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A 

BIBLIOGRAPHY    OF     PRINTING 


VOLUME    I. 


\'A//  Rights  of  reproduciiim  reserved.] 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

OF 

PRINTING 


WITH 


NO  TES     &     ILLUS  TRA  TIONS 


COMPILED    BY 

K.    C.    BIGMORE    and    C.   VV.    H.   WVMAN 


A— L    INCLUSIVE 


LONDON 
BERNARD     OUARITCH,     15     PICCADILLY 

MDCCCLXXX 


GENERAL 


R 


HE  Compilers  of  this  Bibliography 
of  Printing,  the  first  of  its  kind 
published  in  England,  had  been 
for  some  years  engaged  inde- 
pendently in  the  collection  of 
materials  for  such  a  work  as  the 
present,  when,  by  the  good  offices 
of  Mr.  Bernard  Quaritch,  of 
Piccadilly,  they  became  personally 
acquainted  and  for  the  first  time  aware  of  their  several 
labours  and  common  intention,  and  thereupon  agreed  to 
combine  their  resources  and  pursue  the  task  conjointly. 
It  was  arranged  that  the  Bibliography  should  first  appear, 
by  monthly  instalments,  in  the  Printing  Times  and  Litho- 
grapher;  and  then,  after  careful  revision  and  correction 
(for  which  this  serial  mode  of  publication  afforded  special 
facilities),  be  eventually  issued  in  a  more  complete  and 
permanent  form. 

In  the  year  1874  the  "Typographical  Bibliography"  of 
Mr.  John  F.  Marthens,  of  Pittsburgh,  United  States, 
was  printed  in  the  pages  of  the  Quadrat.  A  few  months 
after  the  first  announcement  of  the  present  Bibliography, 
Mr.  William  Blades,  the  historian  of  England's  first  printer, 
informed   one   of  the   Compilers   that  he   had   also   for  a 


64860 


vi  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  PRINTING. 

long  time  contemplated  a  similar  work.  An  effort  was 
then  made  to  enlist  Mr.  Blades's  valuable  co-operation, 
but  in  vain,  for  he  doubtless  felt  that  he  was  strong 
enough  to  stand  alone,  while  it  was  uncertain  how  far 
he  would  benefit  by  the  proposed  collaboration.  Mr. 
Blades,  therefore,  proceeded  to  issue  the  English  portion 
of  his  "Bibliotheca  Typographica"  in  the  Printer's  Register, 
intending  to  complete  it  as  the  several  technical  journals 
of  France,  Germany,  Italy,  Spain,  &c.,  might  offer  him 
similar  facilities  with  regard  to  the  works  in  the  languages 
of  these  respective  countries.  The  fact  that  three  inde- 
pendent works,  each  more  or  less  aiming  to  furnish  a 
Bibliography  of  Printing,  should  be  simultaneously  pro- 
jected and  be  announced  within  a  twelvemonth,  is  suffi- 
ciently remarkable  to  be  here  recorded. 

In  February,  1873,  ^  preliminary  intimation  of  this  work 
was  published.  Various  other  notifications  were  issued 
from  time  to  time,  until  the  actual  production  of  the  first 
instalment  in  January,  1876,  in  the  Frifiti?ig  Times  and 
Lithographer.  In  this  publication  it  has  ever  since  ap- 
peared monthly,  and  is  still  being  continued.  While 
touching  on  these  matters  it  seems  proper  to  add,  that 
this  compilation  was  begun  for  private  use  only,  but  that 
a  daily  experience  of  the  need  of  such  a  work  soon  led 
to  the  project  of  attempting  to  supply,  however  imper- 
fectly, a  real  public  want.  Hence,  without  any  preten- 
sions to  the  great  learning,  ample  leisure,  and  literary 
ability,  which  such  an  undertaking  properly  demanded, 
the  Compilers  found  themselves  embarked  in  the  present 
enterprise.  Their  chief  qualifications  they  feel  to  consist 
in  that  technical  knowledge  which  long  experience  in  their 
respective  occupations  has  given  them.  They  confess  also 
to  some  enthusiasm  for  the  subject.     They  were,  however. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  PRINTING.  vii 

from  the  outset  encouraged  with  many  promises  of  assist- 
ance, which  have  been  since  amply  redeemed,  and  are 
gratefully  acknowledged. 

And  here  should  be  recorded  the  generous  aid,  in  re- 
vising and  correcting  the  proofs  and  supplying  deficiencies 
in  this  work,  of  Mr.  Theodor  Goebel,  of  Stuttgart, 
many  years  Editor  of  the  Journal  fiir  Buchdruckerkunst^ 
the  oldest  periodical  devoted  to  typography  in  existence ; 
of  Mr.  F.  MuLLER,  of  Amsterdam ;  of  Mr.  Louis  Mohr, 
of  Strasbourg ;  of  Mr.  Theo.  L.  de  Vinne,  of  New  York ; 
and  of  other  correspondents  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
not  omitting  the  constant  assistance  and  courtesy  of  the 
learned  staff  of  the  British  Museum.  Moreover,  in  the 
autumn  of  1878,  Mr.  William  Blades,  having  relinquished 
his  idea  of  completing  the  publication  of  his  own  work  in 
the  manner  he  had  proposed,  spontaneously  and  most 
liberally  placed  the  whole  of  his  valuable  notes  at 
the  service  of  the  Compilers.  These  materials  have  since, 
as  far  as  possible,  been  embodied  in  these  pages,  the  latter 
portion  of  which  have  also  been  further  benefited  by  the 
revision  of  Mr.  Blades.  This  enumeration  would  not, 
however,  be  complete  without  mention  of  the  important 
service  rendered  by  Mr.  John  Southward,  who,  in 
addition  to  possessing  the  qualifications  of  a  practical 
printer,  has  devoted  himself  for  several  years  to  the 
study  of  the  literature  and  antiquities  of  Printing.-  The 
Compilers  esteem  themselves  fortunate  in  having  had  the 
advantage  of  his  intelligent  aptitude  and  zealous  co- 
operation throughout  the  progress  of  the  work,  which 
owes  much  to  this  gentleman's  literary  ability  and  special 
knowledge. 

The  means  adopted  by  the  Compilers  to  avail  themselves 
of  the  assistance  so  generously  and  so  widely  given  were. 


viii  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  PRINTING. 

primarily,  the  distribution  of  rough  proofs,  in  which  the  re- 
cipients inscribed  their  proposed  corrections  and  additions. 
This  new  matter,  after  being  revised  and  augmented,  was 
printed  monthly  in  the  Printing  Tifnes  and  Lithographer^ 
and  the  large  circulation  by  that  means  given  to  it  pro- 
duced much  correspondence  and  suggested  various  im- 
provements. The  whole  was  again  submitted  in  proof  to 
several  of  the  gentlemen  co-operating,  before  the  matter 
was  finally  printed  in  its  present  form.  The  foregoing 
details  may  afford  some  slight  idea  of  the  labour  incurred 
in  the  collation  and  revision  of  the  immense  amount 
of  material  from  which  these  pages  have  been  elaborated. 

The  scope  and  plan  of  the  work  have  next  to  be  stated. 
The  Compilers  have  limited  the  signification  of  the  word 
"  Printing,"  by  rejecting  photographic  printing,  calico 
printing,  telegraphic  printing,  &c.,  as  irrelevant  processes 
which  are  not  utilised  for  literary  purposes.  In  fact,  the 
works  cited  are  those  treating  of  typographic,  lithographic, 
copperplate  printing,  &c.,  with  the  cognate  arts  of  type- 
founding,  stereotyping,  electrotyping,  and  wood-engraving. 
The  subjects  of  Paper  and  Bookbinding  are  not  included, 
although  it  would  have  been  an  interesting  task  to  deal 
with  them,  as  would  also  have  been  the  case  with  Copyright 
and  Laws  regulating  the  Press ;  but,  though  they  bear  very 
closely  on  the  subject,  they  seem  to  belong  rather  to  the 
results  and  outcome  of  printing  than  to  printing  itself. 

The  several  books  cited  are  arranged  in  Alphabetical 
order  under  the  names  of  the  writers,  in  every  case  wherein 
the  authorship  is  noted  on  the  title-page  or  was  known  to 
the  Compilers  \  the  names  in  the  latter  case  being  inserted 
in  brackets.  Anonymous  works  are  placed  according 
to  the  wording  of  the  title,  the  first  noun  in  such  cases 
determining  the  alphabetical  position  in  this  Bibliography. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  PRINTING.  ix 

Every  system  of  arrangement  is  open  to  objection ;  but  it  is 
hoped  that  the  one  adopted  will  best  facilitate  reference 
to  any  book  required,  and  therefore  will  prove  more  con- 
venient than  the  chronological  method ;  but  in  several  cases 
wherein  it  is  interesting  to  mark  the  evolution  of  a  subject 
during  successive  years,  an  historical  note  has  been  given 
for  the  purpose.  The  article  on  "Koster,"  for  instance, 
summarises  the  theories  of  various  authors  who  have  written 
on  the  subject  of  the  "  Haarlem  Legend."  Investigation,  it 
is  hoped,  has  been  rendered  easier  by  the  employment  of 
cross  references. 

Great  pains  have  been  taken  with  the  annotations,  which 
the  Compilers  venture  to  think  form,  as  a  whole,  a  valuable 
collection  of  material  towards  a  future  History  of  Printing. 
In  some  instances  by  personal  research,  in  others  by 
correspondence  with  authorities,  official  and  private,  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  a  very  large  number  of 
hitherto  unrecorded  facts  have  been  collected,  while 
some  important  verifications  or  corrections  of  statements 
hitherto  generally  accepted  have  been  secured.  In  this 
way  the  Compilers  have  endeavoured  to  present  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  matter  which  the  future  collector 
of  historical  facts  will  find  acceptable  and  indeed 
necessary.  There  may  be  mentioned,  for  example,  the 
section  devoted  to  Societies,  which  embodies  materials 
for  an  account  of  the  trade  organizations  of  printers  for 
above  a  century.  It  is  largely  founded  on  original  docu- 
ments not  hitherto  described,  and  on  reminiscences  and 
the  collections  formed  by  one  of  the  Compilers,  who, 
himself  a  printer  and  the  son  of  a  printer,  had  for  many 
years  taken  an  active  part  in  the  transactions  of  the 
Master  Printers'  Association  of  London.  Either  as  a 
member  of  various  committees  appointed  to  legislate  on 


X  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  FRINTING. 

the  current  trade  movements,  or  as  chairman  of  this  Asso- 
ciation, he  has  had  opportunities  of  practically  acquaint- 
ing himself  with  contemporary  trade  politics,  as  they 
affected  both  employers  and  employed.  The  historical 
value  of  such  details,  although  not  always  appreciated, 
ought  not  to  be  underrated  ;  for  the  events  here  recorded 
have,  during  the  present  century,  considerably  influenced 
the  conditions  under  which  the  art  of  printing  has  been 
practised,  and,  to  some  extent,  affected  its  products  in  this 
country. 

The  list  of  Periodical  Publications  is  undoubtedly 
the  most  complete  that  has  yet  been  compiled.  It 
was  felt  that  the  technical  journals  were  the  current 
medium  wherein  the  history  of  the  arts  dealt  with  is 
recorded,  and  that  a  careful  register  of  those  periodicals 
would  be  of  great  value. 

Under  the  heading  Parliamentary  Papers  are  in- 
cluded Acts  of  the  Legislature,  proclamations,  minutes 
of  evidence  before  parliamentary  committees,  and  reports 
of  Royal  commissioners,  in  so  far  as  they  bear  on  the 
subjects  included  within  the  scope  of  the  present  work. 
A  chronological  arrangement  has  been  adopted  here,  and 
it  is  hoped  that  this  matter  will  be  rendered  thereby 
more  easy  to  consult,  as  well  as  more  intelligible,  than 
could  have  been  the  case  had  the  alphabetical  system 
been  followed. 

These  pages  have  been  illustrated  by  a  large  number  of 
interesting  cuts,  derived  from  various  sources.  Most  of 
those  representing  the  printers'  devices  were  engraved  with 
his  own  hand  by  Mr.  J.  Ph.  Berjeau,  and  originally 
published  in  his  little  volume  on  "Printers'  Marks,"  and 
in  his  Bookworm.  Both  of  these  works  being  out  of  print, 
and  almost  unattainable,  the   blocks    were  acquired,   and 


BIBLIOGRAPHY   OF  PRINTING.  xi 

they  are  here  given  in  order,  under  the  names  of  the 
printers  who  used  them.  A  large  number  of  other  blocks 
(chiefly  reproductions  from  very  old  standard  and  rare 
books)  were  obtained  through  the  kindness  of  the  author 
of  "  The  Invention  of  Printing."  Indeed,  these  pages  are 
enriched  with  probably  the  largest  and  most  representative 
collection  of  delineations  of  typographical  monuments,  and 
of  portraits  of  notabilities,  that  has  ever  been  presented  in 
one  work. 

Absolute  accuracy  is  even  less  attainable  in  a  biblio- 
graphical enterprise  than  in  one  of  any  other  kind.  Not- 
withstanding the  extent  of  the  list  of  books  presented,  the 
Compilers  are  conscious  that  there  will  be  many  titles  which 
have  escaped  notice ;  especially  those  of  books  of  which 
only  a  few  copies  exist  in  places  difficult  of  access,  or  of 
works  which,  being  privately  compiled  for  trade  or  other 
purposes,  have  not  come  upon  the  ordinary  market.  In 
fact,  while  the  sheets  of  this  work  were  going  through  the 
press  not  a  few  omissions  have  been  discovered.  All 
such  items,  so  far  as  ascertained,  will  be  placed  in  the 
Supplement,  at  the  end  of  Volume  II.  A  note  of  any 
shortcomings  that  may  be  detected  by  the  reader  will  be 
gratefully  received,  and  gladly  turned  to  account. 

It  may  be  mentioned,  not  only  as  an  instance  of  the 
difficulties  inherent  in  such  a  compilation  as  the  present, 
but  as  a  somewhat  curious  example  of  "printers'  errors," 
that  some  of  the  "  Dictionaries  of  Printers,"  "  Memoirs  of 
Printers,"  &c.,  mentioned  in  bibliographies  and  book- 
catalogues  were  found  on  examination  to  refer  to  Painters ; 
and  that  *'  Typography  "  not  infrequently  is  a  misprint  for 
Topography,  an  instance  of  the  last  being  an  entry  under 
Nichols  in  Watts's  "  Bibliotheca  Britannica."  The  ex- 
planation of  these  errors  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  boxes  in 


xii  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  PRINTING. 

the  printers'  case  containing  the  types  "a"  and  "  r,"  and 
those  of  "  o"  and  "y  "  respectively,  adjoin  each  other,  and 
the  letters  are  therefore  easily  misplaced. 

Had  the  Compilers  realized  at  the  outset  half  that  their 
task  might  demand  of  them,  they  would  never  have  had 
the  courage  to  attempt  it;  but  they  were  first  stimulated 
by  a  belief  in  and  experience  of  its  usefulness,  and  their 
enthusiasm  was  sustained  by  the  encouragement  of  those 
whose  judgment  they  knew  was  entitled  to  respect.  They 
may  not  yet  speak  of  the  completion  of  the  undertaking, 
for  this  is  but  the  first,  and  perhaps  the  smaller  of  the  two 
volumes  to  which  the  work  is  intended  to  be  confined ;  yet 
they  are  confidently  pursuing  their  way. 

In  entering  so  fully  as  they  have  done  into  the  origin 
and  progress  of  this  Contribution  to  the  History  of 
Printing,  the  Compilers  have  no  desire  to  escape  just 
criticism.  Of  its  faults,  both  of  omission  and  commission, 
they  are  very  sensible ;  but  they  feel  that  they  may  fairly 
urge  the  novelty  and  the  magnitude  of  the  undertaking 
in  extenuation  of  some  of  its  shortcomings,  and  that  they 
are  entitled  to  such  consideration  as  may  attach  to  the  fact 
that  the  labour  was  not  only  vast,  but  without  prospect  of 
pecuniary  recompense. 


74,  Great  Queen  Street,  London. 
January,    i8So. 


A  Bibliography  of  Priiitiitg. 


Observations  sur  I'lntroduction  au  Cata- 
logue d'Estampes  de  M.  D.  G.  de  A. 
1 86 1.     8vo. 

The  name  of  the  author  of  this  book,  pub- 
lished under  the  above  initials,  is  stated  by  the 
authorities  of  the  British  Museum  to  be  Ro- 
cheaux,  a  printseller  of  Paris. 

Aa  (C.  van  der).  lets  over  de  Uitvin- 
ding  en  Voortgang  der  Boekdnik- 
kunst.     Utrecht  :  1803.     8vo. 

Chr.  Ch.  Hendrik  van  der  Aa  was  an  eminent 
Dutch  LiUheran  minister  and  theological  writer, 
born  at  ZwoU,  25th  Aug.,  1718;  died  1793,  in 
which  year  he  had  celebrated  the  jubilee,  or  fiftieth 
anniversary  of  his  ministry  at  Haarlem,  when  a 
medal,  by  the  artist  Holtzhey,  was  struck  on  the  occasion.  He  devoted  his  leisure 
hours,  however,  to  science,  and  was  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Scientific  Society 
(Maatschappij  der  Wetenschappen)  established  at  Haarlem  in  1752.  The  work 
named  above  treats  of  the  discovery  and  progressive  development  of  the  Typo- 
graphic Art. 

Aanmerkingen  op  de  Gedenkschriften  wegens  het  4e  Eeuwgetyde 
van  de  Uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst.     's  Hage.     1824.     8vo. 
Supposed  to  have  been  written  by  the  Baron  Westreenen  van  Tiellandt. 

Abbott  (Jacob).     The   Harper    EstabHshment ;  or,    How  the  Story 
Books  are  made.     New  York  :  1855.     4to. 


—  Franklin,  the  Apprentice  Boy. 
pp.  160 ;  woodcuts. 


New  York  :  1855.      i6mo. 


2  Bibliography  of  Printing, 

Abhandlung  von  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  und  einigen  dahin  gehorigen 
Stiicken  des  Alterthums  ;  bei  Gelegenheit  des  dritten  Jubeljahres 
so  in  diesem  Jahr  wie  in  den  meisten  beriihmten  Stadten  Deutsch- 
lands,  also  auch  u.  s.  w.  in  Bremen  u.  s.  w.  gefeyert  worden. 
Bremen:  1740,  8vo. 
A  treatise  on  Typography  and  the  early  products  of  the  printing-press. 

Abney  (Capt).  Instruction  in  Photography.  London  :  1874.  Crown 
Svo.  pp.  168. 

Contains,  beside   other  matter,    excel-  pared  for  private  circulation  amongst  the 

lent   instructions   in    Photo- Lithography  officers  and  men  of  the  corps  of  Royal 

and  Zincography,  and  also  a  description  Engineers,  and  is  essentially  a  work  of 

of  the  author's  method,   called  Papyro-  a  practical  character, 
type.     This  Manual  was  originally  pre- 

About  (Edmond).  La  Justice  et  la  Liberte  dans  I'lndustrie  Typo- 
graphique.     Paris :  1865.     Svo. 

About  Printing.  Article  in  Fine  Arts  Quarterly  Review,  June,  1866. 
pp.  145-160.     London  :  1866.     Royal  Svo. 

Abranches.  Catalogo  alfabetico  des  Obras  impressas  de  J.  A.  de 
Macedo.  Por  A[ntonio]  M[anoel]  de  R[iego]  A[branches].  Lisboa  : 
1849.     4to. 

Account.  An  Account  of  the  Expence  of  Correcting  and  Improving 
Sundry  Books.     4  pp.  fo.     About  iScx).     A  pamphlet. 

Account  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Dispute  between  the  Masters 
and  Journeymen  Printers,  exemplified  in  the  Trial  at  Large  ;  with 
Remarks  thereupon,  and  the  Speeches  of  Messrs.  Knapp,  Raine, 
and  Hovell,  both  on  the  Trial  and  at  the  time  of  passing  sentence. 
"With  Notes  and  Illustrations  upon  the  whole.  Published  for  the 
benefit  of  the  men  in  confinement.     London  :  1799.     Svo. 

The  five  defendants,   E.  Atkinson,  L.  the   number  of  their  apprentices.     The 
Ball,  J.  Turk,  J.  Warwick,  and  N.  Lyn-  charge  was  proved,  and   each  was  sen- 
ham,  were  the  Committee  of  the  Society  tenced    to   two  years'   imprisonment    in 
of  Journeymen  Pressmen,  and  the  action  Newgate.     Lynham  died  in  jail, 
was  for  interfering  with  the  masters  as  to 

Account.  A  short  Account  of  the  first  Rise  and  Progress  of  Printing, 
with  a  complete  list  of  the  first  books  that  were  printed.  London  : 
[1763].  32mo. 

ACHARD.  Epreuve  des  Caracteres  de  ITmprimerie  d'Achard.  Mar- 
seille:  1S22.  Svo. 

AcKERMAN  (Rudolph).— 6"^^  Senefelder. 

ACKERSDYCK  (W.  C. ).  lets  over  het  nageslacht  van  den  vermaarden 
Mentzischen  boekdrukker  Petrus  Schoffer,  naar's  Hertogenbosch 
verhuisd,  en  al  daar  uitgestorven.     Amsterdam  :  1S17.     Svo. 

Acts  of  Parliament  relating  to  Printers. — See  Parliamentary  Papers. 


Bibliography  of  Printing, 


Adams.     Proef  van  Letteren  die  te  bekomen  zyn,  by  de  Weduwe  van 
Joannis  Adamsz   en   Abraham   Ente,    Lettergieter   in   de    niewe 
Lely-straat  in  de  Batavier  tot  Amsterdam.     [About  1660.]     4to. 
Two  large  post  broadsides,  issued  as  typefounders'  specimens,  by  Adamsz  and 
Ente.     They  show  eighteen  founts  of  roman  and  italic,  from  double-pica  to  non- 
pareil, well  cut. 

-Adams  (Thomas  F.).  Typographia  ;  or,  the  Printer's  Instructor.  A 
Brief  Sketch  of  the  Origin,  Rise,  and  Progress  of  the  Typographic 
Art,  with  Practical  Directions  for  conducting  every  Department  in 
an  Office,  Hints  to  Authors,  Publishers,  &c.  Philadelphia  :  1837, 
i2mo.  pp.  380;  1845,  i2mo. 

Adamson  (John).     Bibliotheca  Lusitana  ;  or,  Catalogue  of  Books  and 
Tracts  relating  to  the  History,  Literature,  and  Poetry  of  Portugal. 
Newcastle  :  1836.      i2mo. 
Contains  notices' of  the  earliest  Portuguese  printers. 

Adamus,  M.  Vita  J.  Fausti  typographi ;  Vita  J.  Froben. ;  Vita 
J.  Guttembergii,  ex  variis  auctoribus  collecta.  Articles  in  the 
Vitse  Theolog. ,  Juriscons.,  Philosoph.,  &c.,  of  Adamus.  Franco- 
furti  ad  Moenum:  1706.     Fo. 

Adrianus.  Explicit  Liber  de  Remediis  fortuitorum  Casuum,  noviter 
compilatus  et  impressus.  Colonic,  per  Arnoldum  Therhoernen, 
finitus  147 1.     4to. 


A  book  concerning  the  Reme- 
dies of  Accidents,  newly  com- 
piled and  printed  at  Cologne, 
by  Arnold  Therhoernen.  In- 
teresting to  printers  as  being 
(on  the  authority  of  the  "  Biblio- 


theca Spenceriana ")  the  first 
book  printed  with  numbering  of 
folios  (not  pages),  the  figures 
being  placed  in  the  end  of  the  line 
on  the  middle  of  each  right-hand 
page. 


Adry  (J.  F. )     Notice  sur  les  Imprimeurs  de  la  Famille  des  Elzevirs, 
par  un  ancien  Bibliothecaire.     Paris;  1806.     8vo,,  pp.  60. 
Only  fifty  copies  printed. 

Catalogue  chronologique  des  Imprimeurs  et  Libraires  du  Roy, 

public  par  le  Roux  de  Lincy.     Paris  :   1849.     8vo. 

He  left  behind  him  several  works  in  manu- 


script, one  of  them  being  the  Histoire  de 
la  Famille  des  Elzevirs  ;  another  a  "  Dic- 
tionnaire  des  Graveurs  et  Peintres."  For 
Memoir  see  "Annales  Encyclopedi- 
ques,"  par  Millin,  1818,  ii.  321-323; 
"Biographie  des  Hommes  Vivans,"  and 
Querard,  "  La  France  Litteraire." 


Jean  Felicissime  Adry  was  a  biblio- 
grapher and  writer  of  considerable  merit, 
born  at  Vincelotte,  near  Auxerre,  in  the 
year  1749.  He  became  librarian  to  the 
Maison  de  I'Oratoire,  at  Paris,  and  on  the 
suppression  of  this  house  devoted  himself 
to  study,  maintaining  himself  by  his  lite- 
rary labours.    He  died  20th  March,  1818. 

Aebi    (J.    L.).     Die   Buchdruckerei   zu   Beromiinster  im  funfzehnten 
Jahrhundert.       Eine    Festschrift   zur    Jubelfeier   im  jahre    1870. 
Einsiedeln  (Switzerland)  :  1870.     8vo.  pp.  40.     Two  photographs 
and  a  facsimile. 
A  short  history  of  the  first  Swiss  printer  and  printing-house. 

Affo  (Ireneo).    Saggio  di  Memorie  sulla  Tipografia    Parmense  del 
Secolo  XV.     Parma  :   1791.     4to. 
B    2 


4  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Affo  (Ireneo).  Giunte  e  Correzioni  dall'  Avvocato  Ang.  Pezzana. 
Parma  :  1827,  4to. 
Ireneo  Affo  was  born  at  Busseto,  in  the  having  written  more  than  one  hundred 
duchy  of  Parma,  in  1741,  studied  at  separate  works.  The  first  of  the  works 
Bologna,  and  entered  the  Franciscan  named  above  is  An  Essay  on  the  Typo- 
order.  In  1767  he  was  appointed  pro-  graphy  of  Parma  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
fessor  of  philosophy  in  the  Convent  of  Home  says  that  this  is— "A  work  of 
the  Minori  Osservanti  at  Parma,  and  in  great  research.  It  is  divided  into  two 
1768  to  the  chair  of  philosophy  in  the  parts,  the  first  of  which  discusses  the 
public  school  of  Guastalla.  During  his  history  of  printing  at  Parma  ;  and  in  the 
long  residence  in  the  latter  city  he  ran-  second  is  given  a  chronological  notice  of 
sacked  its  archives  for  literary  and  his-  fifty  editions  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
torical  purposes.  He  was  afterward  Tiraboschi  mentions  Affo  as  one  of  the 
appointed  sub-librarian  of  the  ducal  first  geniuses  of  Italy."  Of  the  Additions 
library  at  Parma,  and  in  1785  he  was  and  Corrections  by  Pezzana,  fifty  copies 
made  head  librarian.     He  died  in  1797,  were  separately  printed. 

AiTSiNGER  (Michael)  Leo  Belgicus.     Colonise  :  1583. 
Repeats  the  Haarlem  Legend. 

Albert    (Andreas).    Der  Maschinenmeister  an    der    Schnellpresse. 
Leipzig  :  1 853.     i2mo. 
This  is  a  practical  guide  for  pressmen  and  machine-minders. 

Albrecht.  Proben  der  neuesten  Schriften  aus  der  Albrecht'schen 
privil.  Hof-Buchdruckerei.  Nebst  einem  Anhange,  die  Correctur- 
zeichen  der  Buchdruckerei  enthaltend.     Weimar  :  1835.     ^^o, 

Albrltius  (H.).    Catalogus  alphabetice  dispositus  Librorum  Typis  et 
Sumptibus  H.  Albritii  impres.sorum.     Venetiis  :    1720.  i2mo. 
An  alphabetical  list  of  the  books  printed  by  Albritius,  the  celebrated  Italian  typo- 
grapher. 

Album  van  Feestliederen   en  Gezangen,   te   zingen   door  de   Typo- 
graphische  Vereenigingen,  die  deel  zullen  nemen  aan  de  onthullings 
Feesten,  op  den  i6den  Julij,  1856,  te  Haarlem.     Plaarlem  :  1856. 
Small  8vo. 
A  collection  of  fifty- two  songs,  cantatas,  &c.,  in  honour  of  Koster. 

Alden  (H.  M.).  Why  the  Ancients  had  no  Printing  Press.  Article 
in  Harper's  New  Monthly  Magazine^  vol.  xxxvii.  New  York  : 
1868.     8vo. 

Origin  of  Printing.     Article  in  the  same  volume.    New  York  : 

1868.     8vo. 

Alden  Type- Composing  Machine.  An  Article,  with  a  View  of  the 
Machine,  in  the  Printer's  Journal.     January  7,  1867. 

Alkan  aine.  Les  Femmes  Compositrices  d'Imprimerie  sous  la 
Revolution  Fran9aise  en  1794,  par  un  ancien  Typographe.  Paris 
(Dentu)  :  1862.     Sm.  8vo. 

A  curious  picture  of  the  women  printers  of  the  time  of  the   French  Revolution, 
edited  with  notes  by  M.  Alkan. 

Alken  (Henry).  The  Art  and  Practice  of  Etching  ;  with  Diiections 
for  other  Methods  of  I^ight  and  Entertaining  Engraving.  London  : 
1849.     8vo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing,  '5 

Allan.  The  Life  of  the  late  George  Allan,  Esq.,  F.S.  A.,  to  which 
is  added  a  Catalogue  of  Books  and  Tracts  printed  at  his  Private 
Press,  at  Blackwell  Grange,  in  the  County  of  Durham.  Edited  by 
Robert  Henry  Allan,  Esq.,  F.S.  A.  Printed  for  Private  Use,  Sun- 
derland :  1829.     8vo.  pp.  84.     Portrait  and  Plate  of  Arms. 

Almeloveen  (Theodoor  Janson  ab).  De  Vitis  Stephanorum  celebrium 

Typographorum    Dissertatio   epistolica,   in   qua  de  Stephanorum 

stirpe,   indefessis  laboribus,  varia  fortuna  atque  libris,  quos  orbi 

erudito  eorundem  officinae  emendatissime  impressos  unquam  exhi- 

buerunt,  subjecto  illorum  Indice  accuratius  agitur :  atque  obiter 

multa  scitu  jucunda  adsperguntur.        Subjecta  est    H.    Stephani 

Querimonia  Artis   Typographicas.      Ejusdem    Epistola   de   statu 

su3e  Typographicse  ad  virum  clarissimum  Joan.  Georg.  Graevium. 

Amstelsedami :  1683.    Small  8vo.    Title  :  Portrait  of  R.  Stephens, 

vi\\\\   commendatory  verse    on    back,   pp.   212  ;    Address  to  the 

Reader,   pp.  2  ;    Index  librorum  Stephanorum,   pp.  83  ;  Errata, 

I  leaf. 

An   epistolary  dissertation  concerning    grapher.      He  was  born  July  24,   1657  , 

the  lives  of  the  celebrated    printers,  the    near  'Utrecht,    his    mother   being  Mary 

Stephenses,  their  labours,  and  the  books    Janson,     daughter    of    the     celebrated 

which    they    have    published,    &c.    &c.     Amsterdam  printer.     As  the  latter  had 

Theodore  Janson   von   Almeloveen  was     no  male  issue,  the  name  of  Janson  was 

an  eminent  Dutch  physician,  but  is  re-    added  to  Almeloveen.     He  died  in  1712. 

membered  chiefly  as  a  scholar  and  biblio- 

Alnander  (JoannisO.),  Historiola  Artis  Typographicae  in  Svecia  ; 
publica  et  solenni  exercitatione  sub  moderamine  celeberrimi  viri 
M.  Fabiani  Torner,  eloq.  profess,  regii  et  ord.  Upsalise,  anno 
1722,  mense  Junio  primum  proposita.  Nunc  vero  ob  argu- 
menti  tum  prestantiam,  turn  jucunditatem  in  Germania  recusa. 
Rostochi  et  Lipsise  :  1725.  i2mo.  pp.  vi.  loi,  4. 
A  short  history  of  the  Art  of  Typography  in  Sweden. 

Alonnier  (Decembre).  Typographes  et  Gens  de  Lettres.  Paris  : 
1864.      i2mo.  pp.  viii.  and  332. 

A  most  characteristic  description  of  the  life  of  printers,  especially  compositors,  in 
France  ;  with  an  appendix  of  original  poetry  by  French  printers. 

ALrHABET  arabe,  turc,  et  persan,  a  1' Usage  de  ITmprimerie  orientale 
et  fran9oise.     Alexandrie  :  an  VI.  (1798).     4to. 
Specimens  of  founts  of  Arabic,  Turkish,  and  Persian,  for  the  use  of  the  Oriental 
and  French  printing-office,  Alexandria. 

ALrHABETE  Orientalischer  und  anderer  Sprachen  zum  gebrauch  fiir 
Schriftsetzer.     Leipzig  :  1843.     ^vo. 
Oriental  and  other  alphabets,  for  the  use  of  compositors. 

Alphabetical  List  of  the  Names  of  the  several  species  of  Writing 
Papers,  Printing  Papers,  Copperplate  Printing  Papers,  Wrapping- 
up  Papers,  &c.  &c.;  with  their  Size  and  Value  per  Ream  or 
Bundle,  and  the  different  Duties  as  laid  thereon  according  to  Act 
of  Parliament  passed  in  1781.  Broadside.  April  25,  1781. 
For   fiscal  reasons — then  of  great  importance-  the  sizes  of  the  papers  are  here 

specified  with  extreme  minuteness. 


6  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Altenburg.  Druckproben  der  Hofbuchdruckerei  in  Altenburg. 
Altenburg  :   1828.     4to. 

Alvin.  Les  Commencements  de  la  Gravure  aux  Pays-Bas.  Bruxelles  : 
1857.     8vo. 

Amadutius  (J.  C).  Catalogus  Librorum  qui  ex  Typographia  S. 
Congregationis  de  Propaganda  Fide  variis  Unguis  prodierunt,  cum 
prefatione.     Romse  :  1773.     8vo.  pp.  55. 

Several  editions  of  this  Catalogue  were  issued — one  in  1639 ;  the  above  is  the 
seventh;  the  eighth  in  1782;  ninth,  1793,  pp.  31.  Another,  without  the  preface, 
was  published,  with  the  title  "  Elenchus  Librorum,"  &c.,  1817,  pp.  23. 

Amateur  Printing.  Specimens  of  Amateur  Printing,  These  Speci- 
mens of  Amateur  Printing  were  effected  by  means  of  the  ingenious 
little  Press  invented  by  Mr.  Cowper  and  manufactured  by  Messrs. 
Holtzapffel  &  Co.     [London]  :  1840.     4to. 

Amati  (Giacinto).  Manuale  di  Bibliografia  del  Secolo  XV.  ossia 
notizia  di  tutti  i  libri  rari  e  preziosi  impressi  dall'  origine  della 
stampa  fino  al  1500.     Milano  :  1854.     8vo. 

Ricerche  storico-critico-scientifiche  sulle  Origini,  Scoperte,  In- 

venzioni  e  Perfezionamenti  fatti  nelle  Lettere,  nelle  Arti,  e  nelle 
Scienze,  con  alcuni  tratti  biografici  della  vita  dei  piii  distinti 
autori  nelle  medesime.     5  vols.     Milano  :  1828-30.     Royal  8vo. 

The  first  of  these  works  is  a  manual  of  which    G.    C.    Trivulzio    largely  contri- 

the  Bibliography  of  the  Fifteenth  Cen-  buted,  is  devoted  entirely  to  the  history 

tury.     The  second  is  a  manual  of  histori-  of  the  early  days  of  printmg.     It  contains 

cal,  critical,  and  scientific  researches  on  many  new  and  curious  notices,  which  are 

the   origin,    discoveries,   inventions,  and  not   to  be   found  elsewhere,    relative   to 

improvements    made    in     Letters,   Arts,  Italian  Typography  at  Milan  and  other 

and  Sciences,  &c.     The  fifth  volume,  to  places  in  Italy. 

Ambrose  (Joshua).  Specimens  of  Wood  Letter.  Joshua  Ambrose, 
Merton,  Surrey,  S.     4to. 

Amerbach  (Joh.).     Bibliotheca  Amerbachiana.     Basil.  :  1659.    4to. 

John  Amerbach,  a  learned  printer  of  place   in   1515,    prevented    his    finishing 

the  fifteenth  century,  was  born  at  Rut-  them,  and   he   left  them  to  the  care  of 

tingen,  in  Suabia,  and  settled  at  Basle,  his  sons,  by  whom  they  were  published. 

He  was  the  first  who  made  use  of  the  The  Bibliotheca  Amerbachiana  is  among 

round  Roman  type  instead  of  the  Italic  the  books  of  importance  in  the  history  of 

and  Gothic.     In  1489-95  he  printed   the  printing,  as  it  mentions  many  old  editions 

first  edition  of  the  works  of  St.  Augustine,  not  enumerated  in  bibliographical  works, 

which  he  edited  himself,  and  the  character  The  library  was  founded  by  Erasmus,  the 

used  in  it  has  since  borne  the  name  of  celebrated  reformer,  and  Boniface,  son  of 

"St.   Augustine."      He  began  the  works  Jean  Amerbach,  the  executor  of  Erasmus. 
of  St.  Jerome,  but  his  death,  which  took 

America  (Printing  in).     A  series  of  articles  in  Notes  and  Queries,  II. 
iv.  105,  126  ;  iii.  286  ;  III.  v.  222;  IV.  vi.  358. 
These  articles  present  the  early  history  of  printing,  publishing,  paper-making,  and 
journalism  in  the  United  States. 

Ames  (Joseph).  Typographical  Antiquities  ;  being  an  Historical  Ac- 
count of  Printing  in  England,  with  some  Memoirs  of  our  Antient 
Printers,  and  a  Register  of  the  Books  printed  by  them  from  the 
year  1471  to  1600 ;  with  an  Appendix  concerning  Printing  in 
Scotland  and  Ireland  to  the  satne  time.     By  Joseph  Ames,  F.  R.S., 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  7 

and   Secretary  to  the   Society  of  Antiquaries.      London  :    1749. 

4to. 
Contains  598  pages,  with  six  preliminary  leaves,  and  fourteen  leaves  of  index  at 
end,    not  paged.     Eight  ^plates.     The   "Catalogue   of  English   Printers  from  1471 
to  1600  "  was  issued  separately,  on  two  leaves,  4to. 

Ames  (Joseph).  Typographical  Antiquities  ;  or  an  Historical  Account 
of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Printing  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
containing  Memoirs  of  the  Ancient  Printers,  and  a  Register  of 
Books  printed  by  them  from  the  year  1471  to  the  year  1600. 
Begun  by  the  late  Joseph  Ames,  F.R.  and  A.SS.,  and  Secretary 
to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  Considerably  augmented,  both  in 
the  Memoir  and  in  the  number  of  books,  by  William  Herbert, 
of  Cheshunt,  Herts.      3  vols.  4to. 

Vol.  I.,  London,  1785,  contains  pp.  xliv.  and  684,  five  preliminary  leaves,  and  a 
leaf  of  Index  at  end.  Vol.  II.,  London,  T786,  pp.  685  to  1308,  and  a  leaf  of  Index. 
Vol.  III.,  London,  1790,  pp.  1309  to  1875.  The  plates  are  the  same  as  in  Ames's 
ori^nal  edition. 

Typographical    Antiquities ;   or,   the  History    of  Printing   in 

England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  containing  Memoirs  of  our 
Ancient  Printers,  and  a  Register  of  the  Books  printed  by  them. 
Begun  by  the  late  Joseph  Ames,  F.R.  and  A.  SS.;  considerably 
augmented  by  William  Herbert,  of  Cheshunt,  Herts ;  and  now 
greatly  enlarged  with  copious  Notes,  and  illustrated  with  appro- 
priate Engravings  ;  comprehending  the  History  of  English  Litera- 
ture, and  a  View  of  the  Progress  of  the  Art  of  Engraving  in  Great 
Britain.     By  the  Rev.  Thomas  Frognall  Dibdin.    4  vols.  4to. 

Vol.  I.,  London,  1810,  contains  pp.  xx.,  95,  cxxxviii.,  and  390,  with  15  plates. 
Vol.  II.,  London,  1812,  pp.  v.  and  614,  with  .several  insertions,  as  shown  on  direc- 
tions for  binder  at  end.  Vol.  III.,  London,  1816,  pp.  iii.  and  615,  with  five  plates. 
Vol.  IV.,  London,  1819,  pp.  ii.  and  623,  three  plates.  Sixty-five  copies  were  printed 
on  large  paper,  with  extra  plates. 

Joseph  Ames,  the  celebrated  tj^o-  did  his  industry  stop  there,  as  is  evidenced 
graphical  historian,  was  born  at  Yar-  by  his  copy  of  the  book,  now  in  the  library 
mouth,  January  23,  1688-9,  and  died  of  the  British  Museum,  interleaved,  and 
in  London,  October  7,  1759.  The  bound  in  six  volumes,  with  a  very  large 
Typographical  Antiquities  is  the  great  number  of  additions  in  manuscript, 
storehouse  for  the  History  of  English  This  copy  was  formerly  in  the  possession 
Printing.  The  original  edition,  for  the  of  Dr.  T.  F.  Dibdin,  and  was  used  by 
time  in  which  it  appeared,  is  a  very  him  in  his  enlarged  edition  of  Ames — a 
complete  undertaking.  Herbert  was  work  the  magnificent  promise  of  which  he 
no  less  industrious  than  the  original  never  fulfilled.  The  four  volumes  of 
compiler,  and  from  the  many  more  Dibdin's  edition  describe  only  the  print- 
sources  of  information  opened  to  him  ers  of  London,  so  that  both  Herbert's 
than  were  available  to  Ames,  he  ex-  and  Dibdin's  editions  are  necessary  to 
tended  the  work  to  three  volumes.     Nor  the  student. — .'  ee  Lewis,  Joseph. 

Amoretti  (C).  Lettera  suU'  Anno  natalizip  d'  Aldo  Pio  Manuzio  ed 
alcune  Stampe  Manuziane,  diretta  al  Sig.  Abate  Gaetano  Marini. 
Roma  :  1804.     8vo. 

Carlo  Arnoretti  was  born  at  Oneglia,  sacred  for  a  secular  calling.     In  1775  he 

in  the   territory  of  Genoa,  in  the   year  began,  in  conjunction  with  Padre  Soave, 

1740.     He   studied   theology,    and    took  to  publish  a   collection  of  the  most  in- 

the  vows  of  ,the  order  of  St.  Augustine,  teresting    essays    and    memoirs    of    the 

but   obtained   license    to    renounce    the  European     literati.       He    wrote     many 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


works  on  art  and  antiquarian  subjects, 
and  edited  in  1808  a  periodical  com- 
menced by  a  literary  society  in  Milan, 
called  Giornale  della  Societa  d'lncorag- 
giamento  delle  Scienze  c  delle  Arti  stabi- 
lita  in  Milano,"  and  contributed  to  it, 
among  other  papers,  one  of  the  first 
notices  of  the  invention   of  lithography 


that  appeared  in  Italy.  He  died  25tii 
March,  1816.  The  work  above  named 
is  a  Letter  on  the  Birthday  of  P.  Manu- 
zio  (Aldus).  For  memoir,  see  Lombardi, 
"  Storia  della  Letteratura  Italiana  del 
Secolo  XVIII,"  Modena,  T828;  "Life 
of  Amoretti,"  by  Weiss,  in  the  Supple 
ment  to  the  "Biographic  Universelle. " 


Amougies  (J.  B.  G.  Camberlyn  d').  Ars  Costeriana.  Gandavioe  : 
[1820].     4to. 

Ample  Page  of  Knowledge,  rich  with  the  Spoils  of  Time :  No.  i. 
Printed  by  Morison's  Patent  Ophinine  Process.     [London.]     8vo. 

Ampzing  (S,).  Beschryvinge  ende  lof  der  Stad  Haarlem  in  rijm 
bearbeyd,  ende  met  veele  oude  ende  nieuwe  stucken  buy  ten  Dicht 
uyt  verscheyde  Kronijken  .  .  .  ende  diergelijke  Schriften  verk- 
laerd.     Mit.sgaders  P.  Scriverii  Laurekranz  voor  L.  Koster,  eerste 

vinder  van  der  Boekdruckerye.    Haerlem  :  161 6.  4to. Second 

edition.       Haerlem  :    1621.      4to. Third  edition.      Haerlem  : 

1628.     4to. 

Maer  nu  'tons  schrijver  doet,  so  sta  ik 

wat  ter  sijden"  ; 
"Warmly   to   fight  for  this  I  here  had 

ta'en  in  hand. 
But  since  Scriverius  does't,  aside  I  well 
may  stand  "  ; — 


Samuel  Ampzing  was  a  Dutch  Reformed 
minister  and  poet,  who  lived  in  the  first 
half  of  the  seventeenth  century  ;  born  in 
1591,  he  died  July  29,  1632.  He  wrote 
the  above-named  "  Description  and  Praise 
of  the  City  of  Haarlem,"  a  minute  descrip- 
tion and  history  of  that  city,  with  twelve 
fine  plates  by  J.  Van  der  Velde,  one 
giving  a  view  of  the  market-place,  with 
the  house  of  Coster.  He  was  a  vehe- 
ment partisan  of  his  countryman's  claim 
to  the  invention  of  printing,  but  forbears 
to»  enlarge  on  the  subject,  observing  : — 
"  Ik  had  hier  nu  gedacht  daer  heftig 
voor  te  strijden 

Amstel.     See  Ploos  van  Amstel. 

Anastatic  Printing.     Notes  and  Qtiei-ies,  I.  x.  288,  364,  423  ;  xi.  52  ; 
xii.  154- 
A  discussion  relative  to  Anastatic  Printing,  with  a  reference  to  certain  books  on 
the  subject. 

Andencken,  gepriesenes,  von  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerey  wie 
solches  in  Leipzig  beym  Schlu.ss  des  dritten  Jahrhunderts  von  den 
gesammten  Buchdruckern  daselbst  gefeyert  worden.  Leipzig : 
1740.     4to.  pp.  Ivi.  176. 


And  proceeds  to  add  that  he  shall  append 
the  work  of  Scriverius  to  his  own.  The 
"  Laure  Crans  voor  Laurens  Coster,"  or 
"  Laurel  Wreath  for  Laurens  Coster," 
of  Scriverius,  was  thus  first  printed  in 
conjunction  with  Ampzing's  work,  and 
properly  forms  a  portion  of  it. 


Menzius  and  J.  A.  Ernesti  ;  in  German 
by  J.  C.  Gottsched  and  J.  F.  Mayer  ; 
and  eulogistic  Poems  in  Hebrew,  Latin, 
German,  &c.  On  page  93  is  a  short 
Latin  poem  by  Emanuel  Swedenborg. 


The  title  bears  a  vignette  showing  the 
interior  of  a  printing-office.  The  volume 
contains  a  full  account  of  the  public  pro- 
ceedings at  Leipzig  to  celebrate  the  third 
centenary  of  the  invention  of  printing, 
including    orations    in    Latin    by    Fred. 

Andenken  an  das  Fest  vom  24.  Juni  als  Gedachtnissfeier  Gutenbergs 
und  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.     Lubeck  :  1840.     8vo. 

Andrea.      Proben  aus  der  Schriftgiesserey  der  Andreaischen  Buch- 
handlung  in  Frankfurt  am  Main.  1826,  8vo.;  and  1834,  oblong  8vo. 
See  Handbuch. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  9 

Andrewe  (Lawrence).  This  printer,  who  was  a  native  of  Calais,  was 
a  man  of  learning,  and  the  translator  of  various  works,  before  he 
applied  himself  to  the  art  of  printing.  His  office  was  for  some 
time  situated  at  the  Golden  Cross,  in  Fleet  Street,  near  the  Fleet 
Bridge.  The  full  titles  of  four  of  his  books  are  set  out  in  Herbert's 
edition  of  Ames  ;  viz.,  the  "Great  Herbal,"  1527  ;  the  "  Book  of 
Distillation,"  1527  ;  the  "  Mirror  and  Description  of  the  World  " 
and  the  "Directory  of  Conscience,"   both  without   date.     The 


LONDON  :.  1499 — 1527- 

following  is  an  heraldic  description  of  the  above  device : — 
St.  Andrew  Cross,  between  A  and  L  crossed  saltirewise,  the  .A 
surmounted  with  a  cross.  "The  first  typographers  were  accus- 
tomed to  denote  their  publications  by  marks  or  vignettes,  the 
invention  of  which  is  ascribed  to  the  elder  Aldus,  whose  example 
was  soon  followed  by  the  most  eminent  printers.  An  acquaintance 
with  these  marks  is  useful  to  the  bibliographer  in  order  to  ascer- 
tain the  names  of  the  printers  of  early  works,  especially  where 
C 


lo  Bibliography  of  Prhiti?ig. 

those  names  have  been  concealed.  But  besides  these  vignettes, 
most  of  the  ancient  printers  made  use  of  monograms  or  ciphers 
containing  the  initial  letters  of  their  names  or  other  devices  curi- 
ously interwoven.  The  knowledge  of  these  is  essential  to  fix  the 
identity  of  ancient  editions  in  which  the  printer's  name  does  not 
appear." — Hornets  Introduction.  Some  particulars  of  Lawrence 
Andrewe  and  his  productions  will  be  found  in  Notes  and  Queries^ 
2nd  series,  vol.  i.  pp.  153,  180. 

Anecdotes  of  Books  and  Authors.     London:  1836.     i6mo. 

Contains  many  anecdotes  of  printers  and  their  relations  towards  authors  ;  printers 
of  bibles,  Franklin,  correctors  of  the  press,  printers'  errors,  Baskerville,  the  P.  D., 
publishers,  &c. 

Anfangsgrunde  der  Buchdruckerkunst.     Leipzig  :  1743.     8vo. 

A  practical  work,  treating  in  a  rudimentary  manner  of  the  processes  of  printing. 

Angus  (G.),  the  Printer,  of  Newcastle.  Notes  and  Queries,  IIL  xii.  446, 

Particulars  concerning  this  famous  Northern  printer.  He  produced  large  numbers 
of  chap-books,  ballads,  &c.,  in  the  style  of  Catnach. 

Anisson-Duperron  (Etienne  Alexandre  Jacques).     Description  d'une 
nouvelle  Presse  executee  pour  le  service  du  Roi.     Paris  :  1783. 
8vo. 
This  work,  which  was  republished  as  a  part  of  the  following  book,  was  originally 
published  anonymously.     It  is  not  folioed,  but  consists  of  36  pages  and  four  plates. 

Lettre  du  Directeur  de  I'lmprimerie  Royale  sur  I'lmpression 

des  Assignats.     Paris  :  1790.     8vo.  pp.  8. 

Premier  Memoire  sur  I'lmpression  en  Lettres  suivi  de  la  de- 


scription d'une  nouvelle  presse  executee  pour  le  service  du  Roi, 
et  public  par  ordre  du  Gouvernement.  Paris :  1785.  4to. 
pp.  40.    4  plates. 

Anisson  is  the  name  of  a  family  of  named  work,  containing  four  plates,  is  a 
distinguished  printers  at  Lyons  ui  the  memoir  on  Letterpress  printing  and  a  de- 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries,  six  scription  of  the  new  press  (which  he  calls 
in  all,  who  contributed  greatly  to  revive  the  "presse  a  un  coup,"  i.e.  the  one-pull 
the  ancient  reputation  of  their  city  for  press).  This  memoir  was  read  by  the 
typography.  The  first  was  Laurent  author  before  the  Academy  in  1783,  and 
Anisson,  echevin  of  Lyons,  1670.  His  published  in  vol.  x.  of  "  Memoires  de 
son,  Jean  Anisson,  was  appointed  by  I'Academie  des  Sciences."  The  Messrs. 
Louis  XIV.,  in  1690,  director  of  the  Didot,  however,  claim  the  priority  of  in- 
Imprimerie  Royale,  an  office  he  held  vention  {see  Didot,  "  Epitre  sur  les  Pro- 
imtil  1702.  Etienne  Alexandre  Jacques  gres  de  I'lmprimerie,"  at  the  end  of  his 
Anisson-Duperron,  grandson  of  Jean  "  Essai  de  Fables  Nouvelles,"  1786, 
Anisson,  was  born  at  Paris  in  the  year  i2mo.,  p.  137).  Other  papers  by  this 
1748.  In  1783  he  was  appointed  director  writer,  or  concerning  his  invention,  may 
of  the  Imprimerie  Royale,  and  in  1790  be  found  in  the  "  Memoires  de  Mathe- 
published  a  letter  on  the  printing  of  matique  et  de  Physique,"  vol,  x,  pp.  613, 
assignats.  He  was  one  of  the  victims  of  625,  627,  629. 
the    revolutionary  tribunal.      The    first- 

Anleitung  zum  Satz  mathematischer  Werke.     Leipzig  :  1872.     8vo. 
pp.  21. 
Instructions  in  the  composition  of  mathematical  works. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  1 1 

Anleitung  zum  Tabellensatz.     Leipzig  :  1872.     8vo.  pp.  41. 
A  handbook  to  the  composition  of  tabular  matter. 

Anleitung  zur  Herstellung  von  Buchdruckplatten  mittelst  Zinkatzung. 
Leipzig.     Svo.  pp.  28. 
Instructions  for  the  production  of  printing-plates  by  means  of  zincography. 

Anleitung  zur  Holzschneidekunst.     Leipzig  :  1873.     Svo.  pp.  143. 

An  illustrated  guide  to  the  art  of  wood-engraving. 
Anleitung  zur  schriftlichen  Geschaftsfiihrung  fiir  Buchdruckereien. 
Durch  Beispiele  erlautert.     Eisenach  :  1844.     Svo. 

Anmerkungen  von  der  alleraltesten  und  ersten  gedruckten  Ausgabe 

der  Lateinischen  Bibel  in  der  Konigl.  Bibliothec  zu  Berlin,  und 

andern  daselbst  befindlichen  alten  Lateinischen  Bibel-Ausgaben. 

[Berlin:  1747-8.]     Svo. 

A  series  of  three  articles  in  the  "Berlinsche  Bibliothec,"  vols.  5.  and  ii.,  on  the 

first  printed  Latin  Bible  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Berlin,  and  also  remarks  on  other 

early  printed  Latin  Bibles  preserved  there. 

Antiquarian  Researches  among  the  early  Printers  and  Publishers  of 
Friends'  Books.     Extracted  from  the  American  Friend,  published 
in  Philadelphia.     Manchester  :  1S44.     i2mo.     pp.  63. 
Printing  in  the  City  of  Brotherly  Love  had  to  contend  with  many  difficulties  in 

its  establishment  there.     See  Philadelphia. 

Antiquity  of  the  Art  of  Printing.  Gent.  Mag.  xxii.  77.             .    '     ' 

An  article  in  the  form  of  a  Letter  to  wood,    than  which    a    bolder    or    more 

Mr.  Urban,  signed  "  Y.  D.,"  which  does  spirited  method  of  expression  has  not  yet 

not  contain  much  original  matter.     Inci-  been  invented,   as  the  works   of  Albert 

dentally  it  refers  to  "the  late  attempts  Durer,  Hugo  de  Carpi,  Lucas  of  Leyden, 

you  have  made  in  your  magazine  (1752)  Holbein,  Ecman,  &c.,  show." 
to  revive  the  ancient  art  of  cutting  upon 

Antonelli.  Biografia  del  Cavaliere  Giuseppe  Antonelli,  tipografo. 
Venezia :  1862.     Svo.     Portrait. 

Antonelli  (Giuseppe).  Ricerche  bibliografiche  sulle  Edizioni  Fer- 
raresi  del  Secolo  XV.  Ferrara  :  1S30.  4to.  pp.  xii.  and  115, 
w^ith  three  plates  of  watermarks. 

Intended  as  an  introduction  to  the  History  of  Printing  in  Ferrara,  which  the 
author  never  published. 

Antrim.  Pantography  and  the  Science  of  Letters.  Philadelphia  : 
1843.     i6mo. 

Anweisung  zum  korrigiren,  fiir  diejenigen  besonders  brauchbar,  die 
ihre  Schriften  selbst  korrigiren  woUen.     Leipzig  :  1819.     Svo. 

Apianus  (Petrus).  This  printer  was  a  distinguished  mathematician 
and  artist.  He  had  a  printing-press  established  in  his  house  at 
Ingolstadt,  and  published  several  books, — some  of  them  remark- 
able for  their  illustrations, — from  1526  to  1534.  The  device  an- 
nexed is  taken  from  the  last  page  of  the  "  Inscriptiones  sacro- 
sanctse,"  1534,  folio.  The  title  is  in  red  and  black,  and  there 
are  numerous  woodcuts  ;  all  the  pages  are  surrounded  by  woodcut 
borders.  The  device  represents  a  man  working  the  "jack,"  an 
instrument  for  raising  heavy  weights,  known  in  the  very  early 
C    2 


12 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


days  of  mechanics.     It  is  curious  to  see  it  as  annexed,  nearly  of 
the  same  form  as  is  now  retained  in  many  countries. 


IFG^0LSI5fiI)ILM.l>.XXXimv    * 


Ai'iARiUS  (Malhias). 


STKASBURG 


INGOLSTADT  :    1526-1534. 

This  printer  established  himself  at  Strasburg  in 
1536,  and  removed  to  Bern  in 
1539'  At  the  latter  place  he  is 
supposed  to  have  continued. the 
practice  of  the  art  of  printing 
to  the  close  of  1540,  and  his 
principal  works  were  issued  from 
his  press  there.  "Yet  Bern  is 
rather  too  important  a  town,  in 
the  annals  of  the  Swiss  press, 
to  be  passed  over  without  some 
mention,  however  slight,  of  one 
of  its  ancient  typographical 
artists.  Take,  therefore,  the 
very  singular  and  striking  device 
— being  a  pun  upon  his  own 
name — which  we  observe  in  the 
volumes  of  Apiarius.  This  de- 
vice appears  in  one  of  those 
volumes  entitled  "  Catalogus 
Annorum  et  Principum  Geminus 
ab  homine  condito  usque  in  proe- 
sentem,  a  nato  Christo  MDXL, 
&c.,  per  D.  Valerium  Anselmam 
1336.  Ryd."     1540.     Fol.     It   is    the 


Bibliography  of  Frintiiii^ 


n 


frontispiece  of  the  book;  the  text  of  which  has  a  profusion 
of  woodcut  ornaments,  especially  of  portraits,  in  the  margin. 
These  portraits  are  often  repeated  ;  and  in  point  of  style  of 
art,  and  merit  of  execution,  are  much  upon  a  par  with  those 
in  Sebastian  Munster's  "  Cosmographia  Universalis." — Dibdin's 
'■'■Bibliographical    Decameron,'"  yo\,    ii.    p.   202.      The   device  is 


BERN,    1539—1540  (?) 

founded  on  the  old  fable  of  the  Bees  (apes,  hence  adopted  by 
Apiaritcs)  and  the  Bear.  The  latter  is  climbing  the  tree  in  search 
of  honey,  while  the  bees  are  flying  around ;  a  mallet  hangs  from 
a  branch.     This  printer  did  not  use  a  motto. 

Api'EL  au  Monde  civilise  pour  celebrer  dignement  la  Fete  seculaire  de 
I'Art  de  ITmprimerie  par  I'erection  d'un  Monument  en  I'honneur 
de  son  Inventeur  Jean  Gensfleisch  dit  Guttemberg.  Mayence  : 
1832.     4to.     [A  Prospectus.] 

An  address  designed  to  aid  in  the  erec-  ment  here  suggested  was  inaugurated, 

tion  of  a  suitable  monument  of  Guten-  will  be  found  in  the  Foreign  Quarterly 

berg.     An  account  of  the  jubilee  of  the  Review,  vol.    xxv.  p.  446.    See  Guten- 

invention  of  printing,  at  which  the  monu-  bekg  Statue. 


14  Bibliography  of  Priiiting. 

Applegath  (Augustus)  and  Cowper  (Edward).  A  Description  of 
Applegath  and  Cowper's  Horizontal  Machine,  and  of  Applegath's 
Vertical  Machine  for  Printing  the  Times.  JExtracted  from  John 
Weale's  "London  and  its  Vicinity."  London:  1 851.  8vo.  (A 
Pamphlet. ) 

Augustus   Applegath,    in    conjunction  "  Rolls   Chapel   Reports,"  eighth  re- 

with  his  brother-in-law  and  business  as-  port,  p.  123  ; 

sociate,  was  the  inventor  of  several  of  the  Newton's  London  Jo^imal,  vol.  4,  p. 

most  important  improvements  in  printing  57 ;  vol.  7,  p.  7  ;  vol.  8,  p.   169  ;  vol.  10, 

machinery  made  during  the  present  cen-  p.  14  ; 

tury.   In  1827  they  constructed  a  machine  NewtorC 5  London  Journal,  conjoined 

for  the  Thnes  \i\\}n.  four  cylinders,  print-  series,  vol.  i,  p.  414;  vol.  15,  p.  440; 

ing  from   4,000   to   5,000  per  hour,  and  Patent  Journal,  vol,  2,  pp.  484,  516, 

afterwards  constructed  a  much  improved  527,  and  550  ;  vol.  3,  p.  150  ; 

machine,  of  which  the  above  gives  a  de-  "  Register  of  Arts  and  Sciences,"  vol. 

scription.     The  tj^pe  is  placed  on  a  large  i,  p.  136  :  new  series,  vol.  6,  p.  16  ; 

cylinder    revolving    on  a  vertical  axis.  Practical  Mechanics^  Jourtial,  vol.  x. 

Their  machine  was  superseded  by  that  p.  248  ; 

of  Hoe.     A  full  account,  with  views  and  Artizan,  vol.  7,  p.  265: 

sectional  plans,  of  the  T^/w^'j  machine,  Mechanics'Mag.,\o\.  sifV^P- '^9^^^'2^- 

which  was  set  up  in  1848,  will  be  found  These    present,   in    the    aggregate,   a 

in  "  Bohn's  Pictorial  Handbook  ofLon-  complete  history  and  description  of  Ap- 

don,"  p.  76.      Applegath's  various   ma-  plegath's  improvements.    Applegath  died 

chines     are    described    and    illustrated  9th  February,  1871,  at  Dartford,   aged 

respectively  in  the  following : —  eighty-four.     In  Notes  and  Queries,  4th 

"Repertory  of  Arts,"   second  series,  series,  vol.  iii.  p.  485,  andvii.  153,  will  be 

vol.   36,  p.   69  ;  enlarged  series,  vol.  20,  found  some  particulars  of  the  life  of  this 

p.  124  ;  inventor. 

Arber  (Edward).     See  Milton,  and  Stationers'  Company. 

Archimowitz  (Th.).  Neues  franzosisches  Stereotyp-Verfahren.  Carls- 
ruhe :     1856-8.     8vo. 

Die  Papierstereotypie  in  ihrem  ganzen  Umfang  im  Grossen  und 

Kleinen.     Nach  den  neuesten  Erfahrungen,  Verbesserungen  und 
Vereinfachungen.     Carlsruhe :  1862.     8vo.,  woodcuts. 
The  first -named  work  treats  of  what  was  then  known  as   "The  New  French 

Process  of  Stereotyping,"  that  is,  from  paper  moulds  ;  and  the  second  is  a  practical 

handbook  for  the  papier-inachi  process. 

Aresti.  Lithozographia,  or  Aquatinta  stippled  gradations  produced 
upon  Drawings  washed  or  painted  on  stone.  Published  by  the 
Author,  Joseph  Aresti,  Chromo-lithographer  to  Her  Majesty,  61, 
Greek  Street,  Soho.     London  :  1856.     8vo. 

Aretin  (J.    C.    F.   von).     Ueber  die  friihesten  universalhistorischen 
Folgen  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  und  den  Nutzen  ihrer 
naheren  Kenntniss,  vorgelesen  in  einer  offentlichen  Versammlung 
der  chur.  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften.     Munchen  :  1808.     4to. 
An  essay  on  the  discovery,  early  days,  and  influence  of  the  art  of  Printing.  Trans- 
lated into  Dutch  as  follows  : — 


—  Over  den  Oorsprong  en  Voortgang  der  Boekdrukkunst.      Am- 
sterdam :  1 8 10.     8vo. 

—  Von  den  altesten  Denkmalern  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  Baiern 


und   dem  Nutzen   ihrer  naheren  Kenntniss,  vorgelesen  in   einer 
offentlichen    Versammlung     der    churflirstlichen   Akademie    der 
Wissenschaften.     Miinchen :  1801.     4I0.     pp.  39. 
An  account  of  the  earliest  specimens  of  Bavarian  Typography 


Bibliography  of  Pri7iting.  15 

Argelati.     See  Saxio. 

Argues  (Gerard  d').  Maniere  de  Graver  en  taille  douce  et  a  I'eau 
forte. 

This  is  a  practical  manual  of  Engraving  on  Copperplate  and  of  the  Etching 
Process.  The  author,  who  was  a  geometrician,  was  bom  at  Lyons  in  1597,  and  died 
there  in  166 1. 

Arrest  du  Conseil  d'^Etat,  qui  maintient  et  garde  I'art  de  la  Graveure 
de  Taille-douce,  au  burin  et  ^  I'eau  forte  et  autre  maniere  telle 
qu'elle  soit,  et  ceux  qui  font  profession  d'icelui,  tant  regnicoles 
qu'etrangers,  en  la  liberte  qu'ils  ont  toujours  eue  de  I'exercer  dans 
le  royaume,  sans  qu'ils  y  puissent  ^tre  reduits  en  maltrise,  ni  corps 
de  metier,  ni  sujets  a  autre  regie,  ni  controlle,  sous  quelques  noms 
que  ce  soit.     Du  26  Mai  1660.     Paris.     4to. 

Arret  du  Conseil  d'Etat,  contenant  divers  Reglements  pour  les  Impri- 
meurs  et  Libraires  et  pour  I'impression,  vente,  et  debit  des  livres. 
Paris  :  1699.    4to. 

Decree  of  the  State  Council,  containing  various  regulations  for  Printers  and  Pub- 
lishers, and  for  the  sale  of  books. 

Arr^t  du  Conseil  d'Etat  du  Roy,  qui  ordonne  a  tous  les  Auteurs, 

Libraires,   et  Imprimeurs,   de  i-emettre  sans  frais  aux  Syndics  et 

Adjoints  des  Livres  et  Imprimeurs,  huit  exemplaires  en  blanc  des 

livres  qu'ils  imprimeront.     Paris  :  1704.     4to. 

Proclamation  by  the  King,  ordering  all  Authors,  Publishers,  and  Printers  to  send 

without  expense  to  the  Censors  of  Books  and  Printers  eight  copies  of  the  books  they 

print. 

Arr^t  du  Parlement,  portant  Defenses  \  tous  Imprimeurs  d'imprimer 

et  exposer  en  vente  aucuns  ouvrages  et  autres  ecrits  concernant  les 

affaires   publiques   sans   permission    registree   au   greffe.      Paris: 

1649.     4to, 

Act  of  Parliament  warning  all  Printers  from  printing  and  exposing  for  sale  any 

works  or  other  writings  concerning  public  affairs  without  authority  of  the  Censor  of 

the  Press. 

Ars  Moriendi.  Editio  Princeps.  Photographisches  Facsimile  des 
Unicum  im  Besitze  von  T.  O.  Weigel  in  Leipzig.  Leipzig  :  1869. 
Folio. 

Twenty-four  leaves.     A  photographic  tory  of  early  wood  engraving.     Only  100 

reproduction     of     the     celebrated     and  copies  were  printed.    The   original  was 

unique   copy  of  the  first  edition  of  the  sold  by  auction  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 

"Ars   Moriendi,"   in    the    possession    of  Weigel,  in  May,  1872,  when  it  produced 

Herr  T.  O.  Weigel,  of  Leipzig,  with  an  7,150  thalers  (about  £,\,i,oo). 
introduction  by  him  treating  on  the  his- 

Art  and  Mystery  of  Printing.      Gent.  Mag.  ii.  948. 

A  bald  account,  occupying  two  columns,  book  lately  published  entitled  '  The  His- 

of  the  origin  of  printing.     It  is  reprinted  tory  of  Printing,'  by  the  late  celebrated 

from  the  Weekly  Rei^ister,   No.  126,  for  Mr.  Samuel  Palmer  ;  sold  for  the  benefit 

September  9,  1732.     It  adopts  as  autho-  of  his  family  by  Mr.  Roberts  in  Warwick 

rities  Dr.  Wallis  and  Hadrianus  Junius,  Lane." 
but  ends  by  referring  the  curious  to  "a 

Art  of  Printing  (The).     In  the  Oxford  Prize  Essays,  vol.  ii.  p.  275. 

Oxford  :  1836.     8vo. 
Art  (The)  of  Printing,  Historical  and  Practical.    Combining  Historical 

Digest    and   Young    Printer's    Elementary   Guide;    being    Easy 


1 6  }3ihIiography  of  Piinfhig. 

Schemes  for  Economization  of  Labour.  Manchester  :  published 
by  the  Author,  13,  Nesbit-street,  Huhne.  Royal  321110. 
Articles  des  Statuts,  Reglements  et  Ordonnances  faits  et  accordez 
entre  les  maistres  tailleurs  graveurs  de  la  ville  et  fauxbourgs  de 
Paris,  pour  etre  a  I'avenir  gardez  et  observez  entr'eux,  sous  le  bon 
plaisir  de  sa  Majeste.     21  Juin,  1660.     Paris  :  1700.     4to. 

Artikel  iiber  die  Sparcasse  des  Buchdrucker-Vereins  in  Hannover  zu^ 
Feier  des  Buchdrucker-Jubilaums  ini  Jahre  1840.  Hannover  • 
1838.     8vo. 

Arvidsson    (Truls).     Psalmi    Davidici,    idiomate   originali    Ilebraeo, 
adscripta  ad  latus  literis  Italicis  vocum  lectura,  ubi  simul  supra 
syllabas  tonicas  accentuum  usus  in  distinguendis  membris  et  sen- 
tentiaram  spatiis  ad  sensum  sacrum  recte  perspiciendum  perspicue 
monstratur.     vStockholni  :  1705.      i2mo. 
This  is  a  very  singular  book,  and  one     was    frustrated    by   his   death,    in    1705. 
of  the  curiosities  of  music-printing.     It     Arvidsson  was  born  about  the  middle  of 
is  an  endeavour  to  give  what  the  author    the  seventeenth  century,   at  Westervik, 
conceived  to  be  the  original  music  of  the    studied   at  Upsal,    and   Ijecame   copper- 
first  seven  of  David's  Psalms.    The  whole    plate  engraver    to    the  Antiquarian  Ar- 
work  was  engraved  on  copper  plates  by     chives.     He  travelled  abroad  to  improve 
himself,  and  besides  giving  a  description     himself  in   the   art   of  engraving,   on   a 
of  his  mode  of  working,  he  announces     stipend  allowed  by  the  Swedish  govern- 
his   intention    of   publishing    the   whole     ment. 
Psalter  on  a  similar  plan.    This,  however, 

Arwidsson  (A.  I.).     Bibliotek.     Stockholm.     1848. 

Adolphe    Iwar    Arwidsson,    who    was     writer    of    authority   on    bibliographical 
born  at  Padasjoki,  in  Finland,  in   1791,     subjects,    especially    upon    the    ancient 
was  the  curator  of  the  Royal  Library  at     manuscripts  of  his  native  country.     He 
Stockholm,  and  secretary  of  the  Typo-    died  at  Wibourg,  June  21,  1858. 
graphic  Society  of  that  city.     He  wa§  a 

Ashley  (Alfred).  Art  of  Etching  on  Copper.  London  :  1849.  4to. 
pp.  vi.  18  ;  with  14  plates. 

AsSENSio  Y  Mejorada  (Francisco).  Geometria  de  la  Letra  Romana 
Mayuscula  y  Minuscula  en  28  laminas  finas,  y  su  Explicacion. 
Madrid  :  1780.     Small  4to. 

Title,  pp.  72,  and  28  engraved  plates  illustrative  of  the  proportionate  measurements 
of  the  Roman  Capitals  and  Lower  Case.  This  work  is  an  elaborate  attempt  to  fix 
the  geometrical  proportions  of  the  letters. 

Assyrian  Printing. — The  illustrations  annexed  (which  are  copied 
from  Hansard's  "  Typographia "),  are  interesting  as  exempli- 
fying a  process  of  printing  which  was  practised  long  anterior 
to  the  invention  of  movable  types.  Printing,  in  fact,  has  its 
origin  soon  after  the  time  of  the  Deluge,  for  the  idea  con- 
veyed by  the  word — that  of  pressure,  producing  an  image  of  some- 
thing—was known  to  the  Assyrians,  whose  antiquities  are  the 
most  remote  of  any  of  which  we  have  authentic  records.  In 
presenting  these  pictures,  Hansard  remarked  that  it  is  *'  very 
doubtful  whether  the  utmost  efforts  of  human  skill  will  ever  be 
able  to  explain  their  true  signification."  Within  the  last  few  years, 
however,  great  progress  has  been  made  in  deciphering  the  cunei- 
form characters,  and  at  least   one  authority  on   the  subject — Mr. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


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1 8  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

George  Smith,  of  the  British  Museum — has  been  able  to  interpret 
them  to  such  a  degree  of  perfection  as  to  extract  a  connected  ac- 
count of  events  as  remote  as  some  of  the  earliest  described  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures.  Hansard  says  that  the  Babylonians  "  were  accustomed 
to  imprint  on  their  bricks  certain  allusions  to  astronomical  pheno- 
mena, having  some  signal  astrological  import.  Particular  configu- 
rations of  the  heavens,  which  distinguish  the  several  seasons,  as 
they  related  to  the  business  of  husbandmen,  might  also  be  regis- 
tered in  this  way,  to  serve  as  a  sort  of  calendar  ;  and  some  impres- 
sions are  imagined  to  contain  historical  details  relative  to  the 
founders  of  those  stupendous  structures  originally  composed  of 
the  bricks  in  question.  Struck  at  once  with  a  sense  of  the  anti- 
quity of  these  vestiges  of  art — of  the  numbers  presented  to  view — 
and  of  the  variety  of  devices  they  bear  (for  every  furnace-baked 


-an  assyrian  stamped  brick,  known  as 
"Nebuchadnezzar's  brick." 


brick  found  amidst  those  vast  ruins  is  imprinted  with  some  emble- 
matical design),  the  spectator,  in  the  moment  of  his  astonishment, 
feels  almost  disposed  to  concur  with  Pliny  in  the  opinion — Literas 
semper  arbitror  Assy  Has. "  There  are  several  specimens  of  these 
bricks  deposited  in  the  British  Museum,  in  the  Library  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  in  the  East-India  Company's  Museum, 
now  called  the  India  Museum,  and  located  at  South  Kensington. 
Hansard  went  to  Cambridge  twice  in  order  to  satisfy  himself  that  the 
blocks  were  identical  with  the  originals,  and  to  discover  if  possible 
the  method  by  which  the  characters  were  impressed.  He  arrived 
at  the  conclusion  that  the  whole  of  the  brick  was  stamped  at  once ; 
that  it  was  not  originally  moulded  with  the  inscription  upon  it, 
but  that,  as  had  been  previously  understood,  the  representations 


D   2 


20  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

were  impressed  upon  it  while  in  a  plastic  condition ;  and,  in  short, 
that  had  a  pigment  been  applied  to  the  stamp,  which  was  of 
course  in  relief,  and  the  latter  impressed  upon  paper  or  any  suitable 
surface,  the  operation  would  have  differed  in  no  respect  from  that 
of  printing.  The  small  engraving  (Fig.  2)  gives  an  idea  of  the 
shape  of  the  bricks  and  of  the  situation  of  the  print.  The  comer 
of  the  brick  has  been  accidentally  broken  off.  The  printing  of 
the  ancients,  however,  was  not  confined  to  bricks,  for  at  the 
Trinity  College  Library  in  Cambridge  there  is  a  cylindrical 
article,  composed  of  brick -earth,  with  inscriptions  beautifully 
executed,  which  displays  a  higher  development  of  the  art.  Hansard 
engaged  Mr.  Harraden  to  make  a  draMang  of  this  extraordinary 
relic  of  antiquity,  which  is  not  less  than  4,000  years  old,  and 
we  present  to  our  readers  an  engraving  (Fig.  i)  taken  after  this 
sketch.  * '  Its  rounded  surface  made  it  capable  of  containing  a  mul- 
tiplicity of  items  in  a  much  more  compact  manner  than  they  could 
have  been  inserted  on  flat  tablets  ;  while  its  figure  was  perhaps  the 
most  substantial  and  the  least  liable  to  be  injured  by  common  acci- 
dent of  any  that  could  have  been  devised."  We  have  submitted  the 
blocks  to  a  gentleman  at  the  British  Museum,  who  has  paid  great 
attention  to  the  subject  of  cuneiform  alphabets,  and  he  has 
pronounced  them  to  be  accurate  copies  of  the  originals.  In 
Hansard  the  large  block  (which  is  a  perfectly  legible  and  de- 
cipherable representation  of  what  is  now  known  as  "  Nebuchad- 
nezzar's Brick,"  found  in  the  ruins  of  Babylon)  is  placed  upright, 
which  is  incorrect,  for  the  characters  ought  to  be  read  across,  in 
a  horizontal  direction,  from  left  to  right.  We  have  also  modified 
the  position  of  the  cylinder,  which  Hansard  stands  up  on  one 
end,  and  represented  it  in  the  manner  in  which  similar  cylinders 
are  mounted  by  the  authorities  of  the  British  Museum.  An 
Account  of  the  Assyrian  cylinders,  bricks,  language,  writing,  and 
literature  will  be  found  in  Mr.  T.  Nichols's  "Handy-Book  of 
the  British  Museum." 

AsTLE  (Thomas).  The  Origin  and  Progress  of  Writing,  as  well  Hiero- 
glyphic  as  Elementary ;  illustrated  by  Engravings  taken  from 
Marbles,  Manuscripts,  and  Charters,  Ancient  and  Modem  ;  also, 
some  Account  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Printing.  London  : 
1784.  4 to.,  pp.  viii.,  XXV.,  235. 
The  chapter  on  the  Origin  of  Printing  occupies  15  pages.     Considerable  stress 

is  laid  on  the  probability  that  printing  originated  in  China. 

The  same.     Second   Edition,  with  additions.     London  :  1803. 

pp.  viii. ,  xxiv. ,  240.     Folio,  large  paper. 

Thomas  Astle  was  an  eminent  English  acquired  by  the  Royal  Institution.  In  the 

antiquary,  who  paid  especial  attention  to  Moiithly  Re^new,  May,  1784,  is  a  review 

the  deciphering  of  ancient  manuscripts,  containing  some  very  acute  remarks  on 

He  was  Keeper  of  the  Records,  and  was  the  above  work,  and  In  the  same  Review 

engaged  in   the  preparation  of  the  Cata-  for    October,    1802,    is    a    portrait    and 

logue  of   the   Harleian   Manuscripts    at  memoir  of  Astle. 
the  British  Museum.       His  library  was 

Athias  (Joseph).    Proeven  van  Letteren  die  gesneden  zijn  door  wylen 
Christoffel  van  Dijck,   welke  gegoten  werden   by  Jan   Bus,   ten 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


21 


huyse  van  S*"-  Joseph  Athias,  woonende  in  de  Swanenburg-straet, 

tot  Amsterdam.  [About  1660.] 
A  demy  broadside,  exhibiting  in  four  issued  an  edition  of  the  Old  Testament 
columns  five  founts  Titling,  sixteen  Ro-  printed  with  Hebrew  type  specially  cut 
man  and  Italic,  eight  Black,  and  two  by  Van  Dijck,  said  to  have  been  the  most 
Music,  all  cut  by  Van  Dijck,  and  cast  in  beautiful  till  then  seen.  The  foundry 
the  foundry  of  Joseph  Athias  by  Bus.  on  the  death  of  Athias  passed  through 
Van  Dijck's  letters  are  enthusiastically  several  hands,  and  was  purchased  in 
mentioned  by  Moxon.  Athias  was  a  1767  by  John.Enschede,  of  Haarlem,  in 
Jewish  rabbi,  type-founder,  printer,  and  which  firm  it  still  remains. — Blades.  See 
publisher  of  Amsterdam.  He  succeeded  Ensched^. 
to   the   Elzevir  Foundry,  and  in  1662-3 

Atkyns  (Richard).    The  Original  and  Growth  of  Printing.    A  Broad- 
side in  two  columns  small  type.     Folio. 

This  broadside  bears  no  date,  but  the  drawing    "  off    some    of    the    workmen 

authorities  of  the  British  Museum  assign  from    Harlem,  in   Holland,  where  John 

it  to  the  year  1660.     Although  the  story  Guttenberg  had  newly  invented  it,  and 

alleged  "by  Atkyns  has   been  shown  by  was  himself  personally  at   work."     The 

Middleton  and  other  writers  to  be  apocry-  execution  of  the  design  was  committed 

phal,  it  forms  so  important  an  episode  in  to  Mr.   Robert  Turnour,  a  personal  at- 

the    History  of   Printing,    that   we   feel  tendant  of  the  king,  who  "  took  to  his 

justified  in  giving  the  following  account  assistance  Mr.  Caxton,  a  Citizen  of  good 

of   it :—  After    citing    the    authority    of  abilities,  who,  trading  much  into  Holland, 

Stowe,   Baker,  and  Howell  that  Guten-  might  be  a  Creditable  Pretence."     One 

berg  commenced  printing  at    Mayence  of  the  workmen,  Frederick  Corsellis,  was 

about  1459,  and  that  Caxton  brought  it  at  length  induced  to  come  to  England, 

to  England  about  .1471,  Atkyns  records  and  was  placed   by   the  Archbishop  at 

the  existence  of  a  book  printed  at  Oxford  Oxford,   where   he  worked    "ten   years 

in  1468,  and  of  a  MS.  among  the  Records  before  there  was  any  Printing  in  Europe 

of   Lambeth   House,   of   which   he   had  (except   at   Harlem   and   Mentz)."    The 

been  presented  a  copy,  "  though  I  hope,  remainder  of  the  broadside  is  an  attempt 

for  publick  satisfaction,  the  Record  itself,  to  show  that  from  that  time  printing  has 

in  its  due  time,  will  appear."    This  MS.  been    one    of    the    prerogatives    of   the 

purports  to  show  that  Archbishop  Bour-  Crown  in  England. 

chier  moved  Henry  VI.  to  use  all  possible  This  broadside  was,  by  the  addition  of 

means  to  procure  a  "  printing-mold,"  and  other  relative  matter,  enlarged   into  the 

gave   300  towards  the  1,000  marks   be-  pamphlet  of  which  the  following  is   the 

lieved  to  be  necessary  to  procure  it  by  title. 

The  Original  and  Growth  of  Printing  in  England,  collected 

out  of  History  and   the   Records  of  this  Kingdom ;   wherein  is 
also  demonstrated  that  Printing  appertaineth  to  the  Prerogative 
Royal,   and  is  a   Flower  of  the  Crown   of  England.     London  : 
1664.  4to.  pp.  24,  with  five  preliminary  leaves. 
In  the  course  of  his  dedication  of  this 

pamphlet   to    King  Charles  II.,  Atkyns 

says:    "That  pnnting   belongs   to  your 

majesty,   in  your  publique   and  private 

capacity,  as  supream  magistrate,  and  as 

proprietor,  I  do  with  all  boldness  affirm, 

and  that  it  is  a  considerable  branch  of  the 


regal  dower  will  no  loyal  person  deny. 
....  That  this  power,  which  is  intire 
and  inherent  in  your  majestie's  person, 
and  inseparable  from  your  crown,  should 
be  divided,  and  devolve  upon  your  officers 
(though  never  so  great  and  good)  may  be 
of  dangerous  consequence.  You  are  head 
of  the  church  and  supream  of  the  law  : 
shall  the  body  govern  the  head?  .... 
Printing   is  like   a   good   dish   of  meat, 


which,  moderately  eaten  of,  turns  to  the 
nourishment  and  health  of  the  body ;  but 
immoderately,  to  surfeits  and  sickness. 
....  Cannot  this  abuse  be  remedied? 
....  How  were  the  abuses  taken  in 
Queen  Elizabeth,  King  James,  and  the 
beginning  of  King  Charles  his  time?  .  .  . 
Was  it  not  by  fining,  imprisoning,  seizing 
the  books,  and  breaking  the  presses  of 
the  transgressors  by  order  of  Council 
board?"  An  Epistle  to  the  Lords  and 
Commons  which  follows  states  that  the 
author  has  "spent  more  than  One  Thou- 
sand Pounds  in  vindicating  the  King's 
Grant  of  Printing  the  Common  Laws  of 
England  and  His  Lawful  Power  to  grant 
the  same." 


22 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Atkyns  (Richard).  The  Vindication  of  Richard  Atkyns,  Esq.,  as 
also  a  relation  of  several  passages  in  the  Western  War  wherein  he 
was  concerned,  together  with  certain  sighs  or  ejaculations  at  the 
end  of  every  chapter.  Dedicated  to  his  particular  friends,  and 
to  no  other.  London  :  printed  1669.  4to.  80  pp. 
Atkyns  was  born  in  Gloucestershire  in  "  Vindication  "  was  published  by  him  in 
1615,  and  his  exertions  to  procure  the  consequence  of  the  neglect  of  the  king  to 
establishment  of  the  prerogative   of  the     second   him  in  his  efforts.      His  allega- 


Crown  in  printing  having  failed,  he  fell 
from  affluence  to  poverty,  and  is  believed 
to  have  died  in  the  Marshalsea  a  prisoner 
for    debt,    September    14,    1677.      1'his 


tions  were  investigated  in  the  course  of 
a  lawsuit  reported  in  the '"  Journal  of  the 
House  of  Lords,"  vol.  viii.  p.  622,  and 
vol.  xi.  p.  700. 


The  King's  Grant  of  Privilege  for  sole  printing  of  Common 

Law  books  defended,  and  the  legality  thereof  asserted.     London ; 
printed  by  John  Streater,  1669. 

This  is  a  4to.  pamphlet  of  sixteen  pages,  in  every  man's  reason  and  observation  is. 
It  is  catalogued  at  the  British  Museum  and  in  the  act  for  regulating  pnnting  is 
as  probably  written  by  Richard  Atkyns,  prefaced  to  be  matter  of  public  care  and 
and  there  is  internal  evidence  supporting  great  concernment.  ...  In  the  reign  of 
the  supposition.  It  is  printed  in  black  King  Henry  VI.,  the  art  of  printing  was 
letter,  but  the  quotations  and  emphatic  first  invented.  And,  as  some  manuscripts 
words,  which  modern  printers  would  relate,  the  same  King  Henry  VI.  pur- 
italicise,  are  here  set  in  roman.  The  chased  the  first  discovery  of  the  art,  and 
following  is  an  extract :  "  The  king  can  thereby  became  proprietor  thereof  at  his 


dispense  with  laws,  can  pardon  offences, 
can  license  matters  prohibited,  can  pro- 
hibit matters  tolerated,  and  can  privilege, 
restrain,  or  qualify  new  accidents,  as  he 
in  wisdom  and  deliberation  shall  judge 
expedient  and  best  for  the  public  good, 
which  judgment  and  deliberation  is  pecu- 


own  charge  ;  whereby  the  same  came  to 
be  taught  and  used  in  England,  but  for 
the  printing  of  such  matters  only  as  the 
king  licensed  and  privileged,  and  by  the 
sworn  servants  of  the  king  only,  and  in 
places  appointed  by  the  king,  and  not 
elsewhere."     Atkyns's  name  is  not  men- 


liar  and  proper  to  the  king,  who  alone  tioned,  but  the  privilege  of  which  he  was 
comprehendeth     the     estate     of    public  then     in    possession  was   stoutly   main- 
things,  and  it  is  a  duty  and  consequence  tained. 
of  his  supreme  magistracy.    Now  printing 

AucHiNLECK  Press.     Lines  on  erecting  a  Printing-press  in  Bamsdale 
Poultry-yard,  June  23rd,  181 5.     Twenty-two  lines,  small  4to. 


Dr.  Johnson.  A  list  of  the  productions 
of  the  Auchinleck  Press  will  be  found 
in  Bohn's  edition  of  Lowndes's  "  Biblio- 
grapher's Manual,"  vol.  iv.  p.  197. 


This  was  printed  at  the  "Auchinleck 
Press,"  erected  at  Auchinleck  House, 
near  Cumnock,  Dumfriesshire,  the  seat 
of  the  late  Sir  Alexander  Boswell,  Bart., 
son  of  James  Boswell,  the  biographer  of 

AuDiFFREDi  (J.  B.).    Catalogus  Editionum  Italicanim  Soeculi  XV. 
Romae  :  1 794.    4to. 
John  Baptist  Audiffredi,  an   able  astronomer  and   mathematician,  was  born  at 
Saorgio,  near  Nice,  in  Provence,  1714  ;  died,  1794. 

Catalogus  Historico-Criticus    Romanarum   Editionum   Sseculi 

XVL     Rome:  1783.     4to. 

A  valuable  work,  illustrated  with  a  fine  was  so  deeply  affected  by  the  criticism  of 

quarto    plate    of   printers'   vignettes    or  Audiffredi,  that  he  quitted  Italy  in  dis- 

marks,  together  with  a  specimen  of  the  gust ;  but  it  is  necessary  to  say  tiiat  Rive 

Lactantius  printed  at  Subiaco,  1465.   The  did  not  always  maintain  the  dignity  of 

"Specimen    Historicum    Typographiae "  his    pen,    and     his    bad     temper    often 

of  Laire  is  criticised.     Some  omissions  of  prompted   his   attacks    upon    contempo- 

Maittaire,  of  Orlandi,  and  of  Laire,  are  raries. — Peigiiot. 
supplied,  and  Rive  declared  that  Laire 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  23 

AUDIFFREDI  (J.  B.).  Catalogus  Librorum  typis  impressorum  Biblio- 
thecse  Casanatensis  proestantioribus,  notis  et  observationibus  illus- 
tratus.     1 762-88.     4  vols,  folio. 

Catalogus  Romanarum  Editionum  Sseculi  XV.     Romse  :  1783. 

4to. 

Lettere  Tipografiche  dell' Abate  Nicola  Ugolini.     1778.    8vo. 


A  satirical  attack  on  Father  Laire,  author  of  the  "  Historical  Essay  on  the  Roman 
Typography  of  the  Fifteenth  Century." 

AUER  (Alois).  Album  der  k.  k.  Hof-  und  Staatsdruckerei  in  Wien : 
Naturselbstdruck,  Moose,  glatzte  Steine,  Versteinerungen,  Spitzen 
und  Stoffe  :  Verschiedenes.     Wien  :  1853.     Folio,  69  plates. 

Collection  of  Specimens  of  the  Imperial  Royal   Government  Printing-office  at 
Vienna. 

Das  Benehmen  eines  jungen  Englanders  namens  Henry  Brad- 


bury.    Wien  :  1854.     8vo. 

Treats  on  Nature  Printing,  which  Henry  Bradbury,  who  had  been  working  some 
time  at  the  Imperial  Printing-office,  claimed  as  his  own  invention. 

Discovery  of  the  Natural  Printing  Process.      Vienna  :   1854. 


Folio,  pp.  75  ;  plates.    In. English,  German,  Italian,  and  French. 

An  account  of  the  discovery  by  which  of  fine  specimens  are  added   on  twenty 

plates  for  printing  copies  of  plants,  ma-  plates  ;  there  are  also  six  pages  of  fac- 

terials,  embroideries,  &c.,  showing  their  simile  letters  of  Henry  Bradbury,  who 

natural  textures,  are  produced  in  a  rapid  claimed  priority  in  the  invention ;  but,  as 

and  simple   manner  without  the  aid   of  Auer  shows  by  producing  these  letters, 

drawing  or  engraving.     A  great  number  Bradbury  first  saw  the  process  at  Vienna. 

Eigenthumstheil  bei  neuen  Erfindungen,  besonders  bei  dem  in 

der  k.  k.  Hof-  und  Staatsdruckerei  in  Wien  entdeckten  Natur- 
selbstdrucker.     Wien  :   1853.     8vo. 

Geschichte  der   k.   k.    Hof-  und  Staatsdruckerei  in  Wien.   2 


Thiele  ;  i,  Geschichten ;  2,  Beschreibung.    Vienna:   1851.    8vo. 
Plates. 
An  illustrated  history  and  description  of  the  Imperial  Printing-house  at  Vienna. 

Der  polygraphische  Apparat,  oder  die  verschiedenen  Kunst- 


facher   der  k.  k.   Hof-   und   Staatsdruckerei  zu  Wien.     Wien 
1853.     8vo.  pp.  51  ;  two  unnumbered  leaves,  and  28  plates  illus- 
trative of  the  various  modes  of  reproduction.    Wien  :  1855.    8vo. 

A  description  of  the  different  processes  in  use  at  the  Imperial  Royal  Printing- 
office  at  Vienna. 

Ueber  das  Raumverhaltniss  der  Buchstaben.     Wien  :    1848. 


Imp.  4to. 
Treats  on  type  sizes,  &c. 

AUFRUF  um  das  herannahende  Sacularfest  der  Buchdruckerkunst 
durch  Errichtung  eines  Monuments  zu  Ehren  ihres  Erfinders  Joh. 
Gensfleisch  zum  Gutenberg  wiirdig  zu  feiem.     Mainz  :  1832.    4to. 


24  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

AURIVILLIUS  (Carl).     Catalogus  Librorum  impressorum  Bibliothecse 
Regise  Academiae  Upsaliensis.     Upsalise  :  1814.     4to. 
Contains  notices  of  the  early  printers,     bibliographer,    and    possessed   a    library 
Carl  Aurivillius  was  born  at  Stockholm,     containing  about   7,000  volumes,  which 
1 6th  August,  171 7,  and  died  at  Upsal,     was  always  open  to  students. 
1786.     He  was  an  eminent  linguist  and 

Author's  Printing  and  Publishing  Assistant ;  including  interesting 
Details  respecting  the  Mechanism  of  Books.  New  York  :  1839. 
i2mo. 

Printing  and  Publishing  Assistant  (The) ;  comprising  explana- 


tions of  the  process  of  printing,  preparation  and  calculation  of 
manuscripts,  choice  of  paper,  type,  binding,  illustrations,  publish- 
ing, advertising,  &c.,  with  an  exemplification  and  description  of 
the  typographical  marks  used  in  the  correction  of  the  press. 
London  :  1839.  i6mo.  pp.  58. 
Many  similar  publications  to  the  above  have  been  issued,  but  they  are  mostly  of 
the  nature  of  trade  circulars  and  advertisements. 


ABBAGE  (Charles).  On  the  Economy 
of  Machinery  and  Manufactures. 
London:  1832.  8vo.  Large  paper. 

Chapter  XI.  is  entitled  "  Of  Copying,"  and 
relates  to  the  various  processes  of  printing 
from  cavities,  such  as  copperplate,  music- 
printing,  &c.,  and  printing  from  kurfaces,  such 
as  wooden  blocks,  movable  type,  lithographic 
stone,  &c. 

A  second  edition,  enlarged  and  revised,  was 
published  in  1835.  The  author  was  a  well- 
known  mathematician  and  writer  on  political 
economy.  He  invented  a  calculating  machine, 
which  was  used  for  compiling  "  Tables  of 
Logarithms,"  published  in  1827  (8vo.).  In  the 
Introduction  to  this  work  will  be  found  a 
lengthy  description  of  the  manner  in  which 
the  work  was  composed  and  corrected,  as  well  as  some  practical  hints  on  the  best 
style  of  figures  for  setting  up  table-work.  The  book  itself  is  printed  on  yellow  paper, 
that  colour  being,  as  the  author  concluded  after  making  an  elaborate  series  of  experi- 
ments, the  least  trying  to  the  eyes  of  the  reader.  Mr.  Babbage  also  considered  that 
black  figures  on  yellow  paper  were  the  most  legible.  He  was  understood  to  have 
been  experimenting  for  some  years  on  the  invention  of  a  type-composing  machine. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  treatise  on  Machinery  in  the  Bridgewater  Series,  which 
contains  an  eloquent  eulogium  on  the  advantages  to  human  progress  of  the  invention 
of  printing. 


Bachelier.     Specimen  de   I'lmprimerie   de  Bachelier, 
Jardinet.     Paris  :  1842.     4to.     Paris :    1849.     410. 


12,    Rue  du 


In  the  preface  it  is  stated  that  this 
establishment  was  founded  in  1791  by 
Jean  Marie  Courcier,  and  that  M.  Bache- 
lier, who  was  a  relation  of  his,  succeeded 
to  its  possession  in  1822,  after  Madame 
Courcier.     It  is  "  entirely  devoted  to  the 


production  of  books  relative  to  science 
and  art,  especially  those  on  mathemati- 
cal subjects."  The  work  consists  of  a 
series  of  specimen  pages  of  the  latter 
kind  of  works.  M.  Bachelier  died  about 
1852. 


Bachmann  (J.  H.).     Der  Buchdrucker  an  der  Handpresse.    Leipzig  : 
8vo.  pp.  109. 

A  practical  treatise  on  presswork. 


Leitfaden  fiir  Maschinenmeister  an  Schnellpressen.     Ein  Hand- 

buch  fiir  jeden  gebildeten  Buchdrucker.     Braunschweig  :  1871. 

Guide  for  machine-minders  and  steam-pressmen,  elucidated  by  41  woodcuts, 
reprinted  from  the  Journal  fiir  Buchdruckerkunst.  A  second  edition  was  issued 
in  1873. 


26  Bibliogt'aphy  of  Printing. 

Bachmann    (J.     II,)       Neues    Handbuch    der     Buchdruckerkunst. 
Weimar  :  1876.     Cr.  8vo.     pp.  xiv.  405. 

A  compendious  historical  and  practical  handbook  of  type-founding,  letterpress 
printing,  steam  printing,  stereotyping,  and  of  the  reproductive  processes — chalco- 
graphy, lithography,  chemitype,  zincography,  galvanography,  &c. 


Die  Schriftgiesserei.     Fiir  Praktiker  und  Laien,  insbesondere 

fiir  Buchdmcker  fasslich  dargei-tellt.    Leipzig  :  1868.    4to.    pp.  43. 

A  practical  illustrated  treatise  on  type-founding,  especially  as  concerns  the  printer. 


Die   Schule   des  Musiknoten-Satzes,      Ein  praktischer   Leit- 

faden  zum  Selbstiinterricht.     Leipzig  :   1865.     4to. 

An  elaborate  treatise  on  composition  in  music  types,  consisting  of  78  large  4to. 
pages,  with  remarks  on  the  configuration  of  the  notes,  the  lay  of  the  music-case,  &c. 
A  second  edition  was  published  in  1875. 


Die  Schule  des  Schriftsetzers.     Ein  Handbuch  fiir  Praktiker 

und  Laien,  insbesondere  fiir  Setzerlehrlinge.    Braunschweig  :  1858. 
4to. 

A  handbook  for  compositors,  particu-  printing-house  of  W.  Gronau.     He  was 

larly  adapted  for  the  use  of  apprentices ;  for    many    years    a   contributor  to    the 

a   reprint    from   the  Journal /iir  Buck-  Brunswick  technical  periodical,  the  y^^z^r- 

dmckerkunst.  7ial/iir  Biichdntckerkttnst,  the  editor  of 

1'he    author  of   these  works   died   at  which,    Herr   Th.    Goebel,  gave  an  ex- 
Berlin  on  the  25th  July,  1876,  aged  56.  tended    biographical   notice   of    the    de- 
Up  to  the  time  of  his  death  he  had  occu-  ceased  in  the  number  for  August,  1876, 
pied  the  position  of  overseer  of  the  Berlin 

Back  (Godefroy). 

In  the  archives  of  the  confraternity  of  that  of  J,  de  Breda,  of  Deventer  (q.  v.). 
St.  Luke  at  Antwerp  we  read  that  Back  published  a  large  number  of  good 
G.  Back,  a  binder  of  books,  married,  on  books  during  his  typographical  career, 
the  19th  of  November,  1492,  the  widow  which  ended  with  a  work  dated  25th 
of  the  printer.  Van  der  Goes.  After  the  November,  1511.  He  died  in  1516. 
marriage  he  continued  the  printing-office  Accounts  ot  the  products  of  his  press 
of  his  predecessor.  The  matrices  of  his  will  be  found  in  the  articles  of  P.  C.  van 
types  are  preserved  in  the  celebrated  der  Meersch  and  of  M.  F.  A.  G.  Camp- 
foundry  of  Enschede  at  Haarlem.  {See  h&i\,  \nihe  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile  Beige, 
Ensched6,  a.  J.)  He  lived  in  a  house  tom.  ii.  pp.  236-249,  and  torn.  iii.  pp. 
called  the  Vogelhuis,  which  had  as  a  sign  55-62.  The  opposite  device  is  taken  from 
a  cage  of  birds,  and  adopted  the  bird-  one  of  Back's  productions — a  school  book, 
cage  as  his  device.  It  was  altered  seve-  The  plate  appears  to  have  got  broken 
ral  times,  however.  In  1496  the  device  during  the  printing  ;  we  reproduce  it  as 
consisted  simply  of  G.  B. ;  later  on,  the  it  appears,  with  the  fracture  across  it. 
initials  G.  B.  were  replaced  by  a  device  The  design  represented  inside  the  cage 
of  a  bird  ;  and  later  still,  the  cage  was  is  the  letter  M  surmounted  with  the  Bur- 
again  introduced.  In  some  of  his  books,  gundy  device— a  wand  upholding  a  St. 
however,    he   used   a   device   similar   to  Andrew's  cross. 

Backer  (Aug.  de).     See  Ruelens. 

Badensis  (Thomas  Ans^lmus).  Thomas  Anselmus,  or  Anshelmus, 
Badensis,  was,  as  the  patronymic  implies,  a  native  of  the  Grand 
Duchy  of  Baden.    Established  in  the  Swabian  town  of  Pfortzheim, 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


27 


not  very  distant  from  his  native  province,  he  published  there 
several  books,  and  among  them  five  successive  editions  (1502- 
1510)  of  the  "  Rationarium  Evangelistarum,"  the  quaint  woodcuts 
of  which  are  a  close  imitation  of  the  block-book  known  as  the  "  Ars 
Memorandi."     In  the  colophon  of  "  Magnencii  Rabani  Mauri  de 


ANTWERP:  1493-1500.  \yide(^.  Back,  p.  26. 

E    2 


28 


Bibliography  of  Pi'iiiting. 


PFORTZHEIM  :    1502  — 1526. 

[Vide  Badbnsis,  p.  26. 


Laudibus  Sanctae  Crucis," 
1503,  fol.,  we  read  : — 

"  Sed  patriam  si  vis  :  no- 
menet  artificis  ?     ' 

Est  natale  solum  Baden : 
sedes  rnihi  Phorcys  : 

Dicor  et  Anshelmi  Bib- 
liopola  Thomas." 

In  fact,  Anselmus  Badensis 
seems  to  have  been  the 
only  printer  in  Pfortzheim 
from  1502  to  15 1 1. 

Badius  (Ascensius).  Jodo- 
cus  Badius  Ascensius  vas  a 
scholar,  critic,  and  printer, 
to  whom  the  following 
references  are  made  in 
Dibdin's  **  Decameron," 
vol.  ii.  p.  215: — "Few 
characters  stood  upon 
higher  ground  than  did 
this  distinguished  man, 
and  his  enthusiasm  for 
the  art  of  printing  was  equally  manifested  by  his  selection  (the 
first,  I  believe,  upon  record)  of  a  press  for  his  device,  by  the 
number  of  most  admirably-useful  works  which  he  published,  and 
by  eating  his  Christmas  dinner  (as  we  must  take  it  for  granted  he 
did)  with  his  three  sons-in-law,  also  printers  of  eminence,  who  par- 
took of  turkey  and  quaffed  burgundy  by  the  side  of  him  !  Happy 
banquet !  where  new  works  of  curiosity  or  of  interest  were  pro- 
jected, anecdotes,  perhaps,  of  Jenson,  Gering,  or  Froben,  imported, 
and  avowals  of  friendship,  or  of  enthusiastic  attachment  to  the  art 
which  they  professed,  made  and  re-echoed  the  livelong  night,  even 
till  the  snow  upon  the  surrounding  country  became  tinged  with  the 
pinky  light  of  the  morning  !  To  speak  soberly,  I  told  you,  if  you 
remember,  that  Ascensius  chose  a  press  for  his  device,  but  whether 
first  at  Paris,  where  he  first  commenced  business,  I  am  not  able  to 
speak  with  decision."  Dibdin  proceeds  to  describe  two  of  the  de- 
vices of  Ascensius,  one  of  which  we  are  enabled,  by  the  courtesy 
of  Messrs.  Clowes  &  Sons,  to  reproduce  herewith.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  the  compositor  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  engraving 
holds  the  composing-stick  in  his  ri^i^ht  hand.  The  other  device, 
which  was  first  used  by  Badius  in  1521,  and  which  bears  that  date, 
corrects  this  error,  but  represents  the  compositor  as  a  female.  The 
press,  it  appears,  became  shortly  afterwards  a  very  usual  ornanient  to 
the  frontispiece  of  a  book,  and  was  adopted  by  Vascosan,  Roigny, 
and  others  ;  yet  Ascensius  warns  his  readers  * '  not  to  pay  attention 
to  works  in  which  his  name  is  surreptitiously  introduced,  but  to 


Bibliography  of  Prijiting. 


29 


look  well  after  his  device  of  the  press."  Ascensius  commenced  his 
career  at  Lyons  as  corrector  of  the  presses  of  Trechsell  and  De 
Wingle,  and  afterwards  married  Thelif,  the  daughter  of  Trechsell. 
On  the  death  of  his  father-in-law,  he  went  to  Paris  with  a  view  to 
establish  himself  as  a  printer  there.  At  first  he  printed  in  conjmic- 
tion  with  Petit,  Bocard,  Roche,  and  others,  but  soon  afterwards 
began  business  on  his  own  account.  He  returned  to  Lyons 
about  1516  or  1518,  and  from  that  time  to  his  death,  in  1535, 
was  the  intimate  associate  of  the  most  distinguished  literary  charac- 
ters of  the  day.     He  issued  a  number  of  editions  of  the  best  Latin 


THE  PRESS  OF  ASCENSIUS. 

classics,  and  was  a  great  admirer  and  imitator  of  Aldus,  whom  he 
equalled  in  diligence  and  perseverance.  His  decease  was  com- 
memorated by  numerous  epitaphs,  among  them  the  following, 
Latinized  from  the  Greek  by  Henry  Stephens,  the  son  of  Robert : — 
'*  Hie,  liberorum  plurimorum  qui  parens. 

Parens  librorum  plurimorum  qui  fuit. 

Situs  loDocus  Radius  est  Ascensius. 

Plures  fuerunt  liberis  tamen  libri 

Quod  jam  senescens  coepit  illos  gignere. 

i^tate  florens  coepit  hos  qu6d  edere." 


OFTHE     "^ 

UNIVERSITY 


30  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

A  full  memoir  of  this  celebrated  printer  will  be  found  in  Mait- 
taire's  "Annal.  Typog.,"  vol.  ii.  p.  72.  The  inscription  on  the 
press  is  '*  Prelum  Ascensianum," — the  Ascensian  Press.  The 
word  "  prelum,"  in  Latin,  is  applied  to  the  ancient  wine-presses, 
after  which,  in  fact,  the  first  printing-presses  were  modelled.  The 
platen  came  down  with  a  dead  weight,  and  there  was  no  contri- 
vance for  enabling  it  to  regain  its  position  except  by  screwing  it  up 
again.  The  press  of  Ascensius  continued  in  use  with  few,  if  any, 
improvements  until  the  time  of  Blaew,  and  an  idea  of  the  next 
form  of  the  printing-press  may  be  obtained  by  examining  that 
figured  under  the  name  Franklin,  pos^. 

Badecker  (G.  D.).  Proben  von  Schriften  aus  der  Buchdruckerei, 
Essen.     1802. 

Badeker  (Karl).  Die  Einweihung der  neuen  Offizin  von  G.  D.  Badeker 
in  Essen  am  26.  September  1 85 1.     Essen.    8vo. 

Account  of  the  opening  of  the  new  offices  of  Badeker,  the  printer  of  the  celebrated 
Continental  guide-books  bearing  his  name. 

Baer  (Carl  Ernst  von).  Bericht  iiber  eine  typographische  Seltenheit, 
die  in  der  Bibliothek  der  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften  gesucht 
wird,  von  dem  Akademiker  von  Baehr,  als  Bibliothekar  der  aus- 
landischen  section  der  akademischen  Bibliothek.  In  the  Bulletin 
de  la  Classe  des  Sciences  de  V Academic  Imph'iale  de  St.  Petersbourg, 
Nos.  123,  124.     1849.     8vo. 

An  account  of  a  typographic  curiosity  deposited  in  the  library  of  the  St.  Peters- 
burg Academy  of  Sciences,  and  which  was  subsequently  missed.  C.  E.  von  Baer, 
the  author,  was  the  librarian  of  the  foreign  section  of  this  library. 

[Baer  (F.  C.)]  Lettre  sur  I'Origine  de  I'lmprimerie,  servant  de  re- 
ponse  aux  observations  publiees  par  Fournier  jeune  sur  I'ouvrage  de 
Schoepflin  intitule:  Vindiciae  typographicse.  Strasburg :  1761. 
8vo. 

Bagelaar  (E.  W.  J.).  Verhandeling  over  eene  nieuwe  manier  om 
Prentleckeningen.     Harlem:   181 7.     8vo. 

Bagford  (John).  An  Essay  on  the  Invention  of  Printing.  By  Mr, 
John  Bagford ;  with  an  Account  of  his  Collections  for  the  same  by 
Mr.  Humfrey  Wanley,  F.  R.  S.  Communicated  in  two  Letters  to 
Dr.  Hans  Sloane,  R.S.  Sectr.  In  Philosophical  Transactions, 
vol.  XXV.,  page  2397  (London,  1705,  4to.). 

Bagford  ascribes  the  first  invention  of  printing  to  Haarlem.  Reprinted  in  Latin  in 
Wolf,  "  Monumenta  Typographica,"  and  in  "Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Society,"  v.  50. 
—See  Harleian  MSS. 

Proposals  for   a  History  of  Printing,    Printers,   Illuminators, 

Chalcography,  Paper-making,  &c.  &c.  On  subscription,  los.,  and 
los.  more  on  the  delivery  of  a  volume  in  folio,  containing  about 
200  sheets. 

These  Proposals  were  printed  on  a  half  Caxton,  first  printer  in  the  Abbey  of 
sheet  ,of  foolscap,  with  a  specimen  on  Westminster,  with  a  list  of  his  books." 
another,  containing  the  "Life  of  William    There  are  several  copies  of  these  Propo- 


Bibliography  of  Prhiting. 


31 


sals  in  the  British  Museum,  Harleian 
MSS.,  59Q5.  The  following  account  of 
Bagford  is  taken  from  Dr.  John  Calder's 
Annotations  on  "The  Tatler."  The 
author  says  that  Bagford  "  was  no  very 
common  man,  and  there  is  but  little 
known  of  him  in  print."  John  Bagford 
was  born  in  London,  in  1675.  He  was 
brought  up  to  the  business  of  a  shoe- 
maker, and  published  a  curious  and  en- 
tertaining tract  on  fashions  in  shoes  and 
the  art  of  making  them,  which  may  be 
seen  in  the  British  Museum,  Harleian 
MS.,  591 1.  He  seems  to  have  been  led 
very  early  to  enquire  into  the  antiquities 
of  his  own  country,  and  the  origin  and 
progress  of  its  literature.  He  possessed 
a  great  knowledge  of  old  English  books, 
prints,  and  other  literary  curiosities, 
which  he  carefully  picked  up  at  low 
prices,  and  re-sold.  In  this  kind  of 
traffic  he  spent  much  of  his  life,  and  tra- 
velled widely  to  carry  it  out.  A  number 
of   booksellers    gave    him    commissions, 


workmen.  They  prevailed  on  one,  Fre- 
derick Corsellis,  to  leave  the  printing- 
office  in  disguise,  who  immediately  came 
over  with  them,  and  first  instructed  the 
English  in  the  famous  art,  at  Oxford,  the 
same  year,  1459."  In  the  margin  of  the 
card  is  printed,  in  capitals,  "  Mr.  John 
Bagford,"  and  the  four  following  lines  : — 

"  All  you  that  walk  upon  the  Thames, 
Step  in    this    booth,   and    print   your 

names, 
And  lay  it  by,  that  ages  yet  to  come 
May  see  what  things  upon  the  Thames 
were  done. 
— Printed  upon  the  frozen  river  Thames, 
January  18,  1715-16." 

Bagford  was  much  employed  by  Lord 
Oxford,  Dr.  John  Moore,  first  bishop  of 
Norwich,  afterwards  of  Ely,  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  and  other  eminent  collectors.  It 
is  believed  that  Dr.  Moore  procured  for 
him  an  admission  to  the  Charterhouse  as 
a  pensioner  on  the  foundation.     He  died 


which  he  was  remarkably  successful  in  at  Ishngton,  May  15,  1716,  aged  65,  and 
discharging.  Many  of  his  bills  and  ac-  was  buried  in  the  cemetery  of  the  Char- 
counts  are  preserved  in  the  Harleian  col-  terhouse.  In  1728,  a  portrait  of  him  was 
lection.  He  took  especial  pains  to  be-  engraved  by  Mr.  George  Vertue,  from  a 
come  acquainted  with  the  history  of  picture  by  Howard.  A  memoir  of  Bag- 
printing,  and  the  arts  connected  with  it.  ford  will  be  found  in  Nichol's  "Literary 
Bagford  did  not  confine  himself  solely  to  Anecdotes,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  462,  and  some  of 
the  theory  of  printing,  for  it  appears  that  his  correspondence,  with  particulars  of  his 
he  practised  the  art.  There  is  a  card  pre-  proposals  for  the  Life  of  Caxton  and  the 
served  in  the  Harleian  MSS.  which  nms  History  of  Printing,  in  the  "  Illustrations 
as  follows: — " The  noble  art  and  mystery  of  the  History  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
of  printing  being  invented  and  practised  tury,"  vol.  ii.  735  ;  iv,  140,  144,  155, 
by  John  Gottenburg,  a  soldier  at  Harlem,  198,  201,  210,  216,  et  seq.  Dibdin's 
in  Holland,  anno  1440,  King  Henry  VI.,  "Bibliomania  "(pp.  316-331)  contains  also 
anno  1450,  sent  two  private  messengers  some  interesting  particulars  of  this  singu- 
with  1500  marks  to  procure  one  of  the  lar  man. 

Baille   (Lodovico).     Vicende  tipografiche  di  Sardegna.     Cagliari : 
1847.     8vo. 

Baillet  (Adrien).     Jugemens  des  Savans  sur  les  principaux  ouvrages 
des  Auteurs.     Corriges  et  augmentes  par  M.  de  la  Monnoye,  de 
1' Academic  Franfaise.     7  vols.     Paris  :   1722. 
Vol,  I,  contains  the  "Jugemens  sur  les  principaux  imprimeurs." 

Baine.     a  Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  John  Baine  and  Grandson 
in  Co. ,  Letter  Fomiders.     Edinburgh:  1787. 

John  Baine  and  Grandson  established  a  type-foundry  in  Philadelphia  at  the  close 
of  the  revolutionary  war,  the  first  successful  attempt  in  America.  The  elder  Baine 
died  in  1790,  and  the  grandson  returned  to  England  soon  after. — Blades. 

Baker  (Peter  C).     European  Recollections.     An  Address  delivered 
before  the  New  York  Typographical  Society  on  Franklin's  Birth- 
day, Jan.  17,  1 86 1.     Published  by  request  of  the  Society.     New 
York:  1861.     Svo. 
Among  the  "  Recollections"  are  those     his  preference  being  very  decided  for  the 
of  a  visit  to  the  office  of  Messrs.  Clowes     former.     He  animadverts  upon  what  he 
&  Sons,  and  the  Times.    The  author  con-    deems  the  tasteless,  vulgar  appearance  of 
trasts  American   and    English  printing,    most  English  job  printing. 


32  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Baker  (Peter  C.)-  Franklin  ;  an  Address  delivered  before  the  New 
York  Typographical  Society,  on  Franklin's  Birthday,  Jan.  17,. 
1865.     New  York :   1865.     8vo. 

This  is  an  interesting  sketch  of  the  character  of  the  Anmerican  "  Patriot,  Philan- 
thropist, Philosopher,  Printer.'' 

Baker  (W.  S.).   American  Engravers  and  their  Works.   Philadelphia: 
1875.    8vo.  pp.  184. 
Contains  brief  notices   of  the  lives,    and   catalogues  of  the  works   of  the  chief 
American   engravers,    living  and   deceased.      The    information   is    compiled   from 
original  sources  and  personal  inquiries. 

The  Origin  and  Antiquity  of  Engraving,  with  some  Remarks 

on  the  Utility  and  Pleasures  of  Prints.  Philadelphia  :  1872. 
8vo.  pp.  62.  Second  edition,  with  23  Heliotype  illustrations. 
Boston  :  1875.     Small  4to. 

William  Sharp,   engraver.     With  a  descriptive  Catalogue   of 


his  works.      Philadelphia  :   1875.     8vo.  pp.  I2I. 

Prefixed  is  a  heliotype  reproduction  of  Sharp's  productions  in  the  possession  of 

an  engraved  portrait  of  William  Sharp.  John  S.   Phillips,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia, 

I'he    introduction    gives   a   biographical  and  it  is  the  first  descriptive  catalogue  of 

sketch   of  the  celebrated   line  engraver,  the  works  of  this  artist  ihat  has  hitherto 

with  critical  remarks  on  his  genius  and  appeared.     William   Sharp  was  born  in 

works.     I'he  remainder  of  the  book  was  London,  January  29,    1749,  and  died  at 

chiefly  compiled    from    a    collection    of  Chiswick,  July  25,  1824. 

Baldinucci  (Filippo).  Cominciamento  e  progresso  dell'  arte  di  In- 
tagliare  in  rame,  con  le  vite  de'  molti  piu  eccellenti  maestri  della 
stessa  professione.     Firenze  :  1686.  4to.      Milano  :  1808.  8vo. 

Ball  (William).     A  briefe  Treatise  concerning  the  regulating  of  Print- 
ing.    Humbly  presented  to  the  Parliament  of  England.     London  : 
1651.      i2mo.  pp.  35. 
Proposing  a  number  of  restrictions  and  penalties  upon  the  Press,  which  hath  been 
"  notoriously  depraved  by  vaine,   contentious,   and  seditious  Persons;  to  the  great 
confusion  of  Doctrinall  Tenets,  and  Disturbance  of  State-Affairs." 

Ballerstedt  (Gustav).    Vollstandiges  Handbuch  der  Steindruckerei. 
Quedlinburg  und  Leipzig  :  1837.     8vo.  pp.  48. 
A  handbook  of  Lithography,  of  no  great  value. 

Ballhorn  (Fried.).     Alphabete  Orientalischer  und  Occidentalischer 
Sprachen  zum  Gebrauch  fUr  Schriftsetzer  und  Correctoren.     Leip- 
zig :  1844.  8vo.     Leipzig  :  1856.   8vo. 
The  original   edition,    as   above,  con-     in  the  British  Museum  contains  important 
tained  26  pages.     A  second  edition  was    corrections    interpolated    in     MS.,    and 
published  by  Brockhaus,  of  Leipzig,  in    some  new    alphabets.      Another   edition 
1852,  consisting  of  40  pages,  several  addi-     was  published  in  1856,  extending  to  56 
tional  alphabets    having   been  included,     pages  ;   another  in  it 64.     A  translation 
and    the    book    has    since  gone  through    into  English  was  published  by  Triibner 
about  ten  editions.     A  copy  of  the  work    &  Co.,  entitled  : — 

Grammatography,  a  Manual  of  Reference  to  the  Alphabets  of 

Ancient  and  Modern  Languages.     London  :  1861.     8vo. 

This  is  a  very  useful  book  to  the  printer  the  characters  are  numbered  consecu- 
who  has  occasion  to  employ  foreign  or  tively,  and  these  numbers  may  be  referred 
Oriental  types.     In  some  of  the  founts,     to  instead  of  the  letters  themselves.    This 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  33 

plan  of  using  reference  numbers  would,  compendious  introduction  to  the  reading 

if  generally  adopted,    be  a  great  con-  of    the     most     important    ancient     and 

venience  to  printers.     If  the  types  were  modern  languages.     Simple  in  its  design, 

numbered  on   the  stem   according  to   a  it  will  be  consulted  with  advantage  by 

plan    previously    understood,    the    most  the  philological  student,  the  amateur  lin- 

difficult    foreign    composition   would   be  guist,    the   bookseller,    the    corrector  of 

rendered  as  simple  as  a  line  of  numerals,  the  press,  and  the  diligent  compositor." 

The  author  of  the  German  original,  Mr.  As  a  specimen  of  printing  the  book  is  very 

F.  Ballhorn,  was  one  of  the  overseers  at  curious,  for  notwithstanding  the  multipli- 

Mr.  F.  A.  Brockhaus's  printing-house,  of  city  of  the  alphabets,  they  are  all  printed 

Leipzig.     It  is  stated  that  "  the  Gram-  from  separate   metal    types.       Ballhorn 

matography  is  offered  to  the  public  as  a  died  in  1873  or  1874. 

Bamberg.  Fortsetzung  der  altesten  Buchdruckergeschichte  von  Bam- 
berg. Article  of  35  pages  in  Litterarisches  Magazin  fur  Katholi- 
ken  und  deren  Freunde.     Part  6  of  vol.  i.     Coburg  :  1795.     8vo. 

A  continuation  of  an  account  of  the  early  printers  of  Bamberg,  and  of  their 
works. 

Bancelin-Dutertre  (Ch.).  Annuaire  des  Imprimeurs  et  des  Li- 
braires.     Paris :  1829.      i2mo. 

Bandini  (Angelo  Maria).  De  Florentina  Juntarum  Typographia, 
ej  usque  censoribus  ex  qua  grgeci,  latini,  turci  scriptores,  ope  codi- 
cum  manuScriptorum  a  viris  clarissimis  pristince  integritati  resti- 
tuti  in  lucem  prodierunt.  Accedunt  excerpta  uberrima  prsefationum 
libris  singulis  praemissarum.     2  vols.     Lucse  :  1791.     8vo. 

Annals  of  the  press  of  Giunta,  the  celebrated  printer  of  Florence,  Venice,  and 
Lyons.  Further  accounts  of  this  press  will  be  found  in  Dibdin's  "  Decameron," 
Ebert  ("  Bibliographisches  Lexicon"),  and  Renouard  ("  Annales  des  Aide  ")• 

Bandtkie  (George  Samuel),  De  Primis  Cracovise  in  arte  Typographica 
Incunabulis.     Cracoviae  :  181 2.     4to.  pp.  8. 


—  Historya  Drukarii  Krakowskisch  od  zaprowadzenia  drukow  do 
tego  Miasta  az  do  czasow  naszych,  Wiadomoscia  o  Wynalezieniu 
Sztuki  Drukarskiey  Poprzedzona.    Krakowie  :  1815.     8vo. 


—  Historya  Drukaru  w  krolestwie  Polskiem  i  Wielkiem  Xiestwie 
Litewskiem,  jako  i  w  Kraiach  Zagranicz,  nych,  w  ktorych  Polskie 
Dzieta  wychodzity.     3  vols.     Krakowie  :  1826.     8vo. 


List  of  Printing-Offices  in  Poland  before  the  year  1850.     In 

Krasinski's  History  of  the  Reformation  in  Poland.    8vo.     1838. 

The  author  was  the  librarian  of  the  University  of  Cracow,  and  author  of  a  history 
of  that  library. 

Bangs  (Charles).    The  Country  Printer.     St.  Louis  :  1874. 

Bankes   (H.).     Lithography;   or   the   Art  of  making  Drawings  on 
Stone  for  the  purpose  of  being  multiplied  by  Printing.     London  : 
1 81 3.     8vo.     pp.  23,  with  frontispiece. 
F 


34 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Bankes  (H.).  Lithography;  or  the  Art  of  taking  Impressions  from 
Drawings  and  Writing  made  on  Stone,  with  Specimens  of  the 
Art.  Second  Edition,  with  considerable  alterations.  1816.  8vo. 
pp.  28.     Six  plates.  • 

A  very  early  English  book  on  the  art    Mr.  G.  J.  Volweiller,  who  had  been  an 


of  Lithography.  It  was  published  anony- 
mously ;  but  from  an  announcement  at 
the  end,  to  the  effect  that  "the  litho- 
graphic printing  apparatus,  with  the 
stone  and  necessary  materials,"  can  be 
had  of  "  Mr.  Bankes,  148,  New  Bond- 
street,"  it  is  supposed  that  he  was  the 
writer  ;  indeed,  the  book  is  attributed  to 
him  in  the  catalogue  of  the  British  Mu- 


assistant  to  the  elder  Mr.  Andre.  Vol- 
weill'^r  published  a  series  of  numbers 
from  drawings  by  eminent  masters  (such 
as  Benjamin  West),  but  in  consequence  of 
their  poor  sale  he  returned  to  Germany 
in  1807.  Since  that  time  the  process, 
says  the  author,  had  been  wholly  ne- 
glected in  this  country,  except  in  so  far 
as  it  was  used,  in  a  rough  style,  in  the 
Quartermaster-General's  Office,  at  the 
Horse  Guards,  for  copying  maps  and 
plans.  Mr.  P.  H.  Andre  introduced  it 
as  Polyautography,  but  Bankes  says  that 
he  substituted  for  it  the  word  Litho- 
graphy. At  this  early  time  the  ultimate 
application  and  the  capabilities  of  the  art 
seem  not  to  have  been  discerned,  as  this 
book  says,  "  It  can  never  equal  an  en- 
graving on  copper  for  multiplying  copies 
of  writing,  or,  indeed,  answer  any  pur- 
pose to  which  the  graver  is  applied." 
The  use  of  transfer-paper  for  drawing 
upon  is  mentioned.  The  six  plates  are 
executed  in  the  most  wretched  manner. 


seum.  In  the  opening,  it  is  stated  that 
"  the  art  of  taking  impressions  from 
drawings  made  on  stone  is  said  to  have 
.been  discovered  by  a  gentleman  of  Mu- 
nich, M.  Aloisius  Senefelder,  and  by  him 
communicated  to  Mr.  Andre,  who  ap- 
plied it  to  the  printing  of  music  with 
great  success  at  Frankfort.  Mr.  P.  H. 
Andre,  his  son,  a  merchant  in  London, 
first  introduced  the  art  into  this  country 
about  the  year  i8oi,and  entered  a  caveat 
at  the  Patent  Office,  to  secure,  if  neces- 
sary, the  advantages  of  the  exclusive 
exercise  of  the  invention  to  himself;  but 
he  took  out  no  patent,  lest  the  process 

should  be  discovered  by  the  specification  the  last  giving  a  view  of  the  printing- 
he  would  be  obliged  to  make."  It  pro-  press  then  used.  It  consisted  of  two 
ceeds  to  say  that  Mr.  P.  H.  Andre  com-  cylinders,  the  upper  one  being  turned  by 
municated  the  capacities  of  the  art  to  a  handle,  the  stone  passing  between  them  ; 
the  most  eminent  masters  in  London,  and  a  screw  in  the  head  of  the  framework 
obtained  from  them  many  fine  drawings  giving  increased  pressure.  The  arrange- 
on  the  stone,  which  he  proposed  to  pub-  ment  was  similar  to  that  of  the  domestic 
lish  in  numbers.  Being  compelled  to  wringing  or  mangling  machines  now  in 
leave  this  country  for  Germany,  he  was  common  use. 
succeeded  in  the  practice  of  the  art  by 

Barber  (John).    John  Barber,  City  Printer,  Common  Councilman, 

Alderman,  and  Lord  Mayor  of  London.     An  impartial  History  of 

his  Life,  Character,  Amours,  Travels,  and  Transactions.    London  : 

1 741.     8vo. 

John  Barber,  "  City  Printer,"  was  the  first  of  his  craft  who  attained  the  dignity  of 

Lord  Mayor  of  London.     The  above  curious  (and  scurrilous)  work  is  contained  in 

the  library  of  the  Corporation  of  London,  Guildhall. 

Barbera  (Piero).     Ricordi  biografici  di  Vicenzo  Batelli,   tipografo 
Fiorentino.     Firenze :  1872.     8vo. 
Reprinted  from  L'A  rte  della  Stampa. 

See  Cennini. 

Barbier  (C).  Tableau  de  Typographic  confidentielle  :  application 
d'expeditive  fran9aise  approuve  par  I'Academie  des  Sciences  pour 
sa  grande  simplicite  et  la  facilite  de  sa  mise  en  pratique.  Paris  : 
1 83 1.     A  broadside. 

[Barletti  de  Saint  Paul  (F.).]  Nouveau  Systeme  Typographique, 
ou  moyen  de  diminuer  le  travail  et  les  frais  de  composition,  de 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  3  5' 

correction  et  de  distribution,   decouvert   en    1774,   par   Madame 
de  *  *  *.     Paris  :  1776.     4to.     Another  edition,  folio. 

[Barletti  de  St.  Paul  (F.).]  Nouveau  Systeme  Typographique 
dont  les  experiences  ont  ete  faites  en  1 775  aux  frais  du  gouverne- 
ment.     Paris  :  1 792.     4to . 

Barnheim.  Catalogue  of  a  Bibliotheca  Typographica,  sold  by 
Auction  at  Berlin,  8  May,  1873. 

This  was  a  library  of  typographical  works  collected  by  Justice  Councillor  Barn- 
heim during  a  period  of  nearly  fifty  years.  Works  on  Bibliography  and  the  Inven- 
tion of  Printing  were  in  very  large  numbers. 

Bartolini   (Antonio).     Saggio    Epistolare   sopra   la   Tipografia   del 
Friuli   nel   Secolo  XV.     Aggiuntavi   una  lettera   tipografica  del 
Jacopo  Morelli.     Udine  :  1798.     4to. 
"  An  uncommonly  splendid  work,  con-    bibliographer  Morelli,  describing  an  edi- 
taining  much  curious  information  relative    tion  of  Catullus,  and  another  of  Claudian 
to  the  earliest  printed  books  in  the  Vene-    de  Raptu   Proserpinae,  neither  of  which 
tian   Friuli,  and  particularly  at   Udine.     had  before  been   noticed." — Home,  In- 
Pi.  letter  is  annexed  from  the  celebrated     trodiiction  to  Bibliography. 

Bartoloccius  (J.).  Dissertatio  de  Origine  Irapressionis  Librorura 
Hebrceorum,  deque  Typographiis  Judaicis,  prtesertim  in  Italia. 
Romas :  1675.     Folio. 

Portion  of  his  "Bibliotheca  Magna  Rabbinica"  (Rome:  1775-93,  94;  folio), 
Part  I.  pp.  432. 

Baruffaldi  (Girolamo).  Saggio  della  Tipografia  Ferrarese  dall'  anno 
1471  sino  al  1500.     Firenze  :  1777.     8vo. 

The  period  comprised  is  from  the  year  1-171  to  1500.  "A  valuable  work,  and 
enriched  with  much  literary  information." — Clarke  s  Bib.  Misc.,  ii.  54. 

Basan  (F.).  Dictionnaire  des  Graveurs,  anciens  et  modernes,  depuis 
I'origine  de  la  gravure,  avec  une  notice  des  principales  estampes 
qu'ils  ont  gravees,  suivi  des  Catalogues  des  QLuvres  de  Jacques 
Jordaens  et  de  Corneille  Vischer.     Paris:    1767.     3  vols.   i2mo. 

Seconde  edition,  mise  par  ordre  alphabetique,  considerable- 

ment  augmentee,    et  ornee  de  cinquante  estampes  par  difFerents 
artistes  celebres.     Paris  :  1789.     2  vols.    i2mo. 
Some  copies  of  the  second  edition  were  issued  with  a  new  title,  dated    1809,  to 

which  was  added  "Notice  Historique   sur   I'Art  de  la  Gravure  en   France,"  by 

Choffard. 

Baschet  (Armand).  Aldo  Manuzio.  Lettres  et  Documents,  1495- 
15 1 5,  collexit  et  adnotavit.  Venetiis  :  1867.  8vo. 
160  copies  printed,  not  for  sale.  This  bered  copy  belonging  to  the  British 
book  contains  the  result  of  some  success-  Museum  (No.  57)  is  inserted  an  inter- 
ful  researches  made  by  the  author,  in  esting  autograph  letter  of  the  author  to 
1865,  during  a  long  sojourn  at  Mantua,  "  cher  Monsieur  Thompson,"  who  is  the 
among  the  archives  of  the  princely  house  assistant  keeper  of  the  manuscripts  at 
of  Gonzaga,  for  reliques  of  the  printer  the  British  Museum,  and  written  from 
Aldus  Manutius.  It  is  dedicated  to  the  Travellers'  Club,  London,  dated 
M.  Henry  Plon,  of  Paris.     In  the  num-    May,  1871. 

Basel.  Beytrage  zur  Basler  Buchdruckergeschichte.   Basel  :  1840.  4to. 
Contributions  to  the  History  of  the   Typography  of  Basle.     Published  on  the 
occasion  of  the  typographical  jubilee  of  1840  by  I.  Stockmeyer  and  R.  Reber. 

F    2 


36 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Baskerville  (John).  This  celebrated  printer  was  bom  in  1706,  at 
Wolverley,  in  Worcestershire.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  kept 
a  writing-school  in  the  Bull-ring,  Birmingham,  and  afterwards 
engaged  in  the  business  of  cutting  letters  on  tombstones  and  memo- 
rials. He  then  adopted  the  trade  of  japanning,  and  was  very 
successful ;  so  much  so,  in  fact,  that  he  amassed  a  considerable 
fortune.     About  the  year  1750,  his  artistic  tastes  and  his  love  for 


JOHN    BASKERVILLE. 


literature  directed  his  attention  to  the  art  of  printing,  which  he 
found  in  a  very  unsatisfactory  condition.  He  began  by  establish- 
ing a  type-foundry,  and  used  unceasing  efforts  to  excel  all  of  the 
existing  English  founders,  who,  with  the  exception  of  Caslon,  were 
producing  types  of  a  very  inferior  kind.  Baskerville  engaged  the 
best  punch-cutters  that  could  be  had,  and  superintended  their 
work  with  untiring  care.     He  spent  a  sum  of  about  ;^6oo  before 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  37 

he  obtained  one  letter  that  came  up  to  his  ideal.  His  type  is  ad- 
mired for  its  elegance  even  at  the  present  day,  and  books  printed 
by  him  now  bear  a  very  high  value.  Baskerville  made,  not  only 
his  own  type,  but  his  moulds  for  casting,  his  chases,  his  ink,  and 
his  presses.  He  introduced  great  improvements  in  nearly  every 
branch  of  printing,  and  produced  many  masterpieces  of  typography. 
The  paper  he  used  was  of  a  fine,  thick  quality,  rather  yellow  in 
colour.  His  ink  had  a  rich  purple-black  tint,  and  great  attention 
was  paid  to  securing  uniformity  of  colour  throughout  his  books. 
His  sheets  had  imparted  to  them  a  fine  lustre  by  their  being  in- 
serted, immediately  they  were  taken  off  the  tympan,  between  hot 
copper  plates.  The  heat  expelled  the  moisture,  set  the  ink,  and 
imparted  a  beautiful  gloss  simultaneously.  Several  of  Baskerville's 
productions  are  exhibited  to  the  public  in  show-cases  at  the  British 
Museum  ;  but  the  books  are  sadly  discoloured  now,  and  probably 
would  give  little  satisfaction  to  their  scrupulous  printer.  This  re- 
sult is  probably  due  to  this  mode  of  hot-pressing.  Baskerville's  first 
production  was  a  quarto  Virgil,  issued  in  1756;  and  for  several 
years  he  printed  a  number  of  extremely  beautiful  books,  which 
attracted  the  attention  of  bibliophiles  throughout  the  world,  and 
brought  him  great  celebrity.  The  monetary  produce  of  his  press, 
however,  was  not  so  satisfactory  :  the  number  of  persons  who 
could,  at  that  time,  appreciate  his  work  was  very  limited,  and  the 
publishers  were  disinclined  to  cater  for  so  few.  He  was  Univer- 
sity printer  at  Cambridge  from  1758  to  1766.  In  1762  Basker- 
ville wrote  to  Horace  Walpole  complaining  that  "  the  booksellers 
did  not  choose  to  encourage  him,"  and  declaring  that  he  was 
heartily  tired  of  the  business  of  printing,  which  he  would  wish 
never  to  have  attempted.  After  1765,  little  or  nothing  appeared 
from  his  press,  and  he  wrote  to  Benjamin  Franklin,  then  in  Paris 
on  a  diplomatic  mission,  to  see  if  the  latter  could  dispose  of  his 
type  for  him.  Franklin  replied  that  the  condition  of  P" ranee  at 
the  time  was  such  as  to  prevent  his  making  a  purchase  of  the  kind. 
Baskerville  died  January  8th,  1775,  and  in  April  of  that  year  his 
widow  relinquished  the  printing  business.  His  type  lay  idle  until 
1779,  when  it  was  bought  by  M.  de  Beaumarchais,  who,  at  vast 
expense,  established  a  printing-office  at  Kehl,  and  lost  an  immense 
sum  in  printing  a  magnificent  copy  of  the  works  of  Voltaire.  It 
is  not  known  to  us  what  ultimately  became  of  the  type  ;  it  is  said 
to  have  been  melted  into  bullets.  It  may  interest  our  readers 
to  know  that  the  portrait  annexed  is  printed  from  the  original 
wood-block  engraved  for  Hansard's  *' Typographia,"  and,  with 
several  others  from  the  same  work,  was  most  kindly  lent  to  us  by 
the  author's  son,  whose  liberality  and  courtesy  we  have  great  plea- 
sure in  gratefully  acknowledging  :  it  was  copied  from  an  oil-painting 
executed  for  the  late  Mr.  Knott  of  Birmingham.  A  series  of 
articles  in  Notes  and  Queries  (1.  iv.  40,  123,  211  ;  v.  209,  355, 
618  ;  viii.  203,  349,  423)  has  set  at  rest  several  disputed  points 
in  the  history  of  John  Baskerville.  G.  C.  says  that  he  was 
informed  in  1835  that  the  coffin  containing  the  body  of  Basker- 
ville was   then   lying  in   a   timber-yard,    under  a  pile   of  deals. 


38  Bibliography  of  Pmiting. 

and  asks  if  it  is  still  (1852)  in  the  same  place ;  also,  whether  there 
are  any  authentic  portraits,  engraved  or  otherwise,  of  Baskerville. 
— Mr.  St.  Johns  says  that  Baskerville  was  interred  in  grounds 
attached  to  the  house  in  which  he  lived,  near  Easy-row,  Birming- 
ham. The  land  became  valuable  as  a  building  site,  and  the  body 
was  removed,  after  lying  there  for  nearly  half  a  century.  It  was 
taken  to  the  workshop  of  a  lead-merchant  named  Marston,  in 
Monmouth-street,  Birmingham,  and  while  there  he  (Mr.  St.  Johns) 
saw  the  remains,  which  were  in  a  wooden  coffin  enclosed  in  one 
of  lead.  That  was  about  1826.  The  person  who  showed  him  the 
coffin  was  either  Mr.  Marston  or  one  of  his  employes.  The  nose 
and  lips  of  the  body  were  gone,  and  two  front  teeth  ;  but  as  to 
the  latter,  it  was  known  who  had  them,  and  they  would  be  re- 
stored. The  shroud  was  perfect,  but  discoloured.  About  1849, 
while  in  Birmingham,  a  snuff-box  was  shown  to  him,  on  the  lid 
of  which  was  a  painted  portrait  of  Baskerville,  which  fully  agreed 
with  the  description  given  to  him  many  years  before  by  a  person 
who  had  known  the  original. — Cranmore  quotes  on  this  subject 
from  Hansard's  "  Typographia,"  preface,  xii.  xiii.— Mr.  William 
Cornish  (of  New-street,  Birmingham)  says  that  the  body  now 
reposes  in  the  vaults  of  Christ  Church,  Birmingham. — Rt.  says 
that  he  had  been  in  possession  for  many  years  of  a  manuscript 
written  by  a  friend,  to  the  effect  that  Baskerville,  in  his  early 
days,  cut  inscriptions  on  tombstones,  and  quotes  one  of  his  inscrip- 
tions. [His  window-sign,  cut  on  slate  in  exquisite  letters,  was  in 
Birmingham  a  few  years  ago.] — ^J.  B.  Whitborne  says  that  there  is 
a  beautiful  portrait  of  Baskerville  in  the  possession  of  Messrs. 
Longman,  Paternoster-row,  painted  by  Gainsborough.  Of  this 
a  private  plate  was  engraved  on  copper,  which  he  possesses,  and 
which  formed  part  of  a  proposed  collection  of  portraits  of  Wor- 
cestershire worthies.  He  also  remarks  that  in  Merridew's  "  Cata- 
logue of  engi-aved  Worcestershire  Portraits "  (p.  4),  there  is  a 
reference  to  a  woodcut  from  a  portrait  in  the  possession  of  the 
late  Mr.  Thomas  Knott,  of  Birmingham.  [This  is  the  portrait 
copied  by  Hansard  and  reproduced  above.] — Este  refers  to  Pye's 
*'  Modern  Birmingham"  (1819),  which  speaks  of  a  gravestone  at 
Handsworth  Church,  cut  by  Baskerville,  and  with  his  name  at 
the  top  as  sculptor.  [All  traces  now  lost  (1876).] — R.  W.  Elliot 
refers  to  Baskerville's  burial  in  unconsecrated  ground,  and  gives 
his  epitaph,  with  a  manuscript  note  relative  thereto,  in  a  book 
belonging  to  Archbishop  Nares. — J.  H.  M.  refers  to  the  allusion 
to  this  matter  in  Nichol's  "  Literary  Anecdotes." — B.  H.  C.  refers 
to  the  account  of  the  Birmingham  Riots  of  1791  in  the  Historical 
Magazine,  vol.  iii.,  which  bears  on  the  subject  of  Baskerville's 
residence  and  burial-place. — R.  says  that  one  of  his  great-uncles 
owned  the  Baskerville  property  ;  that  Baskerville  was  actually 
buried  in  the  grounds  belonging  to  his  house,  and  that  it  was 
solely  owing  to  the  growth  of  the  town  that  his  remains  were 
disturbed.  A  biography  of  Baskerville  is  now  (1876)  in  prepara- 
tion by  Mr.  Samuel  Timmins,  of  Birmingham,  who  has  had  special 
sources  of  infon.iation  at  his  command. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  39 

Baskett.  a  previous  View  of  the  Case  between  John  Baskett,  Esq., 
one  of  His  Majesty's  Printers,  Plaintiff,  and  Henry  Parsons, 
Stationer,  Defendant.  4to.  Edinburgh.  Printed  by  James 
Watson,  one  of  His  Majesty's  Printers.  1720.  4to.  35  pp.  and 
appendix,  3  pp. 

J.   Watson,   author  of  a  "  History  of  Baskett,    King's    Printer    in     England, 

Printing,"   claimed,   as    printer    to    His  while  claiming  the  privilege  of  printing 

Majesty  in  Scotland,  the  right  of  printing  Bibles  and  selling  them  in  Scotland,  pro- 

the  Bible  and  of  selling  it  anywhere  in  secuted   Mr.  Parsons  for  selling  in  Eng- 

the  United    Kingdom.     Henry  Parsons  land  Bibles  printed  by  Mr.  Watson   in 

was  his  agent.     There  can  be  little  doubt  Scotland.     Incidentally  is  mentioned  the 

that  Watson  wrote  this  clever  tract,  and  fact  of  Baskett  having  leased  the  printing- 

his  argument  is  that  the  Act  of  Union  house  at  Oxford  for  Bible-printing,  as  did 

between   England  and    Scotland  having  also    Thomas    Guy    (founder    of    Guy's 

stipulated  equality  and  complete  freedom  Hospital)  for  a  few  years. — Blades. 
of  trade  between  the  two  countries,  Mr. 

Bate  (John).  Art  of  Engraving.  In  Mysteries  of  Nature  and  Art. 
London  :  1634-5.     410. 

Battenberg.  Fonderie  Typographique  de  Battenberg,  Graveur  k 
Paris. 

100  leaves,  with  engraved  title.     Printed  for  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855. 

Baudouin  (F.  J.).  Esquisse  d'un  Projet  de  Reglement  pour  I'lmpri- 
merie,  la  Librairie,  et  autres  professions  y  relatives,  redigee  d'apres 
les  lois  anciennes  et  nouvelles.     Paris:  1810,     410. 

Draft  of  proposed  legislation  for  the  printing  and  correlated  trades,  digested  in 
accordance  with  the  old  and  new  laws. 

Baudouin  (P.  A. ).  Anecdotes  Historiques  du  Temps  de  la  Restauration, 
suivis  de  recherches  sur  I'origine  de  la  Presse,  son  developpement, 
son  influence  sur  les  esprits,  ses  rapports  avec  I'opinion  publique, 
les  mesures  restrictives  apportees  a  son  exercice.  Paris :  1853. 
Svo. 

This  consists  chiefly  of  a  synopsis  of  the  press  laws  of  France,  and  on  the  laws 
affecting  printing,  copyright,  libel,  &c.  It  treats  the  subject  historically,  and  offers 
various  suggestions  for  necessary  reforms. 

Bauer  (E.  Ch.).  Primitiae  Typographiae  Spirensis,  oder  Nachrichten 
von  der  ersten  und  beriihmten  Drachischen  Buchdruckerey  in  der 
Reichs-Stadt  Speyer  und  denen  in  dem  XVten  bis  zu  Anfang  des 
XVIten  Seculi  daselbst  gedruckten  merckwiirdigen  Biichern.  Wie 
auch  dem  ersten  und  raren  Speyrischen  Neuen  Testament. 
Speyer  :  1764.     8vo. 

A  treatise  on  the  earliest  typography  of  Spire,  and  on  the  first  and  rare  edition 
of  the  New  Testament  printed  there.  The  first  book  printed  at  Spire  was  "Trac- 
tatus  de  quatuor  Virtutibus  cardinalibus,"  printed  by  H.  Arimin,  1472. 

Bauer  (H.).  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerei  im  frankischen  Wirtem- 
berg,  namentlich  Druckgeschichte  Halls,  von  Plauser.     In  Der 


40 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Zeitschrift   des    Historischen     Vereins    fur    das    Wirtembergische 
Franken.     Vol.  vi.  part  I.     Kiinzelsau  :  1 862.     8vo. 

History  of  Typography  in  Franconian  Wirtemberg,  with  especial  reference  to 
the  town  of  Halle. 

Baumgaertner  (J.  A.).  Erwiederang  des  Aufsatzes  in  Nr.  22.  des 
Borsenblattes,  mit  der  Ueberschrift :  Die  sogenannte  Hochdruck- 
Lithographie  oder  Vie!  Larm  um  Nichts.  Supplement  to  the 
Borsenblatt  fur  den  deutschen  Buchhandel,  &c.  Number  22. 
30.  Mai,  1834.     4to. 

Reply  to  a  treatise  entitled  "  The  so-called  Relief  Lithography ;  or,  Much  Ado 
about  Nothing,"  which  appeared  in  an  issue  of  the  Borsenblatt  for  May,  1834. 

Baumgarten-Crusius  (L.  F.  O.).  Festrede  bei  der  Akademischen 
Sascularfeier  von  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  zu  Jena. 
Jena  :  1840.     8vo. 

An  oration  delivered  on  the  occasion  of  the  centennial  celebration  by  the  Academy 
of  Jena  of  the  invention  of  printing. 


OLMiJTZ,  1501-1502;   BRESLAU,  1503-1505  ;    FRANKFURT   AN    DER  ODER,  1507-1514  ; 
LEIPZIG,  1514 — 

Baumgarthen  (Conrad). 

Baumgarthen  was  the  second  printer  shows  the  arms  of  the  town  itself.  This 
established  at  Breslau,  but  he  had  before  device  is  to  be  found  on  "  Marri  Tullij 
i.,.„j    ..  -.  /-wi_"_._     _     ,    ^   i_        Ciceronis  Epistolse  familiares "   (Wratis- 


lived  two  years  at  Olmiitz,  and  subse 
quently  removed  to  Frankfurt  an  der  Oder. 
The  W  on  one  of  the  shields  is  the  initial 
of  Wratislau,  the  Polish  name  of  Breslau. 
The  female    saint  on    the  other  shield 


lavise,  1505,  4to).  At  the  end  of  the 
book  are  the  arms  of  Poland— a  white 
eagle  displayed. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  41 

Baur  (F.),  Malten  (H.),  Wetter  (J.).     Gedenkbuch  der  vierten 

Jubelfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  Mainz,   1840. 

Mainz  :   1841.    8vo.     pp.  xxii.  and  362  ;  4  plates. 

Containing  an  historical  account  of  the     statistical  description  of  Mayence  in  1840  ; 

different  localities  at  Mayence  connected    and,  finally,  an  account  of  the  festivities 

with   the   invention   of   typography;    an     in  connection  with  the  jubilee  celebrated 

essay  on  its  influence  on  mankind  ;    a    in  the  same  vear. 

Bau-Rede  gesprochen  am  '4.  Julius  1822.  Dem  Bauherrn  Herrn 
F.  A.  Brockhaus  gewidmet,  s.  nota.     8vo. 

Bautz  (J.  B.  B.).    Die  Lithographie  in  ihrem  ganzen  Umfange.     2nd 
edition.     Augsburg:  1836.     8vo. 
A  comprehensive  treatise  on  Lithography. 

[Baverel  (J.  P.)  et  Malpez.]  Notices  sur  les  Graveurs  qui  nous 
ont  laisse  des  Estampes  marques  de  Monogrammes,  ChifFres, 
Rebus,  Lettres  initiales,  etc.,  avec  une  description  de  leurs  plus 
beaux  ouvrages  et  des  planches  en  taille-douce,  contenant  toutes  les 
marques  dont  ils  se  sont  servis  ;  suivies  d'une  table  qui  en  donne 
I'explication.  2  vols.  Besan5on :  1807,  1808.  %so.  pp.  xv.  360; 
322,  lix. ;  5  plates  of  engravers'  marks. 

Bazin  (A.).  Revision  du  Tarif  des  Ouvriers  Typographes.  Un  mot  a 
M.  Leneveux,  retire  des  affaires.    2nd  edition.    Paris  :  1861.    8vo. 

Some  observations  addressed  to  M.  Leneveux  on  the  Revision  of  the  French 
printers'  tariff". 

Beadnell  (Henry).  A  Guide  to  Typography,  in  two  parts — Literaiy 
and  Practical ;  or,  the  Reader's  Handbook  and  the  Compositor's 
Vade-mecum.     London  :  1859.     Fcap.  8vo. 

A  Key  to  one  of  the  main  Difficulties  of  English  Orthography, 

being  an  Alphabetical  Collection  of  nearly  3,000  words  resembling 
others  in'  sound,  but  differing  in  sense,  spelling,  or  accentuation. 
London  :  1867.     i6mo. 

Orthographical     Difficulties    Elucidated.       A    work    devoted 

more  especially  to  an  elucidation  of  the  changes  which  words 
undergo  in  inflection  and  composition ;  together  with  lists  of 
the  prefixes  and  affixes  which  occur  in  the  English  language, 
and  explanations  of  their  meaning,  &c.  &c.  London :  1877. 
Small  8vo. 

The  two  latter  of  the  above  works  were  written  with  especial  reference  to  the 
requirements  of  the  printer.  The  last  treatise  originally  appeared  in  1875-6,  in  the 
Printitig  Tttnes  and  Lithographer. 

The  before-mentioned  author  served  young  people,  Mr.  Beadnell,  in  his 
his  time  to  the  Printing  business  in  the  earlier  years,  paid  his  devoirs  to  the 
country ;  but  has  been  principal  reader  Muses,  and  wrote,  among  other  things, 
in  the  office  of  Messrs.  Wyman  &  Sons  and  published,  a  poem  of  several 
for  many  years.  In  addition  to  being  a  pages  on  a  subject  of  domestic  interest, 
writer  or.  Printing,  Mr.  Beadnell  has  which  shows  at  least  some  signs  of  poetic 
written  a  learned  treatise  on  Greek  power ;  at  a  later  period,  in  1855,  he 
Accentuation,  and  other  works  relating  produced  a  pamphlet  showing  the  in- 
to philology,  a  science  in  which  he  is  justice  of  the  then  prevailing  system  of 
deeply   versed.      Like    the    majority   of    levying  the  income-tax,  and  advocating 

G 


42  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

the  policy  of  remitting  a  portion  of  the  is  seldom  that  so  wide  a  range  and  so 

income  of  small  amounts  from  the  pur-  deep  a  knowledge  are  united  in  a  working 

view  of  the  tax.     He  received  the  thanks  printeras  in  the  subject  of  these  comments, 

both  of  Mr.  Disraeli  and  Mr.  Gladstone  whose  great   industry  and   abilities  are 

for  his  suggestion,  which  was  carried  into  equalled  by  his  modesty  and  worth.     It 

effect  by  the  latter.     He  also  published,  may    with     truth    be    affirmed,    that    a 

in  1868,  another  pamphlet,  on  the  advan-  printer's   reader  is   "bom,    not    made," 

tages  to   be  derived  by  the  State  from  and    Mr.   Beadnell  is  an   example  of  a 

Church    Establishments,    both    from    a  learned    printer's    reader    of    the    very 

political  and  a  moral  point  of  view.     It  highest  type. 

Beaumont  (Capt.  Fred.),  R.E.  Report  prepared  by  Order  of  the 
Council  of  Education,  on  the  Printing  and  Paper-making  Appa- 
ratus in  the  Paris  Exhibition,  1867. 

Reprinted  in  the  Printers'  Journal,  new  series,  vol.  i.  pp.  g,  25,  40,  55,  71,  gi, 

108,  124,  155,  171,  314. 

Beaupre.  Notices  bibliographiques  sur  les  Livres  de  Liturgie  des 
Dioceses  de  Toul  et  de  Verdun  imprimes  au  XV®  Siecle  et 
dans  la  premiere  moitie  du  XVP-      Nancy  :  1843.     8vo.  pp.  74. 

• Notice  sur  quelques  Graveurs  Nanceens  du  XVIIP   Siecle. 

Nancy  :  1862.     8vo. 

Recherches  sur  les  Commencements  et  les  Progres  de  I'lm- 

primerie  dans  le  Duche  de  Lorraine  et  dans  les  villes  de  Toul  et 
Verdun.     Nancy  :  1841-42.     Bvo.  pp.  187.     47  copies  printed. 

Recherches  historiques  et  bibliographiques  sur  les  Commence- 
ments de  rimprimerie  en  Lorraine,  et  sur  ses  progres  jusqu'a  la 
fin  du  17'°*  Siecle.  St.  Nicolas-de-Port  :  1845.  8vo.  pp.  vii. 
541.     One  plate. 

Only    300    copies    printed.     This    ad-  takes  high  rank  among  the  many  local 

mirable  monograph,  from    the  historical  histories    of    printing    that     have    been 

and  literary  interest  given  to   it  in   the  issued.     A  supplement  to  the  book  was 

minuteness  of  its  bibliographical  details,  issued  with  the  following  title  : — 

Nouvelles    Recherches  de  Bibliographic  Lorraine.     Nancy  : 


1855.     8vo. 

Four  chapters,  the  first  treating  of  the  years  1500-1550,  in  52  pages  ;  the  second, 
1550-1600,  in  P16  pages  ;  the  third,  1600-1635,  in  88  pages ;  and  the  fourth,  1635- 
1700,  in  64  pages,  with  four  pages  of  index. 

Beck.     Schriftproben  der  Beck'schen  Buchdruckerei  in  Nordlingen. 
1854. 
Specimens  of  the  types  used  in  the  printing  house  of  Beck,  of  Nordlingen. 

Becker  (Carl).  Jost  Amman,  Zeichner  und  Formschneider,  Kup- 
feratzer  und  Stecher.  Nebst  Zusatzen  von  R.  Weigel.  Leipzig  : 
1854.     4to.     17  woodcuts. 

A  biography  of  Jost  Amman,  the  designer,  wood-engraver,  and  chalcographer. 
With  additions  by  R.  Weigel. 

Becker  (F.  P. ).  Specimens  of  Engraving  by  the  Omnigraph.  Lon- 
don :  [1850].     4to. 

Becker  (Rod.  Zach.).  Gravures  en  bois  des  anciens  Maitres  alle- 
mands,  tirees  des  planches  originales  recueillies  par  Jean  Albert  de 


Bibliography  of  Printing,  43 

Derschau,  publiees  avec  un  Discours  sur  la  Nature  et  I'Histoire  de 
la  Gravure  en  Bois,  en  Allemand  et  en  Francois.  Three  parts. 
Gotha  :  1808,  i8io,  181 6.     Folio. 

Beckmann  (J.).     Nachrichten  von  der  Buclidruckerey  zu  Constanti- 
nopel.       In    Hajinoverisches    Magazin^    volume    for    1768,    pp. 
385-394. 
Treats  on  printing  in  Constantinople. 

Bedford  (H.).  Douglas  Jerrold ;  a  Lecture  delivered  March  30, 
1870.     London :  1870.     8vo. 

The  celebrated  wit,  Douglas  Jerrold,  was  at  one  time  a  printer's  reader  in  the 
oflfice  at  which  the  present  work  is  printed,  and  several  amusing  reminiscences  of 
him  will  be  found  in  this  volume. 

Beeloo  (A. ).  Eeuwzang  bij  het  Vierde  Eeuwgetijde  van  de  Uitvinding 
der  Boekdrukkunst.  In  Werken  der  Hollandsche  Maatschappij, 
vol.  vii.  part  i.     Leyden  :  1824.     8vo.  20  pages. 

B]£gat  (Prosper).  Notice  sur  I'Imprimerie  a  Nevers.  Nevers  :  1864, 
8vo. 

Beichlingen  (Zacharias  von).  Fons  Bibliothecarum  insestimabilis  : 
das  ist,  Wahrer  Unterricht  von  Uhrsprung,  Fortgang,  Lobe, 
Nothwendigkeit,  Nutzen,  Freyheit,  Rechten  und  Gerechtigkeit 
der  Buchdruckereyen  oder  derselben  Officianten  und  Verwandten. 
Eisleben  :  1669.  4to.  24  leaves. 
Discusses  the  origin,  progress,  utility,  &c.,  of  printing. 

Beifreude  liber  die  Erfindung  und  den  Wachstum  der  edelen  Kunst 

der  Buchdruckerei,  bei  Gelegenheit  ihres  zum  dritten  Mai  gefeier- 

ten  Jubel-Festes,  bezeuget  von  einem  Liebhaber  schoner  Kiinster. 

Idstein  :  1740.      Folio. 

This  contribution  to  the  history  and  progress  of  Typography  was  published  on  the 

occasion  of  the  third  jubilee  of  its  invention. 

Bekker  (Ernst).  Das  Buckdrucker-Wappen.  Ein  Versuch  demsel- 
ben  seine  urspriingliche  Gestalt  und  Bedeutung  wieder  zugeben. 
Als  bescheidener  Beitrag  zur  Verherrlichung  Gutenberg's.  Ent- 
worfen  bei  Gelegenheit  der  Inauguration  seines  Monuments  am 
14.  August,  1837.     Darmstadt :  1837.     8vo.     Two  vignettes. 

An  essay  on  the  design  and  signification  of  the  heraldry  of  printing,  with  an  eulo- 
gium  of  Gutenberg  on  the  occasion  of  the  inauguration  of  a  monument  to  him  at 
Mayence. 

Belinfante  (J.  J.).  L.  J.  Coster,  Uitvinder  der  Boekdrukkunst  te 
Haarlem,  omstreeks  1423.  Oprigting  van  het  Standbeeld  tot 
Coster's  Eere,  der  stad  Haarlem  aangeboden  als  hulde  van  Neer- 
lands  volk.  Amsterdam  [about  1820],  4to.;  and  Haarlem,  1857, 
4to. 

lets  over  de  Verdiensten  der  Israelieten  ars   Boekdrukkers 

(s'Hage  :  1859).     Svo.     Privately  printed. 

Bell  (John  Gray).— 6"^^  Bewick. 


44 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Bellermann  (C.  ).  Awpoj/ Ba(nXt/coj^,  oder  das  mehr  als  konigliche, 
ja  gottliche  Geschencke  der  Buchdruckerey,  deren  Erfindung, 
Nutzen,  Missbrauch  und  beriihmtesten  Meister,  ingleichen  der 
Historic  von  Erfindung  der  Druckerey.     Erfurt  :   1740.     8vo. 

A  treatise  on  the  invention,  utility,  and  abuse  of  the  "divine"  art  of  printing  ; 
with  a  list  of  celebrated  printers. 

Bellermontanus  (N.).  Dissertatio  Historica  de  Typographia. 
Portion  of  his  Dissertationes  Politicce,  pp.  96-107.  Francofurti  ad 
Moenum  :  1628.     Svo. 


Beloe  (W.).     Anecdotes  of  Literature  and  Scarce  Books. 
London :  1807-12.     8vo. 

The  writer  was  an  under-librarian  at 
the  British  Museum,  ahd  says  he  "formed 
the  determination  of  selecting  such 
printed  books  as  were  the  more  extraor- 
dinary for  their  intrinsic  value,  or  sought 
after  for  their  rarity,  and  to  give  such 
account  of  them  as  might  be  interesting 
and  useful  both  to  the  student  and  col- 
lector."    While  so  engaged,  some  one  to 


6  vols. 

whom  he  had  entrusted  valuable  property 
in  his  custody,  purloined  many  books,  and 
absconded,  whereupon  the  author  was 
dismissed.  Vol.  II.  treats  of  the  Greek 
Books  by  Aldus,  without  a  date,  but 
before  1500,  and  a  brief  account  of  early 
printers  is  given.  Vol.  IV.  comprises 
"miscellaneous  remarks  on  Early  Typo- 
graphy." 

Beltz  (Julius).  Orthographie  der  Worter  von  zweifelhafter  Schreibart, 
wie  sie  gegenwaitig  in  der  deutschen  Sprache  vorwiegend  ge- 
brauchlich  ist.  Ein  Handbiichlein  zunachst  fiir  Lehrer,  Schrift- 
steller,  Correctoren  und  angehende  Langensalza.  1867.  8vo. 
pp.  iv.  96. 
A  handbook  of  orthography  for  the  compositor  and  printer's  reader. 

Beniov^'^ski    (Major).      Improvements   in   Printing.     London :    1854. 
i2mo. 


The  author  strove  for  years  to  carry 
out  his  logotype  system  in  London,  but 
entirely  without  success,  although  he 
was  aided  by  considerable  resources  and 
by  influential  friends.  His  plant  was  put 
up  to  auction  not  many  years  since,  but 
we  believe  it   did   not  secure  a  buyer. 


He  invented  a  composing-machine,  which 
was  tried  at  the  office  of  Messrs.  Clay, 
being  pitted  against  a  compositor,  the 
latter  gaining  the  victory  for  speed.  The 
Major  had  a  shop  for  several  years  in 
Bow-street,  where  he  died,  March  20th, 
1867,  aged  66. 


Bensley  (B.).     Specimens  of  Types.     Woking  :  1842.     8vo. 

Bensley  (Thomas).     Azotes  and  Quei-ies,  I.  v.  233. 

A  discussion  having  arisen  as  to  the  possession  of  Mr.  Tylor.  The  Gentle- 
site  of  Dr.  Johnson's  house  in  Bolt-court,  man's  Magazine  for  1819,  part  1,  p.  575, 
Fleet-street,  Tee  Bee  says  he  is  in  a  posi-  gives  an  account  of  the  fire,  and  refers  to 
tion  to  assure  the  correspondent  that  Dr.  the  view  of  Dr.  Johnson's  house  which 
Johnson'.s  house  was  burnt  down  in  iSig,  appeared  in  the  European  Magazine  in 
the  premises  having  long  previously  been  1810.  B.  B.  says  that  Bensley  succeeded 
occupied  by  Thomas  Bensley,  the  printer.  Allen  in  business  in  1783.  Somewhere 
The  house  of  Johnson's  friend  Allen,  the  about  1804  to  1807  Bensley  purchased 
printer,  was  not  destroyed  by  the  fire ;  both  houses  at  a  sale  by  auction,  but  it 
indeed,  only  one  corner  of  it  was  injured,  was  about  1814  when  he  obtained  posses- 
and  it  stands,  with  that  exception,  as  .it  sion,  and  appropriated  the  two  houses  to 
was  built  shortly  after  the  great  fire  of  his  printing-office.  It  was  there  that 
London.  Allen's  house  stands  at  the  steam  printing  was  first  practised.  Bens- 
head  of  Bolt-court ;  Dr.  Johnson's  was  ley  occupied  the  premises  till  the  fire  in 
to  the  left.  On  the  site  of  the  latter  was  1819.  His  eldest  son  survived  him,  and 
erected,  after  the  fire,  a  spacious  printing-  succeeded  to  the  business  in  1820.  He 
office,  and  both  were  then  (1852)  in  the  reconstructed  the  premises,  but  did  not 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  45 

build  on  the  site  of  Dr.  Johnson's  house,  being  to  the  left,  at  the  head  of  Bolt- 
though  a  part  of  it  has  since  been  altered,  court,  approached  through  an  iron  gate 
The  property  remains  (1852)  in  Bensley's  and  up  a  flight  of  stone  steps, 
family.      Tylor's    office   is   described    as 

Bentkowsky  (F.).     [Researches  on  the  oldest  books  issued  by  J. 
Haller  at  Cracow.     Warsaw.]     181 2.     8vo.     In  Polish. 

This  work  on  the  early  press  of  Poland  without  a  printer's  name.      III.  Books 

is  divided  into  the  following  classes  : —  with  place  and  printer  denominated,  but 

I.  Books  printed  without  date,  place  of  without  date.      _IV.   Books  having  place 

impression,  or  name  of  printer.  II.  Books  of  impression,  with  the  name  of  Haller  as 

bearing  date  and  place  of  impression,  but  printer,  and  with  date. 

Bentley  (Thomas).      Verses  to  the   Printing  Press  at  Strawberry 
Hill. 
Twenty-eight  lines  on  a  quarto  sheet.     Mentioned  by  Lowndes,  but  not  in  the 
British  Museum.    Printed  August  25,  1757,  by  Muntz,  at  the  Strawberry  Hill  Press. 


See  Strawberry  Hill  Press. 


Bepalingen  omtrent  den  Boekhandel  en  Drukpers  in  Nederland. 
Bijeenverzameld  door  J.  H.  D.  Munnik.     Joure  :  1853.     8vo. 

Bequignole  (J.  C).  De  Statu  Typographias  superiorum  temporum 
ad  hodiernum  comparato  Dissertatio.     Halse  Salicae  :  1750.     4to. 

BfiRANGER  (Pierre  Jean  de).  Ma  Biographic,  ouvrage  posthume,  avec 
un  Appendice  par  Paul  Boiteaii.     Paris  :  1858.     8vo. 

Pierre  Jean  de  Beranger,  the  celebrated  in  the  printing-office  of  M.  Laisnez,   at 

French  poet,  was  the  son  of  a  poor,  im-  Peronne,  he  published  his  first  poems,  the 

provident  Parisian  tailor,  who  was  negli-  success  of  which  induced  him  soon  after 

gent  of  his  family,  and  lost  in  vain  dreams  to  forsake  his  employment  as  a  printer, 

of  an  illustrious  ancestry.     He  was  born  Although  he  only  spent  two  years  of  his 

in  1780,  and  died  in  1857.     At  the  age  of  life   as  a  compositor,  he  was,  however, 

about  ten  years  he  became  tavern-boy  to  always  pleased  to  acknowledge  his  con- 

an  aunt,  who  kept  a  small  cabaret  in  the  nection  with  typography,  and,  when  able, 

suburbs  of  Peronne.     His  pride  rebelling  was  very  ready  with  both  advice  and  as- 

against  this  duty,   he  entered  the  work-  sistance   for  a    distressed    "typo."     Be- 

shop  of  a  jeweller,  where  he  did  not  learn  ranger  has  described  his  own  career  thus 

much  ;  he  then  found  a  place  as  clerk  to  far  in  a  single  line  :  "  Gargon  d'auberge, 

a  notary,  and  next,  being   still  quite   a  imprimeur,  et  commis."     His  autobiogra- 

youth,   he  entered    the    employ   of   M.  phy  is  full  of  interest. — 6"^^  Portrait  given 

Laisnez.     While  working  as  a  compositor  on  page  46. 

B^RARD  (Auguste  Simeon  Louis).  Essai  bibliographique  sur  les  edi- 
tions des  Elzevirs  les  plus  precieuses  et  les  plus  recherchees,  pre- 
cede d'une  notice  sur  ces  imprimeurs  celebres.  Paris  :  1822. 
8vo.     pp.  302.     Frontispiece  of  the  Elzevir  Arms. 

Only  fifteen  copies  of  this  work  were  printed  on  carre  velin,  and  ten  on  grand 
raisin  velin.    It  was  not  issued  for  sale. 

Beraud  (C).  Code  dela  Presse,  ou  Recueil  methodique  des  Lois  et 
Reglements  concernant  les  Imprimeurs  en  Lettres,  les  Fondeurs 
en  caracteres  d'imprimerie,  les  Imprimeurs  et  Dessinateurs  litho- 
graphiques,  les  Libraires,  Auteurs,  Graveurs,  Journalistes,  Edi- 
teurs,  Crieurs  d'ecrits,  Afficheurs,  et  les  Delits  de  la  Presse,  etc., 
etc.  Avec  la  Jurisprudence  de  la  Cour  de  Cassation.  Paris  : 
1834.     i6mo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing,  47 

Berceau  de  rimprimerie,  ou  Additions  et  Remarques  sur  le  livre  de 
Beughem,  intitule  :  Incunabula  Typographise.  Portion  of  the 
Singularitts  Historiques  et  Littiraires  of  J.  Liron.  Paris  :  1 740. 
i2mo.     Vol.  IV.,  pp.  513-533- 

Bergellanus  (Joannes  Arnoldus).  De  Chalcographiae  Inventione, 
Poema  encomiasticum.     Moguntise  :  1541.     4to.    12  leaves. 

This  is  a  poem  containing  456  heroic  Arnold  de  Bergel,  was  a  corrector  of  the 

verses  on  the  origin  of  printing,  to  which  press.    Marchand  has  reprinted  his  poem 

the  author  assigns  the  year  1450,  and  in-  in  page  21  et  seq.  of  his  "  Histoire   de 

dicates  Strasburg  as  the  locality  of  the  I'lmprimerie."     It  is  also  to  be  found  in 

first  printer,  Gutenberg,  or  at  least  as  the  Wolf's  "  Monumenta  Typographica,"  i. 

place  where  he  made  his  first  attempts.  13,  et  seq.,  and  in  Daunou,   "Analyse," 

He  adds   that  Gutenberg  worked   more  pp.  47,  48.     It  has  also  been  reprinted  by 

successfully  at  Mayence  with  the  assist-  Verderius,  1585  ;  Beyerlinck  and  Tentzel, 

ance  of  Fust,  and  especially  of  Schoeffer,  1704  ;   and   Joannis  (G.   C.)   Scriptorum 

who  cut    the   matrices  and  cast  letters  Historiae  Moguntenensi,  1727,  folio, 
from  them.     The  author  of  this  book, 

Berger  (K.).  Vierte  Sakularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst.  Ein  Festdenkmal  fiir  Jedermann.  Enthalt  die  Feier  in 
Basel,  Berlin,  Braunschweig,  Bremen,  Carlsruhe,  Christiania, 
Dresden,  Frankfurt-am- Main,  Freiburg-im-Breisgau,  Hannover, 
Heidelberg,  Kopenhagen,  Leipzig,  Lorrach,  Mainz,  Strassburg, 
Stuttgart,  und  Philadelphia.     Carlsruhe  :  1840.     8vo. 

Gives  an  account  of  the  different  celebrations  of  the  fourth  centenary  of  the  in- 
vention of  typography,  both  in  Europe  and  America. 

Berger-Levrault  (Vve.)  &  Fils.  Imprimeurs-libraires  k  Strasbourg. 
Notice.     Strasbourg :  1867.     4to. 
Printed  for  the  Exposition  Universelle  at  Paris. 

.     Imprimeurs-libraires  k  Strasbourg.      Notice.      Strasbourg : 

1863.     4to. 
Originally  printed  for  the  International  Exhibition  of  London,  1862. 

Bergmann  (Liborius).  Kurze  Nachrichten  von  rigischen  Buch- 
druckern  iiberhaupt  und  den  Stadtbuchdruckern  insbesondere,  von 
der  altesten  bis  auf  die  jet/ige  Zeit.  Riga:  1795.  4to.  pp.  22, 
with  an  appendix  of  12  pp.,  containing  specimens  of  types  then 
in  use  at  Riga. 

A  description  of  the  introduction  of  printing  into  Riga,  and  a  narrative  of  the 
lives  of  all  the  succeeding  printers  until  its  publication. 

Bericht,  stenographischer,  der  Verhandlungen  deutscher  Buch- 
druckereibesitzer  im  Saale  des  "  Casino  zum  Gutenberg"  in  Mainz 
am  15.  August,  1869,  bei  der  Griindung  eines  Vereins  deutscher 
Buchdruckereibesitzer.     Leipzig :  1869.     4to. 

An  account  of  the  transactions  of  a  meeting  of  German  master  printers,  held  at 
Mayence  in  August,  1869,  at  which  it  was  resolved  to  form  a  German  Master 
Printers'  Society. 

Bericht  iiber  die  Nationaldruckerei  in  Lissabon,  mit  erklarendem 
Verzeichniss  von  den  ausgestellten  Producten  auf  der  Weltausstel- 
lung  in  Wien,  1873.     Lissabon  :   1873.     8vo.   100  pp. 

An  account,  in  German  and  French,  of  the  history  and  management  of  the 
National  Printing-office  at  Lisbon,  and  its  products  exhibited  at  Vienna. 


48 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Proeve  van  bewerking  einer  beschrijving 


Bericht  van  Uitgave  en  Proeve  van  bewerking  einer  beschrijving 
van  boekdrukken  en  letter-gieten  (by  C.  Ploos  van  Amstel) 
Amsterdam  :  1766.     4to.  pp.  39,  with  two  plates. 

Bericht  von  Erfindung  der  Buch-Truckerey  in  Straszburg.  Straszb. 
M.  Carlen.     1640.     4to. 

Berjeau  (J.  Ph.).  Biblia  Paupenim,  reproduced  in  facsimile  from 
one  of  the  copies  in  the  British  Museum,  with  an  historical  and 
bibliographical  introduction.  London :  1859.  Folio,  pp.  38. 
36  plates. 

The  Introduction  says  :  "  Many  biblio-  and  printed  it ;  who  painted  the  whole  of 
graphers  in  the  last,  as  well  as  in  the  pre-  its  contents  on  the  stained  windows  of  the 
sent  century,  have  mentioned  or  described  Convent  of  Hirschau  ;  what  artists  imi- 
the  'Biblia  Pauperum,'  but  they  have  tated,  and  sometimes  copied  it  entirely, 
left  so  many  questions  undecided  that  in  their  compositions ;  and,  lastly,  what 
much  remains  to  be  said  on  this  remark-  bibliographers  have  mentioned  or  de- 
able  block-book  ;  for  down  to  the  present  scribed  it,  raising  various  conjectures  or 
time  the  author  who  compiled  it,  the  theories  upon  its  name,  its  object,  its 
artist  who  designed  the  cuts,  and  the  en-  author,  and  the  time  of  its  publication, 
graver,  are  equally  unknown,  and  even  The  conclusion  is  arrived  at  that  Laurence 
the  date  of  its  publication  is  now  more  Coster  was  the  engraver  of  the  original 
than  ever  uncertain."  M.  Berjeau,  there-  edition;  that  the  designs  were  by  John 
fore,  gives  a  short  description  of  the  book.  Van  Eyck  ;  and  that  the  text  was  drawn 
and  examines  what  evidence  there  is  as  up  by  Vincent  de  Beauvais,  the  author  of 
to  the  writer  and  illustrator  of  the  original  the  Speculum. 
manuscript, — who   engraved  it  on  wood 

8vo.   pp.   42.     No.    I.,  January, 

of  typographic  errors,  of  mistakes,  of  ad- 
venturous hypotheses,  and  of  extraordi- 
nary blunders,  and  "  defigurant  avec  un 
sangfroid  si  barbare  tous  les  noms  etran- 
gers  qui  lui  tombent  sous  la  main."  Only 
the  two  numbers  above  noted  were  issued. 

Le  Bibliophile  Illustre.      London.      8vo.    pp.   192.     No.  I., 

August,  1 86 1,  and  published  monthly  to  July,  1862.    Royal  8vo. 

*rhe  prospectus  of  the  first  volume  of 
this  magazine  stated  that  it  was  to  con- 
sist of  reviews  of  rare  and  curious  books, 
with  facsimiles  engraved  on  wood  or  on 
metal,  in  relief;  of  short  notices  of  cele- 
brated printers,  with  their  marks  ;  of  en- 
gravings and  descriptions  of  ancient  and 

Le  Bibliophile.     Revue  mensuelle  illustree  des  livres  rares  et 

cui-ieux,  des  gravures  anciennes,  et  des  manuscrits.  Illustre.  Vol. 
II.  (No,  13,  January,  1863,  to  No.  25,  January,  1865.)  Royal 
8vo.    London  :  1867. 


Le  Bibliomane.      London. 

1861  ;  No.  II.,  July,  1861. 
"  Une  sorte  de  recueil  destine  a  nous 
faire  connaitre  les  tresors  bibliographiques 
de  la  litterature  anglaise." — Preface. 
In  the  same,  mention  is  made  of  Sotheby's 
"  Principia  Typographica,"  in  which  it  is 
said  the  author  has  piled  a  Pelion  on  Ossa 


modern  bookbinding  ;  of  rectifications  of 
errors  of  collation,  &c.,  in  bibliographic 
works ;  and  the  correspondence  of  book- 
lovers  and  collectors  everywhere.  The 
engravings  as  well  as  the  text  are  by  the 
same  hand. 


The  prospectus  of  the  second  volume 
of  this  monthly  review  stated  that  it  was 
intended  to  form  a  supplement  to  the 
"Repertoire  Bibliographique,"  by  L. 
Hain,  in  regard  to  the  books  printed  in 
the  fifteenth  century ;  to  the  Catalogue 
of  Books  on  vellum  by  Van  Praet ;  to 
give  facsimiles  of  the  types  used  by  all 


the  known  and  unknown  printers  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  as  well  as  of  engravings, 
titles,  printers'  marks,  and  bookbinders' 
designs  ;  and  a  special  bibliography  of 
works  relative  to  the  occult  sciences  and 
to  freemasonry.  The  magazine  was  dis- 
continued at  the  end  of  the  second 
volume. 


B ihlio^i!;raphy  of  Printing.  ^9 

BerjeAU  (J.   Ph.).     Canticum    Canticorum,    reproduced    in    facsimile 
from  the  Scriverius  copy  in  the  British  Musemii,  with  an  histori- 
cal   and   bibliographical   introduction.     London :    i860.      Folio, 
pp.  36,  16  pages  of  plates. 
The  Introduction  gives  an  account  of    Church,  or  whether  it  is  simply  a  love- 
the  canonical  book  known  as  the  Can-     song  to  be  sung  at  a  bridal  feast.     The 
tides,  or  Song  of  Solomon,  m-.d  a   di-^-    author  proceeds  to  describe  the  celebrated 
sertation  upon  the  meaning  of  it ;  whether    block-book,   and    traces    up   its   history, 
— as  now  generally  received — it  contains    appending    the    opinions    of   paleotypo- 
mystical    references    to   Christ  and   the    graphers  upon  it. 

Catalogue  Illustre  des  Livres  xylographiques.     Londres  :   1865. 

Svo.    pp.  viii.  116. 
Onlj'  105  copies  printed.    This  was  compiled  to  supply  the  want  then  existing  of  a 
complete  catalogue  of  the  Block-books.     It  contains  many  reproductions  in  facsimile 
of  the  most  characteristic  features  of  the  works  of  which  it  treats. 

Early  Dutch,  German,  and  English  Printers'  Marks.    London  : 

1866.     Svo. 
Consists  of  facsimile  reproductions  of    now  quite  out  of  print,  but  the  proprietors 

early  printers' marks.     At  the    end  there  of  this  work  have  acquired  from  M.  Ber- 

are  alphabetical  lists  of  printers,  of  towns,  jeau  nearly  the  whole  of  the  blocks  of  the 

and  of  emblems  ;  a  list  of  books  contain-  printers'  marks  contained  in  his  book,  and 

ing  notices   of  printers  ;    and   a    list   of  several  more  besides,  all  of  which  will  be 

mottoes   of   printers.     Only    250    copies  found  in  these  pages,  together  with  many 

were  printed  ;  the  Work  being  stated  to  other  illustrations  constituting  important 

be  finished  March,  1869.     There  are  100  materials    towards     the     yet    unwritten 

designs,  and  36  pp.  of  letterpress.     It  is  History  of  Printing. 

Geschiedenis  van  het  heylighe  Cruys  ;  or.  History  of  the  Holy 

Cross.  Reproduced  in  facsimile  from  the  original  edition  printed 
by  J.  Veldener  in  1483.  London  :  1863.  4to.,  with  xii.  and 
60  pages  of  preliminary  matter. 

The  preface  gives  an  account  of  Veldener's  typographical  labours  in  Holland,  and 
of  the  famous  block-book  which  is  here  reproduced  by  wood-engraving. 

Mirabilia  Romse  (Reproduction  of  the  Block-Book  so  called). 

S.  I.  et  a. 

The  "Mirabilia  Romse,"  or  the  Won-  class  of  block-books,  and  an  evidence  that 

ders  of  Rome,  was  a  kind  of  illustrated  the  works  reproduced  in  xylography  were 

guide-book  for  the  use  of  visitors  to  the  not  all  of  a  theological  or  mystical  cha- 

shrines  of  ancient  Rome.     It  is  especially  racter. 
interesting  as   the   type   of    the  popular 

Speculum  Humanx  Salvationis  :  le  plus  ancien  monument  de  la 

xylographie  et  de  la  typographic  reunies.  Reproduit  en  facsimile, 
avec  Introduction  historique  et  bibliographique.  Londres  :  1 86 1. 
4to.  pp.  Ixxii.  33. 

The  Introduction  has  reference  to  the  what  order  were  the  four  Costerian  edi- 

following  questions: — i.    Who   was    the  tions   of   the    Speculum   produced?      5. 

author  of  the  Speculum?     2.  Who  was  Conclusion.      The  writer  is,   as  is   well 

the  engraver  of  the  Speculum  ?     3.  Who  known,  a  stout  adherent  of  the  Haarlem 

was  the  printer  of  the  Speculum  ?     4.   In  claims. 

See  Periodical  Publications,  Bookworm,  and  Ottley. 


Berlin.    Katalog  der  Bibliothek  des  Yereins  Berliner  Buchdrucker  und 
Schriftgiesser  gegrlindet  September,   1863.     Berlin  :   1872.     Svo. 
H 


50  Bibliography  of  Printing, 

pp.   92. Erster    Nachtrag  des  Katalogs,   &c.     Berlin  :   1875. 

8vo.  pp.  93-132  and  viii. 
The  above  is  an  excellently  compiled  catalogue  of  the  library  of  the  Printers' 
Union  at  Berlin.     The  typographical  literature,  136  numbers,  occupies  13  pp.  of  the 
catalogue,  and  (215  numbers)  18  pages  of  the  supplement. 

Berlin.  Verzeichniss  von  Incunabeln,  Aldinen,  Etiennen,  Elzevieren 
und  andern  werthvollen  Werken,  welche  in  der  k.  Bibliothek  ver- 
kauft  werden  sollen.     Berlin:  1851.     8vo.  pp.  126. 

Bernard  (Auguste  Joseph).  Antoine  Vitre  et  les  Caracteres  orientaux 
de  la  Bible  Polyglotte  de  Paris.  Origine  et  vicissitudes  des  pre- 
miers caracteres  orientaux  introduits  en  France,  avec  un  specimen 
de  ces  caracteres.     Paris  :  1857.     8vo. 

Les  Estienne,  et  les  types  grecs  de  Fran9ois  Ter,  complement 

des  annales  Stephaniennes,  renfermant  I'histoire  complete  des  types 
royaux,  enrichie  d'un  specimen  de  ces  caracteres,  et  suivie  d'une 
notice  historique  sur  les  premieres  impressions  grecques.     Paris  : 
1856.     8vo.     pp.  72. 
The  first  part  of  this  work  is  stated  to  have  been  extracted  from  the  Bulletin  de  la 

Societe  de  Protestantisme  Franqaise,  4  an.,  ch.  4  and  5. 

Les  Estiennes. 

Article  in  the  "  Biographic  Generale,"  a  few  copies  having  been  separately  struck  off. 
Geofroy  Tory,   peintre   et  graveur,   premier  imprimeur  royal, 


reformateur  de  I'orthographe  et  de  la  typographic  sous  Fran9ois 

ler.     Paris  :  1 85 7.      8vo,  pp.  xvi.  246  ;    14  woodcuts  in  the  text. 

This  is  the  first  edition  of  this  celebrated     of  French  printers,  as  well  as  a  king's 

work.       It    is    dedicated     to    Ambroise     printer,  to  which  class  M.  Didot  belonged. 

Firmin-Didot,  who  defrayed  the  expense     The  author  mentions   that  he  was  for- 

of  its  publication,  desiring  to  make  known     merly  an  entployd  in  the  Didot  printing 

the  history  of  one  of  the  most  illustrious    establishment. 

Geofroy  Tory,   peintre-graveur,   premier  imprimeur  royal,   re- 


formateur de  I'orthographe  et  de  I'imprimerie  sous  Francois  ler. 
Deuxieme  edition,  entierement  refondue.  Paris  :  186 15.  Royal 
8vo. 

