^14pp.]
48
1 874— Tbe lotrodactlon of Eastern Fish into the waters of the Pacific Slope, togeUioi
with an account of operations at the United States Salmon breeding Es-
tablishment on* the McCloiid River, California. [By Livingston Stona]
< Forest and Stream, v. 2, pp. 100-102, March 26, 1874 (5i c.).
On the Speckled Troat of Utah Lake. — Salmo virginalis, Girard. By Dr. H. C.
Yarrow, U. 8. A. < Am. Sportsman, v. 4, pp. 68, 69, May 2, 1874,
Shad in California. [By S. R Thro<9kmortOD.] < Forest and Stream, v. 3,
p. 229, May 21, 1874.
California Salmon [: its rapidity of growth. By Livingston Stone.]
<^ Forest and Stream, v. 2, p. 260, June 4, 1874.
Sports in California.— No. II.— Trout fishing at Humboldt Bay. [By Mon-
mouth.] < Forest and Stream, v. 2, pp. 27:^, 274 (5 c), June 11, 1874.
Will the Columbia Salmon take the flyf [Anon.] <Am. Sportsman, v.
4, p. 166, June 13, 1874.
The Salmon Fisheries of Oregon. [By A. ] < Forest and Stream, t. 2, p. 290,
June 18. 1874.
Sacramento Salmon vs. Eastern Salmon. [By Livingston Stone.] ^Am.
Sportsman, v. 14, p. 198, June 27, 1874.
On the use of Giant Powder (Dynamite) for obtaining Specimens of Fiah at
Sea. By A.'W. Chase, U,. S. Coast Survey. July 6, 1874. <Proo.Cal.
Acad. Sci., v. 5, pp. 334-337, Dec., 1874.
lohthyic Fauna of Northwestern America. [By Mortimer Kerry, paemdom,
J. M. Murphy.] < Forest and Stream, v. 2, pp. 356, 357 (i col.), July 16,
1874.
The Salmonidae of the Pacific. [By Mortimer Kerry, paeudon, J. M. Mur-
phy.] < Forest and Stream, v. 2, pp. 369, 370 (6 c), July 23, 1874.
Salmo Q.uinnat and Salmo Salar. [By Charles G. Atkins.] < Forest and
Stream, v. 2, pp. 388, 389 (2 c), July 30, 1874.
Eastern Fish in California. What, they are and what was done with them.
I From '^Sacramento Record."] < Am. Sportsman, v. 4, p. 358, Sept. 5, 1874.
Oregon Salmon Fisheries. [From ** Portland Oregonian."] <^Am. SiK>rtsman,
V. 4. p. :r/8, Sept. 12, 1874.
United Stutes Fish Hatching in California. [Editorial.] < Forest and
Stream, v. 3, p. 84 (3 col.), Sept. 17, 1874.
Salmon Fisheries on the Columbia. <^Am. Sportsman, v. 4, p. 412, Sept. 26,
lb74.
The Salmon Fisheries of Oregon. <[ Forest and Stream, v. 3, pp. 155, 172,
Oct. 15, 22, 1874.
Annual Reconl of Science and Industry for 1873. Edited by Spencer P.
Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science. — New York: Harper
& Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1874. [12°.]
Shipments eastward of California Salmon, p. 433.
Shall in the Sacramento River, p. 449.
Shad in California waters, p. 449.
Pacific Cod-fisheries of 1873, p. 458.
Taking California Salmon with the Hook^ p. 464.
R^viHion des espies du groupo des Hpinoches. Par M. B. B. Sftavagis.
< Nouv. Arch. Mas. d'Hist. Nat., 1. 10, pp. 5-32, pi. 1, 1874.
49
1ft-*Report of the Commiasioners of Fisheries of the State of Califoniia for the
jeaiB 1872 and 1873. — San Francisco : Francis & Valentine, printers and
engnven, 517 Clay street ; 1874. [8°, 28 pp.]
United Stxites Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part 11. — Report of the
CommiBidoner for 1872 and 1873. A — Inquiry into the decrease of the Food-
Fishes. B — The propagation of Food-Fishes in the waters of the United
States. With supplementary papers. Washini^on: Government Printing
Office. 1874. [80, 5 p. 1., cif; (1), 808 pp., 38 pL, 3 maps folded.]
Report of the Commissioner, pp. i-xcii.
Appendix B. — ^The Salmon and the Trout, (species of Salmo). pp. 89-384.
III.* — On the North American species of Salmon and Trout. By Qeorge
Snokley, Surgeon, United States Army. (Written in 1861.) pp.
91-160.
Tl. — Report of operations during 1872 at the United St-ates Salmon-
Hatching Establishment on the M'Cloud River, and on the California
SalmonidsB generally ; with a list of specimens collected. By I«iv-
Ingston Stone, pp. 168-*il5.
XII.— On the Speckled Trout of Utah Lake, Salmo virginalis, Girard.
By Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U. S. A. Lete.]. pp. 363-368.
XIII. — Miscellaneous notes and correspondence relative to Salmon and
Trout, (pp. 369-379), viz:—
D — On the edible quiflities of the Sacramento Salmon. [By 8. R.
Throckmorton.] pp. 373-374.
£ — On the Salmon-Fisheries of the Sacramento River. By Living-
ston Stone.] pp. 374-379.
ITS-Salmon-hatchinx on McCloud River. [By Wm. M. Tomer.] <Overland
Monthly, v. 14, pp. 79-85, Jan. 1875.
Korte Bidrng til nordisk Ichthyographie. — I. Forolobige Meddelelser om nor-
diske UlkeiBke. Af Dr. Chr. Liitken. (Meddelt den 31te Marts og 19de
Maj 1875. ) ^^Videnakabelige fra den Naturhistoriske Forening Kjobenhavn,
1876, pp. 355-388; Fr. trans., pp. 72-98, 1876.
Ichtbyologische Beitriige (II). Von Franz Steindachner. 29. April 1875.
<Sitzb. K. Akad. Wisseusch., B. 71, Abth. i, pp. 443-4«0, 1875.
(4 CalifurBian species mentioned.]
Ichthyologische Beitriige (III). Von Franz Steindachner. 17. Jnni 1875.
<Sitzb. K. Akad. Wissensch., B. 72, Abth. i, pp. 29-iH), 1875.
[13 Califumian npecies p.irticuLirizotl: n. sp. Xenichthyt eaU/omientis, Scorpis ealifor-
niennt, CorcitM tteartuii^ Otolithits cali/ornientU, Atherinopt u. g. or u. s. g. >Atherinop^xa
ajtnit Ayres-J
Description of a New Species of Trout from Mendocino County. [Typical
specimen in the collection of California Academy of Natural Sciences.] By
W. R. Gibbona» Alameda. June 22, 187.5. <Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 6,
pp. 142-144.
[a. sp. Salmo nundoeinentu.]
California Fishplanting. [Signed R J. Hooper.] <Forest and Stream, v.
5, pp. 19.20, Aug. 19, 1875.
Tronting in Colorado. [Signed " Warren."] < Forest and Stream, v. 5,
p. :V5, Aug. 2(5, 1875.
Edihle Fish of the Pacific. [Signed E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and Stream,
V. 5, p. 3(5, Aug. 26, 1^75.
KilauMi Fishing east and west — How they take them in California. [Signed
]>. I>wm.] < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 38, Aug. 2(5, 1875.
•oas through the volume and not subordinated to the parts.
11 4
50
18Y5— Califoraia Salmon. When to take them with a fly. [Signed "Podgers."]
. < Forest and Stream, v. 5, pp. 53, 54, Sept. 2, 1875.
Salmon Scores from the McClond River. [By Sir Rose Price.] < Forest and
* Stream, v. 5, p. 54, Sept. 2, 1875.
Fishing in Montana. [Signed A. B. Keeler.] ^ Forest and Stream, v. 5, p.
54, Sept. 2, 1^75.
The Speckled Beauties ISalmo fantinalis'] in Colorado. [From "Denver
News."] <Rod and Gnn, v. 6, p. 348, Sept. 4, 1875.
Fishing in the McCloud Kiver. [By Sir Rose Prioe.] ^RodandGon, v.
6, p. 362, Sept. 11, 1875.
Carp in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] ^Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 115,
Sept. 30, 1875.
California Angling. [By B. J. Hooper.] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 133,
Oct. 7, 1875.
Flora and Fanna of California. [ By "W, M, Hinckley. ] < Forest and Stream,
V. 5, p. 146, Oct. 14, 1875.
Lake Tahoe, Cal. Its Scenery and Trent Fishing. [By E. J. Hooper.]
< Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 151, Oct. 14, 1875.
Shipment's of California Salmon eggs. [By Iiivingston Stone.] < Forest
and Stream, v. 5, p. 179, Oct. 28, 1875.
Sea and Bay Fishing in California. — Wonders of the deep. [By E. J. Hooper.]
< Forest and Stix^am, v. 5, pp. 197, 198, Nov. 4, 1875.
Illegal traffic in Salmon. < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 217, Nov. 11, 1875.
[From San F^aneiteo Daily Evening Post.]
Progress of Fish-cnlture in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] < Forest and
Stream, v. 5, pp. 19. — ^227, Nov. 18, 1875.
The Oregon Salmon Fisheries. lAnon,'] < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 230,
Nov. 18, 1875.
•Comparative size of Trent in Europe and America. [By 8. C. C. i. e.
Clarke.] < Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 230, Nov. 18, 1875.
On what do Salmon Feed? [Editorial from E. J. Hooper's ohservations. ]
< Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 280, Dec. 9, 1875.
Distribution of California Ova. <^ Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 291, Dec. 16,
1875.
Ichthyologischo Beitnlge (IV). Von Pranz Bteindachner. 16. December,
1875. <Sitbz. K. Akad. Wissonsch., B 72, Abth. i, pp. 551-616, 1875.
[2 west-coast species described.]
Tmckee River Trout. I Anon,'] <Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 308, Dec. 23, 1875.
What do Salmon eat? [By R. Tallant.] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 5, p. 308,
Dec. 2.3, 1875.
Annual Record of Science and Industry for 1874. Edited by Bpenoer F.
Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science. — New York : Harper
& Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1875. [12^.]
J. Pisciculture and the Fisheries, pp. 419-428.
Alaska Cod-fisheries in 1873. j). 424.
Stocking a pond in Utah with Eels. p. 428.
' Destruction of Fish on the Oregon coast with nitro-glycerine, p. 428L
51
>A report on the condition of affairs in the Territory of Ala9ka. By Henzy W.
Xniiott, special agent of the Treasury Department. — Washington : Govern-
ment Printing Office. 1875. [8o, 277 pp.]
Chapter VIII. — Fish and Fisheries. The Fisheries of Alaska, pp. 165-167.
[ThSa iseaaentially a second edition of the report of Mr. Elliott, published in 1873.]
Deportment of the Interior. — Bulletin of the United States Greological and
Geographical Survey of the Territories. F. V. Uayden, United State's
0eologi8t-in>Charge. 1874 and 1875. Vol 1. — Washington: Government
Printing Office. 1875. [8°, xiii pp.-|-28 pp. +77 pp.-|-499 pp. +19 11. un-
pagedy 26 pi., 3 maps, 1 woodcut.]
[Consisting of the separately paged Bulletins Xos. 1, 2, " First Series,*' and of the con-
tinuonsly paged Bulletins Kos. I to 6 inclusive, " Socond Series," furnished with xiii pp.
extra (title, table of contents, etc.). The uistinct.on "Series" is not maintained after
No. 8, which completes vol. 1.]
rirat Series, 1874.
No. 2. [SO, 77 pp., 1.]
Review of the Vertehrata of the Cretaceous Period, found west of the
Mississippi River. By Edward D. Cope, A. M. pp. 5-48.
Supplementary Notices of Fishes from the Freshwater Tertiaries of the
Rocky Mountains. [By Edward D. Cope, A. M.] pp. 49-51.
Second Series, 1875-1876.
No. 1. [8°, 47 pp.]
On the Fishes of the Tertiary Shales of the South Park [Colorado].
B> B. D. Cope, A. M. pp. 3-5.
La Chasse aux animaux marins ct les p^cheries chez les Indigenes de la cdte
nord-onest d'Am<Snque, par m. Alph. Pinart.— Bunlogne-sur-mer, Imp. de
Charles Aigre, 4, Rue des Vieillards. 1875. [8°, 15 pp.]
Engineer Department, United States Army. — Report upon Geographical and
Geological Explorations and Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian,
in charge of First Lieut. G. M. Wlieeler, Corps of Knginecrs, U. S. Army,
under the direction of Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers,
U. S. Army. Published by authority of Hon. Wm. W. Belknap, Secret^iry
of War, in accordance with acts of Congress of June 23, 1874, and Febru-
nry l.'>, 1875. In six volumes, accompanied by one topographical and one
geological atlas. — Vol. V. — Zoology. — Washington: Government Printing
Office. 1875. [4°.]
Chapter VI. — Report | upon | the collections of Fishes | made in portions
of I Neva<la, Utah, Califoniin, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, |
during I the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. | By | Prof. E. D. Cope
and Dr. H. C. Yarrow.=pp. 6:^''w03, pi. 2r>-32.
Appendix. — Description of a Mugiloid Fish from the Mesozoic Strata
of Colorado [SylUemns latiirons, Copo], pp. 701-703.
[N. up. Apocope eouesiL Ynrrow (p. 048. pi. 27. f. 2), Gila nigra. Cope (p. W3, pi. 30,f. 3),
OilaHcminuda, Cope and Tarniw (p. COG, pi. 31, f. 1). Ilt/borftynchxa xideriut. Cope (p. C70,
pi 31. f. «,) OUa ardegiaea (p. COO, pi 30. f. 1), Oila Mcminnda (p. 066, pi. 31, f. 1), Pantoateiuf,
Copo (n. g., p. 673). Catoitomiu /ecundu* (p. 078, pi. 32, f. 1).
"The most extended list is that of the Colorado basin " (p. 699) :—
CyprinidiB
PLtgoptems
ar(;entimimii8
640
Moda
ful;;ida
642
Lcpidomeda
vittita
642
jarrovii
643
Coratichthys
squamilo'.ntns
000
oscula
647
Apocope
coacsii
648
▼entricosa
048
Bybotbyncbai
no
Put4)Meu
baidun
«3
473
JDllCDB
«T8
«n
aw
Cortgonn.
ta
Bnhna
plcuritlcui
Glnrdlnm
MS
1IniilJ»
vtwleril
Ma
ire tho» of Ih« l».h, gf UMh, whrth
er flvm brfbn
,700):-
Apwop.
arrinponU
MS
heubBTil
Tnlwr»U
MS
Cemllcbthj.
lllSllIUlDl
an
Hjboprf.
Ilmpnnogenil*
aS4
apo
Qlte
•ST
•SI
b;(ln)|>bloi
m™i»
sss
»»t"gl«
S8>
53
-The FiBheriee and Sea Lions of California. [Anon.] ^ Forest and Stream,
V. 6, p. 387, Feb. 24, 1876.
The Natural and Economic History of the Salmonidie — ^geographical distribu-
tion and artificial cnltnre. By Philo-Iohthyoa. < Forest and Stream, pp.
fi8-e9 (No. 3), 106 (No. 4), 116 (No. 5), 131 (No. G), 147 (No. 7), 164 (No. 8),
179 (No. 9). "
Check List of the Fishes of the B^sh Waters of North America. By David
8. Jordan, M. S., M. D., and Herbert E. Copeland, M. S. March 3, 1876.
<^Balletiu of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, v. 2, pp. 133-1G4,
1876.
•
Yiyiparona Perch: [their abundance at Santa Barbara. By H. C. Tarro'^.]
< Forest and Stream, v. 6, p. 132, April 6, 1876.
Angling for Smelts in California. [By E. J. Hooper.] <^ Forest and Stream,
▼. 6, p. 166, April 20, 1876.
A Viviparous Perch. [Editorial.] <^ Forest and Stream, t. 6, p. 180, with
fig., April 27, 1876.
Noget om Shegten Soulv ( JiunrAicAa^) og dens nordiske Arter. Af Proffessor
Japetna Steenatmp. Med en Tavle. < Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra
den Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1876, pp. 159-202, tav. 3.
Salmon Fisheries on the Columbia River. [ JitoN. By Bamet Phillipa. —
From Appleton's Journal.] < Rod and Gun, v. 8, pp. 131-132 (5 col.). May
27, 1876, with 2 figs.
Bemarks od the Various Fishes [of the family of Scorpffinidas] known as Rock
Cod. By "Wr W. LochdngtoiL July 17, 1876. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 7,
pp. 79-82.
[K. ipw A6a«lef iLyrvti* proposed as a sabstitate for 8. rosaetut of Ayres, Imt not of
Oirard.
Notes on Some California Marine Pishes, with description of a new species.
By W. N. Lockington. July 17, 1876. < Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v. 7, pp.
83-88.
(N. sp. Arff)fr€iomu Paeifieui, MAgdalena Bay. J
Ichthyologischo Bcitriige (V.) Vou Franz Stelndaohner. 20. Juli 1876.
<8it2b. K. Akad. Wissensch., B.74, Abth. i, pp.— ,1876.
[13 west-coast species elucidated: n. sp. ArtedUu pugetentia^ Siphagonus barbatutt
Hjfp§agonu§ SuKtnii, Btakea n. g. < Myxodea eltgant Cuoper.]
Lake Fishing in California. [By E. J. Hooper. J <[ Forest and Stream, v. 7,
p. 5, Aug. 10,1876.
Fishing this Season [summer of 1876] in California. [By E. J. Hooper.]
<^ Forest and Stream, v. 7, p. 21, Aug. 17, 1876.
Notes on Califomian Fishes. By W. N. Lockington. September 4, 1876.
< Proc. CaL Acad. Sci., v. 7, pp. 108-110.
(K. up. CentropomMM viridis (provisionally named on p. 100) from Asoncion Island, Lower
CaUfomiA.1
Connecticut River Shad for California. [By 8. F. Baird.] <^ Forest and
Stream, v. 7, pp. 6d-67, Sept. 7, 1876.
California Shad. [Anon.] •<^ Forest and Stream, v. 7, p. 83, Sept. 14, 1876.
^ Big Fkh [Salmon weighing 100 pounds] of Alaska. [Anon. ] < Forest
▼•7«iip»813 yy. 9, 1876. ,
54
18 Y6— Annual Becord of Science and Industry for 1875. Edited by Spenoer P.
Baird, with the assistance of eminent men of science. New York : Harper
Sl Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1876. [12o.]
J. Pisciculture and the Fisheries, pp. 405-440.
Salmon in the San Joaquin, pp. 4:)0-431.
Salmon Trade pf the Columbia River, pp. 431-432.
Salmon in the Sacramento River, p. 432.
United States Salmon-hatching Establishment, pp. 434-435.
Engineer Department, U. S. Army. = Report of explorations across the Great
Basin of the Territory of Utah for a direct wagon-route from Camp Floyd
to Genoa, in Carson Valley, in 1859. By Captain J. H. Simpson, Corps of
Topographical Engineers, U. S. Army [now colonel of engineers, bvt. brig,
gen., U. S. A. ]. Made by authority of the Secretary of War, and under in-
structions from Bvt. BrijjT. Gen. A. S. Johnston, U. S. Army, commanding the
Department of Utah. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1876.
Explorations across the Great Basin of Utah. = Appendix L. — Report on
ichthyology. By Prof. Theo. GilL pp. 383-431, 8 pL, with 8 1. explan-
atory.
[This chapter was written in 1861, and not subseqaently revised.]
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part III. — Report of the
Commissioner for 1873-4 and 1874-5. A— Inquiry into the decrease of the
Food-Fishes. B — ^The propagation of Food-Fishes in t]ie waters of the
United States. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1876. [8^, 1i,
777 pp.]
Report of the Commissioner, pp. vii-xlvi.
Appendix A. — Sea fisheries and the fishes and invertebrates used as food,
pp. 1-319.
V. — Account of the fisheries and seal-hunting in the White Sea, the
Arctic Ocean, and the Caspian Sea. By Alexander Schultz. i>i).
35-96.
Api>endix B. — ^The river fisheries, pp. 321-540.
XX. — Report of operations in California in 1873. By Livingston
Stone, pp. 377-429.
A— Clear Lake. pp. 377-381.
B — Sacramento River, pp. 382-385.
C — California aquarium-car. pp. 385-390.
D — Overland journey with live shad. pp. 390-402.
E— The McCloud River station, pp. 402-423.
F — Catalogue of collections sent to the Smithsonian Institution
in 1873. pp. 424-427.
G — A list of McCloud Indian words supplementary to a list con-
tained in the report of 1872. pp. 428-429.
XXI. — Hatching and distribution of California salmon.
A — Report on California salmon-spawn hatche<l and distributed.
By J. H. Slack, M. D. pp. 431^34.
B — Hatching and distribution of California salmon in tributaries
of Great Salt Lake. By A. P. Rockwood, Superintendent of
Fisheries in Utah Territory, pp. 434-435.
XXII. — Report of operations during 1874 at the United States salmon-
hatching establishment on the McCloud River, California. By Liv-
ingston Stone, pp. 437^78.
XXIII. — Correspondence relating to the San Joaquin River and its
fishes, pp. 479-483.
55
^— t1i6 Troat of Washington Territoiy. < Foiest and Stream, v. 7, p. 413, Feb,
1,1877.
Canned Salmon. lAnan. ] < Forest and Stream, v, 8, p. 32, Feb. 22, 1877.
On the Genera of North American Fresh-water Fi^es. [By David 8. Jor-
dan and Charles H. Gilbert. Feb. 27, 1877. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
PMa-, ▼. —I pp. 83-104, April 17, 1877.
•
Tlie Oregon Fisheries. I Anon, From ''Pacific Life."] < Forest and Stream,
T. 8, p. 49, March 1,1877.
Fish Culture in California. < Forest and Stream, v. 8, pp. 16, 81, 207, 224.
1877.
Annnal Record of Science and Industry for 1876. Edited by Spenoer F.
Baird, with the assist>ance of eminent men of science. -.-New York: Harper
A, Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. 1877. [12°.]
I. Pisciculture and the Fisheries, pp. 385-410.
Biennial Beport of the California Fish Commission [abstract], pp,
401-403.
Cultivation of Carp in California, p. 403.
Department of the Interior: U. S. National Museum.— Bulletin of the United
States National Museum. — No. 7. — Published under the direction of the
Smithsonian Institution. Washington: Oovemment Printing Ofilce.
1877. [8o.]
No. 7. — Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fan-
ning Islands aud Lower California. By Thos. H. Streets, M. D.
Trout Fishing in Southwestern Colorado. ^ Forest and Stream, v. 8, pp. 189,
190, May 3, 1877.
California Salmon Spawn for Shipment. <^ Forest and Stream, t. 8, p. 191,
May 3, 1877.
Kishiiig in Lakes San Andreas and Pilercitas, California. [By E. J. Hooper.]
< Forest and Stream, v. 8, p. 270, May 31, 1877.
Contributions to North American Ichthyology. Based Primarily on the Col-
lections of the United States National Museum.
A. Notes on the Cottidie, EtheostomatidsB, PercidaB, Centrarchid'.e,
Aphododeridsp, Dorysomatidte, and CyprinidaB. With Revisions of
the Genera and Descriptions of New or Little-known Species. — B. Sj'-
nopsis of the Siliiridie of the Fresh Waters of North America. By Da-
vid 8. Jordan. Washington : Government Printing Office. 1877. [d^,
2 title-pages, 120 pp., 45 plates.]
( Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, No. 10. )
M'CIoud and Sacramento River Trout. [From "San Fnincisco Pacific Life."]
< Foiest and Stream, v. 8, p. 299, Juno 14, 1677.
Stocking the Barren Waters of the Great Divide. [By J. W. B.] < Forest
and Stream, v. 8, p. 400, July 19, 1877.
California Salmon in Lake Ontario. [By Sam. Wilmot.] <^ Forest and
Stream, v. 8, p. 419, July 26, 1877.
tdlifomUi Salmon in the James River, Va. <[ Forest and Stream, v. 8, p,
^ Imbr 19,1877.
lia. < Forosi and Stream, v. 8, p. 420^ July 26, 1877.
56
1877— The Long- Jawed Gob;?. By ^^. N. Lookington. <The Ameriean Na^n-
alist, V. 11, pp. 474-478, Aug., 1877.
(An interesting aoconnt of soiDe pecaliarities in the habits of 6i0i«kthp§ mimKZif. J
The Coregoni — ^Thoir natural history, native waters, economic value, and
implements connected with their production. [Juan.] < Forest and
Stream, v. 8, pp. 439, 440. 1877.
The Coregoui. No. Part 2. <C Forest and Stream, v. 9, pp. 3, 4, Aug. 3, 1877.
A Contribution to the knowledge of Ichthyological Fauna of the Green River
Shales. By B. D. Cope. < Bull. I J. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terrs., y. 3,
pp. 807-819, Aug. 15, 1H77.
California Salmon. [By Emery D. Potter.] < Forest and Stream, Y.9,p.
63, Aug. 30, 1879.
Notice of the Utah Trout in Provo rising to the fly. By W. V.8. < Forest
and Stream, v. 9, p. 88, Sept. 6, 1877.
Canning Salmon. ^ Forest and Stream, v. 9, p. 88, Sept. 6, 1877.
Operations of the McCloud River (Cal.) Fish Hatching Establishment.
< Forest and Stream, v. 9, p. 20H, Oct. 13, 1877.
The Salmon Fisheries of California. < Forest and Stream, y. 9, p. 5^, Oct.
25, 1877.
Salmon Trout on the Pacific Coast. "^Forest and Stream, v. 9, p. 247, Nov.
1, 1877.
More about McLeod River Trout. < Forest and Stream, v. 9, p. 247, Nov. 1,1877.
The Sportsman's Gazetteer and General Guide. The Game Animals, Birds
and Fishes of North America: their habits and various methods of capture.
Copious Instructions in Shooting, Fishing, Taxidermy, Woodcraft, etc. To-
gether with A Directory to the Principal Game Resorts of the Country; il-
lustrated with maps. By Charles Hallock, Editor of '* Forest and
Stream"; Author of the "Fishing Tourist"; "Camp Life in Florida," etc.
New York: "Forest and Stream" Publishing Company, American News
Company, agents. 1877. [12°, 668 pp., -f- 208 pp., 3 maps, 1 portrait.
Part I. — Game Animals of North America. Fishes of the Northwest, pp.
339-353. Pacific Coast Fishes, pp. 354-369.
1 878 — Beneficial Results of Salmon Hatching on the Sacramento River. [Editorial. ]
< Forest and Stream, v. 10, p. 18, Feb. 14, 1878.
Trout Fishing at Lake Biglcr, California. I Anon.] < Forest and Stream, v.
10, p. 28, Feb. 14, 1878.
California Salmon Fishing and the Game Laws. [Signed E. J. Hooper.]
< Forest and Stream, v. 10, p. 47, Feb. 21, 1878.
[Price of first four Shad of the season in San Francisco =.$10 each.] < Forest
and Stream, v. 10, p. 67, Feb. 28, 1878.
Birds and Salmon in California. I Anon.'] < Forest and Stream, v. 10, p.
95, March 14, 1&78.
Spawning of California Salmon. [Signed B. B. Redding.] <^ Forest and
Stream, v. 10, p. 155, April 4, 1878.
Red Trout, or Redfish of Oregon and Idaho. [By Charles Bendire, U. S. A. ]
< Forest and Stream, v. 10, p. 156, April 4, 1878.
Carp in San Francisco. [From "Pacific Life."] -^Forest and Stream, v.
10,p.l74, April 11,1878.
57
IfTi-The Norway Trout of the Yellowstone. I Anon."] < Forest and Stream, y.
10, p. 175 [195], April 11, 1876.
Prof. Jordan on Chirac teristics of Trout. [Signed D. 8. Jordan. ] ^ Forests
and Stream, y. 10, p. 196, April 11, 1878.
[Coatfdaa mggwiioin that the original Redflsh is Hyptifario kennerlyi.]
Xanoal of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, including the Dis-
triot east of the Miasiiisippi River and north of North Carolina and Tenn- ^ o
easee, exclnsive of marine species. By David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., M. ^
D., Professor of Natural History in Bntler University. Second Edition, re-
vised and enlarged. — Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Comjiany, 1878. [12^.
407 pp., pnb. May 16. ]
[Cootaiiw tynopaii of the Americnn Sal^Aomnm and Coregoninai.]
CaHfomia Fishing Prospects. [ Signed B. J. Hooper. ] < Forest and Stream,
V. 10, p. 939, Mays, 1878.
Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the Rio Grande, at Brownsville, Texas.
By DftTid 8. Jordan, M. D. <Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. v.
4, [pp. 397-406, May 3;] v. 4, pp. C63-C.b7, July 29, 1879.
[Specimcna of Hf/^Uroearptu Tratkii indioato<l as an unlcnown Labroid form at p. 309,
aad described as the type of a new genus and sp. at p. 667. The specimeus had been
probably miaplaoed.J
A Catalogue of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of North America. By David
8. Jordan, M. D. <^Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v. 4, pp.
407-442, May 3, 1878.
[A simple nominal liat of the flreah- water species nortrh of the Mexican region.]
Spawning of California Brook Trout in New York. [By Jamea Annin, jr.,
Caledonia, N. Y.]. <Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 182, May 4, 1878. [F. M.]
Califomia Salmon on Long Island, success of. By a member of the South
Side Club. <Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 182, Mrty 4, 1878. [F. M.]
Trout Hybrids. [Possibility of intercrossing Eastern and Califomian Trouts.
Editorial.] <Fore8t and Stream, v. 10, p. 255, May 9, 1878-
California. [Notice of distribution of land-locked Salmon and Eastern Trout
by Fish Commissioners.] <Fore8t and Stream, v. 10, p. 255, May 9, 1878.
The heaviest American Salmon. [Notice of one weighinfj 82 pounds caught
at the mouth of the Columbia River. By John Qoudy.] <Forest and
Stream, v. 10, p. 265, May 9, 1878.
Salmon canning on Frazcr River. [By Fred. Mather.] <^Chicago Field,
V. 9, p. 196, May 1.5, 1878. [F. M.]
2J. — A. On the Distribution of the FiHhes of th(^ Allegheny Region of South
Carolina, Greorgia, aud Tennessee. With Descriptions of New or Little-
known Species. 9y David 8. .Ionian and Alembort- W. Brayton. — B.
Synopsis of the Family Catostomida). By David S. Jordan. Washington :
Gk>vernment Printing Office. 1878. (8vo, 237. )
Ran of Salmon in Califomia. Note by A. R. <Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 229,
May 25, 1878. [F.M.]
Shad in Califomia. Announcement of two taken in San Francisco Bay May 1.
Note by B. B. Porter. <Cliicago Field, v. 6, p. 229, May 25, 1873. [F.M.]
Otlilbniia Salmon. [Notice of their ascent up the McCloud and Sacranento
HMay.] <Foreflt and Stream, v. 10, p. 350, June 6, 1878.
Oregon and Califomia. [Editorial. With three wood-
» Stream, v. 10, p. 398, June 27, 1878.
58
1878~Another shipment of Shod to California. Notice by Fred. Mather. <Clil*
cago Field, v. 9, p. 306, July 6, 1878. [F. M.]
California Salmon in Lake Ontario. [By John J. Robson.] <Forest and
Stream, v. 10, p. 482, July 25, 1878.
Salmon canning in Alaska. An account of the objections of the Indians to
the landing of a lot of Chinese fish canners. From Alaska Cor. '' N. Y.
Sun." <Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 371, July 27, 1878. [F. M.]
Notes on a Collection of Fishes from Clackamas River, Oregon. By Da^d
8. Jordan, M. D. <Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, v. 1, pp. 69-85, Ang.r, 1878.
The Labrador and Columbia River Fisheries. [From the ''New York Sun."]
< Forest and Stream, v. 10, p. 507, Aug. 1, 1878.
The Mysterious Salmon. A quotation from the '*Astorian" on the subject of
the salmon taking the artificial fly, with editorial comment by Fred. Ma-
ther. < Chicago Field, v. 9, p. 387, Aug. 3, 1878. [F. M. ]
The McCloud River Hatchery. [By K. B. Pratt.] "(^ Forest and Stream, v.
11, p. 2, Aug. 8, 1878.
Fish Gossip: Abundance of Salmon in the McCloud River, and their annoy-
ance to anglers when fishing for Trout. [Item from ''San Francisco Chron-
icle,'' with editorial comment by Fred. Mather. <[ Chicago Field, v. 9,
p. 403, Aug. 10, 1878. [F. M. ]
Gameness of the Quinuat Salmon. [By Tarleton EL Bean.] <^ Chicago
Field, V. 1 0, p. 4, Aug. 17, 1878. [F. M. ]
The Fraser River Salmon Season. [From the "Now York World."] -< For-
est and Stream, v. 11, p. 50, Aug. 22, 1878.
Fishing in Northern California. [By B. J. Hooker.] ^Forest |uid Scream,
V. 11, p. 51, April 22, 1878.
Trout Fishing in Truckee River. Correspondent of the " Sacramento Union."
<Chicago Field, v. 10, p. 20, Aug. 24, 1878. [F. M. ]
Trouting in Nevada. Catching them in the water-works at Gold Hill and
Virginia City. [From "Virginia City Chronicle."] < Chicago Field, v.
10, p. — . Sept. 14, 1878. [F. M. ]
Good News from California. [An account of fish-ladders in the Truckee River,
from the "Truckee Republican."] < Chicago Field, v. 10, p. 84, Sept. 21,
1878.
Salmon One Cent Each. [Item from Frazer River, from California paper, with
editorial comment by F. Mather.] <^ Chicago Field, v. 10, p. 101, Sept. 28,
1878. [F.M.]
Salmon Canning on Columbia River. An acco#it of the process, with statis-
tics. By Fred. Mather. <CbicagoField,v.lO,p. 101,Sept. 28,1878. [F.M.]
Note on the Sanriis Inciocepa of Ayros. [By W. N. Lockington.] < Ann.
&, Mag. Nat. Hist. (;'>), v. 2, pp. 348, 349, Oct., 1878.
McCloud River Hatching Station. Daily Record of Salmon taken. [Signed
LivingBton Stone. ] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p. 203, Oct. 10, 1878.
California Trout in New York. [By Seth Oreen.] < Forest and Stream, v.
11, p. 20.3, Oct. 10, 1878.
McClond River Hatchery. [Table of Distribution of Salmon Eggs during
1878. ] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p. 222, Oct. 17. 1878.
59
llTS-Laod-looking tlie Qninnat Salmon. Experiment of H. O. Parker, Commis-
sioner on Fisheries for Nevada, in Pyramid and Walker Lukes. < Chicago
Fifcld,v.l0,p.l65,Oct.26,1878. [F.M.]
Ths Yellowstone as a Trout stream. [ Jnoft.] < Forest and Stream, y. 11, p.
S63, Oct. 31, 1878.
Another Devil Fish Story. Accoont of devil-ilsh (Ccrataptera) intorfering
with a submnrine diver, from California paper. < Chicago Field, v. 10,
p. 181, Nov. 2, 1878. [F. M. ]
Walks around San Francisco. By W. N. Lockington. No- III.—Lake
Honda and Real Bock. <Am. Nat., v. 12, pp. 786-793, Dec, 1878.
[K. Sp. BdMoHoma Stovtii, p. 703.]
^Tote.— "No. L— The Ocean Beach" (v. 12, pp. 347-354) and [No. II.—]
''The Bay Shore" (v. 12, pp. 505-512) have nothing relative to lishes.
Salmo quinnat in France. [By IVed. Mather.] < Forest and Stream, v. 11,
p. 360, Dec. 5, 1878. [See, also, pp. 339, 340, Nov. 28, 1878.]
On the occurrence of Stichffius panotatns,(Fabr.) Kruyer, at St. MichaerH,
Alaska. By Tarleton H. Bean. < Pioc. U. S. Nat. Museum, v. 1, pp. 279-
281, Dec. 17, 1878.
Beport on the collection of Fish'^s made by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A., in Da-
kota and Montana during the seasons of 1873 and 1874. By David 8.
Jordan, M. D. <Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v. 4. pp. 777-799,
Dec. 11, 1878. .
KoU. — [ConUdiM an "Analydsof the genera of American Cypxinidae, and reference of
Pacifio slope genera to European typee, at pp. 785-700. J
California Salmon in Holland. [Editorial.] ^Forest and Stream, v. 11, p.
420, Dec. 2:: 1878.
•
45th Congress, 3d session. I House of Representatives. J Ex. Doc. 1, pt. 2. Vol. ^ c
II. I = I Annual Report | of the | Chief of Engineers | to the | Secretary
of War I for the | year 1878. | — | In three parts. | — | Part III. | — | Wash-
ington : I Government Printing Office. | ltJ78. |
Appendix NN. | — | Annual Report of Lieutcnaut Oeorge M. "Wheeler, |
Corps of Engineers, for the fiscal year ending | June 30, 1878. [i)p.
1421—
Appendix K. | Report upon the Fishes collected during the years 1875, 1^70,
sud 1877, in | California and Nevada, by Prof. David 8. Jordan and H.
W. Henshaw. [pp. 1600-1622, pll. 1-4.]
appendix K 1. | List of Marine Fishes collected on the coast of California
near Santa j Barbara in 1H75, with notes by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, Acting
distant Surgeon | U. S. A., and H. "W. Henshaw. [pp. 162;J-1627.]
^- 1610, pL 1. 2, Catattomiu tahoensu Gill and Jordan.
^' ICIO, pi. 3, (kUastomut arceopun Jordan.
^. 1619, pi. 4, Salmo Heruhatoi Gill and Jordan.
*'* Sportsman's Gazetteer and General Guide. The Game Animals, Birds,
and Fishes of North America: Their Habits and Various Methods of Cap-
"^*'^. Copious Instructions in Shooting, Fishing, Taxidermy, Woodcraft,
^tci^ Together with maps. By Charles Hallock, Edifx)r of "Forest aud
^t»^nm'»; Author of the " Fishing Tourist," '* Camp Life in Florida," etc.
^<*«*»th Edition. New York : Forest and Stream Publishing Co. 1878.
M'
60
1878 — Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States, Inclnding the Dis-
trict East of the Mississippi River, and North of North Carolina and Ten-
nessee, exclusive of Marine Species. By David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., M.
D., Professor of Natural History in^Butler University. Second Edition, Re-
\ vised and Enlarged. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg &, Co. 1878. (l2mo,
407 pp.)
The Califomian Salmon. With an Account of its Introduction into Victoria.
By Sir Samuel Wilson, Member of the Legislative Council of Victoria.
Melbourne : Sands & McDougall, Printers, Collins street West. 1878.
1879. — The Nevada Fish-hatchery. [From Carson City "Appeal."] ^Chicago
Field, V. 10, p. 332, Jan. 4, 1879. [F. M.]
Capture of a Devil-fish [Ceratoptera]. From California paper. ^Chicago
Field, V. 10, p. :»5, Feb. 1, 1879. [F. M.]
The Fisheries and Other Resources of Alaska. B^ EL A. R. <^Cbicago Field,
V. 10, p. 395, Feb. 1, 1879. [F. M.]
Viviparous Perch [Em biotocidiB. By Charles Hallock. From ''Sportsman's
Gazetteer."] < Forest and Stream, v. 11, p. 519, Jon. 23, 1879.
Fish and Fishing of Oregon. [By Wm. Lang.] < Forest and Streani, v. 13,.
p. 35, Feb. 13, 1879.
Report of the Nevada Fish Commission. [Notice by Fred. Mather.] <Chi-
cago Field, v. 11, p. 3, Feb. 15, 1879.
Rapid growth of the Califomian Salmon. lAnon,"] <^Fore6t and Stream, v.
12, p. 55, Feb. 20, 1879.
[An abfltract from tho '^Germao Fiahing Gazette."]
Eastern Trout on the Pacific Slojie. [By H. H. Holt, Kaloma, W. T. <For-
est and Stream, v. 12, p. 105, March 13, 1879.
Rearing Whitefish in confinement. [By B. B. Redding.] <^Chicago Field,
V. 11, pp. 67,68, March 15, 1879.
Interesting Facts from Washington Territorj*. [By Cha. Bendire.] < For-
est and Stream, v. 12, p. 154, March 27, 1879.
[Refers to ''Salmo Kennerlyi'\ Sec]
The Flounders of our Markets. Read by W. M. Lockington before the San
Francisco Aead. of Sciences, March 17, 1879. ^Scientific Press Supple-
ment, April, 1879; Mining and Scientific Press, April 12 and 19, 1679.
Salmon Fishing in Oregon. [By H. B.] < Forest and Stream, v. 12, p. 174,
April 3, 1879.
Traits of Rocky Mountain Trout. [By W. N. Bjera. ] < Forest and Stream,
V. 12, p. 174, April 3, 1879.
[Notice of a " * Devil Fish* recently taken on the Pacific coast whose body
was four feet long, with a spear-shaped tail and tentacles seven feet long,"
t. e., a species of Ceratoptera. From the *• Santa Barbara Press."] <Chi-
cago Field, v. 11, p. 148, April 19, 1879.
Description of a species of Lycodes {L. Tumeri) from Alaska, believed to be
undescrilwd. By Tarleton H. Bean. <Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, v. 1,
pp. 463-466, April 25, 1879. '
The Fishes and Birds of the P^fcific Coast. [By Calamink, p$evdon of John
L. "Wilson. <Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 163, April 26, 1879.
[Note relative to the Fisheries of British Columbia. Notice of Report to
House of Commons.] <Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 165, April 26, 1979.
61
lYt-Kotea on Bome Fishes of the Coast of California. No. I. By "W. N. Look-
InCton. < Am« Nat, v. 13, pp. 399-308, May, 1879.
California Mountain Trout in Eastern Waters. [By Seth Green.] < Forest
and Stream, v. U, p. 364, May 8, 1879.
(8e^ •lao, T. 12, p. 288.]
Tiont and Salmon Season in California. I Anon,'] -^^ Forest and Stream, v.
1% p. Sn, May 8, 1»79.
Angling in California. [Abstract from ** Pacific Life.^'] ^ Chicago Field, v. 11,
pp. 1^, 196, May 10, 1879.
[Catfish in California.] < Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 196, May 10, 1879.
Pacific Tront [Salmo iridea] in Eastern Waters. [Note signed H. "W. De Long;
with description appended from Hallock's Sportsman's Gazetteer. ] <^ For-
est and Stream, v. 13, p. 388, May I.'), 1879.
Does tJie Western Salmon die after spawning f [By Major, pseudan. ] < Chi-
cago Field, V. 11, p. 331, May 17, 1879.
California Salmon do not all die after spawning. [By B. B. Redding.]
< Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 33C, May 34, lt579.
The Roe of the Salmon the Indian's Bait. [By Jonas C, Portland, Oregon.]
< Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 337, May 34, 1879.
California News. [Notice of expected consignment of eggn from U. S. Com-
mission Fish and Fisheries. Anon, From Sacramento '^Record-Union.'']
< Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 344, May 31, 1879.
On a new Genns of Scombridte. By ^^. N. Lockington. "^Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. [v. — ], pp. 133-1:^5.
[S. %. and sp. Chriomitra (p. Ib3) coneolor, p. 184.]
Who branded the Salmon f [Notice of capture of four salmon branded with
W. at West port, Oregon. By Geo. H. Heather.] <^ Chicago Field, v. 11,
p. 3li0, June 7, 1879.
Lake Tahoe. [Jnon. From *^ Philadelphia Press."] < Chicago Field, v. 11,
p. 3G0, June 7, 1879.
Grand Success of Shod and Salmon Culture. [By B. B. Redding.] < Chi-
cago Field, V. 11, p. 377, Juno 14, 1879.
Salmon at the Antipo<les, being an account of the successful introduction of
Salmon and Trout into Australian waters. By Sir Samuel Wilson, Mem-
ber of the Legislative Council of Victoria, [etc.] ; author of a work on the
Angora Goat, and papers on the Ostrich, the Chinese Yam, etc. London :
Edward Stanford, r>5, Charing Cross, S. W., 1879. [3d ed., 13<^, viii, 353 pp.,
Iphot. pi., 1 map folded.]
Partial Contents.
Chap. V. The first introduction of Califomian Salmon Ova. pp. 34-35.
Chap. VIL The second^importation of Californian Salmon Ova. pp. 39-38.
Chap. VIIL The Californian Salmon, pp. 39-58.
Chap. IX. Is tjie Californian Salmon suitable to the Murray River T pp.
59-456.
Chap. XIX. The Growth and Development of the Salmonidie. pp. lGO-173.
Chap. XXII. The Distribution and Liberation of the Californian Salmon
Fry. pp. 193-344.
dated Jnne 16, 1879.
'•Huioe of this work, in a sli.f^htly different form, nnder the title of 'The
"V,* woA originally poblishcil in the Transactions of the Zoological and
elsty of Melbourne for the year 1878, and a second small edition
V"— From ''Pretaee to the third edition."— See 1878]
62
1879— The Chinese and other Fishermen of California. [Condensed from 8an Fnub-
Cisco "Chronicle " by Fred. Mather. ] < Chicago Field, v. 11, p. 291, Jnne
21, 1879.
On the Occurrence of Hippop^lossns vulgaris, Flem., at Unalashka and St.
MichoePs, Alaska. By Tarleton H. Bean. < Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, v.
2, pp. 63-66, July 1, ld79.
Pacific Coast Shad. [Dy William Lang.] < Forest and Stream, v. 12, p.
487, July 24, 1879.
Notes on New and Rare Fishes. Read before the California Acad. Science
by "W. N. Lockington.] < Scientific Press Supplement, July, 1879; Mining
and Scientific Press, Aug. 2 aud 16, 1879.
Fish Notes from the Pacific doast. [By Robt. B. C. Steams.] < Chicago
Field, V. 11, p. 389, Aug. 2, 1879.
[Extract from "American Naturalist."]
Curious Facts about Trout [i. c, jumping from flume into water below. By
]|. B. R., t. e. B. B. Redding. ] < Cb icago Field, v. 1 1, p. 404, Aug. 9, 1879.
Alaska iu Summer. — Second Paper. [By ^*PiSBCO,'^ t. e. Lester Beardslee.]
< Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. f>53, Aug. 14, lr<79,
[R(>fcr8, inter alias, to capture imd curin ; of salmon at Port Hunter. 1
Largest Salmon on Record. [ Jnon. ] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 557, Aug.
14. 1879.
[" Victoria, Juno 20.— A salmon that weighed 98 pounds when canght has been received
here from the Skecna Rlx'cr Fishery by Mr. Turner, Mayor of Victoria. Its length is 5
feet 11 inches from nose to tail.*']
Sbad iu tbe Columbia. [By **S."] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 585, Aug. 28,
1879.
[Refers probably to Pomdtobu*.]
Trolling for Salmon. [ A non. ] <[ Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 588, Aug. 28, 1879.
[Relates to Columbia River.]
Oregon. [Record of a trout-fisbing expedition. By William Lang.]
< Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 5d9, Aug. 28, 1879.
The McCloud River Fishery. [.4«o«.] <^ Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 604,
Sept. 4, 1879.
Salmon a Nuisance to Trout Fishers. [ Anon. By Fred. Mather. ] <[ Chicago
Field, V. 12, p. 52, Sept. G, 1879.
The North Pacific Ccdlisbery. [By W. N. Lockington. Reprinted from
*' Pacific Life. "] < Chicai^o Field, v. 12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879.
[Notice of Trout passing through flnme under pressure of 376 pounds to the
square inch. Anon. ] <^ Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879.
[Notice of Catfish — Aniinrus nlbidua? — 5 to 15 inches long, taken in Sausal
Lagoon, where planted three years before. Anon,'\ < Chicago Field, v.
12, p. 53, Sept. 6, 1879.
The Pacific Salmon Fisheries. I Anon. ] < Chicappp Field, v. 12, p. 69, Sept. 13,
1879.
[Notice of Catfish — Aminrus albidus? — taken in McCloud's Lake, Stockton.
Anon, ] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. C9, Sept. 13, 1879.
The Trans-Continental Expedition of the California Fish Commissioners.
[By H. A. L. ] < Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 645 (3 col. ), Sept. 18, 1879.
63
lUf-EeYiew of the Plcarognectidie of San Francisco. By W. N. Looldngtoiu
< Proc. U. 8. Nat. Museum, v. 2, pp. 69-96, July 2— Sept. 19, 1879.
[K. sp. H^ppogfoMcidt$Jordani,p,73i Olyptocephalus Paei/lcutt p. 80; OlffptoesphalusiMehu '
nM,pw8&
[Notice of Catfish for Susan River and Eel Lake. AwmS^ <[ Chicago Field,
T. 12, p. 85, Sept. 20, 1879.
The first biennial report of the Nevada Commission. [Notice by Fred. Ma-
ther. ] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 85, Sept. 20, 1879.
Habits of California River Salmon. [Anon, Extract from '^Sacramento
Bee."] < Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 100, Sept. 27, 1879.
Fish Culture Operations in California. [By Livingston Stone. 1 < Forest
and Stream, v. 13, p. 685, Oct. 2, 1p79.
[Refien to Salmon.l
Why Salmo Quinnat does not take the Fly. \^An(m. by Charles Hallockt
<Foro8t and Stream, v. 13, p. 685, Oct. 2, 1879.
Washington Terri tory . [ By " Multnomah, " jMOMfon. ] <Forest and Stream,
V. 13, p. 687, Oct. 2, 1879.
[B«l»te« to flAhing in " the great Spokane country.'*]
Salmon Fishing on the Pacific. [Incomplete. By C. R.] <^Forest and
Stream, v. 13, p. 089, Oct. 2, 1879.
The Fishery- of Mr. A. P. Rockwood [near Salt Lake City. Anon, From "The
Juvenile Instructor."] <Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 115, Oct. 4, 1879.
Do Fish hear T [By W. N. Locklngton. From " Pacific Life.'*] <Chicago
Field, V. 12, p. 116, Oct. 4, 1879.
Trout in the Tmckee. [Amoiu From " Sacramento Bee.''] <^Chicago Field,
V. 12, p. 117, Oct. 4, 1879. ,
California. [ Record of good Grilse-fishing in September. ] By B. B. Redding
<Fore8t and Stream, V4«13, p. 715, Oct. 9, 1878.
Tbe Game and Fish of Alaska. [By ^' Piseco," i. «. Lester Beardslee, U. S.
N.] <Forc8t and Stream, v. 13, pp. 723-724, Oct. 16, 1879.
Salmon Eggs from the Pacific. [By Livingston Stone.] <^Fore8t ard
Stream, v. 13, p. 725, Oct. 1(>, 1879.
California Fishing. [By E. J. Hooper.] <Fore8t and Stream, v. 13, p. 7?8
Oct. le, 1879.
Wyoming Territory. [Note on Trout-fishing. By "Multnomah," j>«etu{oii.]
<Fore8t and Stream, v. 13, p. 728, Oct. 16, 1879.
8pawn in off" season [of Califoniian Trout. By E. C. Tallant. With edito-
rial note] <Forettt and Stream, v. 13, p. 744, Oct. 23, 1879.
The Redfish of the Northwest. [By Ch. Bendire. With editorial note.]
<Forest and Stream, v. 13, p. 745, Oct. 23, 1879.
Rocky Mountain Trout. [By Flyfisher, pseudon.j J. J. Stranahan, Chagrin
Falls, O. ] <Chicago Field, v. 12, p. 164, Oct. 25, 1879.
"Mountain Trout". — (Salrao virginalis). [By Oordon Lamb.] <Cbicago
Field, v. 12, p. 164, Oct. 25, 1879.
Fishing in Gray^s Harbor [t. e, Salmon-fishery. Anon. From " Olympia
fWMhlngton Terr.) Transcript.'' <Chicago Field, v. 12, pp. 164, 165, Oct.
64
18T9— Codfishing in the Paclflo. [Jnon.] From "San FnnciaooAItA.") <Chia«o
Field, T. m, p. 16a, Oct. 2S, 1879.
CaJifomia Trout in Kew York Stitte. [By Claranoa A. Funiiin.] < FoimC
and Struou, v. 13, p. T65, Oct. 30, lisn.
Salmon Fiahiag on the Pacific. [By C. R.] <FoTMt and Btream, t. 13, p.
7OT, Oct. 30, 1879.
,Wby SiUmo QoiDDat does not tnke the Fly. [EditoriaL] <^FDre«c tad
Stroam, v. 13, p. 770, Oct. 30, 1879.
Notes OD Pacific Coast Fishes and Fiiberiea. By W. IT. LooUnttoo- <Am.
Sat., V. 13, pp. 684-687, Nov., 18:9.
Notes on some nndescribcd Flnhts of the Pacific Coast. By 'W. IT. Iiodkia§-
ton. <Scientiiic Press Supiilement, v. — , p. 76,.Nov., 1879.
Carp Breeding in California. lAnon. From ''Sooonta Index."] ^Cliiap
Field, V. 12, p. 180, Kov. 1, IWJ.
TrontCiiltureiDKeTndB. [Aimit. From"VirKiiuaCityEiitBipriM.''] <Ott
cago Field, t. 12, p. 180, Nov. 1. 1879.
Fiab in Washington Territory. [Jmmi. From the "Ezperimeat,"] <^Cb[ci|*
Field, V. la, p. IHO, Nov. 1, 1879,
WftshiiiKtoD Tiiixitorj-. [Abuiidnocw of Trout. B.v Mcltsomah, fMnidat.]
< Forest and Slreenj, v. 13, I'y. illS-T-.W. Nov. 6, 1879.
The Kcdflah of Iilitho. By Cbarlea Bendlre. < forust anil Strvutn, t, U,
p. 80fi, with fig., Nov. 13, 16711.
ITho flgnre op|*iini to reprrnMit fiyif/ririo Ivnxrlyt.)
California Notes. (From the '' l-iai FTfinciH-'o Bee."} <[ Chicago Field, v. U^ i
p. ai3, Nov, I.% 1879. I
< Fmvst and Stream, v. 13, p>
The Tront of Utah. [Notice of irs risiiig to a fly.] Fy C. B. Westem
EnlotphcDiu eplhexodoD M
Ephlppn* lODMa* 77. 23
Bplof ph«lii> clUMu , a
EtythriDOB in
KKhKbolU. Dr, Frladr 13
Bnoycloiabliu M
uavberril 43
Bnmiciotnmiu U
BxoecBlu* eBlUbrDtcu 38, <a
fucUtu. Zt
F.
Fsrlo irgyrviu 85.30
wiron. 3t,»l
CUrkil ID
OmtnlDOTi 80
Hewberrii Zt
(tellstu* a.at
UopplUh SO
fuimtii. CbtrgoM A M
Jlih, extern, inCslifomU «
Fli1ieri«a or Nortb Pikciflo 4t
PluUvrki, Uii-gon SS
FlahM of WfomlDK M
■nbtcnu
7Ut-a>b
.FtoDDdfis «f Sun FraooUoo N
JForbcB. Eilniinl M
Trancliitr, Osbrld. , Ifcll
Fnndulua 1 ti
patiiptnnli 3). 90,1)
G.
Gtdoid flshea, sfoapaii ol 37
gener* 87
Osdiu anntUB M
donotrlpterjglft S
flmbrU 10
motrbiui s
pertH»pu« .,,.^. ,.. 40
pntibDiu 21, tj
prgniBui 10
Calem euil* (G
Oallatin, Albort IT
OuUroileua bluuleMu 24
inleimedlui 28,28
micriKUpbuluB 31, !E^ 42
plebdus. Zi,13,W,il
liugBttl 2S,M
MmWm 24,38,42
WUliamuui .21,28,42
OMtnipby«u pollLiu 44
G»y, CUuiJiUB ' 10
GeDfoumui jl
Glbbniu, I>r g
aibbons, W.P ao,!3
Qibboiu, W, R 40
3S
n* 38,42
GUa..
P»8
.. 17,
CODOcepboU , ..,..
CRTegi*
tinana 1S.W.A
Emorjl !».
Jfmrilii i».3».
Gnhanil «.
hydrcipbloi _.^,.^,
DucnilepldatB
nlfT* BI,
phlcgethontli
robuit* »,Mt4l^
■rminadB «,
Gilbert. Cbarln a
Gill. Tb«odoT« 3I,SB,«^
GiUicblhra
mlimbUl. 38,4*
GilllH, Lleat. Ju U
Ginrd, Ur. Chartea . .3, 181 IS, 30, 31, 22, 91, IS, M.
Girard, Edward
GlritnliDn* HiuorlpQili
GiroUn nturlttuii
GljpblwidOT] niblDondiii ^ W
Gt.vpbtocFphntDi paclflinia
ucblnu
Gobiold t*npr».
Goblns unclllB
li^fduB
Nowbeiryl 9S,28
QoBOrbyocbuB
Gaudy. Jobn
OnUDiuatiiplr uniB
Gray, J. E
Gnt'D, Setb U
r,rjiL,'« llin.ii(i.B
GUDOrlluB oniatua 21,28
Gunnlaon, Capt J. 7
lilititUn AHim S2,3S,a«.a»,3»,40,44
Uvniniiniunthft
GyniDololdi
GyropltfUroduB
ftanclBcl
B.
nalBlnctiiB rloraolbi
HbILm
lIulLbot fl-blDg
HoJloek. ClmrleB... C4G9,«I1
Hallow, II, Eilward
H. A. L
n, A. It
H»id.-n, F. V 48
Haililt.\yilliam Carey...,
II. D
H«KbiT, GeoFRoH
ncermnnn, A. L.
Helniiihtbji
lIciDib-pldoliuuibtBU.... K
INDEX.
69
• Page.
fitnikpidotiu apinosoB 27,42
TUesU 12,16
marmoratos 21
Heaahaw, H. W 50
BepCancbiu maculatua 31
Bicbert, William Henry 18,19
Hnxinga 40
Heteiandria aflinls 19
occidentalis 19
Hcterodontua philipU 38
Heteroatkhoa 21
Toatratua 21,27,42
MtUftotim 16
Baxactwnmiia 9
aaper 0
atelleri 8
HiBoUej, W.M 50
Hippocampna ingena 27, 30, 44
Hippogioaaoidea Jordani ' 63
Hippogloaaoa oalifomicus 32,43
vnlgaria 43,62
Hittel, John S 37
Bolcoiioti 20
HokoAotoaAgaaaizii 20
fiiliginoBua 20
GibbonaU 20
mogalopa 21
polchelluB 41
rhodoterua 20,29,41
Trowbridgii 21
Eokvhinoa 36
Hfilt,aH 60
HoBuJopoinaa 25
Tniwbridgii 25,28
Hooper, E. J 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63
Eoplopagrus 34
Hnbbard, Samuel 36
Huruphrt'yg, A. A 51
Hunlingtoii, J. V 11
Hybopeb bivittatus 52
timpanogoDHiB 47, 52
Hyborhyiichus Hiderius 51, 52
fljdrolagua 36
CoUUi 44
HyoJon 16
flyptrprosopou 20
Aga«t<izii 36
nnaliH 3 J
arcuatum 41
arcuatus 20
argenteum 20, 41
arj:c-nleiim var. cpunctatura 20
argeDU'Ua 20
puDCtatum 41
fl.rpocritlchthy 8 36
analis 31,41
^^pwnesus 1J5
pretiosus 43
Hrinagunuu 34
Swanii 53
flyp«ifiu-lo 30
Ki-nnerly i 57, 64
HyPfpsetto 30
guttulata 43
HjrpMiruji Caxyi 41
Pa£e.
Hypaypopa 84
Hyaterocarpoa 20
Traakii 20,29,41,57
I.
Icbthyoroyzon 45
Irving. Waahington 13
iHcbnoaoma 16
Isoplagiodon 36
Henlei 44
J.
James, Edwin 11
Jobnioa nobilis 33
Johuaton, Capt A. R 17
Jonas, G 61
Jordan, D.S 58, 55, 57, 68, 60, 60
Julia modestos 21,29
scmicinctua 82
J. W. B 55
K.
Eeeler, A.B 50
Kennerly, Dr.C.B,B 21,26,84
Kerry, Mortimer 48
Klrkpatrlok, C. A 82
KittliU, F. H. V 2t
Encr, Dr. Rudolph 45
L.
Labraces 0
Labracoglosaa 40
Labrax 9,40
clathratus 21
decagrammuB 9, 10
monopterygius 9,10
nebulifcr 21
octogrammus 10
HuptTciliosus 9, 10
Laltroids 37
Labrus pnlcher 21, 22, 29, 39
Lamb, Gordon 03,64
Lanipctra ]ilumbea 44
Lan^, William 60,62
Laiit*7. weiTt, Dr 24
Lavinia 21
( ()n)])re88a 22
contomiis 21
(M-aMMicauda 21
oxilicauda 2 1 , 29, 43
bareugus 25,20,43
gibbosa 22
Lay, G. T 14
LebiaMina 16
Lelocottua 25
liirundo 25, 27, 42
linwttus 23. 28, 34, 41
LrucisoiiH canriniiH 15,16
orogononsia 1 5, 16
Louco.HomiiH occidentalis 21
Lcunard, Capt. C. E. Barratt 4
Lopudogastcr 14
incandriciis 28
r«'ticulatus 21
Lcjudogobiua gracilis 42
70
INDEX.
Page.
Lepidomeda 47
Jarrovii 47,51
vittata 47,51
Lepidopaetta 36
Lt^ptocottus 20
armatiu 20, 27, 42
Leptognnnellaa gracilis 23
Lewia, Captain 10
Liparis 14,47
Liparis cyclopoa 35
macosoB 23, 43
pulchcllus 23,43
Lookington, W. N 53, Se, 58, 59, 80, 61, 62. 03, 64
Long, IC^J. Stephen H 11
Lord, John Eeast 40
Lompenoa anguillaria 28, 42
Ltttken, Dr. Chr 49
LqzUqb ocdden talis 30, 43
Lyoodes Tumerii 60
Lycodoids 37
M.
McDonald, Dancan George Forbes 4
Maofle, Matthew 39
Mackerel catching 45
Macrodon 16
MnJor 61
Mallotas padflcos 16
Mon-sncker 40
Mather, Fred 57,68,59.60,62,63
Mayne, Com. B. C 4
Meda 25
fulgida 25,51
Megalocottns 34
Megalopa 16
Meletta ccerulea 21,22,30,43
Merlangus prodactna 24, 28, 43
Mesopus 35
Metoponops 39
Cooperi 89,43
MicristoduB 39
punctatus 39
Microgadus 39
proximus 39
MicrometruB 20
aggregatus 20
mmimoB 20
Microetomatoids, note on 39
MinomuBJarroTii 47
platyrbynchuB 47
MoUienesia 8
Monmouth 48
Morm^Tos 16
Morrhua califomica 21,22
proxima 28
Miiller & Henle 18
Multnomah 63,64
MursBua mordax 32,43
Murphy, J.M 48
MuBteluB califomions 38
fella 22,31
MyliobatiB colifomicua 39
Mylocheilus 22
caurinuB 29
fraterculuB 25, 29, 43
rajj€c
I Mylocheilus lateralis 22,29
Mylolencus parovanus '. 47,52
pulverulentus 52
Mylopharodon 23,64
conocephalns 28,43
robustuB 28,28,43
Myrichthys tigrinuB *S2
My tilophaguB 20^
fasciatuB 20
Myxodes Clegans 88,59
N.
Karcine califomica
Nancrates ductor
Nautichthys
oculo*£Mciatus
Nematocentris
NeoclinuA
81
8?
27
2»
40
27
Blanchardi 27,28,42
satiricuB 82
Nevada fish hatchery 00
Nordhoff, Charles 47
Notorhynchus 87
borealls 88
maculatns 24, 44
O.
Oligocottus 25
analis 86.27,42
globiceps 26,27,42
maculoBus ^27,42
Oncorhyncbus 84
Opbicbthvs 40
Ophidion Taylori 27,28,43
Ophidium 14
stigma 14
Ophidiarus califoniiensis 43
Opbiodon 21
elongatuB 21,27
Ophistbognathus 40
Opiopoma 25
pnnthcrina 25, 27, 42
Orc3'nua pacificus 87,42
OrtbagoriscuB 14
analis 32,44
mola 14
Orthodon microlepidotuB 29,43
Orthopsctta : 3G
Osmerus elongatus 22
pretioBUS 30
thaleichthys 32, 43
OsteoglosBum 16
Otolithus califomiensis 49
OxylebiuB 30
pictuB 86
Oxyjulis 38
modest us 41
P.
PuchylabruB
ynriegatuB
20
28
Pallas 8
Pallas, Potro • lO
Pallas, P.S 9
Pantostens 51
INDBX.
69
• Page.
BaflepldotiM tpiBMiit 27,42
TilesU 12,16
inarmorataa 21
Bwfetw,H.W 50
liplpadubi BMculatii* 31
Mot, WffliJUB Henry 18.19
Imin|i 40
fiiiciiBdrift affini* 19
occid«nt«li8 19
Jbterodootu pbUipU 38
BitemtkbiM 21
rMtratua ,21,27,42
Btfcntk 16
Imgnauniu 9
Mper 9
•telleri 8
BheU^.W. M 60
lippoeamp«u ingeiM 27,30,44
BinogloMoidM Jordani ' 63
Hippo|lowiu californicuB 32,43
mlgaria 43,62
Btttel.JobB8 37
UeoMti 20
BikMotnaAxaaaizii 20
ftiUgixioaus 20
Gibbonaii 20
megalopa 21
pnlcbellns 41
rbodotorua 20,29,41
TrowbridgU 21
BdorUiraa 36
BBk.EII 60
HnMlapomiia 25
TrowbridgU 25,28
SMper,E.J 49, 50, 53, 5^ 56, 57, 58, 63
Hiplopagroa 34
Bnbbud, Samuel 36
BiiMphrtys, A. A 51
Hntinxton, J. V 11
HybopeU blvittatua 52
timpaoogenaU 47, 52
Bjborbyiicbas aiderius 51, 52
HydtoUgna 36
CoUiei 44
^jodoa 16
BjperprotopoQ 20
Agaasizli 36
asalia 34
arcuatum 41
arcoatua 20
argenteam 20, 41
argeuieam var. a ponctatum 20
argenteua 20
ponctatum 41
fiypocritlclithys 36
analia 31,41
^.^*^ne«aa 35
pretiosoa 43
Hypugonua 34
Swanii 53
^riiiftrio 36
Komerlyi 57,64
4te 36
41
Page.
Hypaypopa 84
Hyaterocarpna 20
Traakil 20,29,41,57
I.
Icbtbyomyzon 45
Irving. Waahington 13
IttcbnoBoma 16
laoplagiodon 36
Hcnlei 44
J.
Jamca, Edwin 11
Jobnioa nobilia 33
Jobnston, Capt A. R 17
Jona8,C 61
Jordan, D.S ....58,55,67,68,69,60
Julia modeatna 21,29
acmicinctuB 82
J. W. B 66
K.
Eeeler, A.B 60
Kennerly, Dr.C.B,B 21,26,84
Kerry, Mortimer 48
Eirkpatriok, C. A 82
KlttlltE, F. H. V 27
Encr, Dr. Rndolph 46
L.
Labraces 0
Labracogloaaa 40
Labraz 9, 40
cUtbratua 21
decagrammoa 9,10
moDopterygiuB 9,10
nebullfer 21
octogrammus 10
Hupcrciliosua 9, 10
Labroida 37
LabruA piilcbcr 21,22,29,30
Lamb, Gordon 03,64
Lonipctra plombea 44
I.«iig, William 60,62
LanHzwecrt, Dr 24
Lavinia 21
conipresaa 22
conformis 21
craasicauda 21
exilicauda 21, 29, 43
barengus 25,29,43
gibboaa 22
Lay, G. T 14
Lebioitina 16
Leiocottus 26
hirundo 25,27,42
liueatus 23.28,34,41
Leuciscus caurinna 15,16
orogonensia 15, 16
Lraco8omu8 occidentalis 21
Lennanl, Capt. C. E. Barratt 4
Lcpadogaater 14
meandricus 28
reticulatua 21
Lepidogobins gracilia 42
70
LeptDgaDD»Ua> gntciUa
LiKniii, Ctpuln
Liparta
Llpori* ojclopiu
lAiklnston. W. K SS, H, 98, N, W. SI, fli sa, M
Long. Mai. Stephen ?
^eparimcni of ihc ^niexxox
U. & NATIONAL MUSEUM.
12
BULLETIN
OP THB
JNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ISTo. 12
PUBLISHED DNDEU THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
WASHINGTON:
aOTEBNMENT PRINTING OFFIOB.
1878.
1
ADVERTISEMENT.
This work is tbe twelfth of a seiios of papers iateii<Iei] to itiastrate
tbe collectioDs of ?^:itiiral History iiu<l Etliuolugy bi-Iongiiiglo ttie United
States ami constitutiug the Nationnl Museum, of which tho Smithsouiaii
iDstitution WAS placed in charge by the act of Congress of Auguitt 1(1,,
1840.
It has been prepared at tbe request of tbe InsUtntiott, and printed llf
aathorit; of the hoaornble Sccretarj- of tbe luterior.
JOSEPU BEXEr,
Si.i:retary oj Xl%t Smitlitfmiati Insttt
SKITHSOKTA^C iNSTirrTlON,
CONTRIBUTIONS
ro
NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY.
BASED PRIMARILY ON THE
COLLECTIONS OF THK UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
III.
A. — On the Distribotion of the Fishes of the Alleghany Region of l^oath Caiolinai
Georgia, and Tenoeasee, with Descriptions of New or Little Known Species.
BY
DAVID S. .JORDAN
AND
ALEMBERT W. BRAYTON.
B. — A Synopsis of the Family Catostomid».
BY
DAVID S. JORDAN,
-4^^*"^
WASHINGTON:
OOVBBNMENT PSINTINO OFFIOE.
1878.
rot
V as
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Pago.
A.— On the distribution of the fishes of the Alleghany Region of South Carolina,
Georgia, and Tennessee, with descriptions of new or little known
species 7
List of streams examined 8
Ssntee Basin 11
Savannah Basin 29
Altamaha Basin i 34
Chattahoochee Basin ^ 39
Alabama Basin 44
Tennessee Basin 56
Camberland Basin 71
Rwapitnlation 82
Table show in{( the diHtributiou of species 82
Distribntion of genera 88
Conclusions 91
"•-^ynopKis of the family Catostomidse 97
Catwtoinina) .* 98
Cycleptina^ 98
BobalicUlhyinre 99
Li*t of nominal species 100
Analysih of genera 103
G«nu8 Quassilabia 104
Qna>8ilabia laccra lUfi
^"DQsPlacopharynx 107
I'lacopharynx carinutuH 108
^nns Myxostoma 110
%xostoma carpio 118
%X08tDma euryops 119
%X(KHU»tna luacrolepidotiim 120
%xo8toma anreoliim 124
^bxobtoma craHsilubre 126
^^yxojjtoiua ronus 126
%xo8toma anisara 126
%Xo8tonBa pcBcilura 128
%xoeU)ma ulbidum 129
^^^xostoma cerviuuni 12^>
%xo8toma albnm 130
%Xo!jtoma thalassioum 131
^^JXostoma velatum 132
**yxo8toiua congestnin ^ 133
%X08t«mapidien8O....*. 133
V %xoHtoina coregonus 134
^Jv^nstonia papillosum 134
^^Hfaiytiwiia 13('»
138
5
TABLE OP C0:NTENT8.
Page.
Genus Erimyzon 140
Erimyzon sucetta - 144
Erimyzon goodei 148
Q«nn8 Cbasmistes ^ 149
Cbasmistes fecandns 150
Genus Catostomus* 151
Catostonins nigricans 162
Catostomns clarki 165
Catostomns insignis 165
Catostomns teres 166
Catostomns macrocbilua .^ 171
Catostomns oceidentalis 172
Catostomns labiatns 173
Catostomns araiopns - 173
Catostomns taboensis 173
Catostomns rostratns 174
Catostomns longirostris 175
Catostomns retropinnis 178
Catostomns latipinnis 178
Catostomns discobolus *. 179
Genus Pantostens 180
Pantostens virescens 182
Pantostens platyrbynchns 183
Pantostens generoens 183
Pantostens plebein% 184
Genus Cycleptus 186
Cycleptns clougatus 189
Genus Carpiodes 190
Carpiodes diffonuis 195
Carpiodes cntisanserinus 195
Carpiodes velifer 196
Carpiodes bison T 197
Carpiodes tbompsoni 198
Cairpio<]cs cyprinus 193
Carpiodes carpio 200
Genus Bubalichthys i>01
Bnbalicbtbys bnbalns HOG
Bubalicbtbys urns 209
Bubalicht bys racridioniilis 210
Genus Icbtbyobns 211
Icbtbyobns bubahis 214
Genus Myxocy prinus 217
Myxocyprinns asiaticus - 217
Addendum SJig
Cbasmistes liorus 219
Catostomns fecundus 219
Bibliograpby 221
Index ; 231
/
CONTRIBUTIONS
TO
NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY.
No. 3.
A..
STHE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FISHES OF THE • ALLEGHANY
REGION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, AND TENNESSEE,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES.
By David S. Jordan and Alembert W. Brayton.
This paper is based primarily on the collections made by the present
^tera, assisted by Mr. C. II. Gilbert, and a party of students from
Batler University, daring the past summer (1877), in various streams of
Sooth Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. For the purpose of a more
oomplete discussion of questions of geographical distribution, the au-
thors have brought together, with their own observations, those previ-
ously made on the fishfaunsB of the same streams by other writers,
specially the observations on the fishes of the Tennessee Basin by
Professor Agassiz ;• those on the fishes of the basins of the Santeet
(Catawba), Tennessee,} and Cumberland, || by Professor Cope, and on
the fishes of the Cumberlaud, Tennessee, Alabama, and Altamaha
'Notice of a Collectioti of Fishes from the Soathero Hend of the TeuDcssee Rivor, in
t^ State of Alabama. By L. Agassiz. < American Journal Sci. Arts, 1^54, pp. 207-
♦Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of North Carolina. By E.D.Cope. < Proc.Am.Philos.
^ Phila. 1870. pp. 44S-495.
♦On the distribation of Fresh- water Fishes in the Alleghany Region of Sonth-western
^Bginia. By E. D. Cope, A. M. < Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. new series, vol. vi,
t ia, Jumary, 1S69, pp. 207-247.
'«M EUMMtomine Perch irom Tennessee and North Carolina. By £. D. Cope.
'O.iR *70.
8 CONTBIBUTIOSS TO NOBTH 4IfBBICAN ICnTHTOLOOY — m.
basins by Professor Jordan.* Tbe purpose of tbia papecistogix
r^umi of all that is certainly known in regard to tbe icbtbyolog;
the seven bydrograpbic basins embraced in its scope, viz, tbe Sao:
Savannah, Altamaba, Cliattahoochef , Alabama, Tennessee, and Ci
bcrland. For purposes of comparison, a table of distribution of spei
is added, which includes, in addition, what is known of the flah-fiu:
of the James, Roanoke, Nense, Great Pedee, Aid Ohio.
The following is a clasaifled list of the streams which have been
amined in each water-basin included in Ibis paper, with a word or I
suggestive of the character of each. stream. The collections in ev
case were made by one or both of the present writers, nnless otberv
LIST OF STEEAMS EXAMINED.
I. — SANTEB BASIH.
1. OatAwba River and tributaries in North Carolina. (Cope, 18C9,)
2. Ennoree Giver, near Chick Springs, S.C. {Deep, mnddy, andrap
3. Reedy River, at Greenville Court-House, S. C. (Muddy.)
4. Saluda River, at Fair's Mills, west of Greenville. {Clear and ra[
a fine seining-ground.)
It. — SATANKAH BASIN.
1. Tugaloo River, Ilabersham County, Qn., just below month of PantI
(Clear, broad rapids.)
2. Panther Creek, north of Toccoa City, Ga. (Clear mooutaio-strea
ON THE FI8HES OF THE ALLEGHANY REGION. 9
4. OeuiQlgeo Biver, Macon, Ga. (Collectiou of Dr. T. H. Bean and
other members of the United States Fish Commission.)
IV. — CHATTAHOOCnEE BASIN.
L Chattaboochee Biver at Shallow Ford, northwest of Gainesville, Ga.
(Broody shallow^ rapid ; water moderately clear.)
1 SawaDoee Creek, near Suwannee, Gwinnett County, Ga. (Deep,
maddy^ and very cold. Contains chiefly Codoma eurystoma.)
3. Peach Tree Creek, just north of Atlanta. (Deep and muddy.)
i Nancy's Creek, northwest of Atlanta. (Clear and rapid.)
5. Flint Eiver, in Taylor County. (Collection of Dr. Hugh M. Neisler
in United States National Museum.)
V. — ALABAMA BASIN.
A. — Etotcah River.
1. Pettis Creek, near Cartersville, Ga. (Clear, rocky.)
2. Silver Creek, near Bome, Ga. (Clear, rapid ; a fine stream for col-
lecting.)
3. Dyke's Creek and Pond, near Rome, Ga. (Cle^r and cold.)
B, — Oostanaula River,
4. Rocky Creek, near Floyd Springs, Ga. (A fine, clear stream.)
5. John's Creek, near Floyd Springs. (Clear.)
6. Lovejoy's Creek, near Floyd Springs. (A small sandy Ptreanc, full
of fishes.)
7. Big Annuchee Creek, above Rome. (Clear.)
^- BigDrj* Creek, near Rome. (A succession of weedy rock-pools.)
^' Liitle Dry Creek, near Rome. (Like the preceding.)
10. Waterb's Creek, above Rome. (Muddy and rocky.)
11. Lavender Creek, in Texas Valley, Ga. (A small clear stream.)
C. — Coosa River.
^ Beecb Creek, near Rome. (Muddy.)
15- Horseieg Creek, near Rome. (Rocky, clear.)
1^- Little Cedar Creek, at Cave Spring, Ga. (A fine-, clear, cold streani.
One of the best for the collection of fishes. Abounds in Xenisma
Mliferum^ Hydrophlox chrosomuHy Codoma callistia^ and other
beautiful species.)
9er, near Montgomery^ Ala. (Collection of Dr. Bean and
10 CONTBIBOTIONB TO NOETH AMKEICAN ICHTHYOLOGT — ^IIL
TI.— TENNESSEE BASIN.
A.—.Ujpper Course.
1. OliiioU River, tribntartes in Soutliwestern Yirglnia. (Oope, IfK
2. PowoH'8 River, near Cumberlnud Gnp. (Clear.)
3. ludian Creek, neiir Ciimberlunil Gap. (Clear.) *
4. Station Greet, near Cumberland Gap. (Clear.)
5. Uolstou River, various tributaries \a Sonthwcatem Virt
(Cope, 1868.)
It. Frvtivli Braid River, at Newport, Teno. (Rather deep and ma
7. Frviich Broad Eiver, about Warm Spriogs, N. C, ABheville, -
nnd elsewhere.) (Cope, 18C9.) (Rapid, rocky, aod gew
dear.)
S. U\e I'igeon River, at Cliffton, TeoD. (Rather clear.)
9. Svrnnnumxi River, at foo; of Black Mountaiu. (Clear, cold m
aiu stream, with tront.)
B.—lAnrcr Courte.
ItV OhickdinanfEa River, at Rtuggold, Ga. (Ratber clear aad
iwky.)
1 1. Tirilwtarii's of Tennessee Kiver, abool Hnntsville, Ala. {Agi
NewmanV ci>llwtion, ISill.)
12. Tribn;ariei> of Tennessee River, nltoDt Florence, Ala. (Storer, 1
FI8HB8 OF THE 6 ANTES BASIN. 11
The Banteei SaTannah, Altamaba, and Ghattahoocheo have been
ezuBined only in that part of their coorse which flows over metainor-
phie rocks. The three western streams have been studied chiefly in the
Kimtooe regions. The litbological cbaracter of the bed of a stream
hu fi oertain influence on its fish-fauna, as will be seen hereafter. Gen*
enQy limestone streams are richer in si>ecies than those with granitic
bottoms.
The types of the new species described below are deposited in the
Doited States National Museum at Washington, and in the Mnsenm of
Bitto Univendtyi Indianapolis, Indio^^a.
I.— SANTBE BASIN.
Thirty-nine species are ascertaioed to occur in the headwaters of the
Santee River, thirty-three having been obtained by Professor Oope in
the Catawba Biverin North Oarolina, and tbirty by the present writers
it the Saluda and Ennoree in South Carolina. Of these thirty nine
ipedes, ten are not as yet known irom any other hydrographio
besin. These are : Alvardivs craamsy iTothanotua thalasHnuSj Ceratickthys
hhroMUij Ceratichikys zanemua^ Codoma pyrrhomelaa^ Codoma chlorUtla^
fhiftogeais niveus^ Albumops chlorocephaXus^ Alburnopa saludanvSy and
M^iBtoma album. The appiirent absence of Luxilus comutus in the
Great Pedee, Sautee, Savannali, Altamaha, and Chattahoochee Ba^iusis
remarkable, as that species is abiiodant in the tributaries of the Neuse on
the east and the Alabama on the west, as in all streams northward to
Minnesota and New England.
Tke8{)ecies most abundant as to individuals, in the Saluda at least,
i* probably KotropU photogenia. Next to this come Codoma pyrrhome-
'fliaud Ccratichthys bigtittatus. Of the Catosiomidw^ Myxostoma cervinum'
•eems to be the predominant species; of the SlluridaSj Amiurufi brun-
WKi, and of the Centrarchidcdj Lepiopomun auritus. The chief food-
flsiies at Greenville, S. C, are the "Mud Cats" {Amiurus brunneua and
ptoti/cephalus)y the '* Fine-scaled Sucker'' {Catostomus commerHoni)^ the
Eel (Anguilla milgaris)^ the "Spotted Sucker" (Minytreviamelanaps), the
^l^^Tch'" {Lepiopomus auritus)^ the "War-mouth Perch" (Cft(cwo&ry«M«
wVWiir), the "Jack" (Esox reticulatus)^ and the "Jump Bocks" (Myxo-
i^a cervinum).
12 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AXERICJLS ICHTHYOLOOT — ^UI
ETHEOSTOMATID^.
Gemis ALVORDIUS Girard,
I. Altobdids cbassds, sp, nor.
Klhtetloma uamlalum vor. Copk, Proc. Am. Philoa. Soo. 1870, 261, 262, and »S. (Set
ttadnpttru* tnanlain* (iirard.)
A Hiieciea bvnniig considerable resemblance to A. aspro, but lea
diHtliivtly iiinrkei) iiiid more licavily built, tbe form being less gracernl
tbut) tl)At of tbe oUier members of tho genus. Bod; considerably com-
pifawtl, tbe ilt'pth 4j times in length to origin of caudal (as in all cmh
ill this [Ht|H>r). ileud comiiuratively sbort, 3^- in lengtb ; the BDOOt
nuHlium, nut ncumimUe as iu A. phoxLcephalua, jior especially obtaw.
Kyt> iiKHlentto, h8 long us snout, 4 in head. Mouth rather small for tit
gi'nus, uearly liorizuntiil, the upper jatr but little the longer: nppa
j«w not im>jei'tiU> : mnxtllury reaching anterior margin of eye.
Cl)(H.'kti naked: oiK>ix:les with a fe\r scales above: back and bnnit
uaketl : middle line of belly iu some specimens naked : in otben nith
eiilarj^M i>lalr&. Seales on the botly nither larger than osaal, about
Fin» modomtely develo|KHl: dorsal XII-I. 10, \-nr\ing to XI-1, 11;
ail iiH^misp in tho uuwt>er of the spines, as osaal, accompanying *
dM'Tvas«> ill the nnuilter of soft rays, a rule apparently not hitherto
tKtik'vd. and ix'fhaps nut of gouenil applicatioo. Tbe two donal flu
^8H£S OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 13
Genus BOLEOSOMA DeKay.
2. BOLEOSOMA MAGULATICEPS Copc.
Mmma maetilaticepa Cope (1870), Proc. Am.Pbilos. Soc. 269 and 450. (Catawba
B.)— Jordan Sl Copklamd (1^76), Check List (Bull. Baffalo Soc. Nat. Hist.),
lea. (Name only.)
Mh maaUaHorp9 Jordan (1877), Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. s, 15. (Name only.)
^fkmma olmstedi Jordan (1877), Add. N. Y. Lye Nat. Hist. 368. (Ocmulgee River.)
A single specimen taken in the Saluda Biver at Farr's Mills answers
doselj to Professor Cope's description. The npper part of the cheeks
kaTe, however, a few scattering scales. This species is a true Boleosoma,
Altboagh the type of Bolcosoma has but a single anal spine and B. effuh
^maod B. maculaticeps have two anal spines, the essential character of
those spines is the same in both cases, and the genus Arlina^ based on
B^efulgens^ is a synonym of Boleoaoma. In Boleosoma, the spines are
ill weak and flexible, and those of the anal especially so. In most or
an of the other genera of Etheoatomatidce^ the anal spines are stiff and
loug, and, with scarcely an exception, the first spiite is the longer of the
two. In the species of Boleosoma, with two anal spines, the two spines
ireoDeqnal, the second the longer, both extremely slender and flexible;
iK)t at all ^' spinel-like, except that they are not inarticulate. This
feeble condition of the spines seems to constitute the chief generic
character of Boleosoma,
Two of the species provisionally referred by Professor Jordan (Bull,
U.S. Nat. Mns. x) to ^^Arlina^\ viz, Arlina stigmcea Jor. and A, airipin-
»« Jor., have the anal spines well developed, as usual in Etheostomatidce.
These two species and their congeners apparently constitute a distinct
genas, differing from Diplesium in the toothed vomer and from Notho-
w/w ia the protractile npper jaw. For this genus, the name of
Vhcentra (Jordan) has been suggested (Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 223), in
allQgiou to the development of the spines.
Genus NOTHONOTUS Agassiz
3. NoTUONOTUS thalassinus, «/?. nov.
A handsome species, differing from the others now referred to this
L 8«DUjiin the entire nakedness of the head.
^T rather, stout, the depth about 5 times in the length, com-
the back somewhat arched. Head large, 4 in length,
and convex in profile; a pretty decided angle
14 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHT^OLOQT — HI.
opposite the e;e. Eyes larfi^o, ),jgi] ap^ longer tban the mozzlc, 3
ia bead : ioterorbital space ratber narrow, the eye having some opwat
raDge. Moutb mixlerate, sbghtly obliqae, the maxillary n-achiug 1
orbit. Upper ji(\r eligiitly longer than the lower, not protractile, ties
eotirely naki-d, both ubeeliB and opercles being destitute of scaler
Scales large, 5-il!-5. Uelly scaled: throat naked: ucck anterior
naked, but scaly io front of the dorsal : lateral line complete.
Flus all large : U, X-1, 10, or lX-1, II, the oiembraoe of the first dc
sat continued to the base of the second: longest dorsal spinealitl
over balf the length of the bead, scarcely shorter tbati the solt ray
the base of the spinous dorsal a little lunger thaa that of the soft ilc
sat. Anal IT, 8, rather smaller thaa set^oud dorsal, the first spiue longi
and larger than the second. Caudal tin deeply Innate, almost forhe
Pectoral and ventral fins large; the former reaching nearly to the veui
the latter somewhat shorter.
Color, in spirits: Olive, closely mottled and tessellated above witl
dark green ; this color extending down the sider*, forming fix or eigbl
irregular dark green bars. Head daik green ; a dark green line dom
word from eye and another forward. Fins in males nearly plain, Ibc
spinous dorsal with a black edge ; females with all tbu tins except tbi
ventrals closely barred or speckled with dark green. Two paleoru>e(
spots at the base of the caudal.
Lite-colors : The colors of a male specimen in life are as follows: Bodj
dark olive and blotched above: sides with nine dark blue-green veitiMl
nSHES OF THE' SANTEE BASIN. 1 5
Genus ETHEOSTOMA Eafinesque.
4. Etheostoma flabellare Kaf.
(CaUmoius flabellatua Aact.)
Three specimens doabtfuUy referred to this species were obtained by
Ffoteoer Cope in tbe Catawba River.
CENTRARCHIDJ].
Genus MICROPTERUS LacepMe.
5. MiOROPTEBUS PALLiDUS {Rafinesque) QUI d; Jordan.
Professor Cope obtained this species in the Catawba. We collected
iKKiein the Saluda or Euuoree, bat we were told that ^^ Trout '\ as the
species of Micrapteruit are universally called in the South, are frequently
tikeo there.
Genus CHiENOBRYTTUS Gill 4
6. Ch^nobryttus viridis {Guv. & Vol,) Jordan.
The War-mouth Perch occurs in abundance in the Saluda, and appar-
tttly ID all the South Atlantic streams. Cope says that it is exceedingly
conmoD in all the streams of Eastern North Carolina, and that it is
known as the Red eyed Bream on the Catawba. This species is very
Ately related to C. gulosusy dififering chiedy in the color and in the
•wnewhat less robust form. It may be only a variety.
Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rafinesque.
7. LEPIOPOMUS AURiTUS (LinncBus) Raf.
^ my specimens of this sp^ies from the Saluda have a dusky blotch
^bar at the base of the soft dorsal, a feature of coloration not shown by
^y Northern s|)ecimens. This is a widely diffused species, and, like most
**ch| is quite variable.
Genus EUPOMOTIS Gill & Jordan.
8. EuPOMOTis AUREUS {Walbaum) Gill & Jordan.
^*^ies8or Cope obtained this species in Catawba River. We have
it in the fe! m States. It is probably chiefly con-
16 COHTRIBUTIOKS TO KOBTH AUEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT — HI.
ESOCID^.
Genus ESOX Linneeus.
g. Esox BET1CULA.TC8 Le Sueur.
Very common. We are unable to distJDguisb tbe Sonthern foi
[jgiuiUratm Say, a^n'u Holbrook} as even rarietally distiuct from tl
Nortliern reticulatua.
10. ESOX EAVENELI Holbrook.
Obt^ned by Professor Cope in tbe Catawba. Its specific distinctit
from E. americanus timeliii api>earH questionable.
salmonidj:.
Genus SALVJ:L1NUS Itkhardson.
II. Salveliiv'Ds FONT1NAL1S (JlfJtc/iifO GUI A Jordan.
Tbis s[>eciea was found by Professor Cope iu the headnatera of t
Catawba Jiiver.
CYPRINID^.
Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassis.
12. CAMPOSTOMA ANUHALUX {R"/-) ^3-
FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 17
talent to the sobgenerio section of Albumops or ^^ Hybopsia^^ called
EndioniuB by Oiranl.
Body elon^te, but compared with its immediate relatives, hudsoninsj
onanu, aod 8torerianu8j short and thick ; moderately compressed, the
depth 4| in length : caadal pedancle shortened, 4f in length : head large,
4 times in length, relatively heavy and gibbous forward, the snout
roonded in profile, as in A. hudsonius. Eye large, rather wider than
interorbital space, about equal to snout, 3^ in head.
Hooth moderate, snbinferior, the maxillary not reaching to eye.
Scales large, thin, and loose, 5-39-3, about twelve in front of the dor-*
Ml fin. Lateral line somewhat decurved in front.
Fio8 moderately developed. Dorsal beginning in advance of ventrals,
If 8; its first ray nearer snout than caudal. Anal I, 8, rather small.
Pectorals not reaching to ventrals, the latter not to vent.
Color clear olivaceous, nearly white, like the rest of the group, some
H>eciineDS showing a faint plumbeous lateral line.
Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, two or three of the principal row obtuse, not hooked ;
ooijone or two of the teeth usually showing a masticatory face.
Habitat — Abundant in Saluda River, where it reaches a length of
sboQt foar inches. Also obtained by Professor Cope from the Catawba*
The peculiar characters of this species have been noticed by Pro-
fcwor Cope, who, however, was disposed to consider it a variety of
B. amarus. It differs from our specimens of what we consider to be
tbe latter species (from Ocmulgee liiver) in the smaller eye, the thicker
kead, shorter, deeper bodj-, more decurved front, and shorter caudal
i^oncle. In amarusj the eye is 3 in head, the head 4f in length, and
tbe caadal i)eduncle 3|.
^e have been disposed to unite, under the generic name LuxilvSy a
^ge uamber of species forming a series the extremes of which bear
Kttle resemblance to each othc^r or to the means, but which form a chain
"ttonbroken that it is difficult to draw any generic lines among them.
ITbat this group may ultimately be broken up into natural genera is very
Probable, but the groups thus far proposed have not received very
•»ti«factory definition.
These species agree (a) in the absence of any special modification,
^ther of mouth, fins, or alimentary canal ; {b) in the dentition, the
"^h being in one or two rows, always four in the principal row of
"*iiriftl type, and some or aU of them provided with a grinding
And io Bometpafli iviysi one edge of the masticatory
18 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — lU.
surface is more or less creuate, especially in yoang individaals ; (o) the
aual fin is always short, containing from seven to nine rays; (d) the
dorsal fin is never inserted very far behind the ventrals ; (e) the lateral
line is developed and continuous.
The species dififer much among themselves in size, nuptial dress, and
general appearance, notably in the squamation, the scales of the typical
species of Luxilua being closely imbricated and much hight^r than long,
while in the gronp called Hudsonius the two dimensions of the scales are
»early equal. The scales themselves, in Hudsonius^ are thin and loosely
imbricated. Within certain limits, the position of the dorsal varies also.
In HudsonitiSy its first ray is in advance of the insertion of the ventrals;
in LtuciliM and AlburtiopSy usually directly opposite ; in Photogenis and
HydrophloXj distinctly posterior. The form of the mouth varies largely :
in L.ooccogeni8y it is wide and ojblique, the lower jaw projecting. In
the typical species of Alburnops and HudsoniuSy the mouth is small and
more or less inferior.
The species may be provisionally grouped as follows, under five groups,
four of which may be considered as distinct genera. Those species
whose position is doubtful are indicated by a mark of interrogation : —
A. — LuxiLUS Rafinesque. (Scales very closely imbricated, much deep-
er than long: teeth2, 4-4, 2, entire: dorsal fin inserted directly op-
posite ventrals: month terminal: size large: nuptial dress
peculiar ; type Gyprinus cornutua Mit.)
eomutus Mit. coccogenis Cope.
seUne Jor.
B. — Photogenis Cope. (Scales pretty closely imbricated, deeper than
long: teeth 1, 4-4, 1, more or less crenate (rarely one-rowed 1) :
dorsal fin behind ventrals, always with a black spot on the last
rays behind : males in spring tuberculate, the lower fins and the
tips of the vertical fins filled with satin-white pigment in spring:
mouth terminal, the upper jaw longest : size medium ; type P.
spilopterus Cope = Cyprinella analostana),
analoatnnus Girard. nivetts Cope.
galacturus Cope. iris Cope (!).
Icucopus J. & B.
C. — Hydrophlox Jordan. (Scales less closely imbricated, somewhat
deeper than long; teeth usually 2, 4-4, 2, often more or less
crenate : dorsal fin distinctly behind ventrals, unspotted : breed-
ing dress pecnliar, thema'es almost always red : mouth terminal,
I
FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 19
obliqae, the apper jaw nsaall}^ slightly the longer : size ver}
small; type Eybopsis rubricroceus Coi^i^.)
roBeus Jordan. chrosomus Jor.
rubrioroeeus Cope. xamocephalus Jor.
l^fpinnis J. & B. plumheolu8 Gope.
chUitiev$ Goiie. bivittatus Cope.
ekalifbcBfis Cope. lacertosus Cope.
D.«-ALBnBNOPs Girard. (Scales rather loosely imbricated: teeth
4-4, or ly 4-4, 1 : dorsal fin inserted over ventrals, unspotted :
sexes alike: mouth more or less inferior, horizontal or oblique:
size small ; type Alhumops blennius Grd.)
microsta^Hus Raf. timpanogenais Cope.
volueellus Co[>e. cliloracephalu8 Cope.
9peetrunculus Cope. fretensis Cope.
procne Coi>e. nuMlus Forbes.
tiramineus Cope. blcnn%U8 Ord.
iuditanus Cope (t). shumardi Grd.
miMurienn^ Cope. illecebrosus Grd.
sc^Zia Cope.
^^HuDSONius Girard. (Scales thin and loosely imbricated : teeth 1,
4-4, 1 or 2, the grinding surface often distorted : dorsal inserted
in advance of ventrals: colors silvery : sexes alike: mouth in-
ferior: body elongate, the head comparatively short: size
medium ; type Clupea hudsonia Clinton.)
taludanus J. & B. amarua Girard*
hudsonius Clinton. storerianus Kirtland.
We have substituted the name Albumops Grd. for the earlier name
^iiopna^ as we think that the latter genus was founded on a species of
15. Alburnops chloeocephalus (Cope) J. & B.
^9^>9ptis chlorooephaluB CoPE (1870), Proc. Am. F»hilo8. Soc. 461.
'Hiis beautiful little fish is abundant in the clear rapid waters of the
Salada. It resembles H. rubricroccua, but is smaller and stouter- bodied,
^th smaller' mouth. The scales in front of the dorsal are fewer (about
It) in number. The teeth are 1, 4-4, 1 (2, 4-4, 2, in rubricroceua). The
meebnens are profusely tuberculate on the snout and ante-dorsal
^"^nefoond this species abundant in the clear waters
20 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — lU.
Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.
16. PHOTOGENIS NIVEUS {Gope) J. &. B.
Eyhop9ia niveu9 Cope (1870), Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soo. 4G1.
A very pale species, related to Photogenia analostanus and P. galacturus^
rather than to the species of ^^Hyhopsis^^ to which genus Professor Coi^e
referred it. My specimens are all very white, with a narrow bluish
stripe along the caudal peduncle, which sometimes forms a faint spot
at base of caudal. In male specimens, the snout and ante-dorsal region
are covered with small tubercles. In males, the dorsal An is considerably
elevated. In color, the dorsal fin is largely dusky on the last rays, the
most of the fin somewhat creamy-tiuted. The tip of the dorsal fin and
the tips of the caudal are filled with milk-white pigment, as in the
related species. The anal fin is entirely milky. The teeth are 1, 4-4, I,
provided with a narrow masticatory surface.
Fhotogenis niveu8 is abundant in the Saluda Eiver. It was first dis-
covered by Professor Gope in the Catawba Kiver.
17. PHOTOGENIS ANALOSTANUS (Otrard) Jordan.
We did not find this species in the Saluda, although Professor Cope
states that it is abundant in the Catawba. It is perhai)S possible that
Professor Cope mistook our Codoma cliloristia^ a species which resem-
bles it very much, except in dentition, for the true analostanus. The
^*Cyprinella analostana^^ has been a stumbling-block in the classification
of these fishes, as to the masticatory surface of Lnxilus it adds the cre-
nations of Cyprinella. We are inclined to think that Cyprinella should
be restricted to those species whose teeth are without grinding surfaces
and are permanently crenate. The relations of Luxilus analostanus^
spilopteru^j galacturusj leucopus, and nireus are much more intimately with
the species of ^Codoma than with Luxilus, but the development of grind-
ing surfaces on the teeth renders it necessary to refer them to the latter
genus, unless Fhotogenis be admitted as a distinct genus.
Genus CODOMA Girard.
(Subgenus EROGALA Jordan.)
Fhotogenis Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Ilist. N. Y. 335. (Not of Cope, whose type,
P. apiloptems, proves to be a species closely related to L. analostanus, if not
identical with it.)
Examination of a large number of specimens supposed to be Fhotogenis
9pilopterus^ from Saint Joseph's Biver, in Northern Indiana, Professor
FISHES OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 21
'^[>e'tforigioal locality, has convioced ns that the spilopteriiSy the type of
the genos PhotogeniSj does uot belong to the group of colored species for
which Professor Jordan lately adopted the latter name. The genus PhO'
tof^tf (Jordan) being thus left without a name, that of Erogala has beea
BQggested (}>, spring-time; ydXay milk, in allusion to the milk-white pig-
ment with which the male fishes are ornamented in the nuptial season)*
Codoma Ord. differs from Erogala in the form of the head, which is
Bhortj blunt, and rounded, as in Phnephales. We do not now think that
the two are distinct as genera, and prefer to consider Erogala as a sub-
genos of Codoma.
The type of Erogala is Photogenis stigtnaturua Jordan. This subgenus
is remarkable for its geographical distribution. All of the species thus
far kuown belong to the Southern States, and each of the Southern
river-basins probably has from two to four species of the genus; not a
single apecics, so far as known, being common to two different river-
The distribution of the species of Erogala is as follows :— -
Santee Basin : pyrrhomelas Cope.
chloristia J. & B.
Savannah Basin : none known.
Altamaha Basin : xcenura Jor.
calliaema Jor.
Chattahoochee Basin : euryntoma Jor.
Flint River : formosa Putn.
Alabama Basin : callistia Jor.
trichroiatia J. & G.
ccerulea Jor.
stigmatura Jor.
I^^er west their place is taken by the species of Gyprinella having
•^f^ated teeth, and farther north by the species of Luxilm^ section Pho-
^^0^, having teeth with developed grinding surfaces.
'Hie species of Codoma are remarkable for their exquisite coloration,
^ostof them being adorned with bright red in addition to the milky
pigment The black dorsal spot is present in all the species.
18. Codoma ghlobistia, sp, nov.
^tijf sIm^ and deep, strongly compressed, the form elliptical,
# /I, purrhomelas^ but rather deeper, the depth of adults
' BCeBd rather small and pointed, 4^ in length.
22 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY HI.
Eye moderate, less than snout, 4 iu head. Mouth rather small, quite
oblique, the maxillary not attaining the line of the orbit, the upper jaw
projecting beyond the lower, especially in spring males. The head and
mouth considerably resemble those parts in P. analo8tanu8.
Scales*much deeper than long, very closely and smoothly imbricated,
more or less dark-edged above. 5-37-3. Lateral line decurved.
Fins moderately develoi>ed : dorsal distinctly behind ventrals, its first
ray about midway between nostrils and the base of the caudaL Dorsal
1, 8. Anal 1, 8.
Nuptial tubercles iu the male greatly developed, covering rather
sparsely the top of the head and the region anterior to the dorsal. Iu
addition, similar tubercles cover the caudal peduncle and the whole sides
of the body« except the space below the lateral line and in front of the
ventrals. The tubercles on t^e body are considerably smaller than
those on the head, and smaller than in xcenura or pyrrhomelaSj but they
cover a much larger area than iu any of the latter species of the genas.
Chin tuberculate.
Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, entire, without masticatory surface.
Coloration, in life : General color a dark steel-blue, a very distinct
blue stripe along each side of the caudal peduncle, as in (7. ccerulea^ bat
fainter : sides of body with fine steely-purple lustre : back clear green :
head clear browjiish : iris white: cheeks of a pale violet color: lower
part of sides becoming rather abruptly milky-white: dorsal fin with
the usual large black spot on the last rays well developed, and the
usual milk-white pigment in the tips: lower part of the dorsal fin with
))igment of a tine clear green color, somewhat as in analostanus, but
unusually bright: caudal fin chiefly dusky, its tips milky and the base
somewhat so; the middle of the fin has a slight reddish tinge: aual
fin entirely milky, a faint dusky spot on its last rays, resembling that
on the dorsal : ventral fins milky.
Female and young specimens are more slender, and the bright colors
are usually wanting or obscured.
Size small ; length of largest specimens less than three inches.
In form, this species resembles C. pyrrhomelasj but the short anal
(eight rays instead of ten) will always distinguish the species. Tho
coloration of the male is different, being much less brilliant, although
))erhaps more delicate. 0. chloristia resembles in color 0. ccerulea most,
but the latter species has a much more slender form.
Habitat — Abundant iu the clear waters of Saluda Biver, with C.
[
FI8HE8 OF THE SANTEE BASIN. 28
ff^^^i'^ukij Phoiogenia niveusj Alburnaps chlorocephaluSy and other hand*
19. GODOMA PYBBHOMELAS (Cope) J Of.
f^f*tHitkpfrrhameUi9 Copb (1870), Proo. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 463.
This species, the most ornate of the genns, and one of the most bril-
liut <tf Oyprinida, is extremely abundant in the clear rapid waters of
the Saloda and its tribntaries. The general color of the males is dark
iM-Uoe above, with the scales darker-edged, the bi lly abrnptly milky-
whitSi The bead is pale reddish ; the snout, the tip of lower jaw, and
tke iris above and below are scarlet; the dorsal fin is dusky at base,
hn a large black spot on the last rays, is red in front, and broadly milk-
white at tip. The tii>sof the caudal fin are milk-white; next to this
ootoee adnsky crescent ; a wide bright scarlet crescent lies inside of the
hliekaad extends into the two lobes of the fin. The base of the fin is
pele.
The top of the head and the region in front of the dorsal are covered
vlth small pale tubercles. The sides of the caudal peduncle are pro-
vided with rather larger tubercles, arranged in rows along the series of
Miles.
This is the most abundant fish iu the waters of Catawba River, accord-
ing to Professor Cope.
Genus NOTROPIS Rqfinesque.
(MinniluB Rafioesqae; Albumellus Girard.)
20. NoTROPis PHOTOGENis {Cope) Jordan.
k''^ pkoiogfniM Cora (1864) Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. 280.
^'^•fifaiu Umeof Copk (1860), Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 379, and elsewhere.
Hj specimens differ considerably from the typical forms of this spe-
•
^ Imt correspond to Professor Cope's '* var. a aa a a^^ from the Ca-
^^ha. It is the most abundant species in the Saluda waters, especially
^iiQiore sluggish tributaries. Two forms, perhaps varieties, perhaps
^iffijTent sexes, occur, the one pale, with deep, compressed body ; the
other darker, with the scales dark -edged and the body much more elon-
K^ It is difficult to distinguish the latter form from N. ielescopus
* (^le). The pale form has the head above and under jaw covered with
"^ pointed tubercles.
24 CONTRIBDTrpXS TO NOHTU AUttKlCAM ICHTHTOLOQT — ^Dl.
Genus GILA Baird <£ Girard.
(Sabgeiius CLINOSTOMDS Oimrd.)
21. Gila vasdoisula {Cue. di Val.) Jar,
XwGiwvi MndouHltM C. &. V. (1844), Hint. Nat. Poiaa. xvii, 317.
CKi>04t(initt(ajf!MiiGiRAiiD(lR5ti), Ptoc. Ac. Nat. Sc.212.
This Bpctiies is cotamon in tbe Saluda waters, as in the Cotawb
TadkiD, and otber Soutborn streamn. It seems to prefer still, or eve
muddy waters, as wo foand it more abuudaiit in the Beedy Biver tbi
iu either Saluda or Enuoree. Our specimena were greenUb orblnii
in color, the back mottled with scales of a diSereut hue, as Dsnal in tli
{;eDu8. Id the mules, the region behind the head aod above the pc
torals and extending backward to tbe nual arc of a brigfat rosy-n
brightest just behind the bead. Tbore is no distinct dark lateral ban
None of oar specimens were noticed to be tnbeicalate. The oharacte
distinguish ing this species from the more northerly Q^ia (G'/jiuwt<Mi
/undutoides have been well given by Professor Cope (Joam. Ao. Ni
Sci. Philft. 1868, 228).
Genua NOTEMIGONUS BqSnesque.
22. NoTKMiGONUS AMERICAHU8 (ttn«.) Jordan.
Notamigonui mcAohui Jordan (1077), Add. Lyo. Nat. Hist. p. 364.
F18HE8 OF THE 8ANTEE BASIN. 25
talUer Bhorter thaa the long mazzle, placed nearly midway in head,
tboot 3^ in head.
Month rather large, inferior, the lips mnch thickened, Sucker-like ;
upper jaw extremely protractile; the lower with a conspicuous internal
^Dge of papilise.
Barbels extremely long, probably longer than in any other of our
Cyprinoids; their length § to | the diameter of the eye.
Scales tiioderatey pretty closely imbricated, 5-40-3; 15 or IG in front
of doraiil. Lateral line continuous, slightly deflected forward.
FiDS rather small, high, and short. Dorsal 1, 8, originating slightly
behind the base of the ventrals, as in C labrosus and C- monachus. Anal
1)7. Caudal deeply forked, its peduncle long and slender.
Coloration, in spirits, quite pale ; a small, round, black spot at base
ofcaadal: dorsal scales dark-edged: some dark points along caudal
pedonde, forming a dark st.eak: muzzle punctate. Largo s|)ecimeus
vitha large dark patch on the last rays of dorsal, as in C7. monacUus
tod the species of Codama : base of dorsal fin with dark points. Cheeks
tnd opercles silvery.
In the spring, the male fishes are profusely tnberculate on the head
indDeck,and the flus arc flushed with crimson. Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked,
vithoat masticatory surface.
Tbe largest specimens taken were nearly three inches long, but most
»ere less than two.
Ibis species is abundant in SaUula River. It appears to be distiuct
from C. labro8U8j that species having larger scales and some other points
of difference. C, lahrusus^ monachusj aiul zanemus differ from their con-
poers in the backward position of the dorsal and in the greater devel-
opment of the lips.
24. Ceratichtuys labrosus Cope.
^^^^•iiehtky$ Jalnro$M8 CoPK (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 458.
Professor Cope found this species not uncommon in the upper waters
of tbe Catawba. We did not fiud it in the Saluda or the Ennoree.
I
25. Ceratichthys hypsinotus Cope.
^''•ttei/Ajff kffp»inotu$ CoPK (1870), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 458.
Ais species is not uncommon in the Saluda. Breeding males are
^tilled, and the fins are quite re<l. The head is more or less rosy
dale al)ove. This species has a very small barbel, and might
to a EydropUox of the mirjoroeeicf type.
26 C0KTBIBUTI0S8 TO SOBTH AMBBtCAS ICHTHTOLOOT U
20. Ceratiohthts biguttatds (Eirt.) BairA,
The commoD Horned Chub is very abandaDt id all the tribota
the StUnilH.
Genus SEMOTILUS Bqfinessue.
27. Sbhotilus coBpoBAua (Hit.) Putn.
This commoD species occurs ia the tribntariea of tbe Salada.
CATOSTOMTDJE.
Genua MYXOSTOMA Mafinesque.
( Jfoznloma bdiI TWwfxIu Baf. ; Ptgehoatowuit Ag.)
28. Mtxostoxa CEBTmuM Cape.
ThwfaliM wrriiiN* CoPB (1868), Jonni. Ao. Nat. So. Fhilo. 235.
ItjrdtMlamu oerrtmu COTB (lti70), Pn>o. Am. PbUoa. Soo. 4T8.
This little Sucker is exceedingly abaDdnnt ia the Salnda, Beed;
BuDoree. It abounils in rapida and rooky shoals, and is popolarly i
as •* Jnmp-rockB", from its habitof leaping (torn tbe vater. It ia not
valued, except by Dcgroes, small boys, ami aataralists. The black
margiu of the dorsal is a characteristic color-mark.
29. BIyxobtoma papuxosdm (Cope) Jor,
FISHES OF THE 8AHTEE BABOt. 27
32. Myxostoma album {Cope) J. db B.
PtydMMmrt aVb^ Cops (1870), Proc Am. Phil. Soc. 472.
The species — the " White Mnllef — was found by Professor Cope in
tbe Catawba Biver only. We obtained no specimens from the Saluda,
which is perhaps due to tbe fact that our collections were not made
during the season of the migrations.
Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.
{M7X09ioma Agassiz, but Dot of Raf.)
33. Ebimtzon suoetta (Lac,) Jordan.
CfpriMM raceUa LAC^piDS.
C^pritM obUm^pu MiTCHlLU
This species is moderately abundant in the Saluda Elver. Professor
Cope foand neither this species, nor tbe next, in the Catawba.
Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.
34. MlNYTBEMA MELANOPS [Raf) Jor.
Catottmua melanops IZafixesquu, Kirtland, etc.
i/AiMfonki victoria Gikakd.
Erimjfzon wulanopa Jordan.
This widely diffused species is abundant in tlie mill-ponds, etc., of tbe
Saluda River, and is known as the Striped Sucker. It is considerably
valued as a food-fish. Many specimens were taken at Bannister's Mills,
on the Eunoree, tbe proprietor of tbe mill, Mr. Bannister, having
kindly drawn oft' tbe water from his pond, in order to enable us better
to examine its flsbe^. Our specimens seem to be precisely like the ordi-
nary melanops from tbe Ohio lliver and tbe Great Lakes.
• Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.
35. CATOSTOMUS COMMERSONI {Lac.) JoT.
The Fine-scaled Sucker is common in tbe Saluda, as in nearly every
stream east of the Bocky Mountains. It is especially abundant in mill-
pouds.
28 CONTBIBUTIONS TO MOBTH AMERICAN ICBTBTOLOGY — ^tH
SILUUID^.
Genus AMIURUS Rafitmgm.
30. AuiUBus BBCNNBUS Jordan.
JmiKrkt plaigetphalia Cope (li70), Pcoc Am. Philoa. Sdc. 485. (Not PtmOadn,
ctjiiiatiui Qnl.)
AntUraa brumieui Juhdah (1870), Ann. Lye. Nat Hilt. 366.
Tbi» U tlie coiuiDou cat-flsb of tbe Sutada, aud is known as tlie
Cat. Adult specioiens roach u length of abont 18 inches, and bear
reaemblunee to the yoiitif;, from which the spcisies was first dcsci
The adidts are extremely elongate, nearly terete behind, with fiai,
bi-oad heads. In color, they iir» of a more or less clear yellotrish-ji
more ditttiiicCly greeu than is any other species. The nHine " brum
ouly a|iplies well bo the young. The species may be known frui
relateil A. platycephalui by the more elongate form, tiie shorter an
(10 to 18 rays instead of 20), and by the month, which is some
inferior, tbe lower jaw being much the shorter, while in A.platyeep
the Jaws are equal. Tbe color is also different in the two species
platycepluilHS is yellowish, dark above, aod more or less marbled oi
sides with darker, resembling, iu that respect, A. marmorattu. J
bi-UHtiei'D, the caudal fin is nsaally nneqaal, the upper lobe beioj
longer, and the rudimentary csndal rays are nnasnally nnmeroai
siHJcitiien nearly a foot long had the alimenbiry caual fuar timn
trSHES OF THE SAVANNAH BASIN. 29
Genus NOTURUS Bafinesque.
38. NoTUBUS INSIGNIS {Richardson) QUI & Jor.
SStfmw wuurginaim9 Baud.
This species is abandaDt in the rock-pools of Keedy River. It prob-
blf Occam Iq all the Atlantic streams as far north as Peunsylvania.
ANGUILLID^.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunlerg,
39. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.
The commoQ Eel is abundant in all the streams of the Southern States
08 far explored.
LEPIDOSTEIDiE.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacepede.
40. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (L.) Ag.
This Ash is said to occur in the Saluda, but we obtained no specimens.
II. — WATEEBASIN OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER.
Fifteen species are ascertained to occur in the water-basin of the
ItvaoDah. Of thcHe, two species are recorded from npocimens in the
Tnited States National Museum ; one on the authority of Profesj^or
Igissiz, the others from our collections in the Tugaloo Hirer and in Toe-
M Greek. None of these species are peculiar to the Savannah Basin.
the common Cgprinidw are all of Tennessee River types ; the others are
4tber sf^ecies of general distribution, or else are shared with other
iootbem streams. ^
Id seining the Tugaloo Eiver, two rather unexpected features were
iade manifest: first, the very small number of small fishes, both Cypri-
iMr and EtheostomatidcB inhabiting the river. There seem to be very
bv species present, and these few are represented by very few individ-
Ids. Although the islands below the mouth of Panther Creek fcrnish
QSt excellent seining-ground, yet our fishing was a series of '^ water-
▲ fliuBle draw of the seine in the Saluda or the Etowah would
cues and more individuals than were secured in
30 CONTBISnTIONS TO NORTH AUEEICAIT ICHTHTOLOGy — n
The second )>ecnliarity of tbe Tagaloo faaua is that its oband
flbhes are all of ty|>ea abuodant ia the Teuaessee Rirer, but Dot
from aay otltor of tbe Atlaatic streams. Of tbese may be men
Photogenic gnlaeturvi, Luxilus coccogatu, Hydrophlox mbrieroen
Catogtomua nigricans. The close proximity of the sources of the T
and tbe Little Tennessee, War Woman Crrek and Little TenneMe<
rising on opposite sides of _ Rabun Gap, and of the Tallnlah ai
HiaWHS»ei>, may perbups help to explain this auonialy of distribn
ETHKOSTOMATIDiE.
Genus HADEOPTERUS Affossb.
1. DA.DB0PTSBU8 NiaROFASOtATUS ^ff.
A single large specimen was taken in Toccoa Creek, near '
Falls. '
CENTRARCHID^.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lac^p^.
2. MiCROPTERUS SALMOIDES (LtfC.) OitL
(Var. MbaoUet.)
Tbe small-montbed Black Bass or " Trout '^ of Ibe Sontlieni at
liiliooflu-c. Al;ili;niKi) differs f
i
FI8BGB8 OF TtiE SAVANNAH BASIN. 31
bntrked by pretty regalar lines of dark olive-green spots along the
aerieiof scales. The lower fins are asnally more or less red, and the
khek, yellow, and white coloration of the caudal fin, so conspicnoos iu
joiogq)ecimeos of the Northern form — in the Western States, at least —
k not Dodceable in the Soathern variety.
Ibis species is abundant in the tribataries of the Savannah, where it
ii known as the <' Trent ''•
• Genus XENOTIS Jordan.
3. Xenotis sanguinolentus {Agassiz) Jordan,
kiV>AK (1S77), Add. Lyo. Nat. Hist. 318.
A single 8i>ecimen of this beautiful fish is in the National Museum
from Augusta, Oa. It is identical with my specimens from the Etowah,
aeotioned in the paper above cited, but it is possibly not the species
to which Agassiz gave the name of sanguinolentus. The species of the
(eous Xenotis are extremely difilcult either to define or to recognize.
CYPRINODONTIDJE.
'Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz.
4. Ztgonegtbs nottii Agassiz.
A ^^ Zifgonect^s guitatus^ is recorded by Professor Agassiz from the
BaTaonah near Augusta. Professor Putnam informs me, from the ex-
imination of the type-specimens, that the species is identical with Z.
sottti Ag.
SALMONID^..
Genus SALVELINUS Richardson.
5. ^^ILTELINUS FONTINALIS {Mitch.) QUI & Jor.
The common Brook Trout is very abundant in the clear tributaries of
tte Chatuga and Toxaway Kivers, at the foot of the Blue Ridge. This
i*T'ery near the southern limit of the species, although it is said to occur
in certain tributaries of the Upper Chattahoochee, farther west.
CYPRINID^.
Genus LUXILUS Rafinesqiie.
6. LuxiLUB coccoGENis (Cope) Jordan.
beAQtifol species is common in the Tugaloo. The numerous
'\ pale, and showed only traces of the distibctive red
32 CONTEIBOTIOSS TO KOETH AHEBICAH ICBTHYOLOGT — ^m.
Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.
7. PHOTOGKKIS GALACTUnUS (Ccpe) J. «£ B.
BaptUepi* galaclurut CoPB (1870), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. IGO
Tbe most aliuDdatit fish iu the Tiigitloo. Our specimens were verf
|)ale Hud-diill colored, but tbey nre not otberwiiie differeat from ^cd'
mens of F. galactuma t'roDi the Tenuessee aud Cumberland Biven.
Genus HYDROPHLOX Jordan.
8. HVDBOPQLOX BUBRICBOCBUS (Cope) J. <£ 8.
Hyhoptii rtibrierooeva Cope (1663), Joarn. Ac. Nur. Sc £11.
ThU Burpaasiiigly beautiful little fish abounds in the rock-pools of tbe
smaller tributaries of tbe Tugaloo. lu Toecoa Creek, it is very abniH
dunt, far otitnumbcring all otber speeies. We obtained many stieoi-
nieua ft-om tliu |iool at tbe loot of Toceoa I'alla.
Tbe lile-coloi'H are as follows: Dark steel blue; a dark lateral band of
c<>Hly punctuliitiuna, whicb is usually distinct on tbe anterior half vi
body, and passes tbrough tbe eye aiouiid tbe snont. All the Bus of a
ricli clear red ; the dorsal ratbcr crimson, the eandal pfuk, the lower Bus
full bright scarlet. Uend all pale scarlet -iL-d, the lower jaw fluked, M
if bloody, a lustrous streak alung the sides, below which ia a distiuefe
(•ilvery lustre. Eyes silvery, sumenbat flashed with re<1. In hick
coloration, the entire body becomes more or leas red. This red piff-
ment becomes more evident when a flsb is Brst placed in alcohol. Ffnl
FISHES OF THE SAVANNAH BASIN. 33
^U species is related to C7. hypsinotus (Gopo)^ bat has a less elevated
^^1 regioD and longer barbels.
10. Cbbatighthts biguttatus (Kirtland) Oirard.
Tbe ** Horny Head'' is abundant iu all the small streams falling into
ibe Tngaloo. It famishes much harmless sport for the amateur anglers
rbo yearly visit the beautiful Tallulah region.
CATOSTOMIDJl.
Genus MYXOSTOMA Bafinesque.
11. Myxostoma cbrvinum {Cope) Jor.
lie little " Jump Rocks" occurs in some abundance in the Tugaloo
t its tributaries.
Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Suem.
{Hylomyson Agassiz.)
12. CATOSTOMUS NIGETCANS Le S.
*be Hog-sucker occurs in rapid waters of the Tugaloo and Toccoa.
B cot known to occur iu any other of the Atlantic streams south of
Potomac.
SILURID^.
Genus AMIURUS Rafinesque.
13. Amiuuus platycephalus (Oirard) Gill,
The original types of this species in the Smithsonian Institution were
a tributary of the Savannah at Anderson, S. C.
Genus ICHTII^LURUS Bafinesque.
14. ICHTH^LURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor,
fbe common '^Channel Cat" is found in some abundance in the T«
oo River.
ANGUILLIDiE.
Genus ANGUILLA Tlmnberg.
16. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.
'^van inhabitant of tbe waters of the Tugaloo.
3
34 COKTRIBUllpSS TO NORTH AWEeiCAN ICHTHTOLOQY — in.
III.— WA TEE- BASIN OP THE ALTAMAHA BITEB.
Ttventy-tbrce Species are known tn occar in tbe water-ba«Q of tl
Altamaba, exclasive of tbe Sbad {Ahsa sapidisntna), wbicb afcendsa
tbeSoatberD rivers until preventeil by ttiedaios Of these twenty-tbiw
four nro known only from tbe Oconee and Ocmulgee, viz, yothtmotu
inscriptug, Egdrophlox luUpinnU, Codoma callisema,&ad Codoma xantra
Tbo otbers are cbicfly species of general tlistribation. Five species <rer
obtained by tbe writers in the headwaters of Ifae Oconee Biver, Tii
yotlumotvs inscriptun, HHcroptertis salmoides. Hgdropblox lutiptnnia, CeW
iciilhyg rubri/rons, and Ceraticktkys Mguttatus. The otber Hpeciea nwo
tioned below are from the Ocinulcee.
ETHEOSTOMATID^.
Genus HADROPTERUS Agwisu.
1. Uadeoptekus nigbofasciatus Agas»is.
Taken at tbe Flat Shoals in tbn South Fork of the Ocmnlgee.
Genus BOLEOSOMA DeKay.
2. BOLEOSOMA MACCLATICEPS Cope.
A s[ieciniL>u, apparently of tbis siiecies, from the Ocmnlgee Biver i
Macon, Qa.
FISHES OF THE ALTAMAHA BASIN. 35
wbieh is somewhat larger than the anal ; the two dorsal (Ids coDDected
bjmembniDe. Dorsal XI-1, 11. Anal II, 8.
Dorsal spines a little more than half the length of head. Pectorals
and rentrals well developed.
Color, in spirits : Olive, with an orange spot on on each scale, these
fonDJog eontinaoas lines along the rows of scales. These lines are quite
ooQspicoous, as in Xenisma catenatum. Three dark blotches across tbe
back: one in front of dorsal, forming a black spot on the anterior dor-
ulspiDes; one between the two dorsal fins, forming a similar black
ipoton the last part of the spinous dorsal ; and one on the caudal pedun-
cle, behind the second dorsal.
Sides with about six irregular dark olive blotches just below the
bteral line. Second dorsal, caudal, and pectoral extensively dusky-
sbaded. Anal unicolor. Head dusky above, a dark line downward, and
one forward from eye.
A female specimen taken lacked the lines of orange spots, and it was
oiore distinctly blotched on the sides. In life, the male specimen had
tbe entire anal fin, the cheeks, opercles, and a bar below the eye bright
blue. The extreme edge of the spinous dorsal was blackish ; below this
bright orange red, and a dusky bar at the base. The colored lines of
spots were ferruginous, or scarlet-red, rather than orange.
Length 2^ inches.
Two specimens only were taken, in the upper waters of the Oconee
Kiver, at Sulphur Springs, in Hall County, Georgia.
This is one of the most beautiful of this interesting genus. In the
«Dooth head, it resembles K. thalassinvsj and differs from the others
known. The entirely dissimilar coloration separates it at once from If,
CENTRARCHIDiE.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacepede,
4. MiCROPTERUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) QUI.
Var. salmoides,
-^bnndant in the Oconee and Ocmulgee.
Genus CHJENOBRYTTUS Gill
\ GHiENOBRTTTUS vmiDis (C. <fc V.) Jordan.
^^mtA^' mkt in the Ocmulgee.
36 COHTBIBUTIOKS TO NOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTBTOLOQY — IIL
Genue LEPIOPOJrUS Mafinesque.
C. LEPIOPOMUe AUEITUS (L.) Raf.
Common in the Ocmolgee River.
Genus CENTRA.RCHUS Cuvier & Valmcietines.
7. Cehtrabchus macuoptekus [tadpide) Jordan.
Several BpccimeoR of the large-fitnied Centrarckus tire in tbe {JdIK
States National Musootn, from the Ocmnlgec River, near Macon, 0<
Tbe characters distinguistiiiig this species from (7. frideu are giveo i
Bulletin No. 10 of the National Museum, p. 31.
ESOCID^.
Genus ESOX Liiinmus.
S. Esox itETicuLATHs Le Sueur.
Found iu tbe Ocmnlgce Kiver.
CyPKINID^.
Genus ALBUENOPS Oirard.
yjBHES OP THK ALTAMAUA BA8IN. 37
l^ove, the rnnuBle moderately rouuded. Eye rather large, nearly as
:>iiS as the massle, 3} to 3f in bead.
Month large, qaite oblique, the maxillary reaching to orbit, the man-
iible indaded.
Scales mediam, 6-40-^, rather closely imbricated, about 21 in front
of the dorsaL Dorsal nearer caudal than muzzle, distinctly behind the
ventrals. Dorsal 1, 8. Anal 1, 8. Pectorals not reaching nearly to ven*
Uals, the latter not to vent.
Color, in spirits: Clear olive; a dark, burnished, plumbeous lateral
' bmd, which extends through the eye and up the caudal fin : whole
body bright crimson : fins yellow.
. Colors, in life: Clear olive above, with very intense green dorsal
and vertebral lines; an intense metallic blackish band along sides;
bdow this the sides bright silvery, in the males bright, clear red, the
color of red 'berries ; the whole body more or less flushed with red, the
bdly especially bright : iris crimson.
Fins all bright golden-yellow: silvery space below ^-e strongly
ninkei : tip of lower jaw black.
T^h 2, 4-4, 2, with masticatory surface developed.
Length 2} to 3 inches.
Tliis species is extremely abundant in the headwaters of the Oconee,
in clear rapid streams. It is one of the most brilliant of the genus.
Eydrophlox lutipinnia is deeper-bodied than H. rubricroceus. It has
alsoasQialler mouth and different coloration, especially of the fins. From
A, eUorocephaluSj \\ differs in the larger mouth, larger size, and smaller
scales: the pectoral and ventral fins are also usually shorter. The
teeth, also, are 2, 4, instead of I, 4.
Genus CODOMA Girard.
11. CoDOMA XiENURA Jordan.
J'JwKiM (Pkotoffeni8) xcenuru8 JordanX1877), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 79.
This beautiful fish is the most abundant species in the rapids of the
Ocmolgee at Flat Shoals.
12. CoDOMA CALLISEMA Jordan.
^S/kmacaUitema Jordan (1877), Ado. Lyo. Nat. Hist. 3G3.
This species, one of the most elegant of the genus, is very abundant
ii the South Fork of the Ocmulgce. It differs from the other species of
38 CONTB1BDTIOH8 TO NOKTH AMBBICAK ICHTHYOLOGT — lit.
tbe genas in the presence of a single row of teeth and ia the more ac
rior position of tbe dorsal, which is scarcely at all posterior to tbe ^
trals. It is, however, rather a Codoma tbau an Epiaema.
Genus KOTEMIGONUS Bafinesque.
13. KOTGUISONUS auebiganhs (£.} Jor.
A'olnttffoMHt itdtaaiu Jordan (1677), Ado. Lj-c. Nst. HUL 364.
Very abundant everywhere in the Ucmulgec in still or deep wat4
Adnit specimens have tbe lower flns jellow, tipped with scarlet.
Genus CERATICHTHYS Batrd.
14. Cebatichthys BUBBiPBONs Jordan.
Xteomi* rubrifron* JoitD-U<' (1^77), Add. Lfc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 330.
This handsome little fish was first describetl from the Ocmnlgee Bive
where it is abundiinL It is also common in the Oconee.
15. Cebaticbthts biguttatcs (Kirt.) tjirard.
Abaadaat in the Oconee; not noticed in the Ocmnlgee.
Genus SEMOTILUS Rafinesque.
16. SEMOTILrS COIIPOEALIS {Slit) PutMtm.
From a small brook, tributHry to the Ocmnlgee. In the Sooth, tl
FISHES OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE BASIN. 39
SILURIDJ).
Genus ICHTH^LURUS Bafinesque.
20. loHTHJiLUKUS PUNCTATUS {Rofinesque) Jordan.
Very common in tbe Ocmulgee.
Genus AMIURUS Bafinesque.
21. Amiubus mabmoratus (Holbrook) Jordan.
A single specimen is in tbe National Maseum, collected by Dr. Hol-
bn)okiD tbe Altamaba Hiver. Tbe species occurs in abundance in tbe
^ams aud slougbs of Soutbern lliiuois.
22. Amiubus bbunneus Jordan,
Very abundant in tbe Ocmulgee, from whicb river it was first de-
scribed.
ANGUILLID^.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.
23. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.
Eels occur in all tbe larger tributaries of tbe Oconee and Ocmulgee.
IV. — WATER BASIN OF THE CUATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.
Oar collections in tbe Cbattabooebee Basin bave been ratber unsatis-
factory, as only twenty-one spt'cies bave been obtained. Of ibcse, tbrce
*<^Di to be cbaracteristic of tbe river, and bave not yet been obtained else-
'^here; Setnotilus thoreauianu^, Photogenis leucopus, and Codoma eury-
*U>ma, Tbe otber species taken are found also eitber in tbe Altamaba
or Alabama, or botb.
The Chattaboochee is notewortby as being, so far as is at present
^novrn^ tbe easternmost limit in tbe Soutbern States of tbe Rock Bass
[^iHhhpUteH rupestris) and tbe Red Horse {Myxostoma duquesnii)^ as tbe
i 'ejjterninost limit of tbe range of tbe *' Green Cat " {Amiurus hrnnneus)^
*te War-moutb Percb {Chwnobrytius viridis), and tbe "Jump Rocks"
UMpma cervinum). It is also tbe westernmost of tbe series of riv-
Baot/ee, Savannab, Altamaba, and Gbattaboocbee —
loes not occur.
40 C0MTHIBUTION8 TO NOKTH AMERICAS ICHTHTOLOOY — 111.
Four of tbe Bpeck-s here ineiilioDed wen collected sevenil yfr
ago by Dr. Hugh M. Neitiler at some point in Georgia, Cfae record of
locality not ciTtaiuly prtservfd, but supi>08td to be Fliut Biver, and
DOW iu the Museum of tbe SmithHoniun lustitotion. Tbese are Coin
ttoma anomalum, SemotUva tlioreauianus, Codoma formoaa ("■ ffrandifi
nw"), aud' Apkododerus sayanus [^'Aalernotremia meaotrema "}.
ETHEOSTOMATID^.
Genus HADROPTERUS AgassU.
1. Hadeopiebds niobofasciatus Agtuaiz.
Abandant at the Shallow Ford of the Chattaboochee near GuSae
Tille, Oa.
CENTRARCHIDiE.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lucepede.
2. MiCEOPTEBUS PALLIDUS {Bof.) Q. <£ J.
Not very abandant.
3. MiCROPTEBUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) QilL
Very codhdod.
Genus A^IBLOPLITEB Itajfncsmic.
FISHES OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE BlSIN. 41
APHODODERIDJL.
Genus APHODODERUS Le Sueur.
7. APHODODBBUS SATANT7S (OiU) DeK.
The Bpecimen described in Balletin No. 10, U. S. Nut. Mus., as Aster-
wf^nmitLmemiitrema Jor., doabtless belongs to this species. Tlio ^^ genas ^
kfkmoirtmia is probably an immature stage of Aphododerus.
CYPEINIDJ;.
Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.
8. PHOTOGENIS LEUOOPUSy irp. nOV.
Adender, rather plain speciesi closely resembling Photogenis niveus
fron tbe Saluda.
Body elougate, compressed, tapering toward tbe snoot and tbe long
caodal peduncle. Depth 4} in length. Head moderate, 4^ in length,
IttXer than in P. niveuSy rather pointed, wide on top. Snout rather
loBgaml somewhat i>ointed. Mouth large, qnite oblique, the intermax-
lUaries on the level •£ the pupil : upper jaw slightly longest. Eye
■oderate, rather less than snout, 3^ io head. Scales moderate, rather
closely imbricated, but less so than in P. analostanus, G-39-3.
Fins moderate, D. I, 8, A. I, 8, tbe dorsal evidently bebiud the veu-
tnls. Pectorals not reaching nearly to ventrals, tbe latter not quite to
^'cnt. Neither dorsal nor anal si>ecially elevated.
Teeth 1, 4-4, 1, hooked, with narrow grinding surfaces and usually
MDowhat crenate.
Color olivaceous, the sides bright silvery: a rather ineonapicnous
dark blotch on last rays of dorsal, as in rehited species. A round black
HH)t, Dearly as large as eye, at base of caudal, precisely as in Codoma
^9towa. In life, the coloration is pale ; the dorsal fin is chiefly of a
dear yellowish-green color, as though yellowish pigment were mixed
with wbite ; tbe upper part is of a pale ferrugineousred and tbe extreme
tip milky-white. The caudal fin is ferrugineous, with milk-white tips.
The lower fins, especially the ventrals, are milk-white. Tbe snout in
oales is tnberculate, and very minute prickles occur on tbe sides of tbe
Mdal peduncle. Length 3^ to 4 inches.
Very abundant in the Chattahoochee Eiver at the Shallow Ford ; not
notieed elsewhere.
42 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — III.
Compared with P. niveusj P. leucoptLS Las a different form, the dorsal
region is less elevated, and the uuchai region less depressed. The month
is larger, the maxillary extending to nearly opposite the eye, instead of
falling short. The eye is larger and the mouth is less inferior in P. 2ev-
capus. The coloration is somewhat different.
Photogenis leucopms also resembles Codoma eurystoma^ but that species
has a heavier head, larger eye, stouter body, and different dentition and
coloration.
Genus CODOMA Girard.
9. CoDOMA EURYSTOMA Jordan,
rhotogenis eurystoviua Jordan (1^77), Aun. Lye. Nat. Hist. 356.
This is the most abundant Cypriuoid in the tributaries of the Chat-
tahoochee liiver. It frequents especially the cold streams, but does not
seem to be adverse to mud. In Suwannee Creek, a deep, cold, muddy
stream flowing through the >voods. this was almost the only species
obtained.
Its life-colors are as foIli)Ws : General color of Luxilus comutus on body,
but the sides with considerable coppery lustre. Dorsal fin with a sharp,
black, horizontal bar nbout half-way up. In young fishes, this bar is
red. The tin above is somewhat milky ; below, it is pale. There is a
small, but distinct, round, black, caudal spot. The caudal fin is chiefly
ot a rather dull feirugiuous red. The base of the fin is pale, the tips
rather milUy. The anstl fin is unniarked. There are gilt Hues along the
back and sides. A dark humeral bar is usually present, and the upper
edge of the pectoral fin is largely black.
The teeth of this species are usually 1, 4-4, 1, as at first described,
but we have found several individuals 1, 4-4, 2. This species resembles
somewhat Phoiogcnis Icucopus^ but it is stouter every way, with deeper
body, larger head, and much larger eye.
10. Codo:ma FOR3IOSA {Putnam) Jordan.
(Alburnus fomw8U8 Putnam, Lcuchcus hijpsdopierus GUutber, Photogenia grandipinnis
Jordau.)
The typical specimens of P. grandipinniH are suppose<l to have beer
collected in Flint liiver. Leuciscvs hypacloptcrns of Glinther is doubtless
the same species. We follow Giiuther in identifying Alburnus formosus
Putnam as the same, although there is little in the very imperfect orig-
inal description to warrant it.
FI8UES OF THE CHATTAUOOCHEE BASIN. 43
Genus CAMPOSTOMA AgassU
11. CAMPOSTOMA ANOMALUM {Raf.) Ag.
Specimens in Dr. Neislcr's collection, supposed to have been taken in
the Flint Biver^ in Taylor County, Georgia.
V
Genus SEMOTILUS Bqfinesque.
12. Skmotilus thoreauianus Jordan.
The types are in Dr. Neibler's collection, probably from Flint Siver.
Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.
13. CERATICHTHYS BiGUTTATUS {Kirlland) Oirard.
Very abundant in the Chattahoochee.
CATOSTOMID^.
Genus MYXOSTOMA Rafinesque.
14. Myxostoma duquesnii [Le Sueur) Jordan.
V species which we are unable to distinguish from the common "Red
Iloree'^of the Ohio is abundant in the Chattahoochee.
15. Myxostoma cervinum Cope.
A few specimens taken in the Shallow Ford.
Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.
IG. Erimyzon sucktta (Lac ) Jor.
From Peach Tree Creek near Atlanta.
SILURID^.
Genus ICHTITiELURUS Bafinesque.
17. ICHTniELURUS PUNCTATUS (Raf.) Jor.
is exceedingly abundant in tbe Chattahoochee.
44 CONTBIBUTIONS TO KOUTU AMERICAN ICH*rHYOLOQY — 111.
Genus AMIUHUS Rqfinesque.
IS. Amiurus BGUNNEUS Jordan.
Tbis iH tlio most abuoilimt edible fisb iit the Chattabuocbee. V
K(ii:un>il iijiwtinlii of lotty laige specimens in tno bours' seioing at Ili>
Klmllow Ford. It grow^ to tbe leugtb of about IS iiiclies, atid is idikI
valued uu food. It is UHually bnowo as the Mud OaL
Genus NOTURUS Rafinesq^-
19. >'OTUBUS LEPTACANTHUS JortJaa.
.ViilNiNa Ifplafanthut Juhhan (1c<>7), Ai>u. Lj c. Nat. HUl. N. Y. Si2.
Tbi.s siH'di'M wiDt originally described from a single speciuit-u takiiii
SilviT UiVfk, a tributary of ibe Etowub. A second H[>ecimeii. Kiinilc
rn the Ural, wits taki'U by us at tlic Shallow Ford duviug the [mstsun
uivr, and siiu'u lUfii a third, at the same locality as tbt; first. lu i-olu
thJH sptTit's is of a rich pale triiii»piin>nt brown, very slightly nintllc
with dnrktT.
LEPIDOSTEID^.
Gmius LEPIDOSTEUS Lacifede.
tM. LElMDUSTErS OSSECS (£.} Aff,
FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 45
Alabama Basin. These are: Xcnisma steWferunu Zygonecies guttatus^
Zjig(miete$ kieroglyphicusy Hydrophlox xamoccphalusy Hfjdrophlox chroso-
ait, Codoma callistia^ Codoma trickroistia^ Codoma coerulea^ Codoma
tUpnatura^ yotrapis stilbiuSj Phenacobius catostomus^ Catostomus nigri-
mMietovanuSj and Myxostoma euryops. 1 exclude from ibis enumeration
OM or two species recorded from the Black Warrior Eiver, as it is
likely that the faana of that stream will prove, iu part at least, dififerent.
Certain common Northern or Western types, apparently absent in the
ttreams hitherto noticed, make their appearance in the waters of the
Alalnmai Among these are I/uxilus comutvs^ Notemigonns chrysoleueusj
Ckambryttu8 gulosuSj Hyodouj Phenacobius, etc.
ETHEOSTOMATID^.
Genus PERCINA Haldeman.
1. Pbecina caprodes {Eaf,) Ord.
Abondaut: precisely like Northern specimens.
Genus HADROPTERUS Agassiz.
2. Hadroptebus NiGROFASCiATUS Agasniz.
Abondaut: first described from near Mobile.
Genus ULOCENTRA Jordan.
3. Ulocentra stigmjea Jordan.
Boldnma ftigmcta Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 311.
Coinraon in clear water. This species also occurs in the streams of
IiOaisiaD,a.
Genus BOLEICHTHYS Girard.
4. BoLEiCHTHYS ELEGANS Girard.
Abnndant in clear, weedy ponds. This may not be identical with
Girard's species, which was originally described from Texas.
PERCID^.
I Genus STIZOSTETHIUM Rafinesque.
5. STIZOSTETHIUM SALMONEUM Rafinesque.
^ liyer-channels of the Oostanaula. We have had no opportu-
^ specimens, and we are not sare that the Alabama fish
46 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOU>OT-r-IU.
CENTRARCHID^.
Genus MICROPTERUS Laci^da.
6. MlCBOPTEBUS PALLIDUS {Baf.) Q. A J.
Abaodant.
7. MiCBOPTERUS SALHOIDES [Lac) QUI.
(Var. aalmoidea.)
Abandant, bat less so than the preceding. The two species
known indiscriminately aa "Tront".
Genus CH^NOBRYTTUS GUI.
8. Ch^nobeyttub gulosus {C. & V.) QUI.
From the Alabama Biver at Montgomery.
Genus AMBLOPLITES Rafinesque.
9. AMBLOPLITES BUPESTBIS {Raf.) GUI.
From tbc Etowah and Oostanaola; ratber common.
Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rafinesque.
10. LEPIOPOMUS PALLIDCS (Mit.) 0. * J.
Abtindnnt in tbc Etowah aod Oostanaala.
FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN.
Genus CENTRARCHUS Cuvier <& Valendennes.
IS. Cbntbaecuus raiDBus {Lac.) 0. (ft V.
Specimens &^m Alabama lliver, at Montgomery, similar to others
ftom tbt! Neuse and from about Cliarlrston. Tljts species bns been
fooDd by Prof. S. A. Forbes in Soatbern Illinois.
G«nus POMOXYS Rafinesque.
16, PoMOXTs HiGitoMACuLATUS {Le S-) Qtrard.
Spfpimens from the Atabikmii Jliver nt Sloulgomery.
17. I'OMOXYS ANMULARia Et^.
FmiD Bound Lake near Mootgomery.
Genua HAPLOIDONOTUS Rajifiesque.
18. IlAPLOlDONOTUS GBUSNTENS Rafinesque.
Abundant in the Ooatananla.
COTTID^.
GenuB P0TAM0C0TTU8 Om.
19. POTAMOCOTTUB MERIDIONALIS (Qirard) Oill
'MiMMIu canlintt Otu. {1H61), Proc. Boat. Soo. Nat. Hist.
fItaeaiUMt toplurut JORDiH (1877), Add. Lyo. Kat. Hist. N. T. 320.
Bictedingly abandant in all the clear and cold tribotaries of the
Ethvah, Oostananla, and Coosa. Many opecimens from the cold waters
of the Cave Spring Creek. We are anable to satisfactorily distingDish
tho fomiB called zophema, caroUncE, and meridionalU, and, believing them
■IwciQcall; identical, we anite tbem under the oldest name.
APHODODERIDJ!.
Genus APHODODEEUS Le Sueur.
[iphrtdodenu Le 6. ; Stemoiremia Nelson.)
20. APHODODERns 8AYANUS (QilUams) DeKay.
SpeefmeDS from Alabama Biver near Mootgomery. Tbe fisb de-
Vibed by Professor Jordan from Flint Biver, nndcr the name of A»-
VMto mnoPrema^ is andoabtedly a variation of this spedes.
48 CONTBIBDTIONS TO KOBTH AMEBICAIT ICHTBTOLOGT — ^IIL
CTPRINODONTID^.
Genua XENISMA Jordan.
21. Xenisma STBLLiFBBnM JortUm.
Xenitma ilelli/era Jordan (ItOT), Add. Ly o. Nat. Hist. N. T. 322.
TbiH inoet exqaisitely colored fish is very abundant in all tbe eh
tributaries of thu Etowah, Oostanaula, and Cooaa. It prefers a
Haters, and ascends the " spring-runs" to tbeir fouDtuin-headB.
Genus ZYGONECTES Affossis. •
23. ZYGONECTES MOTTil Agognz.
Many speciaieus iu tbe MuBenm of tbe Academy of Natnral Seienec
of Phihidelphia, from near Mobile. This and tbe nest belong to tb
group of short-bodied species called Micrittius by Profesiior Gill.
23. Ztqokecteb guttatdb Agastiz.
Recorded by Professor Agassiz from near Mobile.
24. ZYGONECTES HIEBOGLTPHIOUS Agostiz.
Recorded by Protessor Agassiz from near Mobile. We havenen
seen either this or tbe preceding, and donbt if any one will over reoO|
uizetbetn from the published descriptious.
F.SOCID.E.
FISHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 49
DOROSOMATIDiB.
Genus DOROSOMA Rafinesque.
28. DOBOSOMA OEPEDIANUM (Lac.) OiU.
(Var. heterurum Raf.)
Specimens in the United States National Maseam from Eoaud Lake
itMoDtgomery, Ala.
OYPRlNIDiB.
Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz.
29. Oampostoma anomalum {Raf.) Ag.
Var. prolixwn (Storer).
Abandant in tbe* Etowah and Oostananla.
Genus LUXILUS Rafinesque.
30. LUXILUS CORNUTUS (Mit.) Jor.
Very abundant in all the tributaries of the Etowah, Oostananla, and
Com Bivers.
Hy specimens do not obvioasly differ from those from New York and
the Northwest.
Genus HYDROPHLOX Jordan
31. Hydeophlox chbosomus Jordan.
Sj^tpfit ckroBomus Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 333.
Very abundant in the clear tribataries of the Oostananla, Coosa, aud
fitowab. In Cedar Creek, at Cave Spring, it is the commonest species
tocorring in the clear, cold waters, with Codoma callistia and Xenisma
tktti/erum. None of our Cyprinidce excel Hydrophlox chrosomus in deli-
Mey of coloration. It is of a clear hyaline-green above; clear silvery
Mow: a scarlet band straight from upper edge of opercle to caudal :
lorsal, anal, and caudal each with a scarlet bar. In this species, the
Booth is rather less terminal than is usual in tbe group called Hydrophloa.
32. Hydrophlox xjbnocephalus Jordan.
iti» stwmoeepkaliM Jordan (1877), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 334.
M preceding, but rather less common. This species bears some
B Toong of Codoma callistia.
60 COHTRIBnTIONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT — IH.
Genus CODOMA Girard.
33. CoDoau. BTIGHATUBA Jordan.
Photogenii ftigmatuni$ Jordan (1817), Ann. L;c. Nat. Rist. N. Y.337.
This elegnnt species is vt-ry'^HbaiidaDt in the tribataries of the)
wah, Oostauaulft, and Cooan. In tbose streams which are oeitlier i
clear Hnd cold nor very muddy, it is Dsaally the most abnndant spei
34. CoDOMA OALLiSTiA Jordan.
Phologtuii cuffiMiM JORDAN (1877). Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 337.
A large, ornate species, more brilliantly colored than the preced
hub U'HH graceful in form. Female specimens are dull dark olive, i
Ibo dorsal fln brick-red. This species occars with the preceding, hi
rather less abundant.
35. CODOMA TBICHBOISTIA Jordan & Gilbert, »p. not.
A smiill, slender species, grnceful in form and elegant in coloral
It is most nearly related to C. caltiatia, but may lie readily distinguis
Body mthcF slender, considerably compressed, the depth 4J in leo
Head rather sktnder and jrainted, 4| in length. Eye of modentei
:H in bead. Month quite large, very oblique, the maxillary ezten
to opiK>site the anterior margin of the eye, and the premaxilb
being on » level with the middle of the pupil, the mouth thus fa<
nf .V-
HBHES OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. • 61
eitUy the anterior pait| is of a bright pale vermiUion-red. The caadal
fio to chiefly rosyi the tips millL- white. The anal is miUsy, with a decided
flush of Tose-eolor. The yentrale are milky.
Female spedmene are daller, bat the black fln-marklDgs and the caa-
dal spot are similar in all. In the female of C. calliatiaj the dorsal mark-
iop are obliterated.
In the males, in spring, the head and anterior dorsal region are rather
ipusdy taberenlate. The caadal pednncle and the space below the
literal line as far forward ns the ventrals are covered with similar
tobendes.
TMh 1, 4-4, 1, of the nsnal ty|)e, hooked and sharp-edged. Maxi-
■om length 2| inches. C. callistia reaches a length of 4 inches.
Ooioma trickroiatia is very abundant in the clear tribataries of the
Etowah and Oostanaala. Specimens were taken by Messrs. Jordan and
Gilbert in 187d. bat the species was at first confoanded by as with C.
mUiitiaj which it mach rambles in coloration. The entirely different
Boath will distingaish the two species at once.
36. Ebogala OiBBULEA Jordan.
Jordan (1877), Add. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. T. 338.
This most delicate and gracefal fish has thas far been only fonnd in
the Oostanaala River and its tributary, Rocky Creek.- It prefers clear
vatere.
37. CODOMA FOBMOSA (Putnam) Jordan.
The typical specimens of Alburnua formosvs Putnam and of Leuciscus
^n^dopterus GUnther were obtained from near Mobile. The species
tberefore belongs to the fauna of the Alabama Basin. Giiuther's
description applies well to ^^Photogenis grandipinnis Jor.", and Alburnns
fifno9U9 is probably the same.
The following is an analysis of the characters of the species of the
Mihgeoas Erogala at present known : —
^Ktion I. ADal fin elongate, iU rays 1, 10, or 1, 11 : teeth 1, 4-4, 1.
*• 0OIM1 fio entirely posterior to ventrals, its rays, in males, longer than head, reach-
ing nearly to the base of the oandal : body short, mach compressed : back
elevated; depth 4 in length: head 4^: mouth large, very oblique, the
Jaws eqnal : black dorsal blotch very distinct : a distinct black caudal
spot : coloration and tubercles nnknown : size small ; length 2^ in-
ches FORMOSA, 1.
ii* Doffsal fin slightly posterior to ventrals, its longest rays, in males, shorter than
the head, and not reaching nearly to base of caudal : caudal peduncle
taberculate : fins with much red : sice medium ; length 3^ inches.
92 90NTBIBDTION8 TO NOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTHVOLOOT — ni.
t. Body deep, compTeeeed ; depth 3) to 3f in leugtb : floa ftll grektly e1e?ktcdi(be
height oftbe dorsal five^ixtbs the len|[ttaof the head: iiiaule,ut«titr
part of dotsal fin, and « broad cresceat in the middla of the eandil b
bright scarlet: poaterior niar)[iD of caudal blackish; no black «pM it
base of caudal prKBBOnLU,!
bb. Body more eloagate, leas compresaed, ita depth 4 lo 4^- iu length: finaallnte
low, the loageet doraal ra; scarcely | length of head : donal, anal, Hd
cantlal fins chiefly bright crimson : no definite daik margin to eaad>l:
a faint black caadal spot x.aKtnu,).
Section II. Anal fin short, ita rays I.S, or 1,9.
'Teeth one-rowed, 4-4. Dorsal fin ecarcely at alt poaterior to ventrala, Itafinti^
nearer anont than base of oandal: body elongate, compreaaed: omA
Bmalliab, obliqae, rather inferior : dorsal fin ijreutly elevated, the laii|Mf
ray, io males, longer than the head: black dorsal blotch well oiarlud:
dorsal, anal, and caadal fins chiefly of a brjgbt ferraginmu-anafsi
a bine streak along alilea : size small ; length 31- inches. . .caixiseu,!
■■ Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, 1 (often 1, 4-4, 3, in C. exrytfcMMi).
0. Black markings of the dorsal fin not in tbe form of a horimntal bat aenal tbi
fin.
d. Adult males without red markings on tbe floe,
e. Nodiatioot black ordark blaeepot at baeeof eandal: body abort and daift
strongly coDipreesed : floe uot greatly elevated, tbe doiMtl largelyoft
bright luetrons pale green : black donal mariiiogs distinct : a bloiri
streak along sides : males with the whole body tnbercatate, except tbi
space anterior to tbe ventrala and below the latersl line : bead poiolad
month oblique, the upper jaw projectiug: siie anjall; length 3 is
chee cHu>Ki«n*,B
«. A rather faint dark blue caudal spot, preceded by a very dininot latat*
band of clear blue : aides chiefly blue and silvery: flns dear yelIo*,lh<
black markings obscnre : body tiknder : month email : Bna not gnatf}
elevatt'd : size Rniall ; length 3( inches cxMCLUft
em. A large, very conspicuous jet-black spot at base of candal : body elaofsM)
moderately compressed : color pale olivaceona or bluish : sides silTcty:
FI8HE8 OF THE ALABAMA BASIN. 53
R
Genus NOTROPIS Bafinesque.
.38. NoTBOPiS LIBUS Jordan.
StWnpiM Unu Jordan (1877), Add. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 342.
Common in tributaries of the Etowah, Oostaoaula, and Ooosa in still,
deep waters. This species is not, by any means, a typical member of
the genus. In form, coloration, squamation, and nuptial tubercles, it
BBMoibles the species of Lythrurus^ from which it is technically separated
If the wont of masticatory surface on the teeth. Notropis matutinus
ipptoaches it in the small size of its scales.
39. NoTBOPis STiLBius Jordan.
StMnpii 9HUrims Jordan (1877), Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. T. 343.
Abundant in the water-basin of the Alabama. The species of this
IMrns greatly need revision.
Genus NOTEMIGONUS Bafinesque.
\ 40. NOTEMIGK>NUS CHBYSOLEUOUS {Mit.) Jor.
i
[ {Kkmerieana of moet writers ; Dot CyprinMS americanus Linuftus, which is a SoatheaMt-
era species— ^otomi^oitiM ischanus Jor.)
This familiar species is very abundant in bayous and weedy streams
- in the basin of the Alabama.
Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope.
41. PHENACOBIUS CATOSTOMUS Jordan.
'UMc^iM cato$tomu9 Jobdan (1877), Add. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 332.
This Strongly marked species was found in abundance in two clear
^eams. Silver Creek and Cedar Creek, tributaries respectively to the
^wah and the Coosa. This is a much stouter species than P. uranops
Oope; it has less developed lips and is in various other ways dissimilar.
Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird,
42. Cebatiohthys winchelli {Oirard) Jordan.
n$ wimeMli Girakd (1856), Proc. Ao. Nat. So. Phila. 1856, 211.
IVifiolCftyf kpalinus Cope (1868), JourD. Ao. Nat. So. Phila. 1868, 236.
vy eommoD in the Alabama Basin. 0. higuttatug was not obtained
uiy of the tributaries of the Alabama. It seems, however, to
I bj Gkardaftom the Black Warrior, under the name
54 C0KTBIBUTI0K8 TO HOHTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOGY — IIL
Genus SEMOTILUS Bqfineaque.
43. Semotiltjs conpoBALiB (Mit) PtUnam.
Commou in the SDinlleretreams.
Genus RHINICHTHYS Agassiz.
44. EHiHtCHTavB oBiusus Agtusis.
Very common in tbe Bpring-ruus tributary to the Etowob andOottt
iiaula.
CATOSTOMID^.
Genus MYXOSTOMA Bafinesque.
45. Mtxostoma iviAcBoLEpmoitJM DUQUBsmi (Le S.) JardaM.
Tbe " Bed Horsu " i» common in tbe Etonab aoU Oostanaala. TU
Utchryinale (Cope) also occur i.
40. MisosTOMA ETJEYOPS Jordan.
lasaatoma rurgopa Joiidan (IdTT), Alq. Lju. Nat. HiBt. N. T. 3M.
From Lovejoy's Creek, a tributiiryof theOoataoaula. The type-tpM'
men of this singular si>ecies still remaios unique.
Genus CATOSTOMUS U Sueur.
1 *'#;ii#^'' J- ,
§^ r f f f ,:^ifiili fl^ #» tag AXdiBiiiyL BAsm. il6
0611118 OABPIODES Bafinesque.
QO. Oa^piobbs OYPBmus (£0 8.) Ag.
A 8iD|^ q[)edincai firoin Bound Lake near Montgomery, Ala«, appa-
iCD^ iiiMitieal with PennsylvaDia examples.
Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassiz.
61. BUBALIOHTHTS (TAUBUS) Agossiz.
Bwidid by Professor Agassiz from the Alabama. Other species of
''BoflUo Pish'' doubtless oocor in the Alabama, bnt the species have
new teen stadied.
SILURIDiE.
Genus ICHTHiELURUS liqfinesque.
62. lOHTHJEELUBUS PUNOTATUS (Baf.) JoT.
Alxmdant in the basin of the Alabama.
G^nus AMIURUS Bqfinesque.
63. AHIUBnB NATALIS ANTONIBNBIS (Grd.) JOT.
Aboudaut in muddy tribataries of the Etowah and Ooosa.
Genus NOTURUS Bafinesque.
54. NOTUBUB LEPTAOANTHUS Jordan.
Two specimens, taken in Silver Creek, and a third specimen, from the
CiiaUahoocbee, are all that are at present known of this carioas little
"pedes.
ANGDILLID^.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.
65. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.
Abundant.
LEPIDOSTEID^.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lacepede.
06. Lepidostbus osseus (L.) Ag.
^^Wk the Ck>stanaQla; probably common.
56 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY ^IIL
VI.— WATER-BASIN OF THE TENNESSEE RIYEB.
The fish-faana of the Tennessee Hiver has been pretty fully studied,
especially as to its Cyprinidod, Thirty-seven species were obtained by
Professor Cope in the French Broad, thirty-four in the Holston, and
twenty- five by Professor Jordan in tribntaries of the Clinch and French
Broad, making in all some sixty different species known to inhabit the
upper waters of the Tennessee. In the lower course of the river, thirty-
four species are recorded by Professor Agassiz from the Tennesaee
River at Huntsville, Ala. ; twenty species were obtained by the writers
from the Chickamauga Hiver at Einggold, Oa., and seventeen species
from Elk River at Estill Springs in Tennessee. About sixty-eight spe-
cies are therefore known to occur in the lower course of the river. In
all, eighty-two different species are known to inhabit the waters of the
Tennessee. To this number many species of large fishes inhabiting the
Ohio at the mouth of the Tennessee might, with certainty, be added;
but it is not the province of this paper to record guesses. Forty-six
species are therefore certainly common to the upper and .lower coarses
of the Tennessee River.
The species at present known in the Tennessee Basin, only from the
upper course, — the Clinch, Holston, and French Broad Rivers, — are the
following .'7—
Hadropterus uurantiacus.
Diplesium simoterum.
Notbouotus zonalis.
Nothonotus vulneratus.
Notbonotus rufilineatus.
Etheostoma flabellare.
Salvelinus fontinalis.
Alburnops spectrunculus.
Ilydrophlox rubricroceus.
Hydrophlox lacertosua
Episema leucioda.
Notropis micropteryx.
Notropis atheriuoides.
Hemitremia vittata.
Placopharynx carinatus.
Noturus eleutherus.
In all, sixteen species.
From the lower course of the river only, the following are known: —
("Etheostoma") cinerea.
("Etheostoma") tessellata.
PoBcilichthys jessiae.
GbsBUobryttus gulosus.
Lepiopomus obscurus.
(Lepiopomus) bombifrons.
Eupomotis pallidus.
Xeuotis inscriptus.
Esox (crassus).
nyodon seleuops.
Pomolobus cbrysochloris.
Dorosomacepedianum heterurum.
Notropis lirus.
Phoxinus flam mens.
nBHBS OF THE TENNX68EE BA81K. 57
Qflftflitor.
QoMrilttda laoenu
Oupiodes biaon.
Babaliohthys onis.
Amia calva.
Acipenser maoolosns.
In all, twenty spedea.
laonaaed knowledge will considerably modify these lists. It is
fnbaUe that the sixteen species in the first list, with the probable
OMpCkniB of Noturus eleuthems and Salvelmus JmHnalUj will be fonnd
lo inhabit the lower part of the river-basin, if sought for in suitable
loeilitiac. It is likely that the tribataries of the Tennessee having their
aome in the Oumberland Mountains in Alabama have the same fish-
tens as similar streams rising in the Oumberland Mountains in Virginia.
About twelve species are at present known only from the Tennessee
Bfcr and its tributaries. These are : —
Hadioptems aurantiacus.
(Btheottoma) cinerea.
(BUieoBtoma) tessellata.
loOonotas vulneratus.
Hbtbonotus rufllineatus.
Foeiliohthys jessi».
(Lepiopomus) bombifrons.
Albumops spectrunculus.
Hydrophlox lacertosus.
Phozinus flammeus.
Bpisema leucioda.
Oeratichthys monachus.
I
As we go from the Alabama to the Tennessee, we note an increased
iMemblance in the fish-fauna to that of the Ohio and Upper Mississippi
legioD. The following are some of the Northern or Western types
added :^
Diplesiumj Etheostamaj PcBoilichthys^ Zabidesthes, Zygonectes (proper),
f^nifma, Hemitremia^ OhrosomuSj Phoxinua, Placapharynx^ Quassilabia.
COTTID^.
Genus POTAMOCOTTUS Gill
1. POTAMOCOTTUS MEEiDiONALis (Oirard) Oill.
From Ohickamauga River. Also a single specimen from the Oave
Spring at Oumberland Gap. Abundant in the French Broad Biver
(Cop0) and in the Holston.
ETHEOSTOMATID^.
Genus PERCINA Hddeman.
2. Pbboina capbodes (Eaf.) Ord.
Generally abundant in clear streams.
00 CONTBIBUTION8 TO NOBTH AMBEICAN ICHTHTOLOQT — m.
Genus ALVORDIUS Girard.
3. Alvobditjs MAcni^TUS Girard.
(f Altordiui tnaciiUtiut Grcl.; Uadropterim maculaiu* Ord.; EliieMtoma UMnioidn Aguu
etc.; AirOTCliiu atpro Cope & Jor.)
Frotn the Oliucb and French Broad Bivers. Alao abaudant in tb
ChickamaQga at Biuggold.
Genus HADROPTERUS Affoasu.
i. Hadboptebus AUBANTiAOUs (Copc) Jordao.
French Broad River {Cope).
Genus DIPLESIUM Mafineague.
5. DJPLESIUM BLENNIOIDES {Rof.) JoT.
HolstOQ and French Broad Bivers. AIho from Cbiekamaaga Bive
I>escnbcd by Professor Agassiz from Huiitsville, Alabama, andff Qi
name of Jlgostoma ncKmani.
Q. DiPLESiUM siuoTBBDM (Cope) CopeloMd.
From the Clioch and Ilolston Bivera.
Genus BOLEOSOMA DeKay.
FI8HE8 OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 59
Genus PCECILICHTHYS Agassiz.
11. PCECILICHTHYS JESSIE Jor. & Brayt.
JordiD,HMi. Vert. £. U. 8. ed. 2d, 1878, 237.
fiodj fasiforui, rather deep and compressed, the depth 5 to 5 J in leugth,
the form of the body similar to that of P. spectahilis.
Head rather large, moderately pointed, 4 in length. Mouth rather
large, terminal, the upper jaw slightly longest, not protractile. Eye
preltj large, high up, 3^ in head, about equal to snout.
Cheeks naked, scaly above: opercles scaly: throat naked: neck
above scaly : scales medium, 6-45 to 50-7. Lateral Hoe incomplete, but
extendiug farther than in P. varialns and P. spectdlnlia^ on about 35
scales, or nearly to the end of the secoud dorsal.
FJDs moderate. Dorsal, Xll—^about 12. Anal II, 9.
Color, in spirits, olivaceous, with about nine squarish, bar-like blotches
aloDg the sides, and about five dark cross-blotches on the back. Dorsal
andcaodal fins faintly barred.
Id life, the fish is chestnut-colored above, and the squares on the sides
are bright dark blue : the fius are mottled with chestnut. A dark yel-
low or orange band across the dorsal. Second dorsal and anal with dark
aiKi golden speckliugs.
! Several specimens, each about two inches long, taken in Chickamauga
Kiver at Ringgold. The specimens are certainly not fully grown, and
the coloration of the adult male is doubtless much more brilliant. It
vill be at once distinguished from P. varialus and P. fspectabilis by the
ftcaliness of th<* upi)er pari of the cheeks, by the greater development
of the lateral line, the more numerous dorsal spines, and the coloration.
This species is named for Mrs. Jessie D. Brayton.
Genus ETHEOSTOMA llafmesque.
12. ETHEOSTOMA flabeLlare Eofijiesque.
Abundant in the upper waters of the Tennessee in clear rapid
8trvam8.
Genus ? .
13. (ETnEOSTOMA) ciNEiiEA Storer.
Described from Florence, Ala. The description has reference chiefly
^ to the coloration. Neither this species nor the next have been rec-
*Qd by any author subsequent to their description.
'"'"'IIBOSTOMA) TESSELLATA IStorer,
^t at Florence, Ala.
6U C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AUEBICAN ICHTHTOLOQT — ^m.
PERCID^.
Genus STIZOSTETHIUM Bafinesgue.
IS. SrizosTKTinuM vitbedh {Cuv. A Jal.) Jor. & Copel.
FoQiid by Professor Cope in the French Broad.
16. SlIZOSTETQIUM SALHONEUH Baf.
Species of this geons occar throagbout the Tenueasee Basin. I
fenaor. Oop» ascribes this species and the preceding to the Fi«i
Brand. As we have seen no specimeD, we follow his identificatiMu.
CENTEARCHID^.
Genus MICROPTERUS Laciphde.
17. MlCROPTBBUS PALLIDCS (Ad/.) 0(7 j (£ JordOH.
Not QDOOiuiuou in (he Tennessee Basin.
IS. MiCROPTKRVS SALKOIDES (tOC) ffilt
Very wnimoii it) (fae Tennessee River.
G^nus AMBLOPLTTES Eajmesque.
XSt. AHBLOPUTES BrPESTKlS (St/.) OiU.
nSBBS OF THE TEHNS88BB BASIN. 61
fron HaDteville, Ala. We are UDable to decidei from the description
and a MS. drawing kindly forwarded by Professor Bliss, whether this
ipedes is a Lepicpamus or a XenotU.
Genus XENOTIS Jordan.
24. Xenotis aANeuooLENTUS {AgoMiz) Jordan.
Originally described from the Tennessee Biver at Hontsville. We
bive seen no specimens from that locaUty, and are onable to decide
vketber Agassix's species is the one to which we have applied the name
tngtilMolmituBt or whether it be one of the forms of the S'orthem JT.
25. Xbnotis insobiptxjs (Agaasiz) Jor.
Originally described from the Tennessee Biver at Hontsville. Also
fimnd by Professor Cope in the apper waters of the same river.
Genus EUPOMOTIS GiU A Jordan.
26. BUPOMOTIS PALLIDUS {Agossiz) O.dbJ.
Originally described from Htrntsville, Ala.
Genus XYSTROPLITES Jordan.
27. Xtstboplites notatus {Agassiz).
Originally described from Hantsville, and later foand by Professor
Cope in the upper waters of the Tennessee. This species may be
a Eupomotis instead of a Xystroplitea. It much resembles the Texan
IflitropUtes heros B. & C.
SCIiENID^.
Genus HAPLOIDONOTUS Bafinesque.
28. HAPLOmONOTUS GEUNNIENS Rof.
Abandant in the Tennessee Basin. The form called by Professor
^imiz Amblodon concinntia needs re-examination before it can be admit-
M a8 a species.
ATHERINID^.
Genus LABIDESTHES Cope.
29. LABIDESTHES STOOULUS Cope.
Poond by Professor Cope in Goal Greek, a tribntary of the Olinch
ttver.
62 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IIL
CYPRINODONTIDJE.
Genus XENISMA Jordan.
30. Xenisma oatenatum {Storer) Jordan.
Originally described from Florence, Ala. It is abundant in the E
Glincli, and Holston in clear waters.
Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz.
31. Zygonectes notatus {Baf.) Jor.
DcbCiibed by Dr. Storer from Florence, Ala., under the name of Poaei
olivacea. This species prefers still, deep waters.
ESOCIDJE.
Genus ESOX Linnets.
32. Esox (ciJASSUS Agassiz).
A species is recorded by Professor Agassiz under the name of jB^
erassus. The description is insufficient and the species is at presf
unrecognized.
HYODONTID^.
Genus HYODON Le Sueur.
33. Hyodon selenops Jordan & Bean.
The original type of this species came from the Tennessee River
Chattanooga. Hyodon tergisus doubtless also occurs in the lower com
of the river.
CLUPEID^.
Genus POMOLOBUS Rqfinesque.
34. POHOLOBUS OHBYSOOULOBIS Rof.
Abandanc in the channel of the Lower Tennessee.
FISHES OP THE TENNESSEE BASIN. SS
DOROSOMATID^.
^enua DOROSOMA Rajinesque.
3S. DOBOSOUA OEPEDIANDM UBTBRUBTTM (Baf.) Jof.
Tlte "OizZEinl Shud " is abuudunt id the Lotrer Teuiifssee.
8ALM0NIDJE.
Genus SALVELINU8 Richardson.
36. Saltklintts P0iNtijjai-I3 {Mitchill) Gill ifi Jor.
TbU Hpccieii occiirH in abuitdiince in SwaDnanoa River, at tUL> foot of
Bliutk Monutain, and iu all clear tributaries of tbo Freucb Broad in West-
M North Carolina. In Southwestern Virfriuist, it occurs iu certain trlb-
atariesof the Holston. In Rabun Oount.y, iu yortlieasteru Georgia, it;
iboaods in the headwaters of the Little Teuneascc. Professor Copo
Sales, OD the authority of Dr. Uardy, of Asheville, that it "ocenrainthe
bMdtralem of the Oliattafaoochee, on the south ^loiie of the AllegbaDies,
ii Umrgia".
CYPlUNIDiE.
Genus CAMPOSTOMA Agassiz.
37. Cabtpostoma anomalum {Raf.) Ag.
Var. prolixum Storer.
Everywhere abundant. In the clear pools of the Swannanoa Biver,
■ttbefoot of Black Mountain, tliis fish is extremely abundant, and the
tvge specimens are brilliantly colored, so tbat they appear to be Inmi-
■ou or phosphorescent as one looks down on tbem tbrongb the crystal
nter.
Genus HYBORHYNCHUS Agassu.
38. Htboehynchus MOTATtJs (Maf.) Agiuaiz.
^amerous specimens from the Chlckamauga River. These are nar-
'o*er-headed than the common Western form (S. aapereiliotua Cope)
Ud want the barbel, which is usually distinct on the latter. It is not
^nti»Ue tbat we have two distinct speciea.
64 CONTKIBUnOtlS TO NORTH AHEBICAN lOBTBTOLOOT — DL
Genus LUXILUS Re^nesgue.
39. LuxiLUS COBNUTDS {MibA.) Jor.
AbandaDt in every stream cxamiDed.
40. LuziLDs cooooaasia (Cope) J&r.
AbDQdaot in every stream examined.
Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.
41. PhOTOGBNIS aALAOTURUS {Copt) Jor.
AbundaDt ID every stream exnmined.
G«nu8 HYDROPHLOX Jordan.
42. Htdrophlox bubbtoboobus (Cope) Jor.
Described by Professor Cope from tribataries of tbe HolstoD. It ]
fers boisteroas tnouutaia-streams.
43. Hydbophlox LACBBTOstrs (Cope) Jor.
Described from the Holston.
Genus ALBURNOPS Girard.
44. ALBUBNOPS HICB08T<1M17S (Bof.) Jor.
FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIN. 65
48. NOTBOPIS MICBOPTEBTX (Cope) JoT.
From tribotaries of the Holston and GliDch.
49. NoTBOFis PHOTOGENis (Cope) Jor.
(^Igvolftft pkotogetni9 Cope ; PhoiogetUi leuoops Cope.)
AboDdant in the French Broad Biver.
60. NoTBOPis TELESGOPUS {Cope) Jor.
Holgton and French Broad Bivers (Cope). Also abundant in Elk
itirer. If oar specimens are correctly identified, this is a trae Notropis.
f^e dod it not easily distingoishable from N, photogenis.
61. NoTEOPis LiBUS Jordan.
This little species abounds in both the Elk and the Ghickamanga.
Genus HEMITREMIA Cope.
62. Hemitbemia viTTATA Cope.
Described from the Holston River near Knoxville.
Genus CHROSOMUS Itafinesque.
63. Ohbosomus ebttubogast^b Raf.
Recorded by Professor Agassiz from Huntsville, Ala. We have seen
DO specimens fi-om the Tennessee Kiver.
Genus PHOXINUS Itafinesque.
54. PnoxiNUS plammeus Jordan & Oilbert.
JofdaD, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2d, p. 303.
A very distinct species, resembling " Oila^ margarita (Cope).bot with
the short lateral line of P. neogceus Oope.
Body stout, rather more slender and more compressed than in P.
meogtrvs^ the form being nearly that of 0. margarita. Depth 4 in length,
about equal to the length of the head.
Ilfad short and deep, smaller than in n€og<mt8, the upper outline
lOfindeil, the muzzle quite blunt and rather short. Eye rather large,
3} iu head, longer than snout. Mouth small, oblique, the lower jaw
•jectiDg, the intermaxillary in front on the level of the pupil, and the
Uary extending to opposite the front of tbe orbit.
ih larger than 'm^ but still quite small, iu appear-
.12-
66 C0KTBIBUTI0S8 TO NOETH AMEBICAl? ICHTHTOLOOT — in.
nncft 8'milar to those of the species of Qila ; doraal and ventnl legio
dcaleit ; 7-43-6. Lateral line short, decorred, not reachiog to base
veutrals, on only 14 scales.
Teeth 2, 4-5, 2, as in P. neogaus, witboat masticatory snrface.
Pins small : dorsal \vell bebiod Teotrals : pectorals reaching nea
to ventrnl8,tbe latter to vent. B.I, 8, A. I, 8; the latter fin rather hi|
^ Coloration that of the species of CUnoatomua, especially C. margn
(which species, having the lateral line wanting on tbe last three to eij
scales, might perhaps with propriety be referred to Phoxinvs).
Back dark, the scales profosely punctate: a dusky band fonne^
dark specks along the sides: cheeks pearly: space below lateral 1
silvery ; Id tbe type-specimen flushed ^ilh rich scarlet-red.
Length of type 2j inches.
A single specimen taken in Elk Biver, at Estill Springs, in ccMDp:
with Oila cstor, which species it mnch resembles in color. Pkoxi
llammeuB bears the same relation to P. neoga-ua that Qila mtor doe
tbe small-scaled Gila elongata.
Genus GILA Baird dt Girard.
(Subgeuns CLINOSTOMUS Girard.)
55. Qila ebtob Jordan & BrayUm.
Jordan, Han. Vort. ed. 3d, p. UOO.
A large and handsome 8|>ecies, related to Q. elongata and O.pron
FI8HE8 OF THB TENNESSEE BA8IN. 67
Odor d«ik olive above, with a bluish lastre, many scales darker, as
toonal In this genos. Sides somewhat silvery. No dark lateral band.
A broad shade of deep rose color along the sides, below which most of
the bdly is bright crimson, the red colors brightest anteriorly.
Length of largest specimens aboot 4 inches. Nnmerons specimens
fpOB tlie Blk Biver at Estill Springs, and from Stone Biver at Mnr-
timbanf. This striking species resembles most O. eUmgata and O.pro-
fi§tr. Both those species have much smaller scales (70 to 75 in tbe
litnil line in dangatOj 60 to 65 in proriger). The coloration is likewise
■
dilBMit, the two latter species having a dnsky band along the sides,
the anterior half of which in elongata is red in spring. O. cUmgaia is
much more dongate, as is also Q. proriger. The month appears largest
ii 6. e$Mr. Tbe distinction between O. proriger and O. elongata is per-
kapa questionable.
Genus NOTEMIGONUS Rafinesque.
56. NOTEMIGONUS CHBT8L0LEU0U8 (ilftt) Jor.
Common in still waters in the Tennessee Basin.
Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope.
57. PHENAGOBIU8 IJEANOPS Copc.
Bather common in tbe Elk and Ohickamaaga Bivers. A few speci-
loeDs from the French Broad. Originally described from the Holston
in Virginia.
Genus RIIINICHTHYS Agassiz.
58. Ehiniohthys obtusus Agassiz.
(Rhinichthys lunatus Cope.)
This species is aboudant in all clear rocky brooks and in outlets of
•PriDgs.
Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.
59. CERATICHTHYS MONACHUS CopC.
Abandant in Cbickaraauga Biver. Originally described from the
DoktOQ.
60. Oeratichthys DissiMiLis {Kirt) Cope.
Obtained in Elk Biver.
68 CONTBIBCnONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTHTOLOOT — QL
61. Oeoatiohtqys winohblli (Qirardy Jordam.
{Ceratichthj/a kyalimu Cope.)
Everywhere abnndant in TeoneSBee River. Tbia is probably Rybopnr
gracilis Ag., the original type of tbe genus SybopHs. Id that cue, it
will be necessary to substitute the specific name graeilia for miuMIi.
62. Cebatiohthts BiauTTATus {Kirtland) Qirard.
Everywhere very abunOaot.
Genus SEMOTILUS«Ba^nes}«e.
63. Semotiltjs cobporalis (Mit.) Putn.
Tributaries of tbe Clinch and French Broad j chiefly in flmall mount-
aiu -streams.
CATOSTOMID^.
Genus QUASSILABIA Jordan dt Brayton.
64. Ql'ASSILABiA LACEBA Jordan & Brayttni.
IjifoeliiU hfcra JonDAX & Braitok (ItfTT), Proo. Ae. Nat. Se. Phita.
Two specimens of this singular fish were taken in the Cbickamansa
Itiver ut Ringgold and one 8i>ecimen in Elk Biver at Esdll Springs. lo
llio Cliickamauga, we were told that it is quite common, and that it ■■
FISHES OF THE TENNESSEE BASIK. 69
Genus PLACOPHARYNX Co^e.
67. Plaoophaeynx carinatus Co^e.
This large species is the common ^' Red Horse " of the French Broad.
It Oioch resembles the preceding, but has a much larger mouth and
Jipsy besides the different dentition.
Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.
68. Ebehyzon sucETTA {Lac.) Jor.
Obtained in Glinch Hiver.
Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.
09. MiNYTBEMA MELANOPS (-Ba/.) Jw.
Obtained by Professor Agassiz at Huntsville, Ala.
Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.
70. Catostomus nigricans Le 8.
Very abundant throughout the Tennessee Basin.
71. Gatostomus gommebsoni (Lac.) Jar.
Gtroerally abundant.
Genus CARPIODES Rafinesque.
»
72. Oabpiodes bison Agassiz.
fiower Tennessee Biver (Cope.) The Buhalichthyince of the Tennessee
River are as yet unstudied.
Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassij^.
73. Bubaliohthys ubus Agassiz,
Recorded by Professor Agassiz from the Tennessee River,
SILURIDiE.
Genus ICHTH^LURUS Rafinesque.
74. IOHTH.SLUBUS PUNCTATUS (Baf.) Jor.
fat the TenneMee Birar.
70 coNTEiBimoNa to nobth amebicak icHmTOLoav — ^ra.
Genus AMIURUS Rofinesque.
75. Amueus natalis [Le 8.) QUI.
Yar. cupreua (Raf.).
Bather abnodant ia Teouessee Biver. Other species of this geoos
are doabtless common ; bat they have not been distiugaisbed.
Genus PELODICHTHYS Hafinesque.
76. PELODICHTHrS OLtTABIS (Saf.) Bill & Jor.
Abnndnnt in the chacaels of the larger streams. Severul spccimcD*
from the Frepch Broad.
Tliia species probably occurs in the cbaonels of all the streams men-
tioned in this paper ; but, from its habits, it it) iiot easily taken with a
small net.
Genus N0TURU8 Rafinesque,
11. JJoTDBUS ELEUTHEBOS Jordan.
SolHrus cleniheriH Jordan {IUTI), Add. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 372.
The type-specimen of this sitecies was from Big Pigeon Rirei-, m
Cocke (.'ounty, Tennessee, near its jmictiou with the French Brond.
Many other specimens bave since been obtained in Tar River, l!<orUi
FiBSEB CP THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 71
LEPIDOSTEID^.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS Lac^pede.
80. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (L.) Ag.
Generally abandant.
81. LEPIDOSTEUS PLATYSTOMUS Baf.
From Hantaville, Ala. {Agassis).
ACIPENSERIDiE.
Genus ACIPENSER Agassis.
82. AcrpENSEB MACULOSUS Le Sueur.
HuDtsville^ Ala. (Agaasiz).
83. AciPENSEB BUBiGUNDUS Le Sueur.
From Ilaiitsvillo, Ala. (Agassiz).
POLYODONTIDJE.
Genus POLYODON Lacephde.
84. POLYODON FOLIUM ^^ Lac.^
Abundant in the river-channels.
VII. — WATEE-BASIN OP CUMBERLAND RIVER.
Sixty-five species are known to occur in the waters of the Gnmberlnnd
Biver. Of these, forty-seven have been obtained in the lower course of
the river, t. e.j in the vicinity of Nashville, by Professor Winchell, and
ID Stime River, at Murfreesboro', by the present writers. In the upper
coorseof thestream,thirty-threespecies have been obtained by Professor
Cope iu the South Fork of the Cumberland in Tennessee and by Professor
JafUan at the Falls and in the Bock Castle, Round Stone, Big Laurel, and
other tributaries in Kentucky. Only fifteen species are, therefore, known
to be common to both the upper and lower courses of the stream. The
actual differences between the upper and lower faunae are, however,
probably very small, if similar streams are compared. The differences
fieallj existing are iirobably chiefiy due to the fact that the large fishes
HriMting the lower part of the river are unable to ascend above the
t) vet with the Tennessee, the disappear-
72 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOGT ^HI.
aDce of one or two Soatbern types will be Doticed, as will be the sppciir-
nnceofcertaiD forma abuodant in the basin of the Ohio. Of these latter
may be noticed Pamliohthsa variatva, Apomotit, Lstkrurta, atKl Pimepka-
lea. But two species, both Darters, are at present known only from the
Cumberland River. Tbese are Ulocentra atripinnit asd N&tkonotKa mh-
guijluva,
Tbo Xfltional Museam is indebted to the kindness of Professor Win-
chell for the following interesting —
List of Fiskca o/NaahviUe, at given by a FMierman, Daniel A. Birchett, to
A. Winekat.
"PEKCn TRIBt:."'
Nigger lip Cat.
Suu Pi^rcb.
Chisel.head Car.
Coon Perch.
Kerkiu Cat.
Wbite Pereh.
Shovel-bil) Cat.
Itlaok Perch.
"snSKOW TRIBK."
Ked IVrch.
Silver Side.
Speoklwl IVreh.
Stone Toter.
Brama Percli.
Horny Head.
BnsH or Uock Bass.
White Koacli.
•'TROUT TRIBE."
Cre«k Mullet.
Steel B^ck.
White Trout.
Bl;»ok Tniiit.
MISCKLiANBOUB.
^M
FI8HE8 OF THE CUMBCBLAND BASIN. 73
COTTID-^.
Genus POTAMOCOTTUS Gill
1. POTAMOCOTTUS MEEIDIONALIS (Ord,) QUI.
From Gomberland Biver at Nashville.
ETHEOSTOMATID^.
Genus PERCINA Haldeman.
2. Pebcina capeodes (Raf.) Ord.
Abuudant.
Genus ALVORDIUS Girard.
3. Alyoedius maculatus {Girard) Cope A Jordan.
From the Bock Castle and Camberland at various ]>oiDt8.
4. Altordius pnoxocEpnALUS {kelson) Cope & Jordan.
From the Camberland Biver at Nashville. SpecimeDS of this inter-
e:«tiog species are iu the National Maseum from Marais du Cygne,
Kansaa. I bave otbers from the Wabash Biver. Nelson's types were
from IlliDois Biver.
Genus DIPLESIUM Bafinesqtie.
5. DlPLESIUM BLENNIOIDES {Raf.) J or.
Sooth Fork of the Cumberland Biver {Cope). Also from Cumberland
and Stoue Blvers.
C. DlPLESIUM siMOTERUM {Cope) Copeland.
From the Bock Castle Biver at Livingston, Ky.
Genus ULOCENTRA Jordan.
7. Dlocentra ATRiPiNNis Jordan.
mlr1§immi$ Jordan (1877), BaUetin X, U. S. Nat. MaBeom, 10.
if this Bp Tas collected in the Cumberland Biver at
iIL
7d COHTBIBUTIOira TO HOSTH AUEBICAH ICHTHTffljOaT— UI.
Genus NOTHONOTUS Agassis.
« 6. STOTHONUTDB CAUTJBDS {Cope) Jor.
Professor Cope's types were fhim the Sontb Fork of tbo ComberiiitiA -
Wo have seen others from White Biver ia IndiAoa, sod from Haboiiio^
UlveruDd other strenuiB in Ohio. This species is not identical witt*
yotkonotut maeulatiu Ag. [Etheottoma maculata Eirt), as has beco tsap-
1>0I<L>(1.
Xothonotiis maculatua tia» a poiDted instead of rooDded snout; lis
JuvTB ore (■<iii>il ; its mouth is larger, tlie bod; is more compressed, aDd
its dormtl Qu moiu devated, the soft rajs wheu depressed reaching to ;
the eiiudnl.
Hpocimeus in the National Museum, collected in Mahoning River bj
I ' 10 lessors Baird and Kirtland, show the following characters : —
Body modvriiti'ty elongated, very deep, strongly compressed, the
ili'pth i% iu length. Head 4 in length, the jaws equal, the month large.
Eye 4| iu head. Spinous dorsal with a long base, larger titan soft dor-
sal, the spines high, tint two fins slightly connected. Soft ilorsu I ele-
vated, the longest niys when depressed reaching base of citudal, the
eiimla! peduucle very short and deep. Caudal fiu short and rounded.
Anul somewhat smaller than second dorsal. Pi-ctorals aud ventrals
mudunitt'.
Hi'ali'K not lar;-i>, 58 to 00 in the lateral line, which is continaons:
FISHES OF TH£ CU5fB£RLAND BASIN. 75
9. NoTHONOTUS SAW GUIFLUUS ( Cope) Jor.
IVom the Sooth Fork of the Oumberlaud in Tenuessee (Cope).
Genus BOLEOSOMA DeKay.
10. BOLEOSOMA MAGULATUM Ag.
From the Bock Castle Biver.
Genus POECILICHTHYS Agassiz.
11. PCECILIOHTHYS VARIATUS (Kirt.) Ag.
FroiD the Sonth Fork of the CumberlaDd Biver {Cope).
Genus ETHEOSTOMA Rafinesque.
12. ETHEOSTOMA FLABELLARE Rof.
Abaudant iu the mountain tributaries of the Camberland.
PERCIDJl.
Genus STIZOSTETHIUM Rafinesque.
13. Stizostethicu salmon euh Raf.
Ooo or two small specimens from the Bock Castle liirer.
CENTKARCHID^.
Genus MICROPTERUS Lacefede.
14. MiCEOPTEEUS PALLIDUS {Raf.) O. cfc J.
The ** White Trout'', as this species is often called, is commou in the
Camberland. It is said that this species and the next were not found
above the falls uutil introduced.
15. MiCEOPTEEUS SALMOIDES (Lac.) QUI.
The " Black Trout'' occurs with the preceding, and is still more abuii-
laut.
Genus AMBLOPLITES Rafinesque.
16. AMBLOPLITES EUPESTRIS {Raf.) QUI.
■mdant.
76 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AHBEICAN ICHTHYOI-OGY — HI.
Genus APOMOTIS Mafinesqm.
17. APOMOTIS CYANELLDS (Bfl/.) Jor.
Abundaut iu the Cuatberland Itirer at Naebville.
Genus LEPIOPOMUS Rafinesque.
18. Lepiopouus PALLlDUB {MiU) Gill & Jordan.
Very abiindaut ia tbe Cumberlaod.
19. LEPIOPOMUS OBSCUnus (AgaBsiz) Jor.
Collected by Professor Wincbell in tbe Cumberland Bivt^r at "Sax
Ttlle.
Genus XENOTIS Jordan.
20. XENOTTS MEQM.OIIS {Bof.) JOT.
AbuodaDt in tbo Camberlaud River.
Genus POMOXYS Rafinesque.
21. POMOXTS niQROMAOCLATUS {Ls 8.) Grd.
Collected by Professor Wincbell at Nasbville.
22. POUOXYS ANI4UI.AJIIS Bqf.
Fruui tbe Cumberlaud at Sashvitle.
FISHES OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 77
CYPRINODONTIDiE.
Genus XENISMA Jordan.
25. Xbnisma oatenatitm {Storer) Jordan.
Collected by Professor Winchell in streams about Nashville
Genus ZYGONECTES Agassiz.
26. Zygoneotes notatus [Raf.) Jor.
From Gamberland and Stone Bivers. Bafiuesque's original speci-
mens were from the Cumberland at Williamsburg.
HYODONTIDiE.
Genus HYODON Le Sueur.
27. Hyodon tebgisus Le Sueur.
Abandant in the Gamberland.
28. Hyodon selenops Jordan db Bean.
Two or three specimens in the National Museum from Cumberland
River.
CLDPEIDJ],
Genus POMOLOBUS Rafinesque.
29. PoMOLOBUS OHUYSOCHLOBis Rafinesque.
Abundant in the Lower Cumberland.
DOROSOMATID^.
Genus DOROSOMA Rafinesque.
30. DOBOSOMA CEPEDIANUM HETERURUM [Raf.) Jor.
Abundant in the Lower Cumberland.
cyprinidj:.
Genus CAMPOSTOBIA Agassiz.
31. GAMPOSTOMA AM03IALUM {Rof.) Ag.
78 C0NTBIBUT10H8 TO »OETH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOOT m.
Genus PIMEPHALES Bqfinesque.
32. PlMEPDALES FROMBLAS Rafinesque.
Collected by Professor WiqcLbH in tributaries of tLe CatuberloniL
Genu3 HYBORHYNCHUS Agassiz.
33. HYBonHYNCHUS WOTATD8 (fl«/.}4»?.
Abandant everjwbi^re iu tbe CtitnberlaDd.
Genus LUXILUS Rafinesque.
34. LuxiLUS CORNTJTUS iMH.) Jordan.
Exceedingly abundant everywhere.
Genus PHOTOGENIS Cope.
35, PHOTOGENIS GALAOTUBUS {Cope) Jor.
Veryabnndaiit every wuereiu tbe Cumberland. Some specimeaRfrom
Niitthville Lave tbe eaudal flu palu red. Tliis species does Dot seem tu
occur iu tbe Obio. The quotalions from tliat river were I'otinded c
orroneoDS ideutificntioos.
3fi. PnOTOGKNIS ANALOSTANUS {Ord.) JoV.
From the Cumberlaud at Nashville.
riSnEB OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 79
40. NoTBOPis miceoptery:k {Cope) Jor.
AboDilant in the Bock Castle.
41. NoTROPis TELESCOPUS (Cope) Jor.
Stone Biver at Morfreesboro'.
Genus HEMITREMIA Cope.
42. HEMITREMIA VITTATA CopC.
Abandant in Big Laurel Biver in Laurel Couuty, Kentucky.
Genus GILA Baird <& Girard.
41 OiLA ESTOR Jordan & Brayton.
SeT^eral specimens from Stone Biver at Murfreesboro'.
Genus CHROSOMUS Agassiz.
44. CHROSOMUS ERTTHROGASTER Ag.
From the tributaries of the Bock Castle.
Genus NOTEMIGONUS Bqfinesgue
45. !NOTEMIGONUS CHRYSOUEUCUS (Mif.) JoT.
Common in sluggisli waters.
Genus PHENACOBIUS Cope.
46. Phenacodius uranops Cope.
Taken in Bock Castle Biver.
Genus CERATICHTHYS Baird.
47. CERATICHTHYS DissiMiLis (Kirtland) Cope.
From Cumberland Biver at Nashville.
48. CERATICHTHYS AMBLOPS {Raf.) Ord.
From Cumbi»rland Biver at Nashville.
49. CERATICHTHYS BIOUTTATUS [Kirt.) Ord.
IfU'jrwhefe abundant.
80 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHrOLOOr — UI.
Genua SEMOTILUS Rafinesqm.
50. SeHOTILTIS COBPOBALIS {Mil.) Put.
From Bock Castle River.
CATOSTOMID^.
Genus MYXOSTOMA Eafinesque.
51. Mtxostoma macbolepidotum duquesnii {Le 8.) Jor.
Comiuon in the Cumberlauil.
Genus ERIMYZON Jordan.
52. Ebimyzon bccbtta {Lac.) Jor.
From the Cumberland at Xaehville and from the Uock Castle.
Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.
53. MiNYTBBMA UELANOPS (i?«/.) Jor.
From the Cumberland at Nashville.
Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.
54. Catostomus nigbicans Le S.
FI8RB6 OF THE CUMBERLAND BASIN. 81
SILURID^.
Genus ICHTH^LURUS Rafinesque.
58. Ighth.s:lubus punctatus (Raf.) Jor.
Very aboDdant
Genus AMIURUS Rafinesque.
59. AanuEUS natalis (Le S,) GUI.
CoIIectecl at Nashville by Professor Wincbell.
60. Amiurus nigricans (Le S,) Oill
From the Falls of the Cumberland.
Genus PELODICHTHYS Rafinesque.
01. PELODICnTHYS OLIVARIS [Eof.) QUI & Jor.
om the Bock Castle at LiviDgston, and from the Camberland below
^alls.
ANGUILLID^.
Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg.
62. ANGUILLA VULGARIS Fleming.
nroon in the Cumberland. A very large specimen 'taken in the
Castle at the mouth of Round Stone River.
LEPIDOSTEIDiE.
Genus LEPIDOSTEUS LacepMe.
63. LEPIDOSTEUS OSSEUS (Z.) Ag.
m the Cumberland at Nashville.
POLYODONTID^.
Genus POLYODON LacepMe.
64. PoLYODON FOLIUM '■'^ LaoP
"Vlaod Biver.
82 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH A^HKBICAN 1CHTBT0UM3T — UL
EECAPITULATIO:*.
Tlie folloffiug tattle sbon-g the distribution of tlie species io the ser
riverbasius especially treated in tbiit paper. For ;)urpoae8 of compai
son, I have iutrodaced the resnits of Professor Cope's explorations i
the Eoanoke, James, Neuse, and Great Pedee, of Prof. Forbes an
Hr. NelsoD in the Illinois, und of mjself and others in the Obia j
tuv uareriflcd species bave becD introduced, but uU doubtful qnolatira
and, in general, all "guesswork" bave been exclnded.
Toble showing the Distrib«tioH of the Spec
■es it
the Different RiterS«m
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DISTBIBUnON OF fiPECIEa. S3
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+
+
+ i
+
■ •■■i
+ +..^
+ +
+
+ H
+
+
+
4- ^
+
+
4
*
+ H
*
■*
4-
lV«^H,aTlrWl»,(C. fc7.)JiiT 1 +
l^n«i.IyaB.Ul■^(Baf,H;.*,I ■. ' .
+ ^
+ +]..
-. +
t 4
+ H
+ H
- +
+
+
+
+
4-
4-
*
W.
lWmu"l»»iiraii,(AB.lJDr ' -
tTilofwiiHlKhyni^J.tS ■ ..
+
■
- 4
- -
. j ,, ,
'ftoimni.ni.rm'liln.a, lUf
*
+
-t
+
+
+
+
f
W.
I^«.M™.lB^Jnr
I*tl,liil,r«hl.«l«.Jor
't^I'lBiKrtlrtna, (AcMor
'IianTllinliiaMiBKAi: ' -
'■>»lhll.ll«Il«.|A|!.MI.*J
b»«iMhuinv|iu<.ila,Ulll&Jar 1-
fcrn-Hllmiiiiralan-. rep* +
<^>nRhsalrl>nf>. (I^ntC. &r | .
Cnir4h'hu»iuiicm[ilttnn, (!-»&» Jnr |
'w»y<iiien<niai'iiliitaa. |L«S)Gnl !-»
''~BJ.«liBiilflr,..Rar ',.
Bfli-.,««a,Enu.Di™..Har -
■»lW«lrni. ..5ai.i». iCilllaniD I>eK«j ' - .
UHI-tlw„rMlu«,Cup. ! .
+
4 H
s.
Vtl.
+ ■
+ -t
4
. +
+
*
4-
4-
4-
4-
+
+
4-
+
+
K.
s.
84 CONTEtliUTlOSS TO NORTH AMEKICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — III.
Talrle ihoving the DUtrihution nf the Specia in Ihe Differail Eirer-Baiimt—CoatioKi.
1
i
J
1
1
1
i
1
^
l
s
1
1
j
!
1
L
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
sw.
HI.
S,
ft
K.
»■
+
+
+
+
+ .
+ .
+
+
+
+
[
+
+ -
__
*
z
...
E™ (cr»t..^ Ai)
EwiOfpba, Cope
+
..
...
rrnup>iiE''t^*o*' ^E ■
Sj|r.ltnB« fuDitnnll., (Mlt.) Gill « Jor
«
+
;
;
+
+
Uoravimno'pcdtaBnTii Mcruram, (Itaf.) .Tor .
■■
. +
*
■
DISTBIBUriOH OF SPECIES. 85
AMtkHvlif (b DUMbtlUm «f tie Sprciu U the Diffirail Rtetr-Batint—CoaUiiaed.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
*
1
1
J!
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
(Com) Jor
+
+
;.. .J«
i;jdr.ffUMlu[,i,.m,..,,J /.LI
Bf4njUeichllklurniCi.|.L)Jii(...
M»»bl«>4!;,.,t..[,b.,kl...Iut
'i.
- +
.:
+
■■■' --r-." ■■:i'.:i-ii)JiT
i't— !■■■'-...: -.Cn|„.,J^r
-
■"
+'
+
'
i
+
■t
■*
+
^Mmw :. ,,,.„: ,.',.|„,,Jor
+
+
+
+
+
+
X.
N«nfU ,^.1 .U,r
+
j
1
+
*
+
+
"1
■"1
V,
...
+
■Wupii lUtntinn*. (i;>>p.-» Jir
»*^i*'liri^Jor
■■■'■■
■
■'
'■•Wwn.™ J.»
<:-*«ipyrTb<.BH.t»(rop..)Jor
'^*«Bif„ni,««, (Putii.)Jur
'■-*«i»wltiK.nw.J.ff
'■■•■*m,EhL>r«tl».J.&B
■4
+1
,|..,
ZC-
.......
'"««-na«lll.lb..I.,r
-■'««« ■ iMr
J."^«=^> '
^'l*mWi«U.O.p.-
^»^-™....i,_, „..C.p.
-"••TMWtaiumal^im ...
•*»WImol,THto:a.<;,fl«.
5*'nulrRuia hi'itiii Ion. Copf
^'*«»UlM«ll->C*rH,t."r>(»'
'"■«ii.t..llaniin<-ufcJur.&a;lllK-n
_*'adiH.KJmKlit.)Jor
-;i=Sr.::::::::::;::;:::;::;:;:;:;
'>U«TiBj,4™l-,. (C. i V.lJor
'^<««l»«a.cUr™Jcueu*(Mlt.)Jor
.1 '.
:i:
■
+
■
1
-
+
+
-
1
■f-
+
+
+
X.
86 COSTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMEBICAN ICnTnYOLOOT — III,
Table slioains Ihe DUtribalion of the Species in
1
!
1
1
1
i
1
1
■2
1
"
<
1
fi 1 ri (L(J
"li t 1 I Co
+
h +
:
+
'.'.
"..
+
f-
t +
+ -
+
+ ■>
+-
Y ».
. I.
■■
'*'
1
+
+
+
+
t- +
+ H
Cunult>bthj»liJTi»Un>tu».Copo
+
4-
+
+
+
+
+
+
n
+
+
4
*
*■
:
.
".'.
+ ■
SiaDmh\,m\lu>n^\au<nJor -,-
M
+
■;
+
+
■ ■
i
■
UISTSIBUTIOK OF SPECIES 87
ff »» iNtMfadiM ^Ike aptdm to tiie DiffertxU fiiMr-Outo*— CoDtinaed.
i
1
1
g
?5
i
i
1
1
1
1
1
i
H
+
1
+
+
!
. RW.
■+
+ ^
+
t
-
+ ■*
+
+
+
+ ^
-i- -4
+ ^
+ ^
+
+
. +
+
+
+
+
A«in»i»l«.|IUr)J.&C
W.
4
+■
+
* ■(
■t
■♦■
+ ^
+ H
+ .
+ H
+
'".
+
+
)(iUii.«llUN<'l-
...
1- +
NW.
+ -i
+
+
1
+
+
+
y +
+
+
+
■t-
t
+
+
+
+
+
+
4-
+
+
"<«lJd>hyo[hu|iiitlU:[rhyu'biu,(['^f|Glll....
W!-l.™...liu»..Wt
iniMiMc«,ir^outi-u«. (Kirt.)
Anfc.«[«,,lser.(ll-r)
*'n>»nM™hfiaa.i,(GrJ.( -
3j
-1-
IS
*■
J^
*
'
11
^.
w
From tb« above table, it will bo sfeu that tliu namber of specicH
'Bliabitiu^ iiiiy ono riverbasiit rapidly iiicreasen as we lutivu tlie
■itlauticstreiiais for tlioso of tho Giiir. Tlie following table sliows tUo
*"iin({emeiit of tbe species froiu aiiotlier point of view — ouiittiuf; rt-fer-
*w to the raiiRe of tbe npiHjies outside of the thirteen rivera includeil
"I tbis table :
Kdovu only from the-
Ohio
ilibama
Spucies.
Known only from the-
Tennesaee
llliuois
Spucics.
C0KTBIBUTI0K8 TO NOBTH AUEBICAK ICHTHYOLOQT — DL
Kuown only from the—
Santee
Altuumlia
(Ireut PeUeo
Neuse
Chattulioochee
Known only from the —
James
CumberlaQtl .
Roanoake ...
SaraQiiah ...
Common to —
Ohio and lUiuois
Ciiuiboi'lanil and Tennessee
Tennessee, Cmubcrlaud, OLio, and Illinois
Cumberland, Oliio, and Illinois
-Vlabama, Tennessee, Cumboitaiid, Ohio, and Illinois. .
.lames uud Nonso
TenucssiH', Ohio, and Illinois
Ahtbauia and Tennessee
&ivannah and Tcnni'ssee
Alabama, Tennessee, and Cumberland
(Irt'ftt Pedee and Santeo
Cumberland and Ohio
J^inlrilmtioH of Oeuerti.
DISTEIBUTION OS
Dixtributum of Qenera-
GEKEBA.
1 — (/Uiitiiiiivil.
1
3
^
1 1
111
ii:
!:l;
5 5 S 1
ItfaaMk
+
+
+
+
+ +
f ... +
Y + ...
+ 4
::::;,:: r
+ 44
MtaMIM
»«»*tt)n
4 4 4 T-
+
+ ...
'
4 + 4
+
4
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+ ...
. ... +
•f + 4-
. !,.
4 +
— + + ■
"1; r ;-
+
+ + +
4 +.
.4--.. + 4 -1
■ftiiliijun.
+
+
+
■"
.
+ +
* + 4-
4- + .
. 4 4- + 4- H
r 4- + 4
,
+
+
+ +
+ - 4-
+ +
.. ..[,..+ 4.
WttrmwiM
+ +
4- .. 4-
+
+
+
+ ■-
a«w*ii.
4-
4 ... +
. -f- ...4-....
. 4 4-
,
+ 4 f 4
l|b*lHW.
+
+ + ...
hwf^
"*"
l-X^tM
""
h<U.
+
+ 4
+ 44
INIM
+
, 4 4 4
* "^
a«Nk
lUk-i.
>UMn.. .
+
+
+ -+
4 ... 4
4 --. 4
S^iEEEE:
■ + -.+ + -1
■ 4
- + --.
''"'''
'^■»M> . .
-f
+
«•*.«
V +
4 +...
...
- + ■
. 4 - y ■-■
■
B»-«^";.:;!;;"";;;r:"";:;
"""
^."..
4 4 -1
* t 4 I ' +
Ivliluiluntb* uppar Jaw pnilnntlks anil tb* aoul ■plan Torjr f»nliU. ftiim AvInWMft, wllb
"t'fiwo la |lii«i TMpMt*. I( li dliMuffilUViI hj Itin lucoioplnln luMnJ lino. 1l la namwl tnr
■1Luit...fl>»fto,»lliwi Cb.iiv.iiiUly BxiwllMtTOunnuiFpLioftb.-r "
90 C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO HOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOOY — III.
Dutribution of Genera — CoDtintied.
1
1
ji
i
li:
1
1
i
i
1
<
1
1
!
1
^ -i
liil
+
+
+ + + ■
T + t »
+
-. + i
.+
*
+
+
+ *■ * +
+ + t t
+ + * T
. +.. .
+ -t- + t
+ 1- * »
+ + t T
+
+
+
+
LniUua^niDetl
+ +
... +
... +
... +
... +
+ + -
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ ... .
. +
+
+
...
+
+
+
CodoiM...
+
::;.:
Kptoenw
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
... +
+ +
+ +
+ ■ ■
+ + ■*
...
■;
+
+
+
+
+
+
■*■
+
+
+
+
+
+
H
CONCLUSIONS. • 91
CONCLUSIONS.*
lu the course of the iuvcstigations detailed iii this paper, some light
basbcen throwu on the laws wliich goveru the distribution of fresh-
vater fishes in general. The writer has collate<l the kuowu facts into a
series of general propositions, which, without any pretense to exhaust*
iveness or to originality, are here briefly stated. It may be premised
that some of these propositions are only half truths, to be more com-
pletely stated when our knowledge of the subject shall be increased.
Most of the statements also refi^r chiefly to the smaller and non-migratory
fishes, es|>ecia11y the Htheostomatidcej Gentrarchidm^ and Ct/prinidce, Our
knowledge of the range of the larger Catostomidce and Siluridce is still
very meagre.
For the flrst statement of several of the following propositions, we are
indebted to Professor Cope, who has ably discussed the subject of the
ilistributiou of flshes in his paper on the Fishes of the Alleghany Kegion
of Soutbwest Virginia, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1868, pp. 239-247.
I. lu the case of rivers flowing into the ocean^ the character ot the
fiuiu® of the upper waters, compared one with another, bears no, or
very little, relation with the places of discbarge. In illustration of this
ve may note {a) the similarity of the fannsB of the Chattahoochee and
AlUmaha, as compared with the Chattahoochee and Ahibama. The
launaj of Wisconsin lUver and of lied lliver of the North arc vrry similar.
II. Itiver-basins having a similar discharge into some largrr river or
l-Jke bave a Mmilarity of fauna, due to this fact, and, in general, other
'liinps being equal, the nearer together the places of discharge, if in
fn-ih water, the greater the similarity. The almost identical faunae of
the Catawba and the Saluda will illustrato this.
III. Parallel rivers tributary to the same stream have, other things
'^'iiifj equal, more in common than streams coming from opposite direc-
lioiis. The Wabash and Miami have more in common than either has
^itlj the Kentuckv.
IV. The higher or the older the water-shed between two streams, the
^**^er specii*s are common to both. (This matter needs lurther investi-
V. Certain species, not including "species of general distribution",
i ^wurou opposite sides of even the highest watersheds. This fact was
^tuoticed by Professor Cope. The occurrence of Luxilus coccogeni^^
qI the remaining part of this paper uppoarecl in the American Natnruiiat
*i VSn (pp. 607-613). For this part, Professor Jordan is uloue rospon.sible.
92 CONTEIBUTIONS TO SOUTH AMERICAS ICHTHYOLOGY — HL
Uijdiophlox rubrieroeeus, PImtogeais gataclurua, and Catostomtti iiigrka\
botti iu tlie Teiiuessee aDtlBavatinah, will illustrate tbis. Ndtbcroft
two fiF»t-iiaiiicd Ni>ccifs are as yet known from anyottier river-bositii
VI. H'lien tlio water-bed between two streams is a swamjiy npla
iiiHteail (tf ti mountain -range, tbe same species may be found in tbe be
waters uf botb, altbougb tbe Ni>ecies inbabiting tbe lower conrses ma;
different. In case tbe cue stream Hows nortbward and tbo other son
ward, tbe common fauna will be nearetit like tbat of Ibe nortbern Btrei
In Xoitbern Indiana, tbe same species arc found in tbe waters of Su
Jusepb's, Maiimec, VVubasb, and Illinois Hi vers, altliough tbese strei
di:jcbarge tbeir waters in widely different directions. Tbe swampy wa
sbed between tbem is often overflowed iu tbe spring, afionliDg to
smaller lisbes au easy means of mi^iatiou.
VII. In any river-basin, many of tbe sjwcies inbabiting small strei
are diflerent from tbose oeourring in tbe river-ebaunela. Among
brook species may be mentioned J]ucalia inconxlann, Ptecilickthg» apt
bilix, Xenotia lyihrochlorin, Xenitma stelli/erum, Saltvlinus fuutini
Ericymha hiiccata, Semoti(u)i corjmratis, Ckronomus eri/throgaster,
species of EhinitlUltys, etc. Of cbaniiel spe<!ieK, HaploutonoU'S, Ilyoi
Dofogoiua, Pomolobus, Eoccvs chrysopn, all the "Butl'alo-fishes", aud
larger Sihirida, Ichlkcclurm pvnctalvs, Pttiidiclilkya olivaris, Antin
nigiicans, and tbe like, will serve as esainples.
VIII. JltLiny species inbabiting tbe upper course of a stream are tlil
rnt Irorii tliose of tbe lower. Tbis sulijcet bas been abty discussed
CONCLUSIONS. 93
pared with the range of Ltunlus cornutus. Id tbe genns Ceratwhthy/i^ C,
biguttaius probabl^"^ occars in every stream fr.>m the Sasquehanna to tbe
Great Skilt Lake, while foar other species of the same genus, G. micro-
pot/OH, C. monachus^ C, sanemus^ and C labrontt^, are each, so far as is
known, contlned to a single river-basin.
Xn. In any river-basin, the most abundant species (of small fishes)
are asnally (a) those peculiar to it, or {b) those of the widest distribution.
In illustration of this, we may notice the abundance of Godoma pyrrho-.
mdns and Notrapis photogenis in tbe San toe; of Godoma atigmatura and
Luxilvs cornutus in the Alabama; of Godoma eurystoma and Geratichthya
higuttatua in the Chattahoochee; of Godoma xcenura and Notemigonua
mmcanua in the Ocmulgee. To this rule, however, there are many
excqitions and modifications.
XIII. In general, the further south any river-basin lies, the more
sptHjies are i)eculiar to i^, and the greater the difierences betwc*en its
tAQDiiand that of the neighboring streams. In illustration of this, the
diftorences existing between the faun® of the Alabama and Chatta-
hoochee may be compared with those between the faunoe of the Susque-
l^mnaand Delaware. Twelve genera are known to be common to the
I'battahoochee and Alabama, and twenty-three to the Susquehanna and
belaware. In the Southern streams, tbe process of evolution of specific
toiin« seems to have gone on more rapidly. Tbis matter, however,
UHjnires further investigation.
XIV. Sj>ecies of tbe widest distribution often have breaks in their
range wbich cannot be accounted for by any facts now in our posses-
»*Jon. LuxUua cormitua^ so a!)undant in all tbe waters of tbe North and
^Vi'st, does not occur, so far as is known, in any of the rivers between
ibeXeuse and the Alabama, in both of which streams it is a))nndant.
Various species range over several river basins and then ceas(» abruptly.
Amiunts brunnena is abundant from tbe Santee to tbe Cbattaboocbee, in
tbv hxwv river tbe most abundant food-fish, while in the very nrxt river-
'»y«n, tbe Alabama, it is unknown.
XV. Many species of wide distribution which are absent in certain
'''ivums are there represente<l by certain other related 8i>eci<»s, which
^v W regarded as modified descendants. Thus, in the South Atlan-
^•cstreaiiis, Gh(vnobryttus gitlosus is represented by Ghwnobryttus viridiaj
'9tmigonua chryaoleucwt by Notemigonua amcricanua, Jn tbe South-
i%Eupomotia aureua is represented by Eupomotia paUidua ; in the
iJMiinii gjfrinus by Koturua aialtaj Noturua inaignia by Noturtia
04 COKTHEBUTIONS TO NOETIl AMEBICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — HI.
'■xilin, NoturuH eleutherits by Notitrus wii'uriw, iltlanurii pijgmaahy Mt-
lantira limi.
XVI. Other 8i>ecie8 under similar ciicmusUDcea have no sncli repw-
seutativea. Thu case of Luxilua comutim will again Ulastrate,
XVII. Certain species have been known to extend their geogiapbicil
range Kioce the opening of the ciiuals. Siu-b are more esi>eciiill,v ttu*
migratory s[)ecies of probably marine origin, as Dorosoma /idemn,
Pomolobus ohrysochloris, and AnguUla vuhjariit. These species sreaon
abundant in Liike Michigan and Luliu l^iie. allhoitgh rormerly nuknoirD
there. The range of certain Percitla: and Ccntrarchitlw has undouUnlljr
been extended by the same meaus.
XVIII. The cliaracterisliually American forms of fishes arc, gencrtil;
speaking, rare or absent iu the waters of Nvw England and of tttf
Pacific sloi>e. This fact has been well stated by Professor Agioisiz, vbo
called New England "a zoological isUtnd".
About 105 genera of freshwater fishes occur in the waters of lb
United Stateci east of the Mississippi Utver. Of th<.<se, about 7(1 iloi
in New Eugl.iud {escUisive of I>nU<i Champlain, the fuui
which is nearly identical with that of Luke Ontario.) Of these
lewer genem occurring id ^^ew Englaod, all but Salvctinus, CwrtgotM,
Esox, Semotilus, lihinichihyK, and po-ssibly Atniurun, are reprejpuietl bj
a single species each. From 30 to 35 genera occur in the waters tii dW;
Pacific slope.
XIX. The larger the river-basin, the greater it« variety of forms,
CONCLUSIONS. 95
iiessee, and OomberlaQd, and Albumops miorostomus in the James, Boa-
DOke, KeiitQcky, Gamberlaod, and Clinch.
XXIV. Certain species have a wide east and west range, without
apparent regard to the courses of the rivers, but are bounded on either
the north or the south by parallels of latitude.
Emoalia inoonatanB occurs from Western New York to Kansas and
nonhwai-d, bat it is never found southward of a line passing about fifty
miles south of Lake Erie. Percapais guttatus has a like range, but its
vcmtbeni boundary is in the Potomac and Ohio. Lota lacustris is simi-
larly circumscribed, but ranges farther to the east. The three species
{AL^krums have each a belt of latitude: L. cyanocephalus belonging
, to the Great Lakes and Upper Missibsippi ) L. diplamius to the Ohio
iDd the Potomac; L. ardena to the Eoauoke, James, and Cumberland.
The thi-ee species of Hyodon are similarly arranged.
XXV. Certain species have a peculiar northern and eastern range,
occarriiig in the waters of the Upper Mississippi, in the headwaters of
the Illinois, Wabash, and Scioto, thence through the Great Lakes to
New Eii;»land, thence to South Carolina on the eastern slope of the
Alleghaiiies. Such species are Eupomotis aureuSj Perca americaiuij and
Amiums catus.
XXVI. Certain species have a peculiar northern and western range,
oecurihij^ in the Middle States and in the Great takes, and usually
8oothw;jid in the east to some point in Virginia or iNorth Carolina,
ceasiii^r in the same latitude on both sides of the Alleghauies, but ex-
U^mliiijr s(»uthwest\vard through the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of
Mexin). Among these may be m(»utioued Luxilus cornutuSj Xotemigonus
cArifWcMriw, AviblopUtes rupcatris^ Apomotis cyaneUus, The last-named
5*l»n*hs, however, scarcely ranj^es east of the Alleghanies.
XXVII. Certain species have a wide range north and south, either
wwtor west of the Alleglianies, but do not cross that chain. Of these
niaybt' mentioned Lepiopomvs imritus^ EnneaeanihuH olesusj Esox rctmi-
/afif*, «.|(;., on the east, and IlaploiConoiuH grunniem^ Hyodon terglsm^
Sotyrw, iniurus^ NoturuH slaliSj etc., on the west.
XXVill. The distribution of fresh-water fishes is dependent (a) on
iresb-waier communication ; (b) on character of stream, i, c, of water — as
to pun V, depth, rapidity, vegetable growth, etc.; (c) on the character of
the riverbed ; (d) on climate, as determined by latitude and by elevation
aboTe the sea; and (e) finally on various unknown factors arising from
(he u.nure or past history of the species in question, and from the geo-
logiuiil history of the rivers.
B.
A SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY CATOSTOMIDiE.
Bv David 8. Jordan.
Class PISCES.
Subclass TELEOSTEI.
Order TELEOCEPHALI.
Suborder EVENTOGNATHL
Family CATOSTOMID^.
9§iomoida Gii.k. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pbila. v. 13, p. 8, 1661.
mtmuida Copk. Prcc. Am. Aseoc. Adv. Sci. v. 20, p. 333, 1872.
ninmidff Joudan, Man. Vert. £. U. 8. p. 292, 1876.
rimidce ^eD. Kafinesque, Risso, Cuvirr, Bonaparte, Girakd, Bi.kkker.
rimid€t anbfnm. Hrckel, Agassiz, Blkeker, GDntiier.
rhe family of CatostomidcB, or tbe ''Suckers", may be briefly defiued
follows: — Evenfogiiathous hshes^ baviug tbe pharyngeal teetb pecti-
orm, in a single row, closely approximated, very numerous, and
opresseil at riglit angles to tbe direction of tbe bone, and tbe intermax-
tries forming bnt a small part: of tbe upper arcb of tbe moutb, tbe
xillaries entering into it largely on each side.*
following more elaborate diagnosis is given by Professor Gill (Johnson's Uni-
■1 Qje]o|MDdia, vol. iv, p. 1574) : — '* The body varies between an elongated subcylin-
att oblcmg more or less compressed contour; the scales are of niedinm or
»
^ • Ibe lateral line is genefally pretent and decorved, bnt some-
T »7
98 CONTBIB0TION8 TO NORTH AUBSICAN ICBTaTOLOOT — 111 '
Jslarly writiirH on fisbes, as veil »s most foreign ichtbyolopsta, hm
considered tlie Suckerd us fonuiiig a mere tribe or sabfamily of tlSt
OypHniAtB, which gionp bas been vaHoQHly denomioated CaUntam,
Catoatomina, and Catottomintc, but tSe cburactem above noted, of tMlfc .
and mouth, seem to the nriti-r to fally jnstii; their separatiou aaadii- j
tiDct Tamil; Tin dorsal fln iu CMfosfumt'cia! is more developed thu it i
asoal in American CjpHnidte^ although' varions Old World geaera ibow ;
similar characters. The devt'Iopmenl of the lips and the great proliM- '
tility of tbe month aie Icntuies nsuallj' diagnostic, but in thegeanr
Qttosiii'abia tbe mouth is scarcely piotractile, tind amoDg oar Qf^ '
Ht(f(7 certain species of Pkmacobiva nnd Ceratiehthy» have tbirkerlipl
than iiavo some of llie (Jutnstomidte.
The CatoHtomidcB fall at ouce into thiee nell-niarhed subfamilies, &m|
indioited by Professor Gill, aud termed by him Catattomince, CyeteptiMl, 1
and Biibalickthi/inw. These umy be eharacterji^ed iia follows: —
CatoslomincE. — Body ol>loii(; or elongate, snbterete or more or ImN
nom pressed : dorsal fln nciirly median, short and snbquadrste, irilkj
from nine to eighteen developed rnys: ventral fins under the dorsal, on
nine or ten rays : anal fln hiph and short, normally of seven rays, ni
the base of the eaudal lb:m ihntof (hi- vrnimt Sii»: lips well develope
usually papillose or plicate: gill-riikcrs little developed. Genera^
iahia. Placopliari/Ttx, Myxoatoma, Ermyzon, Minytrema,
Calostomu», Pantosteus.
Ciic!epfinrr.^V,w}y elongate, slender ; dorsal fin fnlcifnrm,of abootM
CATOSTOMID^. 99
ated by ibe nnioa of the parietal bones : mouth inferior, with thick
pipinoee lips : gill-rakers moderate, soft. Genus Cycleptus,
ButaKdUAytfue. — Body stout, oblong-oval, and compressed. Dorsal
fin eloDf^te, beginning more or less in front of the ventral fins, and ex-
tending at least as far as the commencement of the anal, its rays 20 to
50 in number, the anterior ones more or less elongate : ventral rays
onully 10: anal rays 8 to 12: b.ead stout and heavy : mouth moderate
or smally with thin lips: fontanelle open: gill-rakers of anterior arch
long, slender, and stiff above, growing smaller downwards. Genera
Carj^eSj BnbaliekthySj Ichthyobu§, Myxocyprinua.
As the chief purpose of this paper is to ascycrtain and make known
the proper nomenclature of the valid genera and species of GatostomidcBy
I shall omit further discussion of family and subfamily characters, and
proceed at once to a catalogue of described species, arranged in chrono-
logical order, with the date and my identification of each species oppo-
site its name. As is the case in nearly every group of American fishes,
the nnmber of nominal species is about three times the number really
existing. It will be noticed that the number of species which I h:ive
admitted is in most of the Catostomoid genera fewer than has been
recognized by previous writers. This seems to me to result not from any
pecoliar theories as to what constitutes a species, but from the fact that T
havehada greater range of specimens of most forms than any previous
writer has bad. I am confident that in the presence of a still greater
amount of material, the characters of several other species will be found
to melt away. To indicate which these vspecies are, in default of such
material, would, however, be an unprofitable task. In this group, as in
so many others, the truth well stated b\ Dr. Cones* becomes apparent: —
*• We can only predicate and define species at all from the mere cir-
cumstance of missing links. * Species ' are the twigs of a tree separated
from the parent stems. Wo name and arrange them arbitrarily, in de-
faoltof a means of reconstructing the whole tree according to Nature's
famifications.''
* Birds of the Northwest, p. 327'
100 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOOT — III.
List of Ifominal SpeoUa of Cotostomida, tvith Idemt^ficatioiu.
nominal Bpccit-s.
Dale.
Ideiitiliciilioii.
1773
IHO;!
IH03
IBW
IBH
l«14
1817
IS it'
Ifll7
1817
1H17
1H17
lfi|7
1-^17
iyi7
IP17
1M17
IB17
IHI7
IMIT
ma
\t>iii
Erimyeoii HUuettu.
(CutostouiUB) roMtrataa.
CatOHtuuius teren.
EriDi>zon sacetla.
Curi"'*'!^ cyprino*.
Erimjzon sucbtta.
Erimyzoii auoetto.
Mjxostonia aureolum.
Catostomos t«reB.
Cntmiomos longirmtris.
CaIo».omn»oiKricans.
Cjcluptnu eloDgatus.
Enruyzonsucetia.
MyxoHtoum macnjlspidoinu. doqa.
CalostomaB teten.
lubtlifoliua bubal D8.
MysoBtotua maerolepidotDm JiwiBi
Calostonina nigricaii'*.
Riiljniii-Iitbvssp.!
C;priuus sui-oLtu Luci^p&ile
CutnstnniiiH uif^rioanH Li' Sueur
CaloHtoDiuHuiacnliwiisLe Sueur
CiilDBtonmsduquesDiil.fSlR-nr
CiiliiatuiiiaB bosloiiicDBla Lo Saenr
■
U8T OF NOMINAL 6PKCIE8. 101
LU ^ Samkuil Sjfeeies of CatosicKiidc^ with IdenUficaHons^^omtinuei.
Nominal wwtMk
Date.
Identiflcation.
Py|riBM(Catoatoniiia)aQ6arii Rich
PrpriBM(Catoatomaa) retiealatiia Rich .
OilQitcMBaB oracilla Klrtlaod
1836
1836
1838
1842
1842
1H42
1842
1842
1844
1844
1844
1844
1844
1850
1860
1853
1864
1864
1854
1854
1854
1854
1854
1854
1854
ia-i4
1854
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1855
1856
1856
1856
1856
1856
1H.'',6
1896
•
Myxoatoma aureola m T
Catoatomas terea.
CatostoDins teres.
''^ flflgaitt DeKay .....^ ...... ....
Erimyson aaoetta.
Erimysoa snoetta.
lateofliopiia DeKay......
^^nMnniia mi^a DeKay
Myxoatoma maorolepidotQiii.
CatoatODioa terea.
Cttaftoniia mdlidna DoKav x . x . a ^ .
LakeoflloDgatos BeKayi •
•
ErimvzoQ aacetta.
GMoitomiia fiiaoiotoa Le 8oear, M4S . . . .
CttoMoama planlaepa YateoGieDnea. ..
CttoMonna earpio YalaDoianiiea
CitoitoBiia tileaii YalandeDiiea
BdBiopiathaa eyprinella YalanoleiiDea.
Gtetoona ibntariaonB Agaatis
CttoMoama aurora AgaaHia... .........
Miaytrema melanopa.
Catoatomoa nigrieana.
Myxoatoma oarpio.
(Catoatomoa) roatratna.
Catoatomoa tarea.
Catoatomoa longiroatHa.
Catoatomoa latipionia.
Babaliobthya oraa.
Bobaliohthya ap.
Carpiodea biaon.
Bnbalichtbys sp.
Carpiodes cy prions.
Myxostoma ooogestnm.
Catostomns clarki.
Catostomus insigais
Pantoflteiis plebcins.
Carpiodes cyprinns.
Cutostomus occidentalis.
OMoMmbob latipinnia Baird & Girard . .
^^■vpiote Drna Agaatia
CvpMft tannia Agaatia
CvyMaa biaon Agaaaia
Cirpiod«a Titnloa Amasiz
Cirpiodee Tacca Agaasiz
CMwtoinoa ooDgestns Baird & Girard . .
CUoitomiia clarki Baird & Girard
Catoitomos ioMgnis Baird & Girard . . .
CitQitoinas plebeias Bainl &, Girard. ..
Ciipiodes tmuidos Baird &, Girard
Citoitomas oooidentalis Ay res
Idithvobos rancbii Airassiz
Ichthyobns bnbalns.
lebthyobos stolley i Agaasiz
•
Ichthyobns bubalns.
Erimyzon oblongus.
Carpiodes thompsoni.
Bnbalichtbys nrns.
Bubalichtbys bnbalns.
Bnbalicbthvs nrns.
virpiodes thoiiiDsoni Asassiz
BvUIiobthys oiger Agaasiz
BsUIiohthya bnbalas Agaasiz
^baliehthvs bonasns Acraasiz
^^stoitomas occidentalis Agassiz
^^^tottomiis bkbiatus Avres
Catostomns occidentalis.
Catostomus labiatns.
^^ttpiodesdainalis Girard
^'^ntottoina clayiformis Girard
'"*BQitaina konnorl vi Girard ......
Carpio<les cyprinns.
Erimyzon sucetta.
Erimvzon sucetta.
^IwMoisa yictoris Girard
Minytrema melanops.
Erimyzon sncotta.
^IkMoow campbelli Girard
hychostomus albidna Girard
I^ycboatooma hajdeni Qiraid
Myxostoma albidum.
Minytrema melanopa.
102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO KOBTH AUBSICAN ICHTHTOU>QT — IIL
List of Ifominal species of Calottomida, witk Identifioationg — OoDtin
Noiumal biwci^h.
Date.
Identifieation.
; CatoHtDoius ( AeouiUB) generosiia GitarH
Catoatomus (Aoomus) grieuus Girurd . .
CutOBtomue (Aeomiis) Iftctariua Girard.
CaloatoniDaioacrocheilusGirard
1856
1B56
1856
ieo6
leoe
itce
1856
1800
IttOO
IW4
1868
1808
18T0
1870
1«70
1870
IrtO
laro
1870
IWO
1870
1870
1670
1870
CatoBtomua lon^inutris.
Catoatomna nacrocbilan.
CatoslomDH chloropteron Ahbolt
Bubalichlhya meridioaillB.
PlacophsryuncariiiBtDB.
Uyiostoma veo-tam.
MyxoatoDia pidU'Uae.
MynoBtomHi cortgono*.
Myioatonia albain.
MyxoBtoma tliiiluBaiDuiii.
Mysoatoma DiaciulopidotatL
Myx. macro lupidu turn lacbrfDa
MyxoHtoma cra^HiUbre.
Myxosloma. nnitinra.
ScloroRnathas me rid ion alia GUather ...
Ptychoetoniii8 pappilloans Cope
PtjcbostoiDus tlialaaoiiiuaCope
PtyoboHtomua lachrjmalis Cope
PlychwtomnsbrcvipKiiB Cnjw
■
ANALT8I8 OF GENERA. 103
iMt of Nominal Speoies of CatostomidcB^ with Identifications — Continued.
NomiDal species. i Date.
MjxoBtoma enryops Jordan ! 1877
Bobilicbtbys babalioas Jordan ; 1877
Uyxostoma pcDcilnra Jordan 1877
Ugocbila lacera Jordan A Brayton 1877
ErimyaoD goodei Jordan 1878
CttMtomas arsDopos Jordan | 1878
Cilostomas retropinnis Jordan 1878
Identification
My xOBtoma euryopn.
Bubalicbtbys bnbalus.
Myxotttoma poBcilura.
Qoassilabia lacora.
Erimyzon goodei.
CatoHtomns arseopas.
CatOHtomns retropiDnis.
ANALYSIS OF GENERA OF CAT08T0M1DJS.
'Doreal fin abort, snbqnadrate, witb ten to eigbteen developed rays: body oblong or
elongate : gill-rakers feeblo. {Catostomincs.)
a. Moatn HiDgnlar, tbe npper ]ip not protractile, greatly enlarged, tbe lower lip
developed as two separate lobes : opercalam very Hhort : air-bladder
in tbree parts: scales large : fontaoelle well developed: laU-ral lioe
present: pharyngeal bones and teeth ordinary Quabsilabia, 1.
aa. Mooth normal, tbe lower lip entire or merely lobed, either tubercular or plicate.
b. Air-bladder in tbree parts: lateral line continuous: fontanelle present : scales
large, sobequal.
& Pharyngeal bones very strong, with the lower teeth much enlarged, subcy-
lindrical aud truncate, the teeth of the upper part of the bene small
and compressed: mouth large, somewhat oblique, witb very thick
lips Placopiiaryjsx, 2.
cc. Pharyngeal bones moderato, the teeth compressed^ gradually larger down-
wardH: mouth moderate or soiall, tbe lips usually plicate.
Myxostoma, 3.
bh. Air-bladder iu two parts.
d. Lateral line interrupted or wanting : ecales large (40 to r.O in tbe cuurue of
the lateral lii.c) : lips plicate.
e. Lateral line incomplete, obsolete in the young, becoming developed in the
adult, but always more or less iuternipted: mouth Bmall, inferior.
MiNYTRKMA, 4.
«e. Lateral line entirely wanting : mouth somewhat oblique.. Erimyzon, 5.
dd. Lateral line complete and continuous : scales small, 55 to 115 in tbe course
of the lateral line.
/. Fontanelle present.
g. Mouth very large, terminal, oblique : lips thin, nearly smooth.
CHASMIHTES, 6.
gg. Mouth inferior, moderate or t«mall, with thick, papillose lips.
Catojjtomus, 7.
ff, Fontanelle obliterated by the union of the parietal bones: mouth small,
inferior, with thick, papillose lips, the lower jaw provided with a
cartilaginous sheath Pantostkus, 8.
104 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMEHICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IIL
■• Domnl fin elongate, more or lens plf vntoil in front, of »l>oat K or more dcidop"*
rays : air bladder in ttro parts.
I KnotaDnlle obliterated by the □niou of thir parietal bones: head short stidiiiiill:
body elongat*. (Cjcftpfina.)
k. Mouth small, inferior, with very thick, papillose lips : tcales small. Ii3 lo 60 id
the coorae of the lateral line CvcLEFiti.*
HFonlanello well dovelopeil : Lead Inrjfe : body oblon); or ovate : scalen larga, 33 1»
4G in the coarse of the lateral line. (Dubalicktkgino!.)
f. Dorsal raya in moderate number {^4 to 33).
j. Moatb coDiparutively small, inferior, protractile downirards.
t. PboryDgoal bones uurrow, irith the teeth comparatively thin and weak.
Carpiodu, I&
kk. Pharyngeal bones strong, the leetb oompiuativel; coarse and huge, '»
creosing in size down wnrda BtiBAUCHTHT^ II'
jj. Month qnite large, terminal, protractile forwards: pharyngeal bone* sad
hmoderate: lips thin, nearly smooth IcuTuruBL's, 11
U. Dorsftl fln very long, ofnbuat 50 developed rays MvxocyyiUKt;^ It
Genus QUASSILABIA Jordan d Brayton.
lasodtila Jord.i.v iIi, Biuvtun. Piuo. Ac. Nat. Sc. Fhila. 280. 1877. (Pieoccopisd ii
concbulogy OS Lagtxhilm.)
IJuMiilabia ( JoiiDAN &. BRavton) JoxD-tN, Man. VerC E. U. S. ed. 20, 401. 1>478.
TyiNJ, Lagoekila loftra Jordan & Bniyton.
Etymulugy, guantui, broken or turn; labia, lip.
Sucker.-* like Mi/xontima iu every respect exceptiog the structan i
mill 1111(1 oiRTciilit. Heai) sliortisb, conical, with lfiit;tiieuedeiK
OINUB QUASBILABIA. 106
Bedn burge, predaelj as in MgroitomOj the lateral line well developed
nd iMtilj Btraigfat, with about 46 scales in its coorse.
AirUadder in three parts.
tanal peoaliarities anknowo ; probably little marked.
But a riugle species of this gcDus is Icnown. It is a sort of offehoot
ftooi the genus MfxoBtama^ bat its uoo -protractile mouth and singular
krwtf lip would* seem to indicate some real affinity with the genus Exo-
The Dame LagodMua bad been previously applied to a genus of Gas-
Jmpods by Blanford, and to a genus of Insects by Loe w. As Lagoehila is
lalMCwitially the same word, with the same etymology, and as, if written
4i iMst correctness, it would be LagoiAilua also, its authors have seen
IttOMbstitaie the name QuoiSikMa^ and thus to forestall' all discus-
ioitt to whether the name Lagotkila should be retained. As this sub-
Hitation was made soon after the original description of the genus, and
teftn the name LagoehUa had come into any general use, it is to be
boped that it will be accepted by succeeding ichthyologists.
La80CB1Ia JordttD & BraytoD, 1877.— ** Similar to JffJB0«/ama(Pr^M(omaMAca88iz)
«DMpt te tbe strootiiro of ibm noath pnrtB. Dorsal fin short ; lateral Hdo well devel-
ii^ ipci; Mtlea large, eubeqoal ; air-bladder in three parte ; foDtaoelle between parietal
knei well developed ; pharyngeal bonus weak, with nnmerons small teeth ; upper lip
MA aU protractile, greatly enlarged, bnt attmnated, and sirgular in form. It consists
of tvo elongated and narrow lobes, separated by a narrow, deep fissure, which extends
isvaid to the edge of the mandible proper, which seems to be armed with a rather
"M or almost homy plate, about as in the genus PantoateM. Tbe two lubes of the
^ii« weakly papillose. The lower Hp is entirely separated from the upper at the
»g^ by a deep fissure. Over this fissure the skin of the cheek lies as a sort of cloak ;
t^cresae separating this skin from the mouth, exteuding up on the sides of the muzzle,
^fiwire between the lips extends down on tbe skin of tbe nnd«r side of the head,
^opercle is extremely short and the eye is eutirely in the posterior part of the bead.^ —
(JoiDAjf & Brayton, Proc. Ac Nat So. Phila, p. 280, 1877.)
QviauLABiA Jordan A Brayton, 1878. — '' When tbe name Lagoehila was firHt pro-
R^fbr this genus, its authois were not aware that tbe masculine form, LagochUuH,
^ been already given to two different genera, to one of OasteroiK>dB by Blanford, aLd
1* cue of Insects by Loew. The words Lagoehila and Lagoohiltis are identical in ety-
'><^' and in all except terminations, and many writers would consider them innufii-
cKBtly distinct, and would hold that the name Lagoehila should be cbanj^ed. At
P^'BiBn^Iam inclined to the contrary opinion ; nevertheless, as tbe matter standn, and
M the Dame LagoekUa ht^ not yet come into general use, less confusion porha|)s will
'*'^ ^toin renaming tbe genus, than from any other oourso. The nani« Quaaailabia
(loniaa 4 Bray too) ia aooordingly suggested as a substitute for Lagoehila, considered
^ ^ pnoocnpied in oonobclogy. The etymology is qwunu, broken or torn ; labial lip.
1^
L
106 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMBBICAM ICHTHTOLOGT— OL
Tbe CMS is preciself like that of th« Kenng of Dotm, Xtptqpitia 8wiuDM>n, Utdf •*■
.XAmaplila b; Dr. Cooes, on uccoDDt of thepreviooaXipfoplUMof LeMOD."— (JOU'
Bull. U. S. Geol. Sun. Terr, vol iv. No. *, p. 4la, 1878.)
AMALVeiS OF SFRCIB8 OF QUASaiLABIA.
'Head short, conical, with lengtbeoed aaout, the reftion between tbe Vl» flitU
Kod with promioeDt mncoDS ridgot : cheeks and lonoi port of head rather s<ml
opercle moch reduced, its greatest lenftth scoicelf greater than tbe diameter ol
eye: bead about 4}iD length : eye li-iDleDgtb of bead, about Sin leofctb of llWM
iu iitnutioD thus quite posterior ; length of the top of tbe bead If- iu the diib
from the snoot to the base of the dorsal. Body mther slender, tbe fsm b
between that of ^yEMtmaaogreiNaw and if. XMeroIqftdalsw, thedepth4{ in tteki
Dorsal fin rather low ; ito rajs I, U; A. I, 7; V. 9. 8cal«a &-46-&. Color elb
blaisb-browD s.bove; sides and belly nlvery ; lower fica faiuUy orange.. .L4Cn
I. QUASSILABIA LAOBRA Jordan & Brayton.
Bare-lip Sacker. Split-tKoulk Sucker. Mag Sucktro/ Ike ScMo. Cat-Iys.
1^77— iMgachila laeera Jordan & Bravton, Proc. Ac Nat. 8c Phila. 980, 1877.
Lagochila lactra JoftDAK, Miui. Vert. ed.3d, 311, 1876.
Qaaetihibia laeera Jordan, Han. Tert. ed. 2d, 406, l^S.
QuataiUbla lattra Jordan, Bui). U. S. Oeol. Surv. Terr. 418, 187a
Haditat. — Teuuesseo Biver. Scioto Biver.
Only three specimeas of ttiis singular Sucker are yet known. Tv
tUeae were taken by Professor Brayton and myself in tbe Chiekuu
Hiver at Ring^ld, Catooaa Coanty, Georgia, and the other ia BlkB
near Estill Springs, Tennessee. In both these streams, the apedei
well known to the fishermeu, who sHid that it is one of tbe most t'
GENUS PLACOPHARYNX. 107
Genus PLACOPHARYNX Cope.
lUMfkmrpa Cops, Proo. Am. Philos. Soo. Pbila. 467, 1870.
T^pe, PlmeopktUTfna mrinaUu Cope.
E^mology, irAii^, a broad surface ; ^pvy^f pharynx.
Backers like MyoDoatoma Id all respects, except that the pharyngeal
bonee are mnch more developed, and the teeth reduced in number, those
00 the lower half of the bone very large, 6 to 10 in number, nearly cylin-
diic in form, being but little compressed, and with a broad, rounded
or flattened grinding surface. The forms and positions of these en-
larged teeth vary greatly. In a specimen before me, the first tooth is
the highest and most compressed, its summit Xmng rounded and then
abrnptly truncate. The second- tooth is notably shorter and thicker,
mnch larger, and rounded on top, the body of the tooth serving as a pe-
donde for the swollen grinding surface. The third tooth is still shorter
and similar in form. The fourth tooth is similar to the first, being much
higher than the second and third, and flat on top. The others seem to
be irregularly alternated or arranged in pairs, a long one and a short
ooe, the long teeth in all cases being the most truncated, as if their sur-
fiMsea had been most worn off.
As I have at present no perfect specimens of this genus, nothing but
▼^ young specimens, and pharyngeal jaws of adults, I caiiuot do better
thaa to copy Professor Cope's original description, which seeuis to be
M accurate one. I substitute the generic names used in this paper
\)^xo%ioma^ etc.) for those used by Professor Cope {Ptychostomusy etc.),
whenever a difference occurs : —
** Allied to MyxoHioma, The pharyngeal teeth much reduced in num-
ber, only seven on the proximal iialf of the bone, cylindric in lorm, with
• broad, truncate triturating suiiace. These play against a broad, ores-
centic, chitin-like shield on the posterior root* of the pharyngeal cavity-
Three divisions of the vesica natatoria,
"With a great superficial resemblance to Myxontoma^ the masticatory
apparatus is different from that of any Catostoaioiil form known to me,
^dcooibines peculiarities observed in some forms of true Cyprinidce,
The chitin-like shield is found in some of the latter; it is represented in
Cflto«tomu«, Myxostomaj and CarpiodesAyy a narrow and very thin pel-
licle of the same material, frequently interrupted in the middle line.''
But one species of the genus is known. It is app.irently widely dis-
Abated through the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes, but its
108 CONTBIBUTIONB TO NOBTH AMEBICAH ICHTHTOLOOT — UL
pecaliarities lire rarely noticed anleBS the pbaiyogeal teeth ai-e expowiL
Tbe writer hn^ obtained four setd of tbu pharyngeal jawB and one eotin
skeleton, but has seen only two small specimens, collected by FrofeMir
Brayton in the Illinois Biver, and hns obtained uooe ia life.
Stuce the foregoing wus written, I have collected nsmeioiM larp
specimens in the Freuuh Broad River, North Carolina, when it ulka
most nbundaot member of tbe family, known to all Oshermeu as the "Bd
Horse". With a great suiierficial resemblunce to tbe fioitbero Bed
Horse {ifyxostoma macroleptdotum), PlacitpKaryttx canttatnt difiera fha
all the 8i>ecies of Myxoatoma in its larger and more oblique mooth Hd
extremely thick lips.
2. PLACOPHABYNX CABINATU3 Cope.
Big-jaictd Smeter.
taO—Platophatynx earinaiiit COPe, Proc. Aiu. Phikw. Soc Philk. 467, 1870.
FlaeopJtaiTttx earimalvi Joktiax, Fisbea at lod. 221, IH75. (Name odIj.}
/■loMptarjrM eariaiuiu Jordak, Msd. Vort. 296, lH7fi.
Pladtpkarym earinatui Neuwn, Boll. No. I, IIU. Hns. Nat. Hiat. 49, 1876.
Placophatyaz carinaitu Jordan & Copelind, Checlc iJat, IbS, IB7S. (Him
only.)
PUcopliartiiix cari»aia$ Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Pbila. 72, ttfTT,
Plaeopkargwz oariKatiai JanUAS & Oilskkt, id Klipparfa Bept. 53, loTT. (bw
P(acopkargmr cariKalu* KuPPART, FiraC Heport Ohio F^tfa CoiuiDinu>D,SG,tiffT.
Placvphari)iix cariaatMi Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mdb. ix, 50, Ign. (Name oolf.)
FLACOPHARYNX CARINATU8. 109
tbe posterior extremity of this ridgo appears in some Pti/chostomi. Orbit
bogitodinalty oval, 4.5 times in length of head, twice in interorbital
vidth. Type, fourteen inches in length.
^ Color in alcohol like that of other species, nnifoim straw or whitish
•Birery.
'^Tbe pharyngeal bones of this species are mnch stouter than those of
oCber species of its own and greater size, e, </., Pt. aureolus of eighteen
tacbes, where they are comparatively slight. The exteroposterior ala is
tvlce as wide as the body inside the teeth is deep, and but for its short
hue and narrowed tip would do for that of a Semotilus. But while there
are seven broad teeth without heel or cusp on the basal half, there are
at least forty on the distal half, they becoming more compressed and
Doally like those of other allied genera. There are fourteen with trun-
cate extremities. The pharyngeal plate has narrow horns directed up-
wards and forwards, and is thickened medially. It is placed immedi-
ately in a<lvance of the opening of tbe (Bsopliagus. I have but one
specimen of this curious species, which I obtained at Lafayette, on the
Wabash Biver, in Indiana."
Tlie writer has in his collection two young specimens obtained in Illi-
nois River by Prof. Brayton, a skeleton of a very large individual
toand in Scioto Biver by Dr. J. W. Wheaton, and a pair of pharyngeal
bones taken by Dr. G. M. Levette from a fish taken in the Wabash at
Terre Haute. I have also seen a pair of pharyngeals and an air-bladder
of one taken in Detroit Biver by Professor Baird, and now in the United
States National Museum, ami a jaw from '* Post-pliocene ^ deposits near
tbe Falls of the Ohio, found by Dr. John Sloan. The jaws and air-
bladder above noticed are the only specimens of this species preserved
io tbe National Museum.
Siace the foregoing was written, the writer has obtained numerous
living specimens of Placopharynx carinatus from the French Broad at
Wolt Creek and other localities in Nortli Carolina. From one of these,
tbe following description was taken : —
Boily oblong, moderately compressed, heav^ at the shoulders : head
very large, 3§ in length of the boily : eye small, behind the middle of the
bead: mouth extremely l<irge, the lower jaw oblique when the mouth is
dosed, the mouth, therefore, protractile forwards as well as downwards :
veiy thick, coarsely plicate, the lower lip full and heavj', truncjite
: head above evenly rounded, in my specimens not showing the
wribed by Professor Goi>e : scales G-15-6 : dorsal rays 13 ;
^<»v-gi!aen above; lower fins red.
110 CONTBlBUnOKS TO SOfiTH AMEBICAH ICHTHTOLOOT-^L
GenuB MYXOSTOMA (Rqfineaque) Jordan.
CMMfomn up. Lp. SUBUR, »d(1 of nil irrit«n tilt 1855.
Moxetloitia RaI'I.nesquk, Ichtbyologin Obivnsia, 1820, 54. (PrupoMd Bsftral^NQt
ilioHBHiieciM of Caioeiomu* with eight ventral raya And the e«id>l kilM
eqnni : typo C. aniiitrtti Raf.)
Ttreltiliit RAFiNEe<)UE, Iclitbyologia Obieoais, 1S90, &7. (As a enbgeDDa,to lad
tliiwu speciea of Caloiloniut with nine veotral rays: no type daaguted— i
<>[ tliu species recorded belong to tbe present geons. C. amrtoltu Le Sao
lliu Hjiecies first oientioaed, nod to this species nnd its relatives the ■
TcrcdtJtKf w»i8 B^rirardB restrioted by Professor Cope.)
PlfdnMlomHn Aoassiz, Amoricuo Jonninl of Science and Arts, I1IS&, p. 203. (Ko
(leBifjnnlMl : tbe species men tioned nre F. anrwliu, P. muieral^idotm*, P, d«
nfi, and P. mtlanopi. P. aureolui haa been conaidered the type of tbe gem
Ttntulut CtirK, Juaro. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. 1S68, 236.
Uoxoiloma Jiikdan, Haonnl of Tertebrntes, It{7t), 295.
Uj/t«*tima Jdmdih, Add. Lye. Nat. HUt. 1H17, 348. (Correeted orthognfdiy.)
Etynioliit-y./ibfu. to sack ; vrbfia, nioatb.
Type, Latmiomat anitunm RafiDeeqao.
Bo<l.v iiion- or Il>i^s elongate, sometimes nearly terete, asnally mon
leiwc-ompreMscHl.
IIoHtl viu-ioimly long or short, its length rangiDg from 3} to 5} in I
or thi> IxHly : eye nsnally rather hirge, varying from 3 to 6 times in
lcnt;th i>i' the side of the bead, its position high ap and medial
rtirliiT )ift.'j:i'rln!': sLi1iiirlilt;i1 buiio^ ft^ry nftrrow. fihvnys much \(n
GENUS MTX08TOMA. Ill
the teeth rather coarser, stroogly compressed, the lower five or six mach
Btiooger than the others, which are rapidly diminished in size upwards,
each with a prominent internal casp.
Scales large, more or less quadrate in form, nearly equal in size over
the body, and not specially crowded anywhere, usually about 44 in the
lateral line (41 to 56), and about twelve series between dorsal and veu-
tiala. Lateral line well developed, straight or anteriorly decurved.
Pins well developed, the dorsal inserted about midway of the
body, its first rnys usually rather nearer snout than the caudal, the
Domber of developed rays usually about 13, but varying in difi'erent
species from 11 to 17 : anal flu short and high, usually emarginate in
the male fish, probably always with seven developed rays : ventrals in-
serted nearly under the middle of the dorsal; their number of rays nor-
mally 9, occasionally varying to 10 ; the occurrence of ten ventral rays
is probably an accidental individual character, and not a permanent
specific one : caudal fin deeply forked, the lobes about equal, except in
two 8i)ecies.
Airbladdermth three chambers: skeleton essentially as in Catostomus^
tbe vertebrsB in M. carpio 27-14 (Oiinther).
Sexual pcHSuliarities little marked, the males in the spawning season
^th tbe lower fins reddened, and the anal rays swollen and somewhat
tabercalate.
This genus is widely diffused, some of its species occurring in all the
Wers of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, excei)ting
those of the New England States. Some of the more aberrant species
seem to be quite local ; other species are of the widest distribution. Tbe
principal species in the genus, although not the technical type, M. ma-
f^^idotumy is very widely* diflused, and is subject to much variation.
This genua is one readily recognizable by external appearance, its
species being known to the fishermen as ^' Red Horse ^ am\ '^ Mullet ^^;
tbose of other genera being called rather '* Suckers". Its proper nomen-
clature has, however, been a subject of considerable uncertainty.
The subgenus Moxostoma was originally proposed by Ratinesque to
inclmle C. anisurus Eaf., with the following diagnosis: — *'Body oblong,
wniprepsed; head compressed, eight abdominal rays; doisal fm com-
nwnly longitudinal ; tail commonly unequally forked."
The characters here noticed are either common to several genera,
^ else merely 8i)ecific, and the use of the generic name must de-
P^ CD oar identification of the original typical species. By some
1
[co»-1
112 COHTRIBUTIOKS TO NORTH AMERICAS ICHTHTOLOOY — HI.
piocess of reaHoniog Dot uow explaiuable. Professor AgaKsiz ideobM
ihis with Ibe couidiud Clinb Sucker of the West, a fpecies wliirh 1
BJiler iileatical wirli C^fprinm oblougus Mituhili. Ho thus trauslmt^
muni' Moxonioma frwm the '■ Uetl Horse" lo tbe "Cbab Sucker" jtnwp ':
Rafluesqiiti'a description, however, renders it evident tha! his flsb tu\
one of the Ited Horse kind; and n* Moxoatoma ia the first generic
iipplied to speoies of th»t group, it muxt be retained iu spite of Ikl
incoiiipleteuess-of the original diagnosis.
Teretulua Rufinesque was proposed three pages later for "aui-xteiwiw
sabgenus, to which belong all the following species of Le Sueur: C.iti
reolut, C. niacrolepidotus, C. lougiroitrum, C. nigricans, C. v'-itatut, It
niOCuIoAUS, C nucetta, besides tliu C. teret and C. oblongVK of Mitvbi&il
To these he adds his own spi'uica. C melamtpn, V. tnelanotws {= Camit'
atQiHU), C. fa«c!olaria, C. erytbrurva, noil C. Jlcxuotus. This '■mniUNnffr
themm" receives the following diagnosis: — "Body elongate e>liDilhal
or somewhat quadrangular, 9 alMlominal mjs, dorsal tin coumioiily si
tail equally forked."
A niime proposed for a group of this kind, in Ihe opinion of Ibe [m»
ent vrriter, should not be set aBide, but should be retuined for
o: more of the species originally rcferreil to it, and when any niM
adopts snch a geuns, be shall liave the right to select any of the
as its type, nnd the name should be considered thereafter as npptji^
to such typical species only, not to be revived in cime sncb rypictd
be afterwards lound to have had a prior genei ic name.
GENUS MTX08T0MA. 113
and lipa, althoogh the species of Minytrema was iDadvertently ioolnded
JDit. The most important generic featare, the tricellalar air bladder,
WM flret notice<l by Professor Cope.
I have seen fit to change the orthography of the name from Moxofttoma
to Mifxostomay in accordance with its apparent etymology. This change
is rather desirable from the fact that it tends to avoid confnsion, the
name Moxostoma having been commonly used in connection with a
diSerent genns.
The genus Myxostoma contains two well marked sections, typified
rwpectively by M. velatum and M. macrolepidotum^ and characterized by
the form of the month and lower lip : that of M. velata being as in the
^Q8 Erimyzon; that of M, mactvlepidotum being of the character most
oommoD in this genns.
Generio Characterizations,
MoxoeroMA Rafiuesque, 1820. — '' Body obloDg, compressed ; bead compressed, eight
abdoniiDtl rayfl, dorsal fin commo-kly loDgitadinal ; tail commonly unequally forked.'' —
{IMgologia Ohienaia^ p. 54.)
Tkkitulus Rafinesque, 1820. — *' Body elongate cylindrical or somewhat quadrangu-
lsr,9alNlo.ninal niys, dorsal fics commonly small; tail eqnally forked. An exten-
iiTeiDb(i;enuH, to which belong all the following species of Le Sueur: Caureolus^ C.
^^ttnlepidotun^ C. hnniroatrum, C, nigricans^ C. rittatua, C, fnaculo8U8f C, aucetta, besides
the ('. teret and C. oblongns of Dr. Mitcbill.^'— (/eft. Oh, p. 57.)
PTTcmwTOMi's Agassiz, 1855.^—" In resin ct to form of body an<l the strncture and
position of the tins, this genus does not diliVr from Catostonins proper, but may be
♦i'Stingniphfd by tli«» following striictnral ])«'cnliaritieB. The lips an^ marked by trans-
TfTJie ricljjes or folds, and hardly bilobed bt-low ; they are not ]»apilluti>d as in Cdtosto-
■w proper. Th«^ g«*neric name of this type is derived fiom this character of the lips
Tbehetd is Hborter and stouter. The dorsal is longer than it is high, bnt hi the mules,
UiRlon;»er in proportitm than in the females. The anal of the male is alto broader
tbuitbat of the female, and its lower margin lobed, while in the female it is trape-
zoidil und narrow.
"The tcaU's urv as large on the anterior as en the posterior region of the bo<ly ; their
▼Wiicil dianiet<*r about as great as the longitudinal, so that the scales are nearly quad-
f^Bgnlar, with rounded edges ; the ornamental concentric ridges not longer nor broader
'^pon the i>o>terior than upon the lateral and anterior fields ; the radiating furrows few,
^lyoneor two in the i>08terior field and one on each side limiting that field Ironi the
**^n\ fields; tho^e t»f the anterior field are more numerous, and yet not crowded.
ToUfof the lateral line arising in the centre of radiation or farther back upon the
P'Wterior fiehl.
"The pharyngeals are strong, their entire edge spreading like a wing, and that
• ^pl^iog margin is separated from the symphysis by a deep omargination. The
twth increasing rather rapidly in size from above downwards, are more apart from one
Ball. N. M. No. 12—8
114 CONTBIBUnOSB TO KOBTH AHEBICAH ICHTHTOLOOr — OL
anotberthBD in the preoediDgK^Dera, and >rcbed inward ■■ in HoxMtonuktlMiDHi
edge of tbe lower ones aqnare, its inaet maripti rlaiog into « broad cdbp in (fa« uU
Mid upper tcetb."~( JiwricoM Joam. Sci. Arlt, xii, p. 803.)
TERETt-Li-s Cope, 1868.— "Tbe euentiitl cbaracter (rf thia gfiaaa is tbe dividw
the nstatOT}- bladder into Ibreechambera, wbileCatOitomnsBtid allCypKoidAeili'l
bat tiro. Tbis fe«tnre ii aceompsuied bj plicate lipe, aa AfiaMiz baa indicatfd,i
ulnenja to tbe veotral fin, already pointed out bf BafineaqaB. Tbe apecie* »n 1
largsat acaled of tbe tjpical sDCkera. Le fiuear and Vatenciennn bave poinled i
tba KMWric featnreH in the P. niacrottpidotiu ; Prof. Baird infonnB me that it dm
In PL jlorealiiRd., and I fiud it iu Ft. onYimu and Pi. duqueaiiL It no donbtu
^ao in tbe PI. atriDlai. Other species ilescrilitd by Baird and Ginird from tbeSw
weal probably posaees it.
"It is diBlcnIt to amlKn a name to this eenns. Ralinesqno propoaea it npon qbi
able cbaracteta, and ioclndea with it species of Mozoatiima and Catoatomns. kp
pnrRedit of tbeaec]emeutii,but did not exprcxa its ceeential cbaivcter, apparently c
Ing oa the plicate lips. 1 have lalten the older name, leaving for otbera Ibe 1
deoiaioD."— (Journal Acad. \al. Sci. Phila. tSW, p. '/36.)
PrrcHosTouuB Cope, tSiO. — '* Tlie development of the lips furniab important J
noatio indications in this genns. !□ tbo^ mcst urarly allied loMoxoatonia, tbe iDh
lip reaembles that of tbat genua in bein<; narrower and devply incised, euiai;^:
poateriorly forming a bgnre V ivith tbe apex forwards, at tbe same time the sapt
lip is very thin and often narrow. Such species are nhorter, and tend to a i^al
velopment of doTsal fin. Otbeisof tbi^ t,vpe are more elongate. Somespeoiesofl
are distingoisbed by their rerj' prominent conic muzzle and miunte, inferior nw
reminding one of the Ciu-piodes. In oneBpeciesthelipsarepapilloaeiDeteadof plii
Id some species, the month is very projectile, in others scarcely so at »ll.
" Bafinesqiie proposed a genus Tcretului on tbe characteristic pecaliaritj' of nine
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MTXOSTOMA. 115
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF MYX06T0MA.
«dittiDetIy plicate.
mrer lip foil, its posterior edge trancate) not infolded and '' /^-shaped ''.
t. Species with the body distinctly compressed, the depth 3} to nearly 5 in length.
h. Dorsal fin largely developed, its rays 15 to 18 in number : head rather large,
3} to 4^ in length, broad above : month large, with fall lips : eye rather
large : body deep, strongly compressed, the back somewhat elevated, the
depth abont 3} in length : dorsal fin high and large, larger than in anj
other species of tho genus, the first ray about as long as the base of th&
fin : scales 5-43-4, quite large : coloration very pale and silvery, the lower
ilns white carpio, 3.
M« Dorsal fin moderate, its rays 12 to 14 in number.
c. Scales large, 41 to 50 in the course of the lateral line.
d. Caudal fin normal, the two lobes about equal and similarly colored,
e. Head singular in form, much shortened, the muzzle very abruptly de-
curved, descending almost perpendicularly in front of the eye : the
head wedge-shaped from behind forwards, and less so from below
upwards, its sides subvertical and the lower cross-diameter of the
head greater than the upper.
/. Eye very large, more than one-third tho length of the side of the
head (in an individual of sis inches in length): lips thin, very
faintly plicate : width of head through the oporcles greater than
the thickness ot the body : head 4^ in length ; depth abont the
same : dorsal rays 13 : scales 6-43-5 : body shortish, closely com-
pressed, the back somewhat elevated, and the caudal peduncle
unusually long in proportion : color smoky-blue ; lower fins white :
size probably small euryops, 4.
««. Head normal in form, not as above.
g. Mouth moderate or larp^e, not very small, nor very much overpassed
by tho muzzle : lips thick, strongly plicate : body stoutish, vary-
ing to moderately elongate: dorsal fin medium, its developed
rays 12 to 14, usually 13 in number : scales large, about G-45-5 :
lower fins in the adult red or orange.
K Head comparatively elongate, 4 to 5 in length : mouth large :
size very large, reaching a length of two feet
or more mackolepidotum, 5.
X. Head quite elongate, 4 to 4f in length : back little
elevated: body rather elongate, not greatly
compressed : scales pretty large, 6-42 to 49-5:
back bluish or olive ; sides brilliantly silvery,
with bright reflections ; dorsal fin dusky above ;
lower fins bright red duquesnii,
XX. Head a little shorter, 4^ to 4i in length : form
of the preceding: scales distinctly smaller,
7 or 8-48 to 50-6: back with much smoky
■hading lackrynuile.
1 1 6 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IlL
*Ll|i»<U»tiDctlr plicate — Continnod.
xet. Heail still sbortor and deeper, 4} to & in l«i[il
its upper profile conomrent vith tlw ctT<
of tlie bock, nhich U conaidfrkbl; clcvitd,
the forni lieing thus soiuewh&t elliplioil; ttte
compressed : dorHBl ra;a nsii&ll]' 13: mlontiw
little silvery, the aidos refieoting broKDUb mi
golden; back Boioky, dome of tbe8calt*<liui;
at bose : scales 6-43 to 50-5 naemUpiilok*.
kh. Head oomparativelj' short. Ion aod amall, 5 to 5^ iu Itagii;
book elevated and coinpre&ged ; depth 8^ io leagtti: nuuuk
rather Boinll, more or leas overjiiuaed by the soeni; colw-
atioD bright yelluniiib-broivD, etc., not silver; ; Inirei iv
bright red : dorsal rays IS : scalw li-i'i to 48-5 ; aiM liugt.
AURXOLim,!
fg. MoDth vet7 small, uiDch overpnaaiHl bf the oouic mozele ^ bol
BtDDll, about 5 ID leogth,
i. Body llattLah, the back elevated and compremeU; dri>[h 3(:
muzzle coDiracted : scales large, i>--14s) ; dorwl rayii oBolg
Vd : <lorHBl liD elevated in front, it« 5t»t soft r^y Iodk*'' '^
■ thfi base of the fiu : color silvery, nith nmaky ktiadii|
above. suDit of tlie acnlea blnrkiab at tbuir Insea : lovrtiM
white; top of bead, humernl bar, aad dorsal &□ dusk;.
Ciusnti-iBUiT.
ii. tkxly Outtish, the donal outliDe elevated, the form brlnfSk*
that of 21. (oregonMs : bead email aod conic ; montfa rxmi-
iDgl)' email, tbe suoat fnr overpaseiug it, the iduzi1» I
maeb longer than iu Jf. rrnMtilabn : dotMj lsf> 14:
largv: eoloralion smoky above, some scales diwfcj M
^
AHAL78I8 OF SPECIES OF HYX08T0MA. 117
itinoily plicate — CootiDaed.
i& Seales Teiy small for the genos, about 9-^6-8 in DDmber : body moderately
elongate, the depth about 4 in the length.
M. Head shortish, conic, the snout not much projecting, about 4 in length :
eye large : dorsal fin bmall, with about eleven rays, the last rapidly
shortened (characters of month unknown, but probably similar to
maerdlepidotum and ptBcUmra; it is said to be '* much larger thau in
F. congestut") albidum, 11.
peoiea with the body elongate, little compressed, broad, the depth about 5
in length, not very much greater than the thickness.
j. Head very short, roundish above, rather pointed forwards,
about 5 in length : cheeks subvertical : mouth rather large,
with thick lips, which are strongly plicate, the folds some-
what broken up : eye small : fins very small, the dorsal
rays 10 to 12 : scales rather large, 6-44 to 49-5 : color green-
ish-brown, a pale blotch on each scale, these forming con-
tinuous streaks along the rows of scales : back with more
or lees distinct brownish cross-blotches ; fins brownish, not
much red ; the dorsal blackish at tip : size smallest : length
less than afoot cervinum, 12.
r Up thin, not infolded and ^^A'^^^P^ ''» forming a narrow, crescent-shaped
^rder around the mandible.
k* Head small, 5 times in length: muzzle prominent, but
less so thau in M, evregonvs : mouth moderate : back a
little elevated: depth about 3^ in length : dorsal rays 12
to 14, its free border often incised : scales 6-45-5 : colora-
tion very pale ; lower fins white : sizo large ; reaches a
weight of four pounds or more album, 13.
kk. Head stout, as in M. velatumy rather long, 4 in length,
flattish above, muzzle truncate, not very prominent:
mouth moderate : back elevated : dorsal fin long, of 14
or 15 rays : sea-green above ; white below ; lower fins
white THALA88INUM, 14.
: lip infolded, A'^<^P^ when viewed from below, with a distinct median
crease, in which the two halves of the lip meet, forming
an acute angle : mouth smalL
2. l>orsal large, with IG (15 to 17) developed rays.
m. Body stout, deep, compressed, the back elevated, the
depth 3 to 4 in length : head short, heavy, flattish
and broad above, thick throngh the cheeks, 3f to 4^
in length : eye rather large, midway in head, 4 to
5 in its length : mnzzle rather prominent, bluntish,
overhanging the very small mouth : fins very large :
dorsal long and high, its height five-sixths the length
of the head: pectorals nearly reaching ventrals*
color silvery^ Hnoky above; lower fins red: size
laqpa... velatum, 15.
118 C0NTE1BCTI0N8 TO KOETH A3IERICAN ICHTHYOLOGT — lit.
•Lip« dirtinctly plicate — Cootinned.
II. Dorsal modersb;, tritb \2 w 14 ilevuloped n;«.
n. Head compuutively latKe, aboat4 in leogtb: dnul
rays aaually 12.
0. Head sbon anil very wide tbrongb tbeopcrtiA
Oat aboTe: body Htoat, ibe back tumeibt
elevaUid, deplb 4 in leogtb : muzzlv tciblniS'
Gftle, sliKbtly iirojeutlng : acalw &-40-5 : olln-
ceous, silver; l>elon-; dorsftt Sndnsky.
^" oo. Head rolber long, 44 in leDgth, flivlti«ll •h«l
iMidy elouitate, more nearly cyhnilricat, til
com pressed: luaizlc tmucatu: olivaceuiu,Ni
limes wilb roHs of faiDt spot* aluug ibean
of ii'4ile.i t dorsal uatl caudal fiiia bUck-«d(i4:J
Bii« qnite small: resembles If. ccrctHiix. bntttl
moDtb entirely different PCDlEN^li, IT.
NH. Head very amall, about 5 in leogtb : muizle t
moch projecting beyoDil the vvrj small nu
bod; broadly tusirorm, niDch compressM, lb*
bsck eletithsd and orcbed : dorsal rajs 14 : oIm
silvery, nitb plumbeous slindes aboi'c;
fliiH while: bIzobdiuH coRKOHXtA, U
* Lips fall, HtroDgty papUloee, mnch as in Ibe sobgeDae Bjipailttiaai.
p. Body comparalively stoat, Ibe dorskl ngM
Bomeivbat elevateil and rouoded, tlie dlfi
being aboat 4 in lengtb, tbe bead aboot Nl
MTXOBTOICA KUBYOP8.
119
JTiMiiMM Mnyte Jordam, Mao. Yert. 896, 1876.
Amfiiliw cnyfo Nklboh, BoU. No. 1, Ilia. Has. Nat. Hist 49, 1876.
nrfteiM ocfyfo JosDiir 4b Copbland, Cheok List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
JfaMlMM mrfh JORDAK 4b GiLBKRT, Id Klippan'tt Bept. Fish Comm. Ohio, 53,
1W7. (Kama only.)
MpemUmm evpio Jobdait, Man. Yert. £. U. 8. ed. 8d, 312, 1878.
HabitaTw— Qieaft Lake Beglon and northward. Also in the Ohio Btver.
Tbia s|)eoieB is apparentiy not very common, and its distribution is
frobsbly diiefly northward. I bave obtained but one living specimen,
i Im large one, from Lac des Buttes des Mort8, in Northeastern Wis-
ooMiii. This speoimen in life was extremely pale and silvery, its fins
kiTing none of the orange coloration common to most of the species.
1. Mtpjo is related to If. fnaorolepidotumj bnt the much greater develop-
■ent of the dorsal will always distinguish it.
Spedwieif in VMM Siaiet NatUmal Miuemm.
lOnO CIneinnati, Ohio J. W. Miliier.
Ilil4 Alpena, Mich. (Lake HuroD) J. W. M liner.
19170 Cincinnati, Ohio J. W. Mihicr.
IWl Cincinnati, Ohio J. W. Milner.
1»I3 Cincinnati, Ohio } J. W. Miluer.
Marietta, Ohio i Prof. Andrews.
4. MYXOSTOMA EURYOPS Jord^tn.
SnuthnoBed Sucker.
^^TerttmlM evryops Jordan & Copkland, Check LiHt, 157. (Nauio only.)
}ijfjo*toma euryops Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hint. N. Y. xi. 348, 1877.
Mjfiimioma euryops Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 312, lt;78.
Habitat. — Alabama River.
^18 Bpecies is still known only from the type 8|)eci men obtained in
I^^fjo.v's Creek, a small tributary of Oostanaula Kiver, a few miles
oorth of Rome, Ga. The species is most nearly related to M. macroJepi-
^otumy and it is barely possible that the type specimen is a monstrosity
^ that species. The peculiarities of the mouth, and the fact that the
^es of the head seem to be normally develoi)ed, lead me to consider it
A distiuct species.
120 CONTEIBIJTIOHS TO NORTH AMEEICAH ICHTHTOLOGI-^n.
5. MYXOSTOIIA MAOEOLEPIDOTDM {Le Sueur) JprAm. !
Common Eed Borse MuUet. WhiU Sucker. Largt-toaled Suelur.
,a. Sabspt'ciLB maerolepidotut.
1617— C'afMfomiu macrolepidotug Le Suecr, Judhi. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. i, 94.
Caloetomiu macroJrpidolus DeKay, Nen Yoik Faaoa, part iv, Fishei,SOII;lili
Catoitoati»macrotrpidotatC\:vicn & VAi.BKCiKXNEB,Hiiit. Nat. desPoiiH>u,iTii,
447, 1844.
Caioetomu* macrolepidolut STOitER, Synopsis, 4ti0, 1846.
Ptuchottomm macrolfpidotm AOASKiZ, Am. Jonrn. Sci. Arts, 8d Berics, lii, W,
1835.
Ptychotlomvt nacroJrpidoluM CoPK, Proc. Am. Philoa. 8oc. Pbili. 47ri, IHTO.
PtychoitomHt nuuTolepidotai Jokdan, Fiahes of Jnd. 221, 1^75. (Nitne nnljr.]
Mozottoma maa-alepidotuni JoitDAN, Uan. Vert. 39C, 1676.
Teretalut macroltpidolum Nki.8on, Bait. No. I, Ills. Hus. Nat. Hist. 4'J, 1476.
Catoslomue macrolepidotut Uiilku & LVGOKit, Fishes of Marj'Iand, 140, 1W6.
Tirctului macralepidotue JouD\!i &, Copkland, CbeokLlat; z, 157, 1(576. (Sib
ODly.)
Moxoatoma macrolfpldota JoituAK&GiLBEHT, iDKIipparl'aBept.&3,lri7ti. (Nw
MnioilOttia nuKToUpidola Jouvas, Mau. Tert. E. U. S. ed. 2d, 313, 1678.
l6i2—Catoito lu oneida DeKat, Kiw York Fann», part iv, Fiahea, 196.
Caloelon a onrida Stokku, Sj'iiupsiH, 425, 1M6.
Fl eloslomus ojteida CoFR, Fnic. Am. Pbiloa. Soc. Philo. 476, 1670.
IfiiO— / tj ftojfomim rohugtmi CoFE, Froc. Am. Pbiloa. Soc Pbilu. 473.
TrreiuUt robuilnt JoKbtN &. Cupeu.nd, Check Ltat, 1!>7, 1»T6. (Name 011I7.}
Ip7G— Pi iichottomus eongeitue Cope & Yark(iw, LieDlOQADt Wheek-r'a Espl. W. lOO
HTXOSTOlfA MACBOLEPIDOTUM. 121
Miw dmqwnU Cuvdbr & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii,
L844.
mtu duqunnil Kirtland, Boston Joarn. Nat. Hist, v, 268, 1645.
mus duquesnii 8tobbr, Synopsis, 423, 1840.
itomtu duquitnii Aga^siz, Am. Jonm. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 204, 1855.
MM duqiieaMi Gt)NTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 18, 18G8.
M duquetnei Cope, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. 23G, 1868.
itoflMM duqueani Cops, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 476, 1870.
iomus duque$nei Jordan, Ball. Bnfialo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876.
7Ma duqueanii Jordan, Man. Vert. 295, 1876.
mu8 duquunu Uuler & Lugger, Fishes of Maryland, 139, 1876.
M duqueanii Nelson, Ball. No. 1, Ills. Mas. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
K« duqueanii Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
oma duqueanei Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart's Rept. 53, 1876. (Name
)
oma duqueanii Jordan, Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 349, 1877.
oma duqueanii Jordan, Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix, 37, 1877. *
7ma maerolepidota var. duqueani Jordan, Man. Vert. cd. 2d, p. 313, 1878.
mua erythruruSj R\finesque, Am. Month. Mag. and Crit. Bev. 354.
mua erylhrurus Rafinesque, Icb. Ob. 59, 1820.
mua erytkrurua Kirtland, Rept. Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838.
Uomua eryihrurua Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 474, 1870.
\tamua eryihrurua Jordan, Fishes of Ind. 221, 1875. (Name only.)
M eryihrurua Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
melanurua Rafinesque, Ich. Oh. 51.
-Ohio Valley. Upper Mississippi River and southward; most abundant
liu to Georgia.
tiou of a very large series of "Mullet" and "Red Horse''
J8 parts of tlie country has led me to tbe couclusiou, at first
xpected, that all the various forms iiicluded iu the above
belong to one widely diffused and somewhat variable species,
illef of the lakes and of Eastern Pennsylvania appears gen-
lififer iu the more elevated and compressed body, shorter,
id, and brownish or brassy rather than silvery coloration,
sents the general tendency of ^^xaT. macrolepidotum^ } but
of ^^duquesnei^ can be found which will match the average
7tum in each of these respects. The form which I have iden-
Professor Cope's lachrymale is to some extent intermediate,
e additional peculiarity of smaller scales. In this respect,
K^asional individuals, both of duqucsnei and of macrolepidotumy
*^ which approach it.
the waters of the eastern and northern parts of the
wrolqndotum. It is a^^ AAmnionly as a food-
122 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTHTOLOGT— m.
Hsb in tbe winter and Hpring in the marlietB of WaBbingUm and PtdltM
[)liia,aB ivell us in tbe markets of those oities in tbe W>.-8t which an a^
plied by tlie flsheriea of the Great Lalies. It ia iirobahly mooh man
nbiiiiduiit ill Lake Erie tbao M, aureolum is, and it baa been freqoeittj j
coufouiideil with the latter Hpeci(.'s. I unce obtained two apecinM, '
rnuh of neitrty twelve pouuds weight, in tbe Fox BAver in WiscooHL
lu ibe Ohio Uiver and its tribatariea, and hi the riven of tbe Sooth-
west geuendly, the var. duqtKsnii is tbe prevailing form. This I'uirti
is more di'liuately colored than tbe other, tbe silvery laMre of tbe sella
in mure otroiigly marked, and tbe red of the fins is rutlu'r iooie virii
This form, too, is valued somewhat as a food-flsb, although tbeflok,;
likH that of all tbe Suckers, is comitaratively coarse, tattteless, and falltf'
boiivs. The variety duqueenei is everywhere known by tho cariolltn^■
uncnliir iiimie of "Ked Uorse'', a name possibly to be accounted Corby
the eolor of the fins and the form of the head. This variety also gtta
tou large size.
Tbe variety lackrymale I otily know from specimens obtaiued iu iiM-
wall River, Gettrgia, iu company with the variety duquetnei, NotbliV
distiurtive wiis noticed in regard to its habits.
Tbe Hed lloi-se prefer nitber deep, clear water, seldom asceDdiDgfOf
small streams, and then ebiedy iu tbe spawning season — in Mitf— A
wbieb time (bey may be found iu gr«it aboodance in any rapid rf ft
river or a erei'k, or below a miUitond. They are generally caagUiV
nets, traps, or suaiva, bnt will freqiieutly bite at a book baited vitkft
MTZOBTOMA MACSOLBPIDOTUM; 123
thlMMgi and I am uiAble to distingaiah it from typical maerokpidotumj
ihhoigh the moath is rather emalli more like tbat of aureolum.
I hate identified certaiD apecimens with Professor Cope's P. laekrynuUe
with a little donbti as the points of differentiation which I notice are not
thoie emphaaised by Professor Cope. The original types, which I believe
US DOW lost, were Item the Neose Biver in North Oarolina. In describ-
iif this ^Moiea, Professor Oope remarks, ** This species is qnite near the
ImI (P. erffikrwruM) and may at some fhture time be shown to be a local
Tviety of it, bnt in this case P. maorolepidotus mnst follow also.''
Ihs ayoonyms of var. duquesnei may now be noticed. Of thesCi
the ODly one of importance is that of Catostamus erythrurus Bafinesqnei
neoitly reoogoiaed by Professor Cope as a species distinct from P.
Ihe presence of ten ventral rays in duquesniij us contrasted with nine
vntnd raya in erytirunu^ is the chief point on which Professor Oope
reli« to distingnish the two species. He also finds the mouth rather
■ore inferior in duqueanii^ and the scales rather smaller, 7-48-7, instead
In regard to the number of ventral rays, my experience is that in every
Vedeti of the genus the normal number is nine^ but that ten-rayed
iadividnals occur in the proportion of about one in twenty in any of the
Wttm. I have seen specimens of duqueanii with nine rays on one side
wi ten on the other. I have therefore discarded all consideration of
the Aomber of ventral rays as a specific character. In regard to the
nomber of scales in the lateral line, the usual number in most of the
ipeeies is 43 to 44; but of every species in which I have been enabled
toeiamine a large series of individuals, I have found a range extend-
ing firoin 42 to 49. I have seen ten-rayed specimens of duquesnei with
Ivge scales, and nine-rayed erythruri with small ones. Within the limit
<>f i3 to 50 I therefore do not consider the number of scales as a perma-
i^t specific character. The greater prominence of the muzzle in duqttes-
^ss observed by Professor Oope, is perhaps accidental or individual.
At all events, it is too uncertain a feature to base a species on.
The Ri^tiliis melanurua of Bafinesque is, as I have elsewhere shown,
Probably a young Bed Horse, with a dusky-shaded dorsal and caudal,
vhieh that acute, but superficial, observer mistook for a species of Dace.
124 CONTBIBUTIONS TO ffOBTH AHEBICAH ICHTHYOUMT— OL
^cctmau i» Vtiied SUtU* A'climal MammwL.
• HtautM.
L.«:Oil>-.
CodMM.
Tsr. tKocrolepUatiii.
\ofa\
Potouu Hiver
J. W. UilM.
llMOfl)
Potoinno Rivur
J.W.MilM.
liioti
PoUiiDttoKivur
J.W.UilDK.
vmt\
PoUimiiD River
J, W. Milur.
isaiT
I'ulunino River
J. W. MilDtf.
13:111)
I'ctomM BivtT
J, W. Milnec.
a. B. OoodB.
J.W, Mib«
IMAI
I'lilimiaoBirrr
909-JO
Bliick Itivpr, New York
8. F. B«ird.
aoips
'■nrooklyu-
J. C. Bwi-oort.
■
MTX08T01CA AUREOLUM. 125
CsiotiMtM aureoiui Btorxr, Synopeis, 420, 1846.
(kaottomui OMrtohiB Aoassiz, Lake Soperior, 357, 1850.
P^fdUfttomuM amrfolm9 Aoassiz, Am. Joofd. Sc. Ar's, 2d series, xix, 204, 1855.
PtfelMfoMM aMreolu9 Putnam, Ball. Mas. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
PifdtO€Umm» aureolus Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8c. Pbila. 285, 1864.
C«toffomi(« aureoluB GCntheb, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mas. vii, 16, 1868. (In part;
deMriptioD apparently copied acd confased.)
Ptjfek0st4mM8 aweolua Cops, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 476, 187C
Moxo§tama awreolum Jordan, Man. y<;rt. 295, 1876.
Ttnimltu aureolum Nelson, Ball. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
TattuluB aurtolusJoKDASf & Copeland, Cbeck List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Mc9o»fcma aareola Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart's Kept. 53, 1876. (Name only.>
Mfxottoma aurtola Jordan, Man. Vert. £. U. 8. ed. 2d, 314, 1878.
3-C«lo0'oHMw Unfwrii Richardson, Franklin's Joamal,772, 1823.
^CfprimmB {Catottomua) Bueurii Bichardson, Faan. Bor.*Am. Fisbes, pp. 118,303,
1836.
Cfftot/OMiM tueurii Cuv. &. Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 465, 1844.
CatoBtomuM aueuri DbKay, New^York Fanna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
C^iotrlomnu Buturii Storbr, Synopsis, '125, 1846.
PtfdMiomuB ButuHi CoPE, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 477, 1870.
TtrttulmB Btieurii Jordan Sl Copeland, Cbeck List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
ti^CatoftomM macrolepidotus GCnther, Cat. Fisbes Brit. Mas. vii, 18, 1868. (Exol.
•yn. part. Not of Le Saenr.)
Habttat. — Great Lake Region, Upper Missouri and Ohio Valleys, and northward.
This species is very closely related to the last, and m*ny possibly be a
iriety of it, as specimens of var. macrolepidotum often occur which are
ilh difficulty distinguished from it. lu general, however, the smaller
?ad, smaller month, and deeper body of aureolum sufficiently distin-
lish them. This species is less abundant than macrolepidotum^ and is
j)arently more northerly in its distribution. It has been well figured
DeKay.
Ihe synoDymy of this species needs no special remark. It seems
>bable that (7. lesueurU belongs here, although the statement that
he muzzle projects an inch beyond the mouth" in a specimen 19
hes long, if correct, would indicate difference. The name " le sueurii^
5 first given, and afterwards changed to ^^sueurii^ on the ground that
article ^' le^ is not an integral part of Le Sueur's name.
126 CONTBrBDTIONS TO NOETH AMEBICAS ICHTHYOLOQY— lU.
Speoimrva in United Siatee Sational ifunnn.
11074
111(^1
12207
Carlisk-,Pa
Sandusky, Obi o
Saodusk;, Oliio
CLDcinnntt, Oblo
CmclDDati.Obio
Ecorf*.Mieli
Boot River, WiHcoDsiii-.
8.P.Bwri.
. J.W.UibK.
. J.W.Ullw.
. J.W. llJlMt.
J. W. UilMt.
. J.W. HilM.
7. MYXOSTOMA CRASSILABRE {Cope) Jordan.
Thii^k-lippcd Mallet.
1870— /'/.i/c*<wIora«fl crastilabrii Cope, Proc. Ara. Pbilos. 8oc. Phila. 477. 1370.
r«Te(«/ns (Ta«8i(nftn> Jordan & CoPEL.isn, Cbeck List, 157, 1976, (Kaoif odj.f
Mgioaloma cnaiUabHii Jordan, Man. Vert, e«I. M, 314, 1H78.
Hahitat.— Nenne BJver, North Carolina.
Thin R|iecies ia kuown only from Professor Cope's de^criplioti. B
Bppenrs to be distinct from M. aureolum. which is probably its
relntirp. Nothing has been noted in regard to its habits.
8. MYXOSTOMA CONCS (Cope) Jordan.
. imOSTOMA ANI8UBA. 127
XBTO— fljyciwtowin Irwiapg Copb, Proo. Am. Philos. Soc. Phil*. 47a
ftwhito Inrtimw JoRDiir A Copblamd, Cbeok List, 157, 1876. (N«iiie only.)
Jfawiipw Irgpfoyt JosDAK & GiLBBBT, in Klippftrt's Rept. 53, 1876. rName
onlj.)
Jordan, Boll. U. S. Nat. Mob. 9, 50, 1677. (Name only.)
B AinAT.--Ohio Valley and Great Lakes.
This species, first described by Bi^nesqae Id 1820, has been entirely
loBt ligbt of by succeeding writers, and I, doubting the existence in the
Ohio Biver of a species characterized by the marked inequality of the
csadal lobes, have hitherto followed Dr. Kirtland in using the name
mbum for the fish recently named ooUapnu by Professor Cope. Some
Vedmens lately examined by me from the Ohio Biver have shown the
oiiteDoe of a fish corresponding very closely to Baflnesqne's account,
aid which really has the inequality of the caudal fin, on which he lays
mh emphasis, and which suggested the name anisurus (unequal-tail).
This llsh appears to be the same as that to which Professor Cope has
gifm the name of breviceps. Professor Cope had, however, but a single
ipedmeny in poor condition, and did not notice the fsloatiou of the
Mdal, or, more likely, that fin was not preserved intact. I have, some
tiae since, examined Professor Cope's type, preserved in the Museum
of flie Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, and believe it to
be identical with M, emisura Eaf. The form of the head and body and
of the mouth are similar in the two, and the dorsal in both is simi*
lady falcate.
This species resembles aureolum in every respect, except that the
dorsal fin is shorter, and elevated or falcate in front, the free border
being deeply incised, and that the caudal fin is similarly elongated, the
upper lobe being much the longer and greatly attenuated.
The following are the measurements of three specimens: 10,788, from
Sftndnsky, and 12,267 and 12,294 from Cincinnati. The fractions iudi-
eate percentage of the length to the base of the caudal : —
128 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOOT-— m,
MeaMremmti of (Ar«» qwdnen* of Myxotloma aa{«¥nt.
10766. VSSl. UX
Lenjrtb, inoliee 'ii
Depth ■ .sa
LenKtbofliPiul.. ■ IS
Width nf intcroTbltal area OB
Length of snout 07-^
Era (B
Lengtb of baseof domat l&i
Heiglit oflongi'St ray of dorsal 23
Height of la«t ray of dorsal 10
Length of upper caadal lobo 31
LeDgth of loner caudal lobu S8
Length of middle caadal rays 13
Donal rayfl 2,13
ScalM G-4tW.
£.li
It in perhups barely possible tliiit this flsli is Ibc iduIp of own
at a certain ago, but it seems to ine dL'citledly improbable. Ttio tvM|
blance between tbe two is, however, very strong, and, except for tt
fins, tbey could hardly be disliognished.
Specimme in Tnif-fd Stale* Nalionnl Muipum.
MYXOSTOMA CERVINUM. 129
Specimen9 in United States National Museum,
limber.
Locality.
Collector.
nms
Taniripaboa River. Loaisiaiia -
Fred. Mather.
11. MYXOSTOMA ALBIDUM (Oirard) Jordan.
Small'Scdled Bed Horse.
B^PtpekasUmus albidus Gikard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 172.
PrjfcAottoMMt albidus Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Sarv. Ichth. 36, pi. xix, f. 5-8,
1659.
Tvretulus albidus Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Mfiostoma alhidum Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. 315, 1878.
HiBiTAT. — ^Rio San Jaan, near Monterey, New Leon, in Mexico.
Tbi0 species is kDowu only from Girard's figure and description. No
oeoant of the lips is given, bat the month is said to be a " great deal
vger" than in M. congestum. The description is trivial, but tbe figure,
Stan correct, represents a species quite unlike our other members of
16 genus ; the chief character being tbe much smaller size of the scales,
kkh in the description are merely stated to be '^ smaller than in con-
tfvt". The species may possibly belong to some section of the genus
lier*than the one in which it is here placed. The original types. No.
0, U. S. Nat. Museum, from Rio San Juan, near Monterey, New Leon,
i DO longer to be found.
12. MYXOSTOMA CERVINUM {Cope) Jordan.
Jump-rocks, Jumping MuUeU
^■^Teretulus cervinus Cope, Jonrn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 236.
Ptjfchostomus cervinus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 47^, 1870.
yioxosicma oerdnum Jordan, Man. Vert. 296, 1870.
Teretulus cervinus Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
2fpxostowui cervinum Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 365, 1877.
Myxostema cervinum Jordan, Man. Vert. E. U. S. ed. 2d, 315, 1878.
i — CaUmiomus duquesnii GCntiier, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 483. (Not of Le
Soenr, nor ot p. 18.)
UUTAT. — Rivers of the Soath Atlantic States, from the James to the Chattahoochee.
is a strongly marked and very abundant species, tbe smallest of
pmns, and one of the smallest of the Catostomidw. It occurs in tbe
*Two specimens, types of the species.
. H. M. No. 12—9
130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOETH AMEEICAN ICHTHTOLOGY — ^m.
greatest abiiudance ia tlie swift streams of tlie South, freqaeatug I
especially tlie rapids or "shoals", and olten throwing itself from tbt 1
water in its eudeavora to reach some higher rouk-pool. It ia too ei
and the flesh spoils too quickly to bo much viilued for food, hat gnat
numbers are caught for "fun" by negroes and boys. The largest sped-
nieua which 1 have seen were taken in the Chattahoochee, andarcalioal
ten inches iu length ; ordinary individuals are four to six inches long.
Spedmeni ill United Stalo' Xational Mu'ciim.
„„„^,.
Loo all tf.
CoUertM.
1
1
E.D.Cop^ T
CliallaliMOheo Rlv
J.
13. MYXOSTOIIA ALBUM [Cope) Jordan.
WkUe ilulUL
ISrO^PISclioitamvg albm Cope, Proc. Am. Pbiloa. Soo. Pbila. 472.
Tifrelu!ui athua JuitiiiiK & CopeljIn*i>, Check List, 13^, ISTG. (N»d
Msimtoma alba Jurdan, Man. Vert. eii. 2(1, 31G, ISTB.
HiWTAT. — Catawba and other rivers, of Eftstcru North Cnrulintt.
lfn08T0MA THALASSimniL
If ^ hM tpMlmaw ^ Myxatioma aXbuM.
181
Lngtbiliioliis
IkpCk (paccentoge of lenitth to baae of e«ndal)
IuBctli tf bMd
WUth of Interarbital area
LeBgih of mont
DiiMter of orbit
LeBgih of baae of docsal
BM^ht of doml.....« •••• •••••• «••.•••.....•.
Hri^oriMtny of dorMa....f:
Lngihof OQteroaadalrftysJ ,
Lngih of middlo oaadal rays
Lngthof peotonli
laibir of doiHd nyt
SealM.
The form is elliptical, not maoh compressed, bat rather elevated,
MMDewhat as in EHmyzon sueetta. Head short and stoat, blautish^ broad,
vA roanded above; moatb somewhat inferior ; the plicsB of the lips few
and rather broken ; dorsal fln high, its free border somewhat concave;
Mdal strongly forked ; color lastroos white, with greenish reflections.
This is one of the largest species, reaching the weight of fonr ponnds
or more. Professor Cope states that it is mnch valued as a food-flsh by
pecple living in the neighborhood of Catawba Biver, where it is known
fls the White Mullet.
• Specimens in UniUd States National Museum.
Kamber.
Locality.
Collector.
10632
North Carolina
G. B. Goode.
14943
KiostoD, N.C
G. B. Goode.
14990
North Carolina
G. B. Goode.
18535
KioBton, N.C
J. W. Milner.
19450
North Carolina '-
G. B. Goode.
14. MYXOSTOMA THALASSINUM (Cope) Jordan.
Green MuUet,
ie70^J*tyekostomus thalassinus Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 472, 1870.
Tsr^ulms thalassinus Jordan & Copbland, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
Jff jDotfona thalassina Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 316, 1878.
HASrrAT.^Yadkin Uiver.
1 32 C0NTBIDUTI0N8 TO NORTH AMEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT— IIL
I hove not Been tbis species. From Professor Cope's descriptioti, it
woaki fippear to bo allied to M. album, but distingnishable l>j tli
longer head. It is a large species, ubuudant in the Yadkin Biver, vhen
it is used for food.
16. MYXOSTOMA VELATUM (Cope) Jordan.
Smalt-moulhed Bed Horse.
1645— CatMtOMM ofiJiww KutTLAin), BohIou Joaru. Nat. Uist. v, 2fi9 (villi iilitr^
(Nut of EaSneaqne.)
Calottomut aaisura* Storkr, Sj'nopais, 421, 1640.
Ptsvhaioittui unituntt Jokdxs, Bull. BufTub Boo. Nat. Hist. 94, 1^6. (Nhu
ouly.)
Moxontatna animmu JuitUAN, Man. Vert. S95, 1S76.
Terel<ilui anUuruf KiiLSDN, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mnti. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
TerdHfumiNisHnifJoiEDAN Sl CoFEUidi, Check Lis!, 158, 18T6. (Nameonl]'.)
JdoxotUma amKunim Jobdaj), Proo. Ac. Kat So. Phila. 72, 1877.
^laoftoma auievrtm Sov.um, Froc. Ac. Nat. So. Tbila. 80, ieT7.
itoxosloma anisuTa Jordak & Gilbert, id Klippart'a Rept. &3, ld77. (KlW
if^oafonta mtitura JnnoAK, Ball. U. B. Nat. Mns. ix, 33, 1677.
I8T0— PljrfMfoniiis wlu(us Cope, Proc, Am. Pbilos. Soo- PLlla. 47L
jrawdiodin xdalum Juiid\k, Mnn. Vert. 296, ISTfi.
TVrcfufNf velalant Nelson, Bnll. No. I, IIU. Mas. Nat. Hist. 49, 1S7G,
Trrflulan i-elalue JoitDAN & Copkland, Check List, IbS, 1B76. (Name «
Moxottoma vrtala Joitu.t» & GlLBEltT,iii Klipparl'a Rept. ij3, la76. (Nu
Myi.o*to«\a retala Juhdan'^ Uau. Vert. ed. Sd, 317, \iQd.
MTXOSTOMA PIDIEN8E. 133
I did not find any apecimenB of this species in the Fnited States
Halioiud Mnaenm. The ^pes of velatus and coUapauSj preserved in the
MnaeQin of the Academy of Natoral Sciences, at Philadelphia, I have
16. MTXOSTOMA OONOESTUM [Baird & Girard) Jordan.
Oihbaut Suoker.
M5I CWwfwiMi WKgethu Baird A Guubd, Proo. Aa Nat. So. Phila. *^7.
Ftgekotimmu eom^mitu QtRASD, Proo. Ao. Nat So. Phila. 172, 1856.
Fl§ckmUmM§ etm§f$lM§ Girabd, U. S. Hex. Bound. Sorv. Ichth. 36, pL xxi, 1 5-8,.
1869.
(ki1m9omM9 eongwhu GOirnnBR, Cat. Hahes Brit. Mas. vii, 19, 1668.
limlmlM CMjfeilM Jobdah A Copklani>, Cbeok List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
JffBDMfOMtf eomgmia Jobdax, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 317, 187&
IfiT^PyrelotfosiM hueeo Cofb, Hayden's Geol. Sanr. Wyoming, 1870, 437.
llr0lMim§ ht€» Jordan A Copblakd, Chcok List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Habhat.— Kansas to Texas.
The original type of congeHuM^ No. 171, fi*om Bio Salado, Texas, col-
lected in 1851 by John H. Clark, seems to have disappeared from the
HnaeQin. No description of the month has been given, except that it is
"^ery smalP. The species, therefore, probably has a month similar to
that of ffelatum^ and, if so, is probably identical with the species since
dttcribed as P. huceo by Professor Cope. I have not seen the type of
f. hueOf and, therefore, can only suggest the probable identity of the
two; bat, as the matter is likely to remain long nusettled, it seems best
Pfovidonally to nnite them. "P. congestm " Cope & Yarrow is certainly
iM>t this species ; more likely a form of M. macrokpidotum.
17. MYXOSTOMA PIDIENSE {Cope) Jordan.
Mullet qfthe Great Pedee.
^^l^Pt9eko$tomu9 pidiennB Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 471.
TeretuluM pidieiuis Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876. (Name only.)
MfpBotUma pidim$i» Jordan, Man. Vert ed. 2d, 317, 1878.
Habitat.— Great Pedee River, North Carolina.
This appears to be a slender species, resembling '^P. cervinus in color,
Ann, and size''. Professor Cope obtained it in the Yadkin Biver. I
lave not seen it. No specimens are in the National Museum.
134 CONTBIBUTIOHS TO NOBTH ABCEBICAN ICHTHTOLOQT— m.
18. MYX03TOMA COBEOONUS (C<^) Jordan.
IWO—PtydiMUmw coregtmut Cofb, Proo. Am. Philaa. Boo. PhiU. 472.
Terttulu* cortgoniu Jobdan A. Copbland, Cheok List, 158, 1S76. (Nmim enl]
JfifXMfoma eoregonu* Jokdan, Mao. Tert. ed. 3d, 317, 18TS.
Habitat. — C&tawba aod Yadkin Biven, North Carolina.
I have not seen tbis species. Professor Cope states that "it u
exceeds a foot id lengtb, and is very abandant in the Catawbi i
TadkiD Bivers. It is caagbt vitb tbe preceding two Bi>ecie8 ani
used Tor food, bat is tbe least valued of all tbe species. It ia eailo
Morgaoton, Blae Mallet" There are no specimeoa in the Katie
Museam.
19. MTXOSTOilA PAPILLOSUM [Ct^) Jordan.
PapilloM MMlltU
ISnO—PtgdioelomiupappiUotn* Cops, Proo. Am. Pbiloa. Soo. Pbila. 470.
TeraiilaapappHlo»¥» Jordan &, Copbuank, Check Liit, l&O, 1876. (Kams*
itgxoaUma papiUotnm Jordan, Add. Lyo. NaL Hist. N. T. xi, 366^ 1877. (Oa
gee Biver.)
Jfyxoitinwi popUlMH Jordak, Han. TerL ed. Xd, 318, 187eL
Habitat.— North Cuolina to Georgia.
MTSOBTOMA PAPILLOSUM. 135
convex, Bometinies concave. The following are tlio meaaiiremeDts of
Iwo specioieus: —
»oe9.
18S36.
J6i
.29
.26
.10
.13
.05
.19
.»(
.10
2,1*
6-46-5
iNlo.. .
Id color, this species is smoky above, tbe sides silverj', the lower flas
Vhite.
Proreasor Cope says that "they attaia oue foot in length, aod do not
Uceed one ponud in weight". I have specimeus a foot and a half loog
ud of three pounds or more^ weight.
In the Ocmulgoe, tbe species is next to M. cervinum the most abundant.
Mil is ciitk-d the White Mullet, or Sucker. Professor Cope found it
qniW abnudant in the Catawba anil the Yadkin Rivers, where it "is
lii|;bly vnlned by the inhubitants as an article of food. It is regarded
wtlie best of the Catostomi for that purpose. It is less frequently
taagbt on tbe hook tban some other species, but in the autumn, they
nme upon the weirs in considerable numbers. The fishermen call it
tiie 'Shiner'."
Spectmeiu in Iht United Slaltt Ifalional Muanim.
»Wb«.
Looalitf.
CoIlMtor.
nam
\&36
Kinstoii, N.C
J.W.Milner.
mQ
Kiiuton.N.C
J. W. MilDBr.
ISWO
KinatoD, N.C
J.W.Milner.
OoiniilK«eBiver, qa.
136 COSTEIBUnOSS to KOETH AMESICAH ICHTHTOLOOI— «l
Genus MINYTREMA Jordan.
Mingtrema Jokdak, M*n.Tert. ed.3d, 31S, 1378.
Calonomut, J'ludKMtmniu, JUoxoitoMa, and Erimi/ioii »p., AUTHORS.
Tyiw, CalottomaM vutaiupi Bafineaqne.
Etymology, iiivvc, redocetl ; Tp!//ia, &pertiire, ia allaeioa to the ImpetliMtioiM of
luMnil line,
SpccJea with the form, sqaamatioD, and geDeral appearance of Jf
stoma, but with the air-bladder Id two parts, as io Erimyutn, and
lateral line imperfect — in the very youog eotirel; obBolete, in half gr
Npceimuns ahuwing as a soccesBioD of deepened fnrrovs, in the a
with perfect tubes, bat iuterrupted, these tubes being wanting on b
t>r llio Hcnlea, eripocially posteriorly.
Head moderate, rather broad above; mouth moderate, inferior,
Izontal, the upper lip well developed, freely protractile, the lower ra
Kmull, infolded, A-sbiiped in ontline, plicate, with 12 to 20 plicse on i
aide; lower jaw withont cartilaginous aheath ; eye moderate, ra
high Dp, plueed abont midway of the bead. Suborbital bones coi
eiitbly develi)i>ed, not very much narrower than the fleshy portic
(lie check Iwlow them, the posterior suborbital coucavo-coovez, a
twlei> ns loMK us deep, sometimes divided, the anterior somewbatde
than lunfT, otteu divided into two, sometimes nniled with the preorli
whieh ia well developed and much longer than broad. The Dumber
GENUS MIKTTREBiA. 137
iiely 8 or 10. Anal fin high and short, often more or less emarginate
I males. Gaodal fin moderately forked, the lobes about equal.
Air-bladder with two chambers.
Hales iu spring with the head covered with many small tubercles.
Bat one species of this genus seems to bo known. It is widely dis-
ributed in the waters of the Western and Southern States.
This genus has been recently separated from Erimyzon^ on account of
be peculiarities of the lateral line. The form of the body, the form of
beooath, and the character of the squamation differ considerably in the
10 genera.
Gtfnerio CharacterizaiionB,
IbHTTRRMA Jordao, m78.->'* YooDg specimeDS of this epeoies (melanops) have no
rMeof a lateral line, as in Erimyzom. Older ones (6 to 8 incbee) show a deepening of
keforrows along the median series of scales. Adults of 12 to 18 inches f>how a serien
f eonpletely developed tubes, which, however, are wanting on some of the scales, espe-
liDy behind. As Erimyzon never shows any traces of the tubes of the lateral lino, these
•etnUahties may be held to indicate generic distinction, and the name Minyirana is
ivs proposed for E, melanopt," — (Jordan, Man, Vert. ed. 2d, 318, 1878.)
ANALYSIS OF 6PKCIK8 OF MINYTKEMA.
*Btdy obloog, little compressed; the young nearly terete ; the adults deeper-bodied ;
tbe dorsal region not elevated : depth about 4 in length, varying from about 3 in
idolui to 4| in the young : head not very large, 4^ iu length of body (4^ to 4f),
not specially depressed: mucous poiea rather strong: eye sninll.G to Gin head:
BBoath qaito inferior, horizontal, rather small : scales large, firm, regularly and
MBoothly imbricated, iu 46 (44-47) longitadinal Beries aud 13 (12 to 14) transverse
Mries, tbe scales net crowded forwards: fin-rays usually, dorsal 12,* aual 7, veu-
tnl8 9.
Coloration dusky above, with usually a black blotch behind the dorsal fin : each
Ktle along the sides with a small, more or less distinct blackish spot at i's base,
tlMw spots forming interrupted longitudinal lines along the rows of scales.
Tbeae lines are usually very distinct, < specially in the adult, bat yonug specimens
often show them faintly: sides and belly silvery, with a coppery lustre: scxaal
peculiarities moderately marked; very old males with the head covered with small
tubercles in spring : no great changes with age, either in form or coloration : size
large; maximum leugth about 18 inches mklanops, 20.
K__ . .
*Ab in all cases in the present paper, the number of developed raya is here understood,
leooe, two, or three rudimentary rays not being counted, and the last or double ray
'the dorsal and anal being counted as one.
]38 CONTBIBDTIOHS TO NOBTH AUERICAH ICHTBTOLOOT-^n.
20. MINTTEEMA MELANOPS (Eaftnaque) Jordan.
Striped SHektr. StmdSMiier.
VSSO—Caletlomvt melanopt Rafinesqck, leb, Ob. 57.
CafojfoniMt wuJanoprit Eirtlakd, Zool. Ohio, 168, 1636.
Caloalomut melanopt ElBTUND, Boaton Jonm. Nat. Hiat. v, 271, 1B4S.
Catoatomiu nelanopt STORED, Synopali, 424, 1846.
P(ycAMlomtumel(iiuip«AaAasiz,Aiii. Jonm. 8c. Arte, 9d ■eriM,xix,904,lKS>
Pti/ehottimtu metanopt Copb, Pioc. Am. Pbilos. SocPhUa. 478, 1870.
Erimsioa ncfanops Jordan, Bull. Buffalo Soo. Nat Biat. 95, 1876.
Erittii/zon mflanojM Jordan, Mail, 7011.294,1876.
EriMsiim mtlanopi Nel-w.s-, Boll. No. 1, Ills. Mdb. Not. Hist. 48, 1876.
Erimseon melanopf Jordan & Copelan-d, Cbeck LUt, 157, 1676.
Erintt/zon niclanqpa Jordan, Aqd. Lye Nat HUt. N. Y. xi, 347, 1677.
Minytrema vtelawopt Jordan, Uao. Vert. ed. Sd, 316, 1678.
ie44--Cato(fomiu /aicialui (Le 8UEim M8S.) Cuvieb &. Vaixncikxkis, Hilt, M*t.i
PoissoDs, xvii, 449.
Caloitomiufaidaliu Storer, S.VDOpaU, 426, 1646.
CeloiUHKiu/tXKiaiu* OUnther, Cat Fiabee Brit. Utu. vh, 19, 1668.
1856 — Uoxoatoma ridoria Girard, Proc. Ac Kat. Sc. Pblla. 171.
31oiotU>ma viclorinGiaARV, V. S. Mex. BoddiI. Sarv. Icbtfa, 3§,pL xx,f. 1-3,1S!
1856— Pf^Mlomu* haydni Girard, Pioc Ac. Nat. Re. Pbila. 172.
Ptschaatomua hagdeni Girakd, U. 8. Pac. R. B. Expl. x, 220, pl.zliz, 1 1-4, US&
Trretul«» liagdeni Jordan &. Copeland, Cbeck LUt, 157, 187G.
ISn—Tererulttt tiicctia Jordan &. Gilbert, in Klippart'e Bept. Fiah Commr. Obw,
(Supposed to bo C. fuceifa Lacfpfede, as it was perbaps In part the Cn
MINTTBEMA MELANOPS. 139
lir-bladder in all cases was bicellalar, as in the geuas Erimyzon. At
;hat time he had never seen any specimens with a developed lateral line
uid then nnqnestionini^ly referred the species to Erimyzon. Later, Mr.
I^elsoQ noticed the occasional partial development of the lateral line,
uid lecentlyi by the examination of a fnll series of specimens, the
vrriter has been enabled to trace the stages in its growth.
This fish inhabits all the Western streams and lakes, usually in com-
pany with Erimyzon sucetta. It is fond of clear sluggish waters, and
ibonnds in ponds and bayous. It is used for food, and is pretty gooil
for a ''Sucker", which is not saying much. This species is more than
Qsoally tenacious of life, and young specimens are rather interesting as
aqoariam fishes.
The synonymy of this species needs a few words. It was originally
described by Bafinesque as a species with a lateral line. This first
description is quite indifferent, but the account of the coloration, and the
name. Striped Sucker, enabled Dr. Kirtland readily to identify it, but
the latter writer found the " lateral line obsolete ^, Later, Valenciennes
described it under Le Sueur's MSS. name of fasdatuSj and found a lateral
Hoe. As Le Sueur's specimens were from the Wabash, there can be no
doobt of their identity with mclanopa. Later, Dr. Girard described and
figured Texan specimens without the lateral line under the name of
Jfoxoatoma Victoria:^ and specimens with the lateral line from the Upx>er
Missouri Begion as Ptychostomus haydeni. The types of neither of these
species are preserved, but no distinctions from melanops are noticed in
either case by the describer, and the range of melanqps certainly includes
the Missouri river and the waters of Texas.
The name sucetta has been once or twice employed by me for this
^^ies, erroneously, as I am now convinced. I found this species in
abandance in South Carolina; and Le Sueur, apparently quoting from
Lac^pMe, says : — " Sides silvery, with brown spots at the base of the
Kales," Nevertheless, on inspection of Lacdpfede's description, and
especially of the colored figure which he gives from a drawing by Bosc,
it becomes evident that the Cyprinus sucetta Lacdp5de is the same as
(^fprinus ohlongus of Mitch ill, a species equally abundant in the same
•aters. Bosc's drawing, although not giving the details of structure
■inately, represents the general form and coloration of the body and
*■• ^nd ibis figure can only represent the Cyprinus oblongus. As the
mtMta Lae^p^de is based entirely on information derived from
be retained for the species which Bosc had fig-
] 40 COKTBIBUTIOXS TO NOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTHTOLOaT — UL
ured. As for tbe espression, " brown spots at the base of the tak
if really originatiiig wit!) Bosc, as appears to be the case, it may bi
ari^Q from the coufasion of aucetta with melanopi, which species iob
its the same waters, or it may simply refer to the obscare doskinen
tb(« bases of tbe scales, commoo to both species.
I bare examiued many specimens of Minytrema weUnu^ from i
Great Lakes, from rarioas places in tlie Mississippi Yulley , and from 1
Teunessee, Alabama, Santee, aud other Soatbern rirers, and can t
DO differences of any importance. Indeed, the species seems to be ti
little variable for one so widely distributed.
Spfeimttn i* ike United Slatet A'aftoKal
7694
TiGd
8134
11030
1 1 144
1U4S
17tai
3fti75
Sandunky, OLio
Sandusky, Oliio
S.in(1iieky, Oh [o
Rauduaky, Ohio
Round Lakp, MoDtgoiuery, Ala .
Henitwtead, Tei
VrbiteSivur
J, W, Jlilncr.
J.W.Milner.
J.W.Milncr,
J.W.Milnw,
KmnliMi&Br)
Kutolien dc £•
Dr. Kenrten.
D. 8. Jordan.
GENUS ERIMTZON. 141
obUqae In podtJon when the month is closed, the month thns similar
to that of JeAttfotei. Eye moderatOi rather high np, placed abont mid-
way of the head : raborbital bones considerably developed, not very
mnoh nanower than the fleshy portion of the cheek below tbem, the
poaterior suborbital ooneavo-eonvezi abont tmte as long as deep, some-
times dividedi the anterior somewhat deeper than long, sometimes
divided into two, sometimes nnited with the preorbital bone^ which is
well developed and mnoh longer than broad. Opercular bones moder-
atdy developed^ scarcely or not ragose. Fontanelle evident, rather
large. Gill-rakers rather long, abont half the diameter of the eye in
leDgth. Isthmob moderateljr developed, atK>nt the width of the eye.
Pharyngeal bones weak, the teeth quite small, slender, and weak,
rapidly diminishing in length upwards, each tooth narrowly compressed,
witk a cusp on the inner margin of the cutting surface, and some ine-
qtulities besides.
Body oblong, rather shortened, heavy forwards and considerably com-
presMd.
Bodes rather large, more or less crowded forwards, sometimes showing
tnegalarities of arrangement, the longitudinal radiating furrows much
ttnmger than usual, the scales rather longer than deep, but so imbri-
tated in the adult that the exposed surfaces appear deeper than long.
Lateral line entirely wanting. Scales in the longitudinal series from
1^ to base of caudal 35 to 45 in number ; scales in transverse row from
Inw of ventral to dorsal 12 to 18.
Dorsal fin rather short and high, with from 10 to 14 developed rays,
the namber usually 11 or 12.
Beginning of dorsal fin rather nearer snout than base of caudal. Pec-
toral fins moderate, not reaching ventrals ; the latter not to vent.
Ventrals under a point rather in advance of the middle of dorsal ;
^irrays normally 9, but occasionally 8 or JO.
Anal fin high and short, more or less emarginate or bilobed in adult
JDales; caudal fiu moderately forked or merely lunate, its two lobes
•bout equal.
Air-bladder with two chambers.
^is genus has a very wide range, one of its two known species
I^^bly occurring in all the streams of the United States east of the
Boeky Mountains.
^ existence of this genus seems to have been first noticed by DeKay,
wIk^ however, erroneously supposed it to be identical with the Afri-
142 CONTBIBUnONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTBTOLOaT — ^m.
can gcnns Zabeo of Cavler and Valenciennes. Its essential cbu-aeter
tbe absence of tbe lateral line — was first noticed by Professor Aj^
vbo identified its typical species vitb CaU>stom%» {Moxottoma) ommt
Uaflnesqae, and tberefore erroneously called tbe genns Moxoilom
Tbe application of tbe name Moxoitoma to tbe Bed Horse gronp vi
pointed out by tbo present writer in 1876 ; tbe name ErimjpoM \tai
tben suggested for the group now under consideration.
Tbe ase of tbe name Teretulua for tbis genus bag been lately an
gested by Professor Cope, its species being among those ennmented t
Itafiue^que as composing bis " omnium mthenan " to wbicb tiie dib
Teretu/uswns applied. If we subtract from tbe original group Terttalt
the ditferviit component genera in order of time of proposal, the li
one left would be Erimyzon, or rather Minytrema. But tbe name Ta
tulua bas already been restricted by Professor Cope to tbe Bed Hor
group, the principal component of Itaflnesque's Teretulw. In my opi
ion, it should remain there, altbongb tbe earlier name Mgxoatoma rende
it but a synonym. We cannot afford to reconsider our use of theseo
collective generic nomes whenever a new genas is proposed. Tbe **n
of excliiHiou", if stiffly adhered to, would require the substitolioB <
Acomva fur Pantosteus, inasmuch as a species of tlie latter genoa «i
referred by Uirard to the former. This qoestion is further disooN
under Myxostoma.
Gmrric ChamcUrisaliotu.
Larro Di-Kn^, I84S, — "Doraal long. No spines nor barbels. IJp« flMlif, Hdft
GENUS EBIMTZON. 143
eld are also much broader and farther apart than those of the lateral and
tlda. The acalee are smaller upon the anterior portion of the body than
Idea. Another remarkable pecnliarity of this genns consists ii\ the great
there is among the adolte in the form of their fins in the several sexes. The
• differ strikingly from the adalte both in form and coloration. . • . •
of Moxoetoma is elongated and somewhat compressed, though stouter
of Ptjfdko$tamu8 and CatoaUmiu9 proper. The greatest depth Is over the
ad is small ; the small month opens obliqnely forwards and downwards ;
I the lower Jaw is qnite prominent. The lips are small and transversely
e lower one is slightly bilobed. The dorsal is over the ventrals ; its length
ly exceeds its height in the males ; in the females its dimensions are more
al. The pectorals and ventrals are more pointed and longer in the males
) females. The lower margin of the anal fin is bilobed in the males, while
ales it is simply emarginated ; in both sexes, the anal when bent bRkwards
Bcandal.
laryngeal bones have- a greater resemblance to those of the genns IchthyobuB
ly other of the tribe of Catostomi ; the symphysis however is shorter, and
ire neither so miunte nor so nuraerous; they increase also more rapidly in
above downwards, and are more strongly carved inwards, the innermost
I into an acnte point, which is more prominent in the middle and npper
1 in the lower ones.^' — (Aoassiz, Am, Joum, Sd, Arts, 1855, p. 200.)
DMA Girard, 1656. — " May be circnmscribed by characters more natural than
ing ones. And the most striking of these, it must be conceded, is the ab-
lat lateral line possessed by almost all fishes. The body is elongated and
i ;,tbe head small; the mouth small also, opening obliquely forwards and
s. The lips being small and transversally ridged ; the inferior one being
lobed. The anterior margin of the dorsal is situated in advance of the inser-
I ventrals. The dorsal fin is either higher than long or else its length is
ts height, varying somewhat according to the sexes, as well as the anal,
towever, always deeper than long. The shaft of the pharyngeal bones con-
rery open curve, the convex margin of which is regular and entire. The
iselves are very much compressed, strongly carved inwardly, and much
riorly than superiorly." — (Girard, Proc, Ac, Ifat Sc, Phila. 1856, p. 171.)
DMA GQnther, 1868. — '^ Scales of moderate size; lateral line none; fins,
Is and pharyngeal teeth, identical with those of Catostomua in all essential
5UNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit, Mu8, vii, p. 20.)
>N Jordan, 1676. — [Name suggested as a substitute for Moxoetoma Ag., the
*xostama Raf. (Catostomus anisurus Raf.) not being a member of this genus.] —
Bull Buff, Soc. Kat. Hist, p. 95.)
3H Jordan, 1876.^^^ Dorsal moderate ; air-bladder in two parts ; no lateral
osnally plicate.^' — (Jordan, Man, Vert, ed. Ist, p. 292.)
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF ERIMYZON.
becoming gibbous with age, the ante-dorsal region more
ilMadiiUs; the depth 3^ in length, ranging from 2f in adults
144 CONTBIBUnOKS TO NOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTHTOLOGT—
to 4 ia yonng: head stent, short, aboat 4} tn length (4 to l^itbe h
apace wide nod deprcBsed, Ibo lower porta narrower, eo that it isBomewl
■haped downwards : eye not large, 4) in bead (4} to5|) : montli protrac
wards and forwards, tbo mandible oliliqae : scales nsnoUy closely Imbrl
more or less crowded forwards, bat often showing Toriossirregnlaritiesi
incut, aboDt 43 (39-45; in a loneitudinal series and 15 (14 to 16) in a trai
ries between the ventrala and tbe dorsal. Fin-rays somewhat varfablek
with 11 (10 to 13) developed rays, the anal with 7, and the ventn
(rarely 8).
Coloration varying witb age ; Devet distinct serlee of black spota olonf
of scales; young witb a broad black lateral band bordered above by
some spucimenit l>oni dear water, this hand is of a Jet-black color onj
tinot; In others, it is dnller; later this band becomes broken Into a
■ blotcbes, wbicb often assnme the form of broad transverse bars ; in ad
mens, these bars disappear, and the color ie nearly nniform brown, dos
pater below, every where with a coppery or brassy, never silver?, lastre
are dnaky or smoky brown, rarely reddish-tinged : sexnal difFerenees at
males in spring with nsnally three large tubercles on each side of the i
Willi the onal fln more or less swollen and emarginate : adnlt speclmene
b'ack gibbons and the body strongly compressed, in appearance quite t
yonng. Maslninm length about 10 inches sr<
"Body oblong, the back more elevated, the body deeper and more com prcMi
the preceding, tbe greatest depth in advance of the dorsal fin being
abont 3| times in tbo length ; nape less gibbons than In meetla; head q
and short, tbe large eye l}cing almost exactly midway in its length, its
in that of the body; eyo41^1n head; interorbitalspoco rather narrow, atrot
versely convex, less than half the length of the head: month small, proti
ERIMTZON SUCETTA. 145
Erimffzon Buottta Jordan, Man. Yert. 295, 1876.
Erimyzan woeita Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157. 1876.
Erimjfsou suceUOf Jordan, Man. Verfc. ed. 2d, 319, 1878.
14-Cjfpriiiaw obhnguB Mitchill, Lit. & Phil. Trans. New York, 1, 459.
Cafoftomif ob!<mgui Ls Sueur, Jonrn. Ao. Nat. Sc. 108, 1817.
Cato9tamu$ chl<nign9 Thompson, Hist. Yt. 184, 1642. (Synonymy, but cot dcscrix)-
tion, which applies to M. macrolqndotum.)
Labto obl(mgu9 DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 193, 1842.
CaUmtamuM oblongus CuviEU &, Yajlencienxes, Hist. Nat. des Poissous, xvii, 441,
1844.
Cat09tamus oblongn» Storbr, Synopsis, 423, 184G.
MoxosUmug obUmgum Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 203, 1835.
Maxo$Uma oblangum Putnam, Ball. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
2iI<MC09lama ohlangum Gill, Canadian Nat. p. 19, Aug. 1865.
2i<tt09toma oblongum GCntiier, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mas. vii, 21, 1868.
ifoxoffoma oblongum Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 468, 1870.
lioxoiioma oblongum Jordan, Fishes of lud. 221, 1875. (Name only.)
Erimgzou oblongus Jordan, Ball. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. 95, 1876. (Name only ;
generic diagnosis of JSrimyzon,)
Erimgson oblongua Jordan, Man. Yert. 294, 1876.
MoxoBUma oblongum Uhler & Lugger, Fishes of Maryland, 140, 1876.
Enmjfxon ollongus Nelson, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 48, 1876.
Erimgzou oblonguB Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876. (Name only.)
Ttnlmlu9 oblongus Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart's Rept. 5.3, 1876. (Name only.)
Ikretulus oblongun Jordan &, Gilbert, in KlipparVs First Kcport, Ohio Fish Com-
mission, &% pi. xii, f. 20, 1877.
Erimyzon oblongua Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 346, 1877.
Erimjfzon oblongus Jordan, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. xi, 365, 1877.
Erimyzon oblongus Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix, 36, 1877.
IBn— CotottoMiff gibbosus Le Sueur, Jourr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. i, 92.
Cslof<omar« gibbo9U8 Storer, Rept. Ichthy. Mass. 183, 18.38.
Ubto gibbo$M$ DeKay, Now York Fauna, part iv. Fishes, 194, 1842.
Cutottomus gibbosus Storer, Synopsis, 420, 1846.
CatoetomiM gibboma Kirtland, Hamilton Smith's Annals of Science.
C^Aottmtu gibbo8U9 Storer, Hist. Fishes Mass. 291, pi. xxii, f. 4, lri67,
1817— C«tortomM« tubcrculaiua Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. i, 93.
CaloifawM tuberculatus DeKav, New York Fauna, part iv. Fishes, 199, 1842.
CaiotUmua inberculatua CuviER & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii,
■«44,1844.
Catontonus tubcrcuUitua Tno^EAU, Week on Concord and Merrimack, 38, 18G3.
^'^"CatoifmM rittatus Li: SuEUU, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 104.
I Cai09hnu9 vitlatu8 DeKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
f^^^omw viitatus Cuvier & Yalenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, 459,
IBM.
Stoker, Synopsis, 422, 1846.
tfii)iny Ich. Oh. 58.
146 COBTBIBDTIOHS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOGY IIL
18-12— tnifo elegana DkK.iv, New York Fauoft, paA iv, Fisboa, Ida.
Caloilomun clegani Stoker, Synopflis, 435, 1846.
1842— iaft™ caoput DeKav, New York Fapna, part iv, FUhes, 195.
Catoalomui esopui Storer, 8yDopEtB, 425, 1B46.
I8i2—Labm dongalut DeEay, New York Fnuno, part ir, Fishee, 394.
1U5Q — ifoiostoma utiisiiriu AOABSIZ, Am. JoDrn. So. Arts, Sd aeries, xii, Uti. [Notrf
EaGaeBqae.)
ISiiTi—itoxastoma tmof Agasbiz, Am, Jonm. 6c. Art8,2<IaoriM, six, 203.
AtoXMtoma (en»e Pctkam, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool. 10, 1H63.
3IoxoKloma teaat GUkther, Cat. Fisbes Brit. Miii. vii, 21, 1«)8.
Erinnj:an tenaii Jordan & Copkland, Check List, 157, IHTS.
ISTjG— -UoKUftma claviformit Girabd, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Pblla. 171.
itoiiHiloma clar\/brmU OiitAKD, U. 8. Poc. K. E. Expl. x,219,p].x)viii,r.S-a,
Erimyton clariformU Jordan & Copbland, Cbuck Liat, 157, 1^76.
IP-'ifi — Jfcjaietoiml kesnerls't GfRAUP, Ptoc. Ac. Nat. Be. Pbiln. 171.
itorotloma keana-lffi GlRAits, U. S. Mer. Bound. Snrv. Icbth. 34, pi. ii, 17-9,
1£&6 — Moxmloma campbelti Girard, Proo. Ac. Nat. So. Pbilo. 172.
3loxot(oina fampbcUi Girard, U. &. Mex. Bonud. Sarv. Ichtb. 35, pi. ix, C 4-6, USl
Erimi/ioti campbelli Jokdan &. Cupeland, Cl)eck List, 157,- 1S76.
Habitat. — All waters of the United States east of tlie Eocky Mouotaina.
Tliis protean species is, next to Cafostomue teres, the most abanduC
nnci tbe most widely diffused of our species of Suckers. It occore in
every stream from Maine to Texiis, and thrives iu all sorts ^f «nm,
from the Great Lakes to the Broallest ponds and hrooks. Ita rariatioM
iu color and form are remarkable; but after tbe elimination of IhoM
nhii-b are known to be due to dilToreoces of set, age, and surrouudinpi
EHIMYZON SOCETTA. l'4t
XVofessor Agassiz's anisurvs, conBidered by Lim as tbe Western rep-
eeiitative of oMongus, mnat Wloug liere. ProR-ssor Agnssiz^;; tanut
otu Mobile is uot described ; but na succtia occurs abuiidautly in AJa-
Moa, it is safe to jiresume their ideality. Tbe type of Moxostoma tia-
ifitrmU Oirard is uow lost. Both figure nud description poiot to tbe
[ODug of sucetta. Tho figure represents tlie scales rather smalldr than
BWial, but it may not be correct. The types of Moxosioma lemurlgi
(Hnid and of Mateotloma eantpdellt Girard, from Texas, have also ilisap-
pmi i bat they too seem to have been based on tbe ytmog of tbe
inwit spedes, and as aueetta certainly ocoara in Texaa, these D<HniDal
tfKita oast taXl loto tbe Bynoaymy.
Ibe Chob Backer ia one of tbe Bmallest species, rarely reacbisff a
hiffii of mora than a foot. It is tenacious of life, and bites readily at
tmll hook, bat ia not miicb valued for food. Tbe yonng are rather
kndnaie, tbe black lateral band being sometimes very distinct. In
tbaaquriam, they- act as scavetagers. Tbe adnlt fishes, especially the
■ilH,an very dnsky in color, and tbe males in spring are provided
«tt ttne large tobercles arranged in a triangle on each side of tbe bnd.
Belu of tbe adolta are nsnally black, sometimes tinged with red.
SptBimai* fa UmiUfSUam NaHwU M
X«ber.
Localit;.'
Collector.
BDgH Lmf Creek
7771
mverheBd.L. I
8. F. Baird.
8880
8. F. Baird.
MS9
8700
ZMaware Coonty
mi
JMkni>,I».
148 C0KTBIBDTI0N8 TO HOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT — lit
Spectmciit in UnUrd Slain yaHoadl VKKan— Continued.
Number.
Locality.
CoUwU*.
lOfiai
Potomac River
J. W. MUncr.
IIOM
<">
Do.
do
nras
do
Do.
niw
do
Do.
Do.
HB77
Potoman Kiver
0. B.Goad0.
imo
do
J. W. MUoet.
\tmi
do
Do.
xmn
do
Do.
Do.
Do.
1«M4
do
17!<l(i
Clour Crock, TexM
Kaoilico &, EmU.
iim
do
Do.
l^rm
Now Bedford, Maw
K. Kennicott.
S. F. Baird.
atwi
Ci-dot Svrnmp, Now Jersey*
■
GENUS CHASBOSTES. 149
The type is a fine specimen, 10^ incbes loDg, collected by Professor G.
kovn Ooode in the Saint Johu'8 River, Florida. It is numbered 19071
m the Haseam Begister. I have named the species for my friend, Pro-
httor Goode, one of the best of American ichthyologists, to whom we
ive indebted for the discovery of the species.
SpedmeM in United States National Museum.
Kamber.
Locality.
Collector.
19071
Saint John's River, Fla
G. Browu GK)ode«
Genus CHASMISTES Jordan.
Chtmrittei JoRDAV, BuU. Hayden Geol. Sarv. Terr. 417, 187a
Tfpe, Ca:o$taMu$ fecmndui Cope & Yarrow.
Btjmology, x*^f*^t ^^ y&wn or gape.
Fishes related to Catostomtts^ having the teeth, scales, and air-
Irtadder as in that genns, bat distingaished by the size and position
Df tbe month, the great development of the mandible, and by the small,
NNK)th lips.
Head disproportionally large, forming more than one-fonrth of the
l^gth, broad and flattish above; sides of head vertical, slightly directed
tiirards, the breadth through the cheeks less than the breadth above the
!ye8 ; eyes small, high up, rather posterior : mouth exceedingly large,
^rmioal, the lower jaw in the closed mouth being very oblique, placed
4 an angle of about 45 degrees ; the lower jaw very long and strong,
U length more than one-third the length of the head, nearly half the
tejTth of the head in the adult, its tip when the mouth is closed about
m a level with the eye ; upper jaw very protractile ; upi)er lip very
bio (for a Sucker), and nearly smooth ; snout elevated above the rest
(f the head, notably so when the mouth is closed ; lower lip moderate,
ODsisting of a broad flap on each side of the mandible, in front reduced
0 a narrow rim, the surface of the lip nearly smooth, without evident
•pillte: nostrils large; suborbital bones narrow, but rather broader
hao in Catostomus ; preorbital unusually large: mucous channels mod-
ptelj developed; fontanelle very large; isthmus rather narrow:
ngeal bones and teeth essentially as in Catostomus,
k^ier slender, tapering pretty regularly from the shoulders to
'ompressed : caudal peduncle rather stout.
150 COHTBIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AUEBICAH ICHTHYOLOOT — m.
Fins moderate, the dorsal raye aboat 12, tbe anal 7 : pedanl
rather loDg, not qnite reacbiug rentraU: rentrals reachiag veotiui
tin high, reaching candal : caudal fin rather long, its lobes eqaaL
Scales moderate, large oa the caudal pedaucle, macb sniBUtr iw
crowded anteriorly, 60 to 65 in the lateral liDe, aboot 18 in a tranareiti
series from dorsal to ventrals.
Sexual peculiarities nuknoffn.
Coloration nsual.
Air-bladder in two parts.
Size moderate or rather large.
The single species now included in this genua is known only fM
Utah Lake. Its describers referred it to the genos Calostomiu,]A
made no mentioD of its singular mouth and lips. The original tfpea
the species is in very bad condition, the mouth being shrunken and £l
torted, and the bones of tbe head protruding through the skin, so tltf
tbe peculiarities of the species are hardly recognizable.*
Genirio CliaracteriiiUunu.
CBASMiSTEa JordaD, 1878. — "Tbis gecns ia diatiDgalBhed from Catiutotat bf tt
veTj large, termiDBl mooth, the lower Jaw being very atroDR, obUqne,italcaftbiiM
one-tbird tbat of tbe bead. Tbe lips aro little developed, and ore very nearly «M<t
Tbe typeof tbegennsia C./teundutCope & YarroR."— (JonitAM, Bull. U.S. OwLM
Terr. vol. iv, No. 2, p. 417, 1878.)
* Daptb about
GSHTUB CATOBTOMUa 151
Ij tke inbabitants. They run up the rivers to spawn in Jone | feed on
tie bottom and eat the spawn of better fish | spawning beds on gravel ;
Uts at hook sometimes ; are extremely nnmeroos, and are considered
iBoiBStiee by the fishermen, bnt they meet with a ready sale in wiutcr
il in average price of 2} cents per iionnd."
8pedmmi9 im UmUed States Naiicmal Mwtewm.
Hmbttr*
Locality.
Collector.
mM
Utah Lake. Utah
20837
Utah Lake. Utah
Dr. H. C. Tarrow. (Many specimeDS )
Dr. H. C. Yanow. (Type Ckaami$tPB.)
Dr. H. C.Tarrow. (Typesoftbespeciee.)
10898
Utah Lake. Utah
Utah Lake, Utah
Genus CATOSTOMUS Le Sueur.
Lb Suxua, Jonni. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. i, 1H17, 69. (Eqaivalent to family Co-
tMiomida,)
BgmUHnm Rafikssque, Joom. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. i, 1818, 421. (As subgeDiu of Exo-
§909SU!M»)
AwKtlhi Rapcwsqux, Ichtbyologia Obiensis, 1820, 60. (As sabgenas of GaiO0fMitf«,
Indoding the 10-rayed species.)
QpimisRMi AOASSiz, Am. Jooni. Sc. Arts, 1855, 203.
Mimmu GiHARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Pbila. 1856, 173.
^mm QiRARD, Proc. Ac Nat. Sc. Pbila. 1856, 173.
^^^ttitomui Gill, Canadian Nataralist, 1865, August.
'^MHketjfZiM JOKD.VN, Man. Vert. 2d ed. 1878, 319. (As sabgenas.)
1^, Cyprinu9 catoatomus Forster, = Catoatomus hudaonius Le Saear, := Catostomus Jon-
fi'^atnm Le Sueur.
Etymology, /caro, low ; arbfia^ moatb.
Etymology of Synonyms,
^fpentelium: probably v^b^ below; irivTCt five; ^,5oc, lobe, as tbo name is said to
'^ to tbe 5-lobed lower lip, supposed to distingnisb it from tbo 3-lobed subgenus
J'ttWijipia; possibly, bo we vor, from iirbf below; cvrcXf/f, perfect.
^^^fotiifluM: dcKuCt ten; duKTv?.ogf too, i'. «., 10 ventral rays, bence properly Dcca-
^t^ysoM : t-Ae, mud ; itv!^(iu^ to suck.
^oniw and MinomuB are probably meaningless words, witbout etymology.
Bead more or less elongate, its length rangiug from 3^ to 5 times iu
tbitof the bod}'^ its form varying considerably iu the different snbgen-
n. £ye asaally rather small, high ap and median or more or less pos-
152 coirrBiBnnoNS to nobth amsricak icHTHroLocnr— 401
tenor in portion : saborbital bones narroW| longer than biottdi MMh m
ill MjpDOitoma : fontanelle always present, asnally widely opesi in t«t
species reduced to a narrow slit, bat never wholly obUbemfeed.
Month rather large, always inferior, and sometimes notaUy ss | the
upper lip thick, protractile, papillose ; the lower lip gieody developsd,
with a broad free margin, deeply incised behind| so that it fbrms two
lobes, which are often more or less separated ; mandible horiMotali
Hhort, not one-third the len^rth of the head and not reaching to opporita
the eye : lower jaw usually without distinct cartilaginous sheath : op«*
cular apparatus moderately developed, not rugose : pharyngeal boais
moderately strong, the teeth shortish, vertically eomprossod, rapidly
diminishing in size npwards, the upper surface of the teeth nearly 6MI|
or somewhat cuspidate.
Body oblong or elongate, more or less fusifonui subteretOi more or
less compressed.
Scales comparatively small, topically much smaller and crowded aOf
teriorly, the number in the lateral line ranging from about BO to llAi
the number in a transverse series between dorsal and ventrals
3 5 to 40 : lateral line well developed, straightish, somewhat
anteriorly.
Fins variously developed : dorsal with its first ray nearly midway of
the body, with from 9 to 14 developed rays; anal fin short and higbf
with probably always 7 developed rays 5 ventrals inserted under tb^
middle or posterior part of the dorsal, typically with 10 rays, in one sab*
genas usually 9, the number often subject to variation of one ; caud^
fin usually deeply forked, the lobes nearly equal.
Sexual peculiarities not much marked, the fins higher in the mial^
and the anal somewhat swollen and tuberculate in the spring : breed'
ing males in some species with a rosy or orange lateral band.
Air-bladder with two chambers. Vertebrae in C. teres and 0. nigri'
cans 45 to 47.
^< The skeleton in Catostomus has been well described by Yalencienne^
(XYII. p. 433). It is distinguished by the comparative want of solidly*
certain bones consisting merely of a network of osseous matter. Tbero
is a large and broad fontanelle on the upper surface of the head, separ-
ating the parietal bones, and leading directly into the cerebral cavity-
The occipital process is, below the anterior vertebrse, enlarged into B
bladder-like swelling, which is not solid, but consists of a delicate net-
work only. The prefrontal is advanced to the anterior part of the orbife
QENUB CATOSTOMUS. 153
Tbe jaw-bones are very feeble, the intermaxillary being redaced to a
tbiD lamella, which does not descend to the middle of the maxillary.
The anterior part of the mandible is horizontal, thin and i^lightly dilated.
Tbe apophyses of the four aiiterior vertebrsB are very strong and long." —
(GCntheb, CaU Fishes Brit. Mus. \ ii, 13.)
This genas as at present restricted comprises three well-marked
groofis, which may be accepted as subgenera, under tbe names Catosto-
mns^ Decttdactylusy and Bypenielium, Oue of these groups, Hypentelium^
has been Qsnally considered as a distinct genus, on account of the dif-
ferences in the form of the head and in the squamation. These differ-
eiioes are, however, individually of subordinate value, and should
probably be held to designate a subgeneric section, rather than a
distinct genos.
The group Decadactylus as here given is nearly equivalent to Minomus
and Catostomus of Girard, while our Catostomus is Girard's Acomns.
The type of Catostomus^ as restricted by Agassiz, prior to Girard being
CjprijiiM catostomus Forster, oi:e of the small-scaled group, the name
beloDgs properly to that group, and Acomus is a simple synonym.
Jknelylus Bafinesque was not originally defined in any very tangible
^ay, inasmuch as its author included in it species of Jfj/xosfoma and
QfcfeptiM. As, however, it was intended for 10-rayed species, and as one
among those originally placed in it was C. teres (as (7. bostoniensis)^ the
the name Decactylus {Decadactfjlus) may be used instead of Minomus as
adesigaation for the subgenus to which (7. teres belongs.
The genus Catostomus is, next to Myxosioma^ the most rich in species.
It is much the most widely distributed of tbe genera of Suckers, some of
'^8 members abounding in every river of North America, and one of them
*^''og found in Asia.
Generic Characterizations,
'Catostomus LeSaeur, 1817.
^ct with a siaglo tin.
^^Ihmemhrane tbree-rayed.
^'eoii and apcrcula smooth.
''^•w toothless and retractile.
*^o«iiA benea'.h the soont ; lips plaited, lobed, or caruDculated, suitable for sucking,
*^roat with pectinated teeth.
* h© species which are here described are all possessed of the following general
^^^f^ters:—
**^<*rfjf.— The body in general is elongated and varied in its form.
**^ctitt. — ^Tbe scales in almost all tbe species are marked with radiated lines, and
ftmbriated on their edges ; their form more or less rbomboidal or roundish.
I
154 COHTBIBUTIONB TO NORTH AUEBICAS ICHTEYOLOOT-
"OUt-eontrt. — The giU-covers are large, and composed of tliree pieoM; t1
plecfl Bmall in aome, hb ia exemplified id the C. macro f^idotat, and in otben
the C. eomniimli; opening or eipansion wide.
"yoitril: — The nostrtla ore doable ou each side, and separated by a mem
largest aperture near the eyes.
"Est*. — The eyea in general are pretty large, a little obl»iig, wlthoat
membrane : popil black and rooadlah : Iridea yellowiah, sometimea browi
C, gibhotu:
"Tetth.—Ho feeU in thojawa, bnt those of the throat, on each aide, ancoi
range nf bones, generally bloat and thick at their summits, placed Id a
form, on an oaseous, arcaated base, of which they are a cnapoaeDt part
time* terminate in a hooked point, as ia the C. naetloatu; these teeth M«ei
a thick maas of whitish substance, which covers the throat, and snppliea i
ft tongue.
"ifoNtA.^Tbe moKtA is generally Innated ; to the palate is attached a m«
"Titoera. — The intatinal oanal is very ninob developed, and it has ita (ai{
throat ; tbe ttotkodt, which is simple, and without plaits and cnrratarea, 1
tlnuntiuD of this canal, and appears to be coDfonnded with it. The inteali
nnmber of cironmvolntions ; in a specimen of the C. ButcnUepidatiu ol
in length, they were 3 feet 5 inohea in length. The lir«r is deliqnewen
paates into oil after eipoanre to the atmosphere. ThoaJr-bloiiilcr issnbeylii
dlvldetl, in most species, into two parts ; in the C. maerokpidDdM, it is sepaiat
|uut«. I have remarked in tbe intestines of these fishes river-ahella of
ZynniM, IMimut*, etc., which dwell on aquatic plants and on tbe rock at tb
the rivrrs; these shells the CaUtttouti are onaljlefl to take with their lips
protruded forwards by mDani of their Jaws.
"It Is necessary to remark that in all the species which I have examine
line which runs from the napr, beneath the eym, and another along the I
GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 155
xmys ; tail eqaally forked. Besides the two following species (C duqueanu; C. elongaiua)
the C. boitonUnns and C. hudaoniua must be enumerated here/' — (Rafixesque, Ich. Oh.
p. 60.)
Hypbnteuum Rafinesqae, 1820. — " Body pyramidal slightly compressed, with very
nuQate soales. Vent posterior. Head scaleless, nearly eqiiare, month terminal pro-
tmded beneath toothless, jaw shorter with five lobes, the middle one larger, lips very
■audi. Abdominal fins anterior removed from the vent, dorsal fin anterior, opposed to
them.
^'This genus belongs to the family of the Cyprinidia, and is next to my gecns Exoglos-
mns, with which I had nnittd it; but this last differs from it by an oblong body, fiat
bead, lower lip trilobe not protruded, abdominal fins and dorsal fin medial, &c. The
same expresses the character of the lower lip.'' — (Rafucesque, Ich. Oh. p. 68.)
Cjltostomcs DeKay, 1842.—" Both lips thick, fiesby, and crenated or plaited ; the
lower lip pendant. Dorsal placed above the ventrals and usually short."— (DeKay,
Xeuf York Fauna, Fishes, p. 19(5.)
Catostomus Heckel, 1843. — *'0s infernni; labia camea, lata, rngosa, suctni apta;
clrrhi nolli ; prseoperculum ante occiput. Pinna dorsalis brevis, rarius elongata ; analis
biwior, utraque radio osseo nullo. Dentes pharyngei pectiniformes.
D :
8-13-29
A : 2 5 - 7
(Characters of Tribus IV, including Catostomus^ Rhytidostomus, and 9 Ezoglossum.)
^ Deotes pectiniformes 40 — 40. Os inferum ; labia carnea ; lata, rugosa ad snctnm
apta; cirrhi nuUi. Pinna dorsalis et analis brevis, ilia ante pinnas ventrales incipiens ;
radios psseus nuUus. — Tractus intestinalis 2^—3 long, corp." — (Heckel, Fische
53fivii«,p.33.)
Catostomus Valenciennes, 1844. — " lis different Oes ables ILeuciscusI, avec losqnels
ils ne sent pas sans affinity, par la position do leur boucbe et par la forme des I^vres
qai la bordent. Ces organes sont assez distincts do ceux des Chondrostomes.
"L'absence desbarbillonslesdloigne aussi des Labdous [Lahiv']t avec lesquels ils out
d'ailleura moius de rapports que M. Cuvier ne lo supposait quand il a r6dig6 le Regno
Animal. Eufin ils different de tous ces geures par leurs dents pbaryngieuues.
"Par la forme g6n6rale de leur corps, ils ressemblent b. nos barbeaux [7>ar6M«], dont
^ ont presqne tous la t6te alougde, lisso et nue, et le museau uu peu produiiuent,
n^isila n'ont pas leurs barbillous, et la dofbalc manque de raj'ons <$pineux et dentelds.
Lj^boucho est situde sous le museau ; ello est sans deuts, et les I^atcs, dlargies, lobdes,
caronculdes, niais sans prolongueiueuts fili formes, serveut in, constituer uue sorto do
▼entonse au moyen de laquelle ces poissons peuveut adherer ou sucer. Les pbaryngieus
•ontgrauds et arquds, presque en demi-cerclo ; tout lo bord iuterue est garui do dents
coinpriindes, ^ couronue stride, un peu plus largo que la base; toutes ces deuts dd-
CToissent regulitireraont depuis les iuferidures jusqu'aux sujjdiieu resale nombro eu varie
Belon les esp^ces ; elles forment un peigue sur le corps I'os. Les opercules sont grauds ;
^^ Darines ont cbacune, couimo h rordinaire, deux ouvertures rapprocbdes; les yeux
**^z Urges, sont ellipticiues, et ont I'iris ordinairenient jaune ; les dcailles sont eu
g*D^ral petites sur la nuque et pros de la tote, et elles vout eusuito en augmentaut a
™^re qu'on s'en approcbo de la queue; elles sont' plus ou moius rhomboldalcs et
•tri^ ou frang6es.
156 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ni.
'* Les viscbres rappellcDt ceax dcs cyprino!de8 en g^n^ral, mais I'mtestin, ik caiue d»
868 Qombroax replis, a eccore plas d^iStendae. . . . Le foie se rdsoat bientOt en
huile; la vessie adr^onne est commun^ment divisd en denx et commnniqne avec le
Laot de TcBSophage comme dans no8 cyprins." — (Valenciennes, HisLNoL dea PatstoMi
xvil, pp. 423-424.)
Uylomtzon Agassiz, 1855. — "The name of this genns is a mere translation of the
Ternacular name of its type, the Mud-Sncker of the West, framed in imitation o^
PetromyzoD, but expressing its habits of living in the mud. The body is stoat and
heavy in front, and tapers off rapidly from the shoulders towards the tail; behind th»
dorsal it is nearly cylindrical in form.
" The short quadrangular head is broad and flat above, its sides are vertioal. Th»
eyes are of moderate size and elliptical in form ; the snperorbital ridges are eXevated
above the general level of the bead. The mouth is inferior, and encircled by broad.
fleshy lips which are covered with small grains or papillod. The lower lip is bilobed.
The dorsal is over the ventrals, and nearer the head than the tail ,* its height and
length are nearly equal. The pectorals and ventrals are broad and rounded, the anal
fin is slender and reaches the caudal. The scales are largest on the anterior portion of
the body. They are slightly longer than high, the ornamental concentrio ridges of
the posterior field are broader and farther apart than those of the lateral and anterior
fields; those of the auterior and i)Osterior fields rather remote, abont equal in number.
Tubes of the lateral line arising froui the centre of radiation.
*' The teeth are compressed, so that their sharp edge pn>}ects inwards ; at the same
time they are slightly arched inwards and inserted obliquely upon the pharyngeal
bones. They increase gradually in size and thickness from above downwards. The
masticating ridge of the teeth in transverse, compreHsed iu the middle and sharp; its
upper aud lower edges are rounded and more projecting, the inner point, however, mora
projecting than the outer one." — (Agassiz, Am. Jouni. Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 205.)
Catostomus Agassiz, 1^55. — *'I Lave retained the name of Catostomus for the typo
to which it was originallj' aiiplied by Forster. The body is elongated, fusiform and
slightly compressed. The snout is short and blunt, and projects but little beyond tho
mouth, which is inferior. The lower jaw is short and broad. The lips are fleshy and
strongly bilobed below ; their surface is conspicuously granulated or papillated. The
head is considerably longer than high. The dorsal is large and mostly in advance of
the ventrals; its length is greiAr than its height. The anal fin is long aud slender,
and reaches the caudal. The sexnal diti'erences, so conspicuous in the genus Moxostoma
and Prychostouius, are hardly to be noticed in this genus. The other fins are of moder-
ate size, and more or less pointed.
" The scales are much smaller on tho anterior than on the posterior portion of tho
body ; nearly quadrangular, with rounded angles, but somewhat longer than high ;
the ornamental concentric ridges of the posterior field broader than those of the lateral
and anterior fields; the radiating furrows more numerous than in Hylomyzon and
Ptychostomus, and encroaches ui)on the lateral tioUlH, where, iu some species, they are
nearly as numerous as upon the anterior and posterior fields. Tubes of the lateral line
wider than in Hylomyzon aud Ptychostomus, extending from the centre of radiation
to the posterior margin.
''The pharyngeals are stout and compact, the outer margin not so spreading as
GBVnS 0AT08T0MU& 157
in Tt^tibatUmnmi the teeth ere blunter and laiiger compftratiyely than iu any
otftMT gjmoM of the tiibt^ inoreadDg more rapidly in sixe from above downwards, so
tbanfc thoee of the middle of the aroh are already of the same cast as those of the lower
part of the eomb; their oiown is blont and the inner edge rises into a blnnt cusp."—
(AO^AMZ, Awl Jmrm. 8e. Art$, 1655, p. 807.)
MnoMUS Girard, 1866.— " We propoee to include under the head of Minamui, such
apaoies aa aie ohaiaoteriaed by an elongated and fusiform body, a head longer than
deep; a donal fin eiUier higher than long, or with both dimensions eqnal. The lipe
beUnff Inberoolated, moderately bilobed. The pharyngeals not expanded laterally, but
semaideraWy bent Inwardly. The teeth compressed, decidedly bicuspid, but the inner
frqfeetiea more developed than the outer. The scales being nearly of the same size,
bat alightly smaller anteriorly than posteriorly.'' (Includes C. kuignii, C, pUMuM^ and
C. el«r«i)— (GiRABD^ PhM. Ao. NaU So. Fhiia. 1856, p. 173.)
■
AooHua Giracd, 1656^— ^And then giving the name of Acomua to those species in
trbioh the head is very elongated, the dorsal higher than long, and the scales much
nuUlsr upon the anterior region of the body than upon the posterior. The lips being
jsplllsted and veiy deeply deft. The pharyngeals are gently arched and not expanded ;
the tssth compressed and bituberoulated, the inner projection conspicuous; the outer
obsolete, though existing." (Includes C./ortleriaaiff, C. aurora, C. 2a<tpiN«i«, C. pair-
C. geturf9UB, C. gru0u$, and C. laotariua.) — (Gibabd, Proo. Ac XaL 8c Pkila.
lBG6,p.l74.)
Gatostomus Girard, 1856. — ''The genus Caia»iamu$, Le Sueur, would then be rc-
Msted to such species In which the head is moderately elongated, the dorsal fin gen-
nOy toofsr than high, and the sice of the scales less disproportionate anteriorly and
POiteriorly than in Aeomus. The lips are papillated aud deeply cleft. The pharyngeals
piOTided with a little expansioQ iDferiorly. The teeth are compressed, with the inner
P*4ection of the crown alone developed.'* (Inclodeii C. hudaaniua, C communis f C. ood-
^(•Uf, C. lahiatua, C. macracheiluaf C, aucklH, snd C, bemardini,) — (Girard, Proo. Ac.
AttAtPWa. 1856, p. 174.)
Catastomus Gill, 1865.— "Snoot long. Lateral line presei't, nearly straight. Lips
P^l^lUted."— (Gill, Canadian Naturalist, Aag. 1865, p. 19, reprint.)
Catostomus GUnther, 1868. — ** Scales of small, moderate or largo size. Lateral line
P^^^i^t, running along the middle of the tail. Dorsal fin of moderate extent, with not
'^'^ tbsn abunt seventeen rays, opposite to the velitri#l, wit boat epine. Anal iiu very
'^^ hot deep. Fins of the males generally more prodoced than those of the females,
Md frequently with homy tubercles. Month inferior, with the lips more or less thick-
^^ snd papillose, the lower frequently 'bilol^'d. Barbels none. Gill-rukers well
"**^^Md, soft, the upper lanceolate, the lower quite membranaceous, low folds croso-
^H ths bone. Pseudobranchio). Pharyngeal bones sickle-shaped, armed with a comb-
'>^ teries of numerous compressed teeth, the teeth becoming larger and broader
**^Mds the lower end of the series."— (GCnther, Cat. rtbhea BHU Mua. vii, p. 12.)
Caiostomus Jordan, 1876.— "Air bladder in two parts ; lateral line well develoi)ed;
^Pl pspillose ; scales much smaller anteriorly than posteriorly ; interorbital space
••▼«; body sub-terete.''— (Jordan, Man. Vert. 1876, p. 292.)
RTTiirnBLiUM Jordan, 1876. — '*Air bladder in two parts ; lateral line well devel-
1*ii lipe papiUoee ; scales about as large on front part of body as on tail; body
168 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NOBTH AlCESIOAV ICHTHTOliOGT-— m.
tapering npidly from Bhoalden to tail; Interorbital spaoa oimoavo; kngthof
ffraater thaa depth of body.''~( Jorbak, Man. VerL 1876^ p. 902.)
Oatostomus Cope A Jordan, 1677.—^ Body oblong or elongate, with m ahorty
qnadrate donal fin ; air bladder in two parts ; lateral line weU developed ; ftnl
diatinci."— (JoRDAK, Fne, Ac NoU So. PkOa. 1877, p. 81.)
Hypmwtmjum Jordan, 187^^** Body oblong or elongate, with a ahort aabqnadiai^^i
donal ; anal rayt nniformly 7 ; month normal, the lower lip nndlTided or deeply lobecJB.
lips tnberonlate ; lateral line well developed ; fontanelle dittinet ; no maadlbnlar^
aheath ; aealca moderate, not crowded forwards, abont eqnalover the body ; body loo^^
and little oompressed ; head transversely concave between orbits^ long and flaftteoody
the physiognomy being therefore peculiar; ventral rays 9."— (JosDtjar, Jfin. Fsrl ed.
9d, 1878, pp. 900-310.)
Catostomcs Jordan, 1878.— [As in the preceding ezoept] ^Sealea smaBf aaMller
anteriorly and much crowded; head transversely convex between orbits; ventnl
rays normally 10."— (Jordan, Man. Vtrt. ed. Sd, 1878, pp. 900-310.)
Dboadacttlus Jordan, 1878 (as subgenus).— <' Lateral line with 00 to 65 aealei;
snoot comparatively short"— (Jordan, Man. Veri. ed. 9d, p. 310.)
CATOflTOMUS Jordan, 1878 (as subgenus).—" Lateral line with abont 100 aeales;
snout much produced."— (Jordan, Ifoa, Vmri. ed. Sd, p. 880.)
The three sabgenera here recognized are characterised below. The
single species of Hf/pentelium is foond only eastward of the Booky
Moantains. Catostomas and Decadach/lus each have representatives on
both sides of the mountains. It is a carioas fact that the Sonthwestem
representatives of each, as a rnle, have the npper lip more developed,
and with more namerons series of papillse, than the Eastern ones. In
this respect as in others, these Western species approach the genus Pan-
tosteuSy a group exclusively Western in its distribution.
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CAT08T0MU8.
* Scales moderate ; not crowded anteriorly, nearly equal over the body ; 48 to 55 In the
lateral line ; 12 to 15 in a transyerse aeries from dorsal to
ventrals : bead flattened above, transversely concave between
tbe oi^te,*tbe frontal bone thick, broad, and short, the phy-
siognomy being therefore peculiar: ventral rays normally
9: upper lip very thick, strongly papillose, with a broad,
free margin, which has upwards of 8 to 10 series of papillie
upon it. Lower lip greatly developed, strongly papilloee,
oonsiderally incised behind, bnt less so than in Catdetomm
proper : f ontanelle shorter and smaller than in DeoadadyluB :
pectoral fins unusually large. {Hypentelium,)
X. Depth 4i to 5 in length ; head 4 to 4^ ; eye rather small, 4i to 5 in head : color
olivaceous; sides with brassy lustre; belly white; back
brown, with several dark cross-blotches, irregularly arranged,
these becoming obsolete in old individuals ; lower fins doll
red, with some dasky shading : sise large ; maTimnm length
about two feet niobxoaii8| 94.
GENUS CATOSTOMUS. 159
Dorsal with 11 developed rays : scales 7-50-5 : head rather longer, 4 to 4i in
length : pectoral fins rather longer : colors relatively dnll ;
no distinct whitish stripes along the rows of scales.
niffricana,
Donal with 10 developed rays: scales 6-48-5: head rather shorter, 4^ in
length : pectoral fins rather shorter : colors hright«r ; black-
ish above; belly abruptly white; a pale spot at the base of
each scale, these forming conspicnons whitish streaks along
the rows of scales etotoanua,
fS smally rednced, and crowded anteriorly more or less ; 58 to 72 in the lateral
line and about 20 to 25 in a transverse series from the ven-
trals to the dorsal : snout moderate or rather short. (Deca'
dactylus,)
*er lip comparatively thin, with but few (2 or 3) rows of papill®.
3oTBal fin with but 10 or 11 developed rays ; scales but little reduced in size
forwards.
Body moderately stout ; depth 4} in length ; head very small and short, about
5 in length; eye moderate; fins all notably small: scales
small, subequal, 9-70-9, larger on the middle of the body than
on the caudal peduncle : body with scattered, dusky, nebu*
loUS spots CLARKI, 25.
^, Body rather elongate, subterete, heavy at the shoulders and tapering back-
wards, the depth about 5 in length ; head moderate, about 4^
in length ; mouth comparatively small ; lips moderate, the
upper narrow, with about two rows of large tubercles : scales
little crowded forwards, 58 to 63 in the lateral line, 19 in a
cross-series : a series of dusky spots along each row of scales,
as in Jdinytrema melanopa ; the sxK>t8 sometimes obscure.
INSIONIS, 26.
. Dorsal with 11 to 13 developed rays : scales much reduced and crowded ante-
riorly,
c Body moderately stout, varying with age, subterete, heavy at the shoul-
ders, the depth 4 to 4} in length : head rather large and stout,
conical, flattish above, its length 4 to 4| in body (3^ to 4^ in
young) ; snout modera'tely prominent, scarcely overpassing
the month ; mouth rather large, the lips strongly papillose,
the upper moderate, with two or three rows of papillte:
scales crowded anteriorly, much larger on the sides than be-
low ; scales 10-64 to 70-9 : coloration olivaceous ; moles in
spring with a faint rosy lateral band ; young brownish, more
or less mottled, often with about three large confluent lateral
blotches, which sometimes form an obscure lateral band.
TERES, 27.
^ ftlck and full, with several (5 to 8) rows of papills : scales crowded
flMTwards*
160 C0STEIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AMEBICAM ICHTHTOLOOT HI.
t Fnntanelle well developed x lips withont evident ovtilaginoiu -TimHi
d. Donal fin comparatively long, of 12 to 14 nfa.
e. HoDtb qaite large, with very large lip*, tbe Dpper Itall acd pendent,
with 6 to 8 rowB of Mtodh papiDn : head Iwge, 4} in lenctb,
rather narrow, qaadrangnlar, tbe aooat pr^Jectiiif: cje
large: dorsal fin moch looger than high, its t%ja klmot 14:
acolea 12-72-10: coloration rather dark; > diuky latoal
stripe MACROCHILCS,^
w. Hoath eomparatlvelf HmaJl, aioaller than in C. Urtt; tbe npper Lp
thick, with 5 or G rows of papllltB, which are moderatdj
large : heitd mnndeil nbove, 4^ ip 1«nEtb, tbe pro61e MWI**
thao in C. tirres, tlio SDOut more poiultd, tli» two siAes of Itw
bead more coDvergent forwards: eye small : dorsal fie locgef
Iban high, its rn.;B 12 to 14 : scalcB 13-72-10.
dd. DoTBul Qd abort, higher Ihao loDg, of abant II developed rays : head 4
Id length, rather bluntish: moath moderate, the labinl paptD*
. largely developed, tbe upper lip full, wilb aboot 5 ranxf
large but rather Bparsa papillu^: scales 12-74~1^: color dark
aborc; siilcs cloodcd with black aud yellow. ..LABiATca,X
tt Fontanelle very small and narrow: bctb jawB with a weakcartitagiaotis slit
body elougate, fusiform, subterete, the greatest depth 4^ Ia 4{
in len^ ; head email, couical, 4} ia leD»tb; month quits
large, with fiill, tbiek lips, tbe npp«T very wide and pentlest,
with about 6 rows of very strong papilts : tower lip I
lobed, Blmilarly papillose: interorbital space wide, cod t<
eye elevated, pcielerior, qoite small: lias moderate; dUMl
OENUS CAT08TOMU8. 161
the course of the lateral line and about 28 in a cross-Bories
from dorsal to ventrals: coloration very dark; fins dasky;
scales everywhere finely punctate. Size large. . tahoensis, 32.
gg. Body elongate, snbterete, the depth 4^ to 4f in length : head quite
long and slender, 4^ to 4} in length, depressed and flattened
above, broad at base, but tapering into a long snout, which
considerably overhangs the large mouth : lips thick, coarsely
tuberculate, the upper lip narrow, with 2 or 3 rows of
tubercles: eye rather small, behind the middle of the head:
scales very small, much crowded forwards, 95 to 114 in the
course of the lateral line, and about 29 (26 to 31) in a cross
row from dorsal to ventrals : dorsal rays 10 or 11 : males in
spring with the head and anal fin profasely tuberculate, the
tubercles on the head small ; the sides at that season with a
broa<l rosy band: size large; the largest species in the
gecns LONGiuosTRis, 34.
ff. Upper lip very broad, with several (5 or 6) rows of large papillie.
L Body long and slender, snbterete, compressed behind, the form
essentially that of C. longirostris, the depth contained 5| times
in the length : head large, 4 in length of body, the interorbital
space broad and flat,2| in length of head : eye small, high up
and rather posterior: preorbital bone very long and blender,
its length about three times its depth : mouth large, precisely
as in C latipinnia^ the upper lip pendent, very largo, with 5 to
8 ceries of tubercles : dorsal iiu not t longated or especially
elevated, its rays 11, the beginning of the dorsal much
nearer base of caudal than pnout : caudal liii long and strongly
forked : anal fin long and high, reaching base of candul : ven-
trals not reaching vent : candal ped ancle stout and deep, its
least depth more than one-third length of head, its length
about two-thirds that of head : scales quite small, about as in
longirostriSj the exyiosed portion not notably lengthened:
chest with well-developed scales ; scales lG-100-14 : coloration
dusky brown, a dusky lateral band, pale below, the dark colors
extending low; snout quite dark: size large.. i:kti{<)pi:<nis, 35.
iL Body slender and elongate, the caudal peduncle especially long and
very slender, the depth 3^ in the length: bead motierato, 41
in length, rather slender, with prominent snout and rather
contracted, inferior mouth ; outline of the mouth triangular,
the apex forwards; the lips very thick, greatly developed,,
lower lip incised to the base, its posterior margin extending
backwards to opposite the eye : jaws with a slight cartila-
ginons pellicle : eye small, high u\} : preorbital bone broad,
scarcely twice as long as deep: scales long and low, posteri-
f roooded, their horizontal diameter greater than the vor-
IH2 C0NTBIBUTI0K8 TO NOKTH AH2BICAN ICHTHTOLOQT — ID.
tical, 17-96 to 105-17 : fins aetmtnJj aerelopvd, mmk
moto elevated in the nialee tbao in the female, Ihe free
bonli^r nf the dorsal, in tbe males at leiOBt, deeply inditn)- io
tbo mnles, tb« lieight of eacb of tbe three verliral 6m » .
greater (ban tbe leuglb of Ibe bead: dorsal ntj» 1.% iV
begintiLii^ r&tber oeorer soont Ibao base of dorsal: cindalli
especially etroDg, tbu mdimeDtarf Tay» at its base DOBeaiUf
developed : least depth of caudal pedaacle le^a than ooe-Uiiii
length of bead: colorfttion ratbet si Ivory, the tniOea prohiblf
rosy aodtnbercnlatc In spring,. tJ.Tirtinta.3L
4t Footnnulle iilnioat obliterated, reduced to » narrow slit: each jaw with i«l
developed cartlluginous ebeath (as in Fanlotieui).
j. Body subterete, compresseil behind, tbe dtplb 5 in lenelb: <
terorbilnl Kpat^e 2 in head: head qnile short, broad tuk
rounded tibovo, 41 in length : eye small, far back and higb vf
li in head : manth very large, inferior, beneath the ptvjirii^
snout: npper lip very full, pendent, irith about 5Toirsi/l
berries n^iouit: lover lip very full, mmlertitely inoi«ed,«l
nbont 10 rona, a noteh separating tbe npper lip frootl
lower, ejcb Jaw \Tith a slightly curved cartlltiginoDs abeathM
Sis eilg)', tbe tivo parRllel with each other and 6lling cl
together: (Ids small: dorsal rays 11; caoilal little la
scutoa Ifi-OO-ll.very wncb reiluwd forwards and sitbJMtll
luuiiy im'gularilics: colors dnsky : 8izetn>alI..DLSCUBOLnifl
:'4. t'ATOSTOMUS MGKICANS Lc Sueur,
ll-j Smtrr. Hog .Vulltl. Ilof Mal'g. Crt,a-l^.tolum, .S(ob« BoHer. Slon
OAT08TOHU8 KIQRICAK8. 163
WjfMttiimm ui§flmM Irmnun il rciriT iTm. Phnrlr Tilnt. Ififi. IfTTn
CulMl$mw9 «%riMM Jobdjji, Ann. Lye Nfti. HUt. N. Y. zi, 345, 1877.
Bn^midimm wigrkmi JoRiUN A Oilbsrt, Id Klippart'f Bept. 63, 1876.
^ffmMUm «%riMM Jordav, Boll. U. 8. Nat. Hna. iz, 34, 1877.
JjywUHMw M§rkmm9 Jordan, Mui. Vert. ed. Sd, 319, 1878.
lOff-CMtiHMif waenlogiit Zis Bdsur, Joarn. Ac Nat. So. Phila. 103.
CrittliMi naoalotiit DsKat, New York Faana, part i^, Fishes, 203, 1842.
CsitsliMt wwrfotm Cuvna & VALEKCiKimEs, Hist Nat dee Poles. zvii,454,
1814.
Ortssfeemt mmimlanu Storbr, Synopsis, 422, 1840.
CtOatUmnu wumUonu Uhlbb db Lugger, Fishes of Maryland, 139, 1870.
lOf-finDfflostiMi WMonpterum Rafinssquk, Jonm. Ao. Nat 8c. Phila. 420.
BffmUUmm m€enpt&rum Rafinrsqub, loh. Oh. 68, 1820.
Sjgfmi§Umm mmenpUrum Eirtland, Bept Zool. Ohio, 168, 1838.
JBsdfiessnw wuteropterum Cu vier Sl Valbncixkkes, zvii, 480, 1844.
Aif loetiMi maenptemm Storer, Synopsis, 488, 1846.
UBMSttotlMiiit xanlkopua Bafikesque, Ich. Oh. 57.
WM GilfftoMiis f wkegaitomma Bafinesqub, loh. Ob. 59. (Most likely mythical. )
IMi-*Gi«otfMHis jifanloppf CtrviER A Valekcixmneb, Hist. Nat. desPoissons, zyU, 450,
pL5ia
GtlMloaisfp/aaioqM Storbr, Synopsis, 426^ 1846.
aa, Sabepeeies efowaNM.
ttn-Crttiemas nigrioana var. etowmnu Jordan, Ann. Lyo. Nat Hist N. Y. zi, 345.
HABfTAT.— New York and Maryland to North Carolina ; west to the Great Plains,
▼tr. etemniM in the Alabama Bi ver. Most common in the Central Mississippi Basin ; not
^Mwn ftom the streams of the Sooth Atlantic States, ezcepting the Ssyannah Biver.
This specie^ is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of
oorSackers. It abounds in rapids and sboals, especially in tbe larger
streams, and its singular, almost comical form is familiar to every
icbool-boy in tbe West. Its powerful pectoral fins render it a swifter
^ in the water tban any others of its family. Its habit is to rest
BOtioolesson tbe bottom, where its mottled colors render it difiScult to
^Df^sh from the stones among which it lies. When disturbed, it
darts away very quickly, after tbe manner of the Etheostomoids. They
0^ go in flocks of eight to ten. I have never yet found tl^s species
m really niuddy water, and when placed in the aquarium it is one of
tkc very first fishes to feel the influence of impure water. In my expe-
^^oe, it is a fish as peculiar to the clear streams as the species of
^^^^Mama or Uranidea are. Professor Agassiz speaks of it as the
Und Sucker, and has named it Rylomyzonjin allusion to its mnd-loving
Mta. It is fortunate that that name has become a synonym, for it is
ctttainly a misnomer.
^hk Booker reaohes a length of abont 18 inches. It is not mncb valued
164 CONTEIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMEEICAN ICHTHYOLOGY HI.
as food, bat is often oaagbt by boys with a spear or snaie. In companj
with other species of Catotowus and itgxostoma, it aaccnAa allonr WeM-
em atrciims in April for the. purposo of dpjiositing its spaivo.
The Soiitliern form, wbicb I have dosiguated as viir. etowatim. Is nioR
inteusely coUired and differs in some minor resiiects. It fregiienli
great abundance, tbe clear tributaries of tlie Etowah, Oostanuiil», and
Coosa Rivers, ia company with Potamocottus meridlonatia (jopAcriM), i
species to which the young of the Catostomvs bears much rcseiublauce
as seen iu the water.
The synonymy of this species has been well worlied out by PiofraM
Agassiz. The variations iu age and appearauw have given ri«e toli
number of nomiual species, most of which have, however, already \m
disposed of. The oldest Fpecific name, niffricam, has beeu the one dm
generally employed. The generic name used de]>endB ou whether 1
cousiOer this si)ecies geneiically distinct from tlie ty|)e of Catoalomtn
not. It would seem — if we umy tto spealt — as if Mature bad iulradl
Hypentelium for n distinct genus, but not being an expert in geucff
ehanicters, had failed to provide it with any which can Btaud our
The name Rylomyzon, being a simple synonym of Ht/pcntelium, o\
caunot be used. Baflnesque^s accouut is much inferior to that of P>
fessor Agassiz, and the figure given by him i.s one of the vnnl
published, still his typical species is readily identifiable, and hia i
for it cannot be set aside.
CAT08T01CU8 INSIGNI& 165
2S. OATOBTOMUS OLABEI Baird & Girard.
CUurV§ Swsktr.
ttSMMflMMt olmrkH Baiiid Sl Girard, Proo. Pbila. Ao. Nat. 80. 27.
Ca»Mtmmu$' aUarkU Aoassiz, Am. Jonni. 8c ArU, 2d eeries, xix, S06, 1656.
Mkimmm»0larm Girard, Proo. Ao. Nat. 80. Phila. 173, 1856.
Jfia— Mi olmrkU Girard, U. 8. Hex. Bound. 8arv. lohtb. 38, pi. xxii, f. 5-8, 1859.
Ct«00foMtit oUarJM Jordan Sl Cofblamd, Cbeok List, 166, 1876.
Habttat.— Bio Saota Cmz in Arizona.
Hothiog is known of this speoies except fh>m the figure given by
Oinrd and the descriptions published by Baird and Girard. The
ttigiusl lupes of the. species are not to be found in the Museum, and
there are no specimens of recent collection which appear to belong to
it It seemsi however, to be a valid species, related to 0. itrngnis.
Bi Hps have not been figured, hence I can only infer that it belongs to
tke gioop with a narrow upper lip.
226. OATOSTOMUS INBIGNIS Baird & Girard.
S^tM Shaker,
UM-CilofftoimM inHgnii Baikd & Girard, Proo. Philn. Ao. Nat 8c. 28, 1854.
Minomu9 inHgnU Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. 8c. Pbila. 173, 1856.
Mimmua iniignia Girard, U. 8. Mex. Bound. 8nrv. lobtb. 37, pi. xxi, f. 1-4, 1859.
Cal09tcmu9 inMgne Cope & Yarrow, Wbeeler's Expl. W. lOOtb Mer. v, Zool.
676, 1876.
CalotfoMiftf intignia Jordan &, Copelamd, Check List, 1.56, 1876.
Habitat.— Tribntaries of the Rio Gila.
The original types of this species, from the Eio San Pedro, are now
lost The specimens collected by Dr. Rotbrock in Ash Greek, Arizona,
•Dd referred to this species by Professor Cope, undoubtedly belong
1^^ The species is a well-marked one, both as to form and coloration.
The genas Minomusj of which it was made the type, appears, however,
to have no tangible existence.
Spedmena in United Statei National Muaeum.
Jtumber.
Locality.
Collector.
ie:s6
Aab Creek. Arizona
Dr. J. T. Rotbrock.
166 CONTBIBUTION8 TO NOETH AHEBfCAlT ICHTHTOLOGT — ^IIL
27. CATOSTOMUS TERES {MUekitt) Le 8umr.
Comaio* Swka: fFhit« Sudcer. Brook Saclxr. Fime-tealtd Satlm:
16IB— X4 Cgprin ooniiurMMicii LActp^Dis, HiaL Nat. des Foim. v, 503, GOSL
Caimtamiu wmmcrwBff Jokdak, Maa. Vert. ed. 2A, 380, 1878.
18 Csprina* ealMimua Pbck, Hem. Am. Acad, ii, pt. 2, p. 55, pi. S, t*. (Rot I
FoTster.)
IBU— CjipHnM (ere* Hircmu., Lit. and PhiL Tniu. New York, i, 45&
CataaUmut tera Lk Sukdr, Joam. Ac. Nat 8c. Phila. 108, 1817.
CobMfaMH* («nM Thompson, Hiat. Vt. 134, liNZ
CatoalimiM (n-n Covibr & Tai.ekcieknes, xii, 468, 1844.
Catoitonuu lera SroRKR, Synopsis, 493, 194C.
Catotlonua tern Aqabsiz, Am. Jonm, So. Art*, 3d wries, xix, SO^ I8BE.
Caio*iom*t lert* GUmthbk, Cat. llshee Brit. Mdb. vH, IS, 1868.
CatMUmuu Utm Cope. Pioe. Am. Pbiloi. Soc Phila. 468, 18T0.
Cotoilonx tern Jordan, Fiahea ui lad. 221, 1875.
Catotiomua lera Jobdaji. Man. Veit. 293, 1876.
Cnhxtoniw leva Nelson, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Kan. Nat. Hist 48, 1876. '
Catottomiu tera Jordan St, Copeland, Check List, 156, 1878.
Cato»tomtu Itret Jordan & Gilbert, in Elippart's Bept. 53, 1876.
CatotfomM tertt Jordan Sl Gh^BERT, 1q Klippart'a Firet Beport Ohio Flth Oi
niesiOD, 84, pL xii, f. 18-19, 1877.
Calottomut tera Jordak, Bull. U. 6. Nat. Mas. ii, 37, 1877.
1817— CafostoaiM comniHiiu Le Sueur, Joarn. Ac. Nat. So. Phila. i, 95.
CaCottimiiM wmniatti* DkKay, New York Funoa, part iv, FisfaM, 196, ISM.
Calottonmt comanati» CuviER St Valencibnnks, Hist. Nat. dca I
4S6. 1844.
LAXIi, Rii^lriji Jiiurn. N'at. Hial. v,2C5, 1315.
CATOSTOMUS TERES. 167
XS3l^-'Cato$Uimu9 prsdAt Kirti«and, Bept. ZocL Ohio, 168.
183H— CfUoftoMiM nigriooM Storrr, Rept. Ich. Mass. 86. (Not of Le Snear.;
Catoatamua nigrioaii8 Thompson, Hisf. Vermout, 135, 1642.
lBi»-Cat08tomtt$ paUidiu DkKay, Now York Faaoa, part i v, Fisho >, 200.
Cat09iamus pal1idu9 Storbr, Synopsis, 426, 1646.
Wi—Caio$tamm8 aureolua Cuvier & Valknciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. xvii, 439.
(Notof LeSaear.)
CatmUmus anreolms Gt^NTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mas. vii, 16, 1868.
l^Sf^—CatoBtamus /or$Urianu8 AoA88iz,Luke Superior, 358.
\^S&-Cato$tamuafar8terianu8 Aoassiz, Am. Jouro. Sc. Arts, 2d series, xix, 208.
Awmu$for8teriaRU8 Giilard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phi la. 173, 1856.
\956-Cato8tamH9 mcklU Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. So. Phila. 175.
CotottoHUM tueklH Girard, U. S. P^. R. R. Expl. x, pi. li, 226, 1858.
Cato8tomu9 $ucklU Cope, Uayden's Geo]. Surv. Wyomiog, 1870, 434, 1872.
CatoatamuB suckUjfi Jordan & Copeiand, Check List, 156, 1876.
\XfO-f C€io9tomua texanus Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 473.
f CatostamuB texanut Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 156, 1876.
I960— CaiMfamiM cklaropteron Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 473.
Ca^OftomaM chJoropierum Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 85, 1865.
CQto8tamus ohloropterua Jordan & Coprland, Check List, 156, 1876.
\^Si^--Cata9iamM alticolui Cope & Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v« Zool. 677.
OUostomus aliioolus Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 156, 1876.
ld76-ifozMfoma triBiffnatum (Cope) Cop£& Yarrow, Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. v,
ZooL679.
ErimjfMon trisignaius Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 157, 1876.
Uabitat. — All streams from Labrador to Florida and westward to the Rocky Moaot-
MM. Everywhere abundaot. The most widely distributed of the Catostamidce.
This species is the commonest of all tbe Suckers in nearly every
8ti««u east of the Rocky Mountains. In Canada, in New England, in
the Great Lakes, in tbe Mi8sissii)|>i Valley, in South Carolina, in Georgia,
»n Alabama, it is everywhere tbe commonest Sucker, and it certainly
occurs in Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas, tbougb bow
abundantly I am unable to say.
Thi8 species is everywhere tbe one to wbicb the name of "Sucker"
primarily belongs, the other species, tbougb often called '* Sucker", as
asort of general term, receiving tbe special names of Red Horse, Buffalo,
Mallet, Chub Sucker, etc.
This species is subject to considerable variations in different waters.
'd Bhaded brooks, it is dark-colored and rather slender. In open or
niaddy waters, it becomes pale. In tbe Great Lakes, it often reaches a
wnsiderable size and a proportional stoutness of body. The adult is
Mttally uniformly colored above. Young fishes IJ to3 inches in length
^ often variegated, and sometimes show three or four lateral dark
f
168 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NOBTH UfEJUCAM ICHTRYOLOOT—
blotches, wbicb are fwrnetimes couflaeDt into an irregular doal
Such little fitihes asuully have the lateral tine im[»errect. Od 8
noQiinal species Maxoatoma trMgnatum was based.
The male fishes in the spring show a more or less diatinct pi
roe; lateral baod. The males and femalea asceod the small sti
the spring for the purpose of depositiug tbeir spawn. The coii
of their times of migration with that of sooae of the early settlet
Dots, who used to come up from New Orleans in the spring, n
in the fall, has K'^en to the natives of that State the slang
"Suckers", as aatives of Michigan were called " Wolverenes"; o
sota, "Uophers"; of Wisconsin, "Badgers'^; of Indiana, "Hoosi
Ohio, "Buckeyes"; and of Missouri, "Pukes".
I have elsewhere adopted the name '• eommtmoni" for this
inasmuch aa there ia little doulit that it is the "Cgprin eommeri
of Lac^pede, as has long since been noticed by Yalenoienues.
Dr. Giiitther quotes, in the syuoDymy of Catoib)mut teres, "<
co»iffl£rj<rtn/ii) Liic^pede"; but, ou examination of Lnc^ipMe's wo
unable to find that he uses the uiime commeraoni, urJn facC any
name whatever for the species, :tnd as priority of date can h
claimed for a French name like ^'Cyprin commersonien", I am a
to fall bnek on Mitcbill's very appropriate name teres for the
The identity of C. tere* of Mitchill, C. communis and C. bostonien.
Sueur, C. reliculatun uf Kichiirdiion, C gracilis of Kirtlaud, and C.
of DeRiiy bus been loni; since shown, and has been generally i
?-^
OAT08TOMU8 TEBKS. 169
iSfes of C, sueklii are loBt, bat C. teres occurs in tbe Upper Mluooti
ngiun, auil Girnrd's desciiptioD Liutaiituo eiieciBc difllBretice. CatotUh
HI cMornptemn, Abbott is evidently tbe eaoie. €aU>»tomut texaina
AbtwtU deacribed from a dried specimen, is leas clear, botwhat there is
flf ii;»ecifl(; cbsiracterizalioD iii tlie deacription points to C.terea. The
4trwil cariuutiou is frequently observed iu stuffed fittbes id vbioh some
1bbI] is Ifft iti tlje back to sbriuk in drying, tenvingtbeback "carinated".
I have examined several of tbe types of Catostomua altioobuGoye.
Aey are all mr&II fishea, not oue-fourth ^romi, and, as usnal in yoang
lAcs, tbe bond appenrs proportiounlly large. I see, however, no rea-
n for considering Ibem different from Valostomus terea. Moaoatoma
lrifvii'ir«iN I have already referred to. The aliaeuce of the lateral line
lldQe to tlioir youth, not to tbeir belonging to a different gena&
Ute three largo tatenil spots, " not seeu in any other of the order," are
j-lmiid on young spovimens of Catostomim generitlly. I have examined
.Iketjpea of ^^Moxottoma trmijuaium^, itnd bave foaod apecimeDS of
'irinllar size, Kltuilarly colored and without lateral line, from Hichigau and
, (rhb other Western States. I would nndertnke to mutch them from any
l^ttnamin the West. Tbe reference of these speoiuens to 'Moxoatama
Wf^tipnti,) wad probably tbe result of a, very hasty examiaatioD.
^W
Loc(Uit7.
CollMtor.
Dr. Eennerlr.
•»m
HBri«tta,Obio
"awtt
7706
*707
■aTTT
aaie
•
B«l
BM
tm
fonHito.C«iwl»
1 70 CONTBIBUTIONS TO HOBTH AHBBICAN ICHTHTOLCK
SpeemaiM in Unilei BlaUt NalUMal Mutemm — Coationed.
Number.
Locatity.
8689
B
e:-2a
Huron Hlvof, MicbigM
S
m&9
8834
Oswego, N. T -....
H870
Alabamii
&m
mei
Miaaouri {!)
B
B
C,
1M!46
Bluck River ....
J.
J.
1114^
Saiirtiinky, Ohio
■
CAT08T0MUS HACBOCHILUS.
171
ill United States T(aUonal iftf«eiim— ContiDued.
Kunber.
S0241
wm
a02S6
99266
20267
20260
20316
20344
20377
20382
20454
wm
Locality.
PiermoDty N. T
Ifailiaon, Wis
QaeUec, Canada
Fox River, Wisconsin
Sing Sing
Boot RiTer, Wisconsin
Potomac River
Potomac River ,
Platte Valley I Nebraska
Wilkesbarre, Pa
Etowah River, Qeorgia
Salada River, Sonth Carolina
Fort Bridger, Wyoming
Collector.
S. F. Baird.
S. F. Baird.
S. F. Baird.
S. F. Baird.
8. F. Baird.
S. F. Baird.
Goode & Bean.
Hoose.
L. H.Taylor.
D. S. Jordan.
D. S. Jordan.
28,* CAT08T0MUS MACROCHILUS Oirard.
Large-lipped Suo'er,
^^^^Cat0»tomu$ macrocheilu8 Girakd, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sc. Phila. 175.
ColottamuB macrocheilua Girakd, U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 225, 1858.
(ktoitomus macrochilHS GCntukr, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 20, 1868.
(ktottamuB macrockilu8 Jordan & Cofeland, Chvck List, 156, 1876.
Hamiat. — Columbia River.
Only the original type of this species is known. It is an adult spe-
tttteo, well preserved. Althongli this species seems closely related to
^* (occidentalism I am disposed to consider it distinct, as tbe mouth is
^<^bly larger than in any occidentalis which I have seen. Tbe exami-
Ution of a large series of specimens may, however, render it necessary
to QDite them.
Spedmena in United States National Museum,
Haber.
Locality.
•^ Oregon (type macrockilus)
Collector.
Lieut. Trowbridge.
s/ecundus Cope & Yarrow, see Addenda, p. 219.
172 C0NTR1BDTI0N8 TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHTOLOOT ffl
29. OATOSTOMDS OCCIDENTALIS Ayres.
' If'ailerH Sacker.
1B£4— CnlMlonua ocddmtalit Avrbs, Proo. CaL Ac, Mat- Sc. i, 18.
CaloalomiM oceideHtalU AOASSIZ, Am. JoaTa. So. Ails. 2d avnet, lii, W. W-
(CuHcribed OS uqiiit B|>ecioB.)
CtKoaloRiiu occidrnialit Gikajid, Prcw. Ac. tinl. Sc. PhiU. 114, 1856.
Caluatonni iKxideiitalit GlKSJlt), U. S. Pac. R. R Eiiil. i, -224, IffiS.
Cafoaioniiu occiilenfalii' GD.ntqer, Cat FUhos Brit. Mus. vi:, IT, 1S6S.
' Catoatomaa otxidmlalU JORDAN A CopsuiHD, Cbeck Ltat, 150, ISTri (Xu'
OQly.)
185(i— f t'aiiMlmiiH bimardiHi Gibahp, Ptae. Ao. Nat. So. Phila. 175.
t Caioalontua btvitardini GlltARU, U. S. &Iex. Bonod. Ichth. 40, pi. 23, t. \-i, Oi-
t CaKaloniig bernar^ni GCktiibic, Cat. FiHiies Brit. Mas. v. 7, 17, Ir/EH.
Habitat. — Stri^nms went of tbo Rockj Mountains, [inibatily gponrallj' distnlin"^
TtiU species was ili'scribed almost MmultaoeouHly uodiT ilic fion
uame by Dr. Ayrea and Profossor Agassiz. Sioee then it baa bv#u litilt
noticed by iulittiyologistH, ani) its distributiou bus rcmainetl uiioerUtii'
The few specimens in the National Museum indicate, bowerer,
distribuliuD. I bave here united Calontomus bemardini Gir.inl loC.
occidcntalin. The single specimen made rbe type of C, beraardi
so that we can probably never know exactly for what the author *!!■
tended the name. The size of the dorsal and the form of the moathw
given in Girard's figure indicate a species of Catostomuit iatli«r ttui
GATOeTOMUS TAH0EN8IS.
173
90. OATOSTOMUS LABIATUS Ayrw.
Tktdt'Vpped Sadler.
I
1865--GilMlMMit IMmiM Aybxs, Proo. Cal. Ao. Nat So. i, 32.
CffOftoMttt UMtam$ QiRAKD, Proo. Ao. Nat. So. Phila. 175, 1856.
CUottoanif IMaiiu Qirard, U. S. Pao. B. B. Expl. x, 224, 1858.
dtottomif loUatHf Jobdak A Cofbland, Cheok List, 156, 1876.
Habitat.— StreMM of Ora^n (Klamath Lake).
I have seeu only the specimeii from which -Girard's description was
takeo. Like nuteroehilus^ this species afipears distinct from occidentaliiy
but the examiDation of a larger series of specimens is uecessaiy to
proTe it At present, it appears to differ from maorochilus and ocoiden-
teKf in the Bmaller size of the dorsal fin.
S^eohmwa in United SUkUb yatUmal Mueenm.
Hnabv.
Looality.
S39 KUmath Lako, Oregon ,
Collector.
Dr. John S. Newberry.
31. 0AT0STOMU8 ARfflOPUS Jardaiij sp. nov.
Hard'keaded Sucker.
^^^^--CotetUmme ontopue Jordan, MSS., Wbeeler'n Report Sarv. W. 100th Mer. (ined,).
This species represents C. discobolus in the section Deccbdactylus, Its
^^ narrow fontanelle and sheathed lips indicate its close relation to
^aatoaf^eux. The specific name is from apaioq^ small, thin ; o;r^, hole or
•pertore. The typical specimens were from Kern River, California.
Spedmene in United States National Mhaeum,
Knabrr.
mo7
17103
Locality.
Collector.
Kern River, Cal. (type) H. W. Hooshaw
Careon River, Nevada
H. W. Henshaw.
32. CATOSTOMUS TADOENSIS Gill & Jordan.
Sucker of Lake Tahof.
^^^^Acomue generoeun Cooper, CroiiiBe^H Nut. Wt-alth Cal. 495. (Not of Girard.)
l^T^CaftMfomM tahoensis Gill Sl Jordan, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. xi, p. — .
HABiTAT.—Lake Tahoe, Nevada.
^e Suc;ker of Lake Tahoe is closely related to Catost&mus longirostris^
bataeems to differ constantly in the shorter head and moro contracted
174 CONTHIBITTIONS TO NOETH AMERICAN ICHXnYOLOQY — 111.
bmly. It it^said to be very abundant in LakoTaboe. "Tbeyarctuigbt
it) uelH and souietimea witb tbe book, but like all this family are tatte
poor as tooil" {Cooper). Acomus generosun of Giianl, with which thii
species bas bueu ideutilled, ia a very diflfereut spec.k-s, l>eli>ui;iiig la I
diffurcDt g«^nus.
Spticiineiu in UtiUfd Stale* Natto-Mt JfuMum.
Locality.
5240 Luke Taboo (typi-s C. tahtmatii) ..
17109 LakaTohou
Collrfltor.
J. G. CouiM.
H. W. HniilMw.
33. CATOSTOMUg ROSTUATUS {TUesiits) Jordan.
Siberian SHclxr.
1&13—" CgpHnat roatraitu TiLBSius, M^m. Ar. Sc. St. F^t«rBboiin;> >*■ p-464, Ub.1^
flgB. 1-2, leij,"
Cspriniia roalmtiu PAI.1.A8, Zoofir, Bo«MvAHiat. iii, 308.
Cspnu$ rmfrotiM GOntbkr, Cut. Flshea Brit. Mns. sii, 13, 1668. (AndoaWU
RpecLPH of Calostomu.)
im—CaloiKmai tileaii CuviHR &. Talkncikniiks, Hist. Nat.dM PoisaoiM,S<rii,Ml
KM4.
Habitat. — Enetern Siburia.
No writer wince Tilesius Hcema to have observed this fish. It is, Im
ever, unquestionably n species of Valostomv*, ullieil to and perbaiM ei
identical with C. longirostris. Tbe following is Tilesius's deKcript
OATOSTOlfUS L0VGIB0STRI8. 175
I AnuDii OTbta* pUea itihino Jngoli adnftto, oarne tegitnr Miborbitalt Xoniiui
pMm iittxiina kthnfma omm oo&oha ftdinstar fornioatft, anteriaB oum obitiD mar-
giat poitoriori JudoIa. JiMilriciMi ftrmioMoftflipo trindiata inter operoali laminam
MiwkigBiB mlitiia Qtrinqiie appioadmatam coarota et in isthmo gal» ooi^anota.
Gpiyw dUongom ereoiiim miorolepidotain, aqnamis lAvibiu sabtilissime radiato-
Ariatit obloDgidy ad caput minoribos Tanot anam et oandam nujoribus imbrioatom
cmriiBCDlQm leTiter compiieMmni yentre-doTBnaqae coiiTexiim. Litita toieraUt reota
medinm corporis panlolom deeoendeoB per eeriein eqnamaniiKi poetioe incUamm
Tcmu caadam mtgis ooospioaa. Color in dorso atro codmleoB Ditidoa, yersiM
hNm MibaigeDteiia, enbtos albens. PKmui peotomlet qaatnordecim xadiatsB, radii
Miii loDgiiaiiDi, vaUtmlm deoemradiats, radia primo oeeeo aoaminato, dwtaUi decern-
ntiita el daodecimmdiata, radio primo cnm admiDicnlo xadioali, ultimo breviasimo
id btain asqoe fieso, omnibus ad apices qnadrifidis, dorsalis pinna Tcntralibos oppo-
riti, anslis p. septemiadiata, radio primo simplici com adminicnlo radicali, reliquis
fiadrifidis, tertio longissimo feptimo brevissimo. CamdaU$ pinna bifuroa lacinia
iftferiorpaalomi^ornndecimradiata, saperior noTemradiata tota pinna viginti radiis
nftilta extremis lateralibns cnm adminicnlo radicali oonnatis. Radii pennamm ad
cxtranitatis qnsdrifidi et eztremi ad radices dnplicati vel ex binis tmncis connati,
Vm sb rem primns dorsalis longitndioaliter ad basin snlcatns est, quod etiam in
|riBK> SDslis et candalibns extremis fere ex tribns compositis cemitor. In doraali et
nail pinna radii valde distant, peotorales ventrales et analis pinnie anreo-mbescentes.
rt ad baain prominentea, pectorales adeo tnberose, yentralinm radices per mem-
^■aaoiam laminam triangnlarem sqnamatam obtegnntnr. Anna oanfls propior. In-
taa Don exploraftvi. Characteribns cietemm generia cyprinacei ore nimimm edentnlo,
doDtibotpost branchial iboB, nienibrnua branchiostega triradiata utiinqne instmotns
«t A c«leberrimo Mtrck plnra speciroa ex siccata ex CovymeD fluvio allata Hunt,
|iaiM>inin» Tsebokutschan debignata sunt. Annotavit simal idem, 'piscem in Lena
^ Indigirca ejavqne collaterali lapidoso Dogdo flaviis copioBam essu sed propter
tttiooisvelocitatem captn difflcilem eese et non nisi in cosois flaininnm ranjis hamo
^ ftragatim et Telocissime natare, sapidissimum cssterom, exceptu vere, cum, ova
■ptfgDDl nee aristis impeditam pisoem esse, attamen ab accolis Covynio) et lodigircA
(qnictpot tantem in deliciis habet, reliqna canibns cedunt) non multnm SBstimari."' —
ffuia, Zooffraphia Bomio-Jgiaiioa, pp. 308-310.)
34. 0ATOSTOMU8 LONGIROSTRT8 Xc Sueur.
Long-noted Sucker. Northern Sucktr, Red'Sided Sucker,
I^T^^CipKNiM caio$iomu$ Forsier, Philos. Trans. Ixiii, 155, tab. (>, 1773.''
C|fpHiitr« cata»UmM$ Schneidku, ed. Blocb, 444, 1802.
l^--CBltofOfliM« longiroBirum Lk Sukur, Jonm. Ac. Nat. So. Phila. 102.
CatoitomuB longiro$trum Thompson, Hist. Vt. 135, 1842.
(kOottamus langiroeirU DrKay, New York Fauna, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1848.
Catoetomus longiroitrum Cuvier Sl Valenciennes, xvii, 453, 1844.
GalMlomiM langiroitrum Storrr, Synopsis, 421, 1846.
Gifatfomss lomgirostrum Jordan & Copei^and, Check List, 150, 1876.
GrtPfftaitts Umgiroitrit Jordan & Oilubrt, in Klippart'a Ropt. 53, 1877.
^-Caliildaiaa Mimmlm Lb Subur, Jonm. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 107.
L
1 76 CONTBIBUTIONS TQ NOBTH AMERICAN ICHTBTOLOGT — UL
Caloitomut budioniui CuviRR &. ViLKKCiKHNKa, HlBt.Tfat.de«PoiM(nw,XTS,'
1644.
CalMtoniat hudtiyniui gTOREn, S;DopsiB, 419, lti46.
Catoatonui hudmmiva Agabbie, Aid. Joam. 8o. ArU,Sd uriea, xiz, 908, 166&
CaloilomaK hadiofiat GOnthkh, Cat. FUbes Brit. Htu. vil, 13, 186tl
Caloftnmui hadminiai JuMixtN, Man. Vert. 293, 1874
Caloetomun haiiaoniui Nblson. Bull. No. 1, I[1b. Mds. Nut. Hint. 46, 1876.
Iel23— rodwfonnj forsUrianut Hicn*ui)aos, Kranklin'i Jonrasl, 720.
Catoitomii' /onlerianus Richardson, Fanna Bor.-Amer.lii, Fishes, 116, IB3&
Caloilamut /ortlerianui DeKay, New York f'aaiM, part Iv, Fiahee, 303, 144!.
CaMtomut fortteriantu CnviRR &. VALENCiENMca, Hist. yst. dM Poimxir, x
i(a, 1444.
Caloilontue forelcrianva Sturkh, Synopsis, 419, 1H46.
Acomna foratiria»ii> Giiiarh, Proc. Ac. Nut. Sc. Pbila. 172, 1856.
Caloilamua fontrrianat Pctnam, Bull. Miis. Cotnp. Zuol. 10, 1H63.
Calottomua fonlerianaa Jordan &. Copei.and, Check List, 106, 1676.
1^,0— Catoatoama aurora Agabsiz, Lube Superior, MjO, |il. 3, f. 3-4.
Jcomiu aurora OinAIU>,Pnjc.Ac.Nal.S<-. PLila.lTS, IH^A.
Catoalemua auroi'a Putn'am. Bull. Mns. Cutnp. Zuol. 10, 1863.
1856— dcomuf griaena Girari>, Proc. Ac. Nal. Sc. Pbiln. 1T4.
Jeomuii gritrna QiRAiti>, U. 8. Poc. R. R. Ezpl. 1,32-2, pi. xlis, ISSa
CaloatomHa griami GONTtlBR,Cnt. Fishes Brit. Mns. vii, 14, 1868.
Catoatomaa griaeum Copr, Hu.vdcci's Gcol. Snrv. W.vomiQK, 1(170, 434, l>iii.
Caio'iomua griama Jordan & Copklani>, CIifcIi List, 150, 1676.
Ifm—Caloflomiia laclariwa GiRAftn, Proc. Ac. Nut. 8c. Pbila. 174.
Aromat lactariua GlRAltD, U. S. Pac. R. R. Eipl. x, 923, It^.
Catoatomna lac'ariaa JoBDAN & Copeland, Clicck List, 156, 1676.
CAT0ST0MU8 L0NGIR08TBIS.
177
e to this species the name of aurora, in allusion to the red breeding
DTs of the male. Western specimens were still later described by
«rd as two distinct species, griseus and lactariuSj apparently witboat
Dparison with the Eastern forms.
riie examination of the large series of specimens noticed below, to-
her with others from the Great Lakes and Upper Mississipin, has
iriDced me that all belong to one species, variable to some degree,
\, not more so than is Catostomus teres and less so than Erimyzon
tUa. Some of the Upper Missouri specimens referable to C. griseus
d« have on an average rather smaller scales (95 in the lateral line
itead of 100 to 110) ; but I am unable to distinguish a t^mgible variery.
« original types of C. lacf^rius Girard are not now to be found, but
« description indicates no difference from C. longirostris.
Sptdmens in Unitid States Xational Museum.
SvBibcr.
1054
c:o9
T04:
7640
7993
813G
8437
8305
SOlO
9116
9175
mi2
11213
12910
»G75
20191
»m
SttSS
SQ»7
LociJity.
Lake Superior • ..
Pagct's Soood
Platte River, Nebraska
Yougbiogbeny River . .
Lake Winnipeg
Xalato, Yoncon River, Alaska.
Essex Connty, New York
Qoebeo
Great Slave Lake
Pole Creek, Nebraska ...
Saint Micbael's, Alaska
An Sable River, Michigan
An Sable River, Michigan
An Sable River, Michigan
Racine, Wis
Xorthem Bonndary Sar vey, Dakota
Rocioe, Wis
Lake Saperior
(Probably original types of griseus; the old nnrnber
and locality obliterated.)
• Wtct, Nebraska
Collector.
J. W. Milner.
R. Kenuicott.
Capt. Simpson.
Prof. Andrews.
R. Kenuicott.
W. IL Dan.
S. F. Baird.
R. Kcnnicott.
Lieut. Wood.
Dr. Bannister.
J. W. Milner.
J. W. Milner.
J. W, Milner.
Dr. Elliott Coues.
S. F. Baird.
J. W. Milner.
Bowman.
178 COKTBIBUTIOKS TO SOBTH AUEBICAK ICHTHTOLOOT — m.
35. CATOSTOMDS EETBOPINNIS Jordan, ep. nov.
1878— CalottomiM retropinni» Jordan, BqII. Hayden'a Oeol. Sarr. Terr, lined.).
This fine species combioea tbe moDth of C. latipinnia with tbeSm
nnd genera! characters of C. hngiroxtria. The type is No. 21,197, «
lected by Dr. E))iott Gooes in Millt Biver, Montana. It is a male spei
men 16J inches in length. A specimen previoaaly examined fh>mPltt
Valley was identified as probably the female of C. latipinnii, bnt 8
discovery of this large mate specimeo forbids such a suppoaitioo.
A?wim«n« in Iht United Stattt Kational Miutam.
Nnuiber.
Locality.
CollMtor.
36. OATOSTOMUS LATIPIEfliriS Batrd (6 Oirard.
Grtal-finned Swdxr.
IKiS— CalMfomii* lalipiKwiM Baued &. Girard, in Proc. Ac. Ifat 8c. Phil*, vi, S
.iamia Jatipimnit Girakd, Proc. Ac Nat. 6c PhiU. 173, 1S5G.
JtvmH* Utipinnit Girard, U. B. Ucx. Boand. Surv. Ichth. 39, pL ixii
CAT08TOMU8 DISCOBOLUS. 179
tkm also is pecaliar, and the form of the moath is aulike that of any
other species. These featares are all well shown in Girard's figare of
tiie^eeiea in the Ichthyology of the Mexican Bonndary.
The distribation of the species has not been well made oat. I have
MO bat one specimen, an adalt male from the Gila region, apparently
fee one from which Girard's figare was made.
Ihe tyiie of Cataatomua ffuzmaniensis cannot be found. The figare was
Mde from a yoang fish, and the distinctions between it and latipinnis
issQch as often distingaish a yoang fish from an old one. It is better,
berefore, to anite the two than to admit an insafficiently characterized
KNDioal species.
8pedmen$ in United States National Museum.
fomber.
Locality.
Collector.
SOOTS
(Type of latipinnis nndonbtedly, bat the locality, Rio San
Pedro, tributary of Bio Gilo, and old number, 254 7, oblit-
erated.)
J. H. Clark.
37. CATOSTOMUS DISCOBOLUS Cope.
Large-lipped Sucker,
f^—Catastomus discobolus Cope, Hayden's Geol. Surv. Wyo. 1870, 435.
CatostoMus discobolus Cope & Taiirow, Wheelcr^s Expl. W. lOOth Mer. v, Zool.
677,1876.
Caiostomns discobolus Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 15G, 1876.
BABrTAT.-^Idaho to Arizona.
This iDteresting species is a Pantosteus in all but the techuical char-
ter of the open fontanelle, and in this respect it is really intermediate,
the foDtanelle, in the adalt at least, is reduced to a narrow slit. The
aracters given in the analysis were taken from the Snake River spe-
oeD, 20|475, larger and in better condition than most or all of those
amined by Professor Cope. Professor Cope's original types came from
eeo Eiver in Wyoming.
180 CONTBIDUTIOKS TO NOBTH AHEBICAH ICHTHTOLOOT— IH
Spcdinen* in Uniltd Sialet Xalionat li
laTltl
ZuDi.N.Mex
Arlzooa
Snake Bivur, Idaho
NewbeiTj.
TuTow &■ HensbM-
C. O. Newbeny.
F.V.Hard«n.
Genus PANTOSTEUS Cope.
iUnomuB Cope, U.S. Oeol.Surv.WyoraiDg. 1870, 414 (1872). (Not of Oitmrd.)
ranlmtem Cupk, Lioiit. Wtieulur's Espl. W. lOOtb U«r. t, 673, 1876.
Catonloniit, Juamu« el Minamut sp. Girard.
Tyi«', Hinomaa ;iIafyrfti/inAin Cope.
HtyuuiloKy, iritr, all ; oaTiov, booo (rrom tho closing of the footaoelle b; bone).
riviKl iiuHlcmtP or nitlier suiall, 4 tD 5 tiiDes in len^ of body, fi4tti
mid nitber brond nbitve, anteriorly somcwbut pointed ; fje rather bid:
iiauully boliind tbu iiiiddlu of tlic liead : suborbital bones Darrov, ai
Cattmtomm ; l>ones of bond mtber thivl:, tbe tivo parietal bones fin
tiuihHl, eutin'ly oblitcratiiig tbe foutanelle.
Month ratbor l»r{>n>, entirol.r inferior; each juiv with a morewli
develoitod cArtiloiiiiioiia sbeutb, separable in alcohol, eBseotially u
CKondrostoma, Acrochitu«, and related ^euera ; upper lip broad, papillo
GENUS PANT08TEUS. 181
cliate between that of Catostomus proper and that of the sabgenns
Decadaeiylua,
Tho genus was first indicated by Professor Cope iu 1874^ nnder the
name of JIf tnomutf, he supposing at the time that Catostomus insignis, the
type of Girard^s MinomuSj was a species with closed fontanelle. On
obtaiDing specimens of C. insigniSj it became evident that such was not
the case, and the new name Pantosteus was proposed for the genus.
TantoHteus runs very close to Catostomus^ two species referred to the
latter genus (C. discobolus and C. arceopus) being almost intermediate.
Generic Characterizations.
MiNOXCS Cope, 1872. — "I have proposed to adopt as valid (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc
lB70,4dO) seven genera of this family. I will now add an eighth, which embraces
8{Mcie8 which combine with the characters of Catostomus proper, a complete union
of tbe parietal bones, which obliterates the fontanelle so universal among the
tocken. The only other exception is seen iu CycleptuSy Raf., as I have already mcn-
tioDed. In all the members of the family where I have examiued it, this fontauello is
quite open and of no doubtful proportions, and nowhere reduced to*the slit so often
wen ia SiXurida. In searching for the characters of Girard's so-called genera Minomus
udioofliM, I find that the type of the former, MAnsignis^ B. G., presents the character
above mentioned. I therefore adopt his name for the new genus, and add two new
species, Jf. ddplunus and M, tardus. Whether bis two other species, M. plebeius and M.
rftrtti, belong to it is uncertain as yet, but they have the same physiognomy." — (Cope,
Baiiaes Qeol. 8urv. Wyoming for 1870, p. 434, 1872.)
Paktosteus (Cope) Yarrow, 1876.— " Professor Cope, in 1870, purposed to adopt as
vilid seven genera of this family; but in 1872, be stated bis belief that an eighth
^boQld be added, wkich should embrace species combining the characters of Catostomus
pn»per, u complete nuiou of the parietal bones, which obliterates the fontanelle, so uni-
versal among the suckers ; the only other exception being seen iu Cycleptus, Raf., as ho has
already observed. In all the members of the family that he has examined iu this re-
Rard the foatanelle has been found quite open and of no doubtful proportions, and is
Nowhere reduced to the slit often seen in the Silurida?, unless it be in tho Catostomus
^i»coboltu. In searching for the characters of Girard's so-called genera Minomus
*<id Acomusy he expressed the view that the type of the former, M. insignis^ Baird &,
'^irard, presents the character in question. This conclusion was based on a si)ecimen
*^tto the Academy of Natural Sciences from Washington, bearing that name. Hav-
'^Swnce examined five specimens of tho M. i««f/ni«, obtained by the geologists of this
^'^'vey, be finds them to be true Catostorai as determined by tho presence of the fon-
^wlle. It therefore requires a name, and he proposes for it that of Pantostevs. It
^oibrices P. platyrhynchuSy P.jarrovii and P. mrescens Cope of the present essay and P.
^fknusaud P. &ardii«, Cope, ITayden's Report, /.c."—(YAiU{OW,XieM<. Wheeler's ExpL
^'. 10O/» Mer. vol. 5, p. G73, 1870.)
Paktosteus Cope & Jordan, 1877. — "Body oblong or elongate, with a short, sub-
I'^idrate dorsal fin ; air bladder in two parts ; lateral line \vell developed ; fontanelle
•^^wated by tho nnion of tho parietal bones." — (Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila,
^,^81.)
182 CONTBIBUTIOKS TO NOBTH AUEBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT HL
ANALYSIS OF sPKCiEs or PAXToerxcA.
* Scales very small, 100 to lOQ in the lateral line ; 18 above and 16 betow, in » ei
Belies: body eloDgate,compreBse(l, the caadal pedaQclecoDtracted: beadd
nide, & in leogth: muzzle obtuse, little projecting; niipec lip wide; lown
full, emarginiite ; jaws ^itb -n-ellduYHlopedcarlilaginoiuabeatba: Bcslesm
reduced in size forwaida : dorsal rays 10 ; venttal 9 : color bUvu ; lower tar.
yellow J TiBXSCKis,
** Scales 8mall,60 to 65 in the coqtss of tbe lateral line.
t Scales very mncb redncod and croirded anteriorly : npper lip full, pendant ; osrt
ginoaa ebeatbs on Jaws well developed, the commiBSitie trausverae and
ruptly angnlat* at the corners of the monlb.
a. Body extremely elongate, the depth &1 to 7 in length : head 4{ in l«ngth,iki
and wide, with (lepTtiased and eipmidedninzzle, which considerably otcAh
the month : isthmns very u-ide : dorsal rays 11; ventral rays 9 :Kaleal5~6t~l
belly and lower fins yellowish, probably red io life plat vrh t AUiiU^ 1
oa. Body moderately elongate, the depth 4^ to 5 in the lengtb : bead ratba ikM
41^ iu length, not specially broadened; mazzle not greatly overbuigia( ll
month* iIoiBalrays9(raielylO); ventral rays 10 (rarely 9): KolealltoM
to 67-13 to 15 : light brown above, with dnsky spots and clonds ; males >il
the chin and fins red, and acrtnieon lateral band QXitEBu0a,A
tt Scales subeqnal over the body, not mncb reduced forwardB : tipper lip rslkcta*
lovnot pendent ; cartilagiuons sheath on jaws obsolete (f).
b. Body comparatively stout, the caudal peduncle short and thick, tbe hackM*^
what arched, the depth 4} to 5 in length ; head bhort and wlde,l)attiskaMl
4| to 0 in length : scales 14-64-15: dorsal rays 9 toll; Teotralr^alOiUMk
isb alMve, with one or two dark lateral shades ....PLKBim.tti
38. PANTOSTKl'^S yiRESCENg Cope
PAHTOBTEUS GENEBOSUa 183
SO. PANTOSTEUS PLATYRHTNOHUS Cope.
Flai'headcd Sucker,
]ff4-JffiMMift plaljfHIjfiieftM Copk, Proc. Am. Philos 800. Pbila. 134.
JlnfoifeiM jplafjrrftjffiekM Cops A Yakrow, Wheeler's Expl. W. 100th Mer. y,
2ooL e73, pL zzix, £3, 3a, 1876.
FnUmieui platyrhpuikut Jobdan & Copkland, Check List, 156, 1876.
PMlMfeM j>2aljfrA]nic)^« Joadan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas. xi, p. ^, IBTS.
Habrat^— Utnh Lake and tribntariee.
The specimens which I have seeu of this species are all small and in
poor coiiditioD. Their remarkable slenderness is doubtless in part due
to their flabbioess. The species as noted by Professor Cope much
ravmbles Catostom^M discobolus. It is also very similar to PaiUosteus
fwrotiMy bat at present I consider it distinct.
Bpeoimmu in United States IfatUmal Mu$ekm.
iuber.
1S906
16103
Locality.
Collector.
Utah Lake
Utah Lake
Yarrow &, Henshaw.
Yarrow &, Henshaw.
40- PASTOSTEU8 GENEROSUS (Girard) Jordan.
Tarr(np*8 Sucker,
^f^B^CatoBtomus (iifoomtw) generoaua Girakd, Proo. Ac. Nat. 8c. Phlla. 174.
Aoowute genero»M8 Girard, U. S. Pac. R. £. Expl. x, 221, lti5ti.
Cai09Ufmv8 generosus Jordan & CorKLAND, Check List, ir>6, 1676.
1874— iftiKMRtitf ^'arrovii Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 35.
PanlasUua jarrovU Copk Sl YAJtROW, Wheelei's Expl. W. 100th Mer. y,Zool. 674,
pi. xxix, 2, 2 a, 1876.
Pamtotteua yairotci Jordan &, Coprland, Check List, 156, 1S7G.
Habitat. — Rio GrandA, Colorado Basin, and Great Basin of Utah ; very abundant.
This species is the most cbarncteristic and most widely diffused of
tbo Suckers of the Great BaBiii. It was first* described by Girard in
1S56, under the name of Catostomus gc7icro8us. Girard's description,
unaccompanied by a figure, was so very loose and irrelevant that it has
liitberto remained unidentified. I have, however, had the opportunity
of examining Girard's original types, and of comparing them with the
^irpttof Pantosteus jarroviL They seem to me to belong to the same
ipeeies, and I am therefore compelled to substitute the name generosus
184 CONTHIBUIIOSS TO NOETH AUBBICAN ICHTHYOLOOT — ^IIL
for tbat of jarrovU. If I Jiat) not been uble to compare getterotia «
jarrovii, I should never Lave saspected tbeir identity.
Sptmi»e«> in UiMtd Statt* Katiotial A
Nnmbcr.
Locality.
CollMtM.
15802
Zuni Eiver, Now Moxico (types ot JarrovU)
H. W. Heulww.
Torrow JtCops.
41. PANT0STEU9 PLEBEIU9 (Batrd & Girard) Jordan.
Plain Stitker.
1854— Catoffomuf j>Ieinu» Baird & Oikard, Ptoc Ao. Nst. Sc Phila. 3&
CaloftoMui plebiiig Agkssiz, Aid. Joam. Sc. Arts.'id serlM, xix,S09, IfSS.
XinoniHt pUbdua Girahd, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. 173, 1^6.
ilinoMut ph-beiua Girakd, U. 6. Mqx. Bound. Sarv. Ichtb. 38, pi. xxii, 1 1-4, U6
Catotlomua phJHJui GCkther, Cat. Fisbea Brit. Jlns. vii, 15, 1868.
Calottomua plthrjui Jordan & Copbland, Check List, 156, 1H76.
Pantoalfiu iilebciiu JonoMi, Bull. U. 8. Sat. Mna. xi, p.—, 1878.
lr«;3— JliNoma* drlpAJmu CoPi:, Hayden'a Oeol. Siitv. Wyoming, 1870, 435, 1S73.
Fantwfeii* delphinia CuPK &. Yarrow, Lieut. Wheeler's Bepb ExpL W. UN
PANTOSTEUS PLEBEIUS. 185
and form of body, Panto«fei£« plebeius seems to resemble Catosto-
tignit and O. elarhiiy and to diverge from the type of discobolus^
i», and platyrhynchus,^
988or Cope (in lit) dissents from the ideotification above made, maintaiDing
klpkimu and P. hardw8 are at least specifically distinct from each other, ^'hat-
7 be the relation of either to P. pJeheiua, As I have seen none of the three
qiestioD, I let the above stand as I had written it, and quote the original de-
is of the three nominal species: —
f us PLSBEiUB Grd.^" Body snb-f asifonn, compressed. Head elongate, snbcon-
ning the fifth of the entire length. Mouth of medinm size. Eyes large, sub-
\, their longitudinal diameter being contained about five times in the length of
lead. Dorsal fin subquadrangular, its anterior margin being equidistant be-
le tip of the snout and the first ludimentary rays of the upper lobe of the
The latter is slightly concave posteriorly, and the lobes rounded off. The
he anal is contained nearly three times in its height, and when brought back-
s tip extends to the mdimentary rays at f ho inferior lobe of the caudal fin. The
are inserted under the posterior third of the dorsal ; bent backwards, their tip
; reach as far as the anus. The pectorals are of medium development, sub*
Mteriorly acute.
scales are of medium size, considerably largest on the peduncle of the tail,
eight to thirty rows from the base of the ventrals to the dorsal fin. About
1 the lateral line, which is not discernible as far back as the base of the caudal
color as preserved in alcohol, is dark brown on the upper regions, faintly mot-
ti blackish patches. The sides and belly exhibit traces of orange in some of
imens, in others it is pale yellowish. Tbe fins are unicolor ; the dorsal, caudal,
orals, blackish brown ; the anals and ventrals yellowish." — (GiitAKi), Ich, U, 8.
, Bcundarjf 8urv, , p. 38, figs. 1-4, plate xxii.)
IU8 DELPHINUS Cope. — "The subequal size of the scales of this species would
indifferently to the true group Catustonius of Girard, or his group Mioomus,
e did not distinguish clearly, Tbe preceding species would enter bis Acomus,
, however, only an undefined group of species, to which, by tbe way, the tyjie
tomns, C. teres, belongs. This species is especially distinguished from those
re described by the shortening of the caudal part of tbo vertebral column, and
eqaent posterior position of the dorsal fin. Add to this a short, wide head, and
dy, and its physiognomy is expressed.
dorsal outline is arched, tbe head flat above, but elevated behind^ and much dn-
on the muzzle. The muzzle is wide and does not project beyond tbe upper lip,
i appressed to its lower face and bears four rows of warts ; its smooth com-
1 part is narrow. On the lower lip the tubercles advance nearlj' to tbo cora-
; this lip is deeply emargiuato posteriorly ; the eye enters the length of the
• timea, two and one-half times measuring tbe muzzle, and twice tbe inter-
■«> Head four and two-thirds times in length to end of caudal basal scales.
ritndinal series, between dorsal and ventral fins ; ventrals remark-
186 CONTBIBOTIONS TO KOBTH AHEBICAN ICHTIITOLOOT— DL
GenuB CYCLEPTUS Bqfinesque.
Cj/clrpluiTtAgiSEaQVB, JouTDal d« Phj-siqae, de Cbimie et d'HiBtoireN4tiireUa,Fiii^
18l9,p. 421.
IlhgtUoitomvi Heckel, Fisobo Syriens, Bnsuegger's EeiRen, 1842, p. 1023.
Cetotlomtu el Stlerosnathu* Bp, AucT.
T;po, Cgclcplat nigretoeM Bafloesque,^ CalotComm elongalaa Le SneuT.
Etyniolugy, nfrirAof, roDDil ; Afirr^, small. "The Dame meanfl Bmall, loODd ttotA'
^llajinetque).
Head very Bmall, short and Blender, its length contained 6 to 7 tinM I
in that of the body, its upper anrface ronnded ; eye quite amoU, iwiitf ;
median, not very high np, its length C to 8 in that of the eide of tka '
head ; suborbital bones rather small and quite narrow; foutauelle (*-
tirely obliterated by the union of the parietal boues.
Moutli small, entirely inferior, overlapped by the projecting toaO,
tho upper lip thick, pendent, covered with 3 to 5 rows of tubercles, tfc»
outer quite large, the inner small; lower lip moderate, formed km-
nbly oliuTt, «xt«Dding little more tban half way to vent, origiDUiug under porinV
third of dorsal. Pootorals veil srparated. Istbmae nido.
"Color iibove blQckisb, nitb aetroDg iDfenormargioal shade on tb« lower part rftl*
sides, iiud tlie ligbter tiot above; abrovn spot jnst above axilla, is cut off fraaitV
a band of the yellow color which covers the belly aod head below.
"Tbuoiily s|)ccies coDcemiDg which any doubt can arise in thenomeiiclatnncf tUa
one isCirrnardiNt of Girord. That writer states that tho latter pooMssea 15 IXnMS
tbis, n-ilh the ascription of a slender form and other pecnliaritiec, will alwajl w^
GENUB CYCLEFTU8. 187
irluik u in CaUmiamM8f bat leas fall, incised behind ; jaws without card-
lAsinooa abeath ; maciferoas system not greatly developed ; opercular
apparatas not greatly developed, the opercalum smooth and narrow.
Latimins moderate; gill-rakers moderately long, soft ; pharyngeal bones
ft^rong, the teeth stoat, inci^easiug in size downwards, rather wide apart.
Body elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated, the caudal
pedande long, the greatest depth contained 4 to 6 times in length.
Scales moderate, about equal over the body, not closely imbricated,
with wide exposed surfaces, the number in the lateral Hue from 55 to
00, and about 17 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrnls ; edges
of acales serrate; lateral line well developed, nearly straight.
Fins rather largo ; dorsal fin beginning in front of ventrals and ending
jut before anal, of about 30 rays, strongly falcate in fh>nt, the first and
Mamd developed rays in length more than half the length of the base
of the fin, the rays rapidly shortened to about the eighth, the length of
tis remaining rays being nearly uniform land all short ; caudal flu large,
vldely forked, the lobes about equal; anal fin quite small, low, of 7 or
8 developed rays, scaly at base ; ventrals moderate, with 10 rays; pec-
toiftls elongate, somewhat falcate.
Sexual peculiarities somewhat marked; the males in spring with black
pigment ; the head then covered with small tubercles.
Air-bladder with two chambers, the anterior short, the posterior
riongate.
Bat a single species of this singular genus is as yet known. It is
fooDd in the waters of the Mississippi Valley, and, although not a rare
fldi, it is by no means as generally abundant as are many others of its
fcmily.
Oenerio Charaoterizaiions,
Ctclkptus RafineBqae, 1819.—^' Cycleptus, (abdominal). DifTdrent dn gonro Catos-
^01. Denx nageoires dorsales, bouche petite, roude, aa bout da maseau; 15vro8
c^Kcolaires. Famille Cyprioidiaf C, nigrescetis, noirfttre; ventre blancb&tre, bouche
>BtRma»de ; queao fourcbiSe. Parvient ii deux i)ied8 de long; ti^s bon j!i manger, raro
^ rObio et le Missouri.*'— (Rafixksquk, Joum, de Phya. etc 1819, p. 421.)
Ctcleptus Bafinesixae, 1820.— '* DilFerence from the foregoing genus [Ca/o«tomiM]~
^donal fins, month round and terminal.''— (Rafinesque, Ich, Oh. p. 6.) *
BHrriDOSTOMUS Heckel, 1842.— '^ Dentes pectiniformes CO-GO. Pinna dorsalis basi
^Ssta; radio tertio vel quarto longissimo. In reliqnis cum genere Catostomo con-
Wt"— (Heckkl, Fische SyrienSj p. 33, or Russeger's i?et«en, p. 1023.— Species referred to
^tCBQiis, Cjfprinua catoaiamus Forster and Catodtomua elongatus Le Suenr.)
CrcterTUS Agaaalz, 18&5. — **As in many other instances, Railnesque has named, bat
^h» defined nor oharaoterised the genus to which I now call attention. He has not
188 C6NTBIBUTI0K8 TO KOBTH AUEBICAN ICHTHTOLOOY 1
hiiniclf even wen tbe flab npon irhicli tbe g«nDS is founded, uid nfen to
f{eiiiiB B BpecieB nblcb caniiut be separated frooi tbia. UoToaver, the cbaracte:
tbe KeniiB, as given bj- RaSaesqae, are Dot trne to natare. Y«t, natwitb«t«ndi
objoctions, I do oot feel at liberty to reject his generlo uamr, since it fa poi
IdoDtif)' tbe flub be meant by tbe vemacuUr nanie nnder wbicb it U know
Weat. Tbere is nootber leason why Ba6nesqDe's description of oot weatei
ontibt to bo careruUf considered and ever; possible effort made to identify bii
nnd spcelee, tbe fact that be waa tbe first to ioTcstigate tbe fishes of the Ohio
tribntarlea upon a large scale, and that notwithstanding the loaeeneaa iritb whid
formed tbe task aiid tbe lameolable iDoccnraciea of his tooafaort desci)ptionB,bJ
boar almost upon every page the imprint of bis keen perception of the natural ■
of B)>eoIes, aud Ibcir intlmnte Telationa to one another ; ao mncb so, that even i
haa failed to assign liia generu any characters by wbicb they may be recognii
vhen the species upon which Ibey were fonnded can be identified, we Dsaally 6
there ale f[ood reasons fur considering them aa fonniog disUnct generk.
"Tlie tronblo with lUQneBque is, that be too often int rod need in hia worlu
which be had not olwuys seen himself, and which be referred almost at mndoir
bis genera, thns defacing his well characterised groups, or that be went so f
foiiDd geuura npon siieciea which he had never seen, overlooking perhapa that
already described sucb types under other names.
"Tbe genua CfclepUt affords a striking example of all tbeae mtat«kes ec
logrlhcr. In bis rvniarkabio paper upon the genns Catattomiu, Lesoenr deacri
IIrutvs one specie* from the Ohio River, snder (be name of C. tlomtalat, pea
its elongated cyliadrleol body, and fur its long dorsal fin beginning half way 1
tbe pivturala and ventrala, and extending as far back as tbe ioseitiou of t
The Biiri-ieB Katlni«qne introduct's in his SQbgenas Drmelyliu among the geoi
iMlMii. wilhiiat itVTceiving that it belongs to bis own genus Cgd^u*. This
arlaea nndouhtnlly (h>mbis Iwlief that in Cyclrptiu there are twodona]s,wl>iet
OTCLEPTUB SL0NQATU8. 189
''ThepliftKyiigeal bones an rtrong, their aoterior surface being flattened anil the
gwtsst diameter being the transvene one, as in BuhalickikyM, and not laterally com-
piesaerl and thin as in Carpiodm and IdUkffobuM.
^Tbib sjrmphyisls ia short and its pednnole flat and sqnare, separated from the cnrved
anh bjT Adoep ssmieirealar emargination* The teeth are also stronger and stooter
thsa ia Cmjfiwki and Iehikjfobu$f as is also the ease in Bubalichthjftf and they are grad-
isUj inereasing in rise, and relative thickness from the upiier part of the arch to the
«jBphyriS| bnt they are mnch fewer and farther spart than in the latter genns. Their
loitf edge is transveiM^ rather blnut, though the middle ridgo is somewhat project-
iqg; the lower teeth are so shaped that their inner hngle is hardly higher than the
mtatf while in the middle and npper teeth it is gradaally more projecting, and from
theaiddle of the arch upwards forms a prominent point arched outwards.
''Tbesoalesareeonsideralily longer than high, with a rather prominent posterior msr-
gta; nnmerons radiating furrows upon the anterior and posterior fieldSi some across
tke lateral fielda; the concentric ridges of the posterior field are not only broader than
tkn of the other fieldsy but instead of running parallel to the margin of the scales
^ sie enryed in concentric gothic arches between each two radiating furrows.
BmkA mentions this genns under the name of BkjfUdoBtomua, but Rafinesqne's name
QMvtet baa the priority. Froiierly it ought to be called XfptofltyelM, according to its
H|Mlogy, (see my Nomenclator Zoologicus ; Index Universalis, p. 109,) but under thii
taiBobody would recognise it as Baflnesque's name. I shall therefore not urge the
cksp."— (AoAsaiz, Am. Joum. ScL ArU, 1B55, p. 197.)
CtCLBFrcs Copo 6l Jordan, 1877. — " Body mnch elongated, snbcylindrical forwards :
tall elongate, falciform, of 30 or more rays ; fontanelle obliterated by the union of
tke ptrietal bones ; mouth small, inferior, with papillose lips." — (Jordan, Proo, Ac
M&.PM(a.l877,p.81.)
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OF CYCLEPTUS.
*D^th 4 to 5 in length : head 6 to 6^: eye small, 6 to 7 in length of head: longest
donol rays a little longer than head : pectorals rather longer than head : dorsal
nys 10 ; anal 7 or 8 : scales 9-r»6-7 : coloration very dark, the males almost black ;
nie large; length of adalt H to 2ifeet eix>ngatu8, 42.
43. CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (Le Sueur) Agassiz.
Black Horse. Gourd-seed Sucker, Missouri Sucker, SuckereL
lS17-.Ca(Mtomtf« elongatus Lr Sueur, Joum. Ac. Nat. So. Pbila. 103.
Catostomus elongatus Rafinf^que. Ich. Oh. 60, 1820.
Coiostomus elongatus Kiktland, Rcpt. Zool. Ohio, 16S, 183S.
Catostomus elongatus DeKay, Now York Faana, part iv, Fishes, 203, 1842.
Catostomus elongaius Cuvikr &, Valenciennks, Hist Nat. des Poiss. xvii, 455,
1844.
Catostomus elongatus Kirtland, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist, v, 267, 1845.
CalMomus elongatus Storer, Syn'}psi8, 422, 184G.
Cgdefius eUmgalus Aqassiz, Am. Jonro. So. Arts,2J series, six, 197, 1855.
Mriyna/Aaif tlonffOiuB QCnther, Cat. Fishes Brit Mus. vii, 23, 18C8.
] 90 CONTBIOUTIONS TO KOBTH AHBSICAN ICHTHTOLOOT-^IL
CgeUpUi tlottgatut Jordak, Fisbes of lad. 232, 1875.
Cgclrplui ilongalui Jordan, Bull. BnfFiilo Sac. Nat. HiaL 65, 1876. (Huwa^>]
Cuclfpiua elotiQalat Joudan, Mod. Vurt.298, 1876.
Cgetrplat tlongatui Kelson, Boll. No. 1, IIU. Has. Nnt. HistSO, 187&
Cpdeptas dongatua Jordan &. Copeumd, Cboelc List, 158, 1B76. (Naow oalj.)
Cgeleplut floagalaa Jordan A Oilbkbt, Id Ellpparfs Espt. 63, 1876. (Nsm<4r.)
Csoleptiu tlongeta» Jordak, Ball. U. S. Nat Hos. tx, 38, 1877.
CgeltpM* tJongatiu Joiidak, Mna. Tert. ed. 3d, 1878.
1818— CjwItpfM nigreicen* Rafinbsql'K, Joanial de Pb7riqDS,4Sl.
Ciclrpln* nigrttamt Rafihbs<)ce, Icb. Oh. 61, 1820.
II aditat.— Mississippi Valley, in alt the lorf^r streams.
Tbia 8[)eoiea is found Id some abundaDce in tbe larger streams, il
tho Falls of the Obio, it U taken in nets, and meets a ready sale. It 1^
however, muob less abundant than the Buffalo fishes are. Fron ttl
freneral use of the name " Missonri Sacker ", its abandaooe in the SUM
uf Missouri may bo inferred ; but, as to tbe facts in the case, I am nri
informed. This flsb is as sharply distinguished from tiie other Sackoiii
ita appearance as in its anatomy. Tbe dasky colors and the small da
of the head attract attention at once.
Uut one siHH;ies is yet kuonu. That being the case, the ayDonynif el
tbe siteeies i)c»ds DO discussion, its oldest name being the one in ootf
mon use.
GENUS CARPIODES. 191
the fleshy portion of the cheek below; fontanelle always present, well
developed.
Month always small, horizontal and inferior, the mandible less than
one-third the length of the head, the lips thin, the upper protractile,
narroWy the lower quite narrow, /y-shaped, or rather Q-sbaped, behind;
both lips feebly plicate or nearly smooth, the plicsB often more or less
broken up; jaws without cartilaginous sheath; muciferous system
moderately developed; opercular apparatus well developed, the sub-
operele broad, the operculum in the adult more or less rugose ; isthmus
moderate ; pharyngeal bones remarkably thin and laterally compressed,
vithashallowfurrowalongthe anterior margin on the inside, and another
more central one on the outline of the enlarged surfaces; teeth very
small, compressed, nearly equally thin along the whole inner edge of
the bone, forming a fine comb-like crest of minute serratures; their
cottiug edge rises above the inner margin into a prominent point.
Gillrakers of anterior arch slender and stiff above, becoming reduced
downwards.
Body ovate or oblong, the dorsal outline more or less arched, the
ventral outline more nearly straighti the depth from half to one-third
the length, the sides compressed ; the back notably so, forming a sort of
carina; caudal peduncle short and deep; scales large, about equal over
the body, their posterior margins slightly serrate ; lateral line well
<leveloi)ed, nearly straight, with 34 to 41 scales, 12 to 15 scales in a
cross-row from dorsal to ventrals ; dorsal fin beginning near the middle
of the body, somewhat in advance of ventrals, falcate, its anterior rays
Very much elevated and usually filamentous, their height ranging from
} to H the length of the base of the fin, the number of developed rays
ranging from 23 to 30; caudal fin well forked, the lobes equal ; anal fin
comparatively long and low, emarginate (in males?), its number of
dt?vcloi)ed rays usually 8; ventrals shortish, with usually 10 rays ; pec-
torals short.
Sexoal peculiarities little marked ; in some species, at least, the males
•
^D spring have the snout minutely tuberculate.
i^loration always plain; pale olivaceous above, white below, but
hardly silvery, the fins all partaking of the color of the region to which
% belong.
Air-bladder with two chambers.
Bixe medium or rather large.
^ goios was first recognized and defined by Professor Agassiz in
192 C0NTEIBUTI0N8 TO NORTH AUBBICAH ICHTHYOLOOT — m.
1855. Since tbeD it bas been generally reoeired by oatbora node
same natiio and with tbe same limits. It waa first briefly ontliM
Baduesque \a 1830 under the name of Carpiodes, tbeo aftorvaH
Valencieuues defined more fully uuderthe name of Sderoffnatkti*.
Carpiodes and Sclerognathus having tbe same typical species (Cntotl
eijpriitm Le 3uuur), tbe older aud preferable name, OafTiode*, is Uk
to lie iidoptvd.
Tliu recognition of species in this genas is a matter of extreme
culty, from their great resemblance to each other in color, use, :
and gi.'neral appearance. Unr knowledge of tbe species Chns &
been nimost entirely dno t« tbe labors of Professor Cope (A Partial
opsia uf tbe Fishes of Korth Carolina", Proc Am. Philos, Soc I
1870). I have myself examined specimens agreeing with each of
llessor Cope'tj descriptions, and, with two exception {Carpiodea idm
Carpiodes grayi), I am disposed to admit all his species. It is tme,
ever, that in every large collection of Carpiodea there are sped
disagreeing more or loss from tbe typical forms of each species
which should, in consistency, be described as distinct species, oi
the speoies which they appear to connect shoald be nnited. I han
however, examined a sufficiently full scries of Carpiodes to be
pared to accept either of these alternatives. I have, therefore, t
Professor Cope's analysis of the species, and added to it snch
tional features as I have been able to observe, aud 1 give the wbt
onr beet knowledge at present on the subject, leaving for future i
QENUS CABPIODES. 193
00 Carp of the Great Lakes. C carpio is tlio most abundant spe-
Q the Ohio Biver, where C. veli/er and C. cutisanserinus also occur
DeDse iinmbers.
Q coDviDced that neither the number of scales nor the number of
:s can be relied on to distinguish ttpecies in this genus, t]ie entire
of variation being probably found in every species. The height
anterior rays of the dorsal, although subject to considerable varia-
ith age and wear, seems to be sufficiently constant to divide the
8 into two groups.
Gentric Characierizaiion$,
lODKS Rafinesqne, 18*20. — " Body oblonp;, somewhat compressed ; head com-
, nine ubdom'mal rays, dorsal fiu commonly elongate, tail equallj forked.'' —
csQUE, IcK, Oh, p. 56.)
tooxATUUS Storer, 1846. — " Suont slightly advanced boyound the month ; the
ty of the month is snpported, as in the Caiostomi, by the intermaxillary, which
shed in front with a well developed, projecting, cartilaginous ethmoid. The
branch is long, and of a styloid form, while the horizontal is shortened, and is
keel, tho inferior edge of which serves merely to support the superior angle cf
itb. The remainder of tho maxillary arch is forme<l by a Obrous ligament cov-
a thin, nndilated lip, reduced to a thin and fleshy protuberance. Tho upper
wide, very solid bony piece, under which tho upper lip is partly drawn ; this
ooDcealed by the first two suborbitals, beiug wider and no less advanced than
the Catostomi, As to its lips, it is a Leuciscus; but the osteology of its mouth
es that of the Catostomi. The dorsal is long, like that of the Curi)s. The head
i, marked by lines of mucous i>ores. Pharyngeal teeth comb-like, iiner and
|oal than those of the Catoatomi. The air-bladder is divided into two large
be anterior is large and rounded, with a slight depression at its superior fuce :
•nd conica], twice as long as the iirst and followed by two small lubes; the sec-
amnnicates with the oesophagus by an air-pipe." — (Storku, .1/cm. J;;j. Jc. *1»7«
lc^6, p. 427 ; essentially a translation from Valcncienues's account.)
roDES Agassiz, 1855. — ** Tho bod^- is very high and strcjngly compressed, the
ridge on the back forming tho outline in front of the dorsal in very niucli arched,
alarlv continuous downwards with tho rather steep piolilo ef iLo head.
head is short, its height and length diiler but little. The snout is short and
The small mouth is entirely inferior, and surrounded by narrow thin lips,
re more or loss transversely folded. The lower jaw is short and broad. Tho
eal bones of Carpiodcs are remarkably thin, compressed laterally, with a shal-
low along tho anterior margin on the side, and another more central one on tho
flC the arched surfaces ; the teeth arc very small, compressed, equally tliin aloDg
tw inner edgo of the bone, forming a line comb-like crest of minute serraturcs ;
Ming edge rises above the inner margin into a prominent X)oint.
lobe of the long dorsal is slender, its third and fourth rays being pro-
ba faUovring ones into long iilaments. The lower (ins aro all pointed,
. IL Ko. 12—13
1
194 COSTBIBUTIOSS TO NOBTH AHBBICAN ICHTHTOLOOT— 41L
rather small, and hence diffurent from one another. The Tenlial ridge of the Wii*
flat. The scales have maaj uarrow, radiatlog tanowo apon tbe iuit«tioc field, Mid u*
mote deeply marked, !□ a straight liDe, across the lateral Qelila, or limiting tbe bKtil
and posterior fields, bardl; any upon the BDteiior field, the waviDg of tbe bnU«
ooncentrio ridges prodociD^ □□!; a radiated apiieorance npon that field. Tube of lit
lateral line stiaigbt and simple, arising in advance of tbe centre of ndiation, nbiekii
seated in tbe centre of form of the scales."— (AoAsaiz, Am. Johtu. So. AtIm, 18j&, p. 13.)
CABnoPBS Otlntbor, 1868.—" DistiDgaished from SulrTCgnaihiu (i. e. BtbaiiAlkft vk
Ichthpobiu) by its very thin, compressed pharyngeal hone«, which are armed with tj
comb-lilie eetiee of nearly eqaally aiuat« compTessed leetb."— (QOnthkb, CaL FtAa'
JJ.(I. Mm. vii, p.21.) '
Caiipiodes Cope & Jordan, 1877. — "Body oblong oval, compressed; doraal elottfri^
elevutcd in front, of SO or more rays ; fantaneile present ; pharyngeal booea naini*,
with tbo teeth relatively thin and weak; month siuall, iofeiior, protnetUe dew»
■wards." — (Jordati, Proc Ac. Kal. Sc. Phila. 1677, p. &S.)
? SfECIES op CARPIODSS.
* Dorsal fin with the anterior rays yery mnch elevated and attenaated, eqaalling M
more nsnaliy exceeding tho length of tbe base of tbe fln.
i Mnzzle very abrap.tly obtose, almost vertically truncate in froot.
a. Mnzzle exceedingly blunt, bo that the anterior edge of the mandible is In llH
with tilt anterior rim nf tliu nrliit, aiul Ibo maxillary rencliMS tn tbe antoW
eilgo of the pupil : auterior euborbital dcopt^r Chun long: hcud 4^ in Icactti
eye quite large, ^i to 4 in bend : body nrcbed, tbe depth ^Dmewbat iett tbn
half tbe length : first my of dorsal nearer muzzle than l>ase of canddl
sealea 6-35-1 : D. a4. A. 8, V. 9 DtPVonMM. 4
■an. Muzzle notably blunt, bnt less so than in the proceiling: anl-erior edgfof iM
ninndible in advance of the orbit, and tbe maxillary jost rescbing lbs lit!
CABPI0DE8 CUTISANSEBINUS. 195
U, Hemd intermediate, its length contained abont 4 times (3f to 4^) in that of
body: anterior n^ of dorsal not thickened at base.
& Body stonti short, the back mnch arched, the depth 2i in length : head 4 to
H in length, the mnzzle moderately xK)inted : dorsal rays considerably ele-
Tated, two-thirds as long as base of fin : eye small, 5^ in head : tip of lower
Jaw mach in advance of nostrils ; maxillary reaching line of orbit : anterior
suborbital large, deep, roundish : origin of dorsal abont midway of body :
■eales rather closely imbricated, 8-39 to 41-6 : D. 27, A. 7, Y. 10.
THOMPSONI, 47.
eo. Body elongate, not mnch elevated, the depth 2| in length : head 3f to 4,
the muzzle prominent but rather bluntish : front scarcely concave above
eyes, the profile forming a somewhat uniform curve: eye small, nearly G iu
head : anterior rays of dorsal moderately elevated, nearly three-fonrths the
length of the fin, the first ray nearly midway between snout and base of
caudal: scales 6-37-5 : D. 24 to 27, A. 8, V. 10 cyprixus, 48.
hbh. Head comparatively short, its length contained 4^ to 5 times in the length
of the body : body more fusiform than in the others, compressed, but not
•
much arched, the depth 2} to 3 times in the length: anterior rays of dorsal
short, notably thickened and osseous at base, the first ray nearer the end of
the muzzle than the base of the caudal fin : eye small, anterior, 4^ iu head :
muzzle short, but projecting much beyond mouth : size largest of the genus.
CARPIO, 49.
43. CARPIODES DIFFORMIS Cope.
Deformed Carp Sucker.
\0-'Carpiode$ difformis Cope, Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. 480.
Carpiodes difformis Jordan, Man. Vert. 297, 187G.
Carpiodet difformU Jordan & Copkland, Check List, 158, 1876.
Carpiodes difformis Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 72, 1877.
Carpiodea difformis Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart'a First Report Ohio Fish
Commission, 86, pi. xiii, f. 21, ldi7.
C^urpiodes difformis Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 9,50, 1877.
Carpiodes difformis Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 321, 187H.
Habitat. — Ohio Valley ; less common than the other species.
The only speciraeQ which I have seen of this species was from the
Tabash Eiver, iu which stream Professor Cope's original types were
Elected. No specimens are in the United States National Museum,
hich, indeed, at present contains very few of the Carp Suckers or
lafialo-fisb.
44. CARPIODES CUTISANSERINUS Cope.
L
Long-finncd Carp Sucker* QuiUback,
Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Phila. 481.
Jordan & CopslanDi Check List, IftS, 1876.
196 CONTBIBUTIOMS TO NO&TH AHBSICAN ICHTHTOLOOT— 10.
Carpiode$ cut'uaiiterlnu$ Jordak, Bnll. U. S. Not. Has. B, SO, 1877.
Carpiodct calieantcriaaa Jordan Jt Gilbert, iu EHppBrl'ii It«pt. S3, UK.
Carpiodtt eatieanterinat Jotinks, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 321, 1978.
IBiO—Carpiodr* Hlene Cope, Proc. Am. Pbilos. Soc. Phila. 491.
Carpiodet teiene Joudan Si Copbland, Cbeok List, 158, 1876.
Carpioda teUne Joudam &, QiLBBnT, in Klippoil'e Bept. 63, 1870.
Corrode* ttUitt Jordan, Man. Vurt. ed. 3d, 321, 1978.
l&Q—mOisobM iijformia Nblso.n-, Bull. No. 1, U. S. Nat. Moi. 49.
Habitat. — MisBisBippi Valloy ; generally abandont.
This Species is closely related to C. cel'/er, but differs io the abni|
truncate snout, that of velifer being conic. I am unable to recogi
C. actene as a distinct species at prei^eut, the form of the anterior i
orbital being the only (listtnguisbiog I'eatare of much importauGc,
that probably not a constant one. C. cutisanscriHus is as abaudao
the Ohio as C. veli/er, and I have seen many spcciiaeng from the Illi
Eiver.
Sptelment in United Stattt national Maiaan.
Number.
Locality.
CoUm
SO033
45. CAPPIOr)KS VT:LlFER [Rnfinenqvc) Aginsl::.
CABPIODES BISON. 197
'^^^-—SeUrognaihMt cyp^inus KirtlanDi Boat. Jonra. Nat. Hist. vol. y, 275. (In part;
DofeofC. d&y.)
Habitat. — Wettem streams and lakes (Caynga Lake, New York, to MiBsissippi
Biver).
This species is qnite abandant in the Obio Biver, and I bave seen
specimens not evidently distingnisbable, from Lake Erie and from otber
waters tribatary to the Oreat Lakes. Indiscrimiuutely with C. cutis-
anserinuSy it is known to the fishermen as Quillback, Skimback, etc.,
the lower-finned species being called ratber ''Carp". Most of the
RyDODjmy above qnoted includes several species, the true veVfcr being
fir8tdi8tingoished by Professor Cope. Kafinesque's anisopterus I bring
iDto the synonymy of this species, simply to refer to it somewhere. It
18 really nnidentiflable. Kirtland's Sclerognathtis cyprinus refers most to
this species, but his figure represents no known fisb. The head is too
small, and the form, etc., incorrect.
Specimens in United States Xational Museum*
Namber.
»277
LfOcality.
Cayuga Lake, New York
Collector.
There are also several otber specimens in the collection, but without
locality.
46. C^UiPIODES BISON Agassiz.
Long-headed Carp Sucker,
^^^^Carpiodes bison Agassiz, Am. Jouni. Sci. Arts, 356.
Carpiodes bison Agassiz, Am. Joarn. Sci. Arts, 190, 1855.
Carpiodes bison Copk, Proc. Am. Pliilos Soc. Phila, 463, 1870.
Carpiodes bison Joi:dax, Man. Vert. 297, 1876.
Carpiodes bison Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876.
Ickthifobus bison Nklson, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. 49, 1876.
Carpiodes bison Jordan &, Gilukrt, in Klippart's Rept. 53, 1876.
Carpiodes bison Jordan, Bnll. U. S. Nat. Mns. ix, 50, 1877.
Carpiodes bison Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 322, 1878.
"ABiTAT.—Missisftippi Valley (Osage River, Agassiz; Mississippi River, Wabash
**^*^ TeDoeesee River, Cope).
^hat the fish is to wbicb Professor Agassiz gave tbe pame ^^buon^
cannot be ascertained from tbe publisbed descriptions. Professor Coi)0
lias described tbe present species under tbat name, and we accept tbe
198 CONTBIBUTIONS TO NORTH AHEBICAK ICnTnrOLOQY — IH
name bison on bis authority. Tliis species is not geaerallycoiniiioiii
so far as my cxperieDce goes. I liaro, however, Beeu ooe or two (aa
the Ohio Itiver. I found uo specimcDS iu the Nutional Maaeam.
47. CABPIODES THOMFSONI Agauiz.
LoIk Carp.
184Jt— Catottomu* cypriRui Tiiompsom, Hint. Vt. 133.
18S — CitTpiode* Ihomptonl Agassiz, Am. Joarn. Sc. Arts, Sd series, xix, 19L
Carpiodet Ihompaoni Copb, Proc. Au. Nat. So. Pbilo. 385, ISM.
Carpiodtt thompmHii Coeis, Proc. Am. Fhilos. iSod. Philo. 483, ltS70.
Carpioda tkompioiii Jukdan, Mao. Vert. 397, 1876.
Ichthyobiu Ihompaoni Nelson, Ball. No. 1, lite. Mas. Nftt KM. 49, ia».
Carpiodea tkotaptoiii Jordan & COfSLUtv, Check List, 158, 1B76.
Carpiodta thomptonil JORDAN & OU.BERT, ia Klippact's Bept. 03, ISA.
Carpiodet Ihomptoai Jobdam, Mao. Vert, ed. Ud, 322, 1678.
. IIabitat.— Orent Lake region ; abundant.
This Species occurs in more or less abnodauce throughout the CM
Lake region. It is Ihe shortest and most arched of all the specio. &
dorsal fin is about intermediate betn'een that of velijer and tbitl
earpio. 1 have examined very many specimeus of this species, ul<
fiud little variation among them. This fish reaches a length of mM
thing over a foot, and is Bold by the Lake fiahermcn as ** Carp".
SpcdmcTu fn Pnitrrf Slaitt ?>'nli'07ifll Mnmm.
CARPIODES CTPBINUS. 199
CwfMim egpHwu GOmthkr, Cat Fiahes Brit Mas. vii, 24, 1868.
C§rpi$im qtspHu m Ck>PB, Pioo. Am. Fhilos. 8oo. PbiU. 484, 1870.
CSnyMn cjipHiMt Jobdak, Kitthes of Ind. 202, 1875.
GsrpMn ^lEprtavt Jordan, Man. Vert 297, 187C.
CupMe$ egprimwB Uhlbr A, Lugobr, Fisbes of Maryland, 140, 1876.
Gtrjiiocln egprinmi Jordan & Copkland, Check List, 158, 1876.
Carpiodea egprinMi Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 323, 1878.
1IIS4— Csrpioclei vaeoa Aoassiz, Am. Jonrn. Bci. Arts, 356.
18&4— OMpMat UmidM9 Baird & Girard, Proo. Philo. Ao. Nat 8c. 2&
Idhbiu Umidm$ Oirard, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Sorv. Icb. 34, pi. xiuc, 1 1-4, 1859.
JefttftyodM fwaidift Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876.
ISoS^CnpiMlft damallM Girard, Proc. Ao. Nat. 8c. Phila. 170.
CtarpiodM damalit Giraicd, U. S. Pac. R. R. Expl. x, 218, pi. xlviii, f . 1-4, 1858.
(krpiodea damalii Cofk, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sc Phila. 85, 1865.
(krpiodta damalU Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 155, 1876.
ISfO-GBrpiodcw gragi Copk, Proc. Am. Pbilos. 8oc. Phila. 482, 1870.