This   is   an    elegantly  printed  volume  gravings  by  Tory  and  his  pupils,  and  the 

from  the   printing-office  of  M.  Jouaust,  trade-marks   of  publishers   and  printers 

rue  St.   Honore,  Paris.       It  is  thus  di-  signed  with  the  cross  of  Lorraine.   'J'here 

vided; — i.  Biography;  2.  Bibliography;  are  also  given   the  verses  in  honour  of 

3.   Iconography  ;   with  an   appendix  in-  Tory,  a  note  on  his  printing-offices,  on 

eluding  a  list  of  royal  printers  who  prac-  his  introduction  of  the  apostrophe,  the 

tised   in  Paris  from   1530  to  1600.     The  accent,  and  the  cedilla  in  the  literature 

general  contents  include  an  account   of  and  printing  of  France,  and  memoranda 

the  works  written  or  annotated  by  Tory,  on  bookbinders  and  royal  libraries.  Tory 

the  Books  of  Hours  edited   by  him,  his  is  worthy  of  remembrance,  not  merely  as 

works  printed  for  King  Francis  I.,  and  an  eminent  printer,  but  as  the  writer  of 

the   other  works    printed    by   Tory   for  the_/fr.y/  technicnl  book  on  printing  that 

various  patrons.     Then  follow  a  descrip-  was  ever  published.     This  was  the  book 

tion  of  the    manuscripts  illuminated  by  called  Champfleury.     See  ToRV. 
Tory,   the  works    ornamented  with   en- 

Histoire   de   I'imprimerie  Royale  du  Louvre.     Paris  ;    1867. 

Royal  8vo. 

The   contents  include:    An  historical  XIII.;  (3)  the  establishment  of  the  Royal 

;*m:/jof(i),the  Greek  types  of  Francis  I.;  Printing-office   of  the   Louvre,   and   the 

(2)    the    Oriental    characters    of    Louis  Roman   characters    of   Louis   XIV. ;    a 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


51 


chronological  catalogue  of  printed  books,  1716  to  1736,  the  inventory  of  its  con- 

and  a  supplement  of  those  with  uncertain  tents,  with  a   list  of  all  its  founts,  made 

dates ;  and  an  appendix  containing  the  in  1691  and  in  1791,  and  a  list  of  its  di- 

expenses  of  the  Royal  Printing-office  from  rectors. 

Bernard  (Auguste  Joseph).     Historique  de  la  Proposition  clu  Con- 
gres  Typographique.     [Paris  :  1855.]     8vo. 

Notice  historique  sur  I'lmprimerie  Nationale.     Paris  :    1848. 


i6mo. 

This  little  work  is  dedicated  to  Beran- 
ger.  Its  contents  are:  i.  Origin  of  the 
National  Printing-office,  formerly  known 
as  the  Royal  Printing-office ;  2.  History 
of  the  office  up  to  the  Revolution  of  1789  ; 
3.  Reforms  in  the  office,  and  its  esta- 
blishment   as    a    Government    printing- 


office  ;  4.  Its  history  under  the  Republic, 
the  Empire,  the  Restoration  and  the 
Government  of  Louis-Philippe ;  5.  Its 
condition  in  1848.  There  is  an  appendix 
containing  the  rules  of  the  institution  and 
the  salaries  of  its  officers,  a  list  of  its 
foreign  types,  &c. 


—  De  rOrigine  et  des  Debuts  de  I'lmprimerie  en  Europe.  2  vols. 
Paris  :  1853.  8vo.  Part  I.,  pp.  xvi.  316,  13  plates  of  facsimiles ; 
Part  II.,  pp.  iv.  468. 


The  first  part  treats  of  the  invention 
and  of  the  inventors  of  typography,  chap- 
ters being  devoted  to — i.  The  first  pro- 
ducts of  printing ;  2.  Laurence  Coster 
and  his  school  ;  3.  J.  Gutenberg  at 
Strasburg  ;  4.  Gutenberg  at  Mayence  ; 
5.  Fust  and  Schceffer ;  6.  SchoefTer  and 
Conrad  Fust.  The  second  part  treats  of 
the  spread  of  printing,  and  the  first  pro- 
fessors of  the  art  in  Germany,  Italy, 
France,  England,  and  Spain.  The  plates 
consist  of  facsimiles  of  original  documents 
and  of  types  taken  chiefly  from  the 
originals  in  the  "  Bibliotheque  Nationale," 
Paris.  This  is  the  principal  work  of  its 
author,  and  is  characterized  by  great 
clearness  and  precision.  A  review  of  the 
book,  by  M.  Charavay,  appeared  in 
No.   136  of  L' hnpriinerie  (Paris).      In 


the  library  of  M.  A.  de  Vries,  of  Haerlem, 
is  a  copy  to  which  the  following  pieces 
are  added : — 

1.  A.   Bernard,  Avis  aux  possesseurs  de 

ce  livre,  avec  de  tables,  corrections, 
et  additions. 

2.  Prospectus  et  annorice  de  cet  ouvrage, 

2  pieces. 

3.  A.    Bernard,    Lettre  au   Biilletht  dii 

Bibliophile  Beige  du  10  Juin,  1853, 
contre  une  reclamation  de  M.  Brunet. 

4.  A.  Firmin-Didot,  Critique  de  I'ouvrage 

de   M.    Bernard    dans    rAthencEutn 
Frangaise  du  9  Juillet,  1853. 

5.  A.  Bernard,  Proposition  d'un  Congres 

typogr.  a  tenir  a  Paris  en  1855. 

6.  ■ Historique    de    la    proposition 

du  Congres  typogr. 


—  Voyages  Typographico-Archeologiques  en  Allemagne,  en  Bel- 
gique,  en  Hollande,  en  Angleierre,  &c.  Bruxelles  :  1853.  8vo. 
pp.  48. 


Only  100  copies  separately  printed, 
from  the  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile  Beige, 
2nd  series,  vol.  i.  This  is  an  account 
of  two  typographico-bibliographical  ex- 
cursions in  the  west  of  Europe,  and 
especially  on  the  borders  of  the  Rhine, 
undertaken  by  the  author  with  the  view 
of  collecting  materials  for  his  History  of 
the  Origin  of  Printing.  He  does  not  in- 
trude his  impressions  of  the  countries  and 
people  visited,  but  confines  himself  to 
facts  relative  to  printing  or  bibliography 
— the  principal  object  of  his  peregrina- 
tions. He  first  of  all  visited  the  British 
Museum,  but  was  prevented  from  seeing 
the  libraries  of  Lord   Spencer  and  Mr. 


Perkins.  Then  he  went  to  Lille,  Brus- 
sels, Antwerp  (he  gives  a  good  account 
of  the  Plantin  printing-office),  Rotterdam, 
Mayence,  Strasbourg,  Bale,  and  Lyons. 
The  late  Auguste  Joseph  Bernard  was 
born  at  Montbrison,  France,  January  i, 
1811.  He  was  the  son  of  a  printer  who 
carried  on  business  in  his  native  town, 
and  he  followed  his  father's  profession. 
He  devoted  all  his  leisure  moments  to 
study  in  the  libraries  of  the  locality,  and 
in  1835  produced  the  "  Histoire  de  Forez." 
He  wrote  several  works  on  local  history 
and  topography,  but  was  better  known  as 
a  bibliographer  and  a  contributor  to  the 
literature  of  typography. 


5  2  Bibliography  of  Frifiting. 

Bernardi  (Jacopo).  Michael  Manzolo  e  I'Arte  della  Stampa  nel 
Secolo  XV.  in  Treviso.  In  "  L' Arte  della  Stampa. "  Firenze  : 
1870.     4to. 

Vita  di  Giambattista  Bodoni.     Saluzzo  :   1872.     8vo. 

Zenghelltni  (Antonio)  e  Valsecchi  (Antonio).     Intorno  a 

Panfdo  Castaldi  da  Feltre  e  alia  invcnzione  di  caratteri  niobili  per 
la  vStampa,  memoria  e  dissertazione.     Milano  :   1866.     4to. 

A  dissertation  on  the  alleged  introduction  into  Italy  of  type-printing  by  Castaldi 
of  Feltre, 

Berner  (F.).  Die  Druckerei  in  ihrem  ganzen  Umfange.  2  vols. 
Stuttgart:  1853.     i6ino. 

Bernhart  (J.  B.).  Das  Druckjahres  der  Kosmographie  des  Ptole- 
maeus  1462  ;  Namen  der  Buchdrucker  des  Joannis  de  Turrecre- 
mata  explanatio  in  Psalterium  Cracis  impressa.  Schreiberziige 
im  Theuerdank  1517.  Kennzeichen  und  Alter  von  Gutenberg 
and  Faust  in  Mainz  gedruckter  lateinischen  Bibel.  [Miinchen  : 
1804-5].     8vo. 

Bernhart  (Matthias).  Maine  Ansicht  von  der  Geschichte  der  Entste- 
hung,  Ausbildung  und  Verbreitung  der  Buchdnickerkunst.  Bey 
Veranlassung  des  neu-entdeckten  Kalenders,  "  ein  Manung  der 
Cristenheit  widder  die  Durken,"  fiir  das  Jahr  1455.  Miinchen  : 
1807.     8vo.  pp.  46. 

Comprises  a  history  of  the  invention  and  development  of  typography,  with  special 
reference  to  a  recently  discovered  printed  almanac  for  the  year  1455. 

Bernstorf  (J.  J.).  Oratio  .de  egregiis  Typographioe  Commodis. 
Helmstadii:  1721.     4to. 

Berri  (D.   G.).     The  Art  of  Printing.     Second  edition.     London  : 
1865.     Sm.  8vo.  pp.  64. 
A  guide,  intended  for  the  use  of  mere  amateurs. 

Berthiaud.  Nouveau  Manuel  complet  de  I'lmprimeur  en  taille- 
douce,  redige  par  Boitard.  Orne  de  planches.  Paris  :  1837. 
24mo. 

Bertoletto  (A.). — &^  Cennini. 

Bertrand-QuinQUet.  Traite  de  rimprimerie.  Paris  :  an  VII. 
[1799]*     4^0-  PP-  288,  with  3  preliminary  leaves  and  10  plates. 

Dedicated  to  P.  Didot,  "Premier  Im-  180S,  is  only  remembered  by  this  work, 

primeur  de    1' Europe."     Twenty  pages  which  is  a  very  ingenious  and  well- written 

are  devoted  to  the  history  of  printing,  treatise   on   the     origin,    progress,    and 

the  remainder   of  the  book   being  of  a  mechanism  of  printing, 
practical  nature.     Bertrand,  who  died  in 

Beschluesse  der  ersten  National-Buchdrucker-Versammlung  zu 
Mainz,  am  ii,,  12.,  13.,  und  14.  Juni,  1848.  Frankfurt-am-Main  : 
1848.     8vo. 

Resolutions  passed  at  the   first  general  meeting  of   working  printers  held  at 
Mayence  in  June,  1848. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.       *  53 

Beschreibung  der  elastischen  Auftrage-Walzen  in  den  Buchdrucke- 
reien,    deren  Anfertigung,   etc.     Leipzig :    1823.     8vo.,   2   litho- 
graphic plates. 
A  treatise  on  the  mode  of  making  the  then  newly-invented  printing-roller  com- 
position. 

Beschreibung  der  Feier  des  vierten  Sacular-Festes  der  Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  in  der  Officin  von  L.  W.  Krause.  Am  21. 
Juli,  1840.     Berlin :   1840,      i6mo. 

An  account  of  how  the  fourth  centenary  of  the  invention  of  printing  was  cele- 
brated at  the  printing-office  of  L.  W.  Krause,  in  Berlin. 

Beschreibung  des  vierten  Sacularfestes  der  Erfindung  der  Buch- 
druckerkunst, gefeiert  in  der  Offizin  von  Julius  Sittenield,  Berlin  : 
am  28.  Juni,  1840,     8vo. 

An  account  of  the  fourth  centenary  of  the  invention  of  typography,  as  celebrated 
at  J.  Sittenfeld's  printing-office,  at  Berlin. 

Beschreibung  der  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buch- 
druckerkunst, wie  dieselbe  den  24.,  25.,  26.  Juni  in  Leipzig,  1840, 
gefeiert  wurde.     Leipzig.     8vo.     Plate. 

An  account  of  the  fourth  centenary  celebration  at  Leipsic  of  the  invention  of 
printing. 

Beschreibung  *^ollstandige,  und  Sammlung  alles  dessen,  viras  bey 
dem  den  29ten  Junii,  1740,  zu  Coburg,  wegen  der  vor  drey  hun- 
dert  Jahren  erfundenen  edlen  Buchdruckerkunst  gefeierten  Jubilseo, 
vorgefallen  und  abgehandelt  worden.     Coburg  :  1740.     8vo. 

An  account  of  the  third  centenary  celebration  of  the  invention  of  typography 
in  Coburg. 

Beschrijving,  Korte,  der  Boeken  door  Lour.  Jansz.  Koster,  te 
Haarlem,  tusschen  de  jaren  1420  en  1440  gedrukt ;  alsmede  van 
eenige  merkwaardigheden  tot  de  geschiedenis  van  L.  J.  Koster 
betrekkelijk,  bij  gelegenheid  van  het  vierde  eeuw-feest  van  de 
uitvinding  der  boekdrukkunst,  in  de  kerk  der  doopsgezinde 
gemeente  aldaar  ten  toon  gesteld  op  den  10  en  11  Julij,  1823. 
8vo. 

A  short  description  of  the  books  printed  by  Coster,  at  Haerlem,  between  the 
years  1420  and  1440,  which  were  exhibited  in  the  church  of  the  Baptist  Commune  at 
Haerlem  on  the  occasion  of  the  fourth  centenary  of  the  invention  of  printing. 

Beschrijving,  Korte  en  beknopte,  der  hedendaagsche  Boekdrukkerye. 

Haarlem  :  1780,     8vo. 
A  handbook  of  typography. 
Besley  (R.),  General  Specimen  of  Printing  Types.     London  :  1847. 

4to.     Supplementary  Sheets.     1848.     4to. 

Besley  &  Co.  (R,).  New  Specimens  of  Mathematical  Combina- 
tion Borders  and  other  Typographical  Ornaments.  London  :  no 
date.     4to. 

See  Reed  &  Fox. 

Mr.  Alderman  Robert  Besley  died  came  to  London  in  his  youth,  and  en- 
on  the  18th  December,  1876,  aged  83  tered  the  service  of  the  celebrated  Fan- 
years.     He  was  a  native  of  Exeter,  but    street  Type-foundry.     He   travelled   for 


54  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

the  foundry  for  some  years,  and  after-  by  Mr.  Charles  (afterwards  Sir  Charles) 
wards  became  a  partner,  the  house  being  Reed,  whose  partner  Mr.  Fox  then  be- 
long known  as  Thorogood  &  Besley.  He  came  ;  and  in  1875  Mr.  Andrew  Holmes 
was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  had  filled  Reed  also  was  admitted  into  the  firm, 
the  office  of  Lord  Mayor  of  London.  whose  style  was  then,  and  still  remains, 
Mr.  B.  Fox  was  a  practical  type-  Reed  &  Fox.  Mr.  Fox  died  at  his 
founder,  having  originally  been  in  the  residence  (19,  Highbury  New  Park)  on 
service  of  the  firm  as  their  chief  punch-  the  15th  January,  1877,  of  heart  disease, 
cutter.  He  became  a  partner  of  the  late  aged  05  years  ;  thus  surviving  Mr.  Alder- 
Mr.  Alderman  Robert  Besley  in  the  year  man  Besley,  his  late  partner,  only  four 
1849.  When,  in  1861,  that  gentleman  weeks.  Mr.  Fox  deservedly  enjoyed  a 
retired  from  business,  he  was  succeeded  very  high  reputation  as  a  punch-cutter. 

Besnard  (J, ).  Epreuves  des  Vignettes  et  Fleurons  polytypes,  graves 
sur  cuivres  en  tallies  de  relief,  a  I'usage  de  I'imprimerie.  Paris  : 
1 812.     Folio. 

Besoldus  (Christ.).  IIENTAS  Dissertationum  Philologicarum  .... 
III.  De  Inventione  Typographise.     Tubingae  :  1620.     4to. 

Reprinted     in    Wolf's    "  Monumenta  Christopher  Besoldus  is  of  opinion  that  we 

Typographica,"    Part    I.,    pp.    171-208.  are  not  indebted  to  the  Chinese  for  the 

This  eminent  lawyer  and  law  professor  discovery  of  typography,  as  they  only 

was  born   at  Tubingen,    1577,  and  died  practise  block-printing— the  Germans  of 

1638.     A  list  of  the  works  he  published  the  fifteenth  century  having  no  commu- 

is  to  be  found  in  Saxii  Otiomasticjim,  nication  with  that  secluded  people.     He 

and  other  authors,  but  it  is  incomplete,  does    not    decide    upon    the    respective 

and  the  missing  titles  are  given  in  a  short  claims     of    Strasbnrg,     Mayence,    and 

notice  in  the   Bookworm,    June,    1870.  Haarlem. 

Besso  (B.).  Le  grandi  Invenzione  Antiche  e  Moderne.  Vol.  i. 
part  I,  **  La  Stampa."     Milano  :   1870.     4to. 

Bettoni  (Nicolo).  Lettere  Tipografiche  da  Milano.  Milano  :  1821. 
8vo. 

■ Memorie  biografiche  di  un  Tipografo  Italian©.     Parigi  :  1836. 

8vo. The  continuation  of  this  work  was  issued  in  French :  Me- 

moires  Biographiques  d'un  Typographe  Italien.    Paris  :  1845.   8vo. 

Saggio  di   Guerra  Tipografico,  lettera  alia  vedova   Pomba. 

Milano:  1820.     8vo. 

Beughem  (C.  a).  Incunabula  Typographiae,  sive  Catalogus  Librorum 
Scriptorumque  proximis  ab  inventione  typographise  annis,  usque 
ad  annum  Christi  1500  inclusive,  in  quavis  lingua  editorum  : 
opusculum  saepius  expetitum,  notisque  historicis,  chronologicis  et 
criticis  intennixtum.     Amstelodami :  1688.     i2mo. 

Bewick  (Thomas).  This  celebrated  wood-engraver  was  bom  August 
12,  1753,  and  died  Nov.  8,  1828.  He  has  been  styled  "the 
Father  of  Modern  Wood-Engraving,"  for  after  the  art  had  been 
supplanted  by  copperplate-engraving  in  all  good  publications,  and 
had  fallen  into  such  a  state  of  decay  that  only  the  rudest  and 
roughest  forms  of  woodcuts  were  produced,  he  restored  it  to  more 
than  its  pristine  glory.  In  early  life  he  displayed  great  skill  in 
drawing,  which  led  to  his  choice  of  copperplate-engraving  as  a 
business,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  bound  apprentice  to 
Mr.  Ralph  Beilby,  a  copperplate-engraver.  Some  time  after- 
wards,   Dr.    Charles    Hutton,    the    mathematician,    who  desired 


Bibliography  of  Priiiting, 


55 


copperplates  to  illustrate  a  book  on  Mensuration,  was  advised  by 
Mr.  Beilby  to  .employ  woodcuts  instead.  This  advice  being 
taken,    the   mathematical   illustrations   were    executed    in   wood 


THOMAS   BEWICK. 


so  satisfactorily  by  Bewick,  that  he  directed  his  chief  atten- 
tion ever  afterwards  to  the  long-neglected  art  of  wood- 
engraving.  After  his  apprenticeship  had  expired,  Bewick  was 
made  a  partner  in  his  master's  business,   and  his   brother  John 


56  Bibliography  of  Frifiting. 

became  their  apprentice.  The  publication  of  an  edition  of  Gay's 
Fables  afforded  an  opportunity  to  the  Bewicks  for  displaying 
their  talents  in  the  higher  branches,  of  wood-engraving.  One  of 
these,  the  "Old  Hound,"  obtained  the  premium  offered  by  the 
Society  of  Arts  in  1775  for  the  best  specimens  of  wood-engraving. 
The  publication  of  the  "History  of  Quadrupeds,"  which,  after 
being  carefully  prepared,  made  its  appearance  in  1790,  was  the 
means  of  introducing  Bewick  to  a  gentleman  who  possessed  a 
museum  remarkable  for  the  number  and  variety  of  its  specimens, 
living  and  dead,  and  of  these  Bewick  was  invited  to  make  draw- 
ings, which  tended  greatly  to  enrich  all  his  subsequent  publica- 


BEWICK  S    BIRTHPLACE. 


tions.  His  pictorial  embellishments  exhibit  boldness  of  design, 
variety  and  exactness  of  attitude,  correctness  of  drawing,  and  dis- 
crimination of  general  character.  A  spirit  of  life  and  animation 
pervades  every  figure,  and  thus  a  lively  idea  of  each  different 
animal  is  conveyed.  A  great  and  unexpected  charm  was  attached 
to  this  History  of  Quadrupeds, — this  was  the  profusion  of  vignettes 
and  tail-pieces  with  which  the  whole  volume  was  adorned.  These 
exhibited  remarkable  delicacy  of  execution,  inventive  genius,  and 
a  skill  in  catching  the  very  lineaments  in  which  the  peculiar  expres- 
sion of  the  species  resides,  such  as  was  never  before  equalled.  Under 
the  auspices  of  William  Bulmer,  of  the  Shakespeare  Press,  the 
Bewicks  embellished  Goldsmith's   "Descried  Village,"  Parnell's 


BihliograpJiy  of  Printing. 


57 


*'  Hermit,"  and  Somerville's  "  The  Chase,"  all  of  which  met  with 
success.  In  1797  appeared  the  first  volume  of  the  "  History  of 
British  Birds,"  comprising  the  land-birds,  the  letterpress  being  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  Beilby.  Before  the  publication  of  the  second  volume 
on  British  Water-birds,  a  separation  of  interests  took  place,  so 
that  its  compilation  and  completion  devolved  on  Bewick,  who  was 
assisted  by  a  literary  friend.  In  18 18  he  published  the  Fables  of 
^sop,  and  two   or   three   years  afterwards  a  volume  of  Select 


BEWICK  S    WORKSHOP. 


Fables.  The  number  of  blocks  engraved  by  the  Bewicks  is  almost 
inconceivable,  and  it  is  impossible  to  particularize  here  the  various 
works  which  were  embellished  by  Thomas  Bewick  and  his  pupils, 
of  whom  he  had  a  continued  succession.  A  list  of  Bewick's 
works,  with  specimens  of  many  of  them,  will  be  found  in  "The 
Bewick  Collector,"  by  the  late  Rev.  T.  Hugo.  Some  of  his  pupils 
have  done  him  great  honour,  and  contributed  to  carry  the  art  of 
wood-engraving  to  a  state  of  perfection  at  which  he  himself  confessed 
he  never  supposed  it  was  capable  of  arriving.     We  append  several 


58  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

interesting  memorials  of  Bewick,  reproduced  from  Jackson  and 
Chatto's  "Wood  Engraving,"  by  the  kind  permission  of  Messrs. 
Chatto  &  Windus.  Tlie  first  is  a  picture  of  Bewick's  birthplace, 
■  a  humble  cottage  at  Cherry  Burn,  in  the  county  of  Northumber- 
land, but  on  the  south  side  of  the  Tyne,  about  twelve  miles  west- 
vi'ard  of  Newcastle.  His  father  rented  a  small  colliery  at  Mickley 
Bank,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  his  dwelling,  and  it  is  said  that, 
when  a  boy,  the  future  wood-engraver  sometimes  worked  in  the 
pit.  We  take  from  the  same  admirable  work  a  view  of  Bewick's 
workshop,  in  St.  Nicholas's  Churchyard,  Newcastle.  "The 
upper  room,  the  two  windows  of  which  are  seen  in  the  roof,  was 
that  in  which  he  worked  in  the  latter  years  of  his  life.  In  this 
shop  he  engraved  the  cuts  which  will  perpetuate  his  name,  and 
there,  for  upwards  of  fifty  years,  was  he  accustomed  to  sit,  steadily 
and  cheerfully  pursuing  the  labour  that  he  loved.  He  used  always 
to  work  with  his  hat  on,  and  when  any  gentleman  or  nobleman 
called  upon  him,  he  only  removed  it  for  a  moment  on  his  first 
entering.  He  used  frequently  to  whistle  when  at  work,  and  he 
was  seldom  without  a  large  quid  of  tobacco  in  his  mouth.  The 
prominence  occasioned  by  the  quid,  which  he  kept  between  his 
under-lip  and  his  teeth,  and  not  in  his  cheek,  is  indicated  in  most 
of  his  portraits."  There  is  a  good  bust  of  Bewick,  by  Bailey,  in 
the  library  of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  of  Newcastle. 
The  best  engraved  portrait  is  said  to  be  that  of  Burnet,  after  a 
painting  by  Ramsay.  The  portrait  here  given  is  from  Jackson 
and  Chatto,  who  describe  it  as  "another  attempt  to  perpetuate 
the  likeness  of  one  to  whom  the  art  owes  so  much." 

Bewick  (T.  &  J.).  A  Descriptive  and  Critical  Catalogue  of  Works 
illustrated  by  Thomas  and  John  Bewick,  wood-engravers,  of 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne  ;  with  an  appendix  of  their  miscellaneous 
engravings,  brief  sketches  of  their  lives,  and  notices  of  the  prin- 
cipal pupils  of  Thomas  Bewick.  London  :  1851.  Imp.  8vo. 
PP-   79- 

This  catalogue  was  compiled  by  the  late  John  Gray  Bell,  a  bookseller  and  inde- 
fatigable collector  of  the  works  of  the  Bewicks.  He  for  some  time  had  a  shop  in 
Covent  Garden,  whence  he  removed  to  Manchester. 

Bewijzen,  Geloofwaardige,  dat  de  Boekdrukkunst  te  Haarlem  is  uitge- 
vonden.     Midd. :    1806.      i2mo. 

Beyer  (C).  Praktisches  Handbiichlein  der  Steindruckerei.  Miin- 
chen  :  1863.      i6mo.,  7  plates. 

A  practical  handbook  of  lithography. 

Beyschlag  (D.  E.).  Beytrage  sur  Kunstgeschichte  der  Rcichstadt 
Nordlingen.     7  parts.     Nordlingen  :   1 798-1801.     8vo. 

Part  I.  treats  on  letter- cutting  ;  II.,  on  letter-cutting  and  book -printing  ;  III.,  on 
book-printing  and  book-selling  ;  IV.  and  V.,  on  book -binding,  paper,  and  the  art  of 
coining  ;  VI.  and  VII.,  on  the  art  of  coining. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  5  9 

Beyschlag  (F.  J.).  Spicilegium  ad  Zeltneri  vitam  J.  Luftii.  Portion 
of  his  Sylloge  Variormn  Opusculorum.  Halae  Suevor. :  1729. 
8vo.     Vol.  I.  pp.  369-445. 

Hans  Luft,  Zeltner's  life  of  whom  is  the  subject  of  this  article,  was  the  printer  o 
most  of  Martin  Luther's  original  works,  and  of  his  translation  of  the  Bible. 

Beytrag,  Magdeburgischer,  zum  Lobe  Gottes  wegen  der  erfundenen 
Buchdruckerkunst.      Magdeburg:   1 640.     4to. 

The  literal  rendering  of  the  title  in  English  is,  "A  Magdeburg  contribution  to  the 
praise  of  God,  because  of  the  invention  of  Typography." 

Beytrag,  Weimarischer,  zu  feyerlicher  Begehung  des  dritten  hundert- 
jahrigen  Jubel-Festes  eiiier  wohlloblichen  Buchdrucker-Kunst. 
Weimar  :  1 740.     8vo. 

An  account  of  the  third  centenary  cele-  druckerey  "  and  Wolffg.  Adolph  Schron's 

bration,  at  Weimar,  of  the  invention  of  "  Kurtzer  Entwurff  der  Historic  von  der 

typography,  included  in  which  are  :  Jacob  Hoch  -  Fiirstlich    Sachsen  -  Weimarischen 

Carpov's    "  Vergleichung   der   Kunst  in  Hof-Buchdruckerey." 
Erfinding  des  Schreibens  und  der  Buch- 

BiANCHi  (Isidoro).  Sulle  Tipografie  Ebraiche  di  Cremona  nel  Secolo 
XVI.  Col  Ragguaglio  di  un  Salterio  Ebraico  stampato  in  detta 
Citta  nel  secolo  medesimo,  dissertazione  storico-critica.  Cremona  : 
1807.     8vo.  pp.  viii.  56. 

A  Treatise  on  the  Hebrew  Typography  of  Cremona  in  the  i6th  Century,  with  a 
review  of  a  Hebrew  Psalter  printed  in  that  city  in  the  same  century. 

BiANCHi  (T,  X.).  Notice  sur  le  premier  Ouvrage  d' Anatomic  et  de 
Medecine  imprime  en  Turc  a  Constantinople  en  1820,  suivie  du 
catalogue  des  livres  Tares,  Arabes  et  Persans  imprimes  a  Con- 
stantinople depuis  I'introduction  de  I'imprimerie  en  1726-27 
jusqu'en  1820.  Paris :  1821.  8vo. 
The  latter  list  comprises  68  articles. 

BiANCHiNi  (G.).     Apologia  de  le  Stampe  d'lialia,  scritta  in  una  let- 
tera  al  Signor  Giovanni  Casotti.     In  "  Raccolta  d'Opusculi  scienti- 
fici  filologici."    Vol.  II.  pp.  89-173.     Venezia  :  1729.     i2mo. 
A  vindication  of  Italian  typography,  in  the  form  of  a  letter  to  Sig.  G.  Casotti. 

BiBLiA   Pauperum  nach  dem  Original  in  der  Lyceumsbibliothek  zu 
Constanz,  herausg.  von  Laib  und  Schwarz.    Zurich  :   1867.   Folio. 

Beschrijving   van   een   nieuwlings   ontdekt   exemplar  van   de 

Biblia  Pauperum  en  de  Ars  Moriendi.     Amsterdam  :    1839.     8vo. 

A  description  of  a  copy  of  the  celebra-  Amsterdam,  produced  at   his   sale   ^25. 

ted  Block-book  now  known  as  the  "Biblia  Another    reproduction    of    the    "Biblia 

Pauperum,"  which,  with  a  copy  of  that  Pauperum  "  is  described  under  the  name 

called    the    "Ars    Moriendi,"   belonging  of  Berjeau  (q.  v.). 
to  the   late   D.    Groebe,   bookseller,   of 

BiBLiOTHECA  antiqua  Vindobonensis  Civica,  seu  Catalogus  Librorum 
antiquorum  cum  manuscriptorum  tum  ab  inventa  Typographia  ad 
annum  1 560  typis  excusorum.     Viennx-Austriac  :  1750.     4to. 
A  catalogue  of  the  early  printed  books  in  the  Vienna  City  Library. 


6o  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

BiBLiOTHECA  instructissima,  quern  illustris  quondam  Comes  de  Palm 
collegerat  particula,  monumentorum  quiie  in  Bibliotheca  extant, 
typographicorum,  sive  librorum  sa^c.  XV.  editorum  selectum,  etc. 
\x\.  y ournal  de  la  Litteratiire  Etrangcre,  1812,  p.  517. 

A  list  of  typographical  monuments   of  the    fifteenth  century,  in  the  library  col- 
lected by  the  Count  de  Palm. 

BiHLiOTHfeQVE  des  Avthevrs,  qvi  ont  escript  I'Histoire  et  Typographie 
de  la  France,  divisee  en  devx  parties,  selon  Tordre  des  temps  et 
des  matieres.     Paris  :  i6i8.     8vo.  pp.  236. 
The  allusions  to  typography  are  regarded  as  curious  and  valuable. 

Bi  DWELL  (George  H.).  Printer's  New  Handbook:  a  treatise  on  the 
imposition  of  forms,  embracing  a  system  of  rules  and  principles 
for  laying  the  pages,  applicable  to  all  forms,  with  instructions  for 
making  margin  and  register,  turning  and  folding  the  sheets,  &c., 
and  diagrams  of  all  the  standard  forms,  showing  their  relation  to 
each  other,  with  explanations  of  their  variations  and  transposi- 
tions;  also  tables  of  signatures,  &c.,  useful  to  compositors,  press- 
men, and  publishers.     New  York  :  1866.     i8mo.  pp.  no. 

Printer's  New   Handbook.     A  treatise  on  the  Imposition  of 

Forms,  with  Tables  of  Signatures,  &c.     New  York:  1875.     i8mo. 
pp.  118. 

This     was      first    read    as    a    paper  by  masters   of  the  art,   are   copious   In 

before    the    New    York    Typographical  diagrams   of   almost    every    conceivable 

Society  and    Printers  of  New   Vork    in  kind    of   imposition    then    in    use  ;    but 

1865,    and   afterwards    published.      'J'he  the   novice  will    turn    over   their  leaves 

second    edition  comprises   a    few    slight  in  vain   for  an    exposition    of  the  prin- 

alterations  and  additions.      The  treatise  ciples    on    which     all     impositions    are 

embraces  a  system  of  rules  and  principles  founded.     Mr.   Bidwell   begins  his  work 

for  laying  pages,  applicable  to  all  forms ;  with  an   explanation   of  technical   terms 

and  diagrams  of  all  the  standard  forms,  and  the  principles  of  imposition,  as  pre- 

with  exp'anatlons  of  their  variations  and  sented   in   a  simple  form  of  four  pages, 

transpositions.     Also  tables  of  signatures,  From   this   diagram    of   four   pages,    he 

showing  the  proper  signatures  and  signa-  ascends  to    octavos,    duodecimos,  up  to 

ture    pages   in    all  forms   of  book-work,  the  highest  possible  forms,  showing  the 

with  the  quantity  and  sizes  of  paper  ne-  analogy  pervading   all,    and    the  simpli- 

cessary  for  any  book,  table  of  tokens  of  city    of   method,    even     In     the    largest 

press-work,  &c.     It  is  the  most  exhaust-  forms.     Each   diagram    Is    accompanied 

ive,    though   not    the   first   book    of   the  by  explanations,  interspersed  with  direc- 

kind    that     has    attempted    to    explain  tions    and    suggestions    concerning     the 

the  reason  why  pages  should  be  laid  In  making    of  margin,  the    most   approved 

certain  positions.   "  Savage's  Dictionary"  methods  of  folding,  and  the  relative  ad- 

and  "  Hansard's  Typographia,"  written  vantages  of  dlflferent  kinds  of  impositbii. 

The  Prompt  Computer,    for  the  use  of  Book,  Newspaper,  and 

Job  Printers,  in  Computing  Earnings  of  Employes.  New  York  : 
1875.  Royal  8vo.  pp.  80. 
The  author  in  his  explanatory  preface  measure  from  14  ems  up  to  70  ems 
says:  "The  book  comprises  six  series  in  a  line,  by  gradations  of  one  em,  and 
of  tables,  viz.-  ist.  Tables  of  Measure-  from  one  line  to  3,600  lines,  rt-ckonlng  by 
ments  ;  2nd.  Tables  of  Weekly  Wages  ;  single  lines  up  to  100  lines,  and  by  hun- 
3rd.  Tables  of  Hourly  Wages  ;  4th.  dreds  above  100  up  to  3,600  lines.  No 
Prices  per  1,000  ems  ;  5th.  Prices  per  more  than  the  addition  of  two  numbers 
j)age  ;  6th.  Make-up.  'J'hc  measure-  is  necessary  in  any  case  within  the  limits 
nicnts  show  the  number  of  ems  in  any    of  the  tables ;  and  as  the  number  of  ems 


Bibliography  of  Prhitin^ 


61 


given  above  100  lines  is  always  even 
hundreds,  the  combination,  when  neces- 
sary, may  readily  be  made.  As  an  ex- 
ample, say  you  have  1,879  lines  27  ems 
wide  ;  1,800  lines  is  48,600  ems,  and  79 
lines  2,133,  making  50,733.  The  tables 
of  weekly  wages  embrace  fifty-two  dif- 
ferent rates,  and  range  from  $3  to  §45  per 
week,  by  gradations  of  50  cents  per  week 
up  to  §12,  and  of  §1  per  week  above  $12  ; 
and  by  hours  from  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
to  120  hours.  The  tables  of  hourly 
wages  embrace  fifty-two  different  rates, 
and  range  from  11  cents  to  74  cents  per 
hour,  by  gradations  of  one  cent  per  hour  ; 
and  by  hours  from  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
to  120  hours.  The  tables  of  prices  per 
1,000  ems  embrace  seventy-five  different 
rates,  and  range  from  20  cents  to  61,  by 


gradations  of  one  cent  up  to  88  cents  and 
of  two  cents  above  88  cents  ;  and  from 
the  smallest  fraction  of  a  thousand  under 
each  price  to  99,000  ems,  or  to  100,000 
nicluding  the  fractional  parts.  The  tables 
of  prices  per  page  embrace  208  different 
rates,  and  range  from  13  cents  to  §2.20 
by  gradations  of  one  cent  per  page  ;  and 
from  one-eighth  of  a  page  to  50  by  single 
pages,  and  by  fives  above  50  to  no  pages, 
in  the  lower  rates  ;  from  one-eighth  to  62 
pages  in  the  medium  rates ;  and  from 
one-sixteenth  to  54  pages  in  the  higher 
rates.  The  prices  of  make-up  embrace 
twenty-six  different  rates,  and  range  from 
4  cents  to  29  cents,  by  gradations  of  one 
cent  per  page :  and  by  single  pages 
from  I  to  100,  and  above  100  by  tens 
to  360." 


EiDWEix  (George  H.),     Treatise  on  the  Imposition  of  Forms. 
York  :   1866.     i2mo. 


New 


BiGNAN  (A.).  Epitre  a  quelques  ennemis  des  Lmnieres,  sur  la 
Decouverte  de  I'lmprimerie,  qui  a  obtenu  X Accessit  au  Jugement 
de  I'Academie  Frangaise,  dans  la  seance  publique  du  25  Aoiit, 
1829.     Paris  :  1829,  8vo.  pp.  16.     In  verse. 

BiLDERHEFTE. — See  Lempertz. 

BiLLiG  (J,  C.  G.).  Guttenberg-Lieder.  Weih-Gabe  zur  vierten  Sacu- 
larfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  (am  24.  bis  26.  Juni, 
1840).     Warburg  :  1840.     8vo. 


-Binder  (E.)  and  Rohlacher  (C). 
gen  :  1851.     4to. 


Der  Steiniiberdruck.     Meinin- 


Binger.     Glyphographie  uit  het  Etablissement  van  M.   H.   Binger. 
Amsterdam,  (1854)  4to.  pp.  17. 

•     An  account  of  the  Glyphographie  process  as  practised  at  Binger's  establishment  at 
Amsterdam,  with  numerous  specimens  of  the  work  produced. 

Bin  NY  and  Ronaldson.     A  Specimen  of  Metal  Ornaments  cast  at 
the  Foundry  of  Binny  and  Ronaldson.     Philadelphia  :  1809. 


Specimen  of  Printing  Types  from  the  Foundry  of  Binny  and 

Ronaldson.     Philadelphia  :  181 2. 

Type-founding  in  America    was    first  in    America ;     they     were     followed    in 

practised  at  Philadelphia,  by  Christopher  1816   and    1822    by   the   specimen-books 

Sauer,    1735,    and     the     specimen-books  of  James  Ronaldson,  successor  to  Binny 

above    described    were    the    first    issued  &  Ronaldson. 


]3ircii-Pfeiffer  (Charl,).     Johannes  Guttenberg,  Original-Schauspiel 
in    drei   Abtheilungen.        2*^    Auflage.      Mit    einer    Ansicht    der 


62 


Bibliography  of  Priitting. 


Statue  Guttenbergs  in  Mainz.  Nebst  einer  kurzgefassten  Ge- 
schichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  von  ihrem  Urspninge  bis  ziir 
Gegenwart,  und  einem  Programm  der  Festlichkeiten  am  24.  25. 
und  26.  Juni,  in  verschiedenen  deutschen  Stadten.  Berlin  :  1840. 
8vo. 


cologne; 


1562-1592. 


BiRCKMANN  (Arnold  and  Frederick). 


The  above  device  is  taken  from  the 
Cologne  edition,  dated  1592,  in  4to.,  of 
"  Joannis  [Peachain]  Archiepiscopi  Can- 
tuariensis  Prospectiva,'  printed  by  Arnold 
Birckmann.  In  an  oval  border  is  the 
motto,  "  Vtilia  semper  nova  ssepius  pro- 
fero."  The  chief  feature  of  the  device  is 
he  hen  under  a  tree,  a  figure  used  by 
many  of  the  Mediaeval  printers  both 
before  and  after  the  Birckmanns,  and 
concerning  which  Dibdin,  in  the  "De- 
cameron "  (vol.  ii.  page  103)  has  some 
humorous  remarks.  Frederick  Birckmann 
published  a  fine  octavo  edition  of  the 
Latin  Bible  in  1526,  on  the  frontis- 
piece of  which  was  a  device  consisting 
of  a  hen  with  five  of  her  brood  partly 
under    her    wings,     and     one     on     her 


back.     The  motto  attached  to  the  device 
was  : — 

"  Quoties  volui  congregare  filios  tuos, 
Quem  ad    modum  Gallina    congregat 

puUos  suos." 
Underneath  these  were  also  the  lines  : — 
"  Prostant  in  pingui   Gallina,  cum  Ant- 

werpiae  apud  portam 
Camerae  tum  coloniae  circa   templum 

cathedrale." 
The  successors  of  the  Birckmanns  used  a 
device  in  which  a  hen  under  a  tree  was 
the  principal  feature  ;  but  there  was  a 
scroll  below,  displaying  the  name  of  the 
founder  of  the  house,  Arnold  Birckmann. 
The  imprint  used  was,  "  Coloniae  :  Apud 
Haeredes  Arnoldi  Birckmanni." 


BiRRETA  [or  De  Birretis]  (Joannes  Antonius).  The  first  book 
issued  by  this  printer  was  in  partnership  with  Franc.  Gyrardenghi, 
and  dated  i486.  The  latter  was  established  in  the  same  place 
from  1480  to  1498.  In  the  same  year,  1480,  Birretis  published  a 
few  books  on  his  own  account,   although  the  names  of  the  two 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


63 


partners  remain  associated  on  the  books  down  to  the  year  1491. 
We  append  the  device  of  J.  A.  Birretis,  which  consists  of  the 
monogram  lAB  surmounted  by  a  Latin  cross. 


AVIA,    1486-1492  ;    VENICE,    1488. 


Bishop  (John  George).     Practical  Printers'  Companions,  designed  and 
executed  by  John  George  Bishop. 


These  Companions  consist  of  tables, 
printed  on  separate  cards,  useful  in  book- 
work,  news-work,  and  job-work  respec- 
tively. They  are  adapted  to  the  Caslon- 
standard.  The  following  is  a  synopsis 
of  the  tables  : — 

^^(?/t-7twr/t.— Table  of  widths  to  pica 
ems  ;  the  depth,  pica  ems,  of  1,000  of 
various  types  ;  the  number  of  pages 
which  a  sheet  of  one  sized  type  will  make 
if  set  in  a  different-sized  type  ;  the  number 
of  pages,  &c.,  that  sheets  of  various  types 
increase  by  the  insertioti  of  4,  6,  and  8  to 
pica  leads  ;  average  number  of  words  in 
lines  of  various  types;  average  number 
of  ens  per  1,000  words  ;  number  of  thou- 
sands in  sheets  of  various  types  ;  schemes 
of  imposition  ;  table  of  signatures  and 
folios. 


Neius-work. — The  number  of  ens  in 
lines  of  various  types  in  various  widths  ; 
the  increase  in  depths  of  various  types 
when  leaded  ;  depth  in  pica  of  various 
numbers  of  lines  of  types  in  various 
widths  ;  proportion  of  lines  to  thousands  ; 
average  number  of  words  in  lines  ;  prices 
per  thousand. 

Job-work. — Table  of  widths  to  pica 
ems  ;  depths  of  1,000  and  5,000  of  various 
types  ;  comparative  depth  of  various 
types  which  set  in  the  same  widtVi ;  in- 
crease in  depth  of  matter  when  leaded ; 
depth  of  types  in  inches  ;  tables  for  giving 
out  paper  and  cards  :  sizes  of  paper  and 
cards  ;  wood  furniture,  its  bodies  ;  scheme 
of  reglets  to  pica  ems  for  combination  ; 
broadside  lengths  ;  combinations  of  brass 
rules. 


Blackburn  (Henry).  The  Art  of  Popular  Illustration.  A  paper 
read  before  the  Society  of  Arts,  March  10,  1875,  and  printed  in 
the  Journal  oi  the  Society,  March  12,  1875. 

This  paper  advocates  the  greater  use  tends  that    our  present  pictures  are  too 

of  graphic  illustration  by  automatic  me-  elaborate  and  costly,   which  is  a  bar  to 

thods  of  engraving,  in  popular  literature,  their  being  multiplied  to  the  extent  that 

especially  periodical  literature,  and  con-  is  desirable 


64 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Blades    (William).     Bibliotheca   Typographica.       Published    in    the 
Printers'  Register,  1875-6. 

This   is   a   list   of  publications  in   the  adopted  is  chronological,  and  the  annota- 

English   language,    practical,    historical,  tions,    which    are    original,    are   derived 

and   biographical,  which  treat  of  letter-  from  a  perusal  of  the  books  themselves, 
press-printing  or  printers.       The    order 

A  Catalogue  of  Books  printed  by  or  ascribed  to  the  Press  of 

William  Caxton.     London  :  1865.     8vo. 
This  work  contains  a  bibliographical  collation  of  all  the  works  printed  by  or  attri- 
buted  to  Caxton.      It   is   rendered   especially  useful   by   the  fact  that  the   present 
locality  of  the  specimens  is  given,  and  to  those  in  the  British  Museum  the  press-marks 
are  added. 

Common  Typographical  Errors,  with  especial  reference  to  the 

Text  of  Shakespeare.  An  article  in  the  Athemcum,  January  27, 
1872. 
This  article  shows  how  the  ordinary  ty-  posed.  Mr.  Blades  refers  to  three  distinct 
pographical  accidents  of  composing  may  classes  of  errors  :  j.  Errors  of  the  ear, 
have  altered  the  text  of  some  of  our  stan-  2.  Errors  cf  the  eye,  3.  Errors  of  a  foul 
dard  authors,  and  how,  for  instance,  a  case.  To  illustrate  his  views  he  gives  a 
"case"  in  which  some  of  the  types  were  plan  of  the  cases  in  use  in  the  17th  cen- 
wrongly  distributed  may  have  led  to  tury  with  the  various  ligatures,  S:c.,  now 
errors  and  variations  in  the  words  com-    obsolete. 


Du  Castel's   "Morale  Prouerbes,"     With  an  Introduction  by 

William  Blades.     London  :  1859.     4to. 

This  is  a  reprint  of  Caxton's  edition  of  printed     from     movable    pewter     types 

Du  Castel's  "  Moral  Proverbs,"  one   of  closely  imitated  from  the  original,  and  at 

the  quaintest  of  his  productions.    The  in-  the  end  are  various  explanations,  a  his- 

troductory  essay  describes  the  nature  of  tory  of  the  circumstances  under  which  it 

the  book,  and  points  out  its  peculiar  in-  was  printed,  &c. 
terest   to    bibliographers.      The    text    is 

Early  Greek  Types  of  the  Royal  Printing-Office,   Pari.s,  and 

the  Chancellor  of  Cambridge  University. 
Article  in  the  Bookworm,  January,  1869. 


—  The  Early  Schools  of  Typography. 
worm,  March,  1870. 


An  article  in  the  Book- 


The  author  draws  attention  to  some  facts  In  "the  celebrated  cause  of  '  Mayence 
V.  Haarlem,' "  which  he  believes  have  not  hitherto  been  taken  into  consideration, 
and  suggests  that  the  invention  was  truly  but  independently  made  at  both  places. 


The  First  Printing-Press  in  England,  as  pictorially  presented. 

An  article  in  the  Bookworm,  October,  1869. 
The  writer  criticises,  "as  an  artisan  who  has  paid   some  attention  to  the  antiqui- 
ties of  his  craft,"  the  pictures  which  are  in  vogue  of  the  origin  of  printing  in  this 
country,  and  exposes  the  anachronisms  which  characterize  them. 


- —  The  Gouernayle  of  Helthe.     With  an  Introduction  by  William 
Blades.     London  :  1858.     4to. 
A   reprint   of  a   Caxton    recently   dis-    pewter,    in  order  that   their  appearance 


covered.    In  the  Introduction  Mr.  Blades 

gives  a  bibliographical  and  typographical 

account    of    Caxton's   work.     The  book 

itself    is     printed    from    movable    types     characters! 

designed  after  the   original,    but  cast  in 


when  printed  may  more  closely  assimi- 
late to  those  of  Caxton.  At  the  end  the 
poem  is   given   in   the   ordinary  Roman 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


65 


Blades  (William).     Mow  to  Tell  a  Caxton,  with  some  Hints    where 
and  how  the  same  may  be  Found.     London  :  1870.     i2mo. 


The  design  of  this  little  volume,  as 
stated  by  its  author,  "is  not  to  instruct 
the  professed  biblipgrapher,  though  even 
he  may  find  a  book  of  reference  occasion- 
ally useful,  but  to  draw  attention  to  the 
existence  of  many  collections  of  old  books 


mence  and  carry  through  an  earnest  and 
systematic  search  for  the  precious  relics 
of  our  earliest  printed  literature ;  and 
lastly,  to  show  that  the  search  is  not  diffi- 
cult, that  it  is  full  of  interest,  and  that 
very  important  discoveries  must  be  its  re- 


hitherto  unexplored  ;  to  induce  owners  of  ward  if  carried  on  energetically."  At 
ancestral  libraries,  as  well  as  all  persons  the  end  are  fifteen  plates  illustrating  the 
having  access  to   old   libraries,  to  com-    peculiarities  of  Caxton's  type. 

The  Life  and  Typography  of  William  Caxton,  England's  First 

Printer.  With  evidence  of  his  typographical  connection  with 
Colard  Mansion,  the  printer  at  Bruges.  Compiled  from  original 
sources.  2  vols.  Vol.  L  (London,  1861),  pp.  298;  Vol.  II. 
London,  1863,  pp.  312.     4to. 


Many  biographies  of  Caxton  have  been 
written,  and  will  be  found  set  out  among 
the  items  of  our  Bibliography  ;  among  the 
most  important  of  them  being  those  of 
Lewis,  Oldys,  Ames,  and  Dibdin.  Mr. 
Blades,  however,  by  his  painstaking  re- 
search, has  cleared  up  many  doubtful 
points  in  the  career  of  our  proto-printer, 
and  his  book  is  in  every  way  worthy  of  the 
importance  of  its  sutject.  It  was  under- 
stood, before  the  appearance  of  this  book, 
that  Caxton  obtained  his  knowledge  of 
printing  from  Ulric  Zell,  when  at  Cologne 


The  Biography  and  Typogi 

first  Printer.     Loudon  :   1877. 

This  is,  to  a  great  extent,  a  reprint  of 
the  author's  former  work  in  two  volumes. 
It  traces  Caxton's  history  and  the  in- 
fluence which  surrounded  him  in  youth 
and  manhood.  It  shows  why  he  became 
a  printer  and  of  whom  he  learnt  the  art. 
There  is  a  minute  account  of  Caxton's 
printing-office  and  the  typographical 
habits  of  his  workmen.  His  types  are 
classified,  and  their  chronological  se- 
quence shown,  and  the  great  advantage. 


with  the  Duchess  of  Burgundy  ;  but  Mr. 
Blades  shows,  by  a  careful  comparison 
of  the  types  used  and  of  various  peculiari- 
ties, that  the  subjectof  his  memoir  learned 
the  art  from  Colard  Mansion,  although  he 
does  not  deny  that  Caxton  may  have 
been  acquainted  with  Zell's  productions. 
It  seems  Caxton  found  the  money  and 
Mansion  the  implements  and  skTit.  Cax- 
ton's first  works  were  printed  at  Bruges. 
He  probably  came  to  this  country  in 
1476.-6"^^  Caxton. 


aphy  of  William  Caxton,  England's 
Medium  8vo.     Plates. 

bibliographically  speaking,  to  be  derived 
fiom  their  systematic  study.  All  the 
books  at  present  known  to  have  issued 
from  his  press  are  described,  and  remarks 
made  upon  them,  various  minor  matters 
being  also  treated.  This  edition  was 
produced  in  connection  with  the  Caxton 
Celebration,  held  in  London  in  June,  1877, 
in  commemoration  of  the  Quarcentenary 
of  Printing  in  England. 


—  A  List  of  Medals,  Jettons,   Tokens,   &c.,  in  connection  with 
Printers  and  the  Art  of  Printing.    London  :  1869,    87  plates.   4to. 


Only  25  copies  printed.  This  is  the 
nucleus  of  a  contemplated  work  to  be  en- 
titled, "  Numismata  Typographica,  a  de- 
scriptive catalogue  of  medals,  medallions, 
jettons,  historical  seals,  &c.,  belongmg  to 
printers  or  the  typographic  art."  It  was 
to  treat :  a.  of  Personal  Medals,  struck 
in  honour  of  private  printers  or  particu- 
lar printing  offices  ;  b.  Medals  of  Corpo- 
rations, with  remarks  on  the  origin  and 
nature  of  these  corporations  of  printers, 
and  biographical  notes  on  the  printers 
composing  them  ;  c.  Medals  of  jubilees, 
centenaries,  and  other  celebrations,  with 


a  review  of  the  fetes,  &c. ,  held  at  different 
epochs  throughout  Europe  in  honour  of 
the  inventors  or  the  invention  of  printing, 
from  1540  up  to  the  present  day,  with  a 
description  of  the  medals  struck  on  each 
occasion  ;  d.  Jettons  of  commerce,  or 
coins  employed  by  printers  as  currency  ; 
and  lastly  a  supplement,  comprising  the 
medals  of  printers  struck,  not  in  their 
quality  as  typographers,  but  in  honour 
of  distinguished  services  in  some  other 
occupation  ;  such  as  those  of  Albert 
Duerer,  the  artist,  Benjamin  Franklin, 
the  savant  and  statesman,  &c. 


66  Bibliography  of  Printijig. 

Blades  (William).    The  Literaiy  Almanack.     London  :  1875.     8vo. 

This  compilation  (issued  at  the  end  of  Southward's  "Dictionary  of  Typography," 
2nd  edition)  comprises  a  large  number  of  dates  of  events  connected  with  printing 
and  publishing. 

Palseotypography.     A  series  of  articles  contributed  to  Notes  and 

Queries,  1 870. 

The  author  points  out  a  great  deficiency  are  made,  how  matrices  are  struck,  how 

in  all  bibliographical  works,  which  deal  moulds  are  used,  and  how,  as  a  result, 

only    with    the    literary   aspect    of    the  types  are  cast.     "To  make  progress  in 

science  and  those  superficial  features  of  the  classification  of  doubtful  books,  we 

the  tj'pography  which  force  themselves  must    with   loving  perseverance   compel 

upon   the  attention.     No   one,   it  is  re-  them  to  yield  up  the  Internal  evidence  of 

marked,  can  extract  from  a  book  all  it  origin   which   each    one    enfolds    In    its 

can  reveal  of  its  own  origin  unless  he  un-  leaves." 
derstahds  such  matters  as  how  punches 

Shakspere    and    Typography  :    being    an    attempt    to   show 

Shakspere's  personal  connection  with,  and  technical  knowledge  of, 
the  Art  of  Printing ;  also  Remarks  upon  some  common  Typo- 
graphical Errors,  with  especial  reference  to  the  text  of  Shakspere. 
London  :  1872.     8vo. 

This  is  an  ingenious  and  curious  work,  tablish  the  assertion  that  Shakespere 
The  extraordinary  variety  and  univer  was  a  printer  !  In  that  portion  of  the 
sality  of  Shakespere's  knowledge  has  book  referring  to  the  corruptions  In  the 
afforded  grounds  for  many  conjectures  text  of  Shakespere,  Mr.  Blades  has 
concerning  his  origin  ;  some  persons  find-  brought  to  bear  his  knowledge  of  the 
ing  in  his  works  reason  for  believing  he  mechanical  processes  of  the  art  of  print- 
followed  one  occupation,  and  others  ing,  and  has  thereby  accounted  for  many 
another.  Mr.  Blades  has  searched  variations  that  had  hitherto  proved  close 
Shakespere  for  typographical  allusions,  mysteries  to  non-technical  annotators. 
and  the  result  is  almost  sufficient  to  es- 

Some  Early   Type   Specimen    Books   of  England,    Holland, 

France,  Italy,  and  Germany.  Catalogued  by  William  Blades, 
with  explanatory  remarks.     London  :   1875.     8vo. 

This  is  a  series  of  notices  of  such  type-founders'  specimen-books,  anterior  to  the 
year  1820,  which  the  author  has  been  able  to  meet  with.  The  annotations  are  very 
interesting,  and  display  considerable  research. 

Typographical  Notes.       The  Early  Schools  of  Typography  ; 


the  Enschede  Foundry.     London  :  1870.     8vo. 

This  is  a  reprint  of  two  articles  origin-  don,  has  for  many  years  devoted  himself 

ally  published   in    the    Bookworm,    and  to  typographical  research,  and,  in  addi- 

referred  to  above.  tion  to   his  separately  published  works, 

Mr.  Blades,  who  Is  a  partner  in  a  well-  contributes  frequently   to   the  technical 

known  printing-house  in  the  city  of  Lon-  and  literary  periodicals. 

Blanc  (Charles).     Traite  de  la  Gravure  a  I'eau  forte.     Paris  :   1866. 
8vo. 
A  practical  treatise  on  the  art  of  etching. 

Blanck  (Johann  Leonhard).  Bildnisse  beriihmter  Kiinstler,  Buch- 
handler,  Buchdrucker  und  anderer  Manner,  welche  sich  sowohl 
in  als  ausserhalb  Teutschland  verdient  gemacht.  Erster  Theil. 
Nlimberg.      1725.     Folio.      50  portraits. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  67 

Blansch  (H.  le).     Beknopte  en  volledige  Handleiding  tot  het  over- 
slaan  van  Drukvormen.     s'Gravenhage  :  1844.     Oblong  8vo. 


Hulde  aan  de  Boekdrukkunst.     Haag  :  1847.     8vo. 


Bleekrode  (S.).  Het  Bankbillet.  De  Kunstbewerkingen  en  de 
Waarborgen  voor  zijne  echtheid,  volgens  A.  Smee  en  H.  Bradbury 
behandeld.  Amst.  [1856].  8vo.  pp.  33.  Two  plates  of  specimen 
notes,  and  one  of  a  bank-note  printing-machine. 


De  Tentoonstelling  te  Londen.     s'Gravenhage  :   1853. 


A  long  account  of  printing-machines,  &c.,  at  the  Exhibition  of  1851. 

Blick,  Ein,  auf  die  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst. 
In  Sonntags-Blatt.     Ni-.  14-17.     Berhn,  1867.     4to. 

Blind  (Printing  for  the).     Key  to  T.  M.  Lucas's  System  of  Reading 
for  the  Blind. 
One  copy  dated  May,  1853  ;  one  copy  dated  June,  1858.     Both  printed  by  W.  M. 
Watts. 

Key  to  T.  M.  Lucas's  System  of  Reading  for  the  Blind,  as  modi- 
fied by  the  Committee  in  1858,  under  the  revision  of  the  Rev. 
W.  J.  Gowring,  M.A.     With  specimens  of  the  printing. 


Specimens   of  Printing,   embossed   by  W.  M.   Watts,   Ci 


Court,  Pickett  Place,  Temple  Bar. 

The  Lord's  Prayer  in  modified  Roman  but  an  imperfect  sense  of  touch,  or  are 

and  in  T.  M.  Lucas's  system  (2  varieties),  employed    in   hard    mechanical    labour, 

and    the  alphabet    and    double    letters.  Mr.  \yatts  printed  many  volumes  in  it, 

Lucas's  System  of    Printing  is  an  arbi-  especially  a  Bible,   which  extended   to 

trary  one,   and  capable  of  easy  acquire-  thirty-six  volumes, 
ment,  particularly   by  those  who   enjoy 

Blind  (Type  for).     Leer,  en  Leesboek.     4  parts.     1808.     Small  4to. 
Printed  in  embossed  type. 


See  Stevens. 


Blon  (J.  C.  le).     L'Art  d'imprimer  les  Tableaux.     Traite  d'apres  les 

ecrits,  les  operations  et  les  instructions  verbales  de  J.  C.  le  Blon. 

Seconde   edition.     Paris  :    1768.     8vo.    pp.  180  and  vi.      Three 

folding  plates. 

The  process  described  in  this  work  is  the  subject  of  English  Patent  No.  423,  of 

the  year  1719.     It  is  a  method  for  printing  paintings  in  their  proper  colours. 

Blumauer    (Alois).      Die' Buchdruckerkunst.      Wien :    1786.      4to. 
In  verse. 

Blumenfeld   (J.    C).     Die   drei   Tage   Gutenbergs   in   Strassburg. 
Strassburg  :  1840.      i2mo. 

Bochius  (Joannes).    Epigrammata  funebra  :  ad  Christophori  Plantin. 
architypographi   regii    manes ;    cum   nonnullis   aliorum   ejusdem 
argumenti  elogiis.     Antverpiae  :  1590.  folio.     9  leaves. 
An  extremely  rare  work  on  the  death  of  the  celebrated  Antwerp  printer,  Plantin. 

Two  portraits  of  the  printer  are  attached,  one  engraved  by  Goltzius,  the  other  by 

Boulonois. 


68  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

BocKENHOFFER  (Joh.  Phil.).  Brevis  relatio  de  Origine  typo- 
graphite,  ex  Danico  Latine  versa.  In  Wolf,  "Monumenta  Typo- 
graphica,"  vol.  ii.  pp.  965-978.     Hamburg  :  1740.      i2mo. 

Exempla   Literamm   Typographicarum,   quse    reperiuntur    in 


Regioe  Majestatis  et  Academige  Hafniensis  Typographia.     Hafnse  : 
1 69 1.     Folio. 

BoDEMANN  (Eduard).  Xylographische  und  Typographische  Incuna- 
beln  der  Koniglichen  offentlichen  Bibliothek  zu  Hannover.  Mit 
41  Flatten  typographischer  Nachbildungen  der  Holzschnitte  und 
Typenarten;  und  16  Flatten  mit  den  Wasserzeichen  des  Fapiers. 
Hannover :  1866.     4to. 

The  Incunabula  in  this  Royal  Collection  plates  are  devoted  to  each  of  the  block- 
comprise  three  block-books— Biblia  Pau-  books,  and  the  facsimiles  of  type,  wood- 
pcrum.  Speculum,  and  Ars  Moriendi ;  and  cuts,  and  water-marks  are  very  numerous 
243    books   printed   before   1500.      Four  and  admirably  executed. 

I30D0NI  (Giambattista).  Essai  de  Caracteres  Russes  graves  et  fondus 
par  Jean  Baptiste  Bodoni.     Farma  :  1782.     Folio. 

-. Iscrizioni   esotiche    a  Caratteri   novellamente    incisi    e    fusi. 


Parma  :  1774.     4to. 

A  collection   of   congratulary  stanzas,  &c.,  on    the  occasion  of  the  baptism  of 
Ludovico,  Prince  of  Parma. 

Lettere  al  Marquis  *  *  *  sulla  forma  e  numero  de'  caratteri 


tipografici.     Parma :  1785.     4to. 

—  Manuale  Tipografico.     Parma  :  1788.     4to  and  8vo. 


Only  100  copies  of  each  of  these  editions  of  specimens  of  the  famous  Bodoni 
Press  were  issued.  The  types  represented  are  100  Roman,  50  Italic,  and  25  Greek. 
Of  the  octavo  edition,  six  copies  were  printed  on  vellum. 

Manuale   Tipografico.     2   vols.      Parma  (presso  la  Vedova)  : 

1818.  Royal  4to.  pp.  Ixxii,  268  pages  of  type  specimens;  Vol. 
II.,  279  pages  of  specimens. 

At  the  beginning  there  is  a  fine  steel-  occurring   before   its  completion,  it  was 

engraved  portrait  of  the  author,  with  the  finished  by  his  widow  as  a  worthy  monu- 

inscription  beneath  :—  ment   to  his   memory.     More    than   250 

*'  Hie  ille  est  Magnus,  typica  quo  nullus  specimens  of  type  and  ornaments  of  all 

in  arte  kinds  are  given,  and  the  volumes  present 

Plures  depromsit  divitias,  veneres."  an  idea  of  the    richness  and  variety  of 

This  work   was   intended  by  Bodoni  to  the   materials    employed    by   the    great 

form  his  credentials  to  a  place  in  the  first  Italian  printer, 
rink  of  printers  of  his  time.     His  death 

La  Prefazione  al  Manuale  Tipografico  di  Giambattista  Bodoni, 

seguita  da  una  Dissertazione  estetica  di  Giuseppe  Chiantore,  edite 
per  cura  di  Salvadore  Landi.  Firenze  :  1874.  8vo.  pp.  xvii. 
73.     Index,  I  leaf. 

Medaglia  d'  onore  decretata  dal  pubblico  di  Parma  al  celebre 


tipografo  G.  B.  Bodoni.     Parma  :   1806.     Folio. 
Account  of  a  medal  struck  by  the  people  of  Parma  in  honour  of  Bodoni. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  69 

BoDONi  (Giambattista).  Memorie  aneddote  per  servire  un  giorno 
alia  Vita  .del  Signer  Giovanbattista  Bodoni,  tipografo  di  sua  Maesta 
Cattolica  e  direttore  del  Parmense  tipografeo.  Parma  :  1804. 
8vo.  pp.  ii.  186. 

Serie  de'  Caratteri  Greci.     Parma  :  1788.     8vo.  30  leaves. 

Separately  printed,  150  copies,  from  the  Manuale  Tipografico. 

Vita  del  Cavaliere  Giambattista  Bodoni,  Tipografo  Italiano,  e 

Catalogo  cronologico  delle  sue  edizioni,  [by  G.  de  Lama].  2  vols. 
Parma  :  181 6,  small  4to.  Vol.  I.  Portrait,  6  prel.  leaves,  pp.  231  ; 
Vol.  II.  front.,  9  prel.  leaves,  pp.  252. 

The  first  volume  contains  the  life  of  Bodoni,  the  second  a  list  of  the  works  issued 
from  his  press. 

Bodoni  Number  oi  VArtedella  Stampa.     Florence  :  1872. 

This  is  a  special  number  of  the  Italian  ment  to   Bodoni   in   Saluzzo,    his  native 

typographical  journal,   consisting  chiefly  city,  on  the  20th  October,  1872.     A  com- 

of  a  chronology  of  the  facta  et  gesta  of  plete   biography   appeared   in   the    same 

the  great  Parmesan  printer.     It  was  pub-  journal  August  25,  1869. 
lished  apropos  of  the  erection  of  a  monu- 

BoDONi  Statue. 

The    following   thirteen     small    books  6.   Elogio  biografico  di  Bodoni. 

were  published  by  different  Italian  pub-  7.   II  pio  istituto  di  Milano  a  Saluzzo. 

hshing  houses  in  commemoration  of  the  8.   Inno  musicato. 

unveiling   of  the  statue  of   Bodoni,  the  9.   Epigrafe  di  Bodoni. 

prmter : — •  ^  ^  lo.  Cenni  biografici. 

1.  Deir  Invenzione  di  Stampa.  11.  Sestine  per  I'inaugurazione. 

2.  Vita  di  Bodoni.  12.  Gazetta  di  Saluzzo. 

3.  Cenni  su  Bodoni.  13.  Omaggio  a  Bodoni. 

4.  Sonetto  a  Bodoni. 

5.  Epigramma    poliglotto  (in    ii    lan- 

guages). 

BoECKEL  (E.  G.  A.).  Die  Buchdruckerkunst  und  die  Kirchenver- 
besserung.  Prcdigt  am  Reformationsfeste  1840  gehalten.  Olden- 
burg :  [1840].     8vo.   pp.  16. 

BOECLERUS  (Joannes  Henricus).  Oratio  habita  kalend.  Octobr.  anno 
1640,  cum  publice  Magistros  et  Baccalaureos  crearet :  in  qua 
de  Typographiae,  Argentorati  inventae,  divinitate  et  fatis,  saeculari 
pietate  disseritur.  [Printed  at  the  end  of  Schmidt  (Johannes)  Gott 
zu  Lob,  Drey  Christliche  Predigten.  Gotha  :  1740.]  8vo.  Also 
reprinted  in  Wolf,  "Monumenta  Typographica. " 

An  oration  pronounced  in  1640,    before  the  civic  and  university  authorities  of 
Strasbourg,  on  the  invention  of  typography  in  that  city. 

BOEDEKER  (Hermann  Wilhelm).  Die  Geschichte  und  hohe  Bedeut- 
samkeit  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Auf  Anlass  der  vierten  Sacularfeier 
ihrer  Erfindung  fiir  die  Hannoverschen  Volksschulen  dargestellt. 
Hannover  :  1840.      i2mo.  pp.  32. 

BOEHLAU  (H.).  Zur  Geschichte  der  Hof-Buchdruckerei  in  Weimar. 
Weimar  :  1858.     8vo. 


70  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

BoEHMERT    (Dr.    v.).      Tarifbewegung  unci  Arbeitseinstellung   der 

Buchdruckergehilfen  in  Zurich.     Zurich,  1873.     8vo.  pp.  42. 

A  history  of  the  printers'  strike  at  Zurich  in  1873,  its  causes  and  consequences. 

BOEKDRUKKUNST.     1423-1823  (Lcydcn,  1823).     8vo. 

Reprinted  from  the  literary  review  De  Weegschaal,  1823,  No.  i.  It  is  founded 
on  the  menaoir  by  the  Baron  d'Aretin  on  the  early  days  of  printing. 

BoHN  (Henry  George).      The  Origin  and  Progress  of  Printing.     A 

lecture   delivered   at   Twickenham,   April   8th,    and  repeated  by 

desire  at  Richmond,  April  21,    1857.      [Privately  printed  by  the 

Philobiblon  Society,    1857.]     8vo.  pp.   108 ;  and  list  of  members 

of  the  Philobiblon  Society,  4  pp. 

Mr.   Bohn,  the  veteran  publisher  and    him,  added  much  to  the  literature  of  our 

bookseller,    who    was    born    January  4,     subject.     His    Guinea    Catalogue,    pub- 

1796,  has  contributed    much  during   his     lished  in  1841,  was  up  to  that   time  the 

long,  laborious,  and  useful  life  to  the  his-    biggest  advertisement   ever   put  forward 

tory    of    literature.       Although    this    is    by  a  bookseller  for  the  sale  of  his  stock  ; 

believed  to  be  his  only  direct  contribution    and  in  the  compilation  of  that  immense 

to   typographical  history,  he  has,  in  his    volume,     concerning    which     see     some 

edition    of    "Lowndes's    Bibliographer's    curious  correspondence  in  the  iSc'^^^^e/Z^'r, 

Manual"  and  his  supplement  to   "Tim-    July  to  November,  1872,  many  interest- 

perley's  Cyclopaedia,"  1842,  besides  addi-    ing  typographical    facts   and    anecdotes 

tions  to   the  numerous  books  edited  by    were  unearthed  by  him. 

BoiLDiEU.     Outillage  typographique.     Paris  :  1864.     4to.  Cuts. 

A  catalogue  of  typographical  materials  manufactured  by  M.  Boildieu,  the  cele- 
brated press  and  machine-maker  of  Paris,  who  has  made  several  improvements  in 
the  art  of  stereotyping. 

BoiTEAU  d'Ambly  (Paul).    Produits  de  I'lmprimerie  et  de  la  Librairie 
[Exposition  Universelle  de  1867].     Paris  :  1867.     ^vo. 
A  catalogue  raisormS  of  the  specimens  of  printing  exhibited  at   the  Universal 
Exhibition  at  Paris  in  1867,  by  this  extensive  firm  of  publishers. 

Bolt  (H.).     Ars  Typographic.     Harlem  :  1765.     4to.  pp.  8. 

BoNi  (Mauro).     Lettere  sui  primi  libri  a  Stampa  di  alcune  citta  e  terre 
dell'  Italia  superiore,  parte  sinora  sconosciuti,  parte  nuovamente 
illustrati.     Venezia  :  1794.     4to.  pp.  cxxxii. 
Treats  of  the  typographical  monuments  of  Genoa  in  the  fifteenth  century  ;  also  of 
those  of  Pavia  and  Brescia. 

BoNNARDOT  (Alf. ).     Histolre  artistique  et  archeologique  de  la  Gravure 
en  France.     Paris  :  1 849.     Royal  8vo. 
Three  hundred  copies  printed,  of  which  15  were  o\\  papier  de  Hollande. 

BoNNfi  (D.).     Het  Boekdrukken,    boertende  zamenspraak  met  Zang 

tusschen  Klaas,  een  Zetter,  en  Jan,  een  Drukker.     Ter  Eere  van 

den  Uitvinder  dier  Kunst  Laurens  Janszoon  Koster.     Dordrecht  : 

1823.  8vo. 

A  Dialogue  in  verse  between  Klaas,  a  Compositor,  and  Jan,  a  Pressman  ;  written  for 

the  Coster  Festival,  1823. 

BoNNEWELL  (H.)  and  Co.'s  Specimens  of  Wood  Letter,  &c.     4to. 
London,  76,  West  Smithfield  :  [186-]. 
Mr.  W.  H.  BonnewcH's  factory,  now  situate  in  the  Old  Bailey,  is  perhaps  the 
largest  in  this  country  specially  devoted  to  the  production  of  wood  letter. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


71 


Book  of  English  Trades  and  Library  of  tlie  Useful  Arts.  With 
Seventy  Engravings.  A  new  edition,  enlarged.  London  :  18 18. 
Small  8vo.  pp.  vi.  442. 
This  book  was  intended  "  to  acquaint  the  upper  and  lower  cases  that  were  in 
the  rising  generation  with  our  various  use  at  the  time  ;  the  drawing  of  this,  as 
trades  and  their  origin  and  history."  It  of  the  press,  showing  that  the  illustrator 
is  illustrated  with  views  of  the  several  did  not  possess  much  technical  knowledge 
operatives  at  work  in  their  particular  of  printing.  The  author  of  the  literary- 
avocations.  Thus  we  have,  inter  alios,  part  of  the  book  tells  over  again  the 
the  bookbinder,  the  bookseller,  the  cop-  Coster  and  Corsellis  legends,  and  gives 
perplate-printer,  the  engraver,  the  paper-  a  very  bald  account  of  the  art.  The 
maker,  the  printer,  and  the  typefounder,  article  on  typefounding  is  better  done, 
all  arranged  alphabetically.  The  printer  owing  to  the  processes  having  made  so 
is  pulling  away  at  an  old  wooden  press,  little  improvement  for  generations  pre- 
and  in  the  same  apartment  is  shown  a  ceding, 
compositor  at  work  on  a  case  combining 

Booksellers'  Petition  on  the  Cost  of  Printers',  &c.,  Corrections  of 
Certain  Books.     London  :  1774.     Folio,  pp.  4. 

The  heading  of  this  is  as  follows  : — "In     Mr.  Ainsworth  for   the  first 
behalf  of  the  Booksellers  now  petitioning  edition  of  his  Dictionary    £666  17     6 

the  Honourable  House  of  Commons  for    Ditto's    executors    for    the 

relief,  it  may  be  truly  said  that  there  is  second  edition 250    o     o 

scarce  an    instance   of  a  new  edition  of        Ditto,   to  Dr.   Patrick  for 

any  living  author's  work  printed  without  his    improvements,    &c.       loi  11     9 

submitting  it  to   his  correction   and  im-         Ditto,    to   Dr.    Ward,    of 

provement ;  for,  though  a  bookseller  buys  Gresham  College 26     5     o 

an  author's  absolute'  right,  yet  he  pays  _  

him  for  his  trouble  in   correcting  every        The  second  edition  cost ...       377  \6    9 

edition,  and  in  those  works  (as  most  are  rp,  ^    tux^A    ^A•.^•, *^  at.. 

,1      c  •  A  ^u        ..I-  I  he    thira   edition,    to  Mr. 

capable  of  some  improvement)  the  authors  Kimber 

sometimes  receive,   in  the  course  of  the  ^j^^   ^^^^^^  edidon; '  to  Mr:  °    ° 

sale,  as  much  money  for  corrections  and  n^u^.„„^ 

'  ^  ..    £    ..        -J    r  inomas   lo^     o     o 

improvements   as  was  at    first   paid   for  ^j^^    ^^^^     ^^.^.         ^^  j^^ 

the  copy.     Many  are  a  continual  expense  Morell  288 

to  the  printers   of  them  ;    every   edition  ^^^    f^,;^  "yditionrVo"  Mr." 
must  be  carefully  corrected,  and  for  die-  Vouna-  84 

tionaries,    lexicons,    &c      some   hundred  ^^^        J^  edition,' 'io^Mn 

pounds  are  often  paid  for  their  improve-  ^^^^^^  ' g  ^g     ^ 

ment.        Ihe  following  extract  illustrates  'r^.„i ;  j    ■ ^  ..u^  c^^  ^a; 

the  character  of  this  petition  :-  ^"'"ion    ....'?......!.!.  .:  ^;;^^9 

Booth  (Joseph).  An  Address  to  the  Public  on  the  Po]ygrai:)hic  Art, 
or  the  copying  or  multiplying  pictures  in  oil-colours  by  a  chemical 
and  mechanical  process,  the  invention  of  Mr.  Joseph  Booth,  por- 
trait-painter. London  :  printed  at  the  Logographic  Press.  No 
date.     4to. — London  :  1788.     8vo.  pp.  21. 

This  is  an  eulogistic  pamphlet  written  word  signifying  multiplication.     But  the 

by  the  inventor,  but  it  contains  no  account  gentlemen  who   have  united   themselves 

whatever   of  the   processes  or  nature  of  with  the  inventor  into  a  society  for  the 

his    invention.      It    is   stated  that   "the  purpose  of  protecting  and  patronizing  this 

multiplying   or  copying  pictures   in  oil-  ingenious  art,  have  determined  to  design 

colours   by  a   mechanical   and    chemical  it  in  future  by  the  title  of  Polygraphic, 

process,   as  invented  by  Mr.   Booth,  was  a  term  which  is  calculated  to  distinguish  it 

at  first  styled   '  Polyplasiosmos,' a  Greek  from  other  attempts  at  copying  pictures. " 

BORAO  (Geronimo).  La  Imprenta  en  Zaragoza,  con  noticias  pre- 
liminares  sob  re  la  Imprenta  en  general.  Zaragoza  :  i860.  8vo. 
pp.  96. 

The  first  book  printed  at   Saragossa  was   "  Manipulus  Curatorum,"  printed  by 
Mateo  Flandro  in  1475. 


72  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

BORIES  (J.)  et  BONASSIES  (F.).  Dictionnaire  pratique  de  la  Presse, 
de  I'Imprimerie,  et  de  la  Librairie,  suivi  d'un  Code  complet,  con- 
tenant  les  lois,  ordonnances,  reglements,  arrets  du  conseil  des 
motifs,  et  rapports  sur  la  matiere,  2  vols.  Paris  :  1847.  8vo. 
Vol.  I.  pp.  ix.  611  ;  Vol.  II.  pp.  552. 
A  practical   dictionary   of  printing  and   publishing,    with  an    exposition  of  the 

French   laws   relating   to  printing   and  publishing,    arranged   in   the    form   of  an 

encyclopaedia. 

BoRSTius  (Gerard).  Oratio  de  Typographicoe  laudibus.  Amstel.  : 
1728.     4to. 

BoRY  (J.   T. ).     Les  Origines  de  I'Imprimerie  a  Marseille,  recherches 
historiques   et  bibliographiques.     Marseille :    1858.      Royal  8vo. 
Two  leaves,  pp.  177. 
Only  100  copies  printed.     The  work  formed  a  series  of  articles  in  the  RevKe  de 
Marseille,  1856-57,  those  articles  forming  102  pp.  of  the  book ;  the  remainder  con- 
sists of  important  additions,  notes,  and  an  appendix. 

Boss  (Henry  R.).  Early  Newspapers  in  Illinois.  A  Paper  read  before 
the  Franklin  Society  of  Chicago.  Chicago  :  1870.  4to.  pp.  vi.  48. 
This  volume,  which  is  printed  in  magni-  section  of  the  United  States.  The  author 
ficent  style,  in  all  the  luxury  of  thick  is  Secretary  of  the  Franklin  Society  of 
toned  paper,  wide  margins,  and  rubricated  Chicago,  and  editor  of  its  journal,  the 
initials,  contains  incidentally  many  curious  Prhiting  Press. 
facts  concerning  the  early  printers  of  that 

BosscH  (Hermann).  Memoria  Hieronymi  de  Bosch  rite  celebrata  a 
D.  J.  van  Lennep,  et  Carmen  de  Inventge  Typographic  Laude 
Kostero  Harlemensi  potenter  tandem  asserta  :  auctore  Hermann© 
Bosscha.     Amstelodami :   181 7.     4to. 

BOSSE  (Abraham).  Traicte  des  Manieres  de  Graver  en  taille  douce,  sur 
I'airin,  par  le  moyen  des  eaux  fortes  et  des  vernix  durs  et  mols. 
Ensemble  de  la  fa^on  d'en  imprimer  les  planches,  et  d'en  construire 
la  presse,  et  autres  choses  concernans  lesdits  arts.  Paris  :  1645. 
8vo.  pp.  75,  19  plates. 

This  is  the  first  edition  of  a  work  which  was  issued  at   Amsterdam,   1662,    i2mo. 

is  notable  for  its  completeness  for  the  time  The  second  edition  was  issued   in   1701, 

of  its  production,  and  for  its  plates,  which  "augmentee  de  la  nouvelle  maniere  dont 

have  been  reproduced  by  most  subsequent  se  sert  M.  le  Clerc,  graveur  du  Roi."  The 

writers  on  the  art.     A  Dutch  translation  third  edition  bore  the  following  title  : — 

De  la  Maniere  de  Graver  a  I'eau  forte  et  a  burin,  et  de  la  Gra- 

vure  en  maniere  noire.     Paris  :  1745.     8vo.,  with  19  plates. 
The  augmentations  to  this  book  were  written  by  the  celebrated  engraver  Cochin. 
A  fourth  edition  was  issued  with  the  following  title  :— 

De  la  Maniere  de  Graver  a  I'eau  forte  et  au  burin,  et  de  la 

Gravure  en  maniere  noire.  Avec  la  fa9on  de  construire  les  presses 
modernes  et  d'imprimer  en  taille-douce.  Nouvelle  edition,  aug- 
mentee de  I'impression  qui  imite  les  tableaux,  de  la  gravure  en 
maniere  de  crayon,  et  de  celle  qui  imite  le  lavis.  Paris  :  1758. 
8vo.  pp.  xxxii.  207,  21  plates. 

Sentimens  sur  la  Distinction  des  diverses  Manieres  de  Pein- 

ture,  Dessein,  et  Graveure,   et  des  originaux  d'avec  leurs  copies. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  73 

Ensemble  du  choix  des  sujets  et  des  chemins  pour  arriver  faci le- 
nient et  promptement  a  bien  portraiture.  Paris  :  1649.  i6mo. 
pp.  xvi.  IIS;  frontispiece  and  two  plates. 

Abraham  Bosse  was  a  French  engraver,  born  at  Tours,  and  was  the  first  who  gave 
lessons  in  perspective  at  the  Academy  of  Painting,  Paris.  He  died  in  1660.  He  had 
great  judgment  in  the  art  of  engraving. 

Boston  Traveller.     Description  of  the  Daily  Evening  Traveller  Build- 
ings, and  Great  Power  Press.     Boston  :  1852.     32mo. 

Boston  Type  and  Stereotype  Foundry.  Specimens  of  Printing  Types. 
John  G.  Rogers,  agent.  Boston  :  1828.  8vo. 
The  Boston  Type  and  Stereotype  made  for  the  company,  and  the  system 
Foundry  is  chiefly  remarkable  in  the  promised  to  be  successful  for  a  time,  but 
annals  of  American  type-founding  for  the  type  was  found  defective,  and  after 
the  assistance  it  afforded  to  Starr  and  the  loss  of  a  large  portion  of  their  capital 
Sturdevant  while  they  were  experiment-  the  company  fell  back  into  the  old  system 
ing  upon  the  construction  of  a  machine  of  hand-casting, 
for  casting  type.     Several  machines  were 

BoUBERS   (Jean  Louis  de).     Epreuves  des  Caracteres  de  la  Fonderie. 
Bruxelles  :  1777.     8vo.    128  leaves. 

BoucHEL  (B.).  Recueil  des  Statuts  et  Reglemens  des  Libraires  et  Im- 
primeurs  de  Paris.     Paris  :  1620.     4to. 

BouDON  (J.  A.).  Specimen  des  Caracteres  de  I'Imprimerie  de  J.  A. 
Boudon.     Paris :   1837.     8vo. 

[BouFARTiQUE  (H.).]     La  Typographic  et  les  Arts  qui  s'y  rattachent. 
Toulouse  :  1868.     8vo. 
Only  40  copies  of  this  treatise  on  printing  and  the  arts  in  connection  with  it  were 
printed. 

BouLARD  (S.).     Le  Manuel  de  ITmprimeur,  ouvrage  utile  a  tons  ceux 
qui  veulent  connaitre  les  details  des  ustensiles,  des  prix,  de  la  ma- 
nutention  de  cet  art  interessant,  et  a  quiconque  veut  lever  une  im- 
primerie.     Paris  :  1791.     8vo.  pp.  100. 
This  was  the  first  thoroughly  practical     complete,   for  practising  several   depart- 
book    on    printing    which    appeared    in     ments  of  it.     The  work  of  Boulard  has 
France.     Several   treatises  on  what  may     been  the  foundation  of  most  of  the  suc- 
be  called  the  aesthetics  of  the  art  had  been    ceeding  French  manuals, 
published,   and   directions,   more  or  less 

BouLMiER  (Joseph),     fitudes  sur  le  Seizieme  Siecle.     Estienne  Dolet, 
sa  vie,   ses  oeuvres,    son  martyre.      Paris  :   1857.     8vo.      Portrait, 
pp.  XV.  301,  leaf  at  end  with  device  of  Dolet. 
Five  hundred  copies  printed.     Dolet  was  burnt  at  Paris  in  1546,  in  consequence 

of  his  refusal  to  retract  heretical  opinions  expressed  in  a  book  printed  by  him. 

BOUTIGNY  (Ed.).  Du  Travail  des  Femmes  dans  les  Imprimeries. 
Reponse  a  M.  Ed.  About  et  aux  journaux  P  Opinion  Nationale, 
r  Avenir  National,  et  le  Temps.     Paris:  1865.      i2mo. 

BoUTMY  (Eugene).  Les  Typographes  Parisiens,  suivis  d'un  petit  Die- 
tionnaire  de  la  Langue  Verte  Typographique.  Paris  :  1874.  8vo. 
pp.  52. 

A  very  interesting  and  well-written  pamphlet.     The  "  Langue  verte"  is  the  slang 
of  the  Paris  printers. 

L 


74  Bil'liography  of  Printing, 

BouTON  (V.M.).  Traite  Elementaire  et  Pratique  pour  apprendre  a 
graver  sans  maltre.  Paris :  no  date.  Crown  8vo,  pp.  53,  nu- 
merous woodcuts. 


WILI.IA.M    BOWYEK    THE    ELDER. 

BowYER  (William).  The  Origin  of  Printing,  in  Two  Essays  :  L  The 
substance  of  Dr.  Middleton's  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  Printing 
in  England  ;  II.  Mr.  Meerman's  Account  of  the  Eirst  Invention 
of  the  Art.  An  Appendix  is  annexed  :  I.  On  the  first  printed 
Greek  books  ;  II.  On  the  first  printed  Hebrew  books,  with  obser- 
vations on  some  modern  editions,  and  a  collation  from  Walton's 
Polyglott  of  a  remarkable  passage  as  printed  in  Kings  and  Chroni- 
cles ;  III.  On  the  early  Polyglotts.  Eondon  :  1774.  8vo. 
pp.  xvi.  144. 

The  treatises  of  Middleton  against  the  Corsellis  theory,  and  of  Meerman,  are 
here  abridged,  with  annotations  by  W.  liowyer  and  John  Nichols,  and  a  preface.  A 
second  edition  was  issued  in  1776,  with  the  following  title  :— 

The  Origin  of  Printing,  in  Two  Essays.     I.   The  substance  of 

l^r.  Middleton's  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  Printing  in  England  ; 
II.  Mr.  Meerman's  Account  of  the  Invention  of  this  Art  at  Haar- 
lem, and  its  Progress  to  Mentz  ;  with  occasional  remarks  and  an 
Appendix.  Second  edition,  with  improvements.  Eondon:  1776. 
8vo.  pp.  xvi.  176. 

—  An  Appendix  to  the  First   Edition   of  the  Origin  of  Printing, 

containing  the  additional  remarks  which  have  been  inserted  in  the 
second  edition.      London  :   1776.     8vo. 

This  appears  to  have  been  issued  in  might  have  the  benefit  of  the  annotators* 
order  that  possessors  of  the  first  edition  researches  during  the  two  years  that 
(1774)    of    "'i'he    Origin     of    Printing"     elapsed    before    tlie    publication    of    the 


Bibliography  of  Fri/ifing. 


75 


second  edition.  It  contains  two  prelimi- 
nary pages  of  an  "advertisement,"  con- 
tents, and  pp.  145  to  183,  the  pagination 
being  rendered  continuous  with  that  of 
the  1774  edition.  Bowyer  and  Nichols 
state  that  they  reprinted  Meerman's 
pamphlet  because  they  regarded  it  as 
giving  "a  clearer  account  [of  the  origin 
of  printing]  than  any  book  hitherto  pub- 
lished in  this  kingdom."  ..."  Mr. 
Meerman  very  clearly  fixes  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  the  art  to  Laurentius,  at  Har- 
leim  ;  the  improvement  of  it  to  Geins- 
fleisch  the  senior  and  his  brother  Guten- 
berg, auglice  Goodhill,  assisted  by  the 
liberality  of  John  Fust,  at  Mentz  ;  and 
the  completion  of  the  whole  to  Peter 
Schoeffer,  in  the  same  city.  The  claim 
of  Strasburg  is  considered  and  evidently 


overthrown."  The  same  writers  held  the 
view  that  the  Oxford  Press  was  prior  to 
Caxton's,  but  that  Caxton  was  the  first 
in  this  country  to  use  fusile  types.  The 
book,  although  it  has  been  robbed  of  its 
authority  by  modern  researches,  at  the 
time  of  its  publication  brought  in  great 
praise  to  its  compilers,  the  "  learned 
printers"  of  the  age.  A  notice  of  this 
edition  was  printed  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  i-jji,  vol.  xlvii.  p.  33,  giving 
some  interesting  particulars  of  the  Rev. 
Cesar  de  Missy,  who,  it  is  said,  gave 
assistance  in  the  work. 

The  unsold  copies  of  the  second  edition 
were  issued  with  a  new  title-page  and 
"  .Supplement  to  the  Origin  of  Printing," 
paged  176-300,  in  1781. 


Bowyer  (William).  Anecdotes,  Biographical  and  Literary,  of  the 
late  Mr.  William  Bowyer,  printer,  compiled  for  private  use.  Loii- 
don  :  1778.     8vo.    pp.  52. 


Only  twenty  copies  printed.  In  the 
preface  to  the  Appendix  to  the  Origin  of 
Printing  (see  supra),  reference  is  made 
to  the  literary  partnership  and  co-opera- 
tion of  Bowyer  and  Nichols  in  annotating 
the  first  edition  of  the  work,  and  to  the 
fact  of  the  death,  in  the  mean  time  (that 
is,  between  1774  and  1776),  of  one  of  the 

•  William  Bowyer,  the  eminent  printer, 
was  born  in  London  in  1663.  In  1679 
he  was  bound  apprentice  to  Miles  Flesher, 
and  in  1686  was  admitted-  to  the  freedom 
of  the  Company  of  Stationers.  His  first 
printing-office  was  at  the  White  Horse, 
in  Little  Britain,  but  before  the  end  of 
1699  he  removed  to  Dogwell  Court, 
Blackfriars.  On  May  6,  1700,  he  was 
admitted  a  liveryman  of  the  Stationers' 
Company.  He  was  one  of  the  twenty 
printers  allowed  by  the  Court  of  Star 
Chamber.  In  1712  his  printing-office 
was  burnt  to  the  ground,  all  his  types 
and  presses  destroyed,  and  his  stock  and 
manuscripts  consumed  in  the  flames.  The 
loss  was  estimated  at  ^5,146,  and  to  in- 
demnify him,  a  royal  brief  was  granted, 
of  which  the  clear  amount  was  ;^i.5i4, 
from  which  Bowyer  received  £>'i,yn, 
being  a  dividend  of  5s.  4d.  in  the  pound. 
His  private  friends  then  came  to  his  as- 
sistance, and  a  paper  was  circulated, 
which  commenced:  "Whereas,  by  the 
providence  of  Almighty  God,  Mr.  William 
Bowyer  hath  lately,  had  his  dwelling- 
house,  his  goods,  his  founts  of  letters, 
presses,  and  other  utensils  all  suddenly 
destroyed  by  a  sad  and  lamentable  fire, 
inasmuch  that  he  was  not  able  to  save 
either  his  own  or  his  family's   wearing- 


two  friends,  Bowyer.  This  pamphlet 
was  written  by  the  survivor,  Nichols,  and 
formed  the  nucleus  of  his  valuable  and 
interesting  "  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century."  It  originally  ap- 
peared as  a  series  of  articles  in  the 
GentleiJtan's  Magazine,  1778,  vol.  xlvlii. 
pp.  409,  449,  51S. 

clothes,  and  very  little  else  of  anything, 
to  the  ruin  of  himself  and  family,  we 
whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed,  not 
knowing  how  soon  it  may  be  our  own 
case,  do,  out  of  compassion  to  him,  give 
and  contribute  the  sums  following," 
&c.  From  his  own  personal  friends  and 
others  Bowyer  received  ^1,162,  making 
the  total  sum  recouped  to  him  ;^2,539. 
Bowyer  then  started  in  business  again, 
and,  in  remembrance  of  these  benefactors, 
had  several  1  U-pieces  and  devices  en- 
graved representing  a  phoenix  rising  from 
the  flames.  In  1722  he  took  into  partner- 
ship his  son,  William  Bowyer,  whom 
Nichols,  li's  biographer,  describes  as 
"confessedly  the  most  learnea  printer  ot 
the  age  ho  lived  in."  The  elder  Bowyer 
died  December  27,  1737.  He  h.-d  for 
many  years  been  regarded  as  one  of  the 
foremost  printers  of  his  time,  and  his  re- 
putation was  amply  sustained  by  his  son. 
He  was  buried  in  the  church  of  Low 
Ley  ton,  in  Essex,  where  a  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory  by  his  son,  with 
an  appropriate  inscription  written  by  the 
latter.  In  the  stock-room  at  Stationers' 
Hall  there  was  erected  by  his  son  a  brass 
plate  with  an  inscription  commemorative 
of  his  loss  by  the  fire  and  of  the  dona- 
tions of  the  Stationers'  Company  and  his 


76 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


friends  to  repair  his  loss  :  beside  it  hangs     Hansard,   and    printed    in    his    "Typo- 
a   half-length  portrait  of  Bowyer.     The    graphia."    {See  Stationers'  Hall.) 
portrait  we  present  was  engraved  for  Mr. 


WILLIAM    BOWYER    THE    YOUNGER. 


William  Bowyer,  son  of  the  above,  was 
the  most  learned  Engli.sh  printer  of  whom 
we  have  any  account.  He  was  bom  in 
Whitefriars,  December  19,  1699,  and  edu- 
cated, primarily  at  a  private  school  at 
Cambridge,  and  afterwards  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge.  In  June,  1722,  he 
entered  into  his  father's  business  of  a 
printer,  paying  especial  attention  to  the 
typographical  accuracy  of  the  productions 
issuing  from  his  press.  In  1726  he  com- 
menced a  literary  career,  which  has  ren- 
dered his  name  distinguished  among  the 
authors  of  his  native  country.  In  1729 
he  was  appointed  printer  of  the  Votes  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  an  office  which 
he  held  under  successive  Speakers  for 
nearly  fifty  years.  In  1736  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  to 
whom  he  had  been  appointed  printer  in 
the  previous  May.  The  Royal  Society 
appointed  him  their  printer  in  1761,  and 
he  held  the  office,  under  five  successive 
presidents,  up  to  the  date  of  his  death. 
In  1766  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
John  Nichols,  and  withdrew  in  some 
degree  from  the  close  application  to  busi- 
ness which  he  had  previously  continued. 
His  new  associate  had  been  trained  by 
him  to  the  profession,  and  had  assisted 
him  for  several  years  in  the  management 
of  the  business.  In  1767  the  firm  was  ap- 
pointed printers  of  the  Journals  of  the 
House  of  Lords  and  of  the  Rolls  of  Par- 


liament. The  office  was  now  removed 
from  Whitefriars  to  Red  Lion  Passage, 
and  not  without  reluctance  on  the  part  of 
Bowyer,  for  he  had  lived  there  from  his 
infancy.  The  new  office  had  for  its  sign 
the  "Cicero's  Head,"  under  which  was 
inscribed,  "  M.  T.  Cicero,  a  quo  Pri- 
MORDiA  preli."  Bowyer  gave  to  the 
world  several  score  of  works  of  permanent 
value,  on  classical,  theological,  antiqua- 
rian, and  controversial  su^'ect.s.  He  re- 
mained a  great  reader  and  worker  until 
a  very  short  time  before  his  death,  which 
took  place  on  November  18,  1777,  aged 
78.  His  two  chief  objects  in  the  decline 
of  his  life  were  to  repay  the  benefactions 
his  father  had  received  and  to  be  himself 
a  benefactor  to  the  meritorious  of  his  own 
profession.  He  made  various  bequests 
of  large  amounts  for  the  benefit  of  de- 
cayed printers,  which  are  now  adminis- 
tered by  the  Stationers'  Company.  Both 
father  and  son  were  buried  at  Low 
Leyton,  in  Essex,  in  the  church  of  which 
parish  a  neat  monument  is  erected  to  his 
memory.  Nichols  relates,  at  p.  151  of 
his  "Anecdotes,"  that  Bowyer  in  1740 
purchased  a  monument,  which  he  intended 
should  serve  both  for  his  father  and  him- 
self. The  stone  was  completed  except 
the  inscription,  and  in  that  state  was 
placed  on  the  outside  of  the  mason's  house 
at  Hampstead,  where  it  remained  till 
after  having  been  exposed  to  the  weather 


Bibliography  of  Prifiting.  77 

for  thirty-seven   years,   it  was  unfit  for  bust,  in  order  that  an  impression  should 

use.      A   bust   of   William    Bowyer  the  be  given   to  each  annuitant   under  Mr. 

younger  is  placed    in    Stationers'    Hall.  Bowyer's  will.     The    portrait  which  we 

In   1798  Mr.    Nichols   presented   to  the  give   here  was   engraved   for   Hansard's 

Stationers' Company  the  quarto  copper-  "  Typographia." 
plate,  engraved  by  James  Basire,  of  this 

JBoxHORN  (Marcus  Zuerius).    De  Typographice  Artis  Inventione  et  In- 

ventoribus,  Dissertatio.     Lugduni  Batavorum  :  1640.    4to.  pp.  51. 

A   dissertation   on    the   invention  and  first  inventors  of  Printing,  favouring  the 

claims  of  Haarlem  to  be  its  birthplace.     Reprinted  in  Wolf,  "  Monumenta  Typo- 

graphica,"  vol.  i.  pp.  813-865. 

BoYER  (M.  H.).  Histoire  des  Imprimeurs  et  Libraires  de  Bourges, 
suivie  d'une  notice  sur  ses  bibliotheques.     Bourges  :  1854.     8vo. 

BozE  (C.  G.  de).  Observations  sur  quelques  endroits  des  Annales 
Typographiques  de  Maittaire.  In  Menioires  de  VAcademie  des 
Inscriptions,  vol.  xiv.   (Histoire),  p.  227. 

Notice  du  premier  Livre  imprime,  portant  une  date  certaine  : 

Psalmorum  Codex.    Moguntise  :  1457.    In  Memoir es  de  P A cadetnie 
des  Inscriptions,  vol.  xiv.   (Histoire),  p.  254. 

Bozzo  (G.).     Delia   Stamperia   della  Regia  Universita   di   Palermo. 
Palermo  :  1850.     8vo. 
An  account  of  the  printing  establishment  of  the  Royal  University  of  Palermo, 

Braam  (W.  van).  Oratio  de  Arte  Typographica.  Dordrecht:  1723.- 
4to. 

Bradbury  (Henry).  Autotypography  ;  or,  Art  of  Nature-Printing. 
Printed  for  special  circulation.     London  :  i860.      i6mo. 


Lecture  on  Natural  Printing  at  the  Royal  Institution,  May  ii, 

1855.     London  :   1 856.     8vo. 
A  translation  of  this  pamphlet  into  German  was  made  by  Mr,  Maurice,  a  reader 
at  Messrs.  Bradbury's,  and  issued  by  them.     The  German  is  described  by  one  of  our 
correspondents  as  very  faulty. 

On  the  Security  and  Manufacture  of  Bank-notes.     A  lecture  as 


delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  Albemarle 
Street,  Friday  evening.  May  9,  1856,  His  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Northumberland,  President,  in  the  chair.  London  :  1856.  4to. 
pp.  30.     2  plates. 

The   author  contends    that    bank-note  making   notes   which   in   reality  is   most 

forgeries   were    (1856)  on   the   increase  ;  exposed  to  the  operations  of  the  forger, 

that   difference  of  opinion   existed  as  to  He  denies  that  a  note  can  be  made  which 

the  soundest  method  to  be  employed  for  is  absolutely  inimitable,  but  recommends 

obviating  it ;  that  facilities  were  growing  a  note  which  would  make  forgery  not  re- 

up  to  assist  forgery  ;  and  that  there  was  munerative.— vS"^^  Bleekrode. 
a  tendency   to   employ   that   method  of 

Printing  :  its  DaM'n,  Day,  and  Destiny.     London  :  1858.    4to. 


pp.  40. 

This  was  an  address  delivered  at  the  trate,  from  a  new  point  of  view,  the  power 

Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  Albe-  and  the  spread  of  printing  as  an  intellec- 

marle  Street,   May   14,    1858,  and  in  the  tual  agent  in  the  destinies  of  man."    The 

wordsoftheauthor,  is  "an  attempt  to  illus-  author  divides   printing   into   six   parts: 


7 8  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

letterpress,  intaglio  or  concave  printing  (steel  printing  upon  steel  to  produce  new 

(copperplate),    chemical     printing  (litho-  plates),  and    electrotype,   and   describes 

graphy,   zincography,  and  the   anastatic  their  origin  and  progress, 
method),       photography,      siderography 

Bradbury  (Henry).    Specimens  of  Bank-note  Engraving,  e^c.    Printed 

for  private  circulation,     London  :    i860.     4to.     At  the  end,  with 

separate   title,   are  "Specimens  of   Bank-note  Paper   by  T.    H. 

Savmders." 

'    Mr.   Henry  Bradbury,  who  died  by    Bradbury  &  Wilkinson.     He  claimed  to 

his  own  hand   on  October  8,   i860,  was     have  been  the  inventor  of  the  process  of 

son  of  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Bradbury     Nature-Printing,  but  Mr.  Alois  Auer,  the 

&   Evans,  printers,    in   Whitefriars,    the    imperial  printer  of  Vienna,  who  also  laid 

style    of   whose    house    has   since   been     claim  to  the  invention,  asserted  that  Mr. 

changed   to   Bradbury  &   Agnew.      He     Bradbury  got  his  ideas  of  it  from  having 

went  into  business  on  his  his  own  account    seen  it  in  progress  during  a  visit  paid  to 

in  Fetter-lane,  his  firm  being  known  as     his  printing-house. — See  Auer. 

Bradshaw  (Henry).     A  Classified   Index  of  the  Fifteenth  Century 

Books  in  the  Collection  of  the  late  M.  J.  de  Meyer,  which  were 

sold  at  Ghent  in  November,  1869.     London  :   1 870.     8vo.  pp.  28. 

Mr.  Bradshaw,  librarian  of  the  Univer-    pended  to  it  are  notes  on  the  printer  of 

sity  of  Cambridge,  having  been  for  some     the  "  Flores   B.  Augustini"  ;  of  the  "  S. 

time  occupied  in  the  early  typography  of    Bonaventurae     Soliloquium  "  ;      of      the 

Holland  and    Belgium,  was  sent   to  the     "Teghen   die   strael   der  Minnen";    on 

Meyer  sale  to  purchase  such  specimens  as     printmg  at  ZwoUe  ;  on  the  printer  of  the 

he  thought  desirable  for  the  Cambridge     "Herbarius" — did  Veldener  return  from 

University  Library.     The  result  was  that     Kuilenburg    to    Louvain  ?  ;     on    Gerard 

the  museum  of  early   printing   at  Cam-     Leeu's  edition  of  the  "  Historie  van  Sint 

bridge  came  into  possession  of  many  im-     Annen";  and  on  the  two  issues  of  the 

portant   books,    of  which  this  pamphlet     "  Quodlibetica  Decisio "    of   Michael   de 

gives  a  bibliographical  description.     Ap-     Insuiis,  printed  by  Thierry  Martens. 

List  of  the  Founts  of  Type  and  Woodcut  Devices  used  by 

printers  in  Holland  in  the  fifteenth  century.    London  :  1871.    8vo. 

• The  Printer  of  the  Historia  S.  Albani.     With  a  photographed 

fac-simile.     Cambridge  :  1868.     8vo.  pp.  16. 
This   treatise,  by  the   learned   librarian   of  the   University  of  Cambridge,   was 
intended  to  form  the  first  of  a  serial  publication  called  "  Memoranda,"  but  the  plan 
was  not  carried  out.     The  treatise,  however,  is  complete  in  itself. 

Branca  (Carlo).  Abbozzo  Bibliografici  di  un  vecchio  Librajo. 
Milano :  1866.     4to. 

Catalogo  della  sua  Libreria,  preceduto  da  brevi  cenni  biblio- 
grafici.    Milano :  1844.     8vo. 
Branca  was  a  long-established  bookseller  in  Milan,  and  these  two  works  contain 
numerous  important  notes  on  the  early  history  of  printing  in  Italy. 

Brandenburgh  (H.).  Letterproef  der  Boekdrukkerij.  Workum  : 
1828.     Small  folio. 

Brandolese  (Pietro).  La  Tipografia  Perugina  del  secolo  XV,  illus- 
trata  del  Signor  Vermiglioh  e  presa  in  esame.  Padova  :  1807. 
8vo. 

Braun  (George).     Civitates  orbis  terrarum.    4  vols.     Colonics  :  1570- 
1558.     Folio. 
In  the  second  volume,  in  the  description  of  Haarlem,  the  author  alludes  to  the 
legend  attributing  the  invention  of  printing  to  that  city. 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


79 


Braun  (Placidus).  Notitia  liistorico-litteraria  de  Libris  ab  Artis 
Typographic^  inventione  usque  ad  annum  1500  impressis,  in 
Bibliotheca  monasterii  ad  SS.  Uldaricum  et  Afram  Augustae 
exstantibus.  2  vols.  Augustee  Vindelicorum  ;  1788-89.  4to. 
Part  I.,  pp.  208  ;  part  II.,  pp.  333. 

Notice  of  seventy-five  editions  of  the  fifteenth  century  in  the  library  of  the  monas- 
tery of  Saints  Uldaric  and  Afra,  at  Vienna,  with  eleven  plates  delineating  the  alpha- 
bets used  by  the  several  printers. 


Breda  (Jacobus  de). 

Jacobus  de   Breda  established  himself  novissimorum,"  which  appea-ed  in  that 

in    Ueventer  about  1485,  his   first   book  year.     He    published    a    second    edition 

beine;  an   edition   of   "  Cordiale  qiiatuor  of    it    in    i486,    a    copy    of   which    is    in 


8o 


Bibliography  of  Frijitwg. 


the  collection  of  M.  le  Senateur  Vergau- 
wen,  at  Ghent.  There  is  indicated  in 
the  subscription  of  one  of  his  books  the 
place  where  he  carried  on  his  business, 
which  was  "  in  domo  angulari  platee 
poUis,  quedicitur  teutonice  die  Polstrate, 
juxta  scholas  "  (at  the  end  of  the  street 
called  Polestrate,  near  the  schools).  His 
first  books  were  printed  with  types  like 
those  used  by  Paffroed  between  i^-jy  and 
1485.  In  1489  he  printed  an  edition  of 
Boccaccio,  for  which  he  used  four  kinds  of 
types.  The  device  which  we  give  above 
adorned  many  of  his  editions,  and  served 
as  the  model  of  those  used  by  G.  Back, 
of  Antwerp.  It  was  copied,  also,  by 
T.  Petri  van  Os,  of  Zwolle,  but  the  en- 
graver who  did  it  was  less  expert  than  he 
who  was  engaged  by  De  Breda.  Other- 
wise this  printer  has  rarely  illustrated  his 
editions.  In  the  "  Epistolen  ende  Evan- 
gelien "  of  1493  there  is  a  plate  repre- 
senting the  entry  of  Christ  into  Jerusalem, 
which  was  one  of  a  series  of  sixty-six 

Brede  (C.    L.).     Einige  Schriftproben   nebst   Verzierungen.     Offen- 
bach :  [1828].     8yo. 

Br6geaut  (L.  R.).     Manuel  complet,  theorique  et  pratique,  du  Des- 
sinateur  et  de  rimprimeur  Lithographe.     Troyes  :  1834.     i8mo. 

■ Nouveau  Manuel  complet  de  I'Imprimeur  Lithographe.     Nou- 

velle  edition,  tres  augmentee  par  M.  Knecht  et  M.  Jules  Desportes, 
directeur  du  journal  Le  Lithographe.  Ouvrage  ome  d'un  atlas. 
Paris  :   1850.     i8mo.   pp.  461. 

Brehm  (C).     Griindliche  Bericht  von  Erfindung  der  edlen  und  hoch- 
niitzlichen  Buchdruckereykunst   auf  das  nunmehr  200jahrig  ein- 
getretene  Jubel-Fest.     Dresden  :  1640.     4to. 
An  essay  on  the  origin  of  printing,  written  for  the  festival  to  commemorate  its  two 
•  hundredth  birthday.     Translated  into  Latin  as  follows  : — 


plates,  illustrating  the  gospels,  published 
about  1480  by  G.  Leeu.  Deventer 
does  not  appear  to  have  possessed  any 
school  of  engravers  of  its  own.  Renou- 
vier,  in  his  History  of  the  Origin  of 
Engraving  in  the  Low  Countries,  passes 
the  place  over  in  silence.  Dibdin,  in  the 
"  Bibliographical  Decameron,"  pp.  285- 
296,  :*nd  Sotheby  in  "  Principia  Typo- 
graphica,"  vol.  i.  pp.  178,  179,  both  think 
that  in  an  edition  of  the  Orations  of 
Philippe  Beroalde,  printed  without  date, 
there  is  a  device  containing  a  roll,  on 
which  is  inscribed  the  name  of  Jacob  de 
Breda,  printed  in  movable  characters. 
Holtrop  thinks  that  the  portrait  accom- 
panying it  is  that  of  the  printer  himself. 
The  device  of  De  Breda  which  we  repro- 
duce represents  the  emblems  of  the  Tour 
Evangelists,  and  between  them  the  sacred 
monogram,  I  H  S.  Before  1500  another 
printer  commenced  in  this  city,  named 
Theodore  de  Borne. 


Expositio  Inventionis  Artis  Typographicae  latine  reddita  a  J.  G. 

Sucksdorfio.     In  Wolf,  *'  Monumenta  Typographica,"  vol.  i.  pp. 
930-969. 

Breitkopf  (Bernard  Christopher).  Schrift-Probe  ....  welche  in 
Herrn  Bernard  Christoph  I3reitkopfs  Schriftgiesserey  allhier  befind- 
lich  sind.     Leipzig  :   1 739.     8vo. 

This  is  a  specimen  book  of  the  Breit- 
kopf foundry.  "In  the  preface  we  read 
that    '  men    should    note     that    in    this 


Foundry  of  B.  C.  Breitkopf  all  the  types 
have  been  cut  in  steel,'  meaning  that  they 
engraved  all  their  own  punches,  and  did 
not  buy  '  strikes '  from  other  founders. 
There  are   twenty-two  founts  of  Gothic 


Artopaus,  And.  Koler,  of  Nurenberg. 
Christian  Zingk,  of  Wittenberg,  and  Joh. 
Caspar  Muller,  of  Leipzig." — Blades. 

Bernard  Christopher  Breitkopf  founded 
this  business  in  1719.  He  was  a  clever 
journeyman  printer  who  had  come  poor 
into  Leipzig.  In  1765  Goethe  went  there 
as  a  student  and  formed  the  acquaintance 


letter,  eight  titling  caps,  ten  Roman,  with  of  Breitkopf,  who  was  as  good  a  musician 

an  italic  to  each,  two  Hebrew,  and  three  as  a  printer.    Goethe's  earliest  poems  were 

Greek.     The  names  of  the  various  punch-  set  to  music  by  Breitkopfs  son,  the  author 

cutters  are  mentioned;  viz.,   Joh.   Peter  of  the  works  to  be  next  mentioned. 


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OFTHE 

UNIVERSITY 


Bibliofyraphy  of  P'riiitiiig.  8i 

Breitkopf  (Johann  Gottliel)  Imnianuel).  Beschreibuiig  des  Reiclis 
der  Liebe,  mit  beygefiigter  Landchaite,  Ein  zweyter  Versuch  im 
Satz  und  Druck  geographischer  Charten  durch  die  Buchdrucker- 
kunst.     Leipzig  :  1777.     4to. 

Der  Quelle   der  Wiinsche.      Zum    Neuenjahr,      Nebst  einer 

Landcharte.     Leipzig:   1779.     4to. 

Of  the  two  above-descriVjed  humorous  pamphlets,  the  first  was   written,   drawn, 
composed,  and  printed  within  three  days,  on  the  occasion  of  a  wedding. 


Exemplum  Typographia;  Sinicis,   figuris  characterum   e  typis 

mobilibiis  compositum.     Lipsiae  :  1789.     410. 
Specimens  of  Chinese  type  in  movable  characters. 

Nachricht  von  der  Stempelschneiderey   und    Schriftgiesserey. 


Leipzig  :  1777.     4to. 


Ueber  den  Druck  der  geographischen  Charten,  nebst  beigefiig- 

ter  Probe  einer  durch  die  Buchdruckerkunst  gesetzten  und  gedruck- 
ten  Landcharte.  Leipzig  :  1 777.  4to. 
A  description  of  an  invention  for  print-  only  his  dissatisfaction  with  the  residt 
ing  maps  with  movable  type.  Breitkopf  obtained  that  induced  him  to  keep  his 
claimed  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  achievements  to  himself.  We  reproduce 
map-printing  by  the  use  of  types,  or  what  a  type-map  by  Breitkopf,  which  certainly 
is  known  as  "typometry."  William  deserves  to  rank  among  the  curiosities 
Haas,  a  type-founder  of  Basle,  appears  of  printing.  It  is  a  most  ingenious  per- 
to  have  previously  published  a  method  formance,  and  the  original  letterpress 
somewhat  similar,  but  Breitkopf  had  was  composed  exactly  a  century  ago — 
been  experimenting  on  the  matter  for  in  1776.  A  second  part  was  subsequently 
some  twelve  years  previously,  and  it  was     published,  with  the  following  title  : — 

Zweiter  Versuch  des   Satzes  geographischer  Karten  durch  die 

Buchdruckerkunst.      Leipzig  :  1778.     4to. 

Ueber  die  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst. 

Bei  Gelegenheit  einiger  neueren  dartiber  geausserten  besonderen 
Meynungen.  Nebst  der  vorlaufigen  Anzeige  des  Inhaltes  seiner  Ge- 
schichte der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Leipzig :  1 779.  4to. 
The  History  of  the  Invention  of  Printing  announced   in  this  work  was  never 

published. 


Ueber  die  wSchriftgiesserey  und  Stempelschneiderey.     In  Netie 

Bibliothek  der  schbueit  Wissenschaflen,  vol.  xxi.   Berlin:  1778.     8vo. 

Versuch,   den  Ursprung  der  Spielkarten,   die  Einfiihrung  deS 

Leinenpapieres,  und  den  Anfang  der  Holzschneidekunst  in  Europa- 
Leipzig:   1784.     4to.     Title  and  dedication,  2  leaves;  pp.  136; 

14  plates  placed   in  accordance  with  list  on  pp.    126-128. 

Theil  ii.  Beytrage  zu  emer  Geschichte  der  Schreibekunst,  so  wie 
der  Schonschreibekunst ....  nebst  einer  Geschichte  der  Malerei  in 
den  Handschriften.  Aus  des  Verfassers  Nachlasse  herausgegeben 
und  mit  einer  Vorrede  begleitet  von  J.  C.  F.  Koch.  Leipzig : 
1801.     4to.     pp.  xxii.  218. 

A  learned  and  practical  treatise  on  the     of  wood-engraving,   with  many  citations 
origin  of  playing-cards,  the  introduction     of  authority    for    the   statements    made, 
of  paper  made  from  linen  into  the  various     The  plates  are  very  curious, 
countries  of  Europe,  and    the  invention 

M 


82 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


J.  G.  I.  Breitkoi'F  was  an  eminent 
printer,  type-founder,  and  bookseller,  of 
Leipzig,  where  he  was  born  in  1719  and 
died  in  1794.  The  art  of  map-printing 
with  movable  types  mentioned  above 
was  invented  simultaneously,  in  two 
different  towns,  by  Breitkopf  and  by  Wil- 
helm  Haas,  the  type-founder  of  Basle 
{^see  Pkinting  Times  and  Litho- 
GRAPHEK,  June  15,  1875).  In  the  essay 
on  the  History  of  Playing  Cards  he  treats 
only  on  their  origin,  and  that  of  linen 
paper  ;  the  latter  part  of  the  work,  on 
the  invention  of  engraving  on  wood,  was 
hnished  before  his 'death,  but  had  a  post- 
humous publication.  He  introduced 
great  improvements  in  letterpress  music- 
types  about  the  year  1754  ;  indeed,  he  is 
said  to  have  been  "the  first  to  cast,  about 
1748,  the  music  in  type  now  so  common." 
The  specimen-book  of  the  firm  of  En- 
schede  &  Co.,  Haarlem  (<?.  7'.),  seems, 
however,  to  disprove  this  statement,  and 
gives  to  J.  M.  Fleischman,  of  Nurem- 
berg, the  credit  of  having  first  engraved, 
in  1760,  movable  music  type.  The  Elec- 
toral Princess  of  Dresden  was  so  much 
pleased  with  his  plan  that  she  gave 
him  the  music  of  a  drama  of  her  own 
composition  to  print.  In  this  music 
type  the  notes  were  each  composed  of 
separate  pieces.  (Printing  Times  and 
Lithographer,  October,  1875,  article 
on  Music  Printing.)  In  Notes  and 
Queries,  .ser.  i.  vol.  vi.  p.  291,  Mr.  W. 
Sparrow  Simpson.  B.A.,  asks  what  is  the 
date  of  the  invention  of  printing  music 
by  movable  types.  Hone's  "Everyday 
Book"  (i.  185)  refers  to  Breitkopf  as  the 
inventor.  Mr.  Simpson,  however,  says 
he  has  in  his  possession  a  book  printed 


by  John  Daye  in  1582,  in  which  he  says 
he  has  "caused  a  new  print  of  note  to 
be  made,  with  letters  to  be  joined  to 
every  note,  whereby  thou  mayest  know- 
how  to  call  every  note  by  its  right  name." 
The  notes  are  of  the  lozenge-shape.  The 
correspondent  asks,  When  did  this  form 
supersede  the  black,  solid  note  of  rec- 
tangular outline  ?  When  did  it  in  turn 
give  way  to  the  modern  musical  nota- 
tion ?  What  are  the  first  printed  examples 
of  the  three  methods  of  notation  ?  To 
this  query  no  answer  has  been  given. 
He  also  improved  the  shape  of  the 
German  characters.  At  the  time  of  his 
death  his  office  was  one  of  the  largest 
in  Germany.  His  son,  Christoph  Gott- 
lob,  grandson  of  the  founder  of  the 
firm,  entered  into  partnership  with  Gott- 
fried Christoph  Hiirtel,  and  carried  on 
the  business  until  his  death  in  1800. 
M.  Hartel  then  acquired  it,  and  it 
is  still  in  existence,  under  the  title  of 
Breitkopf  &  Hartel.  In  January,  1869, 
there  was  celebrated  the  150th  anniver- 
sary of  its  foundation.  It  has,  in  the 
meantime,  so  extended  its  field  of  opera- 
tions as  to  include  letterpress-printing, 
lithography,  stereotyping,  and  electro- 
typing,  bookselling,  publishing,  type- 
founding,  music-printing  and  publishing, 
and  the  manufacture  on  a  large  scale  of 
pianofortes.  The  present  actual  owners 
of  the  business  are  the  youngest  son  of 
Gottfried  Hartel,  Councillor  Raymond 
Hartel,  and  two  grandsons  of  the  former 
from  their  mother's  side,  viz.,  Wilhelm 
Volkmann  and  Dr.  Georg  Oscar  Immanuel 
Hase.  The  offices  were  removed  in  1867 
to  the  Niirnberger  Strasse, 


Breitkopf  und  Hartel,  BucMrucker,  Buch-  und  Musikalienhiindler 

in  Leipzig.     Aus  den   Papieren  des   Breitkopf  und  Harterschen 

Geschaftsarchivs.  (Sonderabdruck  aus  der  *' AllgemeinenDeutschen 

Biographie.")     Leipzig:   1875.     4to. 

Amonographof  the  family  of  Breitkopf  &  Hartel,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Oscar  Hase. 

Proben  neuer  Schriften   aus   der   Schriftgiesserei.      Leipzig  : 

(1840?).     Svo. 
Specimens  of  new  letters  from  the  foundry  of  Breitkopf  S:  Hartel. 


Brenton  (James  J.).  Voices  from  the  Press  ;  a  Collection  of  Sketches, 
Essays,  and  Poems  by  Practical  Printers.  New  York  :  1850. 
Svo.  pp.  iv.  312. 


This  contains  many  creditable  literary 
compositions,  especially  when  it  is  known 
that  all  the  contributors  were,  either  at 
the  time  or  formerly,  working  men.  The 
only  articles  of  a  technical  character  are  : 
"The  Press,"  by  J.  R.    Trumbull;  the 


"  Four  Printers'  Monument,  "  by  B.  P. 
Shillaber;  "The  Press,"  by  W.  O. 
Bourne  ;  "  Franklin,"  by  Bayard  Taylor; 
"The  Genius  of  the  Press,"  by  Edward 
A.  McLaughlin  ;  "  Address  before  Boston 
Typographical  Society,"  by  B.  P.  Poore 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  83 

"  Eminent  Printers,"  and  "  Conservative  Shillaber ;  and  an  "  Epitaph  on  a  Printer," 

Power  of  the  Press,"  by  C.  C.  Ha7ewell  ;  by  E.  A.  M'L.     There  are  biographical 

"The   Old    Ramage   Press,"  by    W.    O.  notices    ot     the    contributors,    many    of 

Bourne;  "The   Old   Printer,"  by  B.   P.  which  are  very  interesting. 

BREVlfeRE  (A,).  De  la  Xilographie  on  Gravure  sur  Bois.  Rouen: 
1833.     8vo. 

Brief  Discourse  concerning  Printing  and  Printers.  All  is  serviemus, 
nosmetipsos  conterimus.     London  :   1663.     8vo.  pp.  24. 

"Complains  that  printers  are  oppressed  by  the  stationers,  who  pay  them  starving 
prices  for  their  work,  and  this  is  the  reason  why  no  good  printing  is  seen  in 
England.  The  remedy  is  to  honour  printers  as  they  do  in  foreign  countries." — 
Blades. 

Brightly  (Charles).     Account  of  the  Method  of  Casting  Stereotype, 
as  practised  by  Charles  Brightly.     Bungay  :   1809.     8vo.    pp.  60. 
3  plates. 
The  author  was  a  member  of  a  firm  of    day  were  violently  opposed  to  what  they 
printers   at    Bungay,  who   were   largely    regarded  as  exceedingly  inimical  to  their 
engaged   in   the    production   of   popular    interests.       The     system     followed     by 
literature    at    a    low    cost.     They   were     Charles  Brightly  was  that  of  Lord  Stan- 
among  the  first   to   adopt  stereotyping,     hope,  with  some  slight  variations. 
and  at  some  risk,  for  the  printers  of  the 

Brill  (E.  J.).     Het  gehed  des  Heeren,  in  veertien  talen.    Strekkende 
tot  proeve  van  Letters,    van   het   gewoon    Europeesch   karakter 
afwijkende.     Leiden  :   1855.     4to. 
The  Lord's  Prayer  in  fourteen  Oriental  languages,  issued  as  a  specimen  of  Brill's 
Oriental  types. 

- — - —  Proeve    van  Letteren  der  Boekdrukkerij    van    E.    J.    Brill  te 
Leiden.      1859.     8vo. 
Specimens  of  the  types  used  by  Brill,  printer  at  Leyden,  and  successor  to  the  old 
firm  of  S.  &  J.  Luchtmans  in  the  same  city. 

Brimmer  (George).  The  Composing  Room  ;  a  Serio-Comico-Satirico- 
Poetico  Production — oh  !  In  three  cantos.  By  George  lirimmer, 
M.L.U.C.,  Imposer,  Corrector,  Locker-up,  Layer-up,  and  Dis- 
tributor of  Types  at  some  of  the  Principal  Offices  in  the  Metropolis 
of  Great  Britain.      London:   1835.     Demy  8vo.     92  pp. 

This  poem  abounds  in  the  slang  of  the  printing-office,  and  gives  a  very  vivid 
]j!cture  of  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  compositors  of  the  period.  It  is  very 
smartly  written. 

Brockett  (J.  T. ).  Hints  on  the  Propriety  of  Establishing  a  Typo- 
graphic Society  in  Nev^^castle-upon-Tyne.  By  J.  T.  Brockett. 
1818. 

Two    hundred    copies    printed.       The  of  Willet's  "  Origin  of  Printing,"  Willet's 

society  was  founded  in  the  same  year,  "Observations"    {see    Mukrav,    John), 

and   Vjetween  1818  and  1857  it   appears,  Santander's     "Historical     Essay"     {see 

from  Bohn's  edition  of  Lowndes  (1864),  Hodgson,  Thomas),  Ged's  "Memoirs" 

to  have    issued    about    ninety    separate  and  "  Hodgson  on  Stereotype  Printing," 

volumes.     Among  them    are    Brockett's  —all  of  which   will   be   found    in    their 

"  Memoir  of  Bewick,"  and  his    edition  alphabetical  order  in  this  list. 

Memoir  of  Thomas  Bewick.     With  a  descriptive  Catalogue  of 


his  Works.     Newcastle-on-Tyne  :  1830.    8vo. 
Contains  a  portrait  and  woodcuts.     Twenty-five  copies  only  were  printed,  at  the 
instance  of  the  Newcastle-on-Tyne  Typographical  Society. 


84  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Brockhaus  (F.  a.)  in  Leipzig,  Buchhandlung,  Buchdruckerei,  Schrift- 
giesserei,   Stereolypengiesserei,  Stahl-  und  Kupferdruckerei,  Ma- 
schinenwerkstatt.     [i860].     4to.    pp.  12. 
In  FVench  and  German.     A  history  of  the  house  of  Brockhaus,  and  account  of 
several  industries. 

Pioben  der  Holzschnitt-Illustralionen    in    Leipzig   in    Bleiab- 


glissen  und  Kupfemiederschlagen  zu  beziehen.     1873.    8vo. 
Specimens  of  engraved  illustrations  in  stereo  and  electrotype. 

Proben   der   Schriftgiesserei   und    Buchdruckerei.       Leipzig 


1847.     8vo. 

Brockhaus  (Heinrich  Eduard).     Friedrich   Arnold  Brockliaus, — sein 

Leben   und  Wirken,  nach  Briefen  und  anderen  Aufzeichnungen 

geschiklert  von  seinem  Enkel  Heinrich  Eduard  Brockhaus.     Mit 

einem  Biklniss,  vols.  i.  and  ii.     Leipzig  :   1872-75.     8vo. 

Account  of  the  life  and  works  of  F.  A.  Brockhaus,   the  type-founder  and  printer 

of  Leipzig,  by  his  grandson,  who,  with  his  brother,  now  conducts  the  business.     A 

tliird  volume  is  in  course  of  publication. 

Brokckx  (C).  Lettre  a  M.  le  Docteur  P.  J.  van  Meerbeeck  de 
Malines  sur  une  publication  de  R.  Dodoens,  inconnue  des  Biblio- 
philes.    Anvers :  1862.     8vo.    pp.  16. 

Notice  sur  un  Livre  de  Medecine  pretenduement  imprime  en 


1 401.     Anvers  :  1847.     8vo.  pp.  21. 

Bronner  (H.  L.).  Proben  der  neuen  Antiqua,  Cursiv  und  Fraktur 
Schriften.     Frankfurt :  1826.     8vo. 

Brofferio  (Angelo).  Cenni  Storici  intorno  all'  Arte  Tipografica  e 
suoi  progress!  in  Piemonte,  dali'  invenzione  della  Stampa  sino  al 
1835.     Milano :  1876.     8vo. 

Brogiotti  (Andreas  F.).  Indice  de'  Caratteri  con  I'lnventori  e  Nonii 
di  essi  esistenti  nella  Stampa  Vaticana  e  Camerale.  Roma  :  1628. 
8vo.     pp.  74,  printed  on  one  side  only. 

Sixty-seven  specimens  of  types  in  European  and  Oriental  languages  of  all  descrip- 
tions, also  musical  types,  in  the  printing-office  of  the  Vatican. 

Brookfield  (Rev.  W.  IL).  Paris  Exhibition  :  Reports  on  Classes. 
Printing  and  Books,  Class  VI.  (Reprinted  in  Illustrated  Ne^as, 
August  17,  1867.) 

This   contains   a    full    account    of  the  1867,   as   manifested   by  the   exhibits   of 

system  of  management  prevailing  in  the  that  year.     A  description  is  given  of  the 

French    printing-offices,    and    a    careful  celebrated    office    of    Mame,    at    Tours 

estimate  of  the  condition  of  printing  in  {g.  v.). 

Brotherly  Meeting  of  the  Masters  and  Workmen-Printers,  began 

November  5,  1621  ;  the  first  Sermon  being  on  November  5,  1628; 

and  hath  been  continued  by  the  Stewards  whose  names  follow  in 

this  Catalogue,  to  this  present  2nd  of  May,  1682. 

'    Frafjments  of  a  V)roadside  in  the  British     pany,"  vol.  i.)  gives  further  particular^ 

Museum.      Mr.    Arber  ("  Transcript   of    concerning  this  feast.     He  discovered  a 

the   Registers  of   the    Stationers'   Com-     complete  copy  of  this  document  among 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


the  Bagford  collection  (Harleian  MSS.). 
Moxon's  "  Mechanick  Exercises,"  vol.  ii., 
number  xxiii.,  p.  363,  gives  an  account 
of  the  "  Brotherly  Meeting,"  which, 
it  appears,  consisted  of  a  feast,  par- 
taken of  both  by  the  London  masters 
and  journeyrhen,  at  Stationers'  Hall, 
every  year.  There  were  four  stewards 
appointed,  two  of  them  masters  and  two 
of  them  journeymen  ;  and  the  guests  paid 
2s.  6d.  each  to  defray  the  expenses.  The 
feast  was  generally  kept  about  May-day, 
and  the  proceedings  commenced  in  the 
morning  with  divine  worship  at  some 
church,  a  sermon  being  afterwards 
preached  suitable  to  the  occasion.  On 
returning  to  Stationers'  Hall  various 
amusements  were  provided.     The  dinner 


followed,  the  masters,  wardens,  and 
"grandees"  of  the  company  occupying 
places  at  an  upper  table.  At  the  end,  a 
plate  was  sent  round  "  to  collect  the  bene- 
volence of  charitable  minds  towards  the 
relief  of  printers'  poor  widows."  At  the 
same  time  the  stewards  distributed  "  a 
catalogue  of  such  printers  as  have  held 
Stewards  ever  since  the  feast  was  first 
kept,  viz.,  from  the  year  of  Christ  1621." 
The  broadside  described  above  is  one  of 
these  catalogues,  which  was  delivered  to 
the  guests  at  the  meeting  of  May,  1682. 
After  dinner,  stewards  were  elected  for  the 
ensuing  year,  and  various  convivial  cere- 
monies took  place.  The  proceedings 
ended  with  "  musick,  songs,  dancing, 
farcing,  &c." 


Brothers  of  Common  Life,"  or  "Common  Lot. 


This  Brotherhood,  according  to  Hol- 
trop  ("  Monumens  Typographiques  "), 
introduced  printing  into  Brussels  about 
1476.  The  first  book  with  a  date  that  is 
known  to  have  proceeded  from  their 
press  is  the  "  Gnotosolitos,"  a  large 
volume  in  folio,  containing  about  1,000  • 
pages.  It  is  dated  25th  May,  1476.  The 
last  book  with  a  date  printed  by  the 
Brotherhood  is  "  Pars  hiemalis  Ordinarii 
ecclesia;  Leodiensis  "  ;  it  is  dated  1487. 
The  Brotherhood  possessed  only  three 
kinds  of  types.  In  the  imprint  of  the 
"  Gnotosolitos"  it  is  stated  that  the  work 
"ex  originaliipsiusauctoris  manu  exarato 
effigiatum  est."  Lambinet  has  inter- 
preted the  passage  as  implying  that  the 
type  with  which  the  book  was  executed 
was  engraved  after  the  original  writing 
of  the  author.  But  Holtrop  believes  that 
the  words  meant  simply  that  the  book 
was  printed  from  the  manuscript  written 
by  the  author  himself.  The  types  used 
by  the  Brotherhood  resemble  very  much 
those  of  Arnold  Therhoernen  at  Cologne, 
and  it  is  probable  that  they  were  made 
by  him,  especially  as  the  Order  had  an 
establishment  in  that  city. 

The  book  entitled  "  Legendse  Sanc- 
torum Henrici  ImperatorisetKunegundis 
Imperatricis,"  of  1484,  is  the  only  book  to 
which  the  Brothers  put  their  name  thus  : 
"  Impresse  in  famosa  civitate  Bruxellensi, 
per  fratres  communis  vitse  in  Nazareth." 
It  is  also  the  only  book  of  theirs  that  was 
ornamented  with  engravings.  Plates  62 
and  63  of  Holtrop  give  facsimiles  of  their 
types. 

This  Brotherhood,  known  as  "Fratres 
Vitae  Communis,"  which  is  better  trans- 
lated the  "  Fraternal  Community,"  was 
an  order  instituted  under  the  rule  of  St. 
Augustine.  The  founder  was  Gerard 
Groot   (the   latter  word   being  a  Dutch 


adjective  signifying  "Great"),  born  1340, 
died  13B4.  The  generally-received  state- 
ment is  that  he  received  a  superior 
education  at  Paris,  but  fell  into  dissolute 
habits,  from  which  an  earnest  word  of 
warning  from  a  fellow  student  aroused 
him  as  by  a  miracle.  He  thenceforth  de- 
voted himself  to  reclaiming  men  of  evil 
lives,  and  was  so  successful  in  his  labours 
that  he  founded  at  Deventer  the  Fratres 
Vitae  Communis,  devoted  to  like  duties, 
who  lived  with  one  heart,  one  soul,  and 
one  common  property,  under  the  obliga- 
tion to  support  themselves  by  transcribing 
the  Scriptures  and  other  holy  works. 
Gerard  Groot's  biographer,  Thomas  a 
Kempis,  however,  gives  a  somewhat  dif- 
ferent account  of  his  early  career.  He 
says :  "  Non  Christi  gloriam  quferebat,  sed 
magni  nominis  umbram  sequens,  famam 
potissimum  curabat  humanam."  The 
patents  of  successive  Popes  confirmed  and 
extended  the  privileges  of  the  Order,  and 
in  1402  it  possessed  seven  monasteries. 
Their  productions  illustrate  the  stage 
of  transition  between  the  ancient  scribe 
and  printer,  by  showing  how  naturally 
one  succeeded  to  the  other.  The  priest- 
hood were  at  that  time  the  chief  custo- 
dians of  learning  ;  being  intrusted  by  the 
Popes  with  the  copying  of  the  Scriptures 
and  of  ecclesiastical  works,  as  well  as  the 
bulls  and  edicts  of  the  Church  authorities. 
The  monasteries  also  contained  registers 
in  which  were  entered  accounts  of  public 
events,  the  royal  succession,  the  accounts 
of  the  clergy,  their  succession  in  office,  the 
deliberations  of  their  councils,  &c., — in 
brief,  the  current  history  of  the  times. 
In  his  "  Lettres  d'un  Bibliographe," 
Mons.  J.  P.  A.  Madden— formerly  Pro- 
fessor of  Mathematics  of  the  University 
of  Paris,  who  is  the  possessor  of  a  fine 
library  of  valuable    books— gives    some 


86 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 
wmKom 


f^MUi— 


BROTHERS    OF    COMMON    I. IFF.,"    r,KUSSF,LS,    1476-I484, 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  87 

learned  bibliographical  information  con-  and  displayed,  supporting  a  shield  with 

cerning  the  Brothers,  both  as  caligraphers  the   arms  of  Brabant  quarterly,    with  a 

and  typographers.    The  device  preceding  river  in  bend,  and  star.     The  inscription 

is   found  on  the  last  page  of  the  "  Le-  at  the  bottom  is  interesting  as  a  speci- 

gendae    Sanctorum    Henrici    Imperatoris  men   of  the   style   of  caligraphy  of  the 

et  Kunegundis    Imperatricis,"    Brussels,  period. 
1484.     It  consists  of  the  Eagle,  crowned 

Brotier  (Gabr.).     Vie  de  H.  L.  Guerin.     Paris:   1788.     8vo. 

Brou    (Charles   de).      Marques    d'Imprimeurs.      [Bruxelles :     1850.] 
8vo.     pp.  8. 
Only  25  copies  reprinted  from  the  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile  Beige. 

Quelques  Mots  sur  la  Gravure  sur  Bois  au  Millesime  de  1418. 

Bruxelles  :   1846.     4to.     pp.  18.     7  plates. 
On  the  authenticity  of  the  date  of  1418  on  a  woodcut  discovered  at  the  bottom  of 
an  old  coffin.      Prior  to  its  discovery,  the  earliest  known  wood-engraving  was  the 
famous  St.  Christopher  of  1423. 

Recherches  bibliographiques  sur  quelques  incunables  precieux 

de  la  bibliotheque  du  Due  de  Arenberg.     Bruxelles  :  1849.     8vo. 
Facsimiles  of  printers'  marks,  &c. 

Brown  (Orren  L. ).  Types  ;  a  Description  of  Brown's  Patent  Type- 
setting and  Distributing  Machine.     Boston  :  1870.     8vo. 

Browne  (Alexander).  Ars  Pictoria  ;  or,  an  Academy  teaching  Draw- 
ing, Painting,  Limning,  Etching;  to  which  are  added  31  copper- 
plates.    London  :  1675.     Folio. 

Bruce  (David).  Typefounding  in  the  United  States.  An  article,  re- 
produced from  the  Typographic  Messenger,  in  the  Prmter' s  Journal , 
vol.  i.,  New  Series,  p.  219. 

Bruce  (David  and  George).  Specimens  of  Printing  Types.  New 
York  :  181 5.  8vo. 
The  Bruce  type-foundry  is  one  of  the  above  was  the  first  specimen-book  issu-id 
most  important  establishments  of  the  by  the  firm.  Some  years  afterwards  they 
kind  in  New  York.  It  was  established  relinquished  the  printing  business,  and 
by  David  Bruce,  born  1770,  in  Scotland,  devoted  themselves  to  type-founding  in 
and  died  1857,  ^'^  New  York.  He  served  connection  with  stereotyping.  David 
his  apprenticeship  to  the  printing  business  Bruce,  junior,  his  son,  invented  in  1838 
in  Edinburgh,  emigrated  to  the  United  the  type-casting  machine  which  is  now 
States  in  1793,  and  found  employment  in  generally  used  throughout  America  and 
New  York  as  a  pressman.  In  1806  he  Europe.  George  Bruce,  brother  of 
started,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother  David,  carried  out  the  laborious  and  ex- 
George,  a  printing-office,  and  while  con-  pensive  task  of  harmonizing  and  gradu- 
ducting  it  became  interested  in  what  was  ating  the  size  of  the  different  bodies  of 
then  the  new  art  of  stereotyping.  He  type  as  they  ranged  in  the  eleven  series 
went  to  England  in  1812  to  learn  the  pro-  from  pearl  to  canon,  and  introduced  the 
cess,  but  could  not  obtain  much  informa-  body  called  "agate,"  which  is  largely  used 
tion  concerning  it.  He  returned  to  New  by  the  American  newspapers.  In  1863 
York,  and  began  experiments  which  re-  he  was  elected  president  of  the  New 
suited  in  his  being  able  to  establish  the  York  Type- Founders'  Association,  and 
system    in    his   adopted    country.      The  filled  the  office  up  to  his  death  in  1866. 

Bruckner  (G.).  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst, 
zur    400-jahrigen    it^^iuttonbergsfeier     odor     zum     Culturfest     der 


88  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Menschheit  im  Jahre  1840,  fiir  Volk  unci  Jugend.     Schleusingen : 
1840.     8vo. 

History  of  the  discovery  of  printing,  written  for    the   festival   to   commemorate 
the  400th  anniversary  of  Gutenberg's  invention. 

BRUfeRE  (T.).  Le  Polypotype,  ou  Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie  sous  la 
figure  d'un  monstre.     Paris  :  1827.     8vo.  pp.  56. 

Brugsch  (Hem-y).  Memoire  sur  la  Reproduction  imprimee  des  Carac- 
teres  de  I'ancienne  ecriture  demotique  des  Egyptiens.  Berlin  : 
1868.     8vo. 

Ueber  Bildung  und  Entwickelung  der  Schrift.     Berlin  :   1868, 

8vo.     pp.  32.     One  plate. 

Bruillot  (Frangois).  Dictionnaire  des  Monogrammes,  Marques 
figurees,  Lettres  initiales,  Noms  abreges,  etc.,  avec  lesquels  les 
peintres,  dessinateurs,  graveurs,  et  sculpteurs  ont  designe  leurs 
noms.  Nouvelle  edition,  revue,  corrigee,  et  augmentee  d'un 
grand  nombre  d'articles.  Munich  :  1832,  '33,  '35.  Vol.  i. 
pp.  454  ;  vol.  ii.  pp.  440;  vol.  iii.  pp.  195. 

Brun  (J.  Ant.).  A  Plan  for  the  Detection  and  Prevention  of  Forgery, 
by  which  the  Bank  may  be  enabled  to  exhibit  to  the  Public  the 
proofs  of  the  forgery  of  its  notes  without  offering  any  advani  age  to 
forgers.  Followed  by  a  demonstration  proving  the  existence  of  a 
radical  but  curable  evil  attached  to  the  present  mode  of  relief  in 
recovering  bank-notes.  Translated  from  the  French.  London  : 
1818.     8vo.  pp.  34. 

Describes  a  new  method  of  printing  bank-notes  in  partially  invisible  and  sympa- 
thetic inks,  and  an  improved  method  of  making  paper,  to  prevent  forgery. 

Brun   (Marcelin).      Manuel   pratique  et   abrege   de    la   Typographic 

Fran9aise.     Paris:  1825.     i2mo. Second  edition.     Bruxelles  : 

1826.     i2mo.     pp.  233. 

This  little  work,  published  and  printed  graphic   point   of   view.      Firmin    Didot 

by  the  firm   of  Didot  pere  et  fils,   is  a  superintended  the  printing,  and  the  book 

practical  typographical  manual,  treating  possesses  the  singular  feature  of  not  con- 

of  every  branch  of  composition  and  press-  taining  one  divided  word  throughout, 
work.      It  is  quite  a  gem  from  a  typo- 


Kurzes  practisches  Handbuch  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  Frank- 

reich ;  aus  dem  Franzosischen,  mit  Zusatzen,  Anmerkungen  und 
Zeichnungen  von  W.  Hasper.  Carlsruhe  und  Baden  :  1828.  8vo. 
pp.  iv.  252,  and  five  leaves  representing  cases  as  made  up  in  dif- 
ferent countries. 

A  German  translation  of  the  preceding,  with  additions  by  Hasper. 


—  Articles  :  Calcographie,  Lithographic,  Imprimerie,  Imprimerie 
en  taille-douce,  Imprimerie  mecanique.  In  "  Dictionnaire  des 
Arts  et  Manufactures."  2  vols.  Paris.  Imp.  8vo.  Several 
editions. 


Bib/iography  of  Printing.  89 

Brunet  (Gustave).     Firmin-Didot  et  sa  Famille.      Paris  :   1870.     4to. 
PP-  15- 
A   memoir  of   the   celebrated    French    Didots    in    the    Printing   Times   and 
family    of    printers.      A    beautiful    steel     Lithographer,  March,  April,  and  May, 
engraved  portrait  of  Firmin-Didot  forms     1876  ;  also  Didot,  in  this  Bibliography, 
the    frontispiece.      See    account    of   the 

Imprimeurs  imaginaires  et  Libraires  supposes.     Etude  biblio- 


graphique,  suivie  de  recherches  sur  quelques  ouvrages  imprimes 
avec  des  indications  fictives  de  lieux,  ou  avec  des  dates  singulieres. 
Paris  :  1866.     8vo.  pp.  xii.  290. 

The  nature  of  this  curious  volume  is  in-  the  people  were  strictly  proscribed,  and 

dicated    by  the    title.     At   the   end   the  their  publishers  were  compelled  to  adopt 

author  says:  "We  know   of  few  books  a   disguise.      Some   copies  of  the    New 

printed    in    England   with   fictitious   im-  Testament,     produced     by    Tyndall     in 

prints  or  falsified  localities.     The  liberty  March,  1530,  had  the  names  of  printers 

which    the    press   enjoys    there    renders  who   were   not   in  existence ;    they  were 

unnecessary  the  adoption  of  a  subterfuge  printed   clandestinely  in    Germany,    and 

of  the  kind.     The  first   editions   of  the  are  now  excessively  rare." 
Scriptures  in  the  common   language   of 

Recherches  sur  diverses  Editions  Elzeviriennes,  faisant  suite 


aux  Etudes  de  MM.   Berard  et  Pieters,  extraites  des  papiers  de 
M.  Millot.     Paris  :   1866.     8vo.  pp.  188. 

Contains  a  full  account  of  the  celebrated  printing-house  of  the  Elzevirs,  as  well 
as  of  their  first  productions.     257  copies  printed. 

Brunet  (Jacques-Charles).  Manuel  du  L/ibraire  et  de  I'Amateur  de 
Livres.  Cinquieme  edition  originale,  enticrement  refondue  et 
augmentee  d'.un  tiers  par  I'auteur.  6  vols.  Paris  :  1860-65.  Royal 
8vo. 

Brunei's    Manual   ha.s   long    been    re-  turies.    Interspersed  throughout  the  work 

cognized  as  a  standard  necessary  to  all  are    numerous    marks    of   printers    and 

in   any  way    connected    with    bibliogra-  publishers.     The  sixth  volume  is  a  Table 

phy,  and  is  of  itself  a  model  of  bibho-  of  31,872  titles  of  books,  the  majority  of 

graphy.     The  first   five  volumes  consist  which  are  not  described  in  the  preceding 

of   a   general    alphabet  of  books  in  all  five  volumes.     Being  arranged  in  order 

languages,  with  interesting  notes,  quota-  of  classification,  this  Table  is  exceedingly 

tions   of  value   or   of  prices   realized  at  useful,  the  additional  titles  being  those  of 

sales.     At  the  end  of  the   fifth   volume  books  described  as  useful  books   but   of 

is    a    notice    of    the    Books    of    Hours  ordinary  price,  and  not  worthy  of  being 

printed    at    Paris    at    the    end    of    the  placed  in  the  class  of  rare  books. 
fifteenth  and  part  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 

Bruyn  (Hendrik)  en  Comp.   Verbeterde  Letterproefwaarin  verscheide 
nieuwe  Schriften.     Amsterdam  :  [1810].     8vo, 
Specimens  of  new  type  from  the  foundry  of  H.  Bruyn  &  Co. 

Bruyn  (G.  W.  van  Oosten  de).     De  Stad  Haarlem  en  hare  geschiede- 
nissen.     Haarlem  :   1765.    Folio.    Portrait  of  Coster,  engraved  by 
Houbraken. 
History  of  Haarlem,  introducing  an  account  of  the  alleged  invention  of  printing 

by  Koster. 

Bryan  (Michael).  A  Biographical  and  Critical  Dictionary  of  Painters 
and  Engravers,  from  the  revival  of  the  art  under  Cimabue  and 
the  alleged  discovery  of  engraving  by   Finiguerra  to  the  present 

N 


90 


Bibliography  of  Priniiug. 


time,  with   the   cyphers,   monograms,  and  marks   used  by  each 

engraver.     2  vols.     London  :  1816.    4to. New  edition,  revised 

and  enlarged,  and  continued  to  the  present  time,  comprising  above 
one  thousand  additional  memoirs  and  large  accessions  to  the  list 
of  pictures  and  engravings.  By  George  Stanley.  London  :  1849. 
Imp.  Svo.  pp.  938.     Plates  of  monograms. 


BASLE  :    1536-1565. 

Brylinger  (Nicolas).  This  device  is  taken  from  the  title-page  of 
"  Pantaleonis  Henrici,  Prosopographioe  Heroum  atque  illustrium 
Virorum  totius  Germaniae,"  3  vols,  folio,  1 565.  This  curious 
book  is  full  of  portraits,  most  of  them  fancifully  drawn,  and  the 
same  portrait  is  often  used  for  several  men.  The  profile  portrait 
of  Frobenius,  for  instance,  is  bearded,  and  not  at  all  like  the  medal 
struck  in  honour  of  this  eminent  printer.  The  portrait  of  Guten- 
berg in  vol.  ii.  is  given  as  the  portrait  of  "  Gisbertus  Longolius, 
professor  Coloniensis,"  in  vol.  iii.,  and  very  likely  in  several  other 
places.  Brylinger  must  have  printed  a  considerable  number  of 
books.  His  device  consists  of  an  hour-glass  held  by  a  lion,  sur- 
rounded by  two  other  lions  in  various  attitudes. 

BuCHDRUCKEREiEN,  Die,  der  Schweitz.  Mit  erlauternden  und  er- 
ganzenden  Anmerkungen.     Eine  Gelegenheitsschrift  zur  Feier  des 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  91 

4tcn   Jubelfestes   der   Erfindung  der    Buchdruckerkunst,    heraus- 
gegeben  von  P.  W.     St.  Gallen  :  1836.     8vo. 
Account  of  printing  in  Switzerland,  written  for  the  fourth  jubilee  of  the  invention 
of  the  art. 

BuCHDRUCKERFEST,  Das,  in  Stuttgart.  Gefeiert  den  24.  Juni,  1840. 
In  schwabischem  Dialekte  vom  Verfasser  der  Schrift :  "  Der  Bauer 
beim  Schillersfest."     Stuttgart  :  1840.     8vo. 

Buchdruckerkunst  und  Schriftgiesserey,  mit  ihren  Schriften, 
Formaten  und  alien  dazu  gehorigen  Instrumenten  abgebildet  auch 
klarlich  beschrieben.  Mit  einer  Vorrede  von  G.  F.  Kappens. 
2  vols.     Leipzig  :  1 740. 

BucHDRUCKZEiCHNUNG,  Die,  oder  Glyphographie.     Enthaltend  eine 
Beschreibung  dieser  neuen  Erfindung  nebst  Anleitung  fiir  Kiinstler. 
Mit  zahlreichen  Buchdruckzeichnungen.     Leipzig  :  1846.     4to. 
Description  of  the  then  newly-invented  glyphography. 

Buchhaendler-Album.     Portrait-Galerie  verdienter  und  namhafter 

Buchhandler,    Buchdrucker,    Kunst-    und  Musikalienhandler    aus 

alterer  wie  neuerer  Zeit.     Mit  begleitenden  biographischen  Skiz- 

zen.     Leipzig :  1868.     4to. 

A  series  of  portraits  of  booksellers,  printers,  engraving  and  music  dealers  of  past 

and  present  times,  with  biographical  sketches.     Published  in  numbers. 

BUCHHOLZ  (Carl).      Humoristische  Reise-Skizzen  eines  wandernden 
Typographen.     Siegen :  1862.     8vo. 
The  tales  of  a  travelling  printer,  the  narrative  frequently  verging  on  the  coarse. 

BUCH-  UND  Geschaftsfuhrung,  Die,  fiir  Buchdnickereien.  An- 
leitung zur  doppelten  Buchhaltung.     Leipzig  :  1868.     4to. 

Guide  to  double  entry  book-keeping  for  the  printing  house.     Reprinted  from  the 
A  rchiv  fiir  Buchdruckjrkunst. 

Buckingham  (James  Silk),  Autobiography  of,  including  his  Voyages, 
Travels,  Adventures,  Speculations,  Successes,  and  Failures,  faith- 
fully and  frankly  narrated,  interspersed  with  characteristic  sketches 
of  public  men  with  whom  he  has  had  intercourse,  during  a  period 
of  more  than  fifty  years.  With  a  portrait.  2  vols.  London  : 
1855.     8vo.  pp.  XV.  400 ;  xii.  424. 

James  Silk  Buckingham  was  a  remark-  London  printing-offices  and  at  the  Claren- 

able   man,    and    these   volumes  give   an  don  Press,  Oxford.     He  sought  to  set  up 

interesting  account  of  his  career.      Their  a  press   in   India,   but  was  compelled  to 

chief  value,  in  a  typographical  aspect,  is  quit  the  country  by  the  East-India  Com- 

the  reminiscences  contained  of  Bucking-  pany,  who  at  that  time  virtually  wielded 

ham's  experiences  as  a  printer  in  several  supreme  power. 

[Bullet  (J.  B.).]  Recherches  historiques  sur  les  Cartes-a-jouer,  avec 
des  notes  critiques.     Lyon:  1757.     8vo. 

Bulmer  (William).  This  celebrated  printer  was  born  in  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  and  early  formed  a  friendship  with  Thomas  Bewick,  hte 
wood-engraver,   which  lastc'd  throughout  their   lives.       (A   good 


92  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

memoir  of  Thomas  Bewick,  the  elder  of  the  brothers  Bewick,  with 
a  portrait,  is  given  in  the  Gentleman^ s  Magazine,  vol.  xcix.  pp.  17 
and  132).  Buhner  was  apprenticed  to  Thompson  the  printer,  at 
Newcastle,  but  on  the  completion  of  his  service  went  to  London. 
He  became  acquainted  with  George  Nicol,  bookseller  to  King 
George  III.,  who  was  then  projecting  the  magnificent  national 
edition  of  Shakespeare  which  he  had  suggested  to  the  Boydells. 


W.     BULMER. 


Premises  were  engaged  in  Cleveland  Row,  St.  James's,  and  the 
*  Shakespeare  Press "  was  established  under  the  style  of  W. 
Bulmer  &  Co.  "This  estalilishment,"  says  Dibdin,  "  was  un- 
questionably an  honour  both  to  the  founders  in  particular  and  the 
public  at  large.  Our  greatest  poet,  our  greatest  painter,  and  two 
of  our  most  respectable  publishers  and  printers,  were  all  embarked 
in  one  common  white-hot  crucible,  from  Avhich  issued  so  pure  and 


Bibliography  of  Friiiting,  93 

brilliant  a  flame  on  fusion  that  it  gladdened  all  eyes  and  hearts,  and 
threw  a  neM^  and  revivifying  lustre  on  the  threefold  arts  of  Paint- 
ing, Engraving,  and  Printing.  The  nation  appeared  to  be  not  less 
struck  than  astonished,  and  our  venerable  monarch,  George  III., 
felt  anxious,  not  only  to  give  such  a  magnificent  establishment 
every  degree  of  royal  support,  but,  infected  with  the  matrix  and 
puncheon  mania,  he  had  even  contemplated  the  creation  of  a  Royal 
Printing-office  within  the  walls  of  his  own  palace."  The  first 
number  of  the  "  Boyd  ell  Shakespeare  "  appeared  in  January,  1794, 
and  at  once  established  Bulmer's  fame  as  the  first  practical  printer 
of  the  day.  In  Dibdin's  "Bibliographical  Decameron,"  vol.  ii. 
pp.  384-395,  there  is  a  list  of  the  books  printed  at  the  Shakespeare 
Press,  with  bibliographical  and  critical  remarks.  Next  to  th^ 
"  Shakespeare,"  the  edition  of  Milton,  3  vols.  fo.  (i 793-1 797)  ^s 
considered  the  finest  production  of  Bulmer's  office.  These  two 
books  are  represented  in  the  portrait  annexed,  which  was  engraved 
for  Hansard's  "  Typographia."  In  1795  he  printed  a  4to.  edition  of 
Goldsmith's  and  Parnell's  poems,  dedicated  to  the  founders  of  the 
Shakespeare  printing-office,  Boydells  and  Nicol.  The  advertise- 
ment says  that  the  volume,  with  others,  are  "particularly  meant  to 
combine  the  various  beauties  of  printing,  type-founding,  engraving, 
and  paper-making,  as  well  as  with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  near 
approach  to  perfection  which  those  arts  have  attained  to  in  this 
country,,  as  to  invite  a  fair  competition  with  the  best  typographical 
productions  of  other  nations."  Bulmer  goes  on  to  say  that  "the 
ornaments  are  all  engraved  on  blocks  of  wood  by  my  earliest  ac- 
quaintances, Messrs.  Bewicks,  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  and  London. 
They  form  the  most  extraordinary  effort  of  the  art  of  engraving 
upon  wood  that  ever  was  produced  in  any  age  or  in  any  country. 
Of  the  paper,  it  is  only  necessary  to  say  that  it  comes  from  the 
manufactory  of  Mr.  Whatman."  This  work  was  highly  appreciated 
by  the  public,  and  produced  a  clear  profit  to  the  printer  of  ;^i,500. 
Stimulated  by  this  great  success,  in  1796  Bulmer  issued  an  illus- 
trated 4to.  edition  of  Somerville's  "Chase."  In  1804,  the 
Goldsmith,  Parnell,  and  Somerville  were  reprinted  in  an  8vo. 
volume,  for  Cadell  &  Davies,  who  had  purchased  the  blocks. 
Bulmer  afterwards  printed  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  volumes 
of  Dibdin's  edition  of  Herbert  &  Ames's  "Typographical  Antiqui- 
ties "  in  two  colours,  the  first  volume  being  printed  by  William 
Savage,  the  author  of  "Decorative  Printing"  {q.v.).  Bulmer 
also  printed  the  "  Bibliotheca  Spenceriana,"  in  4  vols.,  as  well  as 
the  "Bibliographical  Decameron,"  which  was  the  finest  of  all  of 
Dibdin's  works  from  a  typographical  point  of  view.  We  cannot 
give  here  anything  like  a  list  of  the  books  that  proceeded  from 
this  famous  press.  We  may  mention,  however,  that  Bulmer 
had  the  honour  of  printing  Wilkins's  Sanskrit  Grammar,  a  quarto 
volume  of  662,  xx.  pages,  with  three  pages  of  copperplates  added, 
containing  the  compound  consonants,  beautifully  executed  and 
most  exquisitely  printed.  This,  we  believe,  was  the  first  Sanskrit 
Grammar  printed  in  Europe.  The  punches  were  designed  and  cut 
by  the  author  himself,  and  the  beauty  of  the  characters  is  highly 


94  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

creditable  to  his  ingenuity.  The  date  of  the  book  is  1808.  After 
continuing  in  business  for  about  thirty  years,  Bulmer  retired  in  1819 
with  a  well-earned  fortune.  His  successor  was  William  Nicol,  the 
only  son  of  his  old  friend.  Bulmer  died  at  Clapham  Rise,  on  the 
9th  September,  1830,  aged  74,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Clement 
Danes'  churchyard  in  the  Strand.  A  careful  and  appreciative 
review  of  the  works  of  Bulmer,  with  an  account  of  his  life,  was 
given  in  the  Gentlema7i's  Magazine,  October,  1830,  p.  305,  et  seq. 
It  occupies  upwards  of  ten  columns,  and  is  accompanied  by  a  fine 
lithographed  portrait,  painted  and  drawn  on  stone  by  James 
Ramsay,  with  a  facsimile  of  his  autograph.  The  editor  (who  was 
familiar  with  Bulmer)  says  that  the  latter  is  superior  to  the  wood- 
engraving  in  Hansard,  which  we  reprint ;  while  as  to  the  portrait 
in  the  "  Decameron,"  it  is  "not  recognizable,  having  been  taken 
when  Bulmer  was  a  young  man. " 

BUNEMANN  (Joseph  Lewis).  Catalogus  Manuscriptorum  membrana- 
ceorum  et  chartaceorum.     Mindce  :   1752.     8vo. 

Included  in  this  Catalogue  of  Manuscripts  is  "Catalogus  Librorum  ab  Inventa 
Typographia  usque  ad  annum  1500,  et  inde  usque  ad  annum  1560,  et  ulterius  im- 
pressorum  rarissimorum." 

Notitia  Scriptorum  editorum  atque  ineditorum  Artem  Typo- 

graphicam  illustrantium,  intermixtis  passim  observationibus  litera- 
riis,  ordine  alphabetico,  in  memoriam  Sseculi  Tertii  ab  inventa 
Typographia  decursi,  occasione  Actus  oratorii  a  sedecim  juvenibus 
lectissiinis  anno  1740  die  Mail  decima  habendi.  Exhibit,  ac 
summos  atque  optimos  quosque  Patronos  et  Fautores  ed  eos  bene- 
vole  audiendos  devotissime  invitat.     Hanoverae  :  1740.     4to. 

BuNiVA  (Mich.  Franc).     Igiene  de'  Tipografi.     Torino  :   1825.     8vo. 

BuRBURE  (Leon  de).  Sur  I'Anciennete  de  I'Art  Typographique  en 
Belgique.     8vo.     pp.  8. 

Reprint  from  the  Bidletitt  de  V Academic  Royale  de  Belgique. 

BURCKHARDT  und  Hagenbach.  Festreden  bei  der  vierten  Sacular- 
feier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  Basel  gahalten  im 
Miinster  daselbst  von  den  Herren  Antistes  Burckhardt  und  Pro- 
fessor Hagenbach  den  24sten  Juni,  1840.  Nebst  einer  Beschrie- 
bung  des  Festes.     Basel  [1840].     4to.    pp.  50. 

BURDICK  (W.).  An  Oration  on  the  Nature  and  Effects  of  the  Art  of 
Printing,  delivered  in  Franklin  Hall,  July  5,  1802,  before  the 
Boston  Franklin  Association.    Boston,  Mass. :  1802.    8vo.  pp.31. 

Bure  (William  Francis  de).  Museum  Typographicum,  seu  Collectio 
in  qua  omnes  fere  libri  in  quavis  facultate  ac  lingua  rarissimi  nota- 
tuque  dignissimi  accurate  recensentur.     Paris  :  1755.     i2mo. 

William  Francis  de  Bure  was  an  eminent  bookseller  at  Paris  ;  he  died  in  1782. 
Only  twelve  copies  of  the  work  named  above  were  printed,  for  distribution  among 
the  friends  of  the  author. 


Bibliography  of  Priiiting. 


95 


BURGES  (Francis).  Some  Observations  on  the  Use  and  Original  of  the 
Noble  Art  and  Mystery  of  Printing.  Norwich  :  1701.  8vo. 
pp.  17. 


The  first  book  that  was  ever  printed  in 
Norwich,  according  to  the  Harleian 
Miscellany.  It  is  republished  in  the 
latter  collection,  vol.  iii.  pp.  154-157, 
prefaced  to  it  being  the  following  state- 
ment :  "  The  author  of  this  little  piece 
was  Mr.  Francis  Burges,  a  printer,  who 
first  carried  that  art  and  mystery  to  Nor- 
wich ;  but  meeting  with  small  encourage- 
ment and  great  opposition  (as  if  he  had 
brought  an  additional  expense  to  the  city), 
he  published  this  by  way  of  apology.  In 
the  first  place  showing  that  he  broke  not 


not  certainly  know,  this  being  one  of  the 
iiwenta  adespota  of  the  '  masterless  in- 
ventions,' of  which  the  only  reason  that 
can  be  assigned  is  :  '  Laus  veterum  est 
meruisse  omnis  prseconia  famse,  et  spre- 
visse  simul " 

'  Brave  men  mora  studious  were,  in  for- 
mer days, 
Of  doing  good  than  of  obtaining  praise.'  " 

The  author  "will  not  pretend  to  deter- 
mine "  whether  to  Germany  or  Holland 


in  upon  any  other  person's  property,  that    is  due  the  honour  of  the  invention. 


his  trade  was  of  great  use  in  a  trading 
place,  a  great  means  to  promote  piety, 
and  a  certain  method  to  do  good  to  several 
other  trades,  because  under  the  printer, 
the  bookseller,  bookbinder,  joiner,  smith, 
&:c. ,  may  hope  to  reap  advantage. "  Bur- 
ges says  :  "To  whom  the  world  is  in- 
debted for  this  excellent  invention  we  do 


Although  the  Harleian  Miscellany 
gives  this  book  the  credit  of  being  the 
first  printed  at  Norwich,  the  art  was  prac- 
tised there  more  than  a  century  earlier  by 
the  Dutch,  who,  in  1568-1572,  fled  their 
country  in  consequence  of  the  tyranny  of 
Alba.  The  works  printed  by  them  are  of 
excessive  rarity. 


LONDON  :  1533-1544. 


Byddell  (John).  This  printer,  whose  name  is  otherwise  spelled  Bedel, 
also  bore  the  name  of  Salisbury,  which  is  given  as  an  alias  in  the 
colophon  of  one  of  his  books.  He  was  publishing  in  I535>  ^'^'^^ 
his  first  residence  was  at  the  sign  of  "  Our  Lady  of  Pity,"  next 
Fleet  Bridge,  but  he  afterwards  removed  to  the  "Sun,"  near  the 
Conduit,  perhaps  the  old  dwelling-place  of  Wynkyn  de  Worde, 
for  whom  he  was  an  executor.  He  used  several  devices,  a  copy 
of  one  of  which  is  annexed.  It  consists  of  a  parallelogram  con- 
tained within  one  line.  It  is  cut  upon  a  black  ground  ;  his  initials 
are  enclosed  by  flourishings,  and  his  name  at  full  length  placed  at 
the  bottom  of  the  whole.  The  device  sometimes  contains  only 
the  heart-shaped  figure  in  the  centre,  with  the  cross  and  J.  B. ; 
and  such  is  the  one  given  by  Ames,  but  that  which  we  reproduce 
is  complete,  and  includes  the  small  device  as  well. 


96 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Bylaert  (J.  J.).     Nieuwe  manier  om  Plaet-Tekeningen  in  t'Koper  te 
brengen.     Leyden  ;  1772.     8vo. 

Nouvelle  Maniere  de  graver  en  Cuivre  des  Estampes  coloriees  ; 

de  fa^on  que,  quoique  imprimees  dans  une  presse  ordinaire,  elles 
conserveront  Pair  et  le  caractere  du  dessein.  Traduit  du  HoUan- 
daise  par  L.  G.  F.  Kerroux.     Leyde  :   1772.     8vo. 


Bynneman  (Henry).  This  printer  was  an  assistant  or  employe  of 
Reynold  Wolfe,  whose  device  of  the  brazen  serpent  he  used  in  some 
of  his  books.  He  rose  to  much  eminence  in  his  art.  He  lived 
in  Thames  Street,  near  Baynard's  Castle,  and  at  the  sign  of  the 
**  Mermaid,"  in  Knight  Rider  Street.  His  motto  was  ''Omnia 
tempus  habet."  He  met  with  great  encouragement  from  Arch- 
bishop Parker,  who  allowed  him  to  have  a  shop  or  shed  at  the 
north-west  door  of  St.  Paul's,  at  the  sign  of  the  "  Three  Wells. " 
He  died  in  1583,  and  left  Denham  and  Newbury  his  assignees. 
His  usual  device  is  a  mermaid  in  an  oval  cartouch ;  but  we  find 
the  one  annexed  on  the  title-page  of  a  very  rare  translation  of 
"  The  First  Foure  Bookes  of  Virgil's  y^neis,"  by  Richard  Stany- 
hurst,  printed,  in  8vo.,  1583,  by  "  H.  Bynneman,  dwelling  in 
Thames-streate,  neare  unto  Baynardes  Castell. "  The  same  device 
was  used  by  several  other  London  printers,  and  among  them  by 
Ralph  Newbery  and  Thomas  Este.  Bynneman  had  another  office 
in  Knight  Rider  Street,  at  the  sign  of  the  "  Mermaid,"  which  ex 
plains  his  using  the  other  device,  with  the  motto  around  it, 
"Omnia  tempus  habet."  The  device  is  the  doe,  passant,  on  a 
half  wreath  ;  in  a  border  the  motto,  *'  Cerva  charissima  et  gratis- 
simus  hinnulus  prod.'" 


{\i.  M.),  Almnnacli  (le  rinipiimerie  et  (le 
la  Lihrairie  pour  1819.  I'aris  :  1819. 
8vo. 

Caballero  (Raymundo  Diosdado).  De 
prima  Typographiae  Hispanicae  -^tate 
Specimen.     Romae :  1793.     4to. 


De  Prima  Typographioe  Hispanicaj 

^tate  Specimen.  Breve  examen  acerca 
de  los  primeros  tiempos  del  Arte  Tipo- 
grafico  en  Espaiia,  version  Castellana 
por  D.  Vicente  Fontan.  Madrid  : 
1866.     8vo.   pp.  170. 

Raymundo  Diosdado  Caballero  was  a  his  many  works  the  above  is  an  important 

Spanish   theologian   of  the   order  of  the  one,  in  which  he  demonstrated  the  fact 

Jesuits,  born   1740,  died  1820.     Expelled  that  there  was  a  printing-office  in  Valencia 

from  Madrid  on  the  suppression   of  his  in    1474,   and    estimates    the   number  of 

order,  he  found  a  refuge  in  Rome,  where  books  printed   in   Spain   in  the  fifteenth 

he  devoted  himself  to  literature.     Among  century  to  be  310. 

Cabrera  Nunez  de  Guzman  (Melchor  de).  Discurso  legal,  his- 
torico  y  politico  en  prueba  del  Origen,  Progressos,  Utilidad  del 
Arte  de  la  Imprenta.     Madrid  :   1675.     Folio. 


C^SAR  (Kaiser),  Nicolas. 

Two  celebrated  printers  were  established 
at  Cologne  in  1518,  Quentel  and  Caesar. 
The  latter  printed  "  Hermanni  Buschii 
Pasiphili  Vallum  Humanitatis,"  4to. , 
which  concludes  with  this  singular  colo- 


phon :  "  Impressum  per  Nicolaum  Cse- 
saren  Francum  Orientalum  Coloniae,  in 
vico  qui  venter  felis,  vulgo  Katzenbach 
(Catsbelly)  dicitur."  The  device  of  Caesar 
annexed   is   copied   from    "  Joannis  Pici 


98 


Bib/iograp/iy  of  Printing. 


Mirandute  Epistolse "  (Cologne:    1518),     feathers,    crest,    and   elaborate   mantles, 
4to.,  with  the  same  colophon  as  the  pre-     surmounts  a  shield  with  the  three  crowns 


ceding.     A  similar  device   was   used  by     in  chief,  the  rest  of  the  escutcheon  blank 
J.    Koelhoff.     It  consists  of  the  arms  of    rabbits  on  the  foreground. 
Cologne, — a  king's  helmet,  with  peacock 


Caille   (Jean   de  la),     Histoive  de  I'lmprimerie  et  de  la  Librairie. 
Paris  :  1689.     4to. 


The  author  was  a  printer  and  book- 
seller in  Paris,  where  he  died  in  1720. 
A  new  edition  of  this  work,  for  which 
large  collections  had  been  made,  was  pro- 
jected, but  never  issued.  Some  additions 
were,     however,     distributed,     in    1694, 


among  those  who  possessed  the  work,  and 
these  additions,  which  are  the  best  portion 
of  the  work,  were  largely  improved  by  the 
researches  of  Chevillier,  whose  history 
was  published  in  that  year. 


Caillaut,  or  Cayllaud  (Antoine). 


A  Paris  printer  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. He  had  another  printer's  mark, 
which  he  used   more  frequently  than  the 


present  one.  It  is  to  be  found  in  Brunet, 
"  Manuel  du  Libraire,"  iii.  1301,  and 
represents    Saint    Antony   with    his    un- 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


99 


avoidable  swine.     It  is  headed  Antonius,     The  book  described  in  Brunei  as  bearing 
and   on  both  sides  laterally  is  repeated     the  mark  is  "  Le  Livre  de  Bonnes  Me urs" 


m:m'em:<^-ms<^M. 


.^■^'TJHi 


PARIS  :  1483-1503. 


"Antoine   Cayllaud,"  with    the    initials    (Paris:  1487.    4to.).     Caillaut  printed  in 
A.  C.  on  a  stone  at  the  foot  of  the  Saint.     Paris  from  1483  to  1503. 


lOO 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Cambiagi  (Francesco),     Cenni   storici   della    Stamperia   granclucale. 
Firenze  :  1846.     410. 

Cambridge  University  Printers. 

The  art  of  printing  was  at  a  very  early 
period  of  its  history  introduced  into  Cam- 
bridge, as  will  appear  from  the  fact  that 
in  1521  John  Siberch  settled  there,  and 
styled  himself  the  first  Greek  printer  in 
England.  There  is  not  much  Greek 
matter  in  his  books,  however,  and  none 
of  them  were  entirely  composed  in  that 
language.  The  city  is  chiefly  distinguished 
in  the  annals  of  printing,  however,  for  its 
University  Press,  which  owes  its  origin 
to  a  patent,  granted  by  Henry  VIII.  in 
July,  1534,  which  authorized  the  Uni- 
versity for  ever  to  have  three  stationers 
or  printers  of  books.  In  accordance  with 
this  patent  three  printers  were  appointed, 
n-imed  Sperring,  Godfrey,  and  Nichol- 
son. Subsequent  nionarchs  have  con- 
lirnjed,  and  in  some  cases  modified,  the 
terms  of  the  authority,  but  the   line  of 


Francis  Buck 

...      i6jo 

Roger  Daniel 

...      1632 

John  Legate 

...     1650 

John  Field      

•  ■•     1655 

John  Hayes    ... 

...      1669 

Matthew  vVhinn,  M. A. 

. . .     1669 

John  Peck,  M. A 

...     1680 

Hugh  Martin,  M.A. 

...     1682 

Dr.  James  Jackson 

...     1683 

Jonat.  Pindar            

...     i683 

H.  Jenkes      

...     1693 

Corn.  Crownfield      

...     1706 

Jos.  Bentham             

...     1740 

_  ohn  Baskerville 

...     1758 

.  ohn  Archdeacon      

...     1766 

John  Bvirgess 

•••     1793 

John  Dcighton 

...     1802 

Ri.  Watts        

...     1802 

ohn  Smith     ... 

...     1809 

/.W.Parker 

...     1836 

c.xmukidge:  1 606- 1 6 1 4  {circa). 


privileged  typographers  has  been  con- 
tinued ever  since,  and  we  present  a  list 
from  authentic  records,  of  the  names  of 
the  ."University  Printers."  It  is  be- 
lieved, however,  that  Thomas  Thomas 
(1583)  was  the  first  printer  who  actually 
carried  on  the  processes  within  the  Uni- 
versity. 

Cambridge  University  Printers. 

Nic.    Sperring,    Garratt    Godfrey, 

Segar  Nicholson 1534 

Nic.  Pilgrim,  Ri.  Noke     1539 

Pet.  Shers      1546 

John  Kingston  (of  London)  ...  1577 

Tho.  Thomas,  M.A.  1583 

John  Legat 1588 

John  Porter 1593 

Cancrcl  Legge  1606 

Thomas  Brooke,  M.A.       ...    before  161 4 


Leonard  Green  

John  Buck,  M.A.,  and  Tho.  Buck 
Partnership  of  the  University  with 

Mr.   G.    Seeley  and   Mr.    C.  J. 

Clay,  M.A.  ...         ...         ... 

Partnership  of  the  University  with 

Mr.  C.  J.  Clay  on  resignation  of 

Mr.  Seeley 


1622 
162=; 


1854 


1856 


Several  of  these  were  men  of  eminence 
and  learning.  Among  them  may  be 
named  John  Legate,  "citizen  and  sta- 
tioner of  London."  In  1606  he  used  the 
device  of  the  "Alma  mater  Cantabrigise," 
and  round  it  the  words  "  Hinc  lucem  et 
pocula  sacra."  We  annex  a  copy  of  this 
device,  which  has  also  been  used  by 
subsequent  printers.  John  Legate  died 
in  1626.  Several  of  the  University 
printers- also   have   been    benefactors   to 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


lOI 


the  various  learned  corporations  of  the 
city.  Among  them  was  Thomas  Buck, 
who  left  a  will  bequeathing  a  sum  of 
money  to  St.  Catharine's  Hall  (of  which 
he  had  been  a  scholar)  to  purchase  books. 
He  died  in  1688.  This  formed  the 
nucleus  of  the  Library  of  St.  Catharine's 
College,  which  is  still  maintained.  It 
contains  many  examples  from  the  presses 
of  the  early  printers.  The  librarian- 
ship  was  appropriately  held  in  1874-5 
by  the  Rev.  W.  T.  Southward,  M.A., 
Fellow  of  St.  Catharine's  College,  the 
son  of  a  Liverpool  printer,  and  younger 
brother  of  Mr.  John  Southward,  a 
printer  and  writer  on  printing.  He  has 
since  resigned  the  office.  A  catalogue  of 
the  fifteenth-century  printed  books  in  the 
Library  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
by  Robert  Sinker,  M.A.,  Librarian, 
was  published  in  1876.  The  University 
Printing-office  is  now  called   the  "  Pitt 


Press."  The  new  buildings  composing  it 
were  opened  April  30,  1834,  with  great 
ceremony  by  the  Marquis  Camden,  who 
printed,  from  a  press  erected  in  the  hall, 
a  small  sheet  in  Latin,  a  description  of 
the  building  and  a  eulogy  on  the  states- 
man William  Pitt.  They  form  a  large 
erection  on  the  west  side  of  Trumpington- 
street,  extending  round  the  three  sides  of 
a  square ;  the  principal  front,  in  the 
Gothic  style  of  architecture,  bemg  sur- 
mounted with  a  lofty  tower.  The  Uni- 
versity Press  is  now  managed,  under  a 
deed  of  partnership,  by  Mr.  Charles  John 
Clay,  M.A.,  of  Trinity  College,  son  of 
Mr,  Richard  Clay,  the  eminent  printer 
of  Bread-street-hill,  London;  and  the 
superintendence  of  the  Press,  on  the 
part  of  the  University,  is  committed  by 
the  Senate  -to  Syndics,  appointed  from 
time  to  time  for  this  purpose. 


Cambruzzi  (P.  M,).     History  of  Feltre  (Italy). 

A  manuscript  written  in  the  seventeenth  century  by  P.  M.  Cambruzzi,  and  still 
preserved  in  the  library  of  the  Seminary  of  that  city,  which  advocates  the  claims 
of  Castaldi  as  the  inventor  of  typography. 

Campbell  (M,  F.  A.  G.).     Annales  de  la  Typographic  Neerlandaise 
au  XVe.  Siecle.     La  Haye  :  1874.     8vo.  pp.  630. 

works   issued   from   their   presses.      The 
author  is  the  sub-librarian,  and  colleague 


Supplementary  to  the  works  of  Mait- 
taire.  Panzer,  and  Hain.  The  first  part 
of  this  work  contains  the  titles  of  incuna- 
bula in  alphabetical  order ;  the  .second 
part  consists  of  an  alphabetical  table  of 
Dutch   typographers,  with  a  list  of  the 


of  Mr.  Holtrop,  the  librarian  of  the  Royal 
Library  at  the  Hague,  and  the  latter 
passes  a  high  eulogium  on  his  labours  in 
his  "  Monumens." 


Campbell   (R.).     The   London  Tradesman;   being  a  Compendious 
View   of  all   the   Trades,    Professions,    Arts,   both    Liberal   and 
Mechanic,  now  practised  in  the  cities  of  London  and  Westminster. 
London  :  1747.     Crown  8vo.  pp.  xii.,  340. 
A  highly  interesting  book,  giving  an    wages   paid,  and  other  data  are   given. 


insight  into  over  350  different  trades  and 
professions  as  carried  on  in  this  metro- 
polis. Amongst  others  the  typefounder, 
printer,  engraver,  papermaker,  book- 
seller, stationer,  &c.,  are  included.  In 
each  case  the  hours  of  work,  the  rate  of 


The  author  says,  "  a  compositor  may 
earn  a  guinea  a  week  if  he  is  expert  in 
his  business,  and  a  pressman  may  get  as 
much,  but  that  both  of  them  idle  away 
much  of  their  time." 


Camus  (Armand  Gaston), 
la  Stereotypic.  Paris 
specimens. 


Histoire  et  Procedes  du  Polytypage  ct  de 
an  X.  [1801].     8vo.  pp.  135  ;  3  leaves  of 


—  Memoire  sur  1' Histoire  et  les  Procedes  du  Polytypage  et  de  la 
Stereotypic. — Memoire  sur  Timprimcric  des  cartes  geographiques 
et  de  quelques  autres  objets  en  caracteres  mobiles.  Avec  planches. 
Paris:   1798,  8vo.j  1802,  8vo. 

—  Memoire  sur  les  Progres,  I'Etat  actuel,  et  le  Perfectionnement 
de  rimprimerie.      Paris  :   1798.     4to. 


I02  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Camus  (Armand  Gaston).  Memoire  sm-  uu  Livre  allemand,  intitule 
"  Tlieuerdank."  Ou  Ton  examine  si  ce  livre  a  ete  imprime  avec 
des  caracteres  mobiles  ou  avec  des  planches  gravees  en  bois  ? 
3  plates  and  facsimile. 

Notice  d'un  Livre  imprime  a  Bamberg  en   1462  par  Albert 

Pfister.     Lue  a  rinstitut  National.     Paris  :  an  VII.    [1799].    4to. 
Large  paper.     5  plates  of  facsimiles. 

The   curious   work   mentioned    in   the  quently  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 

above  title,  the  subject  of  which  is  "The  Institute,  where,  faithful  to  his   republi- 

Four  Histories  of  Joseph,  Daniel,  Judith,  can  ideas,  he   recorded   his  vote  against 

and  Esther,"  was  discovered  hy a  German  the     establishment    of    Napoleon     I.    as 

clergyman  of  the    name  of  Steiner,   and  Consul  for  life.     He  was  a  bibliographer 

was  first  described  by  him  in  the  Ma^asz'n  of  high  reputation.     His  work  on  Stereo- 

Historique-Litterau-e     Bibliographiq tie  typing  and  Polytyping  was  first  published 

(Chemnitz  :  1792),    but   Camus's  memoir  in  the  "  Memoires  de  ITnstitut." 
is    replete    with   curious    matter,    and    is         A  memoir  of  Camus,  who  is  described 

illustrated  with  facsimile  cuts.  by    Dibdin   ("  Bibliomania  ")  as    a    good 

Armand  Gaston  Camus  was  a  performer  scholar  and  an  elegant  bibliographer,  will 

of  some  importance  in  the  great  drama  be  found  in  "  Les  Siecles  Litteraires  de 

of  the  French  Revolution,  being  a  deputy  France." 
in    the    National    Convention.      Subse- 

Canensius  (Michael).  Index  Editionum  quoe  Romae  primum  pro- 
dierunt  post  divinum  Typographic  inventum,  a  Germanis  opifici- 
bus  in  earn  urbem  advectum.  (In  his  Vita  Patdi  JI.)  pp.  105- 
288.     Romge  :  1740.     4to. 

Capelle  (P.).  Manuel  de  la  Typographic  Fran^aise,  ou  Traite  com- 
plet  de  rimprimerie.  Ouvrage  utile  aux  jeunes  typographes,  aux 
libraires  et  aux  gens  de  lettres.  Paris  :  1826.  4to.  pp.  92,  and 
large  sheet  of  specimens  of  type  of  Didot  and  Mole. 

An  uncompleted  work.     The  author  was  a  government  inspector  of  printing  and 
publishing. 

Capialki  (Vito).  Memorie  delle  Tipografie  Calabresi ;  con  appendice 
sopra  alcune  biblioteche  di  Calabria,  ed  un  discorso  sulla  tipografia 
Monteleonese.     Napoli  :   1835.     ^^o. 

Notizie  circa  la  Vita,  le  Opei-e,  e  le  Edizioni  di  Messer  Giovan 

Filippo  da  Legname,  Cavaliere  Messinese  e  tipografo  del  secolo  XV. 
Napoli  :  1853.     8vo. 

Capitaine  (Ulysse).    Bibliographic  Liegeoise.     16^  Siecle.    Bruxelles: 

1852.  8vo.  pp.  39. 

Nouvelles  Recherches  sur  les  Impressions  Liegeoises  du  XVle 

Siecle.     [Bruxelles :   1862.]     8vo.  pp.  7. 

The  preceding  pamphlets  are  reprints  from  the  Bzilietin  du  Bibliophile  Beige.     Of 
the  first  200  copies  were  issued,  and  of  the  second  25  copies. 

Nouvelles  Recherches  sur  les  Imprimeursde  Namur.   Bruxelles  : 

1853.  8vo. 

Carey  (Annie).     The   History  of  c.  Book.      London  :  1873.     8vo., 
pp.  176. 
A  popular  account  of  the  processes  of  printing,  engraving,  paper-making,  and 
bookbinding,  with  some  details  of  the  history  of  those  subjects.   It  is  chiefly  intended 
for  the  instruction  of  juveniles. 


Bi/>/ioi(rap/iy  of  Pi-'mting, 


03 


Carini  {Y.),      Istruzioni  sopra  I'Arte  tipografica  per  iisn    dclla  gio- 
ventii  Siciliana.     Palermo  :  1840.     410. 

CAROVfi  (F.  W.).    Die  Buchdruckerkunst  in  ilirer  weltgeschichtlichen 
Bedeutung.     Siegen  und  Wiesbaden  :   1843.     ^vo.   pp.  88. 

An  eloquently  written  pamphlet  on  the  origin  of  printing,  Gutenberg,  and  the 
consequences  of  his  invention,  &c. 

CarPOVIUS  (Jac. ).   Vergleichung  der  Kunst  in  Erfindung  des  Schreibens 
und  der  Buchdruckerey.     Weimar  <   1740.     4to. 

Carpovius,  a  Lutheran  theologian,  was  born  in  1699,  and  died  at  Weimar  in  1768. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Berlin,  and  wrote  several  controversial  works 
on  theology.  The  above  is  a  treatise  on  the  advantage  to  art  in  the  discovery  of 
letters  and  of  printing. 

See  Beytrag,  Weimarischen. 

Carton  (C).     Colard  Mansion  et  les  Imprimeurs  Brugeois  du  XVe 
Siecle.     Bruges  :  1848.     8vo. 

The  printing-oflfice  of  Colard  Mansion  at  Bruges  is  that  in  which  William  Caxton 
is  said  to  have  learnt  the  elements  of  his  art. 

Carutti  (Domenico).     Lorenzo  Coster.     Notizia  intorno  alia  sua  vita 
ed  alia  invenzione  della  tipografia  in  Olanda.    Torino  :  1868.    4to. 

Casali  (Scip. ).     Annali  della  Tipografia  Veneziana  di  Francesco  Mar- 
colini  da  Forli.     Forli  :   1861.     8vo.   pp.  xvii.,  344. 

The  title-page  bears  a  vignette  portrait  of  Francesco  Marcolini,  and  a  different 
portrait  forms  a  tailpiece  on  the  last  page. 

Case,  The,  and  Proposals  of  the  Free  Journeymen  Printers  in  and 
about  London.  A  broadside,  dated  Oct.  23,  1666. 
In  the  British  Museum.  From  this  it  only  to  140  ;  but  there  were  various  "  in- 
appears  that  the  entire  number  of  working  terlopers,"  as  they  are  designated,  and 
printers  who  had  served  a  regular  appren-  this  paper  is  a  remonstrance  against  the 
ticeship  in  and  near  London  amounted     propriety  of  employing  them. 

Case  (The)   of  the  Free- Workmen-Printers   relating  to  the   Bill  for 
restraining  the  great  Licentiousness  of  the  Press.     Broadside. 

The  workmen  think  that  the  great  number  of  apprentices  causes  men  to  want 
•employment,  and  therefore  to  be  driven  to  illegal  work,  there  being  over  140 
workmen-printers  now  in  London. 

Caslon  (William). 

William  Caslon,  the  first  great  type- 
founder that  this  country  produced,  and 
who  was  called  by  Rowe  Mores  the 
"  Corypheus  of  Letter  Founders,"  was 
born  in  1692,  at  Hales  Owen,  in  Shrop- 
shire. He  died  January  23,  1766.  He 
was  apprenticed  to  an  engraver  of  gun- 
locks  and  barrels,  and  after  his  term  of 
apprenticeship  followed  his  trade  in  Vine- 
street,  near  the  Minories.  He  evinced 
much  genius  in  engraving  ornamental  de- 
vices on  the  barrels  of  fire-arms,  and  occa- 
sionally made    blocking   tools    for   book- 


binders and  for  chasers  of  silver  plate. 
While  he  was  thus  engaged,  some  of  his 
book-binding  punches  were  noticed  for 
their  neatness  and  accuracy  by  John 
Watts,  an  eminent  printer  of  the  day, 
who  thought  that  Caslon  might  be  able 
to  improve  upon  the  existing  type- 
punches,  which  were  then  of  a  very 
unsatisfactory  character.  With  this  view, 
Watts  took  Caslon  under  his  patronage, 
and,  after  introducing  him  to  the  leading 
printers,  supplied  him  with  the  means 
of  beginning  a  type-foundry.     The  elder 


I04 


BibliograpJiy  of  Printiin^ 


l^owyer  accidentally  came  across  some 
remarkably  neat  lettering  on  a  book  by 
Caslon,  and  formed  his  acquaintance. 
He  took  him  to  James's  foundry  in 
Bartholomew  Close,  for  Caslon  had  up 
to  that  time  never  seen  any  portion  of 
the  process  of  letter-founding.  He 
was  then  asked  if  he  thought  he  could 
undertake  to  cut  types,  and  Caslon  took 
a  day  to  consider  the  matter.  The  result 
was  that  he  entered  upon  the  business, 
Bowyer  lending  him  ^200,  Bettenham 
;^2oo,  and  Watts  /loo.  With  this  assist- 
ance Caslon  applied  himself  assiduously 
to  his  new  pursuit.  In  1720  the  Society 
for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  de- 
siring to  print    a    New   Testament    and 


his  name  at  the  bottom  of  his  specimen, 
and  this  was  so  well  executed  that  Palmer 
encouraged  him  to  complete  the  fount. 
Palmer  got  into  difficulties,  and  Caslon 
had  to  find  out  a  new  patron,  and  it  was 
then  that  Watts  and  the  others  befriended 
him.  In  1722  Caslon  cut  for  Bowyer  the 
beautiful  fount  of  English  used  in  printing 
Selden's  works,  and  the  Coptic  tj^pes  for 
Wilkins's  edition  of  the  Pentateuch.  In 
spite  of  rll  the  difficulties  which  Caslon 
encountered,  he  brought  the  art  of  type- 
founding  to  a  perfection  previously  unat- 
tained,  and  rendered  English  printers 
entirely  independent  of  the  Dutch,  from 
whom  they  had  previouslj-  obtained  all 
their  best  founts.     From  1720  to  1780  few 


WILLIAM    CASLON    I. 


Psalter  in  Arabic,  engaged  Caslon  to  cut 
the  fount.  This  was  completed,  and  gave 
great  satisfaction.  It  is  worthy  of  notice 
that  while  the  circumstances  of  the  first 
Caslon's  introduction  to  the  type-founding 
business  are  given  as  already  stated  in  the 
"  Memoir  of  William  Bowyer,"  by 
Nichols,  the  latter,  in  his  "  Literary 
Anecdotes  of  the  Eighteenth  Century" 
(vol.  ii.  p.  355),  gives  a  different  version 
of  the  affair.  He  says  that  it  was  Palmer, 
the  reputed  author  of  the  "History  of 
Printing,"  that  first  induced  Caslon  to 
turn  to  punch-cutting  in  general ;  for,  al- 
though he  had  been  engaged  in  making 
this  fount  of  foreign  characters,  he  did  not 
intend  to  pursue  the  trade.  He  cut, 
however,  a  line   of  pica  Roman  letter  for 


works  of  importance  were  printed  with  the 
types  of  any  other  foundry,  and  his  pro- 
ductions are  in  demand  to  this  day.  He 
was  not  less  esteemed  for  his  eminence  in 
his  art  than  for  the  worthiness  of  his 
private  character.  His  first  foundry  was 
in  a  small  house  in  Helmet-row,  Old 
street ;  he  afterwards  removed  into  Iron- 
monger-row ;  and,  about  1735,  into 
Chiswell-street,  where  the  foundry  was 
carried  on  at  first  by  himself  and  after- 
wards in  conjunction  with  William,  his 
eldest  son,  whose  name  first  appeared  in 
the  specimen  of  1742.  In  1750  Caslon 
was  appointed  a  magistrate  for  Mid'Uesex, 
and  he  then  retired  from  business.  He 
lived  at  what  was  then  a  country  house 
at  Bethnal  Green,  where  he  died,  aged 


Bibliih^raphy  of  Printing, 


105 


74.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Luke's  church- 
yard, Old-street  Road,  in  the  parish  where 
all  his  type-foundries  were  situated.  A 
monument  to  his  memory  is  thus  in- 
scribed :  — 

W.  Caslon,  Esq.,  ob.  23  Jan.,  1766, 
aet.  74  ;  also 

W.  Caslon,  Esq.,  son  of  the  above, 
ob.  17  Aug.,  1778,  aet.  58. 

In  No.  I  of  Caslon  s  Circular,  issued 
by  the  Chiswell-street  foundry  in  January, 
1875,  is  reprinted  what  iscalied  "the  very 
able  and  correct  account  of  the  Founder  of 
our  House,  which  appeared  (Oct.  1874),  in 
The  Printing  Times  and  Litho- 
grapher." Somevery  interesting  reminis- 
cences of  Caslon  will  be  found  in  Dibdin's 
"Decameron,"  pp.  379 — 380.  Caslon  left 
two  sons.  William,  the  elder,  succeeded 
him  in  Chiswell-street ;  and  Thomas,  the 
younger,  became  an  eminent  bookseller 
in  Stationers'-court.  In  the  Universal 
Magazine  of  1750  there  is  a  view  of 
Caslon's  type-foundry,  with  portraits  of 
six  of  his  workmen.  No.  3  is  Jackson 
and  No.  4  Cotterell. 

The  next  owner  of  the  Caslon  foundry, 
William  Caslom  II.,  was  taught  the 
business  by  his  father,  and  maintained, 
but  did  not  increase,  the  good  name 
the  foundry  had  acquired  in  the  hands  of 
his  father.  He  had  two  sons,  William  and 
Henry.  He  died  intestate  in  1778,  when 
his  property  was  equally  divided  between 
his  widow  and  his  two  sons.  William 
Caslon  III.  undertook  the  manage- 
ment of  the  business  until  17^3,  when 
he  disposed  of  his  share  to  his  mother 
and  his  brother  Henry's  widow.  Henry 
Caslon  died  in  1788.  He  left  one  son, 
to  whom,  and  to  his  widow,  he  left 
his  share  of  the  foundry.  In  October, 
1795,  Mrs.  William  Caslon,  senior,  died, 
and  owing  to  some  uncertainties  in  her  will 
the  foundry  was,  by  order  of  the  Lord 
Chancellor,  put  up  to  auction  in  March, 
1799,  and  bought  by  the  widow  of  Mr. 
Henry  Caslon  for  £,'^■20.  This  lady  carried 
on   the   business  with  spirit  and  intelli- 

fence,  and  had  many  new  founts  cut  ; 
ut  after  a  time  her  failing  health  com- 
pelled her  to  take  a  partner,  Nathaniel 
Catherwood,  who  improved  the  character 
of  the  foundry,  which,  during  the  few 
years  previously,  had  been  somewhat  de- 
clining. Mrs.  Caslon  died  in  March, 
1809,  and  Catherwood  in  June  of  the 
same  year.  Mrs.  Caslon's  son,  Henry, 
now  undertook  the  management  of  the 
foundry,  going  into  partnership  with  John 
James  Catherwood,  brother  of  Nathaniel 


Catherwood.  This  partnership  was  dis- 
solved in  1821,  and  Henry  Caslon  carried 
on  the  business  alone  until  1822,  when  he 
admitted  into  partnership  Martin  William 
Livermore,  who  for  many  years  had  been 
the  foreman  and  manager  of  the  mechani- 
cal department. 

The  Caslon  Letter  Foundry  in  Chiswell- 
street,  having  been  carried  on  by  father 
and  son  and  sons'  sons  to  the  fifth 
generation,  this  celebrated  type-founding 
dynasty  terminated  with  Henry  W.  Cas- 
lon. Ill-health  for  some  time  previously 
had  prevented  him  from  taking  an  active 
part  in  the  business  of  the  foundry, 
and  he  died  on  the  14th  July,  1874, 
at  Medmenham.  Within  a  stone's  throw 
of  the  pretty  cottage  In  which  the  last  of 
the  Caslons  spent  the  closing  months  of 
his  life.  Is  the  picturesque  church,  in 
which  has  been  erected  to  his  memory  by 
his  workmen — some  of  whom  had  been 
employed  in  the  Caslon  foundry  upwards 
of  fifty  years — a  Memorial  Window  in 
commemoration  of  their  affection  and 
esteem  for  a  kind  and  generous  employer. 
The  subject  of  the  window  Is  "  Christ 
Feeding  the  Multitude,"  and  a  bra.ss 
briefly  records  the  circumstances  attend- 
ing its  erection.  Mrs.  Cookesley,  sister 
of  the  late  Mr.  H.  W.  Caslon,  the  only 
living  member  of  the  Caslon  family,  is 
without  issue.  In  July,  1873,  upon  the 
illnessof  Mr.  H.  W.  Caslon  compelling  him 
to  retire,  the  management  of  the  business 
devolved  upon  Mr.  T.  W.  Smith,  under 
whose  auspices  it  still  flourishes.  The  latest 
development  of  this  famous  foundry  is  a 
branch  establishment  in  Paris,  under  the 
management  of  Mr.  Henry  Tucker,  the 
editor  of  a  printers'  journal  published  in 
Paris,  entitled  La  Typologie -Tucker. 
We  conclude  this  somewhat  lengthy 
notice  with  the  expression  of  the  hope 
that  the  career  of  the  present  proprietors 
of  the  foundry  in  Chiswell-street  may  be 
as  successful  and  as  honourable  as  that  of 
their  distinguished  predecessors. 

The  portraits  of  Caslon  I.  and  Caslon 
III.  are  Dallastype  reproductions  of 
those  given  in  Hansard's  "  Typographia," 
and  are  taken  by  the  kind  permission  of 
the  author's  son,  T.  C.  Hansard,  Esq. 
whose  courtesy  the  compilers  of  this  work 
have  had  previous  occasion  to  acknow- 
ledge. 

As  being  curious  and  interesting  we  give 
below  a  line  of  Old  Black,  which  Is  printed 
from  types  the  punches  for  which  were 
amongst  the  earliest  cut  by  William; 
Caslon  I. 


221illiam  Caslon,  Cppe^jFounfle?. 


io6 


Bibliography  of  Prifitijig. 


William  Caslon  III.,  already  men- 
tioned as  having  sold  his  share  of  the 
paternal  foundry  to  his  mother  and  sister- 
in-law,  purchased  Jackson's  foundry  on 
the  death  of  the  latter,  and   transferred 


father.  Hansard  in  speaking  of  him 
says  that  he  introduced  the  pierced 
matrices  for  large  types,  which  he  called 
the  "  Sanspareil,"  and  which  were  re- 
garded as  the  greatest   improvement    in 


CASLON    III. 


the  plant  from  Dorset-street  to  Finsbury- 
square.  The  foundry  was  afterwards 
removed  to  Dorset-street.  This  Caslon 
is  the  first,  of  modern  times  at  least, 
who  was  honoured  with  the  title  of 
Typefounder  to  the  King.  In  1807  he 
relinquished  business  in  favour  of  his 
son,  William  Caslon  IV.,  who  had 
previously  been   in   partnership  with  his 


the  art  of  type-founding  of  the  time.  In 
1819  William  Caslon  IV.  disposed  of  his 
foundry  to  Blake,  Garnett,  &  Co.,  of 
Sheffield,  who  subsequently  styled  them- 
selves, in  their  specimen-books,  "succes- 
sors of  William  Caslon,"  whither  the 
whole  stock  was  removed,  and  it  formed 
the  nucleus  of  the  present  well- known 
foundry  of  Stephenson,  Blake,  &  Co.(y .  v. ). 


Caslon.  Specimens  of  the  ancient  Caslon  Printing  Types,  engraved  in 
the  early  part  of  the  last  century.  By  William  Caslon  {1716)  ; 
comprising  a  complete  series  of  Roman  and  Italic,  Blacks,  Greeks, 
Hebrews,  Saxon,  Anglo-Saxon,  Gothic,  Coptic,  Ethiopic,  Ar- 
menian, Arabic,  Syriac,  Etruscan,  Persian,  Russian,  &c.  No 
date.     8vo. 


This  specimen-book  contains  the  follow- 
ing founts  : — Eight  titling  letters,  from 
double  pica  2-line  to  nonpareil  2-line;  roman 
display  letters,  with  italics,  &c.,  complete, 
9  founts,  from  5-line  pica  to  great  primer  ; 
body  type,  viz.  English,  pica,  small  pica, 
long  primer,  bourgeois,  brevier,  nonpareil, 
and  pearl-nonpareil ;  8  kinds  of  black, 
between  2-line  great  primer  and  brevier  ; 
9  kinds  of  Greek,  from  English  to  dia- 
mond ;  3  of  Hebrew,  from  bourgeois  to 
diamond ;  and  one  each  of  the  sorts 
mentioned  on  the  title-page. 


These  types,  and  imitations  of  them, 
were  nearly  exclusively  adopted  in  this 
country  until  the  year  1725,  when  their 
style  was  subjected  to  certain  alterations, 
and  finally  developed  into  our  modern 
Roman  style.  During  the  last  few  years, 
however,  the  "  old  style "  of  character 
has  again  come  into  fashion.  In  the  year 
1843,  Mr.  Whittingham,  of  the  Chiswick 
Press,  waited  upon  the  late  Mr.  H.  W. 
Caslon  to  ask  his  aid  in  carrying  out  the 
then  new  idea  of  printing  in  appropriate 
type  "The  Diary  of  Lady  Willoughby," 


Bibliography  of  Priiiting.  107 

a   work  of  fiction,  the  period  and  diction  the  result  of  his  experiment,  that  he  deter- 

of  which  were  supposed  to  be  of  the  reign  mined  on  printing  other  volumes  in  the 

of  Charles   II.     The  original  matrices  of  samestyle,  and  eventually  he  was  supplied 

the  first  Caslon  having  been   fortunately  with  the  complete  series  of  all   the  old 

preserved,     Mr.    Caslon     undertook     to  founts.     Then  followed  a  demand  for  the 

supply  a  small  fount  of  great  primer.     So  old  faces,  which  has  continued  up  to  the 

well  was  Mr.  Whittingham  satisfied  with  present  time. 

Caslon.    A  Specimen  by  William  Caslon,  Letter-Founder  in  Chiswell 
Street,  London.    A  Broadside.     Large  Post.      1734. 

This  is  the  first  specimen  issued  from  the  famous  Caslon  foundry.  In  the  full- 
length  portrait  of  Caslon,  the  original  painting  of  which  is  in  the  possession  of  the 
present  firm,  its  founder  is  depicted  holding  a  copy  of  this  broadside. 

A  Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  W.   Caslon  &  Son,   Letter- 


Fomiders  in  London.    Printed  by  Dryden  Leach.    London  :  1763. 
8vo.     36  leaves,  printed  on  one  side. 

This  is  the  earliest  known  date  of  an  Thomas,  the  celebrated  printer,  and  was 

English  specimen-book.     The  library  of  in  all  probability  an    "  advance  "  copy, 

the  American  Antiquarian  Society,  Wor-  those  for  England  not  having  been  issued 

cester,    Mass.,    possesses   the   only   copy  until  the   next   year.     It   appears  to  be 

that  is  known  with  this  date;  it  was  given  identical  with  the  1764  book,    of  which 

by   the   founder  of   the   Society,    Isaiah  there  are  several  copies  in  England. 

A  Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  W.  Caslon  &  Son,   Letter 


Founders  in  London.    Printed  by  Dryden  Leach.    London  :  1764. 
Small  4to.    36  leaves,  printed  on  one  side. 

"  This  new  Foundery  was  begun  in  the  in  London.    Soli  Deo  Gloria."     This  was 

year  1720,  and  will  (with  God's  Leave)  the    first    type-founder's    specimen-^(?£;>fe 

be  carried  on,  improved  and  inlarged  by  issued  in  England. 
William  Caslon  &  Son,  Letter-Founders 

A  Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  William  Caslon,  Letter- 


Founder.     Printed  by  John  Towers.     London:  1766.    Small  4to. 
38  leaves,  printed  on  one  side. 

This  was  issued  by  Caslon  II.,  and  the  same  pages  were  used  in  1770  as  a  portion 
of  Luckombe's  History  of  Printing,  pp.  134-173. 

A   Specimen    of  Printing  Types,  by  William  Caslon,   Letter 


Founder  to  His  Majesty.    Printed  by  Galabin  &  Baker.    London  : 
1785.     Royal  8vo. 

Thirty-five  pages,  printed  on  one  side,  was   begun  in  the  year  1720,  and  will  be 

of  type  specimens,  much  the  same  as  in  carried    on,  improved  and  enlarged,   by 

the  previous  edition  ;  with  25  pages  of  William   Caslon,    Letter    Founder,  Chis- 

ornaments  and  flowers.     This  book  was  well^street,     London."      A   specimen    in 

issued   by   the   son   of  the  first  Caslon.  large  post  folio,   8  pages,  was  also  printed 

There  is    a  whole  page  of  introductory  this    year   for    insertion    in   Chambers's 

remarks,  and  on  page  44,  "  This  Foundery  Cyclopaedia. 

A  Specimen  of  Large  Letters  by  William  Caslon,     London  : 


1785.     Folio.   2  pp. 

These  sheets  exhibit  types  in  metal  of  the  following  sizes: — 19  line,  16  a-^d 
13-line  pica  caps;  11,  9,  and  7-line  pica,  with  lower-ca-.e  and  figures.  A  copy  is 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 


o8 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


Caslon.     a    Specimen    of    Printing   Types.     By    William    Caslon, 
Letter-fomider  to  His  Majesty.     6  pp.  fcap,  folio.     1785. 

The   founts   represented    are:    5    and     brevier.     This  enumeration  indicates  the 
4-line  pica,  2-Hne  double  pica,  2-line  great    growth  of  the  foundry. 

-i-_   t:>      1-  1         1-         •  ,•  There  is  another  copy  of  the  same  date 


primer,  2-line  English,  2-line  pica,  z-line 
small  pica,  2-line  long  primer,  2-line 
brevier,  French  cannon ;  2-line  double 
pica,  2-line  great  primer,  2-line  English, 
2-line  pic  I,  double  pica,  roman(2  founts)  ; 
double  pica  italic  ;  paragon  roman,  italic; 
great  primer  roman,  italic  ;  great  primer 
body,  English  roman  ;  large-bodied  En- 
glish roman ;  English  roman,  i  and  2 ; 
English  italic ;  pica  body,  English  roman. 
1  n  Greeks  :  double  pica,  great  primer, 
English,  pica,  small  pica,  long  primer, 
brevier,  and  nonpareil.  Hebrew  :  2-line 
great  primer,  2-line  English,  double  pica, 
great  primer,  great  primer  with  points, 
English,  English  with  points,  pica,  pica 
with   points,    small    pica,    long    primer. 


in  the  British  Museum,  to  which  are  ap- 
pended specimens  of  the  following  foreign 
characters  :  Syriac,  English  and  long 
primer  ;  Arabic,  English ;  Armenian, 
pica  ;  Samaritan,  pica ;  Gothic,  pica ; 
Coptic,  pica  ;  Ethiopic,  pica  ;  Etruscan  ; 
Sa.xon,  English,  pica,  long  primer,  bre- 
vier ;  I31ack  Letter,  2-line  great  primer, 
double  pica,  great  primer,  two  kinds  of 
English,  small  pica,  long  primer,  and 
brevier.  There  are  also  flowers  (borders), 
large  and  small  music,  double  pica  script, 
and  some  little  blocks  of  ships—  very  ex- 
traordinary examples  of  naval  architec- 
ture. 


—  A  Specimen  of  Cast  Ornaments  on  a  New  Plan.     By  William 
Caslon,   Letter-founder  to    His  Majesty.      London :    printed  by 
J.  W.  Galabin.      1786.     8vo.  pp.  18. 
On  the  third  page  is  an  address,  dated    purposes,  and  greatly  to  exceed   every 


from  Chiswell-street,  July  20,  1786 
"  Mr.  Caslon  having  at  length  completed, 
with  infinite  attention  and  at  an  incon- 
ceivable expence,  a  plan  he  has  for  some 
years  had  in  contemplation  to  improve 
the  beauty  of  printing  by  the  assistance 
wfsuch  typographical  embellishments 


thing  of  the  kind  heretofore  seen  in  this 
or  any  other  country.  The  acknowledged 
judgment  of  those  to  whom  this  specimen 
is  most  particularly  submitted  happily 
precludes  Mr.  Caslon  from  the  disagree- 
able necessity  of  minutely  expatiating  on 
the  utility  of  what  he  offers  to  their  atten- 


.should  nearly  equal  copperplates,  and  at  tion,  and  he  doubts  not  that  the  Chiswell- 
the  same  time  be  considerably  more  street  foundry  will,  as  well  in  this  as  in 
reasonable   than   the   most  contemptible    all  other  respects,  enjoy  the  distinguished 


.'oodcuts,  he  submits  to  the  candour  of 
the  world  in  general,  and  to  his  more 
immediate  patrons,  literary  and  profes- 
sional gentlemen  in  particular,  a  specimen 
of  Cast  Ornaments,  which  he  is  persuaded 
will  be  found  to  answer  a  variety  of  useful 


and  unrivalled  favour  with  which  it  has 
for  so  many  years  been  invariably 
honoured."  Then  follow  impressions  of 
65  cuts,  all  vignettes,  the  prices  varying 
from  6d.  to  7s.  each. 


■ A  Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  William  Caslon,  Letter- 
founder  to  the  King,  Salisbui-y-square,  London.  January,  179S. 
8vo. 

This  was  issued  by  William   Caslon  III.,  who  retired  from  Chiswell-street,  and 
purchased  Mr.  Jackson's  foundry  in  1792. 

A  Specimen  of  Cast  Ornaments,  by  William  Caslon,   Letter- 

lounder  to  the  King.      London  :    printed   by  C.    Whittingham. 
1798.     8vo. 

Specimen  of  Printing  Types  by  Caslon  &  Livermore,  Letter- 
founders,  Chiswell-street,  London.     Bensley,  printer,  1834.    8vo. 

A  Specimen  of  Printing  Types  of  the  Caslon  and  Glasgow 

Letter-foundry,   Chiswell-street,   London  (H.  W.  Caslon  &  Co.). 
London :  1857.     8vo. 
The  introductory  address  says, — "  In     press    printers,    merchants,   and    others, 
soliciting  the  renewed  favours  of  letter-     H.  W,  Caslon  &  Co.  would  observe  that 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


109 


everj' effort  continues  to  be  made  by  them  street,  London,  was  taken  with  a  view  of 

for  the  introduction  of  typographical  im-  combining  in  one  foundry  whatever  dis- 

provements  in  manufacture  and  design."  tinguished  the  two  houses  in  their  indi- 

There   is   also   an  address   inside,  dated  vidual  capacities,  and  also  to  give  to  the 


January,  1854,  calling  attention  to  "the 
new  specimen-book,  which  has  been 
entirely  reprinted,  and  contains  the  most 
recent  and  improved  founts  of  the  Caslon 
and  Glasgow  letter  -  foundries,  lately 
united  under  the  combined  superinten- 
dence of  Henry  William  Caslon  and 
Alexander  Wilson.  The  important  step 
of  purchasing  a  great  portion  of  the  long- 
established  Glasgow  letter-foundry  of 
Alexander  Wilson  &  Sons.  Great  New- 


printing  trade  the  advantages  necessarily 
resulting  from  the  united  practical  expe- 
rience of  their  principals."  There  is  a 
list  added  of  printing  materials,  it  being 
stated  that  "  this  branch  of  the  business  is 
under  the  superintendence  of  J.  S.  Cook, 
son  of  the  late  Thomas  Cook,  of  Brook- 
street,  Holborn "  ;  and  it  refers  to  his 
well-known  experience  and  ability  in 
manufacturing  these  materials.  —  Vide 
Cook,  j>ostea. 


Castaldi    (Panfilo). — See  Bernardi,    Cambruzzi  (P.  M.),  Corno 
(Antonio  del),  Philobiblon  Society,  Sc.\rabelli. 

The  printers,  and  many  of  the  biblio-  employment    of    which    involved    much 

graphers,    of    Italy   allege    that    Panfilo  time  and  labour.     It  now  happened  that 

Castaldi  was  the  inventor  of  printing,  by  Fust,  who  had  heard  of  Castaldi's  reputa- 

suggesting  to  Gutenberg  and    Fust   the  tion  as  a  teacher,  came  to  him  for  instruc- 

idea  of  employing  movable  type.  tion  in  Italian,  and  learning  from  him,  at 

This    Italian     legend    (which    has    in  the  same  time,  the  secret  of  his  movable 

reality   no   better   foundation   than    that  types,    appropriated    '         ''            ' 

of  the  Haarlem  legend)  states  that  Cas-  or  acknowledgment. 


taldi  was  born  of  a  distinguished  family 
of  Feltre,  in  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  and  achieved  a  literary  reputa- 
tion by  1456.  He  became  one  of  the 
most  eminent  scholars  of  his  time,  being 


without  thanks 
Another  statement, 
made  at  a  commemoration  in  1868,  is  that 
Gutenberg  so  became  introduced  to  Cas- 
taldi, and  learned  the  secret  of  printing. 
The  name  of  this  illustrious  Italian  (ac- 
cording  to    the    legend)  has   thus   been 


especially  well  versed  in  the  Italian  and  passed  over  without  notice  to  our  own 
Latin  languages.  He  was  also  a  poet  of  times;  and  "the  merit  of  one  of  the 
some  merit  ;    but   the  chief  grounds  on     most  magnificent  of  modern  discoveries 


which  his  claim  on  the  regard  of  posterity 
is  based  are  of  a  different  kind. 

About  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury he  began  to  teach  grammar,  and 
acquired  in  a  short  time  so  great  a  reputa- 
tion that  students  not  only  from  all  parts 
of  Italy,  but  from  other  countries,  at- 
tended his  lectures.  It  occurred  to  him, 
while  expounding  the  national  and  an- 
cient classics,   that   although    Italy  pos- 


has  been  attributed  in  its  entirety  to  one 
to  whom  it  belonged  but  in  part,  the 
more  easily  since  in  Italy  there  have 
never  been  wanting  those  to  whom  the 
national  glory  is  of  no  concern." 

A  splendid  statue  of  Panfilo  Castaldi, 
by  the  sculptor  Corti,  was  erected  at 
Feltre  in  1868,  referring  to  which  an 
Italian  journal  says: — "If  now  the 
skilful   hands    of    Corti   have   raised   an 


sessed  many  men  whose  works  were  likely  enduring   memorial   of    Castaldi    in    his 

to  be  of  the  highest  advantage  in  influ-  native  city,  this  is  owing  to  the  unwearied 

encing  the  advance  of  humanity,  but  few  solicitude  of  that  eminent  lover  of  letters 

copies  of  them  could  be  obtained,  and  the  Cavaliere  Jacopo   Bernardi,   and   to 

only    at    a    very    dear    rate.      Castaldi  the  journeymen  printers  of  Milan,  who 

accordingly  devoted   all   his  energies  to  gathered  sufficient  funds  for  the  erection 

the  discovery  of  some  art  which  would  of  this  monument  to  the  founder  of  their 

popularize   literature,   and  enable  all  to  art.     Castaldi's  title  to  the  honour  due 


possess  the  various  products  of  the 
world's  literature.  He  succeeded  at 
last  in  making  movable  letters,  first 
of  all  in  wood,  by  means  of  which 
words  could  be  composed  and  then 
printed  on  paper,  and  thus  several  copies 
could  be  obtained  of  the  same  original 
at  slight  expense  or  trouble.  A  little 
anterior  to  this  epoch,  Gutenberg,  Fust, 
and  Schoeffer,  in  Germany,  were  making 
their  costly  attempts  at  printing  ;  not, 
however,  with  movable  letters,  but  with 
engraved  wooden  blocks,  a  procedure  the 


for  his  invention  is  still  contested,  more 
particularly  by  the  Germans.  It  cannot 
be  wondered  at  that  they  should  be  so 
unwilling  to  let  go  any  part  or  parcel  of 
an  honour  so  distinguished ;  but  we  do 
wonder  that  Italians  can  be  found  who 
would  deny  an  Italian  honour  to  Italy. 
Whose  arguments  can  be  fairly  opposed 
to  those  made  use  of  by  Bernardi,  Val- 
secchi,  and  Zanghellini  ?  Or  how  can 
the  matters  contained  in  Cambruzzi's  un- 
published history  of  Feltre  be  explained 
away  ?    What  reason  could  this  historian 


I  ro 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


have  had  for  attributing  to  Castaldi  the  (1456)  Marco  da  Lezze  succeeded  to  the 

invention  of  movable  types,  if  this  were  Government  of  Fehre,  and  at  the  same 

not  a  fact?     No  one  wishes  to  deprive  time  flourished  there,  among   the   most 

the  three  Germans  of  the  honour  fairly  eminent  citizens,  Panfilo  Castaldi,  jurist 

due  to  them — the  honour,  that  is  to  say,  and    poet,   who,   as  we   gather  from  the 

of  having  made  the  primary  experiments,  ancient    memorials    of    our    native   city, 

and  of  having  continued  their  researches  invented  printing,  the  noblest  and  most 

with   most  exemplary  perseverance,  and  excellent  art    of   all    that    were  ever  in- 

at  a  great  personal  sacrifice,  and  of  having  vented.     From  him  Fausto  Comesburgo 

been  the  first  to  bring  Castaldl's  work  to  [a  translation  of  Burggrafl\,   who   was 

perfection.     But   it   is  going   too   far  to  living  with  him  at  Feltre  to  learn  Italian, 

attribute  to  them  the  honour  of  an  inven-  acquired  the  art,  and  after  his  return  to 

tion   which   is   not    theirs,    and   without  Germany  practised  the  same  in  the  city 

which  Gutenberg  and  his  associates  could  of  Mentz,  whereby  he  gained  with  some 


not,  at  least  for  some  time,  have  carried 
out  their  intentions."  Castaldi  is  said  to 
have  died  in  the  year  1470.  An  Italian 
picture  of  "  Panfilo  Castaldi  explaining 
the  Art  of  Printing  to  Young  Gutenberg, 
about  the  year  1430,"  was  exhibited  at 
the  Caxton  Celebration,  1877.  In  1868 
a  medal  was  struck  in  honour  of  Castaldi 
at  Milan,  the  engraver  being  Calvi,  who 
also  designed  the  commemoration  medal 


people  the  credit  of  being  the  first  m- 
ventor.  What  he  did,  however,  indeed 
invent  was  the  damping  of  the  paper  to 
facilitate  the  impression  of  the  types.' 
The  '  antiche  jueiuorie'  of  Feltre,  to 
which  Cambruzzi  refers  as  his  authority, 
if  they  were  written,  have  all  apparently 
disappeared.  Certainly  none  such  have 
been  adduced  in  evidence.  In  this  pas- 
sage, moreover,  it  will  be  seen,  we  find 


of  the  Congresso  TIpografico   at    Feltre  nothing  about  '  movable  types';  nothing 

in  the  same  year.    In  1869  a  commemora-  about   broadsides  alleged   to  have   been 

tive   medal   was   struck    for   the   second  printed  in  1426 ;  nothing  about  anything 

typographical  congress  and  exhibition  of  that  happened  in  1426  ;    and   as   to   the 

fine   printing  at   Bologna.      The   design  printed  sheets  alleged  to  be  preserved  at 

consisted   of  a  printing  -  machine,    upon  Feltre,  we  now  hear  nothing,  and  it  may 

which   the  sun  was   shining  ;    upon   the  be  safely  asserted  that  none  such  exist, 

rays  are  the  names  Gutenberg — Castaldi.  Mention  of  Castaldi  and  his  invention  by 

It  happened  that,  in  1877,  a  lady,  who  his  contemporaries  none  of  his  advocates 

claims  to  be  a  descendant   of  Castaldi,  have   produced.      The   legend    is   but   a 

repeated  this  story  in  the  Times,  apropos  duplicate  of  that  of  Laurence   Koster  at 

of  the  Caxton  Celebration.     This  evoked  Haarlem,  who  also  has  his  statue  there. 


a  letter  in  reply  from  Colonel  Yule,  C.B., 
who  had,  some  years  previously,  investi- 
gated the  Castaldi  theory.  We  extract 
some  of  Colonel  Yule's  statement,  which 
conclusively  and  finally  disproves  the 
Italian  claims  : — 

"  This  story  of  Castaldi  was  first  made 
known  to  a  limited  circle  of  English 
readers  by  the  late  Lord  De  la  Zouche, 
better  known  as  the  Hon.  Robert  Curzon, 


the    ubiquitous    John 
of 


true    discoverer 


his 


in  certain  essays  on  early  printing  in  the     hold  It 


In    both    legends 
Faust   robs   the 
invention." 

All  this  in  substance  was  printed  in  s. 
note  to  Colonel  Yule's  "  Marco  Polo " 
(ist  edit.,  1871).  The  note  was  translated 
and  published  at  Venice  In  1872  by  Signor 
G.  Berchet ;  but  this  challenge  to  the 
propagators  of  the  patriotic  romance  has 
never  brought  one  into  the  lists  to  up- 


publicatlons  of  the  Philoblblon  Society. 
His  authority  was  a  paper  by  a  gentle- 
man of  Feltre,  contained  in  a  Venetian 
newspaper  called  II  Goitdoliere.  This 
paper  was  founded  on  two  passages, 
which  were  evidently  drawn  from  the 
same  source.  One  Is  found  in  an  unpub- 
lished History  of  Feltre  written  late  in 
the  seventeenth  century  by  a  Franciscan, 
P.   Antonio   Cambruzzi  ;    the  other  in   a 


The  statue  at  Feltre  already  referred 
to  bears,  among  other  inscriptions  of 
like  tenour,  these  words: — "A  Panfilo 
Castaldi,  scopritore  generoso  de'  carat- 
teri  mobili  per  la  stampa,  Tributo  d'onore 
tardisslmo  Italia  porge  " — i.e.,  "  To  Pan- 
filo Castaldi,  the  Illustrious  Inventor  of 
movable  printing-types,  Italy  renders  this 
tribute  of  honour  too  long  deferred." 
This  statue  was  the  result  of  a  diligent 


printed  book  by  the  Count  Antonio  del  and  systematic  propagation  of  the  story 

Corno,   called  '  Memorie    Storiche   della  In  Northern  Italy,  and  the  chief  contn- 

Citta  di  Feltre,'  Venice,  1710.     The  first  butors  to  it  were  the  working  printers  of 

is  the  more  full  of  the  two  : — 'This  year  Milan. 

Casteleyn  (Abraham).  A  reprint  of  the  first  number  of  Weeckelycke 
Conrant  van  Europa,  printed  by  A.  Casteleyn,  8  Jan.,  1 656. 
Haarlem  :   1856.     4to. 


Bibliog7'aphy  of  FrifiHiig.  in 

Casteleyn  was  a  printer  at   Haarlem,  Enschede,  of  Haarlem,  the  present  pro 

and   was  the   founder  of  this   Courant,  prietors,    printed    in    1856,    the    second 

which  has  since  been  continued   in  un-  centenary   of  the  paper,    this    facsimile, 

broken  sequence,  and  is  the  most  widely  from  the  original  matrices  still  in  their 

circulatedof  the  Dutch  journals.    Messrs.  possession. 

Catalog  [J  s  van  voorwerpen  ingezonden  ter  algemeene  typographische 
tentoonstelling  gehouden  te  Haarlem,  bij  gelegenheid  der  plegtige 
onthulling  van  het  metalen  standbeeld  van  Lourens  Janszoon 
Coster.     Haarlem  :  1856.     8vo. 

Catherinot  (Nicolas).  Annales  Typographiques  de  Bourges. 
Bourges  :  1683.     410.     pp.  8. 

L'Art  d'Imprimer.     Bourges  :   1685.     410. 

Catherinot   considers    Gutenberg    and  fragmentary   manner   of  publication  did 

Schoeffer  to  have  been  the  inventors  of  not  meet  with  success,  and  his  contempo- 

printing  at  Mayence,  about  the  year  1455.  raries  did  not  esteem  his  works  as  much 

Nicolas  Catherinot,  a  jurist  and  philolo-  as  the  succeeding  generations.     They  are 

gian,    was   born    1628,    died    1688.       He  now  eagerly  sought  for.     Clement,  in  his 

published   a  number  of   pamphlets    on,  "  Bibliotheque  Curieuse,"  gives  a  list  of 

among   other   subjects,    the   history  and  them    to    the   number   of    182.     "  L'Art 

antiquities  of  Berry,  his  native  province,  d'Imprimer"    was    reprinted     in    Wolf, 

with  the  ultimate  intention  of  writing  a  Monumenta  Typographica. 
complete  work  on    the   subject,   but   his 

Cavattoni  (Cesare).  Due  Memorie  mtorno  I'antica  Stampa  Veronese. 
Verona  :  18 S3.     8vo. 

Caxton  (William).     Ars  Moriendi.     4to. 
Printed  in  1869  with  the  Caxton  types  of  V.  Figgins. 

Curial.     Folio. 

Traced  and  printed  by  Mr.  G.  I.  F.  Tupper,  in  1877. 

Dictes  and  Sayings  of  the  Philosophers.     A  fac-simile  repro- 


duction of  the  first  book  printed  in  England  by  William  Caxton, 
in  1477.     London  :   1877.     Small  folio. 
A  photo-lithographic  fac-simile,  published  at  the  time  of  the  Caxton  Celebration, 
by  Mr.  Elliot  Stock.     An  Introduction  by  Mr.  William  Blades  is  prefixed. 

Fac-similes  of  Examples  from  the  Press  of  William  Caxton  at 

Westminster.     By  F.  C.  Price.     London  :   1877. 

A  series  of  fac-similes  copied  by  hand,  is  prefixed  a  printed  copy  of  the  Colophon 

and  then  transferred  to  stone.     The  edi-  to  Earl  Spencer's  copy  of  the  first  edition, 

tion  consisted  of  only  125  copies.     The  The  facsimiles  include  a  picture  of  the 

first  is  a  reproduction  of  the  Indulgence  woodcut    of    the    Crucifixion,    which    is 

granted  in  favour  of  Symon  Mountfort  found  as  a  frontispiece  to  the  "Fifteen 

and    Emma    his   wife,    taken    from    the  O's  and  Other  Prayers,"  from  the  unique 

unique  original  preserved  in  the  British  copy  in  the  British  Museum.     There  is. 

Museum,  and  believed  to  bear  the  earliest  too,  a  facsimile  of  the  drawing  contained 

instance  of  printed  initial  letters  in  Eng-  in  the   Lambeth  copy  of  the  "Dictes," 

land.    The  second  plate  is  the  well-known  as  engraved  by  Strutt  in  his  "  Regal  and 

Handbill    Advertisement,   issued    before  Ecclesiastical   Antiquities   of   England." 

1480.    Then  follow  six  plates,  forming  the  To  these  facsimiles   Mr.   Price   has   pre- 

epilogue  to  the  first  edition  of  the  "  Dictes  fixed  a  brief  treatise  upon  the  life  and 

or  Sayengis  of  the  Philosophres,"  from  times  of  Caxton. 
the  copvin  the  British  Museum,  to  which 

Fifteen  Oes.     London  :  4to. 

A  reproduction  in  photo-lithography  by  Mr.  S.  Ayling,  issued  in   1877,  from  the 
unique  copy  in  the  British  Museum. 


112 


Bibliography  of  Priiiting. 


Caxton  (William).     Game  of  Chesse.     London 


This  reprint  of  the  second  edition  of 
Caxton's  famous  work  was  issued  by  Mr. 
Vincent  Figgins,  son  of  Vincent  Figgins, 
the  originator  of  the  well-known  type- 
founding  firm  of  V.  &  J.  Figgins  (see 
posi).  It  included  the  twenty-three  ori- 
ginal illustrations,  some  of  which,  how- 
ever, are  merely  repetitions.  In  cutting 
a  special  fount  of  type  after  the  original, 
"which  is  a  mixture  of  black  letter  and 
the  character  called  secretary"  Mr. 
Figgins  says,  "As  I  found  the  black 
letter  and  its  approximations  predomi- 
nate, I  have  endeavoured,  while  keeping 
between  the  two  signs,  to  adhere  more 
closely  to  the  black  letter."  Mr.  Figgins 
discovered  a  variety  of  form  in  several  of 
the  letters,  which  led  him  to  conclude 
that  the  type  of  the  original  was  not  cast 
from  a  matrix,  but  cut  by  hand,  an 
opinion  which  had  been  entertained  be- 
fore, but  was  not  generally  accepted. 
The  reasons  in  support  of  this  view  are 
very  clearly  stated  by  Mr.   Figgins.  and 


1855.  Small  folio, 
are  based  on  his  actual  experience  as  a 
practical  typefounder.  The  edition  repro- 
duced is  that  printed  at  Westminster  (not 
the  first  edition  printed  abroad),  the  copy 
in  the  King's  Library  at  the  British 
Museum  being  taken  as  a  guide.  The 
paper  for  the  reproduction  was  made  ex- 
pressly for  it,  with  the  reed  and  water- 
marks imitated  from  the  original.  At  the 
end  are  eight  pages  of  remarks  on  the 
book  by  Mr.  Vincent  Figgins.  Then 
follows  a  list  of  the  works  ascribed  to 
Caxton  ;  a  list  of  the  places  where,  and 
the  persons  by  whom,  the  art  of  printing 
was  practised  at  the  time  Caxton  com- 
menced it  in  England  ;  a  synopsis  of  the 
characters  and  combinations  used  in  the 
"Game  of  Chesse,"  which  we  have  re- 
produced on  page  117  ;  and  an  ad- 
vertisement of  this  fac-simile  repro- 
duction, from  which  it  appears  that  the 
proceeds  of  the  sale  were  generously 
devoted  to  the  Printers'  Almshouses  at 
Wood  Green,  Tottenham. 


Gouvernayle  of  Helthe  and  the  Medicina  Stomachi.     4to. 

Printed  in  1858  with  the  types  cut  by  the  late  V.  Figgins  for  his  reprint  of  the 

Chess  Book. 

Gouvernayle  of  Helthe.     4to. 

A  fac-simile  of  page  i,  taken  from  the  copy  in  the  possession  of  Earl  Dysart  by 
I.  F.  'lupper. 

Horse  ad  usum  Sarum.     First  edition.     8vo.     Facsimile  by 

G.  I.  F.  Tupper. 
In  this  fac-simile  the  binding,  as  well  as  the  print  of  the  original,  is  imitated. 
Horoe  ad  usum  Sarum.     Svo.     Third  Edition.     Facsimile  by 


G.  I 


G.  I.  F.  Tupper. 
Taken  from  the  unique  fragment  in  the  British  Museum. 

Moral  Proverbs  of  Chrystine  of  Pise.     Folio. 

Printed  in  1869  with  the  types  of  V.  Figgins. 

Ovid  ;  Six  books  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses. 

William  Caxton.     4to.     Roxburghe  Club  :   1819. 
Printed  from  a  MS.  in  the  Pepysian  Library,  Cambridge. 

Servitium  de  Transfiguratione  Jhesu  Christi. 


Translated   by 


4to.     Facsimile 


by  G.  I.  F.  Tupper. 
Taken  from  the  unique  copy  in  the  British  Museum. 

Servitium  de  Visitatione  Beatae  Marine  Virginis.   4to.    Facsimile 

by  G.  I.  F.  Tupper. 
Taken  from  the  unique  copy  in  the  British  Museum. 

Statutes    of   Henry  VH.,  in   exact   fac-simile  from  the  very 

rare  original  printed  by  Caxton  in  1489.     Edited  by  John  Rae. 
London  :  1869.     4to. 

Traced  by   hand  on   transparent    lithographic    transfer-paper,   and    printed   from 
stone,  i86q. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


113 


Several  of  the  preceding  reproductions    gerated,  and  a  crease  in  the  paper  appears 
are  executed  by   Mr.   Tapper,  who   has     as  a  black   line.      Another  way  is  with 


achieved  quite  an  unique  reputation  as  a 
Caxton  copyist.  The  fidelity  of  the  fac- 
simile is  most  remarkable.  Some  were 
done  by  the  photo-lithographic  process, 
each  page  being  separately  photographed, 
and    the    image    taken    on    a    prepared 


facsimile  type  cut  on  purpose  ;  but, 
generally  speaking,  it  is  very  unsatisfac- 
tory. The  best  way  is  by  careful  and 
slow  tracing  through  transparent  paper, 
and  then  transferring  to  stone.  When 
done    conscientiously   this    is    the    most 


gelatinous  sheet.     This  is  transferred  to  faithful  of  ail,  but  its   cost,  as  compared 

stone  and  printed.     The  objection  to  this  with  the  other  processes,  is  a  great  hin  • 

process  is  that  nothing  is  omitted    and  drance  to  its  use.     Some  of  the  facsimiles 

the  modern  scribbling  on  a  page  must  be  printed  in  the  late  Mr.  Vincent  Figgins's 

reproduced  as  well  as  the  text  ;  also,  iron  Caxton  type  were  done  at  the  expense  of 

moulds  and  worm-holes  are  greatly  exag-  Mr.  W.  H.  Rylands,  of  Warringto.i. 

Caxton  (William).  Life  of  William  Caxton,  with  an  Account  of 
the  Invention  of  Printing,  and  of  the  Modes  and  Materials  used 
for  transmitting  knowledge  before  that  took  place.  London  : 
(1832.)     8vo.  pp.  32. 

La  Vie  et   les  Ouvrages  de  W.   Caxton,   premier  imprimeur 

anglais.     [Paris] :  1844.     8vo.     [Extract  from  the  Revue  Britan- 
niqtie,  Mars,  1 844.]     By  A.  J.  V.  le  Roux  de  Lincy. 

Who  was  Caxton  ?     William  Caxton,  Merchant,  Ambassador, 

Historian,  Author,  Translator,  and  Printer.  A  Monograph. 
[By  R.  H.  Blades.]  London  :  1877.  8vo.  pp.  47. 
This  brochure,  the  preface  of  which  is  examination  and  comparison  of  the  two 
signed  R.  H.  B.,  was  published  rt/r£j/d?j  types  to  show  that  they  could  not  have 
of  the  Caxton  Celebritlon  of  1877,  and  been  cut  by  the  same  hand."  It  is  there- 
was  intended  to  give,  in  a  cheap  and  con-  fore  concluded  that  Ulric  Zell  was  Cax- 
cise  form,  a  sufficiently  accurate  and  ton's  preceptor,  for,  "in  comparing 
complete  account  of  the  life  and  the  Caxton  s  first  type  with  Ulric  Zell's,  it 
works  of  the  first  English  printer.  It  is  will  be  found  that  several  of  the  combina- 
mainly  founded  on  Mr.  William  Blades'  tion  letters  and  others  are  almost  identi- 
large  work  on  the  same  subject,  but  on  cal."  Colard  Mansion's  services,  however, 
the  important  point  as  to  who  taught  were  afterwards,  it  is  admitted,  enlistee! 
Caxton  the  art,  the  author  is  at  direct  for  the  p-oduction  of  some  of  the  type 
variance  with  him.  Speaking  of  Man-  brought  over  to  England.  The  book  is 
sion's  type,  the  author  says,  "  With  all  obviously  intended  principally  for  the 
respect  and  deference  to  the  judgment  of  general  reader,  and  hence  it  avoids 
so  distinguished  an  authority,  we  venture  technical  or  bibliographical  details.  Its 
to  submit  that  it  requires  only  a  slight     author  is  the  brother  of  Mr.  W.  Blades. 

See   Blades  (William),   Holbein  Society,  Jones  (J.  W.), 

Knight  Charles),  (Lewis  (John),  Middleton(C.),  Stephenson. 

Robert  Large  was  a  notable  man  among 
the  mercers,  having  been  Lord  Mayor  and 
Sheriff.  Caxton  was  necessarily  brought 
in  contact  with  men  of  mark  and  station, 
and  was  thus  induced  to  learn  French, 
then  the  official  language  of  the  English 
Court,  and  the  common  medium  of  inter- 
course with  foreign  traders.  He  also  had 
access  to  his  master's  library,  and  there 
acquired  that  fondness  fcr  letters  which 


William  Caxton,  our  English  proto- 
typographer  was  born,  as  he  himself  tells 
us,  "in  Kente  in  the  Weeld,"  but  the 
date  of  his  birth  cannot  be  ascertained. 
Although  in  after-life  he  maintained  inti- 
mate and  honourable  relations  with  the 
magnates  of  England  and  Burgundy,  he 
was  not  of  patrician  birth.  His  parents, 
however,  seem  to  have  given  their  son  a 
good  education  for  the  limes,  and  he  siys, 

"  I  am  bounden  to  pray  for  my  fader  and     never  forsook  him.     It  is  possible,  also, 
moder's  souls,  that  in  my  youthe  sent  me     that  the  fact  of  his  employer  trafficking  in 


to  schoole,  by  whiche.  by  the  suffraunce 
of  God,  I  gete  my  living,  I  hope  truly." 
Soon  after  he  was  fifteen,  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  Robert  Large,  mercer,  of  Lon- 
don, whose  confidence  and  friendship  he 
enjoyed  till  the  day  of  his  master's  death. 


books  may  have  given  a  bent  to  his  lite- 
rary inclinations.  His  master  dying  in 
1441,  bequeathed  to  him  20  marks  (about 
^150),  then  considered  a  large  sum,  and 
a  sufficient  proof  of  the  esteem  in  which 
Caxton  was  held  by  him. 


114 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


In  1441  Caxton  left  England,  and  "  con- 
tynued  for  the  space  of  xxx  yere,  for  the 
most  part  in  the  contres  of  Brabant, 
flandres,  holand,  and  zeland."  He  has 
not  assigned  any  reason  for  leaving  Eng- 
land, and  it  is  thought  by  some  that  he 
went  to  what  was  then  the  only  country  at 
peace  in  Europe,  on  account  of  the  civil 
war  raging  between  the  rival  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster.  The  Low  Countries 
were  then  also  the  wealthiest  part  of 
Europe,  and  enjoyed  the  greatest  degree 
of  civil  liberty.  Bruges,  the  city  in  which 
he  resided  for  the  larger  portion  of  these 
thirty  years,  was  the  great  commercial 
city  of  the  age,  the  home  of  artists,  and 
the  seat  of  the  manufacture  of  costly 
books.  By  others  it  is  thought  that  as  it 
was  the  custom  in  those  days  for  young 
men  in  his  position  to  be  sent  to  some 
foreign  town  to  obtain  expenence  in 
trade,  Caxton  may  have  been  sent  with 
this  motive.  He  had  issued  out  of  his 
apprenticeship  about  1446,  and  became  a 
ireeman  of  his  guild.  It  appears  that 
he  entered  into  business  on  his  own 
account  soon  after.  How  Caxton  was 
employed  for  about  twenty  years  is  not 
known,  but  that  it  was  certainly  with 
honour,  and  perhaps  profit,  is  evident  from 
the  fact  that  in  1462  he  was  governor 
of  the  English  Trading  Company,  acting 
under  a  treaty  then  in  force  between  the 
two  countries.  He  was  about  this  time 
styled  master  and  governor  of  the  Eng- 
lish merchants,  and  officiated  also  as  a 
■judge  in  a  suit.  In  1464  he  was  joined  in 
a  commission  with  Richard  Whitehill, 
■"to  continue  and  conclude  a  treaty  of 
trade  and  commerce"  between  Edward 
•IV.  of  England  and  Philip,  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  in  which  document  they  are 
called  "  ambassiatores,  procuratores, 
nuncios,  et  deputatos  speciales."  The 
court  to  which  he  was  accredited  was 
not  inferior  in  dignity  to  that  of  any 
contemporary  potentate,  and  Philip  was 
the  ablest  sovereign  of  his  day.  Attached 
to  his  court  was  a  priest  named  Raoul  le 
Fevre.  The  duke,  wishing  to  institute 
,  the  famous  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece, 
charged  Raoul  to  compose  a  romance  on 
the  destruction  of  Troy,  which  event  was 

•  then  supposed  to  be  intimately  connected 
with    the  founding   of    the    kingdom    of 

■  France.  Raoul's  book  was  much  admired, 
and  all  the  courtiers  wanted  copies.  The 
new  art  of  printing  was  then  called  into 
requisition,  and,  while  the  book  was  in 
the  first  flush  of  popularity,  Caxton  under- 

'  took  to  translate  it  into  English.  This 
he  began  in  March,  1468,  but  after 
writing  five  or  six   quires,  he  wearied  of 

•  the  task  and  abandoned  it.  Philip  died 
a  few   months   after    Raoul's    book   ap- 


peared, and  he  was  succeeded  by  his 
son,  Charles  the  Rash,  who,  the  year 
after,  married  Margaret,  sister  of  the 
King  of  England.  This  lady,  hearing  of 
Caxton's  project  of  translating  the  History 
of  Troy  into  her  own  language,  interested 
herself  in  the  matter,  and  commanded 
him  to  continue  and  finish  the  task.  The 
book  is  a  stout  quarto  of  about  320  pages, 
and  Caxton's  task  is  a  very  remarkable 
one  ;  but  it  was  surpassed  by  what  he 
afterwards  accomplished.  In  March, 
1 47 1,  he  was  in  the  service  of  the 
Duchess,  receiving  a  yearly  salary  and 
other  benefits.  The  nature  of  his  occupa- 
tion, however,  is  very  uncertain.  About 
this  time  he  became  associated  with 
Colard  Mansion,  the  printer  of  Bruges, 
and  seems  to  have  supplied  him  with 
funds  to  carry  on  his  printing-office. 
I'his  is,  however,  open  to  discussion,  and 
the  authorities  on  the  point,  such  as 
Madden,  Bernard,  and  Blades,  maintain 
different  views.  The  foreign  writers 
allege  that  Caxton  learned  the  art  and 
obtained  his  types  from  Ulric  Zell,  who 
who  was  the  first  printer  at  Cologne. 
Mr.  Blades's  views  on  the  interesting 
point  of  the  initial  steps  in  Caxton's 
typographical  career  are  worthy  of  being 
quoted  in  full: — "Caxton,  having  fin- 
ished, and  been  rewarded  for  his  trouble 
in  translating  *  Le  Recueil '  for  the 
Duchess  of  Burgundy,  found  his  book 
in  great  request.  The  English  nobles  at 
Bruges  wished  to  have  copies  of  this  the 
most  favourite  romance  of  the  age,  and 
Caxton  found  himself  unable  to  supply 
the  demand  with  sufficient  rapidity.  This 
brings  us  to  the  year  1472  or  1473.  Colard 
Mansion,  a  skilful  caligrapher,  must  have 
been  known  to  Caxton,  and  may  even 
have  been  employed  by  him  to  execute 
commissions.  Mansion,  who  had  obtained 
some  knowledge  of  the  art  of  printing, 
although  certainly  not  from  Cologne,  had 
just  begun  his  typographical  labours  at 
Bruges,  and  was  ready  to  produce  copies 
by  means  of  the  press,  if  supported  by 
the  necessary  patronage  and  funds.  Cax- 
ton found  the  money,  and  Mansion  the 
requisite  knowledge,  by  the  aid  of  which 
appeared  '  the  Recuyell,'  the  first  book 
printed  in  the  new  type,  and,  moreover, 
the  first  book  printed  in  the  English 
language.  This  probably  was  not  ac- 
complished until  1474."  Caxton  deter- 
mined to  print  his  translation,  and  super- 
intended personally  its  execution.  There 
is  a  copy  of  this  book  in  the  Library  of 
George  III.  in  the  British  Museum.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  second  book  Caxton 
says  that  it  was  "  begonne  in  Brugis, 
and  contynued  in  gaunt,  and  finished  in 
Coleyn,   in  time  of  the  troublous  world, 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


115 


and  of  the  great  deuysions  being  and 
reygnyng  as  well  in  the  royaumes  of 
Englond  and  fraunce,  as  in  all  other 
places  universally  through  the  world — 
that  is  to  wete  the  yere  of  onr  lord  a 
thousand  four  hundred  Ixxj."  The  work 
ends  thus  : — "  And  for  as  moche  as  in  the 
wryting  of  the  same  my  penne  is  worn, 
myn  hand  wery,  and  not  stedfast,  myn 
eyen  dimed  with  ouermoche  lokyng  on 
the  whyt  paper,  and  my  corage  not  so 
prone  and  ready  to  laboure  as  it  hath 
been,  and  that  age  crepeth  on  me  dayly, 
and  feebleth  all  the  bodye — Therefore  I 
have  practysed  and  lerned  at  my  grete 
charge  and  dispense  to  ordeyne  this  said 
book  in  prynte,  after  the  manner  and 
forme  as  ye  may  here  see,  and  is  not 
wreton   with   penne  and   ynke  as   other 

books    been whiche    booke    I 

presented  to  my  sayd  redoubted  lady  as 
a  fore  is  sayd.  And  she  hath  well 
accepted  hit  and  largely  rewarded  me." 

No  sooner  was  Caxton's  first  book  com- 
pleted than  he  began  another.  The  work 
he  selected  was  a  French  translation  of  a 
little  treatise  in  Latin,  which  he  entitled 
"The  Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse," 
and  dedicated  to  the  Duke  of  Clarence, 
Earl  of  Warwick,  and  brother  of  the 
King  of  England.  It  is  not  a  book  on 
chess-playing,  but  a  dry  moral  treatise 
on  the  philosophy  and  symbolism  of 
chess  ;  it  was  the  second  book  printed 
in  English  ;  a  copy  of  it,  bequeathed  by 
the  Right  Hon.  Thomas  Grenville,  is 
also  in  the  British  Museum.  Intending 
to  return  to  his  native  country,  Caxton 
employed  Mansion  to  cut  and  cast  for 
him  a  fount  of  types  similar  in  style  to 
those  already  used  in  his  books.  After 
an  absence  of  about  35  years  in  the  Low 
Countries,  Caxton,  in  1475,  or  early  in 
1476,  returned  to  England,  "  laden  with 
a  more  precious  freight  than  the  most 
opulent  merchant-adventurer  ever  dreamt 
of,  to  endow  his  country  with  a  blessing 
greater  than  any  other  which  had  ever 
been  besto\yed,  save  only  the  introduc- 
tion of  Christianity."  He  immediately 
set  up  his  press  at  Westminster,  in  the 
precincts  (not  in  the  chapel)  of  the 
abbey.  In  1477  he  issued  a  collection  of 
witty  sayings  and  proverbs,  entitled  "  The 
Dictes  and  Sayinges  of  the  Philosophers," 
which  was  the  first  book  printed  in 
England.  After  this  there  followed,  and 
in  remarkably  quick  succession,  a  large 
number  of  important  works,  a  list  of 
which  is  given  below.  Among  them  was 
a  second  edition,  with  woodcuts  (which 
the  first,  or  foreign,  edition  had  not), 
of  the  "Game  of  the  Chesse."  -This  book 
was  reproduced  in  facsimile  by  Mr. 
Vincent   Figgins,  as   already  stated,    in 


May,  185s,  and  we  are  indebted  to  his 
nephew,  Mr.  James  Figgins,  jun.,  for 
the  annexed  block  of  one  of  the  facsimile 
illustrations. 

Caxton's  introduction  of  the  new  art 
into  London  is  not  referred  to  in  any 
known  contemporary  document,  but  he 
evidently  appreciated  the  advantages  of 
royal  favour.  We  read  that  he  pre- 
sented one  of  his  books  at  a  special 
interview  to  Edward  IV.  ;  that  Count 
Rivers,  brother  to  the  Queen,  assisted 
him  in  making  translations,  and  "that 
he  dedicated  books  to  the  Duke  of 
Clarence  and  the  Prince  of  Wales.  He 
nowhere  makes  it  appear  that  he  thought 
he  was  practising  a  great  art,  and  he 
cannot  have  conceived  the  future  that 
was  in  store  for  printing.  He  did  not 
suspend  his  labours  till  death  overtook 
him,  and  he  lived  to  see  competitors,  and 
the  art  thoroughly  established  in  his  native 
country.  In  1491  he  translated  the 
"  Vitas  Patrum,"  which  was  printed 
afterwards  by  Wynken  de  Worde,  his 
apprentice  and  coadjutor,  who  in  the 
colophon  tells  us  that  it  was  finished  "at 
the  laste  daye  of  hys  [Caxton's]  lyff." 
The  exact  date  of  his  death  is  unknown, 
but  it  is  surmised  to  have  occurred  about 
the  close  of  1491.  He  was  buried  in 
St.  Margaret's,  Westminster,  which  ad- 
joins the  walls  of  the  abbey.  In  1820  the 
Roxburghe  Club  erected  in  that  church 
a  tablet  to  his  memory,  with  the  following 
inscription : — 

To  the  Memory 

of    WILLIAM      CAXTON, 

Who  first  introduced  into  Great  Britain 

the  Art  of  Printing, 

And  who,  a.d.   1477,  or  earlier, 

Exercised  that  art 

In  the  Abbey  of  Westminster  ; 

This  Tablet 

In  remembrance  of  one 

To  whom 

The  literature  of  his  country 

Is  so  largely  indebted. 

Was  raised 

Anno  Domini  mdcccxx. 

By   the    Roxburghe   Club. 

Earl  Spencer,   K.G.,  President. 

The  monument  was  executed  by  West- 
macoti  the  younger  ;  a  vignette  of  it  will 
be  found  in  Martin's  "  Catalogue  of 
Privately  Printed  Books." 

Caxton's  Type.  —  We  present  our 
readers  with  some  fac-similes  of  one  of 
the  founts  of  type  used  by  Caxton  ;  that, 
namely,  in  which  the  "  Game  of  Chesse" 
was  printed,  and  which  is  called  by 
Mr.  Blades  "No.  2."  The  letters  were 
copied  and  cut  by  Mr.  Vincent  Figgins 


ii6 


Bibliography  of  Frititing. 


^ 


W    B- 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


117 


epj^uction  already  referred  to. 
kf^fe,  however,   various  ligatures 


for  his  repj 

There  wi 

employed  which  are  not  here  shown. 

In  a  little  work  issued  by  Mr.  Blades, 
it  is  shown  that  certain  measurements  will 
enable  any  one,  whether  acquainted  with 
the  Old  English  or  Gothic  characters  or  not, 
to  tell  a  "Caxton."  The  test  is  founded 
on  the  fact  that  in  the  early  days  of  the 
art  of  printing,  each  printer  made  his  own 
types,  or  had  them  specially  cut  and  cast 


The  following  will  show  at  once  that 
any  book  is  not  a  Caxton  : — 

a.  If  it  possess  a  title-page. 

b.  If  there  be  any  roman  or  italic  type 

in  it. 

c.  If   there    are   any  commas   of   the 

ordinary  shape  (,). 

d.  If  there  are  catchwords. 

Mr.  Blades  expresses  his  firm  opinion 
that  many  Caxtons  are  in  existence  which 
remain  to  be  identified. 


ABC  D  EFG  HIJL 

(m  Qt  (D  ^  O  (F  1^  t  (P  Tl?  ^ 


M         N 


)         PQRSTUVWY 

aBcbefg^tjEftnnopcjtr 

abcdefghijklm       nopqr 
s       tuv        wxyz&fiffss 


EXAMPLES   OF   CAXTOn's  TYPES. 


for  him,  and  it  was  almost  a  physical  im- 
possibility that  the  types  of  any  two 
printers  should  be  identical  in  size.  If 
we  measure  the  depth  of  a  number  of 
lines  together,  the  question  of  printing 
can  be  at  once  decided. 

Caxton  used  six  kinds  of  type,  of  two 
of  which  there  were  minor  modifications, 
so  that  altogether  he  may  be  said  to  have 
had  eight  founts.  They  may  be  num- 
bered, according  to  their  use  chronolo- 
gically, in  the  following  order  : — 

No.  Lines.  Ins. 

1 22  measure  si 

II 20         „        5f 

"I-{^"h:adlinIs/°:}-         »         5* 
V 20         „        4i 

VI 22       „      si 

The  figures  given  above  are  taken  from 
a  copy  of  Mr.  Blades's  work  in  the 
British  Museum,  which  has  been  cor- 
rected in  MS.  by  the  author. 


The  Caxton  Press. — The  following  is 
a  complete  list,  arranged  alphabetically 
(derived  from  Mr.  Blades's  "Biography 
and  Typography  of  William  Caxton  "),  of 
the  works  hitherto  discovered,  attributed 
to  the  press  of  William  Caxton,  with 
the  date  of  their  issue  : — 

Advertisement    as    to   Sale   of 
"  Pyes    of    Salisbury    use" 

(About  1477-78) 

iEsop,  Fables  of  1484 

Ars  Moriendi 1491' 

Art  and  Craft  to  Know  well  to 

Die    1491  ? 

Arthur,  Noble  Histories  of 1485 

Aymon,  Four  Sons  of 1489 

Blanchardin  and  Eglantine     . .   1489  ? 
Boethius  de  Consolacione  Phi- 
losophise   ante  1479 

Bonaventure,    Speculum  Vitae 
Christi,  1487  ?  ;  2nd  edition. .   1488  f 

Book  of  Courtesy 1491  \ 

Carmelianus  (P.),  Lex  Perele- 

gantissimae  Epistolae    1483 

Catherine,  Life  of  St 1493  \ 

Catho,  ante  1479  ;  2nd  edition, 
ante  1479  ;  3rd  edition 1481  f 


ii8 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Caton    1484  ? 

Cessolis(J.  de),  Game  and  Play 

of    the     Chesse,     1475-6  ? ; 

2nd  edition 148 1  ? 

Charlemagne's  Life  of  Charles 

the  Great 1485 

Chartier  (A.),  The  Curial  ....  1484  ? 
Chastising  of  God's  Children . .  1491  ? 
Chaucer's  Queen  Anelida  and 

False  Arcyte ante  1479 

Book  of  Fame 1484  ? 

Canterbury  Tales,  1478  ?  ; 

and  edit    1484  ? 

Temple  of  Brass  . .  .  .ante  1479 

Troylus  and  Creside  ....   1484  ? 

Chivalry,  Order  of 1483-85 

Christyne    de    Pisan's    Moral 

Proverbs 1478 

Fayts  of  Arms 1489 

Cicero,  Tully  of  Old  Age    ....   1481 
Commemoratio  Lamentationis, 

sive  Compassionis  Beatse 
Mariae  in  morte  filii 1491  ? 

Cordyale,  or  the  Four  Last 
Things J479 

D'Ailly  (Pierre),  Meditacions 
sur  les  Sept  Pseaulmes  Peni- 
tenciaulx 1478  ? 

Deguilleville  (G.  de).  Pilgrim- 
age of  the  Soul 1483 

Dictes  and  Sayings  of  the  Philo- , 
sophers  [i8th  Nov.],  1477; 
2nd  edition,  1480?;  3rd  edition  1490 

Directorium,  seu  Pica  Sarum 
(about  1477-78)  ;  2nd  edition, 
1487  ?  ;  3rd  edition    1489  ? 

Doctrinal  of  Sapience  1489 

England,  Chronicles  of,  1480 ; 
2nd  edition 1482 

Description  of  Britain    . .   1480 

Ghostly  Matters    1490? 

Godfrey  of  Boloyne 1481 

Governal  of  Health 1489  ? 

Gower's  Confessio  Amantis    . .   1483 
Higden  (R.),  Polychronicon  . .   1482 
Horse  (a  fragment),  1488  ?  ;  an- 
other fragment   1490 

Horae  ad  usum  Sarum,  1478  ? ; 
2nd  edition,  1480-83 ;  3rd 
edition 1490  ? 

Indulgences  issued  by  John 
Kendal  in  1480  by  authority 
of  Pope  Sixtus  IV.,  1480; 
another  version,  1481;  another 
version 1481  ? 

Infancia  Salvatoris    147- 

Latour  (Landry),  Knight  of  the 
Tower  1484 

Lefevre  (R.),  Les  Fais  et  Prou- 
esses  du  Noble  et  Vaillant 
Chevalier  Jason 147- 

History  of  Jason 1477  ? 

Recueil  des  HLstoires  de 

Troyes 1476  ? 

Recuyell  of  the  Histories 

of  Troy    1474 


Legrand  (J.),  Book  of  Good 
Manners 1487 

Les  Quatre  Derrenieres  Choses 
Advenir    1476  ? 

Lydgate  (J.),  The  Chorle  and 
the  Bird,  afite  1479 ;  2nd 
edition ante  1479 

Cura  Sapentiae,  or  Court 

of  Sapience 1481  ? 

The  Horse,  the  Sheep,  and 

the   Goose,  ante  14719  ;   2nd 
edition ante  1479 

Life  of  Our  Lady    1484  ? 

Stans  Puer  ad  Mensam, 

ante  1479 

Temple  of  Brass ante  1479 

Mirkus    (J),      Festial,     1483 ; 

2nd  edition 1491  ? 

Mirrour  of  the  World,   1481  ; 

2nd  edition 1490  ? 

Paris  and  the  Fair  Vienne  ....    1485 
Prayers  (Deathbed) 1484  ? 

The  Fifteen  Oes 1491  ? 

Psalterium    1480-83 

Reynard  the   Fox,   1481  ;   2nd 

edition 1489  ? 

Royal  Book  or  Book  for  a  King  1488  ? 

Russell  (J.),  Propositio    147- 

Saona  (G.  de),  Fratris  Lau- 
rentii  Gulielmi  de  Saona 
Margarita  eloquentiae  casti- 
gatse  ad  eloquendum  divina 
accommodata   1479-80  ? 

Sermons,  Four,  1483  ;  2nd  edi- 
tion       1491 ? 

Servitium  de  Transfiguratione  1491? 

de  Visitatione  B.V.M. . .  1481-83 

Statutes  of  Henry  vii 1489  ? 

Virgil,  Eneydos 1490 

Vocabulary,    in    French     and 

English    1483  ? 

Voragme  (J.  de).  Golden  Le- 
gend, 1484  ?  ;  2nd  edition, 
1487  ?  ;  3rd  edition    1493 

Winifred,  Life  of 1485  ? 

Caxton's  Device. — We  annex  a  wood- 
cut reproduction  of  Caxton's  device 
executed  by  Mr.  J.  Ph.  Berjeau,  and 
lent  to  us  by  Mr.  Blades.  It  is  found 
only  in  certam  of  Caxton's  books,  namely, 
those  issued  after  1487.  It  was  not,  there- 
fore, until  nearly  the  close  of  Caxton's 
typographical  career  that  he  adopted  this 
device. 

In  regard  to  the  signification  of  the 
device  much  uncertainty  has  prevailed. 
Mr.  Blades's  views  on  the  matter,  as 
given  in  his  "  Biography  and  Typography 
of  William  Caxton,"  are  as  follows  : — 

"  The  common  reading,  ?15H.  <tt.  74, 
meaning  William  Caxton,  1474,  is,  I 
think,  correct,  and  we  may  dismiss,  as 
unworthy  of  serious  notice,  the  sugges- 
tions that  the  figures  should  be  reversed 
to  read  1447,  or  that  the  74  or  47  refer  to 


^, 


ibliography  of  Printing. 


119 


WESTMINSTER  :    I487-9I 


I20 


Bibliography  of  Print ifi^i 


Caxton's  age,  and  not  to  a  particular 
year.  The  problem  to  be  solved  is,  does 
the  design  mean  74,  and,  if  so,  why  did 
Caxton  use  the  year  14^4  on  his  device? 
Bibliographers  have  hitherto  assumed 
that  it  must  be  in  reference  to  the 
introduction  of  printing  into  England, 
and  quote  the  colophon  to  the  first 
edition  of  the  '  Chess-Book '  in  support  of 
the  argument.  But,  as  already  shown, 
the  date  of  the  '  Chess- Book'  refers  to  the 
translation  of  the  work,  the  printing 
having  been  certainly  accomplished  at 
Bruges,  and  probably  in  1476  ;  Caxton's 
settlement  at    Westminster    not    having 


—  all  which  circumstances  might  lead  him 
to  look  back  upon  1474  as  an  epoch  to  be 
commemorated. 

"  The  theory  has  been  started  that  the 
so-called  figures  are  not  meant  as  such, 
but  are  only  a  fanciful  interlacement  of 
lines,  such  as  may  often  be  seen  in 
fifteenth-century  merchants'  marks  ;  that 
Caxton  did  not  make  his  figures  like  these, 
nor  would  he  have  used  Arabic  figures, 
but  full  Roman  numerals,  for  any  date  he 
wished  to  note.  In  fact,  that  this  design 
is  simply  Caxton's  trade-mark,  which  he 
used  as  a  merchant,  revived  with  orna- 
mentations.    The  reader  must  judge  for 


DEVICE   COMMONLY   ATTRIBUTED   TO    CAXTON. 


occurred  until  late  in  that  year  or  in 
1477.  On  the  whole  it  seems  most 
natural  that  a  date  used  in  that  manner 
would  refer  to  some  turning-point  in 
Caxton's  typographical  career  ;  and  I 
therefore  believe  that  the  old  reading  of 
1474  is  correct,  and  that  the  reference 
is  to  the  date  of  printing  'The  Recuyell,' 
which,  although  translated  in  1471,  was 
circulated  for  a  considerable  time  in 
manuscript  only.  Caxton  certainly  learnt 
the  art  while  assisting  to  print  this 
book  ;  it  appears  also  from  his  descrip- 
tion that  it  was  the  first-fruit  of  his 
authorship,  and,  at  the  same  time  the 
first  book  printed  in  his  native  language 


himself;  certainly,  in  the  form  adopted 
by  Wynken  de  Worde,  who  used  them 
all  his  life,  the  74  are  much  less  like 
Arabic  figures  than  in  Caxton's  device." 
Mr.  Blades  continues: — "The  opinion 
that  the  interlacement  is  a  trade-mark 
only  is  much  strengthened  by  the  dis- 
covery of  its  original  use.  In  1487,  Cax- 
ton, wishing  to  print  a  Sarum  Missal,  and 
not  having  the  types  proper  for  the  pur- 
pose, sent  to  Pans,  where  it  was  printed 
for  him  by  W.  Maynyal,  who,  in  the 
colophon,  states  plainly  that  he  printed  it 
at  the  expense  of  William  Caxton,  of 
London.  When  the  printed  sheets 
reached    Westminster,    Caxton,    wishing 


'if;' 


Biblijgraphy  of  Printing 


121 


to  make  it  quite  plain  that  he  was  the 
publisher,  engraved  his  design  and 
printed  it  on  the  last  page,  which  hap- 
pened to  be  blank.  This  is  the  first 
occasion  on  which  it  is  known  to  have 
been  used." 

Professor  J.  P.  A.  Madden,  in  his 
"  I.ettres  d'un  Bibliographe,"  expresses 
the  opinion  that  the  two  small  letters  out- 
side the  W.  74  C.  are  an  abbreviation  of 
the  words  "  Sancta  Colonia,"  an  indica- 
tion that  a  notable  event  in  the  life  of 
Caxton  was  represented  by  the  year  1474 


one,  although  somewhat  similar  in  com- 
position. Jn  the  "  Biography  and  Typo- 
graphy of  William  Caxton  "  it  is  stated 
that  it  was  first  seen  in  a  book  called 
"The  Chastising  of  God's  Children,"  and 
that  it  is  certainly  not  earlier  than  1491. 
We  give  opposite  a  copy  of  this  device. 
Wynken  de  Worde,  successor  of  Caxton, 
used  a  modification  of  his  master's  device. 
Caxton' s Portrait.  — There  is  a  singular 
history  attached  to  the  reputed  portraits 
of  the  first  English  printer.  Ames,  in  his 
"  Typographical     Antiquities"    (1749), 


CAXTON  S    PORTRAIT,    FROM    AMES  .S        TYPOGRAPHICAL   ANTIQUITIES. 


and  the  city  of  Cologne.  This,  he  be- 
lieves, would  also  seem  to  authorize  the 
conjecture  that  in  that  place  he  produced 
his  first  book.  The  professor  differs 
from  Mr.  Blades  in  believing  that  Caxton 
and  Mansion  were  "fellow-apprentices 
at  Cologne,"  in  the  sense  of  both  learning 
the  art  from  Ulric  Zell,  and  fellow- 
labourers  at  Bruges. 

Several  writers,  among  them  Ames 
and  Herbert,  have  copied  as  Caxton's 
a  device  which  Mr.  Blades  says  he  never 
used.  It  is  much  smaller  than  the  genuine 


gives  as  a  portrait  of  Caxton  the  block 
which  we  reproduce. 

Herbert,  in  his  re-issue(i785),  of  Ames's 
work,  says : — ' '  The  old  woodcut  of  Caxton, 
with  some  others  to  follow,  Mr.  Ames 
bought  at  the  decease  of  the  late  Earl  of 
Oxford ;  collected,  as  he  imagined,  by 
Mr.  Bagford,  and  these  drawings  were 
seen  at  Sir  Hans  Sloane's,  Bart.,  done  by 
William  Faithorne." — Typ.  Antiq.  vol.  1. 
P-  79-    .      . 

Dibdin,  in  revising  Herbert's  edition  of 
Ames  (1810),  says; — "Bagford  had  ima- 


122 


Bibliography  of  Frintiiig. 


gined  that  the  English  edition  of  Jason,  of 
14^2,  exhibited  a  legitimate  likeness  of  him  ; 
but  there  is  no  portrait  whatever  in  the 
copy  here  referred  to  ;  nor,  indeed,  is 
there  any  authentic  representation  of  his 
head  extant.  This  may  not  be  considered 
viry  surprising,  when  the  earliest  known 
specimen  of  portrait-painting  in  Oreat 
Britain,  is  of  the  date  of  Richard  III.'s 
reign.  But  fancy  is  seldom  backward  to 
supply  what  truth  has  denied:  accordingly, 
a  portrait  of  liurchiello,  the  Italian  poet, 
from  a  small  8vo.  edition  of  his  work  on 
Tuscan  poetry,  of  the  date  of  1554,  was 
inaccurately  cop'ed  by  Faithorn  for  Sir 
Hans  Sloane,  as  the  portrait  of  Caxton.* 
Lewis,  however,  was  resolved  to  improve 
upon  the  ingenuity  of  his  predecessor  by 
adding  a  thick  beard  to  Burchiello's  chin, 
and  otherwise  altering  his  character  ;  and 
in  this  form  the  Italian  poet  made  his 
appearance  upon  copper  as  Caxton,  pre- 
fixed to  the  Life  of  our  Printer. t  This 
portrait  afterwards  served  for  the  work  of 
Ames  and  Herbert,  not,  however,  before 
a  miniature  copy  of  it  had  graced  the 
frontispiece  of  Marchand's  '  Histoire  de 
I'lmprimerie 

We  append  a  copy  of  the  portrait  given 
by  the  Rev.  J.  Lewis,  of  Margate,  in  his 
memoir  of  Caxton.  In  the  Print  Room 
of  the  British  Museum  there  is  an  im- 
pression of  a  woodcut  which  belonged 
to  Bagford,  and  is  exactly  similar  to 
that  given  by  Ames,  and  which  he 
evidently  copied.  We  have  also  found 
there  the  copperplate  portrait  referred 
to  by  Dibdin.  It  is  inscribed  :  "  Wil- 
liam Caxton,  who  first  practiced  the  Art 


of  Printing  in  England  in  1471  "  ;  and 
at  the  foot  is  the  imprint :--"  Engraved 
and  published,  according  to  the  Act,  by 
J.  Lockington,  Shug-lane,  price  6d." 

We  may  here  state,  in  giving  this  portrait, 
that  we  intend  in' our  "  Bibliography"  to 
reproduce  the  whole  of  the  interesting 
series  contained  in  the  "Typographical 
Antiquities."  Dibdin  says  of  them 
(Typ.  Antiq.  vol.  i.  p.  36):— "  Ames  seems 
to  have  been  very  solicitous  about  ob- 
taining the  printers'  portraits  ;  although 
he  was  not  very  nice  or  skilful  in  passing 
a  judgment  upon  their  authenticity.  In 
a  letter  from  him  to  Maurice  Johnson,  a 
copy  of  which  is  preserved  in  the  Sloanian 
MSS.,  numbered  5,151,  he  says  that  Sir 
Anthony  Westcomb  promised  to  look  out 
a  head  of  Pynson  in  his  possession.  He 
likewise  states  that  he  had  got  together 
heads  of  Caxton,  Wynken  de  Worde, 
Grafton,  Day,  Wolfe,  and  Wight ;  that 
he  had  some  copies  of  rebuses,  &c. ,  which 
were  Bagford's,  and  communicated  to  him 
by  Thomas  Baker  of  Cambridge,  who 
had  copied  and  sent  to  him  what  Bagford 
had  collected  on  English  printing."  A 
small  volume,  containing  the  original 
drawings  here  referred  to,  with  some  other 
pictorial  illustrations  of  typography,  is 
in  the  British  Museum. 

"  Ames  gives  some  other  heads  with 
the  name  of  Faithorne  ;  but  as  he  has 
always  omitted  to  specify  whether  en- 
gravings or  mezzotintos,  I  should  suppose 
them  the  latter,  and  the  works  of  our 
artist's  son." — Walpole's  edition  of  "  Ver- 
tue's  Catalogue  of  Engravers/'  8vo., 
1794,  p.  98. 


•  A  particular  account  of  all  the  early  editions  of  Burchiello  will  be  found  in  the 
last  (Svo.)  edition  of  Haym's  "  Notizia  De'  Libri  Rari  Italiani,"  vol.  ii.  128,  Nos.  i, 
2,  and  3,  and  of  the  first  two  editions  (1475-7),  in  Santander's  "  Diet.  Bibliogr. 
Choisi,"  vol.  ii.  253.  There  is  the  same  cut  of  what  is  above  said  to  be  a  portrait  of 
Burchiello  in  the  "Zucca"of  Doni,  printed  at  Venice,  1551,  8vo.,  where  it  is 
introduced  as  illustrative  of  the  dress  of  a  Florentine,  with  the  capuchin  and  becca — 
the  turban  or  cap,  and  garter  or  streamer— so  that  probably  even  the  portrait  of  the 
Italian  poet  may  be  an  ideal  one.  —  Typ.  Antiq.  vol.  i.  p.  cxxviii. 

t  Among  the  Sloanian  MSS.,  marked  5,151,  there  is  a  copy  of  a  letter  by  Ames  to 
Lewis  (as  it  would  appear  from  the  sequel),  in  which  the  former  mentions  that  Lord 
Oxford,  the  patron  of  Bagford,  had  been  offended  by  some  one  having  written  under 
this  portrait  of  Caxton,  "  iJagford,  invenit."  Lewis  thus  vindicated  himself  in  reply, 
"  I  meant  no  reflection  on   Bagford  by  having  it  engraved  under  Caxton's  head, 

'Bagford  inv.'     I  had  seen  the  same  done  by  others The  reason  of  which 

I  was  told  was  to  show  that  it  was  not  done  from  any  original  picture.  But  I  am 
truly  sorry  that  anything  I  have  published  has  given  offence  to  his  lordship  or  any 
one  else.— J.  Lewis."  (From  the  original  letter  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  NichoLs.) 
Ames,  who  seems  to  have  taken  the  head  more  faithfully  from  Faithorne,  published  it 
as  a_  woodcut  in  his  "Typographical  Antiquities,"  with  the  portrait  adopted  by 
Lewis,  expunging  the  subscription  of  Bagford's  name,  and  gave  permission  to  have 
the  former  inserted  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  where  a  criticism  is  subjoinf^d  in 
■praise  of  his  work.  I  have  an  incorrect  copy  of  the  former  portrait  engraved  by  one 
Lockington,  prefixed  to  the  late  Mr.  Reed's  copy  of  "  Rowe  Mores's  Dissertation  on 
Founders  and  Founderies," — Typ.  Antiq.  vol.  i.  p.  cxx.  ix. 


CAXTON's    FOKTKAIT,    p-ROM    I.EWIS'S    "  LIFE    OF    MAYSTER    WVLLYAM    CAXTON. 


124 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


Caxton  and  the  Art  of  Printing.     London:  1850,     i2mo.  pp.  192. 

A  volume  forming  pari  of  a  series  of  monthly  volunjes  issued  by  the  Religious 
1'ract  Society. 

Caxton  Celebration, — Catalogue  of  the  Loan  Collection  of  Anti- 
quities, Curiosities,  and  Appliances  connected  with  the  Art  of 
Printing,  South  Kensington.  Edited  by  George  Bullen,  Esq., 
r.S.A.,  Keeper  of  the  Printed  Books,  British  Museum.  London: 
1877.     8vo.    pp.  xix.  472. 

A  Guide  to  the  Objects  of  Chief  Interest  in  the  Loan  Collec- 
tion of  the  Caxton  Celebration,  Queen's  Gate,  South  Kensington, 
London  :  1877.  8vo.  pp.  32. 
In  the  year  1847  the  late  Dean  Milman,  Archbishops  of  the  two  provinces,  the 
then  Canon  of  Westminster,  projected  a  Duke  of  Devonshire,  Earl  Spencer,  Earl 
movement  to  the  memory  of  Caxton,  but  Stanhope,  and  several  City  Companies, 
it  was  only  partially  successful,  and  re-  including  the  Stationers'.  The  hall  of  the 
.suited  in  a  small  addition  to  the  funds  of  Stationers'  Company  had  been  placed  at 
one  of  the  trade  charities.  This  was  the  disposal  of  the  Exhibition,  but  it  was 
felt,  by  many  literary  men  and  others,  to  found  too  small  to  accommodate  the 
be  a  very  unsatisfactory  state  of  things,  large  number  of  exhibits  that  were 
and  from  time  to  time  suggestions  were  offered.  The  Royal  Commissioners  of  the 
made  in  the  newspapers  and  periodicals  1851  Exhibition  then  accorded  the  use  of 
(especially  in  Notes  and  Queries)  for  a  the  Westeni  Galleries  at  South  Kensing- 
national  recognition  of  the  services  of  ton,  where  the  Exhibition  took  place, 
our  first  English  printer.  In  1874,  par-  The  main  feature  of  the  Celebration 
ticularly,  there  were  published  several  was  to  collect  together  and  exhibit  to  the 
letters  to  the  same  end,  written  under  the  public  as  many  copies  of  the  works  of 
mistaken  notion,  which  had  been  com-  Caxton  as  could  be  procured  by  loan 
pletely  refuted  thirteen  years  previously,  from  the  various  public  libraries  and  the 
(viz.  m  1861,  when  Mr.  Blades'  "Life"  libraries  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen 
was  published),  that  1874  was  the  quar-  known  to  be  in  the  possession  of  such 
centenary  of  the  introduction  of  the  art  treasures.  Other  objects  of  kindred  inter- 
into  England.  Among  those  who  were  est,  such  as  block-books  and  the  books 
under  this  impression  was  Mr.  Hodson,  printed  by  Caxton's  predecessors  or  con- 
the  Secretary  of  the  Printers'  Pension  temporaries,  were  also  brought  within  the 
Corporation,  and  his  letter  appeared  in  scope  of  the  Exhibition.  Altogether,  as 
the /^riniing- Times  of  that  date,  which  many  as  190  "  Caxtons "  were  contri- 
pointed  out  the  error  involved.  Subse-  buted — a  number  such  as  never  before 
quently  Mr.  Blades  addressed  himself  to  were  gathered  together,  nor  are  likely  to 
the  subject,  and  effectually  quashed  the  be  again.  Subsidiary  to  these  in  the 
project,  suggesting,  however,  that  in  plan,  yet  not  second  in  interest  to  the 
1877,  the  true  quarcentenary  of  Printing,  general  public,  were  a  number  of  typo- 
an  adequate  and  worthy  celebration  of  graphical  antiquities  and  specimens  of 
the  event  should  take  place.  machinerj'  and  material.    The  whole  was 

As  the  year  1877  was  also  the  jubilee  classified  as  follows  :— 
anniversarj'  of  the  principal  trade  charity 
(the    Printers'  Pension,  Almshouses,  and 
Orphan  Asylum  Corporation),  it  was  de 


lermined  to  associate  the  Caxton  Celebra- 
tion with  that  event,  and  to  apply  any 
funds  that  might  accrue  from  it  to  that 
purpose.  Mr.  Hodson,  therefore,  acted 
as  secretary,  and  his  zeal  and  energy, 
contributed  materially  to  the  realisation 
of  the  project. 

A  provisional  committee  was  formed, 
which  elected  a  general  committee,  and 
enlisted  the  aid  of  certain  distinguished 
persons  as  patrons  of  the  undertaking. 
Among  these  were  Her  Majesty  the 
(^)ueen,    H.K.H.     Prince    Leopold,    the 


A.  William  Caxton  and  the  Develop- 
ment of  the  Art  of  Printing  in 
England  and  Scotland, 

B.  Development  of  the  Art  of  Printing 

in  Foreig^n  Countries. 

C.  Comparative   Development    of  the 

Art  of  Printing  in  England  and 
Foreign  Countries,  illustrated  by 
specimens  of  the  Holy  Scriptures 
and  Liturgies. 

D.  Specimens  noticeable  for  Rarity  or 
for  Beauty  and  Excellence  of 
Typography. 

E.  Specimens   of   Printing,    including 

Newspajiers. 

F.  Printed  Music. 


\ 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


125 


G.  Book  Illustrations  and  other  Speci- 
mens ^of  Engraving,  Printing  in 
Colours,  and  other  Processes. 

H,  Portraits  and  Autographs  of  Dis- 
tinguished Authors,Type-founders, 
Printers,  and  Booksellers. 

I.  Books  relating  to  Printing. 

K.  Curiosities  and  Miscellanies. 

L.  Type  and  other  Printing  Materials. 

M.  Stereotyping  and  Electrotyping. 

N.  Copperplate-printing,  Lithography, 
and  Photography. 

O.  Paper  and  Paper-making. 

On  the  19th  of  June  a  "  Festival  Ser- 
vice" was  held  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
when  the  Rev.  Canon  Barry,  Chaplain  to 
Her  Majesty,  preached  a  sermon  on  the 
passage  (i  Cor.  i.  27)  "  God  hath  chosen 
the  weak  things  of  the  world  to  confound 
the  things  which  are  mighty."  On  the 
30th  of  the  same  month  the  "Opening 
Festival  "  took  place.  It  consisted  of  the 
formal  opening  by  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
(Gladstone,  and  a  dejeuner  afterwards. 
The  Archbishop  of  York  offered  up  a 
special  dedicatory  prayer,  after  which 
Sir  Charles  Reed  read  a  short  account  of 
the  origin  of  the  movement.  At  the 
breakfast,  Mr.  Gladstone  proposed  the 
toast  of  "The  Memory  of  William  Cax- 
ton,  the  first  F.nglish  Printer,"  and  de- 
livered a  fine  speech  on  the  benefits  to 
humanity  which  had  resulted  from  the 
introduction  of  printing.  Sir  Charles 
Reed  proposed  the  toast  of  "  The 
Fruiters  of  Great  Britain  and  the  Conti- 
nent," to  which  M.  Chaix,  of  Paris 
(delegated  by  the  Paris  Printers'  So- 
ciety), Herr  Th.  Goebel,  editor  of  the 
Hanoverian  Journal  fur  Buclidriicker- 
kunst,  and  Mr.  George  Spottiswoode 
responded  for  the  printers  of  their  re- 
spective nationalities.  These  speeches 
were  reported  verbatim  in  the  Printing 
Times  and  Lithographer,  vol.  ii.  pp. 
139 — 142.  The  Exhibition  remained  open 
for  nine  weeks,  and  was  finally  closed  on 
Saturday,  the  ist  jof  September,i877. 

The  Catalogue  cited  above  is  not  merely 
an  interesting  memento  of  the  Celebra- 
tion, but  a  compilation  containing  a  large 
amount  of  valuable  bibliographical  infor- 
mation. Mr.  George  Bullen,  of  the  British 
Museum,  acted  as  general  editor.  In 
Class  A,  Mr.  W.  Blades,  besides  cata- 
loguing all  the  Caxtons  and  contemporary 
English-printed  books,  wrote  a  notice  of 
Caxton  himself,  of  his  relations  with 
Colard  Mansion,  and  his  introduction  of 
the  art  of  printing:  into  England.  In 
Class  B,  Lord  Cb'  rles  Bruce  (brother  to 
Earl  Spencer)  catalogued  the  block-books 
and  early  printed  books  of  foreign 
countries,    commencing    with    the     first 


printed  book,  the  Gutenberg  or  Mayence 
Bible  of  1455,  and  prefixed  to  the  list  an 
account  of  the  development  of  the  art  of 
printing  in  foreign  countries.     Valuable 
information  relating  to  the  efforts  of  the 
printers  at  Utrecht  and  Alost  was  sup- 
plied by  Mr.  Bradshaw,  of  the  University 
Library,  Cambridge.     In   Class   C,  Mr. 
Henry    Stevens,    a    great    authority    in 
biblical     bibliography,     catalogued     the 
unique   series   of    Bibles   exhibited,  and 
wrote  a  most  important  introduction  to 
the  same,  in  which  he  treats  at  large  of 
the    often-discussed    question,    "  Where 
and  by  whom  was  the  Coverdale  Bible 
printed  ? "  and  detailing   his  recent  dis- 
covery of  the   relations   between   Jacob 
van  Meteren,  the  Antwerp  printer,  and 
Coverdale.     In  Class  D,  Mr.  Kershaw, 
Librarian  of  the  Lambeth  Library,  cata- 
logued the  specimens  noticeable  for  rarity 
or   for   beauty   and   excellence   of   typo- 
graphy.     In   Class   E,    Mr.  Tuer  cata- 
logued the  various  specimens  of  printing 
by  steam,  &c.     The  large  and  interesting 
collection  of  newspapers  was  catalogued 
by  the  owner,    Mr.   Wm.    Rayner.      In 
Class    F,    Messrs.    Littleton,   Cummings, 
and  Barrett  catalogued   the  remarkable 
specimens    of    music-printing    from    the 
earliest  times,  and  an  introduction  by  Mr. 
Barrett  was  prefixed.     In  Class  G,  Mr. 
Reid,  Keeper  of  the  Print-room  of  the 
British    Museum,  catalogued   the  wood- 
cuts, copperplates,  and  other  engravings, 
and  Mr.   Daniel  Grant  supplied  a  very 
slight   introduction.       In    Class    H,    the 
various  portraits,  &c.,  were  catalogued  by 
Mr.    Blades.     In  Class  I,  Mr.   Overall, 
Librarian     of    the     Guildhall     Library, 
catalogued  the  various  books  relating  to 
printing.     In  Class  K,  the  curiosities  and 
miscellanies    were    catalogued    by    Mr. 
Brabrook.     In  Class  L,  Mr.  Talbot  Reed 
gave  an  account  of  the  Rise  and  Progress 
of  Type-founding  in  England.     Mr.  A. 
C.  J.   Powell  treated  of  the  instruments 
and  appliances  of  the  letterpress  printer, 
and  described  the  processes  and  speci- 
mens of  stereotyping,  electrotyping,  cop- 
perpl.-ite  printing,  lithography,  and  photo- 
graphy.    In  Class  O,  the  specimens  of 
paper  and  water-marks  were  catalogued 
and    described    by    Mr.    Brabrook.      In 
several  classes,  also,   Mr.  R.  E.  Graves, 
B.A.,    of    the     British    Museum,    gave 
valuable  assistance  and  advice.      It  was 
not    until    the    eve   of    the    close    of    the 
Caxton  Exhibition  that  the  complete  cata- 
logue  was   ready.     On   the   day  of   the 
opening  of  the  Exhibition  Mr.  Gladstone 
was  handed  a  "  Rough  Proof"  issue,  of 
which  less  than  too  were  printed  ;  subse- 
quently, a  "Preliminary   Edition"  was 
produced,    and    this    was    virtually   the 


126 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


only  Catalogue  procurable  during  the 
Exhibition  ;  but  it  was  of  no  use  as  a 
catalogue.  It  was  sold  for  is.  Of  the 
third  issue,  being  the  first  complete  Cata- 
logue, we  have  given  the  collation  above. 
This  edition  was  sold  for  2s.  6d.,  and  only 
a  comparatively  small  number  of  copies 


subscribers  at  12s.  6d.,  the  few  remaining 
copies  being  sold  at  a  guinea.  There  was, 
moreover,  an  "extra-large  "  paper  edition 
produced,  of  which  ten  copies  were  printed, 
the  price  being  five  guineas  each. 

The    second    work    cited    above    was 

written  by  Mr.  W.  Blades,  as  a  compre- 

was   printed.     A  large  paper  edition  of    hensive  guide  to  the  entire  collection,  for 


the  catalogue  was  also  issued  after  the 
close  of  the  Exhibition,  and  was  issued  to 
Caxton  Memorial  Bible.     Oxford 

This  Bible,  held  up  by  Mr.  Gladstone 
at  the  Caxton  dejeuner  as  "the  climax 
and  consummation  "  of  the  art  of  Print- 
ing, was  printed  at  Oxford,  bound  in 
London,  and  delivered  at  the  South 
Kensington  Exhibition  Buildings  literally 
within  twelve  consecutive  hours.  The 
book  was  printed  from  movable  types  set 
up  a  long  time  ago,  and  not  used  for 
years ;  to  guard  against  any  fraud  here- 
after, it  was  thought  best  to  take  the 
forms  of  an  edition  that  was  entirely  out 
of  print.  I'he  printers  commenced  to 
make  their  preparations  soon  after  mid- 
night, and  the  printing  actually  com- 
menced at  two  a.m.  ;  the  sheets  were 
artificially  dried,   forwarded  to  London, 


the  use  of  persons  not  specially  acquainted 
with  the  subject. 

:  June  30th,  1877.     32mo. 

in  Turkey  morocco,  bevelled  boards, 
flexible  back,  gilt-lettered  on  back  and 
outside  cover,  with  the  arms  of  the  Oxford 
University  in  gold  on  its  obverse  side  ; 
and  is  free  from  the  "  set-off""'  or  blemish 
which  its  hasty  production  might  well 
have  excused.  It  contains  an  explanatory 
inscription  and  title  :  "  In  memoriam 
Gul.  Caxton,"  with  the  occasion  and  date 
of  the  edition  printed  at  the  bottom  of 
each  of  its  thirty-three  sheets.  The  edi- 
tion consisted  of  100  numbered  copies. 
The  idea  of  producing  the  Bible  under 
the  circumstances  originated  with  Mr. 
Henry  Stevens,  F.  S.A.,  a  most  eminent 
Bibliographic  authority  on  the  subject  o'" 
Bibles,  who   catalogued,    arranged,    and 


folded,   rolled,  collated,  sewn,  subjected  described  the  splendid  collection  in  the 

to    hydraulic    pressure,    gilded,    bound,  Caxton     Exhibition.       The     work     was 

and  taken    to    South   Kensington   before  printed  for  presentation  only,  and  copies 

two  p.m.  on  the  day  of  the  Caxton  Cele-  of    the   "Caxton    Bible"    are    unattain- 

bration.      The    book    consists    of    1,052  able,  the  edition  having  been  immedaitely 

pages  i6mo.,  minion  type,  and  is  bound  allotted. 

Caxton's  Printing  Office.  Notes  and  Queries,  I.,  ii.  99,  122,  142, 
187,  23^,  340. 
This  discussion  throws  some  light  on  anticipated  by  himself.  He  asks  as  to  the 
the  disputed  question  as  to  the  locality  of  derivation  of  the  word  "chapel,"  Is  it 
Caxton's  printing-office  at  Westminster,  peculiar  to  printers  and  this  country,  or 
The  late  Dr.  E.  F.  Rimbault  brings  for-  is  it  used  in  other  trades  and  on  the  Con- 
ward  evidence  to  show  that  Caxton's  office  tinent?  In  a  second  communication  he 
was  not  in  Westminster  Abbey,  but  some-  attempts  to  elucidate  the  monogram  of 
where  near  it.  Mr.  John  Gough  Nichols  Caxton,  and  in  a  third  he  refers  to  the 
refers  to  an  article  of  his  own  ov\  the  subject  charges  made  against  him  in  the  course  of 
in  the  Geutletnmts  Magazine  of  April,  the  discussion  by  a  correspondent  "Arun." 
1846,  and  a  reference  to  it  in  the  same  Mr.  John  Cropp  participates  in  the  dis- 
magazine  of  June,  1850,  p.  630.  He  shows  cussion. 
that  Dr.  Rimbault's  conclusion  had  been 

Caxton  submitting  his  first  Proof-Sheet.     Notes  and  Queries,   I.,  ii. 
398,  V.  349. 

This  is  a  reference  to  the  historical  accuracy  of  Walker's  engraving,  taken  from 
Doyle's  picture  of  Caxton  submitting  his  first  proof-sheet  to  John  Esteney,  Abbot  of 
Westminster,  in  1477.  H.  H.  says  that  the  likeness  of  the  abbot  is  taken  from  his 
brass  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Celebration  of  the   Invention  of  Printing,  Articles  on.     Notes  and 
Queries,  I.,  iv.  148,  276. 

These  articles  refer  to  a  suggestion  that  1460,       the      quarcentenary     celebration 

as  the  invention   of  the   art  of  printing  should  take  place  between  1850  and  i860, 

could   not    be   ass'gned   to  any  particular  and  that   it  should  assume  the  form  of  a 

year,   but  rather  the  decennium  1450  to  subscription    to   defray    the    expense    of 


1 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  127 


publishing  on  a  large  scale  a  book  of  fac-  history  of  the  art.     A  complaint  is  made 

similes  of  early  typography,    to  be  sold  that  during  the  thirty  years  previous  to 

at   a   cheap    rate,    with    such    prefatory  1850   the  study   of  the    history  of  early 

matter  as  should  form  an  accurate  popular  printing  had  been  deplorably  neglected. 

Celliez  (Henry).  Code  annotede  la  Presse  en  1835.  Recueil  complet 
des  Lois,  Decrets,  Ordonnances,  Reglemens,  Avis  du  Conseil 
d'Etat  sur  la  Presse  periodique,  la  Libraire  et  I'lmprimerie,  la 
Propriete  litteraire,  les  Gravures  et  Dessins,  la  Liberie  theatrale, 
la  Procedure  sur  toutes  les  matieres,  de  1789  a  Septembre  1835 
inclusivement,  indiquant  toutes  les  Dispositions  abrogees  ou  en 
vigueur,  les  Arrets  de  la  Cour  de  Cassation,  et  la  Concordance  des 
Textes.     Paris:   1835.     8vo. 

Memoire  pour  la  Chambre  des  Imprimeurs  de  Paris  sur   la 

question  d'indemnite  en  cas  de  suppression  des  Brevets  d'impri- 
meurs.     Paris  :   1867.     4to. 

Cellini  (Mariano).  Nota  dei  Lavori  della  Tipografia  Galileana  e, 
per  incidenza,  Cenni  sull'  Origine  della  Stampa  e  storia  di  detta 
Tipografia.     Firenze :  1862.     4to. 

Cenni  sulla  Invenzione  della  Stampa  e  Inangurazione  delle  Statue  di 
Guttemberg  in  Magonza  e  Strasburgo,  con  note  aggiunte.  Forli : 
1 84 1.     8vo. 

[Cennini  (Bernardo)].  Quarto  Centenario  Cenniniano.  Firenze  : 
1 87 1.     .8vo. 

Cennini  was  the  first  to  introduce  the  essays:— "Le   Feste  del   IV.  Centenario 

art  of  printing  into   Florence  ;  and  this  Cenneniano."  by  P.  Barbera  ;  "  Bernardo 

volume,    printed    in    celebration   of    the  Cennini  e  il  suo   tempo,"  by  A.   Berto- 

fourth  centenary  of  the  first  book  which  letto ;   "  Un    Pensiero  alia  Stampa,"  by 

he  printed  (Virgil,  with  commentary  of  C.  Fontanelli. 
Servius,     1471)    contains     the    following 

Cenno  di  alcuni  Giureconsulti  e  chiari  uomini  di  Chavasso ;  della 
primeria  Stamperia  ivi  aperta  nel  i486,  e  di  parecchie  opera 
legali  stampate  in  essa  citt^.     Chavasso  :  1827.     8vo. 

Cercle  de  la  Librairie,  de  I'lmprimerie,  de  la  Papeterie  et  de  toutes 
les  Professions  qui  concourent  a  la  publication  des  oeuvres  de  la 
litterature,  des  sciences,  et  des  arts.     Annee  i860.     Paris.     8vo.  . 

Catalogue  du  Cercle  de  la  Librairie,  de  I'lmprimerie,  et  de  la 

Papeterie.     Vienna  :  1873. 

This  is  the  catalogue  of  the  French  ex-  on  opening  the  book  two  tablets,    right 

hibits  in  paper,  printing,  and  publishing  and  left,  seem  to  start  up  from  it.     These 

in  the  Vienna  Exhibition  of  1873.     It  is  a  latter  are  printed   on   a  ground  of  very 

very  beautiful  volume.     Each  exhibitor  pale   buff,    round    which    is    an    Oxford 

has  a  page  to  himself,  each  page  being  framing   in  carmine.    M.  Claye,  of  Paris, 

surrounded  with  a  shaded  rule,  so  that  was  the  printer. 

■  Comptes  rendus  des   Assemblees    generales  du  Cercle   de  la 

Librairie,  de  I'lmprimerie,  et  de  la  Papeterie  des  annees  1865-67. 
Paris.     8vo. 

Certain  and  necessary  Method  of  regulating  the  Press  (A),  i  page 
folio  with  endorse.     No  date. 


128 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Certain  necessary  Method  of  regulating  the  Press  (A).     Circa  1700. 
I  page  folio  broadside. 
The  two  preceding  broadsides  (which    pealed  in  1534  by  25  Hen.  VIII.  c.  15,  at 


are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum) 
contain  proposals  that  every  printer 
should  take  out  an  annual  license  to 
authorize  him  to  print. 

Printing  was  taken  under  the  patronage 
and  control  of  the  State  in  1483,  when  a 
statute  (i  Rich.  III.  c.  9)  was  passed  im- 
posing certain  restrictions  on  merchant 
strangers,  but  it  was  expressly  stated  not 
to  be  in  impediment  to  any  one  for 
bringing  into  the  realms  any  books  writ- 
ten or  printed,  or  any  printer  of  such 
books  for  the  exercise  of  his  occupation 
here. 

The  first  instance  of  an  exclusive  privi- 
lege to  print  a  book  was  in  the  year 
1518,  when  Richard  Pynson,  who  suc- 
ceeded Faques  as  King's  printer,  printed 
a  book,  in  the  colophon  of  which  this 
fact  is  recorded. 

The  statute  referred  to  above  was  re- 


the  instance  of  the  bookbinders,  who 
complained  that  so  many  books  were 
printed  abroad  in  the  English  language, 
and  sent  to  England  bound,  that  their 
business  was  taken  out  of  their  hands. 
In  this  Act  it  is  stated  that  there  had 
come  into  this  realm  a  great  number  of 
printed  br-oks,  although  there  were  within 
the  realm  "a  great  number  of  cunning 
and  expert  in  the  said  science  or  craft  of 
printing." 

Several  attempts  were  made  afterwards 
to  revive  this  prerogative,  or  to  substitute 
for  it  a  license.  The  above  propositions 
were  issued  with  this  view. 

Until  1640,  notwithstanding,  the  Crown 
exercised  an  unlimited  authority  over  the 
press,  which  was  enforced  by  summary 
powers  of  search,  confiscation,  and  im- 
prisonment. {Vide  Willes,  J.  Millar  v. 
Taylor,  4  Burrows's  Reports,  2312). 


Ceruti  (Antonio).  Lettere  inedite  di  dotti  Italiani  des  SecoloXVI,  tratti 
degli  autograft  della  biblioteca  Ambrosiana.    Milano  :  1867.    8vo. 
Contains  four  letters  from  Paulus  Manutius,  printer,  to  G.  V,  Pinelli,  written  in 
1560. 


cologne:  1517-1536;  MARPURG  :  1536- 

Cervicornus  (Eucharius). 

This  printer  was  first  established  at  he  printed  in  1536,  and  very  likely  after- 
Cologne,  where  he  printed  from  1517  to  wards,  although  we  have  no  information 
1536.     Then  he  went  to  Marpurg,  where    about  it— Panzer's  "Annals"  only  coming 


1 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  129 


down  to  the  year  1536.     The  book  from  art  of  printing.    The  earliest  books  known 

which  the  above  device  was  copied  is  "  Pif  to  have  issued  from  its  press  are  those  of 

Papae  II.  Epistola  ad  Turcos."    Colonia:  Ulric  Zell,  who  was  followed  by  Arnold 

1532.    8vo.     It  is  found  on  the  title-page  Therhoernen,   De  Olpe,  and  J.  Koelhoff. 

and  reverse  of  the  last  leaf,  and  consists  Marpurg,    whither     Cervicornus      after- 

of  the  caduceus  on  an  ornamented  shield,  wards  removed,  called  also  Marpurgum, 

The  city  of  Cologne.designated  "Colonia"  Marburgum,     or     Martisburgum,     is     a 

in  the  imprint  of  the  above  work,  was  al-o  German  town,  the  capital  of  Upper  Hesse, 

described  as  Colonia  Agrippina,  Colonia  The  art  of  printing  is  supposed  to  have 

Clavdia,  Colonia  Vbiorum  or  Vbii.    It  was  been  introduced  there  about  1527. 
amongst  the  very  first  towns  to  adopt  the 

Ceruti  (Paolo).     Biografia  Soncinate.     Milano  :  1834.     4to. 

A  notice  of  the  Hebrew  printing-press  at  Soncini,  and  a  list  of  the  books  printed 
there. 

Ch (E.).    Considerations  surl'Etat  actuel  de  rimprimerie  et  sur 

I'Emploi  immodere  des  Mecaniques  dans  les  arts  industriels.  Paris  : 
1830.     8vo. 

Chabert  Histoire  resumee  de  I'lmprimerie  dans  la  Ville  de  Metz 
jusqu'au  19®  siecle.     Metz:  1851.     4to. 

Chabert  (L.).     Stereotypie  et  Polytypie.     Paris  :  1829.     4to. 

Chaix  (A.).  Statistique  de  I'lmprimerie  en  France.  Paris:  1875. 
Sm.  8vo.  pp.  6. 

Consists    of   statistics    of   printing    in  centres  from  1864  to  1874.     The  matter 

France,    under    three    divisions— Books,  was  originally  published  in  the  chronicle 

Newspapers,    and    Official    Documents,  of  the  "  Bibliographie  de  la  France,"  its 

The  places  where  these  were  issued  are  compiler,   M.    Chaix,    of  the   celebrated 

classified  and  arranged  according  to  their  Paris  printing  firm  of  Chaix  &  Co.,  being 

importance,  and  there  is  a  synopsis  at  the  the   selected   reporter   of   a   commission 

end  of  the  publications  of  the  principal  nominated  to  study  the  subject. 

Chaix  &  Co.  (A.).  Statuts  de  la  Caisse  de  Secours  et  Reglement  de 
la  Participation  dans  les  Benefices  et  de  la  Caisse  de  Prevoyance 
et  de  Retraite  de  I'lmprimerie  et  de  la  Librairie  centrales  des 
Chemins  de  Fer.     Paris  :  1875.     8vo.  pp.  56. 

These  are  the  rules  and  regulations  of  societies  are  formed  of  the  employes,  and 

certain   benefit   societies   and    charitable  have  for  their  object  to  afford  assistance 

funds  in  connection  with  the  great  Paris  in  sickness  and  in  cases  of  accident.    The 

railway  -  printing     establishment    of    A.  pamphlet  contains  several  "  allocutions  " 

Chaix  &  Co.,  known  as  the  "  Librairie  by  M.  Chaix  himself  on  the  objects  and 

Centrale  des  Chemins  de  Fer."    These  progress,  of  the  several  societies. 

Challen  (Howard).  The  Philadelphia  Directory  of  Publishers, 
Printers,  Manufacturing  Stationers,  and  Dealers  in  Fancy  Goods. 
Philadelphia,  U.S.A.      1873.     8vo. 

Challoner  (Edward).  A  Plea  for  a  New  Factory  Act.  London  : 
1871.     4  pp.  tract. 

An  argument  by  a  printer's  reader  for  an  extension  of  the  Factory  Acts,  which 
would  bring  within  their  application  adults  as  well  as  youths,  and  illustrated  by  the 
alleged  "wrongs"  of  printers'  readers. 

Chalmers  (Gdjrge).  The  Life  of  Thomas  Ruddiman,  M.A.,  the 
Keeper,  for  almost  fifty  years,  of  the  Library  belonging  to  the 


130 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Faculty  of  Advocates  at  Edinburgh,  to  which  are  subjoined  new 
Anecdotes  of  Buchanan.     London  :  1794.     8vo. 

Ruddiman  began  life  as  a  printer,  and  this  work  gives  a  list  of  the  books  which  he 
printed.  He  was  both  author  and  printer  of  the  well-known  "  Rudiments  of  the 
Latin  Tongue  "  bearing  his  name. 

Chambers  (William).  Memoir  of  Robert  Chambers,  with  Auto- 
biographic Reminiscences  of  William  Chambers.  3rd  edition. 
Edinburgh:  1872.     Svo. 

This  is  the  memoir  of  two  brothers  who  have  become  famous  in  connection  with 
popular  literature.  It  also  gives  an  account  of  the  origin  of  the  great  printing-house 
of  Chambers  in  Edinburgh. 

Chanteau  (Maur.  de).  De  la  Corporation  des  Imprimeurs,  Libraires, 
et  Relieurs  de  la  Ville  de  Metz.     Memoire.     Metz:  1867.     8vo. 

"Chapel"  :  The  Printers'  Hierarchy.      Gent.  Mag.,  x.  239. 

An  extract  from  The  Craftsman,  No. 
725,  May  24,  1740,  in  the  form  of  a  letter 
"to  Caleb  D'Anvers,  Esq.,"  unsigned. 
The  writer  says  that  he  wonders  that 
none  of  the  authors  who  had  published 
such  learned  discourses  in  defence  of  the 
liberty  of  the  press,  and  upon  the  useful- 
ness of  the  art  of  printing,  have  given  us 
an  account  of  the  "hierarchy  " 
calls  it — of  a  printing-house. 


booksellers,  and  others  to  make  them 
drink,  especially  that  great  annual 
solemnity  called  the  Way-Goose  Feast. 
Whilst  he  continues  in  this  state,  he  can 
have  no  redress  for  any  mischief  that  is 
done  him  ;  so  that  in  a  short  time  he  is 
glad  to  pay  the  penalty  which  he  had  in- 
^  curred,  and  a  discretionary  fine  besides, 

■for  so  he     to  reconcile  himself  to  the  chapel. 
_  He  goes         "  When   a  boy   is    bound   apprentice, 

on  to  say  that  the  first  press  in  England  before  he  is  admitted  a  chapellonian, 
was  set  up  in  a  chapel  in  Westminster,  it  is  necesssary  foi  him  to  be  made  a 
or  some  other  religious  house,  from  which  cuz  or  deacon,  in  the  performance  of 
the  part  of  a  house  which  is  assigned  for  which  there  are  many  ceremonies.  The 
printing  has  been  ever  since  called  a  chapellonians  walk  three  times  round  the 
chapel,  and  constituted  in  an  ecclesiasti-  room,  their  right  arms  being  put  through 
cal  manner,  with  divers  religious  riles  and  the  lappets  of  their  coats  ;  the  boy  who  is 
ceremonies.  to   be   made   a   cuz   carrying   a   wooden 

"When  a  printer  first  sets  up,  if  it  is  sword  before  them.  Then  the  boy  kneels, 
in  a  house  that  was  never  used  for  print-  and  the  father  of  the  chapel,  after  exhort- 
ing before,  the  part  of  it  designed  for  the  ing  him  to  be  observant  of  his  business, 
purpose  is  consecrated,  which  is  performed  and  not  to  betray  the  secrets  of  the 
by  the  senior  freeman  in  the  master's  workmen,  squeezes  a  sponge  of  strong 
employ,  who  is  the  father  or  deacon  of  beer  over  his  head,  and  gives  him  a  title, 
the  chapel  ;  and  the  chief  ceremony  is  which  is  generally  that  ot  a  Duke  of  some 
drinking  success  to  the  master,  sprinkling  place  of  the  least  importance  near  which 
the  walls  with  strong  beer,  and  singing  he  lives ;  such  as  those  of  Rag-fair, 
the  cuz's  anthem,  at  the  conclusion  of  Thieving-lane,  Puddle-dock,  P-ssing- 
which  there  is  a  supper  given  by  the  alley,  and  the  like.  This  being  done,  the 
master.  father  of  the  chapel  gives  the  boy  an  ac- 

"All  the  workmen  are  called  chapel-  count  of  the  safety  he  will  enjoy  by  being 
lonians,  who  are  obliged  to  submit  to  made  a  cuz,  which  is,  that  whatever 
certain  laws,  all  of  which  are  calculated  accident  may  happen  to  him,  no  ill  con- 
fer the  good  of  the  whole  body,  and  for  sequence  will 
the  well  carrying  on  of  the  master's  busi- 
ness. To  the  breach  of  these  laws  is  "  Whilst  the  boy  is  upon  his  knees,  all 
annexed  a  penalty,  which  an  obstinate  the  chapellonians,  with  their  right  arms 
member  sometimes  refuses  to  pay,  upon  put  through  the  lappets  of  their  coats  as 
which  it  is  left  to  the  majority  of  the  before,  walk  round  him,  singing  the  cuz's 
chapel  whether  he  shall  be  continued  any  anthem,  which  is  done  by  adding  all  the 
longer  a  chapellonian  ;  and  if  his  sentence  vowels  to  the  consonants,  in  the  following 
is  to  be  discontinued,  he  is  then  declared  manner:  '  Ba — ba  ;  Be— be  ;  Bi — bi ; 
2i  brimstone ,  xkvaX  is,  an  excommunicated  Ba — be — bi ;  Bo — bo;  Ba— be— bi  -  bo  ; 
person,  and  deprived  of  all  share  of  the  Bu--bu  ;  Ba — be— bi — bo — bu  ;  and  so 
money    given     by    gentlemen,    authors,     through  the  rest  of  the  consonants." 


sequence  will  attend  it ;  such  as  the  falling 
from  an  house  or  into  the  Thames,  &c. 


1 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


13  r 


'  The  editor  of  the  Gentlemati's  Maga- 
zine adds  the  following  footnote  to  this 
passage  : — 

"  The  anthem,  as  printed  above  in  the 
Craftsman,  conveys  a  wrong  notion  of 
the  manner  of  singing  it,  which  is  by  dis- 
tinctly sounding  first  the  consonant,  then 
the  vowel,  and  afterwards  both  together  ; 
this  is  followed  by  repeating  the  syllables 
joined,  and  therefore  should  be  expressed 
thus  :  B  a,  ba  ;  B  e,  be  ;  B  i,  bi ;  Babebi ; 
Bo,  bo  ;  Babebibo  ;  B  u,  bu  ;  Babebi- 
bo-bu  ;  in  like  manner,  C  a,  ca  ;  &c.  To 
put  a  favourable  construction  on  his 
printers  omitting  to  correct  it,  we  may 
suppose  that  they  were  not  well  pleased 
with  his  making  public  their  ceremonies, 
so  little  to  their  advantage. 

"  There  are  several   other  solemnities 

Chapel  Rules.  Messrs.  Wyman  5 
Lincoln's-inn  Fields,  W.C.  i 
These  are  the  rules  made  and  agreed  to 
by  the  compositors  of,  we  believe,  the  oldest 
printing-office  in  the  metropolis.  They 
embody  the  results  of  the  practical  expe- 
rience of  several  generations  of  workmen, 
and  exemplify  the  regulations  deemed 
necessary  in  a  large  office  for  the  main- 
tenance of  discipline  and  the  protection 
of  the  interests  of  the  men,  as  between 
themselves.  There  were,  undoubtedly, 
formerly  many  customs  in  the  printing- 
office  that  were  "  more  honoured  in  the 
breach  than  in  the  observance,"  yet  it 
may  be  said,  as  Clare  has  it — 

"  Old  Customs  !    Oh,  I  love  the  sound  ; 
However  simple  they  may  be  ; 
Whate'er  with  time  hath  sanction  found, 
Is  welcome,  and  is  dear  to  me." 

The  best  account  of  the  old  customs  of 
the  printing-office  is  that  given  by  Moxon 


of  the  same  kind  belonging  to  a  printing 
chapel,  but  these  are  sufficient  to  show 
the  sacred  institution  of  it,  and  the 
reverence  that  is  due  to  it." 

A  good  account  of  the  present  customs 
of  the  Chapel  will  be  found  in  Hansard's 
"  Typographia  "  ;  and  Timperley  gives 
an  extract  from  Brimmer's  comic  poem  of 
"The  Composing-room."  Moxon  has 
treated  the  subject  at  great  length,  and 
has  been  since  copied  by  quaint  Randle 
Holme  and  all  subsequent  writers. 

An  article  in  Notes  and  Queries,  I.  iii. 
p.  7,  properly  observes  that  the  term 
"chapel"  is  applied,  not  to  the  place  of 
the  printing-office,  but  to  any  formal 
gathering  of  the  persons  working  in  it. 


k  Sons,  74-75,  Great  Queen-street, 

875.  i6mo.  pp.  8. 
in  his  "Mechanick  Exercises"  (1683). 
Randle  Holme,  "gentleman  sewer  in 
extraordinary  to  his  late  Majesty  King 
Charles  II.,"  enters  almost  as  fully  into 
the  subject  in  his  "Academy  of  Armory  " 
(1688)  ;  and  the  titles  of  both  works  will 
be  found  in  this  Bibliography  under  the 
headings  of  their  respective  authors. 
Readers  who  are  not  able  to  consult 
these  very  rare  books  will  find  Moxon's 
account  of  the  trade  customs  reprinted  in 
Hansard's  "  Typographia,"  together  with 
other  matter ;  and  (very  incorrectly)  in 
Ringwalt's  "American  Encyclopaedia  of 
Printing."  Randle  Holme's  account  is 
partly  reprinted  in  Hone's  "  Everyday 
Book,"  vol.  i.  p.  1 133,  vol.  ii.  p.  627. 
A  comparison  of  these  with  "chapel 
rules  "  such  as  those  of  Messrs.  Wyman's 
workmen,  is  not  less  curious  than  instruc- 
tive and  suggestive. 


Chatto  (William  Andrew).  A  Treatise  on  Wood-Engraving,  His- 
torical and  Practical.  With  upwards  of  300  illustrations,  engraved 
on  wood  by  John  Jacl<son.  London  :  1839.  8vo.  pp.  xvi.  751. 
Second  edition,  with  a  new  chapter  on  the  Artists  of  the  present 
day,  by  Henry  G.  Bohn,  with  145  additional  wood-engravings. 
London:   1 861.     8vo.     pp.  xvi.  664. 

Preface,  dated  London,  5th  December,     in  the  time  of  Albert  Diirer  ;  further  pro- 
838,   is  signed  by  W.   A.  Chatto ;    and     gress    and    dechne   of   wood-engraving 


there  is  an   introductory  address,  dated 
[5th   December,    1838,    signed   by   John 


revival    of  wood-engraving ;    artists   and 
engravers  on  wood   of  the  present  day. 


Jackson.      This    and  Ottley's  book  [see    There  is  appended  a  full  description  of 

the  practice  of  wood-engraving.  Inci- 
dentally there  are  given  some  useful 
remarks  on  priming  woodcuts  ;  for,  as 
Mr.  Bohn  justly  says,  "A  good  engra- 
ving without  good  printing  is  like  a 
diamond  without  its  polish."  The  chap- 
ter   on     the     invention    of    typography, 


Ottley)  may  be  taken  as  the  standard 
works  in  English  on  wood-engraving. 
The  following  is  p  synopsis  of  the  con- 
tents :  —  Antiquit'_  of  engraving  ;  pro- 
gress of  wood-engraving  ;  the  invention 
of  typography  ;  wood-engraving  in  con- 
nection with  the  press  ;  wood-engraving 


132  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

which,    together  with   all   the   historical  Chatto  in  the  origination  or  compilation 

portion  of  this  work,  was  written  by  Mr.  of  this  work  were  the  subject  of  much  dis- 

Chatto,  is  extremely  well  done.  agreement,  and  caused  the  issue  of  the 

The  respective  shares  of  Jackson  and  following  pamphlet  : — 

Chatto  (William  Andrew).  A  Third  Preface  to  "A  Treatise  on  Wood- 
Engraving,  Historical  and  Practical,"  exposing  the  fallacies  con- 
tained in  the  first,  restoring  the  passages  suppressed  in  the  second, 
and  containing  an  account  of  Mr.  John  Jackson's  actual  share  in 
the  composition  and  illustration  of  that  work.  In  a  Letter  to 
Stephen  Oliver.  By  Wm.  A.  Chatto,  author  of  the  first  seven 
chapters  of  the  work,  and  the  writer  of  the  whole,  as  originally 
printed,     London  :  printed  for  the  Author.     1839.     8vo.  pp.  36. 

The  History  and  Art  of  Wood- Engraving,  with  Specimens  of 

the  Art,  Ancient  and  Modern.  London  :  1848.  Folio.  55  wood- 
engravings  ;  text,  28  pp.  Republished  the  following  year,  with 
extra  illustrations  and  the  following  title  : — 

--  Gems  of  Wood-Engraving  from  the  Illustrated  London  News, 


with  a  History  of  the  Art,  Ancient  and  Modern.     London  :  1849. 
Folio.     93  plates  ;  text,  28  pp. 

The  chief  value  of  this  work  consists  teresting.     It  originally  appeared  in  the 

in  its  plates,  reprinted   from  the  Illus-  Illustrated  London  News  between  the 

trated  London  News,  which   show  the  20th  of  April  and  the  6th  of  July,  1844. 

perfection  that  the  art  of  wood-engraving,  The     illustrations     of    this    portion    are 

as  applied  to  pictorial  journalism,  had  at-  mostly  given,  in  smaller  size,  in  Chatto 

tained  in  1849.  The  sketch  of  the  history  and  Jackson's  "Treatise." 
and  processes  of  the  art  is  slight,  but  in- 

Facts  and   Speculations  on  the  Origin  and  History  of  Playing 


Cards.     London  :  1848,     8vo.  pp.  viii.  343. 

William  Andrew  Chatto  was  born  at  requirements  of  the  time,  and  was  con- 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  in  the  year  1799,  and  ducted  for  some  months  only  at  a  loss, 
his  first  work,  entitled  "  Rambles  on  the  although  in  the  present  era  of  penny 
Border  of  Northumbe  and,"  was  pub-  daily  papers  such  an  undertaking  would 
lished,  under  the  pseud  jp.ym  of  "Stephen  probably  meet  with  better  support.  It 
Oliver,"  in  1833.  It  was  followed  in  1834  may  be  considered  to  have  been  the  pre- 
by  "  Scenes  and  Recollections  of  Fly  cursor  of  Punch,  which  was  started  in 
Fishing,"  of  which  little  volume  Professor  1841,  when  Tom  Taylor,  Horace  May- 
Wilson  remarked  in  Blackwood,  "  it  is  hew.  Sterling  Coyne,  and  many  others 
inspired  with  the  right  spirit,  and  must  who  had  been  contributors  to  P^^ck,  joined 
have  a  place  in  every  library — shelf  Wal-  the  staff  of  Punch. 

ton."      In   the  same  year  he  published  W.  A.  Chatto  passed  the  latter  years 

"  A    Paper  :     of    Tobacco,    by    Joseph  of  his  life  in  the  Charterhouse,  which  he 

Fume,  illustrated  by  Phiz,"  and  in  1835,  entered   on   the   nomination  of  the   late 

"Ihe  Angler's  Souvenir,  by  P.  Fisher,"  Marquess  of  Lansdowne.     He  died  there 

a   very  elegant   volume,    with   steel  en-  in  1865. 

gravings  after  Cooper  and  Topham.     In  His  eldest  surviving  son  is  Mr.  Andrew 

1839  ^^  was  editor  and  part-proprietor  of  Chatto,    senior    partner   in   the   firm    of 

Puck,   a  comic  illustrated  paper,  which  Chatto  &  Windus,  publishers,  of  75,  Picca- 

was  published  daily  at   three-halfpence,  dllly,  who  assumed  the  business  on  the 

This  venture  was  then  in  advance  of  the  death  of  the  late  John  Camden  Hotten. 

Chaubry  de  Troncenord  (M.  le  Baron).  Notice  sur  les  Artistes 
Graveurs  de  la  Champagne,  lue  dans  la  seance  du  ler  Juillet,  1857. 
Chalons  :  1858.     8vo. 

See  SUTAINE  (Maximilien). 


\ 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


133 


Chelsum  (James),  D.D.  A  History  of  the  Art  of  Engraving  in 
Mezzotinto,  from  its  origin  to  the  present  time,  including  an 
account  of  the  works  of  the  Earliest  Artists.  Winchester  :  1786. 
8vo.     2  leaves,  pp.  100;  index,  &c.,  6  leaves. 

Dr.  James  Chelsum,  a  learned  Eng-  tinct  notice,  for  in  this  country  it  has 
lish  divine,  was  born  at  Westminster  been  chiefly  cultivated,  has  received  its 
about  1740,  and  died  1801.  He  says  highest  improvements,  and  therefore 
that  the  art  of  engraving  in  mezzotint  deserves  the  name  of  "  the  English 
had  within  a  few  years  previously  at-  manner."  The  work  treats  of  the  nature 
tained  to  so  high  a  degree  of  perfection  of  the  art  of  mezzotint,  its  supposed  ori- 
that  its  history  may  justly  claim  to  be  gin  and  invention,  and  of  the  several  sue- 
separately  recorded.  In  England  espe-  sessive  artists  who  have  practised  it. 
cially  it  ought  not  to  pass  without  dis- 

Chevalier  (Michel).  Reports  on  Printing  and  Publishing  at  the 
Paris  Exhibition  of  1867.     Edited  by  P.  Boileau.     Paris  :  1868. 

Chevallier  (A.).  Sur  les  Maladies  des  Imprimeurs.  In  Bulletin  de 
la  Societe  (V Encouragement  pour  V Industrie  Nationale,  p.  187  et  seq. 
Paris  :  1 835.     8vo. 

Che\allier  (J.  B.  A.)  et  Langlum^  ( — ),  Traite-  complet  de  la 
Lithographic,  ou  Manuel  du  Lithographe,  avec  des  notes  de 
MM.  Mantoux  et  Joumar.     Paris  :  1838.     8vo.  pp.  xvi.  272. 


This  work  is  the  combined  production 
of  M.  Chevallier,  a  chemist  and  professor 
in  the  Ecole  de  Pharmacie  in  Paris,  and 
of  M.  Langlume,  a  lithographic  printer. 
It  contains,  also,  notes  by  two  litho- 
graphic printers,  MM.  Mantoux  and 
Joumar.  The  book  obtained  in  1830  the 
prize  of  the  "Societe  d'Encouragement." 
It  gives,  first  of  all,  an  abstract  of  the 
French  laws  relating  to  copyrights,  de- 


signs, &c. ,  and  then  presents  a  history  of 
the  discovery  and  progress  of  the  litho- 
graphic art.  The  remainder  of  the  book 
IS  devoted  to  a  practical  account  of  the 
different  processes.  There  are  several 
plates  of  presses,  machines,  ^c,  and  a 
variety  of  recipes  for  making  inks.  It  was 
in  its  day  probably  the  most  complete 
practical  handbook  of  lithography  that 
had  been  published. — See  Richmond. 


Chevillier  (Andr^).  L'Origine  de  I'Imprimerie  de  Paris,  disserta- 
tion, historique  et  critique,  divisee  en  quatre  parties.  Dans  la  I. 
on  voit  son  Etablissement  qui  fut  fait  par  des  gens  de  I'Universite, 
c'est-a-dire,  par  les  soins  de  la  Societe  de  Sorbonne ;  avec 
I'Histoire  d'Ulric  Gering,  le  premier  Imprimeur  de  Paris.  La  11. 
contient  des  Reflexions  sur  les  Livres  imprimez  par  Gering,  et 
quelques  Remarques  curieuses  touchant  les  Imprimeurs,  et  sur  la 
matiere  d'Imprimerie.  La  III.  decouvre  I'origine  de  I'lmpression 
Grecque  et  Hebraique,  qui  fut  etablie  k  Paris  par  le  soin  des 
Professeurs  de  I'Universite.  Dans  la  IV.  on  fait  voir  les  Droits 
que  I'Universite  a  eus  sur  la  Librairie  de  Paris,  devant  et  apres  la 
decouverte  de   I'Imprimerie.     Paris,    1694.     4to.     4  preliminary 


leaves,  and  pp.  448. 


Andrew  Chevillier  was  an  eminent 
French  writer,  born  at  Pontoise  1636, 
died  1700.  To  him  ii/lue  the  conserva- 
tion of  the  copy  of  the  "  Speculum  Hu- 
manae  Salvationis"  now  in  the  National 
Library  at  Paris  :  he  bought  it  for  a  small 
sum  among  a  quantity  of  old  books. 
Dibdin  ("  Bibliomania")  says  that  "this 


is  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  is  generally 
found  upon  every  bibliographer's  shelf. 
Baillet  had  supplied  the  author  with  a 
pretty  strong  outline  in  his  short  outline 
of  Parisian  printers.  All  the  copies  of 
Chevillier's  book  which  I  have  seen 
are  printed  upon  what  is  called  foxey 
paper." 


134 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Chevreul  (Michel  Eugene).  Considerations  sur  la  Reproduction,  par 
les  procedes  de  M.  Niepce  de  Saint- Victor,  des  images  gravees, 
dessinees  ou  imprimees.     Paris  :  1847.     8vo. 

^/?^  Niepce  de  Saint  Victor  (C.  M.  F.). 


—  Des  Couleurs  et  de  leurs  applications  aux  arts  industriels,  a 
I'aide   des   cercles   chromatiques.       Paris  :    1864.      4to.    pp.    28, 


27  plates. 

The  second  article  treats  of  "  Con- 
struction en  Chromochalcographie,"  and 
gives  an  interesting  account  of  the  mode 
adopted  by  M.  Digeon  in  engraving  and 
printing  the  chromatic  circles  in  the 
work.     M.  Digeon  was  not  the  inventor 


of  the  system  of  reproducing  water-colour 
diagrams  by  the  combination  of  four  steel 
engraved  plates,  which  were  printed  on 
the  copperplate-press,  but  the  author  says 
that  he  brought  the  art  to  a  perfection 
unknown  before. 


Choffard  (Pierre  Philippe).     Notice  historique  sur  I'art  de  la  Gravure 
en  France.     Paris :    1804.     8vo. 

Choffard,  a  French  engraver,  was  born  fancy  we   owe    many   of   the    charming 

at  Paris,  in  1730,  and  died    there  1809.  vignettes  to  be  found  in  the  French  books 

Engaged  from  the  age  of  ten  in  the  service  of  that  period.    This  Notice  was  reprinted 

of  a  map-engraver.,  he  devoted  his  atten-  in  Basan's  "  Dictionnaire  des  Graveurs." 

tion   to  more  artistic   work,   and   to  his  {See  Basan.) 


.    .  .  .    GENEVA  :     1635. 

Chouet  (Pelrus  and  Jacobus). 

The  device  here  reproduced  was  found  tum,  proxima  post  Capitulorum  Indicem 

on  a  fragment  of  the  title-page,  printed  in  pagina    docebit."       Under    the    device, 

black  and  red,  of  a  Latin   book  in  4to.  "  Genevse,    apud    Petrum    et    lacobum 

Above  the  device  are  the  two  lines,  "Quid  Chouet,"  1635.      This  emblem  of  Arion 

in  hac  omnium  postrema  editione  praesti-  was  used  before  by  Hieronymus  Gemu- 


\ 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  135 


saeus,    at    Basle,    1596  ;    Georgius  Rhau,  Durant  of  Chatillon-sur-Seine.    The  city 

Wittemberg,  1533,  and  Johannes  Oporinus,  of    Geneva    is    also    written    Gehenna, 

Basle.  1543  to  1585.     Chouet  was  one  of  Avrelia  Allohrogvm,    and  Colonia  AUo- 

the    French   refugees  who   were     driven  brogvm.      The  first  book  printed  there, 

out  of  their  own  country,  and  settled  at  according  to  Panzer,  was  "  Le  Livre  des 

Geneva,    in   Switzerland.      So  also   were  Sains   Anges,"    1478,    printed  by  Adam 

the   Estiennes,    the    De    Tournes,    from  Steinschawer.     Brunet,  however,   prints 

Noyon,  Jean  Crespin  of  Arras,  and  Jean  the  name  Steinschaber. 

Chronological  (A)  Series  of  Engravers  from  the  Invention  of  the 
Art  to  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  Cambridge:  1770. 
i2mo. 

Chrysander  (Dr.  Friedrich).  A  sketch  of  the  History  of  Music- 
Printing  from  the  fifteenth  to  the  nineteenth  century.  [Articles 
in  the  Musical  Times,  No.  414  et  seq.     London  :   1877.     8vo.] 

Chry.sander  (Wilhelm  Christian  Justus).  Hypomnema  historico- 
philologicum  de  primo  scripto  Arabico  quod  in  Germania  typis 
excusum  est.     Halae  :  1749.     4to.  pp.  iv.  36. 

The  author  was  the  "  pastor-collaborator"  at  a  religious  house  at  Amsterdam,  and 
this  pamphlet  gives  an  account  of  the  first  Arabic  types  that  were  cast  in  Ger- 
many.    It  was  printed  at  the  Amsterdam  Jewish  Oriental  Typographical  Institute. 

Cicero.  Officia  Ciceronis,  Leerende  wat  yeghelijck  in  alien  staten 
behoort  te  doen,  bescreuen  int  Latijn  door  den  alder  welspreken- 
sten  Orator  Marcum  Tullium  Ciceronem,  ende  nv  eerst  vertaelt 
in  nederlantscher  spraken  door  Dierick  Coornhert.  Haerlem. 
1561.     Small  Svo. 

This  Dutch  translation  of  the  "  Offices"  tioned  by  him,  it  is  the  first  indication  on 

of  Cicero  is  important  to  the  historian  of  the   subject,    and   therefore   renders   the 

typography,    for   the   reason   that  in  his  work  of  value  and  interest.     Van    Hul- 

dedication  to  the  burgomaster,    sherifis,  them,  in  his  "  Bibliotheca  Hulthemiana  "  ; 

and   councillors   of  Haarlem,    Coornhert  Wetter,  in  his  "  Kritische  Geschichte "  ; 

makes  the  first  attribution  of  the  invention  Ruelens,  Bibliophile  Beige,  vol.  iii.  ;  and 

of  printing  to  Haarlem.     He  says   that  J.  H.  Hessels,   in  his  translation  of  Van 

the  discovery  was  made  there,   although  der    Linde's    work,    "  De    Haariemsche 

in  a  crude  manner,  anterior  to  the  perfec-  Costerlegende  "  ;    and    De    Vinne,    "  In- 

tion  to  which  it  was  subsequently  brought  vention   of  Printing  "—all   refer    to   this 

at     Mayence.       Although     Coornhert 's  work,  and  make  critical  remarks  on  it. — 

notice   was   written    120  years  after   the  See  also  Koster  (Laurens), 
death  of  Koster,  whose  name  is  not  men- 

CicOGNARA  (el  Commendatore  Leopoldo).  Lettera  intorno  ad  alcune 
nuove  Scoperte  e  Pratiche  applicate  all'  Arte  dell'  Intaglio  e  dell' 
Impressione.     n.d.     Svo. 

Memorie  spettanti  alia  Storia  della  Calcografia.     Prato:  1831. 

8vo.  pp.  262  and  folio  atlas  of  plates. 

The  first  part  treats  of  Nielli,  with  eight  plates  ;  the  second  of  playing  cards  ;  the 
third  of  lithography  and  siderography.  Many  interesting  documents  on  the  subject 
are  included  in  the  Appendix. 

CiRlER  (N.).     L'CBT  typographique,   offert  aux  hommes  de  lettres. 
Paris  :  1839.     8vo. 
A  satire  on  the  correction  of  proofs,  with  a  plate. 


136 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Four   Years   in  the  States.       By  a  Journeyman 


[Clark   (Henry).] 
Printer. 

A  series  of  articles  in  the  Cottager  and 
Artisan  for  1871,  vol.  xi.,  describing  the 
adventures  of  an  English  compositor  in 
the  United  States  between  1857  and  1861. 
It  gives  an  agreeably  written  account  of 
many  cities  and  places  of  interest,  and  is 
well  illustrated  with  views  of  scenery,  &c. 
Technical  details  of  the  printing  art  in 
America  are,    however,   very   scant,    as 

Clarke  (Adam).  A  Bibliographical  Dictionary,  containing  a  Chrono- 
logical account,  alphabetically  arranged,  of  the  most  curious, 
scarce,  useful,  and  important  books  in  all  departments  of  literature, 

which  have  been  published from  the  infancy  of  printing 

to  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century.  6  vols.  Liverpool : 
1802-4.  Small  8vo.  large  paper.  The  Bibliographical  Miscel- 
lany, or  Supplement  to  the  Bibliographical  Dictionary.  2  vols. 
London  :  1806.     Small  8vo.,  large  paper. 


they  would  be  out  of  place  in  a  journal 
intended  for  general  circulation.  The 
author  seems  to  have  been  satisfied  with 
the  way  in  which  he  was  treated,  and 
closes  his  papers  by  asserting  that  there 
is  remunerative  work  there  for  any  steady 
and  competent  English-trained  printer. 
Mr.  Clark  is  on  the  staff  of  the  Religious 
Tract  Society. 


The  second  volume  contains  a  history 
of  printing,  list  of  authors  on  bibliography 
and  typography,  towns  where  printing 
was  first  carried  on,  &c.  Dr.  Clarke  is 
in  favour  of  Gutenberg,  and  states  that 
he  commenced  his  experiments  at  Stras- 


burg  between  1430  and  1448,  with  the 
assistance  of  John  Mentel  and  others. 
An  account  of  the  Life  and  Bibliographi- 
cal Labours  of  Dr.  Adam  Clarke  is  con- 
tained in  the  "  Life  of  Adam  Clarke, 
LL.D."  (London:  1833.     Svo.,  3  vols.). 


Clarke  (W.).  Repertorium  Bibliographicum  ;  or,  Account  of  cele- 
brated British  Libraries,  with  the  Dialogue  in  the  Shades,  and 
Rare  Doings  at  Roxburghe  Hall ;  a  Poem.  London  :  1819.  8vo., 
large  paper. 

In  the  "  Dialogue  in  the  Shades,"  Caxton  is  one  of  the  speakers,  and  there 
is  a  vignette  illustrating  the  Dialogue  ;  of  this  vignette  twelve  copies  were  struck 
off,  with  a  variation  from  those  printed  in  the  book. 

Claromontius  (Gothofredus).  In  statuam  laureatam  quam  collegium 
medicum  sub  auspiciis  amplissimorum  consulum  civitatis  Harle- 
mensis  Laurentio  Costero  viro  consulari,  typographiae  inventori  primo, 
in  horto  medico  Harlemensi  erexit  mdccxxiii.  Amstelsedami, 
1723.     4to. 


This  is  the  title  of  a  poem  in  Latin  con- 
sisting of  18  lines  and  beginning  : — 

Quam  statuam  medio  Medicorum 

cernis  in  horto 
Costeri  effigies  est  rediviva  senis. 


The  title  makes  one  page,  and  the  poem 
(in  Great  Primer)  the  third  page  of  a 
foolscap  sheet ;  the  whole  being  printed 
in  gold.  The  copy  before  us  is  in  fine 
preservation,  and  none  of  the  letters  are 
even  tarnished. 

Claye  (Jules).  De  la  question  d'Augmentation  du  Salaire  des  Compo- 
siteurs typographes.  Lettre  a  M.  le  redacteur  en  chef  du  journal 
Le  Courrier  du  Dimancke.     Paris  :  186 1.     8vo. 

In  1850  the  Paris  printers  published  a  and  conducted  at  times  with  much  acri- 

kind  of  memorial,  entitled  "  Commission  mony.     The  letter  of  M.  Claye  refers  to 

des    Ouvriers    Compositeurs    de    Paris  "  this  subject,  and  it  evoked  several  replies, 

(Paris :  1850.    8vo.),  and  their  demands  some  of  which  were  published  in   pam- 

for  an  increase  of  wages  gave  rise  to  a  phlet  form  in  the  "Brochures  Ouvrieres" 

discussion,  continued  for  several  years,  of  M.  Poulet-Melassis. — See  Coutant. 


^Bibliography  of  Frinting.  137 

Claye  (Jules).  Manuel  de  I'Apprenti  Compositeur.   Paris:  1872.   8vo 

Second  edition.     Paris  :  1874.     8vo. 

M.     Claye    is    a   well-known    Parisian  work  is  a  thoroughlj'  practical  one,  and 

printer,  who  founded  a  school  forinstruc-  contains  the  result  of  the  author's  great 

tion  in  typography  as  a  profession.     It  is  experience   as   a   printer.      This  ancient 

attended   by  youths  of  good   education  house  changed  hands  in   1877,  and  now 

and  position,  and  all  pains  are  taken  to  bears  the  designation  of  A.  Quantin   et 

instruct    them    thoroughly.     The    above  Cie. — See  Quantin. 

Cleef  (P.  M.  van),  Handboek  ter  beoefening  der  boekdrukkunst 
in  Nederland,  voorafgegaan  van  eene  beknopte  geschiedenit 
dezer  kunst.  'sGravenhage  :  1844.  8vo.  pp.  259.  Woodcut 
portrait  of  Koster. 

Handbook  of  the  Practice  of  Printing  in  the  Netherlands,  with  a  brief  history  of 
the  art. 

Clement- Jan  IN.  Recherches  sur  les  Imprimeurs  Dijonnais,  et  sur 
les  Imprimeurs  de  la  Cote  d'Or.      1873.     8vo. 

Clerget  (Charles  Ernest).  De  I'Omementation  typographique- 
Vienne  :   1859.     8vo.     [In  French  and  German.] 

Motifs  d'Omements  du  XVP  Siecle,  ou  Materiaux  rares  et  inedits 


pour  toutes  les  professions  qui  ont  I'ornement  pour  base  ou  pour 
auxiliaire.      Paris  :   1840.     4to. 

The  title  of  a  periodical  publication,  only  two  numbers  of  which  appeared.  The 
examples  are  addressed  to  engravers  of  typographic  designs,  lithographic  artists, 
bookbinders,  and  other  artisans. 

C LESSEN  (Wilhelm  Jeremias  Jacob).  Drittes  Jubel-Fest  der  Buch- 
drucker-Kunst,  oder  Christliches  Denck-  und  Danckmahl  dem 
allerhochsten  Gott  zu  Ehren,  wegen  der  vor  dreyhundert  Jahren 
erfundenen  und  bisher  erhaltenen  edlen  Buchdrucker-Kunst. 
Worinnen  von  Erfindung,  Ausbreitung  und  Verbesserung,  vom 
Nutzen,  Lob  und  Furtrefflichkeit,  vom  rechten  Gebrauch  und 
Missbrauch  derselben  gehandelt  wird.  Gotha  :  1740.  8vo.  pp. 
52,  197,  and  eleven  pages  of  Index. 

Three  books  on  : — I.  the  commencement,  propagation,  and  amendment;  II.  the 
universal  and  indescribable  usefulness;  and  III.  on  the  abuse  and  proper  use  ^of 
printing,  preceded  by  a  preface  by  G.  C.  Rieger,  Pastor  of  St.  Leonard,  Stuttgart! 

Cleyn,  alias  Schwab  (Johann). 

The  first  book  issued  at  Lyons  \>y  this  the  imprint  being  "  Lugduni,    Bartholo- 

printeris  dated  1478,  and  he  printed  there  maeus  Buyerius,   1473."     4to.     A  copy  of 

for  eight  successive  years.    On  next  leaf  is  this  book  is  in  the  Grenvilie  Library  at 

his  device,  found  on  the  last  leaf  of  a  book  the  British  Museum,  and  another  formed 

dated   1514.      It  consists  of  *he  emblem  part  of  the  Spencerian  Library  at  Althorp. 

of  the  globe  and  cross,  with  the  monogram  Panzer  does  not,  however,  mention  this 

I.e.     His    last    book    was    dated    1529.  publication,  although  he  gives  the  names 

Lyons  was  anciently  written  Lugdunum.  of  above    two   hundred   and   fifty   works 

The  first  book  printed  there  was  "Car-  which  were  printed  at  Lyons  during  the 

dinalis    Lotharii     Tractatus     quinque " ;  isih  century. 


138 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


CLEYN.     \.\oiiS,  Et  nl.  :  1478-1529. 

Clowes   &   Sons.      A  Description   of  their   Printing-office,  with  a 
Memoir  of  the  late  William  Clowes,  the  founder  of  the  establish- 
ment.     London  :  [1840.]     8vo.  pp.  87. 
A  reprint  of  articles  in  the  Quarterly  Review  and   "  Days  at  the  Factories,"  for 

private  circulation  only. 

Clymer  (George).     The  Patent  Columbian  Printing  Press.     [1818.] 
4to.  pp.  16  ;  one  copperplate. 

This    is    the    address    issued    by    the  tion  co-operate  in  producing  the  impres" 

inventor  of  the  Columbian  press  to  the  sion,   preclude   all   former    presses    from 

printers  of  London.     It  is  dated  July  4,  standing  in  competition  with  it."    He  says 

1818,  and  begins  :  "  Much  as  my  prede-  that  his  press  is  superior  on  the  ground 

cessors  have  done  towards  improving  and  alike  of  superabundant  power  and   me- 

perfecting  that  most  important  machine  chanical    precision    of    impression,    and 

the  printmg  press,  it  is  evident  from  the  greater    facility   in   working   the   largest 

corroborating  testimonies  annexed,  that  if  forms.      At  the  end  is  an  address  from 

I  have  not  yet  brought  it  to  the  greatest  American  printers  to  their  English  bre- 

possible   perfection,    I    have   approached  thren,    on    the   occasion  of    Mr.   George 

much  nearer  than  any  who  have  preceded  Clymer's  visit  to  Europe,  1817,  and  a  list 

me."     A  list  is  given  of  the  offices  where  of  prices,    from   which  we   learn   that  a 

the  press  is  in  operation,  beginning  with  super  royal  originally  cost  ;^ioo,  and  a 

Andrew  Strahan   &  Co.'s,  His  Majesty's  double  royal  £11^.     The  following  are, 

printers,    iNew  Street    Square.     The    in-  in   substance,    respectively   French    and 

ventor    claims    that      "the    mechanical  German  versions  of  the  preceding  : — 
principles,  which  by  its  peculiar  construc- 

Lettres  testimoniales,  et  autres  pieces  probantes,  a  I'appui  de  la 


\ 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  139 


superiorite,  I'utilite,  et  la  duree  de  la  Presse  k  imprimer  appelee 
Columbian  Presse,  ou  Presse  Americaine.     London  :  1822.     8vo. 

Clymer  (George).  Ueber  die  von  G.  Clymer  in  Philadelphia 
erfundene  Patent-Columbia-Presse.     Braunschweig  :   1828.     4to. 

George  Clymer,  the  inventor  and  manu-  predecessors  in  the  construction  of  a  pump, 
facturer  of  the  Columbian  press,  was  For  this  invention  he  obtained  a  patent  at 
descended  from  a  Swiss  family,  who  left  Washington,  and  subsequently  one  in 
Geneva,  and  settled  in  Pennsylvania  England.  The  crude  and  defective  con- 
before  the  revolution  of  1776.  The  name  dition  of  the  printing-press  next  occupied 
appears  among  the  signatures  to  the  his  attention,  and  he  ultimately  produced 
Declaration  ot  Independence.  During  the  Columbian,  which  he  introduced  here, 
his  youth  George  Clymer  showed  remark-  as  has  already  been  seen,  in  1817,  For 
able  mechanical  skill  in  the  construction  this  invention  he  received  a  gold  medal  of 
of  a  plough,  on  a  new  and  improved  the  value  of  100  florins  from  the  King  of 
principle,  and  which  attracted  the  atten-  the  Netherlands,  and  a  valuable  present 
tion  of  scientific  men.  He  was  then  put  from  the  Czar  of  Russia.  George  Clymer 
to  carpentry  and  cabinet-making,  but  died  in  London  on  the  27th  August,  1834, 
afterwards  turned  his  attention  to  the  at  the  advanced  age  of  80  years, 
study  of  hydraulics,  and  soon  excelled  his 

CoBBETT  (G.  T.).  The  Master  Printer's  Handbook  of  Prices 
adapted  for  the  use  of  Printers,  Lithographers,  Bookbinders,  and 
Stationers.     Birkenhead  :  i860.     Crown  8vo. 

CoCHET  (I'Abbe  Jean  BenolL  Desire).  Histoire  de  ITmprimerie  en 
Dieppe.     Dieppe  :  1848.     8vo.  pp.  44.     Fifty  copies  printed. 

Code  de  la  Librairie  et  Imprimerie  de  Paris,  ou  conference  du  regle- 
-  ment  arrete  au  conseil  d'etat  du  Roy,  le  28  Fevrier  1723,  et  rendu 
commun  pour  tout  le  Royaume,  par  arret  du  conseil  d'etat  du  24 
Mars  1744.  Avec  les  anciens  ordonnances,  edits,  declarations, 
arrets,  reglemens  et  jugemens  rendus  au  sujet  de  la  librairie  et  de 
Timprimerie,  depuis  I'an  1332  jusqu'a  present.    Paris:  1744.    i2mo. 

CoGAN  (Thomas),  M.D.  The  Rhine  :  or  a  Journey  from  Utrecht  to 
Frankfort,  179 1-2.     2  vols.     London  :  1794.     8vo. 

Written  in  the  form  of  epistolary  communications,  letters  38  to  41  forming  a 
disquisition  on  the  history  of  the  discovery  of  printing.  Translated  into  Dutch  as 
follows : — 

De   Rhyn  of  Reis  van    Utrecht   na    Frankfort,  hoofdzaaklyk 

langs  de  oevers  van  den  Rhyn.     Uit  het  Engelsch.     Haarlem  : 
1800.     8vo.  pp.  636. 

COGGESHALL  (W.  T.).  The  Newspaper  Record,  containing  a  com- 
plete List  of  Newspapers  and  Periodicals  in  the  United  States, 
Canada,  and  Great  Britain  ;  together  with  a  Sketch  of  the  Origin 
and  Progress  of  Printing,  with  some  facts  about  Newspapers  in 
Europe  and  America.     Philadelphia  :  1856.     8vo.  pp.  xiv.  194. 

Collection  des  Lois  relatives  a  I'lmprimerie  et  a  la  Librairie.     Am- 
ster(fam  :  181 1.     8^.0. 
The  laws  promulgated  by  the  government  of  Napoleon  L     In  French  and  Dutch. 

Collins  (H.  G.).  On  Electro-block  Printing,  especially  as  applied  to 
enlarging  or  reproducing  any  printing  surface  or  original  drawing. 


140 


Bibliography  of  Prijiiin^ 


[A  paper  read  before  the  Society  of  Arts,   and  published  in  their 
Journal,  Dec.  7,  i860.] 


surface  made  from  a  larger  engraving 
without  the  intervention  of  a  draughts- 
man or  engraver,  was  the  frontispiece 
illustrating  a  tale  entitled  "A  Christmas 
Hamper"  (Routledge),  by  the  late  Mark 
Lemon,  the  editor  of  Puttch,  who  took  a 
great  interest  in  the  invention.  The  pro- 
cess is  no  longer  practised. 


Mr.  George  Cruikshank,  the  veteran 
etcher,  presided,  and  with  Messrs.  Le 
Keux,  George  Smith,  Michael  Hanhart, 
and  other  authorities  on  engraving  and 
printing,  took  an  active  part  in  the  dis- 
cussion pn  the  merits  of  the  invention 
which  ensued.  The  first  published 
example  of  an  electro  block  or  printing 

Cologne  Chronicle.  Die  Cronica  van  der  hilliger  Stat  Coellen. 
Coellen  :  1499.  Folio.  In  black  letter.  Title,  11  pages  of 
register,  and  350  numbered  leaves. 

On  folios  311  and  312  is  a  long  account         It  may  be  roughly  translated   as   fol- 
of  the   origin   of  printing,   a  portion    of    lows : — ■ 
which  we  present  in  its  original  :— 

"  In  den  iairen  uns  heren  do  men 
schreyff  mccccl.  do  was  eyn  gulden  iair, 
do  began  men  tzo  drucken  ind  was  dal 
eyrste  boich  dat  men  druckde  di=  Bybel 
zo  latijn,  ind  wart  g'idruckt  mit  eynre 
grouer  schrifft  as  is  die  schrifift  dae  men 
nu  Mysseboicher  mit  druckt.  Item  wie- 
woil  die  kunst  is  vonden  tzo  Mentz,  als 
vursz  up  die  wijse,  als  dan  nu  gemeynlich 
gebruicht  wirt,  so  is  doch  die  eyrste  vur- 
byldung  vonden  in  Hollant  vyss  den 
Donaten,  die  daeselfTst  vur  der  tzijt 
gedruckt  syn  .  .  .  Mer  der  eyrste  vynder 


"In  the  5^ear  of  our  Lord  known  as 
MCCCCL,  which  was  a  golden  year,  the 
people  began  to  print,  and  the  first  book 
printed  was  the  Bible  in  Latin,  and  it 
was  printed  with  a  larger  type  than  that 
they  pnnt  missals  with.  Although  this 
art  has  been  invented  in  Mentz,  viz.,  the 
style  now  commonly  used,  the  prototype 
of  it,  however,  was  found  out  in  Holland, 
for  the  Donates,  which  were  printed  there 
long  before  .  .  .  Moreover,  the  first  in- 
ventor of  printing  has  been  a  citizen 
of  Mentz,   and  he  was  born  at  Straiss- 

der  druckerye  is  gewest  eyn  Burger  tzo     burch,  and  was  named  Sir  Johan  Guden- 

Mentz  ind  was  geboren  va  Straissburch,     burch." 

ind  hiesch  joncker  Johan  Gudenburch." 

CoLOMB  DE  Batines  (Vicomte  P.).  Lettres  a  M.  Jules  Ollivier, 
contenant  quelques  documents  sur  I'Origine  de  I'lmprimerie  en 
Dauphine.     Gap  :  1835.     Royal  8vo. 

Materiaux  pour  servir  a  I'Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie  en  Dauphine. 

Gap  :  1837.     Royal  8vo. 

Colophon,  derivation  of  the  v/ord.     Notes  and  Queries,  xi.  49. 

touch  to  an  affair.  In  the  early  days  of 
printing,  the  last  thing  printed  at  the  end 
of  the  book  was  called  the  Colophon. 
The  same  phrase  was  used  by  the 
Romans,  as  well  as  Erasmus,  whose 
words  are  "Colophonem  addidi,"  "I 
have  put  a  finishing  touch  to  it." 


Colophon  is  derived  from  a  city  of 
that  name  in  Ionia,  one  of  the  places  that 
contended  for  the  honour  of  being  the 
birthplace  of  Homer.  The  Colophonians 
were  excellent  horsemen,  and  generally 
turned  the  scale  on  the  side  on  which 
they  fought ;  hence  a  proverb  "  to  add  a 
Colophonian  "  ;  that  is,  to  put  a  finishing 

CoLOSi  (Gius.).     Lettera  a  Sig.   F 
Stampa  in    Sicilia,    con    quel 
1857.     8vo. 
A  letter  on  the  improvement  of  printing  in  Sicily 

CoLUMBius  (Johannes). 

The  device  of  this  printer  represented 
the  Phoenix  with  an  open  book,  on  which 
are  inscribed  Alpha  aiid  Omega,  the  first 


ranc.    Lao  sul  miglioramento  della 
mezzi    che    presenta.       Palermo  : 


and  last  letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
and  under  it  a  scroll  with  the  inscription 
' '  Renovabitur. "    The  annexed  reproduc- 


\ 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


141 


tion  of  the  device  is  taken  from  the  title-     Quadragesima,  liber  ' 
page  of  "  Johannis  Dallsei  de  Jejuniis  et     8vo.). 


(Deventer,  1654, 


DEVENTER 


[654. 


Combe  (Charles),  M.  D.  A  Catalogue  of  his  collection  of  prints,  formed 
with  a  view  to  elucidate  and  improve  the  History  of  Engraving  from 
the  earliest  period  of  the  art  till  the  year  1 700.   London  :  1 803.   8vo. 

COMI  (Siro).     Memorie  bibliografiche   per   la   storia  della  tipografia 

Pavese  del  secolo  XV.     Pavia  :   1807.     8vo,      pp.  xxxii.  142. 

The    author  was   a    native   of  Pavia,     city  1821.     The  above  work  is  a  biblio- 

where  he  was  born  1741,  and  having  filled     graphical  memoir  on  the  typographical 

the  office  of  keeper  of  the  archives  of  the     history  of  Pavia  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

city  and  university,  he  died  in  the  same 

CoMMELiN  (Jerome). 


Jerome  Commelin  was  born  at  Douay,  in 
France,  but  was  not  established  there  as  a 
printer.  Having  embraced  the  Protes- 
tant creed,  he  was  obliged  to  leave  his 
native  country,  and  settled  at  Geneva, 
where  he  began  to  print  in  1560.  Thence 
he  took  up  his  residence  in  Heidelberg, 


Chrysostom,  1596,  contains  a  much  more 
elaborate  device  than  that  annexed, 
the  garland  being  supported  by  two 
female  figures,  representing  on  one 
side  Justice,  and  on  the  other.  Religion. 
This  device  was  partly  borrowed  by 
Hollar    for    the    use   of    Roger    Daniel, 


where  he  had  been  called  by  the  Elector  printer  to  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
Palatine  to  superintend  his  library.  He  with  the  motto,  "  Hinc  lucem  et  pocula 
printed  a  great  number  of  books  which  do    sacra."      The    portrait    of    Commelin   is 


not  bear  his  name,  but  are  easily  traced 
to  him  by  the  device  on  their  title-pages. 
Several  of  the  books  issued  from  his 
press  are  thus  inscribed  : — "  Ex  officina 
Sant-Andreana "  ;  others  merely  bear 
the  words,  "  Apud  Commelinum."  Not 
only  was  Commelin  a  distinguished  printer 
— a  rival  of  the  Aldi  and  the  Estiennes, 
— but  he  was  a  very  learned  scholar. 
He  published  all  the  works  of  St.  Atha- 
nasius  and  St.  John  Chrysostom,  often 
himself  supplying  what  vk/'s  wanting  in 
their  works.  He  died  in  tho  full  vigour 
of  his  manhood,  towards  the  end  of 
the  year  1597,  leaving  to  his  successor 
Bonutius  to  finish  his  well-known  edi- 
tion  of   "  Apollodorus."     An   edition    of 


given  as  a  frontispiece  to  the  "  Biblio- 
graphieDouaisienne,"  by  H.R.Duthilleul, 
Paris,  1835.  The  book  from  which  the 
annexed  device  is  taken  is  the  "  Rerum 
Britannicarum,"  Heidelberg,  1587.  The 
same  device,  but  of  a  smaller  size,  was 
used  later  at  Leyden,  by  Isaac  Commelin, 
probably  a  relation  of  Jerome.  It  consists 
of  an  emblem  of  Truth  in  her  Glory, 
holding  the  sun  in  her  right  hand,  and  in 
the  other  an  open  book  and  a  palm,  the 
whole  in  a  fruit  and  flower  garland,  secured 
with  a  scroll  bearing  the  inscription  : — 

AAHOEIA  nANAAMATQP. 

This  is  the  original  model  of  the  Cam- 
bridge   University    device.      {See    Cam- 


142 


Bibliography  of  Frmting. 


BRIDGE  University   Printers.)     Hei-    Duchy  of  Baden  ;  the  name  was  anciently 
delberg  is  a  university  city  in  the  Grand     written  Heidelberga. 


GENEVA  :    1560  ;     HEIDELBERG  ;    1587-1597. 

Complete  (The)  Aquatinter  ;  being  the  whole  process  of  Etching  and 
Engraving  in  Aquatinta ;  the  use  of  aquafortis,  with  all  the  tools 
necessary.     London.     4to. 

Compositor's  Guide  to  the  London  Printing-offices.  Containing  a 
List  for  the  use  of  those  in  search  of  employment,  and  other 
useful  information.     London  :  1870.     32mo. 

This     contains  a   list    of  the   London  periodical   publications  composed  there, 

printing-offices ;   gives    the   approximate  Issued  by  the  London  Society  of  Com- 

number  of  men  employed  in  each  of  the  positors  as  an  aid  to  journeymen  seeking 

principal   offices  ;  and  also  a  list  of  the  employment  at  case  in  the  metropolis. 

Compositors'  Library  (Catalogues  of  the),  and  other  Publications. — 
See  Societies. 

CoMTE  (Florente  le).  Cabinet  des  Singularitez  d'Architecture,  Pein- 
ture.  Sculpture,  et  Graveure.     Paris  :   1699-1700.     3  vols.     8vo. 

CONFERENZA  tra  i  Signori  Prof.  A.  Migliorino  e  il  Bibliografo  G.  Mira 
sopra  la  stampa,  se  prima  in  Messina  o  contemporaneamente  in 
Palermo  sia  stata  introdotta.     Messina  :  1874.     8vo. 
Account  of  a  controversy  between   Signors  Migliorino  and   Mira  as  to  whether 

printing  was  not  introduced  into  Messina  at  the  same  time  that  it  was  into  Palermo. 

CONFESSIONALE,  ou  Beichtspiegel  nach  den  Zehn  Geboten,  reproduit  en 
facsimile  d'apres  I'unique  exemplaire  conserve  au  Museum  Meer- 
jnanno-Westreenianum,  par  E.  Spanier.  Avec  une  Introduction 
par  J.  W.  Holtrop.  La  Haye  :  1 86 1.  8vo.  pp.  16,  and  eight 
leaves  of  facsimile  in  lithography. 
Reproduction  of  a  German  block-book  in  the  Meerman  collection. 


\ 


^Bibliography  of  Printing 


143 


CONGRfes  des  Imprimeurs  de  France.  Extrait  du  rapport  de  la  com- 
mission chargee  d' examiner  le  projet  de  loi  sur  la  presse.  Paris  : 
1867.     4to. 

Conner  (James)  &  Sons.  Specimens  of  Plain  and  Ornamental 
Printing  Types,  Borders,  Ornaments,  Rules,  &c.,  made  at  the  type 
and  electrotype  foundry  of.     New  York  :   1859. 

Conner  (James).  Specimen  Book  from  the  foundry  of  James  Conner's 
Sons,  New  York. 


tion  of  matrices  by  electrotyping.  His 
first  experiment  was  the  reproduction  of 
an  engraved  copper-plate,  and  he  was  so 
successful  that  his  process  was  described 
in  many  of  the  European  scientific  jour- 
nals as  a  very  remarkable  accomplishment. 
He  afterwards  managed  to  obtain  by 
precipitation  a  complete  alphabet  of 
matrices  from  a  fount  which  he  had  cut 
in  steel.  It  was  the  first  application  of 
electricity  to  the  type-founder's  art,  and 
has  been  the  forerunner  of  a  similar 
system  now  adopted  all  over  the  world. 
Great  improvements  were  successively 
made,  and  the  firm  now  possesses  many 
sets  of  matrices  that  claim  to  be  hardly 
distinguishable  from  those  made  from 
steel  punches  or  strikes. 


James  Conner,  the  founder  of  the  firm, 
was  born  in  1798,  in  the  State  of  New 
York,  and  died  May  30,  1861.  Since  his 
death  the  firm  has  been  conducted  by  his 
sons.  James  Conner  served  his  appren- 
ticeship on  a  New  York  newspaper,  as  a 
compositor.  He  afterwards  worked  for 
several  years  in  book-printing  houses, 
among  them  in  that  of  Mr.  Watts,  who 
was  one  of  the  first,  in  conjunction  with 
Mr.  Foy,  to  introduce  stereotyping  into 
the  United  States.  Subsequently  he 
started  a  stereotype  foundry  on  his  own 
account,  afterwards  adding  a  type- 
foundry.  He  was  very  successful  as  a 
letter-founder,  and  introduced  many  im- 
provements into  the  business,  as  well  as 
many  new  styles  and  faces.  His  greatest 
achievement,  however,  was  the  produc- 

Connexional  Punctuation  oratorically  extended,  its  adoption  advo- 
cated, and  its  utility  shown.  By  a  Type-Corrector.  Lanca.ster : 
1864.     i2mo.  pp.  24. 


The    first   sentence,    which   is   printed  quence  ,)  is  a  subject  of  a  character  may- 

thus,  explains  the  aim  of  the  book  :—  1-say-?  "so  delicate  ,"  if  not  to-many  ac- 

Connexional      Punctuation    (equally  ,  tually   of  aversion  ,  that   some  interest- 

I     presume  ,     to-every-language    appli-  exciting  remarks  ,  prefatory  to  a  plea  for 

cable   ,  and   alike   in-each   when-perfect  its  amendment  ,  may  be  as  indispensable 

counterparting  the  combinations  of  elo-  as  advantageous  . 

CONSTANTIN.     Specimen  des  Caracteres  de  la  Fonderie  de  T.  Con- 
stantin  alne  et  Constantin  jeune,  a  Nanci.     Metz  :  1830.     4to. 

Constantinople.    Printing  at  Constantinople.     Gent.  Mag.,  Iv.  310. 

An  account  of  the  opening,  early  in  1785,  of  a  printing-office  in  Constantinople. 

Contract  of  Association  between  Montano,    Filippo  Lavanio,  and 
Crestoforo  Waldarfer.     Milan  :  1869. 

This   is  a    copy   of  a    document,  dis-  Up  to  i86g    it  was  quite   unknown,  but 

covered    among    the   archives   of  Milan,  was     brought     forward      through      the 

between  the  persons  named,  who  founded  exertions  of  Professor  Berlan,  of  Venice, 

the    first    printing-office     in     that     city,  and  the  painter  Yior. 

Cook  (J.  S.  &  Son).  .Specimen  Book  of  Plain  and  Ornamental  Brass 
Rules,  Circles,  Ovais,  &c.  Demy  8vo. 
Mr.  Cook  was  the  first  to  introduce  his  "  Printer's  Every-Day  Book,"  that 
brass  instead  of  type-metal  space-lines,  the  printers'  brokers  should  supply  bra-ss 
and  we  believe  also  the  first  to  carry  out  rule  ready  cut  to  standard  ems.  {See 
a  suggestion  made  by  T.  S.  Houghton,  in     Caslon,  "  Specimens."  1857.) 


144  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

CoRBELLi  (A,  Grafen  S.)-  Ueber  den  Einfluss  der  Typographic 
auf  die  Wissenschaften.  Den  25sten  Marz,  1779.  Munchen. 
[In  Memoirs  of  the  Bavarian  Academy,  vol.  iii.] 

CoRBELijN  (A.).     Proef,     Vlissingen  :  1784.     8vo. 

A  notice  of  the  printing-house  of  Corbelijn,  with  specimens  of  his  types. 

CoRNEY  (Bolton).  Printing  in  1449  and  Shakespeare.  Articles  in 
Notes  and  Queries,  iv.  344  ;  v.  1 1 7. 
These  articles  raise  the  question  whether  ment  against  Caxton's  claim  to  be  the 
Shakespeare  was  guilty  of  an  anachronism  proto-typographer  in  England.  The  re- 
in making  Cacje  accuse  Lord  Treasurer  ference  to  the  paper-mill  in  the  same 
Say  of  having  set  up  a  printing-house,  speech  of  Cade  is,  however,  an  undoubted 
It  IS  shown  that  the  reference  to  printing  lapsus  calami  on  the  part  of  the  drama- 
was  not  contained  in  the  original  copies  tist. 
of  Henry  VI.,  and  is  therefore  no  argu- 

The  Caxton  Coffer.     Articles  in  Notes  and  Queries,  I.  iv.  250, 

270,  292,  312,  340  ;  V.  3. 

A  suggestion    for    a    suitable    Caxton  of    copies    Caxton    was    accustomed    to 

Memorial,  recommending  also  an  assem-  print  ;  the  meaning  of  Caxton's  device ; 

blage  of  notes  on  the  life  and  works  of  and  his  biographers,  it  being  shown  that 

Caxton,    designed     to     correct     current  before  the  time  of  "Ames's  Typographi- 

errors,  and  to  indicate  probable  sources  cal    Antiquities,"    Leland,    Bale,    Stow, 

of  information  of  his  having  caused  print-  Pits,  Fuller,  Nicolson,  Middleton,  Birch, 

ing  to  be  used  in  1449.     In  the  articles  Oldys,  Lewis,  and  Tanner  wrote  on  the 

to  which  this  gave  rise,  some  curious  in-  subject.     Bolton  Corney  spent  his  latter 

formation  was  elicited  as  to  the  number  years  in  the  Charterhouse. 

CORNO  (Antonio  del).     Memorie  della  Citta  di  Feltre.    Venezia :  17 10. 
4to. 
One  of  the  Italian  authorities  on  the  alleged  invention  of  printing  by  Castaldi. 

CoRRARD  DE  Breban.  Les  Graveurs  Troyens.  Recherches  sur 
leur  vie  et  leurs  oeuvres,  avec  facsimile.  Paris  et  Troyes  :  1868. 
8vo.  pp.  94. 

Only  170  copies  printed  of  this  work,  whom  is  assigned  an  origin  in  the  same 
which  gives  a  list,  with  biographical  place.  At  the  end  is  a  plate  containing 
notices,  of  all  the  engravers  of  Troyes,  in  representations  of  the  marks  or  mono- 
chronological  order,  as  well  as  those  to  grams  of  the  engravers  referred  to. 

Recherches  sur  I'fitablissement  et  I'Exercice  de  I'lmprimerie  a 


Troyes.  Contenant  la  Nomenclature  des  Imprimeurs  de  cette 
ville  depuis  la  fin  du  156  siecle  jusqu'a  1789,  et  des  notices  sur 
leurs  productions  les  plus  remarquables,  avec  facsimile.     Troyes  : 

1839.     pp.  xii.  65. 2e  edition,  corrigee  et  augmentee.     Paris: 

1 85 1.     8vo.  pp.  xii.  84. 36  edition,  revue  et  considerablement 

augmentee  d'apres  les  notes  manuscrites  de  I'auteur,  par  Olgar 
Thierry- Poux,  de  la  Bibliotheque  Nationale.  Paris  :  1873.  8vo. 
pp.  200. 

Illustrated  by  a  number  of  facsimiles  devices  of  all  the  printers  coming  within 

from    the     books    printed     at     Troyes.  the  subject  of  the  work,  and  are  accom- 

These  are  executed  on  wood,  and  printed  panied  by  full  biographical  notices, 
in  the  text.      They  include  the  marks  or 

Corrector,    der    bey    Buchdruckerey    wohl     unterwiesene,    oder  : 
Kurtzer  Unterricht  fiir  diejenigen,  die  Werke,  so  gedruckt  werden, 


/^UNIVERS 

OF 

BibIiog7'aphy  of  Printing.  145 

corrigiren  wollen.  Herausgegeben  von  D.  H.  H.  Franckfurth 
und  Leipzig:  1739.  8vo.  pp.  64.  With  an  Appendix  :  Ehren- 
Gedichte  auf  die  Edle  freye  Kunst-Buchdruckerey,  &c.     pp.  44. 

CoRSELLis.  Collection  de  Lettres,  copies  authentiques,  declarations, 
et  notices  en  1756  et  1757  sur  I'imposture  fameuse  du  falsaiie 
G,  Smith,  a  Amsterdam  et  la  Haye,  qui  fabriqua  une  edition  de 
Plinii  Epistolae,  avec  souscription  (Oxonise  :  Corcellis,  1469. 
Hedvvigii  liber  16,  ibidem  1470,  etc.),  et  trompa  Mr.  P.  van 
Damme  et  autres  en  Angleterre.  Recueillie  et  conservee  pour 
prouver  son  innocence  a  la  falsification,  et  annotee  par  Mr.  v. 
Damme.      12  pieces.     Manuscript. 

A  very  curious  collection,  containing,  of  P.  Burman,  secretary  ;  copy  of  a  de- 

amongst  others,  seven  letters  from  Smith  claration   by   Meerman,    etc.      It    formed 

to  Van  Damme  ;  a  forged   or  fabricated  Lot    No.    i8i    at   the  sale  of  Dr.  A.  de 

letter  of  the  Earl  of  Pembroke  ;  a  letter  Vries,  at  Haarlem,  in  1864. 

Coster  (Laurens  Janszoon).     See  Koster. 

Cotton  (Rev.  Henry),  D.C.L,  A  Typographical  Gazetteer  at- 
tempted. Oxford  :  1825.  8vo.  pp.  xvi.  219. Second  edi- 
tion.   Oxford  :   183 1,    pp.  xviii.  393. Third  edition.    Oxford  : 

1852.     8vo. 

Second  series.     Oxford  :  1866.     pp.  xvi.  377. 

This  is  a  standard  work  of  reference,  leian  Library,  arranged  in  the  order  of 

and  has  always  enjoyed  great  authority,  their  dates  ;  d.  A  chronological  arrange- 

The  names  of  the  towns  are  arranged  in  ment  of  the  places  at  which  the  art  of 

alphabetical  order,  and  the  circumstances  printing  is  known  to  have  been  exercised, 

attending  the  introduction  into  them  of  The    Second    Series,    which    the    author 

the  art  of  printing  ;  the  earliest  products  terms  his  farewell  contribution   to  biblio- 

of   their  presses,    and    biographical    re-  graphical  literature,  was  writien  when  he 

ferences  to  early  printers,  are  given  in  a  was  in  his  seventy-seventh  year.     It  does 

succinct    manner.       As    appendices    are  not  presume  to  call  itself  a  "  History  of 

given:    a.    An    Index    of    Pseudonyms,  Printing,"  as  the  author  says  "  that  large 

disguised,   falsified,    or  fictitious   places,  and  important  branch  of  the  history  of 

with  the  earliest  dates  of  the  books  from  literature  remains  yet  to  be  written."    By 

each  ;  ^.  The  names  of  certain  academies  the    time    the    present    Bibliography   is 

which  sometimes  are  found  on  the  titles  finished,   its   compilers    hope    that   they 

of  books,  without  further  .specification  of  will  have  materially  assisted  the  labours 

the  place  to  which  they  belong ;    c.  An  of  whoever  shall  undertake  this  formid- 

enumeration   of   the    books    printed    on  able  but  interesting  task  in  the  future, 
vellum  which  are  contained  in  the  Bod- 

CoTTRELL  (Thomas).  A  Specimen  of  Printing  Types.  By  Tho. 
Cottrell,  Letter  Founder  in  Nevil's-court,  Fetter-lane,  London. 
Svo.     [1770  ?]     26  leaves,  and  a  folding  plate  of  flowers. 

" This  Foundery  was  begun  in  the  year  1757,  and  vvill  (with  God's  Leave)  be 
carried  on,  improved  and  enlarged  by  Thomas  Cottrell.  N.B.  Served  my  appren- 
ticeship to  William  Caslon,  Esq." 

Courtney  (R.  J.).  Brande's  Dictionary  of  Scieace,  Literature,  and 
Art.     3  vols.     U  ndon  :   1875.     Svo. 

The  following  articles  were  written  by  Stereotyping,  Nature-printing,   Printing- 

the  late  Mr.    R.   J.   Courtney,  formerly  machine.    Bibliography,     Paper,    Type, 

superintendent  of  Messrs.  Spottiswoode  Printing-ink,  Type-metal,  and  Printing- 

&      Co.'s      printing-office,      New-street-  balls  or  rollers, 
square :      Correcting,     Printing,     Press, 

U 


146  Bibliography  of  Printi?ig. 

CoUTANT.     Du  Salaire  des  ouvriers  Compositeurs.     Tarif  des  prix  de 
main  d'oeuvre.     Reponse  a  la  brochure  de  M.  J.   Claye,  maitre 
imprimeur.     2e  edition.     Paris  :  1861.     8vo.  pp.  35. 
One  of  the   Brochures  Ouvrieres,  written  by  a  working  compositor,  and  dated 

October  27,  1861.     It  is  addressed  to  the  master  printers  of  Paris,  and  claims  an 

advance  of  wages  for  the  journeymen. — See  Claye  (J.),  ante. 

CoWELL   (S.    H.).      A    Brief  Description   of  the   Art   of  Anastatic 
Printing,  and  of  the  uses  to  which  it  may  be  applied,  as  practised 
by  S.    H.    Cowell,   Ipswich,   Suffolk,   with   full   instructions   for 
using   the  Anastatic   Ink,   and  making  Drawings    for  Transfer. 
Ipswich  :   1868,   8vo.;   1872,  folio. 
Anastatic   Prititing    (from    Anastasis,     The    invention  was    improved     and   ex- 
resuscitation,  raising  again)  is  a  process     tended     by   Strickland    and    Delamotte 
for  producing  facsimile  copies  of  manu-    in     1848.       The    process    is     analogous 
script,  or  printed  documents   or  engra-    to    lithography,    but      a     zinc    plate    is 
vings,  and  was  invented  by  Rudolf  Appel,     employed  instead  of  a  stone.   Mr.  Cowell, 
a     Silesian,  about    the    year    1840.      It     who  died  in  1875,  was  perhaps  the  only 
was  soon  after  made  public,  and  Faraday    person  in  this  country  who  practised  the 
explained  the  process  at  the  Royal  Insti-     method  as  a  matter  of  business  ;  though 
tution   on  the  25th  April,   1845.     It  has    it  has  been  extensively  used  by  amateurs, 
since  transpired  that  a  similar  process  had    and  is  still  carried  on  by  Mr.   Cowells 
been   employed   in    England   some   time     successors, 
before   the   invention  was  made  known. 

CowiE  (George).  Job  Master- Printer's  Price-Book.  London  :  1838. 
8vo. 

Cowie's  Printer's  Pocket-Book  and   Manual,   containing  the 

Compositors'  and  Pressmen's  Scale  of  Prices,  agreed  upon  in 
1810,  and  modified  in  1816;  the  newsmen's  scale;  numerous 
valuable  tables  ;  all  the  schemes  of  impositions,  from  folio  to 
hundred-and-twenty-eights  inclusive ;  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and 
Saxon  Alphabets,  with  plans  of  the  respective  cases  ;  an  expla- 
nation of  mathematical,  algebraical,  physical,  and  astronomical 
signs  ;  to  which  is  added  a  table  for  giving  out  paper,  and  a  use- 
ful abstract  of  the  various  Acts  of  Parliament  connected  with  the 
trade  ;  also  a  list  of  master  printers,  arranged  on  a  new  plan,  and 

corrected  to  the  present  time.     London  :  8vo.    n.  d. Second 

edition,   with  alterations   and   additions :    1866,    i6mo.     [Issued 
with  a  different  title-page.     The  list  of  master  printers  is  omitted, 
and  there  are  some  alterations  on  p.  94.] 
The  author  was  a  printer  in  Newcastle-street,    Strand.      The  title  of  his  book 

gives  a  sufficient  epitome  of  its  contents. 

CowPER  (Edward),  On  the  Recent  Improvements  in  Printing. 
[Excerpt  from  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Science,  1828,]  pp.  9. — 
See  also  Applegath. 

Craig  (William  Marshall).  A  Course  of  Lectures  on  Drawing, 
Painting,  and  Engraving,  considered  as  branches  of  Elegant 
Education.  Delivered  in  the  Saloon  of  the  Royal  Institution. 
London  :  1821.     8vo.     Plates. 

Craik  (G.  L.).  The  Pursuit  of  Knowledge  under  Difficulties.  2  vols. 
London :   1857.      i2mo. 


^Bibliography  of  Printing. 


147 


Typography  is  an  art  the  acquirement  of  which  has  been  a  source  of  much  difficulty 
to  many  of  its  professors.  Mr.  Craik  gives  many  instances  of  the  difficulties  en- 
countered by  several  eminent  printers  on  their  road  to  fame. 

Cranier.      fipreiives  des  Caracteres   graves  et  fondus  par  Cranier. 
Paris  :   1828.     4to. 

Crapelet  (G.  a.).  Des  Brevets  d'Imprimeur,  des  Certificats  de 
Capacite,  et  de  la  necessite  actuelle  de  donner  a  rimprimerie  les 
reglements  promis  par  les  lois  ;  suivi  du  Tableau  general  des  Im- 
primeries  de  toute  la  France  en  1704,  1739,  1810,  1830,  et  1840. 
Paris  :  1 840.  8vo.  pp.  iv.  92. 
This  is  an  exposition  of  the   French  Press   Laws,  with  some  statistics  intended  to 

show  their  practical  effect.     Ihe  author  complains  bitterly  of  the  restrictions  placed 

on  printing  by  the  French  authorities. 