CvpiodiB ffrajfi .Jordan «Sl Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876.
GtipjodM gragl Cope A Yarrow, Wheeler'tt £spl. W. 100th Mer. v, Zool. C8l,
1876.
HabitaT^ — New Englazd to Alabama ; thenco to Mexico and north to the Upper
I have elsewhere already united the Dominal species grayi and tnmi-
fa) for the following reasons: — Giranl's ^'Ictiobus tumdna^ is eortainly
^Carpiodea, as is plainly shown by the published ii^^mv, the mouth be-
ing represented as small and inferior, beneath the projecting siiout. I
have nnmeroQs young specimens of a Carpiodcs from the Kio Grande,
at Brownsville, Texas, the original loculit v of Ictiobiis tumiduit. But my
specimens do not disagree in any important respect Iroui Carpiodcs grayi^
from the same river, nor am I able, on examination of authentic speci-
QteDsof the latter species, to point out any differences between them and
^y Brownsville specimens. Therefore, if tumidua and grayi are really
*liffereut, the differences have escaped my notice. It is of course possi-
'^lothat my Brownsville specimens, although from the original locality
of tumidua^ ma}* not be that species; but, as the types of tumidua have
^Kieu lost, I do not see how the question can ever be settled.
I am furthermore unable to separate tumidua as thus characterized
from damalia Grd., and the close relationship existing between damalia
and c^rinua has already been noticed by Professor Cope. As 1 now
'^dievo that cyprinua^ tumidua^ damalia^ aud grayi were all based on mem-
1^ of a single widely diffused species, I unite them in the above
•ynonymy,
^Riia species is the common Carp Sucker of Pennsylvania and the
2U0 C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AHEBICAM ICHTHTOLOGT — m.
Middle States. I have no specimens referable to this species from tbt
Great Lakes, nor from the Miwisaiiipi or the Ohio. If ej/priHia, tn»
dua, and damalk are identical, however, one of tno thiogs must be tnn
Either C. cyprinjig really inhabits the whole Mississippi Valley, bnt bu
beeD overlooked or confoaiided with otbeit, or else we have a ver}' curi-
ous auotnaly in the distribution of the 8[>ecie8, it beiof; aa iohabitani
of waters of two widely separated areas, havinj; little in common. Ths
former supposition tteemii the most probable, and I accordingly looktir
BpecimcDS of C. cyprinus in the Miattissippi Valley.
Spedaitti* in Vnittd Siatt* Saiional
:»550
13012
iseai
90109
Locality.
Kuund Lake. Montgomery, Alabama . .
Fort Pierre, Nelir. (typea of Cdamalit)
BepablicuD Biver
Rio Grimdo. Now Mexico (Vrratrj)
Nebriwku
" U. S. Mi'z. Doaodftry SurTcy" (typea of rnnJdjHf},
Bronoanllo, Tex
Knmliei) ft '.
Dt. Evmiu.
Wood&
Dr. O. Loot.
49. OAKPIODES CARPIO {Rajinetque) Jordan.
i
1690 — CotcMironiis earpi
Big Carp Sucktr. Olirt Carp Smitr.
I ILlKlNESIjCE. Ith. Ob. ^.
GENUS BUBALICHTHTS. 201
doubt that Bafinesqae had the same fish \n miDd as his C. carpioj and I
have accordingly adopted the latter Qame.
Spedmena in United States National Museum.
Komber.
Locality.
12291
12292
Obio River, Cinoinnati
do
Collector.
J. W. Milnor.
Do.
Genus BUBALICHTHYS Agassiz.
AMdkfAyt Agassiz, Am. Jonra. Scu Arts, 1855, 11^2.
SdengiMi3iUB Gf mthbr, Oat. Fishes Brit. Mas. vii, p. 22, 188a
CvMiamwi et Carpiode$ sp. of authors.
Type, Carpiodea urus Agassiz.
£tyiiiolo|(y, ^ipUXoCt bnffalo ; Ixf^C* fisb.
Head moderate or rather large, deep and thick, its superior oatliac
rapidly rising, its length a'bout 4 in tbat of the body : eye moderate,
median or rather anterior in position ] suborbital bones comparatively
iiaiTowj fontanelle always present and widely open.
Mouth moderate or small, more or less inferior, the mandible short,
Mttleoblique,ortypieallyquiteborizontal, the mandible less than one-third
^^ length of the head, the premaxillaries in the closed mouth below
tbe level of the lower part of the orbit ; lips rather thin, thicker than in
^<^hthyohuSj the upper protractile, narrow, plicate, the i)lica) j^ouietimes
broken up into granules; lower lip comparatively full (for a Buffalo-
^!*b), faintly plicate, the plica', biolten up into granules, the lower lip
*^aviDg the general n- shaped form seen in Cai'inodes; jaws without car-
tilaginous sheath ; muciferous system well developed ; opercular appa-
^tu8 well developed, but less so than in IchtJnjobus, the operculum
^^rongly rugose; isthmus moderate; pharyngeal bones triangular, with
'^'"ge teeth, which increase in size from above downwards; teeth com-
l^J'essed, their grinding edge blunt, slightly arched in the middle, and
Provided with a little cusp along the inner margin, which ir liardly
^^tached from the crown, and does not rise above the surfaces : gill-rakers
^^ anterior arch slender and stiff above, growing shorter downwards.
Body ovate or oblong, the dorsal outline more or less arched, the sides
^^ the body compressed, the ventral outline curved also, but to a less
^^gree: scales very large, about equal over the body, their posterior
202 COMTBIBDTIONS TO NOSTH AMEBICAN ICHTHTOLOaY — ^UI.
outlines soiuewbat nerrate; lateral line veil dcveloi>ed, nearly stniig;
n-ilh 3i> tu i'J scales, 12 to 14 in a crobs-serieti froiu vcotrata to lionu
doiiitil tiu bcginoiug Dear tbe DiidOIe of tiie body, somewfaut in adtiiu
of the rotitnita, its nateiior rajs elevated, tlieir bvigbt aboat equal t
half tbe base of tbe fin, tbe number of -rays iu tbe dorsal fia raogin
from 25 to 32; caudal &u well lorked, the lobes about equal, not la
cato ; anal flu comparatively long and rather low, of 8 or 9 develoi*
rays; veutrals moderate, lOrayed ; pectorals ratbcr sbort: sexual peci
liaritios, if auy, unknowu : cotonttiou dull dark brown, nearly plaiu, h
silvery i flus olivaceous or more or less dusky.
Air-bladder with two chambers.
Size quite large.
lu general appeftrauce, the species of Bi^lichtkya bear a considerab'
resembhiuee to those of Cai-piodea. Tbe form is, however, coarser thi
that of any Carpiodes, tbe dorsal fin is lower, and tbe coloration
darker and duller. The species reach a larger size than dotboni
Carpiodea, but whether larger or oot than tbe sjtecies of Icktkifobiu 1 1
ouable to say. In exterual appearance, BtdMlichtlii/9 is ioternieilii
between Carpioda and Icktkyobitt, tbe oue species, btibaltu, resemblii
Carpiodtg most, the other, vrui, being most like Icktigobiu.
Ourkuowledgeof the species of this genus is very incomplete. Uai
species were uamed and indicated by Professor Agnsdiz, but witb ra
fragmeutiiry descriptions that not a single one of tbem is oeitaia
known t>y any one. I have, however, been able to identify in spediM
GEErrS BUBAUCHTHYS. 203
deaeriptions poblUhed by Professor Agassiz are olinost worthless for the
distioetioii of species. It has accordingly seemed best to me, as a tem-
porary arraogemeut, at least antil more than two species are shown to
oeeor in cor waters* or antil some one is able to show from examination
of Professor Agassiz's types what he really had in mind, to disiribnte
Us nominal species in the synonymy of the two which w^ know. I
havo accordingly considered each of Agassiz's species and made it
identical with either the small-monthed or the large-monthed species, as
the description seemed to indicate. A third species, from Central
America, which I suppose belongs to this genns, is added from Dr.
O&Dther's description.
QtneHo Charaoierlg€Uioii$.
BmuLiCBTHTS Agaasiz, 1855. — ^'At the time I viDdioated the propriety of restoring
MM of the genera eetaUiehed by Bafinesqne among Cyprinoide, I did not snepecfe that
aigBnos CoiyMefy as I then represented it, still contained two distinct type«, tbongb
Ibtd Botioed that some of the species had tbe anterior margin of their dorsal greatly
pNtengsd, whilst in others it hardly rises above the middle and posterior of tbat fin.
Bifing sinee examined tHe pharyngeals of all tbe species of this tribe wbich 2 havo
Im sble to secure ih>m diffiurent parts of tbe country, I find tbat those witb a bigb
tall wbich constitute tbe genus Carpiodei, bavo, in addition, very tbin flat pbaryn-
|nli with extremely minute teeth, wbilst those witb a low dorsal have triangular
ikayiigBala with larger teeth, increasing gradually in sixe and tbickness, from tbe
>9pir Baigin of tbe bones towards tbe symphysis. Tbe difference in form of these
^osfli arises ftom tbe circumstance tbat tbe slight ridge upon tbe outer surface of tbe
veh io Carpiodet is transformed in this second type into a prominent edge, dividing
tbe cater surface of tbe arcb into a posterior aod anterior plane, meeting under an
Mote Angle, Tbis structural bomology is satisfactorily traced by the difference of tlie
external appearance of these two planes, the posterior one being fall as the posterior
half of tbe flat outer surface of tbe arch in Carpiodea^ whilst the anterior plane is
^Miaely porous, indeed studded with deep pits unalogoas to the porous character of
theoDterior half of tbe enter surface of that bono in Carpiodes. The teeth themselves
^oompressed ; their grinding edge is rather blnnt, slightly raised in the middle, and
pvorided witb a little cnsp along the inner margin, wbich is hardly detached from the
cioviiy and docs not rise above its surface, as in CarpiodeSf Ichlhyobu8 and Cycleptus,
"In tbis genus tbe bnlk of the body is not placed so far forwards as in CarpiodeSj tbe
fcttest height being between head and tail. The upper outline of the body is less
*^gly arched in advance of the dorsal ; the head is longer than high, and the snout
^ more prominent than tbe mouth. The mouth opens obliquely downwards and
Awards, tbe lower Jaw being nearly as long as tbe upper. The lips are small and
fivialated. Tbe anterior rays of the dorsal are not separately prolonged beyond tbe
'vtof tbe fin, though its anterior margin is higher than its middle and posterior por-
^^ Tbe lower fins are as in Carpioda,
'*Tbe scales have many narrow radiating farrows upon tbe anterior field, none across
^ Itteral fields, and few upon tbe posterior fields, converging to the centre of radio*
- .,.J,
204 CONTRIBUnONS TO NORTH AMSRICAN ICUTHTOLOCFT — IIL
tioD, to which tho tabes of the lateral line extend alio. For this new gmm I
the name of Bkbalichtk!f§, intending to reoall the name of Bofiilo flahv eoni
applied to thia species. To this genus belong the species I haw deasribad aa i
una fiom the Tennesaed River, C ttuurua from Mobile River, and C* wUmUu from
Wabash, and also the Caio9tomu$ niger of Raftoesque and Caldsloaiat kiMat <tf 0r,
land from the Ohio, bat not C. bubaUa Raflnesqne, which is the type of the geniia
thjf€i^ descMbed in the following paragraph. I have another new spedaa from
Osage River, sent me by Mr. George Stolley. This shows this type to be widely
tribnted in oar western waters, bat thas far It haa not been Ibond In the Aittaati
states. I have some doabts respecting the nomenclatare of these apealea wUoh
rather difflpalt to solve. It will be seen npon reference to Raflnesgoe^a lehthyokulM
Ohiensis, p. 55 and 56, that he mentions two species of his sabgenos JbittyaiaSyene
which he calls C. bubalua, and the other C. niger; the second he has not see
bat describes it on the aathority of Mr. Aadabon as ' entirely similar to the eomi
Boffolo fish,' his C, hubdlue, bat ' larger, weighing npwaids of fifty poands.' Dr. KIrt*
land, on the other hand, describes the C hMbalm$ as the largest speelea firand In
western waters, ond odds that the yonng is nearly elliptical in ita ontllne and ia
sold in the market as a distinct species nnder the name of Bnftilo Foreh. If there
only one species of Baffiilo in those waters the case woald be very simple^ nod the
UmUmuB hubaJus and niger of Rofinesqne, and C. hnhaiue of l5r. Klrtland, shonld aimpl^'
be considered as synonymons, bat Dr. Raach of Barlington has sent me fine apeelAieo^
of this Bnffalo Perch, to which the remark of Dr. Klrtland, ' elliptloa! In Its ontlioo^*
perfectly applies, and I find that it not only differs specifically bat even genericall3p
from the broader, high backed, common Baffalo, and being the smaller species, I tak.^
it to be Raflnesque's C. hubalua, tho type of his geuus IchihyobuBf which is more foil
charaotjrisod below, whiUt the larger species, Kafinesqne'tt C. niger, can be no othc
than Dr. Eirtland's C buhalusj * tho largest species of the western waters.' It seeoc:
therefore hardly avoidable to retain the name uf C. niger or rather BuhaUckikge niy>
for the common Baffalo, tboagb Rafinesqne, who tint named the fish, never saw it,
if he saw it mistook it for his own bubaluSf aod though Dr. Kirtland, who correct
describee and figures it, names it C. bubalua, for such is the natural result to which
history of the successive steps in our investigation of these fishes lead. Bot oar dil
culties here ore not yet at an end. Among the splendid collections I received fh>m
Ranch, I found two perfectly distinct species of BubalichthpSy one with a large monc ^^
and the other with a small months and ono of IchthyobuSf living together in the Miss ^S^^
sippl River, in the neighborhood of Burlington, Iowa ; and the next question, prol
biy never to be solved, will be, if they all three occur also in the Ohio, whether
nesque*s C. niger was the big mouthed or tho small mouthed Bubalichihge, Judgii
from the figure given by Dr. Kirtland in the Boston Journal of Natural History, voL
pi. fig. 2, 1 believe his C. bubalus to be the small mouthed species. I myself have,ho!
ever, seen only one specimen of the big mouthed species from the Ohio, and that
rather an indifferent state of preservation; for which I am indebted to Prof. Baird,
lione of the small mouthed species. Should, however, all three, as is possible, occur
the Ohio as well as the Mississippi, to avoid introducing new names, I will call
big mouthed species B, niger, preserving for it Rafinesqne's specific name,-^he
k
GENUS BUBALICHTHYS. 205
moathed, B. hiihalu$f retaining for it the name which Dr. Kirtland has given it, oven
lliODxh the speoies oflchthifobM most bear tho samo specific name, being that origin-
mlly applied by Bafinesque. It may be that either my B. vitulus or my B. urua is iden-
tical with Dr. Kirtland's C huhalus, but until I can obtain original specimens of this
vpeeieey this point most remain undecided, as it is impossible for mere descriptions to
inatitote a sniBctently minate comparison. The specimens from Osage Hiver I sbuU
call B, hma9u$.
"Compared with one another, these species differ as follows: B. niger^ (the big-
moathed Boffalo) differs from B, bubalua (the small-monthcd Bufialu) by its larger
BKmth, opening more forwards; its more elongated body, tho first rays of the dorsiil
riMDg immediately above the base of the ventrals, and its anterior lobe being broader,
mod the anal fin not emarginated ; B. bon^isua differs from B. bubalua and from B. niger
iia having the month larger than the first and smaller than the second, and from B,
hmbaluM by its less emarginated dorsal, which renders its larger lobe broader, anal fin
ii<9t emarginated, opercle larger. A farther comparison with the Southern species could
only be satisfactory, if accompanied by accurate figures.^'— (Agassiz, Am, Journ.Sc. ArtSy
1365, p. 192.)
8CLEROGNATHC8 GUuther, 1869.—'* Scales of moderate or rather large nize. Lateral
IxDe ronoing along the middle of the tail. Dorsal fin much elongate, with about 30 or
SKicre rays, none of which xfre spinous. Anal fin short. Mouth small, inferior {Buba-
Wi^Ukjfs) or snbterminal {Sclerognathu8)f with the lips more or less thickened. Barbels
Qill-rakers long, stiff in tho upper two-thirds of the first branchial arch, niodi-
into low membranaceous transverse folds in the lower third. Psendobranchiie.
rngeal bones sickle-shaped^ armed with a comb-like series of numerous, compressed
increasing in size downwards.^— (Gt^NTnER, Cat Fishes BHL Mus. vii, 22, 1^.)
BuBALiCHTHYS Copo Sl Jordan, 1877. — ** Body oblong oval, compressed ; dorsal elon-
l^iftte, elevated in front, of 20 or more rays ; fontanello present ; pharyngeal bones
s^v^Dg, the teeth comparatively coarse and large, increasing iu size downwards; mouth
inferior.'^— (Jordan, Froc, Ac. Kat So. Phila. 1877, p. 82.)
ANALYSIS OF SPECIES OK BUBALICHTHYS.
•fiody considerably elevated and compreksod above ; the dorsal region siibcarinatt^ :
belly thicker; depth 2^ to 2} in length ; axis of body above the ventraU below
the lateral line and nearly twice as far from the back as from the belly: head
moderate, triangular in outline when viewed from the side, 4 in length: eye
eqnal to snout, 4 to 5 in length of head, much larger than in Z/. nrus : mouth quite
small, notably smaller and more inferior than iu B, urus : maudible about equal
to eye: dorsal fin elevated in front and rapidly declined, the highest ray rench-
ing much beyond the middle of the fio, the seventh ray about half the length of
the third or longest; anal rays rapidly shortened behind, tho micdle rays much
shorter than the first long ones: scalis 8-39-G; dorsal, 29; anal, 10; ventral.s,
10 : coloration paler, tho lower tins slightly dusky bl'Balcs, 00.
^ody much less elevated and less compressed than intheprecediug.thebackuotat all
carinated ; axis of body above ventrals about at the lateral line, and but very lit-
tle farther from tho dorsal outline than from the ventral ; depth 3 to 3^ in length :
head very stoat, strongly transversely convex, thicker, larger, and lees pointed
206 COSTBIBOnONS TO SORTH ASIERICAN ICHTUYOLOGY— in,
Ibftn In tho next, aliuiit 4 in Icnglli : iifc nboiil eqaal to anont, S} In bfnd.nQck
amaller Ibnn in B. hubalui: nidnlb largo, conalilerably oblitiae,apotiing wvllfM-
warilR : niatKiiblu louf^er tbau ejc : dorsal Gd lower ami less ropidl; di
tban in tbo uvit. Cbe longeBt ray ecarcelf half tbe longtli of tbo base of theSoi
anal Jin rnauilcKl, its tnys cot ra|)iil]y Bhorteiied, th^ middle ones not macb «bonet
tban Ibo louRcat: coIotb very dark; &aa all block: eeaXn* B-H-7; donil.JIt;
anal, 10 crcs,
*** MoQib Hinall. idfurior, Blifjbtly carrugatrd: depth 3( to 3^ in lengtli » bead 4 la
□ot luaoh longer than biffh : eye rather amall, one-liftb of the leocth of ibebo^
und i thntot ibo mioiit : anlwrbitnls narrow. Anterior raya not tnnth prodnred,
ahorler than ihv bead; caudal foikod. Origin of TCntral vertically belavtta
fonrth dorsal ray. Pectoral Ha not extendiog to venttali- There *
lon);[itudinal attrica of Bcalee botweou the latcrn! liue and tbo root of the venD*!-
Coloration nnifoiQi, Scales 7-3i*-3 ; doraalSO; anal 10 MEitiDiONAU-sX
50. BrTBALICHTHYS BUBALQS Agassiz.
D-<ffalo-fii,h. Small-moulhed Buffalo. High-hacked Baffalo.
\Sa6—Catotlom»> bubaUa Kuitland, Rept. Zool. Obio, 1G3. (Not of Haaneaqle.1
Calottomut bahalat Kirtlaku, Boiton Jouro. Nut. Uist v, 266, lt)45.
Caiattomaa biibalat Storbr, Synopsin, 424. lS4li.
Buhallchthga bHbalus Acarsiz, Am. Joain. Sc. Artn, 3d serios, xiK, 195, ISSow
Bubalidtlhga bubalue Jordan, Fisbea of Ind., 33S, Wb.
Bubalichlhsa babalus JiinDAX & Copelaxd, Chock List, 108, 1976.
Babalidiths* babaUi JonDAN, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila.74, 1ST7.
Biibal'ultttsi bahalut 3otcD\s Si. Gilbert, in KlLppaTt'aBept.53, 1ST7.
1^4~r f CarpSodmi laumt Agassiz, Am. Jonrn. Soi. Arts, 355. { Not idt-ntifiable.)
BUBALICIITHYS BUBALUS. 207
Ibis 18 probably the most generally distribated of the various species
owD popularly as Buffalo-fish. The question as to its proper nomen-
itore is even more complicated than that of the next species. It
\j be that this is the true Imbalus of Bafinesque, as supposed by Dr.
rtland. But as that species was the type of the genus Ictiobusy the
ntiflcatioD of Rafinesqne's species with the present one would lead
changes in nomenclature far from desirable. The name IcMliyohus
lid then belong to Bubalichthys and the genus Ichthyolym would
Hve a new name. As this can never be proveu, it is best to consider
issis's identification as correct and that of Dr. Kirtland wrong. The
t mention of this species was that of Dr. Kirtland as Cato8tamti8 bu-
tf. The name buhdlm, however, was given through an erroneous
itification, and must be passed over. Next come Agassiz's names
fH9 and vitidus^ both possibly belonging here, but just as likely be-
;iug to tcrtM. Both of them, from the exasperating insufficiency and
levance of the descriptions, are practically unidentifiable. Next is
issiz's huhaluSy noticed below. The next name in order is that of
hyobus cyanellus NeKson, wl^ich was based on this species, as I have
TUiined by examination of his type. This is the first tenable name
jin!y belonging to this species, unless we adopt the name bubalus.
t comes Nelson's altus. A specimen answering Nelson's description
til respects, and as evidently belonging to the species now under
iideration, is at present before me. It is a fine adult example,
tly comes my own bubalintis, intended merely as a substitute for the
le ^'' bubaliiH^^ not then considered tenable as the specific name of
species, having been given to it originally by an error in identifica-
. The adoption of the name bubalus by Agassiz after the knowledge
his error may, however, be considered as a proposal of a new name,
original descriptions of iaurusj vitulusj cyaneUuSj and alius are hete
joined.
arpiodes taurua Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1855, p. 355. — '* From
)ile River, Alabama. The form of the body is intermediate between
t of C Cyprinus and 0. Urns. The gill-cover has the same form as
?. UruSy but it is larger and more strongly arched behind. The hind
'gin of the scales is waving, owing to a somewhat prominent mid-
aoglo. The anterior rays of the dorsal equal in length two-thirds
tkal of the base of the fin. Anal not lunate behind. The ventrals
'^eh to the anal opening. Caudal not so deeply furcate as in
208 CONTBIBin-IOXS TO KOBTU AMEBtCAN lOHTnTOLOOT — ^HI.
Carpiodea Titulus Agaseiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 1865, p. 356, — "Fna
tlio WnbiisL Kiver, ludiaDa, Tbis seems to tw a smaller species ibu
the preceding ones. The form of the body resembles that of C Tiam,
bat the eyes iiru smaller ; the operule U more broadly rouDded bebiad}
the Riiboperelo has its posterior and free border regalarly arched aban
and below, aod oot emarginate as in C. Taurus. Tbe directioa of At
uamiTotit) water-tabes on tbe bead and cheeks also differ. Tbe nppv
and lower bonier of the scales are nearly straight. The dorsal doetnol
exti'nd quite so fur forward. I am indebted to Uol. Btchard Oveaof
New Uiirmouy for this species."
Ickthjobus cganellvs 'SelsoJt, Bnll.Ills. Mas. Nat. Oist i, 1877, p. 49.-
" BIno BuQ'iilo. A number of specimens of this spL-cies aro in theibti
collcciioD, from tlio Illiooia liver, and in Prof. Jordan's collection, fn»
the Mississippi at 8t. Louis. The following is the description, (stei
from several specimens, measuring from S to 9^ inches is length :—
" Head about 3^ in length. Depth 2^ to 5-6. Bye 4^ to 5^ in hetd.
Dorsal I, 30. Anal 1, 8. YentniU 10. Lat I. 38. Longitodinal nrni
7-5 to l-G. Body compressed, high. Anteriorly broad, oomptenti
behind. Longest ray reaching 18th ray. Pectorals shorter than n»
tmis, both shorter than head. Anal scarcely reaching caadal; bead
Yery short, high and thick ; its thickness ^ length, depth 1} in lenfA
Uonth quite small, oblique, and overlapped by a slightly projeetiK
SDont. Mandible short, 4 in head. Opercle becoming wrinkled rttt
lU-,ii\ ^;il.l]!, sliort .iml tliic!; ; mazzli.' oliliiso, conic, not tw
BUBALICHTHTS URU8. 209
^ Lateral line perfectly straiji^bt from upper edp^o of opercle to caudal.
^ Scales, 8-35-5. Dorsal 1. 25 ; A. 1. 9.
^^Golor in spirits, dull yellowish olive; fins dusky.
'* Type specimen 12 inches long, iu Ills. State Museum, from Cairo,
ioois.''
61. BUBALICHTHYS URUS Agassiz.
Big-moutked Bvffalo, Black Buffalo, Mongrel Buffalo,
8— f f Amblodom niger Bafinesqiie, Jonrnal do Physique Phila. 421. (Entirely uo-
recognizable.)
f t CiUostomua niger Bafinesque, Icbth. Oli. 56, 18*20. (Unrocoj^nizablc ; more
likely Cycleptua elongatua.)
BahaUchthga niger Agassiz, Am. Jonru. 8c. Arts, 2d series, xix, 195, 1655.
BMbalickthga niger Jordan, Fishes of lud. 222, 1875.
Bubaliehthgit niger Joudan, Bull. Buffalo Soe. Nat. Hist. 95, 187G.
Bmbalickthgii niger Jordan, Man. Vert. 29d, 1870.
Btihalichthga niger Nki:kon, Bull. No. 1, Ills. Mns. Nat. Hist. 50, 1876.
Bnbalickthga niger Jordan &, Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876.
BmhaUckthgs niger Jordan, Pruc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 75, 1877.
Bnbalichtkga niger Jordan & Gilbert, in Klippart's Rept. 53, 1876.
Buhalickthga niger Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. is, .34, 1877.
Buftalichthgn niger Jordan, Man. Vort. cd. 2d, :^i
4 — Carpiodea uruB Agassiz, Am. Journ. So. Art^, 355.
Bmhaliehtkg$ nrus AOASSiz, Am. Jonrn. Sc. Arts, 2d sor'es, xix, 193, 1855.
Bnhalichthgs urus Putnam, Bull. Mus. Conip. Zuol. 10. 1863.
Bmbaiickthgn nrua Jordan, Fishes of Ind. 222, 1875.
Bwbaliekthyn urun Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876.
h—Bulfalithtkyii honaaus Agassiz, Am. Journ. Sc. Arts, 2d seiie^^, xix, 195.
BmbalitkthgB bonanuM Jordan 6l Copeland, Check List, l.')8, 1876.
Ubitat. — Mississippi Valley, in the larger streams.
rbis is an abundant species in the Mississippi and its larger tributa-
8. It is very distinct from the preceding, almost intermediate between
AalichthyH huhalm and Ichthyobm bubalus. It may indeed be necessary
unite these two genera on account of this species.
fhe question of the name which elionld be borne by this species is a
7 difficult one. Inasmuch as Rafinesque's C. niger was known to him
ly through the accounts of Mr. Audubon, a gentleman known to have
ijed. several practical jokes on the too credulous naturalist, and to
led bim thereby to describe and name several impossible animals,
lamoch as no real description whatever is given by Riifinesque,
that the name niger can be used only on the authority of
that of Ba '^bat being the case, the name
210 CONTBIBUTIOKS TO NORTH AHEBICAM ICHTHTOLOGT — m.
uriM of AgasBiz, which nnquestioDably belongs to this species, hu
year's priority over niger, and is really the first tenable name applied I
any species of BubalickViys. Tbeoriginol accontit giveii by Bafloesqiwi
his Catostomu* niger auA that by Professor Agassiz of his BubalidA
urva I bere append. Agassiz'd descriiitious of B. niger and B. boun
have been previously given nnder the head of the genos.
Catostomiu [Ictiobug] nigar Raf. Ich. Ob. p. 56. — "Eutirely black; Ii
era! line straight; 1 have not seen this flsb. Mr. Andabon describea
as a pecniiar species foun<l in the Misaissippi and the lower part of fl
Obio, being entirely similar to the cooimort Buffaloflsb, bat large
weighing upwards of fifty poundtt, and living in separate schools."
Carpiodes urtu Agassis, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, 1854, p. 355. — "Fm
the Teuuesitee Uiver. It grows very large, weighing occasionally Iroi
30 to 40 pounds. The body in this species is not so high as in C. e|^
naa, nor is it so compressed above; the scales are also not so bigb, In
more angular behind, and the anterior portion of the dorsal is not i
elongated. The gill-cover is larger, nod the distance from the hind ba
der of Ihe eye to the inferior angle of the subopercle near the b«ei
the pectorals and the distance from the same point to the saperiorii
posterior angle of the opercle, are nearly equal. In 'C. csprinuM the dl
tances iliffer by nearly one third. The tmboitersle is not triangnlir, N
its bind border is nearly regularly arched fmm tbe npt>erangletolk
posterior angle of the interopercle. The anal has its iMmterior Bir|l
QEHUS lOHinTOBUS. 211
Ughtly oonrogated. The height of the body is contained thrloe and
M third or thrice and one fourth in tlie total length (without caudal),
•
he length of the head four times or four times and a half; head not
iteh longer than high. Bye rather small, one fifth of the length of the
Mid and two thirds of that of the snont; suborbitals narrow. The
mturior dorsal rays* are not much produced, being shorter than the
^Md. Oaadal fln forked. The origin of the ventral fin is vertically
Mow the fourth dorsal ray. Pectoral fln not extending to the ventral,
there are five longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and
fte root of the ventral. Coloration uniform. Pharyngeal teeth very
Domerous and small, increasing somewhat in size downwards.
^'BioUsamaointa (Guatemala)."
Genus IGRTBY OB\J 8 Bqfinesque.
RAinnuQUX, Joarnal de Physiqae. de Chymie et d'Histoire NAtaielle, Pwrii^
481,1819. (Part.)
hMu Hafikbsqub, Icb. Ob. 1880, p. 55'. (As sabgenoB of CaUMtamum,)
Mi§tkM A0A8SIZ, Am. Joani. Sol. Arta, 1855, p. 195.
Trpe, AmJUodon NMm Rafineeqae.
^^TBology, IjfiiKf fisl^ ; /Sovf , boll or bnffalo ; i. e., baffalo-fish.
Head very large and strong, wide and deep, its length 3^ to 3| in that
efthe body, its upper surface broad and depressed; eye moderate,
vbolly anterior in position, the middle of the head being entirely behind
it;8Qborbital bones proportionately narrow; fontanelle large, well o[)en;
<^percQlar apparatus largely developed, the subopercaium broad, the
<lKrcatum broad, strongly furrowed.
Moath very large for a Sucker, terminal, protractile forwards, the
Diddle of the premaxillariea rather above the line of the middle of the
^ye, the posterior edge of the maxillary extending about to the line of
^ oostrils; mandible very strong, oblique, placed at an angle of 45
degrees or more when the mouth is closed, its posterior end extending
^beyond op[K)site the front of the eye, its length a little less than one-
*ird that of the head. Lips very little developed, the up[)er narrow
M smooth, scarcely appreciable, the lower narrow, rather full on the
Mee, but reduced to a narrow rim in front, entirely destitute both of
fSpDbeand plic®; jaws without cartilaginous sheath; muciferous sys-
(^ of head well developed ; isthmus narrow ; pharyngeal bones in form
'itenediate between those of Carpiodes and those of Bubdlichthy8j the
^te surlkoe of the arch standing outwards/ and presenting a porous
212 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — IH.
outer margin. The peduncle of the symphysis is mnch longer propor-
tionally, and more pointed than in Carpiodea and Bub€Lli4Aihgs, The
teeth are very nnmerous, small, thin and compressed in Carpiodei,hvX
the lower ones are gradually larger than the upper ones. Their inner
edge is slanting outwards, and not uniformly arched as in BubaUcktkfi,
or truncate as in Cycleptus, the innermost margin rising somewhat in the
shape of a projecting cusp. Gill-rakers of anterior arch long and slender
above, becoming shorter downwards.
Body heavy, robust, not especially arched above nor greatly com-
pressed, the form somewhat elliptical, the depth 2^ to 3} in the length
of the body.
S(!ales large, thick, nearly equal over the body, their posterior edges
somewhat serrate, the lateral line well developed, but not as distinct as
in CiirpioileSy slightly decurved anteriorly, the number of scales in its
course 30 to 42; 13 to 15 in a transverse series from dorsal to ventrals.
Dorsal iin with an elongate basis, its number of rays 25 to 30, the
anterior rays somewhat elevated, their length about half that of the
base of the fin ; caudal not much forked ; anal fin not much elevated,
its rays about 0 in number; pectorals and ventrals moderate, tho latter
with about 10 rays.
Sexual peculiarities, if any, unknown. Coloration dark, not silvery,
above dusky olive; lower tins more or less black.
Air- bladder with two chambers.
Size very large.
The claim of this group to generic rank has been questioned by Pro-
fessor Cope and others. The difierences in the pharyngeal teeth are
perhaps liardly suflicient to distinguish it from CarpiodeSj but at pre^nt
I am iiK-lined to think that the great development of the mandible,
which forms a large and terminal mouth, am[)ly sufficient for generic
distinction. The relations of the group to Bubalichthys are doubtless,
in reality, closer. Ichthyobtis bears much the same relation to Buba-
lichthi/s that (Jhasimstcs does to Catostomus, and, so far as the mouth is
concerned, but in a greater degree, that Erimyzon bears to Minytrenia
and Placophanjnx to Myrostoma. The head of Ichthyohm is much larger
and stouter, and the whole body more robnst and less compressed than
in Carpiodes, I know from autopsy but a single species of Ichthych^^*
It has, however, been described under several dififerent names. So f*^
as is known, the genus is confined to the valley of the Mississippi, ^^
species having been recorded from the Great Lakes, or from any strcftt^s
GENUS ICHTHYOBUS. 213
the Alleghanies. No members of the suborders Cycleptinm and
ktkyina are knowo from the United States west of the basin of
Graade.
Srpical species was first described under the name of Amhlodon.
imAmblodonoi Bafinesque, 1819, is based on the same species
Ictwbus of 1820. The name Amblodonj however, was given in
to the pharyngeal teeth of Haploidonotus grunniena^ popularly
d to be the teeth of the BufiTalo tish, the presence of which teeth
posed to distingaish Amblodon from Catostomtut. This error was
rds discovered by liaiinesque, and the name Amblodon trans-
0 the Scisenoid fish. As Amblodon of Kafinesque included the
genera Haploidonotua and IchthyobuSj erroneously confounded,
on the discovery of this error its author restricted the name to
onotusy I think that we are justified in retaining Ichthyobus
of Amblodon for the genus of Catostomoids.
Generic Characterizatiotie.
X>N Rafinesqae, 181'J.— " 16. Ambix)i>on. (Abdominal,) Diff<6reDtda genro
«. Macboire iDf^ricare pavde de dents osseuHes serr^es arrondies, h cooronne
gales. — Lea poiasons de ce genre, qui abondent dans VObio, le Missoari et le
>i, BODt distingu^Ses par le nom vulgaire de Boffaloe-Fish (Poisson boaffle)
n^oia de la Louisiane les nomment Piconeau. II y en a plusieurs esp^ces qui
nt soQvent 4 nne tr^ grosse taille. Les deux suivants habitent dans TObio.
i/iM. Brnn oliv&tre p&le dessous, joncs blancbfttres. D. 2d, A. 12, P. 16, A. 9,
A, niger est enti^renient noir; tous deux ont la li^^ne lat^rale droite, queue
*te tronqu^, etc. lis sout tr^s-bons h manger." — (Rafinesqur, Journal de
flc p. 421.)
'S Rafinesque, 1820. — *' Body nearly cylindrical. Dorsal fin elongated, abdom-
Brith nine rays, tail bilobed, commonly eqnal."^RAFiXE8QUE, Ichthyologia
». 55.)
OBVS Agasaiz, 1855. — ^* In tbe form and position of tbe fins, as well as in tbe
itline of tbe body, tbis genus is very nearly related t<> Buhalichihya, bnt in the
9f the p:irts of the head, it is quite dissimilar. The mouth opens directly
aod is large and ronnd. Tbe lips are small, smooth and thin ; the upper one
cker than the intermaxillary itself, and tapers to a narrow edge. At the
1 of the lower jaw, which is larger than in any other genus of this group, the
is hardly more than a thin membrane connecting its small lateral lobes.
e is small, and the o{)ercul iv pieces very large.
smies have many narrow radiating furrows upon the anterior field ; none
lateral fields, few upon the margin of the posterior field and these not ex-
» tlie centre of radiation. Tubes of the lateral line straight and simple,
vfy ttt tke middle of tbe posterior field.
ll taMi anneither flat as in Carpiodea nor triangular as in BubalUhthya,
I *
214 COSTBIBUTJONS TO NOBTH AMEEICAH ICHTHYOLOGY — lU.
but prcseDt an iotecmediale form ; Ibc outer suiface of Ilia tktcb sttmdiog oiilvirii
and pregeutiug a porous outer margiu. Tbtt peduncle of Ibe Bympbj'His ia marli Joi
proporliooaltj and [uori> poiuted tbun iu Carjiiod^t and Dabalichthgt. The Uelb in
vBcj Dumeroun, bhiqII, thin aud couipressed bb in Carpiodti, but tbe loner anet an
gradiiall; larger tbnn tbe upper oues. Their inner edge is slautinu outwards, UdM
uniforuil; arcbed ae iu Bubalichlhi/ii or trunciit« as iu Cfdeptiu, tbe innernicBt ]
riainK sompwbat in tbe shape of a piojecting cDsp."^ — (Agassik. Am. Joan. ScMy
1855, p. I960
IcHTRVOBUS CupeA, Jordan, li^.— "Body oklongOTitliCompruMed ; donalcdcnkl
JD front, of 20 or more rays ; fontanelle present ; pharyngeal bones narrow, wi
leetb relatively thin and weak; mootb laige, Bubtertuiual, protractilo foiwai^'-
(JoRDA-v. Proo. Jo. ATflt-ScPiila. 1877,p.lfi)
* Body Tobnst, uioderalelj comptesned, tbe ontliue Bomewbat elliptical, bat tbe iai
rather more curved tbau the belly ; depth 21 to 3^ in length : head very Urgs U
thick, ^1} in leugtb of body : opvrcniur uppiiratUH very atroog, the oporculDm iImI
forming nearly half tbe leiigib of tbe bead : scales very large: developed nj*'
thedonml 27 to 29; anal riiys U; ventrals 10: scales 7-37 to 41-6: coloraliondri
browniHb-olive, not silvery ; fiiiit dneky : size very large, rescbt-s a length ofuMt
three feet awl a weight of 20 to 30 pounds Bi'MIWifl
63. ICHTHYOBUS BCBALCTS {Rafitte»que) Agtutiz.
Aeil-mOHik Buffalo Fiii. Largt-moulkci Buffalo.
1818— JmiWon bubatiia BAFt!lES<ll'E, Journiil de Physique, 421.
Calm ofliKi Aubaliio Rafikesqur, Am. Houtb. Mag. Hud Cril. Bev.351. 191S.
Cofoi-om..- fc«f"i(«. Ravinrsqitb. m,. Oli. fi!>, 1820,
ICHTHT0BU8 BUBALUS 215
leikj/obtu rmuekU Putnam, Ball. Mas. Comp. Zool. 10, 1863.
IcAjfO^MM rauckU JoEDAJS & COPELAXD, Cbeok List, 158, 1876.
Iethjfohu9 rautMi Jokdan & Gilbekt, ia Klippart's Ri*pt. 53, 1876.
idklAyo6iM rmuokii Johdan, Mod. Vort. ed. 2d, :^, 187^.
B&— /cfAfofrM ttoUejfi Aqassiz, Am. Journ. Sc Arte, 2d serios, xix, 196.
letkpohmB ttolUjfi Jordan & Copeland, Check List, 158, 1876.
V7^Ieikjfobms itchyrtu Nrlson, MSS.— Jobdan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Pbila. 72.
Ictkjfobut itekifruB Jobdan Sl CoPkland, Check List, 158, 1876.
Ictkgobma UckgruB Jordan Sl Gilbert, ia Klippart's Bept. 53, 1876.
IdUkifabHt itKkgrua Jordan, Moo. Vert. ed. 2d, 323, 1878.
HABiT^r. — Mississippi Volley ; geoerally abaadant ia the larger streams.
Au exaiDiDation of a large series of wide-mouthed Buffalo fishes
XHD the Ohio, Wabash, IlIiDois, and Mississippi Bivers has conviDced
le, ooutrary to my previous impressious, that all belong to a siugle
pedes. It is do^ absolutely certain what Bafinesqae's Caiostomua
lAalus was. It is perhaps as likely to have been a species of Bttba-
ifiUkjftf, as supposed by Dr. Kirtland, as an Ichthyobus, I however
dlow Professor Agassiz in identifying it with the present species,
rhick is, at the Falls of the Ohio, where Kafinesque's collections were
lade, probably the most abundant of the Buffalo-fishes. Neithei'
Ufiaesque nor Professor Agassiz has, however, recognizably described
he K()ecie8. In my Manual of Vertebrates, in 1876, 1 gave a short
ceoant of Ichthyobus 2»K5a2u«, drawn from two large specimens taken in
•Vabash River at Lafayette. Besides these, I have numerous smaller
peciiueus, obtained in the Mississippi at Saint Louis. As these differed
0 the greater compression of the body and higher flus, I have identi-
4^1 them as belonging to IchthyobuH rauchii Agassiz, an identification
•bich I still think correct. In 1877, Mr. Nelson described an Ichthyobus
tkyruSj Irom Mackinaw Creek, a tributary of the Illinois Itiver, near
'eoria. His typical specimen was very stout and deep, and at the time I
lought with him that it was probably distinct from I. bubalus. Lately I
i\e been enabled to reexamine the type of J. 2«o/t^rt//f in the State Museum
' Illinois, and to compare it with a numerous series from the same
cality. I found it possible to establish au unbroken series among
em, connecting the nominal species which I had termed bubalun^
uchiij and iachyrus, the differences separating them being, in my opin-
I, due either to difi'erences of age or to individual peculiarities. iVe
deticription of any importance has been published of I. stollcyi^ J
lode it as a synonym of 7. btibalus. I know nothing whatever con-
)g ik IditkjfobuM cyane'lus Nelson, as below stated, is a species of
216 CONTBIBHTIONS TO NOBTH AMEBICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — HL
Buhaliclifhjs. The description of SckroijiialUM cyprineUa ValeiicieDnM
rofera principally to the peueric features of these fishes. It agr*t«fn!lj
with /. bubulus, except in the uaniber of scales above the UterBlline,
A (liSerente doubtless due to ti diSereiice in the place or the oidtiuec of
making The count. AsnospeciUcchaructera are known, and aa the Jdk
ihiob:ij< bubaliut doubtless abounds in the Loiver as in the Upper Mim-
sippi, [ lei^tT I.cyprineHa to ibenvnonymyoi*/. &u6a jus. ilio original tm
having; probably been a young siicuimeii of that sjiecies. This (tt>«ci»l
perhaps Ihe largest of the CatoHtmnida, ivaeliiug a weight of liOwSI
pounds iiiidaleDgth of more than two leel. Tbeyouiig(-'McA$^'')*K
sold in the Illinois markets uixler ifae naoie oC Ited-uioulh BafialA
the adult l^eiDg called simply BufiiLlo. A species which I supixMc tote
the pi-esent one [ have seen lukeu in immense niimlH-is, by uieau*/
Hemes, in ihn Mississippi River at Bmlinglmi, Iuw;i. The tlesh in cood,
although not first-rate. It is lalher (Kiarse, and is lull of small bun(«.
For purposes of comparison 1 here add the oiigiiial deseripliouii offt
egprinella, I. ravchii, I. utolieyi, anil /. iscAyrux : —
ScLKMOCKA-l uus CVPIIIMCU^ ValuuoieiiDcs.--" Riva ce me semble. ne JaoLADOM
imi^paratiou deitBolrirogDalbeadii ^eiire d«t Catostonii^s i]qh I'ltpiice doni Jb val*ildM
Mi Ift d*<»ci liitioD. Aveu QQi- bonubc, fomi^o comme ccUc du Scirrogmallm* efpnmM,!lll
yojoaa I'ouvei luce purt^o aa bout dii museau, la Idvre inr6rieare plGa longm qM'
Mlp£nt>iiie, ul pur couiifqiit-Qt il n'j' a pluH je poBail)ilil^ d'emplojiBr la buueba J»
MTXOCTPRINUS A8IATICUS. 217
rroBUS 8TOLLXTI Agftssiz.^'* Body higher than in Ichthfobus rauchii, profile
And hence anont blnnter, opercnUr bones larger ; fins proportionally of the
xe. From Osage Biver, Missouri.''
ITOBU8 I6CBTBC8 Nelson. — '*This is a very stont and heavily bnilt species:
I in length ; head extremely broad between the eyes and but slightly convex ;
th 3( times in length of body ; snoot short and rounded, opercular apparatus
lepih of head 1^ in its length ; width of head H ; eye 6| iu head. If in suout, 4
orbital space ; caudal peduncle a little deeper thdh long ; scales 7-37-7, nearly
t, a little crowded anteriorly, finely punctate ; fins all small ; dorsal 1, 27 ; anal
iah olive above; yellowish below ; fins blackish.''
SpeeUnetu in United Sialea XtUional Museittn.
BT. I Locality.
74 Illinois Biver at Peoria (very large ; typical of hubtUus)
Collector.
8. A. Forbes.
Genus MYXOCYPRINUS Gill.
piiatitf Gill, Johnson's Cyclopaedia, p. ir)74, 1878.
m ef Sderognathiu sp. Blbkkkr, GDniuer.
, Carpiode$ oHatUms Blocker,
lology, ftviaUf to suck ; tcOirpivoCi a carp.
\ gcnas i8 known to me only l-oin Dr. Bleeker's descriptioa of ita
1 species. Whether it diflfers from its relatives, IcJithyobus, Buba-
», etc., in any other character than the obvious one of the great
se in the number of its dorsal rays and the smaller scales, I do
low. In any event, however, its right to independent generic rank
aestionable.
Generic Characterizations.
>CYPRIIIU8 Gill, 187{^. — *'' Mjfxocyprinus is a name proposed for the Carpiode$
t of Bleeker, which is dibtingnisbed by the multiradiate doimil and anal fins
52; A. 13)." — (Gill, Johnson's Cyclopadiay Appendix, p. 1574.)
W. MYXOCYPKIXUS ASIATICUS (Bleeker) Jordan.
'arpiodcs asiaticus Blkeker, Nederl. Tydt»chr. Dierk. ii, 19.
clrroffnathus asiaticus GUntiiuk, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, 23, 1868.
FAT.— China.
only knowledge of this species is from Dr. Bleeker's original de-
DD, which I here subjoin : —
BV Attanccs BIkr. — Carpiod. corpore oblongo compresso, altitudine H^
■a absque, 3^ circiter in longitudine corporis cum piuua caudali,
2J8 C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AHBBICAM ICHTHTOLOOT— m.
done vulde elevato maiime compreBao ; latitadiae corporis 3^ oiiciter in cjoa illilt-
diue; capitis obtaao 5 feroia loDftitodiiie coiporis abeqneiaintiler in loDgilsdiDecor
poria com pinna cBuduti J ocalis in media capitis longitadine sitiB,dittinelro 5 droto
in lougiiudine capitis, diametria 2| circLter diEtantibDa; linea roatio^onali vettinet
ADDtedeclivl roctiu8cu]a,roetTO voldeconvexa; oftribtu oibitfs appnutimatis, poM*-
Tioribos valvula clandendis ; roatio obtnao tmncatinacnlo rald« oorooan aatt ricWi
pTomineDte ; lablis vald« caraoais papillatia, inferioi^lolii* pamiu prodnctia; oMeub-
orbitali nnteriore aat longe >nte orbitam sito, aoaphBafbiini, duplo circitar knipoia
quam alto apice acato aDbiaranin apectante; oeae saboibitali i^ obliqne tetngoaa
sqae alto circiter ao longo; OBsib!>s Baborbitalibna ceteria (^cilibns ocoli lHamrtW
quadrDpla circiter bnmilioribna; opeicnlo duplo citx:iter aItioraqn4xni lato laaTgiaibai
poateriore et ioferiora coovexo ; oene acapulari valde brevi et obi nao ; oaubna phura-
gealiboa couiprcaaia sat vaiidia attioribna quam latin, dentibiia 30 ad 50 o
corona vultjo uuitubercutalis; squstnis dimidio libeto et ditoidio ba
•triatta, TiO in liuca lalerali, 24 in aerie (ranaveieali abbqae ventroliliua inSmia qavu
12 lineam lattraluDi ioter et ioitiam piptia! dorsalia; sqnamm linea laterali pwtiM
medio emargiuatis ; linea iateralia aiugulis isquauiia tubulo simplioe marKlnam mpai
manim liberiini attingente sotata ; pinuis dorsuli ct anali basis vagina atioaomalB'
olusa, dorsali baHi uou didUo plua cjno 2 iu longitudiuu totina coiporia, loDge aoH
pionoa TCDtrales incipientc, antico valdo elevata corporo vix hmsiliore, acuta, nUl
emarginata, lutdio et poatice co: poro qnadruplo circiter bumiliore radio pwtico ndk
anali poslicosubop|H>ailo; pinuia pecU)ralibns tomuilak-a capita loogiotibaa, vMtM
lea noDattinK^utibnai venlralibua acute rotouilatiB pectucalibua non mnlto bravioiibM
mnateui uon atiingeulibua; atiali corpore minaa duplo bumiliore, duplo altionqnM
baai tonga, acutiusculu rotundata uou emargiuata ; caudali prolnude emarginata M*
acutia 4} corciter iu lODgitudiud corporis ; colore corporo [n»c«8ceDt»-oHvaceo, piDK
fuaco vel fuKcu-violaceo.
"B. 3. D.4-49. P.I-17. V.2-I1. A. 3-11 vel 4-10. C. 1-16-1 et Utbrev.
Big-mouUied Sucker of Ulah Lake.
•
'Jkan»i9te$ feeundua Ji>rdan. Ball. Hayden^H Qeol. Snrv. Terr. \y, No. 2, 417. (Not
Cai&^omu$ fecundua Cope &, Yarrow.)
TkanUeUs fecwndue Jordan, p. 150 of the present work.
06 pages 149-151 of the present work were in press, I bave care-
recompared Cope and Yarrow^s description and figareof their Cato-
ifecundusj and my notes on their typical specimens, with the speci-
on which the genas ChamnisUs was based, and I have come to the
tsion, hinted at in the text, that the Chasmistes is a species distinct
G. fecunduBy and thus far undescribed. The specific name liortis
smooth; Spo^^ border) is therefore proposed for it, in allusion to
looth lips.
28(6). OATOSTOMUS FE0UNDU8 Capedk Yarrow.
• Sucker of Utah Lake,
Momomme fecuMdue Cope & Yarkow, Zool. Lioat. Wheeler's Exp'. W. lOOtb Mer.
678, plate xxxii, fig8. 1,1a.
Oaioeiomnefecundue J oliDAV & Copelakd, Cbeck List, 156, 1-76. (Name only.
Not CetloaUmuefeeundua Jordan, Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi ; nor Chaemistesfeoundua
JordAD, Ball. Hayden's Geol. Sarv. Terr, iv. No. 2, 417.)
rrAT.— Utah Lake.
Stated above, I at first identified Chasmistes liorua from Utah
with this Bi^ies from the same waters, the two being very sim-
I to scales and fins, and the form of the month and snout in the
220 COKTBIBDTIOirS TO KORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOQX—
If tioal key to the spedee of the geuus. IT tlie upper lip is narroir, vS tlb
few rows of taberdes, it will uot be eass to separate /Mtintf us fiuiu fef-^«-
If the lip is broad, with man)' series of tubercles, it n ill be approximat ^e*i
to C oCtffdmCalWf differing, buwever, iu the larger senles (nbout 00 in
the lateral line, instead of 72). 1 therefore quolc the original ilescrft lo-
tion, and leave the relations of the species to be BDally settled at soi^ue
fiitnre time : —
"It Ua tca«CI«tottoaiiM haTiog tlie parietal foDtanelle veil nmrkinlaud K-idelyop^n.
Tbobewleiitenlii enUra length 5 Mmes, tbe diaaietorof Iba ocliit 6 tinjus in greule^C
l^tifHl of tide ol bMd. Tbe InMrtiun of t lie dorsal fin ante riocly is nearer I u flierx*<A
of the miuale tbui inMrtloii of CKUdal ; Ibe ventraln origioatiug below middle of dor-—
mL Tbe width of the donal to Ttottnl euti:is tliHintire Icogdi toiiievMiuD of cauil**^
etimee.
" Badli : D. 19-13. A.1-8. P.7. V. 11. Scalca ere in SOloDKitudiuiiI rowsfruui Cb^
fDMrtioQ of tbe flrgt donal to pectoral, and io 60 transvetHe ruws (rom Lnmofaiie t«>
IneartltHi of eaad^ : tbe^ on elo&gaio hdiI wtagoDal, BDiallcr on dorsal region, bx>«3
Iwgw on Tentntl. Bodrelongmted, tmbfuuifoTm. It differs from C. {Janaus) amena^M^,
Otl^ In tnwiy pftrtiODlW*, M KIB7 bi.^ seen fivm the (oIluwiDg uompariwins.
"Ginrd'eqteateahaeiio fimtanellL'; ia shorter and carroner; tliediametur of url>lt
•atere gteateat length of ride of bead 5 limts iuatead of 6. Tbo atitertor Insertioa of
doiMtl fin U eqnldUbuit betweeo tbi.- end of the suout aod the insertion of tho cuniM aa-l .
while in C.fecundui, it is nearer the olid of ihc scioiit than iiiecrliiiii of .■umlnl, X*He
veatrala in Cgraerosas originate nnder tbe poaleijor third of tbe donel; in C. >!»•»*■■»•
under the a iii die tbird of the doraal. Tbe redii in C. poMnmuare: D. 10, A 2,7^ F-
1G,V.10,C.27; in C./ecandtu; U. 12-13, A. 1,8,P. 17. V. II.
"Thie ei)«ci*iH ie aliundaut in Utah Lake, and ia called 'Sacker' by tbe settl^**^
They run well up the rivers to spawn in June ; feed on the bottom and eat «paiM» ^^
better fish ; spawning beds on gravel ; bite at hook sometimee ; are extremely niiu***^
one, and are considered a nuisance by tbe fisbermen, bat tbey meet with a z«ady W^**
in winter, at on average price of 2} cents a ponnd."— (Cofi &, Yarbuw, L o.)
Bpadmm* in Unilei Staiei yalional Unteum.
Number.
Locality.
CoUeolor.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ThefollowiDg list comprises all tbe works known to the writer iu which
Dew si)ecie8 or genera of Catostomidcc are indicated, or in which original
dMcriptioDS are given of genera or species previously known. In general,
I Imve endeavored to include all papers in which anything of importance
VI8 added to or wbtracied from the sum of our knowledge of these
hhes:—
PORSTBR (John Reinhold). [Descriptiou of Cyprinua catostomw Foroter. ) < Philo-
Mpbical TrannactioDB, vol. 63, London, 1773.
LACfiPtDB (Bernard Germain ^tlenne de la ViUe-sur-Illon, Comtede). Hietoiro
Natarvlle des Poissons par lo Citoyen La C(^p^e, membre de I'Institnt national,
«t Prof(f8i>ear du Museum de biHtoire nnturelle. Tome premier ^ cinqai^me.
A Paris, cbez Platuian, imprirreur libraire, Rne d(i Cimetibre Andrd-des-Arc^, No.
10. Uan VI do la Rdpublique, — ITUrf [— L'au XI de la R6publique, i. e. Ie03].
• IDMcriptioiis of Le Cjprin catostooie, Cj/prinus eatostomus Forster, Le Cyprin coiumersonien,
Md LeCjprin sacet, Oyprinus sucetta Ldc6p6de.J
BLOCB (Mark Elieser) and SCHNEIDER (Johann Oottiob). M. E. Blocbii
l^orisMedtcintB Berolinen8i8, et societatiboH literariis multis adscript i, Systema
IcbthyologisD iconibatt CX illustratum.— Post obitum aactoris cpui* incboatum
abtolvit, correxit, int«rpolavit Jo. Gottiob Schneider, Saxo.-Berolini, samtibas
Aoctoris impresanm et bibliopolio Sanderiano commiejsum, 1801.
(Dfaeription of Cyprinus caio^tomu9 Forster.]
"I«B8n78( — ). '*Pi8ciiim Camtscbatcicornm descriptiones et icones. <M6m. Ac.
8c- St, P^tereb. I and III, 1810-1811."
IlWription and flf(ar« of Cyprinua rostratua, pp. uov., from EoBtem Siberia.]
PALLAS (Petro). Zoograpbia Kohso Asisitica sisttns Omnium Aninialium iu cxter.so
lniiH?rio Kossico et adjacfntibus maiibus obstrvatoruni, recensionfin, doniicilia,
^^J^s et descriptioues, anatomon atqiie icnni's [Inrimorem anctore PcJro Pallas,
M* Aor. Academico Petropolitaiio. Volnnien tertiuni. Petrop<»li. iu otliciua
Caw. Academiae Scieutiarum Impress. MDCCCXI. Edit. MDCCCXXXI.
[l)»«cription of Cifprinun rostratva quoted from TilosiuH.]
^^^^LL (Samuel Latham). The Fishes of Now York Described and Arranged.
<TraD8aftion8of tbe Literary and Philosophical Society, Now York, 1814.
iH'pruitt* Urea and Cyprinua (jblongua, »p. nov.]
^"BUR (Charles A.) A neu- {;enii8 of Fishes, of the Order Abdominales, ^ro-
'^*^. HLder the name of Cafofttomus ; and the characters of this f^enns, with those
°^Jt8 species, indicated. By C. A. Le Suenr. Read September U>, 1817. < Journal
^^^^*i Ac-demy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. i, 1817, pp. 88-90 and
l^^Ul.
_|*^tCTihe8 Catcttomw, pjen. nov., and thr follnwin;: new species, most of which are fipureU :— C
id pMotiur, O. tuberculatum, C. macrolepidottui, C.aurcolua, O.eominunui, iWongirontrum,
C. eUmgatua, C. vittatuJt,C. duquetmii, C. boktonienaia, and O. hud*oniya. C.
(Mitch.), and O. aucetta ( Lac. ) .ire also d< ncrilMxl. Thin paper ia no ezcel-
^ with most that has tince beeu written on tbld groap.]
221
222 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NORTH AMERICAN ICHTHYOLOGY — ^UI.
RAFINESQUE rConstantlne Samuel). Discoveries in Natural History maAn
during a Jonrney thron;;h the Western Region of the United States by Constantine
Samuel Rafinesque Esq. Addressed to Samnel L. Mitchill, President, and otiier
members of ilie Lyc«>nm of Natural History in a letter dated at LonisTiile, Falls
of the Ohio, 20th July IdlS. < Amei ican Monthly Magazine and Critical Reviow,
New York, September, 1818.
(Description of Catostomtu bitbalus and Catostomui erythrurtu, ^p. nov., md notloe of the dlMor.
ory of the "Carp'* " Gatoitomus maeroptertu'' and the "Sacker" CatoHomtu dugumnri,]
Description of three new genera of fluviatilo Fish, PomoxU, Sarckirut and Buh
gloBHum. By C. S. Rafinesque. Read December 1st &, 8th. <Jonmal of the
Academy of Natnral Sciences of Philadelphia, i, 1818, pp. 417-4JJ2.
(DeacTiptioD oX ExoglMtum {Hypentdiwn) inaeropterum ; sabgenos and speoiet sew.]
Prodrome do 70 nouveanx Genres d'Animaux d^couverts dans I'iut^riear des
]6tats-Uui.s d'Amdrique dnrant Tunnde 181H. < Journal de Chymie, de Pbynqae
et d'Histoire Nifcturollc, Paris, June' 1819.
[Deacription of Amblod<m, gen. nov., baaed on the pharyngeala of Haploidonotut grmmiMt,
erroneously ascribed to a Bnffulo-flsh, with the species A, bubalut and A. niger, ap. nov., and of
OycUptuB nigrenoens, gen. ct sp. nov.]
LAC^PiSDE (Bernard Oermaln £tlenne). Histoire Nature! le des Poissons, par M.
le Comte Lac6p^e, suite et complement des CBuvres de Bnffon. Tome cinqaitoe,
avec vingt-trois nouvelles planches en taille-douce. Paris, Rapet, Rne Saint*
Andr^-des-Arcs, No. 10,£diteur du Temple de la Gloire on les Pastes Militaires |
de la France, ouvrage in-folio, avec figures. 1819.
[A reprint of Lac^pdde's work.]
RAFINESQXTXj (Constantlne Samuel). Ichthyologia Ohiensis or Natural History
of the Fislies Inhabiting the River Ohio and its tributary streams. Preceded by
a pljysical description of the Ohio and its branches by C. S. Rafinesque, Professor
of Botany and Natural Hist^iry in Transylvania University, Author of the An i*^
lysis of Nature &c. &.C., member of tbe IJtorary and Pbilosophical Society o*
New York, the Historical Society of New York, tbe Lyceum of Natural History o*
New York, tbe Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, the American AntiquariJ^**
Society, the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences o£ Naples, the Italian Soci©*^
of Arts tfc Sciences, the Medical Societies of Lexington and Cincinnati &c., &-^*
The art of seeing well, or of distinguishing witli accuracy the objects which "^^^
perceive is a high faculty of tbe mind, unfolded in few individuals, and despi^^
by those who can neither acquire it, nor appreciate its results. Lexington, Iv^*-**
tucky, printed for the Author by W. G. Hunt, (price one dollar), — 18^. (1 -^ro**
8vo. 90 pp.)
[Originally [)riniii«l in tho Western lieviow and MlHCiNlaDeoas Magazine, Lexington, Kenta^^^'
1810-'J0. It cDntainH ilescriptiouH of tho genera and speciej* of Catostomi found in the O^^
River, they bcmg referred to tbree fumorti, CatogtomiiK, Cydeptus, and Ilyprntelium, the — •-^^'■-■'
CaUmtowtm b«'in;; divided into live new Huhgenera, Moxostoma, IcUobus, Carpiodfs, TtrettS^'^^^
EuryntomMS, aiid Deoactyliu.
The foUowinjj is the arrangement of the speciea described: —
GenuH Catc»siomls.
Subgenus MnxttHtoma.
aniHunia, sp. nov.
anieoptoruH, Hp. nov.
Sub{;enuH letiobtis.
bubahiH.
i:jger.
Subj^enuH Carpioden.
carpio, sp. nov.
velifer, sp. nov.
xanthopns, sp. nov.
Sabgenus Teretulut.
melanops, sp. nor.
luelanotiKH, sp. nov.
fa8cin!ari.<i, sp. oov.
erythrnrns.
floxnosus, sp. nov.
Sub^nus Eury^UrfHU*.
megastomna, sp. nor.
Sabgenus Lkcactylus.
daquesni.
Genus Cycleptus.
nigr<»cen8L
Oeous Htpkntklium.
macTopteram.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . " 223
RICHARDSON (John). [Franklin's Joarnal.] 1823.
[DeteriptHmt of €fat09tomui fontnianvs^ ip. hot., and CaUaimnut U weurii, ap. nov., and notes
other apeclaa.]
— — FaoDa-BoreiiU-Aniericana ; or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British
AfflericA, containing descriptions of the objects of Natnral History collected on
tbe late Northern Land Expeditions ander command of Capta.'u John Franklin,
R. N. Part thirtl. The Fish. By John Richardson M. D. F. R. S. F. L. S. member
of the Qeograpbical Society of London, and the Wernerian Natural History
Society of Edinburgh; Honorary Member of the Natural History Society of Munt-
ntl, and Literary and Philosophical Society of Qnebec, Foreign Member of the
Geographical Society of Paris ; and Corresponding Member of the Academy of
Nataral Sciences of Philadelphia ; Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expeditious. —
Hlostrated by unmerous plates. — Published under the authority of the Right
Honorable the Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs. London : Richard Bentiey,
New Barlington St. MDCCCXXXVI.
[CoouUis Dotioes or doecriptioDs of Oatostotntit hud$oniut, C./oreteriantu, O. aureolut^ O. nigri-
UtTLAND (Jared Potter). Report on the Zoology of Ohio, by Prof. J. P. Kirt-
land, M. D. < Second Annnal Rei)ort on the Geological Survey of the State of
Ohio, by W. W. Mather, Principal Geologist, and the several assistants. Colum-
bos: Saniuel Medary, PrinUT to the State. 1838.
lC«talo|;iMt of Fisbee, pp. IGS-I'O. Notes on species mentioned, pp. 190-197. Nino species
''^^NTeil to Caio$toinu» are included, as follows: — vtlifer Raf., aureolus Le S., elongattu Le 8.,
D*^[U0tii Le 8., erythruruM Raf., buhalus itaf , gracUin Kirt., metanopgiu Raf., nigrana Le S., and
^Ift^tMnan macropttrum Raf. * C. gracUu Kirt. [sp. nov.] is briefly characterizcil as distinguished
^tbe ■linuteiH'fls of the scales on the anterior port of the body, and ns the scales approach the
nadal flo tbey iDcreose to a medium size " (2. c. p. 19'.i).]
8TQRER (David Hnmpbreys). A Report on the Fishes of Mnssuchusetts. By D.
Hamphn'VH Storer, M. D. < B<:ston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, 1839, pp.
[Dvicriptions of Catottomui gibb<nnts, C. tuberculatus, O. nigricans, and C. bo»ionifn*i«.]
DRTLAND (Jared Potter). Description of the Fishes of the Ohio River and its
Tributaries. By Jared P. Kiitland, Professor of the Theory and Practice of
Medicine in the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati. < Boston Joni-nal of
Kstoral History, vols, iii-v, 1^40-1844.
(IWeribes and flpires CcUottomus aureolut, C. communis, C. bubalus, C. elongattut, C. dvqttesni,
Cssintna, c. mdanops, C. nigricans, and JSclerognathtu cyprinus.]
' ^ [Papers on tho Fishes of Ohio — in Family Visitor and in Annals of Science.
CWteland, 1840-1840.]
n^^icrlpttona of the species found in the vicinity of Cleveland, with fl;inres, most of them from
^ ■•aie plat«» as in his "Fishes of t]>o Ohio". Catotitomvs gracilis, sp. nuv., also Catostomus
*****»•«. not deeciibed in tho previous paper, here described and flpurecl.]
^0ia>8ON(Zadcck). Fishes of Vermont. =Chapter V, (pp. 127-ir>l). <Natural
History of Vermont, in History of Vt rmont, Natural, Civil, & StutiHticul, by Rev.
^«ck Thompson, Burlington, Vermont, 1842.
lOmripiions of (kUostomus cyprinxa, C. oblangus (— If. macrolepidotum), C. teres, C nigricans
'*C.tcr«j), and C Umgirostrvm.]
(Georges Chretien Leopold Dagobert) and VALENCIENNE9
if^nie), Histoire Naturellc des Poissons par M. le B.**" Cuvier, Pair de France,
(MMer de la L^ion d'honnenr, Conseillenr de F^tat et an Conseil royal
224 C0NTBIBUTI0N8 TO NOBTH AUEBICAN ICHTHYOLOGT— U.
CUVIBR (Q. C. Ii. D.)in(I VALENCIENKBSC^)— CoDtlnned.
du lIuBtTDctioD pabliqao, I'dd dcs qaaraote de rAcad^mit) fnwTAite, Amo^
da I'AcuiMiiiie des Bellea-LettreB, SecnSuira perpetaelle de oelle iIm Seii
Mi'mUru dcs Soci6tfo et Acaddmiee royales de Loodrcs, de Berlin, de TUetA
de StockbolQi, de Turin, ile Gcettiugno, dus Paye-Baa, deUDnich.deMddteei
HlparU. A. ValeDcieaaeB, ProfeHsenr de ZooIo}{ieaQ Miisiamd'HiWi>lreiutti
Meiobre de I'Acodrimte royal» dus SciuDces de Berlin, de la ScxiUti Zootaxiq
Loodrvs, etc, Tonm ilil-HBptiiSme. 1842. (Cr/pritio'ida.)
[DoKrIpIlaDS of Coliiitiiniui Autlnmiut, O. /ortleriantit. O.nuM, O.gltbamiM, a tiik'Mli
tKOcTatrpiaUat, O. autmlat. O. awimunit, O. timijirotlnim, Cnigriant, O.f
C. riimiui. 0. 4uqutmii, O. ioitonieaiit, O. lent, 0. eUm^ui. C. fatcialv* <*p-M
cypriiuUa (ap, our.). uJ fzsirlomTii tnacraptomm. Tb» Tolanis wu irriUes aftat tb* 4[
tuvicr by VuleucieoBM.]
DBKAT (Jamea B.) Zoulog; of Neix Tork, or the Sov T»rk Faitii»; Minp
detaili^i! dtscripcionsof all the animaU bilberto absvrv»d nithin the State at
York, Willi Doticea uf Lboae occBHionallj- fonnd near its borders, and mmodii
b; a|ipro[iriatH illimtraliuDH. By Jauiea E. Dakay. Part IV. Fiolim. Al
printBd by W. & A. Wbited: J. Visscb«r. ld«.
{D«orLplioiiB of Labto AfQan, (ap. iiot,>« Labeo Mttngat. Labto effprinat. Labet ^Mw
Aopuf {ap. iiov ), CatiMomiu comtitunui^ Qt/«(oinu imtida lap. nur.), CitOklomtu Itdtn
Cata-toiHtu paUidas (up. iiov.l, Cataitemut annelut. Calottamtu nijriaitu. C.U>ttaii.ai ma
dotiu, villi Dutjct's of olber apicitn. In Ibe Apprudii. Ibo numo Labto clonyatai in n^fM
(Johaun Jakob). AbbilduDgHU uud Bescbrdbuugen der Fisvhe S;
nebKt ekur iiuuua ClaimiQ cation and CbaracterJBlik Etiniratlichcr Gatlaagt
Cyprii un von Johaini Jakob Heckel, iDBjM-ctor am K. K. Hof-Natamlienb
in Wieii, melir. eelt-brt. GeHellscb. Mit];lied. Stuttgart, E. ScbweiteiUt
VerlaK»lmndluDt;. 184:1. pp. lOD. (=pp. ■191-lUUU, RDBw-gguHa BeiseD.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 225
3RBR (David HninphreyB). A History of tbe Fishes of Mossachasetts. By
Dftvid Homphreys Storer. < Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and
Sdaoees (Boetoo), new series, ( 1853 to 1H67).
[DeiilpthiiM sad ezoellent flgnres of Catottomtu boiionieruU aod C. fphbowt.]
(Louis). Notice of a collection of Fishes from the southern bend of the
Tennessee River, in the State of Alabama; by L. Agassiz. < American Journal
of Seieooe and Arts, second series, xviii, 1854, pp. 297-<U)8, 35'J-3G5.
[RflTlTes tba Rafinesqaian Kenera Carpiodei, Ictiohus, Cj/eleptua, and MoxotUtma; descTibos sp.
BOT. Carpiod$$ vruty CkirpioJet taunu^ Carpiodet bison, Carpiodes vittUus, and Oarpiodet vaeea, and
VMorda CJblMlomtw eommunit, O. nigriearu, 0. duquesnii, and O. melanopn from Hunts ville, Ala.
TIm apeeifle daacriiitioDa are comparative only, and arc not readily identitlabio.]
IRD (Sponcer Fnllerton) and OIRARD (Charles). Description of New Species
of Fishes collected in Texas, New Mexico aud Sonora by Mr. John H. Clark on
the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey aud in Texas by Capt. Stewart
Van Vliet, U. 8. A., by S. F. Baird and Charles Girard. < Proceedings of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1854, pp. 24-*29.
(Deecriptlons of Catottomut congutiu, C. clarki, O. ituifftii*, and C. tuthidwi, ap. nov.]
fRBS (William O.) Descriptions of two new species of Cypriuoids. By Wm. O.
Ayrea, M. D. Dec. 11, 1854. < Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,
Tol. i, pp. 18-19, 1854; 2d ed., pp. 17-18, 1873.
[Cuiutamut oecideniaUi, sp. nov.]
— Description of a new species of Catostomus. By Wm. O. Ayres, M. D. Feb. 26,
ItiiKK < Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, vol. i, pp. 31-32, 1855 ;
U ed., pp. 30-32, 1873.
[CUoitamtu labiatui, sp. nov.]
AA83IZ (LoniB). Synopsis of tbe Ichthyological Fanna of the Pacific Slope of
Xorth America, chiefly from the collectioos made by the U. S. Expl. Exped., uuder
tbe cooimand of Capt. C. Wilken, with recent Additions and Comparisons with
EskterQ type.H ; by L. Agat^siz. < American Journal of Science and Arts, 2d series,
voLxix, 1855, pp. 186-231.
[Uhftracteriz4« very fully tbe genera, viz : — Carpiodes Raf. ; Bubalichthys Ag., gen. nov. ; lehthy-
*^ Raf.; CyeUptus Kaf. ; Iloxosttnna Raf.; J'tyehostomuM A^., gen. nuv. ; Uylowyzon Ag., gen.
MT-; ind Catostomus Lo Sueur. The »pecics of cacb genus aro noticed, and the following new
'P'tic* are vtry briefly aud in most cases unMitibfactorily described:— CV/rpiod^^ Uiompsoiii,
A>MieA/Ay» bonasus, lehthyobus rauchii^ Ichthyobus stoUcyi, Moxostoma tenuc, and Catostomus
MBMoOotu.]
•^^ARD (Charles). Researches upon the Cyprinoid Fishes inhabiting the fresh
^»Ufr««f the United States of Araericu, west of tbe Mississippi Valh-y, from speci-
B>«D« in the Mufc^cum of the Suiithsouiau Institution. By Charles Girard, M. D.
<I*roceeding8 of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1856, pp. 165-
213.
[Twenty-six spates ennmerated — most of tbem brieflj* described. Two new f^cnera are pro*
f^ Uiwnnus and Acomits, and the following new species are cbaractorized :— Carpiodes damalis.
■■••oMonia elavi/ormis, Moxostoma lenneriii, Moxostoma victorice, Moxostoma eampbelli, Ptycho-
"■VNu aUndus, Ptyehostomus haydeni, Acomus guzmanienhis, Acoinus generosus, Aoomus griseus,
*99mus laetarius, Catostomus maerochilus, Catostomus sueklii, and Catostomus bemardini. Tbeso
^CKnptioQs are mostly short and insufficient.]
•0«aeral Eex)ort upon the Zoology of the Several Pacific Railroad Routes.
^Qfts of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the most practicable and
^ Boote for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean,
HAdireetioo of the Secretary of War, in 185:M), according to Acts of
5
226 COKTBIBDTIOMS TO KOBTH AUEEICAN ICHTHTOLC
OIRASD (Charlei}— CoQtinaed.
CoDgTtMS of Untcb 3, I6uJ, May 31, L8&4, aod AngDst 5, 18&4. Voln
tOD, A. O. P. KicholBoa, Fiiater, le59. (Part 4, Fiabes, by Dr. Cbi
[DCKTiptiODt of CarpiaUt danuiit, Mmatloma tilavi/iimiit, Ft^ntimui kt
rwiu, Acomui griieut, Aaamt lactariat, CalcitoMut atculaiiidU, CtoMMMMW
macnxJieiiut, uid Catmtamut mstiu ,- ill of tha tpeoiu except Aauau giKB
O. latialui, ud O macroduitiu being aocompwiled b; flgait*.]
United 8tat«s and Mezicaa Boandar; Sarvey, nnder the on
W. H. £iDory, Major First Cavalry and United States ConimisMaii
of theBonndar;, bj Cbarles Girard, M. D. < United State* and
ary Survey, voL ii, i)art i, ld59.
[DeKriptloD* mid Sgnm of JMolrut tumidui. Uextilama tanerUi. Moat
itoma tampbMi. FlgekBttinnu amgatvt, Ptychnilanau oBiiiiu, Minomui Iw
tmu, lltiwmiu darki, Sanuu latifiraiit, Scoaau gianitivtitti*, ud Gblodoii
BZiEE^SRCFletervan). "ConapectuasystemaliBCypriDOTUui. <
Kedetl. iDd. XXI, Hm."
[SjiMiiiatio ■mugBmeat of ttw eeaenk)
ABBOTT (Cliarl»a Coiuad). Descriptions of Fonr New Species of
Cf prinidiB, by Chatles C. Abbott. < Proceedings of tbe Academ
ences of Fhiladelphia, 1660, pp. 473-174.
[Deseribea OsfoitoiiHU loanw ud CMsMomuj (Atorvpfnvn-l
OnJi (Thvodore Nloholaa). On tbe clasRificalion of tbe ErB.sroON
asoborderof Tklrockpiiali, byTbendore Gill. <Pn>ceedingaa
Natural Sciences of PhiladHlphia, 18GI, pp. 6-U.
[Cbancleriua (be idlwRler ErtntogittMi, eqainleDtto " tbe tn» Cyprlno
ODtIaeUilDtbejaira.ud«llb lanEcrikiritrni lnvcr pbarjrneHl buHs". Ilil
into foor bmillet.— fioaMlspUrvidii. Cobitaiite. (^ipiwwidK ud Ctafu<nt*M
being Intnra divided inlo three ialjrwDUies,'-aua((i>iniHi. Cgdtptau*, uU J
FUTZTAM (Frederick Ward). List of the Fiahci sent by tbo Mo!
iDStitatioas, in Bxchaii);e for other Specimens, with Annotations
= BalIeliii of the Mnsenm of Comparative Zoology, Caniti
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 227
(Albert). Catalogue of the Physoetomi, containiDg the families Hetero-
pygiiy CjrprioidiBy GonorhyDchid», Hyodootids, Osteoglossidoe, Clnpeidss, Chi-
roeeoiridn, AlepocephalidsB, NotopteriJ®, Haloaanridse, in the collection of the
British Museum, by Dr. Albert Oiinther. London : Printed by order of the trnst-
eea. Id6d. = Catalogue of the Fishes of the Biitish MoHeni by Albert Giiother,
M. A^ M. D., Ph. D., F. B. S., F. Z. S., etc., etc. Volume seveoth.
[CoBtaina deacriptions of twentj^four spcciea, besides twenty-one doabtfol species merely
wniDcnted, mrrmngwl in tout genera, OatoUomui^ Moxottoma, SeUrognathut, and Carpiodes.]
IPB (HdwBTd Drinker). On the Distribution of Fresh Water Fishes in the Alle-
ghany Regioo of South- Western Virginia. By E. D. Cope, A. M. < Journal of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, new series, vol. vi, part iii,
Jtnaary, 1869, pp. S07-247.
[DesoriptioD and fl^nre of Tentuhu eervintu, sp. nov., with notes on T. duqtumei^ Oatostomua
wi§noami^ and <7. communit.
flnUUR (Albert). An Account of the Fishes of the States of Central America
tnaed on Collections made by Capt. J. M. Dow, F. Godman, E^q., and O. Salvia,
Esq. By Albert GUnther, M. A., M. D., Ph. D., F. R. S., F. Z. S. < Transactions
cf the Zoological Society of London, vol. vi, 1869, pp. 377-494.
IDMcripiion of BubaUcKthyt msridionalit, sp. nov.]
MPB (Edward Drinker). Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of the Fresh Waters of
Konh Carolina, by Edw. D. Cope, A. M. < Proceedings of the American Philo-
wpbical Society of Philadelphia, 1870, pp. 448-^95.
[BncripUons of riaeopharyfuc cariTuUug (gen. et sp. nov.), Ptyehottomtu papiUonu (sp. noT.)f P.
wtaflH (qk nor.). P.eoUapnu (sp.nov.). P.pidientit {»i>.nor.),P.coreg<mu9 (sp. nov.), P.aUnu («p.
itf.), P. fJkaloMiaiM (sp. nov.), P. robusttu (sp. nov.), P. erythrurugt P. laehrymalU (sp. nov.), P.
■satfcpidoCiM, P. dvgvunei^ P. carpio^ P. oneida, P. aureolut, P. aueurii, P. ertusilabrit (sp. nov.),
'• ymkept (sp. nov.),P.eonia (sp. nov.), P.eerviniu, Oarpiodes diformii (sp. nov.), C euHsaiuerinuM
lip^soT.). OLscIam (sp. nov.), C M^er, O.grayi (sp. nov.). 01 fAonfjptoni, C bUoti, C.eypriwut^ and
Ci«fliii^4ir (ap^nov.), with notes on other species, and a very usefnl analysis of the species of
'Vebatomiu and Carpiodet.]
^ - Report on the Kc^tiles aud Fishes obtained by the Naturalists of the Expedi*
^) by £. D. Cope, A. M. < Preliminary Report of the United States Geological
Swey of Wyoming, and contiguous territories, (being a second annual report of
Piogfets,) conducted under the authority of the Secretary of the Interior by F. V.
Htyden, United States Geologist. Washington: Government Printing Office.
.[C^ottomuM diieoMus^ Mkiomtu delphinut, MinomuB bardus, and Ptychostomut buceo, sp. nov.]
On the PlagopterinsD and the Ichthyology of Utah. By Edward D. Cope, A.
^ Bead before the American Philosophical Society, March 20th, 1874. < Pro-
c^iDgs of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, vol. 14, pp. 129-139,
1874.
[^^i^amiiu pUaJtyrhynehuM and Minoiniu jarrovii described as nov species.]
)AH (David Starr). Synopsis of the Genera of Fishes to be looked for in
^iana, by Prof. David S. Jordan, M. D. < Sixth Annual Report of the Geologi-
cal Sorvey of Indiana, made during the year 1874, by E. T. Cox, State Geologist;
••isted by Prof. John Collett, Prof. W. W. Borden, and Dr. G. IVI. Levette. Indi-
***Poli8. Sentinel Company, Printers. 1875. pp. 197-228.
i^^ genera characterised snd one or two species mentioned under each.]
^^'Qiioeming the Fishes of the Ichthyologia Ohiensis, by David S. Jordan, M. S.,
^ <P)roeeeding8 of the BuiTalo Society of Natural History, 1676, pp. 91-97.
of the species described by Raflnesque ; a new genos, Erimyzan^ being
HitchilL]
228 CONTEIBUnONS TO NORTH AUEBICAK ICHTHTOLOOT^IIL
JORCAM (David Starr). HaoDBlof the VertebraUsof theNorthern Unitodgli
iiicliitliug Ihe iliBiriut eoM of tbe Misatwippi Biver, and north of Kortb Cml
and TuQQPjiSM, exclusive orniariue Bpecies. Uy David Starr Jordan, H. tt^H.
ProfoMorvf Nutural History ia N. W. C. Uuiversiry and la Indiana State Mtd
College. Cliicugo: Jansen, McCturg A-Companj. 1876.
[Twcnly-lbrw apooks brlcflj' dsMillwd. and nfeired to nini gCDsia.]
miLaOn (Edward W.) A Partial Catologae of tbe Fishea of IlIiDoU, b; E.
Nuleoii. < liiillulia uf tlie Illiaols Museum of Katural HiEtory, ^, IBiG.
[Niili!SDn 31 epeclc4; IcIiOn/iibuicyiimlliudBicilbeii aa u neVBiwclH, tadtbspBOi Cur
nnlUHl 10 lehlkytbia]
UHLBR (P. R) antf LUOOBR (Otto). List of Fishes of Maryland, b; P. It. U
anil Of.a Lti;:gt)r. < Report ot Itie CommiMiouers of Pisbetieaof Uatjlaod,
67-17(i. (IWe).
(SoTCD stiecln doscHbed.)
COPB (Bdwatd Drinker) nnil HARROW (Benry C.) Beport npon the collect
of FiHliex muilo i[i portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New He
and Ari70[in during tbe years IttTl, 1672, 1873 and 1874, by Prof. E. D. Cope
Dr. H. C. Yarrow, =:Cbapler VI, < Report apon Oeograpbical and Geak)
Explorations and Surveys Wfst of the O^e Hundredth Meridian, in cbart;eof 1
Lient^ Geo. M. WbeeW, Corps of Eiiginifers, U. B. Army, nnder tbe diraclio
Brig.Oun.A. A. Ilumplireya, Chiefof EngiDber8,U. S.Army, pnhlisbed bysolbi
of Hon. Wm. W. Belknap, Secrelary of War, in accordance with acts of Cuaj
of Jmicas, lW4,Bnd Febrnary 15,187G. In six volumes. Accompanied byonal
graphical untl one s^oloe'cal atlas. Vol. V. — Zoology. Washington: GoranD
Printing Oftice. lS7u. (laanetl io 187&}
(Cnn'alB* di-wTlpllanB of ranAxMu (em. dit.), Panr«teu jriafyHkynckiu, Pautcilmujm
i^nlHfnu FinKru (op. dot.), OttotUniui imignt. Cbbwdmw alticnhnii. Oalittuuu 4i0*
Oilatlomur /r^ndum i<p. dot.'. Catmlomat tvimaKittue, XtoBibrmm triiigiimttim {■p.loM
thoktamuji nm!fe*tita. and Otrpiodci 'jrQjfi. nkb fl^urTaormovt ot tbe*prcfea.|
JORDAIT (David Starr) auri COPELAITO (Harbert Sdwu). ChMkLUrf
Fishes of Ihe Fresli Waters of North America, by David S. Jordan, U. S.,H
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 229
^RbAH (David Starr) and BRA7TON ( Alembert TVinthrop). On Lagochila,
s Dew genan of Catostomoid fishes. < Prueeedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, 1877, pp. ^fiO-^.^).
[Description And flgnre of LagoehUa laccra (gen. et ftp. dov.), vrilh an analynis of tho genera of
Calotiomida admitted, \\%:— LagoehUa, Placopharjirur. Myxoa'.oma Erimyzon, Uypentelium, Cato-
ttouitu, Pantottetu, CycUphu, Carpiodea, Jchthyobus, Bab2lichUiy8, udU Myxoeypnnitis.]
.HILLOCK (Charlea). The Sportsman'd Gazetteer and GcDcral Guide. The Game
Aaimals, BirdB and FiMhes of North America : their Habits and Various Methods
of Capture. Copious Instructions in Shoot iufj, Fishiug, Taxidermy, Woodcraff,
etc. Together with a Directory to the Principal Game Resorts of the Country:
illustrated with maps. By Chailes Hallock, Editor of *' Forest and Stream",
Aotbor of the " Fishing Tourist", "Camp Life in Florida", etc. New Yorit : Forest
and Stream Publishing Company. 1)^77.
[Contains descriptions and notices of nunieroas npecirs; the Ked Horse, If. mo/crolepidotum^
being on p. 3:i8 inadvertently called " Oatohtomxu ecpedianum ''.J
ORDAN (David Starr). Contributions to North American Ichthyology, based
priuiarily on the Collections of the United bt:?tes National MuRcnm. I. Rt^view
of Rafioesque's Memoirs on North American Fishes, by David S. Jordan. Washing-
ton : Government Printing Office. 1877. = Bulletin of the United States National
Ifuiieam, No. 9. pp. 53.
[Contains idestiflcations of the Tarioas nominal species described by Raflnesqne.]
— Contributions to North American Ichthyology, based primarily cm the Collections
of the United States National Museum. II. A. — Notes on CoUidfTy EtheoHlomatidaSy
I'emda:, Centrarchidcey AphododeridcPt Dorysomatidw, and Cyprinidw^ with revisions of
tbe genera and desrriptions of new or little known species. B. — Synopsis of the
SHwida of the fresh waters of North America. By David S. Jordan. Washington :
Government Printing Office. 1877. = Bulletin of the United States National
Moseum, No. 10. pp. 11(>.
[Description of Myxostoma paecilura, up. nov.]
GILL (Theodore Nicholas). Johnson's Now Universal Cyclopaedia; a scientific and
iwpular treasury of useful knowledge. Illustrated with maps, plans and engrav-
ings. Editors in chi«-f, Frederick A. P. Barnard, S. T. 1)., LL. D., L. IT. D., M. N.
A. S., President of Columbia Cc)llei;e, New York; Arnold Guy^it, Ph. D., LL. D.,
M.N. A. S., Professor of Geology and Physical Geograi)hy, College of New Jersey.
Aswciute Editors — [29 persons, among thi m Theo<lore Gill, A. M., M. 1)., Ph. D.,
M'N. A. S., Late Senior Assistant Libraiian of the Library of Congress]. With
Dnnierons contributions from writers of distiiiguislied eminence in every depart-
^^nt of letters and science in tho United States and in Europe. Complete in four
Volume}*, including appendix. Volume IV, S — Apx>endix. (Testimonials at the
^odofthe volume.) Alvin J. Johnson *SL Son, 11 Great Jones Street, New York.
^DCCCLXXVIII.
[CoDtaics a dcRcription of tho family Cutastoinidn', .i Ust of tho genera, and a diagnosiH of Myxo-
'yprinut, gen. nov.]
''ORD^jy (David Starr). Mannal of the Vertebrates of the Northern United States,
•aciuding tho district East of the Mississippi River, and North of North Carolina
•od Tennessee, exclusive of Marine Speoies, by David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., M. D.,
'•^feMor of Natural History in Butler University. Second Edition Revised an<l
'^Qlarged. Chiv,*ago: Jansen, McClnrg <fc Company. 1?^7H.
[Descriptions of forty specioH, referred to eleven peuera : — Lrtz/ooAi/o, Placopharynx, Myx-o-
*^^a, Ifmytrewo (gen. nov.), IJnmi/zon, llypcntelium, Catohtomuji, Cyclrptiu, Carpioden. Ichthyobim,
*^ BubaUehlhyt. In the Addenda, the uamo Qucu^ilabia is suggested as a sulMtituto tor
230 CONTKIBimOHS TO NOKTH AHEBICAS ICHTHYOLOGY— lit.
JORDAIT (David Stair), A Cata1oj{ue of tbe Fisbus of tie FVub Wat«tB of Nnnlt
America. ByUavid S. Jordan, M. D. < Bnlliitln IV, Hayden's G«ologi<sJ&omj
of tlio TcrriloripB, No. 2, pp. 407-1=13. Waabington, Mny 3, le*7a
(Pirtj'-oiui «pm1m BnutOPPOleO i nmuiBBa In iblrtMo Ecnns, vts ■.—BabaliclM^. ItUlf4M
Carpiodfjt, Cftctepttu, Pautowtau, CitroMTamu*^ CAdnnuidi (c^^u- dov.), Erin^an, liingtftiiA Mpt
ilonut, PUlCppluiTiinz, and Qiuutilal
Notes 00 a Ciillfttion of Fisbt-a from tbe Rio Grnoile, nt Brownsville, T»iu
By DnvlU S. Joriluo, M. D. <Bullelia Hujileii's Uuilod Stute« Geoluglol ad
OM)gra.iMc>il Survey, vol. iv, No. 2. WadhingtoD, May 3, ItCH.
[Hj-aonj-m; mid Date on Carpiodri (unii'dui.}
A Cnfnliigne of tbo Fisbes of lUinoiH, liy Prof. David S. Jordan. <!lBMli
8latu Luboralory of Nnlural Hintcry. Tbo Nutnral HIsInry of IHInoit. B
No. 'J. BlnomiiigtiiD, 111., June, IBTt^.
[TiTCOly-llireD spcides ooDioerateil. with nateB i thcw org amuEed la sine KeiHink]
FORBHB (3. A.) Tbo Food of Illiaoia Pisbcs by S. A.Fofbes. < Bollctin ol Ai
Illinois Slato Laborntory of Nutnral History, No. 2, lS7d.
[Vuliublii ootea on Ibc food of Ckiliii:<imi(ta.\
JORDAN (David Stair), Notes on a Collection of Fisbcs from tbe Rio Oruft
at BrowDsvitlo, Texas, coDtiDUcil. By D. S. Jordan M. D. <I]a}i1cD'*I
of the GenloKival and Geogtnphicnl Survey of tbe TtTritoiirs, rul. iv, Ko. 3. Vt/^
<ii)r|on, July £), ItiTri.
[ItDDisrks oD Uie probible idnillT; of Carpleda gnvi and JM-jbiu Riinidw with CbijMl
Cofalogne of tbe Fisbes of Indiana, in Article Piai^icoltnro (by Aleutl*
noroa). -^TwRoly-wvenlh Annonl Iti^pgrt of tbo ladiaoa Slatu Bjanl «f Ag">
Giiltuiv, li<77. Volume XIX. IndLaDapolts. lS7a
(Twertjtwo iptcji?* »BQin*niipd. ri-ferred in ten gfntn.]
JORDAN (David Stan) and BRATTON (Alembert 'Wlntbrop). On tb*n
ITlbntiou of tbe Fisbes in tbf Alle^-bnoy Region of Soulb Caroliua, Gwrsill^
Twinfiw™, wilb IVwripli"!!" of Kew nr l.itllp Known Sp<cie». Ry PitHI
INDEX.
Paget
Aeantharohus 89
Aopeww 71,90
idpeoaeridiD 71
iflomoa 151, 157
Mopos (Boleoeoma) 82
•ffiuB (Clinmtomus) 24
igwiti (Chologaster) 84
alba(Myxostoma) 130
albidii8(AaiiuraB) b7
albklos (PtychoBtomus) 129
tlbklosCTeretulua) 129
altiidQm (Myxoetonio) 101, 117, 129
albam (My xoatomd) . . .27, 86, 102, 117, 130
Allmmi»iw 16,19,36,04,78,90
ilboB (PtychoBtomas) 130
iIlwi!i(Ttoretnliip) 206
iltieolos (Catostomus) 102, 167
aHipinois (Notropis) 85
tltos (Babalicbtbys) 102, 206
AlTotdim* 12, 58, 73, 88
»maro8(Albarnop8) 36,85
»flttnia(Hybop8i8) 16
>nArD8(Hybop8Uhu(l80Dia8) 36
Ambloilon 211,213
Ambloplites 40,46,60,75,89
amblops (Ceratichtbys) 79
AmblyopsU 89
•nericaDa (Perca) 83
*»Dericana (Stilbe) 53
*niericaDu» (Noteuiigonns) 24, 38
A*nia 70, 90
•^ttiula 70
^^uitua 28, 33, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81, 90
AmiiiocceteH 90
AiDiDocrypta 88
•*>*loatanu8 (Photogeuis) 20, 78, 84
•^^ffiilla 29, .33, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81, 90
'^'^gUillidiD 29, :W, 39, 44, 55, 70, 81
**^»^pteni8 (Cato8tomu8) 100, 196
•**««ura (Myxo8toma) m, 100, 102, 116,
126, 128, 132
•^Utmi8(Cato8tomu8)...100, 110, 126, 132
^*»iaiiru8 (Moxo8toma) 132, 146
•^imras (Ptycbostoraus) 132
nrna (Teretnlu8) 132
uroni (Moxostoma) 132
Page.
aDDularis (Pomoxys) 47, 76, 83
anomalom (Campo8toma).. .16, 43, 49, 63,
77,84
antonieDsis (Amiaras Datalis) 55
ApbododeridsB 41, 47
ApbododeroB 41, 47, 89
Apomotis 76, 89
ars&opus (Cato8toma8) 160, 173
ardeUB (Ly thmrus) 78, 85
argenteus (Ainuiucastes) 87
argyritis (Hybognatbaa) 16, 84
asiaticos (CarpiodeB) 102, 217
asiaticuB (My xocypriuuB) 102, 217
aapro (Alvordius) 58
Atberinidae Qly 76
atberiDoides (Notropib) 64, 78
atrilatus (ZygoDectes) 84
atripinni8 ( ArliDa) 73
atripiDnis (Ulocentra) 73, 8i
atroDabas (Rbiaicbtby8) 86
aurantiacu8(Hadropterii8) 58, 82
aureola (Moxostoma) 125
aurcolum (Moxostoma) 125
auroolum (Myxo8toma)..100, 101, 116, 124
aureoluB(Cato8tomus).. .100, 124, 125, 167
aiireoluB (Ptychostomus) 1:25
aureus (Eupomotis) 15
auritus (Lepiopomus) 15, 36, 40, 83
aurora ( Aconius) 176
aurora (Catostomus) 101, 17R
bairdii (Potamocottus) 8d
bardus (Mioomus) 184, 185
bardu8(PaDto8teub). 184
beroardiui (Catostomus) 102, 17«2
biguttatus (Ceruticbth^s).. 26,3:^,38,43,
68, 79, 86
bison (Carpiodes) 69, 86, 101, 194, 197
blenniuides (Diplesium) 58, 73, t^
blenuioides (Etbeostoma) 58
Bolbicbtbys 45,89
Boleosoraa 13, 34, 58,75, 89
bombifrons (Lcpiopomus) 60, 83
bouasus (Bubalicbtbys) . . 1 . . . 101, 209, 214
bostoDiensis (Catostomus) 100, 160
breviceps ( Moxostoma) 127
breviceps (My xostoma) 127
231
232 INI
btericepfl (PtycbaatomiiH) 109, 137
brevicepN (Turutulim) Vit
bruvipinue (Boleosomn} 58
braoiK^iiB (AmiuraH) r>B, '^H, 44, 87
BubuliobtbfmiD IS
l)ubulli:bthrH..55, C9, 90, 104, 201, 203, ?05
bubollDUH (DnbalioblbjB) lOJ, SOG
Ijubolus {AmblodoD) 211,214
bubalHs (BiibiUieht.by«)..101, 102,aff5, 20(i
bubnluR (CiLtOHtomuH} 100, U)(}, m4
biibalii8(Ii;htbyobiiH).sn, 100, 101, 102,214
biicca;a(Erlcyi>ibtt) 84
buovo (Ftyoboatomui)} 103, IffJ
buuou (Turetalua) I3J
UulluriH (SeinotiluB) m
onlliBOiim (CcHiomiil ...'JT.SS
ciJIiBOinn (Eiilnemii) a?
cnIlislitt(Co<loiim) 50,f(5
o«lli»tiDs(Pbolo;{eDiii) 50
calv»<Aniift) 70,87
uaniplwlli (Erlmyiou} *. 146
vftDiplrrlli (MoxoHUiiDa} 101,146
CiuiilHWtoma 16, 4:1, 41), Kl, 77, «0
i!DUitira{Vull1uDtlB) 89
oninurufl (Noibonotns) 74,82
oiiniuli'nso{Slizosteth(nin) f^t
Ga|irDdu(Pt>rciiia) 45,57,i:),ea
cnrinftlni. {PlacophRryni). .69, 8li, 102, 107,
106,109
carplcT (CurpiiHles) .... Mi, 100, 103, 19&. SOD
oarpio (CsKwtoniUB) 100, t0t,ItF<,UUO
oiiipi» (lubLbyobiiBj VOO
{PtycboBtomos) 1
(Teretiilus) lOll
CbiBQobrjttnB 15, 35. 4(i,i%
CbiutmiHtea 103,140,150,1
cbirLllcua(Bydroiibloz)
fhloiiatia (Codaai&) fl,
cbloTOOcpbolos (Albarnopa) 19,
cblarocepbalaa (Hybopsis)
cbloropUroD (CaiiMt«iaas) ta£,
Chotogiuitur .
CbriwotuuB ISfi,T9
cbrusomiia (Hybopsia).
obroaomoK (Uydrupblox) 49
chrymicliliiriH (PifuiulubiiB} ut, 77
cbrysoIeuciiB (Notciuigonus} K),U9.
cbryBopB (Ruocua)
ciuerea (Etbeoeloma) SO
ctiuki (CuloBtoiaas) luO,
clatki (Miuouiua)
c lav i form ia (Ecim; SOD >
clavU'onula (UoioatoDia) 101,
ClinoBtamaB 'H
ClapuiUra (B
ouvcogeuia (Laiilus) 3t, M
Codoma SO, 37, l^se
Of Tulea (Codona) ......
ciBraliia (Erog^lla)
oollapauH (Ptjoboatoiiiila) 101,
(Cahiatouiub). ..fU, 1X1,9,
lOB,
(LoCypriu) IM
comuiDtiU (CaluaMntua) SO, lU^
eougdstu (Myxosloiiiii)
INDEX.
233
TtLgt.
I (Amiaras DaUils) 70
wrinos (Carpiodes) 80, 86, 102,
194, 195, 196
iM(Apomati8) 76,83
BsCBabalichtbys) 86
OB (lohthyoboa) 102, '^06
IDID 98
UB 80,90, 104, 186, 187, 189
E«)x) 84
Blla 90
lUCIchthyobos) 214
lla (SclerognatJias) 214, 215
ids 16, 31, 36, 41, 49. 63, 77
odootidoD 31,48,6-3,77
ne 140
t9 (Carpiodes) 55, 86, 101, 102,
195, 198
18 (Catoetonin8) 100
is(Labeo) 193
w (Sclerogoathas) 197, 198
»(Caipiode8) 199
^lo8 151,154
Mstylos 151, 15i, 159
108 (MioomuH) 102, 184
108 (PantostoQs) 184
Doa (Fnudnlas) 84
18 (Carpiodes) 86, 102, 194, 195
118 (IcbtbyoboH) 196
8(Notropi8) 85
18 (Notropis) 85
am 58,73,88
»ln8 (CatoetomnH) 102, 162, 179
ma 49, C.J,77, 90
fnalldffi 49, 6i,77
(Zygooecfes) 84
His (Ceraticb thys) 67, 79, 86
mii (Catoetomos), 100, ICO, 121, 129
mil (Moxostoma) 121
iDii (Myxostoma maorolupido-
) .../. 80, 100,121
mil (Myxostoma), 43, 54, 6?, 80, 115,
120, 124
mil (Ptychostomas) 121
mil (Teretalos) 121
ma 89
• (BoleichtbyB) 45,83
t8 (CatostomoB) 146
» (Labeo) 101, 145
eras (Not uroB) 70,87
lU(Gila) 85
(CatoetomuB)..: 100, 189
(Cyeleptoa), 80, 86, 100, 189, 190
'%•©> 101, 146
-•••• •« • 189
89
Page.
ebs (Boleicbthys) 83
Episema 64, 90
EricoBiua 88
Ericymba 90
Erimyzon, 27, 38, 43, 54, 69, 80, 90, 103, 136,
140, 143
Erogala 20
erytbroga8tor(Cli;*o8omus) 65, 79, 8'>
erythruroB (CatoBtomus) 100, 121
erythmruB (Ptycbostonins) 121
erytbruras (Terotnlus) — ' 121
Esocidffi 16, :16, 48, 63
esopas (CatoBtomns) 146
CBopns (Labeo) 101, 146
eBtor(Gila) 66,79
Esox 16,38,48,62,89
EtbeoBtoma 15, 40,59, 75, 89
E theoBtoinatidtD .... 12, 30, 34, 40, 45, 57, 73
etowanam (Hypenteliiim) 86
etowanoB (Catostonnis uigricauB), 54, 159,
163
Eacalia 89
Eapomotifl 15,46,61,89
enryopB (Myxostoma), 54, 86, 10;i, 115, 119
euryops (TeretaliiB) 1 19
enryBtoma (Codoma) 42, 85
eurystomua (PbotogeDiH) 42
evides (Ericoema) 82
exilis (NoturuB) 87
ExogloBsnm 90
fasciatUB (CatoBtomus) 101, 138
fasciolariB (CatOBtomus) 100, 145
fecauduB (Catostooius) 102, 150,219
fecQDduB (Cbasmistes) 102, 150
flabellare (Etheostoma) 15» 59, 75, 8il
flabellatas (Catonotns) 15
flammeuB (Phoxinus) 65, 85
flexuoBTiR (Catostomus) 100, 166
folium (Polyodon) 71, 81, 87
fontinalis (Salveliuus) 16, 31, 63, 84
formosa (Codoma) 42, 51
formosus (Alburuns) 42
forsterianns ( Acomus) 107, 176
forsterianus (Catoatomus). ..100, 101, 167,
176
freteusiB ( Albnrnops) 85
FnnduUiB 89
furcatu8(Icbtb{elunia) 87
galacturuB (HypsilepiH) 32
galaetnrus (Photogeuis) 32, 64, 78
Gambusia 89
generosns T Acomus) 183
generoBUB (Catoatomus) 102, 173, 183
generoens (PautoBteus) 102, 182, 183
gibbosos (Catostomus) 100, 145
g!!)boniB(L»l»M> 145
Oils 24,60,79.90
Qirardluna 80
goodei (ErlmyzoD) 103, 144, 14»
gracilis (CatootoinuH) 101,167
i;raDd)plDDi8 (Pbolugeuia) 4'2
Bvayi (Curpiodea) 102,199
BrisenB (Aconian) 176
grannienB ( llaploidonotna) 47, Gl , 7Q
golosOB (ChienobryUas) 46.80,83
galtalna (PeicapHis] 84
gnttfttnn (Zygonectat) 4*j, ^4
iafAcoians) 17S
is (CaUMtonmi) 102, ITH
Hadropteras. . . . i 30, 34, 40, 45, 5tj, 68
Haploidonotiifl 47,01.76,69
lisydeni (Pryabostooiua) 101, 138
tftydeni <TeretuIna) 138
Heiuioplitea S9
lloraitremln 65, 70, 90
heteroilon(HBniittemiii) &i
heto^u^llIU(Do^osonlal)e(lt^Jianllm). 49, 77
hieroglypbkUH (ZygoiiMtiH) 48, 81
hintilo (AmiiioctoUs) 87
HndBonina 19,30,l»0
hadBoniaa (CatostomaaJ.lOQ, 166, 175, ITG
liyalinos (Ceratichthys) 53, 6 i
Hjbognathns 16,90
HyborbyDOhaa 6:), 78, 90
Hydrophloi 18, 32. 36, 49, 04. 90
Hylomjum - 151, 156
Hyodon 48,62,77,80
Hyodontide 4i*,63, 77
Hypenteliiim 151,154,155, 157, 156
liypseloptsniH {Z«Dois«aii) ii
bypsiootas (Ceraiicblbyn) 85
Johtbnlumt 33, 39, 43, 55, 69, B1,D0
lohthyobna 90. 101, 211, 'il3, 914
loHohaa 211,213
Lnoatoma S8
tncDDBtaDH (Eaoalin) 83
inBCTiptnsfNorbanulaa) 34, 83
inwriptDS (XenotiB) 46,01,(0
ioaigae (Catoal«niua) IKt
iniigois (Catostomns) 101, 169, 165
iDBigniit (HinomuB) 165
Insigois (NoturDB) S9, 87
inleiTupta (MoroDe) 83
loa 88
irideos (Centrarcbiis) 47, 83
iscbannB(NoteiiiigotiaO S4, 38
IscbyniB (Icbtbyobas) 102, 215, 217
iscbymB (LepiupomaB) 83
Jarrovii (MiuomuB) 103, lf«
jMTOVii (PaotocWDSj 183
Jewite (PfcoilSchthyi) .....H.US
keouerlyi (UosoMoma) 101, 1«
Labco UO,m
[abialus (Catoetomas) IK.tli
LaUldeathes 01,7^M
labroflDi (Ceralicblhyu) ... .... &J.M
lacera (Lagoohila) 68. 10:1. IM, IM
lacera (QuaBBilabia) G8,W,iK
locertosas (Hydrgphloi). Si
laolirymala (Myioatoma) 103. US, 19)
lBobrymaliB(IIyxiwtoiiiadn<iueimi). IV
lacbrymalie (Myxoatonia inaoral«-
pidotn) HO
lachrvmaliH (PtyehOBtoiunB) lOS.liKI
laclirymalis (Teretulns) ItO
lactarlas (Acomtiii) 1TB
lactarfus (CatosUmuB) IIN,1T6
lacustna (Lota). 9
LagocbilB IM,M5
latipinula (Aooinus) .. lH
iMipiniiiB (CatostonniB) ..101,102.1(Rtt8
Lepidmiteuln 20, 44, 55, 71, SI
Lopidoatens 29, 44, 65, 71,BI,»
U'piopomna 15, :W, 40, 46,60,76,89
icplncanthuB (Noturas) 44,rnj,87
Icsiiunrii (Calostomna] 100,13$
leucioda (Episema) (H, 85
leucopB (PhotogeniB) S^
leiicupuH (PboloBenis) 41, fl
liiDi(U«laDiirft) «
JiaeolntiiDi (Etbeostoma) R
lioma (CbasDiitttcs] W
liroH (NotropiB) !£l,S|f&
Litholepis. W
longiceps (Hybopsis) *•
longirostria (Catoatonius), 86, 100, 109, I6ti
176
long TOStrom (Cntostomus) IM.IIS I
Lota *
lunatns (Rbinicbthys) P ,
lQtipinDU<Hydrophl(Hc) 3C*
Lniilna 18,31,49,64,78,8"
lytbrochloria (XoDotis) *
Ljthnims ffi,*
ipbatas (Alvordiaa) ^ I
(Cato8toiiinB)....10a,lflDtl'J^
macrocbirDB {LepioponiDB) ^^
iiiacrolBpidot.1 (Myxoatoma)
mncrolepidotum (Moxostorou) "
Diucculupidotum (Myinstoma). 54,0^
86. 101, 103, 115. 116, llK
iDacrolepidotiim (Teretolua)
iDacrolepiilotiis (Catoatomna). 100,
macrolf pidotn a (Ptycboatomc
maciopterum (Exi^loMum) ,
IKDEX.
235
Paget
■•eiopteraiD (HypeDteliam) 1G3
■•ooptenis (Gentnrohiis) 36,83
Mealmticepe (Arlina) 13
■Mnbtioeps (Boleoeoma) 13,34
aKnUtain (Boleoioma) 58,82
■ieaUtam (Etbeostoma) 12
Meobtatt (Alvoidios) 58, 73, 82
tttiltM (Hadroptenis) 58
■tteolaUis (Nothonotns) 82
■ieiilotiu»(Acipeiiser) 71,87
MealMiis (CaUMrtomus) 100, ia'3
■nium (Percioa) 82
■Hfuotis (EnneaoaDthuH) 83
■uginatos (Notaras) 29
■ttBoratus (Amiuros) 39, 87
■ttotinas (Notropis) 85
auiilingaa (ExogloHeaui) 8G
a^plotu (XenotiB) 76,83
a^pstomns (CatobtouiUB) 100,103
MlaiiO|Ni(Cato8tonia8)...27, 100, 136, 138
Mluwiia (ErimyzoD) 27, 1*38
■daaopa (Minytretna), 27, 54, 69, dO, 86,
lyO, 101, 137, 138
Mhoope (Ptyohostomus) 138
■ilinops (Zygoneotes) 84
MlmopsiB (Catoatonias) 138
IMaoiira 89
BilaDonia (RutiluB) 100, 121
ariM (Amiuras) 87
MtetgriB (Rbioicbthys) 86
wndionaliB (BubalichtbyH) . . lOi, 206, 210
■eridioDaliB (PotamocottUB) . .47, 57, 73, 82
wrkliooaliB (SclerogDatbas) 210
VaogooiBtitu 89
Xieioperca 89
Mieroptcros .... 15, 30, 35, 40, 4'J, 60, 75, b9
■icRipteryx (Notropis) 65, 79, 85
aktOBtomuB (AlbarnopB) 64, 78, 85
■iaostomuB (MiDDiluB) 64
Miaooiiis 151, 157, 180, 181
lliaytreaia..27,54, 69, e^O, 90, 103, 130, 137
ttforos (NoluruB) 87
lMlJeDe«ia 89
MoacbaB (CeraticbtbyB) 67,86
HoxoBtOiua, 110, 113, 114, i:^, 140, 142, 143
JlyxocypriuoB 104, 217
JtyxoBtoma, 26, 33, 38, 43, 54, 68, 80, 90, 103,
110, 113
itQB (RbiDicbthys) 86
lis (Amiurns) 55, 70, 81, 87
peaa (PboxinoB) 85
aeDiia(Alvordias) 82
HAmModou) 209
mmtenUM) 87
WMIflhlliya) 2u9
Page.
niger (GatostoQiDs) 2C9
nigrescenB (Cycleptus) 100, 186, 190
Digricans (Ainiurus) 81, 87
nii;ricaQB (Catostomiis), 'Si, 54, 69, 80, 100,
101, 158, 159, 162, 163, 167
Digricans ( Hylomyzon ) 162
Digricans (Hypent^liuni). 86, 162, 163
nigrofasciatuB (Hadroptems) ...30, 34, 40,
45,82
uigromaculatos (Pomoxys) 47, 76
ui vei ventris ( Aniiarus) 87
ni vena (Pbotogenis) 20, 85
notatns (Uyborhy ncbus) 63, 78, 84
notatns (Xystroplites) 61, 83
notains (Zygonectcs) 62, 77, 84
Notemigonus 24, 38, 53, 67, 79, 90
NotbonotUB 13,34,58,74,89
Notropis 23, 53, 64, 78, 90
nottii (Zygonectes) 31, 48, 84
Notunis 29,44,55,70,90
uncbaliB (Hybognathns) 84
nummifer (Carpiodtni) 102,200
occidentalis (CatoBtomiiB) .. .101, 160, 172
oblongos (CypriuoB) 27, 100, 140, 145
obloDgas (Erimyzon) 100, 145
obloDgUB (Labeo) 145
obloDgas (MoxoBtoma) 145
oblongus (Terotulas) 145
obscnrus (Lepiopomus) 46, 60, 76, 83
obtQBUS (Rbinicbtbys) 54, 07, 86
oblongus (CatoBtomus) 145
olivaris (Pelodicbtbys) 70, 81, 87
olmstedi (Boleosomu) 13, 82
oneida(Cato8tomu8) 101, 1*^0
oneida (PtycboBtomiis) 120
osseus (Lepidostcus) . . 29, 44, 55, 71, 81, 87
pallidas (Cat OBtoujus) 101, 167
pallidas (EuponiotiH) 46, 01, 83
pallidas (Lepiopomus) .. .40, 46, 60, 76, 83
pallidas (Micropterus), 15, 40, 46, 60, 75, 83
Pantosteus 103, It'O, 181
papillosa (Myxostoma) 1^34
Iiapillosuiu (Myxostouiu).. .26, 38, 86, 102,
118, 134
papillosum (Ptycbostomus) 102, 134
papillosum (Tcretulus) 134
pcllucidus (Pleurolepis) 82
Pelodicbtbys. . 70, 81, 90
peltastes (Xonotis) 83
Perca 89
PercidcB 45, 60, 75
Percina 45,57,73,88
Percopsis 89
Pbenacobius 53,67,79,90
Pbotogenis 18.20,32,41,64,78,90
236 lift
Pig*.
pbotogeoTH (Sotropia) 23, (i5, ffi
pbotogcQis (SqualiUB) S3
PhoxiuuB 0j,90
phoxocepbaIa« (Alvordius) 73, 82
pidiuoBi(i(Myx<MtoD]a} 60, ll», 133
pidjeiisia (PtychuBtomuo) - 133
piilieiiU8('ri:retula>t) 133
Pimupbalra 7rt,t)0
pinoiger (Euueacantlius) Si
PlaaupUur;iiK liU, 90, 103, 107
pluaicepe (Cuuetomua) l&t
plUfcepbaliu (Aminrua} ^, 33, tiJ
platycephiklaii (Fimuludas) Sd
plikt)TbjrncbQS(,Uinouiaa) 102, l&t
platytbfDcbua(I>iiutaHteDB}..IHO, 162, 183
plulyrbjDcU«B(Si;Bpbirbyaohopa).. 87
plutyBtoumH (LBpiilottleiis) 71,87
plebeiUB (C.auMtumiia) 101,184
plubeiuaCMiuomUD) 184
p]«b<^iii»(PiiuLusteiia} 103, lH-2, 184
jiJebtJaa (.CittusUiiiias) .- 184
I'tBCiliubtbja 59, 75, 89
tHBciluTU (Myxuatoma) 103, 110, 1^
Polyodou 71, SI, 90
PulyodaDtidn) 71,81
Pumolobns &i,^^,90
puiuotia (Acautburcboa) 83
Pumoxya 47,78,88
PoMmocottuu 47, Si, 73, Ba
prolixum iCjinpiiatoiiia auumiilum ) IG,
41), C3
promelaa (Piinephales) 78.84
rubellna (Xolropia)
rubiouudua (Acipenser) 71,
Tubricroeeua (Hybopaia)
rabrici-uceua Ulyiliupbloit) 32, M,
rabiifroua (Ceraliobthys) -t^ 30,
robrifroHB (NooomiB) X.,
rabrifroDB (Notropia).. . ,.
rufilioeatuH (NotboaotuB) tS
mpeattiB (AmbloplitM) .. .40, AS, ao, iS
Bulmuidtti (Uict()ptiTaB)..30,;lG, 40, M,
n
Balm.
(giimMtoibium)...45,G0,7S
Balnaoueus (EanK)
Sat noil id ai 16,31
anlailMiaa (AlbarDopa) U
SftlveliDna 16,31,63
Bangaifluua (NoiboDotOB) To
BanguiuuloDtns (Xi;aoliB) 31,40,61
suyauua (Apbododenu) 41,47
scabHcepB(EplB?mu).. ............
ScapbirbyDtbopa
8citeoid» 47,19
Soleroguatbua 190, 193, :i01, SOii,
scopiferus (PbeDacobiim)
seltiiie (CarpiodeaJ KM;
BcluDopa (Iljodouj 48, Si, 77
Semot.lnB 2»,38,43,54,(itl,ri
abauiBnlii (linoaCuina)
aicculai (Labideathea) SI
Silurulai is, SI, 39, 43, RS, «
eimoterum (Diplcsium) S6,ti
aiiuutaus (HeiuiopliteB) ....
ihijUHiolepi:*)..
INDEX.
237
)ii8 (Alboraope) 85
CatMtomos) 125
[CyprtDos) 101
CypriDos (Catoetomas)) . . . 1^
Ptyohostomus) 125
TeretoloB) 1 125
8 (GsioatomaB) 161, 173
h 88
Bolialiohthys) 55, 206
Carpiodes) 101,206
M (Notropis) 65,79,85
lozostoma) 101, 146
Grimyson) 146
ito6toiuo8)..100, 101, 102, 159, 166
18 110. 113, 114, 140
1 (Phenacoblns) 86
(Hy«KloD) 77,84
a (Etbeostomu) 59,83
Dopferas 89
(Catofttomus) 102,167
la (Myxoetonia) 131
mm (Myzoatoma) ....86, 117, 131
inn (NothonotuH) 13, 82
iQB (Ptychoatomus) 102, 131
iM (Teretnlas) 131
nl (Carpiodes) 101, 195, 198
Di (Icbtbyobns) 198
aims (Setnotil uh) 43
loR 89
ratoHtomug) 101, 174,218
^tia (Codoma) 50, a")
i* 8rt
:um (Eriiuyzon) 163, 167
tnin (Moxofttonia) 102, 107
atu8 (CatoacoinuH) 100, 145
(CurpicKlfB) 101,199
(IcbtbyobaB) 199
itbys 89
■a 45,73,88
* 88
(Ph«nacobiu8) 6r, 79, 86
ibalichthys) ..69, 87, 101, 206, 209
rpiodea) 101, 201, 209
erogDatbuB) 206
Page.
vacca (Carpiodes) 101, 199
Vaillantia b9
vandoiBula (Gila) 24,85
vandoisnluB (Leaciscas) 24
variatuB (PoecilicbtbyB) 75,82
velata (Moxostoma) 132
velata (MyxoBtoma) •. 132
velatutu (MozoBtoma) 132
velatam (MyxoBtoma) 26, 68, 86, 102,
117, 132
velatnm (Teretnlus) 132
velatuB (PtycboBtoniiiB) 102, 132
velatUB (TeretulQB) 1«J2
velifer (Carpiodea) 86, 194, li;6
velifer (CatoBtomiw) 100,196
velifor (Ictbyobas) 196
victoriiB (MozoBtoina) 27, 138
viresceDB (PantOBteDB) 102, 182
viridis (CbteoobryttUB) 15, 35, 83
vitrea (loa) 82
vitrenm (Stizostetbiani) 60,83
vittata (Hemitreaiia) 65, 79, 85
vittatuB (CatOBtomoB) 100, 145
vituliis (Bubalicbtbya) 206
vitulQB (CarpiodeB) 101
vulgariB (Anguilla), 29, 33, 39, 44, 55, 70,
81, 87
vulDerntuB (Notbonotos) 58, 82
wincbelli (Centrarcbus) 53, 68, 86
wiDchelli (Hybopsis) 53
xtenocepbalus (Hydropblox) 49
xoiUoctipbaluB (HybopsiB) 49
xwiinra (Codoiua) 37, 85
xiCDuruB (MiDiiiliiB) '<i^
xautbocepbaluB (Amiurus) 87
xaDtbopuB (CatOBtomus) 163
XeDidDia 48, 62, 77, 89
XenotiB 31, 46, 61, 76, 89
Xystroplites 61, 89
yarrow i (PantosteiiB) 183
zanemus (CeraticbtbyB) 24,86
zoDaliB (NotbouotuB) 58, 82
Zygonectes 31, 48, 62, 77, 89
^eparimeni of i\ie S^nicrior
V. S. NATIONAL MUSEOTL
13
BULLETIN
OF TUB
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ISTo. 13.
PUBLISHED UNDEE THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONI.VN INSTITmON.
WASHINGTON:
OOYEBNHENT PBINTINO OFFICE.
1879.
fil
' I
THJL FLOEA
OF
, f
r. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS,
BY
B^RON H. F. A.. EOGERS.
WASHINGTON:
aOTEBNHENT PBINTINa OFFTOB.
1879.
i r
ADVEETISEMENT.
Tbis work is the thirteenth of a series of papers intended to illustrate
tbo collections of natural historj'^ and ethnology belonging to the
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the
Bmitlu^ouian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of
Ane^Ht 10, 184G.
It hafi been prepared at the I'equest of the Institution, and printed by
aothority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.
SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Secretary <»fi\e Smithsoinian Institution.
Smithsonian Institution,
Washington^ May^ 1879.
>RA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS,
WEST INDIES.
By Baron H. F. A. Egoers.
i the east of the island of Porto Eico, between 18^ 5' and 18o 45' K
and 640 5' and 65° 35' W. long., stretches a dense cluster of some
er and numerous smaller islands for a distance of about 85 miles,
!h are known by the name of the Virgin Islands. The principal
ids are Vieques and Culebra, belonging to Spain, St. Thomas and St.
, belonging to Denmark, and Tortola, Virgin Gorda, and Anegada,
Dging to England. The superficial area of the larger islands is only
1 10 to 40 square miles, whilst the smaller ones are mostly uninhabited
8, or even rocks, some of which are nearly devoid of vegetation, the
It-line of them all being sinuous, and forming numerous small bays
creeks. The whole group is evidently a submarine prolongation ot
mountains of Porto Eico, showing its tops and higher ridges above
level of the sea, the depth of which between the various islands and
^o Rico is only from 6 to 20 fathoms. The declivities to the north
the south of the ridge on the reverse are very steep, no bottom hav-
lMH»n found 25 miles to the south in 2000 fathoms, and 80 miles to the
h the Challenger Expedition found a depth of about 3850 fathoms,
g:reatest ever measured in the northern Atlantic Ocean,
le greatest height in the Arcliipeiago is attained in its central part,
Clioraas reaching up to 1550', Tortola even to 1780', St. Jan and
:in Gorda teing a little lower, whilst the hills in Vieques and Ciile-
to the west, are only 500'-G00'high, and Anegada, the northeastern-
t, is, as its Spanish name, the inundated, implies, merely alow or half-
oerged island, elevated but a few feet over the level of the sea. The
ral islands, therefore, present the appearance of a steep ridge, pre-
ously sloping to the north and the south, and cut up by numerous
DCS, which during heavy rains are the beds of small torrents, but
jh generally are without running water, and which at their lower end
91 into small level tracts on the sea-coast, often forming a lagoon on
modf ohore. Between these level tracts the coast is usually very
BidL Vftt Mos. No. 13 1 t
2 FLOfiA. OF ST. CHOIX AND THE TntOm ISLABM.
Iwld and rocky, forming abrupt promoDtories of consideroble bei|^
and picturesque appearance, the hills aod ridges on the other bud
being more rounded and of a softer oatUne.
The wbole group of islands, vith the exception of Auegada, wliidii
built up of a tertiary limestone of very recent and probably pliocM
date, belongs to the cretaceous period,*8howi»g as the principal iwi »
breccia of felsite and scoriaceous stones, the cementing part of idnA
probably consists of decomposed hornblende, and having ita cantiH
conmionly filled with quartz or calcareous spar. Besides this prindpil'
rock, which is often fouud distinctly stratified, and which is called
Uluebit by the inhabitants, who generally employ the stone for buiI<liB{
materials, limestone, dioritc, clay-slate, and other less frequent minenb
also occur in the islands, forming, however, only a poor substratum kt
vegetation everywhere. For the product of the decomposed roct U
generally a red heavy clay. Only Vieques shows a more fertile soil, pio-
duced by the alteration of a syenite-like diorite, its more level 8urC)reit>
the same time allowing the fertile strata to i-emain on the surface ; wUK.
in the other islands the heavy rains as a nile will wash the Ioowcotw.
ing of the ground down to the sea. i
From viuious facts observed in Anegada and Virgin Gorda bj Sif fc'
Schoinburgk,* a« well as by Mr. Scott, in Vieques, at Porto Fi-rro Bi|d
it appears that at the present period the whole chain of islands i
rising, so that perhaps in a geologically speaking not verj' distiuit ti
most of the islands may becnn>e connected reciproenlly and wilh I
i
FLORA OP ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 3
the idand, reaching in some places as high as 1150' (Mount Eagle), but
avenging 60(y-S0(y only.
The rock of these hills is nearly the same as in the above-named
gnwp, although the Bluebit of this latter occurs more rarely, and is sub-
stitated by a fine, greyish, stratified clay-slate, without vestiges of any
ofganic remains. Tlie strata of tliis slate are often very much disturbed,
80 as to present an exceedingly broken and overturned appearance. The
greater, western part of the island forms a large, slightly inclined plain,
dopbg towards the south, and interrupted in^a few places by low, short,
isolated ridges only 200'-30(y high, and formed of a tertiary lime-
stODe of the miocene period. This limestone is covered by a layer of
detritus and marls some feet thick, but shows itself at the surface in
nnoQs places, and contains several fossils, partly of still existing species
of moUusca.
Along the coasts are found some new alluvial formations, often enclos-
ing lagoons, some of which are of considerable size. These lagoons are
bring gradually filled up by vegetable matter, as well as by sand and
stones washed down by the rains from the hills; but whilst in the Virgin
Idands many similar lagoons have been raised already several feet above
the level of the sea, and laid completely dry, no such thing has been
observed in St Croix. This seems to indicate that no rising of the ground
is taking place in the latter, as is the case in the former, as mentioned
above. From its whole structure and formation it mav be inferred that
the soil is more fertile in St. Croix than in most of the Virgin Islands,
Vieques excepted, the sugar-cane being cultivated to a considerable ex-
tent on the island.
TMiilst thus the geology of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands presents
some not unimportant dift'erenees, the climate may, on account of their
similar geographical position, as well as elevation above the sea-level, be
^d to be materially the same in both.
Inacconlance with the geographical position of theislands, the tempera-
ture is very constant and high, the yearly mean average being 27.2° C,
^vided nearly equally over all the months, the coldest, February, show-
ing 25.60, the warmest, September, 28.9o, a diflerence of :i.3o only. The
*^e uniformity is observed in the daily variation, which scarcely ever
''^'passes 50, the thermometer rising gnidually from 6 a. m. till 2 i). m.,
^d falling Just as gradually during the rest of the 24 hours.
lus tlie difference of temperature at the various seasons of the year
* too Bmall to aflfect the life of vegetation to any very i)erceptible ex
4 FLORA OP ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISUIID8.
tent, and it is tberefore the variable degree of moistaie at difleient timn
whicb chiefly pnxlnces any variation in the development of vegetabfe
life at the difTerent seasons.
The lowest temperature observed at the sea-level, in the ahade, isl8J°;
the highest, 35.5°. In the sun, the mercury will Boinetimes rise as hi^
as 51°, but as a rule does not surpass 40°. Obsen'ationB made in St
Thomas by Knox* and myself show a decrease of alwnt S^fOTuielen-
tioD of every SOO', which gives to the highest ridges la St. Thomas tai
Tortola an annual mean teiuperature 3 j°— 1° lower than that of the coait,
a difference sufficient to produce some variation in the flora of thea
piirt». The northern sloiie of the hilts, from being the greater part rf
the year, viz, from August to May, less exposed to the rays of the m,
are generally also somewhat cooler and more moist than Hie soatbm
ones, the consequences whereof are also felt in the life of plants toaoo*-
siderable extent.
An equal regularity, as obser\-ed in the temperature, manifests itadf
with regard to the pressure of the atmosphere, the daily variations rf
the barometer being only about O-ftV, and the maximum yearly dilfir-
ence only 0.'2". It is only during strong gales and horricanes that fli
barometer is more seriously aSected, it then falling sometimes as noA
as 2". Tlicse hurricanes, as a nde, occur only daring the mnnthn bM
August to Octolier, at whirh jieriod the trade-winds from fhe uortluMt,
■ which otherwise blow most i)art of the year, generally become nnst
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 5
nin, fidling chiefly in the form of short, rapid showers of only a few
mmntea^ dnrationy and it is not till the warmer part of the year that
htAYj and general rains become possible in these regions. During this
litter time, the trade- winds become irregolar and slight, or are even
entirely saspended, as stated before; hence the moisture generated by
tte daily evaporation from the ocean is not carried off as soon as formed,
Imt iB allowed to gather into rain-clouds, and finally to precipitate itself
■gain as rain nearly on the same spot where it was formed.
From observations made in various islands for a period of more than
kventy-five years, the annual mean quantity of rain seems to be about
tte BBone in all the islands, averaging 42''-44''; the eastern parts of all,
M being more exposed to the direct action of the winds, always show-
Eig a considerably smaller quantity than the central and western ones.
Although no month of the year is without rain, yet from the above it
■tH be easily concluded that there is a remarkable difference between
fte various months in this respect: the driest, February, having only an
irerage of 1.5"; the wettest, October, of 7.0"; and to this difference, at
ike various periods of the year, it is chiefly due, that notwithstanding
k uniform temperature all the year round, yet some variations in the
■pect and intensity of vegetable life are observed in the various sea-
Both the annual and the monthly quantity of rain are subject to vary
aoBsiderably, one year showing 23", or in some places 18" only, another
Igun 70" or 78". A still greater difference may be obsen- ed between
Bfe eame months of different years: thus, February having had one year
Iil9" only, another, on the contrary, 3.75"; May 0.47" the one year and
UiW" the other. These excessive variations must, no doubt, materially
Iftct vegetable life, indicating at the same time a considerable degree
Ifbardiness in respect to drought in the perennial plants indigenous to
&e islands, and as alluded to above, acting upon them in a similar Avay
fei the variations in temperature in colder climates.
The number of days on which rain falls averages for the period from
185^73, 161 a year, giving a mean fall of rain of 0.27" p(»r diem : April
ftowing the lowest nunber, 9 ; October the highest, 16. From what has
heea said before, it is evident, however, that the small monthly quantity
"in during the dry i)art of the year, viz, January to April, divided
over a great number of days (so as to amount to 0.14" or 0.18"
9\m CBia be of no great importance, as it is precipitated in a short
Bk for penetrating into the soil, and so is very soon
6 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN I8LAND8»
evaporated again by the action of the snn and the trade-wind oombined.
It is not till May, when the iucreased quantity of rain is snfficieiit to
penetrate the parched soil, that its influence and effect upon vegetation
makes itself felt by renewed life and activity in ail the various branches
of the vegetable kingdom in general.
Looking at the vegetation of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands in its
generality, and without entering into details, we may consider it to be
identical, as a whole, showing the same main features, and natoiaDy
divided into four distinct formations, as in most other West India
Islands, viz. the littoral, the shrubby, the sylvan, and the region of
cultivation, connected, of coui*se, here and there by intermediate forma-
tions, but on the whole \irtually distinct from different biological con-
ditions.
Beginning with the littoral flora, we find along the coast in shallow
water a multitude of Alga3, among which are found some marine Phane-
rogamse, especially the common Thalassia testudinum and Cfpnodocea
manatorumy and in less quantity the beautiful little HcUophUa BaiUonUj
a recently discovered Potamea, with oval delicate leaves, and growing
gregariously on the bottom of the sea in coai'se gravel. The vegetation
of tropical seashores is of ii very uniform character all over the world,
the physical conditions being similar on them all, and the niigratiou
from one shore to another l)eing exceedingly facilitated by the sea as
well as by birds, storms, and the action and intercourse of the inhab-
itants. Thus, the same species of littoral i)lants are found on nccorly all
the West India islands, many of them also inhabitants of far dLstnnt
shores on the African and Asiatic continents, — belonging to the cosui*>'
politan and transoceanic si)eei(^s, a list of which was first prepared by
liobei'l l>rown, and afterwards angmented by A. DeCandoUe, and whicli
seem to i)ossess an extraordinary faculty for migration. According ^^
the different character of the c*oast, as sandy, rocky, or swampy, tl^^
vegetation on it also assumes a ditlerent aspect.
On th(^, sandy shore, which is composed of a fine white gi-avel, co^'
sisting principally of iiniumerable pieces of broken shells and coni-^J
and thus forming a thick hiyer of carbonate of lime, we see a luxmio"*^
flora of trees, shrubs, and minor x^l^'its, which all, on account of 1>^^
underground water collecting from the hills above, generally havc^ ^
gi^een ai>pearance all the year round, even when the hills of the iuter^^^
present a withered aspect from want of rain. Among the trees grc^^
ing here the most prominent are the Hippaniane Maywinella, the CoC?^
FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIHQIN ISLANDS. 7
loba uvifer4iy ChrygobaJanus IcacOy and Canella alba^ besides the Cocoa
nwcifera^ which is planted and naturalized, especially on the low sandy
seashore. Under these taller forms appear many kinds of shrubs, such
as EooMtcphyUum Browneij Toumefortia gnaphdlodeSy Borrichia arbores-
ocMy Emodea UtoraliSj Suriana maritima^ Erithalis fruticosa^ Colubrina
fermgnuMOy OuUandina Bonduc and BonduceUa^ and several others.
Still lower shrubs and sufiOmtesceut herbs are Sccevola Plumieriy Tourne-
forUa gnaphdlodeSy Sesuvium portulacdstrunij Heliotrqpium curasaavicumj
Pkilaxcrua vermiculatusj CaJcile wqualia, as well as several grasses and
sedges, as Sporobulus UtoraliSj Stenotaphrum americanum^ and Cyperus
hrunneusy as also some remarkable creepers or climbers, such as
IponuEa peS'Oaprw and Lablah vulgaris.
Most of these species disappear on the rocky cliffs, where they give
room for others, mostly shrubs of a low growth, and with thicker or
more coriaceous leaves, that are able to resist the force of the wind,
which often bends the whole plant into a dwarfish individual, the
branches of which are cut off at the top in a western direction. The
most common of these shrubs are Jacquinia armillariSy EUcodendron
^locarputHj Plumieria albay and Coccoloba punctata^ as well as some
nKmocotyledonous plants, such as Fitcaimin angmti/oliay Agave ameri-
WM, and a few Cacti, principally the stout Mehcactus communis.
Still more different forms apx)ear where the coast becomes swampy
from the presence of lagoons. Here predominates the Mangrove fonna-
tion, comi>o.sed chiefly of lAigun<mlaria racemosaj Conocarpus erectuSy Avi-
ccnnia nltida^ and lihizophora Mangle^ which all grow more or less in the
vater itself. In less moist i)lace8 we find some others, such as Budda
BuceraSy Anona palustris^ AnfheryUum Bohrli, and the curious Batis ma-
^imaj which recalls to the mind the halophytes of the steppes.
However different these various forms of littoral plants may appear,
comimred to each other, yet tliey all have in common the predilection
for the sea, the saline exhalation of which seems indispensable to their
growth. Some have even, like Ai^icennia, their leaves always covered
^th small salt crystals; others, like Bat is maritima, are true halophj'tes,
^donly very few of the plants of the coast in generality are found in the
ulterior even of these small islands. An ex(*(»ption is nuule by the cocoa-
^Qt palm, which is found growmg all about on the islands, even on the
^Pof the highest hills, as also by Coccoloba uviferoy found in similar
localities.
In passing from the cosist into the interior we find on the eastern, and
I
8 FLOBA. OF ST. CBOIX AKD THB TIBGnr IBLAalML
partly also on the sontiieni paii; of all fhe idaadB, m dry dmbby vege-
tation of a greyish or yeUowish aspect^ whieh, fhna the piedinidnaHiK
genus composing its elements, I have called tUe Oroton vegetatioiL lUi
peonliar kind of diy shmb also occurs here and there in other partoof
the islands, where the soil, through recddess cultiTation, has beoome too
exhausted to produce a growth of taller trees, and it cannot be estlmatBd
to cover less than one third part of the whole surfboe of the islandi, pni
dominating in some, as Tortola, St. Thomas, and Oulelna^ less oonspioi-
ous in others, as St. Jan, Yieques, and St. Croix. ,
The ravines as well as the northern and western parts of the idaadi
are often covered with a growth of taller trees, fomung a kind of fozert^
composed of species partly eVtogreen and partly with dedduous foliage^
and which, from one of the most prominent forms, I have called theEEie-
dendron vegetation. The area covered by this formation may be tata
to be about one fifth of the whcde surfiace, the best wooded islands betaf
St. Jan and Yieques, the least wooded ones St. Thomas and Yirgia
Gorda.
The remainder of the surface is either used for i>astnre or cnltivaliei
with sugar-cane or provisions, the former On a large scale in St Croix
and Vieques only, the latter everywhere on the islands where the BcSi
seems i)roper for the purpose. This last section I tenn Ihe culti\^ted
region.
Considering first the Croton vegetation, we find here a number of plants
which in various ways have become enabled to resist the deteriorating
effects of the dry climate, and to exist on the barren rocky soil alway*
found where the moisture is not sufficient for decomi)08ing -the natur^
rock of the surface. Thus, some of these plants, as the whole of tb^^
genus Croton, already mentioned above, have small leaves, which, lil^*
the stem, ai'e covered with scales and tomentose hair, cx)ntaiuiug besid^
aromatic oil, all which contrivances tend to diminish evaporation as mu<
as possible. The most common species of this remarkable genus are
flavuH^ astroitca^ bicolor^ and hetulinu.H: Other fonns obtain the
object by having \evy small, partly deciduons leaves and their stipu^^
transformed into prickles, especially the Acacias, such as A. FametiiM ^
macracnntJWj tortuosaj and samientma. Others, again, are rich in milt-^
juice, as Euphorbia petiolarisj Bauwolfixi LamarcJciij and the naturaliz^^
CaJotropis procera^ or merely in aqueous sap, as the Oacteie, the comm
est forms of which are Melocactus commnni^j Cereufi floccomis^ and
Species of Opuntia. Others, such as Bromeliaceae, on the contrary,
FLORA OF BT. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS, 9
f diy straGtare, and a dense cover of scales for protection, whilst
s again, Buch as Anona squamosa^ whicli are apparently without
teans to resist the efit&cts of dry weather, have no other remedy left
to shed their leaves daring a part of the year, and thus preserve
existence at the temi)orary sacrifice of their vegetative organs,
the forms mentioned above are of very slow growth, and, with the
tion of a few that are used for burning charcoal, of scarcely any
tance either to man or animals, for which reason the districts oc-
1 by them as a rule present a very desolate and uninviting appear-
ere the climate becomes sufficiently moist, and the soil in conse-
© thereof more decomiK)sed and fertile, the forest appears in place
Croton vegetation, on the uncultivated lands, especially in ravines
m steep declivities, which do not allow of cultivation or grass-
ig. As nearly everywhere in the tropics, the forest here is com-
of many different species of trees mixed together, a gregarious
h being very rare. From the forests of moister tropical countrieSy
rer, the woods in these islands are distinguished by possessing a
ity of forms with thin, herbaceous leaves, which for this reason
here foliage during a part of the year, thus combining the appear-
tf the woods of colder climates with the dark evergreen forms of
itertropical countries. Some of these species with deciduous
& have two periods for flowering: one precocious in the first
IS of the year, when the small quantity of rain seems iusufiicient
duce both leaves and flowers at a time, and another later in the
when both foliage and blossoms are vigorously developed by the
ijed moisture of the summer. The evergreens for the same reason
a less fixed and more unlimited time for flowering, and seem to
their reproductive organs whenever the quantity of rain becomes
ent for producing them besides maintaining the already existing
3. Among the great variety of evergreen forms of trees and
3, I shall here only mention as the most common several species
ona; of Guttifene, such as CalophyUum Calaba and Clmia rosea;
potace;e, such as Sideroxylon, Chrysopliyllum, Lucuma, and Di-
; of Rutaceaj, as Zanthoxylum and Tobinia ; of Lauracete, as Nec-
I and Oi-eodoxylon, as well as many others, for the details of which
to refer to the systematical part of my treatise. Others are pos-
ttf aSriid roots by which to a£&x themselves to the stems of trees
MtMnrenil species of Ficus; others again are vines, such as
. Goaani% and Gissus.
10 FLOBA, OF ST. CSOIX AND THE TIBGIB ffiI.AHD8.
Interspersed between these evergieens are seen varioas spedeatf
arboreous plants with decidaous leaves, the miiuber ofwhidi, hovem,
seldom is large enough to seriously change the general aspect of tt«
forest as being uniformly greeu all the year round. The time for ghed-
(liiig their foliage iu these forms is generally from January to Apil,
most of tliem, as stated before, Suweriog precocioosly st this tiiiie,ii
the moisture iu the ground is uot suflicieut to allow thwn to retWD tbrir
foliage together with the producing of the flowers. It appears evidtnt
that this is the reasou for the shedding of the leaves, ttom the fiict ab-
sen'ed by me Id several species (such as Fucidia Erytkrina and othoijr
that individuals which, from being too young or for some other reaM*
do uot dower, do uot shed their foliage, but evidently find moistim
euongh iu the soil to i-esist the drought, not having to spend thor
resourees uu the production of dowers and fruits, as others of their kind.
The most pronuuent among the trees and shrubs with a deddDoa
foliage are ^poudia^i lutea, SchmideUa occidentals, the enormous Irit-
dcttdrott an/ractuosum, Hura crepitans, Casearia ramiftora, Sabinea^rUt,
aud si'voral othera, which uU more than the evergreens contribute tl«r
slinrc to the fonuiugof a layer of leaf-mould under the taller forms. IK
this layer is but scanty in most places, and from the want of it, asnO
as from the dense shade produced by the evergreen trees and sbnH
the minor tonus covering the ground arc comparatively scarce, n'
chiefly conttm-d to some i*iperaeese, Acanthaces, and Graminec, «
■■■H as !i fi.y f.-riis and mo...Srs. ^iiumi- wliivl, n,:>n<„.;i:. ;»;J..„ir,i. fr/rii
FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 11
The part of the island inhabited and cultivated by man of course rep-
resents the least of interest in a phyto-geographical sense, as nature here
has been modified and modelled according to the wishes and necessity
of society to such an extent as to almost entirely obliterate its original
efaaracter. As stated already, the principal object of cultivation is the
sugar-cane, which, however, is cultivated on a large scale only in the
two largest and most level of the isLands, Vieques and St. Croix, the
others, viz. St Thomas, St. Jan, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda, having,
with a few exceptions, long ago abandoned the cultivation of the cane
as nnreniunerative, the two remaining of the larger islands, Culebra
and Auegada, never having been appropriated to that purpose.
Besides the cane, some Sorghum vulgare is also cidtivated in fields for
herbage, the rest of the tilled soil being used for the planting of the
common tropical vegetables, generally in small quantities, on patches
of soil selected here and there. The commonest of these plants are Yam
{Dio90orea alata and altis9ima\ Sweet Potato (Ipomcea Batatas), Okro
(AMmoHcItus €8cul^nttut)j Tanier {Xanthosoma sagitUe/olium), Pigeon-pea
(Cptkus Cajan)y Tomato, and Pepper {Capsicum), as well as some Cucur-
bitacese, as Pumi)kin, Melon, and others.
Along with these useful plants follow a great number of herbaceous
aonuals, mostly cosmopolitan weeds, introduced after the settlement of
the islands, and dependent on the continuous cultivation of the land, as
without the clearing of the soil from shrubs and trees their existence
would soon be terminated by the stronger arboreous species, which
would deprive them of the necessary light and air.
Thus, much against his wish, man favours the propagation of innu-
neruble weeds, which in their short period of vegetation produce seeds
Miough to secure their continuance on the land notwithstanding the
efforts to exterminate them by frequent weeding. Among the com-
inontjst of these forms are some Labiatoe (Leonurus sibiricus, Lconotis
^tpetvfolUiy and Leucas martinicensis), Argemone mexicana, Trihulus max-
waw, Boerhaavia erecta and paniculata, and especially many grasses
and 8e<lges, such as Panicum, Paspalum, Chloris, Digitaria, Cyperus,
and others. The most troublesome of these, from an agricultural point
rfview, is the Bay-grass {Cynodon Daciylon), said to be introduced, but
oow found ever> where, and, on account of its long creeping rhizoma,
Nieitenniiiable.
iQar fozitiS to these are seen growing along roads and ditches, espe-
^Lagomiiiossdy as Grotalaria, Desmodium, Phaseolus, Clitoria,
12 FLOIU OF ST. CBOIX AND TBE VtBOtK IBLAHD8.
Centrosema,TeramDiiB,Tigna,BbyDcho8ia,aiKl others; glasses, as !#■
pago, Aristida, Sporobolus, Eleusine, DactyloGteiiinm, and Eiagnwti*;
or Synan tberese, as ElepLaotopus, DistreptUB, Bidens^aud Pectis. Wliiltt
all tliese latter forms flower during the greater part of tlie year, tbe btaa-
tifiil Convolvulaceie, such as Ipomosa faatigiata, NU, umftellata, ^itttcla,
violacea, aud others, are in blossom ouly during tbe winter months, tttm
December to February.
lu some places that are moist enough, sedges and semi-aquatic plantf
will be seen growing ; in a few rivulets which contain water all the jeai
round, and which are limited to Vieques and St. Oroix, a few aqaadi
forms occur, such as Eckinodorus cordi/oliua, Lemna minor, TjipAa an
gualifolia, and Xymphtca ampla.
The pastures, which occupy a considerable extent of tbe laud, an
either artificial, — planted with Guineargrasa {Pantcum maxintHM), i
perennial plant, and, like most of the cultivated W«;st India plants, io
troduced from the Old World, — or natural, covered with various fonnsa
indigenous Gramineae as well as low shrubs and trees, that have eon
tinually to bo cleared away to prevent the land becoming overrun hj
them. The artificial pastures as a rule are fenced in, and often protect^
against the dry season by the plautingofTbibet-trees{jic(u»aX«^ir),iM)ii
commonly naturalized everywhere; the natural ones, on the contrai^', an
generally opeu and abandoned to the cattle, whilst the artificial cues art
cut regularly, and the stock is not allowed to enter them.
Tbe grasses composing the natural pastures are several species offa
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIROIN ISLANDS. 13
muniSj Datura Metel and Stravianium, Euphorbia pilulifera^ heterophylla^
and kt/perici/oliay Mirabilis jalapa, Jatropka curms^ Cassia occidenialiSy
and especially several kinds of Sida and Abutilon as well as some other
Malvacese.
The four formations mentioned above are usually found only on the
larger islands, the smaller ones, from their limited size, generally pos-
mm^ chiefly the littoral and shrubbj' only. The island of Anegada,
although being one of the larger ones, yet from its structure and the
nature of its soil, seems to be chiefly covered by a vegetation composed
of the plants of the sandy shore, besides some of the trees and shrubs
following the settlement of man in these regions. Sir E. Schomburgk,
who has given a description of the island in the Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society, 1832, asserts that the island possesses several in-
teresting s|)ecies of plants, among others a peculiar kind of Croton. As,
however, I have not been able to procure the work referred to above, I
am not prepared to say which those species are, and they arc not men-
tioned by Prof. Grisebach in his Flora of the British West India Islands.
Although, as stated above, the general character of the flora both in
St Croix and the Virgin Islands, considered as a whole, is essentially
the same and distinctly West Indian, yet, in looking more closely into
det^tils, we are soon struck by finding Ji great many species in the one
^hich are not fi)und in the other. This is thef more remarkable, as
from a geographical and eliniatical i)oint of view the physical condi-
tions must l>e said to be niatoriallv identical.
In referring to the list of i)lants given at the end of my treatise it will
^ seen that out of a number of 881 indigenous phanerogamous species
noWss than 215, or c. i,are found in the Virgin Islands only, whilst 1)8,
oral)out ^, occur only in St. Croix, thus leaving only 508, or less than
J» in common to both.
As may be expected from the general character of littoral vegetation,
thm» ait> vevy few species which are not found on both sides of the d(»ep
^•hanncl s(»parating St. Croix from its northern neighbours, the i)riiiclpal
^'xception being Baceharis dioka^ which only occurs in St. Croix, and
^fjletCM DonunrjensiJt, found by me only in the Virgin Islands.
Some greater difference is found in tbe dry shrubby formation, where
•■*«»] very common plants, such as Euphorhiu peiiolaris^ Acacia sar
MamWaria nitosay and others, are to be seen in the Virgin Isl-
ninrix having to itself a few less common species, such as
14 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBeiir ISLAMINI
It is, however, in fhe fbrest vegetation, whioh beifc
original flora of the islands, that the greatest and most Tuied
ences are observed, showing especially the great variBtgr of q^eeisB
the Virgin Islands which are not all foond in St. Cioix, and
which are many of the commonest and most generally distribotod
Belonging to St. Croix alone are comparatively taw and ran
chiefly some Bhamnaceae, viz, Maytenus dasodendrotdes and IBisjgfim
reticulatusj Catealneaparvifhra^ Beloperone nemcraBOy JRsfilJei DomvuttMk^
Buxus VahUij and XTrera elata. All these fbrms occor only in a flMr
localities, and are of no importance to the general character of vq^
tion, as is the case on the Virgin Islands with many of the toXknriaig'
species that are fonnd on them, bnt not in St. Croix. It wonld be too
mnch to mention all the different species here, for which I b^ to idkr
to the appended list and tabular statement. I shall only ennmeratat
few of the most interesting, especially If alpighiaoesD (as BgnanimM
Iticidaj Maipighia Cnida and angu9tffolia)j Bntacesa {Pilooarpm$ racm^
8USj Tobinia ^ptfuwo, Xanthoxylum ockrowjflum)^ Legominoses (AiMMi
fiaridoy Pictetia aristatOj Sesbania sericeaj and Aeaeia nnd^fhra)^ apA
SapotacesB {Sapota Sideroxylan). Among Monocotyledones are to b^
mentioned Arthrostylidivm capillifolium^ Rhynchospora pusUUij Dioicor^
pilosimciilaj Catopm nutanSj and several Orchids. Several of these
plants grow more or less gregariously, thus becoming cbaracteristksi^
to the formation. Among these are Maipighia Cniday Reynosia latifof-i-^
Acacia midijlora, Sabinea Jlorida, and several species of Pilea, most ?'
them being very common, and even generally used for domestic
poses. •
Besides these species, entirely wanting in St Croix, the
Islands possess several that are very common, or at least not uncomm-
on them, but which occur but very rarely in St. Croix, such as Thrin
argenteaj RondeUtia pilosa, Faramea odoratissima^ Miconia angustifol'^^^
Mimosa Ceratoniaj and others, and most of which I have not found ir'^^'
self in the latter island, but only found labelled with St. Croix as habi^:^*^
in the Copenhagen herbarium, so that an error in some cases at lec^*^
may be not at all impossible.
However great are the differences in the flora on the two groups ^^
islands, yet this interesting fact is not due to their possessing endeirr^^i^
species, as all the plants known as growing on them are also found '^
other West India islands, especiUly Porto Hico, whence the vegetati^*^*
of both the Virgin Islands and St^ Croix seems to be derived. Thus *
FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 1«5
ily to different periods of immigration under varied physical
ons that we must ascribe the remarkable discrepancies in the
those apparently homogeneous islands. Some few si)ecies, it is
■e indeed given in my list as having been found only in the Vir-
mds, such as a few Cacteae, Vemonia ThamcBj and the new species
ed by me on the present occasion. But as long as Porto Rico,
and even Cuba, ar6 still insufficiently explored, it may very well
doubtfid whether those species do not also occur in one or sev-
them, just as several Cuban plants, described as endemical in
land by Prof. Grisebach, have been found by me to occur not at
•equently in the Virgin Islands and St. Croix, such as Arthrosty-
capiUifoliunij Reynosia laUfoliay and R, mucronata,
ly thus be confidently asserted that both the groups in question
^rived their stock of plants from the neighbouring larger island of
Rico. The question that remains to be solved is merely why
ley not all received the same species, and particularly why is it
^ Croix, although the largest of all, has received a comparatively
•solutely much less number of species than for instance the far
St. Thomas f
be explanation of these interesting facts we have no doubt to
the geological history of the islands, as the conditions for immi-
over sea, even if possible to all the species, are essentially the
i both groups, and therefore give no solution of the problem in
D.
thus led to think that at a former period all the West India
have been connected mutually, and perhaps with a part of the
an continent also, during which time the plants in common to
islands, as well as to the West Indies and the continent, have
ed themselves over their present geographical areas, at least as
hey are not possessed of i)articular faculties for emigration over
• By a subsequent volcanic revolution, St. Croix, as well as
f the other islands, has thereafter been separated from Porto
d the Virgin Islands, and put into its present isolated position,
t seems to have retained ever since, whilst the latter group of
has either still for a long period remained in connection with
Hco, or, if separated at the same time from it as St. Croix, has,
Jier revolution, been again connected with the former.
N now found in the Virgin Group, but not occurring in St.
h«V6 immigrated into the former from Porto Bico
16
FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBQIN JSLiAHDS.
after tlie Keparatiou of St. Croix from tbe latter, and immigration wonH
finally have ceased liy the sf-paration between tliem, as it exiats at tbe
present i)eriod. Thns, the plants found in the Virgin Islands, hnt nx
in St. Croix, would seem to have been more recently created in tht
probable centre of vegetation, Porto Rico, or some other of the larger As-
tilles ; tbe endemic ones, as iu the other islands also, being the yonngot
of all, not having been formeil till after the complete separation between
the islands had been effected. This latter suggestion, which perit^V'
seems contradictoi'y to the general accepted theoiy of consideriog tibe
endemic forms on oceanic islea as the remnants of the oldest originil
vegetation,' appears to be conflnucd bj- tbe fact that even on soA'
recent formations as the Bahamas, which have as yet been but i^lpe^<
fectly explored, already no leas than eighteen endemic species bavt- bea
discovered.)
The supposition that the islands may have been separated fVoin '
beginning, and have received their floras through immigration ova'
sea, is sufficiently confuted, partly by the great number of species a
men to them all, ivhich clearly indicates the connection in foniier til
with a larger eoniitiy, partly by the eircumstance that most of the tfH
oies common to the islands are in do wiiy better adapted for migntil
6ver tbe water than those peculiar to the Virgin Islands only ; in
but few of them apparently possess the faculty of crossing salt-v
even for a limited distance.
SiqipiisiTLi,^ tbe tlipnry of a ]irfiloiip'ed or nftencr repented connei
FLORA OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE VIRGIN IRLANDS. 17
Others being only imprtfect. Without expecting too nmcli froin tliia
cireomstanoe, yet I feel eonfldent tliat not few of the St. Croix plants,
apparently wanting in the Vii'giu group, may, by closer research, still
ht discovered growing there on some of them, whilst, on the other hand,
I am eipially confident that none, or scarcely any, of the Virgin Islands'
qiecies wanting in St. Croix will be found in the latter island.
It may furthermore be observed that scaix^ely an^- of the St. Croix
species which I have given as being absent from the Virgin group ar<^
common or widely distributed over the island, and so are not possessed
of any great faculty for conquering ground in the struggle for exist-
ence, for which reason some of them may not have been able to gain
admmsion on the much smaller surface of the Virgin Islands, or, having
obtaiiicil a footing, they may have lost it again by the later immigra-
tt)ii of other species, now peculiar to the group compared \Wth St^ Croix,
ttnny of which, as will be remembered, are gn^garious, and gifted with
Bieat facility- for exf^anding themselves.
A very few si>ecies form an exception as to the limited distribution in
Bt Croix, Bttchariis Yahliij Cordia albaj and ^(jipJdla marimicenMs^ oc-
mning rather frequently in the island, but having as yet not been found
Mall in the Virgin group, although they occur in si^veral others of the
^est India islands. I am not prepared to give a satisfactoiy explana-
kion of this fact at the i)resent moment; but such isolated exc^i)tions will
Oo doubt always be met with in the explanation of gcMieral phenomena,
fcal mast i)robably a more thorough investigation of vegetable biology
•ill at a future day afibnl a satisfactory explanation of such appai--
^Btly inconsistent facts.
In drawing the necessary consequen<;es of the above stated theory for
Explaining the geogi*apliical <listribution of vegetable s])ecies in St. Croix
the Virgin Islands, it would thus appear necessary to c^mclude, for
nee, from the occurrence of tkihinea florida both in Porto Rico, the
^ilfgiu LsUikuds, and Dominica, but not in St. Croix, that the first-name<l
Mamls were still all connected, when the latter had already been sep-
•nted from them and put into its prc»sent isolated position. A similar
%feren<*e might be drawn from the distribution of Malpighta Cnida^
the occurrence of Acacia nndijhra would seem to prove a sinii-
thing for Hayti, Porto Rico, and Antigua.
i can, therefore, scarcely be presumed, as done by Pi-of. Griseba<*li
"» Geogr. Verbreitung der Pfl. Westiiidiens, that the distribution
is regulated chiefly by geographical disbmces. A closer in-
of the flora of the various islands no doubt will confirm the
18 FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
theory drawn from the facts observed in regard to the mutual reMoa
between St. Croix and the Virgin Islands, that geological revolatioos
have been eqnally or perhaps even more powerfully influential in aiTang-
ing the distribution of species than the greater or smaller distance, mi
the similarity of physical conditions.
A full knowledge of these interesting facts can, however, not he ex-
pected till a more thorough exploration of all the West India islands
has taken place. Few of them are as yet tolerably well known, and it is
therefore em^nestly to be hoped that such an exploration of all the Wert
Indies may soon be effected, the result of which will no doubt be of
the highest importance both to botany and to all other branches of
natural science.
It generally requires tlie accunudated study and knowledge of gener-
ations before the less palpable and more delicate, but often most impor-
tant, fact^ in natural history can be explained: the West Indies have
been comparatively well studied since th6 middle of the last ceutniyj
and it would seem well now to follow up the work in order to complete
a thorough investigation, which might be used as a basis for the ex-
planation of similar facts observed in other and less well known parte
of the world.
The flora of the Virgin Islands and St. Croix has been stu(he(l by
several botanists, some of whom have j)ublislied the results of their it'-
search, which has, however, amon^ the former group, been chietly con-
lined to llie Danish islands, tlie English and i)articularly the JSpanisli
ones having as yet been onl^' imperiectly explored.
I'ublications on the flora of these islands are given by West in liis
Description of St. Croix (Coj)enliagen, 170.'^); Schlechtendal, FloruU
Ins. St. Thonne, in Linniea, 1828-31 and 18345 and Eggers, Flora of St.
Croix, HI the Vidensk. Medd. fra Naturliist. Forenuig (Coi)enhageii,1876)
besides minor contribut ions in Vahl's Ech)gie Americana^, Symbol® Bo-
tanicie, and Enumeratio Plantanun, Krebs in Xaturh. Tidsskrift, 1847,
on the flora of St. Thomas, De Candolle's Prodromus, and Grisebacli's
Eh)ra of the British West India Islands. This latter work, no doubt
from want of material, scarcely ever mentions tlie British Virgiu Islands.
Collectiims of ))lants from the islands in question are found chiefly i^^
the Museum of the Botanical Garden in Copenhagen, as well as scat-
tered in other Euroi)ean herbaria, collected principally by v. Kohr, West,
Dr. Ryan, Ledru, Bledle, L'llerminier in the past century, by Benzon,
Wahlmann, Ehrenberg, Dr. Bavn, Dr. Hornl>eck, Duchassaing, Si'lioD*'
burgk, riee, Wydler, Orsted, Krebs, and Eggers in the i)resent
FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 19
e following list of plants from St. Croix and the Virgin Islands
3d on my own collections and the publications or collections of other
iistS| comprises 1013* species of phanerogamous and vascular cryp-
Qons plants, of which 881 are indigenous and 132 naturalized, those
ly cultivated being added in brackets after each family,
determining the species I have, besides consulting the more im-
nt general systematical works on botany, as much as possible fol-
L Pro£ Orisebach's standard work on the Flora of the British West
Islands, to which I therefore beg to refer when no other authority
en. Synonymes and references to other authors are given only
) it was thought desirable to supplement the Flora of Grisebach in
espect.
the specific names of plants I have added only such statements as
>t given in Grisebach's work, — as local name, time for flowering,
ical use, as well as descriptive remarks, where my own observation
) a difference from* the description given in the flora mentioned
•>•
referring to Schlechtendal, or the herbarium of the Copenhagen
am, I have used the abbreviations SchL and Hb. Havn. ; in quoting
or Schlechtendal, their respective works on St. Croix and St.
AS, mentioned above, are understood to be referred to.
«ial localities for habitats are given only where a plant is rare, or
events uncommon ; otherwise the island alone is mentioned.
) expression, '^All islands,'' is meant to imply that the species is
. both in St. Croix and the Virgin group, without necessarily mean-
> say that it occurs in every island of the latter.
somming up the statistical results from my list of species, nearly
ame conclusions with regard to the most numerous families are
id at as those given in Prof. Grisebach's Geogr. Verbr. der Pflanzen
indiens, p. 73, for the Caribbean Islands.
) proportion between Mono- and Dicotyledonous plants indigenous
Aturalized is 1:5.8, in the indigenous ones alone 1:4.9, thus show-
le plurality of the recently introduced plants to have been Dicoty-
oas. The proportion mentioned in the plants indigenous to the
la is somewhat lower than stated by Grisebach, as cited above, to
3 role in the West Indies, where it is given as 1:4, indicating, no
^Uiat the climate of St Croix and the Virgin Islands is less moist
i of tiie West Indies in general.
Boi. p. 1274) gives to St. Thomas as the probable irambor of
* "«7 litl shows aboat 900.
20 FLOEU. OF dT. CBOIX AMD THE TIBQUT I8LAHD8.
Tahk tiotting the dUMhution of Iht Indigemnu Spedei oj Pkantr^ffamtt aai Crj/lt,
ViuenlaTt* in St. Croix a»d the Firgin Itlatida.
b
h
s
A.— UlCOITI-EDOSBS.
'
Craclf<»
■
;
1
1
rLOBA. OF ST. CBOIZ AND THE YIROm ISLAND&
21
ing ike dUinbrntian of the Indigenous Species of Phanerogamof and Cryptogamm
Vaeemlaree in St. Croix and Hm Virgin Islands — Contiuued.
<ce«D
B.—M0K0C0TTLED05B8.
laOMD
»
C. — CBTPTOGAMiB VABCULARE8.
1
8
8
1
2
1
8
1
5
1
4
2
3
4
1
4
5
1
1
08
17
Is
1
1
2
8
7
4
8
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
8
1
5
7
1
8
3
6
o
14
15
1
3
8
12
1
15
215
6
if
2
9
8
24
1
17
12
8
6
10
1
•
13
1
1
4
3
13
5
8
4
80
10
1
1
2
8
1
2
8
85
13
7
6
1
2
1
15
568
109
&
1
1
2
11
7
84
1
24
21
e
9
15
1
12
20
1
1
5
8
15
6
8
9
1
88
21
2
1
12
1
1
5
9
1
2
5
53
83
8
2
8
8
1
15
2
34
"liT
132
1018
lA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
WEST INDIES.
L PHANEROGAMJE.
A. dicotyleDones.
DlIJUBIVIACi:^ .
Ola mgosa, Poir.
rhoinas (Griseb. Fl. p. 3).
ANOIVACEJE.
na moricata, L. (v. Soorsop, Susakka).
Feb.-May. Leaves with a peculiar strong scent, used against
ind vermin. Fruit edible^ pulp resembling curdled milk, acidu-
In forests and thickets, common. — ^All islands.
ftorifolla, Dnn. (v. Wild Sonrsop).
Feb.-May. Resembling the former species in the foliage, , but
of a quite different smell. Kot uncommon in forests. — St. Croix ;
omas.
ahiatris, L. (▼. Monkey-apple, Banya).
tfay-June. Fruit not edible ; used as bait for fishes. Common in
y soiL — ^All islands.
qnamoaa, L. (v. Sagar-apple).
A.pril-June. Foliage partly deciduous in March and April. Fruit
^ sweet, soft. Common in thickets. — All islands.
eticiilata, L. (v. Custard-apple).
April-May. Fruit edible. In woods, not uncommon ; also planted
wellings. — All islands. — The enlarged top of the connective in all
s of Aliona is siliceous. Konc of the species enumerated above
ns narcotic principles, as is the ca^e with A, Cherimolia^ MilL, and
•
tteria Ouregou, Dim.
rhomas (Griseb. Fl. p. 7).
adm lanrifolia, Rich. ( Uvaria exceUay Vahl in Hb. Joss.).
Qmiz (Caledonia Gut, West, p. 292).
23
24 FLOBA OF 3T. CBOIX AKD THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
znENIiiPEHinACEf .
9. Cccciilus domlagensis, DC.
I'l. Jiiue-Aug. Stem wootlj", a& iniicli as two iuvbes in diameter.
Iiifloreacences often 3 or 4 uuis«rial in the same axlL (See Dclfswtl,
Icoiics, t. 96.) In forests, not common. — 8t. Thomas (near St. Peter,
1000').
10. Ciasampeloa Farelra, L. (v. VclTft-lPoO- ") Parelra aiiil 3) microoipa. W\
Fl. Nov.-Hlarfh. la foresta and thickets, common. — AH i»lauds.
11. Nympliaaa ampla. DC. (v. Wiiter-lily). (?) parviOnra.
Fl. Apiil-Iuly. In ri\'ulet.s.— St. Croix (KingshiU Got); Vi«n»
(Port Royal).
PAPATEBACES.
13. Argemone mexlcaiia, L, (v. TUistlo).
Fl. the whole yesir. A very common weed in dry places. — All ialindi
CRUCIFEBJE. ^
13. ITaBtiirtliiiii officinale, B. Br. (v. Wcter-creaa)-
Never seen flowering. Naturalized along ri^Tilets. — St Croii; SI
Tlioiuas.
14. Slnapla brBaaloata, 1.. (v. Wild Mnatanl).
Fl. .Tan.—Tune. Around dwellings and iu vaste places, not n
moil. — AH islands.
FL0S4 OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 25
^. C. paogeaa* W. (▼. Wild Moss^beo). c) and P) Swartsiana.
FL the whole year. Common along road8 and ditches. — ^All islands.
K C ▼iacosa, L.
FL May-Dec Naturalized here and there. — St. Croix j St. Thomas.
. Iforinga pterygosperma, G. (v. Horso-radish-treo).
11. the whole year. Boot with a flavour of horse-radish. Naturalized
d common near dwellings. — All islands.
. Cappaxis amygdalina, Lam.
PL March-June. Leaves on young radical shoots linear in this and
) two following species. Not uncommon in thickets. — ^All islands.
. C. Jamaioeziaia, Jacq. (v. Black Willio). u) marglnata and /i) aUiquosa.
FL April- Aug. a) not uncommon; yS) less common along the shore
d in thickets. — All islands.
C. oynophallophora, L. (v. Lingaan-tree). o) and /?) salig^na.
FL Feb.-Aug. — Glands 2-4, uniserial in the axils, exuding nectar
len young before tno time of flowering, and are to be considered as
laced branches or inflorescences.
. C. ▼erraooaa, Jacq.
Fl. Ax>ril-May. A middle-sized tree. Not uncommon in forests on
B Virgin Islands.
. C. frocdosa, Jacq. (v. Bat-bean).
FL Feb.-May. Seeds very poisonous. Common in forests. — ^All
ands.
. Itfcrisonia americana, L. n) and 13) subpeltata, Oris, in litt.
FL May-Oct A considerable-sized tree, a) all islands; /?) leaves
bpeltate St. Croix (Spring Gut).
BIXACEiE.
. Bixa OreUana, L. (v. Boucon).
Fl. June-July. The red i)igment of the fruit was generally used by
e Caribs for anointing the whole bodj^ (Du Tertre). Naturalized in
rests. — St. Croix (Crequis, Wills Bay); St. Thomas (Crown).
. TriUz cracis, Griseb.
FL April-June. Stipules very variable. Petals always abortive in
fjOMcimens. A low tree or shrub. Uncommon in forests. — St. Croix
IfliTy Mt Eagle); St. Thomas (Flag Hill); St Jan (Cinnamon
26 PLOEA OF HT. CROIX AND THE VIBGIK ISLANDS.
30. Oaseaiia sylveatiia, Sw.
Fl. Jau^Feb. aod May-July. Seed corered by a rod arillus. Co»
mou in forests and tbickets. — AH ialanda.
31. C. patrifolia, VT. u) anil ^) microoarpa. Egg.
Fl. JIarcb-July. Flowers odorous. Stamens alternately of equal
lengtb. Not uncommon in forests. A low tree. — a) Virgin Mandf;
^) fmit small, 2'" diam., St. Croix.
32. C. ramiflora, Yulil. i:).
Fl. Jan.-Feb, and July-Aug. Pedicel articulate below the midiUfc
AriUus fibrous. Common in forests. — All islands.
33. Samyda glabtata. Sw.
Fl. June. Puire, iu thieketaon liigbest hill-tops.— St. Thomas (Ciomi,
uo(y).
34. S. BCrmlata, L.
Fl. Feb,-3Iay. Flowers odorous, precocious. Pedicels articuluted il
tbo middle. Leaves of young radical shoots linear. Conunon in tlwti'
ets. — All islands.
VIOLACCS.
35. lonidiom atrlctum. Vent.
Fl. all tho year rounil. Flower matuUne. Rather uncommon in il-
suixjs of rocks iu thickets. — St. Ci'ois ; Water Island.
. TAinARICACE.C
FLORA OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE VIROIN ISLANDS. 27
and covered on the outer side with fleshy papillse. Fruit l-seeded by
aboTtion. Oregarious along roadsides in dry localities, but uncom-
mon.— St Thomas (Bovoni).
CAB¥0PH¥I.I.ACEJE:.
L PAROXYCmACEiE.
4X Drymazia oordata, W. /3) diandra.
FL May-June. In moist localities in the shade. Bare. — St. Croix
(Spring Garden).
42. Cyx)«elea hmniftiaa, Tarp.
FL July. Gregarious around a small fresh- water lagoon. Bare. —
T^ater Island.
IL MOLLUGIXEiE.
491 MoUngo vertioUlata, L.
FL Aug. Leaves often fleshy. On ro(?ky shores. Bare. — Buck Isl •
and, near St. Thomas.
44. IC. ondioatiUfly Lam.
Fl. Sept.-Dec Not uncommon in moist localities. — St. Croix; Buck
Island near St Croix; St. Thomas.
in. PORTULACE^.
45. TaUnum triangulare, W.
PL all the year round. Flower open till 11 A. M. Sepals of unequal
^e. The large one l-ribbed, the smaller one 3-ribbed. Petals often
Xellow (as represented in* Jacq. Stirp. Americ. 1. 135). Bather uncom-
mon. On rocks near the seashore. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
*^- T. patena, W.
Pi. all the year round. Flower open from 3 P. M. till sunset Petals
P^e red or yellow (Bot. Mag. 1. 1543). Boot tuberous. Here and there
^ rocky situations. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
^^- Portnlaca oleracea, L. (v. Purslane), a) macrantha, ,3) micrantha, Egg.
1^1. the whole year. Flower open till 10 A. M. a) brownish, 6 petals,
^^ Uiany as 25 stamens, corolla G"' diam. p) green, 4 petals, 10-12 sta-
^^lis, corolla 3"' diam. Both varieties common along roadsides and in
^iKMi spots. — All islands.
9. qoadrifida, L. (Mant. 78).
St. all the year round. Petals 4, yellow, 2'" long. Flower open from
"*- -«\. M. till 3 P. M. Leaves opposite, clasping together towards even-
^C* A common weed in gardens and along roads. — ^All islands.
28 FLOEA, OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIBQIN ISLANC8.
49. P. pUoaa, L.
n. all tlie year roand. Ofttti iiearly glabrous. Boots tubewus.
Petals led or yellow, large. Corollii up to IC" diaiu., open ouly liU 9
!!. m. Seeds dark brouu. Leaves adpressing themsches doimward lo
the stein towards eveiiiug. ^ot uncommon. Along ditcbes and in
grass-fields. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
50. P. baUmoldes, L.
Fl. .Tnu(-Dee, Common along roadside.s and among rockSr-St.
Croix; St. Thomas.
51. SeBuvium poitulaoastmm, L. (v- liay-flonor).
Fl. all the year round. Sepals rosy inside. Common on eandf
shores. — All islands.
03. Tiianttieina monoeTiiuni, L.
Fl. all the year round. Bitmchea always originating iu the aril rf
the smaller leaf, SiameJis 7-17. Sepals and stamens rosy or wbilt
Coinmoo on roeky shoies. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
S3. Malvastrum splcatnm, Oris. (v. Hullo w-atock).
Fl. all the year round. Flower expanding in the afternoon. Vaj
variable. A common weed aloug roads and in fields. — All islands.
7L0RA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 29
M. fllda Jamaioeniiit L.
FL Dec^Mareh. Flower expanded till 9 A. M. Calyx shorter than
the ooiolla. In grass-fields and thickets. Often suffiratescenfc, (y high.
Common^ — ^AIl islands.
19. & Bplnofla, L. a), P) angnsttfoUa, Lam., and y) polycaipa, Egg.
FL Sept-March, j') sufBrutescent, 4' high. Pedicel as long as the
irhole leaf. Pistils, ovaries, and carpids always 12. a) and fi) common
tn grass-fields and pastures, y) near rivulets. — All islands.
60. 8. rbombiibUa, L. (▼. Swart Mar^n). y) retusa.
FL Dec-March. Petals showing a purple blot at the base. Com-
Dum in waste places. — ^All islands.
61 B. tristii, Schlecht. (Linntea, iii, 271).
St. Thomas (Schl.).
62. 8. aiiplna, L'Her. a) glabra and /3) piloaa, Egg.
FL Nov.-March. Two very distinct forms : a) in shady, moist places ;
^ in dry localities. Not uncommon in thickets and forests. — All islands.
63. 8. argnta, Cav. (not S. arguta^ Sw., as stated in Grisob. Syst. Unters. p. 31)
St Croix (West, 297); St Thomas (SchL).
N. 8. nexToaa, DC. a) and P) vlacoaa, Egg.
FL Dec.-April. P) viscous and glandular pilose. Petals reddish;
i^istils red. Not imcommon along roads and ditches. — All islands.
te. 8. acuminata, DC. a) macrophyUa and P) microphylla.
St Thomas (Schl.). " In locis siccis.''
^. 8. cordilblia, L. p) althasfolia, Sw.
FL March. Here and there along roads. — St. Croix (West, 207); St.
taa (Bethania).
(7. 8. hnmilia, W. (T) Cav.
St. Thomas (SchL). " In locis umbrosis.'^
^ Abatflon i>exiplccifoUnxn, G. Don. a) and /?) albicans, carpids S-ovnlate.
Fl. all the year round. Seeds dimorphous. The two seeds in the
mperior cell glabrous^ the one in the inferior silky, a) not uncommon
■obg roads. P) uncommon. — St. Croix (a and /?); St. Jan (/^).
• umbeUatiun, 8w.
*Ofaielu Seeds cordate^ brown. Not very common in open,
30 FLORA. OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
70. A. indlcum, G. Don (t. Malioe). □) nnd jl) asiatJcnm.
Fl. all tlie year rouml. Flower espaMdi.id after 3 P. M. only. Both
forms common along loads and on waste jtlitcea. — St. Crois ; St. TbwniB.
71. A. UEnOBtua, Rli-h. (v. Munb-uiulloir).
Fl, Nov.-3Iay. Flower expanded during the afternoon only, 8(«d<
intgulurly triangular, vcrrucoae, grey. — St, Croix.
72. BaBtardia xdacoia, Ktli. a).
]■'!. all the year round. Flower expanded during the afternoon onlj.
Onmmoit along roa^ls and iu dry localities. — All islands.
73. Malaobra capitata, L. a) and ji) aloeffoUa, Jaoq.
Fl. Dec.-Alareb. Flower expanded only till 2 P. M. Along ditdta
luid ill nioJBt places. a)rathercominoD; ^)lesscommou, — Allislandi.
74. M. nreiu, Foit
FL April. Petals yellow, puberuloua externally. Seeds smootU, si*
brous. Uucouimon ou Wiisle places. — St, TUomafi (western aiiore of tlm
liorboiir). ,
75. Urepn lobata, L, a) ameiicaoa.
n. Nov.-Juiie. Flower expanded till 10 A. M. In foreata.— St Cnil
(mre; Prosperity on tlie north coast); St. Thomas; St. Jan (not »
common).
76. PnTonla splolfex, Cnv,
1'!. Oiit.-Dec. liatlier common in thickets and forests, — All
FLOBA OF ST. CROIX AND THE YIRGIN ISLANDS. 31
12. S. Sabdaiiffii, L. (v. Red Sorrel).
FL Oct-NoT. Leaves used as a vegetable. Calyx at length fleshy,
ised for lemonade. Cultivated and naturalized here and there. — St
!/ioix; St. Thomas.
13. H.phoBiiioeiU| Jacq.
FL Sept-March. Bather common in thickets, especially near dwell-
Qgs. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
t4. H.braaUleiisia, L.
St Croix (West, p. 298)
15. Goflsyplam barbadense, L. (v. Cotton-tree), a) and /3).
FL all the year round. Down stellate. Common in dry localities,
formerly cultivated. — ^All islands.
16. O. vltifolinm, Lam.
Naturalized in St. Thomas (Sclil.), perhaps from having been cultivated
n former times.
^7. Paxitiiim tUiaoeum, A. Jobs. (v. Muhoc).
FL Oct-3Iarch. Bark employed as rope. Along coasts, but rare. —
It Croix (West, p. 297) ; St Thomas (Sehl.) ; St Jan (Fish Bay).
tB. ThespoBia popnlnea, Corr. (v. Otabeite Tree).
FL all the year round. Yery easily pnipagated by cuttings. A shady
fee with verj' hard wood. Naturalized and cultivated everywhere, espe-
ially in moist localities. All islands.
All Malvaceae are protandrous.
[Cultivated species: Althce rosea, L. (v. Hollyhock); Hibiscus rosa-
inensiSy L. (v. Chinese rose); and H. imUahiliSj L. (v. Changeable Hibis-
OS).]
BOMBACEiE.
9. AdaDSonia digitata, L. (v. Guinea Tamarind).
PL June-July. Leaves deciduous in March-April. The acid pidp of
lie fruit used for lemonade. Naturalized in wooded valleys. — St Croix
E^posperity; Crequis); St. Thomas.
O. Briodendron anfraotaosum, DC. (v. Silk-cotton-tree).
FL Feb.-April. Leaves deciduous March-ApriL Stem growing to
Imense size. Common in forests. All islands.
atmliiiMta, Sw.
: GaidoD, Werty p. 298).
32 PLOBA. OP BT. CROIX AND THE VIEOIN ISLANDS.
92. Helloteras jamaloeaBis, Jnc:<[.
Fl. March-Aag. Siiiral of caqiids 2J. Common iu thickets.— All
islands.
BiiTTNEBIACEJE.
93. Ouazama ulmlfolla, Livin. (v. Jnc-hoss CaUln}.
Fl. April-June. Wooii used for oars. Not nucommoD in pasbm*—
St-Crois; St. Thomas.
94. Tboobroma Cacao, L. (v. Coroa-tTOc).
n. Jiiuo. Xatiuulized in sliady valleys. — St Croix (Prosperi^i
Mount Stewart).
95. Ayenia pusUIa, L.
n. all the year round. FIowbtb often transformed into a bollov
monstrosity by the larva of a wasp. Fruit muricate. In thickets, ct
nion. — All ii^IaudK.
96. Melochria pyramldata, L.
Fl. all the year round. Common iu postnies. — St. Croix.
97. M. totnentosa, L. (v. Brouni-woocl).
FL AH the year round. Calyx toinentoee, greyiali white.
)itt6rsi>erse<l with glandutons hairs. Used for brooms. Commoa ini
thickets. — Ail islauds.
93. H. nodiflora, Sw.
I'l. >'o\'.-.Iuly, Common in pastuies and along roads. — All isliii
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 33
505. Griseb. Fl. p. 97, does not mention them, as he does in C. oUto-
119, neither does the figure in Wight's Icoiies, iii, t. 739, show them in
lis species. From observations made by me on C. acutangulxis^ as well
s on C. hirtuSj such bristles on the lower serratures of the leaves are ot
10 specific value in this genus, being a variable feature. In gardens
and near dwellings, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
105. C. sUiquosnti L. (v. Papa-lolo).
Fl. Nov.-July. Leaves used as a vegetable (Calalu). Along roads
and in pastures, common. — All islands.
106. C. hirtu8» L.
R. June-Sept. Two lowest serratures of the leaves sometimes show-
ing one or two setaceous bristles. In gardens and along roads, not
uncommon. — St. Croix; St Thomas.
107. C. hinatu8» L.
Fl. all the year round. Hairs of the stem scabrous. On sandy shores,
common. — ^^\11 islands.
TEBNSTBOMlACEiE.
108. T«rD8trdmia eUiptica, Sw.
FL Feb.-April. Tlie two bracts at the base of the persistent calyx
^ to be considered as such (Swartz, Flora Ind. Occ. p. 9G1; DC. Prodr.
'iP.o23; and Ilook. & Benth. Genera Plant, i, p. 182), and not as sepals
(^^riseb. Fl. p. 10.3) on account of their being deciduous, but the sepals
^^t. Tlie number of ovules in my specimens are about twenty' in each
^^l (Hook, and Benth. 1. c. ascribe to the genus only two, rarely three
^^ six, in each cell ; Grisebach 1. c. only two to four. In the Catal. Plant,
^^b. p. 36, Griseb. mentions, however, a variety of T. ohovaliSy Ricli.,
^'th ten to thirteen ovules in each cell.) Sepals rosy, flowers fragrant
^ forests on high hills, rare. — St. Croix (Mai-oon ITill, 900'); St. Jan
^oideaux Hill, 1200').
OIJTTIFEB^.
^- Clnsia rosea, L. (v. Chiggt^r-applcO.
^1. May-Sept. Aerial roots as much as 20' hmg, supporting the
*«3g trees on rocks or other trees. In forests. — St. Croix (rare. Wills
N' ); Virgin I.slands (not uncommon).
^- C. alba, L. (v. Wild Mamoy).
"'^ Croix (West, i). 312). Probably a mistake for the first named
B.
BnlL Nat Mus. Ko. 13 3
34 FLORA. OF ST. CEOIZ AND THE TISOIN Z8LAHD0.
111. Mammea amerlcaiia, L. (v. Mamey).
FI. Feb. and later in Aug. Frait geaerally ODe-seeded, eatsA
Common in forests and planted along roads.— All islands.
113. Calopbyllum Calaba. Jocq. (t. Santo Uaria).
Fl. May-July. In forests along rivulets. — St. Croix (common in t
nortbeni part of the island); St. Thomas (rare).
CANELLACEiC.
113. CaoeUa alba. Murr. (v. Whito-bark).
Fl. Jan.-April. Berry dark crintaou. Leaves used in warm batlis :
rbcumatism. On sandy sliores and in forests. — All islands.
EBTTHIU>K¥LACE.S:.
114. EiytbToxylam ovatam, Cav. (v. Wild Chen;, Brisselet).
Fl. April-Sept. Precocious. Branches, as a rule, transformed b
brachy blasts. Common in thickets. — All islands.
{E. areolatum, West, p. 280, and E. brevipcs, Bert«ro in Sclilecbi F
rula, are, no doubt, mistakes for the species mentioned above.)
n A LPIGHI ACE.X.
lis. BTTSonlma sploata, Bich.
FJ. July-Aug. In forests, rare.— St. Croix (Parasol HUl); St Hon
^Signal nUl); St. Jan (Bordeaux).
116. B.laclda, Rich.
FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE YIEOIN ISLANDS. 35
II. M. Colda, Spreng. (Nene Entdeck. iii, 51).
FL Jane-Sept. Along roads and in thickets, not uncommon. — St.
an; Water Island; Yieqnes.
i2. IC. ancnstlfolia, L.
FL June-Oct. In thickets, not uncommon. — ^Water Island; Vieques.
L23. BtigmaphyUon periplooifoUum, Joss.
R all the year round. Samarse red. In thickets, common. — ^All
Blands.
124. Hetexopterla purpurea, Kth.
R all the year round. Common in hed^^es and thickets. — ^AU islands.
J5. a parvifolia, DC. (v. Bnn Vis).
R all the year round. As common as the preceding species. — ^AU
diiDds.
SAPINDACEJC.
2€i Cardiospermiim HaUcacabum, L. (v. BaUoon-vino).
R Scpt.-March. Rather common in thickets and near dwellings.*—
it Croix; St. Thomas.
21. C. microoarpum, Kth.
R Jan.-March. In thickets, rare. — St. Croix (Spring-gut); St Jan
Euigheit). m
28. Seijanla Inclda, Schum. (v. White Vis, Cabiite rotting).
R. Dec-June. Stem used as rope. Common in thickets. — All isl-
nds. — (Paullinia curassavica. West, p. 281, is no doubt a mistake for
his species.)
29. Capania folva. Mart.
R January. In forests, not uncommon. — ^Virgin Islands.
•30. Sapicdtui inaBqualia^ DC. (v. Soap-seed).
R Dec-Jan. Seeds used for ornaments. In forests along ri\nilet8.
^ot uncommon. — St. Croix.
41. ScbmideUa occidentaU;;, Sw.
R May-Sei)t. Not uncommon in forests, especially in St. Croix. —
Ui islands.
bijaga, L. (v. Keneppy tree).
■<icft-llf»r. Leafless during flowering. Flowers fragrant. Fruit
IMe* Katurahzed and now very common everywhere,
I
1
36 FLOHA Of ST. CKOIX AND THE VIHDIN ISLANDS.
oi'tfii ioroiiuK ^ Wi'oudiiry {ji-(}Wlh iu t-lcarcd wttodJiiinl. IiitriMllt'
from the SpauisL uiuJii. — All isluml^).
133. Dodoneea TiBcoaa, L.
Fl. jVpriL On sandy sijiishoifs, i-aro. — St. Ci-oix (Sandy Point).
nELIACEC
134. Mella aempetvlieui, Sir. (v. Lilitc?, Hngbiisli).
FI. all tlK' yaw I'otmd. Cummon in forests and iit-ar dwellings.— AM 1
ielandd. '
135. Trichilla hirta, L.
FL Jim(>-.Iuly. Common iu tliickets. — All islands.
{Guarea trkbUioidev, Jacq., said to ucciir in St. Croix (West, p. 281 )t
eeems toioio rather doubtful.)
136. Swieteola MahagOQi, L. (t. Mahngan^^),
Fl. April-June. In wooded valleys and'nlong roa4ls and dwelliuff"^'
Hot unL'ommon. — St, Croi.t ; St. Thomive.
GEBANIACE^.
[OultivatiKl occur several spei-ics of Gei-anium, L'Her., and Pelarg*^^
niiun, JVHer.j
BALSAiniNACE.<«.
137. Balaamina bortansls, Desp. (v. Lndy-alippers).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized everywiiere in §anlen|. Seed-*
often germinating in the capsule. — All islands.
AVBANTIACE^.
138. Cltnu medlca, L. a) (v. Citruu). 0) UmoDum, Risso (r. Lime).
Fl. April-May. a) naturalized, but rare, in gardens. H) natoraliwdj
common in gardens and near dwellings, altwi in forests. — All IslandB.
139. C. AataDtintii, L. u) (v. Orange}. /}) Blgaiadia, Diih. (v. Seville Orange).
Fl. May-July, Both fonns oaturalized iu gardens, especiaOy «^-
Common iu St, Croix ; rare in St, Thomas and St. Jan, where the spe****
is said to have died out nearly, Irom disease. — (Mentioned also ^^
Breutel, London Journal of Botany, ii,)
140. C. bnxlfolla, Padr. (v. Forbiddeo Fruit),
Fl. July. Naturalized iu a few i)lace8, — St. Croix; St Thomas.
141. C. decnmana, L. (v. Shaddock).
FL Jaly-Aug. Fruit used for preserves, jratiirn.li?:ed in
St. Croix ; St Thomas.
FL0S4 OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIEGIN ISLANDS. 87
%a. Tripharia trilbUata, DC. (v. Sweet Lime).
PL April-June. Katuralized in thickets and near dwellings. Com-
mon in all the islands.
[Cultivated species: Murraya exotica^ L. (v. Cyprian), and Cookia
ptrnctoto, B^tz.]
OXAJLIDACEJB.
143. Oxalis Martiana, Zncc.
R May-Aug. Naturalized in gardens on all the islands.
144. 0. oomictilata, L. /?) microphyUa, Poir.
Fl. all the year round. Gregarious in fields. — St. Croix ( Annally) j
8t Thomas.
Z¥OOPH¥I.I.A€EJE:.
145. TribaluB clatoides, L.
Fl. all the year round. Along roads and in open spots, gregarious. —
8t Croix (in the easternmost part of the island only).
146. T. maximtui, L. (v. Ccutlpee-root, Loiiglo).
FL all the year round. Stamens alternately of equal length. The
thole plant is used in baths against boils. A very common weed along
iwds and in waste places. — All islands.
147. Gaajacam officinale, L. (v. Lignum vitte, PockcDliolt).
n. March-April. Common in former times, but now nearly exter-
iiinated. On the seashore and in forests, rare. — All islands.
BUTACEiE.
148. PUocarpus racemosus, Vali].
Fl. Feb.-March. Leaves undivided, 3-foliate or impari-pinnate in
the same si)ecimen (as st.ated in Hook. & Benth. Genera, i, 299, and Fl.
BrasiL lasc. 65). Inflorescence terminal and axillary. A low tree. In
Swests, rare. — St. Jan (KingsLill, 1000') ; Vieques (Eavn in Hb. Havn.).
iSpecimen from Montserrat in Hb. Ha\Ti. also named P. laurifolius^
rahL)
MS. Tofaiiiia punctata, 6r.
PL Sept. Leaves often pinnate. Dots on the leaves i)ellucid. In
hickets, not uncommon. — St. Croix.
50. T. spinosa, Desv.
FL May-June. Leaflets prickly on i\i(t principal nerves on both sides,
BttiDg 2 stipular prickles at the base. Cari>ids 3 (2-1) globose, with a
Mk, black, vemicose, 3'" long. Seeds black, shining. Rare in
L TBomas (Flag IIUl, 600").
38 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AKD THE TIBQIH I8USD8.
151. Fagaxa miorqAylla, Deat (t. Bungoftt-baib) (F. tragtdm, Jaaq.bi'WtlL.'Ji
~Fi. June-Dec. Dots of the leaves iiellucid. The whole plant Lus
strong smell. Not imcommon in thickets. — St. Croix ; Buck Islaiid,
near St. Croix.
133. Santtiozyliiin ClaTa-Heroalia, L. (t. Wbite Pritklc).
Fl. April-Jiiue, Aculei corky, 6'" long, gi-eyish, with a narrow brom
point. In forests, not anconiinon. — All islands.
153. Z. Oanm, Valil (Nuturh. Sclsk. Skrift. vl, l;H, 1810) (v. Yellow SanAvr).
Kot seen flowering. A fine timber-tree, used for furniture. Sot ni'
eommoD iu foreata in fonner times, bat now nearly extinct. — St. Jan
(Bordeaux Hills) (StCroixl St. Thomas?) (Blontserrut, Byan in ffi>.
Havn.) ; Martiniquo (West in Hb. Havn.).
154. Z. Oohroxylum. DC (v. Tcllow PrickJe) l,Z. tinplki/oUtim, Vnhl in Hb. Hn«.l
Fl. June-Sov. 9 Panicle 1" long ; pedicels J'" long, braft^wlt; H
the base deeiduoos. Calyx 5-partite, J'" diam. Petals 5, imbricalf,
white, 5'" long, pellucid-dotted. Style thick, |"' high ; stigmas am-
gular. Ovaries 3 on a short gynophore. Cari>ids 3 (1-2) globose, th-
ruc«se, partly dehiscent, IJ'" diam. Seed shining black. Stem anw
with large corky aculei, often connected and forming long ridgea dofl
tlie stem. Wood yellow. Tlie whole iilant is posses8e<l of tlie
strong smell as Fagara. Not iincommou in foresis. — St. Thomas (FliJ
Hill 600'); St. Jan (Eogiers) (Montserrat, Ryan in Hb. Ha%Ti.; Jtofr
uique, South America, Hb. Uavii.). (A branch without flowers, martoi
mhyUuvi St. Croix, Kviin in Hb. Havn.. seems to belong lo thit
FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AND THB VIRGIN ISLANDS. 39
AMPEI^IDEJC.
fr9. CUtiia sloyoides, L. (v. Lambrali, Pinna koop).
FL all the year round. Flowers purple or yellow. ASrial roots loDg,
filiform. Common in forests. — All islands.
LCD. C; trilbliata, L.
FL all the year round. On rocks and trees^ not common. — St Croix ;
.Thoman.
^L C. aoida, L.
Fl. June-Aug. In thickets near the coast, common. — ^All islands.
C2. Yitis caxibasa, DC.
Fl. June.^ In dense forests, rare. — St Croix (Caledonia Gut) ; St
nTlioinas (Crown).
CEI.ASTBACEJE:.
2.^. Maytaniia elasodendroideB, Gris. (Cat. Plant. Cnb. p. 54). {BhamnuB polif-
gamui, Vahl in Hb. Havn., and in We«t| p. 276.)
FLDec. Flower brownish, small. Calyx 5-partite, 3'^' diam. Petals
S, (md, V" long. Stamens 5, often all or part of them transformed into
petals and more or less sterile. Stigma subsessile, 2-lobed. Ovary 2-
locular, 2-ovnlate. Disc brown, undulate, J''^ high. Seed black with a
^^ arillus. Rare in dry thickets. — St. Croix (Fair Plain).
^64. IL laevigatus, Oris, in litt. {llhamnus lcpviyatu8, Yalil 'in Symb. Bot. iii, 41 ;
Ceanothus, DC).
Fl. May-Oct. Capsule tanlily dehiscent, 1-3-seeded, 6^'^ long. Seeds
^>iown, reticulate with red veins, 2'^^ diam. Arillus tougli, white. A
**hrub or middle-sized tree. Not uncommon in forests. — All islands.
^€5. ElaBodendron xylocarpum, DC. (v. Spoon-tree, Nnt Muscat).
PL Sept.-Dec. Stamens often transformed, as in Maytenm eUcoden-
^i^es. Drupe orange-coloured, 8'" long. Common on rocky shores;
^ore uncommon in St. Croix. — All islands.
^66. Myginda paUens, Sw.
Fl Oct.-May. Common in thickets, principally in marshy soil. — All
'elands.
^^^. M. latfroUa, Sw.
St Croix (Pflug, sec Vahl Symb. Bot. ii, 32) ; St. Thomas (Schl.).
- Sohaeffexla £nite8oen8» Jacq.
^X Sept-Dec. Common in thickets. — All islands.
40 FLOBA OF ST. CKOIX AND TH£ TIBOIH ISI.AXZ».
RHAMNACEf .
169. HeyncMla latlfoUa, Griv. (Cut. PI. Cnb. 34) (v. Guama). Emend, in Sfpa,
VidcUBkab, Mudil. fru Naturhist, Foreuing, Copenhagen, 187B, mm iEow,;. HI
FI. June-July. Commou iu dry tliickets. — Yirgiu Islanda.
170. R. mocionata, Gris. (1. t.) (Eggcre, 1. c).
Not seen flowering. liare in dry thickets near the cfOBi. — St Ciwi
(easternmost part of the island, near Ta^e Bay).
171. OondaUa ferrea, GriH. (v. EddcD-wnod).
FI. Sept.-Jan. Keel of the calyx -lobes foliaceons. Drupe otbI, %"
long. Kot uncommon in thickets and forests. — All islaads.
173. Colubiiua fermgliioaa, Brongn.
FI. Jon. and May-Julj'. A lev shrub. Common on saudy 8bore&-
All islauds.
173. C. recllaata, Brongu. (v. Snakr-root, Wnliep-liark). j
FI. Nov.-M[iith. Style 2-3-iiartite. Leaves used for the prepantillj
)if stomachic tbiiiks. Not iinconinion in tliicketis. — All islands.
174. Zizypbus reticulata, DC. (Proilr. ii,90) (Pofivmi, Volil, E«l. Am. ui, Cl). J
FI. July. Disc brownish. Capsule 3-locular, one aeed in each te^ '
B'" long, glabrous. Seeds purple j pulp reddish brown. !n ilij
thickets, i-aic. — 9t, Croix (Fiiir Plain).
175. Gonania domiugecBlB, L. (y. Sc>ai)-Blii'){, SJlvi).
FI. Oct,-.Tan, Stem used as rope. Common in thickets. — Ailislandi.
FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 41
M. S. pmpAiaa, L. (y. Jamaica Plum).
PL Feb.-March, precocious. Naturalized in gardens and wooded val-
?!y&— All islands.
JSL Rhus antillana, Egg. (u.sp.)*
Sect. Sumach. Leaves impari- pinnate ; leaflets 4-5-jugal, petiolulate,
biDceolate, acuminate, obtuse at the base, entire, glabrous, ehartaceous ;
veins prouiinulous beneath. Cyme ramose; branclilets bracteolate,
equaUing the leaves. Flower pedicellate, small, green, 5-raerous, mostly
^, the rest hermaphrodite. Calyx and petals persistent in the fertile
flower. Stamens erect, a little longer than the petals, inserted into a
lenhy central disc ; filaments villous at the base. Ovary inserted upon
a short fleshy gynophore. Drupe globose, glabrous, 1-seeded by abor-
tion, A low tree. Approaching E. metopiunij L. Fl. Jan. In forests,
rare.-^t. Thomas (Signal Hill, 14000 ; St. Jan (lib. Ilavn. as Xanthox-
Fhm). (St. Croix, Stony-ground f )
182. Comocladia ilicifoUa, Sw. (v. Prapra).
FLMarch-May. Root containing a lasting red dye. Common on lime-
stone.— All islands.
>
183. Mangtfera indica, L. (▼. Mango- tree).
R Feb.-April. Fruit edible. Introduced towards the close of last
centwy, and now cultivated and naturalized everywhere. — ^All islands.
184. Anacardium cccldentale, L. (v. Casliow, Cherry).
R Dec.-Ai)ril. Pedicel becoming fleshy, and cont^aining in abund-
ance a slightly astringent juice. Seeds used as almonds. Common in
forests and along roa<ls. — All islands.
l.i:qu]?ii]vos3e:.
185. Crotalazia verrucosa, L.
FI. all the year round. Naturalized along roads. Very common. — ^^VJl
islauds.
186. C. retaaa, L.
FI. alPthe year round. Common along roads and in waste places.
N'atoralized. — All islands.
187. C. latifolic, L.
Fl. Nov. Leaves golden sericeous beneath. Corolla greenish. Xot
lOComRKm in thickets. — W\ islands.
|BL C.incana, L. (v. Rattle-buHh).
lU the year round. Stipules deciduous, the scar exuding nectar
well as th(d base of the bracteoles. Common along roads
Crc as.
42 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AK1> THE TIBQIN ISLANDS.
1S9. ludigofera tlnctoiia, L.
Ft Apiil-Aug. Cultivated in former times, bat nov only finnd wild
or Dataralized. Common in dry localities. — All islands.
190. I. Anil. L.
Fl all the year roond. The irliole plant is much attacked liy insecti
Very common in dry thickets. — ^All islands.
19X. Tepbroala clserea, Pers. a) and /3) Utoralla, Pers.
Fl. Feb.-June. Both fonns here and there in thickets.— All idaitdi.
192. Ctaoca oaxlbiea, Benth.
St. Croix (Schl.)i St. Thomas (Gris. FL p. 183).
193. Cooraetia aiboiMi, Gris.
St. Jan (Gris. Fl. p. 183).
194. Sabfsea flciriaa, DC. (v. Watorpanna).
Fl. March-July. Precocious. Wood used for fisbpots. Gregariou
Common in thickets and forests. — Tirgin Islands. (Cultivated in ft
CrOLs.)
195. Plotetia eqaamaU, DC. (Prodr. ii, 314) (v. Fustic ).
Fl. Juno. Flowering i>eriod only Q or C days. Branches in tiuHaJ
tlie following species commonly transformed idto bracbyblasts. Cm
mon in forests and thickets. — Virgin Islands.
196. P.arlstata, DC.(l.c.)(v.Fustic).
Fl. Feb., March, and June-Aug. Bather common in thickets.— fir
FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBGIN ISLAND& 43
202. Alysioaxpns vaginally DC.
FL Nov.-Dec. Leaves very variable. Along roads, common. — All
islands.
S03. Desmodiam txiflomin, DC.
FL Dec-Feb. Common near ditches and in moist localities. — All
islands.
204. D. inoanom, DC.
FL Oct-Jan. Common in pastures. — ^All islands.
205. D. scoxpianu, Desv.
Fl. Dec.-Jan. In pastures, not very common. — St. Croix; St. Thomas
(Duchass).
206. Desmodiiiin tortnosom, DC.
FL Oct.-Jan. Common in pastures. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
207. D. spirale, DC. *
FL Kov.-Jan. Kot uncommon in pastures and along roads. — ^All
idands.
20e. D. moUa DC.
Fl Dec.-Jan. Lomentum often 3-4-jointed. Rather common in pas-
tures.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
209. Stylosanthes procuxnbens, Sv/.
Fl Oct.-Dec Lomentum in uiy specimeua always 3-jointed. Com-
DiOB along roads. — All islands.
210. 8. visoosa, 8w.
St. Croix (West, p. 301). (Perhaps a mistake for the former species.)
^11, Araohia hypogsea, L. (v. Pindars, Ground-nuts).
Fl. May- Aug. Seeds used for making cakes or eaten roiisted. Culti-
vated and naturalized. — All islands.
t, Abms prsecatoriofl, L. (v. Jumboe-l)ead, Scni]>ber, Wild Liquorice).
II. Oct.-Feb. Leaves used for washing clothes. Common in thick-
^^B and on hedges. — All islands.
Rhynchoaia zninima, DC. a) and ft) lutea. Egg.
B*L all the year round. Seeds black, with small grey spots. «) Stand-
^ixl veined with purple; a low climber, ft) Standard uniformly yellow ;
^liuabing up to C Both forms common in pastures and thickets. — ^All
^^lajnds.
44 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBOIN ISLAHD8.
214. R. phaaeololdtM, DC.
Fl. Marv)i. Stem laterally comprossccl. Bare in forests. — St Than
{Signal Hill, 1200').
215. R. reUcnlata, DC.
Fl. all the year round. Leaflets as long as 1^". Common on few
and along roads. — All islands.
316. CajaDiia Indtcus, Sprcng. (v. Pigeoii-pea, Veada boimlje).
Fl. all the year rauud. Seeds used as a commou vegetable for eo
Cultivated and naturalized. — All islands.
217. CUtoila Ternatea, L. (v. Blue Vine),
Fl. all tlie year round. Common in tbiekets. — All islands.
21B. Centrosema Tirglniannin, Bi'Otb. a) and /?) augnatifolitixn.
Fl. all tlie 3~ear round. Veiy common in ditches and on fences.—
islands.
219. ToramnoB oncluatae, Sw., var. albiflomB, Egg.
Fl. Sept.-Mareh. Corolln 1^'" long, constantly white. Legome
long, bliioI>, x>>Io^- Common in pastures and along roads.— St. C'i<
St Thomas.
220. Oalactia filiformls, Bc-ntli.
F], Oct.-tTiin. Koots often bearing small tubei«. Common in ttu
ets. — All islands.
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 45
. Pb. alatns, L.
t Croix (West, p. 299).
. Ph. aemiereotiiB, L.
I all the year round. Flower expanded only in the sun. Common
ig roads and in pastures. — All islands.
. CaiuiTmlia panriflora, Bentli. (Flor. Bras, xv, i, 177).
I Feb. Inflorescence extm-axillary (as in C. honariens^isj Lindl. Bot.
;. 1199). Legume broad on the back, without ^ominent ridges, 3^'
J, ly broad. Seeds crimson, shining, J'' long. In forests, rare. — St.
mas (Signal Hill, 1300').
C. gladiata, DC. /3) ensiformis, DC. (v. Sour-eyes, Overlook) (DoUchos adna-
ci/ormis, Jacq. Icon. Rar. t. 559). Bot. Mag. 4027.
I. Aug.-Dec. Naturali2e<l in provision grounds. — St. Thomas (Signal
,1200^).
C. obtnsifolia, DC. {DoUvhas rotundifolius, Yahl).
1. all the year round. Common along the seashore. — ^All islands.
. Hacima pmxlens, DC. (v. Cow-itch).
L Oct.-Xov. In shady valleys. Rare. — All islands.
Erythxlzui CoraUodendroD, L. (v. Flamboyant).
L Feb.- April. Precocious. Stamens all of unequal length. Rather
mon, e8i)ecially along roads and near dwellings. — All islands.
. B. horrida. Egg. (n. sp.).
L Feb.-March. Very prickly. Approaching to the preceding, but
D, branches, petiole, and leaf-ribs on both sides armed with stout
straight prickles ; legume terete, long- beaked. A low tree, branches
cumbent. In forests, not uncommon. — All islands.
. Piacldia Erythrlna, L. (v. Dog-woo<l^ Stink-tree).
1. March-April. Precocious. Only those individuals that flower drop
leaves. Common in thickets. — All islands
. DrepanocarpUB Innatns, Moy.
t. Croix (Isert, 1787, in Hb. Havn ; West, p. 298).
. HecaBtopbyUuxn Brownei, Pcrs.
L June-Dec. Not uncommon on sandy shores. — All islands.
ioemiis, Sw. (v. Dog Almond, Bastard Mahogany, Hon Kloot).
tA]iir.,and Dec. Not uncommon in forests and along rivu-
46 FLOBA, OF ST. CBOIX AND THE YIBOIN UUKIW.
238. Sophora tomentoBa, L. •
ri. Jii]y-.Jan. Aloiig sandy shores, rare. — St. Croix (Wliite'B Bar,
Tiu-ner's Hole).
339. UyToapemmm fmteaceas, Jacq.
Fl, May-fluiK*. Legume rt'siuotis. Naturalized near dwellings— St
Croix.
240. Heematoxyloii campecblaDuiD] L. (v. Lof^ood).
I'l. Feb.-JIay. The young plants prickly on the stem. Ilere ai
lliero oa simdy shores. More common in former times. — All islands.
241. FarklDSonla aculeata, I', (v. Horse-bean).
n. all tho year round. Common iu dry localities. — All islands.
242. OuilandiuB Bonduc, L. (v.Yulloir Nickara).
Fl. Jfay-Oet. Common along sandy shores. — All ishuids.
343. a. melauouperma, 1^gg.(ii.s]i.) (v. Btnck Mckars).
Fl. June-Oct. Resembling the preceding, but leaflets smaller, gU-
bruus, sbiuing, pricble^s red ajid seeds shining- black. Seeds iiwd IV
oniumeuts. In dry tliiekots near thesbore, rare. — St. Croix (Sandy Poiii^
Orapo-treo Bay).
244. O. Bonclaoella, L. (v. Grey Nickan}.
FJ. idl the yejir roimd. Anthers successively debi8C4?'nt. FloirBi
polygamous. Very common along sjindy shores. — AU islands.
243. Caaaalpliiia palcherrlma, Sn'. (v. Dudeldu).
PL.Tunc-IVf', llracteoles large, subulate, but deeidno«s,l)eforp tta
FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE YIBQIN ISLANDS. 47
a iMUsOliula, L.
FI. NoY.-May. Common in thickets and woods on high hills. — St
TEliomas.
S5X. C. bioapcolaxia, L. (v. Stiverbush, Styver bla).
FL all the year round. Veiy common in waste places. — ^All islands.
252. a florlda, Yahl.
FL Dec Katoralized near towns. — St. Thomas.
253. C. biflora, L. /?) angustisiUqua, Lam.
FL Kov.-May. In thickets, rare. — St. Croix (Longford).
254. C. alata, L. (v. Golden Candlestick, Flciti).
•
FL May-Nov. Along rivulets, not uncommon.-^Virgin Islands (nat*
nralized in St. Croix).
255. C. occidentaUs, L. (v. Stinking-weed).
Fl. all the year round. Root used against fever. A very common
weed near dwellings and in waste places. — All islands.
256. C. obtusilblia. L.
Fl. June-Nov. Common in dry localities. — St. Croix 5 St. Thomas.
(C. triflora^ Yahl (Eclog. Am. iii, p. 11) (West, St. Croix), is a doubt-
fid species. I have not been able to ftnd the original si)ecimen of Yahl
in Hb. Havn.)
257. C. glandulosa, L. a)8tricta, Sclil., and /?) raznosa.
Pi. all the year round. Both forms common in pastures and along
loads- — ^All islands.
258. C. zi^ctioanBi L.
FL all the year round. In the same localities as the preceding. — St.
Croix; St- Thomas.
259. Tamarindtui indica, L. (v. Tamarind-tree).
Fl. March-June. ^Naturalized everywhere, especially near dwell-
^gs.— iVll islands.
^^O. Hymenaea Courbaril, L, (v. Locust-tree).
^ Jan. and July- Aug. Bracts large, early deciduous. The wood is
*** excellent timber on account of its lx»ing very hard and close-grained.
"*^^ Ibrests, here and there. — 2VII islands.
^^ Banhinla tomentosa, L.
5*L May-June. Leaves partly deciduous in March. Katuralized in
^^^^tlens and near dwellings. — St, Croix ; St Thomas.
48 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AKD THE TIBGIH ISL&KIie.
263. 8. ongula, Jacq
St. Thomas {Gris. Fl. 214).
263. Adenantbera piTonloa, L. (v. Coqiivlicot).
Fl. July-Otf. Naturalized near dwellings and in shady valley!
All islands.
264. Heptunia pubescens, IVntli.
Fl. Aug. Legume containing as many as 0 seeds. Itnre. — Buck lalc
near St. Thomas,
265. DeemanthiiB Tlrgatus, W. u) and S) stilctiu, Bert.
Fl. all the year round. Both forms common ia pastures and al
roads. — All islands.
266. D. depreaaiia, Kth.
St. Thomas (Schl.).
267. Mimosa pudica, L. a) (v. Gritchpc).
Fl. all the year round. Jn pastures and along roads. — St. Croii ('
rai%, Mt. Stewart); Virgin Islands (common).
St. Thoraa«{Gri8. Fi. 21!>).
269. M. Ceratonta, L. (v. Bliiok Amiin't, Aionri'tHttckt^l).
Fl. June-Dec. On high hill.'*.— St. Crois (West, p. 312 ; his epecin
are found in lib. Haru.) ; Virgin Islands (common).
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 49
^4. A. macraoantha, HB. p) glabrena (y. Stink Cash^).
FL Dec.- April. A shrub or low tree. Wood exhaling a very dis-
Le odour. Common in thickets on dry hills. — All islands.
275. A. tortnoaa, W. (v. CashiS).
PI. all the year round. Flowers fragrant. Bracteoles rhomboid, ciliate.
Often gregarious. Common on dry hills. — ^All islands.
276. A. Famasiana, W. (v. Cashii).
FL all the year round. Flowers fragrant ; bracteoles spathulate, ciliate.
Foliage of this and the two former species eaten by goats, and their wood
generally u«ed for making charcoal. Common in dry localities. — ^All
lalands.
277. A. arabioa, W.
♦
Fl. Nov.-Jan. Naturalized near dwellings. — St. Croix; St Thomas.
27a A. Lebbek, W. (v. Thibet-tree).
Fl. April-Sept. Leaves deciduous Nov.-March. Flowers fragrant,
foliage eaten by cattle. The tree is often overgrown by Loranthus emar-
i^natus. ^Naturalized in pastures and elsewhere. — St. Croix (very com-
*>icn); Virgin Islands (common, except St. Jan, where the tree seems not
^o thrive).
(A. frandosaj W., var. eglandulosaj St. Thomas, is mentioned by
^cshlechtendal as sx>ontaneous, but, being an East Indian species, is most
l^^^)bably only cultivated or at most naturalized. I have not seen the
^l^ecies in the island.)
^ 79. CaUiandra portoricensU, Bentli.
FL Feb. Climbing by the aid of young branches that twine themselves
^^^und the branches of other trees. In forests, rare. — St. Jan (King's
ill); Vieques.
). C. purpurea, Bentli. (v. Soldier-wood, West).
St. Croix (Gris. Fl. p. 224, probably on the authority of AVest. This
5^uthor, however, says, p. 312, that the tree is only cultivated in the isl-
s^^id. His specimens are in existence in lib. Havn. I have not seen the
on the island).
H C. Saman, Gris. (v. Giant Thibet-tree).
n. May-Aug. A very large tree of quick growth. ^Naturalized near
^l^w-ellings and planted along roads.—St. Croix; St. Thomas.
Pithecolobium nnguia-cati, Bentli. a) and /3) forfez, Kth. (v. Crab-prickle).
R. 8ept.-fTan. Gynophore V" long. Seeds black, shining; ariUus
'^^ Wood used for fishpots. Both forms common on limestone and
^ "J^arshy soiL— All islands.
BulL Nat Mus. No. 13 4
60 FLORA. OF ST. CBOIX AND THB TIBQIH ZSLAHIM.
283. Inga laniliia, W. (v. LEkdy-flnger-tiee).
Fl. July-^pt. and Jaa.~March. Petiole bearing a mamv wli
each side. Corolla greenish. (Jacqnin's drawing does not ahoi
wing on the petiole. In the lettertiress, however, of his Stiip. At
expresses a doubt whether the petiole is winged or not.) Wood
for fences, etc. Common in forests. — All islands.
[Cnltivated species: PMuntsatifum, L. (v.GreenPea); Dolichotq
«permu«, DC. (v. Black -eye Pea); D. sesquipedalUfli.; PoincianaOi
Hook.; and a Caeparea.]
CHBrSOBALANACEJB.
284. Chrysobalantu Zcacr, L, (v. Cocoa^plnm, Cncos).
Fl. Dec.-Feb. and Jiily-Aug. Fruit black orwbite; osedforpree
On sandy shores or in forests on high hills. Common. — All islam
ROSACEA.
ptlany varieties of Rosa galltca, L., and R. centi/olia, L., are cnlb
in gardens on all the islands, and are flowering abimdantly all tb
round. In the time of West {c, 1790), roees were rare, audflowen
seldom, so that we here seem to have an instance of gradotd aod
sation.]
BITBTACejB.
283. OalyptTuitlieB Ttiomaatana, Berg (Linuno, xxvii, S6).
St. Thomas (Yentenat and Bavn in Hb. Havn.).
286. C. CtiTtraculla, Sir. 0) ovalls, Berg, and t) Zjwy^xaa, Berg (L c.p.9
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 51
293. B. Polmtii, DC.
St Thoma« (Oris. Fl. 236).
293. & monttooUy DC.
H July-Sept. Leaves variable, distichous. Flowers strongly fra-
grant. When not flowering, the shrub emits a foetid smell. Eather
ecmmon in forests. — ^All islands.
394. B. aadUazli, Poir.
R Aug.-Oct. Leaves variable. Petiole reddish. In thickets;
TMe^-St Croix (Lebanon Hill, Fair Plain).
295. E. lateriflora, W. {E, cordaia, DC. Prodr. iii, 272, aud probably E, goanlifloray ib.
273).
FL Sept-Nov. Leaves very variable, ovate, cuneate, or oblong.
Flowops sessile or subsessile, crowded in the axils. Beny globose,
porple, 2'" diam. Common in thickets and forests. — All islands.
296. B. Maailiflora, Vahl (Symb. Bot. iii, 64).
FL July-Oct. Fruit large, rosy, f -1'' diam. Flowers sessile, large,
tkite, 6^" diam. In thickets, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St. Thomas
(CoweU's Hill).
(Both DC. and Gris. seem to confound these two very distinct species,
the flowers and fruits of which are highly different in most resi)e<5ts.
DC. Prodr. iii, 273, says of his U. sessiliflora : Fructus dimidio minor
Quam E. ItUeriflorce, yet immediately above he says of this latter species:
^ctu8 et sem. iguoti. Vahl's description is very correct, also, of the
fruit, of which he says: Pruni magnitudine, globosus.)
^97. XL flavovirens, Berg (1. c).
St, Jan (Ravn in Hb. Havn.).
^9a B. glabrata. DC. (Prodr. iii, 274).
St. Croix (Berg).
B
'. R paUena, DC. (E. nitida, Vahl in Hb. Havn.) (v. Cromberry).
Fl. Sept.-Nov. Leaves shining. In forests, uncommon. — All islands.
. B. acetOBana, Poir. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 283).
8t Jan (in forests. Berg in Linnsea, xxx, 662) ; St. Croix (Mount Eagle,
icbanl).
^L R vireialtoaa, DC.
FL April-July. Leaves variable. Common along the seashore and
forests. — ^All islands.
52 FLORA OP ST. CBDIX AND THE TIRGIN ISUHDB.
302. B,proo«ra.Foir.(v.BlAckCheri7,Bock-iii7TUe)(iryrl««c«nH(aa,TaklliiWMl, i
p. iM).
Fl. Feb. and Aug.-Nov. Flowers fragrant j fruit edible; a fiivcwritt 1
food for wild pigeons. In Ibrests, common. — All islandtu
303. E. pMndopBldlam, Jac^. (£. Thomatiana, Berg} (v. Bastard Guata, CluHtMi
Cherry).
Fl. April-Dec. Flowers fragrant; fruit ovaL Asbmborlowtne. !■
forests, not uncommon. — All ifilands.
304. E. ItgUBtrina. W.
Fk April and Sept. In tliicketa and woods, common. — All ftlaBd&
305. B. poitorloeiulB, DC. (Prod. Hi, 366) IStauxMlfx, Berg^ -
St. Croix (ox Hb. Vahlii in Hb. Berol.).
30fi. B. nnUIara, L. (v. !4urinani Cherry).
FI. MiU'ch-Aiig. Fi-oit edible, acidulous. A middle-sized tree. Kit^
uralizcd and planted iu gardens— St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
J
307. B. fioribunda, West (v. Gilnva-btury).
Fl. June-Aug. Berry black, globose, sLiiiiug, i'" diam., aromaliejj
used for preserves or put iu rum. Iti forests, not uncommon. — .Ul bt-j
ands.
(J?, margiuata and E. micrantha. West, p. 200, ore not meotinned
Valil's Syuib. Bot. pars iii, as stated, and are probably included in
of the species enuniei-iited above.)
308. Anamomia punctata. Cri-i.
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 53
X3. Pniiioa gnuuituniy L. (v. Pomegranate).
"FL April-Oct. Flowers crimson or yellow Fruit the same. Nator-
Bktised in valleys and near dwellings. — ^All islands.
314. Moozlria dominswiala, Walp. {Petalama Mouririf Sw.).
St. Croix (Baadonios Out, West, p. 285, and specimens in Hb. Havn.).
[Cultivated si>ecies : Myrtus communiSj L. (v. Myrtle), and Couroupita
fmmenris, AnbL (v. Nutmeg).]
MEIiASTOMACEJE:.
315. CUdemia hirta, Don.
St. Thomas (Biedl^ sec. Kaudin, Ann. des sc. nat. 1853, xviii, p. 532).
316. C. tpioata, DC. •
FL June-July. In forests, not uncommon. — ^All islands.
317. C. rabra. Mart.
St. Thomas (Gris. Fl. p. 248 ; Finlay sec. Kaudin, 1. c.).
3ia Diplooliita sermlata, DC.
FLFeb.-May. Not uncommon in wooded vallRys. — St. Croix; St,
Tbomas.
319. Ttoazygia elasagnoldea, DC.
FL April- Aug. Common in forests and on high hills. — ^All islands.
320. Miconia argyrophyUa, DC.
St Thomas (Fiulay sec. Naudin, Gris. Fl. p. 2ii6).
321 M. impetiolaris, Don.
leaves as long as 1^'. — St. Croix (West in Hb. Havn.) ; St. Thomas
(Griii. FL p. 256; Bonpland §ec. Naudin. Montserrat (Ryan in Hb.
flavn.).
^2. M. praaina, DC.
St Thomas (Riedl6 sec. Naudin).
^^3. IC laevigata, DC.
FL March-July. In forests, not uncommon. — All islands.
^^4. hL angnatifolia, Gris.
Fl. March. A good-sized shrub, often gregarious on limestone. — St
^loix (Benzou in Hb. Havn.); Virgin Islands (not uncommon. Mont-
^^rrat (Ryan in Hb. Havn.).
[Several of the species mentioned by Naudin as having been coUected
^St Thomas I omit as being a rather doubtful habitat. These are:
^^kudya berbiceatuiy Gris. {Micania^ Naud.); Cremanium amygdalinumy
^^^"rig. (Omoxi, DC), and Nepsera aquatica^ Naud.]
54 FLORA OP ST. UBOIX AMD THE TIBQIN I8LAHDB.
LrTHRABIEJB.
323. Amm.nla UtUoUS, L,
Fl. Dec-Jane. Here and there in moist localitiea. — Bt. Croix (L
Cove, Auna'8 Hope) ; St Tbomas (Flag HiU).
326. ABtbeirUnm Rolull, Tahl (Symb.Bot.iiJ, 6S)(T.Piiokl«-irood).
Fl. Oct.-March. Precocious. Petiole bibracteato above the mi
Id marBhy soil oear the coast. — St. Croix (rare; Fair Plain, i
Ground) ; Virgin Islands (common).
[Cultivated species: Lawsonia iiiermU, L. (v. Mignonette), and J
stromia indica, L. (v. Queen of Flowers)^]
OFTAGBACEX. •
327. TawUua ■nXniticoaa, L. a) UEoatrtfolla, Kth.
FL all the year round. Here and there in moist places.^ — St
(Crequis, Golden Bock); St Thomas (Caret Bay).
BHIZOFHOBACE.S.
336. RblBOpboia Maugl*, L. (v. Mangrove, MaagolbootD).
FL all the year round. Gregarious uloug the shore of lagoons,
islands. (See Botanisks Kotiser, 1877, Limd, and Yidensk. Hed
fTatorhist. Foreuing in Copenhagen, 1877-78.)
COIOBBETACEf .
329. TermtiuJlK Oatappa, L. (v. Almood-tree).
nil and .'^'■iit. Viituralizi'i) ir
flora of 8t. croix and the virgin islands. 55
cvcitbbitaceje:.
(Griaeb. Flora, and Nandin: Annales des sc. nat. 1859, '62, '63, and '66.)