De  la  Profession  de  I'lmprimeur,  des  Maitres  Imprimeurs,  et  de 

la  necessite  actuelle  de  donner  a  I'lmprimerie  les  reglements 
promis  par  les  lois.  Paris  :  1 840.  8vo.  pp.  130. 
The  following  is  an  epitome  of  the  con-  a  royal  printer  for  the  city  of  Amiens  ; 
tents  of  this  standard  work  :  Part  I.  the  Code,  as  it  related  to  printing  and 
treats  of  the  enthusiasm  of  the  first  publishing  ;  J.  B.  Coignard,  the  founder 
printers  towards  the  typographic  art ;  the  of  the  prize  for  Latin  eloquence  in  the 
prerogatives  that  they  enjoyed  in  virtue  of  University;  cultivation  of  printing  by 
their  profession  ;  the  early  printers  of  the  the  princes  and  ladies  of  the  Court. 
Universities;  a  list  of  some  families  of  Part  IL  treats  of  the  antiquity  of  certain 
printers  who  were  ennobled,  or  had  titles  families  of  printers  ;  the  poem  of  Claude 
and  dignities  conferred  upon  them;  a  Louis  Thiboust,  entitled  "  Typographiag 
sketch  of  President  Henault  and  of  Mar-     E.xcellentia  "  ;  of  the  book  of  Dominique 


shal  Fabert ;  the  business  of  printing  in 
modern  times  ;  some  ancient  institutions 
which  regulated  the  Press  ;  origin  of  the 
French  Chambre  Syndicate;  ancient 
usages   and    customs    of   printers ;    the 


Fertel,  called  "  La  Science  pratique  de 
rimprimerie  "  ;  the  verdict  of  the  Jury  of 
the  Exhibition  of  1801  in  regard  to  print- 
ing ;  the  works  of  Pierre  and  Firmin 
Didot ;  the  actual  state  of  printing,  and 


confraternity  of  St.  John  Porte-Latine  ;  means  of  reforming  certain  evils  existing 

the  protection  and  encouragement  given  at  the  time  of  publication.     At  the  end  is 

to  printers  in   France  from  the  time  of  a  list  of  printers  and  publishers  of  Paris 

Louis  Xn.  to  that  of  Louis  XVL;  the  of  whom   there   are   engraved   portraits, 

settlement  of  the   number  of  printers  in  with  short  biographical  and  critical  notes  ; 

Paris  in  1686  ;  the  Delphin  editions,  and  a  general  list  of  Parisian  printers,  from 

how  they  were  executed  by  the  different  1469  to  1789  ;  and  a  list   of  36  printers 

printers  of  Paris  invited  to  assist ;  Ma-  carrying  on  business  in  Paris  in  the  latter 

dame  Dacier  and  her  contributions  ;  the  year, 
letters  patent  of  Louis  XIV.,  instituting 

Des  Progres  de  I'lmprimerie  en  France  et  en  Italic  au  XVI^ 

Siecle,  et  de  son  influence  sur  la  litterature  ;  avec  les  Lettres 
Patentes  de  Fran9ois  ler  en  date  du  17  Janvier,  1538,  qui  insti- 
tuent  le  premier  Imprimeur  Royal  pour  le  Grec.  Paris  :  1836. 
8vo.  pp.  ii.  52. 


The  author  says  that  it  was  during  the 
16th  century,  and  from  the  time  of 
Francis  I.,  that  typography  began  to 
exercise  so  vast  an  mfluence  on  civiliza- 
tion, and  in  that  century,  "t  received  its 
highest  development  both  iii  France  and 
Italy.    The  greatest  potentates,  the  most 


light  shed  on  the  world  by  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics. 
Multitudes  of  men  of  eminence  devoted 
to  its  practice  their  lives,  their  talents, 
and  their  fortunes.  Of  these  he  gives 
short  sketches,  and  an  enthusiastic  de- 
scription of  their  works.     The  notes  con- 


eminent   men,    emulated    each    other  in  tain  much  historical  and  bibliographical 

tlieir  eulogy  of  the  art,  but  agreed  in  re-  information.      In    1821    the   Rev.    T.    F. 

garding  it  as  a  gift  from  God.    The  dark-  Dibdin  wrote  a  reply  (in  Bvo.)  to  the  pre- 

ness  of  ignorance  was  dissipated  by  the  face  of  this  work. — 6V^  Dibdin. 


148 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


Crapelet  (G.  a. ).  l^tudes  pratiques  et  litteraires  sur  la  Typographic.  A 
I'usagedes  gens  de  lettres,  des  editeurs,  des  libraires,  desimprimeurs, 
des  protes,  des  correcteurs,  et  de  tous  ceux  qui  se  destinent  a  I'im- 
primerie.     Tome  premier.     Paris  :   1837.     8vo.  pp.  iv.  viii.  408. 

Only  one  volume  of  this  work  was 
published.  It  is  devoted  entirely  to  the 
history  and  literary  aspects  of  printing, 
especially  printing  in  Paris,  of  which  the 
first  chapter  treats  at  great  length.  The 
portion  devoted  to  correction  of  the  press 


is  the  most  noteworthy  feature  of  the 
book.  It  shows  the  system  pursued  by 
the  first  printers,  reviews  the  correctness, 
or  otherwise,  of  their  books,  and  gives  a 
variety  of  practical  instructions  to  be  fol- 
lowed in  the  reading-closet. 


Robert  Estienne,    Imprimeur   Royal,  et   le  Roi  Fran9ois  I". 

Nouvelles  recherch<is  sur  I'etat  des  lettres  et  de  I'imprimerie  au 
XVP  siecle,  avec  sept  planches  d'ornemens  typographiques  des 
Estienne   et   autres   imprimeurs    contemporains.       Paris  :     1839. 
8vo.  pp.68. 
A  letter  addressed   to   M.  Villemain,     of  vignettes  and   initials  are  beautifully 
Minister  of  Public  Instruction  and  Grand     executed,  and  the  critical  remarks  accom- 
Master  of  the  University.     It  deals  with    panying    each    may   be    commended   to 
an  incident  referred  to,  but  at  much  less    typographical      designers      and     letter- 
length,   in  Crapelet's  "  Progres  de  ITm-     cutters, 
primerie."     The  woodcut    reproductions 

Cras  (Henry  Constantine).     Eulogium  Johannis  Meermanni.     Am- 
stelsedami  et  Hagge  :  181 7.     8vo.  pp.  x.  125. 

There  is  a  fine  copperplate  portrait  of  the  author  on  the  title-page,  engraved  by 
W.  van  Senus. 


LONDON  :  1583-1607. 
Creede  (Thomas). 

This  printer  lived  at  the  sign  of  the  to  his  books  the  annexed  device,  which  is 
Catherine  Wheel,  near  the  Old  Swan,  in  an  emblem  of  Truth,  crowned  and  flying 
Thames-street,  in  1594,  and  frequently  put     naked  under  a  hand    issuing    from    the 


^^Bibliography  of  Frintiftg.  1 49 

clouds,  striking  on  her  back  with  a  rod,  varyetie  to  move  delighte."     The  British 

and   with  the   motto  round  it,    "  Veritas  Museum  has  the  edition  of  1599,  "  printed 

virescit  vulnere,"    with    a    fault    in    the  by  Thomas  Creede,"  with  the  preceding 

spelling,  and    between   the   legs   of   the  device,    which     is     not     mentioned      in 

figure  the  initials,  T.C.    Creede  also  used  Lowndes.       In   the  Records   of  the   Sta- 

the  device  of  a  griffin  sitting  on  a  stone,  tioners'   Company   it    is    stated    that    in 

to  which  is  chained  a  round  ball,  winged.  1595  Creede  was  fined  2s.  6d.  for  having 

He  was  made  a  freeman  of  the  Stationers'  kept  an  apprentice,  without  enfranchising 

Company  in   1578,  on  the  nomination  of  him,  after  the  proper  term  of  servitude, 

Thomas  East.     Warton,  in  his  "History  and  that  this  printer  was  also  bound  over 

of  English  Poetry,"  quotes  from  the  Re-  in   the   penalty   of  ;^4o   not   to   teach   a 

gister  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  March  person   named   the   art   of    printing.     A 

loth,  1594,  "  to  T.    Creede  " — "  Mother  tolerably  full  list  of  Creede's  works  will 

Reddcape,     her     last     will     and     testa-  be  found  in  Herbert's  "Ames,"  vol.  ii.  p. 

ment,     conteyning     sundrye     conceipted  1279  ;  and  also  in  Arber's  "  Transcripts," 

and  pleasant  tales,  furnished  with  much  vol.  i. 

Creswell  (Rev.  S.  F.).  Collections  towards  the  History  of  Printing 
in  Nottinghamshire,  with  an  index  of  Persons  and  Subjects. 
London  :   1863.     8vo.  pp.  44. 

"This  tract,"  says  the  author,  "con-  .similar  list  for  the   other  towns  in  the 

tains  an  experimental  catalogue  of  books,  county,   as   well  as  an    account   of  the 

pamphlets,  and  single  sheets  printed  and  newspapers."     The    titles    are    given   in 

published  in  Nottingham  only.     I  hope  full,  and  bibliographical  and  biographical 

to  be  able  to  give,  at  some  future  time,  a  notes  are  appended. 

Crevenna  (Pierre  Antoine).      Catalogue  raisonne  de    la  Collection 

des   Livres   de  M.   Crevenna,  negociant  h.  Amsterdam.     6  vols. 
Amsterdam  :   1 776.    4to. 

This  collection  passed  into  the  hands  of  should  have  been  dissipated  bej'ond  the 

the  son,  Bolongari,  in  whose  lifetime  it  hope  of  restoration." — Dibdin  ("  Biblio- 

was  sold  by  public  auction.     "  It  seems  mania  ")  — See  Peignot's  "  Diet,  de  Bibli- 

to    have    been     the     ruling    passion    of  ologie,"  iii.  p.    100,  and  his  "  Curiosites 

B.  Crevenna's  life  to  collect  all  the  mate-  Bibliographiques,"  p.    139.     A  catalogue 

rials,   from  all  quarters,  which  had  any  of  a  second  portion  of  his  library,   also 

connection,  more  or  less,  with  the  origin  sold   by  auction,    was   issued   in  1789,  5 

and   progress   of  printing,    and  it  is  for  vols.  Bvo. ;  and  a  third  catalogue  In  1795, 

ever  to  be  regretted  that  such  extensive  his  death  having  taken  place  at  Rome  in 

materials  as  those  which  he  had  amassed,  October,  1792. 
and  which  were  sold  at  the  sale  of  1793, 

Crisp  (William  Finch).  An  Easy  Catechism  of  Punctuation  for  the 
Use  of  Newspaper  Correspondents,  Printers,  Juvenile  Students, 
&c.      1875.     32mo. 

The  General  Printers'   Book  of  Practical  Recipes,  &c.     Great 

Yarmouth  :  n.  d.     8vo.  pp.  17.     London  :  1875.     8vo.  pp.  17. 

The  Printers'  Business  Guide  and  General  Price  List.    London  : 


1866.     Crown  8vo. 

The  Printers',   Lithographers',   Engravers',    and  Bookbinders' 

Business  Guide  and  Ready- Reckoned  General  Price  Lists  ;  to 
which  are  added  \  egal  and  Commercial  Information,  Miscellaneous 
Recipes,  and  Practical  Advice  for  every  member  of  the  Combined 
Trades.     4th  edition.    London  :  1873. 

The  two  title-pages  above  recorded  are     editions  of  one  book.      Several  edition.s 
respectively  those  of  the  first  and  fourth    have    appeared    under    the   latter   title. 


150  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

"Mr.  Crisp  is  a  printer  at  Great  Yarmouth,  posters,  &c.     Along  with  these  are  a  few 

and  his  book  purports  to  give  a  Hst  of  the  trade  recipes,  and  some  items  of  informa- 

prices  which  the  printer  should  charge  for  tion   derived    from   the  handbooks,   and 

different  jobs,  such  as  cards,  bill-heads,  other  more  or  less  trustworthy  sources. 

Crisp  (William  Finch).     The  Printers'  Price  List.     1867. 

A  demy  sheet,  containing  prices  of  jobbing  work,  sizes  of  paper,  type,  &c. 

The  Printers'   Sheet  of  Imposition  Schemes  and  Directions  for 

Making-up  Furniture  for  Proper    Margins.      Great    Yarmouth : 
1869.     Broadside. 

The  Printers'   Universal  Book  of  Reference  and  Every  Hour 

Office    Companion.      An   Addendum   to   the   Printers'    Business 
Guide.     London  :  1874.     8vo. 

Crompton  (J.  W.).  Report  on  Printers'  Strikes  and  Trade  Unions 
since  January,  1845.     London:  i860.     8vo.     pp.  16. 

This  report  was  prepared  by  the  author,  Mr.  Crompton's  report  is  painstaking  and 

a  barrister,  for  the  National  Association  accurate,  so  far  as  it  goes,  and  comprises 

for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Science,  at  a  good  deal  of  statistical  information  re- 

the  request  of  their  committee  on  Trades'  lating   to   the   printing    business   in   the 

Societies.     It  forms  one  of  several  similar  United  Kingdom, 
reports  contained  in  a  volume  of  pp.  652. 

Cumberland  (George).  Hints  to  Various  Modes  of  Printing  from 
Autographs.  [A7f^<7/w«'.f  yt?«r«a/,  vol.  xxviii.  p.  56.]    181 1.    8vo. 

Cummins  (R.).  The  Pressmen's  Guide.  Containing  valuable  instruc- 
tions and  recipes  for  pressmen  and  apprentices  in  city  and  country 
printing-offices.     Brooklyn  :  1873.     Square  i2mo.     pp.  51. 

CUMPLIDO  (Ignacio).     Tipo  que  contiene  parte  de  los  Caracteres  y 
demas  Utiles  de  la  Imprenta  de  Cumplido.    Mexico  :  1836.    8vo. 
Specimen  book  of  the  printing-house  of  Cumplido,  in  Mexico. 

CussET.  L'Imprimerie  a  I'Exposition  Universelle  de  1867.  Compte 
rendu.  (Publication  de  la  Societe  fraternelle  des  Protes  de 
Paris.)     Paris:  1868.     8vo. 

CYCLOPvf^DIA. 

To  give  a  list  of  the  works  under  this  the  several  headings— Printing,  Typo- 
general  title  which  contain  articles  on  our  graphy.  Stereotype,  Lithography,  En- 
subject  would  be  to  reproduce  the  titles  graving,  Etching,  &c.  &c.,  upon  which 
of  all  the  Cyclopaedias  that  have  been  we  are  working,  and  all  of  them  are  more 
issued,  from  that  in  2  vols,  folio  (1728)  to  or  less  compilations  from  the  better- 
the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica"  last  known  text-books, 
published.  All  of  them  have  articles  under 


AEHNERT  (Johann  Carl).  Fiirschrift 
zum  Akademischen  Buckdrucker-Pos- 
tulat.     1746  :  4to. 

Dahl  (Johann  Conrad).  Die  Buch- 
druckerkunst,  erfunden  von  Johann 
Gutenberg,  verbessert  und  zur  Voll- 
kommenheit  gebracht  durch  Peter 
Schoffer  von  Gernsheim  :  Historisch- 
kritische  Abhandlung.  Mit  dem  Bild- 
niss  Peter  Schofifers.  Mainz  :  1832. 
8vo.  pp.  55. 

Peter  Schoffer    von    Gemsheini, 

Miterfinder  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Eine  historische  Skizze  ;  mit 
einer  kurzen  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  jener  schonen  Kunst 
iiberhaupt.  Wiesbaden  :  18 14.  8vo,  pp.  23,  with  folding  genea- 
logical table. 


The  same,  in  French.     Wiesbaden  :  1814.     8vo. 


Article  on    the  History    of  Printing  ("Buchdruckerkunst"). 

9^  pages  in  the  "Allgemeine  Encyclopaedic  der  Wissenschaften 
und  Kiinste,"  von  J.  S.  Ersch  und  J.  G.  Gruber,  vol.  xiv.  Leip- 
zig :  1825.     4to. 

Danna  (Casimiro).  Dell'  Arte  tipografica  festeggiata  in  Saluzzo  e 
Mondovi  nell'  Ottobre  del  1872.  Memorie  e  discorso.  Mondovi  : 
1872.     8vo. 


152 


Bibliography  of  Prifiting 


Darstellung  der  Feier  des  Gutenbergfestes  zu  Erfurt,  am  26.  und  27. 
Julius,  1840.  Auf  den  Wunsch  der  Theilnehmer  vom  Comite 
zusammengestellt.     Erfurt  :  1840.     8vo. 

Da  Silva  (Joaquim  Cameiro).  Breve  Tratado  theoretico  das  letras 
typograficas,  offerecido  a  sua  Alteza  real  o  Principe  Regente  nosso 
Senhor.     Lisboa  :   1803,     4to. 

Daunou   (Pierre  Claude  Fran9ois). 
sur  rOrigine  de  I'Imprimerie. 


138.     Paris  :   1810.  8vo. 
—  Another  edition. 


Analyse  des  Opinions  diverses 
Paris  :  an  XI  [1803].      8vo.  pp. 


This  work,  which  formed  a  paper  read 
before  the  Institut  National  des  Sciences 
et  Arts,  was  first  printed  in  the  fourth 
volume  of  its  Memoires  (1802).  It  was 
translated  into  German  by  M.  Schret- 
tinger,  and  in  that  form  appeared  in  the 
"  BeitrSge  zur  Geschichte  und  Littera- 
tur,"  vol.  V.  Miinchen :  1805.  410. 
An  interesting  memoir  of  the  author 
appears  in  "  Lettres  sur  les  Contes  des 
Fdes ;  notices  biographiques,"  by  C.  A. 
Walckenaer  (Paris :  F.  Didot,  1862,  8vo.), 
pp.  2Q9-344.  This  memoir,  which  deals 
both  with  the  life  and  works  of  Daunou, 
was  read  at  the  meeting  of  the  French  In- 
stitute, July  31,  1841. 

Daunou  was  born  August  rS,  1761, 
at  Boulogne-sur-Mer.  He  was  admitted 
a    brother    of  the    Oratorians    in    1777. 


From  his  youth  up  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  exemplary  piety,  his  studious 
habits,  and  his  receptive  mind.  He 
passed  through  the  stormy  days  of  the 
first  French  revolution,  and  was  arrested 
and  thrown  into  prison,  but  was  soon  ac- 
quitted. Subsequently  he  rose  to  great 
eminence,  and  was  made  a  peer  of  France 
in  1839.  Some  years  before,  he  had  been 
appointed  "  Garde  generale  des  Archives 
du  royaume,"  and  had  special  opportuni- 
ties of  pursuing  his  studies  in  biography 
and  literary  history,  to  which  he  devoted 
many  years.  He  contributed  no  less  than 
seventy  memoirs  to  the  "  Biographic 
Universelle,"  among  them  being  the  lives 
of  several  eminent  printers  He  died 
June  20,  1840,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cemetery  of  Pere-la-Chaise,  Paris. 


Davenport  (S.  T.).  Engraving  and  other  reproductive  Art  Pro- 
cesses. [In  the  Journal  of  the  Society  of  ArtSy  January  13,  1865.] 
London  :  8vo. 

Engraving.      [In   "  British  Manufacturing  Industries,"  edited 

by  G.  Phillips  Bevan,  pp.  75-124.]  London  :  1876.  Crown 
8vo. 

Second  edition,  pp.  95-144.     London  :  1877. 

The  Lite  Mr.  Samuel  Davenport  was  graphy,  and  all  allied  or  correlated  arts, 
an  amateur  of  much  experience.  The  Some  of  the  outlines,  especially  that  of 
history  begins  with  the  Deluge,  and  em-  the  origin  of  Nature  Printing,  are  in- 
braces  typography,  lithography,  chalco-     accurate. 

Davidson   (Ellis  A.).      A  Chat  about   Printing. 
Number  of  Little  Folks. 


The    Exhibition 


This  is  a  special  number  of  a  serial 
published  by  Messrs.  Cassell,  Petter,  & 
Galpm,  and  circulated  during  the  London 
International  Exhibition  of  1872.  It 
treats  of  the  following  :  "  Who  invented 
Printing?"  stencilling,  block  books,  the 
first  type-printer  (said  to  be  Laurence 
Coster,  of  Haarlem),  invention  of  metal 
type,  the  first  printed  Bible,  Peter  Schoef- 

Davidson  (Thomas). 

The  exact  period  when  Davidson  began 
to  exercise  his   art  in   Edinburgh  is  un- 


fer.  the  art  of  printing  spread  abroad, 
William  Caxton,  and  the  processes  of 
printing  at  the  present  day.  It  is  illus- 
trated with  facsimiles  of  block  books, 
portraits,  &c.,  and  a  view  of  the  old 
"  Belle  Sauvage  Yard,"  and  of  Messrs. 
Cassell's  printing-house  now  erected  on 
its  site. 


known.      Nor  is  it    known    how    many 
works  he  printed,  for  only  three  perfect 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


153 


specimens  of  different  works  have  been 

?-eserved,  and  the  fragment  of  a  fourth, 
o  him  was  granted,  in  1541,  bj'  James 
v..  King  of  Scotland,  a  special  license 
for  printing  the  new  "Actis  and  Consti- 
tutionis  of  Parliament  maid  be  the  Rycht 
Excellent  Prince,  James,  the  fift  King  of 
Scottis,  1540."    The  Acts,  however,  were 


made  in  1821  by  Mr.  S.  R.  Maitland,  The 
device,  which  we  repnbduce,  displays  a 
shield  containing  tha  printer's  mitials, 
T.  D. ,  linked  with  thrfe  pheons  (the  armo- 
rial charges  of  the  Daridsons).  The  shield 
is  suspended  from  i  tree  bearing  large 
cones.  Three  owls  «e  sitting  among  the 
branches,  and  anottfer  at  the  foot  of  the 


EDINBURGH  :    1541 


not  printed  till  towards  the  end  of  1541  ; 
and  though  the  frontispiece  has  1540  on 
it,  it  is  evident  that  it  ha  \  been  cut  be- 
fore and  used  for  other  booKs.  The  best- 
known  of  his  works  is  the  "History  and 
Cronikles  of  Scotland,"  a  magnificent  spe- 
cimen of  earljr  British  typography,  but  un- 
fortunately without  date.    A  reprint  was 


stem.  The  supporters  are  hairy  men, 
whose  hands  hold  both  the  shield  and  the 
belt  which  sustains  it.  The  ground  of 
the  device  is  black  speckled,  but  the  field 
of  the  shield  is  white.  In  a  compartment 
below  is  the  Christian  name  of  the  printer 
in  full ,  but  only  the  first  two  letters  of  his 
surname,  viz.,  thomas  da 


154 


Bibliography  of  Pj'iniiiig. 


Davies  (Robert).  A  Memoir  of  the  York  Press,  with  notices  of 
Authors,  Printers,  and  Stationers  in  the  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth, 
and  Eighteenth  Centuries.  Westminster  ;  1868.  8vo.  pp.  vi. 
and  397. 

The  records  of  the  city  of  York  show    of  effects   of  early  printers — Wanseford 


that  Frederick  Freese,  a  Dutch  printer, 
was  living  there  in  1497,  but  no  remains 
of  his  work  are  known.  The  appendix 
gives  in  exte7tso  the  wills  and  inventories 

Davy  (Rev.  William).     A  System 
26  vols.     Lustleigh,  Devon. 
1 796-1807.     8vo. 

This  extraordinary  work  derives  its 
claim  to  a  place  in  our  Biblio|:raphy,  and 
a  record  in  the  history  of  pnnting,  from 
the  fact  that  the  author  was  his  own  com- 
positor, printer,  and  binder.  Of  the  four- 
teen copies  which  were  printed,  three 
were  imperfect,  and  one  having  been  de- 
posited m  Exeter  Cathedral  Library,  the 
remaining  ten,  after  reserving  one  for  him- 
self, Mr.  Davy  says  "will  be  disposed  of, 


(1510),  John  Foster  (1616),  &c.  ;  with 
many  very  curious  and  interesting  de- 
tails. 

of  Divinity,  in  a  Course  of  Sermons. 
Printed  by  himself ;  14  copies  only. 

after  public  Review,  pro  Bono  Publico,  as 
the  Bishops  shall  appoint,  whom  the 
present  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  late  Bishop 
of  Exeter,  hath  engaged  to  consult  for  the 
Purpose.  In  the  main  while,  one  Copy 
will  be  left  at  each  University  for  public 
Inspection."  The  numerous  errata  in  the 
twenty-six  volumes  are  corrected  by  means 
of  printed  slips  pasted  over  the  original 
text. 


Dawson  (Thomas). 

This  printer  lived  at  the  "Three 
Cranes  "  in  the  Vintry,  in  1577.  One  of-^ 
his  devices  was  the  Three  Cranes  in  a 
vineyard,  and  another  the  monogram 
T.D.  surrounded  by  various  allegorical 
figures.  We  reproduce  the  latter.  Daw- 
son was  made  free  of  the  Stationers' 
Company,  February  18, 1568,  and  carried 
on  business  for  about  22  yeans,  and  pro- 


duced about  33  separate  works.  He 
was  Master  of  the  Stationers'  Company 
in  1615,  and  gave,  on  July  12,  1616, 
"  twenty  shillings  towards  making  up  the 
stairs  in  the  garden  up  to  the  city  wall. " 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Thomas 
Dawson,  jun.,  and  Henry  Disley,  who 
were  made  free  of  the  Stationers'  Com- 
pany July  6,  1589. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


155 


LONDON  :  1546-1584. 

Day  (John). 

John  Day,  Daye,  or  Daie,  was  bom  in  office  adjoining  the  city  wall,  and  printed 

Dunwich,  in  Suffolk.     He  is  supposed  to  extensively.     He  had,  at  the  same  time. 


JO  H.N    DAY. 

have  been  descended  from  a  good  family,  shops  in  different  parts  of  the  metropolis. 

His    first    printing-office   was    near    the  where  his  books  were  on  sale.     It  is  pro- 

Holborn  Conduit,  and  about  1549  he  re-  bable   that   during  the  reign   of  Queen 

moved  into  Aldersgate,  where  he  had  an  Mary    he    discontinued     printing,     and 


'S6 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


turned  his  attention  to  effecting  improve- 
ments in  the  art ;  for  his  productions 
afterwards  were  greatly  in  advance  of 
his  previous  efforts.  The  first  Saxon 
types  were  cut  by  him  about  1567, 
and  he  brought  the  Greek  types,  as 
well  as  italic,  to  great  perfection. 
His  founts  were  of  great  excellence, 
and  he  had  a  large  assortment  of  them. 
Day  was  one  of  the  original  members  of 
the    Stationers'  Company,    but    it  is  not 


against  the  north  wall  of  the  chancel,  is  a 
stone  tablet  erected  to  his  memory,  with 
a  brass  and  some  doggrel  lines  about 
"the  Daye  that  darkness  could  not  blind, 
when  Popish  fogs  had  overcast  the  sun," 
&c.  In  Herbert's  "  Ames,"  vol.  i.  pp. 
616  to  680,  there  is  an  account  of  Day's 
productions  ranging  between  1546  and 
1584.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Richard  Day,  a  liveryman  of  the  Sta- 
tioners' Company.    The  books  printed  by 


known  from  whom  he  learned  the  art  of    him  or  his  assigns  bear  dates  from  1584 


printmg.  On  beginning  business  he 
printed  chiefly  in  conjunction  with  Seres, 
but  this  partnership  did  not  exist  after 
1550.  Day  was  the  first  person  admitted 
into  the  livery  after  the  renewal  of  the 
Company's  charter  by  Philip  and  Mary. 
He  was  warden    in    1564,   '66,    '71,    and 


list    of   them   is  given   by 
p.    683.      His    device. 


to    1597  : 

Herbert, 

given  above,  is  veiy  quaint,  and  evidently 

a   pun    upon    his    name,    in  accordance 

with  the  custom  which  prevailed  among 

the  early  typographers.      It  also  referred 

to  the  "  Protestant  Reformation,"  but  the 


'75,  and  master  in  1580.     He  died  July  allusion  is  somewhat  far-fetched. 

23,  1584,  after  having  followed  the  busi-  We  give  above  a  portrait  of  Day,  repro- 

ness  of  a  printer  about  40  years.     Some  duced      from     Ames's     "Typographical 

interesting  particulars  of  his  career  will  Antiquities,"     in     reference     to     which 

be  found  in  the  Introduction  to  vol.  i.  of  Dibdin   says   that   "it   is   probable  that 

Arber's  "  Transcripts  of  the  Registers  of  Day's  portrait  is  the  first  legitimate  re- 

the     Stationers'    Company."       He    was  semblance  of  the  physiognomy  of  one  of 

buried  in  the  parish  church  of  13radley  our  old  printers." 
Parva,  in  the  county  of  Suffolk,  where, 

Day  with  the  Printers  (A).  An  article  in  the  People's  Magazine,  April, 
1868,  reprinted  in  the  Printers'  Journal,  new  series,  vol.  i.  p.  229. 

Day  (W.  J.).  A  vSeries  of  Tables  invented  and  arranged  for  the  use 
of  the  Practical  Printer  ;  to  which  is  appended  the  Scale  of  Prices 
for  Compositors'  work.     London  :   1 84 1.     8vo.  pp.  32. 


This  work  includes  tables  of  the  price  of 
any  num"ber  of  letters  ;  of  proportion, 
width,  and  depth  of  type  ;  of  comparative 
depth  of  type ;  for  casting-up  works  ; 
comparative  value  of  type  ;  comparative 
quantity  of  type  ;  scale  of  prices  ;  table 
of  advances  and  deductions  ;  and  table  of 


signatures.  The  author,  an  able  man, 
was  for  upwards  of  forty  years  one  of  the 
two  superintendents  of  the  establishment 
of  Messrs.  C^lowes  &  Sons  {see  Clowes). 
He  resigned  that  position  on  a  well- 
earned  pension  allowed  by  this  eminent 
firm. 


Dean  (William).  On  Xylography,  or  printing  from  the  natural  surface 
of  woods.  A  paper  read  before  the  Society  of  Arts,  January  27, 
1869.     Printed  in  the  Journal  of  the  Society,  January  29,  1869. 

Dearborn  (N.).   American  Text-book  of  Letters.    Boston:  1846.  4to. 

Debray  (N.  A.  G.).  Tableau  des  Libraires  et  Imprimeurs  des 
principales  Villes  de  I'Europe.     Paris  :  1804.      i2mo. 

De  Carro  (Jean).— ^^^  Winaricky  (Charles). 

DECLARATION  du  Conseil  d'fitat  du  Roy,  rendue  en  faveur  de  la  com- 
munaute  des  maitres  graveurs  de  la  ville  de   Paris.     Du  28  Juin, 
1705.     Paris.     4to. 
Ordering  six  master  engravers  to  be  added  to  the  Community,  and  that  the  fund 

they  bring  in  go  toward  the  balance  due  to  the  exchequer  ;  also  that  the  operative 

engravers  were  only  to  work  under  the  master  engravers. 

DECLARATION  du  Roy  donnee  a  Fontainebleau  le  2  d'Octobre,  1701. 
Portant  Reglement  pour  les  Libraires  et  Imprimeurs.  Grenoble  : 
1 701.     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


157 


maunds,  and  other  things  wherein  books 
may  be  contained." 

This  decree  is  stated  by  Hansard 
("Typogr.,"  p.  170)  to  have  been  printed 
by  John  Audeley.  We  believe  there  is 
no  copy  in  the  British  Museum. 


This  decree  compels  every  printer  to 
place  his  name  on  everything  he  prints  ; 
restricts  the  number  of  master  printers  to 
twenty  ;  no  printer,  except  the  master 
and  wardens  of  the  Stationers,  to  keep 
more  than  two  apprentices  and  two 
presses,  and  they  only  three  ;  there  are 


Decree  (A)  of  Starre  Chamber,  for  the  Reformation  of  divers  Disorders 
in  printing  and  uttering  of  books.     June  29,  1566. 

Whoever  prints  anything  against  any 
injunction  or  ordinance  set  forth  by  the 
Queen's  authority  shall  be  imprisoned 
and  thenceforth  never  use  the  "  feat"  of 
Pnnting.  The  Wardens  of  the  Stationers' 
Company  to  search  printing  houses,  and 
"  to   open  and  view   all  packs,   dryfats. 

Decree  (A)  in  the  Starre  Chamber,  for  the  redressing  of  the  abuses  in 
Printing.     27  Junii,  26  Elizabethae  [1584]. 

Reprinted  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Collier,   in  his   "  Illustrations  of  Early  English  Popular 
Literature,"  as  "from  a  contemporary  copy." 

Decree  (A)  of  Starre  Chamber,  concerning  Printing,  made  the  eleventh 
day  of  July  past,  1637.     London;  1637.     4to.  pp.  62. 

to  be  four  letter-founders  and  no  more  ; 
that  one  copy  of  every  publication  shall 
be  sent  to  Stationers'  Hall  for  the  use  of 
the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford.  Reprinted 
by  Edward  Arber,  and  also  in  "  Memoirs 
of  Thomas  HoUis"  (p.  641),  and  many 
other  works. 

Deecke.       Einige  Nachrichten  von  den    im  XV'^"  Jahrhundert   zu 
Liibeck  gedruckten  niedersachsischen  Biichern.  LUbeck  :  1834.  4to. 
An  account  of  the  books  printed  at  Liibeck  in  the  fifteenth  century. 

De  Fontenelle  (Julia)  et  Poisson  (P.).  Manuel  complet  du 
Marchand  Papetier  et  du  Regleur,  contenant  la  connaissance  des 
papiers  divers,  la  fabrication  des  crayons  naturels  et  factices  gris, 
noirs,  et  colores  ;  celle  des  encres  a  ecrire,  ordinaires  et  indelebiles  ; 
des  encres  d'imprimerie,  de  lithographic,  d'autographie,  et  de  la 
Chine  ;  des  encres  de  couleur  et  de  sympathie  ;  la  preparation  des 
plumes,  des  pains  et  de  la  cire  a  cacheter,  de  la  colle  a  bouche, 
des  sables,  etc.  Ouvrage  indispensable  aux  administrations, 
manufactures,  etc.     Paris  :  1828.      i8mo.   pp.  x.  399  ;  i  folding 

table  and  2  plates. Nouvelle  edition,  entierement  refondue  et 

ornee  de  figures.     Paris  :   1854.      i8mo. 

This  work  forms  one  of  the  series  of  practical  technical  handbooks  known  as  the 
"  Manuels-Roret." 

Degeorge  (Leon).     La  Maison  Plantin  k  Anvers.     Brussels  :  1877 

8vo.    pp.    iv.   67   and   45,   and   table  des   matieres,    pp.   ii. 

Deuxieme    edition,    augmentee    d'une   Liste   Chronologique    des 
ouvrages    imprimes    par    Plantin    a    Anvers    de    1555    a    1589. 
Bruxelles  :  1878.    pp.  iv.  67  and  127. 
On  the  2nd  August,  1875,  negotiations    perhaps  the  most  remal-kable  collection 


were  concluded  whereby  M.  Edouard 
Moretus,  then  owner  of  th  ■*  ancient  print- 
ing-office and  dwelling-hou.>e  of  Plantin, 
at  Antwerp,  ceded  it,  in  consideration  of 
a  sum  of  1,200,000  francs,  to  the  authori- 
ties of  the  city,  to  be  maintained  by  them 
in  perpetuity  as  a  public  museum. 

The  property  thus  transferred  contains 


of  typographical  antiquities  extant.  It 
ranges  over  a  period  of  more  than  three 
centuries,  many  of  the  objects  dating 
from  1555.  They  include  the  types, 
presses,  and  miscellaneous  appliances  of 
the  great  "  architypographer,"  as  well  as 
those  of  his  successors,  the  family  of 
Moretus,  whose  genealogy  extends  from 


158  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

1543  down   to  the  present  day.     In  ad-  The   additions   in   the   second   edition 

dition,  there  are  preserved  all  the  cor-  comprise     (i)    a    chronological    list    of 

respondence,  account-books,  and  archives  printers  who  distinguished  themselves  in 

of  the  house  ;  copies  of  all  the  products  the   town   of  Antwerp  during  the  15th, 

of  their  presses,  and  a  variety  of  curious  i6th,   17th,  and  i8th  centuries;  (2)  me- 

historical  documents,  autographs,  orna-  moranda  disproving  the  idea  of  Plantin 

mental  manuscripts,    &c.,    as  well   as  a  having   been  originally  of  noble  birth  ; 

valuable     library    amounting    to    many  (3)  the  testimony  of  Arias  Montanus  as 

thousand  volumes,  and  comprising  several  to  the  personal  character  and  worth  of 

unique   specimens    of   fifteenth  -  century  Christopher  Plantin;   (4)  an   account  of 

typography.    The  above  work,  of  the  first  the  nomination  of  Plantin,  by  a  council 

edition   of  which   only  150  copies  were  of  theologians  summoned  by  the  Duke  of 

printed,  gives  a   complete  inventory,  as  Alva,  to  the  office  of"  archi-typographe," 

well  as  a  descriptive  account  of  every  part  the   duties   of  which    post    were    found 

of  the  Plantin  Museum,  together  with  a  alike  so  invidious  and  impracticable  that 

valuable  series   of  historical  documents,  Plantin  asked  to  be  relieved  of  his  func- 

some  of  them  hitherto  inedited,  relating  tions  in  1576  ;  (5)  notes  as  to  the  various 

to  Printing.      It   contains  a  portrait   of  places  of  abode  of  Plantin  in  Antwerp  ; 

Christopher  Plantin,  a  genealogical  table  (6)  some   interesting    details   relating  to 

of  his  family  and  descendants,  a  plan  of  the  Plantin   press  after  his  death  ;  and 

the  Plantin   hdiel,  an  engraving  of  one  a  Chronological  List,  which  occupies  73 

portion  of  it,    and  an  authentic  copy  of  closely-printed  pages,    of  works  printed 

the  device  used  by  the  celebrated  printer,  by  Plantin  at  Antwerp  from  1555  to  1589. 

The  book  is  dedicated  to  M.  Emmanuel  See  Plantin  ;  also    "  Plantijn  en  de 

Rosseels,  director-administrator,  and  M.  Plantijnische  Drukkerij" (Brussels  :  1877), 

Maximilien  Rooses,  curator  and  librarian  written  by  M.  Maximilien  Rooses  ;  and 

(or  "  bibliothecaire  archiviste  ")  of  the  Ruelens-De  Baekek. 
Plantin  Museum. 

Delaborde  (Henri).  La  Gravure  depuis  son  origine.  Articles  in 
the  Revtie  des  Deux  Mondes,  December  i  and  15,  1850,  and 
January  i,  1851.     Paris.     8vo. 

Delaistre  (L.).     Notice  necrologique  sur  feu  Jean-Louis-Toussaint 
Caron,  graveur.     [Paris  :  1847.]     8vo. 
Extract  from  the  "Memoires  de  la  Society  libre  des  Beaux-Arts." 

Delalain  (A.  H.  Jules).     Historique  de  la  Propriete  des  Brevets  d'lm- 

primeur.     Paris  :    Octobre,    1869.     8vo. 2«  edition,   revue  et 

augmentee.     Paris  :  Decembre,  1869.     8vo.  pp.  63. 

The  author  signs  himself  "Imprimeur,"  consists   of  an  elaborate   review   of   the 

and  dedicates  his  work  "  A  mes  confreres  influence   upon   the  press    of  France   of 

les  imprimeurs  de  France,  hommage  de  successive   decrees  for  the  regulation  of 

sympathie  et  de  devouement."    The  book  printing. 

Legislation  de  I'lmprimerie  d'apres  la  nouvelle  Loi  de  la  Presse, 

suivie  d'un  tableau  des  cas  de  responsabilite  et  de  penalite  aux- 
quelles  sont  soumis  les  imprimeurs.     Paris  :   1868.    i2mo.  pp.  40. 

Rapport  presente  au  nom  de  la  Commission  nommee  par  I'asso- 

ciation  des  Imprimeurs  de  Paris  pour  examiner  les  produits  typo- 
graphiques  admis  a  I'Exposition  universelle,  et  lu  dans  la  seance 
du  Lundi,  ii  Fevrier,  1856. 

Rapport  sur  les  produits  typographiques  a  I'Exposition  Univer- 
selle de  1855.     Paris.     8vo. 

Recueil  de  Documents  ofificiels  relatifs  au  Regime  de  I'lmpri- 
merie.    Paris  :  1867.     8vo. 


^Bibliography  of  Printing.  159 

Delalain  (A.  H.  Jules).  Tableau  des  Imprimeries  en  lettres  ex- 
istantes  en  France  au  i*'  Janvier,  1867.     8vo. 

Tableau  des  Responsabilites  et  Penalites  auxquelles  les  maitres- 

imprimeurs  sont  soumis   d'apres  la  legislation  actuelle.     Nos.  i 
and  2.     Svo. 

La  Typographic   fran9aise  et  fitrangere  ^   I'Exposition    Uni- 

verselle.     Paris  :  1855.     8vo. 

M.     Delalain    was     the     printer     to  officer  of  Public  Instruction,  and  a  Che- 

the  University  of  Paris,  president  of  the  valier  of  the  Imperial  Order  of  the  Legion 

Congress  of  Printers  of  France,  formerly  of  Honour.     His  office  was  in  the  Rue 

president  of  the  Chamber  of  Printers  of  des  Ecoles,  opposite  the  Sorbonne. 
Paris  and   of   the  Publishers'  Club,  an 

De  la  Motte  (P.  H.).  On  the  various  Applications  of  Anastatic 
Printing  and  Papyrography.  With  illustrative  examples.  London  : 
1849.     8vo. 

Delandine  (Antoine  Frangois).  Histoire  abregee  de  I'lmprimerie, 
ou  Precis  sur  son  origine,  son  etablissement  en  France,  les  divers 
caracteres  qu'elle  a  employes,  les  premiers  livres  qu'elle  a  produits, 
les  inventions  successives  qui  la  perfectionnerent,  ses  ornemens,  les 
noms  de  ceux  qui  I'introduisirent  dans  les  principales  villes  de 
r Europe,  et  les  ouvrages  remarquables  dont  elle  fut  I'objet. 
Paris  :  [1814].     8vo.  pp.  v.  176. 

One  hundred  copies  only  printed.  The  work  forms  the  introduction  to  the  cata- 
logue of  printed  books  in  the  Public  Library  of  Lyons,  of  which  the  author  was 
librarian,  and  was  separately  printed  as  above  for  his  friends, 

Memoires  bibliographiques  et  litteraires.     Les  anciennes  biblio- 

theques  de  Lyon,  I'Arbre  de  la  Reconnaissance,  le  Tombeau  de 
Brignais,  I'histoire  des  manuscrits,  les  bains  Romains  de  Bar-sur- 
Aube,  le  passage  d'Annibal,  des  Gaules  en  Italic,  Tecriture  et  le 
papier  chinois,  I'Y'king,  I'augurat  et  le  pontificat  d'Auguste,  la 
sepulture  de  Canon,  les  tombelles  de  Champagne,  une  olle  de 
Ceylan,  le  repos  des  morts  et  le  monument  de  Villette,  le  papillon, 
symbole  egyptien,  la  mosaique  de  Lyon,  le  culte  de  Mars  dans 
les  Gaules,  le  sejour  de  Cesar  et  de  Labienus  dans  la  meme  con- 
tree,  un  temple  de  Druides,  les  sacrifices  sanglans,  manuscriptiana, 
les  medailles  satyriques,  les  antiquites  de  feurs,  la  justification  de 
Medee,  les  figures  panthees,  et  I'histoire  abregee  de  I'imprimerie. 
Paris  :  181 7.     Svo. 

The  author  was  a  corresponding  member  of  the  London  Society  of  Antiquaries,  a 
member  of  the  French  Institute,  and  of  the  Academy  of  Lyons. 

De  la  Rue  (Thomas).    Report  of  the  Juries  of  the  Great  Exhibition, 
1851  (Printing  and  Stationery).     London:  1851.     8vo. 

Thomas  De  la  Rue  died  June  7,  1866,  ments  in   the  manufacture    of   playing- 

at  his  residence   in  Westt,  'irne-terrace,  cards.    About  1820  he  published  the  New 

in  his  seventy-fourth  year.     He  was  the  Testament  printed   in  gold,  now  a  very 

founder  of    the   house  which  bears   his  scarce  work,  and  on  the  occasion  of  Her 

name.     He  began  his  career  as  a  printer.  Majesty's  coronation  the  Sun  newspaper 

and  subsequently  he  made  use  of  his  spe-  was  by  his  aid  printed  in  gold.     He  was 

cial   knowledge  of  printing  in  improve-  deputy-chairman   and    joint    reporter  of 


i6o  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Class  XVII.  in  the  Exhibition  of  1851,  Paris  in  1855  he  was  also  a  juror,  and  then 
and  the  report  of  that  class  is  mainly  from  received  the  decoration  of  a  Knight  of  the 
his  pen.     In  the  Universal  Exhibition  of    Legion  of  Honour. 

Delemer.  Recueil  des  Caracteres  de  la  fonderie  des  Freres  Delemer. 
Bruxelles  :  1820.     Folio. 

Deleschamps  (Pierre).  Des  Mordants,  des  Vemis,  et  des  Planches 
dans  I'Art  du  Graveur  ;  ou,  Traite  complet  de  la  Gravure.  Paris  : 
1836.     8vo.  pp.  XV.  271. 

A  practical  work  on  every  branch  of  the  variety  of  other  curious   processes.     At 

art    of   engraving    for    the   copperplate,  the   end  are  four  folding   plates  of  the 

lithographic,  and  letterpress  printing  pro-  appliances,  apparatus,  &c.,  described  in 

cesses.  It  includes  stereotyping  and  auto-  the  book.     The   French  Society  for  the 

matic  or  chemical  engraving  in  relief,  as  Encouragement     of    National    Industry 

well  as  machines  for  the  purpose  of  making  awarded  the  author  its  medal  of  honour 

engravings,  pantography,  diagraphy.  gly-  in  1835  for  a  new  etching  process  which 

phography,     electrotypography,    and    a  he  invented. 

Delessert  (Benjamin).  Notice  sur  la  Vie  de  M.  A.  Raimondi,  gra- 
veur Polonais,  accompagnee  de  reproductions  photographiques  de 
quelques-unes  de  ses  estampes.     Paris  :  1853.     Folio. 

Delitzsch  (F.).  Der  Fliigel  des  Engels.  Fine  Stimme  aus  der 
Wiiste  im  4.  Jubelfestjahre  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Dresden  ; 
1840.     8vo.  pp.  vii.  91. 

Delpit  (Jules).  Origines  de  I'Imprimerie  en  Guyenne.  Bordeaux  : 
1869.     8vo. 

Delprat  (G.  H.  M.).  Dissertation  sur  I'Art  typographique.  Con- 
tenant  un  aper9U  historique  de  ses  progres  durant  le  XVe  et 
le  XVIe  siecles,  et  des  recherches  sur  I'influence  de  cet  art  sur  les 
lumieres  de  I'espece  humaine.  Memoire  qui  a  remporte  le  prix 
propo.se  en  1816  par  la  Societe  Provinciale  des  Arts  et  des  Sciences 
a  Utrecht.     Utrecht  :  1820.     8vo.  pp.  139. 

Over  den  Voortgang  en  de  Verbreiding  der  Boekdrukkunst  in 

de  !<;  en  16  eeuw.     Een  prijsverhandeling.     Utrecht:  1820.  8vo. 

Verhandeling  over  de  Broederschap  van  Geert  Groote  en  over 

den  invloed  der  Fraterhuizen  op  den  wetenschappelijken  en  gods- 
dienstigen  toestand,  voomamelijk  van  de  Niederlanden  na  de 
veertiende  eeuw.     Utrecht  :  1830.     8vo. 

A    German    translation    by    C.    F.    G.    Mohriske    was    published    at    Leipzig  : 
1840.     8vo. 

De  Marnef  (Geoffroy). 

This  printer  stands  fifth  on  the  roll  of  with  him  in  business.     The  typographic 

Parisian  typographers,  having  established  mark   here  given  is   the  most   complete 

a   press   in   the    capital    in    1481.      The  of  any  that  appeared  in  their  books.     It 

device  given  opposite  is  a  reproduction,  represents   on   one   side   the   pelican,  as 

by  paniconography,  of  the  first  page  of  described  in  fable,  nourishing  its  young 

the  Virgil  printed  by  Nicolas  des   Pres  with  its  blood  ;  on  the  other  is  a  parrot, 

for  De  Marnef  in    1514.     It   forms  one  perched  on  a  branch  ;  between  the  two 

of   the    illustrations   in    the  fifth    series  is  a    triangular  covey  of  birds    on    the 

of  M.   Madden's   "  Lettres  d'un   Biblio-  wing.     Underneath  are  the  three  letters 

graphe."    De  Marnef  died  in  the  rue  St.  E.  J.  G.,  being  the  initials  of  the  bap- 

iacques.     He  had  two  brothers,  Enguil-  tismal  names  of  the  brothers  Enguilbcrt, 

ert  and  Jehan  ;    they  were  associated  Jehan,  and  Geoffroy. 


Bibliography  of  Priniin^ 


6i 


De  Maknef.     PARIS  :  1481. 

Dembour  (A.).  Description  d'un  nouveau  Precede  de  Gravure  en 
relief  sur  cuivre,  dite  Ectypographie  metallique.  Metz  :  1835. 
4to.  pp.  31,  with  8  pages  of  specimens. 

The  book  describes  a  new  style  of  etching,  in  which  the  lines  are  raised  or  in 
relief,  instead  of  being  depressed  or  sunk  in.  The  system  would  now  be  called, 
not  "  Ectypography,"  but  "  typographic  etching." 

Die  Metall-Ektypographie.  Aus  dem  Franzosischen  von  Hein. 

Meyer.      Braunschweig:    1835.      4to.    pp.    21,   with  8  leaves  of 
specimens. 

Democriet  [Pseud.].  Twaalf  Volks-liedekens  op  bekende  wijzen, 
ter  vervrolijking  van  Lourens  Janszoon  Kosters  vierde  Eeuwfeest. 
Haarlem  :  1823,    8vo. 


Twelve  songs  in  celebration  of  the 
alleged  fourth  centenary  of  Koster.  On 
the  title-page  there  is  a  rude  woodcut 
"  portrait  "  of  Koster,  surrounded  with  a 
laurel-leaf,  and  on  the  cover  a  view  of  the 
old   wooden  press,    with  the   date   1423. 


The  latter  would  be  invested  with  great 
interest  as  an  earlier  pictorial  represent- 
ation of  the  printing-press  than  that  given 
by  Badius  Ascensius,  were  it  not  ap- 
parently supposititious,  like  the  portrait 
of  Koster. 


l62 


Bibliography  of  Frifitiftg. 


Denham  (Henry).     Ordinances  decreed  for  the  Reformation  of  divers 
Disorders  in  Printing  and  Vttering  of  Books.  Asheet.  London:  1566. 


This  printer  lived  at  the  sign  of  the 
"  Star,"  in  Paternoster-row,  and  also  in 
Whitecross-street.  In  1580  he  was  as- 
signee to  William  Seres.  In  1586  he  lived 
in  Aldersgate-street,  at  the  same  sign. 
Entered  as  apprentice  to  Tottel,  Oct.  14, 
1560,  he  became  free  of  the  Stationers' 
Company,    August    30,    1560,    and    was 


several   times  fined,    either  for  printing     Chamber. 


primers  without  license  or  for  some  other 
similar  misbehaviour.  On  his  various 
dwellings  he  put  the  sign  of  the  "  Star," 
which  is  also  his  device.;  It  consists  of 
the  emblem  of  the  flaming  star  with  seven 
rays ;  around  it  the  inscription,  "  Os 
hojnini sublime  dedit."  T^ie  sheet  named 
above  is  one  of  the  decrees  of  the  Star 


LONDON  ;  1559-1591. 

Denis  (Michael).     Annalium  Typographicorum  v.  cl.  Michaelis  Mait- 

taire  supplementa.     2  vols.     Vienn^e  :  1 789,     4to.    jPart  I.   pp. 

xviii.  I  to  479  :  Part  II.  pp.  480  to  883. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  important  works    mation,   however,  is  now  superseded  by 

enumerated  in  our  "  Bibliography."   The     the  result  of  recent  researches  ;  while  the 

labour  involved  in  its  compilation  must    remainder  has  been  since  reproduced  in  a 

have  been  immense.     Much  of  the  infor-     more  readable  form. — See  Maittaire. 

Bibliotheca   Typographica    Vindobonens'.s,     ab     anno    1482- 

1560.  In  gratiam  r&v  (3i(3Xio(j)i\iov  linguam  germanicam  non  cal- 
lentium,  ex  niagno  quod  de  Vindobonensi  typographia  condidit 
opere  (Wiens  Buchdruckergeschichte)  excerpsit  auctor,  Vindobo- 
nensise  :  1782.  4to.  pp.  47,  with  folding  plate  of  printers'  marks 
executed  on  copper. 

vSuffragium  pro  Johanne  de    Spira,   primo  Venetiarum  typo- 


grapho.     Viennce  :  17Q4.     8vo.  pp.  46. 
An  argument  addressed  "to  the  candid  reader,"  in  favour  of  the  claims  of  John 
of  Spira  as  the  prototypographer  of  Venice. 

Wiens  Buchdruckergeschicht  von  1482  bis  1560.    Wien  :  1782. 

4to.      Title  and   4  unnumbered  leaves,   pp.    xxiv.    694,    24   un- 
numbered leaves  of  index,  &c. 

Nachtrag  zur  Wiens  Buchdruckergeschicht.    Wien  :  1 793.    4to. 

pp.  no,  7  unnumbered  leaves  of  index,  &c. 

Michael   Denis  was  a  bibliographer  of  in  the  year  1800,  at  the  age  of  seventy 

iustly-established  eminence,  and  principal  one. — .S'^^'  Peignot's    "  Diet,    de    Biblio- 

librarian     of   the    Imperial    Library    of  log.,"  vol.  i.  p.  122  ;  ii.  232. 
Vienna.    Born  in  Bavaria  in  1729,  he  died 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


163 


DENMA.RK.     Aarsberetninger  og  Meddelelser  fra  det  store  Kongelige 
Bibliothek.     Copenhagen  :   1868.     8vo. 


printed  books  in  the  library,  from  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  Dutchman  or  Fleming 
Snell,  the  first  printer  both  in  Denmark 
and  Sweden,  to  the  many  early  Danish 
volumes  issued  at  Paris  about  1514 
under  the  superintendence  of  Christian 
Pedersen. 


This  is  one  of  the  yearly  reports  and 
communications  from  the  Royal  Library 
of  Copenhagen,  which  have  been  issued 
annually  since  1865,  at  the  expense  of  the 
library,  by  the  chief  librarian.  Christian 
Walther  Bruun,  well  known  as  an  editor 
of  early  Danish  texts.  This  number 
gives  an   account   of  the    early  Danish 

Dennhardt  (Professor).  Anhang  zur  Beschreibung  des  Guten- 
bergesfestes  in  Erfurt.  Festrede,  am  27.  Juli,  1840.  Erfurt : 
1840.     8vo.  pp.  12. 

Dennistoun  (James)  of  Dennistoun.  Memoirs  of  Sir  Robert  Strange, 
engraver,  member  of  several  foreign  Academies  ;  and  of  his 
brother-in-law,  Andrew  Lumisden,  private  secretary  to  the  Stuart 
princes.     2  vols.     London :  1855.     8vo. 

De  Pfortzheim  (Jacob). — See  Pfortzheim. 

[De  Regt.]  Laurens  Jansz  Koster :  Jaarboekje  voor  Typo- 
graphische  Vereenigingen.     Ley  den  :  1856.     i2mo. 

De  Reume  (A.). — See  Reume. 

Derriey  (Jacques  Charles).  Gravure  et  Fonderie  de,  Specimen- 
Album.     Paris  :  1862.     4to. 


This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  works 
ever  issued  from  the  French,  or,  indeed, 
any  other  press.  Although  called  a 
"  Specimen  Album, "and  intended  chiefly 
as  an  example  of  the  work  done  at  the 


of  management  under  which  it  is  now 
carried  on.  An  indignant  protest  is  made 
against  the  system  of  pirating  type- 
founders' designs,  and  reproducing  ma- 
trices by  the  electrotype  process.      The 


celebrated  establishment   from   which  it    Album  was  prepared  for  distribution  at 


emanates,  it  contams  a  considerable 
amount  of  literary  matter  of  a  very  at- 
tractive and  valuable  character.  The 
author,  M.  Derriey,  enters  into  a  history 
of  his  establishment,  describes  his  early 
struggles,  the  humble  origin  of  his  pre- 
sent business,  the  successive  steps  by 
which  it  has  progressed,  and  the  system 


the  International  Exhibition  of  London 
in  1862,  at  which  it  was  afterwards 
honoured  with  a  prize  medal.  It  was 
not  issued  for  sale  ;  but  copies  which 
have  since  changed  hands  have  com- 
manded large  prices.  Several  editions 
were  subsequently  printed  ;  the  last  was 
issued  in  1877. 


—  Notice  sur  les  Produits  Typographiques  de  Charles  Derriey, 
graveur,  fondeur,  et  mecanicien.  Exposition  Universelle  de  1855. 
Decembre,  1855.     Typographic  E.  Meyer,  a  Paris.     8vo.  pp.  60. 


M.  Derriey  formed  an  association  called 
the  "  International  Association  of  En- 
gravers and  Typefounders,"  intended  to 
protect  their  interests  against  the  in- 
fringements which  were  carried  on  by 
means  of  the  then  recently  introduced 
galvano-plastic  process.  Many  houses, 
both  in  France  and  abroad,  had  begun  to 
appropriate  the  productiont  of  M.  Der- 
riey and  others.  This  was  especially 
obnoxious  to  him,  as  his  designs  were  not 
only  all  original  and  peculiar  to  himself, 
but  they  were  actually  engraved  in  his 
own  offices  by  his  own  pupils.  In  an 
interesting  Preface  to  the  above— a  plea 


pro  domo  sua — he  made  an  indignant 
protest  against  this  system,  speaking  in 
the  indignant  terms  of  a  truly  honest 
man,  of  the  disgraceful  system  of  piracy 
which  threatened  to  work  so  much  evil  to 
the  best  interests  of  the  art  of  printing. 
This  little  book  contains,  in  addition,  a 
large  number  of  interesting  facts  con- 
cerning the  history  of  the  house  of 
Derriey.  It  is  written  in  a  clear,  yet 
elegant  style.  The  printing,  by  Ernest 
Meyer,  of  Paris,  is  exquisite,  and  every 
page  testifies  to  the  practical  skill  of  the 
printer,  as  well  as  to  the  ability  and  taste 
of  the  author. 


164 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Derriey  (Jacques  Charles).  De  rOrnementation  Typographiqiie, 
a  propos  du  Specimen  de  M.  Charles  Derriey,  graveur  et  fondeur, 
k  Paris. 

In  the  "  Proces  Verbaux  et  Rapports 
litteraires  des  Membres  de  la  Societe 
Fraternelle  des  Frotes  des  Imprimeries 
typogr^phiques  de  Paris."  Paris  :  Jan., 
1850.  This  was  written  by  M.  Auguste 
Bouchet,   overseer   in  the  printing  esta- 


blishment of  M.  Claye,  reporter  to  the 
commission  appointed  by  the  Paris  Over- 
seers' Society,  composed  of  MM.  Bail- 
leui,  Bourdier,  Bramet,  Cruche,  Mitou- 
flet,  Monpied,  Portier,  and  Richard. 


JACQUES   CHARLES    DERRIEV,    1808-1877. 


Jacques  Charles  Derriey,  born  i8o8, 
died  at  his  residence,  No.  12,  Rue  Notre- 
Dame-des-Champs,  Paris,  on  the  nth 
February,  1877,  was  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  French  typefounders.  He  was 
born  at  Moissey  (Jura),  and  apprenticed 
as  a  compositor  in  the  office  of  Gauthier, 
at   Besangon.      His   family   being   com- 


pelled, owing  to  adverse  circumstances, 
to  settle  in  Paris,  Derriey  accompanied 
them,  and  found  employment  in  the  type- 
foundry  of  Pierre  Didot  the  elder.  Here 
he  acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
art,  his  previous  training  as  a  printer 
being  found  highly  advantageous  to  him. 
He  began  business  on  his  own  account  in 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


'6s 


partnership  with  M.  Bedaux,  the  stereo- 
typer,  in  a  small  office  in  the  Rue  Mon- 
sieur-le-Prince,  Paris,  but  afterwards  re- 
moved to_  No.  12,  Rue-Notre-Dame-des- 
Champs,  "where  his  establishment  is  still 
situated.  M.  Derriey  was  one  of  those 
men,  almost  peculiar  to  France,  who 
have  qualified  themselves  for  one  par- 
ticular calling  by  a  thorough  study  and 
practice  of  all  the  correlative  branches  of 
industry.  He  was  a  practical  engraver, 
stereotyper,  and  compositor,  as  well  as  a 
typefounder.  But  he  possessed,  more- 
over, a  thorough  love  for  art,  a  correct 
taste,  and  great  fertility  of  invention. 
'I'he  result  is  seen  in  the  exquisite  work 
above  cited.  All  of  the  characters  in  it, 
both  types  and  ornaments^ were  designed 
by  Derriey  himself,  and  executed  by  his 
pupils.  Their  merit  has  been  deservedly 
marked  by  the  award  of  many  prize 
medals  at  the  different  International  Ex- 


hibitions, including  those  of  London  and 
Paris,  while  the  author  himself  was 
honoured  by  being  named  a  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour, 

The  late  M.  Derriey  was  also  a  skilled 
mechanic,  and  invented  several  machines 
which  have  proved  of  the  greatest  service 
in  the  foundry  and  the  printing-office. 
Among  them  was  an  apparatus  intended 
as  a  sort  of  complement  to  the  type-cast- 
ing machine,  which  broke  off  the  jet, 
rubbed,  finished,  and  set  up  the  types, 
and  an  adjustable  mould  adapted  for 
casting  different  bodies  to  various  heights. 
He  also  devised  a  numbering-machine 
for  bank-notes,  and  the  "circular  quad- 
rats "  were  also  devised  by  him.  His 
music  type,  of  an  entirely  original  style, 
was  perhaps  the  most  perfect  ever  pro- 
duced. The  business  is  continued  by  his 
brother  Jules,  and  his  brother's  son, 
Charles. 

Desbarreaux-Bernard  (Dr.).     La  Chasse  aux   Incunables.     Tou- 
louse :  1864.     8vo.  3  plates. 

One  hundred  copies  only  printed.     An  amusing  account  of  the  adventures  of  a 
"hunter"  after  incunabula  and  early  products  of  the  printing-press. 

Etablissement  de  I'lmprimerie  dans  la  Province  de  Languedoc. 

Toulouse  :  1875.     ^^o.  pp.  430  ;  eleven  plates. 

One  hundred  and  four  copies  printed. 

LTmprimerie  a  Toulouse  aux  XV«,  XVI%  et  XVII'"  Siecles. 

2^  edition.     Toulouse  :   1865. 


Only  one  hundred  and  forty  copies 
printed.  At  the  end  is  a  folding 
table  containing  the  following  parti- 
culars of  all  the  books  known  to  have 
been  printed  at  Toulouse  during  the  fif- 
teenth century,  from  1476  to  1500  :  The 
names  of  the  authors,  the  titles  of  the 


8vo.  pp.  31. 

books,  where  and  by  whom  printed,  date, 
size,  type,  language,  device,  and  where 
preserved.  The  list  is  headed  with  the 
name  of  Jean  Andrea's  "  Super  Secundum 
Decretalium."  The  book  is  a  valuable 
addition  to  the  literature  of  the  incuna- 
bula. 

Quelques  Recherches  sur  les  Debuts  de  ITmprimerie  a  Toulouse. 

No  date.     8vo. 

Description  bibliographique  de  la  Bibliotheque  de  Joseph  Ermens, 
imprimeur  libraire  a  Bruxelles  :  1805.     2  vols.  8vo. 
The  sale  of  this  library,  which  included  many  rare  incunabula,   took  place  the 
1 2th  November,  1805. 

Desmaretz.     £loge  historique  de  J.  Callot.    Nancy:  1828.    8vo. 
Desportes  (M.J.)  Manuel  pratique  du  Lithographe.   Paris :  1834.  8vo. 
Despr£aux.     Note  detaillee  sur  I'invention  de  la  gravure  en  relief. 

Paris  :  1836.     4to. 
Desroches  (J.).  Nieuw  Onderzoek  naar  den  Oorsprong  der  Boekdruk- 

kunst.     Amsterd"'m  :  1778.     8vo. 
Nouvelles  Recherches  sur  ITmprimerie,  dans  lesquelles  on  fait 

voir  que  la  premiere  idee   en   est   due  a   des   Braban9ons.     In 

vol,  i.  of  "Collections  de  r Academic  de  Bruxelles."    Bruxelles: 

1777.     4to. 


i66 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


One  of  the  numerous  attempts,  no  doubt  patriotically  inspired,  to  confer  on  differ- 
ent countries  the  honour  of  having  given  birth  to  the  inventor  of  typography.  The 
first  printer,  according  to  this  theory,  was  a  native  of  Brabant. 

Destanberg  (Napoleon).     Laurens  Coster.     Drama  in  dry  bedrijven. 
Antwerpen;  1855.     8vo.     pp.  56. 
The  author  was  a  dramatist,  and  the  above  forms  one  of  a  series  of  plays,  entitled 
"  Bibliotheek  van  Oorspronkelijke  Tooneelstukken." 


Destresius  (Jodocus). 

The  device  of  this  printer  consists  of  "  Sine  sanguinis  effusione,  non  fit  remis- 

the   emblem  of  the  pelican   feeding  his  sio  "  (without  the  shedding  of  blood  there 

young,  on   the   foreground   of  the  land-  is  no  remission  of  sins), 
scape.     In  an  oval  border  is  the  motto, 

**  Devil  (A  designing)."     The  New  Art  of  Printing.      An  article  in 
Blackwood's  Magazine  (Edinburgh),  vol.  Iv.  p.  45. 

De  ViLLiERS  (P.),   M.D.     The   ^Signature  of  Gutenberg.     London: 
1878.     8vo.  pp.  29 ;  with  folding  sheet,  facsimile  olf  the  Letters 
of  Indulgence,  1455.     [3CX)  copies  only  printed.] 
This  pamphlet,  dedicated  to  the  city  of    earliest  known  examples  of  printing  with 


Mayence,  the  cradle  of  the  art  of  print- 
ing, contains  an  account  of  an  alleged 
discovery  made  by  the  author.  Pope 
Nicholas  V.  granted  certain  Letters  of 
Indulgence.  They  were  printed  in  imita- 
tion of  earlier  Letters  of  Indulgence,  at 
the  press  of  Gutenberg,  and  the  first  issue 
bears  the  date  of  1454.  The  few  copies 
now   extant  are    highly  prized,    as    the 


movable  types.  They  contain  a  curious 
cipher  on  the  back,  which  stands  pro- 
bably for  the  word  Regesta,  denoting  the 
official  registration  of  the  instrument. 
Dr.  De  Villiers  analyzes  the  different 
strokes,  and  comes  to  the  mistaken  con- 
clusion that  they  consist  of  a  fanciful 
arrangement  of  the  letters  forming  the 
word   Gutenberg,    and    that    they   were 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  167 

written  by  the  proto  -  printer  himself,  duction  of  which  the  author  proposes  to 
There  follows  some  account  of  the  Guten-  reissue),  the  Catholicon,  and  the  Letter 
berg    or    "  Mazarine "    Bible    (a    repro-     of  Indulgence. 

Devincenzini  (Joseph).  Electrographie,  ou  nouvel  art  de  graver  en 
relief  sur  metal,  decouvert  par  Joseph  Devincenzini.  Memoire 
de  I'auteur,  presente  a  I'Academie  des  Sciences  de  I'lnstitut. 
Paris  :  1 856.     4to. 

De  Vinne  (Theodore  L.).  Book  Margins.  A  series  of  articles  in 
i\xQ  Printers'  Circular.    Philadelphia,  U.S.A. :   1871. 

The  Invention  of  Printing.     A  collection  of  Facts  and  Opinions 

descriptive  of  early  Prints  and  Playing-cards,  the  Block  Books  of 
the  Fifteenth  Century,  the  Legend  of  Laurens  Janszoon  Coster  of 
Haarlem,  and  the  work  of  John  Gutenberg  and  his  associates. 
Illustrated  with  many  facsimiles  of  Ea^ly  Types  and  Woodcuts. 
New  York  :  1876.     8vo.  pp.  556. 

Second  edition.     London  and  New  York  :    1877.     8vo.  pp. 


557. 

A  most  useful  work,  and  gives  evi-  I  might  find  gleanings  of  value  in  the  old 
dence  of  the  utmost  care  and  painstaking  field,  and  that  it  would  be  practicable  to 
on  the  part  of  the  author.  Mr.  De  Vinne  present  them,  with  the  newly-discovered 
says  in  his  preface  : — "  European  critics  facts,  in  a  form  which  would  be  accept- 
do  not  hesitate  to  say  that  the  confusing  able  to  the  printer  and  the  general 
and  contradictory  descriptions  of  the  reader.  In  this  belief,  and  for  this  pur- 
origin  of  printing  are  largely  due  to  the  pose,  this  book  was  written."  The  man- 
improper  deference  heretofore  paid  to  the  ner  in  which  Mr.  De  Vinne  has  executed 
statements  of  men  who  tried  to  describe  his  self-imposed  task  thoroughly  vindi- 
processes  which  they  did  not  understand,  cates  him  in  having  made  the  attempt. 
They  say,  also,  that  too  little  attention  The  illustrations  are  chiefly  automatic  re- 
has  been  paid  to  the  types  and  mechanics  productions  in  reduced  size,  direct  from 
of  early  printing.  Criticisms  of  this  cha-  the  originals,  and  are  very  well  executed, 
racter  led  me  to   indulge  the  hope  that 

John  Gutenberg.   AxioxiiclQin  Scribner''s  Monthly,  May,  1876. 

Medijeval  Printing,     The  substance  of  a  paper  read  before  the 

New  York  Typographical  Society.  In  the  Printers^  Journal 
(New  York),  June  18  and  July  2,  1866. 
The  author  combats  the  impression  methods  of  type-founding — have  enabled 
that  the  mediaeval  printing  was  superior,  printers  to  achieve,  was  altogether  impos- 
in  regard  to  technical  execution,  to  the  sible  in  the  early  days  of  the  art.  At  the 
modern,  and  shows  that,  on  the  contrary,  same  time  he  does  not  withhold  his  tri- 
the  perfection  which  recent  mechanical  bute  to  the  marvellous  excellence  of 
inventions — such  as  improved  presses  and    several  early  specimens  of  typography. 

The  Printer's  Price  List  :  a  Manual  for  the  Use  of  Clerks  and 

Bookkeepers  in  Job  Printing  Offices.    New  York  :  1869.  fcp.  8vo. 

pp.168. Another  edition.     New  York  :  1871.    Medium  i2mo. 

PP-  459- 
As  a  printer's  price-list,  this  Is  the  most    what  its  title-page  promises.     The  book 

elaborate  work  of  the  kind  that  has  ever    possesses  great  authority  throughout  the 

been   issued,    but    it    pra  ents    a    large     United  States. 

amount  of  valuable  information  beyond 

Profits  of  Book  Composition.   New   York:  1864.    8vo.  pp.  33. 

A  reprint,  in  pamphlet  form,  of  some  observations  published  in  the  Printer  (New 
York).  It  was  re-issued  at  the  request  of  the  master  printers  of  New  York,  and  well 
deserved  the  compliment,  for  it  is  a  most  sensible  and  practical  treatise. 


i68 


Bibliography  of  Ffintin^ 


De  Vinne  (Theodore  L. ).    Record  of  Proceedings  and  Ceremonies  per- 
taining to  the  Erection  of  the  Franklin  Statue  in  Printing-house 
Square,  New  York,  presented  by  Albert  De  Groot  to  the  Press  and 
Printersof  the  City  of  New  York.  New  York  :  1872.  8vo.  pp.  104. 
Printing-house  Square,  in  the  centre  of    of  the  most  hearty  and  interesting  cha- 
New  York,  is  the  heart  of  the  newspaper     racter.     Among  those  who  took  a  promi- 
industry  of  that  city.     It  is  surrounded    nent  part  in  the  affair  was  Mr.  De  Vinne, 
by  the  palatial   offices   of  some   of  the     who  was   naturally  selected  as  the  most 
morning,  and  several  of  the  weekly,  jour-    suitable  person,    from    his   abilities   and 
nals.     It  was  thought  appropriate  that  in    position  as  a  litterateur  and  a  printer,  to 
the  centre  of  the  square  there  should  be       — -"-   -   --'   -'■  -i^     -        tl- 


write  a  memorial  of  the  occasion.  The 
result  is  the  work  named  above,  which 
has  a  permanent  value  as  an  expression 
of  opinion,  on  the  part  of  some  of  the 
leading  American  journalists,  of  the  value 
of  the  Press,  and  a  record  of  some  of  the 
most  eloquent  speeches  in  honour  of 
Printing  which  have  ever  been  delivered. 


erected  a  statue  of  Benjamin  Franklin 
America's  famous  patriot-printer,  and  a 
wealthy  citizen,  Mr.  Albert  De  Groot, 
came  forward  and  defrayed  the  expense 
of  the  erection.  The  monument  was  in- 
augurated amid  great  rejoicings,  and  in 
the  presence  of  some  of  the  most  eminent 
citizens,  the  proceedings  throughout  being 

Speed  in  Composition.     A  review  of  all  the  attempts  made  in 

this  field    from   I^ogotypes   to  Type-setting  Machines.      Twelve 
articles  in  the  Printing  Gazette.     Cleveland,  Ohio  :  1871. 

rica,  and  while  occasionally  bringing  to 
light  extraordinary  dexterity  in  "picking 
up  stamps,"  they  sometimes  encourage  a 
variety  of  ingenious  dodges  and  tricks, 
many  of  which  are  referred  to. 

Observations  on  Eight  Hours  and 

higher  Prices,  suggested  by  recent  Conferences  between  the  New 

York  Typographical   Union  and  the  Employing  Book  and  Job 

Printers  of  that  city.     New  York  :  1872.     8vo.  pp.  44. 

Mr.  De  Vinne  is  one  of  the  few  acknow-    articles  in  various  periodicals  on  printing 

ledged  authorities  in  America  on  all  mat-     and  its  history  ;  and  for  several  years  has 

ters  relating  to  the  literature  and  practice     taken  an  active   and   influential  part   in 

of  the  art  of  printing.     Besides  being  a    trade   politics   at   New  York,   where  he 

constant  contributor  to  most  of  the  trade     carries  on  an  extensive  printing  business. 

journals,  he    has  written  a  number  of    See  Hart  (Francis). 


These  articles  were  largely  quoted  in 
the  American  technical  journals,  and  they 
contain  a  deal  of  matter  of  an  amusing 
as  well  as  practical  character.  Fast  type- 
setting contests  are  indigenous  to  Ame- 

The  State   of  the  Trade  : 


LONDON  :    1590-1599. 

Dexter  (Robert). 

This    printer    lived     at    the    "Brazen     1590.     He  was  a  benefactor  to  the  Sta- 
Serpent,"   in   St.   Paul's  Churchyard,  in     tioners'  Company.     Herbert's  Ames  says 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


169 


that  he  printed  after  1660  ;  if  this  be 
correct,  he  must  have  carried  on  the  busi- 
ness for  an  unusually  extended  period. 
From  Arber's  "Transcripts  of  the  Regis- 
ters of  the  Stationers'  Company  "  it  ap- 
pears that  Dexter  became  free  of  the 
Company  June  25,  1589.  The  date  of  his 
first  registered  publication  is  January  20, 
15Q0.     The  device  annexed  is  taken  from 


Bishop  Hall's  "  Virgidemarium  "  (1598). 
It  consists  of  the  emblem  of  a  flaming 
star  with  eight  rays,  pointed  out  by  a 
right  hand  \dexter,  Lat.,  right  hand— a 
pun  on  the  name  of  the  printer)  issuing 
from  the  ground.  In  the  oval  cartouche 
round  it  is  the  motto,  "  Deus  imperat 
astris "  (God  rules  the  stars),  and  on 
either  side  one  of  the  initials  R.  D. 


DiBDiN  (The  Rev.  Thomas  Frognall),  D.D.  .^Edes  Althorpianze  ;  or, 
an  Account  of  the  Mansion,  Books,  and  Pictures  at  Althorp,  the 
residence  of  George  John  Earl  Spencer,  K.G.  To  which  is  added 
a  Supplement  to  the  Bibliotheca  Spenceriana.  London  :  1822-23. 
Imperial  8vo.  Vol.  i.  pp.  Ixxii.  and  246  ;  vol.  ii.  pp.  322  ;  vol.  iii. 
pp.  X.  and  295. 


A  magnificently-printed  work,  descrip- 
tive of  the  typographical  and  other  anti- 
quities at  Althorp  (about  six  miles  from 
Northampton),  a  domain  possessed  by  the 
Spencer  family  for  upwards  of  three  cen- 
turies. The  second  and  third  volumes 
were  printed  by  W.  Nicol,  successor  to 
W.  Bulmer  &  Co.  The  third  volume  is 
devoted  to  the  Cassano  collection,  con- 
sisting of  rare  works  and  specimens  of  the 


early  Neapolitan  press,  with  an  index  of 
authors  and  editions.  The  whole  con- 
tains a  fund  of  valuable  matter  for  the 
typographical  student.  The  engravings 
of  this  work  were  stated  by  the  author  to 
have  cost  nearly  ;^ 2,000,  and  the  copper- 
plate printing  and  French  paper  about 
j^35o  more.  The  cost  of  each  block 
ranged  from  ;^i57  to  £']t,. 


The  Bibliographical  Decameron  ;  or,  Ten  Days'  pleasant  Dis- 
course upon  Illuminated  Manuscripts  and  subjects  connected 
with  early  Engraving,  Typography,  and  Bibliography.  3  vols, 
imperial  8vo.     London  :  181 7. 


This  work  forms  one  of  the  monuments 
of  typographical  bibliography.  As  in  the 
style  of  its  production  it  is  the  most 
sumptuous,  so  in  the  nature  of  its  con- 
tents it  may  be  said  to  be  one  of  the  most 
interesting  books  relative  to  ancient  and 
modern  printing. 

The  "  Decameron  "  consists  of  conver- 
sations between  certain  imaginary  person- 
ages with  classical  cognomens,  each  pos- 
sessing some  special  knowledge  of  one  of 
the  subjects  touched  upon,  and  the  others 
maintaining  various  views,  and  expressing 
different  opinions  thereupon.  We  give  the 
following  complete  synopsis  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  volumes,  partly  on  account 
of  the  literary  importance  of  the  work  to 
which  we  are  now  referring,  and  partly 
because  such  an  epitome  will  be  useful  to 
those  who  may  have  occasion  to  refer  to 
the  books  for  one  of  the  mfiny  items  of 
typographical  interest  which  they  con- 
tain : — 

Sy7topsis  of  Volume  /.*  which  contains 
title,  dedication,  preface  vOP-  i-  to  xvi.). 
First  Day  (folios  in  Roman  numerals), 
xix.  to  ccxxv.,  and  pp.  i  to  410.  First 
Day. — Account  of  some  of  the  more  an- 
cient manuscripts  written  in  capital 
letters.     Brief  view  of  the  progress  of  the 


arts  of  design  and  composition,  in  illumi- 
nated MS.,  from  the  fifth  to  the  sixteenth 
century  inclusively.  Second  Day. — 
Ancient  missals  and  breviaries.  The 
Roman,  Ambrosian,  Mozarabic,  and  Val- 
lambrosa  rituals.  Ornaments  of  printed 
books  of  devotion.  The  Death-Dance. 
Allegorical,  pastoral,  grotesque,  and  do- 
mestic subjects  of  decoration.  Of  the 
most  distinguished  printers  of  missals, 
&c.  Advice  to  young  collectors.  Third 
Day. — Engraved  ornaments  of  printed 
books,  &c.  Block-books.  Ars  Memo- 
randa Speculum  Humanae  Salvationis. 
Ars  Monendi.  Hartlieb's  Chiromancy. 
Books  of  Chiromancy  and  Physiognomy. 
Bibles.  Ancient  classics.  German  pub- 
lications and  translations  of  the  classics. 
Romances.  Works  of  a  grotesque  cha- 
racter. Basil  books.  Works  upon  hawk- 
ing. Emblems.  Italian  classics  and 
novels.  Improvement  to  be  derived  from 
elegantly-published  works  of  genius. 
Fourth  Day. — Origin  and  early  pro- 
gress of  printing. 

The  Second  Volume  has  535  pages,  de- 
voted as  follows  :  Fifth  Day. — Progress 
of  printing  in  Germany  and  Italy  {co7i- 
tinued).  Rise  and  progress  of  printing 
in  France,  at  Paris,  at  Rouen,  at  Lyons, 


170 


Bibliography  of  Pi'iniing. 


at  Antwerp,  and  at  other  places  in  the  printers  of  eminence.  Eighth  Day.— 
Low  Countries.  Progress  of  printing  at  Of  bookbinding,  ancient  and  modern  ; 
Venice, — the  Aldine  press,  the  presses  of    with  divers  singular  anecdotes,  and  sundry 


the  Giunti,  the  Sessae,  and  Gioliti,  &c. 
The  presses  of  Froben,  Oporinus,  &c., 
at  Rasle.  Portraits  of  printers.  Intro- 
duction of  title-pages,  simple  and  decora- 
tive. Sixth  Day. — The  former  subject 
continued,  including  some  account  of 
early  printing  at  Louvain.  Seve.nth 
Day.—  Decorative  printing.  Imaginary 
and  authentic  portraits  of  printers.  Title- 
pages,  simple  and  ornamental.  Capital 
initials.  Woodcut  portraits  of  eminent 
characters.  Comparison  between  the 
ancient  and  modern  art  of  printing.  Of 
paper     and    vellum.       Modern    English 


curious  graphic  embellishments  connected 
therewith. 

The  Third  Vohivie  has  544  pages,  thus 
divided:  Ninth  Day. — Characters  of 
deceased  and  living  book-auction-loving 
bibliomaniacs.  Of  book  sales  by  auction 
since  the  year  1811.  Tenth  Day. — 
Brief  view  of  bibliographical  literature  in 
Italy,  France,  and  Germany.  Further 
account  as  a  Supplement  to  the  "  Biblio- 
mania." Of  libraries  and  book  collectors 
in  England.  Of  booksellers.  Of  private 
presses.     Conclusion. 

DiBDiN  (Rev.  T.   F.),  D.D.     The   Bibliomania,    or   Bookmadness  : 
containing  some  Account  of  the  History,  Symptoms,  and  Cure  of 
this  fatal  Disease.     In  an  Epistle  addressed  to  Richard  Heber, 
Esquire.     London  :  1809.     8vo.   pp.  88. 
This    was     the     original     edition     of 


was 
Dibdin's  celebrated  work.  It  was 
"  printed  by  William  Savage,  Bedford- 
bury,  Covent  Garden,  price  4s."  At  the 
end  is  an  advertisement  relative  to  the 
approaching  publication  of  Dibdin's  edi- 
tion of  Ames. 

The  "  Bibliomania "  went  through 
several  editions.  The  pamphlet  of  1809 
was  expanded,  two  years  later,  in  181 1, 
into  a  volume  of  782  pages,  printed  by 
McCreery,  author  of  "The  Press."  This 
book,  in  six  chapters,  was  liberally  illus- 
trated. In  1842  Bohn  published  an  edi- 
tion in  8vo.,  which  reproduced  the  illus- 


trations of  1811  with  some  additions,  and 
gave  an  extra  chapter  with  a  key  to  the 
assumed  characters,  &c.  Messrs.  Chatto 
&  Windus  published  a  reprint  of  this  last 
edition  in  1876. 

A  curious  contrast  to  the  fervid  biblio- 
mania of  this  book  is  to  be  found  in 
"  Bibliophobia  :  Remarks  on  the  present 
languid  and  depressed  state  of  literature 
and  the  Book  Trade.  In  a  letter  ad- 
dressed to  the  author  of  '  The  Biblio- 
mania.'" By  Mercurius  Rusticus,  with 
notes  by  Cato  Parvus.  London  :  1832. 
Bvo.  Between  1809  and  1832  the  mania 
attained  its  climax. 


—  -Bibliotheca  Spenceriana ;  or,  a  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the 
Books  printed  in  the  15th  Century,  and  of  many  valuable  first 
Editions  in  the  Library  of  George  John,  Earl  Spencer,  K.G. 
London  :  1814-15.  8vo.  Vol.  i.  preface  (i.-ix. ),  works  executed  in 
the  early  infancy  of  printing  (i. -Hi.),  and  pp.  383.  Vol.  ii.  pp.  503; 
vol.  iii.  509;  vol.  iv.  preface  (i.-vii.),  pp.  587,  and  indexes 
(i,-lxxvii.). 


portrait  of  Lord  Spencer,  not  found  in 
the  small  copies.  One  of  them  is  in  the 
British  Museum. 


The  last  volume  contains  the  account 
of  the  early  English  printers,  with  fac- 
similes of  some  of  their  works.  The 
large   paper   copies    have   an   additional 

■  A  descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Books  printed  in  the  fifteenth 

century,  lately  forming  part  of  the  library  of  the  Duke  de  Cassano 
Cerra,  and  now  the  property  of  George  John,  Earl  Spencer,  K.G. ; 
with  a  general  index  of  authors  and  editions  contained  in  the 
present  volume  and  in  the  Bibliotheca  Spenceriana  and  .^des 
AlthorpiancC.     London  :   1823.     Imp.  8vo. 

This,  with  the  "Bibliotheca  Spenceriana"  and  the  "  iEdes  Althorpianse,"  com- 
pletes the  description  of  the  Althorp  collection,  in  eight  of  the  finest  volumes  ever 
devoted  to  such  a  purpose. 


Bibliography  of  Frifiting.  171 

DiBDiN  (Rev.  T.  F.),  D.D.  "Here  begyneth  a  littel  Tome  and 
hathe  to  name  The  Lincolne  Nosegay  :  beynge  a  brefe  table  of 
certaine  bokes  in  the  possession  of  Maister  Thomas  Frognall 
Dibdin,  clerk,  which  bookes  be  to  be  sold  to  him  who  shal  gyue 
the  moste  for  ye  same.  [London  :  1808.]  8vo.  pp.  16. 
A  catalogue  of  Dibdin's  library,  purposely  written  in  a  very  quaint  fashion,  and 

printed  with  a  view  to  dispose  of  the  various  books.     There  are  many  typographical 

allusions  of  considerable  interest. 

Holbein's  Dance  of  Death,  exhibited  in  elegant  engravings  on 

wood,  with  a  Dissertation  on  the  several  representations  of  that 
subject,  by  Francis   Douce,   Esq.,  F.A.S.  ;  also  Holbein's  Bible 
Cuts,  consisting  of  90  illustrations  on  wood,  with  introduction  by 
Thos.  Froc^nall  Dibdin.      London  :   1858.     8vo. 
One  of  the  vols,  of  "  Bohn's  Illustrated  Library"  (Introduction,  pp.  218).    It  gives 

an  account  of  Holbein's  celebrated  woodcuts  and  their  engravers,  with  engravers' 

marks,  memoirs,  &c. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Knowledge    of   Rare    and  Valuable 

Editions  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Classics,  being  in  part  a  tabulated 
arrangement  from  Dr.  Harwood's  "  View,"  &c.  ;  with  notes  from 
Maittaire,  De  Bure,  Dictionnaire  Bibliographique,  and  references  to 
ancient  and  modern  catalogues.  Gloucester  :  1802.  i2mo.  pp.64. 
In  the  preface  of  this  work  it  is  stated  graphy.  The  hand  of  Heaven  worked  in 
that  the  English  nation,  so  perfect  in  a  cause  so  friendly,  so  beneficial  to  man. 
most  things,  is  without  a  typographical  The  art  of  Printing  sprang  at  once  from 
and  bibliographical  dictionary,  a  book  infancy  to  maturity,  and  its  growth, 
that  would  be  as  useful  in  our  language  though  rapid,  was  firm  and  complete." 
as  the  "  Dictionnaire  Bibliographique "  The  book  ends  with  the  prophecy  that 
is  in  the  French.  Referring  to  the  typo-  "the  time  has  come  when  hundreds  and 
graphical  aspect  of  his  work,  the  reverend  thousands  of  pounds  are  readily  given  for 
author  (who  was  at  the  time,  however,  a  Raphael,  a  Cbrreggio,  or  a  Caracci ; 
only  a  B.  A.) says  ;—"  Whatever  gratifica-  the  time  may  come  when  ;^5o  or  ;^ioo 
tions  the  collector  or  antiquarian  may  will  be  cheerfully  devoted  to  a  Faust,  or  a 
enjoy  from  other  pursuits,  it  is  certain  Jenson,  or  a  Spira."  Dibdin  little  anti- 
that  in  his  discoveries  of  early  typography  cipated  a  book  like  the  Gutenberg  Bible 
he  will  generally  meet  with  truth  and  (on  which  Fust  was  engaged)  being  priced 
beauty  united.  Some  bold  antiquaries  in  Mr.  Quaritch's  catalogue  at  3,000 
there  are  who,  in  the  time  spent  on  virtu  guineas,  or  a  Caxton  like  the  "  Knight  of 
may  mistake  a  few  broken  beads  for  the  the  Tower  "  being  sold  at  public  auction 
bracelet  of  Cleopatra,  a  half-worn  scyme-  for  upwards  of  ^600  ! 
tar  for  the  faulchion  of  Marc  Anthony  ;  A  second  edition,  in  8vo.,  enlarged,  of 
but  in  a  .specimen  of  early  typography  the  "Introduction"  was  published  in 
little  error  or  imperfection  can  be  found.  London  in  1804  A  third  edition,  also  in 
I  speak  as  to  the  antiquity  and  the  form  Svo.,  with  additional  authors  and  bio- 
of  the  letter.  It  will  be  seen  with  wonder  graphical  notices,  &c.,  was  issued  in  two 
and  delight  that,  excepting  the  first  rude  vols.,  London,  1808.  A  fourth  edition,  in 
essays  of  Costerius,  Guttemberg,  Fust,  8vo.,  greatly  enlarged  and  corrected  (2 
and  Schoeffer,  nothing  can  exceed  the  vols.),  appeared  in  London  m  1827. 
regularity  and  splendour  of  early  typo- 

The  Library  Companion  ;  or,  the  Young  Man's  Guide  and  the 

Old  Man's  Comfort  in  the  Choice  of  a  Library.     London  :     1824. 
2  vols.   8vo.     V<^'.  i.  pp.  lii.  and  400  ;  vol.  ii.  pp.  512. 
Accompanying  the  lists  of  editions  are  notices  of  the  early  printers,  and  typogra- 
phical descriptions  of  editiones  principes. 

■ •  The  Pastime  of  People  ;  or,  the  Chronicle  of  Divers  Realmes, 

and  most  especially  of  the  Realm  of  England,  briefly  compiled 
and  imprinted  in  Cheapside  by  John  Rastell  [A.  D.  1529.] 
London:   181 1.     4to.   pp.  viii.  and  299. 


172 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


In  republishing  the  work  of  the  famous  city  printer  Rastell,   Dibdin  g^ives  an 
account  of  the  life  and  labours  of  its  author.    The  facsimile  woodcuts  are  exceedingly 


Dibdin  (Rev.  T.  F.),  D.D.  Proposals  for  publishing  by  Subscription, 
at  ^^3.  3s.  each  Volume,  a  new  Edition  of  Ames's  Typographical 
Antiquities,  by  Herbert ;  greatly  enlarged  and  corrected,  in 
5  volumes  quarto.  By  the  Rev.  Thomas  Frognall  Ditxiin, 
F.S.A.,  author  of  "  An  Introduction  to  the  Knowledge  of  Rare 
and  Valuable  Editions  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  Classics,  &c," 
N.B.  The  subscription  will  be  considered  as  binding  only  for  the 
first  volume ;  and  the  money  need  not  be  paid  until  the  book  is 
delivered.  London  :  1808.  8vo.  pp.  8. 
This  is  the  prospectus  of  the  celebrated  edition  of  Ames's  "Typographical  Anti- 
quities" (q.  v.\ 

Reminiscences  of  a   Literary  Life.     London  :   1836.     2  vols. 

8vo.  Vol.  i.  pp.  xxiv.  and  556 ;  vol.  ii.  557-982  and  index  (44 
pp.). 

This  work  has  not  only  a  personal  in- 
terest, as  the  autobiography  of  the  cele- 
brated bibliographer  who  in  his  time  was 
said  to"  bestride  the  whole  literary  world 
like  a  Colossus,"  but  incidentally  presents 
a  variety  of  facts  concerning  the  origin, 
the  progress,  and  the  success  of  his  typo- 

Voyage    bibliographique,    archeologique,    et    pittoresque    en 

France,  par  le  Rev.  Th.  Frognall  Dibdm.  Traduit  de  1' Anglais, 
avec  des  Notes,  par  Theod.  Licquet,  conservateur  de  la  Biblio- 
theque  publique  de  Rouen.  Paris  :  1825.  8vo.  Vol.  i.  pp.  xxiv.  and 
344  ;  vol.  ii.  pp.  374  ;  vol.  iii.  pp.  viii.  and  384 ;  vol.  iv.  pp.  447. 

The  third  and  fourth  volumes  were  translated  by  G.  A.  Crapelet,  who  added  cer- 
tain notes  and  a  preface  to  vol.  iii.  : — 

Lettre    trentieme   concernant    I'Imprimerie    et    la    Librairie 

de   Paris,    traduite   avec  des   notes   par  G,  A.  Crapelet.     Paris  : 

1821.     4to. 
Dibdin  afterwards  in  rep'y  wrote  : — 

Brief  Remarks  upon  the  Preface  and  Notes  of  G.  A.  Crapelet, 

attached  to  his  translation  of  the  30th  letter  of  the  Bibliographical, 
Antiquarian,  and  Picturesque  Tour.  By  the  Author  of  that  Tour. 
London  :   1 82 1.     8vo.  pp.  v.  and  31. 


graphical  publications,  as  well  as  descrip- 
tions of  the  methods  by  which  they  were 
produced,  Any  printer  who  appreciates 
the  literature  of  his  art  will  experience 
great  pleasure  in  the  perusal  of  these  en- 
tertaining volumes. 


Only  36  copies  were  printed,  and  one  of 
them  was  presented  by  the  author  to  the 
British  Museum.  It  contains  Dibdin's 
autograph.  The  remarks  are  pungent 
and  sarcastic.  Crapelet's  work  is  said  to 
be  "  his  first,"  and  "hoped  to  be  his  last " 
contribution  to  literature.  "  Let  him 
adhere  closely  to  his  tympans  and  friskets, 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Frognall  Dibdin  was 
born  in  India  in  1775,  and  died  in  1847. 
His  father,  Capt.  Thomas  Dibdin,  was  the 
brother  of  the  distinguished  song-writer, 
Charles  Dibdin.  Being  left  an  orphan  at 
an  early  age,    Dibdin  was  sent  home  to 


for  which  Renouard  and  Brunet  fils  will 
supply  much  better  employment  than  any- 
thing he  can  produce."  But,  as  our 
Bibliography  shows,  Crapelet  afterwards 
became  quite  a  prolific  writer. — See  also 
Haslewood  (Joseph)  —  "  Roxburghe 
Revels." 


England,  where  he  received  a  good  edu- 
cation, and  was  prepared  for  the  law,  but 
ultimately  took  holy  orders.  He  became 
an  author  at  an  early  age,  writing  essays, 
stories,  and  poems  for  the  magazines,  and 
sonie     disquisitions    upon     legal    topics. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  173 

His  best-known  works,  however,  are  so  ably  ministered,  and  to  bitterly  bewail 
those  upon  bibliographical  and  typo-  its  extinction.  There  is  preserved  in  the 
graphical  subjects.  We  have  given  British  Museum  an  exceedingly  interest- 
above  a  list  of  all  that  were  connected  ing  volume  of  his  latest  autograph  letters, 
with  printing.  Dibdin  lived  to  survive  addressed  by  Dibdin  to  some  of  his  lite- 
the  book-collecting  passion  to  which  he  rary  friends.     He  died  very  poor. 

Dickenson  (Samuel  N.).  A  Help  to  Printers  and  Publishers : 
being  a  Series  of  Calculations,  showing  the  quantity  of  paper  re- 
quired for  a  given  number  of  signatures  in  book-work,  and  the 
number  of  tokens  contained  therein,  carried  out  to  an  extent  that 
will  seldom,  if  ever,  fail  to  embrace  the  largest  jobs.  Also  an 
extensive  Table  for  Job-work,  showing  the  quantity  of  paper 
required  for  a  given  number  of  bills,  labels,  duplicates  of  book- 
work,  &c.  Boston  (Mass.)  :  1835.  8vo.  pp.  viii.  and  24,  216, 
and  20. 


Specimen  of  Book  Printing.     Boston  :     1842.     Royal  8vo. 


Dictionary  (A)  of  Lithography  and  its  Auxiliary  Arts.  Published  in 
instalments  in  the  Lithographer  from  January,  1872  to  June,  1874. 

Dictionnaire  des  Arts  et  Manufactures.  "  Imprimerie  typo- 
graphique,"  p.  192;  *' Gravure  en  relief,"  p.  189.  Paris: 
1867.     Large .  8vo. 

Didot  (Ambroise  Firmin).  Aide  Manuce  et  I'Hellenisme  k  Venise. 
Orne  de  quatre  portraits  et  d'un  facsimile.  Hellenisme  dans 
I'Occident;  Isabelle  D'Este,  marquise  de  Mantoue;  Correspondance 
inedite  des  Refugies  Grecs  en  Italic  ;  Zacharias  Calliergi  et  les 
Calligraphes  Cretois ;  Premieres  Impressions  Grecques,  etc. 
Paris  :  1875.     8vo.  pp.  Ixviii.  and  647. 

A  monograph  of  Aldus  Manutius,  the  from  an  Italian  line  engraving  of  great 
great  Italian  printer  of  the  sixteenth  rarity  which  belonged  to  M.  Didot's  col- 
century,  to  whom  the  world  of  literature  lection.  This  was  reproduced,  to  illustrate 
owes  some  of  the  best  editions  of  the  an  appreciative  and  lengthy  review  of  the 
Greek  classics,  and  the  world  of  art  some  book,  in  the  Printing  Times  and 
of  the  noblest  examples  of  tjrpography.  Lithographer  (August,  1875),  p.  167. 
It  gives,  further,  a  bibliographical  and  At  the  side  is  the  mark  of  Aldus — a  dol- 
technical  account  of  the  products  of  the  phin  entwined  round  an  anchor,  a  device 
Aldine  press  from  1494  to  1515.  In  seve-  found  on  the  obverse  of  a  medal  of 
ral  respects  it  corrects  the  received  Vespasian,  and  on  another  of  Domitian. 
opinions  concerning  the  Aldi,  and  all  its  The  great  printer  adopted  the  emblem  as 
statements  have  been  derived,  after  years  a  token  of  swiftness  (the  dolphin)  in  ex- 
of  study  and  research  on  the  part  of  the  ecution,  combined  with  steadiness  (the 
late  M.  A.  F.  Didot,  from  the  best  autho-  anchor)  in  conception.  There  is  also 
rities.  The  ordinary  text-books  of  the  given  a  portrait  of  Isabella  d'Este,  the 
history  of  printing  abound  with  errors  on  patron  of  Aldus,  and  of  Marc  Musurus  ; 
the  subject,  and  these  have  been  too  a  view  of  the  tomb  of  Prince  Alberto  Pio  ; 
often  copied  and  perpetuated  without  the  and  a  facsimile  of  the  caligraphy  of  Marc 
slightest  attempt  at  verification,  Prefixed  Musurus. — See  Manutius. 
to  the  work  is  a  portrait  of  Aldus,  taken 


Les  Aide  Manuce.     Paris  :  i860.     8vo.  pp.  15. 


Excerpt  from  the  "  NouVelle  Biographie  Generale,"  vol.  i.p.  33. 

Catalogue  raisonne  des  Livres  de  la  Bibliotheque  de  M.  A.  F. 


Didot.     Paris  :  1867.     8vo.  pp.  iv.  and  384. 

In  the  preface  to  the  first  part  of  the    de  chevalerie  ")  there  is  given  a  descrip- 

Catalogue  of  M.  Didot's  library  ("livres    tion  of  a  series  of  books  bearing  on  the 

a    figures    sur   bois,    solennites,    romans    history  of  printing,  by  reason  of  their  em- 


174  Bibliography  of  Frinti?ig. 

belHshment  with  .engravings  on  wood,  are  raised  in  the  essay  prefixed  to 
which  serve  also  to  settle  some  questions  Vecellio's  book  on  "Ancient  Costumes." 
in  the  history  of  wood-engraving,  which 

DiDOT  (Ambroise  Firmin).  Catalogue  des  Dessins  et  Estampes,  com- 
posant  la  Collection  de  M.  Ambroise  Firmin  Didot,  de  1' Academic 
des  Inscriptions  et  Belles  Lettres  ;  precede  d'introductions  par  M. 
Charles  Blanc,  de  1' Academic  Fran9aise,  et  M.  Georges  Duplessis, 
conservatcur  adjoint  au  Cabinet  des  Estampes.  Paris  :  1877. 
Royal  8vo.  pp.  vii.  xxx.  and  541 . 
The  sale  of  the  Didot  engravings  realized  626,474  f"".,  or  ;^25,o63  sterling. 

Compte  Rendu  de  I'ouvrage  d'Aug.  Bernard,  "  De  I'Origine 

de  rimprimerie  en  Europe.     Paris  :   1853.     8vo.  pp.  20. 

Excerpt  from  the  AthencEtitn  Frangais  of  9th  July,  1853. 

Essai  sur  la  Typographic.      Paris:    1852.     8vo.     Plates. 


This  work,  an  excerpt  from  the  "  En-  knowledge   of  the   subject.      The  early 

cyclopedie  Moderne,"  contains  the  result  history  of  printing  is  treated  with  great 

of  the  author's   lengthened    experience,  clearness  and   a  thorough   acquaintance 

and  of  his  vast  theoretical  and  practical  with  the  best  authorities. 

Essai  Typographiquc  et  Bibliographiquc  sur  I'Histoire  de  la 

Gravurc  sur  Bois.     Paris  :  1863.     8vo.  pp.  315. 
This  treatise  on  wood-engraving  was  prefixed  to  a  sumptuou§  edition,  publibhed  by 
Didot  Freres,  of  Vecellio's  "  Costumes  anciens." 

Les  Estienne.     Henri  I.;  Fran9ois  I.  et  II.;  Robert  I.,  II.,  et 

III.  ;  Henri  II.  ;    Paul  et  Antoine.    Extrait  de  la  "Nouvelle  Bio- 
graphic Generalc."       Paris.     [1856.]     8vo.  pp.  41. 

Les  Graveurs   de   Portraits   en   PVancc.     Paris  :    1875-1877. 

2  vols.  8vo.  Vol.  i.  pp.  iv.  xvi.  and  356  ;  vol.  ii.  pp.  iv.  and  565. 
750  copies  printed. 
A  catalogue  r«z5t7M«/ of  the  collection  comprising  the  notabilities  in  literature, 
of  portraits  of  the  French  school  belong-  science,  and  arts  ;  statesmen,  magis- 
ing  to  the  late  M.  Didot.  The  work,  trates,  ecclesiastics,  and  generals.  At 
which  is  posthumous,  is  preceded  by  an  M,  Didot's  death  it  had  become  the  most 
introduction  dated  December,  1875.  The  important  and  interesting  private  portrait 
collection,  which  began  with  the  portraits  gallery  in  existence, 
of  printers  and    publishers,    ended    by 

Gutenberg.     Paris  :     1858.  Svo.  pp.  13. 

This  is  a  reprint  of  the  article  in  the  the   memorials   of  Gutenberg's  career  at 

"  Nouvelle    Biographic    Generale."     M.  Strasburg  and   at   Mayence,    and,   after 

Didot  starts  with  the  assertion  that  Guten-  referring  to  the  modern  views  which  have 

berg  was  the  inventor  of  printing  ;  that  been  held  of  Gutenberg's  invention,  gives 

he   was   born  about    1400,    at   Mayence,  a   bibliographical   list   of  his  works.     At 

where  he  died   in  February,   1468  ;    and  the  end  there  is  a  long  list  of  biographi- 

recites  the  principal  events  in  the  history  cal  treatises  which  re^r  to  the  subject  of 

of  the  famous  controversy.  He  then  traces  the  memoir. 

L'Imprimerie,  la  Librairie,  et  la  Papeterie  a  I'Exposition  Univer- 


selle  de  185 1.      Rapport  du    17  Jury.      Paris  :  1853.     8vo. 
2mc  edition,  avec  quelques  additions.     Paris  :  1854.     8vo. 
—  L'Imprimerie  a  Paris  en  1867.     Paris  :  1867. 


An  article  in  the  first  volume  of  the  "  Paris-Guide." 
La   Renaissance  dc   THellenisme   et    Aide  Manuce.  .  Paris  : 


1875.     8vo.  pp.  38. 
An  extract  from  the  Revue  de  France. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


175 


DiDOT  (Ambroise  Firmin).  Reponses  aux  Questions  soumises  par 
MM.  les  membres  de  la  Chambre  du  Commerce  de  Paris,  sur  la 
situation  de  la  Librairie,  de  I'lmprimerie,  de  la  Fonderie  de 
Caracteres,  et  de  la  Papeterie,     Paris  :   183 1.     8vo.  pp.  30. 

La  Societe  des  Correcteurs.     Paris:   1866.     8vo.  pp.  27. 

Ambroise   Firmin-Didot,    as   honorary    count  of  the  excellent  advice  it  gives  to 

president,  delivered  this  speech  before  the     the   members   of  the  profession,    as   well 


Paris  Societe  des  Correcteurs — the  French 
Readers'  Society,  at  their  general  as- 
sembly, on  the  I  St  November,  1866. 
It   deserves  to  be  carefully  read  on  ac- 


as  the  high  estimate  in  which  the  calling 
of  the  Correctors  of  the  Press  was  held  by 
one  who  was  so  well  qualified  to  form  an 
opinion  of  its  merits. 


Societe  des  Correcteurs.     Discours  prononce  le  19  Avril,  1868. 

Paris  :   1868.     8vo.  pp.  23. 

DiDOT  (Firmin).     Caracteres   de  la  Fonderie  de  F.    Didot.     Paris  : 
1817.    [A  broadside.] 

Fonderie  de   F.    Didot,    i^'  cahier,  contenant   les  caracteres 

romains  et  italiques.     Paris  :  1828.     8vo. 

Didot  (Jules).    Nouvelles  Vignettes  de  la  Fonderie  de  J.  Didot  I'aine. 

Paris  :  1 836.     4to. 
— — -  Vignettes  et  Caracteres  de  la   Fonderie   de  J.    Didot  I'aine. 

Paris  :  1837.     Folio. 

Didot  (Pierre).     £pitre  sur  les  Progres  de  I'lmprimerie.    Paris  :  1784. 
8vo,  pp.  24. 

The  imprint  runs :  "  Imprimd  chez 
Didot  I'aine,  avec  les  italiques  de  Firmin, 
son  second  fils."  It  is  dedicated  "  X.  mon 
Pere."  The  poem  recites  all  the  typo- 
graphical successes  of  the  author's  father, 
to  whom  it  is  addressed,  the  expressions 
being  of  the  most  enthusiastic  nature. 
At  the  end  are  certain  notes  on  passages 


contained  in  the  poem,  and  they  have  re^ 
ference  chiefly  to  the  biographical,  lite- 
rary, and  historical  topics  uitroduced. 
Incidentally,  they  give  a  good  and  au- 
thentic account  of  the  first  manufacture 
of  the  papier  velin.  The  poem  is  alto- 
gether very  curious  and  interesting. 


fipitre  sur  les  Progres  de  I'lmprimerie.     [Reprinted  at  the  end 

of  the  "  Essai  de  Fables  nouvelles. "]     Paris:   1786.     8vo. 

This  contains,  among  other  interesting  matter,  notes  on  the  "  typometer,"  Anis- 
son's  press,  and  the  manufacture  of  satin  paper. 

Lettre  sur  les  Decouvertes  de  M.  Didot  (alne)  dans  les  Arts 

de  I'lmprimerie,  de  la  Gravure  des  Caracteres,  et  de  la  Papeterie. 
Paris  :   12th  June,  1783.     8vo.   pp.  15. 

Specimen  des  nouveaux  Caracteres  de  la  Fonderie  et  de  I'lm- 
primerie de  P.  Didot  I'aine,  chevalier  de  I'ordre  royal  de  St.  Michel, 
imprimeur  du  roi  et  de  la  Chambre  des  Pairs.  Dedie  a  Jules  Didot 
fils,  chevalier  de  la  Legion  d'Honneur,    Pai'is  :  1819.  8vo.  pp.  80. 

gustin,  &c.,  offer  no  idea  of  the  particu- 
lar proportions  of  the  letters,  nor  of  their 
relation  to  others  ;  in  fact,  they  vary  in 
size  in  diHerent  offices.  The  numerical 
order,  the  only  one  really  convenient,  was 
introduced  by  my  father,  and  the  name 
of  each  of  his  characters  is  given  at  the 
heads  of  the  respective  specimens.  For 
about  ten  consecutive  years,—  during 
which  I  have  employed,  as  nearly  as  pos- 


In  the  preface  to  this  very  interesting 
type-specimen  book  the  compiler  says  :  — 
"  I  have  adopted  the  numerical  order  for 
the  identification  of  my  types,  in  place  of 
the  meaningless  and  often  absurd  names 
preserved  up  to  the  present  day  in  nearly 
all  the  printing-offices.  These  names, 
such  as  Perle,  Parisieniie,  Nontpareille, 
Migno/me,  Petit  texte,  Gaillarde,  Petit 
roinain,  Philosophie,  Cicero,  Saint  An- 


176 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


sible,  three  hours  daily  in  working  with 
M.  Vibert,  who  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
best  engravers  of  letters  or  punches,— I 
have  been  bringing  them  to  perfection. 
My  directions,  also,  have  been  carried 
out  with  the  utmost  fidelity,  as  well  as 
all  my  ideas  for  improvements,  sometimes 
resulting  in  the  same  fount  being  cut 
three  or  four  times  over  again.     It  is  true 


that  in  the  industrial  arts  there  is  a  point 
where  it  is  necessary  to  stop.  I  do  not, 
however,  think  I  have  reached  it.  I  pro- 
pose still  to  continue  to  rectify  the  types 
and  their  forms  whenever  they  seem  to 
me  susceptible  of  improvement.  I  shall 
leave  the  same  course  to  my  son, — to-day 
my  associate  ;  in  a  few  years,  probably, 
my  successor." 

DiDOT  (Pierre  and  Jules).     Essai  d'un  nouveau  caractere,  offrant  un 

Essai  lyrique,  de  P.  Didot  Taine,  chevalier  de  I'ordre  royal  de 

Saint  Michel,    impri-meur  du  roi  et  de  la  Chambre   des  Pairs. 

Paris  :   1821.     4to.  pp.  20, 

On  the  title-page  it  is  stated  that  this    seriph  of  the  g,  are,  however,  not  to  our 

work  is  issued  "  chez    I'auteur  et  Jules    taste,  and  they  appear  not  to  have  held 

Didot  fils,  Chevalier  de  la  Legion  d'Hon-    their  position  in  their  native  country,  for 

neur,  rue  du  Pont  de  Lodi,  no.  6."    The     they  are  now  seldom  copied.     At  the  end 

type  is  very  beautiful  in  appearance,  the    is  a  notice  to  publishers  calling  their  at- 

hning,  colouring,  &c. ,    being  exquisite,     tention  to  the  peculiar  merits  of  the  founts 

The  new  shapes  introduced,  such  as  the    used. 

Didot  Family  (The).  Three  articles  in  the  Printing  Times  and 
Lithographer ^  March,  April,  May,  1876. 
The  Didot  family  has  been  honourably  standards,  which  he  called  points.  He 
connected  with  French  typography  for  a  also  invented  a  handpress,  which  was 
period  little  short  of  two  centuries,  and  widely  used.  He  visited  all  the  mills  in 
the  following  sketches  of  some  of  the  France,  with  the  view  of  arriving  at  a  bet- 
principal  members  may  be  interesting  ; —  ter  system  of  papermaking  than  prevailed. 
The  first  of  the  family  who  distinguished     Afterwards  he  went  to  Holland  for  the 


himself  as  a  literary  man  was  FRAN901S 
Didot,  born  in  1689.  He  was  the  son  of 
a  Paris  merchant,  named  Denis  Didot, 
and  served  his  apprenticeship  to  Andr^ 
Pralard,  the  printer  and  publisher.  He 
became  the  mtimate  friend  of  the  Abb^ 
Provost,  whose  works  he  published.  All 
of  these  are  known  to  bibliographers  for 
the  beauty  of  their  typography.  The  sign 
of  his  establishment  was  "the  Golden 
Bible."  His  printing-office  was  situated 
successively  in  the  Rue  Pavde  St.  Andr^ 
des  Arts,  and  the  Quai  des  Grands  Augus- 
tins.  He  died  on  the  and  November, 
1757. 


same  purpose,  and  there  found  a  work- 
man named  Ecrevisse,  who  assisted  him 
greatly  in  the  improvement  of  this  art. 
At  the  suggestion  of  Didot,  and  with  his 
practical  assistance,  the  factory  of  Johan-- 
not,  at  Annonay,  produced,  in  1780,  the 
first  specimen  of  satin  paper  (^papier 
vititi),  in  imitation  of  that  on  which 
Baskerville  had  printed  his  beautiful 
quarto  edition  of  Virgil,  which  was  pre- 
viously only  known  in  England.  In 
1783,  as  a  mark  of  royal  favour,  he  was 
commissioned,    under  a    decree    of    the 


king,  Louis  XVI.,  to  prepare  editions  of 

all  the  books  requisite  for  the  education 

FRANfois    Ambroise   Didot,  son  of    °^  ^^«  Dauphin-a  collection  of  thirty- 


Frangois,  was  born  in  Paris,  7th  January 
1730,  and  died  10th  July,  1804  He  entered 
upon  the  publishing  business  in  1753,  and 
added  a  printing  department  to  it  in  1757. 
His  office  was  situated  in  the  Rue  de 
Savoie.  He  may  be  said  to  have  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  subsequent  typographic 
celebrity  of  the  house.  He  made  great 
improvements  in  type-founding,  and  his 
founts  of  type  were  superior  to  all  that 
had  been  produced  previously  in  France. 
He  did  not  content  himself  with  beauti- 
fying the  faces  of  the  characters,  but  put 
an  end  in  France  to  the  confusion  result- 
ing from  the  non-justification  of  one 
founder's  type  with  that  of  another,  by 
inventing  a  system  of  proportioning  the 
sizes  of  bodies  of  types  to  certain  normal 


two  volumes  in  4to.,  seventeen  in  8vo., 
and  eighteen  in  i8mo.  He  printed  also 
for  the  Count  of  Artois,  afterwards 
Charles  X.,  a  collection  of  books  consist- 
ing of  sixty-four  volumes  in  i8mo.  This 
series,  known  as  the  "Artois  edition,"  is, 
like  the  Dauphin  edition,  very  highly 
prized  by  bibliophiles.  He  left  the  com- 
pletion of  his  labours  to  his  two  sons, 
Pierre  and  Firmin  ;  and  after  transferring 
to  the  first  his  printing-office,  and  to  the 
second  his  foundry,  he  died  in  1804,  at 
the  ripe  age  of  75. 

Pierre  FRANfois,  second  son  of  Fran- 
cois, was  a  printer,  a  publisher,  and  a 
paper-maker.  He  was  born  at  Paris,  9th 
July,  1732,  and  died  ;?th  December,  1793. 
He  entered  into  business  on  his  own  ac- 


Bibliography  of  F?'inting. 


177 


count  as  publisher  in  1753,  and  asprinter  in 
1755.  From  1759  to  1789  his  establishment 
was  in  the  Rue  des  Grands- Augustins, 
where  he  published  several  remarkable 
editions,  among  them  the  "  Imitation  of 
Christ,"  in  folio,  1788;  "  Telemachus," 
in  4to. ;  the  "  Picture  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire,"  &c.  Pierre  F.  Didot  was 
printer  to  Louis  XVIII.  before  he  as- 
cended the  throne.  He  devoted  himself 
also  to  type-founding,  in  which  he  effected 
several  useful  Improvements.  His  paper- 
mill,  at  Essonne,  was  in  its  day  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  impr>rtant  in  France. 

Henri,  eldest  son  of  Pierre  PVangois, 
was  born  15th  July,  1765,  and  died  in  1852. 
He  became  famous  as  a  punch-cutter,  and 
for  his  mechanical  skill.  At  the  age  of 
66  he  engraved  a  fount  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  "  microscopic,"  and  used  it 
for  the  editions  which  he  called  "the 
microscopic  editions  "  of  the  Maxims  of 
Rochefoucault,  and  of  Horace.  This 
fount  was  a  high  achievement  of  the  type- 
founder's art.  The  minuteness  was  such 
that  the  types  could  not  be  cast  in  the 
ordinary  way ;  hence  he  invented  a 
special  apparatus,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  the  " polya7natype"  and  by 
means  of  which  they  were  cast,  a  hundred 
letters  at  a  tim'e.  These  beautiful  editions 
were  printed  by  his  brother,  Didot  jun. 

St.  Leger,  second  son  of  Pierre 
Fran5ois,  was  the  director  of  his  father's 
paper-mills  at  Essonne.  It  is  to  this 
member  of  the  family  that  we  owe  the 
very  useful  machine  for  making  paper 
in  the  web,  or  in  endless  rolls.  The  first 
attempts  in  this  direction  were  made  at 
Essonne,  in  the  mill  of  Pierre  Frangois 
Didot,  his  father,  where  Robert,  one  of 
his  foremen,  conceived  the  first  idea  of 
such  an  apparatus.  Many  fruitless  ex- 
periments were  made  at  Essonne  by  this 
son  and  M.  Robert,  and  at  Mesnil,  near 
Dreux,  under  the  superintendence  of 
MM.  Guillot  and  Robert.  They  would 
have  been  entirely  unproductive  but  for 
the  perseverance  of  their  employer,  who, 
it  may  be  added,  had  resided  in  England 
at  the  time  of  the  Peace  of  Amiens. 
Fourdrinier  had,  after  an  immense  ex- 
penditure, and  after  about  ten  years  of 
labour,  got  a  machine,  the  first  of  its 
kind,  in  working  order  at  his  establish- 
ment at  Two-Waters.  Assisted  by  Mr. 
Donkin,  St.  Leger  Didot  determined 
upon  developing  to  its  utmost  the  new 
invention— one  of  the  most  useful  and 
novel  of  our  epoch.  In  1816  he  returned 
to  P'rance,  and  at  once  began  to  erect 
machines  of  this  description,  originally  at 
Sorel,  in  the  establishment  of  Messrs. 
Berthe  &  Grevenich,  afterwards  at  that 


of  St. -Jean-d' Hears,  belonging  to  Mar- 
shal Oudinot. 

Pierre,  grandson  of  Francois,  and  son 
of  Fran9ois  Ambroise,  was  born  25th  Jan- 
uary, 1761,  and  died  31st  December,  1853. 
When  his  father  relinquished  printing  in 
1789,  Pierre  succeeded  him,  and  devoted 
himself  so  successfully  to  his  art,  that  his 
press  was  honoured  by  being  installed  in 
the  Louvre,  and  he  himself  was  created  a 
chevaHer  of  theOrder  ofSt.  Michael.  He 
wrote,  besides  the  several  technical  works 
named  above,  several  translations  of  the 
poets,  essays,  &c  Pierre  entertained 
the  noble  desire  to  render  France  as  pre- 
eminent in  the  arts  of  peace  as  she  was 
then  invincible  in  the  arts  of  war,  and 
especially  to  elevate  her  Press  to  the  first 
rank  in  Europe.  In  his  own  efforts  he 
sought  to  surpass  the  memorable  triumphs 
of  Bodoni.  He  was  already  the  most 
eminent  printer  of  France  ;  he  aspired  to 
become  the  most  eminent  in  Europe. 
Pierrre  determined  to  complete  I  he  fine 
quarto  collection  of  Latin  and  French 
classic  authors  begun  for  the  use  of  the 
Dauphin.  The  most  distinguished  con- 
temporaneous artists  were  called  in  to 
assist  in  beautifying  the  books  that  were 
printed  :  men  such  as  Gerard,  Girodet, 
Prudhon,  and  Percier.  Seconded  by  his 
brother  in  the  designing  and  founding  of 
new  characters,  Pierre  ventured  upon  his 
truly  national  work,  the  editions  known 
as  the  "  Louvre."  Some  of  these  volumes 
were  declared  by  the  jury  of  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  1801  the  most 
perfect  typographic  production  of  any 
age.  He  also  published  a  collection  of 
French  classics,  dedicated  "To  the 
friends  of  the  Typographic  Art,"  which 
were  well  worthy  of  their  dedication. 
To  his  reputation  as  a  printer  Pierre 
added  that  of  a  type-founder  ;  and  during 
ten  successive  years  he  had  cut  or  im- 
proved under  his  own  eyes,  by  M.  Vibert, 
no  less  than  eighteen  different  founts.  A 
medal  was  struck  at  Paris  in  honour  of 
Pierre  Didot  in  1823.  On  the  obverse  is 
a  bust  to  the  right,  around  which  is 
"  Pierre  Didot  I'aine  typographe  Fran- 
cais,"  and   in   small   characters   beneath 

Veyrat  F."  On  the  reverse  is  an  iron 
printing-press,  against  the  T  of  which  is 
"Presse  Jules  Didot."  On  the  left  side 
of  the  Presse  is  the  ball-rack,  with  a  pair 
of  pressman's  inking-balls.  The  sur- 
rounding legend  is  "Horace,  Virgile, 
Racine  Lafontalne  ed^""'  in-fol° " ;  and 
in  small  letters,  "Veyrat  F.  1823,"  re- 
ferring to  his  che/s-d'ccuvre. 

Jules,  son  of  Pierre,  was  born  5th 
August,  1794,  and  died  i8th  May,  1871. 
He  may  be  said  to  have  walked  in  the  steps 


2    A 


78 


Bibliography  of  Fi-inting. 


of  his  father,  and  carried  on  with  great  suc- 
cess the  business  of  type-founding.  After 
1838,  however,  apainful  malady  compelled 
him  to  renounce  his  art.  He  then  took 
to  Brussels  the  materials  for  establishing, 
on  a  large  scale,  a  printing-office  and 
type-foundry,  but  his  enterprise  was  not 
successful.  He  consequently  returned  to 
Paris,  where  he  bought  a  large  mansion 
in  the  Barriere  de  Slont-Parnasse,  and 
converted  it  into  a  printing-office.  He 
was  decorated  with  the  badge  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour.  Jules  gave  to  the 
world  many  fine  editions  of  French 
standard  books. 

FiRMiN,  second  son  of  Francois  Am- 
broi.se,  and  brother  of  Pierre,  was  born  in 
Paris,  14th  April,  1764,  and  died  24th  April, 
1836.  He  was  distinguished  by  his  literary 
taste  and  his  excellence  as  a  printer.  The 
types  for  several  of  his  father's  editions 
were  engraved  by  him,  and  his  script 
founts  were  greatly  superior  to  any  that 
had  previously  been  executed.  His 
Roman  characters  especially  were  of 
great  excellence.  In  1795  he  conceived 
the  plan  of  consolidating  the  types  which 
he  employed  in  printing  his  logarithmic 
tables,  and  in  pursuing  this  object  he 
arrived  gradually  at  the  stereotyping 
process.  The  word  stereotypie  was,  in 
fact,  invented  by  him.  A  patent  was 
granted  for  the  invention  in  1797. 
Another  patent  was  granted  to  him  m 
1806  for  an  improved  mode  of  forming 
script  types,  and  in  1823  ^  further 
patent  was  granted  for  a  new  system  of 
executing,  in  typography,  various  kinds 
of  maps  and  charts.  After  having  travel- 
led in  Italy,  Greece,  and  Spain,  Firmin 
retired  in  1827  from  the  active  super- 
intendence of  his  great  establishment. 
In  1830  the  Government  offered  him  the 
position  of  director  of  the  Royal  Printing- 
office,  which,  however,  he  declined.  He 
was  decorated  with  the  medal  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour,  and  appointed  Printer 
to  the  King  and  to  the  French  Institute. 
The  Government  had  his  bust  in  marble 
placed  in  one  of  the  halls  of  the  Im- 
perial Printing-office,  and  a  medal  in  his 
honour  was  «truck  after  his  death.  His 
portrait,  painted  by  his  friend  Girodet, 
IS  liiuig  ni  the  gallery  of  the  Louvre.  A 
medal  was  struck  at  Paris  in  honour  of 
Firmin  Didot  in  1839.  On  the  obverse 
is  a  bust,  nearly  full  face  ;  to  the  right,  in 
modern  co.^tume,  with  the  name  on  either 
side  in  bold  letters  :  "  Firmin  Didot." 
On  the  reverse  is  a  heavy  wreath  of 
laurel-leaves,  tied  at  foot  with  a  ribbon, 
within  which  is  the  inscription — "  Ste- 
phanorum  Aemulus  musarum  cultor." 
In    1806   he   published  a   translation,   of 


which  he  was  the  author,  of  the  Bucolics 
of  Virgil.  The  book  is  interesting  from 
a  typographical  point  of  view,  not  only 
because  of  its  being  translated  by  the 
printer,  but  because  the  latter  also  en- 
graved and  cast  the  tyi>es.  It  is  also 
remarkable  for  the  use  of  the  character 
called  "Anglaise,"  which  appeared  for 
the  first  time  in  the  dedication  of  the 
book  to  Pierre  Didot,  the  author's  elder 
brother.  The  volume  concludes  with  a 
long  bibliographical  and  typographical 
note.  He  also  printed  M.  Brun's 
"  Manuel  de  Typographic  Fran^aise " 
(Paris  :  1825),  a  masterpiece  of  printing, 
and  possessing  the  peculiarity  of  not 
containing  a  single  divided  word. 

Ambroise  Firmin,  the  son  of  Firmin, 
and  a  great-grandson  of  the  founder  of 
the  house,  was  born  at  Paris  on  Decem- 
ber 2oth,  1790.  He  died  February  22nd, 
1876,  in  his  eighty-sixth  year.  In  1814, 
on  the  establishment  of  peace,  Ambroise 
Firmin-Didot  determined  to  visit  Eng- 
land, with  a  view  to  ascertain  the  pro- 
gress made  in  this  country  in  regard  to 
the  arts  of  printing  and  paper-making. 
The  knowledge  he  acquired  by  this 
journey  led  to  his  being  the  first  to 
introduce  into  France  the  iron  press 
invented  bv  Lord  Stanhope  and  named 
after  him.  In  1823  he  resided  in  Greece, 
and  to  his  initiative  was  due  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  "  Comite  Grec."  In 
1827  Ambroise  Firmin  Didot  entered 
upon  the  management  of  his  father's 
establishment,  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother,  Hyacinthe  Didot,  under  the 
partnership  name  of  FIrmin-Didot  freres. 
M.  Ambroise  Firmin  Didot,  like  several 
of  his  predeces-sors,  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  punch-cutter  and  type-founder. 
He  Introduced  two  new  founts,  one  being 
what  he  called  "English  cursive"  and 
the  other  an  improved  Greek.  Much  to 
his  regret,  he  had  to  sell  to  the  Soclete  de 
la  Fonderie  Generale  that  branch  of  his 
business  which  was  connected  with  type- 
founding.  His  works,  however,  remained 
the  most  complc  te  in  France,  and  were, 
perhaps,  the  only  office  where  all  the 
branches  of  printing  and  Its  many  ramifi- 
cations were  conducted  under  one  head  ; 
for  it  embraced  not  only  publishing  and 
printing,  but  paper-making,  on  the  largest 
scale.  The  mills  are  situated  at  Mesnil, 
near  Dreux,  and  at  Sorel  (Eure-et-Loire), 
where  the  processes  are  conducted  in  the 
most  approved  manner  In  conjunction 
with  his  brother  Hyacinthe,  he  published  a 
number  of  magnificent  works ;  among  them 
the  "Univers  Pittoresque,"  the  "Ency- 
clopedic Moderne,"and  the  "  Dictionnaire 
de  Conversation  et  de  Lecture."     One  of 


BibliograpJiy  of  Priniing, 


179 


AMBROISE    FIRMIN    DIDOT,     I79O-1876. 


8o 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


the  best-known  works  of  the  firm  was  the 
"  Nouvelle  Biographic  Generale,"  eJited 
by  Dr.  Hoefer,  which  was  begun  in  1853 
and  finished  in  1866,  forming  in  itself 
a  small  library  of  46  volumes.  At  the 
French  Exhibitions  of  1844  and   18^9,  as 


embodiment  of  the  honour  and  glory  of 
the  printing  profession  in  Francs.  He 
was  also,  in  every  respect,  a  "learned 
printer,"  and  in  correspondence  with  the 
principal  saziants  of  his  time.  He  tra- 
velled extensively,  and  was  known  as  an 


member  of  the  jury,  he  was  charged     eminent  philo- Hellenist.     Our  space  does 


with  the  compilation  of  a  report  on  all 
the  industries  connected  with  typography. 
In  1851,  by  the  unanimous  wish  of  the 
international  jury,  he  was  selected  to 
draw  up  a  similar  report  concerning 
the_  first  Great  Exhibition  at  London. 
This  report,  printed  at  the  Imperial 
Printing-office,  forms  a  comprehensive 
and  sagacious  review  of  the  condition 
of  the  art  of  printing  all  over  the 
world  at  the  time  of  its  compilation.  It 
is  even  more  than  this,  for  it  gives  a 
resume  of  the  past  history  of  typography, 
lithography,  &c.,  and  some  suggestions 
of  great  value  as  to  their  future  progress. 
He  also  wrote  the  "Essay  on  Typo- 
graphy," the  address  to  the  French 
Readers'  Society,  and  the  "Treatise  on 
Wood-engraving,"  besides  the  important 
work  on  Aldus  Manutius.  In  fact,  he 
was  at  once  a  designer  and  engraver  of 
types,  a  publisher,  and  a  typographer  ;  a 
member  since  1827  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  and  since  1832  of  the  Council 
of  Manufactures.  Since  1848  he  had  been 
a  member  of  the  Municipal  Council  of 
Paris.  At  all  the  Exhibitions  his  establish- 
ment obtained  gold  medals.  He  was  the 
honorary  president  of  the  Paris  Publishers, 
Printers,  and  Paper-makers'  Club.  De- 
corated with  the  order  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  in  1825,  he  was  named  as  an 
officer  13th  November,  i860.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  printer  to  the  Insti 


not  permit  of  our  further  naming  his 
achievements  in  literature,  arts,  and 
science.  In  addition  to  his  exceptionally 
fine  collection  of  engravings,  the  cata- 
logues relating  to  which  are  cited  above, 
M.  Didot  left  a  magnificent  library. 

Alfred  Firmin  is  the  son  of  Am- 
broise.  He  was  born  in  1828,  and  is  a 
well-known  litterateur,  as  well  as  a 
printer.  He  translated  from  the  Greek, 
in_  1852,  "  Les  Fragments  inedits  de 
Nicolas  de  Damas,"  recently  discovered, 
and  comprised  in  the  Didots'  "  Biblio- 
theque  Grecque." 

HvACiNTHE  is  the  younger  brother  of 
Ambroise  Firmin-Didot,  and  was  born  in 
1794,  and  educated  at  the  college  of  St. 
Barbe.  Since  1857  he  has  been  the  director 
of  the  Didot  printing-office.  He  is  a  Che- 
valier of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  member 
of  the  Municipal  Council  of  the  Eure,  and 
discharges  various  municipal  offices. 

Paul  Firmin  is  the  son  of  Hyacinthe. 
He  was  born  in  1826,  and  has  de- 
voted much  attention  to  chemical  investi- 
gations, with  the  view  of  improving  the 
manufacture  of  paper.  He  published  in 
1855,  jointly  with  M.  Barruel,  "  Un 
nouveau  Mode  de  Blanchiment  des 
Chiffions  et  des  Plantes  textiles,  par 
I'adjonction  du  gaz  acide  carbonique," 
in  8vo.  This  is  a  work  which  led  to 
several  improvements  in  the  processes  of 


lite  of  France  in  1855.  It  may  therefore  paper-making,  especially  in  the  bleaching 
be  said,  with  the  strictest  justice,  that  he  of  rags  and  of  paper-stuff  made  from 
was  worthily  regarded   as   the  personal     fibrous  plants. 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  the  more  readily  understand  the  relationship  of  the 
various  members  of  the  Didots,  we  here  insert  a  family  Pedigree. 

Denis  Didot. 

I 


I 
Francois  Didot,  b.  1689,  d.  1757. 


1 
Francois  Ambroise,  17 30- 1804. 


Pierre  Frangois,  1 732-1 793. 


I  I  III 

Pierre,  1761-1853,     Firmin,  1764-1836.      Henri    1765-1852.    St.  Leger.     Didot  jiin. 

Jules,  1794-1871.  Henri,  d.  1876.         Edouard. 


I  I  .1. 

Ambroise  Firmin,  1790-1876.       Hyacinthe  Firmin,  1794.      Friedrich,  1799-1S36. 


Alfred  Firmin,  1828. 


Paul  F'irmin,  1826. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  j8i 

DiEGERiCK  (Alphonse).  Essai  de  Bil)liographie  Yproise.  Etude  sur 
les  Imprimeurs  Yprois,  XVI%  XVII*^  Siecles.  2  parts.  Ypres  : 
1873-6.     8vo.  pp.  126,  two  plates  of  printers' marks. 

Dietrich  (Ewald  Christian  Victorin).  Album  deutscher  Typogra- 
phen.  Festgabe  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buch- 
druckerkunst  am  24.,  25.,  26.  Juni,    1840.     Mit  Abbildung  der 

Festhalle.      Leipzig :    1840.     8vo. 2nd    Edition.      Herausge- 

geben  von  Dr.  E.  V.  D.     Leipzig  :   1846,     8vo. 

DiETZELlUS  (E.  E.).  Edle  Druckerkunst  vereinbaret  sich  mit  dem 
Adel,  als  H.  J.  W.  Ritschl  von  Hartenbach  bey  der  Buchdrucker- 
Societat  in  Erfurt  das  Postulats-Fest  den  18.  und  19.  May  1723 
celebrirte.      Erfurt  [1723].     Folio. 

DiNAUX  (Arthur  Martin).     Bibliographie  Cambresienne.     Cambrai  : 
1823.     8vo. 
Part  of  the  "  Memoires  de  la  Societe  d'EmuIation  de  Cambrai,"  1822. 

—  Iconographie  Lilloise.     Graveurs  et  Amatem-s  d'Estampes  de 

Lille.     Valenciennes  :  1841.     8vo. 
Extract  from  the  "Archives  du  Nord  de  la  France  et  du  Midi  de  la  Belgique." 

DiNGELSTEDT  (Franz).  Jean  Gutenberg,  premier  maitre  imprimeur, 
ses  faits  et  discours  les  plus  dignes  d' admiration,  et  sa  mort.  Ce 
recit  fidele,  ecrit  par  Fr.  Dingelstedt,  est  traduit  de  I'Allemand 
en  Fran9ais  par  Gustave  Revilliod.  Geneve  :  1858.  Small  folio, 
with  six  etchings  by  Gandon.     Large  paper. 

A  novel,  in  which  the  writer  desired  to  mantic  character,  and  the  book  accord- 
introduce  the  ascertained  facts  connected  ingly  is  very  unreadable.     Of  course  it 
with  the  invention  of  printing.     Unfor-  does  not  possess  (or,   indeed,   profess  to 
tunately  the  incidents  available  did  not  have)  any  historical  value  whatever, 
partake  of  the  slightest  dramatic  or  ro- 

John  Gutenberg,  first  Master  Printer,  his  Acts  and  most  remark- 
able Discourses,  and  his  Death.    From  the  German.    By  C[aroline] 
W[intour].     London:   i860,     8vo.   pp.  141.      ICXD  copies  printed. 
A  free  translation  of  the  preceding  work. 

Sechs  Jahrhundert  aus  Gutenberg's  Leben.     Kleine  Gabe  zum 

grossen  Feste.      Texte  von  Franz  Dingelstedt.     Holzschnitte  von 
Andrew,    Best  und   Leloir  in   Paris,   Gubitz  in  Berlin.     Cnssel  : 
1840.     Folio.     Woodcut  borders,  with  explanations,  by  Frederic 
M  tiller. 
A  poem  in  six  cantos.     The  historical  events  of  the  century  are  sung  under  the 

dates  of  the  centenaries  of  the  invention  of  printing. 

Director  (Ein)  der  k.  k.  Staatsdruckerei.  Biographic.  (In  Local- 
anzeiger  der  Fresse,  No.  197.)     Vienna:   1869.      Folio. 

Disadvantages  of  Printing  (The).  In  the  Analectic  Magazine, 
vol.  viii.  p.  222.     Philadelphia  :   1816.     8vo. 

Dissertation,  Petite,  sur  un  Monument  typographique  qui  ferait 
remonter  I'Origine  de  la  decouverte  de  I'lmprimerie  a  1414,  avec 
des  observations  qui  prouveraient  qu'elle  est  meme  anterieure  a 
cette  epoque.     Paris  :  181 7.     Folio. 


1 82  Bibliogi-aphy  of  Printmg. 

DiTTRiCH   (R.).      Anleitung   zum   Musiknotensatz.      Leipzig:    1872. 

4to.  pp.  28. 
A  guide  to  the  composition  of  music  in  movable  types, 
Dlabacz  (G.  J.).     Abhandluiig  von  den  Schicksalen  der  Kiinste  in 

Bohmen  [pp.  10']— 160  o{  Neuere  A bha^tdhmgen  der  k.  Bohtiiischen 

Gesellschaft,  vol.  iii.].      Piag  :   1797.     4to. 

Kurzgefasste   Nachricht   von    der   noch    unbekannten    Buch- 

druckerey  zu  Altenburg  in-  Bohmen.     Prag  :   1797.     4to.  pp.  23. 

Includes  a  reprint  of  the  first  book  printed  at  Altenburg  [Paleorinus] :  Stolshagius, 
Daphne,  Ecloga  Parentalis,  1589. 

DoBROWSKY  (J.).  Ueber  die  Einfuhrung  und  Verbreitung  der  Buch- 
druckerkunst  in  Bohmen.  In  Abhandlnng  einer  Privat-Gesell- 
schaft  ill  Bohtnen,  vol.  iii.  p.  228. 

Documents  Iconographiques  et  Typographiques  de  la  Bibliotheque 
Royale  de  la  Belgique.     Four  parts,  with  36  photo-lithographic 
plates.     Bruxelles  :   1864 — 1869.     FoHo. 
This  work  is  in  progress,  and  will  be  completed  in  another  part. 

DoDD  (George).  The  Curiosities  of  Industry.  Paper  :  its  applica- 
tions and  its  novelties.  Printing  :  its  modern  varieties.  London : 
1852.     8vo. 

A  series  of  pamphlets  descriptive  of  the  Great  Exhibition  of  1851.  Paper,  pp.  24  ; 
printing,  pp.  24.  They  are  intended  merely  for  general  readers,  and  do  not  possess 
any  technical  value.     The  author  is  a  very  prolific  miscellaneous  writer. 

Days  at  the  Factories,  or  the  Manufacturing  Industry  of  Great 

Britain   described    and    illustrated    by   numerous    engravings   of 
machines  and  processes.     London  :  1843.     8vo.  pp.  548. 

At  pp.   326 — 362  is  given  an  interest-  Clowes),    and    pp.    363 — 386    contain    a 

ing  account,  with  many  illustrations,  of  description  of  the  bookbinding  establish- 

Messrs.    Clowes  &  Sons'  printing  office  ment  of  Messrs.  Westley  &  Co. 
in      Stamford  -  street,     Blackfriars    (see 

Dictionary  of  Manufactures,  Mining,  Machinery,  and  the  In- 
dustrial Arts.     London,     n.  d.  8vo.  pp.  iv.  446. 

Contains  several  well-written  articles  on  Typography,  Type-founding,  Stereo- 
typing, &c. 

DoDD  (William).  Specimens  of  early  Wood-engraving  :  being  impres- 
sions of  woodcuts  in  the  possession  of  the  publisher.  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne  :  1862.     4to. 

This  very  interesting  collection  of  wood-  of  which  is  given  in  Jackson  and  Chatto's 

cuts  which,  somewhat  singularly,    have  "History    of    Wood -engraving."     His 

been    preserved   at    Newcastle-on-Tyne,  father,    it  appears,    was  sole    printer   to 

is    stated    to    have   been    first    gathered  King  William  III.  for  the  five  northern 

together  by   John   White,    a    citizen    of  counties  of  England,  and  he  may  have 

York,    who     established     himself    as    a  obtained  some  of  these  blocks  from  him. 

printer  in  Newcastle  in  1708.     He  com-  White  was  succeeded  by  Thomas  Saint, 

menced  the  Courant  newspaper  in  1711,  who  engaged  in  a  similar  kind  of  busi- 

but   his  principal  business   was   that   of  ness,  but  had  a  rival  in  Thomas  Angus, 

supplying  chapmen  and  others  with  small  who  was  succeeded  by  his  son  George.  At 

books,  ballads,  and  songs.     Many  of  his  the  sale  of  the  effects  of  the  latter,  the 

blocks  were  of  a  much  earlier  date  than  entire   lot    was    purchased   by   Emerson 

this,  for  amongst  them  is  the  original  cut  Charnley,  whose  son  printed  a  few  copies 

which  appeared  on  the  title-page  of  the  of  the  old  blocks,  which  were  so  much 

first  known   edition    of  "  Robin  Hood's  sought  after  that  their  subsequent  owner, 

Garland,"  published  in  1670,  a  fac -simile  Mr.    Wm.    Dodd,     issued    this    volume. 


Bibliography  of  Frintiug. 


183 


Newcastle  produced  many  exceedingly  success  has  conferred  upon  him  his  cele- 
interesting  specimens  of  chap  literature,  brity.  Viewed  in  this  aspect,  Mr.  Dodd's 
generally  illustrated  with  rude  woodcuts,  book  is  really  a  very  considerable  contri- 
and  it  is  probable  that  their  imperfections  bution  to  the  history  of  early  wood- 
stimulated  Thomas  Bewick  (a  native  of  engraving  in  this  country,  especially 
the  town)  to  make  those  efforts  for  the  before  its  revival  in  the  eighteenth  cen- 
improvement  of  this  branch  of  art,  whose  tury. 

DoDT  VAN  Flensburg  (Jens  Jenssen).    Over  de  Elzeviers.     Utrecht : 
1841.     8vo. 
An  account  of  the  celebrated  Elzevir  family.    The  author  was  a  well-known  biblio- 
grapher and  litterateur  of  Utrecht. 

DoEDES  (Jacob  Isaac).     Lourens  Janszoon  Coster,  Johann  Guttenberg 

en  Petrus  Schoffer,  of  Verslag  der  schrifteii  over  de  uitvinding 

der   boekdrukkunst   van   A.   de   Vries  en  J.    J.    F.    Noordziek. 

[Amsterdam  :   1849.]     8vo.  pp.  35. 

A  reprint  of  a  controversial  article  in  the  Gids   of  Amsterdam,   reviewing   the 

different  theories  set  up  by  De  Vries,  Noordziek,  and  other  pro-Costerian  writers,  as 

to  the  origin  of  printing. 

DOENGES  (G.).  Die  doppelte  Buch-  und  Geschaftsfiihrung  fiir  Buch- 
druckereien  und  verwandte  Geschafte.  Part  II.  Leipzig  :  1870. 
4to.  pp.  47. 


the  typo  ;  hence  the  publication  of  this 
second  part.  The  appendix  gives  instruc- 
tion as  to  book-keeping  by  single  entry.  - 
(See  also  Fkese,  H.) 

Carmen.     Parisiis 


The  first  part  of  this  Guide  to  Book- 
keeping by  single  and  double  entry, 
specially  intended  for  the  use  of  printers 
and  publishers,  was  considered  to  be 
hardly  adequate  to  the  requirements  of 

DoissiN  (Ludovico).     Sculptura  :  Uarmen.     Jr'ansiis  :  1752.     i2mo. 

The  second  edition  of  this  poem  on  engraving,  published  in  1753,  had  a  French 
translation. 

DoLET. — See  Boulmier,  NfiE  de  la  Rochelle,  and  PiCQUfi, 
DONLEvy  (John).  The  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Graphic  Arts,  in- 
ckiding  notices  of  illumination,  chalcography,  wood-engraving, 
typography,  lithography,  chromography,  and  intagliography, 
elucidating  the  new  art  of  Chromoglyphotype,  invented  by  John 
Donlevy.     New  York  :   1854.     4to.  pp.  24. 


This  work  gives  a  rapid  but  interesting 
sketch  of  the  origin  of  the  several  graphic 
arts,  but  appears  to  have  been  written  to 
introduce  some  new  processes  of  printing 
which  the  author  had  invented,  and 
which  he  called  Chemitype  Transfer, 
Typographic  Modelling,  and  Chromo- 
glyphotype Copying.  He  says  that  "he 
discovered  the  principle  of  nntagonistic 
union — that  is,  a  chemical  medium  in 
which  acids,  alkalies,  greasy  and  resinous 
substances,  which  previously  repelled  each 
other,  are  compelled  to  unite  and  change 
their  character,  and  their  union,  or  por- 
tions of  them,  in  a  peculiar  manner,  con- 
stitutes a  solvent  by  which  he  is  enabled 
to  transfer  and  print  manuscript,  written 
on  ordinary  paper,  with  greater  ease  than 
it  could  be  transferred  if  written  on 
lithographic  paper  ;  as  well  as  woodcuts, 
engravings,  new  and  old  books,  and 
printed  matter  of  every  description."    He 


also  invented  a  new  litho  press  and  a 
cylindrical  machine  for  chemical  print- 
ing. In  regard  to  "  Chromoglyphotype," 
it  is  stated  that  "  the  principal  character- 
istic of  this  mode  is  the  exclusive  use 
of  intagliotypes  instead  of  the  ordinary 
relief  types  generally  used  by  printers,  in 
combination  with  peculiar  plastic  pro- 
cesses, by  which  polychromatic  plates, 
adapted  to  every  variety  of  chromo- 
graphic  effect,  can  be  produced  and 
printed  by  the  economical  operation  of 
the  typographic  press  in  a  style  of  art 
immeasurably  superior  to  anything  which 
it  is  possible  to  produce  by  engraving  or 
lithography.  Intagliotypes  have  hitherto 
been  much  neglected  by  printers.  .  .  . 
Their  extraordinary  capacity  for  poly- 
chromatic production  has  been  entirely 
overlooked  for  four  centuries-  from  the 
invention  of  printing  by  John  Gutten- 
berg to  the  invention  of  chromo-glypho- 


184  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

type  by  John  Donlevy."  The  patents  patent  for  "a  method  of  producing  in- 
fer these  new  methods  of  printing  were  tagHographic  printing  and  other  plates, 
held  by  Horace  Greeley,  New  York,  by  from  forms  of  types,  by  surrounding  the 
whom  a  printing-office  and  stereotype  types,  whilst  in  contact  with  a  glass 
foundry,  based  on  this  invention,  were  plate,  or  its  equivalent,  with  plaster  of 
established.  We  do  not  know  the  exact  Paris,  or  some  equivalent  therefor  ;  so 
nature  of  Mr.  Donlevy 's  invention,  or  that  when  set  the  surface  of  the  plaster 
whether  it  was  ever  carried  out.  We  will  be  on  the  same  plane  with  the  sur- 
find,  however,  in  searching  the  specifica-  face  of  the  types,  and  then  stereotyping 
tion  of  American  patents,  that  on  Jan.  3,  the  form  of  types  thus  surrounded." 
1854,  Mr.  John  Donlevy  was  awarded  a 

Donlevy  (John).     A  Plea  for  Chemitype  Printing. 

Referred  to  in  Donlevy's  "  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Graphic  Arts,"  and  stated  to 
have  been  "printed  by  the  Chemitype  Press."  We  have  not  been  able  to  inspect a.copy. 
DOPPELMAYR  (Johann  Gabriel).  Dissertatio  Typographic!.  Nurn- 
berg.      1730.     4to. 

One  of  a  series  of  tracts,  written  in  Latin,  on  different  scientific  and  philosophical 
subjects. 

DoRLAN    (A.).     Quelques    Mots   sur   I'Origine   de   ITmprimerie,    ou 

■  resume  des  opinions  qui  en  attribuent  I'invention  a  Jean  Mentel, 

natif  de  Schlestadt.    Schlestadt  :  1840.     8vo.  pp.  38.     Portrait  and 

six  plates  of  fac-simile.  Additions  et  Notes  Supplementaires,  pp.  24. 

An  examination  of  the   theory  which    believes  that  he  was  either  the  first,  or 

ascribes  the  invention  of  printing  to  John     nearly  so,  to  make  the  idea  practicable. 

Mentol.     The  author,  while  not  commit-     His    views,    however,    have    been    com- 

ting  himself  to  the  claims  of  some  parti-    pletely   refuted   by  the   later  and   more 

sans  of  Mentel  as  to  his  being  the  first    exhaustive   researches    of  Dr.    Van   der 

and  original  inventor  of  movable  tj'pes,     Linde. 

DouiLLiER    (A.).     Epreuves   de   Caracteres   de   la   Fonderie   de  A. 
Douillier.     Dijon  :  1833.     8vo. 

Doyen  (Camillo).  Trattati  di  Litografia,  storico,  teorico,  pratico 
ed  economico.  Torino :  1877.  4to.  pp.  xv.  296,  33  plates,  5 
portraits,  and  chromolithograph! c  frontispiece. 
An  elaborate  treatise,  historical,  theo-  lithographic  press  from  the  earliest  used 
retical,  and  practical,  on  the  art  of  lltho-  by  Senefelder  to  the  adaptation  of  steam 
graphy.  The  history  of  lithography  machinery,  and  includes  instructions  in 
traces  the  art  from  the  time  of  Senefelder  the  several  processes  from  drawing  and 
to  the  present,  with  a  special  chapter  on  writing  on  stone  to  the  impression  of  the 
its  practice  in  Italy,  and  with  portraits  of  design,  with  a  chapter  of  receipts.  The 
Senefelder,  Engelmann,  Festa,  M. Doyen,  fourth  part  treats  of  the  application  of 
and  M.  Fanoli.  The  theoretical  portion  lithography,  chromolithography,  photo- 
which  follows  treats  of  the  chemistry  of  lithography,  mechanics  of  lithography, 
lithography  and  the  materials  employed  ;  &c.  The  illustrations  comprise  repre- 
there  is  a  chapter  on  the  varieties  of  paper  sentations  of  presses  and  the  various  ap- 
U'cd  in  it,  together  with  the  geology  and  paratus  employed  in  the  art,  the  volume 
special  characteristics  of  the  dift'erent  being  enclosed  in  a  paper  cover  bearing 
kinds  of  stone  employed.  The  practical  a  very  striking  chromolithographic  de- 
portion   describes   the   various   forms   of    sign. 

Draudius  (George).    Typographicus  Discursus  experimentalis,  varius, 
utilis  et  jucundus,  cum  praecipuorum  typographorum,  illorum  im- 
primis, quoriim  impensis  libri  in  lucem  prodeunt,  insignibus,  qua; 
frontispiciis  librorum  imprimere  consueverunt.    Francoiurti  :  1625. 
8vo. 
One  of  the  earliest  published  books  on     elaborate  eulogy  on  the  advantages  of  the 
the   controversy  which   arose    as    to   the     arts.    George  Draudius.  a  German  author, 
origin  of  printing,  in  the  early  part  of  the     was  born  in  1573  ;  he  died  in  1630.     His 
seventeenth  century.     It  also  contains  an     works  are  written  in  Latin. 


Bibliography  of  Pi'intijig 


185 


Dresden.  Der  loblichen  Buchdrucker-Gesellschaft  zu  Dresden-Jubel- 
geschichte,  Anno  1740  den  24.  und  25.  Junii.  Mit  einer  Vorrede 
Herrn  Christian  Schottgens.     Dresden  [1740].     4to.  pp.  64. 

Dresler  (F.),  of  Rost-Fingerlin.     Proben  aus  der  Schriftschneiderei, 

Schrift-    und    Metall  -  Buchstaben  -  Giesserei.       Frankfort-on-the- 

Main.      1832.     8vo. 
Specimens  from  the  celebrated  Frankfort  foundry  of  Dresler  &  Co. 
Schrift-Proben  aus  der  Dresler' schen  Schriftschneiderei,  Schrift, 

Stereotypen- und  Metall-Buchstaben -Giesserei  nebst  mechanischen 

Werkstatte  in  Frankfurt  a.  M.  1852.     8vo. 
Specimens  of  Dresler  &  Co.'s  stereotyped  and  polytyped  ornaments,  &c.     The 
firm  is  one  of  the  oldest  on  the  continent,  and  its  founder,  F.  Dresler,  was  a  cele- 
brated Frankfort  printer. 

Drew  (Benjamin).     Pens  and  Types ;  or,  Hints  and  Helps  for  those 

who  Write,    Print,  or   Read.     Boston,   Mass. :    1872   and    1874. 

i6mo.  pp.  131. 

A  little  work  treating  of  writing  for  the  Press,  proof-reading,  style,  punctuation, 

orthography,  reading  Greek.  &c.,  intended  entirely  for  non-technical  readers.     It 

has  no  practical  value  for  printers.     The  author  is  a  writer  on  the  Boston  press. 

Druckerey  (Der),  zu  Kemnitz  erste  Blatter.     Von  der  loblichen  und 
unschatzbaren   Buchdruckereykunst  Erfindung,  Nutz  und   Befor- 
denmg.     Kemnitz  :   1661.     4to. 
A  treatise  on  the  first  work  printed  at  Chemnitz,  and  the  advantages  resulting 
from  the  discovery  of  printing. 

Drukkunst  (Der). — Eene  verhandeling,  uitgesprooken  in  eene 
aanzienlijke  maatschappij.  Amsterdam:  1794.  8vo.  With  Por- 
trait of  Coster. 

DUBOY  (Hipp.).  La  Presse,  I'lmprimerie,  }a  Librairie,  le  Colportage. 
Guide  legal  de  I'ecrivain,  du  journaliste,  de  I'imprimeur  et  du 
libraire.     Avec  preface  par  Jul.  Favre.     Paris:  1869.      i2mo. 

et  Jacob  (Ch.).      Code-manuel  de   la    Presse,    Imprimerie, 

Librairie,  Affichage  et  Colportage.     Paris:   1851.     8vo.  pp.211. 

M.  Duboy  is  an  advocate  of  the  Cour  for  the  use  of  literary  men,  printers,  and 

de  Cassation  and  of  the  Conseil  d'Etat.  others  connected  with  the  French  press. 

His  confrere,  M.Jacob,  is  an  advocate  It  is,  however,  superseded  by  recent  legis- 

of  the  Cour  d'Appel.    The   little  work  lative  changes, 
named  above  was  intended  as  a  law  manual 

Ducarel's  Letters  to  Mr.  Meerman. — Mr.  Meerman's  Answers  to  Dr. 
Ducarel,aSupplement  to  the  Origin  of  Printing.  London:  1781.  8vo. 


Dr.  Andre  Coltee  Ducarel  (born  1714, 
died  1785)  was  the  librarian  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury's  Library  at 
Lambeth  Palace.  Among  the  manu- 
scripts preserved  there,  are  several  in  the 
handwriting  of  the  learned  doctor  rela- 
ting to  questions  concerning  early  typo- 
graphy. In  particular  there  may  be  seen 
the  original  of  the  above,  which  is  thus 
described  in  the  catalogue  : — "  Dr.  Du- 
carel's letter  to  Gerard  Meereman  {sic) 
Esq.,  pensionary  of  Rotterdam,  concern- 
ing the  origin  of  printing  in  England,  in 


which  it  is  shown  that  no  printer  of  the 
name  of  Frederick  Corsellis  ever  existed, 
and  that  the  account  of  a  record  con- 
cerning him  in  the  Lambeth  Library  is  a 
fiction." — Dated  London,  November  21, 
1760.  The  reference  to  the  manuscript 
is  954,  49.  This  letter  has  been  reprinted 
several  times,  and  formed  the  "  Supple- 
ment" to  Bowyer  &  Nichol's  "Origin  of 
Printing."  Its  style  is  very  diffuse,  but 
it  completely  explodes  the  Corsellis  myth. 
— See  Atkvns. 


2    B 


iS6  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Duchesne  (A.).— ^^^  Lacroix. 

Duchesne  aine  (Jean).  Essai  sur  les  Nielles,  Gravures  des  Orfevres 
Florentins  du  XVe  Siecle.  Paris  :  1826.  8vo.  pp.  xii.  381.  Six 
copies  printed  on  large  paper  in  quarto. 

Although  this  work  chiefly  concerns  dark  colour,  was  called  nigelhun.  Being 
itself  with  7iiello,  it  embraces  a  large  melted  into  the  intaglio  devices  and  re- 
amount  of  information  upon  the  different  duced  to  a  uniform  surface,  it  caused  the 
kinds  of  engraving  on  wood,  stone,  and  ornaments  or  figures  to  appear  in  dark 
metal.  The  historical  part  begins  with  a  relief  on  a  silver  ground,  and  gave  to  the 
chapter  on  engraving  among  the  nations  work  the  appearance  of  a  picture  in 
of  antiquity,  on  the  printing  of  playing-  chiaroscuro  at  once  rich  and  harmo- 
cards,  on  xylography,  and  on  the  first  nious  in  effect.  Maso  Finiguerra,  or 
books  printed  in  movable  characters.  Finguera,  a  goldsmith  of  Florence  and  a 
The  book  is  well  illustrated  with  plates  proficient  in  the  art  of  niello,  has  ob- 
of  the  objects  described.  The  relation  of  tained  the  honourable  distinction  of 
niello  to  copperplate  engraving  is  little  being  considered  the  inventor  of  the 
understood.  The  latter  art  is  of  com-  art  of  copperplate  engraving.  The 
paratively  recent  origin,  and  it  was  fore-  above  work  contains  a  portrait  of  him 
shadowed  in  the  former,  an  ancient  and  many  specimens  of  his  works  in 
method  much  in  use,  and  extremely  niello.  Some  of  these  are  taken  from 
popular  in  the  Italian  states,  and  especi-  the  original  plates,  for  the  engraving  in 
ally  in  Florence,  in  the  fifteenth  century,  this  style  was  not  deep,  and  it  has  been 
The  workers  in  niello  used  to  cut  the  found  that  excellent  prints  may  be  ob- 
device  or  ornament  in  intaglio,  with  the  tained  in  this  manner, 
chisel,  in  a  silver  plate.  These  intaglie  M.  Duchesne  is  also  the  author  of  the 
or  sunken  portions  of  the  plate  were  then  article  "  Gravure  "  in  the  "  Moyen  Age 
filled  up  with  an  alloy  or  composition  of  et  la  Renaissance." 
silver  and  lead.     This  mixture,  from  its 

Jeux   de   Cartes  Tarots  et  de  Cartes  numerales  du  XIV  au 

XVIII.  Siecle,  representes  en  cent  planches  d'apres  les  originaux, 
avec  un  precis  historique  et  explicatif.  Publics  par  la  Societe  des 
Bibliophiles  rran9ais.     Plates.     Paris  :  1844.     4to. 

Observations  sur  les  Cartes  k  jouer.     Paris:  1836.     i2mo. 

An  extract  from  "  L'Annuaire  Historique"  for  the  year  1837. 

Quelques  Idees  sur  I'litablissement  des  Freres  Piranesi.     8  pp. 

(Paris)  :  1802.     8vo. 

Further  information  with  respect  to  these  artists  will  be  found  in  the  "  Varietes 
I-itteraires,"  tome  iv.  pp.  264-284,  the  Letter  of  M.  Mariette  on  the  works  of 
M.  Piranesi. 

Duerer  (Albert).    Albert  Duerer.    Chemnitz  :  1802.  8vo.  pp.62 

1823.     8vo. 

An  account  of  the  life  and  works  of  Duerer. 

Von  dem  Leben  und  den  vorziiglichsten  Werken  des  berlihm- 


ten  Meisters  Albrecht  Dlirer  von  NUrnberg.     Basle  :  1855.     4to. 
pp.  8  and  2  lithographic  plates. 

Zu  Durer's  Ehre.  Am  7.  April,  1828.  Sacularfeier.  NUrn- 
berg :  1828.     4to. 

Duerer  (Albert).  ^^^ Arend,  Campe,  Eye,  Galichon,  Haussmann, 
Held,  Heller,  Hesse,  Hussgen,  Jackson  &  Chatto,  Marg- 
GRAFF,  Nagler,  Roth,  Schober,  Scott,  Thausing,  Weise, 
&c. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


187 


This  celebrated  artist  is  rendered  in- 
teresting to  the  printer  on  account  of  the 
great  improvements  which  he  introduced 
into  the  art  of  wood-engraving.  He  was 
born  in  Nuremberg,  1471,  and  died  in  the 
same  city,  1528.  His  father  was  a  skilful 
goldsmith,  and  imparted  sound  instruc- 
tion  in  drawing   to   his   son,    who   then 


Duerer  famous  throughout  Europe,  and  a 
Venetian  artist  counterfeited  on  copper  a 
series  of  his  woodcuts,  attaching  to  them 
his  monogram.  Duerer  immediately  has- 
tened to  Venice,  and  appealed  to  the 
Senate,  and  that  body  compelled  the 
offending  artist  to  efface  the  mark,  and 
secured  its  future  use  exclusively  to  its 


ALBERT   DUEKEK. 


spent  four  years  with  an  eminent  painter 
at  Nuremberg,  and  subsequently  devoted 
several  years  to  the  study  of  art  in  Ger- 
many and  the  Low  Countries.  In  1498 
appeared  his  first  great  series  of  wood- 
cuts, illustrating  the  Revelation  of  St. 
John.  The  brilliant  originality  and 
power    of    his    conceptions    soon    made 


rightful  owner.  The  earlier  works  of 
Duerer  were  impressed  with  the  prevalent 
taste  for  the  fantastic,  and  his  exuberant 
fancy  crowded  his  groups  with  monstrous 
and  grptesque  figures  ;  but  later  in  life  the 
artist  earnestly  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Reformation,  and  divested  his  work  of 
much   of  its   former  extravagance.     He 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


was  the  first  German  artist  who  taught 
the  rules  of  perspective,  and  insisted  on 
the  study  of  anatomy.  In  painting  he 
elevated  his  art  by  his  originality  and 
grandeur  of  conception  and  the  richness 
of  his  colouring.  He  found  engraving  in 
its  infancy,  and  carried  it  to  great  perfec- 
tion. The  pictures  of  Duerer  and  Holbein 
furnished  the  finest  portion  of  the 
numerous  admirable  illustrated  books  of 
the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries. 

We  append  a  reduced  copy  of  Duerer's 
own  portrait,   perhaps  the  last  drawing 


that  he  made  on  wood.  *'  It  is  probably 
a  good  likeness  of  the  artist :  at  any  rate 
it  bears  a  great  resemblance  to  the  por- 
trait said  to  be  intended  for  Duerer's  own 
in  his  carving  of  the  Naming  of  St.  John. 
The  size  of  the  original  is  i  if  inches  high 
by  ID  inches  wide.  According  to  Bartsch, 
the  earliest  impressions  have  not  the 
arms  and  mark,  and  are  inscribed  above 
the  border  at  the  top,  '  Albrecht  Duerer's 
Conterfeyt'  (Albert  Duerer's  portrait)." — 
Jackson  &  Chatto's  "  Wood  Engraving," 
p.  272. 


DUERER  S  ARMS. 


The  above  is  a  reduced  copy  of  the  cut  library    of   George    III.,    and   entitled, 

of  Duerer's  arms.     The  pair  of  <^/fl^r-j  on  "Epitome  in  Diva:  Parthenices  Maria; 

the  shield — in  German,  Doren  or  Thiiren  historiam  ab  Alberto  Durero,  per  figuras 

— is  a  rebus  of  the  artist's  name.  digestam  ;  cum  versibus  Chelidonii."     It 

A  splendid  specimen   of  the  work   of  was  executed  by  Duerer  at  Nuremberg 

Albert  Duerer  is  exhibited  to  the  public  in  1511. 
at  the  British  Museum.     It  is  from  the 


Bibliography  of  F?'infitig.  1 89 

DiJMESNlL  (A.  P.  F.  Robt,).  Le  Peintre-graveur  fran9ais,  ou  Cata- 
logue raisonne  des  estampes  gravees  par  fes  peintres  et  les  des- 
sinateurs  de  I'ecole  fran9aise.    Paris:  1835 — 1871.     ii  vols.  Svo. 

This  fine  work  gives  not  only  a  list  of  the  productions  of  the  modern  French 
masters  of  engraving,  but  memoirs,  and  therefore  becomes  of  great  vakie  as  a  work 
of  reference.     It  is  intended  as  a  sequel  to  the  similar  production  of  M.  Bartsch. 

DUNST  (J.  M.).  Praktisches  Lehrbuch  der  Lithographic  und  Stein- 
druckerkunst.     Bonn  :   1836.     8vo. 

DUPLESSIS  (Georges).  Essai  de  Bibliographic,  contenant  I'indication 
des  ouvrages  relatifs  a  I'Histoire  de  la  Gravure  et  des  Gravcurs. 
Paris  :  1862.     Svo.  pp.  48. 

_  This  very  accurate  list  of  books  rela-  author.  When  these  became  increased, 
ting  to  the  history  of  engraving  and  another  list  was  required,  and  it  assumed 
memoirs  of  engravers,  extends  to  nearly  such  dimensions  as  to  suggest  its  publica- 
700  items.  We  are  largely  indebted  to  it  tion  as  a  bibliography  of  the  subject, 
for  titles  in  this  Bibliography  of  Printing,  The  very  complete  "  Kunst-Catalog"  of 
and  are  glad  to  acknowledge  the  remark-  R.  Weigel,  and  the  Bibliography  which 
able  accuracy  of  its  annotations,  in  so  M.  P.  Cheron  contributed  to  the  Gazette 
far,  at  least,  as  we  have  tested  them,  des  Beaux  Arts,  have,  however,  been 
The  Essay  of  M.  Duplessis  found  its  utilized.  A  very  small  number  of  copies 
origin  in  a  mere  catalogue  of  the  private  of  this  essay  were  printed,  and  it  is  con- 
collection    of    books    belonging    to    the  sequently  of  rare  occurrence. 

Essai  d'une  Bibliographic  generale  des  Beaux  Arts.     Paris  : 

1866.     8vo. 

LesGraveurs  sur  Bois  contcmporains.     Paris:   1857.     8vo. 

De  la  Gravure  de  Portrait   en  France.     Paris:    1875.     8vo. 

pp.  iv.  162. 

Des  Gravures  sur  bois  dans  les  livres  de  Simon  Vostre,  libraire 


d'Heurcs.    Par  Jules  Renouvier,  avcc  un  avant-propos  par  G.  D. 
Paris  :  1862.     8vo.  pp.  vii.  22.     3  plates. 

In  the  preface  M.  Duplessis  shows  how  upon   its  progress.     The  books,  too,  of 

necessary  it  becomes  for  the  investigator  his  own  country  he  considers  especially 

into  the    history   of  wood-engraving   to  suitable  for  the  prosecution  of  such  an 

acquaint     himself    with    the    devotional  inquiry.     This  little  work  is  exceedingly 

works  known   as   Books  of  Hours,  and  interesting,  and  cannot  be  overlooked  by 

how  considerable  is  the  light  they  throw  any  future  historian. 

Histoire   de   la   Gravure  en    France,   ouvrage    couronne    par 

rinstitut  de  France,  Academic  des   Beaux  Arts.     Paris  :   1861. 
Svo.  pp.  viii.  405. 

This  is  the  standard  work  on  the  history  of  French  engraving.  The  memoirs,  as 
well  as  the  descriptions,  are  laboriously  accurate,  and  leave  nothing  to  be  desired, 
except,  perhaps,  some  illustrations,  for  the  book  is  very  dry  reading  indeed. 

Memoires  et  Journal  de  J.  G.  Wille,  graveur  du  roi.     Publics 


d'apres  les  manuscrits  autographes  de  la  Bibliotheque  imperiale. 
Avec  une  preface  par  Edmond  et  Jules  de  Goncourt.  Paris  : 
1857.     Svo.  vol.  i.  pp.  xvii.  584;  vol.  ii.  pp.  437. 

M.    Duplessis   disinterred    the   diary  of  this   celebrated   royal   engraver,   which 
abounds  in  valuable  historical  matter,  and  is  otherwise  exceedingly  interesting. 

Les  Merveilles  de  la  Gravure.     Ouvrage  illustre  par  P.  Sellier. 

Paris:  1869.     Svo.    pp.419. 2nd  edit.,  Paris  :   1871.     Svo. 


190 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


DuPLESSis  (Georges).  The  Wonders  of  Engraving.  Illustrated  with 
ten  reproductions  in  autotype  and  34  wood-engravings  by  P. 
Sellier.    London  :  1871.     8vo.  pp.  x.  338. 


This  work  does  not  attain  to  the  dignity 
of  being  an  historical  account  of  the 
origin  of  wood-engraving,  but  is  rather 
intended  for  popular  use  and  for  those 
who  require  this  kind  of  information 
dished  up  in  the  very  lightest  style.  It 
treats  of  engraving  in  Italy,  Spain,  the 
Low  Countries,  Germany,  England,  and 
France,  and  concludes  with  a  chapter 
descriptive  of  the  processes  of  the  art. 
The  autotype  reproductions  in  the  Eng- 
lish translation  are  very  inferior,  and 
quite  unworthy  of  the  book.  The  chapter 
on    English    Engraving    is    remarkably 


meagre,  and  altogether  inadequate  to  the 
importance  of  the  subject.  The  transla- 
tor confesses  this,  but  hopes  that  it  will 
be  rectified  by  the  publication  of  a  sepa- 
rate volume.  The  translator's  preface  is 
signed  N.  R.  E.  M.  M.  Duplessis  is  the 
Assistant  Keeper  in  the  Department  of 
Prints  in  the  Paris  "  Bibliotheque  Na- 
tionale."  He  has  also  written  the  text 
for  the  reissues  by  M.  Amand-Durand  of 
the  works  of  Antoine  Van  Dyck,  Paul 
Potter,  Claude  de  Lorraine,  Theodore 
Rousseau,  and  Albert  Duerer. 


Notice  sur  la  Vie  et  les  Travaux  de  Gerard  Audran,  graveur 

ordinaire  du  roi.     Paris.     8vo.     Only  100  copies  printed. 

DUPONT  (Paul).     Essais  pratiques  de   rimprimerie,  precedes   d'une 
notice  sur  la  Litho-typographie.     Paris  :  1849.     4to. 

This  practical  work  gives  specimens  of  the  principal  types,  with  models  of  titles, 
&c.     Only  100  copies  were  printed. 

185 1.    Exposition  Universelle  de  Londres.     Notice  concemant 

I'Ktablissement    typographique   de    M.    Paul    Dupont   de    Paris. 
Paris:   1851.     8vo.     In  French  and  English. 


Notice  sur  I'lita- 
blissement  typographique  de  M.  Paul  Dupont  de  Paris.     Paris  : 


[862.    Exposition  Universelle  de  Londres. 


1862.     8vo. 


Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie.     2  vols.    Paris  :   1854.    8vo.  Vol.  i. 

pp.  xvii.  523  ;  vol.  ii.  pp.  61 2.     Large  paper,  in  imp.  8vo. 

The  first  volume  treats  of  the  means  of    treats  of  the  printer's  profession,  and  of  the 
recording  and   of   communicating   ideas    progress  of  books  and  newspapers,  pub- 


before  and  since  the  invention  of  printing ; 
the  discovery  of  typography,  with  a 
sketch  of  Gutenberg  ;  printing  in  France 
during  the  old  monarchical  rule,  during 
the  Revolution,  under  the  Republic,  the 
Consulate,  and  the  Empire ;  under  the 
Constitutional  Monarchy,  and  under  the 
Republic  of  1848.  It  proceeds  to  de- 
scribe the  progress  of  printing  in  different 
parts  of  the  world.     The  second  volume 


lishing,  &c.  It  then  refers  to  lithography 
and  the  Imperial  Printing-office.  There 
is  an  appendix,  including  an  analysis  of 
the  principal  legislative  acts  for  the  re- 
gulation of  the  trade,  a  bibliography  of 
works  on  printing,  and  a  chronological 
table  of  the  principal  facts  connected 
with  the  history  of  the  art  from  its  origin 
to  the  date  of  publication  of  the  work. 


Une  Imprimerie  en  1867.     Paris  :  1867.     Imp.  8vo.  pp.  319. 


—  Imprimerie  Paul   Dupont. 
Generale  des  Ouvriers.     Paris. 


Compte   Rendu   de   I'Assemblee 
8vo. 


Account  published  yearly  of  the  annual  meeting  of  principals  and  employes  of 
this  printing-house,  which  is  conducted  on  the  co-operative  principle. 


—  Memoire   sur   la  Litho-typographie,    &c 
Eight  pages  of  specimens. 


Paris  :   1 839.     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


191 


DUPONT  (Paul). 
4to. 


Notice  Historique  sur  I'lmprimerie.     Paris :  1849. 


—  Rapport  fait  a  M.  Paul  Dupont  sur  la  creation  de  la  Villa 
Typographique  au  moyen  d'une  Societe  Co-operative  immobiliere. 
[Paris:  1868.]     i2mo. 

typing  rooms,  the  lithographic  designing 
and  printing  rooms,  and  several  other 
apartments  appropriated  to  the  amuse- 
ment or  the  instruction  of  the  employes. 
An  account  is  also  given  of  the  various 
clubs  and  benefit  societies  in  connection 
with  the  firm,  the  whole  presenting  a 
picture  very  different  to  English  notions 
of  the  conditions  under  which  printing 
has  to  be  conducted. 


M.  Paul  Dupont  is  a  celebrated 
printer  of  Paris  and  Clichy.  This 
work  gives  a  full  account  of  the  pro- 
cesses of  printing,  and  is  a  beautiful 
specimen  of  the  art  itself.  It  is  illus- 
trated with  views  of  the  different  de- 
partments of  the  establishment  —  the 
type-foundry,  the  composing-room,  the 
readers'  closets,  the  machine-rooms,  the 
warehouse,  the  bookbinding  and  stereo- 


DuPRAT  (F.  A.).  Aper9U  sur  les  Progres  de  la  Typographie  depuis 
le  XVIe  Siecle,  et  sur  I'fitat  actuel  de  I'lmprimerie  de  Paris. 
Paris  :  1863.     8vo.  pp.  22. 

Extract   from   the  Bulletin    du  Bou-  that  of  the  famous  establishment  with 

quiniste.      Only  one  hundred  copies  re-  which  the  author  was  associated.     The 

printed.      This    work    enters    into    the  personal  reminiscences  of  several  of  the 

History  of  printing  in  general,  as  well  as  Didot  family  are  interesting. 

Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie  Imperiale  de  France,  suivie  des  speci- 
mens des  types  etrangers  et  fran§ais  de  cet  etablissement.  Paris  : 
1861.     8vo.     pp.  iv.  578. 


The  author  gives  an  account  of  the 
different  state  printers  of  France  from 
the  time  of  Francis  I.,  who  instituted  the 
distinction  of  "Printer  to  the  King." 
Robert  Estienne  was  one  of  the  first 
royal  printers  before  he  went  to  Geneva. 
The  history  of  the  printing  establishment 
originally  known  as  "  LTmprimerie 
Royale  "  is  then  detailed,  and  an  account 
of  its  successive  directors  follows.  To 
this  succeeds  an  elaborate  description  of 
the  present  establishment,  its  system  of 


business,  its  productions,  machinery,  ma- 
terials, &c.,  even  to  the  associations  for 
charitable  or  educational  purposes  which 
have  been  formed  by  the  workpeople.  In 
an  appendix  there  is  a  statement  of  the 
French  laws  relating  to  printing  and  sta- 
tistics as  to  the  position  of  the  art.  The 
work  includes  a  very  interesting  com- 
parative table  of  the  Roman  and  Italic 
characters  employed  by  the  Imperial 
Printing  Office  from  1640  up  to  the  pre- 
sent day. 

Precis   Historique   sur  I'lmprimerie   Nationale  et  ses  Types. 

Paris  :   1 848.     8vo.  pp.  viii.  158. 

This  work  was  subsequently  enlarged  into  the  "  Histoire  "  as  above.  The  author 
was  the  "  Chef-du-Service  "  of  the  foundry  department,  and  controller  of  the  letter- 
press-work of  the  National  Printing  Office  at  Paris. 

DURAZZO  (Conte  Jacopo).  Descrizione  della  Raccolta  di  Stampe, 
esposta  in  una  dissertazione  sull'  arte  dell'  intaglio  in  stampa. 
Parma  :  1784.  4to.  pp.  54,  and  10  pages  of  preliminary  matter. 
Portrait. 

DiJRER  (Albert).     See  Duerer. 

DUROUCHAIL  (P.).      ifepreuves   de   divers  Ornemens  'typographiques 

graves  sur  bois,  et  polytypes.     Paris  :   1819.     Folio.     1827. 

Folio. 


192  JBihliography  of  Frmtmg. 

DusSEAU  (P.  J.  v.).  De  Boekdrukkunst  en  derzelver  uitvinder 
Laurens  Jansz.  Koster.  Amsterdam  :  1839.  i2mo.  pp.  vii.  162. 
With  a  portrait  of  Koster,  illuminated  title,  and  three  plates. 
A  work  written  for  the  use  of  young  folks. 

DUTHILLCEUL  (H.  R.).  Bibliographic  Douaisienne.  Paris  :  1835. 
8vo.     2me  edition.     Douai  :  1842.     8vo. 

Pp.  xiii.-xxix.  (ed.   1835)  treat  of  the  published  and  still  exist  there ;  pp.  273- 

origin  and  propagation  of  the  typographic  295    contain   biographical   notices  of  the 

art  and  the  establishment  of  printing  at  printers  who  have  exercised  their  art  in 

Douai  ;  pp.  1-272  consist  of  a  catalogue  Douai  since  the  discovery   of   printing, 

of  the  books  and  pamphlets  printed  at  and    a    chronological     table    of    Douai 

Douai  and  of  the  journals  that  have  been  printers. 

Bibliographic  Douaisienne,  ou  Catalogue  historique  ct  raisonne 

des  livres  imprimes  a  Douai,  depuis  I'annee  1563  jusqu'en  1 853, 
avec  des  notes  bibliographiques  et  litteraires.  Tome  II.  Douai  : 
1854.     8vo. 

DU VERGER.— ^d?^  HiSTOIRE   DE   L'INVENTION    DE   L'IMPRIMERIE. 


BERT  (F.  A.).  Allgemeincs  Bibliogra 
phisches  Lexikon.  2  vols.  Leipzig : 
1 82 1.    4to. 

Neue  Priifung  der  Hollandischen 


Anspriiche  auf  die  Erfindung  der  Buch- 
druckerkunst.  In  *'  Hermes :  oder 
kritisches  Jahrbuch  der  Literatur." 
No. 4.  pp. 63-85.    Leipzig:  1823.  8vo. 

Nieuw  Onderzoek  naar  de  aan- 


spraak  van  Holland  op  de  Uitvinding 
der  Boekdrukkunst,  en  brief  wegens 
het  geschrift   van  F.    Lehne ;   uit  het 

Hoogduitsch,  met  een  Voorrede  en  eenige  Aanmerkingen  van  J. 

Koning.     Haarlem  :  1825.     8vo.  pp.  v.  46. 

Ueberlieferungen    zur    Geschichte,   Literatur   und   Kunst   der 

Vor-  mid  Mitwelt.     3  parts.     Dresden  :  1826.     8vo. 

Among  the  contents  of  this  work  are— Early  Days  of  Printing;  the  Disputed 
Discovery  of  Printing  ;  Xylographic  Monuments  in  the  Public  Library  of  Wolfen- 
biittel  ;  Printing  in  Portugal  in  the  Fifteenth  Century,  by  L.  Hain,  &c. 

Ebnp:r  (L.).  Verzeichniss  der  von  Johann  Adam  Klein,  Maler  und 
Kupferstecher,  gezeichneten  und  radirten  Blatter  (vom  Jahre  1805 
bis  1846).     Stuttgart  :  1853.     8vo. 

Eckstein  (F,  A.).  Die  Sahlfeld'schen  Buchdruckereien  in  Halle. 
Halle  :  1842.     4to.  pp.  8. 

Dr.  Gustav  Schwetschke  having  published  a  history  of  printing  in  the  town  of  Halle, 
the  author  here  supplies  further  details  as  to  its  origin  and  progress,  and  also  gives 
a  genealogical  chart  of  the  Sahlfeld  family. 

£coLE  Typographique  pour  les  Femmes.     [Paris  :  no  date.]     pp.  4. 

Published  during  the  French  Revolution  (about  1792).  The  only  indication  as 
to  author  or  place  of  publication  is  on  the  last  page,—"  S'adresser  a  I'lmprimerie, 
Rue  des  deux  portes  Bon  Conseil,  No.  8." 

2    C 


194  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Ed  (C.  M.),     Kurzgefasste  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst.     Ham- 
burg: 1840.     i2nio. 


Kurzgefasste  Geschichte  des  Buchdrucks.     Hamburg  :    1839. 

8vo.  pp.  iv.  136. 

Edel  (Friedrich  Wilhelm).  Denkschrift  fiir  die  im  Jahr  1840  zu  be- 
gehende  vierte  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst. 
Strasburg :   1840.     8vo. 

Edner  (Philipp).  Satz — Druck— Papier.  Ein  Gang  durch  Schrift- 
giesserei,  Buchdruckerei  und  Papierfabrik.  Zur  Belehrung  fiir 
Autoren  und  Buchhandler.   Leipzig :  no  date  [1870].   i6mo.  pp.  92. 

Intended  to  initiate  authors  and  booksellers  into  the  mystery  of  Printing,  but  is 
rather  superficially  written,  and  contains  hardly  anything  that  would  not  be  known 
to  people  in  continual  connection  with  printing. 

Edwards  (Edward).  The  Disease  and  the  Remedy  :  an  Essay  on 
the  Distressed  State  of  the  Printing  Trade,  proving  it  to  be  mainly 
attributable  to  excessive  Boy  Labour.      London  :  1850.     pp.  32. 

This  is  a  prize  essay  on  the  Apprentice  seventeenth  century  to  the  present  time, 
system,  and  is  dedicated  to  the  master  The  author  was,  in  his  da)%  a  very  pro- 
printers  and  newspaper  proprietors,  and  minent  advocate  for  amelioration  of  the 
their  overseers,  readers,  and  journeymen,  condition  of  the  working  printer  ;  and 
of  the  United  Kingdom.  The  subject  was  secretary  to  the  London  Society  of 
has   been   constantly  agitated   from   the  Compositors  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Edwards  &  Kidd,  printers,  London.  International  Exhibition, 
1871.     The  Heliotype  Process.     London :  1871.     8vo. 

Eekhoff  (W. ),  Nieuvve  Bijdrage  tot  de  Geschiedenis  van  de  Boek- 
drukkunst  in  Nederland  ;  bevattende  een  betoog,  dat  de  eerste 
druk  van  de  Oude  Friesche  Wetten,  bezorgd  door  Heer  H.  Cam- 
mingha  omstreeks  1484  is  gedrukt  te  Leeuwarden.  Workum  : 
1856.     8vo.  pp.  19. 

An  essay  on  the  history  of  printing  in  was  at  Leeuwarden  in  1484,  by  H.  Cam- 

the    Netherlands,    with    an    attempt    to  mingha.     The  first  book  printed  with  a 

prove  that  the  first  printing  done  in  Fries-  date  in  the  Low  Countries  was  in  1473. 
land,  a  province  of  the  Low  Countries, 

Ehren-Gedichte  auf  die  edle  freye  Kunst-Buchdruckerey,  und 
deren  Ursprung,  Fortgang  und  Nutzbarkeit,  \\^essen  sich  deren 
Anverwandten,  fiir  andren  Kiinsten,  Grund  der  Wahrheit  zu 
riihmen  haben ;  mit  poetischer  Feder  entworffen.  Frankfurt  : 
1739.     8vo. 

Eichsfeld  (E.  G.).  Relation  vom  Wittembergischen  Buchdrucker- 
Jubilreo,  1 740.  Nebst  einer  historischen  Nachricht  von  alten  Wit- 
tembergischen Buchdruckern.     Wittenberg:   1740.     4to. 

In  addition  to  the  several  festive  songs  and  speeches  recorded  in  this  volume, 
there  is  a  poem  by  T.  J.  Neunhofer  on  "  The  Divine  in  the  Typographic  Art." 

EiSENMANN  (Andreas).  Die  Schnellpresse,  ihre  Construction,  Zusam- 
menstellung  und  Behandlung.  Leipzig :  1 865.  4to.  pp.  80. 
Leipzig  :  1872.     4to.   pp.  80. 

A  practical  treatise  on  printing-machine  construction,  &c.,  for  the  use  of  printers 
and  machint-njakers. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


195 


EkAMA  (Dr.  C).  Romeyn  de  Hooghe  en  de  Hortus  Medicus  met  het 
Standbeeld  van  L.  J.  Coster.     Haarlem  :  1869.     8vo. 

Ektypographie  :  oder,  die  Kunst  Zeichnungen  auf  Kupferplatten 
hoch  zu  atzen.     Quedlinburg  :  1840.     8vo. 

Ellis  (Charles).  An  extract  of  a  letter  to  Dr.  Edward  Pyson  :  That 
Costerus  first  invented  printing,  anno  1430.  In  Philosophical 
Transactiotts,  vol.  xxiii.     London  :   1 704.     4to. 

Some  Observations  concerning  the  Invention  and  Progress  of 

Printing  to  the  year  1465,  Occasioned  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ellis's 
letter,  exhibited  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  No.  286.  In 
Philosophical  Transactions,  vol.  xxiii.     London  :   1704.     4to. 

Ellis  (Sir  Henry).  Copies  of  Original  Papers  illustrative  of  the 
Management  of  Literature  by  Printers  and  Stationers  in  the  middle 
of  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Article  in  the  Archccologia, 
vol.  XXV.  pp.  100-112.     London:  1834.     4to. 

Ellis  (J.  B.)  and  Denton  (W.).  The  Printer's  Calculator  and  Prac- 
tical Companion.     Leeds  :  1876.     32nio.  pp.  58. 

ber  of  Leads  contained  in  a  Pound ; 
Leads  required  to  Justify  with  any  given 
Body  of  Type  ;  Lengths  and  Widths  of 


The  Contents  are  :— Table  of  Wages, 
showing  the  Amount  earned  in  any  num- 
ber of  Hours  from  One  to  Ninety  ;  Table 
for   Calculating    Piece-work  ;    Table    of    Pages  for  ordinary  Book-work,  with  the 


Sizes  of  Paper ;  Sizes  of  Writing  and 
Drawing-paper  and  Cards ;  Table  for 
Giving  out  Paper  ;  Equivalent  Weights 
of  Paper ;  Relative  Sizes  of  Type,  from 
Pica  to  Pearl ;  Table  showing  the  Num- 


number  of  Ens  contained  in  each  Page  ; 
Table  of  Signatures  and  Folios  ;  Imposi- 
tion Schemes  ;  Abstract  of  Leeds  Com- 
positors' Scale  of  Prices  for  News  and 
Book-work. 


Elsevier  (W.  J.  C.  Rammelman-).— 6>^  Rammelman-Elsevier. 

Elvert  (Christian  d').  Geschichte  des  Biicher-  und  Steindruckes,  des 
Buchhandels,  der  Biicher-Censur,  und  der  Periodischen  Literatur, 
so  wie  Nachtrage  zur  Geschichte  der  historischen  Literatur  in 
Mahren  und  Oesterreichisch-Schlesien.     Briinn  :  1854.     8vo. 

Elzevir. 

The  Elzevir  family,  who  flourished  in 
Holland  during  the  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries,  were  famous  for  the 
elegance  of  their  type,  the  excellence  of 
their  presswork,  the  accuracy  of  their 
text,  and  their  successful  efforts  to  intro- 
duce the  duodecimo  as  an  improvement 
upon  the  larger  and  more  expensive 
forms  of  books.  Their  type  was  highly 
esteemed  in  this  country,  and  furnished 
the  model  for  that  of  the  first  Caslon. 
Of  twelve  printers  belonging  to  this 
family,  at  least  seven  were  celebrated  for 
special  excellence. 

Louis  Elzevir,  the  first  printer  of  the 
family,  was  born  at  Louvain,  and  esta- 
blished himself  at  Leyden.  His  first 
book  was  an  edition  of  Eutropius  in  1592, 
and  it  is  excessively  rare.  He  continued 
to  print  in  that  city  until  his  death,  in 


1 61 7.  He  adopted  for  his  device  the  arms 
of  the  Batavian  Republic  and  the  motto 
"Concordia  res  parvae  crescunt,"  which 
motto,  adopted  by  Jo.  Steels  with  another 
device,  Brunet  and  other  bibliographers 
were  led  to  believe  that  Elzevir's  and 
Steels's  devices  were  the  same. 

The  five  sons  of  Louis  were  all  printers 
— the  youngest,  Bonaventure  Elzevir, 
achieving  great  celebrity  as  the  publisher 
of  the  famous  duodecimo  classics.  Louis, 
a  grandson  of  the  first  Louis,  was  the 
founder  of  the  Elzevir  press  of  Amster- 
dam. His  classic  Latin  authors,  in  folio, 
quarto,  octavo,  and  i2mo.,  are  amongst 
the  most  notable  publications  of  the 
family;  they  appeared  from  1629  to  1665. 
Daniel,  the  son  of  Bonaventure,  achieved 
great  fame  in  Leyden,  and  afterwards 
at  Amsterdam,  continuing  to  print  until 


196 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


his  death,  in  1689.  His  Dutch  New 
Testament,  published  in  1658,  is  very 
beautiful  and  exact.  His  widow  carried 
on  the  business  after  his  death  ;  and  the 
last  book  issued  by  the  family  was  in 
1 712,  by  Abraham  Elzevir,  alderman  at 
Leyden,  the  sole  survivor  of  the  family. 

The  Elzevirs  did  not  aim  at  luxury, 
like  the  Aldi  and  the  Stephens,  for  they 
printed  only  one  work  upon  vellum,  but 
devoted  their  endeavours  to  furnishing 
accurate  works  for  common  use. 

The  very  scarce  mark  annexed  was 
copied  from  Baudius  (Dominicus)  "  De 
Induciis  Belli  Belgici "  (Leyden:  1613. 
4to.).  The  emblem  of  the  olive-tree  and 
vine,  under  it  an  old  man  gathering  fruit, 
on  the  other  side,  on  a  scroll,  the  motto 


"  Non  solus "  (not  alone),  was  a  later 
and  better-known  mark  of  these  famous 
printers.  The  adoption  for  their  mark  of 
the  prolific  vine— crowned  by  Grecian 
fable  as  the  greatest  blessing  to  mankind, 
and  the  gift  of  the  wise  Minerva— was 
very  appropriate  for  a  family  so  many  in 
number  and  so  multitudinous  in  works. 

A  fuller  account  of  this  celebrated 
family  will  be  found  in  A.  de  Reume, 
"  Recherches  sur  les  Elsevir  "  (Bruxelles  : 
1847,  Svo.);  J.  F.  Adry,  "  Notice  sur  les 
Elsevirs"  (Paris  :  1806,  8vo.)  ;  Van  Even, 
"  De  Elzevirs"  (Brussels:  1851,  8vo.)  ; 
and  Pieters,  "  Annales  des  Elseviers " 
(Gand:  1858,  Svo. ).  An  entirely  new  work 
on  the  Elzevirs  will  shortly  be  issued  by 
M.  Alph.  Willems,  of  Brussels. 


LEYDEN  :  1592-1617. 


Elzevir.  Catalogus  Authorum  Latinorum  ex  officina  Elzeviriana,  s. 
B.  et  A.  Elzeviriorum  typis  editorum.  See  Maittaire,  "Ann. 
Typogr.,"  torn.  iii.  p.  815,  and  following. 

Catalogus   Librorum   qui   in   Bibliopolio   Elzeviriano   venales 

extant.     Lugd.  Bat. :  1634.    4to. Another  edition,  1684.    4to. 

Catalogus    Librorum    qui    in    Bibliopolio   Officinae   Danielis 

Elzevirii  venales  extant.     Amsterdam  :  1674.     i2mo. Another 

edition,    1 68 1,    in    i2mo.     Re-impression   by    Didot ;   edited   by 
Charles  Motteley.     Paris :   1823.     i2mo.      100  copies  printed. 

Over  het  aantal  Drukkers,  uit  de  familie  der  Elzevier  voortge- 

sproten.    In  Algcnieene  Konst-  en  Letter-Bode,  No.  8.    1807.    8vo, 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


197 


Elzevir.  Proeve  der  Drukkerye  van  Mr.  Abraham  Elzevier,  In  sijn 
Leven  Drukker  van  de  Universiteyt  tot  Leyden.  Leyden  :  17 13. 
4to. 

The  sale  Catalogue  of  the  printing-office  and  type-foundry  of  the  last  of  t 
Elzevirs. 

Essai   Bibliographique    sur   les    i^ditions   des   Elzevirs.      See 

Berard. 

The  total  number  of  works  of  all  kinds  bearing  the  name  of  Elzevir  as  printer 
is  1,213,  of  which  960  are  in   Latin,  44  in  Greek,  126  in  French,  32  in  Flemish,  22 
in  Oriental  languages,  11  in  German,  and  10  in  Italian. 

Emeric-David    (Toussaint    Bernard).      Discours    Historique   sur   la 
Gravure  en  Taille-douce  et  sur  la  Gravure  en  Bois.     Paris  :   1808. 
Svo.  pp.  83. 
Extract  from  the  Moniteur  Universel,  October,  1808. 

Ilistoire  de  la  Peinture  au  Moyen  Age,  suivi  de  I'Histoire  de 

la  Gravure.     Paris  :   1863.     i2mo. 


BASLE  :    1526-1529;   FRIBURG   IN    BRISGAU,     1529-1536. 


Emmeus  (Joannes  Faber). 

This  device  is  taken  from  Pictorius's 
"Theologia  Mythologica"(Friburg:  1532. 
Bvo.),  and  was  supposed  by  M.  Berjeau 
to  have  remained  without  identification 
until  he,  in  1867,  discovered  the  name  of 
the  printer  to  whom  it  belonged.  The 
initials  I  F  E  will  be  noticed  on  the  shield. 
M.  Berjeau  believed  that  he  was  the  first 


to  identify  this  mark  as  one  of  those  used 
by  the  eminent  Basle  printer,  but  in 
Stockmeyer  and  Rebur's  "  Beitrage  zur 
Easier  Buchdruckergeschichte,  "published 
in  1840,  will  be  found,  at  p.  155,  the  iden- 
tical device,  distinctly  ascribed  to  Jo- 
hannes Faber  Emmeus,  27  years  before 
the  date  of  M.  Berjeau's  book. 


198 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Endter  (Wilhelm  Moritz). 

The  art  of  printing,  it  is  generally 
stated,  was  introduced  into  Nuremberg 
by  Antony  Koburger,  in  1473,  who  was 
styled  the  "  prince  of  printers,"  and  that 
city  long  held  its  supremacy  in  the 
typographic  world.  There  is  reason, 
however,  to  believe  that  Henry  KefFer, 
who  appeared  as  a  witness  for  Guten- 
berg, in  the  suit  of  Fust,  1455,  established 
himself  there  about  1469.  His  name 
appears  for  the  first  time  in  the  imprint 
of  a  book  dated  1473,  from  which  it 
would  appear  that  he  was  engaged  by 


John  Sensenchmidt,  a  wealthy  citizen, 
who  published  some  books.  It  was  he 
who,  in  1481,  issued  the  celebrated 
Bamberg  Missal.  Among  the  most  cele- 
brated printers  were  the  Endters,  whose 
books  are,  at  the  present  time,  both  rare 
and  valuable.  We  reproduce  the  device 
of  Wilhelm  Moritz  Endter's  daughter. 
It  consists  of  the  emblem  of  the  Sun  and 
Eagle,  on  a  rocky  landscape  with  a  town 
in  the  background,  lighted  by  the  sun. 
A  scroll  above  the  eagle  bears  the  motto 
"  Omnia  lustrat." 


NUREMBERG 


Engel  (S.).  Lettre  sur  I'Origine  de  I'lmprimerie  et  sur  diverses  !^di- 
tions  anciennes.     Beme :  1742.     8vo. 

Originally  appeared  in  the  Jourjial  Helvitique,  Sept.,  1741,  pages  852  and  fol- 
lowing. 

Engelhard-Reyhersche  Hofbuchdruckerei.  Schrift-Proben  aus 
der  Buchdruckerei  in  Gotha.     Gotha  [1826].     Svo. 

Engelmann  (Godefroy).  Das  Gesammtgebiet  der  Lithographic,  oder 
theoretische  und  praktische  Anleitung  zur  Ausiibung  der  Litho- 
graphie  in  ihrem  ganzen  U  mfange,  durch  Darlegurig  u.  Veranschau- 
lichung  der  ersten  Elemente,  bis  zur  Angabe  des  Verfahrens  bei 
Herstellung  des  Hochsten  u.  Vollendetsten,  was  diese  Kunst  bis 
jetzt  liefert.  Eingeleitet  durch  eine  authentische  Geschichte  ihrer 
Erfindung  u.  Entwickelung,  und  durch  49  Tafeln  mit  zahlreichen 
Abbildungen  erlautert.  Uebertragung  des  "  Traite  theorique  ct 
pratique  de  Lithographic,"  mit  besonderer  Riicksicht  auf  den 
Zustand  u.  die  Ergebnisse  der  deutschen  Lithographic  bearbeitet 


Bibliof!:raphy  of  Frintifig. 


199 


u.  mit  den  nothigen  Zusat/en  versehen  von  W.  Pabst  und  A. 
Kretzschmar.  Chemnitz  :  1840.-  4to. Second  edition.  Leip- 
zig :  1843.  4to.  pp.  xvi.  and  288,  49  plates. 
A  German  translation  of  the  "Traite  theoretique"  cited  iu/ra. 
Engelmann  (Godefroy).  Handbuch  fiir  Steinzeichner,  od.  Beschrei- 
bung  der  besten  Mittel  um  in  alien  bekannten  Manieren  auf  Stein 
zu  zeichnen.     Berlin  :   1834.     8vo.      13  engravings  on  stone. 

Manuel  du  Dessinateur  Lithographe,  ou  Description  des  meil- 

leurs  Moyens  a  employer  pour  faire  les  Dessins  sur  Pierre  dans 

tous   les    Genres   connus.     Paris:    1823.     8vo. The    Second 

Edition,  to  which  is  added  "Instruction  sur  le  nouveau  Precede 
du  Lavis  Lithographique."  pp.  90,  13  plates.  Paris  :  1824.  8vo. 
3rd  Edition.     Paris  and  Mulhouse  :  [1830].    8vo. 

■ Rapport  sur  la  Lithographic,  et  particulierement  sur  un  Recueil 

de  Dessins  lithographiques  par M.  Engelmann.   Paris:  [1816].  4to. 
pp.  25. 
A  Report,  made  on  the  3rd  of  August,    phic  drawings,  &c.,  by  M.  Engelmann, 

1816,   by  a  committee  appointed  by  the    and  to  report  on  the  origin,  progress,  and 

Academic     des     Beaux    Arts    (Institut    results  of  this  art. 

Royal   de    France)  to  examine  lithogra- 

Recueil  d'Essais  Lithographiques.     Paris  :  181 7.     4to. 

• Traite  theoretique  et  pratique  de  Lithographic.     Mulhouse  et 

Paris  :  [1840].     4to.  pp.  ix.  and  467,  50  plates. 


In  our  account  of  the  origin  of  litho- 
graphy, sitb  voce  Senefeldek,  it  will  be 
seen  that  this  inventor  was  the  first  to 
observe  the  property  inherent  in  cal- 
careous stones  of  receiving  greasy  lines 
and  transmitting  them  to  paper ;  and  this 
observation  led  to  the  discovery  of  the 
new  method  of  printing,  for  he  found  that 
by  wetting  the  stone  it  was  possible  to 
charge  it  again  with  ink,  and  obtain  a 
series  of  impressions.  The  city  where  the 
art  was  discovered,  as  was  natural,  was 
the  place  where  it  was  originally  practised 
with  the  greatest  success,  and  in  1800 
Senefelder  obtained  exclusive  privileges 
as  a  lithographer.  Soon  after  Messrs. 
Manlich  and  Aretin  set  up  some  litho- 
graphic presses,  and  published  the 
greatest  part  of  the  admirable  collection 
of  the  drawings  of  ancient  masters  be- 
longing to  the  King  of  Bavaria.  In  1801, 
lithography  was  spread  over  Germany, 
but  it  was  only  in  1802  that  Senefelder 
himself  set  up  an  establishment  in  Vienna. 
In  1807,  M.  Andre,  of  Offenbach,  who 
had  become  a  partner  of  Senefelder, 
tried,  but  unsuccessfullj%  to  establish 
presses  in  London  and  Paris,  while  M. 
Delarme,  of  Munich,  settled  in  Milan 
and  Rome. 

Hitherto  lithography  had  been  kept  a 
profound  secret,  and  in  1810  Mr.  Manlich, 
who,  as  already  stated,  wasone  of  the 
first  to  set  up  a  press  in  Munich,  applied 


to  the  French  Government  for  permission 
to  introduce  the  business  in  Paris.  This, 
however,  was  refused,  on  the  ground,  it 
is  stated,  that  Napoleon  I.  thought  the 
new  art  furnished  too  many  facilities  for  ■ 
forgery. 

In  1814,  M.  Martel  de  la  Serres  was 
commissioned  by  the  French  Government 
to  examine  the  industrial  establishments 
of  Germany,  and  in  the  course  of  his  in- 
vestigation visited  a  lithographic  office. 
He  drew  up  a  very  intelligent  report, 
which  attracted  the  attention  of  men  of 
science.  So  far  as  concerns  theory,  his 
treatise  was  complete  ;  but  when  it  was 
applied  to  practice  it  was  found  to  be  far 
from  perfect.  The  real  secrets  of  litho- 
graphy existed  in  the  process  of  printing, 
and  the  Germans  were  not  inclined  to 
initiate  a  foreigner  in  them.  There 
were,  besides,  in  this  as  in  every  other 
art,  certain  practical  minutiae  which  ex- 
perience only  could  give. 

Among  those  who  were  most  enthu- 
siastic in  endeavouring  to  introduce  the 
new  art  into  France  was  Count  Lasteyrie, 
who  performed  several  journeys  into 
Germany  for  the  sole  purpose  of  obtaining 
information.  He  became  a  lithographer 
himself,  procured  printers  from  Germany, 
and  announced  his  intention  of  publish- 
ing a  complete  practical  treatise  on  the 
new  art. 
The  pioneer  of  lithography  in  Paris,  how- 


200 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


ever,  was  Godefroy  Engelmann,  the 
author  of  the  above  works.  He  was  born 
at  Mulhouse  on  the  17th  of  August,  1788, 
and  died  on  the  25th  of  April,  1839.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen  he  was  sent  to  La 
Rochelle  to  the  busuiess  house  of  a  friend 
of  his  father  there,  to  be  initiated  into 
commercial  pursuits.  Engelmann  showed 
but  little  aptitude  for  this  career,  and 
preferred  to  cultivate  the  arts.  He  re- 
turned to  his  native  town  in  1808,  and  en- 
tered into  business  with  his  father-in-law 
as  a  designer ;  but  the  disasters  of  1813 
ruined  his  family  and  left  him  without 
resources.  It  was  then,  through  the 
mediation  of  his  friend  Edouard  Koech- 
lin,  that  he  first  became  acquainted  with 
the  art  of  lithography.  In  1814  he  went 
to  Munich  and  studied  in  the  workshops 
of  Stuntz  the  process  as  then  known. 
On  Engelmann's  return  in  18 15,  he  started 
a  press  at  Mulhouse,  and  in  1816  esta- 
blished himself  at  Paris.  Some  of  his 
specimens  were  so  excellent  that  they 
obtained  for  him  an  honourable  mention 
for  the  class  of  fine  arts  at  the  French 
Institute.  Count  Lasteyrie  was  also  suc- 
cessful. There  were,  therefore,  two  litho- 
graphic establishments  now  working  in 
Paris  in  competition  with  each  other. 
Neither  of  them  divulged  its  methods, 
both  carrying  on  their  operations  as  a 
purely  commercial  enterprise.  About 
this  time  the  Committee  of  the  School  of 
the  Royal  Roads  and  Bridges  obtained 
from  the  Director-General  the  permission 
to  establish  a  lithographic  press,  and 
M.  Raucourt  being  one  of  the  oldest  of 
the  pupils,  was  entrusted  with  the 
management  of  the  establishment.  He 
subsequently  wrote  a  complete  and  prac- 
tical work  on  the  entire  Art  of  Litho- 
graphy, and  the  English  translation  of  it 
IS  referred  to  s.v.  Hullmandel. 

Owing  to  the  reputation  Engelmann 
attained,  both  at  Mulhouse  and  at 
Paris,  numerous  applications  were  re- 
ceived by  him  from  persons  in  foreign 
countries  for  instructions  in  the  art.  In 
1820,  M.  Bruci,  of  Barcelona,  and  M. 
Madroza,  of  Madrid,  went  to  Paris  for 
that  purpose;  just  as,  in  1821,  Charles 
Hullmandel  went  from  London  with  a 
similar  object. 

In  1826,  a  M.  Coindet,  the  son  of  a 
celebrated  doctor  of  Geneva,  came  to 
Mulhouse  to  learn  lithoeraphy,  intending 
to  afterwards  practise  it  in  England.  In 
this  year  a  partnership  was  accordingly 
entered  into  with  M.  Coindet,  and  a 
London  firm  was  started  under  the  style 
of  Engelmann,  Graf,  &  Coindet, — Graf 
having  for  some  time  previously  been 
partner  in  the  concern  at  Mulhouse.    He 


was  the  uncle  of  Auguste  Graf,  the  part- 
ner of  Jean  Engelmann,  referred  to  below. 
This  led  to  the  late  Mr.  Michael  Hanhart, 
father  of  the  present  Mr.  Michael  Han- 
hart, going  to  London  and  starting  the 
establishment  which,  as  Engelmann  says 
in  his  "Traite  Theoretique  et  Pratique," 
soon  rivalled  that  of  Hullmandel.  Un- 
fortunately, it  was  not  as  well  managed 
financially  as  it  was  technically  and  artis- 
tically. Through  unfortunate  specula- 
tions on  the  part  of  his  partners,  nothing 
arose  from  the  enterprise  but  disappoint- 
ment and  loss. 

Engelmann  was  instrumental  in  directly 
introducing  the  art  into  several  countries 
where  there  had  not  previously  been  a 
lithographic  press.  In  this  year  (1826) 
Engelmann  was  interested  in  establish- 
ments in  Vienna,  Berlin,  St.  Petersburg, 
and  Barcelona.  Godefroy  Engelmann 
never  himself  visited  London,  although 
Mr.  Hanhart,  senior,  and  others  urged 
him  to  do  so. 

Returning  now  to  the  Paris  establish- 
ment, into  which  Engelmann's  brother- 
in-law  Pierre  Thierry  had  been  admitted 
a  partner,  it  may  be  stated  that  here  also 
the  result  of  the  concern  was  financially 
disastrous,  and  in  1830  the  partners  were 
compelled  to  liquidate.  Godefroy  went  to 
Mulhouse,  while  his  relative  remained  in 
Paris.  It  is  to  Godefroy  that  we  owe 
the  practical  realization  of  the  idea, 
originally  mooted  by  Senefelder,  of 
Chromolithography.  Many  attempts  had 
been  previously  made  to  print  in  colours 
by  means  of  lithography,  but  without 
success.  The  Socicte  d' Encouragement, 
in  1828,  offered  a  prize  of  2,000  fr.  for  an 
impression  in  colours,  and  kept  the  prize 
open   for  several  years.      In  December, 

1836,  G.  Engelmann  solved  the  problem, 
and  in  January,  1837,  he  took  out  a 
patent  for  10  years.  The  Socicte,  in 
1838,  awarded  him  the  prize.  He  ob- 
tained other  honours,  but  did  not  live 
long  to  enjoy  them,  for,  as  already  men- 
tioned, he  died  in  1S39.  Jean  Engel- 
mann,who  had  since  1833  been  associated 
with  his  father  at  Mulhouse,  and  greatly 
aided  in  developing  the  chromolitho- 
graphic  process,  was   sent   to    Paris   in 

1837,  to  found  an  establishment  to  be 
specially  devoted  to  chromolithography, 
which  he  carried  out  to  great  perfection. 
At  the  death  of  his  father,  having  no 
further  interest  in  the  business  at  Mul- 
house, he  devoted  all  his  energy  to  the 
Paris  house.  In  1842  he  took  into  part- 
nership M.  Aug.  Graf.  His  was  the  first, 
and  for  a  considerable  time  the  only  <;hro- 
molithographic  establishment  in  Paris. 
Like  his  predecessor,  he  introduced  many 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


201 


improvements  into  the  art.  He  died  29th 
July,  1875,  agfed  60,  leaving  two  sons, 
who  have  since  carried  on  the  business. 
His  partner,  M.  A.  Graf,  died  early  in 
1878,  and   in  consequence  the  firm  was 


dissolved.  The  present  M.  Engelmann, 
of  Paris,  thus  became  the  sole  proprietor 
of  the  establishment  founded  by  his  grand-- 
father.  —  See     Doyen,     Hullmandel, 

SCHLOTKE,    SeNEFELDER. 


England,  Origin  of  Printing  in. — See  Ames,  Blades,  Bowyer, 
DiBDiN,  Hansard,  Johnson,  Lemoine,  Lewis,  Luckombe, 
Madden,  Nichols,  Ottley,  Savage,  &c. 

Engravers.  A  Chronological  Series  of  Engravers  from  the  Invention 
of  the  Art  to  the  Beginning  of  the  present  Century.  Cambridge  : 
1770.     i2mo. 

Ennen  (Dr.  Leonhard).  Katalog  der  Inkunabeln  in  der  Stadt-Biblio- 
thek  zu  Koln.     Koln  :   1861,     8vo.  pp.  xxvi.  150. 

There  are  but  few  catalogues  of  Incunabula  as  interesting  as  the  present  one, 
the  author  of  which  is  the  keeper  of  the  archives  of  the  Library  at  Cologne. 

Enquiry  (An)  into  the  Origin  of  Printing  in  Europe.  By  a  Lover  of 
the  Art.     London  :  1752.     8vo. 

This  work  describes  certain  improvements  in  printing-types  made  by  Jackson,  the 
typefounder. 

ENSCHEDfi.  fipreuve  de  Caracteres  qui  se  fondent  dans  la  nouvelle 
Fonderie  de  Caracteres  de  Isaac  et  Jean  Enschede  a  Haarlem. 
Svo.     [1 743-] 


This  specimen-book  is  in  the  collection 
of  Mr.  W.  Blades,  who  has  kindly  per- 
mitted us  to  inspect  it.  The  title-page  is 
supplied  in  pen  and  ink,  and  Mr.  Blades 
has  himself  assigned  the  date  1743.  In 
regard  to  this  date  there  is  some  doubt. 
Messrs.  Enschede  inform  us  that  their 
collection  "begins  with  a  one-page  folio 
of  the  year  1743,  and  then  follows  an 
Svo.  specimen  of  the  year  1744."  The 
latter  is  the  next  item  on  our  list ;  but 
Mr.  Blades  bases  the  priority  of  the  above 
"  on  the  state  of  the  woodcut  of  Koster, 
and  many  other  minutice,  which  show  it 
[the  1744  book]  to  be  a  later  impres- 
sion." 

Presuming  that  Mr.  Blades's  opinion  as 
to  the  date  is  authentic,  then  this  must 
rank  as  the  first  specimen-book  issued  by 


this  celebrated  firm.  It  contains  a  wood- 
cut of  Koster  with  verses,  and  an  "Aver- 
tissement "  in  French,  which  states  that 
the  foundry  was  bought  early  in  1743, 
upon  the  death  of  Wetstein,  who  died 
towards  the  end  of  1742,  just  as  he 
had  completed  its  organization.  Isaac 
and  John  Enschede,  the  new  pro- 
prietors, specially  allude  to  the  transac- 
tion, and  to  the  excellence  of  the  casting 
and  the  consequent  durability  of  the  type 
of  the  Wetstein  Foundry,  and  state  that 
since  its  acquisition  they  have  spared 
neither  pains  nor  expense  to  render  it 
complete  and  perfect.  There  are  nine 
sizes  of  titling-letter,  nineteen  of  Roman, 
fifteen  italic,  four  Greek  capitals,  seven 
Greek  founts,  besides  Arabic,  Hebrew, 
blacks,  and  borders. 


—  Proef  van  Letteren,  welke  gegoten  worden  in  de  Nieuwe 
Letter-gieterij  van  Izaak  en  Joh.  Enschede,  te  Haarlem.  Ver- 
meerderde  en  verbeterd,  tot  't  Jaar  1744.     Svo. 

Notwithstanding  that  we  have  taken 
some  trouble  to  be  correct,  and  that  these 
proof  sheets  have  had  the  advantage  of 
the  kind  revision  of  Messrs.  Enschede  & 
Sons,  we  yet  feel  called  upon  to  express 
our  fear  that  our  list  of  the  specimens  of 
this  famous  foundry  may,  nevertheless, 
lack  accuracy  and  completeness. 

D 


On  Mr.  Blades's  hypothesis,  this  is  the 
second  specimen-book  of  the  Enschede 
foundry.  It  is  contained  in  the  collection 
of  the  firm,  and  is  the  same  as  the  last- 
named  in  every  respect,  but  has  a 
Dutch  instead  of  a  French  title  and 
preface,  and  the  latter  is  somewhat  en- 
larged. 


202  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Ensched6.   Tweede  vermeerderde  uitgave.   Vermeerderd  en  verbeterd, 
tot  hetjaar  1748.     Haarlem:   1748.     8vo. 

Proef  van    Letteren   welke   gegoten   worden   in    de   Nieuwe 

Lettergieterij  van  Izaak  en  Joh.  Enschede  te  Haarlem.     Derde 
Uytgave.     Vermeerderd  en  verbeterd,  tot  het  Jaar  1757-     8vo. 

Contains  the  allegorical  engraving  described  infra,  under  the  edition  of  1867,  and 
a  view  of  an  ancient  statue  of  Koster  still  existing  in  Haarlem. 

Proef    van   Letteren,    welke  gegoten   worden   in   de   Nieuwe 


Haerlemsche  Lettergieterij  van  J.  Enschede.    Haarlem:  1768.  8vo. 

This    is   a  very   interesting    and    fine  C.    van     Noorde.       It    also    gives    the 

specimen-book  of  all  the  characters  then  view  of  the   two  statues  of  Koster  and 

in   the    Enschede    foundry.     It  contains  Junius   which    Enschede   placed    in    his 

finely-engraved    copperplate   portraits  of  own  garden,  and  which  still  remain  there, 

the   printer,    J.    Enschede;    Junius,  the  At  the  end  is  a  large  view  of  the  principal 

propagator  of  the  Koster  legend  ;  another  room  in  the  foundry.      The  titles  of  the 

of  the  celebrated    type-cutter,    Fleisch-  founts    are    given     in     Dutch,    French, 

man ;  and  one  of  Koster, — all  being  by  English,  and  German. 

Verneedering  van    Meest   nieuw   gesnedem    Letteren,    in   de 


Haarlemsche    Letter-gieterij    van  Johannes   Enschede.     Zedert 
1768  tot  1773. 
In  the  Enschede  collection.     The  preface  makes  32  pages. 

Proeven  van  Letteren,  welke  gegoten  worden  in  de  Haar- 
lemsche Lettergieterij  van  Joh.  Enschede  en  Zoonen.  Haarlem  : 
1806.     8vo. 

Proeven  van  Drukletteren  der  Lettergieterij  van  Joh.  Enschede 

en  Zonen  (tweede  gedeelte).     Haarlem  :   181 6.     8vo. 

Proeve  van  Letteren  welke  gegoten  in  de  Haarlemsche  Letter- 


gieterij van  J.  Enschede  en  Zonen.     Haarlem:   1825.     Folio. 

Eerste  vervolg  op  de  proeve  van  Letteren.     Lettergieterij  van 

Joh.  Enschede  en  Zonen.     Haarlem  :  1830.     Folio. 

Proeve  van  Drukletteren.     Lettergieterij  van  Joh.    Enschede 

en  Zonen.     Haarlem:   1841.     8vo. 

Vervolg.     Haarlem  :   1 850.     8vo. 

Tweede  vervolg.     Haarlem  :  1855.     8vo. 

•  Derde  vervolg.     Haarlem  :  i860.     Folio. 

£preuves  d'une  premiere  Imprimerie  Javanaise,  dont  les  Carac- 

teres  ont  ete  confectionnes,  d'apres  le  Projet  et  sous  la  Direction 
de  P.  van  Vlissingen  a  la  Fonderie  de  Jean  Enschede  et  fils  a 
Harlem.     Harlem  :  1824.     4to.  pp.  22.     In  French  and  Dutch. 

Berigt   en    Proeve  van    de    nieuwe  Javaansche   Drukletters, 

naar  het  voorschrift  en  onder  toezigt  van  T.  Roorda,  vervaardigd 
ter  Lettergieterij  van  Joh.  Enschede  en  Zoonen  te  Haarlem.  4to. 
pp.  8. 

Specimen  de  Caracteres  Javanais.     1867.     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


203 


Ensched6.  Specimen  de  Caracteres  Typographiques  Anciens  qui  se 
trouvent  dans  la  Collection  Typographique  de  Joh.  Enschede  et 
Fils,  imprimeurs  a  Harlem.  Harlem  :  1867.  4to.  Frontispiece, 
10  pp.  introduction,  62  pp.  specimens.  One  hundred  copies 
printed . 


was  the  custom  of  the  old  printers  in  the 
early  days  of  the  art,  and  for  this  reason 
the  method  of  obtaining  the  matrix  was 
formerly  called  by  learned  men — among 
them  Bergellanus — Chalcography.  Jean 
Enschede  states  that  in  his  time  (1768) 
these  matrices  were  about  250  years  old, 
and  that  they  were  in  the  style  of  Albert 
Duerer.  Next  we  have  several  modern- 
looking  titling-founts.  A  number  of  speci- 
mens of  italic  and  shaded  titling-letters 
then  follow,  and  after  them  come  the 
book  founts,  many  of  them  of  singular 
excellence.  There  is  a  specimen  of  typo- 
graphic music,  the  first  cast  in  movable 
characters.  The  punches  were  cut  in 
1760  by  J.  M.  Fleischman,  of  Nurem- 
berg. Scripts,  and  two  kinds  of  Gothic, 
close  the  volume.  Some  of  the  latter 
were  cut  in  1480,  others  were  used  by 
P.  van  Os,  the  printer  of  Breda,  in  1499. 
The  book  has  an  inestimable  interest 
for  all  who  are  able  to  appreciate  the 
cut,  and  contains  a  medallion  portrait  of  early  excellence  of  the  Dutch  in  typo- 
Koster  at  the  head,  surrounded  with  the    graphy  and  type-founding. 


This  is  a  specimen-book  of  all  the 
old  types  anterior  to  1800  at  this  date 
in  the  Enschede  foundry  at  Haarlem, 
now  the  best  type-foundry  in  Holland. 
The  engraved  title-pages  which  orna- 
mented the  early  specimen-books  of  the 
same  firm  more  than  a  century  ago  are 
reproduced  from  the  original  plates.  The 
first  (on  copper)  is  an  allegorical  repre- 
sentation, with  Fame  placing  a  laurel 
wreath  on  Koster's  brow.  In  the  back- 
ground a  glimpse  is  obtained  of  a  primi- 
tive printing-office.  Underneath  are  the 
verses  by  Scriverius  :— 

Currat  penna  licet,  tantum  vix  scribitur 

anno. 
Quantum  uno  reddunt  praela  Batava 

die. 
Addidit     inventis     aliquid     Germania 

tantis. 
.Hollandus  ccepit,  Teuto  peregit  opus. 

The  second  title-page  is  from  a  wood- 


words  "Laurens  Jansz,  Koster,  typ.  inv. 
1428  pervulg.  1440."  In  the  prefatory 
remarks,  dated  Harlem,  6th  March,  1867, 
and  written  by  A.  J.  Enschede,  the  rise 
of  the  Enschede  foundry  is  traced  from 
its  commencement,  and  an  account  given 
of  the  circumstances  under  which  the 
numerous  foundries  for  which  Holland 
was  at  different  epochs  famous,  became 
amalgamated  into  this.  Had  not  thou- 
sands of  old  matrices  been  thrown  away  to  was  made  by  the  Enschede: 
at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,     when   the  journal    had   attained 


The  firm  of  ENSCHEu^was  founded  by 
Isaac  Enschede  iborn  at  Haarlem  1681, 
died  1761)  in  1703.  Johannes  Enschede 
(who  was  born  in  1708  and  died  in  1780) 
united  to  the  establishment,  in  1737,  the 
celebrated  Haarleinsche  Courant,  which 
was  founded  by  Abraham  Casteleyn  in 
1656.  This  periodical  is  identical  with 
that  referred  to  in  this  bibliography  s.v. 
Casteleyn.     The  reprint  there  referred 

1856, 

s   bi- 


this  foundry  would  have  been  able  to 
reprint  in  fac-simile  any  old  Dutch  book 
from  the  fifteenth  century  to  the  present 
time.  'l"he  establishment  has  absorbed, 
from  time  to  time,  the  foundries  of  the 
Wetsteins,  Dirk  Voskens  (which  included 
the  foundry  of  J.  J^.laeu,  the  co-worker 
of  Tycho  Brahe),  Hendricjc  de  Bruyn, 
Van  de  Putte,  Van  der  Velde,  Uytwerf, 
Nozeman,  and  Ploos  van  Amstel  (which 
included  the  foundries  of  Athias,  Elzevir, 
and  Jan  Roman). 

The  specimens  begin  with  large  tltling- 
letter,  ranging  from  a  nine-line  pica 
capital  down  to  about  double  pica.  The 
next  page  is  headed,  ''  Chalcographia, 
sive  typi  aenei,  et  matrices  plumbeae." 
M.  Enschede  explains  that  the  punches 
were  cut  in  copper  and  struck  in  lead, 
instead  of  being  cut  in  steel  and  struck 
in  copper,  as  is  now  done.     The  former 


centenary.  'I'he  first  number  is  preserved 
up  to  the  present  day.  This  firm  was 
continued  from  1726  to  1761  under  the 
name  of  Isaac  and  Johannes  Enschede  ; 
from  1761  to  1777  under  that  of  Johannes 
Enschede;  and  from  1777  up  to  the  pre- 
sent time  it  has  been  under  the  name  of 
"Johannes  Enschede  &  Zonen."  The 
establishment  comprises,  in  addition  to 
the  typefoundry,  a  printing-office,  espe- 
cially of  bank-notes,  stamps,  &c.  The 
types  of  this  firm  are  in  use  all  over  the 
Continent,  and  are  highly  esteemed  for 
their  beauty  and  excellence. _ 

Johannes  Enschede  was  in  many  re- 
spects a  very  remarkable  man.  He  was 
not  only  a  typefounder  of  consummate 
ability,  but  a  learned  printer,  and  an 
antiquary  of  considerable  attai  iments. 
His  patriotism,  conjoined  with  his  love 
of    the    printing    art,    induced     him    to 


204 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


come  to  the  front  as  an  out-and-out 
supporter  of  the  Kosterian  theory.  He 
spent  large  sums  in  the  collection  of 
evidence  on  the  subject,  encouraged  men 
of  learning  to  apply  themselves,  and  sub- 
sidized several  publications  intended  to 
influence  the  public  mind  in  favour  of  the 
pretensions  of  his  native  Haarlem.  His 
grandson,  Johannes,  born  in  1785,  died 
at  the  age  of  81,  in  1866,  leaving  be- 
hind him  an  immense  and  valuable 
library,  which  had  been  begun  by  his 
predecessor  in  the  previous  century.  It 
was  sold  by  auction  on  the  9th — 14th  of 
December,  1867,  in  the  Maison-Enschede 
at  Haarlem,  by  Messrs.  Frederik  Muller, 
of  Amsterdam,  and  Martinus  NijhofT,  of 
the  Hague.  The  Catalogue,  which  is 
before  us,  is  a  valuable  work  in  itself. 
It  extends  to  viii.  and  266  pages,  and 
most  of  the  items  are  carefully  and 
learnedly  annotated.  In  the  prefatory 
remarks  it  is  stated  that  legal  provisions 
necessitated  the  realization  of  the  collec- 
tion by  auction.  It  goes  on  to  remark 
that  between  1703  and  1799  three  dis- 
tinguished men  were  to  be  found  in  the 
city  of  Haarlem,  who,  without  abandon- 
ing their  vocations  as  typographers,  pur- 
sued with  much  success  the  collection  of 
the  valuable  books  and  manuscripts  now 
placed  before  the  public.  Without  claim- 
ing the  position  of  savants  or  archao- 
logists,  and  while  continuing  their  busi- 
ness as  printers,  they  were  enabled  to 
bring  together  a  mass  of  useful  and  in- 
structive material  of  an  archaeological 
character,  which  was  not  surpassed  in 
Holland  in  the  i8th  century. 

Isaac  Enschede,  founder  of  the  firm, 
came  ofa  family  established  at  Groningen 
about  1680,  by  one  M.  Escheda,  the  name 
being  afterwards  altered  to  Enschede. 
His  typographic  establishment  was 
opened,  as  mentioned  above,  about  1703. 
The  sale  catalogue  erroneously  states  that 
in  conjunction  with  his  son  Johannes, 
he  issued  a  folio  edition  of  a  Bible  in 
stereotype  by  the  method  then  entirely 
new,  invented  by  the  Lutheran  minister, 
Johannes  Muller,  of  Eeyden.  'I'his  is, 
however,  a  mistake ;  the  Bible  was  printed 
by  Luchtmans,  in  Leyden.  An  im- 
pression of  one  of  the  only  two  existing 
stereotype  plates  of  this  Bible  (which, 
with  the  plate,  formed  Lot  254  at  the  sale), 
is  given  at  the  end  of  the  catalogue.  The 
lot  fetched  150  fr.  The  other  plate  is  pre- 
served in  the  Royal  Library  at  the  Hague. 
Dr.  Johannes,  grandson  of  Isaac 
Enschede,  had  a  great  taste  for  classical 
literature,  and  studied  at  the  University 
of  Leyden.  He  enriched  the  paternal 
library  with  a  fine  series  of  Greek  and 
Latin  authors,  and   the  writings  of  the 


Fathers.  Besides  paying  attention  to 
modern  history,  he  formed  a  curious  col- 
lection of  old  Dutch  itineraries.  The  di- 
verse tastes  of  Isaac  and  his  grandson 
were  united  in  the  person  of  Johannes, 
the  son  of  Isaac.  From  the  age  of  nine 
years,  under  the  direction  of  his  father,  he 
began  to  engrave  on  wood  letters  of  all 
sizes,  and  continued  the  practice  and  ob- 
tained an  experience  which  placed  him 
ultimately  at  the  head  of  all  contemporary 
xylographers.  The  great  aim  of  his  life 
was  to  write  a  detailed  work  on  the  In- 
vention of  Typography,  destined  to  com- 
plete his  "  Essay  on  the  History  of  Type- 
founding  in  the  Low  Countries."  The 
plan  of  the  work,  and  a  few  of  the 
chapters,  were  found  after  his  death 
among  his  papers.  He  was  the  first 
person  to  discover  in  the  bindings  and 
covers  of  some  old  books,  the  fragments  of 
a  Donatus,  and  the  first  who  was  fortunate 
enough  to  find  an  Abecedariutn  printed  in 
movable  characters.  He  was  in  active 
correspondence  with  the  savant  Von 
Murr,  of  Nuremberg,  with  Gerard  Meer- 
man,  and  with  Jacob  Visser,  of  the 
Hague,  author  of  the  first  list  of  the 
Dutch  incitnabnla.  His  own  collection 
of  incu7iabula  played  an  important  part 
in  various  historical  investigations.  He 
was,  as  is  well  known,  the  possessor  of 
the  famous  so-called  Kosterian  book,  the 
"  Speculum  Humanae  Salvationis."  The 
library  itself  consisted  of  manuscripts  and 
books  on  vellum  and  paper,  and  bound 
books  in  the  diff"erent  departments  of  bib- 
liography, theology,  jurisprudence,  natu- 
ral sciences,  history,  belies  lettres,  and  the 
fine  arts,  and  many  items  of  Kosteriana. 
The  number  of  lots  in  the  Sale  Catalogue 
extends  to  3,009,  there  being,  however, 
many  books  of  small  value.  At  the  end 
of  the  Catalogue, — besides  the  impression 
of  the  old  stereo-plate  already  referred  to 
—  some  facsimiles  of  alleged  Kosterian 
prints  are  given.  A  portrait  of  Johannes 
Enschede  forms  the  frontispiece. 

There  was  published,  shortly  after  the 
sale,  a  "Notice  des  Prix  de  la  Biblio- 
theque"  (royal  8vo.,  31  pp.,  double 
columns),  in.which  the  names  of  the  pur- 
chasers, as  well  as  the  price  of  each  lot, 
are  recorded  ;  so  as  to  show  the  destina- 
tion of  the  several  contents  of  this  famous 
library.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale 
amounted  to  ;^4,25o.  The  foundry  now 
contains  a  collection,  inestimably  valu- 
able, of  old  specimen-books  of  celebrated 
Continental  houses,  all  of  which  have 
been  thoroughly  examined  by  Mr.  William 
Blades,  and  we  have,  in  different  parts  of 
this  Bibliography,  availed  ourselves  of 
his  courteous  permission  to  make  use  of 
some  of  his  notes  concerning  them. 


Bibliography  of  Printijig.  205 

Ente  (Abraham). — See  Adamsz  en  Ente. 

Entwurf  zum  Statut  far  die  zur  Unterstiitzung  hiilfsbediirftiger  Buch- 
drucker  u.  Schriftgiesser  Berlins  gegriindete  Gutenberg-Stiftung, 
wie  derselbe  von  den  dazu  beauftragten  Mitgliedern  des  fiir  die 
vierte  Sacular-Feier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  erwahl- 
ten  Comite's  abgefasst  worden  ist.     Berlin  :   1842.     8vo. 

Erasmus.  Erasmi  Roterodami  Silva  Carminum,  antehac  nunquam 
impressorum.  Gouda  :  1513.  Reproduction  Photo-lithographique, 
avec  Notice  par  M.  Ch.  Ruelens.  Bruxelles  :  1864.  4to.  100 
copies  printed. 

Erichson  (Johann).  Die  Heilsamen  Absichten,  welche  Gott  bey 
Erfindung  und  zeitiger  Einfiihrung  der  Edlen  Buchdruckerkunst 
in  hiesige  Reiche,  besonders  zu  dieser  ihrem  Besten,  gehabt. 
In  einer  kurzen  Rede,  welche  den  10.  Nov.  dieses  I740sten 
Jahres  dieser  herrlichen  Kunst,  in  der  Teutschen  Schule  hieselbst 
offentlich  gehalten  worden.  Stockholm  [1740].  4to.  Four  un- 
numbered leaves  and  36  pp. 

Contains  much  interesting  matter  relative  to  early  printing  in  Sweden,  with  ex- 
tensive quotations  of  authorities. 

Erinnerung  an  das  vierte  Sacularfest  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst, wie  solches  in  der  Weidle'schen  Buchdruckerei  am  24.  Juni 
1840  gefeiert  wurde.     Berlin  :   1840.     8vo. 

Erklarung  der  Buchhandler  u.  Buchdruckereibesitzer  Berlins  liber 
die  Verantwortlichkeit  der  Verleger,  Drucker  u.  Verbreiter  fiir  den 
Inhalt  einer  Druckschrift.     Berlin  :   1850.     Folio. 

Ernesti  (J.  A.).  Prolusio,  in  qua  qu^eritur,  quibus  litterarium  disci- 
plinis,  et  quatenus,  Chalcographia  prosit.     Lipsise  :  1740.     410. 

[Ernesti  (J.  H.  G.).]  Die  Wol-eingerichtete  Buchdruckerey,  mit 
hundert  und  ein  und  zwanzig  Teutsch,  Eateinisch,  Griechisch  und 
Hebraischen  Schrifften,  vieler  fremden  Sprachen  Alphabeten, 
musicalischen  Noten,  Calender-Zeichen  und  medicinischen  Charac 
teren,  Ingleichen  alten  iiblichen  Formaten  bestellet  und  mit 
accurater  Abbildung  der  Erfinder  der  loblichen  Kunst,  nebst  einer 
summarischen  Nachricht  von  den  Buchdruckern  in  Niirnberg 
ausgezieret.  Am  ende  find  etliche  kurzgefasste  Anmerkungen  vcm 
der  Hebraischen  Sprach  angefugit.    Niirnberg:  1733.    Oblong  4to, 

Engraved  frontispiece  representing  the  remberg  : — J.   Petrejus,  J.  Carbonarius, 

interior  of   a    printing-office    containing  J.  Lauer,  C.  Agricola,  and  S.  Halbmaier. 

two  presses,   one  being  dated  1440,  the  Then  follows  the  text  on  pp.  i  to  160, 

other   1 73 1.      The    prefatory    matter    of  being  a  complete  practical  treatise  on  the 

thirty-one    unnumbered    leaves   includes  art  of  printing,  specimens  of  type,  plans 

engraved  portraits,  printed  in  the  text,  of  of  cases,  imposition,  essay  on   the  He- 

Koster,    Gutenberg,    Fust,    Aldus,    Fro-  brew  language,  &c.,  partly  printed  in  red 

benius,    Oporinus,    Stephanus,    Plantin,  and  black,  and  including  some  poetical 

and  the  following  early  printers  of  Nu-  pieces. 

Erorterung,  Rechtliche,  iiber  offentliche  Verbrennung  von  Druck- 
schrift en.  Ein  besonderer  Abdruck  der  im  19.  Heft  der  Jahr- 
biicher  der  Preussischen  Gesetzgebung  enthaltenen  Abhandlung, 
mit  einer  Vorrede.     Berlin  :   1817.     8vo. 


2o6  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Ersch  (J.  S.)  und  Gruber  (J.  G.).     Allgemeine  Encyclopadie  der 
Wissenschaften  und  Kiinste,  vol.  xiv.     Leipzig:  1825.     4to. 
Contains  a  long  article  on  Printing  by  Poppe,  Ebert,  and  Dahl. 

Erste  in  Stuttgart  gemachte-Versuche  in  der  Steindruckerey.     1807. 

An  interesting  and  very  rare  series  of  the  difficulty  experienced   by  the  artist 

the  first  attempts  at  lithography  in  Stutt-  in  drawing  with  the  crayon,  and  are  very 

gart  in  1807,  immediately  after  the  inven-  inferior  in  technical  merit  to  those  done 

tion  of  the  art  by  Senefelder,  at  Munich,  in  pen  and  ink.     The  title  is  in  MS.     In 

The  subjects  executed  in  chalk  exhibit  the  collection  of  Mr.  Charles  Wyman. 

EscHER  (H.).  Kommentar  zu  dem  im  Kanton  Ziirich  geltenden 
Gesetz,  betreffend  die  Druckerpresse.     Ziirich  :  1829.     8vo. 

EscLASSAN  (P.).  fipreuves  de  quelques  Matrices  qui  sont  dans  la 
Fonderie  de  P.  Esclassan.     Paris,     n.d.    Folio. 

ESCODE9A  DE  BoissE  (D').  Exposition  Universelle  de  1855.  Quelques 
Details  sur  les  Produits  de  rimprimerie  Imperiale  de  France. 
Paris  :  1 855.     8vo.  pp.  38. 

This   is  an   interesting  account,    with  cially  well  considered,  and  may  be  useful 

much  minuteness  of  detail,  of  the  speci-  to  future  cataloguers.     It  also  shows  the 

mens   from   the   Imperial    Printing-office  exact  degree  of  progress  in  typography 

shown  at  the  French  Exhibition  of  1855.  made  in  France  at  the  time  this  work  was 

The  arrangement  of  the  details  is  espe-  written. — See  Duprat. 

Essay  (An)  on  the  Original,  Use,  and  Excellency  of  the  Noble  Art  and 
Mystery  of  Printing.     London  :   1752.     8vo. 

Essay  on  Writing  (An)  and  the  Art  and  Mystery  of  Printing.   A  trans- 
lation out  of  the  Anthology.     London  :   1696.     Broadside. 
Reprinted  in  the  tenth  volumeof  "  Harleian  Miscellany,"  pp.  238-g.    In  rhyme. 

EsSENWEiN  (A.).  Aelteste  Druck-Erzeugnisse  im  Germanischen  Mu- 
seum. Illustrated  articles  in  Anzeiger  fur  Kunde  der  Deuischen 
Vorzeit.     Nos.  8  and  9.     Niirnberg  :   1872.     4to. 

ESTE  (C.).     A  Journey  through  Flanders. 

The  author  made  a  journey  in  1793,  and  gives  some  account  of  Haarlem  and  its 
monuments.  He  describes  Koster's  house  in  the  Market-place,  and  refers  to  the 
alleged  specimens  of  his  printing  preserved  in  the  city. 

EsTiENNE. — See  Stephens. 

Estrada  (Gregorio).  Manual  de  Cajistas  e  Impresores.  Por  Gre- 
gorio  Estrada,  cajista  y  Propietario  de  imprenta.  [Madrid  :] 
1866. 

Senor  Gregorio  Estrada  was  the  editor  of  the  first  typographical  journal  in  the 
Spanish  language.     He  was  the  founder  of  an  important  printing-office  in  Madrid. 

Evelyn  (John) .  Sculptura,  or  the  History  and  Art  of  Chalcography  and 
Engraving  on  Copper,  with  an  ample  Enumeration  of  the  most 
renowned  Masters  and  their  Works.  To  which  is  annexed  a  new 
manner  of  Engraving,  or  Mezzotinto,  communicated  by  his  High- 
ness Prince  Rupert  to  the  author  of  this  treatise.     London:   1662. 

i2mo. 2nd  Edition,  corrected  and  enlarged,  with  Memoir  and 

Portrait  of  the  Author.     London  :   1755.     pp.    xxxvi.    and    I40. 
8vo. London  :   1769.     8vo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  207 

The  engraved  plate  by  Prince  Rupert  Rupert  for  having  brought  the  art  into 

has  in  many  copies  been  cut  out,  to  en-  England  ;  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  the 

rich  the  collections  of  the  curious.     It  is,  inventor  was  a   German    officer   named 

however,  the  principal  singularity  of  the  L.  von  Siegen,  who  served  in  the  army  of 

book,  which  speaks  for  the  first  time,  and  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse,  and  who  im- 

with  mystery,  of  engraving  In  mezzotinto  parted  his  secret  to  Prince  Rupert.     A 

as  a  secret  which  had  not   before  been  list  of  engravings  by  Prince  Rupert  will 

made  public.     All  praise  is  due  to  Prince  be  found  at  page  131. 

Even  (Edward  van).  De  Elzeviers  te  Leuven  in  de  i6«  eeuw.  1850.  8vo. 

Notice  sur  Pierre  Werrecoren,  Imprimeur  a  St.  Maertensdyk, 

en  Zelande  (1478).     Bruxelles  :   1851.     8vo.   pp.  16.     Reprinted 
from  the  ' '  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile  Beige, "  vol.  viii. 

Renseignements   inedits   sur  les  Imprimeurs  'de  Louvain,   au 

15®  Siecle.    [Bruxelles:  1865.]    8vo,  pp.26.    Reprinted  from  the 
"Bibliophile  Beige,"  vol.  i. 

Rudolf  LoefFs,  drukker  teBommel,  149 1.    Utrecht:  1853,    8vo. 


Every  Man  his  Own  Printer  ;  or.  Lithography  made  Easy.  Being  an 
Essay  upon  Lithography  in  all  its  branches,  showing  more  particu- 
larly the  advantages  of  the  Patent  Autographic  Press.  London  : 
1854.    Royal  8vo.  pp.  50.    Portrait  of  Senefelder  and  nine  plates. 

The  introduction  and  explanatory  letter-  Mons.  Poirier,  of  Paris,  from  whom  the 

press  were  written  by  Mr.  Albert  Crakell  patent  was  purchased  by  Messrs.  Water- 

Waterlow,    who    died     in     1856.       The  low  &  Sons,  who  issued  the  above  work, 

"  Autographic  Press  "  (merely  a  roller,  or  in  recommendation   of  this   press,  when 

cylinder  press,  adapted  to   lithography)  they  introduced  it  into  this  country.   The 

was,  we  believe,  the  original  invention  of  book  has  gone  through  three  editions. 

Exhibition  of  1851.  Catalogue,  vol.  ii.  sect.  iii.  class  17.  Paper 
and  Stationery,  Printing  and  Bookbinding.  Royal  8vo.  Also, 
Reports  of  the  Juries.     Royal  8vo. 

The    Report  on  Printing  is  signed  by  A.   Firmin-Didot,   C.  Whittingham,  and 
T.  De  la  Rue. 


See  Stevens  (Henry). 

Exhibition  of  Industry,   1851.     Specification  issued  to  Printers  for 
Tenders  in  regard  to  Catalogues.     London  :  Oct.  i,  1850. 

This  is  a  statement  of  particulars  re-  Clowes  &  Sons,  printers,  and  Messrs. 
quired  in  the  Tenders  for  Printing  the  Spicer  Bros.,  stationers)  from  the  pay- 
Catalogue  of  the  Great  Exhibition  of  ment  of  the  stipulated  royalty  of  2d. 
1851.  In  a  letter  to  \\\&  Daily  News,  a  upon  every  shilling  copy  of  the  Cata- 
"  Printer "  entered  minutely  into  the  pro-  logue  (of  which  there  were  many 
visions  of  the  Commissioners,  and  showed  thousands  sold)  amply  justified  the  stric- 
their  injustice  towards  printers.  The  tures  of  the  writer,  who  was,  we  believe, 
subsequent  action  of  the  Commissioners  the  late  Mr.  Wyman  (of  the  firm  of  Cox 
in    absolving    the    contractors    (Messrs.  &  Wyman). 

Exhibition  (International)  of  London  in  1862.    Reports  of  the  Juries 
on  Printing  Materials.     London  :  1863.     8vo. 

-^ Amtlicher  Bericht  liber   die   Industrie-  u.   Kunst-Ausstellung 

in  London  im  Jahre  1862,  erstattet  nach  Beschluss  der  Kommis- 
sarien  der  Deutschen  Zollvereins  -  Regierungen.  XL  Heft.  28. 
Klasse.  Papier,  Papier-  u.  Papparbeiten,  Schreibmaterialien, 
Buchdruck- u.  Buchbinderarbeiten.     Berlin:  1864.    8vo. 


2o8  Bibliography  of  Pnnting. 

Exposition  Universelle  de  1867  a  Paris.  Rapports  des  Delegations 
Ouvrieres-imprimeurs  en  Taille-douce.     Paris,     4to. 

Rapports  des  Delegations  Ouvrieres-lithographes.    Paris.    4to. 

Avec  figures  et  une  planche  imprimee  en  couleurs. 

Rapports  des  Delegations  Ouvrieres-typographes.     Paris.    4to. 

Avec  figures. 

ExTRAiT  des  Placarts  concemant  les  Imprimeurs  et  Libraires, 
8vo.     pp.  156. 

Eye  (A.  von).  Leben  und  Wirken  Albrecht  Diirer's.  Nordlingen  : 
i860.  8vo.  pp.  525. 2nd  Edition,  with  appendix.  Nord- 
lingen :   1869.     8vo.  pp.  533. 

Eyre  &  Spottiswoode,  Her  Majesty's  Printing-office.  A  General 
Specimen  of  Printing-types,  &c.     London.     8vo. 

This  eminent  firm  of  printers  has  for  Jno.   Reeves  and  Andrew  Strahan,  ob- 

many  years  held  the  royal  letters  patent  tained  a  patent  in  1798,  by  39  Geo.  III., 

for  printing  the  authorized  version  of  the  for  another  30  years.     Reeves's  interest 

Bible,  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  and  having  been  purchased  by  Strahan,  on 

Acts  of  Parliament,   in  England.      The  the     renewal    of    the    patent     in     1829 

origin  of  this  privilege  is  as  follows  : — By  (10  Geo.  IV.),  the  King's  Printers  were — 

the  i2th  Anne  (1713)  a  grant  was  made  to  Andrew     Strahan,    George     Eyre,    and 

B.  Tooke  and  John  Barber  for  30  years.  Andrew  Spottiswoode.     This  patent  ex- 

The  interest  for  a  number  of  years  was  pired  in  i860,  when  another  was  granted 

bought  up  by  John  Baskett,  and  he,  in  for  Bibles  and  Prayer-books,  durmg  the 

i7i5>  by  2  Geo.  I.,  obtained  a  grant  for  Royal   pleasure,    and    the   firm-name   is 

himself  for  30  years.      Some   of    these  retained  as  Eyre  &   Spottiswoode. — See 

years,     however,     were     conveyed     to  Spottiswoode. 
Charles  Eyre,  who,  in  conjunction  with 


ABER  (T.  C.)-  De  Scriptura,  eius  origine, 
natura  et  variis  modis,  praecipue  per 
literas  ex  aere  fusas,  prodromum  ad 
memoriam  seculareni  inventae  divina 
providentia  anno  1 440  Artis  Typo- 
graphicae.  Jenae  [1739].   4to.   pp.  24. 

Fabre  (A. ).    De  I'Origine de I'lmprimerie 
en  Provence.     Paris :   1837.     8vo. 

Fabricius   (J.    F.).       Notizen   iiber   die 
Einfiihrung  und  erste  Ausbreitung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  in  Amerika.    Ham- 
burg :    1841.       Small   8vo.     pp.    36. 
Privately  printed. 
Johann  Friedrich  Fabricius  was  born  at  Hamburg  on  the  29th  of  January,  1800, 
where  he  died  on  the  26th  of  November,  1875.     He  had  been  a  master-printer  in 
that  town  since  the  year  1834. 

Typologie  (von  tvttoq  und  \oyog)  die  Lehre  und  Kunde  von 

Abdrucken  oder  von  Buchstaben  iiberhaupt.     [Hamburg:  1844.] 
8vo.  pp.  8. 

Faccio  (Domenico).  Notizie  storico-tipografiche  di  Guttemberg, 
Fust  e  Schoffer,  primi  Inventori  della  Stampa.  Padova  :  1846. 
8vo.   pp.  viii.  96. 

This  notice  was  also  issued  as  part  i.  vol.  i.  of  "  Notizie  tipografico-bibliografiche 
dal  XV  al  XIX  secolo"  (Padova,  n.d.,  8vo.),  and  formed  all  that  was  published  of 
that  work. 

Faccioli  (Tomasso).  Catalogo  ragionato  dei  Libri  stampati  in  Vicenza 
e  suo  territorio  nel  Secolo  XV.  Con  un'  Appendice  de'  Libri  de' 
Vicentini  o  spettanti  a  Vicenza,  che  in  quel  secolo  si  stamparono 
altrove.     Vicenza  :  1796.     8vo.  pp.  x.  246. 

Fahlgren    (Carl    J.).       Handbok   i    Boktryckerikonsten    for   unga 


Fain  (A,),     fipreuves  des  Caracteres  de  la  Fonderie  et  de  I'lmpri- 
merie de  A.  Fain.     Paris  :  1832.     8vo. 

"Fair  Play."      Trades  Unions  and  the  Printing  Trade.     To  Master 
Printers.     July,  1867.     8vo.  pp.  4. 
This  is  a  reply  to  an  article  which  appeared  in  the  Printers  Jotirnal,  June  17, 
1867,  by  a  writer  who  is  opposed  to  trade-unionism  and  the  restrictions  which  it 
places  upon  what  is  called  "  turnoverism." 

2     E 


2IO 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Faithfull  (Emily).  Women  as  Printers.  An  article  in  the  Vidoiia 
Magazine,  January,  1 8  70. 

Miss  Faithfull  was  brought  prominently  before  the  English  public  as  the  organizer 
of  a  system  of  female  labour  in  the  printing-office,  and  still  is  interested  in  an  office 
in  which  women  are  employed  in  the  trade. ^>SV^  Head  (W.  W.). 

Faithorne  (William).  The  Art  of  Graveing  and  Etching,  wherein 
is  exprest  the  true  way  of  graveing  in  Copper.  Allso  the  manner 
and  method  of  Callot  and  Mr.  Bosse  in  their  severall  ways  of 
etching.  London  :  1662.  Engraved  title-page,  and  ten  numbered 
plates.     8vo. 1702.      i2mo.    10  plates. 

William  Faithorne,  a  celebrated  en- 
graver, was  born  in  London  in  the 
year  1616,  and  died  in  the  same  city  in 
1691.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Peak,  the 
painter.  In  the  civil  war  Faithorne 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Royalists,  and 
was  taken  prisoner,  but  he  was  released, 


with  permission  to  retire  to  the  Continent. 
In  France  he  met  with  protection  and  en- 
couragement from  the  Abbe  de  Marolles, 
and  associated  himself  with  the  celebrated 
Nanteuil.  On  his  return  to  England,  about 


the  year  1650,  he  commenced  business  as 
printseller  and  engraver  near  Temple  Bar, 
where  he  remained  till  the  year  1680, 
when  he  left  his  shop  and  retired  to 
Printing-house  Yard,  where  he  still  con- 
tinued to  work  for  the  booksellers.  His 
son  William  did  not  follow  his  father's 
mode  of  engraving.  He  engraved  in 
mezzotint,  and  might  have  acquired  some 
celebrity,  but,  neglecting  his  business,  he 
fell  into  great  distress,  and  died  at  the 
early  age  of  thirty. 


Faithorne  (William)  the  Younger.  Seven  heads  of  the  First  Printers 
of  England,  in  Indian  ink,  drawn  by  William  Faithorne  the 
Younger,  and  bought  of  Mr.  Bagford.  Title-pages  and  other 
parts  of  books  which  give  intimation  of  our  old  printers.  London  : 
[1500- 1 680?].     8vo. 

This  is  the  manuscript  title  of  a  volume 
of  miscellaneous  fragments  contained  in 
the  British  Museum.  It  is  of  great  in- 
terest, as  it  contains  the  original  Indian 
ink  drawings  upon  which  are  founded  the 
received  portraits  of  Caxton  and  the  early 
English  printers.  On  one  of  the  leaves 
is  a  paper,  which  is  stated  at  the  bottom 
to  have  been  "writ  by  Mr.  Bagford," 
containing  the  names  of  the  portraits,  as 
follows : — 

I.  William    Caxton,   ye   first   printer  at 
Westminster. 


Dibdin,  who  has  annotated  this  book, 
writes  below,  "  Qy.  If  Faithorne  ever 
made  a  drawing  of  Pynson,  as  engraved 
in  Ames  1  If  not,  qy.  the  original  of  that 
cut?"  In  reply  to  this  we  may  safely 
affirm  that  the  drawings  in  question  are 
undoubtedly  the  originals  of  Ames's  en- 
gravings. 

William  Faithorne  the  Voungerwill 

be  remembered  in  typographic  historj'  as 

the   fabricator  of  the   portraits  of  early 

printers.   Sir  Hans  Sloane  appears  to  have 

engaged  him  to  engrave  likenesses  of  some 

Winkon  de  Worde,  ye  2nd  printer  at     of  the  patrons  and  disseminators  of  learn- 

Westminster.  ing,  desiring   to   have   those  of  Caxton, 

Raynd.    Wolfe,   a    printer    in    Paul's    Wynken  de  Worde,  and  others.   Faithorne 

Churchyard,    King    Henry   ye    8th    was    not   very   scrupulous    in    obtaining 

printer.  _  material   for  executing  this  commission. 

Richard   Grafton,  ye   first  printer  of    He  resorted  to  Bagford,  who  had  collected 

ye  Common    Prayer ;    likewise  head     some  engraved  portraits,  and  copied  what 

printer  of   ye   proclamation    for  ye    were  supplied  to  him  ;  but  where,  as  in 

proclaiming  of   (Queene)  ye    Lady    the  case  of  the  English  proto-printer,  a 

Jane  Gray,  Queen  of   England,  for    portrait   was   unattainable,  he   seems   to 

have  drawn  upon  his  imagination.  We 
have  alluded  to  this  circumstance  in  our 
sketch  of  Caxton,  ante ;  and  reference  to 
other  fabrications,  for  which  Faithorne  is 
responsible,  will  be  ionnd  passim. 

Before  the  portrait  is  a  slip  written  by 
Dibdin  : — "  There  is  much  ignorance,  I 
hope  no  knavery,  on  the  part  of  Faithorne, 


which  he  lay  under  ye  displeasure  of 
Queen  Mary. 

5.  John  Day,  a  famous  printer  ;  he  lived 

under  Aldersgate, 

6.  Jo.  Wight,  a  printer  of  law  books. 

7.  Richard  Jones,  a  printer.     All  drawn 

by  ye  hand  of  Mr.  Will,  ffathorne  ye 
younger. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  211 

jun.,  or  the  person  who  employed  him  to  Facing  the   portrait  of  Jones,   which 

make  the  drawing,  in  calling  it  the  por-  Dibdin  writes  is  "Copied  from  a  woodcut 

trait  of  Caxton.     It  is  a  copy  from  a  fine  in   the    '  Secrets   of  Alexis,'   printed   by 

woodcut  of  Burchielio,  in  Dom's  Lucca."  Wight,"   is   a  cutting   from   one   of   his 

Under   the    portrait    of   John    Daye,  books,  with  the  imprint  "  London,  printed 

Dibdin   has   written  :—  "  Faithfully   and  by  William  lones,  and  are  to  be  sold  by 

elegantly  copied  from  a  fine  woodcut  that  William  Sheffard  at  his  shop  in  Pope's- 

occurs  in  one  of  Day's  books."     Opposite  head  Ally.     1622." 

is  an  original  title-page,  with  the  imprint,  The   remainder  of  the   book  contains 

"At    London,    printed    by    lohn   Daye,  title-pages,  colophons,  &c.,  ruthlessly  cut 

dwelling  ouer  Aldersgate.     An.  1580."  out  of  works  of  the  early  printers. 

Falk  (Dr.  F.).  Johann  Beckenhub,  genannt  Mentzer,  Drucker  des 
XV.  Jahrhunderts  in  Strassburg,  Wlirzburg,  Regensburg.  In 
Petzholdt's  N.  Ang.  f.  Bibliogr.,  1878,  p.  379.  Dresden  :  1878. 
8vo. 

Falkenstein  (Dr.  Karl).  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  ihrer 
Fntstehung  und  Ausbildung.  Ein  Denkmal  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier 
der  Erfindung  der  Typographic.  Mit  einer  reichen  Sammlung  in 
Holz  und  Metall  geschnittener  Facsimiles  der  seltensten  Holztafel- 
drucke,  Nachbildungen  von  Typen  alter  beriihmter  Officinen  und 
Proben  von  Kunstdrucken.  Nach  den  neuesten  Erfindungen  unserer 
Zeit.     Leipzig:  1840.    4to.  pp.  16,  xiv.  406.     Numerous  fac-simile 

plates,  and  at  end   10  leaves  of  specimens  of  Oriental  type. ^ 

Leipzig  :   1856.     4to. Berlin  :   1862.     4to. 

Falkenstein's  "History  of  the  Art  of  Printing"  is  the  most  important  of  the  works 

published  in  Germany,  on  the  occasion  of  the  4th  centenary  of  its  invention.     Its 

many  facsimiles,  well  cut  and  printed  in  the  tints  of  the  originals,  give  it  a  high 

value.     Still  it  is  not  always  correct  in  its  historical  data. 

Fant  (Eric_  Mich.).     Annales  Typographici  Seculi  XVI  in  Svecia  ; 
cum  supplemento.     Upsaliae  :   1793- 1800.     4to. 
Six  parts  of  "Annales  Typographici,"  52  pp.,  and  four  parts  of  "  Supplementum 
Annalium  Typographicorum,"  each  part  containing  eight  pages  ;  being  ten  Academi- 
cal dissertations  by  various  authors,  under  the  presidency  of  E.  M.  Fant. 

■ Dissertatio  de  Statu  rei  Litterarise  in  Svecia,  sub  moderamine 

Stenonis  Sture,  senioris.  Quam  Suffrag.  ampl.  ord.  pliil.  Ups. 
praeside  Erico  M(ichaelo)  Fant,  pro  gradu  philosophico  publico 
ventilandum  sistit  Jonas  Fr.  Mellin.  In  audit.  Gust.  maj.  die 
25.  Jun.  1793.  Upsaliae.  4to.  pp.  15  and  2,  pp.  7  and  8,  com- 
prise "  Artis  typographicae  in  Svecia  initia." 

Minne  ofver  Profess.  Job.  Schefferus.    Stockholm:  1782.    8vo. 

Among  the  supplementary  notices  will  be  found  several  biographical  and  genea- 
logical accounts  of  the  family  of  the  Schoeffers. 

Fantozzi  (Federigo).  Notizie  biografiche  originali  di  Bernardo  Cen- 
nini,  orafo  fiorentino,  primo  promotore  della  tipografia  in  Firenze, 
con  indicazione  della  casa  e  delle  botteghe  ove  abiio  ed  esercito 
I'arte.  Firenze  :  1839.  8vo.  pp.  43  and  a  genealogical  chart  of 
the  family  of  Flora,  afterwards  called  Cenni,  and  lastly  Cennini. 

A  biographical  notice  of  Bernard  Cen-  the  steel  punches  for  his  first  book,  an 
nini,  the  first  printer  of  Florence.  He  edition  of  Virgil,  issued  in  November, 
was  a  goldsmith,  and  his  son  Dominic  cut     1471  ;  his  other  son,  Peter,  correcting  it. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


A  peculiarity  of  this  edition  of  Virgil  is  a  statement  in  the  colophon,  many  per- 
that  the  Greek  quotations  are  not  printed,  sons  choose  to  write  these  quotations 
but  spaces  left  for  them,  as,  according  to     with  their  own  hands. 


LONDON:    1499-15H. 

Faques  (William). 

William  Faques  was  a  Norman  printer  the  art  at  Rouen,  probably  with  John  de 

who  resided  in  England,  in  the  parish  of  Bourgeois.     He  was  an  excellent  printer, 

St.    Helen's,  in  the  city  of  London,  for  and  his  types,  which  were  well  cut,  are 

only  about  five  or  six  years.     He  learned  thought  to  have  been  used  by  Wynkyn 


Bibliography  of  Priiiting.  213 

de  Worde   after  Faques's   death,  which  than  the  mighty ;  and  he  that  ruleth  his 

took  place  in  September,  151 1.     The  an-  spirit  than  he  that  taketh  a  city).     Parts 

nexed  device  consists  of  a  triangle   on  of  the  passage  are  illegible  or  left  out. 

black  ground  and  one  on  white  ground.  The  black-letter  capital  (ffi,  in  the  middle 

the  two  interwoven,  being  the  symbol  of  of  the  above  device,  containing  a  small 

the  Holy  Trinity.     The  words  upon  the  1  in  the  centre,  with   an  arrow  pointing 

latter  are  taken  from  the  Latin  Vulgate  to   the    left,   passing  through   it,    occurs 

version  of  Psalm  xxxvii.  16:  "  Melius  est  upon  every  page  of  the   octavo    Psalte- 

modicum  iusto  super  diuitias  peccatorum  rium   printed   by    Faques   in    1504.      He 

multas"  (a  small  thing  that  the  righteous  was  a  member  of  the  Stationers'  Com- 

hath  is  better  than  great  riches  of  the  pany,    and    was    King's    printer,    being 

ungodly).     The  passage  inscribed  on  the  probably  joined  in  the  same  patent  with 

black  triangle  is  from  Proverbs  xvi.  32  :  Pynson.   Home  says,  that  "  after  Faques, 

"  Melior  est  patiens   viro   forti :   et   qui  English    typography,    like    that    of   the 

dominatur  [animo  suo   expugnatore   ur-  Continent,  became  greatly  degenerated." 
bium] "  (He  that  is  slow  to  anger  is  better 

[Farjeon  (B.  L.)].  Curiosities  of  American  Newspaper  Literature. 
An  article  in  Tinslefs  Magazine,  May,  1870. 

Contains  an  interesting  and  amusing  account  of  the  inside  life  of  several  American 
printing-ofifices. 

Fasol  (Karl).  Album  fiir  Buchdruckerkunst,  Vienna  :  1870-75. 
4  parts. 

This  is  the  production  of  the  ingenious  (Vienna,    1870),    "  Liniensatze  ;   material 

inventor  of  Stigmatypie,  a  system  of  pro-  auf  1-6  Punkt- Kegel,"  with  six  illustra- 

ducing  illustrations  by  the  use  of  types  tions;  Part  III.  (Vienna,  1874),  "Mosaik; 

consisting  of  points  of  varied  degrees  of  material  auf  3-6  Punkt-Kegel,"  with  five 

thickness,  and  somewhat  alike  in  appear-  illustrations  ;    Part    IV.   (Vienna,    1875), 

ance   to   mezzotints   by   the   copperplate  "  Praktisches ;   material  auf  3-6  Punkt- 

method.      The   contents   of   the   several  Kegel,"  with  six  plates.     In  the  first  part 

parts  are  as  follow: — Part  I. (Vienna,  1870),  was  published  the  well-known  portrait  of 

"Stigmatypie;    material   auf  2    Punkt-  Gutenberg,  and  in  the  second  "  the  house 

Kegel,"  contains  six  illustrations ;  Part  II.  of  Gutenberg  at  Mayence." 

Fasting  (C.  L.).     Forseg  til  en  Fortegnelse  over  de  udi  Danmark  og 
Norge  fra  Bogtrykkeriets  Indfersel  til  1 789  Aars  Udgang  udkomne 
Danske  Skrifter.     Bergen  :   1793.     8vo.  pp.  ii.  and  615. 
An  account  of  the  Press  in  Denmark  and  Norway  previous  to  the  year  1789. 

Fattoni  (Sante).  Appendice  alia  serie  dell'  edizioni  Aldine  ri- 
stampata  in  Padova,  1'  anno  1790.  Padova  :  1803.  i2mo. 
pp.  viii.  121. 

This  Appendix  completes  the  series  of  Aldine  editions  edited  by  E.  Ch.  Lomenie 
de  Brienne  and  Fr.  Xavier  Laire  (Florence,  1803).  —  Vide  Petzholdt,  "  Bibliotheca 
Bibliographica,"  p.  167. 

Faulmann  (Carl).  Das  Buch  der  Schrift.  Enthaltend  die  Schriften 
und  Alphabete  aller  Zeiten  und  aller  Volker  der  gesammten 
Erdkreises.     Wien  :  1878.     4to.  pp.  xii.  272. 

This  work  owes  its  publication  to  the  the     title    "Alphabete    des    gesammten 

present  director  of  the  Imperial  Printing-  Erdkreises."     Each  alphabet  is  preceded 

house  at   Vienna.      It   contains  a  much  by  an  historical  notice  and  philological 

larger    number    of   alphabets    than    the  notes, 
similar  volume  is.sued  by  M.  Auer  under 

Neue  Untersuchungen  iiber  die  Entstehung  der  Buchstaben- 


schrift  und  die  Person  des  Erfinders.     Wien:  1876.     8vo. 


2 1 4  Bibliography  of  Printijig. 

Faust. — See  Fust. 

Faust  (F.).  Abhandlung  liber  die  in  Deutschland  zum  Theil  bekann- 
ten  und  vorhandenen  Buchdruckerwalzen,  und  wie  sie  auf  vielerlei 
Arten  jeder  zu  fertigen  im  Stande  ist,  mit  Lithographien. 
Neuwied ;  1822.     8vo. 

Faust  (J.  F. ),  Relatio  de  Origine  Typographiae,  a  quo,  quo  tempore, 
quo  loco,  ilia  primum  inventa  sit, — e  germanica  in  latinam  lin- 
guam  translata  a  Lud.  Klefekero.  In  Wolf,  "Monumenta  Typo- 
graphica,"  part  i.,  pp.  452-485.     Hamburg!  :  1740.     8vo. 

Favre  (Guil.).  Notice  sur  les  Livres  imprimes  a  Geneve  dans  le 
XVe  siecle.  2e  edition,  revue  par  F.  Ardent.  Geneve  :  1855. 
Royal  8vo.  pp.  60. 

Faziola  (G,).  Tipografia  e  Libreria  Editrici  del  Regno  d'ltalia. 
Torino  :  [1863].     8vo.  pp.  13. 

Fechter  (D.  a.).  Beitrage  zur  altesten  Geschichte der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst  in  Basel.  In  Basler  Taschenbuch  auf  das  Jahr  1863. 
Hersg.  von  D.  A.  Fechter.     XI.  Jahrgang.     Basel :  1863.      i6mo. 

Thomas  Platter  und  Felix  Platter.     Zwei  Autobiographieen. 

Ein  Beitrag  zur  Sittengeschichte  de  XVI.  Jahrhunderts.     Basel : 
1840.     8vo.  pp.  viii.  and  208. 
Platter  was  a  printer  at  Basle.     Thomas  was  the  father  of  Felix. 

[Federici  (Domenico  Maria)].     Memorie  Trevigiane  sulla  Tipografia 
del   Secolo  XV,   per  servire  alia  Storia  Letteraria  e  delle  Belle 
Arti  d'  Italia.     Venezia  :  1805.     4to.  pp.  xx.  and  206. 
Gerardo  de  Lisa  was  the  first  printer  of  Treviso,  1471-1476. 

Federici  (Fortunato).  Annali  della  Tipografia  Volpi-Cominiana, 
colle  notizie  intorno  alia  vita  e  agli  studl  dei  fratelli  Volpi. 
Padova :  1809.  8vo.  Portrait  of  Volpi.  pp.  xii.  276.  Re- 
printed, with  an  Appendix,  in  181 7. 

Feeny  (R.).  Master-Printer's  Price-Manual,  to  which  is  added 
Specimens  of  Type  in  general  use  ;  with  the  proper  manner  of 
marking  corrections  in  a  proof-sheet ;  also  a  list  of  wholesale 
Stationers.     London  :  1845.     i2mo.  pp.  36. 

Fekno   (P.   P.).     Programma   de   duplici   Germanise   invento,   typo- 
graphic et  pulvere  pyrio.     Torgse  :  17 13.     Folio. 
Reprinted  in  Wolf,  "  Monumenta  Typographica. " 

Felder  (R.  M.).  Des  Buchdruckers  Erdenleben  mit  seinen  Licht- 
und  Schattenseiten.  Ein  schoner  Traum  und  das  Erwachen. 
Stuttgart :   1 839.      i6mo.  pp.  256. 

Feradiny  (J.  F.).  Memoire  pour  Jean-Fran9ois  Feradiny,  graveur 
en  estampes,  detenu  es  prisons  de  la  Conciergerie  du  Palais, 
intime,  contre  M.  le  Procureur-General,  appellant.  [Paris  :  no 
date].     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  215 

Ferber  (Louis).  Der  Rund-  unci  Bogen-Satz.  .  Praktische  Anleitung 
zur  Ausf iihrung  einer  neuen  Methode.  Offenbach  am  Main  :  1876. 
8vo.  pp.  44,  with  six  folding  sheets  of  designs. 

A  handy  manual  treating  of  curvilinear  Eastern  and  Western  Hemispheres  re- 
composition  in  all  its  branches.  It  is  spectively,  which  are  commendable  speci- 
illustrated  with  a  large  number  of  ex-  mens  of  what  can  be  done  by  an  intelli- 
amples,  from  among  which  we  may  gent  compositor  with  the  use  of  brass 
specially  mention   two   diagrams  of  the  rule. 

Ferchl  (Franz  Maria).  Uebersicht  der  einzig  bestehenden,  voll- 
standigen  Incunabel-Sammhing  der  Lithographic  und  der  ubrigen 
Senefelder'schen  Erfindungen;  als  Metallographie,  Papyrographie, 
Papierstereotypen,  und  Oelgemaldedruck  (ohne  Presse).  Mit  einem 
Vorworte  begleitet  zur  6ojahrigen  Gedachtnissfeier  der  Mlinchner 
Erfindung  der  Lithographic.  Vom  Sammler  und  lebenslanglichen 
Hausfreund  des  Erfinders.  Miinchen:  1856.  Royal  8vo.  pp.  91. 
4  plate  -.. 

Geschichte  der  Errichtung  der  ersten  lithographischen  Kunst- 

anstalt  bei  der  P'eiertags-Schule  fiir  Kiinstler  und  Techniker  in 
Miinchen.  Auf  Auftrag  des  hohen  Magistrals  von  Miinchen  bei 
Gelegenheit  des  90.  Geburtstages  des  Erfinders  der  Lithographic 
Johan  Aloys  Senefelder  verfasst  und  mit  einer  kurzen  Geschichte 
dieser  ruhmvollen  Miinchener  Erfindung,  nebst  einer  Uebersicht 
der  einzig  bestehenden,  vollstandigen  Incunabel-Sammlung  der 
Lithographic  begleitet.  Mit  Abbildungen  der  seltensten  Lithogr. 
Incunabeln.  Miinchen  :  1862.  8vo.  Mit  einem  Portr.  von 
Hcinr.  Jos.  Mittercr. 

Ferguson  Brothers.  Specimen  of  the  Aldine  series  of  new  Founts. 
Edinburgh.    Oblong  folio,  9  leaves. 

Specimens  of  new  Book  and  Newspaper  Founts,     Edinburgh  : 


Oblong  folio.      32  leaves. 

Specimens    of    Wood     Letter.       Edinburgh,       Oblong    4to. 

56  leaves. 

Fernandez  (Valentin). 

The  device  on  the  next  page  of  the  printer  Valentin  Fernandez  is  taken  from  a 
work  issued  in  1501— "  Manrique  (Jorge)  Coplas."  It  consists  of  a  lion  rampant 
holding  a  shield,  on  which  is  inscribed  the  monogram  V  ;  the  whole  inclosed  in  an 
ornamental  border. 

Ferrario  (Giulio).  Le  classiche  Stampe  dal  Cominciamento  della 
Calcografia  fino  al  presente.     Milano  :  1836.    8vo.  pp.  cxiij.  401. 

Fertel  (Martin  Dominique).  La  Science  pratique  de  I'Imprimerie. 
Contenant  des  Instructions  tres  faciles  pour  se  perfectionner  dans 
cet  art.  On  y  trouvera  une  description  de  toutes  les  pieces  dont 
une  presse  est  construite,  avec  une  methode  pour  imposer  toutes 


2l6 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


FERNANOEZ.       LISBON 


sortes  d'impositions.     St.  Omer  :  1723.     4to.     Numerous  illustra- 
tions ;  10  leaves  of  preliminary  matter;  292  pp.,  and  Index  con- 
sisting of  9  pp.  at  end. 
This  very  curious  and  esteemed  work  has  been  reprinted,  with  additions,  by  Annoy 
van  de  Wyder.     Bruxelles  :  1822.     4to. 

Festivals.  A  large  number  of  pamphlets,  &c.,  issued  in  connection 
with  the  Continental  celebrations  of  the  anniversary  of  the  origin  of 
printing  will  be  found  under  the  names  of  their  authors,  of  those 
they  were  designed  to  commemorate  {see,  e.g.,  Gutenberg),  or  of 
the  places  in  which  they  were  held. 

Festschrift  bei  Gelegenheit  der  zehnfachen  Jubelfeier  in  der 
Staatsdruckerei  in  Wien  am  12.  Juni  1875.     8vo. 

Festtage  (Die)  des  Buchdruckers.     Eine  Sammlung  von  Prologen, 
Festgrlissen,    Tafelliedern,  Gedichten  zu  Jubilaen,  Toasten,   &c. 
Leipzig  :   1868.     8vo.  pp.  146. 
A  collection  of  prologues,  glees,  &c.,  adapted  for  printers'  festivals. 


Bibliography  of  Print  ins:;.  217 

FEUGfeRE  (Leon  [Jacques]).  Essai  sur  Hem-i  Estienne.  (In  "Con- 
formite  du  Langage  Fran9ois  avec  le  Grec,  par  Henri  Estienne. 
Nouvelle  edition,  accompagnee  de  Notes,  et  precedee  d'un  Essai 
sur  la  Vie  et  les  Ouvrages  de  cet  Auter.")  Paris  :  1853.  8vo. 
The  essay  forms  pages  v.-ccxxxvi. 
The  author  was  Professor  of  Rhetoric  at  the  Lycee  Louis-Ie-Grand.     References 

to  this  work  will  be  found  s.v.  Stephens. 


FRANCFORT 


Feyrabendt  (Johann).  (The  name  of  this  printer  is  also  spelled 
Feyerabend). 

Very  little   is  known   concerning  this  printer  of  Jost  Amnion's  book,  "  Kiinst- 

printer  ;  but  it  is  supposed  that  he  was  liche  wohlgerissene  neu  Figuren  von  aller- 

the  son,  or  perhaps  nephew,  of  the  cele-  ley  Jagtkunst "    (Frankfort  -  on  -  Maine  : 

brated    Sigmund    Feyrabendt,    a   wood-  1592.    410.) 

engraver,and  one  of  the  leading  booksellers  Feyrabendt's  device,  which  is  annexed, 

of  his  time.     His  name  derives  much  of  consists  of  the  emblem  of  Fame,  winged, 

its  interest  from  the  fact  that  he  was  the  blowing  a  German  horn,  in  a  cartouch. 

FiCKENSCHER  (Geo.Wolfg.  Aug.).  Geschichte  des  Buchdruckerwesens 
im  Burggrafthum  Niirnberg  oberhalb  des  Gebirges.  Bayreuth  : 
1802.     8vo.  pp.  viij.  84. 

Fielding  (David).  The  Typographical  Ready- reck  oner  and  Memo- 
randum-book, for  the  use  of  Compositors,  Pressmen,  Machine- 
men,  and  Warehousemen  ;  showing  the  Number  of  Pica  Ems  in 
width  and  Lines  containing  a  thousand  ens,  from  pica,  small  pica, 
long  primer,  bourgeois,  brevier,  and  minion  to  nonpareil ;  Lines 
per  Hour,  and  the  number  of  Hours  produced  in  composition 
from  I  to  1,000 ;  the  Price  of  Composition  per  Hour,  from  5d.  to 
iid.,  and  from  i  to  1,000  hours;  and  the  Quantity  of  Paper 
required  in  sheets  for  any  job  from  25  to  5,000  Copies,  and  from 

2  to  118  on  the  sheet.     London:  1853. 2nd  edition:   1858. 

8vo. 

This  small  contribution  to  the  literature  of  printing  originally  appeared  in  the 
pages  of  the  London  Typographical  Circular  in  August,  1853.  It  has  passed 
through  several  editions,  and  has  been  enlarged  from  time  to  time. 

2    F 


2 1 8  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Fielding  (Theodore  H,).  The  Art  of  Engraving,  with  the  vario-js 
modes  of  operation.  Illustrated  with  specimens  of  the  different 
styles  of  engraving,     London:  1841.     Royal  8vo.  pp.  vii.  109. 

FiEVfiE  (J.).  Observations  et  Projet  de  Decret  sur  ITmprimerie  et  la 
Librairie.     Paris  :   1809.     4to. 

FlGGiNS  (Vincent).  Specimen  of  Printing  Types  by  Vincent  Figgins, 
Letter  Founder,  Swan  Yard,  Holborn  Bridge.  London  :  1793. 
Printed  by  T.  Bensley.     8vo.  pp.  16. 

This  is  the  first  specimen-book  issued  informs  them  that  he  has  commenced  an 

by  Mr.  Vincent  Figgins,  the  founder  of  entire   New   Letter    Foundry,   every 

the    now    celebrated    firm    of   V.    &   J.  branch  of  which,  with  their  support  and 

Figgins.     The  preface  says  : — "  Vincent  encouragement,   he    hopes    he   shall    be 

Figgins,  having  had  the  advantage  of  ten  enabled  to  execute  in  the  most  accurate 

years'  instruction  and  servitude  under  the  and  satisfactory  manner  ;  assuring  them 

late  ingenious  Mr.  Joseph  Jackson  (great  that  his  best  endeavours  shall  be  exerted 

part  of  which  time  he  had  the  manage-  to  complete  so  arduous  an  undertaking, 

ment  of  his  foundry),  flatters  himself  he  Although  as  yet  he  has  but  few  founts 

shall  not  be  thought  arrogant  in  soliciting  finished,  he  is  anxious  to  submit  a  speci- 

the  patronage  of  the  Master  Prfnteks  men  for  approbation."     It  contained  31 

and   other  literary  gentlemen,  when   he  Oriental  and  7  Roman  founts. 

Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  Vincent  Figgins,  letter-founder. 

London:   1827.     i6mo.,  in  paper  cover. 

• Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  Vincent  Figgins,  letter-founder, 

West  Street,  West  Smithfield.     London:   1832.     8vo.     Another 
issue  is  dated  1835. 

Figgins  (V.  &  J.).  Specimens  of  Book  and  Newspaper  Types 
from  the  foundry  of  Vincent  and  James  Figgins.  London  :  1838. 
4to. 

Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  V.  &  J.   Figgins  (successors 

to  Vincent  Figgins),  letter-founders.  West  Street,  West  Smithfield. 
London:  1842.     8vo. 


—  Specimens  of  Plain  and  Ornamental  Types  from  the  foundry  of 
V.  &  J.  Figgins.  London  :  n.d.  4to.  Title  and  215  leaves 
without  pagination. 

—  Epitome  of  Specimens,  by  V.  &  J.  Figgins.  London:  1847. 
Folio. 

—  Specimens  of  Type  and  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  Printing 
Materials.     London :  1872.     Royal  8vo.    Second  Edition.     1874. 

—  Specimens  of  Wood  Letter.     London:  1877.     Royal  8vo. 


The  Quarto  Specimen  Book  was  sup-  bulk  was  a  serious  hindrance  to  its  useful- 

plemented  in   1847  by  the  "  Epitome  of  ness  :  it  was  also  too  large  and  heavy  for 

Specimens,"  which  contains  a  selection  the  post.      Several    special    editions   of 

of  antiques,   blacks,  and  jobbing  types,  specimens  were  also  published  by  Messrs. 

with  flowers,  borders,  and  ornaments,  the  Figgins  from  time  to  time,  including  the 

book  and   news   founts   being  shown   in  Select  Book,  Choice  News  Founts,  .^c.  ; 

small  paragraphs.     This  book  was  con-  but  the  want  was  felt  by  this  foundry  of 

tinually  added   to   until    1871,  when   its  a  general  specimen  book  containing  in  a 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


219^ 


condensed  form  all  their  principal  founts 
in  common  use,  and  of  a  sufficiently  large 
edition  of  the  book  to  enable  copies  to  be 
circulated  amongst  all  the  printers  at 
home  and  abroad.  This  led  to  the  pre- 
sent royal  8vo.  book,  which  was  com- 
pleted in  1872,  and  reprinted  with  several 
additions  two  years  later.  This  specimen 
book,  which  was  printed  on  the  premises 
at  the  type-foundry,  may  be  fairly  be- 
lieved to  have  had  a  wider  circulation 
than  any  other  like  production,  5,000 
copies  having  been  printed.  The  last 
edition  appears  without  any  title-page. 
It  contains  book,  news,  and  jobbing 
founts  in  wonderful  variety,  together  with 
flowers,  borders,  ornaments,  and  speci- 
mens of  music-type,  foreign,  and  peculiar 


sorts,  indeed  everything  in  the  way  of 
typographic  furnishing  that  can  be  re- 
quired by  the  letterpress-printer,  except- 
ing wood  letter,  the  specimens  of  which 
are  confined  to  a  separate  book,  which 
is  last  on  the  above  list.  It  is  the 
intention  of  Mr.  Figgins  to  adhere  to  the 
royal  8vo.  size  for  all  his  future  specimen 
books,  and  when  we  consider  the  handi- 
ness  as  well  as  completeness  of  the 
editions  issued  in  1872  and  1874.  the 
decision  seems  a  wise  one.  It  is  now 
unusual  for  type-founders  to  print  their 
own  specimen  books,  but  in  recurring  to 
an  old  practice,  this  foundry  has  no  need 
to  fear  criticism  as  to  the  quality  of  the 
press-work,  which  indeed  leaves  nothing 
to  be  desired. 


Figgins  (V.  &  J.).     See  Caxton,  Game  of  the  Chesse. 

Vincent  Figgins  I.  was  an  apprentice 
of  Jackson,  the  eminent  punch-cutter. 
He  was  bound  to  him  in  1782,  and  served 
him  as  apprentice  and  journeyman  till 
his  death,  in  1792,  having  for  three  years 
had  the  entire  management  of  the  esta- 
blishment. He  was  thus  spoken  of  by 
John  Nichols,  in  his  "Literary  Anec- 
dotes," vol.  ii.  p.  367  : — "With  an  ample 
portion  of  his  kind  instructor's  reputation, 
he  inherits  a  considerable  share  of  his 
talents  and  industry ;  and  has  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  many  beautiful 
specimens  he  has  produced  ;  and  particu- 
larly Oriental  types."  Speaking  of  Mr. 
Figgins,  Hansard,  in  his  "  Typographia," 
p.  359,  states  that  "  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Jackson  he  failed  in  succeeding  to  his 
foundry  and  materials,  by  not  bidding 
more  than  he  conscientiously  thought 
they  were  worth,  or  than  he  should  be 
enabled  to  pay.  But  his  character  had 
long  been  observed  by  Mr.  John  Nichols, 
who,  for  many  years,  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  Mr.  Jackson.  Under  his 
auspices  Mr.  Figgins  was  encouraged  to 
rear  a  foundry  for  his  own  name.  A 
large  order  (two  founts,  great  primer  and 
pica,  of  each  2,000  lb.,  even  before  he 
had  produced  a  single  specimen)  gave  the 
young  adventurer  the  best  heart  to  pro- 
ceed :  neither  did  his  liberal  patron  suffer 
him  to  want  the  sinews  of  trade,  as  long 
as  such  assistance  was  required.  The 
patronage  also  of  the  delegates  of  the 
Oxford  University  Press,  and  the  type  in 
which  Mr.  Bensley  printed  those  two 
splendid  works  —  Bowyer's  History  of 
England,  and  Macklin's  Bible,  esta- 
blished Mr.  Figgins  in  all  the  reputation 
he  could  desire  ;  and  he  has  never  since 
ceased  in  his  efforts  to  make  his  foundry 
one  of  the  most  complete  in  England. 
No    foundry   existing   is   better   stocked 


with  matrices  for  those  extraneous  sorts 
which  are  cut  more  with  a  view  to  accom- 
modation than  profit ;  such  as  astronomi- 
cal, geometrical,  algebraical,  physical, 
genealogical,  and  arithmetical  sorts  :  and 
I  feel  it  particularly  incumbent  on  me  to 
add  that,  as  his  specimen  bears  equal 
rank  with  any  for  the  number  and  beauty 
of  its  founts  ;  so  he  has  strayed  less  into 
the  folly  of  fat-faced,  preposterous  dis- 
proportions, than  either  Thome,  Fry,  or 
Caslon.  I  consider  his  five-line  pica 
German  text,  a  typographic  curiosity. 
It  is  a  singular  coincidence  that  the' three 
eminent  printers,  successive  proprietors 
of  the  same  concern,  should  be  the 
patrons  of  three  foundries  which  have  so 
eminently  flourished :  viz.,  the  first  Mr. 
Bowyer  was  the  patron  of  the  first  Mr. 
Caslon ;  the  second  Mr.  Bowyer,  of 
Mr.  Jackson,  who  served  his  apprentice- 
ship to  Mr.  Caslon  ;  and  Mr.  John 
Nichols,  of  Mr.  Figgins,  who,  as  just 
before  stated,  served  his  time  to  Mr. 
Jackson."  Vincent  Figgins  I.  died  at 
Peckham  Rye,  Feb.  29,  1844,  and  was 
succeeded  by  his  two  sons,  Vincent  and 
James. 

Vincent  Figgins  II.  was  a  man  of 
considerable  talent,  and,  apart  from  his 
eminence  in  his  own  calling,  he  was  a 
painter  of  some  ability.  He  retired  from 
the  business  in  the  year  1859,  and  died  at 
Nice,  after  a  long  illness,  on  the  21st 
December,  i860,  his  remains  being 
brought  to  this  country  for  interment  in 
the  family  vault  at  Nunhead.  His  widow 
still  survives,  but  he  left  no  children. 

Mr.  James  Figgins  I.  carried  on  the 
foundry  alone,  but  under  the  old  designa- 
tion, after  the  retirement  of  his  brotherVin- 
cent.  In  1868  he  was  elected  to  represent 
Shrewsbury  in  Parliament,  whereupon 
he  also  retired  from  business  in  favour  of 


2  20  Bibliography  of  Printing: 

his  son.  He,  however,  lost  his  seat  at  the  street,  Smithfield  ;  and  was  ultimately 
general  election  in  1874.  Mr.  James  transferred  to  the  present  premises  in 
Figgins  is  a  wealthy  man.  He  is  an  Ray-street,  Farringdon-road,  which  were 
alderman  of  the  City  of  London,  and  erected  in  1865,  and  considerably  en- 
has  served  the  office  of  sherifT  and  other  larged  in  the  year  1875.  Upwards  of 
public  functions  with  great  credit  to  him-  350  men  and  boys  are  employed  in  the 
self.  He  has  one  son  and  two  daughters,  various  departments  of  the  business. 
The  present  firm  retains  the  name  of  which,  in  addition  to  that  of  type-found- 
V.  &  J.  Figgins.  The  proprietor  of  the  ing,  embraces  the  manufacture  of  all 
world-famed  foundry  is  Mr.  James  Fig-  kinds  of  pnnting  materials.  The  pre- 
gins,  Jun.,  only  son  of  the  preceding  mises  are  divided  into  two  blocks,  the 
James  Figgins,  and  nephew  of  Vincent  larger  of  which  is  devoted  to  the  type- 
Figgins  II.,  constituting,  therefore,  the  foundry,  and  the  other  to  the  manufac- 
third  generation.  The  foundry  was  ture  of  printing  materials  and  machinery  : 
originally   in    Holborn ;    then    in  West-  here  also  a  large  stock  is  stored. 

FiGUiER  (Louis).      Jean  Gutenberg,    Fust,   Schoeffer.     Paris  :  1867. 
1 2  mo. 
Extract  from  a  work  entitled,  "Vies  de  Savants  Illustres." 

FiGUiER  (Madame  Louis).     Gutenberg;    Drame  historique  en  Cinq 
Actes  et  en  Prose.     Paris:  1869.     i2mo.  pp.  106. 
Republished  in  Italian  at  Milan,  under  the  title  of  "Guttemberg:  Drama-storico." 

FiLS  (G.).  Art  de  I'lmprimerie-Libi-airie,  compose  en  1795,  quant 
au  mecanisme  typographique.     Paris  :   1836.     4to. 

FiNESCHi    (P.  Vincenzio).      Notizie  storiche  sopra   la    Stamperia   di 
Ripoli,  le  quali  possono  servire  all'  illustrazione  della  storia  tipo- 
grafica  Fiorentina  raccolte  et  publicate.      Firenze  :  1781.      8vo. 
pp.  viii.  59. 
Printing  was  introduced  into  the  con-     meo  Fonzio  was  corrector.      Books  are 
vent  of  St.  Jacopo  of  Ripoli  by  the  Do-    known   to   have   been   printed    by   them 
minican  brothers  Domenico  da  Pistoja  and     from    1476  to    1484,    Brother   Domenico 
Pietro  da  Pisa,  who  also  introduced  the     dying  in  the  latter  year.     The  author  was 
casting  of  type.  The  monks  were  their  own     a  Dominican,  and  archiviste  of  the  Con- 
compositors  and  pressmen,  and  Bartolo-    vent  of  Santa  Maria  Novella,  at  Florence. 

FiORiLLO  (Johann  Dominik).  Geschichte  der  zeichnenden  Kiinste  in 
Deutschland  und  den  Vereinigten  Niederlanden.  4  vols.  Han- 
over :   1815-20.     8vo. 

FiscHBACH  (G. ),  Successeur  de  G.  Silbermann.     Imprimerie  Chromo- 
typographique.     Strasbourg  :  Calendrier,  1878. 
A  broadside  printed  in  colours  and  gold,  having  in  the  centre  a  representation  of 
David  d' Anger's  statue  of  Gutenberg  at  Strasbourg,  and  in  the  four  corners  bas- 
reliefs  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America  in  brown  tint. 

Fischer  (C.  F.). — i".?*?  Wittig  und  Fischer,  "Die  Schnellpresse." 

Fischer  (Gotthelf).     Beschreibung  typographischer  Seltenheiten  und 

nierkwlirdiger    Handschriften,    nebst    Eeitragen   zur    Erfindungs- 

geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst.     Mainz  und  Niirnberg  :   1800- 

1804.     6  parts.     8vo.     With  numerous  plates. 

Contains  much  information  concerning  the  history  of  printing  and  printers'  types. 

Einige  Worte  an  die  Mainzer,  bei  den  Feierlichkeiten  des  dem 

Erfinder  der   Buchdruckerkunst    Johann  Gutenberg  in  Mainz  zu 
errichtenden  Denkmals.     Moskwa  :  1836.     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Ffi?itifig.  221 

Fischer  (Gotthelf).  Essai  sur  les  Monumens  typographiques  de  Jean 
Gutenberg,  Mayen9ais,  Inventeur  de  I'lmprimerie.  Mayence  I'an 
10.  [1.S02].  4to.  Portrait  of  Gutenberg,  engraved  title,  engraved 
dedication-plate,  two  unnumbered  leaves,  pp.  102,  four  fac-simile 
plates,  and  two  copperplate  fac-similes  in  the  text. 

Notice  du  Premier  Monument  Typographique  en  Caracteres 


mobiles,  avec   date,  connu  jusqu'a  ce  jour,   decouvert  dans  les 

archives  de  Mayence,  et  depose  a  la  Bibliotheque  Nationale  de 

Paris.     Mayence :   1804.     4to.    pp.  8.      i  plate. 

Gotthelf  Fischer,  born  at  Waldheim,     contains    everything   ascertained    up    to 

October    15,    1771,    was  a    professor    of    his   time   concerning    early  typography. 

natural  history  at  Mayence  and  Director     Peignot  says  that  Fischer's  works  exhibit 

of  the   Moscow  Museum.     His  "  Typo-    deep  and  curious  research,  and  contain 

graphical  Rarities"  is   a  work  of  great    documents  which   greatly   illustrate  the 

erudition,  and  his  Essay  on  Gutenberg     origin  of  printing. 

Fischer  (Heinrich).  Anleitung  zum  Accidenzsatz.  Leipzig  :  1877. 
Demy  4to.  pp.  120. 

A  thoroughly  practical  work  on  jobbing  at  Leipzig,  an  establishment  which  has, 

composition,  elucidated  by  150  examples,  by  reason  of  its   superior  display  work, 

which  illustrate  almost  every  description  gained    a    high    reputation    throughout 

of  jobbing.    The  author  was  the  manager  Germany.      He,    however,    subsequently 

of  Herr  C.  G.  Naumann's  printing-office  started  in  business  for  himself. 

Fisher  (A.  M.).  Printing  Presses  and  their  Theory.  An  article  in 
the  American  Journal  of  Science,  vol.  iii.  pp.  311.  [New 
Haven] :  1820,     8vo. 

Fisher  (P.   H.).     Printers'  Marks,   Emblems,  and  Mottoes.     Notes 
and  Queries,  Second  Series,  vol.  ix.  p.  92. 
The  object  of  this  paper  is  to  explain  the  pictorial  and  emblematical  marks  and 
the  mottoes  of  the  printers  of  the  olden   times   and   their  relation  to  the  printers 
themselves. 

FiTZ-CoOK  (Henry).  On  the  Graphotype,  a  process  for  producing 
from  drawings,  blocks  for  Surface-printing.  Article  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Society  of  Arts,  Dec.  8,  1865. — See  Graphotyping  Com- 
pany. 

Five  Black  Arts  :  Printing,  Pottery,  Gas-light,  Glass,  Iron. 
Columbus  [Ohio] :  1861.     i2mo. 

Flach,  alias  Sim  us  (Martin). 

This    printer    issued    his    first    book,  Presserit  has  chartas  quisvc  characteri- 

"  Liber  Speculum  Vitse  Humanae,  editus  bus  .... 

a   Rodorico   Zamorensi,"   at    Strasburg,  Ille   quidem    Simus   Martinus   [FlachJ 

in    1475.      The   colophon    says:  —  "Ex  littore  Rheni 

Basilea      civi     progenito."      He     after-  Vrbs    dedit    insignem    cui    Argentina 

wards  printed,  almost  every  year  down  domum 

to  the   end   of  the   fifteenth   century,  a  Ille    inquam    impensis    qui    nunquam 

great   number  of    books,   the    leaves    of  (crede)  pepercit 

some  of  which  are  numbered  at  the  bot-  Lector    amice,    dabat    his     liber    iste 

torn  of  the  page  in  Roman  figures.     In  fidem.  .  .  . 
one    the    colophon     has     the     following 

verses  : —  Martin    Flach   was   succeeded   by   his 

N.oscere  forte  voles  quis  sculpscrit  hoc  son,  or  a  near  relation  of  his,  for  in  the 

opus  ere  very  first  book  printed  at  Strasburg  in 


222 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


STRASBURG  :    I475-1500. 

the     sixteenth     century — "Quasstiones  The   device   of   Flach   consists  of  the 

Marsihi,"  1501,  fo.  — is  added  to  the  name  emblem  of  a  knight  and  lady  standing 

of  Martin   Flach  the  epithet  of  Junior,  under  a   tree,    and   supporting  a   shield 

The    latter   printed   there   from   1501  to  with   the  monogram  M.   F.,  the   F  sur- 

1513.  mounted  by  a  cross. 

Flathe  (Ludwig).  Die  vierte  Sacular-Feier  der  Erfindung  Guten- 
bergs  in  Dresden  und  Leipzig,  Ein  Gedenkbuch  fiir  Gegenwart 
und  Zukunft.  Leipzig :  1840.  8vo.  Frontispiece  representing 
Gutenberg's  monument  at  Mayence.  pp.  130  and  3  plates  of 
facsimiles. 

Fleischmann  (C.  L.).  Erwerbszweige,  Fabrikwesen  und  Handel 
der  Vereinigten  Staaten  von  Nordamerika.  Stuttgart  :  1870. 
8vo. 

The  portion  relating  to  printing  consists  of  the  chapters  headed  "  Papierfabrica- 
tion,  Musikalienhandlung,  Kupferstecher- und  Holzschneidekunst;  Literatur;  Buch- 
handel ;  Buchdruckerei ;  Zeitungen  ;   Buchbinder." 

Fleming  &  Co.  (A.  B.).  Specimens  of  Printing-inks.  Sixth  edition. 
Edinburgh  :   1876.     4to.  and  i6mo. 

The  frontispiece  to  this  trade-list  is  a  litho-portrait  of  Gutenberg,  and  its  pages 
present  samples  of  numerous  varieties  of  ink. 

This  firm  was  established  twenty-six  was  needed  for  several  years  ;  but  success 
years  ago  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Fleming  (the  attended  them.  When  they  commenced 
present  head),  of  Hillwood,  Corstorphine,  business  at  Salamander-street,  the  ordi- 
and  Dr.  Parnell  (who  retired  a  few  nary  price  of  newspaper-inks  was  four 
years  ago).  They  commenced  in  a  very  times  greater  than  at  present.  Mr. 
small  way,  a  small  engine  doing  all  that     Fleming  having  discovered  an  oil  cheaper 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  223 

and  equally  well  adapted  to  the  manufac-  three  acres  of  ground  at  Caroline-park, 

ture  of  printing-ink,   took  the  bold  step  Granton.      The    house   has   upwards   of 

of   reducing   the  price,    with   the   result  ninety      foreign      correspondents,      and 

that   this   firm   has,  from   year  to   year,  branches  with  offices  and  staff  of  their 

been   adding   to   their   connection,    until  own  in  Paris,  London,  and  Manchester, 

now  they  are  said  to  have  the  largest  ink-  In  the  production  of  this  specimen-book 

factory  m  the  world.     Some  idea  of  the  we  are  told  that  upwards  of  ;^5oo  were 

progress  made  may  be  gathered  from  the  spent.     The  present  members  of  the  firm 

fact  that  even  twenty  years  ago  a  small  are    Mr.   A.    B.    Fleming ;    Mr.    Robert 

six  horse-power  engine  was  sufficient  for  Craig   Maclagan,  M.D.,   J.    P.   for  the 

their  demands — now   they   have   steam-  county  of  Edinburgh ;   and  Mr.   David 

engines   equal   to   80  horse-power  regu-  Harris, 
larly  at  work.     Their  new  works  cover 

Flensburg  (J.  J.  Dodt  van).  Over  de  Elzevier's.  Utrecht  :  1841. 
8vo. 

Flick  (J.  F.).  Beschreibung  der  elastischen  Auftragewalzen  in  den 
Buchdruckereien,  deren  Anfertigung,  &c.     Leipzig  :   1823.     8vo. 

Handbuch  der  Buchdruckerkunst,   fiir  angehende  und  prak- 

tische  Buchdrucker.  Als  Anhang,  Anweisung  Papiere  auf  alle  Art 
zu  farben.  Mit  einem  vollstandigen  Formatbuche,  der  Vorstellung 
einer  Correctur  und  vier  Kastenabbildungen  in  Steindruck. 
Berlin  :   1820.     8vo.  pp.  viij.  280. 

Kleines  Hand-  und   Hiilfsbuch  fiir  Buchhandler,  Schriftsteller 

und  Correctoren,  mit  der  Vorstellung  einer  Correctur,  Vom 
Verfasser  des  *'  Handbuchs  fiir  Buchdrucker."  Rathenow  :  1821. 
8vo.  pp.  56. 

Flinsch  (Ferdinand).  Specimen-Book  of  the  Foundry  Ferdinand 
Flinsch,  Frankfort. 
This  specimen-book  was  published  at  intervals  of  about  a  year,  in  parts  consisting 
of  twenty  to  twenty-five  leaves  each.  They  represent  the  successive  novelties 
produced  by  the  firm.  The  eighth  part  appeared  in  April,  1871  ;  the  ninth  in  1872  ; 
the  tenth  in  1873  ;  the  eleventh  in  1876. 

The  old  Dresler  foundry  at  Frankfort,  enriched  German  typography  with  a  fine 

which,   since  1859,  has   been   called   the  series     of    titling,    jobbing,    and    fancy 

Foundry  Ferdinand  Flinsch,  is  one  of  the  founts. — See  Dresler. 
most  celebrated  on  the  Continent,  and  has 

Proben  der  Schriftgiesserei  Flinsch  in  Frankfurt  a/Main  und 

St.  Petersburg.  XIL  &  XIII.  Hefte,  mit  Inhalt-Verzeichniss. 
1878.     4to.     38  leaves. 

This  specimen-book  was  issued  to  celebrate  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  exist- 
ence of  the  Flinsch  foundry. 

Flintberg  (Jac.  Albr.).  Borgerlige  Formoner  och  skyldigheter  i 
stod  af  Forfattningar.  Forsta  Delen  ora  Minuthandeln  och  Handt- 
verkerierna.  Forsta  Afdelningen,  som  innefattar  Titlarna :  Acade- 
mier-Boktryckerie.     Stockholm  :  1786.     4to. 

Pages  103  to  172  contain  the  regulations  for  printers  which  are  still  in  force,  with 
annotations  ;  those  for  binders  and  booksellers  are  also  included. 

Floding  (P.).  Handlingar  vorande  en  ny  upfinning  i  Gravuren. 
Stockholm:   1766.     4to. 


2  24  Bibliography  of  Printifig. 

FoCKE  (Chr.  H.).  Die  Feier  des  funfzigjahrigen  Bestehens  der 
Druckerei  von  G.  Hunckel  in  Bremen,  am  8.  Mai,  1876.  Bremen  : 
1876,  4to.  8  pp.  of  dedication  and  poetry,  printed  in  chromo- 
lithography  and  typography,  and  16  pp.  giving  the  histoiy  of 
Hunckel's  printing-office  at  Bremen,  and  the  proceedings  of  the 
50th  anniversary  festival  of  its  existence. 

FoERORDNiNG  (Kongl.  Maj.),  Snddige,  och  Reglemente  for  Boktryck- 
erierne  i  Riket,  gifvit  Stockholm  :  1752.     4to. 

Refers  to  the  foundation  of  a  new  Society  of  Printers,  and  to  the  establishment  of 
new  printing-houses. 

FoERSOEK  till  Historia  om  Sveriges  Boktryckerier.  Stockholm:  1871. 
8vo. 

FoERSTER  (Ernst).  'Zur  Geschichte  des  Holzschnittes  u.  des  Kupfer- 
stiches.  Abgedruckt  in  Kunstblatt,  Beilage  zum  Morgenhlatt, 
1842,  No.  57,  pp.  234,  235. 

FoKKE  (Arend).  De  Graveur,  behelzende  eene  beknopte  handleiding 
tot  de  Daktylioglyphia,  of  Graveerkunst  in  edele  gesteenten. 
[Vol.  XIII.  of  "VoUedige  Beschrijving  van  alle  Konsten,  &c." 
Dordrecht  :   1796.     8vo.]     Plates. 

Folds  (George).  Specimens  of  Irish  Typography  :  illustrative  of  the 
National  Press  of  Ireland.     Dublin  :   1833.     8vo. 

FoNCEMAGNE  (£tienne  Laureault  de).  Examen  de  M.  Maittaire 
touchant  I'epoque  de  I'etablissement  de  I'lmprimerie  en  France. 
In  vol.  vii.  of  "Memoires  de  lAcademie  des  Inscriptions  et 
Belles  Lettres."     Paris :  1743.     4to. 

FONTAN  (V.).— ^^^CaBALLERO. 

FoNTENAl  (De).  Dictionnaire  des  Artistes,  ou  Notice  historique  et 
raisonnee  des  Architectes,  Peintres,  Graveurs,  Sculpteurs,  Musi- 
ciens,  Acteurs,  Imprimeurs,  etc.     Paris  :  1776.     2  vols.     8vo. 

FoNTENELLE  (T.)  and  Paisson  (P.).  Vollstandiger  Unterricht  iiber 
alle  Schreib-,  Zeichnungs-  und  Druck-Materialien.  Ulm:  1831. 
8vo. 

Ford  (Thomas).  The  Compositor's  Handbook  :  Designed  as  a 
Guide  in  the  Composing-room.  "With  the  Practice  as  to  Book, 
Job,  Newspaper,  Law,  and  Parliamentary  Work ;  the  London 
Scale  of  Prices  ;  Appendix  of  Terms,  &c.  London  :  1854. 
Fcap.  8vo.  pp.  262. 

Printing-office   Pamphlets.      Addressed    to    Master   Printers, 

Overseers,  Compositors,  and  the  Trade  generally,  on  subjects 
relating  to  Management,  Economy  of  Material,  &c.,  with  Sugges- 
tions to  Type-founders,  Brass-rule  Cutters,  Printers'  Joiners,  &c., 
as  to  Improvements  in  Articles  of  their  Manufacture.     No.  I. — 


Bibliography  of  Piinting. 


225 


Brass  Rule.     London  :  [n.  d.]     pp.    32. 
London  :  [n.  d.]  pp.  64.     Fcap.  8vo. 


-No.   II. — Furniture. 


Thomas  Ford  was  a  Printers'  Reader, 
and  a  man  of  considerable  literary  tastes 
and  aptitude.  He  published  a  little  book 
called  "Reminders  in  Grammar  and 
Orthography  ;  or.  Rules  and  Examples 
by  which  many  of  the  Doubts  constantly 
arising  as  to  Disputed  Spelling  may  be 
set  at  rest.  Selected,  Revised,  and  made 
Familiar  to  Present  Usage."  He  also 
designed  a  work  uniform  with  Timperley's 
"  Songs  of  the  Press,"  which  was  to  have 
been  entitled  "Laconics  of  the  Press: 
being  Opinions  in  Prose  selected  from 
the  Works  of  the  most  eminent  Authors 
and  Periodical  Publications.  With  Notes 
Biographical  and  Literary."  But  we 
believe  that  it  never  appeared.  His 
"  Printing-oflfice  Pamphlets,"  which  pro- 
mised to  be  a  useful  series,  were  not 
carried  further  than  two  or  three  parts  ; 
but  the  author  announced  the  following 
among  some  of  the  subjects  in  prepara- 
tion for  ensuing  numbers  : — Cases,  their 
Uniformity  and  Arrangement  ;  Appren- 
tices ;  Late  Hours  ;  Favouritism  ;  Pie  ; 
An  Address  to  Master  Printers,  &c.  &c. 
Referring  to  the  fact  that  Hansard  speaks 
of  only  two  copies  of   Moxon's   "  Me- 


chanick  Exerc'ses"  being  in  existence. 
Ford  says  to  a  correspondent:  "If  we 
could  meet  with  the  First  Part,  it  would 
almost  tempt  us  to  reprint  that  and  the 
Second,  of  which  we  have  a  copy,  though 
we  should  not  expect  any  profit  there- 
from, printers  bein^  very  lukewarm  at 
supporting  anything  relating'  to  the 
trade."  Unfortunately  Ford's  fortune 
was  not  equal  to  his  aspirations  or  his 
industry,  and  he  was  unable  to  carry  out 
this  and  several  other  meritorious  schemes 
which  he  had  designed.  Ford  was  fiercely 
attacked  by  Houghton  in  the  preface 
to  the  edition  of  his  "  Printers'  Prac- 
tical Every-Day  Book,"  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1857,  fifteen  years  subsequently 
to  the  issue  of  the  first  edition,  where  he 
is  accused  of  counterfeiting  Houghton's 
work,  and  parallel  passages  are  given 
which  certainly  make  out  the  case  against 
Ford.  Nevertheless,  the  "  Compositor's 
Handbook  "  is  not  without  merits  of  its 
own  as  a  practical  manual :  it  has  been 
out  of  p'int  for  some  years.  Ford,  who 
was  lame,  died  in  poor  circumstances  on 
the  3rd  December,  i860,  aged  58  years. 


Articles   in  Note's  and 


Foreign   Printers  and    their  Typography. 
Queries,  First  Series,  i.  277,  340,  402. 

A  corre.spondent   having  inquired   for  plement  to  "  Lempri^re's  Dictionary "  by 

some  list  of  names  of  towns  abroad,  with  E.  H.  Barker,  and  Cotton's  "Typographi- 

their    Latin     equivalents,    in     order    to  cal  Gazetteer."      It   is  stated,   however, 

identify  the  places  of  publication  of  early  that  both  of  these  are   inadequate   and 

printed  books,  he  is  referred  to  the  sup-  inaccurate. 

FORESTlfi-NEVETJ  (E.).  Un  Chapltre  de  I'Histoixe  de  I'lmprimerie  a 
Montauban.  Louis  Rabier,  imprimeur  du  Roi  de  Navarre  a 
Montauban.  Montauban  :  1872.  Svo.  pp.  28.  (Privately 
printed. ) 

Les  Debuts  de  I'lmprimerie  a  Montauban,  1518-1526.  Mont- 
auban :  1876.     Svo.  pp.  20.     (Privately  printed.) 

FoRMATBUCH,  neu  verbessertes,  auf  der  lobl.  Kunst-Buchdruckerey 
niitzlich  zu  gebrauchendes,  deme  beygefiiget  etliche  oriental. 
Alphabeten,  Abdruck  einiger  Schriftproben,  nebst  dem  gebrauch- 
lichen  Deposition  -  Biichlein  in  Nieder-  und  Obersachsischer 
Sprache.     Liibeck  u.  Leipzig  :   1724. 

FoRMAT-BuECHLEiN,  neu  auffgesetztes,  oder  Vorgestellte  Nachrich- 
tungs-Figuren  wie  man  auff  der  loblichen  Kunst  Buchdruckerey 
in  alien.  .  .    .  Formaten  die  Columnen  recht  ordentlich  ausschies- 
sen  und  stellen  soil,  &c.     1673. 
2   G 


226 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Forms.  Het  overslaan  van  Drukvormen  gemakkelijk  gemaakt. 
Deventer  :  1843.     l2mo. 

FoRTECKNiNG  pa  de  af  K.  Academiensi  Upsala  Boktryckerie  utkomna 
Arbeten  ar  1751.     Upsala.     4to. 

This  is  the  first  catalogue  known  of  works  sent  to  public  libraries  by  the  printers 
who  produced  them. — See  Petzholdt  (Julius)  "  Bibliotheca  Bibliographica,"  p.  398. 

FORTIER  (G.).  La  Photolithographic,  son  Origine,  ses  Procedes,  ses 
AppHcations.     Paris  :  1876.     8vo.     pp.  74  ;  3  plates. 

Foster  &  Winstone.  Specimens  of  Printing  Inks,  Machine, 
Letterpress,  and  Lithographic.     London:  185 1.     8vo. 

FOUCHER,  Freres  (Sue.  de  V.  Foucher  et  Fils)  a  Paris.    Catalogue  des 
Ustensiles  et  Machines  de  I'lmprimerie.     Orne  de  100  Gravures. 
1878.     4to. 
Published  for  the  Universal  Exposition  of  Paris, 

Foucher  (Veuve  et  Fils).  Catalogue  General  du  Materiel  Typo- 
graphique.     Paris  :  1872.     4to.  pp.  93  and  3,  with  engravings. 

FouDRiAT  et  Pennequin.     fipreuve  des  Caracteres.     Bruxelles  :  1828. 

FOUGT  (H.).  Specimens  of  a  new  Type  for  Music.  In  six  sonatas, 
by  Uttini.     3  vols.     London  :  1768.     Folio. 

Four  Centuries  of  Printing  in  England.    London  :  1877.    pp.12.    4to. 

An  article  popularly  describing  the  origin  and  development  of  Printing,  which 
appeared  in  **  Everybody's  Year-Book,  1877,"  and  was  afterwards  privately  reprinted 
as  above. 

Fouret  (Rene).  Exposition  Internationale  de  Philadelphie  en  1876: 
Section  Fran9aise.  Rapport  sur  I'lmprimerie  et  la  Librairie. 
Paris  :  Imprimerie  Nationale,  1877.     4to.  pp.  48. 

The  author  was  a  member  of  the  Inter-  lishers  contributed.     There  was  a  cata- 

national    Jury   at   the   great   Centennial  logue  printed  of  these  Dutch  publications, 

Philadelphia  Exhibition.    His  work  gives  of  which  M.  Fouret  speaks  with  approval ; 

an  account  of  printing  and  publishing  as  and  he  commends  highly  the  examples  of 

carried    on    in   diflferent    countries,    and  etching  and  chromo-lithography  shown  in 

illustrated  by  the  specimens  in  the  Exhi-  the  illustrated  works  ;  also  an  edition  of 

bition.      Great  Britain  did  not  shine  in  the  works  of  Vondel,  whom  he  calls  the 

this  section  of  the  Exhibition,  most  of  our  Dutch     Shakspeare,    in     twelve    octavo 

publishing  houses  having  refrained  from  volumes,     illustrated     with     engravings, 

sending  specimens.     Of  Canadian  print-  Belgium,  it  seems,  did  not  send  much, 

ing  there  were  various  specimens,  among  The  other  countries  that  contributed  to 

which  the  writer  especially  commends  the  this  section  of  the  Exhibition  were  France, 

great  "  Atlas  of  Canada,"  published  by  Switzerland,  Italy,  Sweden  and  Norway, 


Messrs.  Walker  &  Miles,  of  Toronto 
Of  printing  in  the  United  States,  the 
writer  speaks  well  upon  the  whole.  There 
were  eighty-four  exhibitors.  Germany 
and  Austria  likewise  distinguished  them 
selves  by  their  exhibit 
complete    collection   was 


Holland,  to  which  as  many  as  126  pub-    Vienna. 


Russia,  Brazil,  and  the  Argentine  Re- 
public. France,  however,  of  all  these 
countries,  distinguished  itself  the  most, 
owing  to  the  exertions  of  the  "  Cercle  de 
la  Librairie"  to  make  the  contributions 
but  the  most  worthy  of  the  country  it  represents,  as  it 
that    sent    by    had  previously  done  m  the  Exhibition  at 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  227 

FoURGEAUD-LAGRfeZE  (N. ).  Le  P^rfgord  Litteraire.  L'Imprimerie 
en  Perigord,  ses  Origines,  ses  Progres  et  ses  principales  Produc- 
tions (1498-1874).     Riberac:  1876.     8vo.  pp.28. 

[FOURMAGE  (Jul.)].  Memoire  presente  (par  rAssociation  et  la 
Chambre  Syndicale  des  Imprimeurs  en  Taille-douce  de  Paris)  4 
MM.  les  Membres  de  la  Commission  d'Enquete  sur  la  Liberte  de 
rimprimerie  et  de  la  Librairie.     Paris:  1869.     8vo. 

FoURNiER  (Ed.).  Gutenberg,  drame  en  5  actes  en  vers.  Paris  :  1869. 
Large  8vo.  pp.  xx.  139. 

Represented  for  the  first  time  in  Paris  at  the  Imperial  Theatre  of  the  Odeon, 
April  8,  1869. 

See  Lacroix  (Paul). 

FOURNIER  (Henri).  Essai  sur  I'Imprimerie,  par  un  jeune  ouvrier 
Imprimeur.     Bordeaux :  1802.     8vo. 

Traite  de  la  Typographie.     Paris  :  1825.     8vo.    pp.  xlii.  323. 

Reprinted   at    Brussels :    1826.      Small   8vo.     pp.   xl.    306. 

Deuxieme  edition,  corrigee  et  augmentee.     Tours  et  Paris  :  1854. 
8vo.    pp.  xii.  408. Troisieme  edition.     Tours  :  1870.     8vo. 

The  second  edition  of  this  work  was  engaged  the  assistance  of  three  gentle- 

the  subject  of  an  exceedingly  encouraging  men  who  have  made  different  branches  of 

eulogium  from'  the  Association  of  Paris  the    subject    their  special    study — MM. 

Printers.      For  the   improvement  of  the  Motteroz,  F.  Garde,  &  M.  Tolmer. 
third    edition   of  his    book    the    author 

The    Introduction    to   Fournier's   Treatise    on    Typography. 


Translated  by  Charles  E.  Keymer.     Gloucester  :  1866.     4to. 

The  translation  of  Fournier's  work  would  have  been  of  great  use  to  English 
readers,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  author  found  such  little  encouragement 
that  he  abandoned  his  project  after  the  introduction  was  issued. 

FouRNiER  (Pierre  Simon),  or  Fournier  le  Jeune.     Les  Caracteres 
de  I'Imprimerie.     Paris:  1764.     Small  8vo,    pp.  167. 

Dissertation  sur  I'Origine  et  les  Progres  de  I'Art  de  graver  en 


bois,  pour  eclaircir  quelques  traits  de  I'histoire  de  I'Imprimerie,  et 
prouver  que  Guttemberg  n'en  est  pas  I'inventeur.  Paris  :  [i75^]* 
8vo.   pp.  92. 

This  work,  a  reply  to  which  was  issued  in  1758  by  M.  Gando  (j^^  Gando,  F.), 
"Lettre,"&c.,  consists  of  three  tracts,  connected  by  a  general  title-page,  pagination, 
and  register. 

fipreuves  de  deux  petits  Caracteres   nouvellement   graves   et 

executes  dans  toutes  les  parties  typographiques.  Paris  :  I7S7* 
i8mo. 

Lettre  a  M,  Freron  au  sujet  de  I'^tdition  d'une  Bible  annoiicee 

pour  etre  la  premiere  Production  de  I'Imprimerie.     Paris  :  1 763. 


2  28  Bibliography  of  Printing, 

FouRNiER  (Pierre  Simon).    Manuel  Typographique,  utile  aux  Gens  de 
Lettres  et  a  ceux  qui  exercent  les  differentes  parties  de  I'Art  de 
rimprimerie.       (Reponse   a   un    memoire    public   en    1 766,    par 
MM.   Gando,  au  sujet  des  caracteres  de  fonte  pour  la  musique.) 
2  vols.     Paris  :  1764-66.    8vo.    Vol.  I.   Frontisp.,  pp.  xxxii.  323. 
Vol.  II.  Frontisp.,  pp.  xliv.  306.      16  plates. 
The  first  volume  contains  a  description     and  the  fourth  would  have  been  a  bio- 
of  the  engraving  or  cutting  of  the  cha-    graphy    of  celebrated    printers.      Some 
racters    and    the    casting  of  types;   the    copies  of  th^  "  Manuel  Typographique  " 
second  consists  of  186  pages  of  Specimens     want  a  few  of  the  cuts  ;  copies  on  large 
of  Type  and  loi  Alphabets,  ancient  and    paper  are  of  the  greatest  rarity.     "  Four- 
modern,  with  explanation  of  them.    This     nier's  Typographical  Manual  should  be 
celebrated  work  of  Fournier  was  intended     in  every  printing-office." — Dibdin  {^Bib- 
to   consist  of  four  volumes,    but    death     liomanid).     "  His  types  are  the  models 
prevented     the     author     from     carrying    of  those  of  the  best-printed  books  at  Paris 
out  his  ideas.     The  third  volume  would     at  this  day." — Diet.  Port,  de  Bibliogr., 
have  treated  on  the  history  of  printing,     p.  218. 

Observations  sur  un  Ouvrage  intitule :  Vindicise  Typographicse, 

pour  servir  de  suite  au  traite  de  I'origine  et  des  productions  de 

I'Imprimerie  primitive  en  taille  de  bois.    [Strasbourg],  Paris :  1760. 

8vo.   pp.  62. 

Professor  Baer  has  replied  to  Fournier    (Strasbourg  [Paris]:  1761.     Svo.).     It  is 

in  an  anonymous  work  entitled  "  Lettre    also    published    in    the    "Memoires    de 

rOrigine  de  I'Imprimerie,  servant  de     I'Acade'mie    des    Inscriptions    et    Belles 


-sur 


reponse   aux    observations    publiees   par     Lettres,"  tom.  xvii.      Fournier  wrote  the 
Fournier  Jeune,  sur  I'ouvrage  de  Schoep-     "  Remarques"  as  a  reply  to  this  attack, 
flin,  intitule  'Vindiciae  Typographicae.  " 

De  rOrigine  et  des  Productions  de  I'Imprimerie  primitive  en 

taille  de  bois  ;  avec  une  refutation  des  prejuges  plus  ou  moins 
accredites  sur  cet  art ;  pour  servir  de  suite  a  la  dissertation  sur 
I'origine  de  I'art  de  graver  en  bois.  [Strasbourg],  Paris :  1759. 
Svo.    pp.  263. 

Remarques  sur  un  Ouvrage  [by  E.  Baer]  intitule,  "Lettres  sur 

rOrigine  de  I'Imprimerie,"  pour  servir  de  suite  au  traite,  **  De 
rOrigine  et  des  Productions  de  I'Imprimerie  primitive  en  taille  de 
bois."     [Strasbourg],   Paris :  1761.     Svo.   pp.  S4. 

Table  des  Proportions  des  Caracteres  d'Imprimerie.     Paris  : 


1737.     4to. 
This  Table  has  very  materially  contributed  to  the  progress  of  printing. 

Traite  Historique  et  Critique  sur  I'Origine  et  les  Progres  des 

Caracteres  de  Fonte,  pour  I'lmpression  de  Musique,  avec  des 
epreuves  de  nouveaux  caracteres  de  Musique.  Paris  :  1765.  4to. 
pp.  47  [the  last  12  being  an  Ariette  by  M.  I'Abbe  Dugue  set  up  as 
a  specimen  of  music  type]. 

A  reply  to  this  treatise  was  published  by  N,  Gando,  of  Berne,  in  1765. — See 
Gando. 

Traites  Historiques  et  Critiques  sur  I'Origine  et  les  Progres 

de  I'Imprimerie.     Paris:   i75S-6i-[63].     Svo. 

The  first  three  tracts  in  this  collection  are  duplicates  of  those  in  the  Dissertation 
on  Wood  Engraving  cited  above,  which  were  published  without  a  collective  title, 
and  the  fifth  is  also  a  duplicate  of  one  of  them,  the  "Remarques,"  &c.  E.^ch 
tract  has  a  separate  pagination  and  register,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  last,  a 
separate  title-page. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


229 


,  Petrr  Simon  Fournier,  a  French  en- 
graver and  letter-founder,  was  born  at 
Paris,  1712,  and  died  1768.  He  studied 
under  Colson,  painter  of  the  Academy  of 
Saint  Luc,  and  devoted  himself  first  to 
the  art  of  wood-engraving ;  he  after- 
wards, as  an  engraver  on  steel,  rendered 
himself  famous  in  all  countries.  In  some 
of  his  works  he  seeks  to  prove  that 
Gutenberg  is  not  the  inventor  of  printing, 
and  maintains  that  long  before  Guten- 
berg engraving  on  wood  had  been  em- 


ployed for  printing  images  and  inscrip- 
'tions ;  that  during  his  residence  in 
Strasburg,  Gutenberg  attempted  the 
application  of  this  art  to  the  printing  of 
books,  and  that  on  his  return  to  Mayence 
he  first  printed  the  Donatus  and  the 
Catholicon  of  Johannes  de  Janua  with 
engraved  and  solid  blocks.  Fournier's 
ingenious  theories  were  ably  refuted  by 
Baron  Heinecken  in  his  "Idee  Generale 
d'une  Collection  complette  d'Estampes  " 
(Leipsic  :  1771.    8vo.). 


Fournier  (Simon-Pierre).     Modeles  de  Caracteres  de  I'Imprimerie  et 
de  choses  necessaires  au  dit  Art.     Paris  :  1745.     4to. 


559-1579- 


Fowler  (John). 


This  printer,  whose  name  is  sometimes 
written  "  Fouler,"  was  born  at  Bristol, 
educated  at  Winchester,  and  was  a  fellow 
of  New  College,  Oxford,  in  1555,  when, 
refusing  to  comply  with  the  terms  of 
Protestant  uniformity  in  Queen  Eliza- 
beth's time,  he  (1559)  resigned  his  fellow- 
ship, and  settled  as  printer  at  Antwerp 
and  Louvain,  where  he  printed  the  books 
of  Papists  against  the  Protestants.  He 
died  at  Namur,  13th  February,  1579. 
Another  printer  of  the  same  name  ap- 
pears to  have  printed  likewise  at  Antwerp 
in  the  years  1617,  1619,  1635  ;  at  Lou- 
vain, 1620,  1622  ;  then  at  Douay  in  1636. 

Fragen,  Kurtze,  von  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  zum  Nutzen  der  Jugend 
in  der  Stadtschule  zu  Grimma,  aufgesetzt  von  P.  S.  K.  Leipzig: 
1 740.     8vo. 


John  Fowler  was  a  scholar  as  well  as  a 
pnnter,  and  wrote  or  translated  many 
works,  chiefly  of  a  theological  character  ; 
amongst  them  a  book  (issued  in  1566) 
illustrated  by  extremely  curious  engra- 
vings on  each  page,  showing  the  cruel- 
ties that  Protestants  practised  on  the 
Roman  Catholics. 

Fowler's  punning  device  consists  of  the 
emblems  of  crows  in  a  nest  at  the  top  of 
a  tree,  fed  by  a  hand  issuing  from  the 
clouds.  On  either  side  of  the  tree  are 
the  letters  I  F,  and  around  the  motto 
are  the  words  "  Respicite  volatilia  cceli  et 
pullos  corvorum." 


230  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

France.  Statistique  de  I'lmprimerie  en  France.  Cercle  de  la 
Librairie,  Paris,  1875.     8vo.  pp.  6. 

See  IMPRIMERIE. 

Franciosi  (Ch.  de).  Hommage  a  M.  Louis  Danel.  Lille  :  1877. 
Large  4to.  pp.  139,  with  portrait. 

Only  no  numbered  copies  were  printed.  M.  Danel,  the  renowned  printer  of 
Lille,  died  in  1877. 

Francis  (Jabez).  Printing  at  Home,  with  full  instructions  for 
Amateurs ;  containing  illustrations  of  the  necessary  materials, 
with  explanatory  key,  specimens  of  type,  &c.  Rochford,  Essex  : 
[1870].     Small  8vo.  pp.  42,  with  eight  leaves  of  specimens. 

FRAN901S  (Jean  Charles).  Lettre  de  M.  Fran9ois,  graveur  des  dessins 
du  cabinet  du  roi.  .  .  .  a  M.  Saverien  sur  I'Utilite  du  Dessin  et 
sur  la  Gravure  dans  le  gout  du  crayon.     Paris  :  1 760.     8vo. 

Au  Sujet  du  nouveau  Mode  de  Gravure  invente  par  J.  C.  F. 

An  article  in  the  "Registres  de  1' Academic  Royale  de  Peinture  et 
de  Sculpture,"  26th  March,  1757,  and  again  26th  Nov.,  1757. 

Franke  (Carl  August).  Handbuch  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Nach 
ihrem  neuesten  Standpunkte   in  Deutschland.     Weimar :    1855. 

8vo.    pp.   XXX.   350. Second   edition.     Weimar  :  1857.     8vo. 

pp.  xii.  379. Third  edition.     Weimar  :  1862.      8vo.    pp.  xii. 

408. Fourth  edition.     Weimar:  1867.     8vo.  pp.  xii.  389. 

Though  this  book  has  seen  four  editions,  it  owed  them  only  to  the  want  of  some 
better  manual :  in  many  parts  it  was  very  superficially  done,  and  contains  gross 
errors.     Its  place  is  now  taken  by  Bachmann's  Handbook.— >S"^i^  ante. 

■ Katechismus    der    Buchdruckerkunst    und    der    verwandten 

Geschaftszweige.     Mit  44  in  den  Text  gedruckten  Abbildungen 

und  Tafeln.      Leipzig:    1856.      i2mo.    pp.  viii.  187. Second 

edition.      Leipzig  :   1862.      8vo.    pp.  x.   166. Third   edition. 

Leipzig :  1872.     8vo.  pp.  viii.  192. 

Gives  a  brief  history,  and  also  explains  the  practice  of  the  Art  of  Printing  in  a 
catechetical,  but  by  no  means  perfect  form. 

Frankfort  on  the  Maine.  Fines  Erbaren  Raths  Ordnung  und 
Artickel,  wie  es  forthin  auff  alien  Truckereien  in  dieser  Stadt 
Franckfurt,  soil  gehalten  werden.  Franckfurt  am  Main  :  1573. 
4to.  8  leaves. 

A  very  curious  set  of  rules  and  regula-  is  given,  by  which  it  appears   that   the 

tions  for  printing-offices   as   ordered   by  Frankfort   printers  of  that   period   were 

the  State  as  to  rates  of  pay  ;  relations  of  legally  entitled  to  twenty-nine  holidays 

masters  and  men,  &c.     A  list  of  holidays  in  the  year. 

Franklin  (Alfred).     La  Sorbonne,  ses  Origines,  sa  Bibliotheque,  les 

Debuts  de  I'lmprimerie  a  Paris,   et  la  succession  de  Richelieu, 

d'apres  des  documents  inedits.     2«  edition.     Paris  :  1875.     8vo. 

pp.  xiv.  272. 

Of  this  work  there  were  issued  400  numbered  copies  ;  of  which  i  to  25  were  on 

China  paper,  26  to  125  on  Dutch  handmade  paper,  and  Nos.  126  to  400  on  vellum 

paper. 


Bibliography  of  Pnnfing. 


231 


Franklin  (Benjamin).  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Benja- 
min Franklin.  .  .  .  Written  by  himself  to  a  late  period,  and 
continued  to  the  time  of  his  Death  by  his  grandson,  William 
Temple  Franklin.     London  :  1818.     4to.     3  vols. 

Autobiography :  with  a  Narrative  of  his  Public  Life  and  Ser- 
vices, by  H.  Hastings  Weld.     New  York  :  1848.     8vo. 


The  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  published  verbatim 
from  the  Original  Manuscript.     By  his  grandson,  William  Temple 
by  Jared    Sparks.      London :    1850.      8vo. 


Franklin.      Edited 
pp.  vi.   154. 

Numerous  editions  of  this  autobio- 
graphy have  been  printed,  the  above 
being  the  best  editions  of  the  work  as 
originally  given  to  the  world  in  a  muti- 
lated   form    by  his    descendants.      The 


Hon.  John  Bigelow,  when  American 
minister  to  France,  a  post  previously  held 
by  Franklin  himself,  discovered  the  ori- 
ginal manuscript  in  Paris,  and  published 
it  in  the  following  form  : — 


—  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  Edited  from  his  Manu- 
script, with  Notes  and  an  Introduction,  by  John  Bigelow.  Phila- 
delphia :  1868.  8vo.  pp.  409.  Portrait  after  Duplessis,  by 
Hall. 

—  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  written  by  himself,  now  first  edited 
from  original  MSS.  and  from  his  printed  Correspondence  and 
other  Writings,  by  John  Bigelow.  3  vols.  Philadelphia  :  1875. 
8vo. 

Sein  Leben,  von  ihm  selbst  beschrieben.     Mit  einem  Vorwort 


von  Berthold  Auerbach  und  einer  historisch-politischen  Einleitung, 
von  Friederich  Kapp.  Nebst  dem  Bildnisse  Franklin's.  Stutt- 
gart :  1876.     i6mo.     pp.  iv.  496,  and  portrait. 

Several  German  translations  of  the  Autobiography  of  Benjamin  Franklin  had 
been  previously  published,  but  they  were  all  incomplete,  in  so  far  as  they  had  been 
translated  from  the  mutilated  English  and  American  editions.  The  last-named 
book,  however,  is  a  new  and  complete  German  translation  from  the  text  of  the 
original  manuscript.  It  has  a  short  preface  written  by  Berthold  Auerbach,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  says  that  the  life  of  Franklin  is  not  an  ideal  and  example  in 
the  sense  that  his  life  and  thoughts  should  be  exactly  copied,  but  rather  that  the 
force  of  will  and  motive  animating  him  in  all  his  actions  should  be  studied  and 
adapted  to  their  own  circumstances  by  others.  The  preface  is  followed  by  a  highly 
interesting  historico-political  Introduction  from  the  pen  of  Herr  F.  Kapp,  who  in 
some  ninety  pages  gives  a  graphic  and  complete  description  of  the  life  and  working 
of  this  world-famed  printer. 


Benjamin  Franklin  was  bom  in  Bos- 
ton, January  17,  1706,  and  died  in  Phila- 
delphia, April  17,  1790.  He  holds  the 
most  prominent  place  in  the  long  list  of 
distinguished  American  printers.  His 
career  is,  however,  too  well  known  to 
require  recapitulation  here.  In  all  his 
enterprises  he  never  lost  sight  of  the  fact 
that  he  was  a  printer,  and,  in  his  will, 
he  simply  described  himself  as  such.  His 
works  have  been  frequently  published  at 
length  and  in  abridgments,  the  best 
edition  being  that  by  Jared   Sparks,  in 


to  vols.  8vo.,  Boston,  1840;  and  they 
have  been  translated  into  nearly  every 
civilized  language.  The  mere  list  of  trans- 
lations in  the  British  Museum  occupies 
nearly  twenty  large  folio  pages  of  the 
catalogue.  In  1872,  a  statue  to  Franklin 
was  erected  in  Printing  House  Square, 
New  York  {see  De  Vinne,  Record  of 
Proceedings  and  Ceremonies,  &c.). 

Some  points  in  Franklin's  career  deserve 
mention  in  this  Bibliography,  and  are 
especially  interesting  to  English  printers. 
He  came  to  London  on  the  25th  of  Decem- 


232 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


ber,  1724,  being  then  eighteen  years  of 
age.  He  had  about  £,\-2  with  him,  and 
some  letters  of  recommendation  which  he 
found  to  be  useless.  By  accident  he 
strolled  to  the  printing-office  in  Bar- 
tholomew Close  of  Samuel  Palmer  (the 
reputed  anthor  of  the  History  of  Printing, 
noticed  posf)  and  obtained  employment 
there  as  a  compositor,  being  engaged  upon 
a  second  edition  of  Dr.  Wollaston's  "  Reli- 
gion of  Nature  delineated," — a  work 
which  contains  an  interesting  vignette  of 
an  antique  press  and  composing-room. 
Franklin's  literary  ardour  was  aroused 
by  some  of  the  Doctor's  statements,  and 
he  wrote  and  got  printed  for  circulation 
among  his  friends,  a  reply,  which  intro- 
duced him  to  some  of  the  leading  people 
of  the  time.  He  continued  at  Palmer's 
about  a  year,  when  he  felt  inclined  to 
make  a  change,  partly  for  reasons  affecting 
his  health,  partly  for  at  least  equally 
obvious  reasons  affecting  his  pocket.  He 
says : — 

"  The  printing-house  of  Watts,  near 
Lincoln's-inn-fields,  being  a  still  more 
considerable  one  than  that  in  which  1 
worked,  it  was  probable  I  might  find  it 
more  advantageous  to  be  employed  there. 
I  offered  myself  and  was  accepted  ;  and 
in  this  house  I  continued  during  the 
remainder  of  my  stay  in  London. 
On  my  entrance  I  worked  at  first  as  a 
pressman,  conceiving  that  I  had  need  of 
bodily  exercise,  to  which  I  had  been 
accustomed  in  America,  where  the  print- 
ers work  alternately  as  compositors  and 
at  the  press." 

It  was  here  that  his  habit  of  drinking 
no  stimulants  whatever,  and  of  assuaging 
his  thirst  with  water,  gained  for  him  the 
nickname  of  the  "aquatic  American." 
This  incident  was  depicted  by  Mr.  Eyre 
Crowe,  R.A.,  in  a  fine  painting  exhibited 
at  the  Royal  Academy  in  1858.  An  en- 
graving of  this  painting  was  given  in  the 
Leisure  Hour  volume  for  1859,  and  was 
reproduced  in  the  Printing  Times  and 
Lithographer  for  June  15,  1876. 

Franklin  only  remained  at  press-work 
for  a  few  weeks  ;  after  that  he  returned 
to  case,  and  continued  at  this  branch  till 
he  left  the  office  to  return  to  America  as 
a  commercial  clerk.  He  arrived  there  in 
July,  1726. 

Watts's  printing-office  is  not  now  in 
existence,  but,  having  a  personal  interest  in 
the  subject,  we  have  been  at  some  trouble 
to  ascertain  its  former  whereabouts,  and  in 
the  inquiry  were  materially  assisted  by  the 
rate-books  of  the  parishes  of  St.  Giles 
and  St.  George's,  Bloomsbury.  The 
premises  occupied  by  Watts  for  his  busi- 
ness are  on  the  south  side  of  Wild-court, 
near   the   eastern   end,  and  three   doors 


from  King's-Head-yard,  They  are  not 
now  used  as  a  printing-office. 

Although  the  printing-office  in  which 
Franklin  worked  is  no  more,  the  press 
has  been  preserved.  Thirty  years  after 
he  had  been  engaged  as  a  journeyijian 
printer,  Franklin  visited  this  country  as 
a  kind  of  diplomatic  agent,  and  he  re- 
mained here  from  1757  to  1762.  In  1764 
he  was  sent  on  another  similar  message, 
which  involved  his  sojourn  in  the  metro- 
polis for  about  eleven  years.  In  1768  he 
paid  a  visit  to  Watts's  printing-office,  and 
going  up  to  one  of  the  presses,  thus 
addressed  the  men  who  were  working  at 
it,  "  Come,  my  friends,  we  will  drink 
together  !  It  is  now  forty  years  since  I 
worked  like  you  at  this  press,  as  a  jour- 
neyman printer."  He  then  sent  out  for 
a  gallon  of  porter,  and  drank  with  them 
"  Success  to  Printing." 

About  1 77 1,  this  press  was  bought  by 
Mr.  Edward  Cox,  with  other  materials, 
and  was  set  up  in  the  office  belonging 
successively  to  Messrs.  Cox  &  Sons, 
Cox  &  Wyman,  and  now  Wyman  &  Sons, 
Nos.  74  and  75,  Great  Queen  Street. 
We  have  this  fact  authenticated  by  a 
letter  of  the  late  Mr.  J.  L.  Cox,  dated  Sep- 
tember 10,  1841,  in  which  he  says  that 
his  father,  Mr.  Edward  Cox,  bought  the 
press  about  seventy  years  before  from  the 
office  in  which  Dr.  Franklin  once  worked, 
and  refers  to  an  old  pressman  in  his 
father's  employ,  named  Norgrove,  who 
was  working  at  Watts's  when  Franklin 
visited  the  office  in  1768.  The  press  was 
worked  for  some  time  by  Messrs.  Cox, 
but,  becoming  obsolete,  afterwards  lay 
idle  for  years.  Ultimately,  its  room 
being  required,  it  was  taken  down,  and 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Harrild 
&  Sons,  the  well-known  printers'  brokers, 
in  whose  lumber-room  it  remained  until 
June,  1841,  when  an  American  gentleman, 
Mr.  J.  B.  Murray,  happening  to  learn 
the  fact  of  its  existence,  set  himself  to 
acquire  the  relic  for  shipment  to  his  own 
country,  under  the  circumstances  referred 
to  in  the  next  article.  The  Franklin  Press 
was  sent  to  America,  and  for  many  years 
was  installed  in  the  Patent  Office  at 
Washington.  Changes  taking  place  there, 
it  was  claimed  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Murray,  who 
then  deposited  it  in  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tute at  Washington.  Subsequently  it  was 
removed  to  the  model-room  of  the  Patent 
Office,  where  it  has  since  remained,  with 
the  exception  of  a  short  interval  during 
which  it  was  shown  at  the  Philadelphia 
International  Exhibition,  1876.  At  p.  234 
is  an  authentic  view  of  the  press  ;  another 
representation  will  be  found  in  Ripley  & 
Dana's  American  Encyclopaedia,  new 
edition,  p.  851. 


Bibliography  of  Priiifmg. 


^ZZ 


We  append  an  authentic  portrait  of 
Franklin,  taken  while  he  was  residing  in 
France  as  an  ambassador  from  his  native 
country.  The  original  was  drawn  by 
J.  S.  Duplessis  (the  grandfather  of  M. 
Georges  Duplessis,  the  bibliographer  ot 
the  art  of  engraving)  in  1783,  and  pre- 
sented  by    Franklin   to    his   friend    and 


neighbour  at  Passy,  near  Paris,  M.  Louis 
le  Veillard.  We  are  enabled  to  reproduce 
it  by  the  courtesy  of  Messrs.  Whittingham, 
of  the  Chisw  ick  Press. 

We  may  add,  all  American  one-cent 
stamps  bear  a  portrait  of  this  great  printer, 
printed  in  imperial  ultramarine  blue,  and 
drawn  from  the  profile  bust  by  Rubricht. 


BENJAMIN    KKANKLIN. 


There  stood  for  many  years  in  the 
office  of  Messrs.  Wyman,  a  press  which 
was  the  exact  counterpart  of  the  Franklin 

2 


press.      Along  with  its  surroundings,   it 
was  sketched  by  Mr.  Eyre  Crowe  for  the 
picture  already  referred  to. 
H 


234 


Bihiiography  of  Printing 


VIEW    OF    THE    FRANKLIN   PRESS. — See  p.   232. 


was  then  in  daily  use  as  a  proof-press. 
The  press  was  photographed  iti  sitii,  and 
removed  to  the  Museum,  it  having  been 
presented  to  the  trustees  by  Messrs. 
Wyman. 


In  1863  the  authorities  at  the  Museum 
of  Patents,  South  Kensington,  were  en- 
gaged in  collecting  early  memorials  rela- 
ting to  the  art  of  Printing,  and  made  appli- 
cation for  the  loan  of  the  press  which  Mr. 
Eyre  Crowe   had   sketched,   and   which 

Franklin  (Benjamin).  A  Lecture  on  the  Life  of  Dr.  Franklin,  by  the 
Rev.  Hugh  M'Neile,  A.M.,  as  delivered  by  him  at  the  Liverpool 
Royal  Amphitheatre,  on  Wednesday  evening,  17th  November,  1841, 
containing  also  a  prefatory  note  to  the  reader,  by  John  B.  Murray, 
Esq.,  of  New  York;  with  a  fac-simile  of  Dr.  Franklin's  Letter 
to  the  Rev.  George  Whitefield,  from  the  original  manuscript  in 
the  possession  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Raffles.  Also  illustrated  with  an 
engraving  of  the  Press  at  which  Franklin  worked  when  a  journey- 
man in  London,  printed  on  a  detached  page,  at  that  identical 
press.  Liverpool  :  1841.  8vo.,  pp.  48. 
The  circumstances  connected  with  the     prove  my  desire  to  make  a  proper  return 


acquisition  of  the  Franklin  press  by 
Messrs.  Hanild  &  Sons,  have  been  re- 
ferred to  supra.  Mr.  John  B,  Murray 
proposed  to  that  firm  that  it  should  be 
sent  over  to  America,  which  they  agreed 
to,  provided  they  were  to  be  assured  in 
return,  of  a  donation  being  made  to  the 
London  Printers'  Pension  Society.  In  a 
letter  written  by  Mr.  Murray,  he  says  : — 
"  Messrs.  Harrild,  meanwhile,  allowed 
me  the  immediate  possession  of  the  press, 
forwarding  it  to  me  at  Liverpool  ;  and  to 


to  the  Printers'  Pension  Fund,  I  deter- 
mined to  permit  the  press  to  be  exhibited 
until  a  reply  should  be  received  from 
America.  It  was  deposited  in  the  Council 
Chamber  of  the  Liverpool  Medical  Insti- 
tution, and  for  about  three  weeks,  during 
which  the  press  remained  open  to  the 
public,  it  was  visited  by  numerous  parties, 
bothEnglish  and  American.  Impressions  of 
apoembyDr.  Franklin,  entitled  "Paper," 
and  also  the  Twelve  Rules  which  he  laid 
down  for  his  own  government  in  early  life, 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


'35 


were  printed,  and  about  5,800  copies  were 
freely  given  among  the  visitors.  In 
return  for  these  impressions  (which  were 
occasionally  printed  off  at  the  press  by 
the  visitors  themselves),  small  voluntary 
contributions  to  the  Printers'  Pension 
Fund  were  received  in  a  box  placed  near 
the  press.  Great  interest  appeared  to  be 
excited  about  the  exhibition  of  the  press  ; 
and  it  was  suggested  to  me  that  a  lecture 
on  the  life  of  Dr.  Franklin  would  aid  the 
society  for  whose  benefit  it  was  being 
exhibited.  I  made  this  suggestion  known 
to  the  Rev.  Hugh  M'Neile,  who  even- 
tually accepted  the  task,  though  at  the 
sacrifice  of  many  personal  and  professional 
duties." 

The  result  is  the  Lecture  above  cited. 
It  contains  no  typographical  allusions, 
and  is  generally  a  fervid  eulogium  of 
Franklin's  character  and  career.  Subse- 
quentlj'^,  says  Mr.  Murray, — "  I  received, 
through  Mr.  [Petty]  Vaughan,  a  com- 
munication from  the  Philosophical  So- 
ciety of  Philadelphia,  regretting  that 
they  could  not  consistently  with  their 
constitution,  accept  the  press  on  the  con- 
ditions named.  I  immediately  made  this 
known  to  Messrs.  Harrild,  as  I  could  not 
now  expect  to  realize  for  them  the  anti- 
cipated donations  from  that  society, 
neither    could    I    in   honour   claim  any 

Franklin  Society  of  Chicago.     Constitution  and   Bye-laws  of  the 
Franklin  Society  of  the  City  of  Chicago.     Chicago  :  1870,     8vo. 
The  following  are  stated  to  be  the  ob-    a  library  which  shall  be  at  once  the  pro- 
jects for  which  the  Society  was  organized  :     fessional  companion  and  the  instructor  of 
"  Believing  that 'every  man  is  a  debtor  to     each  one  of  us  ;  to  collect  and  preserve 


further  title  to  the  press.  To  this  I 
received  a  reply,  presenting  the  press 
to  77te,  individt^ally ,  unreservedly,  and 
in  a  still  more  handsome  manner  than 
when  they  first  consented  to  part  with  it, 
I  had  the  pleasure  to  remit  to  the 
Printers'  Pension  Society  of  London, 
through  Messrs.  Harrild,  the  sum  of 
;^i5o.  9s.  4d.,  the  proceeds  of  this  lec- 
ture, and  of  the  exhibition  of  the  Press." 

Tiie  Printers'  Pension  Society  has,  how- 
ever, never  received  one  farthing  direct 
from  America.  The  sum  derived  from  the 
Liverpool  exhibition  was  funded  by 
Messrs.  Harrild,  and  in  1854  it  had 
accumulated  to  an  amount  sufficient  to 
enable  the  Committee  of  the  Printers' 
Pension  Society  to  initiate  the  "  Franklin 
Pension  "  of  ;^io.  los.  per  year. 

An  imperfect  acquaintance  with  the 
preceding  facts  has  led  to  the  erroneous 
belief  that  it  was  actually  at  Messrs. 
Wyman's  office  that  Franklin  worked 
when  in  London.  This  error  has  been 
perpetuated  by  a  drawing  being  given  in 
Cassell's  Illustrated  History  of  England 
(vol.  v.  p.  37)  of  the  exterior  of  the 
establishment  in  Great  Queen  Street 
(as  it  appeared  before  recent  alterations) 
as  that  of  the  office  in  which  he  was  em- 
ployed. 


his  profession,  from  the  which  as  men  do 
of  course  seek  to  receive  countenance 
and  profit,  so  ought  they  of  duty  to  en- 
deavour themselves,  by  way  of  amends, 
to  be  a  help  thereto';  and  wishing  to 
fulfil  this  obligation  to  our  craft ;  for  the 
cultivation  of  personal  intercourse  and 
greater  harmony  among  the  members  of 
our  guild  ;  to  aid  each  other  in  perfecting 


the  records  of  typography  and  kindred 
arts,  so  that  those  who  come  after  us  may 
know  what  our  predecessors  and  we  have 
done  and  are  doing  ;  and  to  advance  this 
our  common  welfare  as  craftsmen  and 
citizens,  we  organize  and  establish  the 
Franklin  Society."  The  two  correspond- 
ing members  elected  for  England  were 
the  late  Mr.  Alexander  Andrews  (author 


themselves  in  the  practical  portion  of  our    of  "The  History  of  Journalism,  &c.")and 
work  by  reading  and  discussion  ;  to  found    Mr.  John  Southward.— 6"^^  Boss. 

Franz  (J oh.    Friedr.).     Thomas   Platter,  Versuch  einer   Darstellung 
seines  Lebens.      Als  Beitrag  zur  Gelehrten-Geschichte  aus  den 
ZeitenderSchweizer- Reformation.    St.  Gallen:  1812.    Svo.  pp.xl. 
354,  and  portrait. 
Platter  was  a  professor  of  languages  and  printer  at  Basle, 

Fraser  (Alexander).     On  Type- setting  Machines,  with  description  of 

Fraser's    Composing   and    Distributing   Machines.      Edinburgh  : 

1876.     8vo.  pp.  24. 

A     paper     read     before     the     Royal     machine  invented  by  the  author,   senior 

Scottish  Academy  of  Arts.     It  describes    partner  in    the    firm    of   Neill    &    Co., 

a  type-setting  and  a  type  -  distributing    printers,  Edinburgh.     After  having  been 


r 


236  Bibliography  of  Prititing. 

reported  on  by  a  committee  of  practical  the  speed  of  the  composing-machine   in 

men,  Mr.  Eraser's  invention  was  awarded  particular  is  only  limited  by  the  skill  of 

the    Society's    highest    prize — viz.,    the  the  operator  in  touching  the  keys — practi- 

Keith  Medal.     The  aciion  is  by  means  cally  found   to   be  at   the  rate   of  from 

of  keys,    the    keyboards    of   both    com-  10,000  to   12,000  types   per  hour.      The 

posing  and   distributing  machines  being  machines    are   so    constructed    that   the 

nearly  identical.    They  set  and  distribute  matter  can  be  either  set  at  once  in  lines 

the  various  sizes  of  type  in  common  use,  of  the  width  of  the  page  or  column,  or  in 

one  pair  of  machines,  for  example,  setting  long  lines,  to  be  afterwards  divided  into 

and    distributing    small    pica    to   minion  lines   of  the  desired    length    by  another 

inclusive.     No  nicking  or  other  special  operator.     These  machines  have  not  yet 

adaptation  of  the  type  is  required,  and  got  into  general  use. 

P'rauenlob  (Rudolph).  Beitrage  zur  Fortbildung  der  Typographic 
und  zur  Verstandigung  mit  den  Autoren.     Wien  :  i860.     8vo. 

■ Die  Typographic  und  ihre  Beziehungen  zu  den  Verkchrskrciscn 

des  sozialen  Lebens.     Wicn  :   1861.     8vo. 

■ Die  graphischcn  Kiinste  auf  der  Pariser  Ausstellung.    Separat- 

abdruck  aus  dem  k.  k.   officiellcn  Ausstellungsbcrichte.      Wien  : 

1868.     8vo.    pp.  iv.  68. 
A  special  edition  of  the  Report  on  the  Graphic  Arts  at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  1867. 
Fraula  (De).     Note   sur  I'Invention   des  Caracteres  en   Bois.      In 

"  Memoircs  del' Academic dcBruxellcs,"  vol.  iii.  p. 40,   Bruxclles: 

1825.     4to. 

Frege  (L.).  Dcutschlands  und  Prcussens  Jubcl-Freude.  Erinnerun- 
gen  an  die  Jahre  1440,  1540,  1640  und  1740.     Berlin:  1840.    8vo. 

Freher  (Paul).     Theatrum  Virorum   eruditione  singulari  clarorum. 
Nuremberg:  1688.    2  vols.    Folio.     Separate  title-page ;  pagina- 
tion continuous;  pp.  1562;  index  15  pages.     1551  portraits. 
Among  the  memoirs  are  several,  of  much  historical  value,  of  eminent  early  printers. 

Freiligrath  (Ferdinand).     Zur  Feier  von  Gutenberg's  40DJahrigcm 

Todestagc,    24.    Februar,    1868.      Dem    Fortbildungsverein    fur 

Buchdrucker  und  Schriftgicsscr  in  Leipzig  mit  herzlichcn  Griissen 

gewidmet.     Leipzig :  1868.    8vo.    pp.  2. 

A  poem  by  Freiligrath,  on  the  occasion  of  the  memorial  festival  celebrated  by 

the  Leipzig  Printers'  Union  on  the  supposed  day  of  the  death  of  Gutenberg. 

Freissauf  von  Neudegg  (F.).  Beschreibung  der  Ektypographie  fiir 
Blinde,  nebst  ihrer  Anwendung  fiir  Sehende,  oder  die  Kunst, 
erhabene  Abdriickc  von  gewohnlicher  wcise  gestochenen  Mctall- 
oder  Steinplattcn  und  Buchdruckcrlettem,  etc.,  zu  machen  und 
sic  beliebig  zu  vervielfaltigen.     Wicn  :  1837.     410. 

Fremiet.  Formation  d'une  Imprimcrie  pour  les  Bcsoins  de  1' adminis- 
tration des  Hopitaux  et  Hospices  civiles  de  la  Ville  de  Paris. 
Paris:   1837.     4to. 

Fr^re  (Edouard).     Considerations  sur  les  Origines  Typographiqucs. 

Rouen  :   1850.     Royal  8vo.  pp.  28.      100  copies  only  printed  on 

Dutch  paper. 
An     extract    from    the     "  Precis    des     theory  of  the   invention   by   Gutenberg. 
Travaux  de  I'Academie  de  Rouen."     An     In  the  notes  are  references  to  the  chief 
eloquent  address  on  the  controversies  on     French  works  on  the  subject, 
the   origin   of   Printing,   upholding    the 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  237 

FkfeRF,  (Edouard).   De  rimprimerie  et  de  la  Librairie  a  Rouen  dans  les 

XVe  et  XVJe  Siecles  ;    et  de  Martin  Morin,   celebre  imprimeur 

rouennais.     Rouen:  1843.     Small  4to.  pp.  68.     150  copies  printed. 

Contains  a  history  of  printing  and  pub-    device   adorns   the   title-page;   a  list  of 

lishing  at    Rouen   in   the   fifteenth   and     Norman   printers    and    publishers    from 

sixteenth  centuries,  with  a  memoir  of  the     1480  to    1550 ;   and   a   catalogue   of  the 

celebrated  printer  Martin  Morin,  whose    productions  of  Martin  Morin. 

Des  Livres  de  Liturgie  des  j£glises  d'Angleterre  (Salisbury, 

York,  Hereford)  imprimes  a  Rouen  dans  les  XVe  et  XVIe  Siecles. 
£tude  suivie  du  Catalogue  de  ces  impressions  de  mccccxcii  k 
MDLVii,  avec  des  notes  bibliographiques.  Rouen  :  1867.  8vo. 
pp.  65,  and  plate  of  mark  of  N.  le  Roux,  1530.  Only  125  copies 
printed. 

Manuel  du  Bibliographe  Normand,  ou  Dictionnaire  historique 

et  bibliographique  ;  contenant,  10  L' Indication  des  ouvrages 
relatifs  a  la  Normandie  depuis  I'origine  de  Timprimerie  jusqu'a 
nos  jours  ;  20  Des  notes  biographiques,  critiques  et  litteraires, 
sur  les  hommes  qui  appartiennent  a  la  Normandie  par  leur  nais- 
sance,  leurs  actes,  et  leurs  ecrits  ;  30  Des  Recherches  sur  I'Histoire 
de  rimprimerie  en  Normandie.  2  vols.  Rouen  :  1857-60.  8vo. 
Tom.  I.  pp.  xiii.  49  [.     Tom.  II.  pp.  632. 

Recherches  sur  les  premiers  Temps  de  ITmprimerie  en  Nor- 


mandie.    Rouen  :  1829.     8vo.  pp.  17. 

The  author-  shows  that  printing  was  quarian  pursuits.  He  compiled  a  cata- 
introduced  into  Normandy  as  early  as  logue  of  Roman  manuscripts  in  the  public 
1480,  by  Jacques  Durand  and  Gilles  library  at  Rouen,  and  wrote  several 
Quijoue,  who  printed  at  Caen  the  books  on  the  history  of  printing,  of 
"  Epistles  of  Horace."  He  then  gives  a  which  that  on  Printing  at  Rouen  in  the 
list  of  distinguished  Norman  printers  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  is  re- 
down  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  garded  as  the  most  important.     He  left 

Edouard  Frere  died  April,  1874,  aged  in  manuscript  a  still  more  elaborate  work 

82.      Originally  a   bookseller   and    pub-  on  printing  in  Normandy  at  the  date  of 

lisher  at   Rouen,  he  eventually  devoted  his  death, 
himself  entirely  to   literature   and   anti- 

Frese  (J.  H,).     Die  doppelte  Buch-  und  Geschaftsfiihrung  fiir  Buch- 
druckereien  und  verwandte  Geschafte.     Part  I.     Leipzig :  1869. 
4to.  pp.  59. 
A  guide    to   bookkeeping    by   double    the  beginner,  and  a  supplementary  part 

entry,   specially  adapted   for  the  use  of    was  therefore  issued  in  the  following  year, 

printers,  publishers,  &c.     This  book  was    which   enters  more  fully  into   details.— 

not  considered  sufficiently  elementary  for    See  Donges  (G.). 

Fresenius  (J.  F.  Th.).  Zur  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  des  Buch- 
drucks.  Einladungsschrift  zu  den  auf  den  28sten,  29sten  und 
3osten  April  und  den  isten  Mai  1840  festgesetzten  offentlichen 
Priifungen  in  der  Mittelschule.  Frankfurt  am  Main  :  1840.  8vo. 
pp.  46. 

Frey  (A.).  Manuel  Nouveau  de  Typographie-imprimerie  ;  contenant 
les  principes  theoriques  et  pratiques  de  I'imprimeur-typographe. 
Ouvrage  original.  2  pts.  Paris  :  1835.  i8mo.  Pagination  con- 
tinuous, pp.  X.  518.  4  plates.  Forming  part  of  the  Encyclopedic 
Roret. 


238  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Frey  (A.).  Nouveau  Manuel  complet  de  Typographic;  contenant  les 
principes  theoriques  et  pratiques  de  cet  Art.  2  pts.  Paris  :  1857. 
i2mo.  pp.  xii.  536.  7  plates.  Forming  part  of  the  Encyclopedia 
Roret. 

Freyberg  (Christian  August).  Reliquien  von  der  Dressdnischen  und 
vibrigenOber-Sachsischen  Buchdrucker-Historie.  Dressden:  1741. 
4to. 

Von  den  allerersten  und  altesten  Puchdruckern  zu  Dressden 

handelt  in  diesen  Blattern  und  kiindiget  zugleich  einen  Schul- 
Actum,  etc.     Dressden  :  1740.     4to.  pp.  16. 

Frieuerich    (Dr.  theol.    G.).       Rede  am  vierten  Sacular-Feste  der 
Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  den  24.  Juni,  1840.     [No  place 
or  date]  (Frankfort-on-the- Maine  :  1840.)     8vo.    pp.8. 
A  Gutenberg  festival  celebration   speech  in  verse,  giving  a  succinct  history  of 

Printing,  with  special  relation  to  Frankfort. 

Friedlander  (Gottlieb).  Beitrage  zur  Buchdruckergeschichte  Ber- 
lins :  eine  bibliographische  Notiz  als  Gelegenheitsschrift.  Berlin  : 
1834.     8vo.     Dedication  2  pages,     pp.  63. 

Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  der  Mark 

Brandenburg.  Das  Psalterium  Marise ;  Druckwerk  des  Klosters 
Zinna.  In  **  Allgemeines  Archiv  fiir  die  Geschichtskunde  des 
Preussischen  Staats."    Berlin  :  1832.    8vo.  Vol.  9.  pp.  193-226. 

Friendly  Advice  to  the  Correctour  of  the  English  Press  at  Oxford, 
concerning  the  English  Orthographic.  London  :  1662.  Folio. 
"  This  work,  unknown  to  Dr.  Johnson,  Lowndes's  "  Bibliographer s  Manual.'^ 
exhibits  the  very  forms  which  he,  in  It  was  reprinted  at  the  Chiswick  Press 
opposition  to  most  modern  writers,  adopts  for  Mr.  Sharswood,  of  Philadelphia,  in  the 
and    vindicates."  —  Bo/in's    Edition    of   year  1S72. 

Fritsch  (Ahasuerus).  Abhandlungen  von  denen  Buchdruckem, 
Buchhandlern,  Papiermachern  und  Buchbindern,  insonderheit  von 
deren  Statuten,  Freyheiten,  Streitigkeiten,  der  BUcher-Censur, 
Inspection  derer  Buchdruckereyen  und  Buchladen,  Ordnungen, 
&c.     Regensburg :   1750.     4to. 

Dissertationes  duse  historico-politicse,  altera  de  Abusibus  Typo- 

graphige  tollendis,  altera  de  Zygenorum  Origine,  Vita,  ac  Moribus. 
Second  edition.     Jense  :  1664.     4to.  pp.  48  [without  pagination]. 

Tractatus  de  Typographis,  Bibliopolis,  Chartariis,  et  Biblio- 

pegis,  in  quo  de  eorum  statutis  et  immunitatibus  abusibus  item 
et  controversiis,  censura  librorum,  inspectione  typographiarum  et 
bibliopoliorum,  ordinatione  taxse,   &c.,  succincte  agitur,   pro  usu 

reip.    literarise  seriptus.      Jenae  :     1665.     8vo. Jenae :    1675. 

4to.    pp.    104  [without  pagination]. Hamburgi :    1678.     4to. 

Reprinted  in  Wolf,  "  Monumenta  Typographica. " 

Fritsch  (Friedrich).  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Ein  kleines 
Denkmal  den  Koryphaen  derselben  geweiht.  Nordhausen:  184O. 
8vo.     Portrait  of  Gutenberg  and  i  plate  of  facsimiles. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


239 


Fritz (G.).    Taschenbuch fiir Buchdrucker.    4th edition.    Magdeburg: 
1854.     i6mo.  pp.  vii,  and  64. 


BASLE  :    1491-1527. 

Froben  (John). 

Froben   was    not    the   first   printer  of  land  (Bavaria),   and   began   to   print   at 

Basle,    but   he   was    certainly   the   most  Basle  in  1491.     When  he  died,  in  1527, 

celebrated  at  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  and  his  friend  Erasmus  said  of  him,  "^tas 

beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.     He  erat  provectior  sed  valetudo   prospera." 

was  a  native  of  Hammelburg,  in  Franken-  In   the  year  1500  Froben  married  Ger- 


240  Bibliography  of  Print ing. 

trud,  daughter  of  the  learned  Wolfgang  his  books — Hebrew,   Greek,  and  Latin. 

Lachner,  who  was  the  corrector  of  several  The  first  book  printed  by  Froben  with 

of  the  books  issued  from  his  press,  as  also  the  Aldine   cursive,   or  italic,  letter  was 

were   Marcus  Heiland,  Wolfgang   Mus-  "  Erasmi    Adagiorum     chiliades     tres " 

cuius.    Job.  Oecolampadius,   and,    later,  (1513.  Folio). 

Erasmus.    It  is  not,  therefore,  remarkable  Froben 's    device,   which    is    annexed, 

that  the  editions  of  Froben,  revised  by  such  consists   of  the  caduceus.  held   by  two 

"readers,"  were  generally  faultless,  and  hands,  issuing  from  clouds;  the  two  ser- 

eagerly  sought  after  by  the  best  scholars  pents  crowned,  and  the  wand  surmounted 

in  Europe.     Very  few,  if  any,  German  by  a  dove.     This  led  Erasmus  to  remark 

books  were  printed   by  him,  and   that,  that  his  learned  friend  did  indeed  unite 

perhaps,  explains   why   his   publications  the  wisdom  of  the  serpent  to  the  simpli- 

did   not   enrich    him,   according    to    the  city  of  the  dove.     The  caduceus  was  a 

statement  in  his  edition  of  St.  Augustine  rod  of  laurel  or  olive  with  a  representa- 

"  De  Civitate  Dei,"  1522,  "  majore   pro-  tion   of  two  snakes  coiled  round  it.     It 

fecto  fructu  publicorum  studiorum,  quam  was  the  symbol  of  peace,  and  formed  the 

privato  meo  compendio."     The  letter  of  chief  badge   of  heralds,   whose   persons 

Erasmus  to  Jo.  Herwagen  (9  Aug.  1531)  were    held    sacred.     In    mythology    the 

is  a  confirmation  of  this  fact :  "  Suisque  caduceus   was   the   symbol  of  Mercury, 

hseredibus  plus  honestse  famse  reliquerit  thence  called  Caducifer,  to  whom  it  was 

quam  pecuniae."    The  first  edition  of  the  said   to  have  been  presented  by  Apollo 

New  Testament  in  Greek  was  printed  by  in  return  for  his  invention  of  the  lyre. 

Froben   at   Basle   in    1516,  he   engaging  An  engraved  portrait  of  Froben,  after 

Erasmus  as  the  editor.     Erasmus  was  to  a    painting    by    Hans   Holbein    in    Earl 

the  end  Froben's  faithful  friend,  and  wrote  Spencer's  collection,  will  be  found  in  the 

for  him  the  epitaph  which  is  still  to  be  "  Bibliog.    Decameron,"  vol.   ii.    p.    170, 

read  under  the  porch  of  St.  Peter's  Church  which  work  devotes  several  pages  to  this 

at  Basle,  on  the  grave  of  the  illustrious  printer,  and  eulogizes  in  the  most  enthusi- 

printer.      This   epitaph   is   in   the   three  astic  terms  his  varied  productions, 
languages    in   which    Froben    published 

Froebel  (G.).  Album  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  und  zur  Jubelfeier  fiinfzigjahriger  Wirksamkeit 
der  Herren  Buchdrucker  :  Johann  Ludwig  Knote,  Johann  Christof 
Wilhelm  Esefelder,  Friedrich  Rudolf  Gehring,  Johann  Ernst 
Henneberg.  Rudolstadt  :  1840.  8vo. 
Gives  a  short  account  of  the  Official  Printing  Institution  of  Rudolstadt. 

Froehlich  (K.).     Liederbuch  fiir  die  im  Gutenbergbunde  vereinigten 
Buchdrucker.     Berlin :   1850.     8vo. 
A  very  interesting  collection  of  songs  relating  to  Printers  and  Printing,  many  of 

them  from  the  clever  and  poetical  collector  himself. 

Fromberg  (E.).  Die  grai)hischen  und  zeichnenden  KUnste  der 
Galvanoplastik,  als  :  die  Galvanographie,  die  enkauslische  Gal- 
vanographie,  die  Photogalvanographie,  die  Glyphographie,  die 
Stylographie,  die  Zinkographie,  die  Chemistypie,  und  die  Eitho- 
typie,  besonders  fiir  Maler,  Zeichner,  Photographen,  Litho- 
graphen,  Architekten  und  Calligraphen.  Quedlinburg  :  1857. 
8vo.    pp.  80. 

A  cursory  description  of  the  different  processes  mentioned  in  the  title,  of  little 
scientific  or  technical  value. 

Fromman  (Ed.).  Aufsatze  zur  Geschichte  der  Buchhandels  im  16. 
Jahrhundert.  Heft  I.  Frankreich.  Jena :  1876.  Crown  8vo. 
pp.  iv.  112. 

The  first  of  a  series  of  treatises  eluci-     the  bulk  of  the   volume  being  taken  up 
datory  of  the  history  of  the  book  trade    with  the  history  ol  the  Stephani.     The 
in  the  sixteenth  century.     It  gives  a  fair     author  of  the  work  is  a  printer  and  pub- 
insight  into  the  press  laws  and  privileges     lisher  at  Jena, 
which  obtained  in  France  at  that  period. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


241 


Frommann  (F.  J,).    Amerikanische  Stimmen  liber  die  Frage  :  Fraktur 
oder  Antiqua?     Gesammelt  von  Dr.  Constantin  Hering  in  Phila- 
delphia, mit  einem  Nachworte  von  F.  J.  Frommann.    Jena:  1871. 
8vo.    pp.  16. 
Treats  on  the  question  of  the  general  introduction  of  Roman  type  in  German 

printing,  but  is  altogether  in  favour  of  the  German  character  now  in  use. 


Fronhofer  (L.). 
1 78 1.     8vo. 


Ueber  das  Studium  der  Kupferstecherei.     [n.  p.] 


ZURICH  :  1523  (?)  -1536. 


Froschauer,  or  Froschover  (Christopher). 


Christopher  Froschauer,  or  Froschover, 
began  to  print  in  Zurich  in  the  year  1523, 
if  we  are  to  accept  the  date  on  the  book 
first  known  as  proceeding  from  his  press. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  he  may 
have  established  himself  there  two  years 
before.      He    was    the    only   printer    in 


Zurich  till  1527,  when  Jacobus  Mazochius 
set  up  an  establishment. 

Froschauer  is  one  of  the  printers  to 
whom  has  been  attributed  the  production 
of  the  fir.st  English  Bible  (1535),  and  his 
claim  has  been  considered  good  by  many 
bibliographers,  but  in  his  preface  to  the 
I 


242  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Catalogue  of  Bibles  shown  at  the  Caxton  Froschover's  device,  which  is  annexed. 
Celebration,  1877,  Mr.  Henry  Stevens  consists  of  an  emblem  of  a  gigantic  frog, 
produces  some  very  strong  family  and  ridden  by  a  child,  under  a  tree  on  which 
contemporary  evidence  in  favour  of  the  a  frog  is  climbing  ;  several  other  of  these 
work  having  been  done  by  or  for  Van  batrachians  of  natural  size  surround  the 
Meteren,  at  Antwerp.  Like  all  biblio-  large  one.  The  whole  is  a  pictorial  ana- 
graphical  puzzles,  however,  it  seems  to  gram  on  the  name  of  the  printer,  Frosch 
be  still  a  matter  of  doubt  to  some  where  being  the  German  equivalent  for  frog. 
and  by  whom  the  first  English  Bible  was  The  name  of  the  printer  appears  on  a 
printed.  scroll  in  front  of  the  tree. 

The  following  works  have  been  issued  specially  referring  to  the  life  and  works  of 
the  proto-printer  of  Zurich  : — 

Froschauer.  Christoph  Froschauer,  erster  beriihmter  Buchdrucker  in 
Ziirich,  nach  seinem  Leben  unci  Wirken,  nebst  Aufsatzen  imd 
Briefen  von  ihm  und  an  ihn.     Zurich  :  1840.     4to.  pp.  ii.  24. 

This  publication  bears  on  its  title  "Zur  IV.  Sakularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buch- 
druckerkunst  den  24.  Juni  1870."     The  author  was  Salomon  Vogelin. 

Biographic  Christ.  Froschauer  des  Aelteren  und  dessen  Bild- 

niss,  in  34,  Neujahrstuck  von  der  Gesellschaft  auf  den  Chorherren. 
An  die  lembegierige  ziiriche  Jugend  auf  das  Neujahr  1813. 
Zurich.     4to.  pp.  14. 

■ Index  Librorum  quos   Chrislophorus  Froschouerus  suis  typis 

excudit.      1543.     8vo.  pp.  36. 

The  text  is  divided  into  two  parts  ;  the  first  being  chronological  (several  of  the 
dates,  however,  are  wanting),  and  the  rest  a  list  of  classified  titles.  The  first  book 
named  bears  the  date  1522. 

Index   Librorum,    quos   Christophorus   Froschoverus   Tiguri 


hactenus  suis  typis  excudit.      1548,  1562,  1581.     8vo. 

Fry.  a  Specimen  of  Printing  Types  made  by  Joseph  Fry  &  Sons, 
Letter-founders  and  Marking-instrument  Makers.  By  the  King's 
Royal  Letters  Patent.     London  :  1785.     8vo. 

Preface  2  pages,  35  pages  of  specimens  type-foundry  was  begun  in  Type-street, 

of   type,    and   9    pages    of   borders.     A  Chiswell-street,  in   1764,  by  Joseph  Fry 

broadside  sheet  of  large  post,  dated  from  &  Pine,  their   founts  being  on  the 

Worship-street,  Moorfields,  with  a  head-  model    of    Baskerville's.      In    1785,    the 

ing   nearly   the    same  as   above,    and   a  firm-name  was  as   above,  and,   in  1794, 

selection  of  types  was  published  by  Fry  the  following  specimen  was  issued  by  a 

&   Sons   the   same   year.      An   enlarged  new  firm : — 
specimen-book  was  issued   in   1790.     A 

Fry  (Edm.)  &  Steele  (Isaac).  A  Specimen  of  Printing-types  of 
Edmund  Fry  and  Isaac  Steele.  London:  1794.  Royal  8vo. 
Printed  by  T.  Rickerby.  Title,  2  pages  of  advertisement,  100  pp. 
specimens. 

Specimen   of  Metal   Cast   Ornaments,    curiously   adjusted  to 

paper,  by  Edmund  Fry  and  Isaac  Steele,  Letter-founders  to  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  London:  printed  by  T.  Rickerby,  1 794.  8vo. 
Title,  I  page  of  advertisement,  and  20  pages  of  specimens.  Another 
volume  was  issued,  with  a  similar  title,  in  the  following  year. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  243 

Fry  (Edm.)  &  Steele  (Isaac).  A  Specimen  of  Printing  Types  by 
Fry,  Steele,  &  Co.,  Letter-founders  to  the  Prince  of  Wales,  Type- 
street.  London  :  i8cx).  pp.  118.  8vo.  There  are  also  pre- 
served specimen-books  by  Fry  &  Steele,  printed  in  the  years 
1800  and  1805. 

Specimen- sheet  of  Head  and  Fable  Cuts  for  Dilworth's  Spel- 


ling Book,  cast  on  hard  metal,  and  curiously  adjusted  to  paper 
on  the  best  Turkey  box.  Price  £df.  4s.  By  Fry  &  Steele, 
Letter-founders,  Type  Street,  London. 

In  1816  the  name  of  the  firm  of  Fry  &  Steele  had  been  changed  to  Edmund  Fry, 
r'ho  issued  the  following  specimens  : — 

Specimen  of  Printing  Types,  by  Edmund  Fry,  Letter-founder 


to  the  King  and  Prince  Regent.     London  :  181 6.     8vo.    pp.  91 
1824,  8vo.  J  1827,  8vo. 

Fry  (Edmund).  Pantographia  :  containing  accurate  copies  of  all  the 
known  Alphabets  in  the  world,  with  an  English  explanation  of 
the  peculiar  force  or  power  of  each  letter ;  to  which  are  added 
specimens  of  all  well-authenticated  Oral  Languages  ;  forming  a 
comprehensive  digest  of  Phonology.  London  :  1799.  Royal 
8vo.  2  leaves,  pp.  xxxvi.  and  320. 