3S3. Momordioa Charantia, L. a) and /3) psendobalsamina (y. Maid-apple).
^FL Dec and April-Aag. Common on fences and near ditches. — ^All
isisi^nds.
334. Lnlla oyllndiica, Roem. (Syn. Mon. ii, 63) (X. Petola, Sor. Wight Icon, ii, t. 49&>
(v. Strainer-vine).
KL Oct.-Dec Tendril 5-fid. Fruit brown, 4" long. Naturalized on
fences. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
335. Cuourbita Pepo, L. u) (v. Pumpkin) and /?) Melopepo (v. Squaali).
Fl. May .-Nov. and Feb. Fruit used extensively as a vegetable.
liTatoralized and cultivated. — All islands.
Lagenarla imlgarlat Ser. a) (v. Gobio) and 0) viscosa. Egg. (v. Bitter Gobie).
FL Sept.-Jan. The whole plant has a strong smell. Tendril 2-fid.
^) leaves viscous, petiole biglandular near the top. Used as a blister.
IJot uncommon in waste places, a) on fences. Fruit used for goblets. —
St. Croix J St. Thomaa.
337. Melothria pervaga, Gris.
FL Dec- April. In thickets, not uncommon. — ^AU islands.
338. Cactixnia Anguria, L. (v. Cucumber).
Fl. Jaii.-March. Anthers glabrous in the bud, pilose after dehiscence,
collecting the i>ollen. Berry used for soup and pickles. Common in
pastures and on fences. — All islands.
339. Cephalandra indlca, Naud. (1. c. 1866, p. 14) {Cooclnia, W. & A.).
Fl. Dec-June. Naturalized near dwellings and in shady valleys. —
8t Croix.
^. Trianoaperma graoUiflonun, Gris. (T. Belangcriiy Naud.).
PL Xov.-Jan. Leaf 3-5-lobed. Tendril often bifid. In forests, not
'incommon. — All islands.
^L T. ficifoUom, Mart. (Syst. nat. med. veg. Bras. 79) {Bryonia^ Lam. ).
Pi. March. In forests, not uncommon. — St. Thomas (Soldier Bay) ;
St Jan (West, p. 301).
^^^. Angaria trilobata, L.
St Croix (Ham's Bluff, West, p. 305).
A. glomerata. Egg. (n. sp.).
^. Feb.-March and May- Aug. Eoot tuberous. Stem suffruticose,
^^i'k greyish. Leaves alternate, ovate-triangulate or 3-lobed, some-
56 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AlfD THE TIBGIN ISI.Un>8.
times 3-partite, narrowly cordate at the base, dentioolate^ aomniu
scabrous above, whitish pubescent beoeath. Tendril simple. ! floi
glomerate, sessile or subsessile, S-20 in the glomenile. Calyx urceol
cylindrical, small. Petals 5, orange-colonred or red, lanceolate, erect
long. Style bifid; stigmas thick, globose, obsoletely 2-lobed. Orat
locular; ovules 3-8 in each celL Berries densely glomerate, sessil
subsessile, oval, glabrous, striate, red, 8'" long. Seeds 3-8, niceo
globose, vermcose, brownish, 2'" long. J unknown. A high din
Stem often y diam. at the base, succulent. In forests, not na
mon. — St Croix (Jacob's Peak, Claremont,) ; St Thomaa (Picarn P<
Bula).
All Cucurbitaceae are protogjuous.
[Cultivated Bi>ecies: Sechium edule, Sw. {v. Choco); Cueumis tativt
(v. Mutton-encumber) ; C. Melo, L. {v. Muskmelon), and CUmlUu
fforiSf Schrader (v. Watermelon).]
PAPATACEX.
344. Cailoa Papaya, L. C<r. Papan).
Fl. March-Aug. Stem often branched. Fruit used as a veget
Common near dweUings and in waste places. All islands.
PASSIF1.0RACEiE.
345. Paaaiflom ■nbaroaa, L. (v. Pup, ludigo-betty).
FL Sept-Dec. Common on rocks and fences. — All iwlftndtt.
FLOBA OF ST. CHOIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 57
3SS. P. foMiim, L. (v. Love in the mUt).
B*l- 8ept.-Jan. Protandrous. Ou fences and near ditches, common. —
St Croix ; St. Thomas.
[Cultivated species : P. quadrangularisy L. (v. Grenadilla), the berry of
which is edible.]
TrRIfERACE^.
353. Turiiara nlmlfoUa, L.
FL March-Oct. In waste places, common. — ^All islands.
354. T. parriflora, Benth.
FL Sept-Dec and Jan.-May. • Leaves always eglandular ; calyx not
lomentose. Gregarious on rocky seashores, rare. — St. Thomas (Cowell's
Hill); Buck Island, near St. Thomas.
CACTACE^.
W, ICamlUarla nivosa, Link (Pfeiffer £num. Cact. 1837, p. 11) (if. toriolmnBf
Hort. Berol.).
FLall the year round. Flower pale yellow; berry clavate, purple.
Seeds brownish. On rocks near the seashore. — ^Buck Island and Flat
Cays, near St. Thomas ; Tortola (Pf.).
356. Melooactus oommnnia, DC. (v. Pope's Head).
H all the y^r round. Berry clavate, i^urple, ^" long. Seeds black,
verrucose. Up to four feet high. On dry hills and rocks, especially
Dear the shore. — All islands.
^57. M. atroaangnineua, Hoi-t. Berol. •
St. Thomas (Pf. 1. c. p. 44).
•58. Cerena floccoaus. Hort. Berol. (v. Dildo).
Pi. Oct.-July. Berry depressed globose, dark cnmson, 1^'^ diam.
l*ulp red; seeds small, black. On dry hills in thickets, common. — All
'^^laads.
359. c. azmatua, Otto.
St. Thomas (Pf. 1. c. p. 81).
^. C. triangularia, Haw. (v. Cliigger-applo).
^ July. Berry large, crimson, edible, 5'' long, oval. On trees and
'^ks in forests, not uncommon. — All islands.
C graodifloroa, Haw. (v. Nightblooming Cereus).
^fX iiay-July. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings. — St. Croix ;
^^ Thomas,
68 FLOBA OF ST. CROIX AKD THE TIBOIN ISIiAHIM.
363. Opnotia onrawaTlOs, Mill. (t. Bncliem).
Fl. all the year round. Berry pcrple, |" long, davate. Qngn
in dry localities, which are ol^ten i-endered imjieDetrable by its pne
Very commoD. — ^All ialandii.
363. O. Tuna, Mill. (v. Prickly Pear).
Fl. all the year round. Berry ovate, crimson, edible. Seeds t
black. Used for fencing pnipoBea. In dry lociditiea, very como)
All islands.
364. O. honlda, Salm. (v. Bull-auckeis).
Fl.all the year round. Flower reddish-yellow. In dry localities
mou. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
369. O. ■plnoMlsBlma, HilL
Fl. all the year round. Spines white, 5-8 in each cluster, deci
on the stem. Flower J" diameter. Plant reaching 20'— 25' high,
thickets, common. — All islands.
366. O. taberonlBta, Haw. (v. Fmicb Prickly Pear).
Fl. the whole year. Flower small, yellow. Branches used foi
tices. Plant lO'-W high. Naturalized and planted near dwelli
St Croix; St. Thomas.
367. O. ccocicelUfeiB, Mill.
Fl. all the year round: Plant I6'-20' high. On limestooe, n
mon. — St. Cmix : St. Thomas.
FLOB^ OF 8T CBOIX AND THE YIBGIN ISLANDS. 59
ABAI.IACEJB.
372. Panaac speoicMum, Willd. (Spec. Plant. It, p. 1126).
ISot seen flowering. Leaflets 8, of unequal size, the central ones lar-
gest. Margin slightly undulate and denticulate. Upper surfacQ covered
▼ith distant and deciduous muricate hairs j tomentura on the lower sur-
fiM^ deciduous. A low tree. In forests, very rare. St. Jan (King's
I, KKKK, on the northern slope of the hills). (Cuba, I*orto Rico, Ca-
URIBEIililFER^.
373. Brynsium fotidam, L.
FL Sept.-Ma3\ Biennial. Along rivulets and in moist places, rare.
—St Thomas (Caret Bay).
374. Anethum graveolens, L. (v. Dill).
FL March-Oct. Naturalized along roads and near dwellings. — All
islaiids.
[Caltivated species: Petroselinum sativum^ Hoffm. (v. Parsley); Baueus
CarotOj L. (v. Carrot) ; Pimpinella Ani4tumj L. (v. Anise) ; Fcmiculum vnh
9^ Gsertn. (v. Fennel); Anthriscus ccrefolium^ L. (v. Chervil), and
-^piiwi graveolemty L. (v. Celery).]
liORAIVTHACi:^
375. Loranthua emarginatnr, Sw. (v. Haas-fram-booni).
PI. all the year round. Inflorescences uniserial. On trees, especially
Acacia Lebhek and PUtonia subcordatu. Commou. — All islands.
376. Phoradendron flavena, Gris.
Pi. April-June. Seed compressed, green, with white bauds. On Pi-
^ia 9ub€ordatUy rare. — St. Croix (Stony Groimd).
CAPRIFOIilACEJE:.
(Cultivated occur: Sambuctis nigra j L. (FL April-July), and Lonicera
^^prifoUumj L. (v. Iloney-suckle).]
RUBIACE^.
^7. Oenlpa amerioana, L.
n. July. In forests on high hills, rare. — St. Thomas (Crown) ; St. Jan
cHogiers).
L Cateabasa parviflora, Sw.
^L Sept.-Dec. Fruit black, shining. In dry thickets, uncommon. —
^^ Croix (Fair Phiin).
60 FLOHA OP 8T CEOIX AND THE VTBQIN ISLANDS.
379. Kandla aculeata, L, a) nod d) initlB.
Fl. April-.Jiily, a) in tli-y tbickets, ^) in shady valleys. Common.—
All islands.
380. Hamelfa patensi Jai'q.
Fl. iiU tbo ye;ir roimd, C'-15' high. lu shady valleySj not ihitoiii-
luuu. — Alt iiiliuicls.
381. H. latea, Robr.
Fl. Jill th^-yearronnd. In forests, nncommon. — St. Croix; SuThomin.
3B2. Qonz^ea spioata, DC.
Fl. May -Oct. hi pastures od h igh hills, above lOOC, not tmcommon.—
Virgin Isliinds.
383. Exoatemma oailbteam, K. S.(v. Black Torch).
Fl. Juue-Di'o. Goramon in thickets. — All islands.
384. Portlandia giandiSora, L.
FL June- Dec— St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. iv, p. 405; Oris. Fl. p. 3_'4); a.
Croix (cultivated).
385. Roudelatia pUoaa, Sw.
Fl all the yoar round. In thickets.— St. Croix (rare, near CaneB*.T)i
Virgin Islands ((Miuimoo).
386. Oldenlandla coiymboHi. L.
I'l. Feb.~M;ircli. Seeds brown, minutely vemicose. In waste plJM%
t lU'iise vi>i\l
FUMLi OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 61
^ CMaob glabra, DC.
liTot seen flowering. In forests^ rare. — St Croix (Fair Plain) ; St.
binnas (Soldier Bay).
^ Sooloaapthtta ▼eraioolor, Valil.
FL Oct-Dec. Pedicels often transfoimed into spines, as mentioned
y lie. (Prodr. iv, 484). Leaves 2"'-3'^' long.— St. Croix (West and Ryan
aHb. Havn.); St. 13iomas (rather common in thickets); Water Island.
IM. Brlthalia frntlooaa, L. a) and ^) odorlfera, Jacq.
FL Oct.-March. Along the coast, not uncommon. — All islands.
895. Ghloooooa racemoaa, Jacq.
FL March-Dec In forests, common. — All islands.
896. Izora ferrea, Benth.
FL Feb.-May and Nov.-Dec. Among rocks on high hiUs over 120(K,
not uncommon. — St. Thomas (Crown).
197. CoOea arabioa, L. (y. Coffee-tree).
PL May-July. Berry ripe Nov.-Dec. Naturalized in shady localities.
Poraierly cultivated on most estates on a small scale, principally in St.
Ian.— AU islands.
198. Ftoamaa odoratiaaima, DC. (v. Wild Coffee).
FL June. In thickets on high hills. — St. Croix (West and Benzon in
Hb. Havn.); Virgin Islands (not uncommon).
899. Psjchotxia glabrata, Sw.
PI. June-Sept. Here and there in shady valleys. — ^All islands.
M. P. tennifolla, Sw.
PI. May. In thickets on high hills, rare. — St. Thomas (Crown, 150(y).
iOl. p. Brownei, Sprg.
PL June-Sept. In woods, common. — ^All islands.
402. p. horizontaUs, Sw.
PL May-Dec. Along roads and in thickets, common. — All islands.
103. Paliocmrea Pavetta. DC. o) and 0) var. rosea, Egg.
FL Feb. and Aug. P) corolla-lobes rosy, anthers bluish, and stem
irownish. In forests, not imcommon. — fi) all islands, a) St. Thomas
fignal Hill).
Di. Mdrinda citriibUa, L. (v. Painkiller).
iMKAiig. Leaves used against headache. Naturalized in gar-
«<Z} St Thomas.
62 FLORA OF BT. CSOIX AHD THK TIBODI I8I.inM.
405. Oeophlla renUbimlB, Chun. & Solil.
Fl. Dec.-.TaD. and Aug. On the gioiuid in dense woodB| nnr-i
Thomas (Signal Hill, St. Feter) ; Tieques (Hb. Havn.).
40e. Bmodea Utonlla, Sw.
Fl. Bee-May. Along sandy coasts, not onconunon. — ^AU islaod*.
407. Dtodla riElcU,Cham. & Schl. (LUhum, iii, 34t).
St. Thomas (Schl.).
408. D. MmiMitMa, Sw.
St. Thomas (Schl.).
409. 8p«imacoo« tenoior, Lam. (v. Iron-grass), a) and ^) an^iutlfolU. I^
Fl. all the yeai' round. P) leaves linear-lanceolate. In pastures
dlong roada. Both formB common. — All islands.
410. Boirerla vertlclllata. Me;.
Fl. May-Oct Suffruticose. In pastures on hills. — St, Creix (
HavQ.) ; St. Thomas (not uncommon on Crown).
411. B. atriota, Mej. [Primit. PI. Euequib. p. 83).
Fl. I>ec.-March, In pastures, here and there. — St. Croix (Pm
Gronnd).
{B. vaginata, Ch. & Schl. (St. Thomas, Schl.), is a doubtfiil tf»
(DC. Prod, iv, 551).)
412. B. parvlfloTa, Mey.
FLOBA OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE VISGIN ISLANDS. 63
4^X7. Btephantppos mollis, Kth.
FL March-May. Head 4-flowered. In pastnres^ here and there. —
All islands.
4ljS. Dittreptiui spioatus, Cass.
FL Jan.-March. In pastures and along roads^ common. — All islands.
419. AgeratQin conysoidas, L.
Fl. Dec.-Jane. Acheninm usually 4-gouoas. Along roads and ditches,
commoD. — ^AU islands.
ttO. Hebeolinium maorophyUum, DC.
H. June-Sept. Achenium black, 3-gonous. In forests. — St. Croix
(nro; Caledonia, Wills Bay) ; St. Thomas (not uncommon).
421 Bapatorium odoratum, L. (v. Christmas-bash).
FL Nov .-March. Along roads and in thickets, common. — All islands.
M2. B. repandiun, W.
FL Dec-July. On hills, not common. — ^All islands.
♦23. B. atrlpUoifoUom, Vahl (Sjinb. Bot. iii, 96).
FL Dec.-May. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous ; glandular impressions
wunerous on the upper surface. Flower odorous. On sandy shores,
wmmon. — All islands.
^24. B. canescens, Vahl.
FL Oct.-Nov. In thickets, uncommon. St. Croix (Spring-gut) ; St.
Thomas (DC. Prod, v, 155).
^25. B. Ayapana, Vent.
St Cn>ix (naturalized sec. Vahl, who received it from Pflug; probably
<>% cultivated).
*26. B. cuneifoUum, Willd.
St Thomas (DC. Prod, v, 177).
^27. BCikania gonoolada, DC.
PL Dec.-March. In forests. — St. Croix (rare ; Caledonia) ; Virgin
*«IandR (not uncommon).
*28, Erlgeron coneifolius, DC. (Prod, v, 288).
Fl. Dec.-tTuly. — Rhizome perennial, for which reason this species must
*^ considered sufficiently distinct from the annual E. JamaicenMs^ Sw.
-^he two species are united into one by Prof. Grisebacli in his Fl. p. 365.
"^^ l)a.stures on high hills, not uncommon above 120(y. — ^Virgin Islands.
. B. spatholattis, Vahl.
^. April-July. Along roads and ditches, rather common. — All islands.
64 ITLOUA OF ST. CBOIX AHD nU VIBOOr ISLISM.
430. S. canadftiula, L.
FLJune-lTov. Bay-flowers often ligalate. Along roads, ommoB
All islands.
431. Baoohula VablU, DC. (Prod, v, 411) (S. dioiai, Tahl).
FL all the year round. As inacli as SCK bigh. On rocky seaeha
gregarious, not uncommon. (The specific name of DC. is to be
ferred to tliat of Vahl, notwithstanding tlie priority of the l&ttet
the reasons stated in the Prodromus.) — St Croix (northwestern coa
432. Fluoliea odorata, Cass. (v. Sneet Scent, Ovra bla).
Fl. Feb.-April. Leaves used as tea against colds and as din
medicine. In moist localities, not uncommon. — All ialanda.
433. P. pntpnrasoaiis, DC.
FL aU the year round. Along rivulets, not uncommon. — St C
(GaUows Bay, KlngsMU Gut).
434. Ftarocaulon virgatam, DC.
Fl. ail the year round. On dry hills, cooimon. — All islands.
435. BlalBinpoaiDindlvailcatain.DC.(Prod. V, 520)(if.jMU(fonM, Ktb.).
Fl. Oct.-Feb. Along ditches, gregarious, rare. — St Croix (Jolly I
436. Ogieia ntderalla, Grici.
Virgin Islands (Oris. Fl. p. 369).
437. Aoanthoaponnum hamlle, DC.
Fl. all tlio yi'Jir i-ound. Leaves not glandular beneath. A cMni
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE YIROIK ISLANDS. 65
i, Bonlobia arboresoens, DC.
FI. all the year round. On sandy shores^ gregarious. — St Croix (com-
moD); St Thomas (Smith's Bay).
445. Wedelia oaniosa, Rich.
FL June-Jan. Along ditches, gregarious. — St. Croix (western part
of the island, not uncommon).
M€w W. baphthalmoldes, Gris. (v. Wild Tobacco), a), 0) antigneiuda, Nichols,
and y) dominicenala.
R all the year round. Leaves delicately fitigrant. a) rare; fi) and r)
eonunon along roads and in thickets. — All islands.
447. W. affiniii^ DC. (Prod, v, 541) ( W. calycina, Rich.).
• 8t Thomas ( Wydler).
Ma W. aoapnlensis, HB. K.
8t Thomas (SchL in Linnaea, 1831, 727).
(Grisebach, FL 372, thinks these two species to be included probiibly
in W.frutescens^ Jacq.)
M9. W. omoiana, Rich.
8t Croix (DC. Prodr. v, 542).
^^ W. dlK^oidaa, Less. (Linniea, 1831, 728).
St. Thomas (Less. 1. c).
iSl. Melanthera deltoidea, Rich.
8t Thomas (Less.).
^^2. Sderooaipna afrlcanus, Jacq. (Icon.Kar. i, 1. 176).
Fl. Nov.-Doc. Along roads and in thickets, mre. (Naturalized t) —
St Thomas (Parade ground).
^^ Bidena leuoanthna, W.
PL Sept-Dec. Under tree«, on high hills. — St. Croix (West, p. 303) ;
Virgin Islands (common).
^M. B. blpinnatQa, Ij.
Fl. Sept-March. Achenium often 5-aiistate. In pastures and along
Pitches, common. — All islands.
^55. Coamoa oaudatua, Kth.
^1. Dec.-March. Along roads and in fields, not uncommon. — All
^hnds.
^^ Verbeaina alata, L.
^*1. Feb.- Aug. Naturalized in gardens. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
BulL Nat Mus. No. 13 5
66 FLORA, or ST. CBOIX AKD TDK VISGDr ISUBDS.
«S7, Synedralla tlodifloia, G. (t, Fatten barrow).
FL all tlie year roond. A common weed everywhere. — ^All idi
458. Peotls punctata, Jacq.
FL Oct-March. In pastures and along ditches, conuno
islands.
459. p. llnUblls, Leu.
St Thomas (Less. Oris. FL p. 378).
460. p. homlfasa, Sw.
Fl. all the year round. Oregarioos on rocks and between sto
ttncommon. — All islanda
461. BKletoBaomlnKeiMlB,CaBB. a)gUbnta,DC.; ^) cardnlfoUa, DC.; ))
Fl. all the year round. On the sandy seashore, a) and ;-) rati
moil, p) found by Oersted (Vld. Medd. 1852, p. 106).— St Thwi
463. Breohtliltea bleraolfoUa, Raf. a) and 7) oaoaloldaa, Lesa.
Fl. all the year round. In moist locaUties, not oncommoD. — E
{r); St Thomas (a).
463. Emlllft Mmotalfidla, DC.
Fl. Jan.-Oct la shady localities. STatnraUzed, oommc
islands.
464. B. Mgittata, DC. (Prodr. vi, 302) (Caralla omvinen, Sims.).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens. — St Croix ; St 1
{Ccuialiacoccinea, Sims., is, according to DC. Prodr. Ti,332,»q
FLORA OP ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 67
and as no 8i)ecimcns are to be found in Hb. Havn.^ I have not been able
to identify the species.)
[Cultivated species: Helianthus annutiSj L. (v. Sunflower); Pyrethrum
indicumy Cass.; Aster chinermsyh.] Tagetea patula^ L.; Tithonia spedosa^
Uook.; Oeorgina variabilis^ Willd., and Lactuca sativa^ L. (v. Salad).]
rOBELIACEJE:.
9
468. IfloComa lougiflora, Prsl.
Fl. all the year round. The whole plant is poisonous. In shady locali-
ties and in pastures on high hills. St. Croix (rare, Mount Pleasant,
Wills Bay) ; Virgin Islands (rather common on the hills).
OOODE NOTIACJE JS.
469. Sofwola Plnmlerl, L.
FL Jan.- April. On sandy shores. — St. Croix (not uncommon) ] St.
Thomas (Smith's Bay).
470. Ardiala ooriacea, Sw.
PI. June-Aug. Leaves minutely spotted beneath. In forests and on
high bills, not imcommon. — All islands.
471. Jaoquinia armiUarlB, L. u) and p) arborea, V. (v. Bay Sallie).
Fl. Sept.-Feb. On the rocky shore, not uncommon. — All islands.
sapotackje:.
^72. ChrysophyUum Cainito, L. (v. Star-applo).
PL May-July. Fruit edible. In forests, rare. — St. Croix (Springfield) ;
St Thomas (Signal Hill).
^73. C. pauciflonim, Lam.
PI. June. In forests, uncommon. — St. Thomas (Flag Hill).
474. C. oUviforme. Sw. (i) monopyrenum.
Fl. July. In forests, not very common. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
♦75. C. microphyUom, Jacq. (v. Pabn6r).
Fl. Sept.-Jan. In wooded valleys, rare. — St Croix (Bugby Hole) ; St.
Tliomas (Santa Maria Gut).
^76. C. glabmm, Jacq.
Fl. Sept.-Dec. and March-July. In woods and thickets, common. —
All islands.
^77. Sapota Achraa, Mill. (v. MeHpel).
Fl. Sept.-Oct. and March. Fruit sweet, edible. In forests and culti-
'^ated, common. — All islands.
G8 FLOBA OF ST. CSOIX AND THE VIBOIH ISLAKDS.
478. a Blderoxylcn. Gris. (v. Bully wood).
Kot seen in flower. A tall tree, affording a splendid paiple, ve
hard timber. In forests, rare. — St. Jan (Baas Out).
479. Slderozylon MssUcIiodendron, Jacq. (t. Haatic).
Fl. Aug.-Scpt. An excellent timber tree. In forests, raie. — St. Ck
(Lebanon Hill) ; St. Thomns (Korthside Bay) ; St Jan (Baas G
(Montserrat, Eyan in Hb. Hara.).
480. DIpludU aallclfoUa, DC.
FL Feb.-March. In thickets and forests. — St. Croix (not nncomi
in the western part of the island) ; St. Jan (Klein Cancel Bay).
481. Bomalla conoata, 6w. (v. Break-bill).
FL Feb.-April. Brauches often transformed into long spines. 1
good timber tree. Along the coast principally in marshy soil, not
common. — All islands.
482. Lnoutna mnltifiora, DC. (Achrai nacrophglJa, V&lil iu Hb. Havn.).
FL June-July and Dec.-Jan. Leaves as much as 1 J' long. — St. C
(Hb. Havn. from Wills Bay) ; St. Thomas (here and there in foie
Signal Hill, ISOO').
STTBACEJB.
483. Symploooa taaittnlceuBlA, Jacq.
FL March-Aug. In forests on high hills. Flowers fragrant-
Thomas (Signal Hill above 1200', not uncommon).
FLOBA OF ST. CROIX AND THE YIBOm ISLANDS. 69
APOCTNACE^.
^ Tliefvetia nexiifoUa, Jnss. (v. Milk-bash).
^ all the year round. Wood employed for building boats. In thick-
^ on dry hills, common. — ^All islands.
M. Ran^rotfia nltida, L. (y. Milk-tree).
FL all the year round. In forests and thickets, common. — All islands.
190. R. TtwmarckH, A. DC. (y. Bitter-busli).
FL all the year round. On dry hills, common. — All islands.
91 Narium Oleander, L. (y. Neiiom).
FL all the year round. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings,
ommon. — ^All islands.
^ TabemaDmontana (citrifolla, Jacq. f ).
Fl. June-Aug. In thickets, here and there^ — St. Thomas (French-
tfi's Bay).
^ Visoa roaea, L. (y. Church-flower).
FL all the year round. Near houses -and on waste places, very com-
Mm. — ^AIl islands.
M. Plomieria mbra, L. (y. Red Franchipani).
FL all the year round. Naturalized near dwellings. — ^All islands.
95. P. obtnaifolla, L. (y. White Franchipani).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens. — All islands.
96. P. alba, L. (y. Snake-root, Klang hont).
FL all the year round. On rocks near the shore and in dry thickets,
OQunon. — All islands.
97. Echitea agg^lntinata, Jacq.
FL July-Aug. In thickets, rare. — St. Croix (Cane Bay) ; St. Thomas
PTagHiU).
9a B. ciroiiialia, Sw.
FL Dec In forests, rare.— St.Thomas (Flag Hill).
19. R nerlandra, Gris.
FL Oct.-Jan. Here and there in thickets, not uncommon. — AH
lands.
0. B. aaberecta, Jacq.
]|a3r*Aiig. In thickets, uncommon. — St. Thomas (Cowell's Hill) ;
(WeBt, p. 277).
70
FLORA OF ST. CEOIX AND THE TIKOIN ISLAyOB.
501. E. baibata. Dcsr.
St Croix; St. Thomas (DC. Prodr. viii, 453).
[Cultivated species : AUamanda catltartUxif L., and TaiernamoKtm
capeiisis, L. (v. Cape Jessamiae).]
ASC LEPIADACEiE.
502. Hetas^lma parviftorum. R. I)r.
St. Thomas (Duclum).
503. U. ScUecIitenaalil, D.ce, (Jf. albifiomm, Gris.).
Fl. all the year rouLd. In diy thickets, very common. — All itilaiidL .
(The specific distinction of Grisehach's species does not seem tD ■
sufficiently pennftnent to justify a separation into two.)
504. Aacleplas cnrauaTlcB, L. (v. Wild I[iecncuana). ^
Fl. all the year round. Root used as an emetic. Along roads and
ditches, cooimon. — All islands. >
505. A. nivea, L.
St. Tliomas (Oris. FL 419).
506. SuAdatemuu BiowaAl, M^f.
St. Thomaa (West, p. 278, as Asclepiae i-iminalia, 8w.),
507. Calotropia procera, R. Br. (v. Silk Ciittdn).
Fl. all the year round. Natundized in dry loCi^tieB, commoiL— AI
WLORk OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE VIBOIK ISLANDS. 71
1 1. tabcroM, L.
Bl Feb.-MarclL In forests, rare. — St Croix (Bngby Hole) ; St.
MHoag (SohL).
3. 1 dteeota, Pnrsh (v. Noyaa Vine).
PL Nor.-May. Gorolla-tabe purple inside. The whole plant has a
{te of pmssic acid, and is used for the preparation of a liqubr called
>jan. On fences and along roads, common. — ^AU islands.
1 1 pentaphyUa, Jacq.
^ Dec-March. In thickets and along ditches. — St. Croix; St
)iiia8.
;. L quinqnefolia, Gris.
1 Dec.-Jan. Corolla expanded from 8 A. M. to 3 P. M. In pastures
1 low thickets, common. — St. Thomas.
«. L Batatafl» Lam. (v. Sweet Potato), a), P) leuoorrhisa, and y) porpbyrorhisa.
1 all the ye&r round. Propagated by cuttings. A common vege-
le. Cultivated and naturalized everywhere. — ^AU islands.
. L fiMtisiata, Swt. a).
1 Oct- Jan. In thickets, not uncommon. — St Thomas.
L L Tiolaoaa, L. (▼. Oranni Vine).
T. Dec.-Feb. Coralla expanded towards evenj/ig. In forests and
Qg rivulets, not uncommon. — All islands.
K L camaa, Jacq.
it. Croix (Wills Bay sec. West, p. 272).
K L lencanthw, Jaoq. (Icon.Rar. ii, t. 318).
il March-May. Capsule pilose; roots tuberous. On dry hills, not
9ommon — St Jan (near Klein Kanelbay).
>. L triloba, L. a) and /?) EoBtachiana, Juca[.
1. Sept-March. Corolla expanded till 10 A. M. Both forms in moist
dities, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
. L nmbeUata, Mey.
L Jan^-March. Along rivulets and ditches, common* — ^AU islands.
» X, pti oain'W, Sw. (▼. Bay Vine).
ttie year round. Corolla sometimes white. On sandy sea-
islands.
7*2 FLORA OF ST. CROIX AMD THB TIRQIH
524. L aurifbUa, R. S.
Danish islands (Gris. Fl. p. 471).
(As this species is a native of Senegal, I donbt the
above habitat)
525. L qnlnqneparUta, U.S. (Coav. OMl^oIia*, Weat(iMra T*hl)Ma DCPr
367).
St Crdix (West, p. 271).
526. L trlqnetra, R. S. {Cobv. triqwltr, Tahl, S;mb. Bot. ill, 32).
St Croix (West, p. 271); St Thomas (Schl.).
927. I. rApanda, Jacq.
FI. Feb.-March. Leaves het«romorphoii8, often 2-4-lobed. '
large, a favourite footi for wild hogs. In forests, uncommon. — Stl
(Flag Hill); St Jan (Macmnbi).
928. I. filUbrmla, Jacq.
FL Oct-Apiil. In thickets, often near the shore, not uuxHnmo
Croix; St l^omas. *
529. I. aroiMria, Stead.
Fl. Dec-April. Stem woody, as much as i" diam. Boot
tuberous. Flowering partly precocious. On dry hills, in thicbt
uncommon. — All islands.
530. I. QnamooUt, L. («r. Sweet William).
FLOBA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE YIBQIN ISLANDS. 73
oqnamoiitia tmnnlfoHa, Gris.
)ec.-Feb. Seeds glabrous^ greyish. lu thickets, common. — ^All
mvolTiiliis pentanthns, Jacq. (Jaoquemontia violacea, Cbois.).
ing^-Dec. In thickets, on hilLs, common. — All islands.
jamaloeiMla, Jacq.
)ec«-Feb. In thickets, on the sandy seashore, rare. — St. Croix
Point); St Thomas (CowelFs); Water Island.
nodifloiniB, Deer. (C MiJloruSy West) (v. Closhi-mulat).
^t-March. Common in thickets. — All islands.
malanaitictiis, ScliL (LinnfiDa, vi, 737).
homas (Schl.).
■agittifer, HB. Kth.
homas (Schl.).
'olTuloa HnifhHna, L.
^ec-ApriL In moist localities, here and there. — All islands.
macronatna, Sw.
kH^-March. In marshy soil, not uncommon. — All islands.
munmularlua, L.
'ov.-March. Among rocks in shady localities, not uncommon. —
nds.
acuta americana, L. (v. Love- weed).
11 the year round. In dry thickets, covering shrubs and trees,
illing them. Very common. — All islands.
it, p. 271, mentions two species. Convolvulus matutinus and C.vetie-
IS occurring in St. Croix, and refers for their description to VahFs
Bot. pars 3, as spec. nov. As, however, they are not described in
Vahl's publications, and no specimeus are in existence in Hb.
I am unable to say whether they are old specie^} or new ones.)
ivated species: Ipomcca Leariiy Aunal. Fl. et Pom. 1840, p. 381,
Horsfallicej Hook.]
iiydroleaceje:.
laa Jamaioenaia, L.
jMbnAog. Among stones and rocks, a common weed. — St. Croix ;
74 FLOBA OF ST. CROIX ASD THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
547. Cordia QeraHCaDthuB, Jncq. ji) BubcaiieBoeiu{v. Rose wood, Cappar).
FI, Oct, An excelleut timber tree. In forests, not very cointnon.—
"N'irgin I»liin<l,
548. C. alba, R. S. (v. \VTute Manjack). *
Fl. Slarcli-Sopt. In thickets and along roads, not uncommoa— 9L
Croix (eastern part of the island).
549. C. Sebeatena, Jac'i- u) (Bot. Hug. t, 794). 0) rubra, Egg. (v. Srarlet C<jrii«,
FliiytB boom).
Fl. all the year round. P) leaf-iibs red; calyx scarlet as tlie coruOs.
Both forms Mmuion in forests and planted near dwellings, — All islaoik
590. C, Collococca, L. (v. Mnnjack).
PI. March-ApriL I*reeocions. lu forests, common. — All islands.
551. C. altida, Val.l.
Fl. Jau.-Feb. and Sept.-Oct. Flowers slightly odorons. lu fore«U,
not uncommon. — AH islands.
552. C. Invlsate, Lam. •■ ^ -
St. Thomas (ScLl.).
553. C. sulcata, DC.
Fl. Juno. Leaves up to 1}' long. In forests, not (
Islands; St. Croix {West, p. 275).
FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE YIKGIN ISLANDS. 75
^^ TdniXMfiBrtla gn«pha1oda% R. Br. (v. Sea-lavender).
FL aU fhe year round. On sandy shores, common. — All islands.
'^ T. hInatlMlma, L. (y. Chichery grape).
ti Sept-ApriL Along roads and in thickets^ especially on lime-
tone, common. — ^All islands.
ia. T. tetidiMlma, L.
St Croix (West, p. 270).
H. T. bicolor, Sw. fi) tevigata, Lam.
FL May. Berry globose, white. Among rocks on high hills, rare. —
L Thomas (Grown, 150(K}.
(i. T. lAotlloUa, Vent.
St Thomas (DC).
i5. T. volntailifl, L.
FL May-Ang. Inflorescence extra-axillary, often transformed into a
Uow, globose, moricate, green monstrosity, in which lives the larva of
dipterons insect. Common in thickets. — ^AU islands.
i6L T. mlorophylla, Desv.
FL May-Sept. In the same localities as the former, common. — ^All
lands.
^7. HeUotropium Indioum, L.
FL all the year round. Along roads and in waste places, common. —
Qishmds.
t^ R. parviflonun, L. (v. Eye-bright).
FL all the year round. A common weed everj'where. — All islands.
>9. H. onraaaavloiini, L.
FL the whole year. On the sandy seashore, common. — All islands.
^ R. frnttooaimi, L.
FL all the year round. Up to 6' high. On di y hills. — St. Croix (com-
tm in the eaBtem part); Virgin Islands (not nncommon).
[Cultivated species: H. pervtmnumj L. (v. Heliotrope.)]
poLEmoNiACEii:.
[Cultivated in gardens: Phlox Ih'tnnmondiiy Hook.]
solanaceje:.
'tamfUffla amaricana, Sw. a) aud /I) pubescenB (v. Kain-tree).
Flowers odorous before rain. In thickets and woods,
^ Idands (cultivated in gardens in St. Croix).
76 >XOSA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBQIH iaUXOL
572. Datura Motal, L. (v. Fire-woe<l).
Fl. all the year roaud. Flowers nocturnal. Along roads and iun
places, naturalized weiywliere. — All islands.
573. D. faatnon, L.
FL all the year round. Naturalized in gaidena and near dweUingi
All islands.
574. D. TatolB, L.
Fl. May-Dee. Along roadB, naturalized, bnt rare. — St. Cioix (Ho
575. D. attamouitun, L. (t. fHre-Treed).
FL Sept.-Feb. i^aturalized in waste places, common. — ^AU ialandi
576. IHootlaiia Tabactun, L.
FL May-Xov. Used as a medicine, but not for smoking. Natanii
near dwellings. — All islands.
577. Pbyaalla pMHTiana, L.
FL May-Nov. In fields, nncommon. — St. Tbomas (Bapoon).
578. p. pabeaoena, L.
Fl. March-May. In shady valleys, uncommon. — St. Croix (Creqn
St Thomas.
579. P. Unkiana, Ns.
FL Dec. In cultivated fields, not uncommon. — St Thomas.
FLOBA. OF 8T. CROIX AND THE* VIHGIN ISLANDS. 77
15. Ljoopenloiuii oerasifbnne, Dan. (Solan, p. 113) (v. Small Ttoto).
FL May-Sept. Berry globose, small, yellow. Not uncommon near
ireDings (perhaps only naturalized). Used as a vegetable. — St. Croix j
:. Thomas.
16. Xi. asonlentiun. Mill. (v. Tomato, Trovo).
FL all the year round. Berry used as a vegetable. Cultivated and
ituralized everywhere. — ^All islands.
17. Bolannm nodiflonmi, Jocq. a) and fi) oleraceum, Dun. (v. Lumbash).
FL May-Dec Stem often prickly. In fields and in waste places, corn-
on. — ^AU islands.
18. 8. ▼erbaoolfoliqin, L. (y. Turkey-berry).
FL June-Oct. In waste places, not uncommon. — Virgin Islands; St.
roix (West, p. 274).
19. 8. raoemosum, L. (v. Canker-berry).
FL an the year round. Proterandrous. In waste places, very com-
lOQ. — ^An islands.
Ml. 8. Ignanm, L. (y. Conker-berry).
PL all the year round. Habitat of the preceding. Very common. —
Jl islands.
iX, 8. hahaiwmaa, L. {8, persicttfoliumf Dan.)
FL Jan.- Aug. Along coasts, not uncommon. — ^Virgin Islands.
^ 8. lanoeifoUnm, Jocq.
Xot seen flowering. Leaves and stem very prickly. In forests, rare. —
L Jan (King's Hill, 100(K).
^ 8. tomnun, Sw. (y. Plate-bosh).
Fl. aU the year round. A shrub or small tree. In forests and near
ireOings, common. — ^All islands.
H. 8. inoliisam, Oris., yar. albiflomm, Egg.
FL all the year round. Corolla white, ^''-l'' diam. Stigma 3-5-
^anched, stellate. Berry globose, somewhat depressed, hirsute^ orange •
^loared, 1" diam. The excrescent calyx prickly. In drj^ thickets, not
locmimon. — ^Virgin Islands.
I
vs. 8. acnleatiasimani, Jacq.
n. Aprilr-May. Naturalized by mules from Montevideo. — St. Croix
Sffiksted).
73 EXOSA OF ST. CBOK AND THE TIBGIN ISLAHD8.
597. a. potTBUnimi, TaU (v. EakkerlalLka-beiry}.
FL all the year Tonod. In dry thickets, common. — ^yii^;m Isla
(111 DC. Prodr. ziii, i, 197, it is stated that this species has been
in St. Croix by Wydler, -which, however, appears doabtfdl to me.
1>. 275, only gives St Jan as habitat, yet Vahl in his Symb. Bot i
and after him probably Griseb. Fl. p. 443, refer to West as the antl
for St. Croix as habitat.)
598. Cestram laurlfolimn, L'Her.
FL Jaii.-April, Petiole black j berry dark pnrple. In fowsti
nncommoQ. — All islands.
599. C. dlanram, L.
Fl. Feb.-June. In forests, nDcommon. — Virgin Islands; St.
(West, p. 276).
600. C. noatormim, L.
Fl. March. In forests, rare.^St. Jan (Bogiers, Joshee Gnt).
jOultivated species: Datura snaveoleiu, RBK.; Petunia nyetagi*
Juss., and P. violacea^ Liudl.; Solantim Seaforthianum, Andr., 8. t
sum, L. (v. Irish potato), and 8. Melongena, L. (v. Egg-plant, Benu
SCROPHrLARIACE £.
601. Booparla dulcla, L.
Fl. all the year round. A common weed along loads and in
localities. — AH islands.
602. Capraila blflora, L.
FLORA. OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 79
Itivat^ species: Maurandia Barclayana, Lindl. (v. Fairy Ivy),
lusseliajuncea^ Zucc. (v. Madeira Plant).]
BIOHrOlflACEJB.
Tresoantia Cojete, L. (v. Calabash-tree).
all the year round. Leaves deciduous in Dec. The fruit is used
)8sel8. Near dwellings and in forests, common. — All islands.
;. cucuxbitina, L. (v. Black Calabash).
March-Nov. Wood used for boat-building. In dense forests near
its, not uncommon. — ^All islands.
*atalpa lonsisiliqaa, Cham.
Thomas (Oris. Fl. 446).
reooma Berterii, DC.
March-July. Leaves deciduous Feb.-April. In dry thickets,
lon. — ^Virgin Islands.
r. laaoozylon, Mart. (v. White Cedar).
March-April, precocious, and later coetanous in Sept.-Oct. Wood
for building boats. In forests and on dry hills, common. — All
Is.
P. stans, J ass. (v. Yellow Cedar).
all the year round. Anthers pilose beneath. In thickets, com-
often gregarious, especially in St. Croix. — All islands.
Slgnonia SDqaiDOOtialia, L.
April-Sept. Anthers pilose or glabrous (hence VahPs distinction
is account between his B. spectahilh (Symb. Bot. iii, p. 80) and this
»s not justified). Here and there in marshy forests. — St. Thomas
hside Bay, Sta. Maria); St. Croix (Salomon's estate, West, p. 294).
3. unguis, L. (v. Cat-claw).
April-May, precocious, later ogaiii coetanous in Nov. Stem 1^"
y showing the irregular structure peculiar to all climbing Bignoni-
Fruit as much as 26'' long. In forests, not uncommon. — All
Ls.
Oistictis lactillora, DC. (Prodr. ix, 191) {Bignonia, Vahl).
all the year round. On fences and in dry thickets, here and
— St Croix (Cotton Grove, Southgate Farm) (cultivated in St.
IM).
Mvwtld/vecies: Tecoma capcnsisy Lindl.]
80 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TISOIN ISLAHM.
ACANTHACE^.
616. Rnellia tnberosa, L. (r. Cbriatmas-pride).
Fl. all the year ronud ; moot abandaotly towarda Christmaa. Akw)
roads and ditches, commou. — All islands.
617. S. BtiApeiia, L.
St. Croix (Isert sec DC. Prodr. xi, 121).
618. atemaaacantbae ooodneoa, Oris.
Fl. Jan.-April. Cleistogamons dowers in July ; also an intennediai
form between cleistogamons and normal dowers. In sliody fonst
rare. — St. Croix (Caledonia, Wills Bay) ; St. Jan (Bordeaox Bills); S
Thomas (Wydl. pec. DC. Prodr. xi, 217).
619. Blecturam Biownel, Jaee. (v. Feoguiii BalHain).
Fl. Dec.- April. Used against cough. lu pastures and along diti^
common. — All islands.
630. BailerU InpnUna, Lindl (Hot. Ret;- 1. 1483).
Fl. Dec-April. Naturalized near dwellings and in gardens.— f
Thomas; St. Jan.
621. Thyraaoanthtu tiltldtu, H*.
St. Croix {V. Bohr sec. Synib. Bot. li, 5, and Isert see. DC. Prodr. ;
327); St. Thomas (Nees).
622. DUnthera pectoralla, Mutt. (v. Oanleu Balsam).
Fl. Dec-March. Used against coughs. Katnralizetl near dvellii{
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 81
!8l CkoHondra SnftmdibnlifomiiB, N«e8.
K. Maich-Jime. Naturalized in gardens. — St Cro&.
(9. Bteoandriiim ropestre, Ks. (DC. Prodr. xi, 283) {RutlUafy Sw. Fl. lud. Doe.
p. 1071 ; Plnm. Icon. ed. Burm. t. 75^ as Gerardia). a) glabrous, P) pilose.
FL Dec-May, cleistogamous. ^Normal flowers June- Aug. CoroHa
panded till 9 A. M. Ehizome perennial ; roots fusiform, tuberous,
^^arious on the ground in forests, rare. — a) St. Thomas (Flag Hill,
I'-OOCK) ; fi) St Jan (Bass Gut).
X Antbaoanthns ■pinosus, Nees.
n. all the year round. Flowers heterostylous. On rocks and in for-
8, common, especially in St. Croix. — All islands.
L A. jamaioensis, Oris.
fL June-July. GoroUa-lobes glandular inside. On limestone, rare. —
Croix, in stony ground.
I. A. miorophyUtui, Ns.
«1. May- Aug. In forests, here and there. — All islands.
I. JMoliptera adsurgens, J ass.
?L Jan.-Feb., cleistogamous; normal, March- April. In thickets
1 near ditches. — St Croix (common) ; St Jan (less common).
k tennbergia TolubUla, Pers.
n. all the year round. Naturalized along ditches and rivulets. — St.
Hx (Caledonia, Mt. Stewart); St Thomas (Tutu).
Cultivated species: Oraptophyllum hortense^ Nees, Jmticia bicolovy
idr., Tkunhergia alata, Boj., Th.fragrans^ Eoxb., and Sesamum orien-
?, L. (v. Benye).]
GESNERIACE^.
I. ICaxtynia diandra, Glox. (v. Cocks).
?1. Sept.-Bec Three rudimentary filaments; VS' high. Along
tds and in waste places, not uncommon. — St Croix ; St Thomas.
LABIATiE.
L Oolnram BaaUicum, L.
?L May-xVug. Naturalized in gardens. — All islands.
r. O. micraiithiim, W. (v. Passia Balsam).
?L Aug.-Nov. Corolla expanded during the morning. Used against
ighs. Along ditches and in pastures, gregarious. — All islands.
L CSolena amboinicna, L. (v. East India Thyme).
«
Apnt-May. Naturalized in dry localities, gregarioas. — AU
Una. Ko. 13 6 ~
82 FLOBA OP ST. CBOIX AHD THE TIBaiX XSUXDB.
639. Hyptia capltata, Jocq. (v. WUd Hope).
Fl. Nor.-Marc]i. Along rivolets, common. — St. Croix; St-llia
640. H. snavooleiM, Poit.
, Fl. Oct.-Feb. 3'-4' high. In dry locaUties, commbii St Cra
Thomas.
641. H. pcotlnata, Poit. (t. French Te»).
Fl. Kov.-April. As mach as 8' high. In dry localitieB, not t
mon. — All islands.
643. H. vertlcUlata, Jacq.
St. Thomas (Oris. Fl. p. 489).
643. Salvia ocoldantaUs, Sn.
Fl. Dec-March. Rhizome thick. Along roads, common — ^ADi
644. S. teneUa, 8w.
St. Thomas (Oris. FL p. 490 ; Schl.).
649. EL BorotiiM, L.
Fl. Sept.-April. Ijeayes very bitter. Corolla white. In diy
ties, greg^ons, common. — ^All islands.
646. B. cocclnea, L. <t) luid P) cillata, Benth.
Fl. all the year round. Along ditches and roads, commoi
islands.
647. Leonoma BlblilcuB, L.
rLORL OF 8T. CROIX AND THE YIKOIN ISLANDS. 83
TEBBENACEJB.
Piim aoliiBata, Joss.
I. an tho year round. Corolla expanded till 10 A. M. A common
1 along roads and in gardens. — ^All islands.
Bonchaa Bhranbergii, Cham.
L Dec-May. Gregarious along roads and in dry localities, com-
4 — St Croix; St. Thomas.
Stachytarpha jamaioenais, Y. (v. Vervain).
. all the year round. Flower expanded till noon. Pollen 3-4-
iched, stellate. Leaves used against fever. Very common along
8 and ditches. — ^AU islands.
8. stilgoaa, Vahl.
. Thomas (Ehrenb. sec. DC. Prodr. xi, 564 ; Gris. Fl. p. 494).
Xitppia Dodlfloxa, Rich.
. an the year round. Gregarioud in moist localities, not uncom-
. — St. Croix (La Reine, Fair Plain).
Lantana Camara, L. (v. Sage).
. aU the year round. Berry considered to be poisonous. On dry
f very common. — ^All islands.
L. polyaoantha, Schaner (DC. Prodr. xi, 597) (L. sodbridaf Ait.).
. all the year round. In dry localities, here and there. — St Croix
Greorge) ; St. Thomas (Solberg).
L. iziTolncrata, L.
. aU the year round. Corolla and berry violet. In thickets, com-
^ especially on limestone. — ^AU islands.
It. reticulata. Pers.
. all the year round. On limestone, rare. — St. Croix, in stony ground
g's Hill).
dtharezylum quadrangftlare, Jacq. (v. Fiddlewood, Snaanna).
. July-Sept. In forests, not uncommon. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
C oinerenni, L. (▼. Snsanna).
► July-Dec Leaves of both these species becoming red in Feb., and
ping off at the same time that the new ones make their appear-
On young radical shoots the leaves are linear and deeply serrate,
s q;aite useless, even for firewood. In dry thickets and for-
« gregarious. — ^AU islands.
84 FLOBA OF ST. CROIX AND THE TIBQIN ISLABDB.
662. C. TlIlOBiun, Jacq. (Icon. Tor. t. IIH).
Qt. Tliomas (Schlecht., Bertero, Duchass. eec. Grin. Syst UuLj.
663. Danata Flumierl, Jacq.
Ft. May-Dec. Along roads and in thickets, commoii. — All idaitd
664. CaUlcaipa reUcnlata, Sw.
St. Croix (West, p. 269).
665. JEelpblla mBrtlnloeaal*, Jacq.
FI. Angr.-Jan. Floorers often heterostylons. In forests, comim
St. Croix.
666. Clerodendron acaleatnm, L. (v. Cbnc-cbnc).
Fl. all the year round. Common on dry hills and iu marshy I
All Islands.
667. C. fragnuiB, W.
Fl. all the year roond. Long ereeping rhizome. Gregarious oi
hills in shady places, naturalized.^St. Thomas (Dorothea, Lilienc
668. PeUtia dominseiul*, Jacq. a).
FI. May-Sept. Leaves often temute. Drupe commonly 4-lo<
A tree np to 50* high. In forests, not nneommon. — St. Croix (C
nio, Punch, Wills Bay),
669. Vlteac dlvarioata, Sw.
Fl. May-July. Filaments glandular-pilose. A low tree, ha
I. Cvn\K lC:i\i-<\ou\:i. -Wills V.^y]-. St. TllOUlito :Cl
FLOBIl of ST. CBOIX AND THE YIBGIN I8LAI*D8. 85
PliAIVTAGIIVACEJB.
1ant«y> major, L. fi) tropica (v. Kngliah Plantain).
JaiL-March. Proterog^'nous. Leaves used against inflammation
eyes.
P JLimiB AGIN A€ E JB.
^lomlMigo floandens, Thnnb. (v. Blister-leaf).
all the year round. Leaves used as blisters. In thickets and
s, common. — ^All islands.
Itivated species : P. cdpensiSj Tliunb.]
PH¥TeL.A€CACi:JE. *
ImlaiiA Dmritima, L.
June-Dec. Stamens mostly 10. Filaments pilose. On sandy
ij not uncommon. — ^All islands.
Cicrotea debUia, Sw.
July-Sept. In sha<ly places, rare. — St. Croix (Spring Garden,
Bay).
Uvioa larvia, L. (v. Snake-bush, Stark mahart). a) and p) pubeacena.
all the year round. A common weed everywhere, both forms. —
lands.
L octandra, L.
Feb.-Aug. Pedicel and calyx becoming reddish-brown as well
e fruit. Stamens in two whorls, mostly 12. In thickets and
s, common. — All islands.
'ettveria alliacea, L. (v. Gully-root).
all the year round. A very common weed everywhere. — ^All
Is.
CHENePODIACEiE.
nienopodinin ambroaioidea. L.
March. In waste places and on walls, here and there. — St. Croix
riksted) ; St. Jan (Cruz Bay).
Hl mnrale, L.
Jan.-May. On walls, uncommon, naturalized. — St. Croix; St.
as.
ciiatata, Moq. (DC. I*ro<lr. xiii, ii, p. 110).
«di-Aag. On sandy shores, uncommon. — St. Thomas (Water
8bOioix(Schl.).
86 FLOBl OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBOIN I8LAHD8.
683. BotualnKsnltU baseUoldes, Ktb. (Bot. Hag. t. 3690).
FL All the year round. I^aturalized in gardens and onltivateri
Croix; St-Thoman.
684. BKtU DuulUma, L.
FL all the year round. Gregarious along the coaat of lagoons,
mon. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
[OoltiTated species : Beta vulgarie, L. (v. Bed Beet).]
AIIIABAIVTACE^.
6B5. Celovia argentea, L. (C, manjaritacta, L.),
Fl. all the year lt>and. Naturalized around dwellings. — St. Tbt
St. Croix (West, p. 277).
686. C. nittaa, VaM.
FL all the year round. In forests and thickets, not uncmnmon
Croix; St. Thomas.
687. CbamlsBoa altUoima, Eth.
Fl. Dec-March. In forests, here and there. — St. Croix (Lei
HiU) ; St Thomas (Signal HUl).
688. Aob7TaDtb«s a^mre, L. a) ugentoa, Lam. .4) abtaaUoUa, Lam.
FL Dec.-March. In thickets and on waste places, commoa
islands.
689. Oompbrena Eloboaa, L. (v. Bocholor'it Bntton).
FI. all rln' yoar round, Xatunilizod in jjiirdeDS and ncArdwellii
FLOBA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE YIBGIN ISLANDa 87
C99. Amblogsrne polygonoides, Baf.
"FL aU the year round: $ flowers very few. In sandy places near
theooast^ common. — St Croix; St. Thomas.
€96. Boleropiui amarantoldeB, SchracL
PL all the year round. Leaves often discoloured with white cross-
stripes. In sandy localities, common. — ^AU islands.
€97. Enzolns caudatoB, Moq.
FL all the year round. In waste places, common. — ^All islands.
696. B. oleraceuB, Moq. (v. Lumbo).
FL all the year round. Fear dwellings, common. — All islands.
€99. Amarantus spinosuB, L.
FL Jan^April. Kear rivulets and ditches, uncommon. — St. Croix;
St Thomas.
TOO. A. triatia, L.
St Thomas (Wydler sec. DC. Prodr. xiii, ii, 260).
70L A. paiiiciilatii% L. (v. Bowor).
FL all the year round. A troublesome weed on account of its long
tap-root Common everywhere. — All islands.
NTCTAGINACE^.
W. Mirabma Jalapa, L. (v. Four-o^clock).
H. all the year round. Flower expanded from 4 P. M., purple, yellow,
^f piuk. Around dwellings, common. — All islands.
'^> Boerhaavia erecta, L.
fl. Dec-Feb. Along ditches and in pastures, uncommon. — St. Croix
Oit Stewart).
'Oi. B. paxiioulata, Rich. (v. Batta-batta).
n. all the year round. Calyx often ti*ansformed into a hollow mon-
^^sity by the larva of a wasp. A very common w^eed. — All islands.
0$. Pisonia aouleata, L.
Jl. Feb.- April. In forests, common. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
'^, P. aabcordata, Sw. (v. Manipoo, Loblolly).
tl. April-June. Leaves partly deciduous. Wood useless for timber
^Ud fuel. Along coasts, common, growing to a large tree. — All islands.
^7. P. InenxilB, Jacq.
FL April-May. Leaves on the young branches whorled. In forest-s,
^^^^Uimon. — All islands.
[Gultivated species: Bougainvillea spectabiliSj Willd.]
88 FLORA OF ST. CSOIX AND THB TIBOIH
POK.TaONACES.
708. Coocoloba nvlfera, Jaeq. (v. Son-griipe}.
Fl. Julj-Dfc. Wood baxil, dark piui)h'. used for sbip building, 0
the saudjr seashore, conunou. Sometimes iu tbe iuterior a« bighnpa
1200'.— AU islBDds.
709. C. leogEwenBls, Jnnq.
Fl. May—July. Flowers in fascicles of 3-4, of which, however, <m
only bears fruit. Ilrupe oval, violet, i'" long. On sandy shores, ram-
St. Croix (Sandy Point).
710. C. rn§o*8. Deaf. (DC. Proilr. xiv, IM; Uot. Mag. t. 4536).
St, Tliomiis (DC. Prodr. 1. cX
711. C. laurlfolia, Jeucii. (Hort. SfbcBUlir. iii, p. 9, t. 26T).
Fl. Marcli-July. Leaves decidnons Apiil to Slay. Fruit puipIU^
]>ointed at both ends. In thickets, here and there. — St. Cruix {Snaif
Point, Hard Labour).
712. C. dJvorslfolla, Jatq.
Fl. May-July. 6'-8' high. Along the coast, uncommon.— ^t.CtoI
(La Yallt^c, Claremont).
713. C. obtoaifoUa, Jacig.
St. Croix (West, p. 281).
714. C. punctata, Jarq. ») Jacquioli, ji) barbadenaU, Jacq,, 6) parrlfolla {r.Sd I
wnorl, RiD'hoiitl, J-) mlcroBtichya, W.
FLORA OF ST CBOIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 89
1.7. PlKBbe antiUana, Meisso. (DC. Prodr. xv, i, p. 31). y) cubensls.
St. Croix (West in Hb. Petrop. sec. DC. 1. c).
{Ph. mantanay Gris., said by Meissn. (DC. Prodr. 1. e. p. 236) to bo
synonymous with Xauni« longifolia, Vahl, mentioned by West, p. 2 '2, as
a new species firom St. Croix, ought perhaps to be added to this list ; but
as tiie specimens seen by me in Hb. Havn. as Lavrus longifolia^ Yahl,
do not agree with Grisebach's, I prefer to omit the species here, as being
donbtfol.)
VIB. Penaa gratiaalma, Oaertn. (v. Alligator Pear).
FL March^May. Stamens, 9 perfect, 3 less perfect and sterile, G rudi-
mentar}'. The fiiiit is a favourite vegetable. In gardens. — ^AU islands.
719. BulUaiidia pendola, Ns. {H, Thcmaaj Nees).
St Thomas (sec DC. Prodr. 1. c. p. 65, Hb. KunthI).
M. AcrodioUdium aalioifolitlm, Gris.
FL May-Aug. In forests, here and there. — St. Croix (Wills' Bay,
Spring.gat).
721. Kectandra ooilaoea, GriB.
FL May-Aug. In forests, rare. — St. Thomas (Soldier Bay) ; St Jan
(Hb.Havn.).
722. If. membranacea, Gris.
PI. Jime. In dense, forests, uncommon. — St. Croix (Wills Bay) 5 St.
Thomas (Signal Hill).
^23. H. anUUana, Meiasn. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 15:^) (X. leucanthoy Gris.).
Pi. May-June. In forests, not uncommon. Fragrant. — ^All islands.
'^^- Oraodaphne leuoozylon, Nees.
Pi. July. In dense forests on high hills, uncommon. — St. Thomas
(Signal Hill) (Montserrat, Ryan in Hb. Havn.).
'^S. Caaayta amerioana, L.
Pi. March-April. Inflorescence often branched. On Mauchineel and
"^cacia trees along the seashore, here and there. — St. Croix (Cotton
^'t>ve); St. Thomas (Water Bay); Vieques (Ub. Havn.).
^6. Daphoopaia caribaDa, Gris.
Jl. July and Dec-March. In forests, not uncommon. — St. Thomas
^I^g Hill, Signal Hill).
90 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIZ ASD THE TIROIH ISLAHIM
EUFHOBBIACEJE.
727. Bnxiu Vnhlll, Baill. (DC. Prodr. xvi, i, p. 16} (Tricera lav^la, 8w., Tar.An
Ontdi, £ggeT8 in FL St. Crncis, p. 111).
Fl. Jane-Oct. On limestone, rare. — SL Croix (Stony Oroimd).
728. Savla MuUlfloia, W. (Spec. Float, iv, p. 771).
Fl. June-Dec. In thickete on dry hillfi, not uncommoo. — ^All iabu
729. PIiyllaiittaiiB acomlnattu^ Vahl (Ryuib. Bot. ii, 95).
St. Thomas (Herb. DC. sec. DC. Prodr. xv, ii, 381). V^l, bowen
gives only Cayenae (Bohr) aa habitat.
73a Pfc. WlTttri, L. (v. Creole Chinine).
Fl. all the year round. Yery common in gardens and along roHb.-
All islands.
731. Ph. dlsUohna, UUU. (DC. Ptodr. 1. c. 413) {Oeoa, L.) (v. Gooaoben?).
Fl. June-Sept. Fruit used for preserves. Naturalized near dwd
iugs. — ^All islands.
732. Pb. nobUU, MUU. (L c. 415}. ij) ABtUlana {Cieoa, Jiub.) (v. GaDgoi»JMl}.
FL July, and aftervards precocious in Dec-Jan. In foiestB, i»tB
common. — All islands.
733. PlLlUoataa,8w. (v. Boxwood).
Fl. all (he year round. In marshy soil, not unoommoa^— Yieqnea.
734. SecnilDega BCldothBiniiiu, Mill!. (1. c. 451) (Flfiy^ai, Oris.).
FLORA. OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIBQIN ISLANDS. 91
Y3a. C betolimuK Vahl (Symb. Bot. ii, p. 98).
¥L all the year round. A low shrab, brownish. Common in thick-
(^&— All islands.
789. C. flavenfli L. (y. Maribi).
FL all the year round. Gregarious on dry hills, also as secondary
growth ; very common, and a troublesome shrubby weed. — ^All islands.
HO. C. discolor, WiUd. (Spec. Plant, iv, 352) (C. balaamifer, L.).
FL all the year round. Along roads in dry localities, common. — St.
Groix (eastern part of the island) ; St. Thomas (Hb. Thunb. sec. DC. #
Ppodr.Lc. p. 615).
HL C. oTal'foUiiii» West.
FL all the year round. Along roads and in waste places, very com-
Mi.— All islands.
Ht c. lobatii% L.
FL March-Dec* In the same places as the preceding, very common.—
AD islands.
Ha. c. ]iiimili% L.
8t Thomas (Bertero sec. DC. Prodr. 1. c. 670).
(An arboreous as yet undetermined Crotonea^ not found in blossom,
^^Qeors in a few specimens on Flag Hill in St. Thomas.)
^^. Alenrites Molucoana, Willd. (Spec. Plant, iv, 590) (J. trilohay Foret.) (v.
Walnut).
FL all the year round. Naturalized near dwellings and in gardens. —
St Croix; St. Thomas.
^iS. Hicrfnella pednnonlosa, Mlill. (Linnaea, xxxiv, 153) {Adelia Ricinclla, L.).
FL March-May, precocious. Always very spiny. In dry thickets,
^Qt uncommon. — ^All islands.
'^tCw Azgyxothamnla fascicnlata, MUll. (Linnffia, 1. c. 14C) (DitaxiSy Schl.).
FL Jan.-May and Sept. In thickets, not uncommon. — ^All islands.
^7. A. candioazifl, Miill. (DC. Prodr. 1. c. 741) (Argythamniaf Sw.).
PL Sept.-ApriL Capsule dark blue ; seeds verrucose. In thickets,
Common. — ^All islands.
^Wl Aoalypha ohamaedrlfolia, MUIL (1. c. 879). /?) genuina (A, reptans, Sw.),
/) brevipes.
1* an the year round; female flowers developing gradually. Bracts
■Mi after dissemination. On rocks and in crevices, not uncom-
^ l$\\ St Thomas (r).
92 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AMD THR TIBGIN ISLAHDS.
749. TraglB Tolnbllia, L. (t. Nettle, Bran-nettle).
FI. Feb., Sept. Male flowers often tnuisfonned into a globose n
strosity. The plant is believed by the negroes to give them Ind
marketing. In thickets and along roads, common. — All islands.
750. Riolmu oommnula, L. a) (v. Castoi-oil tree).
Fl. all the year round. Seeds used for pressing castor-oil. Nata
ized on waste places, common. — All islands.
751. Manlbot utUlskima, Folil (PUiut. Bras, i, ^2) (v. CoBsaTB).
Fl. March-May. Root used for manufacturing starch and flom^, nl
is made up into flat, thin cakes (bambam). Naturalized and ct
rated. — All islands.
752. Jatjopba Curcaa, L. (v. French Physic-nat, Skitnetcfai).
Fl. all the year round. Seeds very drastic. A low tree, often plan
on graves. Naturalized near dwellings, common. — All islands.
753. J. soujpUfoUa, L. <v. PhyHii>uiit ). a) •tapbysasrlnfoUa. j)) •tosana.
Fl. all the year round. The whole plant has a disagreeable bid
Sufi^utescent, l'-4' high. A troublesome weed near dwellings Bod
fields. Very common everjTvhere. — All islands.
754. J. mnltlflda, L. (v. Co»l-buBli).
Fl. all the year round. Naturalized in gardens. — St. Croix }
Thomas.
FLORA OF 8T. CBOIX AND THE YIBOIS ISLANDS. 98
799. IMechampia loaiidenB, L.
H. Feb.-Jime. Male inflorescence bearing at the base two re^^inous
oorposcola, deciduous together with the male flowers. Baillon considers
them to be sterile bracts; Miiller takes them for monstrous anthers.
Central female flower pedicellate. In thickets, common. — All islands.
760. Bnphorbia bozifoUa, Lam.
FL all the year round. On the sandy shore, common. — ^All islands.
761 B. artioQlata, Barm.
FI. all the year round. Along the seacoast, common. — ^All islands.
762. B. pUoUfera, L.
Fl. all the year round. In waste places and along roads, very com-
mou.— All islands.
763. B. hyperioifolia, L. o) and /?) hyasopifoUa, L.
FL all the year round. Lea^'es distichous. Used against dysentery.
Same places as the preceding. A common weed. — ^All islands.
764. B. thymifoUa, Bnrm.
FL all the year round. The whole plant reddish. Leaves folding
together during night and in rainy weather. Among stones and along
wads, very common. — All islands.
765. B. prostrata, Ait.
Fl. the whole year. Together with the preceding, common. — All
idandjs.
^66. B. petiolarUi, SimH (Dot. Mag. t. 883) (v. Mjinrhiiieel).
R the whole year. Partly i)recociou.s in the spring. On dry hills
^<1 in thickets. — Virgin Islands (common) ; St. Croix (West, p. 288?).
(West's E. cotinifolia^ said to occur in St. Croix, is evidently meant for
this species. I doubt, however, the eorrec^tness of the habitat, and am
^opinion that it is a mistake for St. Thomas, where the si)eeies is ex-
ceedingly common.)
^67. B. genicnlata, Ortega (D«'caa. p. 16; DC. Prodr. x\», ii, 72). (K. pruuifoUa,
Jacq. Hort. Seliocnbr. iii, t. 277, a form witli lar^r, Hcrratc hsives.)
FL De<'.-^Iarch. In forests and near dwellings, not uncommon, often
Sfejrarious. — St. Croix (Government House) ; St. Tliomas (Signal Hill).
^68. E. heterophyUa, L. ft) cyathophora, Jacr|.
Fl. all the year round. Gregarious in dry places, common. — All
idands.
L B. noriifolia, L. (DC. Plant. Grat^es, i, t. 4()).
JL Mardh-Jiine. A large tree, stem 2^-3' diam. j^atnralized near
Mnfnfi, eommon. — ^All islands.
94 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBOIN IBUMDB
770 PedUanthiu UthTUuloIdu, Poit. a), p) padlfblfau, Poit., Mid r)
follna, Poit.
Fl. all the year itnmd. In thickets and gardena, aDeonmu
isloDde.
All EuphorbiacecE are proterogynoos.
ICultivated Bpecies: Jatropka pandurt^olia, Andr^' Codietmm
turn, Miill. a) pict«m, Euphorbia jmIoA«miiui, W., E. tplendetu, i
E. omttgnorum, L.]
VBTICACEJB.
771. CsltlB tilnvrvia, Lnm.
Fl. June-Dec. lu forests and thickets, not tmcommoo. — All
772. C. aonleata, Sw. a) and ji
Fl. March-Sept, rroterogynous. Both forms not uncon
tbickete. — AH islands.
773. Sponla mloronthB, Decs.
Fl. April-Sept. In forests, here and there. — All islands.
774. Fiona craaaineTvla, Desf.
Fl. Jan. In forests, not uncommon, — St. Croix (Creqnis, Wil
775. F. Mgonata, L.
Fl. May-Ang. In forests. — St. Croix (rare, Creqnis); Virgin
(not uncommon).
776. P. Iwvigata, Vahl.
PI. Jan.-March. In foresta and on rocks, not uncommon. — i
(Crequis, Jacob's Peak).
FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 95
781 Miotiini tinotoxia, Don (y. Fustic).
FL Jone-Oct. Young shoots with deeply serrate leaves. Wood
afinding an excellent timber, but now very scarce. In forests, here
and fliere. — ^All islands.
TB8. Ftoorya SBStuanB, Grand.
FL June-Dec. On rocks in shady forests, here and there. — St. Croix
(%xrmg Oarden) ; St. Thomas (Crown).
TBI TTren elata, Gris.
8t Croix (Spring Oarden, West, p. 306 ; his specimen in Hb. Havn.).
US. XT. iMOoilera, Gand.
8t Thomas (Wedd. in DC. Prodr. xvi, i, 93).
(WcRt's Urtica ehmgata^ Yahl, said, p. 306, to occur in St. Croix, and
probably intended for an Ureraj 1 have not been able to identify, jfrom
want of description and si>ecimens.)
1B6L Pflaa miorophylla, Liebm. a), p) trianthemoides^ Lindl., and y) succnlenta
(v. Dnck-weed).
FL all the year round. On rocks and stones in shady situations, a)
aacommon ; p) and y) common. — ^All islands.
ViV. p. semidentata, Wtddd.
FL March-July. Gregarious among rocks on high hills, not uncom-
*oiL— St. Thomas (St. Peter).
'te P. grandia, Wodd.
PI. June. In leaf-mould on high hills, gregarious, uncommon. — St.
Ibomas (Crown, 1500').
'to. p. munmnlarifoUa, Wodd.
8t Tliomas (Hombeck in Hb. Havn.); Vieques (near Campo Asilo).
^ P. inseqnalla. Wedd.
FL July-Aug. Gregarious on rocks in forests, uncommon. — St.
Itiomas (Signal Hill, Crown).
^2. P. SanctaD-Cniola, Liebm. (Vid. Selsk. Skrift., v. R«ekke, ii, 301).
St Croix (Orsled, 1. c).
^2. Rcmaaelia lappnlaoea, Gand.
St Thomas (DC. Prodr. xvi, i, 235 ; Oris. Fl. p. 160).
[Cultivated si)ecies: Ficus Carica^ L. (v. Fig-tree), and jP. elasticay L.]
ARISTe%eCHIACE^.
Ml Aiistoloeliia trilobata, L. (v. Tobacco-pipe).
MaiT-Aiig. On fences and in forests on high hills. — St Croix
W)} l^rgin Islands (not uncommon).
06 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AHU THE TISOIN ISLAXOS.
794. A. anguiolda, L. (DC.Piodr. zv,i,464; Bot. Hag. USl; DMOOvtOi, ILIW.
des AnHUea, Ui, 902) (v. Cnme's Neck),
Fl. Oct-Dec. A nomber of dipteions insects are osnally fMudn-
prisoned in the lower part of theperigonal tube, whence esc^>einin^ot
sible on nccoimt of the downward-bent hairs on the inner suitace. Ite
hairs dropping off after fertiUzation, the imprisoned insects are set it
libertj' again. la thickets, rare. — St. Ctoix (Recovery Hill).
BEOONIACES.
795. aegonla hmnlUB. Hort. Ketr. (ed. i, vol. iii, Xi3).
St^ Thomas (Finlay in Hb. Mns. Paris, see. DC. Prodr. iv, i, 297;
[Cultivated occur several species of Begonia.]
ARIENTACEA.
[Cultivated in gardens and near dwelUugs: Ca^varina e^iaetifoH
Forat. (Fl. June-Aug.) Of very quicli growth.]
PIPEBACES.
796. Piper aebori, Cas. DC. (Euekoo, Mit).).
Fl. all the year round. In forests; often gregahoas and fonning
dense underwood, commoQ. Used for walking-sticbs. — All islands.
797. F. Bredemeyeri, Jocq. (Artaulhe, MJq.).
Fl. Sept. lu shady vaDeys, not nncoramon. — St. Croix (Oaledwi
Creqnis).
798. P. anrltuiii. Kth.
St. Thomas (DC. Prod. 1. c. 321).
FLOR4 OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBQIN ISLANDS. 97
^. P. obtmilblia, Cas. DC., Dietr., Miq. a) and P) olusiaBfoUa.
FL Ajiril-July. On rocks and under shady trees in leaf-mould. Gre-
gariooSy not uncommon, a) all islands ; fi) St. Thomas (Crown).
B0& p. ■oandena, Ruiz et Pav.
8t Thomas (DO. Prod. 1. c. 434).
807. P. polystaohya, Miq.
FL Dec-Jan. Stem and lower surface of the leaves reddish. Among
t)ck8 in forests, not uncommon, gregarious. — ^All islands.
B. GYMNOSPERMJE.
CTCADACEiE.
[Cultivated in gardens occurs Cycas revoluta^ Thunb. (v. Sago Palm).]
CONIFERS.
[Cultivated in gardens occur several species of Thuja.]
C. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
AL.ISinA€EJE.
08l Bchinodoms cordifoliuB, Grin.
Fl. April-Aug. Flower expanded only till 10 A. M. Leaves hetero-
norphous, the primordial ones submerged, linear-lanceolate, passing
by degrees into the ordinary emersed ones. In rivulets, here and there. —
8t Croix (King's Hill Gut, Armas Hope Gut).
HTDROCHARIBACE^, L. C. Rich.
Ml Thala—la teatudlnmn, Solander (Kocnig).
^ot seen flowering. Gregarious in shallow seii- water, very common. —
AD islands.
POTAlVIEiE, Jiiss.
^lO. Cymodocea manatonim, Ascherson (Naturf. Frenudo in Berlin, Jun. — Oct.,
1668).
Sot seen flowering, gregarious on the bottom of the sea ; mostly iu
•fcallow water. — All islands.
LBidoAllto 'Wiightiiy Ascbers. (1. c, nml Neumayors Auleit. zur wiss. Boob.
anf Beiaen).
TKiebs sec. Aschers.).
■'^ . 13 7
1)8 FLOEA, OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIBQIN ISLAJfDS.
012. Halophila BalUonil. AscLere. (in Neumnyer, 1. c. p. 307). J
Ghizomo creeping, tliin. Leaves ovsil, di-iitii-iilate, wborIe<l or oiipo-
site, 3'" long, 1^'" broad. Monoecious.
FI. J : 3 locmbRiiiaceoiis wLite bracta; 1-3 stamens; flliuacnt ]^'
long; aiithiT t.vlinUrical, yellowish, glabrous, 1-celled. I'olkii'
grains fusiforu.
Fl. 9 : 3 persistent bracts, as in i? . Ovary sessile, ovate, y" toog,
-loculate. Style bifid, 2 J'" long; branches point«<l, often o(
unequal length. Capsule oviJ, glabrous, 2'" long ; see<U ibcni
20, globose, baid, tcssellat* ou the surface. Starch-grains tri«ft-
gular.
Male flowers very rare compared to the number of female ones,
Fl. all the year round. Gregarious on the bottom of the seami coaM
eoral sand in a depth of from two to four fathoms, here and therft— 8t
Thomas (harbour).
813. Rnppla lo&tellata, Koch.
Fl. all the year round. Gregarious in shallow rivulets, not nDcoB'
mon. — St. Croix (King's Hill Gut, in company with a species of Chaia);
St. Thomas (Tutu Gut, Krebs in Hb. Havn.).
[Another Potamea, possessing^ a creeping rhizonic and delicate liiiW
leaves, has been found by me in the harbour of St. Thomas at a depth •*'
from 3 to C fathoms, but on account of only sterile dpecimens having bees
obtained it remains a« yet uudet*rmined.
FLORA OP ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 99
L8. Philodendron hederaoenm, Sch.
FL Ang. On trees in dense forests, rare. — St. Thomas (Crown, 140(y).
19. Ph. glganteuin, Sch. (Prod. Syst. Aroid. p. 261).
PL March-July. Petiole 2'-.25' long; lamina 2J'-3' long, 2' broad.
^micle li''-3J'' long; spathe ll''-12" long, opening itself only during
■o nights. Spadix white, giving out a strong odour and considerable
gh temperature during antliesis. Numerous aerial roots, stem l'-2'
ag. Among rocks in dense forests on liigl^ hills, gregarious on trees. —
. Thomas (Signal Hill and Crown, 15000-
[Hie picture in Bot. Mag. t. 3314, of the much smaller Ph. fragrantissi-
nHj Kth. {Caladiuniy Hook.), gives a good representation of the habit
this species.)
D. Caladimn emaragdlnnm, C. Kocb (Scbott,!. c. 165) (v. Guinea Guiger).
PI. May-July. Khizome tuberous, yellow. In pastures on high hills,
t uncommon. — St. Thomas (Signal Hill, above St. Peter, 1400').
L Zanthoeoma atrovirens, C. Koch (v. Soratcb-throat).
J^ot seen flowering, llhizome large, tuberous, used as a vegetable,
aves pungent when eaten as spinach. Cultivated and naturalized on
>Yision grounds. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
I. X. BagittSBfoliiim, Sch. (v. Tanier).
FL July. Lamina of the spathe white, with a delicate rosy tinge.
atlie disclosing itself during two nights from 7 to 10 o'clock; spadix
anwhile giving forth a strong fragnmcc and showing a tempenitnro
12^ C. above that of the air. Leaves used as spinach and the tuberous
2ome as a common vegetable. Cultivated and naturalized on pro-
ion grounds. — All islands.
1 Z.? hastattim. Egg. (Anim, Vahl.) (v. Indian Kale).
^Cot seen flowering. Leaves hastate, with long pointed oblique basilar
>es; used for spinach. (Natm-alized ?) Cultivated and spontaneous
forests. — All islands.
%. Piatia occidentalis, Bl.
PL all tlie year round. Cultivated and naturalized in gardens. — St.
omas.
%, I>eiiina minor, L.
Sfot seetf'flcm'ering. In rivulets, not uncommon. — St. Croix (Jealousy
^?Ur Plain Gut).
^ tpedes: Caladium bicolovj Yent., C. picUim, DC, and C
100 KL0R4 OF 8T. CEOIX AND THE VIKGIN ISLANDS.
TVPIIACEiE.
826. Trpha anBUBtUolia, L., var. domliigeiitla, Ptra.
I'l. Sppt.-March. Used for making inats. In rivulets mid arouod
laguous, not uncommon. — St. Croix; St. Jan.
PANDANACEX.
[Uultivatud in gai'dens occurs Pandanux odoraiUisimua, L fil. (r.
Screw Pine).)
PALfll.E.
827. T&riiiax BTgeutea, Lc)iliL(v. Tttyur-tree).
FI. May-June. Stem lO'-20' high. Leaves used for making roprt,
thatching roofis, and other domestic pnrx)oses. On thtMiorthem dopccf
tile. hilU iu forests and tickets. — St. Croix (very rare, only one spwamffl
seen, near Bellevne Mill) ; Virgin Islands (common).
S28. Oreodoza regia, Kth. (t. Monntam Cabbage).
Fl. April-Aug. The young leaf-hnd used as cabbage. Berries eat«
by hogs. In forests and along roads, common. — AU islands.
839. CoooB nuclfera, L. (v, Cocon-uut Trep}.
Fl. Feb.-Mareh. Leaves nsed for thatching roofs. The ripe fruit
although occurring in abundance, is scarcely nsed, and of no ecouomicil
iinijortaiu'e. Natumlized aloii^j the aeaahore and along roadn.— .Ill
islands.
COminELVNACE.E.
830. Tradeacantia geoiculata, Jsct). ,'j) efloaa, Mart.
Fl. .March. Seeiln bluish, verruculose. — Vie<iues (near Campo Asib^
tUORk OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. 101
16. C. elegana, Kth. (v. French Grass).
PL all the year round. Flower ephemeral. In moist localities, very
>iDiDon. — ^All islands.
OBAiniNACEJE.
37. Bamboaa TulgariB, Schrad. (v. Bamboo Cane).
Not seen flowering. ^Naturalized along rivulets and in gardens. —
k. Croix; St. Thomas.
B38. Aithroatylidiuxn oapiUifolium, Oris. (Plant. Wright, in Mem. Amer. Acad. Tiii,
531, 1862).
Not seen flowering. In forests, climbing among trees and shrubs to
i eoDsiderable height, rare.— St. Thomas (Flag Hill, TOO"); St. Jan
(Hombeck in Hb. Havn., from "a large cataract, called Battery'');
Tieqnes (flowering specimens from Hombeck in Hb. Havn. ; others re-
wived from Campo Asilo by me).
139. Bragrostis poa»oidea, P. Br.
FL June-Dec. Stigmas white. Along roads and in dry localities^
often gregarious, common. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
MO. B. ciliaxla, Lk.
VL March-Dec. Anthers black. In dry localities, common. — All
idands.
NL Bporobdas virginioas, Kth. (v. Shandcr).
¥1 May-Oct. Anthers and stigmas yellow. Used in baths for
children. Along the coast and lagoons, common. — All islands.
Ha. 8. litoralis, K^.h. (v. Shandcr).
n. May-Dec. In the same places as the preceding, common. — All
idands.
Ma. 8. indicna, R. Br. (v. Hair-grass).
FL May-Oct. Anthers purple; stigmas yellow. Along roads and
Btcfaes. — All islands.
M4. Axistida stxlota, Mich.
Fl. March-Dec. Anthers yellow. Awns of unequal length, always
6nger than the glumes. Along ditches and in thickets, here and
lere. — St. Croix (Crequis, Fair Plain); St. Thomas (Schl.); Stt Jan
Adrian Estate).
Us. Olyra latifoUa, L. ft) amndlnaoea.
• FL Dec.-flan. In forests, rare. — St. Jan (Cinnamon Bay); Vieques
Ckmpo Asilo).
glaber, Eth.
"•Dee. Anthers yellow; stigmas white. In forests, not un-
102 FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AKD THE VIKOIN IBLAHDS.
Q47. PappMsplioium alopocuxoides, VuUI.
Fl, I'el).-Marcb. l'-3' high. Among rocks near the coast, rar^
Buck Island, iiear St. Thomas; Virgio Gor(Ia(Vabiiu Sjiuh.Botui,H').
848. Bonteloua litlglosa. Lug.
n.Oct-Jaji, .i\jithers red; stigmas white. lu thickets ainl»M»
]>]sices, not uncommou. — St. Thomas {Cowell's Hill — Town).
849. Leptochtoa mucrouata, Ktli.
Fl. May-Oet. Spikelets often 1-flowered, Along ilitches, not ob-
commou. — St.Crois.
B50. L. virgata. r. Br. a), H) gracilia, Ns., and y) moltlSoia, Eg^-
Fl. May-Dec. Anthers white ; stigmas imqile. r) spikelels frflw-
ered. Awns very short; fertile glumes not ciliate. Along roadii,cfflfr
nion. — a) and /i) all islands ; ;■) St. Croix (Work and Best).
851. Cblotis eleuslnoldes, Grin.
Fl. May-Nov. Along ditches, here and there. — St. (
HUl, Mount Welcome).
852. Ch. radlata, Sw.
Fl. May-Oct. Stigmas brown. Gregarions along roads, coiuiiwa»-
AII islands.
853. Ch. oillata, 8w,
Fl. Feb.-Sept. Anthers rosy. My specimens show only one sta
flower in each epikelet besides the fertile one (see Swartz's Flora I
J roads, not iinrommoiL. — Ail ishmils.
FLORA OF 8T. CBOIX AND TUB VIBGIN ISLANDS. 103
■pahuii oomprewmiD, Ns. (v. Flat Oross).
me-Oct. Anthers light yellow; stigmas white. Kear ditches
ahady localities, not uncommon. — ^AU islands.
coi^Jiigattim, Berg.
ine-Dec Anthers yellow ; stigmas white. In moist localities,
1. — ^All islands.
pnailliim, Vent.
tiomas (Fliigge sec. Gris. Syst. Unt, p. 114).
distichum, L. a) and /?) Taginatiim, Sw.
me- Aug. Proterandrous. Authera light yellow ; stigmas black,
rivulets, not uncommon. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
QOtatmn, Fltigge.
iiomas (Fliigge sec. Gris. Syst. Unt., p. 114).
casapitoaum, Fliigge.
lay-Sept. Anthers orange-coloured. In moist localities, not
Qon. — All islands.
Slabmni, Poir.
ay-July, Here and there along ditches. — St. Thomas (Schl.) j
(RiflfBay).
plloatulmii, Michx.
arch-Sept. Along the seacoast, not uncommon. — ^AU islands.
virgatmxi, L. u).
lay-Oct. Anthers straw-coloured j stigmas white. In moist
^s, not uncommon. — All islands.
panicalatum, Ci.
liomas (Schlechtendal).
apathaoeum, HB. K.
lomas (Schlechtendal).
Slitaria filifbrmia, Mtihl.
>ec. In diy thickets, here and there. — St. Thomas (CowelPs
mtgtnata, Lk. (v. Rnnning Grass).
ind^-Sept. Anthers purple with white stripes; stigmas purple.
pMtiii6-gni88. Along ditches and roads, common. — All islands.
104 FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS.
870. D. Mtieera, Eoutb.
Fl. .Tune-Oct Aiitliera and stigmas purple. Along roads, cwiunoa.-
All islands.
B71. Erlocbloa ptmctata, Hninilt.
fl. March-Sept. Anthers brownish ; stigmas black. In moiHt locill'
ties, here and there. — St. Croix (Creqnis, La Grange); St. Thomii
(SohL).
072. Btenotaphiam ameiicamun, S^jhrank (v. Horse Graas).
Fl. May-All g. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas purple. AloDgM
eoast and in moist localities, gregarious, common. — All islands.
873. Ortbopogon aelailns, Sprcng.
Fl. JIarcb-Dec. Anthera light purple ; stigmas purjile. In foresbj
common. — All islands.
871, Pauicum paapaloldea, Pen.
n. llarch-Sept. Anthers reddish; stigmas straw-coluiired.
hermaphrodite flower in this and all other species of Pauieum is pi
undrous, the stamens dropping off liefore the stigmas appear. Thai
liitter are then fertilized by the agency of the wind from other indind-
nals before the stamens of the male flower make their appearanoe, M
fertilization being thus evidently impossible. Aloug HvnleU and
moi.st localities, not uncommon. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
875. P. briBoidea,
FLORA. OF ST. CBOIX AND THE VIBOIN ISLANDS. 105
tO. P. dilRisiiiii, Sw.
WL May-Oct. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas dark purple. In
oist localities, uncommon. — ^AU islands.
^Ih. p. maxImnTn, Jacq. (y. Guinea Grass) (P. polygamum, Sw.).
FL June-Sept Anthers brownish ; stigmas light purple. A splendid
lasture-grass, growing to the height of 12' j forming dense tufts and
leing propagated by the rhizome. Naturalized and cultivated every-
vrhere. — ^All islands.
882. p. diTaxioatnm, L. a) and /3) pnbemluin.
FL May-Dec Anthers light yellow; stigmas white. Eesembling a
thin Bamboo Cane. 8^-16' high. Both forms not uncommon in forests,
climbing over trees and shrubs. — All islands.
063. p. glntinomun, Sw.
St Croix (West, p. 267).
884. P. brevlfolium, L.
FL AQg.-Dec. Anthers and stigmas white. In gardens and along
roads, here and there. — St. Thomas (Barracks).
885. p. oayennense, Lam.
St Thomas (Schlechtendal).
886. Setaria glauoa, P. Br. a).
FL May-Oct. In forests, common. — All islands.
887. 8. tetoaa, P. Br. a) and ^) caudata, R. S. (v. Soar Grass).
FL April-Dec. Anthers orange-coloured; stigmas purple, a) 3'-7'
"^^h; iu forests and along ditches, common. — All islands. /?) in dry
^^'ckets, uncommon.— St. Thomas (CowelPs Hill).
^^. Cenchrua echinatus, L. /?) viridia, Spreng. (v. Burr Grass).
I'L April-Dec. Anthers light yellow; stigmas white, with a puri)le
*tH)t in the middle. The ripe farinaceous seeds eaten by the cattle,
^long the coast, very common. — All islands.
^9. Anthephora elegana, Schreb. *
fl. Jan.-Oct. Anthers brownish. In thickets, here and there. — St.
^'oix ; St. Thomas.
^O. Tricholaena insularls, Gris. (v. Bitter Grass, Long Gross).
Fl. March-Dec. Anthers brownish ; stigmas white. Never touched
y cattle w hilst green, on account of its bitter taste. Spikelets easily
^tached and carried far away by the wind. Ver>' common along roads
^d in dry places. — All islands.
106
FLOEA OP ST. CROIX AND THS TIBGIH ISUBD8.
891. Lappago aliena, Spreiig.
Fl. May-Dec. Stigmas white. Generally both Bpikdete h&i
Near ditcbei) and in thickets, common. — All islands.
892. AndTopogon aaocbaroidea, L.
F\. Aiig.-Oct. Anthers light yellow; stigmas dark pnipie. AwkboI
twist^^d. Along roads, here and there. — St. Croix (Beeston Hill Gwog^l
893. Aaathemm blcoine, P. Br, (v. Jolly Grass).
Fl. Jnly-Oct. 2'~i' high. Used for thatching roofs. Xot falenby
the cattk'. Gregarious on high hills, where it is difficult to cwmUWl
its spreading, even by burning it now and then. — St. Thomas (iiorUwn
elope of the highest ritlgc),
894. Sorghum vulgare, Peru. (v. Guinea Corii>.
Fl. Dee. 8'-10' high. Katoralized and cultivated for herhapp iri
for making flour of the grain. — All islands, prinoipally St. Cwii lal
Vieques.
B95. Sacohaium offlciuarttm, L. (v. Sugor-cnnu).
Vi. Dec-May. Niituralized and cultivated. Sugar-growing i*l
arc now only two, viz., St. Croix and Vieques, wliilst the other V
Islands have only a very few cauo estates, principally for sel
V cane in the markets. The average produce of sugar from
above-mentioned islands is about 25 miUion pounds. The plant
gated by cuttings that are laid entirely under ground.
{Tlie genus Panicum excepted, all Oramhmppre are proterog^T
FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 107
OC C. ocbraoeiis, Vahl.
m, May-Oct. In moist localities^ uncommon. — St. Croix (Crequis).
lOI. C -wiaoomm, Ait.
FL April-Nov. Stamens always 3 (see Swartz^s Fl. Ind. Oce. p. 113).
lieeds germinating in moist weather on the parent, and often growing
out into young plants an inch or two in length. Along rivulets and
ditches, not uncommon. — St Croix; St. Thomas.
902. C. wnlimineiiBiB, Roltb.
8t Thomas (SchL).
903. C. axtionlatYUik L. (y. Stiug Bisom).
FL March-Sept. In ditches, not uncommon. — St. Croix ; St. Thomas.
901 C. rotaiida% L. (v. Nut Grass).
FL all the year round. Tubers sweet, eaten by hogs. A troublesome
▼eed, very common in fields and along roads.— -All islands.
905. C. bnumeus, Sw. (C. planif alius, Rich.).
FL May. On the coast and near lagoons, not uncommon. — All islands.
901 C aphacelatofl, Rottb.
FL Feb. On high hills in pastures, uncommon. — St. Thomas (Signal
xm).
907. C. dintJiiis, L.
FL Aug. In pastures on high hills, common. — St. lliomas (Signal
An).
900u C. nnifoUa% Boecklcr (LinnsBa, Neue Folge, ii, 374).
8t Croix (Bavn in Eeliq. Lehm.).
909. C. fflifonnlB, Sw.
FL all the year round. In moist localities, not uncommon. — St.
tlhomas.
WlO. C. odoratTia, L.
Fl. April-Oct. Near rivulets and ditches, here and there. — St. Croix
[Mount Pleasant, Annas Hope).
Hi. C. pennatos, Lam. (Bcpcklcr, 1. c. 404) (C. Ehrenhergiif Kth., C. JlexuosuSyYiitil).
FL all the year round. Along the coast, not uncommon. — St. Thomas.
r. Along rivulets, not uncommon. — All islands.
108
FLOBl. OF ST. CBOIZ AND THE TIBGra ISLiHIIB.
913. C. fiaTomarlaoiu, Gris. {C.Jtavit*, B<DcUer).
PI. Aog. In pastvireH ou hills, lierc aiid there, — St. Thomas (Spa^ j
Hill); Buck Island {oear St. Thomas).
914. EyUiuea ailformlB, Sw. a) and }) caplllarlB, Gris.
Fl. Juiii?-Deo. IiivolmTal It-aves of varions lengllis. Both fonnsrwl
imcoinmoii iu ioreals. — St. Croix (The William, Eliza'H Betreat).
915. K. trioeps, Rottb.
Fl. March. In ehatly moist localities. — St. Jan (Baas Gut).
916. K. monocephala, Kottb.
n. all the year round. In moUt places iu forests, common^-AD
islands.
917. E. ttrerlfolla, Ifottb. (Kmciiil. in BiBckJiT, Linmen, 1@.~, *•£>). *)) loa^USt.
St. Thomaa {Ehrenberg sec. Bceekler). ,
918. ScirpnB capltntiu, L.
Fl. all till' juar round. Acheninm black. Along rivulets,
All islands.
919. S. nodnlosua, Kih.
Fl. March-Dec. Along rivulets and in ditches, uncomoion. — St. Cntx
(Adventure).
920. S. snbdlstlcbus. IVn^klcr (Liumra, mO-'O, 490).
St. Th(.m:is (Bcklr.).
FLORA OF ST. CBOIX AKD THE VIBGIN ISLANDS. 109
^6* Bolaila pratentis, LindT. (v. Cutting Gross).
^ April-Nov. In forests and pastures on high bills, uncommon. —
^t Cioix (Springfield, Mount Eagle); St. Thomas (Signal Hill).
^. 8l sdndeiis, Nb. (v. Razor-grass).
FL Aug^-Sept. In forests, rare.— St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1500').
3a a fllll6nni% Sw. (S. Uthottperma, W.).
FL May-Kov. In thickets, not uncommon. — St Croix (Eang's Hill);
it Thomas (Gowell's Hill).
[All CyperacecB are proterog^^nous, with white stigmas and light ycl-
m anthers.]
l.il.ia€eje:.
29. Aloe viilgarii, L. (v. Sempervivie).
R March-April. Gregarious on limestone (naturalized f ), common. —
Jl islands.
BOl Tnooa glorioMi, L.
R Jone-Aug. Naturalized in gardens and near dwellings. — St.
roix; St. Thomas.
XL Agave amexloana, L. (v. Karatl^).
FL Feb.-May. On dry hilLs, common. — ^All islands.
12. A. ■oboUfera, Salm-Dyck. (v. Karat(t).
Very seldom or never bearing flowers. Propagated by bulblets in
tne^uly, growing out to a considerable size whilst still on the x>arent.
\ hills and in tiiickets, not uncommon. — All islands.
9. Fcmrcroya oubensla, Haw. (v. Female Karatit).
FL March and July-Aug. In dry thickets, not uncommon. — St.
mx; St. Thomas.
4. Pancrattnm oaiibeemii, L. (v. White Lily^ Ladybus).
FL May-Nov. Flowers nocturnal; fragrant. On rocky coasts, not
ioommon. — ^All islands.
5. Crimun embeacensi Ait.
FL all the year round. Flowers nocturnal; fragrant. Along rivu-
Mj here and there. — St, Croix (H6gensborg).
% Aiiuuryllia eqaestxla, Ait. (v. Red Lily).
iMPdi-Oct. On rocky shores, gregarious, not uncommon. — ^AU
110 VhORL OF ST. CBOIX AVD THE TIBQIN JSLARDB.
937. A. tnblapatha, Ker. (t. SDOw-drop).
FI. April-Oct., especially after beavy rains. In fields and near <
ings, not tincommon. — ^All islands.
[Cultivated species : Allium Jistuloavm, L. (v. GibotUe), Polj/antiut
rqm, I. (v. Tuberose), and Crinum giganteum, Andr.J
ASPABAOMAC e JE.
938. Saaaevlera gnlneeneU, W. (Spec, ii, 159) (Bot. Hog. t 1179) (v. Goani
Fl. Nov.-Dec Fibres of the leaves yield a good material for i
Katuralized here and tbere ou dry hills, gregarions.— St, Croix
densfeld); St. Thomas (around town).
SniLACEJE.
939. Snllox havaneiMli, Jacq,
Not seen flowering. In forests, here and there. — St. Croix
donia, Wills Bay, Bohr's Mindc).
940- B. popalOM, Kth. (Enum. Plant, v, 192).
FL Jane-July (.?). Unarmed. Leaves 4"-5" long, Z"~i" broai
foi-ests, a high climber, rare.— St. Thomas (Flag HiU, 9C0').
DIOSCOREACEJE.
941. Dioscorea piloalnscula, Bert.
Fl. Dec, but rarely. Older leaves purple beneath, broad whites
112 PLOEA OF ST, CROIX AND THE VIEOIN ISLANDS,
Inug, wbite; silky. Oa ti-ei-s and rocks on liiglt bills, uot ancommour-
St. Thomas (Sigual HilJ, Crowii, IIOC-ISOO').
[Cultivated species: Ananassa sativa, LiiidJ. (r, Fiiie-aiiple).
955. Musa patadisiaca. Ij, (r. Planluiii).
Fl. Ma,y-A«g. Fniit eaten only boiled or fried. Xatundii^d sal
cultivated, but rare. — All islands.
956. M. aaplentium, L. (v. Bunana).
FL May-Nov. Fruit eaten raw or fried. Naturalized and cnltivaw)
everywhere, occurring in several varieties (Bacuba, Fig, Lady-f
St. Vincent Banana, et«.). — All islands.
SCITAniNE^K.
957. Renealmla sylveatils, Grin.
FI. Au};, In foi'esfa in shady and moist Ioi-alitie», rare. — St. CiWi
(Golden Rock}; St. Thomas (Signal Hill, 1400').
9SB. Zingiber offlclnalle. Kohc (v. Giugcr).
PI. Sept. Xatiiralized and cultivated in forest districts, bon- lal
there. — St. Croix; St. Thomas.
959. CaanK lodloa, L. (v. Inilinn Shot).
Fl. all the year round. In moist places and near dwellings, d
H. — All islands.
FLORA OF 8T. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. 113
I high hills, here and there. — St. Thomas (Liliendal^ Bonne Reso-
Idandnun subeequale, Eggers, n. sp.
eb.-March. Tubers cylindrical, small, several-leaved. Leaves
tar, channelled, pointed, much shorter than the scai>e; sterile
hort, distant, pointed, floral ones smaller ; flowers in a simple
3-4. Perigonial divisions lanceolate, pointed, nearly conform,
titly adnate to the column, 3-lobed; lobes rounded, the two lat-
8 a little shorter than the middle one. Column auricled below
ler; auricles small, purple. Ovary linear, striate, \" long. Al-
?. iwieularej Batem., but leaves several, much shorter than the
nd lip broadly 3-lobed. Leaves 6''-6'' long, 2'" broad j scape
high, straight. Peduncles i" long ; i>erigonial divisions green-
1 brown spots, i" long ; lip purple, with darker stripes and a
rest in the middle, ^^ long. The whole plant of a sometimes
sometimes lighter hue, flowers even sometimes quite white. On
id the roots of trees in dry thickets, here and there. — St. Thomas
s Hill, Solberg).
bifiduin, Aubl.
tiy-Dec. On trees and rocks, not uncommon.^-All islands.
sUiare, L.
ine-Feb. Flowers fragrant. Gregarious on rocks and old tree-
common. — All islands.
sochleatnin, L. (Bot. Mag. t. 151, bad).
3ril-May. On trees in forests, rare. — St. Croix (Mount Eagle,
acob^s Peak, 95(K).
patens, Sw.
ily-Aug. Leaves distichous ; scape compressed, V-2' high. On
leaf-mould, rare, on high hills. — St. Thomas (Signal Hill, ISOC).
▼ola cucnllata, R. Br.
ne-Octb. Gregarious on rocks, rare. — St. Thomas (John Bruce
ystachya Inteola, Hook.
arch-Nov. Flowers often cleistogamous and n6rmal on the
anch and at the same time. Both forms yielding good seeds.
n and old tree-trunks, not uncommon on hiUs. — St. Thomas
BOD, 120(K-150(y).
IdLHat Kiis. Ko. 13 8
114 FLOBA OF ST. CBOIX AND THE TIKGIR ISLAITDS.
971. Ouclditun Lomoulaiimii, Liuill.
Fl. Miij-July. Never giviug Quit, but propagatiog itoelf Iff jm*
ducing young plaiits from buds in the axils of the sterile bracis Mi*
the dowers, which remaiu in cODuection with the parent plant, nnil thm
often forming long colonies of plant* from one ti-ee to another. In (it
ests and thickets, gregariouH, but rare. — St. Thomas (Picaru Puniiitiulm
Fortuna),
(The lateral sepals iu my specimens being distinct, I am incliiivd I"
retain Lindley's specific name instead of uniting mj- plant with 0. tun-
petalum, W., as done by (jrisebaeh.)
973. O. vailegBtnm, 8<n-.
Fl. July-Ootb. On rocks and fi'ees in sha^ly ])lacfK, not imcoiumtpn^
Virgin Islands.
973. Pr«BCottia myoauiua, G. Rchb.
Fl. March. In grass-flelds on hi{th hills, uncommon. — St. Thora»
(Signal Hill, 1400').
974. BplrantheB alata, Rivb.
n. Mareh. I,eaves deciduous during anthesis. In Icafmoald on lii|fc
hills, not uncommon, — Virgin Islands.
975. StenonhynchuB lanceolatua, Huh.
Fl. May. leaves deciduous durjog anthesis. Only ^'-1' higli
ohiypy soil iimong rocks on high hills, rare. — St. Tliomaa (Signid Hit
cai&ivruo aixxyjixf^ x\/va,o vru rti^rt ujuiao* am.%^±\j cruvi. Kuvxv^^^KJtta o-uviuicio
, Signal HUl).
Uotmn tziquatnixii, 8w.
ady places among rocks, not uncommon. — St. Croix (Creqiiis) ;
tmas (Signal Hill).
FIJLICES.
>lil08lo«iiim retiOQlattun, L.
astures under rocks on high hills, not uncommon. — St. Thomas
).
irallUi aculeata, 8w. (v. Prickly Fern).
astnres on high hills, here and there. — St. Thomas (Signal Hill,
3t Peter, 130(K).
Uantum ▼illoaum, L.
Dg rocks in forests, uncommon. — St. Croix (Crequis, Vieques).
intennedium, 8w.
ligh hills, not uncommon. — St. Thomas (Signal Hill).
mlorophyUum, Kaulfl
rant in the morning. In dense forests, uncommon. — St. Thomas
taneram. 8w. (v. Maiden-hair).
tickets, not uncommon. — All islands.
I
116 FLORA. OF ST. CBOIX ANa THE TIEOIH ISLAIIM.
909. P. padata, L.
Oregorioua id forests, here and tbere. — St. Thomas (Signal Wi, n
St. Peter).
990. Toanltia lanooolata, R. Br.
In leaf-mould on rocks, not ODCOmmon. — ^AU islands.
991. ADtropbyum llneatmn, Kaolf.
In forests, rare. — St. Thomas (St. Peter).
992. Blecbsnm oocldratale, L.
Gregaiioos m pastures and forests, very common. — All islaDdB.
993. Chryaodlnm vulgar^ F^.
In marshy soil, gregarious; up to 15' high. !Not nncommon^
islands.
994. HemlonltU palmata, L. (v. Strawberry Fern).
Propagating itself by buds from the serratures of the frond. Gi
riooB in shady forests, here and there. — St. Croix (Eliza's Betieat)
Jan (Eogiers, King's Hill).
995. Ojnmognmm* calomvlano^ Kanlf. (v. Silvery Fern).
On hills and among stones, not uncommon. — All islands.
Var. pnmlla, E|^.
Dwarfy, cartilaginous. On old walls, here and there. — St (
FLORA OF ST. CROIX AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS. JL17
L pfttensy Sw.
crests, here and tliere. — St. Croix (Crequis); St. Thomas (Crown).
L molle, Sw.
le same localities as the preceding, not uncommon. — St. Thomas
IHill).
L invimm, Sw. a).
lady localities, rare. — St. Croix (Crequis).
'dypodinm tetracfonnm, Sw,
rests, not uncommon. — ^AIl islands
^ oroiuitiixii, Sw.
3roix (West, p. 313, Benzon in Hb. Havn.)} St. Thomas (Hb.
^ ftmvuiii, L.
ead trees and rocks, not uncommon. — All islands.
K areolatimi, Thunb.
e same places as the preceding, but rare. — St. Thomas (Crown).
'. inolram, Sw.
roix (West, p. 313).
*. inoanum, Sw.
ng roots of large trees, gregarious, not uncommon. All islands.
^ piloflalloides, L.
rests and pastures among rocks on high hills, here and there. —
imas (Signal Hill, 1300").
'. serpensi Sw.
*ees and rocks on high hills, rare. — St. Croix (top of Mount Ea-
C).
. PhyllitidiB, L. a) and /9) repens.
rests on rocks and trees, not uncommon. — ^AU islands.
yathea aiborea, Sw.
12'-15^ high, 3" diam. In forests on high hills, rare. — St. Thomas
, western slope, HOCj Caret Bay Gut).
CORKECTIOXS AKD ADDITIOSS.
Page 19. Fourteeutli line from above, after "local naine" read — which bb » tnltii
derived ottberfrom the English or theDutuh langnagp, exc^ipt in VieqaesandCnlriin,
Page 84. To Ariomnia nitida. — The gronnd undei the tree in sometinieB covmi] wttk
a pecnliBT kind of aerial roots, proceeding from tho underground roots erect inta Ibt
air to B lioiglit of four to his Intlits.
Pago 99. To JroWea'.— A supposed Aroidca with an iniioeuBo, nearly »phylloo«,clink-
iug, ii^rete, green st«m, about ICKK long, 1" diam., with scaly, early dccidnoos Inin
and oorial roots resembling those of Yanilla, iamet with in a few places in Si. T
(among rocks ou FlagMli in tho forest). As, however, neither fruit nor floirrr k*
as jet been found, it is Btill doubtful even to which family this inlnvsting ap»
may belong.
Page 100, No. 827. Cancel the lines, "Leaves used for making ropea, thatcbingto
and other domestic purposes."
INDEX.
b tUMa an tboM at the eultlnted ploots of (he lilukd*.
ph»
rt^
N
lis
JnanoiMKiiro
IN
H
microphiu™
81
U
AntberyUum Bohril
H
BaeEeOJl
W
110
APOCTNACEJ;
»
«
Chlwer
33. N
«
JRALIACKE
SO
48
Art»ti<la«ricttt
un
120
ArMoliKhi* aDEOkildk ..
M ' BION0MIA.C£X...
Alb, Bitter
ASFARAGIHACBA . .
Aapldinm isvinuu
lis I Tonh
IM ■ Wilbe
US Bluk-eje Pe*
IIS Bl«biiiim Browsd...
Atl*r MntntU 87 Bliaterle^ .
AUEASriACBS W , Bloodmot..
i»Ii]tid» 81,118 , BliMVlne..
- BOMBAC££
Bonoy Via.
; BontlA dAptmoIdn -
BOKAGlNACKi
BonrriB p«r»ifloni
«WoU
I Borrtcbto
I Bonobea Ebnnbergii.
BougainviUea
III TulpiHj Id I ll<iuM5ue»iillli
112 8onlplou» UliKlM*
BthMCbjtneulik ..
>^*dlMk
■MoMfoli*
lek.Gold«i
■)H»
mb
I"
lb*
UlCSS
•«7
alia
dlea
■Dbacti
UDACEX
•aj(d>Uiw
ejDOptuUDpbMa . .
X>LUCE«
CuMia 93
OHltalaU IT
■ngiutiolUqUk 47
bKllkria n
biupaulkrU 47
blflon «
Filial* W
8orid« *7
gbndulo** 47
smtdi* 4<
nictieUw 47
obtiuifoUft 47
. oooldenMU* <T
UiiBujluaiui'iii-ana B»
CwtiUenota SB
CHt«r-oU tnt K
CHuariiia eqniHllfollk M
C»Wd*w 7B
CiUliut luiiguilliiini 7>
Gitcli-aiid-kfDp 41
CatMbea parviQoia W
C»Mp«lR nnUu Ill
CUlQa TO
CrtruplBiKillHli. B4
Criu T»
CELASTEACE^ S»
Crlvry »
Celoala ugenlea M
Dltids M
CeltUKiilnU M
trlucrrla »4
Cenchrai echinaiui lOS
Ccntlpepiroot ST
C«DtroKma Tlrguiiuiani 44
L'cphiluidra InilicN. — U
CiTOua, Nii:li1-b1oun]liij( ST
Cereiu unutui (7
flOCCMDl E7
grudlflornt ST
flumiMlaiut S8
jMruvAonu ->--<-- SB
rh}fUanaita S8
tricnculBri* ST
Cwtrnm diunmm 78
UurifDUom ,. 7B
Ch]iiulM»ii alliuima. M
CbanEi'alili- Hiblwus 81
<;b<'ibnlli..8 mkrophjUi US
rUKSUl'OIHACEiE 8S
Chenopodlum unbroaloldei 8S
Diunile 83
Chettj- H41
Black 62
ChrintniM 62
SnrinaiD 52
Wild J4
<:bprvil S8
< hvvullicni llnsiOMta Ill
Cliirbrry Gnipo To
Cblgger-applo 33,57
Chinese Rose — 31
CliioccKcsii nwemvka <1
1
«
«
■ " .
OoojH»p«twUW
. K
hlraatu.
Crflooecwi
'"".'.'. 71
. a
u
.. »
n
.. •
, rt
n
... *
, !•
a
«
(tareBS
DnXBNIACEJB..
11»
■lllBalmft
pil(»ln«nU... 110
D10SC0KEACE« IIO
Di [)hnl is Halle ifolU M
Diplochito »pmiUl». W
DiMlDltalooliflor* TO
l)iiitmpn« BiteHtuB. 83
DiTl.dfTf W
Dodoiuw vtsooia 3S
DogAlmDud U
Dogwood
«
Drvpsnocariiuiliiiutiu U
DrjTnttiluconliila !T
Drypetci eIaium H>
IcTlgat* W
Ihick.weed K
IhideldQ 4fl
IMmbCam M
Darantn Planilflri H
EMtlndU Thymo 81
EliENACKS «
Eahlnudarua irordtfollus VJ
Schib'sAgglutlnst*. «
burbiiU TO
clrelialii «
Deriflndra 49
■ubeteota W
EclipUdb* M
Edrttn wood *)
Egjj-plnnt 78
I)Kli>te» ilomlDgfiulj flft
Jtii'iKlundraQ ijIncirpaiD 8B
Eli'iihoDtopD* molllg. 01
Elcusluolndicn llli
EmillA wgltttiM «9
■uBdhlfuU*. M
Eogliah FUoUin 8S
EpideDdrambifldun.. ...... ■'-....- 113
GDchlMtam..
■ubcqiule.—
EisgrostlB ciliaria
poiBOldei
EroohthitM hlerocifoUk ..
Erieeron cuudeosii
80 SrithalUfrntlcow...
S3 GEEiNIACEi...
OT Ofmnfun
93 GlutTliibcI-live..
P««.
Bt teri.
P^
HollDwitock
a.te
BooKIoot
»
Gi«»
3T
tlufi'luvUa pen.Ula
HtDBOCHARtOACEi
Ilyniraicii Conrbaril
tlyplii capltata
psctiiiaM
««"«1-
BfttaU*
Bona-ODX
— 88
70
dtaseiU
f"tij1.u
*i
pcntaphjll.
P»"P™
Q^^iit
quinqufpHliU
triloba
li
126
IpotnacB nmbelktB
TkilueA
Ireslno flatior
IKIDACKE ..
IsaloQia longlflon
Ixora Banihsta
JkIuhCbUId
Jicqacmoatia UnmlfoU* ■ ■
JmbbIu Plum
Jjmtboaa ouditcccaaiA- - ^^ - -
JASMISACE* . ,
^almifiuni offldnaU
piibuo«iu ......
TTPokttum ......
JatrophaCurcaa .-
goAAjpilfotia
pandtiTB^oUa
Doable
Job'a Teon
JoUj-Gnu
Jambee-bead
Juniper
JuHiroa (offlrDllDoaa
JujMela Weolor
perlplaciel
Eaklurlakki-beTT;...
LebldlU>«iiuia..
S , Lemiui'Uented VerbfOA- - .
3 I Lwmati* nepelsfoli*
^ LeODanu dbiTlciu
2 XipMilllHHtUWIl/
1 virglalnuD
2 I Lpplooblok miicninato — .
1 I Tlfitta
Leacii
Ligniuu-viLB ■ .
Lilag
LILIACK* -.
LOf.Red
White., .,
LlDaciera compocto ..
LlpwUelata
Lippla nodiaon
liquDTlcc Wild
Uqncrke-tnie
LobluU;..
Lognrood
LoDe&nwa
Longlo
p~»'*«»
PhylUIidli
LACOACB*
as
....^.. u
'V^
■^pbyiJ*
M
Pop
M
OS
mcriM
M
quadriada
IT
POTAMRE _
ProKOtttoUyominK
Prickle- wood
»
46
aythrln.
glibniUi
Ill
P«lfll"
4GI>-ACK«
«=
.T^. :::::::::::::::::: m
rimk'ajjmuiftim
•«
M
IMniiiii iiiul,.nr;i
3T
to
«Si»
jniacej:
KauwoHln l.imiiKkll
00
FmnchlpoBl
uiy
U7
m
P.B..
A
nalwaidM
ntricnlaw
Ill
VIOLACE2
TobiMO-plpB
S6
«
TUlnblU.
7S
W«ldl»i««piikelid.
T«gtaTolnbUi.
ETOtmaonm
aa
l-pi™l«
Smnll n
rh^m-
■
INDEX.
133
Page.
•• -.-. 109
CkKvs-Herciilis 38
flftnim 38
macrophylliim 38
Ochfozj^om 38
106
Page.
Zingiber officinalis 113
Zixmia elegans 64
multiflora 04
Zizypbus reticulata 40
Zomiadipbylla 43
ZYGOPHYLLACB^ 87
^eparitncnf of fhc ^nievxovt
V. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
14
BULLETIN
OF THE
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
No. 14.
PUBLISHED UNDEE THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIOIf.
WASHINGTON:
OOVEENMKNT PEINTINO OFFICE.
1879.
ADVERTISEMENT.
Tltis work is the fourteeutb of a series of papers intended to iDostrat
tlie collections of Satural Iliatoiy aud Etliuologj- belonging to ih
United Estates and constituting tbe National Museum, of 'n-liicli tb
Siiiitlisoniau Institution was placed ia charge by the act of Coiigre^ o
August 10, 1841i.
It lias been pi-ei)aiXHl at the I'equcst of the Inatitation, and printed tr
authority of the honorable Secretarj' of the Interior.
SPEKOER F. BAIKD,
Secretary SmitbsoniaH IiulitHtion.
Skitssoniak Institution,
Washington, April 3, 1870.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876.
CATALOGUE
OF THE
COLLECTION TO ILLUSTRATE
THE
Animal Resources and m Fisheries
OF THE
TJNITED STATES,
EXHIBITED AT PHILADELPIIIA IN 1876 BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
AND THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, AND FORMING A
PAST OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PBXPABBD UNDSB TIIE DIRECTION OF
G. BROWN GOODE
I 1^1
WASHINGTON:
'^yBENMENT PRINTING OFFICE-
1879.
LIST OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE
COLLECTION.
JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.
SPENCER F. BAIRD.
Director of the Exhibition.
G. BROWN GOODE,
In charge of Collection,
CHAIRMEN OF COMMITTEES.
t
m
Committee on Economical Invertebrates. — ^William H. Dall, Washington, D. C.
Committee on Fresh and Preserved Fish, — Eugene G. Blackford, New York.
Committee on Fishing Boats and Fittings. — A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.
Committee on Hunting Apparatus and Sportsman^s Equipment. — Forest and Stream Pub-
lishing Company, New York.
Committee on Fishing ^ete.— American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New
York.
Committee on Anglers* Equipments and Apparatus. — Bradford & Anthony, Boston.
Comvtittee on Alcoholic Collections^ ^c — Dr. T. H. Bean, W^ashington, D. C.
Committee on Furs, — C. A. Herpich &, Co., New York.
Committee on Fish Culture and its Apparatus. — J. W. Miln'ER, Wasliington.
Committee on Whaling Apparatus. — E. B. & F. Macy, Now Bedford, Mass.
Committee on Whale and Fish Oils. — Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown, Moss.
Committee on Chemical Products. — E. R. Squibb, M. D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Artists. — J. H. Richard and A. Zeno Shindler.
ModkUr, — Joseph Palmer.
Taxidermist, — Julius Stoerzer.
Photographer. — ^T. W. Smillie.
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
NOTE XV
1ST OF ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL OR
INJURIOUS TO MAN.
1
amivores) 1
edia (laud carnivores) 1
u'dia (seals, &c.) 5
ta (hoofed animals) 7
(sea-cows, &c.) 9
•hales) 10
jet<5 (sperm whales and dolphins) 10
?ete (baleen whales) 12
i'ora (moles, &c.) 13
gnawers) -^- 14
ialia (marsupiates) 20
20
21
lia (crocodiles) 21
nata (tortoises) 21
23
lati (anglers) 23
nathi (globe, trunk, and file fishes) 23
•rancliii (i)ii)e-fi8hc8, &c.) 25
phali 26
osomata (flat fishes) 26
mthiui (cods, &c.) 28
hoptori (spiny-finned fishes) 31
soces (mullets, &c. ) 53
itognathi (gar-finhes und flying-fishes) ' 54
>rai (pikes, &c.) 55
mdyli (salmon, herring, &c.) 5G
ognathi (caq)s) CI
)gnathi (cat-fishes) 62
(eels) (33
anoidci (aniias) 03
oganoidei (gar-i>ikes) (54
)8tomi (paddle-fiBh) 64
wstei (sturgeons) 64
ANCUIATKS (>5
phali (chimopras) ()5
ikates and rays) 66
(sharks) 67
vu 1
Tin AKIMAL KESOrnCES OF THE UKITED STATES.
VII. MABSIPOBIUNl'rilATKS , 11^
23. Hj-peroartift (lonipreys) . . . . "K
24. HfperotrDti (bags) TU
Tin. Leptocabdianb Ti)
25. CiiToatorai (laneclots).,..,, . 70
Section B.— MEAK8 OF PURSUIT AND CAPTUEE.
\ Apjiaratm of direct applieation.
1. Hand-implemests [sraPLE tools) Tl
• For striking.
1. Clubs Ji
2. Slung weiglit '1
" For eutlinff.
3. Kmvca "I
4. Aies K
"'For Ihrtuting.
5. Spears and prodg... TrI
n. Implements for sbizuri: op object ^
* Soaoping-inefrumenls.
6. Scoops 7J
" Grouping-hooka,
7. Booked implemeDta (nsed witb Bingle motion, that of hooking}...... ^
8. BarbedinipleineDta(ui«od with twomoUons, the first that of tbmstiiig). ®
9. Tongs, &c 8J
'•* Graa^ng-linee.
10. Nooses (lariata and snores) .. ... ..
11. Loaded lines (tolas) , *
""' EHlangUng-linai.
12. Tangles *
\\ Apparaiat of indirect applioation.
III. Missiles
* Simple miasHeg (those propelled bg the unaided arm).
13. Hurled wcigbta .,
14. Hurled sticks .......... ..,-,. .......
15. Hurled spears, lances.. . .,..
" Centrifugal mi»aile» (propelling potcer augmented bi/ arHJiaal lengthening o/liearvt .
16. Slings, and spears thrown by straps ... . .............
17. Missiles thrown by "throwing-Bticks"
•** Mi»»ilet propelled bg a sprivg.
t Spriog coQsistiug of hent rod.
18. Bows and oi
TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX
Page.
Continued.
U Spring consisting of elastic cord,
ibberslings 89
ttt Spring consisting of metallic helix,
^ons 89
•••• Mi89ile8 propelled hy oompreaeed air or water, ,\
8 89
pns 90
•*•** JIfisailea propelled hy comhuation of gunpowder,
Ds 90
Dry.) Ammunition and its preparation 91
3ry.) Accessories of loading, repairing, and testing fire-arms .. 93
)ry.) Accessories for carrying tire-arms. (Accoutrements) 94
OKa— Angung-tackle 95
v^ith movable lines. — Hand-tackle 95
rith stationary lines. — Set-tackle 97
Dry. ) Parts and accessories to angling-apparatus 97
ttt Apparatua to a greater or leas extent automatic,
122
ling (meshing) nets 122
ingnets 126
i\ii Apparatua entirely automatic
131
ps 131
ng-traps 134
^ps 135
traps 135
re preparations 1 135
18 FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTION 136
136
iating apparatus 136
yes 136
iiiii Acceaaories to tlie chaae andfiahing,
-ANIMALS 136
g-mammals 136
ries to hunting-mammals 138
g-birds 137
ries to hunting-birds 137
g-fishes 137
sl> DISGUISES 137
137
133
141
IB METHODS AND APPLIANCES 142
inAftmiBportation 142
162
164
X ANIMAL EESOUECES OP THE UNITED STATES.
SEcnox C— METHODS OF PEEPAEATION.
I. Pbepaiutton anb prbsektation of foods
1. PreaervatioD of the livjug animgla (seeE, 3) ........
2. Preservation of fresh meats
3. Drying . . . .... .... ....
4. Canaing ami pickling
fi. Preparation of baits .
II. Manufacturk of textile FABtacs, felts, asd stcffixob
6. From hair of mammala ... ■ ..
7. From 'wh^lebuue
B. From feathers '.
9. From Bilk of iusects . . . ............ t
10. Prom soft parts of other iuvettebrates J
III. Preparation of the been and its appendages T
11. Cnrrying C
12. Tanning n
13. Fur-dressing ., . 1'
14. Feather-dressing 17-
15. Manufacture of qnill articles 1^
16. Hair and wool work ,.,,.......,., If
TV. Preparation of the hard tissues W
17. iTory cutting and carving W
18. Preparation of horn and hoofs El
19. Pie2>aratioa of whalebone... ,, ,,, , , lU
20. Preparatiou of tortoise-shell W
21. Preparation of fish-scalo work, &,e .................. ^t
22. PTvpnmtion of nnrrn „,..., Kl
23. Preparation of floral '•*]
24. Preparation of other hard tissnes
V. Preparation of oils and gei^atines
ST). Extraction of whale-oils
26. Extruetion of other manmial oila ,
27, F-xtrtiftionofliinl and reptilfi oils
TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI
Page.
nON OF THB ANIMAL FOR SCIENTIFIC USES 176
ation of wet preparations 176
in-making 177
ag 177
rmy 178
lory. ) Photographic and other delineating apparatus 178
N D.— ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS.
179
n a fresh condition 179
Iried and smoked 182
taltedy canned, and pickled 184
ie8(6ee24) ., 187
nd foods for animals 187
188
188
r8(see20) 195
I fabrics 195
9 EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES 197
* Hard materials,
mdbone 197
201
md claws 202
203
e-8hell 205
205
206
206
207
•ial earth 207
natcrials derived from invertebrates • 208
** Flexible materials,
r 208
id wool (sec also 8). 217
219
rs 219
icand isinglass 220
Ic materials from insects and mollusks 222
?8 223
*** Fluids and soft materials,
id fats 223
108 227
ig materials 228
3al products and agents cmjiloyed in the arts and medicine 229
zcrs 231
(see under 30) 232
materials 232
E.— PROTECTION AND CULTURE OF USEFUL ANIMALS.
233
■Iiiitod fitates Fish Commission 233
XII AHIMAL BESOVBCES OF THE DNTTED STATES.
IL Pkotectios
2. Preservation of game and fiah 2(1
4. (Accesaory.) Eucmies of usctiil antmalB
111. Pbopagatiox - , m
5. Fropagation of manunalB . ...... . ill
6. Propagation of birds Ml
7. Propagation of reptiles . , ,
8. Propagation of nnipliibiuna .
9. Propagation of fishoB ,"„ .
10. Pioptigutiou of insect* ,
11. Propngaliou of Iccchoa SU
12. PropBgatioa of moUiisks W
13. Pnipagiition of corals M^
14. Propagation of apODges . SW
CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTEATI0N8 OF THE ECONOMICAL INVEHTEBEiTEfi
OF THE AMERICAN COASTS. BY W. H. DALL.
MOLLUSCA ciCFHAi^PODA.— Sqnida and Cuttles iSI
MoLLUBCA aASTEitoptiDA. — Sea-Snttils, &c.,
A. UBoful
1, UbwI for food or bait ,
i. Useful by produeing poorl-ehuU, &c . 851
3. Affording camoo and poicelain slock
4. Used in Indian tradu --
5. Affording djes!iiffs
6. Affording bird- lime
B. Injurioiu
1. By destroying food-producing moUusba or abell-flah, ■neh as clama
niTissels, oysters, cind razor-flsh ... .... ....
9. I^jnrioue by destroying vegetable Bubstancea and garden ptanta..
MoiACPCA ACEPUAI.A.— Bivalvo SholMah ,
TABLE OP CONTENTS. XIH
Pace.
A PHTLLOPODA 259
efol. Conyerted into fertilizers. Carapax used as a scoop or boat-
jailer 259
A I80P0DA 260
efol; by removing wrecks or snags 1 260
iorions; by destroying submerged timber 260
A 8TOMATOPODA 260
A DECAPODA. — ^LobsterS; Shrimp; Crawfisb, Crabs 260
eful; food-supplying 260
mmensal with other food supplies 261
jnrious by burrowing into and weakening levees and dams 261
epared foods 261
LA (injurious) 262
ly dulling the edge of knives and spades employed in ^'cutting in"
whale blubber 262
)y obstructing the progression of vessels upon which they affix them-
selves 262
.. — Worms and Leeches 262
<?fnl 262
In surgery and medicine 262
For bait in fishing 262
For food 262
jurious 262
By boring into and destroying oyster-shells 262
. — Sea-Urchins, Starfish, Corals, Medusae, etc 262
«ful 262
Food-producing 262
jurious 263
. Destroying oysters, clams, &c 263
. By their urticatiug powers annoying bathers and ''fouling" nets
and fishiug lines with slime — various acalephs 263
C8. — Sponges, etc 263
1 263
. For conveyance of fluids requiring an elastic and temporary men-
struum, and as a detergent • 263
. Useful as an elastic medium or absorbent 264
ioas 264
. By destroying oysters 264
>8 264
:.ANEOUS PRODUCTS OF SEA OR SHORE, NOT OF AN ANIMAL
NATURE.
Lichens 264
UgjB 265
. Having economical applications 265
. Ornamental algas 265
C MATERIALS 271
AKIMAL EE80UHCES OF THE UMTED STATES.
COMMEECIAL STATISTICS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES.
A REVIEW OF A PORTION OF THE REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE
BUREAU OF STATISTICS FOE THE FISCAL YEAH EXDIXG JL-NT :ai, lOT.
BY 0. BROWN GOODE.
Living auimalB
Food prodneU, escept fl
FJsU
Ivory
Wliolebone „
ShBll
Coral
Leather
Hides and Bl(iu9
Briatles
Quills
Feilthers
Glue ftnd gelatiue
Sponges
Oils, fote, and soaps
Perfmnety materials
Coloring materials
Cbemical preparations, inedicinee, &c.
Guano nod other fertilizers
Si>cdineuB of natural Iiistor;
Alpbalietical index
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
Q the occaBion of the International Exhibition, in 1876, certain appro-
tions were made by Congress to the Smithsonian Institution and
United States Fish Commission. The former was called upon to
)are an exhibition to illustrate the economical value of the mineral
animal products of the country, while the latter was to perform a
lar task for the national fisheries. It was subsequently found desir-
j for the Smithsonian Institution to unite with the Indian Bureau in
claying the condition of the aboriginal tribes of the United States in
listoric and modem times. Four distinct departments of work were
J provided for, (1) an ethnological exhibition, (2) an exhibition of
erals, (3) an exhibition of animal resources, and (4) a fishery exhib:-
. The first and second were arranged on opposite sides of the nave
be Government building, at Philadelphia, and at its north end. The
er, it was found, could not be separated, since the character of the
mens and the methods of arrangement required were the same,
y were arranged in one series on the north side of the east transept
to the east of the nave extending north to the beginning of the
eral series.
he following catalogue is a simple enumeration of the objects exhib-
in this series, and illustrative of the animal resources and the fish-
s of the United States. It is essentially a reproduction of the card-
ilogue prepared in 187G and still in use in the administration of the
action, which, having been greatly augmented by systematic efforts
lie United States and by donations from foreign governments, now
IS an important section of the United States National Museum. The
ilogue has been as far as practicable made complete up to the present
?, in so far as it relates to North America. No effort has, however,
1 made to include the collateral series of specimens from foreign
itries.
be plan of arrangement is fully shown in the Table of Contents.
inning with the Useful and Injurious Animals, it next takes up the
0X3 OF Pursuit and Capture, then, successively, the Methods
CTW0 THEM for Use, The Useful Products, and, finally,
XV
XVI INTEODUCTOET NOTE.
tlie ^Ieass of Puotection and Culture. The preliniluaiy plan
classification is given in full, whether specimens were obtained toiUiu-
trate it or not, auil indicates wherein the collection isstill imperfect.
It seema appropriate to remark that a very large niunber of the sped-
mens included in this catalogue and exhibited in Philadelphia wan
borrowed troni the permanent collections of the National Museum, and
have for many years been on exhibition in the Sutithsouian building.
G. BROWN GOODE.
Washinqton, April 11, 1879.
* Fur u fnller cxpoHJtiun of this plan see the following; pamphlet :
Inltruutioniil Exhibition 187G. | Bonnlin Behulf of Uuited Stales Esepntive Drpait-
mentH. | -■ ■ - - | Clasaiflcatinu | of Ibo j Cull(u;tioa to Illuslrato | the Animkl
Bonres of the United States. | A List of SubHtaneea derived trom llio Animal l[lii|,il*<t
with SynopsiH of tho Uwful and Injurious Auitualu | and a Clansificstjuu of the
ods I of Capturu and UtUiiatiou. | | By G. Brown Goode, M. A., | A«
Curator | U. S. Natioual Mnseuuj. | | Wnshingtwn: | Go>'enuneiil ft
Office. I 1876. I Svo. pp. xiii (I) 1S6. Also pnbUehnl as Bnllctin No. C,
the Interior, United States National Museniu; and aa Article VI in VoLXJlaf '
Umitheonian MiacelluucoUB Colluctions, ^ya8lliugtou, 167d.
SEOTIOlSr Jk..
BT OF ANIMALS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL
OR INJURIOUS TO MAN.
*I. MAMMALS.
Oedeb FER a
SUBOEDEE FISSIPEDIA.
FEIiIDiE.
mfkis, (GuIdenstSdt,) Baf.— Bay Lynx or Wild Gat.— Forth
America.
12176. liounted. Denver, Col. C. £. Aiken. Deo. 14, 1875.
1SI77. Moonted. (Young.) Denver, CoL C. E. Aiken. '
ITBX canadensis, (Geoff. & Desm.,) Baf.— Canada Lynx.— Korfh-
em Korth America.
1S47&. Mounted. Honlton, Me. Bev. B. B. McLeod. Dec. 15, 1875.
His eyra, Desm. — ^Eyba Gat. — Southwestern IN'orth America.
9SSL Mounted. Tehnantepec, Mox. F. Somichrast.
elte yaffuarandi, De8m.-^YAGUABXJNDi Gat. — Southwestern
Korth America.
8480. Moonted. Tabasco, Mex. CoL Sarto.
riis concolor, Linn. — ^Pxtma or Goxjgae. — ^America generally.
11813. Moonted. Central Colorado. James Stevenson. 1874.
elto onca, Linn. — Jaodab. — Southwestern States, Central and
South America.
10390 -f- 12296. Moonted. Died in captivity at Government Insane Asylum,
Washington.*
*Tlie nombera prefixed to the enumeration of specimens are Smithsonian cataloguo
■iben. When two numbers are given, separated by the mark of division (-r), the
plaMotioned nfm to the particular preparation of the animal in question ; the second,
cither ralMed part entered in a different series. For example, in 10390 -r 12296,
4 innphig belongs to the skin and the second to the skeleton of a specimen of
2 AKIUAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHEBIES OP DHITED STATXB.
Felis pardalis, Linn. — Ocelot or Tioeb Ca.t. — SontfaweBtem
liTorth AmertoA.
13179+14179. Honnted. Tn1amaiH»,CcwUBica. TaUnuneaaxpedltlaiL TMI
W. M. Gabb.
12187. Honnted. TakmAnca, Coet» Bica. TaUmanca to^effithw. Pib£ V.
H..Gabb.
CAIVID.K.
Cania lapD§, Liim., mr. grt8CO-albii«,— Gcay Wolf.— NmA
America generally.
3573 + 3520. Mounted. (Wiiitcr pelage.) Plnttc River, Neb. C. Dnalw.
Tiilpes nilTDS, (Desm.,) mr, fiilviis,{Desm.)— Bed Fos.— Xortli-
em North America.
7124. Alonutod. (Male.) La Piene'a Hoiue, Bocky Mis. B. Kennicott D«i
isei.
6403. Mounted. (Fomole.) Viitton Biver. B. Ecmiicott. Oct. 31, 1660.
Tulpes fiilrus, (Desm.,) var. decussntas. — Cross Fox.
G407. Mouuiod. (Female). Ft, McPLcrson, Peols Elver, BndsciD's Ba.T Tmi-
tory. E. Kennicott, Nov. 29, 1861.
"A vary fine cross fos, ncarlj silver, small and apparently j-oiiiig. I^
Indians told mo she ^To□ld ho a silver fox next y ear."— KennicoU.
ewa Mounted. (Female.) Ft. Mcl'liei^in, Peels Biver, H. B. T. B. &
cott. Nov. 30, 1801.
"A good typical cross fox ; tail rather small." — Kennicott.
6404. Honntfld. (Male.) Yukon Biver. B. Ivenuicott. Oct. 3S, 180).
"A ratber flno cross fos, oppruaching rooro nearly tbo oilver fni
the rc<L" — Kennicott.
12166. Sloonted. Houll^n, Maine. Bev. B. B. McLeod. Dec 31, IS:*
ANHCAL BE80URCE8 AND FI8HEBIES OF UNITED STATES. 3
▼IririiiiAirafl, (Sehieber,) Gray.— Gray Fox.— XJnited
States generally. '
. Mounted. Yiigiiiia.
rocyoii Tir^riiiianas, (Schreber,) var. littoralis,— Coast Gray
Fox. — ^Islands of the Galifomia coast
1^140. Mounted. Santa Cruz, CaL H. W. Henshaw. U. 8. Sorvey W. of 100 M.
[nstela Pennanti, £rxl.—FiSHEB.— Northern North America.
1S472. Mounted. Honlton, Maine. Rev. R. R. McLeod. Jan. 15, 1876.
3S79. Mounted. Olympia, W. T. Geo. Gibbes.
astela americana, Torton. — ^Pine Martin or American Sable.
Northern United States.
152544. Mounted. Hudson's Bay Territory. R. Kennicott.
379. Mounted. Hudson's Bay Territory. R. Kennicott
Mounted. Hudson's Bay Territory. R. Kennicott.
1015b Mounted. Hudson's Bay Territory. R. Kennicott.
6414. Mounted. Yukon River, mouth of Porcupine, Hudson's Bay Territory.
R. Kennicott.
6189. Mounted. Yukon River, mouth of Porcupine, Hudson's Bay Territory.
R. Kennicott.
■torins eriniuea, (Linn.,) Cavier.— White Weasel : Ermine. —
Northern United States.
9355. Mounted. Kodiak. F. Bischoff. 1868.
6498 -r 1029. Mounted. (Male.) Yukon River, mouth of Porcuiune R. R,
Kennicott.
1427. Mounted. (Male.) Middleboro, Mass. J. W. P. Jenks.
itorias loni^ieauda, Bonaparte.--LoN6-TAiLED Weasel.—
Western United States.
9350. Mounted. Wyoming Territory. Dr. F. V. Haydeu.
itoriUB Tisoii, Bich. — Mink. — North America generally.
12432. Mounted. (Male.) Moore's Lake, Miuu. J. H. Batty.
4396. Mounted. Liard River. R. Kemiicott.
1653 -r 12309. Mounted. United States.
2392. Mounted. Cape Flattery, W. T. Dr. Siickley.
itorias nigripes. And. & Bach. — ^Blagk-footed Ferret. —
Western States (in holes of Prairie dogs).
12409. Mounted. Spotted Tail Agency, Neb. Col. A. Chamben^ U. S. A. Oct
1,1875.
Cheyenne, Wyoming. Capt. Jas. Gilliss, U. S. A. Dec. 27,
4 ANIMAL RESOURCES AKD FI8HEK1ES OF DNITED STATES.
Oulo lUHcus, Sabine.— Wolverene or Glutton. — Northern 5ar4
America.
3717. Mounted. Grant Salt Lake, Utah. Capt. Stansbar;.
4361. Mounted. Ft. SimpBOQ, H. B. T. B. E. Roes.
Taxidea ainericann, Waterli. — Amesican Badgeb.— ^Vedten
United States and Pacific Slope.
12471. Moontod. Colorado. Cluis. E. Aibeu. Jon. l^, lE^R.
Mephitis mepiiiticaf (Sbaw) Baird. — Comxon Ssxtnk. — Eaeto
United States.
4348. Mounted. Washington, D. C. C. DrexlM.
12523. Mounted. Ooldeu, Col. C. E. Aiken.
1071. Mounted. Middloboro, Maaa. J. W. P. Jenka.
4127. Mouutod. Lynn, Maes. Georgo Welth.
1070. Mounted. (Male.) Middtcboro. Moss. J. W. P. J<>nks. Dm. S. US.
niephiti!« niexicaoa, Gray. — Mexican Skunk. — Mexico.
8566. Mounted. Orizaba, Mei. Mr. Botteni.
Spilogale zorilla, (Linu.) Coues.— Little Stkifbd Sktsx-
Westem United States and Pacific Slope.
1188. Moonted. 8ant« Clnca, Cnl. Dr. J. S. Newberry. Nov., isio.
Conepatu§ mapnrito, (Gmelin) Cones. — White - BjICE:-<
Skunk. — Southwestern United Statea. '
790 — IfleC. Skin. ■WeBloni Tesaa. Capl. J. Pope, U. 8. A-
AHDCJLL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 5
nmM amerieaniifl, Pallas.— Black Beab.— United States gen-
erally.
12380. Mounted. Northem Michigan. John Wallace.
halarctos maritimas, (Linn.) Gray.— White or Polab Beab.
— ^Northern America, Euroi>e and Asia. y
12379. Mounted. Greenland. John Wallace.
roeyon lotor^ (Linn.) Storr. — ^Raccoon. — ^United States generally.
5148. Mounted. National Institntion.
5147. Mounted. National Institution.
26789. Mounted. Wyoming, N. T. H. A. Ward. Rochester, N. T.
itoa Aisca, .—GoATrMUNDi.— Texas.
12757. Mounted. BrownsviUe, Texas. Dr. J. C. Merrill, U. S. A.
PINNIPEDIA.
OTARIIDJB.
lUirhiiiOS ursinns, (Schreber) Gray.— Fub Seal.— North Pa-
ciflc Ocean and Bering's Sea.
[291S-34. Mounted. (Group of 17.) Pry bilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial
Company, San Francisco.
12935. Mounted. Alaska. H. W. Elliott.
uaetopias Stelleri, (Fischer) Gray. — Sea Lion.— Pacific Coast.
12489. Mounted. (Female.) Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial
Company, San Francisco.
15M88. Mounted. (Male.) Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Alaska Commercial Co.,
San Francisco.
12936. Mounted. (Young.) North Pacific.
ilophus Crilliespii, (Macbain) Gill. — ^The Sea Dog.— Pacific
Coast.
12937. Mounted. Southern California. Capt. Baker.
PHOCIDJB.
Titolina, Linn.— The Common Seal; Habbob Seal.—
North Atlantic
iSa. Cast PtOTincetown, Mass. 1875.
^°lMil(ogniph. (Toung.) U. S. Fish Commission.
tnilL U. S. Fish Commission.
6 ANIMAL BB80CBCBS AND FISHEBUE6 OF DNITED STATBB.
Phoca Bichardsiit (Gray) GilL— IiBOPABD Seai.v— STtxtti P«il
Pagophilns graenlaadicDii, (MiiU.,) Gray. — Hasp Seal^-Aic
-y Seas.
5853. Mounted. Sablo lalnnd, N. 8. P. W. Dodd.
6122. Honnted. Fianklin H&tbor, Arctic Seas. B. HoFMlaite.
5851. Mounted. Sable iHland, If. a P. W. Dodd.
12040. Mounted. St John's, N. F. Eov. M. Harvey.
585£ Uoonted. Sable mand, N. & P. W. Dodd.
12039. Moimtod. St. John's, N. F. Eev. M. Harrey.
1S038. Honnted. St John's, H. F. Bev. H. Harvey.
Erignathas barbatns, (O. Fabricios) GilL— Sqcabe-fliff
Seal.— Arctic Seas.
13422, Skin. Nowfoundlaod. Govenmient of Nevfoundland.
Histriopfaoca eqaestris, (Pallas) GilL— Bakded Seal.— Pm
Coast, Arctic Seas.
7680. Skin (in collection of Furs). Cape Bomauzoff. W. H. Dall.
Pnsa gryphns, (O. Fabricins) GilL — Gbay Seal. — ^Atlantio Cot
8694, Uoonted. Seeland. Zoological Moaenm, Copenhagen.
C rSTOPHOBINiB.
Cy«tophora eristata, (Brxl) Kilsson. — Hooded Sbai-— Atbi
INIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 7
Obdeb, ungulata.
BOTIDJB.
BOVINJE.
Isoii amerieanns, (Gmelin) Gray. — ^Ahebigan Buffalo. —
Plains between Bocky Mountains and Missouri Biver.
1S919. Mounted. Coloiodo. C. E. Aiken.
ribos mosehatns, Blalnville.
lSS9a Mounted. (Female.) Arctic Coast, H. B. T. W. L. Hardestie. Jan.
23, 1875. Also skeleton of same animal.
1S897. Mounted. (Male.) Arctic Coast, H. B. T. W. L. Hardestie. Jan. 23,
1875. Also skeleton of same animal.
6255. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Good Hope, H. B. T. J. S. Onion.
▲NTILOPINJB.
i«ama montana, (Ord) Gill. — ^Mountain Goat. — Northern
Bocky Mountains of the United States and British America.
11894. Mounted. (Male.) Montana. W. F. Wheeler and J. Armitage.
11893. Mounted. Washington Territory. U. S. Northern Boundary Survey.
OTINJB.
la montana, Guvier. — ^Biohobn; Mountain Sheep. — ^Bocky
Mountain regions.
11891. Mounted. (Male.) Ft. Fetterman, Dakota. James Stevenson, U. 8.
C^L Survey.
160a Horns. H. B. Mollhausen.
AIVTILOCAPRIDJB*
itilocapra amerieana, Ord. — ^Pbonohobn Antelope or
Cabbee. — ^Plains west of Missouri from Lower Bio Grande
to Saskatchewan.
5X)34. Mounted. (Male.) Yellowstone River. Dr. F. Y. Hay den.
3471. Horns. Ft. Chadboume, Texas. Dr. Swift, U. 8. A.
6914. Horns. Ft. Whipple, Arizona Ty. Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A.
5084. Horns. Upper Missouri. T
CERTIDJB.
ce« maehlis, (Linn.) Gray. — Moose. — ^Northwestern United
States.
11868. Mounted. (Adult male.) Nova Scotia. Geo. A. Boardman.
1S548. Mounted. (Adult male.) Nova Scotia. Mr. Jack.
"WL Moanied. (Toungcalf.) Nova Scotia. Dr. Bernard Gilpin.
Kftine. General S. Churchill, U. 8. A.
m. AdiiQiidaGkBy N. T. Henry J. Biddle.
H ANIUAL BE80UBCES AIH) FISHEBIE8 OF DSTTBD SUm
TarandoB rangiftr, J. Brookes, snbepecios caiikoa, iai. >
Ba4^-~WooDLAin} GAxmon. — NwOieastem TSvQi Anw
ica.
13473. Mounted. Houlton, Me. Bev. B. B. McLeod.
12407. Uonnted. Honlton, Me. Rev. B. B. HoLeod.
1186^. Mounted. Lake Superior. J. Bonuton.
3289. Antlers. (Female.) Nelson Biver.
3290. Antlera. (Female.) Nelson Birer.
Tarandns ran^ftr, (Br.) sabsp. 9r<enIandiciM,Br^-BlBil
Gbound Cabibou. — Arctic America.
6255. Mounted. Anstio America.
905. Antlen. North Qieenlaud. S. Sternberg.
90G. Antlera. North Qceenland. B. Sternberg.
6762. Antlers. Plover Day. Capt C. M. Scunmon, U. S. B. K.
7539. Antlen. Yukon Bivel. W. H. DolL
4635. Antlers. Port Fonlke, N. Greenland. Dr. I. L Hayeik
Cerrus canadensis^ End. — Amebioan Elk. — ^Northern Sa
America.
13474. Moonted. Ft Sanders, Wyoming. Col. A. G. Brackett^ U. B. A.
4457. Autlerft. Elk Co., Peuno. FioL S. & Holdeman.
£911. Antlers. Ft. Berthold, MiBwniri Biver. Lt. Warrau, U. 8. A., Oi. F
Hoyden.
8G7. Antlers. Utah. Col. O. Ciow, U. 6. A.
8579. AntlBre. Platte Biver. Lt. Biyan, U. S. A.
3552, Antlers.^ Ft. Tejon, Lower Gal. John Xaotoa.
3551. Antlers. Ft. Tcjon, Cat. John Xantns.
SIO. Antlera. Ft. Union, Mo. A. CnlbertMia.
761. AnUeta. Ft. Union, Mo. A. Cnlbertaon.
760. Antlers. Ft Union, Mo. A. Cnlbertaon.
AHDCJLL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATED 9
CariaciM Tii^rinianiM, (BodcUert) Gray— Gontmned.
3383. Antlen. (Hale.) Ft. Mason, Tex. M%f. G. H. Thomas.
3387. Antlers. (Male.) Ft. Mason, Tex. M^J. G. H. Thomas.
8D6. Antlers. St. Lonis, Mo. J. S. Bowman.
3388. Antlers. (Male.) Ft. Mason, Tex. M^J. G. H. Thomas.
GG7. Antlers. (Male.) Cumberland, Md.
3088. Antlers. (Male.) Essex Co., N. T.
896. Antlers. (Ifale.) St. Louis, Mo. J. S. Bowman.
9843. Antlers. Near Denver, Colo. E. Palmer.
5077. Antlers. (Male.) Washington, D. C.
{)063. Antlers. Upper Missouri T
6 siAriacas Tirgrinianns, (Bodd.) Gray, var. mexieanuii.— Vir-
ginia Deer.
11869. Mounted. Talamanca, Costa Rica. Prof. W. M. Gabb.
Cauiacas maerotis, (Say) Gray.— Mule Deeb.— Central North
America.
11864. Mounted.
1^83. Mounted. Cheyenne, Wyo. Capt. J. M. Oilliss, U. S. A.
6615. Antlers. Prescott, Ariz. Dr. £. Cones.
831. Antlers. Big Sioux, f T. Culbertson.
4175. Antlers.
6918. Antlers. Ft. Laramie. Col. W. 0. Collins.
9682. Antlers. Mountains of New Mexico. Dr. J. S. Newberry.
C3 ^uriacus eolumbianns, (Bich.) Gray. — Columbia Black-tailed
Deeb. — ^Pacific Slope.
8154. Antlers. Puget Sound. J. G. Swan.
3203. Antlers. Whidby's Island, Pugot Sound, W. T. Dr. Geo. Suckley.
5080. Antlers. Puget Sound. Dr. C. B. Konnerly.
3204. Antlers. Wliidby's Maud, Paget Sound. Dr. Geo. Suckley.
Cirrus dama, Linn. — ^Fallow Deeb (introduced).
1200. Antlers. Park, Clarke Co., Va. Col. J. Fuloy.
2257. Antlers. Clarke Co., Va. Col. J. Fuley.
DICOTYLIDJB.
I^icotyles torqnatus, Cuv. — ^Peccaby. — ^Bed Biver, Arkansas,
and South.
1234d. Mounted. Talamanca, Costa Bica. Talamanca Espod. Prof. W. M.
Gabb.
Obdeb, sirenia.
TRICHECHIDiE.
*^ Mcheehns manatus, Linn. — MANAXEE.^Florida, West Indies,
and K. E. South America.
12295. Mounted. Florida. P. T. Bamum.
10037. Skeleton. Florida. H. A. Ward.
10 AHIM*r- BE80UB0BS AND FI8EBBIES OF DNITED BTUHL
Oedee, CETE.
DELPHOriDA.
DE1.PHINAPTEKI1V.S.
DelpUnaptems catodon, (Linn.) GilL — White-fish or Wh
Whaxe.— Arctio and Sabarctdc Seas (asceoding li
rivers).
1S490. CuHt. Gnlf of St. Lawienoo. O. B. Bentew & C«., Qneboe.
16038. Bkelaton. Golf of St LAwrenae. G. B. Benfrew & Co.
389. Photograph. U. & Fiah CommiMioD.
Monodon monoceros, lioiL — Naewhai..— Arctic Seas.
16304. Task. Greenland. Pnrchaaed from George T. Nicketaou.
DELPHINIlfS.
I^eDCorhamphus borealis, (Peale) GilL— Bight-whale 1
POISE. — Pacific Coast
. Skeleton.
Delphinus Bairdii, DalL— Baibd's Pobfoisb.— C^ifbraia 0
16042. SkeletOD. Culifomift. W. H. DoU.
1M03. Skoll. San Gabiiel Biver, CaL- lieat. BergLmd, U. & A.
Delphiniis bombiflrons. Cope. — Pobfoise.— Atlaatic Cout.
12481. T Caat. New York Harbor. John Wallace.
Tnrsiops erebenaas, (Cope) Gill. — Fobpoise. — Atlantio 0
AHDCAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES^ 11
afCHorliyiiclias thieolea, Gray.— Porpoise.— West coast of
North America.
^rca mtra. Cope.— Killer.— Pacific Coast.
19018. Jaw. California. Capt. C. M. Scammon.
rca glmMmtoTf (Bonnaterre) Gray.— Killer.— Atlantic Coast.
1191& SkulL South Atlantic. 8. F. Baird.
hoc«ena Tomeriiia, Gill.— Bay Porpoise.— Pacific Coast.
16044. Skeleton. Califomia. W. H. Dall.
hocAita lineata, Cope. — Striped Porpoise.— Atlantic Coast.
621. Photograph. U. 8. F. C.
hecaeHa braehyeion. Cope.— The Snuffing Pio or Herring
Hog. — ^Atlantic Coast.
18302. Cast Cape Cod. Yinal N. Edwards.
OLOBICEPHAJLINJB.
loblceplialas Scanunoni, Cope.— Black-fish. — Pacific Coast.
9076. SknlL Califomia. Capt. C. M. Scammon.
lobieeplialas intermedius, (Harlan) Gray.- Black-fish.—
Atlantic Coast.
12479. Cast. (Fcdtos.) Cape Cod. U. S. Fish Commission.
12480. Plaster cast, (7 feet.) Cape Cod. Edwards. Nov. 14, 1874.
18480. Cast.
12840. Cast 351. Cast of head. South Dennis, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
1875.
12841. Cast 352. Cast of head. South Dennis, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
1875.
frampus irriseas, (Cuv.) Gray. — Obampus; Cow-fish.— Kortli
Atlantic.
15771 H- 12759, 508. Cast. Dec. 2, 1875.
15772 -f- 127e)0, 503. SkuUs. Nov. 29, 1875.
15773 -f- 12761, 506. Cast of head and cast of whole. Nov. 30, 1875.
506 A. Cast. (Over entrance.)
622. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
12940. Cast of head. Cape Cod, Mass.. Y. N. Edwards.
12941. Cast of head. Cape Cod, Mass. Y. N. Edwards.
12942. Cast of head. Cape Cod, Mass. Y. N. Edwards.
iNunpiis Stearnsii, Dall. — White-headed or Mottled
Obampus. — ^Pacific Coast.
Cftlilomia. W. H. DaU.
12 ANIUAL SES0URCU3 AND PI&H&BIB8 OF CSIIXD STATES.
ZIPHIID^.
ZIPBllNf.
iHesoplodoii SowerbiensU, (Blainv.,) Oervais. — Sow£BSY%
Whale. — Atlantic Coasts
ANARNACINJB.
Anarnacns semijunctus, (Cope) GUL— BoTTLB-SEADWHAiA-
Atlantic Coast.
PHYSETERIDJG.
PMTSETEBINf. ^,
Physeter macrocephalus, Linn. — Sperm Whale.— Tropko-
poll tan Seas.
2!)0.V2. Irou inoclol. Mrvlu liy captaia of whaling ship. J. H. Thoinptoiu Xn
I)c(lfor>l, Mass.
1004G. JaWB, U. H. Fieh ConuniwioD.
1G047. JawB. National Inatitutc.
25004. WoiHlon model. Capt. Beqj. Bnss^U. Nen Bcdfonl, Maaa.
KOGIIN^.
Kogia Floweri, Gill. — Poepoisb Speem Whale. — Pacific Coart
80IC. Lower ja
. Lower Califomio,
BAI,.a:i\'OPTERID^.
AGAFHELINf .
r
AHIMAL BB80U80E8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 18
SlMmldiiis taberosiis, Cope.— Finback Whale.— Atlantic Ocean.
Slblmldlas borealls, (Fischer) Geoffiroy. — Sijlphub-bottom
Whale. — ^Atlantic Ocean.
16039. Skeleton. Cape Cod. U. S. Fish Commission.
SlblMddias salAireas, Cope. — Sulphitb-bottom Whale.—
Padflo Ocean.
BateHoptera rostrata, (Miiller) Gray.— Obampus.— Atlantic
Coast.
Babenoptera Tellftra, Cope. — ^Finback Whale ; Oregon Fin-
NER. — Pacific Ocean.
BalaBnoptera Davldsoiiii, Scammon. — Sharp-headed Finner
Whale.— Pacific Coast
ie040. SkeletcHDL Califomia. Capt C. H. Scammon.
haIjJenidje.
Batena mysticetus, Linn. — ^Bowhead Whale. — Arctic Seas.
12938. Model in plaster. From drawings and measorements of Capt. C. M.
Scammon.
16041. Jaws. Arctic Ocean. U. 8. Fish Commission^
Gubatena Cullamach, (Chamisso) Cope. — Pacific Bioht
Whale.— North Pacific.
1S968. Model in plaster. From drawings and measurements of Capt. C. M.
Scammon.
Kubalaena cisarctica. Cope. — Eight Whale. — Atlantic Coast.
Order, INSECTIVORA.
TAIiPIDiE.
^^alops aquaticus, (Linn.) Cut. — Eastern United States.
3965. Mounted. (Male.) Washington, D. C. G. Exall.
5830. Mounted. (Female.) Washington, D. C. G. Exall.
3866. Mounted. District of Columbia, 1658. C. Drexler.
3864. Mounted. (Albino.) Virginia, October 30, 1846. D. F. Kent.
^^alops arffentatus, Aud. & Bach. — Silvery Mole.— Western
United States.
11351. AlcohoUc. Mt. Carmel, HI. R. Ridgway.
783. Moonted. Tremont, IlL W. J. Shaw.
14 XSatAL K180UB0B8 AHD FI8HSSIBS OTDHITBD BTUEkH.
Scapanns TownsendU, (Bachman) PomeL — Obbooit Kou
Pacific Slope.
3963. Mounted. Oragoo. T. R. F«ale. C. S. Exploring Expedttkn.
1963. Honuted. Ft. SteiUcMnn, Waah. Ter. Dr. 0«orge Baekkj, U. S. i
Scapanas Brevreri, (Bachinan) Pomd. — Haibt-tiii.ed Hou
Eastern United States.
ES3. Uonnted. Clerelamd. Ohio. I>t. J. P. Kirtland.
CoBdylara cri8tata,(Luui.) niiger. — SiAs-vossD Moia^-Ko
em cismontane States.
396B. Uonnted. WaeUngton, D. C.
Order, GLIRES.
SCnjRIB.£.
Sciarus cinereas, Linn.— Fox Squibsel. — Eaatem United Sti
4143. Moonted. IMstrict of ColmnbiA. C. Diexler.
321 — 1240. Mounted. Wrateni Uisaomi. Dr. P. R. Hoy. IBM.
4044. Honuted. (Male.) District of ColombiA. A. B. Jonkhia.
Sclums carolineaaia, Omelin^— Obat Sqitibbei- — United Sb
4043. Uonnted. District of Columbia. S. F. Balid.
334-^1352. Moimt«d. Racine, Wis. Rev. A. C. Buir.
333-^ 1250. Mounted. Baeine, Wis. Dr. P. R. B07.
11071. Uonnted. New Tork. J. G. Bell.
6844. Mounted. WaaMngton, D. C. J. K. 1
ANIMAL RGS0DBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UKITED SPATES.
qnadriTittatas, (Say)
Squireel. — Pacific Slope, i
Eich. — MissouKi Stuiped
STamias lateralis, (Say) Alleo. — Sat's Stbiped 8qcibk:
Bocky Mountains, from Mexico norttiwanL
9310. Mounted. Canon City, Neradn.
Bobwt Bidgway. March, 1668.
i. Snn-cy of Fortielli Purnllel.
^S^ermophiliis grninniurii§, (Say) Bacli.— California Groxind
Squirrel. — Western Texas and Sifw Mexico ireat to
Sierra Nevada IMountains.
1046—2315. Monnleri. Lob Nogales, Sonom. Maj. W. H. Emory, U. S. A.
^ ^Vermophilus ^rammurnB, (Say) Bach., rar. Beechyi. —
_ California Grounb Squieeel. — Gala, and Lower Cal^, ,
^k west of Sierra Nevadas.
469. Mounted. Tejo'
470. Monuted. Ttyoi
VaUey, Cal.
VaUey, Cal.
^ ^enuophilus Hnrrisi, And. & Bach. — Harris' Groithd Squir-
rel.— The Great Interior Basin and Lower California.
471-HJOO. Mounted. Moliave Desert. Lien t. R. 8. Willi nmsoi
^Vermophiliis'Frankllni, (Sabine) Bich. — Gray Goph:
Northern Illinois, northward to the Saskatchewan.
985. Skin. Eacine, Wia. Dr. P. R. Hoy.
^■lerinophilas tereticaudis. And. & Bach. — Round- tailed
Ground Squirrel. — Arizona.
1584. Sktn. Fort Ynmo, Cal. Mi^j. G, H. Thomas.
^■icrmophilus tridecem-lineatus, (Mitchell) Audi & Bach.—
Striped Gopher ; Prairie Squierfx. — The prairic-s ot
the United States.
437— 130J. Mounted. Head of Arkansas Eivor, Capt, E. O. Beckwith.
^BMmiophilus mexicanns, (Erxleben) Wagner. — Mexican
Ground Squirrel. — Southwestern Texas and Southern
New Mexico, southeastward into Mexico.
aaflB. Monnted, Engle Fobs, Te^os. Dr. W. B. King, U. 8. A.
^.Permophilas Parryl, Rich. — Pasby's Marmot. — Northern
parts of the Continent, from Hndson's Bay to Behring's
Strait.
8730. Mountod. Felly Lake. H. H. MocFarlane. Juno 21, 1864.
ST89. Mounted. Lockhart Eivor, H. U. T. B. R. Roes. July 4, If
Saeo. Moun(«d. Kodiak. F. Bis«hoff. Sept. 13, lelGS.
a
16 AmUAL SBS0UBCE8 AMU FI8BEBIB8 OF DHTTBD 8TAn&
Spermophilas spUosotna, Bennett — Soitora. Ohouhd SqcH'
BEL — Extern base of tlie Booby Moantanu north to WeH>
em Wyoining. ■ i
2620. Fort Thorn, N. Jlos. Dr. T. C. Henry.
Spermophiliis Richartlsoni, (Sabine) Baird.— Teuot
GoPHBE. — Plains of the Saskatchewan soathward lo the
Upper Missouri.
12360. Skin. Fort Saunders, Wjo. Col. A. O. Brockott.
Spertnophilus Townsendi, Baeh. — TowNSBni>'8 Gbocsd
Squierbl, — Plains of Colombia.
3775. Ciunp Lloyd, Utuli. Capt. J. H. Simpson, U. 8. A,
Mpermophilns annulatii§, And. & Bach. — RmGExt GEOun
Squieekl. — Plains of Colima, Mexico.
. Skins.
Cynomys ladovicianus, (Ord) Baird.— Pbairie Doo.-~Gitit
plains east of the Rocky Monntains.
4057. Mounted. (Female.} Plotto KiTer, Ark. Dr. WoodLoiue.
7770-f-345. Moimtod. (Male.) Ft. Lamed. Dr. E. Coaes. Uaj 31. 1«l
11458. Monnted. Colorado. J. H. Batty.
^559. Mounted- Soda Springs, Colo. Jos. Storenson.
Cynoniy§ coliunbianu«, (Ord) Allen. — Shobt-tail&d PeaoiI
Dog. — The parks and plains within and west of the Body
Mountains to the plains of Colnmbia.
5849. Mounted. Kort Bridger, Utiih. C. Dreilor.
ANIICAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 17
CASTORIDJE.
itor canadensis, Kuhl. — American Beaver. — United States
generally.
9734. Monnted. (Yonng.) Henry Fork, G. R. Dr. F. V. Hayden. Oct., 1870.
9
GEOmYIDJE.
imys bnrsarius, Rich. — Pouched or Pocket Gopher.— Mis-
soiiri to Minnesota and Nebraska.
91. Moaxited. Columbia River, Oregon. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila.
imys tiiza, (Ord,) Cones. — Florida Salamander. — Southeast-
em States.
11905. Skins. Jacksonville, Fla. G. Brown Goodc.
imys castanofis, Baird. — ^Texas Pouched Gopher.— Texas
and New Mexico.
4007. Mounted. Bent's Fork. Lt. Abert.
^momys talpoides, (Bich) Baird.— California Gopher.—
Korthem and Western North America.
366-H1280. Monnted. Monterey, California. Lt. W. P. Trowbridge.
^momys clusius, Cones.- Smai^l-foOted Pouched Gopher.
— Rocky Mountains.
. Skins. Ft. Bridger, Utah.
iTHJRIDJB.
s decumanus, Pallas.— Brown IIat.— United States generally.
(Introduced.)
5847. Monnted. Washington, D. C.
» rattus, Linn. — Black Rat. — United States generally, but rare.
(Introduced.)
12H-921. Skin. Foxburg, Pa. S. F. Baird.
« mnsculus. — Common Mouse. — United States generally. (In-
troduced.)
4051. Monnted. (Albino.) District of Columbia.
jpcromys leucopuiit, Wagner. — ^^Vhite-footed ^Iouse. —
Northern United States west of the Mississippi River.
Halifax. N. S. A. DowncH.
»4 2
la AKIUAL RE80UBCB8 AND KISHBRIBS OF nHlTED STATES.
nreotoma floridana. Bay & Ord. — Flobida Uat; Wood It^j
Atlantic SIoiMJ nortlnvartl to Kcw York.
4334. Mounted. Hillsbimi, Vn. K. Jouucy.
IVeotouia cinerea, (Oiil) Baird. — Bocky Mountain Bat. — Piu-iiir
SloiMJ imil Uptwr Missouri.
5G63. Mounted. Fort Liard, Hudooo's Uuy Terr, llvaa itnd Hard««t,v.
Fiber zibethiciiK, Cuv.— Musx Bat.— United States generallj.
'HXiO. Mouutcd. (Fuiuiile.) District uf Coluiiibin. U. O. Pollard.
HYSTRICID.K.
Eireltaizon dorsatUM, (Liirn.) Flem., rar. dorftalns.— ^'Dirt
haieed Poecupine. — Xortliei-n United States.
11066. Moiiuted. Maine. Juhu WallHci-.
■ l-«02. Mounted. (Female.) Mt. WaBliiugtou, N. U. C.J. King. July3.l<i
Ercthizon donatas, (Liun.) I'. Ouv., rar. ei^xanthni*.— Vel
LOW-HAIEED PORCUPiSE. — I'liciflc Slope and Upper Jfc
aoiiri region.
9H&. Hoimted. Fort Bridgcr, Wyrauing. Dr. F. Y. Hayden, U. 8. GeolopA
Sept. 20, lew,
SuBOEDBB DUPLICIDENTATA.
LEPORID.£.
ABIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 19
epos americanus, Erxl., var. l^ashingrtonii.— Bed Hare.—
West of Eocky Mountains fix)m Columbia Kivor into British
Columbia.
3817. Moanted. Chiloweyuck Depot, Oregon. Dr. C. H. Kcnuerly, V. 8. A.
June, 1859.
'pun americanus, Erxl., var. Bairdii.— Baird'b Hare.—
Higher parts of Kocky Mountains.
4265. Mounted. (Female.) Wind River Mountains. Dr. F. V. Ilayden.
5882. Mounted. Head of Flathead River, Washington Ty. Dr. C. H. Kennerly ,
N. W\ Boundary Survey. Winter 1860.
3791. Mounted. Ft. Bridger, Utah. J. H. Simpson.
303. Mounted. Shoalwater Bay. Dr. J. G. Cooper,- Pacific R. I?. Suney.
March 5, 1854.
pnn campe8tri»9 Bach. — Prairie Hare. — Central plains of
North America.
1552. Mounted. Upper Missouri. Dr. F. V. Hayden.
4240. Mounted. (Male.) Deer Creek. Dr. F.V. Hayden. Doc. 18, 1859.
69^972. Mounted. Ft. Union, Neb. T. Culbertaon.
12013. Mounted. (Male.) Frenchman's Creek, Montana. Dr. E. Coucs, U. S. A.,
Northern Boundary Survey. July 5, 1874.
ipiis callotis, Wagler Jackass Hare ; Jack Babbit. — South-
western United States.
1170. Mounted. Klamath Lake. Dr. J. S. Newberry.
8477. Mounted. (Female.) Ft. Whipple, Arizona. Dr. E. Cones, U. S. A.
May 17, 1865.
450. Mounted. Red River, Ark. Capt. Marcy.
pus califbmicus, Gray. — ^California Hare. — California.
11070. Mounted. California. J. 0. BeU.
1980. Mounted. Petaluma, California. E. Samuels.
12586. Mounted. Cape St. Lucas. John Xantus.
pus sylTaticus, Bach. — Gray Rabbit. — Eastern United States.
12483. Mounted. Fairfax Co., Va. G. Brown Goode.
11069. Mounted: New York! J.G.Bell.
11068. Mounted. New York! J.G.Bell.
4017. Mounted. New York. J. G. Bell.
pu» Bachmani, Waterhouse. — Bachman's Hare. — Texas.
234 ; 243. Skins. Brownsville, Texas. Couch and Vau Vliet.
pun sylTaticus, Bach., var. Audubonii.— Audubon's Hare.
— Southern Arizona and California.
1506L Mounted. San Diego, Cal. Dr. J. F. Hammond. Dec, ia'>5.
Ifdmited. (Female.) San Diego, Cal. Dr. J. F. Hammond. Dec. 28,
IflBflL
UO ANIMAL RE80UHCKS AND FISHEEIES uF t'MTKU STATES.
EfCpiifi sylvatieus, BacL., zar. IWullalli. — Sage Kabbit.— Unittd
States west of 97th meridian.
iS-^JO. Monntwl. (Frnialp.) Camp Graut, Arii. Edwaitl Pftlmer. Krh. '»,
Eiepits Trowbridgii, Bniid, — Troavbrldge's Hare. — Califomii.
IISI. Moiinlc.]. Satita Cliirii, Cal. Dr. J. !*. Newbcrrj. Nov., 1S.V..
■JOT4-^K1. Mountwl. PotfilmnH, Cul. E. Samiiols.
Ijepiis aquatlcui*, Bacli. — ^^''ATBR Rabbit. — GiUf States.
Iiepii!« palu«)lri«, Bacli.— >lABsn Rabbit. — Sontlieastem Failed
States, on lowlands.
4018. Mounted. St. SimoD's jHlanil, Go. Dr. Wilson. ISOO,
i856.f Monntwl. Society Hill, B. C. M. A. Curtis. 1856.
leSI. Moniiteil, St. Bimnn'M IbIeukI, Ga. Dr. S. U. WlUon.
OnDKR, EDEXTATA.
]»A»i»VPO»ID.C.
TatiiMJa »tepteiii-cinrtu<s, (Linn.,) Gray.— arm adillo.-
ivfstt'rn United States anil South.
10197. Motiiile.1. Tolinwn. Mesifo. C. 11. Laszla.
IHIMAL RK80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 21
III. REPTILES.
Obder, crocodilia.
CROCODILID^.
'oeodilas americanas* Scba.— Florida Crocodile. — South-
ern Florida.
6364. Honnted. Biscayne Bay, Fla. Purchased fh>m U. A. Ward.
liffator mississippicnsiii, Daudiu. — Alligator. — Southeast-
ern North America.
9960. Cast. JacksonTille, Fla. F. C. Goodo.
8543. Cast. Jacksonville, Fla. G. Brown Goode.
Order, TESTUDINATA.
TESTVDI]¥ID£.
stvdo Carolina, Linn. — Florida Gopher-Tortoise. — South-
eastern Korth America.
9627. Cast. Florida. G. Brown Goode.
studo Berlandieri, Agassiz. — Southwestern United States.
8926. Brownsville, Tex. Dr. J. C. Merrill, U. 8. A.
EIHYDID^.
Jacoclemmys palustris, Gmelin. — Diamond-back Terrapin.
— Qoast from New York to Texas.
8709. Washington Market. J. W. Milner.
90^. Cast. Mandeville, La. G. Kohn.
eodemys rag^osa, Shaw. — ^Eed-bellied Terrapin. — ^New
Jersey to Virginia.
eOV\ Cast. Kinston, N. C. J. W. Milner.
eodemys concinna, Leconte. — ^Florida Terrapin. — South-
eastern United States.
8907--8. Cast. Florida. Professor Baird.
blliensis,
U]e.La. G.K
22 ANIMAL BE80URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Id:
■
CBELTDRID^.
nacrochelys lacertina, Sclnv.— Alligatok Titetle.
Cast. OreenvLUc, Miss. S. W. Fergusou.
Chelydra serpentina, Lion. — Snapping Tortoise. — Canada
Ecuador.
iiijj^on, D, (.'. Josejili Piilmtr.
TBIOUVCHIDjE.
I
Aspidonectes l^rox, Schw. — Soft-shell Tijbtli;.-
Wcstfni Loiii.siauM.
1
4
Aspidonectes spinil^r, Les.— Soft-siiell Turtle. — MiddU- ^;n«
nortlicrn tritnitaries of the Mississipiii and the Saint lium
[■ence.
S309. Monnteil. RiniiiK 'Sun, Incl.
9614. Alcoholic. M). Cannel. 111. 11. Ridgway.
Chelonia mydas, Schw. — Gbeen Tubtle.— AUantic Coast 8oiitIIL.-b
of Long Island.
83^-^15367. Cost iu papier-macb6. New York market. E. O. Blockfonl.
Chelonia virgata, Schw.— Paoifio Green Tobtlk,— Pacifi^Bc
Coast.
9639. Cost. San Diego, Cal. O. N. Hitchcock.
Thalassochelys caonana, Linn. — Logoebhead Tubtle.
8386-^15259. Cast. Now York market E. G. Blackford.
Eretmochelys Imbricata, Linu. — Hawk's bill Turtle.
Southern Atlantic Coast.
. Cast. Now York market. E. G. Blackford.
Eretmochelys sqnaniata, Linii. — Paoifio Hat^k's bill Tubtl^^^^
— Pacific Coast.
12388. Shells. Fiji Island. U. S. ExpL Expedition.
SPHARCiIDIB.£.
Sphargis coriacea, Eondelet — Leatheebaok Tuetle. — ^Atlanti- ^^^ ■*
Coast to Massachusetts.
S3e9T-1526S. Cast. New York market E. G. Blackford.
4SIMAL REROLRCES AND FI8HEEIES OF UNITED STATES.
V. FISHES.
Okdeb, pediculati.
nAI.TUEID.£.
cnbilfrons, Iticb.— Sea Bat. — West ludiau Fanna.
Xer-ir. Caat. St. Augnstlne, Fla. Dr. J. M. Laing, U. S. A.
800. Photograpli. U. S. Fish Commisaiuu.
vespertilio, (Linn.) Cuv. — Sea Bat. — ^West Indian Fanna.
1£5T5. AJcohollc Bperimen. AmiuoDa. Criti^li Mustuiu.
LOPHIID^.
,iU8 piscatorius, Linn. — Goose Fisn; Angler. — Nova Scotia
to Cape Hatteras.
Jfi06C. Alcoholic specimen. TotupkiniviUe, H. Y. Copley.
14910. Caat. Woad'n Holl, Maaa. U. 6. Fish CommisBion. June 23, 1973.
B57. Cart. Wood's Holl, Ma«8. U. S. Fish CommiflBion.
IS, 13, 14, ir>. Pbolngrapliit. U. S. Fish Commission.
AIVTEMIV ARIID^ .
iphryne histrio, (Liuu.) Gill. — JIouse-fish. — Pelagic.
Alcoholic Bi)ecimens, Wood's Hull, Mass. V. N. Eilnarda.
Order, PLECTOONATHI.
rotunda, Cnv. — SuN-Pisn. — yewfoundlaml to Cape Hatteras. '
,'. Cast. Noank, Conn. U. 8. Fish Commission. Sept. IC, 1974,
IB833. Cufit. Noank, Conu. U. S. Fish Commisalou. Scpi. 16, 1B74.
. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
764. Color Kketrli. {Ri.lianl.) U. S. Fish Coraroissiou.
DIODOIVTIDjE.
omycteriiN geomelricus, (Linn.) Kaup. — Bun -fish. —
South of Capi' L'ad ; West Indian Fauna, &c.
sea. Cnat. New Totk market, E. (i, Blackford, Oct. 7, IS?.'..
L CMt. Wood's Holl, SIuso. U. S. Fish CommisaioD. Ang. 1, 1973.
e83-4-G. Colorsketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
34 ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FI8HEBIIS OP UHITEO 8X13X1.
Chllomycterus ftdiffinosaB, (De Eay,) GUL
13938. Alcoholic epocimen. Watcb Hill, R. 1. U. 8. Fiah CominiMinL i
18, 1874.
Trichodiodon pilOBOs, (Mitch.) Bleeker. — Haibt Box-nai
Cape Cod to Cape HatteraB.
. Alcoholic ipocimon. Beosly'a Point, N. J. ProC 6. F. Baiid. 1^.
TETRODOMTID.£.
Tetrodon laeTii:afD8, (Liim.) Gill.— Rabbit-fish. — Cape Cod
Florida.
148b7. Cust. Viuoj-ard Suund, Maw. U. S. Fish Conunisaian. Jnlj 13^ IS
3,3. Pbotographa. U. fi. Fish CommiaBiou.
Chllichf hys targidaei, (Mitob.) GiU. — Swell-fisb.— Cape C«
Florida.
10740. CuBt. Wood'8 Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
499. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fieh CommiBBion.
615-16. Color sketch. Prof. Alox. Agasaiz.
OSTRACIID.X.
Ostraclum qnadricome. Lion.— Cow-fibh.— West bi
Fatma.
lOOOe. Cast. Bermadas. G. Brown Goode. Uaroh, 1872.
664. Color sketch. (Burkhatdt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Asasaii. Atit
Boston Aqoarial Gardon June, 1860.
UnifAL BB80URCES AND FISHERIES OF UKITED STATES. 25
laltotes capriscus,
L1S33. AlcohoUc Bpecimen. East Coast. John Sutherland.
leplianolepis setiftr, (Bennet) Gill. — Stobeb's File-fisel —
Kova Scotia to Florida.
16519. Alcoholic specimen. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
Sept., 1875.
617. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Capo Cod. Prof. Alox. Agassiz. Aug., 1859.
496. Color sketch. (Bichard.) Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
Aug., 1875.
«
mthorhiiius occidentalism— West Indian Fauna, &c.
16746. Alcoholic specimen. Chesapeake Bay. Capt. John Evans. Oct., 1875w
latera cuspicauda, Bo Kay. — ^LoNa-xAiLED File-fish. — Gape
Odd to Florida.
16341. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 13, 1875.
15569. Cast. New York. £. G. Blackford.
15827. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford.
15839. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. Oct. 9, 1875.
41^1'V-14. Color sketches. U. S. Fish Commission.
tacanthus aurantiacus, (Mit^h.) Gill.— Obange File-
fish. — Cape Cod to Florida.
14914. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873.
15870. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873.
14916. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 14, 1873.
5y 6, 7, 8, and 9. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
500. Color sketch.
Order, LOPHOBRANCHII.
hippocaiupidje:.
ppocampns antiqaoriim, Lcacb. — Sea-horse ; Horse-fish.
— Cape Cod to Cai>e Hatteras.
21044. Alcoholic specimen. St. Gcorge^s Banks. G. Brown Goode.
u» Peckianus, Storer.— Pipe-fish.— K^ew-foundland to
Oape Hatteras.
Wood's Holl« Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
26 ANIMAL RE80UBCBS AND FISHEBIE8 OF DNITED STATES.
Oedeb, teleocephali.
heterosomata,
SOLEID^.
Achirui lineatus, (Limi.) Guv. — Asierican Sole ; Hoo Choke
— Cape Cod to Florida.
ir743. Cust, (upper ^idi-.) ^?lM>d'il Holt, Mqbh. U. 9. F1^ Coiciiimikiii. }'<
21, 1874.
15743. Cost, (ander Hide.) Wood's Holl, Msm. U. B. Fish CommiiMmi. Fi
SI, 1S74.
380. Photograpli. U. S. Fish Coiiimi»ioii.
44B. Photograph, (upper Bide.)
449. Photograph, (under Bide.)
561. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agasaiz.
Solea Tulgaris, QaenBel. — Sole. — Coast of Europe.
1^13. CoBt. England.
16. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
PIiE1JBO]lfECTID.£.
Euchalarodas Patnami, Gill.— Putnau's Flat-fish.— Fom
only in Salem Harbor.
5368. AlcohoUo specimen. Salem, Mass. P. W. Pntnun.
PseudopleuroDectes americanus, (Walb.) GilL — Flat-fib
ANIMAL BESOUECES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 27
flyptocephalutf cynoglossus, (Linn.) Gill.— Pole Floundeb.
— ^^laine.
'M. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
126^ Alcoholic specimen. Treat^s Island, Eastport, Mc. U. S. Fisli Commis-
sion. Aug., 1872.
lOphopsetta maculata, (Mitch.) Gill. — Wateby Floundeb;
Spotted Tubbot. — Cape Cod tx) Cape Hatteras.
15693. Cast. Wood-s Holl, Mass. U. S.*-^iBh Commission.
10662. Cast. WooiVs Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
25, 26. Photographs. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
780-1. Color sketch. (Richanl.) U. S. Fish Commission.
hiNiopsetta ocellaris, (De Kay) Gill. — Common FLouin)EB.—
Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.
15177. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. 8. Fish Commission.
10721. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Conunlssion.
14899. Cast. Block Island, R. I. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 24, lr^4.
10664. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
15176. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission.
27, 28. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
.'k£(-4. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. FiHh Commission.
basnopsetta oblong^a, (Miteh.) Gill.— Foub-spotted Floundeb.
— Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.
10716. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
10661. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
29, 30. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
ka^nopsetta dentata, (Linn.) Gill. — Southebn Floundeb. —
Cape Hatteras to Florida.
18048. Alcholic specimen. St. John's River, Fla. Professor Bainl.
ippoi^lossus americanus, Gill. — Ualibut.— Xewfoundliind to
Cape Hatteras.
15698. Cast. Eastern Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Feb. 28, 1874.
15705. Cast. Eastern Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Feb. 28, 1874.
16587. Cast. Boston, Mass. F. II. Johnson. Sept. 24, 1875.
15732. Cast.
31, 32. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
767. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
ippogrlossoides limandoidei§^, Guntlier.— Sand Dab.
21037. Alcoholic specimen. Halifax, N. S. TT. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 11,
1877.
21616. Alcoholic specimen. Gloucester, Ma«s. U. 8. Fish Commission. .Inly
29, 1878.
UfKOk CML Wood's Holl, Mass. Y. N. Edwards. Feb. 2, 1874.
28 ANIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHrJUES OF UHITKD STATES.
ReinhardtinB hippo^lossoldes, (Walb.) GilL— Obeenlui
ToHBOi. — Greenland.
14«iy. Cast, (n|>piT Hidu.) Nowfouufllaiid. E. G. Blackford. Feb., 1874.
14^^69. fast. MonfuuiuUuna. E. G. Blaekibnl. Feb., X8T4.
Xi. I'hotograpli. U. S. FisL CoiiiniigaioD.
21564. Cast. Lu Have Bonk. U. S. Fisli Coimuisaion.
Psettichthya melanostlctDBf Girard.— Galifobnia " Spotte
Sole."— Coast of California.
16701. Cast. San Francinco, Cal. L. Stone. Jan. 27, 1876.
1G699. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. Jon. 27, 187a
16700. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. Jon. Z7, 187U.
16699, 16700, 16701. Alcoholic BpecimenB. 8au lYancisco. U.S. Fish Cumnuw
36, 39. Photogrophs. U. 8. Fi«h Conmuasion.
777. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Conunisslon.
7M. Color aketcb. (Agassiz.) Prof. Alex. Agaaaiz.
Platichthys stellatus, (Pall.) Gill. — Itouau Floutideb.— Coa
of California.
16696. Caxt. Sail Fraui:iiu.'o, Cal. L. gtouc.
3S. Photograpli. U. S. Fish Comniisiuon.
531-2. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Couuuisaiuu.
657. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Fmiicisco. Prof. Aleic. Agassiz. X'
1S5&.
Parophrys vetalus. — " Sole." — Coast of California.
17064. Alcoholic spocimcn. Sou Francisco, Cat. C. S. Fish Commiaoion.
776. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish CommtMioa.
Ancylopsetta qnadrocellata, GilL
ANIMAL RB80URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 29
acmms Bairdii, Ooode & Bean. — Spike-Tatl.
21014. Alcoholic specimen. (Type. ) Gulf of Maine. U. S. Fish Commission.
Aug. 19, 1877.
ollachias carbonarias, (Linn.) Bon. — Pollaok. — Greenland to
Gape Hatteraa.
15971. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
16B254. Cast. Martha's Vineyard. U. S. Fish Commission. July 30, 1875.
41, 42, 43. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
787. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
Rdii9 morrhua, Linn. — God-fish.— Polar Begions to Gape Hat-
teras.
16770. Cast. Irish Sea. Liverpool Free Public Museum.
14902. Cast. New York market. E. 0. Blackford. April 3, 1874.
15923. Cast. Portland, Me. U. S. Fish Commission.
44, 45, 381, 392. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
610. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
icn^i^adus proximus, (Girard) Gill. — ^Tom God. — Goast of Gall-
fomia.
16696. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone. June 27, 1876.
47. Photograph. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
616. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
icroffadns tomcodus, (Walb.) Gill. — Tom God ; Frost-fish.—
Newfoundland to Gape Hatteras.
14634. Cast. Wood^s Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. June 11, 1873.
14885. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. June 11, 1873.
16608. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 27, 1875.
46. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
602. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
elanoiTaninius aeglefinus, (Linn.) Gill.— Haddock.— New-
foundland to Gape Hatteras.
14897. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. June 18, 1873.
14896. Cast. Portland, Me. U. S. Yiah Commission. Aug. 2, 1873.
48, 49, 50. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
427. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
hycis chuss, (Walb.) Gill. — Hake. — ^Newfoundland to Cape Hat-
teras.
IGZ^. Cast. Boston, Mass. F. H. Johnson.
hjCM tenuin, (Mitch.) De Kay. — Squirrel Hake. — ^Xewfound-
^ land to Gape Hatteras.
Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. June 18, 1873.
ttoh^ U. 8. Fish Commission.
30 ANIMAL BE8DTTBCES AND FI3HEG1ES OF UNITED STATES.
Phrcie Chester!, Goodc & Bviiii. — Lonu-finned Hake.
21*10. AIooliolJu BlietilDOn. (Tyi«'-) Gulf (if Maiiii-. U. S. Fisb Cuiiiiuu
Aug. 27, 1W8.
l^rophyci^ regius, (Wiilb.) Gill. — Spotted Codlixg.— fajw
tu Ciipe Ilatterae.
7(W. Cnliu- Hkiltli. (Emertou.) U. 8. Fiah CuoiniissioD.
ili84,j-(i. Ciifts uiiil alcoholic sputimODB. New York. Fred. Mather.
MolTa Tulgaris, Fleming. — Ling. — Polar Seas.
11)775. CiiKt. Coiut of EDgUnil. Livcrgimil Freo Public Mnseum.
aSKJ. I'!i<.ti.gniph. U. S. FUli Coniiuissiou.
Rbinonemus caadacuta, (Storer) GUI. — Foub-beabded lioci'
LING. — NoviV Scotia to Cape Cod.
KHiSG. Ati'oliolii; apecimtii. Wood's UoU, Mum. V. N. Ednanlt
Ciliala argentata, (Beiuli.) GUI. — Mackebrl Midob.— Greetibnl
to Ciij>e natteras.
ilili'.i. Ali'iihLilir.' Hjifcimeu. Vineyard Sounil, Mima. U. >*. Fish
Hypslptera ar^entea, Giinthei'.
■Jiatl. Ak.>li..li.' siHviin.ii, OffCiiix- Mny, K. J.
Brottmius americnniit*, GilL-
Cnpt, It. H. Uurlbcrt.
-CusK. — Nova Scotia to Cape Oa
106O.i. CjisI. l!.im.,ii, M»», Wiu. Prior, jr., a Co. Sept. K, 1875.
I'>^<8G. Ciwt. Wood's Hull. Moiw. U. 8. Fiab Camiusdou. Feb. SI, 1^4.
52. Photo}^])!). U. 8, Fisli Commiwiou.
420. Color sketch, (ttiuhurd.) V. S. Fish Commiuiou.
ANIMAL BE80URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 31
OPHIDIIDJB.
phldinwi marglnatiiiii, Mitch. — Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.
10762. Alooholic specimen. Tompkiusville, N. Y. C. Copley.
liYGODIDJB.
(larces anguUlaris, (Peck) Storer.— Eel Pout.— Newfoundland
to Cape Hatteras.
14888. Cast. New York market. £. 6. Blackford. March, 1874.
15694. Casl. Kantackot Shoals. U. S. Fish Commissioii.
651. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
CRYPTACA]¥THID^.
rjrptacanthodes maculatus, Storer.— Spotted Wby-mouth.
— ^Nova Scotia to Cape Cod.
16621. Proviucetown, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commissiou.
1.5889. Cast. Portland, Me. U. S. Fish Commission.
15890. Cast. Portland, Me. U. S. Fish Commission.
423. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commissiou.
613. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Boston. Prof. Alex. Agnssiz. Dec., 1861.
ryi^tacanthodes inornatus, Gill. — Ghost-fish. •<— Coast of
Massachusetts.
1761. Alcoholic specimen. Maine. W. Stimpson.
AmnoDYTiDJE:.
liioodytes americanun.— Sa>d Eel.
382. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commissiou.
422. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commissiou.
STI€H^ID^.
ichJeus punctatns, (Fabr.) KeiuL. — Xorth Atlantic Coast.
590. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
21068. Alcoholic specimen. Halifax, N. S. U. S. Fisli Commissiou. Sept. 4,
1877.
■■it iioii mmniiii subbiAircatut^, (Storer) Gill. — Nova
Scotia to Cape Cod.
i^mm. I**^*^ N. S. U. S. Fish Commissiou. Aug. 25,
ASIMAL RE80DKCKS AND FISHERIES OF TTNTTED STATES.
XIPHIDIO^TID^.
nunenoides mucronatus, (Mitch.,) Oill. — Bock Eel.— Kora
Scotia to Cape Hatteras.
I3S47. AJcoholio »iM>';i""'Q- Eastiiort, Jle, U, 8
4^§. Color skotoL, I'rtif. Atcx. Agnssiz.
nurienoide!« oraalii)*, (Gii-aiil) Gill. — Pacific liocK V.n^
Pacific (,'oa.st.
630. Color akotfb. (Agiuwi/.) Ft. R.ii«^it«, Gulf of (iiwgiu, Wa-li.Trrr. Pni
Alos. AgasRi/.. .Inly, lUS.
AiVARRHlCHAJDID^.
AnarrhichaH Tomerinus, (Ag.) Storer. — AVolf-fiso.— tinro-
land to Cai)e Ilattcius.
IIH3S. Cast. Uc>st«n, ilaaa. F. H. JolinBon. Sept. 8, 1^75.
14900. CiMt. CoxBwnin'B Lntgo, K. I. IT. S. Full CommiMion. Jul; £, )9L
37. Photograph. 11. S. Fi«li CouimiBsion.
770. Colnt shctrJi. (Riphard.) V. S. FibU Commiiisioo.
Anarrhichas lapns, Linn.
■^li^ir,. Speuiuinn hi lirinc. Cl.miTHt.T. U. S. Fish C
BATRACHIB^.
Bntrachus tau, Limi.— Toad-fi«ii; Oyster-fish. — Nova 8cotJit»
(Jnlf of Mexico.
ANIMAL RE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 33
€Y€IiOPTERIDJE:.
Cydopteras Imnpus, Liim.— Lump-fish.— North Atlantic.
15688. Cast New York. E. G. Blackford. May 15, 1874.
15730. Cast New York. E. 0. Blackford. April 18, 1874.
16660. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
58. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
788. Color sketch. (Emerton.) Yonng specimen. Fisher's Island Sound.
U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1874.
liparididje:.
Etfiparte lineata, (Lepechin) Kroyer. — Striped Lipabis.— North
Atlantic.
13960. Alcoholic. Watch HiU Reef, R. I. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1874.
788. Color sketch. (Emerton.) U. S. Fish Commission.
Etfftliarifl Rlontagrni, Don. — Sea Snail.— North Atlantic.
20433. Alcoholic. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
triolidje:.
I^i^ctylopterus ToUtans, (Linn.) Lacep.— Flying Gurnard.—
Temi>erate and Tropical Atlantic and Mediterranean.
15673. Cast Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug. 8, 1873.
. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
^■^lonotns carolinus, (Linn.) Cuv. & Yal. — ^BROAD-FmaERED
Sea Eobin. — Cape Cod to Florida.
59. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
443. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
566. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
^■^onotns eTolans, (Linn.) Oill. — Striped Sea Bobin. — Cape
Cod to Florida.
15735. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
15727. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
16411. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commissiou. Sept. 25, 1875.
60, 61, 62. Photographs. JJ. S. Fish Commission.
401,402. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
AGONIDM.
Idophoroides monopterygrius, (Bloch.) Storer.— Polar
Seas and soath to Connecticnt.
21700. Alcoholic. Massachusetts Bay. U. S. Fish CommissioiL
Ball. N. M. No. 14 3
L
34 ANIMAL RBSOUBCES AND FIBHBRIB8 OF UNITED BTATB8.
Cottiis octodecinispinosus, Klitch. — Sculpin. — Hova Scotia a
Cape Hatteras.
16*37. Caat. Boston, Moas. F. H. Jolmson. Sept. B, 1875.
63. Photogiapli. U. S. Fbli Conimtasion.
537-8. Color akotch. Prof. Alex. Agasalz.
Cottns grcenlandicns, Cuv. & Val.— Geeenland Scultb.-
Polar Eegions to Capo Cod.
164:)6. Cast. BostuD, .Moss. V. U. Johnsou.
GTi. Pliotograph. U. S. Fiuh Commiasion.
.M-'i. Color eketcb. Prof. Ales. Agasaiz.
Cotliis ITlitchilli, Cur. & Val. — Pigsty Sculpin. — New Eugiuni
Coast.
14806. Alcoholic HpccimiMia. Wood's Holl, Masa. U. S. Fish Commiaiion.
62. Photograph. U. S. Fish Coininisstoii.
!i46. Color Bket4:h. Prof. Alex. Agae^x,
Uranidea riscosa, (Qald.) DeXay. — American Milleb^s Thixl
6W. Color Bkctch. (Roetlcr.) Plymouth, Mobb. Prof. Alex. Agaosiz. Mint
1860,
nEmiTRIPTERIDJE).
Hemitripterus aniericauus, (Giuel.) Cuvier.— Sea Kates.-
Nowfomidlarid to Sew York ; Seas of Japan.
1J736. Cast. WdoiI's Holl, Mas*. U. S. Fish Conn
ANIMAL KL80UKCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 35
liastonias anricalatus, (Oirard) Gill.— Blaok-eabed Book-
fish. — Coast of Galifomia.
612. Color aketoh. (Agaasiz.) San Francisco, CaL Prof. Alex. Agaasiz. Nov.,
1859.
t^astomus flisciatus, (Oirard) Oill.— Banded Book-fish.—
Coast of Califomia.
483. Color sketch. (Richard.) San Francisco. Livingston Stone. L^. S. Fish
Commission. March, 1876.
614. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Deep Bay, Mayne Id., W. T. Prof. Alex.
Agassiz. May 20, 1859.
lastomus elong^atus^ (Girard) Oill. — ^Pacific Coast.
643. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
lastosomus melanops, (Girard) Oill. — ^Black-headed Bock-
fish. — Coast of California.
653. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
16689. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
482. Color sketch. (Richard.) ' U. S. Fish Commission.
^astodes pancispinis, (Ayres) Gill.— Coast of Califomia.
637. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
irns constellatus, (Oirard) Gill.— ^< Bock Trout."— Coast of
Califomia.
16697. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
69. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
455. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
iTun pictns, Girard. — Pacific Coast.
642. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
ira9 g^uttatus, Girard. — Coast of Califomia.
638. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
SCARIDJB.
iFUs 9qualidii8, Poey.— Tawny Parrot-fish. — West Indian
Fanna.
973. Staffed skin. Havana market. Prof. F. Poey.
Abildg^aardii. — Parrot-fish. — West Indian Fauna.
Stafied skin. Havana market. Prof. F. Poey.
36 ANIMAL BE80TJBCB8 AKD FISHBBIB8 OP DKITED BTATH.
Scarus radians, VbA. — Spanish Pobot.— West Indian Fmou.
550. Color sketch. (Burkhnrdt.) New PrOTidence. Pni£ AIbx. AgMi
F. 8. Shaw. April, 1861.
Pseiidoscarus c«Braleui.— Blue Pabsot-fish; Kiliuoobe.
West Indian Fauna.
9733. stuffed akin. Havana market. Prot F. Foey.
IiABRID.£.
Tantoga onitiSf (Linn.) Oiintlier. — Tautoq; BLAOK-FiSH^-B^y
Fundy to Sonth Carolina.
10598. Caat Wood's HoU, Hobs. U. S. Fish Conuniasion.
15022. Cast. Wood'8 Holl, Hose. U. S. Fiah ConuniBeion.
14893. Caat. Cbeaapeake Bay. U. 8. Fi«h Comminion. May 13.
10599. Cast. Wood's Holl, Haas. U. B. Fish CommiMion. Hay 12.
10643. Caat. Wood's Holl, Uass. U. S. Fiah Commiarttm.
15959. Caat. Wood's HoU, Maae. U. S. Fiah Conmuasion.
10599. Caat. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fisli CommiBtion.
70, 71. Photographs. U. S. Fish ConunissioD.
450. Color sketch. (Adult.) (Bichard.) U. 8. Fish CommiMion.
451. Color sketch. (Young.) U. S. Fish Conuniasion.
S54. Color sketch. (Bnrkhardt.) Piof. Alex. Agaani*.
661. Color sketch. Pio£ Alex. Agassis.
Tautogolabras adspersns, (Walb.) Gill.— Cdnkeb; GhoosiI'
KewfonndlaDd to Gape Hattcras.
14894. Caat. Wood's Holl, Maas. U. 8. Fiah Commiadon.
10746. Caat. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fiah Commiaalon.
381. Photograph. U. S. Fish Comndsaion.
ASJUAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 37
po]iia€E]%tridje:.
lyphidodon saxatiUs, (Lmn.) Ciiv.— Seboeant-majgr.— West
Indian Fauna.
589. Color aketch. (Borkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
591. Color aketch. (DaU.) Bermndas. Alive in Bamuiu's Aqnarium. Prof.
Alex. Agaasiz. Dec., 1862.
omacentrns leucostictus, M. & T.— West Indian Fauna.
81703. Alcoholic. Ft Jefferson, Fla. Thos. Moore.
eliaiite« insolatus, G. & Y.— West Indian Fauna.
21704. Alcoholic. Ft. Jefferson, Fla. Thos. Moore.
ElfIBIOTO€ID^.
mblotoea l¥ebbl, Girard.— Coast of Galifomia.'
G26. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
nbiotoca Jacksoni, Agassiz. — Coast of California.
€25. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Nov.,
1859.
Kntotoea lateralis, (Ag.) A. Ag.— Striped Peboh.— Coast
of California.
10691. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
72. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
456. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
658. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) Crescent City, Cal. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
May, 1859. •
669. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Nov., 1859.
660. Color sketch. San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April, 1860.
imaliclithys Tacca, Giiard. — Coast of California.
627. Color sketch. (Agassiz.) San Francisco. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April,
1860.
etrograster aggregatus, Ag.— Pacific Coast.
641. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San Francisco, Cal. Prof. Alex.
Agassiz. Dec, 1859.
jrpsurus Caryl, Agass. — Perch. — Pacific Coast.
606. Color sketch. San Francisco, Cal. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. April 1, 1860.
iMUierodon Aircatui^, Girard. — Coast of California.
080L Colar sketch. (Female.) (Agassiz.) San l^^ncisco. Prof. Alex. Agassis.
Hot., 1659.
38 ANIMAL BEB0UBCE8 AND FIBHEBIB8 OF UMTTED STATBI.
AmphisUchus ar^nteos, Ag. — Coast of Califinnia.
635. Colorsketch. (AgasEdz.) (Mole.) Son Frtuiciaco. Prof: Ahz. A|M
AprU, tS60.
Amphlstichas similis, Girard.— Coast of California.
634. Colorsketch. (Agassiz.) San Pronciaco. Prot Alox. A^aMii. Ko
1859.
Rbachochilu8 toxotes, Agaasiz.— Coast of C^ifornia.
633. Color Bkotcli. (Agosaiz.) San FronciBco. Prof. Alex, rtgilwii Uu
1860.
Holconotus pnlchellus, A. Ag. — Coast of California.
633. Color sketch. (Male.) (Agossiz.) Son Fnuicisco. Prot Alex. Agw
April, 1860.
Bolconotns rhodotems, Oirard. — Coast of California.
641. Colorsketch. (Femolo.) (Agasaiz.) San FnmcUco. Prof. Alex. A^
Dec., 1859.
Hyperprosopon argenteaa. Gibbon. — Coast of California.
630. Coloriketoh. (ycmalo.) (Agaasiz.) San FTandBoo. Pn>£Akx.Apa
March, 19G0.
62S. Colorsketch. (Fonutle.) (Agaasiz.) SanFranciaco. Prot Alex. AgM
April, 1860.
Abeona Trowbridgii* Girard.— Coast of California.
WS. Color sketch. (Female.) (Agasaiz.] California. Pro£ Alex. Jkgm
teivthididj:.
▲HIMAL RESOURCES AMD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 39
ATOtlurodiis maculocinctus, Oill.
10956. Alcoholic specimens. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 1876.
oUicanthus tricolor, (Bl.) Lac.— Black Angel-fish.— West
Indian Fauna.
593. Color sketch. (Borkhardt.) Santa Cmz. Prof. Alex. Agassiz; Dr.
Jefiies.
5d4. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Sombrero Id., W. I. Prof. Alex. Agassiz;.
8. R. Knox.
olacanthus clliaris, (Linn.) Lac. — ^Anoel-fish. — West Indian
Fauna.
575. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860.
576. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860.
577. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Gardens. June, 1860.
21876. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.
583. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bermudas. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Bamum's Aquarium. 186^
Noacantlius arcuatns, (Linn.) Cuv. — ^Palometta. — ^West In-
dian Fauna.
602. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Florida. Prof Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Boston Aquarial Garden. June, 1860.
XIPHIID^.
ipliias g^ladiusy Sword-fish. — ^Atlantic and Mediterranean.
10126. Cast in papter-mach^. Off Nomau's Laud, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Aug., 1875.
21699. Sword If inches long. Taken from nostril of Lamna oomvUoa. Glouces-
ter, Moss. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 26, 1878.
rtrapturus albidns, Poey. — Spike-fish.— Gape Cod to West
Indies.
15834. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. July 23, 1873.
73. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
411. Water-color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission.
btiophorus americanus, Cuv. & Yal.— Sail-fish.— Atlantic
Coast of America.
16664. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 187*2.
74. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
TRICHIVRID^.
iPicUums lepturus, Linn.— Hair-tail; Soabbardfish. —
Temperate and Tropical Atlantic.
RA. CMt Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
"fllolu (Burkhardt.) Prof Alex. Agassiz.
40 ANQUL BESOUBCEB AND FISHESIEa OF UHITRD ST&im.
Scomber scombrus, Linn. — mackbbel.— Korthem Adantie.
1644% Cast. Ncn' York market. E. O. Blackford. Bept. 10, 181^
10604. Cast. (Male.) Washington market. & F. Baird.
10650. Caat. Wood's Holl, Maas. U. 8. FIbIi Commudon.
10650. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fisli Commiauon.
76, 77, 7S, 393, 395. Fhotograptu. U. S. Fiat CommiMioii.
755-6-7. Color sketchea. U. S. Fish Commisaion.
654. Color sketcli. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Sarda pelamys, (Linn.) Ciiv. — Bonito. — ^AUa&tic and U«dite
16325. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. S. Fish Commiaaion.
1574a Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford.
79, 80, 81. Photographs. U. 8. Fiab Commission.
4e7-a Color sketehue. {Richard.) Wood's HolL U. 8. Fish Ccmmk
1875.
558. Color sketch. New York. Prof. Alex. Agaasit. Oct-. 20, 1817.
Orcynas flecnndi-dorsalis, (Storer) GiU.—TumrT; Hoi
MACKEBEL. — Newfoundland to Florida.
16509. Cast. Now York market. E. G. Blackford.
aa, 83, m. photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
436, 37, 96, 513. Color sketches. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish CommlnioiL I
Orcynns alliteratns, (Baf.) Gill.— Litti^ Tuinnr; Albioob
Pelagic.
AHIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 41
fMain maciilatuin, (Mitcb.) Cuv. — Spanish Mackerel. — ^At-
lantic shores of Tropical and Temperate America.
15367. Cast Norfolk, Ya. U. S. Fish Commission.
16407. Cast Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
15750. Cast. New York. E. 0. Blackford.
86. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
514. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
663. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
rMain regalef (El) Cuv. — Spotted CERO.^West Indian Fauna
and north to Cape Cod.
16688. Cast. Key West, Ha. £. G. Blackford.
87, 88, 89. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
406-515. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
21612. Stuffed. Cuba. Prof. Felipe Poey.
'Mum caballa, Cuv. & Yal. — Cebo. — Atlantic Shores of Tropi-
cal and Temperate America.
1647& Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackfonl. Sept. 14, 1875.
90, 91, 92, 93, 94, and 95. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
405-486-7. Color-sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
21611. Staffed. Cuba. Prof. Felipe Poey.
■ler setipinnis, (Mitch.) Ayres. — Silyeb-fish. — Maine to
Florida. West Indian Fauna.
ie915. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Sept. 7, 1873.
16615. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford.
l^relo«us Tomer, Lac. — Silveb-fish. — Gape Cod to Florida,
and West Indian Fauna.
16175. Cast. New Yprk. E. G. Blackford.
15905. Cast. Wood's Roll, Mass. V. N. Edwards.
96. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
440, 495. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
irmtraetus pisquetus, (Cuv. & Yal.) Gill.— Yellow Cue-
vall6. — ^Cape Cod to Florida.
16471. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mikss. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 14, 1875.
15S43. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
1588S. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
15887. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
98, 99, 100. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
778-9. Color sketches. (Richanl.) U. S. Fish Commission.
"mchitrops crumenophthalmus, (Bloch.) Gill.— Bigeteo
Scab ; Goggle-eye. — Pelagic.
ilaoholio. New York market. E. G. Blackford.
U. 8. Fish Commission.
42 ANIHAL BBS0UBCB8 AND FI8HBRIE8 OP UHITBD BTATB&
Decapterns puDCtatus, (Mitch.) GUL — ^BoTJim Bosnia
Indian Fauna and north to MassaohTiaettB.
Decapterua macarellus, (C. & Y.) Gill. — Maoeesel S
West Indian Faona and north to Maaaachnaetts.
16239. Alcoholic specimen. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. 8. Fish CommiMio
21630. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. Bamuel Powel.
Carangns hippos, (Linn.) Gill. — Hobse Cbetall£.— A
Coasts of Temperate and Tropical America, East '.
and Australian Seas.
14359. Cut. Florida. E. O. BlBckford.
101. Photograph. U. B. Fish CommiBHion.
21654. Alcoholic. Newpo», R. I. Samuel Puwel.
Carang^Ds chrysos, (Mitch.) Gill. — Yellow Macebhbl.-
Indian Fauna and north to Cape Cod.
15708. Cast. Wood's Holl, Moss. U. S. Fish Commiaaiou. Sept. 15, It
15746. Cast Wood's Hull, Moss. U. 8. Fish Commission. Oct.B, 1873
15696. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish CommiMion.
102, 103. Fbotogrnphs. U. 8. Fish Commiuioii.
Blepharichthys crinitua, (Akerly) GiU.--THBEAi>-FigH.-
Indian Fauna and uotih to Capo Cod.
IB520. Cast. Wood's Holl, Maas. U. 8. Fish CommiaBlon. Sept. 16, ISTi
105-105. Photographs. U. S. Fish CommiasioD.
ANDIAL SE80UBCES AKD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 43
tolatmctus sonatas, (Mitch.) Gill.— BAia)ED Buddeb-fish.—
Cape Cod to Florida.
16172. Cast Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 14, 1875.
16638. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
106-9. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
477. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission.
478. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission.
479. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commii»ion.
eriola Lalandii, 0. & Y. t — ^Ambeb-fish. — Atlantic Ocean ; Japan.
16709. Cast Florida. £. 0. Blackford.
110. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
IflffopUtes occidentalis, (linn.) Gill.— Leatheb Jacket.—
West Indies } occasional on coast.
16354. Cast. New York market. £. Q. Blackford. Ang. 13, 1875.
111. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
489. Color sketch. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
CORYPHJBlVIDii:.
irjrplittna Suenri, Cuv. & Yal. — ^Dolphin. — ^Pelagic; occa-
sional on coast.
16441« Cast New York market. E. Q. Blackford.
. Color sketch. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
16480. Cast. New York. E. Q. Blackford.
16488. Cast. New York. £. Q. Blackford.
iry^hiena punctulata, (Cuv. & Yal.) Gthr.— Small-spotted
Dolphin. — ^Pelagic ; occasional on coast.
16406. Cast Noank, Conn. J. H. Latham. Aug. 25, 1875.
112, 113, and 114. Photographs. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
STROnATEIDiE.
ilinuriehthys perciformis, (IVIitch.) Gill. — Black Euddbs-
FISH. — ^Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras.
16616. Cast. Martha's Vineyard. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 25, 1875.
15935. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
544. Color sketch. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
^ronotus triacanthus, (Peck.) Gill.— Habyest-fish ; Butteh-
FiSH. — ^Maine to Cape Hatteras.
16691. Cast Wood's HoH, Mass. U. S. Fiah Commission.
116. Fliotograph. U. S. I'ish Commission.
6fr-6L Color aketches. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
44 AHIHAL BLSODRCBS AND FISHEBIBS OP UlTITSD STATH
PepriluB Ciardenil, (BL, Schn.) QilL— Shobt Hastzst-
West Indian Fauna and nortli to K'ev Y<fflc
LATILID^.
Caiilolatilns microps, Goode & Bean. — Gnlf of Hexico.
S097I. Aloobolic. PeuBacolo, Fla. Silas Slenms.
BEBYCID^.
HoloceDtrum sogo, Bloch.— Squibbkl.— West lodiaD 1
accidental on coast ; found at Sowport, B. L
rra Color Bketch. (BntkhaMt.) Bemindaa. Prof. Alex. AfcavU.
Id Bamimt's Aquarium. Dec., 1863.
&95. Color dkelcli. (BnrUuirdt.) Kew Provideace. Pro£ Alex. Af
S. Shaw. April, 1861.
21^33. Alcoholic. Bermudiw. J. M. Jones.
SCIAEIVID.X.
Cynoscion rcgalis, (Bl.) Gill — Squeteague; Weak-fish.-
Ann to Florida.
16316. Caat. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Viah Conuuiaaioii. Jnlj S7, U
12216. Caat. Wood's Holl, Hobs. tl. 8. Fish CommiMrion. Joly S7. IB
116, 117, lie, 119. Pbotograiihs. U. 8. Fieb CoouoiMioit.
469-70. Color sketches. (Eichaiil.} U. S. Fish Commisaioii.
AKIIIAL RESOURCKS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 45
iploldonotus gri^nnniens, Baf.— Fbesh-wateb Drum.— Great
Lakes and Mississippi Valley.
15701. Caet. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. 1873.
126-127. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
ostomns obliquus, (Mitch.) De Kay. — Spot.— Cape Cod to
Florida.
15616. Cast. Norfolk, Ya. U. S. Fish Commission.
15817. Cast. Juno 10, 1873.
141. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
567. Color sketch. New York. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Oct. 26, 1847.
bstomiM xanthurus, Lacep.— Tellow-tailed Spot. — Sonth-
em Atlantic States.
142. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
airdlella punctata, (Linn.) Gill.— Silyt:r-fish ; Yellow
Tail.— Cape Cod to Florida.
143. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
19060. Alcoholic. St. John's River, Florida. Q. Biown Goode.
riaenops oeellatusi, (Linn.) Oill.— Bed Bass ; Spotted Bass. —
Cape Cod to Florida ; Gulf of Mexico.
16463. Cast Washington market. J. W. Milner.
16730. Cast. New York. E. 0. Blackford.
tn, 129, 130. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
. Oil painting. (J. H. Richard.)
Mitlelrms albunius, (Linn.) Oill. — Southern Eino-fish. —
Cape Hatteras to Florida.
137. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
19081. Alcoholic. St. John's River, Fla. Q. Brown Ooode.
cntieirrus nebulosus, (Mitch.) Oill.— Kino-fish.— Cape Cod
to Florida.
16219. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. July 27, 1875.
15579. Cast New York market. E. G. Blackford. October 14, 1875.
15579. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. October 14, 1875,
131, 132, 133, 134, 135, and 136. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
508-9-10-11-12. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
L
ropogon undulatus, (Linn.) Cuv. & yal.—CROAK£R.— At-
lantic Coasts of America south of Cape Cod.
15645. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. Jnne 19, 1873.
168101 Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. Jnly 18, 1873.
. U9, 140. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
^l^thoHHa. 81. John's River, F\a. G. Brown Goode.
46 ANIMAL BESODBCES AHD FIBHBBIE8 OP DHTTBD flTATBa.
Eiicinostomns arffeateus, B. & G. — Cape Cod and. ooatliv
16960. Alcoholic. Wood's Roll, Maos. U. S. Pish CcHumiirioii.
Encinostonms Iieflroyif Goode. — Bebmui>a Shad. — ^Weetlo
Fanna.
21358. Alcoholic. BonnudAa. O. Brown Goods.
PIRIEIiEPTERKD^.
Pimelepteras Boscii, Lacep. — Bbrail— West Indian Faosa
north to Capo Cod.
20B44. Alcoholic. Newport, B. I. 8. Powell.
30635. Alcoholio. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish ConunioBion.
S136& Alcoholic. -BenondaB. 0. Blown Good«.
SPARID.£.
Laffodon rhoiuboides* (Linu.) Holbrook.— Sailob^ Ohod
West Indian Fanna and north to Cai>e Cod.
21280. Alcoholic. St. John's Biver, Fht. G. Biowu Goode.
Archosargus probatocephalu«,(Walb.}GilI. — Shbxpshk
Gape Cod to Florida ; Golf of Mezioo.
10685. Cast. WMhington muket-. J. W. Milnot.
15825. Cast. New Toik market. £. 6. Blackfoid. October SO, IBTS.
16826. Cast. New Tork market. E. O. Blackford. October 1^ 1B7&.
AMIHAL RE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 47
PRISTIPOnATIDiB.
emsrliun arcuatumyGuY.&Yal.— Blue-ohegked Bed-mouth.
— South Atlantic Coast of United States.
14907. Cast. Florida. E. G. Blackford.
lenijrliiiii fbrmosum, (Linn.) Cuv. — Squibbel Bed-mouth. —
South Atlantic Coast of United States.
15S4e. Cast. Florida. £. Q. Blackford.
Binjrliim, sp. — South Atlantic Coast of United States.
15840. Cast Florida. £. 0. Blackford.
Mmylum chrysopterum, (Linn.) Cuv.t — Yellow -finned .
Gbunt. — South Atlantic Coast of United States.
15918. Cast. Florida. £. Q. Blackford.
Mmylum elegans, Cuv. & Yal.— Blue-stbifed Bed-mouth.—
South Atlantic Coast of United States.
15815w Cast. Florida. £. G. Blackford.
573. Color sketch. (Dall.) Florida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in Boston
Aqnarial Garden. Juno, 1860.
574. Color sketch. (Bnrkhardt.) Bermudas. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive in
Bamnm's Aqnarinm. Nov. 1862.
ftmylmii arara, Poey!— Ababa Bed-mouth.— West Indian
Fauna.
502. Water-color sketch. (Borkhardt.) Horida. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. Alive
in Boston Aqnarial Garden. June, 1860.
rtliopristis AilTomaculatus, (Mitch.) Gill.— Speckled
Gbunt. — South Atlantic Coast of United States,
15812. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission.
15814. Cast. Norfolk) Va. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
1590a Cast.
■itotremiM Tirginicus, (Linn.) Gill. — South Atlantic Coast of
United States.
15003. Cast. Florida. E. O. Blackford. April 16, 1874.
148. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
551. Color sketch. (Bnrkhardt.) New Providence. Prof. Alex. Agassiz ; F.
S. Shaw. April, 1861.
^
anus Blackfordii, Goode & Bean.— Bed Snappeb.— We^t
Indian Fauna and north to Savannah Bank.
BQ. Cast New York market. E. 0. Blackford. May 7, 1874.
Waahington market. J. W. Milner.
••qVlL U. S. Fish Cfflmniiwion.
48 ANIHAL BESOUSCEa AND FISBEBIEg OF UHITED STATB
Lu^anus, ep. — Snapper. — ^Wost Indian Fanna and Sonlii
lautic States.
15917. Cast. Florida. E. G. BlAckford.
IiUtjanus, sp. — South Atlantic Coast of United States.
in641. Cut. Kej West, llo. E. O. Btackfonl.
Lu^anns caxis^ (Bl., Scbn.) Gill.— Obat Snappes.— West
Fauna and Soathem Atlantic Statea.
18101. Alcobolic. Bennn^i. Q. Brows Ooode.
IiU^anus Steamsli, Qoode & Bean. — Gulf Snappeb.— <
Mexico.
21330. Ca«t. PensMola, FIa. Silu Steams.
Rhomboplites, aurombeus, (Gut. & Yal.) G-ilL — 3fAK
SsAPPEK.— West Indian Fauna.
21S24. Alcoholic. Charleeton, S. C. C. C. Leslie.
21338. Alcoholic. PenMtcols, >1a. Silaa Steviu.
Ocynrns chrysurns, (Bl.) GilL— Golden Tail.— West
Fauna.
14B0^ Cut. New Tork maA^L Fbrida. E. Q. BUckfonL April 1&
150. Fhob^nph. U. 8. Fish Commuaioa.
G65. Color sketch. (Bnrkhardt.) New Proridenoe. Piot Akx. Ap
8. Shaw. Ap^l, 1661.
CEIVTRARCIUn».£.
AKIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 49
Icropterus pallidas, (Eaf.) Gill & Jordan.— LARaE-MOUTH
Black Bass. — Great Lakes, Mississippi Eiver and tribu-
taries; Southern States; introduced northward.
10380. Caat. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.
1066a Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. 8. Fish Commission. Nov. 5, 1873.
10381. Cast. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.
15880. Cast. CarroUton, Ky. J. W. Milner.
10880. Cast. Norfolk, Va. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.
155, 156. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
teropterus salmoides, (Lac.) Gill.— Small-mouthed Black
Bass. — Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley; introduced
eastward.
15fi97. Cast. Potomac River. M%j. Hobbs.
PERCIDiE.
^rca fluTiatUis, L.— Yellow Perch.— Fresh waters of East-
em United States and Western Europe.
14976. Cast. Washington market. G. Brown Goode. Feb. 27, 1875.
167, 168, 169. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
792. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
Ixostedium Titreum, (Mitch.) Jordan & Gopeland, (Yal.) Gope.
— ^Yellow Pike-perch.- Fresh waters of Central United
States.
15668. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford.
14862. Cast. Sandosky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Oct., 1873.
611. Color sketch. (Roetter.) Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
Nov., 1868.
1566a Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Not. 5, 1875.
ITO, 171, 172, 173, 174. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
793. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
isostedium canadense, (Smith) Jordan. — Canada Pike-
perch. — St. Lawrence River to the Upper Missouri,
178. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
15732. Cast. Ohio River. J. \7. Milner.
15837. Cast.
175, 176, 177. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
SERRAlVIDiE.
linephelus morio, (Cuv.) Gill. — ^Eed-bellied Snapper. — ^West
Indian Fauna and Southern Atlantic States.
12516. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.
166. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
Iteeplielas, sp.- Snapper.— West Indian Fauna and Southern
^ Atlantic States.
OmI. IteidA^ £. G. Blackford.
50 AFDUL RBS0TTKCE8 ASD FISHBRIBS OP UNITBD STATU.
Eplnephelns DrammoMd-Hayi, Goode & Bean.— Stib €
PER; Hno); John PAW.— West Indian Fauna.
16795. Cast. South Florida. E. G. Blackford.
S1355. Alcoholic. Fousacola, FIa. Silas Steama.
• '. Color sketch. Bennnda. CoL H. Dnmunond-Hay.
Epinephelus niffritaa, Holbrook.— Black Obodfeil—Com
Florida.
21339. Cast. Pcnsacola, Fla. Silas Steatiu.
Epinephelus striatns, (Bloch.) Oil]. — Haiii^bt; Qrovtsl
West Indian Fauna.
16088. Alcoholic. Beimndas. G. Bromi Ooode.
562. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bennndas. ProfL Alax. Aga«dt. AliT<
Bamnm's Aquarium. Sov., 1863.
Epinephelus gnttutnn, (OmeL) Goode.— Bebitoda Hind.— ^
Indian Fauna.
16118. Alcoholic Bermndaa. G. Brown Ooode.
587. Color sketch. (Burkhardt.) Bennndaa. Pio£ Alex. Agaans. Alit
Banium's Aqiiariimi. Nov., 1663.
Tri»otropis nndalosnSf (Cut.) Oill.f— Book Gboufbs.— Ci
Hattera« to Florida; West Indian Fauna.
15462. Cast. New York market. £. O. Blackford. June 14, 1873.
l&esi. Cast. New York market. £. O. Blackford. Juoe 14, 1S75.
704. Color sketch. (Bichard.) U. S. Fish C
Promlcrops ^uasa, (Poey) Gill. — Jew-fish; Guasa. — West :
AHIMAL BB80URCE8 AND FI8HEBIE8 OF UNITED STATES. 51
LABRACIDJS.
K^ciis llneatus, (Sclrn.) Gill.— Stbiped Bass; Eook-fish. — St.
Lawrence to Florida.
10G64. Cast. (Female.) Potomac River. Dr. H. C. Yarrow.
15737. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. May 27, 1873.
15725. Cast Washington market. G. Brown Gk>ode.
15706. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford. Nov. 28, 1874.
185-186, 187. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
782-3. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
ecus clury8op§9 (Bafl) 6111. — ^White Bass. — Great Lakes and
Mississippi Valley.
15807. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Oct. 7, 1875.
188. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
503. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
rone americana, (Gmel.) Gill.— White Peboh.— Nova Scotia
to Florida.
10748. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
10729. Cast. (Female.) Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
10730. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
166ia Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
766. Color sketch. (Richard. ) U. S. Fish Commission.
EPHIPPIIDiE.
rephippus quadratus, (Gun.) Gill.— Moon-fish. — Gape Cod
to Florida ; West Indian Fauna.
14886. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Conmiission. July, 1873.
14887. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. July, 1873.
15820. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission.
196, 197. Photographs. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
LOBOTID^.
botes surinamensis, Guv. — Triple-tail Flasher.— Gai)e
Cod to Florida ; West and East Indies.
15702. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. August 28, 1873.
16202. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. July 20, 1875.
201, 202. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
POmATOIfllD^.
matomus saltatriiL, (Linn.) Gill.— Blue-fish.- Pelagie.
15871. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Juno 11, 1873.
1X106. CmI. Norfolk, Va. G. Brown Goodo.
Cmst
«i- 198, 193, 194, 195, 386. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
bIim. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
ANIMAL EES0UECE8 AND FISHEBIKS OF UNITED STATKIL
EliACATID^.
Elacate canadu§, (Limi.) Gill. — Cobia; Cbab-baxeb. — Cape Cod
to West Indies.
16060. Cost. Now Yurk market. E. 0. Blackford. July 30, 18TS.
14922. Cast. Point Lootont, Va. J. H. Skidmore. July 9, 1874.
196, 199, 200. Pholographa. U. S. Fisb Comniisaiou.
PRIACAIVTHID^.
Pseudopriacanthns altu§, (Gill) Blevker. — SnoBT Biq-£'\x-
Cupe Cod to Cape Hiitterae.
203. Pbotograph. U. S. Fiali Commisaion.
441. Color Bkotcb. (Giohard.) U. S. I'lah Conuniesioii.
1!>583. Alcoholic. Wood's Doll, Muss. U. S. Flsti ComiuUeiou. S«pt, ISn.
mte4. Alcoholic. Wood's Hoi], Ma«s. U. S. Fisli ConunUsion. 1876.