This  work  is  dedicated  to  Sir  Joseph  consisting  of  eleven  pages  8vo.,  was 
Banks.  Two  copies  were  printed  on  issued  in  August,  1798.  Lowndes  de- 
vellum.  It  is  preceded  by  a  lengthy  pre-  scribes  it  as  "  A  highly  interesting  work, 
face  on  the  origin  of  language,  the  author  the  result  of  sixteen  years'  research." 
seeking  to  establish  "that  alphabets,  as  The  author,  who  was  a  doctor  of  medi- 
well  as  language,  are  of  Divine  origin."  cine,  was  an  eminent,  and  probably  the 
The  alphabets  are  arranged  in  alphabeti-  most  learned,  type-founder  of  his  day. 
cal  order  on  the  left-hand  pages  of  the  He  was  a  member  of  the  Stationers' 
book,  and  their  renderings  are  given  Company,  and  died  in  1835. 
opposite.     The  prospectus  of  this  work. 

Fry  (Francis).  Gutenberg's  first  Printing-press.  Notes  and  Queries^ 
Second  Series,  xi.  23. 

The  author  visited,  in  i860,  the  house  The  J  and   G  are  the  initials  of  the 

at   Mayence   in   which   Gutenberg    first  printer.     The  number  400  is  expressed, 

exercised  his  newly-invented  art  of  print-  as  it   frequently  is   in   fifteenth  century 

ing  ;  and  part  of  his  press  having  been  books,  by  CD.     This  paper  is  a  valuable 

found  in  the  house,  the  writer  gives  an  addition  to  the  literature  of  the  origines 

account  of  the  precious   relic.     On  the  typographic ce,  and  was  so  regarded  by  the 

top    cross-beam    of   the    press,   in   which  ^d\x.oroi  Notes  and  Queries,  \\\vQA^'p2iXX.Qdi 

worked   the   verticaj  screw  (of  which  a  from  his  rule  of  permitting  no  illustrations 

sketch  is  given)  is  deeply  cut  the  follow-  in  the  periodical.     The  subject  has  since 

ing  inscription  :—  been  referred  to  in  M.  Madden's  "  Lettres 

J.  MCDXLi.  G.  d'un  Bibliophile,"  5th  Series. 

FuCHS  (J.  C).     Guttenberg.   Opera.     Wien :  1870.     Folio. 

Fuehrer  in  der  Weltausstellung,  mit  Riicksicht  auf  Buchdruck  und 
verwandte  Facher.     Wien :   1873.     8vo.     2  plans. 

A  guide  to  the  Exhibition  at  Vienna  in  1873,  for  the  use  of.foreign  printers.     It 
was  revised  by  a  commission  of  practical  printers. 


244  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Fuehrer  durch  Hamburg  und  Umgebung.  General-Versammlung des 
deutschenBuchdrucker-Vereins  von  16-20,  September.  Hambm-g: 
1876.     Large  8vo.  pp.  12,  6  plates  and  i  plan. 

A  little  illustrated  work  gratuitously  issued  by  the  Society  of  Printers  of  Hamburg 
for  the  use  of  foreign  printers. 

FUELLENBORN  (G.  G.).  Lob  der  Buchdruckerkunst  :  zur  vierten 
Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  neu  aufgelegt 
von  J.  F.  Weilshaeuser,     Oppeln  :   1840.     Folio. 

FUERSTENAU  (J.  H.).  De  Initiis  Typographige  Physiologicis  Disser- 
tatio.     Rintelii  :  1740.     4to. 

FUESSLi  (Joh.  Caspar).  Raisonirendes  Verzeichniss  der  vornehmsten 
Kupferstecher  und  ihrer  Werke.  ZUrich  :  1 77 1.  8vo.  pp.  360 
and  12  pp.  of  Register. 

FuGGER  (Jean  George).  De  I'Origine  et  des  Productions  de  I'lmpri- 
merie  primitive.     Paris:   1759.     8vo. 

FuHRMANN  (G.  L.).  Typorum  et  Characterum  officinae  Chalco- 
graphiae  Georgii  Leopoldi  Fuhrmanni,  Civis  et  Bibliopole  Norici, 
tarn  ad  linguas  Germanicam,  Latinam,  Gra;cam,  &c.  Nurem- 
bergse  :  1616.   4to.     8  leaves  and  44  leaves  of  specimens. 

The  introduction  to  this  specimen-book  of  the  types  in  the  printing-house  of 
Fuhrmann  gives  an  account  of  the  origin  of  printing  and  the  names  of  its  greatest 
benefactors,  with  a  Latin  poem  by  Henry  Stephanus. 

[FuLiN  (Rin.)].  Del  Cavaliere  Giuseppe  Antonelli,  tipografo. 
Venezia :  1862.     Portrait. 

FuLiN  (R.).  Primi  Privilegi  di  Stampa  in  Venezia.  In  "Archivio 
Veneto,"  vol.  i.  part  I.     1871. 

Fuller  (E.).  A  Short  History  of  the  Art  and  Practice  of  Litho- 
graphy, with  Hints  to  Students.  London  :  1863.  Post  8vo. 
Portrait  of  Senefelder.  Drawing  of  the  original  lithographic  press 
invented  by  him.     pp.  iv.  5-  23, 

FuMAGALLi  (Carlo),  Dei  primi  Libri  a  Stampa  in  Italia,  e  special- 
mente  di  un  Codice  Sublacense  impresso  avanti  il  Lattanzio  e 
finora  creduto  posteriore,  discorso.  Lugano  :  1875.  8vo.  pp.  43, 
and  two  plates  of  facrsimiles. 

FuNCK  (Johann  Michael).  Kurze,  doch  niitzliche  Anleitung  vom 
Form-  und  Stahlschneiden,  wie  Buchstaben,  Zierrathen  und  alia 
vorkommende  Figuren  in  Holz  zu  schneiden.  .  .  .  Femer  ganze 
Alphabete,  Charactere  und  Zeichen,  was  bey  Buchdruckerey  und 
Giesserey  vorkommt,    in    Stahl   und    Messing   zu   schneiden    etc. 

With  plates.     Erfurt;   1 740,     8vo, Another  edition,     Erfurt: 

1754,     8vo, 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


245 


FuRNiVALL  (F.  J.).  Pynson's  Contracts  with  Horman  for  printing 
his  "  Vulgaria,"  and  with  Palsgrave  for  his  "  Lesclaircissement," 
in  1519,  with  Pynson's  "Letter of  Denizenation."  London:  [1868]. 
8vo.     A  paper  read  before  the  [London]  Philological  Society. 


RASLE  :    1490-1517. 


FuRTER  (Michael). 

The  first  book  printed  at  Basle  by 
Michael  Furter  appears  to  be  "  Brandt, 
Sebastiani,  Expositiones "  (1490.  4to). 
The  book  from  which  the  annexed  device 
is  taken  is  an  elaborately  -  illustrated 
volume  of  the  "Chronicle  of  Switzer- 
land"  (1507,    fo.).      The    same    printer 


produced    a    great    number    of  curious 
books. 

Furter's  device  consists  of  the  emblem 
of  two  chimeras,  leaning  on  two  shields 
hanging  from  a  stunted  tree.  On  the 
left  is  the  cypher  M.  F.,  surmounted  by 
a  cross  ;  on  the  right  the  arms  of  Basle. 


Fust,  der  Erfinder  der  Buchdruckerei.     Mainz:  1792.     8vo.    pp.  56. 
The  author  of  this  drama  has  not  given  his  name. 

Fust. — Lettre  d'un  Bibliothecaire  de  Geneve  sur  Faust.      Geneva : 
Fust.      Vita    Joh.     Fausti    typographi,    ap.    Melchior    Adam,    etc. 


Fust 
P- 


und     Gutenberg. 
271-273.) 


(In    Simrock's    Rheinfagen,    No.    128, 


A  poem  in  eight  strophes,  each  of  eight  verses,  having  for  its  subject  t 
5f  Printing.     Fust,  or   Faust,  plays  the  part  of  "the  villain  "in  the 


author  was  Henri  Grieben. 


the  Invention 
piece.     The 


246 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


JOHN  FUST.    (From  Maittaire. 


Fust  and  Schceffer. — (6V^  a/jt?  Gutenberg.) 

John  Fust  was  a  citizen  of  Mayence,  a  needy  inventor,  agreed  to  these  terms, 

who  carried  on  the  business  of  a  money-  He  apparently  wished  to  produce  a  grand 

lender,  and    was    early    connected   with  edition  of  the  Bible,  and  believed  that  it 

Gutenberg  in  his   invention  of  printing,  would  be  such  a  success  that  he  could 

The  orthography  of  the  name  has  been  afford  to  overlook  the  conditions  of  the 

much  disputed,  being  written  variously  money-lender.     He  had,  it  must  also  be 

Faust,  Faustus,  and  Fust ;  but  the  latter  remembered,  already  spent  about  sixteen 


is  preferable,  as  the  name  appears  m 
several  colophons — as,  'Made  by  Jo- 
hannes Fust,  citizen  of  Mentz." 

The  character  and  services  of  Fust  to 
Gutenberg    have    been    very    variously 


years  fruitlessly  on  his  project. 

The  result  of  the  transaction,  as  indi- 
cated elsewhere,  was  that  Fust  gained 
legal  possession  of  all  Gutenberg's  print- 
ing   material.      He    then    dissolved    his 


estimated.     By  some  he  has  even  been  partnership  with  Gutenberg,  but  carried 

described  as  the  actual  inventor  of  typo-  on  the  art  in  conjunction  with  his  son-in- 

graphy,  and  the  instructor  as  well  as  the  law,  Peter  Schoeffer,  and  in  the  original 

partner  of  Gutenberg.     By  others  he  has  establishment  of  Gutenberg.     Fust  then, 

been  described  as  the  patron  and  bene-  with  the  aid  of  Schoeffer,  produced  the 


factor.  By  many  other  writers  he  has 
been  characterized  as  a  greedy,  crafty, 
and  heartless  speculator,  who  took  a 
mean  advantage  of  Gutenberg's  necessity, 
and  robbed  him  of  his  invention. 


Psalter  of  1457.  The  books  with  the 
imprint  of  Fust  &  Schoeffer  are  especially 
valuable  on  account  of  being  accurately 
dated.  They  are— "The  Psalter,"  1457  ; 
"  Durandus,"    1459  ;    "  Constitutions    of 


1450   Gutenberg,    the    inventor    of    Clement  V.,"  1460;  "Bible,"  1462  ;"  De- 
printing,  then  in  a  state  of  financial  em-    cretals  of  Boniface  VIII.,"  1465  ;  "Offices 


barrassment,  made  the  arrangement  with 
Fust  which  is  described  stib  voce  Guien- 
BERG.  Fust  was  to  receive  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  partnership  with  him,  and 
at  the  same  time  was  to  be  absolved  from 
all  the  attendant  liabilities.     Gutenberg, 


of  Cicero,"  1465.  After  the  sack  of 
Mayence,  Fust  went  to  Paris  to  dispose 
of  some  copies  remaining  unsold  of  the 
great  Bible.  He  visited  the  city  several 
times,  and  at  last  died  there.  He  was 
dead  on  the  30th  Oct.,  1466,  when  a  mass 


with  the  recklessness  and  enthusiasm  of    was  said  for  the  repose  of  his  soul. 


Bibliography  of  Frintiftg. 


247 


Peter  Schceffer  was  born  in  Gerns- 
heim,  a  little  village  situated  on  the 
Rhine,  near  Mayence,  about  1430,  and 
was  a  student  in  Paris  in  1449.  It  is 
•generally  stated  that  he  was  distinguished 
for  his  excellent  penmanship,  and  became 
an  illuminator  of  manuscripts  ;  but  Mr. 
De  Vinne,  who  has  carefully  searched 
for  an  early  trustworthy  authority  for 
the  statement,  says  he  has  been  unable 
to  find  one.  It  is  most  probable  that 
Schceffer  was  engaged  by  Fust  and 
Gutenberg  as  a  proof-reader  or  corrector, 
a  position  for  which  a  student  from  the 
University  of  Paris  was  well  qualified. 
His  careful  attention  to  proof-reading 
is  fairly  stated  in  the  "  Institutes  of 
Justinian."  As  a  designer  of  letters  and 
as  a  type-founder  he  was  very  inferior. 


mmtm 

niMa-mira 

REDUCED    FAC-SIMILE   OF    A   COLOPHON 
WRITTEN    BY   SCHCEFFER. 

We  extract  from  M.  Madden's  work  a 
reduced  fac-simile  of  a  colophon  written 
by  Schceffer.  Many  of  the  historians  of 
printing  have  assumed  that  Schceffer  was 


a  caligrapher  famous  for  his  beautiful 
handwriting,  but  the  thin  letters  and 
angular  ornaments  of  the  annexed  colo- 
phon are  not  at  all  like  the  thick  types 
and  flowing  lines  of  Gutenberg's  bible. 

The  date  of  his  return  to  his  native 
country  is  not  known.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  married  to  Christina,  daughter 
of  John  Fust,  in  1455,  but  there  is  no 
good  authority  for  the  statement.  Mad- 
den says  he  was  married  about  1465  ; 
Schaab  and  Wetter  say  nothing  definite. 
Bernard  gives  1464  ("  De  I'Origine," 
vol.  i.  p.  266),  but  Helbig  ("  Notes  et 
Dissertations,"  p.  24)  says  it  was  about 
1457  ;  and  this  latter  date  seems  to  be 
the  one  approved  by  many  writers.  It 
is  not  possible,  in  fact,  to  fix  the  date. 
Schoeffer's  wife  Christina  married  again 
after  Schoeffer's  death,  and  lived  for 
many  years  subsequently  (vSchaab,  "Die 
Geschichte,"  vol.  ii.  p.  62).  She  must 
have  been  much  younger  than  the  above 
date  would  suggest.  It  is  probable  that 
his  connection  with  John  Fust  had  com- 
menced some  years  before  the  year 
1455.  Schceffer  carried  on  the  business 
after  the  death  of  Fust  ;  for  in  the  im- 
print of  an  edition  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas, 
published  in  1467,  the  name  of  .Schceffer 
appears  alone.  He  printed  a  fourth 
edition  of  the  Psalter  m  1502,  and  died 
in  the  same  year. 

The  following  productions  from  the 
press  of  Fust  &  Schceffer  are  contained 
in  the  British  Museum  : — 

Psalter,  in  Latin. — On  vellum.  Printed 
at  Mentz,  by  Fust  and  Schceffer,  in  1457. 
"The  first  printed  Psalter  ;  the  first  book 
printed  with  a  date  ;  and  the  first  example 
of  printing  in  colours,  as  shown  in  the 
initial  letter."  This  description,  which  is 
taken  from  Mr.  BulFen's  "  Guide  to  the 
Printed  Books  exhibited  to  the  Public  in 
the  British  Museum,"  is  slightly  inaccu- 
rate. The  initial  letter  (which  has  often 
been  highly  praised,  even  by  such  a  critic 
as  Dibdin,  as  a  magnificent  specimen  of 
early  chromo-typography)  was  not  so 
printed  at  all.  Savage,  we  believe,  was 
the  first  to  call  attention  to  the  circum- 
stance that  the  letters  of  the  Psalter  were 
touched  up  by  painting  ("  Decorative 
Printing, "  p.  50).  The  fact  may  have  been 
that  the  initial  was  covered  over  with 
something  when  the  rest  of  the  black 
form  was  worked,  and  the  red  colour 
afterwards  painted  in  by  hand.  The 
dates  of  some  of  the  succeeding  books 
taken  from  the  same  little  work  are  also 
somewhat  different  to  those  we  have 
given  above  from  the  same  source. 

Psalter. — On  vellum.  The  second  edi- 
tion  of  the   Mentz   Psalter,   printed  by 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


248 


Bibliography  of  Fnnting. 


Fust  and  SchoefFer,  in  1459.  The  second 
book  with  a  date. 

Bible,  in  Latin.— Printed  at  Mentz,  by 
Fust  and  Schoeffer,  in  1462.  On  vellum. 
The  first  Bible  with  a  date. 

Cicero.  "  Officiorum  libri  tres." — On 
vellum.  Printed  at  Mentz,  by  Fust  and 
Schoeffer,  1465.  The  first  edition  of  the 
first  Latin  classic  printed,  and  one  of  the 
two  books  in  which  Greek  tjT)e  was  first 
used. 

"  Regulsegrammatices,vel  Grammaticse 
rudimenta. ' '  1  his  work  comprises  rules  of 
Grammar,  explained  in  Latm  verse,  with 
Concordances  extracted  from  Priscianus. 
Printed  at  Mentz,  by  Johann  Fust,  in 
1468. 

"Clement.  V.  Constitutiones."— On 
vellum.  Printed  at  Mentz,  by  Peter 
Schoeffer,  in  1471. 

In  reference  to  the  above  extracts,  it 
may  be  well  to  point  out  that  there  are 
block  books  with  much  earlier  dates  than 
1450;  such  as  the  "Chiromancy"  and 
the  "  Spiritual  Nur.sery." 

Interspersed  throughout  this  Biblio- 
graphy OF  Printing  will  be  found 
many  examples  of  printers'  marks,  and 
we  may  here  appropriately,  under  the 
names  of  Fust  &  Schoeffer,  introduce 
specimens  of  that  equally  interesting 
feature  of  the  early-printed  books — the 
Colophon,  which,  as  most  of  our  readers 
will  be  aware,  was  the  postscript  em- 
ployed by  the  first  printers,  before  the 
introduction  of  title-pages,  to  announce 
the  date  and  place  of  publication  and  the 
name  of  the  printer  ;  to  which  was  often 
added  some  text  of  Scripture  or  moral 
reflection.  The  mark  or  device  was 
used  in  conjunction  with  the  colophon,  a 
Greek  word  (koXo^wj')>  the  top,  summit, 
or  conclusion,  and  equivalent  to  "  finis." 

The  colophon  of  the  Psalter  of  1457 
has  been  thus  translated:  —  "Book  of 
Psalms,  decorated  with  elegant  capitals, 
and  sufficiently  distinguished  by  its  red 
letters,  invented  artificially,  imprinted 
and  charactered  without  the  use  of  any 
pen,  and  for  the  service  of  God,  care- 
fully perfected  by  John  Fust,  citizen  of 
Mayence,  and  Peter  Schoeffer,  of  Gerns- 
heim,  anno  Domini  1457,  upon  the  vigil 
of  the  Assumption."  Mr.  De  Vinne  has 
paraphrased  the  words,  thus: — "This 
book  of  Psalms,  decorated  with  antique 
initials,  and  sufficiently  emphasized  with 
rubricated  letters,  has  been  thus  made 


by  the  masterly  invention  of  printing  and 
also  of  type-making,  without  the  writing 
of  a  pen,  and  is  consummated  to  the 
service  of  God,  through  the  industry  of 
Johan  Fust,  citizen  of  Mayence,  and 
Peter  Schoeffer,  of  Gernsheim,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  1457,  on  the  eve  of  the 
Assumption  [August  14]." 

Mr.  De  Vinne  attaches  great  import- 
ance to  the  wording  of  this  colophon,  as 
it  is  an  acknowledgment  by  Fust  and 
Schoeffer  that  the  art  of  typography  was 
"  thfe  masterly  invention  of  printing  and 
also  of  type-making."  "  Ab  htventione 
artificioi,a  i»tprime7idi  ac  caractera- 
zandi" ;  and  also  as  an  admission  that 
the  two  branches  were  inseparable.  He 
regards  it  as  a  complete  warrant  for  the 
theory  set  forth  in  his  "  Invention  of 
Printing,"  that  the  key  of  the  invention 
was  the  type-mould. 

The  Bible  of  1462  (which  is  called  the 
Mayence  Bible,  and  should  be  carefully 
distinguished  from  that  of  1455,  which  is 
known  as  the  Mazarine  or  Gutenberg 
Bible,  and  has  no  colophon  or  date)  has 
this  colophon  :— "  This  present  work  was 
finished  and  perfected,  for  the  service  of 
God,  in  the  city  of  Mayence.  by  John 
Fust,  citizen,  and  Peter  Schoeffer,  of 
Gernsheim,  clerk  of  the  same  diocese, 
completed  in  the  year  of  our  Lord's  In- 
carnation 1462,  on  the  eve  of  the  Assump- 
tion of  the  glorious  Virgin  Mary." 

Both  of  these  colophons  may  be  seen 
in  the  British  Museum. 

The  colophon  to  Schoeffer's  "  Institutes 
of  Justinian,"  printed  in  1468,  is  doubly 
interesting,  not  only  as  a  colophon,  but 
as  bearing  upon  the  history  of  Printing. 
It  is  in  rude  Latin  verses,  which  may  be 
freely  translated  thus  : — "  Moses  by  the 
plan  of  the  Tabernacle,  Solomon  by  that 
of  the  Temple,  only  produced  works  of 
ingenuity ;  the  Church  shines  with  a 
brighter  light.  Greater  than  Solomon, 
she  has  renewed  Bezaleel  and  Hiram.* 
He  who  is  pleased  to  create  high  talents 
has  given  us  two  great  masters  of  the  art 
of  engraving,  both  bearing  the  name  of 
John,  both  natives  of  Moguncia  [May- 
ence], and  both  illustrious  as  the  first 
printers  of  books.  Peter  advanced  with 
them  towards  the  desired  goal,  and,  start- 
ing the  last,  arrived  the  first,  having  been 
rendered  the  most  skilful  in  the  art  of 
engraving  by  Him  who  alone  bestows 
light  and  genius.  Every  nation  can  now 
procure  its  own  kind   of  letters,  for  he 


•  Bezaleel  was  the  worker  in  metals  and  wood,  who  made  the  Ark  for  Moses 
(Exodus  xxxvii.  i),  and  Hiram  the  architect,  who  also  supplied  the  materials  to 
Solomon's  temple  (i  Kings  vii.  13,  14). 


Bibliography  of  Printing, 


249 


[Peter]  excels  in  the  engraving  types  of 
all  kinds.  It  is  difficult  to  believe  the 
prices  which  he  pays  to  learned  men  to 
correct  his  editions.  [This  is  the  first 
mention  in  the  history  of  typography  of 
that  important  functionary,  the  "reader."] 
He  has  in  his  service  Master  Francis,  the 
grammarian,  whose  Methodic  Science  is 
celebrated  all  over  the  world.  I  also  am 
attached  to  him,  not  so  much  for  the 
sake  of  vile  gain  as  for  the  love  of  the 
general  good  and  the  glory  of  my  country. 
Oh,  if  they  could  purge  the  text  of  all  its 
faults  !  those  who  arrange  the  types  as 
well  as  those  who  read  the  proofs,  the 
friends  of  letters  would  then  infallibly 
award  to  them  a  crown  of  glory,  who 
thus  come  in  aid,  by  their  books,  to 
thousands  of  seats  of  learning."  A  re- 
ference to  this  colophon,  with  another 
translation,  will  be  found  in  Hessel's 
translation  of  Van  der  Linde's  "  Haarlem 
Legend,"  p.  30.    Bernard  gives  a  slightly 


first  printers  of  books.  In  company  with 
these  masters  Peter  hastened  towards  the 
same  end.*  The  last  to  leave,  he  was 
the  first  to  arrive,  for  he  excelled  in  the 
science  of  engraving,  through  the  grace 
of  Him  only  who  can  give  genius  and 
inspiration.  Hereafter  every  nation  may 
procure  proper  types  of  its  own  characters, 
for  he  excels  in  the  engraving  of  all  kinds 
of  types.  It  would  be  almost  incredible 
were  I  to  specify  the  great  sums  which  he 
pays  to  the  wise  men  who  correct  his 
editions,"  &c.  It  would  appear  that  the 
writer  of  the  colophon  wanted  to  enforce 
on  the  reader  the  importance  of  the  fact 
that  the  merit  of  the  invention  of  typo- 
graphy is  due,  not  to  the  man  who  first 
thought  of  its  feasibility,  but  to  him  who 
first  did  the  work.  He  artfully  compares 
Moses,  who  proposed  the  ark,  and  Solo- 
mon, who  proposed  the  temple,  with 
John  Fust  and  John  Gutenberg —rating 
them  all  as  impracticable  theorists.     Be- 


MARK    OF    FUST    AND   SCHCEFFER.      MAVENCE  :    1457-1502. 


different  translation  of  the  colophon  ;  and 
Madden ("  Lettresd'un  Bibliophile, ''third 
.series,  p.  98)  gives  another  version.  Mr. 
De  Vinne,  believing  that  paraphrase  is 
necessary  to  make  the  language  intelli- 
gible, renders  the  words  thus:  "Moses, 
in  the  plan  of  the  tabernacle,  and  Solo- 
mon, in  the  plan  of  the  temple,  did 
nothing  more  than  imagine  a  meritorious 
work.  The  merit  of  constructing  the 
temple  was  greater  than  Solomon's 
thought.  Hiram  and  Beselehel,  greater 
than  Solomon,  improved  on  the  plans  of 
Solomon  and  Moses.  He  who  is  pleased 
to  enHow  mighty  men  with  knowledge 
has  given  us  two  distinguished  masters 
in  the  art  of  engraving,  both  living  in  the 
city  of  Mentz  and  bcth  illustrious  as  the 


zaleel  (or  Beselehel)  and  Hiram  and 
Peter  Schoeffer  were  the  masterly  nie- 
chanics,  "  the  mighty  men  endowed  with 
knowledge,"  who  did  the  real  work  of 
construction  and  invention. 

Schoeffer  established  agencies  for  the 
sale  of  his  books  in  Lubeck  and  Frank- 
fort, and  probably  in  other  cities.  He 
sold  the  works  of  other  printers  as  well  as 
his  own.  During  his  later  years  he  was 
appointed  a  judge,  and  printing  was  ne- 
glected by  him.  He  had  competitors 
not  only  in  Rome,  Paris,  and  Venice,  but 
in  the  larger  cities  of  Germany,  and  even 
in  Strasburg  and  Mayence.  His  business 
was  carried  on  by  his  son  John,  who  died 
in  1531.  Peter  SchcEffer,  jun.,  printed 
books  in  Hebrew,   Latin,   German,    and 


•  This  passage  is  an  allusion  to  the  running  of  the  disciples  to  where  Christ  had 
been  laid.     "So  they  ran  both  together,  and  the  other  disciple  did  outrun  Peter, 

and  came  first  to  the  sepulchre yet  went  he  not  in  ...  .    Then  cometh 

Simon  Peter,  following  him,  and  went  into  the  sepulchre." — St.  John  xx.  4,  6. 


2     K 


250 


Bibliography  of  Prifiting. 


English.  Finding  no  proper  encourage- 
ment at  Mayence,  he  had  to  establish 
his  office  successively  at  Worms,  Stras- 
burg,  and  Venice.  His  last  known  work, 
with  date  1542,  was  printed  at  Venice, 
where  It  is  supposed  he  died.  Ives 
bchoeffer,  son  of  Peter  junior,  who  suc- 
ceeded John  Schceffer  in  the  management 
ot  the  office  at  Mayence,  was  an  indus- 
trious publisher  from  1531  to  1552  the 
supposed  year  of  his  death.  Victor,  the 
son  of  Ives,  gave  up  the  business,  and 
the  name  of  Schoeffer  disappeared  from 
the  roll  of  printers  at  Mayence. 

Fust's  Portrait.— Hht.  portrait  of  John 
I'  ust,  given  at  p.  246,  was  reproduced  from 


Maittaires  "Annales  Typographici,"  to 
Vinne's  "  Invention  of 


illustrate  Mr.   De  Vinne's      invention  of 
Printing,"  to  the  author  of  which  we  are 


indebted  for  permission  to  republish  it  in 
this  Bibliography. 

Fust  and  Schaeffer's  Mark.  — The 
device  consists  of  two  printers'  rules, 
in  saltire,  on  two  shields,  hanging  from 
a  stump  ;  on  the  right  shield  two  rules 
forming  an  angle  of  45°,  and  three 
stars,  disposed  2  and  i.  This  device  is 
specially  interesting  as  the  j^rst  of  the 
long  and  interesting  series  of  marks  used 
by  printers.  It  is  worthy  of  notice,  too, 
how  early  in  the  history  of  the  art  a 
device  was  used  ;  for  the  only  book  which 
is  known  to  have  been  issued  from  the 
press  prior  to  the  Psalter  of  1457  was  the 
liible  of  Gutenberg,  finished  in  1455.  The 
adoption  of  a  compositor's  setting-rule  was 
very  appropriate.  Its  archaic  form  will 
be  noticed. 


ADSBY  (A.)  and  Arnold.      Our  CaU- 
logue.      London  :  1869.     8vo. 

64  pages  of  specimens  of  plain  and  ornamental 

type. 

Gailer  (Prof.).  Rede  am  vierten  Sacular- 
Gedachtniss-  Feste  der  Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  des  24.  Juni  1840. 
Reutlingen  :    1840.     8vo.  pp.  12. 

Galeotti  (Melchiore).  Delia  Tipografia 
Poliglotta  di  Propaganda :  discorso. 
Torino  :  1 866.     i6mo.  pp.  xii.  103. 

The  Congregatio  de  Propaganda  Fide,  many   years   stood   pre-eminent  for    the 

or  Congregation  for  the  Propagation  of  publication   of  the    Bible   and   books  ot 

the  Faith,  a  society  established  at  Rome  devotion     in     various     languages,     and 

by  Pope  Gregory  XV.,  in  1622,  has  con-  claimed   to   be   the   most   extensive  and 

nected  with  it  a  printing-house,  furnished  best-regulated  printing-office  in  Europe, 

with  types  of  all  the  important  languages  It  was  there  that  Bodoni,  the  celebrated 

of   the    world.     This    establishment   for  printer  of  Parma,  received  his  training. 

Galichon  (Emile).     Albert  Diirer,   sa  Vie  et  ses  CEuvres.     Paris  : 
1861.     8vo.  pp.  84.     Woodcuts. 
Reprint  from  the  Gazette  des  Beaux- A  rts. 

Galimard  (Aug.).  Les  grands  Artistes  contemporains :  Aubry- 
Lecomte,  dessinateur-lithographe,  1797-1858.  Paris  :  1859.  8vo. 
pp.  24. 

Galitzin  (Prince  Michel).  Deux  Xylographies  de  sa  Bibliotheque. 
Moscau  :  1864.     8vo.     4  plates.     12  copies  only  printed. 

Gallay.    Collection  des  Polytypages  de  Gallay.    Meulan  :  1835.    4to. 

Specimen  des  Caracteres  de  la  Fonderie  de  Gallay.     Paris  : 

1835.     8vo. 


252 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Gallizioli    (Giovambatista).       Dell'    Origine   della    Stampa  e  degli 
Stampatori  di  Bergamo.     Bergamo  :  1786.     8vo.   pp.  38. 


Galton  (Francis),  F.R.S.  Colour  Printing  and  Cartography.  [In 
Report  of  the  Forty-second  Meeting  of  the  British  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  held  at  Brighton  in  August,  1872, 
pp.  198-203.]     London  :   1872.     8vo. 


The  author  was  the  President  of  the 
Geographical  Section  of  this  Congress, 
and  in  that  capacity  delivered  the  above 
address.  He  commences  by  referring  to 
the  Ordnance  Maps  published  by  the 
Government,  and  says  that  English  geo- 
graphers are  justly  proud  of  them,  as 
their  accuracy  and  hill-shading  are  un- 
surpassed elsewhere. 

Referring  to  colour-printing  and  its 
application  to  bird's-eye  views,  the  author 
points  out  how  recently,  yet  how  usefully, 
the  system  has  been  applied  to  carto- 
graphy. The  facility  of  multiplying 
coloured  drawings  by  the  lithographic 
process  will,  he  believes,  probably  lead 
to  a  closer  union  than  heretofore  has 
existed  between  geography  and  art.  The 
advance  made  in  colour-printing  has 
already  influenced  cartography  in  foreign 
countries,  and  it  is  right  that  it  should  be 
so.  A  black  and  white  map  is  but  a 
symbol — it  can  never  be  a  representation 
of  the  many-coloured  aspects  of  nature. 
It  is  recommended  that  maps  should 
always  be  issued  coloured,  at  the  very 
least  in  two  colours,  one  for  the  hills  and 
the  other  for  the  roads, 

Mr.  Galton  is  the  author  of  several 
standard  works  on  meteorological  and 
geographical  subjects,  as  well  as  the 
celebrated  book,   "The  Art  of  Travel." 


Several  years  ago  he  contributed  to  Mac- 
millan's  Magazine  a  paper  entitled 
"  Meteorographica,"  a  method  of  print- 
ing weather  data.  It  consisted  of  the 
employment  of  special  types  and  various 
colours.  It  is  entitled  to  the  distinction 
of  being  the  very  earliest  effort  in  Europe 
to  record  the  weather  simultaneously  at 
successive  periods  of  time  over  a  large 
area.  The  method  by  which  the  weather- 
charts  were  first  printed  in  the  Times  was 
also  originated  by  Mr.  Galton.  He 
placed  the  idea,  and  the  simple  ruled 
plates  which  he  had  produced  on  the 
principle  suggested,  in  the  hands  of  Mr. 
P.  M.  Shanks,  of  the  Patent  Type- 
Founding  Company,  who  carried  it  into 
eflfect  by  inventing  a  drill  pantograph 
acting  on  a  composition,  whence  stereo- 
type plates  are  afterwards  taken. — {See 
Patent  Type- Founding  Companv.) 
The  beautiful  plates  of  the  Quarterly 
Weather  Reports  of  the  Meteorological 
Department  are  also  largely  the  plan  of 
Mr.  Galton,  who  was,  however,  in  this 
particular  work,  much  helped  by  Mr. 
Warren  de  la  Rue,  also  a  member  of  the 
Meteorological  Committee.  The  peculiar 
pantograph  by  which  the  voluminous 
records  are  compressed  to  a  uniform  scale, 
yet  differing  in  length  and  breadth,  is 
Mr.  Galton's  sole  invention. 


Galvanoplastik  (Die)  und  ihre  Anwendung  fur  die  Buchdrucker- 
kunst.     Leipzig.     8vo.  pp.  180. 

A  Treatise  on  electro-metallurgy,  and  its  application  to  typography, 

Gama    (J.    P.),     Esquisse    historique   de    Gutenberg.      Paris  :    1857. 
8vo.    pp.  xvi.  60. 

This  short  sketch  of  the  life  of  the  inventor  of  printing  contains  no  new  particulars, 
and  even  overlooks  the  researches  of  Didot  and  the  new  facts  adduced  in  his 
memoir.  At  the  end  is  a  long  account  of  the  discovery  of  an  old  oil  painting  repre- 
senting Gutenberg. 


Gamba  (Bartolommeo).  Elogio  funebre  di  Giuseppe  Remondini, 
tipografo  [di  Bergamo]:  pp.  123  to  152  of  "  Alcune  Operotte." 
Milano  :   1827.      i6mo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


253 


Gamba  (Bartolommeo).  Biografia  dell'  illustre  Tipografo  Giambattista 
Bodoni.  [Venezia  ;  1835.]  8vo.  Extract  from  the  "Biografia 
degl'  Italian!  illustri  del  Secolo  XVIII." 

A  biography  of  the  most  illustrious  of  but  a  severe  illness  which  overtook  him 
Italian  typographers.  A  list  of  several  prevented  him  from  continuing  his  jour- 
works  relating  to  Bodoni  has  already  ney.  At  this  time  the  Marquis  de  Felino 
been  given  in  this  Bibliography  \see  offered  him  the  superintendence  of  a 
Bodoni,  &c.].  press  which  he  was  about  to  establish  at 

John  Baptist  (or,  in  Italian,  Glam-  Parma,  and  in  1768  Bodoni  accepted  the 
battista)  Bodoni  was  born  at  Saluzzo,  situation.  He  soon  won  great  reputation, 
in  Piedmont,  in  1740  ;  he  died  in  1813.  but  rather  from  the  high  excellence  than 
He  was  not  only  regarded  by  his  country-  from  the  number  of  his  productions.  In 
men  as  the  most  eminent  of  Italian  1788  he  was  invited  to  Rome  to  print  a 
printers,  but,  by  many  bibliophiles—  fine  edition  of  the  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Italian  and  foreign — as  the  most  eminent  Italian  classics.  The  Dulie  of  Parma 
in  the  world  at  his  epoch,  superior  even  was  determined  to  prevent  Bodoni 
to  Baskerville,  Bulmer,  Bensley,  and  leaving  that  city,  and  therefore  esta- 
Didot.  As  we  have  already  given  notices  blished  a  model  printing-office  in  his  own 
of  those  celebrities,  we  may  fitly  append  palace.  From  this  place  were  issued  the 
some  account  of  Bodoni.  His  father  famous  "Bodoni  editions"  of  Horace, 
was  a  printer,  and  he  was  instructed  at  in  folio  (1791);  Virgil,  folio  (1793);  Catul- 
an  early  age  in  the  rudiments  of  the  art.  lus,  Tibullus,  Propertius,  and  Tasso 
He  displayed,  however,  a  remarkable  (1794),  and  Tacitus  (1795).  Bodoni's 
fondness  for  the  art  of  wood-engraving,  most  magnificent  work  was  the  Homer, 
and,  while  quite  young,  executed  some  published  in  1808,  with  a  dedication  in 
very  meritorious  vignettes.  At  eighteen  Italian,  French,  and  Latin  to  Napoleon, 
years  of  age,  in  company  with  a  school-  From  the  Emperor,  indeed,  he  and  his 
fellow,  Dominic  Costa,  he  left  Saluzzo,  press  had  received  marked  protection 
intending  to  journey  to  Rome,  with  the  when  the  French  armies  entered  Italy, 
hope  of  finding  employment  there.  The  In  1810  Bodoni  personally  presented  the 
uncle  of  his  companion  Costa  was  the  Emperor  at  St.  Cloud  with  a  copy  of  the 
secretary  to  a  Roman  prelate,  and  ex-  Homer,  printed  on  vellum,  and  received 
pectations  were  formed  that  he  might  a  pension  of  3,000  francs.  Eugene 
render  material  assistance  to  the  project.  Beauharnais  offered  him  the  superintend- 
Before- they  had  reached  the  capital,  they  ence  of  the  press  at  Milan,  while  Murat 
had  run  short  of  funds,  but  Bodoni  invited  him  to  Naples ;  but  he  resolved 
managed  to  obtain  a  small  further  supply  to  remain  at  Parma.  In  181 1  he  received 
by  selling  some  of  his  wood-engravings  the  Cross  of  the  Two  Sicilies  from  Murat, 
to  printers.  When  at  last  they  arrived  and  undertook  to  issue  a  series  of  French 
at  Rome,  Costa's  uncle  strongly  advised  classics  for  the  young  son  of  Murat,  in 
the  youths  to  return  home.     Bodoni  was  imitation   of  the   Delphin   editions,   pre- 


much  discouraged,  and  felt  inclined  to 
follow^  out  the  advice.  Curiosity,  how- 
ever, induced  him  to  visit  the  printing- 
house  of  the  Propaganda  \_see  Galeotti, 
ante].  His  knowledge  and  spirit  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  the  Abbate  Rug- 
gieri,  who  was  superintendent  of  the 
establishment,  and  led  to  an  engagement. 
Soon  after  the  head  of  the  Society 
noticed  the  ability  of  young  Bodoni,  and 
became  his  patron,  advising  and  assisting 
him  in  his  studies  of  the  Oriental 
languages.      Ruggieri  intrusted  him. 


pared  by  order  of  Louis  XIV.,  and 
styled  ill-  usuJit  Delphini,  or  for  the  use 
of  the  Dauphin.  Bodoni  began  with 
Telemachus,  which  was  issued  in  1812. 
Napoleon  gave  18,000  francs  to  assist  the 
enterprise,  and  nominated  Bodoni  as 
Chevalier  de  la  Reunion.  The  great 
printer,  however,  soon  afterwards  died  of 
gout.  His  widow  continued  the  business 
for  a  few  years. 

The  bibliomania  which  prevailed  in 
England  towards  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century  endowed  the  produc- 


1762,  to  print  the  Missal  in  Coptic  Arabic  tions  of  Bodoni  with  extravagant  value, 
and  the  Alphabetum  Tibetanam.  The  English  publishers  engaged  him  to  print 
work  was  so  well  executed  that  Bodoni's    several  of  their  most  magnificent  works. 

_ .:        J  :_  .L,   -_i-_i —  Among  books  printed  in  English  by  the 

Italian  "prince  of  typographers"  were 
"The  Castle  of  Otranto"  (1791),  Gray's 
Poems,  in  quarto  (1793),  the  edition  only 
comprising  100  copies  on  large  paper  and 
200  on  ordinary  ;  Gray's  "  Elegy  "  (1793), 


name  was  mentioned  in  the  colophon 

Ruggieri  shortly  afterwards  committed 
suicide,  and  the  event  affected  Bodoni  so 
keenly  that  he  resolved  to  leave  his  native 
country  and  seek  his  fortune  in  England. 
On  the  way,  he  visited  his  aged  parents  ; 


2  54  Bibliography  of  Prijiting. 

with  an  Italian  translation,  the  edition  printed ;  and  "  Lines  to  Victory "  by 
being  restricted  to  loo ;  Thomson's  Cornelia  Knight,  in  quarto  (1793),  100 
"  Seasons "     (1794),      175     copies     only    copies. 

Gand   (Michel  Joseph  de).     Recherches  Historiques  et  Critiques  sur 

la  Vie  et  les   Editions  de  Thierry  Martens  [Martinus,  Mertens]. 

Publ.   par   F.  J.   de    Smet.     Alost  :    1845.     8vo.    pp.    xi.    246. 

6  plates. 

Martens  was  the  first   Belgian  printer.     His  device  and  references  to  some  of  his 

productions  will  be  ioM^A  post. — See  Martens  (T.) 

Gandellini  (Giovanni  Gori).      Notizie  Istoriche  degl'  Intagliatori. 
3  vols.     Siena:  1771.     Svo. Siena:  1808.     8vo. 

Notizie  degl'  Intagliatori,  con  Osservazione  critiche  raccolte  da 


varj  scrittori  ed  aggiunte  a  G.  G.  Gandellini  dall'  Abbate  Luigi  de 
Angelis.     12  vols.     Siena :  1808-16.     8vo. 

Gando  (Nicolas).     Epreuve  des  Caract^res  de  la  Fonderie  de  Nicolas 
Gando.     Paris  :    1745.     4to. 1760. 

Observations  sur  la  Traite  historique  et  critique  **  Sur  I'Origine 


et  les  Progres  des  Caracteres  de  Fonte  pour  1' Impression  de  la 
Musique,"  par  Fournier  le  Jeune.     Berne  :  1765.     4to. 
In  repelling  this  attack,  Fournier  in  his  reply  accuses  the  Gandos  of  plagiarism, 
and  keenly  criticises  their  style  of  fount. — See  Fournier. 

Recueil  d'Ornements  qui  comprennent  differentes  Combinai- 


sons  de  Vignettes.     Paris  :   1745.     4to. 

Nicolas  Gando,  type-founder,  was  the  about   1767.      We  hear  of  him   first  in 

nephew  of  the  celebrated  type-founder,  Berne,  and  afterwards  in  Paris,  where  he 

Jean    Louis   Gando,    who   removed    his  established    a    type-foundry,    which   be- 

foundry  from   Basle  to  Paris.     He  pur-  came  somewhat  celebrated.     He  applied 

chased   the   foundry  of  the   well-known  himself    especially    to    the    printing    of 

artists  John  and  Peter  Cot.    Nicholas  was  music,    and    associated    his    son    Pierre 

born  in  Geneva  at  the  commencement  of  FVangois  (born  in  Geneva  in  1733,  died  in 

the  eighteenth  century,  and  died  in  Paris  Paris  in  1800)  with  the  enterprise. 

Gando  (Pierre  Fran9ois).  Lettre  de  Fran9ois  Gando  le  jeune,  graveur 
et  fondeur  de  caracteres  d'imprimerie.     Paris:   1758.      i2mo. 

Gando  (T.  S.).  Epreuves  des  caracteres  de  la  fonderie  de  T.  S. 
Gando.     Bruxelles :  1828.     Folio. 

Gar  (Tommaso).  Letture  di  Bibliologia  fatte  nella  Regia  Universita 
degli  studii  in  Napoli  durante  il  primo  semestre  del  1865.  Torino : 
1868.     Svo.   pp.  ix.  338. 

The  fourth  of  these  lectures  treats  of  the  transition  from  manuscript  to  typography, 
and  the  fifth  of  the  growth  and  perfection  of  printing. 

Garnier  (J.  M.).  Histoire  de  I'lmagerie  populaire  et  des  Cartes  a 
Jouer  a  Chartres.  Suivie  de  Recherches  sur  le  Commerce  du 
Colportage  des  Complaintes,  Canards,  et  Chansons  des  Rues. 
Chartres  :  1869.  Svo.  pp.  viii.  450.  Woodcuts.  624  copies 
printed. 
The  first  chapter  gives  an  account  of  the  origin  of  wood-engraving,  the  fifth  an 

account  of  the  manufacture  of  playing-cards  at  Chartres. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


255 


Garnier  Dubourgneuf  (J.  A. 
8vo. 


).     Code  de  la  Presse.     Paris  :  1822. 


Gaskill  (Jackson).  The  Printing-machine  Manager's  Complete 
Practical  Handbook ;  or,  the  Art  of  Machine-managing  fully 
explained.     London  :  1877.     Fcap.  8vo.  pp.  viii.  145. 


The  author  describes  himself  as  being 
a  machine  manager  of  thirty  years'  ex- 
perience. His  book  professes  to  give 
descriptions  of  the  machines  at  present 
employed  in  the  printing  trade,  instruc- 
tions in  making  readj%  directions  for  the 


proper  treatment  of  rollers,  instructions 
in  colour-printing,  lithography;  with  legal 
information,  &c.  It  is,  however,  a  very 
crude  and  unsatisfactory  production,  and 
leaves  as  a  desideratum  a  truly  practical 
manual  on  this  important  subject. 


Gatteaux.  Considerations  sur  la  Gravure  en  Taille-douce  et  sur 
Gerard  Audran.     [Paris]  :  1850.     4to. 

This  notice  was  reprinted  in  the  Artiste,  for  January,  1851. 

Gaubert  (E.  R.  G.).  Renovation  de  I'Imprimerie.  Nouvelle  Puis- 
sance de  la  Mecanique.  Notice  sur  la  Gerotype,  ou  Machine  a 
distribuer  et  a  composer  en  Typographic.  Paris  :  1843.  8vo. 
PP-  15- 

M.  Etienne  Robert  Gaubert  was  the  under  bridges,  which  separated  them  ac- 
earliest  patentee  in  this  country  of  a  cording  to  thickness.  The  apparatus 
Type-distributing  Machine.  His  patent  would  appear  _to  have  been  excessively 
is  dated  the  13th  of  March,  1840. 
The  only  previous  inventor,  in  fact, 
of  type  -  manipulating  machinery  was 
William  Church,  whose  specification  for 
a  composing  apparatus  was  drawn 
up  in  1822.  Gaubert  described  his 
invention  as  "certain  improvements  in 
machinery  or  apparatus  for  distributing 
types  or  other  typographical  characters 
into  proper  receptacles,  and  placing  the 
same  in  order  for  setting  up  after  being 
used  in  printing."  It  was  claimed  that 
the  machine  "would,  in   three  minutes. 


complicated.  The  types  and  spaces  were 
laid  on  an  oscillating  plane  ;  thence  they 
passed  to  a  "  directing  plane  ";  and  thence 
in  a  row  by  oblique  bars  to  "  directing 
passages."  From  these  they  passed  to  a 
"sifting  or  separating  plate,"  furnished 
with  apertures  sufficiently  long  to  admit 
of  the  spaces  passing  through  them,  but 
not  long  enough  to  allow  of  types  pass- 
ing. The  types  were,  by  obstacles  in 
their  paths,  turned  round  and  shot  down 
"  diagonal  ways  "  to  another  plate,  where 
they  were  caused  to  turn  round  again, 
do  what  would  occupy  a  workman  two  and  fall  against  oblique  guides.  There 
or  three  hours."  There  were  to  be  no  was  after  this  a  "  plate  for  separating  the 
less  than  108  separate  types  employed,  classes,"  from  whence  the  types  of  the 
and  these  types  were  to  be  divided  into  same  sub-divisions  passed  to  the  "corn- 
two  equal  "classes,"  each  containing  mon  conductor,"  at  the  end  of  which  was 
three  " divisions,"  with  "sub-divisions"  a  "plane  for  separating  by  thickness," 
of  six.  The  "classes"  were  determined  furnished  with  a  series  of  bridges  of  de- 
by  having  or  not  having  a  notch  on  the  creasing  height.  The  complexity,  indeed, 
foot  of  the  type;  the  "divisions"  by  the  is  rather  amusing,  and  we  are  not  sur- 
absence  or  position  of  a  nick  on  one  side  prised  to  learn  that  when  M.  Gaubert  set 
of  the  type,  and  the  sub-divisions  by  its  up  one  or  two  of  his  machines  in  Paris, 
absence  or  position  on  ^he  other.  The  they  soon  demonstrated  themselves  to  be 
separation  was  effected  by  passing  the  an  utter  failure.  The  other  inventions  re- 
types over  holes  furnished  with  pins  cor-  ferred  to  in  the  above  brochure  were  not 
responding   to    their    form,    and    finally    patented  in  this  country. 

Gaucher  (Charles  Etienne).  Essai  sur  I'Ongine  et  les  Avantages  de 
la  Gravure,  lu  a  la  seance  publique  de  la  Societe  libre  des  Sciences, 
Arts,  et  Belles  -  Lettres  de  Paris,  le  9  vendemaire  de  I'an  VI. 
[Paris :  1805].     4to. 


256 


Bibliography  of  Printing, 


Gaucher  (Charles  Etienne).  Lettre  a  M.  Quatremere  de  Quincy,  sur 
la  Gravure.  [Paris  :  1791.]  i2mo. 
This  writer  contributed  the  article,  con-  Charles  Etienne  Gaucher  was  a  French 
sidered  a  very  valuable  one,  on  "  En-  engraver  and  man  of  letters.  He  was 
gravers "  in  Fontenay's  "  Dictionary  of  born  at  Paris,  1740,  where  he  died. 
Artists,"  1770.  1804. 

Gaullier  (Ernest).  L'Imprimerie  a  Bordeaux  en  1486.'  Bordeaux  : 
1869.     8vo.  pp.  44. 

Gaullieur  (E.  H.).  Etudes  sur  la  Typographic  Genevoise  du  XVe 
au  XIXe  Siecle,  et  sur  I'Origine  de  I'lrnprimerie  en  Suisse. 
Geneve:  1855.  8vo.  pp.  260,  and  4  sheets  of  fac&imiles  (1478- 
1600). 


Gauter  (Aellaerdus). 

The  printing-press  was  established  in  whom  Gauter  was  not  the  least  distin- 

Gouda — at    the    time    one    of   the   most  guished.      Unfortunatelj^   there    are    no 

opulent   and    highly   educated    cities    in  personal  details  concerning  him  extant, 

the    Low   Countries  — by   Gerard    Leeu  and  only  a  few  of  his  books,  which  are 

or  Leew  (^.  7'.)  in  1477.     After  him  came  chiefly  of  a    controversial   and   fugitive 

a    succession    of    eminent     printers,    of  character. 

Gauthier    (V.    Eugene).      Annuaire    de    I'lrnprimerie    pour    1853, 
1854,  et  1855.     Paris.     8vo. 
The  work  was  then  discontinued.— 6"^^  Periodicals. 


- — •  Concordance  du 
metrique,  etc.  Paris  : 
6th  edit.     Nice  : 


Point     Typographique    avec    le    Systeme 

i860,    s.  sh. Nice:  1871.    8vo.   pp.  16. 

1875.     8vo.  pp.  16. 


Elements   pratiques    d'Evaluation   et    de    Tarification    typo- 

graphiques,  avec  compteur  lignometrique.     Nice  :   1876.     Oblong 
8vo.  pp.  48.  • 

Seventy-five  copies  only  printed.     Very  minute  and  elaborate  tables  for  printers, 

publishers,  editors,  etc.,  to  show  the  price  of  composition  of  every  measure  and  type 

by  the  square  centimeter. 

Peches  Poetiques  : — La  Ronde  des  Typographes  ;   La  Presse 

Mecanique ;  Hymne  a  Guttenberg  ;  La  Bateliere  du  Lac,  bluette. 
Paris:   1856.     8vo. 
Four  songs  taken  from  the  vaudeville  Saint-Jean  Porle-Latine. 


Bibliography  of  Prhitino.  257 

Gauthier  (V.  Eugene).     Peches  Poetiques  (1841-1866).     Nice  :  1868. 
i2mo.  pp.  no. 
Fifty  copies  only  printed. 

Projets  d'un  Conseil  de  Famille  de  la  Typographic  Parisienne 

et  d'une  Assurance  mutuelle  entre  les  Typographes  Parisiens  pour 
le  cas  de  Manque  involontaire  de  Travail.  Paris  :  1862.  8vo. 
pp.  16. 

Les  Sorciers  du  Cloitre  Saint-Benoit.      fipisode  dramatique  en 


trois  actes  et  six  tableaux  des  Oi^igines  de  ITmprimerie  en  France. 
Nice  :  1868.     i6mo. 
Fifty  copies  only  printed. 

Gauthier-Villars.  Imprimerie  de  Gauthier- Villars,  Rue  de  Seine, 
Saint-Germain,  10.      Paris  :   1867.     4to. 

This  printing-house,  established  exclu-  Courcier,  who  was  succeeded  by  Bache- 

sively    for   the    production    of   scientific  Her  in  1821,  followed  in  1853  by  Mallet, 

and    technical   works   published   by   the  to  whom  Gauthier-Villars  succeeded  in 

same  firm,  was  founded  in  1791  by  J.  M.  1867. 

Gautier  (Toussaint).     Histoire  de  ITmprimerie  en  Bretagne,  com- 
posee  d'apres  des  documents  inedits  et  contenant  le  catalogue  des 
imprimeurs  qui  ont  exerce  dans  cette  province,  depuis  le  XV^. 
Siecle  jusqu'a  nos  jours.     Rennes  :   1857.     8vo.  pp.  57. 
Only  fifty  copies  reprinted  from  Le  Progtes,  a  periodical  of  Rennes. 

Gautier.  Lettre  concernant  le  nouvel  art  de  Graver  et  dTmprimer 
les  Tableaux.  Paris  :  1749.  i2mo.  pp.  xvi.  22,  and  coloured 
plates. 

Lettre  a  I'Auteur  du  Mercure,  sur  ^Invention  et  I'Utilite  de 

I'Art  d'imprimer  les  Tableaux.     [Paris]  :  1756.     i2mo. 

Seconde    Lettre    a    I'Auteur   du   Mercure   sur   ITnvention   et 


rUtilite  de  I'Art  d'imprimer  les  Tableaux,  et  Reponse  k  celle  de 
M.  Robert.     [Paris  :  1756].     i2mo. 

Gazzera  (Costanzo).  Notizie  intorno  all'  Origine  ed  al  Progresso 
deir  Arte  Tipografica  in  Saluzzo.     Saluzzo  :  1831.     8vo. 

Saluzzo,  in  Piedmont,  was  the  birthplace  of  the  great  Bodoni,  and  the  place  where 
his  father  (a  printer)  worked.  It  is  distinguished  for  having  produced  several 
eminent  typographers,  of  whom  the  above  work  gives  some  account. 

Gebauer  (Johannes  Justinus).  Die  vornehmsten  Lebensumstaende 
und  der  personliche  Karakter  des  seligen  HeiTn  J.  J.  Gebauers, 
Buchdruckerherrns  und  Buchhiindlers,  etc.,  zu  Halle.  Halle  : 
1772.     Folio.     Portrait. 

Ged    (William).     C.   Crispi   Sallustii   Belli    Catilinarii  et  Jugurthani 

Historice.     Edinburgi  :  Gulielmus  Ged,  Aurifaber  Edinensis,  non 

typis  mobilibus  ut  vulgo  fieri  solet,  sed  tabellis  seu  laminis  fusis, 

excudebat.      1744.     8vo. 

This  edition  of  Sallust  earns  its  place  in  our  list  from  being  the  first  essay  towards 

Stereotype  printing. 

2     L 


258 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Ged  (William).  An  Account  of  some  of  the  advantages  of  that  Improve- 
ment in  the.Ait  of  Printing  invented  by  WilHam  Ged,  late  Goldsmith 
in  Edinburgh  ;  with  proposals  of  a  Subscription  for  enabling  his 
Son,  James  Ged,  Printer,  and  now  the  only  possessor  of  this 
valuable  secret,  to  carry  it  into  further  Execution,  for  the  Good 
of  the  Publick,  and  the  Benefit  of  his  Family.  London  :  1751. 
4to.  pp.  4. 


—  Biographical  Memoirs  of  William  Ged,  including  a  particular 
account  of  his  progress  in  the  art  of  Block  Printing.  London  : 
1781.     8vo. 


The  author  of  this  work  was  John 
Bowyer  Nichols.  It  was  reprinted  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Hodgson  as  one  of  the 
Newcastle  Reprints.  —See  Hodgson,  T. 

William  Ged,  who  was  born  in  1690 
and  died  1749,  was  the  undoubted  inven- 
tor of  Stereotyping,  or,  as  he  called  it, 
block-printing  (for  the  word  stereotypie 
was  originated  by  Firmin  Didot,  1795-7). 
He  was  a  Scotchman,  and  carried  on  a 
successful  business  in  Edinburgh  as  a 
goldsmith.  In  this  profession  he  was 
widely  known  for  many  improvements 
and  inventions.  As  a  goldsmith,  he  be- 
came, to  a  certain  degree,  a  banker,  and 
was  brought  into  connection  with  our 
trade  by  furnishing  money  for  the  pay- 
ment of  the  printers.  In  1725,  a  printer 
represented  to  Ged  that  he  was  greatly 
embarrassed  by  being  compelled  to  send 
to  London  for  type,  there  being  then  no 
type-founders  in  Scotland,  and  much  of 
the  type  then  in  use  coming  from  Holland. 
The  ingenious  goldsmith  was  urged  to 
undertake  the  business  of  type-founding  ; 
but  Ged  was  struck  with  the  idea  of 
making  plates  of  the  composed  pages, 
believing  that  it  could  be  successfully 
done.  He  borrowed  a  page  of  type,  and 
made  many  experiments  with  a  variety  of 
materials,  but  did  not  complete  his  inven- 
tion until  two  years  afterwards.  Ged 
then  offered  a  fourth  interest  in  his  in- 
vention to  an  Edinburgh  printer,  on  con- 
dition of  his  advancing  the  sum  necessary 
to  establish  a  foundry.  The  partnership 
lasted  two  years,  but  the  printer  (alarmed 
at  the  expensiveness  of  the  undertaking) 
failed  to  fulfil  his  promises.  A  London 
stationer  named  William  Fenner,  visiting 
Edinburgh,  next  offered  to  establish  a 
foundry  in  London,  in  full  workmg  order, 
for  one-half  the  profits.  Ged,  now  ex- 
ceedingly anxious  for  the  success  of  his 
invention,  accepted  these  terms,  disposed 
of  his  business  in  Edinburgh,  and  followed 
his  new  partner  to  London,  where  he 
found  himself  once  more  deceived.  With 
many  plausible  pretences,  the  stationer 
induced  the  unfortunate  inventor  to  bring 


a  type-founder  into  the  partnership,  who 
furnished  refuse  type,  which  Ged  rejected 
as  being  totally  useless  to  his  purpose. 
Still  undiscouraged,  Ged  applied  person- 
ally to  the  King's  printers,  with  a  pro- 
posal to  stereotype  some  type  which  they 
had  recently  introduced.  The  printers 
consulted  the  type-founders  who  had 
made  the  type,  and  the  latter,  of  course, 
denied  the  utility  of  the  invention.  An 
interview,  however,  was  arranged,  which 
led  to  the  curious  result  of  the  type- 
founder laying  a  wager  that  he  could 
make  the  stereotype  himself.  The  fore- 
man of  the  King's  Printing  House  was 
made  the  umpire.  Each  of  the  disputants 
was  furnished  with  a  page  in  type  of  a 
Bible,  on  the  understanding  that  he 
should  furnish  the  stereotype  in  eight 
days.  Upon  receiving  the  type,  Ged 
went  immediately  to  work,  and  the  same 
day  finished  three  plates  of  the  page,  took 
impressions  from  them,  and  carried  them 
to  the  umpire,  who  acknowledged  his 
success  with  much  astonishment.  The 
fame  of  this  invention  soon  afterwards 
reached  the  Earl  of  Macclesfield,  who 
offered  Ged  and  his  partners  the  vacant 
office  of  printer  to  the  University  of 
Cambridge,  with  the  privilege  of  printing 
Bibles  and  prayer-books  by  the  new  pro- 
cess. Ged  eagerly  accepted  the  position, 
and  went  to  Cambridge  ;  but  the  letter- 
founders,  it  is  said,  prevented  his  suc- 
cess by  supplying  imperfect  type.  When 
Ged  sent  to  Holland  for  new  type, 
he  was  again  deceived.  After  struggling 
unsuccessfully  for  five  years,  without 
being  able  to  complete  a  single  set  of 
plates,  and  encountering  every  possible 
form  of  opposition  from  the  printers,  as 
well  as  treachery  from  his  own  partners, 
he  relinquished  the  undertaking  and  re- 
turned, a  ruined  man,  to  Edinburgh.' 
His  friends  in  that  city  subscribed  a  suf- 
ficient sum  for  the  stereotyping  of  a  single 
volume,  and  the  unfortunate  inventor 
apprenticed  his  son  to  a  printer,  that  he 
might  no  longer  be  subjected  to  the 
enmity  of  the  trade.     By  the  assistance 


Bibliogi-aphy  of  Printing. 


259 


of  his  son  he  produced,  in  1744,  after 
eleven  years  of  endeavour,  the  edition  of 
Sallust  cited  above.  It  is  gratifying  to 
be  able  to  state  that  some  of  the  original 
plates  of  the  above  have  been  preserved. 
They  are  contained  in  the  collection  of 
books,  &c.,  belonging  to  the  Faculty  of 
Advocates,  Edinburgh,  and  were  lent 
to  the  Caxton  Exhibition.  It  was  not 
a  fine  specimen  of  the  art,  but  suffi- 
cient to  show  that  the  invention  had 
been  completed.  Ged's  son  devoted  him- 
self to  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  printing, 
but  just  at  the  moment  that  he  was  fully 
prepared  to  assist  his  father,  the  unfor- 
tunate inventor  died  in  1749.  Although 
suffering  so  bitterly  at  home,  Ged  refused 
several  offers,  either  to  go  to  Holland,  or 
to  sell  his  invention  to  printers  of  that 
country,  declaring  that  he  only  desired 

Block-printing. 


to  serve  his  native  land,  and  would  not 
hurt  it  by  giving  the  printers  of  another 
country  such  an  advantage.  For  about 
sixty  years  nothing  further  was  heard  of 
stereotyping.  It  was  re-invented  by  Dr. 
Tilloch,  of  Edinburgh,  In  conjunction 
with  the  printer,  A.  Wilson.  In  1804  they 
produced  "An  Abstract  of  the  Whole 
Doctrine  of  the  Christian  Religion."  The 
Earl  of  Stanhope  shortly  after  heard  of  the 
process,  and  took  the  trouble  to  become 
practically  acquainted  with  it.  Heeffei:ted 
several  improvements,  and  advocated  the 
system  so  warmly  that  he  succeeded  in 
getting  it  introduced  in  the  printing 
trade.  Some  stereo  plates,  and  the  book 
printed  therefrom,  used  by  his  lordship, 
were  exhibited  at  the  Caxton  Celebra- 
tion of  1877,  being  lent  by  the  present 
Earl  Stanhope. 

In  Gentleman'' s  Magazine,  li.  379. 

This  is  a  review,  published  in  August,  sunk  under  its  own  burden,  for  reasons 

1 78 1,  of  the  "  Biographical   Memoirs  of  here   needless   to  recapitulate.     The  at- 

William     Ged."      After    extracting    the  tempt,  however,  to  rescue  it  from  oblivion 

leading  features  of  Ged's  life,  the  Gentle-  is  laudable,  and  the  end  benevolent.     As 

man's  Magazine  concludes  thus  :  "  Thus  such  may  success  attend  it."     It  will  be 

ended   his   life   and    project,    which,    in-  remembered  that  Johnson,  writing  in  his 


in- 
genious as  It  seems,  is  not  likely  to  be 
revived  if,  as  Mr.  Mores  suggests,  it 
must,  had  it  at  first  succeeded,  have  soon 


"Typographia,"  1824,  speaks  of  the 
invention  as  almost  useless,  and  non- 
economical.    We  know  better  now. 


Gedenkbuch  an  die  festlichen  Tage  der  Inauguration  des  Gutenberg- 

■  Denkmals  zu  Mainz,  am  13.,  14.,  15.,  und  16.  August,  1837.    Nebst 

den  Acten,  die  Entstehung  desselben  betreffend  und  einer  kurzen 

Lebensbeschreibung  Gutenbergs.     Mainz:    1837.     8vo.   pp.   viii. 

207.     4  lithographic  plates. 

An  account  of  the  inauguration  of  the  Gutenberg  statue  at  Mayence  in  1837. 

Gedenkbuch  der  vierten  Jubelfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst  in  Mainz.      Mainz  :  1840.      Imperial  8vo.    pp.   xxii.   362. 
View  of  the  Dom  Kirche. 
Among  the  essays  of  which  this  volume     Mayence,  by  Schaab  ;  a  long  account  of 

is   composed,  is  one   on    the   edifices   of    the  city  of  Mayence,  by  various  writers  ; 

Mayence  and  their  connection  with  the     and  a  description  of  the  fete  of  1840,  by 

early  history  of  printing,  by  J.  Wetter;     Von  Malten. 

an    historical     sketch    of     printing     in 

Gedenkbuch  der  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunstzu  Braunschweig  am  Johannisfest  des  Jahres  1840.  Braun- 
schweig :   1840.     8vo.  pp.  100. 

Many  of  these  guides  and  accounts  of  the  festivals  of  the  anniversary  of  the 
Discovery  of  Printing  in  the  various  towns  of  Holland  and  Germany  will  be  found 
scattered  through  our  lists. 

Gedenkbuch  zur  vierten  Jubelfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst  begangen  zu  Frankfurt  am  Main  am  24.,  25.  Junius  1840. 
Eine  Festgabe  herausgegeben  von  den  Buchdruckern,  Schrift- 
giessern  und  Buchhandlern.    Frkf.  :i840.    Royal  8vo.  pp.  xiv.  208. 


26o  Bibliography  of  Priiitiiig. 

Gedenkbuch,  Thiiringisch-Erfiirter,  dervierten  Sacular-Jubelfeier  der 
Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  zu  Erfurt  am  26.  u.  27.  Juli 
1840.  Erfurt  :  1840.  8vo.  pp.  200.  With  a  portrait  of  Guten- 
berg and  20  artistic  sketches, 

Gedichte  zur  Feier  des  Johannistages  1840.     Basel :   1840.     8vo. 

Gee  (John).  The  Foot  out  of  the  Snare,  &c.  Containing  also  a 
Catalogue  of  Popish  Books  lately  printed,  Popish  Printers,  Physi- 
cians, Priests,  and  Jesuits  in  London.  London  :  1624.  410. 
pp.  X.  116,  26. 

Geheimniss  (Das)  des  Steindrucks  in  seinem  ganzen  Umfang.  Prac^ 
tisch  und  ohne  Riickhalt  nach  eigenen  Erfahrungen.  [By  Hein- 
rich  Rapp].     Tiibingen  :  18 10.     4to.      12  plates. 

Geheimniss  enthiilltes  der  englischen  Stereotypen-Verfertigung, wichtig 
fiir  Schriftgiesser  und  Buchdrucker,  etc.     Leipzig  :  1822.     8vo. 

Gehrken  (Dr.  F.  J.).  Heinrich  Aldegrever,  Goldschmied,  Maler, 
Kupferstecher,  und  Pragschneider,  biographisch  und  kunst- 
historisch  dargestellt.     Munster :  1841.     8vo. 

Geibel  &  Co.  (Stephen).  Schriftprobcn  der  Pierer'schen  Hofbuch- 
druckerei.     Altenburg  :  1876.     4to. 

Geidel  (H.).  Anleitung  zum  mathematischen  Satz.  Leipzig  : 
1872.     i6mo.  pp.  24. 

Geilnhauten.  Collectarius  perpetuarum  Formarum.  Haloc  :  1737. 
4to. 

Geissler  (P.  C).  Fest  Tableau  zu  der  vierten  Sacular-Feier  der 
Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Lithogr.  von  B.  Dondorf. 
Leipzig  :  1840.     A  royal  folio  broadside. 

Gemeiner  (C.  Th.).  Nachrichten  von  den  in  der  Regensburgischen 
Stadtbibliothek  befindlichen  seltenen  Druckwerke  aus  dem  I5ten 
Jahrhundert.     Regensburg  :   1 785.     8vo.   pp.  xviii.  301. 

Gengenrach  (Pamphilius).     Herausg.  von  Karl  Goedeke.    Hannover  : 
1855.     8vo.  pp.  xxviii.  699. 
Gengenbach  was  a  printer  at  Basle  in  the  sixteenth  century.     Pages  686-690  of 
this  work  contain  a  Hst  of  the  works  printed  by  him. 

Gent  (Thomas),  Printer,  of  York.    Life,  written  by  himself,  edited  by 

Rev.  Jos.  Hunter.     Portrait.     London:  1832.     8vo.  pp.  iv.  208. 

A  very  interesting  biography  of  a  distinguished  country  printer.     It  contains  also 

a  number  of  details  relative  to  the  history  of  typography  during  the  second  half  of 

the  eighteenth  century.     The  portrait  is  by  Augustus  Fox. 

Genzsch  und  Heyse.     Proben  der  Schriftschneiderei  von,  in  Ham- 
burg.     1868.     8vD. 
Specimens  of  news,    book,   and  fancy  types   from   the  foundry  of  Gentzsch  & 
Heyse,  Hamburg. 

CiERET. — See  Unger. 


Bibliography  of  Pmiting. 


261 


-RICH    r.FRTNG, 


262 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Gering  (Ulrich). 

Paris  was  the  first  city  in  which  print- 
ing was  practised  in  France.  It  was 
introduced  there  in  1470,  the  tenth  year 
of  the  reign  of  Louis  XI.,  by  Ulrich 
Gering,  a  German,  and  a  native  of 
Constance,  and  his  two  assistants,  Martin 
Krantz  and  Michael  Friburger.  These 
Germans,  at  the  instance  of  Guillaume 
Fichet  and  Jean  de  la  Pierre,  came  to 
settle  at  Paris,  and  had  an  establishment 
assigned  to  them  in  the  college  of  the 
Sorbonne,  of  which  society  the.se  two 
patrons  were  distinguished  members. 
Chevillier  enumerates  eleven  distinct 
books  printed  by  Gering,  Krantz,  and 
Friburger  in  the  Sorbonne,  between  1470 
and  1472  ;  the  list  is  increased  by  Panzer 
to  eighteen.  'I'hese  constitute  what  is 
called  the  first  series  of  Gering's  im- 
pressions. They  are  generally  without 
date,  and  none  of  them  are  printed  in 
black  letter.  Their  type  is  a  handsome 
Roman,  formed  in  imitation  of  the  charac- 
ters of  the  Augustan  age,  as  exemplified 
in  the  models  and  other  monuments  of 
tho.se  classic  times.  All  of  the  same  size 
are  from  types  cast  in  the  same  matrices. 
Some  letters,  however,  appear  imperfect, 
and  some  words,  only  half  printed,  are 
afterwards  finished  with  the  pen.  There 
are  no  capitals.  The  initial  letter  of 
each  book  or  chapter  is  omitted,  such 
omissions  being  intended  to  be  supplied 
by  the  ingenuity  of  the  illuminator. 
They  abound  in  abbreviations.  The 
paper  is  not  very  white,  but  is  strong,  and 
well  sized  ;  the  ink  is  of  a  glossy  black- 
ne.ss.  They  are  all  without  title,  cyphers, 
or  signatures. 

Louis  XI.  having  witnessed  the  intro- 
duction into  his  own  capital  of  printing, 
subsequently  encouraged  the  .irt  in 
various  ways.  He  honoured  with  his 
special  favour  several  printers  who  after- 
wards settled  in  Paris,  and  brought  from 
Fontainebleau  the  valuable  manuscripts 
which  his  predecessors,  Charles  V.  and 
VI.,  had  collected  for  reference  and  re- 
production. He  established  in  the 
Louvre  a  spacious  and  noble  library,  the 
superintendence  of  which  he  gave  to 
Robert  Gaguin,  and  augmented  it  both 
with  manuscripts  and  printed  books. 

The  early  French  printers,  however, 
met  with  great  opposition  from  the  scribes 
or  copyists,  who  instituted  against  them 
a  vexatious  legal  process.  The  un- 
enlightened parliament  of  the  time,  before 
whom  the  case  was  brought,  ordered  the 
printers'  books  and  impressions  to  be 
seized  and  confiscated.  Louis  XI.  inter- 
posed his  royal  authority  in  favour  of  the 
printers,  interdicted  the  parliament  from 


taking  farther  cognizance  of  the  aflfair, 
and  in  the  end  restored  everything  that 
had  been  taken. 

In  1473  Pierre  Csesaris  and  Jean  Stol, 
both  also  natives  of  Germany  and  in- 
structed by  Gering,  established  in  Paris 
the  second  press,  and  with  him  became 
the  instructors  of  many  other  artists.  In 
1473  Gering  and  his  associates  removed 
from  the  Sorbonne  and  established  them- 
selves in  the  "  Rue  St.  Jaques,"  at  the 
sign  of  the  "Golden  Sun."  Of  the 
second  series  of  their  impressions,  those 
of  1473  are  considered  the  best.  Amongst 
this  series  is  the  "  Biblia  Sacra,"  in  folio, 
the  earliest  impression  of  the  sacred 
Scriptures  printed  in  France.  Pa  ,zer 
fixes  its  date  at  1476.  The  characters 
used  in  the  second  series  are  wholly 
different  from  those  employed  in  the  first. 
Several  of  them  exhibit  specimens  of  the 
Roman  character  ranging  both  in  size 
and  degrees  of  elegance  and  beauty. 
Some  of  them  are  a  mixture  of  black 
letter  and  Roman. 

In  those  works  which  appeared  sub- 
sequently to  1477,  Gering's  name  appears 
alone.  It  is  supposed  that  Krantz  and 
Friburger  returned  to  Germany,  as  no 
mention  is  made  of  them  afterwards. 
Gering  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days 
at  Paris,  formed  new  associations,  and 
published  new  works.  Some  writers 
believe  that  he  admitted  into  partnership 
his  pupils  Cae.saris  and  Stol.  He  is  after- 
wards ascertained  to  have  associated 
himself  with  Berthold  Rembolt. 

In  1483  Gering  removed  his  est-.iblish- 
ment  once  more  to  the  vicinity  of  the 
Sorbonne,  the  professors  of  that  insti- 
tution according  to  him  the  "  Privilege  of 
hospitality,"  that  is,  of  possessing  apart- 
ments in  the  college  and  a  seat  at  the 
table.  In  return  for  these  privileges  he 
occasionally  assisted  the  institution  with 
money  and  made  numerous  charitable 
donations  to  poor  students.  He  died  in 
15 10,  leaving  a  large  bequest  to  the 
Sorbonne. 

Of  the  final  series  of  his  impressions  the 
earliest  date  is  1489,  and  the  latest  1508. 
In  those  which  bear  the  date  of  1494  and 
the  subsequent  ones,  the  name  of  Ber- 
thold Rembolt  is  united  with  his.  In  1509 
Rembolt  began  to  print  in  his  own 
separate  name  ;  and  continued  the  es- 
tablishment till  15 19,  in  which  year  he 
died.  In  some  of  the  books  of  this  period 
the  same  bold  and  handsome  Roman 
character  was  employed  as  in  the  finer 
specimens  of  the  second  series,  but  the 
greater  part  are  in  black  letter.  Probably 
it    was   with    much    reluctance    that    he 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


263 


01  SI     01     GLI  INC 


264  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

followed  the  fashion  which  his  competitors  tic  portrait  reproduced  from  La  Caille's 

had  not  long  before  introduced  of  issuing  work,    the    "  Histoire   de   I'lmprimerie." 

their    editions    of    popular    works    "en  It  is  copied  from  a  painting  in  the  chapel 

lettres  gothiques."  _  of  the  college  Montaeu.     The  second  is  a 

On  pages  261  and  263  we  give  two  memo-  bust,  erected  to  the  memory  of  Gering, 

rials  ofGering,both  taken  from  the  "Atlas"  in   1874,   in  the   Bibliotheque  de  Sainte- 

to  the  5th  series  of  M.  Madden's  "  Lettres  Genevieve.  —  See    Fkanklin    (T.)    and 

d'un  Bibliographe."  The  first  is  an  authen-  Greswell  (W.  P.). 

Gerlach  (P.  T.).  Ueber  die  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst. 
1 740.     4to. 

Gerlings  (H.).  Haarlemsche  Bijdragen  bijeengebragt.  Haarlem  : 
1869.     8vo, 

The  first  tract  in  this  collection  is  on  the  support  given  to  the  Kosterian  theory  by 
Mr.  H.  Noel  Humphreys  in  his  "  History  of  Printing." 

Het  Leven  van  Theodorus  Schrevelius  (Dirk  Schrevel).     8vo. 

Sine  a.  et  1. 

G6RONVAL  (Audoin  de).  Manuel  de  I'lmprimeur,  ou  Traite  simplifie 
de  la  Typographie.  Paris :  1826.  i8mo.  2  leaves,  pp.  240. 
Six  folding  plates. 

Ger-STNER  (Dr.  L.  Joseph).  Die  Buchdruckerkunst  in  ihrer  Bedeu- 
tung  fur  Wissenschaft,  Staat  und  Wirthschaft.  Festrede  zum 
50-jahrigen  Jubilaum  des  Erfinders  der  Schnellpresse  und  zur  Feier 
der  Vollendung  der  looo  Druckmaschine  in  der  schnellpressen 
Fabrik  Konig  und  Bauer  zu  Oberzell  am  23.  Miirz,  1865.  Wiirz- 
burg  :  1865.     8vo.    pp.  28. 

Gesammelte  Aufsatze  und   Mittheilungen  aus  dem   Borsenblatt   fiir 
den   Deutschen   Buchhandel    1869-73.       Leipzig :     1875.      ^vo. 
2  leaves,  pp.  315. 
An  interesting  series  of  articles  on  booksellers,  printers,  and   printing ;   among 

which  may  be  mentioned  essays  on  Coburger,  the  Estiennes,  Elzeveriana,  Brock- 

haus,  Mame  et  fils,  and  Ambroise  Firmin  Didot. 

Geschichte  der  Buchdruckereien  im  Kanton  St.  Gallen,  mit  ein- 
leitender  Nachricht  iiber  die  Erfindung  der  Buchdmckerkunst. 
Eine  Festgabe  fiir  die  Theilnehmer  an  der  Sakularfeier  in  St. 
Gallen  am  24.  Juni  1840.     St.  Gallen  :  1840.     8vo.    pp.  vii.  108. 

Geschichte  der  Buchdruckereien  in  Konigsberg.  Ausgegeben  am 
Tage  des  in  Konigsberg  stattfindenden  Buchdrucker-Jubilaums 
am  5.  December,  1840.     Konigsberg  :  1840.     8vo.  pp.  62. 

Geschichte  der  Buchdruckereien  der  Stadt  Leipzig,  und  Bcschrei- 
bung  der  Feierlichkeiten  des  gegenwartigen  Jubilaums.  Leipzig  : 
1840.     4to. 

Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  Basel  von  den  altesten  bis  auf 
die  neuesten  Zeiten.     Basel  :  1840.     4to. 

Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst  und  ihres  Erfinders  Johannes 
Gutenberg.     Berlin  :   1840.     8vo. 

Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.   Leipzig :  1840.  4I0. 

Geschichte,  kritische,  der  Buchdruckerkunst.     1780.     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  265 

Geschichte  der  k.  k.  Hof-  und  Staats-Druckerei  in  Wien  von  einem 
Typographen  dieser  Anstalt.  Wien  :  1 85 1.  8vo.  2  parts.  Parti, 
History;  Part  2,  Description,  pp.  iv.  no,  with  8  lithographic 
plates  and  i  copperplate. — See  also  Auer. 

Geschichte  der  Stadtbuchdruckerei  in  Breslau.  Breslau  :  1804. 
4to.     With  copperplate. 

Geschichtliche  Uebersicht  der  Kupferstechkunst.  3  parts.  Leipzig: 
1 84 1.     8vo. 

Gesetz.  Das  Press-Gesetz  vom  12.  Mai  1851  ;  nebst  den  Ministerial- 
Bestimmungen  iiber  die  Bildung  der  Priifungs-Commissionen  fiir 
Buchhandler  und  Buchdrucker  u.  die  Priifung  selbst,  vom  10. 
Aug.  185 1.     Landsberg  :  1852.     8vo.  pp.  35. 

Gesprach,  Merkvi^Urdiges,  im  Reiche  der  Tod'ten  zwischen  den  ersten 
Erfindern  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  worin  von  dem  Ursprung, 
Fortgang  und  iibrigen  Schicksalen  derselben  gehandelt,  und  ins- 
besondere  der  Stadt  Mayntz  der  Kuhm  von  der  Erfindung  solcher 
Kunst  vindiciret  wird  :  in  dem  dritten  Buchdrucker-Jubilteo  der 
curiosen  Welt  nebst  einigen  remarquablen  Neuigkeiten  aus  dem 
Reiche  der  Lebendigen  mitgetheilet.  Erfurt  :  1 740.  8vo.  With 
portraits  of  Gutenberg,  Faust,  and  others. 

Gessner  (Chr.  Fr.)  Die  so  nothig  als  niitzliche  Buchdruckerkunst 
und  Schriftgiesserey,  mit  ihren  Schriften,  Formaten  und  alien 
dazu  gehorigen  Instrumentenabgebildet,  auch  klarlich  beschrieben, 
und  nebst  einer  kurzgefassten  Erzahlung  vom  Ursprung  und  Fort- 
gang  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  iiberhaupt,  insonderheit  von  den 
vornehmsten  Buchdruckern  in  Leipzig  und  andern  Orten  Teutsch- 
landes  im  300  Jahre  nach  Erfindung  derselben  ans  Licht  gestellet. 
Mit  einer  Vorrede  Herrn  Johann  Erhard  Kappens.  4  vols. 
Leipzig  :  1 740-45.  8vo.  Vol.  I.,  pp.  xiv.  294  and  numerous 
plates.  Vol.  IL,  pp.  xvi.  208  and  numerous  plates;  142  pp.  of 
the  *'  Reichsabschiede"  without  pagination,  and  60  pp.  of  Orationis 
Dominicse  Versiones.  Vol.  III.,  pp.  xxviii.  503.  Vol.  IV., 
pp.  xvi.  240  and  144. 

The  collation  above  is  from  the  copy  in  C.  Zinckens  Giesserey  befindlich  sind." 

in  the  British  Museum,  but  copies  of  the  It   is  a  specimen  -  book  of  types   in   the 

book  vary  both  in  the  number  of  leaves  Zinck  foundry  at  Wittenberg.     Christian 

and  of  plates.     Appended  to  this  work  is  Zinck  cut   some   of   the   founts    for  the 

"  Schrift-proben  wie  solche  zu  Wittenberg  Breitkopf  foundry. 

Der  in  der  Buchdruckerei  wohlunterrichtete  Lehr-Junge,  oder : 

bey  der  Loblichen  Buchdruckerkunst  nothige  und  niitzliche  An- 
fangsgriinde,  darinnen  alles,  was  bey  selbiger  in  Acht  zu  nehmen 
u.  zu  lernen  vorfallt,  von  einem  Kunstverwandten  mitgetheilet 
wird.  Leipzig  :  1743.  8vo.  pp.  xxxix.  462,  112,  the  last  112 
pages  being  the  "  Depositio  Cornuti  Typographici."  With  speci- 
mens of  type  from  the  foundries  of  Erhardt  and  Zincken. 

■ Das  Leipziger  Formatbuch.     Leipzig:   1740-45.    8vo.    4  vols. 

2    M 


266  BibliograpJiy  of  Printing. 

Gestrin.      Dissertatlo  de  libris  in  Typographia  Wisingburgensi  im- 

pressis,     quam    consentienle    ampl.    ord.     phil.     Upsal.    publice 

examini  offerunt  Samuel   Gestrin  atque  Dan.  Axner,  d.    ii   Dec. 

1793-     Upsaliae  :  1793.     4to.   pp.  28. 

Contains  much  information  about  17th  century  printing  and  printers  in  Sweden. 

In   1667,   a  printing-house  was  estabhshed   by  Count  Pehr  Brahe  on    the   island 

vVisingso  (Smaiand),  in  Wisingburg.     This  dissertation  gives  a  list  of  28  works  that 

were  printed  there  between  1667  and  1678. 

Gesuch  der  Buckdruckerinnung  zu  Leipzig  um  Abiinderung  verschie- 
dener  Bestimmitngen  in  der  hohen  Verordnung,  die  Ausubung  der 
Presspolicei  betr.  Vom  13.  Oct.  1836.     Folio. 

Ghesquiere  (J.).     Reflexions  sur  deux  pieces  relatives  a  I'histoire  de 
I'Imprimerie  publiees  dans   U Esprit   des  Journaux.     Nivelles  : 
1 780.     8vo. 
Attributes  the  invention  of  printing  to  an  unknown  printer  in  Bruges  about  1445. 

Gianetti  (Michel' Angelo).     La  Tipografia.     Firenze  :  1791.     Folio, 
pp.  xix. 
A  poem  in  "ottave  rime"  in  celebration  of  the  marriage  of  Ferdinand  III.  and 
Louisa  Maria,  Princess  of  Naples. 

GiARDETTi  (Leonardo).  Saggio  di  Caratteri,  e  Fregi  della  Tipografia. 
Firenze :  1828.     8vo. 

The  foundry  of  Leonardo  Giardetti  at  Florence  still  retains  its  eminence.  The 
above  is  a  very  neat  specimen-book  of  its  various  founts. 

GiBBS  (Joseph  T.  R.).     Gossip  about  Printing  and  Printing  Machines. 
A  series  of  articles  by  a  machine  overseer,  in  the  London  Press  News. 

GiBOULOT  (Ant.).  Code  Complet  de  la  Presse;  contenant  dans  un 
ordre  methodique  toutes  les  dispositions  en  vigueur  des  lois  sur 
la  presse,  rimprimerie  et  la  librairie,  etc.,  avec  le  texte  separe  et 

annote  de  la  loi  de  1868.      Paris  :   1868.      i2mo. 1872.    l8mo. 

pp.  viii.  113. 

GiESE  (G.  €.).  Historische  Nachricht  von  der  allerersten  deutschen 
Bibclausgabe,  welche  1462  zu  Mayntz,  von  Fust  und  Schoiffhern, 
gedruckt  worden,  und  in  der  Bibliothek  eines  lobl.  Gymnasii  in 
Gorlitz  vervvahret  wird,  am  zvveyten  Jubilao  dieser  beriihmten 
Schule,  welches  auf  den  i8ten,  als  am  Tage  der  Uebergabe,  und 
22sten  Juny,  als  am  Tage  der  Einweihung  dieses  I765sten  Jahres 
einfallt.     Gorlitz:   1765.      i2mo.,  pp.  48. 

Historical  notice  of  the  Gutenberg  put  to  the  first  production  of  the  printing- 
Bible,  a  copy  of  which  was  in  the  press,  which  later  discovery  has  deter- 
Gymnasium  of  Gorlitz.  It  is  curious  to  mined  to  have  been  at  least  twelve  years 
observe  that  in  1765,  the  date  of  1462  is  earlier. 

GiESEBRECHT  (Ludwig).  Gutenberg.  Oratorium  in  drei  Abtheilungen, 
componirt  von  Carl  Lowe. 

GiESECKE  und  Devrient,  Das  Establissement  von,  in  Leipzig,  1852- 
1862.     [Leipzig:  1862.]     4to.     Views  and  specimens  of  type. 


Bibliography  of  Priiiiin^^.  267 

GlESECKE  und  Devrient.     Album  of  Typography,     Leipsic  :   1873. 

This  celebrated  house  was  established  at  Tours,  with  a  magnificent  garden  behind 
ini852.  Hermann Gieseckewasthesonofa  it,  was  erected  in  1857.  Many  of  the 
distinguished  type-founder  of  Leipsic,  and  Government  bank-notes  are  printed  here  : 
studied  practical  printing  with  the  great  there  is  a  room  for  revenue  officers,  some 
publisher  Bernhard  Tauchnitz.  The  other  of  whom  are  constantly  on  the  premises, 
partner,  Alphonse  Devrient,  served  his  as  well  as  military  sentries  in  the  press- 
apprenticeship  with  Friedrich  Niess,  a  re-  room,  in  the  centre  of  which  a  space  is 
nowned  Leipsic  printer,  and  subsequently  securely  railed  off  as  a  protection  to  the 
passed  four  years  in  the  Imperial  Printing  produce  of  this  department.  In  the  year 
Office  at  Paris.  The  firm  began  with  book-  1868  the  Saxon  Treasury  work  is  said  to 
printing,  then  took  to  lithography  and  have  employed  in  printing  bank-notes  in 
copperplate  printing,  bank-note  printing,  this  establishment  30  copperplate  presses, 
&c.  In  1854,  electrotype,  stereotype,  and  16  numbering-machines,  3  printmg-ma- 
photo-engraving  departments  were  added,  chines,  and  5  manual  presses. 
An  extensive  building  similar  to  Mame's 

Gifts. — See  Societies. — Pressmen's  Gifts. 

GiLiBERTi    (Francesco).        Studii    storici    sulla    Tipografia,    intorno 

Forigine   dell'   arte    della    Stampa.       Palermo-:    1870.       i6mo., 

pp.  146. 
On  page  135  is  a  list  of  Italian  towns,  with  the  dates  when  printing  was  first  intro- 
duced into  them. 

GiLKS  (Thomas).     The  Art  of  Wood-engraving.     A  Practical  Hand- 
book.    With  numerous  illustrations  by  the  Author.     2nd  edition. 
London  :   1867.     8vo.    pp.  84. 
This    work,    which    forms    one    of   a     scribes  the  tools  and  materials  used,  the 

series   of    books    on    art,    published    by     mode  of  using  the  graver,  preparation  of 

Winsor    &    Newton,     Rathbone    Place,      the  wood,  the  jointed  and  amalgamated 

completely   explains    the    different    pro-     blocks,  &c.  &c. 

cesses   involved   in  wood-engraving,  de- 

A  Sketch  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of   the  Art  of  Wood 

Engraving.      London  :   1868.     8vo. 

A  resume  of  the  history  of  wood-engraving,  from  its  origin  down  to  our  times,  full 
of  accurate  information,  and  with  excellent  illustrations. 

Mr.  Thomas  Gilks  was  a  practical  wood-engraver  of  reputation.  He  died  in 
June,  1877. 

ij\\AA  {k.)  atne.     Epreuves  des  Caracteres.     Paris:  1798.     4to. 
GiLLfi  (Joseph).     Epreuves  des  Caracteres  de  la  Fonderie  de  Joseph 
Gille,    graveur   et   fondeur   des    Caracteres   de   I'lmprimerie   des 
Departemens  de  la  Guerre,  Marine  et  Affaires  Etrangh'es.     Paris: 
1773.     4to. 
Eighty-six     leaves     of    specimens     of    Versailles,  and   others   for  the    King   of 
letters,    music,    and    fifty-two   leaves    of    Prussia,  to   be  used  in  his  printing   es- 
fleurons   and   vignettes,  with  a  separate     tab.ishment  at  Berlin.     M.   Gille  speaks 
title-page  for  the  latter,  and  large  folding     not  only  of  the  beauty  of  the  founts  but 
sheet  of  vignettes.      All  printed  on  one     of  their  depth  of  cutting,  which  will  cause 
side.     Some   of  the  founts  were  cut  for     them  to  last  longer, 
the  Government   departmental   office   at 

GiLLfe  (J.  G.).  Manuel  de  I'lmprimerie,  contenant  [long  list  of  con- 
tents follows].  Seconde  edition,  corrigee  et  augmentee.  Paris  : 
181 7.     8vo.   pp.  24,  16,     90  illustrations  on  24  plates. 

Recueil  des  divers   Caracteres,   Vignettes,    Fleurons  et  Orne- 

mens  de  la  Fonderie  et  Imprimerie  de  J.  G.  Gille.     Paris  :   1813. 
Folio. 


268 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


[GiLLET  (J.  Ji.  G.)]-       L'Imprimerie.      Poeme.      Paris:   1765.      4to. 

PP-  35. 
GILLISSEN  (M.  J.)-     Toespraak  en  Comische  voordragt  bij  het  25Jarig 

jubile  der  Typographische  Vereeniging.      "Door  endragt  t'zaam 

verbonden."     s'  Gravenhage  :  1 868.     8vo. 

GiLLOT  (Firmin).  Paniconographie  de  Gillot.  Prospectus-specimen. 
Premiere  edition,  Juin  1852.  Explications  sur  la  nature  et  les 
applications  di verses  de  la  paniconographie,  pour  MM.  les 
typographes  et  MM.  les  editeurs,  libraires,  et  autres  personnes. 
Paris  :  1852.  8vo.  pp.  4,  with  a  specimen  of  the  process  printed 
at  the  back. 
The  original  prospectus  of  an  invention  which  was  the  forerunner  of  all  the  modern 

reproductive  or  automatic  engraving  processes, 

GiLLOr,  Veuve  et  Fils.  Album  de  Gravure  Paniconographique  et 
Photogravure.     Paris  :  1875.     Oblong  4to. 

GiNOUX  (P.  S.).  Comptes  faits  Typographiques  a  I'Usage  des  Im- 
primeurs.     Paris  :   1858.     4to.    pp.  32. 

•  Vade-mecum  de  rimprimeur.     Paris:  i860.     8vo. 

The  latter  work  is  merely  a  second  edition  of  the  former  with  a  new  title. 

Giovanni  (Azeglio).  Relazione  sul  Congresso  Tipografico  di  Feltre, 
letta  in  Assemblea  generale  della  Societa  dei  Compositori- 
Tipografi  di  P'irenze.     Firenze  :   1869.     8vo. 


C2;k  mxttsrb 


b 

M 


GENEVE:    1537-1554- 


GiRARD,  or  Gerard  (Jehan). 

This  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  of 
the  Genevese  printers  who,  during  the 
troubles  of  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  rendered  the  little  Swiss  town 
so  distinguished  for  its  typographical 
productions.  The  above  device  is  found 
on  the  title-page  of  the  first  edition 
of  John  Calvin's  "  Advertissement   tres 


utile  du  ^rand  profit  (jui  reuiendroit 
a  la  Chrestiente  s'il  se  faisoit  inventoir'e 
de  tous  les  corps  saincts  et  reliques,  que 
sont  tant  en  Italie  qu'en  France,  &c." 
Geneva,  1545,  8vo.  The  device,  which 
has  no  border,  consists  of  a  dagger  held 
upright  by  a  hand.  The  motto  is,  "  Non 
veni    pacem    mittere    sed    gladium"    \\ 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  269 

came  not   to  send   peace,  but  a  sword],  issuing  out  of  the  clouds,  the  rays  point- 

a  very  characteristic   motto   for  a   book  ing    downwards.       There    is    no    motto 

written  by  the  "  immortal  apostle  of  Pro-  appended.     A  third  device  is  similar  in 

testantism," —  Calvin.      Silvestre,  in   his  character,    but   rather   larger  in    dimen- 

"  Marques  Typographiques,"  gives  three  sions.     It  represents  two  hands  holding 

other  devices.     One  of  these  is  similar  in  the  sword,  with  the  motto,  forming  three 

design  to  that  annexed,   but  contains  a  sides  of  a  square,  as  above,  "  Non  veni 

different  motto  :  "  La  parolle  de  Dieu  est  pacem  mittere,  sed  gladium.— Matth.  x." 

vine  et  efficace   et  plus   penetrante   que  "Veni  ignem  mittere. — Lvc.  xii."  [I  came 

toute    glaive    a    deux    trenchans.  —  Eb-  not  to  send  peace,  but  a  sword. — Matt.  x. 

rieux  4  "  [The  word  of  God  is  quick  and  34.    I  am  come  to  send  fire  (on  the  earth), 

powerful,    and    sharper    than    any   two-  St.  Luke  xii.  49.]    The  device  of  Girard 

edged   sword. — Heb.    iv.    12].      Another  very   nearly   resembles   that   of   Johann 

device  includes  a  sword  upheld  by  one  Petreius,  of  Nuremberg  (i 530-1 550). 
hand,  surrounded  with  flames,  and  smoke 

GiROUDOT,    Notice  sur  les  Presses  mecaniques  et  celles  a  la  Stanhope. 
Paris  :  [1835].     8vo.  pp.  19  and  one  plate. 

Giuliani  (Niccolo).     Notizie  della  Tipografia  Ligure  sino  a  tutto  il 
Secolo  XVI.     Genova :  1869.     8vo.     22  plates. 

e  Belgrano   (Luigi  Tommaso).      Supplemento  alle  Notizie 


della  Tipografia  Ligure  sino  a  tutto  il  Secolo  XVI.     Genova : 
1870.     8vo. 

GiULiARi  (G.  B.  Carlo).  Delia  Tipografia  Veronese ;  saggio-storico 
letterario.     Verona  :  1871.     8vo.   pp.  xiii.  196. 

GlUSTiNiANi  (Lorenzo).  wSaggio  storico-critico  sulla  Tipografia  del 
regno  di  Napoli,  Napoli  :  1793.  4to.  pp.  viii.  226,  and  Index 
of  names. 2nd  edition,  181 7. 

Gleich  (Ferd.).  Gutenberg- Walzer  fiir  das  Pianoforte,  op.  14. 
Leipzig  :  1840.     4to. 

Gloria  ( Henri).  Le  premier  imprimeur  Maconnais  Michael  Wenssler, 
de  Bale,  Notice  bibliographique  suivie  d'une  etude  sur  I'etablisse- 
ment  definitif  de  I'imprimerie  k  Macon.  Macon  :  1877.  8vo. 
pp.  41.     Plate. 

Gnauth,  &c.  Initialen  und  Verzierungen  fiir  Buchdruck  und  Kalli- 
graphie.  In  verschiedenen  Stylen  gezeichnet  von  Prof.  Adolf 
Gnauth,  Prof.  Carl  Riess,  Ed.  Rau  und  Prof.  Ad.  Schroter. 
Herausgegeben  von  Adolf  Closs,  xylographisches  Institut  in 
Stuttgart.      1873. 

GOBIN  (Henri).  Etude  sur  la  Gravure.  [Nos.  26  and  27  of  **  Etudes 
sur  I'Exposition  de  1867,  publiees  sous  la  direction  d'  E.  Lacroix."] 
Paris:  1868.     8vo. 

GoBiN  (Henri),  Jeunesse  (A.),  Kaeppelin  (D.)  et  Pieraggi. 
L'Art  de  Peindre  la  Parole.  Etudes  sur  I'imprimerie,  la  Librairie, 
les  Cartes  et  Globes,  la  Fonderie  en  Caracteres,  la  Stereotypic,  la 
Polytypic,  la  Lithographic,  la  Gravure  en  Bois,  etc.  Paris  : 
1874.     8vo.  pp.  160.     With  cuts. 

GOCKINGA.— ^^^  MeERMAN. 


270 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


ANTWEKT  :    I482-1404. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


271 


GoEBEL  (Theodore).  Ueber  den  Satz  des  Englischen,  mit  besonderer 
Beriicksichtigung  der  Theilung  der  Worte,  Fiir  Correctoren  und 
Schriftsetzei-.      Leipzig  :   1865.     8vo.  pp.  31. 

An  elementary  guide  for  the  composition  of  English,  for  the  use  of  foreign  com 
positors  and  readers. 


Friedrich  Konig,  und  die  Erfindung  der  Schnellpresse.  Bruns- 
wick :  1875.  8^o-  PP-  74* 
This  memoir  of  the  inventor  of  the  firm  of  Konig  &  Bauer  is  given,  and  a 
steam  printing-machine  is  compiled  from  list  of  the  first  hundred  machines  pro- 
original  sources,  and  contains  many  new  duced  by  them.  (6Vr  Konig  and  Smiles.) 
facts,  as  well  as  the  correction  of  several  Mr.  Goebel  is  engaged  upon  a  veryelabo- 
errors  which  have  hitherto  received  rate  memoir  of  Konig. 
general   currency.      The   history   of  the 


—  Buclidruckerkunst,  historisch  und  technisch.  Article  25  pp. 
in  the  "Conversations  Lexikon."  3rd  edition,  vol.  iii.  Leipzig: 
1874.     pp.  884. 

dnickerktinst,  a  technical  periodical 
enjoying  a  well  deserved  reputation  on 
the  Continent.  Herr  Goebel  contributed 
to  Meyer's  "  Conversations-Lexicon"  the 


Herr  Theodore  Goebel  is  one  of  the 
most  earnest  and  accomplished  among 
German  students  of  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  printing.      In  addition  to 


this  he  is  a  sound  practical  printer,  and    articles  on  the   History  and  Practice  of 
the  editor  of   the   Journal  /fir  Buck-    the  Art  of  Printing. 

GoEREE  (W.  en  D.).  Proeve  der  Drukkerye  van  W.  en  D.  Goeree, 
bestaande  in  seven  schone  Druk-Perssen,  &c.  Amsterdam:  1732. 
4to. 

Goes,  Van  der  (Mathias). 

This  printer  was  a  native  of  the  city  of 
Goes,  in  the  province  of  Zealand.  His 
patronymic  was  •  Mathias ;  hence  the 
name  under  which  his  publications  were 
i.ssued.  Little  is  known  of  his  personal  his- 
tory, but  a  very  full  account  of  his  works  is 
given  by  Mr.  A. F.G.Campbell  in  his  "An- 
nales  de  la  Typographie  Neerlandaise." 

The  early  printers,  as  is  well  known, 
were  their  own  typefounders,  and  their 
types  vary  in  design  one  from  the  other, 
as  would  handwriting.  Hence  it  is  easy 
to  recognize  their  works  by  the  charac- 
ters employed,  even  when,  as  is  seldom 
the  case,  there  is  no  colophon.  Van  der 
Goes,  however,  was  an  exception  to  this 
rule.  He  was  neither  an  engraver  nor  a 
founder  of  types,  and  it  is  by  the  style 
of  his  pages  and  the  peculiarity  of  their 
"  make  up  "  that  his  books  can  be  recog- 
nized. The  types  of  his  celebrated  work, 
the  "Mircir  de  la  Foi  Chretienne,"  were 
those  used  by  the  first  printers  in  Delft, 
while  in  others  of  his  works  he  employed 
the  founts  of  Veldener  and  of  Paffroed. 
It  has  been  said  that  Caxton  used  one 
face  of  type  apparently  identical  with 
that  of  Van  der  Goes. 


Van  der  Goes  used  the  two  noble  devices 
reproduced  on  pages  270  and  272,  in  ad- 
dition to  his  general  mark — the  letter  M 
surmounted  by  a  double  cross.  The  signi- 
fication of  the  ship  is  not  very  obvious,  but 
Holtrop  ("  Monumens  Typographiques  ") 
has  several  ingenious  theories  to  account 
for  it.  It  may  have  had  reference  to  the 
commerce  which  at  that  time  distin- 
guished the  city  of  Antwerp  ;  or  have 
been  adopted  as  the  emblem  of  Progress- 
either  commercial  enterprise  or  progress 
made  in  the  art  of  printing.  The  second 
device  is  that  of  a  savage  brandishing  a 
club,  and  bearing  also  the  arms  of  Bra- 
bant. It  is  taken  from  "  Sermones 
Quatuor  Novissimorum,"  published  in 
the  year  1487. 

It  is  supposed  that  he  had  a  son, 
named  Hugo  Goes,  who  erected  a  press 
at  York  as  early  as  1506.  He  carried  on 
printing  for  several  years,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Beverley,  living  in  the  "  Hye 
Gate."  His  punning  device  consisted  of 
the  letter  H  and  a  Goose.  He  is  believed 
to  have  printed  but  little  in  this  town, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  London. 


272 


Bibliography  of  Print w(^ 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


273 


GoETSE  (C.  F.).  De  tertio  artis  Typographicae  Jubilseo  schediasma. 
Soraviae  :  1740.     4to. 

GOETZE    (Ludwig).     Aeltere   Geschichte    der    Buclidruckerkunst    in 
Magdeburg.      I.  Abtheilung  :  Diq  Drucker  des  15.  Jahrhunderts. 
Magdeburg:  1872.     8vo,  pp.  173,  8,  with  5  illustrations. 
Only  120  copies  were  printed  of  this  first  part, — all  that  was  published. 

GoEZE  (J.  M.).  Versuch  einer  Historic  der  gedruckten  nieder- 
sachsischen  Bibeln,  1470-1621.  Halle  :  1775.  4to.  12  leaves 
and  pp.  412. 

GoLOWATZKij  (Jakow  Feodorowitsch).  wSweipolt  Fiol  und  seine 
Kyrillische  Buchdruckerei  in  Krakau  von  jahre  1491.  Vienna  : 
1876.     8vo.  pp.  27. 

Gordon  (George  P.).  List  of  Franklin  Presses  invented  and  sold  by 
G.  P.  Gordon.     New  York  :  1857.     4to. 


Mr.  G.  P.  Gordon  was  a  practical 
printer  of  New  York,  who,  adopting  the 
plan  invented  by  John  Kitchen,  of  New- 
castle, in  1833,  of  placing  the  type  in  a 
vertical  bed  constructed  a  new  kind  of 
small  jobbing-machine,  worked  by  a 
treadle.  It  was  introduced  into  this 
country  in  1867,  by  Messrs.  H.  S.  Cropper 


&  Co.,  under  the  name  of  the  "  Minerva," 
and  was  the  first  of  a  long  series  of 
similar  machines  which  have  since  l>een 
produced.  Mr.  Gordon  took  out  a  large 
number  of  patents  for  different  improve- 
ments in  this  description  of  apparatus, 
and  is  understood  to  have  realized  a 
large  fortune  by  their  sale. 


GossE  (P.  F.).  Portefeuille  d'un  Ancien  Typographe.  La  Haye  : 
1827.     8vo.  pp.  254. 

GOTTSCHED  (J.  C.).  Untersuchung  ob  Deutschland  oder  Welschland 
zuerst  griechische  Schriften  habe  drukken  lassen.  In  "Sammlung 
der  Gesellschaft  der  Freyen  Kiinste  in  Leipzig,"  vol.  ii.  p.  453. 

GoTTWALD  (Eduard).  Betrachtungen  eines  Buchdruckers  am  Guten- 
bergs-Denkmale,  und  des  Meisters  Traum.  Gedichte.  Dresden  : 
1840.     8vo.  pp.  16. 

Erinnerungs-Blatter  an  die  vierte  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung 

der   Buchdruckerkunst    zu    Dresden   im   Jahre    1840.     Dresden  : 
1840.     8vo.     3  lithographic  plates. 

GouGET. — See  MeerMan. 

GouGH  (R.).  List  of  the  Printers  of  the  Eighteenth  Century. 
Gentlemaii s  Magazine,  Ixxiii.,  Part  L,  p.  161. 
In  February,  1803,  Gough  drew  up  a  list  of  departed  worthies  of  the  eighteenth 
century  who  had  served  their  country  in  church  and  state,  or  distinguished  themselves 
in  literature  or  arms.  It  was  printed  in  the  Gentlemaii  s  Mngnzhie,  and  is  so 
valuable  that  we  give  those  portions  relating  to  engraving,  printing,  &c.  The 
dates  are  the  years  of  death. 


Baron  .... 
Buck  .... 
Longmate 
Pine     .... 


Engraveis. 


Pouncey. .  . . 
Schnebbelie 


1762 
1779 
1793 

1799 
1792 


Sherwen 1750 

Vertue     1756 

Woollet 1785 

Worlidge    ..    .1776 
Foreigners. 

Dorigny 1774 

2 


Eiigravers  (cont.). 

Drevet     i737 

Gravelot 1773 

Lepicier 1755 

Natier 1763 

Papillon 1744 

,  Jun.    .1766 

N 


Picart 1721 

Piranesi 1780 

Simoneau  . .  ..1728 
Vandergucht . .  1752 
.  B 1794 


Vivarez   1780 

Vivier 1761 


274 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


Printers. 

Baskerville     . 

•1775 

Henry 

1702 

Bettenham .    . 

•1774 

Hughs     

1771 

Bowyer,  father  1737 

Jones,  Griffith 

1786 

, son . . . 

.1777 

Nutt    

1780 

Cave    

'I754 

Palmer,  Sam. 

1732 

Faulkner    .. 

•1775 

Pete,  Jos.  . .  . 

I7Q7 

Foulis,  A.  . . . 

•1774 

Richardson    . 

1761 

,  R.  . . . 

.1778 

Roberts 

i7'^4 

Goadby  

.1776 

Ruddiman,  T. 

T-l'^l 

Hamilton    . . . 

•1793 

Say,  Ed 

1769 

Pri?iters  (cont.). 

Strahan 1785 

Watson,  about  1720 

Watts 

Woodfall,  H. . 
Wright,  Thos 

.1763 
.1769 
1797 

Letter-Founders. 

Caslon,  Sen.  . .  1766 

,  Jun.  ..1778 

Cottrell,  about  1780 
Fournier,  P.  S.  1768 

Ged 

Jackson  

James 

Jurisson 

.1749 
.1792 
.1772 
.1791 

Woodcutter. 

Bewick,  John 

1796- 

Gould  (Joseph).  The  Letterpress  Printer,  a  complete  practical  guide 
to  case,  press,  and  machine  work.  Middlesbrough  :  1876.  Fcap. 
8vo.  pp.  viii.  176. 

This  book,  which  is  one  of  the  best  historical  matter  in  the  Introduction  is, 
modern  manuals  of  the  art  of  printing,  however,  singularly  inaccurate.  The 
gives  a  clear  insight  into  all  branches  of    author  was   originally   a   working    com- 


the  business;  the  manual  and  mechanical 
operations  as  performed  in  every-day 
work  ;  and  also  the  information  required 
to  make  the  partially  instructed  master- 
printer,  journeyman,  or  apprentice  a 
competent    and    practical     hand.      The 


positor  and  a  member  of  the  London 
Union.  While  so  engaged  he  was  sent 
out  to  the  Crimea  by  the  Government  to 
superintend  the  field-printing  of  the 
army.  He  is  now  in  business  on  his  own 
account  at  Middlesbrough. 


GouPY  (Victor).  L'Imprimerie  Nationale  et  sa  Collection  de  Types 
Orientaux.  Lettre  a  M.  Vidal,  Rapporteur  de  la  Commission  du 
Budget.     Paris  :  1874.     8vo.  pp.  7. 

GouRDET  (S.),  imprimeur  a  Nevers.  Simple  question  a  Messieurs  les 
Imprimeurs  de  France.     Nevers  :   1872.     8vo,  pp.  8. 

Graberg  (Chr.  Friedr.).  Schriftschneider  und  Schriftgiesser  in 
Zurich.  Sammlung  von  Vignetten  in  Abgiissen  fiir  die  Buch- 
drucker-Presse.     4to. 

Graffer  (F.).  Der  Buchhandel  in  Verbindung  mit  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst  historisch  betrachtet.     Wien  :  181 3.     8vo.   pp.  48. 

Grafton  (Richard). 

This  printer  was  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent men  of  his  time,  and  as  a  typo- 
grapher his  name  is  one  of  the  most 
distinguished.  It  is  fortunate  that  more 
authentic  particulars  of  his  career  have 
been  preserved  than  of  almost  any  of  the 
other  early  English  printers,  although 
these  are  not  nearly  as  copious  as  could 
be  wished.  There  is  also  a  singular  diver- 
sity of  statement  between  Ames,  in  his 
"Typographical  Antiquities,"  and  Her- 
bert, his  subsequent  editor.  We  are  able 
to  present  not  only  his  device  (p.  275),  but 
his  portrait  (p.  276),  of  which  Dibdui  says, 
in  the  "Decameron,"  vol.  ii.  p.  289,  "The 
portraits  [in  Ames's  'Typ.  Antiquities']  of 
Richard  Grafton  and  John  Day  may  be 
considered  as  the  earliest  authenticated 
ones  of  our  own  printers."  The  device 
is  taken  from  Grafton's  edition  of  "An 


Abridgment  of  the  Notable  Work  of 
Polydore  Vergile,"  by  Thomas  Langley 
(London:  1546.  8vo.);  but  a  larger  de- 
vice was  sometimes  used.  It  was  obviously 
a  pun  upon  his  name — consisting  of  a 
tun  and  a  grafted  tree.  The  tun  is 
inscribed  with  a  capital  G,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  the  printer's  monogram.  On 
a  scroll  is  the  motto  "  Suscipite  incitum 
verbum.  —  Jaco.  i."  [Receive.  .  .  .  the 
engrafted  word. — James  i.  21].  Dibdin 
("  Typ.  Antiq.")  states  that  it  is  an  im- 
provement on  a  mark  previously  used  by 
this  printer,  consisting  of  a  shield,  bear- 
ing a  tun,  with  a  fruit-tree  passing  out  at 
the  centre,  with  the  motto  "  Fructibus 
eorum  cognoscetis  eos  "  [By  their  fruits 
ye  shall  know  them],  but  with,  ait  any 
mark  on  the  cask. 


Bibliography  of  Priiiti?}^ 


75 


LONDON  :    I537-I553. 


Richard  Grafton  was  born  in  Lon- 
don at  the  latter  end  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.,  and  he  pursued  his  calling 
as  a  printer  during  the  troubled  reigns  of 
Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and 
Elizabeth.  It  is  uncertain  whether  he 
was  a  stationer,  but  it  is  supposed  that 
he  was  brought  up  as  a  printer,  for  he 
exercised  the  art  at  a  very  early  age,  and 
continued  it,  it  may  be  added,  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death.  He  was  a  man  who 
had  enjoyed  a  liberal  education  ;  he  was 
acquainted  with  modern  languages,  as 
well  a.s  with  the  languages  of  the  classics. 
From  some  passages  in  his  letters  to 
Archbishop  Cranmer  and  Lord  Cromwell 
(which  have  been  preserved,  and  show 
not  only  his  scholastic  attainments,  but 
his  elevated  position  in  the  world  of 
fashion  and  of  letters),  it  is  supposed  that 
he  had  been  originally  a  grocer.  Indeed, 
there  was  a  Richard  Grafton,  a  grocer, 
and  Member  of  Parliament  for  the  City 
of  London,  1553  and  1554,  and  again 
1556,  1557,  who  might  be  this  printer. 
He  began  printing  in  London  in  1537. 
Previous  to  this  Grafton  seems  to  have 


resided  on  the  Continent  and  to  have 
been  engaged  in  sending  books  over  to 
England,  where  they  were  circulated. 

In  1526  the  importation  of  the  New 
Testament  translated  by  Tyndale,  caused 
the  Bishop  of  London  to  issue  a  prohibi- 
tion, which  refers  to  the  introduction  of 
the  Bible  and  other  books  by  "  mayn- 
tayners  of  Luthers  sect,  which  without 
doubt  will  contaminate  and  infect  the  flock 
committed  to  us  with  most  deadly  poyson 
and  heresie."  He  charges  the  archdeacon 
of  London  to  search  out  and  deliver  up 
to  the  vicar-general  all  books  containing 
the  translation  of  the  New  Testament  in 
the  English  tongue  within  thirty  days, 
under  pain  of  excommunication.  This 
prohibition,  however,  seems  to  have  been 
little  regarded,  for  the  importation  still 
proceeded.  In  1535  there  was  a  meeting 
of  Convocation,  and  one  of  the  questions 
decided  upon  was  that  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures should  be  translated  into  the  vulgar 
tongue.  In  that  year  the  first  edition  of  the 
whole  Bible  in  the  English  language,  being 
the  translation  of  Miles  Coverdale,  was 
circulated  in  England.     This  noble  work 


276 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


was  printed  abroad,  a  recent  discovery  of 
Mr.  Henry  Stevens  fixing  it  at  Antwerp, 
by  Jacob  van  Meteren. 

The  first  book  published  by  Grafton  in 
i537j  i'l  London, was  an  edition  of  the  Bible 
in  English,  "truely  and  purelye  translated 
into  English,  by  Thomas  Matthewe," 
an  alias  of  John  Rogers.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Prophets  are  printed 
(on  the  top  of  the  page)  the  initial  letters 
R.  G.,  and  at  the  bottom  E.  W.,  his 
whilom  partner.  A  memorial  is  on  record 
in  which  Grafton  applies  to  Lord  Crom- 
well, that,  as  some  persons  had  doubted 
whether  the  king  had  really  licensed  the 


was  issued  in  1537.  The  Incjuisition, 
however,  interposed  ;  inhibited  the 
printers  from  issuing  the  book,  and 
forced  the  Englishmen  who  had  gone 
over  there  to  correct  it  to  return 
home.  An  edition  of  about  2,500  copies 
which  had  been  partly  prepared  was 
seized  and  confiscated.  The  interposition 
and  encouragement  of  Lord  Cromwell, 
nevertheless,  was  successful  in  obtaining 
permission  for  some  of  the  persons  em- 
ployed to  return  to  Paris,  and  get  pos- 
session of  the  type  and  the  forms. 
These  were  brought  over  to  London, 
when  the  work  was  resumed  and  finished 


RICHARD   GRAFTON. 


book,  he  might  receive  a  formal  licence 
under  the  privy  seal  ;  also  a  remonstrance 
against  the  practice  of  certain  Dutch 
printers  who  had  announced  their  inten- 
tion of  pirating  his  edition  by  issuing  it 
in  a  smaller  form,  so  that  they  might 
undersell  him,  which  would  probably 
result  in  his  own  and  his  friends'  ruin. 
This  edition,  which,  like  that  of  1535, 
was  most  likely  printed  at  Antwerp, 
was  discovered  to  be  very  incorrect,  so 
Grafton  got  the  king's  permission  to 
have  another    printed    in    Paris.      This 


the  next  year.  In  1539  the  right  to 
print  Bibles  was  assigned  by  the  king  to 
other  printers  besides  Giafton  and  Whit- 
church. In  the  same  year  appeared 
"  Cromwell's  Bible,"  so-called,  or  the 
"Great  Bible,"  printed  "by  Rychard 
Grafton  and  Edward  Whitechurch  cum 
privilegio  ad  imprimendum  solum."  The 
border  of  the  title-page  was  designed,  it 
is  said,  by  Holbein.  In  1540.  Grafton 
printed  the  edition  known  as  "Cranmer's 
Bible."  About  this  time  Grafton  ap- 
pears to  have  been  in  high  favour  with 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


277 


the  king  and  his  ministers.  In  Rymer's 
"  Facdera  "  there  is  a  patent,  dated 
January  28,  1543,  bywhich  Henry  VIII. 
granted  to  Richard  Grafton  and  Edward 
Whitchurch  sole  liberty  to  print  the 
books  of  divine  service — viz.,  the  "  masse 
book,  grain,  antyphoner,  himptnall,  por- 
tans,  and  prymer,"  both  in  Latin  and 
English,  of  Sarura  use,  for  the  province 
of  Canterbury,  for  a  period  of  seven 
years.  In  1545  Grafton  printed  the 
Primer  of  King  Henry  VIII.  in  Latin 
and  English.  The  v/orking  was  done  in 
red  and  black.  In  the  first  year  of  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  (1548),  Grafton 
obtained  the  sole  privilege  of  printing  the 


exceptions  —  among     the     latter    being 
Grafton. 

The  circumstances  under  which  Grafton 
passed  his  latter  days  have  never  been 
properly  ascertained.      Strype   believed, 
from  the  terms  of  a  petition  presented  by 
Grafton  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  that  after  1570 
he  was  reduced  to  poverty.     About  that 
time  he  also  appears  to  have  parted  with 
the   copy   of   a  work    called    "  Edward 
Halle's   Chronicle,"   the  greater  part  of 
which,    as   he   states   in   another   of  his  ; 
publications,   he  wrote   himself  in   1562.  ; 
Ames,    however,    does    not    think    that  * 
Grafton  died  in  indigence,  since  Richard 
Cooke,  Esq.,  Clarencieux   king-of-arms, 


statute-books.     In  154^  he  was  appointed     confirmed  armorial  bearings  to  Richard, 


to  print  the  proclamation  relative  to  the 
proposals  of  the  king  and  parliament  for 
the  preparation  of  a  "uniform,  quiet, 
and  godly  order  of  common  and  open 
prayer."  In  the  same  year  he  printed 
the  first  edition  of  the  "  Book  of  Common 
Prayer,"  which  was  likewise  printed  by 
Whitchurch  in  the  same  year.  In 
i553>  on  the  death  of  Edward  VI., 
Grafton,  being  the  King's  printer,  was 
employed  to  print  the  proclamation  by 
which  Lady  Jane  Grey  was  declared 
the  successor  to  the  throne.  On  the 
accession  of  Mary,  however,  Grafton, 
though  he  had  only  done  what  apper- 
tained to  his  appointment,  was  in  conse- 
quence mulcted  in  a  sum  of  ;^3oo,  being 
the  amount  of  what  was  owing  to  him  at 
the  time,  deprived  of  his  patent,  and 
John  Cawood  put  in  his  place.  In  addi- 
tion to  this,  he  was  afterwards  prosecuted 
and  imprisoned  for  six  weeks  in  the 
Fleet  Prison.  It  is  believed  that  after 
this,  although  he  continued  to  publish, 
he  employed  others  to  print  for  him.  In 
1554,  on  the  coronation  of  Queen  Mary, 
there  was  a  general  pardon  granted,  when 
all  the  prisoners  in  the  Tower  and  the 
Fleet  Prison  were  liberated,  with  certain 


his  third  son,  in  1584,  with  the  addition 
of  a  crest.  I'his  person  was  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  was  about  this  time  retained 
as  counsel  for  the  Stationers'  Company. 
Of  Grafton's  death  or  burial  there  are  no 
particulars  extant ;  nor,  indeed,  is  there 
any  notice  of  him  after  1572,  when  a 
fall  rendered  him  lame  till  his  death. 

The  residence  of  Richard  Grafton  is 
believed  to  have  been  part  of  the  dis- 
solved house  of  the  Grey  Friars,  after- 
wards granted  by  Edward  VI.  for  an 
hospital  for  the  maintenance  of  orphans, 
called  Christ's  Hospital,  but  now  gene- 
rally known  as  the  Bluecoat  School,  from 
the  dress  worn  by  the  scholars.  It  is  not 
supposed  that  during  his  continuance 
in  business  Grafton  lived  in  any  other 
house. 

The  works  issued  by  Grafton  are  dis- 
tinguished fot  their  beauty  of  execution 
and  their  highly  important  character. 
Until  1540  or  1541  Whitchurch's  name 
appears  in  the  different  books  printed  by 
Grafton  ;  but  after  that  time,  although 
they  still  held  certain  privileges  in  com- 
mon, they  printed  each  for  himself,  even 
though  the  books  were  those  for  which 
they  were  interested  in  the  same  patent. 


Graham  (John).  Compositor's  Text-Book ;  or,  Instructions  in  the 
Elements  of  the  Art  of  Printing ;  comprising  an  Essay  on  Punctua- 
tion.    Glasgow  :  1848.      i2mo. 

Graiae  (loannae),  litterae  ad  H.  Bullingerum.  Johanna  Grey's 
Briefe  an  Heinrich  Bullinger.  Diplomatischer  Abdruck  des 
Originals,  nebst  deutscher  und  englischer  Uebersetzung.  Denk- 
schrift  zum  Jubilaum  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst. 
Zurich  :  1840.     4to.     Facsimiles  of  the  two  letters. 

Graphic  (The)  Portfolio,   a  selection   from  the  admired  engravings 

which  have  appeared  in  the   Graphic,  and  a  description  of  the 

art  of  wood-engraving,   with   numerous   illustrations.     London  : 

1876.     Folio. 

The  description  of  the  art  of  engraving  is  very  meagre.     Its  facts  are  derived 

from  Jackson  &  Chatto's  treatise. 


278  Bibliography  of  Frintifig. 

Graphotype.  The  Handbook  of  Graphotype.  A  Practical  Guide 
for  Artists  and  Amateurs.  London  :  the  Grapliotyping  Company, 
Limited,  7,  Garrick-street,  W.C.     1868.      i2mo. 

"  Graphotype  "  is  a  mechanical  method  he  began  to  make  experiments.  Ulti- 
of  converting  an  artist's  drawing  into  an  mately  he  invented  a  process  of  producing 
engraved  block  ready  for  the  printer,  relief  plates  direct  from  the  drawings  of 
which  is  comparatively  inexpensive.  The  the  artist,  as  a  substitute  for  wood- 
process  was  discovered  by  Mr.  de  Witt  C.  engraving.  Graphotype  has  been  applied 
Hitchcock,  an  artist  and  wood-engraver  in  to  book,  newspaper,  and  magazine  illus- 
New  York,  Requiring  one  day  to  correct  tration  ;  to  the  reproduction  of  coloured 
a  drawing  upon  boxwood  with  white,  and  drawings  and  paintings  ;  to  printing  for 
having  none  of  that  pigment  ready  at  transferring  to  pottery  and  japanned  sur- 
hand,  he  bethought  him  to  make  use  of  faces,  &c.  A  company  was  formed  in 
the  enamel  of  a  common  card.  On  re-  London  for  carrying  out  this  invention, 
moving  this  enamel,  which  he  did  with  and  several  publications  were  issued 
a  wet  brush,  he  found  that  the  printed  which  were  illustrated  on  the  graphotype 
characters  on  the  card  remained  in  relief,  principle,  but  they  were  not  at  all  first- 
the  ink  used  in  impressing  them  resisting  class  productions,  and  the  company  was 
the  action  of  the  water,  and  so  protecting  wound  up,  the  patent  rights  passing  into 
the  enamel  lying  underneath.  The  pos-  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Dalziel  Brothers, 
sible  practical  application  of  this  at  once  the  wood-engravers.  (^See  Fitzcook.) 
suggested  itself  to  him,  and  accordingly 

Specimens  of  the  Graphotyping   Process,   together  with  the 

Cost  of  executing  the  same  Subjects  on  Wood,  the  Saving  to  the 
PubUsher,  and  the  Profit  to  be  derived  by  the  Company.  London  : 
n.d.  4to.  pp.  12. 

A  series  of  specimens  of  surface-blocks  the   publisher   for   £,^, — showing,  on  an 

produced  by  the  graphotype  process.    At  outlay  of  ;6ioo,  a  profit  of  over  jCi,2oo." 

the  bottom  of  each  is  a  statement  of  cost,  The  specimens  were  issued   in  order  to 

of  which  the  following  is  an  example  : —  obtain  shareholders  for  the  Graphotype 

"To  engrave  this  subject  well  on  wood  Limited  Liability  Company.     Its  subse- 

would   cost   the   publisher  at    least  £^.  quent   history   has    shown    that    in   this 

By  the  Graphotyping  process  the  cost  of  modern  Eldorado  "all  is  not  gold  that 

engraving   it   was   6s.,  including   labour  glitters." 
and  material,  and  would  be  supplied  to 

Graphotypie,  ein  Surrogat  fiir  den  Holzschnitt.  Genaueres  iiber 
Graphotypie  des  Holzstiches.  In  Das  Atissland,  i866.  Nos.  9 
and  12.     Augsburg  :  1866.     4to. 

Grass  (F.).  Nachtrag  zu  den  typogr.  Denkmalern.  Brixen  :  1791. 
4to. 

Verzeichniss  typograph.  Denkmaler  aus  dem  I5ten  Jahrhundert 

in  der  Bibliothek  des  reguliren  Korherrnstiftes  des  heiligea 
Augustin  zu  Neustift  in  Tirol.     Brixen  :  1 789-1 791.     4to. 

Grassi  (Gioachimo).  Dell'  Universita  degli  Studi  in  Mondovi,  dis- 
sertazione — Delia  Tipografia  in  Mondovi,  dissertazione.  2  parts. 
Mondovi  :   1804.     8vo.  pp.  208,  cvii. 

Grat.     Tableau-triangles  pour  determiner  instantanement  toutes  les 
Garnitures,  sans  calcul  et  sans  compas. 
A  broadside  for  pasting  on  walls  of  printing-offices. 

Gratiot  (Amedee).  Petition  a  MM.  les  Deputes  pour  qu'ils  sauvent 
ITmprimerie.     Paris  :   1839.     8vo.   pp.  24. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


279 


Grattan  (Edward).  The  Printer's  Companion  :  being  Practical 
Directions  for  filling  the  various  Situations  in  a  Printing-office  ; 
embodying  a  System  of  Punctuation  and  copious  original  direc 
lions  for  composing  Greek  and  Hebrew.  Philadelphia  :  1846. 
i2mo.     pp.  108. 


ANTWERP  : 


Gravius  (Joannes). 

Very  little  is  known  concerning  this 
printer,  whose  device  we  here  give.  It 
is  taken  from  the  title-page  and  last  leaf 
of  "  Fratris  Edineri  Angli  de  Vita  D. 
Anselmi,  Archiepiscopi  Cantuariensis," 
"Antwerpiae:  excudebat  loannes  Gra- 
vius." 1551,  8vo.  The  device  is  some- 
what curious,  as  it  includes  half  an  eagle 


and  half  a  frog.  It  has  been  conjectured 
that,  living  at  Antwerp,  he  was  neither 
French  nor  German  —  or  was  both  to- 
gether. The  motto  "Quaere  nee  ultra" 
suggests  that  the  question  be  not  carried 
further.  The  meaning  of  the  fleur-de-lys 
parted  with  the  shamrock  is  even  more 
inexplicable. 


Gravures  de  1468  (Les).  Les  Armoiries  de  Charles  le  Temeraire, 
gravees  pour  son  manage  avec  Marguerite  d' York.  Liege:  1877. 
i6mo. 

Grefe  (Conrad).  Lithographic  und  Chromographie.  Officieller 
Ausstellungsbericht  von  der  Wiener  Weltausstellung.  Wien  : 
1873.     8vo.  pp.  II. 

Gregorii  IX.  Nova  Compilatio  Decretalium.    Mogunt.    P.  Schaeffer: 

1473- 
Remarkable  in  the  history  of  typo- 
graphy on  account  of  various  Latin 
verses  at  the  end,  which  lay  claim  to 
the  invention  of  the  art  a  few  years 
after  it  had  been  in  practice.  The 
reference  to  Gutenberg,  Faust,  and 
Schocffer,  in  despite  of  the  barbarous  style. 


cannot  be  misunderstood  in  these  lines  : — 

Quos     genuit    ambos    urbs    Moguntina 

y  online s, 

Librorum  insignes  Protocaragtuaficos  ; 

Cum    quibus   optatum   Petriis  venit   ad 

poliandrum, 
Cursu  posterior,  introeundo  prior. 


28o  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Gregory.  Biographic  des  trois  illustres  Piementois,  Lagrange, 
Denina,  et  Bodoiii,  decedes  en  1813,     Vercelli :   1813.     4to. 

Greswell  (Rev.  William  Parr).     Annals  of  Parisian  Typography,  con- 
taining an  account  of  the  earliest  typographical  establishments  of 
Paris,  and  notices  and  illustrations  of  the  most  remarkable  pro- 
ductions of  the  Parisian  Gothic  Press  ;    compiled   principally  to 
show  its  general  character,  and  its  particular  influence  upon  the 
early  English  press.     London  :  1818.     8vo.  pp.  xii.  356.     Portrait 
of    Gering,    proto-typographer    of    Paris,    and    ii    facsimiles   of 
devices. 
The  author,  a  clergyman  of  Denton,     with  much  diligence  from  the  best  sources, 
near   Manchester,  states  in  the  Preface    In  conformity  with  an  opinion  which  he 
that  for  some  years  he  was  engaged  in     had      conceived      "  that      bibliography, 
the  collection  of  information  concerning    whether  to  be  useful  or  interesting  as  a 
the   lives   of  the    Estiennes,   and    while    study,  should  not  content  itself  with  the 
occupied  in  digesting  these  materials,  it    barren  enumeration  of  titles,  or  with  mere 
occurred  to  him  to  note  down  particulars    technical  description  only."     The  book 
of    the   classical    products  of  the    Paris     was  printed  in  Manchester,  the  facsimiles 
press,  and  ultimately  to  prepare  the  mass    of  the  printers'  marks  being  engnived  by 
of  bibliographical  matter  here  presented.     Mr.  Abraham  Mosses,  of  Liverpool,  from 
Besides  a  list  of  the  books  issued  in  the    drawings     supplied     by    Miss     Rebecca 
early  days  of  French  printing,  he  gives     Miller  of  that  town, 
biographical  and  literary  notices  selected 

A  view  ot  the  Early  Parisian  Greek  Press,  including  the  lives 

of  the  Stephani  ;  notices  of  other  contemporary  Greek  printers  of 
Paris  ;    and  various  particulars  of  the  literary  and   ecclesiastical 
history  of  their  times.      2  vols.     Oxford  :  1833.     8vo.     Vol.  L, 
pp.  xix.  412  ;  Vol.  IL,  pp.  vii.  413. 
The  author  says  that  although  one  of    account  of  the  family  of  the  Stephani ; 
his  motives  in  compiling  this  work  was  to    and   more  especially   of   the    two    most 
supply  the  deficiences  of  Maittaire  con-    celebrated  individuals  of  that  illustrious 
cerning   the  early  Greek  typography  of    family,  Robert  Estienne  1.   and    Henry 
Paris,  his  jjrincipal  object  was  to  give  a     Estienne  II. 
clear  and   intelligible,    though   succinct, 

Grieben  (Herm.).  Gott-grliss  die  Kunst  !  Buchdrucker  Lieder. 
Coin:   1874. 

Grierson  (C).  The  Art  of  Printing.  A  Poem.  Dublin:  1764. 
Single  sheet  folio. 
This  broadside  is  preserved  in  the  It  was  among  the  poems  chosen  to  be 
British  Museum.  It  is  a  copy  of  the  printed  in  a  car  during  the  procession  on 
fine  poem,  by  Mrs.  Grierson,  the  wife  of  the  Lord  Mayor's  Day,  for  distribution 
the  King's  printer  for  Ireland,  beginning    to  the  crowd.     The  authoress  was  noted 

"  Hail,   mystic   art  !    which   men   like     ^""^  ^^'  ^g"^^"'  '^^"""'"^  ^"^  accomplish- 
aneels  taueht  ments.     she  became  an  able  compositor. 

To  speak  to  eyes  and  paint  embodied     "^'"  ^°V'  '"^"V°"^'^  ''^  ^a    -1?^""°"  ^" 
thought  I  "  ^  '"^^  °'  great  learning  and  wit. 

Grimont  (Ferd.).  Manuel  Annuaire  de  I'Imprimerie  et  de  la  Li- 
brairie,  contenant  i.  la  legislation  fran9aise,  ancienne  et  modeme, 
concernant  I'imprimerie,  la  librairie,  le  colportage  et  la  presse 
periodique ;  2.  I'analyse  detaillee  des  legislations  etrangeres  rela- 
tives a  la  propriete  litteraire  et  artistique  ;  3.  les  conventions 
Internationales  ;  4.  I'indication  des  formalites  a  remplir  pour 
s'assurer  en  France  et  a  I'etranger  I'exercice  du  droit  de  propriete 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  281 

artistique,  litteraire  ou  scientifique  ;  5.  la  liste,  d'apr^s  les  docu- 
ments oflficiels,  des  imprimeurs  et  libraires  fran9ais  ;  6.  la  liste 
des  principaux  libraires  etrangers  ;  7 .  le  catalogue  complet  des 
journaux  et  recueils  periodiques  actuellement  publics  en  France. 
Paris:   1855.     8vo. 

Groebe  (D.).  Beschrijving  van  ein  nieuwelings  ontdckt  exemplaarvan 
de  Biblia  Pauperum  en  de  Ars  Moriendi,  met  eenige  aanmerkingen, 
insonderheid  betreffende  het  verbaal  van  Atkyns,  wegens  den 
Gorsprong  der  Boekdrukkunst  in  Engeland  uit  Haarlem.     Amst. : 

1839.  8vo. 

Gronau    (Wilhelm).      Specimen   Book  of  Wilhelm    Gronau's    (late 
Hand's)  type-foundry.     Berlin  :  1867. 
This  is  one  of  the  largest  type-foundries  in  Germany. 

Groot  (A.  en  St.  de).  Catalogus  der  Letteren,  Ornamenten,  Vig- 
netten,  etc.,  van  A.  en  St.  de  Groot.    's  Gravenhage  :   1771.    4to. 

Groot  (J.  de).  Proeve  van  Letteren  welke  gegoten  werden  in  de 
Lettergieterye  van  J.  de  Groot  in  's  Gravenhaage.     1781.     8vo. 

Grosshauser    (J.    P.)      Grabrede  bei  der  Beerdigung  Friedr,    Carl 
Kremer's,  Buchhandlers,  Buchdruckerei-Besitzers,  etc.    Augsburg  : 
1856.     8vo. 
A  funeral  sermon  on  F.  C.  Kremer,  bookseller  and  printer  of  Augsburg. 

Grossman  (C.  G.  L.).  Predigt  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfin- 
dung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  am   Johannistage   1840.       Leipzig  : 

1840.  8vo.  pp.  36. 

Grotefend  (C.  L.).  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckereien  in  den  Han- 
noverschen  und  Braunschweigischen  Landen.  Herausgegeben 
von  F.  G.  H.  Culemann.  Hannover  :  1840.  4to.  9  lithographic 
plates. 

Groualle  (V.).  Consultation  pour  les  imprimeurs  sur  le  caractere 
de  leurs  brevets  et  la  nature  des  droits  qui  y  sont  attaches.  Paris  : 
1867.     8vo. 

Report  of  a  conference,  held  at  Paris  charged  ;  hence  a  measure  to  abolish  the 

in  1867,  on  the  occasion  of  a  proposal  to  system  was  held  to  imply  one   of  confis- 

abolish  the  brevet  system,  under  which  cation.      The   abolition    has   since   been 

printers  obtained  a  kind  of  patent  author-  effected,  and  the  question  of  compensa- 

izing  them   to   carry  on   their  business,  tion  to  the  old  patent   printers    is   now 

For    these    patents    large     sums     were  (1877)  under  discussion. 

Gruen  (K.).  Gutenberg- Lieder.  Der  Stadt  Strasburg  gewidmet. 
Strasburg :  1840.     8vo. 

Grundtvig  (Nik.  Fred.  Sev.).  Udkastet  til  en  ny  Trykkelow  fra 
Literaturens  Side  betragtet  og  fraraadt.    Kjobenhavn  :  1845.    8vo. 

Grunert  (J.  F.,  J.  C,  and  J.  H.).  Oeffentliche  Jubelzeugnisse 
welche,  bey  dem  von  einigen  Buchdruckern  zu  Halle  den  25.  Jul. 
1740,  erneuerten  Andenken  der  vor  dreyhundert  Jahren  erfundcnen 
Buchdruckerkunst.     Halle  :  1741.     4to. 

Gruninger  (Johann).     See  Reynard. 

2   O 


282 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


[529-1556. 


Gryphe  [Gryphius]  (Sebastian). 

Sebastian  Gryphius  was  born  in  Suabia, 
near  Augsburg,  in  1493,  He  had  a  very 
high  reputation  among  scholars  as  a 
careful  corrector  and  printer,  and  he  is 
esteemed  the  ablest  of  the  early  printers 
in  Lyons.  He  improved  the  italic  letter, 
and  used  inclined  capitals  where  Aldus 
employed  upright  Roman  characters.  He 
died  in  1556.  His  son  Anthony,  who 
succeeded  him,  printed  the  Latin  Bible 
with  large  types  in  1554. 

The  above  device,  one  of  those  used 
by  this  eminent  Lyonnais  printer,  is 
found  in  a  book  by  William  Watson, 
entitled  "A  Decacordon  of  Ten  Quodli- 
betical  Questions  concerning  Religion 
and  State."  410.  1602.  (?)  It  co^isist-s, 
as  will  be  seen,  of  a  griflRn*  or  dragon  on 
an  oblong  pedestal,  supported  by  a  globe 
with  two  wings.  His  motto  was  "  Vir- 
tute  duce,  comite  fortuna,"  but  in  some 
of  his  books  this  feature  was  omitted. 

Gryphius  is  the  name  of  _  a  whole 
family,  of  German  origin,  highly  dis- 
tinguished in  the  annals  of  typography. 
Dibdin  says,  "  The  elder  Gryphius  may 
be  said  to  belong  to  Paris,  but  Sebas- 
tian and  Anthony  must  be  reserved 
for  Lyons  ;  w  hile  a  brother  of  the  name 
of  John  kept  up  the  celebrity  of  the 
family  name  in  his  publications  at  Venice. 
These  printers  are  rather  distinguished 
for  the  number  of  their  smaller  or  duo- 
decimo productions,  which  are  executed 
in   the  Italic   type,   of  a   form  at   once 


elegant  and  legible.  Their  larger  type, 
whether  Italic  or  Roman,  is,  however, 
extremely  handsome  and  agreeable  to  the 
eye ;  and  in  their  P>ible  of  1550  they 
exhibited  the  largest  font  of  Roman 
letter  which  at  that  time  had  ever  been 
used.  Their  device  may  be  considered  a 
sort  of  pun  upon  their  name.  Sometimes 
this  formidable  griffin  or  dragon  was  en- 
shrined in  a  border  or  framework  of  no 
incurious  texture.  But  of  this  nature, 
none  of  the  brothers  or  sons  exhibited  a 
more  splendid  and  elaborate  specimen 
thin  did  John,  who  resided  at  Venice. 

Bayle  has  a  short,  but,  as  usual, 
interesting  article  relating  to  Sebastian 
Gryphius  and  to  his  son  Anthony.  He 
adduces  the  laudatory  testimonies  of 
Conrad  Gesner,  the  elder  Scaliger,  Du 
Verdier,  and  Chevillier  to  support  his 
own  favourable  criticism  of  the  eminence 
of  these  printers,  and  especially  of  Sebas- 
tian, '  Fameux  imprimeur  de  Lion  au 
xvj  siecle.  II  exer9a  sa  profession  avec 
tant  d'honneur,  qu'il  merita  que  de  fort 
habiles  gens  lui  en  donnassent  des  louanges 
publiques.' — Diet.,  ii.  612,  613.  Mait- 
taire,  ii.  562-578,  gives  a  list  of  works 
executed  in  the  office  of  Sebastian. 
Learning,  ingenuity,  celebrity,  beautiful 
and  accurate  printing — all  seem  to  have 
been  the  qualifications  and  attainments 
of  the  elder  Gryphius.  Sebastian  died 
in  1556,  in  his  sixty-third  year.  Anthony, 
his  son,  walked  in  the  footsteps  of  his 


•  The  griffin,  or  gryphon,  was  a  fabulous  animal,  having  the  body  and  feet  of  the 
lion,  and  the  head,  wings,  and  claws  of  the  eagle.  It  was  a  favourite  figure  in 
heraldry,  as  combining  the  highest  qualities  of  the  beast  and  bird,  or  strength  and 
swiftness,  with  courage,  prudence,  and  vigilance.  It  forms  part  of  the  armorial 
bearing  granted  to  printers,  individually  and  collectively,  by  Frederick  III.,  Emperor 
of  Germany. 


Bibliography  of  Frinti)i^ 


283 


father,  and  was  worthy  of  the  celebrity 
of  his  pirent. 

"  Francis  Gryphius,  the  Parisian  printer, 
and  brother  of  Sebastian,  used  sometimes 
a  most  formidable  griffin,  upwards  of 
three  inches  high.  Sebastian,  like  John, 
a  third  brother,  occasionally  encircled 
his  griffin  in  framework,  but  with  less 
richness  and  tastefuluess  of  effect.  This 
device  was  imitated,  among  other 
printers,  by  Giovanni  d'Antonio  degli 
Antonij  at  Milan,  in  1560 ;  by  Thos. 
Bayzola  at  Brescia ;  by  [uan  Gracian 
at  Alcala,  in  1573  ;  and  by  Leon  Cavellat 
at  Paris,  in  1578.  A  quatrain  from  G. 
Paraclinus  Anchemanus  may  probably 
close   this   griffin    discussion    with 


"'In   effigiem   clarissimi    viri  et   fselicis 
memoriae 
Sebastiani  Gryphii,  typographi 
Haic    horls    probitas,    aninii    ceu    teste 
refulgens 
Indicat  ingenua  fronte  quod  intus  erat  ; 
Doctrinam  omnigenam  s-tudium  de  plebe 
merendi, 
Candoremque     pia     mente,     trilingue 
caput.'" 

To  the  preceding,  extracted  from  Dib- 
din's  "  Decameron,"  vol.  ii.  p.  123  et 
seq.,  we  may  add  that  Silvestre,  in  his 
"  Marques  Tj'pographiques,"  gives  no 
less  than  eight  devices  used  by  the  various 
members  of  this  family,  the  griffin  being 
found  in  all  of  them. 


good 
effect — 

GuBiTZ  (F.  W.).  Bildnisse  mit  der  Relief-Maschine  zum  Druck  auf 
der  Buchdrucker-Presse.  Friedrich  Wilhelm  III.,  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  IV.,  Elisabeth,  Koniginvon  Preussen,  Goethe.  Festgabe 
zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst. 
fBerlin:  28.  August  1840.]  i6mo. 
A  series  of  portraits  of  the  persons  named,  executed  at  the  printing-press  in  relief- 
printing,  in  commemoration  of  the  fourth  centenary  of  the  invention  of  printing. 

Sammkuig  von  Verzierungen  in  AbgUssen  fiir  die  Buchdrucker- 

presse.     Heft  I. — VIII.     Berlin  :  1824—59.     4to. 


A  collection  of  ornamental  designs, 
many  of  them  being  executed  by  the 
pupils  in  Gubitz's  establishment. 

Gubitz  was  born  in  the  year  1786,  and 
educated  at  the  Academy  of  Arts  in 
Berlin,  where,  at  the  early  age  of  fifteen, 
he  brought  himself  into  notice  by  the  pro- 
duction of  seven  well-executed  vignettes. 
In  the  earlier  part  of  his  life  he  devoted 
himself  entirely  to  the  Sciences,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  "  Conversations  Lexicon  " 
and  many  other  publications ;  but  on 
account  of  his  father  (a  steel-engraver) 


becoming  blind,  he  afterwards  relin- 
quished the  sciences  and  became  celebra- 
ted as  an  engraver,  many  of  his  produc- 
tions attaining  great  perfection  in  finish, 
whilst  his  coloured  engravings  in  imita- 
tion of  well-known  oil  paintings  were 
much  sought  after.  In  1805  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Berlin. 
Many  specimens  of  his  ornamental  de- 
signs for  the  use  of  the  printer  will  be 
found  in  the  Gesellschafter,  an  esteemed 
journal  founded  by  Gubitz  himself. 


GUEINTZIUS  (C).  Encomium  nobilis  atque  utilis  Artis  Typographicce. 
[In  Wolf,  "  Monumenta  Typographica."] 

GUERIN  (Nicholas).  La  lithographic  pour  tous,  instruction  theori- 
pratique  pour  imprimer  soi-meme  sur  pierre  et  sur  metal.  Paris  : 
1875.     i2mo.  pp.  52. 

Glfetle  (Johann  Conrad).  •  Kunst,  in  Kupfer  zu  stechen,  zu  radiren 
und   zu   aetzen,   in  schwarzer    Kunst  und  punktirter   Manier  zu 
arbeiten.     Ehemals  durch  Abraham  Bosse  etwas  davon  herausge- 
geben,  jetzo  aberganz  neu  bearbeitet  und  mit  den  neuesten  Erfin- 
dungen  der   heutigen    Kunstler   beschrieben,   zur    Belehrung   fiir 
angehende    Kunstler   und   Liebhaber.      3   vols.      Niirnberg   und 
Altdorf:   1795-6.     8vo. 
Vol.   I.,   pp.   xxii.   552  and  19  copper-     of   the   After-Treatment   of    the    Plate  ; 
plates,   treats  of  the   Preparation  of  the     Vol.  III.,  pp.  xxiv.  135,  thirteen  copper- 
copperplate  and  Art  of  Engraving  on  it  ;    plates,   of  the    Printing,   Description   of 
Vol.  II.,  8  leaves,  pp.  350,  2  copperplates.     Presses,  &c. 


284  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

GUICCIARDINI  (Lodovico).  Desciittione  di  tutti  i  Paesi  Bassi,  altri- 
menti  detti  Germania  Inferior.  Anversa  :  1567.  Folio — An  versa  : 
1588.     Folio,  with  78  plans  of  cities,  most  of  them  on  two  pages. 

Luigi  Guicciardini  was  a  Florentine  received,  and  where,  having  appUed  him- 
njbleman,  who  lived  for  many  years  at  self  to  the  business  with  unremitting 
Antwerp,  and  there  wrote  and  published  diligence,  it  became  at  length  generally 
the  above  Description  of  the  Low  known,  and  was  brought  to  entire  perfec- 
Countries.  He  was  the  first  author  of  tion  ;  in  consequence  of  which  the  fame 
distinction  who  gave  a  world-wide  pub-  afterwards  spread  abroad  and  became 
licity  to  the  legend  of  Koster,  which  was  general,  that  the  art  and  science  of  print- 
originally  set  on  foot  by  Jan  van  Zuren  ing  originated  in  that  city.  What  is  really 
and  Dierick  Coornhert.  He  says,  in  his  the  truth  I  am  not  able,  nor  will  I  take 
book,  "According  to  the  common  tradi-  upon  me,  to  decide,  it  sufficing  me  to 
tions  of  the  inhabitants,  and  the  assertion  have  said  these  few  words,  that  I  might 
of  other  natives  of  Holland,  as  well  as  not  be  guilty  of  injustice  towards  this 
the  testimony  of  certain  authors  and  town  and  this  country."  The  story  is 
records,  it  appears  that  the  art  of  print-  told,  it  will  be  seen,  as  it  was  heard,  and 
ing  and  stamping  letters  and  characters  without  comment.  There  is  not  given 
on  paper,  in  the  manner  now  used,  was  the  name  of  the  printer,  the  date  of  the 
first  invented  in  this  place  [Haarlem],  invention,  or  the  titles  of  his  books. 
Hut  the  author  of  the  mvention  happen-  Guicciardini's  book,  which  was  of  marked 
ing  to  die  before  the  art  was  brought  to  merit,  was  translated  and  printed  in 
perfection  and  had  acquired  repute,  his  many  languages.  The  further  progress 
servant,  they  say,  went  to  reside  at  of  the  legend  will  be  detailed  sub  voce 
Mayence,  where,  giving  proofs  of  his  Junius  (Hadrianus),  &c. 
knowledge  in  that  science,  he  was  joyfully 

GuiCHARD  (J.  M.).  Notice  sur  le  Speculum  Humanae  Salvationis. 
Paris  :  1840.     8vo.     pp.  131. 

Recherches  sur  les  livres  xylographiques.      Paris  :    1840-41. 

8vo.  pp.  94.     [Extract  from  the  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile. ^ 

Guide  des  imprimeurs  a  I'Exposition  de  1878.  Supplement  au 
younml  de  V  Iniprimerie,  No.  164.     Paris:  Juillet,  1 878.     8vo. 

Indicates  the  locality  of  all  that  would  be  interesting  to  a  printer  in  the  Great 
Exhibition. 

Guignes  (Joseph  de).  Essai  Historique  sur  la  Typographic  Orientale 
et  Grecque  de  I'lmprimerie  Royale.  Paris  :  1787.  4to.  pp.  94. 
— 1790.     4to. 

Principes    de    Composition   Typographique,    pour   dinger   un 

Compositeur  dans  1' Usage  des  Caracteres  Orientaux  de  I'lmpri- 
merie  Royale.     Paris  :   1790.    4to. 

Joseph  de  Guignes,  an  eminent  oriental  scholar  in  France,  was  born  at  Pontoise 
in  1721,  died  1800.  His  "  Essai  Historique  "  is  replete  with  curious  researches  and 
interesting  anecdotes. 

GuiLLAUME  (B.).  Notice  biographique  et  eloge  de  Jean  Gutenberg, 
inventeur  de  I'imprimerie.     Chauny  :   1861.     8vo. 

GuiRAUDET.  Caisse  de  Secours  pour  la  Typographic  Parisienne. 
Paris  :  1853.     8vo. 

Coup  d'CEil  sur  la  Typographic  et  la  Librairie  a  I'Exposition 

Universelle  de  1855.     Paris  :   1857.     8vo.  pp.  70. 

Extract  from  the  Memoires  of  the  "'  Societe  des  Ingenieurs  Civils." 

Projet   d' Association   entre   tous   les  Imprimeurs  de  France. 


Paris  :  1857.     8vo.  pp.  4. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  285 

GuiRAUUET  (D.)  et  RouiLLE  (Lod).  Une  association  d'imprimeurs 
et  de  libraires  de  Paris,  refugies  a  Tours  au  XVI*  Siecle  (Jean 
Mettaye,  Mari  Oury,  Claude  de  Montreseil,  Jean  Richer,  Matthieu 
Guillemot,  Sebastien  du  Moulin,  Georges  Robert,  Abel  Langellier). 
Documents  inedits,  avec  notes.  Paris  :  1878.  Royal  8vo.  pp. 
viii.  68. 
1 75  numbered  copies  printed  on  Dutch  paper. 

GULDUERG  (C.   A.).     Historisk   Udsigt  over  Bogtrykkerkonsten   fra 

dens  Begyndelse  til  ngervaerende  Tid,      Et   Indbydelsesskrift    til 

Sekularf ester  i  Christiania  d.  24.  Juni,  1840.     Christiania  :  1 840. 

4to.  pp.  24. 

Woodcut  of  Gutenberg's  Portrait.     Pages  21 — 24  give  a  short  history  of  printing  in 

Scandinavia,   especially  in  Christiania,  where,  at  the  end  of  the  year  1839,  there 

were  15  printing-offices,  with  35  presses,  and  employing  95  workmen. 

GuLDiN  VAN  TiEFFENAN  (General  Vicar  in  Luzern).  Nachrichten 
iiber  den  Anfang  und  die  Verbreitung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  der 
Schweiz.  [In  :  Konrad  Scheube  von  Altfellen  oder  Etwas  iiber 
Politik  und  Cultur  der  Schweizer  in  XV.  imd  XVI.  Jahrhundert. 
Theil  II.  pp.  183-268].     Luzern  :   1813.     8vo. 

GussAGO  (Germano  Jacopo).  Memorie  storico-critiche  sulla  Tipo- 
grafia  Bresciana,  raccolte  ed  estese  ;  colle  Memorie  istorico-critiche 
delle  Bresciane  edizioni  del  Secolo  XV  e  dei  libri  stampati  nel 
Secolo  XV  e  sul  principio  del  XVI  nel'  agro  Bresciano.  Brescia  : 
181 1.     4to.     4  preliminary  leaves  and  226  pages. 

GUTCH  (John  Matthew).     Observations  or  Notes  upon  the  writings  of 
the  Ancients,  upon  the  materials  which  they  used,  and  upon  the 
Introduction  of  the  Art  of  Printing,  etc.     Bristol :   1827.     8vo. 
pp.  170. 
Only  25  copies  printed  for  private  distribution. 

Gutenberg  (John). 

John  Gutenberg,  the  inventor  of  typo-  was  in  Strasburg,  as  it  is  in  this  city  the 

graphy,  was,  it  is  believed  (for  there  is  first  notice  is  found  of  John  Gutenberg, 

no  record  of  the  fact),  born  at  RIayence,  In  1432  he  visited  Mayence,  probably  on 

about  the  year  1397.     His  parents,  who  business    connected    with    his    mother's 

were  of  noble  birth,  were  called  Frielo  money  affairs.    Otherwise,  the  first  thirty 

Gensfleisch  and  Else  Gutenberg,  and  he  years  of  his  life  are  a  blank.     The  most 

took  his  mother's  name,  probably  in  ac-  important  events  of  his  after-life  might 

cordance  with  the  prevailing  custom  of  have  been  equally  unknown,  but  for  his 

the    period,    in    order    that    her    patro-  various  appearances   as   plaintiff  or  de- 

nymic  might  not  become  extinct.    During  fendant  in  his  country's  law-courts.     It 

Gutenberg's      minority,     the     peace     of  is  from  the  records  of  those  courts,  in  a 

Mayence   was   continually  disturbed   by  large  degree,  that  we  glean  the  story  of 

broils  between  the  burghers  and  nobles,  his  life. 

In  1420  the  burghers,  in  retaliation  for  a  An  amnesty  was  granted  to  many  of 

slight  supposed  to  have  been  cast  upon  the  exiled  citizens  of  Mayence  in  1430, 

them  by  the  nobles,  destroyed  the  houses  among  them  being  John  Gutenberg.     He 

and  goods  of  many  of  the   latter,  and,  continued,  however,  to  reside  abroad, 

further,    passed    restrictions   upon   them  When  his  father  died  he  left  a  widow 

that  were  so  galling,  that   Frielo  Gens-  dependent  on  a  small  pension,  allowed 

fleisch  and   many  others   elected   to  go  by  the  authorities  of   Mayence  in   con- 

into  exile.     It  is  not  known  where  they  sideration   of   the    sequestration   of    the 

took  retuge ;   but  it  is  supposed  that  it  Gensfleisch    family  estate.      They   neg- 


286 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


lected  or  refused,  however,  shortly  after- 
wards, to  recognize  this  obligation. 
Finding  that  the  clerk  or  recorder  of  the 
city  of  Mayence  was,  in  1434,  on  a  visit 
to  Strasburg,  Gutenberg  deemed  it  a 
good  opportunity  for  enforcing  the  pay- 
ment of  the  pension.  He  therefore 
caused  the  representative  of  Mayence  to 
be  committed  to  gaol  as  a  delinquent 
debtor.  Fearing,  however,  the  conse- 
quences of  a  quarrel  between  the  two 
cities,   the   magistrates  induced   him   to 


is  not  on  the  record  ;  but  it  is  supposed 
that  the  suit  was  withdrawn,  and  the  case 
ended  by  the  marriage  of  the  parties,  the 
name  of  "  Ennel  Gutenberg,"  which  is 
on  the  tax-roll  of  the  city  of  Strasburg, 
being  believed  to  refer  to  this  lady. 

In  the  year  1439  George  Dritzehen 
instituted  a  suit  for  the  restitution  to  him 
of  certain  money  alleged  to  have  been 
invested  by  his  deceased  brother  An- 
drew in  a  speculation  of  Gutenberg's. 
As    an    alternativej    he    prayed     to    be 


JOHN   GUTENIiEKG. 


suspend  his  claim.  Van  der  Linde  says  : 
"The  ease  with  which  Gutenberg  re- 
linquishes his  monetary  claim,  and  which 
at  once  shows  him  to  be  a  better  knight 
than  financier,  exhibits  a  trait  of  charac- 
ter which  explains  much  in  his  later  fate." 
Two  years  after,  Gutenberg  appeared 
before  the  city  judge  of  Strasburg  as 
defendant  in  a  case  of  breach  of  promise 
of  marriage.  The  plaintiff  was  Anne, 
called  Zur  Isernen  Thur  (Anne  of  the 
Iron  Gale).     The  judgment  of  the  court 


placed  in  the  same  position,  as  partner 
m  the  said  enterprise.  Gutenberg  ad- 
mitted his  pecuniary  liability,  but  refused 
strenuously  to  admit  George  Dritzehen 
into  the  project,  resolving  on  keeping 
both  its  operations  and  object  a  secret  to 
himself. 

Eleven  witnesses  were  called  at  this 
trial,  and  from  their  evidence  an  idea  is 
to  be  obtained  of  the  character  .ind  posi- 
tion of  Gutenberg  at  this  time.  He 
appears  to  have  occupied  an  honourable 


Bibliography  of  Priiiting. 


287 


position  in  the  town,  and  to  have  enjoyed 
the  reputation  of  being  the  master  of 
many  curious  arts.  In  an  age  when 
nearly  every  handicraft  was  regarded  as 
an  "art  and  mystery,"  and  surrounded 
with  much  secrecy,  this  accompHshment 
was  a  very  considerable  distinction.  The 
testimony  shows  that  Gutenberg  prac- 
tised at  least  three  distinct  arts  :  one  was 
stone  or  gem  polishing;  one  was  the 
making  of  mirrors ;  and  the  third  was 
the  great  secret  into  which  George  Drit- 
zehen  wanted  to  be  initiated. 

Gutenberg  seems  to  have  borrowed 
money  from  several  persons  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  on  these  businesses,  and 
to  have  had  co- partners  and  pupils. 
Unexpectedly,  he  was  visited  by  some  of 
his  partners  in  a  retreat  he  had  resorted 
to  in  a  ruined  convent  near  Strasburg. 
He  was  found  working  at  a  mysterious 
art,  which  he  protested  he  had  not 
covenanted  to  teach  them.  After  some 
pressure,  however,  he  consented  to 
divulge  the  secret  and  to  accept  partners 
in  the  project,  the  first  fruits  or  produce 
of  which  were  to  be  ready  for  the  great 
fair  of  Aix-la-Chapelle  in  1439. 

Andrew  Dritzehen  not  possessing  the 
money  qualification  to  constitute  him  a 
partner,  contributed,  in  lieu  of  it,  his 
labour.  He  is  testified  to  have  worked 
early  and  late  on  a  task  imposed  upon 
him  by  Gutenberg,  and  died  in  the  pro- 
secution of  it. 

When  Gutenberg  heard  that  Andrew 
Dritzehen  was  dead,  he  was  greatly 
alarmed,  for  he  feared  that  Dritzehen's 
brothers  would  obtain  possession  of  the 
tools,  and  thereby  learn  the  secret. 
Gutenberg  therefore  sent  his  servant 
"  who  made  the  press,  and  knew  all  about 
the  matter,"  with  instructions  to  remove 
from  it  an  unnamed  tool,  in  four  pieces, 
held  together  by  two  buttons.  He  was 
so  to  disconnect  the  parts  that  no  one 
could  tell  the  object  of  the  whole.  But 
another  partner  had  anticipated  this 
order,  and  removed  this  tool,  as  well  as 
what  were  called  "the  forms."  The 
latter  were  consigned  to  the  melting- 
kettle  by  Gutenberg. 

The  processes  of  the  new  art  were  thus 
kept  secret,  but  their  object  was  not. 
One  of  the  witnesses  stated  that  it  was 
printing — not  xylographic  printing,  for 
lead  was  employed.  A  goldsmith  had 
been  engaged  to  "do  work  connected 
with  printing "  ;  a  circumstance  which 
in  itself  refutes  the  argument  of  some  of 
the  bibliographers  that  Gutenberg's  first 
types  were  of  wood,  even  were  it  not 
practically  impossible  that  this  material 
should    have   been   used.      He   had,    in 


short,  devised  a  complete  revolution  in 
the  art  of  bookmaking. 

Van  der  Linde  and  many  other  less 
precise  writers  hold  that  the  key  of  the 
invention  of  printing  was  the  movable 
type,  the  interchangeability  of  the  letters, 
the  endless  combinations  of  which  they 
were  capable.  De  Vinne,  with  the  acu- 
men of  an  educated  practical  printer, 
however,  shows  that  this  key  consisted 
in  the  mechanism  for  making  the  types — 
the  mechanism  by  which  they  could  be 
made  more  cheaply  than  letters  engraved 
on  wood,  and  so  accurate  as  to  body  that 
they  could  be  combined  and  interchanged 
with  facility.  This  was,  in  fact,  the 
invention  of  the  adjustable  type-mould 
with  its  appliances  of  punch  and  matrix. 
It  was  on  this  invention  that  the  fame  of 
Gutenberg  rests. 

Gutenberg,  in  the  action  in  which  the 
preceding  facts  were  elicited,  was  suc- 
cessful in  resisting  the  claims  of  George 
Dritzehen  to  be  admitted  a  partner.  He 
was  not  able,  however,  at  the  time,  to 
complete  his  invention  and  to  satisfy  his 
colleagues.  Before  leaving  Strasburg, 
Gutenberg  had  sold  the  last  remnant  of 
his  inheritance. 

There  is  a  record  of  what  may  have 
been  one  of  his  earliest  transactions  on 
his  return  to  Mayence.  In  1448  he  per- 
suaded his  relative,  Arnold  Gelthus,  to 
borrow  from  two  persons  the  sum  of  150 
guilders,  for  the  use  of  which  he  was  to 
pay  an  interest  of  8^  guilders  yearly. 
Gutenberg  having  no  securities  to  offer, 
Gelthus  had  to  mortgage  the  rents  of 
some  of  his  houses  for  the  purpose.  At 
this  time  he  was  living  in  the  house  Zuvi 
Juiigen,  belonging  to  his  uncle,  and  this 
house  he  made  both  his  residence  and  his 
printing-office. 

It  is  probable  that  prior  to  1450  Guten- 
berg printed  several  small  productions, 
for,  had  he  been  uniformly  unsuccessful 
all  these  years,  he  could  hardly  have 
been  able  to  borrow  money  from  time  to 
time.  He  possibly  had  to  leave  over, 
for  a  more  auspicious  time,  his  projects 
for  printing  a  large  book,  and  to  content 
himself  with  "jobbing-work,"  as  it 
would  now  be  called.  Among  these 
minor  products  were  certain  Letters  of 
Indulgence,  eighteen  copies  of  which  are 
known,  all  bearing  the  printed  date  of 
1454  or  1455. 

Gutenberg  had  now,  apparently,  ar- 
rived at  the  utmost  extremity  of  an 
unsuccessful  inventor.  He  therefore 
went,  as  a  last  resource,  to  a  profes- 
sional money-lender  of  Mayence,  John 
Fust. 

The  terms  of  the  contract  between  the 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


two  parties,  which  was  made  in  August, 
1450,  were  these :  —  The  partnership 
between  Gutenberg  and  Fust  should  be 
for  five  years,  in  which  time  the  work 
projected  by  Gutenberg  should  be  com- 
pleted. The  purposes  of  the  partnership 
were  not  specified,  but  Fust  was  to  ad- 
vance to  Gutenberg  800  guilders  at  6  per 
cent,  interest.  The  tools  and  materials 
made  by  Gutenberg  for  the  uses  of  the 
partnership  were  to  remain  mortgaged  to 
Fust,  as  security  for  his  loan  of  800 
guilders,  until  the  whole  sum  should  be 
paid.  When  these  tools  and  materi  ils 
were  made  and  completed,  Fust  was, 
every  year,  to  furnish  Gutenberg  with 
300  guilders  to  provide  for  the  payment 
of  the  paper,  vellum,  ink,  wages,  and 
other  materials  that  would  be  required 
for  the  execution  of  the  work.  In  con- 
sideration of  these  advances.  Fust  was 
to  have  one-half  of  the  profits  arising 
from  the  sale  of  the  products  of  the 
partnership.  Fust  was  to  be  exempt 
from  the  performance  of  any  work  or 
service  connected  with  the  partnership, 
and  was  not  to  be  held  responsible  for 
any  of  its  debts. 

The  object  of  this  partnership  was, 
undoubtedly,  the  issue  of  a  great  edition 
of  the  Bible,  the  price  of  a  fair  manu- 
script copy  of  which  at  the  time  was  500 
g-  ilders.  Fust,  instead,  however,  of  pay- 
i  %  the  800  guilders  at  once,  allowed  two 
;ars  to  pass  before  fully  paying  the 
noney.  At  the  end  of  this  period,  when 
Gutenberg  had  got  a  new  fount  of  type 
ready,  and  was  prepared  to  print,  he  had 
need  of  much  more  for  expenses  and 
material  than  the  300  guilders  allowed 
him  by  the  agreement.  Fust  perceiving 
the  need  of  Gutenberg,  proposed  a  modi- 
fication in  the  contract,  viz.,  the  imme- 
diate payment  of  800  guilders  instead  of 
three  successive  years'  payment  of  300 
guilders.  He  also  proposed  to  remit  his 
claim  to  interest  on  the  800  guilders 
already  advanced.  To  this  variation  of 
the  original  agreement  Gutenberg,  per- 
haps necessarily,  consented. 

Two  editions  of  the  Bible  were  the 
outcome  of  the  Fust  connection.  They 
are  called  respectively  the  "Bible  of 
42  lines  "  (because  there  are  that  number 
of  lines  in  each  column),  or  "  Gutenberg 
Bible,"  and  sometimes  the  "  Mazarine 
Bible  "  (because  a  copy  in  the  library  of 
Cardinal  Mazarin  was  the  first  to  fix  the 
date  of  production  of  the  book)  ;  and  the 
"Bible  of  36  lines,"  or  the  "Bamberg 
Bible,"  or  "  Pfister's  Bible."  There  is  a 
doubt  as  to  which  was  the  earlier  edition, 
but  the  weight  of  authority  inclines  to 
the  first-named,  especially  as  one  copy 


contains  the  certificate  of  the  illuminator 
that  he  finished  his  work  in  1456.  Mr. 
Henry  Stevens  assigns  the  date  1460  to 
"  Pfister's  Bible." 

It  is  not  known  how  many  copies  of 
this  book  were  printed,  nor  the  price  at 
which  it  was  published.  Unbound  copies 
were  sold  not  long  after  its  publication 
for  sums  ranging  from  12  guilders  to  60 
crowns.  At  the  sale  of  the  Perkins 
Library,  June  6,  1873,  a  copy  of  the 
Bible  of  42  lines  on  vellum  was  sold  for 
;^3,4oo,  and  a  magnificent  copy  on  paper 
for  ;^2,9oo.  The  latter  was  bought  by 
Mr.  Bernard  Quaritch,  of  Piccadilly, 
and  catalogued  by  him  in  his  "  Monu- 
menta  Typographica  "  at  3,000  guineas. 

It  does  not  appear  that  the  books  were 
warmly  received.  Commercially,  also, 
they  seem  to  have  been  unsuccessful.  In 
^455>  on  the  6th  of  November,  Fust 
brought  a  suit  for  the  recovery  of  the 
money  he  had  advanced  to  Gutenberg. 
The  latter  was  unable  to  meet  the  de- 
mand. The  proceedings  in  the  court  are 
on  record,  and  the  general  impression  to 
be  derived  from  them  is  that  Fust  had 
taken  an  unfair  advantage  of  his  associate. 
In  the  result,  the  materials  and  printing- 
ofiice  of  Gutenberg  were  taken  possession 
of  by  Fust.    [^^<?  Fust.] 

Peter  Schceffer,  a  young  man  about 
twenty-six  years  old,  was  already  em- 
ployed in  the  printing-office,  and  Fust 
selected  him  to  manage  the  place  after 
its  possession  had  been  wrested  from  its 
original  owner.  Gutenberg  was  then 
nearly  sixty  years  old,  but  his  tremendous 
reverse  did  not  altogether  dishearten  him. 
He  determined,  in  fact,  to  start  a  new 
office.  In  the  prosecution  of  this  enter- 
prise Gutenberg  was  able,  as  he  had  so 
often  been,  to  find  the  necessary  mone- 
tary assistance.  The  chancellor  of  the 
town  of  Mayence,  Conrad  Humery,  Doc- 
tor of  Divinity  and  Syndic  to  the  town, 
came  to  his  aid.  Some  of  his  old  work- 
men joined  him.  He  had  some  materials 
which  had  formed  part  of  the  old 
office,  for  the  money  advanced  by  Fust 
only  carried  a  lien  on  the  types  that 
were  made  by  its  expenditure.  The 
types  of  the  Bible  of  36  lines  were  pro- 
bably not  included  in  this  lien,  for  it 
seems  that  Gutenberg  retained  in  his 
own  possession  their  punches  and  ma- 
trices. 

This  new  office  was  in  operation  about 
the  year  1458.  In  1460  Gutenberg  printed 
the  "  Catholicon,"  a  combination  of  a 
Latin  grammar  and  dictionary,  in  large 
folio. 

Two  years  later  Mayence  was  sacked 
by  Adolph  II.     The  hou.se  of  Fust  was 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


289 


burned,  and  his  printing-office  destroyed. 
It  is  not  known  how  Gutenberg  was 
affected  by  this  catastrophe  ;  his  office, 
indeed,  may  not  then  have  been  situated 
there. 

In  1466  the  printing-office  which  con- 
tained his  types  was  in  operation  at  Elt- 
vill,  a  small  town  near  Mayence. 

In  1465  Adolph  had  made  Gutenberg 
one  of  the  gentlemen  of  his  court,  and 
it  is  thought  that  the  archbishop  intended 
thereby  to  recognize  the  utility  of  Guten- 
berg's invention.  His  work  ended  about 
this  period  ;  perhaps  the  rules  of  the 
court  required  him  to  retire  from  active 
business.  The  printing-office  at  Eltvill 
passed  into  the  hands  of  his  relatives 
by  marriage — the  brothers  Henry  and 
Nicholas  Bechtermuntze.  The  art  had 
already  spread,  and  been  adopted  in  five 
German  cities.  It  was  then  being  taken 
to  Subiaco,  near  Rome,  by  Sweynheym 


was  pulled  down  in  1742,  in  order  to  build 
another  on  its  site.  The  tomb  of  Guten- 
berg was  destroyed. 

Memorials  of  Gutenberg. — The  fol- 
lowing monuments  have,  in  the  course  of 
time,  been  erected  in  honour  of  the  great 
proto-printer : — 

A  tablet  monument  was  set  up  by 
Adam  Gelthus,  a  relative,  near  his  tomb 
in  the  church  of  St.  Francis  at  Mayence  : 
"  To  Johann  Gensfleisch,  inventor  of  the 
art  of  printing,  deserving  well  of  all 
nations  and  languages,  Adam  Gelthus 
has  erected  this  monument  to  the  im- 
mortal memory  of  his  name.  His  remains 
rest  peaceably  in  the  church  of  St. 
Franciscus,  at  Mayence."  This  tablet, 
as  well  as  Gutenberg's  tomb,  was  de- 
stroyed, as  already  stated,  in  1742. 

An  ecclesiastic  of  eminence,  Ivo  Wittig, 
who  was  Chancellor  and  Rector  of  the 
University  of  Mayence,  set  up  a  second 


and  Pannartz,  and  was  being  welcomed 
into  France  by  the  king. 

Gutenberg  did  not  enjoy  for  long  the 
leisure  and  the  distinction  of  a  courtier. 
It  is  not  known  when  he  died,  but  there 
is  evidence  that  he  was  dead  in  February, 
1468.  Nor  is  anything  known  of  the 
circumstances  of  his  death,  or  whether 
he  left  any  family.  It  is  supposed  that, 
uncheered  and  untended  by  wife  or  chil- 
dren, he  died  poor  and  in  debt.  The 
theory  that  Gutenberg  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Francis  at  Mayence,  which 
had  till  recently  found  general  accepta- 
tion, has  been  called  in  question  by  Dr. 
Bockenheimer,  in  a  pamphlet  publi.shed 
in  1876,  who  seeks  to  prove  that  his  actual 
burial-place  was  in  the  church  of  the 
Dominicans.     The  church  of  St.  Francis 


tablet  in  the  court  of  the  house  of  the 
Gensfleisch  family  at  Mayence,  with  this 
tribute  :  —  "  To  John  Gutenberg,  of 
Mayence,  who  first  of  all  invented  print- 
ing-letters in  brass  [matrices  and  moulds], 
by  which  art  he  has  deserved  honour  from 
the  whole  world." 

In  1837  there  was  inaugurated  at 
Mayence  a  noble  monument  to  Guten- 
berg, which  was  executed  by  Thor- 
waldsen,  the  Danish  sculptor.  It  adorns 
one  of  the  public  squares,  called  Guten- 
berg Platz.  The  statue  is  handsome  in 
its  proportions  and  graceful  in  its  poise — 
Gutenberg  standing  with  one  foot  slightly 
advanced,  holding  his  Bible  clasped  to 
his  breast  with  one  hand,  while  several 
punches  are  lightly  grasped  in  the  other. 
A  series  of  bas-reliefs  upon  the  pedestal 


2    P 


290 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


exhibit  the  simple  processes  of  the  art 
in  its  earliest  stages.  The  inscription 
states  that  the  monument  was  erected 
by  the  citizens  of  Mayence  with  the 
assistance  of  the  whole  of  Europe. 

In  1840  a  statue  of  Gutenberg,  by 
the  celebrated  French  sculptor  David 
d'Angers,  was  erected  in  the  market-place 
of  Strasburg,  now  called  La  Place  Gut- 
tenberg.  The  figure  stands  erect,  hold- 
ing forth  a  sheet  with  the  noble  legend 
from  Genesis,  "  Et  la  lumiere  fut." 
Upon  the  pedestal  four  bas-reliefs  illus- 
trate the  dissemination  of  knowledge  by 
means  of  the  printing-press,  and  on  the 
front  various  great  authors  of  Europe 
are  grouped  around  a  prmting-press.  A 
copy  of  the  David  monument  stands  in 
the  great  court  of  the  Imprimerie  Na- 
tionale  at  Paris. 

A  monument  has  also  been  erected  in 
the  city  of  Frankfort.  Upon  a  lofty 
pedestal  of  fine  red  sandstone  stand  three 
colossal  figures  in  electro-plated  copper 
(the  three  figures  were  eiitirely  made  in 
the  galvanic  apparatus),  the  central 
figure  being  Gutenberg,  with  a  type  in 
his  hand,  while  Schceffer  stands  on  his 
right  and  Fu.st  on  his  left.  Four  sitting 
figures  on  the  corners  of  the  pedestal 
represent  Theology,  Poetry,  Natural 
Science,  and  Industry.  Upon  the  upper 
part  of  the  pedestal,  medallions  contain 
the  heads  of  celebrated  printers. 

Mons.  J.  P.  A.  Madden,  however,  well 
says  : — "  Why  should  we  speak  of  monu- 
ments of  bronze  or  stone  to  commemorate 
the  services  of  Gutenberg?  His  monu- 
ment is  in  every  quarter  of  the  world  : 
more  frail  than  all,  it  is  more  enduring 
than  all — it  is  the  Book  ! " 

Gutenberg's  Types.  —  The  printing  - 
office  at  Eltvill  passed,  as  already  stated, 
into  the  hands  of  Henry  and  Nicholas 
Bechtermiintze.  They  did  not  actually 
come  into  possession,  but  appear  to  have 
managed  it.  In  1467  there  proceeded 
from  this  office  the  book  known  now  as  the 
"  Vocabularium  ex  quo."  The  types,  on 
the  death  of  Nicholas  Bechtermiintze, 
were  transferred  to  the  custody  or  the 
possession  of  the  Brothers  of  Common 
Life,  who  had  a  printing-office  at  Marien- 
thal,  near  Eltvill,  as  early  as  1468.  For 
some  reason  unknown,  the  Brotherhood 
made  no  use  of  the  types.  In  the  year 
1508  they  were  sold  to  Frederick  Hau- 
man,  of  Nuremberg,  who  established  a 
printing-office  at  Mayence,  and  who  used 
these  types  in  many  of  his  books.  The 
house  that  had  been  occupied  by  Hau- 
man  as  a  printing-office  was  subsequently 
used  for  the  same  purpose  by  Albinus,  a 
printer  of  the  seventeenth  century.     The 


types  of  Gutenberg  were  in  this  house 
at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
but  after  this  their  history  cannot  be 
traced. 

Mr.  Theodore  De  Vinne,  in  his  "  In- 
vention of  Printing,"  says  : — "  Considered 
from  a  mechanical  point  of  view,  the 
merit  of  Gutenberg's  invention  may  be 
inferred  from  its  permanency.  His  type- 
mould  was  not  merely  the  first,  it  is  the 
only  practical  mechanism  for  making 
types.  For  more  than  four  hundred 
years  this  mould  has  been  under  critical 
examination,  and  many  attempts  have 
been  made  to  supplant  it.  Contrivances 
have  been  introduced  for  casting  fifty  or 
more  types  at  one  operation  :  for  swaging 
types,  like  nails,  out  of  cold  metal  ;  for 
stamping  types  from  cylindrical  steel  dies 
upon  the  ends  of  copper  rods  ;  but  ex- 
perience has  shown  that  these  and  other 
inventions  in  the  field  of  type-making 
machinery  are  not  better  methods  of 
making  types.  There  is  no  better  method 
than  Gutenberg's.  Modem  type-casting 
machines  have  moulds  attached  to  them 
which  are  more  exact  and  more  carefully 
finished,  and  which  have  many  little 
attachments  of  which  Gutenberg  never 
dreamed  ;  but  in  principle,  and  in  all  the 
more  important  features,  the  modern 
moulds  may  be  regarded  as  the  moulds 
of  Gutenberg." 

Gutenberg's  Portrait. —  The  portrait 
given  on  p.  286  is  reprinted  from  Hansard's 
' '  Typographia. "  The  face  is  apparently 
copied  from  the  old  print  in  the  National 
Library  at  Paris,  which  was  engraved  in 
Lacroix'  "Arts  of  the  Middle  Ages." 
It  is  the  most  ancient  portrait  of  Guten- 
berg, and  concerning  it  Mr.  De  Vinne 
says  : — "  It  presents  him  to  us  as  a  man 
of  decided  character,  not  to  be  cajoled 
or  managed  by  a  partner  in  business. 
The  thin  curving  lip  and  pointed  nose, 
the  strongly-marked  lines  on  the  fore- 
head, the  bold  eyes  and  arrogant  bearing 
of  the  head,  reveal  to  us  a  man  of 
genius  and  of  force,  a  man  born  to  rule, 
impatient  of  restraint,  and  of  inflexible 
resolution." 

The  Gutenberg  Jourfial  reports  that 
the  French  booksellers  pos.sess  a  beautiful 
lithograph  representing  Gutenberg,  which 
is  a  copy  of  an  oil  painting  found  about 
1858  in  the  Medallion  Room  of  the 
National  Library.  The  following  is  the 
history  of  their  portrait  :  —  "A  French 
ex-army  surgeon,  Gamba,  was  intimately 
acquainted  with  a  Paris  painter  named 
Choisnet,  who  learned  from  Gamba  that 
he  had  found  this  painting  in  ihe  Epi- 
scopal Palace  of  Mayence,  during  the 
French  occupation  in  1792.     '  Struck  with 


Bibliography  of  Printitig.  291 

the  expression  of  this  intelligent  phy-  relic,  which  is  further  referred  to  in  this 
siognomy,'  wrote  Gamba  in  a  book  pub-  Bibliography,  sub  voce  Fry  (Francis), 
lished  by  Choisnet  on  Gutenberg,  in  Gutefiberg's  Auto^^raph. — On  the  back 
1858,  'I  referred  to  the  catalogue  of  the  of  the  "Letters  of  Indulgence"  printed 
Episcopal  Gallery,  and  ascertained  that  by  Gutenberg,  there  is  a  written  device, 
this  portrait  was  no  other  than  that  of  the  which  has  been  generally  regarded  as  a  sort 
discoverer  of  Printing. '  "  of  flourish,  or  secret  mark,  to  indicate  their 
Gutenberg's  Press.— \n  an  old  house  genuineness.  Dr.  P.  de  Villiers  iff. v.) 
at  Mayence  fragments  of  a  press  have  has,  however,  issued  a  pamphlet  in  which 
been  discovered,  which,  from  certain  he  endeavours  to  show  that  the  writing  is, 
letters  and  a  date  cut  upon  one  of  the  in  fact,  Gutenberg's  autograph,  but  corn- 
pieces,  are  believed  to  have  formed  part  pressed  into  a  cipher.  This  curious 
of  the  identical  press  at  which  Gutenberg  interpretation  has  been  sufficiently  proved 
worked.  M.  Madden,  in  the  5th  series  of  to  be  an  entirely  mistaken  one. 
his  "Lettres,"  gives  an  account  of  this 

Gutenberg. — See  De  Vinne,  Dingelstedt,  Fournier,  Gama, 
Laborde,  Langenschwarz,  Linde,  Meyer,  Oberlin,  Pall- 

HAUSEN,  SCHAAB,  SCHELTEMA,  &C.  &C. 

Gutenberg.  Bemerkungen  eines  Elsassers  liber  die  Gutenbergs- 
Feier,  mit  besonderer  Riicksichtnahme  auf  die  dadurch  veran- 
lassten  Aeusserungen  des  Zeitgeistes.     Strassburg  :  no  date.    8vo. 

Gutenberg  a  Strasbourg,  ou  I'Invention  de  I'lmprimerie.  Diver- 
tissement, en  un  acte,  mele  de  chant  et  des  danses,  pour  I'inau- 
guration  de  la  statue  de  Gutenberg.     Strasbourg,  1840.     8vo. 

Gutenberg,  Erfinder  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Eine  historische  Skizze 
mit  mehreren  Zeichnungen  und  Facsimile  autographisch  ausgefUhrt 
von  den  Zoglingen  der  Strassburger  Industrie-Schule.  Strassburg  : 
1840.     4to.  pp.  26  in  lithography. 

Gutenberg.  Facsi.-nile  de  la  premiere  Bible  de  Mayence,  ouvrage  de 
Gutenberg.     Paris :  1840.     Folio. 

Gutenberg-Fest.  Das  Gutenberg- Fest.  Eine  poetische-humoristische 
Beschreibung,  zur  Erinnerung  an  die  Feierlichkeiten  des  14.  15. 
und  16.  Augusts,  1837.     Mainz  :   1837.     8vo. 

Gutenberg-Fest  im  Jahre  \%\o  {Strassburger  Bilderbogeii^  No.  30]. 
1875. 

A  view  of  the  industrial  cortege  that  was  exhibited  on  that  occasion. 

Gutenbergs-Fest,  das,  zu  Leipzig  am  24.  25.  u.  26.  Juni,  1840. 
[In  Hitzig's  Presszeitung,  1840,  Nos.  50-52.]  Festival  number 
with  Gutenberg's  likeness  and  the  printers'  arms  printed  in  gold. 

Gutenberg.  Fete  seculaire  de  I'invention  de  I'imprimerie  par 
Gutenberg,  qui  sera  celebre  a  Strasbourg  en  1836.  Large  4to. 
pp.  4. 

A  proposition  for  the  celebration  of  the  Fete  and  the  formation  of  a  subscription  to 
defray  the  necessary  e.xpenses.  It  is  dated  Strasburg,  23  April,  1835,  and  is  signed 
by  the  members  of  the  committee. 


292                        Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Gutenberg.     Fete  de  Gutenberg  college.     Album  de  22  planches. 