ECHEIVEIDID.^.
LeptecheneiH naiierateoide«t, (Zuiew.) Gill.— Bemora ; Srcos-
Fisn. — Coast geuerally.
16071. Cast. Wood's HoU, Muss. U. S. Fisb ComnuBsiou. July 10, Iffli
IflfilT. Caet. Wood's Holl, Moss. U. S. Viih CommissioD. gept. IS, ISTS.
16344. Cast. Wood'a Uoll, Maaa. U. S. Fish Conuuissioii. Aug. 10. l«Ji
206, 207, 20a. Pboiograplia. U. S. Fish Conunission.
541-2-3. Color ekeU-h. (Riplianl.) U. S. Fiah CommiBaion.
RenioropMis bracliyptern, (Lnwe) Gill. — Swohd-fish Succel
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 53
^hynena picuda. — Southern Babraouda. — West Indian
Fauna, &c.
81886. Alcoholic. Bermndas. G. Brown Goode.
PERCESOCES.
MfCGVLmM.
lofil llneatufl, Mitch. — Striped Muulet.— Cape God to Florida;
Gulf of Mexico.
1S723. Cast.
212, 213, 214, 215, 216. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
421. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
ugil albula, linn.— White Mullet.— Gax>e God to Florida
(probably young of the preceding species).
420. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
21302. Alcoholic. Florida. 6. Brown Goode.
atheriividje:.
lirostoma notatum, (Mitch.) Gill.— Silver-sides; Friar.—
Maine to Florida.
14930. Cast.
16612. Cast.
16620. Cast. Wood^R Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
380, 382. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
518. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
Urostoma californiensis, (Girard) Gill.— << Smelt."— Goast
of Galifomia.
606. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
16603. Alooholic. San Francisco. Livingston Stone.
16603. Cast San Francisco. U. S. Fish Commission.
HEMIBRANCHII.
«ASTEROSTEIDiB.
rgantenn occidentalism (Cuv. & Yal.) Brevoort.— Ten-spined
Stickle-back. — ^Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras.
384. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
644. Color sketch. • (Burkhardt.) Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
laterosteus noTCboracensis, Cuv. & Yal.- New York
SnOKLE-BACK. — 'Sgw Bmnswick to Cape Hatteras.
'vtoli. (Bnrkhardt.) Prof: Alex. Agassiz.
54 ANIMAL BBSOURCBS AND PlfiHERieS OP DlttTliU STATn.
Apeltes qaadracus, (Kitch.) Brev.— FoDB-sPinxD SnasLB-Bu
— New Brunswick to Florida.
361. Ptaotograpk. U. 8. Fish Commissioa.
644. Color sketch. (Burkhiirdt.) Prof. Alex. AguaJE.
Uanf other species of Gaateroatcus ara inclnded in th« aeriea, wUeh i
not of Bufiicieut iinportanc« to bo oniUDerstML
AiriiO$TOIHID.£.
Aulostoma maculatum, Yiil.— Tbuupet-fish. — West Indi
Fauna.
568. Color akuteli. (Burkhardt.) Prof Ales. Agassis.
FISTVLARUȣ.
Fistularia serrata, Cuv.— ToBACCO-prPB-PisH.— Oape Cod
Florida; West Indian Faiuta.
16907. Alcoholic. Wood's Roll, Maes. U. S. Fish Commlasioii. 1876.
SYNENTOGNATHI.
BEL01VID.S.
BelODe ionglrostris, (Mit«ii.)_ Gill— Siltrb Oab-pish.— C«
Cod to Florida.
16555. Cast. Wood's Holl, Haas. U. S. Fish Commudon. Sept. 21, Vm.
16423. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mam. U. 8. Fish CoinmJasion. Stipt. 6, 1815.
S17. Photograph. U. S. Fish Cominission.
1363. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agossiz.
ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHEKIE8 OF UNITED STATES. 55
BxoccBtas noTeboracensis, Mitch.!— Black- winged Flying-
fish.— Gape God to Florida.
— . Alcoholio. Block Island, R. I. U. S. Fish Commission. Aug., 1874.
ExocoDtas Rondeletii^ Guv. & Yal. — ^IVIediterranean and Atlantic.
21409. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.
Cjrptelarus Aircatns, (Mitch.) Weinland.— Bearded Flying^
FISH. — ^AtlaDtic.
21412. Alcoholic. Bermudas. G. Brown Goode.
Buleptorhamphas longrirostris, (Guv. & Yal.) Oill.— Gape God
to Florida.
15648. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. Bir. Brown.
Seomberesox scutellatns, Les. — Half-beak; Skipper. — ^Kova
Scotia to Florida.
13164. Cast.
410y 539. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
HAPLOMI.
ESOCIDJB.
X amerlcanas, Gmelin. — ^Brook Pickerel. — ^Massachnsetts to
Maryland.
17766. Alcoholic. Koeseville, N. Y. II. N. Hewitt.
796. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fi^h Commission.
493. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
X reticnlatus, Lesuenr. — Pickerel. — ^Atlantic slope^ New Eng-
land to Alabama.
15012. Cast. Washington, D. C. G. Brown Goode.
222. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
756. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission.
619. Color sketch. (Roetter.) East Wareham, Mass. Museum of Comp.
Zoology. Feb., 1869.
^SOX lucius, Linn. — Pike. — ^Northern America, Asia, and Europe.
• 14876. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Oct. 25, 1873.
14875. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. MUnor. Nov. 3, 1873.
219. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
618. Color sketch. (Roetter.) Museum of Comp. Zoology. Saokett's Har-
bor. Nov., 1869.
494. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
KflOX nobilior, Thompson.— Muskellunge (weight 37 pounds).-
Great Lakes and Southern British Provinces east of Eocky
Mountains.
14895. Cost. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. MUner. Oct., 1873.
290, 221. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
ANIMAL RE8UURCKS AND FlSUERlBa OF UNI ll-D STATES.
CYPRIMODOIVTID^.
Cyprinodon Tariegatus, Luc.— Siiobt Cvpbinodon.— Cape Cod
to Florida.
13986. Akoliulit. Nonuk, Conn. U. 8. Pisli Oouuniasion.
Funduluspisculentus, (Mitch.) Yal. — Muhmichoq. — NoraScotu
to Florida.
13970. Alcoholic. Noaok, Conn. U. S. Fish CommiBHion.
434,797. Color BketehoB. (HioliacaO U, 8. Fiijh Commisaion.
Hydrargyra majalis, {Walb.) Val.— May-fish.— Brackish watm;
Cape Aiiii to Cape Hatteras.
434. Color skotcli. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
ISOSPONDYLI.
sYivononiTiD^.
Syuodus fflBtenSf (Linn.) Gill. — Snake-fish. — Cape Cod to Floridi
1C583. CB«t. Nen- York market. E. G. Blackford. Sept. 24, 1875.
424. Color akstdi. (Eichnrd.) U. 8. Fiah Commiaeioti.
ANIMAL BE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 57
COREGOnriDJB.
oregonus clupeifbrmis^ (Mitch.) Milner. — White-fish. —
Great Lakes and British America.
16741. ' Cast. Michigan.
11^73. Cast. Ecorse, Biich. Goorgo Clark.
15741. Cast.. EcoTse, Mich. George Clark.
14864. Cooperstown, N. T. Elihu Phinney. >
224,225,223,227,228,229,230. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
oref^onns labradoricus, Eich. — Lattr Whiting. — ^Northern
Lakes.
• I
832. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
16868. Alcoholic. Lake Winnepisoogoe, Me. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
ro9opimii qnadrilaterale^ (Rich.) Milner. — ^^ Shad-waiteb."
— Great Lakes and northward.
233. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
12360. Alcoholic. Grand Lake, Mo. U. S. Fish Commission.
rosopinm Couesii, Milner. — Chief Mountain TjAttr White-
fish. — Upper Missouri Region.
14146. Alcoholic. Chief Mountain Lake. Dr. Elliott Cones, U. S. A.
rgryrosomus Artedi, (Les.) Hoy.— Herring White-fish.—
Great Lakes, etc.
235. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Conmiission.
752. Color sketch. (Richarcl.) U. S. Fish Commission.
11195. Alcoholic. An Sable, Michigan. U. S. Fish Commission.
SALIIIOJVIDJB.
ilmo salar, Linn. — Salmon. — Northern America and Europe.
14896. Cast. Bncksporf., Me. .Joseph Palmer. July 1, 1873.
16744. Cast. Bncksport, Mc. C. G. Atkins. Nov., 1873.
16743. Cast. Bncksport, Me. C. G. Atkins. Nov., 1873.
10814. Cast. Bncksport, Me. C. G. Atkins. July 1, 1873.
239, 240, 241, 242. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
415. Water-color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission.
Jmo salar, var. sebago, Girard. — Sebago Salmon (land-locked.)
— St. Croix Eiver and Sebago Lake. Introdnced into other
lakes.
15467. Cast. Sysladohsis Lake, Me. **Dobsis Club," through Judge Harvey
JeweU. June, 1875.
t€O07. CMt.
L (Bioluad.) U. S. Fish Commission.
58 ANIMAL BBSOURCES AND FI8HBBIE8 OF DNITBD STATRR.
Salmo fiirio, Liim. — Eivsb Tbout. — Bivers of Burope.
252. Photogi'npli. U. S. Fish Commission.
Oncorhynchus quinnat, (Bich.) Oilutlier.^ — Quinnat or SiCBt
MENTO Salmon. — Northwest Coast of America; Bonthn
California. ,
10340. Cost. Kow York market E. O. Blackford.
10347. Cast. Socramcuto River, Col. L. Stone. March, 1873.
248, 249, 2oO, 201. Photographs. U. S. ViOi ConuDisaiou.
416. Culor sketch. (Bivkanl.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
CristiTomer namaycntfh, (Peun.) Gill & Jordan.— Namatcts
Tkout; Lake Teout.— Nortbcra Lakes.
246, 247. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
10312. Cost. Mooeehead Lake, Mn. E. M. SttUm-ll.
IGOTO-Tl. Caets. Lake Wiunepiseogee. U. S. Fish ConimiMioo-
463,&2&-T. Color skotchM. (Blchanl.) U. 8. Fish Commiesioii.
Salvelinus A»ntinalis, (Mitch.)Gill & Jordan.— Bbook Tbovt.
BiverB and Lakes of British North America and of tl
Dorthem parts of the United States and Appabrfaii
Kauge.
IGOae. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards.
159G1. Cost. Byiladobsis Lake, Me. "Doluis Club," throii)(b Jndgc Bin
Jewell. Juno, 1875.
15728. Cast. New York market. B. Q. Blackford. Hareh », ISTZ).
10311. Cost. Nuw York market. E. G. Blackford. March 22, IBTS.
15470. Cast. Syslodobsis Lake, Mu. "Dubsis Club," throngh Judge RiK
▲NIMAL RB80URCB6 AND F18HERIE8 OK UNITED STATES. bd
AliBriilDiE.
Ibula Tiilpes, (Linn.) Goode. — Lady-fish. — Pelagic; Tropical and
Subtropical Seas.
255. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
21859. Alcoholic. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
HYODOnrTIDJS.
[yodon tergnisus, Les. — ^Moon-ete. — Great Lakes and Mississippi
VaUey.
15661. Cast. New York market. Z. G. Blackford. Nov. 15, 1875.
14863. Casi. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov., 1873. *
253, 264. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
753. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
ELOPID^.
lop« Miorus, Linn. — Big-eted Hebbing.— Tropical and Snbtropi-
cal^Seas.
15824. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875.
15821. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875.
15883. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875.
15822. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. Oct. 14, 1675.
15744. Cast. New York market. £. G. Blackford. Oct. 14, 1875.
15824. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Oct. 11, 1875.
256. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
772. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
ei^alops thrissoides, (Schn.) Glintlier. — ^Tabpum. — Gape Cod
to Florida.
14924. Cast. New Jersey. E. G. Blackford. July 9, 1874.
398. Photograph. Newx>ort, R. I. 8. Powell. Aug., 1874. §
DVSSVJIIIERID^.
tnimeus teres, (DeKay) Brevoort. — Eound Herring. — Cape Cod
to Cape Hatteras.
2021G. Alcoholic. Newport, R. I. S. Powel.
CLIJPEIDJS.
reTOortia tyrannus, (Latr.) Goode. — Menhaden; Moss-
BUNKER ; Pogie. — Newfoundland to Gulf of Mexico.
CMt. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission.
(' Gaok Wood's Holl, Mass. U. 8. Fish Commission. Aug., 1875.
^. 900^ 886^ 387. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
fkoH AbBOL A|pMBis.
60 ANnUL RB80UBCB8 AND FI8HBBIE6 OF DNITBD 8TATBB.
BreToortia patronus, Goode.— Gulp Menhadeh.— G«:
Mexico.
892. Alcoholic. Brazos Santiago, TesRS.
Alma aapldissimat (Wilson) Stopfer. — Shad. — ^Newfonndlaod
Florida.
10641. Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Hilner. 1873.
10625. Cast. Potomac River, D. C. J. W. Hilner.
14878. Cut. Connecticut Biver. £. O. Blackford. Hay 7, 1974.
861, 86S, 363, 264, 26G. Photograpbs. U. R. Fish ComnuMioii.
Opisthonema thrisga, Gill. — Thbgas HEBBrao.— West I&d
Fanna and north to Cape God.
20218. AlcoboUo. Newport, R. I. U. S. I'lsh Commiwion.
PoniolobiispBeudoharengrus,(Wil8on)Gill. — Alkwipe; Fhi
WATER Hbrrino; Gaspebsatt. — Newfonndland
Florida.
10622. Cost. (Female.) Wood's Boll, Haas. U. S. Fish CommiMicm.
266; 067, 268, 269, 386. Photographs. U. 8. Fish CommiMion.
457. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commiasiou.
Pomolobas mediocris, (Mitch.) Gill. — Mattawocmu.; Tai
Hbrring ; Sea Shad. — Kewfonndland to Florida.
10657, Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Hilner. 1873.
269, 270, 271. Photographs. U. S. l^isb ConunismoD.
458, 771. Color sketches. (Bicbaid.) U. 6. Fiali CommiMioD.
Cliipea harenffus, Liun.— HERBmaj Ssa HEBBora.— H(
ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 6 1
Enr»RA1JIiIDID^.
iftgraulis Tittata, (Mitch.) B. & G.— Anchovy.— Cape Cod to
Gape Hatteras.
382. Photograph*. U. S. Fish Commission.
14066. AlcohoUc. Watch HIU, R. I., <&c. U. S. Fish Commission.
EVENTOGNATHI.
CATOSTOJHIDJB.
fttostomns teres, (Mitchill) Les. — Common Sucker. ^Eastern
Northern America.
279. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
18258. Alcoholic. Potomac River. U. S. Fish Commission.
fxostoma maerolepidotuin, (Les.) Jordan.— Striped
SucKER.^Mississippi Valley and Great Lakes.
15930. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Mihicr.
16786. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.
16785. Cast. Washington market. J. W. Milner.
278. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
rcleptns elongatns, (Les.) Ag. — Black Sucker. — ^Mississippi
Valley.
16781. Cast. Ohio River. J. W. Milner. Nov. 5, 1875.
280. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
rimyaEon sucetta, (Lac.) Jordan. — Chub Sucker. — Eastern
United States.
281. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
rimysEon Goodei, Jordan. — Goode's Sucker. — Florida.
19071. Alcoholic. St. John's River, Fla. G. Brown Goode.
nbalichthys bubalus, Ag. — Buffalo-fish. — Mississippi Val-
ley.
14883. Cast. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov. 5, 1873.
ftrpiodes cyprinu§, (Les.) Ag.— Carp.— Eastern Ui.ited States.
10735. Cast. Potomac River, D. C. J. W. Milner.
16780. Cast. Sandubky, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov. 3, 1875.
'»Jl#cheiIU8 gnrandis, (Ayres) Girard.— << Pike."— Pacific Slope.
i^otognph. U. S. Fish Commission.
62 ANIUAIi KEBODBCES AND FISHERIES OP UlUTBD STATBL
JVotemisonuB americanus, (Linn.) Jordan. — SmNEE^-Srat
era Bivers.
19063. Alooholio. St. John's River, Fla. O. Brown Qoodtt.
IVoteniigonns chl^soleucus, (Mitoh.) Jordan. — Bhineb.— S»
em Atlaatic States.
435. Color sketch. (Biclianl.) U. S. Fish Commisdon.
Xeadsciis pulchelliis, Storer.
Carassiiis auralus, (Linn.) Sleeker. — Gold-fish. — Domeeticab
native of China and Japan.
16667. Cast. WftaUineton, D. C. J. H. Richard.
I8S90. Alcoholic. Pouds of MarylaDd. U. S. Fiah CommiaBioa.
Order NEMATOGNATHI.
.durlchthys mariniii, (Miteh.) B. & G. — ^Fork-tailed C
FISH.— Cape Cod to Florida; Gull" of Mexico.
15575. Cast. New Bedford, Mass. U. S. Fish Commiasion. Oct. II, 18^
'J83, 284, 285. Photographs. U. S. Fish CommiBsion.
632. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Comi
▲BDfAL BE80URCB8 AKD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 63
Order APODES.
COnr«RIDJB.
^B|^er oceanica^ (Mitch.) GilL — GoNasR Eel. — ^Newfoundland
to West Indies.
14873. Cast. Weight 11 lbs. Block Id., R. I. U. 8. Fiah CommiBsion. Sept.
26, 1874.
14872. Cast. Block Island, R. I. U. 8. Fish CommisBion. Sept. 26, 1874.
287. Photograph. U. 8. Fiah Commission.
0
Bfuilla rostrata, (Les.) DeEay.— Common Eel. — Eastern United
States.
15731. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford. Aug. 26, 1874.
16392. Cast. New York. E. G. Blackford. Aug. 26, 1874.
16729. Cast. Potomac River. J. W. Milner.
16416. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. Wm. Pahner. Sept. 6, 1875.
10749. Cast. Wood's HoD, Mass. V. N. Edwards.
286. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
480-81. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Commission.
773. Color sketch. Prof. Alex. Agassiz.
nrEmiCHTHYID^.
^michthys scolopaceus? Eich. — Snipe Eel. — Deep waters
of the Atlantic.
21195. Alcoholic. George's Bojak. U. S. Fish Commission.
SiriVAPHOBRAlVCHID^ .
rMaphobranchus pinnatus, (Gronow) Gunther. — Madeira
Eel. — Deep waters of the Atlantic.
21848. Alcoholic Sable Island Bank. U. 8. Fish Conmiission.
Order CYCLOGANOIDEI.
nia calva, Linn. — Mud-fish. — Central and Southeastern United
States.
11134. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner.
16634. Cast. New York market. E. G. Blackford. Sept. 24, 1875.
i. Photograph. U. 8. Fish Commission.
CkikMr aketoh. (Bnrkhardt.) Charleston, 8. C. Prof. Alex. Agaasiz.
64 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND I-I8HBRIE8 OP CHTTED 8TATB.
Obdek rhomboganoidei.
I.EPIDOSTEIDJ:.
Lepldosteas osseus, Linn.— Gab Pike.— Mississippi ya% >
Atlantic States south of Delaware Biver.
10736. Cast. Sandusky, Ohio. J. W. Milner.
miT. Cast. Sandtuk;, OMo. J. W. Milner.
15366. Cast. FotoniBo Kiver. J. W. MUner.
290, 391. PbotOKTsphs. U. S. Pish Comnuasion.
LepidosteuB platystomns, Baf.— Shobi'-hosbd Gab Pm
Great Lakes and streams south and west to tba Bo
Mountains.
3341. Alcoholic. Cleveland, Ohio. Prof. Boird.
Obder selachostomi.
POLYODOIVTID.X.
Polyodon fitlium, Lac. — Paddle-fish.— Fresh waters of Mi
sippi Valley.
14671. Cast. Cincinnati, Ohio. J. W. Milner. Nov. 5, 1873.
15475. Cast. Madison, lud. Qeorge Spnngler. Jnne, 187t>.
993. Photograph. U. S. Fist) Cnnuiiissiun.
Ohdm CHONDROSTEI.
ANIMAL BEBOUBCES AND FISHEBIES OF UNITED STATES. 65
penser maealosus, Les. — ^Lono-nosed Stubgeon. — Great
Lakes and Western Elvers.
607--8. Color sketch. Hanteville, Ala. Prof. Alex. Agassiz. 1853.
phyrhynchops platyrhynchus, (Bafl) Gill. — Shovel-
nosed Stueoeon. — Mississippi Valley.
15939^. Cart. Ohio River. J. W. Milner.
15939. Cart. Ohio River. J. W. Milner.
15476. Cast. Madison, Ind. George Spangler. June, 1875.
302, 303. Photographs. U. S. Fish Conunission.
VL ELASMOBRANCHIATES.
Order HOLOCEPHALI.
CHIJHJBRIDJB.
maera plumbea, Gill. — Brown Chim^ba. — ^Deep waters of
Western Atlantic.
21904. Cast. Banqnereau. Capt. Joseph W. Collins.
jTOla^nns Colliei, (Bennett) Gill.— Paoifig Chimera.— North-
west coast of North America.
993. Alcoholic. Pnget Sound. Dr. George Snckley.
Order RAI^.
IHYIilOBATID^.
iobatis FremenTillei, (Ijcs.) Storer. — Eagle Eat. — Cape
Cod to Florida.
16603. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. Sept. 23, 1875.
14417. Cart. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
306-319. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
760. Color sketch. U. 8. Fish Commission.
iobatis californicus, Gill.— California Sting Eat. — ^Coast
of California.
16687. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
320. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
959. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission.
»ptera quadriloba, (Les.) Cuv. — Cow-nosed Eat. — Cape
Cod to Florida.
vmgltm. U. S. Flab CommiBsioii.
66 ANIMAL BGSOaRCES AND FI8HEBIE8 OF UNTTBD 8TATB8.
TRYCIOIVID^.
Trjgon centrura, (Mitcb.) Gill. — Sting Bat. — GapeCodtoFlnidi.
149-JO. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fidi CoDanuanoii. Jniw, lEffl
148H2. Cast. Portland, Mo. Skillings.
324, 325, 336, 327, 326, 329. Photographs. U. S. Fish ConuniMion.
Tryffon Sabina, Lcsnenr.— Biver Stino Bay. — Soatbem C<ntt
entering rivers.
18068. Alcoholic. Lake Monroe, Fla. Prof. Boicd.
' Tryffon haatata, (De Eay) Storer. — Smooth Stino BAT^-Sontk
om Coasts
21G26. Skin. West Florida. Dr. J. W. Velie.
Pteroplatea maclara. Mall. & Heiil& — ^Bdttebplt Bat.— Caj
Cod to Florida.
16319. Cast. Wood's HoU, 1
321, 322, 3J3. Photographs.
torpedinidjf:.
Torp^o occidentalls, Storer. — Torpedo; Cbamp-fish.— Cs
Cod to Florida.
14912. Cast. Wood's Holl, Moss. U. S. Fish Commisston. July aS, 1871
14919. Cost. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish CommiMion. July 5, 18n.
16G&^>. CoHt. Wood's HoU, Ha«s. U. 8. Fish Commiaaion. July 5, 1873.
330, 331, 3:t2, 333, 334, 3:15. Photographs. U. 8. Fish ComtniHaon.
RAIIBJi.
ANIMAL BB80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 67
Kaia tevls, Mitch. — Shabp-nosed Skate.— Kova Scotia to Florida.
14904. Cast. (Young male.) Montauk Point, N. Y. U. S. Fish Commission.
Aog. 1, 1874.
403. Color sketch. U. S. Fish Commission.
15704. Cast. (Yonng.) Noank, Conn. U. S. Fish Commission. Ang. 1, 1874.
15703. Cast. Noank, Conn. U. S. Fish Commission.
1665a Cast. (Young male.)
15707. Cast
16659. Cast.
347, 348, 349, 350, 351. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
RHIIVOBATIDJB.
Unobatns prodnctns, Oirard.— Long>nosed Skate.— Coast of
Califomia.
16704. Cast. San Francisco, Cal. L. Stone.
352. Photograph. U. S. Fish Commission.
PRISTIDJB.
istis antlquorum, (Linn.) Lath.— Saw-fish.— Cajio Cod to
Florida; Tropical Seas.
19463. Stuffed skin. Florida. H. A. Ward.
S<|VATinriDJB.
BJitina DmnerlUy Les.— Monk-fish; Fiddle-fish.— Gape Cod
to Florida; Temi)erate and Tropical Seas.
•
14B90. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Sept. 1, 1873.
16410. Cast. Menemsha Bight, Mass. Jason Lace. Sept. 1, 1875.
353, 354| 355. Photographs. U. 8. Fish Commission.
Order SQUALI,
IjASKNinJE.
comnbica, (Gmel.) Fleming. — ^Porbeagle Shark. —
Atlantic, Mediterranean, Japan.
21856. Alcoholic. Gloucester, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
uropnis Dekayi, Gill. (d. s.) — ^Mackerel SHARK.^Newfoiind-
land to Florida.
15049. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Sept. 20, 1873.
15973. Cast. Wood^s Holl, Mass. V. N. Edwards. Dec, 1875.
446. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
Atwoodi, (Storer) GilL— Atwood's Shark; Man-
XAXSR. — ^Newfoundland to Florida.
69 ANIMAL CESOUUCES AV!D F18HBBIE8 OF mTITED STATEC
Cynocephalas glancus, (Liim.) Gill.— Bi.d:b-b]U2>sd Sb
Atlantic.
199-29. AlcohoUc. WooiI'd HoU, Mosa. V. K. Edwards
ODOIVTASPIDIDf.
Enffomphodas littoralls. Gill.— Saitd Shabe. — ^PeUigio.
1G64T. Cost. Wuutl'u Holl, Moss. U. 8. Fish Commisuon.
16648. Cost. Wood's HoU, Mqbb. U. S. Fiali Comniwion.
419. Color skctcli. (Sichord.) U. S. Fiali Commumon.
44S>. Color ekotcli. (Richard.) U. 8. Fish Cummiaeion.
AI.OPECID.S.
Alopias TUlpes, (Linii.) Bod. — Thbbsheb; STlNai^-TAli
lantic and Mediterranean.
I62I3G. Coat. Menemaba Bight, Mass. U. S. Pish Commiasion. July
15T33. Cost. Wood's HoU, Moss. U. S. Fisb CommUaiuu.
417. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish ConunisBiou.
sphtrividje:.
Spb^rna zystena, (Linn.) Mail. & Henle.— HAaocBB-HEAD i
— TropicaJ and Subtropical Seas,
lti8Xi. Citst. Nounk, Conn. U. S. Fisb CommiBaion.
:t(iO, tmi, 3G2, 363, 364. Photographs. U. S. I'lsh Conmiiitsion.
163. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Coiumisrioo.
Reniceps tibnro, (Linn.) Gill. — Shotel-hbab Shark. — A
and Western Pacific.
AMIMAL BE80URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 69
klcocerdo tigrmus^ MuU. & Henle. — Tiger Shark. — ^Atlantic ;
Indian Ocean.
15740. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. V. N. Edwards. July 22, 1873.
16069. Cast. Buzzard's Bay, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission. 1875.
370y 371. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
■Atelus eanis, (Mitch.) De Kay. — Smooth Dog-fish. — Cape Cod
to Cape Hatteras.
14908. Cast. Norfolk, Va. U. S. Fish Commission. June 25, 1873.
149S25. Cast. Wood's HoU, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
107U4. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
10733. Cast. Wood's Holl, Mass. 'U. S. Fish Commission.
16649. Cast. (Male.) Wood's Holl, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
372y 373, 374, 375. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
. Color sketches. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
infflymastoma cirratnm, (GmeL) M. & H. — Nurse Shark. —
Tropical Atlantic.
16909. Alcoholic. Chesapeake Bay. Maryland Academy of Science.
SPinrACIDJB.
ivjiliis amerlcaiius, (Storer) Gill. — Spined Dog-fish.— Few-
foondland to Cape Hatteras.
>5. Cast. Martha's Vineyard. U. S. Fish Commission. July 30, 1875.
376, 377. Photographs. U. S. -Fish Commission.
426. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
troscylUain Fabricii, (Eeinh.) M. & H.— Greenland Dog-
fish.— ^Deep waters of Western Atlantic
216^2. Cast Lat. 42^ b2f N., Lon. 630 50' W. 220 to 260 fathoms. U. S. Fish
Commission.
HBiiftiosas mlcrocephalus, (Bloch.) GUI. — Sleeper Shark. —
North Atlantic.
378, 379. Photographs. U. S. Fish Commission.
447. Color sketch. (Richard.) U. S. Fish Commission.
16630. Cast. Gulf of St. Lawrence. Renfrew & Co. Nov. 20, 1875.
jliUMirjinniiri ccBlolepis, Bocage & Capello. — ^Black Dog-
fish.— ^Deep waters of jN'orth Atlantic.
«. CMt. hiHL 439 i(y N., Lon 63° 50' W. 220 to 260 fathoms. U. S. Fish
70 ANIH&L BE80UBCE8 AND PI8HEBIBS OF
EchinorhinDs spinosui, (OmeL) DelamoiUe. — SPiHr Shasi
North Atlantic.
21913. Cast. ProvJDcutonn, Mass. ' £. I;. StnoU.
VII. MARSIPOBRANCHIATES.
Oedeh hyperoartia.
PETKOJIYZONTIDiE.
Petromyzon americanas. — Laupbgy Eel.
4e9-90. Color sketcbes. Prof. Ales. Agussiz.
Ordee hyperotreti.
IHyxine glatinosa, Linn.— Hag-fish ; Slime-pish. — ^Nocth .
lantic.
21679. AIcolioUc. Lo Envo Dank, N. B. U. 8. Fish Conuninioa.
VIII. LEPTOCARDIANS.
SECTION" B.
(THE CHASE AND THE FISHERIES.)
EANS OF PURSUIT AND CAPTURE.
I. HAND IMPLEMENTS OR TOOLS.
^For striking.
1. Clubs.
ft&nned clubs.'
Salmon-clubs used by the Indians of the Northwest coast.
Hunting-cl abs.'
Fishermen's clubs.
32717. '' Halibat killer and gob-stick." Philip Mercbaut, Gloucester, Mass.
A heavy clnb with which the fisherman kUls the halibut by a blow
upon the head. One end is sharpened for use in detaching hooks
from the gullets of fish which have swallowed them.
ed clubs.'
Stone-headed dubs.'
GlabSi armed with teeth or bone points.'
GlabS| armed with metal points.'
lomgr-^toncs.'
laiiir-sbot.'
2. SLUNG-WElaHTS.
Hunters' knives.
^^ For cutting.
3. Knives.
26152. Hunter's knife. 5^1nch blade. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner's
[Falls, Mass.
26153. Hunter's knife. 6-inch blade.
26154. Hunter's knife. 7-inch blade.
26155. Hunter's knife. 8-inch blade.
26172. Hunter's knife. 5^-inch blade. .
26173. Hunter's knife. 6-inch blade.
26174. Hunter's knife. G^-inch blade.
26175. Hunter's knife. 8-inch blade.
2S191. Hunter's knife. 5-inch blade.
26192. Hunter's knife. 6-inch blade.
26193. Hunter's knife. 7-inch blade.
25194. Hunter's knife. 8-inch blade.
* Displayed in the Ethnological division.
71
72 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OP UNITED STATES. 1
Straight knives.
Htintcjs' knivoa.
aem. Hunter's kcifo.
G-inoh blade.
Jului RuBSvll Cutlety Cu., Tuniai
263UI. Hnntci'B knife.
6-incli lilade.
HeSeiL Hnnter'B knife.
7-incIi blade.
"
26233. HiuLter's knife.
B-iiioli bliule.
<
2Gii4. Himter'ftfciiift.
lO-inch bliido.
"
S61«. Himter'a knife.
5i-uicfi blade.
"
2fll4e. Hantcr'a knife.
6-intli blade.
••
iBUT. mmter'a knife.
T-incIi blade.
"
I!6149. Hunter's knifo.
B-incli blade.
«
261fi0. Hunter's knife.
tinch blade.
"
26161. Huntor'B knife.
frinch blftdi'.
«
aCI6i. Hunter-, knife.
7-iuch blade.
«
26163. Hunterli knife.
B4ncli blade.
"
26161. Hunter's knifo.
9-incb blftde.
"
86165. Hnntei'B knife.
lO-iudl bllKfc.
«
26160. Hunt«r'8lcnife.
11-iiicU blade.
201G7. Huntet'B knife.
12-ini'li blade.
"
26IS6. Hunter's knife.
54acL blade.
em57. Huntei'H knife.
Si-inch blade.
"
7-iDch blade.
"
26202. Houlei'B knifa.
5-inch blade.
"
2IS03. Hunter's knife.
6-inch blade.
::
B6J04. HuntPT^ft knifo.
7-iiicl. blade.
64nch blade.
2C20o. Huntart knife. 9-inch blade.
2G207. Hunter's knife. 10-incli blnde.
23203. Huntfli'a kuifov 12-iuch bli«io.
Duilley hunters' knives.
2ol97. Hunter's knife. 5-incIi blade.
2f>193. Hunffii'B knife. G-int-h blade.
20199. Huntcr'B knife. 7-inch blade.
26200. Hunter's knife. 9-inch blade.
Hunters' dirk-knives.
26225. Hnnter'B knife (metal guard). 5-iuch blade.
26226. Huuter'B knifo (metal guard). 6-ineh blade.
26227. Hunter's knife (metal guard). 7-iueb blade.
26228. Hunter's knife (molal guard). 8-iuch blade.
2iJH3. Huuter'B knife (inetal guard). 7-inch blade.
26168. Hunter's knife (solid guani). 7-iucb blade.
Splitting and ripping knives.
29401. Double-edged throating aud ripping knife. A. llcCurdy, Glonai-»^*
29403. Donblu-edgcd tbroatiug-kuifo (old etyle). G. B. Poator, Bei"^*'
S9109. Throating or ripping knife. A. McOurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
39411. Throating or rippiog knife. Capt. E. L. Howe, GlonceBter, U
ANIMAL RBSOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 73
Ight kniTes. '
plittiiig and ripping knives.
2941^ Doable-edged ripping-kiiife (peculiar to coast of Maine). Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middle town. Conn.
29402. Mackerel-splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
29408. Mackerel-splitting knife. Capl. Sam. Elwell, Gloucester, Mass.
29404. Codfish-splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
29413. Cod or haddock ripping knife (old style). G. P. Foster, Beverly,
Mass.
29414. Hoke or haddock splitting knife. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
29415. Haddock-ripping knife. '' **
aying-knives, aboriginal and recent.^
26169. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade. John EusseU Cutlery Co., Tumer^s
[Falls, Mass.
26170. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade.
26171. Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade.
26179. Flaying-knife. 5-iuch blade.
26180. Flaying-knife. 6-inch bhide.
26181. Flaying-knife. O^inch blade.
26185. Flaying-knife. C-inch blade.
26186. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade.
26187^ Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade.
26188. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade.
26189. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade.
26190. Flaying-knife. 7-inch blade.
26211. Flaying-knife. 5-inch blade.
26212. Flaying-knife. 6-inch blade.
26213. Flaying-knife. G^-inch blade.
cibber-knives, Eskimos.*
^arding-knives used by whalemen.
XJsed in cutting the blubber into sections from the "blanket piece" or long
strip which is peeled from the sides of the whale ; for illustration of the
manner of use see the model of whaler "cutting in the blubber.''
25676. Boarding-knife. \V. U. Cook & Co., New Bedford, Mass.
"This knife has seen many years of service." — A. R. C.
26608. Boarding-knife, with sheath. A. R. Crittenden, Middlctown, Conn.
flialemen's boat-knives.
Used to cut the harpoon-line when it gets tangled in paying out.
. Boat-knife (model). Capt. L. Rowland, New Bedford.
This model in its sheath on the bulkhead of tlu^ whale-boat, ready
for use, is shown in the model of a whale-boat (No. 24860).
eading-knives.
32689. Halibut-hciidiiig Iir.ifc Adolph Voss, GlouccsttT, Mass.
"^of Eskimo and Indian llayin^j-knivos h displayed in the Ethuol(r-ic::l
ift exhibited in the Etlmological division.
it
it
It
n
it
it
it
tl
it
tl
a
tl
it
n
74 ANIMU. BE80UBCES AND FI8HEEIE8 OF UNITED STAIBat
Straight knlr«s.
Finiimg-kiuTes.
29400. Halibut-finning knife. Alex. McCnrdy, OlonoMter.Uaaa.
39412. Halibat-finning knife. Cftpt. E. L. Howe, Glonceatcr, Hm*.
Chopping-knives.
3940S. Bait-cleaver (nsed in balibnt fishing). Alex. HcCnrdy, Glonn
32G65. Cod-bait knife. Gloucester, Mass. U. 8. Fisk Commiouon.
32664. Bait-cleaver. " "
Cheek-knives.
39438. Codfish cbeek-knife. Alex. HcCunly, Gloucester, Hah.
Tliroatiag-kiuves.
33669. Cod-throater(wngleedge). Gloucester, Hiwa. U. S. Fish Coaunj
22670. Cod-throatcr(doubleedge). " "
l/^h-knives (for general use).
2Q159. Fish-knife. Heavy. 12-inch blado. John Rosaell Cnlleri
Turner's Falls, Mass.
SjIOB. Fish-kuife. Hook htinalc. 13-iacb blade. Jobn Rnwell Ci
Co., Tiimer'a Falls, Mass.
Scaling-knives.
Jobn Bnssell Catlery Co., To
Sailors' and fisbermen's sheath-knives.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 75
SiveaJiig-kiuveB, nsed by fishermeii.
29407. SliveriDg-knife. (Pattern first used by Cape Aim fishenneu.) Geo.
B. Foster, Beverly, Mmhs.
29399. Slivering-kiiife. (Cape Auu pattern.) Alex. McCurdy.
29405. Slivering-knifo. (Nantucket pattern.) Samuel Elwell, jr., Glouces-
ter, Mass.
25764. Slivering-knife. Samuel El well, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
32668. Slivering-blade. Gloucester, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
Flitching-knives.
Used in slicing halibut into steaks or '* flitches" in preparation for salting
and smoking.
62726. Shore flitching-knife. Gloucester, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
32690. Bank flitching-knife. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass.
29410. Flitching-knife. Gloucester, Mass. A. £. Crittenden.
Clam and oyster knives.
26209. Clam-knife. John Russell Cutlery Co., Turner's Falls, Mass.
. Oyster-knife (model). See model of Chesapeake oyster-canoe (No.
25003).
Hfet-makers' knives.
These knives are without handles, and the heel of the short (2 inches long)
round-point«d blade is curled so as to fit the finger like a ring.
29439. Net-mending knives (right-hand). Alex., McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
29440. Net-mending knives (left-hand). Alex. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
Mackerel-riinmers' fatting-knives or ploughs.
Used in creasing the sides of lean mackerel (Nos. 2 and 3) to cause them to
resemble fat (No. 1) mackerel.
25768. Mackerel-plough. Edwin Blatchford.
25769. Mackerel-plough. S. Elwell,jr.,Glouce8t<ir, Mass.
25770. Mackerel-plough. S. Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
25771. Mackerel-plough. S. Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mjwss.
25773. Mackerel-plough. Edward Davis.
525774. Mackerel-plough. Edward Davis.
25775. Mackerel-plough. (Used in 1860.) Mi-s. Hannah M. Burt.
25720. Mackerel-plough. Central AVharf Co., Pro vincetown, Mass.
Spbtting-knives.
Used in cleaning fish before salting.
32673. Mackerel-splitting knife. Gloucester, Mass. U. S. Fish Conmiisiyiou.
22667. Cod-splitting knife (curved). •* "
22668. Cod-splitting knife (straight). " "
^ and bone knives used by Indians and Eskimos.
AndccBon River Eskimos, Fort Anderson, H. B. T. R.
76 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF USTFED BTATB8.
Straigfht kniTes.
Stone and bone knives nsed by IndiaiiB and iSakimoe.
IGllO. Bone knife. Magemnt EskimOB, Nuuivak Mamto, Abukn. V- *
Dall,
2178. Bone knife. Eakimoa.
1328. Bone knifo. Eskimos.
Harpooa-kuives.
16348. Horpoon-knife, with sheath. Magemnt Eskimos, Nnnivak Islai
[Ahuka. W. U. E
IGllO. Harpoon-knifo, with aheath. " "
16105. Harpoon-knife, with sheath- " "
1G103. Earpoon-kmfe, with sheath. " "
19382. Harpoon-knife, with slate blade. " "
Honey-kniTes.
The thin blade bent at an angle to the handle.
26145. Hoiief-knifc. John Bnssell Cutleiy Co., Tnrner'H Falls. MaM.
Skin scrapers and parers, osed in preparing leather.
2G144. Tanner's knife. r2-inch blade. John Russell Cutler; Co., Tnni
[Falli,lL
SI3195. Tanner's knife. 14-inch blade. " "
4. Axes.
Axes, proper.
Head-axes for whalemen.
Used in cutting off head of whale.
^ .»r.oonBC£S AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STAl
ThroalrSpadeSy flat and ronnd shank.
Used in catting off tlie head of tho whale.
259^. Throat-spade. £. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Moiis.
Wide spades.
Used in "blubber-room'* for cutting blubber before mincing.
25629. Wide spado. £. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
Half-round spades.
For cutting " blanket*' piece, to allov.' blubber-book to enter.
25937. Half-round spade. E. B. & F. Macy, Now Bedford, Mass.
Head-spades.
Used in cutting off the head of the whale.
259*^2. Head-spade. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
Blubber-mincing spades.
For mincing blubber before trj'ing out.
25912. Hand mince-knife. E. B. &, F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
Ghopping-knives.
Used to chop clams for bait.
29489. Clam-chopper. William II. Hesbolt, l^oviucetown, Mass.
32076. Clam-chopper. Atlolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass.
Bait-mill knives.
Used on the rollers of bait-nniucinj^ macliiues; for mills see section C. 5.
1^417. Bait-mill kuifr. rrovincctov. u patteni. Williaui H. Hesbolt,
I^roviiicotown, ilass.
20715. Bait-mill kuife. :M. W. Grant, Welllleet, Mass.
ce-choppcrs.
Used in choppiu^ ice fi)r i^iicliiu^; lirh or bait.
32685. Icc-choi)i)er. Adolpli Voss, Gloucester, Mass.
-chisels.
'"se<l in cutting holes in tin? ice for lijhing.
25888. Ice-chittcl (nickel-plated). Bnulford <& iVuthony, Boston, Mass.
78
AHIBCAL BESODRCES AND FISHERIES Of VSTTBD 8TATBB.
5. ThEUSTIMG SPRAJtS AM> PKOD8.
Fishing- lances.
Whale-lanoes.
Used by whalers to give the denth-blow to the whale.
3S678. Whalc-lanco with handle, ready for use. E. B. & F. Mac;
Bedford, Mass.
25007. Whale-lance with handle, ready for nan. J. H. Thonuon, Ne
ford, Haas.
25611. Whalu-lance. (Primitive model) need by New Bedford v
W. H. Cook & Co., New Bedford, Mass.
10140. Head of lanco (bone and irou). Eskimos of Northeast coa«t,
west of King William's Land. Capt. C. F. Hall.
1117. Sool-Iauee. Eskimos of Arctic coast, Anderson River, H. B.
MoFarlano.
39453. Sword-fish lance. Saml. Elwcll, jr., Gloucester, Alaas.
33703. Swoid-fish lance. Vinald McCalcb. Gloucester, Mass.
25232. Sword-flsh lance (with screw to Ct folding handles). U. t
Commission.
36519. Lance. Indians of the Northwest const. J. G. Swan.
The tip of this lance is made from the bom of the mounta
(Manama montana).
80 ANnUL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF DHTTBD STATSa.
HFor vse icitli gounding-HtUB.'
Armed leads.
CommoQ "deep-sea lead."
Deep-sea-soiindin^ appamttis.
Cap-leads.
Scoop sounding-macliine.
a« Ora^ng-hooka.
7. Hooked htstbuhents. (Those ased with a sinfrle motioii, tii
liookiag.)
Single-pointed hooks.
Gaff-books.
2540.'). Snlmon'gnff book and et.iff. Bradford &. A;:lboii}-, Boston, M«
3GG8. GalT-hook. U. S. Fisb Conuuisuioii.
29388. Halibut-guff. M. \7. Grant, Wcliflcet, Maes.
32G78. Hnlibat liaml-galT. Gloucester, Maw. G. Brown Goode.
33363. Halibnt deck-gaff. " "
2593!). Haddock hand-gaff. A. MtCurdy, Gloocestcr, Moua.
2939a. Haddock-gair. M. ^V. Grant, WeUfleet, MsBs.
aag-Ta. Cod(iBb-gaff. TJKeiliuGioTgc'sBankflshetiea. A. McCmdjr, Gk
tcr, MoBB.
25939. Dor>- cod-gaff. Usid in sbure fiaberics. A. UcCunlf, GkiM
2r034. Haud-goff. Usediukolibut fieUmcs. A-McCnrdy, GloocesUr,:
29389. Cod-gnff. M. W. Grnut, Wcllfleet, Mas*.
2G18T. Gnff-houk. Indians of Kortbwcst coast. J. G. Swan.
aSSdO. Gaff-book. Property of J. H. Nichols, Syracuse, N. T. Cootnl
by I'orest ii. Htreoni Publishing Co.
'a resources and fisheries of united states. 81
Aiffle-polnted hooks.
^Forks used in handling salted and dried flsh.
^ludemen's hooks.
Blubber-hooks.
5251130. Blabber-hook. For hauling small pieces of blubber. E. B. & F.
Macy. New Bedford, Mass.
26133. Blabber-hook. Alieat Eskimo. Naniyak Island, Alaska. W. H.
Dall.
Blnbber forks and pikes.
25615. Blubber-pike. Used for tossing blabber into try-kettle. Humphrey
S. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass.
25617. Blubber-pike. From the storeroom of a returned whaler. Humphrey
S. Kirby, New Bedford^ Mass.
Junk-hooks, etc.
For hauling heavy pieces of blubber.
25616. Gaff-hook. Used to haul blubber across the deck from chopper to
try-kettle. Humphrey S. Kirby, New Bedford, Mass.
25016. Junk-hook. E. B. & F. Macy, New Bedford, Mass.
'Xianoe-hooks.
y-polnted hooks.
>Gan-hooks.
* Gxappling-irons.
liip-hooks or grapnels, nsed by whalers.
25018. Whaler's grapnel. Used for towing whale to ship. E. B. & F. Macy,
New Bedford, Mass.
Une-hooks, used by whalers,
25024. Whaler's line-hook for catching line, &c. E. B. & F. Macy, New
Bedford, Mass.
Olam-rakes.
20466. Clam-hoe. Provincetown style. Wm. H. Hcsbolt, Provincetown,
Mass.
20437. Hand-claw. Used for gathering ''hon-clams'' and** scallopH.'* Well-
fleet, Cape Cod, and coast of Maine. M. W. Grant, Wellflcot, Mass.
. Clam-rake (model). Used in collecting the sea-clam {Macira solidis-
9ima) on Nantucket Shoals. These clams are salted down and used
as bait for cod, halibut, &c. See with model of Nantucket dory
(26257).
>ll Is thooKht unnecessary to exhibit these familiar implements.
with boat fittings.
heanohoxB.
S2 ANIUAL BE80UBCB8 AND FI8HEBIES OF HIIITBD STAntS.
many-pointed hooks.
Many-pointed flsli-jigs.
29436. Macfcetel-gaff. Used when the mackerel awim cloae iu lat]ge ab"
M. W. GroDt, WelMeet, Usm.
:29441. Mackerelbob. Used when the nuokerel are elooe to tbe tcokI
in large BcbDola. Wm. H. Heabolt, ProTincetown, Ha—.
Oiilaflhftn rakes or spears.
Used by Indians of tbe Nortbtteet coast in the captuie of the onlscha:
candle-fish ( Oamenu padficm).
. Oulachan rake or comb. I'lttthead Indiana. J. O. Swan.
35846. Squid-jig. George P. Steel, Provincelown, Hose.
25714. Squiil-jis. " "
S57T6. Sqvid-jig. Gloucester style. A. K. CiittendeD, Hiddletown, C
2M43. Squid-jig. Over fifty years old. Lemuel CooV, 2d, PrarinMtt
32721. Squid-jig. Copt. R. H. Hnrlbert, Gloucester, Moss.
32722. Squid-jig. " "
25663. Squid-line andjig. Used in catching squid for bait. Bndfw
Antbony,. Boston, Mass.
^29447. Molds used in forming squid-Jigs. John B. Pataons, Rockport, 31
Twisting-rods (used in drawing small mammals from tbeir honor
. Twisting-rod. Virgiuio.
8. Barbed Implements. (Those used vrith trro modous, the first ll
of thrusting.)
ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 83
^ars with fixed heads.
Aboriginal flsh-spears.
7420. Head of fish-spear. Eskimos. Fort Anderson, Arctio coast. R.
McFarlane.
;)675. Heads of fish-darts. Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district. R.
McFarlane.
7514. Head of fish-spear, made of elk-horn. Eskimos. Northwest coast.
Geo. Gibbs.
2322. Head of salmon-spear. Indians. Fort Crook, Grog. Lient. John
Feimer, U. S. A.
2628. Fish-dart heads. Indians. Columbia River. U. S. Exploring Ex-
pedition. Capt. C. Wilkes, U. S. N.
1439. Lance-head of bone. Indians. New Mexico. Lieut. A. W, Whip-
ple, U. S. A.
18933. Fish-spears. Sitka Indians. Sitka. J. G. Swan.
11429. Salmon-spears. Passamaqnoddy Indians. -Eastport, Me. E. Palmer.
10283. Salmon-spear. Eskimos. Igloolik. Capt. C. F. Hall.
2543. Fish-spear. Tschutschi Indians. South Pacific Exploring Expedi-
tion. Capt. John Rodgers, U. S. N.
23518. Three-pronged spear. Northwest coast. J. G. Swan.
Aboriginal bird and fish spears.
19517. Bird-spear. Eskimos. Greenland. Geo. Y. Nickerson.
10267. Bird-spear with throwing-stick. Aictio America. Smithsonian In-
stitution.
15950. Fish-spear. Magemut Eskimos. Nunivak, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
11358. Fish or bird spear. Eskimos. Bristol Bay, Alaska. Viu :cnt Colyer.
15689-90-91-93-94-95-96. Bird-spears. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska,
W. H. DaU.
7973-7997. Fish and bird spears. Mushegay Indians. Alaska. Smith-
sonian Institution.
^ars irith detachable heads.
lily-irons.
25230. Sword-fish lily-iron. Capt. John B. Smith. U. S. Fish Commission.
25645. Sword-fish dart and socket, peculiar to New Bedford. A. R. Crit-
tenden, Middletown, Conn.
32714. Sword-fish lily-iron. Adolph Voss, Gloucester, Mass.
32715. Sword-fish lUy-iron. <* "
25208. Swordfish-<lart head. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
. "Turtle-peg" harpoon. Key West, Fla. Dr. J. W. Velie, Chicago,
ni.
Elskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and ii'on.
14255. Iron harpoon-head, with line of walrus hide. Eskimos. Smith
Sound. Capt. C. F. HaU.
10120. HarxK)on-head, brass and iron. Eskimos. Victoria Harbor. Capt.
C. P. HaU.
Harpoon-heads of bone and iron. Eskimos. Northeast coast. S. F.
Baizd.
84 ANIMAL RBSOOBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED 8TATBS.
Spears with detachable heads.
Eskimo harpoons of stooe, bone, aud iron.
19r>23. Harpoou-lieiMl of atone and bonp. Eskimos. Greenltuiil GfO. f
Nickerson.
10136. Head of walrus-harpoon. Eskimoe. IglooUk. Capt. C. F. Hill.
10400. Head of seal-barpoon. Eskimos. IglooUk. Cftpt. C. T. llslL
10407. Bone haipoon-ltcad. Eskimos. King William's Sound. Cipl.C.I
Hall.
10404. Part of ancient Inuoilharpoon-head. BepnlsoBay. Capt.C.F.Hal
10Z73. Handle of wbaling-barpoou made of bone and vood. E*kiiiH>
Greenland, Siuitbaonian lustitntioD.
19519. Handle of wbaling-haipoon made of wood and bone. Eakiib
Greenland. Geo. T. Nickerson.
lOilGi>. Wfaaling-barpoou. Eskimos. Northwest coast. Smithiwiuui lo!
tution.
19Q18. Whaling-borpoon of recent mannfacture, with he»d uf buo« amlip
handle of wood and iron, and seal-skin line. Eskimos. Gneuh
Geo. T. NickeiBon.
565. Haipoon-bead of bone and iron with walrus-bide line. Etkin
Port Fonlke. Dr. I. I. Hayes,
21B6. Seol-baipoou bead of bone and iron. Eskimos. Anderaon Bi'
E, McFarlane.
13140. Walrus-harpoon head of bono and iron, hide line. Innnit Eakin
Greenland. S. F. Baiid.
19776. Boue harpoon-liead with hide line. Eskimos. Alaskk. Bev. J»
11618. 8eal-hari>oon head of bone. Eskimos. NuiuTok Islauibi, -Uc
W. H. Ball.
16631. Miniature model of seal-barpoon. Eskimos. AIaafc«. H. W. EUi
1678. Miniature model of eeal-barpoou. Eskimos. Alaska. W. H. P
16120-31-23-25, 5606-7631. Seal-haipoon beads of bone and iron. Eskii
ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 85
^ars irith detachable heads.
Eskimo harpoons of stone, bone, and iron.
18G8. Uead of whaling-harpoon with line. Makuh Indiaus. Neab Bay,
Wash. Ter. J. G. Swan.
2667&-26825. Handles of whaling-harpoons. Makah Indians. J. G. Swan.
2530. Harpoon-dart«. Eskimos. Alaska. North Pacific Exploring Expe-
dition. Capt. John Rodgers.
1^675. Harpoon-dart. Kotzebne Sonnd. W. H. Dall.
5775-&-7-9-80. Harpoon-darts. Sitka, Alaska. W. H. Howard. U. S. R. M.
Barpoon-spears.
6364. Head of barbed fish-dart, made of native copper. Eskimos. Sitka,
Alaska. Dr. T. T. Minor.
9063. Head of barbed fish-dart, made of native copper. Alaska. Lieut.
F. W. Ring, U. S. N.
20653. Head of barbed fish-dart of native copper with line of twisted sinew.
Alaska. Smithsonian Institution.
21413. Fish-spear with detachable barb. Hoochuou Indians. South Eel
River, California. Stephen Powers.
Double-pronged sx>ear8 with detachable heads. MeCloud River
Indians, Shasta Co., Cal. Livingston Stone. These spears are
used in the capture of the Salmo quinnat The handles are thirty
feet in length. The barbs are made from the splint bones of deer.
See No. 13743, below.
19046. Fish-spear with detachable barbs. Cooyunu Pi-Ute Indians. Pyra-
mid Lake, Nevada. Stephen Powers.
235S2. Two-pronged spear with detachable barbs. Indians of Northwest
coast. J. G. Swan.
26826. Handle of spear similar to 23522, but longer. J. G. Swan.
S3520. Spear with many-barbed detachable head and kelp line. Indians of
Northwest coast. J. G. Swan.
13743. Points for salmon-spear made of the splint bones of the deer. Me-
Cloud River Indians. Shasta Co. , Cal. Livingston Stone.
650. Harpoon-arrows with iron tips. Indians. Cape Flattery, Wash.
Ter. Geo. Gibbs.
21306. Wooden barbs for fish-harpoon. Indians. Hoopah Valley, Cal.
Stephen Powers.
2249. Head of fish-harjioon. Eskimos. Anderson River. R. McFarlane.
11356. Harpoon-dart with bladder-float. Nashegay Indians. Alaska. Dr.
T. T. Minor.
9. TONGS, &0.
\For hand-tise,
1^9 (with two handles).
>y8ter-tongs and oyster-rakes.
96110. Oyster-tongs. S. Salisbuiy, Providence, R. I.
9fa09. Oyster-tongs. '' <<
<S^ Qyater-tongs. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middlotown, Conn.
■tertuj^pen. S. Salisbmy, Providence, R. I.
8<i ANIMAL SE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATEtL
*' IVippers *' {vnth cord aiid handle).
Snake-tonga.
Sponge-tongs.
Coral-tonga
tt fW use with 80unding-Unes.
" Clamms '* for deep-sea soundings (forceps dosed by a weight).'
(Boss' " deep-sea clamms.")
(Boll-dog Boimding-macliine.)
,,, Gra^ing-linea.
10. :
t Stationary fiooses.
Jerk-snares.
Bird-snares.
Fiuh-anorea of wire, gut, btur, &c
tf Thrown nootes.
I^ariats and lassos.
11344. Lariat of hide. Apache IndiaDS. Ocncral &I. C. U^gs, U. S. A
8534. Lariat of hide. Sioux Indians. NubniBka. Dr. S.U.HoTt4>D,r.5.i
1912. Lnriat of hide. Sioox Indiana. Upper Missouri RiTrr. Li«nt G
K. Warren.
0920. Lariat of hide. Comanche Indians. Tort Cobb, Ind. T. E. Tiimt.
G921. Lariat of hide. Couiancbo Indians. Llano Estaciido, T<-xu. C
ANDCAL SES0UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 87
^^^^ntangling-lines.
12. Tangles.
The tangles are employed by naturalists for tho purpose of gathering small
spiny animals, such as sea-urchins and star-fishes, from the bottom at con-
siderable depths. They adhere to the fibers of the spun-yam in great num-
bers. It hJEW been thought that this instrument might advantageously be
employed in freeing oyster-beds from their worst enemies, the star-fish.
iwab-tanirles.
Swab-tangles.
26844. Swab-tangle. U. S. Fish Conunission.
(Diedge-tangleSy used by English collectors.)
larro^r-tan^les.
Harrow-tangles.
26845. Models of harrow-tangles. U. S. Fish Commission. Formerly used
by the Fish Conunission, now replaced by the wheel-tangles.
Fheel-tan^les.
Wheel-tangles.
26846. Model of wheel-tangle. U. S. Fish Conunission.
26848. Wheel-tangles. U. S. Fish Conmiission.
III. MISSILES.
^Simple missiles {those propelled by the unaided arm).
13. Hurled weights.
M^nes and disks (thrown by the hand).
Weights (dropped from an elevation, dead-falls, not automatic).
14. HUBLED STICKS.
»trmiffht sticks.
Clnbs used as missiles.
Barred sticks.
Throw-sticks, used by the Moqui Indians of New Mexico in hunting
rabbits.
-4. Throw-fiticks. Used in rahhit-hunting by Moqiii Indians. New Mex-
ico. Br. Edward Palmer.
88 ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FI8UEBIB8 OP UNITBD STATBft.
15. HUBUBD BPEHRA
Darts and lances.
S«e under "Lsnccs and gpean," Above enumoiatcd, muiy of whkk may
used aa niiBaile^.
a « Centrifugal mianles. {Propelling power augmented bg an artifieial
crease of the length of the arm.)
16. Slings and sfeabs thrown by straps.
SUn^s.
9532. Sling. Nav^o IndianB. Sinitbacmian Inatitutioo.
17234. Sling. Indians. " "
Spears (vith strapa).
17. Missiles propelled by "THEOWiNG-sxiCKa'*
Spears (with throwing-sticks, nsed by Eskimos).
Se« above under "Bird and fiah epenn," paiiicnlarly No. lOSCr, %wptu '
tluowing-atick attached.
7899. Tbnwing-etick. EHkiinoa. Alenlian lalanda. Dr. T. T. ICmi
7933. Throwing-etlck. EakimoB. Kodiak. "
16076. Throwing-Btiok. Eskimos. Unalaahka. W. H. DalL
2S33. Tbrowing-atick. Eskimos. Alaska. North Faciflo ExpkciBf
pedition. Capt. John Bodgeis.
11346-47. Throwing-eticks. Yukon Eiver, Alaska. Vincent Coljs.
15643. 1642-16243. Throwing'^ticke. Eakimoa. Nunirak laland*. W.
Dall.
ANIHAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 89
Huntmg-arrows.
8827-28-29-30. Bird-arrows. Eskimos. Alaska? Smithsonian Institution.
5602. Bird-arrows. Ynkon River, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
15654. Hunting-arrows. Kodiak Indians. Alaska. W. H. Dall.
1641^14-15. Hunting-arrows with heads of bone and iron. Eskimos. Nu-
nivak Islands, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
. Hunting-arrows with bono heads. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands,
Alaska. Vincent Colyer.
Harpoon-arrows, used in fishing.
11348-^. Harpoon-arrows. Eskimos. Bristol Bay, Alaska. Viueciit
Colyer.
1.5677-15681-82. Harpoon-arrows. Eskimos. Nunivak Islands, Alaska. \V.
H. DaU.
19379. Harpoon-arrow. Eskimos. Alaska. Rey. J. Curley.
8005-6-9. Harpoon-aiTows. Eskimos. Nushegay Indians. Dr. T. T. Minor.
.eecMories of bo^rs and arro^rs.
Holders.*
Quivers.*
Arrow-head pouches.*
Mplements of maniiAictHre.
Flintrchipping apparatus.*
Anow-head sharpeners.*
Shaft-gauges.*
Cord-twisting apparatus.*
Shaft-polishers.*
Glue-sticks, used in fastening head of arrow.*
Arranged with the Ethnological scries.
II Spring comisting of elastic card.
19. India-rubber slings.
^a-shooters (used in killing birds).
in Spring consiitting of metallic lielix.
20. Spring-guns.
^^^^ Missiles propelled by the compression of air or water.
21. Air-guns.
W^grmis (missile propelled by the breath).
-gOBS carrj'ing an-ows.
inns carrying balls.
UO ANIUAL RESOURCES AKD FISHBBIBS OF UHITBD STATES.
Piston air-guns.
Reservoir air-guns.
AiC'gans.
2^35. Bedford Eureka air-pistol, with daTta,aliig8, and gnn-nsL (I
Dec. SI, 1^5.} Enreka Uann&ctniing Compuiy, Boaton,
Air-gun canes.
Syringe-gnns.
Humming-bird gnus.
. Water-gums.
Smif hsonian Iiu
23. GUN8 AND PISTOLS.
IWuzzle-loading arms.
26714. Flint-lock gun (single banel)old fushiou
SOD. Single-barrel shot (t) gun.
Oiven bj Lord Melville to Sir Jolm Franklin, who nted 1
onfortuuate e^qxiditions in 1820, 1831, and 18SS, then |
Sir Jobu to liis interpreter, St. Oennain, who sold it
Factor Smitli, of the Hndaon Bay Co., who gav« it to hi
law, Chief Factor HcPheraon, ttoax whom it was obtaiL
B, RosB, of the Hndaon Bay Co.
Breech-loading arms.
358D4. Six-shooting Bhot-giin. Colt's Fire-AnuR Manufacturing C<
Hartford, Conn.
25695. Double -barreled brcecb-loailiuK fowling-piece. £. Bt^uii
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 9 1
Breech-loading arms.
5S9299. Shot-barrel for Maynard's rifle ; 3*2 inches, .64 calibre. MassachiiBotts
Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
25873. Six-shooting rifle; 44-inch calibre. Colt's Hre- Arms Manufacturing
Company, Hartford, Conn.
26889. Carbine. King's improvement. (Patented March 29, 186G; October
16, 1860. Model 1873. Calibre .44.) Winchester Repeatiu;:
Anns, New Haven, Conn.
25248. Breech-loading sporting-rifle. (Patented October 17, 1866. Reissued
June 25, 1872 ; Dec. 26, 1865. Reissued Oct. 1, 1867 ; May 15, im\ ;
July 16, 1872.) Whitney Arms Company, Whitneyville, Couu.
25249. Breech-loading sporting-rifle. PhoDnix calibre, 44. Whitney AnuR
Company, Whitneyville, Conn.
25892. Six-flhooting revolver. 45 calibre. (Patented Sept. 19, 1871 ; July 2,
1872.) Colt's Fire- Arms Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Ccmu.
24986. C. C. Brand's improved whaling-gun. Patented June 22, 1852. For
use with C. C. Brand's improved bomb-lance. 24987. Powder-flask
with charger. 24988. Wad-cntter. 24989. Wad-cutter (inside).
24992. Prepared wads. 24990,24991. Screw-tlrivers. C.C. Brand.
Norwich, Conn.
24993-97. C. C. Brand's improved bomb-lance. Patented June 22. 1859. For
use with C. C. Brand's improved whaling-gun. 24997. Kxplo<l(Ml
lance. 24998. Lance-hook (for drawing charge). C. C. Brnnd^
Norwich, Conn.
25251. E. Pierce's harpoon-gun. Patented 1865. U. S. Fish Commission.
26697. Cunningham & Hogan's breech-loading bomb-gun, with explosivo
lances. William Lewis, New Bedford, Mass.
24. (ACCESSORY.) Ammunition and its preparation.
bLplosiTes.
Gunpowder.
Oim-cotton.
Percussion powder:
Gaps.
Needle percussion.
Primers.
Wood powder.
Dynamite or giant-powder.
^ Nitroglycerine.
^ Bualine.
^ Litiiiofiractear.
Golonia powder.
Hiber ei^losives.
"ui xraMOfi thia series oonld not be exhibited.
if2 AMIUAL RESOURCES AKD FI8HBRISS OF DHITED 8TA1
missiles.
Bullets.
(Accessory.) BoUet-molds.
39300. Put of molds for conical And crlmdiical bull«ta. Ml
Arms Company, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
-. Series of Bamples of shot, sizM from No. 000 to So. U
Sparks, Pbiladelpliia, Pa.
Explosive bullets, sheila, &c. :
Bomh-lance.
Ift'addiog.
Bulk waddiog.
Prepared wads.
(Accessory.) Wad-cutters.
Tbo articles of this class may be seen in oonneotioii irlth tli« i
Ammunition-measures.
Measures.
Shot-measures. > , , ,
Powder.meaaures. } -^ttoebed to pouches and separate.
16190. Powdor-chorger. Nimivak Islands, Aloak*. W. H. DbH
^.filMAL BE80URCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 93
ods of preparing cartridges.
taderSi Grinix>ers, and cappers.
2D3Q2. Roaewood loader for shot-cartridge. Massaclmfietts Arnid Company,
Chicopee Falls, Mass.
29908. Two rosewood loading-blocks. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chic-
opee Fallsj Mass.
25897. Cartridge-loading machine. £. Remington & Sons, Ilion, N. Y.
29306. Cartridge-capper. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee FallH,
Mass.
:C£SSORIES OP LOADING, CLEANINa, AND REPAIRING, SIGHTING,
AND TESTING FIRE-ARMS.
*iiment8 tor cleaning, loading, Sk>c.
unmers.
large-drawers — "worms^ — and other loading tools.
These may be seen attached to the various wrappers.
529307. Wrench and cap-picker. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee
Falls, Mass.
29311. Rod and tip for cloth, plain. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chico-
pee Falls, Mass.
29310. Jointed rod and brush, ^(assachusetts Arms Company, Chicopee
Falls, Mass.
29309. Screw-driyer. Massachusetts Arms Company, Chicoi>ee Falls, Mass.
7525. Gnn-screw-driyer. Apache Indians. Arizona. E. Palmer.
26695. Loading-tools. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
26696. Closer. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by
Forest &, Stream Publishing Company.
29251. Oil-bottle, nickel (No. 1). Edwin W. Judge, New Haven, Conn.
29252. Oil-bottle, nickel (No. 2). " "
26696. Oil-can. Proi>erty of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed by
Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
its, &;ۥ
(azzle-sights.
ilit-mghts.
^lobe-sights,
^eep-sights.
breech-sights.
^Iain-sights,
^adnating-sights.
Blftsoope-sights.
B^dSy attached to gons.
i^gaages.
"m^ be Meii attached to the gnna.
94 ANIUAL RBSOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF TWrTED STATES.
Recoil-checks.
35700. William D. Miller's pntent reooil-oheok for shcpt^raw and t.
(Patented Nov. S, 1875, No. 52. ) A. J. NomiAU, Naw Yotk,
Advantages claimed for this arrangemeiit aia Uiat It npeb
neutralizea the recoil, permitB steadiet aim, and innrea incn
range and greater penetration.
26. Fob oasbydig abmb and ahhunition.
Ammunition-holders.
Powder-horns :
Horns.
Flaska.
Canisters.
1910. Powdor-hom. Sioux Indiaos. Upper Uiaeonri Eiver, Lieat, <
Warren, U. 8. A.
1478. Powdor-lioni. Comftncho Indians. General D. N. Coach, U. 8.
16309. Poirder-hom. Sitka, AIbbIib. W. H. Dall.
1909. Powder-bom and ponoh. (ContAining bnllet^, gnn-fllota, and u
pointB.) Sioox Indians. Upper Missooil Biver. Uent. G
Warren, U. 8. A.
55S0. Powder-horn. Papago aod Apaebe Indians. E. Palmer.
S1673. Poirder-bom and pouch. Yankton Sioux. Dakota. Aimy Ht
Moseom. Dr. J. T. Boagbter.
26706. Cartridge-box. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syraense, K. T.
tributed by Forest &, Stream Pablisbing Company.
26703. Cartridge-flaak. Pi'operty of J. A. Nichols, Syracnae, N. Y.
tribnted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
7313. Powder-flask. Apache Indians. M^Jor Mills, U. S. A.
13035. Powder-flask. Alient Eskimos. Onnalaebka.. W. H. DalL
16099. Powder-flask. Hagemut Eskimos. Knoivak Islands, Vii*"
ANIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 95
aad bullet holders.
iX>-holder8.
5525. Cap-case. Apache Indians. Arizona. £. Palmer.
26697. Cap-box. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contribated
by Forest & Stream Publishing Compiuiy.
Pouches.
Boxes.
Gap-strapSj used by Indians.
artridge-holders :
Pouches.
Boxes.
Belts.
Vesta.
poH-holders.
ings for arms:
Shoulder-slings.
Saddle-slings.
Holsters,
sits;
Pistol-belts.
acks and cases:
6un-racks.
Gun-cases.
8546. Gun-case. Indians. Ogalalla, Nebr. Dr. S. M. Horton, U. S. A.
14849. Gun-case. Indian. Colorado. Maj. J. W. Powell.
26705. Gun-case. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest and Stream Publishing Company.
26704. Gun-case. Proi)erty of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest and Stream Publishing Company.
IV. BAITED HOOKS. ANGLING-TACKLE.
27. Hooks with movable lines.
kle tor 9urf)iee-fi§liinff.
?ly-fishing tackle,
ialmon-tackle.
hoQt-tackle.
L*bas8 tackle.
•eUe.
96 ANIUAL BESOTTBCES AND FISHERIES OP UlflTED 8UTBS.
Tackle for sarfltce-flshin;.
Trolling-tackle :
TroUing-tackle.
WliiffiDg-tackle.
Drailing-tackle.
Gangs of books for minnow-bait.
The parts of tbc«« gears may be seen in their proper plAce^ with bn
lines, &c.
26683. Minnow-gang. Property of J. A. Nichols, S7r«ciue, H. T. (
tTil}Dt«d by Forest and Stream Pnblishing Compmnj.
Surf-tackle for throwing and hauling.
Striped-bass tackle.
Bed-fish or bass tackle.
Blue-fish tackle.
Tide-drailing tackle.
Pasqae and Outtyhunk bass-tackle.
24606-9. Blue-figh lino. Bigged with eel-ekin sqnida. J. M. K. Soath<
Newport, K. I.
24602-7. Blue-fiah lines. Rigged with cloth squid. Bloclclidand. J.t
Sontbwiok, Newport, R. I.
Tackle fbr fishing below the sarftoce.
Short hand-gear.
85684. Mackerel-lines and cleats. Bradford &. Anthony, Boston, Him
SS840. Mackerel hook snd line. A. McCnrdy.
AHIMAL BE80nBC£8 AND FIBHEBIES OF IGNITED STATES. 97
Tackle fbr flshln; below the sar Aice.
Deep-sea gear:
Flannder-gear.
Shark-gear.
Other bottom-gear.
Bobs:
Eel-bobs.
28. Hooks, with stationabt lines. — Set taoklb.
tarfkee lines.
Spilliards, or floating-trawl lines.
{•ttom-aet lines.
Trawl-lines, or bull-tows.
25688. Model of codfish-trawl, naod by American fiahennen on Western and
Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Buoys, scale of ono-sixtli : an-
chois, scale of one-fifteenth. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
S9469. Section (one-fifth) of trawl-line. Used in George's Banks codfisli-
eries. A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.
6560. Trawl-line and hooks. Indians of Vancouver's Island. Dr. T. T.
Minor.
32705. One section or << skate" of a halibut trawl-line with (No. 3270C) inner
buoy with flag, (No. 32707) outer buoy with "black-ball," (No.
32708) buoy-line, and (No. 32709) anchor. Capt. Jos. W. Collins
and Philip Merchant, Gloucester, Mass.
Set-traps.
85662. Pickerel-traps. With lines and flags for fishing through the ice.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
85663. Set of implements for smelt-fishing through the ice.
85667. Fishing-bows. W. M. Young, Philadelphia, Pa.
. (ACCESSOBT.) PAETS AND ACCESSORIES OF ANGLING- APPARATUS
AND OF HARPOON AND SEINE LINES.
^•ka (including a ftiU series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).
Plain hooks.
25662. The ten processes through which American hand-made fish-hooks
pass from the wire to the finished hook. Made entirely by hand-
labor in the factory of J. W. Court, Brookljrn, N. Y. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.
88684. Double-refined, cast-steel, tai>ered ][>oint; Virginia hooks, flatted,
Nob. 10 to 1 and 1-0 to 3-0. American Needle and Ush-Hook Com-
pany, New Haven, Conn.
VMb Si^ttftQe cast-steel blackfish-hooks, japanned, flatted, Noe. 1 to 8.
Needle and Fiah-Hook Company, New Hayen, Conn.
11.14 7
98 ANIMAL BE80UBCK8 AND FISHEBIB8 OP UKmtD 8TATBL
Hooks (including a fall series of munonnted lAoka, of recent
aboriginal manu&ctnre).
Plain books.
SSSSS. Ed-hooka, No. 6. Ameriaan Needle and FUtL-Hook Ctnfaj,
HaTes, Conn.
iS640. HalibnMiooke, Tinged ; Nos. 1 to 3. AmeiicHi Needle and fWt-'.
Company, New Haven, Conn.
SSSaa Caat-eteel Kirbj eea Bah-hooks, flatted; Noa. 1 to IS. Am*
Needle and Fiah-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.
S5530. CaatrSteel Eiiby sea fieh-hooka, ringed; Noe. 1 to IS.
S5S39. Saperior cost-eteel Kirby eea fiah-hooke, galTaniwtd, flatted;
1 to 6. American- Needle and Fisb-Hook Company, New Hi
STiE^. Donble-ieflned oaat-ateel Kitby river and tront flah-boob^ rii
Noa. 1 to 12 and 1-00 to 10-0. American Needle and FmIi-
Company, New Haven, Conn.
25523. Eirby river and trout flsb-hooks, flatted, Wtt» mtperflae; B
to 12 and 1-0 to 10-0. American Needle and Rah-HookCtaa
New Haven, Conn,
3S519. Snperfine spring steel Kirby salmon, flatted; No*. IS to 3-0. i
lean Needle and Fiah-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.
9S&S0. Carlisle tront-hooka, flatted; Nos. IS-SO. American Necdl>
Fish-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn,
25&S1. Carlisle trout-hooks, ringed; Nos. 8 to 3-0. American Ncedl
Fiah-Hook Company, New Haven, Conn.
2S&16. Soperfine caet^teel Limerick ealmon, flatted ; Noa. 1-0 to li
3-0 to 10-0. American Needle and Fiah-Hook Ca«npany,
Haven, Conn.
S5517. Superfine cast^eel Limerick salmon, ringed ; Noa. 1-0 1« 9 «i
to 10-0. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New S
2551'!. Donble-reflned cast-steel Limerick river and tront flah-booki(i
points, flatted) ; Nos. 1-0 to 12 atad 2-0 to 10-0. AmericaaS
ANIMAL RES00RCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 99
Ics (indading a ftill series of unmonnted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manu&ctore).
'lain hooks.
85631. Double-refined cast-eteel, original, central-draught cod or mackerel
hooks, fl%tted. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company, New
Haven, Conn.
25601. Cod-hooks. Used when fish rise to the sorface. J. M. K. Sonthwick,
Newport, R. I.
25538. Shark-hooks. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
2d465. Shark-hooks. M. W. Grant, Wellfleet, Mass.
25648. Shark-hook. (Extraordinary.) A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.
2d464. Ground-shark hook. Stylo nked forty years ago. Elisha Cook,
ProYincetown, Mass.
85602. Dog-fish hook with chain. Used at Newport, R. I. J. M. K. South-
wick, Newport, R. I.
25641. Dog-fish hooks, ringed. American Needle and Fish-Hook Company,
New Haven, Conn.
29467. Horse-mackerel hook. John Thomas, Bel&st, Me.
29505. Hooks, probably lost by a French fishing-vesseL Found on St.
George's Banks on a piece of trawl; fished up by Geo. H. Lewis,
Ftovincetown, Mass.
3S732. French cod-hooks; taken from codfish on Jeffiries Ledge. Capt.
James Tarr, Gloucester, Mass.
38731. French cod-hook; taken from codfish in Salvages' Shoals, Cape
Ann, in 1856. Capt. James Tarr, Gloucester, Mass.
20654. Wooden fish-hooks. Indians of Northwest coast. Bella Bella, B. C.
J. G. Swan.
. Fish-hooks. Indians of Northwest coast of America. Straits of
Fnca, Pnget Sound. U. S. Exploring Expedition.
1051. Fish-hooks. Pnget Sound. George Gibbs.
9765. Fish-hook. Wallapai Indians. E. Palmer.
5583. ilsh-hook of wood and bone. Gens des Fous Indians. Yukon River,
Alaska. W. H. Dall.
9807. ilsh-hook and line. Chilkaht Indians. Alaska. Lieut. F. W. Ring,
U. S. A.
5590. Fish-hooks and sinkers. Premorska Indians. St. Michaers, Alaska.
W. H. Dall.
19064. Fish-hooks. CooyuwecPi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nev. Stephen
Powers.
20651. Fish-hook. Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan. Indian make.
9270. HaUbut-hook. Alaska. Dr. Hoff, U. S. A. '* "
. Halibut-hook. • Sitka, Alaska, J. G. Swan. " "
9103-4. Halibu^hook8. Alaska. Lieut. F. W. Ring, U. S. A. " ''
1141. Butt-end of hemlock limb for making halibut-hook. Makah Indians.
Puget Sound, W. T. J. G Swan.
16346. Halibut-hooks. Yakutat Eskimo. W. H. Dall.
2630. Fish-hook. Northwest coast of America. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U. S. N.
U. 8. Exploring Expedition.
1324. Hooks and lines. Eskimo. Anderson River. C. P. Gaudet.
1989. Fish-hook. Arctic America. B. R. Ross.
5118. Fish-hook. Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district.
R. Kennicott.
6116. Rsh-hook. Fort Anderson Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district.
Tt, MacFarlanc.
^ hf kelp {Kereoqf»tis)f fish-hook, and bladder buoy. Makah
Heah Bay. J. G. Swan.
100 ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHEBIES OF UHITaD SUIU.
Hooks (including a full series of tmmonnted books, of reeent i
aborigiiu^ numo&ctnre).
Plain books.
9607. Fiahing line and hook. Chilkaht Indimi. AUika. lieoL 1'.
Bing, U. S. A. •
15G30. Bone fi«h-hook with whalebone snood. AlMit*. IL W. Elliott.
16315. Fioh-hook. Sitka. W. H. DalL
653. Ealibat-hookB. Indiane of Northweat coaat of America. Gt
Oibb*.
20656. Halibat-hooks. Indiani of Fort Simpson, B. C^ J. O. Svao.
156%. Fiah-hookB. Eskimos Poonook, Alaska. H. W. Elliott
10142. Fish-hooks. Eskimos. Victoria Harbor. Capt C. F. Hall.
14280. Fish-hooks. Neoh Bay, W. T. James O. Swan.
10116. Bone hook. Magemnt Eskimos. Nnnivak, Alaska. W. B. Di
16311. Fish-hooks. Nunivak Islands, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
1051. Fish-hooks. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U. S. K. U. 8- Exploring 1
dition.
10Q19. Codfish-hook. Eskimos. Coast of Oinenland. Capt C. F. B
3191-92. Fish-hooks of stone, bone, and iron. Fort Auderaou Eat
Hackende'a Biver district. B. Kunntcott
2093, 2248. Fish-hooks of bone and iron. Aaderaon KiTor FrT^'"*"*
MaoFarlane.
16311-13. Bone hoolu and line apreadera. Thlinket Eakimoa. Sitka.Al
W. H. DalL
5118-7441. Hooks of bone and iron. Moclcensle'B Biver Eakimoa. B.
32660. Smelt^preader and hooks. 01onceet«T, Uasa. O. Brown Good
Jigs and drails.
29448. BBSS and bluefish draiL Elisha Cook, ProTinoetown, Uan.
294S&. BlaefiBh-drail. Piovincetown style. Lemael Cook, Sd, Pnr
town, Mass.
AinOCAL B£80tJRCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 101
km (inclnding a ftill series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture),
igs and drails.
25669. Blaeiish-draiL Peculiar to Hyannis, Mass. Freeman Hallett,
HyanniSy Mass. Wlien used, covered with an eel-skin.
25600. Weak-fish Jigs. Used in Newport, R. L J. M. K. Southwick, New-
port, R. I.
9078. Metallic squid. Indians. Ahisko. Lieut. F. W. Ring, U. S. A.
32657. Cahoon's improved trolling-hooks. (Patented March 24, 1874.)
Thomas J. Gifford & Co., New Bedford, Mass.
12496. Mackerel-Jigs. Cape Ann. J. P. Nason, Rockport, Mass.
32658. Mackerel-Jig. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.
29479. Mackerel-jig. John B. Parsons, Rockport, Mass.
32734. Mackerel-Jigs. Used thirty years ago. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
25599. Mackerel-Jigs. J. M. K. Southwick, New]K>rt, R. I.
2594L Mackerel-Jigs. Used about the year 1840. Capt. Edward L. Rowe,
Gloucester, Mass.
12495. Soapstone ''Jig" molds, No. 1. (Patented March 15, 1870.) Cape
Ann. J. P. Nason, Rockport, Mass.
25780. Soapstone mackerel-Jig mold. Capt. £. L. Rowe, Gloucester, Mass.
5^781-^ Wooden, lead-lined, mackerel-Jig molds. **
25721. Mackerel-Jig mold. (Patented March 15, 1870; J. P. Nason, No. 2.)
Central Wharf Company, Provincetown, Mass.
32666. Mackerel-Jig mold. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.
32654. Mackerel-Jig ladle. << <'
32661. Mackerel-Jig rasp. " *'
32662. Mackeiel-Jig file. << "
32663. Pewter for use in manufacture of jigs. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown
Goode.
29461. Codfish <<trip" and "fly-Jig." Styles used fifty years ago. Lemuel
Cook, 2d, Provincetown, Mass.
25601. Codfish Jig-hook. Used when the fish rise from the bottom. Mas-
sachusetts. A. R. Critteli^en, Middletown, Conn.
poon-baits, plain and fluted.
25550. Fluted spoons for pickerel, bass, and trout. Manufactured by G. M.
Skinner, Gananoqne, Ontario. Patented United States and Can-
ada, 1874. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
25550. Trolling-spoons. For bass and pickerel. Bradford & Anthony,
Boston, Mass.
525555. Bluefish-spoons. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
2555P. Spinners. For pickerel, trout, and bass fishing. Bradford &, An-
thony, Boston, Mass.
5^549. Spoon-baits. For bass, pickerel, pike, and trout fishing (nickel-
plated). John H. Mann, Syracuse, N. T.
25551. Spoon-baits. For bass, pike, pickerel, and trout (silver-plated). J.
T. Buel, WhitehaU, N. Y.
25552. Spoon-baits. For pike, pickerel, bass, trout, and bluefish. Wm. H.
James, Brooklyn, N. T.
25553. Spoon-baits. For pike, bass, pickerel, and trout fishing. Wm. H.
James, Brooklyn, N. Y.
20993. Series of fluted trolling-spoons. D. M. Skinner, Gananoque, Onta-
zfOy Canadft.
fliNKxn-liooks. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
Med hj IVxMSt A fltmaiii Publishing Company.
102 ANIUA.L BE80UBCJ£8 iSD FXSHESDBS OF nVITBD 8X1118.
Books (indadiug a fbll series of nnmoauted hookB, of zeoat i
aboriginal manofoctare).
SpooD-baits, plain and fluted.
S8680. Troat-spoon. Property of J. A. Nichola, Sjmwaae, H. Y. (
tribatod by Fonst and Stream Publulung Company.
25654. Spoon-biuts. For piko, pickerel, baas, and trout. W. D. Cli^
&. Son, Theresa, N. Y.
SS666. Pearl miimowB. W. M. Young, Philadelphia, Pa.
25550. MocHorg's peail Bpoons. For pickerel, tioat, Bod baia. Bndfti
Anthony, Boston, Maw.
Artificial flies on hooks.
32735. Baw-flies. Sara J. McBride, Mnmfbid, S. Y.
32736. Tront-flioa. " "
26105. Salm^D-fliea. " "
32737. Artificial files for salmon, tront, and bass. Bradford &
thoDy, Boston, Mass.
Note. — For convenience this entire collection ia pntvioianaUy en
nndec a single catalogue nomber.
a. Peacock, with water-color sketch of original.
b. Moreh Brown, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — Fur of the fox-sqairrel's face ribbed over with olive sUk. Tail-
strands of brown foather of the wild mallard. Winga — Fnnn the
feather of the shoveller duck approaching the toil ; the light yeaet-co
feather is the best, and if nicely tied mnst be an excellent fly. htf
grizzled cock's hackle, wound twice or thrice at the ahoolder. Fm I
Bylvania, hooks Nos. € to 8 ; for New York, hooks Nos. 5 aud 6 ; Vtrw i
land, hooka Nos. 4 and 5.
c Great Bed Spinner, with water-color sketch of orlginaL
ANIMAL BES0URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 1 03
ooks (induding a foil series of unmounted hooks^ of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).
32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass— Continued.
i. Bed Spinner, with water-color sketch of originaL
Body — ^Bright bro^vn silk ribbed, with fine gold twist. Tail — ^Two fibers of
red cock's hackle. Wings — Upright from a mottled gray feather of the
mallard stained a pale blue, the brighter in color the better. Legs — Plain
red cock's hackle. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 6; for New York, hook No.
5; for New England, hook No. 4.
j. Nicholson.
h. Black Dog.
2. Atkinson.
M. Policeman.
II. Claret Wasp.
o. Blue Wasp.
p. Wren-tail, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — Ginger-colored for ribbed with gold twist. Wings— Feathers from a
wren's tail; if these cannot be procured a smaU scapular feather of the
woodcock makes a good imitation, and may be hackled with the same kind
of feather. For Pemisylvania, hook Na 10; for New York, hook No. 8; for
New England, hook No. 6.
q. Bed Ant, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — ^Peacock's herl tied with rod-brown silk. Wings — From the quill-
feather of the blue-Jay. Legs — A small rod cock's hackle.
r. SOver Horns, with water-color sketch of original.
«. Golden-dun Midge, with wiater-color sketch of original.
U Sand-fly, with water-color sketch of originaL
Body — Of the sandy-colored fur from the rabbit's neck or from the fox-squirrel
spun on silk of tho same color. Wings — From the whimbrel wing made
foil. Legs — From a light-ginger feather from the neck of a hen. For
Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 6 to 8 ; for New York, hooks Nos. 5 and 6; for Now
England, hooks Nos. 4 and 5.
«• Stone-fly, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — Fur of the gray squirrel, when it is shortest is best, mixed with a little
yeUow mohair, leaving yellow about the tail. Tail — A strand or two of
brown mottled feathers, say of mallard. Wings — From the soft inside
feather of the pea-hen's wing. Legs — Bluo-dun cock's hackle. For Penii-
fyivania, hooks Nos. G to 8; for New York, hooks Nos. 5 and 6; for New Eng-
land, hooks Nos. 4 and 5.
r. Gravel-bed, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — Dark dun or lead-colored silk floss dressed very fine. Wings — ^From a
Mrrwi-leaiher of the woodcock's wing. Legs — ^A black cock's hackle, rather
•c wound twice only round the body. For Pennsylvania^ hooks Nos. 8 to
~ % hooks Noa. 6 to 8; for New Engkuidy hooka Nos. 5 and 6.
104 ANIMAL BESOUECISS ADD PI8H£aiE8 OF UHITEU
Hooks (iiicladiag a fiill Beriea of aninoouted hooks, of leecnt i
aboriginal mapofitctnre).
32737. Artificial fliea for st^on, troat, and bass — Contiaiied.
a, Orannnm, vitli water-color BkotcL of origiuAL
Body — Fnrof a r^bit'a face with > little flue greeninohAir woriudloit'
tail. Wings— From the inude wlng-fMtlieT of a graaat. Lag^-i i
gingBr hen's hackle. For Peniisf Ivanift, hooks Noo. 8 to 10; fix K«* Xt
hooks Nos. 6 1« 8; for Now England, hooks Noa. fi and 0.
X, Yellow Don, with vater-color sketch of ori^dL
Body — Yellow mohair mixed with a little pale blae ttotu a manse at yd
flosa Bilk with the least blae rabbit for spun npou it. Wings— Upnj
from the iuflide wing-feather of a mallard or summer dock. For Fma
vania, hook No. 10; for Now York, hook No. 6; for New England, ho«ki)
6 and 6.
y. Iron-bine Dnn, with wateiMMtlor sketch of original.
I, Hawtjtorn, with water-color sketch of origintd.
Body— Black ostrich's herl. Wings— From the qaiU-fe*ther of the Ei^
snipe. Legs — A black cock's hackle. FDrFennaylvaaiA,ho(^}lai.Si*
for New York, hooks Noa. 0 to 8 ; for New England, hooks Noa. & ud i-
Body— Oreen floss silk ribbed with silvertwiat Tail— Orange-tlroad fin
tippet, wood-dock, ibia, and green parrot. Legs — A golden yelknr hsd
Wings — Of the following kinds : wood-dack, tippet, brown mallaid,bsib
green parrot, blue and yellow macaw, with a few atranda ot nd ■■(■
black ostrich head. Hooks Noa. 1, 2, and 3.
AHIMAL BB80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 105
•oks (indnding a fall series of umnoiinted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal mannfiBMstore).
32737. Artificial flies for salmon, tront, and bass — Continued.
00, Lake George.
Body — Gold twist ribbed with silver twist. Tail — ^A small Cluiia topping.
Legs— A bright orange hackle with a shoolder of bright claret. Wiugs —
Two tippet feathers mixed with argns pheasant| brown mallonl ; black ostrich
head. Hooks Noe. 1, 2, and 3.
oJL Chateaugay.
Body — ^Lemon-yellow floes ribbed with gold twist. Tail — ^A few flbres of
brown mallard. Legs — A ginger-colored cock's hackle. Wings— Strips of
ahoveUer dnck mixed with fibres of argos pheasant.
ai. YeUow Drake.
Body— TeUow mohair ribbed with silver twist. Tail — ^Three fibres of yellow
macaw. Legs — ^Yellow hackle with two tarns of ibis on shoulder. Wings —
Strips of gray mallard; black ostrich head. Hook No. 3.
tff, Richardson.
Body— A light-blue floes silk ribbed with silver twist. Tail— Three strands
of brown mallard. Lega— Black cock's hackle. Wings — Strips of English
blue-Jay mixed with brown mallard. Hooks Nos. 3 and 4.
dk. Anthony,
al. Snow-fly.
flR. Captain,
as. Combination.
Body — ^First half, yoUow seal's fur; second half, rcd-cloret seal ribbed with
ailver tinsel (the fur to be picked out). Tail — A few fibres of gray mallard
mixed with ibis. Legs — ^A natural red hackle dipped in yellow dye. Wrings
— A piece of the same kind of hackle with pale ibis strips. On each side a
piece of gray mallard sufficiently large to make the wing full ; black ostrich
head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
aa. Silver Doctor.
Body — Silver tinsel ribbed with gold twist. Tail — China pheasant topping.
Lega— A pale-blue hackle with a small teal or guinca-hcii nt the ^boulder.
Wings — ^Mixed fibres of wood-duck, brown mallard, guinea-hen, green parrot,
blue macaw, teal, and bustard; black ostrich head. Hooks Xos. 2 and 3.
tip, Prouty.
Body — First joint, silver twist; second, black ostrich with three turns of tho
twist over it. Tail — Orange floss with a turn or two of twist, a topping
mixed with fibres of English blue-jay. Legs — A yellow dyed list hacklo
wound over the ostrich. Wings — Strips of whit<^ swan dyed yellow. Ono
each aide a rib of teal-feather, red macaw feelers ; black ostrich head. Heoka
Boa. Sand 3.
106 ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHBKtES OP UNITED STATES.
Hooks (inGlnding a fall series of nniDOimted hooks, of reoa
aboriginal mannfiictaie).
32737. Artificial flies for salmon, tioat, and baaa — Oontinned.
M. Great Blow. '
at. Cadis.
OK. Uonay.
BlMk silk floss ribbed with diver twist. Tail— A small feather froml
of the scarlet ibis. Legs — A golden yellow hackle. Wings— Dtut
turkey; bUck ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2.
ae. Bound Lake.
Body — Brown ostrich Iierl, ribbed with gold twisty tog ormnge Scm.
Two or three short sprigs of yoUow macaw. Legs — A small soot;
hackle, wonud fit>m tag to shoulder. Wiuga — Alternate strips d
peacock'WlDg feather and shoveller daok, with a sprig or two of «<»
peacock herl bead. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
Ismadoin two joints of bla«k orange mohair with gold tinseh Lep-
blaok hackle wound fiom tail to head. Tail — Bright yellow lonesn.
— A mixture of gold pheasant tall, argoa, and teiiL Hooks Mm. 1, 1
ay. Priest.
ax. Francis Sykes.
ba. Duke.
U. Dhoou.
bf. DuBtiu.
Id. Lascollcs.
. Snitching Sfindy.
ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 107
ooks (indading a fall series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufiacture).
32737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass — Continued.
hL wmow.
Ul, Proaty.
h9* Notion.
Body — Firat lialf gold twist, remaiuder brown mohair, with three turns of
the twist over it. Tail — ^A topping mixed with blue kingfisher. Legs —
Brown hackle. Wings — Two tippet feathers mixed with arp:ns pheasant,
brown mallard, teal, China pheasant-tail feathers, blue and yeUow macaw,
with a blue kingfisher on each side of the wing ; black ostrich head. Hooks
Nos. 2 and 3.
hw, Louise.
Body — ^Brown mohair ribbed with gold twist. Tail — China feather topping.
Leg9— Reddish brown hackle, blue-Jay on shoulder. Wings — Pheasant
tippet feather and tail mixed with sprigs of green parrot, blue macaw, and
kingfisher. Head — Orange mohair. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2.
ke. Bound Lake.
Body — Orange and red claret merging into each other, silver tinselled. Tail —
Sprigs of gold pheasant tippet, blue macaw, and green parrakeet. Legs—
A claret hackle with a turn or two of orange on the shoulder. Wings —
Two strips of brown turkey, with a small Jungle-cock's feather on each side.
Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
fty. KicholBon.
ht. Our Pattern.
00. Saranac.
Body — Claret floss silk ribbed with gold tinsel, backed with silver twist.
Tail — China pheasant crest-feather. Legs — ^A claret hackle. Wings — ^Two
China pheasant tippet feathers on either side, a strip or two of brown mallard
and argus pheasant; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0, 2, and 3.
eb. Long Tom of Long Lake.
• Body — Gray squirrel mixed with a little green mohair ribbed with silver tinsel.
Tail — China pheasant crest-feather. Legs — A blue dun cock's hackle; at
shoulder two or three turns of bright claret hackle. Wings — Strips of brown
mallard mixed with strands of summer duck, peacock-wing, and upper
coverts of the wild turkey, red macaw feelers; black plush head. Hooks
Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
00. St. Begis.
Body — Cinnamon mohair ribbed vrith double gold twist. Tail — ^A strip of
China pheasant tippet mixed with a few strands of bustard. Legs — A
chestnut hackle with three turns or so of orange-dyed guinea-hen, small
short in the fibres. Wings — Strips of brown mallard, brown turkey,
icrliili pheasant tail, and China tippet ; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1
108 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FI8HEK1ES OF UHITED 8T1TS8.
Hooks (incladiug a fnll series of onmoantod hoc^ oi lecad ai
aboriginal maiinfbctnie).
32737. Aitiflcial flies for salmon, troat, and bass — Gontinaed.
cd. No. 8. I
Body — Three or four turns of moluiir, rest of black mohair rilibed willi (tlw
ttnsel and backed with gold twisl. THil— A, biubII tojipiuj;. Legs— 4dji<
black h.-wklo and a BlionJderof rcl tlarpt. Winga — Misodfllirr»of miHiA
gaiDoa-licn tail-feather over wing, tivo Btri]ia of dark tiukey Uppril ^
v1li^e. Hooks Nos. S and 3.
tt. mghlaader.
if, Ladf of Mertoan.
Bmly — Water-rats fur ribbed witt silver twist. Tail — A tip of canma t»
trith or miiliair and a gold plieasant topping. L«gs — Two or threr wnt*
a small rod Iiacklo Qnished off with a black hackle. Wings— Striin of fbl
gray niallnriL H«ail — Crinisonoetrich or mohair. Hooka Nua. l-0.l,uit-
eg. Topiiy.
Body — Black mohair ribbed with nilver tiu8eL Tail — A topping lip <m^
Lege — A turn or two of tvd hackle, the rest black baokle. Wiap-Bi*
<a brown tnikey tipped with white. Head — CrimBon. Hooka Sob. iA\
and 2.
(*. Sapper.
Boiiy — Orotigo raoliair ribbtd with gold tinsel. Tail — Fibrei of green )i«n*
guiniML-heo, tippet feather, and ibia. Legs — Orange hackle. sboulJf^i'M
black hackle. Wiiigs— Strips of [icacock-wing fcalbnr, brown bu1!»*
green parrot, guincn-hon, gold pheasant tail, blue macaw feekrs; bbc*^
trich head. Hooka Noa. 1^ and 1.
ANIMAL RE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES* 109
olui (incladinff a fall series of unmounted hooks^ of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).
(2737. Aitifip^i^^l flies for salmon, trout, and bass— Continued.
€l, Nidiolsoii.
Body— Blood-red mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail — Sprigs of mallard
and pheasant tippet feather. Legs — ^A blood-red and a dark-blno hackle
wonnd on together. Wings — ^Brown mallard and blue macaw fbelers ; black
ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1 .and 2.
Ml. Caribou.
Body— Tip gold tinsel, tag golden-yeyow silk, next a black silk Joint, the
rest of gray caribou. Legs — Gray hackle with a claret on the shoulder.
Tail— Gold pheasant topping. Wings — ^Turkey and mallard with sprigs of
macaw and pheasant tippet feather; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-^,
and 1.
cm. Moose.
Body — ^Yellow floss ribbed with silver tinsel. Tail — ^A China pheasant top-
ping. Legs — ^A yellow hackle ; shoulder hackle a guinea-hen. Wings — ^Two
tippet feathers of the China pheasant with fibres of mallard wood-duck on
each side; black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
eo. Moosehead.
Body — Deep claret mdhair ribbed with gold twist. Tail— A topping. Legs—
A claret hackle with three turns of orange hackle at the shoulder. Wings —
Strips of brown mallard and tippet feather with red macaw feelers; black
ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
g^ Fiery-brown.
Body — ^Fiery brown mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail — ^A small topping
mixed with wood-duck. Legs — A brown-red hackle. Wings — Brown mal-
lard with a little wood-duck and golden pheasant neck-feather mixed; black
head. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
eg. Parson.
ST. Gold Wing.
Of. Gold Mallard.
ef. Kircudbrightshire.
CM, Eagle.
or. Tartan.
MP. Last Fly.
er. Atkinson.
ef. Stfftchan.
Of. Parson.
Body— Black mohair tipped with orange and ribbed with silver twist. Tail—
A small topping. Legs— A black hackle. Wings— Brown turkey-tail ; black
head. Hooks Nos. 2 and 3.
ia. Ross.
»4v— Cliimnnon'colored floss ribbed with gold twist. Tail— Sprigs of green
1 l4g»— A fhmace hackle. Wingch— Brown mallard mixed with pea*
I* Iriack Oiftiioh head. Hooks Kos. 1^0 and 1.
110 ANIMAL BESOtTBCES AND 7TSHEK1ES OF UIOTED STATES.
Boobs (indadiBg a fbU series of mmionnted hooks, of leoeit
aboriginal manafactcire).
32737. Artificial flies for saliBon, trout, and baas — Cootiimed.
db. Forayth.
Se, ChAmberlin.
de. WbitohM',
df. Ltrngrin.
dg. EDuneL
dh. Captain.
di. M^or. ,
4'. Darling.
dk. Ihu-luun Bangn.
dl. Goldflncb.
dm. Britannia.
d». Fopbam.
do, Whit* Tip.
dp, Whit* Wing,
dq. Drake Wing,
dr. Don Wing.
dt. Black and Tellow,
dt Bias Doctor,
da. Kate.
dv. Buggies.
Ad, LltUe yeUow Ha; Don, with wat«t-«olor aketeh of origlnaL
tc Oak Fly, with watei-oolor sketch of original.
Body — Orange floM silk ribbed witti aab-colored litk thread or a Bttle 1
the aah-oolor to be ahown well at the tail and ahonldera. fnngt— Rm
■oapnlar feather of the woodcock, l^egs — A fnmace haeUe ik nd «■
baokle with a bhwk list op the middle. For PennBylvania, hooki K<a i
10: fiirXi'vv Yoi-k. h..i.k-N.>.. '
jUnOCAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. Ill
(inclading a fall series of unmoanted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manu&ctare).
^737. Artificial flies for salmon, trout, and bass — Continued.
c6. Alder Fly, with water-color sketch of origiual.
Body— Peacock's herl. Wings— From a feather of a brown lien's wing.
Legs — ^A red cock's hackle or a black cock's hackle will answer tolerably
welL For Pennsylvania, hooks Nos. 8 to 10 ; for New York, hooks Nos. 5
and 6; for New England, hooks Nos. 4 and 5.
06. Sky Bine, with wateiMX>lor sketch of original. •
«i. Little dark Spinner, with water-color sketch of original.
96. Turkey Brown, with water-color sketch of original.
tf, MagaUoway.
Body — ^Half black ostrich and half brown mohair ribbed with gold twist.
Tail — Short fibers of yeUow macaw. Legs — A fdmace hackle of the
shonlder. Wings — Strips of brown qnill-feathers of the peacock ; black
ostrich head. Hoqjc No.. 3.
eg. Bemis Stream.
Body — Chestnut mohair ribbed with gold tinsel. Tail — China pheasant top-
ping. Legs — ^A chestnut hackle. Wings — Strips of brown peacock mixed
with bustard. Hooks Nos. 1 and 2.
eh. Mooselocmaguntick.
Body— About equal parts mixed of gray squirrel's fur and pea-green mohair
ribbed with gold twist. Tail— Four strands of argus feathers. Legs— A
* brown bittern hackle. Wings — Gray speckled turkey, white tipped (dye
yeUow), with a strip of argus feather on each side ; green ostrich head.
Hook No. 1.
•i. Molechunkemunk.
Body — Orange floss silk ribbed with gold tinsel, backed with silver twist.
Tail — China pheasant topping. Legs — A furnace hackle. Wings — Brown
mallard ; black ostrich head. *
f^. WiUow Finch.
Body — YeUow seal's fur ribbed with silver twist. Tail— Sprigs of tippet
feathers mixed with yellow macaw. Legs — ^A yellow hackle, at the shoul-
der a smaU guinea-hen stained yellow. Wings — Strips of swan feather dyed
yeUow with a spray of guinea-hen (tail-feather) dyed yellow; black ostrich
bead. Hooks Nos. 1, 2, and 3.
dk. Oqnassac.
Body — Red claret mohair ribbed vrith pink floss. Tail— Yellow tag with
pieces of argus and tippet feathers. X/egs — A claret hackle. Wings — Strips
from the quiU-feather of the argus pheasant; black ostrich head. Hooks
Nos. 1-0 and 1.
A Welokennebago.
Ho^— 2ed pig's hair ribbed with broad gold tinsel, backed with silver twist.
"■Wl— A mixture of black turkey tipped with white and scarlet ibis. Legs —
'•^liiekle. Wings— Fibers of red macaw mixed with strips of black
■Hgr ti^n?^ ^^ ^hito ; hiaok ostrich head.
112 ANIMAL RESOrCCKS AND FIS1IEBIE8 OP UKirED StAttS
Boobs (inclnding a fiiU series of unmonnted liooks, of na
aboriginal mannfitctme).
32737. Artificial flies for trout, sahiion, and
Body-— Silver tinsel ribbed with gold twist. Tall— FIben of CUs* ;
t^ mixed with gaiiiea-hen and red maoftw. Lega — A briinut
hackle. Wings— Mixed and to be mode ftill. Two atrlpa of browi
tipped with wbit«-browi) maHard, China pheasant t^ m>A gait
black ostrich head. Hooks Nos. 1-0, 1, and S.
en. Orange Qroose.
w, Tbnnder and Lightning.
tp. Longh OilL
eq. Lillle.
ST. Black Ant.
m. Bine Blow.
mt. Hare's Ear. •
ee. Ibis.
eir. Scth Green,
ex. Bed Creeper.
ty. Turkey Brown.
«r. Qoeen of the Watew.
fa. Governor. %
/b. White Miller.
fa. Lion,
/a. Watei^witoh.
/«. Atkinson.
ff. Onr Own Pattern.
fff. Oreen Drake, with water-color sketch of original.
AKIHAL BES0URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 113
»ks (inelading a full series of unmounted hooks, of recent and
aboriginal manufacture).
J737. Artificial flies for trout, salmon, and bass— Continued.
r«. Pale Evening Dun, with water-color sketch of original.
fn. July Dun, with water-color sketch of original.
Body— Mole's fur and pale-yellow mohair mixed and spun on yeUow silU.
Tail— Two or three whiskers of a dark dun hackle. Wings— From the
quiU-feather of a hlue-Jay. Legs— Dark dun hackle. For Pennsylvania,
hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8; for New England,
hooks Nos. 5 and 6. ^
/o. Gold-eyed Gauge-wing, with water-color sketch of original.
fp. Butcher, No. 1.
fq. Blue Ranger,
/r. Black Ranger,
/i. Colonel.
ft. Children's Farlow.
/m. Candlestick Maker.
fr. Baker,
/if. Butcher,
/r. Namscn.
fif, BhickandTeaL
fz. Guinea Hen.
go. Claret.
gh. Inquichin.
gt. Maxwell Ranger.
gd, August Dun, with water-color sketch of original.
Body— Brown floss silk ribhed with yellow silk thread. Tail— Two rabbit's
whiskers. Wings — Feather of a brown hen's wing. Legs — ^A dark red
hackle. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 8 ; for New York, hook No. 6 ; for
New England, hook J^o. 5.
gt. Orange, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — Orange floss silk ribbed with black sillc. W^ings— Dark part of the
blue-jay's wing. Legs — A very dark furnace hackle. For Pennsylvania,
hooks Nos. 8 to 10 ; for Now York, hooks Nos. 6 to 8 ; for New England,
hook No. 6.
gff. Cinnamon, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — Fawn-colored floss silk ribbed with red silk thread. Wings — Feathor
of a yellow-brown hen's wing. Legs — A ginger hackle, ^or Pennsylvania,
hook No. 8 ; for New York, hook No. 6 ; for New England, hook No. 6.
1^. Blue-bottle, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — Bright blue floss silk with a few turns of brown floss at the shoulder.
Wings — From the quill-feather of a water-hen. Legs — Black hackle from
a cock wrapped down the principal part of the body. For Pennsylvania,
hook No. 8 ; for New York, hook No. 6 ; for New England, hook No. 5.
^ Whirling-blue Dun, with water-color sketch of original.
Body — Squirrel's red-brown fur mixed with yellow mohair. Tail — One or
two whisks of a pale ginger hackle. Wings— From the quill-feather of a
Bittliacd. For Pennsylvania, hook No. 8; for New York, hook No. 6; for
Wtm Kngland, hook No. 6.
1 ^lLHal4— 8
i
114 ANIHAL BE80DBCE8 AKD FISBESrBS OF UMITED BTATXfl.
Hooks (iDclndiug a fbll series of nnmoanted hooks, of noeot t
aboriginal manafiustnre).
32737. Artiflcial flies for troat, salmon, and bass — Contiimed.
gi. Willow, witb water-color Bketch of originaL
Body— Hold's fiir mixed with a Uttl« fine yellow moluir. Wing*— IW
qalll-£aatlier of a wnter-ben OT coot. Legs— A dark don ben^ bacUc I
PemuylvanJo, hooks Nos. 8 to 10; for New Torfc, hook No. 8; lit S
EDgUod, hooks Mos. 6 and &
gk. Bcftnty Snow.
gl. B«d Palmer, with wnter^olor sketch of origiDsL
Body — Bed mohair ribbed with gold twiat or tinsel. Legs— A Mood-
cock's (saddle) hackle wrapped nicely OTcr it, working the hackle t\»
together at the shonlder. For Pennsylvniiia, hooksNos. 6, 8, and IB;
New York, hooks Nos. 4, 5, and 6 ; for New England, hooks Ncs. % 4, lu
gm. Black and Red Palmer, with wat«r-color sketch of originaL
gtt. Brown Palmer, with water-color sketch of original.
go. Furnace.
gp. Griizle.
gq. Ginger.
gt. Soldier.
gt. White.
gtt. Grizzle Peacock,
ga. Block Peacock.
gx. Black.
gy. Brown Peacock.
I
AKIlfAL RESOUKCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 115
« (twisted and plaited).
inen lines.
25626. Hard-braid linen lines. (1 to 5; 50 yards eacli.) G. H. Mansfield &,
Co., Canton, Mass.
25631. Series of braided linen fish-linea (50 yards.) G. H. Mansfield Si,
Co., Canton, Mass.
25612. Linen fish-lines. J. &. S. Allen, Walpole, Mass.
25613. Linen fish-lines. <<
256ia Linen fish-lines. '<
25637. Linen bass-line. (600 feet.) Bradford &, Anthony, Boston, Mass.
otton lines.
25619. Cotton fish-lines. (20 feet hank.) L. Crandall &, Co., Ashaway, R. I.
25620. Cotton fish-lines. (50 feet shroud, laid.) '^
25621. Cotton fish-lines. (28-fathom hawser.) '^
25622. Cotton fish-lines. (14-fathom hawser.) <<
26738. Fishing-line, No. 3. (Sea-Island fly-line. ) J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me.
26733. Fishing-line, No. 5. " "
26743. Fishing-line, No. 5. (Grolden mackerel, oiled.) '^ '^
26741. Fishing-line, No. 6. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) ** ''
26735. Fishing-Une, No. 6. " "
26744. Fishing-line, No. 7. (Groldon mackerel, white.) ** "
26739. Fishing-line, No. 7. (White.) ** **
26742. Fishing-line, No. 8. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) " "
26740. Fishing-line, No. 9. (Golden mackerel, oiled.) << '<
26734. Fishing-line,. No. 9. *' "
26745. Fishing-lines, No. 7, 8, and 9. (Sea-side cotton chalk-line, white.)
J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me.
26736. Fishing-line, No. 10. (14 fathoms, hawser-laid.) J. W. Dresser,
Castine, Me^
26732. Fishing-line, No. 11. (Blnefish.) (24 fathoms long, hawser-laid.)
J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me.
25624. Tarred cotton fishing-lines. (25-fathom shroud.) L. Crandall &
Co., Ashaway, R. I.
25623. Cotton fishing-lines. (50 feet shroud, laid.) L. Crandall &, Co.,
Ashaway, R. I.
26016. Golden mackerel lines of assorted sizes. Made from pure Sea-Isloixl
cotton. J. W. Dresser, Castine, Me.
25625. Braided cotton fishing-lines. G. H. Mansfield &, Co., Canton, Mass.
25636. Sea-Island cotton mackerel-lines. Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
25627. Water-proof braided fish-lines. (B to G.) G. H. Mansfield & Co.,
Canton, Mass.
660. Fishing-line. Northwest coast of America. G. Gibbs.
Vlialebone lines.
2193. Whalebone fish-line. Anderson River Indians. Anderson River.
R. MacFarlane.
S197. Whalebone line with hooks. Eskimo. Anderson River. R. Mao
Farlane.
20ifti WliAl^bone line. Arctic coast. B. R. Ross.
116 AlOHAL BB80UBCES ASD FI8BEBIE8 OF DHITBD BTAin.
liines (twisted and plaited).
Hide ]ines.
8787. Fishing-line made of Heal-sldii. Mshlemut EabiiDo. 'V. H. Dt!
87SG. Fietuag-lino made of seal-Bkin. Kaviokemat Eakimo. Ont
Harbor, AlasliB. W. H. DaU.
8780. Fishing-lino made of seal-skin. Una]e«t Eskinw. St. Hkb
Alaskft. W. H. DaU.
16314. Horpooa-line. Nonivak Island, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
156IT. Harpooa-line. Hade of skin of yonug walnu. Alaska. E
Elliott.
1937fi. Harpoon-line made of seal-skin. Eev. James Cnrly.
Bark lines.
S065&. Fishing-line made of cedar bark. Bella Bella, B. C. J. 0. Sot
20S89. FishiQg-line made of spruce root-fibera. Humegan Indians. Pi
of Wales Islands, Alaska. J. O. Swan.
SC831. Harpoon-line, cedar bark. Makah Indians. J. 0. Swan.
Kelp lines.
666. Fishing-lines of sea-woed. (Kertoogitit Inlkeana.) Northnnt -
of America. 0. Oibbs.
6561. Fish-line of kelp. (NtreoeytlU Ivtkeana.) With halibnt-bookB.
dah Indians. Prince of Wales Archipelago. Dr. T. T. Mino
105S. Fish-line. {NercocgtlU lutkrana.) Sorlhwest coast. Lieot. J
White.
26618. Halibnt-line of kelp. (_Xereocy»tU Ivtha^a.) Uakah Indian!.
Bay, W. T. J. O. Swan.
26810. Fish-lioe of kelp with halibnt-hooks. Clyoqnot Indian*. T«
tot's Isliind. J. G. Swan.
(ACCESSOET.) APPABATUS foe TWISriMG UNES
Snoods, leaders, and traces.
ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OP UNITED STATES. 117
:cr§.
'Sinkers and swivels.
vivclB. Forfishing-Hnes. Bradford &. Anthem y, Boslon, 1
uiltaulog. NfinportDiixluls. |
, Siali^ranndav
25G05. Scries of siukcrsaBedinfiiiliiBgrcrcoda]
J. M. K. Sotithwkk, Newport, H. I.
25607. Huod-line aiukera. Bhodo laland >iod £uet<<cu Connectiuut. A. R. ^
C'rittunden.
3371S. Cod-line sinker. Cenlrol Wlarf Company, Provincetown, Hub.
S94&6. Cod-U>ad mold. Used to uiuku funo in muldiDg. Jubu D. ForiHiiis, ,
Hockport, Mobs.
15501. Sinker made of nalnu Ivoiy. Poriioo^ Kaklmos, Alaska. U. W.
ElUott.
. Net-»iuker8. Wilcox, Critt«nden &. Co., Hiddletown, Conu.
39393. Nrt-rings or sinkers. Wilcox, Critteuden is. Co., Middlctowu, Coidl.
39474. I'liiuitive uot-ainkciB. Used iu Wcllflcct, Maw. Newell B. Kicli,
Wetllleot, Maes.
2G800. McnLailen-DPt siDkers (old stylo). Formerly usod about Boyerlj ouit J
Salpn], MuBS. Georgo B. Foster, Bcvprly, Maiffi.
25603. StiuL'-aiukerB. Newport model, J. U. K. SoiHliwift, Nen-port, R. I.
Chopsticks.
(hte-armed chopsticks or "revolving booms."
Is.
Liae-doatfl of wooil, cork, and quill.
25601. Egg-shaped HontH. Wm. M. Yonng, Philadelphia, Pram.
25<it!2. Barrel-aba|H!d Uoats. ■'
05663. Saake-hend floats. " '*
25(i&4. QiiUl floats.
fieine-floate of cork, wood, glass, and niblier tubing,
25597, fieine-corka. Used at Newport, li. 1. J. 31. K. Ijoiitliwirk, Neivport,
K. I.
Harpoon-floats of bladder, inflat«d skin, and woo«l.
dOaoe. Seal-ekin bnoy. Sitka Alaska. J. G. Swan.
1035. Beal-ekin bnoy. Makoli Indiana. Pnget Sound. J. G. Swiin.
19515. Seal-akiu buoy. North Greenland. G. Y. Nickcraon.
S68S4. Bcal-nkin buoy. (Used in wlmle finberica.) Clyoquut IndionK, Vui^ J
oouver's Isliind. J. G, Swan.
SGSiS. Seal-skin buoy. (U»cd In wbale Dhberies.) Clymiuot Indians, Van> '
oonvei'i Island, J. O. Swiin.
VXm. Seal's bladder buoy. Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swiui.
837, 4970. Seal-akin buoy with rope. Makah Indians. NiM?ah Bay, Puget I
Sound. W. T. J. G. Swan.
^g anil other floats lor lobater-pots, gill-nets, &c.
nioIe-Une drag.
118 AMIMAli BE80UHCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED BTITSB.
29. (ACCEBBOBT.) AnGLING-APPABATUB.
Reels.
Simple reels for fly-flshiug, with and withont che^
2G590. BnkSB iishing-rtcl. Plain, sluglc, with Tiug. Bmdford 8c. inhnT,
BoetuD, MiisH.
25589. BrasB lishiug-reel. Plain, single, uith plate.. Bradford Ic inOnaj,
Boston, Mobs.
2S^S7. Brass flabiug-rcc^l. PUin, single, with atop and ring. Bndbtj i
Anthouy, Buatcin, Moss.
S5588. Braes fishing-reel. Plain, single, witli slop and plale. BndM t
Anthony, Boston, Moss.
25577. Hard-rublMT lisliiog-recl, Gerraan-silvcr liand. Rim vrrj' ni
with IcMithtr case. Bradford & Anthony, BobIol, Hum.
255fi8. Hiird-rubber suliuon-Dshlng reel, Gcrmau^ilvt'r rim. BradforJl
Authonj, Boston, 3tass.
25581. Rubber trout-reel. (Fowlcr'spatent.) Bradford A. Antlionr, Beam.
25592, Oriiu' patent Gshing-ri'el. Germnu silver, nickeled and pi'rfo
Bradford 6c. Anthony, Boston, Moss.
25567. Fine click bruss fishing-reeL (25 yards.) Bradford &. An'lmr.
Boston, Mass.
S55S6. Brass fiahiug-reoL Cticb, with plate. Bradford &.Aiitlu<ii}-,Bnktii>.
25585. Brass fisluog-rct'l. Click, with ring. Bradford Sc^ Aulhony, B
25575. German-silver troul-Qshing reel. Click, with rua. BrodfoidlAi-
thony, Boston, Mass.
25565. Germon-eilver trout click fishing-reel, {iro yarda.1 Bradfind* J>»
thooy, Boston, Moos.
2554i9. Hard-rubber troul-fisJiiug reel. Click, German-silver rim.
25571. Huni-rubber trout-fishing rwl. Clii^k, plain rim. BradfnRl i
ikHUAL BBSOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 119
:eel8«
Multiplying reels for bass fishing, with or without check.
25574. Gennan-flilTer fishing-reel. Multiplying; 25 yards. Bradford &
Anthony, Boston, Mass.
25570. Hard rubber troat-fishing reel. Multiplying ; 60 yards. Bradford
&, Anthony, Boston, Mass.
25584. Brass fishing-reel. Multiplying stop and plate. Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.
25573. Brass fidiing-reel. Multiplying drag ; 60 yards. Bradford & An-
thony, Boston, Mass.
25572L German-sUyer fishing-reel. Steel pivot, multiplying drag, 300 yardK.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
25578. CeUulold fishing-reel. With multiplying click and extra spool.
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
Gunwale-winches.
Trawl-line rollers.
29432. Trawl-roller or hauler. ProTincetown style. Andrew Kemicdy,
Proyincetown, Mass.
29434. Trawl-roller or hauler. Cape Ann style. Samuel Elwell, jr., Glou-
cester, Mass.
29488. Trawl-roller and eye-plat«. First used by Provincetown fishermen.
Amasa Taylor, Proyincetown, Moss.
29445. Improyed trawl-roller and socket. Amasa Taylor, Proyincetown,
Mass.
25767. Trawl-roller. Used to haul in trawls oyer the sides of dory. Allen
L. McDonald, Gloucester, Mass.
. Trawl-winch. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goods.
Dredge-line rollers.
Seine- windlasses.
[ftne-holders.
Whaleman's line-tub.
88 F. C. Sounding-liue reel. XT. S. Fish Commission.
25009. Harpoon-line and tub. Used in whale-boat. J. H. Thomson, New
Bedford, Mass.
Tub for trawl-line. (See under Trawl.)
Winders.
Spools.
25592. Crab-line reel. Used in Newport, R. I. J. M. K. Southwick, New-
port, R. L
Seine-reels.
tods.
- 96611. Common rod. Three pieces; ash and hornbeam; brass mounting.
Bradford &, Anthony, Boston, Mass.
120 ANIIUL BESOUBCES AND FISHEBIICB OF UBITeD STAIU,
25501. General fisbing-rod. Nine piecei ; Gemuui-ailTer n
ford Sl AntboD;, Boston, If bm.
SSSOO. Qenerol fiihiug-iod. Six pieces; Mh uidlanc«wood; GciibimIti
mounting. Bradford & Anthony, BoBton, If aw.
S0890. Tmok-rod of greeDhcart, ; five-jointed, wilb extra fourth pirn u
tip, seven pieces in all ; weight, 8 oi. ; length, II fret 6 iiclit
TliiKldens NorriB, Philadelphia, Pa,
3&51S. Gudgpon-rod. Three pieces; asb and borabeMn; bran aioiinliii
common. Bradford &, Anthony, Boston, Mast.
85510. Common piekerel-rod. Four pieces. Bradlunl &. Antbopj, Ban
25509. Bait-rod for trout. Four pieces; common. Bndfoid &. AntbM
Boston, Mass.
S5513. Jointed rod. Fonr Joints, extra tips, tie guides; made of Cilnr
bamboo; fnll mounted in brass. Bradford Sc Anthony, BhU
25508. Common bass-rod. Four pieces ; brass moonted. BradfbTU t i
thonj-, Boston, Mass.
25498. Light bana-rod. Fonr pieces; extra top; ash aiud laucvvood; li
man-silver mounting. Bradford &, Anthony, Boetnu, UaM.
25497. Basa-riML Fonr pieces and extra top for sca-flshiug; ash and Ui
wood; Oeruiau-silver monnting; jeweled tip, Bcodfurd i .
thony, Boston, Mass.
25496. gen-bass rod. Ash butt joint, bamlioo middle Joint, lanoewondHo
double guides, jeweled; German-silTer monnting; Jeweird I:
Bradford &, Antbonf, Boston, Mass.
25499. BInck-bass rod. Four pieces and two exttA tops; split b
boo; German-silver mounting. Bradford &. Antbouy, BM
31^02. Fly-rod. Three pieces and extra t«p; oedjw and ^tlil ban!
Bradford & Anthony, Boston, Mass.
ANIIUL BESOUBCES AND FI8HEEIES OF UNITED STATES. 121
da.
The following are the advantages claimed by Mr. Graves for his new
rods:
" 1. The line is concealed and cannot be caught in underbrash or branches.
2. The strain on the rod is equalized through the entire length.
3. There is no friction through rings or guides except on the tip.
4. The strength of ^he rod is greatly increased.
5. The weight of the rod is diminished.
6. The wet line is not reeled up to decay.
7. The rod goes under the brush whore the big trout lie.
8. It adds greatly to the comfort and pleasure of 'the gentle art."'
8666L Plain fly-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest &. Stream Publishing Company.
26662. Bait-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest &, Stream Publishing Company.
aM663. Bait-rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
2(712. English fly-rods. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest &, Stream Piiblishing Company.
26707. Rod-case. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
25682. Split bamboo trout-rod. 11^ feet. H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me.
26660. Split bamboo rod. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest &. Stream* Publishing Company.
26888. Extra greenheart trout-rod ; cedar case ; three-Jointed, with one extra
middle and two extra tips, six pieces in all ; weight, 8 oz. ; length,
12 feet. Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Pa.
26889. Rent and glued bamboo trout-rod in cedar case, with one extra mid-
dle and two extra tips, six pieces in all ; weight, 8 oz. ; length,
12 feet. Thaddeus Norris, Philadelphia, Pa.
96883. Plain trout-rod of greenheart ; three-jointed, with extra middle and
tip, five pieces; weight, 8 oz. ; length, . Thaddeus Norris,
Philadelphia, Pa.
25881. Split bamboo grilse-rod. 14 feet. H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me.
25883. Split bamboo salmon-rod. 16 feet. ** '<
25884. Piece of bamboo. Showing spUting process in construction of rods.
H. L. Leonard, Biuigor, Me.
25885. Piece of bamboo. Showing gluing process in construction of rods.
H. L. Leonard, Bangor, Me.
25401. Chapman's combination troUing-pole. Hnrpoon-line holder and cane.
W. D. Chapman, Theresa, N. Y.
25796. Horn cod-line swivel. Much used in olden time by Grand and
George*8 Banks fishermen. George B. Foster, Beverly, Mass.
25945. Cod-line swivel. Central Wharf Company, Gloucester, Mass.
26017. Cod-line gange-swivcl. A. R. Crittemlen, Middlctown, Conn.
25944-6. Patent gauge-swivel. Used iu cml-fishing. Central Wharf Com-
pany, Gloucester, Moss.
29486. Cod-gange swivel. Showiug mode of fastening. Lemuel Cook, 2d,
Provincetowu, Mass.
8M87, Haddook-gange swivel. Showing mode of fastennig. Lemuel Cook,
ftAf Provincetowu, Mass.
Woodkione-swivel. Used en cod-line. Cap*:. E. L. Rowe, Gloucester,
122 ANIUAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STIOBL
S5IM2. Halibat-gange. Showing mode of fastening on the bo^ A. I
Cilttenden.
29457. Sboik-hook awivol. Wilcox, Crittenden A Co., HldOetowmCtn
29395. Primitive ttttwl-baoy gwivela. George B. FiMtW, BeTcrif.llHL
39476. Halibut trawl-bnoy swireL Used by the Geoige'a Banb lUiaM
Auuua Taylor, ProTincetown, Mast.
39498. Trawi-buoy snivels. Alex. McCnrdy, Eut GloiH:««ter, Him.
2&187. Trawl-bnoyropeHwiTBl. Wilcox,Critteiiden&Co.,lIiddletovmCw
25946. Trawl-buoy inpe awiveL Central Wtuuf Company, FiDTiDnlm
Maas.
Clearing-rings.
IHngorgen.
394^ Trawl-eheave bnshing. Samuel Elwell, jr., OloooMter, IUk
. Halibut "gob^stick." Philip Meickant, OkmceAtar, Hhl
V. KETS.
Entangling-hets.
9Ie8bing-ne(« (eutangling in meshes).
J Barrier-neU,
Babbit-nets, used by Indians of the SouthweHt.
14405-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-19-20-21. SmaU i»bWI-»*
Pi-Ute Indiana, Southern Utah. Mfij. J. W. Powell.
00. Small rabliil-net. Pi-Ute ludians, Soa them Utah. Utj-J.^I^
BE80DHCE8 AND FISnBBIES OF UNITED STATES. 123
IT-neCtt (eutaiigling iu meslios).
ets aaed in th» Great Lakes.
two tm^Hluw in ili-plh, 31 to 5 inoli mesh. The nels viiivn liung (it uiounUil
lornBis contain t^-om uuo to ibri'n piiiiuilaiir noliliing, and mage in Icn^li
from m t« 1^ yanln, and is ilcptli fnmi 4^ ti> 6 fevt. Tlicy aiv let iu
gangH of i)x>ni tluvu lu tWv unts, and tliivo to live Bangs ore laid mit in
Ann setting nanally hy alilof oaillioatAorstoaiuars, (t^uHUiiHlnlHof Mfuki-
uaw boat auil laku gill-uci st^uuiur, )
For Uoaltng Ibp iipiHV liuu, round or octagonal DuiUnfliark or wooden
piukuta about two uud onf<-liuir fevt iu k>ogtL nr ow 1 b nk m ai« <i(
load or HtunK. Tlic- nets are set in tniat 20 to 1011 fulL n » f nator, tbi<
liHid-iiiie nesting ujiou tliu bottom. They uru taken out o u. u iveok and
They oro n»ed principally for the cnptiire of tlii- wh t flsl {Coregoniu
olbtM, >rf.), and tbv Inku front (.SnlmanunKi^cuiiA) tli u t inotit of tliu coni-
mon lakn tiabca an> tAki'n Li thiiM meahea. Sso-Iitlaiid ootton (3, 4. h, aiul
€ thread] in Iwing largely aubstitntrd for Unnu iu their mauuAiuturo.
Thn Weight of the twinl^ pTtsferrvd by Kalicrmcu varies in dilTotunt locnli*
tl««, thot nmA in Oiveu Day l>ciiig tiko flnl:^sT, that In Lnko Erio nrxt.
theu I^kw Michigan and &u|t«i'Ior, and hpavi<wt iu Luke Hnrao. Lake
Onrorio ruiisuniuH about G.UOO pounds of ui>ttiug aiinuHlly, Eriu 7,51X1,
Huron 6.00(1, Miuhigim 20,000, Oreun Day 2,500. aud Liika Superior 5,0(W.
The uggregDie length uf this netting b probably about 1,37^000 yitrdfl.
o und Lcrring ^ll-nuta.
IvmI in tbv Greiit Lukes in tlio euptnre of Iho siiu'O {Salmo niiumeet) and the
' Tl)csu ut>in arp hung and ant like th<^ vhiteflsh-neta prerioiisly doKribcd.
Tb><y am kiiit from linen Ihreiul (:{5-C(>,'.Vcord} 30 to 40 ine«hes in depth,
nod 3) (a 3 iucli inenli. About S.i^OO poitudx arc unniiully consuiupd. rhiolly
obout Eackel'B Harbor, N. Y., and Laki-a Huron luid Mitliigun. (E, I(.
Frondi.)
JioroU gUl-uets.
liN.ll on Ihe rnaxl fn.u] Cnpe Cml lo Cupe Ilaltcnis iu Ibc caplnrt'of thi-bluc-
■h {I'omatmniiii naltalrij^).
*Th(WD nets arc knit f>oni cotton twines (1:2-16 Ihreod. } patent), and ore
7S to UN) fathoniM in lengtli. and BU to 200 uie«bes in depth, from 4^ to 6
loch miieh. They aru heavily l««ded and uuclinrvd willi lead-line on the
iMitlOm. olT-«hore, iu fruui 10 to SO fathoms of water. They are chiefly
tisi<d by Nvw York fislitDg veasels; probably 1,000 oruiore aroin use on the
eoMt. In the winttr seusou tlie llBhing vcaaels Ibllow tlu> bluefish as fax
•onlli aa Capo Hnttcioa. (E. B. Freaeh.)
3e or trail giTl-neta.
wnI on the coikHt of Nc!w .lersoy in tb.> ciipdirc! of tlje Spanish mackerel
ICgbiym trnirulatiiM), &.f.
•Tlieae nets ore periilinr in shape. They are straight netB, nnehored iu
itut torn of nn U with n honk-tike continuation, hnavily loaded, and with
uichon at the angliyi. They aw knit from cottnn twines {'i-l2 thread, i
paiMii),thoou(Kr end Ving of Untr twine. Their length is nhnut 100
&Ih4iRi«, ili'til li 73-10(1 mcHbes, 3{ to 4 Inch uieRh. About 100 of these nro
in uMou tlifconot, mostly between Saudy Hook and Bame gat iJgbt. (E.
B. rninch.)
124 ANDCAI. BESOCBCES AHD FI8REKIEB OF DNTCBD SUTB.
ncshiiig-ncts (entaogliDg in meshes).
Salmon hook-gill-net of the Saint Lawrence.
iDrifi-nets.
f Those drifting acroaa the Uda,
Shad gill-nets osed in Sonthem rivers.
2C136, 2G131-2. Model of shad gill-net American NetmndTwlwCoDptn,
Bostoa and Now York.
Used in rivers of the Atliuitio coast.
These nets ore knit of linen thread {22-60, 3-cord, and 80-80, »«riV
They range in length from 50 to ^OOfathnma, and in depth ftran SS W "
uicshcs, 4} to 5 inch mesh. They are used excliisivelj- as drifl-nrU
On the Connecticut River about 4,000 poundM of this netting sre ""
annually. The average weight of a not is 30 to 40 poonds, its ilepib4i>
50 meshes, 5J to 54 inches.
On the Hudson Biver about 7,500 pounds are annQallynsed.fineilii'**
(50-75, 2.cord), 100 to 200 fathoms in length, and from 50 to 90 mittn '
depth, 41 to G iuch, weight from 15 to 30 pounds to the net-
In the Delaware, Potomac, and Chesai>eake 20,000 puandsareoKil.^
30 to GO meshes in depth, aud Ci (30 to 40, 2-cord) length, 75 to lOO&lka
In the rivers of North Carolina nets are made from conns tninr (^
3-oord, and 20-35, 3-eord) 25 to 40 meshes in depth, 5-51 E*i(^- ^
lenjitth is about 100 yards. About 25,000 iKiunds are used annnsllv.
In the rivers of South Carolina the twine is slightly finer than in. V''
Carolina (25-35, 3-cnrd), 25toG0 meshta deep, tliesiz«oth<>nrisesbMiti
some. 1,500 ponnds are used annually.
In GtHirgia and Florida almut 0,000 poauds are used. This nettiii:
knit from linen thread (30-10, 3-cord, and 25-.t5, U-cord) 40 to CO M^
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 125
iiii8r"ii6t8 (entangling in meshes).
Series of samples of gill-netting. American Ket and
Twine Company, Boston and New York :
26848.
Depth 15 meshes,
size of mesh 1^ inch,
26849.
it
35
tt
tt
2i
26850.
<(
100
it
tt
2i
26851.
«
35
•
tt
tt
2i
26R'V2.
«
50
tt
tt
n
26853.
It
22
tt
tt
2*
26854.
tt
50
tt
tt
2*
26^5.
tt
100
tt
tt
2*
26856.
tt
100
tt
tt
3
26^7.
tt
100
tt
tt
3i
26858.
tt
16
tt
tt
3i
26859.
tt
16
tt
it
3i
26860.
It
40
tt
tt
3f
26861.
tt
50
tt
tt
4
26802.
it
17
tt
tt
4
26833.
tt
35
tt
tt
4
26834.
tt
16
it
tt
4i
26885.
tt
45
tt
ti
4i
26866.
tt
14
tt
tt
4i
26837.
tt
14
tt
it
4i
26868.
tt
14
tt
tt
4i
26839.
tt
14
tt
tt
H
26870.
tt
16
tt
tt
4i
26871.
tt
13
tt
tt
^
268r2.
tt
18
It
tt
4i
26873.
ti
16
tt
It
4*
26874.
tt
45
tt
tt
5
26875.
tt
12
It
ti
5
26876.
tt
GO
tt
tt
5
26877.
tt
G5
t€
tt
5
26878.
tt
35
tt
tt
^
26879.
tt
75
it
tt
Ci
2G880.
tt
11
It
it
XBrift-
C
neU.
No. 20
" 40
'* 25
" 30
" 25
*' 35
" 16
" 25
" 25
** 25
" 25
" 30
" 18
" 20
" 35
" 40
" 35
" 40
'* 35
** 50
" 35
" 35
" 35
" 50
" 50
" 35
" 30
" 30
" 35
" 40
" 35
" 35
" 35
thread.
t Those drifting across the tide.
t ■
W135. One bale of brown gill-notting. American Net and Twine Company,
Boston, Mass.
2G139. One bale of white gill-notting. American Net and Twine Company,
Boston, I^Iass.
if Those drifting along the tide,
[ackerel gill-nets.
Eepring gill-nets.
38184-28-38. Herring gill-net. Used on the coast of New England and the
Fkorinces in the captnre of the herring {Clupea harengu$), Amer
Kel and Twine Compftnyi Boston, Mass.
1'26 ANnCAL BESOUBOES AND FISHERIES OF OHITBD flTAin.
niesiiingr-nets (entangling in meshes).
Herring gill-uete.
These nets are about 40 yards long and 150 meshes in depth. Ttef vi
stretched together in big gangs, floated by pieces of wood and wri^iM
b; stones. They are made of 45 and 6 thread cotton ftom 14 to tO jin,
m inch avenge mesh. American Net and Tnine Company, Bm(mi,1Iml
. Model of herring gill-net. American Set aai Twine Compuj, But-
Otiier gill-nets.
1667. Oill-net. Andeison Biver Eakimoe. Anderson SiTer, H. B. T- t'
MucFailane.
7968. OiU-not made of animal fiber. Kawqnettle Indians. Vsncomirt
Inland, B. C. Dr. T. T. Minor.
19043. Gill-net Cooynwoe Pi-Ufe Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nev. SWpb*
Powers.
4765. GiU-netmadoofBabiche." Anderson River Indians. Vatkaoii
River district, H. B. T. HacFarlaue.
Pocket-netfi (eutaiigliug in pockets).
Trammel-uetB.
25270. Modi'l trammel-net. 10 feet long, 2 feet wide, 2 and 5 inrh
William E. Hooper & Sons, Baltimore. Md.
26118-29. Trammel-net, American Net and Twine Company.
Uaeil for general fiahing in rivo.rs and ponds of Smibem iliK
Valley.
These nets range from 20 to 75 yarda in length, 4 to 6} fert in iH*^
The inside netting of finer linen thread (liO-ai, 3-cord), mesh B-SJ, 1 W
than the outside. The outside netting- wallfrom cotton <15-SlltK<"^
OmiAL HESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 127
ss-seines.
leflsh-seines.
3eliu-semes. '
rring-seines.
96119. Model of heiTing-seiiie. Used on coasts of New Englmid and the
Provinces in capture of herring (Clupea harengua), and in the Hud-
son, Potomac, Delaware, and Chesapeake, and in North Carolina.
American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.
86127. Model of herring-seine. American Net and Twine Company, Boston,
Mass.
id-seines.
iliese are used in the rivers of the Atlantic and Gulf coast.
These seines are knit from cotton thread. On the Connecticut River,
the seines are of nine-thread twine, 5-^ mesh ; on the Hudson, the mesh
is four inches, knit of six-thread twine in the wings and nine thread in
the bunt. In the Delaware, Potomac, and Chesapeake, the mesh is 3i to
4| inches, the twine 12, 15, and 18 thread ; in North Carolina, the mesh is
2i to 3i inches, and the cotton twine twelve-thread. (E. B. French.)
l-seines.
26137. Model of cod-seine. Used in Provinces in capture of cod (Gadus
morrkua), American Net and Twine Company, Boston and New
York. 30 to 40 feet deep. Mesh 5 inches, 18 to 21 thread, cotton.
ice-bunts.
id collecting-seines.
26136. Baird net. Designed by Prof. S. F. Baird. Used by naturalists in
collecting small fishes in brooks and ponds and in following behind
large seines to secure the small species which escape through the
meshes, six-thread coarse cotton. American Net and Twine Com-
pany, Boston, Mass.
26126. Model of Baird net. American Net and Twine Company, Boston,
Mass.
t-seines.
26123, 26130. Model of minnow-seine. Used by amateurs in capture of
minnow-bait, i to f inch mesb, six-thread cotton twine. Ameri-
can Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.
26121. Model of minnow-seine, with bag. Used by fishermen to secure bait
for eel-pots. American Net and Twine Company, Boston, Mass.
26668. Minnow-seine. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contrib-
uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
er seines.
2232. Seine. Anderson River Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district. Robert
MacFarlane.
9444. Seine made of ^^ babiche.'' Tschutchi Indians. Capt. John Rodgers,
U. S. N., North Pacific Exploring Expedition.
] 28 ANIMAL BESOURCE8 AND FI8HEBIES OF UNITED VCHtWt.
Otber seiQes.
2445. Seinomodoof "babiche." Tschutchi Indiana. Capt. JobnBodgB
U. 8. S., North Pacific Exploriug Eipeditiou.
S446. Hauil-Rcino made of graas. Ticliiitclii Indians. Capt. John Bodge
U. S. N., North PiLcLlic Exploring Expeditiou.
3447. Houd-geine modp of groBS. Tachatehi Indiana. CA|tt. John Roilfc
U. S. N., Nortb PaciUc Exploring Expedition.
WZU. 8ahnoD-D0t. McCIond River ludioiia. Shasta Coilllt]r, Cll. Li
ipgston Stono.
tiOG4a. Salmon-Dot. Itidiana of Northwest coast. Fort Simpaon, RC.
G. Svraa.
2231. Hand-Beino. Anderson River Eskimo. Mackenzie's Riva dilllt
H. B. T. R. Kennicott.
ai36U. Piebitig-iiet. Hade ftom fiber of milkweed (J*elQrfa* sp.). Bm
Dorre Indians. Sooth Eel River, Cal. Stephen Powers.
7929. Fishing-net. Made &om fibers of pineapple (IlUaailria h^). lb
dor, Mox. Dr. Sattorius.
897. Fisbing-net made of willow bark. Kootchin Indiana. Maikenn
River district, H. B. T. R. Kennicott.
4883. Net made of "ailkweed." Fort Crook Indians. Fort Crook, C
Capt. J. W. T. Gardiner.
Hoop-netH.
Handle, or dip nets.
Bull-nets (worked with ropes and blocks).
Scoop-nets (herring-nets, poiind-scoops, car-scoops, &C.).
23li08. Bow of scoop-net. Used in dipping fish bum smack's well. J.
K. Southnick, Newport, R, 1.
2SI65. Series of scoop-net hoops. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., 1
ANTICAL RE80UKCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 129
»p«iiet8«
.iandlng-nets.
26669. Landing-net. Property of J. A Nichols, Syracuse, N. T. Contrib-
uted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
20711. Landing-net. Proi>erty of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contrib-
nted by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
26664. Landing-net and rod. Property of J. A Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest &. Stream Publishing Company.
Sskimo auk-nets.
1561G. Bird-net frame. Alieut Eskimos. Alaska. Henry W. Elliott.
Baited hoop-net :
Grab-nets.
26591-2. 3Iodels of lobster-nets. Used on the coast of California. Johnson
& Young, Boston, Mass.
26801. Crab-nets. American Not and Twine Company, Boston and N<w
York.
:i2710. Open cunner-net. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.
32711. Folding cunner-net. ** '*
iling-nefs.
Beam-trawL
(Otter-trawL)
26882. Model of beam-trawl. American Net and Twine Company, Boston
and New York.
32720. Model of bcam-trawl. Made by J. G. Adam. U. S Fish Commission.
>iedges:
Flange, or ordinary dredge.
Bake-dredge.
Oyster-scraper.
(Coral-dredge.)
26140. Four brown dredge-nets. Oyster-dredging, dbc. American Net and
Twine Company, Boston and New York.
Powing-nets :
Surface tow-nets.
25228. Towing-net frame. U. S. Fish Commission.
ling or jerl^ net 9.
^urse-nets:
Mackerel purse-seines (pursed by weight).
Menhaden purse-seines.
SM87. Model of mackerel purse-seine. Used on North Atlantic eoast in
eaptnro of mackerel {Scomber scombnu), American Net and Twiue
Oooq^Miy, Boston, Mass.
\14 9
130 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Foldings or jerk nets.
Menhaden purse-seines.
'iM, ISO. Model of mackerel purae-aeiue. American Net and Twi
pauy, Boaton, Haas.
Th«so pui'se-seines range in length &om 120 to S90 lUlkoma,
750 to 1,000 meabea in depth, reacliiiig the depth of SO to 30 fi
water. The average mcHh la 3| inchea. They ore made of Hne B
cotton twine, and cost from (750 to $1,500 complete. Abont 301
in nse on the coast of North America. The pnrwng ireigfat ts
100 to 150 pounds.
26122-^135. Model of pnne-aeine. American Net and Twine I
Boston, Maaa.
00 to 150 fathoms in length, 300 to 650 meshes in depth, H
Seivlstond twine. Wings, 9 to 12 ; hag, 15 to 21, coane.
2517S, Snatch-block nsed in pnrsing-seine. TT.ggin. ^ Gifiord, G
Mass.
SS186. Bing or thimble for putBiug-seine. Wilcox, Crittendan A
dletown, Conn.
Cast-nets :
Mullet cast-nets.
Pompauo cast-nets.
Bait cast-nets.
35046. Costing-net. Diameter 4i feet. William E. Hooper A So
more, Hd.
36799. Mullet cast-net. Diameter 5} feet, l^-inch meah.
:j680D. Slmmp cast-net. Diameter 4^ feet, (-inch mesh.
Clap-nets for birds.
Babbit spriug-nets.
ANIMAL BESOUBCBS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 1 31
LCcessory •) Parts of nets and apparatus for manufacture.
Netting-needles.
Mesh-needles.
Hanging-needles.
Eskimo netting-needles.
25596. Seine-needle (home made). J. M. K. Sonthwick, Newport, R. I.
S5693. Seine-needle. << ^ <<
25712. Seine-needle (called hanging-needle). N. H. Payne, Wellfleet, Maas.
— . Ejiitting-gange. Used in regulating size of mesh. American Net
and Twine Company, Boston and New York.
9639. Seine-needle. Eskimos. Northeastern America. 8. F. Baird.
16802. Seine-needle. Magemnt Eskimos. Nunivak Ishmd, Alaska. W. H.
Dall.
5613. Seine-needle of wood. Yukon River. W. H. DalL
5614. Needle of bone. Norton Sound Eskimos. "
16170, 16169, 16166, 161G7, 16168, 16171, 16196. Seine-needles of Bone. Mage-
mnt Eskimos. Nunivak Island. W. H. DalL
1180. Seine-needle of wood. Chirikoff. W. H. Dall.
1315. Netting-needle. Eskimos. Smithsonian Institution.
9639. Seine-needle of bone. Eskimos of Northeastern America. S. F.
Baird.
VI. TRAPS.
32. Pen-teaps.
oeket-traps.
Pitfalls :
Pits, covered.
Barrel-traps.
Jar mole-traps.
" Eabbit-tii>e," used in England.
Salmon-baskets (Columbia Elver).
Salmon-weirs (Upper Columbia River).
Eiver-weirs, with pockets :
Eel-traps.
Fish-slides :
Shad-slides, used in the rivers of North Carolina.
'25830. Fiah-slide. Used in James River, Virginia. Scale 1 inch to the foot.
J. G. Adani.
25831. Fioh-slido (with box). Used in rivers of Virginia. Scale 1 inch to
the foot. J. G. Ad<am«
^^bjrrinth-traps.
Corrals.
Turkey-traps.
132 ANIHAL BE30UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED BUTES.
liabyrinth-traps.
Weirs, or poimds.
12105. Bar-wuir. Used in Ba^ of Fund? homng flsheriM. Srak, I i:
15 feet. Capt. W. 8. Treat, Eoetport, Me.
18101. Fish-weir. Used in Dennis Biver, He. Scale, i inch to ihi
Prof. 8. F. Baird.
12106. Salmon-nuir. Used iu rivers of Maine. Dennis River. Sh
incli to 8i feet. Prof. S. F. Baird.
S6833. Model of heiirt-weir. American Net and Twine Company.
3&750. Model of pound net. Used in Lake Uicliigaa. Sei^ H bt
inch. Waokegan, III. D. D. Panoalee.
. Model of weir, or heart^net. Used on soutbem coast of Ken
land. Scale, 1 inch to 8 feet. Spindel's Cove, Wood's Boll
Prof. S. F. Baird.
26731, 26746. Models of bruah-wejrs. Used in the Bay of Fnndy in t
of heiring (^Clapea )utrenipt«). W. B. McLanglilin, Gnod )
N. B.
25829. Model of Bsh-woir. Used by aborigines of Vi^mia in the Si
century. From flgures in De Bry. J. G. Adam.
25820. Model of flsb-trap. Valley of Yukon River. Scale, 1 Inch
foot. W. H. Dall.
Ftmnel-traps.
Fish-pots.
1754. Wicker fish-pot (model). Used in West Indies. 5 to 15 Ik
Scale, 1 inch to the foot. H. 0. Clanghton, St. Martin's, V
32738. Fish-pot (model). Bermsdas. Scale of i- Mode frum wood
merged cedar. Q. Brown Goode.
Lobster-pots.
12100. Lobster-pot. Used in Bay of Fnndy. 4 to 10
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 133
Iiabjrrinth-traps.
Eel-pots, without leaders.
85016. Leaders for eel-pot (Nos. 25014-15-16). Used in Martha's Vineyard.
Capt Josiah Cleveland, Vineyard Harbor, Mass.
26802. Basket eel-pot. American Net and Twine Company.
25018. Roots of yonng pine trees (Pintu Btrohua), Used in mannfactnie of
eel-pots. Vineyard Haven, Mass. O. Brown Goode.
Barrel-pots for eels.
Set-nets.
38733. C. Set-net. Diameter of largest hoop, 15 inches. U. S. Fish Com-
mission.
Fykes (set-nets with leaders).
25045. Fyke-net with wings. Diameter, 3 feet. "Wm. £. Hooper A Sons,
Baltimore, Md. .
26113. Model of minnow-fyke. American Net and Twine Company, Boston
[and New York.
26114. Minnow-fyke. " "
26117. Minnow-fyke. " "
Bird-fyke.
26115. 26116. Model of bird-net. American Net and Twine Company, Boston
and New York.
Bass-traps.
25704. Bass-trap. Used in Peconic Bay and Fisher's Island Sonnd. Scale,
i inch to the foot. Charles T. Potter.
^€>or- traps.
t Closed by the falling of a door.
Box-traps (figure 4).
25833. Horan's box-trap. Used in Philadelphia Zoological Gardens. Scale,
one-half. Henry Horan.
25478. Box-trap. Used iu caxiture of hares, possums, etc. Scale, one-half.
T. N. Woltz.
Traps with hanging doors.
. Self-setting trap. Used in capture of muskrats, hares, &c. Scale,
one-half. Henry Horan.
25703. Self-setting trap. To be set in mouth of rabbit-burrow. Scale, one-
half. E. Herron.
Double box-traps.
25477. Double box-trap. Used in capture of hares, possums, &c. Scale,
one-half. T. N. Woltz.
134 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OP UNITED STATES,
Door- traps.
Spring-door traps.
t) ClmeA by falling of whole trap.
Bowl-traps.
Cob-house bird-traps.
3S659. Fall-trap. Used for partridgra and other birds. Scklf, ow-ldC
T. N. Woltz.
25705. Fatl-trap. Used la capture of partridgM, &c. Seals, tm-^iH.
Henry Horan.
Pigeon-nets.
iff Closed, by falling of tide,
Bar-weii8, arranged with the otiier weirs.
Sheaf- traps.
Sheaf-traps {New York Harbor).
33. CLDTCerNG-TBAPS.
IVoose-traps.
Snares :
Foot-path and barrier snaiea.
2033. Snare (mjulo of sinQtr). Used in captiuv af lynxes, »bUti
Fort Keuolution, H. B. T. H. Eennicott.
19063. Robbit-Bnaro. Coowoye Pi-Ute Indiana, Pyramid hnkr^ K* -
Stephen Powers. i
25660. Spring-trap (modul). Used in capture of lioica, grouse, &«. fo^
(>n.obnlf. K. II.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 135
Awed traps.
" Steel traps :"
Newhonse traps.
25858. Newhonse trap. No. 3, for otters. Double spring ; spread of Jaws,
5^ inches. Oneida Community, N. Y.
25656. Newhouse trap. No. 4, for deer. Doable spring; spread of jaws, 6|
inches. Oneida Community, N. T.
25257. Newhouse trap. No. 4, for beavers. Double spring; spread of jaws,
6^ inches. Oneida Conmiunity, N. T.
, 25255. Newhouse trap. No. 5, for bears. Spreadof jaws, 11} inchcA; weight
of each spring, 2 pounds and 10 ounces; weight of trap 17 pounds,
suitable for taking the common black bear. Oneida Community,
N. Y.
25254. Newhouse trap. No. 6, for grizzly bears and moose. Spread of
Jaws, 16 inches; weight of each spring, 6 pounds and 10 miuces;
weight of trai> with chain, 42 pounds; made throughout, exc(*pt
the pan, of wrought iron and steel; strong enough to hold the
moose or grizzly bear. Oneida Community, N. Y.
29250. Spring fish-trap. (Patented Dec. 9, 1856.) Edwin W. Judge, Kiw
Haven, Conn.
Spring bird-nets.
(French bird-trap.)
13153. Spring bird-trap. Used in France. Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U. S. A.
34. Fall-tbafs.
riMliinff-traps.
Dead-flEdls.
Figure-four traps.
25749. Log dead-fall (model). Used in Mississippi Valley. Scale, 1 inch to
the foot. Henry Horan.
15614. Fox-trap. Used by Mahlemut Eskimos. Henry W. Elliott.
ierciiiff-traps.
Spear-falls.
Mole-traps.
Harpoon-traps.
Pickerel-hookSi arranged with other hooks.
35. Missile-traps
voss-bow traps.
prinff-griins.
36. Adhesive prepauations.
i-Ume, See.
im fe#eto, Ac.
136 ANIMAL BESOURCES AKD FI8HEBIES OP XJSTTBD
VII. APPARATUS FOR WHOLESALE DESTRUCTII
37. Poisons.
Food poisons.
Phosphorus poisons.
Strychnine.
Arsenic
CJoiTosiTe snbUinate.
Gyanicle of potassiam.
Opiorn poisons.
For obvions reaaons this aeries is not ezhibitod.
Blood poisons: Woorara.
38. ASPHTILATOBS.
Apparatus Ibr smoking out.
(Apparatus A>r suflbcating with Aunes of suj
Apparatus fbr drowning out.
' 30. TOBPEDOES.
30J. Btouaoh-spbings.
Eskimo whalebone springs (used for killing bears).
iJIIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 137
29060. Dog-call. Edwin M. Judge, New Haven, Conn.
29861. Dog^uJl.
29262. Dog-call for whip. " "
2Sf254. PoUce-call. " "
292C5. Railroad-caU. '< <*
^-collars.
C-carts.
^r-muzzles.
42. HUNTING-BIEDS.
Icons.
'nnorants {Carbo sinensis). Used in fishing in China.
43. aocessoey to hunttng-bieds.
nmIs.
rches.'
nnorant-eollars.
44. Hunting-fishes.
imora (used in West Indies and Australia).
IX. DECOYS AND DISGUISES.
45. Baits.
itural baits.
Ffies and other insects. (This should include a collection of those
insects which, as the favorite food of fishes, are imitated in mak-
ing artificial flies.) Arranged with hooks. (See under 29 a.)
Worms.
Mollusks.
Salted baits (prepared).
Menhaden.
Herring.
Squids.
<31amR, long.
Olams, hen.
Pea-roe of cod (used in French sardine-fisheries, and largely ex-
ported).
<lra88hopi)er paste, used as a substitute fT)r pea-roe.
TDoUmg 1i>aits, <'stosh,^ &c.
artioles, on account of their perishable nature, cannot well be exhibited.
^ 1 V r . _
138 ANIUAL SB800BCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED BTATK
IVatnral baits.
(Accesaories.) Methods of preparing baita:
Bait-cutters.
Biut-aulls.
Bait-ladles.
Wheelbarrows for bait-dams (Xautaoket).
32740. Bemoh-cart. Nantacket, Moss. W. H. ChaM, Sd.
Bait-boxes aud cans.
25560. Five boitrboxes. BrodfoM A ADthony, Boaton, lUw.
26894, Bait-box. Forest A: Stream Pablisbing Company. PEOpet^rf
CA. Niohob, SytaniM,
26S33. Umnow-pail. " •'
2imi. Crab-can. " "
23691. ()rasabopper-u«a. " "
Bait-needles.
Artificial baits.'
Trolling-spoons, •
Spinners. '
Squids and jigs. '
"Bohs," used in soathem waters.*
Artificial fiici. '
Accessories to artificial baits.*
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 13^
iffht-decoys.
living decoy animals and birds.
Decoy-dogs, used in hunting ducks.
Stool-pigeons.
Tame decoy-ducks.
Tame decoy-brants.
Imitations of animals and birds.:
Decoy-waders (carved in wood).
25042. Blaok-bieasted plover (Squatarola helveHoa), P. Brasher, New York..
25041. Long-billed curlew (Numeneus Umgirostria), " **
26043. TeUow-shauks (Oambeita flavipes). << "
Decoy-waders (stamped in*tin).
25909. Black-breasted plover (Squatarola helvetica), Herman Strater &, Sons^
[Boston, Mass..
25906. Golden plover (Charcidriua virginious) ** ^*
25906-7. Bed-breasted snipe (IfacrorAaifipAiM^riaetMf). ^' ^*
SS&lO-n, MouatonG {StrepsiUis inUfrpres), ** **
These decoys are made hollow, stamped out in halves, hinged at
head and tail to open and nest together. Que dozen plover
weigh 3 pounds, with box occupying a space of 8^ by 9 inches, ^
inches deep. Patented.
«
Decoy swimming-birds (made from the skins of birds).
7127. Skin of canvas-back duck (FuUgula vallianeria) stuffed with dry
tul^ grass and fitted for decoy with strings and weights. Pi-Uro^
Indians. Robert Ridgway.
7128. Skin of red-head duck (Fuligulaferinay var. amcricana), fitted for use us-
decoy. Pi-Ute Indians. Robert Ridgway.
7129. Same. Robert Ridgway.
4783. Same. Pi-Ute Indians. Carson Lake, Utah. Capt. J. H. Simpson.
19031. Skin of widgeon (Mareoa americana), fitted for use as decoy.
Cooyuwee Pi-Ute Indians. Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Native-
name, Imoodoowe. Stephen Powers.
29532. Skin of a pin-tail duck (Dafila acuta), stuffed for use as a decoy. P.
Louis Jouy, Washington, D. C.
Decoy swimming-birds (carved in wood).
525040. Brant {Bernicla hrenta), P. Brasher, New York City.
25035. Mallard {Anas hoschas), Henry A. Stevens, Weedsport, N. Y.
25242. " '* Male. John Krider, Philadelphia.
25241. ** ♦' Female. '* **
29540. Black duck {Anas ohacurus). Francis Bnrritt, South Norwalk, ('onn.
25034. " '' A. Stevens, Weedsport, N. Y.
26051. Pin-tail duck {Dafda acuta). John Krider, Philadelphia.
26054. Bald-pate duck ( Mareca americana). Male. John Krider, Philadelphia..
96065. " ** Female. " "
8G03& " " P. Brasher, New York City.
WBOSL Bine- wing teal (Querquedula discors). Henr>' A. Stevens, Weedsport^
N. Y.
r
f
140 AMMAL RLSOUECES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Imitations of animals and birds:
Decoy swim miiig- birds (carved in wood).
S&M5. Bltie-vringtea\(QHiTq»<i:uladvicor>). Female. Jolm Kriihtr, FhiU-
[detptdi.
2S246. " " Mal«. "
^QU. Green-wing teal (Netlion carolinensii). " " "
85243. '• " Funinle. " "
^039. Broad-bill duck [Ftttigtila mania). P. Brachor, Sew Vork City,
36056. " ■' Male. John KrJdnr, PIiUadal)iUk
26059. *' " Female. ■'
29541. " " Francis Burritt. Soulli Nontilk,
[Cou.
fiSD39. Seaiip daok {Fuligula afflnU). Hourj- A. Stevens, Wivdaport, S.T.
55032. Bed-head duck ^PKUgiOa firiaa, var. ajxurkana). Henry A. Stetm,
[Weedgport, N, I.
■aeoee. " •' " Male. JohnKrite,
[Ptiilodelplna
36057. " " " Female.
55033. CanvuB-hack dnck {Faligula vaUim\erUi). Henry A. Stevens, Werfi-
[pott.N.T.
awtr. " " Male. Johti Kiidei, Phil*-
[delpldk
26053. " " Female. "
2503(S. Whi8t]p-wing dnck (^Bacephala ameHoina). Henry A. StevBiH
Wfedsport, N.T.
^6030. Bntt«r-haU dnck (Bvcephala albeola). Hoary A- Stevena, Wte^
port, N. Y.
Decoy swimming-birds (stamped in tin, witli wooden bottoiW
and bead baLince weigbts).
S6047. Slallard (Jho* bo»cluu). Male. Hermwi Strater A. Sons, Boitoo-
25905. " " Female.
'2604a Black duck (Jna«ab«nira). Male. " "
26049. " " Female. " "
Sti045. ned-facuit duck {Faligula ferina, var. aiii«rkatui). Male. Heno'*
Strater &, Sons, Boston.
2604G. Bead-head duck (FuUgula ferina, var. aniericana). Female. Herm^
Strater & Sons, Boston.
20043. Cauvna-back duck {Fiiligula valtiancria). Male. Herman Strater -^
[Sons, Boato^
2C044. " " Female.
25901. Whistle-wing duck (Bucephala americana). Male.
25902. " " Female
2590a. Sheldrake {Mergui nmcriconiM). Male.
26904, " '■ Female.
25900. Surf duck {(Edemia penpiciUata).
20702. Decoys. Properiy of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest & Slrc.im Publishing Cumpauy.
Imitations of flslies.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 141
t-decoys.
nitations of fishes.
^294. Lnre-fishes. William Morris, Lake City, Mich. Used in fifihin^
throngh the ice for pickerel.
These lure-fishes are used to decoy large fish under holes in the ice^
so that they may be within reach of the spear.
lanket decoy (for antelopes).
aotems and other apparatus for fire hunting and fishing.
antems for still-hunting.
25238. Centennial dash-lamp. For sportsman's hunting-wagons. Wliit^
Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn.
25239. Dash-lamp. Used for hunting and fishing. White Manufacturing
Company, Bridgeport, Conn.
23236. Jack-lamp. For night-hunting and general camp uses. White Manu*
facturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn.
25240. Johnson's jack-lamp support. For night hunting and fishing. White^
Mnuufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn.
25237. Fishiug-lamp. White Manufacturing Company, Bridgeport, Conn..
interns for weequashing, or fire-fishing, for eels.
29365. Boat -lanterns. Used in bow of boat in weequashing or spearing t'els
by night. Southern New England, James H. Latham, Noank,
Conn.
12107. Birch-bark used for torchlight fishing. Passamaquoddy Indians..
Eastport, Me. Dr. E. Palmer.
32739. Torch for night fishing. Halifax, K. S. Capt. H. C. Chester.
47. COVEBS.
ible coders.
Deer heads and antelope heads.
8420. Antelope decoy. Made from head of prong-horn antelope (^n/t7o-
capra amerioana), Prescott, Ariz. Dr. E. Cones, U. 8. A.
. Antelope decoy. Arizona. Dr. J. B. White, U. 8. A.
5537. Deer decoy. Made from head of mule-deer (CemMfnocrotia). Apache
Indians. Edward Palmer.
ovable copses.
jvers for hunters.
overs for boats.
lonary coTers.
Inntrng-lodges.
142 ANHUL BE80URCES AND FISHEBIES OF UHITED 9100.
X. PURSUIT, ITS METHODS AND APPLIANCE&
48. Methods op tbakspobtation.
Personal aids.
Snow-shoes.
Skates.
Alpenstocks and staves.
Portable bridges,
Animal equipments.
Harness : '
Horso-trappings.
Dog-liamesB.
Girtlis, sincbes.
Bits, cabrestos, spurs.
Saddles:'
Biding-saddles.
Pack-saddles.
Aparejos.
Kiding-pads (for buffalo hunting).
Fur pack-saddle (Hudson's Bay Territory).
Vehicles : '
Deer-sledges.
Dog- el edges.
a BESOUBCES AND FI»HEBl£S OF UNITED STATES. 143
:k canoes.
Bark canoe. (ModeL) Slave Indians of Biackenzio's Blver. Fort
Simpson, H. B. T. B. R. Ross.
Bark canoe. (Model.) Upper Columbia River. G. Gibbs.
Birch-bark, used in manufacture of canoes. Passamaquoddy Indians.
Eastport, Me. £. Palmer.
sea canoes.
' Indians of Northwest coast in hunting and fishing.
Wooden canoe. Northwest coast. J. G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Queen Charloftterlsland. J. G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Northwest coast. U. S. Exploring Expe-
dition. Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N.
Wooden canoe. (Model.) Bella Bella, B. C. J. G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. (Model.) Oregon. U. S. Exploring Expedition.
Capt. Chailes Wilkes, U. S. N.
Wooden canoe. (Model). Northwest coast. Dr. George Suckley.
Wooden canoe. (Model.) Alaska. Lieutenant Ring, U. S. N.
Wooden canoe. (Model.) Haldah Indians. Prince of Wales Island,
Alaska. J. G. Swan.
•
canoes.
Indians of the Northwest coast in whaling and sea fisheries.
Wooden canoe. (60 feet long.) British Columbia. J. G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Sitka, Alaska. W. H. DalL
Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Alaska. Dr. J. B. White.
Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Alaska. **
Wooden canoe. (Model.) Northwest coast. George Gibbs.
Wood«n canoe. (Model.) Neah Bay, Washington Territory. J. G.
Swan.
Wooden cauoe. (Model, painted.) Ihliuket Indians. Sitka, Alaska.
W. H. DalL
Wooden canoe. (ModeL) Northwest coast. George Gibbs.
Wooden canoe. (Model.) Vancouver's Island. Dr. C. B. Kenuerly.
Wooden canoe. (ModeL) ** **
Wooden cauoc. Model of Haidah cano(; (with masts and pushing-
sticks, for traveling, fishing, &c.). Queen Charlotte Island. J.
G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. Model of Haidah canoe (for deep sea and war).
Queen Charlotte Island. J. G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. Model of wooden canoe (with masts, paddles, push-
ing-sticks, and ivory hari>oons). J. G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. Model of Cogwell canot^ (for deep sea and war).
Flatliead Indians. J. G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. British Columbia. J. G. Swan.
Wooden canoe. *^ *^
Wooden canoe. Dug-out canoe (60 feet long). British Columbia.
J. G. Swan.
144 AKIUAL EESOtJBCES AKD FISHERIES OV UNITED SUm
Kyaks or bidarkas.
Used bj EsklmoB of Arctic America in huntiog and flabiRg.
S6617. Eyak. (]3 feet 9 inches long, 30 inches wide.) N«thwHi n
Sitka, Alaska. William Burling.
14971. Ej'ak. (Model.) Alaska. W. H. DalL
10275. Kyak. (Model.) Kodiak.
149T1. Kyak. (Model.one hole.) Alaska. W. H. D»l].
U1G09. Kyak. (Mo<lel,onehole.) Alaska. Dr. J. B. White.
tt2T. Kyak. (Model, two-hole.) Koloshes, Alentinn lahuidt. Ctft
E. Sands.
14!)T0. Kyak. (Model.) Aloatian lelands. W. H. X>all.
21604. Kyak. (Mo(lel,2-hole.) Alaska. Dr. J. B. White.
21005. Eyak. (Model, 3-hole.) Alaska.
■J1610. Kyak. (Model,3-hole,) Alaska. "
21600. Kyak. (Model, 4-holp.) Alaska. "
8788. Kyak. (Model.) Unabeet Eskimo. Norton Soiiod, Alaak
H. Dall.
26618. Kyak. Eight«eafi'Ctlong,22inctic3wide. GreenlamL t^^
S62. Kyak. (Model.) East coast, Upeniavik. Dr. Hayes.
14750. Kyak. (Model, with bird-spear, harpoon, and tral-sliCi
Eskimos, TuBiack, North Greenland. Prof. S. Y. Baiid,
2330. Eyak. (Model, nitli bird-spear, lances, and spear-ivst.)
River Eskimos. Mackenzie's River district. E. M«cFi»J
Umiaks or bidarraR.
Used by Eskimos in whaling and sea fisheries.
1098. Uniiak. (Model.) Fort Anderson, H. B. T. Bobeit llw«= '.
15618. Unuak. (Model of fhime.) Saint Lawi«nc«L
0UBCE8 AND FISHKBIES OP UNITED STATES 145
ible boato.
EftOtl. HegiMiiikii {KirtaUk- folding boat. Luug^, ID feet; nidcb, 3 feet.
Hi'ganiiiii FoMitlile Folding Boat Company, Ballslon Spa, N. Y.
Directlinia for Bctliog np tioat:
1. riifol.1 ll,« frame.
■ tf. Plnrii llii' kacc» uuA seals in pnaition before listening tJie Ihiiioui.
riu) Bi'rlioD nt thf <^u(1a of tbe Iioal.
;i. KiMli'u the hottoni-«iid itcotioii In Iho enda of the IkihI by lliu
ibamb-scrona.
4. VltKB ou till' canvas with the cords and tie in a single loop (or Imw
knot}.
BSie. Model uf CulTiu portnlile cauviu boat. (Patonlnl Oct. 0, 1^7-).) R.
A. 6ci>n &. Co., Albany, N. ¥.
"This boat consistit of a canvas eitt'rior niadi- thoroughly wutcr-pronf
by B prepBTntlon which prescrvca the sliwDgth of the canvas and pn-vcjila
d«Cky BHd oiuilation. It is shaped like a canoe, sharp at both cuils. and
rata thi^ water kauilsuuivly. Along tbe siiles anrt hottorn arc li-allicr
tiionga, by whiuli the bouglie and liiiilie cut for IVitnic can lie Irmliivl sr-
onrelr lo the canvas, with Hie assistance of the four leather framing
ska or sockets (tnn for eo^h end), which connect tliti stem and stem
to (or jirow pieces) witb the keeUon, and it can be rendily pot together
■aywheie in the woods, no tools being mquirod for the puqiose, excepting
neb as ate aJwayt' Mrrird by a party of sportsmen, or others, an ax or
hatcliet only Iwliig needed. Tlio ffholo of it can Im" packwl nwiiy in ."i
space S4 inches lung, 6 inches wide, and 3 inches thick. Tbe size now
ic (No. 3), allhongh but 18 feet long, will carry six men, or four men
with their necessary baggage, and weighs but 13 pounda when rollnl np.
It has been tested in a heavy sea with n frame of green boughs cut only
two honrs before, and carried a weight rif 700 pnnnds safely and enaily."
K870-36-1I3. Model of Feuncr's portable boat. With cunvos hoUoiu. L'.
A. Fenncr, Mystic Rivi-r, Connecticnt.
On« of these modelttbi shown closed up in lis cose ready for IrauspoMiv-
Hon, the otlier set np for nse.
K19. Fiq>«rcuiiue "Marijk Theresa." N, H. Bishop, Luke George, N. Y,
Desired by Rev. Baden Powell, of England ; built by E. Waters A,
Sons, of Troy, N. Y. Dimensions: length. 14 feet; beam, !!8 inches;
depth (amidship), 9 bches; weight of canoe, 58 pounds; weight of ca-
Mist, 130 ponnds; weight of outfit, 90 poiimla; total, 278 ponnds.
Rowed by Mr. N. H. Bishop (from Troy, N. Y., '^,000 miles) wliile on hJ«
lint geographical J oiimoy from the Oulf of Stunt Lnwroncoto the (inlf of
Uezlco, 9,000 miles, during m4 and 1B75, Since (be cooiplelioD of tho
VOjrage all injories the hull snstained were i«medled by the ^iupl« nppU-
iOD of a sheet of paper and a coat of shellac varnish (o the outside of
tlut boot. Wlion in use a piece uf canvas oorcrs tlu> nudecked part I'f the
OS and keeps the iul«rior dry. Water-coiimos traversed by Mr. Bishop
during 18T4 iimU875; From Qnobec, rlversSaint Lawrence and Richelieu,
14fi AN1MA.L BESOUaCES AND FISHESIES OF UNITED STATES.
Lake CbawpUu], and canal to Albiuiy ; tho Hudson, Eill Ton KiU, iiJ
Raritan rivura and canal, and tho Dulawaro to Flulad«lpbia; Dcli'aP' '
Biveraud baj to Cape Heulopuu, and interior aaU-nater paBsagesnaouui
of Maryland und Virginia to Nurfulk; the EU^iabuIti Biveraaduml'"
Currituck Sound, Albemarle, Pamlioo, Cove, Bogae, Stiunp, and oibrt
sonnda, to near WUdud^od, N. C. ; Wnccamau River to Georgctui
C. ; bf aalt-water creeks, rivers, bays, and sounds along tho tout i>l l^
United States to Florida; fro m Atlantic coaot, via Saint Uary'iu'
wannae rivers, t-o Gulf of Muxi(«.
26628. Bice Lake canoo. William English, Petefborongh, Ontario.
Coracles or skin boats.
Whale boat (used in whale flslieries).
24660. Whale-boat. (Model, with all dttiuga; scale, 1 inch to foot.) C^l
L. Howtand, New Bedford, Masa.
24669. Whalo-boat. (Model. ) C. U. Shute d: Son, Edgartowu, Mas.
2G839. Wbalo-boat, 35 fuet long. Williams,' Haven & Co., New LoodM.
Conn,
This boat Ls mouu led with all tho gear used in thocnplnrvof Ihcol
Seine-boat.
25S^. Model of Capo Ann acino-boat. HlffiEina A Oiffiinl, GkNKOM
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 147
ilian fishing-boats.
Uaed in harbor fisheries of California.
28213. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucca rig.) San Francisco. Liv-
[ingston Stone.
22214. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucca rig.) ** '<
22215. Italian fishing-boat. (Model; felucca rig.) *' "
22217. Italian fishing-boat. (Model.) Chinese fishhig-boat. San Fran-
cisco. Livingston Stone.
inkies.
25729. Martha's Vineyard pinkie-boat. (Model ; scale, ^ inch to the foot.)
William H. Chase.
Used in shore fisheries.
25896. Norman's Land pinkie-boat. (Model ; scale, ineh to the foot.) Capt.
William Cleveland, Vineyard Haven, Mass.
Used in cod and coast fisheries.
onting-skifGs.
Used for hunting and fishing in mountain lakes.
26021. Adirondack boat. Full size. Frederick D. Graves, maker, Boston,
Mass.
25681. Adirondack boat. (Model; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) Frederick D.
Graves, maker, Boston, Mass.
Dimensions : 15 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches wide ; weight, 75 to 80 pounds.
For the use of sportsmen this boat is claimed to excel, on account of its
extreme UghUtets and durahilit^f one man being able by means of a yoke to
carry the same to any distance without fatigue. This boat is also adapted
for family purposes, the patent rowlock enabling the most inexperienced
lower of either sex to propel the boat with ease and perfect safety, and
without any possible chance of losing the oars.
35809. Ausable boat. (Model.) D. L. Fitzhugh, Jr., Bay City, Mich.
Used in trout and grayling fishing, with well for live fish.
Length, 16 feet; sides twelve inches high inside, 2 feet 10
inches wide on top, 2 feet 4 inches at bottom.
20024. Saint Lawrence bout. (Length, 19 feet; width, 43 inches.) Henry
Sweetman, Clayton, N. Y.
Used in trolling in the Thousand Island region. Length, 19 feet ;
width, 43 inches.
25053. Alexandria Bay boat. (Model.) Cornwall & Walton, Alexandiia, N. Y.
Used for hunting and fishing in the Adirondacks and the Saint
Lawrence.
a boats.
24999. New England surf-boat. (Model ; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cra-
gin & Sheldon, makers, Boston, Mass.
Used in harbor, lake, and river fisheries.
2500L Whitehall boat (18 feet). (Model; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cra-
gin A Sheldon, BoHton, Mas.s.
101 Ship's yawl. (Model; scale, 2 inches to the foot.) Cragiu & Shel-
don. Boston, Mass.
^ *9aaters and fishing smacks.
148 ANIMAL BE80UBCES AND FI8HERIEB OF UNITED SliTEt.
S3216. San Fiancisco yawl. [Model.) Llvingiton StOiM.
Used by Italian flsttermeii on coast of CaUfbniia.
S$028. Kautucket Harbor boat. (Model; scale, 1 inoh to ttie foot) W.
Chase.
Used in harbor fishing.
Oyster-ctBioes. '
35003. Chesapeake oyster-caooe (made from two logs). (Model; vi
inch to the foot.) Mi^or T. B. Forgnson, M«7land Fish Cm
Used for oyster-raking iii Cheeapeake Bay.
25002. Chesapeake canoe-pungy. (Model; scale, 1 inchtothefoot-) 1
T. B. Fergnson, Maryland Fish Commissioii,
Used in oyster-dmdgiug in Cheeapeake Bay.
Dacking-boate.
SS65& Egg Harbor boat. (Model; scale, inch to the foot. P. Bn
New York Citry.
Used for hunting in marshes and bays.
S6620. Cedar duck-boat " Central Hopublic." Bnilt by Capt. 0
Bogort, Burfinan, Manahanken, Ocean Comity, New J<
Dimensions: 12 feet long, beam 3 feet 11 iachts, depth li ii
N. H. Bishop. Lake Oeoige, N. T.
This is the boat in which Mr. Nathaniel H. Bishop, of Lake G<
Warren County, New York State, rowed fiom nttsburg, Ps., vis
and Mississippi Biveia aad the Gulf of Mexico (3,600 mllea) to Cedsr I
Flo., while on his second geographical expedition during 1875-76.
S8633. New Jeisey sneak-boz. (Model; scale, 1 inch to the foot.) M
Gifford, Tuckertou.N. J.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 149
Jchooner-rigged fishing- vessels.
■
2680d. Noank lobster-boat. (Model.) Capt. H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn.
25B25. Block Island boat. (Model; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) Capt. H. C.
Chester.
Used in cod fisheries and shore fisheries.
25730. Massachusetts schooner-smack. (Model; scale, i inch to the foot.)
William H. Chase, Boston, Mass.
Used in mackerel fisheries and winter oyHtcr trade.
S8731. Maine schooner-smack. (Model; scale, i inch to the foot.) Capt.
H. C. Chester.
Used in bank cod fisheries and eastern mackerel fisheries.
S6596. Oyster-schooner. (Model; scale, 1 inch to the foot.) T. B. Ferguson,
Maryland Fish Conmiission.
Used in oyster-dredging in Chesapeake Bay.
26584. Schooner-smack. (Model; scale, about i inch to the foot.) Johnson
&, Young, Boston, Mass.
Employed in the New England lobster fishcricH.
25727. Noank well-smack. (Model; scale, | inch to the foot.) H. C. Ches^
ter, Noank, Conn.
Supplies fresh fish to local markets and New York iced-fish trade.
24883. Schooner-yacht. (Model ; scale, ^ inch to the foot. ) William H. Chase.
Used in pursuit of sword-fish and blue-fishing.
2S890. Gloucester schooner-smack, style 1835. (Model.) M. M. McFadyn.
First form of sharp-bowed schooner, out of which the present
Gloucester schooner was developed.
28219. Old-fashioned topmast schooner. (Model.) A. K. Crittenden.
26584. Schooner-smack. (Model ; scale, about i inch to the foot.) Johnson
A Young, Boston, Mass.
Used in the New England lobster fisheries.
iiips.
257S6. Whaling-ship. (Model.) C. H. Shute & Son, Edgartown, Mass.
Crew engaged in cutting in the blubber.
24881. Whaling-bark. (Model ; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) U. 8. Fish Com-
mission.
Used in northern whale fisheries.
24882. Merchant ship. (Model; scale, ^ inch to the foot.) U. S. Fish Com-
mission.
Used in foreign trade.
oats of Great Lakes.
96625. Mackinaw boat. (Mwlel.) J. W. Milner.
Used in fisheries of the upper great lakes.
26^6. "Norwegian boat" (Model.) J. W. Milner.
Used in Lake Michigan fisheries.
26790. Lake Erie pound boat. (Model.) J. W. Milner.
26627. Square-stem boat. (Model.) J. W. Milner.
Used in Great Lake fisheries.
ttsamors.
Menhaden steamer with seine-boats. . (Mo<lcl.) Joseph Lawlery
Biistoly Me.
"HUaMiil stoftmer. (Model.) N. Crooks, Milwaukee, Wis.
150 ANIMIL RESOnBCES AND FI8HEBIE8 OF DNITED RUBS.
' !S027. QiU-uet Bt«amer. (Model ; aoale, 1 inob to 5 feet & iBcbcL)
Used in Lokelkichlgan fifiberlee.
S&0S7. "Camel" floating-dock. (Model ; scale, 1 inch to 6 fM S in
WillliMn H. Chase.
S8S08. "Camel" floating-dock. Model of ateamaliip Cnlia. DipoMt
F. McFaddea, Philadelphia.
Built in 1842 for floating loaded eliips over Kantnckrt bit
Api^aratUB accessory to risginir fishinff-TCMeU.
S6S3t. Thtee single iron-sheaved, plain-hook tuckle bloeka. Wstti
man Sc Sons, Providence, R. I.
SS830. Two double iron-sbeaved, plain-book tackle blocks. Wslb
man & Sons, Providence, K. I.
£>806. "Dead-eye"b1ock. Used to secnre the standing oi Gied H,
tbe bull of the vessel. Walter Coleman &, Sons, Proviilei
256M. "Heart" block. Used to secure the standing or fixed riggii
hull of the veaai-l. Walter Coleman A. Sons, Provideucr,
25805. "Bnll'e-eyo" block. Used to secure tbe standing or fixed Ti
the bull of the vessel. Walter Coleman A, Sons, Provida
25619. One single brass-sbeaved, inster-hook tackle block. Wslt
man &, Sons, Providence, B. I.
25150. Series of boat-blocks. Used on small fisbing-boats amunil C
and Newport. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Hiddletown. (
25617. One single brass-sbeaved, sister-hook tackle block. Wah
man it Sons, Providence, R. I.
1^18. One double iron-aheaved, siater-book tackle block. Wall
man &, Bona, Providence, R. 1.
25812. Bound block. For Jib-aheets and small craft. Woltrr Col
ANUCAL RESOUKCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 151
paratas accessory to rig^gringr fishingr-Tcssels.
Glews and hanks.
29475. Clement's patent solf-odjosting jib-hank. Wilcox, Crittenden St
Co., Middletown/Conn.
25143. Jib-head, with patent clew-thimble, used where the jib has been
stretched too mnch ; the jib is shortened at the head ; and the jib-
head is attached to the sail. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co., Middle-
town, Conn.
25803. Jib-hank. Goes on jib-stay to hold the sail to it. Walter Coleman
& Sons, Providence, R. I.
25777. Wooden jib-hank. Samuel £1 well, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
25156. Series of single-stay jib-hanks. Wilcox, Crittenden dr- Co., Middle-
[town,Conn.
25157. Series of double-stay jib-hanks. '' "
25215. Self-adjusting j ib-hank for double stay. C lement's patent. Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middle town, Conn.
25214. Patent self-adjusting jibrhank. Clement's patent. Wilcox, Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
29460. Jib-sheet block (peculiar to Gloucester fishing-vessels). Samuel
Elwell, jr., Gloucester, Mass.
25156. Pratt's patent jib-hank or yacht-jib. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co.,
[Middletown, Conn.
25207. Hook-and-eye for bonnet of jib. . " "
Shocks.
29466. Line-chock for whale-boat. Provincotown style. William W.Smith,
Provincetown, Mass.
25180. Line-chock for whale-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden &> Co., Middletown,
[Conn.
25216. Bow-chocks. " '•
25195. Boat-chocks. " "
Boat-hooks.
25926. Whaler's large-ring boat-hook. E. B. & T. Macy, New Bedford,
Mass.
25614. Whale-boat boat-hook (peculiar to New Bedford). Humphrey S.
Kirby, New Bedford, Mass.
25196. Series of wrought-irou boat-hooks. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co.,
[Middletown, Conn.
25200. Boat-hook for gunboat. '< ''
25226. Boat-hook. U. S. Fish Commission (deposited).
25197. Double Navy boat-hooks with ball points. Wilcox, Crittenden &,
[Co., Middletown, Conn.
25198. Series of Navy boat-hooks with ball points. " **
25199. Series of sharp-pointed boat-hooks. " "
Bdaying-pins.
25161. Series of belaying-pins. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co., Middletown,
[Conn.
flfidOBL Belaying-pin for Cape Ann seine-boat. ^^ **
. Two belaying-pins. Samuel Elwell, jr., Gloncester, Mass.
152 ANIHAL BE80DHCES AND F18HGBIE8 OF UNITED STinS.
ApparatDs accessory to riffginir Oshlnff-TesscU.
BigSfers' hooks.'
35104. Deck or hammock hook. Wilcox, Criltenilcu &. Co., UUdkUit
35195. Huomock-hook. " ■'
2&S06. Series of riggers' sUter-hookB. " "
25145. Wide-mouthed single-hookB, or Cape Aim bonnetr-Iiook*. Wil
[Crittenden &. Co., Uiddlctown, C>
3M78. Bonnet-hook and grommet. " "
3&462. Bonnct^hook-aiitl-oye, for removing tho Jib. Wilcox, Ctittend<
[Co., HiddlBtowD, (
25165. Series of books and thimbles.' " '
25943, Purral hooka. 8. Elwoll, jr.
S5144. Siat«r-hook8. Wiicox, Critteuden & Co., Uiddletown, Conn.
85160. Sailmakoi's beoch-hook. " "
■25149. Soihnaker'e Ifoavei. <■ "
25207. Hook-and-eye for bonnet of Jib. " "
2S1B5. Hook-and-eye plate. " "
35116. Series of galvanized-iron sail-grommets (Wilcoi's patent). V
Crittenden &■ Co., Hiddletown, Conn.
S5117. Series of brHflBsail-KTommets (Wilcox's pat«nt). Wilcox, Critt
&, Co., Middlotown, Conn.
25118. Series of brass grommots. Conical point, rolled rim. Wiloox
tenden & Co., Uiddletown, Conn.
95119. Series of tnetalUo grommots. First nscd in AmrricA. Wilesi
tenden &■ Co., Uiddletown, Conn.
95130, Series of brass giommots. First patented in America. Wikoi
tenden &, Co-, Middlotown, Conn.
2G1S1. Rope-yarn gronunets (with worked holes showing i
ANIICAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 153
laratns accessory to risirtngr fishingr-Tcssels.
[riommets.
25132. Series of throat-thimbles. Gloncester pattern. Wilcox, Crittenden
&, Co., Middletown, Conn.
25133. Series of reef-tackle or saddle-thimbles. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co.,
Middletown, Conn.
25134. Series of brass sail-thimbles. Wilcox, Crittenden &. Co., Middle-
[town, Conn.
25152. Series of open or riggers' thimbles. ** *^
25153. Series of wire-rope thimbles. ** ^^
Inchors.
25162. Boat-anchor. Wilcox, Crittenden &Co., Middletowu, Conn.
25163. Grappling-iron for dory. " * "
25219. Wooden killick or coast anchor. H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn.
29249. Series of sailors' palms (from best to the poorest). Wilcox, Critten-
den & Co., Middletown, Conn.
29423. Sailor's palm (left hand). Wilcox, Crittenden &. Co., Middletown,
[Conn
29424. Sailor's roping palm, A 1 (right hand). *^ "
29454. Superior cast-steel sail-needles. ** ''
fast-gear.
25802. Six ^'purrcl trucks." Used on a rope around the most to keep the
gaff on the mast. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.
25807. Mast-hoop. Used to hold the sail to the mast. Walter Coleman &
Sons, Providence, R. I.
25808. Lace trucks. Used on the foot of sail to attach it to the boom.
Walter Coleman &, Sons, Providence, R. I.
251'>9. Series of boat-mast hoops. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
Conn.
25810. Mast-hea<l truck. Used on top of mast to display bunting and
signals. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.
25811. Mast-head ball. Used on to]) of the topmast to display bunting and
signals. Walter Coleman & Sons, Providence, R. I.
29480. Mast-head gear for dory. Auiasa Taylor, Provincetown, Mass.
29481. Mast and boom attachment for dory. ** "
29484. Mast and gaff attachment for whale-boat (new style). Used by
Provincetown whalers. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletowu,
[Coun.
25181. Mast-hinge for whale-boat. " *'
Loaders and foot-stops.
25604. Series of sail-leacbes and boom foot-stops. Used by Newport sraack-
men. J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, R. I.
25193. Boom foot-stops. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
25181. Mast-hinge for whale-boat. " "
29450. Fair-leader. Used on the booms of Gloucester vessels. Samuel El-
well, jr., Gloucest^T, >Ia8S.
29463. Patent topsail travelers. Used on square-rigged vessels. Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
IL IfMi-iiook clntch. E. A. Sawyer, Portland, Me.
154 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UHITED STATES.
Apparatus accessory to riffirins flsltiiiff-TMMla.
Boittrbuilders' materiuls.
25170. Rlng-bolte. Wilcox, Critteoden 8c Co., Hiddl«t««n, Cmo-
S6901, Seriea of screw eye-bolts. " "
9530S. Series of screw ring-bolts. " "
2&90R. Series of ring-bolts. " "
SS211. Common oval bead clincli boat-nail. Wilcox, Crittendm i Ci
[Ifiddletowii,C«
S!C212. Chiael-point cliucli bout-nails. "
2S213. Coiint«rBiuik clinch bOBt-naik. "
35SS0. Series of boat-rivet& "
2&2!j3. WasbeiB or clinch-rings for rivets. "
8617S. Stem cap for Cape Anu soine-boat. "
35173. Davit-guard and step-plate fur Cape Ann seine-boat "
SSITTh Eye-plateoroar-holderawivelflforCapeAnnaclne-biiat "
2B176. Gunwale supporter for Cape Ann seine-boat. "
Q&178. Davit-guard and step-plate for Cape Ann aeine-boot. "
25174. Bteast-btace for Cape Ann seine-boaf . "
S&166. Davit-iron for Cape Ann seiae-boats. "
S5167. Tow-iron for Cape Anu seine-boats. "
SS166. Tow-link and hook for Cape Ann seine-boat. "
29483. Boom-rest or crotoh-soeket. Used on the tofl^l nf C»p(Wl
vcflsels when they are "laying to" on Georgp"* B»«l* ■■
Brown, Wellfleet, Mass,
21^04. Water-deck iron. Wilcox, Crittenden *■ Co., MidiUetom, C"*
findder-fixtnres.
2949C. "W, N. Clark's rudder-hanger." (Patented September I W
James B. Clark, Chester, Conn.
, "Advantages (lalmed for this hanger : To ship the rudder w* bW
to enter the tongue (which Iiaa tbe' rudder already attached) ia
E
SiMAL RESOURCES ANiJ FISHEBJE8 Of INITED STATES. 155
iraliu accesiwry to rigging: fishing- vessel)*.
tdd«r-6xtlire8.
any ooo sniliug nver a liuc or tH'iiie, as, tbo rudJer c:ui Ih' riuily raised fur
anoagb to piua iiTer and prevent a, line gutting caught between the rmU
der find boal, oh nuuld othMwiau likely eneae, nnd wbeii ov<>r. by niinply
letting dotni the milder, it will go tu its place again ready fur ubo.
By tliia an'tingemcnt ve are enabk-d to get lUe hinges further down nu
tho rudder, thnieby bringing the strain on both of tliom, while in the eld
way, the lower eye and pintle oro bo far fWim tile bottom of the bout, in
ardi^ to fiu'ilitat« the shipping of thi.- hiddi-r, Ihiit lliiu oni- liiiH to b«ar
n«ftTly all of the Btrain." (W. N. CItukO
SS190. Bndder-gadgeoDi. 'Wilcox. Crittenden Jk Co., Middletowu, Conn.
SSt82, Budder-brares for wliale-boat. Wilcox, Crittonden & Co., Middlf-
[town. Com..
S&IOO. Series of couiinon wronght-iron rnddcr-brates. " "
351U0. Serins of rudder bmoos. " "
29810. Rudder-braces for New Orlcius cM-boat. " "
35183. EiiddiT-bmce« for metallic life-boat. '' "
S9473. Dory breast-hnoli nod stem braces. " "
SST79. l^tny-sDil suateb-deat. Used by Gloooester fiHhiug-sohoonerH. A1-
1«n ],. McDonald. GloueeMer, Xana.
25000. Wooden cleats. Unml to fasten mpes to. Willinm Coleman A. S.iiii.
Providence, B. I.
85918. ScrieaofrnnnlUloikbi. WUcos, Critt«Qa<Mi&Co.,MiddIetAwii, Cmm.
2SS17. Small brass cb'ats. "
25177. Cleata for Cupn Ann sninB'boat. "' "
2S191. Bont-cleats. " "
rlouks.
S50m. Whalc-1)oat niwloelf. Wileox, Crittenden dt Co., S[iddleto^vIl. Conn.
!S08S. Brass wash -streak rowlock. " "
iK113. Steering rowlock with stem amkotfurCuiMAnn seine-liont. Wileov.
Cri(t«ndon A: Co., Middlelown, Conn.
86114. Socket used on side of stem for steering. Used on Cape Ann seine-
boot. Wilcox, Crittenden 4, Co., Hlddletown, Conn.
SS0S5. Seine-boat rowlock. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middlrtoivu, Conn,
aS(B0-7i rulishi'dliruMi-uwlocks-
fiS076.S&Of7. Polished brass rowlock nsed ou gunning-skUT. Wilcox. Crit-
tenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
SGltH-S Oftlvaniied socket rowlocks. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
[town. Conn.
as0e3-»-4. Dross eocket rowlocks. ■' "
aS(»I-a-3, Plain brass patent swivel rowlock. " "
950IH. Galvanized- iron paleut swivel rowlock. " "
96101. Kret patent swivel rowlock pnt in market. Wilcox, Critlundcn ,1;
Co., Middletown, Conn.
Plirfii bnus towloak nB«l on gunning-ski fT. Wilcox, Critten-
den A, Co., Middletown, Conn.
$id»-plul<- rowlock nscd ou giiuniuB-skifl". Wilcox, Crilteudeo
t Co., Middletown, Cimn.
166 ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FISUEBIEB Oi' UNITED STATES.
Apparatatt accessory to rlg^ng flsfainff-TeiMelt.
Bovlocks.
35166. Rowlock for dory. Shoiring new mode of taeUnung. VUmi, Ciii-
t«nden &, Co., Middletown, Conn.
25705. Dory thole-pin rowlock, gamnel Elwell, jr., Qlonoeator, itiMt.
25090. Gun-metal doryrowlockwitliSoathwick'iipatentfnBtciiiiig. Vittoi.
Crittendeu &, Co., Middletown, Conn.
25100. Dory rowlock, ebowing patent mode of fostcniug. Wilrox, Criitni'
don ii, Co., Middletown, C<nin.
36903. "Lyman's p'»t*iit bow-fftcing rowing-goir." William Ljinan, MkI-
dlefleld, Conn.
This bow-facing, i, e., &OQt view, row ing-geai is ui invention Thiii
tUlowB the rower to face forward iiuteadof ImckwnTd, pulling iu thtnix
manner as with tbe ordinary oars. TbU KveTseinovemeuIiiobtBiiwillo
haviiig the our in tvcu [litrln, t-iuh ginrt liavhi^ » boll-and-iiockrt jiHii
which is attni-hed to the wal« of the boat by means of a slot luid lisibm.
and the two pnrta connectMl liy a rod (with hinged IxMringB) (tkir
OTOSsea the wale of the boat.
The advantages elaimed for tliis ntwing-gi-ar over the urdinAry u«, '"'■
" 1. The oarlman/iicn the dirtclion in idtirh it got^,
2. The iirrangemeat of tin- Icvi'tn is wjtii that tho oarsmaD apiilin i"
strength tolbn best Diechaiii^'nl advantage, enabling biniloron-fuWii'^
more easily than with any uther Uitr.
3. Daring the stroke tbc bow of the bmit h slightly raiaed by tU-ar
lion of the rower instead of Iwing lowcrcii liy hiu motion as \n onliw?
4. The stroke in longer thOiU with onliuary oars.
5. The onra can be closed u]! out of the way along thr side of rlii W
without dotachiog them from thu giinwnli'.
G. It is bettor from the f<vct that thf blade of the iiai is in frontiutto
be ram at the beginning uf tbe stroke, so that there is uu diffiimlij "
oiding nhstiieW, and in a nrngh •*» there in little d.-ingiT uf "fsktte
lANIMAL EESOURCES AND riSHEHlES OF UNITED STATES. 157
Uni:
|Urala« accessor} to rii^trius fishing- vexMeli.
im locks.
AlintiBt any oou (eveu if liu liiw uvvur ruwiril it lioulj wiili iiu hoar's
placUou call uho tLiine front view oura wi>ll; it boln^ iimdi iriuitr toltarn
to uao a pair of tliMu <inni thau a |>ikir nf the bock view unni." (Williniu
Lyman.)
2S8fU. Frederick D. Gruves's improved uuiulcM rowtuck. Fn-d. I). Griivm,
Bmtoii, MuHS.
"Tlio objrut of lliis invontion is to iniprovc llic consli'iicliou uiiduperii-
tioiiof tlie claw nf rnwlocka iu bdcIi iimunrir ti«, liral, tn insure tlic (iropur
innUiialiuD of tint Ii)hiIc> of Iho oar, and pii>vi<ut ILi> liuliilitj' of its catcL-
!ng the water when feathering in reuuT«riii)c, us well us io iuniirw tlii*
proper position of the hladi^of the oor wbvu mukiuiflbe £in)ke; st'itindly,
to cnittble tbu onter end of the oar to be raLsed wheu It is being fi-athered,
1b order to^reveat its contact with the nalor in rnugli wcintlicr. My
Improved rowlock, wliich is composed iif nu Inclosing ring located on a
pinlln, and an inner ring incloseil hj the Hug and adnpl^d t'> be partially
minted therein; tlin luside of the iuulotiug riiij^ is provided with a g^roove
whioU extends uliiiost sround it, its continuity being broken only by a
atop. The pintle of tho rowlock ia inserted iu a socket Kttuched to tbo
gnnwalu of Ihi' boat, tlio pintle and rowlock being adapted to tiini freely
in the socket. From the foregoing it will readily ho seen that an oar
pivotiMl in llin inner ring is adapted to bo partially rotated, in lulditlnn to
Ita oaoillatiug moviiments, so that when its stroke is cumptoti'il it ran be
tunird, nu u) Iu fi-ulhtr the blade Lu the recover atrokr. The iiiii]i nud
ahouldms of the inner ring are arranged iu aaoh mutual tolation that tho
ahouldpr abuts agninat tho atop, iu feathering the oar, lieforo the blade be-
ooinea liniizontal iu cross-section, so that the cross-sectiou of tho oar is
neceaaarily inclined downward from its forward to Its rear edge during
Uio feAthoriug stroke, this incliuation of the blade preventing its forward
edge from engaging with the water and uy»rturiiing the rnner, or, in
other word«, causing him to "cat«h u crab." This limitation of the oor
In its rotation prevents awkward accidents in fealheriug, and i^uables an
unskilled perstm to low with a considerable degroe of certainly." (F. V.
Grkvoa.)
85098-8. Gatvauijcd-iroii patent swivel rowlo.k. Wilcox, CrillJ'udeJi &.
[Cn., Mid.Ile|.>ni>, Conn.
fiSOKt. Oalvantited-iron patent swivel rowlock. " "
iS637. OalvaniMd-iron patent swivel roniock. " "
8G096. Oalvanized-iron patent swivel rowloi'k. " ''
fiSDT3-4-6. Polished brnas patent swivel rowlock. '■ "
8St03-3. Galvanized socket rowlock. " "
Mill. Countersunk rowlock. Used ou Ohio River tlat-boata. Wilcox, Crit-
teudon &. Co,, Middlnlown, Conn.
1MS8. Bvwlook. Newport and Providence River style. Wilcox, Critlen-
[den di Co., Middlotowu, Conn.
fiS087, North Hivrr pattern rowlock. " "
SGOeO; Ea«t River pattern rowlock. " "
tB0l9. Socket-Joint tt.wlock. Frederick A. Gower. Providence, K, L
"TlicBoiket-joint rowlock is iiKeuded to increase Ihe speed and improYB
the oouvunience of rucio;; buaH. Its ndvantag^ li"'" pwved so eaaily |
^(parent looarsmi'ii th.it 1h''rr< is little utHHl of dvl&iling its strong points,
Ibttt iho fbllowiug ate among ila leading fcnt
158 ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND F18HBBIE8 OF UNITED STATU.
Apparatus accessory to rig^g^D^ ashins-Tesscls.
Witbliling of thii oar in wholly avoided. If the oar in m piopnri} ginl
fit, it will bave loss than ( inch of fore-aud-aft motion in the lock.
"Catching oralig" ie largely avoided b;r pi^TVDting the oar from jam-
ming in the lock at the beginning or end of the ntroke. If a "mb'
Bhonid be caught, the rowlook ia not strained, and the oar can be rmt-
eied withont stopping the boat.
A good grip of the water is aaaniad to even the inexperienced ouan
by the shape of the back of the rowlock, which comwponda tothatoflbi
oar. The oar settles itself into the proper position on beginning theitrrtK
Any length of reach may be taken by long-bnilt men in going fonmdi
avoiding an evil often complained of.
A space half as wide admits passage of the boat. Equipped wiCli tkii
lowlock a six or four oared shell passes through an opening the width of
the outriggoTH. Crewa rowing on narrow or bridged water will God tlH
advantage worth the price of the rowlocks in a single seaaon.
Uniting the rods at a single point bringu the whole atrengtli of Iboit-
rigger liilo play at every port of the ali'oke, and an outrigger thiu n
can hardly be demolished while the boat standi.
Any o!\TS may be used if of recent pa11«rn, i. e., withont the u[uij!l>l'5
"bulge" ou the loom. It is only necessary to make a slight cbEMr a
the button, as described below.
Better time may be made. Eiperimenta fbua far indicate thai li"
Mcket-Joiut rowlock is perceptibly speedier than the common palteni, t*
the stoppage of wabbUng, and general smoothness of action.
Baising a rowlock with the common outrigger U a lialf hnnr'a wn^^
with rusty nuts (one or two of which usually twist the bolt off iui
ing) ami experimenting to get the right thii-kueas of wa«hpra. Will I^
Bocket^jolut rowlock the same thing is done in two miuulM by slipl«>;
half or tUree-quartcraof aninohof waslierson the shaft under the topnJ-
. RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 159
I accessory to riggiiiS flsUni^-Yessels.
Thole-pins for metallic life-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middle-
[town, Conn.
Whitehall pattern rowlock. " "
Detroit or Lake Michigan rowlock. ** '^
"Acme" oarlock. Pattern invented 1876. " "
Oar-holder for Cape Ann seino-boat (old model). Higgins &. Gifford,
GloacesteTy Mass.
Oar-holder for Cape Ann seine-boat. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co.,
Middletown, Conn.
One pair white-ash oars (9 feet). B. T. Dodge, maker, Boston, Mass.
One pair white-ash oars (6 feet). " "
Pair white-ash oars (12 feet). " "
Pair pine oars (8 feet). " "
Pair white-ash oars (9 feet). " "
Pair spoon oars (10 feet). " "
Pair of oars (7 feet 8 inches). Waters & Son, Troy, N. Y., makers;
Delong <& Sous, Glens Falls, N. Y.
White-ash paddles. R. T. Dodge, maker, Boston.
Indian paddles. Northwestern coast. George Qibbs.
Indian paddles. « «
Indian paddles. " Cape Flattery. GroorgeGibbs.
Indian paddles. " Whaling. **
Indian paddles. ' *
Indian paddles. "
Indian paddles. "
Indian paddles. ''
Indian paddles. Fort Townsend, W. T. J. G. Swan.
Indian paddles. " "
Indian paddles. " **
Indian x)addles (for skin canoe used by Aleut iaus). Alaska. Y. Colycr.
Indian paddles (for skin or wooden canoe). " *^
Indian paddles. " " "
> Indian paddles (used by Trimsein Indians). Fort Simpson, B. C.
5 J. G. Swan
Indian paddles. Passamaquoddy Indians, Eastport, Me. E. Palmer.
Indian paddles. Northwestern coast. Exploring Expedition.
Lieut. Wilkes, U. 8. N.
Indian paddles. Northwesteru coast. Exploring Expedition.
Lieut. Wilkes, U. S. N.
Whaling paddle. Makab Indians, Neeah Bay. J. G. Swan.
Whaling paddle. "
Whaling paddle. "
Whaling paddle. <<
WiiAliiiK paddle. **
tt
tt
160 ANIU&L BE80UBCBS AKD FISHEBILB OF UMITBD SUTISB.
Apparatus accessory to rigffing flshiny-Tc— efau
Paddles.
25775. Whaling paddle. Makah Indiana, Xeeah Bay. J. Q. Svu.
S6774. WhaliDg paddle. "
2f!773. Canoe paddle. "
2G772. Canoe paddle.
2G771. Canoe paddle. "
S6770. Canoe paddle. "
26769. Canoe paddle. "
86766. Canoe paddle. <■
267e7. Canoe paddle. "
26766. Canoe paddle. '■
36765. (moe paddle. "
26764. Canoe paddle. "
26610. Double paddle. Made b; Waters A Sod, T107, H. T. ; Da L
SODH, Glens Falls, K. Y.
Poles and pushing sticks.
15653. Bidarka pole. Nunivak, Alaska. W.H. Dall.
15C53. Bidaikapole. " "
17443. Bidarka pole. Cave, Kagamil Island, Alaska. Alaska Com
Company.
Candlestick.
Used in hold of vessel while storing fish.
32741. Candlestiok. A. UoCnrdj, aionoestsr, Haas.
32682. Candlestick or "Sticking Tommy." Olonceeter, Han. & t
Goode.
INIIIAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 161
paratos accessory to liggliig fishliig-Tessels.
Pump box and haft for seine-boat.
29497. Pomp box and haft for seine-boat. Andrew Kennedy, ProvincetowD,
I Mass.
S9^9. Pump box and liaft for seine-boat. *' **
Bung-backet or "water-thief.''
25784. Bung-bucket or '' water- thief^" Wm. H. H. Weston, Provinoetown,
Mass.
Devil's claw.
Used to stop the chain when the windlass is wanted for other uses.
29442. Devil's claw. W. H. Hesbolt, Provincetown, Mass.
Box hook.
Used in closing boxes packed full of fish.
32680. Bilge hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.
dSM95. Box hook or ''deviPs claw.'' Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.
Barrel-lifters.
Used for stowing away mackerel-kegs in holds of vessels.
29291. Barrel-lifters. Wilcox, Crittenden &, Co., Middletown, ConxL
32679. Chime barrel-hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Gk>ode.
Ice-hooks.
For lifting ice on vessel from wharf.
32674. Ice-hooks. Gloucester, Mass. G. Brown Goode.
Lance-hooks.
Fastened on side of whale-boat to hang lance on.
25919. Lance-hooks. E. B. Sr. F. Macy, New Bedford, MasSi
Grappling gear.
Used to recover lost trawls.
25936. Grappling gear. A. McCurdy, Gloucester, Mass.
Ufarline spikes.
29418. Marline spike or pricker. Used for splicing trawl-lines. Wilcox,
Crittenden & Co., Middletown, Conn.
29455. Marline spike. Made from the jawbone of sperm whale. Robert D.
Baxter, Provincetown, Mass.
29419. Marline spike. Made from the jawbone of whale. Frank O. Blake,
Portland, Me.
25147. Sailmakers' marline spike. Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown,
[Conn.
25148. Sailmakers' marline pricker. " **
25164. Series of marline spikes. " "
25778. Fishermen's marline spike or trawl-line splicer. Alex. McCurdy,
East Gloucester, Mass.
3un. N. M. No. 14 11 •
162 ANIUAL BESOURCES AND FISHESIES OF UHITBD 8TA11
Apparatus accessory to rl^gin^ fl»hit»Te— clii
Marline spikes.
25146. Series of hickory hand fids. Wilcox, CritMndAn A Cik, IC
2S672. Copper marline spike. Made at eea by Thomaa FreMHH.
splicing trawl-lines. Sanford Freemaii, Korwiohpacl, Jf
33693. Splicer. Gloaceater, Haas. O. Btdwii Goode.
Best tor barpoon, &c.
11392. Beet for harpoon and boT and urow. Alsntdao lelaod.
Colyer.
Used on deck of kyak.
Stretohers for kyak-line.
9836. Stretchers for kyak-line. Eskimos.
Stool.
3978. StooL B. MaoFarlane.
Used by Eskimos to stand ou while watching ftr ssil
49. Camp-outfit.
Shelter.
Lodges.
Teats.
HaDtiDg-camps.
Hunters' houses.
Fishlng-hoQseB.
Pamitare.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 163
missary supplies.
ommissary supplies.
2&695. Coffee-pot.
35696. Dipper.
26697. Toast-rack.
25698. Frying-pan.
25699. Bread-pan.
F. & S. 60. Camp-stove and utensils. Property of John A. Nichols, Syra-
cnse, N. Y. Contributed by Forest & Stream Pablishing Company.
26673. Coffee-heater. Property of J. A. Nichols, Sjrracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
26713. Camp-stove. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y, Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
26843. Lehmen's patent folding camp-baker. Scoville &, Johnson, Mar-
quette, Mich.
able-furniture,
reserved meats, &c
anned meats.
24917. Fresh tomato soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.
26649. Ox-tail soup (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Portland, Me.
24913. Fresh soup and bouilli. Wm. Underwood &> Co., Boston, Mass.
26648. Soup and bouilli (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Port-
land, Me.
24921. Mock-turtle soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.
26641. Cumberland potted sausage (star brand). Portland Packing Com-
pany, Portland, Me.
24927. Ox-tail soup. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.
24929. Original deviled ragout. '* "
2492a Deviled tongue. " "
24930. Deviled ham. " "
26645. Cumberland roast mutton (star brand). Portland Packing Com-
pany, Portland, Me.
24920. Fresh chicken. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston. Mass.
26640. Cumberland roast chicken (star brand). Portland Packing Com-
pany, Portland, Me.
24931. Deviled chicken. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.
26646. Cumberland roast veal (star brand). Portland Packing Comx>any,
Portland, Mo.
24916. Fresh mutton. Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.
26647. Cumberland roast beef (star brand). Portland Packing Company,
Portland, Me.
24910. Beef h la mode, Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.
24911. Fresh mince-meat. " **
24915. Fresh veal. " "
26639. Champion shell-beans (star brand). Portland Packing Company,
[Portland, Me.
26638. Portland blueberries (star brand). " "
22238. Fresh blueberries. Castine Packing Company, Castine, Me.
2tM9. Fresh beef. Wm. Underwood & Company, Boston, Mass.
^ Yannouth sugar-corn. (Patented April 8, May 13 and 20, and August
'802.). (Star brand.) . Poirtlaiid Packing Company, Portland,
164 ANIHA.L BESOnSCES AND FI8HBBIES OF imTED STATES.
Commisaary supplies.
36653. Yarmoutb sDccotash. Mode ttom Taimontli HOgM^OOTi ud dm
pioD shell-boans (star brand). Pordaud Frckiiig Coastoj, F«
land, Me.
50. Personal equipments.
26G55. CaDvas hantiDg-coat. Propert; of J. A. Niobola, SyneoM, ^'
Contributed by Forest &, Stream Pablishing Company.
36658. Fur vest. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracose, N. T. Coottilnt
by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
26659. Buckskin coat. Property of J. A. Nicbols, Sy»«tue, M. T. C<
tributed by Forest & Streoui Publishing Company.
26670. Mole-skin pants. _ Property of J. A. Nicboto, SyraciMe, N. T. C(
tributed by l^'orost it Stream Publishing Company.
26671. Corduroy hauler's toat. Property of J. A. Nichols, Sjracuit, 5-
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
96675. Corduroy bunter's pants. Property of J. A. Nichols, 8yr»«nse,Ii.
Contributed by Forest it Stream Publishing Compaaj.
36676. Corduroy vest. Property of J. A. Nichols, SyracoM, N. T- C'
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
26701. Chamois shirt. Properly of J. A. Nichols, Sjracnsf, K. Y. C.
tributed by Forest & Stream Publiabing Company.
S6594. Hunler'snater-proof suit, with patent cartridge-holding Tot G
C. Henuing, Washington, D. C.
This suit inuludcs:
1. Pantaloons so made that they can bo folded close to the Ieg>.
ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 165
ling.
>otSj moccasins, leggings.
26015. Fishermen's red cod boots. Jonatlian Buck, Harwich, Mass.
26015. Fishermen's rod-leather slippers. '^ **
26014. Fishermen's black boots. '' **
2582^. Slippers made of sheep-skin, with the wool on the inner surface.
Worn by fishermen inside of their boots. A. R. Crittenden, Mid-
dletown. Conn. •
26671. Boot-packings. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
26672. Moccasins. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Contributed
by Forest &> Stream Publishing Company.
2G706. Rubber boots. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
ats and caps.
25722. Fisherman's cap, called ''Russian cap." £. R. Cook, Provincetown,
Mass.
26651. Hunter's rubber cap. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
Contributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
29542. Series of sou'westers and oil-cloth hats (Cnpe Ann pattern). J. F.
Carter, Gloucester, Mass.
iothing for the hands.
25788. Pair of mittens. Called '^Newfoundland cuffs" by fishermen.
Peculiar to Gloucester. A. R. Crittenden, Middletown, Comi.
25790. Mackerel cots. Used on the fingers when taking mackerel by hook
and line. Capt. Samuel Elwell, Gloucester, Mass.
25787. Pair of "hand-haulers." Used by fishermen off the Newfoundland
Banks. Joseph Parsons, jr.. East Gloucester, Mass.
25789. Pair of nipT»er8; peculiar to Gloucester, Mass. Joseph Parsons, East
Gloucester, Mass.
25718. Pair of nippers. Used by fishermen to protect the fingers while
hauling in trawls. David Conwell.
25717. Pair of nippers. Central Wharf Company, Provincetown, Mass.
26709. Rubber gloves. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
^tection from insects:
Nets for beds and for face.
26700. Mosquito-net. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y. Con-
tributed by Forest & Stream Publishing Company.
Ointments (such as tar and sweet-oil).
Smudges (such as pyrethrum powder).
• Shields, breastplates, and defensive armor.
apings.
^ts.
Belt for sheath-knife. J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. Y.
166 ANIUAL BB80UBCE8 AND FISBBKIES OF DHITED BTAin.
Trappings.
Crosa-belts.
Game-bags.
2G667. Gamo-bttg. Property of J. A. NicIioU, SjraonM,H.T. CoDtriln
by Forest &, Stream FublisbiDg Company.
9K!3. Game-bag. Indiana of NorthweHt cooat. U. S. Ez^odng £1;
1473. Gamo-bog. Comanche Indians. Lient. D. N. Coach, U. 8. A.
'J023. Gamv-bag of knit leather thongs. Dog-iib Indians. FortSiBf
B. C. B. B. BoBB.
2047. Hunting-bag of "babiche." Fort Simpeon, H. B. T. B. B. B«
2020. Hmiting-bag made of "babiche." Dog-rib Indians. FoitSim;
H. B. T. B. B. Boea.
255t. Hunting-bag of " babiche." Fort Bae Eslcimos. Hackeniie'* I
district. Stratton Joucs.
2498. Gomo-bag. Indiaus of Northweat coast. U. S. Exploring Ei
Wrist-guarda.
6927. Wrist-gaard. Used in shooting ^th the bow. Kiowa Id
Fort Cobb, I. T. E, Palmer.
5520. Wrist-guard. Apaclie Indians. Arizona. E. Palmer.
Optical instruments, Ac.
Snow-goggles.
1^1. Snow-blind. Anderson Biver Eskimos. R. UtMFkrlaoe.
10292. Snow-goggles.
1650, 2147, 21.^
ANIHAI4 BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 167
[edical oatllt.
Medicme^ests.
Hnnter's and fishermen's flasks.
S6684 Flasks. Property of J. A. Nichols, Syracuse, N. T. Contribatedby
Forest & Stream Publiahing Company.
Urttllelal Ughte.
Lanterns for camp and ship nse. ^ '
Torches.
' See under Sighi dtcoif$ above, p. 141.
SECTION" C.
METHODS OF PREPARATION.
L PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF F0<
1. Peesebvation dukikg life (see noder E, 3).
2. Fbbsebtaiion of fresh meats.
RefMgerators.
Ice-boxea and re&igerators.
. Allegietti iceberg-re&igerator. Altegretti IIcfHgwstor Co
[Ke.
. AUegretti le&igeTator show-case. "
Baiita reMgerator.
Banta horizoDtal refrigerator.
. Bauta refrigerator Bhow-caae. Fiocssa patented Jul; 1, IB
A. Banta, Now York City.
. Zero refrigerator. Alexander M. Lesley, New Xort^
Be£rigerator-car8.
(AccesBory.) The ice-trade:
Ice cutting and handling apparatus.
[^iNIMAL BE80URCE8 AND t'lSHLRIES OF UNITED STATES. 169
ke-drying apparatus.
Herriug sn)oke-houBe».
12105. Model of smokc-faoiise iisimI iu preparation of bcrrlug {Ctupea harm-
gtu). Luliec, Me. U. 8. Fiub Coromiasion.
ISKCt. Model of smokcsIioiiBe used in preparatiou of snlmon {-Salmo talar).
Laiiec, Mc. U. S. Fudi Conuuisiiioii.
Halibut smoke-houses. I
Sturgeon smoke -houses,
^^boriginal drying- houses.
HHethods of drying haliotis, used by the Indians of California.
4. PRESEKVATION BY CANSINQ AJTD PICKLING.
alting^ fish.
Knives {see under B, 2).
Jcaling apparatus.
26039. Eelnoy &■ Hosmer'a GBh-dresBer. Sandueky, Ohio. Pat^nlcd Srpt.
15, 1873. Kelsef it Bmmer, Baaduakj, Ohio.
ibles, tubs, &c. I
ils.
257ri0. Model of D. D, Parmalee's Waukegftn fishery. J. W. Hilner.
This model shows in miniature all the apparataa employed in
□leaning and salting dotv-u the lake whitetish.
-ecessory.) Salt :
Specimens of the salts used in preserving fish.
Model of salt-mills used on Cape Cod in former days.
Extensively neuit in the first half of the present reutnry >» obtaining uilt
by evaporation of sea-\ratoi. Their remains ore fonnd on Cape Cod
and Nantnckot,
25706. MoiU'l of salt-works. Nantucket, Maa». W. H. Chose, 2d.
liag mealitf.
f salmou-eanning establialimcnt.
"del of sardine-factory,
ccessoiy.) Cotton-oil, and its manufacture.
!6del of lobater-canning factory.
1, Model of Jolinsou & Yonng's lobstei-hoiise. Warren bridge, near
Fitchlinrg ik'pot. Johnson & Young, Boston, Mubb.
This model showa the factory with its vnta li>r steaming tho
lobsters, the nhaif, and the derricks usml )□ handling the
lubslHK. It IB aucompauied by models of lobsl«r-amack. and
of the principal forms of lobttleT-nota; catalogued elsouhere.
lei of oyster-canning factory.
170 ANIUAL BE80UBCB8 AND FISHERIES OP nHTTED STATU
o. Pbepakatioit of baits.
Bait-mills, knires* choppers, &g. (see, also, under B,Siii
26011, Voas" improTed
Olonceater, 1
Bait-tubs, vats, &c.
II. MANOFACTUEi; OF TEXTILE, FABRICS, FEl'
AND STUFFINGS.
6. PBEPABATION op wool and HAIB op MtWfATA
Preparation of wool cloths.
Washing.
Shearing.
Stapling or assorting.
Scouring.
Combing, carding, and plneking.
Spinning and reeling.
Weaving.
Fulling and teazling.
Cropping.
Pressing.
ANDCAL BEBOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 171
^paration of, or tli^iAng tbr wall-paper, flrom
reflise quills.
hreparation of fibers tbr manuflictare of plush car-
pets.
9. PBEPABATION of silk op INSECTS.
Preparation of silk of silk-worms.
Boiling the cocoons.
Reeling.
Spinning.
Dyeing.
Weaving.
10. PeEPARATION of soft PABTS of OTHEB mVEETEBEATES.
hreparatima of silk flrom byssns of Pinna.
Preparation of sponge stuffing.
H PREPARATION OF THE SKIN AND ITS APPEND
AGES.
* 11. CUBBYINO OF LEATHEB.
^cesses of currying.
Dipping.
Graining.
Scraping.
Dressing.
■iplements employed by cnrrierii.
*Head-knivp^»
* Pommels.'*
* Stretching-irons.^
^ Round-knives."
Cleaners."
< Maces."
^Horses" or trestles.
* Dressers."
* Treading-hurdles."
and Indian currying methods and imple*
"'sJn^^ J -id sinew.
172 ANIHAI. BESOUBCEa AND FISBEBIBS OF nHTTED BTATK
12, Leather SBESsma.
Processes of tanning leather.
SoabiDg.
Liming.
Tamting.
Processes or tavring or oil-dressing leather.
Soaking.
Liming.
Oiling.
Apporatns or leather-dressing, recent and aborigii
13. FUB-DRESSINa.
Processes of ftar-dressing.
Currying. (See under 12.)
Scouring.
Tanning.
Lustering.
Ptacking and dyeing.
14. Peather-dbessdio.
method of preparing ornamental ftathers.
Scouring.
Bleaching.
Washing.
ANIMAL RESOURCKS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 173
VI. PREPARATION OF HARD TISSUES.
17. Ivory cutting and carving.
iuflicture of handlest trinkets, billiard-balls, Stc.
timing and sawing.
olishing.
leaching.
ufhcture or organ and piano keys.
awing,
trip-sawing,
olishing.
teaching. &c.
^r processes.
18. Preparation of horn and hoof.*
ming.'
isiniT*^
19. Preparation of whalebone."
ing and other processes.*
uflictare of whip-makers' stock and irhips.
lUflicture of umbrella-makers' bone.
lafkcture of ribbon- weavers' bone.
uflicture of hat and bonnet makers' bone.
ufltcture of suspender-makers' bone.
iUfkcture of stock-makers' bone.
iufhcture of dress and stay makers' bone.
uflicture of billiard-table cushions.
lufkcture of snrg^ical instruments.
lufhcture of w^halebone brushes.
iniheture of rosettes, woven work, and trinkets.
are iUtistrated in part by the specimens, showing the horn, whale-
«<i<ibail| in y«rioii8 stages of preparation, exhibited in Section D'.
174 ANIUAL RESOnRCeS AND FraHEBIBS OF UmTED BTim.
Other whalebone manuflictares.
20. Pbepasation of tobtoise-shezx.^
21. Pbefabation of fish-scau: work.
22. Fbepabation of naobe.
23. Pbepabation of cobal.
24. Prepabation of othbb haed tebsubh.
V. OILS AND GEUTINES.
25. ElTBAOTION OF ■WHALE-OIL (WITH MODELS OF TKT-W
CLAEIPYING-VATS, ETC.).
Preparation of body-oil.
Cutting in and stowin;;
Leaning and mincing.
Trying.
Bailing.
Cooling.
BLiFl-L-Iill^r.
\UAli BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 175
neittii and appliaitccfii of rendering whale-oil.
ots.
3013. Model of whaler's try-works. Capt. L. W. Howland, New Bedford,
Mass.
This model is accompanied by miniature models of cJl the implements
nsed in trying out the blabber, viz:
a. Fire-pike.