There  is  also  an  edition  of  this  Album  So  that  forthwith  from  thousand  magic 

in  quarto,  containing  the  same  number  of  pages 

plates  reduced.      The  Album  is  accom-  The   South   and   North    resound  with 

panied  by  a  sheet  of  text,  which  gives  a  one  accord  ; 

detailed  description  of  the  Fete  and  the  A  ray  of  bliss,  succeeding  gloom  of  ages, 

procession.     It  bears  the  title,  "  Relation  It  flashes  through  the  nations'  bright 

des  Fetes  de  Gutenberg  celebre  a  Stras-  record, 

bourg  les  24,  25,  et  26  Juin,  1840."     8vo.  To  keenly  point  in  ever  clearer  light 

pp.172.  The  path  of  truth,  of  virtue,  and  of  right. 

laSoftSL'dtp'SbSLdSrmLrat:  ^he  J-e    of   pro.ean    type    wi.h    apt 

R'sid'ar,hrfo;;nhT.„;"enaJ;%\Tr?f  ^othr  '"= ""  "'""^  "'^'"  °' 


the  art  of  printing,  celebrated  all   over 


It  utters  loud  the  people's  free  decision. 


Germany.  j^^    open    combat    bringing    fraud    to 

Memorial  Plate  naught ; 

r^      .,      T-       .1   f^      ,             cv   I -1        r  Humanity,  thrilled  deeply  by  the  vision 

horthe^  Fourth  Centenary  Jubilee  0/  ^^  x^^,l\r^t  book,  does  homage  free, 


the  Art  0/ Printing,  1840. 


unsought ; 


Sublimest    art  !    by    Type's    oft    varied     "  Hail    to    th'    invention ! "    shout    the 
stages,  peaceful  legions 

To  lend  an  echo  to  the  lucid  word.  In  latest  times,  to  the  remotest  regions. 

O.  S. 

Gutenberg  in  seiner  Werkstatt,  zur  Erinnerung  an  die  vierte  Sacular- 
feier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Gemalt  von  Niemann. 
Lithogr.  von  Zollner  u.  Schlick.     Leipzig  :  1840.     Imp.  folio. 

Gutenberg  Jubilee  on  the  Invention  of  Printing.  Article  in  the 
Foreign  Quarterly  Review.     London  :  vol.  xxv.  page  446. 

Gutenberg,  Konig,  Keppler,  Copernicus,  Berthold  Schwerz.  Die 
fiinf  Weltumgestalter.  Mit  Portraiten.  [In  "  Neuen  Einsiedler 
Kalendar,"  1876.] 

Gutenberg  und  die  unsterbliche  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst, 
sowie  deren  Vervollkommnung  seit  dem  Beginn  derselben.  bis  auf 
unsere  Zeit ;  zugleich  mit  einer  kurzen  Schilderung  derjenigen 
Manner,  welche  sich  um  dieselbe  am  meisten  verdient  gemacht 
haben  ;  mit  besonderer  Riicksicht  auf  Deutschland.  Eine  Fest- 
gabe  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst, 
den  24.,  25.  und  26.  Juni  1840,  alien  Jiingern  und  Verehrern  der- 
selben gewidmet.     Leipzig :   1840.     8vo. 

Gutenberg  Album.  Zur  Erinnerung  an  das  vierte  Sacularfest  der 
Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  gefeiert  zu  Ulm  am  24.  Juni, 
1840.     Ulm :  1840.     4to. 

Gutenberg's  Dream.     London  :  [1868].     8vo.  pp.  8. 

No.   1,462  of  a  series  of  tracts  issued  by  the  Society  for  Promoting  Christian 
Knowledge. 

Gutenberg's  erster  Druck.  Facsimile  der  ersten  Seite  des  ersten  in 
der  Welt  gedruckten  Buches.  Bei  Gelegenheit  der  vierten  Sacu- 
larfeier des  Typendrucks,  mit  einer  kurzen  geschichtl.  Erlauterung, 
herausg.  von  O.  F.  Werhan.     Dresden  :  1S40.     Folio. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  293 

GuTENBERGSFEST  (Das)  in  Gorlitz.  Aus  dem  neuen  lausitzischen 
Magazin  besonders  abgedruckt.     Gorlitz  :  1840.     8vo.  pp.  25. 

Gutenberg  Statue.  Aufruf,  um  das  herannahende  Sacularfest  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  durch  Errichtung  eines  Monuments  zu  Ehren 
ihres  Erfinders,  Joh.  Gensfleisch  zum  Gutenberg,  wiirdig  zu  feiern. 
Mainz :  1840.     4to.    pp.  7. 

Gutenberg  Statue.  Erstes  Gutenbergfest  (1837),  und  zweiter 
Gutenbergfeste  (1840).  [In  Dr.  E.  Reis's  "  Mainzer  Silhouetten 
und  Genrebilder,"  pp.  1-27.]     Mainz  :  1841.     8vo. 

Gutenberg  Statue  en  bronze  par  David  d'Angers  inauguree  a 
Strasbourg  le  24  Juin,  1840.  [In  Magasin  Pittoresque,  tome  viii., 
No.  28,  Juillet  1840.] 

Gutner  (Jo.  G.).  Typographiae  Chemnitiensis  primae  plaguloe.  [In 
Wolf,  "Monumenta  Typographica. "] 

GuTTEBERRi  (Der)  als  Inschpeckter  von  Gartneri  Mark  {Strassburger 
Bilderbogen,  No.  3).     Strasburg  :  1875.     -^  broadside. 
A  discussion  in  the  Strasburg  dialect  between  the  venders  of  vegetables  and  the 
inventor  of  printing.     The  old  Gartnerr  Markt  (vegetable  market)  has  been  called, 
since  1840,  Place  Gutenberg,  and  it  is  here  that  the  famous  statue  stands. 

GUYOT  FiLS.     Art  de  I'lmprimerie-librairie,  compose  en  1795,  quant 
au  mecanisme  typographique.     Paris  :   1836.     4to. 
Of    this  work  only  one  copy  was  printed,  which  is  in   the    National  Library 
of  Paris. 

Guzman. — See  Cabrera. 


(le  Major).     See  Humbert. 

Haarlem.  Album  van  Feestliederen  en 
Gezangen,  te  zingen  door  de  Typo- 
graphische  Vereenigingen,  die  deel 
zullen  nemen  aan  de  onthullings  feesten, 
op  den  i6  Juli  1856.    Haarlem.    8vo. 

Haas  (Wilh.).  Erklarung  einer  neuerfun- 
denen  und  gemeinniitzlichen  Einrich- 
tung  der  Stlicklinien  und  Zwischen- 
spahne,  nebst  einer  Anmerkung  iiber 
die  gegossenen  Stege.  [Basle]:  1772. 
4to.  pp.  16.  Another  edition.  1805. 
4to. 

Beschreibung  und  Abrisse  einer  neuen  Buchdruckerpresse,  erfun- 

den  in  Basel  im  Jahr  1772  und  zum  Nutzen  der  Buchdruckerkunst 
herausgegeben.     (Basel) :  1790.     8vo.  pp.  12. 
A  French  translation  of  this  pamphlet  was  issued  with  the  following  title  :— 

Description   et    representation   d'une   nouvelle    Presse   d'im- 

primerie  inventee  a  Bale  en  1772  et  publiee  pour  I'avantage  de 
I'art  typographique.     [Basle] :   1791.     4to.  pp.  12.     3  plates. 


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—  Das  Gebet  des  Herrn  in  100  Sprachen  und  Mundarten. 
Seiten  Vorwort.     Basel :  1830.     Large  8vo. 


Mit2 


Issued  as  a  specimen  of  printing  types  of  the  Haas  foundry. 

Histoire  de  I'origine  et  des  progres  de  la  typometrie.     Bale  : 

1778.     4to. 

Specimen    Book.       Fonderie    Haas   a   Bale.      April, 


Royal  4to. 

The  foundry  of  Haas,  at  Basle,  has 
been  celebrated  for  the  last  hundred  years. 
Wilhelm  Haas,  the  originator,  disputes 
with  Breitkopf  {q.v.)  the  merit  of  having 
introduced  the  art  of  map-printing  in 
movable  types  about  the  year  1770.     It 


1863. 


was  suggested  to  him  by  A.  G.  Preus- 
chen,  a  court  preacher  of  Carlsruhe. 
Haas  was  the  first  to  publish  specimens 
of  it,  and  issued  in  letterpress  a  map  of 
the  Canton  of  Basle.     He  died  1800. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  295 

Haase  Sohne,  Prag.  Polytypen-Proben.      1850.     Large  4to. 

Habermann  (Carl  Friedrich).  Beschreibung  der  bei  der  vierten 
Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  am  23,  und  24. 
Juni  1840,  in  Hildburghausen  stattgehabten  Feierlichkeiten.     8vo. 

Hack  (A.  d').  L'imprimeur.  Chanson.  Paroles  de  Delonnel  et 
Villemer,  avec  accompagn.  du  piano.   Paris  :  (1872.)   4to.  pp.  4. 

H ADDON  (J.).     Specimens  of  Music  Printing.     London:   1859.     4to. 

Haeberlin  (F.  D.).  Designatio  librorum  quorundam  ab  inventa 
typographia  ad  annum  usque  MD.  excusomm,  excerpta  ex  cata- 
logo  bibliothecae  Krafftianos,  etc.,  ut  supplementum  loco  ad 
Maittairii  Ann.  Typogr.  haberi  queat.     Ulmoe:  1740.     8vo. 

Haeghen  (Ferd,  van  der),  Bibliotheca  Belgica.  Bibliographic 
generale  des  Pays-Bas.  Gand  :  1878.  Small  8vo.  In  course  of 
publication. 

Mr.  van  der  Haeghen  proposes  to  of  the  works  of  Dutch  printers  established 
include  in  this  work  a  description  of  all  in  other  countries.  The  title  and  de- 
the  books  printed  in  the  Low  Countries  scription  of  each  book  is  printed  on  a 
in  the  15th  and  i6th  centuries  and  of  the  separate  leaf,  so  that  when  complete  the 
principal  works  printed  since  1600  ;  also  whole  can  be  arranged  at  will,  alpha- 
descriptions  of  all  the  works  written  by  betically,  chronologically,  in  typographi- 
natives  of  Belgium  and  Holland,  as  well  cal  order,  or  under  printers.  The  re- 
as  of  works  relating  to  the  Low  Countries  production  of  printers'  marks  forms  an 
published  elsewhere  ;  and  a  bibliography  important  feature  in  the  work. 

Haenel  (Eduard).  Neue  Fraktur-Schriften.  VIL  Garnitur  aus 
Eduard  Haenel's  Schriftgiesserei  in  Berlin,     [i860.] 

Schriften   aller   Art,    Klammern,    Linien,    Zeitungs-Vignetten 

u.  s.  w.  aus  Eduard  Haenel's  Schriftgiesserei  und  Gravir-Anstalt 
in  Berlin,     [i860.] 

Hagar  (Wm.).  Specimens  of  Type  from  the  Foundry  of  Hagar  &  Co. , 
New  York. 
William  Hagar,  the  founder  of  this  type-founding  in  New  York,  until  a  few 
celebrated  American  firm,  was  born  at  years  before  his  death,  withdrawing  from 
Rutland,  Vermont,  in  1798.  In  early  life  it  only  during  one  or  two  years  of  a  long 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  watchmaker,  business  career.  At  one  time  he  was  the 
and  in  1816  he  went  to  New  York,  and  owner  of  the  patent  of  the  Bruce  Casting 
after  searching  in  vain  for  employment  Machine,  and  during  this  period  he  not 
in  the  business  in  which  he  had  been  only  supplied  American  foundries,  but 
partly  trained,  he  found  employment  introduced  the  machines  into  England, 
\x\  Ehhu  White's  type-foundry.  He  France,  Germany,  the  East  Indies,  and 
speedily  became  skilled  in  his  difficult  China,  where  one  was  furnished  for  mis- 
new  occupation,  and  after  being  pro-  sionary  purposes.  He  died  in  December, 
moted  from  one  grade  to  another,  ob-  1863,  and  his  foundry  is  now  owned  and 
tained  an  interest  in  White's  foundry,  conducted  by  his  sons  under  the  name  of 
Subsequently,  after  various  business  oc-  Hagar  &  Co. 
cupations,  he  continued  the  practice  of 

Hagen  (Heinr.  von  der).  Rede  zur  vierten  Jahrhundertfeier  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  in  Berlin.     Berlin  :  1840.     8vo. 

Hagenbusch.  Dissertatio  Academica  de  Typographiae  origine 
habita  Gie.ssae  sub  praesidio  Imman.  Weberi.      171 1.     4to. 


296 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


Hain  (L.  ).     Repertorium  Bibliographicum,  in  quo  libri  omnes  ab  arte 

.  inventa  usque  ad  annum  MD  typis  expressi  recensentur.    4  parts  in 

2  vols.     Stuttgartise :  1826-38.     8vo. 

This  is  one  of  the   few  indispensable   books   of  reference   for   the   literature   of 

the  fifteenth  century,  and  all  subsequent  bibliographers  are  largely  indebted  for  the 

material  of  their  works  to  the  labours  of  Hain  and  Panzer  in  this  branch  of  belles 

lettres. 

Hall  (Charles  Carter).  The  Art  of  Printing,  historical  and  practical, 
embracing  an  outline  of  the  antecedents,  use,  and  progress  of  the 
Art,  with  brief  biographical  sketches  of  its  founders.  To  which 
is  added  a  concise  elementary  guide,  being  a  series  of  practical 
schemes  for  the  economization  of  labour.  Sheffield  :  i860. 
l6mo.,  pp. 


Hall  (Rowland).     London  :  1559-1563. 


This  printer  went  with  several  refugees, 
on  the  death  of  Edward  VI.,  to  Geneva, 
where  he  printed  the  Psalms  and  the 
Bible.  It  is  not  known  where  he  learned 
the  art.  On  his  return,  on  the  accession 
of  Elizabeth,  he  resided  in  Golden  Lane, 
near  Cripplegate,  at  the  sign  of  the 
"Three  Arrows."  He  then  removed  to 
Gutter  Lane,  and  adopted  the  Geneva 
Arms  for  his  sign.  His  device  is  shown 
in  the  engraving  given  above.  It  con- 
sists of  the  arms  of  the  City  of  Geneva 


(half-eagle  and  key  on  a  shield),  and  was 
adopted  probably  in  memory  of  the  pro- 
tection he  enjoyed  in  Geneva  during  the 
religious  troubles  in  England.  His  motto 
alludes  to  the  Reformation,  "Post  Tene- 
bras  Lux"  after  darkness  light ;  and  he 
used  sometimes  to  give  the  English  trans- 
lation in  the  margin.  We  copy  the  de- 
vice from  the  "  Lawes  and  Statutes  of 
Geneva,"  London,  1562,  8vo.,  but  it  also 
appears  in  several  other  works  by  this 
printer. 


Hallam  (Henry),  F.R.A.S.    The  Invention  of  Printing.  In  "Literary 
Essays,"  p.  76.     London:  1852.     8vo, 


Reprinted  from  the  "  History  of  the 
Middle  Ages."  The  author  was  the  cele- 
brated historian  ;  and  several  others  of  his 
works  should  be  studied  by  those  who 
wish  to  acquaint  themselves  with  the 
political,  social,  and  educational  results 
of  the  invention  of  printing.  De  Vinne 
makes  excellent  use  of  Hallam's  .investi- 


gations in  a  chapter  entitled  "The  Pre- 
parations for  Printing "  (pp.  1 71-192). 
We  would  especially  recommend  to  the 
student  Hallam's  "  Introduction  to  the 
Literature  of  Europe  in  the  Fifteenth, 
Sixteenth,  and  Seventeenth  Centuries," 
and  his  "View  of  the  State  of  Europe 
during  the  Middle  Ages." 


Bibliography  of  P7'inting.  297 

Hallbauer  (G.  C).  De  scriptura  et  arte  Typographite.  Jence:  1743. 
4to. 

Hallbauer,  Herr  Joh.  Christ.  Friedr.  Gerlach,  Buchhandler  und 
Bftchdrucker  zu  Freyberg.  (In  Freyberger  gemeinniitzige  Nach- 
richten,  Nos.  48-52.)     1820.     4to. 

Halle.    ^'^-^  Jubelzeugnisse. 

Haller  (L.  a.).  Neueste  Entdeckung  beim  Firniss-Sieden  der  Buch- 
drucker,  oder  die  Firnissblase  mit  einem  Ableitungsrohre.  Berne  : 
1821.     8vo.     One  lithograph  plate. 

Haltaus  (Dr.  Karl).  Album  deutscher  Schriftsteller  zur  vierten 
Sacularfeier  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Leipzig :  1840,  8vo.  pp. 
XXX.,  312.     Portrait  of  Gutenberg. 

A  collection  of  short  essays  on  the  history  and  art  of  printing  by  German  authors, 
each  article  having  a  facsimile  signature  of  its  author. 

Hamelin  (Ernest).     La  Liberte  de  I'lmprimerie  au  point  de  vue  des 
interets  de  I'industrie  typographique.      Montpelier:   1867.      8vo. 
pp.  48. 
Includes  curious  statistics  of  the  numbers  of  printers  in  Paris  and  the  books  printed 

by  them.     The  author  is  director  of  the  printing  house  of  Gras  at  Montpelier. 

Hamerton  (Philip  Gilbert).   Etching  and  Etchers.   London:  1868.  8vo. 
A  new  edition,   illustrated.     London  :  1876.     8vo.   pp.  xxx.. 


459.      12  etchings  by  the  author. 
The  most  comprehensive  treatise,  practical  as  well  as  historical,  on  the  recently 
revived  art  of  etching,  by  one  of  its  acknowledged  masters. 

Hamilton  (Edward).  A  Catalogue  raisonne  of  the  engraved  Works 
of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  London:  1874.  8vo.  pp.  viii.,  143. 
This  is  probably  the  fullest  list  of  en-  state  of  perfection  under  the  fostering 
gravings  after  the  great  master  that  has  care  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  An  excel- 
ever  appeared,  and  a  catalogue  of  a  series  lent  feature  of  Dr.  Hamilton's  book  is 
which  have  no  equals  among  native  pro-  the  biographical  sketches,  and  lists  of  the 
ductions  of  the  kind,  for  the  art  of  en-  various  works  of  the  engravers  them- 
graving  in  mezzotint  attained  its  highest    selves. 

Hammann  (J.  M.  Herman).    Des  arts  graphiques  destines  a  multiplier 
par  I'impression,  consideres  sous  le  double  point  de  vue  historique 
et  pratique.     Geneve:  1857.      i2mo.,  pp.  xii.,  489. 
The  author,  who  is  an  engraver  and  professor  of  drawing  at  Geneva,  was  bom  at 

Hanau  in  1807. 

Hanckwitz  (J.).  An  Essay  on  Engraving  and  Copper-plate  Printing  ; 
to  which  is  added — Albumazar;  or,  the  Professors  of  the  Black 
Art,  a  Vision  (a  Poem).     London:   1732.     4to. 

Handboek  ter  Beoefening  der  Boekdrukkunst  in  •  Nederland, 
voorafgegaan  door  eene  beknopte  geschiedenis  dezer  kunst. 
s'Gravenhage :   1844.     8vo.  pp.257.     Portrait  of  Koster. 

Handbok  i  Boktryckerikonsten  for  unga  sattare.  Stockholm  :  1853. 
8vo. 

2    (^ 


298  Bibliography  of  Pi-iutitig. 

Handbuch  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  nebst  Anweisung  Papiere  zu 
farben.     Berlin:   1820.     8vo. 

Handhuch    der    Buchdruckerkunst.      Frankfurt  a.  M.,   in  ^er  An- 

dreai'schen  Buchhandlung,  1827.    l2mo.    pp.  xviii.  and  830.   With 

woodcuts  and  numerous  diagrams. 

The  author  of  this  book  was  Bauer,  a    ing ;  so  well   indeed,  that   his  book  has 

celebrated    German    type  -  founder    and     been  considered,  until  the  publication  of 

punch-cutter,  at  the  same  time  partner  of    Ba>-hmann's  Guide-book,  the  best,  though 

the     Andrea     Bookselling     Business    at     now  nearly  obsolete,  of  German  works  in 

Frankfort -on -the -Main.       For   a   great     this    line.      It    has    become  very  scarce. 

part  of  his  book,  the  author  has  made  use    As  the  author  does  not  give  his  name  in 

of  Hansard's  Typographia,  adapting  it  to     the  book,   it   is  still   only  known  as   the 

German  requirements  and  modes  of  work-     "Andreiische  Handbuch." 

Handbuch,  praktisches,  zur  Kupferstichkunde  oder  Lexicon  der- 
jenigen  vorzUgHclien  Kupferstecher,  sowohl  der  aheren,  als  bis  auf 
die  neueste  Zeit.     Magdeburg  :  1840.     Large  8vo. 

Handleiding  tot  het  corrigeren  van  dmkproeven  en  verklaring  der 
typographischen  teekens  von  Elix  und  Co.     Amst.  :  1837.     4to. 

HandleidinCx  tot  het  vervaardigen  van  Drukinkt,  of  opgave  der 
voorschriften  ter  bereiding  van  alle  soorten  van  in-  en  uitlandschen 
zwarten  in  geklcurden  drukinkt  volgcns  de  nieuvvste  proefnemingen. 
Utrecht :  1840.     Square  i2mo.  pp.  54. 

Handleiding  voor  hen  die  Drukproeven  willen  corrigeren  door  een 
deskundige.     Amsterdam  :  [1869].     8vo.  pp.  12. 

Handlingar  i  malet  eraellan  Boktryckeri-Bolaget,  J.  C.  Frenckell 
&  Son  i  Helsingfors,  Klagande,  och  Boktryckaren  i  Uleaborg 
C.  E.  Barck,  svarande,  augaende  vermstalki  efter  tryckniiig  af 
nagra  Finska  Skrifter.     Uleaborg  :  1830.     8vo. 

Handlingar  i  Tryckfrihetsmalet  augaende  Kongl.  Evangeliiboks- 
Kommitteens  Forrlag  till  Boneliok,  samt  i  den  mot  Brukspatronen 
N.  M.  Lindhanstalde  skrifsatto-Aktionen.     Orebro  :   1828.     8vo. 

Handmaid  to  the  Arts.  Vol.  I.  London:  1764.  8vo.  Vol.  H. 
Teaching.  .  .  H.  The  art  of  engraving,  etching,  and  scraping 
mezzotintos  ;  with  the  preparations  of  the  aquafortis,  varnishes,  or 
other  grounds,  &c.,  in  the  best  manner  now  practised  by  the 
French  ;  as  also  the  best  manner  of  printing  copper-plates  ;  an 
improved  method  of  producing  washed  prints,  and  of  printing  in 
chiaroscuro,  and  with  colours,  in  the  way  practised  by  M.  Le 
Blon.     London :  1 764.     8vo. 

Hand-  und  HUlfsbuch,  kleines,  fiir  Buchhandler,  Schriftsteller  und 
Correktoren.  M.it  der  Vorsteilung  einer  Correktur.  Vom  Ver- 
fasser  des  Handbuchs  fiir  Buchdrucker.  3rd  edition.  Berlin  : 
1829.     8vo. 

Hans  (L.).  Herstellung  von  Druckplatten  mittelst  Zinkiitzung. 
Leipzig  :   1871.     Small  8vo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


299 


Hansard.  Biographical  Memoir  of  Luke  Hansard,  Esq.,  many  years 
Printer  to  the  House  of  Commons.  [London]:  1829.  Royal  4to. 
pp.  83,  and  portrait,  engraved  by  F.  C.  Lewis,  after  a  painting 
hy  S.  Lane. 


Luke  Hansard  was  born  in  Nor- 
wich, July  5,  1752,  where  his  father  was 
a  manufacturer.  The  Hansard  family  is 
descended  from  an  old  Norfolk  stock,  and 
claims  connection  with  the  Gurneys,  and 
several  other  old-established  families  of 
the  county  of  Norfolk-  Luke  was  ap- 
prenticed to  Mr.  Stephen  White,  printer, 
Cockey  Lane,  Norwich.  He  soon  dis- 
played the  advantages  of  early  training 
to  habits  of  industry  and  moral  feeling. 
Hansard's  master,  being  of  convivial 
habits,  entrusted  him  with  the  manage- 
ment of  the  business,  and  during  his 
apprenticeship  he  formed  a  character  for 
integrity  and  judgment,  which  materially 
advanced  his  future  prospects.  Imme- 
diately after  the  close  of  his  apprenticeship 
he  came  to  London.  He  first  obtained 
a  situation  as  compositor  at  the  print- 
ing-office of  Mr.  Hughs,  of  Great  Turn- 
stile, Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  who  was  then 
Printer  to  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
it  is  little  likely,  when  Luke  Hansard 
entered  upon  this  engagement,  that  he 
imagined  how  permanent  and  important 
a  step  in  life  he  was  taking.  In  his  new 
position,  his  great  ability  and  industry 
must  have  been  very  conspicuous, 
for  we  find  that  in  1774  he  became 
the  partner  of  his  employer.  Mr.  Han- 
sard extended  the  concern,  not  only  by 
the  indefatigable  attention  he  bestowed 
upon  it,  but  by  the  invention  and  intro- 
duction of  a  system  of  regular  opera- 
tions and  of  mechanical  improvements, 
which  evinced  the  highest  professional  skill 
and  judgment.  There  was  ordered  to  be 
printed  on  July  lo,  1828,  the  Report  of  a 
Committee  appointed  to  consider  the  sub- 
ject of  printing  done  for  the  House  of 
Commons.  In  the  course  of  this  examina- 
tion, Mr.  John  Rickman,  Clerk  Assistant 
to  the  House  of  Commons,  gave  a  short 
but  very  interesting  history  of  the  estab- 
lishment of  Luke  Hansard,  and  made 
reference  to  the  character  of  its  proprie- 
tor. "  Mr.  Hansard  has  been  employed," 
he  said,  "in  the  service  of  the  House 
from  the  year  1772,  and  came  into  the 
management  of  the  printing  business  as  a 
partner  of  Mr.  Hughs  in  1774,  so  that 
his  experience  is  now  of  54  years'  stand- 
ing, and  it  will  be  found  that  his  talents 
have  not  been  suffered  to  lie  dormant 
for  many  years  during  that  long  period. 
....   Half  a  century  ago  the  printing  of 


the  House  of  Commons  was  comparatively 
of  small  extent,  and  the  types  of  the 
printer  were  oftener  employed  in  the  ser- 
vice of  booksellers  and  of  authors  than  at 
present."  Mr.  Hansard,  early  in  his 
career,  was  employed  by  Mr.  Orme  in 
printing  his  "  History  of  India,"  and  from 
personally  attending  that  gentleman,  and 
assisting  him  in  correction  of  the  proofs 
and  revises,  he  gained  a  competent  know- 
ledge of  Indian  affairs,  which  afterwards 
became  highly  useful  to  himself  and  the 
public.  He  was  also  employed  by  Burke 
in  printing  his  "  Essay  on  the  French 
Revolution."  Dr.  Johnson,  when  in  con- 
nection with  Mr.  Dodsley,  preferred  Mr. 
Hansard  as  his  printer.  Person  pro- 
nounced him  to  be  the  most  accurate  of 
Greek  printers.  Mr.  Hansard  first  at- 
tracted Pitt's  notice  by  his  ability  in  read- 
ing complicated  and  almost  illegible  manu- 
script, and  retained  his  patronage  by  the 
remarkable  expedition  with  which  he 
completed  important  publications.  He 
also  distinguished  himself  in  the  service 
of  the  Finance  Committee  of  1796-7  ;  and 
in  the  following  year,  when  an  immense 
mass  of  returns  relative  to  the  SlaveTrade, 
employed  three  printers  to  turn  them  out, 
Mr.  Hansard  was  selected  to  plan  and 
organize  the  whole.  Before  1805,  Mr. 
Hansard  had  relinquished  private  printing 
to  devote  his  entire  attention  to  parliamen- 
tary work.  "Among  the  combinations 
of  workmen  "  (we  here  quote  from  Mr. 
Rickman's  evidence),  "  in  the  year  1805 
the  printing  trade  did  not  escape,  and 
the  Standing  Order  for  the  delivery  of 
printed  Bills  before  their  first  reading, 
was  deemed  by  the  workmen  a  good  op- 
portunity to  try  an  experiment  of  forcing 
a  rise  of  wages  in  Mr.  Hansard's  printing- 
office.  The  pres.smen  were  put  in  front 
of  the  battle  ;  twenty-four  of  them  simul- 
taneously left  their  work.  Their  master 
lost  no  time  in  seeking  and  finding  un- 
employed men  in  the  streets  and  stable- 
yards,  and  he  was  seen  by  more  members 
of  Parliament  than  one  in  a  working 
jacket,  and,  with  his  sons,  instructing 
these  new  men  by  precept  and  example." 
"  Mr.  Hansard,"  continues  this  witness, 
"from  the  beginning  of  his  official  life 
has  established  this  rule  for  his  conduct, 
to  spare  no  cost  or  personal  labour  in 
attempting  to  perform  the  important  duty 
entrusted  to  him  better  and  cheaper  and 


300 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


more  expeditiously  than  any  other  print- 
ing business  is  done  in  London,  No 
person  with  less  practice  in  printing  ar- 
rangements could  equal  him  in  seeing  at 
a  glance,  and  markmg  on  paper  (intel- 
ligibly to  the  workman)  the  exact  scheme 
of  every  line  and  column  and  indentation, 
so  as  to  be  at  once  perspicuous  and  eco- 
nomical. This  kind  of  editorial  attention 
in  the  variety  and  novelty  of  arrangement 
of  the  House  of  Commons  printed  papers 
saves  considerable  expense  to  the  public, 
who  pay  nothing  for  it."  The  Gentle- 
mans  Magazine  of  December,  1824,  then 
edited  by  Nichols,  the  printer,  says  : — 
"  Mr.  Luke  Hansard  has  the  reputation 
of  being  the  first  caster-ojf'va.  the  king- 
dom." 

In  the  catalogue  of  an  Exhibition  of 
Portraits  referred  to  below,  it  is  stated 
that  Luke  Hansard  was  printer  of  the 
House  of  Commons  Journals  from  1774 
to  his  death,  in  1828,  under  Speakers 
Norton,  Cornwall,  Grenville,  Addington, 
Mitford,  Abbott,  and  Manners  Sutton. 
This  information  is  probably  correct ; 
during  the  earlier  Speakerships,  however, 
the  partnership  with  Mr.  Hughs  was  in 
existence. 

Luke  Hansard  was  a  man  of  remark- 
ably abstemious  habits,  constant  applica- 
tion, and  unwearied  industry,  and  of 
great  force  of  character.  His  contribu- 
tions to  public  charities  were  liberal  but 
unostentatious.  Speaking  in  1812  of  the 
printing  of  the  Parliamentary  Journals, 
Nichols  says: — "That  business  has  de- 
volved into  the  hands  of  perhaps  the  only 
printer  living  who  unites  in  one  person 
the  ability  of  superintending  such  exten- 
sive duties,  and  strength  of  mind  and 
body  sufficient  to  undergo  the  fatigue  of 
constant  personal  attendance."  After  the 
ample  enjoyment  of  an  uncommon  por- 
tion of  good  health,  Mr.  Hansard  felt  an 
alarming  change  about  the  beginning  of 
the  year  1828,  and  on  the  close  of  the 
parliamentary  session  in  July,  became 
fully  convinced  of  his  approaching  decay. 
He  took  a  solemn  leave  of  the  principal 
persons  in  his  large  establishment,  and 
intimated  as  his  own  firm  belief  that  he 
should  see  them  no  more.  After  this  his 
health  rapidly  declined.  He  went  to 
Worthing  for  a  month,  and  then  returned 
to  his  son  James's  house  in  Southampton 
Street,  Holborn,  expressing  himself 
thankful  that  he  should  be  permitted  to 
die  in  the  arms  of  his  family.  Having 
taken  leave  of  every  member  individually, 
explaining  to  each  the  provision  he  had 
made  for  them,  and  bestowing  upon  them 
all  his  blessing,  he  died  October  29,  1828, 
and  was  interred  in  the  parish  church  of 


St.  Giles-in-the-Fields  on  the  52nd  anni- 
versary of  his  eldest  son's  birthday. 
Luke  Hansard's  widow  died  on  May  18, 
1834. 

In  the  Appendix  to  the  Memoir  of 
Luke  Hansard  is  given  a  selection  of 
Letters  addressed  by  him  to  his  children 
and  grandchildren.  We  may  particularly 
mention  six  letters  written  between  1820 
— 1827,  to  his  son  Thomas  Curson,  and 
especially  one  dated  July  20,  1825.  All 
his  letters  prove  the  truly  paternal 
interest  he  took  in  his  family,  and  his  soli- 
citude for  their  welfare.  These  letters  also 
show  the  depth  of  his  religious  sentiments 
and  the  strength  of  his  character.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  by  nature  Luke  Han- 
sard was  a  very  stem  man  :  his  portrait 
shows  it  at  a  glance.  Yet  nothing  could 
be  more  tender  and  affectionate  than 
some  of  his  letters  to  his  grandchildren. 
Like  all  men  of  his  mould,  the  measure 
he  dealt  out  unsparingly  to  himself  he 
applied  to  others,  who  were  not  at  all 
times  able  to  reach  his  own  heroic  stan- 
dard. One  very  marked  trait  in  his 
character  was  his  horror  of  debt.  His 
maxim  was  that  no  money  he  possessed 
was  his  own,  but  was  merely  held  in  trust, 
until  he  had  discharged  every  just  debt 
he  owed  ;  and  this  was  his  imdeviating 
practice,  to  the  great  comfort  and  advan- 
tage of  all  with  whom  he  had  dealings. 
Si  sic  otnnesl  Bound  up  with  Luke 
Hansard's  Memoir  in  the  British  Museum 
copy  is  an  excellent  obituary  memoir  of 
him  from  the  Gentleman  s  Magazine, 
evidently  written  by  Nichols.  This  was, 
in  fact,  the  foundation  of  the  "  Bio- 
graphical Memoir." 

I'he  portrait  of  Luke  Hansard  was 
exhibited  in  the  second  "  Special  Exhi- 
bition of  National  Portraits,"  at  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  in  1867,  and 
also  at  the  Caxton  Celebration,  1877. 

Luke  Hansard  left  three  sons.  The  two 
younger  of  the  three  were  James  (at  whose 
house  in  Southampton  Street,  Holborn, 
Luke  Hansard  died)  and  Luke  Graves, 
who  died  at  Chigwell  Row  in  1841,  and 
is  interred  at  Chigwell,  both  of  whom 
were  admitted  into  partnership  with  their 
father,  and  succeeded  him  m  his  busi- 
ness of  Printer  to  the  House  of  Commons. 
The  eldest  son  was  Thomas  Curson 
Hansard,  the  famous  author  of  "  Typo- 
graphia,"  &c.  (see  infra).  James  and 
Luke  Graves  Hansard  were  in  course  of 
time  succeeded  by  their  respective  sons, 
and  since  the  year  1847,  Mr.  Henry  Han- 
sard, son  of  Luke  Graves  Hansard,  has 
held  the  important  and  honourable  ap- 
pointment of  Printer  to  the  House  of 
Commons. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


301 


Hansard  (Luke  James).     The  Moral  Power  of  the  Press.     2  plates. 
London  :   1 845.     8vo. 
The   author  is  the  son  of  James  and  grandson  of  Luke  Hansard,  and  has  been  a 
most  generous  patron  of  the  Printers'  Pension  Society. 

Hansard  (Thomas  Curson).  Typographia :  an  historical  sketch  of  the 
origin  and  progress  of  the  Art  of  Printing ;  with  practical  directions 
for  conducting  every  department  in  an  office  :  with  a  description  of 
Stereotype  and  Lithography.  Illustrated  by  Engravings,  Biogra- 
phical Notices,  and  Portraits.  London:  1825.  Royal 8vo.  pp.  xvi., 
4  leaves  of  contents,  pp.  939  ;  index,  13  leaves. 

Another  edition  [1869].     8vo.     London,     pp.  ii.,  396. 

Press,  or  Copperplate  Printing,  and  is 
followed  by  one  on  the  Construction  of  an 
Office,  in  which  the  general  principles  of 
a  good  and  eligible  plan  are  admirably 
laid  down.  Mr.  Hansard  treats  at  great 
length,  and  with  a  conservative  bias,  the 


In  a  preface  of  14  pp.  the  author  ex- 
plains that  his  work  is  partly  based  upon 
Stower's  "  Printer's  Grammar,"  published 
some  seventeen  years  previously,  but 
then  become  somewhat  antiquated.  He 
avows  his  endeavour  has  been  to  inform 

the  young  practitioner,  and  to  make  his  subject  of  Stereotype  ;  the  art  of  Litho- 
woric  acceptable  generally  to  men  of  graphy  is  next  considered,  followed  by 
letters  and  esser.tially  so  to  members  of    a  chapter  on  Decorative  Printing,  full  of 


the  art.  The  notices  of  English  type- 
founders are  derived  from  the  curious 
work  of  Mr.  E.  Rowe  Mores,  and 
Mr.  Hansard  states  that  he  had  at  one 
time  an  idea  of  reprinting  the  book,  with 
a  continuation  brought  down  to  his  own 
time,  for  which  he  had  collected  the 
materials.  He  also  acknowledges  him- 
self indebted  to  an  unpublished  MS. 
relative  to  printing  by  Earl  Stanhope, 
and  gives  an  interesting  review  of  the 
works  of  previous  writers  on  the  art  of 


sound  common  sense ;  and  in  the  Appendix 
is  included  a  Glossary  of  Terms  used  in 
Printing,  and  an  Abstract  of  the  Acts 
(some  of  which  are  now  happily  obsolete) 
relative  to  Printers  and  Bookbinders, 
the  whole  being  concluded  by  an  ex- 
cellent Index,  which  is  divided  into  two 
parts.  From  first  to  last  this  work  is 
admirably  produced,  and  is  a  model  of 
what  a  technical  treatise  should  be. 

We   append  ^the  portrait    of   Thomas 
Curson    Hansard,    which    was    prefixed 


printing,  concluding  with  allusions  to  the  to    his    "  Typographia."      In   reviewmg 

portraits  and  biographical  sketches  con-  it   at  the  time  of  its  publication  (182O, 

tained  in  his  own  work.     The  contents  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  ^a.idi: — "The 

are  divided   into   two   parts — Historical  best    likeness    in    Hansard's    volume   is 

and    Practical.      The    Historical    Intro-  decidedly  that  of  the  author,  drawn  by 

duction,  which  extends  to  404  pages,  is  A.   Todd,   R.A.,   and  well   engraved   on 

most  carefully  and  conscientiously  com-  wood  by  J.   Lee,  who  has  executed  all 

piled,  and  includes  the  subjects  of  Paper  the  portraits   in  a  style    hitherto   unat- 

.ind  Typefounding,  as  well  as  an  account  tempted.     They  are  drawn  on  the  block 

of  the  Stationers'  Company.     Part  II.  is  by   Mr.  W.   Craig,    engraved   in  a  free 

devoted  to  the  Practice  of  the  Art,  and,  cross-hatched  manner  by  Mr.   Lee,  and 

commencing  with  a  general  description  if  we  think  some  of  the  likenesses  not  so 

of   the    apparatus    for    and    process    of  happy    as    they    would    probably    have 

movable     type    printing,     treats    under  proved  if  engraved  on  copper,  we  think 

separate    heads    of   Case,    Press,     Fine  that  the  failure  is  inseparable  from  wood 

Printing,    Inking   Apparatus,  Improved  engraving,  when  that  style  is  applied  to 


Manual  Presses,  Printing  Machines,  and 
Printing  Ink.  Separate  chapters  are 
devoted  to  the  consideration  of  the  duties 
of  the  Overseer  and  the  Reader,  and  the 
mode  of  keeping  the  Accounts  of  a 
Printing  Office.  The  Warehouse  De- 
partment comes  next,  followed  by  a 
chapter  on  Prices,  which  may  be  strongly 
recommended  to  the  attentive  considera- 
tion of  the  modern  master  printer. 
Chapter  XIV.  is  devoted  to  the  Roller 


unsuitable  subjects."  The  annexed  illus- 
tration is  printed  from  the  original  wood- 
cut thus  referred  to.  In  the  same  review 
it  is  said: — "It  embraces  everything 
that  could  be  expected  in  such  a  work  up 
to  the  time  of  its  publication.  We  do 
not  mention  Mr.  Johnson's  Typographia, 
as  the  present  work,  we  believe,  was  in 
considerable  forwardness  before  Mr. 
Johnson's  was  published  ;  and  as  we  do 
not  perceive  that   Mr.   Hansard  notices 


302 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


Mr.  Johnson's  in  his  preface,  we  presume 
he  has  not  availed  himself  of  its  contents; 
for  Mr.  H.  appears  to  act  most  honour- 
ably in  acknowledging  his  literary  obliga- 
tions." 

The  1869  reprint  of  some  of  the  practical 
portions  of  "  Typographia"  was  begun  in 
1867  in  the  pages  of  the  hondon  Prz users' 
Jo7irnal.  Mr.  George  Challoner,  the 
editor  of  the  reprint,  was  originally  a 
compositor,  and  then  became  a  reader. 
He  is  at  present  the  editor  of  a  metro- 
politan journal  devoted  to  the  iron  in- 
dustries {see  Challoner,  G.).  It  was 
intended  by  the  editor  to  have  brought 
down  the  work  to  the  present  time,  but 
the  idea  was  very  shortly  abandoned,  and 
the  Journal  itself  has  been  long  since 
defunct.  In  the  preface  to  this  edition 
an  explanation  is  given  why  the  enter- 
prise was  not  carried  out  in  its  entirety. 

Thomas  Cukson  Hansard,  eldest  son 
of  Luke  Hansard,  Printer  to  the  House  of 
Commons,  of  whom  a  memoir  is  given 
above,  and  author  of  the  "  Typographia," 
was  born  on  the  6th  November,  1776. 
The  printing-office  of  his  energetic  father 
was  an  excellent  school  of  training  in  all 
the  practical  branches  of  the  art,  and  the 
large  and  peculiar  connection  of  the 
establishment  was  not  less  adapted  to 
impart  the  experience  necessary  for  the 
economy  and  management  of  a  large 
general  business.  Nor  did  Mr.  Thomas 
Hansard,  during  his  youth,  neglect  the 
cultivation  of  his  mind  ;  for  he  was,  if 
not  possessed  of  special  accomplishments, 
a  very  well-read  man. 

In  the  transaction  of  the  Parliamentary 
business  of  his  father,  Mr.  Thomas  Han- 
.sard  was  brought  into  frequent  inter- 
course with  the  Speakers  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  with  the  officials  of  the  Govern- 
ment, and  the  leading  statesmen  and 
orators  on  both  sides.  Thus  he  be- 
came associated  with  some  of  the  most 
remarkable  political  charicters  of  his 
time.  These  belonged  chiefly  to  what 
would  now  be  termed  the  Liberal,  but  was 
then  denounced  as  the  Radical  Party. 
The  son's  political  aberration  was  very 
distasteful  to  the  stern  old  gentleman, 
whose  politics  and  religion  were  of 
the  Johnsonian  school  ;  and  his  son, 
perceiving  an  opportunity  for  successful 
enterprise  in  a  field  of  letters  which, 
though  of  a  political  cast,  would  not 
interfere  with  the  interests  of  his  father, 
in  1805  purchased  of  the  executors  of 
Mr.  Kickerby  the  lease  and  plant  of  the 
printing  business  which  had  been  carried 
on  by  him  in  the  ancient  palatial  resi- 
dence of  the  Bishops  of  Peterborough. 
In  this  straggling  and  venerable  old  brick 


building,  the  hand-rail  of  the  principal 
staircase  of  which  was  of  oak,  dubbed  by 
the  axe,  Mr.  Thomas  Hansard,  like  the 
patriarchal,  printers,  established  a  busi- 
ness which  combined  letters  and  litera- 
ture under  one  roof.  It  was  also  a  singular 
coincidence  that  his  private  residence  in 
Salisbury  Square  had  been  the  residence 
of  Richardson,  the  author  and  printer  of 
"Pamela,"  "Sir  Charles  Grandison," 
"  Clarissa  Harlowe,"  and  other  novels 
of  immense  popularity  in  their  day.  It 
was  further  singular  that  Richardson  had 
been  employed  to  print  the  Journals  of 
the  House  of  Commons. 

Mr.  Thomas  Hansard  early  became 
the  admirer  and  follower,  and  afterwards 
the  martyr,  of  William  Cobbett,  of  whose 
Political  Register  he  was  the  printer. 
The  uncompromising  and  pithy  writings 
of  Cobbett  brought  down  on  him  the 
vengeance  of  the  Government  of  the  day, 
and  involved  the  printer  —  perhaps  not 
altogether  without  a  pleasant  sense  of 
persecution^ — in  the  punishment.  In  one 
of  the  numbers,  Cobbett  denounced  t'ne 
flogging  of  some  mutineers  of  a  regiment 
of  Cambridgeshire  Militia,  under  the 
guard  of  German  Dragoons,  proceeding 
in  these  spicy  terms  : — "  Five  hundred 
la.shes  each  I  Aye,  that  is  right.  Flog 
them  !  Flog  them  !  Flog  them  !  They 
deserve  it,  and  a  great  deal  more. 
'I'hey  deserve  a  flogging  at  every  meal. 
Lash  them  daily,  lash  them  duly  ! 
Lash  them  !  Lash  them  !  Lash  them  ! 
They  deserve  it.  Oh  yes  !  they  deserve 
a  double-tailed  cat.  Base  dogs  !  What? 
mutiny  for  the  price  of  a  knapsack  !  Lash 
them  !  Flog  them  !  Base  rascals  !  Mu- 
tiny for  the  price  of  a  goat-skin  !  " 

The  author,  the  printer,  the  bookseller, 
and  an  unlucky  newsvendor,  were  prose- 
cuted for  a  seditious  libel ;  and  being 
found  "  Guilty,"  Mr.  Hansard  resided 
three  months  in  the  King's  Bench. 

But  Mr.  Hansard  had  no  purpose  of 
being  the  hand  of  other  men's  heads.  His 
object  in  setting  up  his  independent 
officiita  was  to  connect  himself  with  the 
public  literature  of  his  country  by  creating 
a  new  department  of  the  national  records. 
From  the  earliest  date  of  his  establish- 
ment he  had  been  employed  by  the  Lon- 
don publishers  to  take  part  in  their  asso- 
ciate undertakings  ;  for  upon  so  insignifi- 
cant a  scale  was  the  printing  business 
conducted  in  those  days  of  small  founts 
and  handpre.sses,  that  any  large  collection 
of  works,  such  as  "The  British  Poets," 
"The  British  Novelists,"  was  put  out  in 
sections  to  difi'crent  printers.  The  un- 
dertakings of  which  he  was  the  projector 
and  the  chief  proprietor,  were  of  a  truly 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


303 


THOMAS  CUKSON  HANSARD,  ^t.  48,  a7i.   1824,  Eldest  SOU  of  Luke  Hansard. 


304 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


national  conception.  Besides  the  great 
Parliamentary  Record  which  perpetuates 
his  name,  Mr.  Hansard  had  the  chief  part 
in  the  projection  and  execution  of  such 
works  as  the  "Collection  of  State  Trials," 
edited  by  James  Howell,  afterwards  Chief 
Justice  of  Gibraltar,  and  "The  Parlia- 
mentary History  of  England,"  a  vast  and 
laborious  compilation,  to  which  Cobbett 
lent  the  popularity  of  his  name,  though 
he  probably  never  saw  more  than  the  first 
title-page.  It  was,  however,  edited  by 
Mr.  John  Wright,  a  man  of  varied  reading 
and  intense  idleness ;  so  that  the  real 
labour  fell  upon  Mr.  Hansard,  whose 
reading  and  business-like  industry  forced 
to  completion  a  work  which  would  other- 
wise have  fallen  still-born.  It  contains 
in  36  royal  8vo.  double-column  volumes  a 
compilation  of  all  that  had  been  preserved 
relating  to  the  business  of  the  English 
Parliament,  from  the  Conquest  to  1803. 
This  collection  is  now  properly  known 
a.«i  "  Hansard's  Parliamentary  His- 
tory." 

It  was  a  natural  consequence  that  so 
large-minded  a  man  as  Mr.  Hansard, 
while  he  was  thus  preserving  the  records 
of  past  times,  should  perceive  that  the 
record  of  the  current  day  was  not  only  of 
more  practical  value  and  more  easily  to 
be  obtained,  but  that  it  offered  the 
honourable  and  continuous  occupation  of 
a  life.  The  leading  statesmen  were  con- 
sulted, and  promised  their  support  ;  and 
thus  in  1806  Mr.  Hansard  commenced 
that  great  work,  "  Hansard's  Debates," 
which  embodies  the  eloquence  and  wis- 
dom of  the  Imperial  Parliament  for 
more  than  three-quarters  of  a  century. 
From  the  commencement,  owing  to  the 
high  personal  character  of  the  founder, 
and  the  Parliamentary  repute  of  his 
family,  the  work  took  a  high  position. 
The  experience  of  a  long  series  of  years 
confirmed  this  expectation.  The  integ- 
rity and  value  of  these  reports  have 
never  been  questioned,  and  "  Hansard," 
without  any  official  authority,  has,  in  the 
opinion  of  some  of  the  most  eminent  states- 
men, superseded  the  necessity  of  official 
reports,  although  at  various  times  indi- 
vidual members  have  unsuccessfully  pro- 
posed an  official  record  of  the  debates  in 
the  House.  It  is  one  of  the  anomalies 
of  our  institutions  that  Parliament  should 
leave  the  record  of  its  proceedings  in 
private  hands  ;  but  thus  some  inconveni- 
ences are  avoided  which  would  attach  to 
an  official  publication.  The  entire  sub- 
ject of  Parliamentary  reporting  is  being, 
however,  considered  by  a  Special  Com- 
mission while  these  sheets  are  passing 
through  the  press.    "  Hansard  "  has  now 


attained   to  the  prodigious  bulk  of  338 
massive  volumes. 

In  1822  Mr.  Hansard  purchased  the 
freehold  of  premises  in  Paternoster  Row, 
which  he  pulled  down,  and  erected  on 
the  site  a  printing  -  office,  in  which  he 
realized  in  brick  and  mortar  all  that  he 
had  conceived  of  the  ideal  of  such  an 
establishment.  It  was  undoubtedly  the 
most  compact  office  of  small  dimensions 
that  had  been  to  that  time  built.  To  this 
complete  establishment  he  removed  in 
1823  or  1824 — probably  in  the  former 
year,  as  his  name  appears  in  the  list  of 
London  printers  in  Johnson's  "  Typo- 
graphia."  In  the  same  list  we  find  the 
names  of  L.  Hansard  carrying  on  business 
in  Great  Turnstile,  Holborn,  and  L.  Han- 
.sard,  jun.,  in  Parker's  Lane,  Drury  Lane. 
Thomas  conducted  a  considerable  busi- 
ness with  the  publishing  houses  with 
which  he  was  connected,  as  well  as  his 
own  large  work.  The  reputation  of 
this  establishment  was  so  wide  that 
Mr.  Hansard  was  consulted  by  the 
Printing  Syndicate  of  the  L^niversity  of 
Cambridge  in  remodelling  their  Press, 
and  received  from  the  University,  in 
acknowledgment  of  his  valuable  advice,  a 
noble  silver  inkstand,  which  is  preserved 
as  an  heirloom  in  his  family.  In  the  annals 
of  bibliography  Mr.  Hansard's  reputation 
will  rest  on  his  work  cited  above,  "  Typo- 
graphia  :  an  Historical  Sketch  of  the 
Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Art  of  Print- 

Mr.  Hansard's  mechanical  abilities 
were  considerable,  and  were  assiduously 
applied  to  the  improvement  of  his  art. 
In  his  early  days  presswork  was  executed 
by  the  slow  and  laborious  process  of  the 
hand-press,  and  that  press  of  a  very  pri- 
mitive description  ;  at  first  sight,  indeed, 
it  is  difficult  to  see  what  advance  had 
been  made  in  nearly  four  centuries  upon 
the  original  press  of  Caxton.  The  first 
great  improver  of  this  machine  was 
Charles,  third  Earl  Stanhope,  who  de- 
vised the  simple,  powerful,  and  speedy 
press  called  after  him,  and  which  is  still 
used  by  many  printers.  In  perfecting 
this  great  improvement.  Earl  Stanhope 
availed  himself  of  the  practical  and  me- 
chanical ability  of  Mr.  Hansard  ;  and  his 
lordship's  presence  in  Peterborough  Court 
was  for  long  of  daily  occurrence.  Mr. 
Hansard  took  out  a  patent,  by  which 
the  effective  speed  and  accuracy  of 
the  hand-press  would  have  been  greatly 
increased,  and  devised  other  improve- 
ments, by  which  the  ancient  operations 
of  the  printing-office  would  have  been 
much  facilitated.  But  the  introduction 
of  the  cylinder  machine  superseded   all 


Bibliography  of  Frifiting.  305 

these  ingenuities,  and  the  hand-press  was  age,  had  already  become  manifest,  and 
thrown  back  upon  its  original  position — a  he  declined  the  honour, 
machine  in  which  the  eye  and  hand  direct  This  excellent  man  died  in  Chatham 
the  efforts  of  the  instrument.  The  dis-  Place,  on  the  14th  May,  1833,  at  the  age 
appointment  arising  from  these  failures  of  57  years.  He  had  been  twice  mar- 
in  no  way  affected  Mr.  Hansard's  appre-  ried,  and  left  several  children,  one  of 
ciation  of  the  new  system.  He  was  one  whom  is  referred  to  infra. 
of  the  first  to  adopt  the  cylinder  machine  A  memoir  of  T  C.  Hansard  appeared 
into  his  establishment,  and  he  studied  and  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  vol.  ciii. 
adopted  all  improvements  in  every  branch  I.  p.  569,  which  was  copied  verbatim  into 
of  printing.  xhe  Annnal  Register  oi  iZ^Z-  We  may 
On  the  death  of  Mr.  Crowder,  Alder-  state,  however,  that  wherever  the  facts 
man  of  CastleBaynardWard, Mr. Hansard  there  cited  are  opposed  to  the  preceding 
was  offered  (privately)  the  vacant  alder-  sketch  (compiled  from  original  sources), 
manic  gown ;  but  the  organic  disease,  they  must  not  be  regarded  as  trust- 
which  resulted  in  his  death  at  an  early  worthy. 

[Hansard  (Thomas  Curson)].  Treatises  on  Printing  and  Typefounding, 
by  T.  C.  H.  From  the  seventh  edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica.  Edinburgh  :  1841.  8vo.  pp.  vii.,  235.  2  plates  of 
facsimiles,  and  i  plate  of  a  printing-machine. 

Although  generally  supposed  to  have  "  Hansard  "  of  the  present  day,  we  are 

been  written  by  the  author  of  "Typo-  indebted  for  the  loan  of  the  portrait  of  his 

graphia,"  the  writer  of  this  book  is  really  father  in  the  preceding  biography,  and  for 

Mr.  Thomas  Curson  Hansard,  his  eldest  several  of  the  very  interesting  engravings, 

son,  barrister-at-law,  of  the  Temple.     To  from  his  father's  admirable  work,  which 

the  courtesy  of  this  gentleman,  who  is  the  will  be  found  in  these  pages. 

The  Art  of  Printing  :  its  History  and  Practice  from  the  days 

of  John  Gutenberg.     Edinburgh:  1851.     Svo, 

~ The  Art  of  Printing  and  Caxton.     London  :  1855.     i8mo. 

The  History  of  the  Art  of  Printing.     Edinburgh  :   1840.     Svo. 

[Hanschen].     Exempla  literarum  Georgii  Hanschenii,  de  typographis 

regiae  et  equestris  academiae  Soronas,  honori  perillustris  et  magnifici 

herois  dn.  Georgii  Rosenkranstzii  de  Anno  1655.     4to.     pp.  55. 

Jorgen  Hanzsch  printed  at  Soroe,  Malmoe,  Lund,  and  after  1666  at  Stockholm, 

where  he  died  in  1668. 

Harless  (Christian  Friedrich),  Die  Literatur  der  ersten  hundert 
Jahre  nach  der  Erfindung  der  Typographic,  in  den  meisten 
Hauptfachern  der  Wissenschaften.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Geschichte 
dieser  Wissenschaften  im  Mittelhalter  und  seinem  Uebergange 
zur  neuern  Zeit .     Leipzig:   1840.     8vo,     pp.288. 

Harm  ANN  (Joh.).  Ehren-gedichte  auf  die  edle  freye  Kunst-Buch- 
druckerey,  dehren  Ursprung,  Fortgang,  und  Nutzbarkeit.  Frank- 
furt :  1739.     8vo. 

Harmsen.    Letterproef  van  Harmsen  en  Cie.  Amsterdam:  1804.    8vo. 

Harpel  (Oscar  H.).     A  Franklin  Memento.     Cincinnati:   1877. 

A  four-page  circular  letter  from  the  printer,  also  some  illustrations,  and  a 
office  of  Harpel  &  Skillman,  Cincinnati,  facsimile  copy  of  Franklin's  celebrated 
which  gives  a  number  of  interesting  facts  letter  to  Strahan,  the  printer  and  member 
and   incidents   in   the   life   of   the   great     of  Parliament,  in  1777. 

2    R 


3o6  Bibliography  of  Print iug. 

IIarpel  (Oscar  H.)-     Poets  and  Poetry  of  Printerdom  ;  a  collection 
of  Original  and  Selected  Fugitive  Effusions,  written  by  persons 
connected  with  Printing.     Cincinnati  :  1 875.     8vo. 
A  collection  of  poems,  lyrias,  ballads,     selected  compositions,  besides  portraits, 
songs,   &c.,  emanating  from   persons  at     autographs,    biographical    sketches,    fac- 
present  or  formerly  engaged  in  printing     similes  of  MSS.,   engravings,  and  typo- 
or  journalism,  or  in   some  manner  con-     graphical    embellishments.       The    typo- 
nected  directly  therewith.     A  number  of    graphy  is  very  ingenious,  and  the  press- 
quaintly   amusing   effusions    have    been     work  is  admirable  ;   but  the  printing  is 
brought   together,    the   production   of  a     not  in  a  style  that  will   please  a  severe 
large  number  of  authors,  with  about  three     classical  taste.     The  author  is  a  man  of 
hundred  of  their  now  first-published  or    endless  typographical  resources. 

Typograph,  or  Book  of  Specimens,  containing  useful  informa- 


tion, suggestions,  and  a  collection  of  examples  of  letterpress  job- 
printing,  arranged  for  the  assistance  of  master  printers,  amateurs, 
apprentices,  and  others.     Cincinnati :  1870.     Royal  8vo.    pp.  252, 
addenda^  pp.  14. 
The  practical  part  of  the  work  is  printed  within  coloured  borders,  each  page  pre- 
senting a  different  design  and  colour.     The  pages  of  specimens  include  every  style, 
and  there  are  24  illustrations  printed  separately. 

Harper  Typographical  Establishment  at  New  York,  The.     London  : 

1855.     8vo. 
Harrild  &  Sons'  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  Superior  Machinery  and 

materials  for  letterpress,  lithographic,  and  copperplate  printers, 

bookbinders,  and  stationers.    "  Fleet  "  Works,  Farringdon  Street. 

4to.   [n.  d.] 

New  and  Revised  Illustrated  Catalogue  for  1877.     8vo. 

The  firm  of  Harrild  &  Sons  was  estab-  The  vast  business  of  this  firm  is  now 
lished  in  1809  by  the  late  Mr.  Robert  carried  on  by  his  surviving  son  and 
Harrild,  who  was  the  first  to  manufacture  grandsons,  with  Mr.  Samuel  Bremner, 
composition  balls  and  rollers  for  the  trade  the  able  inventor  of  several  printing- 
in  the  year  1810  (see  Franklin,  ante),     machines,  as  general  manager. 

Harrison  &  Sons.     A  List  of  Egyptian  Hieroglyphics.     [London  : 
1877.]    4to.  pp.  12. 

This  contains  no  less  than  1,009  different  cially  by  continental  typefounders,  for 
examples  of  Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  or  the  reproduction  of  the  most  rude  and 
picture  writings,  consisting  of  figures  of  remote  systems  of  writing, 
animals,  plants,  and  other  material  The  firm  by  whom  the  above  list  is 
objects  as  employed  by  the  Egypti-  issued  is  that  of  Messrs.  Harrison  & 
ans  in  representing  words  and  phrases.  Sons,  of  St.  Martin's  Lane,  printers  in 
As  is  well  known,  the  scholarly  hiero-  ordinary  to  Her  Majesty.  It  was 
glyphics  of  this  ancient  people  were  founded  by  Thomas  Harrison,  who,  in 
used  as  a  common  language  among  1733,  was  apprenticed  to  the  confidential 
priests,  the  figure  being  selected  to  e.\-  Government  Printer,  Mr.  Owen,  of 
press  the  first  vocal  sound  in  the  name  of  Warwick  Lane,  afterwards  printer  of  the 
the  object  represented.  Besides  these,  London  Gazette.  At  that  time,  how- 
there  were  the  hieratic,  a  shorthand  form  ever,  printing  of  a  confidential  nature  was 
of  the  hieroglyphic,  and  the  demotic,  a  done  at  the  Home  Office.  Thomas 
simplification  of  the  hieroglyphic,  suited  Harrison  afterwards  entered  into  partner- 
to  the  requirements  of  the  people.  The  ship  with  Mr.  Owen,  the  firm  being  styled 
specimens  in  the  above  work  are  all  cast,  Owen  &  Harrison.  From  1783,  on  the 
and  the  figures  are  in  outline.  The  book  death  of  Owen,  Thomas  Harrison  carried 
shows  how  the  modern  art  of  engraving  on  the  business  alone.  In  1788,  the  print- 
and  typefounding  has  been  utilized,  espe-  ing  of  the  London  Gazette  was  transferred 


Bibliography  of  Piinting.  307 

to  the  King's  Printer,  and  the  nephew  of  ing  on  business  as  "  Harrison  &  Co."   The 

the  founder,    James    Harrison,    was   ap-  partnership  was  dissolved   in    1847,  and 

pointed  Government  confidential  printer,  Mr.  T.  R.  Harrison  then  carried  on  the 

in  which  office  he  was  succeeded  by  his  business    alone    and    in    his    own    name, 

son  and  grandson.     The  "  confidential  "  Subsequently  his  sons  were  joined   with 

printing-office    was    transferred     to    the  him,  and    the    firm   became  successively 

Foreign  Office.     Mr.  James  Harrison  left  Harrison  &  Son  and  Harrison  &   Sons, 

the  City,  and,  until  the  place  was  pulled  under  which  latter  title  it  is  still  carried 

down,  carried  on  his  private  business  at  on  by  his  two  sons,  Thomas  and  James, 

Lancaster  Court,  Charing  Cross,  first  by  Mr.  J".  R.  Harrison  having  died  in  April, 

himself  as  "James  Harrison,"  and  then  in  1869.     For  more  than  30  years  the  firm 

partnership  with  his  son  Thomas  Richard  has  again  printed  the  London  Gazette. 
Harrison,  under  the  style  of  J.  Harrison         Mr.  James  Harrison's  maternal  uncle 

&  Son.   Thefirm  then  removed  to  Orchard  was  Mr.  Say,  the  proprietor,  editor,  and 

Street,  Westminster.     Mr.  James  Harri-  printer  of  the  celebrated  Cra/tstnan,  or 

son  retired  in  1838,  and  Mr.  T.  R.  Harri-  Say's  Weekly  jfournal,  a  copy  of  which 

son   entered   into   partnership   with   Mr.  issued    in    1789,   was   exhibited    at    the 

J.  W.  Parker,  publisher,  of  the  Strand,  Caxton  Celebration, 
and  removed  to  St.  Martin's  Lane,  carry- 

Hart  (Francis)  &  Co.     Specimens  of  Old  Style  Type  in  the  Printing 

Office  of  Francis  Hart  &  Co.,  63  &  65,   Murray  Street,  corner 

of  College  Place,  New  York.     September,  1877.    8vo.    pp.  vi.,  64. 

Impression?  of  a  series  of  a  compara-     "  Etudes   pratiques  ct   litteraires  sur   la 

tively  late  cut  of  Old  Style  Types  cast  by     Typographic  "  ;  and  miscellaneous  matter 

the  firm  of  Bruce  &  Co.     The  specimens     from  other  little-known  authors,  selected 

are  set  solid,  single,  double,  and   treble     by  Mr.  Theodore  L.  De  Vinne,  surviving 

leaded,  and  the  matter  comprises  lengthy     partner  in  the   firm  of  Francis    Hart   & 

and  very  interesting  extracts  from  Mox-     Co.,    and    author    of    several    valuable 

on's  "  Mechanick  Exercises"  ;  Crapelet's     works  on  printing. — See  De  Vinne. 

Hartenbach.     See  Ritschl  vonPIartenbach. 

Hartung  (C.  J.).  Epreuve  des  Caracteres  de  la  Fonderie  de  C.  J. 
Hartung.     Anvers :  1821.     Folio. 

PIartzheimQ.).  Vitse  Pictorum,  Chalcographorum,  etTypographorum 
celebrium  nostratium,  [In  "  Bibliotheca  Coloniensis."  Col.  Aug. 
Agripp.  :  1747.     Folio.] 

IIasler  (M.).  Die  durch  die  Buchdruckerkunst  bliihende  Religion 
und  Gelehrsamkeit.     Htlmstadt :  1757.     4to. 

PIasper  (Wilhelm).  Galvanoplastik.  Griindliche  Anleitung  fiir  Buch- 
drucker,  Schriftgieszer,  Kupferstecher  und  Holzschneider,  auf  die 
einfachste  und  billigste  Art  Typen  und  Kupferplaten  darzustellen. 
Carlsruhe  :   1855.     ^^o*  PP-  ^^^^-  5^* 

Handbuch  der  Buchdruckerkunst,     Nach  eigener  Erfahrung 

und  unter  Zuziehung  der  Werke  von  Brun,  Fournier,  Hansard, 
Johnson,  Savage,  Bodoui  und  Taubel.  Carlsruhe  :  1835.  ^v^- 
pp.  viii.,  362. 

Kurzes  practisches  Plandbuch  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  Frank- 

reich.     Carlsruhe  :   1828.      8vo. 

Wilhelm  Hasper,  the  author,  was  a  Court  Printer,  and  died  at  Carlsruhe  in  1871, 
aged  75.  His  work  has  been  for  a  long  time,  besides  the  so-called  Andreasche 
Handbuch,  the  best  German  book  on  printing. 

See  Brun. 


3o8  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Hasse  (F.  C.  a.).  Oratio.  Typographioe  Lipsiensis,  imprimis  s^eculi 
decimi  quarti,  historise  brevis  adumbratio.  Acced.  tab.  typorum 
Orient.  Fr.  Nies.  [Lipsige  :  1840.]  4to.  pp.  56,  with  five 
plates,  four  of  them  being  facsimiles  of  blockbooks. 

Kurze  Geschichte  der  Leipziger   Buchdruckerkunst   im  Ver- 

laufe  ihres  vierten  Jahrhunderts.  Einladungsschrift  der  Universi- 
tat  Leipzig  zu  der  bei  der  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst von  ihr  veranstalteten  Feierlichkeit.  Aus  dem  Lateinischen 
iibersetzt.  Nebst  einigen  xylographischen  Beilagen.  Leipzig; 
1840.  8vo.  2  plates,  pp.  iv.  73. 
A  translation  into  German  of  the  preceding  article. 

IIassler  (Konrad  Dietierich).  Ulm's  Buchdruckerkunst  mit  mehreren 
artistischen  Beilagen.  [Second  title.]  Die  Buchdrucker-Geschichte 
Ulms.  Zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst. Mit  neuen  Beilragen  zur  Culturgeschichte,  dem  Facsimile 
eines  der  altesten  Drucke  und  artistischen  Beilagen,  besonders  zur 
Geschichte  der  Holzschneidekunst.  Ulm  :  1840.  4to.  3  pre- 
liminary leaves,  pp.  155,  18,  and  8  plates  of  facsimiles. 

Explicatio  Monument!  Typographici  antiquissimi  nuper  reperti. 

Accedunt  supplementa  nonnulla  ad  auctoris  historiam  Typographiae 
Ulmanoe.     Ulmce:  1840.     4to.     pp.  9,  with  i  facsimile  plate. 

Ueber  den  geschichtlichen  Gang  der   altesten  Holzschneide- 


kunst insbesondere  in  Schvvaben  und  iiber  Niellen.  Vortrag.  [In 
*' Verhandlungen  des  Vereins  f.  Kunst  u.  Alterthum,  etc.," 
I.  Bericht.]     Ulm :   1843.     8vo.     Plate. 

Haton  (Martial).  A  Guttenberg  et  a  la  fraternite  (vers).  Lagny: 
1873.     A  quarto  broadside  in  2  columns. 

Hatton  (Joseph).  Printing  and  Bookbinding.  [In  British  Manu- 
facturing Industries,  edited  by  Phillips  Bevan.]  London  :  1876. 
i6mo. Second  edition.     London  :  1877. 

A  paper  contributed  to  one  of  a  series  apparently  unimportant,  yet  most  signi- 
of  volumes  intended,  as  the  preface  states,  ficant  and  fruitful  improvements  that  have 
"  to  bring  into  one  focus  the  leading  occurred  from  time  to  time  in  the  Arts  of 
features  and  present  position  of  the  most  Printing  and  Bookbinding  are  either 
important  industries  of  the  kingdom,  so  ignored  or  misconceived.  In  several 
as  to  enable  the  general  reader  to  com-  cases  where  some  kind  of  technical  de- 
prehend  the  enormous  development  that  scription  was  necessary,  recourse  has 
has  taken  place  within  the  last  twenty  or  been  had  to  the  ever-accommodating 
thirty  years."  The  more  ostentatious  and  encyclopedias,  and  descriptions  of  ma- 
obvious  changes  that  have  taken  place  chinery  have  been  taken  from  them.  The 
receive  some  attention  ;  but  the  gradual,  new  edition  is  improved  in  some  respects. 

Hatton  (Thomas).  The  Compositor's  Guide  to  the  use  of  Greek 
Accents  without  learning  the  language.  London:  1849.  8vo. 
pp.  19. 

This  is  a  very  useful  little  pamphlet,  which  might  be  easily  and  rapidly  mastered 
by  any  ordinary  compositor,  who  would  find  an  ample  reward  for  his  trouble  in  the 
cleanness  of  his  proofs  and  the  rapidity  of  his  work. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  309 

Hauffs  (H.).  Holzschnitt  als  typographisches  Schmuck.  [In  his 
"Skizzen  aus  dem  Leben  der  Natur,"  Vol.  II.  iv.]  Stuttgart: 
1840. 

Hauschild  (J.  G.).  Gutenbergs  Festtanze :  Gutenberg,  schottischer 
Walzer,  op.  61  ;  Fust,  Gallopp,  op.  62.     Leipzig:  1840. 

Hausius  (Karl  Gottlob).  Biographie  HeiTn  Joh.  Gottlob  Immanuel 
Breitkopf's.  Ein  Geschenk  fiir  seine  Freunde.  Leipzig  :  1794. 
8vo.     2  leaves  and  pp.  63.     Portrait  in  title. 

Hausrath  (A.).  Rede  am  vierten  Sakularfeste  der  Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  am  24.  Juni  1840,  vor  einem  Festzuge  in  der 
grossen  Stadtkirche  zu  Karlsruhe  gehalten.  Karlsruhe  :  (1840). 
8vo. 

Hawes  (Stephen).  Bibliography ;  or,  the  History  of  the  Origin  and 
Progress  of  Printing  and  Bookmaking,  embracing  the  various  sub- 
stitutes for  Printed  Literature,  the  Invention  of  Type,  Paper, 
and  Printing.  Newspaper  and  Book  Publishing  in  all  their  varie- 
ties ;  rare  old  Books  and  Manuscripts ;  the  Discovery  and  Progress 
of  Engraving,  Lithography,  Photography,  Photo-Engraving,  Print- 
ing in  Colours,  and  a  general  review  of  the  Literature  of  the  day. 
New  York:  1874.     8vo. 

Hazeu  (Johannes).  Gedenk-zuil,  ter  eere  van  Laurens  Janszoon 
Koster,  uitvinder  der  onwaardeerbare  Boekdrukkunst,  bij  de 
viering  van  het  Vierde  Eeuwfeest,  te  Haarlem.  Amsterdam : 
1824.     8vo.     pp.  16.     In  verse. 

Head  (W.  Wilfred).  The  Victoria  Press  :  its  History  and  Vindication. 
London  :  1869.  8vo. 
This  contains  the  history  of  a  printing-  tacks  from  various  quarters.  In  spite  of 
office  established  for  the  employment  of  this  vindication,  however,  the  author  has 
girls  and  women,  called  the  Victoria  discontinued  the  employment  of  women 
Press,  and   defends  its   system  from  at-    as  printers. — See  Faithfull,  Emily. 

Hecquet,  pere,  ouvrier  typographe  (Charles).  Les  salaires  et  les 
greves.  Conference  faite  au  Cercles  des  Travailleurs  de  Nancy  le 
30  Avril,  1877.     Nancy.     8vo.   pp.  16. 

HfiDOW  (Jules).     La  Lithographic  a   Rouen.     Rouen :    1877.     8vo. 
pp.  88,  with  etched  portrait. 
100  copies  printed  on  Dutch  paper,  and  20  on  Whatman  paper. 

Heidelberg.  Zum  Gedachtniss  der  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung 
der  Buchdruckerkunst  zu  Heidelberg  am  24.  Junius,  1840. 
Heidelberg  :  1840.     8vo. 

Heinecken  (Karl  Heinrich,  Baron  von).     Dictionnaire  des  Artistes 

dont  nous  avons  des  estampes,  avec  une  notice  detaillee  de  leurs 

ouvrages  gravees.     Vols.  i.  to  iv.     Leipzig:  1778-1780.     8vo. 

The  publication  of  this  dictionary  was,  by  the  death  of  the  author,  arrested  at  the 

fourth  volume,  which  extended  to  Diz.     The  original  manuscript  is  in  the  Library 

of  Dresden. 


^^  Cvn  rUJlV^  v\/^  ^<i  cit? 


"^cchvASf  1ct,gn^ut9 


1 


an  tut  arts  VwJ^  &0i  ge(cl;o 


/t5  am  frJu-^  5€v  fWjhaattv\)|<^ 


tio^^  fietgclH^tfSK^  ^^ia- W  vUa^  (^  tnovt!^  ber  luetic 
\^v(h  et 6ilt  cde  <^t  0^  ^<2n .  ^ 


REDUCED    FACSIMILE   FROM    A    GERMAN    EDITION    OF    THE  "  BIBLIA    I'AUl'ERUM."— FrOHl  HeINECKEN. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


31 


Heinecken  (Karl  Heinrich,  Baron  von).  Idee  generale  d'une 
Collection  complette  d'Estampes,  avec  une  dissertation  sur 
rOrigine  de  la  Gravure,  et  sur  les  premiers  livres  d'images. 
Leipsic  et  Vienne  :  1771.     8vo. 

letters.     The  engraver  of  the  figures  has 


We  reproduce  seven  most  interesting 
facsimiles  from  Baron  Heinecken's  work. 
The  first  (p.  310)  is  a  page  (reduced) 
from  the  most  famous  of  all  the  block- 
books,  the  "  Biblia  Pauperum."  It  was 
so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Bible 

proper,  which,  being  then  made  in  two    ("Invention   of  Printing") 
or   more   stout  volumes   of  fine   vellum,     most  block-books,  the  Bible 
could  be  the  book  only  of  the  rich  :  this, 
a    synopsis    or    epitome    of   the    sacred 


produced  the  clear  firm  lines  that  can  be 
cut  only  by  an  expert.  The  letters  are 
wretchedly  done,  and  show  that  the  cutter 
was  quite  inexperienced  in  that  kind  of 
work.  Mr.  De  Vinne  well  points  out 
that,  unlike 
e  of  the  Poor 
was  designed  with  architectural  sym- 
metry. 


writings  in   the   shape   of  forty  or   fifty         "The  Apocalypse  of  St.  John,"  from 
pages  of  engravings,  was  justly  considered    which  the  illustration  on  p.  312  is  taken. 


a  Bible  for  the  poor, 

The  author  of  the  composition  is  un- 
known ;  indeed  it  is  conjectured,  for 
plausible  reasons,  that  the  writer  of  the 
text  was  not  the  designer  of  the  pictures. 
Probably  the  latter  were  done  first,  the 


was,  as  a  block- book,  almost  as  famous  as 
the  "Biblia  Pauperum."  It  ran  through 
at  least  six  xylographic  editions,  some 
having  fifty  and  others  only  forty-eight 
leaves,  printed  upon  one  side  only  of  the 
leaf     The  book  itself  is  not,  as  might  be 


Bible   of   the    Poor    consisting    only   of  expected,  an  epitome  of  the  Revelation 

pictures,    and    the    text   was    afterwards  of  St.  John  ;  it  is  simply  a  collection  of 

added.      At  any  rate,   there  are   incon-  pictures,  many  of  them  almost  ludicrous 

gruities  and   discrepancies   between   the  in  their  incongruities  and  anachronisms, 

text  and  the  illustrations,  leading  to  the  There  is,  however,  a  good  deal  of  cha- 

belief  that  two  minds  were  engaged.     At  racter  in  the  faces,  and  considerable  skill 

least  six  xylographic  editions  of  the  "  Bib-  manifested  in  the  groupings.     Maittaire 

says  that  this  is  the  oldest  of  the  block- 


lia  Pauperum  "  are  known  ;  some  having 
a  Latin,  others  a  German  text.  Three 
of  them  were  printed  in  Germany  after 
the  invention  of  typography. 

There  are  marked  features  of  similarity 
in  ail  the  editions.  The  page  is  divided 
into  a  certain  number  of  panels,  three  of 
which  in  the  middle  represent  scenes 
taken  from  the  Bible.  Of  these  the 
centre  is  the  "type,"  and  generally  con- 
sists of  a  subject  from  the  New  Testa- 
ment. The  two  at  the  sides  are  from  the 
Old  Testament,  and  are  the  "  antitypes." 
The  text  explaining  the  pictures  is  con- 
tained in  the  corners. 


books.  It  is  from  the  roughness  of  the 
woodcuts,  the  character  of  the  costumes, 
and  other  peculiarities,  that  Maittaire 
and  several  authorities  speak  of  this  as 
the  first  work  issued  in  the  form  of  a 
volume.  Each  page  has  two  illustrations 
with  explanatory  legends.  Some  of  these 
represent  the  vision  of  St.  John  ;  but  the 
artist  has  altogether  disregarded  the 
times  and  places  of  the  matters  intro- 
duced. The  architecture  is  that  of  Ger- 
many in  the  fourteenth  or  fifteenth  cen- 
tury. The  costumes  are  very  incongruous  ; 
the  men  wear  breeches  and  coats,  conical. 


is   taken   from    flat-topped,  and  broad-brimmed  hats  ;  the 
[470,  at    Nord-    soldiers  are  in  chain  or  in  plate  armour. 


The   illustration   given 
an  edition  published   in 

lingen,  by  Waltherand  Hurning.  Walther  with  the  helmets  and   battleaxes  of  the 

and   Hurning  were  probably  printers  of  Middle  Ages.      Many  of  the  illustrations 

playing-cards,  who  tried  to  compete  with  represent  events  in  the  life  of  the  Apostle 

the  typographers  that  were  then  springing  which  are  not  to  be  found  at  all  in  the 

up  in  every  important  city  of  Europe.  The  Holy  Scriptures. 

panel  in  the  centre  represents  the  Annun-  The  block  as  given  here  is  a  reduction 

ciation  ;  on  the  left  is  the  Temptation  of  of  the  first  page  of  one  of  the  editions  of 

Eve;    on    the    right    Gideon    with    the  the   book,    and    the   subject  appears    to 

Fleece.     The  busts  at  the  top  are  those  be    founded    on    a   fabulous    life    of   St. 

of  Isaiah   and   David  :    underneath   are  John,  supposed  to  have  been  written  by 

those  of  Hezekiah  and  Jeremiah.  Abdias,    Bishop    of    Babylon.       In    the 

The  edition  generally  accepted  as  the  upper   compartment    St.   John   is   repre- 

first  shows   that   the  designers  and  en-  sented  as  preaching  to  a  magnate,  whose 

gravers  had  more  skill  (no  doubt  derived  robe  or  mantle  is  held  by  two  attendants, 

from   larger  practice)  in    the    making  of  Drusiana     stands    behind     them.       The 

pictures  or  figures  than  in  the  making  of  legend  is  : — "  Conversi  ab  idolis  per  pre- 


/^eiCuhv^lismvifiicAtmre  bixlohamug  D^ufimtft  i  ccft 


^typljauf^lBpliranF]  |  aJitote  y^b^p^tozfttes  (cltl. 


THE    "  Al'OCAI.YI'SlS    S.    JOII  AN  NIS."— REDUCKD    FACSIMILE.  —  FrOIIl    HeINECKEN. 


CANTICUM    CANTICORUM."— REDUCED    FACSIMILE. —From    HeINKCKKN. 

2    S 


314 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


dicacionem  beati  Johannis  Drusiana  et 
ceteri" — Drusiana  and  others,  turned 
from  idols  by  the  preaching  of  St. 
John.  In  the  lower  compartment, 
Drusiana,  who  was  a  married  lady  of 
Ephesus,  and  one  of  the  many  converts 
of  St.  John,  is  being  baptized  by  him  in 
the  Christian  temple  of  Ephesus.  The 
figure  of  the  lady  is  discreetly  diminished 
to  suit  the  size  and  shape  of  the  baptismal 
font.  The  si.\  armed  men  at  the  door  are 
trying  to  break  in  to  witness  the  ceremony; 
one  "  peeping  Tom "  is  trying  to  get 
a  glimpse  through  an  aperture  at  the  top, 
and  another  through  a  hole  at  the  bottom. 
The  text  at  the  top  describes  the  picture. 
"  Sts.  Johannes  baptisans  Drusiana. 
Cultores  ydolorum  explorantes  facta 
ejus" — (St.  John  baptizing  Drusiana. 
The  worshippers  of  idols  watching  his 
proceedings). 

Our  illustration  on  p.  313  is  a  page  from 
the  "  Canticum  Canticorum, "  a  block-book 
of  16  pp.  small  folio.  The  original  is 
printed  in  brown  ink,  on  one  side  of  the 
sheet.  There  are  two  illustrations  on 
each  page,  and  the  two  printed  pages 
face  each  other.  The  explanations  of  the 
designs  are  in  Latin,  and  engraved  in 
scrolls  surrounding  the  figures.  Accord- 
ing to  some  bibliographers,  there  were 
three  distinct  editions  of  this  book,  which 
is  variously  described  as  the  Historia 
Beatae  Mariae  Virginis,  or  the  Prefigura- 
tion  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  from  the  Song 
of  Songs.  The  lettermg  on  the  block 
annexed  is : — 

"  Osculetur  me  osculo  oris  sui ;  quia 
meliora  sunt  ubera  tua  vino  " 

(Let  him  kiss  me  with  the  kiss  of  his 
mouth ;  for  thy  love  is  better  than 
wine). 

"  Veni  in  hortum  meum,  soror  mea  spon- 
sa  ;  me.ssui  myrrham  meam,  cum 
aromatibus  meis  " 

(I  am  come  into  my  garden,  my  sister, 
my  spouse  ;  I  have  gathered  my 
myrrh  with  my  spice). 

"  Caput  tuumut  Carmelus  ;  collum  tuum 
sicut  turris  eburnea  " 

(Thine  head  is  like  Carmel ;  thy  neck  is 
like  a  tower  of  ivory). 

"  Nigra  sum,  sed  formosa,  filiae  Jerusa- 
lem, sicut  tabernacula  Cedar,  sicut 
pelles  Solomonis" 

(I  am  black  but  comely,  O  ye  daughters 
of  Jerusalem,  as  the  tents  of  Kedar, 
as  the  curtains  of  Solomon). 

In  the  upper  compartments  are  persons 
in  monastic  habits  cutting  and  threshing 
grain  :  one  is  pounding  it  in  a  mortar, 
and  another  grinding  it  in  a  hand-mill. 


In  the  little  open  house  behind  the  monk 
with  the  pestle  is  a  desk  with  two  books. 
In  this  combination  of  agricultural  work 
with  the  emblem  of  study,  Harzen  believes 
there  is  an  illustration  of  the  daily  work 
of  the  Brothers  of  Common  Life,  to  whom 
he  attributes  the  engraving  and  printing 
of  the  book.  The  bride  of  the  Song  of 
Solomon  wanders  about  the  streets  of  a 
C'ty  supposed  to  be  Jerusalem,  but  the 
dwellings  have  high-peaked  roofs,  Dutch 
gables,  and  overhanging  upper  stories. 

The  engraved  letters  of  this  book  are 
much  more  legible  than  those  of  the 
Apocalypse,  or  the  "  Biblia  Pauperum." 
The  printing  was  done  in  the  Nether- 
lands, in  the  second  or  third  quarter  of 
the  fifteenth  century. 

There  were  at  least  four  distinct  edi- 
tions of  the  "  Story  of  the  Blessed  Vir- 
gin," from  which  page  315  of  facsimiles 
IS  taken.  The  designs  have  no  artistic 
merit,  and  are  evidently  the  work  of 
a  novice ;  the  letters  are  legible,  but 
very  uncouth.  The  edition  from  which 
the  annexed  block  is  taken  was  roughly 
printed  on  one  side  of  the  paper,  but  in  a 
very  black  ink.  Other  and  earlier  edi- 
tions, differing  both  in  the  size  of  the 
blocks  and  the  positions  of  the  figures, 
are  in  the  usual  rusty  brown  ink. 

The  object  of  the  book  is  to  show  the 
reasonableness  of  the  Incarnation,  and 
to  defend  the  Roman  Catholic  dogma  of 
the  Immaculate  Conception  :  arguments 
in  support  of  it  being  deduced  from  an- 
cient mythology,  as  well  as  from  the 
Bible  and  the  writings  of  the  Fathers. 
The  first  tablet  represents  the  Temple  of 
Venus,  with  a  man  gazing  at  a  lamp. 
The  translation  of  the  text  underneath 
is:— "If  the  light  at  the  Temple  of 
Venus  cannot  be  extinguished,  why 
should  not  the  Virgin  generate  without 
the  seed  of  Venus  ?  "  —  Augustine,  De 
Civitate  Dei,  xxi.  7.  The  next  tablet 
represents  a  man  gazing  at  the  water, 
which  reflects  the  moon.  The  legend  is : 
— "  If  Seleuceus  in  Persia  finds  [re- 
flected] light  from  the  moon,  why  should 
not  the  Virgin,  pregnant  by  a  beautiful 
star,  generate?" — Augustine.  De  Civi- 
tate Dei,  XX.  6.  Another  picture  repre- 
sents two  men  and  a  statue.  The  word- 
ing is ; — "  If  a  human  being  can  be 
changed  into  stone,  why,  by  Divine 
power,  should  not  the  Virgin  generate  ?  " 
— Albertus  de  Minoralium,  i.  The  last 
of  the  four  pictures  represents  two  men 
sawing  a  block  of  stone,  on  which  are 
the  images  of  two  heads.  The  wording 
is  :— "  If  man  can  be  painted  on  stone  by 
the  power  of  heaven,  why  should  not  the 
Virgin  generate  by  the  assistance  of  the 


Silmttcn'pbanivenendnullua cr    Sdeucuatttpentd^luocmlimefi ba 
(emincvirgo  non  gcncrarct.au^ug^  rKrarct4a^cuftiD^p:.0c,c^^itarc  ^ei', 


Sib^mo vttiaturcmfamtertiva^  tbomoriinbpidevicetjpmflt  iwfef- 

mrarctMcmepmo  mirmaW  yct.aibcrtua^.minoJrttjfumtractani 
«minfme»  ij.capi'mlo  piimo. 

"  STORY   OF  THE   BLESSED    VIRGIN,"— REDUCED   FACSIMILE.  —From  HeINECKEN. 


3i6 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Holy  Spirit?" — Albertusde  Minoralium, 
ii.  chap.  I. 

One  edition  of  this  work  contains  an 
imprint  in  sprawling  and  almost  unread- 
able characters,  which  bibliographers  in- 
terpret as  the  letters  "  F.  W.  1470,"  pro- 
bably the  initials  of  Frederick  Walther, 
of  Nordlingen. 

Another  of  our  illustrations,  that  on  p. 
317,  is  taken  from  a  work  which  belongs  to 
the  class  termed  "  Block-books  of  Images 
with  text."  In  these  xylographic  pro- 
ductions the  explanations  of  the  pictures 
are  given  in  the  form  of  a  full  page  of 
reading  matter,  generally  printed  on  the 
prge  opposite  the  picture.  The  title  of 
the  book  itself  is  "  Der  Entkrist "  ;  or,  the 
Antichrist.  It  seems  to  have  been  written 
to  warn  men  against  the  snares  of  heresy. 
The  text  which  explains  the  cuts  is  in 
the  German  language,  and  is  very  care- 
lessly written. 

The  book  describes  how  "  Antichrist " 
was  born  in  Babylon ;  how  he  yielded 
himself  to  lust  of  woman  at  Bethsaida  ; 
was  circumcised  ;  announced  himself  as 
the  Messiah,  and  was  instructed  in  magic 
and  all  sorts  of  evil.  Elias  and  Enoch 
came  down  from  heaven  to  preach 
against  him,  but  by  superior  eloquence 
he  deceived  the  world,  performed 
miracles,  and  converted  all  the  kings  of 
the  world  to  his  heresy,  &c.  Ultimately, 
the  Almighty  gave  the  order,  "  Michael, 
strike  him  dead  :  I  will  no  longer  bear 
with  the  unjust."  He  was  then  carried 
to  hell,  and  received  by  the  Devil  and 
his  allies. 

The  upper  picture  shows  how,  in  the 
words  of  the  accompanying  text,  "Anti- 
christ is  instructed  by  ade  pts,  who  teach 
him  to  make  gold,  the  art  of  magic,  and 
all  sorts  of  evil.  And  this  takes  place  at 
the  city  named  Corosaym.  And  this 
stands  also  written  in  the  '  Compendium 
Theologise.'  And  Our  Lord  curses  the 
said  City  in  His  Gospel,  and  says  thus, 
'Woe  to  thee,  Corosaym.'" 

Over  the  lower  picture  are  the  words  : 
— "  Here  we  see  Antichrist  goes  from 
Capernaum  to  Jerusalem,  and  he  there 
announces  himself  as  Holy.  And  hereof 
is  also  written  in  the  book  '  Compendium 
Theologiae.'  And  Our  Lord  in  the 
Gospel  also  curses  this  city,  and  speaks 
thus  concerning  it,  'Woe  to  thee, 
Capernaum.' " 

Two  distinct  editions  of  the  "Anti- 
christ "  are  known.  The  copy  from 
which  our  facsimile  is  taken  has  38 
leaves,  26  of  which  are  devoted  to  the 
Life  of  Antichrist,  and  11  to  a  separate 
treatise  known  as  the  "  Fifteen  Signs," 
a  kind  of  sequel.     It  is  printed  on  one 


side  of  the  paper,  in  brown  ink,  and  the 
illustrations  face  each  other.  The  im- 
print bears  the  name  of  "  Junghsennis, 
prissmaler,  Nuremberg,  1472."  • 

Our  illustration  on  p.  318  is  from  the 
"Ars  Memorandi,  notabilis  per  figuras 
evangelistarum."  It  is  a  thin  folio  of 
thirty  pages,  fifteen  of  which  contain  a 
text  of  very  large  clumsily-drawn  letters 
within  a  rule  -  border ;  the  remaining 
fifteen  pages  have  full-page  illustrations. 
The  edition  from  which  our  illustration 
is  taken  is  printed  in  brown  ink. 

The  four  evangelists  are  symbolized  as 
usual,  St.  John  by  an  Eagle,  St.  Matthew 
by  an  Angel,  St.  Luke  by  a  Bull,  St.  Mark 
by  a  Lion.  These  are  conventionally 
drawn,  and  surrounded  by  some  of  the 
objects  frequently  mentioned  in  the  Gos- 
pels. The  latter  are  numbered,  with 
Arabic  figures  referring  to  explanations 
in  the  text.  Thus  in  the  facsimile  the 
dove  on  the  head  of  the  symbolized  St. 
John  is  the  emblem  of  the  Deity.  The 
two  heads  beside  the  eagle  are  to  be 
understood  as  those  of  Moses  and  of 
Christ.  The  musical  instruments,  a  lute 
and  three  bells  on  the  breast  of  the 
eagle,  indicate  the  contents  of  the  second 
chapter  of  St.  John,  the  marriage  at 
Cana.  Ihe  fish  recalls  the  Pool  of  Beth- 
esda.  The  numeral  3  points  to  the  con- 
versation with  Nicodemus.  The  water- 
bucket  and  the  crown  refer  to  the  wcman 
of  Samaria  at  the  well  ;  the  five  loaves 
and  the  two  small  fishes  (in  the  upper 
right-hand  corner)  to  the  feeding  of  the 
multitude.  The  cross  in  the  circle  is  the 
consecrated  wafer  of  Holy  Communion. 
The  descriptive  text  is  in  Latin  ;  in 
another  edition  it  is  in  Dutch,  and  gives 
a  synopsis  of  the  contents  of  the  Gospel. 

The  last  of  our  series  of  facsimiles  from 
Heinecken  is  taken  from  the  celebrated 
"  Speculum  Salutis,"  or  "  Speculum 
Humana;  Salvationis"  (vidcj).  318),  which 
was  popular  in  manuscript  form  for  at 
least  two  centuries  before  the  invention  of 
typography.  Four  of  these  written  copies 
are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  "  Speculum"  is  very  much  like  the 
"  Biblia  Pauperum"  both  in  its  object 
and  contents,  and  some  bibliographers 
have  supposed  that  the  two  had  a  com- 
mon origin ;  but  there  are  substantial 
reasons  for  rejecting  this  view. 

This  illustration  is  a  full-sized  facsimile 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  first  page  of 
pictures.  In  the  compartment  to  the 
left  may  be  seen  the  fall  of  Lucifer,  as  is 
stated  in  the  words  underneath.  The 
rebellious  angels  having  been  transformed 
into  devils,  and  by  swords  and  spears 
thrust  out  of  the  battlements  of  heaven. 


mmKaBtamammmmgmmmmmmmm 

1  Oct  ^nndtvvrt  Ut^«J>>^^va.\ftcr;;^ieTOlanett  ^\b  nuxd^ti  .Vxtb  anbcr 

lyaubicpvnb  pos  Ufjti  ^^n^^cxo  Defcljuijtim  hir^J^fatf,  ^^mantt  Cote  faYWv 

Vnb  bad  ftct  aucf)  jefc^titen  m  Cotnpe\ii\o  -Ctijeob^Te  .^n^>  Sywf^v  Ivvr 

f  tuv-t)^  ^  er|ctt>tn  ytai]  micl)  in  belli  dratig-eUo  j  ^  er  fV««^t)  >  yo  ti  b  vv 


rtufjenenet  fci  l^ttiUfl^^Vn^  doudti  |la^(»ucf>^e^mbenrr)  ^ew)  :fiut^  Com 


REDUCED    FACSIMILE    OF 


LE    OF    '"DEK    ENTKRIST."— From    HeINECKEN. 


3i8 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


AKS    MEMOKANDI." — REDUCED    FACSIiMILE.  — FrOlTl    HeINECKEX. 


320 


Bibliography  of  Pniiting. 


are  falling  into  the  jaws  of  hell,  which 
is  here  represented,  in  the  conventional 
style  of  mediaeval  designers,  as  the  mouth 
of  a  hideous  monster  filled  with  forks  of 
flame.  In  the  next  compartment  is  the 
Creation  of  Eve  in  the  Garden  of  Eden. 
The  designer  has  modified  the  biblical 
narrative.  Eve  is  not  formed  from  the 
rib  of  Adam,  but  is  emerging  from  his 
side.  At  the  bottom  is  the  legend,  in 
abbreviated  Latin,  God  created  man  after 
His  own  image  and  likeness.  The  book 
was  written  for  the  instruction  of  the 
travelling  Mendicant  Friars,  who  had, 
since  the  thirteenth  century,  gradually 
monopolized  preaching  and  the  pastoral 
work  of  the  settled  clergy.  The  follow- 
ing is  an  extract  from  the  preface  : — "  I 
presume  that  nothing  is  in  this  life  more 
useful  to  a  man  than  to  acknowledge  his 
Creator,  his  condition,  his  own  being. 
Scholars  may  learn  this  from  the  Scrip- 
tures, and  the  laymen  shall  be  taught  by 
the  books  of  the  laymen  —that  is,  by  the 
pictures. " 

The  "Speculum"  was  printed  at 
various  times  and  places  during  the 
fifteenth  century,   and   on   the   peculiar 


appearance  of  some  of  the  editions  has 
been  founded  a  portion  of  the  theory  of  a 
Dutch  invention  of  printing.  The  copies 
of  greatest  value  are  those  which  belong 
to  four  correlated  editions,  two  in  Latin 
and  two  in  Dutch,  all  without  date,  name, 
or  place  of  printer.  In  these  four  editions 
the  illustrations  are  from  the  same  blocks, 
but  the  letter-press  in  each  edition  ex- 
hibits some  peculiarity  in  the  shape  or 
disposition  of  the  letters  ;  thus,  in  spite  of 
many  appearances  to  the  contrary,  con- 
firming the  fact  of  the  use  of  movable 
types.  The  name  of  the  printer  is  un- 
known ;  but  if  it  were,  it  would  not  in 
the  least  invalidate  the  claims  of  Guten- 
berg. The  printer  of  the  "Speculum" 
was  evidently  the  predecessor  of  Veldener, 
and  one  of  the  earliest,  if  not  the  first  typo- 
graphical printer  in  the  Netherlands.  Mr. 
De  Vinne  discusses  very  fully  the  works 
and  workmanship  of  this  unknown  printer, 
and  we  would  refer  the  reader  to  his 
work  on  the  "  Invention  of  Printing," 
from  which,  through  the  courtesy  of  the 
author,  we  derive  the  preceding  curious 
illustrations. 


Heinecken  (Karl  Heinrich  Baron  von).  Nachrichten  von  Kiinstlern 
unci  Kunstsachen.  Two  parts.  Leipzig  :  1768-69.  8vo.  Part  I. 
pp.  xxiv.,  436,  and  index ;  Part  II.  pp.  xxxviii.,  524,  and  index. 


In  the  second  part,  pp.  85-240  com- 
prise a  dissertation  on  the  earliest  forms 
of  wood-cutting  as  applied  to  the  illus- 
tration of  books  ;  pp.  222—237  describing 
the  "  Speculum  Humanae  Salvationis," 
with  several  facsimile  woodcuts  ;  pp. 
241 — 314  account  of  the  earliest  Dutch 
writers  on  chalcography,  by  whom  Koster 
is  credited  with  the  invention  of  print- 
ing. Heinecken  conjectures  that  Guten- 
berg took  the  idea  of  printing  from  the 
playing-card  makers,  who  are  .said  to 
have  been  the  first  engravers  of  historical 


subjects  intermingled  with  texts.  All  his 
attempts  to  cut  single  letters  at  Stras- 
burg  proved  ineffectual,  and  brought 
ruin  both  upon  himself  and  his  partners, 
without  producing  a  clean  legible  leaf. 
This  failure  induced  him  to  quit  Stras- 
burg,  and  return  to  his  native  city,  where 
he  joined  Fust.  Here  their  endeavours 
were  crowned  with  complete  success. 
Heinecken  is  of  opinion  that  their  first 
productions  were  taken  from  wooden 
blocks. 


—  Schreiben  an  J.  P.  Krause  iiber  die  Beurtheilungen  der  Nach- 
richten von  Kiinstlern  und  Kunstsachen.     Leipzig  :  1771.     Svo. 


The  name  of  Baron  Heinecken  stands 
deservedly  high  among  typographical  an- 
tiquaries. He  was  born  at  Liibeck,  in  1 706, 
and  died  at  Alt-Doelern  (Basse-Lusace), 

ianuary  23rd,  1791.  He  studied  law  at 
.eipzig,  afterwards  became  secretary  to 
Count  Briihl,  minister  at  the  court  of 
Saxony,  and  was  entrusted  with  the  ex- 
ecution of  many  important  missions.  He 
devoted  the  whole  of  his  leisure  time  to 


the  culture  of  the  fine  arts,  and  his  col- 
lection of  engravings  was  one  of  the 
finest  to  be  found  in  Germany.  He  was 
the  discoverer  of  the  celebrated  wood- 
blocks of  St.  Christopher  and  the  Virgin 
now  in  the  possession  of  Lord  Spencer.  A 
number  of  most  interesting  articles  writ- 
ten by  this  author  will  be  found  in  the 
"  Leipziger  Bibliothek  der  schoenen 
Wissenschaften." 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


321 


Heinlein  (Heinrich).  Festgabe  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfin- 
dung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Eine  Darstellung  der  Entstehung, 
Ausbreitung  und  Vervollkommnung  der  Typographic  bis  zur 
gegenwartigen  Zeit.     Leipzig  :  1840.     8vo.     Coloured  plate. 


LEYDEN  :    1483-1484. 


Heinricus  (Heynrici). 

Henry,  son  of  Henry,  was  the  first 
printer  of  Leyden,  where  he  was  to  be 
succeeded  by  so  many  eminent  men — the 
Elzevirs,  Moretus,  Plantin,  and  Raphe- 
leng.  His  first  book  is  supposed  to 
have  been  printed  in  1483.  His  device 
is  Hke  that  of  Hugo  Janszoon  van 
Woerden,  who  very  likely  was  the  im- 
mediate successor  of  Heinricus  in  Leyden ; 
the  most  striking  difference  being  the  in- 
version of  the  mscription  "  Holland  in 
Leyden."  The  device  of  Heinricus  consists 
of  the  lion  rampant,  holding  in  his  claws 
two  shields,  one  with  the  monogram  I XX, 


the  other  the  cross-keys  of  Leyden. 
Round  his  head  on  a  scroll  are  the  words 
"  Holla  jn  leiden  "  i^sic). 

The  only  kind  of  types  used  by  this 
printer  are  those  which  Veldener  em- 
ployed during  his  stay  in  Louvain,  from 
1476  to  1477.  Heinricus  did  not  exercise 
his  art  in  1483  and  1484.  The  number  of 
his  works  was  very  limited,  at  least  judg- 
ing from  those  that  are  now  known. 
Among  them  was  a  re-issue  of  the 
"'  Chronique  de  Holland,"  in  Dutch, 
originally  published  by  Leeu  in  1478,  and 
the  "  Epistles  and  Evangelists." 


Heinritz.  Versuch  einer  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst  im 
vormaligen  Fiirstenthume  Bayreuth  bis  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der 
Erfindung  derselben.  [In  "Archiv  fiir  Geschichte  und  Alter- 
thumskunde  von  Oberfranken."    Vol.1.]    Bayreuth:  1841.    8vo. 

Heitz  (J.  C).     Collection  d'anciens  Gravures  sur  bois  provenant  du 
fond  de   I'imprimerie   Heitz.      Blanche   I.     Strasbourg :  (i860). 
9  large  sheets. 
One  hundred  copies  printed,  but  not  for  sale. 
2    T 


322  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Helbig  (H,  ).  Additions  et  Corrections  aux  Listes  Chronologiques  des 
anciennes  Impressions  de  Mayence,  avec  date.  Bruxelles  :  1842. 
8vo. 

Une  Decouverte  pour  I'Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie.     Bruxelles  : 

1855.     8vo. 

Contains  :   Les  plus  anciens  caracteres  de  Gutenberg  et  ce  qui  est  advenu.    Albert 
Pfister,  imprimeur  a  Bamberg.     La  Bible  de  36  lignes. 

Notes  et  Dissertations  relatives  a  I'Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie. 

Bruxelles:  [1863].     Royal  8vo.     pp.67. 

Notice  bibliographique  sur  le  premier  livre  imprime  a  Liege, 

par  Morberius.     Liege:   1847.     Svo, 

Twenty-five  copies  only  reprinted  from  the  "Messager  des  Sciences  Historiques 
et  Archives  des  Arts  de  Belgique,"  1847,  pp.  243 — 248. 

• Notice  sur  les  Descendants  de  Pierre  SchoefTer  qui  exercerent 

I'lmprimerie  a  Bois-le-Duc,  de  pere  en  fils,  depuis  I'annee   1541 
jusqu'en  1796.     Gand :   1846.     8vo. 
Twenty-five  copies  only  reprinted  from  the  "  Messager  des  Sciences  Historiques," 

1846,  pp.  433 — 445,  with  vignettes  and  a  genealogical  table. 

Notice  sur  quelques  Livres  rares  et   curieux  du  XV^   Siecle. 


Gand:  1842.     Svo. 


Notice  sur  quelques  Livres  rares  et  curieux  des  XVP  et  XVI I«" 

Siecles.     Gand :  1841.     8vo. 

Of  the  above  pamphlets  but  few  copies  were  printed  separately  ;  the  matter 
originally  appeared  in  the  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile  Beige  and  other  periodicals. 

Heliotype.     The  Heliotype  Process  described  and  illustrated,  with 
twelve  specimens.     London:  1872  (?).     4to.     pp.16.     12  plates. 

Heliotypes  are  impressions  printed  with  the  roller  and  printers'  ink,  at  an  ordi- 
nary press,  from  photographs  on  portable  films  of  bichromated  gelatine,  hardened 
with  chrome  alum. 

Heller  (Joseph).    Geschichte  der  Holzschneiderkunst  von  den  altesten 

bis  auf  die  neuesten  Zeiten,  nebst  zwei  Beilagen,  enthaltend  den 

Ursprung  der  Spielkarten  und  ein  Verzeichniss  der  sammtlichen 

xylographischen  Werke.     Bamberg:  1823.     8vo. 

One  of  the  best  German  works  on  xylography,  with  a  history  of  the  origin  of 

playing-cards.     It  contains  many  wood-engravings,  and  is  now  very  scarce. 

Leben  Georg  Erlinger's,  Buchdruckers  und  Formschneiders  zu 

Bamberg,  nebst  einer  voUstandigen  Aufzahlung  und  Beschreibung 
seiner  sammtlichen  gedruckten  Schriften  und  Holzschnitte.  Ein 
Beitrag  zur  Geschichte  der  Typographic,  und  als  Erganzung  der 
Werke  von  Panzer,  Sprenger  vmd  Bartsch.  Bamberg:  1837.  8vo. 
pp.  31- 

Das   Leben  und   die  Werke   Albrecht   DUrer's.      Tome   II. 


Bamberg;  1827.     Svo.   pp.  viii.  945  and  2  plates. 
The  first  volume  of  this  work  was  never  published.     A  Supplement  was  issued  in 
.331. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  323 

Heller  (Jos.).  Monogrammen-Lexicon,  enthaltend  die  bekannten, 
zweifelhaften  und  unbekannten  Zeichen  sowie  die  Abkiirzungen  der 
Namen  der  Zeichner,  Maler,  Formenschneider,  Kupferstecher, 
Lithographer!,  mit  kurzen  Nachrichten  Uber  dieselben.  Bamberg : 
1 83 1.  8vo. 
A  dictionary  of  the  monograms  used  by  engravers  and  others,  including  those 

known,  doubtful,  and  unknown. 

Praktisches  Handbuch  fiir  Kupferstichsammler,  oder  Lexicon 

der  vorziiglichsten  und  beliebtesten  Kupferstecher,  Formschneider, 
und  Lythographen.     2  vols.     Vol.   I.,   Bamberg :   1823.      i2mo. 

pp.  viii.  231.    Vol.  II.,  Bamberg:  1825.    i2mo.    pp.  iv.  202. 

Second  edition,  3  vols.     Leipzig:  1850.    8vo.    pp.945.    Portrait. 

A  supplement  to  the  first  edition  was  issued  with  the  following  title  : — 

Lexikon  fiir  Kupferstichsammler  iiber  die  Monogrammisten, 

Xylographieen,   Niello,   Galleriewerke.    Bamberg:  1838.     i2mo. 
pp.  vi.  226. 

Versuch  liber  das   Leben  und   die  Werke  Lucas   Cranach's. 


Bamberg:   1821.     8vo.     pp.  xvi.   532,  with  folding  genealogy  at 

page  36. Second  edition  augmented.     Nlirnberg:  1854.    8vo. 

pp.  vi.  315.     Portrait,  plates,  and  tables. 

Joseph  Heli.er,  a  German  writer,  born  cities  and  towns  of  Germany,   Italy,  and 

at  Bamberg,  on  the  22nd  of  September,  Switzerland.      His  productions  are  held 

1798,  died  in  the  same  city,  on  the  4th  of  in  great  esteem  by  those  engaged  in  the 

June,    1849.      He    visited  the  principal  study  of  the  fine  arts. 

Heller  (J.  B.).  Wohlgemeynte  Gedancken  iiber  Fiihrung  einer 
Buchdruckerey  bey  Feyerung  des  Dritten  Jubel-Festes  der  Buch- 
drucker-Kunst.  Erfurth:  1740.  8vo.  pp.  14,  115.  Emble* 
matical  frontispiece. 

Helmschrott  (Joseph  Maria).  Verzeichniss  alter  Druckdenkmale 
der  Bibliothek  des  uralten  Benedikiiner-Stifts  zum  H.  Mang  in 
Fiiessen ;  mit  litterarischen  Anmerckungen.  2  parts.  Ulm:  1790. 
4to.     pp.  xxviii.  236,  123. 

Henaux  (Ferdinand).     Recherches  historiques  sur  1' Introduction  de 
rimprimerie  dans  le  Pays  de  Liege.     Liege:  1843.     8vo. 
First  published  in  the  "  Messager  des  Sciences  Historiques,"  1843,  pp.  9 — 39  ;  a 
few  copies  were  separately  printed  as  above. 

Hennebert  (Frederic).     Sur  les  premieres  Productions  de  la  Presse 
a  Tournai.     Tournai :  1847.     Svo. 
Reprinted  from  the  "Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Historique  et  Litteraire  de  Tournai," 
1847,  8vo.,  pp.  45—50- 

Henning  (Eduard).     Erlebnisse  des  Buchdruckers  P.  Petersen  wah- 

rend  seines  lojahrigen  Aufenthalts  in  Afrika.     Kiel:  185 1.     8vo. 

pp.  168. 
A  well-written  and  amusing  sketch. 
Henrici  (Dr.  G. ).     Die  Buchdruckerkunst  nach  ihrem  Einflusse  auf 

Wissenschaft,    Religion,    Gesittung    und    biirgerlichen    Verkehr. 

Eine    Rede.       3.    sehr     vermehrte    und     verbesserte    Auflage, 

Braunschweig:   1849.     Svo.     pp.  47. 


324 


Bibliography  of  Frinfing. 


Henrici    (Dr.    G.).      Ueber    den    Nutzen  der    Buchdruckerkunst. 
Hamburg :    1795.     8vo. 

Henrici  (M.).    Die  Kupferstecherkunst  und  der  Stahlstich.    Leipzig  : 
1834.     Svo. 

Henricpetri.    Librorum  tabemae  et  officinae    Henricpetrinae,   per 
Henricum  Petri  et  Sebastianum  Henricpetri  F.     Editorum  index. 
Basilae  :  1579.     Svo.  pp.  46. 
A  list  of  the  Latin  and  German  works  from  the  press  of  Henricpetri,  but  not 

giving  particulars  of  date,  size,  or  price. 


BASLE  :  1523-1578. 

Henricpetri  (Heinrich  Petri). 

Annexed  is  the  device  of  this  celebrated  Swiss  printer.  It  represents  Thor's 
hammer,  held  by  a  hand  issuing  from  the  clouds,  striking  fire  on  the  rock,  while 
a  head,  symbolizing  the  wind,  blows  upon  it. 

Henricy  (Ant.).  Notice  sur  I'Origine  de  I'Imprimerie  en  Provence. 
Aix:  1826.     8vo.     pp.  43. 

Henry  (J.).  Dialogue  entre  une  Presse  mecanique  et  une  Presse  a 
bras,  recueilli  et  raconte  par  une  vieille  Presse  en  Bois  ;  enrichi  de 
notes.     Paris  :   1830.     8vo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing,  325 

Henze  (Ad.).  Handbuch  der  Schriftgiesserei  und  der  verwandten 
Nebenzweige  :  Stereotypic,  Abklatschen,  Holzschneidekunst, 
erhaben  geatzte  Gravuren  in  Zink,  Zinn,  Schriftmetall,  Kupfer- 
und  Stahlstich,  Hochlithographie,  Relief- Copirmaschinen,  Propor- 
tion der  Buchstaben,  etc.  Weimar :  1844.  8vo.  pp.  393. 
II  plates. 
Though  now  somewhat  out  of  date,  it  is  still  one  of  the  best  books  on  type- 
founding. 

Herberger    (Theodor).      Augsburg  und    seine    friihere    Industrie. 

Augsburg  :  1852.     8vo.     pp  72. 

Printing  has  from  its  earliest  days  been  one  of  the  principal  industries  of  Augsburg, 

and  the  author  includes  an  account  of  the  trade,  claiming  that  the  first  step  towards 

the  discovery  of  printing  was  made  by  Master  Johannis,  Pastor  of  St.  Moritz,  in  1407. 

Herbert  (William). — See  Ames. 

Herdingh.  Proeve  van  Letteren  welke  gevonden  worden  ter  Boek- 
drukkerye  van  Herdingh  en  du  Mortier  te  Leyden.  Leyden  : 
1793.  8vo.  Title,  address,  and  64  pages  of  types,  with  14  of 
borders  and  cuts. 

Herman.  Methode  pour  fonder  les  Caracteres  de  I'lmprimerie  en 
formats  solides.  [In  "Archives  des  decouvertes  et  des  inven- 
tions," vol.  xiv.  ;  and  also  in  "  Dictionnaire  de  decouvertes 
faites  en  France,"  vol.  vii.]     Paris  :  1822. 

Hericourt  (Comte  Achmet  d')  et  Caron.  Recherches  sur  les 
Livres  imprimes  a  Arras  depuis  I'origine  de  rimprimerie  dans 
cette  ville  jusqu'a  nos  jours.     3  parts.     Arras  :  1851-53-55.     8vo. 

Hering  (A.).  Die  Galvanoplastik  und  ihre  Anwendung  in  der 
Buchdruckerkunst.     Leipzig :  1870.     8vo.     pp.  100. 

Anleitung  zur  Holzschneidekunst.     Leipzig:  1873.     8vo. 

Heriott.     Printing  and  Printers.     Article  in  De  Bow's  Commercial, 

Review  (New  Orleans),  vol.  vi.  p.  45. 
Herluison  (Henri).     Artistes  Orleanais,   peintres,  graveurs,  sculp- 

teurs,  architectes.     Liste,  sous  forme  alphabetique,   des  person- 

nages  nes  pour  la  plupart  dans  la  province  de  I'Orleanais  ;  suivie 

de  documents  inedits.    Orleans:  1863.    8vo. 
115  copies  printed. 

Recherches    sur    les     Imprimeurs     et     Libraires    d'Orleans. 

Recueil  de  documents  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  de  la  Typographic 
et  de  la  Librairic  Orleanaise,  depuis  le  14*=  Siecle  jusqu'a  nos 
jours.     Orleans  :  1868.     8vo.     pp.  ii.  158. 

Only  78  copies  printed. 

The  first  printer  at  Orleans  was  M.  Vivian,  in  1490.     The  author  is  a  bookseller 
of  Orleans,  where  he  was  born  in  1835. 

Hermann  (Godof. ).  Oratio  in  quartis  festis  secularibus  Artis  Typo- 
graphise.     Lipsiae:  1840.     4to.     pp.  10. 

Hermann  (Gottfr.)  Festrede  zum  Buchdruckcr-Jubilaum  1840. 
(Annexe  N.  76,  in:  Kochlig,  H.,  "Gottfr.  Hermann  zu  seinem 
looj'ahrigen  Geburtstage.")     Heidelberg:  1874.     8vo. 


326 


Bibliography  of  Priiiting. 


Hervet  (L.  C).  Ode  a  Laurens  Koster,  Inventeur  de  I'Art  de 
rimprimerie  a  Haarlem  en  1423.     Amsterdam:  1823.     pp.10. 

Hesse  (L.  A.  C).  Epreuves  d'impression  satinee.  Amsterdam  : 
1806.     4to. 

Hessels  (Jan  Hendrik). — See  Linde  (Dr.  van  der). 

Hessen  (Willem).  Parnas  vreuchde  over  het  derde  eeuwjaar  van  de 
geboorte  der  drukkunst  door  Laurens  Koster.   Haarlem :  1731.  4to. 


arte."  It  is  not,  however,  certain  that 
John  Hester  had  a  press  of  his  own. 
John  Hester's  device  consists  of  a  cross 
with  the  letters  HESTER  lOHN, 
in  a  single  cipher,  between  two  branches 
of  laurel.  On  the  ornamental  border  are 
the  initials  I  H. 


Hester  (John),  londoi 

Dibdin  and  Ames  mention  Andrew 
Hester  the  bookseller,  not  printer,  but  no 
bibliographer  refers  to  John  Hester.  The 
device  annexed  is  found  on  a  book  en- 
titled "  A  briefe  answere  of  losephus 
Quercetanus  armenianus .  .  .  .  Ky  John 
Hester,    practicioner   in    the  spagericall 

Heubner  (Gustav).  Das  vereinigte  Gutenbergs-  und  Turnfest  der 
Stadt  Plauen  am  24.  Juni  1840,  beschrieben  und  nebst  den 
dabei  gehaltenen  Reden  und  gesungenen  Liedern  lierausgegeben. 
Plauen  :  1840.     8vo.     pp.  28. 

Heymann.  Predigt  bei  der  Sacularfeier  der  Buchdruckerkunst  am 
21.  Juni  1840  in  der  Kreuzkirche  zu  Dresden  gehalten.  Zum 
Besten  der  Gutenberg-Stiftung.     Dresden  :   1840.     8vo. 

Heyse  (Ludwig  Wilhelm).  Ihrem  verehrten  Principal  bei  Gelegenheit 
der  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  iiber- 
reicht  von  den  sammtlichen  Mitgliedern  seiner  Officin.  Bremen  : 
1840.     Folio. 


Bibliography  of  Printing, 


327 


Hilar lA  Typographica  Erfordensia,  das  ist  Historischer  Bericht  von 
der  Jubel-Feyer,  welche  zum  Andencken  der  vor  dreyhundert 
Jahren  erfundenen  Buchdrucker-Kunst  am  27.  Junii  MDCCXL. 
auf  der  uralten  Universitat  Erfurth  begangen  worden,  nebst  der  bey 
solcher  Gelegenheit  abgehaltenen  Academischen  Rede  und  noch 
andern  dahin  gehorigen  Schriften.     Erfurth  :  1740.     4to. 

HiLDEBRAND  (J.  C).  Handbuch  fiir  Buchdrucker-Lehrlinge.  Ent- 
haltend  unentbehrliche  Nachweisungen,  Vorschriften,  Berechnun- 
gen,  niitzliche  Winke,  Geschichtliches  der  Kunst,  auch  Lebens- 
und  Wanderregeln,  nebst  einem  alphabetischen  Verzeichnisse  von 
719  Druckereien  in  317  Stadten.    Eisenach:  1835.    8vo.    pp.220. 


ANTWERP  :    1514-1536. 

HiLLENius  (Michael). 

This  printer  is  said  by  Panzer  to  have  Antwerp  an  anti-Protestant  work  for  Pep- 
been  established  in  London  in  1531,  but  well,  who  could  find  no  printer  in  London 
this  is  an  error.      In  1531  he  printed  at     with  sufficient  courage  to  undertake  it. 


328  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

The  device  of  Hlllenius  consists  of  the    in  circle  in  the  left.     On  either  side  the 
emblem  of  time  standing  on  clouds,  with     word  "Tem  pus." 
a  sickle  in  his  right  hand,  a  serpent  coiled 

HiNDLEY  (Charles).  The  Life  and  Times  of  James  Catnach  (late  of 
Seven  Dials).  London :  1878.  8vo.  pp.  4  (coloured  illus- 
trations), xvi.,  and  432  ;  with  230  woodcuts,  42  of  them  by 
Bewick.     750  copies  printed. 

•  In  the  characteristic  language  of  the  Lamentations,'  or  '  Copy  of  Affectionate 
prospectus,  this  book  gives  the  "  Full,  Verses,'  which,  according  to  the  esta- 
True,  and  Particular  account  of  the  Life,  blished  custom,  the  criminal  composed 
Trial,  Character,  Confession,  Condemna-  in  the  condemned  cell,  the  night  before 
tion,  and  Behaviour,  together  with  an  his  execution.  Yes,  my  customers,  in 
authentic  copy  of  the  last  Will  and  this  book  you'll  read  how  Jemmy  Cat- 
Testament  ;  or,  Dying  Speech,  of  that  nach  made  his  fortune  in  Monmouth 
eccentric  individual  '  Old  Jemmy  Cat-  Court,  which  is  to  this  day  in  the  Seven 
nach,'  late  of  the  Seven  Dials,  printer,  Dials,  which  is  in  London.  Not  only 
publisher,  toy-book  manufacturer,  dying-  will  you  read  how  he  did  make  his  for- 
speech  merchant,  and  ballad  monger,  tune,  but  also  what  he  did  and  what  he 
Here  you  may  read  how  he  was  bred  didn't  do  with  it  after  he  had  made  it. 
and  born  the  son  of  a  printer,  in  the  an-  You  will  also  read  how  '  Old  Jemmy  ' 
cient  borough  of  Alnwick,  which  is  in  set  himself  up  as  a  fine  gentleman, — 
Northumberlandshire.  How  he  came  to  James  Catnach,  Esquire.  And  how  he 
London  to  seek  his  fortune.  How  he  didn't  like  it  when  he  had  done  it.  And 
obtained  it  by  printing  and  publishing  how  he  went  back  again  to  dear  old 
children's  books,  the  chronicling  of  Monmouth  Court,  which  is  in  the  Seven 
doubtful  scandals,  fabulous  duels  be-  Dials  aforesaid.  And  how  he  languished, 
tween  ladies  of  fashion,  'cooked'  assas-  and  languishing,  did  die — leaving  all  his 
sinations,  and  sudden  deaths  of  eminent  old  mouldy  coppers  behind  him— and 
individuals,  apocryphal  elopements,  real  how,  being  dead,  he  was  buried  in  High- 
er catch-penny  accounts  of  murders,  gate  Cemetery."  Mr.  Hindley,  who 
impossible  robberies,  delusive  suicides,  was  a  bookseller,  has  edited  and  written 
dark  deeds  and  public  executions,  to  a  number  of  works,  including  one  entitled 
which  was  usually  attached  the  all-  "The  Catnach  Press,"  now  become 
important    and     necessary     '  Sorrowful  scarce. 

HiNLOPEN  (F.  C).  De  uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst,  eene  orzaak 
van  godverheerlyking.  Een  word,  na  het  gevinde  feest,  uitge- 
sproken  den  20  Julij  1856,  des  voorm,  in  de  Janskerk  te  Haarlem. 
Haarlem  :  1856.     8vo. 

HiRSCH  (Carol.  Christian).  Librorum  ab  anno  I.  usque  ad  ann.  L. 
Seculi  XVI.  typis  expressorum  ex  litteraria  quadam  (Ebneriana), 
supellectile,  Noiimbergae  privatis  sumptibus  in  communem  usum 
collecta  et  observataMillenarii  I. -IV.  speciminis  loco  ad  supplendos 
annalium  typographicorum  labores  editi.  Norimbergse :  1 746-49. 
4  parts.  4to. 
Dibdin  speaks  commendingly  ("Bibliomania")  of  this  supplement  to  the  typo- 
graphical labours  of  his  predecessors  by  Hirsch. 

HiRSCHFELD  (J.  B. ).  Schriftproben  der  Buchdruckerei.  Leipzig: 
1826.     4to. 

HiRZEL  (Henri),  i.  et  2.  Rapports  sur  I'lmprimerie  en  relief  fondee 
a  I'asile  des  aveugles  de  Lausanne.  Du  30  Septembre,  i860,  au 
30  Septembre,  1861  ;  du  30  Septembre,  1861,  au  30  Septembre, 
1867.     Lausanne  :  1862  &  1868.     Large  8vo. 

HiSTOiRE  de  I'lmprimerie. — See  Caille. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


329 


HiSTOiRE  de  I'Invention  de  I'Imprimerie  par  les  Monuments.  Album 
typographique  execute  a  Toccasion  du  Jubile  Europeen  de  I'In- 
vention de  I'Imprimerie.     [By  E.  Duverger.  ]    Paris:  1840.     Folio. 

Second  edition,  4to.     Title,  16  leaves,  appendix,  15  pages  of 

plates,  table  i  page,  and  a  page  of  the  woodcuts  to  show  that 
they  had  been  broken  and  destroyed.  Of  the  edition  in  quarto 
850  copies  were  printed.  150  copies  were  printed  of  the  folio 
edition. 


This  is  a  truly  magnificent  volume,  and 
well  deserving  of  the  encomium  passed 
upon  it  by  the  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile : — • 
"Among  all  the  fine  works  which  typo- 
graphy has  produced  in  this  century  of 
progress,  there  is  not  one  more  remark- 
able than  this.  The  work  is  itself  an  ad- 
mirable monument  of  the  invention  of 
Gutenberg,  and  the  four  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  that  great  discovery  has  been 
worthily  signalized  by  this  great  achieve- 
ment. It  is  not  only  a  history  of  that 
event,  but  a  panorama  of  it,  addressed  to 
the  eyes,  a  history  which  enables  us  to 
see  and  touch  what  it  records."  As  the 
folio  edition  is  little  known  in  this  country, 
owing  to  its  great  scarcity  and  high  value 
(so  few  copies  having  been  printed),  the 
following  synopsis  of  its  contents  may  be 
useful  for  purposes  of  reference. 

The  title  is  illustrated  with  a  view  of 
the  Stanhope  Press,  as  modified  by  one  of 
the  Didots.  Then  follows  an  exquisite 
dedication  in  French  script  type,  hardly 
distinguishable  from  copperplate  engrav- 
ing, with  elaborate  scrolls  and  flourishes 
in  rule-work  ;  then  comes  a  miniature  of 
Gutenberg  in  colour-printing,  a  reproduc- 
tion of  a  cameo  in  the  Bibliotheque 
Royale.  The  names  of  printers,  ink- 
makers,  and  engravers  are  all  properly 
specified.  The  preface  is  bordered  with 
a  design  engraved  by  Porret  for  La  Fon- 
taine's "Life  of  .^sop."  As  an  introduc- 
tion, there  are  given  a  specimen  of  an 
engraving  from  a  block-book,  pictures  of 


old  coinage,  that  art  having  suggested 
the  idea  of  matrices  and  cast-metal  types; 
the  moulds  employed  by  the  Romans  for 
the  coinage  of  money  as  an  illustration  of 
the  origin  of  the  mould  of  the  type- 
founders ;  and  of  the  domestic  press, 
which  suggested  the  idea  of  the  printing- 
press.  The  legend  of  the  discovery  is 
illustrated  with  appropriate  vignettes  of 
Gutenberg  making  his  types,  and  thank- 
ing God  for  having  succeeded,  his  de- 
parture from  Strasburg,  his  introduction  to 
Fust,  his  partnership,  and  his  office,  where- 
in is  represented  his  death,  indicated  by 
the  setting  sun  and  the  medicine-bottles, 
an  angel  laying  on  his  head  the  wreath  of 
immortality.  Then  we  have  a  facsimile 
page  of  Gutenberg's  Bible  printed  on  vel- 
lum, and  so  reproduced  as  almost  to  coun- 
terfeit the  original.  In  the  margin  of  a 
sheet  preceding  are  references  showing 
the  condition  of  the  types  and  their  pecu- 
liarities. Then  there  are  two  pages  con- 
taining representations  of  early  type- 
founding  apparatus  ;  further  engravings 
of  Gutenberg's  Bible ;  design  for  a  statue 
to  Gutenberg  ;  and  some  chapters  written 
in  a  popular  manner,  entitled  "  How  Print- 
ing was  Invented."  Of  special  interest 
is  the  engraving  of  a  type-mould  in 
copper  (made  by  Garamond),  then  owned 
by  Duverger.  On  rough  sheets  at  the  end, 
impressions  of  the  woodcuts  are  given,  to 
show  that  they  have  been  destroyed  after 
printing  off  the  edition. 


HiSTOiRE  de  I'Origine  et  des  premiers  Progres  de  I'Imprimerie. 
Marchand. 


See 


HiSTORiscH  Spelder  Boekdrulckunst,  opgedragen  aan  de  Nederlandsche 
Jeugd.     Amsterdam:  [1823].     i2mo.   pp.  13. 
Short  historical  sketch  of  Printing  for  the  use  of  schools,  with  questions  thereon. 


History  and  Art  of  Ingraving.     1747.     i2mo. 

History  of  the  Art  of  Printing.     Published  by  Noyes  Holmes  &  Co. 
New  York  :   1872. 
A  gift-book  for  juveniles. 

2    U 


330  Bibliography  of  Prijiting. 

History  of  the  Ballantyne  Press  and  its  Connection  with  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  Bart.     Edinburgh  and  London  :  1871.     4to.  pp.  27. 

Scott  and  Ballantyne  were  in  1783  boys  lishers  that  whatever  he  wrote  or  edited 

of  about  the  same  age,  at  the  Grammar  should  be  printed  at  the  Ballantyne  Press. 

School  of  Kelso.     In  1796,  James  Ballan-  The  "History  of  the  Ballantyne  Press" 

tyne  established  himself  at  Kelso,  where  gives  an  account  of  the  various  editions 

he  edited  and  printed  the  iT/rtz7 newspaper,  of  all  Sir  Walter's  works,  the  amount  he 

to  which  Scott  contributed.     At  Scott's  received  for  them,  and  many  other  items 

instigation,  after  having  created  for  him-  of  information.     It  was  issued  on  the  oc- 

self  a  reputation  as  a  fine  printer,  Ballan-  casion  of  the  celebration  of  the  Centenary 

tyne   removed   to   Edinburgh,  where   he  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and   each   page   is 

added  to  the  fame  of  his  press.     In  1805,  adorned  with  portraits  and   pictures   of 

finding  his  capital  inadequate  to  his  busi-  scenery  relating  to  his  works.    As  a  speci- 

ness,    Ballantyne    applied   to    Scott    for  men   of   elegant    typography,   it    leaves 

assistance,  and   Scott  assented,  on   con-  nothing   to  be  desired,  and   proves  that 

dition  of  his  becoming  a  partner.     This  whatever  vicissitudes  the  Press  may  have 

arrangement  was  effected,  although  it  was  experienced,    it   still    may  claim    to    be 

of  course  kept  strictly  private,  Scott  on  worthy  of  the  fame  first  achieved  for  it 

his  part  always  stipulating  with  his  pub-  by  James  Ballantyne. 

History  (a  concise)  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Printing. — See 
LUCKOMBE  (P.). 

History  of  Printing  (The).      Published  under  the  direction  of  the 
Committee  of  General  Literature  and  Education  appointed  by  the 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge.      London :  [1862]. 
Small  Svo.  pp.  256. 
Very  inexact,  and  behind  the  times,  in  its  statements. 

History  of  Printing  for  the  Use  of  the  Blind. — See  Stevens  (Henry), 

History  of  Western  New  York  and  Printers'  Festival.  Rochester, 
U.S.  :  1847.     Svo. 

HiTZiG  (Ferd.).  Die  Erfindung  des  Alphabetes.  Eine  Denkschrift 
zur  Jubelfeier  des  von  Gutenberg  im  Jahre  1440  erfundenen  Biicher- 
druckes.     Ziirich :  1840.     4to.  pp.  42.     Plate. 

Hochmeister  (Martin  v.),  Buchdnicker  in  Hermannstadt,  geb. 
19.  April,  1767.  (In  Trausch,  '*  Siebenbiirgisches  Schriftsteller- 
Lexicon,"  vol.  ii.  pp.  1 71-183.) 

Hodgson  (Thomas).  An  Essay  on  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Stereo- 
type Printing,  including  a  Description  of  the  Various  Processes. 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  :  1820.  Svo.  pp.  xii.  178.  Seven  leaves  of 
specimens. 

306  copies  were  printed,  at  the  instance  of  the  Newcastle-on-Tyne  Typographical 
Society,  36  of  them  being  in  royal  octavo.  A  very  interesting  essay,  containing  a 
minute  account  of  the  history  of  the  art  up  to  1820. 

Historical  Memoirs   of   William  Ged,  including  a  particular 

account  of  his  progress  in  the  Art  of  Block  Printing.     Newcastle- 
on-Tyne:  1 8 19. 

176  copies  printed,  at  the  instance  of  the  Newcastle-on-Tyne  Typf>2;raphical 
Society. — See  Ged. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  331 

HoDSON  (James  Shirley).  An  Account  of  the  Ceremony  of  Opening 
the  New  Wings  to  the  Printers'  Ahnshouses,  Wood  Green, 
Augusts,  1871.     London:   1871.     8vo.    pp.  16. 

This  pamphlet  includes  "A  History  of  the  Institution,"  containing  several  inter- 
esting references  to  current  printers  ;  a  Speech  by  the  Right  Hon.  Earl  Stanhope  ; 
and  remarks  by  the  late  Mr.  R.  Clay,  of  Bread  Street  Hill,  and  others. 

An  Address  on  behalf  of  the  Printers'  Pension,  Almshouse, 


and  Orphan  Asylum  Corporation,  supported  by  voluntary  con- 
tributions, incorporated  by  Royal  Charter,  1865.  London:  187 1. 
Svo.  pp.  12. 

By  the    Secretary   of  the   Charity  on  He  then  claims  that  as  the  work  of  the 

whose  behalf  the  address  is  written,  who  printer  is  so  great  and  universal  a  boon 

points  out  the  benefits  conferred  on  civili-  to  mankind,  an  appeal  may  be  addressed 

zation  by  the  Art  of  Printing,  and  sup-  to  benevolence  and  sympathy  on  behalf 

ports    his   arguments    by   extracts    from  of  those  followers  of  the  craft  who  have 

speeches  by  Lord  Dufferin,  Earl  Carnar-  spent  their  days  for  the  general  weal,  and 

von,  Charles  Dickens,  and  Dean  Stanley,  are  no  longer  capable  of  self-support. 

A  few  Facts  for  Young  Men  employed   in  Printing  Offices. 

Two-page  tract,    [n.  d.]. 

Intended  to  show — i.  That  some  provision  for  old  age  and  infirmity  is  necessary. 
2.  The  provision  offered.     3.  How  to  obtain  it. 

List  of  Pensioners,  Inmates  of  Almshouses,  and  Orphans,  show- 


ing the  amounts  paid  to  each,  compiled  from  the  Records  of  the 
Corporation.     London:  1874.     Svo.  pp.  12. 

These  statistics  are  drawn  up  with  a  view  to  show  the  inducements  which  the 
Printers'  Corporation  offers  to  those  engaged  in  the  trade  to  become  subscribers. 

A  Printer's  Reasons  for  Subscribing  to  the  Printers'  Pension, 


Almshouse,  and  Orphan  Asylum  Corporation. 

A  two-page  tract  containing  various  "reasons,"  benevolent  and  provident,  for  sup- 
porting this  well-known  charity. 

To   the   President,    Vice-Presidents,    and   Subscribers   of  the 


Printers'  Pension,  Almshouse,  and  Orphan  Asylum  Corporation. 
4to.   3  pp. 

A  circular  arguing  the  question  of  "voting"  or  "non-voting"  in  the  working  of 
elections  at  charitable  institutions,  the  writer's  conclusion  being  in  favour  of  the 
former,  as  "it  is  impossible  to  prevent  canvassing." 

See  also  Printers'  Pension,  Almshouse,  and  Orphan  Asylum  Cor- 


poration, under  Societies. 

HoDSON  (Thomas).     The  Cabinet  of  the  Arts,  or  a  complete  System 
of  Drawing,  Etching,  Engraving,  &c.      1803-6.     4to. 

Hoe   (R.)   &   Co.     Catalogue.      1853.     pp.  42. i86o. 1866. 

pp.  127. 1867.  pp.  138. 1877.  pp.  19. 

Hints  to  Stereotypers  and  Electrotypers.     New  York  :  187 1. 


Svo.  pp.  34. 


332 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Hoe  (R.)  &  Co.     Hints  on  Electrotyping  and  Stereotyping.     New 
York  :  1875.     ^vo.  pp.  50. 


—  Price-List.    New  York 
[876.     pp.56. 


1873.     8vo.  pp.  43. Reissued  in 


Reduced  Price-List.     New  York  :  1876.     pp.  16. 


Robert  Hok,  the  founder  of  the  firm 
of  R.  Hoe  &  Co.,  was  bom  in  1784,  in  the 
hamlet  of  Hose,  near  Nottingham,  Lei- 
cestershire. He  was  bound  apprentice 
to  a  carpenter ;  but,  purchasing  his  in- 
dentures, he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  in  1813.  Shortly  after  he  had 
established  himself  in  business  in  New 
York,  he  commenced  the  manufacture 
of  printing-presses.  In  connection  with 
Peter  Smith,  who  became  his  partner,  he 
manufactured  the  first  iron  lever  printing 
platen  machines  ever  made  in  the  United 
States.  Subsequently  he  took  into  part- 
nership his  brother-in-law,  Matthew 
Smith,  and  conjointly  they  succeeded 
in  establishing  an  extensive  business. 
Robert  Hoe  died  in  1833,  having  sur- 
vived both  his  partners,  and  leaving  his 
business  to  his  sons.  He  will  be  remem- 
bered in  the  annals  of  printing  for  having 
introduced  power  -  printing  machinery 
into  the  United  States. 

Richard  M.  Hoe,  the  present  head  of 
the  concern,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Robert 
Hoe.  In  1847  he  brought  out  the  cele- 
brated Type  -  revolving  Printing  Ma- 
chine, which  for  a  time  superseded  all 
others,  not  only  in  America,  but  in  this 
country,  and  was  adopted  by  the  prin- 


cipal newspapers  on  the  Continent  as 
well. 

The  latest  invention  of  this  firm,  as 
applied  to  newspaper  printing,  is  the 
Web  Perfecting  Press,  which  prints 
from  a  roll  of  paper,  cuts  off  the  sheets, 
delivers  them  flat,  or  folds  them  up  as 
many  times  as  required,  all  at  one  opera- 
tion, at  the  speed  of  over  15,000  perfect 
papers  per  hour  ;  when  the  machines  are 
made  double  size,  the  production  is 
30,000  per  hour.  This  machine,  the  last 
and  most  perfect  of  its  kind,  is  being 
rapidly  adopted  by  newspapers  in 
America  and  elsewhere. 

In  connection  with  the  business  of 
newspaper  printing,  Messrs.  R.  Hoe  & 
Co.,  however,  manufacture  all  kinds  of 
machines  for  book  and  job  printing. 
Their  works  in  New  York  are  very  ex- 
tensive, covering  an  entire  square  of 
ground  in  the  city,  being  bounded  by 
Grand,  Sheriff,  Broome,  and  Columbia 
streets.  They  contain  upwards  of  200,000 
square  feet  of  floor-room,  fitted  with  the 
most  accurate  and  expensive  machinists' 
tools  There  are  also  large  works  in 
Tudor  Street,  Blackfriars,  London,  and 
a  branch  office  in  the  city  of  Chicago. 


Hoe  (Richard  M.).  The  Literature  of  Printing.  A  Catalogue  of 
the  Library  illustrative  of  the  History  and  Art  of  Typography, 
Chalcography,  and  Lithography  of  Richard  M.  Hoe.  London  : 
1877.     Privately  printed  at  the  Chiswick  Press.     8vo.  pp.  149. 


The  design  of  Mr.  Hoe  to  form  a 
collection  of  all  the  works  that  have 
been  printed  in  every  language  bearing 
upon  Printing  is  well  illustrated  in  this 
Catalogue — the  first  attempt  to  form  a 
bibliography  of  the  subject.  Like  all 
catalogues,  however,  it  was  incomplete 
immediately  after  its  appearance,  in- 
deed, before  its  issue,  as  the  evidence  of 


a  Supplement  shows  ;  but  it  is  very  care- 
fully prepared,  and,  as  a  tentative  effort, 
is  deservuig  of  high  praise.  Its  useful- 
ness is  largely  increased  by  the  addition 
of  Indexes  of  names  of  printers  and  of 
places.  It  is  handsomely  printed  on 
Whatman's  drawing-paper.  Only  a  very 
few  copies  were  issued. 


HOECHEL  (C.  H.).  Die  Heroen  der  Kunst.  Ein  charakteristisches 
Gemalde  der  ausgezeichnetsten  Typographen  friiherer  Zeit.  Als 
Denkmal  zur  Feier  des  vierten  Sacular-Festes  geweiht  den  Manen 
Gutenberg's.  Leipsig  and  Ulm  :  1836.  8vo.  pp.  viii.  and  96. 
Portrait  of  Gutenberg. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  333 

HOEFLING  (Bernhard)  and  Merkel  Carl.  Initialen  des  Mittelalters. 
Eine  Sammlung  von  Mustern  verschiedener  Stylarten  aus  den 
Bibliotheken  zu  Fulda,  Bonn,  Paderborn,  etc.  Six  parts. 
DUsseldorf :  1865-1866.     4to.     26  plates. 

HOFF  (Henrik).  Jubilaums-Buchlein,  oder  Geschichte  wie  die  Buch- 
druckerkunst  in  Deutschland  erfunden  worden  ist,  nebst  Anderm 
was  dazu  gehort.     Mannheim :    1840.     4to. 

Hoffman  (John  Daniel).     De  typographiis  eorumque  initiis  et  incre- 

mentis  in  regno  Poloniae  et  Magno  Ducatu  Lithuanise,  cum  variis 

observationibus  rem  litterariam  et  typographicam  utriusque  gentis 

aliqua  ex  parte  illustrantibus.    Dantisci:  1740.    4to.    pp.  viii.,  71. 

"A  rare  little  work,  divided  into  four  chapters,  but  printed  on  detestable  paper." 

-  Watts. 

Hoffmann  (C.)  und  Weithas.  C.  Hoffmann's  Buchdruckerpresse 
von  Gusseisen.     Leipzig :   1826.     8vo. 

Hoffmann  (C.  L.).  Pele-Mele  von  Erfindung  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst.     Lippstadt  :  1740.     8vo. 

Hoffmann  (Dr.  Fr.  Lor.).     Description  d'une  Edition  de  quelques 

Dialogues  de  Lucien,  traduite  en  latin  par  firasme,  imprimee  a 

Louvain,  en  15 12  par  Thierry  Martens.     Bruxelles  :   1868.     8vo. 

pp.  3.    (Extract  from  vol.  xvi.  of  the  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile  Beige.) 

Only  25  copies  printed. 

Essai  d'une  Liste  chronologique  des  Ouvrages  et  Disserta- 
tions concemant  I'Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie  en  Belgique  et  en 
Hollande.     Bruxelles  :  1859.     8vo.   pp.  137. 

Only  30  copies  separately  printed  from  the  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile  Beige. 

Essai  d'une  Liste  des  Ouvrasres  concernant  I'Histoire  de  I'lm- 


primerie en  Italic.     Bruxelles  :  1852.     8vo.   pp.  33. 
150  copies   printed   separately   from   the  Bulleti7i  du   Bibliophile  Beige.      The 
titles  of  162  works  are  given,  of  which  98  are  in  Italian. 

Versuch  einer  Bibliographic  der  Geschichte  der  Buchdrucker- 

kunst  in  Danemark  und  in  Schvveden  und  Norwegen.     Besonderer 
Abdruck  aus  Petzholdt's  "  Neuer  Anzeiger  fiir  Bibliographic  und 
Bibliothekwissenschaft."     Dresden :  1861.     8vo.     pp.  20. 
Only  100  copies  printed  from  the  "  Neuer  Anzeiger  fiir  Bibliographic." 

—  Verzeichniss  von  Schriften,  welche  die  Geschichte  der  Buch- 

druckerkunst   in   der   Schweiz  zum  Gegenstand  haben.     Halle  : 
[1854].     8vo.  pp.  II. 
Reprinted  from  the  "  Anzeiger  fiir  Bibliographie." 

Verzeichniss    und    Beschreibung   einiger   von    Niederlandern 


verfassten  Werke  und  Aufsatze  aus  dem  xix.  Jahrhundert,  die 
Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst  betreffend.  (In :  Petzhold's 
N.  Anz.  f.  Bibl.  1865,  September,  pp.  273-289.)    Dresden.    8vo. 

Dr.  Hoffmann  has  long  been  engaged  it  in  the  fragments  noted  above.  He  has 
incompilingabibliographyofprintingand  placed  his  materials  at  the  disposition  of 
the  relative  arts,  but  has  only  published     Mr.    O.  Gottfried    Reichart,  librarian   of 


334  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

the  Benedictine  Convent  at  Gottweig,  1853  ;  and  Mr.  Reichart  is  engaged  in 
author  of  a  work  entitled  "Die  Druck-  compiling  from  them  a  "  Bibliotheca 
orte  des  XV.  Jahrhunderts."    Augsburg:     Typographica." 

Hoffmann  (F.   R.).      Typographisches  Jahrbuch.      Breslau  :  1876. 

8vo.     First  part,  pp.    132.     Second    part,  pp.    128.  1877. 

8vo.  pp.  122. 

This  typographic  year-book  gives  many  useful  hints,  both  on  composition  and 
press  and  machine  printing. 

Der  Druck  auf  der  Schnellpresse,  erlautert  fiir  die  Geschafts- 


fuhrung.     Breslau  :  1876.     8vo.  pp.  77. 

Hoffmann  (Dr.  J.).  Catalogus  van  Chinesche  matrijzen  en  druk- 
letters,  krachtens  magtiging  van  Z.  M.  den  Koning  en  op  last 
van  Z.  E.  den  minister  van  staat,  minister  van  Kolonien  J.  J. 
Rochussen  vervaardigd,  onder  tsezigt  van  den  hoogleeraar, 
translateur  van  het  Nederlandsch  Indisch  gouvernement  voor  de 
Japansche  en  Chinesche  talen.  Amsterdam  en  Leiden :  i860. 
4to.     45  pages  of  Chinese  characters  ;  3  other  pages. 

The  "Catalogus,"  printed  in  i860,  of  metallic  type)  as  well  as  of  ascertaining 
was  the  first  published  inventory  of  the  how  many  of  the  40,919  characters  con- 
Chinese  types  cast  under  the  supervision  tained  in  Kang-Hi's  dictionary  are  in 
of  the  late  Dr.  Hoffmann.  common  use,  especially  in  the  class  of 

The   first    edition    (i860)    "contained  works  used  and  published  by  those  en- 

5,503  sorts  of  Chinese  characters  or  types,  gaged  in  the  missionary  work,  an  exam- 

This  collection  has  been  so  considerably  ination  was  made  of  4,166  octavo  pages, 

augmented  that  at  present   it  embraces  including  the  whole  Bible,  together  with 

6,581    sorts,"    the    increase     occasioned  twenty-seven  other  publications  printed 

especially  "  by  the  appearance  at  Shang-  at    our    press,    and    embracing    in    the 

hai  of  a  catalogue  of  6,000  Chinese  charac-  aggregate     nearly     one     million     three 

ters,  of  which,  on  a  careful  investigation,  hundred   thousand   characters.     In   con- 

5,150  appeared  to  be  in  actual  use  ;  we  ducting   this    examination  two    Chinese 

mean    two  lists   of    selected   characters,  scholars   were   emploj'ed   for   two   years 

containing  all  in  the  Bible  and  twenty-  each,   and   it    was   carried   on    in    such 

seven   other    books,    with    introductory  a  manner  as  to  secure  as  much  accuracy 

remarks  by  William  Gamble,  Shanghai,  as   possible.     According   to   the   Adver- 

Presbyterian  Mission  Press,  1861."   From  tisement  in  the  third  edition,   1876,  the 

the  preface  of  the  book  by  Mr.  Gamble,  house    of     Brill     now    possesses     7,908 

a  long  extract  is  given  in  the  advertise  matrices    and    letters.     The   number   of 

ment,  in  which  the  following  interesting  characters  in  our  list  is  thus  increased  to 

fact   is    stated:  —  "With    the    view    of  6,000."      After    examining   the    Gamble 

making    some    improvement    upon    the  list,  it  appears  that  725  founts  must  be 

former  method  of  arrangement  (evidently  added  to  the  Netherlands  collection. 

Chinesche   drukletters    vervaardigd    in    Nederland.      Nieuw 

overzigt,  met  opgave  van  de  nieuw  bijgekomen  karakters,  door 
Dr.    J.    Hoffmann,    hoogleeraar.      1864.     Lettergieterij    van    N. 
Tetterode  te  Amsterdam. 
This  title  in  Dutch  is  followed  by  a  title  in  English,  as  follows  : — 

Chinese  Printing  Types  founded  in  the  Netherlands.  A  new 
synopsis,  with  the  addition  of  all  the  recently  acquired  characters. 
By  Dr.  J.  Hoffmann.  1864.  Type-foundry  of  N.  Tetterode, 
Amsterdam.  Printed  by  A.  W.  Sythoff,  Leiden,  pp.  ix.  Adver- 
tisement (printed  in  two  columns,  one  Dutch,  other  English.) 
P.  ix.  begins  "  Tekstproeven  "  or  Proof-text,  which  is  completed 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


335 


on  page  x.     pp.  1-24,  Chinese  characters,  followed  by  one  page 
(without  folio),  Deklassenhoofden,  reverse  of  which  is  blank. 
This  is  Dr.  Hoffmann's  second  publication  of  Chinese  types.     "The  considerable 

number  of  the  newly-appended  founts  has  made  a  second  edition  of  our  Catalogue 

necessary,  though  to  limit  it  to  50  copies  appeared  enough." 

Hoffmann  (Dr.  J.).  Catalogus  van  Chinesche  Matrijzen  en  drukletters 
vervaardigd  in  Nederland  op  last  van  den  Minister  van  Kolonien 
en  onder  leiding  van  Dr.  J.  J.  Hoffmann.     Derde  druk.     Leiden  : 
1876. 
This  is  followed  by  title  in  English  : — 

Catalogue  of  Chinese  Matrices  and  Printing-types  founded  in 
the  Netherlands,  by  command  of  his  Majesty's  Minister  for 
Colonial  Affairs,  under  direction  of  Dr.  J.  J.  Hoffmann.  Third 
edition.     Leiden  :  1876.     Pp.  xiv.,  and  24  of  Chinese  characters. 

This  third  edition,  published  by  E.  J.  firm.  Hoffmann  says: — "The  Nether- 
Brill,  of  Leiden,  was  issued  after  the  lands  may  boast  of  possessing  a  Chinese 
"stock  of  Chinese  types  made  for  and  printing  office  capable  of  executing  all 
belonging  to  the  Dutch  Government,  and  that  may  be  reasonably  required  of  it, 
from  which  the  former  editions  were  and  of  setting  up  the  most  extensive 
printed,    had  been    purchased    by    that  Chinese  works  in  type." 

Mededeeling  aangaande  de  Chinesche  matrijzen  en  drukletters, 

krachtens  magtiging  van  Z.  M,  den  Koning  en  op  last  van  den 
minister  J.  J.  Rochussen  vervaardigd.  Amsterdam:  i860.  8vo. 
pp.  16. 

Hoffmann  (J.  C).  Anweisung  zum  vervielfaltigen  einer  Schrift  oder 
Zeichnung,  ausgefuhrt  mit  der  Feder  oder  Reisfeder,  durch  Hiilfe 
der  galvanischen  Kupferausscheidung.     Kopenhagen  :  1842.    8vo. 

Hofmann  (G.  D.).  Von  den  altesten  Kaiserlichen  und  Landesherr- 
lichen  Biicher-  Druck-  oder  Verlag-  Privilegien.  Tubingen  :  1777. 
8vo.   pp.  68. 

A  collection  of  reprints  of  the  privileges  granted  by  imperial  and  other  personages 
to  early  printers,  reproduced  from  the  originals. 

Hoier  (A.).  Programmata  II.  de  Originibus  Typographise.  Sleswig  : 
1 740.     4to. 

Holbein  (Hans). 

Hans  Holbein  was  a  celebrated  Swiss 
painter  who  flourished  in  the  sixteenth 
century.  He  is  especially  famous  for  his 
engravings  on  wood,  which  were  not  only 
remarkably  numerous,  but  beautiful  and 
chaste.  Some  uncertainty  exists  con- 
cerning his  origin,  but  it  is  believed  that 
he  was  born  in  Augsburg  about  14^5,  and 
that  when  a  child  he  accompanied  his 
father,  who  was  also  an  artist,  to  Basle, 
in  Switzerland.  This  city  was  at  that 
time  remarkable  for  its  learned  printers, 
who  were  specially  engaged  upon  reli- 
gious and  scholastic  publications.     Seve- 


ral of  their  devices,  accompanied  with 
short  notices,  will  be  found  interspersed 
through  this  Bibliography.  At  Basle, 
young  Holbein  soon  attracted  attention 
by  the  excellence  of  his  portraits  and  his 
pictures  of  Biblical  subjects.  He  painted 
a  remarkable  portrait  of  Erasmus,  which 
may  probably  have  introduced  him  to 
Froben,  the  printer  {see  Frobenius),  for 
whom  he  executed  a  number  of  ornamen- 
tal title-pages  and  designs,  some  of  them 
illustratmg  the  works  of  Erasmus.  As  a 
wood-engraver,  Holbein  is  best  known 
for  his  wonderful  series  called  the  '  'Dance 


336 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


of  Death,"  in  which,  in  fifty-three  suc- 
cessive pictures.  Death,  as  a  ghastly 
skeleton,  overtakes  the  unsuspecting  mor- 
tal in  every  grade  of  life,  from  the  Pope 
to  the  pauper.  One  of  the  victims  in 
these  illustrations  is  a  printer  \  This  was 
reproduced  in  facsimile  in  "  feloge  de  la 
Folic  d'Erasme,"  Paris  (Librairie  des 
Bibliophiles,  Rue  St.  Honore),  1872.  The 
superiority  of  the  printers  of  Basle  was  so 
generally  recognized  that  Henry  VIII.  of 
England  engaged  Bebelius,  a  printer  of 


duction  from  Erasmus  to  Sir  Thomas 
More,  who  immediately  presented  him  at 
court.  Henry  VIII.  made  him  Court 
Painter,  and  gave  him  a  liberal  pension. 
He  also  induced  the  artist  to  remain  in 
England.  Holbein  died  of  the  Great 
Plague  of  1554.  In  the  "Queen's  Gal- 
lery" at  Hampton  Court,  a  few  years 
ago,  we  noticed  placed  together  the  fol- 
lowing highly  interesting  portraits: — 
Holbein,  painted  by  himself ;  Frobenius, 
the.  printer,  by  Holbein  ;   Erasmus,  his 


HANS    HOLBEIN. 


that  city,  to  execute  a  magnificent  edition 
of  Polydore  Vergil's  "  History  of  Eng- 
land," which,  for  the  elegance  of  its 
illustrations  and  the  beauty  of  its  type, 
has  been  considered  the  most  perfect 
volume  published  during  the  sixteenth 
century.  Several  of  the  decorations  and 
designs  of  this  work  were  furnished  by 
Holbein,  and  may  have  led  to  an  invita- 
tion to  him  to  come  over  here.  He 
visited  this  country  with  a  letter  of  intro- 


patron,  painted  by  Holbein  (the  back- 
ground IS  by  another  artist) ;  and  King 
Henry  VIII.,  also  by  Holbein.  There 
were  a  large  number  of  other  pictures  by 
the  artist,  of  whom  a  portrait  is  given 
above. 

Several  memoirs  of  Holbein  have  been 
written  ;  among  them  may  be  specially 
named  "  Holbein  and  his  Time,"  by 
Alfred  Woltmann ;  translated  into  English 
by  F.  E.  Bunnett.     London  :  1872.    8vo. 


Holbein  Society.— 6"^^  Societies. 


HOLLOWAY.  Memoir  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Holloway,  by  one  of 
his  Executors  ;  and  most  respectfully  dedicated  to  the  Subscribers 
to  the  Engravings  from  the  Cartoons  of  Raphael.  London  :  1827. 
80  pp.  (with  Appendix,  pp.  x. ) . 


The  first  great  work  on  which  this  cele- 
brated engraver  entered  was  the  English 
publication  of  Lavater's  "  Physiognomy," 
a  work  containing  seven  hundred  plates, 
and  extending  to  five  volumes  imperial 
4to.,  the  letterpress  of  which  was  executed 
at  "  the  splendid  press  of  Bensley."   Hol- 


loway had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  only 
remaining  plate  of  the  seven  cartoons  of 
Raphael  fairly  commenced  before  his 
death,  which  took  place  in  his  eightieth 
year,  at  Cottishall,  near  Norwich,  in 
February,  1827. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


337 


Holme  (Randle).  An  Academy  of  Armory,  or  a  Storehouse  of 
Armory  and  Blazon,  containing  the  several  variety  of  Created 
Beings,  and  how  born  in  Coats  of  Arms,  both  Foreign  and 
Domestick :  with  the  Instruments  used  in  all  Trades  and  Sciences, 
together  with  their  Terms  of  Art.  Also  the  Etymologies,  Defini- 
tions, and  Historical  Observations  on  the  same,  Explicated  and 
Explained  according  to  our  Modern  Language.  Very  useful  for 
all  Gentlemen,  Scholars,  Divines,  and  all  such  as  desire  any 
Knowledge  in  Arts  and  Sciences.  Chester :  Printed  for  the 
Author,  1688.     Folio,  pp.  xiv.  488,  502. 


This  singular  book,  whose  author  de- 
scribes himself  as  "  Gentleman  Sewer  in 
Extraordinary  to  his  late  Majesty  King 
Charles  II.,  and  sometimes  Deputy  for  the 
Kings  of  Arms,"  is,  notwithstanding  its 
heraldic  title,  a  complete  technological 
encyclopedia,  and  presents  a  quaint  and 
vivid  picture  of  the  crafts  and  calling  of 
all  kinds  of  artisans  in  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  The  portion  de- 
voted to  jjrinting  is  considerable,  and  the 
author  evidently  aimed  at  giving  a  com- 
plete description  of  the  art  and  its  pro- 
cesses. There  is  no  doubt  he  largely 
made  use  of  Moxon's  "  Mechanick  Exer- 
cises," which  was  published  in  1683.  In 
book  iii.,  chap,  iii.,  p.  113,  there  begins 
"  He  beareth  Argent,  a  printer  tDOrfeinfl 
at  I)  is  pr tnt(n  g  press ,  all  proper.  Printing, 
as  some  Authors  have  it,  was  used  in 
China,  and  Prester  yokn,  above  1,000 
years  since  ;  though  it  was  not  known  in 
this  part  of  the  World  till  about  the  year 
1430.  In  which  infancie  the  Letters  were 
cut  in  Wooden  blocks,  altogether  by  one 
Laurensz  Jansz  Koster  of  Harlem,  who 
after  left  Wood  off,  and  cut  Letters  in 
Steel,  and  cast  them  in  Mettle  :  yet  John 
Gutenbergoi  Mentz  in  Germany  promotes 
his  claim  to  the  first  invention  of  this  Art 
by  single  Letters  before  Koster,  and  is 
more  generally  admitted  to  be  so.  After 
this  it  was  practised  in  Oxford  in  the  year 
1461  and  in  Loftdon  1471,  and  about  1480 
it  began  to  be  received  into  Venice,  Italy, 
Germany,  and  other  places  in  these 
Western  parts  of  the  World,  insomuch 
that  it  is  now  disputed  whether  Tipog  raphy 
and  Architecture  may  not  be  accounted 
Liberal  Sciences,  being  so  Famous  Arts." 

The  next  division  is  headed  "  Persons 
instrumental  about  Printing,"  there  being 
named,  the  Master  Printer  ("  who  is  the 
soul  of  printing,  all  other  workmen  about 
it  are  as  members  to  the  body  ") ;  the  letter 
cutter,  the  matrice  or  mould  maker,  the 
letter  caster,  the  letter  dresser,  the  com- 
positor, the  corrector,  the  pressman,  the 
mkmaker,  "besides  several  other  trades 
they  take  unto  their  assistance,  without 

2 


whose  help  they  could  not  work,  as  Smith, 
Joyner,  Wett-glover,  &c." 

The  next  division  has  reference  to  "the 
several  parts  of  a  press,"  upwards  of  sixty 
separate  portions  being  described.  Then 
follows  "  the  terms  of  the  letters  according 
to  their  size  or  bigness,"  ten  sizes  being 
mentioned  as  follows,  the  figures  being 
the  number  of  lines  contained  in  a  foot  : — 

1.  Pearl   184 

2.  Nonpareil 150 

3.  Brevier   112 

4.  Long  Primer 92 

5-  Pica.; 75 

6.  English  66 

7.  Great  Primer    50 

8.  Double  Pica 38 

9.  Two-line  English    33 

10.  Great  Canon 17^ 

Next  we  have  the  "  terms  relating  to 
the  face  of  a  letter,"  those  explained  being 
the  top  line  or  topping,  the  head  line,  the 
body,  the  footline  or  footing,  the  bottom 
line  or  bottom  footing,  the  stem,  the  fat 
stroaks,  the  lean  stroaks,  the  beak,  the 
tails,  the  swash  letters,  &c.,  nearly  all  of 
which  words  are  now  obsolete. 

Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  the 
"notes  of  correction  made  by  the  cor- 
rector," and  the  marks  are  given.  They 
hardly  differ  from  those  now  in  use. 

The  "  points  used  in  printing  "  are  then 
explained,  and  "several  other  things  be- 
longing to  the  Art  of  Printing."  Among 
the  latter  are  the  "assidue  or  assidine,  a 
thin  brass  plate,  such  as  adorn  hobby- 
horses ;  founders  use  it  to  underlay  the 
body  or  mouth-piece  of  their  moulds  if 
they  be  too  thin ;  coyns,  distributing 
stick  or  riglet,  galley,  inke  (of  which 
'  there  are  two  sorts,  weak  inke  and  strong 
inke,  one  for  to  use  in  the  summer,  the 
other  for  winter),'  visorum,"  &c. 

About  eight  of  the  folio  pages  are  de- 
voted to  the  terms  used  in  the  "Art  of 
.\inting,  alphabetically  explained,"  the 
definitions  being  very  carefully  and 
accurately  given.  The  "Customs  of  the 
Chappel"  follow.  The  list  of  offences 
X 


^^S  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

for  each  of  which  a  penahy  called  a  bringing  a  wisp  of  hay  directed  to  a  press- 
"  solace  "  was  imposed,  is  a  tolerably  long  man,  "calling  mettle  lead,"  &c.  If  the 
one.  It  includes  swearing,  fighting,  abu-  delinquent  would  not  pay  the  solace,  the 
sive  language,  drunkenness,  leaving  a  workmen  were  to  "take  him  by  force 
candle  burning  at  night,  dropping  a  com-  and  lay  him  on  his  belly  over  the  correct- 
posing-stick  and  leaving  another  to  pick  ing-stone,  and  hold  him  there  whilest 
It  up,  three  letters  and  a  space  left  as  pie  another  with  a  paper  board  gives  him  ;^io 
under  a  case,  letting  fall  the  bails,  leaving  in  a  purse,  viz.,  ii  blows  on  his  buttocks, 
blankets  in  the  tympan,  mentioning  "  joy-  which  he  lays  on  according  to  his  own 
ning  his  penny  to  send  for  a  drink,"  mercy."  The  " custome  for  payments  of 
mentioning  spending  Chappel  money  till  money,"  which  are  afterwards  set  out, 
Saturday  night,  playing  at  quadrates,  "  a  are  not  less  curious,  and  show  how  man- 
stranger  to  come  to  the  King's  printing  ners  have  improved  in  the  printing-office 
house  and  ask  for  a  ballad,"  a  stranger  during  the  last  two  hundred  years. — See 
"  to  come  to  a  compositor  and  inquire  if  Chapel  and  MoxON. 
he  had  news  of  a  galley  at  sea,"  any  one 

Holmes  (John).  A  descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Books  in  the  Library 
of  John  Holmes,  with  Notices  of  Authors  and  Printers.  5  vols. 
Norwich  (privately  printed)  :  1828-40.     8vo. 

HOLSTEIN  (Ad.  von).  Gutenberg,  Fust,  und  Schoffer.  Die  Erfin- 
dung  des  Druckes  mit  beweglichen  Buchstaben.  i.  2.  Heft. 
Darmstadt :  1 876-1 877.     4to.     pp.  1-32.     2  plates. 

It  is  proposed  to  complete  this  work  in  ten  parts,  but  no  more  than  the  above 
have  yet  been  issued.  Each  part  should  be  accompanied  by  plates.  The  two  first 
parts  are  elegantly  printed  on  good  paper. 

HOLSTENIUS  (Andreas).  Dissertatio  Academica  de  renascentis  littera- 
turae  ministra  Typographia.  Holmiae:  1869.  8vo.  pp.  x.,  43. 
[Reprinted  in  Wolf,  Monumenta  Typographica,  pp.  550-594, 
vol.  ii.] 

Holt  (H.  F.).  Observations  on  Early  Engraving  and  Printing.  A 
series  of  papers  in  Notes  and  Queries,  commencing  Oct.  3,  1 868. 

HOLTROP  (John  William).  Catalogns  Librorum  Saeculo  XV 
Impressorum,  quotquot  in  Bibliotheca  Regia  Hagana,  asser- 
vantur.      Hagse   Comitum  :    1856.     8vo.     pp.  xxx.  591. 

A  catalogue  of  the  15th  century  books  dex    typographorum    alphabeticus,   pp. 

in    the    Royal    Library   at   the    Hague,  1-318.      Pars  II.    Libri    extra   Belgium 

highly  praised  by  Dr.  Van  der  Linde  for  impressi,  pp.  319-591.    The  Introduction 

its  classification   and   general  accuracy,  treats   of  the    early-printed    fragments. 

Pars  I.     Libri  in  Belgio  impressi.     Index  known    as    "  Costeriana,"    and    of    the 

bibliographicus,  secundum  ordinem  alpha-  evidences  of  a  very  early  use  of  typo- 

beti ;    Index    urbium  alphabeticus  ;    In-  graphy  in  Holland. 

■   Description   des  editions   connues  du    "Donatus"    d'origine 

HoUandaise.     \\si  Algenieene  konst- en  letterbode,  1840.     Pp.  51.] 

Monumens  typographiques  des  Pays-Bas  au  Quinzieme  Siecle. 

Collection  de  fac-simile,  d'apres  les  originaux  conserves  a  la 
Bibliotheque  royale  de  la  Haye  et  ailleurs.  Publiee  avec  I'autori- 
sation  de  son  Excellence  le  Ministre  de  I'lnterieur.  La  Haye  : 
1868.     Folio,  pp.  xiv.  126,  contents  (12  pp.),  130  plates,  and  map. 

This  great  work  of  the  chief  librarian  search,  and  industry  of  its  author,  a  fine 

of  the  Royal  Library  at  the  Hague,  is  in  portrait  of  whom,  m  lithography,  forms 

itself  a  typographical  monument,  and  an  the  frontispiece.     The  book  is  dedicated 

enduring  memorial   of  the  learning,  re-  "  to  librarians,  bibliophiles,  and  all  who 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


339 


are  interested  in  the  history  of  the  typo- 
graphy of  the  Low  Countries  during  the 
15th  century."  In  the  preface  M.  Hol- 
trop  refers  to  the  great  interest  which 
has  always  been  taken  in  the  subject,  not 
only  by  his  compatriots,  but  by  French, 


Westreenianum  Musee,  and  other  great 
libraries,  including  the  following  in  our 
own  country  : — The  British  Museum,  the 
Bodleian  (Oxford),  Lord  Spencer's,  the 
Earl  of  Pembroke's,  that  of  the  Due 
d'Aumale,  and  those  of  Messrs.  Holford, 


REDUCED   FAC-SIMILE   FROM    THE    "EXERCISE   ON    THE   LORD's   PRAYER "   (HoLTROP,    MON.    TYP.). 


German,  English,  and  other  biblio-  Inglis,  Johnson,  Botfield,  Libri,  and 
graphers.  In  the  compilation  of  his  Boone.  The  plates  consist  of  exact  re- 
work he  was  enabled  to  avail  himself  of  productions  of^r)  the  different  xylo- 
the  rich  treasures  of  the  Royal  Library  graphic  editions  that  were  the  precursors 
of  the  Hague,  those  of  the  Meermanno-  of   typography  generally  attributed   to 


340 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


the  Low  Countries  ;  (2)  of  books 
printed  with  movable  characters,  and 
particularly  reproductions  of  the  begin- 
ning and  end  of  the  first  books  issued 
by  the  different  printers,  with  repre- 
sentations of  their  types ;  and  (3)  of 
printers'  marks.  The  execution  of 
the  facsimiles  was  intrusted  to  M.  E. 
Spanier,  lithographer  to  the  king.  The 
author  remarks  that  one  of  his  objects  in 
compiling  the  work  was  to  encourage  the 


as  by  this  means  many  books  concerning 
whose  history  we  are  now  ignorant  might 
be  traced  to  their  proper  source.  M. 
Holtrop  refers  to  the  work  of  Sotheby, 
and  while  dissenting  from  some  of  its 
deductions,  commends  the  industry  of 
its  author  and  the  accuracy  of  its  repro- 
ductions. He  also  acknowledges  his  in- 
debtedness to  Mons.  M.  F.  A.  G.  Camp- 
bell, the  sub-librarian  of  the  Royal 
Library  of  the  Hague.     There  is  a  fine 


LETTER  K  FROM  THE  GROTESQUE  ALPHABET  (HOLTROP,  MON.  TYP.). 


study  and  promote  the  knowledge  of  the 
productions  of  the  first  printers,  and 
those  who  laboured  up  to  the  end  of  the 
15th  century  ;  he  also  wished  to  furnish 
materials  for  a  complete  history  of  print- 
ing during  that  epoch.  Further,  he 
hoped  to  enable  others  besides  himself  to 
compare  the  incunabula  with  any  early 
books  they  might  find  in  other  libraries, 


copy  of  the  book  in  the  British  Museum, 
in  which  is  bound  up  everything  issued 
in  connection  with  it,  such  as  the  wrap- 
pers of  each  part,  the  prospectus,  and  the 
advertisements  of  each  section  as  it  was 
published.  We  have  availed  ourselves  of 
M.  Holtrop's  researches  in  many  of  the 
notes  accompanying  our  reproductions  of 
printers'  marks,  and  have  thus  enabled  the 


IIVERS 

OF 

Bibliography  of  Printing. 


341 


English  reader  to  be  in  possession  of  the 
remarkable  facts  in  the  history  of  printing 
which  this  work  first  brought  to  light. 

We  extract  from  the  "Monumens  typo- 
graphiques"  three  facsimiles  of  block- 
books.     The  first  is  from  the  "  Exercise 


dialogue.  In  the  illustration — the  fifth 
of  the  series — the  petition  referred  to  is 
"  Thy  will  be  done."  The  Almighty  is  re- 
presented in  the  clouds,  and  before  him 
are  an  angel  and  a  monk  kneeling.  The 
former,     named     Oratio,     is    supposed 


trtcttivuKutu^iatttmi  oauubflf 


^*i  ^^^^  ttoquonttu  J 


KEDUCED   BLOCK   FROM   THE   "  POMERIUM  SPIRITUALE"  (HoLTROP,    MON,    TYP.). 


on  the  Lord's  Prayer,"  a  thin  book  of  ten  throughout  to  be  teaching  the  latter.   On 

leaves,    intended   to  explain  the   Lord's  the  right  are  a  good  Christian  and  an 

Prayer  by  illustration.     The  blocks  are  angel.     In  the  centre  are  two  bad  men 

printed  on  one  side  of  the  paper  only,  in  who  are  rejecting  the  Holy  Eucharist, 

brown  ink.     The  text  is  in  the  form  of  a  In  the  foreground  are  Jews  and  Pagans, 


342 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


who  throw  down  the  chalice  and  pour 
out  its  sacred  contents.  Holtrop  says 
that  there  is  one  copy  of  the  work 
in  which  the  Latin  text  is  translated 
and  explained  by  engraved  lines  in 
Flemish  at  the  bottom  of  each  cut. 
It  is,  without  doubt,  a  Flemish  book. 

Our  second  illustration  is  the  letter  K 
of  a  grotesque  Alphabet,  a  curious  block- 
book  of  twenty-four  pages,  of  the  original 
of  which  not  one  perfect  copy  is  known. 
A  fragment  is  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum  which  has  many  evidences  of 
long  use  in  English  hands,  there  being 
writing,  &c.,  showing  the  nationality  of 
its  possessor.  The  real  object  of  the 
book  is  not  apparent.  The  figures  were 
not  designed  for  the  purpose  of  teaching 
the  alphabet,  for  they  are  quaint,  elabo- 
rate, and  above  the  comprehension  of 
children.  When  the  book  was  made, 
the  figures  probably  had  a  significance 
which  is  now  unknown.  The  only  two 
words  which  appear  are  in  French.  The 
views  of  iconographers  on  the  origin  of 
the  book  are  very  diverse.  Douce  and 
Sotheby  attribute  it  to  Holland  ;  Ottley 
to  England  ;  Chat  to  to  France  ;  Laborde 


to  the  engraver  of  the  "  Biblia  Pau- 
perum  "  ;  Passavant  to  the  school  of  Van 
Eyck,  and  perhaps  to  Dirk  Stuerbout,  of 
Haarlem.  Renouvier  thinks  it  emanated 
from  the  Low  Countries. 

The  "  Spiritual  Nursery,"  of  a  page  of 
which  we  give  a  reduced  facsimile,  was 
partly  a  manuscript  and  partly  a  block- 
book.  The  pictures  were  engraved,  and 
the  text  was  written.  It  contained  twenty- 
six  small  folio  leaves.  At  the  beginning  ' 
of  each  of  the  twelve  written  chapters  a 
space  is  left  to  receive  the  impression  of 
an  engraving  on  wood,  of  which  the  text 
gives  the  meaning.  The  only  known 
copy  is  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Brussels, 
the  director  of  which,  M.  Alvin,  has 
published,  in  his  "  Documents  icono- 
graphiques  et  typographiques,"  twelve  of 
the  engravings  on  wood  and  a  part  of  the 
manuscript  text.  Holtrop  says  that  the 
book  was  composed  by  Henry  Bogaert, 
canon  of  a  monastery  near  Brussels,  who 
was  born  1382,  and  died  1469.  He  was 
the  author  of  many  small  religious  books, 
among  them  being  several  expositions  of 
the  "  Pater  Noster,"  and  the  "  Pomerium 
Spirituale." 


Holtrop  (John  William).     Thierry  Martens  d'Alost.     £tude  biblio- 

graphique.     La  Haye  :  1867.  8vo.  pp.  viii.  iiS. 

Dedicated  "A  son  ami,  Henry  Brad-  or  attributed  to  him  ;  then  the  inscription 
shaw."  The  book  is  an  inquiry  into  the  on  his  tomb,  as  showing  the  contemporary 
question  whether  Thierry  Martens  was  estimate  formed  of  his  achievements.  He 
really  the  first  printer  of  Belgium.  The  goes  on  to  describe  the  editions  attributed 
author  says  that  the  subject  has  given  to  Martens  ;  and  then  sums  up  his  con- 
rise  to  discussions  among  bibliographers  elusions,  which  are  to  the  effect  that 
during  more  than  a  century,  but  it  ap-  Martens'  claims  to  the  honour  of  intro- 
peared  decided  when,  in  July,  1856,  the  ducing  printing  into  Belgium  are  un- 
town  of  Alost  erected  a  bronze  statue  of  founded  ;  that  Martens  himself  never 
Martens,  as  he  who  had  the  honour  of  arrogated  that  distinction  ;  and  that  none 
introducing  printing  into  Belgium.  A  of  his  contemporaries  claimed  it  for  him. 
description  is  given  of  this  statue,  from  It  arose  from  his  partisans  being  carried 
which  it  appears  that  on  the  base  of  the  away  by  a  false  sentiment  of  patriotism  ; 
pedestal  is  inscribed  :  "  Theodorico  Mar-  for  to  John  of  Westphalia  the  honour,  in 


tino  Alostano,  qui  pnmus  artem  typo- 
graphicam  in  Belgium  induxit."  A  com- 
patriot of  Martens,  however,  M.  Ch. 
Ruelens,  in  giving  an  account  of  the 
solemnity  in  the  Bidietin  du  Bibliophile 


truth,  belongs.  The  glory  of  Martens, 
however,  does  not  suffer  by  his  being 
shorn  of  these  fictitious  laurels  ;  he  de- 
serves to  he  held  in  remembrance  for  the 
beauty    and    the    number  of   his   typo- 


Belge  (tom.  xii.  p.  289,  &c.),  said  that  the    graphic  productions. 


question  still  remained  undecided.  M. 
Holtrop,  in  his  "  Monumens  Typo- 
graphiques," had  addressed  himself  to 
the  subject,  and  he  here  publishes  the 
entire  results  of  his-  researches.  He 
first  of  all  examines  the  epitaph  on 
Martens,  which  was  written  by  Erasmus, 


Alost  (anciently  written  Alostium)  is 
a  city  of  Belgian  Flanders.  Thierry 
Martens  was  born  in  the  neighbourhood, 
about  1450,  and  died  some  time  after 
1534.  A  monograph  of  him  was  pub- 
lished by  M.  Van  Iseghem  (Malines  : 
1852.     8vo.) — See  Iseghem. 


HoLTZArFFEL  &  Co.     Printing  Apparatus  for  the  Use  of  Amateurs. 
London  :  1846.     8vo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


343 


HoLZHAUSEN  (Adolf).  Album  of  Specimens  of  Printing  in  the 
Chinese  and  Japanese  Languages,  executed  in  the  Printing  Office 
of  Adolf  Holzhausen.     Vienna  :   1873.     Folio. 


Mr.  Holzhausen,  after  years  of  study 
and  labour,  has  succeeded  in  overcoming 
the  great  difficulties  which  present  them- 


His  Chinese  founts  consist  of  about  8,000 
signs,  and  have  been  considered  superior 
to  any  in  Europe.     He  has  also  trained 


selves  to  Europeans  composing  books  in    astaff  of  compositors  competent  to  do  any 
the    Chinese    and    Japanese  characters,     work  in  these  languages.  .S'^<?  Hoffmann. 

HoOGVLiET  (Arnold).  Lof  der  Drukkunste ;  door  L.  J.  Coster, 
omtrent  1440  mit  aanmeerkingen.     Rotterdam:  1740.     4to. 

HoPKiNSON  &  Cope.  Composing  Department :  Hopkinson  &  Cope's 
Revised  Illustrated  List  of  Composing  Frames  and  Cases,  Impos- 
ing Surfaces,  Chases,  &c.  London  :  1872.  29  pp.  Royal  8vo. 
Lithographic  Department :  Hopkinson  &  Cope's  Revised  Illus- 
trated List  of  Lithographic  Printing  Presses  and  Machines,  Litho- 
stone  Grinding  Machines,  Materials,  Ink,  &c.  28  pp.  (Both 
Departments  in  one  volume.) 

The  firm  of  Hopkinson  &  Cope  was 
founded  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Cope.  While  he 
was  carrying  on  business  as  an  engineer 
in  Bowling  Alley,  Mr.  Clymer,  in  1817, 
came  over  to  Europe  with  his  invention 
now  known  as  the  Columbian  Press  (see 
Clymer),  and  an  engagement  was  en- 
tered into  that  Mr,  Cope  should,  for  a 
period  of  ten  years,  manufacture  the  new 
press.  In  1819  Mr.  Cope,  who  seems  to 
have  been  very  prosperous  in  his  busi- 
ness, removed  to  New  North  Street, 
Finsbury,  where  his  successors  still  re- 
main. It  was  here  that  in  1820  he  intro- 
duced the  "Albion"  press  that  has  so 
long  Keen  identified  with  his  name.  The 
press  was  never  patented,  and  possessed 
little  novelty,  for  important  parts  of  it 
were  copied  from  the  Stanhope  and  the 
Anisson-Duperron  press  (see  Anisson- 
Duperron).  It  was,  however,  so  light, 
so  strong,  and  so  true  in  its  work,  that 
it  has  not  up  to  the  present  time  been 
wholly  superseded.  On  the  death  of  Mr. 
Cope  the  business  was  carried  on  by  his 
executor,  Mr.  J.  J.  Barrett,  a  brother 
of  the  printer  of  Mark  Lane,  the  style 
of  the  firm  being  Cope  &  Barrett.  Their 
foreman,  Mr.  John  Hopkinson,  an  admir- 
able man  of  business,  was  soon  introduced 

HoPYL  (Wolfgang). 

This  celebrated  Paris  printer  occupied 
a  house  in  the  Rue  St.  Jacqiies,  Paris,  in 
1489,  under  the  sign  of  the  "  Sainte 
Barbe  ";  in  1490  he  had  removed  to  the 
"Tresteau  et  de  ITmaige  Saint-Georges." 
The  position  of  both  offices  is  marked  in 
the  rnap  of  the  Sorbonne  district  accom- 
panying Madden's  "  Lettres  d'un  Biblio- 


into  the  partnership,  and  carried  on  the 
trade  with  honourable  fidelity  and  great 
success  during  the  long  minority  of  Mr. 
Cope's  son.  His  strict  attention  to  the 
exigencies  of  the  business  largely  in- 
creased the  transactions  and  repute  of 
the  house,  which  has  been  ever  since 
designated  Hopkinson  &  Cope.  Mr. 
Hopkinson,  who  was  greatly  respected 
by  all  the  printers,  recognized  the  grow- 
ing necessity  for  more  expeditious  me- 
thods of  printing,  and  was  ever  on  the 
alert  to  introduce  new  improvements  and 
methods  in  connection  with  printing  ma- 
chinery, ultimately  gaining  as  good  a 
name  for  the  excellence,  good  finish,  and 
substantial  character  of  his  steam  presses 
as  Mr.  Cope  had  won  for  his  hand 
presses.  Mr.  Hopkinson  died  at  his  resi- 
dence, Upper  Tulse  Hill,  London,  i6th 
October,  1864,  aged  67  years.  Mr. 
Barrett  is  also  dead,  and  the  business  is 
now  entirely  vested  in  Mr.  James  Cope^ 
the  son  of  Mr.  R.  W.  Cope.  The  firm 
are  printers'  engineers  on  a  large  scale, 
and  very  favourably  known  for  the  excel- 
lence of  their  machinery.  They  acquired 
an  interest  in  1879  in  the  well-known 
engineering  works  founded  by  Mr.  David 
Payne  at  Otley. 


graphe,"  5th  series.  The  first  work  men- 
tioned by  Panzer  as  the  production  of 
Hopyl  bears  the  date  1489.  In  1496  he 
printed,  in  conjunction  with  Henry 
Estienne,  the  founder  of  the  illustrious 
family  of  printers  (who  was  then  a  printer 
of  the  University  of  Paris),  "Jacobi 
Fabri  Stapulensis  Artificialis  introductio 


344 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


moralis  in  X  libros  ethicos  Aristotelis." 
In  this  year,  according  to  Madden,  he 
had  a  corrector,  who  was  a  Scotchman, 
named  David  Lanx.  In  1502  Hopyl's 
name  is  again  associated  with  that  of 
Henry  Estienne,  in  an  impression  of 
Aristotle's  Ethics. 

In  Silvestre's  Marques  Typographiques 
the  device  given  (No.  260)  is  correct, 
and  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  "  Ques- 
tiones  Morales  de  Fortitudine,  Martini 
Magistri."  Paris,  1489.  Folio.  The  central 
shield  of  this  fine  device  consists  of  an  oak- 
tree  and  a  stork  with  the  initials  W.  A. ; 
this  shield  is  supported  by  two  animals 


as  M.  Madden  remarks,  in  rendering  very 
obscure  a  perfectly  clear  and  obvious 
sentiment.  On  referring  to  Silvestre's 
work,  it  will  be  seen  at  once  that  the 
second  cut  given  by  him  (No.  1,066) 
as  another  device  used  by  this  printer,  is 
nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  pierced  wood- 
cut for  title-pages,  and  as  such  it  will  be 
found  in  "Cyrilli  Alexandrini  opus  quod 
Thesaurus  nuncupatur,"  a  work  printed 
by  Hopyl  in  the  year  1514. 

The  annexed  device  is  given  by  Berjeau 
in  the  "  Bookworm,"  vol.  v.  p.  16,  where 
he  says  :  "  The  small  device  we  reproduce 
is,  according  to  a  MS.  note  on  the  original 


PARIS  :  1489-1521. 


(panthers)  and  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  the 
shield  being  surrounded  with  flowers.  Sil- 
vestre,  following  La  Caille,  however,  gives 
as  the  motto,  "  Sua  aurita  Venus  munere 
vivit,  amor  caelat."  This  has  been  shown 
by  Madden  ("  Lettres,"  5th  series)  to  be 
an  error  on  the  part  of  La  Caille,  as  the 
actual  motto  is  "  Sua  furta  Venus  munere 
vivit  amor  celat."  M.  Madden  has  also 
shown  that  the  motto  itself  is  an  adapta- 
tion of  Tibullus  (book  i.,  elegy  2,  line  36), 
as  follows, — "Celari  vult  sua  furta 
Venus."  This  line,  too,  has  its  parallel 
in  another  ancient  writer, — "Munere  vivit 
amor."   La  Caille,  indeed,  has  succeeded. 


cutting  in  our  possession,  on  one  of  the 
books  he  printed  in  14^5.  Now  the  only 
book  printed  by  Hopyl  in  this  year,  accord- 
ing to  Panzer  (ii.  308,  343)  is  '  Libellus  de 
modo  penitendi  et  confitendi,  auctore 
Guil.  de  Vuert.'  Paris,  1495.  This  book, 
a  copy  of  which  was  in  Mr.  Inglis's  library, 
has  on  the  title-page  the  large  device  of 
Hopyl,  not  to  be  found  in  Brunet."  It  is 
evident  M,  Berjeau  has  fallen  into  the 
same  mistake  as  Silvestre  with  regard  to 
this  so-called  large  device.  The  two  last 
works  printed  by  Hopyl  were  published 
in  1521. 


Horn  (Alban).  Gutenberg.  Ein  Volkskalender  fur  die  Jiinger  der 
schwarzen  Kunst.  I.  Jahrg.  1876.  II.  Jahrg.  1877.  Zittau. 
i2mo. 

An  almanack  intended  for  printers,  but  hardly  more  than  a  worthless  collection  of 
anecdotes,  &c. 