5. Stirring-pole.
0. Scrap-hopper.
d. Skimmer.
e. Bailer.
/. Cooler.
g, Deck-^t.
h. Casks.
ACTION OF OTHEB MAMIVfATi OILS.
ACTION OF BIBD AND EEPTILE OILS.
ACTION OF FISH-OILS (WITH MODELS OF BOILEES, PBESSES,
LEIFYING-VATS, ETC.).
6899. Model of menhaden oil factory. Owned by Jos. Church & Co.
Joseph Lawler, Bristol, Me.
The factory is the most elaborate of the sixty or more on the coast of
New England and the Middle States, and is 160 feet in length by 40 in
width.
. EXTEACTION OF GLUE, GELATINE, AND ISINGLASS.
[IGS, PERFUMES, AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTS.
Manufacture of perfumes.
Manufacture of ivory-black.
Manufacture of prussiates.
Manufacture of murexides.
^Preparation of cochineal colors.
Manufacture of inks from animal substances.
^Preparation of albumen.
^Ianufacture of pepsin.
^Manufacture op phosphorus.
^Manufacture of sal amimoniac.
^Manufacture of a^oionia.
Majj^ufacture of albumen preparations.
Manufacture of propylamine.
Manufacture of formic acid.
Manupaotube of carbazotates.
176 ANIMAL BB80ITBCE8 AND FISnEBIBS OF DNITBD
VII. MANUFACTURE OF FERTIUZBBS.
46. Prepabatiok of guajho.
Hodel of fisli-ffnano worki.
Grinders and pulverizers.
Mixers.
2583S. Uodcl of guADO-imxer Patented ApTil 27, 1867. Poole Mdl
Baltimore, Md.
This mixer in employed in the fish-gnauo worka for tlM poipa
thorouglily mixing the flsb-Bcrap vith the mineml pbo^hateswi
pliuric acid.
Guano in its varioue atagea, with its ingredients, Soath Canliai]
p1int«s, Navossa pbospbates, scrap (cmilo and dried), mliAaffe
koinito, screened and unscreened gnano, and sea-weed nsedinfca
tion : a full series of tliese ia exhibited in the case of Qnanos.
VIII. LIMES.
46. BUBKING OP LIME.
models of kilns Iter burning shells.
IX. PRESERVATION OF THE ANIMAL FOR SCIENTE
jmCAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 177
#
rratlre mlxtnrest
*bolic acid,
oral hydrate,
ricadd.
oicadd.
tallic labels,
■dunent labds.
ielible ink, pendls, &o.
APPABATUS fob FBBSEBVINa AND ICAKINe SKELETONS.
tmtioii of the bones.
oerating-vats.
ling-vats.
aning and bleaching preparation*
ting of the bones.
aping-tools,
dcnlating-tools.
49. APPABATUS FOB N^lKINO OASTS. HODEUNa.
ials.
.ys.
yBtets.
les.
Tter-machi QXkd earUm-pierre.
latine.
rafflne. *
lodion.
This apiMuratos and material is in constant nse by the aa^stants in tho
National Mnsemn and the Fiah CommiBsion. It is thonght soaroely nec-
essary to exhibit it.
les and modeling tools*
\t
plaster,
gelatine.
paper,
psxafluieb
^ lf.Bb.14 ^12
178 ANnuL EESoimcEa and fishebies of uhited states.
50. Apfxraxus and mexhodb of KAKZNa Aim uoumiKa geo
TAzidx:bm\,
Tools.
Flaying-tools.
Scraping-tools.
T&xldermiste' toola for BtufBng ;
Forceps.
Pliers.
Preserratires and insect-poirdcrB.
AiBenic and Eoseiiical Boap.
CorroslTe SQblimate.
Salt, alam, &o.
Persian insect-povder.
Tobacco, snuff, used as pieserrataTes.
Frames, Sec,
Wooden firames.
Wireframes.
Plaster model-bodies. ,
61. (Acc£SBOBT.} PHoroQBAPHto aud otheb mBLomxiM iiH
BATTIB.
Photo^aphic apparafaa.
Lenses.
Cameras and fittings.
SECTION" X).
ML PR0DU(7rS AND THEIR APPLICA-
TIONS.
I. FOODS.
1. Foods in a FBEsn condition.
This section includes specimens of the nuaketable animalH in a fresh
condition in refrigeratoiB.
Iblloiringr species of fish were exhibited in the AUegretti
Banta refrigerators in the Oovemment bmlding from May 10 to
amber 10, by Mr. E. G. Blackford, of New York City.
M (eastern coast) :
iVbiirish. {Tetrodan laevigcUus).
ir-fish {ChUamycterus geometricus).
le-flsh {Bdlistes capriscua).
mg-tailed file-fish {AltUera cmpioauda).
^ange file-fish {Ceratacanthus aura/ntiacus).
Qoerican sole (Achirus lineatm).
at-flsh {PseudopUwronectes americanus)^
oirnder {Chamopsetta ocellaris).
ilibat (Hippoglossus vulgaris).
dlack (PollaMus oarbonarius).
4 (Chidfu hunrhua).
^m-cod or frost-fish {Microgadus tamoodus).
Mdock {Melanogrammus ceglefinus).
ike {Phyds chuss).
Hped sea-robin {Prionotus evoUms).
oad-fingered sea-robin {Prionotus carolinua).
Graven {Hemitriptenis americanua).
olf-fish (Anarrhichas lupus),
Utog, or black-fish {Tautoga onitis), weight 22 j^ ponnds.
ogset or cunner {Tautogolabrus adspersus).
not-fish {Pseudoscarus sp.).
rgeant-m%jor {Olyphidodon saxatilis).
tq^flah {Cycloptems lumpus).
{/Sh(ndb$r icombrus).
179 >
180 AHIUAL BBS0URCE8 AND E^BEBIES OF UITITED BTAT
Fi^efl (eaatem coast) :
Bonito {Sarda pelamya).
Spaniali mackerel {Oybium maeukthim).
Cero {Cybium cahalla).
Striped cero {Oybium regale).
Crevalle (Carangu» hippos and Paratraclua pfaqiielo^
Pompano (ZVocftjrnotM earolima).
Biff-e^ed scad {Trachuntpa orumau^itkalmMt).
Soath CaroliQa rodder-fish {Seriola/aaeiata).
Silver-fish (Arffynoius vomer, Sec).
Thread-fish (Blepharis erinitut).
Dolphin {CoryphiEna Sueuri and C. ptmchUata).
Black mdder-fish {P^iniaichthys pereifcyrMii).
Batter-flsh {^mmoUu triacanthus).
Short harvest-fiah (Pgn-tltw Oardimn).
Squirrel (Holocentrum togo).
Sqneteagae {Cynotwm regalia).
Spotted Bqaeteagne or weak-fish {Cyaowion ogroKiwwwi).
Dram {Pogoniaa ehromit).
Spot [lAostomua obliqaut).
Bed-fish, or spotted bass {Sciaenopa oetUatut),
King-fish (Mentidrma nebulatta).
Croaker {Micropogon rmdvlatua).
Sheeps-head {Archt^argwa probatoeepluUwt),
Scappaug, or porgy {St¬omvi argyropa).
Grunts {Hcemylum arcuatum, &c).
Bed snapper {Lutjanvs Black/ordii).
mCAL BE80UBCE8 AITO FI8HEBIES OF UNITED STATEQ. }81
I (eastern coast) :
d shad (Dorowma Cepedianum).
\ cat-flsh (Aeiwticlithys marinus).
{AnguiUa bagtamenris).
rgeon (Adpenser oocyrhyncshviM and A. brevirastris).
>onbill {Polffodon folium).
fj or skate (Baia sp.).
>tted-fin shark {Isogampbodon nuumUpiimis).
S-flsh {Mu8telu8 kBvis).
g (fresh Abaters) :
rboty or h^wyer (lota nuumlosa).
ish- water dram {ffapJoidonotus ffrvnniens).
aU-monthed black bass {Micropterus galmoides)*
rge-monthed black bass {Miorqpterui paUidus).
3k bass {AmblopUtes rupestris).
i-flsh (PomoUa aurem).
Qow x>6rch {Perca flavescens).
Llow pike-i>erch {Stizostedium amerieanum).
lite bass, or striped bass {Boecus ehrysops).
se pike (Esox IwAua).
oqnallonge {Esox nohiUor).
kerel {Esox retieidatus).
>ok tront (of eastern slope), {Salvelmus fontimlU).
^e tront {8almo confinis).
mon tront, or Mackinaw tront {Oristicomer namaycmk).
lantic salmon {Salmo %alar).
^o salmon {Salmo solar var. sebago).
dte-fish {Coregonus albus).
ce herring {Argyrosomus harengus and A. clupeiformis),
^gan grayling {thymallus tricolor).
on-eye {Hyodon tergisus).
^ers {Catostomus teres and Ptyehostomus aureolus)*
tblo fish {Bubdlichthys biibalus).
ner {Stilbe americana).
iflshes {Amiurus catusj A. nigricans^ &c).
^ (western coast):
mon {Salmo quinnal).
asels.
•ms.
4)s.
''l^'2 ANIHAL SE80UBCK8 AltD FlSHEaiEa OF UHITKD SUIOL
2. Foods: dried jum
mammal preparations.
Jerked bear-meat.
Jerked seal and valms meat (Indian).
U13&. Piled (Jerked) flesh of harbor eetX (FtoM •WkRmi). Fl^tndtf
PBaaamBquoddy Indi&iu. Eaetgoit, Me. £. Pala^
Jerked and smoked bnffaLo-meat
14381. Dried (Jerked) Oeeh at buffalo (Bitm a«*tanwi), M FV"*
hDmbm' lue. Wyomuig. F. T. Haydeo, U. B. G«ok)giiL
10917. DriedCl(!rked)fleahoflKi&lo(SlMMa«HrieaMw}. ^nftnAifi
TniHanrt: Aimf Modicol MlUBOm.
Dried and smoked bee£
Ihried and smoked venison.
Hams of varioas kinds.
Jerked porpoise-meat (Indian).
11436. Dried a<"ked) flesh of harbor poipdae (FkooMM traakfttM). )
parodbf thePassamaqnoddylndiansoirEMtUDlfaiiiih Em9
Me. £. Palmer.
Jerked sqnurels and otker small manum^
Pfflumican.
1S338. Femmioaa of dried flesh of bofCalo (Bito» MurionnH), with W
■Itio ease. Prepued for hnnten' oaa. Weatom FlaioA i
Medical Moaeniii.
ANIMAL HESOUKCES AND FISHEBIES OF nNITEU STATES. 183
imal preparations.
Sausages.
Chee^jc
Sew in exhibition or Agricultural Department.
1 piteparations.
Jerked birds (Indian).
|»tile preparations.
'i>ried lizaids (Indian).
I prcparatioui.
Smoked halibut. ,
IDried cod, haddock, bake, &c.
3Si50. Aldeu's vapor-curod, miiw-fiii.keil, tnah codfiali. E. 0. Bla^
Dried and smoked mullet and roes.
Dried and smoked garfish, flying-fish, &c.
iSnoked herring, alewlves, &c., and their roes.
13130. SinokedNo.lherTingH(CIu;Miah(ireii!7ii*). Eoatport.Me. D.T.Odell.
iai31. Smiiked "Magdoleua" herring (Clujiva harcii/iu). Eaetport, M«.
D. T. OdcU.
12139. Bmokcd "scaled" herringB {Clapea harengns). Eostport, tie. D. T.
OdeU.
2651)2-3-4. Smoked heiTing (Clupca iareiigua). Eaatpart, Me. QrifBu Broa,
Smoked salmon, oulachan, ^liitc-fish, smelt, &c., and their roes.
ISl'Jl, Smoked white-flBh (CoregtHttu albui). Luke Erie. ScboclitiBnia.,
Sandusky, Ohio.
11G08. Smoked fleah. of Iho quinnat aalmon (Satno quinnat). Prepared by
the McCloud Kivor IndltuiB. Sbaata County, California. Living-
ston StoQB.
1S1S3, Smoked sturgeon (Acipnuer nMcundtu). Lake Erie. 8clia«bt db
Bros., Sandusky, Ohio.
19646. Dried flesli of trout (.Salmo, ep.). Used KB food hy the Ahgy K-Utt
Indians of Walker Lake, Nevada. Stephen Powers.
19353. Dried eggs of quinnnt salmon <_Satmo quinnat). Prepared by tha
McCloud Kivor Indians. Shasta, Cal. Livinggton Stone.
11040. Dried eggs of qnlnnat salmon (iSalmo quinfial^. Prepared for food bf
the Bannack Indians.
91716. Flour made from floah of quinnat salmon (SaJmo quinnat) by tha
McCloud RiTCT Indians of California. Livingston Stone,
£1712. Basket of dried salmon (5aIino qvinnat). Prepared for food by thtt
McCloud River Indians, Shasta County, California. Livingstoi
SS284. Dried flesh of salmon (Salmi?, sp.}. Prepared by the Sitka Indiana
of Alaska. Alaska. J. G. Swan.
1S132. Dried flesh of the quinnat salmon (Salino quinnat). Used as food bf
the McCloud River Indians. California. Livingston Stone,
I
I
184 AHUUL BE80UBCBS AKD FI8HBBIB8 OF DHXTBD 8Um>
Fl»h preparattons.
13758. Dried eggs of qniniwt — Imtm ^BtHma qmtmmaf). Vmim^ti^tt
HoClood BiT«r Indians. CaUfinnin. Sbasto CoantTt (Ubak
UvingBton Stone.
mtrr. Eggs of "hening" (,tp. incog.). UMd M fimd br OUa, WiM.
CoUeoted by them upon bonohea of hemlook {Atlm Ma tmfuf),
planted in Bhollow voter, upon tbe ^mwx — - . ..
Sitka, Alaska. J. Q. Swan.
Smoked sturgeon,
VeeigOf prepared from the notochord of BtoigeoiL
lasecta.
Dried grasslioppeTS (Indiao).
Worms.
Dried worms (IndiaD). i
nollask preparations.
Dried abalones {ffaUotU) prepared by the G^ifomia Chinwe.
Dried siphons of Sohisotlianrus prepared by the ludiaus of the Si**
weat coast.
Dried slugs {Limoic, &c.), nsed by Indians.
Radiate preparations.
LL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 185
parattons*
tarkey.
meats.
S. Fieah tarkey (Ifolflo^pH* ^oUopova). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston,
[Maas.
tSL Deyiled tarkey (Meleagri» ffdOapavo). << "
14. Comberland roast tarkey (star brand). Portland Packing Company,
Portland, Me.
chickeiu
goose.
ireparatlons*
ind canned turtles and turtle sonp.
frogs.
»1. Alden fresh green tnrtle. Prepared by Alden Sea Food Company.
Sold by Lynn Manafactaring Company, New York. Presented by
£. O. Blackford, New York.
[larations*
lalibuty halibnt fins, &c
1. Preserved fresh halibnt (HippoglossuB vulgarU). Wm. Underwood
& Co., Boston, Mass.
x>d, cod's tongues, sounds, and roe.
!3. Fresh codfish ( Gadu» marhua). Wm. Underwood A Co., Boston, Mass.
"3. Fresh haddock {Melanogrammui agl^nu$)* '< **
nackereL
Spanish mackereL
iO. Fresh Segain mackerel (star brand). Portland Packing Company,
Portland, Me.
I&-60. Canned mackerel (Scomber 9c<mbru8). Kemp, Day & Co., New
York.
!2. Fresh mackerel (5ooiii5er •com^rtw). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston,
Mass.
>Iuefisli.
[)ompano.
iword-fish.
mullets.
salmon.
*4. Fresh salmon (Salmo salar). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston, Mass.
»7. Pickled salmon (Salmo).
iG. Fresh Colombia River salmon. Brookfleki, jCdliimlila BiTer, W. T.
J; Q. Megler & Co.
-% Canned salmon. A. Booth & Co., Cbimgi^
18fi ANIMAL KES0UaCE8 AND FI8HEHIES OF UNITED STATES.
Fi»ili preparations.
Salted salmon.
26756. Freali Columbia River Bulmon. Brookfiuld, W, T. J. 0. MrglFtAC*.
26757. I'tobU Culumliia Bivor soluuu. Ittvukaad, Columbia £im, '0'. t
J, G. Moglor &, Co.
26803. Spring Htilmoa bollies (saltod). Oregon Focldag Compuif, Fnl-
laud, Oreg.
SC747, Cook'a Culumbia Giver fresh aolmoa. Oregon Pa^tiiig Compof-
Oanned menbadeD, in oil, " American sardines.'*
10609. "AmcricftDHarilincs." Prepared "&i'tauile"CromtbemeQhai](D(ft>'
voortia (i/rannua). Amoriuan Surdiue Companj', New York.
16703. Coriiiah sardines (i I'huilo), first quulity. PrupanMl bj Foi 4 Fi;*
Falmouth and Hevagis»y, Cornwall, IVom tUu pUubanl (Cl9»
pikhardut).
16G80. "American bonelnss sardinoa." Prepamd in olive oil fnxalhvi
hodcn {BrerooTlia tj/raitntu). Prucesa patented Ma; H, lA
American Sardiuo Company, New York,
15516. "Sliadiuca." Preparod ftoni the meiiliadcn (Brrcoorlia (jm"
Port Monmoutli Fisherj, Now York. Hooper Jk Coit, Nt* lat
(Spiced lampreys) used in Europe.
Ancliovy-sauce and "essence of anchovies."
Canned menhaden, in oil, " American elub-flsh."
Spieed menhaden, "ocean trout."
. Ocean tront. Hoope Sc Coll, Port Mounioutli, N. J.
Salted herring.
•xniS. Qiioddy Rirci- hprring (s»ll*d). GrifBn Broa., EaBljmrt, Ma T*
AKniAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 187
toh preparations*
Pickled fish preparations*
■
26555. Pickled eela (Anguilla hoaUmiensia).
96033. American eels (pickled eels). Max Ams, New York.
26636. "Hamburger aale'' (cans) (pickled eels). Max Ams, New York.
26630. "Hambnrger aale^ (pickled eels in Jelly^. Max Ams, New York.
26631. ''Hamburger aale" (wbole eels rolled and pickled with oliyeSi
capeiB, and mushrooms). Max Ams, New York.
26629. Hamburger aale (boxes). Max Ams, New York.
26632. Hamburger aale. G. Dittman, Hamburg. Max Ams, New York.
Extract of fish.
26749. Extract of fish. Made from the juices of the flesh of fishes (men«
haden). 8. L. Goodale, Saoo, Me.
reparations ormoUusks*
Ganned clams.
Canned Little Neck clams.
Ganned scollops.
Cockles {(Jardium edule)^ used in Europe as pickles and catsui».
See supplementary catalogue of Invertebrates.
4. Gelatines.
ammal g^elatines (see, also, under 24)
(Gelatines made fix)m tanners refuse and fix)m sinews.
(Gelatines made firom feet and hoofs.
Gelatines made from bone and ivory shavings.
ird gr^latines.
(Nests of esculent swallows {Calocalia esculenta^ C.fuciphaga^ 0. inr
dificOj &c.), exported iiom Indian Archipelago to China.)
bh s^latines or ising^lass (see, also, under 24).
isect gelatine.
GMlatine from cocoons of silk- worms.
5. Baits and foods for animals.
repared baits. (See under B, 45.)
NnI Air dometiticated animals.
Oil-factory scraps.
nsh-scraps.
"^Xittle-flsli bone (see under 18).
188 ANIMAl. BESOUBCES tMD FISBERtBS OK UBTmD
II. CLOTHING.
6. Fttbs (embracing the Airs in their rough etate (poUriee), aad
vaiioos stages of preparation ; also the mannfii^iared aitidM
as robes, mgs, eleaks, sacks, tippets, cnf^ mofb, hats, etpa, f
trimmings, and linings).
nammal Airs.
Puma (FelU eoneolor), osed for caniage-robes, Toga, &0.
H. ei. HisMDii. C. A. Herpich A Co.
Ocelot {Felis parddlit) used for rags.
12S09. Texas. SmiUisoiiUii Institution.
Jftgaar {Felis onea), naed for rags.
. Texas. Smithsoiuaii luatitatioii.
Cat {FelU domesttea), osed for robes and phOofiophied apptni
Black cat.
White c^
Maltese cat
Tortoise-shell cat.
H. 04. NatuToL United Btat«B. C. A. Heipiolt A. Co.
H. e&. Dyed brown. United States. C. A. Heipioli A, Co.
AHIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHEBIES Of UKITED STATES. 189 |
Coyote or prairie-wolf (Canis latrann), used for rugs and robes.
H. 73. Colorwio. C. A. Hcrpii;li &. Co,
1014. SmithBoaUn Institution.
Sed fox (Vvlpea fiilttt*) tised for robes.
34T5T. Labrador. 6. R. Renfrew d; Co., CJuebec.
H. 34. Connecticut. C. A. Ilcrpicb >L Co.
H. 35. ludiana,
H. 3. MiMOuri. "
Silver fox ( Vulpes alopex, var. argentatuti), used for maffa and trim- J
mlugs.
34753. Labrsilnr. G. R. Ren&ew & Co., Quebpc,
CrORS fox { Vulpes alopex, var. decmsaUta), used for robes aud trim-
mings.
S4758. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew &. Co., Qiiebetj.
H. 'JO. UoDlana. C. A. IIi:rpicU & Co.
Arctic fox ( Vulpea lagopm).
24760. Labrador. Q. R. Rcn&ew &. Co., Qnobec.
H. SO. White Arctic. C. A. Hon'ich 4. Co.
H. as. Blue Labriulor. "
Kit fox ( Vulpes velox) iised for robes, muffs, tnmmiiigH.
H. 37. NoliruBka. C, A. Herpieli Sl Co.
Graf fox ( TIrocyon virginianv»), used for robes, ruga, and linings.
H. 32. Michigan. C. A. Herpich &. Co. I
H. 33. North Coroliua. " I
American or Ilndson's Bay sable {Mmtela americana)^ used for
cloaks, muffs, cuffs, boa.s, linings, &c.
4393. gammer Arctic const. B. R. Rom.
10176. Alaika. Lieut. F. M. Ring.
4389. Arctic const, B. R. Rom.
460. Fort Boise, M. T. Dr. Geo. Buckley.
24764. Orange. Labrador. O. R. Renfrew ic Co,, Quebeo.
24763. Silver. "
24762. Black. " " "
H. 2S. Lkbr&tlnr. Sniitbhoninn Instilalion.
H.SS. If. W. Eoosl.
n. 26. Lake &ui>erioT. '■ ■•
H. 27. Maine. " "
Fisber or pohan [Mvstela Pennanti) used for linings; tails u
trimmings.
3230. Fort Crook, Orcg. Capt. Gardiner.
lOOe. Fort Dalles, Oreg. Dr. Geo. Sucklej-.
aOOO. 8tj>ilacooiQ, WuBb. "
1003. Fort Dalle^ Oregon. "
M7ei. Black. Labrador. 0. R. Renfrew it Co., (JuebM.
' ANUUL BB80CBCE8 AND PI8HEBIE8 OS* OHITED B1;ai»
immal ftir«.
Ermine or weasal (Putoriua erminea) of norUiem hemiqriMK<«
for cloaks, linings, &c
24765. Labrador. O. R. Benfrew A. Co., Qaeteo.
H. 39. (6 apeciroeiu.) United Statea. C. A. Herpieh & Co.
Mink (Putorius vison), used for cloaks and mofE^
4395. Arctic coaat. B. K. Rom.
360. California. Lt. Trowbijdge.
3568. Poget Sonnd. Dr. Kenoerlr.
S387. Cape Flattery, Wash. Dr. G«o. Sookler-
34766. Brown. Labrador. O. B. Benfrew & Co.,
H. la New York. C. A. Herpieh A, Co.
H. 19. Hinneoota.
H. 20. Ohio.
H. 33. Maine.
H. 23, HiawnrL
H. 33. Florida.
Wolverine {Qulo luacm), used for maflk, robes, linings.
34767. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
11339. Filmora, Utah. Lient Geo. H. Wheeler.
4379. Fort Simpson, H. B. T. Bobt Keonicott.
Americaa badger (Taridea amerieana), used for mnfis anC
38609. Sonthem Utah. U. S. Engineer Corps.
H. 70. United States. C. A. Herpieh &, Co.
Skunk, Alaska sable {Mephitis tnephttiM), used for mnib^
_ ffoshitiiJtoi-i. D. C. S. F. Biiird.
l^A. HcH'i'^h A Co.
IMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 191
lal Airs.
3tter {JEnhydra marina)^ used for mufbj gloves, collars, cuffs,
minings.
L2262. St. Paul's Island, Alaska. H. W. ElUott
12265. " " "
12263. « " "
B. 44. California. C. A. Herpich & Co.
B. 45. Silver tipped. California. C. A. Herpich & Co.
«
k bear ( Urms americanus)^ used for caps, rags, mnfGs, robes, &o.
24769. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew &, Co., Qnebeo*
24770. " " "
H. 75. Minnesota.
H. 76. Kansas.
H. 77. West Virginia.
12510. White bear (Thdlarctos mariiimua)^ nsed for rags, robes; extensively
by the Eskimos.
19904-5. Grizzly bear ( Uraus harrihiliB), nsed for mgs, robes, trimmings.
12507. Raccoon (Procyon lotor)^ nsed for hats, linings:
H. 1. Natural. Northern New York. C. A. Herpich &, Co.
H. 9, Natural. Ohio. "
H. 3. Natural. Virginia. "
H. 4. Natural, plucked. Wisconsin. "
H. 5. Dyed black. Michigan. "
H. 6. Dyed black and silver pointed. Michigan. C. A. Herpich &, Co.
seal {Callirhintts ursinus) used for cloaks, hats, gloves, mnffs,
lings, trimmings, &c^
12513-14-15-16-17-18. St. Paul's Island, Alaska. H. W. ElUott.
9526. Unplucked. Hutchinson, Kohl &, Co., San Francisco, Cal.
9527. Unplucked. Alaska. Hutchinson, Kohl &, Co.
25757. Unplucked. Prybilov Islands, Alaska. Hutchinson, Kohl & Co.
25758. London dye. Alaska. C. A. Herpich & Co.
H. 93. " " "
22233. Unplucked. Alaska. G. C. Treadwell & Co., Albany, N. Y.
22234. Plucked. South Sea. " "
26610. Unplucked pelt of fur seal. Alaska.
26611. Plucked " " "
26612. Plucked and dressed pelt of fur seal. Alaska.
26613. Plucked and dyed pelt of fur seal. Alaska. Alaska Commercial
Company.
arctic fur-seal {Aretocephalm aucklandicus)^ &c.
25762. Dressed by G. C. Treadwell & Co. Isles de Diego Ramires.
25761. '* '* South Georgia Islands.
25760. ** " "
25759. '' '* Staten Land, South Atlantic.
25756. '' '' South Shetland Islands.
25755. " " "
86764. " " "
90894-^-^7. Deposited by Duryea A Hallet, R^hway, N. J.
192 ANIMAL KE80URCB8 AND FI8UBHIB8 OF OHirKD BTllB.
Mammal Air«>
Banded seal {Bittriophoca equesirit), used by Eskimos as flit
7580. (Bag). Cape Bomaiusoff. W. H. DalL
Square flipi»er seal {Erigna&us harbatut).
iS^lZ. Labrador. QoTemocof Newfoiuidluid.
Pacifle hair seal (PAoea Rkhardi f).
H. 89. White coat. Pacific. C. A. Herpiob St Co.
U. 9a Wbite coat, bUtot pointed. Faoifio. C. A. Her^db * Oh
Hood or bladder-nose aeal {Cyatophora crittata).
12424. Tonng. Labrador. OoTernor of Newfotrndland.
12425. Bedlamer (I year old). Labrador. Governor of fiewfiKnuDtid
12433. Labrador. Ooveruor of Nuwfonndland.
Harp seal {Pc^ophilua grcentandieus), with specimens of tlie vl
fbr of tlie aobom cab and the blae fiir of the young.
11828. Unborn. Newfoundland. Uicbsel CarrolL
1242T. Labrador. Governor of Newfoundland.
12421, Tonng. Labrador. Oovamor of Newfoundland.
12436. Bedlamer. " " "
13134. Sack made &om wLite ftir, Qreeuland. 8. F. Baiid.
Hair seal {Phoca vituUna), used for coats, caps, linings fit *"
24771. Labrador. Q. R. Renfrew A. Co., Quebec
H. 91. D,ved bUck, Halifax. C. A. Herpioli & Co.
H. 93. I^ed brown. " "
ANIMAL BESOUfiCES AKD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 193
imal Airs
Ik {Cervus canad<msi8)y used for rugs and robes*
H. 78. Montana. C. A. Herpich «& Co.
irginia deer {Cariacus virginianus).
12512. Virginia deer, used for trimminga and robes.
Lack-tailed deer {Cariticiiut columbiantis)^ used for robes and rugH.
11604-11605. Prepared by McClond River Indians, California. LivingstoQ
Stone.
3565. ihiget Sound. Dr. Kennerly.
[ule deer (Cariacu8 fiuicrotis)^ used for trimmings, robes.
H. 99. Montana. C. A. Herpich- & Co.
V^oodland caribou (Tarandus rangifer, subspecies caribou), used for
rugs, robes, &c.
24774. Labrador. 0. B. Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
Euren ground caribou {Tarandus rangifer, subspecies ^/ceytlandicK^r).
12363. (Albino.) F. Churchill, Hudson's Bay ; W. W. Kirkby.
8050. (Young.) Robe from Mackenzie's River, H. B. T. R. Kennicott.
oose {AUe% nuUchis), used for rugs and robes.
24772. Labrador. G. R. Renfrew &, Co., Quebec.
>le {Scalops and Condylura sp.), used for robes and garments*
H, 72. United States. C. A. Herpich & Co.
oodchuck or siffleur {Arctomys monax) robes, exx)orted to Europe
^* " white and gray weenusk."
24776. Labrodoi-. O. R. Renfrew &, Co., Quebec.
H. 71. United States. C. A. Herpich &'Co.
'^Unot {Arctomys caligatiis),' used for robes and trimmings.
835. Robe. Indians of Rocky Mountains, west of Fort Good Hoi>e, H.
B. T. R. Kennicott.
Uichilla {Chinchilla lanigcr) of South America, used for mufifs,
^^ntles, boas, cloak-linings, and trimmings.
H. 103. Real. Bolivia. C. A. Herpich & Co.
a. 104. Bastard. Chili. "
^1^*8 marmot {Spemiophilus Farryi).
Bobe. Sitka, Alaska. J. G. Swan.
Bpbe. Indians of Rocky Mountains, west of Fort Good Hope, H.
194 ANIMAL BK80URCE8 AND FI8HBBIE8 OF UNITED STATES.
nianunal Airs.
MuBQuash (Fiber zibethievs), osed for mufi^, capes, caps,aDdiii
and imitations of beaver fur.
24779. Labrador. 0. B. B«iifrew A Co., Quebec
347B0. Black varietf. Labrador. 0. B. Beufrew A Co., <taeb«e.
H. IS. Natural brown. M^ne. C. A. Herpicb A. Co.
H. 13. Natnrul lirown. Indiana. *■ -
H. 14. Natnral black. New Jersey. "
H. 15. Plucked aud dj'ed. C. A. Ht-rpich A. Co.
H. 16. Placked and colored. "
Nentria, or coypa {Myopotamua ooypue), used for liidngs ud i
and imitations of beaver.
H. 10&. Plucked. Baeuoe Ajrca. C. A. Herpich & C*.
Beavet {Castor canadtntia), used for linings and mvtb.
1230. Spotted albino. Bristol Bay, Alaska.
34777. American. Labrador. O. R. BeDfV«w A Co., ijnebee.
24778. " ■' " "
13506. WUte.
U. 46. Dyed sod silTcr tipped. Hodson's BayTerritorr. CA-Bi
A Co.
H. 47. Dyed and silver tipped. Canada. C. A. Hvpicb ftCft
H. 4S. Dyed and plucked. Lake Superior. "
H. 49. Natoral. Lake Superior. "
H. !iO. Natnral, in hair. Kansns. "
Hare (Xeptu, various 8i>«cie8).
H. r>S. United Sliilc:!. C. A. Hetpich A Co.
r
ANIMAL RE80UBCE3 AND F1SHEKIE8 OF UNITED STATES. 19u
Airs.
1011 {Cifiyinhiin torqiiutiui).
1302. UbimI by Mnkub IndiiuiB in maniifnotnre of rubos. Nevah Baj, Waeh-
iugtou Territory. J. G. Swan.
1990. B()lH.-l'roiuilowuuf. NMiuhUay, WiuliingtouTurritocy. J.O.&wan.
run's {d/ffHits amerimnns) furs and swan's clown trimmings.
iwn pelieoa {Peleoanan ftucvn).
gS59. TiboTou MaotU, S«ui>ra. £. I'nlmer.
(Anwr sp.).
H. 99. Uiuted StatvB. C. A. Herpkli & Co.
H. 100. tJnitefl 6lat«H. ■'
1. Leathee. (See under 20.)
8. Textile fauhics.
tared fVoin hair of mammals.
[nman hair u«ed in maniifiicture of watch-cbains.
[air of bats used in felting and in iduiting roiwa in Central Amerii-i.
and tassels in New Caledonia.
rof raccoon used in ttlting (larnely cxiJorted to Germany fur
the uMe of hattent).
tsir of weaaels and sables used in felting.
r of fnr seal woven with silk in the niamtfaetnre of shawls.
Eoose hair and its f'abrius.
E and calf hair used in the mannfactnre of imitation woolen g<KidN.
■p's wool, with specimens of fleeces and stapled wools, IVoin
Tarions breeds and localities, short-wool tiibrics, brond<'loths,
jneriuue^, flannels, mou'selins de hiine, serges, tweeds, blankets,
«ari>etH, and tartuns, worsted fiibries, stuffs, bombiizine?, eaiiilet-s,
.ahawls, plusher and velvets, hosiery, and yarns, tklts, felt-clotbs,
.ami feJt-hats.
loats' wool with specimens of molniirs, cashmeres, phmbes, velvet-
eens, camlet*, and shawls. {For manufactured wigs and x*enikes,
e tinder 21.)
jTak {Po^plwpwi ffrunniem) wool with spe<'imens of yak-lace and
other fabrics.)
mela' hair with specimens of fabrics, plnslies, fells, sliawls, &c.)
iirof1hima,paco, gnanaco, and vicugna, with si>ecimeHs of alpaca,
^oanaco, and other fabrics, and imibrellas and other articles manil-
196 ANIMAL BE80UECE8 AND FISHEBIES OF UNITED STATES
Prepared CVvnt hair or uiamnialB.
Hair of horses used in weaving fiimiture-covers, erhiolint-sfcirn
aud bags for pressing oil.
Hair of baf&lo used io pltiiting rupes, luiiats, &c.
Fiu- of mole used in felting.
Beaver (castor) fur with sppcimi'ns of tJie felt dntbR, hat--, &«.
(Neutria-fur used in felting and in the manufacture of liat-.)
Mosqnash iiir used in felting.
Possum hair with fabrics of Indian and other manufactutv.
Fur of rabbit aud hare used iu felting, with specimens of hatsmd
cloths.
Whalebone liber used in weaving clotli covers for telescopea, ic.
Prepared iVom Teathers of birdtt.
Cloths woven from feather (China).
Prepared iVom silk of insects. (This collection sbouU it
elude specimens of the cocoous, the raw silk, the spun BUk,aniiofik
various fabrics, plain and figured silks, satins and satinettes. ^hinls
damaaks, brocades, crapes, and ribbons.)
Silk of common silk-worm {Bombyx mori).
Silk of Samiat^ecropia, Samia polyphemus, aud other native .AjDfrrti
motlis.
(Silk of exotic moths other than Bombyx mori, such as the ^-^
(Bomhyx pernyi and Bombyx mylitta), the moonga {Satvnia
meimft), thojorce {BombyT reliffiosa), the ena or artndj* (Bm**
cynthia).)
ANIHAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 197
MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND MAN-
UFACTURES.
Hard materials.
9. Ivory and bone.
y of inaininal#i.
asks of walrus used for triukets, handles, jewelry, buttons, paper-
knives, counters, &c.
25656. Tasks of walnis (Romnarus obeaus), Alaska. C. H. CrandaU.
15592. Commercial walms ivory. Poonook, Alaska. H. W. Elliott.
16174. Teeth of yonng walnis (Ronmarus obesus). Used in making powder
chargers. Nnnivak Island, Alaska. W. H. Dall.
24819. Ivory of walras in rough state. Joseph Shardlow, Now York.
248S7. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus (Itoainarus). (Figure of lady.) Geo.
Y. Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass.
24886. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus ( Roaniarua), (Figure of lady and horse. )
Geo. Y. Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass.
26896. Scrimshawed tooth of walrus (i?o«maru« CooAii). Repulse Bay. Capt.
H. C. Chester, Noank, Conn.
25654. Harpoon head made at sea from walrus task. J. H Bartlett & Sons,
New Bedford, Mass.
2631. Handle of walrus ivory. Northwest coast, America. United States
Exploring Expedition. Capt. Chas. Wilkes, U. S. N.
24815-6. Cane handles of walrus ivory. Joseph Shardlow, New York.
24812. Chain and cross of walrus ivory. "
24814. Knobs of walrus Ivory. "
24813. Scarf-slide of walrus ivory. ''
24817-18. Sword handles of walrus ivory. "
24820-21-22. Knife handles of walrus ivory. **
24823. Crochet-needles of walrus ivory. "
24824. Pool-balls of walrus ivory. "
24825-6-7-8-9-30-31-32. Buttons and studs of walrus ivory. Joseph Shard-
low, New York.
'eeth of bears, dogs, wolves, foxes, peccaries, and other large mam-
mals, used as implements, arrow-tips, and ornaments, by Indians.
6*^26. Bear teeth (used as ornaments). Bloonilield, N. Y. Col. E. Jewett.
illk ivory (used by Indians for ornamentation).
1874. Ivory of elk (Cen'ns canadensis). Yamp Utah Indi«ins, Utah. Captain
Gunnison, U. S. A.
hisks of mammoth elephant {Elephas primigeniiis) from Northern
America and Asia, with Eskimo carvings.'
15385. Tusk of mammoth. Alaska. J. G. Swan.
11041. Comb. Made from the ivory of fossil elephant. Saint MichaePs,.
Alaska. W. H. Dall.
intettKtang aeries of aboriginal carvings from mammoth ivory is displajetf
bnologlcal diyiaioiL
1
198 ANIMAL nESOURCEB AND FISHERIES OF UNITED 8TATIS.
Irory or iiianiiiial»(.
Teeth of pecoaiTr' {Dicoiyleti sp.).'
Ivory of uarwlial (Jfojiodux monoceroH), used for canes.
. Tiwkn of nurwhal. Grecnlnnd. U, S. Fish Commiaaion.
13531. Canu niiule from tusk i>f uurnhnl. Eakiuiua of Noith Giwnliat.
F. T. Comiaa^crt.
Teeth of fli>enD-wbaIe {Physeter macrocephalua) uod their applicaua
to the manufacture of balbt, buttons, and trinkets.
SSOCa. Toeth of iit>enn-nlialp. J. H. Bartlctt it &om. How Bnlfurd. Mk
25T10. Teetb of cuw wliuli-. Cupt. Joseph Fitdwr, Pruviucetown, l(t»
35719. Toptb of ■piTm-wluiI*'. Andrew Kennedy, Pn>\-incclown. Ma»
»490(]~^. TcuthofHpenn-wliali;, i>olitihe(l. J. H. Clark, Ktq-pon, ill.
20701). Teoth of tbi; cow viha\a (scriuisliaweil). Cupt. JoBcpb FUlirr, I -nr-
7436. TcH>rti of siivnu-wbalr. ScrimBkuived will) BrilUb cuat uf t.;*
anil feinnlfi figure. J. Vurdpn.
!i490r>. Tooth of (qienu-whati!. Scrimshan-iMl nud monnted o» viaUh ■«%<
fignre of American eagle. J. H. Clark. Ni«wport, R. I.
24904. Tontli of sperm-whale. Scrinisbswcd with figuiv of ccncifii ui
flonere. J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I.
24901. Tooth of siienu-nhak-. tterimithawcd with ligurc of whaliBg-t^iP'
J. II. Clark, Newport, R. I.
SHOOS. Tooth of sperm-whnla. Sctilnshawed With lignre of Atnrnc) D
colorH. J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I.
349011. Tooth of Nperm-wbala. Scrimahawed with ti;jnre of girl dncinf-
J. H. Clark, Newport, R. I.
76j9. Tooth of sperm- w hall?. Scrimsh.iwc-d with this lefcnid: "T»l'" ■
by • the • uhip • Montreal ■ of • I.undoD • in • the - i'iu-if •
AHIUAU RESOURCES AND PISUEHIES OP UNITED STATES. 199
' of reptiles.
:tl) o( aUigiitor used for jewel ry, whiatlfs, caiie Laudles, l)attoiii:>,
96895. Ji-welry inauiifatlured from tiseth of nlligiitjr {AHigalor mJMiMiiritit-
»(«). E. i\ Gilbert. JnckBonville, Fla,
Antictcusirutriulp luulligntor tvctb lia« s|irmig ii|i vrilhin the last teii
yoars. Ti-ii (.•stalilislnncutB in EastiTU Floridu urc- cuyagud iu tlii'ir niun-
uk.H' tei'tli usetl in nroiiitg weapons.'
etli of sUiu-ks and other fish used as triukcts.'
>ws of tbl^ hleeiKrr-abark [Sonmioaus hrci'ipiuna) uacd for IiOud-
dresaett by ludiiins.
iifuutiii
of Ushes.
iolcfi
-. Cot
»f hbu
Mth. Gulf of S
t I.a
it Sous. (Jui^lit-c.
of maiuinalB.
in of g])Iaucbno-8keletoD of fei-!E, naed as chamis.
tues of bear and otiier large mammals, used by Indians for im-
plemt^nts and as tablets for iiaintings.'
of butfulu and of tbu domestic nimiuauts, used as subsiitute
»r ivory iu the tuunuf)iul.imi of buttons, handles, combs, &c
iM85£i. liouo ;>iLriuM)l-huii<ll<<, Josi'ph SliurdliAv, Sew York.
S4654. Bouc pnniBol-linuiIle. " "
S4U&3. Bone punwol-baudlu. . " -'
S4%3. BoDi! coantcrs. Joseph Slianllow, Nt-w Turk.
24951. Buii<- HhirlilH.
24860. Dodo crilibngc-piiJB. " "
nam. Bonodito.
44813-i-5-G-7-d. Boue LriiHli-linnilleB. Joseph Shardlow, Sow York.
IMiMS. Boup Aiartingule-riiigs. " "
21837. Bone nnpkiiL-riiigs. "
9H833-4-5-«. Bonu lianiMil-liamlK'. "
10S13. Bon. Undo of liotic. (irceiiliuid HHUimns, Geo. Y, Nickvutoii.
10880, Bow, Made of buuo. Eskimo. King Willioni'i) Lntut.
KG73. Boue murlin-siiiki'. AEade at sea hy ThomiiH Fmiiiiiii. llacti for
siilitiiig trawl-Unrs. Snuford Pivi'iiijiii, NunviiOi, i.i, , .MiL'o.
whale jaw-bone, need for hariiess-ruigs, martingales, &c.
29333— t-^VG-7-8-O-40. Piirasol-liBiiillti) uimle from sperm- wlitilu'H jnw. Hue-
voy &. Ford, riiiludelpliiii.
'DlHplnyod in I'^tliiiologicul divi^oii.
200 AKIMAL RESOUBCI'S AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES.
Bone of niainninls.
Spenii-wlmlo.iiiw-l)ou(', uwetl for barness-riDgs, miirtiugalt^ &c.
39241. Piipur-i^u !.(*]>, mo<li.'liiim niMMTU-wiiaii''.-- jaiv. Harvvy Jt l'iinl,l"hU-
S4909. Choppiug-kiiitV. Made froui ju\r of Bperm -whale. Pn>£ ». V. tUri.
25791. Sail-tbiinbte. Mtulo itoni bono of nh»le. J. W. FostPi, BtktIi,
S^T93. SoaiQ-riilibur. ITsod l>y hail-uinkem lu rub along Hams. Miul« bm
jawlmnp of spcnu-wliale. Fmuk Wtat^rbcrgcr, ISi-vptIj. Uik
ii5050, Sail-muki'r'H Land-JiU. Mailo M K-a from juw-bone of sprtia-»-l»k
A. H. CriUendcn, UkUllftowii, Conn.
2!)G55. Snw-fninK'. M ado at w>a from bone of Bppnn-trhalo. J. H.BHtM
Sl Suna, Kew Bvdford, Mohb.
25401. Pulle;. Mude ftotnjitw-boiioof Htmnu-wliaK E. H. Cook.ProriMt-
'.S649. Pnlley-block. Madi) at sva from jaw-bone of 8penn-wha>. 1.L
CritU'udpn, iUdrtl.'town. Conn.
25713. Seiui'-nwdlc, Made from jaw-bone of aperm-Tvhale. N. H. r»T^
Wullfleet, Mass.
Hom-conM of niuiinaitt», used in mauufactiin' of assayers' cupdi.
Bone or birdM.
Bones of h'uds, iiHetl by Indiiius iiu<l Eskimos ia making >«l^
iieedles, flutes, bird-calls, aii(J dress-tnuimuigs.
Bone ol* flwhe!!!.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 20 1
M'aste bone and iTory.
10. Horn.
(Embracing the varieties of horn known to commci'ce, the split
and pressed horns, and the various manufa€tiu*ed iirticles, such
as jewelry, combs, and handles.)
font (employed as a matenal).
Horns of ox, shoe]), and goat, used for handles, buttoms, combs,
I)Owder-flask8, cups, boxes, stirrups, spoons, and imitations of
tortoise-shell, also ** sensitive Chinese leaves,'' and fonnerly for
transparent plates in lanterns and horn-hooks, for trumpets, and
for finger-nails in lay figiuxis.
35277. Cow's lionis. Pliili}) R. WfHxlfurd, Boston, Mass.
25274. Steer's horns. ** "
)$276. Buirs horus. '• <'
Bom of bufiOalo, used like that of ox.
25278. Horns of buffulo bull. Philip R. Woodfoni, Boston, Moss.
25280. Horns of buflfalo calf. '* "
25279. Horns of buffalo cow. " "
* 8489. Spoon of bufifalo honi. Assluaboiu Indians. Fort Boford, Dakota^
Dr. J. P. Kimball, U. S. A.
11030. Spoon of buffalo horn. VcUowstone VaUoy, Dakota. Lientenant
Cusick.
Som of musk ox {Ovibos moschatus),
1164a Arctic regions. Capt. C. F. Hall.
10389. Spoon made from horns of musk ox. Igloolik. Capt. C. F. Hall.
25275. Ox horns. Philip R. Womlford, Boston, Mass.
Series of articles manufactured from horn. Geo. F. Lincoln, Lieo*
minster, Mass. :
1^9507. Horn as it comes from the press, cut out preparatory to making combf^
^9508. Combs. Cut.
'2%09. UnliniMhe<l combs.
29510. Horn cut into small pieces for use in manufacture of jewelry.
29r>71. Finiste*! comb.
29502. Polished jewelry (uncolorcd).
Horn of mountain sheep and mountain poat, nsed by Aleutians in
ms^ng spoons, bowls, and numerous other implements.
16809. Horns of mountain goat {Mazama moninna). Used bj' Eskimo for
making horn spoons. Alaska. W. H. Dall.
Spoon made from horn of mountain goat. Bella Bella Indians.
X Q. Swan.
I from horn of mountain goat. Alaska. A. H. Hoff, U. S. A*
202 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHKBIES OF HUTTED STAin.
Horn (employed as a material).
Honis of Rocky Mountain sheep (0ns motUana),
704. Spoon made firom horn of Bocky Mountain aheepw NeithwMl mmL
George GibbB.
20B42. Spoon mode fhun horn of Roolcy Honntmin abeopw BUdak ladiML
Prince of Wkleg Island, Alaska. J. Q. Siran.
14455. Spoon mode from bom of Bocky Himntain ahoep. H-Ute laduM.
MaJ. J. W. PowelL
Antlers of deer, oik, and moose (stag horn), used in the
of handles for instruments, trinkets, and bnttooa.
26229-2 :-10. Carving Avm boni of deei (Corlaoiw vtrsfaiama*), Hanry 4
t'ord, PhiladolphLi.
3l:tl2. S|>i>oDcun-odfronant1erofelk(CmBiMiKutaMif). Hoo|iah bxlbM,
Californiai. S. Powers.
Antlers of iloer, elk, moose, and nearly all species of nunioaDte.
cinployi^il for ormuncntal jturposes. (A series of these antlenti»
used ill tln! (It'coratioa of the columns in the Government buitding.)
Chemical and other applications.
"Burnt horn {corn:i V3tum) used in dentiftices.
Carbonate of ammonia (iiartsboni), maua&ctuied fiom dcer\fMa^
(See nnder m.)
11. Hoofs and claws, &c.
(Embiuciii;; the commercial hoof, and the Tarious stages of bubo-
fiicturt! n-pivscnted by specimens.)
^BnaiA]
,t RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF 0NITED STATES. SOS
8 of bear, puma, wolf, &c., used by Indians in oruamentation.
Etlinologicul series.)
lan nails, u»ed by Indians for ornamental trimming.
ical application of hoof^ and claws.
i iu nmuufuvtiire of jiiitKiuate of |>uta»h (see under 30).
I in maniifaetiire of glue (see under 2i). I
12. Baleen.
elvonc in an iinnianutiictured state.
UOiiL Bulwnof hiiiu|iliiu-lL ^Klla.\e {Miyajilfii iflr*u6ifw}. Coast of Ciilifor-
piu. I8T3. V. M. Smimuiuli.
IfiSll. Ilono nf liniii|iliack wbnlc (Megaptera rerMblUt). Coast nf Culifonua.
C M. fitaninum.
I3K>3. Italc^n of hiimphnck wIiiiIr (Jfc^ptn-a nitabilu). Montiun;-, Cal.
1ST:). C. H. ScainmoTi.
I30W. Baloon of Immpback wLalo {Mrgaplma t<<T»abUia). Moutcrey, Cal.
IH7U. C. &I. Suamiiion.
12903. Bnl»«u of hiiiiipliacb wbalo (MMjapUra rrvtaM'ii). i^an Luiti, Cal.
C. M. Hi-Huuiioij.
13030. ItaluHii of linuijiliuck wh;kk< {Mr^^ltra rvrtahHit). Sail Luis, Cid.
C. M. Scaiii rutin.
130<£. Bulmiu of HulplKir-lHiltom wliule- [S'lbhaldisa lulfui-eaa), Mouti-ri'.y,
Cal. (^ SI. Scmuiuou.
irS&I. Balum nf niilpliiir-bottom wliale (Sibbaliliaa Knl/iiri;mi). tlontvrry,
Cal. C. M. St^onuDOij.
VtOBS, Buhp of tlie CnUfumia gray whalu {tlhaehiaiiEeka glaiimu), Moiitvr(')'>
L'nJ. 1HT3. V. M. ScammoD.
164W. Bnl™n. North Pacific. Capt. H«i>(l<reon.
7494. WliitliilHiiiDi. Amletaoh BUer Eiikiiiuia, Maokeniie'ii Jtivei dialriot.
K. Mac^Fnrlaiie.
llOe, Wliuli'boiii^. PruparMl by AnilurBou Rivei Eakiiuos. Mackt^uzio'a
Kivrr itUlriut.. B. MuuFarlone.
1116. WUul.'Imun. Auik-raon Rivit EBkimoB, Muckfniio's Kiver dislriut,
R. UiicFarlauc.
amv. Wlioloboun. Arctic coast. R. KlacFarlane.
tMiRtf. WLalcbone fibei-. Curled for bcd-stullliig. J. A. Scvey, BoHton,
Haas.
'iWbftlelMiie. Prepared for whip-mukurH' iiao. J. A^ Sovcy, BosIod,
Uaaa.
tfUp with whak-boue slock, kiiottcil, iulaid with whale-tooth'a
ivory, l)andl» woiuul witk tliiu wlialubono. AtncricaQ WMp Co.,
Wt-stUi'ia. Muss.
&49SU. Dri!V-baiic« WlialcUmu prcpumd for dross-makeia' iwe. J. A.
8i!ruy, Itoiton, Mbm.
SUHJS- WhalrlHiiic. Prepared for BospeDdcr-niokera' use. J. A. Sevoy,
Uo«l»n, Mom,
Whal<'tiuna. Prepared for bonnet" makers' nee. J. A. Sovey, Bo»-
tou, SlttM.
S4ML W)iii:uliotiL-. Pri'liari-d fur uuibrcllamuUcrB' use. J. A. Sevpy, nos-
20-4 ANIUAL BESOUBCES AKD F18BBRIE8 OF DHTTED STOBL
inuilebone in an munnaiiActiurcd state.
24S40. Wlialel>oiie. Prepared for ftnaol-Bakaaf hm, J. A. Sevqr
ton, Mass.
24D5I. Groaa dress-bone. A^*hBlclMnie piepared for ilmii iiiilin' w
A. Sevey, Boettm, Haas.
S494d. White drew-boDe. Whatebone (white) prapaird for i1rs>.bi
nae. J. A. Serey, Itoaton, Uui.
24971^. Wlialebone. Prepared for bnuh-mnkeitf lue. J. A. 8ct(;, K
[
2042. WhftloboDe. Prepared for ribbon-woarnV oae. '*
34<H3. Whalebone. Prepared for bat-mskera' dm. *'
24944. Whalebone. Prepaiwl for cap-maken' dm. "
24947. Whalebone. Prepared for neck-stock-maker^ nae. "
24952. niiah'tione. Prepared for coraet-tnakertf nae. "
24949. Eoiind dre«e-bone. Whalebone prepared for draM-makri^ w
A. Sevcj-, Boetnti, Masa.
34977. Wbaleboae fiber. J. A. Sevey, Boston, Maae.
24938. Whalebone cane. Black and whites twiaUd. J. A. Bnvej. ft
[
24973. Whalebone boot-ahauka. <*
249j7. Whalebone tongoe-aciapera. ''
2493J. \'i'halebone probang. "
24935. Whalebone riding-whip, made of black and white whali
twisted. J. A. Sevey, Boaton, Haaa.
24904. ^V'halebono riding-whip. J. A. Sevey, Boaton, Um*.
24937. Whalebone cane. Plain. " "
349J6. Whalebone cane. Twisted. " "
24972. Whalebouo ^nuulng-comb. Used by painteta. J. A. Sevej, B
I
'249iM. Whalebone prollang. "
24960. Whalebone calcrpillar-hroah. "
249^1. Whalubone ahas-inga. "
ANIMAL BE80UBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 205
alebone in an unmanuflictared state.
24860. Whalebone and i*attan whip-stalk. Finished, ready for covering-
American Whip Company, Westfield, Mass.
24858. Whalebone. As prepared for use in the whip. American Whip
Company, Wcstiield, Ma«8.
24859. Whalebone and rattan. Fitted ready for sticking together for whip-
stalk. American Whip Company, Westfield, Mass.
24857. Whalebone. In rough state, as sold to whip manufacturers.
American Whip Company, Westfield, Mass.
24962. Whalebone. Prepare4 for whip-makers' use (patent). J. A. Sevey,,
Boston, Mass.
13. Tortoise-shell.
toise-shell {Eretm4>chelys squamata Linn.).
12387-8-9^90. Tortoise-shell (JS'rftiiiooAo^y* •giMunata I^nn.). Pacific hawk V
bill turtle. Pacific coast.
24890. Commercial tortoise-shell. GeorgeY.Nickerson, New Bedford, Mass.
26891. Tortoise-sheU jewelry, &c. Charles W. Eennard & Co.^
Boston, Mass.:
Comb cut and polished.
Comb cut before polishing.
Brooch and ear-rings.
Sleeve-buttons.
Necklace and locket.
14. Scales.
les of* fishes used in ornamental work, witli specimens of flowers
1 other articles manufactured.
Fish-scale jewelry. F. C. Keergaord & Co., Philadel-
phia, Pa. :
25480. 8culcs of sheepshead {Archosargu$ probaioocphalu$)*
25481. Scales of 8hoepshea<l ( A rchosargus proha tocephalns)^ Prepared for use.
25482. Brooch and ear-ring8. " **
25483. Spray of flowers. " "
254^. Spray of flowers. ** "
25465. Spray of flowers. ** "
25486. Spray of flowers. " "
25487. Spray of flowers (dyed). " '*
25488. Necklace and cross. *' "
254c!9. Brooeli and ear-rings. " "
25490. Brooch and ear-rings (dyed) (Arckosargus prohatacepluilus),
26892. Jewelry made from scales of mullet, drum, &c, Mrs. C. £. Mott,
Jacksonville, Fla.
Pearl white, or essence W Orient^ prepared from scales of Alhunius
lucidus and other CyprinidcB and Clupeidcej used in making artifi-
cial pearls.) (See under 27.)
26893. Essence d^Orient. (Introduced for comparison.) Gnstave Bossaiifce,
Paris.
206 AKOUI. BESODSCBS AND FISHERIES OP CHITBD BTATE8.
US. Prabi.
Pearls and nacre (eml»acuig tbe peari-yieldinfr shells, witl
pearls and the tnotberV-pearl in tbe roogli state, «itb the iud
tared buttons, handles, and jewelry, pearl-powder, inhud work
papier-mache, ornamented with mother-o'-peazl.
Top-sbelk [Turbinida), and their application to nuunfacta
sbeil-flowers.'
Tower-shells (Trochiday
£ar-8faells {ITiUiotida), used in mannfactiire of battmu, hao
inlaid work, and pearl powder.*
Other gasetropods supplying nacie.'
Pearl-oysters (Avieulida), with pearls aad nacr&>
Biver-mnssels [Unionida), with pearis Mid nacre.'
JUnssel^' oysters, and other conebifers supplying pearls and u
Shells of nautilus and ai^naut, prepared to exhibit their nxt
Ornamental pearl- work, imitating sprays of flowers, &c'
Imitation pearls.'
16. Shell.
Cameo Mbell.'
fShcll of uonvh (Strombm gigaa), and can-ings.'
Shell of helmet {Cafnn ru/a, C. tuberota^ and C. wia3aga»Mnrt
with carvings.'
Shells used ibr implemenls, &c.'
Shells of Stromban, Triton, Dolmm, J'imhs, Murex, and Bvdi
used for fog-lioms, lamps, vasej, and ornamental bonlent in flo
AKIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 207 |
lift UHcd for iHiplemenls, Jkc.
Ik'IIs «if C'lprtwa, Rotcthi, Olira, TurriUlla, I'hasiaticlta (Veueti.in 1
xliclh), &<■., moniitetl as buttons and jewelry.'
tniil'a-titiuii sliell-work for box-covers iiml frajnes, made by glniugl
Rht'lLs ill mosaic'
Ialeiii4>il wbclls, nw.il by dentifriw and iiorctOain makern.' (Seo, also^ 1
iiiidi^r ',i2.)
iittlc-UsIi Itone from S^pia offidiialin, used as a pounce, aa a denti-!
frite, as iwlinhinf: powders, ibr taking flno imprefisions in <;ouDt4!r- 1
feiting, and as finxl for binis,' (See, also, undej- D 6.)
Dncn^ttons from Hie stoniiicli of Aatacug, known as "crali'seyes"
aud " rTab-Btone**," and used as antatids.'
nell of king-crab {jAmulug polypliemus), used ait a hoat-baik-r.'
pen^ulu of iiiolhiskH, nse<t as "eye-stones."'
1 an a innierial.
>nd {Ciiritnium nobilin), with BiHK^imcDS of tlie five commercial 1
pnido** (I,frotliof lil<K)d! l!,tlowor of blood; a, 4, 5, blood of first, j
Btwond, anil tbinl qualities) of tbp white variety, and of tlic romid |
beads, Hegiipee beads, bracelets, piiiK, comnctH, armlets, car rings, |
Ac'
it« coral, Octtlhut, sp., used by Jewelers.'
repon^s and otlier sliowy corals, nsed for oi-iimnental puqioeos.' ,
y iixis of blaek flexible eonil (I'lexaum irnma), used for eaneii>]
■nd whips in the BiMniudas.'
of f:in cufid {HkipUlofforgift), used for Nkinimcrs and sUainera |
tD tlie Itenuudas.'
oml, UKe<l for building pai-powes.'
I rtM;k of ri-eont fonimtion (Cuquina), uoed in Florida in maiiu- J
factiire of uniiuneutal vases and (wirvingu.'
ok'ined coitd. used tor dentifrices, as an antncid, &v.'
nilatiouH of I'c^l coral in celluloid, nibber, and other substant-ei
IS. iNl'L'BORIAI, KABXnS.
kbltlff pOMtlerM [iise<l fur ]>oIisliiiif; metalf, cubiner-warc, aud J
pefimt-iii* of |)olishiug Klate, IripoH, aud oilier foivign iKtlisliiii^ I
powder,'
pecdiDimH of American infusorial deposits.'
■ Sm wider Put n of tMii cat»)ogiie.
208 ANDUL BESOL'BCES AHD FISHERIES OF UHITEU STilB.
Infusorial earths employed in Mawftctmes.
Infusorial earth, nscd in making window and plate ^HB.'
Inrnsorial earth, nsed in making soluble ^asa.'
InftLsorial earth, used in making mortar.*
Inftusoiial earth, naed in making molds tor metul casting'
Infusorial earth, used in making Alters.'
Infusorial earth, used in making dynanut«.'
lulusorial earth, used in m^ing fire-poof packing.*
lnfu:»(»ial earth, as an absorbent for oils and Inpiida.'
19. OtUEB UATEB1AL8 FBOM INTKRTBBRA^B.
From insects.
Brazilian diamond-beetles, nsed in jeveby.
Wings of beetles, ased in embroidery.
From echinoderms.
Spines of echinoids, nsed for slate-crayons.
Flexible vuUeriala.
20. LEATHEBa (Embracing the hides in a rough state, in Ae fid
stipes of dressing, and manufactured into shoe-leatltv, !■
ment, vellum, binders' leather, thongs, &c.
Lcatber prepared fVom mammal skins.
Leather {»rui>ared from human skin.
s made from skin of mail. H. & A- HahrentKiIi, Hc« T<d
■nUL KEBOtlBCES AND FI8HEB1E8 OF tmiTBD STATES. 209
ler prepared fVom mammal skins.
Idi) leutUer (and Ixilfiilu loallitT, but!-l(!ittbi'r}.
Sf>931, Iiuitiitiun linckGliiD. Jlaniifaclurcd from skin of Auierican blMU
(_eiaon anierieaiuu). Wilcos TunDeiT,, Elk County, Pennsylvsni*.
S&953. tollor Irathor. Mannfui-turtitl IVoni itkin of Ameriuun biaon (fiiaon
L amnrleaniui). Wik'ox Tonnwy, .Elk Coniity, Punnsylvuniu.
■MMk ^° loather. Mannfm^taml Irorn «liiii of Auwrivnn biBoii (itiwii
HHIB amtrteimia). Wilcox Tnuni-ry. £lk Couuty, Pi'tinitytviMiiA.
^^^^nniftng loBthor. ManufnctitrcMl from ikio of Amcriojiu liUon (Ztwen
^^^^ oawricwiii*). Wllcux Taunc^ry, J%tk County, Pi'uuHylvuaia.
leatber, wiUi spedmntiH of sain leallier, split leather, grain
atiipj-, rawhide thoiign, whipH, leather lx>Us and saddles, and of
i]f-8kEu8, jirepnred for biuders' ami bootmakers' use, aa Kuseia
ath(!r and vclliun, and tawed, as pnrt'hnient,'
ep l(5Utlier, with Kpevitnens ul' binders' leather, imitation chamois
ather, wa^li b'uthtrr, buft' leather, roan, imitation luoroceo and
BTchnient, with vellum made tiwra skins of deadboni lambs,
id mannfiU-tared gloves, &c.*
t leather, with siwcimens of shagreen leather, moroero leather,
I used for linings, npholstei^, bindings, and poeket-books, ]>an:h-
fcnt, dnini-heiids, &c., with kid leather, ustJ in niauTifaj'ture of
toes and gloves, uuder-elotbing, and vellum madu from skin of
ouug kids, also skiiibottlfs used in Asia.'
and aHs leather, used in manufacture of shagreen, sole leather,
leather, satldles, trunks, water-hose, iiuuip- valves, miti-
ary accoutermonts, ladies' shoe-nppers.'
SS71. Tannoit UK-xkiUi usod for sole Icatbur. Cbeyonuu Indians, Kfuiaus.
Dr. O. M. ^t*nit>tr|j;. tl. S, A.
rhide.
S0S4!). Rawtiidp |iri')iiiTC<l for boltin;;. Dtirrow Manufacturing CoDipunj.
aOM6. Coil of n)|w, MiliIi- from ruwliiclc. "
S9ftM. Bnskct. ■• "
SM47. DoU'i IipjmI. ■' "
SSKHi. Powdcr-dasks. " "
r leather, dressed as bnlf leather, chamois-imitation leather,
Milan lireased (buckskin), and for the tlner moroccwa, albo man-
Bu]tar»l into gloveR, gait«rs, nnder-gannents, iiulishent, &c.
SSB8S. Bilck-l»nnp<I skin of mult< deer (Cariainu mairotie). luiliniiH.
6(C7. L<«iitki>r fruiu skin of Avvi {Caria'Mt marrolint). Tiuuied by Caddo
Iiuliuns. E. Palmer.
£2^ Biick-tunued dc^or'sktu [Carian* niairofii). Apaclic lodiaiu. E.
14383. Buck-taauod akin of deer (Curiiicvt macrolia). J. W. Powell.
af ibc tucMDHire esliibition of lentbera in the Slion and Leather Building^
Mm Ii«s bocu nuule to complete tliis pait of the collection.
lit JT. M. No. 14 14
210 ANIUAL BESOUBCeS AND FI8UBBIES OF UNITED STAIII.
I^eatbcr prepared fVom mammal sbin*.
Deer leather, &o.
6976. Buck-tanned skin of deer(C<)ri<iaM Moorolb). CcHMneheMB
E, Palmer.
11606. Buckskin (Cartocw coIunMantu). Dremed by VeClood Indw
Shasta County, CoUfornict. Livingston Stone,
11605. Buckakin (CarUumt oelumMoitiM). Tanned by UeCknd IndiK
Shasta County, California. Livingston BtotM.
11604. Buckskin {Cariaau ootmiAiaHM*). Tanned by HcClood bdii
Shasta Connty, California. Livingston Stone.
8540. Backskin for moccasins. Nebraska. Dr. S. H. Hortoa, U. S. 1
36685. Skin of Virginia deer (Cariaaa* vtryManiu). Seminole loditti
Florida. O. Brown Goode.
S4800. Tanned skin of young Virginia deer {CarUtau riryiwiwt). J-
Hendeison, Big Coon, Ala.
Moose leather in ordinary and bnckskin finish.
SU781. Moccasins made from skin of mooM (JIoMMoJdUt). Htuon liili>
O. B. Ben&ew Jt Co., Quebec.
S4787. Bnbber-Bole moccaaina mode from skin of moose (dyed). 0. B. B
frew &, Co., Quebec.
247^ Indian moccasina made from akin of moose. Iioqnoia tiibe. &
Renfrew & Co., Quebec.
S4773. Indian bnck-Unned skin of moose (^loMMoUUt). Labiador. &
Benfrew St, Co., Qnebec.
24786. Indian moccasins mode from akin of moose. "Lady's siie.' 0'
Ben£rew &, Co., Qnebec.
83a Smoke-Unned skin of moose (JI«etMaZ«M«). 8UTe(L«keT}bdi
R. Eannicott, Fort Liaid.
Cariboo leather in ordinary and bnckskin finish.
IflHlL EE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 21 I
r prepared IVom mamnial skins.
a of ilifforent Iwilliers ilhistratiiig the manufuctiire of gloves:
!5SS0. Baw skin of "M(ir»ub»miiwk" drnc (Cariaint* sp.)At>m Bout.li Amor-
k-a. S, G. HutcliiiiHon &. Co,, Juhnatown, N. Y.
tSJEST. Skill of "Uarauluun jack" deer, drvasod by f^ltive taanQfftctnrcr,
rNidy for nntting. S. G, HiitohuMon &, Co., Johnstown, N. T.
ISS88. Gtovea manitCuitnitid JYom skin of "Klntiinhum Jock" deer. B. 0.
Hutchinson & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
25380. Saw akin of denr (Caruiemi «p.>. From Central Am«rira. 8. G.
Hatchinaon & Co., JoIiiibUiwd, N. Y.
tSSSO. Akin of <Ie«r dreswMl by kIovo luimufuutDrpra. Coutral America. R.
O. Hutchinson A. Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
S39I. Baw skill of innlu Atxr {Cariaviu vtaerotU). S. Q. Hutchinson & Co.,
Johnstomi, N. Y.
25093. Skin of mnlo dcor {Cariacui nuirrotU). Fat or liqnot drcBscd. 8, Q.
Hutchinson & Co., Johiislown, N. Y.
IS3S3. Skin of male de«r (Cartacu* iKiurotis). OU diewed. S. G. Hat^.bin-
800 & Co., Johuatowo, N. Y.
£394. OtoTiw niHdr fmm sktn of mule dper (Caruxnu natwlia). 8. G.
Ilutohinsou & Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
IsaOS. Baw akin ofAfrioau "bleosbok." S. G. IlntDhiDsoii & Co., John*-
r* town, N. Y.
^H& Skin nf Afiican "lilcca bok" (drras^d). g. 0. HntchinsoD & Co.,
Hp Johnatown, N. Y.
MHK. Osuntlet gtovea made Oom skin nf African ," bleea bok." S: G.
HiitfliiiiMin & Cu., JuliiiHtDwn, N. Y. *
ISS88. Baw skin of immtj-lnim or nntclnpn (Aniiloeapra aiita1eaiia)i B. 0.
flutcbljimn & Co., Juhnslonn, N. Y.
IS399. Skin of tirong-boni or antelopo (AnUlorapra (tBKn'nma). Dreoai'd
And colored. S. O. Hntchinann &, Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
!S300. QIOTcs mndo from sklu of prong-horn or aiit4<lopo {Antilocapra amfrt-
dinn). S. 0. HntchiDSon Sc Co., Johnstflwn, N, Y.
15301. Baw skin of south American peccary (Dimislrt labiatut). S. 0.
Hulubinaon &, Co., Johnstown, N. V.
S5303. Olovea madu from sldn of South American peccary {Dieotplet labia-
hti). 8. 0. Hutchinson & Co., Jobn!>town, N. V.
6^0i^ Skin of South American pcccai; {DUsotj/Ut laHatat). Dressed for
glore ia:tniifacturer. S. G. HatohiuBon iL Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
IG3M, Back-Uunt^ skin of sheep. " "
16905. DroMod skin of tiheep, tannml like kid leather, bnt smoked instfuul
of colored. 8. G. Hutchinson &. Co., Jobnalown, N, Y.
96306. Shoep-shiu nuute into "kid luntbcr." S. G. Hutehineon & Co.
Johnslflwn, N. Y,
ISSOT, QloveH made from " bid-dreascd " sbeep-akin. 8. G. Hntchinson Jl
Co., JohnstJjttTi, N. Y,
S306. "Kid''-ilre98ed lamb-skin, ready for coloring- 8. 0, But«blnson St.
Co., Johnstown, N. Y.
BSOO. Lamb-skin "kid-ilroa»c(l," colored. 8. O.Hutchinson 4. Co., John»>
town, N. Y.
SBlO. OloTes mnde from "kid-dressed" lamb-skin. S. O. HutobitiRon &
Co., Johnaliiwu, N. Y.
BSll. ],auib-«kiu dreased in G«ntuuiy. 8. Q. Hutchinson &. Co., Johns-
town, N. T.
I
212 ANIMAL BESOUHCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED ETATB8.
Iicather prepared IVom niainiual ikinti.
Series of ditt^reut leathers iUustrating the maauiactare of sUn
The following account of the gloTo tcadc iu Kottli Ameriois&oBlto
pen of Ur. S, G. Hiilcbingon:
"Tho niMtufacturo orgjoveeantl mittoiw from leaiber waa ttaitdii
Falt«n Coant^E, Nevi York {according to best iiifonnn.tiOD). in tbe jW
1S09, by people from Connocticnt, wbo first engngixl in tho uisDalklv*
' of tinware aai in exchanging their tinware for tho prodncte of the ono-
try. They thus obtainod deer-pelta, which they loamed to tan MVMiliof
to the Indian proceiM, and, using paper patterns, cat and made Ibflnuit
rough mittene and gloves. Sul)seqiienny thoy learnt a battoi pnna
of tanning, and aiao have modo great improvenirputs in niaaufactmitf
gtuvus; and from apparently inaignificant and accidental begimuDEtb*
originated an ntduatry wliich is oHtimated to produce over (l,iH>,M
worth of manufactiiroil goods, and which busincm has otvct 3« firt bds
-mcGesaf'iUy transplanted else where.
"The akins nacd in the manufacture of gloves and mittens an (tirJil-
fbreot T»riotio8of deer-skioa and shcoii a.nil lamb skins. The ilnr-atw
aro gleaned from the entire United Ktat«B, Mexico, Central and it
Anjerica, and Africa, and there ia as much diffennct! in the quality st^
skins from the different countries OS in tho climate of thu uiouinst
]oc&Uti(« from which they come. The heaviest and most Ta1ti»lil> Aa
come irom nnder the equator.
" Sheop-skina are exteueivoly nsed in the mann&cturo of gloiw i
well aa deor-akius. It is estimati>d that over 100,0(H) dozen are usd M
nnally. Tho quality of these varies as much lut deer-skius, and rtcps'
ag DiDcb Diioo the acctioQ of counlry from which tbay comt'. the cms
wool akins making the best leather. A part of the sh«>p-«kiw M
dressed in a similar manner to the deer-skins, and are finished lon^
ble bnokflkin. Many sheep and lamb skins ore by a very diffffM*!**
Kt-Hn ninde into what is called kid teat Iter, I ho lamb-Hkiun, ajvW)!,
making a ver>' nic* glove; iu fact, some of the lined fur-triaininl (I**
IMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 213
r prepared fVom mammal skins.
uf diflferent leatliers illiistratiug the manufacture of gloves :
First into raU, low sunkt^n lu the ground, i
TLe ralHinp skina aru tltniwu oilli biisky somiil,
Anil there for daya ore suffered Ui remain,
Until the vrat«f permeatea tLo gmtn,
Aiid tbeir wbnie yielding tiirni aiid tvxture nuko
FU»ut and supple, £ttiug tbum to break.
I^vne o'er the sluitiiig iKJim the brcuher plks,
With long two-hiuidird knife, hu energies
AU the odherlag flesh to clcttn away.
His is the hudcat work oud pootcat luj.
Fleah-ltiiiiDg, or the hairing pruiu'as called.
Is ni-xt in order and is next iiutuUcd.
Ujion the flesh-dide of thtf broken skin
^ Quiok-ruiie ia npniad and wUely folded in;
1 Then in the soak or water vat with earo
T 1b plaecd ton duya for louseiiiug the hair.
And when the benni and kni fe auaiu nre prove4
I 'ThoUniry ciiot is Biudly removed!
In lim^-vftts next the skins arc iinl la Uine ;
From iiue tu six weeks is the allolU'd tuu«.
Tliia proceaa, perfected bj luw degnes,
ThickeuB the skins and imootha the stufacea.
knife aga
Parching is nsed for heavy skins alnne.
The loeaoiug of the term is drying down ;
Not in the tetvors oT the sconJiing snn,
But in the Ahade aloue, 't is safely done.
A Making then ensues until
They "re softer made and lilted for the mill.
Hilling in order next soccceds, of couific.
Placed in the stock, by «tcam or nat«t force
The skins are briskly run six hoars or more
Beplaoed agaiu, and milUag is reaev«d.
Each half Iraor oTteTward alt«raately
The}' 're in tbestocks or out to aironddiy.
Until thronghont the snbatance of the skin
The oU commingles with the gelatine
Or glue, and leaves the other parts together
The true and genuine product we csll leather.
The beam and seudding-knife again ore plied
For scudding on the grain or facial side.
The mucous snbatsuoe or reticular
Tisane of the skin is shaved off liare.
Tlie [irocees then, to perfect and in crown,
Beqnires a day at moai for drying down.
Ifiaxtin lye-liunoT vats they're placed awhile,
bi vulgar partuDcc, 'for to outthe ile';
Bat by the ohymie law affinity
The (ill gelAtinous and alkali
Combine, withont a flgitre or a trope.
And form the useful prndnct we call snap.
A half hour in the stocks the akius being ran,
The soap waahed out, and tbns the scnuriog '» dona.
To soRen, to give shape, and natoral luze.
Duly the slacking process ncxl< applies.
Fast in the perch the pendent skin being placed,
Grasped by the hand and firmly should er-braeed,
The arm-stake then is vigoroasly applied
d into ai|ii(Lro blocks fasliioued, is called IjoC^
214 ANIMAL HESOURCES AND FISnEEIES OF UNITED STATES.
Leather prepared froni mammal skins.
Series of diflerent leathers illustiatiiig tbe mauufacture of glAm
Whiuh b; the band is nibbed upon the ekin. ^^^h
Pdroh bung until the ocbGr*!! well wrought in ^^^H
And deeplf set, prodocini; n soft, mollow, ^^^H
Golden, enduring, ineiDBivo yellow. ^^^H
This buffing named. ThepiocaM next to Itriag ^^^H
^^H Tho manulwiture throagh ui flniBhuig. ^^^H
^^H A horiKuiitol nbutt, firm oveTlaid ^^^H
^^^^ With emery, and b; mnvhinocj' mndtt ^^^H
^^^^ To turn, elalxirsteti theakiu iilBovd on ^^^H
^^* To perfect snioothneas, und tlie -work is dou«.' ^^^^
"The manufacture of the different kinds aud style«of glovwislMMi-
iag divided up bo that man; of our leading miumfajitDrers are nuUttl *
specialty of some xi^i^eular kind of gloves. Some make eiclii>i*<lT
heavy buckskin gloves and mittens; others make exoln^Tely aheep'*'^''*
gloves and gauntlets I othoia, lined kid gloves of various kinds aodEtylffci
others, nnlined kid and antelope or castor gloves and ladies' gamitli'M~
thus enabling them to pay strict attention to their particular bncrla
and reaching the highest degree uf perfection attainable at this agv m'^
stage of tbe business.
"Marked progress Is yearly mode in this indiutty, and it ispredictf^
that in no distant fature the finest gloves made in tbe world will bemtd*
here in tho two villages uf Johustowu and GloversviUe, X. Y."
Porpoise leather.
Beluga leather dressed as kid, sole, harness, velvet, pliish, boot^
mail-bag, belt, and pat«ut (variiiahed) leather,
26018. Tanned skin of beluga (Detpliinaplerua ailodoM). G. It Benfi*" *
Co., Quebec.
26019. Lacoleathor, "RividreduLonp enbos." MaDufactnrodbumtbetldfl
of beluga (Delphinapterua eatadan), by the Gulf Porpoiso TiJ^
Company.
Seaver leather, used in manufacture of Baddies, shoes, gloves, fUid
ti^nks.
Eat leather, uaetl for thumbs of kid gloves.
Leather trimmings, used as stuffing for balls, &c.
Prepared iVom intestines of mammals.
Parchment from viscei'a of seals, used by Eskimos for clothing, b*n
and blankets.
6559. Int«8tine of seal. Usodforwatcrproof clothing. Cook's Inlel- I*
T. T. Minor.
5570. Intestine of seal. Used for waterproof clothing. Yukoufiiret. ^■
H. Dalh
65G9. Intestine of seal. Prepared and used forcloihing. Dr. T.T.I
S0602. Preparedseal'gutfoT waterproofdressea. Sitka, Alaska. J.C
gee also nnnierous garments of this matcrutl diiplaycd i
nological division.
AMMAli BESOURCES AND FISDERIES OF UNITED STATES. 21ij
spared IVom intestines ormammnls.
Leutlinr from phaiynx of seiJ iimJ wiilriis, used by Eskimo for boot^
paxciiiDcut from viitcera of bears, used in Kaiutcliatka for luasksl
and wiudow-panes.
Vutcem of ox, used in mannfiuiture of gold-beaters' skin.
{ladders of animals, used for poiicbes, parctiiueut:, bottle aod Jar
covers, and by Eskimo for oil^wttles.
Fiflccra of sheep, used iii mamifactm-e of " cat-gut," with specimen*
of wliip-cord, hatters' cord, for bowstrings, clockmakera' cord^J
fllandre, guitar, violin, and harp strings, angling-lines, &c.
rjscvra of hog, nsed an envelopes for minced meat, sausages, &c.
~ t of »ea-Uon (Eum£topias Stelieri), di'esded as parchment ea-l
velapes to preserve valuable papers.
aOeOS. Sitku Indimu, Aluiika. J. G. Sviaa.
Bnews of sheep, deer, goat, boffalu, seal, walrus, and other animulSf I
xusod in manufacture of threads, lines, nets, and snow-shoes, iai
-strengthening bows, &&; the babiche of the Eskimos of th<
Northwest coast.
5IS5. Baliichu. SlccaoM iDiliann. Britlsli Coltunblk. J. T. Rotbnwk.
3(U4. Usckemic's Itivur. B. Eciinioott.
840. Hsokemie^ Biver. "
net Moo«e alDew. Fort Good Hope. Uuokenzie'a Bivfii
JKKje. gioeiTB of mooae and ciuiboo. Fort LUnl Indiaus.
&646. Deer sinew. Ai'Bche ludiiuuj. Dr. E. ralnwr.
SWO, B»bi<'he. Undreased akin of mountoiii ihcep.
set. Babiche from niouutun sboop. MackoDsie'* Blrcr. B. E«nnleoth 1
16^ Bow covered with sinew of luoimtsii) eheep (Orf* mimUma). Diggar I
ludiiuH. California. Cnptaiu Gunulson, D. H. A.
94736. 8uow.«bo«« miwle fniis sinew of caribou (man's size). 0. R. BeD>|
fr»w & Co,, Qaebed.
9(119. fiuuw-aho<>8 niudis from sinew ofoariboii (womao's bIzd). Q. B. Bet^4
fn-w&Cc, Quebec.
^rcd flrom bird-skina (Eskimos).
Eider leather.'
leather.'
Fort Anderson. R. Maiy I
B. K«iinicott,A
'arcparal n>oin reptile sldiu*
Alligator leather.
16810. SuIlodskinofaUigntarC-ini^rormutftiwriiiTiicaris). U]) per Saint JoIid'i
Biver, Florida. G- Brown a(iodi>.
leSlff. Tanned skin of uUigotor. Upiter Saint John's Biver, Florida, O. I
Brown Goodo.
216 ANIUAL RESOURCES ASD FISHEBIE8 OF UBITBD SfATM.
Prepared flrom reptile skins.
Alligator leather.
35383. Tanned skin of alligator (JHigator MinfMl|9tauii). UpfS 8*
John's Biv«r, Florida. G. Brown Ooode.
24791. Tanned skin of alligator (JI%aJM-«UMiM^VieM«{|).
Schayer Bios., Boston, Haas.
S4T96. Cigar-case, mado &om skin of alligator ( JlUgwIor *
"Rosaet finiah." Bcbayer Bros., Btmtoa, Mam.
347112. Lady'BBatehel, mode trAn skin of alligator (AWfltt m
tit). '■ Russet fluish." Sohayer Bros., Boston, HaM.
24795. Matcb-case, made ihaa skin of alligator (^AlUftor Miwiw^ifi— i
"Buaset flnuh." Bohayoi Bros., Boston, Hata.
34793. Slippers, ntade from the skin of alligator (Alttfotpr m
"Busset finish." Schayer Bros., Boston, Hasa.
84794. Slippers, made &om akin of alligator {Aliigator mim
"Black Gnisli.'' Schayer Bros., Boston, Man.
26066. BiiUng-boots, made from skin of alligator {AUigator mimUf/imii,
K.&.A. Mahienholz, New York City.
SatUesiiake leather.
24797. Dressed skin of rattlesnake (CrolalM JariuM). Big Coon, ilM. I
H. Hendeison.
24799. Dressed skin of rattlesnake ( CVotelat darisfw). Big Coon, ik f|
H. Henderson.
34798. Shoes made from skin of rattlesnake {Orolabu dmrtttat). BI|Om^
Ala. J. II. Henderson.
9043. Bow covered with skin of rattlesnake. Used by Flathead Uk*
Fort ColviUe, W. T. Dr. J. T. QhlMlin, U. 8. A.
Other snake leather.
. Boots made f^m skin of boa (Boa wmibiator). B. & A. Milnwhll
[AL RESOUBCES AJSIJ) FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 217
d firom fish-skins.
leather (shagreen used for coverings, and by the Alaska In-
3 for boot-soles).^
waste.
manufactured firom waste.
lanufactured from waste. (See under 24.)
m blue made from leather waste. (See under 30.)
21. Haib and wool.
^ In weaTlngr and IPclting. (See under 8.)
^d fbr wigrs and ornaments.
I hair as an article of commerce, with specimens of switches
vngs, and also of the trade imitations of hair in jute, horse-
Ac.
wool as employed in manufacture of wigs and perukes.
I scalp locks as Indian trophies.^
of animals as trophies.'
1 bristles used Ibr brashes (embracing the commer-
and bristles, assorted and unassorted, and specimens of the
ured articles).
- skunk, used for fine brushes.
40. Gilders' and vamishers' brushes (black hair; flat). Miles Bros. &> Co.
42. « a << « « « it
42. <' ** ** <' " « «
43. " " " *' " (lound). "
14. Dnsting-bmsh (white hair; flat). **
r bear used for vamishing-brushes.
38. Varnish or dusting brush. Miles Brothers &, Co.
39. "Mottler" brush. "
* American badger used for fine shaving, graining, gilding,
lust brushes.^
'American badger {Taxidea americana) adapted to the man-
ure of brushes.
' squirrel, especially the tail, used in making fine artists'
Is.
JO. "CameVs-hair" varnish-brush. French style. Miles Brothers & Co.
^. "CamePs-hair" coach-painters* color-brush. "
Its in Ethnological series.
BDS in the Ethnological division.
^4lair bmshes sold in America are almost exclusively manufactured finom
Wdgttr. The hair of the American badger is quite an well
218 A.miiAL BEBDUBCBS AND FISBEKIXS OF DHITEO 8TATI
Hair and bristles used A»r brashes.
Hair of squirrel, especial^ the tail, used in making Am
pencils.
303S2. " Camers-hBir" Tamish or copying bnuh. t'inglhh ttj.
Btotben &. Co., New York.
29333. "Camel's-lnur" gildera' broah. UUm Bnthen & Co., He
39334-5. "Camel's-hoir" lacquering bmsh, "
39336. "Camel's-boir" pencil, quill handles. "
2^353. Series of acroltiag mid omomeuting bnulies. "
Tbose brushoa are mode chiofly tt»m the tail of the gi^
(&JHrM carotinauU), and aie known to the tnUl« aa "can
bmahoa.
Bristles of liog and peccary used in making coarse brodiee
nishing, scrubbing, &c.
26020. Seiiea of briatlea (black). B Noe. 1-13. William WUka
1
26021. " " " (white). B Nos. 1-13. "
26028. " " " (yeUow). B Nos. 1-13. "
36027. " " " (red). B Nob. HI- "
26028. " " " (black). D B Noa. f-18. "
36033. " " " (black). ("Casings") Noa. 1-12. "
26023. " " " (natural black). ("Ca«ing»'')Koa. 1-lt
WUkens & Co.
S6034. Berieaofbii8Uea(white). ("CMings'')Noa.l-13. WUUh
26025. " " " (white). Medium rtiff, Nofc 1-12, '
2ii029. " " " (union). William Wilkena & Co.
26030. " " " (blue). "
86031. " " " (unbleached). "
Brushes made from bristles:
S9337. Flat oopying-bruah, No. I. Miles Brothen & Co.
ANIMAL RE80UECES AND FIStlERIES OF UNITED STATES. 21!)
aad brUlles uitcd Ibr bniithes.
r of liorses, used for lly-biiittlies.
aom. Svrioi of aamplca uf horsp-hair (ilircd blue). William Wilkena Jk Co.
2tmLi. " " ■' •• " (.Ived red). "
SlKXH. " " ■' " " (il'j-Btl wliitfi). "
i used for striping aud letter-
ile8 Brotbrra A Co,
ul's-liair iicQctls. Mile«
luur from tlio iasidu of cows' t
log Ijrustics.
S9ft«o~fi-7-*W>-G0. Frc«i;o-pnintere' briistms, 1-S.
S!!X)5I. SiMiiwi uf (ix-liuir tttriiiiug-puDcils, euld aa ci
Uruthem it Cu.
used in other manuAictures.
Ins asad in alioemakers* wax ends.
les used in auat«>iiiii;iil iiistniuient^.
KQd bristles usihI in Jirtil'icinl flics. (See under B, 45.)
of cnttle used in sti'engtheniug mortar and plaster.
■sed fbr stuffing.
Kse-bair, struight and carled, used for matti«sses and cushions.
Ifiuio Lair of beaver and musquasb, cut from felting-tiair, used ttx
itvnx of rabbits used for cushions.)
VMd as a medinin Ibr pigments.
ol-flockiug used iu tbe inannfacture of wall-paper, colored felta,
tid rubber elotb.
lical products.
Tuse human and other hair used iu maniifaotiire of pmsfiiate of
potasli, witb siiecimens of manulaetiired product.
as. Quills.
orinammal§.
of American hedge-hog used by Indians iu embi-oideiiug.
of birds.
of swan and turkey for en grossing! leus.
of goose and eagle for nriting-peus.
[Is of 4:row and duck for fine pens.
lis used in making tooth-picks, flsbing-floats, color-bottles, pen-
l-bimdles, noedle-tiolders, &c.
23. Featdkes.
(See under Furs, D 10.)
220 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF DiriTED STATES.
Feathers used fbr implementt* (indadisg numafiMtand
des).
aOSSS. Fan.
36596. Pan made from featbera of roae»te apoonbin (FlmUlem 19^).
C. E. Mott, JaoksonviUe, Flo.
S6S97. Fan made from feathen of wbite tem (Sterna ap. }. lb>. C. E. I
Jacksonville, Fla.
S6596. Fan mode from leathers of white crane (OaruOaoaaMIMBa).
C. E. Mott, JackaonviUe, Flo.
26599. Fan mode ih>m feathers of btne heron (Floriila eormlM). H&i
Mon, Jacksonville, Fla.
S6601-26S05. Fan made Ih>m feathers of water-tnrkey (PMn mU
Mrs. C. E. Mott, JacksonviUe, Fla.
26602. Fan made from feathers of fisb.«row (CVirvM ot^frm§ai) «1
heron (Florid cteriilea). Mrs. C. E. Uott, JockBonnlle, Ftti
26603. Fan made Axim feathers of wood ibis(r(uilaIii«lo«alBtsr)aiidpMi
{Fntiaua caroHnentit). Mis. C. E. Mott, JmIuodvUIc, FU.
26606. Fan from miscellaneone feathers. Mn. C. E. Mott, JackimiTQIi
36813. Domestic turkey-feather dusters. 5 sizca. Chicago I^thwD
Company. Chicago, IlL
Feathers nsed for plumes and ornaments (IdcIb
plumes, head-dresses, cockades, bat and dress trimmings, &e.)
26604. Bonqnet mode from feathers of Florida bird*, ill*. C E. UoB,.
sonviUe, Fla.
29o^. Flowera made f^m feathera of Florida biido.
Feathers used in other manuniclnres.
Feathered arrow-shafts. (See under B, 18.)
Feathers used in mahing artiflci^ flies.
Feathers used in manufEictnre of textile fobrics. (See ndt
ANIMAL BESODRCES AND FJ8HEBIES OF tJNlTED STATES. 2211
aline.
fze, or fttKien gine.
3531T-18. "A. A. E." MuDiifiicluri'ilfromhomsainlhotift. Wm.U. Brown,!
Penbudy, Mass.
latinos made from boue aad ivory sUaviugs.
P«««ts of esculent swallows {(■(ilocaiia eHPiiJenUi, C. fueiphngn, 0. <
dijiai, &e.) uxporti-d lioiu Iiulian Airliiiii'lago to Cbiua.)
B'laiitf.
inglOHS (iriitliyocniln), made from air-bladders and Nkiiis of fiRlies I
1 used ill tlif maiiiifactare of fine glues niid sizes, adbesiveaiid I
irt plai;t«nt, diiimuDd cemeut, imUution glu»s, aud tiiblv-Jelly 1
r and confectioueiy (neo luider I) 1, D),iu reHniug wiuee and liquors, T
[ in adulterating milk, in fixiug the lti8t«r of ai-Iilidal pearls, aud j
I- In lustering silk ribbons (embracing the dried bla^lders and the 1
k'tnrod products) in their gi-adcsof "lyre," "heart-shaped,"
"l«af," aud "book" isinglass.
jtgtaBs &om Miuiids of cod and bake.
L iMinglim. (Fint tiuolily.) Miiiiiifiictiircilfruinwniiiilsuftflil.huke,
Slp. CaptT Anit. Cava Ann l&iuglaas aud Gluu Compau.T, Rock- I
I. (Sncnnd (juality.) SIiiTiuflictnn.iI ttnm twiinila of hake, rod, Ac. '
(.'ape Ann I»iU|jIn«N Aiid Glue Compnn;, fiockport, Mmw.
I. Dried Bonn'l or t-Oil ((JdiluH moiThua). UhixI in Ibii manufoctnre ofa
fBuigtass. Geor)^*H ItnuhM. Cupo Auu lHiiii;tass aud Gluo Coui>*f
pail}', Rockport, Mnw.
i. Driod*onndorlinkn(/'AgF^eAu«<). Used in mnunfactnTCof isingliui
Hay of Fuiidy. L'i>|i« Auu Itiw^am nud Ghi« Company, Bockport, M
Hata.
k Sound of Imkp [Phieit chuKi), asml ii
Portlnn.1. Ml'. H. Trpfctht-ni.
I. Soand of liake {t'kyeh ohuu), iiwd ii
Purtliind, Mr. H. Trefothcrn.
I. IsiuglaaB. Mnunfnctnrcd from soiinda of cod. linko, Ac.
taingl.-isB and Olnc Compitny, Bockpori, M:w».
k Alr-tilnddor of vod (Gadiu nuirthiia), iiMxliDnianiifactiimorialnglubl
Capo Ann iBini^buis and Ohio Conipuny, liockpurt, Mim
k Isitiglnitsmiidt' from skiusof co<1(Garfii«fiion'AKa). Byuii'
by the OlouceelcT laingloM and Glue Company. Wm. N. Le Puii, J
agnot, Boston, Mass.
I, ALr-blnddnr of "foreign crab" (opecioi unknown), used fn mojiti-
fitclurp of isinglass. Capo Ann Isiniflasa and Glue Company,
Hocbport, MaM.
■, Ait-bladder of foreign "wa trout" (an nnknown fish), used i'
nuuiuljusturi! of iEingliist. East Indies. Cap« Auu IsingJDSS anAa
Gloe Coiuiuuiy, Rockport, Uass.
1 t.bi? m&nufartnrti of isingloM,!
:i the manufucturc of isinglaa
Capo Anitfl
222 ANIUAL BBSOURCES AND FUHEBIES OF UmTKD
Isinglass.
Ismglass from sonnds of cod and haifee.
25794. Prepived gine mods tram skins of ood (Oo^M ■iwfcM). Bf ffl
cetitcr Isinglass and Glue Compan;. Wm. H. Le Pali, tfoii, E
ton, Mass.
25797. "Conrt-plaster" glne made from akbu of ood (Oafci mmrtm).
the Gloucester lainglBss and Olao Company. Wm. H. La h
agent, Boston, Mass.
25795. GlDO made from skins of cod (Gadiu morrkna). By Okneottr h
glass and Qlne Company. Wm. H. Le Pols, agent, Bostoa, Mi
20744. Driedtongaesof fish (probably cod), used byNtkAlndianainndi
glne. Sitka, Alaska. J. G. Swan.
Isinglass from tbe squeteagne fomily {8citBnidae), principaSf n
by confectioners.
25265. Ali-bladdoi of " belnga " (on unknown acinuoid Bdi), Mid m I
mannfaotnre of isinglaas. Cape Ann Isinglaaa and Glne €<■;■
Bookport, Mass.
25369. Air-bladder of hake (PAycJacJkKsi), nsed in mann&etnieofini^
Cap« Ann Isinglass and Glne Company, Bockport, Uasi.
S5312. Air-bladder of scianoid fish, known to the trade OS "tongae." t>
Indies. Cape Ann Isinglass and Glne Company, BockpAlia
2S267. Air-bladder of 8<|net«agne (Cgno»e(imreffalU), used in maanbeOBk
isinglaea. Cape Ann Isinglass and OlaeCompany, BockpcM,!*
13137. Dried sound of sqneteagne (CyiuMcum ngalU), nsed in th* »■■*
ture of isinglass. Long Island Sonnd. Cape Ann LonglM >
Glne Company, Bockport, Haas.
kuial resources and fikhee1e3 of united statea. 223
26. Sponges.'
Simens of American comnkcrcial sponges (nith the
?Bat giiulcs, and iik-acln^d sponges).
^cimens of Muditerraiieau sponges.)
Bical apparatus, probangs, aurilavus, " KpODgo-tcnts," and oUier
iHtni meats man ufactn reel.
Spoiigou-piline used as a substitute for XK)u1tic«8.
Bpougoa nsed in staffing mattresses and cusliiona.
Unal oils.
27. OtLS AKD FATS.
tr-oil and bear-fat nscd as a cosmetic aod in tlic manofaotiire of
omatiiins.
{-oil iiBed in the manuftictnre of kid gloves.
1-oiI, in its various gnides, used for lubricating.
SS0S9-6CI. Oil of scnlg (C'xitoplutra, Pagophgtw, Puxa. aTid Phoca, sp.). New*
fnnii<l1ni)tl. Wftltnr Grieve &. Co.. St. Jnhn's, N. F.
K03I-3. Oil nf scaU (Cuflniiliora, Fagnphlliii, Puia, ou<l Pktim, sp.). J.
Muiin &. Co., Hnrbor Cmcc, N. P.
SS9T9. Oil of burbor seul (PIiom vilnUva). Capt. N. E. Atwouil, Pruvince-
to-vtu. Moss.
-elepbaot oil.
fiC057. Oil of acn-olopbnnt (Jtarrorhinan, sp.>. Harcn, ■WiiUams ft Co.,
New Lomloii, Conn.
30^8. Oil rif «va-<>lotilinnt (.ViurorAlnux frmiinn). Soiitb Goort;m hlaDd.
UavMi, WUIiiuus & Co., New London, Conn.
ft-lion oil.
natec-oil.
t BDd fot from domestic animals, (tallow, suet, lard, oil ased in
taps, for lubricating, and neat's-foot oil used in dressing leather;
I, manufactured mto various substances {see I>, 30), and tal-
low candles and night-llgbt«.)
1 fWni body of whales, grampuses, and porpoises nsed in tlio
hrts, for lubricating, painting, &c,
S&OM. Oil of hnmpbock whale (Megoplera, gp.). Atltintlc Ocean. Haveu,
• WilllaiimA Co., Nuw Loniloji, Coun.
SQ(K&. Oil of H},'1jt-whBl«. Iluven. Williams &Co., New London. Conn.
SS0B6. OilufHalpliitr-l>ot.tnni whnlc (SiAboMiuf, sp.]. Haven, WUliams &
Co., Now London, Conn,
on of lielnga (Dclphiitaplerat catodoa). Renfrew & Co., Qnobec.
.Cmd* Arctic whnlo oil. Qeorge Di'lnno &. Co.
BICMlir^ "winter" «(ionn-oil, fMm tbi* sperm-whale (Phyfcler ma-
tTVO^kaluf), George Delano A Co.. New Bedford, Mass.
224 ANIHAL KESoaBCEB ASD FI8HEBIE8 07 UHTTED STITBL
IKammal oil«.
Oil from whales nnd porpoises.
&S743. Oilof grampuB{GroMim«f)Sje)n). ErtnotedbyexpCM&nto tlcM
E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mus.
SS067. Oil of gramyaH {Grampui gritau). ExtTact«d bj expamce to tl
son. Capt. Caleb Cook, New Bedford, Mbm.
S6067. Double re6ned oil of grampus (_Grampti* grinaty. Cap* Cod. Cat
Caleb Cook, FroTincetown, Uass.
116737, " PiesMd" oil of grampiu (GrowjNit griteut). E. E. flnwll, Pn
incetown, Mms.
S5967. Oil of cowflab. Capt N. E. Ati^ood, ProTinoetoini, HaM.
25958. Oil of porpoise. Marvin Brotbera A, Bartlett, Poriamonth, K. E
25738. Oil of poTpoise(£<ijrenarhjtiichiu leKoapEntriM). •ExbBctedbj'aipM
to the son. E. E. Small, ProTincetoim, Uaaa.
SS974. Oil of porpoiee {DcIpAlnii* trebefmiut). Capt. N. E. Atwn
ProTincetown, Maaa.
13116. Oil of barbor porpoise ^Fhoaata aiKsrietma). Prepand bj tbe Fm
maqnoddf Indians. Eastport, Me. Dr. E. Palmer.
12115. Oil of barbur porpoise (Pioomaaauiriwma). Ea«tpart,lEe. Dr.l
26037. Oil of harbor porpoise ( PAootnui i>iii«Hmiiui). PawamaqnodJy B^
Maine. George H. Peabody, Eastport, Me.
26739. Oilof anoffer (_Phooma maeritaiia). Extracted by expommttti
snn. E. E. Small, Provincetown, Mass.
21893. Cmdo "body"-oil fWim Bperm-wbalo (Pkjfettr i
George Delano & Co., New Bedford, Mass.
26076. OU of black-flsh (Globicfpkala* imUrmediMi), North j
Company, Wellfleet, Mass.
!^741. Oil of black-fish (GlabiMpAofcu k«I««). E. E. Small, PrarineMn
Mass.
25064. Heflned oU of black-fish (GfoNeepkoIw tetowaiiM). C^ Cb
Capt. Caleb Cook, ProTineetown, Mass.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 220
al oils.
B«k-Bsh (iiid pon'"''*e,iaw oil, &c.
S60«. "Jaw-iuunww" uf liliick-ftsh [(IJobteephalHi metai). E. E. Sma!!,
Pnivincetown, Mlms.
SS<MO. Bltibhcr of bliiok-fl^Ii uad gTata]iaa(Gl<thieipha!iit nicla» and OTatii,i.-»
gHmt). E. E. 8mal], Prnvinutluwii, Uiuvi.
9li041. '-Melon" Mnbbcrnfliliwk-flHh {GlobivepkalM melai). E. F.. Small,
Pmvimvcluwn, ilima.
iSOBO. "Melon lilnl)b«r" uf Ulifcck-fisti iOM'urjihattu iMei-medluf). Laju
Cud. C'a|ir. Calub t'ouk, I'rt>viiii?<itu» n, Mush.
!ani]ms-oiI used for lubricating
a machinery.
SfiOea. "Meluii" Wiiblwrof (;rauii>uH(firumpHJ>yri«c"(i), Cai* C<m1. Cui't.
Cikleb Couk, rn>viii('HO«-ii, Mhm,
S&733. Oil fhmi liciul nf grampus (riraM/iui gritrug), Extntctixl li.v cip(Wii:i.'
Ui the sun. E. E. 8m»l1, Pr<>vmratown, Maim.
Mnn-oil used iu lumps, for lubricating', an an emollient in incib-
cino, for lip-salveH, and in the uiaQufacture of spermaceti.
mtH. Cnule "head" sponn-oil tram ajH^rm-vthali: {Fhnteler nuicrortphalus).
OtioTgr DeUiin & Co., New Bedford, Miuw.
Ilri7'4&. Crndo B|>cnu-nil from Bpona-whntaiPkuKtm- macroveplialut). E, E.
Smnll, ProViiicctown, Mmki.
laceti, with 8|iecimens of candles.
24^tM. Plniu refined sperm ocoti &om ap^nn-nliale (PAi/tcfrr Hiucrccf^Jtnluji).
George Delano * Co., New Bectfonl, Mass.
MffSl. Sperraueeti canilles. George Delano A. Co., New BeiU'unI, Mom.
nnfiictured (flycerines, used as a presen-ative and antiHeptic, as
ft cosmetic, ma iiu emollient, as a substitute for cod-liver oil, in tlie
naniifitctttre of nitroglycerine, dynamite, dnaline, lithofhiet^-uri
OOloQlunit^, anil other explosiTi?a, soap, &c.
90798. Pure looduroue glycerine. MAnnfnoturedliy II. Bon-cr, Pliiladcljiliin.
John Wfcth & Bro., Pliiladelphiu.
DDffwtnrcd stoariru^, with candles and other mannfactiired ar-
ticle.
ps manufactured ftx>m mammal-uil, so«la-floaps (hart], toilet, and
ain soaps), potasb-noaps (washing, shaving, and soft soapr^),
^ochyhm plaiiter, &c,
liter mude from milk of cows, goats, and horst^s.
bontargurincM, with specimens of imitation bntter.
B iif bufiklo nsecl in taniihig by ladiaus.
vUs.
of petrels and other sea-birds uxed by Eskimos ;tnd in the
for lamp-oiL)
all. N, M. No. U 15
226 ANIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHEKIES OF nNITEO STATBfl.
Bird-oils.
Goose-oil nsed by watch-makers, and as an emollient.
Oil of pigeon {Ectopistea miffratoriua), used as food by
frontiersmen.
Reptile-oils.
Alligator-oil manufactored in Florida.
Tortle-oil made from tortle-eggs, used in dressing leather and
manu&ctttre of soap.
Bat^lesnake and other snake oils.
Fish-Oils.
Stm-flsh oil osed by fishermen for cure of rheumatism.
25794. OU from Uverof eun-flsh ( Jfufa rolimda). Extncted bjaipmox
the BDQ. £. E. Small, ProTinceUiwii, Haas.
35959. Oil from liTer of snii-fiBh (Mala rotunda). Marriii BtMlun A B
lett, Fort.amoDth, N. H.
S59()6. OU firom Uvor of aun-fisb (MoUi rol-iida). Capt. N. E Atn
ProTiacetomi, Mass.
Oil from liver of the cod family.
25982. Oil from liver nf I'.od-fiah ((radtu morrhaa), crude. CapL K. L
wood, Provincetowa, Mass.
259ti0. Liver-oil of cod-fish (Gadiis nMtrrAtia). Mftrvin Brothen ft Bull
Portamcmth, N. H.
AKIMAL BESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 227
i9li«Oil8.
Herring-oa.
White-fish oil.
Stargeon-oiL
Menhaden-oil used in carrying leather, in rope making, for lubri-
cating, for adulterating linseed-oil, as a paint-oil, and exported to
Europe for use in the manufia/Cture of soap and for smearing sheep.
26060. Oil of menhaden {Brevoartia tyranHus), Geo. W. Miles, Milford,
Conn.
25744. Oil of pogie or menhaden {Brevoortia tjfrannua), kettle-rendered.
£. £. Small, Provincetown, Mass.
26077. Oil of pogie or menhaden (Brevoortia tjfrannus). North American
Oil Company, WelMeet, Maaa.
Oil of Other fishes.
2S973. Oil of horse-mackerel (Orcynua aecundidorsalis). Capt. N. £. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass.
12117. Oil of herring (Clupea harengus), Capt. U. S. Treat, Eastport, Me.
12118. Oil fix>m lake sturgeon (Adpenser ruHcundua). Lake Erie. Schacht
&. Bros., Sandusky, Ohio.
25960. Oil firom liver of mackerel-bhark {lauropaia Dekayi), Capt. N. £.
Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.
25975. Oil firom liver of thresher-shark (Alopias vulpes), Capt. N. £. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass.
25956. Oil from liver of dog-fish (Squalus amerioanua), Marion Bros. & Bort-
lett, Portsmouth, N. H.
25961. Oil from liver of dog-fish (Squalus amerioanua). Capt. N. £. Atwood,
Provincetown, Mass.
"25957. Oil from liver of skates {Raia Jaevia, &c.). Marion Bros. & Bartlett,
Portsmouth, N. H.
25975. Oil from liver of cramp-fish ( Torpedo occidentaiia). Capt. N. £. Atwowl,
Provincetown, Mass.
25735. Oil from liver of cramp-fish ( Torpedo ooddentalia). £. £. Small, Prov-
incetown, Miiss.
2G978. Sword-fish oil. Capt. N. E. Atwood, Provincetown, Mass.
26979. Mackerel-oil. " **
26080. Skate-oil. '' ''
26961. Halibut-oil. " "
Oulachan oil used by Indians of Northwest coast for food and illu-
mination.
Soaps made from fish-oil.
28. Perfumes.
■^ininal perAiines.
Mask of musk-ox.
Musk of the musquash.
Castoreum of the beaver, including the various commercial grades,
the Canadian, Hudson's Bay, and Eussian castoreiim, and speci-
mens of castorine.
^M097, JSesnt-glands of beaver {Caator canadenaia). Nebraska. E. R. Squibb,
M. D., Brooklyn, N. T.
228 ANIMAL BEB0USCB8 AND FISHEBIB8 OP DBTTED STlltt.
namnial perAimes.
Hyrac«um of tlie damau {Syrax capenais).
Amber^s of spenu-wliale, witkBpecimens of ambrdne.
26894. Ambergris (commeioial}. Weeka Potter, Bovton.
Reptile pernmnes.
Musk of alligator.
Oil of liawksbill and loggerhead turtles, used in ^ettamaj.
29. COLOBING HATEBIALS.
Derived ttom maminals.
Bone-black.
iTOty-blavk (noire cTivoire), used in fine painting, and in the nu
&cture of bank-note ink.
Pmssiates, pmssian blue, ferrocyanide of potassium, made b
hoo& and refiise human and other hair.
26093. Bed prasuate of potassa ( Potatninn ferroqianidt). E. R. Bqoibk
D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
26094. Tellow prciasiate of potaau IPoltuHim /tmMguMtde). E. B. Sfri
M. D., Brooklyn, N. T.
26794. Tellow pmssiate of potMb. Mannfaotoied by H. Boww, R
delpbia. Jobn Wyetli, Pbiliidelphift.
Gall of animals used in dyeing.
Dong of animals used in calico-printing.
Hsematin made from blood, and used in tnrkey-red dyewoikt,3
for the red liquor of printers.
M!."'I,iiiK (.si-c uti.l.T I>, 21).
AMIHAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 229
riTcd firom insects.
Canadian cochineal.
(Kermes and other cochineals of commerce, Coccus ilicis.)
Lac dye and lac lake, from Coccus laccay C.polonicuSy C. uva-ursij and
Ophia/abce.
Dye prepared from bed-bug {Cimex lectulariu^s).
(Dye prepared from Tromhidium^ in Ouinea and Surinam.)
Nut-p:alls produced by insects, and used in tanning for black dyes,
for woolen cloth, silk, and calico, and in manufacture of ink and
gallic and pyrogallic acid, employed in photography.
riTcd firom mollusks.^
(Sepia from. Sepia officinalis.)
Purple dyes from gasteropods, Murexj Purpura^ &c.
Purple dyes from nudibranch mollusks.
Chemical products and agents employed in arts and medi-
^ CINES.
riTed flrom mammals.
Secretion of skunk.
Album grcBcum of dogs us^d as a depilatory in tanning hides.
Albumen of blood, employed in sugar-refineries, in certain cements
and pigments, and as an antidote and emollient.
Dong, used in calico-printing.
GaU of animals, used in mixing colors, in fixing the lines of crayon
and pencil drawings, in preparing the surface of ivory for paint-
ing, in removing grease, and in medicine. i
Pepsiue and pancreatin, prepared from stomach of hogs and calves.
26796. Saccharated pepsin. John Wyeth & Bro., Philadelphia.
26795. Pancreatin, saccharated. ** **
25964. Saccharine pepsin. E. SchafFer, Louisville, Ky.
25963. Dry pepsin (concentrated). E. Schaflfer, Louisville, Ky.
25962. Pure pepsin. E. Schaflfer, Louisville, Ky.
29262. Acid phospho-lactate or milk-phosphate. Prepared directly from
milk, by Gail Borden & Co. New York Condensed Milk Company,
New York.
riTed firom insects.
Coccinella, used as remedy for toothache.
(Trehala, made from nests of beetles [Larinas nidificans), of East
Indies, and used for a substitute for tapioca.)
Formic acid.
Oarbazotic acid and its derivatives, made from sewing-silk scitipSy
.. mofji used as a substitute for quinine.
* Bee in Part II of the present catalogue.
230 ANIMAL BE80UBCB8 AND FISHBBIE8 OF UNITED STOEa,
Derived Arom insects.
Beeswax, used Id manufacture of candles, cerates, plasters, and
artificial Howers, in modeling and easting, and in medicine.
Honey, used as a preservative, a food, and iu medicine as ac 3p»-
rient and demulcent.
1907C. Sugar uiiide of canp-liec- Pre])arod by the Cooynwe* loiliia!. Pn*
luid Luke, Nevada. Stephen Powera.
(Wax, Tised in Chinese pharmacy, secreted bytlie Coecua p^bi.)
{ft'. Manna from the Tamarix mannifera, used as food, mi') i»
medicine as a purgative.
b'. Cedar manna from Mount Lebanon, from Pinna «rir "-
o'. Arabian manna, of Sedyaanim uUingi.)
(EireiJowder, made by Chinese from tlieTelini fly (iVyoiri^rirfnni)
of India.)
Derived IVoiii mamniRltt.
(Koumiss, a fermented liquor, prepared &om mare's and cok's mitt,
and employed in medieint's.)
PLosphorus, prepared from bones, iritli specimens of maulif^
vermin poisons, and other proilucts.
Vaccine limph, derived from cows.
Ammonia, prepared fi-om tones and horn.
Sal ammoniac, prepared from bonea and dung.
Pruasiates, prepared from hoof, lioni, and leatlier waAte, ArtA
blood, hair, and wool, with specimens of bine cyanide of t**
slum. (See under Coloring Materials.
rid bom.'
ANIMAL BE800BCES AND FISHERIES OV TTNITKD STATES. 231
erlred flrom fishes.
(Intestines of grayling, used by Laplanders as a substitute for
rennet.)
Skins of eels, used by negroes for rheumatism.
^erired ftrem insects.
Vesicatory preparations from American beetles, Cantharis cinerea
and C. vittata.
Vesicatory preparations derived from foreign beetles, cantharides
or Spanish flies {Cantharis vesicatoria)j and other species, and
substitutes, Mylabris ciclwrii^ Cercavia Schcefferiy Mdocj sp.,
var., &c.
Vesicatory preparations from American spiders, such as Tegenaria
medicinalis.
Gall-nuts, used in medicine (see under 29).
^erired flrom Crustacea.
Salve-bug of fishermen of l^ixvkk^ [Caligm curft<«), parasite on cod-
fish.
Crabs' eyes, or concretions from stomach of astacus, used as an
antacid.
^riTcd flrom worms.
American leech {Macrohdella decora)^ used in surgery.
(Euro{)ean leecli {Hirudo medicinalis)^ introduced into America.)
(African leech {Hirudo trochina), introduced.)
Leeches used as barometers.
»eriTed flrom moUusks.
(Cuttle-fish bone of Sepia officinalis,) (See under D, III, H.)
Calcined shells, used for building-lime and in manufacture of denti-
frices and enamel. (See uuder D, III, H.)
criTed flrom radiates.
a. Limes, derived from calcining coral and coral rock. *
criTed flrom protozoans.
Burnt si)onge, formerly used in medicine.
Infusorial earth and its applications. (See above under K.)
31. Fertilizers.
M«ral iruanos.
: Bat gnaoo from caves.
Biid guano from oceanic islands.
232 ANIMAL BES0UBCE8 AND FIBHEBIB8 OF UNITKD STATBI.
Artificial pianos.
Menhatlen guano.
Series of preparationa illuHtratiu^ tbe manafoctore of soli
Pacifiu gaauo. Soluble Paviflc Uiiauo Company, Wood's E
Mass.'
26104. Crude South Caruliiiu i>boHi)Iiate.
SS213, 36103. Cnishcd South Caroliua pbosphatra.
2610-2. Gronnd South Ciitulina )iboHphat«.
26100. Cnide N&vaiwta phoHiihnt«. NaTaaMt Iitlnnd, W. I.
36101. Sicily aulpbur, iiwit iu Diaaufactnn; of sulphnrio tttud, naed in
26099. StaasTurth kaiuitc, usrd in pivMrvation of scrap.
S609!>. Crude meuliaddn M-Taii.
26097. Munhaden scrap, drii^cl by tbe Hoglv jMtent diying-nuieliiDB.
36095. Soluble PactficgiiuDO (unscreened).
S6098. Soluble Pacific guaiio (»cieened).
Other preparatiotis.'
260G2. Inland guano. Geo. W. Miles, Milfoid, Conn.
26061-3. Amnouiated hone Buperphosphate. Geo. W. UUm, MiUbid,C
3SS46. Leopoldshall kainite. Winfield S. Duuan, Baltimore, Md.
Dried meat and blood.
Dried blood.
32239. Black dried bloml. Conttuns 16 per cent, ammonia. WinM
Dnnan, Baltimore, Hd.
29240. Black blood-duat. Contains 13 i>er cent, ammonia. WiH6EU
Uunau, Baltjmorf, Md.
33341. Red blood-dust. ContaluB 14 per cent.
SECTIOlSr E.
PROTECTION AND CULTURE.
I. INVESTIGATION.
1. Methods of the United States Fish Commission.
[eth<»d8 or irork.
Apparatus for collecting specimens. (See under B.)
Apparatus for physical research.
Appliances for working up results.
This should include a model of coast laboratory with aU its fittings.
Photographs.'
401. Headquarters of the United 8t(^tes Fish Commission, Wood's HoU,
Mass.
400. Little Harbor of Woo<rs Holl, Mass., with headquarters of U. S. Fish
Commission.
399. Harbor of Wood's Hole, Mass., from the wharf of the Fish Commis-
sion laboratory.
396. Harbor of Wood's Holl, Mass., with U. S. Fish Commission fleet for
1871.
397. Village of Wood's Holl, M:i8fi., with the Pacific Soluble Guano Com-
pany's Works.
404. Yacht "Mazeppa," employed in the service of the U. S. Fish Com-
mission.
403. U. 8. steamer "Blue Light" at the wharf of the U. 8. Fish Commis-
sion, Wood's Holl, Mass.
40^ Village of Wood's Holl, Mass., showing laboratory of U. S. Fish
Commission.
tesnlts or work.
1. Reports of the Commission.
(United Statp:s Commission of Fish and I"isheries. Part I. — Report
ox the condition of the sfa-fisiieriks of the south coast of
New England in 1671 and 1K72. By SpenciT F. Baird, Commissioner.
With supplementary papers. Wasbiugtoii : Government Printing-Office.
1873. 8vo, xlvii, 852 pp., 40 pi., with 38 explanatory (to pi. 1-38). 1
folded map. )
I. Keport of the Commissioner (S. F. Baird). pp. vii-
xlvii.-
II. General plan of inquiries prosecuted. (1. Mem-
oranda of inquiry relative to the FOf)D-FISHE8
OF the United .States. 2. Questions relative to
THE FOOD-FISIIES OF THE UNITED STATESi) pp. 1-6.
^i*Vi photographs here enumerated were on exhibition. Many others are in the pos-
nf ilie Commission.
■iloiif with general title-page (pp. i-xlvii), was issued in advance separately.
233
234 kmnil, BES0DBCE8 Aim F18HEB1ES OF UMITBD STATES.
Results of work.
3 FiSBUuaft. Part L 1
1. Beports of the Commission.
(Dnited States Commission of Fish a
III. TEaTIMOHT in regard TO THE PRESENT CONDIITO.V (
THE FISHERIES, TAKEN IX 1S71. pp. 7-72.
IV. SpKCIAL AROinCENTS IN RBOARD TO BEOCtAnVG n
SEA-FJSMEtUES DY luiW. pp. 73-103.
T. Reports of State commissions in reoabd tu am
LATINO THK SEA-FISHKRIKB. pp. 104-124.
TI. Report of cohfebbnce of the United &tatc» Coi
MisBioNBR with tiir couhissionkrs OF BaoM li
AND AND MASSAcaussTTS, held October a, ISII. n
125-131.
VII. Draught of law proposed foe the cossidebitic
of, and ekactmknt by, the leoislatcres or Mi
SACHUSETTS, Rhode Island, and CosNECncn. pi
132-134.
VIII. MlSCELLANKOI
ON THE SUBJECT O:
DC. EUBOPBAS t
ING THE FISHERIES BY LAW. pp. 139-14^.
X. Notices in regard to the abcsdasce of f
New Et.oL.vND COAST is f
XI. Statistics i
SHORE OF New England.
XII. Supplementary testimony and j
TIVE TO THE CONDITION OF Tl
SOUTH SIDE OF New England,
18^195.
XIII. Pleadings before the senate (
ERIES OF TUB KRODE ISLAND 1
■S-lfl.
iiNIlCAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 235
iults of work.
1. Beports of the Commission.
(UiOTED States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part I.)
XIX. Cataix>oue of the fishes of the bast coast ov
North A3[erica. By Theodore GilL pp. 779-822.
XX. List of Fishes collected at Wood's Holl (between
June 20 and October 4). • By S. F. Baird. pp. 823-827.
XXI. Table of temperatures of the Little Harbor,
Wood's Holl, Mass., from January 1, 1873, tcv
December 31, 1873. pp. 828-831.
XXII. List of illustrations, p. 833.
XXIII. General index, pp. 835-852.
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part II. — Report-
OF THE COMBUSSIONER FOR 1872 AND 1873. A.— INQUIRY INTO THE DE-
CREASE OF FOOD-FISIIES. B.— THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES IN
THE WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. By Spencer F. Baird, Commis-
sioner. With supplementary papers. Washington: Government Print-
ing-Office. 1874.
Report of the Commissioner. (Table of contents precedes report. )
Appendix A. — ^The fisheries of the great lakes and the species-
OF COREGONUS OR WhITEFISH.
I. Reports ox the fisheries of the great lakes ; the
RESULT OF INQUIRIES PROSECUTED IN 1871 AND 1872.
By James W. Milner. (Table of contents on p. 77.)
II. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE RELA-
TIVE TO THE Whitefish. pp. 79-88.
Appendix B. — The Salmon and the Trout (species of the Salmo). p. 89.
III. On the North American species of Salmon and-
Trout. By George Suckley, Surgeon United States
Army (written in 18(51). p. 9i. Tabulated list or
species, pp. 92-159.
IV. The Salmon of the Danube, or the Hucho {Salmo-
fcttc/to), AND its introduction INTO AMERICAN WATERS.
By Rudolph Hessel. p. 161.
V. Improvement in the Salmon-fisheries of Sweden.
(Extract from the report of the Royal Swedish In-
tendant of Fisheries, 1868. ) p. 166.
VI. Report of operations during 1872 at the United-
States HATCHING ESTABUSHMENT ON McClOUD-
River, and on the California Salmonid^ gen-
erally, WITH a list of specimens COLLECTED. By
Livingston Stone.
A. Introductory remarks, pp. 168-174.
B. The Salmouida) of the Sacramento River, pp.
175-197.
C. Catalogue of natural-liistory specimens collected
on the Pacific slope in 1872, by Livingston
Stone, for the United States Fish Commission.
VII. Notes on the Salmon of the Miramichi River. By
Livingston Stone; p. 216. Fragmentary notes, p. 217.
VIII. The SALMONiDiE OF Eastern Maine, New Brunswick^
AND Nova Scotia. By Charles Lanman. pp. 219-'J25^
On the Salmon of Eastern North America, and its-
■nciAL ciiLTURE. By Charles G. Atkins. (Table-
Qts on p. 336.) p. 226,
236 ANIMAL REBOUBCES AND FI8UEBIB8 OF nHTTED BTAIBL
Results ofwork.
Beports of the Commissiou.
(United States Commission op Fish aki> Fishxbizs. Past IL]
X. Ok the Salmon of Haikx. By A. C. HAmlin. t
33tf-356.
XI. The Lake Trouts. Bf A. Leith Admna, M. A., &r.
■ 357.
XII. On the Speckled Trout of Utah Lake. By Di.
C, Yarrow, U. S. A., Snigeon and Natntslist, Ac.
358-363,
Xm. MlSCET.LA>~EOU8 NOTES AND COKKBSPONDEXCK RELAT,
TO Salmon and Trout, pp. 364-378.
XIV. Additional repobts relative to thb aATCHiKO *
PLANTiNO OP TUB Penobscot Sauion. p. 380.
A. New Hnmptihire. p. 380.
B. New Jersey, p. 381.
C. PeunBylvania. p. 38S.
D. Ohio. p. 382.
E. Wisconsin, p. 383.
Appendix C. — The Shad and Alewife (species of CUpaia).
385.
XV. Letters refebriko to experiments of W. C. Disa
M. D., IN introdccinq 8hai> into the Auu
BiVER. pp. 386,387.
XVI. LETTEBS REFERRING TO SHAD IN THE SIVltRS TRIBCTl
TO THE OuLF OF Mexico, pp. 388-391.
XVII. Report of a beconnaissancz of the shad-siti
SOOTH of the Potomac. By H. C. Yanow, U.
pp. 396-401.
XVIII. Report on Srad-hatchino opbratioks. pp. -iOM
XIX. Report on the propagation of twe Shad (Jl
AHIlfAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 237
alts of work.
. Beports of the Commission.
(United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part II.)
XXn. Papers relating to practical fish-culture.
A. Method of treating adhesive eggs of certain fishes^
especially of the Cyprinid®, in artificial propa-
gation. By Hudolph Hessel. pp. 5(57-570.
B. On the so-called ''dry'' method of impregnating
spawn. By Alexander Stenzel, inspector of
fisheries in Silesia, Germany, pp. 571-574.
C. Fish-cultnre in salt or brackish waters. By Theo-
dore Lyman, Fish Commissioner of Massachu-
setts, pp. 575-577.
D. Descriptions of improved apparatus in fish-hatch-
ing, pp. 578-587.
Appendix E. — Obstructions to the upward movement of fishes^
IN STREAMS, AND THE REMEDY, pp. 588, 589.
XXin. On fish-ways. By Charles G. Atkins, pp. 591-615.
XXrV. On obstructions to the ascent of fish in certain
RIVERS, p. 617.
A. Obstructions in the rivers of Maine. By £. M.
Stillwell. pp. 617-621.
B. Obstructions in the tributaries of Lake Cham-
plain. By M. C. Edmunds, pp. 622-627.
C. Obstructions in some of the rivers of Virginia.
By M. McKennie. pp. 628-629.
D. Character of the streams on the northern shoiv of
Lake Michigan. By J. F. Ingalls. pp. 630-h)2.
£. Characters of some of the northern tributarii'S of
Lake Michigan. By James W. Milner. pp.
632-634.
Appendix F.— Natural History, pp. 635-636.
XXV. The Crustacea of the fresh waters of the United
States. By Sidney I. Smith.
A. Synopsis of the higher firesh-water Crustacea of
the Northern United States, pp. 637-657.
B. The crustacean parasites of the fresh-water fishes
of the United States, pp. 661-665.
XXVI. Synopsis of the North American fresh-water
Leeches. By A. E. Verrill. pp. 666-689.
XXVII. Sketch op the invertebrate fauna of Lake Sipe-
RIOR. By Sidney I. Smith, pp. 690-706.
XXVIII. Food of fresh-water fishes. By Sidney I. Smith,
pp. 708-709.
XXIX. Natural and economical history of the Gov i: ami
(Osphromenus goramy). By Theodore Gill. p. 710.
A. Natural history. i>p. 710-717.
B. The introduction and attempts to introduce the
gourami into foreign countries, pp. 718-7*23.
C. Rules for transportation and introduction, p. 727.
XXX. Notes on the Grayling {Thymallm) of North Amer-
ica. By James W. Milner. pp. 729-742
G. — ^Miscellaneous Papers, p. 743.
238 ANIMAL KE80UBCES AND FI8HEEIE8 OF UNITED STATES.
Results or work.
1. Exports of tho Commission,
(United States Commission' of Fisd and Fisberiks. Part U.)
XXXI. Tempehature in tbe Gclp of Mexico, from beomh
OF THE United Status Coast Survkv. pp. "ij-'t
XXXII. CORRBSPOIfDENCE WITH COMPANIES BXLATIVK TO riOl-
ITIES IN TRAKBPORTATION, ETC- pp. 749-756.
XXXIII. HePOIlTB OV SPECIAL CONFERIUfCES WITH AX)
FiSH-CuLTOBiSTs' Association and State C«a*
EioNERS OF Fisheries, p. 757.
A. Mectiug ut BoEloii, Jnnt Vi, 1872. pp. Ta)
B. MeetiiigntNewYork, October 17,1872, pp.7(&-7n
XXXIV, Bibliooraphv of Keports of Fibheky CommusoH
By TliemloruGiU. pp. 764-773.
A. Nnnies of CommiimionerB. p, 774.
B. Bibliograpb)^ of reports, pp. 775-TS4.
List of ilixbtrations. pp. 785-790.
General index, p. 791.
Ukfted States CotnussioN of Fish and Fisueribs. Past ILL— BmB
of THJt COMMISSIONEB FOR 1873-4 AND 1874-5, A.— iNQITiaT I!
decrease of the FOOD-FISHES. B. — THE PBOPAOATION OF FOOD-TUB*
IN THE WATERS OF THF. UNITED STATES. By Spcucer F. Baiid, (
Bii)aiir. Wualiiugtoii ; Gi>vfnmnmt Printiug-Office. 1876.
Appendix a.— Sea-fisheries and tue fishes and jntekixwui"
I. HisTOBicAi. observations OS THE cosDrnn-"' or n
FISHERIES A.MONO THE ANCIENT OEEESS AM> BOUD
AND THEin MODE OP SALTiNO AND pACKDfo nm H
J, K- Smidlo, pp. l,a.
II. Statistics op the most important fisheries o'
NoRTn Atlantic. By Carl DkinbccV. pp. -VJI
III- On 1
ANIBfAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED SPATES. 239
ilt9 or work.
. Keports of the Commission.
(llKITED STAtES COMMISSION OF FiSH AND FISHERIES. PaRT IIL)
XII. On the SPAWNING AND DEVELOPMENT OP THE COD-
FISH. By Prof. C. O. Sara. pp. 195-222. .
XIII. The Norwegian Lobster fishery and rrs histort.
By Axel Broeck. pp. 22^-252.
XIV. Transportation of Lobsters to California, pp.
253-257.
XV . On the artificiai. propagation of the Lobster, pp.
258-266.
XVI. On the Oyster industries of the United States.
By Lieut. P. De Broca. pp. 267-320.
Appendix B.— The river fisheries, pp. 321-322.
XVU. The propagation and distribution of the Shad.
pp. 323-350.
XVIII. Report of the Triana trip. By J. W. Milner. pp.
351-362.
XIX. On the transportation of Shad for long dis-
tances, pp. 363-371.
XX. Report of operatioiu in California in 1873. By
Livingston Stone, pp. 372-427.
XXI. Hatching and distribution of California Salmon.
pp. 428-436.
XXII. Report of OPERAifoNS during 1874 at the United
States Salmon-hatching estabushment on the
McCloud River, California. By Livingston Stone,
pp. 437-476.
XXltl. Correspondence relating to the San Joaquin
River and its fishes, pp. 477-484.
XXIV. The Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar). By A. G. Atkins,
pp. 485-539.
Appendix C. — Fish-culture, relating more especially to species
of {CyprinidcB). pp. 540.
XXV. Notes on pisciculture in Kiang Si. By H. Kopscli.
pp. 543-548.
XXVI. On the culture of the Carp. pp. 549-558.
XXVII. The Gold Orfe {Cyprinus orfus). pp. 559-^2.
XXVIII. Directions for using tables for recording the
propagation and distribution of fish. pp. 5C3-568.
Appendix D. — The restoration of the inland fisheries, pp.
569-570.
XXIX. Fisheries and fishing laws in Austria and the
world in general. By Carl Poyrer. pp. 571-G80.
XXX. How can our lakes and ponds be stocked with
FISH IX THE shortest POSSIBLE TIME ? By Mr. Vou
dem Borne. i)p. GSl-684.
Appendix E.— Natural History, pp. ()85-f)8(;.
XXXI. Preliminary report on a sei{ip:s or dredgings made
ON THE United States Coast Survey steamer
Bache IX THE Gulf of Maine. By A. S. Packard,
jr., M. D. pp. 687-690.
XXXII. List of the marine Alg^ of the United States.
By W. G. Fallow, pp. 691-718.
240 ANDfAL RE8UURCES AND FISBEBIES OF imiTED I
Results of work.
1. Beports of the CommiHsioii.
(United States Commission of Pish and Pisrxkizs. Vaki DI.
XXX m. SecTIOM on TIIB OROAX8 OF RXPRODDCTIOX A>
By Dr. Syvski. pp. 719-7M.
XXX IV. Tbe food akd mode of uvixg of the Saimo
TnoUT, AND THE Shad. Bjt D. Barfnrth. pp. 7
UjtiTED States Commission of Fish and Fishkbies. Part IV, — I
OF THE Commissioner for 19?5-187ii. A. — Ikquisv into the dei
or THE FooD-FiBHBs. B. — The propaqatio.x op vooit-nsHEs
WATEB8 OF THE UxiTED STATES. Washington: GoTenuDent Pi
Offloe. 18TS. 6vo., pp-ix, 50, 1029, pUtes vi (Hbt.of wb»l« fiab
I. Report of the Commissioner.
A. — Oenerai. COK8I derations.
1. Introductory remakes, p. 1.
B.— Inquiry into the decrease of food-fibbes.
3. Ihvestjoatioss asd opebatioxb of 1873, p. *,
3. iKVESTIGATIONfi AND OPERATIONS OP 16T6. p. 7.
C.-'THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-PISHES.
4. Gen AiAi. CONSIDER ATtONS. p. 8.
6. Actual work of propaoation of fooi^fishei t
AND 1876. p. Sfl.
The abAd. p. 20.
The Cuifomia salmon, p.31.
Tbe AtlMitic salmon, p. 25,
The Inud-locked salmon, p. 85.
The white-fish. p. 36.
The cnrp. p. 27.
D.— Tables.
Table 7.— HATCBiNa axd distributiox or nn n
ANDIAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 241
»iBlt8 or work.
1. Reports of the Commission.
(United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part IV.)
Appendix C. — ^Tiie propagation of food-fishes.
VII. The carp and its culture in rivers and Ij\ke8,
AND its introduction INTO AMERICA. Hy Ku-
dolph He88i»l. p. 8()5.
VIII. The PROPAGATION and DISTRIBUTION OF SHAD. Jlis.
W.MihuT. p. 901.
IX. On the COLLECTION OF EGGS OF SCHOODIC SALMON
IN 1875 AND 1(^6. By Charles G. AtkiuH. p. 910.
X. Operations on the McCloud River in salmon-
breeding IN 1875. By Livingston Stone, p. 9*4*1.
XI. Operations on the McCloud River in salmon-
breeding IN 1876. By Livingston Stone, p. 9;)5.
XII. Correspondence relating to the exportation
OF fish-hatching apparatus to New Zejland,
Germany, &c. p. 9^9.
Alphabetical index, p. 1025.
2. Collections. (See under A, V to VIII.)
liotagnraphs.
See series of photographs and eolor-sketclies of North Ainericau
fishes.
ipwards of four hundred casts of coast aud fresh water
species.
(See under A, V to VIII.)
► •
II. PROTECTION.
2. Preservation of game, Fisn, etc.
^ Front man,
Nune laws.
^^ From artificial obstructions.
Mdi-ways.
Gap fish-ways.
French, ditch, or "Cape Cod'' fish-ways.
Oblique groove fish-ways.
ingle groove.
IS3C6. Mcxlel of fi.sh-way. James D. Bre\vcr, inventor, Munry, Lycoming
Connty, Pa.
Model offish-way. James D. Brewer, Miincy, Pa.
T TJo. 14 ^16
242 AKIMAL BGSOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATn:
FIsh-ways.
Step fish- way 8.
Box or pool flsh-wafs.
Steps contrived by airmigement of rocks and bowlders.
^TOl. Model of Diiucauson Ssli way. J. T. Bothe.
Inclined plane witUout Bt«pa.
29283. Model of old Pennsylvania fisli-way. Built at Columbia, on Ibt S
qiiebanna Biver, in 1866. Dosigned by Jamea W«mL So
i inch to the foot. C. 0. Atkins, Bncksport, Me.
S9284. Model of old Pennsylvania fiah-wny. Baill at Columbia, ontbFE
quehanua Biver, in 1373. Designed by James Worral. Sa
i incli to the foot. C. G. Atkins, Backsport, Me.
Witb partitions at right angles.
C9J0I. itloilul of rectuDgular return fish-way. Scale, ^ inch to the ioM.
G. Atkins, BucltBport, Me.
Brackett'a patent fisli-way.
2^65. Bra<:kett'« iiatent lii«h-\ray. Scalr, i inch to the foot. C. d.
kiij», Bucksport, Me.
MD37. Model of the tinh-naj' at Holyoke, Mubh., on tbe CoanectMnl Bi*
Scale, i <.f an inch to the foot (^). C. Q. Atkins.
This flitli-nay is on the Brackett plan. Asubmerged [iJ«carfQ
work Bininoiinle<l by a grating serves to turn the fiab iiwl
fisli-wa.v. It carries a, column of water 2 feet wide ami i i
deep whirh reaches tlio bottom with no perceptible inmaM
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 243
^ith rectangular compartments.
26937. Model of rectangular compartment fish- way on the inclined-plane
system, in an extended arrangement. Scale, ^ inch to the foot
(A). C. G. Atkins.
piral fish-ways.
26949. No. 11. Model of rectangular compartment fish-way on the inclined-
plane system, in spiral arrangement, devised hy Charles G. Atkins,
of Bucksport, Me., in imitation of Pike's spiral fish- way. Scale, ^
inch to the foot (^). C. G. Atkins.
This model represents a fish- way precisely the same capacity and
slope, and adapted to a dam of the same height as No. 10,
showing the great economy of space and material effected by
the spiral arrangement. Further advantages of the spiral
arrangement are the facility with which water can be admitted
at different heights of the river, and contiguity of the outlet
to the dam secured, so that the fish will readily find it.
126931. Model of Pike's spiral fish- way, devised by Hon. R. G. Pike, of Con-
necticut. Sale, I inch to the foot (^4). C. G. Atkins.
The advantages of this, the first spiral arrangement invent'Cd in
America, are the same as those claimed for that arrangement
ill Pike's spiral fish-way.
[oving float fish-ways.
90930. Model of Everleth's fish-way, devised by F. M. Everleth, M. D., of
Waldorboro', Me. Scale, i inch to the foot (A). C. G. Atkins.
The peculiarity of this fish-way is the movable attachment at the
upper end, which, by its own buoyancy, rises and falls with
the fluctuations of tlio river, thus insuring that the entrance
shall always be at the right height to admit the requisite
quantity of water.
^^^ Front natural enemies.
aratiis Ibr destroyin§r injurious species.
Oyster-bed tangles. (See under B, 12.)
lers and hopples.
M and pens.
[ennels for dogs, &c.
'ages for animals.
lages for birds.
ioges for insects.
cost* Cages for fire-flics. West Indies. Miss Septimia Randolph.
244 ANIMAL BB80UECES AND F1RHEEIE6 OV tTNTTBD ST1TB&
Fish-cars and other Uontine cages Itor aqaatfc aa
mals.
^53S. Model of fisli-morkotmaQ'H car. For preservation of liriiig &
J. M. K. Southwick, Newport, K. I.
ZSSSI. Model of Providenco Kivcr &Nh-car. Thew are towed by llw mih
and 88 fast as fish ore caught they are put into it, and ta kcp '
Providence market. D. 1). Almy,
29397, Model of Noank lobster-cur. Capt. H. C. Chester.
29&38. Model of fishcmiau's car for trauaporting llTutg fish to nukM.
M. K. Bonthwick, Newjiort, B. I.
26933. Model of a boat used in traueporttDg living ftklmoD at tbe Cnl
States salnion-lireeding station at Buckaport, Ue. Sode, I iaA
the foot {^,). C. Q.Atkins.
When in use tbe boat is deprcaaed until flill of water, a nri
of salmon, saaotimea oa many as 30, are placed in it iri
ia then towed after another boat, tbe luotion inMtnii|;*«
stunt change of water, which passes in at the forwud f
iiud out at the after ports. The net and grating preioit
escape of the salmon, nnd the cloth ahiita out tfae«igbto(M
thing that might frighten them.
Aquaria.
Globes.
Aquaria.
Hires and other caf^es for insects.
Ejire-boxes, troughs, &c.. Tor microscoplsts* nse>
Fish-ponds, flsh-fiirnis (moileU).
Sl<mc &. Uoop<^^r, CharK-stiiu-n, N. H.
Stouc &. Hooper, Charlestowii, X. H.
▲NDfAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 245
7. Propagation of reptiles.
[ethods or terrapin culture.
8. Propagation of amphibians.
[ethods of tirog culture.
9. Propagation and culture of fishes.^
ccemories of obtainingr and impregrnatinir OTa.
Pans, pails, &c.
Strait-jackets used in spawning salmon.
Spawning-race (Ainsworth).
Boiler spawning-screen (Collins).
Spawning-vat (Bond).
latehingr-apparatus.
26940. No. 19. Model of liatcliiiig-house at United States salmon-breeding
station at Bucksport, Me. Scale, ^ inch to the foot (^), C. G.
Atkins.
The hatcliing-tronghs are arranged in sets of four across the
building, and fitted with Bracket t trays. The water enters
them from a feed-trough along the side of the room and es-
capes by pipes through the floor.
Troughs :
Plain.
Gravel-bottomed .
With sieve-bottom trays.
52693G. No. 20. Model of hatching-troughs and trays in use at the United
f^tates sulmon-breeding stations at Bucksport and Grand Lake
Stream, Me. Scale, full size. C. G. Atkins.
The eggs to be hatched are placed on the wire-cloth trays.
26935. Moilel of hatching-frame in use at Grand Lake Stream, adapted to
use in a trough or in an open streaui. Devised by C. G. Atkins.
Scale, full size. C. G. Atkins.
The eggs are placed on all of the trays except the upper one.
The interstices, though too small for the escape of the eggs,
permit a change of water, and when the frame is shut it con-
fines the trays securely in place.
2C070. Model of hatching-apparatus for black-bass. John Roth, Duncan-
non, Pa.
Brackett's.
Williamson's.
Clark's.
Vat« or cat^es :
Holton's.
Both's.
* Many of these articles cannot conveniently be exhibited.
24f> AHIUAL BESOCBCES AND FI8BBBIE8 OF UHITSD
HatctainfT-appnralas.
01a8s-grille<l boxes (Coste's).
26995. Coste hatcUng-traji. Hre. J. H. Slack, Trontdftle, N. T.
Jars and tin vessels.
22247. SIiBd-hatching can. luTention of Fred. Uathet. U. 8. FU
£€909. Fergueon aqnuimn-Jar. T. B. FergaMm, Baltimon, Hd.
■23250. Ferguson's fiBh-hatching cui. " "
26998, FergDBon's hatching jar. " "
Hatching-boxes (floating).
26903. Sbod-hatching box. Seth Qieeu'a patent. U. 8. Fish Comri
3C997. Shad-hatching box. Beth Green's patent Seth Gi«en, Boc
N. Y.
26904, Shad-hatching box. Brackett's patent. U. S. Fish CommiH
26962. Shad-hatching box. Brackett's patent. E. A. Bnckett, Wnd
Mass.
2690.''>. Shad-hatching hox (No. 3). Brackett's patent. U. 8. Tid
mission.
36906. Shad-hatching box. Bryant's patent. U. Q. Fish Conuniawi
Sfi90T. Shad-hatching box. StiUweU A Atkins's patent. U. S. FU
2G908. Shad-hatching box. Banniater's design. U. 8. Fish ComuiB
2G95S. Hatching apparatus. N. W. Clark, Clarkstou, Hlch.
. Shad hstching-box (model). J. C. Honse & 0. A. HcClun. V>
ton, D. C.
Adhesive eggs apparatas :
Vertical wire-clotli trays.
Hatchiog-basket.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 247
hingr-apparatiis.
ccessories:
Feathering quills and brushes.
Rose-nozzles (for washing eggs).
Syringes, bulb, &c.
Shallow pans.
Aerating-pipe.
i8portin§r apparatus.
pparatus for transporting eggs:
Cans.
Case of cups (Wilmot's).
Case of cups (Clark's).
Case of trays (Clark's).
Moss-erate« (Stone's).
25025. Moss-crates for transportation of eggs of Sacramento salmon acrocs
the continent. Livingston Stone, Charlestown, N. H.
pparatus for transporting fish :
Barrels.
Cans, plain.
2G911. Milk-can, nsed in transportation. U. S. Fish Commission.
29377. Conical tank. Stone & Hooper, Charlestown, N. H.
26910. Conical can. Livingston Stone, Charlestown, N. H.
ans with aerating accessories:
2G914. Tank for ocean transportation. Invention of Fred. Mather. U. S.
Fish C •.«raniission.
29379. Trant>|»'*r;iug-tank. Stone & Hooi>er, Chartestown, N. H.
26881. Transporting-can. C. W. Rogers, Waukegan, HI.
26932. Model of box nsed in the transportation of living salmon at the
United States salmon-breeding station at Bucksport, Me. Scale,
2 inches to the foot (i). C. G. Atkins.
When in use the box is filled with water and from 5 to 7 sahmm
placed in it and carted a mile.
Slack's.
Clark's.
M. A. Green's,
anks, with attachment of baud- wheel to car-axle (Stone's).
?anks, with Freiburg aerating appai-atus.)
quarium-car (Stone's).
ive-box (Atkins'w).
ccessories:
Air force-pumps.
Siphon- tubes.
26912. Rubber siphon- tube. U. S. Fish Commission.
26913. Aerating-rosOj with siphon. U. S. Fish Commission.
2 18 ANIMAL BBBOUBCKS AND FI8HEBIE8 OF UHITliD RAIB.
Transpocting: apparatus.
Accessories:
Bellows,
Dipping appaxatns.
26934. Hodclof dipping-bag aaediiurtead of A dip-not in handling nlw
the United States eabuon-broodiiig station at Baekipail,
Scale, 1 inch to the foot (_M- C. G. Atkins.
10. Peopagation of insects.
Propa^atioB of silk-wonn.
Specimens of plants use4 for food.
Model of house and its appliances.
Propagation of cochineal insect.
Propagation of bees.
For liives see under E, 3.
11. rKOPAGATION OP WOHMS.
Propagation of leeches.
12. Pbopaqation op mollusks.
methods of oyster culture.
Stools for receiving spat, natural and artificial
Otlier apparatus.
13. Peopagation op cobalh.
PA.IIT II.
CATALOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS
OF THE
ECONOMICAL INVERTEBRATES
OF
THE AMERICAN COASTS.
BY
MV. H. DALL.
249
aOGUE OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE ECONOMICAL INVER-
TEBRATES OF THE AMERICAN COASTS.
MOLLUSCA.
lusca cephalopoda.— Squids and cuttles.
32905. Sepia '* boue,'' or endostenm, in natural condition. East coast of the
United States. Uses: Fed to cage-birds requiring lime.
32905a. Pounce: Powdered sepia-bone; used in rewriting over erasures to
prevent blotting, in medicine as an antacid.
33005. Cuttle-tish (Octopus punctattie, Gabb). California to Alaska. Used
for bait in the co<l-tishery, and by the natives for food. W. H.
Dall.
25972. Oil of squid (Ommastrephes iUecehroM). Capt. N. E. Atwood, Prov-
incetown, Mass.
lusca gTAsteropoda.— Sea-snalls, &c.
A. Useftil:
1. Used for food or bait:
32885. Velvet chiton (Crifptoclnion steUeri). Alaska to California. Indiait
food. W. H. Dall.
32886. Coat-of-mail shell (£a//fen')m /f(ntca/a). Alaska to California. Indian
fooil. W. H. Dall.
32883. Limpet (Acmaea testudinalis). Conueetiout to Labrador. W. H. DalL
32904. Western limpet (Acm(M patina), Alaska to California. W. H. Dall.
32880. Rockwinkle (Litcrina subtetK^brosa). Alaska to Oregon. W. H. Dall.
32882. Periwinkle (Purpura canaliculata). Alaska to Callfoniia. W. H.
Dall.
32884. Periwinkle (Purpura ostriva). California. W. H. Dall.
32903. Periwinkle (Purpura lapillua). Cape Cod to Labrador. W. H. Dall.
2. Useful by producing pearl-shell, &c. :
32830. Turban-shell (Jroc/rt«c{i8 iiorri««ti). California. H.Hemphill.
32832. Top-shell (Pomaulax undo8um)j in natural state. California. H.
Hemphill.
32831. Top-shell, prepared to show pearly layers. California. H. Hemp-
hill.
29301. Manufactured state of various kiiuU of American pearl-shells derived
from giisteropods or sea-snails. Furnished by A. B. De Frece Sl
Co., 428 Broadway, New York.
32838. Sea-ears (Haliofis Kamvhatkana)^ affording pearl-shell and food»
Alaska. J. G. Swan.
251
252 ANIIUL RE80UBCE8 AND F18HEBIE8 OF UNITED STATES.
112890. Rough «ea-car ^S. cotrugala). Southem Califanu*. UMillinpwi
shell and for food. Specimen in Datnral coaditiofi. W. B. Ditl
. Bough sea-ear. fipcclmcu grooDd And polished tOBbowpeulfltToi
J. T. Ames,
SaWO. Ited sea-ear or abalune {H. ruftmxiu). Monterey. CaL UmJ li
pearl-abell and for food. Specimens in uatnnl eottditiML B
Heniplull.
, Red sea-enr. PoDshetl specimen showing pearly laj«rt. J. T.Aan
. RiKl WH-car. Flesby portion preiiaredand dried ibrfiMd by Ckli&ni
Chiuosc. Chinese market, California. H. Hemphill.
33823. White abalone (ff. fmc&erodii), prodocingpearl-sheUaitdfbod. Kit'
ural state, California. Paul Schnmacher.
32899. White aboionc. Natural state. Monterey, Cal. B. HempbiU.
. Whitu abulone. Polished to show pearly layers. Jaa. T. AmcL
4792. White ahaloue. Polished specimens.
33821. Splendid sea-ear (H, »pleHdeM») affording food and pearl-sbrll. Ci5-
fornia. Pant Schumacher.
aneOS. Splendid sea-ear. Natural condition. Southem CaUfnniia. H,
Hemphill.
-; — . Splendid sea-car. Polished to show pearly layers. ' J. T. Ajar*.
. Splendid Beo-cor. Young specimen }ioUshed. J. T. Amn.
S9302. .ManufocturcB of HalioiU shell, shoning application in ibf «&
Furnished by A. B. De Frece & Co., 428 Broadway, New Yuft
29IM8, Ditto. Parasol-handler. Famished by Hancy &. Font, PhibU-
phia, Pa.
3. Affording cameo nnd itorcelain stock :
C9C8. Ciniifo-Hhell (Cawi« nifa), used for cameo catting. Fkddi- ^
Will. Stimpsou.
. Queen conch (^Strombui gigiu), eipnrted to Liverpool in* giMI K*
here and ground up for making poroolain." Wert Indies-
4. tTsed m ludiaii trade:
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OK UNITED STATES. 253
B. Injorions:
1. By destroying food-producing mollusks or shell fish^
such as clams, mussels, oysters, and razor-fish :
32860. Ribbon whelk (Fulgur carica), Florida. T. A. Conrad.
32859. Rovereed whelk (Fulgur perversa), CarolinaH. Dr. Wm. StiuipHon.
32861. Hairy whelk {Sycotypus eanaliculatus). Vineyard Sound. Dr. Wnu
Stimpson.
32864. Winged conch (Strambua alatus), Tanipa Bay, Florida. T. A. Conrad.
32863. Thorny drill (Hemifusus hiooronatus). Tampa Bay, Florida. T. A.
Conrml.
32835. Dnll {Uroaalpinx cinereus), Florida to Massachusetts Bay. W. H.DalL
32975. Drill. Sonth Norwalk, Conn. Hoyt Bros.
32837. Periwinkle (Purpura Jlaridana), Barataria Bay, La. Gustav Kohn.
32892. Sea-snail (Lunatia Lewisii), Monterey, Cal. H. Hemphill.
32913. Sea-snail {Xeverita recluziana), California. W. H. Dall.
27620. Sea-snail {Neveiita dupUoata). North Carolina. T. D. Knrtz.
32866. Seii'Snail (LunaiiO'heros), Massachusetts Bay. C. B. Fuller.
2, Injurious by destroying vegetable substances and
garden plants :
33088. Slug (Limax Hewstoni). Oakland, Cal. 11. Hemphill.
Ilofica acephala.— Bivalve shellfish.
A. Producing food or used as bait.
* Oystcrtf,
1 . Series illustrating distribution and geogiaphical vari-
eties:
rca virginica, Gmelin. — East American oysters.
327rf4. Northoni variety {O, horeaUsy Lam.) Prince Edward's l8lau<l. J.
W. Dawson.
32813. Nova Scotia. .J. II. Willis.
327t?o. Shediac, Now Brunswick. W. H. Dall.
33092. "Pourrier Bed." Shediac, New Brunswick. G. F. Mathcw.
33093. *^Buctouche." Kent County, Now Brunswick. G. F. Mathcw.
32783. Miramichi River, New Brunswick. "\V. II. Dall.
32977. Indigenous oyster, now extinct. »Shell-heni>s. Damariscotta, Maine.
Robert Dixon.
32978. Ditto. Shell-heaps. Sheejiscot River, Main(\ Robert Dixon.
32'?10. Indigenous oyster (var. horvallx). Buzzard's Bay, Mass. Dr. Wni.
Stimpson.
32?*14. Specimens showing ctilor-bands. Rhode Island. General Totten.
Note. — The following scries of oysters from the vicinity of New
York were funiished bv Mr. B. J. M. Carlev, ovster-<lealcr. of
Fulton Market, New York, through Mr. E. G. Blackford :
32790. "Greenwich.'* Greenwich, Conn.
wm. "Blue Point." Long Island, New York.
32779. "Lloyd's Harbor." Long Island, New York.
204 ANIUAL BESOLBCES AND FIBHEBIBS OF UNITED STATIfl.
3^701. "Cow Bay." Long Island, New Torfc.
32791. "Gleuwooil," Glenwood, Long Muid, New TMk.
32813. "Covo." Long Islniid, New York.
329-20. "City lelond." Long Island Sonnd, New York.
33919. "Mill Poud." Cow iiay, Long Island, New York.
32778. " Shrewsbury »." Shrewsbury Hiver, New Jenej.
32915. "Egg iBlund." Three years old. Morris Cove, DeUwaic
33788. " Chesspenke" Crisfleld, Md. E.O.BlackfonU
33976. Fokamokc, Virginia. E. G. Blackford.
Note. — Tho following srries from the water* of Virguiia i
Maryland, all indigenous or " natnral growths" m diMinpuii
from " plants," were selected by Mr. G. W. HarTey,aiidfDnid
by Harvey & Holden, oyster^deolers of Wnshiogtoii, D.C.:
33096. "St. GeromeBivcr." Maryland.
33097. " Deep Creek." Eastern shore of Maryland.
33096. "Tangier Sonnd." -Cbesapeako Bay.
33100. "Little Biver." Western shore of Maryland.
33099. "Point Lookont Creek." Virginia.
33101. " NoBwacldox." Eastern shore of Virginia.
33095. " Bappahanuuck." Bappobannock River, Virginijt.
33103. "York Biver." York Biver, Virginia.
33104. "Cherrystones." Cheaapeoke Bay.
33103. "Preshy's Creek." Presby's Creek, Viiginia.
Tho following scries from Flori<la were funtisheil by Kam
Niles, U. S. N.:
32801). " Appalochicola Buy." Appalachicola Bay, EloriUa.
3280li. "Cat Point." Same locality.
32807. . Same locality.
32808. " Bnceoon oysters." Appalaebicola Buy, Florida.
The following scries ftom the vicinity of New Orleans wen id(c(
by M. Zatarain, and funiiahcd by W.AIes.Gordoo.Mq-.o'Si
Orleans, La. :
ANIMAL BBSOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES 255
«
2. Series illustrating culture and individual variations:
ea Tirginica, Gmelin. — East American oysters.
That portion of the series from South Norwalk, Conn., was fur-
nished by Hoyt Bros, of that place, at the instance of James
Richardson, esq. The portion of the series from the vicinity of
New York was furnished by Mr. B. J. M. Carley through Mr. E.
G. Blackford, of New York.
o. Growth. 1-20 years old:
32958. Young spat on various stools. South Norwalk, Conn.
32957. One year old. South Norwalk, Conn.
32967. Two to three years old. Natural growth. South Norwalk, Conn.
3296B. Three to four years old. Natural growth. South Norwalk, Conn.
32965. " CuUers." Three to four years old. South Norwalk, Conn.
32962. Three years after transplantation. South Norwalk, Conn.
32964.
32916.
32918.
32776.
32917.
Box." Four to six years old. South Norwalk, Conn.
Cullers." Three years old. Vicinity of New York.
Single extra." Four years old. Vicinity of New York.
Double extra." Vicinity of New York.
Box." Three years old. Vicinity of New York.
6. Peculiarities of form and growth:
32959. "Pinched" oyster from muddy bottom. South Norwalk, Conn.
32930. Showing effect of transplanting the "pinched" from a muddy to a
hard bottom. South Norwalk, Conn.
32787. Form caused by growing in a tideway. Vicinity of New York.
32786. Form caused by growing in still water. Vicinity of New York.
32974. Curious forms of shell. South Norwalk, Conn.
32782. Peculiar growth. Vicinity of New York.
32795. Specimens of peculiar form. Vicinity of New York.
32971. Natural growth on stone. South Norwalk, Conn.
32973. Natural growth on part of stone jug. South Norwalk, Conn.
32972. Natural growth on shells. South Norwalk, Conn.
32970. Natural growth on bottle. South Norwalk, Conn.
32969. Natural growth on crab. South Norwalk, Conn.
32780. Illustrating methods of attachment. Vicinity of New York.
32914. Blue Point "seed." Long Island, New York.
32789. Rosette of oysters. Vicinity of New York.
32792. Shell growing on Mactra shell. Vicinity of New York.
32794.
32793.
32895.
32894.
32797.
32796.
32932.
Seed " on old rubber boot. Vicinity of New York.
Seed" growing on stone. Vicinity of New York.
Seed " on rubber shoe. Vicinity of New York.
Seed "on bone. Vicinity of New York.
Seed " on bark. Vicinity of New York.
Seed" on leatlior shoe. A'icinity of New York.
Seed " on old boot-leg. Vicinity of Now York.
c. Enemies and i)arasites :
. Specimens injured by wlielk. South Norwalk, Conn.
L Specimens injured by hnirj* whelk. South Norwalk, Conn.
256 ANIMAL BE80DRCE8 AND FISUESIBS OF TnOTED STiTU
339-28. Siwcimena perforatod liy " driU." Soatb Norwalk, Cmb.
3S9G;in. tii)ecimuu injured by boring wonn (on JnaelU). Boath Stmlk
3295G. Siiei;imeDB killed by atar-flah. Sontb Noriralk, Conn.
3396:1. Specimens aliovring ravages of Cllo»a or boriDg Bpongt. SoothSi
wulk, C«uu.
For conuupntuil crab tiee Crustacea.
33092(1. Lime derived from oyater shells. Use in ni«liciiie aadMBtM
zer. Wnahiugton, D. C. W. H. Dall.
• " " Other hivaltes.
A. Afibrding or available fur food or bait.
33887. Rock oyator (Plactmanomia Rocrotellnaa, Deah.}. AlaikatoQ
fornia. W. H. Dall.
33873. Scallops {Feclen trrodiani, Lam.). Long Inland Sonnil. Dr. V
gtimpBuii.
328G6. GTeat8callop{/'.teniiioM(o(4M,Migh.). Coaat of Maine. C B.F0I
■JT523. Black DiUBseUJryrilu* ctfuU*, L.). MasaachoBetta Baj. Dr. 1
Stimpson.
32^)7. Ditto. San PraaciHco Bay, California. H. Hemphill.
:i2d4&. Ditto. Monterey, Cal. H. Hemphill.
SitHd. Ditto. San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.
'SSWrt. Grooved mussel {ModiaUt plimtulo, Lam.). Nabaul, ita*. Dr.T
Stimpson.
321^. Ditto. (Modiola, aj>.) Last Island, La. Gnatav Eohn.
3-2858. Brown muaael (Jf. cajHu-, Conr). Sou Diego, Cal. H. Hpid^
3247G. Ditto. (Jf. modioliu, L.) MaasacbusetU Bay. Dr. W'lo. $i>nT<
U2897. Ditto. Massaehuwtts Bay. Dr. Wm. Stimpson.
. Ditto. Caatine, Me. A. G. Crittenden.
3*^1. Giant cockle (CarriiNm tnagnum, Bim.). Tampa Bay, FlofiiU.
A. Coiirad.
ANIMAL BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 267
32846. Ditto. (Tapes ladniataj Cpr.). San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.
32854. Ditto. (T. Bt<im%nea, Conr.). Baolinas, Cal. H. Hemphill.
32844. Ditto. Tomales Bay, Cal. H. Hemphill.
32869. "Hen clam" ( Jfac/ra »oZidw«ma, Ch.). Massacbusetts Bay. W. H.
Dall.
32870. Ditto. Shells utilized for catch-alls. Newport, R.I. N. C. Peterson..
32888. Ditto. ( Jf. falcata, Gld.). Alaska to California. W. H. Dall.
32826. "Gapers" (iScibiroManwiiu^toZZi, Con.). Oregon. J. G. Swan.
32852. Ditto. Bauliuas, Cal. H. HemphiU.
32874. Salmon tellen (ifoooma, sp.). Florida. T.A.Conrad.
32848. "Tellens" (M, na«ttfa, Conr.). San Francisco markets. H. Hemp*
hill.
32847. "Flat ciam"(&;m6l6(2ect»a, Cpr.). San Diego, Cal. H. HemphiU.
32909. "Razor-fish" (i8o/<?ii«ii«M,L.). Cow Bay, New York. B. J. M. Carley.
32881. Ditto. (Siliqua patula, Dixon.) Alaska to California. W. H. Dall.
32955. "Soft-shelled clams" {Mya arenaria, L.). Cape Cod, Mass. £. G.
Blackford.
32829. Ditto. Oyster Bay, L. I. E. G. Blackford.
32833. Ditto. Accidentally transplanted with young oysters to San Fran-
cisco Bay, where it now abounds greatly. Oakland, CaL H.
Hemphill.
33094. Ditto. Bay of Fundy, N. S. G. F. Mathew.
32^0. Date-fish (Platyodan cancellatuSy L.). Baulinas Bay, Cal. H. Hemp-
hill.
32856. Ditto. {Zirphcea crispata, L.). Baulinas, Cal. H. Hemphill.
B. Useful or ornamental bivalves other than those afifording
food:
a. Pearl-producing.
1. Kiver mussels:
26092a. Biver mussel affording pearl-shell, illustrating application of raw
material. Cincinnati, Ohio. D. H. Shaffer.
26092. Carvings, from pearl-shell afforded by river mussels, for nse as studs,
buttons, pins, brooches, &c, Cincinnati, Ohio. D. H. Shaffer.
260926. Pearls derived from river mussels. Cincinnati, Ohio. D. H. Shaffer.
. A series of river mussels of various species, one valve polished, the
other in its original condition in eaeh case. Chicopee, Mass. Jas.
T. Ames.
25966 to 26010. Another series, both valves polished, from Dr. C. A. Miller,
Cincinnati, Ohio, comprising the following species?
Unio rugosuSf Barnes.
alatuSy Say.
arnatus, Lea.
verrucosus^ Barnes.
gihbosus, Barnes.
rectuSf Lani.
cylindricuSy Say.
pj/ramidatuSf Lea.
tuber cul at uSy Barnes.
siliquoideSj Barnes.
airculus. Lea.
m
anodontoidesy Lea.
jNMtiflonw, Lea.
muumimt, Barnes, &o., &c
7
258 ANIHAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF DHITBD STATBR.
2. Marine pearl-shdls:
13507. American pearl-oyster (Af.Jtnbriata). PMUunft. CoLJewrtL
3624. Ditto. IllitBtrating formation of peorli. Puiama. CoL JnML
3SS36. Ditto. Gnlf of California. J. XantQB.
, Ditto. Polished ehell. Chicopee, Mass. Joa. T. Ames.
32921. Ditto. Hade into artificial fiah-lioit. Boston, Hsaa. BraiSai
Anthony.
32922. Ditto. Hade into ariifioial minnow.' Boaton, Mm*. BniSmi
Anthony.
. Series of bnltoua, atada, atopper-caps, &«. Uauofitctmed fna. i
allowing application of American peorl-oyBtei ahelL Fanud
by A. B. De Freoe &, Co., 438 Broadway, New Tort
b. Otherwise Tiseful:
32869. "Hen clam" (Mactra toUditrima, Ch.). Shell uwd for aeoopt, m
akimmcn, and boat^bailers. Painted inaide and naed for catdi-<
S95Z7. BaakDt. Made from Florida ehells. £. F. Gilbert, JackaonTillr,!
SS210. Baaket. Mads from Florida aheUa, Mra. C. E. Hott, Jackmm
Fla.
S2209. Frame. Made iinm Florida Bea-shella. Mrs. C. E. Mott, jKb
ville, Fla.
2S211. Eaater Cross. Aiade from Florida abclla. Mra. C. £. Uott, JKb
vitlo, Fla.
29526. Shell flowers. Made from Florida sheila. £. F. Gilbert, Jvki
ville, Fla.
S6595. " Coquinn." Miacellaneous apeciea broken up &nil cementrd b; i
oetjon into a natural conglomerate, nae<t for building sMo>
for making a superior kind of lime. Saint Angnstine, FU.
Browne Goo<Ie.
32839. "Cuneate clam" (GanfAodon cuaeofM). Used largely fur bait I
ural condition. Lake Pontchartiain, La. Onatav Kohn.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES 259
32815. Ship- worm. (Teredo sp.). Gulf coast. Dewey.
32816. Ditto. Showing liniog of tubes. Texas. Dr. Schott.
19405. Ditto. (Xylo*rya sp.) Coast of Oregon. J. G. Swan.
D, Prepared foods:
• Specimens of various brands of canned, preserved, and
pickled shell-fish in manufacturers' packages :
26579. Pickled oysters (Ostrea virginica). Blue Point. B. J. M. Carley.
26581. Pickled oysters {Oatrea virginica). Saddle Rocks. B. J. M. Carley,
New York.
25835. Fresh Cove oysters (Ostrea virginica). Kemp, Day & Co., New York.
25844-^. Fresh Cove oysters ( Ostrea virginica). Kemp, Day & Co. , New York.
25861-3. Spiced Cove oysters {Ostrea virginica), hermetically sealed. Kemp,
Day & Co., New York.
26577. Pickled Little Neck clams (Mya arenaria). B. J. M. Carley.
26682. Pickled clams ( Venus meroenaria). " Cow Bay." B. J. M. Carley.
26642. The Farmers' Old Orchard Beach clams (Little Necks, star brand).
Portland Packing Company, Portland, Me.
26575. Pickled scallops (Pecten irradians). Oyster Bay. B. J. M. Carley.
26580. Pickled mussels {Mglilus edulis). East River, N. Y. B. J. M. Carley,
New York.
25873. Scartooro' Beach clams ( Venus niercenaria). Put up by Buniham &
MorriU, Portland, Me. Kemp, Day & Co., New York.
25864-6. Orchard Beach clams ( Venus mercenaria). Kemp, Day & Co., Now
York.
25867-9. Little Neck clams (Mya arenaria). Kemp, Day & Co., New York.
25870-2. Little Neck clams {Mya arenaria). Put up by Bogart & Co., New
York. Kemp, Day & Co., New York.
24925. Little Neck clams {Mya arenaria). Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston,
Mass.
22235-6. Pickled Little Neck clams {Mya arenaria). Penobscot Bay. Cas-
tine Packing Company, Castine, Me.
26752. Alden's granulated clams. Prepared by Alden Sea-Food Company.
Sold by Lyon Manufacturing Company, New York. Presenteil by
E. G. Blackford , New York.
96753. Alden's granulated and concentrated clams (paper boxes). Prepared
by Alden Sea-Food Company. Sold by Lyon Manufacturing Com-
pany, N. Y. Presented by E. G. Blackford, New York.
##
Otherwise prepared.
5672. Dried siphons of Schizothcerus NuttalU, Prepared by the Puget Sound
Indians, Wash. Ter. Dr. J. G. Suckley, U. S. Army.
CRUSTACEA.
tacea phyllopoda.
A. Useful; converted into fertilizers; carapax used as a scoop
or boat-bailer:
2222. King crab, Horseshoe {Limuhis polyphemns). Florida. F. B. Meek.
Ditto. Male and female. Cape May C. H., New Jersey. Thos.
Beesley.
DiHo. Product "cancrine," prepared fertilizer. Cape May C. H.,
•" Thos. Bee«ley.
260 ANIMAL REHUURCES AND FISHERIEH OP UNITED BTiTi S
Crustacea iiiopoda.
A. Useful ; by remoring wrecks or snags.
B. Injurious ; by destroying submerged timber.
2286. Wooiloater (LimtMrio li^nonini, White). Smi Diego, C*L EHtsi
bill.
2254. Ditto. New Haven, Conn. A, E. VertilL
o. Wood showing ravages:
2240. Eastport, Me. U. 3. Fish CommiMioii.
2S90. Wood's Holl, Maas. Vinal N. Edworda.
2221. Sbd Diego, Cat. H. HemphiU.
Crustacea stomatopoda.
Available for food:
2253. Squill (SquiUa empusa, Say). Long iBloiid Sonnd. U. B. FU 0
Crustacea decapoda. — Lobsters, shrdip, crawfish, CBtss
A. Useful; food-supplying:
2SS3. River slirimp (Palmnon ap.). New Orleans, La. GnstiT Eabi.
2264. Ditto. {Pal. ohionu, Smith.) New Orleans, La. GnaUT Koln
2269. Ditto. {Palirm^nt) Isthmoa of Panama. Dr. Bnuoafoid.
^^. 8e»shiijnp<,PalamOHetetrvlgarU,8tm.). Long laland Soond. U
Fish CoDuuission.
S21I. Shrimp {Fandatat Dana, Stm.), as dried for «xpoK by Catifin
Chinose. San Francisco, Cal. H. HemphiU.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 261
2SM8. Crab (Plafyonichus ocellatus, Latr.)* Vineyard Sound, Mass. U. S.
Fish Commission.
2256. Ditto. (PanopeuB Herh$tUf Edw.) New Orleans, La. Gustav Eohn.
2347. Ditto. (CardnnafMrnaSjlje^ch,) New Haven, Conn. A. E. VeniU.
2243. ''Soft-shelled" (in certain stages only) crab (Ckdlineoiea hastatuSf
Say). Vineyard Sound, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
2249. Ditto. Long Island Sound. U. S. Fish Commission.
2218. Keli>-crab (JEjpitthus producius, Randall). Monterey, Cal. H.
Hemphill.
2244. Crab {Cancer horedliSf St.). Casco Bay, Maine. U. S. Fish Commis-
sion.
2242. Common crab (Caiio0rtrr<watiM, Say). Casco Bay, Maine. U.S. Fish
Commission.
2245. Ditto. Vineyard Sound, Mass. U. S. Fish Commission.
2217. Scalloped crab (Cancer animnariiu, Stm.). San Francisco, Cal. H.
Hemphill.
2216. Market crab (Cancer magister, Dana). San Francisco, Cal. H.
Hemphill.
B. Commensal with other food supplies:
2266. Oyster-crab (Pinnotheres ostreuniy Say). Commensal with all south-
ern oysters and with northern-oysters in northern rivers where
the southern oysters have been long planted. New York. E. G.
Blackford.
2272. Ditto. Commensal on the western coast with Pachydesma and
MytUus califamianus, San Diego, Cal. H. Hemphill.
C. iBJurious by burrowing into and weakening levees and
dams:
2261. Crawfish (Cambanis Clarkiij Gir. and most other species). Now
Orleans, La. Gustav Kohn.
2259. Fiddler-crab (Gelasimu8 pugnaXf Smith). New Orleans, La, Gustav
Kohn.
D. Prepared foods:
Canned lobster and crabs in manufacturers' packages:
25836-43. Canned lobster (Homarus americanus), Kemp, Day & Co., New
York.
22237. Canned lobster (Homarus arnericanus). Castine, Mo. Castino Pack-
ing Company.
26643. Fresh star-lobster (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Port-
land, Me.
26651. Fresh star-lobster (star brand). Portland Packing Company, Port-
land, Me.
24926. Fresh lobster (flb?n<irM« americanus), Wm. Underwood & Co., Boston,
Mass.
525834. Canned lobster (Homarus americanus). Kemp, Day & Co., Now York.
24933. Original deviled lobster (Homarus americanus). Wm. Underwood &.
Co., Boston, Mass.
96578. Pickled lobsters (Homarus americanus). Capo Cml. B. J. M. Carley,
New York.
Ptckled prawns. Savannah, Ga. B. J. M. Carley.
262 ANIMAL BB80URCK8 AND FISHBBIBS OP UinTBD BTAin.
Cirripcdia.
Injurious:
a. By dulling ttie e4g« of knives and spades employed
"cutting in" whalo blubber:
•2370. Whole barnacle (ConmKla Addrma, Lam.) on dried aldii of -'hm
back " whulc. New England coaal. U. S. Fiab Comminuon.
b. By obstructing tbe progression of vessels apou whi
thoy affix tbemselvcs:
2371. BaTDaclvb (HalaHutrvgatiu, &.C.). Califoniia. H. Hemphill.
AiraULOSA.
Annelida. — Wobms and leeches.
A. Useful:
1. In surgery and medicine:
3236. Leech (Macrobdella decora, Verrill). New Uareo, Conn. A. E. V
rill.
3327. Ditto. (MaanAdtUa sp.) Monntain Lake, Cal. H. BcmphilL
2. For bait in fishing :
3228. Earibwonn (Lvmbriciu ten-atrit, L.}. Washington, D. C. W. T
3329. Sea-worm {Ner^t sp.T). Son Francisco, Cei. H. UemphUL
3. For food:
19713. Dried worms (Ephydra ap.). Prepared for food by tin- MonsrbK 1
Ute Indians. Owen's Lake, Cal. Stephen Powers.
19714. Dried womii. Uwd in making sonp by the Mouachee Pi-Ut« Indiii
Owen's Lake, Cal. Stephen PowetB.
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 263
3212. Sea-urchin (Strongylooentrotus drceibachienais). New England coast.
U. S. Fish Commistdon.
3146. Ditto. (Toxopneustes sp.) Southern United States. Dr. William
Stimpson.
3145. Ditto. {T, frandscorumf Ag.) Alaska to California. F. Bischoff.
B. Injorious:
1. Destroying oysters, clams, &c. :
3214. Starfish (Astetias vulgariSy Stm.). Portland, Me. U. S. Fish Com-
mission.
3149. Ditto. (Ast, arenicolaj Stm.) Massachusetts Bay. Dr. William
Stimpson.
3213. Ditto. Long Island Sound. U. S. Fish Commission.
3150. Ditto. South Norwalk, Conn. Hoyt Brothers.
3151. Ditto. In act of destroying oysters. South Norwalk, Conn. Hoyt
Brothers.
2. By their urticating powers annoying bathers and " foul-
ing" nets and fishing lines with slime — various
Acalephs.
PEOTOZOA.
rotozoans.— Sponges, etc
Useful:
1. For conveyance of fluids requiring an elastic and tem-
porary menstruum, and as a detergent:
3210. Sponge (on bougie). Boston, Mass. J. A. Levey.
3206-9. Sponge (Spongia barbaray D. & M.). Florida Keys and Bahamas.
Isaacs &. Co., 8ponge-<lealcrs, New York.
3205. Ditto. {Spotiffia graminea, "Eyatt), (Prepared by cleansing for use.)
Key West. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
3203-4. Ditto. (Dried in natural condition.) Key West. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist.
31^^ \ ^^**^- ^^' ^^^^* ^^' ^^*^> Hyatt.) Florida Keys. Isaacs & Co.
3154-66. Ditto. (S, dura^ var. graviday Hyatt.) Florida Keys. Isaacs &,
Co.
3172. Ditto. Dried in natural state. {Aplysina aurca, Eyvktt,) Bahamas.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
3168-71. Ditto. (Cleaused.) {S, dura, var. puuctatay Hyatt.) Florida
Keys. Isaacs & Co.
3177. Ditto. (Dried in natural state.) (iS^. cerebri/ormiSy Hyatt.) Key
West. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
3173-76. Ditto. (Cleansed.) Key West and Bahamas. Isaacs & Co.
3178-9. Ditto. (S. tnbulifcrayljam.). Florida and Bahamas. Isa.aca&Co.
3160-85. Ditto. (6'. tubulifera, var. roiundCy Hyatt.) Florida Keys and
Bahamas. Isaacs & Co.
- 3186. Ditto. (Dried in natural condition.) Florida Keys. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist.
264 ANIMAL RE80UBCE8 AKD l-^tlHEBIES OF UNITSD STAIU.
3169-90. Ditto, (Cleansed.) (S. htbutifera, T«r. Ji*e0rwli, Hfsi
Florida Keys and Bahanuw. laaacs A. Co.
3192-80. Ditto. (5. goi^pina, D. &, M., var. lumta.) Fknid* Key* :
Bahanus. Isaacs &■ Co.
3197. Ditto. (5. jpwjrpna, Tar. (ftudrUfoo.) Florida Xbjw and Baluw
Iaaac8 & Co.
3198-3302. Ditto. («. 9onyj)<aa,vaT. jmroM.) Florid* Keya end Balm
Isaacs & Co.
2. Uaefiil as au elastic medinm or absorbent:
3S13a. Sponge prepared for nee as lint in mugtay. Wm. B. Moaea, Wi
ingt«D, D. C.
3S11. Ditto. For stuffing onshiona and packing. Florida. Jas. Keki
3S12a. Ditto. Prepared for stuffing onshions, matfaeosea, &«. Flod
Wm. B. Uoeea, WaehJDgton, D. C.
Ii^uriona:
1. By (lestroyiBg oysters:
3215. Boring epoDge (Oioi>i)«itVtiirea,Vemll). Hatmvfoim, afttroji
shell has disintegrated. Tineyaid Sonnd, Uaaa. U. S. Fish C
mission.
32979. Boring spongo. Shells of Pocten showing rav^^es. Caatia«,lle.
R. Crittenden.
32980. Ditto. Castine, Mo. L. J. Heath.
32820. Ditto. Showing effect on oyster-shell. N«w York Bay. B. J.
3147. Ditto. Showing varionB stages in shell. Slirewsbnr; BiTcr, M
B. J. M. Carley.
Rhizopods.
ANDCAL BE80URCKS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 265
29314. "Cudbear." Product of a lichen (Leoanora)y extensively applied aa
a dye-stuff. Western coast of North America. W. A. Ross &
Bro., New York.
b. Algm:
1. Having economical applications:
^Availaible as food.
~— . Irish moss (Ckondrus oriapus, L.), affording gelatine. New England
coast. Dr. W. G. Farlow.
-^~. Western dulse (Schuymenia edulUf Ag.). West coast United States.
Rev. £. HaU.
. Dulse (Rkodymenia palmata, Grov.), used for food. New England
coast. Dr. W. G^ Farlow.
. Layer {Porphffra wUgariSf Ag.), used for food. New England coast.
Dr. W. G. Farlow.
— — . Badderlocks (Alaria esculentaf Grev. ). Available for food. Cape Cod
northward.
^^ Employed in the manufdcture of fertilizers^ iodine and bromine^ or
" artificial staghom^ (Laminaria) articles.
. Rockwccd {Fucus veHculosus, L. & C). New England coast. Dr.
W. G. Farlow.
. Bull-head kelp {Nereocyslia Lutkeana, P. & M.). Stems made by In-
dians into ii8hing-linc«. Northwest coast of America. W. H. Dull.
. Specimens of lines made of this materiaf. [See ethnological and
fishing-implement series. ]
S9373. DeviPs apron (Laminaria digitaia), dried stems for moiing "tcntn/'
Newfoundland. Dr. £. R. Squibb.
29373a. ^* Sponge tents'* used in surgery, made from dried Laminaria stouis.
293735. Paper-knife, made of '^artificial staghom^' or dried Laminaria
{langicruri8), by J. H. Batcheldcr, Cambridge, Mass.
2. Ornamental algOD:
The following scries, prepare<l by Dr. W. G. Farlow, comprises speci-
mens collected by Mr. F. W. Hooper and Dr. Palmer, at Key West; by
Dr. Farlow on the New England coast ; by Prof. D. C. Eaton firom various
sources; by A. R. Young, at New York; Mrs. A. S. Davis, at Cape Ann;
Mrs. Beebe, at Gloucester, Mass. ; Mrs. B. D. Halstead, at Swompscott ;
Mr. H. Averill, at New York; Dr. L. R. Gibbes, in South Carolina; Miss
M. A. Booth, at Orient, L. I. ; and from California and Oregon by Dr. C.
L. Anderson, Capt. I. Stratton, Rev. E. Hall, Mr. H. Hemphill, D. Cleve-
land, and Mr. W. II. Dall :
AMAN8IA MULTIFIDA, Lmx. Koy Wcst.
Dasta Gibbesii, Harv. Koy West.
Dasya ELEGAX8, Ag. Chenille, Cape Cod.
Dasya ramosissima, Harv. Key West.
Dasya Harveyi, Ashmead. Key West.
Dasya biollis, Hai-v. Key West.
Dasya mucronata, Harv. Key West.
Dasta Wurdemanni, Bailey. Key West.
Dasta callitu amnion, Harv. San Uii>go.
266 ANIMAL BE80UBCE8 AND FIBBEBIEB OP UNITED STATBL
Dasya Tumakowiczi, Oatty. Key West.
Dasya L0PBOCLADO6, Hont^ Ke; Weat.
Dasya plumoba, Bail, and Harr. Santa Cmz, CaL
BosTBTCHiA HoNTAaNEi, Huv. Key West.
BoBTRVcniA CAi.AMieTRATA, MuDt. Key West
BOSTRYCHIA MORtTUANA, Mont. Florida.
POLTBiPHONiA URCEOLATA, Grev. Nahant, Maas. Var./pfMtStwEi
PoLTSiPHONIA Havamknsis, Mont. Vor. finryi, Ag., Key We«t,
Poi.YBiPHONiA ferulacea, Ag. Key Weat.
FolYbiphonla Olneyi, Harv. Doigh-Mtt. Long laUud Sound.
FoLYSlPHONiA Habveyi, Ball. Xiggtr-kair. Wood's Holl, Uaaa.
PoLYStpaONiA ELOKQATA, Grev. Lob*lrr-cla»M. Gay Head, Mim
Polysifhonia VIOI.ACEA, Grer. Wood's Hull, UaM.
POLYSIPHOKIA FiBRiixosA, Grev. Wood's Uoll, Ubbb.
POLYStPaoNiA, VARiEOATA, Ag. Wood's HoU, Haw.
POLYSipaoNiA PENNATA, Ag. Califoniia.
POLTBiPHONIA PARASITICA, Okv. California. Var. deadrvUm, ig. C
PoLYBiPHONiA Bau^yi, Ag. Pacific coaat.
POLYSlPDONiA PECTEN-VENERiB, HaTV. FloHda.
PoLYSiPHotnA ATE0RUBE8CENB, Grev. Wood's HoU, UaM.
POLYBIPHOKIA BtPIMNATA, Post, and Bnpr. Weat coast.
POLYBIPHONIA WOOMI, Harv, Weat coast.
FOLYBIPBONIA NlOBESCEXa, Grev.
POLYBIPHONIA FASnOIATA, Grev. Nahant, Masa^
Odontiiaua AI.EUncA, Ag. Oregon.
Odoi^thalia Ltalui, Ba^^■. Neeah Bay, W, T.
Rhodomela laiux, Ag. California.
BqoDOHELA KIJ3CCOBA, Ag. Aleutian Islands.
Bhoi>omela 6VBFUBCA, Ag. GloDcester, Ubsb. Var. fradlft, Maw b
Var. Bodiei, Long Island Souad.
DIOENIA SIMPLEX, Ag. Key West.
,HIMAL RESOURCES AND PISHERIE8 OF UNITED 8TATB8. 2(j7
UKI.KSSK1II.V Ai^TA, Linn. niiiacRMt^r, Mai».
l>RL£S8ERtx UYi>0OLossUM, Liiniix. Chl'taWn, S. C.
Dblbsspjua TBNnpoUA, Hutv. Kvj Wcat.
DkLEWKRIA INVOl-VIl.VH, llurv. Key Wiwt.
Dkixsscria Lepribuhu, Mont. Nuw fork.
DXUWSKKU DGCiPIEve, Ag. West const. Niwah Hay, W.T.
NlTOPBTLLCM PUKCTATUM, var. octllatum, Orev. Key West.
Hnx>Pi!YixtJM sPKcTMUi-E, Eawii, tns*.. CalUbriiin.
NtTOPUTixuM LACEitATCM, Grev, Califomliu
NlTOPIiYLLL'ii [^TissmiTH, Ag. Califomlii.
NiiuPMVLLUM AiiKoi.ATtJM, Efttoti, luu. Ciilirtiruiii.
NiToPiivLLUM (Neuroolossum) Andeiisu.mi, Ag. Culifiiniia.
HiTOPiiyLLUM Rdprechtianuk, Ag. "Wctt cuasl.
CAU.lBLEPnABlS CtUATA, EUtx. Cspe Anu, Moss.
(JRACU^BIA MCl.Til'AimTA, Ag. Viir. uHgiuititiima, lUtv. New York.
Uraciuria CRItVlcOKXiH, Ag. Key West.
tiBACiLAlilA coNKKItVoiDKS, Utey. Fluruln ; California.
U&AciuiBiA AitMATA, Ag. Key We«i.
CoSALLixA opyiciKAUS, L, Capu Ami.
COKALU.SA wju-AMATA, ElIU BDil Sol. Situ DIo^k, Califomin.
Jania RCHENfi, Lmx. Suu Diagu, Cullfuniiii.
Jania CAPIU.AORA, Hftrv. Kpy West.
Amphiroa PRAGiLUssiuA, Litix. FloHdn. ^^^^
Akpbiroa N0DDL08A, KUtx. FloHila. ^^^^1
Amphiroa debilih, Klltz. Florida. ^^^^|
Amphiroa Caufornica, Docaisoo. Wt»t (M>nat. ^^^|
HsutDBSiA FARINOSA, Lmi, £iMt cooat. ^^^H
UBi.OBKau PUBTUUTA, LiRi:. Wood's noil, Maaa. ^^^|
LiniOTBAMKioN poi.rHORrnuM, AicAcb. Eiutport, Ue. ^^^H
HlLDICKBRA}II>TLA RQSRA, KUtl. Eootport, Mu. ^^^^|
Qbuoicm corneum, Lmx. Florida; Ncn Huveu, Coniii ^^^^M
OnJDIUM CARTii.AcyNEDM, Qfev. Saut Diego, Cnl, ^^^^|
Gelidiuu CouLTERt, Horv. CuUfomia. ^^^H
WURDKUANXIA 8ETACEA, HarV. Key Wi'bI. ^^H
EcouxuUA IsirOKMB, Ag. Key Wnat.
GucttKUMAt ACAKTUOCLAPU», Ag. (Ckr^jtyiRenJa, Ilarv.). Kry Wvat.
BYP.VKA UtISCtFOBMItl, Lmx. Woml's Holl, Mass.
HYPMKa Cohnuta, Ag. Key Woit. ,
Rhodymenia PaI:Mata, Gcev. Common ituUf. SwnuipHcatl, Mnsa. J
RaoDYMKKIA PAUiKTrA, Qcev. Cnliforuia, I
Rhodtmkxia CORaluka, Grtiv, Caliibruin. |
EUTUORA CRI§TATA, Ag. GlOOCCStCr, HOSH. I
PlOCAMIPM COCCISEUM, Lyilgb. VdT. /oIlflMHni. WcSt COilsl,
&TENOGRAHMA INTERHUPTA, Mont. CntiftfTDia.
PiKEA Caufornica, Hnrv. Ualiforuin-
CtiAMPIA PARVULA, Uarv. Noaiik, Conn.
LoMKSTAHIA BArutVAifA, Farlow {ChuUclmtia, Harv,). New York Bay.
LOMKKTARiA ROSKA, TliiiTPt. Oay Ileud, Mam.
RtunDONiA TKNERA, Ag. {SolieHa rkordalia, Harv.) Wood's tloll, Maaa.
BltASDONiA ('OL'LTERi, llarv. Callfumia.
CoRDYLocLAniA (.-o.KiTERTA, Ag. San Diogo, Cal.
FotriDRa ROTUNDCs, Ajz- Cap« Ann, Mass.
FBTBeo.VNELIA ATRO- PURPUREA , CfOnatif. Key W<^st. ^^^
Kkmauox Mi'LTiFiDu:!). Ag. Wotvli nil), It. t. ^^H
SCIXAIA Fl'DCELLATA, DItod. Gny Ilc-ail, Mods. ^^^H
268 ANIMAL RKSOURCKS ASIJ FISHKRIES OF UNITED 8TAT1
LiAGOitA VaLida, Ilurv. Fl'irula.
LuoORA PiNNATA, Uarv. Florida.
LiAGOCA PULVKnuLKNTA, Ag. Kpy West,
WRAlfGEUA PKKiciiiATA, Ag. Koy West.
PoYT.LOPnonA BniiDifi, Ag. Iioag Island Soand.
Phtllophoha MBMBBANirOLLA, Ag. Long laland S
OYMXoaoNGiiuBNonVBGicus, Ag. (inc. G. TDmyi,AB-)- Peak'Bl*laiid,Me.
Gymsogonorub TKNT3IS, Ag, California.
CrYUKoooNORva QanrviTBei/E, Ag. Califbniia.
Gtmnogo Nanus ukkasis, Ag. California.
AnNFELTiA GIG AKTiNO IDES, Ag. West ooMt.
AUKPKLTIA PLiCATA, lY Cnpe Ann, Mass.
CVBToci^NiUM PUBPOHA8CEKB, Kiitz. Block Moai, New Todb \
CAU^PIIYLUa VARIEGATA, Ag. CaJifomitt.
Callophyllib odtusivolla, Ag. Son Diego, CoL
Caijaphyllib disciokba, Ag. California.
GlOABTINA AOICUI.ARIS, Lmx. Florida.
GlGARTINA CANALICULATA, HatV. Wcst COOat.
GiOABTHiTA MAMILLOBA, Ag. Portliiud, Me, ; Sanla Craz, Col.
OiGARTiNA uicROPHYLLA, Hurv., Olid vflT. horrida. Califomia.
GioARTiHA luntiLA, Ag. West coast
CuoNiiitns CRISPD9, Lyngli. IrUh niwi, Capa Ann, Maaa. Veiy M
Chondhub AFMNiB, HoTV. Catifomln.
IRIDJGA LAMIMARioiDES, Bor;. (inclading /ridiM winoiand tridaaiUAttmii: \
Weet coast.
Endocladia MuniCATA, Ag. West const
Ckyptonemiacrenulata, Ag. Key West,
CHRYsruBNU i]ALYUK!noutK«, Hsrv. Kuy West.
Chbybtuehia uvaria, Ag. Key West..
Halymbnia LtGULATA, Ag. Var. CaHfoittiea ; Santa Cma, Cal.
Halymbkia Flohksia, Ag. Key West
Pbioxitib lanceolata, Hnrv. West coast.
Prionitis Andkiisonii, Eatou, insa, Santa Oil*, C»L
SCHIZYMRMA KDULIS, Ag. Oregon.
BohizymeniaI coociNUA, Harv. Sauta Cma, Cal.
GRATiii.uopiA GinsRsii, Harv. Charleston, S.C.
Gratbloufia CuTLERi^, KUtz. California.
Orateloupia ifiLictNA, Ag. Floriila.
Halosaccion uyDRoPiioRA, Ag. West coast
Halosacgion fuciuola, Post and Itiipr, West ooub
HAr.DSACCi(iN RAMBNTACKUM, Ag. EasliHirt, Me.
BpyRiDiA ACULRATA, KiltK. Florida.
SPYRIDIA FII.A1IBNTOBA, IlaFT. Wootl'H HoU, UaBS.
MlCROCLADiA CoVLTBRi, Harv. West coast
MiCDOCLADIA Californica, Fariow. California.
MlOnOCLADIA SOREALIS, Eopf. WflSt COMt.
Centrocerab clavulatum, Ag. Key West
Cbntrockrab Eatosianum, Fariow. WMt coast
CeRAMIUM NITIiNS, Ag. Key West.
Ceramium RUdrum, Ag. East coast
Cbrauium Desu)N'ochampsii, Cb. Eastport, MSi
Ceramium diapiiakuu. Both. CaUfomio.
Cehamium STRicrrM, Ilorv. New Englanil.
Ceramium Yiiukuii, Fariow, mes. CanarsiD, L.L
CsRAUiUM TENUiasiMDH , Lyngt). Kny West.
ANIBiAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 269
Ceramium fastiqiatum, Harv. Southern Now Englaud.
Ceramium . Key West.
Ptilota densa, Ag. California.
PnLOTA HYPNOiDKS, Harv. California.
PnLOTA PLUMOSA, Ag. Var. filidnaf west coast. Var. aerrata, £a8tiK)rty
Me., and Neeah Bay, W. T.
Ptilota elegans, Bonnem. New York.
Qloiosiphonia CAPiLLARis, CaiTO. Cape Ann, Mass.
Crouania attenuata, J. Ag. Key West.
Qriffithsia Bornettiana, Farl. Wood's Holl, Mass.
Callithamnion tetraoonum, Ag. Orient, L. I.
Calltthamnion Baileyi, Harv. New York.
Caluthamkion ptilophora, Eaton, mss. California.
Callithamnion Borreri, Ag. New Haven, Conn.
Callithamnion ryssoideum. Am. Long Island Sound.
Callithamnion corymdosum, Ag. Beverly, Mass.
Callithamnion versicolor, Ag., var. seiroapermumf Harv. New York.
Callithamnion plumula, Lyngb. Gay Head, Mass.
Callithamnion h>:teromorpiium, Ag., mss. California.
Callithamnion Amkricanum, Harv\ New York.
Callithamnion PYLAiSiKi, Mont. Gloucester, Mass.
Caluthamnion floccosl'M, Ag. Var. |>aci/!ct/m, Harv. Neeah, Bay, W. T.
Callithamnion cruciatum, Ag. New York.
Caluthamnion Lkjolisia, Farlow, mss. San Diego, Cal.
Callithamnion Tukxkri, Ag. New York.
Callithamnion Rotiiii, Lyngb. New England coast.
Caluthamnion roskum, Lyng. New York.
Porphyra vulgaris, Ag. iMver, East coast.
Bangia fu8Coi'URPUREa, Lyngb. East coast.
Chantraxsia kffloresckns, Thur. Gay Head, Mass.
Chantransia viRGATULA, TbiiFct. Portland, Me.
Erythrotriciiia ckramicola, Arescb. Cape Ann, Mass.
Padina pavonia, Lmx. Peacock' a-tail. Key West, Fla.
ZONARIA LOBATA, Ag. Key West.
ZoNARiA FLAVA, Ag. Sau Diego, Cal.
Taonia Schrcederi, Ag. Florida.
DiCTYOTA FASCioLA, Lmx. Florida; Mediterranean Sea.
DiCTYOTA diciiotoma, D. C. Cbarlcstou.
DiCTYOTA CIUATA, Ag. Koy West.
DiCTYOTA Kunthii, Ag. San Diego, Cal.
DiCTYOTA ACUTiLOBA, Ag. Key West.
Saroassum vulgare, Ag. Atlantic Ocean.
Sargassum dacciferum, Ag. Gulf -weed. Gulf Stream.
Sargassum dentifollh:m, Ag. Key West.
Sargassum Agardianum, Farlow, mss. San Diego, Cal.
TURBINAKIA vulgaris, Ag. Key West.
Fucus fastigiatus, A<;. West coast.
Fucus DiSTicnus, L. (/'. filiformiHf Gm.). Swampscott, Mass.
Fucus furcatus, Ag. Marblebead, Mass.
Fucus VESICULOSUS, L. Rocl-tcced. Swampscott, Mass.
Fucus si:j{Ratus, L. Nova Scotia.
Nereocystis LCtki:axa, Post, and Rupr. Great bladder-iceed, Monterey,
Cal., and iioi-tbward.
Alaria esculenta, Ore v. Badderlccks. Hmware. Cai>e Cod.
270 ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHEBIB8 OP UNITED STAT88.
Lamixaria BACCHAttntXA, Lmx. DeriFM apron ; Kelp. New Y^ nvU-
word; westconst; Europe; JapauT.
Lamcnaria lonqicruris, De la Pyl. Jfeviftaprtm; Kdp. New loglui
Lamihama FLEXiCAi;ue, Le JoUh. DeriP* apron ; Etip. New Eaglui
Agardh Turner), Post, and Riipr. Sea-oalanier. Nahant, Hkm
STILOrHORA RHizoDKB, Ag. ViiicyBrd Sound.
A8PBBOC0CCUS sisurtSL'B, Bory. Key Wert,
AsPEROCOccue ECHlNATUa, Orev. New Euglsud ooast.
Rtdroclatiirus CANCELLATUe, Bory, Noank, Conn.
RAX.FBIA VERRUCOSA, Aresch. Nahant, Mass.
Choi(i>a PILUM, Stack. New York.
Chordahia Fi^GRLiJPOKUis, Ag. Eastport, He.
CaORDARIA ABIETIN'A, Riipr. Santa Cruz, Cal.
CiiORDARiA DiVARiCATA, Ag. Gloucester, Maes.
Castac^vea viBRMCEXB, ThiiTct. Wood'H HoU, Mass.
Lbatiiesia ti:derii-x>hmib, Gray. Walcfa Hill, B. I.
Elachista ¥V.CicolA, Ft. N^w England.
Mvrioneua btranul'lakb, Orev, Wood'sHoll, Haas.
Myriokema Leclancherii, Harv. Gluiicestfr, Mass.
ClaDOSTEPIIUS BPOSGIOGCS, Ag. Newport, R. I.
CLADOSTEriirs VERTiciLLATUs, Ag. Gay HeDil, Maas.
8pnACEi.AKiA PUBCA, Ag. Oti Awph\roa CaUfornira, San Diego, C>L
SpiiACELAitiA HAiiicAN'H, Ag. New England.
ECTOCARCUB kirsius, Ag, (B. lUlorall*. Han',). Ni-w England.
EcTOCARPUS Farlowii, TliiiTet. I'eok'H Island. Me.
EcTOCARPUS HiLicL'LOsrs, I,yngb. Cbark-stoD, S. C,
EcToCARi'UB VIRIDI8, Harv, Orit'iit, L, 1.
EcrocARPfS FASCicri^Tl's, Harv. New England roast.
EcTocARPtrM ciRAXULoSL'S, Ag, Santa Cnii, Cnl,
KcTOCARPiTs HooFERi, ll»rv. Greeiiport, L. 1.
Desmarestia aculeata, Lmx. Eastport, Me.
Desmarestia virii>18, Ltnx. Now York.
Debiiarebtia liul'lata, Luix. Monterey, Cal.
ANIMAL RESOURCluS AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 271
Vaucheria piloboix>idk8, Thnret. Wooers IIolI, Mass.
Dasycladus occidf.ntalis, Harv. Florida.
Dasycladus CLAVitFoiLMis, Ag. Key Wf»t.
AcETABULARiA CREXULATA, Liux. Florida.
Cymopoua barbata, Lmx. Key West.
CfiABUSDORis AXNULATA, Mout. Key W^cst.
Pexicillus DUMKT08US, Dne. Florida ; West Indies.
PENICILLU8 CAPiTATUS, Liiix. Mermaid's shaving-bruah. Florida.
Blodgetti A ? coxFERVoiDEs, HaTv. Koy West. ^
Anadyomkne FijiBELLATA, LiUx. Key West.
DiCTYOSPHiERiA FAVUL08A, Dne. Key West.
ASCOTIIAMXION INTRICATUM, KUtz. Key West.
Enteromorpiia IXTESTINALI8, Link. New England.
ExTEROMORPHA coMPRESSA, Grev. New England.
Enteromorpha clathrata, Grev. New England coast.
Ulva LATI8SIMA, Linn. Sea-letiuce, New England coast.
Ulva FA8CIATA, Delile. California.
Cladophora membranacea, Ag. Key West.
Cladopuora RUPE8TKIS, L. Cape Ann, Mass.
Cladophora arcta, Dillw. Cape Ann, Mass.
Cladophora lanosa, Roth. Orient, L. I.
Ci-ADOPHORA UXCIAL18, Fl. Dan. New England coast.
Cladophora LiKTEViREX8, Dillw. Key West, Fla.
Cladophora fracta, Fl. Dan. Eastern coast.
Ch^tomorpha Picquotiana, Mont. Cape Ann, Mass.
Ch^tomorpha melagoxium, Web. and Mohr. Cape Ann, Mass.
CHiETOMORPHA 8UTORIA, Berk. Stonington, Conn.
CHiETOMORPHA BRACUYGOXA, Harv. Key West.
CHiETOMORPHA T0RTU08A, DiUw. Eastport, Me.
HoRMOTRiCHUM YouxGAXUM, Dillw. Ncw England coast.
Lyxgbya MAJU8CULA, Harv. Cape Cod.
Lyngbya ferrugixea, Ag. New England coast.
Lyngbya KDtzuxgiana, Thnr. Eastern coast.
Calothrix confervicola, Ag. East coast.
Calothrix 8COPULORUM, Ag. East coast.
Sph^rozyga Carmichaelii, Harv. Wood^s Holl, Mass.
Petrocelis cruexta, Ag. Eastport, Me.
Spirulixa texulsslma, Klitz. Eastport, Me.
Chno(^spora FA8TIGIATA, Ag. San Diego, Cal.
H0RMACTI8 Farlowi, Bomet. East coast.
rg^anic materials :
. Scooring-sand. Impnre silcx for domestic use. Alameda, CaL H.
Hemphill.
. Glassmaker's-sand. Pure silex. Isle of Shoals, N. H.
272 ANIUU. UGSOUBCES AND li^SHBBIES OF DNETBD 8TA11S.
COMMERCIAL STATISTICS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS D! THE
UNITED STATES: A REVIEW OF A PORTION OF THE BR
POKT OF TQE CUIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS
FOE THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1877.
By G. Brown Goode.
The foUowing review of tlie cliaracter and commercial values atmnd
products used or produced in tbe Uuited States is intended to ^y^
meut and explain in part the preceding "Catalogue of the coIlivM
illustrating the animal resources of the Unit«d States,'' made luidecdt
direction of the United States National Museum for the InteniUMd
Exhibition of 1876. The statistics hare been arranged with n lifwti
a concise oxiiibition of the extent aud location of the trade in all
stances of animal origin. The classiflcatioD is nnifotm with that *
ployed in the catalogue.
An attempt is made to show —
1, The amount of imports, the countries from whirh the proeincB*
imported, and the iJorts through which the import cjitries are dadf
made.
2. Til e domestic consumption of foreign pi-oducts. TIic taWerfi*
[Mtrts entered into consumption is more detailed than au,y of thettkA
aud from this have been taken many statements which were not t\^
where given, as, for instance, the amounts of coral, whalebone. ckmi'A
and siMJcimeus of natural histor.v.
ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FISHEEIES OF UNITED STATES. i13
iroogh the Lake x)ort8. New York, with its extensive shipments from
arope, receives the next proi)ortionate share ($111,501), then San
rancisco ($4,708), Boston ($3,029), Baltimore ($2,113), Philadelphia
1519), and New Orleans ($200).
The teams of emigrants have the right of free entry. The yearly
itum of entries is placed at $26,070. The greater proi>ortion ($23,520)
>pears to come from the British Provinces through the Lake ports.
The imports of birds are valued at $109,879. Of this amount, $71,989*
mies to New York, and consists principally, no doubt, of singing birds.,
he Provinces send $38,328, probably, for the most i)ait, fowls.
Leeches are imjwrted to the amount of $4,227. All cjome through
ew York, except $133 worth through New Orleans.
The following table, compiled from the ^^ Statement showing quantities
ttd values of foreign merchandise entered into consumption in the
fnited States during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1877, &c." (No. 20,
p. 446-505), while it necessarily does not tally with the figures already
iven, is instructive, since it shows in fuller detail the numbers and char-
cter of the imports of foreign animals:
Description of animoL
Number.
■ttfe
Snidt
for breeding parposen
Mrla, Imd and water
9,240
31,8U3
282.432
4,.'>34
6,370
Mm
not elsewhere specified.
ToUd
Value.
314,
674,
416,
36,
73.
4.
*>7
mi
618
094
883
876,,
476
793
187
288
737
2, 159, 847
The domestic ex]X)rts of living animals are valued at $3,306,308, as
hown in the following table:
Description of aniuiRl.
tllM
Dvn^catUe
^•fp.. .. .
«*
Xiinibcr.
2,042
3,441
179, 017
65.107
Valm-.
$301,134
478,434
50,001 \ 1,593.080
234.480
G99,180r
Total.
.'{, :U)6, 308
The largest number of horses is shipped from New York (727), next
Dm Brazos de Santiago, Tex. (363), Minnesota (196), San Die^o, Cal.
•5), Corpus Christi, Tex. (82), Puget Sound, Washington (66), San
Kancisco (52), and Baltimore (^3). The horses shipped from San Fran-
ioo are most valuable, being woitli $500 on an average; those from
York $150; those from Texas $40.
* principal exports of horses are to Mexieo (603)eliietty Iroui Texas,
HitariOy &c. (391), the Bri«sh West IntUes and Honduras (232),
•* tlie Fren(5h West Indies and French Guiana (129).
10. U 18
274 ANIMAL RESOURCES AMD FISHERIES OF USITED STATES. • ^B
Miil«s are Bliipi>e(l iu Uie largest imiubcisfi'tiiii New Yoik (2,058), S«3
Orleans, La, ( 1,030), Brazos de Santiago, Tex. (J 10), Salima, Tes. (K),
aud Uiilvestou, Tax. (90). Tliey are seut chiefly to the British Wwsl
Indies and Houdiiras (1,541 ), Cuba (1,018), the FrcDch West Indies ami
Gitiaua (252), the Central American States (210), British Qniaua {'M),
and Mexico (134).
Homed cattle are sliipped chiefly from Texas (20,390), Key West, Fla.
, {0,071), Minnesota (6,615), New York (4,803), Unron, Mich. (IJiS],
I BosroD (1,500), Philadelithia (700), Piiget Sound, \V. T. (Oil), Detroit,
I Blinh. (543), aud San Diego, Cul. (085). They are sent chieSy to ChIki
(^7,388), Quebec, Outai-io, &c (13,020), England (4,!K>1), Liberia (2,S09),
Clutl to the British West Indies and Honduras (1,741), the Bennndas
> taking u large share of the latter.
Sheep are sent principally from Texa^ (108,747), California (53,4^),
"Washington Territory (9,484), and Now Y'ork (-1,744). and find their vruj'
mostly toMtxico (161,549), Britisli Columbia (9,484), British West Indias
(2,299), England (2,692), and Quebec, &c. (1,003). It is snlBoienUy eri-
) dcut that Texas and California send to Mexico, Washington Territory
to British Columbia, and New York and the Atlantic ports to Engliiad
aud the West Indies.
Hogs are exporte<l largely from Detroit, Mich. (34,504), Huron, MicIl
^ (28,508), aud Minnesota (339); also, from Paget Sound, W. T., to the
British Provinces. Key West, Fla.. sends alxjut 230 to Cuba, and Te\a»
348 to Mexico.
There is a foreign f.\i)ort of living animals to the vahie of ^22,970,
chiefly to England (*12,130) and the British West Indies (*8,176). ll i-
chiefly from N<-w York (*20,722).
l-(ll)l) ritUDUCT.S, EXCEPT ElSIl,
The import entries uf fotHi products are placed at $724,4.j2. New Yiul;
is the chief receptacle of these imports (*.)08,!)05), folhinod by the |wrts
on the Canadian boixler (A17;J,(K)7), San Franeiseo (?i.>i,7(Xi), I'liiluii*!-
phia ($32,111). New Orleans (*7,4(HI), Boston (65,2.53), and Key Wwl,
Fla. (*2,;J3I>).
The receipts from Canada (*il;t,191) correspond nearly to the auioiiut
given tor the northern liorder ports, those froni China (*43,331) tollie
entries of San Francisco, and thus*! frem Cuba {5!2,.'>4t)) to the entries of
Florida, New York and Philadelphia receive nearly all the remaiuder,
which is princii)allv sent by (iermany ($325,693), England {ii65,\6i),
France ($63,119), Belgiinn (54,537), the Netherlands ($40,145), Ilalj
($ 1 1,957), and Mexico ($2,670).
The total value of the import of honey is $61,205, of which New YoA
iv::eives the ])rincipal share ($34,693), then New Orleans ($13,483) ami
Boston ($8,019).
Sausagi,'s, sausage-ski us, and Bologna sausages are imported toth^
ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 275
le of ♦83,187, of wliieli Kcw Yuik rf(-t'i\fS ovvr $80,000 and New
■Am over $1,300.
i>iidea8e<l eggs come only to New York, wbicli iiuiK)rtH to tlie \alue
i:i,529.
ilk comes to the Lake \toTki to tlie value of $2,002.
tic quantities of each article entered into consumption arc kIiowu iu
IbllowlDg table:
Artklw.
Amou... 1 V«l...
213, WW
t.^M0>2
Ml!??
42,118
W,0!3W
:«.92B00
73,7TJ
nd bmM, game, and poultt;, mbIsiI or uiuealed. In ca
It(.»»8tl
13,624
6, MS, KM
B1T.W3 W
-^Tseou
2.71»,)51
82.131
1»,*I3 50
je following tables show the imports of eggs by countries, and the
esponding entries by customs-districts.
CannlilM.
Egg«,
Coimtcfca.
3.0MI IWl
(M8,70a Jl»,ffi3l
J.BflB.3W '4B»,«2J
/A
Smila, New Bmniwlck,
Hondnnia
»<>^Me
DCt«!k,N.Y..
7liiMTil,N.T..
plain, K.Y
iaa.O>ilo
iirfileh
i,M.J.'-
7.W I >V»ji..M, H. I
13, OS.-. I KorlolkHnil I'Drtauunth,Va...
no. -Ma ' Oii'Enn.Onii
UH,42T ! 1U8.320
Is, MB. 271 ', 017. 6S£
276 AmULL BGBOUeCES AND PI8HEBIE8 OF tlNITEU aUTiS
Tlie aiuoiint of domestic exports is shown in Uie fullomng b
ArtlKlM. I Aa
("
fiee^BtUea...
Motton
Pork
PrMcrred metU . .
lATd
Total...
-. ia«
i(iT.aAi,aM aMCT
Fresh beef is shipped an follows :
New York--.. ,- ...poendii.. a»,S30,«» nnM
Pblladelphln _ -..Jw-.-- ft«<etMO tKW
Btmtm do... *!,«» U«
Porllud , „ do..,, I «.»» m
Tot»l .....—. 4.«. I WSRW »jSS
All the fresh beef goes to England and Scotland. The former reoeira
30,906,04« poniiils, rallied at S:i,«14,7V3. and tlie latter i),304,050 ponndfc
vahied at $9.17,744.'
9altwl Iwef goes jiriueiiially from New York, !'hiUiiifl]ihi!i, lloston,
Baltimore, Snn Fniiieisco, I'ortlnnd, and Bnutos do Sanliiig<>, Ta^
and is sent to almost every eonntry, England (ll*,727,88:i pounib).
Scotland (5,887,774), the British West Indies (2,774,804), (lei-inBiiy
(2,185,090), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (1,297,GB2), and British
(iniana (1,(142,150) receiving the largest proportion.
Jlutton goe« fVotn New York to England (219,!)28 [khuiiIk) and Scot-
land (120,440).
Pork goes chiefly flvnn New York (3!t,239,2a4 ponnd«), Uosloa
(10,703,002), Huron, MJoh. (7,748,C«0), Baltimore (3.901,O4J), Philwid-
phia (2,144,7H1), and Portland (2,930,359) to England (I!i,7!13,I(iH.li«
British North American Provinces (17,090,5*0), the British WcM liwllMi
Provinces (0,8«7,4ft0), Scotland (2,847,340), Porto Rico (2,92.'i,975), ikr-
many (1,251,100), and the Dutch West Indies (1,120,100), aM well w w
all other qnarters of the globe.
Uacon and hauis go cliif fly IVoin New Yoik (253,481,047 iKiuuds), EmWD
(112,050,704), Philadelphia {72,7.is.ll!l], Portland ( 10,541,136), Baltiiuoi*
(6,146,098), and Huion, .Mich. (2,1^75.004). lo Kngland (322,010,72(1). Srot-
land (31,193,96i)), Belgium (30,840,038), (iennany (23.7I.-.,0'.I3). Fniiw*
(23,107,230), Cnba (10,813,912), Sweden and Norway (■>.27s.22S). NVlliir-
landa (4,442,700), tlie British Pmnnces (3,032,464), tlie British ffw*
'Tlie Joaroaluf the Bo.val AgrJonUtinil Society of Enclnuil <197T) Kiuftit tlii'iiii|"|*
of l>e«U Iwef from New York nnd I'Uilwli'lphiu in lEe lirat four monlb* uf IJi
(9a,ei2,12^1M)iiml»)tj)li(iv('escpe(lud tImwUoleimportof thepi'BceiUng juwilBi'*''''*
poondB).
I
AKIUAL aESOURCUa AND FlSUEUItS QV UMTED &TATL».
(1,241,484), Spain (1,004.S4U), ami hi enmllci' qiiuiititiex to almost J
t ly other country.
l'ieHer\-e<l mciiitH go rliieHy ft'om Now Vork (*.i.oiilj,53S), Galveston,
\- t*35!),0ti.i). Btisfoii (i?18(i,(u;i), Oregon (Slirvil'l), ami San Fn
o ($114,5ai) lo fc;ngland($;J,lS9,ti88}, Scotland (*l,2L'li,2W), Geiiriany 1
' .11.05!)), Fnuicf (iSl2G,0in), and the British West indies (940,480).
I ad goes iliicliy ihini New York (1C6,!>L'4,2.") l)oaiids), Boslou I
' ;^it,;n;)). riiili.k-litliia (Il,(i82,l40), Baltimore (11,072,057), Poilland ]
, I l.srtU), iiikI lliin.ii, Miuli. (.V^o,?;^), to England (00,196,750), Sirot-
.1 (.>8,u.-«<.7il). IJelgUini (2;t,HS2,27I ). Franw; (2^,788,009), Cubftj
I 'i'WijiWi), Sfotliiiid (ti.a'J«,«52), British Provinces (O.llS.SM), Noihir- f
Ms(5,597,l60),UDit«dStat€8ofColonibiin4,549,!»95),Bmzil(4,2ti7,31(»),
lela, Spanish Africa, llayti, and nnuiorons other conntriec.
gofromSfw York (12,211 dozens), VYashingion TeiTitory (8,871), j
Cnnatlinn lioiindnry (»,;W») to the British I'rovincos (18,81
(4,20(1), !ind Porto Kico (5».024).
ilcii»ed milk goi's IVom New York (*!14,24(i), San Fi-aiiclsco ($24,006),
Itimore (iE'l,'l2r>) lo tlie BritiHJi posResHions in AuHlralasiu ($37,609),
1 (*30,727), .lapan ($12,984), British West ludiew ($8,51)2), China
Cuba (*4,74fij, llrazil (iS2,4»r.). British folunibiiv (ii2,405), Ceu- ,
riva ($1,754), and Ihiyti ($1,248).
goes chiefly from Sew York (10;(,251,li01 iKauidn), I'liiladclphiikJ
,868), IJoHton (I,17LV'--). ai"l Huron, Mich. (l,ll(Vi2«), to Kii},'laildl
^~9),8cothtna (l,lO(M>l>9),anil the English colonics, with smalt]
itiiM lu oilier connlrie.s,
goeM chiefly from New York (10,771,003 pounds), Boston^
), and I'hilodelphia (1,141,224) to England (10,501,040). Scot- 1
1,7.17), the British West Indies (1,277,1)4.")), Scotland (1,237,1)78), I
Iritish l'n)vitiot%Cuha, Porto Eico,IIa,vti, thw Netherlands, f.'oloia-T
'enezuelu, iind the Danish West Indies.
foreign <»xi>ortHof pmvi^tions amonnt to §04,478. chiefly ti-oin NewfiJ
to England, Cu'm, Mexico, British Columljia, Ccntrul iind Soiitlt
b qnandty of ll8h imitorteil not Hiibjcet to duty is shown in the I'ol-.
Stable. ' The total value is $1,400,730.
Ilcnlng, pltklnL Mnckcrrl, iiicklwL , ^
BamJs. DoUim. ButivU.
K Knv OrniuwlFk,
2, 316 I 13, Ml
278 ANIMAL RESOUBCBS AND FISHBBIES OF CNTTED STATES.
The remainder of tbe iiiiiiort subject to duty is Khovn in the nex
The total value is $l,0r>4,748.
Counlriea.
SardiQM anil ucho-
olltroiberiri*.
HcrtJDg,
ptckl.^
Ibekcrd. pickM
roimrtB.
Don™.
Pmnd*
DdUn.
Fomid*. 1 IMbn
20
IK
1. 388
^^.T.
84
61. WO
No™ Soolla, New Bran.«lck,
«
lM(tohW«itlndir..»lBrit.
1
SOS
0,479
14 1 W
773,331
I4.trj3
WM5
The amuiints of Cana^lian tisli not liable to duty received in tb
0H3 ciustoms-districts are shown below:
I I'iah. nni of Aniericm flalkertt*.
ANDCAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 279
The entries by customs-districts of flsli not from Canada and dutiable
are shown below:
Districtm.
BBltimore, Md
Boston and Cbarlestown, Haas
BnsoadeSantiaffo, Tex
BoilUo Creek, NT Y
Cftpe Vincent, N. Y
Champlain, N. Y
Coyahosa, Ohio
DStroit,
^ Mich.
OalveatoiL Tex —
Qeneaee, N. Y
Huron, Mich
Key West, Fla
Hichii;an,Mich...
Now Orleans, La . . .
irewYork,X. Y...
Niagara, N.Y
Oawegatchie. N. Y
Phllaaelphia, Pa . . .
San Diego, Cal
Sandnaky, Ohi^....
San Francinoo, Cal.
Superior, Mich
Vermont, Vt
Willamette, Oreg . .
Total
Fish, not of Anier-
ican fisheries.
Herring, pickled.
Barrels.
338
2
1
21
Dollars.
2,686
28
12
21
45
14,428
6
8
770
185,926
All
•other.
Sar-
Mackerel, i";S*??il not else-
pickled. J^^?;^^- when^
in oil.
Barrels. Dollars.
34
14,873
158
180, 615
6
8
14
Dollars.
309
43,130
417
1,082
43
o
67
65,188
578, 923
105
1,475
82,134
4
■|-
I
Dollai-A.
II.
8€9
?9
im
9."»2
.1
-O
3K'{
1.
4,
11,
4,
1.
.'1.
0
J
118
52
.'>.-i4
370
4(n
52
oai
864
238
085
310
200
148 ! 773,331 j 01.
•
(^4
The next table shows the amount of fish entered into consumption :
Description.
Fish, the pmdact of the sea-flsherles of the Dominion of Canada. New-
foundland, Sec, under treaty of May 8, 1871, act of March 1, 1875, and
not dutiable :
Fresh, for immediate consumption pounds . .
Herring, pickled iNirrels..
Herring, dried or smoked boxes..
Mackerel, pickled barrels..
Salmon, pickled do...
Salmon, dried or smoked pounds. .
Shell-fish and turtles •
other fish, uickleil barrels. .
other fish, dried or smoked pounds..
Prepared or preservwl in cans, or otherwise than In oil
Fish, dutiable :
Herrings, pickled or salt'ed barrels . .
Fiah, in oil or preserved, except anchovies or sardines
Mackerel barrels..
other fish, pickled do...
other fish, pickled. .. pounds..
Fish prepare<1 in cans
Pickled salmon bamJs..
Sardines and anchovies, packed in oil or otherwise in tin boxes:
Whole boxes, 5 X 4 X 3i inches
Half boxes. 5 X 4 X If inches •.
Quarter boxes, 4J X 3} X 1|
In any other form
Quantity. I Dollai-s.
(^fitera, dried.
— I
13. 453. 033
61. 791. 50
316, 570. 50
44, 160. 50
21, 677
37,069
16, 004. 25
5, 645, 357
14,907
84
385i
690,856
i
3,813
264,285
7,985.401
31.-»,8.''.8 10
207, 090 5.'>
39, 4."i9 42
373, 792 38
62. 393 00
3,704 00
1,727 55
90, 706 00
229.0(11 00
19,2-3 7rt
190.431 00
15, 996 00
105 0(t
2, 4.''»8 00
48, 2(H> 00
7,271 Co
9 Wi
2,838 00
48.044 00
661, .597 2,"»
11,018 2J
722,997 50
~l3, 44700
' 280 ASIMAL AE801IHCES AND F18HEKIES OF UNITED STATES,
The following table showu the amount of domestic exports of fi^: j
a^,.„.
tjumlity.
DBiinJ
im,SJ«
^"?'*"
''US
234, 111, ZB3
™,>i
K.tstai
TUe fuUowing table allows the amouut of exjwrts by districts:
"•iS"
PUh,
Fbih.
plrkled.
q,«tM
Cwt.
Uonsn.
Dolkn.
Bunla.
Dalian.
MUm.
Boih.
Mk
£
«8
1,30,1
2
4,715
142
Ml
M,1S(I
OM
iTi.oni
TS,tllS
"'2
2»
'"■S
:;:.:;;
i^"ol^w"'s*"Y''" ■■
11
Cupi-ViiicMt. N.Y
■■"ioi
""i.iw
»
„»
ai
I,»0
.^!
iori
gS?;&"«::::;::-.:::;:
V . .'
ii
:«i
M
1L338
M,niB
391
BO, 200
07
64,002
S,TM
388,778
' i,8«i i.m at
M,»S7
1«8,41S
313,042
289
^709
::::;■■
::::::"
2,5K
KSjiri.;:-.::::
-■*
032
-4.;ij.
'2.*W7"
4.BB3
21. »H
"ie
■AM
'"""i,i4!i
17, GOD
E;": """--I
51.5^
i,"6fl^«3 ...'....:
B,2M 6,1(0
7, 71U LIH)
WilhuiM-.H', OT..B
Vcnouot, [jikm fnuo C»-
isftWi
ISO, IJl
114,338 1 70, 217
1
468,738
2,48a,Ka
170, d"
iW«,i«0
431. M
r
NIMAL'BESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 281
allowing table shows the amounts of domestic exports of fish by
js:
Coontrieft.
Republic
jerican States
Fish, ^ied or
smoked.
Cwt. Dollars.
105
'st Indies
'Ht Indies and French Guiana,
ssessions in Africa and a^a-
ids
Messions, all other,
iin: Englimd
45
170
1.316
343
624
19, 039 I 84, 228
a, New Brunswick, and Prince
Island
itario, Bupert's Land, and the
st Territory
umbia
and and Labrador
'St Indies and Bi^tish Honduras
iana -
(sessions in Africa
(Sessions in Australasia,
[slands
is
st Indies.
loira, and Capo Verde Islands.
e PosM*8sions in Africa and ad-
lands
ilatic
igo
22
86
242
163
380
012
Fish,
fresh.
Dollars.
Fish, pioUed.
Barrels. Dollars.
0
50
121
60
541
857
2,312
305
6,000
2,302
Fish, oth-
er cured.
Oysters.
Dollars.
770
300
5,039
3, 420
2,572
Dollars.
812
12
1,841
240
2,555
27 2,714 18,480
0.502
2,002
87
70
5,084
040
104
815
41, 352
18.000
600
350
27,709
4,886
080
3,474
00
62,387
10
55
371
42
1
24,004
72
644
372, 025
60^
406
1,238
443
7
77,818
315
611
22
3,205
00
oHsessions in Africa and a(\ja-
ads
id Norway
ites of Colombia.
Hlands and ports, not elsewhere
3,400
18,483
5,720
19,503
87,687
24, 077
196
1,997
760
12, 142
710
5
53,660
270
170
746
1,030
2,046
210
2
2.107
1,042
4,151
4,700
12, 137
1,628
16
86
222
5,540
1,478
81
626
026
20,737
33,066
0,280
866
4.652
7,352
225,040
143
430
4
6
2,102
3,117
43
56
11,416
2,480
43,307
7,286
612
13. 05.1
72,536
1, 587, 457
5. 514
50
21,787
2, 453
L20
25,280
1.000
201,606
341
207,468
17, 701
31.344
402
236
;{4
50
i 18, 420
i 11K,6J4
I 2,CC7
5,003
I 56.516
1.849
I 68
1.401
I 800
38
' 183
33,143
2,002
482
1
13
10
141
i.
2,523
3,048
5,067
I 2,112
00,200 I 588
I 1,258
16,534
5,146
8,137
20, 516
715
101,402
i 5, 232
5, 160
33
J
taken frt)m Canadian reports
id total
159, 648
791, 785
189, 151
980, 936
13
129
3.435
14, 315
20
360
66
27
6,757
65, 401
8,112
384
4,400
13,080
1,117
7,256
4,551
43
3,404
72
437
14
3,005
145
114, 138 76, 227 486, 738 2, 486, 225
224
2, 157
1.381
181
200, 620
170, 610
4.11,230
thousand nine Inindred and tliree barrels of i)ickled herring,
at $9,088, passed througli Boston to Sweden and Norway as a
export.
?llaneous fish to the vahie of 832,120 goes as foreign export to
d ($22,098), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (8o,795), the Fi^neli
adies ($3,932), Quebec, Ontario, &c. (8215), and Austrahisia ($80).
i amomit Boston sends the most ($31,905) and Portland the re-
r ($215).
282 ANIMAL RESOnSCEB AND FI8HEBIE8 OF UtriTBD 8TATe&
The following tivble shown the foreign exxurta of fish :
YiMb. bM at AmraioB liAalm.
Comitriej..
piSn?s.
Bunl*.
Dalian.
Donus. j Dd
ODtnlAmeriiiiiSUiteB
LM
••2i
XocB Scotia. NeiiltnuiBwiok. and Prince Bdwacd IiUnd
in
S
21
KSM
<T7
^
n
2*,T»
The vahie of the import of yudressed fur-skins is shown in Ilie i
tflhie:
Jmp«rt» of fur-tkinn undrtited.
AreeDtine Ri^jiiililic ,.,,.,, . ,...'... t^
Chioa. . .
l'>«mcb Wmt Ii
lipH ajid Prenrh (iiijaiia
1
MAL RESOURCES AITD FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 283
jht forward 12,400,747
, New Brunswick, &c 281
essious in Australasia 239
16 Baltic and White Seas 178
^ 115
63
nd and Labrador • 52
43
fc Indies and British Hondoras 38
17
14
2,401,778
e imported chiefly to New York ($2,142,947), Philadelpbia
Boston ($72,625), Montana and Idaho (from the Hudson's Bay
of course) ($69,051), and San Francisco ($11,874).
Lie of fur-skins and furs entered into consumption is shown in
ing table:
' all kinds, not dressed in any manner $1, 544, 893 89
anufactures of:
, on the skin 1,044,930 1fc{
, partially on the skin 198 10
, not on the skin, hatters', and others 1, 229, 322 64
undressed, and not on the skin 8,178 00
ips, muffs, and tippets of fur, and all other manufactures
, or of which fur shall he the component of chief value... 97,942 87
3.925.467 73
nd lamb skins tanned with the wool on are imported to the
3 to the amount of $22,232.
lestic export of furs amounts to $3,836,579. The amount of
t, by customs-districts, and by countries, is shown in the fol-
)le:
Districts.
a
I
larlentown, Mass
T
Pa
Wash
Cal
rog
Niagara and Vermout,
'anadian reports
>tal
Furs and
fiir-skins.
Dollars.
20,900
10,300
13H.4(}8
28, 640
82»
10
000
2, 777, or>0
210
1,728
7ri7, 986
16, 707
29, 337
21
10
3, 788, 802
47, 777
3, 830, 579
Conntries.
Belgium
France
GfiTiiauy
(rn»at Brit^iin : England
Scotland
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
Prince Edward Island
Qucbei'^ Ontario, Rupert's Land, and
the Northwest Tenitory
Biitish Columbia "
British Possessions in Australasia . .
Japan
Netherlands
VenezueUi
I Total
> Additions taken from Canadiin re-
I ports
Grand total
Furs and
fur-skins.
Dollars.
605
8,397
1,000,380
2, WW, 253
2, 200
1,250
32, 044
37, 017
200
437
200
219
3, 788, 802
47,777
3, 8:ji!. ."7'J
Ml- imdxessedy are sent a« foreign exports to the amount oi*
id $105,020, Qermany #0,214, France $3,227, and
284 AMDIAL BEBOUBCES AMD FISHBB1E8 OP UHITXD flTlXSa.
Uoug-Kong $625. All passes through Nev Yori:, exo^t tlte Hou^
Koug sbipmeiLt, which goes through San Francisco.
There is also a foreign export of fiira to the ^-alne of $52^99: to Que
hec, &c.f $37,518, England $8,025, Mexico $2,667, Fiuice $2,138, tom
Oermauy $1,296. It passes almost entirely tlirongfa "Sew Y<xfc.
The importation of onmuiufiictured wool amounts to 12,171,19^
pounds, valued at $7,156,944. The value of manofitctures of wool (ec-
clusiveofhate) is $25,601,922. The details of this importation aregjni
ANIMAL BES0URCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 285
hi
n
1-^
"ti
§
I
I
lit
' I
&
i»
fU
o
too
Sigsgs
f>4lO ^
•-•«
ss
iSii
35
&
! Oft
8*^
s
61
94
IS
ss
ca
•^sf
kO
«
^
of
i.
&
'^
I
3S
lis
83?
ec
§J
e»eo<
«
i
oo t«<
CI
00
(S
9
iS
'2
s
1
'&
i
m
1
1
a
^r Q S
-3
art
3
a
a
o
c
a
SSI
o CO oo
CD i-<
^
$
^
§
CO
CO
a <p <p
s
CO
o
1-^
s
t^cfiT
^
N
;^
OOi
I o ej ly 2j ^ p
I r^ li) in a» ^
53
1-1 n
ff cTi-T-^
e»»n
of
o
&4
M
g
O
06 fi^ '^ lA O C« 00 CO Ol t*
lillHSSiliS;
3
tnn
5 •^§© ^
C4
CO M
CO
s
O Ol
CO"*
§
t-
« as V
4* * - fl
S
•o •'
C «3»S^5 5 o S
&:S ! P %<■ M -«■
ic
»-iO»
co'x"p^
of
CO
s
s
c
§
il
K*^!
2SG ANIMAL KE80UBCEIS AND FI8UBRIB8 Of DNITBD STATES.
TLu iiuijuitu of adhcailo Iclt are valiiwl at J28,273. Tliis siibstaiiM
I comes chiefly to New York and 8aii Francisco. The import of rootinjr
t amounts to $5,299.
The exports of wool and woolen niauut'uuturc«, l»,v cuatoms-ciisi
\ 'Sud eoaatrios, is bIiowd below;
I
AliHkm.llasl
B>illLnuiiv.U
aptliWo,Ti
CluiDVlniwntN.nr
Cli»inpWa,KT
CoTinU Cliriatl, Xts
IMn>lt.Ukti
Dnluth. Ulnu
Uuhlu, Mo
Mimnl, Ohi..
Ifewburyporl, Muai*
Oremui, ihrg
PortlitDd.Uu
BiobmrnuLVa
Btiaa Mid Berorlv, Haw . .
etoafm,CtL
BhtuuiiiIi, 0
B«^wrliii.Mt
WaUolnro'.He ...
WULunellti, (teas-.
WllmliialDii. N. C .
Woo), nir and fltwm.
PoDodB. IMUn.
iuiia to Nlneus and Vcnnon'
itdct^
Fraicb PouicuicHia in Afric.i n
juccnt lalmula
Vronch FoaBeoaious, at] ciilnv
Gnat IlrStaio: ihiginiia .
(jiii-bCL, UDtarlu,1tii|i.'ii
Npwniiiiiillanil anii'tJihi
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISUKRIES OF UNITED STATES. 287
Wool, and manufactures of.
Countries.
Wool, raw
and fleece.
Carjiets.
Other manu-
Cuoturcsof
•
Pounds.
Dollars.
Tarda, i Dollars.
1
DoUarH.
:m
100
138
55
150
121
60
2,940
1
)
14,460
riftndff . . ,,,,..,.,-..,
170
West IndieB
127
;al
'
275
ICadeira, and Cai>e Yexde Isliuids
niese PosaeMions in Africa and
:fint ialanda r
1,244
' ■ ■ 1
100
1
10 , 21
85 06
1
2,225
I States of Colombia
1.153
ay
• ' "4
1,040
uela
076 1 5.'i8
1
1,404
her islands and iM>rts, not else-
re sDecifled
142
1
I'otal
ons taken from Canadian repoi-ts .
1 79,599
1
26,446
670,008
23, 479 16, 377
275, 460
101, 106
1
096,454
436,506
'
ic foreign export of woolen inaniifactnres amounts to $373,753, that
imanufactnred wool to $472,519 (3,088,957 pounds), chiefly to Canada
5,134), France ($23,835), and England ($3,550).
SILK.
le importii of raw silk are shown in the following table:
Silk, raw
e ..
anv
aa.
I
•Rons
44, 281
133,106
2, 192
170. 891
2,282
819,056
5, 360
Dollurs.
233,390
1,017,339
18,403
1, 113, 832
19. 979
4,371,886
18,108
1,186,170 • 6,702,937
aw silk coines entirely to San Francisco (801,106 i)ounds), New York
,328), and Phila<lelphia (670).
foreign export of raw silk (38,515 i)Ounds), valued at ($209,709), goes
3iigland (37,018 pounds), France (1,000), and Quebec. It passes
fly through New York.
288 ANIMAL RESOUBCES AND FI8HBBIE8 OF UNITED BTATES
Tbc import of mauufactureB of silk is Bbown below:
Conntrl™.
Dnmad
ptMOgOOdL
HalBy.
*a
DoUin.
DaDn.
»
Im.ete
».U7
"
],MI
5g
«10
S2
37
IT*
(8
S2
ia,7».M«
-KM
Almost tbe entire imports of tliis class come to yew York.
The amount of silk and manufactures of silk eiitere<l into ccmsiUD
is sbowii ill the following table :
ANIliAL BES0UBCE8 AND FISUEBIES OF UNITED 8TATE8. 289
le total import of ivory amounts to $379,402. New York receives
(,727, Boston $21,938, Baltimore $20,043, Philadelphia $2,749, San
icisco $9G5.
HORN.
[le total value of the importation of horns, horn-tips, and horn-strips
>S5,3(>8, of which $240,487 comes to New York, $35,352 to Boston,
20 to the Lake x>orts, and $4,119 to Baltimore.
WHALEBONE.
nmanufactured whalebone entered into consumption to the amount
.880 pounds, valued at $1,379. The consumption of manufactured
lebone is valued at $851.
^ SHELL.
jells of everj' description, including, doubtiess, both tortoise shell
shells of mollusks, entered into consumption, $162,708.70.
CORAL.
umanufactitred coial entered into consumption to the amount of
$.14; coral cut or unmanufactured to the amount of $28,049.
LEATHER.
•
tie following table shows the amounts and values of leather and
her articles entered into consumption :
8 and skins :
joat-skioB, Angora, and sheep-Hkius, with the wool on (less the
value of the wool) $7. 419 15
Joat-skins, raw 3,1B1,072 40
Ul other hides, raw or uucnre<1, whether dry. salted, or pickled;
and skins, except sheep-skins, with the wool on 11, 795, 029 93
her, tanncfl, not nianufactur«Ml 4, r)«8, 491 46
ianufiujtureH of h-ather 3,449,979 7(>
bneut. 8,938 00
iiatious of viscera :
Hanufactures of bladders 10() 00
Sold-beaters' molds and skins :
Entered into consumption 14, 23G 00
Imported (this whole import comes to New York) 13, 6;i4 00
Sinews, nerves, &c., crude 3, 798 00
L*atgat and whipgut unmanufactured, catgut strinjxs and gut-
cord for musical instruuimts, also gut and woi-ni;;ut ior ^\ hi[)
and other cords, entered into consumption 103, 109 39
ie total entry of catgut strings amounts to $140,210. Of this, New
t receives $117,952, Ikiltimore 812,218, San Fnimisco S5,r»35, Boston
11, New Orleans $2,898, and Philadelphia $l,(i44.
col pelt«, less the value of the wool, are imported to the vahie of
IS. This import is entered entire at Boston.
"^OL N. M. No. 14 19
2D0 ANIMM. IllCSOnRCES AND FI8HEEIE8 OF UNITED STATES. 1
inDEa a:(d skins. ^
Tlie roIlowLD^ shows the valne of importatioiis of bides aiid skius: i
ArKuntino Republic ^2,071,181 '
Austria 26.S4S '
Beljriura SUETT
Broial l,13fl,SW
Contnl American Stftt«M A'lr.
Cliili I9.K!
Chiutt W!
Frauco ZtJ.TH
French West Indies and French Goiima IMS
Frmiph FnMeaMona in Africa Wi,Mj
All otlier French PoeBMBioiu l.Pi
Qermany 234,13
England l.a*,l«
Nova Suotto, Now Brunswick, dio 1*.3B
Suubec, Ontario. &c 4a3,i»
ritish Colnmbia a,«
Neufrmndland aud Labrador i,Sl
Brilbli West InditH and Hondnriu . 1T,ST
-■ilbli (iQiaua m
_ itiHh East Indies 1.279.«il
Britiull I'osBPBsions in Airica lS4.'lli
BrillKli I'OHsraaious ID Anatralasia ffl7
AHoUuT 38.W
Hawaii 5ll^*l
Bavti ?,«!>
' Italy CT
Jagiaa m
MMicb - i.m.m
. S«therlandB !»»
Ihitch Went Indict* and Dutch Guiana 93,7W
Portugal A™
AKOTca, Madeira, and Capo Verdo Islands « 48,18
Saultomin^o _ 19,917
Ciilia *B,"f'
PiinoRioo _ U.m
SpiiiiiiJi PrawMsions claewhcro 14,6™
Tiirlwv ill Africa 5*
Uiiilcd Sluti;(t of Colombia 1,033,OT
■ ITriinimv l,7!«,fK
V,.ii,-j;it.'.la 7n3,fiU
All iiumiLulterod ]ior(s in Afnta r^S3
ii,9ea,;iii
Tiic nest table shows the ports at which tiides and skins are eDteid
by the importers :
lliUlmoiv. Mil
Uonloii DiHl Ghnrlriitiiu'u. Magi
llraiiis (lu HouUiigii, Ti'i
Buflalii Crtck, I<. T
C;«|M> Vluctmt, N. Y
chic.ii.-i,"m * '.,... W' '..'.[ ["'.'.
f.'oniiiH Clirinti, Ti-i
]lc;ii>)t.. Uli:h
I'aiill.'W. CNn:i
liiilv.-sl.iii.T.'X
lll.iin-cnlvi-, Jl;,8»
Ilimni. Uli-li
Minni-xnlii, Jlinn
Ki-w llrilf,ml, SlBM
xl-Ii iliyi-™,'coni1?* .'.".'.'.y.'''.
X.-wOtl™n.i,l.i
N«wVciTk,r;.T .,,.
HirtTs^d'
klDB, OlllPT
Hum Ian.
'Bs
■as
■,,7's
-J'S
fltt^M
NiaKBra,N.r
Oswi'CatcMp.N.T..
OawccD.N.Y
l>siDlka,N.C
Pa»dp|Norle,Toi.
r«rlltiTer, Uiu...
rivmoutb. Uass —
I^nniilcnce, R I ...
I'lijIFt SouM, Wash
RkhmoBd, Va
San VraDCiaco, Cal..
Sniwrlnr-Mlcbi^;!;
Vcimmit.Vt
Wjllauipltc. Oroa . . .
WilmiBgloD. N.<!...
ANDIAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 29 1
next table shows the importation of manufactared leather and
3 made therefrom :
Leather, and mauutkctures of.
Coontries.
Leather of all kinds.
Gloves of kid, and all
other of skin or
leather.
Other manu-
factures of.
Pounds.
Dollars.
Doz. prs.
Dolkrs.
Dollars.
36
5,374
105
633
15
4, 638, 015
658,708
1,191^606
882
49
7,007
130
4^
0
3,005,685
442,568
778,065
255
55
6,377
280
41,024
C77
432
104
7,235
15
roHt lBdie«
231,093
258,870
00,063
47
1,350,022
l,lf»,109
543,517
319
142,501
120,119
242,549
723
100
tia. Neir Bnmswiok. &,o
2
12
9
105
1,088
^tario, Ac
583,873
82,854
10,948
plumbfi^
755
^egt Indies and British Honduras
5
■ttt indies - - .
" 354, i43
12
480
176. 198
15
567
750
ossessions in Africa, &c
50
osseasions in Australasia
177
7
1,821
1,063
1,214
1,348
310
1,383
119
406
2.785
1,533
1,284
1,022
16
1
93
11
1,242
ids >
ideira, and Cape Verde Islands .
I the Baltic and White Seas
5
400
465
41*7
16
97
33
424
60
283
62
112
nd Norway
80
2
'Ates ^ Colombia
805
115
55
162
12
42
1
204
a
1
31
a1
7, 447, 423
4,589,713
500,802
3, 128, 910
507. 014
exports of leather are as follows :
if afl kinds, not elso-vrhere specified pounds.
and other fine leather
1 shoes
and harness and other manufactures
.pairs.
Quantity.
25, 122, 936
300,484
Value.
$2,480,427
0, 010, 373
1, 280, 225
414,630
450,073
10, 047, 728
foreign exports of hides and skins amount to 8^4,415. This ex-
j made from New York and Boston to France ($13,970), Nova
and New Brunswick (812,068), Enj^land (810,608), and Germany
)). That of leather amounts to 8100,7()2 (382,705 pounds), cliicfly
^land and Canada; of leather gloves 813,372 (2,280 dozen pairs),
to Canada and France; and other manufactures, 817,857, to British
bia, Scotland, Mexico, England, Canada, and France.
292 ANIMAL RESOUBCBS AHD FI8HEBIE8 OF UNITEO STATES.
The tables below show the amoante of exports l^ countriw u
districts :
LaHher, imd munfutiuH et
CooRtriei.
I*.tl»rofril1tli»U.
not »l«wh*rB apeci-
ilBtoeea,
P-ir. Doll.™.
p™.u.
UolUn.
lu^
™-.
144
215
3M
40. Ui
500. 3W
»
t^BU
t
.1^
8, Ml
las
WH3
«;7H
U.1M
..£
Pmich WMt Indlf* «iid Fnath
lUqu^ LMgler, «rf St. Plara
i.ai7
IK
4.1M
i4«3
St4
41
flviD
4.4T4
1,M
»
3,E75,Z41
1
'S^Si'^:-^
il.001
18.<ITi
iT:ew
340
J«,OM
4(1, OT
as:
EDU
8B,«33
402
1T(
43,*02
,ls
£:.4ia
s.n9
11.140
x.ax
1.140
4:4%
&,M1
^^^^Sd£ld^L.to.dor
1,MS
aii
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 298
Leather, and manniactures ot
Districts.
Boots and shoes.
Pairs.
Dollars.
Md
d Chaiiestown, Mass.
Santiaco, Tex
»ek,l!lTx
)ent,N.Y
B,N.Y
iristi,Tex
jOhlo
lich
Una
3,509
63
25,585
25,823
75
1,650
8,457
1.444
N.Y
ioh..
iil^;:::;:
VHisn...
Tord, Mass
en. Conn . .
Ion, Conn
■ns. La....
7m
hie, N.Y
S.Y
oddy, Me
Me
xnd, Wash.
:ex
Leather of all kinds,
not elsewhere speci-
fied.
Morocco,
and other
fine.
Pounds.
Dollars.
6,120
60
88,433
32,218
100
1,658
14,076
3,342
72
3,286
4,288
129,857
4,068
^67,856
3,755
26,828
2,116
25
8,119
3isoo,Cal .M.SIS
i,Ga.
Vt
te, Oreg
■ to Kiaj^ra and Vermont,
rom Canadian reports
md total
3,135
7,792
145
50
516,145
3, 312, 403
125
57,566
95
70
60
905
10
202,137
Sad.
dlerv
ana
hamefs.
Dollars. Dollars.
Mann-
factures
of, not
else-
irher©
Dollars.
666,173
27
16,639
90
21
16
250
4,708
3,013
30,021
3,120
87
4,279
80.915
3,581
20,915
300,484
414, 630
133,842
50
227
280
10, 020, 309
5,065
1,786,280
30
445,571
40
27,665
8
62
112
4, 499, 578
441
1, 119, 981
1,580
5,040
1,233
234
550
702
1,535
518, 679
15
103,103
23
7,895
548,472
25,122,936
6, 016, 373
159,506
175
20
102
1,280,225
808
65
4.789
875
170
44,305
60
2,418
522
264
140
30, 248
368
314
94.085
HAIR.
1,370
' 26,821
153
2,319
1,934
3,316
841
215
4,077
29
662
■'44
5,268
56
233
274,900
140
4,028
32
5,102
680
895
862
24
24,851
36
3.268
301.988
380,312
742,300
amounts of hair and manufactures of bair entered into consump-
"e sliown in the following table :
Hair, and mannfactureH of.
Pounds.
ir, unmanufactured:
lair, cleaned or drawn
tair. not cleaned or drawn
ir, used for weaving, cleaned or nnclcancd, drawn or undrawn
Jr, an, and cattle-hair, cleaned or uncleancd, drawn or undrawn, unman*
red
bair. unmanufactured, not otherwise specified
ir
sir, other thui hogs*, for beds or mattresses
Ir, msnnfactnretl;
taoTM of human hair
Il and otiier mMinfiictures not otherwise provided fur.
aetoti, tmlda, chains, &o
121,588
2,226,602
M.
Value.
$40,652
41, C-J7
90.108
301,439
54, .'iOl
15, 057
Its
14,825
98,601
1,481
3
748, J 1:1
2iJ4 AKIUAIi BE80UBCE8 AND FISHERIES OF UMITSD STATES.
Tho imports of hair, by countries, are as shown below:
H^r. ud nuusAc
■— ^r-
ConDtTlc*.
H*lr, bD-
iiuiii.u)d
Hair.oUter
udmuin-
bctHTHOf;
uotelK-
•'ST"
iMlIan.
Dolln.
Pmmdj.
DdOm.
P«-i.IN
tM;741
IM,M*
M«.»> 1
ST
n«
iM,7i5
IS.W6
<tlM»: :
a,ST4
iie,4tz
&s;
1.192
■»
2.m
«01
3T
1,M1
3,9!e
an
41
T7.0T5
"""
»3,1«
S1S.S«
The imports are made chiefly to ^ew York, Boston, and Phihtd^
Tweuty-one tbousanil and three pounds of horse-hair for vetn
valued iit $4,201, pass through Boston to Eooland as a foreijni expt
also niauutUctures of human Lair to the value of $19,329, chiedy to Ei
4
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 295
QUILLS.
le amoant of quills entered into consumption, prepared and unpre-
d, is valued at $1,051. The value of toothpicks entere<l into con-
ption is $15,441.
FEATHERS.
le value of feathers entered into consumption is shown below :
tieiB and down for beds and feather-beds $12,531 50
mental feathers, ostrich, ynltare, cock, &.C., crade G34, 4^ 20
tiers, dressed, colored, or manofactured 15,352 00
le total entries of feathers amount to $11,313, of which !N^ew York
ives $10,431, and San Francisco $727, with trifling entries at other
s. There are also feather-beds to the value of $1,404, coming chiefly
ew York and Philadelphia.
GLUE AND GELATINE.
le imjKMi^ of hide-cuttings for glue-stock amounts in value to
^,722, of which New York receives $163,593, Boston $156,448, and
amore $081. Hoofs and other glue-stock of that description are
ed at ^10,650, of which $10,188 comes to the Lake ports.
le imxK>rt of common glue amounts to 1,112,527 pounds, valued at
345.00.
lie consumption of gelatine and similar products, of which a portion
robably of vegetable origin, is valued at $90,971.
inglass or flsh-glue entered into consumption to the value of $32,236
267 pounds).
tie total import of flsh sounds and glue is given at $16,125; $11,727
es to Boston, and $4,398 to other ports.
lue is exported to the amount of 81,685 pounds, valued at $16,009.
SPONGES.
le total import of sponges is valued at $91,742. New York receives
524, Philadelphia $2,452, and San Francisco $1,693.
OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS.
le following quantities entered into consumption :
OilH.
Amount.
Dollnra.
rer oil, bronvTi or crude, from provimeH, not iliitiuMo
(liitiablr
gallonn . .
do —
129, 2fl3
13. 732
81, 607 00
15, 4(t4 00
foUI
142, 99.i
1'7, 041 00
rstr oil Tcftii(>4l nifMlicinal
17 2<M) 00
gallons..
<lo
.. _ . __
1 at ftsh oil from provinc<?8, not duituble
dutiiiltlt^
19, C20
26, 711
10, »H2 00
11.237 00
FMsl
4U. 331
2, 597. 50
41U
2r>, 522
22, 210 00
1
gallons..;
do 1
■id aU •»*«""^( not otherwise pruvitled fur
1, 124 03
KO 00
]MHinds . . !
i
1,938 00
2. 142 03
296 ANIMAL BESOURCBS AND FISnEBIBS OF mriTBD STATCS.
OILl
A,^
Mtn
n»T«uuW<
issi
• Tbo totnl Import ot ETOue UDOtmU to «ua,D7a , Kew York receive* tM,dta, BoMo, MW.
Soap-grease is imported to the value of (5,384. Boston reccdvee|2,38
Kcw Yoil£ $1,469, tbe Lake ports $894, aud Pliiladelphia #637.
The total import of sperm oil is $5,590, all coming to Sao FnnHMi
The next table shows the exports of oils and fata:
Olli.tliti.ltc
ADMODM.
Ddn
i>;ta:
i.flia.iiB
♦HI
Tliere is a foreign export of whale and other iisli oils, appareotlyliM
the British Provinces through Boston to Belgium; tliis amounts tolSJI
gallons, valued at $26,669. A small foreign expoit of dutiable gilt<'
this description goes to Quebec, Ontario, &c. (1,459 gallons), tbe BtitU
West Indies (23C), and Brazil (10). This whole export amounts to 1.%
gallons, valued at $794. It passes through Boston (1,363 gallMUJu'
ABIIUL BESOUBCES ikND FI8HBBIB8 OP UNITED STATES. 297
FMR.,
..TI^U.
DtatrieU.
'^SSS.'S
While amaaih. not
GaUona,
Dothn.
OoIlcHlL
DolUn.
82.007
i'£
10.1W
«,78!
%m
wo
iB3S
Z(N
12>
tS
IS
1*8.708
84,088
FEBFITUEBT HATEBULS.
The next table shows the quantity entered into consmnption of mate-
itate used by perfdmero :
Oimcn..
Uollun.
^m
COLORING MATEEIALS.
Hk uext table shows the quantity entered into consumption of sub-
•Manceu used by color-makers :
DoKFiplian.
Pounds
D..1U.™.
^WteHl
1.304,370
*54;78i
jE4^n«.SM«l.bntt«>.ud.tlek
_D,Wli
The total import of cochineal is 1,324,1(k) pounds, valued at $640,325.
The next table shows the quantity of cochiuad imported, by conn-
Importt of eochtKeal.
W Ccantrieg.
Pffimda.
DoUan.
||>»
»ffi
BBS-
298 ANIMAL EBS0DBCB8 AND FISHSUIKS OF DHITED STATES.
The next table shows the quantit; of imports by costome districU:
Slatrict*.
New York ....
Bdston
FhiladelphU..
Saa Pnuialico.
In addition to tlie above, we find that 66,9S6 pounds, raloed *
$52,938, -p&ss through New York to England {foreign cxiwrts).
The nest table shows the quantity entered into cousamptiwi of ■
aud manufactures thereof.
Dwrrii^n.
AnouiL
-
Wu..iidi<u>oiilhct
ore. or.
1&8K
J
CuUtOttM
nrlnepnyldedlbr
^
The total import of wax aniouiiti^ to $16,844, of which Sew Yort»-
ceives $11,764 and Philadelphia 63,330.
The total export of wax amounts to 276,891 pounds, valuint at i
The total export of bone-black, ivorj-black, and lamp-black (I
ier not of animal origin), amounts to 515,488 pounds, valued at I
ANIMAL BK80URCES AND FISHEBIES OF UNITED STATES. 299
die mannfactore of fertilizers," is placed at $82,882. The amount en-
tered into consumption is $56,935.
The principal' import is through the Lake ports, whidi enter to the
ralne of $52,469. Baltimore, the seat of many extensive fertilizer fac>
wiies, receives to the value of $23,857, New York $4,937, and Bostou
Kl,475.
The total export of bones and bone-dust amounts to 7,072,000 pounds^
rafaied at $121,493.
GUANO AND OTHER FEBTILIZEBS.
The imi>ort entry of guano, except from bonded islands, is placed at
^1^482 tons, valued at $873,790.
The^xport of guano amounts to 954 tons, valued at $41,530. 2,757
OBS, valued at $77,190, goes as a foreign export to Ireland (1,537 tons),.
England (680), and Cuba (535). It passes through Petersburg, Ya.
1,437 tons), Beaufort, S. C. (779), and New York (541).
Other fertilizers are imported to the value of $157,471. Of this*
iBUHmt Baltimore receives $48,230, New York $18,897, Philadelphia
W^13, and other ports $80,647.
■ lianures, probably mostly animal, are exported, to the value of
Mt/>76|602.
SPECIMENS OF NATUEAL HISTORY.
The following entered into consumption :
of natural history, botany, and mineralogy for cabineta, ^c, and
^Ni lor sale
bMons
_ and other preparations of anatomy
•rfMbirds!^".'.'!!."""'..*.' !.".".'.'"///..'."'/."/.
VmUb
112, 191
4,040
11
li097
375
Total 17,714
The following table shows the countries from which guano is imported r
Countries.
^H.
m^
West IndicA and Rrit-
Hoodunis
Guano (except Irom
bonded islands).
Tons.
1,832
Hi
4
615
100
70
Dollars.
55, lao
790
317
7, 123
3,178
143
Countries.
Guano (except from
bonded islands).
Mexico
Venezuela
All other countries and ports
in South America
Total
Tons.
18, 481
4,403
25, 582
Dollars.
741. 124
f55, 27G.
873, 390
Gnano is brought chiefly to Kew York (1G,738 tons), Baltimore (7,732),.
idelphia (673), Norfolk (300), San Francisco (122), and :5^ew Or-
2U4 AKUUL KEB01TBCE8 AND FI8HEBIE8 OF tTHlTED STAin.
The imports of hair, by countries, are as sho'wii below:
Hair, u
™™°
HoneJuirferiran
big.
Coimtriee.
=£
Hair, other
iMlUn.
DolUn.
Ponud*.
Didlua.
PMBfc Dd
B«,H1
M1,M»
M*.»| a
ST
335
1«,71B
»S.«6
OlSU
BS2
ia,7«
»»,TH
B,Z78
!l.lff7
IT. Ml
1,1IB
IS*
a. ITS
i;£
«oi
>.„
3,926
5>S
"f!S. *
41
7T,075
162. 5M
KI3.14S
213. SW
Tbe imports are made chiefly to ^cw York, Boston, and Plijladel}ita
'Xweuty-one thousand and three pounds of horse-hair for weaiii
valned at $1,201, pass through Boston to £u||hiud as a foreifni eipv
also manufactui'es of hiuuau hair to the value of $19,320, chiefly to ¥n
l;iiiil. mill (illii-riiair maiLurnctiiivs fw: !..-.',»:) rliirllv in !;.1jjiimi
4
ANIMAL RESOURCES AND FISHERIES OF UNITED STATES. 295
QUILLS.
The iMnoant of quills entered into consumption, prepared and unpre-
pared, is valued at $1,051. The value of toothpicks entered into con-
mimption is $15,441.
FEATHERS.
The value of feathers entered into consumption is shown below :
Feathers and down for beds and feather-beds $12,531 50
Ornamental feathers, ostrich, vnltare, cock, &.c,, crude Go4, 450 20
Feathers, dressed, colored, or manofactured 15,352 00
The total entries of feathers amount to $11,313, of which !N^ew York
receives $10,431, and San Francisco $727, with trifling entries at other
ports. There are also feather-beds to the value of $1,404, coming chiefly
to New York and Philadelphia.
GLUE AND GELATINE.
The import of hide-cuttings for glue-stock amounts in value to
$a20,722, of which New York receives $163,593, Boston $156,448, and
Baltimore $081. Hoofs and other glue-stock of that description are
▼alned at ^10,650, of which $10,188 comes to the Lake ports.
The imjiort of common glue amounts to 1,112,527 pounds, valued at
$28,345.60.
The consumption of gelatine and similar products, of whi(*>h a portion
is probably of vegetable origin, is valued at $90,971.
Isinglass or flsh-glue entered into consumption to the value of $32,230
^fi,267 pounds).
The total import of flsh sounds and glue is given at $16,125; $11,727
comes to Boston, and $4,398 to other ports.
Glue is exported to the amount of 81,685 pounds, valued at $16,069.
SPONGES.
The total import of sponges is valued at $91,742. New York receives
$74,524, Philadelphia $2,452, and San Francisco $1,693.
OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS.
The following quantities entered into consumption :
Oils.
Ood'liver oil, browTi or crude, from proviut-cs, not iliitiaMo gallonn.
diitiabU; do. . .
Total
Cod-liver oil, refined, medicinal
Wbale or fish oil from provinces, not duitablc gallons . .
dutialde do
Amount.
129, 263
13. 7.TJ
142, 905
Dollara.
19, 620
26, 711
Totia
tWoot, and all animal, not otlierwise proviiled for gallons . .
do
46, \m
2, 597. 50
410
jm
Xdtal.
pounds.-! 2.5,522
81, 607 00
15. 434 00
1»7, 041 00
17. 21H> 00
10, 9KJ 00
11.237 00
22, 21ft W
1, 124 'j;i
KO 00
1,938 00
2, 142 03
INDEX OF OBJKCTS.
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
A.
Page.
184
'rowbridgii 88
ilbird-spean 88
drying-honaes 169
fitb-q;>ean 83
t, Inftuorial earth for 208
•bora moscoidea 266
Thierii 266
uaohlmrgus 38
nigricans 38
es, hatching 246-248
of bows and arrows 89
of obtaining and impregnating
ova 245
to artifldal baita 138
to hnnting-birdi 137
to honting-doga 136
iria orennlata 271
Ineatos 26
tMzotic 229
boUo 177
mic 229
lie 177
ic 177
r brevirostris 64
macoloBQS 65
rabicnndas 64
storio 64
■id» 64
eggs appiiratas 246
preparations 135
jys marinns G2
pipe 247
>e€h (llirudo trochina) 231
lae 12
8 gibbosiis 12
rumeri 270
ollecting-tank 176
33
gigariinoides 268
plicata 2C8
sonal 142
pumps 247
anes 90
89
*i8ton 90
leservoir 90
:nlenta 269
kble 190
40
i^ea 59
59
*
Albumen, &c., Imports of. 299
ofblood 22»
of eggs 280
Preparation of 175
preparations, Manufacture of 17&
Album gnecum of dogs 22f^
Aloes malchis 7
Alcohol 176.
Alcoholic specimens 176^
Alewife 60
Alewives, Smoked 185
Alg» 265
for "artificial staghom".... 265-
for fertilizers 265-
as food 265
for manufacture of bromine 265-
for manufacture of iodine 265
Ornamental 265
Alligator 21
misaissippiensis 21
leather 215-^9
Musk of 228
Teeth of 199>
Turtle 22
AlligatorK)il 226-
Alopecid® 68
Alopias vulpes 68
Alosa sapidissima 60
Alpenstocks 142^
Alcidium Blodgettii 266
Alum, d&c 17»
Alutera cuspicauda 25
Amber-fish 4:*
Ambergris, Imports of 29i^
of spermwhale 228
Ambloplites rupestris iS
Ambreine 22^
American Iladger 4, 190
Beaver 17
Buffalo 7
Club-fish 18ft
Elk 8
I-.eech 231
MUler's Thumb 34
Sable 189^
Otter 4
Sardines 186
Sole 2C
Amia calva 63
AmiidsB 63
Amiurus catus 62
Amanaia multifida 265
Ammodytes americanus 31
301
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
OBJECTS.
1
uf^H
Bomb.L;D»
::::::i.iS
Btt^k-amaRodkBOi
BIiuk-flHli
uU
S2i-tai
lO^^ I
:.:...: n 1
::-r
- HUakrt dc™> (for utdopn)
»i
ExpoHsof aw 1
iiii>llvui>BbaviDgs,GelBUiieirrom.. Z21 J
importaut m-m ^^J
BlMClllUg
1«2
Fi*li
nv-^^^l
Bl«l««ttL.
Oowmlo
UT.^^^|
m 1
Bovld>
^.^^H
1 1 Mnlndoa nude* T7
-.^.l^t-pt™
m^^
l1UTOt-8^
38
m ^^
Bow-nionthed Ciir-flsh
']
...Ml
M,61
" J
SiiuplB
s .J
utkto
Bl».hM.I«dfllllBk
M
SB
Obua-gtiUed iCoite'O
!<«'^^l
. «j 1
- .. in 1
BB.U
ua-ita
™ 1
lr»"Kh»
39S
BiMI-iK>lii<-. Pii»p.b(ii ud haft A>r
M«.1M
Ibhiiw. Cat-rigged
148
niB6-no»
^ ,
L sT" °.:::";:;:::: :::": ::::::"uJ«
Brwrtplau. ..*S^^H
■ sun
K. ^"
IM
B™T««tto|«tra™ i^^l
BHdgB^Port-W» *!^^H
^^ Bull 2f. M. No. 14 20 ^^^^^H
INDEX OP OBJECTS.
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
305
P«ge.
per »
17
lBi4di «
,l«^MIHnUlL *i
BwMll-ininnhwl «S
tKkU S5
.B<NkA* K
11,30
U 224-225
■dBocUih ta
Deer iCirUciuaoIiiiiiIiiMiiiM .. las
nI FtyluR-flili »
jmlmiln 21G
«)' tine uittlapral 141
npoTtaaf 280
rubbrr uid mukinavj ••••. 102
172-lTJ
rapantion ITT
;tifm ciinitiw 42
2T1
uneuof. 228
■■tin 228
a» 180
(UTDWlJ Bt
(ball*) SB
(b; the bcMlli) 88
■k m
k* 81
oki 81
l»e« T3
ndog (pudoi TT
Hm 81
30
88
edRed-BMntti 4T
38.61
•ll«l 185
-liiea m
Klito 80
dShaA 08
Jnmn 4S
<l Knl-munth 4T
!re' matcrtol* 154
80,151
142-150
ntm HI
.tag 148
lluop-boi and haft for. Ue,Ul
ling 112
ini:, Ot-rigged 1*8
HiiiB 112
liiittihlng UT
inatLakea 119
uble 145
14T-14e
■to 140
»T,138
M
" W Ho. 14 20
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
Choppiuif-kiuTe*,....,... w.^.. ..,..,. U^
ChopiUokj in
ChonloBlmu. rt
ClionUrlii abintiM . ? S»
dlvirteiilil SI
" flagollUonuU -. -....,„„ sn
Chrygj^niFiilBbiilfiiieiiialdc* Ml
DTOtU. »
ChubSuokfr O
ClmlDoUdia ovoUii M
CilisU usentata >
Clnlp*di4, liJurioM n
CirroBl4rml ,..._, —,,,, 1*
CiiBt, Import* of. n
CUdopdora tircta-, ,- TTl
tnc^« n
Unau.
mmibr
tup«trU.- in
uiiKuii* m
Cliuloatopliii* (poDStMOl . ft
r«rticfllatiia , Tk
Clun-liooks. lum, indploks. •
ClUD-kiiiTca %
Cliua-nlu* - a
Cluo ahoreU V
CliuuH N
CMocd a
Deep-tea . ........ ft
Hen - IK
LiUle Neck, CaniMd Hi
CInp ncU fur biriia I»
Cbirk's tnnB St:
liwiebn .... 2tS
Cbnr,lievn« 10
Clints .... 30
of l>e;ir X
ofpnnrn SB
otwuir ao
Cl»ja 1-
ClpaniTB.. in
ClfoainK fln-arms. s
Clearing.rlD^....., 1^
Clcar-noaoil Skate «
Clews ISftlSl
Cl<»ct«,Dark I"
Clothing 16I,MMI»-I»
FcallnTS fur W
forban-U ■. '»
Clubii.AnnHl ^
(.n ini«Hib'«) ^
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
307
Pag«.
tie 185
story, Model of lobster 169
Model of oyster 169
eats 169,170
reoervation by 169,170
Jmoa, establishment, Model of . . 169
145,146
3h 142
jhbark 142,143
;-out 144
ter f. 148
oden 148
247
'8 247
I's 247
247
'8 247
138
B, Imports of 299
as oooidentalis 25
"flah-ways 241
/. 66
nes 127
J 95
92,93
91,165
95
41
hrysos 42
ippos 42
im (Stone's) 247
lUratus 62
Bs, Manufacture of 175
acid 229
id 177
of ammonia (hartshorn) (see un-
200,202
Imal, Imports of 209
m Atwoodi 67
170
>lumbianus 9
acrotis 9
ir{;iniax&iis 8-9
irrcn Ground 8,193
ather 210
'oodland 8
'oodland 193
61
f 228
aports of 286
:yprinus 61
gerator 168
rxe 177
lolders 95
Ball, shot, and wire 02
Methods of preparing 92>93
137,142
I (used in Kantucket) 142
rory 173
ols 108
ps (Clark's) 247
(Wilmot's) . 247
ijBCGbak's) 247
.95,245
P«ge.
Costagnoa virescens i 270
Cast-net 180
Castor canadensis 17
Castoreumof beaver 227,298
Castoridae 17
Castorine 2ST
Casts, Apparatus formaking 177
Casts of fishes ... 241
Cat (Felis domestica) 188
Black 188
Maltese 188
Tortoise-shell .* 188
White 188
Catalogue of illustrations of inyertebrates of
American coasts 251
Cat-fish, Fork-tailed 62
Mud 82
"Cat-gut" snoods and leaden 116
CatostomidA 01
Catostomus teres 61
Cat-rigged fishing-boats 148
Cattle, Foreign imports of 274
Cattle, Hairof 219
Caulerpa A shmeadii 270
clavifera 270
•' ' crassifolia. 270
'• cupressoides 270
ericifolia 270
•* lanuginosa 270
** paspaloides 270
•• plumaris 270
" prolifora 270
Caulolatilus microps 44
Caviare 186
Cedar manna (Pinus cedrus) 230
Centrarchida) 4^
Centroceras clavulatum 26B
" Eatonianum 268
Centropristis atrarius '. 50
Centroscylllum Fabricii 61
Centro8C3rmnus CGelolepis 69
Ceramium Deslongchampsii 268
•• diaphanum 268
'• fastigiatum 209
nitons 268
•' rubrum 268
strictum .' 268
" tenuissimum 268
YoungU 268
Ceratacanthus aurantiacus 25
41
41
7
h
B
10
27
27
27
31
Cha?tomori»ha biachygona 271
*' molagonium 271
Picquotiana 271
sntoria 271
Cero
Spotted
Cervida)
Cervus canatlensis —
•• dama
Cetc
Cha?nop8etta dentata..
" oblon;]:a .
' ' ocellaris
Cbsetodontidtc
tt
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
311
Page.
(Caxiaona Tirginiaima) 8,0,198
168 218
200-210
"2
ar 165
a 267
plena 267
ogloaanm 267
tlvens 267
rienrii 267
rcifolia 266
lifolia 267
paratna, Other 178
echanical 178
\m 10
acatodon 10
10
10
rdii 10
ibifrona 10
illsof 206
lorial, Specimena of. 207
at 182
ik 182
culeata 270
pilata 270
ridia 270
urioua apeciea, Apparatoa for . 243
acl speara 83-85
161
Terrapin 21
1*8, Brazilian 208
aatns 0
9
i favuloaa 271
loba 269
a 269
>toma 269
Ola 269
thii 269
20
i^iniana 20
ex 266
146
23
Boioularo 50
128
171
ratua 248
122
137
ibyhaml) 87
ra 241
38
137,142
137
188
69
id 69
16
S
ledPralrie 10
69
C9
137
Page.
Dog-harness 142
Dog-muzzles 137
Dog-oil 223
Dog-aledges 142
Dog-whips 136
Dogwhiatlea 13^137
Doga 136
Albom grscom of 229
Kennolafor, &e 243
Teethof 197
Decoy, used in hunting ducka 139
Dolium, Sheila of 206
Dolphin 48
• Small-spotted 43
Domestic animals, Oil and fat firom 223
Domestic exporta 277
Domeaticated animala, Food for 187
Door-trapa 133-134
DoTosomidas 60
Dorjs 146
Dory scoop * 100
Dorysoma cepc<lianum 00
Double box-traps 133
Down of birds 220
of geese 220
of eider-duck 220
ofrabbiU 219
for stuflBngs, Preparation of 170
of swana 220
Drag whale-line 117
Drailing-tackle 96
Draila 100-101
Drawera, Charge 93
Dredge, Coral 129
Ordinary 129
Dredge-line roUera 119
Dredge-rake 129
Dredgea 129
Hand 79
Dredge-tangles .87
Dress-goods, Imports of 286
Dress and stay maker's bone, Manufacture
of 173
Dressers " 171
Dressing 171
Dressing, Feather 172
Dressing fiir, Process of 172
gut and ainew, Methoda of 171
leather 172
Dried abalones (Haliotia) 184
co«l 183
grasshoppers 184
holotlniriunit 184
lizanlH 183
meat and blood, Guano fh>m 232
mullet 183
siphons (SchizothcDrus) 1H4
slugs (Llmax, &o.) 184
worms 184
Dried and smoked beef 182
flying-fish 183
foods 182-184
garflah 183
roea 183
Drift-nets 124-125
312
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
DrUE" 'Ti
pKBh-wnter **
UrjiKB, Beaeb 1«S
I'yyiag aod etnamlng auid-bktli ITS
Jlr.t-big-bDUHi, Aborigliial ItB
Prjing, Pre«er™Uon by lBB-170
DuftUne 61
Iiiickin«-boBl» lis
Duek, QnlUs of 2JB
l>udle)r huntora' knivaa 7!
Hugong-cD
^""S
I »nng of anlnula da
UapUeidenUlu
Ruskj Slack
DnunnUeridB ...«.__.. .....^.
Hyp, Bed-bug
Cooblnool
L»o .
ii.vBtoe n
Pyo^tofi. BctMDBilB for
I)>?1 frora gut^rgpodi (Unrex, Poipnni,
&0.)
I>3~fl« frDm nadibnach molliukB. _.
iDfntarlal cnrtb lilt
E.
F^gle, Qnlll* Dt
Rv
Eu-alull* (HdiotlOie)
Kiirth, luftiaarlBl
Eurlha InfiMotial a
tiiiflr.Cnib
Eelti»iM u^™-_
EgI-w Jrs with ll^BM. .i.ii
EgE-nipperm ,.....^_...
SgS*' ■Albnlovli of __..-
EiportB md Ii>90rti </ »..,..]
Eggs, gbdlof ».»...
YoUot 1
B^anlioe SkBte «,.«.-
BbioDlds. Spine* of _.___•
EJdcT-daDk. Down of »r..__^
ElMiliiats fadooU ....„ _..„___il
Elppbaat. Sw....
Eloptuuil-Beal
Klk, AmeHoui ...
Antiere of. . -
katbct _.
Salted
Elopids ^
Emhlolaca JickMoii
Webbi
EmUoIaoide...
aoj-dldw
EUH or ■rind;. Bilk of (Bmbji q
Enciroling'iicte
EndocLadU murlcAU -.-....--
EnsmlM of nieftil u
EngnuIidldiD
Engraoli* TlttaW
EngraTiii^r lUiiBtratJunBL, U«U>odiaf-.-
Enhydni marina
la Deg <Canli)
lurpoon* (Mods, booe, tRm) . .
uoMIng-needle*
nlRTodiu Putiuuii[
bsmu 1 1 ) Minthooliulam - . .
iufbnai'.
iMocnDiaiu nibbiAirektiu . .
■iDptuSWiUeri
N4a,A«njnK»l.rOTl97.V-TT 901
Of HDCbOTlM. pnwrrod, FutuIkii - SBi
of UviDf unlnwlK. DomiwUc ZT4-ST5
or bimo-black. S,
lit Ixora, &c ■ . .
or benta and b)i<
of butter ... . .
by dioQiGla - . - - - .
ftrih
picklod
Net
Of food prodDcU. oxcopt fliih. .
S^rdgD, of A*h
of plcklod hsrriiig —
3U
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
P.ge.
PallJsBpau IM
FaU-traps 13S
FumB. Flih (modal*) 2M
F»t,BeK 2M
FBU.Connuiipticniof. 2Wk29T
Inip(in»or Ifl«-29T
■ndoila 823-227
Fenlhar-drtMinB ITS
Futher-fftbriu, PrepuaUaD of I'O
Fentherod iiTrow-»li«n« 220
Fedtliortng brneheii M7
Kutbim '....OB-^SO
Idt utmcui am 2£o
of bird*, PrepuedfKim IH
CoDSimiptiaD of 2M
Dlr dothing 219
ImplamimU for 220
Importsof 2M
Died In other roanolkotnrw 2J0
omamenUl. Method of pTepaTiuj;. . 1T2
Ibronumenta 220
fbr plume* 22«
Pnparation of 170
for teitUo Ibtmes 220
Fwjtnf deer ^ *«
ud boob, GelMliia ftom 1B7
■dheaiTe. Imports of 3B7
Hiiir UBodia .,„. ^-. ,--.„---.-.., ^, 2IT
Felt», HaoQfsGtnrB of 170-171
FetlrtB lao
Fertooyaniili' of potMslnm 228
Foniliier- 231. aia
AlgH) tor 2M
Other animal 232
Mapubcliire of 170
Filier-nBtUng ISO
Fiber, WlmJobono loe
nib, onndiBipuiUof..
Domeatla axpoita, )qr ooaatiiM
dried or Buokcd. Sxpom of ..
ZiporIa.b;dlaMeta
Foreign sipoTta of .
fnoh, Export* of ' -
geUtiSH IHS 21) . .
Importoot
Imports of tnmb . . .
Net eitMjrts of
pickled. BipoHa <•{...
FUb-bonea
Flab«an for wgiulii' uDlauU
FUhjairts (lued In Nsniui'kn
FIsbenafa'B rlub
sheatti-knire« ..
Fiiber ot pi'kBD (Mnitilu 1*1^1
Fi»heo
Cbetokal prodaclH fn-i
Coloring flTBu
Cultuniof
imliug. .
ImltatlDBi ul —
Ivor.vnf
'^■i"e"'i"tt'jf
Real!
Flab.fhriDi! (uodeli)
FlBh guoDo watk*. Haiti ot
K«lilo«.bo«l»
F^shing-hoiue*
FiKhiDg.luir#H, . - - . -
Pi«b-jlg«, Muny-pointid...
-•■«
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
315
-8.
O.
8.
l8.
from invertebrateB.
Page.
... 243
... 242
54
54
82
... leo
168
isetts 168
dland 168
129
246
94
ind fishermen's 167
26
26
... 116
73
... 178
... 208
... 222
138
r bass 102-114
I hooks 102
insects 187
for salmon 102-114
trout lOa-114
>paratas 89
76
traqoatie animals 244
DCS 97
117
117
117
iro of, d^ 172
117
Ipaper from leftise qoUls. . 171
228
3 21
21
18
17
21
27
27
27
28
26
26
27
27
26
97
55
55
54
183
33
pie reels for 118
do 95
138
160
129-130
dfor 265
Is 187
x>rtoise
der
I
ion
spotted
h
r
th'back
lem
ry
er
rded
k-winged
»rfly
d and smoked.
Page.
Food, for domeatioaied animala 187
Bivalve ahell-flah for 263
Bivalves fbr 256-267
Lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, crabs, for. 260-261
products, except fish, Exports of . . . .277>27S
products, except fish. Imports of ... . 276-276
poisons 136
Preparation of 16ft-170
PresenratTon of 168-170
Sea-snail used for 261
Foods 179-187
Canned 184
Dried and smoked 182-184
In a fresh condition 179
Pickled 184
Salted, canned, and pickled 184-187
Foot-path snares 134
Foot-stops 183
Forceps 178
Force-pumps, Air 247
Foreign animals, Imports of 274
Fork, Blubber 174
Forks 81
Fork-tailed Catfish 62
Formic acid 229
Manufacture of .> 176
Fossils 300
Four-bearded Bookling 30
Four-spined Stiokle-baok 64
Four-spotted Flounder 27
Fowls, foreign, Imports of 274
Fox, Arctic (Vulpes lagopus) 189
Cross (Vulpes slopes deonssatus) 189
Gray (Urocyon virginianus) 189
Kit (Vulpes velox) 189
Bed (Vulpes Ailvus) 189
Silver (Vulpes alopex argentatus) 189
Squirrel 14
Foxes, Teeth of 197
Frames 177-178
Wire 178
Wooden 178
French bird-trap 136
fish- way s 241
Fresh-water Drum 46
Herring 69
Friar 53
Frog culture, Methods of 246
Frost-fish 29,56
Frosen glue 221
Fucus distich us 269
fastigiatus 269
furcatus 269
serratus 269
vesiculosus 269
163
Fulling 170
Fundulns pisculentus 56
Funnel-trap 1 32
Fur of beaver (castor) 196
Furof hare - 196
of mole 196
of musquash 196
paok-saddle (Hudson's Bay) 142
II
Fuel.
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
317
Page.
ilifoniJb 17
«y 15
Kskot 17
>uched 17
oall-footed Poached 17
rix>ed ^. 17
ixaa Pouched 17
ellow 16
■toise, Florida 21
armata 207
oenrioomis 267
confervoidea 267
nmltipartita 267
g:-tight8 98
171
11,13
piseua 11
tfottled 11
>teani8U U
SVliite-headed 11
ill 225
81
•gear 161
irona 81
Ale 12
looka 80
1 48
«rpaate 137
«r8,I>iied 184
iaCutleriie 288
fllicina 268
Gibbeail 268
tomed troagha 245
era 246
(Urocyon virgiDJaniia) 188
tier 15
Intestineaof 231
Michigan 58
»it 19
6
per 48
rrel 14
le 12
e8,Boat8of 149
iportaof 207
Dog-flah 69
Scolpin 84
Turbot 28
He 22
na 247
Bonettiaxia 260
246
176
63
.Americana 266
ar 4
152-153
50
Lack 50
ock 50
' Eaat American oystera 255
wkled 47
tknr-lhmfld 47
■tf '. 195
Ifllkartetfliaen^Exportaof..... 300
ti
Page.
Guano and other fertilizcfrs, Importaof 30O
Net imports of 301
Bat 231
Bird 231
from dried meat and blood 232
Menhaden 233
Pacific, preparationa illastrating 232
Preparation of 176
Guanoa, Artificial 1 232
Natural 231
Guards, Wrist 166
Guasa 50
Gulf Menhaden 60
Snapper 48
Guloluacua 4
Gun-caaea 95
Gun-cotton 91
Gunpowder : 91
Gun-racks 95
Guna, Humming-bird 90
Guns and pistols 90,135
Gunwale winchea 119
Gurnard, Flying 33
"Gut," SUk- worm 222
Gymnogongms Griffithsia 268
linearis 268
Norvegicua 266
tenuia 268
Haddock 29,183
Norway 34
Hnmatin fhnn blood 228
Haemylum 47
araia 47
arouatum 47
chrysopterum 47
elegana 47
formosum 47
Hag-fiah 70
Hair of American badger (Taxidea Ameri-
cana) 217
of Antelope (on skin) 218
bracelets, Sec., Importaof 294-295
and bristles for artificial flifea (see un-
derB45) 21!>
and bristles for brashes 217-219
ofbats 195
of bear 217
Bufblo 196
Camel*s 113
Cattle 219
Consumption of 294
cloth, Imports of 294-295
curled, for mattresses, Imports of . .. 294-1*95
of deer (on skin) 218
for felting (we under 8) 217
Fur-seal 195
Guanaco 195
hog's, Importaof 294-295
Horse ...196-219
Human 190
human. Imports of 294, 295
Human, for commerce 217
human, Refuao of, &c 219
IHDEX OF OBJECTS.
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
319
Page.
Lnggm-neto 123,124-126
oil 227
pioUed, Foreign exports of 288
Imports 0^ 27a-270
Bound 60
SiOted 186
Sea 60
Smoked 188
smoke-hoosee 169
TaQor 60
TbnMd 60
White-fish 67
ring-Hog 11
ring-seines 127
pcramys leaoopns 17
srosomsta 26
alines U6
1 60
>8 and skins, Exports of 292
Imports of 291
skins, &0., Net exports of 801
importsof 801
SDhrsndtia rosea 267
poesmpidsB > 25
[Mwsmpiis antiqnoram 25
pogloesoides limandoides 27
poglosens americaniis 27
iophoms americaniis 89
riophoca eqnestris 6
fis(seennder£8) 248
lisr insects 244
sad peocary, Bristles of 218
Choker 26
Heiring 11
Viseeraof 215
^ Sxportsof 274
Eoreign imports of 274
:csnthns dliaris 80
•• tricolor 39
'<^iiotos pulohellas 38
** rhodotems 38
Ion 89
leentmmsogo 44
M^hali 65
rthurians, Dried 184
Hers 05
im'svats 245
*y 230
Importsof 276
cy-knires 76
dedSeal 6
d or Bladder-nose Seal (Cystophora cis-
ta 192
ds 137
boots, Ac 135
b and daws 202-205
of satelqpe 202
of bison 202
of deer 202
of horse 202
of mnskox 202
of ox 202
161
123
80
Page.
Hooks with ardiiclal flies 103
Baited 05
Blubber 81
Boat 80,160
Can 81
Clam 80
ny 188
Gaflf. 80
Grasping 80
Ice 161
Jank,&o 81
Lance 81,161
Lip 81
Many-pointed 81-82
Heat 168
for minnow bait, Gangs of 06
mounted on leaders 116
with movable lines 05
Pickerel 135
Plain 97-100
Babbit 80
Biggers* 152
Single-pointed 80-81
Spring 135
Squirrel 80
with stationary lines 97
Unmounted, recent and abonginm . . . 97-114
Whalemen's 81
Hoop-nets 128-129
Hopples 243
Hormactis Farlowi 271
Hormotrichum Youngaiinm 271
Horn 201
Burnt 202
of bufEMo 201
of goat 201
Imports of. 4 290
and hoof; Preparation of 173-174
asmaterlal 202
of mountain goat 20]
of mountain sheep 201
of musk-ox (Ovibos moschatns) 'JOl
of Bocky Mountain sheep 202
Pout G2
Horn-cores of ruminants 200
Homed cattle, Exports of 274
Horns 04
of ox 201
of sheep 201
Horse CreTall6 42
Hoofs of 202
leather 209
Mackerel 40
Horse-fish 25
Horse-hair 219
Horses, bairof 196,219
Imports and exports of 274
or trestles 171
Horse-trappings 142
Hosiery, &c., Importsof 2d6
Hound-fish 64
Houses, Fishing 162
Hunters' 162
smoke. Herring 160
Human hair 106
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
■Ita. Lcalher j
HamMlng-blrd gmu. . .
Hampbuk WhBla
flulu im
hmiu« ua
linlreB n-7S
ihcath-knlTei 74
UnntlDg-UTowi 88-8a
HoDtliig-bbda, AoDHaorlea to ]ST
HoDUng-flobB,, --.',..,..
Hnntlng-doga, AoceMorlM to. . .
HimtSii|t-fl>bt«
HtmUne-lodge*
HuitSng-sklA ■ - ,
Rnnting-mlts . ■ .
Horled spcBn . , ,
vf8ieht«
HjdnrgfniuaJsIIa
Hydrate chloral
Il;droi:litt]]nia cuicfUatai
njdrolagu* Collici
Hyodon tergionfl -^.•,
HyodonUilw
Hyperoikrtiii - - -
HypraproHipan BrgeDtani
Hyprrotreli
of toreign u
Fonlgn, of bT«e4iiig *DiaiiiU - ■ -'
of anlmaJj not Hptfciled'
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
lafltUblebagB Ill
InfnsorlBl deposits, SpsolmeM of MT
euthftirabaaTbaiU '.-- SM
earth 131
eart]) for dynunita M8
earth forflro-proof pncliiiE SOB
earth for flltr™, .- »B
•.arthforsulublPglnaa ... 208
earth for mnlilt* rurmi'tiil eutlng. 208
Mrtb for iniikia>: murliir US
Mrtba 207.408
«rtha employed to manntUtim. 208
<«rtbs fur wlDdow and pbto
glaae 108
I^jecUng-tjilDge* 1T8
imariuotblvalTea StS-VS
UB.<nBilB m
IntinJiliUii. iJtudlH.*o ITT
Inks bom nDlDinl HubatiiDcoa. Uumlhetnn
of 1TB
Iodine, AlgnuHdln toanofactnn of. MB
Inorsimio matrriuls 271
loMct gtlatitie 18T
Inaaotlvon IS
Inaeot prodaoUana in
powder 171
In*e4^« UI,9M
CaitcafOr 3W444
Coloiiag from 1IS-B2B
iriTCB for SU
Chemlcul girodiicU from tStSn
l-roiiiijiaLioD of SM
rroitcUan from MS
iDRlrOIDIMltBfDtclsUlfllg, lotdillg, &0 03
Hooked 80
Optical, io ...108-18T
Prodding T8-70
Scooping TO
Intcraol i>aru.itc« SM
Iiitpjilmefiof gTHj'lIng 23]
of mammala, Leather prapatBd
from 214-215
liiTvrt.'l.nit.'B. n^ilble nialertiU from 222
Other material! ftom 208
iQVrntiKiition 233
Iridm lamlnDriuidoa »g
Ironn, Flagging, &c - 100
Grappling 81
Lily 83
InluglBSB 187,221-822
from alT.bladdent, &o. (lobth;s-
coUb) 221
nudgcbtiuo 220
I'uuBimiiiliun'Of 290
fnim Boundi of cod and bake 221-222
from B(|uet«sgne (Scbeiddae) 222
Isogompbodon niBcuIlpiiinia BS
iBOBpondjli 3*
lanropBia Dekaj-i 67
Italian BablDg-lioala 147
iTorj- 1OT-1B9
lTory.corTing 171
iTory-cntting 173
322
IKDEX OF OBJECTS.
PWB.
Kd1t«, nilcUns _
ofrepta™ IM
J.
Mtactog....
Ripping
Stgw ISS
8P"Mto« »
JW ITHMfl
Straight
ThiOBtiiia
J«w«dtnpi iS*-US
KogUiUB ^...
JwkedbMrmMt 182
L.
mv loo-ioi
Lm, 4c, Import, qf. „—
JohiiP.w(fldD »
L»cKT.I.i7*Iriginiii. —
■
INDEX , OF OBJECTS.
323
Pago.
ing-nets 128-129
ma «.... 162
for camp and Bhip 167
for fire hunting and fishing 141
for BtiU hunting 141
for woeqnaahing or fire-fishing — 141
oil exports and imports 276-277,297
smooth Black Bass 49
ts 86
« 86
ida 44
mda cenricomis 266
gemmifera 266
implicata 266
obtnaa 266
panicnlata 266
papilloea 266
pinnatifida 266
virgata 266
I, Game 241
OTS 116,163
Hooks mounted on 116
B, Aimed 80
i,Cnp 80
bg.knives 174
ing and mincing 174
ier 195
Alligator 216-216
Ass 209
Auk 216
Beaver 214
Belnga 214
Bison 209
Bnflklo 209
Caribou w 210
Consumption of 290
Cunyingof 171
Deer 209-210
dressing 172
dressing apparatus, recent and abo-
riginal 172
Eel 216
Eider 215
Elk 210
Exports of 292-294,301
Goat 209
Horse 209
Imports of 290, 301
Jacket 43
and its manufactures, &,c (oxxK)rt8
and imports) 202-294
Mountain-sheep 210
Moose 210
Ox 209
from pharynx of seal and walrus . . 215
Porpoise 214
prepared from bird-skins 215
prepared from flsh-skins 216-217
prepare<1 from bumnn skin 208
prepared from intestmcs of niani-
mals 214,215
prepared from mammal skins 208-214
prepared tnm reptile skins 215-217
iweparod from scale-fish 21G
Bat 214
Page.
Leather, Kattloanake 216
Beindeer 210
Seal 208
• Sea-Lion 208
Shark 217
shavings, &0., Gelatine made from . 220
Sheep 209
Othersnake 216
trimmings - 214
Walrus 208
Waste 217
Leatherback Turtle 22
Leathers 208
for manufiicture of gloves 211-214
Leathesia tuberifonnis 270
Leech, African (Hirudo troohiDa) 231
American (Macrobdella decora) 231
European (Hirudo medicinalis) 231
Leeches as barometers 231
Foreign imports of 274
Propagation of 248
and worms, Injurious and useful ... 263
Leggings^ 165
Lenses 178
Leopard'hunting 136
Leopard Seal 6
Lepidosteids 64
Lepidosteus osseus 64
" platystomus 64
Lepiopomus pallidus 48
LeporidsB 18
Lepteoh«neis naucrateoides 52
Leptocardians 70
Lepus americanus (var. amerioanus) 18
amerioanus (var. Bairdii) 19
amerioanus (var. virginianus) 18
amerioanus (var. Waahingtonii) 19
aquaticus 20
19
19
19
19
20
19
Baohmani
califomicus
callotis
campestris
palustris
sylvaticus
sylvaticus (var. Audubonii) 19
sylvaticus (var. Xuttalli) 20
timidus (var. arcticus) 18
Trowbridgli 20
Leuciscus pulchellus 62
Leucorhamphus borealis 10
Levels (attached to guns) 93
Liajiora pinnata 268
" pulvcrulenta 268
valida 268
Lice, Fish 264
Lichens 264
Lifters, Barrel 161
Lights, Artificial 1C7
LUy-irons 83
Lime 230
Bird 135
Burning of 176
Limes 176,231,232
Liming 172
Limph, Vaccine 230
dM >. d
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
]jDe.fliwlAufw<wi1,oiiTk,ii)idiiuiJL ILT
Ltnc-holder* lis
Line, ItyatSlretohcrsfor 1(K!
liotn lints 115
IJnci.Bark IIB
Doltoni-«t 07
FIoatlBK-timrl B7
Harpoon-----.' - 37
Hide 110
Kelp UB
Loidad - M
(PUltod) 114-110
Setae n
SOk IH
Sorfua — Err
Tmwl »7
(TirisUd)- ....1H-H8
TwIatlDg appuutiu far llB
WkllBtalbT, and other Uckls lET
WTulobons- 115
Llortomiu obUqmu -. 40
UpttridldM 33
LlpudsllneBU , \a
Montogui 33
" Slripea - as
Lip-books til
LltholiuMBr Bl
LlthetllBinnioD polfiDorplkum -- 207
LitllB SCripMl Sbunli 4
LlHloTnnny 40
LiTe-lwi (Alkiiu'B) ?4}
UTe-boscB. trmglis. Ac, fbr mlcroMoplita'
Lcipbopsatta nuKulata
Lata nuiciilon
LoQDgci.
LtUDt<>lkIi
Lnaletliia
Ln^anii* BUokfbriU
• SteanuU
Lutra caoiulnuLB
LutrliuE
Lycodlila ,.-,
LjDglij a foiTOBliie*
nioJuKoU
Lyaii, Hay {Lyni mftu)...
MacEniliug-yals
MMhioc. MiBcliig
Markoirl
fiillO'"-
1>ick]«il, Imparts of „.
fi«llr<]
ralldir ,
Soad ,
Shark
iUdgo
Mackpfil rimmm
Mackiuav blolikrta
Uocrocholii iBoerUuA
JklacmridK - - - -
MncninisBaiidli..
UTDEX OF OBJECTS.
INDEX OP OBJECTS.
Page.
MMboiU or cnlturu of doneMlcatcil ani-
, or dreulug gnt and linev ITl
orUnllcdStaUiFlahComnilMloii Hi
at IVog cultnre SIS
a(dr;li>g tulioUa 160
ot bellotyplng and CDgnving — 17B
of nmrafentorliig Ttlflciiil Ice -.. U8
of mlitk DTiItnifi , -'.._ 244
of oyster cnltnre 248
ofosLriili cnltuni.- 2*4
of prepuing ball! (acceuotiea) .. 139
, of preparing cnitridges V2-S3
ofpmpuliigoniamciitBlfeiitlierB 173
ofpaisultaod *pplluiDea 14!:-1ff7
of terrapin coltnre 346
orttButportstlon 142-lfla
otWDTlt 233
Metraguter ageregattu sn
Uflxlcui Oroand Sqalrrel 15
Utehigui GTBjUng S8
UloToeUdtobareBlia 2«8
Califomlo* MS
Coulleri - !S8
WcrogBilua pro limn* 29
Ulcropo^n nndalatna 41
Wlctoptenia pdlidoe 49
aalmolfloa 4B
MicrostomidB Sfl
Uldge, Uaekorel 30
MUk, Canned 184
I>eil<iCiBtod 188
Eipofta and Importa of. ..270,177
3tillBtBiilt,kiilvn,ol>oppen,fta ISS^ITO
wincing and loaning 174
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
ige-taak. AgHlU model. ■ .
orU and ImporU of. . .
Jlf DinlcaB —
rnwDTlUet...
«cLiDcberil._.
!l™ll«Hmft.
Page.
-. r&
or»c.ilentiw>U(nn
.. m
gill, aalmon hook
.. U4
Barrier
.. 122
gUl. Shad. nKd In SontlKm rim* . .
.. I£4
Paitaof, tormuiDfiuiMTetaaoNNr;
.iBo-iai
SBttlntgUl. a«v)»
.. iffl
Mettiuii hung to Urns, Sample* of .
NMling-nBedlai 131
KtltlDE-tirins ISO
Nciilrta, or cojpa (Mjopotunm oojpiu) ... IM
fur l»e
NowtouncUand fl«kiM 108
NcwhouMj trap* 131-13G
New York StioklcUck IB
Nippers M
lIlppen.BgE He
mtophjrllum (Seuraglonnm] AndonanU — Kr?
" knobtom 187
Utinlmum 267
" punDtatma.... ........ ........ 207
Rupieehtlanum 207
apKtalilla Zfl7
Nitroglycerino SI
Kocweii S6
Koo«6.t(»p« IJt
VoTtUorD Barnoada... 63
Hkb 18
NorlhwMleni MaimoC IB
Norwuy Haddook 24
NotemigouaB amerlouna m
" chrraolenona 92
NoEElfi-nua (for washing ogga) ............. 247
Nodibraoeh moUiuks, DjM faun 2211
None Shark 69
Nulrgallj 22St
OaiB - IM
ObUqae giDOTs flali-vnya. 241
ObMoiHi, CuDCnt. 17S
"Ocesa Treat " 18C
ODcanlo Bonilo 40
Oovlot (Fctia pardalia) I3§
Octsrtiair 5
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
Pnec.
Shark-lii-er
Turtle ~.......
fhnn vholca, fto..._.
Whiter ... ^.....1
mid Ota ...SO'
Tlnh -
uud gokllaea
Importi of
Ointmmrs laa lar uid B«Kt«S)
OMwlfB
OlooniiLr^Tliws...... ............
OUgDplltca oo
OUn, Sbntlaof...
Onchorbynobtu qninnat...
Oa[~anncd chopsUoka
Openuki, MuUnaks at
Opbidihlw
Opbidinm marglaataiii
C^iitbaBcmaihrUa
OpUcal iDstnimnilB. Ac...
OquDHaTrDDt
Oran^ FUc-flah
JUDEX OP OBJECTS.
^^m^ti^LM
. 283
. 218
.«,M
. IM
. zn
. 183
83
. IBS
. 1«7
- MS
7
. m
. 203
. 2M
. 315
. 103
. M8
. 2+S
IS
. 12S
z^3-!!sa
213,214
. 2M
. 354
22
3
. 143
. 1»5
ISO-ISO
43
Puu
P»g*
ahjia.m»>iBt)
Pmfflno
P»BUlt«.Ert.nnl
r"::::::::::::;:;;:*::::
rio* of obhtlnlDg ud Impi*
PuopbTf ■ Totulna
P»nM-fl»li
Puiy'B nurmot (SpennopbUQi P«rtj».
PutM
r»ir.John
■=si»
oviturt (Arlouliito)
lllttlodDgWTBlfM
»5T
'Vmia
30S
IM
1'oci.llarilte. of fonn of XMt AnxiriOU
PodicuUU
23
renlciUos capiUtUB
iir {HudBon'B Bay Territory)
Pen» HuTlatiU*
lied
Striped
^Vbilo
(for buffiilo-biuitLDB)
PercnmioB noodlo
Perfumery mstoHal*, Conimnption uf . . .
■ ITS. 227
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
r.Tf,m,™ Mi«Dm^
PBa>;.
..,. 228
.... 1«
Plamhookl
-Ighl' -
Mtmgln
" -•-■—
Plant. 41.
for food. 8p«4iMB«
.... 0
PhOCWB
;::; I
"
ri™mn«tide
PluctiDK
-J
..333.W
?o«lict-tnpi
Poeto
Bloed ^
.... IS
.... 135
l, 1
INDEX OF OBJECTS,
S«lt«d
I, Fisb (modeli)...
A^ShkTk
lain atock, Se»«ulla br...
ipHis, WUto-halrad
Tellawhaired
n (DiiUlpbx>tlr)dnliiia«)...
PnirleBan
Sqnlml
Wolf.
Pradktoij auimila not elMwIier* exhibited.
Pnparatlon of ■IbnnwD
of b»lt»
of bod;«ll
of tho bODM
DblDHil wdon. . .
of
of flab wilo work
.. 174
otoarlodbalcforKnffiDg...
.. ITO
o( bom and hoot.
.173-17*
of other hard tiMue.
.173-17*
(ottolMlbeU
of tUk f^om bjuna of ploDa. . .
of ^Ik of kswota .
of the abtD and 111 I
i>f (ptniuHitl
of apon^Btofftng...----. -
of aoft paita of oUwr taiTaite-
otbeadoU 174
of atofflnga - 17D
ot«h>lab(ak« 17D,lT3-m
ot wDOl^kitba 170 ■
of wool and balTof marnnul*.. 170
Pnpantjooa. AdbsaiT* lU
Blnl ISMes
rub 181,181,187
Uammal 18^184
ofmoUuk* 18*. 187
of piokkdOah 187
liy pli^kllng
PreservuioDs
Preserved neata, JU:
PrcBervlng flsh. Specimnia ol
. ieft-170
..188-170
Preaaing 170-173
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
'mlwl pndocta from 231
irkni xa
■fOl !m
es
la SS
OS
W
m
M
w
m
81
r , M
cota 170
B3
IT
IT
IS
214
18
fountain 18
18
cMher 219
84
IformakliiiirtlflolillUM 188
loTDtla 180
SOS
r «
«d 08
es
OS
t 04
.*. 48
mlliamnoblli*) SOT
IpwAilTiu) 180
IS
4T
14
napper 40
'errapin II
le 98
Vrata 47
3lii»«hMked 41
nii»4triped <7
-lulTTtl 47
11&-110
lying 11&-110
110
118
ITD-lTl
1T4
210
oaodotberlialr ?1D
Buta 108
Mrt 108
■ j«e
Ihtr 110
ted 184
< Uppogloaaoidw ae
52,137
iiacbrptata !S
333
KendariDff whale-oil, Ina&imifDtB and appU- '
inccaaf 1T4-17&
Braiospa tlbnm 88
Kenncta, Import* ot 200
Jtepalriiie,«lgbC<i]g. andtaitlngflre«iina.. OS
BnitUeatk 228
Eitractkaot 17S
p«rfuniM 238
pnpaTotlons 183-185
aklns. Leaihw pnpared (Pom 215-310
Beplllc* , 21
' OheTnical pnidiicta from 200
[vorvof 108
l'(.)ivil.-iilinu ul' 245
Hepgrta i>l ilii' I'. S. I'IhIi Comululon Z33-28T
Beasuch, Apparalu* fbr pbyalut 233
Baaetvolr alr-gimi 00
But fbc hatpoon, Ac IK
Beaulu, Applianoea tot working np 235
0fvorkorU.a.FI*bComail*«laD..=»-241
■■ Rl>v»lvm;; iHionis" - IIT
Jilialiiloiiiu rouUrri 287
iLUfra 297
Rbod^eula oonlUua 287
" palmala 2A7
lihaf hlinoclfa );kncn« 112
BhscbochllijaliiiatfB 38
HbluobntiilB 87
miii]Dl)BtDB i>nKliicluii 07
TUiinoncmiiB CBadncato 80
Tlliiiioptera qnadriloUt 85
Rbodomdia Oooeoaa 200
larii 288
•ubfotoa 288
libombocblnis oalcocblr 82
Bhomboganoicli!! 84
Ithoiabaplitea aarorulntu 48
llhombuBliDTlj 28
" iqmlniM 28
KliyiDpcKk tTai'ful 2«
l;il)tioiin'i>3vi?r9' buno, Mannfaotore ot 173
Kidliij^'imilii Ifiir biig;U<i bnntlns) 14!
Rldliig-Hddlea 142
Hlgger'a hooka -,.-,,^^..-^^ ^......... 152
K I Bi^'S flab tug 'VrM-'Iri, Appaiatoa acceaaory
m l.'m-183
ItlgbtWbale 13
Itlgbt-Wbale Forpolaa 10
Kingnl Ground fiquirrel lO
Itlnea, Clraiiug 122
ItipplngknlTM R-Tl
ItlTfT-niDsaela (UDlonidn) 208^187
Riwr.welra. wttti pocketa 13t
KiTetSUngRay... 60
Trout 58
Rob«a,Fur 182
Robin, Rooml. 4!
Koccos cbryaops Si
' ' lincatufl ', , - , - 51
KockBaan 48
Eel 32
Cronper 80
Troot 85
Rook-aah 61
Bandrd »6
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
Smj
ItwikUn^ Vtna-hetiiBi. . ■
Bocky UonnUiD Rut
Bo«, Dried and imoked
KoUrr, Bpkwnliig-aoceai (Collbu).-.
Kullcn. DndKe-Uuo
Tmwl-llne
uCwkil.
RWHJ-flnh
Boae-noulcB (fur witshiiig eggi)
ItiMett(w.iroym work, and trinketa, Uwd-
Boagh ilonnder , .
BooDd Herring
Robin
"Bouna.EnlTe*"
Bound-tailed Ground i
Si>uil>b micken
BKori-Bah
tongopA of Imlb
Mling,rHli
Salt-milli. Uodeb of |C«t» Cod).
Eatta, BpecImniB of, uafi in
vi'llntiH foni
iilU..
f unim i«n>i>l>. Slllc uT
p«ljTi*"3onii, Silk of . . .
Smiiiili'B KiU nctUng
of netting hung to 111
Sand-bBth drrlne and n
INDEX 01" OBJECTS.
ise^aos
iM 205
>«ther prapmd from MS
ntus ie»
01 , :*
amDRD. 21T
Heal IB
nUtiu. la
Inud* 217
ewerl U
•wnMDdil U
^hopa plAtjrhjnahiu . ^ ^ ^ - - - _ . - 05
JS
ilgunlli K
a« M
idn» as
1 ua
(flcoccinea 2<8
wlulU 2«S
Cnl flBhlUS-VOaMlll H9
clblllU «
ualw 14
lUU 307
inallsot Kg)T>t 230
• 14
nii ., 14
liiu'iuiii - 14
mw 14
id» 54
. «cut«Uatu> 93
40
160
llng-nMUDe BO
trummta 70
34
.170-172
tot 12D
ck leo
d pare™. Skin 70
lo 79
171-172
■Is lJT-178
187
31
■nliuid 34
SwLioD
Uon, Throat of
Ottar
BaToi
Sobln, BToad-flngand . .
BoUn, Striped
Stod....
Snail
Sea-boat*
SeHUphant oU
Sak-Uonleatber...
tor bait 2JI
lorn*
fordfe-Btalb
IiOnriooa
for pcarl-thell, &o
for poroolaln (took.. ■
DMd In Indian trade ■
Sea-urcUna
Seal, Banded
Elephant _..,.._.._.„...
hairCPhncaTitollDa)..
Harbor
Harp
HiHided...
leather . . .
Leopard r.
Slneweof... 21
Sqnare-fllppcr (l,l>
Walrus, leather (rem pharyoi ol 21
riciiliDij'irai, Import! of S9
f^bogo SiUmun I>
BoboslranuLriDun 3
"riripftruK B
Sebnsludw pinciplnis 3
SeliutoiDD* aarloDlatns 3
" vloneatDS I
ilalrd rulWting . .
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
337
Shot 92
Sbot-holden 94-95
Shot-measares 92
Shot, Slang 71
ShoukLer-alingB 96
ShoTel-head Shark 68
Shovel-nosed Sturgeon 65
Sborels 79
CUm 79
Oyster 79
Showtl 16
SfbbAldiiis borealls 18
•* snlfurens 13
" tectirostris .*... 12
** tuberosns 18
Blgh^deooys j 139-141
Breech 93
Globe 93
Oradoftting 93
Mtmle 03
Peep 93
PUln 93
SUt 93
Telescope 93
Silk tram byssns of Pinna, Preparation of. . 171
dress-goods, Imports of 289
of ena or arindy • 196
Exports of raw 289
hosier)-, Imports of 288
Imports of raw 288-289
of insects, Prepared fhmi 196
of insects, Preparation of 171
of Joree (Bombyx religiosa) 196
lines 114
and its manufactures, Consumption of. 289
mannfikctures, Foreign exjKyrts of 289
other mannfJEu^res of. Imports of 289
other manufbctures. Imports of^ by
countries 289
of moonga 196
of exotic moths 196
raw, Net imports of 801
of Samia cecropia 196
of Samia polyphcmus 196
of silk- worms, Preparation of 171
of spiders 196
of tussah (Bombyx pemyi) 196
of common silk- worm (Bombyx mori) . . 196
Silk-worm gut 222
Sflk-worm-gut snoods 116
Silk- worm. Propagation of 248
Silarids 62
Silver Fox ( Vulpcs alopex argentatus 189
Fish 41,45
Gar-fish 54
Hake 3d
Squeteagoe 44
Sflrer-sides 53
Silvory Mole 13
Simple bows 88
reels for fly-fishing 118
Siaches 142
of boffido 215
of deer 215
Gelatines fitnn 187
BulL K M. No. 14 22
Page.
Sinewsof goat 215
of seal '. 215
of sheep 215
of walrus 215
Single-groove fish-ways 241
Single-pointed hooks 80-81
Sinkers 117
Sinkers, Not 117
Siphons, Dried IW
Siphon-tubes 247
Sirenia 'J
Slsco gill-nets -. 123
Sixe 221
Sizes and glues (see under 24) 200
Skate, Clear-nosed 66
Eglantine 66
Long-nosed 67
Sharp-nosed 67
Spring 66
Spotted 66
Skate-Uver oil 227
Skates 142
Skeletons, Sio 300
Apparatus for making 177
Skewers, &c *. 168
Skiflk, Hunting 147
Skimmer-nets 246
Skin and its appendages. Preparation of . .171-173
boaU 146
of Eels 231
Skins, Apparatus for making and mounting. 178
of eel (Anguilla vulgaris) 216
Skin scrapers and x)arers 76
Skipper 65
Skunk, AlaskaSable 190
Conmion 4
Hair of, for brushes 217-219
Little Striped 4
Mexican 4
Porpoise lo
Secretion of 229
Striped (Spilogale zoriUa) 190
White-backed 4
Slack's cans 247
Shito, Polishingof 207
Sledges, Deer 142
Dog 142
Steeple Shark 09
Slides. Fish 131
Shad 131
Sllme-flsh 70
Slings 167
for arms 95
Bird (used by Eskimos) 86
India-rubber 89
Sa<ldle 95
Shoulder 95
and spears thrown by straps 88
Slit-sights 93
Slivering-knives 74-7:>
Slugs, Dried (Limax, &c) 184
Slung-shot 71
stones 71
weights 71
Small-footed Pouched Gopher 17
INDEX OF OBJECXa
Solon Tulgoris ....^ .,
Soleiilffi ,,,,,.
Soluble gUu. lufdHtti^ eiib te -..
SomniosuH fuii,-nic«ptulliu
od Squirrel „_„
Boiuid-ilcco> • - ,.,.
Suuiiditis-inuhlae. B
of cod >;
Soulhem
Flounilet ...
ElDg-fish...
Sowerby'B Wlml*
Spuki, BlubbeT.iiiint
C
li
B
TbimW
Wluilo
Wbukmoo'iboat.-.
Wide
Spuiiiib Lady-Osh
MKlnnl
nuKktrel, El
Sp.rel» ,
SpuidiP.
gpal, Slooli for rHfJrtnc tu
cUl
BpftwnliiiB-roce (AiMwqrthI
Spawnio); uilmaii. 6ttal^Jacket br...
Spaimlng.«crepi] mllAr (CdUIbb)
Spawninji-T»t (Bond) „.
Spntr-blli
Spuur.flsh Snoliflr ;..,.
DfDEX OF OBJECTS.
Tagr.
Czpmttof ar
ES
Bxportittf 207
PniMnttmot 174
ud wax, Import* of. ^.. 297
PtaoUlnl IS
gnnmnnu (BeevbjU U
HafTkl IS
moikuKU 15
PiuT]-l «
Bichudaoni U
■pUoiomk IS
tcnUotodla IS
TownModi la
tridtoeni'UikeatiiB IS
lOiKa 270
TBdian* S10
) Carmlcbadll 271
0 22
ilr.nd» (B
ID £2
&"" 68
ua
f^j* IK
tudau in
kol IM
b 222
3B
2»
rtluB IBl-iej
W
e>
;-8»h <n
Ehlonldea 208
las
170-ni
rk 70
4« M
"K 243
HU" 223
o 2S3-2W
juerlcaa conunarcU, Speclmeiu
of- 223
mportoof 2M
tedltemoeui. Spedmeua of 223
TopagaUnii of 248
line 223
I, plidn ind fluted 101-103
UlDg
skeleton of DtTBiFuiB of
nl»<* 72-73,75
t-taUtd
BpoUed Skate as
Bqoetaavoa 44
Tnibot n
Vrj-aaaOt 81
SpiitWii. flu Shark 68
SpreuilcrB IIT
Slirlng liH-noti IM
Spring -clnor tnipl I8i
Sprlngea 134
SpiiDE-gniia 8a,13S
Spring-books 135
Spriugt, Stomach 136
Spring-weln (St. Lameiioa) 130
Spoia 142
Spy rill ianculi'BtB 268
" flluoenloB 208
Squall 07
Sqoalna annTicanm 08
t^limrO'dlppirSeaUErfpiathnabntataa}.. 6,103
a.|iijiUunBiimflrm «7
SquatlakUe 67
Bqaeteagne 44
(ScioiDldail, lalDglanbom 221
BUtw 44
Spotted 44
SquliU 137
■Ddcottlea 251
andJLBi 82,138
Squltrd 44,50
Callfarnla Gm; 14, IS
roi u
Giay 14
Hair of. .217-218
HairU' Ground IS
Mexican Gnmnd IS
Missouri Striped IS
Prairie IS
Red 14
RedmODth 47
Ringed GroDIld 16
Rouud-lallod Oroimd 15
Townaend'a Ground 18
Tufl-earpd 14
Say's Striped 15
Souora Ground.. 16
SqnitrclHako 2fl
Squirrel hooka 90
^quIrnKiTiTliOil. and otheramaU mammal*. JB2
Suintt*, Flib Conuniailon 178
SUplIng 170
Starflsh. 262
StargueT. Naked 33
Star-nosed Uals 14
Star Snapper 50
Stationary covers 141
StaTca 143
Steamcni 148-lSO
Steaming 173
Stcorine, Import* of 107
Slsarines, Uanufactored 225
"StptltnlpB" 134-135
StenogrammB inteirnpta 267
blrDotoning argyrop* 46
Step flib-waja S4>
Stephanolcpla letUto 25
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
Dried...
Straieht
SUniiiiDtiai;. Lmitenis tor
SUngKny
CKlitamla
Smooth
Stluxtedtum caiuideiue.
vitrenm ..
Klock'DiakerB' I
SMna Imiiu . .
pIseoiiB ..
filiwlii foe OjlUH
Stopping
■ Slupa,Foot
SU^ra^Uuk, m
Slorer's FUp^flal
"SlOBh"
Sword-lUll „..
Smulrying mppiMtd* _ —
Bmf-tiwklorortlirowtiigaBdhHiliac
8w»]low^ MctUrat. HhUoT «.<
Sitmu. DoitD of
SwimmliiE-blrd., Dauy [i>n«di>«<«A.-
INDEX OP OBJECTS.
TdMsope^hta
TelcKopta
TenaplDed Stlckle-baek ..
TonCbldld«
caItDn,U(itb>kUof S4S
B«d-lMlllad 21
TetniptiinnilbiduB. »•
TutrodonlBrtgatM M
Tel nidoi] tills 24
Teini I'onplied Gopher "
Toitllo fubrii'ii MS
ftbrira, FeatlwT* for OO
Muubcture or. 1T0-1T1
Thilucloa muillmiu S
ThnliiiMorlirJjB^kDtiUuk 32
Thechii»viiDdtbefl«heriM 71
ThB Finb -CommiuliiDcr. BeporU Df 23a^n
Thief, WuWr IM
Tbomoniyi diuliu IT
t4lpoidea IT
Tlifwici-anh.
Horrljig 60
ThnahOT at
TbnwliiiHlinivMi T*
Tbmjil of^ii-llDii Z15
Thnmb, Amerl
Thjmallii-lriMlor tS
Tiiin-dnlljiig Unkle M
Tis« shirk aa
Tinder 230
Tbiveuele 34a
Tlpe,R>bbit 131
ToMl-flBb S3
Tobacco-pipe FUh M
Tobaccu, mDlT. lued u pre«emtiTH ITS
T»gglo-pin 191
Tolllng-b»l(B im
Tom Cod 29
Toll)!^4c BS
Coral 86
Uj-eler 8S
.Snake M
Sponge M
Tongnes, Cod's 185
SalUid, ut bpflUo. deer, hone 184
sailed. Import* of ?7«
Tools 193, 17»
ArtiniUling ITT
Carrtng... 168
FUjIng - 176
342
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
T»e«-
Tnii»,SprfngJ»or _„ ,
Steel „.,„
Tniwl-linoranen „„
TDbite(M(.BBd«nMA4
Modeling
Soniplug
for «tolllng, Taiidenniirta'
... 1T7
.-- 17S
Tnvl,B«m „.
T.inwdo
... 0«
... S05
... 16
Triobtaniileptnni. „,
TrigUdB _
Trod*. I« (MtMSorj)
... 188
THpodB ud aUIul, Cmen with hU
Tiiuiiportoaui.,UBlhod»of.
-.u2-m
FEKs. Appnnitni for
.-. in
TnUing-UcUe ™..— .
TrombidJon dye ,-,
... i«
T"-!-
(JntTel-bottonwl
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
343
Page.
Tub for traw-line (8M Trawl) 110
Tnft-eared Squirrel U
TuIAkthm. Raftof 144
Tunny 40
Little 40
Turbinarla vulgaris 269
Turbot 28
Greenland 28
Spotted 27
Turkey, Canned 185
Quillaof 219
traps 131
Turning 173
Turritclla,8hen8of 207
Tursiops erebennna 10
•• Giim 10
Turtle, Alligator 22
Canned 185
Green 22
Hawksbill 22
Leatherback 22
Ix^ggerhead 22
on 226
Pacific, Green 22
Pacific, Hawkabill 22
Salted 186
Softrshell » 22
soup 185
Tnsks of mammoth elephant (Elephas primi-
genius) 197
of walrus 197
Tassab, Silk of (Bombyx pemyi) 196
Twine, Netting 130
Twisted lines 114-110
Twisting-rods 82
U.
Udotea conglutinata 270
" flabellata 270
"Diva fiuciata 271
•• latissima 271
Umbrellu-makors' bono, Manulkcture of — 173
Umiaks 144
Unarmed clubs 71 .
Uranidea viscosa 34
Urano«copid» 32
Urgulata 7
Uropbyds reglus 30
Ursidn 4
Ursns americanns 5
•• horribilU 4
V.
Yocoinelimph 230
Vat,Spawning (Bond) 245
Vats 245
BoiUng '.. 177
Helton's 245
Macerating 177
Roth's 245
Vaucheria plloboloides 271
Vehicles 142
Venison, Dried and smoked 182
Imports of 276
Page.
Vertebne, Shark's 200
Vertical wire-doth trays 246
Vesicatory preparations fhnn- beetles, &o... 231
Vessels, fishing, Schooner-rigged 149
Tin 246
Vests 95
Veziga 184
Veals 170
Vicugna hair 195
Virginia Deer (Cariacos virginianus) 8-9, 193
Hare 18
Viscera of bears, Parchment ftt>m 215
ofhog 213
of ox 216
of seals. Parchment from 214
of sheep 215
Vomer setipinnis 41
W.
Wad-cutters (accessory) 92
Wadding 92
Bulk 92
Waders, Decoy (carved in wood) 139
Decoy (stamped in tin) 139
Wade, Prepared 92
Wagons...: 142
Wallets for lines and other tackle 167
Walrus 1 6
leather 208
Sinewsof 215
Tusks of 197
Waste, Bone and ivory 200-201
Water Rabbit 20
Water-guns 90
Water-telescopes — 106
Water-thief 161
Water-proof suits 164
Watery Flounder 27
Wax (Coccus pehlah) 230
Exports of 299
Imports of 299
Manufactures of 299
Woy8,Fish 241-243
Weak-fish 44
Weapon-holders 95
Weasels 136
Hair of 195
Weaving 170-171
Hair used in 212
worsted doths 170
Web, Spiders' 222
Weequashing or fire-fisLing, Lanterns for. . 141
Weighing-scales 92
Weights (dropped) 87
Hurled 87
Slung 71
Weirs, Bar 134
Eel, with leaders 132
or pounds 132
River, with pockets 131
Salmon (Upper Columbia River) .... 131
Spring (St. Lawrence) 130
West coast oysters 254
Western Argentine 66
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
Wtude-bwit (whiilo-fl«liCTle«l l«
WholctKHin bnuliM, Mmufaetnt* of 173
CotuuunplLoD of 2flO
flbiT IM
line* US
■.Otbcr 174
mof. lT«,lTS,i;i
1 BpdagB, Eaklmo ]M
(lumuiubiltaredatiKe) 3(0-305
Tmale, B<.ttlo.b«d 13
Bowbeid 13
FinhMk K-l»
■ndaBtlall,£lpIlrtoimdlmpoIlgof.28a-39T
Qtus n
Oraj IS
PMdfloIUgbt 13
PorpolM Bpenn 13
night 13
Scngg 13
Shnip-liMded Fliuwr 13
Sowerhy'a 13
SalphDr-batloiii 13
WlwlA-laooei '. 73
Whale-line drag 117
WLilr-oU, iDsCmmcnlB and appUncM of
rmdoiiniE- , , , 174-175
BeOsctlon of (with modelaj . . . .174-178
■Whii1<!-»p»de» 70
TTliiiltjnpii'i. boiit-npiidi^ ,,,,. 13
tiib,line 119
btrat-hauheU 10
bpal-knive* 73
bookB 81
TThii ling-guns M
WhHJiu, &£., OUfrom Zi3-2i4
■Wbp*lbartowB(orbBlI-clam» liS
Wbool.taiiglea OT
Whlfflng-tacblo Sfl
Wbip-maien' alack and irblpi, Jlju>a(tu>
(uroof 173
Whip*, Dos IM
Whlitlm, Dog - lSe-137
WhIM-baaked Bktuik 4
18§
raral (OcuUna) M7
Miilln S3
Peatl -_ 20S
Habblt 18
Wbuls - 10
Wbl(€-fisb IB, S7
Chit-f Mountain Loko ST
oU 227
Smokwl 183
Whltiufhoted Mijuw 17
WUIie-halrwi Pottiipuut 18
Wblle-bcaded Oranipaa 11
WblUng K
LakB ■■n
WholiMale dmtncUaa appantot. IM
WtsB, Hairnwdfor u:
WUUamaoD'a (nrnglu Mi
Wiucbco. OuDwale in
Wlnden lit
Wlndluar*. BbIdc IM
Window and plate ifftm, InAuorM ewtte
t«r m
Wblgsof beeOci - M
Wing-abdI. B;Fasaa of (MuiaBablUil IK
WinloFlmnHlvr m
Sbad. a
Wlnftamea 171
Wolf{CanUIiipna) IK
Clawaof. S
Wol/.fisb. , r
WolveTlno(GololiMci«) iW
Woodsbnck or SUBeoT (ArotsfD5a Banail. .UlIM
fhunM W
Woodlaiul Cariboo (TaiBBdnanngUtrt ... t,lS
Wood.powdor . ■ --.. W
WoodBi
do4h«,P
Kiportaof. !iT-%JBi
Hooking .niiO'
GoBt'a (for wigs, ic.) Its, -IT
andbair a:
ImiHrtlMor 3B-»l*l
nnd bairof maminala, PTcpatBlien ot IT>
pclta, Importa of . . . . . _... 3i
Sliwip'a (on »kin) ;i<
wDTit ..._ m
Woolen mil*'*' Eiporta of W7-W
Woorai*....... ._..__... .,-,..- .. (36
Work. Reanlls at; rmind Stat« IMih I'om
mioslOD aWll
Wonna lid W
Dried W
In1«BtinAl. .,..,- M
and iHcbi'B. injurloiu K
andlM«br8,uaefnl SI
Chemical producUtltiln .. 3'
Prnpagntion of ... •"
-Wonna" and oiber loading tool« '>
WoniUd cloth*. WaarbjB '^
Wmnpulia pmirillaia . J*
Wrist-guanlii .- i"
Wrj-.moiitb. Spotted "
WurdeiniiiaiiB oclUMa ■ '*'
X
3:ipU»a Eladtna . *
Xipbldlontldn "
SIphiidai ^
INDEX OF OBJECTS.
345
T.
Page.
ik (PoSpbAgoi gnumlena) 105
BlknrCieTaU6 il
Goplier 16
Haokerel 42
Perch 49
Pik6-p«roh 49
T«a 45
eUoW'flimed Omni 47
eOow-ibotedMinnoi 16
•haired PoTOopiiie IB
Paifc.
Yellow-tailed Spot 45
Z.
ZalophuB GUliespii 5
Ziphiida 12
Ziphiins 12
Zoarcee aagnillarls 31
Zonlohthya flMdatos 42
Zonaria flava 260
^^^^^^Sde^f^onthibutor^^^^^^B
p.g«.
Abbott, Dr. CO 240
P.g..
Bowcbon, Brtndley 238
Bownuai,J.B 9
BoHUigs, QiuMve 306,328
Adam. J. O 131,18B,H«
AcLuu., A. Leith 2H
AiRhIi, A!..Biaer, 24, 26. 20. 41. 44, 4B, 47. M
68,68,08. 80, Oa, IB, 86. 68. JO
Alkan, C.E 4.7,H
Bradfoid 4t AnttMay.. -77, W, 8% K B7. 08. 102.114.
Ill, 120, 128, IM, 268
Brmnd.C.C 81
■fc-V^ ™
BreotA.J 238
^Bwaieui KMdl« ■&& nri>.Hook Conpuiy . .Ir7, 08,
■^ 08.100
^■XiMricui Net ud Twine CompMij. .125, 128. m,
ISB, 180,181, 132, IM
Am-^ricu, Whli, Cumpmy 203,205
Am«a, JiiDin T 252, 2B«, £GT, 268
Andnraun, Br.O.L 26S
C.
■t 341,!4S.24T,St8
^^«ood,Cq>I.V.B 228,234, MO, MT, 251
CcDtnl Whuf Compui; . .15, UN, 101, UT, 111, 122.
lOS
Ch.paiiiD!w.D.,&S<m 102 ,
B«rd,8,F 11,14,17,21,22,34.37.26,40.04.08.
08, 78, 88, 84, 80, 131. 183, 144. 100. 1B3, 200, 23!
BmllM-. Captalu S
Biiot»,G.A 108
Bapbw.J.C 8
BurtDtth.D 240
B«ii«Ura,J a
B«niuni,P.T 8
CI.«l«r,C«ptH.C 146.148.101,187.244
Chioien ^«tfaar-Diuter CnnpOBy 220
Clark. J.H *MM,W
CleVBUinl,CBptJod»h ISI.1U
ColeDimn, Wnlter ISl, IBB
^^Ui^a«^i 7
ColUnii,T.0 8 1
Coljer. Vlnotnt 83, » ««. W. 150, W 308
Illrtop,N.H 146,148
llliii:lifDn1. K, 0 253. 2H, 268. 167, 290, 260
Carter, J.F 1«9
Cuth.Bl'iicklniiComponr 164
(.'■pp Ann blugUu uul Gluo Compwy . . . 231. 3£2
347 j
^nM««i Society Nutond HimoTf 3K1
INDEX OF CONTBIBUTOBS.
Coana,t.A Ka,3X.2S7
Conw,!!. DsTliI 16S
Cook, Capt Caleb W4.I25
Cook, ColMnnn 100
Cook, EliakB «,l(»
Cook.K.H 200
CoolE, Lemael M, M, 1(», 101, 121
CootW-H A 78
Copley, O 13,31
Cooeh, Lleat D. N 1ft, M. 147. IM
Cone*, nr. Elliott 7.9,18, IB, M,W, HI
Cragin i SliBldno M7
Cnndill, aH 197
Cnudall. L., Ai Co lU
Crittenden. A.K T5,TS,{B,B3,BT,>B, 101.117,
m,14l,lt&,S04i:£6.'WI
Cmok.KB 16i
Crook*, H 140
CiillwrtHni,T ^ IB
Curie]', Rer. June* 84.10.110
CiutU,H.A 30
Cnllok. Denteiuat »1
Dall. W. U ..0, B, 10. 12,70, 81, 83, BS, se, 8>, OS, B4, M
100, lis. 131, 132. ist, 142, iH. 100. lae. is;
l(r7. SOI. 214, 318, 2S1, 2Nl 2M. 250, 2CT, M
l>anJ*U.W.C 23
Damir UuDboturbig Cavpuiy 16
DavJi. Mr«.A,S M
IhiTJs, BenJimin 2-'!
DoviB. Edward 1
DHBWn, J.W M
Be Freer, A. B.. * Co 2S1, 262.25
Deboo. Heorgo, * Co 2*8,224,22
DflDBg i Son* 158, 1«
Dewey . 2o
I>linn, R"l>ert,... M
£iall,a tl
EiplartngEii«dilf0BlI.8 ^MmWaB
F,
Foddordln, A ■
fUrle. Janiea ■
Fiilta,4-J ,. H
Fartoir,W.G JRVKM
Feiner.LientJohB ■
Faooet.C.A ]■
Fergn»Pi>, S. W fl
FirROaoD, Ui«J. T. B m«MlLV
FiahCc>auiiiuiim,D.S..S,U,I3.1);IT,]ll«H,«
T4, T5^ Ts, M, B% a, n, SI, ui. i3Mm mw
ltD.151, iaa^IM.16>,I78.1M,M^)n,WS
Flihet, Cspt. Jo*. W
FiUbogh, D. H HI
Filihiich, n. L W
Fcimt tnd liliwua Pabti*hiii{;Coinpaaj. HRft
1% 101. 102, Ut, lis. 131, UT. IKMniM MM
Fa«l«.G»TgFB T%T];1SkllI.III.tt»
Prestnoii, SanloTd IM^MIMW
Fm»-li,E.B miM.ma
Fuller, C.B JRSI
FuleJ.CoLJ 0
e.
Gabb, W. H »
Gardiner, C*pt. J. W.T KP
G*Ddet,C.P •
Ghiaalln, Dr. J. T ■
Glbbe*,T>T. L.R... ,. »
Gibb*,TbM. . 4,S3iU,WtIai.U^l]^ll%l4S
Glironl,JohBD. ■•
GiffonJ, Thorn** J ■
GUbrrt.K.F ....■»»
GUll«», J. M - •
GilLTheo «at*
CiilpJH. Dr. Ik'ni
TNDEX OP.COKTRIBUTOBS.
.Dr. A. I, 1*,1S
iPortablaFoUlngBoatCompMiy.. 14S
.H 2tl,SH,2H,2GT,MI.3K2eikm
.a.J.H !OI.SW,ai«
... U3,1H
7.8J,B1,1«
... !S3S,JW
tUiBtanl IW, IM,1H
k.a. N 22
A. H HIW.201
I.E.. ft Sou 118,130,133
r m,is*.i3s
B.U s«,eMio
CptL n,T«,i«,ns
CmptKH 30,82
DU. S. a, & Co 211
OD,EDhl*Co 131
)r 12,S«,39
mO CuUaiy Conpuy Tl-Tl
JahDmi, 7. B 37,rt.Xt,U
Jaluuaii,C^t.Q. A S3
JohunD ft Tonng U>, 133, I4B, IN
Jon;, P. LonU 13»
Jndte, Edwin H 137
Jndp^EdwJD W >3
F, C, iCo... M
KfU'j JcDumnor lo
Kmp, D«j t To 19MW, M
Kenn.i1t, Andrvw lie, 181, IB
K-'unCTlV, Dr. B, 1IM«, 1»0, IB
KtiiDicott,B 1^M.I00,1I8,1U,138.1«
139,110.11
Kennud. CbcrinW So
Kent,D. F 1
KImtMlI, Dr. J. F 20
C. J.KlDC 1
Etdg, Lieat F. W 8
KlnftW.B 1
Kiiby, JIumpliTi'yS 81,(1, It
KIrkby. W, W 18
Klrttkud, Dr. J. P 1
Kuoi, S.B 3
Ksbn, QnaU* ll,tt>,lHilS&10l>.M
Kop«cb,H 28
K>id«, Jolm 1»,U
Kuril, T.D tt
LUnftJ.M 13
LuimnD. Clurlia 23S
L< Pall, WUllIm H 111,212
Lawlo.C.H »
LUliuD, JuDU H 13, 131,141
Lcnlcr.JtMiiph.. 143,173
Lftwrencfl, Alft«d 10
Lawnoce, Am« 203
LeBT«iw(irth,J.n 8
Lelb,T 32
L«inuM,H.L Ill
LmIbj.A.M IM
LMliPpC.C 48
LevBy,J.A 20
L«wl«.G*orBeH »•
Lewis, WLUlMD 01
LincolD, Oeorgo F 201,202
Liverpool rtee PobUo MoMnm 20, 30
Loce,Ja»on 07
Ljmttn, Theodore 23T
Liman. WUliun .'. ., IM
MiiOT.K.B.ftF T«tTa,Sl,lSl.l«l
HnhrenWi 208,210
MiiD.'iflftld, (I, E. A Co llt.Ui
Miirct fnpthln 1*
Martin. C»pLS. J m
Munrln Droa. & Bartlett 220,227
MiiBUchaMtMAnnaCompma)- SD.D1,B2,B3
Mmbw Fnsd ao.sa,24«
Mutlirw,G.F ; 2M
Muth>ws,Dr.V \*
350
INDEX OF CONTBIBDTOBS.
McBrlde,SknJ
UcCuleb, Vloald IS
Ui-CUln.A.0 Mfl
UL-Curdy, Alex. . . .72. 7S, BO, H, 101, ]2% ISO, 161. IffJ
McDoDald.M S42
H<:[>aDdi<],AnuiL llft,lU
McFBdd(ul.F 150
M'^Fadjo. l£Bleolm l<e.l»S
MacFutencR fl, IB. 7fi. 83; W, H, 100, U.*!,
127, 131, 138. lU, 162, 180, ȣ, 203, 20g, -ilS
MoFiiTliuie.B.R
McKonuis. M
MdUDEbUo. W. B
UBL«id,B(!r.B.B
Huylind Acodem; of Soleaca
MiHk,F. B 2Sa.2Se
Mirglsr.J.G., 4 Co ia&,l««
U<)l(;^GenenlU.0 86
More (milt, PhUip .71,87,132
MeiTttLDr-JC 5,21
Middlslon. Curaon i Co 28
MllM, GeoTKe W SO, M, 217, 118. SIB, m. 2»2
UHIet, Dr. C. A 257
MUnn'.J.W 21.4S,Sa,«0,BM£2.I39,lW.iao,
235, 337, 2M, 2*1.200
Minor, Dr, T. T 4. BS, 88, B9, «, IIB, 126, 214
MoUtKoiia., n. B 7
M.Mn\Tt».miu 87,38
Miirri^ Willtam 96,141
MosMi, Wflllam B 2«
Mott, Mr».C.E 21)5,25(1.238
MunaJ., *Co 223
HDBOiiinDf CompuBtireZDolog; $5,M
N.
Sliaon.J.P 101
NwidDil lEBtltutlon 4,5.12
NaUnnalPrFaervingCotDpaDf IB2
Peyrfr.CK-l „, _..., m
Pollard.fi.Q „„ a'
Pooled Bant .,.,.,::. flU,
Pope,C.pl.J „ II
rortliiDil PackitigCoMipMr .I4Mi.i4)IK.
Potter, T. & E. H. M
Potter, Churl™ T HH
PottU', n-nlu m
Powxil Ui\j. J. W 80,BIMG,lll,IM^lAaB.M
PflwelLS a««
Fowera, StopbCD .65, M, M; 131, UK. 12^ IH OtUl
in,lM.!RStai
nnej,
Pl»[t,W.B,.,
Prior, Wmi»m. ^f., * Co
PutMni, F.W
IUDdDlpli,ScpUiiiU,lliM _ V
KeailDEtoniSoiui,B |MI
RMifTBir.G.R [n,«aiM
RrnlVeiT.G. I{.,&Ca....ia.«.LaLUitmHt*l
21i^ll(.2U!Ka
Elch. Sewell B »«■
RlchKil.J.H „ mjt
BiebiaiMm,Jimf .MfcKli
RidgwBj. Itobert IKUAB
King. Lieot F. M »4«,l4iL»
Bndite™, Hwl«n M., &Co... ■
RodScn. Capt Joliii SA*
Ro^n, C. W ,,...,.._,. _.,.,.. IP
RfB*.B.R...... 4,lS,M,W^0a.tlM4U;i>KW
RoH ftnudfalr
INDEX OF CONTB3UT0BS.
M,US
lOI
Ma
...T0,22t,32S,ttT
[uUtDUcin e3,H8S,8^«.Ul.
IBS, 18a
Tbw 2M
M.X..«i.tt,». Vn, IIT, m, 128, 131,
13a,lM,ll>3,S44
itge MpM
ryA 13a,lM
.rimn 7,18
I B8,aa7
ai,is2,2H,aM,2«a
IMlKl 260
per 244.247
^loa. . 2t^ H Sfc 3T, 58, M, OS, «T. es, 12«,
3, l»4, IBS, 210, as, 230, 240, 241. 248, 247
: 8«
iiBii.&3oDa 18B.14I)
George 0, 14. 18. ti. 84, 143, lf», 100, 235
rohn 2S,44
l.78,8«, 82-g},8g,M.(X.8«, 1(H), IIS. IIT,
. I5S. im. 188. 184, 1»3. 105, 11^. 201, 202.
214, 215, 222, 251, 2.S7, 250
Trovbildge.LlsatW'.F 17, IN
Tiriw,U4<iT «
IT.
Uoderwood & Co 188, 104. 189^ 2W
lIiider«ODd,WlUbm 281
tTnited Slatea KorUiem BranduT Sorrej.. T
T.
T<kntiike,lLL US
Tu4ea,J HMUB
T(U«.Dr.J.W «,8^ea
Tarrlll.A.B 184,187, 28^X1, 38!
TerrIll,C.S 380
VleUe,W 16
yaH,Adolph 78.75.77,88,170
W.
Wilker, Dulel ISO
Wal]Me,Jolui 5,10,18, WO
Wftlthun d^Gntuin tO
Wir Department M
W>rd,H.A 5,0,l^Sl,e7
V>m!ti.LientQ.K 8,8t,M
Welch. Georgo 4
Welplry, Dr. P 8,18
■Wemlchi Wanilfl 318
Weeterbergor.Fnuilt,.. -.,..-... ........... 900
WeMoii.WllliuiiiH 180,101
■Willi*, J, H. 868
Wherlrt. Ll.-iit- (itoriw M 180
Wlieelw.W.K 7
WbippU.Lieul. .\. W ... 83
WtilteMiiiuIkcturliieCanipaDy 141
Whltv.Ur.J.B 141,148.144
WhitP.I.ii-.il.J.W .'.. 118
WIriiiir k Aimi f.-ompimy 80,01
Wilcoi.Criltrnden&Ca 73,74,88,88,117,122,
]2<l, 180. 150-157, IW-ieZ
Wilroi Tnnncry -.... 200
Wi1lH-n*.WilliiiiB.ftC» 218,210
WIULmnii, lUv™ A Co 148
WmLi.ln».ili.U.-at.ll.S 15
■Willi*, .r.u 18
WilmolS «0
Wilwm, I)r 20
WiacbirsliT Repeating Aim* 01,02
Wiikra. LieulrmmC 150
Wilkes. C»pt.Cbuloi 8, 88, 03, 143, t»7, 188
Wuoiiforcl,riilllpR 203
■Welti. G.W 138
WolttT-N 133.134
Womi, W.F 8
WcKHlbouac, DecloT 14. 10
WeodforA Philip R 201
Wjplh,,loho, «:Bro 22^ 228. 22*1229
X.
Xaniu-..Tnlin in.;,'*
T,
Yarniw, II.C 48, 40, .11, 1 3j, 238
TouiiB.A.R 285
YoimB,W,H 100
Teung,W,M 0(^07,102,117
^ej^avimeni of fKc SRnieriori
U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.
18
BULLETIN
OF THB
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
TSTo. 1 6.
PUBLISHED UNDER THB DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTIOK
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFPIOB.
1879.
I
ADVERTISEMENT.
This work is the flfteeenth of a Herie^ of papers intended to illosttate ■
tho collections of Natui'al History aiitl Ethiiologj- belonging to tto
United States, and constituting the National Museum, of AvLich liie
Smitbsomau Institution v/aa plficed in charge by the act of Congress of ,
August 10, 1846. j
It has been prepared at the request of the Inetitatiou, and printed b;
anthority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.
SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Instttvtion.
SlQTHSOHIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, April 15, 1879.
I
CONTRIBUTIONS
TU THE
vTATUKAL HISTOET
OF
ARCTIC AMERICA,
MABB IN CONNECTION WITH
THE HOWGATE POLAR EXPEDITION, 1877-78,
BY
LTJDTTia KUMLIBN",
HATUBAUBT OF TBI EZPmDITIOir.
' »^». I
WASHINGTON:
OOVEBNMENT PRINTING OPFIOB.
1870.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
iMTBODUCnON. Bf LUDWIO Edmubn I
:; LovwiG KmiLiKif U
Bf LUDWIO EUHUEN <
BiRDa. By Luswia EuMiJEM I
FuHES. By TablstonH. Bkan ■
Cbustacba. ByS. L Smitb 0
Ahnsudes. By a. E. Vekhqx Ul
Hou-USKB. ByW.H.DAix If
MoiJ.uscoii>8. By A. E. Terrill tf
Radiates. By A. E. Tebbill B
iMSEcro: DiDHSAi. Lepidoptkra. By W. B. Edwabds W
Insects: Htmenoptera, KocnntNAL Lbpidoptxka, Bipteba, CoukvbUi
NEUItOPTEEA, AND ARACHNIDA. Bj B. H. SCCDDEB ANI> OTHBRfl 9
PlAKTS. ByAflAORAT I"
LlCBENS. By Edwasd Tdceerman . .
INTRODUCTION.
Bt L up wig Kdmuks.
e vessel coDTejing the Ilowgato preliounary Poljir Expedition woa
^orenoe^of Kcw LoiidoD, Conn. She is a fore-and-utlsutioonerof
lis tons, and was built in Wells, Me., in 1S51, for mackerel, and
blbseqneiitly iiscfl as n sealer iu (lie «oiittiem seas,
■oagb «• KtaiiDcli and Ikir &ea-l>oat, as far as her diinixiutive dimen-
boDld allow, a less siutable vessel for the puriiose could hardi;
been chosen. To say tiiat she wa^ too small for thorough scientillo
■overs the ground, hut quite fails to eonvey a proper idea of \rhat
hdcB all scicutific hiburs were subjected to on this uecuunt.
nehoouer was lltte<l out iu New London, and sailed on the mom-
■ August 3, 1877, unfortunately at least two niontlis later than
me, had her object been purely scieutific.
■primary object of the expedition, by Captain How^ttfa order,
■ collect material, skins, skin clothing, dogs, sledges, and Eskimo,
m use of a future colony on the shores of Lady Franklin Bay.
koodaryobjectof the expedition was scientific work; and, thirdly,
■g waa to be one feature of the cruise.
HT as the primary object is concerned, the vxpeditiou was as snc-
H as coald be expected : a large iimonut of skins was collected
Hdeitito clothing; the services of sixteen Eskimo were secured,
^ve willing to accompany the coming steamer northward; nearly
^ngs were secured, and several good sledges, with an auijile sap*
^Biale^ jaw-bones for shoeing the mnuers for some years.
^H been stated by Captain llowgate, " the pecidiar natnre of her
^^B(ted tlio enterprise from the level of ao ordinary whaling voy-
^^B higher pliiuo of geogniphical discovery." Every one, except
^^■sts, had a " lay" in the voyage ; and, so far as the crew was
^^H their " lay " was to be theu* ouly remuneration ; as a natural
^^^Be, whaling became the primary object to them. The expe*
^^^nlso tuirly i^ucceasful in this direction.
^^^Htfae scientific work is concerned, some valuable work waa
1
6 NATUBAL HI8T0BT OF ABCTIC A3IERICA.
done, especially by Mr. Shermaa in meteorology ; atiU, neuly all ibaack
tifio labors were prosecated under very disconiaging conditiiHU. T
lack of any place to work in save a anow-but on shore, in wtuch n^
sufficient Ugbt nor heat was to be obtained, rendered it very diffleoU
prosecute certain investigatious. The late date of sailing and tbe en
departure from the winter harbor deprived na of the moat inttteBtii
and profitable seasoa for Bcientific research.
The outward trip presented nothing to break the osoal monotcny at
long sailing voyage: fogs and light wiods prevailed till off the north
Besolntion Island, when astrong northeast gale was encountered. 13
schooner was heavily loaded and poorly trimmed, so that some nncn
ness for safety was uaturally felt, especially as we were close insho
among icebergs and rocks, in a thick fog and on an unknown coast Oi
boat was stove in and a few barrels of provisioas washed &om ded
otherwise no damage was done.
The first anchorage was in Kiautilio Harbor, on the western shofei
Cumberland Sound, September 12, fortj'-ooe days after leanng Sff
London. Some natives were secured here, to assist in whaling; andi
their worldly possessions, including dogs, sledges, boats, &c., were ttkr
upon the decks, aud the schooner weighed anchor and started fix tk
opposite side of tbe sound. A short stay was made at the Kikbrtn
Islands, atid ou the 6th of October the Florence dropped anchor it Ik
little harlwr of Annanactook, at about lat (»7° N"., long. G8° 5V W.
Mr. Sliomiaiiaii.liiiv.M-lfjoai*
IKTEODUCTION.
g circumstauces, the results of his labors cannot fail to be very \
B and do justice to Mr. Slierman's iiidefatigable peraeverauco axu
irly attainments. We spent our time iu procui-iug and taking ci
mens, as well as taliing our " wateli" sit tlie observatory v
s bnsy witli otiier work.
a our peculiar siuroundiiigs and the isolation to wliicU we wen!
Necessarily subjected, we lost much of our wonted enthusiasm during tl
long, dreary winter, and found rest only in continual work.
The spring of 1878 was stormy and backward, and the prevalence of
southerly gales kept the ice closely packed about us till the fore part of
.TiUy. This treacherous condition of the ice, and early departure &om
li.' winter harbor, roblied us of any opportunity to prosecute extendej
-•-arches, except in the uuraediate vleiuity of the harbor; thus tlH
:!iost valuable season was completely lost to us.
The Florence loft her winter harbor on the 6th of Jul}', liaviug all t
collected material fur the fbture Arctic colony stored in her hold, i
i\t*«a Eskimo and twenty -eight dogs ou deck.
In the uiiueccssary haste of departure many valuable pix'parat ions liai
M lv» abandoned for want of time to get them aboard, us well as spat
ij) !itorc titom.
Short stoppages were ma^e at two or three points on the outwai
'-rissage from tlie sound, and uii the lOtli of July we rounded Cape Merc
111 took ilie patrk-ice of Davis Straits. It was ou this day tJiat t
linoncr received the bump which afterwards cost us so much troubli
nI ansiety.
I'tie |>ack proved to be quite loose, Xmt. ejiteusive, and the does ratUei
I'luU, but the winds were invariably contrary and quite still', and tlu
I most impenetrable fog made the uuvigatiou dangerous and tediomifl
■ were often obliged to tie up to a doe and await a "lead" in the pa*
or the lifting of the murky fog veil.
Godhavn Harbor, Dtsko Island, Greenland, was reached ou the 'M^
of July. Wo were all in high spirits iu auticipation of news from hoiiM
' not tlie presence of tbe exjiected expedition steamer. Of course tit
"iblo disappointment was sorely t^elt.
I'hc adveut of the expedition was awaited with great anxiety, iii'if
|i«>ciaUy as no word had been scut us ria Denmark, so wo natiirallj
ificluded tito vessel orves-sels were belated from some cause; batwhei
; f u weeks of waiting brougiit us no news, the anchor was weighed, and
- Florence put on a course for Cnmberland once moiv, to i-etnru the
l^gkinw aud tliaireffecta to their country.
S NATURAL HI8T0BT OP ARCTIC AMERICA.
Daring otit sojoom in Oodhaven eveiy attention was paid to oar OOB-
fort by the higtily enlightened Danes resident there, and these thm
short weeks were to ns the most enjoyable of the whole cndae. Wc
puTsned our scientiflo hibors here as elsewhere when an ancdiongem
made, bat in this case had tiie misfortnne of being on an cdd SDd wd-
rorked Add.
On the evening of the 22d of August, the Mocence left GodhaTcn ai
sped on a southerly course, with a fair north wind; this Boon veered to
ESE. and blew a gale. For four days the schooner lay bove-to nnd*
close-reefed storm-sail, while the hatches were battened down overtbt
poor native^ iu the hold. We were entirely at the mercy of the eienaw
and drifted with the sea. An impenetrable fog, with heavy rain, oa-
tinaed the whole time, and we were drifting among hundre<ls of i»
bergs, bat luckily did not come in contact with any.
On the 27th land was sighted on our 8tarbo<ird quarter, and sob»
qneut obser^-ationa proved us to bo in the month of Exeter Sovmt! Wt
had drifted completely across D^vis Straits.
On the 31st of August we ngiiiu anchored at Kiantilic, and moft rUt
ingly landed our passengers and all their goods, and enjoyed a feirdaj*
of rest, — rest from the howling of wind and wave and Irom the fiir U*
musical sqaall of the juvenile E^himo and tie flendisb howls of the dof»
We could also enjoy tbe luxiuy.of clean and free decks once more, ihi
fij-st time since June.
ti tiiu 12tli of Sciileiubcr wiliingliaiida heiided the Floreru'C lorLonif.
INTRODUCTION. 9
head sea. We were 80inewh(»*e off Sable Island at the time, our exact
bearings being unknown to us. The pumps were kept maimed, and dili-
gent search made for the leak, but without avail. Such a condition of
affiurs cafit a shadow of gloom over the whole company : our provisions
gone, ship leaking badly, and not knowing at what moment it might
gain on us; the elements in all their fury let loose, so that we were en-
tirely in their i)ower, drifting helplessly at the mercy of raging billows,
without knowledge of our i)osition within a hundred miles. On the
evening of October 25, Thatcher's Island lights were sighted, and the
Slorence seemed to have become animated, for with a fair NW. breeze
•be sped like a thing of life, and before midnight we saw the reflected
lights of Boston on the clouds, and the next morning dropped anchor in
Provincetown, Mass. Provisions were secured and some slight repairs
made.
On the morning of October 30, the Florence lay alongside of the same
dock she had left fifteen months before, every man brought back ali^e
and welL
ETHNOLOGY.
PEAGMBNTAIIV NOTES OS THE ESKIMO OF CnUIIKRI.ASD 80ITHD.
lie Cumberlaml Straits, Souud, Gulf, or Iclet, extenda from abonj
laU G.V X. to Uit. 07°+ N. It is the Ciimlwrlomt Siraits of Baffin, itai
tirigitiul ilisi!overer ut tbe end of Ilie Mxteeotli century; tlie Hogiirth.l
Sound of Cai>t,ain Penny, who rediscovered it in 1839; and the North*/
ambcrlaud inlet of Captain Wareham m 1841.
During tbe last quarter ceutury it has often been visited by Scotdii]
.111(1 Ameriuin wiialemen, ships frequently vintering on tbe southwest
I' I'll shores.
It ia at present unknown if it be a sound or gulf; it is generally con-l
sidered as a gulf, but some Eskimo say tliat the Kiugwab Fjord, one o
tlie arms extending to the NE., openn into a hitge expanse of watw,~]
to them iinkoowii. Icebergs arc also soineHino» foimd in tim Qord that,
from their positions, seem to have come from the northward, and not
from the south.
The eastern shore of this soimd forms the western boundary of thi
iwrtion of Cumberland Island which Ues botwet^ti its waters and Dari
Stniiti*, and known as the Penny Peninsula.
In about lat. C(i° N. the Kingnite FJoixi extends from the sound in a
KN'K. direction, and nearly joins Exeter Sound from Davis Stratti^
I y are separated only by a portage of a few miles. The Cnniberlandi
. >klmo make frequent excursions to tlie eastern shore via these Qord9,
but seem to have e)ct«nded their uiigmtiong but a short distance nortfe-J
wanl, finding Cumberland Sound uioro 1^) their tastes.
The width of Cumberland Sound opposite Niantilic Is about ihir
:tk'S, possibly its widest part. It is indented by numerous and lai
I J Ills, few, if any, of them having been explored ; many islands are scafrfl
' r>_-d along both shores, and in some instan(«s form quite considerablti
-.Kips. '
Tbe present Eskimo are few in numbers. We would estimate ttu
e jiiipulatioi], men, women, and chQdren, on both sides of tbe i^nndL
12 NATURAL HISTORY OF AECTIC AMERICA.
irom Cape Mercy on tlie east to Nugumeute on the vest, Dot to rxG««d
four hundred iDdividnals. It is certain that within the last thirty yei rs
the mortality has been very great among them; even the vbalemeii
remark an astouiahing diminution in their niunbers at the present day,
as compared with twenty years ago.
Kumerous traditions exist among them of the time when they wamd
witli other trilies, and old men, now livin;;, have pointed out tu ii.s iBlaudu
that werc! once tlic iicciic of Imttles, where the besieged party was starred
into submitttjion by their enemies. According to the nsnal st<ny, tb
burling of stones was one of the moat effective and common mode* of
warfare; this was especially the case when one party could get upon a
ledge above the other. At the present day tbey are peaceful and qoia,
h<ive no recognized lender, and no desire to fight, even if their nmnben
would permit of it.
As the story goes, the present population were the victors in tboK
fights, and tool^ posnossion of the country they now inhabit. Some say
they came from the northwest, and found another tribe, which tbej
overcame and drove away. Their stories on this subject vary, and
sometimes with this unusually interesting tradition, as well as many
others, they get events of a very recent date hopelessly mixed np wift
the rest; and it is no unusual instance to find that some whaler with*
good imagination has supplied and restored lost portions of thenu^
rative, to their entire satisfaction; but these restorations are chJeiBf
^B KTIIKOLOGV. IS
^HkJu uuule houties uut of atone.' Tliey weru ulilti tu lift laigti stoiiocfl
^Hwere afraid of tbem; we t'ouglit witli tlieui and killed tlieui. Tli^H
^H S'unuks) coiue in Uiti flrgt place fiom drccnlandA Ttic woineti muda
WMiii'S Iroui tlieir own liair. They had no dogs at that time, but lli^n
miulo sludges and harnesses, and finally (witchou = by and by) put tkol
hai-uesses on three wickn, one whilo, one red, ami odb blit<:k; they tbeiifl
i;jllcd, luid when they looked they found the stoues had been trans^l
iMrined into dogs. After a time tliey got plenty dogs; tlien they wcobl
about more. The preneut Eskimo could not miderstund their language.
They lived to a gfeatage {E. tnlceieottk nami = did not die!). Fur to the
veAt some Kskimo lately saw some Tunukg; they bad bear-skiu rlo^h-
ing. In the Tunuka land (where!) the musk ox (oming muJc), Ift-ar, and J
seals are abimdaiit. They build walls of stones on the land, and drive I
tlie reindeer inte ponds, and cat«h them in kyacks. They have a largej
ioag call^ong (coat, or jumper jacket) that they fasten down aroiuud
a on tlie ice whUe they are watching a seal's hole ; nudemeath tbitn
la itketoli of foBudatloD, No. 1. 8Iodo fonndaiione of a somewhat peoulinr pat- %
vfimnd tnniAnf of Uio larger Qorda. Thembjeutof tbeslcetcb was about fitiir- I
D its greatest (lianietcr (the larger en-cloaare) inside ; the smaller one al'uut \
■ fMt. Tbo mraQgeioeut ia much the eomo as the Eakimo ubo at the preeout ilay, ii
i platform in the end opposite the entraace for a sleeping and general loangln^
plAOe, »nd two Hmaller platforms on eilher aido, where the hunps are kept, and ■where
thp garbage accnmnlates.
Tbufio fouDdationa are now mere rains. Some of the stones in the walls areso largo
that It must have required the united efforts of HYoral men to place them in position.
Rm) aloaue gradually dinilniHh in size &om the foundation upward. Standing walls aro
bMn two to three feet high, and might have been a foot higher, to Judge &om the
locMO Btonea lying about. Tbera was prebabl; a &aine-wurk of whale ribs, over which
tliB aeal-pkin covering was spread.
Ou thv iiiirtb side of this foimdatiou were seven kyaoks, built of small stones; th^ J
lie? parallel to irnch other, and are from ten to flftcim feet in length; thejr are built of "
L ^iii^lo row of stonea, and only one tier high. These are said to indicate thenunilier
iiriiateH that havedit<d. Th«j appvar to an more like the work of children. In
i:iinp-plaw!a we found the remans of PflfKtmyj/irHdii* (abundant), PAtwatartaW,
\,phora criMtala, IVuAecftiM rofinarua, Umu mariliniui (tb<9 tliree laet-namod species J
IT' now only aa eCragglers in the vicinity}, Eangi/er larandui, Beluga catodon, LarutM
— f, and Stmatrria 1 (nullinima, probably). Otber boueeare found, but' not fl
■ ^uliSBhln from decay. No implements were found eitept a stone skiu'^craper^
I'[i>8eiit Eskimo eay these stone fonndationa wi^re made by the Tunabi. They a:
■ri in variona out-of-lhe-way places, especially in the grontAr Kingwah Fjord.
\lioat twunty years ago, s man and women (Greenlandoni)Iaadetl near Capo Mctcyi^
iiii: fiot adrin. on a piece of ice nn the Oncnlanil iNHtBt. rrom this oooitrrence w«.J
......jictuTv that the sl»ry haa received a modem ad<lition.
14 NATUBAL BISTORT OF ASCTIC AHEBICA.
g'-nueiit, on the ice, they place a lamp; over this lamp thc^ cook meat
THeir eyes are sore all the time. We are afiraid of Ihem ; do not like
tnem; glad they hare gone away."
This tradition differs somewhat in the particulars when told by dilKr-
fnt individuals, hut the mahi points are essentially the same. Uuf
will not tell it all ; some, only i>arts of it. The ridicoloos story abou
the dogs is firmly believed by the present Eskimo as the origin of Umm
That the Tunuks have been seen of late years in the west is not is-
probable, — that is, natives, different in dress and stature; but theyvcR
most likely the tribe known aa the Pelly Bay Eskimo from ttie doiA
shores of Hudson's Straits and fh)m Fox Channel, they being Isrgs
and more robust than the Cumberland Eskimo of the present day. It ii
certiun that since the whalers have begun coming among the Cumber
land Eskimo, and introduced venereal diseases, they have deteriotstcd
very much. They now almost depend upon ships coming, and as a oco-
sequence are becoming less expert linnters, and more careless in Ibe
construction of their habitations, which are merely mde temporaiy ditl-
tera made at a few minates' notice. Great suffering often ensues fr«
living in these miserable huts. The seal skin that should have gone te
rcpa^ir the tent in bartered to the whalemen for a little tobacco, or sow
valueless trinket, which is soon thrown aside. The men are employed le
catch whales, ■whm tlioy ^ilimild he hniiliTi;; m OTflcr to <:niijily tl^r
ETITSOLOOY.
I aoy scasoD. Tbe priiicipal ones are known as Nngameute, Kiautilii:^
Bwtjoyiutt, Eemeauit, Annanactook, Oosooatlluin, Ejiijunjiiiti, Eikker-
, and Middliejaacktaack Islands, and Shauineer, situate at different
bnts on botli sides of Cumberland Soaud. During the winter tliey con-
tegate at these points in tittle villages of snow-huts.
Tbe present principal he^idquarters are at the Kikkerton Islands, or at
Siuntilic, according to which jioint the whalers winter. The old harbor
r Kemasnit, once the winter harbor of whalers and a favorite resort of
) Eskimo, is now deserted, except by a few 6Uiieninuuat«<i couples,
bo manage to caUih enongh seal to live on.
8 a mle, the present ra<% is of short stature, the men fi-om Ave feet
e inches to five feot six. There are some exceptions, but they are
i fovor of a less rather than a greater height. The women are a little
prter. The lower extremities ai-e I'ather short in jiroportion to the
, and l>ow-legs are almost the rule. Tliis probably arises from the
r in which the children are canied in the mother's hood, as well
k Che early age at which they attempt to walk. The habit of sitting
•-tegged may also have a tendency to produce this defoiuiity. Tlieir
[aaudfeet are small and well fonned. Their hands are almost covered
b the scaraofcut« and bruises. It »ecms that in healingthe injured part
I, and is always afterwards disgustingly prominent- Tliere is a great
tion in the color of their skin, and a description that would answer
r one might not apply at all to another. Even among those that are
r pure breed there arc some whose skins are no darker than a white
M*s Koold he if subjected to the rigors of wind and cold, and the
iTor-rcraoveti accumulation of soot and grease. Others again seem to
ne been "boni bo." The children, when young, are quite fair. The
gren are small, oblique, and black or very dark brown. The hair is
Kb, Rtraigbt, coarse, and very ahiindant. It is rarely wavy or curly
nong the full-blooded Innuits.
[ There are, of conrse, exceptions to the above in cases of half-breeds.
: fiices are broad and flat, with rather large lips and prominent
tbones.
Atidde is not practiced among the Cumberland Eskimo at the
mt day. I have learned from some of the most intelligent that this
pons custom was in vogue in former times, however. Among the
a of Repulse Bay and those living on the north shores of Hudson's
kits, It is practiced to a considerabje extent, e.specially with the tribe
1 the Pelly Bay natives. The practice is confined almost en-
16 NATDBAL HISTORY OP AECTIC AMERICA.
tirely to female children, the reason being, they tell os, titiat they ua
anahle to hunt, and consequentl; of little acconut. It seems to iam
b<«n referable to the same cause among the GTunberland EsidmoL Thca
biterconrse mth the whites seems to have modified some of tlie mort
barbarous of their primitive habits.
Twins are not common, and triplets veiy rare. The males oatnnmba
the females. Infanticide may, to Bome extent, be the c^nse ; bnt Imtf
diseases, which are alarmingly prevalent, seem more fatal to the woon
than to the men.
Children are often mated by the parents while they are still mar ii-
&nts. There is sach an extreme laxity of monls that the yoong mmm
almost invarialy become wives only a short time before they are mothen
' It is impossible to say at what age the women cease to bear chiMMi,
as tlicy li;"tvc no uk'ii uf tln'ir own age, ami few :iri' :tlilf to fount at"''*
ten. Puberty takes place at au early age, possibly at fitorteen with lit
female. They are not a proliflc race, and it is seldom a woman has mm
than two or three childi'en, and often ooly one, of her own ; still dih;,
or almost all, have children ; bnt iuqiiiiy will generally divulge tb* fiW
that some of the children have been bought. Almost every young vtoga
has or has had a child, but the Identity of the fatlier is in no vriae oecBt-
sary in order to iusiu^ the I'cspcctability of the mother or child. !'•«*
children are generally traded or given away to some elderly cotqifa •
soon as they are old enough to leave the mother. The fostft-iianM
falce quite as good rare of sncb iwlopted cliitdren a? if they wotp iks
ETHNOLOOr.
17
• !r tliTCQ wives ill one liiit make an aUogctUcr banaonioiis Iioust-lioldj
I 'lit all little (ItiHouIties are generally Hettlcd by the biisbaml, in a u
lur better calcitlated to insure reverence to ma^euliue streuyth t
risiMHst for Biiporior iutelligeiice,
The seairity of women at i)reecnt in proportion to the men makes
|pi>lygamy a luxury only to be imlulgeil in by the wealthy. Divorce, if
It will b*' called by that mime, is very frequent among them. All that
^ neeiletl is that the husband tires of hi,t wife, or knows of a better one
1 li:it he is able to procure. Neitlier does it seem to trouble the v
;iucb : she is quite sure to have another offer befoivloug; and a u
< >l' this kind seema to benefit both parties. One rather reuiarkiible a
i-ry laudable practice among Ihe^w people is the iuloption of yomig'
< Itildn-u wlioae poi'eiits are dead, or, a;) oft«u happens, whose mother is
> only recognized parttnt. Orphans, so to spt^ak, are thus twice as
mun as among civiUze<l nations. These childrc-n, whether b
toieoeii'ed as a gift, are always takcu as good care of as if they n
r own, espetrially if they are boys.
lODg the Eskimo employed by tlio Florence was a family that h
»ehtldrun, who ptisscd for brother and sIsUt. One, the boy, v
r of " Eskimo Joe," of Polaris lame.. He had been bought from '
B Hndson's Sti-aits Eskimo, some two hundred miles to the south. He
> a perfect little satau; and, thongb lie gave ns much annoyance, he
SA oever-failing source of amnsement to us all. The girl, again, wa«
tve of Exeter Sound, on the west coast of Davis 8taits ; still, both
fiidenMl as their own children, and well cared for.
if-breeds are said to be of more irritable tcmi>crame!it8, and 1
p to liear exposure and fatigue, than the fiill-blootlcd Eskimo.
Bfood of the Cnmberlnnd Eskimo consists entirely of desh, andii
tBeotions of Iho sound of Pa^mnyK fatulm. In fact, this animnlil
' principal dependence for food, fuel, clothing, and light.
o will eat a few of the berriesof Vacdnitim uUijinngumanA Emjietrum
I, the roots oS PetUculurU, nnd ixwasionally a little Fiiciia reaiculo-
1 Is winter, but this eonstitntes a very small and niiiuiportiiut part 0
rfood.
B soon OA the ice has fairly left the sound, the Eskimo hunter lean
b ttlnler encampment, with his family and such )>ortions of his house-
il good*! an wdl be needed, and takes a tour inland or np some of the
D fjords after reindeer. The larger jKirt of ids possessions, including
!i,dog8,hiiiiie.sses, winter elothuig,&e., he seoretes among then
i Miifi^iieuted spot. Uis dogs oiv pat uu some little ru(^k^,' \
1. Sat. MU3.JJ0. 15 2
18 NATUHAL HISTOET OP AECTIC A3IERICA.
to shitt tor themselves. They eke ont a scanty sabsisteoce by hl
good ase of their time at low tide, Cottus soorpiiu coDstitatuig the gi
part of their food at this season.
There ai-e at present so many whaleboats owned by tliese £e
tliat they experience little difficalty in making quite - extensive cr
three or four families constituting a boat's crew. They will load a i
boat to within an inch or two of the gunwale, and then set ont for
weeks of enjoyment and abnndance. The squaws do therowiiig ai
*'captiiin" stands mi^vBtically in the stem with the Bttrcring oar,
the rest of the men are either asleep or on the lookout for gtuiw.
cargo consists of their tent-poles, the skin-tenta, pot«, and lamps,
sundry skin-bags containing the women's sewing and skiiittiiig iit«
Their hunting-gear, of course, forms a quite conspicuous portion o
contents of the l>oat. Very few there are at present who have m
come the possessors of a lialf-barrel. and this vessel occaiiies a cm
uoos place in the boat, and is almost constantly receiving lulditio
animal matter in some shape ; a few young eiders or gulls will kw
covered up with the intestines of a seal and its flesh. From this i
tacle all obtain a piece of meat whenever they feel hungry. Tbij
sel is never emptied of its contents, except by accident or when aca
of material forbids its repletion ; and, as the temx>eratiire at this M
is well up in the " sixties " rluring the day, this garbage heap hee
80 offensive as to be nnbearable to any one but an Eskimo.
They proceed at a verj- leisurely rate, rowing for a few minutes
ETHNOLOGY.
^md then the younger people engage' in vanons ganu
while the older ones grather around some aged crone, who eseitedly
i-ecounts the hiiuts of her gjrlhoo<l days, plentifully intemiising stray
]M>rllonit of the old gagas and legends with which her momorj- is replete.
Th(i8 they live from day to day, the men hunting and the women stretch-
ing the skins, till the ueaHon eume^ aronnd when tlieyninst retnnt
the eoast. nappy, contented, vagabond race ! no thunghts of tlie
row disturb the tranqniUity of their minds.
When a deer is killed any ditttJince from camp, the meat is cachi
rith the intention of returning after it in winter; but with what the
>0lve8 and foxes devour and what the Eskimo never can fliid again,
y little is bmugbt back.
3fany have now firearms of some patt^M■^ or ntlier; and though they
1 Imnt for a ball that haa niisse<l its mark for half a day, they do not
ritate to Are at any useless creature that comes in their wiiy. Those
; have no gnus use bows and arrows ma<Ie from reindeer antlers.
netlmes the doer are driven into ponds, and even into the salt water,
1 captured hi kyacks with Iian>ootis.
r^35iey ha%'e an interesting custom or superstition, namtOy, the killing
f the efil ipifit of the deer; some time during the winter or early in
[ng, at any rate before they can go deer-Lnutiug, they onngregnte
Jier and dispose of this imaginary evil. The chief anooot, angekok,
i medicine-man, is tlie main performer. Ho goes through a number of
ftttions and contortions, constantly hallooing and calhng, till suddenly
t imaginary deer is among them. Now begins a lively time. Every
a Is screaming, running, jumping, Bpearing, and stabbing at the imag-
y deer, till one would think a whole mad-house was let loose. Often
T proves very agile, and must he hartl to kill, for I have known
1 to keep this performance up for days; in fact, till they were com-
y exhausted.
e of these performances an old man speared the deer, anotlier
died out an eye, a third stabbed him, and so on till he was dead,
a who are able or fortunate enough to inflict some injury on this
, especially ho who inflicts the death-blow, is considere<i ex-
»ely lacky, as ho will h.ive no difficulty in procuring as many
I be wants, for there is no longer an evil spirit to tuni his bullets
H from tlieir course.
^ Ihe^ soliiom kill a deer afler the regular hunting season is ov^
B peri'ormiutee has been gone through with, even though a rery
this
[i ex-
]
20 NATURAL HISTOHT OF ABCTIC AUEBZCA.
Salmo salar, and one other species of Salmo that I coald not pn
enough of to identify, are caaght to some extent in Jtme and Septet
iu some of the lai^er Qords ; they are mostly caught with a spear,
sometimes with a hook. (For description ride nuder hanting-gear,
When these Qsh ate caught, they are pat into a seal-skin bag, ai
remains tied up till the whole becomes a mass of putrid and fermeo
fish, about as repulsivo to taste, sight, ajid smell as can be imagi
Coitus aoorpiua, which contributea so largely towards the Greenlan
larder, is not utilized by the Cumberland Eskimo, except in cases
scarcity of other food suppUes; the fish is abundant in their wai
however, and fiilly as good eating as they are on the Cireenland om
Birds and their eggs also contribute towaids their sustenance in
eon; they are extremely fond of eggs, and devour them in astonid
qoantities.
The "black ^in" of the whale, called by them mu1:tuk, is estee
the greatest delicacy. When they first procure a supply of this t
they almost invariably eat themselves sick, especially the children,
found this black skin not unpleasant tasting when boiled and then pici
in strong vinegar and eaten cold ; bnt the first attempts at masticatii
will remind one of chewing India nibber. When e^ttcn to excess, e
cially when raw, it acts as a powerful laxative. It is genonUy a
with about half an inch of blabber adhering.
The greater portion of their food is eaten raw, espedally in wii
^^^^^^^^^ 21
Ibontity of 1>tood ; this mnkes a thich aiid ratber greasy sonp that mnst
tie nuite noiirisliing; the oliildren are very fond of it. It seems irossiblo
Siat tvom this disli has originated the popular error that these i)eaple_
IHnk oil, a notion that is Eiiiiply preposterous. ^B
' I found among some of these i>eople a little spoon, or rather a miDiM
^ITB scoop, made of ivory, ^Lieb they used to drink the sonp with ; it
Ippears to t>e an old ntensil, now faet going out of use, for they can now
[Hroonrfi tin mugs. A reindeer's rib, pointed at one end, is used to fish
1^ the ineAt with, and sometimes to convey it to the month. These
tastnunents are found In the graves, l)at seem to be but little used at
fee present day.
> Wlien a seal is brought to the encampment, especially if they have not
^eea plenty for some days, all the villagers an.' invited to the but of the
Ibeby bnnt^r, and the seal is soon dispatched. A eoujtle of the younger
tout skiu the anihial and distribute the pieces to the assembled company
p &st OS needed. The testicles, being c-onsidered ns tbe choicest titbit,
pn asnally banded over to the hostess: tbe spinal coM is also rated as
Itae of til© choicest portions of the aiumal. During these feasts tliey
lor^ tliemselvos t{i their utmost capacity, and arc in good humor and
piuious. Though there may be ever so poor prospects to prociu* more
bod for the morrow, this docs not deter them trom gluttonously devour-
iBg the last morsel, aud then go on allowance till tbey can get a tVesh
tapply. I have seen tbem thus gorge tlK-mselvos, and then lie down to
feep with a piece of seal meat by their side, wliieh they attacked every
^me lliey awoke.
► The intestiaes of binls, notably Litgupm and Somuteria^ are Iooke4l
^xm as cboiwj parts, and birds brought to the encampment are gt-ne-
JUly "drawn" by the hunters. The fatty excrescence at the base of the
^per mandible of tbe male Sotn. spcctaldlin is too great a temptation
Ik" tbem. It was with great difficulty (hat wc could induce them to
bniiig these birds to etunp without ba\ing them thus mutilated.
■■ Since whalers began to cruise in the Cumberland watere, tbey have
kNmd that it is deoidwlly to their advantage to hire boats' crews of
lUivcs to assist In the captiin^ of whales. They make good whalemen.
K^ett «ucb crews are secured, tbey wisely count in all of their fjimily in the
bvgain, so tliat to secure the serv'ices of a crew of seven men one uiust
bed thirty or more. While working for whalers, these Eskimo depend
tfmost whollj- on the ship tor their foot! supplj ; as a consequence,
jKjifogt bewniiiig poor hunters, and prefer to lounge aoxjund a vi
pend
22 NATTTEAL HISTOBZ OF AfiCTIC AUEBICA.
and pick up swib scraps as offer tliemeelTes rathra tban to strike oat for
themselves and live independently and in compaiutiTe plenty.
As to meals, or regular meal-times, they eat when hungiy, if they have
anything. They always eat in the morning before going oat to hnnt,*
hut the principal meal is in the evening, on their retnm. "When sappUed
with rations by the ships, they often have their regular meals aboud:
but this does in no wise hiuder them from taking their nsnid eveiiiii{
allowance of raw meat when they tetnm to their huts.
That the Eskimo possess considerable powers of abstinence canixit
be disputed ; but it is not so remarkable after all, for they cert^nly Inn
bad ample experience in this direction. That they are able tb bear us-
porary or sustained exertion better tban the whites is donbtftiL ntf
are acclimated and hare clothing snited to the climate, and readily adipc
themselves to the rude shelter of a snow-bank, if necessary- ; bat gjn ■
healthy white iniin lis good clothes, and he will stand as much £ui^,
and perhaps more.
While hunting with the Eskimo, we often had onr nose aud fuoc iitwa,
when it did not seem to affect the Eskimo in the least; but wLf>u it one
to a tramp through the suow all day long, few of tlieni would staod a
any better than we could.
Some have judged their powors of endurance from the muuur il
which they will follow their game; hut it seems to us it is r.ttherlkt>
wonderful patience, for we have known them to follow animal tradsf*
a wliole day, wlu-ii \v<' roiifi'ss wu (.■otihl nut iHscovcr the iiiiute«t tnst
ETaNOLOGT.
in al8o made of tbe same kind of seal, unless they are ibrtanate enongl) '
In {inxMire Calluvvphalvn TituUnus, \k)ucli skins are so liiglily ptized that
tliL'y iiAetbt>meveu though there is only suihcient for a part of the fronts
of their jackets.
Both the men aud women wear a garment the osiu;t duplicate in shapj
iiridvr tlie unter one; this ^^^armeut is made either from the youny 8
HI the whit« coat or of reindeer.
The coat of the men does not open iu ftont, but is drawn on ove
]\vaA like a ahu't, and ban n hood that QXs, the head snugly, while tb^
.'Oman's hood is large and loose, and the jacket is quite loose-litting, so
IS lu receive the chihl, which is always carried in ttie hood. The woman's
i.irket liulher diil'ers from tJie men's in being shorter in front, and end-
mi; in a rounded point, while behind it reaches quite to the ground iu
1 he form of a lauce-shaped train. This appendage is eaught up iu tlie ,
Kituio manner qh the fashionable train of the present day among civQ^
ized ualions, when the condition of the ground is uufuvorahle for i
trailing. After all, is not this fashion borrowoil from the Eskimo j
Thert^ is often an approach towards this prolouf^atlon in the men's
els, esiK'cially when made of deer skin, hut never so long as on twi]
woman's. Npilherdn little girls have a long train to the jacket; but as
Boon MS they arrive at the age when they are no longer looked upon aA
fhildren, they leaiu to imitate their mothers. There are never any iiool^ j
r\H in the jackets of either sex, the hood siTving for this purpose.
The paiita of the men ai-e made from the same material as the o
with tlie exception that the young seal iu the white coat is olteu used for
the uHt^er as well as the inner garment. The pants rea*'h only to the
iiI>I>Gr part of the jwlvis, and are kept up by means of a string around
I lie body. They reach a little below the knee, where they are met I
I lie l)ootj«. When made of deer skiii, tliey are usually ornamented bffl
iriages of cut skiu around the lower edges.
h Uie women's pauts ditfer from the men's in being composed of t
lamte pieces, tlie lower reaching from a little below the knee to tblj
e of the thigii, and ai-e kept in place by a string which runs to
I upper edge ol' the other [lortion. The lower portion of these panta-
pis is removed while they are at work in their igloos, and the bare
Bgli U8e<l, as a board would be, to lay the seal skin on while cleaning
Bblnhbe-rfVom it. Thewomenhave the habit of thrusting their hands
rtveen the upiier and lower pantaloons the same as we do in a pockety j
I taei^ Ihey use this space as a sort of pocket.
^Uttle girls wear their breechea like the men till the^ g^\,\o'\i«'uso.d
24 NATUBAL HI8T0BT OF ABCTIC AVEBICA.
twelve years of age. Yery Bmall children are dressed in a ftvitAii
jacket without attached hood; hut their heads are, neverthelen, vdl
bundled up in a double &wD-8kiii hood that fits the scalp closely. Ilui
hood is never removed, except peivhance by accident, till the child otU-
grows it. The lower extremities are osaally not clad at alL
The children are carried on the mother's back inside her jack«L He
cut of the jacket is such that the child goes down as far as the motbeA
vaiat, when the closeness of the jacket prevents it going any futhc
The hood allows the child freedom for its arms and head, bot the lep
ace crami>ed underneath its body, and this is probably one canK tf
bow-leggedness and possibly the shortness of the lower extremitie*. f
have scoD tlie Eskimo mother, with a child fiist asleep in hor hood, Iwild.
ing a toopik. This work often necessitated her stooping over so mod
as to seemingly endanger the diimping of the infant over her h*w! ni
the ground ; still, it did not seem to inconvenience the child iu the Irait
as it slept soundly througli tlie whole proceeding.
The Jcdmil; or, as generally pronounced, kummtng, or bootis are (ain-
cipolly ma<1o from tlie skins of adult Fagomya fostidus, with the ImirfA
the soles being made &om the skin of Phoca barbata. For winter m«
a very beantiful and serviceable boot is made irom the skin of mnibw
legs sewed together lengthwise ; they are used only iu dry tinow, Uat
quite useless when the snow is wet. Another style of boot is to luw
the leg of netsick skin, but with the hair on. These hoots n^cb nwrfj
t» the knee, and are kept in place by means of a string aronnd the 1"!^
ETHNOLOGY.
^tsick skill, witli tlie hair on, aad the Lair Hide r
pniinl itiid till' hair iiointiiip fixim IIib too Tiai-kivards. ThiH v«ry muc3
» llic drawing ou of the lioot.
!or summtT wear tlie yoiiug of the nt-taick iti tlic woolly c-oat is siibut
1 for reindeer for tbe stiK'kiugs. Dog skin is also RonietimeH used fi
ikingK, but not so commonly among tlie Cumberland Eskimo a*
p uf FliidKOU'^ Stniits, who nsc do*: wkins for pants as well a;
Lll tbe dotbing is Hewed with sinews, it'indeer or white wluile. llie
plf<er sinews are dried in bulk as tJiey eonie i>om tbe animal, aiUl an^
!t nfT as needed. Tlie fibres are separated as line aa necessary, junl
B drawn quickly between tbe twtb toseciuf a more unilonn sine. Tb©
ben nil «ewtowaiil« tbeuiwlves, nsliig ,the Miinihleon tin- lir«t finj:er;
w m^orn UHo bnt one kind of seam ; the Hlges of the skin arc ejvra-
w matebed together, and joined by sewing over iiiul over the o
Tlieir thimbles ((tailed tlMk, alno stgniDes first finger) aivi madeM
I the skill of I'lioca harhata ; in i^hape they aro inei'ely tin nblno]
J willle.ieiitly large to eover tbe point ol' Ihe finger. A rim is col
tnd the oiitttide edge for nlwuC one biilf its length ; this j}>rins n mil
p uiulcr u'liieli Mm linger ia pa^wd, »ud in tliis iimiiiicr it \^ kepi
I'l; fonnd tbis style of thimble mneli nion"* convenieut tbai^]
telAl one of the usnal form.
F few of the Tumberland Eskimo at tbe present day use unytbinj
l»t«?l ueedleH, or Imne <ine3 made after tbe same pattern. We hav«i|
t un instrniiient fiiiid to have bei^n iimvI iih a needle that is eonsidei
t different from anything wo ever siiw Itei'orc. An Eskimo lironghi
■ UH, and wanted a batehot in exeluuigc. "We thought it eertuiii ti
fad return and otTer in tra^le at onr terinti, but ho did not, »nd \
fcrxaw him again. Tliis tool wait almost exactly like an awl inKbiipl
1 an eye near tbe point. They most Imva had to thread this bfl
bent for each stiteb. The iietHllo part; was apparently of deer boi
■'tb? bfUidte of walms ivorj'.
B favorite and principal tool of the women is a kiiifi» sbapi'd like a
^ar>' mineing-knife. Nejirly all the Cumberland Eskimo Iiavc noirj
hired Iron enough from some wouree or otiier so that thcv ean bavftl
Ion knife tif this pattern. Before tbcy eoiild proeiu'e iTioiigb imiti'l
tnnulu tbe knife of ivory, and merely sank flakes or pieet« of irotfl
■the edge, in Uie same manner as the natives of Xorth (Ireeiibind dof
B present time. Tbia same pmctii!o of sinking iron Dakes mto tb(tl
26
NATURAL HI8T0ET OP AKCTIC AMERICA.
edge was also used ou tlieir large skinniug-ktiires, wluch were made fivm
a walrus tusk, and mueli after the patteru of au ordinary steel butcher
liuite. Some of tbese ivory knives have uo irou iu tlieui } but ut tlio
l)resent time tbey are used principally, if uot entirely, for cnttiug snow
aud removing ice from their kyacks.
The women seldom use any other kind of knife thuu such us jti»t dc
scribed. With them they remove the blubber fl-om the skius, split skiiu,
cut upmeat,aDdwheusewiug this instrument is used luslead of scinson.
lliey begin a garment by sewing together two i»ieces of skin and sliap'
ing them as they go along by means of the knife, cutting for an iucli w
two and then sewing. They always push the kuife from tbein when
working it.
Tattooing does not seem to be as prevalent now as formerly, for it ii
mostly on the aged women that oue Huds it at present Tho marbiiigi
resemble India ink iu appearance, and are done with gunpowder at piw-
eut. titill, some use the old method, by taking the juice of Fucui r«H»
losits L. (or a eloaely alUed 8i)ecies), and some small aigai that appjr
ently contain a good deal of iodine, and mixing with iampblacik.
Instances camo under our obserratioD of people of apparently greit
age,— siiy seventy years auU over, to judge from appearances; tlioj lud
gray hair (a i-aro thing among the Eskimo], and were nearly mai;
the women had the tet^th worn close to the gums by chewing 8kin&
It is impossible to arrive at any definite conclusion regarding tbir
age, as they keep uo record of time and cannot refer to any past ewA
by any ineaus of notation. We could not learu of the nidost att^npt at
picture-writing or hicrogl>i>Iiice; and, as they possess no records That-
ever, their traditions are handed down fitim generation to generstJoB
without being fixed by any means which allow eveu «u approxbnatB
estimate of their growth and prosperity.
Most of them are unable to count beyond their fen fingers, and noV
arenuable to go over six; some, again, are said to have names forimn-
bera to twenty, but they are few. The numerals are (Ufl'ereutly pro-
uounced, and we found difficulty in getting oue sufficiently conversanl
with them to give us tho numerals to ten.
One^Atdma, or atansal,
Two=lldcho.
Tlaec^Pingasvit, ovpuigasat.
Foar=s S^emin^, or sesemat,
FWc=TMHmetu!, or tddlimdt.
F
ETHNOLOGY.
Sevtii=Pingashumg (?).
Eieht=Aukbini0aniHaclimH (G ami 2).
'Sme=8chiackmam (T T),
T«n=£owoIin.
[ Above ten tLey aro said to fiouiit tUoh' toes and take ten and o
1 two, &e. ; bnt we were unable to find one who knew tlieir uaiucfl.
Siey will tell you thfty have eaught scale or birds up to sis, but if more
ley generally put it amashuadly {a good many), which may be any niuu-
p ftom seven upwards.
* In the treatment of the siek thcj' are very superstitious, aud in fact
If resort almost entirely to their ancoot, angekoks, or medieine-men.
K^ie following la a Greenlnnder's legend that pixtposes to give a rcasmil
y people die : " The cause of people's dying is laid t« a worn
(bare discoiu-sed thus : ' Let the people die gradiuUy, otherwise theg
11' not have room in tlie world.'"
pOtbei-8 relate it in this manner: "Two of the first people quarreled.
hie said : ' Let it be day and let it be night, and let the people die.' The
ler Baid: 'Let it only be night ami not day, and let the people live. ,
1 long wrangle it came to pass as the first had said."
^It is interesting that this same carious legend exists among the KskimtfS
"of Cuinberland Sound; tliey say though that "those who ipuureled
finally arranged matters and had both entire day and entire night at the
different seasons, so that both parties might be suited."
The lungs of Xg?iw glacialU are considered as a sure cure fur boils an<l
Itnanner of sores; thoy draw, they say, and their manner of applying
1 is the same as we would a ponltice, Tliey must be applied as
0 after the animal's death as jiossible, and while they aro yet warm.
In oases of scurvy they never use Vochliarta, but tlie stomach of a
freshly killed roiudecr, with tlie vegetable contents, instead. If tho
scurvy patient be very bad, the limbs are bound with pieces of the deer's
Htomaeh, whale or seal's blubber, or any kind of Iresh meat. If a whale
ean be eaught at such a time, the patient is sometimes bodily shoved iuto^
the carcass, or the lower extremities only are sunken into tlie flesh.
The most prevalent disease among tliem seems to be lung disease ; It '
is alarmingly common, suid consumption probably kills more than all
other diseases combined.
^L Tho whalemen have introduced venereal disi'iases among tlieui, wluch^
^■^ve spread at a terrible rate, and devastate the natives almost like 4
28 IfATUBAL HISTOfiT OF ABCTIC AHEBICA.
I could not learn that they have any knowledge of the medical pn^
ertiea of any plant or shrub. Some of the coarser kinds of alga are
])rocurcd at low tide from the cracks in the ice, and eaten raw, bat only
because they are fit to eat, they say; the roots of Pedicuiari* an afao
sometimes eaten.
AVhcn the voinen are about to be confined they are placed in a snnll
snow-liut, if it he winter, and in a little skin tent, if sommer, by tbm-
selves. Tlieir only attendant is a little girl, vho is afipointed by the htai
aneoot of the encampment. A little raw meat — deer, if they have it— ii
put into the hut with her, and she is left to give birth to the child as bwt
she can. The reason she is removed from her tent is, that should modier
or child die in the tent nothing pertaining to the equipment of the eotab-
lishment could ever be used again, not even the tent-covering «
the husband's hnuting-gear. In some instances they are oblig«d tf ■
modify tliis custom somewhat. We have known them to cut the tnt-
cover about two feet from the ground all nronnd and nse the upper per
tion. A man's wife accidentally shot herself in her igloo, but the gun »»
too great a sacriUcc; he used it, but the rest of his household el&rt»
were left to waste away where they lay. "We knew of another inaann
where tlic tent-poles were brought into use again in the course of a yev
after a death had occurred lM>neath them.
As soon as the mother with lier new-bom babe is able to get up ud
gu out, usually but a few hours, they are taken in charge by an igtd
ETHNOLOGT. 2^H
to end faUlly o tlip patiPtit, even though liis ailmout might uut haiiijH
ii<->-n 80 <laii{^r(iiis hail proper care been taken. 'W'e kuow of <^^H
.'i^^taDCu vherv a iniin vn» thiiu put out tuilie i^cveri different timea; b^H
III- rvtiuvorwl oiid crawled l>u«k to lii» igluo, iuid looks uow as if hv vaa
;;oo«i for a number of years yet. Stories are conuuuii of how aged and
infirm pi*ojde are pat out of the way by the yomiger ones, to rid Chem-
-Ivc8 of a uselesH burden; but of tliis \re know nothing from ix>rooiU^|
i 'Mcrviitione, or from ixOiable sources. ^|
Uccaaional inntances of suicide happen, geuemliy when tlm pert^on |H
alllinted with some incurable disease. Hanging soeius to be the I'arorttqB
uhhIk of killing themselves. ^
The ancool'n manner of operating is various, and almost every one haa
0 metliftd peculiar to himself. ^V'e conid get but a glimpse of somo
Ethem, as tlu-y are averse to Iiuviiig a white muu witness their puiform-
i, and we had the gn-ateat difficulty in getting any one to explttiu
I their nieaiung. The folU>wing legend is i:iupi)osed to give the
ft for becoming an anmot; it is interesting that this legend does-v
I lliff«r vsttentially from the Greenlauder's. ( V»Wp (i^a^uhlnds U}!i^|
iastration, Idler Nuturel-Historie, Hans Egede, 1741.) ■
PTe would here add that those who beruuit- ancooU ak only sticli aJ
B natorBlly iHmsesaed of a more penetrating mind than their fellowaj
terally the biggest raticals in the encampment, who st^Idom pay aPiM
bcution to what in right or just, but ply their vocation so as to win fi)|^|
DiSi>]ve« n^'nowu among their fellows, and iKissess themselves of adjM
JBted article as remunurution for tht.-ir Hcrvieea. ^M
The manner in vhick one may htcome an ancootf or iinfjikok. ^H
nj one wishing to liecome an ancoot must go away u long distance
B where there is any other person. Then he must llnd a large stone,
I scat himself by it, and eall on Tomfjorind:* Tliis spuit will then, _
e himself present to him. The would-be oncoot will at lirst bo vajH
1 frightened at the arrival and appearance of this spirit, so mao|^|
t he is seised with severe pains, and falls down and dies, liud l^fl
a dead for three days. Tlien he comes to life agaiu, and retiiiqfl
D a very wise man. H
^ Tomgartuli nt 1ljt> unlives ut' SuutL GrcpiilAud, uud Tomanak ut Notlh Gri'fiilaiK^H
e hi^icrt omck, tliv nmetvT apint of tlivw peoiik. TbcfD are innnj' spirit* i>f lM[^|
r, callnd Tontrl; thcao e»u bo aocu ouly by [he angrtokt, nflvr tboir iinwliiig wd^^l
mfOTtiit, It iipp'^urs thai tliis noiil stguiflc-s tile {;rFati'Rl spirit of GihhI.mi wiiB^^I
Tliej now cnll Uio Devil Tarn^ariiik, nail lu their aiiclcnt Iwlinf tUcir Qixti^^l
Msk, the «4UDii. ^^1
30 NATUBiX HISTOET OP AfiCTIC AKEBICA.
An aiicooVs daty is, first, to matter over the sick, t
veil again; secondly, he will talk with Tomgartuk, and get h
fh>m iiim as to how he must manage ao that they will have b
their undertakings; thirdly, of him be learns if tuiy one is abottt tod
and what the canso is, or if some unusual death or miafortone is abc
to occur to the people.
Their devotion and belief in the aneoota an onlimited ; they can hi
be induced to trespass on the commands or disbelieve tJie jnophee
of these imiwrtant personages. When on;e has been a very eoneai
ancoot for a long time he may become a great ancoot; this neuaaiU
a period of fasting, and then, as the story goes, an ftnifnal tb^ i
amarook (the same word is used for wolf, and for an animal whiek
probably mythical, unless it can be a Qvlo) comes into bis but andbi
the man, who immediately falls to pieces; his bones are then conwi
to the sea, where he lives for some time as a walrus ; be finally nm
among his people, a man in appearance, but a God in power.
If the prophecy of an ancoot does not come to pass as he had mi
would, any phenomenon of nature, as a halo, corona, anrom, &c^ it t
ficicnt to have broken the spell, and the ancoot loses nothing of his iq
tation by the failure, for it is then believed that the measnre, whatn
it might have been, was not pleasing to Tomgartuk.
The i>eople come to these soothsayers after all manner of inftwrnatit
Wo knew of one case where a yonng woman asked an ancoot if her;
unborn cliild would be a boy or girl, lie retired outside the hut tar
^H ETHNOLOGY. dfl
^^Raftor; one differs from t)ie other only in this wise,'t1iat if dcatli in
vaosetl by ccrtiiin lueaiis tboy {lo to tlic one, aud if tliey die a tiatiirall
death tbtiy go to the other. I
Tlie fnlloniDg is their idea of the future: "In tlte spirit-land all wilfl
hitve it as go<id as or better than tliey bad it on cartli," Yh tbey desiga
ii.'itf two places vrliero tbe soul gaes after death, viz: "Some go up;'
ij-ra far down into the earth." But the lower place is considered pref-
i I lie. This is described as a beautifiil land, with everlasting sunshine,
' '[-c the seal and reindeer abound iu fiibuloiis qiiantitit^^ nnd food itM
I'^cquently abnndant. To this latter pluce go only such as are kille^l
I'lher Eskimo, women who die in childbirth, such as drown in "tlra
uer, and whatcrii; they think, this being the better phtco, it is a sort oM
i t'oipenne for the sufttringtheyunderwenton earth; all the rest go uptfl
I II this connection we will mention that the CnnibeMand Eskimo thiiil^
> -turora bormlis i» tbo spirits of dead Eskimo dancing and having tfl
•fi time generally. It has even considerable influence over tbcm, ao^l
■ y are well pleased to see a bright aurora. The Greenlanders, on th^fl
ii.r hand, say it is the npirits of dead Eskimo ^Afint;. ■
N\'o have been told by some that those who hunt in the kya<ik and gets
t. or drivAh npon the ice or aome nniiihabited island are supplied witUfl
hI from tliese regions; tliat in, living game is tlirown in their way fOM
' 'II to capture, BO they will not starve. This is fiimly believed bythenufl
f ulike the Greenlanders, the Cumberland Eskimo of the present dan
se no permanent habitations. Tliey may live at the same locality fo^
Mtvcml winters in succession, but each year constnict a new snow -house
Tbe Gmenlander has a periu:inent sod or stone hut, and lives iu tents
only while away hunting. The Cumberland natives live in snow houses _
tVom the time the snow get« firm enough to be fit to build with till id
nieJtB, in Juno. They genemlly begin the construction of the snow-bouse^
or igloo, in the latter part of October. A place is chosen which is sbel-
tertd fivm the north, under the lee of a rock, if possible, and where there
it» a consi<Ierable depth of snow. Tliey begin by treading a circular
Kpaco about sixteen feet in diameter; on this they kvi-p piling suow ao^B
maoiping it down as hanl as i>ossible tUl the whole mass is a raisedfl
plutfunn as hard as ice. They tlien cut out a stpiare block from the mid4
die, about eighteen inches deep. After this block is removed tliey havd
a cbanec to ent otliers from around the sidcfi, and this space is eulargeS
till it becomes of the desired dimensions. The sleeping platform is lelfl
aa tliey finished treacling it, no blocks being cut from this ]>ortion; ifl
32 NATDEAL HI8T0BT OF ABCTIC AMEBICA.
alsosen'^s to sfand on while conBtrncting the wall, vfaicIiUalvajrt do
fittm tbc inside, the builder being fiimiHlied with fresh sztow-blockstn
the outside whcu his supply gives out. The wall ia built in & spizalftt
so that, if viewed from above, it woold have the appearance of a com
coil.
The only tools used in building are a saw, if they can get it, for a
iug out the blocks, and a long knife, made from a wahraa tuak, forni
miug them into shape. In cutting and fitting the blocks of snow, 6
show skill and ingenuity, so that they make as perfect an arch as tlw b
mason. When the but is done, or rather enclosed, there is neith» d
liur window, and the builder is a prisoner. A door, however, is k
nmde, but at the opposite end from where the entrance is to be; tluM
this ui>ertuie the women and children begin dragging in the "fnrnitoi
while the men " chhik" up the places where the blocks join each odi
The structure is so strong that it readily bears a man's weight no i
toi). 'When evorj'thing is ready inside and out, thelampsare lit; m
times mure than tlie usual number are piocnred, and trimnted to ban
lirightly as possible; the heat begins to melt the inner surface of i
structure, but it soon freezes and forms quite a coating of ice; tliit.
course, lulds considerably to the strength of the building. The inaidt
now lined with the seal-skin tent of their summer toopiks, fastentd
all around the sides and top by means of small pegs of wood or Iw
A window is cut through the wall over the entrance-way, fociag i
south ; it consists of a half-moon- shaped bow of whalebone, over wb
•■'MOMt any timu au iiuiiisli-lookins la-iul, tovcred with u tliick iiiato
^U-d blatik hair, j)k'ntifull,y pomliTed willi reimIo«r-liair of varioiid
•zHiH ati<l c'ulurit, i>i-otrudiiit;fiiim among (he pile of skins, 'ilie ^Iiote
, Illy crowd lugt^ther on thia platfonn, like so luauy inga. Tbe l;ii:ipf|
Lcpt burning day and night, and the woman's plaeo is diixwtly la
111 iif llioin on the »U'eping jdatform. Here tliey xit cross-legged an<V;
i k. Buck of tlic liunp» t>nd amiind them they pile np their nieat^
1 1 ^ accumulation of garbage is only cleitned out when it hecomL-s mi'Cti-
.s;irj' to uiakii room for a fVe&h supjily. This pile of pntrifying tiesh soonl
bM-omos cxti-emely uffensive bi^th to siglit an<l smell. Meat issometiraoa
bronght in the huts that is already spoiled, even though the tempenwl
1 1- inaj' be SO degrees below zero. Tliis often happens with deer. "W» \
:>U the cause may be that the body of tlic animal immeiliately frcezea
the ontsidv and forms a coating of non-condncting iiw, which prct
its the escape of gas, which instead permeates the tissues. If thfr I
iiiial is disemboweled as soon as killed, it does not happen. SevcraLj
n';iSHe.s, still warm, iire often piled one ujion theottier, and the anima]
It is probably suHicient to start dceomposition b<!t'ore the mass freezes
\ round the lumps lie the lioues they liave i»icked the meat from, and
I li olhcr parts as are discanlcd in time of pleoty. TIiisiHbhishisnol '
.•;wn out, hilt rooted among after a ti^sh supply, as it is neetlod,
N<-:u-ly every igloo has a little addition on one side, with im opetung J
It from thehiuside of the main hut. lu this tliey keep their deer-sJu
<i lies when not in use, and ahto an oxtra blubher supply. Over Ihfl
Liuip is liung a half-moon-shaped frame of whalelione, witli seal-tikiH
tUungs drawn lightly Rcrosit. On this they put their foot-gear to dq
tliiriiig the night.
Wlieu tiie suow begins to melt, and their igloos tumble, liiey have a
tuid time for a few days. Tlie skin-tent, or too])ik, must imw Im brought J
into re<)(iisltion and do service nlone, yor the toopik they select a Hat 1
mcdi, from which the snow haa melted, and by mcajis of two seta of, 1
ptdi-s, tliose for the front cud of the stnicture tlic shortest, and laslicd
-■•ther at the top, like an Indian wigwam, with a ridge-pole belwcea
■II, Over tills the skin cover is siiread, and secnre*! to the rook by
.:na of stones laid on the lower edge. Ail the after itortJoa of tliis
< t U umde fVoin seal-skin, with the liair on, on the back genvndly a
i^-e fOide Pogi>pkilu» ffra-nlandktu. The forward part is made from what
I hey term mamma, which is prepared from the skins of the nelsick in
Uiu following manner : After the bliibl>cr has been remu%'ed in tbe naoal
BmII. Nat. Mas, No. 1
31
NATURAL IIISTOKT OF AltfTIC AMKIMCA.
way (tlie skius of pregnant femalos and Iliose siicklJug youiis uonB
best), tltoy split the skina, or ratber remove a membrane that lii'ii be-
tween the bhibber and the skin proper. The eiihttinf^ is done wiUi Mm
vomau'u knife. The skin is laid upou a flut surfuee and tlmknifuptiHk'd
away from the operator. When the mamma is removed from the skin it
is treated in tlie same manner ns the skins, stretched, and drietl in tbe
Bun. It is tough and transparent, and, being very oily, dues not eawly
get satimited with water.
When the toopik is about to be raised, the iskiti eovering is flrst
atretebed out upon the rock, and the poles are pushed uiidemeath, Bod
tbeu raised up, stretclutig the cover as tightJy on tlie poles a» posMfahi
Tbe toopik is carried with them when tbey go bunting in summer.
Such babittitious are of variable dimensiuuB, regrdated by the nunbcr
of occupants somewhat, but more by the industry of the hunter and tb«
economy of his wife, for tbe skins need repairing very often ; and, as b
consequence, many of the more shiftless natives liave extremely jwar
shelters, patched up with dog and bear skin and old cast-away piece* of
canvas, which they have paid well for in serviceable seal-skins.
Their greatest concern is to procure the irales. At- prewnt niauy get
broken oars, lance-poles, &c., fW)m the whalers; bnt Htill, ingenioo^
lashed together, bone supports for the tent arc yet fonnd among then.
The inside ari'angement of the toopik does not differ essentially btm
that of the igloo, except it may be a little nastier as a nile and smell ■
trifle stronger, Sometimes whale-ribs are made use of instead ofpohfl,
and are very ingeniously lashed together. TheKO were more in TOgut
formerly, before they could procure poles from the thips.
We thiuk they were perhaps less nomadic in past times, as tJiew •»
still extant sod foundations, which were no doubt used iis pennaatot
abodes.
At the present day, so many of the Cumberland Eskimo have pfo-
cured some kind of firearms that their primitive modes of banting and
their hunting implements have, to a great measure, been modified, and
even in some iustaiiees altogether lost. Bows and arruwa are ftat be-
coming an institution of the past; th»y do not now rely 00 theniftr
killing reindeer as they did at one time. Bows and arrows are fomtd
around the settlements, broken and out of rei)air; the arrows, of differ-
ent kinds, lying about unused, or doing service asiH)me oUter tool, Tbt'
childi-en nil have bows and arrows; but tbey sehlom kill larger gBnie
than suowbirtlij and lemmings.
ETIINOLOOV.
r primo importance to tlic Kskiuiu is Itis wiinHy, or spear. At tbe
lent diiy, the sealiug: spear is often uiiule &'om au old wliale-lauce,
riii)j a woodi-n liitndle and an iron Iiarpooii liead {rliie eUel^bos).
The socket of the laoce is put on the opjraHito end of ttie handle, and is
ns»'€l for a variety of purposes. This kind of Hi)ear is very uscftd to the
Eitlcimo iu mtehiiig the seals in their afliilm through the iw. Thoy are
exti-enifly expert in the use of this weapon, and p<}ssess such uiarrelons
patience that they will stand by a seal's atluk all day awaiting the ro-
tnm of the aniniaL
This upear is can-ied on all occasions wherever they go and whatever
kind of game they parsne. The opposite end of the spear troiu which
thfi harpoon ia fastened is also their princijiol tool iu hnihliug fox-traps
wt' ice, cutting down hummocks so as to get their sledges over the shore-
i«*, &c. Not the least important use of tliis instrument is to soiuul tbe
ii'« with it. In traveling they very often conic to places whei-e tJie
nipid running tide has worn the ice very thin, and by means of this
(tjiear they carefully feel their way along. They will even cross on a
Him? that is completely rotten by feeling around till they get uiwu a more
Ri>Iid Hi>ot and then advancing. They are very much averse to gcttii^
into the water, as none of them are able to swim.
The harpoon-head used with this speai' is mjule of ii-on, and is abi
Ihree and a half inches in length and one inch between the outside taps
iif thf^ barbs. They mannfaoture them entirely by tiling, and will sit
and file for many days till they get the instniment in the desired form.
For whales and walrus they use a much different weapon, the Bamc«
we imagine, as they used before the whites came among tlicm. It is fl
large, awkward, bidky-looking afiair, with a shaft made from the horn
of Monodon monocerox, or from parts of a whale's jawbone, ingeniously
lashed together, when wood is not pi-ocuralile. Some have the handle
composed of as many as eight to a dozen pieces, l>eautifully and <
puclly lashed together, till the whole is as firm as though it were c
[Hised of a single piece.
Althongh such large spears were not rare among tliese natives, we
found dilQculty iu getting them to part with them. A favorite harpoon-
bead is also hard to procure, though they may not have ns«l it for years.
Borne considerable value seems to be attached to these old implements,
especially if they have been snccessfnl with them in former times. We
HAlV«utl more upon the illustration hero given of this spear than npi
^^BjB choice of words, Tlieir old harpoon-head fur seals was probaUl
36 NATURAL HISTORY OP ARCTIC AMERICA.
of the pattern here flgured. This specimen is from a grave at Exeter
Sound, and greatly resembles in pattern the iron seal liarpotui-beaiU li
tLe ])rescnt ([ay. Others were made like tlie walrus harpoon, Irat Lav-
ing barbs, instead of being iron-tipped. A very ingenioas contrivuxx
about these old spears is the perfect ball-and-socket joint vhich onites
tlie echcetnung, or boue iwrtion (on which the harpoon is planed), wtft
the shaft. The shaft, if made of wood, has a bone tip, which is capped
to receive the rounded end of the eebeemung ; they are kept in jdace by
two thongs of seal-skin, which makes it sufficiently firm to use, bnt it
the same time will allow the eebeemung to double upon the shaft witbon
breaking when an animal is struck.
Ab before mentioned, so few bows and arrows are now in use that it
is almost impossible to procure a bow and set of arrows that are actually
or have been in ose. In the following illustration, no less than eight diflo-
ent patterns of arrows are represented. We have derived our infiKU-
tion from various sources besides our own obserrationB. We bad i>-
stmcted some of the most intelligent Eskimo to make for us wooda
models of all the different kinds of arrows that they ever knew wen in
use. So far as we wero able to procure or see the original, these modcb
were faithfully and well executed, and leaves us no reason to think tbt
they in any instance imposed upon us. Some of the arrows we htn
seen in the possession of sailors that had bartered for them for a mat
song, bill woiiUl lint traili^ lliciii to us, iinK-r the iiiiprcssitui that IhfJ
■ Stal.'s. T]..-\- ii.i\\' ui.ili.iMvadoni
i:thxuloi!V.
h]p iron supply, No. 8 is butii' tippi'tl. I cuiiUl not Ipttrii wliy th« jmim
-honld be 80 Iwiit, liiit many had them so, and oven prpferrcd it. All
livir HtTow«wow laiiheil with liuolyseiiai-atMdet'rsiiu'ws. tbv fttatLcr-
iiies were nwiili' always miule troiri the priniari^-s of Stnx HcaniHixm. or
' ' racHlm carlo. The arrows wi-re all short ; in fa«t, their length di'iK-ndccl
-iiiiit'what on tho wood supply. Wo were unable to find l)ut. a *
N|>f>cinioii of flint arrow-heads in the graves.
Thu bow is nitule troin reindi-er antlers; thL-»e art? split, using on]
■no of thf halvi's in the coiistrut'f ion of the bow. It is ahvaya made iOr'
ihree piixMw, ingenioiialy lashed together. On the back of the bow are
tlirtxi or more slrings, made like the bow-string; these are fastened at
both ends of the bow, and also secnivly at the middle of the back. Tliis
of eoiii-w:! gives additional strength to the iitl'air, and is a eouvenient
place to earry an extra sti-iiig. The bowa are very short, often not more
: lian thirty inches. Not every Eskimo is able to mannfauiuro his own
i>ow; but eAch eneampment has generally nt least one skilled mechanic,
•who Hupplies the rest.
Bows and arrows were principally used in the captore of the reinileer,
1, and birds, st'Idom seals. These bows are surprisingly elastic, and
i Eskimo ore able ta use them with woiidppfiil rtosterity. In shootiug
b wuapon, tbe string is plaeed on tlielirst Joint of the llrst and second
H of the right band.
Liiotber Eskimo implement fast going out of nee is the Jcakirak, or
mon spear. A glance at the Wgure will give a better idea of this ia-
inent than we ean express in words. The two outside tines are each
bnt seven inebes in lengtli, and are made of reindeer antlers. Near
B tip and enriing inward is a tooth-like prong about one and three-
Ilia inehcH in length. The iH>iut)« of these teeth eome to the end of
B mlddlo tine, which is about six inches in length, perfectly straigbt,
I made from walms ivory. The three tines are securely lashed to a
e of the jaw-bone of Uie wbale, of varj-ing length, sometimes only a
:, but often two or three foet. When the bone shaft is too short to
(, tlM?y generiilly have a Rhort ■wooden handle lashed to it to iimke it
B deatred lengt h. The two outside tines of this spear arc very elastic,
1 ftitring out when a fish \s stniek, bnt elose iigain wIk-ii the liody of
b B»b ha« passed beyond the tootli points whieb project inwun!. It
k'tboH impossible for it to esea)ie, the central tine Imving eiiteretl tlie
Jiother instnmieut, generally used ii
eelion with the kalira
38 SATURAL HI8T0RV OP ARCTIC A3dEBICA.
the ajdk-kaljujak, or ivory fisb-bait It is about four JDclies iu Intgti
and is made to look as much like a fish as possible. A line is iKun
throngb the middle of the back, aod is fastened on the belly; here is
small ivory hook that reaches from an incb to two inches below the &
The principal use of the ajaJtiaijvjak is not, however, to Jkool fish, b
to lui-e them wltbio reach of the sitear. The Eskimo takes his ivoiy fi
and bobs it up and down in the water, generally in a tide cravk a
hole in the ice on purpose, and watehes till he spies a fish making for
He then gently begins to haul in on his line, if the fish follows the hn
till it is within reach of his spear ; sometimes a greedy fish will swaDc
the bait and get oiught with this primitive gear. At the jmte
day they seldom use this implement. Iron fish-hooks are supplied iIk
&om the ships; but they are poor fishermen compared with the Grtt
One little implement of comparatively insignificant importance stet
not to have been superseded by any modem substitute as yet. It iat)
hzdjuk, a small piece of ivory of diSieront shapes, used to insert inil
lips of the seals while dragging tbem over the ice. We have given iflo
trations of the principal patterns wu foniiil in use. Ifo. 8 is the same i
9*0. 7 when seen from the top. This is a verj- ingenious piece of «oii
Tho main body of the piece is hollow, and the portion yo. 1 1 has a bo
which prevents it pulling throngb, but at the same time turns fivrlj
and prevents the line from twisting when the seal turns over. It wt
well made that the inside piece cannot bo got through any of the opti
irrRNOLOGY. 3H
1 instriuiicnt in uisvil only to catch tbe youiig of I'ngomys /atidv^M
IB thuj' are still inthewliit* coats; they ai-e caught cither while lyiMB
Be the atluk on the ice or while still in the SDUw-buirow. Wheu uH
Imo sees a yomig seal on the ice, he begins to make hia way caiitional;n
ftnl it, stopping ircqiienlly, and giving the animal ample opportunity I
uigfy it8 curiosity. The sea.! will work its head and fon^ part of tli6
|r In njerky, awkward inaiincr, and keep edging nciirer and nearer
katluA-; the Eskimo watches every movement of the iiieul,and knows
Itlio proiM<r moment to advance u atvi* or two and then slup. TIiik
pmvro is kept up till he gets near enough to reach the seal with hw
m. He then makes a quick Jump, at the same time striking the hook
UliH animal. Sealing among the Oiimberland E»kinio is suffleientljj
bibed nn<ler our iiote» ou I'agomyg /atidus, in the import of lliu mtuaB
L for us to leave it out of tliis paper. H
Ibei) a seal-skin is about to be prepai'eil for drying, the blubber ifl
Iremoved somewhat roughly; the skin is then laid on a board, anfjl
I tlie womau'd knife the membrane underneath the blubber is aein
(fed (torn the 8kin. The knife must be vei-y shar]) to do this 8nei*es^|
f. The oiierntorii always push the knife from them; it takes consi^fl
ho exp(!ri('ii(5e in order to do the job well. When all tlie blubber ia
kwd, which will Ui\w thi'ee or four hours of faithful work, the skin
men outiudv, and by means of the feet is I'olled and nibbed around
be snow for Mime time, and by tliis procena they succeed in removing
igi tmce of grease from the hair. When thoroughly washed, tlie skin
U npon the stretchers, if it bo winter, to dry ; these stretchers are
by four poles, which are lushed together at the comers like a quill-
le, the pni]>er distance apart to suit the size of tbe skin. The skin
Kured in ])laee by sealskin thongs passed thi-ough tittle slits alotl]
idgCD and made fast to the poles. When the skin is ]iro))ej'ty stretch A
■ tbe frame, it is put above the lamps incide tlie snow-hut to drj'.
Inui gets highor and begins to have some effect, the skins i
■dbod*, flesh side up, on the sunlhem shipes of snow-banks, and a
msd by means of wooden or lione jn-ga olwut a foot in length.
kason advances and the snow melts they begin to stretch the skin^l
■ tfao ground by means of the beforc-nientioued pegs. Tbe skit]
■otiulinwed to rest npon the gi-onnd, but are raised a few inches
It the air to circulate undej-neath. Skins dry very fast when ex]>ose
llfi manner.
IW first days of spring are always a busy time with tlie Eskin
40 NATrilAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERIC.i.
■^onieii. One tbiug 13, tUcy get niofo iresUly killed Hkins to prepare, tai
tboii tb(<y genci'ally bare a buiiiIiih nlock of tbe winter'a cMnh vtaeb
they coiiid not tiiltc care of b.y (ho slow process of (Irj'iiig over the
lamps in the huts diiiiug winter. Tlie akius of the young in tlie wUixt
coats ai-n dried in some conHidenible qniiutitieti, as it takes about ftthwii
to i:iake a single suit of clothes, and many have <Umble suits imide from
WiXii materJuL Tlioy bavi« no iden of any tJiu, and preiiaiv lli« sldM
nierely l)y nibbing them with tbeir skin-scrapers.
\\g insert ft sketch of a very old sliin-scraper, such as ai-e now fi
only in the old graves. It is made of stone, with a wooden handle,
wliioh is fastcne<l to the stoue by means of a sti-ip of whalebone. Aa^
otlier and later pattern is made from the. scapula of a reindew. A bS-
ter idea of its make can l>e got from the sicetcb than by a descrii>tiao.
Siieli scrapers aie still in use, bnt sene as a sort of auxiliary* to a semper
made from a tin can, resembling a little scoop in sbai>e, and having *
vooden Imndle. This is the stjle of sei-ajHT made at tbe present d^,
and is by fur tlie most ctfoetive iustntment of the three. Tbe miuiiiff
of using these scrapers is to take tbe skin firmly in tbe left handmd
]intting the knee or f(x>t upon tbe lower part of it holding it secure];,
wliile tlic Bcniper w workcil wltli tbe right lumd, pushing downiriri
witJi some foi'cc. If the skins ai'o very Avy, when they begin tbeyve
somewlnit softened by rubbing with tbe bauds, or even chewing tta
most stubborn parts. Tliey continue uwing these tools upon a hide
till It gains the desii-ed pliabilitj. All the work of stretching, dri'iug,
eleaning, washing, and softening tbe skins falls njmn the women.
Tbe skins of Phoca barhafa are sti-etched on a frame like those of tbe
notsick, but not till the hafr has been removed. The cutting of tlieliur
is one of tbe nastiest and most disgusting sights one can imagine. Itgtft-
ei-ally fulls to tbe lot of some old woman to do this. Tbe skins ani tillomd
to lie and become somewhat putrid, a itortion of [he blnbbei- reniaiuiugoo.
The only tool usedistbe woman'«kuife Ix'forcnieiitioni^. Wbenabuat
to clean one of these skins, tbe squaw takes oH her boots, stockings, and
pantaloons, and, tucking her feet undei' lier body, lays this dirty, bliiody,
greasy, stinking sldn on her bare thigh, the rtcMh side down. She tJitsi
pmhes the kinfe against the hair, cutting, or rather ahaving it off.
her band l>ecomes too oily to bold on to the skin, shy puts licr fiujen
iut^o her mouth, and thus cleans them. When properly cleaned, it ><
di'ied in the manner already spoken of, cxei;i>t that tbe back aad belly
of the animal are dried separately, aa tbe skiu is dilTereot on those ^
^H ETIIXDLOOY. 49
^lolis of tlie !ki(I.v, mifl wmild ilry nncvciily. Wlieii dry, it is ulmost M
stiff amUinrd as a boitnl, Tiiis wkiii is itwd mainly for tin; soles (M
IvMitu ; lliL> piitt^'i'ii in cut I'l'inn the liitle, iiiiil tlii'ii clinccd till it bt'comsl
-iirtioifiitly Nofteiieil to sew. This Iiwt oiwration is also mainly peM
!'>! iiie<l by tlio old aqaaw». WLen Miey are t^o old to sew, tlioy becnnM
■ -.jiHik diwwoiT* as the lust rt-sort, and wLeii tlieii- teetli fiiU lln-m tli«
:ni' better ofl' in the (jnive. I
Seal-skiua aw also uianulartured into drinking nips; siicli enps gen
' jiilly have ii depth and diunieter of about three incbea. A sborll
flight piec? of l)ono, niofitly tho IniiiH'nis of a gull or duck, is sewefl
iiiio th« upper riiu on one Ride, pifjjecting outside about two iiichea imlfl
-.1 half; this fierves for a Imndle. Tho hair sido of the skin is used fofl
tlie insitlo of the vessel. Larger vessels, sotnewlmt resend)litig a snisJ|
navk, wen; nsed to cany water in at their encampments; but when odi
iravelingi'they nioHtly*aiTj their water supply in a seal's sloniaeb, pTM
]i»red for tlie pu^iose. ■
We woidd naturally exiH-el thesi' peojiln to he very expert in making
various devices for caiitaring tbeir game in traps or snares. This does
not seem to be the vase, however. Tbey make a fox-trap, wliieli is nothing
more tbiin u littlR ruuud hut af ice, with a hole in one Hide jimt largo
■enough for the fox to emwl into. Inside the but is a large slab of ice,
-nUicb rests bomontally npon a small uptight piece of ice; the end of
tho upright rests on the bait, and when the fox jtnlls at the meat he
4]raws the upright down, and the ice slab falls upon him aud he is a sure
prisoner.
Another manner of catching foses is to make an ice house niiu
larger, so high that a man can reatldy stand up in it. A small funnel*
^liajKil hole, jnst large enough to admit the fox, is made at the top
the stmcturo, and the bait is hung inside just out of his reacih. The
I'ox will work a long time trying to secure it, and finally crawl in and
Jump down npon the floor of the hut, but then he is unable to get out
again.
A sort of snare is, sometimes inmle for hares. It is nothing more than
n seal-skin line, with a number of slip-nmises npon it; this is laid across
the runs of the animals, or npon their feediug-gronTids. They are often
caught ill this manner; but tho foxes are generally the only ones bene-
fited by the capture; alt that the Eskimo finds is a little hair and a few
mee the next morning.
Birds are sometime:^ snared in about the same manner, except tliAl
he I
ire 1
of
'be
42 HATUEAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMEBICA.
tbey use finely braided deer siuews for the snares, instead of scal-^ii.
They take a good many eiders on their neste in tliia manner.
When traveling over the fiozcn wastee in winter they use snow-dntifc
These are half-mooR-shaped, of whalebone, with seal-sldn thongs tighllf ,
drawn across. They are aboat sixteen inches, long. Another pattern i
is merely a frame of wood, about the same length, and eight or ta
inches wide, with seal-skiQ thongs for the foot to rest on. Aa their dog/
feet often get very sore while traveling on cmsty snow, they make tbta
little mocvasins of seal-skin to protect t>he feet.
Nearly all the Eskimo become snow-blind in spring, thon^ tbey M*
eye-blinkers of wood. These are only a piece of wood fitting daadr
over the eyes, and having a horizontal slit abont one-sixteeotJi of a
inch wido; it affords a good deal of protection to the eyes, but tliey an
generally not put on till the condition of their eyes forbids them goia|
withoat. Some cye-blinkcrs of bone were found in a gTa%'e; they *(»
apparently very old, and of a different pattern, but so much decayed a
not to admit of handling.
All the Cumberliind Eskimo of tho present day have sledges of wooi
This has either been bartered from the whalotneu or secured fhxn tk
wrecks of ships. There ai-e, nevertheless, some remains ocuasionaQf
found of sledges that were composed entirely of bono, whales' jaw -bow
apparently. They were made in many pieces, and ingeniously lacM
All their slL^dgot^ of the ptiMcut day nw sho«) with Iton&aad
when about to undertake ii joitmuy they pour warmed btuod upon li
ETHNOLOGY.
4S
Kioi liiiKl of game, a*,, for iostance, bears ; then they carry s* 1
», which, however, dixrn not materiiilly difler from Uio whuli- luiM
ft omiak, or wouiau'it akm boat, ia iiow rare among them, as they i
> to iirociire whale-boats from ships, ami one boat will accomiao-
e sercTnl families. Some of tlie^so bojits still exist iu the -siciiiity of
:umeiite ami farther Hoiilli. It required about fifteen ektiis of Phoca
'to/a to conatruct one, and several years' occumuUirtion of drift-woe
mlt Heeins very probable that before the atlvent of whalemen they pea
i ft gKat many rites and ccreiiiouies, many of wliieb are now obi
I, or exist oidy iu tradition. Sometimes one of these old customs v
repeated, but, as a general thing, not in tbo presence of a white n
jb«y can help it.
■uu of these customs, wliich possesses a good deal of interest, ia tl
luier of greeting a stranger. When a strauger arrives ut an encai
nt, and is personally nnkuown to all or the major portion of {
ibitants of tlie village, he receives an introduction after the foUoi
I inouuer: Tlio vUhigcrs (the men) form themselves into a sin^
:, tUI of them, with the e.\<;uptiou of the stranger and the head anoo
0 village, having hare-skin mittens on; they then begin a mono)
I eiuging chant, keeping tiiuQ with Ibcir anus, swiuging tlieiu j
ot, raii^iag the hand as high as tlie shoulder, with arm sliglitly Ixs
I tJien desei-ibing a half circle by lowering tlio hands as far as tl
men. Finally, the ancoot and the stranger step out fi-om the ranlq
[ fhoo one another. Both have mittens of seal-sUin. The strangt
iplaoeuLly folils his arms over his breast, and inelines his bead to
a Bide, so as to fully expose hts check, fvliile the ancoot deals him »
ribleblowon it, sometimes feUiugbim to the ground. The two aelora
i change parts, and it becomes the stranger's turn to strike
8 with a veugeanee; the two then ktss each other, and the t
by is over. The stranger is now duly initiated to share in any ;
leir customs, and due hospitality is shown liim Ity nil. Among fail
leges he can also choose for himself a wife during his sojourn.
lOtber custom, which was once very popular, is the following : An
4 dresses himself up in the most hideous manner, having se\eral
8 of pants on, among the rest, and a horrid looking mask of skins.
I men U'lid women now I'auge themselves in separate and ojiposite
I, and the ancoot takes his place between them. Ho then ])icks
E a nuui and conducts him to a woman in the opposite ranks.
plo thwi go to the woman's but and Iiave a grand spree for a d
44 NATURAL HISTORY OF AECTIC AHEBICA.
or two. Tliismanuei'of proceeding is kept np till all the womaitrntoM
are di8i>osed of. This one is always the aneaoffa choice, and her hen
serves fur liiuiself. The people thus a88einb1e<l are, of coarse, all nl
known to him, and lie understands pretty well how to inate themtita
to meet general appi-obatioii.
When tlift women have their monthly courses, they will not w(Mli,M
visit the ship, or even each others' hots.
The dead are generally covered with a little pUe of stonesi'so ai^
^over as to form a sort of tomb. It is also qnite common at the p«Mi
time to leave the dead fully exi>08ed upon the rocks. All the "Sjism
liave a grcathorrorof handling a corpse, so that when a person is voyaA
lie is carried out to die, and where be lays the stone pUe is erected anal
iiim. The hunting implements and many of the valuables of the deeMwi
are put by him ; saeh things as he will need for a long time iiuiit,mk
the rest outside of the grave. We have fonod in one grave the akckUM
of two dogs, remains of a sledge, whip, &c., and the partial skekM
of a Pagomys fcetidua. The right femur of the Eskimo skeleton in (to
grave was deformeil, and had the appearance of having been btokea al
allowed to grow together without setting. He was probably lame te-
ing life, and the dogs and sledge had been given liim in order to Ad-
tate his traveling to tlie happy hunting-groands. In another giana
'discovered portions of a kyack. That decayeil bow and arrows, tpi^
and all their hunting implements, were at o&e time plenty in gran^ii
viTv Jiiipjiivnt; l»il of liit<( yoiii's tlicy liiivo so iimended tbls DftjtfpM
^H ETH.XOLOGV. 4a>l
^^Bft rule, tlicy are D»t kind to the ng^d or feeble We know of odu I
^^Bce where an old cripiflu, wlio hati no oue wlio would recogiiiiu liia I
^H^ty, was obll^'iHl tu gu sciding I'ur himself. Xlt* had but one dog, ]
kiid no Kk-d; no, taking a Hciil-iikiii mid allowing the dog lo iUng it, he
cKiiveycd to the H<.>iiling)j:iYmiid on tliis novul t'ouvi-j iince. Tliero
■ 1 1- overy duy largt' aledn Ii-uving tliw «iicauipmeut, hut no one offertnl
t'l Itilp tJi»* old man, aa thfi-c wsia no prosjtert of Ids heiug able U^ iveiii- I
rmare the favor. I
Among their many superstitioiw notioiiN, tlio wearing of charms about \
tli'j |>erMin is one of the moat curious. These aro railed amgoouk, or J
■m-'Huit, and may be nothing but pieces of bone or wood, birds' billM or I
. s, or an aniiual'tt teeth or skin. Tu tbese eliaruis they attribute J
I niiittinLl powers, and believe them Uy be able to keep the wearer 1
I siekncsa or misforiune. It is a common custiim lor the wife ta J
^v~ a piece of seal's blubber on her husband's kyaek when he is about I
: <) hunting; this will give him success. Little strips of deer-skin are. I
■j; about the person in different places to insure success in some nntler- 1
! I ig or to ward off some misfortune, real or imagiuaty. We diseov- ]
I I '<no of these charms, which seemed to possess unusual intercut. It J
worn by a little girl about eight years old. She had a small eiivel- J
"f seal skin that was worn on the back of her inside jacket. W© 1
ct-ded in bribing her grandmother to show- ua the «)ntenta of the j
< liipe, which proved to be two small stones, the one a blnish flint, (ho I
r apparently meteoric iron. The tra^lition connected with these- J
:>'>, the gmnd mother suid, is that a very long time ago an Kskimo, I
M whom she was a lineal descendant, had discoverwl the iron, and I
' I'ickexl np a stone to break a piece off and take home with him ; I
" lien he struck the inm (ire tlcw fioiii it, and he soon learned how I
I >kc u^eof this nccidental discovery, and liecame a great man among _ 1
l'(Oph-. AtthispointwuhHittlie thread of the old woman's nai-rative, I
^ill we t^oidd fnrtlier learn was that these two small jtici^'s luul Ix^eit I
> rvwl in the funiily for successive generations, ami were inherited by I
' 1 1 im her mother, and tliat she had now given them to her graiulchild, I
' liild's mother being dead. The child will in tuni give it to her I
.^cn. She thought tld.seharm of inestimable vahic, and could not I
liuced to part with it, for, whe said, "No one has yet died while I
:ug thi.-^ charm." I
ii'ther eharin of gi«at value to the mother who has a yuiuig babe I
!■ caidue tooth of the polar bear. This is used as a kind of clasp to- I
46 NATURAL HISTOaV Or ARCTIC AMERICA.
a seal-skin striug, which passes around the body and keeps the bnastt
lip. Hex milk supply cannot fail while ahe wears this.
SlaJiy of the ancooU by long practice become quite competent jug-
glers, and often take advantage to show ofl' their powers to the edifica-
tiou of their fi-ieDds. A common trick with a fnU-fledged ancoot ia to
come Buddenly into a hut with a harpoon toggled on his breast, and tbs
handle sticking in his buck, the wound bleoding profosely. Sach demon-
stations make a lasting impression upon the minds of those who wit-
ness it, and it becomes no less marvelous when they see that he enrrires,
without even a mark after the woimd.
A very interesting legend is one which they tell as to the origin of
man, as regards creation, and the beginning of all things. They say it
came so of itself. Of tlie creation of man they say ; In the beginmnE
there grew up from the earth a man ; he got a wife from one of to
thumbs (t), and from this pair the race baa originated. But the whites,
whom they call ct^lunet, or codluTiak, they have sprung from dog». At
Eskimo woman at one time gave birth to human beings and dogs. Tbeit
latter she put in an old boot, and threw them out into the sea, saying,
" Go hence, and become whit« people." From this they say whites Bw
On the SCO, and their eliii)fi fire like tho Innits' boots, round at both
MAMMALS.
IBAOMENTJRY NOTES ON THE 1141IMALU OF CUHBERLAND BOTOD.
!bUowiug list coutiUns little else than tratfiiK-uUuy notes on sach
[ procured, or witli cerLiiiity identified, during my sliort 8o-
1 tlio northern waters of C'iinil>erlau(l Sound (the Hogartb Sound
y), at about. !at. 07° N.
pcgion about oar winter hai'bor was inar\'elously barren, and very
mmals are fonnd there. ItH location is such that many of the
thut freqnent the sootliexn waters are seldom found iihout An-
Mk, as it is 80 far " inland." It is-u nmty for a bear to stray up
nd any distance, and some of the sealH and most of the ctitjiceans
|r of irregidar occurrence.
the soutbem outraiice of the eound, however, tlie harp sail, polar
'alruB, and many of the cetaeeana, are regular visitors. I Iiave
least doubt that many cetaceans are found in these waters that
t see. Should I placo confidence in the information of whale-
putling whales, I could ea^ly make ont many species, and some
ftrrelous ones; liut my experieneo has been that nhalemcn gen-
B not to bo relied npoii in this matter, as they confound species
I a degree tliat one can nevex unravel the snarl, and their own
r nomenclature makes nmtters worse instead of better.
tfiy was also much too short foranythiog like a satisfactory inves-
B of certain iuteresting problems. I was even obliged to leave
•laablo skeletons, and could hare procured many more bad there
y place to stow them away on shipboard.
B seems to be a prevalent belief among the Eskimo, as well as the
, that the mammals have disappeared from this section of
^ at a wonderful rate within the last few years. I found the re-
f Tricbechus rosmanis, Cistophora crintata, and Vrsiis maritimtut in
lent kitohenmiddens in Eingwah I^ord, in localities where these
i occnr at the present day only a^ rare stragglers. It is hardly
a tliAt such large animals could have been brought any distance,
48 NATURAL niSTORT OP ARCTIC AMBBICA. H
eo tliey must at a comparatively rectint date Iiave been fwuidTi
immediate viciuity. I could find no trat-e of the musk-ux,or Miy E^iiao
that hail ee&a ouc; but almost any of them <;ould ileseribo the atumal
■wry iiitelligPDtly, aud would t^?!! yoti tlicy an* foiitid fiir to tiie iHRtfa.
The E»Idmo name for this aniuiiU, "umingmuk," \a by no means a ran
name anmng them, and it is possible that tLey were once foand «o Cnm-
berlaud lalaud, but are now extinct, as otlier spei-ies arc in a fair wayuf
becoming'.
The vicinity of the Kilikerton Islands offers many adnuitAgos t«
naturalist ; it is now a pennauent wbaling station, and a person coul I at
any lime secure the valuable assistance of natives, besides baviuf; ampl*
conveniences for drying, stowing, &c It would be comparatively «i«j;
to secure a good skeletou of an adult right wliale at this pIiKte if a ym-
sou went about it in the proi>er manner. Almost any of the smaller wta-
ceans, and all tlic seals, adult^ young, and fietal, could be secnrMl al a
very trifling outlay of ijresents to tbe Eskimo.
1. Ursus matltimtia, Liiiuif.
"Xuiiuok," C till] brrl and Eskimo.
It is a rare occurrence to And a bear any distance up Cnmberlwtd
JSonnd ; they are common about Cape Mercy, Sbanmecr, and K^ugnmeot*,
but seldom sU^y above Niantilic, or the Kikkerton Islands. Bdoir
Niaiitilic, on the sontheni side of Bear Sound, in the vicinity of nts*
the Eskimo call Okaglik and Kokaluyah, they are (piite plenty. Huy
are captured hero every yeai", e8pet^ialIy in spring, by tbe Eskimo, who
fearlessly attack them in their trail kyacks, but are afraid of them «
tbe ice or land. From Nugnmeute to Hudson's Straits they apiK-arto
be even more plenty, and westwai-d, in the nortliem waters of Budi«Hi%
Bay, whaletDcn often procure twenty or more skins in a season.
lu October, 1877, an enormous female nith two cubtt paid tbe Eslamv
oncampmeut, at the Kikkerton Islands, a visit. They swam ^)^'c^ the
Salmon Fjord, probnbly scenting 11 dead whidethat was on tbe beach urar
the huts. The bears made a lively time among the huts, and a coii
aiderable outlay of ammunition and dogs was made bcfoni Ibiy »«*■
finally captured. There wore about two hundred dogs and half as DiiUi>
natives, iHisides tbe crews of two whalers ; sill this motley crowd mndtt witr
on tlie bears; one of tbe whaling captains, a little braver than tl>eiiul<
got too close tu the old bear, and she dealt bim a blow wbieli kuodiid
his gun many feet into a snow-bank ; sbe tlieu bfgau to make way irilli
him, but was prevented by the Eskimo and dogs. A yonng Eskimo ww
MAMMALS.
Bprved in a similar manner, bnt sustained quite serious injuries. CJ
ci^nstcmation and fear prevailed anionj; tlie women and tliildrcn, aiu
tliat memorable oight, when the nannokea besieged tlieir quiet cam]
.v;ts long a lively topic of coDversatioa.
HTieii the Florence took the pack-ice off Cape Mercy, a Imge male wi
-mldeidy espied alongside, but he did liia best to get away iis fast
jiosstblo; a boat was lowered and Ills capture was as devoid of excil
meiit as the killing of a sLeep in a bam-yanl. "We hswl at this time
teen Eskimo and thiity dogs on deck, and the greater portion of tltfi
meat was utilized as food by one or the other without any sj-niptoms of
|ioisouing. During the season that Pat}<iwyg fietidus have their young,
the bears begin to wander up the Qords in search of them, and are at
this rime often found a considerable distance from the open water.
In and about the old stone-hut foundations in the neighborhood of
Atiuauactook I found the remains of bears. There is a stoiy among tl
Eskimo that the bear, walrus, and hooded seal were once xilenty tb(
but for some cause do not now frequent the locality. X very young cub
vkio was secured in April by a Shaumeer Eskimo. The vicinity of Cape
Mercy is one of the most frequented localities for bears; here tlieycome
down on the pack-ice with the current from the north. JEHkimo fl-om
(be region northward in Cumberland are in the habit of coming here
to htuit them.
2. Vnlpea lasopni, Liiini<.
"Touyiinnik," Cumbeiiaml Eski
Tlie Arctic fox is quite common on both sides of Cnmbcrland in all suit
able lu<^^ali ties. During the winter they often fare badly, and become qull
impudent when pressed by hunger, even coming upon the sehoonera*
decks at night. They were a souree of annoyance as well as aniusemont to
ii,s around onr observatorj'. We were not tlie fortunate possessors of
I'liough glass to let the light in through the wall of snow tbat surrounded
I. or tent, so we had recourse to oileil sheeting stretched over tbo aper-
(iirc, borrowing the idea from the Eskimo window of seal intestine, But
aa we ha<l no dogs about our snow-bouse, tbe foxes became so bold
during tbe long cold nights of winter that they often came and sat
irorind tbo stovepipe that projected through the roof of the hut. Oiir
I loth windowii had to be wpaired very often, as they would tear them
down and cat them for tbo oil tbe cloth contained. It was almost
ible to catch them with a steel trap. I tietl the bait undemeaUL,
a lODgafi^ and carefully placed the trap iu a Utile excavation in
Bull. Nat Mu9. Ni
I
50 NATURAL H18T0EY OF AKCTIC AMERICA.
BQow, and covered the wliole with snow ; but they dug beneath tha tmp,
Bod secured the hait from below, oft^ii even without spriii^ng the trap.
With an iee trap made after the Eskimo pattern I was more siirvessiiil.
As soon as the sewls begin pupping, the foxes fai-e better; tliis wuwra
is in fact the grand banqueting time for these auiitials, after the long
sufi'erings and privations of winter. At this season (Maw^h, April,
May), they destroy a gieat many young seals. I have often fuunil the
remains of the seals so well shinned and cleane<I that it seems impossi-
ble it could have been done by an animal. Thoy begin by biting He
skin around the inouth, and drawing the entire animal through the apCT-
ture, and turning the skin inside out; even the llippers are drawn tlirongh
to the nails, and every vestige of tlie meat removed. Nor is tii« nkiii
bitten in the least, although it is finely cleaned of all the fat, Bnt the
most remarkable part of all is, that the skeleton remains intact and And;
cleaned. When the Eskimo find snch skins, tliey alvrays make aw rf
them, as they are quite as well skinned as if they had done it them-
selves. The white variety appears to Iw much more abnnilant than the
blue. According to tlie Eskimo, the two varieties interbreed, and Utt
young are sometimes dark and both parents white, and rwe rer»a. Dol-
ing the winter month!* tliey congregate in considerable iinniliprs aboni
any carcass, especially a whale, and got themselves thoroughly bcgrinird
with grease-
It often happens that some venturesome fellow succeeds in g«llilV
upon the ducks' island, in breeding time, by means of tlio iC'C, and it
left there; but when the birds leave ho gets enough sUell-flsli, &c.,al
low-water to live on till the ice makes. If they are a short distance ft»m
the mainland or from other islands, they do not hesitate to take to tlM
water.
3. CanlB fomUlBiis, Liitn^, var. borealls.
" Kiiimik," or " Mikkio," Cumherlaud Eskimo.
As might be exx>ected, the dogs of the Cumberland Eskimo areafflirtwl
with the much (h-eaded rabies. I psiid considerable attention to the
subject, in hox>es of being able to throw some light on the cauiie of Una
disease, but, like many others before me, with little snce^wt. In tlie to*
place, so far as the dogs about our winter harbor were coMcemodatlottl.
there are other causes besides the so-called hydrophobia that lessen*
their ranks, though when a rlog dies this is always the vaase aHsigned.
Some of the best dogs that die^I at AuTmuaetook during the wlulw of
1S77-78 died fttim injni-ies inflicted on the head by » dab in tbe b
MAAIMALS. 51
of their masters. After tliese dogs were disableil tbey wandered about
ilie settleinetit staggerinp and howling, and were to all appeanmee bona
fule vietiius of hydrophobia ; bnt ou disse^tJon it was only too plain what
the matter was. Many of tlie dogs ai-e so overworked and so illy treated
that they could not survive the repeated injuries inflicted upon them if I
they were as sti-ong again.
Tlio Eskimo have the habit of putting a slnt in heat on ahead as 'j
leader, as by this method they considerably accelemte the raovementS'l
of the restof the team, and save themselves some extra labor; but these
dogs often prove themselves too eager, and rnptnre blood-vesselH. I
have seen snch cases where the dog vomited clear blood, and also dia-
. barged it copiously through the anas; such cases survive but a few days j
i^i'neniUy. Again, many young dogs are taken from the mother longfl
before they are prepared by nature to shift for themselves, I have posi-
tive evidence of this being a prolific cause of so many young dogs dying.
Of nil tlio dogs that died at Aunanactook, at least four-fifths of the adults
were males, and the greater number of these died about the time the J
f<.'inale8 were in heat..
I was very much interested to see if the theory that hydrophobia itfi
in'valent onlyiu countries where the females ai-e subjected to India* I
■ 1 iuiinate slaugliter, or aiumal instinct thwarted or i)erverted imder the I
uaii of.au ignorant and false modesty, would work here, instances l>eing j
cited of Turkey and other countries, where the dog is held sacred and j
allowed to run at large, that hydiopbobia is unknown. According to *
Iho theoiy, then, that its origin is always the result of nnrequited affec-
tion, we should not find this disease among tlio Eskimo dogs, where it
may reasonably be expected that natim) has allowed the jiroper propor-
tion of the sexes and man does not interfere; but here is the point;
Una the Eskimo dog unrestrained freedom to follow the instincts of J
liis animal natiuv I We answer, By no means. To be sure, there arftl
I ilenty of females, but they are appropriated by such dogs as possess tfa^ I
t:ivateit streuglh ; the females go to them, and the weaker dogs are given
Ibo cold shoulder. As a geueral thing, the iiossession of a slut is a dis-
puted |>oiut, which ends in a hard light lietween the dogs; but there is
no further question after the battle, and the vantpiished dog has to bear ^
.t double disappointment; this he seems unable to do, and worries hta
M'lf into a mehincholy that soon takes the form of the so-calleil hydi
ifliobia.
^BX carefully watched a team of three dogs that I often went scaliod
^HKIi; one was a female and two were males; the slut seemed tq be «
52 NATUBAL HISTOBT OF ABCTIC AMEBICA.
propriated by one qt the dogs without qoestion, tall one day a
dog from another settlement was added to theteam. The
the slat now became the canae of a series o£ severe fig^hts, vbidi foM
in favor of the strange dog, which immediataly becune the gnardiaii <rf
the Bint. The beaten dog began to lag and droop, and in a /nr dnyi ««
dead, having gone throngh all the stages of hydrophobia to all i^pitr-
This was not the only instance of a similar natnr« that came rate
my observation; still I do not wish to be nnderatood that I plftMia
shaken iaith in this theory. I had too short a time for observatiun. a&d
too few examples to warrant me in making generalizations on (btm
data; but I think it well worth the time for any one who does g« the
oppoi'tmiity not to overlook these facts. I dissected a number of the
male dogs that died from the rabies, but I never could detect any rfths
organs diseased exce]>t the penis, testicles, and sometimes the kiitM^
Why this should be the case I am at a loss to say. There is not otba
theory that may throw some hght on the subject, viz, the constant inM-
breeding of the dogs. I have known of instances where a dog h«i
iwssession of the mother and lier yearling whelps, all, mother incluU.
of which he was father to. It is certain that the progeny resoltiaf
from such connections are very inferior, and tend toward degenentiaj
the race. It often happens that female dogs cohabit with woItw, lh«
dog being driven off by the superior strength of the wolf. This pnc-
I is clmmctfrized by snperior strength and yrcat pnwaBrf
MAMMALB.
531
BBbre tlie reindeer herds alxmiid. It i>fteu happens that the Eskiinol
dogs and wolvos interlireod ; the female dog is especially liable to fo*!
Iiabit wiOi a wolf, and the progeny arc considered much superior beaiita,!
tiiit are very hanl to manage. I liavo seen Eskimo dogs that corr«>l
■-l"iiuled Lair for hair with tho Arctic v
Tho E»kiiiio Bity there lire packs of (logo now in sonic localities tbatfl
li.ivc run wild, and in all probability returned to the original wolf tj'pfi.l
Tliire are ittories of some kind of animal, that from the descnption ^renl
-^< ime may be a Guli>, but. others say it is only thu common dog ; suckl
iials are always reported from the interior.
li is said that the female wolf is considerably fleeter than the miilSr J
bung longer- bodictl. Tlie females, the Ilskimo say, always distan<'e the
mnle^s in tho cliuso iifter the reindeer, and generally siicc4M;d in killing
the deor before tbo male comes up.
5. Mustela ermiaea, Liim^.
Two Bpet'imeus, pi-ocured in tho Kiiignile Fjord, one in the summer J
i one in the winter fur. Appears to follow the lemming in thcirl
:; i^tioiitj ; in nowhere abundant in Cumberland, and even unknown to^
->>iiK- of the Eskimo. Said to be able to capture the bare and ptarmirl
:::tn by atttu'hing itself to some vitut part and not loosening its hold I
till the victim isdeatl. I am rather skejiticul ou this, however. Still, j
tbe Eskimo say they have seen them du it, and it really puzxlcB we tol
tell what else they shonld live upon during winter, as they do imt hiber' J
nntd).
6. Myodea torqnatM, <rnH.) Kpj-9.
"Amiiignk," Cmiibyrlniiil Eskii
1 procured but a single sjiecimen of tbe lemming; this was caughtffl
ir Cape Mercy. They may yet bo common somewhere along thdl
Mid, aa 1 saw traces in different places where we stopped. Accordiugfl
iIlo Eskimo, tbey art) getting less common everj- year, Wbalemenl
1 •■ told me that twenty ycare ago some ships procured as many a4a
f humlred skins at KlantiUc, in tie spring, from the young Eskimo, j
-:•■ killed tliem with bows and arrows. From what leould Icam of lliftl
i.imo, tbe lemming is very irn'gular in its migrations, api)earing in4
ii numbers at one place, and then dtwipiwaring for many ye:
L.epiiB glaclalfa, Ldu'b.
"Okooillook," C'uiubi'rlaiKl Eikiitiii.
Common In all suitable localities. Many do not undergo any changdfl
[ color during summer, and I doubt if it be more tbau partial ebangeg
54
KATUKAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMEBICA.
with any. I bave seen puie wliite speciiueus daring all Ui6
uiontlia, and occasionully one abont half-gray. Tlie Kskimo finuly
believe that the lungs of the bare applied fi-esli lo a boil or sons of any
kiud is a sure core. The sjieciineiiB I examined in (Juoiberland
much smaller than Greenland specimens.
8. Rouglfer tarandus, (Liiiuf) Bd.
" Tnktao," Cumberland Eskimo.
The reindeer are foimd in considerable numbers on both sides of Ooii-
bcrhiud Sound, but by far the gi-eater uumber on the -nesteru shore,
is no rare instance to iind them during the summer months un the
coast; they seem to deliglit in feeding upon tiie /ud exiHM*ed at In*
tide. In winter tbey rotii-e to the larger valleys and go farther
bcuig seldom seen on the coast at this season of the year.
The Eskimo go reindeer-bunting every summer, commonly daring tl»
mouths of July, August, and September. At this season they make
qiute extensive excursions inland, where the deer are more abundaat
and nhich more easily pi-ocured. Withiu the last few years thwy an
rciMii'ted as less common on the Penny Peninsula; but I hear of
ent dimjnntion in their numbers to the west and sontbwest,
toward Lake Kennedy, where they are reported as very abundant.
JJefore the introduction of firearms among the Eskimo by the while-
men, thej' took advantage of the habits of the deer iu eouniig down to
the coast, and drove them into the water, where they were naaily cap-
tiu'ed with a kyack. The Eskimo bring the skins baek with them bi
tbeii' winter encampment, having ca^lied the meat for tbo osteusihle
puii>ose of returning for it in winter. This seldom hapjtens, however,
ami the wolves generally make way with it. It is said that when a herd
is first approached by a hunting party that has been liviug on the let-
coast^they scent them along way off', but that they soon lose this power:
tlie fact being, I take it, that the peculiar odor of the salt-watw has left
the Eskimo. During the winter they herd together iu large liroves, and
when a suitable valley is found paw up the snow for a coiuuduubk
extent, till it looks as if a herd of swine bad been rooting in the sdov.
These droves are continually beset by x»acks of wolves, which keep a vig-
ilant watch for any that unluckily stray out of the henl, for such a «ne
is immediately atta-.-ked and run dowi. It is seldom, however, that tin?
wolves can do ninch damage to the henl when they keep logol
they form a cuele, with 1 lie weaker ones iu the centre, and can
the wolves at baj.
ogottag*
iitl^Bfl
MAMMALS. !■
CaUoceptialoa vltalfiias, (Lina^) F. Cut. ^M
I " Eaitsit'iak," Cambirrlautt Eskiinn. H
pa fio-cUIcd " fi-esli- water seal*" of tlic wimleiiicn is one (if tlic rurflfl
bi*^ in the Cuinberlaud -watexs. TUey are mostly mot witli far oH
Rjonbt nnd iu the fresb-wntiu* Htn-.nniR iiiid puuds, ivliore tlicy go aftJB
Boii. Tliey ai'e rather dilHcult to eaiitiire, as at the eeasou tliey asfl
pDouly int't with Uiore is ko little blithher on thimi that they sinfl
B shot. The ukiiis are higlilyiirized hy the E^Uiino ■nonieii forthf^fl
ttbi, and if tliL-y do not havi* t-uuiigh for the entire garment wfflB
mrfaat they have, always putting it %^*ithiii the most eoavetiieut si^fl
me wearer. It in said by the Kskiino tliat the young rpjiiajn in tb9
fee coat but tliree or four day», dili'vring gi-eatly in tiiis res[>ect froaB
mimy» fatidm. Neither do they make an eseiivation underneath thfl
m int the reception of the young, like the above-mcntionotl specieifl
b>ii|i later in tlio seaeoii, ou the borv ice, fully esposed. Tlie adii^|
■B ofleu engage in serrre eombat^ with eaeh other. I have se^fl
b m ficratehed up that they were nearly worlhh'BS ; in faet, the^
Brno eonsidor a "kaasiarsoak" (a very large kasaigiak) as having an
BHt worthle-Rs skin, ami seldom use it exeejit for their skin tents. The
b Of tho youTiff) on tbe contrary, an.* a gieat ai^quitiitioii. It is said,
■My with a shade of exaggeration, that the affeetions of the Eskimo
b<d can be secured by a present of kassigiak skuis, when all ordinary
ba of pei'^uasion have failed to mo^'e her. H
baKOmyB fcstidus. (FuK) Gni;-. I
* "N>tairk," iwlnltit gencnilly; ''Tigftk," Adult ma1i«; "KetsSavili,'' yiinii); aitiH
} abndiUng and till one yt-nr old; " IIhwd," yimiig iu white fonts, of iho Cna^f
L bfrltui) EHkiniu, "Pf('kHiiiDii]'T'iiwy,''}'UUii);, plg('im-Kn^'lisliurihi'n-lift]«ii^|
pSs seal is very common iu all the f}onls and bays from Ilndsoi^H
■tsiiorthw-anl along Cnmberland Island to the e:((renie head of Cusfl
pnd Sound, on all th(^ outer islands about Cai>e Mercy, and on thS
I coast of l)a^'is Straits. I have seen skins from Lalie Kennedjfl
II could not distinguish fi'om thot«e found in Cnmlterland Soundfl
I soot was never noticed but a few miles from land ; was not met wit^H
■0 pack-ice, nor on the Clreenland coast except far up the ^onbfl
■ wa« iu July and August; bntlam informed that they become moin
BKHi toward autumn, and are found iu considerable numbers somJB
Bnrafhtm land; they are less common here, however, than on tJifl
It coast. I
t was a source of great cu^iot^i1y to the GreeuhLnders to see tltlfl
•1
I
56 NATURAL EI8T0ET OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
clotliiu;; of tlio Cumberland Eskimo made from Uie skins of Uif ywng
seal ; they at first mistook it for bear. I was infonnwl that, io the vitiBily
of l>isko at least, they never procure enough of the skins of the yoniiK
in the white coat to nse them for clothing to any extent.
In the Cumberland waters they are resident, aiid do nut migrate at tQ
nnlots mneh disturbed, and then they merely sc«k a uiorc »>>cludtd
locality. Ou the Greenland coast they aptiear to migrate op tlie in
fjords in summer, but to be more generally distributed at otlicr aeuoBl
The nctsick shows a decided predilection for the qniet still bays and
^ords, seldom \'enturing far from land. They are the only seal cmgbl
tlirough the ice in winter, and are consequently the chief and almutt
sole dcpeiidonco of the Eskimo for food, fuel, hglit, and clothing.
The skins of the adults are made into summer clothing, wbile tbe
young are in great demand for under-garments and for iroti«e».
Children often have entire suits of the young in the white voats; tat^
clotbuig looks very beautiful when now, but it is new but a few
days, and after this it is repulsive enough. The females were fnanil
ejiceinte in the latter part of October, and a ftntus nearly rea<ly for birti
was taken from the uterus January IG. It was two feet front the eudrf
nose to the end of liind flippers. It was so doubled iu the litems, Iww-
ever, as to occupy a space hardly a foot in length; the hind Oipptn
were turned forward on Ihe tibial, the fore flippers hugged the sidea,ud
the head bent over on the neck and inclined to one side.
In a liirge tjord known as the Greater Kiugwah the tide runs so swiftly
at one locality that It never freezes for a space varjnng from ten to
hundred acres. Here the notsiok gather iu considerable numbers all
winter, and it is a favorite resort for such Eskimo as are fortuuoU
enough to possess a gun. Being but a fewmileH&omoarwinterfaarbor,
there were almost daily excursions to these tide rifts by <mr Estdno
huntei's. After the 1st of March very few pregnant females were killed
at this place, they having by this time chosen tbc localities for bBvisg
their young. Those killed after this date were all adult " tigak," «r oM
stinking males.
It was interesting that the young — yearlings and some two-year ^dl>
such as ha«l not yet arrived at maturity — were seldom, if ever, killed io
this open water, but lived in colonies by themselves. When an EskiBW
finds a number of atluka (breathing-holes) near togitther, he always Btti^
the place by raising Uttlo mounds of snow near the holes, for h« kiKHfS
tliat here is a colony of young autmaUt which have better skins awl
■Uat than Hie old ones, and are moreover much easier to capture. 3fH
Hiave counted iiunrly seveuty of these atlukt^ on a space of two acres. H
B Wlioii 11 pregnant female lias cliosen the place where she is to havef
H|er yoiuig, she makes an excavation from six to ten feet in leugth under
Hbe snow, and from three to five feet wide, the height varj-ing with the
Hbickness of the snow covering. The atluk is at one extremity of this
Bpoavatlon, and in ^ucb a position that it is always a ready vhauiiel of
■Mreat in cuse of danger.
Wt The first young found in the Upper Cumberland waters was during
Bpe early days of Man;h; still I have taken a fcetus fi-oiu the mother iu
Bho middle of April. The most profitable time for hunting the young
HbkI ia daring tlie month of April ; after this date they have shed so
^pnch that tlie skins are nearly worthless till the hispid hiiir has got to
■h of the proper length, when they are considered as the prime article-,
^pDd second only to the youug of Callocepltaliut vituUnus in ijiiality.
^ The first young oue I procured that had begnn to shed was April 15.
Hlfaave seen esaiaples tliat were nearly or quite destitute of the whito
MWat, but still not having the next coat in sight. Such sp<.H;imens on
^Hose examiuation will be found to have a very liuc coat of the new hair,
^■■t BO short as not to be perceptible except on close examination, still
Hnowing tlic e^act location and distribution of the dark and light mark-
^■Bga; the akin at this time is very bla«k, and often much scratched np,
H^ffobahly by the mother in trying to make the young one shift for itself.
Htxtften exanuni>d the stomiielis of young as well as adult?, but till after
^■bc^ hod begun shedding the white coat, and were, in all probability,
^HB to 30 days old, 1 found nothing but the mother's milk. After they
H^e^in to shift for themseh'es, their food, for a time at least, consists of
UBtmtmari of different species.
B Before the youug shed the white coat, they are from 23 to 3C inches
HBtom the nose to end of Dippers; the average the season through, from
■k good series of measurements, was about SO inciies. They are verj-
HvBriablo in color; some are pure white; otiiers very whitt.^ on the lower
Bptrt*, but moiii or less dusky on back; others again are a fine straw-
n^Bilow, with the same dusky variation as in the white ones. TIui yellow
■b also vaiiable in the intensity of shiMle. Rarely some are found that
Ib|V6 quite dusky all over, especially on the hond and back; these are
^generally small and scrawny individuals. The hair is also quite as \'ari-
ahlo in texture as in color. In some it is fine, long, and woolly (mostly
iu the pure white esamples). In others it is straight or wavy, while
58 NATURAL BISTORT OF ARCTIC AlCESICA.
some have eliort and quite hispid hur. They weigh at birth from finr
to six anil one-half iMnnds, hut grow at an astODuding late, beoouing
exceedingly fat in a few days. The blubber on the young a few dayi
old is almost white and thickly interspersed with blood-vessels ; it is not
lit to biun. There is usnally but one young at a birth; still twins u
not of rare occurrence, and one instance come under my obeemti«
where there were triplets, but they were small, and two of them Todd
probably not bave lived had they been bom. The season for hnntiiig
the young at lat. 67° N. begins about the middle of March and oo-
tinues until the latter part of April. The first two weeks of Apiil an
the most prodnctive, as later the bidr Is apt to be very loose, and bsq
even have large bare patches on them.
When the season lairly opens, the Eskimo hunter leaves the wiatir
encampment with liis family and dog-tt^am for some favdrite reswi rf
this seal; he soon constructs his suow-hnt, and is as well settled u if il
had been his habitation for years, for the seals he catches bring W»
and his fitmily food and fuel, and snow to melt water from is alnji
plenty, so that his wants are easily supplitnl, and be is contentMl and
hapi)y.
The manner of hunting the young seal is to allow a dog lo nu) ««
ahead of tlie hunter, but having a strong sealskin line about Iiih otvt,
wliicb the Eskimo does not let go of. The dog scents the seal in iu «
cavation, which could not have been detected from the outside bylta
eye, ;iTid the Iniiiter, by a vigorous jump, breaks down the cnviT Mm
^%omi
Jome of the Eskimo Iiuoters Ijelonging to tlie Florence broiiglit asm
mnny aa seventy at one loud. Theywea* kept frozen, aud we uliuosfrfl
lived on tlie meat duiiiig the season, and learned to like it veiy nineh, V
Sunie of the hispid seals pup ou the ice without any eoveriuy wbitt- 1
ever. Six instances of this nature came under my observation, and they I
were all young animals. The young exjrased in this manner ainioafcl
always fall a prey to foxes and ravens before they are old enough to |
take care of themselves.
As the season advances aud the young begin to shed their coats, tbflil
roof of their igloo is ofl*n, or perhaps always, broken down, and thft|^
mother aud young can he seen on sunny days basking iu the warm sun- \
whine beside their atluk. The mother will take to the water when the
hunter has approaehed within gunshot, and leave the young one to shift
for itself, which generally euds in its staring leisurely at the hunter till .
suddenly it finds a hook in its side ; a stout seal-skin line is then mado I
fast to its hind flippers, and it is let into the atluk; it, of course., mak«8 ^
desperate eflbrts to free itself, and is very ajtt to attract tlie attention of
the mother if she is anywhere in the vicinity. The Eskimo carefully
watches the movements of the young one, and, as soon as the mother is
oliserved, beginn to hunl in on tlie line. Tlie old one follows nearer and J
nearer to tlie surface, till at last she crosses the hole at the proper depth, |
and the deadly harpoon is planted iu her body, and she is quickly drawn J
out. If the mother has seen the hunter approaching the athik, however, f
she will not even show Lei-self. I have never known of an iiistancdl
where tiiey have attempted to defend their offspring from man. I onca I
saw 8 raven trying to kill a young seal while the mother was making J
frantic but very awkwaixl attemjtts to catch the bird iu her mouth. I
When the young first assume the coat of the adults (about the time the J
ice begins to loosen), they seem possessed of a vast amount of curiosity, '
and while swimming near the land, as they tUuiost always do, can be
Inred within gunshot by whistling or singing. They wotdd olten play
uboat the schooner, diving nuderueath and coming up on the oi>i>osite
Hide, apparently eiyojnug it hugely. They delight to swim among the ^
pieces of floating iee iu the<jniet bays. The young aud yearlings of thU I
species are often found togethei' in sumll bands, Tlie adult females wOl '
average four feet and a half to the end of the fiipix'rs. Such siwciinena
ore probably from four to seven years old ; the males are a little larger.
There is great variation in the skulls, but the sexes c^n reiulily be dt^ J
tingnisheil by the skull alone, tlie males having a lunger and uarrowotj
^^df with the ridges more promiueut.
60 NATURAL HISTORY OF AECTIC AHESICA.
It is ouly ttie adult males (called " tigak," stinker, by the Eskiino]
that emit the horribly disagreeable, all-penneating, ever-penetrBting
odor that lias suggested its specific name. It is ao stTong that one cu
smell an Esldmo some distance when be has been partakjng of the fledL
They say it is more nourishing than the flesh of the females, and Oat •
person can endure great fatigue after eating it. If one of tlieae tigit
'comes in contact with any ot^er seal meat, it will become so taintedH
to be Tcpiilsive to an educated palate } even the atlnk ef the tigak aa
be detected by its odor-
There is sometimes caught a hairless variety of this seal that the Es-
kimo call "obitook." I have seen one such skin. It had a feviae
curly hairs scattered o^'er it, but they were very different in textsn
from the ordinary hair. I do not know if the specimen otbenrise dif-
fered from the ordinary seal. The food of the adults consists largelycf
different species of crastaceans, and during winter especially th^ nb-
sist to a considerable extent upon flsh. I have fonnd in them the »-
mains of Cottus scor^tis, C. ffranlandtcta, Gadiu ogac (commonly), aitd
JAparis vulgaris. During the time the adults shed for nearly a montli
previous I coidd detect nothing but a few pebbles in their 8toiiiadi&
They become poor at this time, and will sink when shot in the watw.
The milk is thick and rich, and Is sometimes eaten by the natives. The
excrement looks like pale, thickly clotted blood.
There are sometimes found albinos, of which the Eskimo tell marvdoui
MAMMALS.
r not overs to 7 cents, and this mostly in tobacco, trinkets, Or shipia
stores. To encourage tliem to procure more skins, tliey are fiu-ni-stiedif
witU a clieap breech loading gun and a few hundred cartridges, wLichT
tliey soon waste, and tlien tlaeir guns are of course wortliless. At the
rate both young and adults are slaughtered at the present day, tJioy
will soon become so scarce that there will not be enough to supply thft
wants of the natives.
11. PagophUtia grcenUndlcus, (.Mflll.) Gniy.
^^t "Siolik," Cnmlicrland Eskimu.
^^be saddle-back is of frequent occurrence about the southern wat^i^
^EvQmberland Sound in spring and autumn. It is rather rai'cly fouudl
Kingly, but generally in consideniblo schools. They are even occasion* I
ully found as far up tlie sound as Aunanactook, but mostly the youof^. I
Their procreation is unknowii to the Cumberland Eskimo. A few schoolii 1
were noticed at different times during September, 1877, and October,
1S78, fnim the islands off the middle Labrador coast to Cumlierland, at
times at consideiable distaiieejj from land. Every Eskimo who can
secure it will have an adult male kiolik skin on tlie back of his tonpik.
The skins are here never used for clothing, the hair being too short and ,
tUiti. They ilisappear from Cumberland when the ice makes, and retuj
again in spring with open water, but stay only a short time. The flee
I inch inferior to the netsick.
Fhoca baibata, O. Fub.
"Ogjook," Cumberland Eakiuio; "Ou-Book," Greenlnu'lcrs.
bis seal was first noticed a little to the southward of Gape Chidljr^l
1 thence northward to our winter harbor in about lat. (i7'^ N". Aofl
ling to the Eskimo they are the most common about Ca]ic Mercy,l
Nngiimeute, and the southern Cumberland waters, where they remaiaa
Uie year aromid, if there is open water. Tliey i-emain in the sound onlyl
ing the time there is opeu water, as they have no atluk.
It the west coast of Davis Straits they are not rare, but are said h^M
[emen to diminish in numbers alwvo lat. 75'= N. Tlicy apiwar to be '
e common on the southeJii shores of the west coast of Davis Sti'aits
a on the northern, so that the natives go southward some distance
Kure tJte skins. Was noticed among the pack-ice in Da\i8 Strait* J
^uly aud August.
3 ogjook delights in basking upon pieces of floating ice, and goBr>ll
f keeps well out at sea. I have never seen any numbers togethetj J
KaJmost always singly. The old males do not seem to agree well, an
62 NATDHAL HI8T0ET OF AHCTIC AHEBICA.
often Lave severe battles on the ice-floes when they meet. Tbey on tbe
foie flippers, instead of the teeth, in fighting.
In Cnmbadaiid they begin working northward as &8t as the Sue
edge of the ice breaks np, amring in the vicinity of Annanactook sbiat
the latter days of Jane. In autumn they move aoathwvid as Suit m
the ice makes across the sound, always keeping in open water. Thtf
are seldom found in the smaller Qords or bays, but delight in wide et-
pauses of water. They dive to great depths after their food, vliidii
almost entirely enistacea, moUusks, and even clams of considerable mt
This seal has a habit of turning a snmmersaalt when about to din,
especially when fired at; this peculiarity, which is not sbfwed by ur
other species that I hare seen', is a characteristic by which it may bt
distinguished at a considerable distance. During May and Jone dw;
crawl out upon au ice-floe, to bask and sleep ; at such times tbeyaie
easily approached by the Eskimo in their kyacks and killed. An adnli
will often meiisure ten feet between the two extremes. The color it
variable ; the tawniness more or less clouded with lighter or darker mak-
ings irrcgtdarily dispersed. By July some of theni become alnort
naked. At this season their stomachs contained nothing but stowt;
some of tliem nearly of a quarter jwund weight. They seem to eat notfc-
ing during the entire time of shedding, probably six weeks. Colain it
is they lose all their blubber, and by the middle of July have oothin;
but " wliitehorse," a tongh, vhite, somewhat cartilaginous substance, in
Qlncc of blubber. At this season they sink when shot. So
^H MAMMALS. 63 I
^^Dolor uniform grizzi; mouae-color, witli a tinge of olive-gray. Mnz- J
zle, crown, and irregular patolieB on buck and fore flippers white. From I
noae to eyes a, black line crossing the head back of the eyes, forming a I
l)erfect cross. Nails boni-bliie, tipped with white. Iris dark brown. I
Nose black. Mnzzle wide ; lips full and flesliy, giving the animal a I
bull-dog expression. Body long and slendtT. Beard pellucid, abundant |
white, stout, the bristles growing shorter fixim the eye toward the nos- I
trils. Hind flipiwrs large and heavy, looldug disproportionate. The ■
Imir rather short, bnt flue and somewhat woolly. There was intersiietaed
another kind of hair, stilt' and of a steel-blue ; the next irout, I take it.
The Eskimo are firm iu the belief that the ogjook sheds its first coat
within the litems of the mother. In this instance there was certainly j
I)lenty of loose hair in the utenis; but the specimen had been dragged ]
some miles iu it« envelope over the rough ice, and banged around consid- |
erably, besides ha\"ing been kept three or fom- days in an Eskimo igloo i
among a heap of decaying garbage, so it is not to be wondered at if the '
hair was loose. There was Uttle blubber on the sjtecimen, and this was
thickly iutersi>er8ed with blood-vessels. The uiteatines toward the anus
were filled with dung. The kidneys were verj' large, /he heart remark-
ably so. Tho eartilaginoua prolongation of the thonix, so prouiibeiit '
ill Fiujoviyti fcetidus, is wanting in this species.
The ogjook is of great vahie to the Eskimo, who prize the skins very
highly. All their harnesses, scaling-lines, &c., are made from the raw
skins ; besides this, they make the solas of their boots, and sometimes
olher ptirtions of their dress, from the skin. In such locaUties as tlie
whalemen do not visit, and the natives ai* obUged to construct skin |
boats, this seal is in great demand. It takes fifteen skins tor an omiuak, j
or akin boat, and tJiese skins require renewing very often. The skiu of I
the back and belly dries unevenly, so the Eskimo skin the animal by ■'
cutting it longitudinally along both sides, and drying the skin of the
upper and lower parts separately. It is a prevalent belief among whale-
men that seals' livers, and more esi>ecially thoseof this species, are poison-
ous; but 1 am incline4l to rate this as imagination. Wo ate the Uvers- j
of all species wo procured without any ba<i eil'ects.
13. Tricbecbus roamanu, Lhind.
"Awouk" uml "Ivik," Ciiiuljcrlaii<! Eskimo.
The walrus is quite common about Caiio Merey and the sontheni waters I
of Cumberland, but at the present day rarely strays far up the sound.
Their remains, however, are by no means rare, oven in the Greater Kuig- i
64 NATDKAL HISTOET OP AECTIC AMEBICA.
wab, and many of the old Eskimo hnt foimdadons coDtain the veaiiH
of tliis animal. The Eskimo say they got mad aad left; oettun itii
tbey ai-e found around AuQanactook only as stragglers at the pmial
day. Oonsidenible nnmbers were observed on pieces of floating ke nctr
C;it>e Mercy in July. About Kngameate tiiey are largely hunted by tltt
Eskimo living tbore. The Eskimo say the tasks of the male alwifl
boud outward toward the tips, while those of the female baid iovaid.
14. ClBtopbora oilBtata, (ErxIcbO Nilss.
TIic bladder-nose appears to be very rare in the npper Cambcilnl
waters. One Bi>ecimea was procured at Annanactook in antomn, dt
only Olio I saw. The Eskimo had no name fbr it, and said they had Mt
seen it before. I afterward learned that they are occasionally tsta
about the Kikkerton Islands in spring and autumn. I found Atit
i-euiaius iu the old kitcbenmiddcns at Kingwah. A good many iof-
Tiduals were noticed among the p%ck-ice iu Davis Straits in July.
CETACBA.
1. Balfena myatlcetno, Liuu^.
"Akbik," CnmbcrltkQd Eskimo.
Also called " Pnmah." I thiuk the word bad its origin in this wik
Wht'n whalemen first began to cruise iu these waters, few, if tnyrf
theui, liiid a knowledge of the Eskimo language, and, to make the natina
understand what they were after, imitated the spouting of the whak bf
Itkmu;.'. 'Hiis wns soon tnl-.cn up Y-v tlir T!s1iimrt ns; llir ".■>«ninal:'
MAMMALS. 65
have succeeded in permanently frightening others, which, instead
Peking the upper waters of the sound for a few weeks' quiet feeding,
:e out and are seen no more.
stead of allowing these animals to go up the sound, and find their
rite feeding grounds, they are attacked and chased as soon as they
r themselves at the mouth of the sound. In fact, they have been
ersistently persecuted that now very few pass up above Niantilic or
K^ikkerton Islands.
le fall whaling begins late in September and continues till the ice
es across the sound. The whaling at this season is attended with
t danger and hardships to the crews, and it is while prosecuting
fall " fishing'' that the foundation to many a stubbori^ case of scurvy
Id.
le spring whaliug begins generally in March or April, and continues
g the floe edge until July, when the ice has left the sound,
le Eskimo from the southern part of the sound and along the coast
Nugumeute to Hudson's Straits report whales as foiuid in those
ities all Avinter ; it is then quite probable that they reproduce on
9 coasts during the latter part of winter.
3Cording to Eskimo tradition, these animals were once very abund-
n the Cumberland waters, and their remains now bleaching on the
y shores faithfully testify to this fact.
* late years, whalers frequenting Cumberland Sound have been in
liablt of employing natives to catch whales, supplying them with
s and all necessary equipments. It is needless to say that they are
) successful than the whites in this hunt.
ith their own primitive gear, the Eskimo seldom attacked a large
e; but yearlings were frequently caught. I was presented with a
oon-head by the captain of a Peterhead whaler, that had been taken
>f a very large whale caught near the Kikkerton Islands; it was im-
etl in the muscles, so that the whale must have been struck while it
quite small in order that the harpoon should have pierced through
)lubber. The weapon is, moreover, of a pattern which the Eskimo
»wed it to say they never saw before; but I must confess I can see
i very slight difference in it from those in use at the present day.
e "black skin," called ^'muktuk" by the natives, is considered as
?at delicacy; when they have not eaten of this food for some time,
then get an opportunity to indulge to their heart's content, they eat
tiey can hardly move.
Bull. Nat Mus. No. 15 5
G6 NATUEAL HISTOBT OF ABCTIC AHEfilCA.
2. FhysallB aotiqaornm. Gray.
Kazor-liock of whalers.
I cannot positively assert that the lazor-back freqaents the Ciudi
land n-atcrs to any great extent ; in foot, I somewhat doubt if it do
one reason being possibly the Bcarcity of fish. I have seen it no
of Hudson's Straits and abont Cape Mercy, as well 38 on the Giecsli
coast in Disko Bay.
3. Megaptera tongltiMuia Gray.
Hump-back of wbalers.'
I could not ascertain that this whale is common in Cumberland st i
season. It frequents the southern waters, but is little tronbledbfi
whalers. The {Eskimo do not seem to have a very clear idea of it.
4. Orea gladiator, (Bonn.) Snnd.
"KiUer" of whalera.
The killer is a very common whale in the Cumberland waters. H
arrive with the white whales, which they follow up the Qords. Mi
thrilling stories are told by the Eskimo as well as whalemen of despa
fights between this animal and other whales. The Eskimo are tati
afraid of it, especially the solitary kyacker. I have knon'n the wl
whales to come in close proximity to the ship and lie along her siil
when they were pursncd by those voracious sea- wolves.
5. Fhocsoa commanla, Brooks.
The porpoise is by no means rare, especially in the southern nt
MAMMALS. 67
are covered with parasites ; but after they have been rolling and nib-
bing themselves on the sand-beaches for a few days they look much
smoother and their color is a creamy white. The Eskimo say the males
and females keep separate, but I do not think there is much truth in
fhis statement. Some think they go on these shoals to avoid the attacks
of the killers, which play sad havoc among them outside, but do not
follow them into shallow water ; but if this were the reason, they would
take refuge in any small bay or inlet, and not choose this particular Qord
year after year. I found no external parasites, but the internal ear
eavity was nearly Med with worm-like animals nearly two inches long.
They were firmly attached by one end, and stood erect, having some-
what the appearance of very coarse hairs. While migrating into the
sonnd they always keep just at the floe edge, and if the ice is broken do
not seem to like getting among it. In the winter of 187G-77, a couple
got belated and firoze up in the Kingwah tide rifts. They were harpooned
1^ the Eskimo in January. A considerable number of these whales are
caught by the Eskimo from their kyacks.
T. Monodon monooeros, Linn^.
Narwhal of whalemen. ' * KUleluaksuak, ^ Eskimo.
By no means abundant, but of regular occurrence in spring and au-
tumn. These whales give the Eskimo much trouble to capture, on
account of their agility. The horn is often used for the handle of the
liarpoon, and for various other purposes where wood is scarce.
lie following list is of necessity CragiueDtary and very iocompleto
s rojisDDs. lu the first place, tlie expedition did not iirrive
I the proposed wiDtfir-quart«r8 until October, when the weather ha<l
»>ine 60 inclement that most of the birds had gone southward. Dur-
f the brief stops that were made at difTerent harbors in the autumn of
p7, 1 was often obliged to remain on shipboard for want of a boat,
1 of cmi»iDg about, as I would otherwise have done. Of coiuve
ten went out with Oie Eskimo; but as they were looking for whales
3 seals, I got only such bii'da as accideutally came in oiu* way. lu t
ing, the scboouer was luider weigh before the birds hi»d fairly begi
ting- The last three weeks of oar sojonm in the winter harbor I ^
fevented from making any exploration.^, ejtcopt in the immediate viciri-
f of the harbor, on account of the ico, which vas drireo northward by
i long-contiuued southerly gales. This ice formed so perfect a barrier
but ns that we could not get out of the harbor, and to hare ventured
long it wilii a boat wlieu the strong currents were whirling and crash-
I it in every diiiictiou would have be«n a piece of foolhanliuess tJ
Ud but have resulted disastrously.
Siere is no point on either side of Cumberlsiiid Gulf or Sound tb^
( Buitable for a naturalist than was Aunauactook Harbor. It is
1 by a clustCJ' of small rocky islands, the outermost of a large
np lying between the Ctre«t<T aurt Lesser Kingwah Fjords. The
xt point to the mainland from the harbor was about nine miles.
tore were estensive valleys, witli Iar{;e grassy t1at« and sandy beaches,
li f^^nent«d by diQerent kiuds of bird», both for feeding and bre4
Ignmnds.
liiin the season was so far advaucd that tliese places became the
a of birds, I seldom got an opportunity to go on a cruise, for with
P inclemency of the weather, the uncertainty of procuring a boat> and
B tnMK'lierous romlition of tlie ice, it was almost wni* that one or M
70 NArURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AUEBICA.
other of these drawbacks tvould uideflnitely postpone a coiifeiD[dtM
journey. At this time I had the use of bat one hand, and coald not
manage a kyaek.
All the islands in the vicinity of Aonaiiactook are rocky— fiolid rod.
in fact — with extremely scanty A-egetation. The shores are genenllf
steep bluffs, and rerj' Uttlc beach is exposed at low Hde. A few nila
up the Crreater Kingwah, however, are v^ry extensive beachea, ail
thither itll t]ie waders congregated as soon as the ice began to kma
from the shores. After leaving our winter harbor, the Floreoce naie
brief stops at different points, but for such short periods that it gan
me very little time for explorations-
After our arrival on the Greenland coast I received verj' gi«at asiiS-
auce &om Governor Edgar Fenckcr and lady, of Godhavu, through wbon
kindness I procured m.iny valuable specimens. I can iievcr forget tk
kindness and unbounded hospitality of this educated and refined gn-
tlemau and enthusiastic naturalist.
To Inspector Krarup Smitz and lady, of Godhavu, I am nnder ro}'
great obligations, not alone for the valuable donations of iulen;«ttii(
Eskimo implements, but for their untiriug zeal in making our sojoni
as pleasant as possible, and the ready and entertaining infonuatioii m
many little known subjects pertaining to Arctic matters.
I was not a little surprised, as 'well as delighted, to find in Govmw
Fencker a person perfectly familiar with the birds of Korth Amoria u
BIRDS. 71 I
p liotJi sc'ttlemeiits for the interior every suiumor, bo tliere woiild bo I
\o difficulty ill &<-ciiring Esldmo (piidea and iisiustaiib:). wltu nrv iibso- ]
iitely JuvcHftsiry to the sncfiess of such an ('nt*rj)ri8(!. Good strong dog-
»im», U) carry boats and all tht^ rcqiiirod equipineJits, ran l>i- secured ]
i-om the Kiikinio, tliey driving tium' oivn feaiiiM.
TIio start should be made iu May, atid the conxBe ny the fo-caUedJ
' Mollu Kdtook " Qord that opens into the fjulf about forty luik's iiorUil
f thu KikkertoB Islsuids on thy westom sliore. This Qord can at thisi
ea«oD be traveled with ease with sltdgea it^t entire tlistance — about 1
jncty miles. During tliis stageof the journey the Eskimo couhl secure 1
oougb Hi.'iil iit the tjonl for both man and beast. Wlit^u the iulaud I
tiuutry wait reached, roindMT would uiake a very acceptable substitute. J
Jut this supply ifhoiild in no wise \w sok-ly dciH-ndcd ujioii. 'WHien the ]
lead of the ijord is reached there will Itc found a fresh-water stream, the |
Oi^tcrii exit for the Keniicily I-akc waters. This stream should be fol-
i>wed to the lake. If it be late in the ik.-u«on, a whale-boat may be takuD 1
ip the stream witli comparative case. There nivi some places wheJ"e the I
m>am runs in narmw gorges, but Ibe surrounding couutiy offcnf suitable |
Aat<e» for a portage over such point**, into tlic numerous lake-like cs-
iJiusiunM that will be met with. IF it be in May there will l>c found an |
itiundanec of snow for traveling with slulgcs on (he land, and the com-
H :i I ively level character of the countrj', wldch becomes more «trikiugiy J
I-. one iiears tlie lake, will pwseut hut few obstacles to a good dog- 1
\ light canvas t«nt ahouki be a part of the equipment. While thtM
'v Intti^^ this could I>e inclosed within a wall of snow, and later be'|
iimh' very comfortable with a stone walk
The take alxiunds in nnmei'ons small islands, has sandy as well aafl
rrsissy beaches, (1d<1 is a favorite resod for uiyrinds of waterfowl It i«T
■ l:iige that one cannot sec across it. Its Iw^ation is probably between
<><rth and G7th iiarallels of north latitude. Salmon iire abundant in
waters, and a seal that, fVoui the skin, I could not distinguish from
I'tiijnmyfi /inHdns, aliouuds iu considerahle numbei'S. The neinity Is the i
■;n'oritc feeding ground of immense henia i>f windtvr. Wolves and I
\>\on are very numerous, and amoug the Eskimo there is mentiou of an |
iijimal that from their destTiptiuns imd drawings -seems tobeaOuItt.
I'lssils (Silnrian) seem to bo very abundant, and petritiictious mar--]
! iiisly jierfect alxtund in the lowlands. The »un'outidiug coiuitry InW I
:< li the gouenil tis|)ect of a high nortlieru prairie, heiug quite Hut and.*!
72 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AlIEIHCA.
snstaiiiing a good growth of gmss i»id plunts. The a«coDt lo Um) Cfln-
berlaod coast, ou the east and the Fox Channel on the west ia so gnulml
that it in hardly porceptibk', the coaetrline in both instati<:«H being pr»
dpitoHs. This is especiaJly true of the westerQ slope, where it is so
gradual that it is with tht- greatest astonishment one suddeulj Dnib
himself on the summit of an enormous clifi', with the breiikets of Via
Ohannt,'! dashing on the rocks below him and an expanse of watex stretd-
ing to the westward as far as the eye can reach.
The westci'Q outlet of the lake is largei* than the eastern, and is wd
to empty thi-ough a deep gorge near Point McDonald.
A far less satisfaet^iry time to go is after the breaking -up of tin In-
There is no doubt it coidd be perlbrmed with less labor and fatignett
Uiis time, but fur the naturalist the liest season wonld be over.
When the eollections are ready, they can be safely cached till wiDUft
and brought down in comparative safety ou dog-sledges, A very inl*
esting station tor a naturalist would be near the mouth of the gut^ in
the vicinity of the liikkerton Islands ; at this jilace thia-e would Iwopto
water hi April or May, and many valuable birds couJd be seeured brfiw
they scatter over the countiy to breed. \VIien the biixls anin »t
Auuimactook, the seitson is alre^y eo far advanced thui they imnwili-
atuly begin nesting. 1 have concluded to retain in the present list BUOf
species ou very slight evidence in the hope that it may iu some degm
assist future explorers and put them on the lookout lor some s|>m3m
that might otherwise escape their notice.
The birds do not congregate in large numbers on the islands in
Cumbeilaud to breed, the way they do to the southward and on the
Greenland coast. There is an exception with SnmutsrUi moI/i'MUM.
Borne species that breed by myiiads two hundred miles to the soulhwirii
and ai-e equally numerous on the coast of Greenland to 73'^ N. biL,
are found only as occasional stragglers in the CumberUiud watetu
Some idea of the barrenness of the islands around Annana<-t4X>k nt?
be anived at from the fact that from October to July oiiti bare ood
two ptarmigans wore brought hi, and there vren.\ twelve Eskimo tlM
hunted tlie greater part of the time, and I vas out on every ocatetuD
when I thought it at all likely that such game could he procured, Sonlii
whalers have told me that near Kugumeiite they have had as high ii*
two hundred ptarmigans during the winter, and hares in abundance.
I have added the Eskimo names of the birds in sncb indtuiieiis i^ '
could do so with certainty. The Greeulnndei-s' names «rc ufteniiniw-
^B^TO^mHD the Coinberland Soniid Eskimo; these liave also becin
willed. These names will be of use to any one Tisitiug tins region natM
coiiverHaut with the Eskimu hinguago. I
1. Taidua aUclee, Bd. ■
t.)no siniuuii'ii ciiiiglit on shipboard off the coast of Kewfuuiidhiudfa
tUtober -JS, 187S. ■
3, Saxicola <siialltlle, [iKvIuit. H
Ilroeds along both shores of Cumberland imd on the west const oS
1 ).i\\i( ^tniits, but rare. fl
One of the commonest land bi«Is on Disko Isliind, Gii'ciihind, :in^|
luoimd Disko Bay, both un the islands and mainland. T showeil specifl
mens to Ettkimo from Nugnmeiito and Fi-obisher Straits, and tliey in'>l
staiitly n-i^ognized them and said tboy breed tliere, bat are not plenty. ■
3. AattiiiB tudovlciauna. BvM^liHt. I
Kiing'Uiik.tciok, Cuuilierlonrl Eskiriio. ■
The first specimens were seen in the spring at Anniinactook Harbor ooJ
the .TOtii of May. There-was no biu-ugrunnd; but they frequented tJiM
tide rifts itt low water, sean;hing after HniuU marine animals. I
Ft looked very strange to see thisbinl rimniiig about among the otonelM
Aiui in the water like a Ciacliui. 1 examined the stomachs of sitecimenifl
killed In these loeahties, and found tlieiti to contiun QammantM, T^tmodi^^
;».(/(«, Ciiprdtn, iind a fe\F small tnollimiM .' There eau be no doubt th^fl
tli('> wen^ f(M.-ding on this food from neee^ssily, and not choice^, for Ihei^fl
^^ isnobiiro gronud and no insects at (his time. During the first ofl
irieweliad tlie severest snowstorm of the season, ami I think mo^9
1 lieui perished. They would eome around the observatory and sheltovB
I iiiselvesa* best they could. They were bo far reduee<I that they weiM
-ily eaiight with the hand. I
In autiiriin they h'jive for the south about the middle of Sept«mbeSil
: tliis season, l>esidcs their diet of insects, they feed on the berries ofl
/ijietrum nigrum and Vacanium uliginoswm. During summer their foojH
. ■ ■iisistjs almost entirety of insects, largely of dipterous lurvie, whieh the^|
['loeure among the cnricai lun^nnd the IK'sh-water ponds. At AnnanaoJ
[•'Ilk they began building about the 20th of June. The nest was alwayd
pldi^il deep iu a rock ei'es'ice, so far in, in fact, that I eoulil not KMureil
any of the nests I found. On the Greenland coast, espiwially iu theJ
rieinity of habitations, they ofttiu build iu a tussock, much like a suarrow J
II there the ravens ai-e not so numerous or destructive to biiils ua^M
„'--s aa in Cumberland. fl
74 NATUBAL HISTOBY OF ABCTIC AMERICA.
They practice every artifice to decoy an iutmder from tlie Tidnityi
the uest — HhammiBg lameness, and nttering Uie most plaintive cries ; fli
ting fi<om crag to crag before the pnrsner till they hare led him &r fa
yoiid the iumt, wIibii suddenly they seem to have recovered, and ta)
louger flights, till at last they jump up very smartly and fly awsji
I)arontly highly elated at the little ruse they have so soccessfiilly |^
tieed.
This little bird is considered a great enemy by the Eskimo. They a
it warns the rciudeer of the approach of the hunter, and, still vat*
will tell the reindeer if it be a, very good shot that is in porsiut, tb
they may redouble their efforts to escape. The Eskimo never lowi
opportunity to kill one of these birds. I liave seen one with n tH
wa&tiug his last balls in vain attempts to kill one when he knev th:
tliere was a herd of reindeer not more than a quarter of u mile aw;
Tiicy are generally distributed ou both sides of Cumberland Soaiid an
the west shores of DaWs Straits to hit. 68° y. at least, but noirbri
very abundant. Toward autnmn they l>ecoiue more or less gregaikm
and seem to migrate along the seashore.
4. Bitta catolineuls, L.
Caught oil shipboard off the coast of Kewfoundlaud October ~
5. Dendrosca coTonata, (L.) Gray.
A single e^sample, an adult male, in Go<lha\-n Harbor, Greeolaoi
July 31, 1878.
BISDB. ^H
b of nu3ge. At tho time I pronoiincoil it nodoubtcdly the female
MJ'yrrlinUi curitpca, wliicb it respmbled very nincb iude«d, but now I
Kline tn tlie belief that it wiu* luoie likel.v the muki oi' Pffrrhula maninti,
Bd that the ftiiua]e Vas Hitting. I mado n lifu-isizo drnwiii}; uf it, uu<l
■>W4h1 it lo all the Kskiino in ttie vicinity. None <:uuld I'ecu^iiizu it;
Bt Botno fluid they hitd sei^u such a bird at Lake Kennedy, but t hat they
rere ''tiimmiuuik alwrtook," all i-ed. This may have heen Piiiivola, ciiu-
toator, CarpodficUH pnrpuram, iir PyrrhuUi europca, as I duubt not but
k} last KpccieH would be called '' all rutl " by an EHkiioo, The red part
Mild eei'latnly make the most lasting inijn'eHsiou en his nihid. I tiied
ft mme huur» tu x'"^^''^^ "'■'^ binl, but at last it Hew over a mviue that
ptaiolil not cruss. I never got an uppurtunity tu revisit the louality,
Hid lids interesting discoveiy had ti> be left unsettled. The bird was
Kforently s^ute-colyred on the bwast, the upper and lower toileuvei
■)8X>icuousIy whitfi, the tup of heiul and throat much darker tbuu H
mtk. The flight wus undulating. It kept whistling almost eonHtautlj
Kiob led me to think it was a male bird.
BCatpodaona purpuTeua. (Gm.) firuy.
Bpnrlng a dense fog, September 1, 1877, nff Resolution Island, norMi
■ Hudson's Straits, one of Uiese binis was eaught on board the Flor-
■De. The Eskimo describe a binl a.l>ont the size of the ])urple finch
Bitoeetirs in the iut^riur, and in "all rtnl." Such infonuation is, how-
Ber, in no manner reliable, as '' abertook" may be any color D'om umber
BTermiliou, and "all," especially when it comes to red, may be but%_
Kail part of the plumage.
■, Loxla leueoptera. (WiU.).
■Caught on board the schooner in a fog oft' Bouuo Bay, Newfoundland,
Kgust lii, IKiT. Very common in the low pines at the head of Oon-
ft>tion Bay, Newfoundland, Oetober, 1878.
B. 2:glothuB Unaiia, (L.) Cah.
P "Anuriili," Ciunberlnuil Eakinici. ■'OrjiiugwaljmV," Grtcnliuwlpre.
I Arrive in Cunibeiland as soon as tl»e enow begins to disaxjpuar from
Bpi mouutaiu sides. I foiuid them about Niantilic and the Kiklcertou
HaDds in September and October, but very few at our winter harbor.
Bey tut: now common fixtm Kugumeute to lladsou'a Straits, aiid inlaud
Krard Lake Kennedy. Wherever tliere in a valley with any eoniiider-
|b1e vegetation, especially low willows, they are almost sure to be fouud.
pi>gOTVtd abuuduntly on Uisko Island, Greenland, where I found half-
76 NATURAL BI8T0BY OF AECTIC AHESICA.
fledged youDginthelastdaysof July. The oestberewaa bofltinsiall
willows, like a Chrysomitria. Aithoagli they seemed to be mignting is
October, I did not see any flocks, bat only a few straggling individoak
Tbey seem to wander fh>in the land veiy often in iTogs. I have ooontei
a dozen or more in the rigging at one time from Hudson's Straits to ^
autilie. Off Kikkertarsoak Islands, on the Labrador ooast, as much h
ouo'btuidrcd mUes ih>m loud, these birds came aboard of the scboont
in a gale. They were all young birds.
13. JBglothaB hoIboUi, B«inbi1t.
A largo linnet was couglit in a thick fog in Grinnell Bay, Septenhcr
3, 1877. It measured G.25 inches in length. The specimen was "picked'
by one of ^e ship's company while I went down into the cabin atter bit
skinning tools. The body (withont feathers) was preserved in aludwl,
and Air. Bidgway pronounces it JS. holbolli. It was the only sped-
meu I procured that differctl in the least from a typical linaria.
13. ChiTsomitiifltriBtis, <L.) Bp.
Au adult male caught on shipboard, August 22, 1877, off Cape Mng-
foi'd, Labrador.
14. Pleotroplianea dIvaUb, (L.) Mejer.
"Kopcmimk," Cumburlaod Eskimo. "KopauauDrsuk," GreculMidfri.
The first snowbird seen at our winter harbor was April u, an adnk
male The weatlier was quite severe, and there was no bare gruaitd
T-tTmo grove ; t. c, inside the stone caini that they erect over the body.
i:ive even seen a nest built in on Eskimo rranium. The uest is large
I Iralky, nearly tbe entire structuix' iK'iug composed of Poa arctica
■ I other grosses, aud invariixbly lined -with featbei-s or hair. One nes^J
1 .Iiily 11, that eoutiiined small young, was thkkly lined with tha
...urof Vulpen lagopus. Some contain ouly feathers; others both Imir andl
I'lttlicrs. The number of eggs iu all the neiits I found was sis. Thejfl
! iiisent an almost endless variation iu size and coloration, great difieivfl
.1 .■ being observable even in the same nest. fl
The Know banting is generally distributed on both sides of Ciutibcs^
ii'i, but is nowhere abundant. Almost any locality is suitable, but iH
iil.t if the food supply would be sufficient if they did not st^atter wdlfl
■ r the coiintrj'. They are verj- common on Disko Island and aruuujfl
i'l-ko Bay. Half-fledged young were taken near Godhavn August 3tM
riie lirst i)limiage of the young is a nnifonn ashy gray. The food of th^
-iiowhinl in summer consists largely of aquatic dipterous laiTie. Fort
: use they are constantly searching among the grass at the wiges of fresh ■
lur ponds. During the autumn they feed mostly on various kinds of
I lis. They are very fond of the berries of Empctrvm niffrum and Vacd-
iiri tilitfhtoKum. As soon as the young are full-grown, tlioy begin tM
iijrregatein small loose ftoeks, and move southward with the lirst snown
."I September. The young have by tills time beeome lighter in plumag^a
anrt the nisset wash Ijegins to appe<u- on the hea<l and neck. Tliey werd
oft*n seen on board th§ schooner on the passage, at one time titd /lUK^
drerl milfa at sea, off Cape Chidly. There seems to be a striking dilTereuod
in IJie size between Greenland and Alaskan speeimens, the hitter beinjfl
the larger. M
IS. Pl«ctiopbane« lapponicas, (L.) Sclliy. ^M
" Kiiiligak," Cnmburland Eakiun. '' Nitrbsnnnutiih," GreonlaDilcra. ^M
WtJSot nearly so common as the preceding in Cumberland. In tltfl
Hpomu of 1S77, 1 fonnd a good many iu the ^icinitj' of Niantihc, bufl
^Mriicre else; saw no males in the breeding plumage after September."
During the summer of 1878, 1 procured one single specimen in June. I
think they breed jn the Interior on the level land, and do not fretjiient
tlie 9en-coast so much as P. nicalis. I found them very cotnition uu
Ohiko Island, and procured eggs aud young in July aud August. Their
food at this time seemed to be entirely dipterous larvie, for which they
iidied about fresh-water pools. In autumn they feed on seeds auM
_ I riea. Many lit on the schooner during fogs and storms all the w«qH
NATURAL niSTOBY OF ARCTIC AJIEBICA.
from Cape Chidly to Niantilie. Accorduig to tlie Eskimo tliey are racm
commOQ than nipolia from Nugiimeute southward nnd iii the iiilerior.
There ajtpeai's to ho quite a niaiked differenpe in specimens t'mm Oiwn-
laiid and from Alaska, and a comparison of a large 8me» may give wnne
interesting results. The Eskimo say they will eat bhibbir and KMlif
theii' food gets covered by snow. 1 have seen a sjimmi-'n that was M
covered with some oily substjuice that the feathers on tlie breast and
belly were matted together. 1 am told by N ogumeute Eskimo that in
summer the males " akapok amasuit" (talk a great deal). From tiial
infer that they are probably bvely songsters daring the brewling Btasn.
16, Juaco hyemaliB, (L.) Sul.
Oin-<' (jl)(iiiued on shiplniard olV Helle Isle. October, 1878.
17. Bcolocophagus feimgineaB, (Gii).} Sw.
Caught on sbipboard during u gale off the north coast of Sewfiaai
land, October, 1878.
IG. CorvuB corax, Liiit)£.
"Tuilluiili," Ciiuiliprlivml Eskimo, "Kcnietook," GrotilniidrrH ; liiit nlwrjUtd
"Tiilliiak."
Tlie raven is extraordinarily common on both shores of Cumbeslfliid
and on the eastern shore of the Penny Peninsula. In winter tiiey COB-
grcgate about the Kskimo encampments, where they can almost alwap
got dead dog, if nothing more. All the specimens collected by me in
Cumberland are of remarkable size, much larger than any I ever saw an
tbo Greenland coast. The same was remarked by Governor Fenckcr, rf
Godbavn, who said he never could see any reason why the American
raven should be called a variety of the Eurojiean till he saw my qted-
mens fmm the western coast of Davis Straits.
When the raven gets closely pressed by hunger, he will attack almoBt
anything but man. Young reindeer fall an easy prey to them. Vihea
they attack a young deer, there are generally six or seven in eouiimny,
and alraut one-half the number act as relays, so that the deer ia givun
no rest. The eyes are the first parts attacked, and are geuemlly speelf
ily plucked ont, when the poor animid will tlirash and flounder aboat
till it kills itself. In the capture of the young of Pa^omyg ftxtiditt tliej"
e\ince a considerable degree of intelligence,. I have, on diflewml occa-
sions, witnessed them capture a young seal that lay basking in tlie snu
near its bole. The ilrst maua!iivre of the ravens was to siul lasiirely
over the seid, gradually lowering with each cirule, till atladtoueofthun)
BIRDS. 1
iili.'iily (Trapped directly intu tlie soal's hole, tlius oiitting off it« i
,it fhim the water. Its mate would then attnuk (lie sesd, and e
.■\ .tr to drag or drive it as far away IVom tho hole as posfiiblo. The*
I'kiiiy raven seemod Ut ifrike the seal on the top of the head with
! lowLTfnl bill, and thus break the tender «knll. In two iustanees T
: Avud Ihe coiubnt to jirot-ewl until (he seal wa» killed, and then drove
If ravena away. I found no murks on the seal, exe«!pt the blows o
le liead, whifili had frattnred tiie skull in two places.
! Vefimber 13, 1S77, 1 witnessed a vei-y umustng ehase after a J
itiHH. There were two ravens, and they gave alternate <-tiase to t^
II'. Soriietiuies the raven would catch the hare by the ears, and li
I rav^en would roll down the niomitaiu side together thirty i
< I. till tlie raven lost his hold, and then itj^ companion would be (
in] aiith^vnew the attack. They killed the hare in a short time, t
iii'<llutely begun devouring it.
i hey are extremely destructive to the eggs iniil young of till birital
I I have an open nest. They brced no early in the season that t
iiig are fully tiedged by the time Uie eiders begin laying, and (b
irit.' mven family theu take up tlieir itbode on the duek ii<!aiidH,i
i iio thi'ni»elv«8 with eggs aud youug. Nur is it nidy the pggs t
, lint their miscliievoiu) nature nuist ont, and I have .teen them di'i%-4l
' ihiek from her nest and deliberately break the eggs.
1 ii<- Eskimo accuse the raven of woruing the «leer of the a])proach <
' liuuier by a peculiar eioak not utteri^d at other times. This h
ilil odium to their not over-enviable reputiition. They iire constant
'iidants of the Eskimo while seal-hunting. If the hunter pmc:
■ ii- seal Ihiui he can take bnek with him, he will cover them withs
I leturn for them ; but the oi)emtinn has been watched by the b!
I "Ts from the neighboring iilifls, and a good number of them a
ill' at-(iuaiiited with the discovery, and as soon as the Eskimo in gon^
-leal i.i exhumed and sot>n reduced to the mere skeleton. I Iried onJ
- ii-al ocuksious to catch them by baiting a hook with a piece of meat^
I larefully concealing the string in tlie snow. They took hold of t
I I very eantioasly,aiid lifted it till they saw the string, and then £
iv in great haste.
I luriug the winter, while making skeletons, I nseii to thi-ow the refiw
' -id« of the obsen'atory; and I have repeatedly watched the ravei
inmnd aTid wait till I went to dinner, about IWO p. m. It was t]
I'liiirse, iinile itark; but as s(h)h as I leiY. the hut they came and (
iiir meal, bm were extremely cautious, ofteii turning ftifc V*^"*'^ ^
80 NATDBAL HISTOBV OP ABCTIC AHEBICA.
many times before they swallowed tliem, and even throwing anil totwins
them, to be sure that there was no trap ahout it. Some pieces tlial
looked suspicions they would not eat^ bnt walked around llieiQ and
turned them over, bnt could not bo convineed that there wa« not «mi«
trickery about them. I have often found tbeni hunting about tlic ob-
servatorj- after somfe stray scraps, even on my return from dinner, wba
it was BO dark that I could not sec them but a few feet away. On moon-
light nights I liave known them to make visits to the rubbish pile out
sideonr observatorj- ; but such eases are rare, and only at the eeaaim
when they cannot get any food without the greatest diillculty. At
Annannctook Harbor they began building as early as Man^h 20, but I
saw some carrying pieces of skin and hair from the Eskimo eiicumpioeiiU
many days earlier than this, and when we had a (*?mperature of -iffi
Fahr. «
They nest only on the south side of tlie Iiighest and most iuaet»«aM(
cliffs, so the neat can seldom be reached. 1 examined on*.* ni-st built («
a httle slielf of a high cliQ'. It was composed almost entirely of pieeH
of Eskimo skin clothing, among which were scatt*'rcd the larger winj-
bones of gulls, the larger primaries of several siwcies of binls, twigsrf
Balix, &c. The iaaide IiM a gucxl lining of Foa alpina, aiul a mmib/t-
able quantity of reindeer, fox, and dog hair, the whole pi-esenting arny
cozy apjiearance indeed. As soon as the seals begin to pup under Hi
snow on the ice, they follow the foxes, which find the seal and drag llnsi
out. Now the ravens can faro well on the leavings. Tlie Eskimo Hnnly
believe that it does not luirt the ravens' eggs to freeze. They «ay tte
shell cracks, but the inner membrane is very thick and tough. I fouuil
that the Scotch whalers are also of this opinion, Aome i>ositively atwett-
ing that they had known .froaeM ravens' eggs to hatch !
The young are full-fledged by the latter part of May. Dnriugthe
autumn months they feed largely on the berries of VacciRium vUginuwrn
and Entpetrum nigrum. I have often observed theui lishiug at low titte
among the stones. I killed a conplo to ascertain tlie nature of the fnKt
they got. I found it to be Cofftw scorpiua and Liparis mitgnriii f, willi a
few smalt crushiceans,
They are resident in Cumberland the entire year, but »pi>car more
numerous in winter, from their bal)it of staying about the Eskimo eu-
campment^.
The raven is considered as worse than useless by the Eskiniii. IVj
make no use of them except to wipe the blood and greaM teoui thwr
hands and face with the feathers.
ipldouax flavivenUiB, B<1.
Tiiki-ri iit HO.SI off Cape PartweU, Grueoland, September, 1878. This
I tbiuk, tiifl first recorded itiataiice of its occarrenve in Greenland.
. BraobyotnspoliutTia, (tluoliHt.)Guutd '
"Sntiiuk"(I), GniPiiIondfjit.
^Pimrf^iitly rare. Found breeding iu the Kingnite Fjord in the Penny
iiisniii; iilso iu the Greater KingwtiL. Prolmbly will be fuund more
n in the inteiior toward tlie Nouthwpst in Hall's Lund, if it be the
ji's dejfcribed to me by Eskimn fi-cini there. They say it nest^under-
I ti an overhanging shelf of I'ock oil or near the groiuid. Aiii>eara to |
nire on the eoaot of Greenland. Is found as far north us "Hi^ N. lat.
.. NyctftH acaodlaca, (L.) Xcwt.
'■ Ojiigjiiok," Cumlwdaiiil EBkimu, " Opik " aud " Opirksouk," (itw-uliimlcre.
1 wan vrry mneh atirpritted not to find this owl more common. At the i
il> kerton Islands and np Kingnite Fjord were the only loealities where I
' i It on the west eoast. From Hadsou's Stitiit** to Niigmneute, in Ilnll's
■■\, it is more eommon, probably on account of the firooter abundiuieo
ii^ires and ptarmigans in this region. It probably breeds on the
.■le Islands in Disko Bay, and ou the "islands" (the rocks projeetinjf '
'i^b the tj;Iavier) in the glacier on the mainland, to the eastward of I
I > 11 bench, Greenland. They arc by no means gtrietly nocturnal. I
Keen them chasing ptarmigan at midday in OctolH-r, when the nun
' shining brightly. I have seen them coursing along the nhore at Inw j
1 r, appnri'ntly j^Aiwy; but whether they were hunriug fur sniiR' nr fish
iT[i uiiablu to say, as they were so shy that I could not get within rifle
i>,'e of them. The primaries are highly prized by Uie Eskimo fortlteir
'.VF<. These birds migrate to the southward about the same time as I
iiiiyority of the waterfowl,
raloo caodlcans, Gm.
" KirkMivciunk," OrcealnDili^i'H.
I 'iiring the whole year's collecting on Cumbei-lamI Island I saw but j
^ingIe specimen, late in November, 1877. Ue wan Iteset by a large
.< iinrse of ravens that were teasing him, as the Jays do hawks and I
I ~ at home. According to the Comlterland Eskimo, they are very 1
• . and seldom seen except in winter. Many do not know them at all.
Disko Island, especially in the Godhavu district, they are eonunon I
'. resident. These hawks seem to prefer nesting in the vicinity of I
!rd rocks," where thoy can procure iilentj of birds with very litUo I
^ Bun. Kat Mns Ko. 16 G
82 HATUEAL HISTORT OP ABCTIC AHERICA.
tronble. In winter they eabsist wholly onptaraiigaDS and hares. 0«
emor FeDckcr, duriDg liis long residenoe in Korthero Greenland, hash
good opportunities for stadying thib bird, and he thinkB there in bat o
species inhabiting tho country, having known of instances where t
parents of a. nest represented the two extremes of plumage. Xor d(
the difference seem to be sexual, seasonal, or altogether dependent up
age, but more probably partaking of that rem^kable phenomenon fm
iar in Scops asio.
During my frequent excursions about Disko Island I often had
opportunity of witnessing this hawk prepng upon jaegers, kittiwab
&c, but was surprised that they axe not possessed of Bwifter flight,
duck hawk would have made a short Job of catching a kittiwnke th
one of these hawks followed tiU lie fairly tired the binl out. Th«r a
cess seems to dei>end more upon a stubborn perseverance than aLuTii
of flight. The flesh of the young birds is by no means despicable foo
and is highly prized by the Danish colonists.
23. Paloo ooDuuniils, 6m.
A regular breeder in Cumberland. Usually found about the Eidt
Islands. Procured nearly full-fledged young in August that were Ub
from the nest on a high cliff in the Greater Kingwah Fjord.
24. Aator titticapiUns, (Wils.) Jard.
A single specimen, at ffiantilic, September 19, 1877.
25. HalUetas albiolUa, Uua6.
tlifiro is a rankei' growth of willows. The stomocha of those I e
I' tbis species containeil willow buds and small twi^s. From Niigi
iiiute soutliwan] aud westward in th« interior thi-y aix? abnndi
I -'warding tn the EHkimo stories, but which species is of com'm; iiiipoe
I ]•■ t» say. Th«y begin to change color a« soon as the snow coniineuot
r • I fucit, in lat, 07° N. aboiit the middle of May. This chaogo in pluin^
;igo is more tawly as one goes farther north. I was informed hj inteUi-
urirt Grcciilaiiders that north of ITpoTiiavik, near the glacier, they hail
'■iTind ptarmigans nesting, aud that the nialewat; in perfect winter jduni-
.v^f. This was probably L. rupexiri». If this befme, it is iMwsible that.
.11 sections where much snow remains during the summer the change is
^-l■ry late, or, [terhaps, does not occur at all.
27, IiagopuB n]p«Btris, (Gmpl.) l.curli.
"Akagik," CiiinbcTlaiiil (^kliuo. "AkFiksok," (jit>unluu(lon.
I am nuable to IJjfow any light on the distrihutioii of these birds in
(.'umtx'rhtud, as 1 wa« unable to procure hut a single specimen of tiii^
■ I'wies and two of the proeeding. The crop was crammed fidl of !<phag- j
nuin mos».
2a melallUA aemlpalmata. (Bi).) Ca1>.
"Koodlnkkitlcnk," Cun>t><rrhui<l Kskiiuo.
Arrived at Anuanaetook about the middle of June. By ii
riire. Breeds ou the mossy banks of fi-esh-water ponds along both tlie '
Kingwah Fjords, as well as other localities in Cumbei'land. It sci-ms
iTniarkablo that the Cnniberland Eskimo shoidd discrinnnate iKilween
rliis and the following siwcies, when they confound all the larger guUn
under one name. They told me tliat .E. hiaticula was larger, flotr
hi.-iter, and had a stronger voice than semipalmatus !l All of which is
true. The condition of the iee at the time tbej*e hii-ds were iiestiug
kept me from risiling their breeding -grounds, although but a few mileii
awa.v. They migrate sonftiwaiil as soon as the fresh water is frozen.
29. iBsl^UtJaliiaUcula, (L.)
'"Tiikagvujok," GruenluuiliirB.
I am not aware that this si>eeie8 has hitherto been ititrodue«l into ti
Nortti Aiue.riean fauna, though loug known as a ex>mmon bini ou (
tlreenUind coast, where ^. aemipalmata is rare. It is apparently u
conimou than the preceding in Gnmberland. Arrives about the «
liiue, and breeds in similar lo(^>4dities. Very eoinmou about Disko Islai
(ircmland, where young birds were procured. This bird is readitj
distiogiiudiable &um ^. scmipalmata by il« greater size and m<q
84 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
robust form, iu having a white i>atcli above und Iwihilid the e^e, and
much mder pectoral baud; it will also befoond that imly the outer and
middle toes are uuited by a web.
30. Strapailas Interprea; (L,) 111.
"Telligvak," Greenlandem.
Common uboiit Disko Bay, Qreeuland, aod northvard to 73^ X. liL
at least. Breeds ou the Green, Hunde, and Whale IsIaDds in Dvbt
Bay. They nest among the Sterna arotiea, and it is impossible to dit-
tinguish between the eggs of the two species. Ifot observed in Cub-
I)erland Sound, nor on the east coast of the Penny Peninsula; stiD, ifce
bird was instantly recognized by the Cumberland Eskiioo, vhen Ibe;r
iwtw it on the Greenland coast, and they liad the same name for it as tbe
Greenlanders.
31. ReonrvlrostilB uneiloaDa, Gm.
I enter this bird on my list on Eskimo authority, — ^poor ant1iority.it
is true, but I have in my possession a drawing, made by a wild Eakimn.
that is so unmistakably this bird that I do not hesitate to accept ii,
especially when he gave me a perfect description, and that witbont mj
attempt on my i)art to draw him out. He says he saw them for the fiist
time in the summer of 1877, while reindeer hunting, south of Lakt
Kennedy.
33. Lobip«* hyperbormia, (L.) Cuv.
"Shatgak," Cnmberland Eekimo.
■ filUcMllUB. (L.) Bp. fl
" Sliataak," Ciioiborlnnd Eskimo. •■ Wlmk-bird," or "Bnwliead Bird," of I
n LiUcniGli. I
These birds were met with at great distsnws from laiid. The flrst a
wen «n our ontward iiassdge wan tm Aiiguat. 1, 1877, ia Lit. 41° N., 1
liHii;. C8° W. ; bore large Docks were met witli. Ab we proceeded north- 1
iiii, tiieir numbers iucrea^ied till we reaf^hed Griunell Bay. Off tbev
iifftMik Islands, on tbo Labrador coast, two hundred miles fironi IbeM
iiesire.st land, 1 saw very large fluelu during a strong gule. Hardly a I
Say pii£8cd bnt some n'ere seen, either flying about in u rapid and vig- 1
orons iiiauiier, often rising to a considerable height, and then suddenly I
parting ofl' in the direction of a spouting whale, or swimming about<l
with that grace so eminently characteristic of the phalaropes. Tbey I
foil.nv tbi) whales, and, as wwii an a whale is seen to blow, immediately I
M I forhim, as a quantity of marine animals are always i)rouglit<to the I
■ iry few were se«n north of Probisher Straits, for the wenther by
time had probably become too severe for lliem, and I tbiiik thr
lis* seen on the passage were migrating southward. I am more in-
lim-d to tliinlc 80, as Ibe next year, in going nver nearly the same nnite J
1 riioiith Inter, very few were seen. They arrive in Cnmberlnnd with I
Lfac bn-uking-up of the ice, and from this lime till they hegin breeding I
ue seldom seen on the shore, but cruise out in tlie sound. ^\'lmleiuen I
llways wateb tlicse biixls while they are wheobng around high in the I
^r in gracefid and rapid circles, for they know that as soon as they I
^ht a whale blowing they start for hint, and fivm their elevated pottl- I
'••>ii they can of course discern one at a much greater distance than the I
-i in the boat. I doubt if it be altogether the marine animals brought I
r 1 le snr^e by the whale that they are after, for if the whale remainx V
' V f the snrfatM; any length of time they always settle on his ba<!k and
t parasites. One specimen was brought me by an EKkimo that he
I t;illed on the back of au Orca glailiator; the (esophagus was fairly
lititried with X:<Trtw)f7i/»rfi(in <rw((/(ice«nH, still alive, although the bird J
I l>een killed some hours; they looked to me like CapreUa pheuima I
I t'yammixti. According to the Eskimo who killed it, tlie birds were I
Ling something from the whale's back. I have often seen them dart fl
II among a school of 7Mi>fttmii)fCT*(>t(« leuctu and follow Ihcm as far as I
Mild see. On one ooeasioD a pair suddenly alighted astern of n)y boat, I
I vven' not three feet G-ooi me at times; they foUowwl directly in the I
^ :ike of the boat, and seemed so iutent on picking up food that they I
8G NATUBAL BISTORT OF ABCTIC AHEBICA.
paid no attention Tt-'iHtcver to us. Thej' had probably mistaken the
I)oat for a whole.
Tliey are -witliont doubt the most gracefnl of all birds on the water, so
light and buoyant that they do not seem to touch the water. Wliik
swimming, they ai-e continaally nodding the head and turning from oor
side to the other. Tliey have greater powers of flight than eitlier Jipf-
boreus or tcihonij and fly much more swiftly. In Cumberland, as well u
on the Greenland coast, tliey nest with hyperboreua.
Governor Fencker tells me they are not found as far north as kf/a-
boreus; probably few breeil above 75° N. lat. Are common on thewil
lying islands between Kugumentc and Hudson's Straits, About tb(
entrance of Exeter Sound, on the east coast of Penny Peuiusubi, an
Homo islands which the Eskimo call "Shatgak nana'' — PhahirafiN
land^— so they are probably very common there.
"When they begin nesting tliey live more on shore, and probably gH
tlieir food along the beaches at low tide. Tliei-e is great vuriution in
plumage, even among the apparently adult birds, in spring. I think it
■{uite probable that tliey do not attain their fnll plumage the fir^^t year.
34. TrtnEa mloutiUa, Vieill.
Noticeil in Kiautilie, September, 1877, aud ui Disko Fjoni, Gn-ealaol
August, 1878.
35. Titnsa fuMlooUla, Vieill.
Breeds in Kingwah aud Kiugnito Fjoixls, and probably in other coii
I wei-0 very couimoii in all the localities that I visil
LOiiniberlaud Islsuid. Saw a good many on the Greenland coarit. It
laid thiit some reniaiu in the Qords of South Gret-nluud all winter.
[riicy soeui wmiilctely devoid of i'eiir, and ean alinoiit be tmught with
p hand8. Altiongh sueh lovei-a of the rocky sea-shore, tliey nest on
B borders of fresh-watur lalces. Hundreds were bmeditig a few uiilea
u our wintei' harbor, but it was iaipoasihle to reach the mainland on
wnnt of the treaeheruus condition of the Hoaliug ice. The siiecimeiis
lected by nie ou Cumberland Inland diflcr BO much from the Aliiskau,
bt I conjectui'e the probability of a western %'ariety when a series can
I brought together for compaiisou.
" By the latter days of June very few were to be seen i>n the «ea-»h»
ley having gone inland to bri'ed.
They appear very sociable, and wbt-u a hirge flock is togellicj- tbej
1 up a lively twitter, by no meaus unpleasant. As the breeding
n ap])roachc8, the males have a peculiar cry, resembling somewhat
]At of Aclitnrun hartramiiig, but lower and not so prolonged. When
H note is uttered they assume a very dignified strut, and ortt-u raise
i wings up over the back and slowly fold thcni again, like the upland
lover. .iViler the breeding season commenees very few are seen on the
El-sbore till the young are fuU-giowu, Tlicy are somewhat crepuscolai-
I their habits.
'. Ttlnga Hubarqiuta, (Gould) Tcmm.
PNot iincommou in North Grecnhuid. Eggs were procured at Chi
lab, Greenland, throngii the kindness of Governor Edgar Pvad
BTot observed ou any part of Cumberland that 1 visited.
I. Trlnga canutus, Litin^.
A Kiuiill iloclv lit on the schooner's deck in November after the Imi-bor
a frozen over. Saw none in the spring or summer. Seem to be qui
ton in North Greenland, but probably do not nest south of k
>, Calldris areaaria, Liiiii.
One small dock in September, 1877, at Niautilic; no specimens v
wnred.
a tmdBonloa, (I) (Lulli.) Sw,
' Two godwils were seen near Cape Edwaida, on the west co
nborland Sound, in September, 1877, but I could not, witli certainty,
[i tliu si>ectes.
— r^" >
8e NATDBAL H16T0BY OF ABCTIC AHERICA.
41. TotautiB m«lauoleactia, (Om.) VieilL
A single specimen on Arctic Island, Onmberiand SooihI,
14, 1877.
42. NomeninB boreali^ (Font.) L»tli.
A few flocks seen passint; northward ap Kingwah fjord id Jmc
One specimen procured. Not noticed in automn. W«ll known to the
Cumbei'Iand Eskimo.
43. Gnu ( (pTObably frmteroulnB).
Quite common in some localities. Breeds in Kingwah and Kinfailc
Fjords in Cumberland, In Exeter Sound, and Home Bay on the wcii
coast of Davis Btraits. Common, especially during spring, at Godhftn.
4*. Cysniu 1
Swaus occiBionally occur m the Soatbera Cumberland waters ; bat the
npecics is imcertain, as I could not procure a apecimon. Said to be of
regular occurrence in the Lake Kennedy region.
45. Anaer albtfrona, vur. gamlMU, (Hart.) Coues.
Kot observed in any numbers about our winter harbor, but undoobt-
©dly occurs in abundance on the fresh- water lakes. This i^ probably
the goo.se that the Eskimo take in such great numbers at Jjake KeoHdv.
where they drive them towards the sea-coast while they are in moult.
Are common on the Greenland coast to 72° N. lat., and probably anA
farther. Large flocks were met with on the pack-ice in Ibe middled
Davis Straits, July 24, 25, and 26. Eggs were procnred in the Godba^vi
Plwks of whistlers wei-c observed on three oot^AttioDS iii Slay; but I
bid nut with certainty identity tJio spooien, ua none were killed. B.
ptultca is. (|uite eommou iu the Godhavn district on the coast i
uihuid; bre(.-ds near Cliristiautjhajib.
I HlBtiionlous torqnatna, (Lino.) Dp.
"ToriiniiidrliMtk," Ortx^nlaiiilurB,
ree exuHiples seen, and one killed at Annanactook. Not
in the Owlhavn district on the Greenland coast.
\ Hvelda glaclalie. (Liiiii.) Lvucli.
"Agiii^nk,'' Cumlw^lapd Efikiinn. "Agli'k," Grcunlanileis.
rived at the heiul of Cumberland during the latter days of Ml|!
\ soon U8 there was extensive open water they became cjuitw i
I, and their loud and ineesxant cries could tie heanl at any hour out of
b twenty-four. They nest on the suuill roeky islnnds, espuciullj' about
I Great«r Kiugwah Fjord, but singly, and not iu eolonita. I'huy arti
irious when they tirst arrive, but soon pair and scatter. Couimon on
b whole Greenland coa^t, and l>ree<l far to the north. These ducktt
I tbe noisiest birtls for their mre I bavc ever wet. During the bre
[ plumage, scarcely any two males can be found that tms preeUi
L Polystlota BUUerl, (Poll.) EjXo"-
L beautiful adult male was shot in Disko Fjord in August, 1878.
Kitnon is now in the collection of Governor Edgar Fenckcr of Uo*l-
DuHng the time we were blockaded by the icojani at Auuantu^
; Harbor, iu Cumberland, I saw thi-ee or four of these eiders. At
i time » superb speeiuieu sut fur hours on a eake of ice btit a short
e from the ship ; but I could not reach it on avconnt of the breid;-
I; ice. I watched him a long time with a good glass, and there is no
■aticHi of its identity. Iu late automn I saw some that I think were
S species.
1, Somateila molUajdma, ( I.iun.) Lrnch.
"Metiik," Cumlicrlftini Eskimo. ''Mt-tti'k" and "Araaiilik," <ireeii!ainit-n
This eider is one of the commonest birds in Cimiborland, an<l the only
s that congregates t'tgether in any eonsidcrablo uuml>ers to breed,
r nru at all times gregarious. The old males separate frt
ftles and young as .soon as the breeding season Js ovei', aitd a
' tbcmselves in large flocks. Thoy also migrate southward i
90 NATUBAL HISTORY OP ABCTIC AMERICA.
earlier tLan the females iind young. During tbe autnmn of 187T ve
pi-ociuYul about seventy of tLese birds; but not a single adnlt nule nc
sbot or even seen. They veie met vith in largo flocks at lus off tbt
out^r islands on the east coast of Hall's Land; here I also remukcd
that they seemed to be all males. As soon as there is any open wata
they are found in spring; still they were not common at Annanavtook
till the latter days of May. Eskimos from the south reported them oa
the doe edge near Kiantilic early in May, and I saw a few on an webet;;
near the Middlii^uacktwack Islands on the 30tli of April, lliey a*
stand almost any tempei'ature if they can find open water. I saw tut
adult male iu the tide rifbi of the Greater Klngwali in Januai^*. Tit
day I saw him it was — 50° F. ; but ho proveil too lively for mv. Tbf
Eskimo could have procured him on difiereat occasions; but tbfvhid
some superstitions notion regarding so unusual an occuneuc«, aod
would not kill it.
In tbe fall of 1877 I often found broods still unable to fly, ibeugfa
moi'C tliDU three-fourths grown, as late as the middle of October. SauD
Hocks coutiDued about the open tide-holes till 2^ovemlM^r 17. At thi;
date I kille4l six young males; the temi>erature was — 7=^ Fah. Thej
had at tlii» time about fifty miles to the open water.
Xheii' food in autumn consists almost entirely of moUusks. I faarr
taken kIicIIs from the cesophagiis more than two inches in length; frm
ii siuyle biiil 1 have taken out forty-three shells, varjing from act-
I bebiiid to see how tlie ducks would act when tlifg
As soon as the boat was gone they began to return to ihtd
I, botli mules and females. It wus vety amuKiii)^ to soe a uiiUts aligU
li, nest, and with a satisfied air settlo htmseU' down on the <?
a suddenly a female would come to the same nest and intbrui h^
k tio htid made fi mishikp, — it was not his uost. He started up, look)
iklj- around, discovered Uis niintake, and with an tiwliwaitl and vest
rouH bow, accompanied with some suitable explanation, I »up]K>
iiriuldled olf in search of his own home, where he found his t'uithM
B iustalletl. Sow followed an pxiilauatiou that seemed to be hugely
fcyed by all in the vicinity. A pretty lively conversation was kept
■I>rohably ou the purport of our visit, as llicy seemed much L-xcitw
fuhl spare no moro time to watch tJiem, and crept out from my hi<Uiig>
i into fall view of all, and a look of gii^ater disgust and astonisli-
Bt than these birds gave me is dillleuU to imagine; they evidently
nled such iin^lerhand work beneath the dignity of a human being,
I i>robably n^ted me wor^e than a gull or raven. So sudden and
ied was my apiHiarancc that many did not leave their nests, but
1 and squaketl at ine like geese; the.se ^amc birds left, their nestS
> when the boat was within a qusirter of a mile of the islam!.
3ie first eggs were procured June 21. The islands on which tb^
t are but small barren rocks, of an acre or less in extout, and often
h a few Ceet above high tide-mark. There are a few patches of Aw
t and Cochlearia officinalis scattered about, and ^Iiese cont^iin the
mbor of nests. Eatili nest has a Uttle circle of green sod alK
jirbich is manured every year and becomes ciuite luxuriant.
nndti are sometimes a foot high and as much in diameter, having been '
t for many years in snce«ssiou. Very little repairing is
jary to fit the nest for the reception of the eggs, — merely a little
hs or moss. But little down is usc<) till Mie full complement of eg|p[
^id. Th« nests al^• often so close togt^tlier that it is impossible t
k without stepping on them. A nest seldom contains more tJian fl^
I, otlen Uiree or four, and I never saw as many as six but twic
a principal breedingphices in Cuiulwrland are between lat. 60° a
\ N. The lower of tliese places la aljout ton miles off shore froi3
iDnkeitu; the greatest number of birds nest here. The seven islands
liie uorthwaitl about twenty-five miles are favorite resorts; also the
Ml islands to the 8E. of ^Vunanactook. There is also a group knotfi
92
NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
to the Eskimo as the "Shiitook" IstaudB, in the Greater King^ali, wliiTv
1 found tlicin extremely abiuidaiit. In the Mallutvcitu Fjonl, acconiiu;;
to the Eskimo, is another very luueh freqiienKMi brueding-iilSTO, bnt 1
did uot visit it.
Thouwiods of eggs could be gathered on thene rocktt daring the latbt
X>art of June and tlie Jlrst three weeks of July. It seems to me that ll
woidd pay whalemen to gather the down which can here bo secnrnl in
great quantities. The islands arc so close together that they could all
be worked within two days of each other. There are a great man)' im-
mature bii-ds, both male and female, that do not breed j Uiey assenblr
iu largo flocks, and are often met with at considerable distanises ftmu
laud. I have found sach Socks conmiouly in Cumberland, on the vett
coast of Davis Straits and Daffin's Bay, and uii the Greenland txaa
abundantly. Many large Bocks were seen in the middle i>f Darii
Straits, among the pack-ice, in the latter part of July. During the flnt
days of August I s:iw iuimense flocks of eiders on the western end Of
Disko Island, all males, flying southward. The specimens collected b;
me in Oimiberland present certain striking and reuiiu-kablc jioiulsof
difference from specimens from the South Labnulor and Newfoundluui
coitsts, cspociolly in the form and size of bill. I had prepared a serifs ol
BkulJs, selected fmia over two hundred bii-d3, that was wJcnhited t4PBlio«
the variation among them; but, unfortunately, they were nmuug tbe
8i>ecimens that I bad to leave behind, iu the aunece:j6ar>* haste of dui
departure, of wldch 1 was given hut a few hours' warning.
These ducks are of great use to the Eskimo; their eggs am eageiiy
sought after and devoured in astonishing quantities. The birds theio-
selves constitute a good portion of their food at certain times, and tl»
skins are used for a portion of their foot-gear in winter, and somctiiiies
for clothing. We found the flesh of the young iu autimtu vety aceeptnldc
indeed; but the adults in spring were i-ather rank. Some specitncns
were procured tiiat weighed over five pounds. They bocom« extreniEb'
fat by the end of June ; and when an Eskimo can get a number, be will
eat little else but the fat. I wau often saved much labor by having them
remove the fat from the skins, which they did wirh their tL-etti, and uiiidi
more eflcctually than 1 could have done it with a knife. These birdH
suffer much &>m the depredations of gidls and ravens. Laru* gtawivi
even nests among the ducks, and the ravens live ofl' the eggs aad dltfilt!-.
lings the cutira season.
Siorakitsook" nnd "Kiugalik," Grc
94. Bomateria •peotabUla, (L.) Boii'.
"KiDgalalik." CnmbeHnnd Eskiu
laaiten.
TbR king eiders were not noticed till the JOth of Jmie. I saw a few
l^ir(5(! tlocks at different times daring spring; but tLero were a biindred
i»olli»sima to one spectabilU. Tliey appear to keep hy themselves, and
^int to mix with molltssima, at least during the breeding season. I nevei
-:nviiuyon this <.'ider islands. The Eskimo say tbat some years theg
iire veiy plenty and others very few are found. One Eskimo t«lii i
that be nuue found tbein nesting in great numbers some distnne« up t
(ireater Kiugwah, but not in company with the common eider,
arrive later and leave earlier than violUssima. in July I saw many of
these iluuks, mules and females, alniut America llarbor. The. sexual
orgiius of those I procured were not developed, itnd they were all in the
plumage of the female. I suspected them to he such birds us wes
tbacbed very late the prece<Uug season. Saw a great many in the si
plumage on the west coast of Davis Straits and around Uisku Island;
many of the males seemed to bo assuming tlie plumage of Uie adult.
( iovernor Feiicker told Die that there were always a good nuridxr of these
birda aroimd iii isiimmer thiit i\k\ not breed. Many dockH of male birds
wcro noticed west of Disko, all flying southwanl. Governor Feucker
has procured identified eggs of tins duck at tJpemavik hy shooting the
parent on the nest. They are very common around Disko, bat breed
farther north. I shot a half grown young in Kiugwah Fjord in October,
1377. The tump of fat at the base of the bill of the adult males is
esteemed a greiit delicacy with the Eskimo, and it is very seldom th^l
bring one back that does not have this choice titbit removed.
55. CZMemla 1
From tlie Middle Labnidor coast north to hit. IJ7°, I saw at ibffereiri
times large scoters, but could not identify the species.
I will here make mention of a dnek that I saw on two or three occasioDi
It seemed to have the size and general muke-up of a scoter, but ba^
Tiuiob white on the scapulars and about the bead. A dock was wuigi
by one of the ship's officers; he said it had a white ring around theno<
and the rest of the body was nearly all black. The bird tbat I saw ^
unknown to me; it may iwBsibly have been the CampUiltrmus /ofcra-J
doriuH. I find in my notes that the first one I saw was pronounced ^
j»anially albino scoter; but, seeing more just bkeit, I gave this theory i
»4 NATURAL HISTOBT OT ASCTIC AMERICA.
56. Uergofl ■eirator, Linn^.
"Pye," or "P^k," CumberlaDd Eskimo and GreenlaBdMS.
A regular breeder in Oumberland, bnt not very commoB. SfSlM
the perpendicHlar faces of high difis. Fotmd oa the Oreenlaad «
to 73° ^. lat. at leafit, and probably farther. BegisH nesting in Conl
laud about July 1.
57. Bnla basaana, Brisa.
Koticed at different times Axtm Beaver Island, Nova Sootin, to
65° 'N., most numerously in the Galf of St. Lawrence and the Sa
Labrador coast. Not observed in Camberlaod.
58. GtaoolaB oarbo, Linn^.
"OkaitHok," CumberlaDd Eebimo and Greeolanders.
A regnlar breeder in Cumberland ; did not appear to be conunon, I
the Eskimo say that some years they are quite plenty. The primii
were formerly in great demand for their arrows.
59. Bapbagns skaa, (Brilnn.) Coues.
"Sea-Len" of whalemen.
One specimen procured at sea, lat. 41° N., long. 68° W., Atlantic Ooe
Others were seen at the time. Appears to be of frequent occnnenc*
the George's, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotian banks in winter. St
near Lady Franklin Island, north of Hudson's Straits, in Septusb
they then had young ones on the rocks. ■
60. atercorailns pomatorhlniu, {Tonm.} TicUI.
^p led
niRDS.
* ledges ou the clifl', ior tlio young I siijiiiiLse. They wcri vory «
1 (isko, and tlie greatest caution was required to shoot tlieui. I xliO^
I n', even in full iilumage, that did not have some white on at least o
; llio larai. TLoy live to n gi-oflt extent upon the labors of the kitti-
I'.w, tbongli Lhcy do not hesitate to attiiek lAjrus kucopleruH and even
"/,«*. Thoy are destxactivG t^t young birds and eggs. It is a comniou_
i\il to see five or six after one giiU, whieb ia soon tniulu Ui disgorges
:< < I ihen ItiP jaege-rs llgUt among themselves for the morsel, whieli ofteq
: ^ 1i)Ht in the »i^/(T. Eggs were proeurcd at ClnuRliavn, fJreeidandjl
1 iit'.Hi ciintaincd three eggs.
. StercorariiiB paiaHltlcua, Trillin.
" Ishiiu^cuk,'* Ciinibtirlniiil Eskimo udA GrM^iiliinileTH.
i iii^ species seems to have the same general distribution as the fore
Hig, but, so far as my obsenations went, far from as common. Eggi
)(■ obtained from the Wiiigat Straits. They do not breed in Cumb*
iril Round; in fa<;t, I rarely saw one in the Cumberland waters,
speeies weeuis to depend on Risita tridactyla for the greater part of itol
food.
62. SterowraiiuB bafEoDl, (Boio) C'lini^o.
"Iii)iitn)!uk."Ciimti«rl&U(lEskliiiu and Gn<*>iil]Uiil«ni.
A very few of these birds visited the npper Cumberland waters i
''^he, and soon disappeared. 1 doubt if they breed there. I saw bnj
i> few in all tbe localities! visite<l. Seems to be more common o
. I than on the weat coast of Davis Straitt. One Hue tii>ccimen wai
found (lead ou the ice, with a ^trought-iron nail three itiehes in length id
Uie a:sopliagU8. The nail had probably fallen out of a whale-boat thafl
linil been dragged over the ice, and the bir)l had mistaken it for a Usltj
!i[s s|>eeles has probably the mast northerly rangeof anyof tliejacgem
> '•-<)» in tliB Waigat Straits aiul about Oinenak on the Greenland c
il by the Kskimo to be the first to return in the spring. 'X'huy c
iLiiy were the iii-st to visit Annauactook.
~ 3. I.ania glauQtl*, ItrilDQ.
" Nu»|;uh,'' Canibvrland Kskituo. "Kagn," Un^tiitnnitvrH,
TIds gull is thcfirst bird to arrive in spring. In 1878 tliey made their
Ltf ifrearanee in the Kingwah Fjord by the 20th of April. It was still abuuH
-. <'nty nnlcs to the floe edge and open water; still they seemed to fitrt
1 \ well on the young seals. Many are caught by tUem, and those pai
Illy devoure«l by foxes are carefully cleaned of every vestige of flesh . Ad
I ..^ seastin, the Eskimo deUght in capturing Ibem in various ways. Oiia
Ui ilic must |)opnlar is to build a small snow-hut ou the ice in a localltjj
96 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
freqaenteil bj- the gulls. Some blabber or scraps of meat are expoaed
to view on tbo top, and seldom fails to indnce tbe bird to alight on tbe
roof of the stinicture. This is so thin that the Eatdrao on tho inride ca
i-eadily see the bird through the snov, and with a quick grab vill bnak
throngh the snow and catch the bird by the legs. Some ose a speat,
thrusting it violently throagh the roof of the hat. Maiif are killed \>f
oxiMsing piecea of blabber among tbe bummocky ice and lying concealed
within proper distance for bow and arrow practice.
By the middle of May they had become very abnndant aboat Anutt-
actook; still, there was no open water within fifty or sixty miW
These were all adults in full plumage ; saw no iminatare birds till Jnlj.
They settle on ice around the Eskimo encampments, and even on tk
rocks in close proximity to the hats. Daring this sea^oD they ke^ up
an almost constant screaming at all hoiu^ of the day and night.
May 24, 1 noticed a couple of pairs building. I think this ia theeariieet
date they would begin nidification at this latitude. June 4. I saw a
few L. gUiueus among a large fiock of Som. mollUsima that were dinnp
for foo<l outside the harbor in a small lead in the ice. As soon as tbr
duck came to the surface, the gull attacked it till it disgorged soroethhl!^
which was immediately gobbled up by the gnll. The gall picked sevtni
times at what was disgorged, which leads me to the belief that the food
was small crustaceans. This piratical mode of living is vety characto"
JKtic of Larua fflancus. At this season of the year there was so little 4^ieii
water in the vicinity that they would have had great difiBcaltj- in pronr
BIRDS.
in October, but » very few an far Koiitii as the Kikkertarsoak Islands '
^11 the Labiadur coast. TLey iiro I'lir less cotiiiiiuu oq tlio Greenland
' ii;ist 1.Ik]|i L. letu-optcrnn, wUUo in Cumberland it is just the opposite.
Uskiino fVom Cape Mercy tell mo tbey arc foiiiut nil ■winter off the eapo
and abont Sliaumeer. A single siH-ciinen staitl in tlio tide-rifts of the
Orcatcr Kingwalt duriug the winter of I877-7S. lu autumn they rnnai
in the upper Cnmbeiland waters as long >i» they continue oi>en.
I hnre oi^amincd souiv uestM that were built on the duck islai
iilways mi Iho bigh(wt eminence; tbu stnu-tiuv seemed to have be<
used iiud lidded to for many years in BUcveH8ioii, i)ix)bably by the same
pair. In sliape tbey were pyrauud-fonned moniids, over four feet at the
Imsc and about one foot at the top, and nearly two and a half feet in
height, Thwy wei-e composed of eveiy conccivablw object found in the
\ icinity, grass, wa-woed, uioss, Hcbeus, feathws, Imnes, skin, egg-shella^ ..
&c, Tlie normal niiuiber of eggs is tbifc, but often only two are fouadj
Have taken the downy young in the littler part' of June. I bad an <
I'ortimily of seeing how these young hopefuls are inHtructed ui egg-
MK-king, The parent ranicd a duck's egg to the nest and broke a hole
ri it, ami the yuuiigonejust tielped himself at his leisui-e. Alter the
\iniug aiv full-tlcdgpd, these liirds are eminfiilly grogai'ious, nud are
iftcn seen feeding iu ronsidemble flocks. The flesh in highly esteemetl
l>y the Eskimo; we found the young by no means despicable footl.
Tb« Eskimo use I he skin with the feafliers on for ii part of their wia
tor's (oot-gear. Thoy nre extrnoi-dinarily gix'e<Iy and ^-oi-aeious; nothing
iu llie animal kingdom neems to como amiss to tlioru. 1 have seen a
half dozen tugging at im Eskimo dog skin; but this provetl too much
for them, tbougli they matle desperate attempts to get off some small-
pieces, which they wouhl bare eat*n had thuy aacccedcd.
young or di.'uibled binis, Ash, and erustaujans aiu their ironimon t
They oixj also veiy fond of feeding upon seal eaj-casses. The first plm
age of the yonng is much lighter than tluit of a yearling biixl. Tbia I
just the opposite of L. teucoptcrug, tbey lieiug the darkest when yom
The young of L. ijlnuciin gels darkei' in antnuni, but when tirst I
fledgt-d resembles more the bird of two years, except that there is
tra«c of hhie on the mantle, and they have somewhat flarker primari
64. Itanu leucopterua, Fitliri',
■' Nowj'nli," Ciinilii'riuiiil Eskiijui. " N'ajuiij^ak,'' rirct-uliitiili-rs.
kTlie Eskimo do not distinguish between Z. gUtvciui, leucopleniK, gla
Kenn, and argentatun; they arc all "nowyah"; in fact, I am le4l t
Bun. Nat. 51ns. Xo. 15 7
98 NATUBAL HISTOBT OF ABCTIC AMEBICA.
think it a sort of general term as tbey a&e it, — something like " gnlL*
Thia Bpeciea is far lees common in Cnmberland than gUutau. On tbr
G-ieenlaud coast it is tiie most common gull, except Siua frii?<iri)<ii
My opportunities for studying Ipuoopterus were not very eztensiTe^ Bid
my conclnsions may be too hasty ; but still it is worth while fiv (Am
that may get better opportunities, to obserre if the following panti
of difference are constant :
First. Leueopterus, 24 inches or leSBj glauctu, 27 to 32 inches.
Second. Tarsus and toes of leucopterua in fiilly adnlt birds often ortm/t
red, and not flesh-colored as in glaucM.
Third. Biug around the eye in leuooptent« flesh-colored; in ^fowv,
reddish purple.
Fourth. Toung of glaucus in first plumage as light as the bird of tke
second year ; the young of leucoptervs nearly as dark as the yonnf of
glaacetceru. The bill is also weaker and thinner than in giaucu$.
Governor Fencker says he has often had birds that answered tiearl)
to the description of L. kutchituii, but with chrome- yoUow bill, with vrr-
million spot, and not flesh-colored, with dusky tip; these birds wht
always found to measure less, however, than the average fflancn*, whki
is directly the opposite of my ctperience with hutchintii. There may he
a gradation betweea the two speciea as ihr as regards sizej but the
above cited i>oints of difference have proved good so far as my obwr-
vations have gone. Thuy mis indiscriminatt.'ly with giatunu M ^
liiiK'?", but arc :ili\-:.ys rcjulily ilistinKnishiil'lc I'v 'lirir sm;iII.T <k.
llii.' niok liuU tbrijwii uvorlxiaril ; wfvi- shy uui] difliciill. to (iltciot. l''a
t;iowri young of Uiw miK-cios wert- slmt in the first days of Septembi
tUtHL' wfr« »!V«u liarker tliaii tins jomig of £. nrgentaUis, the priniai
and tail being rer}/ nearly black.
66. Lama marlnu^ Lluri.
" Nujunlluk.'' Urri'Dlumli-Di, ,
(.>bm^iTed ill Ciiuil>erlaud ouly iu iate iMitumii ; raunot UHu-itain Xhi
t lic.v IjiL'pd tliei-c ; iitiit« common on the Groeiilaud const form Oa^ to 70=^
N. lilt. Abundant iu October on the Houtli Labrador coast and Xew-
fouiidliuid. 11 iitulreds daily frequcntSt. Jolm's Harbor. If ewfoundlaJ
67. L«nts argentatua, ItrUuu.
■■NowyiiL," CuinlH'rIund Enkiiuu,
Not UDComujou in Cumberland, and breeds to lat. GT'^ X. A mei
Htratiglcr on tho Greenland coaat. Bpeoimen eliot Juoe 20 in CamlM
land contaiued ova as liu'ge as bucksliot.
L Paeopblla ebuiasa. (lui.
■' Nnyanarsiik," Orcoulamlei'M,
Very common in Kingwalt Fjcnd and vicinity just beforo it fl'oze u
r u fuw days only. None seen iu spring. Does not breed in (.'umb<
By no means common on tho Greenland coast. The food of tli03e
mined conaist«d of small crustiwi-ans. I saw one trying to .-iwallow
b wing of a Som. motlisHima that tlii^ cook had Uii-own overboard, when
Itaot it. The wing was so lodged iu the (esophagus that it would cer-
itnly have cbokwl th« bird had it not disgorgnl. Those tliat visited
• neighborhoo{1 seemed to have a very dccideti prefercuce for meat.
iuco saw throe or four alight on a seal that bad just been killed, and
bcmpt to get at tho flesh. They are easily decoyed within shot by
wing pieces of meat on the ice. Were one of tho most ;ibiindcint
I greedy birds around a whale carcuss that had been killed in the
alty. Tlie Bi)ecinmns I procured that were nearly in a<liilt phiniage
i a greenish yellow bill at base and bright yellow tip, with wo dmly
trkitufii! the younger birds only hail the bill cloudeil with dusky.
■ Tliere appears to I)o a marked diflerenee in the size of the c
fenialt^ being one to two inches ahorlw than the male.
,^. Rlaaa tiidactrla, Linn.
"Iionar(Ui"(UttleNunyuU), CuutbetJiuiilEBkiuKi, "Tnltunit,"»r ■
Qre«nlamU-re ami KskJnin nbout Froliisbpr Stmila.
' The kittiwake was first noticed In the Straits of Belle Isle, on «
wani passage, the 18th of August, 1877. From this jKtiut norths
100 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
they were with us coiisbmtly, if we were near land or &r out at Mti, ■
stonnorcalm, fogorsuow; ooday — scarcely an boor — bat acMneof thoe
interesting birds were oar (-ompanions; often a few indiridnalB only,at
other times flocks of many bimdrcds or erca periiaps tboasands od the
islands of the north Labrador coast. In GnmberlaDd they are by Cir tbt
most common gull, antl in fact the most abnndaat species in fikll. bat m
far as I conld learn do not breed there. From September t3I the is
covered the water they were extraordinarily abundant, ccmgiegating n
immense flocks. When the tide mns strong they follow the Mreamfir
many nules in regular order, about half their number constantly dipping
into the water, while the rest fly on ahead a few feet ; while thus feedin;
they remind one of a flock of passenger-pigeons fee^ling in a grain-field.
The food obtained at snch a time is mostly small emAtaoeans.
"When a good feeding-place is found, the whole flock settles down, and
so close together that almost any number can be shot. The jacgeni iR
always on the alert for snch flocks, and when they gel near the gnlli,
they all fooUshly take wing, when the jaeger singles out a likely looking
subject, which is soon made to disgorge. Tlie flo<'k soon settles »^ain.
and the same niancenvre is repeated.
I did not net', a single kittiwake in the iipp^i* Cumberland viuea
during spring or summer, where there were thousands the prevJoo*
autumn. A very few immature birds were noticed on an icebers. Jnlj
18, near Capo Mercy ; but these were all I saw till nearing the Gnvnlawl
1JIR1»S.
10
it III lidiil of tme of tLo liskiiuo Imls, feeding from a iiile of garbage)^
!n; iiiso foiled to KOiture it. TLo bin! looked, to uic like an adnlt X.
franklini, a bird not bithcrtu taken up as bclonpng lo tlie Greenland
fauna.
70. Xema eabloU, (t^uli,} Lcacli.
On tbe Oth of October, 187", oh the i)ae»itgo Irom the Kikkert
lauds northwaixl, a pair of tJieso birds kept close to tlie stem of tbe
toiler for many miles. I could easily bavo shot them, but it would
^vo been impossible to procure tlieiii had I dono so. Saw no others f|
f time.
L Stvma maorura, N'aiiui.
"liiuiikililalc," CuBibcrlnnil Eskiaio aiic] GiTPulmnlcrs.
I the 19th and 20th of June there went thousiaiids of these bin
^ut Annanactook Harbor, but this was itiso the only time I saw a
1 Bdkinio say they breed on the Suvea Islands in Ouinborland boie|
, They were flret noticed in the Gulf of Saint Lawrenee iu Av
From this point thoy seemed inoi-e or less common along the en-"
b Labrador eousl and thu islands north of Hudson's Straits, but not in
linberland. On the Greenland eoaj^t they are abundant, in suitable
lilies, to lal. TS° JJ. In Disko Bay they aro very tommou, and brc
f tboosauds. Tliey begin migrating soutliward during the latter dtq
&ngnst, when the young are large enough to take care of themselvf
H'ared to be plenty at the mouth of Exeter Sound, where " ka))Ul
b verj' abundant.
L Pulmariw slacialla, Li'iu'li.
"Oohudhik," Ciimborlana ExkiiDO. ■' Kakordhik" inliitL') iiii<) '-I^hIiM
(dark), Gru'iMilauilers.
u our outward passage Uiwm) bii-ds wei* drat noticed off Belle
, From this point northwurd their numbers increased ; t
e everywhere eloso in shore and fnr out at sea, at all times and ii
ktber. Nearly all the Fulmoi-a I saw iu the autuuui of 1877 were
nt-colored ; saw none so dark as I did in the sprmg. They wi^iv very
moD in Oumbei'land till the middle of October. Were eapeeiti]
tndant oft' shore, Caiio Gbidly, Be^olntion Island, (jriniicU liay, a
robisber Straits, during the latter part of August, September, and for
tef Octobei'. These were white with u pearly grey mantle and bright
low bill. 1 also procm-ed a few that wore ashy ; thei>« 1 presumed
o young birds; but in Jidy, 1878, 1 found a few of these dark-colored
mea, darker than any I over saw in fall, breeding near Qniekstep Harbor,
102 VATUHAL HtiTOET tJT
111 OiiiiiIh'I'IhiuI, »ii mauh .ibaII rovfcy b>fcuii6t>. Wb^n freifc At* Ack-
ciilim'il lilitlH liuv« a bri^t ^i^t-^rttm ^Mim. «^p«cully ip| iiwt «■ Ac
iHH^k iiml Ixivk. Tb*: b«K t^ •honef. stnacf. Jul :bBefc«iL<lwfcj ka««
liiHtt<Ht) iif follow. Od Bh>: K'jOBCain. fKi£i&. i1 1 1 r nf ii1 tkMr Ihi4i
\\wn\ li,v myriads lo tb>^ t*tj ^ami^x of ilw- BHiimsjia- atMVt ^MVfrn.
\ttltlK.
In I'lxiititr Hoamt and c<> cm tH-^rrbwud aloa;c tti^ v<^ ikMr»»at Dani
HIltlltM iirul BaffinV Btkr. UL<r 'Luk TiuiMT iweiiu to E>c>^fcjuBU& ^ar
< '11)111 Hffiri': ii»*:v aft- *-sm>>r>iitiArflT' abimiiaat. hcvolic^ ^>t tboana^
oil Mil) I'adlie hixoA. and ;b^T u^ .^o tdm« iboat tb#ir zteitinf-pfarts
1 hat tlii^' <^n V killed *ith a «i^fc- Th* "^g^ rv«i after beis; bt*i.
for iriuiiy mrfOth.* ?>ull r^caia th^ nuL^ky otlor p««iiti:u to tbtr bods. EVf-
fwitly fr*sh «rK^ are (|atte gw-i <ranns. bm if i .iwri-U- -f itays <»W tbe
liiiiHky 'kI<^ IiOr rft p^rnMAt^I thiirm. »rri^n tlwr a[t>nD;>-u. ;b ti ibrT ii>- 1
llftlfs too mncb for a civilizeil palat>^.
H<i far a- my obs*rvatioa* w*nt. a»t>f>r tUrfc hinL* werv 5«*n in HTise
Itiari ill ThIL i<o the <Iark {iIoiuasL- t'.inDot Ij>^ •-bunk-irrii^tit.' of the yuaiii^
Tlift KMJIimoke U on*- of th«r 3Tee«li»r>t »i t^inla. I havr seen thrti
fffrdin;; on tb« tranrar^ ti( a whale, when ifaeir lot^s an*! aaition^ t«i« frr
fMrtly tb<R>« of a vn! tore.— completely begrimed with bloMl and gP'.t.'c.
and »o fan that they coohl not take wing. I found ^reai diffienlty in
pnxniring white specimens that were not more or less ilaabeil over witfc
'-^jiTT.'' e:ipeciany aboat the head an<l neck. These ItinLi |iuti0se«« rt-
76. Fnfflmu major, (BHss.) Faber.
Abundaut ^m Belle Isle to Ueeohition Island. Kot obsei
Cumberland.
77. ColymbuB torqaatuo, Linn.
"Toodlik," Cmnbcrlaud Eskimo and Greenlandera.
Quite common ia Cumberland, wliere it breeds. Saw no specimeoB J
that approiiclied llio variety adamiii.
70. Colymbua arotlcna. I.iuu.
" Cuilliilik," Cntiilwrland EckJmu.
Not common, but breeds in KiugMaU Fjord. First specimen shot June
•Ji. Saiv a fvvf in anturan near Grinnell Bay. Not found in North
Giconlainl mcnrding to Governor Fencker.
79. Colymbua aepteiitiionalia, Liiiu.
"Kiikoiik," CiLNiiii'tliiud Enkimo. ■' KurkBaiik,'" Greenlnnders.
Verj' euiumoii in all the localities visited by me. Begins nesting u
the upper Tumltertand waters in the latter part of .June. The nest i
placed on the low rocks with very little grass and moss beneath thsa
eggs. Tliey are very noi.'iy, esiieciaUy during the muting season.
Hot leave as long as there in open water.
80. ntamanla torda, Leivcb.
'■ Akiiamuk,'' Gri-cnlandprs.
Was seen on many occasions and often in close proximity to the ship
from the outer islands of the Middle Labrador coast to Frobisber Straits.
They were often noticed considerable distances irom land. Are not
found in Cumberland, but by uo means rare on the entire west coast <rf_
Greenlanil to latitude G9° K. Off the North Labrador coast I noticed J
oil .several occasions a small auk (f) intermediate iu size between Mer-
nulun title and Uria grylle, with much the same pattern of coloration as
tlie former, but with tufts or plumes of white feathers on the bead. I
.t;tw some with single young, and at one time killed three at a single
discharge; but the ship was under such licadway that the sailor sta-
tioned on the waist could not reach them with his [lole sind net. The
tiii-d is entirely unknown to nie, but I suspect it will be fomid to be one g
of the sutall luiks hitherto supposed to Inrlongonly to the North Pacifl
SI. Fratsronla aroUoa. il..) III.
■'KiliiiugaU," (IruKii landers.
Observed abuudautly in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and thence nort
wanl to Iludsou's Straits. Sot known to the Cumberland Eskimo;
Lmt common on the Greenland coast to TO* N. at least. Breeds plenti-
104 NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIfr AMERICA,
fiilly ou the Huiide iuul Greeu Islands in Disko Ba.v, where e^fsvere
prociu'cd. There seems to be no appreciable (liffen'iioe in Culf of St
Lawreiieo specimeim aud those from North Greeulaiul except In siM.
G2. Metgnlus alle, L,
■' Kacrriik," (Ircriiliiu'lpr*.
Common on the north <:oii«t of Labrador, off UcMihilion Tslniiil, Gnu
uell Bay, and Frobisher Straits, but did not sec any in Cumbi-rluiiiL
1 sho^fcd specimens to the Kskimo, and they called it n young ■' akpa"
{Lomria tirra). So I preeuuie the bird is ^ery rare, if foiriid ut all, in
the Cumberland waters. Still they are abundant off Kxeter Sonnd and
to the northward on the west coast of Bafiin's Bay. Governor Fenc-
ker says they ne«t to latitude 78° N., aud perliajis farthiT. Sest
abundantly on the Whale Islands in Disko Bay. I procurctl yonng off
Besolntion Island in the fore part of September. Tbey were vtrj
common among the pack-ice in Davis Stntits diuio}; Jnly. Often a
considerable number would be seen sitting on the ice. They wou
devoid of fear. I have caught them from the schooner's deck with »
net on the end of a pole while they were swimming alongside.
63. TJria. EijUe, (L.) LalL.
" Pesholak," Cumliwlaiiil EbIquio. "Si-rlmk," or ''Siifyviik," Gm'nlAndoB.
"Was first obsen'ed off Eesolntion Island in the first days of Septem-
ber, 1877. Tbey were then busily engaged fishing and can-ying the fish
np the cliffs to the young, which were not yet in the water. They wv
most esjwrt divers and are often seen fishing whore there is a cunaider-
able depth of water. I once shot an adnlt female that was carrying u
little Morrhtm 7 inches in length up to her young. This was on the I'Jtli
of September, and the young were not more than tlircc-fonrtlw grown
at this date. I visited no locality either on Cnmtterlaud or On the Green-
land coast where this bird was not abundant. Some sections aiuof
course more suitable than others, and bere they ai-e very tmmeions.
They Iwgan to change into the winter plumage in the latter jiart of Sep-
tember. Some of the earlier-hatched young were much earlier tlisn
this, but the adults were not in perfect winter dress till the middle f>f
October. They remained about onr winter harbor as long as there «rii*
opeu water, and even one or two staid in the Kingwah rifts all winter.
In spring tbey returned as soon as there was oiwn water. About tijc
Sonthem Cumberland waters some remain all winter, — I be Iii«kiWj
■ (tay only the young birds. At Anuouactook Harbor tbey beg^HHH
^^ iuij; about June 25. The normal number of eggs is two ; ^"O^^^^^l
B^^omnoT Always nest in {■^G^iceH and fissures of cliSs, where it
mtten extremely difficult to get at tlieni. Tliey are very tame ; but it
kext to an impossibilitj' to Kboot one on Ibu water if tbe birti is watch-
B yon, for tJivy dive (luitc as i|nit'kly as a loon. I bavo seen tlirec
■rely bla«k specimens, whicb I consitli'i-ed to Iw U. carbo. One was
Icarvd in Omnborland, but was lost, with many others, alter we arrivei^
Bie Uuit«d States. I have examinetl s|>cciinenK of cnrbo since in t^H
■tlisonian collection, and my bini was oothiug but a nielunistii; »pe4^|
■ of U. ffryltc. I also liftve seen an albiuo 8]H>cimi>n. ^M
Bieru wore a few birds in an air-bolu in tho icu ne&i- our harbor in t)^|
wr days of Jane tlnit to all ai)j>earanc« resembled tbe autumn plui^|
w>f t1i« young; but thciee Vfas too txcuurhoroiis for metovonture ou^H
■ sent an Eskimo, llu returned and reiKtrtod theui >< Knnituealcn
■mlak" (very near a Guillemot). But if he meuut that they wetd
■n]>erfeet plnma^e or another spe«ii« closely ro«embliug grgUe, I couMH
■make oat. Ho could not got close eiioufjli to tho uir-holc to proeord
■specimen he killed, and I never saw or heard anylliing nioiv of theil^|
■liomvla airn, Urnaill. ^M
' "Akpn," CluuIhjiIihiiI Kskiiiio iiiul Grei-tilaiiili-ii.. ^M
X liatl bopetl to be able to throw some light on tho subject of the re^
Uoiisbii* of the Murres, but 1 ftinl ii)y matei-ial coiresiwuds with myn
■Drtuuities for obsen'iition — very ]>oor and uusatisfiietory. I first met
■e binls in numlx^rs otf tbe coast of Resolution Ishind, but many were
■ farther south. About Giinnell Itay and I-Yobisher Straits they are
Imoii oven as far as tho mouth of Ciuulwrland, but apparently quitesJ
■ in the waters of that sound Tlio Eskimo say they formerly breuj
■rent numbers on the Kikkcrtou Inlands; Init they have now apjta-
Bly absindoned them. There are larye breeding-pla<»s about Cape
■cy and Walsingham, the largest "rookery" lieing on the Padlie
Inda in Exeter Soitud. On Ihe Greenland coast they are very abund'J
K breeding by thonsands in many localities. ObseiTed plentifiUly ifiu
vpack-ico in July. AH the epocimcns collected by me were typicaS
ft. I procured but one single troHe. Tho var. ringvia, Itriinn., Gor'1
Krr Teneker has not met djiring eleven years' collecting on the Greeo^
■ coast; and var. froUe apjiear<i< to bo far b-oui coninmn. There 19 tl
ftirkablu variation in tbe distribution of the dark color, tsouio l>eiu|[fl
Bo on the throat (juite to the bill, and again 1 have seen si>eeimoii|fl
■rely black. The dark markings on the oggs of L. arra and troile, l^H
m as .4. tortJa, eau readily be obliterate*! with lukc-wann water. ^M
n
FISHES
COUECTED IN CUKBERLAND GULF AND DISXO BAT.
By Taklkton H. Bean.
The collection of fishes made by Mr. Kumlien embraces ten species* as
follows :
1. Bareogadus saida.
2. Oadus ogac.
3. Oymnelis viridis.
4. Idparis vulgaris.
5. Cyclopterus lumpus.
6. Coitus scorpius.
7. Cottus scorpius sub-species gronlandictis.
8. Cottus scorpioides.
9. Oymnacanthus pistilliger,
10. Oa^t^osteus pungitius snh'Hj^ecies br(ichypoda.
With these I have combined several species collected by Lieut. W. A.
Mintzer, U. S. K., in Cumberland Gulf in 1876, the two following being
additions to Mr. Kumlien's list:
11. Lycodus mucosus.
12. Salvelinus Naresi.
Besides giving a report upon these twelve species recently obtained
by the United States National Museum, I have ma<le a list oi* the spe-
cies recorded from Northeastern North America, which is by no means
complete, but is as nearly so as the limited time allowed me for search-
ing would permit. Of course there are many Greenland species which
we may be sure are found also on our northeastern coast, but we have
as yet no positive evidence of their occurrence.
The additions to our collections and to our knowledge of the species
made by Mr. Kumlien are by far the most important contributions from
the region in question hitherto received by the museum, and that excel-
lent naturalist deserves hearty acknowledgments for the valuable ma-
terial which he has secured in the face of great obstacles. Two of the
species taken by him have not before been recorded from the northeast
107
108 NATURAL HISTOEY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
uoost — Cottu8 aeorpuisaad Qasteroateus puTigitius sob^pedeskvdk^
Many of the others arc extremely rare in collections.
LiciitcDaot MiDtzer'8 collection also, thoagh small in Uw biibIib
species, is rich in interest, and has greatly extended oor aniMJrta
unth some of the rarest of northera forms.
Family, PLEtrKONECTID.ai.
1. Plearoasotos FranUlnll Glinibcr.
Pltunnteta Franklinii GCkth., Cat. l-lsh. Brit. Mas., iv, ldG2, p. H2.
FUuroneotel (Bfcomiua) gJacialii Bicu., F. B. A., ii:, 1836, p. 358,
Platema gtadatit Rich., Voy. Herald, FIbIics, 1^4, p. 166, pL ixxii
Kichardsou records the species from Bathurst's Inlet (67^ 40* S.,11
W.}; Dr. Guntherha^ Arctic American specimens &om Dr. Bae anil
Haslar collection. Judging from the descriptions given by BidtliA
and Giinther, Pleuronectea Franklimi is very closely related to P. fli
(Storer) Gill.
2. HlppogloBaua vulgaris Flouiuig.
Halibut KuMLiEM, in lit. I'eh, 1(5, 1(*79.
Mr. Kumlien writes me, that " in Fehmary a large halibut vwcN
in a seal breathing-bolo by an Eskimo, but it was sometfaing eotitrij
known to them."
It may be that this was not HippogloBsut vulgariSy but PlatytomatiA
hippoglossoides {=Reinhardiiu8 kippoglossoidea (Walb.) Gill).
FISHES. 109
d inequality of the lobes and the singular shape are not present in the
3i.ller individuals referred to below.
dr. Kumlien sent the following notes of color: "Brassy red; belly
ite^ eye red. Fins dark purple brown." A sketch of this specimen
IMr. Kumlien has the caudal lobes equal.
L747. (481.) Kingwah iljonl, Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kiunlien. D. 13, — , 20. A.
^1. y. 6. Length 180 millimetres.
'" Tound on a seal-hole. Iris silvery white. Fins dark purple brown.
Uy and lower parts silvery. Back brassy olive brown." — Knmlien,
1*748. (857.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kumlien. D. 13,16,20. A. 19,21.
9. y. 6. Length 160 millimetres.
^ Dark brassy red, becoming blue-black on head. Silvery white on
ly. Pectorals white. All the rest of the fins dark purple-blue." —
nilien.
L753. (969.) Cumberland Gulf, Jan. 2, 1878, A. L. Kumlien. Length 112 millim.
* The principal food of Pagomys fxtidtis at this season.'' — Kumlien.
I have followed the lead of Malmgren* and Collettt in employing the
tne Oadus aaida Lepech. Professor Gollett has made a direct com-
rison of examples of this form of cod from Archangel, Greenland,
itzbergen, and Nova Zembla^ and he believes the polaris of Sabine,
24, Fabridi of Bichardson^ 1836^ and agilis of Beinhardt, 1838, to be
entical with O. saida. The only difierence that he obser\'^ed is that
dividuals from the White Sea have, as a rule, darker fins than the
8t, which he justly attributes to a difference in the surroundings of
le bottom in the different places. They agree in squamation, structure
'the teeth, position of the anus, and in every particular of the structure
'the body so completely that they cannot possibly be separated.^
PoUaohins carbonarius (Linn.) Bon.
Merlangus carbonarius Rich., Last of the Arctic Voyages, 1855, p. 375.
Bichardson records the species from Davis Strait.
Oadns morrhna Linn.
Gadus morrhua Rich., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 243.
Elichardson states that Davis observed many cod in the i>ossession of
d Eskimo who live between Cape Baleigh and Cumberland Strait.
Ofv. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Furh. 1864, p. 531.
Cbristiania Vid. Selsk. Forh. No. 14, 1878, (p. HO).
Men ioNTigt stemmc do i Skjoelbekliedning, Tandbygniug, Stillingen af Anus og i
.vert Ponkt af deres Legemsbyguing saa ftildkommen overcns, at nogen Adskillolso
Uem den ikke er mulig. — Colktt^ L c.
110 NATURAL HISTOBY OF ABCTIC AMEHICA.
6. GaduB ogao Rich.
CidB* oym- Rich., Faun. Bor. Amer., iii, 1836, p. 246.
Godu* oeak Budt., Vid. Selsk. Naturvid. og Math. Afb., dc«l vii, IfSia.
OadM ooat ErOykk, Voy. en Scanrl.. Ac, pi. xis.
■in^a. {1417.) i Oiidtliaab, Greenlimd, Angust 11, ICTe. D. 13, 13, «. i
SI. V. 6. Lt^ngtli iif spucimeu 330 millilnctrea.
A black spot ou the second dorsal, § as loTig jia the eye, between tbt
thirt«entb and flfteenth raj's.
ai724- (1418.) 9 Godtliaab,Grctiiland, August 11. lS7a D. 14, IB, 20. h.»,
16. V. <i. Leugth tif Hpocimcu 35S millimctTi's,
Tbe lateml line shows an ioterniption, nieasuriug 23 miUimctrGeoa^
left side, the right being nonual. The first portion of the Intera] liw
ends at the vertical tlirougli the iuterapaco bctwuon the first and eeoomt
dorsals: the second portion begins at the verticiil let &11 from the sixtb
rfty of the second dorsal.
ai7a5. (14IB.) 9 Godthaub, Greculiuid, Angiist 11, 1973. D. 14. 17, 18. K. !>.
SO. V. 6. Length of epocimen 300 miltimotreR.
KichordsoQ records this species at Cape Isabella, Peninsnla of Boothia-
GdtJiiK oijac Rich., may be only a viirioty of O. morrhua Linn.. »■•
claimed by Dr. Giinther ; bnt after examining many siwcimens of tbe
latter species and comparing thoni with Mr. Kiimlien's examples, I prefer
to consider these distinct from G. morrhiia and identical with Itichanl-
son's species. It may be that a laiger series would lead me to the same
coucliisioii reached by Dr. Giinther. I have studied all the common cort
in the Uiuted States National Museum, a verj" large series, ivccutly in
creased by the addition of a monster weighing 100 pounds, and find thai
<}ad)is ogac is distinguished fi-om (!. morrhmi by several inipoi-tant cliar
acU'is, among which are (I) a more slender caudal peduncle; (i!) a longer
barix'l ; (3) a larger eye; (i) a gitatcr distance between the eyes; {'>) a
longer pectoral ; and (fi) the more advanced )io.iition of the vontral,'*-
These differences may be seen in the tables of measurements, in wLidi
are given the proportions of parts of the Irody in hundredths of the total
length without tlic caudal.
The general color of Mr. Kumhen's specimens is very dark brown, and
the sides are inarblcd with white.
I
Tabh of MtMurvmeittt.
Siiede*, Oadut agae lUcb.
Concnt Dnmber of ipvcdiDaD ■ ■
IiKallt?
Boa J:
l,ciut hiaeht uf tnU
HiMd:
(in<iit«si leajEtli
WldtborintennbluawM..
LcnKlh of anoat
Ixaglh of batbel
Length of nuiillliiry
I,«iglhDrnuiiidibIa.
fotot
S1.T2S.
Qrvenknd.
Tabk of if AwiireiNratt— Continued.
C«n«tad>it«MqHlm«>
1T,«5.
Lolbten. Ndt-
17,IMa.
Hargeo.
17,40«».
1T.4M t.
Ib-rg™.
metTM.
IDMhl
Mmi-
lOMha
uuu-
metna.
'<^h. 1 urn.
length.
Xxti*nMl«uth<iritbODttwid>l) ..
341
<13
1
»00
39
n
1"
H
15
51
:::::::■ lai
'Si
" 1
Itonallflnt):
IS
lat
M
M
■* 1 •**
V«lh«l:
112 NATUBAL HISTORY OP ARCTIC AUEBICA.
Famfly, LTCODID^.
7. O jmnella viiidis (Fabr.) Rhdt.
21739. (726.) Head of Cnmberlana Gulf, June 13, tsra Length c»f ImgaCSail
I^ngtb of abgrter 59 tuillim.
"Qravel betusL, at low tide." — Kumlien,
21749. (G4e.) Head of CumbeTland Gulf, Hay 30, 1878. a, lOBmiUIiB. l,llBwI
c, 6D tnilliui. d, 60 millim.
" Coogjannemak of the Eskimo." — Kumlien.
21757. (6G1.) Head of Cumberlaod Gulf, Jnno 6, ISre. D. 95. A. 77. Ln|II
specimoD 104 millim.
" Gravel beach." — Kumlien.
2175». (G47.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, Uay 30, 19;a D. 105. LengthofEn
147 millimetrea.
"Tide-rifts, among stonm."— Kumlien. Color-sketch accompw;]
^1759. (C4G. ) Head of Cumberland Gulf, May 30, 187% D. 102. Length IttjBl
"Tido-rifts, among stones." — KvmlieTi.
31700. (G45.) Head ofCumberliuid Gulf, May 30, 187a D. 100. LengtbltiMil
*' Tide-rifts, among stones." — Kumlien.
121999. (80.) NiaDtilto,CumberlaDdGulf, Augnut, 1876. W. A. Hinti«',U.&K.
aiOmillim. ft, 170 millim. ; D. ca. 95; A. 77; P. 13. «, 175 millini. ; A75;P.
^134 millim.; A. 78; P.m.
"Fonnd between high and low watermark." — Mintzer.
This BiHjcies ia recorded from Prince Regent's Inlet (Bicb., F. B.
iii, 183C, i>. 271 ; stomach of kittiwake gnll); Korthnmberlaod Son
rescrration. As there is Uttlu on record conccmiBg Uie species, and
Ui« example under consideratinn is mncli larger tlian the typos, and,
while it agrees In nil important parliculara with Kiehardson'tt descrip-
tiou and llgiire of L. ntimcoKVK, still bIiows some diScreiicoB in the
orementA, I have drawn np a dciscriptioii and prei)ar«d an s€conii)anyii)g
table of iue»Aureinent8. It will be obsened that in Lieutenant Jlintzer's
Bpecinieu the liead is longiir and widt^r and the height and width
body slightlj 1p8» than in the tyjies, wliieh variations may bo acconnt<
for by the difference in size.
I-ilto all the other desciilied species of Lycodcs, except L. paxilli
(loode & Bean, of whicti I have knowledge, the width of the body at tin
vent is Terj* much less thnn jnst behind the pectorals, and the height
of the body at the same jtoint is also considerably less than it is in the
anterior jiart of the body ; in other words, the body tapers decidedly,
and the tail is much compressed.
Description. — ^The length of tJie eiample is 430 millimetres (17 Englinl
inches). Scales arc entirely wanting.
The greatest height of the body (at the pettorals) is contained ^ timi
and its greatest width (jnst behind the pectorals) 0 times in the tol
longtli. Tlie width at the vent Is contained 8 times in the length of the
head, and twico in the length of the longest dorsal ray. The height at
the ventnilB about equals the height of the I»ody at the i»ectoriU8. The
height of the body at tbe vent equals half tlie greatest width of the h<
and is C4intained 11 J times in the total length.
The head is very large, its longtli being ^ of the total, and M
greatest width contained GJ times in the whole length. The iltstanee fn>i
the tip of the snont to the nape is ^ of total length, and J of the leuj
the mandible. The distance between the eyes is (M^ntained (i timi
I lie length qf the head. The length of the snout is ^ of the leni
oi the head. The nostrils are much farther from the eyes than from eaol
otber, their distance from the eyes being contained 4^ times in the leuj
of the hciul. The length of the upjwr jaw is contained (JJ times
total length ; of the lower juw,Gg limes; the npperjaw slightly exceed-
ing the inandri)le in length. The eyes are very small, close together,
!M!d high, their long diameter Iieuig equal to i^of the length of
,M.l.
1 ho distant^ from the tip of the snout to the beginning of the dors
1 1 in contained 3^ times in the total length. Tlie lirst ray of the d
i'lntained 5 J times in the length of the heat], and the longest, 4 t
ITie distance of the anal (Vom the snont ia JJ of the total length i
L Bull Nat. Mils. No. 15 S
»g
r'a M
1
114 NATURAL BISTOBT OF ASCTTC AHEBICA.
almost equals twice tbe distance of the pectond ftom the snoot Tbe
flrat anal ray is contained 9} times in the length of the head, the kmgwt
4^ times. The Tent is nefu'ly in the middle of the total length.
The distance from the tip of the snoat to the base of the pectoitl ii
contained 3^ times, and the length of the pectoral 6} times in total
length. The length of the pectoral eqoals that of the mandible, and
only slightly exceeds one-half of the length of the hettd.
The distance of the ventral &om the tip of the snout equals the tength
of the head. The length of the ventral equals the long diiuneter of tte
eye.
Badial /ormuUi.—'D. (including half of caudal) 90 ; A. (indndiDg lalf
of caudal) 71; P. 18; T. 3.
Colon. — ^These agree, in the main, so closely with Bichardstrn's d^
scription of them, that it is annecessary to say more than tliat the oon-
markings are faint and narrow.
The gape of the month is very wide. The character and arrangeiDesi
of the teeth agree perfectly with the original description.
Table of JfRMur«Mmt*.
t ber
f Im
1«-U
T?^
IDOtluaf
UM.
4M
^^ik
FISHES. 115
9. Lyoodes polaris (Sabine) Blch.
Blennius polaris Sabinb, App. Parry's First Toy., p. ccxii.
Lyoodes polana-RiCH,, Last Arc. Voy., 1865, p. 362.
Described firom North Georgia, lat 75^ N., long. 11(K> W. Eecorded,
also, from the west Bide of the Peninsnla of Boothia by Capt. J. C. Boss.
10. Uronaotes Parryl (Boss) Gilnther.
Ophidium Parrii Boss, in Parry's Third Voy., App., p. 109; Polar Voyage, p.
199.— BiCH., F. B. A., iu, 1836, p. 274.
Discovered in Baflin's Bay and Prince Regent's Inlet Observed near
Felix Harbor, ^ected by a glaucous gull. — Rich.y L e.
Family, STICH-^ID-^.
11. Centroblennins nnbilns (Bich.) Gill.
iMw^ffemu mubiluB BiCH., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 359, pi. xxviii.
This species was described from Northumberland Sound, lat. 76^ 53^ N.
Family, ZIPHIDIONTID^.
12. Mturasnoides faaoiatns (Schn.) Gill.
OwnneUui fasdatus Bicn., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 357, pi. xxvii.
Bichardson records the species from Northumberland Sound.
FamUy, CYCLOPTERID^.
13. Bomiorotremiui apinoaiui (Fabr.) GilL
Cydoptenu tpinaaua Gt^NTH., P. Z. S., 1877, pp. 293, 476.
Gilnther has examined specimens from Franklin Pierce Bay.
14. Cjroloptenui Inmpiui Linn.
21726. (1411.) Godthaab, Disko Island, Greenland.
Mr.Kumlien brought down a single specimen 430 millimetres in length,
and furnished the following notes of color : ^^ Varying shades of dusky
olive green. Dorsal light. Belly nearly white. Iris umber."
Family, LIPARIDID^.
15. Zaipaxls vnlgazis Fleming. «
Lipari8 Imeata (Lep.) Er()ter, Nat. Tidsskriit, ii, 2, p. 284; ili, 1, p. 244; Voy.
en Scand., &«., pi. xiii, fig. 2.
Liparii lineatus Collett, Christiania Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1878, No. 14, (p. 32).
21762. (657.) Annanactook, Cumberland Gulf. D. 42. A. H, 34. P. 35. C. 11.
Taken in " 7 fathoms. Nee-fitz-shak of the Eskimo." — Kumlien.
21763. (859.) Head of Cumberland Gulf, June 29, 1878. (a) D. 19, 23; A. 34.
(b) D. 19,21; A. 35.
" Fastened to kelp in 7 fathoms." — Kumlien,
21764. (860.) Annanactook, Cumberland Gulf, June 29, 187a
" Fastened to kelp." — Kumlien.
116 KATUBAL BISTORT OF ABCTIC AHERICA.
317QS. (858.) Head of CumlwrlMid Gulf, JiuwS9,ie7& D.41. A.S4. P. 94. CM
''Fastened to kelp in 6 fitthoms."— £iimH«fi.
31763. (&73.) Anniuiactook, Camberlaiid GdIC
Beferrcd doalitftilly to L. vulgaria. The specimeD is young and in bid
condition. It was taken in 9 foUioms.
Bicliardsoii (F. B. A., ill, 1836, p. 263) mentions this species from tke
west side of Da^is Strait in lat. 70°, and from Regent's Inlet.
Professor Collett fonnd the alimentaiy canal of one of his e
filled with small amphipods, one of tbem being CapnOa *
Kr,, together with many individnals of Proiomedda/tuciata Kr."
16. Llpaila F>biloU EiSy et.
LipaTi$ Fabrieii QttUTHER, P. Z. 8., 1877, pp. SH, 476.
Dr. Oiinther has examined specimens collected in Discovery Bay »
Franhlin Pierce Bay.
Family, AOONID^.
17. A>pldoplioiold«a monoptoiygltu (Bloch) Storer.
A»pidO])horoidf» monoplcryglvi OUmtb., F. Z. S., 1BT7, p. S95.
A young individual was taken in 30 fathoms, lat. 65" N., long. 53° W.
QUntber, I. c
Family, COTTID^.
18. CoUqs aooipliw Linn.
21989. (151.) S Kiantilio Harbor, Camberland Gnlf, A. L. Kntnlien.
31743. (IBO.) S Niontilic Harbor, Cnmberlnod Gulf, A. L, Enmlieu.
FISHES.
117
was presented to the United States National Museum by Prof. Robert
CoUett The agreement between these two in all essential particulars
is very striking. We may safely record this species, then, at least as
tax south as Eastport. The true Cottus scarpius may be distingiliiihed
from the sub-species which follows by its narrower interorbital distance,
and the lesser length of the dorsal spines, particularly the anterior ones.
Table of Measurements,
Species, CoUut teorpiu* Unn.
Current number of specimen
Locality
21«742 a, d-
Cumberland Golf.
MilUme.
tres.
Extreme length
Length to origin of middle caudal royi
Greatest heiffht
Greatest width (at pectoral base) ■
Height at ventrols
Least height of tail
Head:
G reatest length
Distance fit>m mont to nape
Greatest width at base of pneop. spines
Width of interorbital area
Length of snout
Length of upper Jaw
Length of mandible
Distance ttom snout to orbit
Diameter of orbit
Dorsal (spinous) :
Disisnce from snout
Length of base
I^ength ftom end of dorsal to origin of mid-
dle caudal rays
Length of first spine
Jjcngthof second spine
Length of third spine
Length of fourth spine
Length of fifth spine
Length of sixth spine
Length of seventh spine
Length of eighth spine
Length of ninth spine
Length of tenth spine
Length of longest ray
Length of lost ray
Anal:
Distance from snout
Length of base
Length of first ray
I^ength of longest ray
Length of last ray
Caudal:
Length of middle rays
Pectoraf:
Distance firom snout (upper axil)
Length
Yentral:
Distance from snout
Length
Bxonohiostegals I
Donol
100
140
Pectoral
Tentral.
{
lOOths
of
length.
Right VI >
LeftVUj
X,16
14
Right 10)
Left J8$
. 1.3
23
21
23
0
88
28
23
?
J?
10
8
84
23
10
10
11
12
12
12
12
10
0
8
81
10
ft
04
2ft
5
18
0
20
35
26
82
20
21.989. 9.
Cumberland
Gulf.
IdiUi.
metres.
180
150
lOOths
of
Itingth.
VI
X,16
13
17
1.8
24
21
24
0
88
27
28
J»
18
20
10
8
88
2ft
10
0
10
U
13
12
12
11
0
7
2
17
6
64
24
7
14
6»
20
34
27
32
20
10,874, Jut.
Sastport, He.
MOli.
metres.
lOOths
of
length.
88
72
VI
IX, 15
14
17
1.8
24
20
24
6*
30
28
23
5
8
17
10
10
3ft
22
11
12
13
12
11
10
8
5|
3
10
63
20
0
12
7
oo
tea*
3G
26
34
21
NATUBAL HI8T0BT OF ABCTIC AHEKICA.
Table of MmiuremeitU — ContiiKied.
Comot nombeT of apeclinDa ! 17A3Sa,-d.
L«aUti { "^=^;;^.'*"-
GiwtcMlenetb..
IMrtoiioo from BH - ,-
OnMtM orldtb at bue <
UoDUtn of orUC. ..
DdimI (iplnoiu) :
Dbtuice rrom >..
LeniFth of baao . _
•~- — —it boigbt...
Len^h of aeoapd spine . .
Leagtb a[ IblrdBplne ...
Lni^th of Amtlh iiptDO - -
LoEiflthof flitb ipme ...-__
Lengtb of giitfa ajilno
LflDjrth of MTMitb Aplno.-.
Lea^h of eigblb tabu
Loni^h of ninth spla^
Lim^b of tenEb apine .
I*nsth nf IpDgiwt tuf . .
17,*33 b. ?.
DerEtn-Kor-
FISHES.
^1730. Qodthaab, Gicculiuiil, A. L. Kumlien.
'JI731. GodUioab, Gnwiilanit, A. L. Koiulieu.
21740. (IGI.) (f . Niantilio HarlKir, Cumlwrlunrt Gulf, A. L, Kumlicn.
S1T51. (67.) Voiiag. Arolic Id., Ciimlwrlond Gulf, X. I-. Kumlien.
IG031. Manj jouug. Ciuubirrliuiil Cull', Liuut. W. A. MInticr.
I liavB readied practically tbe same eoiiclusiou coDeeming tbe i
lioDB of C. Kcorpiu« and V. ffronlandicus as Dr. LUtkcn, Malmgren, and Col
Iftt, Bincft it is probable tliat they use the t^riu " \Tirietj* " in the same seii8u
in whicli I use " sub-species." Dr. Liitkeu, however, supposes tbe Cultun
rnriabilia of Ayres to t)e a synonym of C. Hcorpitu sub-species ffriinlandi-
cuji; but it is identical with Cottus aneus Mitchill. The Cottu* Mitchilli
(if Ciuier and YaleDcieuncs, which was a mere name based on the Cottiut
sa/rpiu* of Mitchill, is evidently a synonym of C. ncorpiun sub-sitecies
fjronlandicm ; but the name Cottun Mitchilli, as used by Dr. DeKay and
F'rofessor Gill and understood in the muaenm catalogues, was aasociaM
with the spoeiea which shonid be called C. (TiifM* of Mitchill. DoKaj^
Cottus teneus as described and flgtired is a compound of tetifus and o
lierimiqtiniitivit. H'la C. MitckilU is the true imeux uf Mitchill.
C WTUfuii Mitchill is the smallest of tbe morino sculpins of the e
coast so far »» known, luid appears to be tbe least widely distrtbuteil. \ta
limiln may be stated as Long: Island on the soutli and Maine on tlK- north.
1 1 has thu narrowest interorbitnl space of our five known species,
not uncommon to find individuals of 2J inches in length full of 8i>aw
Tbe base of the anal is almost invnrinbly sliortf^r than that of the 6
dorwil. It is highly probable that DcKny's figure* of Cottm <
Mitchill was drawn Irom a specimen of Coitus octodeciingpinosus Mitch-
ill, the only known Eastern American seulpiu with so long ft spine on
tbe proioperculuni. The nnmber of anal rays (13) in this figure 1
iit'\-er been recorded in Coitus mnctta, but is common in C. octodecim
Mosw. DeKay's figure of Colius Mitchilli is a fair representation of t
aneua of Mitchill.
Cottus Dcorpiug Bnb-si>ecies grimUindicm has about the same soathei
tit as C. cenem, hut it mnges northward to Greenland. It is abundant
"Wood's Holl, Miissai^ihuiietts, in winter. The United States Fish
tnmission has found it common in snmmer at different points along
I coast between Cape Cod and Halifa.\, Nova Scotia. At Salem i
mcest«r it wa« caught team the wbar%-e8. Tbe stomach of an ado]
medium size, taken at Wood's Holl, Mass., by the Fnited Sta
Fish Ounnnissioo, contained three crabs, Cancer irroratus.
120
NATUBAL mSTOBT OF ABCTIC AUEKICA.
Cottus octodedmapinosut Mitchill is known from TTftTifw on th« BOfth
to Beesley's Point, ISew Jersey, «n the sontli, where it was ooUeeled bf
Pro£ S. F. Baird in 1854. It ia considered a sh^low-water species ; bnt
the United States Fish Commission has a specimen frtim 68 &t)ioiBi ta
the Golf of Maine, where the temperature was aboat 12° Fahr. Ike
greater portion of the examples were iVom 10 fothoms or less.
Add to these Cottus aoorpioides of Fahridns, and it will oompMe the
list of Eastern North American species of the genns Cotfa ao te M
known.
As already intimated, Cottus soorpius sab-species ffrSnlandieia is quite
readily separated from tiie typical 0. aeorpiiu by its wider intoortilil
distance and its higher spinous dorsal, which differences are best ex(»
plifled in the specimens firom Greenlfuid, and appear, along with otkcf%
in tiie measurement tables.
Table of Meanremmtt.
SpeclBi, OottM taifpliut taHnfucixa (rnnlBHUoit.
CorrenlnumbororBpecimm
SLTJI. a.7M.
MUIlnw-
lMlh.01
length.
Mmiwt
ZK-
Kmrme lencth
M
us
"EW....tb.teM
«
^1
FISHES.
121
Table qf MeaturemenU — Continaed.
Cvxreiit nmDlMr of ■pecimcn
LooaUiy
CmmUU:
Length of middle lays
PwtorsT:
Dutanoe from snout (upper axil)
Length
▼entnl:
Distance from snout
Length
Brmchiostegals
Domal
{
Poetoral {
Yentral
21,731.
21,780.
Godthaab, Greenland, Aug. 8, 1R78.
Millime-
tres.
Bight YI
Left VI
X.16
14
Bight 17
Left 17
I. 3
lOOths of
length.
86
28
29|
21
MLnhne-
tree.
vn
vn
XI, 17
14
17
17
I. 8
lOOthsof
length.
21*
34
29
81
24
Current number of spechnen.
Locality
length
Length to or%in of middle oandal rays.
height of taU
Length of caudal peduncle .
B!ead:
Width of interorbitol area .
Length of snout ■
Length of upper Jaw
Lenffth of mimdiDle
Donal (spinous) :
Length of first spine
Length of secofba spine ...
Length of third spine
Length of fourth spine . . . .
Lenirth of fifth spine
Length of sixth spine
Length of seventli spine . . .
Length of eiithth spine . . . .
Length of ninth spine
X^ength of tenth spine.
Length of eleventh spine . . .
Length of longest ray
Distance from snout
Pectoral:
Length
Yentral:
Distance firom snout
Length
Braoohiostegals
Dorsal ,
{
Pectoral
Yentral.
21,729.
21,728.
Godthaab, Greenland, Aug. 8, 1878.
Millimo-
tres.
lOOthsof
length.
235
195
Bight YI
Left YI
XI. I, 16
14
Bight 17
Left 17
I. 8
H
10
6
9
19
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
19
10
13
10
6
20
81
88
25
Millime-
ties.
218
178
lOOthsof
length.
18
19
181
18
19
181
n
14
9
6
20
YI
YI
X,!, 10
13
17
18
I, 8
83
28
NATUBAL HIBTOBT OF ABCTIC AMERICA.
La«[ boiRbt of UQ
t«nfftb of dnh B
' tliof M<a>£nfaw..
Ih of elelitlianaHi
bUisT ninth ai^ne —
Lmgtb of UMb *plsa
Lenetk of IdBceat rmy
LFoCtb of tHtn;
DliliDco fnns snout
Loagrh of ttntrmy..
PISHES. 12^
r of them. It is a species cliaract«rizod by a vnvy Bliurt liea<l iindl
ft jiiws, tlie beaU coDBtitutiug only one-third of the total leugtJi witl
the caudal, and llio upper Jaw equalliug less thnn ouc-seveiith uf tlu
I leiigth. The length of the iippcr jaw of C. grimtandiou)! eijiial
f more tlian one-sixth of the total length without caudal, and idi
^rpim it is contained only Gj timea in the length exclusive of the I
The BpecieH agrees with Fabricins's description and with Dr.
n*8 diagnosis of CoUw swrjiioides. For the sake of comparison, I
b prej^ared a table of measurements of the head and jawa of 9 addl-j
I specimens of 0. griinlandicus to follow the nieasureinents of (
ioidef. The unit of length in the tables is the total length to t
if Uie middle caudal rays.
riptioH, — The shape of the body resembles that of Cotdm scorpiu
e caudal peduncle is longer and more slender.
0 greatest height of the body, n'liich is at tlie vontrals, equals thq
mce from the tip of the snout to tho nape, and in contained 4j timei
B length without caudal. The caudal peduncle is slender and long ;
ist height is less than the long diameter of the orbit, and its length
uigin of the middle caudal iitys equals the length of the longest
e length of tlie bead, measured to the end of the opercular flap, i
jkined 3 times in the unit uf length. The width of the heitd at thd
f the priEopcrcHlar spines rqualH the distance from the snout tofl
[papc, oud nearly equals the length of the anal base, llie long*
leterof the eye equals half tho length of the upper jaw, and im
I little less than tho length of the snout. The distance hotweei
fyes equals ^ of the length of the mandible, and is continued £
1 the unit of length. The lengtli of the snout equals j the leugtll
B mandible, and is contaiueil 14 times in the unit of length.
B distance of the spinous dorsal fioin the snout equals twice till
h of the longest ray of tlie second dorsal and is nearly or qoit<
K to the length of the hea<l. The first spine is contained 11 tiuie«,f
xmd 9J times, and the third, fourth, and fifth 0 times in the unifel
From this point the spines diminish gradually in length tol
:, which is ^ as long as the first. The longest ray of the seconcll
i is contained flj times in the unit of length.
e distance of the anal from the snout equals twice the length of thai
The anus is directly under the origin of the second dorsal,
igtli of tho anal base is about equal to the distance from t
124
NATL'RAL HISTOET OP ABCTIC AMEEICA.
snout to tbo nape. The first aud laat rays aie usually cqnal in leogtb,
and equal tbe length of the snout The longest anal ray eqoals in tenglh
the caudal peduncle.
The length of the middlis caudal rays is contained from 5 to 6 timCT in
ttie nnit of length,
The distauce of the pectoi^ from the snout is couUiined 3^ tiiui«, and
its length 3^ to 4 times in the unit of length.
The distance of the ventral from the snout equals twice the hmgUisf
tlie upjter Jaw. The length of the ventral iu females is coDtaloed 5
times (in one nearly 6 times) in the nnit of len^; in males, aboot4J
times.
Sadial formula.— B.\l; D. IX-X, 15-10; A. 11-13; P. 15-16; V.I, 3.
Dr. Liitken is of the opinion that ^'■CoUug packffpw Giinther (IWidi
Port Leopold) is the genuine C. gmrpioides," in which opinion I fullj
coincide after a comparison of Mr. Kumlien's specimens with FahridoA
description of C, Bcorpioidea aud the description of C. packypm.
Coitus scorpioidea appears in Professor Gill's List of East Coast Fishea
with a doubt as to its reference to the genus Cottu», to which gvnns,
howev J, it was properly referred by Fahrlcius.
faite of MeaiUTemmtii.
I 2l,-!ib b, d. I
LocJltj-
LatSfi=
24' N.
Long. ae° KWf.
MiUl-
leDfcth.
Mim-
IMtttu
of
longth.
S.
E trpT 1 rtli
83
«
113
US
Buily:
33
33
ID
ID
11
S3
Doi tal (8|>iD0D8) :
FISHES.
125
Table of Measurnneni^—Contirmed.
Species, Ootttct MOfpfoidM FBl>r.
iJnnent nnmber of specimen
21,745 a. I 21,745 b, (f. \ 21,745 c, 9.
Lat60"24'N. Long, CS9 4V W.
Mnu. .
metres.
ILnol:
Distanoe from snont . .
Len;jtb of base
Length of iiist ray —
Length of longest ray.
Length of last ray ....
i^Mtdml:
Length of middle rays
Paetoraf:
Distance firom snout . .
Length
Distance from snout . .
Length
Bmichioategals
Donal
Pectoral
Ventral.
VI
IX, 16
13
15
1.8
lOOths
of
length.
60
24
8
18
8
21
81
29
29
21
Milli.
metres.
X,16
12
16
1.8
lOOths
of
length.
60
80
80
29
23
Milli.
metres.
IX, 16
1-i
10
1.3
lOOths
of
length.
61
26
17
Cmrent number of specimen
Locality
{
length
Length to origin of middle caudal nys.
Body:
Greatest height
Greatest wkfth
Boiirht at ventrals
Least heisht of tail
LengUi of caudal peduncle
Greatest length
Distance from snont to nape
Greatest width
Width of iutcrorbital area . .
Length, of snout
Length of maxillary
I>ngth of mandible
Distance fh>m snout to orbit
Diameter of orbit
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snout
Length of base
Length of first spiuo
Length of second spine
Length of tbinl spmo
Length of fourth spine
Length of fifth spine
Length of sixth spine
Length of seventh spine ....
Length of eijgbth spine
Length vf nmth spmo
Length of tenth spine
Length of Ion;;est ray
Length of last ruy
Distance fhnn snout
Length of base
Length of first ny. .
21,745(1,9.
Lat eco 24' N.
Lon. 680 4y w.
22,827, 9.
Cumberland
Gulf.
Milli.
metres.
102
lOOths
of
length.
Milli.
metres.
223
100
6
14
33
23
5
7
14
15
7
31
61
lOOths
of
length.
23
22
23
H
32
23|
22
?i
14
15
8
7
30
27
10
11
111
'?
7
5
3
16
6«
61
23
7*
Aver-
ages.
lOOths
of
length.
28
7
32
0
10|
11
11
11
10
9
7
5
3
16
61
It
NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA,
Table «f IfMsiirmiwni*— Contimied.
Species. Oettiu tnrpUda Fkbt.
ai,7<6 4 9-
1*1. (W w N.
M.sn. 9.
Ci»iib«tiuid
Lonllty {
Aw
Mini-
looth.
or
Mill,- i '"«'-
l«Mta
AdbI:
f
n
M
IB
3U
ar
IB
SO
::::
'"Sl^':;::;;::;:::; :
T
u
3p«cic>. OnWia marpliu snb^pecf h pronEan<li«u.
22,
■72 a.
«~n*
aiB..
BaekipnlUg.
MQIi.
lOOtlu
length.
Mtm-
let^h.
,rL
URki
lOfU.
S
W
"
17*
S
Hcoa;
m
Curriutniraibfrof
Buckeport, Ue.
22,272 1
BackBport, Ue.
Biickq>cM.]b.
1 11
^
»"""■] lea Jtb.
Milli.
IfTlgtb-
Milll.
76
17
79
i
80
22.272 ff.
Itiick«rgrt.Me.
:S,Z7!A.
BuckuportMe-
DnckiT*'.''^
MOli-
IMths
Icn^h.
lnfU««.
IDWlll
or
leoglh.
■n^fSt
3
Exlrcmpkiiilh wiHiontcoodiil -
7I
19
^
:::..:.
I
H™1:
^
PISHES. 127
SI. Ctottos qnadzioomis Linn.
CotttuguadrieomiiBiCH., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, pp. 348-9 : GtifTH.,P.Z.SMl877,
p. 293.
Bichardson records the species from the Coppermine Biver region and
OoEonation Gulf (68o 3(K N., llQo y7.).—0iinth€r.
. Cottiu polaxls Sabine.
CoUuapolaria Rich., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 351.
Bichardson refers to this species as occurring at Korth G^rgia, lat.
72P 'S.y and at the Peninsula of Boothia. The radial formula appears '
to me more like that of a Centridermichthys than anything else, but the
genus to which it properly belongs is uncertain.
Oymnaoanthns pistiUlgar (PaU.) GiU, MS.
CoUiu ventrdli8 Cuv. & VaIm, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, p. 194: Colleit, Cluristi-
ania Yid. Selsk. Forh. 1R78, No. 14, (p. 15).
81738. (1373.) Godthaab, Dlsko Id., Greenland, A. L. Kamlien. D. XII, I, 16.
A. 18. y. 3. Yentrals nearly reach vent.
91733. (1374.) Godthaab, A. L. Knmlien. D. XII, 15. A. 19. V. 3. Ventrals
moh fifth ray of anal.
91734. Qodthaab. A. L. Kamlien. D. XI, 16. A. 18. V. 3. Ventrals extend
ttfttla more than halfway to vent.
8173S. Godthaab. A. L. Knmlien. D. XI, 17. A. 18. V. 3. Ventrals reach thinl
my of anal.
91798. Godthaab. A. L. Knmlien. D. XII, 17. A. 19. V. 3. Ventrals nearly
jwch Tent.
91737. Godthaab. A. L. Kamlien. D. XII, I, 15. A. 18. V. 3. Ventrals reach
iMirtti ray of anal.
91741. (151.) Niantilic Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, A. L. Kamlien.
91743. (180.) NiantiUc Harbor, A. L. KumHen.
88338. Niantilic Harbor, Aug. 1876, Lieut. W. A. Miutzer.
17431. Christiania, Norway, M. G. Hotting, inspector of fisheries. D. XII, 14. A.
16b V. 3. Ventrals reach fourth ray of anal.
Dr. Liitken rejects the name Oymnocanthus^ Swainson, because the
genus was badly defined. There can be no difference of opinion as to
the fact that the genus was poorly characterized ; but there is an attempt
at definition and a reference to a figtire of the type-species, so that one
need not hesitate as to what is intended. K we begin to reject names
of genera because they are not accompanied by complete descriptions,
we may find it difficult to draw the line between what we shall accept
and what we shall r^ect. In retaining Swainson's name it may not
128 KATUBAL HI8T0BT OF ABCTIC AMERICA.
be amiss to rcprodnce. bis descriptioD.* Gonceming Uw qietsAe u
pistiUiger, T>r. Ltitken 8ays:t "Inflnenced by Steindachiuf^ boI
(Wien. Sitzungsb. 1876} on C.pUtilliger, Palla8, 1 have Boa^it infon
tiou coaceming thia species in tbe Berlin Mosenis; the type ia ool
bad half skin preserved in spirifas ; Prof. Peten has beeo so oUig
as to send it to me for investigatioD, and I have thereby been aU
convince myself that the 'pistils' ^hich Pallas describes as soft thic
with spongy heads are in reality only tbe half emciform, spiny n
which distingnish a certain part of the side of the body in C Wna
Since the name 'pUtilliger' is thus founded on a nusapprehenskn,
reputed priority (1811) cannot reqnlre tbat it be given the preftn
over the next in the series, and ve shonld therefore fix upon the u
Phobctor ventrdlis, ■ Cuv. & VaL" If we were to throw out all nai
which are Uised upon a misapprehension it would involve na in • p
deal of unnecessary confusion, and it would be difficult to dMide 1
far tlie elimination shonld proceed. Tbe &ct that Dr. LUtken eoaM
cognize the peculiarity in which the si)eciflc name originated is a nr
apology* for its adoption by Pallas.
24. loelns hmmatoa Kruf er.
Icelua hamalua GQkth., P. Z. 8., 1877, pp. 293, 476.
This Bi)ecies was collected in Discovery Bay, Franklin Pierce B«y,i
at Oape Napoleon, in the month of Angnst, by Captain Feilden, and
Franklin Pierce Bay, August 11, 1875, by Mr. C. Hart
FISHES.
129
Family, GASTEROSTEID^.
26. OaAtaroBteuB iiiBOiilptus Rich.
GaateroBteus inaculptua Rich., Last Arc. Voy., 1855, p. 356, pi. xxy. *
The types were from Northumberland Sound, lat. 76^ 53^ N.
27. Oasterosteus pungitius Linn., sub-species braohypoda Bean.
In small streams on the sides of Oosooadlin Mountain, and in a Stile
pond on the top, 1,500 feet above tide-level, Mr. Kumlien collected
numerous examples of a many-spined stickleback, which resembles Ods-
teraatevs pungitius Linn., in most particulars, but may be readily distin-
guished from it by its very short ventral spines. The tables of measure-
ments and radial formulsB appended will show other differences, which
are, however, not so important.
Description. — ^The greatest height of body is contained 5f times in its
length to origin of middle caudal rays (in gravid females, 4^ times) ; the
greatest width, 10 times (in gravid females, 8 times). The height at ven-
trals is contained 5^ times in length of body (in gravid females, 5 times or
slightly less). The least height of tail equals half the length of the first
dorsal spine. The length of caudal peduncle is ^ of length of body.
The length of head equals 4 times the length of upper jaw, and is
from i to ^ of length of body. The greatest width of head nearly equals
length of middle caudal rays. The distance between the eyes equals
the length of snout, which equals the length of antecedent spine of soft
dorsal. The length of the operculum equals the length of ventral spine,
which is slightly less than a third of length of head. The length of
mandible equals the long diameter of the orbit.
The distance of the spinous dorsal from the snout is ftx)m J to -ft of
length of body, and is almost uniformly less than its length of base. The
first and second spines of the dorsal ai*e equal in length, and are about
I as long as the ventral spine. The last spine of the dorsal is slightly
less than the first. The antecedent spine of the second dorsal is some-
what longer than the first of the spinous dorsal, and half as long as the
first ray following it. The first ray of the soft dorsal is contained 8J
times in length of body, and is three times as long as the last ray.
The distance of the anal from the tip of snout equals | of length of
body ; its length of base is twice the length of its first and longest ray,
and slightly less than J of length of body. The anal spine is half as
long as the first anal ray (in young individuals, f ).
The length of the middle caudal rays is contained 8J times in length
ot' body ; the length of external rays, 7^ times.
The distance of the pectoral fix)m the tip of snoxLtAA QOW\.^Ti<^ ^>3as^^^
Ball. Nat Mns. No. W ^9 %
130 NATURAL niSTOKT OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
in tb6 total, aud about eijuals t^vice its own length. Wbea espande
the pectoral extends usually to the 7th dorsal spine (6th to 8th).
The distance of the ventral from the tip of snout slightlyesceeiis A of
length of body. The length of the ventral spine is always a little lesa
than jf of the length of the head.
lladial/ormwla.—D.lX-XI,I,10-ll; A. 1,9-11; C.+,12,+; P.IO;
V. 1, 1.
Color. — General color dull silvery, minutely punctulated with black;
npiwr half of body with large irregular areas of black ; chin, throat, and
alHlumeu black in males, silvery in llie females studied. Nilssou records
a similar condition in Q. pungUitts.*
The relations ot Qasierontcm pangitim yax. bravhypoda to the pungitiiu
{=P)/f;oiilffU)i occidentalis (0. & V.) Brevoort) of New England are showu
in the table of comparative measurements which follows. I do not lue
the name Pyoosteu^ occide?Ualis, for the reason that our many-spiuol
stickloback bearing that name shows no characters by which it may t«
Bex>ai'ated Irom the Gasteroatempungitiua of Linn6 as a species, and tlie
genus Pygoateus has nothing to exclude it from Qasterosteus. The gewa
Pligoiteus, although credited to Brevoort, was not defined by him; it
appeiu's in Gill's Cataloguef as a name only. The first to indicate
chanictei^s by which it was thought the genus could be distinguished
was Jordan ; f hej' are stated to be the following : " Dorsal spines 7 or
moie; sides mailed or not." J So far as the squamation is concerned,
the collections of the United States National Museum show all sorts of
individual vai'iation, and justify tlie ground taken by Giinther in his
an-augemcnt of the varieties of G. aculeatiis; certainly, the squamation
is not even of specific importance. The number of dorsal spines in the
specimens of G. pungitius studied ranges from 7 to 11. In Gasteroateiu
inconstans, § Kiitland, the range is firom 3 to C. 1 have seen a fresh-
*" Variat iibilomine iiigro." — Prod. Ichlh. Scand., ISSi, p. 86.
f Cnlalogiie of tlio Finlies of tho Eastern Coast of North America from Greenland to
Georgia, by Theodore Gill, Jan. 1«11, p. 39.
I M.iiiiial of the VL-Mebratea of tho Northoru United States, 1*76, p. 24d.
}£.'uca(iain(!Oiw(oji«, Jordan, Manual of Verlebru(«a,18?G; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,
1S77, p. fw. Tho geu<:ric ehaiactera ascribed to Encalia are: (1) "Dorsal spines in u
right line," which is also tnlo in Gaetcroelcue actiUalue, L. ; even in tho inany-spim-d
stickleback, G. pungiliiiii, 1 havo frcqnently seen the last four or five spines in a righi
liili', ivhile the nutcrior ones preserved their zigzag arrangement ; (2) " Ventral plates
coalesced iuto u narrow plate on this modiau lino between tho ventral fius," jnst as in
G. aciiJealii» undo, pangiliat; (3) "A distinct sub-quadrate post -pectoral plate," wliicb
ia present in most sticklebacks; tlie" associated characters^indicated contain nothing
gcncrically diatinuUve,
PISHES. 131
water stickleback firom Maine,* which resembles (?. pungitius in many
respects, but has only 2 dorsal spines. The number of dorsal spines
would seem, therefore, to be certainly of not more than si>ecific value.
Oasterostevs nebuloaus seems to me to be separated firom 0. pungitius
by no constant^haracter, but only by its habitat Oasterosteus mainenHs
is identical with 0. pungititts.
Apeltea (DeKay) Jordan is well separated firom Oasteroatetts by the
fitmcture of its pubic bones.
The United States National Museum has received from the Mus^
d'Histoire Katurelle, of Paris, one of the types of Oasterosteus blanchardi
Sauvage, described from specimens sent from Boston, United States.
This species is our common many-spined stickleback, 0. pungitiuSy as will
appear from the table of measurements, and the name must be regarded
as a synonym of the latter. It is worthy of remark in passing that the
ahape of the post-pectoral plate in species of Oasterosteus^ which has
been employed as an important diagnostic character, is so variable, even
on the two sides of the same fish, that it is not to be depended upon.
The sticklebacks of eastern North America, so far as observed be me,
may all be referred to the genera Apeltes and Oasterosteus.
The basis of the foregoing description of the stickleback collected by
Mr. Kumlien is the table of measurements which follows. Only 8 exam-
ples were measured, but these show the extremes of variation in the
. numerous specimens secured. In none of the individuals does the length
of the ventral spine exceed one-third of the length of the head.
Mr. Kumlien has sent me the following notes on the species: ^^The
Oasterosteus was taken from a pond more than a thousand feet above
fbe sea on the mountain side. Said ponds were not over 18 inches deep,
and of course freeze solid in winter. In fact, there was but very little
water at the time I procured the fish. It is imi>ossible that they could
have come up from below, as the i>ond empties by a series of perpendicular
ikUs, some of them 30 feet or more. In my note-book I find that they
were light greenish above, barred with dusky brown and black; beneath
white, irregularly blotched with black. Caudal pinkish. Male (f ) with
a crimson spot at base of pectoral fin."
• Gasterosteus Atkinsii Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. ii, p. — .
132
NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AUEBICA.
TaMe 0/ Jfea*Mran«a(i.
ClurontDamli«IofBp«inum
i«^B {
21,738. 1 21,771.
CurabcflBJid
Gulf.
71,786.121,708.
CumWrUnd
21,773. Ul.TTSa.
CmnbcTliuid
Golf.
!l.T7>e|n.Ta*
It
|J
i
Ij
]
It
If
3§
I!
ai
1J
It
ii
P
LeaiiUi to und of oitenwl
d-
48
St
d"
47
G«^d.
!0B
'.oe
g
Gmvid.
«3
4'
OS
a
Tmdc
tt __
.ti .1
Im ^i
.M .*
.» -!
1 :
'.V -1
.a ■
:•« ■
!« :■
.» ■&
.a .E
Grtfliretwifoi
Height Btventmla
Least beisht of t^
length ofomUal podandu
IS
15
oe
08
07
OS
W
08
IHJ
m
17
08
08
07
OS
1
,'.7
17
085
055
81
US
u
OS
IS
1
12s
IS
14
us
88
oe
»«
07
M
M
0«
25
08
l«
81
M
M
M
»
80
GrealtM wiifii
Lcsglb of operculmn ....
iSSJSSESC:;;:::
Diamster of orbit
-sas™,
LaiBiuof8™tBMi^:::::'
Length of Mcond ipine . . .
LcDRtbofloalaptno
DonwlOuft):
Lenstbofbane
,enslh afiioiei'cdcnt Boinc
LcnalliofdnitraT
LraglbofloaiiMiraj...
Linglboliiulray
Dislanctf frunj unoiit
^1
I'l.SUKS.
133
Table of (Comparative M€a9uremenU.
OoMUrotieut
pungitiut*
Xinn. (ftver-
ages of 7 ex-
amples).
lOOOthsof
length.
Body:
Greatest height
Greatest width
Height at ventralB
Least height of tail
Length of caudal peduncle.
Head:
Greatest length
Greatest witUh
WMth of interurbital area
» Length of snout
Length of operculum
Length of upper law
Length of mandiole
Long diameter of eye
Dorsal (spinous) :
Distance from snout
Length of base
Length of first spine
Length of sccona spine
Length of lost spine.
Dorsal (soft) :
Length of base
• Length of antecedent spine
Length of first ray
Length of longest ray
Length of last ray
Anal:
Distance from snout
Length of base
Length of first spine
Length of first ray ,
Length of longest ray
Caudal :
Length of middle rays
Length of external raya
Pectoral:
Distance from snout ,
Length ,
Tentral:
Distance from snout
Length
.170
.100
.170
.036
.150
.266
.110
.062
.062
.084
.070
.080
.082
.286
.276
. 066
.066
.050
.245
.080
.140
.140
.570
.220
.086
.130
.130
.110
.137
.300
.160
.370
.121
O. pungittui
yar. waehy-
poda Betm
(averageaof
8exunples).
lOOOths of
length.
.187
.107
.177
.032
.140
.265
.118
.060
.060
.080
.066
.076
.073
.276
.310
.057
.058
.050
.250
.060
.120
.120
.040
.600
.235
.064
.120
.120
.117
.134
.300
.160
.857
.088
* = Pygotteiu oceidentalU (C. & V.) Brcvoort, from which the averages were taken.
Table of Measurements.
Genus, QatttrotieuH.
Canent number of specimen
Locality
Extreme length to origin of middle caudal rays
Length to end of external caudal rays
Body:
Greatest heisht
Greatest width
Height at ventrals
Least height of taU
Length of caudal pednnde
'Pungitiua
L., 22,015 a.
Pungitius
L., 22,015 h.
Christiania, Norway, K. Col-
lett.
Millimotres
and lOOtbs
of longth.
33
38
.18
.10
.18
.04
.13
Milliraotres
and lOOtbs
of length.
29
34
.18
.10
.18
.04
.13
Blanehardi SauYSge
(type) (39) 21,139.
Boston, U.S.
Millimetres and lOOtha
of len^rth.
46
52
.16
.09
.16
.04
.1B5
184 NATURAL HISTOEY OF ABCTIC AMEEICA.
TalUof k
LoeeUly -.S
GreitMt leogth
GrMlest wlJUi
■Widtborintororhltalarea
Length or sDUQt
Leaetli of operonlam
Leagtli of maiillarj
L<>ugtb oruuldlble
Dlametoc of ocblt
Donal fepLnanii) :
Diittiuicofitimaaoot
I*nj{lh of baae
LflDgth of flnlflplnfi
Iien^thof ■eoond qiiua
Lengtli of Uatipme
Doiul(wtrt):
Length o( boa
Xsnjitb of Antecedent iplne
Length of tint »;
LanBtb of longest my .,
Length ul' hut ray
Length of l)AAe . ^ -
Length of fliat spina
Leoyihofflralnir
Lonfth of loageat taj
Lcoirlh of Iflat my ......,...,,.......-
Caodnl:
LeuglLof mlddlorayi
PeotoraT!
Dutunro ^m mont • — -•
Lenfth.,-
Dinlancsfhiininonl.
L.,2-i,01Sa. I L.,£;.olSb.
Chiifldanbi, Nurwny, R Col-
UUIbnetn:* MilUmetre*
DsdlHnhB and U '
of length. of len
FISHES. 135
SdhnOf bnt could not secnre specimens fhat were not split or otherwise
mutilated.
Salvelintis Naresi occurs there, as will be seen in the present paper.
30. Salmo Heamii Rich.
8alnu> Heamii Rich., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 167.
The species was described from the Coppermine Eiver, lat. 67^42^ N.
81. Salvelintui alipes (Rich.) Gill &, Jordan.
Salmo alipea Rich., F. B. A., ui, 1836, p. 169: GCnth., P. Z. 8., 1877, p. 476.
Boothia Felix (Rich.) 5 Discovery Bay (Giinth.).
32. Salvelinus nltidus (Rich.) Gill &> Jordan.
Salmo niUdm Rich., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 171.
The sx)ecies was described from Boothia.
33. SalvalintiB Hoodil (Rich.) Gill & Jordan.
Salmo Hoodii Rich., F. B. A., iu, 1836, p. 173.
Bichardson described it from Boothia Felix.
34. CMdveUnns arottmu (Giinth.) Gill & Jordan.
Salmo arctitrus GCnth. P. Z. 8. , 1877, p. 294, pi. xxxii.
Dr. Otlnther established the sx>ecies nx)on specimens obtained in lat.
820 28' N. and 82© W K
35. SalveUnus Nareai (Gilnther) Bean.
Salmo Nareai GCnther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., iii, 1877, p. 476, pL L.
89000 9 . Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintzer.
89000 a. $. Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintzer.
22000 5. i. Cumberland Gulf, Aug. 1876. Lieut. W. A. Mintaser.
Of this small charr, Lieutenant Mintzer secured the above-named sped-
mens, and labelled them '< Salmon Trout." The larger of the two females
oontains well-developed ova, some of which are free in the cavity of the
abdomen. The species agrees very closely with Dr. Giinther^s descrip-
tion of S. Naresi. The description and table of measurements which
follow will afford a means of estimating the correctness of an identifica-
tion which records the species about 20 degrees south of the locality from
which it was originally described.
Description, — ^The greatest height of the body is contained 5 times in
the total length without caudal, and equals twice the length of the upper
jaw. The height at the ventrals equals the distance from the tip of the
snout to the nape. The least height of the caudal peduncle equals the
length of the middle caudal rays.
The greatest length of the head is contained 4^ times in total length
without caudal^ and about equals twice the length of the base of the first
136 NATURAL HI8T0RT OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
dorsal fin. The greatest width of the head is a little less than half t
length. The distance between the ej'es eqnals their loDg diameter u
half the length of the mandible. The length of the snout eqnals bi
the length of the middle caudal rays. The lengtb of the opennla
equals the distance between the eyes. The length of the upper jtm
contained from 10 to 11 times iu total length wltUont caudal, aadtl
length of the mandible 7 j times. The distance from the snont tod
orbit is 4 or nearly i of the distance fh)m the same point to the baac<
the pectoraL The long diameter of the eye equals 4 of the gtcate
height of the body. The teeth are arranged just as in the specima
examined and described by Dr. Onnther.
The distance of the first dorsal fittro tlie tip of the snout equals J '
the distance of the anal from the same i>oint, and is contained 2; tin
in total length without caudal. The length of the base of the lirst ilois
is contained 8^- to 9 times in total length without caudal, and <^ i
longest ray, 7 times.
The adipose dorsal is placed at a distance from the tip of the emm
equal to ^ of the total length, exclusive of the caudal. Its height aba
eqnals the distance from the snout to the orbit.
The distanceof the anal from the snout equals ^ of the total teii^i
before measured. The length of the anal base eijuals half the length'
the head in the larger female, and ^'^ of tot.il length iu the smalk
The longest ray of the anal equals twice the distance l>etween the ey*
mid the last ray equals half the length of the base of the iirst dorsal
FISHES.
137
present in all the examples, and yet there is exceUent reason for believ-
ing the largest specimen at least mature.
In the measurements the unit of comparison is the length to the origin
of Hie middle caudal rays. The figure of 8. NareH is employed, and
(he agreement between that and the Cumberland Gulf specimens is
striking.
Table of Measurements,
Cnxiait number of spedmen .
LoMUty
X^ength to ongin of middle candal
Body:
Oreateet height....
Greatest width
Height at Tentrala .
Least height of tail
Greatest length
Distance from spout to nape
Greatest width
Width of intororbital area . . .
Length of snoat
Length of operculum
Length of upper liiw
Length of mandible
Distance from snout to orbit.
Long diameter of eye
Dorsal (first) :
Distance from snout
Length of base
Length of longest ray
Dorsal (adipose) :
Distance from snout
Length of base
H^ght
Distance from snout
Length of base
Length of longest ray. . .
Length of last ray
Caudal:
Length of middle rays . .
Lenffth of external rays.
Pectoral:
Distance from snout
Length
Tentral:
Distance frt>m snout —
Length
Vent frmn tip of vcntrals . . .
BraachiostegEkls
Doraal
Pectoral
Tentral
If amber of csecal appendages
22,000, 9.
Cumberland
Gulf.
MiUi.
metres.
130
120
lit
13
11
16
1,9
28
lOOths
of
length.
20
12
17
8
23
17
11
6i
4
6i
10
13
5
«»
45
12
14
79
3
5
75
12
13
5*
8
17
22
18
53
8
22,0000,9.
Cumberland
Gulf
MiUi-
metres.
121
103
10?
13
11
15
1,9
lOOths
of
length.
19
10
15
8
23
17
lOi
5
7
0
13
5*
6
46
11
14
80
75
10
13
0
8
17
22
17
54
13
7*
22,000 6, <f.
i
Cumberland
Gulf:
Milli-
metres.
88
74
13
11
14
1,9
27
lOOths
of
length.
19
10
16
8
26
19
11
5
7
10*
14
8
47
12
16
80
73
11
18
6
19
23
20
65
14
Vig. ot 8. Nor-
«SinP.Z.&.
iii,18T7,pLL.
MiUi.
metres.
197
172
11
13
U
1.9
42
lOOths
of
length.
» • • •
19
H
22
5
6
10
46
12
12
80
H
76
10
12
6
18
22
18
64
121
Family, CLUPEID^.
36. Clupea harengua Linn.
Clupea harengus Rich., F. B. A., iii, 1836, p. 231.
BiGhardson mentions the occurrence of the herring at Bathurst^s Inlet,
WON., 109OW.
NATUEAL HISTOHY OF ARCTIC AUEBICA.
Fanuly, SAOCOPHABTNGmiB.
1
37. Saooopbaiynx flaeeUmn Mitoh.
Ophiognalkut ampulUnxua Barwood, Phil. Trans., 1827, p. 49, pi. 7 («ib Rieb. j.
Saocopharj/nx ampullaoeua RiCB., t'. B. A., tii, 1836, p. 271.
"Ihc individual described by Dr. Harwood, measuriiig four feet and
a half in length, was captured in tlio entrance of Davis Strait, by Cap-
tain Sawyer, of the ship Harmony." — Hicn., I. o.
U. S. NATlONil, MCSKUM, April 'i, 1879.
SOPFLEMEHTAEY NOTE.— Tho description of a. species of Cottut from
the United States by Sanvage* has jost como \a my notice. The sab-
ject of the description and figure is undoubtedly the Cottus wntv* uf
Mitchill.
May 23, 1879.
• CoUat [Aoanthoaittut) ancgw Sauvaoh, Nonv. Archiv. i!u Mtujum d'Hlstoitc NHu-
(•Ue, PftdB, Seui^me S^e, Tome Prenier, I818, p. 145, [il. i. Sg. riu.
ORTJSTAOEA.
By S. I. Sbcith.
The following crustaceans were all collected in the Golf of Onmber*
JaacL
Cnmgon boreas J. C. FabridoB (Phipps).
A female (No. 145) 110°^ in length, <^ Niantilic Island,'' September 24^
1877.
HIppolyte Qroonlandica Miers (J. C. FabiioiuB).
Two females : one (So. 1644) 100°^ in length, from stomach of Cottua
$earpiu8y September 6, 1878 ; the other (So. 207) 80°^ long, from stom-
ach of sculpin (So. 150), 1877.
BppolTte Fkibiloil Kioyer.
A female (So. 537), 52°^ long, 7 fisbthoms, tide-hole, ^^Annanactook
Island," June, 8, 1878; and a male (No. 862), 42"» in length, head of
Onmberland Gnlf, June 29, 1878.
CNunmams locnsta J. C.FabiicioB (=&. omatua liilne-Edwards).
"Penny Harbor, latitude 66o» (So. 225), October 4, 1877; "Arctic M-
and," low water (So. 65), September 13, 1877; "Annanactook Harbor'^
(So. 576), June 20, 1878.
Amathnia Sabini Bate and Westwood (Leach).
Head of Cumberland Gulf (So. 86) ; << Annanactook Harbor" (Sob. 584
and 59^), 4 fathoms, June 19, 1878 ; (So. 585), Cumberland Gulf.
Bypezla mednaamm Bate (O. F. MttUer).
"Annanactook Harbor," So. 586, June 19, 1878.
Capa«Ua aeptentrionalia Er5yer.
^^Annanactook Harbor" (So. 583), ^< caught through crack in ice, 4
&thoms, on kelp," May 19, 1878 ; <<Grave Island beach" (Sob. 626 and
627), June 27, 1878; (So. 420).
Xiepas fltscionlaria Ellis and Solander.
Cumberland Gulf, at surface.
140 NATURAL HISTORY OF AKCTIC AMEHICA.
Balauus balanoides Stimpson.
Large well developed specimena, of the low, broarl form. An*
Island, September 13, 1877. This and tbe preceding were identified!
Mr. E. B. Wilson.
There is also in tbe rcUection a specimen of Hyaa araneut Leach (3
1420), from "Godthaah, Greenland, September U, 1878." On its en
pax were epecimeiis of Balanua v
ANNELIDE8.
By a. E. Verrill.
ANNELIDA.
Haniiothoe imbilcata (L.) Malipgren.
Penny Harbor, Gmnberland Gulf, low-water, October 4, 1877, lot 23b.
Head of gulf, on gravel beach. May 28, and June 1, 1878, lots 642, 660,
and 664.
Nereis pelag;lca Linnd.
Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, lat. 66^, low-water, October 4 and
6, 1877, lots 221, 222, 237. Head of gulf, on gravel beach. May 28, 1878,
lot 642.
PhyUodoce Ordnlandlca OBrsted (t).
A specimen in bad state of preservation. Cumberland Gulf.
Syllis, Bp.
Penny Harbor, low-water, October 4, 1877. Head of Cumberland
Golf, gravel beach, low-water, May 28, 1878.
datenides granulata (Linn6) Malmgren.
Cumberland Gulf, low- water.
Thelepua oinoinnatus (Fabr.) Verrill.
Amphitriie cincinnata Fabr., Fauna Gronl., p. 286, 1780.
Tkelepua circinnatus Malmgren, Kordiska Hafs-Annulater, in Ofversigt af
Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1865, p. 387, pi. xxii, fig. 58 (specific name in-
correctly spelled).
Lumaraflava Stimpson, Inveit. of Grand Manan, p. 30, 1853.
Cumberland Gulf. Common on the American coast south to Cape
Cod, and in deeper water as far as Long Island Sound.
Malmgren and several other recent writers have erroneously written
the name of this species '^drcinnatus,^
141
^
4
142 NATURAL UISTORT OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
BplrorbiBlucidns (Mimt.) Mciruli.
Very common in Ctimljerland Gulf, on ascidians, iilg^e, polyzoa, etc.,
low-water to 0 fittlioms; Penny Hurbor, October 4; ADoaoactook 1
bor, May 20, 1878 ; liead of the Gulf, May 28, 1878.
BpiroibU quadrangolajls Slimptton.
Camberland Gulf, lo iP-i\ (iter. One specimen.
GEPHYREA.
Phascoloaoma morgatltaceum (^ai-s) Eor. &. Duq. (T),
naseoloaoma margaritaoean KoBES aad DakielsseN, Kbiiuii LitI, Iforrfg,
iU, p. 135, pi. 15, figs. 43, 41, 18r7.
A large 8i>ecimen, about 6 inches long, fi-om the stomaoli of a Cotlia,
in Cumberlaud Sound, September 6, 1878 (lot 1685), probably beloiigsto
this species.
. Total length 150"" ; diameter of body, IS"" ; length of pnibosri*
Iroui unal opening to end, 112"'™. Body liirge, round, abruptly roundM
posteriorly, with a slight mammilla at the tip; anteriorly it tapers giwla-
ally into the proboscis, which is long and becomes slender toward the
end. The surface appears nearly smooth to the eye, except that ihtm
are more or less irregular transverse wTinkles and slightly raised folds.
Under a lens it is seen to be everywhere finely triinsversely wrinkled
and striated, and in many i>arts reticulated with longitudinal wTiiikIrs,
while small, depressed, sueker-likeorgan.s art' -scattered overthe siu^iu'e
of tlio body and base of the proboscis ; at the ]iostenor end of the body
the longitudinal wrinkles become distinct grooves, converging to the ti[>.
with rows of suckers between them, and the circular wrinkles, crossiiij;
tlie interspaces, are conspicuous. The proboscis is destitute of papill;!"
and hooks, and is smoother than the body, with faint indications of
transverse lighter and darker bands of color. Tentacles uumeroii.*,
slender. Internally the two dorsal retractors arise only a short distance
behind the anal opening, their bases being wide apart toward the sides.
The ventral retractors, arising near the middle of the body, are lar^-e
and stout, with their thick bases close together, barely ]ea\-ing space for
the nervous cord to pass between them. Segmental organs large, tbiik.
cylindrical, obtuse, dark brown, about 2r>""" long and ^'"™ in diametiT;
their oi>enuigs somewhat in advance of the origin of the dorsal rt-tr;ii--
tors and lower down on the sides. Intestine very long, forming a doable
coil of numerous turns, iilling the iKtstcrior part of the body to the end.
Generative organ voluminous, surrounding the intestine. A slender
ANNELIDES. 143
transverse muscle passes from the rectum to the opposite side of the body^
and the rectum is attached to the adjacent wall by a large bundle of
muscular fibers. Muscles of the body- wall form a continuous layer^ with-
out distinct fascicles.
NEMEETDfA.
Amphipoms Stimpsoni Yerrill.
OmmaU>plea Stimpsoni Girard, in Stimpson, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 28| fig.
18, 1853.
Gravel beach^ low-water, Cumberland Gulf^ June 1, 1878, lot 663.
^* Color, deep purplish brown above, lilac beneath." Also from reef in
Penny Harbor, October 6, 1877, lot 222.
Amphiponia. Bp.
Body thick, depressed, somewhat tapered to both ends, 25"™ to 36°>™
long, as contracted in alcohol. Head with a small roundish cluster of
minute ocelli on the pale antero-lateral margins. Keck with a slightly
marked transverse groove, converging backward in form of a Y, on the
dorsal surface. Color, in alcohol, dark bluish green ; the under surfetce
and margins of head yellowish white. In life, "bright pea-green.''
Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, lat. 66°, October 4, 1877, lot 225.
Arctic Island, low- water, September 13, 1877, lot 66.
MOLLITSKS.
LIST OP SHELLS OBTAINED BY MR. LUDWIO KUMLIEN. NATURALIST TO THE HOWOATB
EXPEDITION, 1877-78, AT POINTS IN CUMBERLAND SOUND, ARCTIC REGIONS, WEST
FROM BAFFIN'S BAY.
By W. H. Dall.
Tbe locality at which the schooner Florence, conveying the party,
made her winter quarters, according to Mr. Kumlien's rei>ort, was not
favorable for extensive collections in any department.
The prevalence of ice in the irregularities of the sound and other cir-
canistances, especially the abrupt and rocky character of the shores,
rendered it difficult to obtain specimens of invertebrates, which in x)oint
of fact were all collected at a few small areas of beach, some of which
were a long distance from winter quarters.
Nevertheless, when the difficulties are considered, the results are very
creditable to Mr. Kumlien's energy and perseverance, and are not with-
out value for the study of geographical distribution.
The number of specimens is small ; but twenty-four species are repre-
sented, some of which were also obtained by a party under Lieutenant
Miutzer, U. S. N., who explored for minerals in nearly the same region
a year or two previous to the visit of the Florence.
As was to be expected, none of the species are new: Modiolaria faba
Fabr., which has almost been lost sight of by nati^ralists, and Glyci-
meris Kurriana Dkr., a species whose validity has been much questioned,
were among the most interesting forms obtained.
The species are as follows (those with an asterisk are represented by
only one or two specimens, and only Buccinnm gronJandicum was at all
numerous) :
* Ommastrephes illecebrosa, Lesueur.
* Buccinum glaeialCj Lmn6.
* Bticcinum ciliatumj Fabr., var. Molleri^ Eve.
* Buccinum humphreysianumj Bennett (probably).
* Buccinum belcherij Eve.
Bull. I^at. Mus. No. 15 10 145
14G
KATLEAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMEBICA.
Buednum Usnebrosum, Haucock, (typical).
BucciRum sronlandicum^ Cbemn.
• Trophon truncatim, Strom.
Margarita vmbilicalis, Brod. & 8by.
Margarita hetioiiui, Fabr., tran.
Xitorina ffriinlandica, Moi-ch.
^cmaa lentudinalvi, Lion^.
Aeaiidia papilloaa, Idund.
• DmdionotuB regnoliUii, Coutliooy,
Mya tnincata, Liiiu£.
• Qlycimervi Kvrriana, Dkr. On mnd fiats.
Jfajricara arvtica, Liuu6.
'^Anlarte liurealiK, Gray; attached to kelp.
• Tiirtonui miautii, Fabr.; in nest o{ Modiolaria.
Modiolaria larigata, Gray.
Modiolaria dinwrii, Liuni?.
Modiolaria (Vreaella) faba, Fubr.
Vkiton {Ttmirella) marmorca, Fiibr.
lihyxflionella pKJttnceo, Fiaeljfr; citad broken valves, apparently dis-
.■Sor;!;cd by souic bin!, wt-re Ibiiud on Hie hills at a considerable distance
IrtHii tlic sf'ii. 'liny iiic evidfiitly uot fossil, and are probably to be
ibiind liviii;; in Mi>r:ilil(- |il;i(-cs ut low-water mark.
MOLLUSOOIDS.
By a. E. Verrill.
TUNICATA.
▲aoidiopsU complanata Verrill.
ABcidia complanata Fabr., Fauna Qronlandica, p. 332, 1780.— VERRiiXy Amer.
Joum. Set. 1, p. 98, 1871, fig. 11.
Asoidia callaaa Stimpsok, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 19, 1853.
Ascidiopsia complanata Verrill, Amer. Joum. Sci. iii, p. 289, pL yiii, f. 8, 1872.
Some of the young specimens are translucent pale olive; others are
older, with a dark olive-brown, thicker, and rougher test. It appears
to be the most common species. It is broadly attached by one side,
obliquely, and both tubes are on the upper side, near one end. They
are both short and broad.
Lot !No. 235, Penny Harbor, Cumberland Gulf, at low-water, Octo-
ber 4, 1877. No. 592, head of Cumberland Gulf, attached to roots
of kelp. May 19, 1878. No. 595, Cumberland Gulf, May, 1878. No. 664^
head of Cumberland Gulf, on gravel beach, June 1, 1878.
Halocynthia VerriU = Cynthia Savigny (fioji Fabr., 1808). •
The name Cynthia having been preoccupied, and no other tenable
name having been given to the group, I propose to substitute Halo-
cynthia for the typical section of Savigny's genus, characterized by the
square apertures, compound tentacular appendages of the mantle, and
the development of two ovaries. The other subdivisions established
by Savigny appear to be of generic value, in the modem sense.
Balocynthia rustica Verrill.
Ascidia rustica Lixx£. — Fabricius, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 330, 1780, para.
Asddia monoceros MOller, Kruycr's Naturhist. Tidssk., yoI. iv, p. 95, 1842.
Ascidia condylomata Packard, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 277, 1867.
Cynthia monoceros Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 1, p. 93, 1871.
Distinguished by the irregular, unequal warts and tubercles of the
surface, the larger ones mostly situated above the middle, and by the
more or less prominent subcouical tubercle at the summit, between the
bases of the tubes. This terminal tubercle is often surmounted by sev-
eral hard chitinous points, and in the young a similar point often occurs
147
May 19, 1878. Both adult and young.
Haloojrnthia echinata Yerrill.
Ascidia echinata Linn£. — Fabricius, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 331.
Cjinthia echinata Stimp., Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 20, 1854. — Bis
Invert, of Mass., p. 18, pi. xxiii, fig. 3260. — ^Yerriix, Amer. Jon
1871.
Lot No. 59C, Cumberland Gulf, May 10, 1878.
Besides the two species of this genus brought home by
tion, the following occur on the American coast north o]
H. pyriformis (Rathke), Southern New England to Gieenl
losa (Fabr.), perhaps young of the preceding, Labrador to
jff. tuherculum (Fabr.) = Cynthia camea (Ag.) Verrill = C.pl
ard (young), Cape Cod to Greenland ; R, pukkella Yerrill i
Eastport, Me., to Grand Banks; H. partita (Stimp.), M
Bay to North Carolina.'
POLYZOA.
Crlaia ebomea (L.) Lamouroux.
Gulf of Cumberland. One specimen.
Diastopora patina (Lam.) Smitt.
Annanactook Harbor, on Laminariaj 7 fieithoms, May '.
Haloeynthia rustica^ head of Cumberland Gulf, May 5, 187&
Aloyonidiam mytili DalyelL
^^^^^^^^^^B 14SM
^SuuuuoS&taRnitt. ex Fuliriciiis. ■
Salivoriutria borvatl* Bl'SK. H
Cellaria borealit Smitt, 0^-c^Bigt &f Kougl. Vct.-Akad. Fiirh. Idi;;, ]>. 3C1, InbM
XX, Itg. 17, 1867. I
Oil Halocyvtkia rustiat, attached to roots of Laminaria. m
Uead of Cumberlnnd Gulf, May JO, 1878, lot 591'. Sonio of ihtM
-•piriitieiiB iiiv very young, witJi only a single elnvate joint ; orliers ar^|
iii'urly two iucheti bigh, and beginning to brancb. fl
Membrauipora BophUe IJiisk. V
With tbo biat {lot 592). AJso from Annanuctook Harbor, May 19^1
1878, on roots of IxiHiinarw, 7 fathoms. M
nta (JoliuKt.) Gray. I
Motlia rrulgarit, forma antata Smitt, Oversigt of Kotigl. Vi>trii»liiips-Akacl. Fiirli. fl
ISGT, p. 14, tub. XXV, f. 78-83, 1^67. I
kroral speuimens occurred on tlie roots of Lamitiaria, 7 fathoms, Ao^
Ktook Harbor, May 10, 1878 (lot o07). Some agn?e with tbo varJ
» Smitt (L^ralia anaata Johnst.], but in most cases there are well^
loped calcareous papillae near the sides of the apertures as in thtfl
wt^llaia. ■
^opt the generic name EiclMrina given by Milne Edwards to %■
, including the presi-iit species, ia 1835 (in Lamarck, An. sanfti
,, ed. 2, vol. ii, pp. 218, 230], and for which bo cited at the type B,M
r (Moll.). Dr. Gray (List Brit. Animals in British Museum, p.9
b848) also restricted tbu name to the same and closely allied spe-l
Dr. Smitt, however, united tliia group with IJij^otltoa, vhiehw
B to be a sutUcienty distinct genuK, ■
e restricted genus Escitarina, as I limit it, is characterized by tbefl
ril-mai'ked median sinus of the apertures of the zoiecia, together witbfl
the lateral a^icularitL, usually developed near one or both sides of thfrl
-•■"■rtures. The mode of growth is usually Lepralia-ltke, but may alsofl
I'ischarine. It is tlicrefore equi\'alent, or nearly so, to the genael
iiiztiporvlia, re<wiitly proposed by Hiucks for the same typical specieikfl
'llio genus Escharmdea, proposed by Edwimls in the same work, hasl
al-io been incorrectly nseil by some writers; for although Gray ror^l
.".tricted it, in 1848, to one of the original sjiccies, E. coccinea (AbUdg.)f,A
I , making it e(iiiivalent, in part, to D'mcopora Smith, the las^Ilame(d
1 1-1 r bas applied it to a group, tj-pified by E. romacea, unt included byfl
i.(l«arda. As the name should he restored, in accordance with Groy'^fl
<iiiiiliitioii, I have pivpoacd elsewhere the name E»cltaropnis, iis u substi^|
lute for Eacharoidca o{ Smitt, including two Kortliern Atlantic f<i>rcioA9
uim generic name.
Celleporella hyalina 'l^A Gray.
Cellepora hyalina LiNN^.
Mollia hyalina Smitt, op. cit. p. 16, tab. xxv, f. 84, 65.
Bippothoa hyalina Smitt, Florida Bryozoa.
Very common, Annanactook Harbor, 7 fathoms, on Zam
19, and 9 fathoms. May 20, 1878, lot 570. Penny Harbor, Ic
Margarita helicinaj October 4, 1877, lot 226. Gravel beach, 1
of Cumberland, May 28, 1878, lot 642, and on Haloeynthta
572, May 19.
RADIATES.
By a. £. Yerrill.
EOHINODEEMATA.
Pentaota firondosa Jseger (Gimner, sp.)*
CuoumariafrondoBa Forbes, Brit. Starfishes, 1841.— DuBSX and KoRSX, 184C
One large Bpecimen, Godthaab, Greenland, August 11^ 1878.
StrongylocentrotoB Drfibaohienais A. Agassiz.
Penny Harbor, Gulf of Cumberland, reef at Jow- water, October, 4, 1W7„
lot 420.
Ztaptaaterlas Qrdnlandica Yerrill.
Asieraoanthion Grdnlandicus Steenst. — LCTKENyOversigtoverOronlandBEclkixio-
dermatai p. 29, 1857.
Head of Gulf of Cumberland, Kiantilic Harbor, lot 144 ; low-water,,
September 25, 1877, lot 179 ; Arctic Island, lot 66 ; Penny Harbor, lat-
660, at low- water, October 4, 1877, lot 224 ; also same locality, lot 290.
Leptaateriaa MuUeri Yerrill, 1866.
Aateracanthian Mulleri Sars, Fauna Litt. Korveg., i, p. 56, f. 38,39; Oversigt aT
. Norges Echinodermer, p. 88. •
Annanactook Harbor, 4 fathoms. May 19, 1878, lot 580.
Stephanaateriaa albula Yerrill.
Aateracanthum albulus Stimpson, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 14, fig. 5, 1853.
Aaieracanthion prohlema Steenstrup. — LCtken, op. cit. p. 30.
Common in Cumberland Gulf. Gravel beach at the head of the gulf^
etc. The only lot with the date remaining is 649, May 30, 1878. Wittt
lot 725 is the following note : " Dull lilac above, yellowish white beneath.'^'
All the specimens are young, with the rays irregular in length and
variable in number.
Ihe genus Stephanmterias, l)roposed by me for this species several-
years ago, is characterized by a peculiar structure of the skeleton and
spines as well as by its remarkable method of fission, so well elucidated
by Dr. Liitken. When adult, there are usually six regular equal rays^.
such specimens becoming four or five inches in diameter. But in smaller
specimens, still undergoing self division, there are usually two to foiur
151
ambulacral grooves, and a few usually occur in tlie adoral augl
the bases of the rays.
Ophio£;lyplia nodoBa Lyman.
Ophiura nodosa LCtken, Addit. ad Hist. Ophiuridarum, p. 48, pi.
1858.
Lot 249. Annanactook Harbor, low- water, October 7, 187
crimson.''
HYDEOIDA.
Bertiilaria argentea Ellis and SoL
Gravel beach, head of Cumberland Gulf, low- water, May !
Haleciam tenellum Hincks.
Gravel beach, head of Cumberland Gulf, low-water, lot 6-
1878.
Obelia, sp.
With last. Also from Penny Harbor, low-water, Octob
attached to Acidiopsis camplanata.
ANTHOZOA.
Urticina crassiccmia Ehienberg, 1834.
Jciinia crassioomi% MCller, Prodromus, 1776.
TeaVm crassieomxB 6o8»R, Ann. Nat. Hist. ; Actinologia Brit., p. 209,
Rhwladima Darisii Ati.— Vkkhill, Revision Pol>7)s, in Menu BO0I
Hint. vol. i, \k Id, (author's copies, 18G4).
Head of Cumberland Gulf, low-water, lot 667, on rooU
naria. Annanactook Harbor, May 19, 1878.
KADIATES. 153
Marine Invertebrata), although it had not been recorded from any local- '
ity between the Bay of Pundy and Greenland. TThe numerous specimens
in this collection serve to confirm that conclusion.
Common at low- water in the Gulf of Cumberland (lots 179, 237, 664),
Penny Harbor, October 4, lot 237. Gravel beach, head of gulf, June 1, .
1878.
PORIFEEA.
Two or three si)ecies of sponges, not yet determined, are in the collec-
tion. GThe most interesting, as well as most common one, forms elongated,
«rect, rather flaccid tubes, two or three inches high and .25 to .35 in
<liameter, open at top.
It occurred on the gravel beach, head of the gul^ attached to stones,
June 13, 1878, lot 770; also in lot 643.
^'
INSECTS.
DIUBNAL LEPIDOPTBOA.
By W. H. Edvards.
Family, PAPILIONID,ffi.
Sub-family, Papilionin^.
Genns, Colim, FabrieiuB.
1. C. H«oIa, Lefebrro.
One female was taken at Quickstep Harbor, Gulf of Cumberland, lati- 1
tu<le 6G°. This species inhabits Southern Greenland and regions to the J
westward. It has been attributed to Iceland, but, as is now supposed,
erroneously. It also inhabits Southern Laplaud.
Mr. M'Lacldan, in his Report on the butterflies collected by the recent
British Arctic Expedition, states tbat C, Jet/rt was taken as far north as
latitude 81° 45', at Hayes Sound ; and he gives information obtained
from Captain Feilden, E. K, attached to the Alert as naturalist, on tlie .
habits of Lepidoptera in these high latitudes, '■ During the short period
when there is practically no night, butterflies are continuously on the
wing, supposing the sun's surface not to be obscured by clouds or pass- '
ing snow showers. That about one month in each year is the longest i
period in which it is possible for these insects to apjicar in the perfect ,
state, and that about six weeks is the limit of time nllowed to plant- i
feeding larvte, during all tlie rest of the year the land being under snow J
and ice." Mr. M'Lachlun doubts if there is sufficient time in each year (
for the preparatory stages of the butterfly, — egg, larva, and chrysalis,— (
and is disposed to think that more than one year is necessary. In the
northern United States, the larvie of Colias fi'eqneiitly pass the winter
when balf-grown,or even younger, and I think it probable this is the habit
oiUecla. From two to three weeks at the end of the short Arctie sumnier^ <
and less time at the beginning in the following year, would seem to suf- |
^^ fur the whole round of transformations, |
^Hd Dr. Standinger's Catalogue, CoHas Boothii, Curtis, is put down as J
^Knonyui of Becla; but, in the opinion of Mr, M'Lacldan, the two J
^Bdistinet species. I
^M i^ A
slightly different form, Americana.
Family, NYMPHALIDiR.
Sttb-fkmily, NYMPHALm-ffi.
Genus, ArgynniSj Fabricins.
X, A. Freya, Thunberg.
Two males were taken in Southwest GreenhmcL This spi
tributed over the boreal regions of both continents; in An
Greenland to Alaska ; and it follows the Bocky Mountains a
south as Colorado. It is subject to very little yariation.
2, A. Polaris, Boisdaval.
One male was taken at Quickstep Harbor. This species
stricted in distribution than Freya^ and, so jEu* as known, is
iN^ortheast America, &om Labrador to the Arctic Sea. It w
the British Exx>edition as far to the north as latitude 81^
the American Expedition (Polaris) at 81^ 5(K. It varies mm
and the example sent me by ^Ir. Kumlien is remarkably mel
upper surface, the hind wings especially showing scarcely an
Sub-family, Satybin-E.
Genus, ChionobaSj BoisduvaL
1. C. Semidea, Say.
Oeno. Boisdnval.
INSECTS. 157
rado and New Mexico. In the White Mountains it is abundant on the
summit of Mount Washington 5 but in the territory between this region
and Labrador it is unknown, as also between Mount Washington and
the Eocky Mountains. How far to the northwest of the continent it
flies is not known to me. It has not appeared in collections from
Alaska, in which Freya was represented in considerable numbers. The
peculiar distribution of this species, C. SemidcOy by which it inhabits
mountain summits thousands of miles apart and not the intervening
country, and in the White Mountains of Kew Hampshire is thoroughly
isolated and restricted to a very small area, is explained as in the case
of plants similarly distributed and isolated (address of Prof. Asa»
Gray, Dubuque, 1872). The advance to the southwanl of the glacial
ice pushed before it multitudes of plants and animals, forcing them
along very distant lines of longitude in many cases; and when the re-
ceding of the ice took place, and a milder temi)erature began to prevail^
some species which had obtained a foothold at the south remained there^
finding a climate in which they could live, upon lofty mountains only^
being unable to exist in the lowlands. In the case of this butterfly^
such a climate was found at or near the snow-line in the Bocky Mount-
ains, and upon the summits of the White Mountains.
I
4
INSECTS.
HTMraOPTEBA, NOCTUBNAL LEPIDOPTEBA, DIPTEBA, COLEOPTEBA. MEUBOPTEBA.
AND ARACHNIDA.
By 8. H. ScuDDER and others.
The insects collected by Mr. Kumlien were very few in numberi amount-
ing to only sixteen species ; and they appear to add little to our previous
knowledge of the fauna* Nevertheless, as all lists firom high northern
locaUUes possess a certain importance, the following is given. The
Hymenoptera were determined by Mr. E. T. Cresson^ the report on the
Lepidoptera is by Mr. A. B. Grote ; Mr. E. Burgess has named the Dip-
tera, Dr. J. L. LeConte the Coleoptera, Dr. H. Hagen the Neuroptera,
and Mr. J. H. Emerton the Arachnid. — Sakuel H. Souddeb.
The Diurnal Lepidoptera were placedin thehands of Mr. W. H. Edwards
m
for examination, and appear on pp. 15&-157.
HYMENOPTEEA.
1. No. 944. Bombus lacmtris Cress. One specimen; American Harbor,
Gulf of Cumberland, July 6, 1878.
2. No. 1287. BombiM sp. near B. Scutellaria Cress., and probably B. green-
landicua Smith. One specimen; Godhavn, Greenland, August 3,
1878.
3. No. 1431. Limneria sp. (not described). One specimen ; Disko Fjord,
Disko Island, Greenland, August 9, 1878.
NOOTUENAL LEPIDOPTERA.
4. Laria Bossii Curtis, Appendix to the Second Voyage of Sir J. Eoss,
Ixi, PI. A, fig. 10.
The specimens belonging to this species are (1) a dried larva, black,
with yellowish bro^vn hairs, and on each 'side a row of yellow tufts, arcti-
iforra ; (2) a slight cocoon formed of the larval hair like those of the
genus Orgyia) (3) a single worn male specimen of the moth. The speci-
mens were collected at Annanactook, Cumberland Island, the latter part
159
160 SATLRAL UISTORV OF ARCTIC ASIERICA. I
of June. The cocoon Laa nttaclied to it a fragment of a lichen nod '
several coniferous needles, and was evidently formed on the gjonjiJ:
these objects are merely slightly attached and form no p.irt of the stnu-
ture itself. The cocoon, whichiaclosein texture, yet very frail and liylil,
contains the black and shining pupa, ^vhich is nnuttuolly thickly clotbed
witli brownish hair.
Curtis says of this species : " It is a very abundant iuscct, csi>edallj
in the caterpillar state, for about a hundred were collected on the Iflth
of .luno 1832, near Fury Beach." His descriptiou of the larva doe^ not
well accord with the present specimen. lie says: "The cntcrxiitlar is iargt
and hairy, arul of a beautiful shining velvety bliiek, tlie liaim bciiig
somewhat ochreous ; there are two tufts of black hnii- on tlie back, fol-
lowed Jjy two of orange." His description of the pui»a rnjtl web, as vti
as of the perfect insect, agrees with the specimens now receiVMk H*
gives the food-plant of the larva as Saxifragu tricuspidata ami «
oppositifolUi.
I have recorded (Psyche, 1, 131) the occurrence of this 8i>efie» alxH-e
the tree-line on Mount Washington, N. H, It is another instance of the
distribution of our existing speci^a of moths, throngh the agency oftb«
(tbatige in eliinate attending tliu Glacial Epoob.
5. No. 1431. Amrta melanopa {Thxmh,).
A single specimen colIecUid at Disko Fjord, Disko Island, Angnttl^
1878. This species has been taken above timber-line, 13,000 foet den-
i^-ut:. TT. L. C;iri»;iiter. on T;ios Ft-ak. Tiwk
INSLCTS. 161
10. A Tacliinid of unrecognizable genus; two pupa cases and a fly which
has escaped from one in confinement, with crumpled wings ; foimd
parasitic on the larva of Laria Rossii^ Annanactook, Cumberland
Sound.
11. No. 12*3. CaWpfu)ra erythrocephalaMeig, One specimen ; Godthaab,
Greenland.
12. No. 1098. Scatophaga apicalis Curt. (=f 8. squalida Meig.). One
specimen; ott* shore, Americuui Harbor, (Cumberland Sound, July
13, 1878.
COLEOPTERA.
13. No. lOCl. Amara lucmatopus l)ej. (Feronia); Stereocorus shnili^
Kirby. One specimen ; American Harbor, Cumberland Souiul,
July 10, 1878. The species is foinid generally throughout sub
arctic America.
14. No. 1041. Agahus {GaurodyicH) trwiis A\\\}q. Five specimens in
poor preservation ; Lake Caroline Mann, Cumberland Island, Sep-
tember 1, 1878. The siKJcies is abundant in Alaska and extends
down to California in the Sierra region.
NEUROPTEKA.
15. No. IGll. A Limnophilid, perhaps an 2/a/€^t/«. Several larval cases
with dried larvcB in some of them ; the cases are comi)osed of
minute scales of mica. Lake Caroline IVfann, Cumberland Island,
September 1, 1878.
ARACIINIDA.
IG. No. 10(>1. Lycotta sp., probably L. grcenlaidica Thor. One dried
specimen ; American Harbor, Cumberlai d Sound, July 10, 1878^
Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 15 11
PLANTS.
LIST OP THE PLANTS COLLECTED AT POINTS IN CUMBEELAND SOUND BETWEEN THE
SIXTY-SIXTH AND SIXTY-SEVENTH PARALLELS OF NORTH LATITUDE AND ON TBB
SOUTH SHORES OF DISKO ISLAND, GREENLAND.
By Asa Gray.
The Howgate Expedition arrived in Cumberland Sound about tihe
middle of September, 1877 ; the ground was then covered with snow,
but this melted on the southern slopes some days later, and exx>osed a
few plants still in flower, Campanula rotundifolia^ Lychnis apetalaj Stella-
ria longipeSy var. Udwardsiij &c.
In the succeeding summer the Florence left her winter-harbor early
in July, and while there was yet considerable snow remaining in the
valleys. At the time we left our winter-quarters there were but four
or five plants in flower in the vicinity, such as Taraxacum Dens-leonia^
Cochlearia officinalis^ Saxifraga stellatOf and Saxifraga rivulariSj var.
hyperborean
Pyrola rotundifolia, var. pumiUiy showed buds on a*southern slope by
the last day of May, but the same plants were not in flower by July 7.
The season appeared to be unusually backward, frequent snow-storms
prevailing till the latter days of June.
At America Harbor, on the east side, and nearly opposite Annanac-
took, the winter-harbor, plants were in much richer profusion and ap-
parently more than a week earlier than at the former place.
As large a number of plants were collected hero as our short stay
would admit of. A few days were also spent at the Kikkerton Islands,
and such of the islands as were accessible to us faithfully himted ovex,
but many species were not yet in flower.
On the south shores of Disko Island, Greenland, we collected for a
few (lays in August, and here the bulk of our plant-collection was made.
Many 8])ocie8 were found here that we Iwd collected in Cumberland,
but they were strikingly more luxuriant and generally quite abundant.
In the following list the species collected at points in Cumberland Sound
will be indicated by the letter C; those from Disko Island, Greenland,
by the letter G.— L. K.
1G3
164 KATUKAL HISTOEY OF ARCTIC AUEBICA.
Tkalietrvm alpinum, L. G.
Ranunculus nivalis, L. C.
Ranunculus affinis, K. Br. C.
Ranunculus, not identified.
Papater nudicaule, L. 0 and G.
Arabia alpina, L, G and C.
Cochlearia officinalis, L. C.
Cochlearia arctica, Schl. G.
Draba stcUata, Jacq. C.
Draha stellata, var. nivalis, Begl. C.
Draba crassi/olia, GnUi. G.
Draha kirta, L. C.
Silene acaulig, L. C and Q.
Lychnis alpina, L. G.
Lychnis apetala, L. C.
Lgchnia affinia, Wobl. G and G.
Cerastium alpinum, h. G and G.
Stellaria longipes, Goldie.
StcUaria longipcs, var. Edusardsii, C and G.
Arcnaria peploiUcs, L. G.
hrijas octopetala'h.
Dryas oetopetala, var. integri/oUa, Cb. & Scb. 0 and G.
PotcntiUa nivca, L. (J.
Pofmfifhi mamlntf, Pom
PLANTS. 165
Arnica alpina^ Murr. G.
Taraxacum Dens-leaniSj Desf. G and (J.
Taraxacum palustre J DC. C.
Campanula rotundi/oliaj L. C and G.
Campanula uniflora^ L. G.
Va^ccinimn uliginosumj L. C and G. (var.)
Arct08taphylo8 alpinay L. G and G.
Cassiope hypnoides^ Don. C and G.
Ca^siape tetragona^ Don. C and G.
Bryanthus taxifolius^ Gray. G.
Rhododcftidron Lapponicum^ Wahl. C and G.
Ledum palustre, L. C and G.
Loiseleuria procumbenSj Desv. C a nJ ( ^
Pyrola rotundifoliay L.
Pyrola rotundijfoliaj var. pumiUij Hook- O and G.
Diapevma Lappanicaj L. C and G.
Armeria vulgaris^ L. C and G.
Veronica alpina^ L. G.
Euphrasia offidnaliSj L. G.
Bartsia alpina^ L. G.
Pedicularis Langsdorffiij Fisch. G.
Pedicularis TAingsdorffiij var. lanata.
Pedicularis hirsuta^ L. C and G.
Pedicularis flammca^ Jj. G.
Pedicularis Lappanicaj L. G.
Mertensia maritimaj Don. G.
Oxyria digyna^ Campd. C and G.
Polygonum viviparum^ L. 0 and G.
Empetrum nigrum^ L. C.
Betula nana^ L. C and G.
Salix herbacea, L. C and G.
Salix glauca, L. C.
Salix arcticay E. Br. 1 C.
Habenaria albida, E. Br. G.
Habenaria hyperborean E. Br. G. New to Greenland I
Tofieldia borealiSj Wabl. C and G.
Luzula spadiceaj DC. C.
Luzula spadiceaj var. parvifloraj Mey. O.
Luzula arcuatttj Wahl. C.
L66 NATUBAL HISTOBT OF ABCTIC AMERICA.
L.izula arcitata, var. hyperborea. 0.
Eriophorum tkkeucJizcri, Hoppe. O.
Eriophorum vaginatum^ L. C
Eriophwum polyatachyum, L. O.
Carex lagopina, Wahl. G.
Carex rigida, Good. G.
Carex rariflora, WahL G.
HierocMoa alpina, L. C.
Aiapeeurvs eUpinva, L. O.
Poa alpinOf L. G and G-
Featuea ovina, L. C.
Festuoa ovina, var. Itrev^flora. n
Glyoeria angustata, B. Br. G.
WooSsia hyperhorea, R. Br. G.
Cystopteris /ragilia, Bemii. G.
Afpidium LonchitiSf Sw. G.
Potypodium Dryopteris. L. G.
Equisetiim arveme, L. G and 0.
Lyeopodium Sekigo, L. G and 0.
LICHENS.
LIST OF LICHENS COLLECTED IN THE TICINITT OF ANNANACTOOK HABBOft, CUMBEB-
LAND SOUND, AT ABOUT LAT. 67*» N., LONG. 68o 49* W.
By Edward Tvckebmjcx,
Cetraria nivalis j (L.) Acb. G.
Cetraria cucullatay (Bell.) Acli. 6.
Cetraria islandica^ (L.) Acli. G.
Cetraria ialandica^ var. DeliscBj Br. G.
Dactylina arctica^ (Hook.) Nyl. G.
Alectoria ochroleuca,
Alectoria ochroleuca^ var. cincinnata^ Fr. G.
Alectoria ochroleuca^ var. nigricann^ Ach. G.
Alectoria jtibataj (L.).
Alectoria juhata^ var. cftalyhetformisj Ach, G.
Theloachistes parieiiniMj (It.).
Tlieloschistes parietinusj var. pygmcmSj Fr. D.
Parmelia saa^atiliSj (L.) Fr. G.
Parmelia aaxatiliSj var. omplialodeSj Fr. G.
Parmelia aaxatiliSj var. panniformiSj Fr. G,
Parmelia physodeSj (L.) Ach.
Parmelia physodeSj var. encaustay Fr.
Parmelia physodesy var. alpicolaj Nyl. G.
Parmelia stygia.
Parmelia stygia^ var. lanata^ (Mey.). G.
Parmelia conspersa^ (Ehr.) Ach. G.
Parmelia centrifuga^ (L.) Ach. G.
Umbilicaria vellea^ (L.) Kyi. G.
Umhilicaria proboscidea, (L.) Stenh. G.
Umbilicaria proboscideaj var. arctica^ Ach.
Umhilicaria anthracina, (Wahl.) Schoer. G.
Umbilicaria cylindricaj (L.) Delis. G.
Umbilicaria hyperborea^ Hoffm. G.
Umbilicaria erosa^ (Wei.) Hoflfm. G.
ie7
IfiH KATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.
Peltigera canina, {L.} noffm. G.
I'eltigera pulverulenta, {Tayl,} Nyl. tr.
Pannaria hypnorum, (HofFm.) Kcerb. G.
Flacodium clegana, DC.
Flacodium vitclUnum, (Ehrh.) Hppp. G.
Lecanora rubina, (Vill.) Ach.
Lecanora rubina, var. opaca, Acli.
Lecanora tarlarea, (L.) Anb. G,
Lecanora oculata, (Dicks.) Acli.
Lecanora ventosa, (L.) Acb. G.
Stereocavhn tomentonum, Fr.
StereocauUm tomentosum, vur. alptuum, Ta.vir,
Stereocaulon paschale, (L.) Fr. G.
StereocauUm deav^atum, Floerk. O.
Cladonia rangiferina, (L.) Hoffm.
Cladonia rangiferina, var. alpestrU, Schcer.
Cladonia uncialis, (L.) Fr. G.
Cladonia bellidtftora, Acb. (Sclioer.). G.
Cladonia comwcopioidcs, (L.) Fr. G.
Cladonia comucopioidea, var. incrassata, Aiict. G.
Cladonia defvrmis, (L.) Hoft'm. G.
Heterothecium pezizoideum Acli. G.
Bwllia papiJlaia, (Sommerf.) Flot G.
^ft(WopAor«s fragilia, (It) Pers.
ALG^.
LIST OF ALGAE COLLECTED AT POINTS IN CUMBERLAND SOUND DURING THE AUTUMN
OF 1877.
By W. G. Farlow.
Odontluilm dentaia,
Bhodomela subfuaca.
Ehodomela tenuiaaima.
Polyaiphonia crctica.
Delesseria roatrata.
Delcsseria alata.
Rhodophyllis veprfntla,
Euthora cristata,
Phyllophora interrupta.
Phyllopliora memhranifolia.
PtiloUi plumosa^ var. serrata.
Ceramium rubrum.
Callithamnioii PylaiscoL
CalUthamnion RothiL
Chordaria fla^elUfonnis.
Dwtyosiphon foeniculaceua.
Phlccospora tortills,
Spliacelaria arctica.
Cluetopteris plumosa.
Ectocarpus hiemalis.
Ectocarpu8 FarlowiL
Ectocarpua Landsburgiif
Ectocarpus firmus, var.
Monosioma f
Cladophora arcta.
ITloihrix flacca.
Hcematococcus lacustris {Protococcus nivcUia).
too
MINERALS.
By F. M. Exduch.
The following is the catalogue of the minerals collected by Dr. Knm-
lien. Each one of the sjiecies is represented by a number of specimens
Interesting, among them, is a collection of the supposed meteoric stones
from Ovifak.
SmithaoniaD
number.
9580. Supposed 3IETE0RIC stoks from Ovifak, Disko Island, Green-
land.
1)581. Geanite, probably fix)m a dnft-bowlder, Gi-eenland.
9582. Rose quartz. A large number of specimens from Greenland.
9583. Oethoclase, from Niantilic Gulf, Cumberland.
9584. TouEMALiNE, crystals with one end termination. Some of them
are of considerable size. Color black. Niantilic Gulf.
9585. Muscovite, crystals and large plates. The latter contains some
hematitic inclusions. Niantilic Gulf.
958G. Muscovite, crystals. Niantilic Gulf.
9587. Oethoclase, massive, yellow. Niantilic Gulf.
9588. Biotite, in small crystals. Niantilic Gulf. '
9589. QuAETZ, colorless. Niantilic Gidf.
9590. Chalcedony, gray and blue. Disko Fjonl.
9591. Argyllite, red, compact. Ovifak.
9592. Chalcopyrite, massive, in quartz. Cumberland Gulf.
9593. Pyrrhotite, associated with some pyrite. Cumberland Gulf.
9594. Smoky quartz, massive. Cumberland Gulf.
9595. Chlorite, crystallized. Cumberland Gulf.
9596. Apatite, crjstalline. Cumberland Gulf.
9597. Garnet, variety, probably Spessartitej crystallized in clusters and
single large crystals. Cumberland Gulf.
9598. Apophyllite. Small quantities associated with Chalcopyrite.
Cumberland Gulf.
171
INDEX.
Page.
Acidiopdaoomplanata..... 152
AcnuM tMtndinalis 146
Actixkia eiaasicornis 152
■pectabilU 152
ActitaruM bortramins S7
JSgialitU biaticula 83
** semipalmata 83
iEgiothus iiolboUi 76
linaria 75
iEoUdiapapillosa 146
Agabua (Gaarodytes) triatis 161
Aginsak 89
Aglek J, 89
AgonidcD 116
AjAk-ka\jtyak 38
Akagik 83
Akeiksek 83
Akpa 104,105
Ak parnak 103
AlcbemiUa mlgaria 164
Alcyonidinm xnytili 148
Alectoria Jabata 167
" Jabata Tar. ohalybeifonnia 167
" ocbroleaca 167
" ocbroleaca var. cinclxmata 167
** ochrolenca yar. nigricaDs 167
AlgsD 169
Alopecuros alpinos 166
Amara hsmatopna 161
Axnarook 30,52
Amaabiiadly 27
Amatbilla Sabinl 139
Amgoouk or amnait 45
Ampelia garmlas 74
Ampbipoma 143
Ampbipoms Stimpaoni 143
Ampbitrite cinclxmata 141
Amurak 75
Anaaboscbaa » 88
Ancoot 28,29,30,43,44,4,6
Ancoot angekok 21 , 27
Angokoka 29
Annelida 141
Annelids 141
Anser albifrons var. gambcli H8
bN-perborens 88
Antennnria alpina 164
Antbozoa 1.V2
AntbiiA ladovicianna 73
Apatite 171
Apeltes 131
Apophyllite 171
Arabia alpina 164
Aracbnida 159,161
Arcbangelica offlcfnalia 164
Arctoatapbylos alpina 165
Arenaria i>eploidea 164
Page.
Argylllte in
Argynnia 166
" Cbaridea 166
•• Freya 156,157
Pobms 156
Armeria vnlgaria 165
Arnica alpina 165
Aacidia calloea 147
" complanata 147
" condylomata 147
*• ecbinata 148
" monoceroa 147
*• metica 147
Aacidiopeia complanata 147
Aapidinm Loncbitia 166
Aapidopboroidea monopterygius ^ 116
Astarte borralia 146
Asteracantbion albulua 151
Mulleri 151
" problema 151
Aeteriaa 152
Atiiaaa 26
Atluka 35,89,56
Atkkbinigan 27
Aukbinigan-macboni 27
Aurora borealia 81
Awingak 53
Awoak 63
Baird,Prof. S. F 120
Balanna balanoidea 140
" crenatue 140
Bartaia alpina 165
Bean, Tarleton H 107,113
Belnga catodon 13, 24, 60
Be tubi nana 1 a'»
Biotite 171
Birda 71
Blennius polaris lir>
Bombns lacastris ir>9
Bcatellaria 159
Boreogadas polaria 108
Raida 107,108
Bowboad Bird 85
Bracbyotns palastriH 81
Branta hutcbinsii 88
Bryantbas taxifolitis icr>
Buccinum bekherl 145
ciliatum var. Miilleri 145
•* jilaciale 145
j^riinlandicum 140
bumphreysiannm 145
** tt'nebrosum 146
Bacepbala 1 89
i»bindica 89
Bnelliapapillata 168
173
Bunodta spcctablUs —
Buplisgus gkua
BurBeBB, Mr.E
CibloDet
Colldrifl ■rcnarin -----
CiilllpharB i>ryIhrDCBpbkla. . .
CiillithiiDiniDn Pyt^sni
Kothli
CulLociphidns \i tutinuB
CampHnuta roCniidEfpIl* ----.
JSDBX.
CuapliiliL'idug labnidariiu
Cull bniillulB VU-. boiwlU
" DccldonUltaTBr. grlwD-alb*...
CmpirUa
!x1ikgoplnB--
CHpoilaoQii purpnrma . .
CMwlope hypnoldM
Crlliiria BrtlcuUt*
Crllepon bykllna
■■ HecU..
CoDett, Prof ..
Coljmbiu ■ml
CoBldiB . .
IM.I»
wni
CnnellB lUa. ..
DID
TV
EX.
175
■■ ortoi«ul.i-nr.latigrWolto
IM
IBl
1»
Ocphyn*
GUlTbcodon....
. U2
(ilvtLm,.ti.KiurlMi;i....
l".n^]ili.iliHm KorrtEioam
I«,l«
Lflndibureill
IBS
M
r.T..c,n.,>i.,irbo ST
IT. 73,77, 80. 1»
Gnu l(pT0b«b);ft'
GbIo
cambfr 108,110.115^118
ajmnncantbiaplBdllicor
Oj-mwlisviriJi.
lial
H.g*n.I>r. n
i"
. IM
Smnll
TUljlri*
160
149
Hiloc;nthi>
■"rtl"
115
1JK
i«.iso
r,.„.i.,.,,'^,...-,„..iEdi[«
70
U»rt.C
.. 1211
. J0»
10.M
110
Gamn^nri 57
jorusla
J«
iHahaook
Igl"
Insects
Iihtmak
SB
IM
1G3.1S0
.. H.95
iDKUlptu
Junco hyemsU.
Dcbolomw
131
78
»«
VowKMb
■fovj-ah
DkiKHllnok
OniiaL
(honiiUtruplini ill
PatHii-i'iiindii'iiuJv .
I'JrOK'lui FFiiliitlipi
w.i»tUto
■uitilia
INDEX. 177
P»ge. F*C»
Ul Peaholiik IM
ii i'hukrop.iiInUMriM 81,86
' ^.-_-..^,, A5 ' t^buACDloAJOiaiiiaE^mriUceunw- 141*
l»,16l , l»Wul)Mb»t» U,24,B2,4C,43,«
W,M ItiloMMponi Inrtilla IHI
Be Pb«bMurv™tnJt]i. i38
81 ■ PlijlliicliR'i"Gi(JBlundlca Ul
IM Pb.vtlopbon
rii.viitlia u
lii PlEkanlnny pUMj- S5
1«J PiDWinilt ••»
., 163 Plninibi i'nui'l™lor 73
KI Plaoridiiiin »legiiii» ISK
91, Da vitcUlunm 168
.-•-,. M I'luul- 1«
S3 I'lalfiM Kluriulia iw
a rbi>siinuiUcbUi}-jililiipoi[lo«M>td(«.., 108
BbroB* 1*5 rlrctrophuii bppnnlcrDi 77
wnl. in - uiialit 78,77,78
101 Plmr.iiw.twi yi^nklinil I08
61 (IthiimbDilglaoIaU*.... I08
1 Ift2 ' I'luuivuMitW* 108
-.- 163 PoHolpini SO.lSn
81 ■• arutlcii 77,01
81 ri.l>,.™uui.-Mp«uii.,... 165
IW ruJyl>">iiii"i lirjoplsrl* I6C
IM- I'"li-ii)h..DUiiir,ll(B 160
73 l'tilyiiUrt« Mclleri w
171 i'Dlyioii IM
171 PoiifeiH isa
Ifl.". I'lii-mllb uM'uIua i64
PruIooi'JBkfHCUU 116
13,17,J*2«,Wt,«,*»,iJ,03,:i, l-tamlKiiM 73
78,78. loa Ptilntd pltuuuixi var. namU 16*
W 1*1101111 K kubll lec
idloiu 38.61 lo^liir 103
M . Vy 04
... IW PjipWruB 136
..10* (Koldcntiili* 130
. . IM r.vnJit roiuadlfoliii MG
-. in rotuniUliiUii Titr. pmnite 1«3,1»
... 167 PjrrbirtlU-, 171
... It! r,nThiil.. 74
... 107 (iii.irli 171
... 107
... 1»7 KhJUiIk. 151
107 E*', Dr IOC
107 l{iiu;dlVr Umuluii ia,U
.. 10.;i« iL.niini'iiluM iifHiilii- 104
... 105 aitiiln lei
... ISS - li«l ■iloDUfi'd 104
ICJ Bc<:iii'\ir»>trisiiuicHcaiu 84
... lOS ' IkiuluinlliiiitbhiiwfdnMibiM Ivo
... 16S Bhiuni>h<.iiivl» 161
1«8 nlwiU 161
13 ItbwUitinui imviaii IN:
... HI RbndoJiiHlrnii Lii|>|">Di<'uin IK
Bull. Nat. Miw. No. li
-l:i
niDBX.
Spimrbla Inddoa .... r ... .
<|aadTHigiil>ria
SUudiuiwr, Dr
SMIIiirliiliinglprii
Strptunutcriia
olbnla
INDEX.
179
nu.ik
umik
nlus ulici« ...
rtonia minnta
Pmjc©.
14
14
73
146
It III i\ tlacca 160
ibiliranfi anthrudna 1ti7
«■ vlindrica 167
< n»Bji 167
liy]»«;rl>«>re:i 167
]»t-obo8cideu 167
prftboACiilea var. arctica 167
vplloa 167
i.»(i»ibo .* 10^
• -ryU« 94,108,104.105
Page.
UromottR Parryi lir»
Unas maritliBiia 13,47,4U
Urtlciua oraniconris 1:'^*
ntiinianin tonla 103
Vaci-iuiiim uliginoaimi Ifi, 78, 77, 8u. lOT*
Vfr«ini«';4 alpina IGTi
VtniU, A.E 141.147.151
VuliM-s la^»])UM 49, 77
Wlialo-binl J?'-
Xf nia iwbiuli 101
ZiyhidioDtidsB IJfi
\
*•
■ »
*m .
.^J
r-^::-^^
'«
'f
^HOKTNe
^'
-, a^^^H**.* •
J^':'-^^'. -^'^^^.:..
*'^1^-
* . • '
m ■
•
^
1
i
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