—  Gott  griiss  die  Kunst.     Erstes  Reise-Taschenbuch  fiir  Buch- 
drucker.     Zittau:  1870.     8vo.     I.  Th.  pp.   60;  II.  Th.  pp.  80. 

—  Taschen-Liederbuch  fiir  Buchdrucker.     Zittau.     8vo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  345 

HORNE  (Thomas  Hartwell).  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Bibliography,  to  which  is  prefixed  a  Memoir  on  the  Public 
Libraries  of  the  Ancients.  2  vols.  London:  1 814.  8vo.  Vol.1, 
pp.  402,  4  plates  ;  Vol.  II.  pp.  403-760,  7  plates ;  appendix, 
pp.  clvi. 
This  is  a  very  valuable  work  to  the  Part  II.  is  "On  Books."— the  denomina- 
student  of  the  History  of  Printing.  The  tions,  forms,  and  sizes  of  books  ;  different 
contents  of  Part  I.  are  as  follows  : —  styles  of  bookbinding ;  remarks  on  the 
Chapter  I.  On  the  different  substances  preservation  of  books  ;  on  the  knowledge 
for  manuscripts  and  printed  books— sub-  of  books,  and  an  improved  system  for  the 
stances  used  before  the  invention  of  classification  of  a  library.  Part  III.  A 
paper;  paper.  Chapter  II.  On  manu-  notice  of  the  principal  works  extant  on 
scripts  in  general,  including  the  origin  of  Literary  History  in  general,  and  on  Biblio- 
writing.  Chapter  III.  Origin  of  printing;  graphy  in  particular.  In  this  part  is  in- 
introduction  of  the  art  into  the  different  eluded  a  list  of  works  on  the  history  and 
cities  of  Europe  ;  progress  of  printing  in  art  of  printing,  including  a  brief  analysis 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland ;  printing  of  the  author's  hypotheses  relative  to  the 
in  China  and  America ;  improvements  in  origin  and  invention  of  typography,  and 
the  art  of  printing, — stereotype  printing,  memoirs  of  eminent  printers.  In  the 
logographic  printing,  facsimile  printing.  Appendix  is  a  list  of  the  principal  vig- 
printing  in  gold  letters  ;  observations  on  nettes  or  marks,  monograms,  and  devices 
early  printers  and  printing  ;  mechanism  of  used  by  the  ancient  printers  ;  and  Han- 
printing  ;  letterpress  printing ;  specimens  sard  borrowed  these  illustrations  for  his 
of  types;  engraving  on  wood;  rolling-  "  Typographia. " 
press  printing ;  polyautographic  printing. 

HORNSCHUCH   (D.   Hierome).     Der  bey  Buchdruckerey  wohl  unter- 

wiesene  Corrector,  oder  :  Kurtzzer  Unterricht  fiir  diejenigen,  die 

Wercke,   so  gedruckt  werden,  corrigiren  wollen,   wie  auch   eine 

niitzliche  und  nothwendige  Erinnerung  fUr  diejenigen  welche  ihre 

Schrifften,  oder  verfertigte  Wercke,  ausgehen  lassen.     Franckfurth 

und  Leipzig:  1739.     8vo.     pp.64.     At  end  is: — Ehren-Gedichte 

auf  die  Edle  freye  Kunst-Buchdruckerey,  und    deren  Ursprung, 

Fortgang,   und  Nutzbarkeit,   wessen   sich   deren  Anverwandten, 

fiir  andern  Kiinsten,  mit  Grund  der  Wahrheit  zu  riihmen  haben ; 

mit   poetischer   Feder   entworffen.       Franckfurth   und    Leipzig  : 

1739.     8vo'     pp.  44. 

Crapelet  (page  i6i)  says  that  Jerome     manuscript.     He  gives  the  qualifications 

Hornschuch,    a  learned  proof-reader   of    of  a  proper  reader  at  length.     "  He  must 

the  i;;th  century,  in  a  pamphlet  published     refrain  from  anger,  from  love,  from  sad- 

at  Leipsic,  in  1680  (32  pages),  proposed     ness,  from  all  intense  emotion,  and  give 

to  instruct  authors  in  the  art  of  preparing    his  mind  entirely  to  his  work." 

copy    for    press.      He    complains    that        The   poetical   effusion   of    Kilian    em- 

they  were  then  shamefully  remiss.     He     bodies  some  of  the  same  sentiments. — See 

found  2,000  faults  (author's  faults)  in  one    Plantin. 

Hornschuch  (J.).  Op0orv7roypa^ta,  h.  e.  Instructio  operas  typo- 
graphicas  correcturis  et  a4nionitio  scripta  sua  in  lucem  edituris 
utilis  et  necessaria.  Adjecta  sunt  sub  fin  em  varia  typorum  genera 
et  appellationes.     Lipsiae  :  1680.     8vo. 

HouBLOUP.  Theorie  Lithographique  ;  ou,  Maniere  facile  d'apprendre 
a  imprimer  soi-meme.     Paris  :   1825.     8vo.  pp.  94. 

HOUDRY  (Vincent).     Ars  typographica,  carmen.     4to.     [1680  ?  ]. 

Vincent  Houdry,  who  was  a  zealous  Jesuit  and  writer  on  religious  and  literary 
subjects,  was  born  at  Tours,  1631  ;  died  in  Paris,  1729. 

2    Y 


34^  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Houghton  (Thomaf?  Shaw).  The  Printers'  Practical  Every-day  Book, 
calculated  to  assist  the  Young  Printer  to  work  with  ease  and  ex- 
pedition.    Preston  :   1841.     Small  8vo.  pp.  viii.   139. Fourth 

edition.     London  :  1849.     i2mo. 


The  Printers'  Practical  Every-day  Book  ;  Improved.     Preston  : 

1857.     pp.  136. 

This  is  the  title  of  a  new  and  enlarged  was  supplied  in  certain  standard  lengths, 

edition  of  the  preceding.  to   ems,  and   the  use  of  the  shears  was 

Mr.  Thomas  Shaw  Houghton  was  a  muoh   lessened.      What   the   Americans 

compositor  at  Preston  and  at  Southport,  call  "  Labour-saving  furniture  " — that  is, 

Lancashire.     He  was  a  man  possessing  furniture  ready   cut   up   into  sizes — was 

no  literary  ability,  but  much  mechanical  also  proposed  by  Mr.  Houghton.      His 

ingenuity,    and   his    Handbook   was   for  book  contains  examples  of  imposition,  in 

many  years  popular  among  apprentices  which  the  light  pages,  such  as  the  title, 

to   case  as  well  as  journeymen  and  em-  are  brought  into  the  centre  of  the  form, 

ployers.     He  initiated  several  minor  im-  and  an  improved  mode  of  setting  table- 

provements  in  the  tiiateriel  of  the  print-  work, 
mg-office.      At  his  suggestion  brass  rule 

Houghton  (Thomas  Shaw),  and  Marshall  (George).  The  Printers' 
Practical  Every-day  Book,  by  T.  S.  Houghton;  with  Emenda- 
tions and  Additions  by  G.  Marshall.  Preston  :  1875.  Fcap.  8vo. 
pp.  151. 

This  is  a  stereotype  reprint  of  the  major  shall,  a  printer  and  publisher  at  Preston, 

part  of  Houghton's  Manual,  with  several  who  purchased  the  copyright  after  the 

serious  omissions  and  a  few  unimportant  decease  of  the  author, 
and  valueless  interpolations  by  Mr.  Mar- 

HOUTERUS  (J oh.),  Buchdrucker  in  Kronstadt  (1498 -1540).  [In 
Trausch,  "  Siebenb.  Sachs.  Schriftsteller  Lexicon."  II.,  pp. 
197-219.] 

Hove  (van).  Der  Steindruck  nach  den  sichersten  und  untriiglichsten 
Grundsatzen  und  alien  des  heute  in  der  Lithographic  gemachten 
Fortschritten  und  Verbesserungen.     Hamburg  :  1828.     8vo. 

How  (John).  Some  Thoughts  on  the  present  State  of  Printing  and 
Bookselling.  London  :  printed  the  28th  of  November,  1709.  4to. 
A  pamphlet  containing  proposals  for  to  te  erected  for  that  purpose,  with 
securmg  property  in  "  books,  copies,  queries  indicating  various  instances  of 
sculptures,  maps,"  &c.,  to  booksellers  piracy  by  booksellers  and  others  of  the 
and  publishers  by  registration  in  an  office    period. 

HowiTT  (F.  H.).  Country  Printers'  Job  Price-Book.  London  : 
1849.     Square  8vo. 

HowLETT  (R.).     Printing  Photographs  on  Paper.     London  :    1856. 

8vo. 

» 

HOYOis  (Emmanuel).     Notice  sur  Josse  Bade  (Badius).     Mons:  1843. 
8vo. 
First  published  in  the  "Memoires  de  la  Societe  des  Sciences,  des  Arts,  et  des  Lettres 
du  Hainaut,"  vol.  i.  part  3.    Mons  :  1843,  8vo. ;  and  a  few  copies  separately  printed  on 
coloured  paper  as  above. 

Hub  (Ludwig).  Schriftsetzerlied,  Parodie  auf  Becker's  Rheinlied: 
*'  Sie  sollen  ihn  nicht  haben."  [In  Buch  der  Travestien  von 
Funk.  IL,  pp.  358-359    (Erlangen  :  1841).] 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  347 

HUBAUD  (L.  J.).  Examen  critique  d'un  opuscule  intitule  :  Quelques 
recherches  sur  les  debuts  de  I'Impx-imerie  a  Toulouse,  par  M. 
Desbarreaux-Bernard.     Marseille:  1858.     8vo.  pp.40. 

Examen  critique  d'un  nouvel  opuscule  de  M.  Desbarreaux- 
Bernard,  intitule  I'lmprimerie  a  Toulouse  aux  XV%  XVI%  et 
XVII«  Siecles.     Marseille  :  1866.     8vo.  pp.  28. 

HUBER.  Presse  typographique  pour  les  Aveugles.  [In  "Archives 
des  decouvertes  et  des  inventions,"  vol.  xv.] 

HuBER  (Michel).     Manuel  des  Curieux  et  des  Amateurs  de  I'Art,  con- 
tenant  une  Notice  abregee  des  principaux  Graveurs  et  un  Catalogue 
raisonne  de  leurs  ouvrages.     9  vols.     Zurich  :   1 797-1808.     8vo. 
In  spite  of  its  imperfections,  a  very  useful  work,  but  seldom  met  with  in  a  complete 

form,  owing  to  the  ninth  volume  having  been  published  some  years  after  the  previous 

eight.    It  was  compiled,  it  is  stated,  with  the  assistance  of  C.  C.  Rost  and  C.  G.  Martini. 

Notices   generales   des   Graveurs,  divises  par  nations,  et  des 

Peintres  ranges  par  ecoles.  Precedees  de  I'Histoire  de  la  Gravure 
et  de  la  Peinture  depuis  I'origine  de  ces  Arts  jusqu'a  nos  jours,  et 
suivies  d'un  Catalogue  raisonne  d'une  Collection  choisie 
d'Estampes.  2  parts.  Dresde  et  Leipsic :  1 787.  8vo.  pp. 
xlviii.  701.     Allegorical  frontispiece. 

This  is  the  first  edition  of  the  more  generally  well-known  and  standard  book  of 
reference  by  Huber  bearing  the  following  title  : — 

Handbuch   fiir   Kunstliebhaber  und   Sammler  iiber   die  vor- 

nehmsten  Kupferstecher  und  ihre  Werke,  vom  Anfange  dieser  Kunst 
bis  auf  gegenwartige  Zeit ;  chronologisch  und  in  Schulen  geordnet, 
nach  der  franzosischen  Handschrift  des  Michel  Huber  bearbeitet 
von  C.  C.  H.  Rost.  Bde.  6-9  von  C.  G.  Martini.  9  vols.  Zurich : 
1 796- 1 808.     8vo. 

Michel   Huber  was   born  at   Frontenhausen,   Bavaria,  in   1727,  and  died  at 
Leipzig,  April  15th,  1804. 

HucK  &  CiE.  (J.  M.).     Schriftgiesserei,  Fabrik  und  Lager  von  Buch- 

druckerei-Utensilien,  etc.  in  Offenbach  -  a.  -  M.     1876.     4to.     12 

leaves  of  illustrations. 
HuELFSBUCHLEiN  fur  Buclidrucker  und  Schriftsetzer,  sowie  fiir  Facto- 

ren,  Correctoren  und  Verlagsbuchhandler.     Leipzig:  1872.     8vo. 

pp.  58.     Second  edition. 
The  information  afforded  in  this  book  is  of  a  very  miscellaneous  description,  and 
embraces  schemes  of  imposition,  diagrams  of  foreign  type-cases,  paper  sizes,  &c. 

Hug  (J.  L.).     Die  Erfindung  der  Buchstabenschrift,  ihr  Zustand  und 
friihester  Gebrauch  im  Alterthum.     Ulm  :  1801.     4to.  pp.  150. 
I  plate. 
An  ingenious  and  learned  essay  on  the  invention  of  the  written  characters  and 

their  history  in  ancient  times. 

Hugo.  (Rev.  Thomas).  The  Bewick  Collector.  A  Descriptive  Cata- 
logue of  the  works  of  Thomas  and  John  Bewick,  including  cuts, 
in  various  states,  for  books  and  pamphlets,  private  gentlemen, 
public  companies,  exhibitions,  races,  newspapers,  shop  cards, 
invoice  heads,  bar  bills,  coal  certificates,  broadsides,  and  other 
miscellaneous   purposes,  and  wood   blocks.     With   an  appendix 


348 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


of  portraits,  autographs,   works   of  pupils,  &c.     The  whole  de- 
scribed   from   the    originals  contained    in   the  largest   and  most 
perfect   collection   ever  formed,  and   illustrated   with    112   cuts.  ' 
London  :  1866.     8vo.     pp.  xxiii.  and  562. 

with  such  an  inventory  as  may  be  of 
essential  service  to  them  in  their  agree- 
able but  expensive  pursuit ;  and  the 
third  to  describe  the  treasures  of  the 
finest  and  most  complete  collection  which 
has  ever  been  brought  together  of  the 
works  of  these  unrivalled  masters." 
Four  years  previously  Mr,  Hugo  had 
published  a  "Memoir  of  Thomas 
Bewick,"  and  this  formed  a  complement 
to  it  in  supplying  a  catalogue  of  the 
engraver's  works. 


The  reverend  author  says  in  the 
Preface:  "Three  objects  have  been 
specially  before  me  in  the  composi- 
tion of  the  following  pages :  the  first, 
to  provide  the  lovers  of  art  in 
general  with  a  complete  catalogue  of  the 
exquisite  works,  in  all  their  numerous 
departments,  of  two  of  the  greatest 
artists  of  modem  times,  the  famous 
Newcastle  engravers,  Thomas  and  John 
Bewick  ;  the  second,  to  furnish  the  daily 
increasing  class  of  collectors  of  the  same. 


Hugo  (Rev.  Thomas).  The  Bewick  Collector.  A  Supplement  to' a 
descriptive  catalogue  of  the  works  of  T.  &  J.  Bewick,  consisting 
of  additions  to  the  various  divisions  of  cuts,  wood  blocks,  &c. 
London  :  1868.  8vo. 
Bewick's  Woodcuts.  Impressions  of  upwards  of  2, OCX)  wood- 
blocks, engraved  for  the  most  part  by  Thomas  and  John  Bewick, 
of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  Including  illustrations  of  various  kinds 
for  books,  pamphlets,  and  broadsides  ;  cuts  for  private  gentlemen, 
public  companies,  clubs,  exhibitions,  races,  newspapers,  shop- 
cards,  invoice-heads,  bar-bills,  &c.  With  an  Introduction,  a 
Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Blocks,  and  a  List  of  the  Books  and 
Pamphlets  Illustrated.  London  :  1870.  Folio,  pp.  vii.  28,  and 
2,009  impressions  of  woodcuts. 
This  splendid  collection  of  the  engraved  Hugo,  vicar  of  Exminster,  Devon.  En- 
works  of  Bewick  is,  as  the  author  says    tered  at   Worcester  College,  Oxford,  in 


in  the  preface,  "the  combined  result  of 
time,  patience,  travel,  good  fortune, 
kindness  of  friends,  and  lavish  and  un- 
hesitating expenditure.  In  the  acquisi- 
tion of  the  blocks  the  older  printing- 
offices    of    London    and    the    Northern 


he  took  his  M.A.  degree,  1850. 
He  was  first  of  all  curate  at  Walton-le- 
dale,  Lancashire  ;  then  of  Childwall,  near 
Liverpool ;  then  of  Bury.  A  ripe  scholar, 
a  refined  English  gentleman,  and  a 
tanch  High  Church  priest,  he  soon  at- 


Counties  have  been   ransacked  of  their  tained   promotion   to   a   more   congenial 

contents,  many  hundreds  of  printers  have  sphere,    and    served    as    curate    for   .six 

been  visited  and  corresponded  with,  and  years  at  St.  Botolph's,  Bishopsgate.    He 

every  clue  to  the  discovery  of  blocks  sup-  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Societies  of 

posed  to  be  existing  has  been  carefully  Antiquaries,  Literature,  the  Linnaean,  and 

noted    and    most    patiently    and    deter-  a  host  of  others.     From  his  pen  sprang 

minedly  followed."     The  illustrations  of  innumerable  lectures,  essays,  catalogues, 

the    "Quadrupeds,"     "British     Birds,"  histories,  and  reviews.     In  1858  he  was 

and  "ifesop"  are  yet  in  the  possession  appointed  to  the  benefice  of  All  Saints, 

of    the    artist's    family ;    the    rest  were  Bishopsgate.     Ten  years   afterwards  he 

acquired  by  Mr.  Hugo.  After  his  demise,  was  instituted   to   the    rectory   of  West 

Mr.  Hugo's  collection  was  sold  by  auction  Hackney.      As  will    be    seen   on  refer-       ^ 

by  Messrs.  Sotheby,  Wilkinson,  &  Hodge  ence  to  his  books,  he  was  a  most  ardent 


(8th  August,  1877,  and  following  day), 
the  sale  catalogue  being  embellished  with 
many  of  Bewick's  cuts.  A  portrait  and 
memoir  of  Bewick,  &c.,  will  be  found 
s.v.  Bewick,  ante. 

The  Rev.  Thomas  Hugo,  M.A.,  was 
of  Spanish  extraction.  He  was  born  in 
.1820,    being   the  son  of  the   Rev.  John 


collector  of  Bewickiana, — a  pursuit  in 
which  he  spent  much  time  and  money. 
He  was  an  ecclesiologist  of  high  attain- 
ments, and  a  zealous  promoter  of  the 
catholic  revival  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. He  died  31st  December,  1876, 
aged  56. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  349 

HUHN  (J.  B.).  Kurze  Nachricht,  wie  das  Jubilgeum  wegen  der  vor 
dreyhundert  Jahren  erfundenen  Buchdruckerkunst  in  der  Stadt 
Gotha  den  II.  Julii  1740  celebriret  worden.     Gotha:  1740.    8vo. 

HuLLMANDEL  (Charles).  The  Art  of  Drawing  on  Stone,  giving  a  full 
explanation  of  the  various  styles  of  the  different  methods  to  be 
employed  to  ensure  success,  and  of  the  modes  of  Correcting,  as 
well  as  the  several  causes  of  failure.    London:  1824.    4to.  pp.  xvi. 

92.      19   plates. London  :    1833.       Royal   8vo.     pp.  viii.  92. 

London  :  1835.     8vo.  pp.  xv.  79.     9  lithographed  plates. 

Lithographic  Circular,  explaining  his  improvements.    London  : 

1829.     Single  sheet  4to. 

Manual  of  Lithography. — See  Raucourt. 

Notice  sur  la  Pierre  lithographique  perfectionnee  et  notice  sur 

I'amelioration  des  precedes  lithographiques.  [In  Bulletin  des 
Sciences  technologiques^  public  par  Ferurrac.  Vol.  i.,  pp.  168  and 
183,  etseq.^ 

On   some  further   Improvements   in   Lithographic   Printing. 


[London  :  1827.]     Super-royal  8vo.  pp.  8,  with  9  plates. 

This  is  a  collection  of  extremely  well-executed  specimens,  in  commending  which  to 
his  patrons  HuUmandel  says  :  "I  flatter  myself  they  will  meet  with  your  approba- 
tion, for  their  clearness  and  sharpness  have  hitherto  been  unequalled  in  lithography." 

A    Reply  to  some  Statements  in  an  article   entitled   "The 

History   of    Lithography,"   published   in    the    Foreign    Review^ 
No.  VII.,  for  July,  1829.     London:  1829.     8vo.     pp.  ii. 

Charles  Hullmandel  was  a  German  many  artists  of  eminence  to  cultivate  the 

lithographer,  who,  in  order   to   improve  process.     Mr.  Charles  Hullmandel  con- 

and,  as  far  as  possfble,  perfect  the  art  in  tinued  to  use  both  his  pen  and  his  pencil, 

which  he  took  so  deep  an  interest,  visited  and    published   in    1827   an    account    of 

all    the    lithographic    establishments    of  "  Some  further  Improvements  in  Litho- 

Germany.     He  resided  at  Munich  for  a  graphic  Printing."     In  1829  he  issued  an 

long  period,  and  became  intimate  with  octavo  specimen-book,  consisting  of  an 

Senefelder.     He  spent  considerable  sums  address  and  eight  plates.     In  the  same 

of  money  in  attaining  his  desires,  and  year    there    ajjpeared    in    the    Foreign 

his  efforts  were  attended  with  some  mea-  Review  an  article  entitled,  "  History  of 

sure  of  success.     He  came  to   London,  Lithography "  (vol.  iv.  pp.  49-58).    Some 

and    set    up    a    press    at    his    lodgings  of  the  quasi-historical  statements  in  this 

in  Great  Marlborough  Street.     In  1820  appeared  to  Mr.  Hullmandel  to  be  erro- 

he   issued    the    "  Manual,"   which   was  neous.        He     therefore     published    the 

printed  for  Rodwell  &  Martin,  of  New  "  Reply "  referred  to  above.     At  the  end 

Bond  Street.     Four  years  later  he  pub-  of  the  "Art  of  Drawing  on  Stone"  is  a 

lished  the  "Art  of  Drawing  on  Stone,"  list  of  "  Lithographic  Works  printed  by 

which  was  published  by  himself,  at  51,  C.  Hullmandel  for  R.  Ackermann";  and 

Great   Marlborough  Street,  and   by  R.  the  names  of  their  designers  include  those 

Ackermann,  loi.  Strand.      Mr.  Rudolph  of  some  of  tbe  most  eminent   artists  of 

Ackermann,  who  was  a  picture  publisher,  the  time  ;  among  them  J.  D.   Harding, 

about  this  time  warmly  encouraged  the  Prout,    C.     Carbonnier,    R.    Lane,    W. 

new    art    of   lithography,   and    induced  Westall,  &c. 

HuLST  (F.).     Christophe  Plantin.     Liege  :   1846.     8vo.     2™«  edition, 
pp.    32.     Lithographed  portraits  of  Plantin  and  Raphelengius. 


350  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

HuLTHEM   (Charles  van),     Bibliotheca   Hulthemiana,  ou  Catalogue 
methodique  de  la   riche   et  precieuse   collection  de   livres  et   de 
manuscrits  delaisses  par  M.   Ch.  van   Hulthem.     6  vols.     Gand  : 
1836-7.     8vo. 
The    great    feature    of   the   Hulthem     catalogue  of  which  city  there  was  ample 
Collection  was  its  vast  quantity  of  first     material  to  form  a  bibliography.     Many 
editions  of   books   printed   in   the   Low    annotations  relating  to  early  Dutch  print- 
Countries,   especially  of  Ghent,    in  the     ers  by  M.  van  Hulthem  appear. 

Discours  sur  un  livre  imprime  a  Bamberg  en  1462,  au  Conseil 

des  Cinq-Cents.     Paris  :  An  VII. 

HULTMAN  (C.   G.).     Bibliographische  Zeldzaamheden.    's  Hertogen- 
bosch :  18 18.     8vo.      pp.  43. 
Containing  a  description  of  four  early-printed   books  that   formed   part  of  the 
author's  library. 

[Humbert].  Abrege  historique  de  I'Origine  et  des  Progres  de  la 
Gravure  et  des  Estampes  en  bois  et  en  taille-douce,  par  le  Major 
H  .  .  .  .     Berlin:  1752.     i2mo.  pp.  62. 

Humphreys  (Henry  Noel).     Hans   Holbein's  celebrated  Dance  of 
Death,  illustrated  by  a  series  of  photo-lithographic  facsimiles  from 
the  copy  of  the  first  edition  now  in  the  British  Museum.     Accom- 
panied by  explanatory  descriptions,  and  a  concise  history  of  the 
origin  and  subsequent  development  of  the  subject.    London :  1868. 
8vo.  pp.  iv.  32,  41  plates  of  devices,  41  pp.  descriptive  matter, 
3  facsimiles  of  illustrations,  and  5  pp.  of  letterpress. 
The  compiler  stated  that  modern  copies    device.      The   Introduction  contains  the 
drawn  by  hand  have  been  published  of    results  of  an  inquiry  into   the  probable 
Holbein's  Dance   of   Death;    but    they    origin   of  the  Dance   of  Death.     A  de- 
unavoidably  lose  much  of  the  peculiar    scription  is  given  of  the  xylographic  as 
fascination  and  quaintness  belonging  to    well  as  the  typographic  editions  of  this 
the  originals  ;  and  it  was  that  conviction    popular  book,  and  an  account  of  some  of 
that  induced  him  to  attempt  a  series  of    the  artists  engaged  to  cut  the  blocks.    In- 
positive  facsimiles  by  one  of  the  unerring     cidentally  a  considerable  amount  of  infor- 
processes  of  which  photography  is   the     mation  connected  with  the  origin  of  print- 
basis.     In  this  book  the  entire  page  be-     ing  is  contained  in  this  Introduction.  The 
longing  to  each  device  is  reproduced,  and     careful  treatment  of  the  subject  rendered 
opposite  to  each  facsimile  are  translations     this  one  of  Mr.  Humphreys'  most  credit- 
of  the  Latin  texts  and  old  French  verses,     able  works, 
accompanied  by  a  brief  description  of  the 

A  History   of  the   Art   of    Printing,   from    its    invention   to 

its  wide-spread  development  in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century; 
preceded  by  a  short  account  of  the  origin  of  the  Alphabet,  and  the 
successive  methods  of  recording  events  and  multiplying  MS.  books 
before  the  invention  of  printing.  London:  1867.  Large  4to.  pp. 
xiv.  212.     Second  edition,  1868.     4to. 

This  work  contains  one  hundred  illus-  author  had  not  consulted  them,  or  at  least 

trations  produced  in  photo-lithography  by  had  not  availed  himself  of  their  contents 

Day  &  Son,  under  the  direction  of  the  for  the  correction  of  his  text.     The  list, 

author.       In    these    facsimiles    its   chief  too,  is  inaccurate  ;  while  several  notable 

value  consists  ;    for  although   there  is  a  authorities   are  omitted  altogether.      In 

list  at  the  end  of  "  works  of  reference,"  regard  to  the  .style  of  the  reproductions, 

in  which  several  hundred  standard  books  the  author  claims  that  no  method  is  equal 

are   enumerated,    it  is  evident  that  the  to  photo-lithography  for  giving  an  abso- 


^A^tto  fuffiat  §  dtaft  nifi  c^^mattd  qtJadrttfam  mdie^ 
pam*q  renfme  ap-rdhnl  u<f*1t5cu  e;c  cdco-fe-ti  teftt-cu  oli. 
mh.t>?to.ctotu«mqm-li-vi.iiafil5hirumari)sfc»ti^^ 
utjee«is  bi;cc.  ^  ^ar-cr  in  aln's  catip  in  qtepuartttdtdoi^fisti^ 
qj2opet;tom-iafif:Mcccp5pto2m  e^cpmi^^ 
aoadTpiajaudi^a-qtfvitS^tencrclor^^^^ 

irtlotKtpe-^^arsau^  ^       #v         i-  ^ 

cttn.y.qmdfilata^ 


^pJncptis-^feraiqtf 

t^ncbat  c8:i*mt3ec  no^ 
uit'i  fetia  fo  lu  cjoviiUmf 
^bi  tjc  plan  O'ctp  fooc 
no«.buoni  qm&?oucni> 
untiflie  ctaitc<ati1e«n 
qrmbtfd  ncce  fitbiffi^ 
intiam  tn  fcpto^Jbit^ 
^tc  qp^  tiidCT:  fie  in  atifs 
ttainbiifi  b|iUam  pfr* 
ip(ii;pFerrc»cttcutro^ 
q^  (atts  no«te  (en^  ct  re 
ittdi'C-fyuWiibividc* 
BQfn6lmt  §  rcriptum$ 
qmifbii^ttfs  te^tur 

g^tacoriemmdidB  ni^ 
^'3  caiipptijrmittt''iic 
p  id  oHngit  6ccaltm 
vcritatfe^alata.ct?nl  ^  , 

iudido  tiirFmita*  ct  p  ona  i^^^ojc  ridicaIcn?Tfmftia  fn  falt^p^ 
cdTua  tttdido  (abozaff^y  cfltuB  in  bfis  cau^  ad  alias  qnercq 
O  Stawd^in  boctJtitcrlu^  mntfi^umiudidoi^  que  fern  tcbct 
a  mdiioi  {kdtnt^-tK  quo  viti  e  f)  6  «in  p  if  •  tec*fi-be  t«  itidi*  li  -  vt  »tn 
Siopcnr-^fcvitii  qbuGlabocindad  ctiap  Iblutn  illudvbute 
piano  ttttiyt  in  pft^buiua  pti^^ct  {?tvnebatc^*int^«nomt- 
fii,tJbclufionc«ilFa  IfaisntfivcU^  iy  in  aliis  cauns  rcqmrcntib> 
iRguiaiudici^nccdTaria  fit  odnfio  •<ctteocrotiefoabctMr*^B* 
te4>cii*auditi^t)eau(ap0r»  paftmalis^ciiti  cdflitmionccU* 

PART    OF   A    I'AGE    FROM    THE   CONSTITUTIONS   OF    POPE   CLEMENT.— From    HUMPHREYS'    "■  HiSTORV." 


timatati&nd  idiiWnoti 
pcmptJOijc  £>tib  in  faripfef 
etjp  urma^iefibipUcuc 
lit.et  ftS^  uel  rc<^cs^pfem(r 
ctJatnH  dvidcbtturodufij: 
one  no  Fd ^  ttt  ex  petj'coe 
etj)t>aasTr1a(ias  a^t^tif 
in  caufafiicrit  faaciidum. 
^f^ttcoinia  €ttam  in  iUis 
«Rb  in  c)uib  p  4fia  ofto) 


352 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


lutely  accurate  facsimile  of  the  original. 
It  must,  however,  be  pointed  out  that  a 
process  such  as  lithography  can  never 
effectually  counterfeit  typography,  and 
even  photo-lithography  lacks  actual  veri- 
similitude. 

The  extent  of  the  author's  investiga- 
tions into  the  history  of  the  invention  of 
printing  may  be  judged  from  the  fact 
that,  writing  in  1867,  he  says  that  works 
were  printed  at  Haarlem  a  quarter  of  a 
century  before  Gutenberg  brought  his 
labours  in  the  same  direction  to  a 
successful  issue  at  Mayence,  His  ac- 
count of  Caxton  is  equally  untrust- 
worthy, which  is  the  more  reprehensible 
from  the  fact  that  no  less  than  six  years 
previously  Mr.  Blades  had  published  his 
Life  of  the  English  proto-printer.  The 
work  altogether  is  disfigured  with  a  variety 
of  typographical  blunders;  e.g..  Large 
(Caxton's  master)  being  printed  Strange  ; 
De  Bure  is  De  Buve  ;  Serna  Santander 
is  Seraa  Santander  :  and  even  Mr.  Bullen, 
of  the  British  Museum,  is  disguised 
as  BuUer.  The  titles  of  books,  too,  are 
given  in  such  a  way  as  to  render  identi- 
fication almost  hopeless  :  as,  for  instance, 
Herbert's  edition  of  Ames's  "Typo- 
graphical Antiquities "  is  transformed 
into  "Herbert  —  British  Typography, 
&c." 

The  text,  also,  is  disfigured  with  anti- 


Romish  sentiments  often  objectionable. 
These  occur  especially  in  the  pages  re- 
lating to  the  history  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures in  English  ;  their  value  may  be 
estimated  by  comparing  them  with  the 
recent  scholarly  and  exhaustive  essay  by 
Mr.  Stevens  on  the  same  subject.  As 
we  have  already  stated,  however,  the 
prints  have  a  great  value.  Many  of  them 
are  by  the  chromolithographic  process, 
and  present  a  vivid  idea  of  the  sump- 
tuousness  of  the  early  illuminated  books 
and  manuscripts. 

We  give  from  Mr.  Humphreys'  work  a 
copy  of  his  facsimile  of  a  page  of  the  Con- 
stitutions of  Pope  Clement  V.  It  was  a 
stout  folio  volume,  printed  in  a  round 
gothic  face  in  great  primer,  in  1460,  by 
Schoeffer  &  Fust.  This  book  has  been 
much  admired  by  bibliographers  for  its 
composition.  The  facsimile  shows  the  text 
of  the  Pope,  surrounded  with  the  com- 
mentaries of  the  Bishop.  "  In  some  pages 
the  text  occupies  about  one-third,  in  other 
pages  about  one-sixth  of  the  space  assigned 
to  the  print.  The  composition  of  pages 
so  unevenly  balanced  (says  Mr.  De  Vinne) 
must  have  taxed  the  ingenuity  of  the 
compositor,  but  he  was  materially  aided 
by  the  license  permitting  frequent  use  of 
abbreviations."  The  presswork  is  not 
good.  The  paragraph  marks  were  written 
in  red  ink. 


HuMrHREYS  (Henry  Noel).  Masterpieces  of  the  Early  Printers  and 
Engravers,  A  series  of  facsimiles  from  rare  and  curious  books 
remarkable  for  illustrative  devices,  beautiful  borders,  decorative 
initials,  printers'  marks,  elaborate  title-pages,  &c.  London:  1870. 
Folio,  pp.  vi.  81  examples,  and  81  leaves  of  descriptive  letterpress. 


The  Preface  states  that  the  object  of 
the  present  volume  is  to  present  to  the 
admirer  of  fine  old  books  belonging  to  the 
early  times  of  the  printing-press,  such  a 
series  of  specimens,  accompanied  by  suffi- 
cient descriptions,  as  shall  enable  an  un- 
practised collector  or  student,  without 
passing  through  a  long  series  of  biblio- 
graphical investigations  and  researches, 
to  form  a  tolerably  just  estimate  of  the 
works  of  the  early  printers,  and  of  the 
gradual  though  rapid  steps  in  advance 
which  they  made  during  the  first  century 
after  the  invention  of  the  art.  Mr. 
Humphreys  says  that  within  that  period 
the  energetic  successors  of  Koster  and 
Gutenberg  carried  their  art  to  a  degree 
of  perfection,  as  regards  the  beauty  of 
their  various  kinds  of  type,  the  excellence 
of  their  illustrative  devices,  and  of  such 
decorative  features  as  beautiful  initial 
letters    and    fine    ornamental    borders, 


which  has  not  been  surpassed,  if  even 
equalled,  by  the  finest  books  of  the  pre- 
sent day.  On  this  point,  however,  Mr. 
Humphreys'  opinion  may  be  challenged  ; 
and  even  the  cut  of  the  type  and  the  style 
of  the  press-work  in  his  own  volume  re- 
futes his  position.  He  further  remarks 
that  it  is  these  features  which  cause  books 
of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  to 
be  so  keenly  sought  after  by  collectors  ; 
"as,  for  instance,  j[,^oQ)  for  a  copy  of 
Koster's  '  Speculum  Humanse  Salva- 
tionis,'  or  the  much  larger  sum  paid  for 
the  famous  Roxburg  {sic)  Boccacio." 
This  is  quite  a  misapprehension.  The 
value  of  the  first  book  consists  in  its 
bearing  upon  the  controversy  as  to  the 
invention  of  printing  ;  it  is  in  nowise  an 
ornamental  book,  but  quite  the  reverse. 
The  second  work  obtained  its  high  price 
at  auction  partly  from  the  fact  of  its 
being  then  believed  to  be  unique,  and 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


353 


partly  from  the  book-mania  prevailing  at 
the  time.  It  is  not  a  specially  handsome 
work. 

The  reproductions  in  this  volume  are 
most  excellently  and  conscientiously  exe- 
cuted ;  but  the  descriptive  matter  is  not 
distinguished  by  critical  acumen  or  bib- 
liographic research. 

Mr.  Henry  Noel  Humphrevs  vi^as 
born  at  Birmingham  in  1810,  and  died,  at 
his  residence  in  Westbourne  Square, 
London,  after  an  illness  of  but  a  few  days, 
on  the  loth  of  June,  1879,  aged  69  years. 
He  was  educated  at  King  Edward's 
Grammar  School,  Birmingham,  and  on 
the  Continent.  After  considerable  artistic 
training  in  early  life,  he  deserted  art  for 
literature,  to  which  his  contributions  have 
been  very  numerous,  especially  in  the 
domain  of  natural  science.  Most  of  his 
works  are  illustrated  by  his  own  pencil ; 
indeed,  he  was  acknowledged  to  be,  for 
many  years,  one  of  the  most  talented 
artists  on  wood  in  London,  and  was  much 
sought  after  by  publishers  and  authors 
requiring  tasteful  work  of  that  kind. 
Many  of  his  most  beautiful  drawings 
appeared  in  The  Garden,  a  periodical 
which  has  distinguished  itself  in  this 
line.  In  those  connected  with  printing, 
the    reproductions    and    facsimiles    are. 


as  we  have  remarked  before,  the 
most  valuable  features,  as  Mr.  Humph- 
reys did  not  possess,  nor  indeed  profess 
to  have,  the  special  bibliographical  or 
technical  knowledge  which  would  enable 
him  to  treat  as  an  historian  of  the  history 
of  printing.  His  books  in  this  depart- 
ment, however,  command  high  prices. 
One  of  the  most  magnificent  of  the  series, 
which,  however,  does  not  come  within 
the  scope  of  this  Bibliography,  although 
closely  connected  with  it,  is  "The  Illu- 
minated Books  of  the  Middle  Ages  :  a 
History  of  Illuminated  Books  from  the 
Fourth  to  the  Seventeenth  Century. 
Illustrated  by  a  series  of  specimens,  con- 
sisting of  an  entire  page  of  the  exact  size 
of  the  original,  from  the  most  celebrated 
and  splendid  manuscripts."  London  : 
1844.  FoHo.  The  facsimiles  were  printed 
on  gold,  silver,  and  colours,  executed  on 
stone  by  the  late  Owen  Jones.  Mr. 
Humphreys  was  a  man  of  remarkably 
bright  parts  and  ready  wit,  and  although 
he  cannot  be  said  to  have  contributed 
anything  of  value  in  a  literary  sense  to 
the  history  of  typography,  his  illustra- 
tions and  facsimiles  of  its  monuments,  by 
their  painstaking  truthfulness,  entitle  him 
to  the  respect  and  gratitude  of  students 
of  the  subject. 


HuPFAUER  (Paul).  Druckstiicke  aus  dem  XV.  Jahrhunderte, 
welche  sich  in  der  Bibliothek  des  regulirten  Chorstiftes  Beiier- 
berg  befinden.     23  plates.     Augsburg  :  1794.     i2mo.   pp.  384, 

HusNiK  (J.).  Das  Gesammtgebiet  des  Lichtdrucks.  Wien :  1877. 
i6mo.  pp.  176. 

A  comprehensive  guide  to  Heliography,  and  the  correlated  branches  of  Photo- 
Lithography,  Zincography,  &c. 

Die    Heliographie,    oder :    Eine   Anleitung    zur   Herstellung 


dnickbarer  Metallplatten,  etc.     Wien:  1878.     8vo.    pp.  xiii.  212. 

HussAN  (Wiener  Schriftsetzer).    Gutenberg   und   die   Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst.    In:  Historischen  Quellen  bearbeitet.    (Wien). 

HussoN    (F.).     Eloge  historique  de  Callot,  noble   Lorrain,    celebre 
Graveur.     Bruxelles :  1 766.     8vo.     Portrait. 


HUTCHINGS    (W.    C). 

U.S.A. 


Typographic    Album,       Hartford,    Conn. 


2    Z 


ilpR  ''?i 

1 

inferior  to   that  printed  on  the 


HM  (Bernhard  A.).  Die  bunten  Farben 
in  der  Buchdruckerei,  und  insbeson- 
dere  deren  Druck  auf  der  Schnell- 
presse.  Ein  praktisches  Handbuch 
zur  Erlernung  und  Forthiilfe.  Biel  : 
1865.  8vo,  pp.  74,  wilh  a  supple- 
ment.  Second   edition.      Vienna- 

and   Leipzig :    1874.      8vo.    pp.   iv. 
120,  with  supplement  of  48  coloured 
plates. 
A  vahiable  work  on  colour-printing  by  the  steam- 
press,  intended  for  the  use  of  machine-minders. 
The  author,  a  practical  printer,  who  here  records 
his  own  experience,  holds  that  colour  work  pro- 
duced on  the  steam-press  need  not  be  in  the  least 


hand-press,  and  by  way  of  illustration  he  appends 
forty-eight  plates  of  examples  which  have  been  entirely  executed  on  the  machine. 
The  first  edition  of  this  work  was  much  m-^re  elementary  as  regards  its  mechanical 
execution  than  the  edition  of  1874,  the  typography  and  presswork  of  which  (both 
executed  under  the  author's  personal  supervision)  speak  highly  for  his  technical 
ability.  The  specimens  at  the  end  are  of  unusual  excellence  for  their  careful  printing 
and  the  exactness  of  the  register.  The  colours  themselves  are  clean,  bright,  and' 
judiciously  contrasted. 

Imbekt  (D.  G.  ).  Dissertation  sur  I'Origine  de  I'lmprimerie  en 
Angleterre,  traduite  de  I'Anglais  du  Docteur  Middleton.  London 
and  Paris  :  1 775.     8vo.   pp.  46. 

The  author  confines  himself  to  a  literal 
translation  of  Middleton's  well-known 
work  {see  Middleton,  Conyers).  In 
the  preface  he  passes  a  high  eulogium 
upon   its  merits,   believing,  and  rightly, 

that  at  the  period   of  its   publication   it    doctor  being  then  67  years  of  age. 
was  a  valuable  and  noteworthy  addition 


to  the  stock  of  knowledge  concerning  the 
origines  typographice.  M.  Imbert  refers 
feelingly  to  the  death  of  Dr.  Middleton, 
caused  by  an  attack  of  slow  fever,  which 
took  place  on  the   28th  July,   1750,  the 


Bibliography  of  Prifiiiii^. 


355 


Imbert  (F.   B.    a.).      Biographic  des   Imprimeurs  et  des  Libraires, 

precedee  d'un  coup  d'oeil  sur  la  Librairie,  par  F .     Paris  : 

1826.     32tno. 

The  destruction  of  this  pamphlet  was  ordered  by  a  decree  of  the  Cour  royale  de 
Paris,  28th  April,  1827. 

Immergrun.  Fine  Festgabe  zur  vierten  Jubelfeier  der  Erfindung 
der  Buchdruckerkunst.     Wien  :  1840.      i2mo.     9  plates. 

Including  "Gutenberg's  Tod,  geschichtliches  Lebensgemalde  von  F.  Dingelstedt," 
and  "  Drei  Gutenbergs-Lieder  von  J.  G.  Seidl." 

Immerzeel  (Johannes).  De  Levens  en  Werken  der  Hollandsche  en 
Vlaamsche  Kunstschilders,  Beeldhouwers,  Graveurs  en  Bouw- 
meesters,  van  het  begin  der  vijftiende  eeuw  tot  heden.  3  vols. 
Amsterdam  :     1 842-3.     8vo.     Woodcut    portraits.       De   Levens 

van   den  vroegsteu  tot  op  onzen  tijd,  door  Christian 

Kramm.     Strekkende   tevens   tot  vervolg  op   het  Werk  van  J. 

Immerzeel,  jr.     6  vols.     Amsterdam :    1857-63.     8vo. Aan- 

hangsel.     Amsterdam :  1864.     8vo. 

The  standard  work  of  authority  for  the   lives  of  Dutch  and  Flemish  printers  and 
engravers. 

Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences.  Das  Gebet  des  Herrn  in 
den  Sprachen Russlands.  St.  Petersburg:  1870.  Super  royal  8vo. 
pp.  xii.  88. 

A  collection  of  versions  of  the  Lord's  large   number  of   languages  spoken    in 

Prayer  printed  in   the  different  dialects  remote   parts   of  Russia,  no   written  or 

spoken  throughout  the  Russian  Empire,  printed  characters  exist ;  in  spite  of  this, 

It  is  dedicated  to  His  Excellency  Baron  however,    108  languages  are  here  repre- 

George  von  Meyendorf,  on  the  occasion  sented.     This  work,  printed  at  the  office 

of  the   twenty-fifth   anniversary    of    his  of  the    Imperial   Academy  of  Sciences, 

presidency   of  the  Russian   Evangelical  for   the  Russian    Evangelical  Bible   So- 

Bible    Society.      More    than  half  of  the  ciety,    contains    the    Lord's    Prayer    in 

work   is   taken   up   with  ethnographical  several  dialects  which  are  not  to  be  found 

sketches    in    German    of    the    different  in  the  noble  quarto  specimen  book  of  the 

nationalities   by  whom  Russia   is  popu-  office  of  Academy  of  Sciences,  referred 

lated,   and  remarks  on  the  classification  to  below. 
of  the  languages.     It  appears  that,  of  a 

Specimens  of  Plain  and  Ornamental  Type  of  the  Printing- 
office  in  connection  with  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences. 
St.  Petersburg  :  1862.     8vo. " 

The  200  leaves  of  which  this  book  con-  more  as  the  specimen-book  of  an  exten- 

sists  present  such  a  rich  and  varied  dis-  sive   typefoundry   than  that  of  a  single 

play  of  founts  in  every  possible  branch  of  Russian  printing-office. 
typography,  that  the  whole  impresses  one 


—  Specimens   of  Type   of    the   Printing-office  of  the   Imperial 
Academy  of  Sciences.      St.  Petersburg  :   1870.     Super  royal  4to. 


This  magnificent  book  was  specially 
prepared  for  the  International  Exhibi- 
tion, held  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  1870. 
It  contains  the  Lord's  Prayer  in  356 
languages  and  dialects,  as  also  a  collec- 
tion of  type  specimens.     Each  page  has 


a  more  or  less  highly-ornamental  border 
printed  in  different  colours.  The  print- 
ing, both  as  regards  typography  and 
presswork,  is  exquisite,  and  the  whole 
displays  to  advantage  the  apparently  in- 
exhaustible resources  of  this  important 


356 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


establishment.  Specimens  of  printing 
for  the  blind,  nature-printing,  and  relief- 
stamping  are  also  shown  in  this  work. 
Prefaced  to  it  is  a  full-page  woodcut  illus- 
tration of  the  exterior  and  interior  aspect 
of  the  establishment.  The  introduction 
gives  a  brief  sketch  of  the  rise  and  pro- 
gress of  this  remarkable  office.  On  the 
29th  October,  1710,  at  the  instance  of 
Peter  the  Great,  the  first  printing-press, 
as  well  as  a  number  of  workmen,  were 
introduced  into  St.  Petersburg  ;  the  press 
had  been  obtained  from  the  synodal 
printing-office  at  Moscow.  On  the  ist  of 
May,  in  the  following  year,  the  first  St. 
Petersburg  newspaper  was  started.  In 
1712  a  special  printing-office  for  this 
paper  was  built  in  the  Trinity  Place,  and 
it  was  here  that  the  Great  Czar  often 
went  to  read  and  correct  newspaper 
articles  contributed  by  himself.  Other 
printing,  however,  was  also  executed  here 
besides  the  journal  in  question,  as  may 
be  judged  from  the  fact  that  the  value 
of  the  work  turned  out  between  1711 
and  1726  aggregated  to  50,000  roubles 
(over  £'j,']oo).  The  Imperial  Academy 
of  Sciences  was  founded  towards  the  end 
of  1725,  and  some  three  years  later  the 
printing-office  in  question  was  made  over 
to  this  body.  The  Academy  immediately 
set  about  to  efi'ect  manifold  improvements 
in  connection  with  the  office,  and  ordered 
a  number  of  presses  and  a  large  variety 
of  Russian  and  other  types  from  Ham- 
burg. The  steady  progress  made  is  ex- 
emplified by  the  fact  that  from  this  office, 
in  subsequent  years,  were  supplied  both 


printing  material  and  workmen  for  the 
Moscow  Urtiversity  Press,  as  well  as  for 
a  number  of  other  institutes  and  towns  in 
Russia. 

Having  once  entered  upon  this  path  of 
progress,  its  advancement  was  very 
rapid,  and  it  soon  acquired  a  name  and 
fame  throughout  the  Russian  Empire. 
In  1783,  the  law  which  had  hitherto  re- 
stricted the  number  of  printing-offices 
was  repealed,  and  the  academic  esta- 
blisnment  consequently  no  longer  occu- 
pied that  prominent  position  in  which  a 
partial  monopoly  had  previously  placed 
it.  It,  however,  had,  and  continues  to 
have,  the  great  advantage  that  its  office 
is  replete  with  every  possible  resource  of 
type,  both  as  regards  the  dead  and  living 
languages.  Its  foundry  also  possesses 
every  modern  adjunct,  and  it  is  the  boast 
of  this  establishment  that  its  apprentices 
in  each  and  every  branch  turn  out 
thoroughly  efficient  workmen.  A  sick 
relief  fund,  established  in  1852,  is  con- 
nected with  the  office.  The  receipts 
from  the  ist  of  January  of  that  year  to  a 
similar  period  in  1868  amounted  to 
26,517  roubles  (over  ^4,000),  while  its 
expenditure  during  three  years  was  little 
over  one-half  that  amount.  Many  inter- 
esting particulars  concerning  this  fund 
will  be  found  in  the  Pkinti.ng  Times 
AND  Lithographer  (New  Series), 
vol.  iii.,  p.  87.  The  present  manager (1878) 
of  the  establishment  is  M.  L.  Schrenck, 
who  is  himself  a  member  of  the  Academy, 
and  a  highly-accomplished  gentleman. 


Imprimerie  (L')  en  Bretagne  au  XV.  SifecLE.  Etude  sur  les 
Incunables  bretons,  avec  facsimile  contenant  la  reproduction 
integrale de  la  plus  ancienne  impression  bretonne.  Nantes:  1878. 
Svo.  pp.  xii.  156. 

250  copies  printed  for  the  members  of  the  Societe  des  Bibliophiles  Bretons,  150 
copies  being  offered  for  sale. 


Imprimerie  Catholique.  —  Specimen  des  Caracteres  fondus  a 
rimprimerie  Catholique  des  Missionaires  de  la  Compagnie  de 
Jesus  a  Beyrouth.     Beyrouth  :  [n.  d.] 

Seventeen  leaves  of  specimens  printed  on  one  side  of  the  paper. 

It  has  always  been  the  aim  of  the  with  an  educational  as  well  as  a  religious 
devoted  society  known  as  the  Jesuits,  to  aim,  and  from  it  have  proceeded  many 
introduce  literature  and  learning  into  the  works  in  the  Oriental  languages  and  dia- 
semi-civilized  countries  in  which  their  lects  of  the  peoples  surrounding  it.  The 
missions  are  being  carried  on,  and  in  publication  above  referred  to  embraces 
different  parts  of  the  world  they  have  specimens  in  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  Syriac, 
been  the  first  to  introduce  the  art  of  and  Arab  characters,  with  a  selection  of 
printing  with  all  its  train  of  benefits.  Roman  or  English  faces.  It  is  unaccom- 
I'heir  "Typographic  Catholique,  S.  J."  panied,  unfortunately,  with  ar  indication 
at  Beyrout,  is  one  of  their  establishments     of  the  foundries  at  which  they  were  cast. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


357 


Imprimerie  Fran^aise  (De  1')  et  des  arts  et  industries  qui  s'y 
rapportent,  mis  a  la  portee  des  gens  du  monde,  des  savants,  et  des 
gens  de  lettres,  avec  des  notices  bibliographiques  sur  les  imprimeurs, 
les  protes,  les  correcteurs,  les  ouvriers  typographes,  et  les  libraires 
les  plus  celebres  et  distingues  de  Paris,  depuis  1789  jusqu'a  nos 
jours.     Paris  :   1865. 

Imprimerie  Imp^riale.  Specimens  des  Types  Fran9ais  et  Strangers 
de  I'Imprimerie  Imperiale.     Mai,  1855.     [Paris.]     Large  folio. 

A  series  of  specimen  sheets,  21  by  28  of   characters,  copied   from   the    Roman 

inches,  of  characters  engraved  between  monumental   letters   of   the  age   of   the 

1825  and   1854.     It  presents  the   largest  Antonines   and   of   the   Christian    epoch 

variety  of    Greek    characters    ever    col-  respectively.     To  the  latter  are  appended 

lected,  there  being  examples  in  movable  a   variety   of    Christian    symbols,    taken 

types  of  the  following  forms  :  The  age  of  from  the  tombs,  &c.,  of  ancient  Rome. 
Pericles,  the  time  of  the  Decadence,  the        This  work  was  produced   by  order  of 

age   of  Augustus,   of  the  Antonines;   a  Napoleon  III.,  who  also  authorized  the- 

series  of  types  engraved  in  the  sixteenth  compilation  of  an  account  of  the  Imperial 

century,  and   new  founts   between    1835  establishment,  referred  to  subsequently, 
and  1845.     At  the  end  is  a  curious  series 

Imprimerie.    Organisation  generale  de  rimprimerie;  auditeurs  attaches 
a  la  direction  de  I'imprimerie,  censure,  journaux.   Paris :  1807- 1809. 
4to. 
Under  this  title  there  is  bound  up,  in     who  are  to  be  brought  up  as  compositors 


the    Library  of  the    British    Museum, 
volume  of  forty-one  tracts  or  pamphlets. 


in  foreign  languages.    The  cost  of  various 
works  is  given,  and  the  rate  of  wages  paid. 


consisting   chiefly   of  official   reports   on  Any  one  who  would  have  the  patience  to 

the  organization,  cost,  &c. ,  of  the  Impri-  wade   through   these    reports   would    no 

merie  Imperiale.     They  deal  with  every  doubt  be  able  to  extract  a  large  amount 

department  of  its  administration,  even  to  of  useful  historical  information, 
the  education  and  training  of  the  youths 

Imprimerie  Nationale.     Specimens  des  Types  divers  de  I'lmpri- 
merie  Nationale.    Types  Etrangers.     Paris  :  1878.     Folio. 
These  types  comprise  an  assortment  that  is  probably  unrivalled  at  the  present  time. 


—  Specimens  des  Types  divers  de  I'Imprimerie  Nationale.     Types 
Fran9ais.     Paris :  1878.     Folio. 


We  find  in  this  volume  specimens  of 
the  following  characters  : — ist  Section, 
Roman  and  italic  engraved  by  Marcellin- 
Legrand,  from  1825  to  1832  ;  2nd  Section, 
Roman  and  italic  types  engraved  by  the 
same  from  1845  to  1854 ;  3rd  Section, 
condensed  Romans  and  italics ;  4th  Sec- 
tion, characters  engraved  by  the  same  at  mental  rules  and  vignettes 
the  time  of  the  Universal  Exhibition  of 


1855  ;  5th  Section,  Roman  initials  :  6th 
Section,  characters  for  placards  ;  7th  Sec- 
tion, initials  for  placards  ;  8th  Section, 
fancy  types  and  initials ;  9th  Section, 
script  type ;  loth  Section,  accented  letters; 
nth  Section,  various  characters,  signs, 
contractions,    &c. ;    12th    Section,    orna- 


Textes   et    Documents    concernant    la   constitution  legale   de 

I'Imprimerie  Nationale.     Paris:    1874.     8vo.  pp.  iii. 

A  reprint  of  all   the   national  records  speeches,    and     documents,     the    whole 

concerning   this   printing    establishment,  forming  a  complete  official  history  of  the 

fi-om  the  "  loi   du   14  Frimaire,  an   II"  Imprimerie  Nationale.     It  was  drawn  up 

(1793),    up   to   the   date    of   publication,  under    the    auspices   of    the   Third   Re- 

Along   with    these    are   various    reports,  public. 


358  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Imprimerie  Royale.     £preuve  du  premier  Alphabet  droit  et  penche, 
ornee  de  quadres  et  de  cartouches.     Paris  :  1 740.     321110. 
Specimens  of  the  types  and  ornaments  possessed  by  the  Royal  Printing-office, 
Paris.     PubHshed  by  order  of  the  King,  Louis  XV. 

£preuves   de   Planches   gravees.       Table   chronologique   des 

Planches.     [Paris:  1640-1789.]     In  7  vols,  folio. 

There  is  a  copy  in  the  British  Museum  Vol.  I. — 1640  to  1692. 
of  this  immense  book,  which  consists  of  Begins  with  magnificent  plates  from  the 
seven  volumes,  each  i6|  by  2if  inches,  "  De    Imitatione   Christi,"   the   first 
containing  proofs  of  all  the  copperplates  book  issued  from  this  office,  signed 
belonging  to  the  French  Royal   Printing-  "  Parisiis,   anno  mdcxl.,   e   typogra- 
office  for  upwards  of  104   years.     They  phia  regia."    On  the  verso  is  the  de- 
include    3,031   examples.    All  the  plates  scription  of  each  plate,  in  manuscript, 
are  mounted  on  white  paper;  and  oppo-  Vol.  II. — 1693  to  1702. 
site  to  them  is  written  the  title  of  the  A  splendid  collection  of  vignettes  and 
book  for  which  they  were  executed,   its  tailpieces, 
form,  and  the  year  in  which  it  was  printed.  Vol.  III. — 1703  to  1752. 
Beneath    the    respective   plates   there   is  Vol.  IV. — 1752  to  1789. 
placed,  whenever  possible,  the  name  of  A  volume  lettered  "  Suite"  :  Unmounted 
the  engraver.     Many  of  the  plates  served  prints,  music  prints, 
for  different  works  ;   but  they  are  given  A  volume  lettered  "  Inconnus." 
under  the  title  of  that  in  which  they  first  Another  volume  (with  a  printed  title-page) 
appeared.  is  a  "Table  chronologique  des  planches 

Tu      r  n„...: :-   «    ^ ^^o.-,.    ^r    »i,^  gravees   dont   les   cuivres  appartenans 

The    followmg    is  a  s>-nopsis    of   the  \                 ;       .       directeur  existent  a 

seven  volumes  :-  I'lmprimerie  Royale." 

Note    Sommaire    sur    I'lmprimerie    Royale.       Paris  :    1844. 

Folio,  2  leaves. 

Specimen  des  Caracteres  Fran9ais  et  Etrangers  de  I'lmprimerie 

Royale.  Paris :  1835.  Folio. 
A  series  of  eight  large  sheets  of  foreign  border.  This  sumptuous  work  was  pre- 
and  Roman  characters,  engraved  by  sented  to  the  British  Museum,  in  1837, 
Jacquemin  for  the  Royal  Printing  Office,  by  MM.  Bossange,  Barthes,  and  Lowell. 
They  are  arranged  in  tablets,  nine  on  a  It  was  issued  by  order  of  King  Louis 
sheet,     surrounded     with    an    elaborate     Philippe. 

Specimen  Typographique.  Paris  :  1845.     Folio. 

This  magnificent   specimen-book,    also  alphabets  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  is 

issued  under  the  auspices  of  King  Louis  shown.     In  regard  to  the  former,  we  may 

Philippe,  is  printed  with  the  luxury  which  trace  the  gradual  evolution  of  the  cha- 

a  royal  purse  alone  could  command,  com-  racters  from  the  earliest  styles  shown  on 

prising  examples  of  all  the  founts  contained  the  antique   monuments.     In   regard   to 

in  the  French  Royal  Printing-office  at  the  the  Roman,  we  have  a  synopsis  of  types 

date   of    its   publication.     They   include  displaying     modern    improvements    and 

every  language  which  at  the  time  pos-  alterations    in    the    style    of    the    face, 

sessed  a  written  alphabet,  and  not  only  Specimens  of  Roman  and  Italic  in  the 

living  and   spoken  languages,  but  those  following  styles,  representative  of  certain 

dead    and   archaic.     It   begins  with   the  epochs  of  change,  are  given  : — 

^%JS:i^^S^S^^tt^  T,-pes  auributed  to  Garamond   X640. 

Semitic  alphabets,  the  Indian  alphabets  "      ^^  Grandjean  &  Alex- 

of  the  highest  antiquity,  and  the  Chinese        rp  ,  ^"j  '^^    ^  ^^* 

characters,  the  latter  derived  partly  from         "'^'P^^  X}'  ^"^^-"'i^-'A'l ^q'^"* 

monuments   dating   as   far   back   as    the  "      ^  Firmin-Didot  1811. 

twenty-first  centufy  before  the  Christian  "      ty  Jacquemin  ..    1818. 

epoch!     All  the  alphabets,  ideographic  or  "      engraved  in  London    ....    1818. 

phonetic,,  compiled    in    recent   years   by  "      by  Marcelhn  Legrand...    1825. 

missionaries  and  explorers  are  given.     A  What  renders  the  book  especially  valu- 

variety    of   forms    of    the    better-known  able    is    the   account    prefixed    to    each 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


359 


character  of  its  origin  and  history,  and  de- 
fining with  great  exactitude  its  relations 
to  other  characters,  and  the  variations  to 
which  it  may  have  been  subjected.  After 
this  philological  and  historical  information, 
is  given  the  typographical  history  of  the 
fount — when,  by  whom,  and  under  whose 
direction  it  was  originally  cut.  Among 
the  great  punch-cutters  whose  works  are 
represented  are  Legrand,  Firmin-Didot, 
Delafond,  Leger-Didot,  Jacquemin, 
Dresler  &  Rost-Fingerlin  (of  Frankfort), 
Vibert,  Bopp  (Berlin).  Many  of  the 
founts  were  obtained  from  the  Propa- 
ganda Printing  Office  at  Rome. 

At  the  end  are  specimens  oifilets{x\x\Q:%) 
and  accolades  (braces)  to  the  number  of 
128,  a  comparison  of  the  typographic 
founts  of  the  Royal  Printing-office  with 
the  metric  system,  and  engraved  blocks 
and  ornaments  in  various  colours ;  some 
of  them  of  the  most  exquisitely  beautiful 
character. 

The  great  importance  of  this  volume, 
not  merely  as  a  history  of  the  great 
French  establishment,  but  in  its  relation 
to  the  history  of  type-founding,  will  be 
obvious. 

Claude  Garamond,  whose  types  are 
shown  in  this  volume,  is  the  most  cele- 
brated typefounder  of  the  era  preceding 
that  of  the  Didots. '  Francis  I.,  in  his 
anxiety  to  establish  the  Universitj^  of 
Paris  on  the  best  possible  foundation, 
showed  special  interest  in  the  cultivation 
of  the  Greek,  Hebrew,  and  Latin  lan- 
guages. Garamond,  then  very  cele- 
brated as  a  letter  -  founder,  made  for 
Robert  Stephens,  the  royal  printer, 
Roman  types,  after  the  models  of  Jenson, 
and  several  exquisite  founts  of  Greek,  in 
imitation  of  the  beautiful  Greek  man- 
uscript of  Ange  Vergece,  who  held  the 
office  of  King's  writer  in  Greek  letters. 
This  type  was  so  beautiful  that  it  res- 
cued France  from  the  discredit  of  being 
far  surpassed  in  Greek  typography  by 
the  publications  of  the  Aldi.  The  first 
work  printed  with  the  "  King's  Greek 
types,"  was  an  edition  of  the  "  Eccle- 
siastical History  of  Eusebius,"  issued 
June  21,  1544,  in  gros  romain  (great 
primer).  In  1546  there  appeared  the 
New  'Testament  in  i6mo.,  in  the  smaller 
character  called  cicero  (pica).  Finally, 
in  1550,  a  new  Testament  was  completed 
'\n gros parangon  (double  pica).  The  ma- 
trices made  by  Garamond  were  taken  by 
Robert  Stephens  to  Geneva  in  1551,  when 
he  fled  from  the  persecutions  of  the  Sor- 
bonne  {see  Stephens).  The  subsequent 
history  of  these  matrices  is  curious.  It  is 
believed  that  although  a  royal  ordinance 
of  1 541  had  ordered  Stephens  a  remunera- 


tion for  his  labours  in  preparing  this  type, 
it  had  never  been  paid,  and  he  considered 
the  matrices  of  Garamond  as  his  own  pro- 
perty. The  type  and  punches  remamed 
in  the  royal  printing  -  office.  Paul 
Stephens,  the  grandson  of  Robert,  in 
1612,  pledged  these  matrices  to  the  city 
of  Geneva  for  a  loan  of  1,500  crowns  in 
gold,  and  they  were  brought  back  to 
Paris,  in  1621,  by  Antoine  Stephens,  son 
of  Paul,  and  printer  to  the  King,  to  be 
used  in  an  edition  of  the  Greek  Fathers, 
they  having  been  obtained  from  the 
Geneva  Government  by  Louis  XIII.  for 
that  express  purpose  on  payment  of  3,000 
livres.  The  Greek  matrices  were  then 
entrusted  to  Antoine  Stephens,  already 
printer  to  the  King  for  several  years. 
The  edition  of  the  "Church  Festivals," 
in  10  folio  vols.,  was  published  in  1624. 
Garamond  died  in  1561. 

The  French  Government  Printing- 
office  was  established  between  the  end 
of  June  and  the  beginning  of  November, 
1640,  and  has  continued  through  many 
changes  of  rulers  and  administrations  up 
to  the  present  day. 

Some  authorities  state  that  the  esta- 
blishment was  instituted  by  Francis  I. 
This,  however,  is  not  the  fact,  and  the 
error  has  arisen  from  a  misconception  of 
the  following  circumstances.  On  the 
17th  January,  1538  (1539  new  style), 
that  King  appointed  Conrad  Neobar 
to  be  royal  printer  in  the  Greek 
language,  and  shortly  after  (or,  as 
Maittaire  believes,  at  the  same  time) 
made  Robert  Stephens  royal  printer 
of  Hebrew  and  Latin,  creating  them 
King's  printers  by  patent,  but  erec- 
ting no  printing  -  office  or  establish- 
ment specially  devoted  to  the  purpose. 
The  royal  printers  were  secured  in 
various  privileges,  and  the  rank  of 
members  of  the  King's  household.  The 
appointment  was  maintained  during  the 
civil  wars,  but  was  neglected  until  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIII.,  when  the  "  Royal 
Printing-office  "  was  formally  established 
in  the  Louvre,  by  the  exertions  of  Car- 
dinal Richelieu.  Sebastian  Cramoisy, 
the  then  King's  printer,  was  made  its 
director.  By  the  constitution  granted  to 
it,  the  Royal  Printing-office  was  to  print 
the  Acts  of  Councils,  the  work  required 
for  the  King's  household,  and  to  be 
specially  devoted  to  the  dissemination  of 
religion. 

The  zealous  attention  of  Richelieu 
caused  the  operations  of  the  office  to  be 
carried  on  with  great  activity,  and  many 
handsome  illustrated  books  were  pub- 
lished under  his  direction.  Proofs  of  the 
plates  in  some  of  the  most  important  of 


360 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


these  are  contained  in  the  large  work 
referred  to  above.  Louis  XIII.  and  the 
Cardinal  died  shortly  afterwards,  and 
Louis  XIV.  pursued  their  enterprise  with 
great  earnestness,  Jean  Anisson  being 
appointed  director  in  1690,  and  held  the 
office  till  1702  (see  Anisson-Dupkrron). 
The  King  ordered  a  thorough  revision  of 
the  old  types  and  a  supply  of  new  founts. 
This  work  was  performed  bj'  Grandjean, 
engraver  to  Louis  XIV.,  assisted  by  his 
pupil  Alexandre.  It  occupied  from  1693 
to  1745,  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV. 
Between  1740  and  1770  other  types  were 
added  by  the  famous  founder  Luce. 
Proofs  of  these  are  contained  in  the 
"  Specimen  Typographique,"  also  re- 
ferred to  supra. 

One  of  the  effects  of  the  Revolution 
was  the  alteration  of  the  name  of  the 
office  to  the  "  Printing-office  of  the  Na- 
tional Executive."  In  the  third  year  of 
the  Republic,  1795,  the  office  which  had 
been  called  the  Printing-office  of  the 
Republic  was  removed  from  the  Louvre 
to  the  Hotel  Penthievre,  the  property  of 
the  Duchess  of  Orleans.  The  apart- 
ments in  the  Louvre  were  granted  as  a 
printing-office  to  Firmin  Didot,  who 
subsequently,  however,  became  printer 
to  the  King. 

The  Printing-office  of  the  Republic 
received  much  attention  from  General 
Bonaparte,  and  at  his  request  the 
Directory  deputed  members  from  it  to 
establish  an  office  in  Greece,  supplied 
from  it  with  Greek  type.  Another  office 
was  established  at  Pondicherry,  in  India, 
and  this  was  supplied  with  Persian  and 
Roman  type  from  the  Parisian  office. 
The  memorable  Egyptian  expedition  was 
accompanied  with  a  printing  plan ;  con- 
taining Arabic  characters,  also  from  this 
place. 

In  1804  the  office  changed  its  name 
again,  being  styled  the  "  Imperial  Print- 
ing-Office."  In  1809.  by  a  decree  of  the  4th 
March,  it  was  confirmed  in  its  exclusive 
right  to  the  printing  of  the  departments  of 
the  Ministry,  the  service  of  the  Imperial 
household,  the  council  of  State,  and  the 
printing  and  distribution  of  the  Bulletin 
of  Laws.  The  plant  was  displaced  and 
sent  to  the  Rue  Vieille  du  Temple. 

In  1814  it  retook  its  ancient  name  of 
Royal.  Another  member  of  the  Anisson 
family  was  made  director,  in  recognition 
of  the  fact  that  the  office  had  been  held 
by  members  of  that  family  for  almost  a 
century  before  the  Revolution, — one  of 
them,  Etienne  A.  J.  Anisson-Duperron, 
losing  his  life  for  his  loyalty.  In  the 
"Hundred  Days"  this  Bourbonist  offi- 
cial temporarily  disappeared,  while  his 


printers  contributed  liberally  of  their 
earnings  to  the  armament  of  the  Seine, 
and  the  office  was  ready,  in  1815,  to 
change  its  title  for  the  seventh  time  by 
retaking  the  name  of  "Royal,"  and  to 
welcome  back  its  director.  In  1823  an 
ordinance  re-established  it  on  the  basis 
of  1809.  Between  1815  and  1832  some 
splendid  types  were  made  by  Legrand 
and  others,  especially  the  character 
known  in  French  typography  as  Mole,  or 
the  type  of  Charles  X.  In  1835  the 
noble  "Specimen"  cited  above  was 
issued. 

Charles  X.,  almost  the  last  of  the 
Bourbons,  precipitated  his  overthrow  by 
legislation  against  the  press,  the  cha- 
racter of  which  may  be  read  in  the 
"  Textes  et  Documents  "  (1874)  above 
mentioned.  Louis  Philippe,  successor  of 
Charles  X.,  endeavoured  to  assure  his 
own  popularity  by  granting  special  pri- 
vileges to  the  periodical  press.  Printing 
then  assumed  a  universal  importance  in 
public  estimation,  and  the  Royal  office 
was  treated  with  great  favour. 

Upon  the  establishment  of  the  Pro- 
visional Government  of  the  Second  Re- 
public, in  1848,  the  Government  office  was 
styled  the  National  Printing-office.  In 
1852,  Napoleon  III.  altered  it  again  to  the 
"  Imperial  Printing-office,"  a  title  which 
it  maintained  during  his  supremacy.  In 
1 861  a  decree  was  signed  whereby  the 
larger  part  of  the  plant  was  to  be  sent  to 
the  Louvre,  but  this  was  not  executed. 
On  the  formation  of  the  Third  Republic, 
in  1870,  it  reverted  to  its  old  title  of  the 
"  National  Printing-office,"  which  it  has 
since  retained,  the  establishment  being 
now  concentrated  in  the  Rue  Vieille  du 
Temple,  No.  87,  where  it  may  be  seen 
any  Thursday  afternoon  by  a  permission 
to  be  obtained  from  the  director. 

During  all  these  mutations  the  great 
French  establishment  has  enjoj'ed  re- 
nown throughout  the  world  for  the 
beauty  of  its  productions.  Bibliophiles 
admire  especially  the  gorgeous  publica- 
tions authorized  by  Cardinal  Richelieu  ; 
the  handsome  work  illustrating  the  Egyp- 
tian Expedition  of  Bonaparte  ;  and  the 
ItvresdehiJtre printed  under  NapoleonI  11, 

We  may  here  recapitulate,  in  tabular 
form,  the  sixteen  changes  of  name  which 
the  establishment  has  experienced  during 
eighty  years : — 

Imprlmerie  Royale 1640-1790 

,,  du  Louvre   1791 

,,  Nationale  Execu- 

tive du  Louvre . .    1 792 
,,  Nationale    du 

Louvre 1793 


Bibliography  of  Print iii 


i>' 


361 


Imprirnerie  Nationale     ^794 

„  de  la  Republique  1 795-1 804 

„  Imperiale 1804-1814 

„  Royale 1814 

,,  Imperiale 1815 

Royale 18 15-1830 

,,  du  Gouvernement  1830 

„  Royale 1830-1848 

„  d.u  Gouvernement  1848 

„  Nationale     1848-1852 

,,  Imperiale 1852 

„  Nationale     1870-  . . 

Among  the  most  celebrated  types  are 
the  Greek  characters  made  by  Garamond, 
with  the  assistance  of  Robert  Stephens, 
already  referred  to.  That  punch-cutter 
also  made  some  remarkable  Roman, 
after  the  models  of  Jenson  of  1540.  The 
types  of  Grandjean  and  Alexandre  of 
1693  are  regarded  as  highly  meritorious. 
Luce  continued  the  work  in  1740.  The 
famous  Firmin  Didot  added  new  styles 
in  1811  ;  Jacquemin  in  1818  ;  other 
modifications  were  added  by  Marcellin 
Legrand  in  1825  and  in  1847,  these  modi- 
fications being  especially  restricted  to 
Roman  and  Italic. 

In*  1 861  there  was  issued,  by  order  of 
Napoleon  III.,  an  official  history  of  the 
Imperial  office,  with  specimens  of  its 
foreign  types,  embracing  the  characters 
referred  to  above  under  the  "Specimens" 
dated  1855,  with  many  others  added. 
It  was  stated  that  the  number  of  punches 
and  matrices  amounted  in  i860  to  361,000, 
with  an  approximate  value  of  620,000 
francs.  Great  attention  had  been  paid 
to  the  collection  of  a  variety  of  cha- 
racters with  a  view  of  developing  re- 
lations  with   the  people   of  Africa   and 


Asia.  Among  the  grammars  that  hive 
been  printed  with  them  are  Tamul,  Yalla, 
Woloffe,  Japanese,  Mandarin,  Thibetan, 
Anamite,  Persian,  a  French  grammar  for 
the  use  of  the  Arabs,  and  a  Turkish 
dictionary.  The  series  in  this  respect  is 
unequalled  in  the  world. 

An  account  of  this  office  up  to  1795 
will  be  found  in  Auguste  J.  Bernard's 
"  Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie  Royale  du 
Louvre"  (1867),  described  in  this  Biblio- 
graphy, a7ite ;  and  interesting  reminis- 
cences in  the  other  works  by  this  author, 
also  noticed.  See  also  Duprat  ("  Histoire 
de  I'lmprimerie  Imperiale")  and  Dupont 
("  Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie").  There  are 
some  references  apropos  of  the  establish- 
ment in  the  memoir  of  Firmin  Didot 
(see  pp.  176-180  ante),  a  bust  of  whom 
adorns  one  of  its  halls.  Crapelet  {(J.  v.) 
has  written  a  History  of  Printing  in 
France  from  the  i6th  century,  in  which 
he  reprints  the  letters  patent  of  Francis  I. 
of  1538,  from  which  is  often  dated  erro- 
neously "the  origin  of  the   establishment. 

Gresswell's  "Annals  of  the  Parisian 
Press"  refers  to  the  subject,  but  as  M. 
Madden  has  shown,  the  book  is  not  to 
be  regarded  as  authoritative  on  several 
points  involving  historical  controversy. 

The  reader  will  perceive  that  the  list 
of  specimens  given  above — a  fuller  list, 
we  believe,  than  has  yet  been  compiled 
— is  alphabetical,  in  accordance  with  the 
system  pursued  throughout  this  BiBLif)- 
GRAPHV,  and  that  the  slight  apparent 
inconvenience  thereby  imposed  upon  us 
in  regard  to  chronological  sequence,  is 
obviated  by  the  preceding  corrected 
sketch  of  the  history  of  the  great  French 
establishment. 


Imprimerie  Imperiale  [de  Russie]. 
St.  Petersbourg  :  1790.     Small  8v 


fichantillons  des  Caracteres. 


Imprimerie  Russe  a  Londres.     London  :  1854.     Single  sheet  4to. 

A  circular,  in  French,  was  issued  in 
February,  1853,  announcing  that  it  was  in- 
tended by  the  Russian  refugee,  A.  Herzen, 
to  set  up  a  Russian  press  in  London,  "  to 
afford  a  free  tribune  for  Russian  thought, 
and  to  expose  the  monstrous  acts  of  the 
government  of  St.  Petersburg."  All 
Russians  "  who  loved  their  country,  and 
at  the  same  time  loved  liberty,"  were  in- 
vited to  send  in  their  manuscripts.  These 
were  to  be  printed  at  the  expense  of  a 
fund  provided  for  the  purpose,  as  it  was 
believed  that  their  publication  would  be- 
come a  propaganda  of  a  very  effective 

3 


character.  The  circular  above  cited  states 
that  the  project  had  been  realized.  Since 
the  ist  of  June  of  the  preceding  year  the 
press  had  been  at  work,  notwithstanding 
the  great  difficulties  resulting  from  the 
war  which  was  then  being  carried  on. 
Friends  of  the  "  democratic  centralization 
of  Poland"  had  circulated  these  publica- 
tions throughout  Europe,  from  the  banks 
of  the  Black  Sea  to  the  shores  of  the 
Baltic.  The  press  was  situate  at  82,  Judd 
Street,  Brunswick  Square.  At  the  back 
of  the  circular  is  a  list,  printed  in  Russian 
and  French,  of  the  works  already  issued. 
A 


362  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Imprimerie  de  Bel-Oeil. 

The  private  press  of  Bel-Oeil,  a  castle  1S25,  pp.  117-121)  and  Supplement  (vol. 

in  Hainault,   Belgium,  was  founded  by  ix.,    1852,   pp.    297-300)    reproduces   the 

Marshal  Prince  Charles  de  Ligne,  about  "  Bibliographie  des   ouvrages  erotiques, 

1780,  and  the  first  work  issued  from  it  was  pornographiques,    facetieuse    et    burles- 

"  Coup  d'Oeil  sur  Bel-Oeil,"  1781.     Bvo.  que,"  printed  at  this  private  press, 
pp.   150.     Le  Bibliophile  Beige  (vol.   i., 

Imprimerie  (L')  Nouvelle,  1870-78.  Histoire  d'une  .association 
ouvriere.  Paris  :  1878.  i2ino.  pp.  vi.  128. 
This  association  of  printers  was  formed  brevet ;  IV.  Constitution  de  la  societe  ; 
in  1864,  and  this  volume  gives  its  history  V.  Fonctionnement  des  Ateliers  ;  VI. 
under  the  following  chapters  : — I.  A  nos  Operations  commerciales  —  Recettes— 
lecteurs  ;  II.  Origine  de  I'lmprimerie  Depenses — Beftefices  ;  VII.  Conclusions 
nouvelle;  III.  Versement  des  souscrip-  — Statuts  de  la  societe— Liste  des  Action- 
tions  —  Difficulte    de     se    procurer    un     naires. 

"In  Print  "  (The  phrase  of).  Articles  in  Notes  and  Queries,  vol.  iii. 
p.  500,  and  vol.  iv.  p.  12. 

Shows  that  the  phrase  was  originally  used  as  an  equivalent  for  exactness  ;  as,  "  Sir, 
you  will  put  your  hair  out  of  print  ! " 

Instructio    operas   typographicas   correcturis    necessaria.     Leipzig : 

1608.     8vo. 
Intelligenz.     Allgemeines  Intelligenzblatt  fur  gelehrte  Buchhandler, 

Buchdrucker  und  Antiquairie.     Marburg:  1799.     4to. 

Int£r£;ts  typographiques  devant  la  conference  mixta  des  maitres 
imprimeurs  et  des  ouvriers  compositeurs.  De  la  conciliation. 
I,  Du  Tarif,  son  etablissement,  ses  effets,  par  E.  Huet.  II. 
Statistique  des  vivres  et  loyers,  Budget  d'un  menage  ouvrier,  par 
L.  Leroy.  III.  Ce  que  devrait  etre  le  nouveau  Tarif,  par 
Viguier.  IV.  La  Commission  arbitrale,  par  Baraguet.  V. 
Chambre  des  maitres  imprimeurs,  par  Coutant.  2.  edition. 
Paris  :  1861.     8vo. 

Inventaire  alphabetique  des  livres  imprimes  sur  velin  de  la  Biblio- 
theque  nationale.     Paris :  1877.     8vo. 

Invention   de  l'Imprimerie,  poeme,  suivi  de  la  Fete-Dieu.     Par 
A.  M.     Angers  :   181 3.     8vo. 
This  pamphlet  is  printed  by  A.  Mame,  and  as  his  initials  appear  on  the  title-page, 
it  may  be  understood  that  he  was  the  author. 

Invention  (L')  de  l'Imprimerie  k  Strasbourg  par  J.  Gutenberg.   Courte 

notice  publiee  a  I'occasion  du  4*"^  Anniversaire  seculaire,  celebree 

a  Strasbourg  le  24,  25,    et  26  Juin,    1840.      Strasbourg  :    1 840. 

Bvo.     pp.  20. 

The  author  of  this  pamphlet  is  M.  Le  Roux,  doyen  of  the  printers  of  Strasburg 

of  the  time. 

Invention  of  Printing.   An  article  in  the  Foreign  Quarterly  Review 

(London),  vol.  xix.  p.  118. 
History  of  the. — See  De  Vinne  and  the  authorities  referred  to 

sub  voce  KosTER. 
Invenzione  (Dell')  della  Stampa  e  delle  piu  celebri  Tipografie  Italiane. 

Adria :   1872.     410. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


363 


ISEGHEM  (A.  F.  van).    Biographic  de  Thierry  Martens  d'Alost,  premier 
imprimeur  de  la  Belgique,  suivie  de  la  Bibliographic  de  ses  editions. 

Malines  and  Alost  :    1852.      8vo.   pp.   358. Nouvelle  edition, 

precedec  d'une  cantate  pour  I'inauguration  de  la  statue  de  Martens, 
par  E.  Speelman.     Alost :  1856.     8vo. 
The   author  was   engaged   in    1845  to    his  introduction  of  the  art  into  Belgium  ; 

complete  the   "  Recherches  sur  Thierry     his  labours  at  Antwerp  ;  return  to  Alost ; 

Martens,"  begun  by  "  M.  J.  de  Gand,"     marriage  ;    his   office    at    Louvain  ;    his 

a  pseudonym  of  M.   F.  J.  de  Smet,  an     Greek  and  Hebrew  characters  ;  his  cha- 

advocate,  of  Ghent.     The  present  work    racter  as  a  philosopher  and  a  writer  :  his 

embodies  the  additional  knowledge  of  the    retirement  and  death  ;  and  an  account  of 

subject  which  had  accrued  up  to  the  time     the  honours  paid  to  him  after  his  death. 

of  its  publication,  and  it  gives  important    The  second  part  of  the  work  contains 

corrections  of  the  statements  of  Lambinet 

and  others.     The  work  erroneously  seeks 

to  prove  that  Martens  was  the  first  t^elgian 

printer.     Its  chapters  are  thus  described  : 

Name  and   birthplace   of  Martens  ;    his 

education  ;    apprenticeship    at    Venice  ; 

printing  office  at  Alost ;  his  first  edition  ; 

his  merit  as  a  cutter  and  engraver  of  types ; 


bibliography  of  the  works  of  Martens  ; 
and  at  the  end,  in  a  folding  plate,  is  a 
synopsis  of  facsimiles  of  the  different 
types  used  by  this  printer.  Holtrop  (g.v.) 
has  efl[ectually  answered  the  statements 
of  Iseghem  and  others,  and  has  shown 
that  John  of  Westphalia,  and  not  Martens,, 
was  the  first  Belgian  printer. 


MICHAEL   ISINGRIN.      BASLE  :   1531-1546. 


364  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

IsERMANN  (A.).    Anleitung  zur  Chemitypie,  nach  eigenen  Erfalirungen. 
Leipzig :  1869.      i6mo.  pp.  42. 

Anleitung    zur    Stereotypen-Giesserei    in    Gyps   und    Papier- 


Matrizen.     Leipzig  :  1869.     i6mo.  pp.  130,  with  illustrations. 

A  guide  to  stereotyping  by  means  of  the  plaster  of  Paris  and  the  paper  processes. 
The  author  is  the  editor  and  printer  of  the  Hamburg  journal  I.ii/io£-ra/>/iin. — See 
Periodical  Publications. 

IsiNGRiN  (Michael). 

The  device  given  on  p.  363  is  taker,  from  adopted  the  device  of  Bebellus,  with  the 

the  title-page  and  last  leaf  of  "  Polydori  alteration  of  Palma  Isingrin,  instead  of 

Vergilii  Vrbinatis  Anglicse  historiae  libri  Palma  Beb.     Isingrin's  device  consists  of 

uigintisex  "  (Basle :  1546.   Folio).   Little  is  the  emblem  of  the  palm-tree,  with  a  coffin 

known  concerning  this  printer.    He  seems  among  the  branches.     On  either  side  of 

to  have  been  the  successor  of  Bebelius,  the  trunk  are  the  words  Palma  Ising. 
and  in  partnership  with  Henricpetri.    He 

IVERSEN  (Christian  Henrik).  Unparticske  Tanker  om  Typographien 
i  Danmark;  i  Anledning  af  et  Brev  fra  en  Ubenovnt  og  et  dvvar  af 
Hr.  Boghandler  Iversen,  vom  findes  indrykket  i  Fyens  Stifts- 
Journal,  No.  59,  for  1782;  fremsatte  ved  Johan  Clemens  Tode. 
Kjobenhaven  :  1782.     8vo.  pp.48. 

Treats  of  the  situation  of  the  printers  of  Denmark  in  1782,  and  of  the  comparison 
of  their  productions  with  those  of  other  countries.  The  occasion  of  this  pamphlet 
was  a  rancorous  personal  quarrel  between  Dr.  Tode  and  the  printer  Iversen. 

• Over  Herr  Professor  Tode's  saa  Kaldee  unparticske  Tanker 

om  Typographien  i  Danemark  (Num  tibi  quid  surripi  ?)    Odensee : 
1782.     8vo.     pp.  39. 

Grundtrock    af   sal.    Iversens   Levnedslob    og   Begivenhoder. 

(In.  N.  36  d.  Fyens  Siifts-Avis  og  Avertissevicntz-Tideiide). 

Christian  Henry  Iversen  was  born  "  Almendeligst     Litteratur-Lexicon     for 

at  Copenhagen,  1748,  and  died  at  Odensee,  Danmark  et  Ved.   R.   Nyerup  og  I.    E. 

1827.     He  founded,  in  1782,  the  "  Typo-  Kraft"    pag.     285,    286.       (Kjobenhavn. 

graphiske  Selscab,"  a  typographical    so-  1820). 
ciety.     For  further  particulars  of  him  see 


AAGER  (J.  Pluim  de).  Morgenwandeling 
van  Laurens  Janszoon  Koster  in  den 
hout  bij  Haarlem  anno  1423.  Dich- 
stukje.  Dordrecht :  1823.  8vo.  pp. 
16.     In  verse. 

Jackson  (John).— 6><?  Chatto  (W.  A.) 

Jackson  (John  Baptist).  An  Essay  on 
the  Invention  of  Engraving  and  Print- 
ing in  Chiaro-Oscuro,  as  practised 
by  Albert  Diirer,  Hugo  di  Carpi,  &c., 
and  the  application  of  it  to  the  making 
of  Paper  Plangings  of  Taste,  Duration, 
and  Elegance.  Illustrated  with  prints  in  proper  colours.  London  : 
1754.  4to.  pp.  19,  with  8  plates. 
This  is  an  essay,  not  written  ostensibly    and   yet,   like  a  citizen   of  it,  he  would 


by  Mr.  Jackson,  but  by  some  one  else,  to 
eulogize  the  invention  of  "  Mr.  Jackson, 
of  Battersea."  It  begins  with  the  some- 
what trite  observation  that  the  inventors 
of  particular  arts  are  those  who  draw  the 
least  advantage  from  the  discovery,  and 
that  a  whole  nation  is  often  indebted  to 
the  ruin  of  one  man  for  the  subsistence 
of  many  thousands  of  its  inhabitants. 
"The  author  of  that  paper-manufactory 
now  carrying  on  at  Battersea,"  says  he, 
has  printed  these  sheets  to  induce  gentle- 
men of  taste  to  look  into  and  give  vigour 
to  "  his  invention  and  infant  art.  .  .  . 
Mr.  Jackson  has  not  spent  less  time  and 
pains,  applied  less  assiduity,  or  travelled 


willingly  enjoy  some  little  share  of  those 
advantages  before  he  leaves  this  world, 
which  he  must  leave  behind  him  to  his 
countrymen  when  he  shall  be  no  more." 
The  "  discovery"  was  simply  printing  in 
water  and  oil  colours  from  wood  en- 
gravings. It  is  stated  that  Albert  Diirer, 
as  well  as  Titian,  Salviati,  Campagniola, 
and  other  Italian  painters  who  drew  their 
own  works  on  blocks  of  wood  to  be  cut 
by  the  engravers,  practised  the  art  in  its 
rudiments.  It  is  claimed  that  this  is  an 
"  art  recovered,"  as  no  writings  are  to  be 
found  by  which  the  former  methods  can 
be  ascertained.  The  essay  asserts  that 
the  prints  are  unchangeable  by  time  or 


to  fewer  distant  countries    in   search  of    damp,  but  the  copy  in  the  British  Museum 


perfecting  his  art  than  other  men,  having 
past  twenty  years  in  France  and  Italy  to 
compleat  himself  in  drawing  after  the 
best  masters  in  the  best  schools,  and  to 
see  what  antiquity  had  most  worthy  the 
attention  of  a  student  in  his  particular 
pursuits.  After  all  this  time  spent  in  per- 
fecting himself  in  his  discoveries,  like  a 
true  lover  of  his  native  country,  he  is 
returned  with  a  design  to  communicate 
all  the  means  which  his  endeavours  can 
contribute  to  enrich  the  land  where  he 
drew  his  first  breath,  by  adding  to  its 
commerce  and  employing  its  inhabitants ; 


sadly  belies  this  statement.  Every  leaf  is 
stained  and  mildewed,  and  some  of  the 
prints  have  turned  to  almost  a  copper 
colour. 

Savage  ("  Decorative  Printing,"  p.  15), 
says  that  "Jackson  began  at  Venice  in 
1744,  with  the  publication  of  six  land- 
scapes, and  ended  with  printing  paper- 
hangings  in  printing-ink — all  failures." 
The  method  was  revived  by  Mr.  G.  C. 
Leighton  about  thirty  years  ago,  and 
practised  with  great  success,  especially 
in  the  production  of  the  chromo  supple- 
ments of  the  Illustrated  London  News. 


366  Bibliography  of  Friiititig. 

Jackson  (John  R. ).  On  Box  and  other  Woods  used  for  Engraving. 
An  article  in  the  Leisure  Hour,  January  9,  1875. 

The  author,  who  is  the  curator  of  the  engravers.  He  offers  some  suggestions 
museum  at  the  Royal  Botanical  Gardens,  for  the  utilization  of  various  other  woods 
Kew,  gives  an  account  of  boxwood,  and  for  the  same  purpose,  there  being  a  de- 
its  manufacture  into  blocks  for  the  use  of  ficient  supply  of  good  boxwood. 

Jacob  (J.  L.  C).  Aanteekeningen  overhet  geslacht  en  de  drukwerken 
van  den  Delftschen  boekdrukker  Hermanus  Schinkel.  's  Graven- 
hage  :  1843.     Small  8vo.  pp.  410. 

Bonaventuur  en  Abraham  Elzevier,  kleine  letterkundige  bij- 

drage.    's  Hage:   1841.     i2mo.    pp.  32.    facsimile.      Printed  on 
pink  paper. 

This  and  the  preceding  item  are  extracts  from  the  Annual  for  Dutch  Booksellers, 
and  were  not  printed  for  sale. 

Jacob  I'aine.  Idees  Generales  sur  les  Causes  de  I'Aneantissement  de 
rimprimerie  et  sur  la  necessite  de  rendre  a  cette  Profession,  ainsi 
qu'a  celle  de  la  Librairie,  le  rang  honorable  qu'elles  ont  toujours 
tenu  I'une et  I'autre  parmi les  Arts  Liberaux.    Orleans:  1806.    8vo. 

Jacob  (Paul  L.),  or  Bibliophile  Jacob.  Pseudonym,  i.e.,  Paul 
Lacroix  \q.v.). 

Jacobacci  (Vine).  Orazione  funebre  in  morte  del  Cavalier  G.  B. 
Bodoni.     Parma :   1814.     8vo. 

Jacques  (Charles).  "Gravure  sur  bois."  Articles  in  Le  Magasin  Pit- 
toresque,  1852,  pp.  188,  236,  292,  331,  372. 

Jacquier  (L.).  Le  Typo.  Chanson  lyrique,  Musique  de  A.  de 
Villebiotoit.     Paris  :  1854.     Large  8vo. 

JAECK  (Heinrich  Joachim).     Denkschrift  fiir  das  Jubelfest  der  Buch- 

druckerkunst  zu  Bamberg  am  24.  Juni  1840,  als  Spiegel  der  all- 

seitigen  Bildungs-Verhaltnisse  seit  unserer  geschichtlichen  Periode. 

Erlangen:  1840.    8vo.  pp.  viii.  192,  and  folding  sheet  of  facsimiles. 

Portrait. 

From  the  inscription  to  the  portrait  we    arms  of  Pfister,  with  the  date  1455-62. 

learn  that  the  author  was  born  in  Bam-    The  folding  plate  gives  facsimiles  of  the 

berg,  30th  of  October,  1777,  and  that  in     eighteen    different    founts    which,    it    is 

1803   he    became   superintendent   of   the    alleged,  Pfister  employed.     Ihe   claims 

library   there.     A  view  of  this   building    of  Pfister,  however,  as   readers   of  this 

is  given,  besides  a  representation  of  the     Bibliography  will  be  aware,  have  been 

medal  struck  on  the  occasion  of  the  anni-     since  carefully  investigated,  and  his  share 

versary.     On  the  obverse  is  a  view  of  the     in  the  invention  of  the  art  of  printing  been 

town ;   on  the  reverse,   a  press  and  the     altogether  disproved. 

Jaenicke  (Gebriider).  Proben  von  Schriften,  Verzierungen  u.  s.  w. 
aus  der  Buchdruckerei  der  Gebriider  Janicke.      Hannover  :  1833. 

Both  brothers  are  dead.  One  died  in  1862,  the  other  in  1877  ;  but  the  firm  is  still 
carried  on  by  their  two  sons.     It  is  one  of  the  largest  in  Northern  Germany. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


367 


Jaggard  (John). 

Was  the  son  of  John  Jagger,  or  Jag- 
gard, a  citizen  and  barber-surgeon,  and 
younger  brother  of  William  Jaggard,  who 
printed  in  1599  "The  Passionate  Pilgrirae, 
by  W.  Shakespeare,  at  London,  printed 
for  W.  laggard,  and  are  to  be  sold  by 
W.  Leake." 

This  mark,  beautifully  engraved,  is,  we 
believe,  to  be  found  on  the  title-page  of 
"  The  Historic  of  Ivstine,  etc."    London: 


[594 — I  DOC, 

1596.  Folio.  The  device  consists  of  the 
emblem  of  the  serpent  biting  his  tail, 
coiled  twice  round  the  wrist  of  a  hand 
issuing  from  the  clouds,  and  holding  a 
wand  from  which  spring  two  laurel 
branches,  and  which  is  surmounted  by  a 
portcullis  (the  Westminster  arms)  ;  in  the 
last  coil  of  the  serpent  the  word  Pru 
den  tia. 


Jahresbericht,  &c, — See  Periodical  Publications. 

Jakoby  (Prof.).  Plate  Engraving  and  Printing  at  the  Vienna  Exhibi- 
tion. An  article,  translated  from  the  German,  in  the  Lithographer^ 
March  15,  1874. 

James  (Sir  Henry).  On  Photo-Zincography  and  other  Photographic 
Processes  employed  at  the  Ordnance  Survey  Office,  Southampton. 
London  :  1862.     4to.  pp.  vi,  16.     12  plates. 

Colonel  Sir  HenkyJames,F.R.S., born  of  the  United  Kingdom,  &c._  He  received 

in  1803,  entered  the  Corps  of  Engineers,  the  honour  of  knighthood  in   i860.     By 

and,  while  performing  his  military  duties,  means  of  the  art  of  photo-zincography, 

became  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  he  produced  a  fac-simile  of  the  whole  of 

in  Ireland,  and  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  Domesday  Book,  in  thirty-four  volumes. 


368 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


James  (John).  A  Catalogue  and  Specimen  of  the  large  and  extensive 
Printing-Type -Foundery  of  the  late  ingenious  Mr.  John  James, 
Letter- Founder,  formerly  of  Bartholomew  Close,  London,  deceased: 
Including  several  other  Founderies,  English  and  Foreign.  Im- 
proved by  the  late  Reverend  and  Learned  Edward  Rowe  Mores, 
deceased.  *  *  Which  will  be  Sold  by  Auction  by  Mr.  Paterson, 
at  his  Great  Room,  Covent  Garden,  on  Wednesday,  5th  June, 
1782.     London  :  1782.     8vo.  pp.  20,  and  48  pages  of  specimens. 


Hansard  ("Typographia,"  p.  332)  calls 
John  James,  of  Bartholomew  Close,  "  the 
last  of  the  old  race  of  letter-founders." 
He  was  the  son  of  Thomas  James  (see 
infra),  and  died  in  1772.  Rowe  Mores 
{ff.v.)  "  purchased  all  the  curious  part 
of  that  immense  collection  of  punches, 
matrices,  and  types  which  had  been  accu- 
mulating from  the  old  foundries  from  the 
days  of  Wynken  de  Worde  to  those  of 
Mr.  James."  Rowe  Mores's  book  was 
intended  to  have  been  prefixed  to  a  post- 
humous specimen  of  the  punches  and 
matrices  of  John  James,  "  to  distinguish 
the  foundries  out  of  which  Mr.  James's 


served  his  apprenticeship  with  Mr.  Robert 
Andrews,  and  entered  into  business  for 
himself  in  1710.  His  foundry  was  begun 
with  a  set  of  matrices  which  he  purchased 
in  Holland,  to  which  country  he  went  for 
the  purpose.  An  amusing  account  of 
this  expedition  is  given  in  the  work  of 
Rowe  Mores,  p.  51.  After  his  return  he 
started  his  first  foundry  in  Aldermanbury. 
From  thence  he  removed  to  Tower  Ditch, 
and  afterwards  to  Bartholomew  Close, 
where  he  continued  till  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  1738,  "accelerated  by  an  un- 
lucky attachment,"  says  Moros,  "  to  a 
method  of  printing  [stereotype]  long  since 


was   made  up,    to  show   the   variety   of    rejected,   and   at  variance  with   the   im- 


matrices  with  which  his  foundry  aboimded 
-even  of  those  which  the  great  improve- 


provements  of  latter  times."    The  dwell- 
ing-house attached   to   the  foundry  was 


nients  made  in  the  art  of  letter  cutting    afterwards  in  the  occupation  of  Samuel 


Palmer,  author  of  the  "  General  History 
of  Printing  "  ;  and  subsequently  in  that  of 
the  two  James's,  the  sons.  "In  this  house 
wrought  formerly  as  a  journeyman," 
says  Mores,  "  Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin, 
of  Philadelphia." 


1870.     Large  8vo.     pp.  xxxi.  404. 

Prayer  of  the  celebrated  printer  Cheville  : 
John  Fust  and  Peter  Schoeffer  ;  The  first 
printers  of  Paris  ;  Hardships  of  the  in- 
ventors of  printing ;  Geoffry  Tory,  &c. 


have  rendered  altogether  useless  in  typo- 
graphy." The  title-page  contains  an 
error,  in  calling  Rowe  Mores  reverend, 
as  he  never  took  holy  orders. 

Thomas  James,  father  of  John  James, 
referred  to  supra,  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
John  James,  vicar  of  Basingstoke.     He 

Janin  (Jules).     Le  Livre.    Paris  : 

The  fifteen  "days"  into  which  this 
work  is  divided  consist  of  highly  enter- 
taining discourses,  interesting  alike  to 
bibliography  and  the  history  of  printing. 
Among  the  subjects   treated  of  are  : — 

Janisch  (J.  N.).  Abhandlung  von  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Bremen  : 
1 740.     8vo. 

Jannon  (J.).  Espreuve  des  Caracteres  nouvellement  taillez.  Sedan  : 
1621.     4to. 

A  very  interesting  book  on  the  few  {gy.  seven)  but  admirable  editions  in  i2mo., 
printed  at  Sedan. 

Jansen  (Hendrik).  Essai  sur  I'origine  de  la  Gravure  en  Bois  et  en 
Taille-douce,  et  sur  la  Connoissance  des  Estampes  des  X V^  et  XVI* 
siecles  ;  oil  il  est  parle  aussi  de  I'origine  des  cartes  a  jouer  et  des 
cartes  geographiques.  Suivi  de  recherches  sur  I'origine  du  papier 
de  coton  et  de  lin ;  sur  la  calligraphic  depuis  les  plus  anciens 
manuscrits  ;  sur  les  Filigranes  des  papiers  des  XIV*^,  XV^  et 
XVP  siecles ;  ainsi  que  sur  I'origine  et  le  premier  usage  des  signa- 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  369 

*■ 
tures  et  des  chiffres  dans  I'art  de  la  typographic.  2  vols.  Vol.  I. 
— Paris  :  1808,  8vo.  5  leaves,  pp.  iv.  404,  2  leaves  of  table  and 
errata,  19  plates  of  nielli,  old  woodcuts  and  engravings,  monograms 
and  watermarks.  Vol.  II.  — Paris  :  1808.  8vo.  pp.  373.  Large 
paper. 

Jansen  (Hendi-ik).  De I'Invention  del'Imprimerie,  ou  analyse  desdeux 
ouvrages  publics  sur  cette  matiere  par  M.  Mecrman,  conseiller  et 
pensionnaire  de  la  ville  dc  Rotterdam ;  avec  des  notes  historiques  et 
critiques.  Suivi  d'une  notice  chronologique  et  raisonnee  des  livres 
avec  et  sans  date,  imprimes  avant  I'annee  1501,  dans  les  dix-sept 
provinces  des  Pays-Bas,  par  M.  Jacques  Visser  ;  et  augmentee 
d'environ  deux-cents  articles  par  I'editeur.  Paris  :  1809.  8vo. 
pp.  xxiv.  392.     Plate. 

This  book,  one  of  the  various  transla-  another  by  M.  Henry  Gockinga ;  and  a 
tions  of  M.  Meerman's  celebrated  essay,  memoir  of  Meerman  is  given.  At  the 
is  dedicated  to  M.  van  Praet,  conservator  close  is  another  "preface,"  by  M.  Visser, 
of  printed  books  in  the  Imperial  Library,  and  the  notices  referred  to  on  the  title- 
There  are  two  prefaces,  one  by  Jansen,  page. 

Jansen  (T.). — See  Almeloveen. 

Jellonschek  (Anton).  Geschichtliche  Nachrichten  iiber  die  Erfin- 
dung,  Ausbildung  und  Verbreitung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Leip- 
zig: 1874.     4to. 

_  Appeared  first  in  the  feuilleton  of  the  Corrcspondetit,  and  was  afterwards  repub- 
lished in  book  form. 

Jena,  Kurtze  Nachricht  wie  die  Buchdruckergesellscbaft  zu  Jena  in 
1 740  ihr  300  jahrl.  Jubelfest  gefeyert  hat.     Jena:  1740.     4to. 

See  Werther. 

Jennings   (H.    C).     Un  mystere   adresse  tres-humblement  et  tres- 
respectueusement  a   S.  M.  Louis  Philippe  I'^'',  Roi  des   Frangais. 
Paris  :  1843.     4to. 
Concerning  the  organization  of  the  Royal  Printing  Office  of  Paris. 

Jenson  (Nicholas).— 6V^wSardin I. 

Jeunesse  (Aug.).     L'Imprimerie  et  les  Livres.     Paris  :  1867.     8vo. 

An  account  of  the  books  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867,  separately  issued  from 
the  series  of  "  Etudes"  published  under  the  direction  of  M,  E.  Lacroix. 


See  Gobin. 


Jhones  (Richard). — See  Jones. 

Jociscus  (A.)  "Silesius."    Oratio  de  ortu,  vita  et  obitu  Joannis  Oporini 
Basiliensis,    Typographicorum    Germanise    principis,    recitata    in 
Argentinensi  academia  ab  Joan.  Henr.   Plainzelio.     Adjunximus 
3    B 


37° 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


librorum  per  J.  Oporinum  excusorum  catalogum.  Exuviae  J. 
Oporirii  hoc  est,  Bibliotheca  librorum  impressorum  in  gratia  eorum 
qui  comparare  volent,  digesta,  etc.  Argentorati :  1569.  8vo. 
52  leaves,  unpaged. 

following  which  is  a  catalogue  of  the 
works  issued  from  his  press,  and  some 
laudatory  verses  by  various  writers.  The 
catalogue  of  the  library  of  Oporinus,  at 
the  end,  is  not  the  least  interesting  por- 
tion of  the  work. 


An  interesting  panegyric  upon  Joannes 
Oporinus,  the  great  printer  of  Basle,  a 
very  fine  collection  of  whose  works  will 
be  found  in  the  British  Museum,  cata- 
logued sub  voce  Oporinus.  This  volume 
consists  of  a  biography  of  the  printer ; 


or.  How  the  Blind 


Johnson  (Edmund  C).  Tangible  Typography 
Read.  London :  1853.  Svo. 
The  author  describes  himself  as  a 
member  of  the  committee  of  the  School 
for  the  Indigent  Blind.  His  writings  on 
matters  connected  with  the  education  of 
the  blind  are  numerous.  The  object  of 
the  work  is  to  plead  for  an  extension  of 
the  literature  available  to  persons  afflicted 
in  this  way,  the  chief  difficulty  in  the  way 
lying,  it  is  shown,  in  the  choice  of  one 
system  of  typography  for  universal  adop- 
tion. It  appears  that  the  ordinary  systems 
of  embossed  printing  maybe  divided  into 
two  classes — one  in  which  arbitrary  cha-  A  detailed  description  of  each  of  these 
racters  are  used,  and  the  second  in  which  systems  follows,  and  a  list  of  the  books 
the  Roman  letters  are  employed.  which  have  been  printed  in  them. 

Johnson  (Henry).  An  Introduction  to  Logography  ;  or,  the  Art  of  ar- 
ranging and  composing  for  Printing  with  words  Entire ;  their  radices 
and  terminations,  instead  of  single  letters.  London:  1783-86.  Svo. 
The  imprint  to  this  book  states  that  it    sums  of  money.     His  "success  "led  him 

is  "printed  logographically,  and  sold  by     to  the  consideration  whether  an  improve- 


Arbitrarv. 
Lucas's. 
Frere's. 
Moon's. 

Le  Systeme  Braille. 
,,  Carton. 

Alphadetical. 
Alston's. 
American. 

French  Alphabetical. 
Alston  Modified. 


J.Walter,  bookseller,  Charing  Cross."  The 
dedication,  "to  the  King's  most  excel- 
lent Majesty,"  is  by  permission,  and  it  is 
said  that  "  many  of  the  most  learned  and 
ingenious  have  not  hesitated  to  pro- 
nounce [this  improvement]  a  science  per- 
fectly original  in    itself,   and  one  which 


ment  could  not  be  devised  in  printing 
with  words.  He  reviews  previous  sys- 
tems for  facilitating  composition,  among 
them  stereotyping,  rather  discounten- 
ancing it  as  an  economical  method. 
There  is  an  elaborate  account  given  of 
the  maimer  in   which  the  several   logo- 


will  be  the  means  of  great  despatch  and  types  were  devised,  and  also  of  the  plan 

correctness  both   in   public  and   private  upon  which  they  were  to  be  arranged  in 

business   in   the  future   conduct   of  the  the  cases.    The  workmanship  of  the  book 

press."     A  short  account  is  given  of  the  is  unexceptionable,  and  it  requires  close 

origin  of  the   invention,    from   which  it  examination    to    discover    the    divisions 

appears   that   the   author,    intending    to  made  by  the  use  of  the  logotypes.      The 

publish  a  daily  list  of  blanks  and  prizes  book  was  printed  logographically  by  John 

in  the  lottery,  found  that  in   the  usual  Walter  at  Blackfriars,  and  was  published 

method  of  printing  it  could  not  be  effected  by    another    John    Walter    at     Charing 

on  the  evening  of  each  day's  drawing.  Cross.     The  printer  was  successful  in  his 

He  devised  a  method  of  expediting  the  new  method,  and  on  January  13,  1785,  he 

business  by  having  types  of  two,  three,  started  the  Daily  Register,  logographi- 

four,    or  five   figures   composed   in    one  cally  printed  ;   this  journal  subsequently 

body,  instead  of  having  them  separate,  became    the    Times,    which    very    soon 

and  believed  that  thereby  the  work  was  found  it  necessary  to  discard  logography. 

done  in  one-sixth  the  usual  time.     The  It  is  not  known  whether  any  relationship 

invention  was  then  utilized  for  printing  existed  between  the  two  John  Walters, 

the  patent  list,  and  afterwards  for  some  who,  by  several  authorities,  among  them 

large  mercantile  tables.     For  the  latter  the     great     Times     itself,     have     been 

purpose  he  procured  types  for  different  described  as  the  same  individual. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


37  i 


Johnson  (John).  Typographia ;  or,  the  Printer's  Instructor,  in- 
ckiding  an  account  of  the  Origin  of  Printing  ;  with  Biographical 
Notices  of  the  Printers  of  England  from  Caxton  to  the  close  of  the 
Sixteenth  Century  ;  a  series  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Alphabets 
and  Domesday  Characters,  together  with  an  Elucidation  of  every 
Subject  connected  with  the  Art.     2  vols.     London  :   1824. 

Printed   in   four  sizes — 32mo.,    i6mo.,  Publishers' imprint— published  byMessrs. 

8vo.,  and  royal  8vo.,  the  last  being  called  Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  Brown  & 

"  Roxburghe  copies,"  and  furnished  with  Green,  Paternoster  Row,  London  ;  John- 

an  additional  engraved  title-page  to  each  son,  typogra.  Dedication,  leaf  4,  r. — "To 

volume.—  For  collation,  see  infra.  the  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  Spencer, 

Of  the  few  standard  works  on  the  art  K.G.,  &c.  &c.  &c.  the  president,  and  to 

of  printing  in  the  English  language,  this  the  members  of  the  Roxburghe  Club,  this 

is   perhaps   the    most   familiar.      It  was  work  on  the  origin  and  progress  of  the  art 


written,  singularly  enough,  almost  simul- 
taneously with  the  only  practical  book  to 
which  it  bears  a  likeness,  Hansard's,  and 
both  bear  the  same  chief  title.  Hansard's 
book   was    issued    the    following    year, 


of  Caxton,  DeWorde,  and  Pynson,  is,  by 
their  permission,  most  respectfully  in- 
scribed by  their  obliged  and  obedient 
servant,  J.  Johnson.  April,  1824,"  sur- 
mounted by  the  armorial  bearings  of  the 


1825;    but   there   is   no    reason   for  be-  Spencer  family ;  verso,  list  of  some  of  the 

lieving  that  he  was  in  any  way  indebted  members  of  the  Roxburghe  Club  ;  leafs, 

to  his  predecessor.     Both  treatises  were  a  page  engraving  by  W.  Hughes,  exhi- 

among   the   results   of   the    Bibliomania  biting  the  arms  of  the  principal  members 

which  prevailed  a  few  years  anterior,  but,  of  the  Roxburghe  Club,  instituted  June 

as  will  be  seen,  which  was  then  on  its  17,   1812,  the  bannerets  being  arranged 

wane,  as  Johnson  soon  discovered  to  his  as  trophies,    depending   from   a   vaulted 

cost.  Gothic  roof ;  4  pp.  containing  pedigree  of 

Vol.  L  contains  :— Portrait   of  Caxton  the  family  of  Spencer,  and  explanation  of 

(after  Lewis),  leaf  i,  verso  ;  frontispiece,  the  engraved  title   and  the  arms  of  the 

leaf  2,  recto,  copy  of  the  drawing  in  the  members  of  the  Roxburghe  Club  ;  Pre- 

Lambeth  Library  supposed  to  represent  face,  pp.  xii.  ;   numbered  pages,   1-610 ; 

Lord  Rivers  and  Caxton  presenting  their  general    index    (unnumbered),    pp.     10; 

productions  to  the  King  and  Queen,  with  printer's    imprint,    "J.    Johnson,    typ., 

an    architectural    and    heraldic    border,  Apollo    Press,    Brook    Street,    Holborn, 

engraved  by  J.  Thompson  ;  title  leafs,  r.  London." 

movable   types,    in   the  design  of  an  Vol.    IL    contains:  —  Portrait    of    the 


arch,  in  the  pillars    of   which  are  small 
niches  containing  the  names  of  the  fol- 
lowing early  English  printers  : — Notary, 
Faques,    Wolfe,    Grafton,    Day,    Jugge, 
Rider,  Toye,   Wight,   Barker,    Bonham, 
Tottel,  Byddell,  Marshe,  Redman,  Cop- 
land, Wynkyn  de  Worde,  Richard  Pyn- 
son ;  William  Caxton,  1474  inscribed  on 
keystone ;  ten  lines  of  poetry,  as  follows: — 
"  Biest    Invention,    to    God    alone    the 
praise  ! 
For  gifting  man,  this  noble  Art  to  raise  ; 
From  thee  what  benefits  do  men  possess  ? 
The  Pulpit,   Bar,  and  Stage,  all  now 

confess  : 
Trace  the  Historic  page  and  view  the 

time. 
Before  thou  visited  our  native  clime  ; 
The  want  of  thee  kept  Arts  and  Com- 
merce low  ; 
Without  thy  aid,  how  little  could  we 

know  ? 
Thou  art  the  means  by  which  we  gain 

redress, 
Our   nation's   bulwark   Is   The  British 
Press." 


author,  aetatis  46,  leaf  i,  verso  :  engraved 
title,  with  copy  of  vignette  on  Grafton's 
Bible,  and  view  of  interior  Bibliotheca 
Bodlelana,  armorial  bearings  of  Guten- 
berg, Fust,  Elzevir,  Aldus  ;  of  Mentz, 
Strasburg,  and  Haarlem,  &c.,  leaf  2, 
recto ;  title,  leaf  3,  r.  ;  advertisement 
and  explanation  of  the  engraved  title, 
leaf  3 ;  contents,  pp.  iv.  ;  numbered 
pages,  I  to  663  ;  i  page,  "  here  lleth," 
&c.  ;  general  index,  14  pp.  ;  cantata, 
"the  Origin  of  Printing,"  2  pp. 

The  book,  in  one  of  Its  several  forms, 
is  too  well  known,  and  too  readily  acces- 
sible, to  need  a  synopsis  in  these  pages. 
It  abounds  with  Information  of  a  very 
useful  character,  spiced  with  conceits 
manifesting  the  originality,  humour,  and 
freshness  of  the  author.  Odd  pages,  and 
even  portions  of  pages,  are  utilized  for 
the  introduction  of  scraps  of  poetry,  more 
original,  perhaps,  than  polished,  and  little 
vignettes  of  printers  and  presses.  The 
type,  never  larger  than  brevier,  some- 
times Is  as  small  as  pearl  ;  and  the  In- 
tricacy  of  the   composition   evinces    the 


372 


Bibliography  of  Printiiig, 


wonderful  patience  of  Johnson.  The 
position  taken  by  the  author  in  respect  to 
the  controversy  which  was  waged  as  to 
the  respective  merits  of  the  alleged  in- 
ventors of  typography  is  indicated  by  the 
diction  of  the  dedication  on  page  57 : 
"  To  the  memory  of  John  Guttemberg, 
jun.  {sic\  the  reputed  inventor  ;  John 
Faust,  the  promoter ;  and  Peter  Schoeffer, 
the  improver :  though  last  yet  not  least 
stands  John  Geinsfleisch,  or  Guttemberg, 
sen.,  who  (unquestionably)  produced  the 
first  printed  book,  this  medallion  is  here 
presented,  that  posterity  may  know  the 
men  to  whom  they  stand  so  much  in- 
debted." A  table  of  the  introduction  of 
the  art  into  the  different  countries  fol- 
lows, after  which  comes  "  the  introduc- 
tion and  progress  of  the  art  in  Great 
Britain,"  with  a  list  of  the  productions  of 
the  first  printers  up  to  1599.  This 
table  of  early  printers  is  obviously  made 
up  from  Santander's  "  Dictionary." 
Notwithstanding  the  inaccuracies  which, 
as  might  be  expected,  have  frequently 
crept  in,  the  historical  matter  is  very 
useful.  We  believe,  however,  that  the 
actual  compilation  of  this  portion  was  the 
work  of  Richard  Thomson,  librarian  of 
the  London  Institution,  who  died  Jan- 
uary 2,  1865,  aged  71.  In  his  younger 
days  he  rendered,  in  an  unassuming  man- 
ner, valuable  service  to  our  national  lite- 
rature, and  was  the  author  of  many 
interesting  historical  works. 

The  second  volume  may  be  described 
as  practical,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
first,  which  is  historical.  It  gives  a 
description  of  types,  directions  for  com- 
posing, for  press,  and  warehouse  work, 
&c.  It  is  particularly  rich  in  foreign 
alphabets,  a  feature  which  has  gained  for 
it  great  estimation.  Altogether  the  volume 
is  a  congeries  of  practical  miscellanies  of 
the  most  interesting  character.  Whatever 
its  defects  and  shortcomings,  it  has  long 
since  become,  and  deservedly,  a  printer's 
classic,  and  one  in  which  the  youngest 
apprentice  as  well  as  the  most  experienced 
journeyman  finds  matter  of  an  amusing 
as  well  as  useful  nature. 

Bearing  this  in  mind,  it  is  curious  to 
read  what  was  said  of  Johnson's  volume 
on  its  first  appearance.  The  following 
dictum  of  the  critic  of  the  Ge7itlevia7i  s 
Magazine,  Dec,  1824,  then  regarded  as  a 
great  arbiter  of  literary  reputations,  and 
on  the  subject  of  printing  an  undoubted, 
though  partial,  authority,  shows  how  the 
vaticinations  of  a  reviewer  may  be  falsi- 
fied Ijy  the  logic  of  facts:— "We  cer- 
tainly anticipated  some  features  of  ori- 
ginality ;  but  in  these  requisites  we  have 
been  woefully  disappointed.     In  doggrel 


rhymes,  jejune  remarks,  and  a  vulgar 
style,  he  has  indeed  some  claims  to 
originality  ;  and  by  these  distinguishing 
characteristics  may  his  own  previous 
lucubrations  be  readily  discovered.  If 
the  gewgaw  puffery  of  a  Chinese  pagoda 
can  be  preferred  to  the  majestic  sim- 
plicity of  a  Doric  temple,  or  theatric 
tinsel  to  sterling  gold,  then  Mr.  John- 
son's meretricious  decorations,  which 
have  cost  him  years  of  frivolous  applica- 
tion, may  claim  a  superiority— as  gilded 
gingerbread  attracts  the  notice  of  children; 
but  we  trust  the  public  taste  will  never  be 
so  perverted.  Indeed,  in  his  attempts  to 
surpass  all  his  predecessors  in  orna- 
mental typography  he  has  filled  the  book 
with  useless  matter,  and  suffered  the 
most  glaring  errors  to  escape  his  notice." 

_We  regret  that  we  are  unable  to  fur- 
nish many  particulars  of  the  life  of  the 
author  ;  and  such  as  we  present  are  of  a 
rnelancholy  character.  In  the  Auto- 
biography of  Sir  Samuel  Egerton  Brydges 
(vol.  ii.,  p.  191),  it  is  stated  : — In  1813,  a 
compositor  and  pressman  (Johnson  and 
Warwick)  persuaded  me  with  much  diffi- 
culty to  allow  them  to  set  up  a  private 
press  in  the  Priory  [Lee  Priory,  near 
Canterbury].  I  consented,  on  express 
condition  that  I  would  have  nothing  to  do 
with  the  expenses ;  but  would  gratuitously 
furnish  them  with  copy,  and  they  must 
run  all  hazards,  and  of  course  rely  on 
such  profits  as  they  could  get.  These 
printers  might  have  done  very  well  if 
they  had  been  decently  prudent.  They 
quarrelled  as  early  as  181 7,  and  Johnson 
quitted."  The  press  was  not  finally 
given  up  till  December,  1822.  We  gather 
from  the  preface  of  the  "  Typographia," 
on  the  other  hand,  that  Johnson  re- 
garded himself  as  the  aggrieved  party. 
He  states  that  he  was  induced  to  under- 
take the  task  from  mental  affliction 
"  brought  on  by  the  cruel  and  unjust 
treatment  which  we  had  experienced 
from  those  connected  with  the  private 
press  at  Lee  Priory  ;  and  eight  years 
have  now  rolled  over  our  heads  during 
its  lingering  in  Chancery,  where  we  are 
sorry  to  say  it  still  remains  in  statu  quo." 
The  first  prospectus  was  issued,  it  ap- 
pears, in  July,  18 18  ;  and  after  the  com- 
position of  the  first  sheet,  want  of  means 
necessitated  a  delay  of  six  months  in 
further  proceeding  with  the  work,  when 
"a  patron  stepped  forward  and  voluntarily 
proffered  his  assistance."  This  was  Mr. 
E.  Walmsley,  but  for  whom,  the  author 
says,  "the  project  must  (in  all  human 
probability)  have  been  consigned  to  the 
tomb  of  the  Capulets." 

Of  Johnson's  career  as  a  master  printer 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


373 


there  are  no  details  available ;  yet  his 
name  is  appended  to  several  works  of  un- 
usual typographical  excellence.  Savage, 
in  the  postscript  to  his  preface  to  "  Prac- 
tical Hints  on  Decorative  Printing," 
states  that  the  "letterpress  title  and  pre- 
face, as  well  as  the  pages  from  52  to  the 
end,  were  printed  by  Mr.  Johnson, 
Brook  Street,  Holborn,  who  also  printed 
the  ornamental  letter  B,  and  the  head- 
pieces in  the  appendix."  Timperley,  in 
his  "  Encyclopsedia  of  Literary  and  Typo- 
graphical Anecdotes,"  speaks  of  Johnson 
as  now  [1839]  a  master  printer  in  Lon- 
don," and  of  John  Warwick  as  having 
been  dead  some  years.  Johnson  was  a 
printer  of  the  old  school,  and  put  on 
record  "  his  opposition  to  stereotype  and 
machine  presses." 


In  the  advertisement  in  his  second 
volume  Johnson  announced  his  intention 
of  publishing  a  sheet  "as  a  Specimen  of 
Typography,"  and  a  memorial  of  Caxton 
which  should  "  not  only  eclipse  all  his 
former  productions,  but  likewise  any 
piece  that  has  ever  yet  appeared  before 
the  public  as  a  typographic  specimen." 
It  consists  of  an  arch,  in  perspective, 
supported  by  ten  pillars  ;  in  the  centre  is 
a  monument  to  the  memory  of  Caxton, 
together  with  the  names  of  the  principal 
early  printers.  The  whole  is  executed 
with  brass  rules  and  flowers,  or  borders, 
the  size  being  13  by  i8j  inches.  Very 
few  copies  of  this  interesting  and  al- 
most unique  piece  of  composition  now 
exist. 


Typographia ;    or,    the 
Boston  :  1828.     i2mo. 


Johnson.      An  Abridgment  of  Johnson's 
Printer's  Instructor,"  with  an  Appendix. 

Johnson  (J.  R.).  Monometrical  Series  of  Bodies  of  the  Patent  Type- 
Founding  Company,  Limited,  31,  Red  Lion  Square.  1873.  A 
broadside. 


This  consists  of  a  series  of  tables  show- 
ing the  principles  of  the  "monometrical 
system,"  on  which  the  types  of  this  com- 
pany are  formed.  The  unit  of  measure- 
ment which  forms  its  basis  is  obtained  by 


dividing  the  nonpareil  body  into  ten  parts, 
each  of  which  constitutes  what  the  French 
call  a  typographic  point  or  unit,  all  the 
other  bodies  being  simple  multiples  of 
this  unit. 


—  On  Certain  Improvements  in  the  Manufacture  of  Printing- 
Types.  A  paper  read  before  the  Society  of  Arts.  London  : 
March  19,  1873.  In  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  March  21, 
1873. 


This  paper  treats  of  three  specific  im- 
provements :  I.  A  complete  automatic 
system  of  manufacturing  printing-types  ; 
2.  Of  a  series  of  alloys  for  types  of  a 
much  harder  and  enduring  nature  than 
those  previously  employed  ;  3.  Of  a  defi- 
nite unit  of  measure  applied  to  the  different 
sizes  of  types.  The  writer  is  Mr.  J.  R. 
Johnson,  of  the  Patent  Type-Founding 
Company.  In  the  discussion  which  ensued 
(reported  in  the  same  journal,  and  also  in 
the  Printing  Times,  April,  1873),  some 


interesting  particulars  as  to  modern  type- 
founding  were  given  by  Mr.  J.  Figgins, 
jun.,  Mr.  Gill  (Miller  &  Richard),  Mr. 
Bonnewell,  and  others.  A  correspondence 
afterwards  took  place  on  the  subject ;  and 
the  reader  interested  should  peruse  the 
letter  of  Mr.  Pouchee,  jun.,  in  Pri.nting 
Times,  May,  1873  ;  of  Mr.  R.  M.  Gill, 
Society  of  Arts  Jotiritnl,  March  28, 
1873;  and  of  Mr.  Johnson  (a  rejoinder, 
and  review  of  the  entire  subject  in  dispute). 
Printing  Times,  May,  1873. 


Johnson  &  Atkinson.  Description  of  Automatic  Machinery  for 
Casting  and  Finishing  Printing-Type,  Messrs.  Johnson  &  Atlcinson 
Patentees.     London  :  1870.     4to.  pp.  4. 

and  set  upon  a  composing-stick  ready  for 
use.  It  was  completed  in  1862,  and  has 
since  been  in  operation  at  the  premises  of 
the  Patent  Type-Founding  Company,  31, 
Red  Lion  Square,  of  which  Messrs. 
Shanks  &  Co.  are  now  the  proprietors. 


This  is  an  illustrated  account  of  the 
machine,  invented  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Johnson, 
which  performs  automatically  all  the  ope- 
rations of  manufacturing  types  used  for 
letterpress-printing.  The  metal  is  fused, 
injected  into  the  mould,  the  cast  letter 
turned  out,  rubbed,  the  feet  cut,  dressed 


374 


Bibliography  of  Printing, 


Johnson  (Lawrence)  &  Co.  Minor  Book  of  Specimens  of  Printing 
Types,  Ornamental  Borders,  Flowers,  Metal  Rules,  &c.,  cast  at 
the  Foundry  of  L.  Johnson  &  Co.,  Philadelphia  :  No.  6,  Sansom- 
street,  near  the  State-house.     1853. 


The  first  specimen  book  issued  by  the 
new  firm  which  succeeded  to  the  plant, 
&c.,  of  Archibald  Binny,  James  Ronald- 
son,  and  Richard  Ronaldson,  q.v.  This 
volume  contained  specimens  of  music 
and  chromatic  types  and  borders,  as  well 
as  a  general  assortment  of  plain  and  job 
types,  from  Diamond  upward,  and  Greek, 
Hebrew,  and  German.  In  1855,  it  was 
reproduced,  greatly  enlarged.     The  ori- 


ginality and  appositeness  of  the  words  in 
which  the  type  was  displayed  in  these 
volumes  attracted  attention.  This 
feature  was  afterwards  imitated  by  all 
the  American  type-founders. 

In  August,  1857,  a  new  and  enlarged 
edition  of  the  Minor  Specimen  Book  was 
issued,  which  afforded  evidence  of  the 
growth  of  the  establishment  and  the  en- 
terprising spirit  of  the  house. 


—  Specimens  of  Printing  Types,  Plain  and  Ornamental,  Borders, 
Cuts,  Rules,  Dashes,  &c.,  from  the  Foundry  of  L.  Johnson  &  Co. 
Philadelphia:  L.Johnson  &  Co.,  Sansom-street,  between  Sixth 
and  Seventh  streets.     Large  4to.     1859. 


This  is  a  most  imposing  and  elegant 
specimen  book.  Its  production  cost  not  far 
from  $40,000  ;  and  the  variety  of  printing 
types  and  typographical  implements,  in 
plain  and  ornamental  styles,  exhibited  in 
it,  is  probably  the  greatest  in  the  world. 
Every  article  shown  is  manufactured  at 
this  foundry,  and  this  volume,  the  Minor 
Book  of  Specimens,  and  the  Typographic 
Advertiser  referred  to  below,  were  com- 
posed and  printed  in  the  establishment. 

The  firm  which  produced  the  above 
specimen-books  .  now  exists  under  the 
name  of  MacKellar,  Smiths,  &  Jordan. 
It  was  established  by  Archibald  Binny 
and  James  Ronaldson  in  1796  {see  Binny 
and  Ronaldson).  On  the  retirement  of 
Mr.  Binny  in  1815,  Mr.  James  Ronald- 
son carried  on  the  foundry  alone  for  a 
time,  and  he  was  succeeded  by  his 
brother,  Richard  Ronaldson(j^^  Ronald- 
son, James).  By  the  latter  it  was  sold 
to  Lawrence  Johnson. 

Lawrence  Johnson  was  born  at  Hull 
in  1801,  apprenticed  to  the  printing  busi- 
ness at  Bungay,  and  accompanied  his  pa- 
rents to  New  York,  where  they  arrived  in 
181^.  Here  he  found  employment  as  a  com- 
positor. In  1820  he  turned  his  attention 
to  stereotyping,  and  worked  for  some  time 
with  Messrs.  B.  &  J.  Collins,  stereotypers. 
He  afterwards  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
where,  with  but  little  capital,  he  set  up  a 
stereotype  foundry.  He  was  very  suc- 
cessful, and  afterwards  became  the  pur- 
chaser of  Ronaldson's  business,  as  already 
mentioned.  In  1845  he  associated  with 
himself  Thomas  MacKellar,  John  F.  and 


Richard  Smith,  and  the  firm  became 
L.Johnson  &  Co.  Mr.  John  F.  Smith 
took  charge  of  the  wareroom.  Mr. 
Richard  Smith,  who  had  had  a  thorough 
education  in  American  as  well  as  foreign 
type-foundries,  superintended  the  me- 
chanical department  of  the  business  ;  and 
the  literary  and  specimen  book  depart- 
ment devolved  upon  Mr.  MacKellar, 
originally  a  printer. 

Mr.  Johnson  was  a  man  of  vast  energy; 
and  Mr.  Smith  was  a  thorough  master 
of  his  business,  having  had  charge  of  the 
foundry  for  many  years.  A  bulky  octavo 
specimen  book  was  soon  issued  by  the 
new  firm,  followed  by  a  thin  quarto  sup- 
plement ;  and,  after  the  retirement  of 
Mr.  Smith,  in  1842,  the  large  volume 
was  re-issued  by  Mr.  Johnson  with  con- 
siderable additions,  and  also  a  second 
supplement. 

The  periodical  known  as  the  Typo- 
graphic Advertiser  was  projected  at  this 
time,  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  new 
productions  of  the  house,  and  the  first 
number  was  issued  in  April,  1855,  under 
the  supervision  and  editorship  of  Mr. 
MacKellar,  This  was  the  forerunner 
of  similar  periodicals  in  Europe  and 
America.  An  inspection  of  this  publica- 
tion, from  its  inception  to  the  present 
day,  shows  the  gradual  steps  by  which 
American  type-founding  and  printing 
have  attained  to  their  present  excellence. 
Mr.  Johnson  died  in  i860,  and  the  firm 
was  reorganised  under  the  title  of 
MacKellar,  Smiths,  &  Jordan  {q.v.). 


Bibliography  of*  Printing. 


375 


[JOLY  (Claude)].    Voyage  fait  a  Munster,  en  Westphalie,  et  autres  IJeux 
voisins  en  1646  et  1647.     Paris  :  1670.      i2mo.  pp.  xxii.,  356. 


In  the  course  of  his  journey  the  author 
visited  Haarlem,  and  gives  a  succinct  ac- 
count of  its  principal  features  at  the  time. 
A  large  portion  of  the  space  is  devoted 
to  the  Koster  legend,  in  which  M.  Joly 
did  not  believe,  and  he  examines  the 
evidence  produced  in  its  favour  in  no 
friendly  spirit.  His  remarks  (pp.  123-130) 
are  chiefly  valuable  as  the  impressions  of 


a  well-informed  critic  two  centuries  ago. 
At  Amsterdam  he  inspected  the  famous 
printing-office  of  Blaeu,  which  he  de- 
scribes, and  declares  to  be  the  finest 
establishment  of  the  kind  in  Europe. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  bibliographical 
information  (which  is,  however,  but  re- 
motely connected  with  the  art  of  print- 
ing) contained  in  the  work. 


JOMARD.  Rapport  fait  a  la  Societe  d'Encouragement  sur  les  Machines 
a  Graver  en  Taille-douce.     4to.     Woodcuts. 

Jones  (H.  G.).  Andrew  Bradford,  the  Founder  of  the  Newspaper 
Press  in  America  :  An  Address  before  the  Historical  Society  of 
Pennsylvania,  February  9,  1869.     Philadelphia  :  1869.     8vo. 

A  portion  of  this  address,  in  disparage-  pear  in  the  pamphlet.     This  suppression 

ment  of  some  actions  of  Benj.  Franklin,  was   the  occasion  of  much    acrimonious 

was  suppressed  by  the  Directors  of  the  remark    in    the    literary  papers    of   the 

above-named  Society,  and  does  not  ap-  United  States. 


Jones  (John  Winter).  Observations  upon  the  Discovery  of  two  Rare 
Tracts  in  the  Library  of  the  British  Museum,  hitherto  unknown, 
from  the  Press  of  William  Caxton.  Communicated  to  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  in  a  letter  to  Sir  Henry  Ellis.  London  :  1846. 
4to.  pp.  15. 

Reprinted  from  A  rchceologia,  vol.  xxxi. 
pp.  412-424.  _ 

Mr.  J.  Winter  Jones's  communication 
is  printed  in  the  first  volume  of  the 
"  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries," p.  97.  Viscount  Mahon  pre- 
sided. The  form  of  the  communication 
was  a  letter  addressed  to  Sir  Henry  Ellis, 
secretary,  concerning  two  rare  specimens 
of  early  typography  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum,  the  first  entitled 
"  Meditacions  sur  les  Sept  Pseaulmes 
penitenciaulx,"  the  other  a  French  ver- 
sion of  the  "  Cordiale,  sive  de  quatuor 
Novissimis."  A  striking  resemblance 
appeared  between  the  types  with  which 
they  were  printed  and  those  used  by 
Caxton,  and  Mr.  Jones  had  been  led  to 
conclude  that  they  were  the  production 
of  his  press.    These  tracts  had  been  over- 


siderations  which  had  induced  him  to 
include  these  works,  contrary  to  the 
opinion  of  some  bibliographers,  amongst 
the  productions  of  Caxton's  press.  The 
second  tract  is  printed  in  the  same  type 
as  the  second  edition  of  "The  Game  of 
Chess,"  and  other  works  by  Caxton.  In 
addition  to  the  remarks  which  he  had 
found  occasion  to  make  during  a  careful 
comparison  of  these  volumes,  Mr.  Jones 
gave  a  detailed  description  and  collation 
of  the  two  tracts  which  had  led  to  the 
inquiry,  accompanied  by  an  account  of 
the  treatises  and  the  authors  to  whom 
they  had  been  ascribed.  He  supposed 
that  they  were  printed  by  Caxton  "  before 
he  established  his  press  at  Westminster, 
about  the  year  1474."  The  watermarks 
are  those  which  occur  in  books  printed  in 
the  Low  Countries.     This  fortunate  dis- 


looked   by  bibliographers,  and   they  be-    covery  has  been  availed  of  since  by  Mr. 


came  highly  interesting  when  viewed  as 
claiming  a  place  among  our  own  typo- 
graphical antiquities.  He  considered  the 
type  used  in  printing  the  "  Meditacions" 
to  be  identical  with  that  of  the  French 
and  English  "  Recueil  of  the  Histories 
of  Troy,"  and  the  first  edition  of  "  The 
Game  of   Chess."     He   stated   the  con- 


Blades,  and  the  two  tracts  placed  among 
the  undoubted  products  of  Caxton's  press 
in  the  bibliographical  list.  Mr.  Winter 
Jones  was  for  twelve  years  principal  libra- 
rian of  the  British  Museum,  having  been 
succeeded  (1878)  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Bond, 
formerly  keeper  of  the  MSS.  Department, 
and  Egerton  Librarian. 


376 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Jones  (Lavinia).  Specimen  Sheets  of  Printing  in  the  National 
characters  of  the  leading  spoken  languages,  European,  Oriental, 
&c.  From  the  Miniature  Albion  Printing  Press.  Bradford-on- 
Avon :  1862.     4to. 


1564 — 1600.  , 

"  An  accidental  perusal  of  an  uncommon 
and  curious  little  volume,  the  '  Contem- 
plation of  Mankind,'  1571,  8vo.,  led  me 
to  discover  the  original  of  the  portrait  of 
Richard  Jones,  or  Johnes,  the  printer, 
which  Ames  and  Herbert  have  inserted 
at  the  beginning  of  their  accounts  of 
Jones's  books.  His  portrait  is  nothing 
more  than  that  of  an  old  man  stooping 
and  plucking  up  the  root  of  some  plant 
[probably  hellebore]  to  illustrate  Foolish- 
ness. It  is  much  better  than  its  copy. 
Probably  it  is  borrowed  from  some  herbal " 
of  a  more  ancient  date."  Notwithstand- 
ing Dibdin's  discovery, — which  we  un- 
reservedly accept, — we  have  ventured  to 
reproduce  this  portrait. 


LONDON : 

Jones  (Richard). 

Richard  Jones,  Jhones,  or  Johnes,  was 
admitted  a  brother  of  the  Company  of 
Stationers  7th  of  August,  1564.  His  shop 
was  situated  at  the  south-west  door  of  St. 
Paul's  Church,  but  he  lived  and  had  his 
printing-office  elsewhere.  He  printed 
frequently  in  conjunction  with  other  sta- 
tioners, and  often  undertook  books  of  a 
questionable  character.  He  was  several 
times  fined  for  printing  without  licence, 
and  the  records  of  these  inflictions  are 
almost  the  only  particulars  known  con- 
cerning him.  His  books  and  pamphlets 
are  dated  between  1570  and  1600.  A  list 
of  them  is  given  in  Herbert's  edition  of 
Ames,  vol.  h.  pp.  1039  to  1055. 

Concerning  this  portrait,  Dibdin  says  : 

JONGHAUS  (J.).     Beschreibung  und  Abbildung  einer  neuerfundenen 
lithographischen  Presse.     Bremen :  1842.     8vo. 

JouAUST.      Imprimerie  Jouaust.       Catalogue   descriptif  et   raisonne 
(Exposition  Universelle).     Paris  :  1867.      i6mo. 
The  circular  of  this  house,  as  issued  by  them  at  Philadelphia,  1876,  deserves  pre- 
servation for  its  amusing  English, 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  377 

JOUAUST.  Imprimerie  D.  Jouaust.  Edition  de  Bibliophiles.  Medaille 
d'Argent  en  1867  (Exposition  universelle  de  Lyon,  1872).  Paris  : 
1872.  i6mo.  pp.  32.  Printed  on  Dutch  paper.  Contents  : — • 
L'Art  typographique ;  Les  beaux  livres  ;  Nos  Publications ; 
Catalogue  de  Livres  exposes  ;  Opinion  de  la  Presse. 

JouLLAiN  (F.  C).  Reflexions  sur  la  Peinture  et  sur  la  Gravure. 
Metz:  1786.      i2mo. 

Journal. — For  periodicals  in  various  languages,  see  Periodical 
Publications. 

JouRVEAUX.  Recueil  de  Chiffres  a  Deux  et  a  Trois  Lettres  qui  se 
trouvent  chez  Jourveaux.     Paris.     Svo. 

JUBELBLATT  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  (Tableau 
typogr.  de  la  fonderie  et  imprimerie  Haenel.)     Berlin:   1840. 

JUBELFEIER,  die  400-jahrige  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in 
Leipzig  am  24.  25.  26.  Juni,  1840.  (Von  G.  K,  Crausche,  Buch- 
drucker  in  Kamenz.)     Kamenz  :  1840.     Svo.  pp.  32. 

JUBELFEYER,  die  Hundertjahrige,  des  Breitkopf  und  Hartelschen 
Hauses.  Herrn  G.  C.  Hartel  bey  seinem  Geburtstage  hochach- 
tungsvoll  uberreicht  den  27.  Jan.,  1819.     Leipzig:  1819.     Folio. 

JUBELGEDACHTNiss,  Bresslauisches,  der  vor  300  Jahren  erfundenen 
Buchdruckerkunst.     Bresslau :  1740.     4to. 

JUBELREDEN,  Ulmische,  am  3.  Jubelfeste  wegen  der  vor  300  Jahren 
erfundenen  Buchdruckerkunst.     Ulm :  1740.     Svo. 

JUBELSCHRIFT  zu  Johann  Gutenberg's  400-jahr.  Feier  im  Jahre  1840. 
Berlin :  1S40.     Svo. 

JUBELTABLEAU  zur  Erinnerungandie  Gutenbergfeier.     Leipzig:  1840. 

JUBELZEUGNISSE,  Oeffentliche,  welche  bey  dem  von  einigen  Buch- 
druckern  zu  Halle  den  25.  Juli  1740,  erneuerten  Andenken  der 
vor  dreyhundert  Jahren  erfundenen  Buchdruckerkunst  von  der 
hochlobl.  Friedrichs-Universitat  und  andern  gelehrten  Gonnern 
feyerlichst  abgeleget  worden.  Halle  :  1741.  4to.  6  leaves,  pp. 
312,  xxxvi.  Two  engraved  plates  at  page  24  of  Part  I.  and  one 
at  the  beginning  of  Part  H. 

A  record  of  the  proceedings  at  Halle  to  celebrate  the  third  centenary  of  printing, 
including  historical  preface  by  J.  G.  Kirchner,  sermon  by  B.  G.  Clauswitz,  oration 
by  J.  H.  Schulz,  and  poems  by  students  of  the  University  of  Halle. 

JUBILAEUMS  BuECHLEiN  Oder  Geschichte,  wie  die  Buchdruckerkunst 
in  Deutschland  erfunden  worden  ist,  nebst  anderem  was  dazu 
gehort.  Mannheim:  1840.  Svo.  i  Plate,  Monument  of  Guten- 
berg at  Mayence. 

3   c 


378  Bibliography  of  Friniifig. 

JUHii.^UM  Typographonim  Lipsiensium,  oder  Zweyhundert  Jiihriges 
Buchdrucker  Jubel-Fest,  wie  solches  deroselben  Kunst-Verwandte 
zu  Leipzig  am  Tage  Johannis  des  Taufifers,  anno  Christi  1640, 
und  also  gleicli  200.  Jahr  nach  Erfindung  dieser  edlen  Kunst,  mit 
Christlichen  Ceremonien  celebriret  und  begangen.  Leipzig : 
1640.     4to. 

JUBILAR,  der.  Festblatt  zur  Feier  des  fiinfzigjahrijen  Jubilaums  des 
Herrn  Leopold  Seile.  Herausgegeben  vom  Personale  der  Buch- 
druckerei  L.  Sommer  &  Cie.  in  Wien  :  10  Juli,  1875.  410. 
pp.  8.     Portrait. 

Jubilee.  Very  numerous  titles  of  pamphlets  and  other  literature  of 
the  several  Continental  Jubilee  Celebrations  of  the  Centenaries  of 
the  Invention  of  printing,  1640,  1740,  1840,  will  be  found 
scattered  through  this  Bibliography  under  names  of  their 
authors  or  of  the  city  celebrating  the  event. 

Judex  (Matthreus)  [pseud.]. — See  Richter. 

JUGLER  (Joh.  Friedr.)  De  Typographia.  In  "  Bibliotheca  historia 
litteraria  selecta,  cujus  primas  lineas  duxit  Burc.  Goth.  Struviers." 
Vol.  III.,  Chap,  xi.,  §  23.     (Jena  :   1763)  8vo. 

.  An  account  of  the  history  of  printing  in  Switzerland. 

JULIEN  (Stanislas  Aignan).  Documents  sur  I'Art  d'Imprimer  h. 
I'aide  de  planches  de  bois,  de  planches  en  pierre,  et  de  types 
mobiles,  invente  en  Chine  bien  longtemps  (vers  581  de  notre  ere) 
avant  que  I'Europe  en  fit  usage,  extraits  des  livres  Chinois. 
Paris  :  1 847.  8vo.  pp.  16. 
Extract  from  the  Journal  Gineral  de  I'lnstntctioti  Pjibliqjie  et  des  Cultes. 

L'Imprimerie  en  Chine  au  VP.  Siecle  de  notre  Ere.     Paris  : 


1847.     8vo. 
From  the  Comptes  Rendus  de  V Acadimie  des  Sciences. 

Jui.LiERON  (N.).  Thresor  de  I'lmprimerie,  demonstre  par  la  Multitude 
et  Diversite  de  ses  Caracteres.     Lyon  :  1622.     4to. 

JUNGENDRES  (M.  Sebast.  Jacobo).  Disquisitio  in  notas  Characteris- 
ticas  Librorum  a  Typographic  Incunabulo  ad  an.  MD.  impres- 
sorum.  Ex  antiquissimis  Codicibus  investigatas  et  rarissimorum 
Scriptorum  recensione  confirmatas.  In  Jubilsei  Typographic!  tertii 
mnemosynen  conscripta.     Noribergoe  :   1740.     4to.   pp.  48. 

The  disquisition   is   divided  into   four  c,  de  libris  Germanicis  ;   d,  de  notarum 

parts  ;  a,  disquisitionis  in  librorum  anti-  characteristicarum     cum     adductis     ex- 

quissimorum   notas   characteristicas  pro-  emplis  convenientia.    There  are  numerous 

hemium — de  notis  characteristicis  in  ge-  references    to    previous    writers,    whose 

nere  ;  b^  de  librorum  latinorum  qualitate  ;  theories  are  examined. 

Epistola  de  libris   accuratius  imprimendis,  qua  in  mendorum 

typographicorum  causas  studiose  inquiritur  et  quomodo  ilia  sint 
removenda,  hiculenter  demonstratur.  Francofurti  ad  Mcenum  : 
1721.     4to.   pp.  24. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


379 


Jung-Michel  (Johannes  Casparus).  Panegyricus  in  laudem  artis 
TypographiciE  1690  dictus  et  e  germanico  latine  redditus.  In 
Wolf,  Monumenta  Typographica. 

Junius  (Hadrian).  Batavia.  In  qua  prseter  gentiset  insulae  antiquita- 
tem,  originem,  decora,  mores,  aliaque  ad  earn  historiam  pertinentia, 
declaratur  quae  fuerit  vetus  Batavia,  quse  Plinio,  Tacito  et 
Ptolemaso  cognita  :  quae  item  genuina  inclytoe  Francorum  nationis 
fuerit  sedes.  Lugduni  Batavorum  :  1588.  4to.  pp.  411,  with 
10  preliminary  leaves.     Woodcuts. 


Junius,  in  this  topographical  account 
of  Holland,  was  the  first  writer  who 
denominated  Koster  as  the  inventor  of 
printing,  and  claimed  the  "Speculum" 
as  one  of  his  books.  The  compiler  of  the 
Cologne  Chronicle,  1499  {q.  v.),  however, 
does  not  attribute  the  invention  of  print- 
ing either  to  Haarlem  or  to  Holland,  but 
only  the  fore-runners  of  j)rinting,  the 
Donatuses.  The  ascription  to  Haarlem 
specifically,  was  by  Coornhert,  1561 ; 
Guicciardini,i567;  Braun,  1573  ;  Ortelius, 
1574  ;  and  other  writers.  Dr.  Van  der 
Linde,  as  our  readers  are  aware,  by  an  ex- 
haustive and  elaborate  collation  of  facts 
and  dates,  has  (1870)  completely  de- 
molished the  theory.  Reference  to  the 
principal  works  on  the  discussion  to 
which  Junius's  allegation  has  given  rise 
will  be  found,  s.v.  Koster. 

A  copy  of  the  book  itself  is  contained 


in  the  library  of  the  British  Museum. 
The  title-page  marking  the  name  of 
the  printer  displays  the  noble  device 
of  Plantin — the  hand,  issuing  out  of  a 
cloud,  holding  a  pair  of  compasses.  The 
motto  is  "  Lahore  [symbolized  by  a  man 
using  a  spade]  et  Constantia"  [symbolized 
by  a  woman  upholding  a  cross].  The  im- 
print is,  "  Ex  officina  Plantiniana,  apud 
Franciscum  Raphelengium."  The  re- 
ferences to  typography  begin  at  p.  253, 
with  a  side-note,  "  Typographicse  artis 
inventum  Harlemo  asseritur,"  and  extend 
to  p.  260.  These  passages  have  been 
transcribed  by  Dr.  Van  der  Linde,  and 
translated  or  paraphrased  by  Hessels  and 
De  Vinne,  and  have  probably  given  rise 
to  more  controversy  than  any  statement 
to  be  found  in  literary  history.  —  (See 
GUICCIARDIM.) 


(G. ).  Die  vierhupdertjahrige  Jubelfeier 
der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in 
Leipzig  am  24.  25.  und  26.  Juni,  1840. 
Camenz  :  1840.     8vo. 

Kade  (Emil).  Die  vierte  Sacularfeier  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  zu  Leipzig  am  24., 
25.,  26.  Juni  1840.  Eine  Denkschrift 
im  Auftrage  des  Comite  zur  Feier  der 
Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  Leip- 
zig :  1 84 1.     4to.  pp.  82. 

An  account  of  the  fourth  centennial  celebration 
at  Leipzig  of  the  invention  of  printing.  It  was  in 
this  city  that  the  first  typographical  festival  was 
held,  on  St.  John's  Day,  June  24,  1640. 

Kadow    (Weichmann).     Die  Mecklenburgischen  Formschneider  des 
sechszehnten  Jahrhunderts.     Schwerin  :   1858.     8vo. 
An  account  of  the  letter-cutters  of  Mecklenburg  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Kaeppelin  (D.).  Lithographic,  chromo-lithographie,  autographic, 
gravure  sur  picrre,  machines  a  imprimer.     Paris  :  1867.     8vo. 

One  of  the  series  of  "£tudes"oii  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867,  published  under 

the  direction  of  M.  E.  Lacroix. 

Kahlert  (J.  IL).     Etwas  iiber  den  Steindruck.     (Breslau  :   1871). 

Kandler  (P.).  Di  Antonio  Turini,  primo  tipografo  in  Trieste  (nel 
1625)  e  di  Giovan  Maria  Petreuli,  scrittore  delle  prime  storie  di 
Trieste  date  alle  stampe.     Con  documenti.     Trieste:  i860.     8vo. 

Kannewet  (J.).  Proeve  der  Lettcren  van  J.  Kannewet.  Amster- 
dam: 1 78 1.     4to. 

Kapp  (Friedrich). — See  Franklin  (Benjamin). 

Kapp  u.  Gessner. — See  Gessner. 


Bibliography  of  Printitig,  381 

Karmarsch  (K.).     Beschreibung  einer  Relief-Maschine  zur  getreuen 

bildl.    Darstellung   von   Miinzen,   Medaillen  u.  and.   Reliefs,  auf 

ganz  mechanischem  Wege.     Hannover  :   1836.       8vo,,  vv'ith  two 

copper  and  eight  steel  plates. 

Description  of  a  relief  machine  for  the  pictorial  representation  of  coins,  medals, 

and  other  objects  in  relief. 

Kaselowsky  (G.).  Handbuch  der  Galvanoplastik.  Nach  dem 
franzos.  von  A.  Roseleur.  Stuttgart:  1876.  8vo.  2nd  edition, 
pp.  206,  with  engravings. 

Kast  und  Ehinger.  Typographische  Druckproben.  Stuttgart- 
Cannstatt  :   1876. 

A  collection  of  120  typographic  specimen-sheets  issued  by  the  above-named 
firm  of  printers'  ink  manufacturers. 

Lithographische  Druckproben. 

An  album  containing  120  lithographic  specimen-sheets,  showing  the  effect 
obtained  by  the  juxtaposition  of  different  colours. 

Kasten  und  Winkelhaken,  oder  der  Schreierkrieg  an  der  Pleisse. 
Leipzig  :   1867.     8vo.  pp.  32. 

"  Case  and  Composing-stick,"  a  humorous  poem,  with  special  relation  to  Leipzig 
and  its  printing-offices. 

Kautz  (K.  F.  F.  O.  von).  Ueber  die  wahre  Epoche  der  eingefiihrten 
Buchdruckerkunst  zu  Wien.  Nebst  einem  neuen  Anhange  iiber 
das  Wort  Oesterreich.     Wien:  1784.     Folio,  pp.22. 

Kelly  (James).  The  Printers'  Carnival,  and  other  Poems.  Airdrie : 
1875.     Fcap.  8vo.  pp.  302. 

The  "  Printers'  Carnival "  is  supposed  to  consist  of  the  poetical  effusions  of  a 
company  of  printers  assembled  at  what.is  in  the  trade  familiarly  known  as  a  "G.  L" 
(or  General  Indulgence)  to  welcome  the  entry  of  an  apprentice  into  manhood. 

Kenngott.  Ueber  die  im  August  1849  von  Schenk  aus  Ghemar  zu 
Edinburg  in  der  Lithographic  gemachte  Erfindung.  (Breslau  : 
1849). 

Kerr  (Robert).  Memoirs  of  the  Life,  Writings,  and  Correspondence 
of  William  Smellie,  F.  R.S.  and  F.A.  S.,  late  printer  in  Edinburgh, 
Secretary  and  Superintendent  of  Natural  Histoiy  to  the  Society  of 
Scottish  Antiquaries,  &c.  2  vols.  Edinburgh:  181 1.  8vo. 
Vol.  L,  pp.  iv.,  504;  Vol.  II.,  pp.  488. 

William SMELLiEwasnotonlythemost  education  at  a  grammar-school,  and  in 
learned  pnnter  of  his  day,  and  the  most  1752  was  bound  apprentice  for  a  term  of 
eminent  of  his  profession  in  the  capital  of  six-and-a-half  years  to  Messrs.  Hamilton, 
Scotland,  but  he  was  an  author  of  great  Balfour,  &  Neil,  printers  in  Edinburgh, 
talent,  and  contributed  not  inconsiderably  At  that  time  the  publishers  of  the  city 
to  the  extent  and  celebrity  of  Scottish  were  generally  in  partnership  with  the 
literature.  His  son,  Alexander  Smellie,  printer.s.  Smellie  is  described  as  an  ex- 
carried  on  the  printing  business  in  Edin-  cellent  compositor,  being  employed  on 
burgh,  and  became  secretary  to  the  So-  every  work  that  required  particular  ac- 
ciety  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland.  William  curacy,  and  two  years  before  the  comple- 
Smellie  was  born  in  a  suburb  of  Edin-  tion  of  his  servitude  he  was  made  cor- 
burgh  about  1740.     He  received  a  good  rector  of  the  press,  with  a  weekly  wage  of 


382 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


los..  which  was  a  large  salary  in  those 
days,  when  an  apprentice,  as  a  rule, 
only  received  3s.  per  week.  About 
this  time  he  obtained  leave  to  attend 
some  of  the  classes  in  the  University. 
"  The  printing-office  in  which  he  served 
was  situate  within  the  precincts  of  the 
College,  and  he  generally  continued 
at  work  till  he  heard  the  bell  rung  for 
lecture  ;  when  he  immediately  laid 
down  his  composing-stick,  shifted  his 
coat,  ran  off  with  his  note-book  under 
his  arm,  and  returned  to  his  work  im- 
mediately after  lecture."  In  1757,  the 
Edinburgh  Philosophical  Society  offered 
a  prize  for  the  most  accurate  edition  of  a 
Latin  classic.  Smellie  produced  an 
edition  of  Terence,  in  duodecimo,  the 
whole  of  which  he  had  set  up  and  cor- 
rected himself,  and  the  prize  was  awarded 
to  his  masters,  as,  of  course,  the  book 
was  published  under  their  names.  When 
the  period  of  his  indentures  expired, 
he  was  engaged  by  Messrs.  Murray 
&  Cochrane,  printers,  Edinburgh,  as 
reader,  and  also  to  collect  articles  for 
their  magazines,  making  abstracts,  ex- 
tracts, or  transcripts,  writing  accounts, 
and  "filling  up  his  time  at  case,"  for 
which    he    received    i6s.    weekly.      He 


availed  himself  of  several  opportunities 
that  happened  to  present  themselves  of 
attending  the  classes  at  the  University  of 
Edinburgh.  While  thus  engaged,  some 
disputes  arose  between  the  journeymen 
printers  of  Edinburgh  and  their  masters 
as  to  a  rise  of  wages,  and  Smellie  drew 
up  an  ingenious  scheme  of  arrangement 
for  calculating  the  prices  of  composition 
in  proportion  to  the  number  of  letters. 
Much  of  his  correspondence  is  given  in  the 
above  volume ;  some  letters,  written  by 
fellow-printers  who  had  gone  to  London, 
are  curious  as  giving  an  idea  of  the  cus- 
toms of  a  printing-office  in  1760.  It  is 
stated  that  piece  prices  were  :  "All  types 
below  English  at  the  rate  of  a  groat  per 
thousand."  In  1765,  Smellie  commenced 
business  as  a  master  printer  in  conjunc- 
tion with  William  Auld,  and,  in  the  same 
year,  in  conjunction  with  Balfour,  was 
appointed  Printer  to  the  University.  His 
writings  are  very  voluminous,  and  include 
treatises  on  philosophy,  natural  science, 
histor>',  &c.  He  died  June  24,  1795. 
The  memoirs  contain  much  interesting 
information  concerning  printing  and  type- 
founding  in  Scotland  at  the  period  re- 
ferred to. 


KERROUX    (L.   G.  F.).— 6Vi'BYLAERT  (J.  J.). 


Kerver  (Thielman),  the  Printer. 

Begins:  "The  following  memoir  rela- 
ting to  the  printer  Thielman  Kerver,  and 
two  books  of  his  unnoticed,  is  inscribed 
to  Mr.  Joseph  Ames,  Secretary  to  the 
Incorporated  Society  of  Antiquaries  at 
London,  as  a  testimony  of  respect  by  his 
humble  servant,  Samuel  Pegge."  The 
author  says  that  the  late  Dr.  Fabricius, 
at  the  end  of  the  first  volume  of  his 
"  Bibliotheca  Latina,"  had  given  a  list  of 
the  most  eminent  printers,  collected  from 
Almeloveen,  Baillet,  Chevillier,  and 
Struvius,  but  Thielman  Kerver  does  not 
appear  amongst  them.  However,  some- 
thing concerning  him  may  be  seen  in 
Maittaire's  "Annales  Typographici,"  and 
this  article  supplies  more  matter  on  the 
same  subject.  The  writer  gives  the  de- 
vice of  Kerver,  with  an  interesting  specu- 
lation on  its  meaning. 


Gentleman^ s  Magazine,  xxiv.,  469. 

Kerver,  who  was  a  German,  began  to 
print  at  Paris  in  1497.  He  has  deserved 
celebrity  for  his  illuminated  and  illus- 
trated Prayer-books  and  books  of  devo- 
tion, most  of  which  were  published  by 
Simon  Vostre.  Among  the  artists  em- 
ployed for  these  beautiful  productions 
was  the  celebrated  Geofroy  Tory.  Ker- 
yer's  most  famous  books  are  a  Breviary 
in  i6mo.,  in  red  and  black,  1500; 
"  Horae,"  1505,  esteemed  the  best  of  his 
series  of  Books  of  Hours ;  a  "  Missal," 
folio,  1521  ;  "  Decretals,"  3  vols.,  8vo., 
1505-6;  "Sermons,"  3  vols.,  8vo.,  1528. 
He  was  the  first  Parisian  printer  who 
used  italic.  La  Caille  says  that,  in  1525, 
he  planned  the  great  window  in  the 
Church  of  St.  Benoit,  which  was  then 
rated  as  one  of  the  best  in  Paris. 


Kessler  (Dr.  Georg).     Photographic  auf  Stahl,  Kupfer  und   Stein, 
zur  Anfertigung  von  Druckplatten  fiir  den  Kupfer-,   Stein-  und 
Buchdruck.      Die  neuesten  Entdeckungen  auf  dem  Gebiete  der 
Photographic.     Berlin:  1856.     8vo.  pp.  vii.,  72. 
Intended  to  be  continued  as  a  serial ;  no  more  parts,  however,  were  published.   • 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


383 


Khaynach  (Friedrich  von).     Gutenberg  :  Sein  Leben  und  Wirken. 
In  erzahlender  Form.     Cologne  :  1876.     i2mo.    Portrait. 
The  Life  of  Gutenberg,  narrated  in  the  form  of  a  novel,  but  a  very  poor  affair. 

KiESEWETTER  (Dr.  L.).    Gedrankte  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst, 
von   ihrer   Erfindung   bis   auf    unsere    Tage.       Glogau :     1840. 
Small  8vo.  pp.  v.,  85. 
An  epitome  of  the  history  of  typography,  written  from  a  German  standpoint. 

KiLVAN  (William).  The  Typographic  Calculator.  Boston  :  1871. 
8vo. 

KiNDERLiNG  (M. ).  Ueber  das  Alter  der  Venetianischen  Druckereyen. 
[In  Historisches-Litera7'isches-Bibliographisches  Magazin,  vol.  2.] 
Ziirich:  1790.     8vo. 

KiNDLiNGER  (N.).     Nachricht  von  einigen  noch  unbekannten  Holz- 
schnitten,    Kupferstichen  und   Steinabdriicken  aus  dem  15.  Jahr- 
hundert.     Frankfurt :  1 8 19.     8vo. 
Notice  of  some  unknown  engravings  in  wood  and  steel. 

KiNGHAM  (J.  L.).  Printing  in  India.  An  article  in  the  Printers' 
Jotirnal,  March  19,  1866. 

The  writer,  who  served  his  time  to  Mr.  of  this  post,  he  was  required  to  accom- 

Wyman,  in  London,  afterwards  went  to  pany   the   Governor  -  General   of    India, 

Calcutta,  and  through  his  old  employer's  when  he  went  to  Simla  and  elsewhere, 

influence    obtained    an   appointment    as  Mr.   Kingham,  who  was  born  and  edu- 

printer   in   connection   with   the    Bengal  cated  at  Rochester,  died  of  consumption 

Secretariat.     In  fulfilment  of  the  duties  in  India  at  an  early  age. 

King's  Printers. 

ing  that  for  forty  years,  viz.,  1536  to  1577, 
the  privilege  of  printing  the  Scriptures  m 
English  had  been  common  to  all  printers 
who  applied  for  and  secured  a  license 
for  the  edition,  and  that  the  printing 
of  the  Scriptures  in  English  had  never 
been,  nor  was  in  any  sense,  attached 
to  the  office  of  the  King's  Printer  up  to 
1576. 

1577.— Christopher  Barker,  one  of  the 
aforenamed  complainants,  purchased  "  for 
a  great  sum"  (his  own  words),  a  more 
extensive  patent  from  Wilkes  than  that 
of  which  complaint  had  been  made;  this 
included  the  Old  and  New  Testaments 
in  English,  of  whatever  translation,  and 
with  or  without  notes. 

1589. — Grant  from  Queen  Elizabeth  to 
Christopher  Barker  and  Robert,  his  son, 
for  life. 

1602. — Grant  from  James  I.  to  Chris- 
topher, son  of  Robert  last  named,  which 
provided  that  if  he  died  before  his  father, 
his  heir,  &c.,  should  possess  the  right  for 
four  years  after  the  death  of  his  father  ; 
and  it  so  happened  that  Christopher  did 
die  before  his  father. 


Shortly  after  the  spread  of  printing  in 
this  country,  royal  patents  were  granted 
for  practising  the  art,  and  heavy  penalties 
were  imposed  upon  those  who  printed 
certain  books  without  this  privilege. 
Although  an  account  of  the  rise  and  pro- 
gress of  this  monopoly  would  be  foreign 
to  the  plan  of  the  present  work,  a  list  of 
"  King's"  or  "  Royal  "  printers  may  ap- 
propriately be  given,  both  on  account  of 
its  bibliographical  utility  and  historical 
interest.  The  following  are  the  names  of 
the  recipients  of  these  letters  patent,  and 
it  will  be  seen  that  the  typographical 
succession  has  been  continued  down  to 
our  own  days. 

I  =573- — A  patent  of  privilege  was  granted 
by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  F.  Flower  as  Her 
Majesty's  printer  of  the  Latin  tongue. 

1575. — Another  patent  was  granted  to 
Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Thomas  Wilkes  as 
Her  Majesty's  printer  of  the  English 
tongue.  Wilkes  sold  a  part  of  his  privi- 
lege to  Richard  Jugge,  the  printer,  which 
occasioned  a  complaint  from  the  printers 
of  the  Stationers'  Company  to  the 
authorities  against  the  patent,  it  appear- 


384 


Bibliography  of  Printing, 


1616. — James  I.  granted  the  reversion- 
ary right  of  patent  to  Robert,  another 
son,  for  30  years,  which  expired  in  1679. 

1627. — Charles  I.  confirmed  an  assign- 
ment of  the  patent  from  the  Barkers  to 
Norton  &  Bill. 

1635. — Charles  I.  granted  to  Charles 
and  Matthew  Barker,  two  other  sons  of 
Robert,  another  30  years'  patent,  to  com- 
mence after  the  expiration  of  the  4  years' 
right,  vested  in  the  heirs  of  Christopher 
before  mentioned,  and  the  30  years 
granted  by  James  I.  to  the  before-men- 
tioned Robert  Barker,  which  continued 
it  down  to  1709,  or,  in  all,  a  period  of  132 
years  in  the  Barker  family. 

1645. — The  father  Robert  died,  there- 
fore four  years  remained  due,  as  provided, 
to  Christopher's  heirs. 

1675. — Charles  II.  granted  to  Newcomb 
&  Hills,  30  years  in  addition  to  the  grants 
conferred  on  the  Barkers.  These  paten- 
tees appeared  to  have  survived  the  grant 
but  a  short  time,  as  it  was  assigned  by 
their  executors  to  Mr.  John  Baskett. 

1713.— Queen  Anne  granted  another 
patent  to  Tooke  &  Barber  for  30  years, 
which,  as  was  explained  at  the  time  in 
a  public  advertisement  {Evening  Post, 
Oct.  17,  1713),  was  to  commence  at  the 
expiration  of  the  term  then  existing  to 
Baskett,  viz.,  1739.  This  reversionary 
interest  was  bought  up  by  Baskett,  who 
afterwards  obtained  a  renewal  for  60 
years.  Baskett  was  master  of  the  Com- 
pany of  Stationers  in  1714,  and  again  in 
1715.  He  died  May  22,  1742.  Baskett 
having  purchased  Tooke  &  Barber's  term 
of  30  years,  obtained  a  further  renewal  for 
30  years,  which  gave  him  a  total  of  60  years. 
Charles  Eyre,  for  the  sum  of  ;^io,ooo  ac- 
quired, in  1769,  thirty  years  of  the  term. 

1770. — William  Strahan  purchased  a 
.share  in  the  patent  which  expired  in  1799. 
He  died  in  1785. 

1799. — A  new  patent  for  the  usual  term 
■was  granted  to  Eyre  and  Andrew  Strahan, 
including  also  a  new  partner,  John 
Reeves,  who  had  been  so  appointed  by 
Pitt  on  account  of  his  political  ser- 
vices. Reeves  embarked  largely  in  his 
new  profession  of  Prayer-book  and  Bible 
printing  until  his  interest  in  the  patent 
was  purchased  by  Strahan.  Andrew 
Strahan  was  the  third  son  of  William 
Strahan.  He  acquired  great  literary 
property  and  influence  in  the  learned 
world  by  purchasing  the  copyrights  of 
the  most  celebrated  authors  of  his  time, 
frequently  in  connection  with  his  friend 
Alderman  Cadell.  In  1822,  he  presented 
;^i,ooo,  3  per  cents.,  to  the  Literary  Fund. 
By  his  will  he  bequeathed  ;^i,ooo  each  to 
six  other  charitable  institutions.     In  1797 


he  was  elected  M.  P.  for  Newport,  Hamp- 
shire ;  1802  and  1806  for  Wareham  ;  1807 
for  Carlow  ;  1812  for  Aldeborough.  He 
sat  in  Parliament  till  1818,  when  he  retired 
owing  to  advanced  age  (71).  In  1804  he 
was  elected  on  the  Court  of  Assistants  of 
the  Stationers'  Company,  but  declined 
the  office,  and  in  1815  transferred  to  the 
Company  ^1,225,  4  per  Cents.,  for  the 
benefit  of  printers.  His  faithful  friend 
and  active  partner  was  W.  Preston,  who 
Was  born  in  Edinburgh,  July  28,  1740,  and 
served  as  an  apprentice  to  Walter  Ruddi- 
man,  printer.  In  1760  he  came  to  London, 
and  obtained  a  situation  as  a  compositor 
in  William  Strahan's  office.  He  was 
afterwards  promoted  to  be  a  reader,  then 
overseer,  and  finally  to  partnership  with 
Andrew.  He  died  April  7,  1818,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Paul's  churchj'ard.  Andrew 
Strahan  died  at  his  house.  New  Street, 
near  Fleet  Street,  in  the  83rd  year  of  his 
age.  His  portrait,  by  Wm.  Owen,  R.A., 
is  hung  in  Stationers'  Hall.  He  left  pro- 
perty to  the  amount  of  more  than  a  million 
of  money,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  office 
of  King's  Printer  by  his  nephew,  Andrew 
Spottiswoode. 

1830.— (J any.)  "The  Patent  of  King's 
Printer  for  England  renewed  for  30 
years  "  to  Andrew  Strahan,  George  Eyre, 
and  Andrew  Spottiswoode.  George  Eyre 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  George  Edward 
Eyre,  and  Andrew  Spottiswoode  by  his 
son  William  Spottiswoode. 

i860. — The  patent  of  Queen's  Printers 
was  granted  to  George  Edward  Eyre 
and  William  Spottiswoode  during  royal 
pleasure,  and  in  their  hands  it  now  re- 
mains. 

We  annex  a  view  of  the  "King's  Print- 
ing House,"  at  Blackfriars,  from  a  draw- 
ing made  about  1750. 

On  Feb.  17,  1770,  there  appeared  in  the 
London  Gazette,  printed  by  E.  Owen 
and  T.  Harrison,  the  following  advertise- 
ment: — "The  public  are  desired  to  take 
notice  that  his  Majesty's  Printing  Office 
is  removed  from  Blackfriars  to  New 
Street,  near  Gough  Square  in  Fleet 
Street,  where  all  Acts  of  Parliament,  &c., 
are  printed  and  sold  by  Charles  Eyre  and 
William  Strahan,  his  Majesty's  Printers." 

It  is  interesting  to  know  that  the  pre- 
sent Thnes  Office  stands  on  the  site  of 
this  celebrated  printing-house.  Allen's 
"History  of  London,"  published  in  1828 
(vol.  iii.,  p.  611),  says: — "In  Printing 
House  Lane  is  the  Times  Newspaper 
Office,  formerly  the  King's  Printmg 
House.  This  house  was  burnt  down 
about  the  year  17-12,  but  was  rebuilt  as 
it  appears  at  present.  It  consists  of  a 
centre   and  wings   of  brick,   the   former 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


385 


being  slightly  marked  with  a  pediment, 
within  which  are  the  royal  arms." 

A  portion  of  the  present  Queen's  Print- 
ing Office  in  East  Harding  Street,  Fetter 
Lane,  is  upwards  of  100  years  old,  but 
the  larger  part  has  been  quite  recently 
rebuilt.  It  is  here  that  all  Acts  of  Par- 
liament are  printed  and  published  imme- 
diately on  receiving  the  Royal  assent. 
The  printing  of  Bibles  and  Testaments, 
forming  another  part  of  the  Queen's 
printer's  privileges,  is  carried  on  in  pre- 
mises built  expressly  for  the  purpose  at 
Shacklewell. 

On  the  2oth  of  March,  1837,  as  we  learn 


ceeded,  while  in  the  former  business  he 
was  succeeded  by  his  second  son,  George, 
the  style  of  this  firm  now  being  "  Spottis- 
woode  &  Co.,"  and  the  premises  situate 
in  New  Street  Square. 

Mr.  Andrew  Spottiswoode  retired  from 
active  participation  in  business  some 
years  before  his  death,  which  took  place 
at  James  Street,  Buckingham  Gate,  on 
the  20th  of  February,  1866,  in  the 
79th  year  of  his  age.  His  eldest  son, 
Mr.  William  Spottiswoode,  F.R.S., 
the  Queen's  Printer,  is  (1878)  President 
and  Treasurer  of  the  Royal  _  Society, 
and  a  distinguished  mathematician  and 


KINGS    PRINTING    HOUSE,    BLACKFKIARS. 


from  the  newspapers  of  the  time,  "a  fire 
broke  out  in  the  warehouse  of  the  new 
printing-office  of  Mr.  Spottiswoode  in  New 
Street  Square,  Fleet  Street.  Literary 
property  destroyed  to  the  amount  of 
;^2o,ooo."  This  is,  however,  not  to  be 
confounded  with  the  office  in  East  Hard- 
ing Street.  Mr.  Andrew  Spottiswoode 
had  a  most  extensive  business  as  a  general 
printer  quite  apart  from  the  office  of 
Queen's  Printer,  to  which  latter,  as  we 
have  seen,  his  eldest  son,  William,  suc- 


man  of  science.  Under  the  active  super- 
intendence of  Mr.  George  Spottiswoode, 
the  concern  of  Spottiswoode  &  Co.  has 
developed  enormously  of  late  years,  and 
it  is  now  probably  the  largest  printing- 
office  in  London.  Mr.  Baxendale,  re- 
lated to  a  member  of  the  great  carrying 
firm  of  Pickford  &  Co.,  was  for  a  short 
time  a  partner  with  Mr.  George  Spottis- 
woode some  few  years  ago,  and  he  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Austen  Leigh,  M.A., 
who  is  still  in  the  firm. 


King's  Printers. — See  Harrison, 

MENTARY    PAPERS. 

3  D 


Spottiswoode  ;  also  Parlia- 


386 


Bibliography  of  Fri?ifi7ig. 


1597-1622. 


imprinted  at  London  by  F.  K.  for  Hugh 
Astley,  dwelling  at  Saint  Magnus 
Corner,"  1600.  8vo.  It  is  a  valuable 
book,  and  very  seldom  found  perfect. 
Kingston's  device  consists  of  the  emblem 
of  the  sun  shining  on  Parnassus.  A 
laurel-tree  stands  between  two  hills  ;  on 
either  side  a  pansy-and  a  sunflower.  In 
the  oval  border  are  the  words  Digiin. 
Pnrfiasso  et  Aj>olli7ie. 

London. 


LONDON : 

Kingston  (Felix). 

Herbert,  in  the  "  Typographical  Anti- 
quities," says  that  Felix  Kingston  fre- 
quently used  T.  Orwin's  device  of  the 
hand-in-hand,  but  without  the  T.  O. ;  he 
does  not,  however,  say  what  was  King- 
ston's own  device,  or  whether  he  had  one. 
The  only  original  example  hitherto  dis- 
covered is  that  annexed,  which  is  printed 
on  the  title-page  of  John  Bodenham's 
"  Belvedere,  or  the  Garden  of  the  Muses, 

Kingston   (W.).      System   of  Printing  in   Dry  Colours. 

i2mo. 
KiRCHER  (E.  Wilhelm  Gottl.).     Anweisung  in  der  Buchdruckerkunst, 

so  viel  davon  das  Drucken  betrifft.     Zum  Unterricht  fiir  Drucker 

und  Lehrlinge.     Braunschweig:   1793.      i2mo.   pp.  iv.,   188.     5 

plates. 
The  author  was  a  printer  in  Brunswick,     iron  press  of  Haas,  the  originator  of  the 
The   book    is   altogether  of  a  practical     celebrated  type-founding  firm  of  Haas, 
character,    and    gives    drawings    of    the     composing  utensils,  &c.     Some  of  these 
wooden  press  and  the  press  adjuncts,  the     are  curious. 

• Gebrauch  der  Zeichen,  welche  in  der  Buchdruckerkunst  zum 

Corrigiren  gewohnlich  sind.     Braunschweig:  1794.     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Pt'inting.  387 

Klein  (Ch.  )•  Sur  Gutenberg  et  le  fragment  de  sa  presse  trouve  dans 
la  maison  oil  il  a  etabli  sa  premiere  imprimerie.  Traduit  d'un 
manuscrit.     Mayence:   1856. 

Ueber  Gutenberg  den  Erfinder  der  Buchdruckerkunst  und  das 


im  ersten  Druckhause  aufgefundene  Fragment  der  ersten  Drucker- 
presse.  Mainz  :  1857.  8vo.  pp.  x.  69.  With  two  engravings 
and  a  genealogical  table. 

The   discovery  of  the   fragment   of  a  The  matter  has  also  received  the  atten- 

press    supposed     to    have    belonged    to  tion  of  Professor  Madden,  who  devotes 

Gutenberg  has  been  already  referred  to  to  it  one  chapter   in  the  Fifth  Series  of 

in   this    Bibliography  {See   Fry,    F.).  his  "  Lettres  d'un  Bibliographe"  (^.  z/.) 

Klein,  Forst  und  Bohn.  An  unsere  Freunde.  Zur  Feier  der 
1,000.  Schnellpresse.     Johannisberg  am  Rhein :  1875.     4to. 

Issued  on  the  occasion  of  the  completion  of  the  i,oooth  steam-press  by  the  above 
firm. 

Kleinwechter  (V.)  Actus  secularis  II.  in  laudem  Typographige. 
In  Wolf,  Monumenta  Typographica. 

Klemm  (Heinrich).  Die  Planotypie,  ihre  Entstehung  und  Verwehr- 
tung  zu  typographischen,  merkantilen  und  gewerblichen  Zwecken. 

With  8  planotypie  prints.     Dresden  :  1871.     481110.  pp.  40. 

2nd  edition. 

Klemm  (Johann-  Christian).  Das  Angedencken  des  dritten  Jubel- 
Fests  der  edlen  Buchdrucker-Kunst  auf  der  Universitat  Tubingen, 
welches  Theils  wie  dieses  Jubel-Fest  a.  1740  am  Tage  St.  Jacobi 
des  Apostels  von  denen  Herrn  Kunst-Verwandten  geleiert  wordeii 
und  die  dahingehorige  Stucke  ausahrt,  theils  einen  historischen 
Entwurff  des  Anfangs  und  Fortgangs  dieser  edlen  Kunst  in 
Schwaben,  und  besonders  der  Academie  Tubingen  in  denen 
meisten  von  a.  1440  bis  1540  als  dem  ersten  Jahrhundert  gedruck- 
ten  Biichern  enthalt.  Dem  grossen  Gott  zum  Preise  und  denen 
jezmahligen  Herrn  Kunstvervvandten  zu  Ehren  errichtet.  Tii- 
bingeii :   1 740.  ^4to. 

The  copperplate  title-page,  which,  in  verse)  a  copperplate  portrait  of  the  reign- 
its  excellence  of  execution,  is  in  striking  ing  Dukeof  Wurtemberg,  Carl  Friedrich. 
contrast  to  the  wretched  woodcut  vi-  Various  documents  connected  with  the 
gnettes  scattered  through  the  volume,  has  Festival  are  printed,  including  a  formid- 
portraits  of  Ludwig,  Carolus,  and  Fried-  able  progra7)ima,  written  in  Latin.  At 
rich  Eugenius,  with  their  family  arms,  the  end  are  different  songs,  cantati,  &c., 
Underneath,  a  view  of  Tubingen  and  the  sung  on  the  occasion,  which  was  the 
University  buildings ;  right  and  left,  third  centennial  celebration  of  the  in- 
picture  of  a  press  and  a  compositor  at  vention  of  printing. 
work.     Over  the  dedication  (which  is  in 

Klemming.  Forsok  till  historia  om  sveriges  Boktrykkerier.  Forsta 
Haftet.  Tiden  fore  1 700.     Stockholm:  1871.     8vo. 

Klettenberg  (Von).     Historischer  Bericht  von  den  ersten  Erfindern 
der  Buchdruckerkunst.     Frankfurt:   1 741. 
A  short  illustrated  history  of  the  invention  of  typography. 


388  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Klimsch  (Karl).  Adressbuch  der  Buch-  und  Steindruckereien  und 
der  damit  verwandten  Geschaftszweige  in  Deutschland,  Oester- 
reich  und  der  Schweiz.  Frankfort-on-the-Main  :  1876.  8vo. 
pp.  iv.  398,  and  Supplement,  pp.  90. Second  edition :   1878. 

The  first  edition  contains,  besides  a  commentary  on  press  laws,  a  valuable  his- 
torical and  critical  essay  on  the  typographic  papers  of  Germany. 

Klimsch  &  Bohler.  Die  Grundformen  der  gebrauchlichsten 
Schriften.     Heft  I.-V.     Frankfurt  :  [1870- 1873].     4to. 

Each  part  contains  six  leaves,  two  complete  alphabets  being  figured  on  each 
sheet. 

Klindworth  (C.  a.).  Kurze  Beschreibung  der  Buchdruckerpressen 
welche  in  der  Maschinen-Fabrik  von  C.  A.  Klindworth  in  Han- 
nover angefertigt  werden,  &c.     Hannover:   1841.     4to. 

Klinkhardt  (Friedr.).    Die  anastatische  Druckerei,  oder  die  Kunst, 
Biicher,  und  Druckfachen  jeder  Art  abzudrucken.     Que«llinburg 
und  Leipzig:   1846.     8vo.  pp.  56,  14  of  which  treat  of  reproduc- 
tion from  typography. 
A  small  pamphlet  on  anastatic  printing. 

Klinkhardt  (Julius).  Proben  der  Schriftgiesserei,  Stereotypic, 
Gravir-Anstalt  und  Galvanoplastik.  1-8.  Folge,  1871-78.  Leip- 
zig.    Large  4to. 

Knauth  (Chris.).  Annales  Typographic!  Lusatioe  Superioris  oder 
(jeschichte  der  Ober-Lausitzischen  Buchdruckereyen.  Two  parts. 
Lauben  :  1 740.     4to.  pp.  96. 


—  Historischer  Abriss  von  dem  Anfang  und  Wachsthum  der 
Gelehrsamkeit  in  Ober-Lausitz,  Buchdrucker  Jubel-Festes,  1740. 
Leipzig:  1 740.     4to. 

—  Historische  Nachricht  vom  Anfang  und  Wachsthum  der  Buch- 
druckerey  in  Gorlitz.     Gorlitz:   1737.     Folio. 

Wie  die  Druckerey  in  Ober-Lausitz  der  evangelischen  Religion 


daselbst  gedienet.     Gorlitz  :   1739.     4to. 

Knecht  (M.).  Nouveau  Manuel  complet  du  Dessinateur  et  de  I'lm- 
prinieur  lithographe.  Nouvelle  edition,  entierement  refondue, 
mise  au  courant  de  I'industrie  actuelle,  et  augmentee  de  plusieurs 
procedes  nouveaux  concernant  la  Lithographic  mecanique,  la 
Chromo-Lithographie,  la  Litho- Photographic,  la  Zincographie,  et 
traitant  des  papiers  de  surete.  Paris:  1867.  i2mo.  pp.  xx.,  403. 
With  atlas,  pp.  7,  and  six  folding  plates. 

■^Hie  author  describes  himself  as  "  the  only  pupil  of  Senefclder."     This  is  an  ex- 
cellent practical  manual  :  it  is  one  of  the  "  Roret  "  series. 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


389 


Knight  (Charles).    The  Old  Printer  and  the  Modern  Press.    London 
1854.     Fcap.  8vo.  pp.  314. 

This  book  is  inscribed  to  Charles 
Dickens.  The  first  part  is  a  reprint,  re- 
modelled, of  his  Biography  of  Caxton.  It 
presents  a  compact  narrative  of  the  state 
of  knowledge  before  the  invention  of  print- 
ing, of  the  personal  history  of  the  man  who 
brought  the  invention  to  England,  and 


of  the  nature  of  his  efforts  to  diffuse  in- 
formation amongst  his  countrymen.  The 
second  part  embraces  a  broad  view  of  the 
progress  of  the  press  up  to  1854,  espe- 
cially in  relation  to  the  subject  of  cheap 
popular  literature. 


Shadows   of  the    Old    Booksellers.     London  :    1865.      i6mo. 

pp.  XV.  and  320. 

The  author  points  out  that  although 
his  leading  purpose  is  to  show  booksellers 
in  their  capacity  of  publishers,  yet  it  was 
impossible  to  limit  it  to  a  class  whose 
especial  business  was  to  obtain  interest 
in  copyrights,  &c.,  for  there  was  no  such 
class  among  the  old  booksellers,  many  of 


whom  were  not  only  printers  and  pub- 
lishers, but  also  bookbinders,  and  up  to 
comparatively  recent  times  the  chief 
proprietors  of  newspapers.  This  work 
is  therefore  properly  included  in  our 
Bibliography,  and  it  contains  much  to 
interest  the  modern  printer. 


William    Caxton,    the   first    English    Printer :    a    Biography. 

London  :  1844.     i6mo.   pp.   243.     Woodcuts. New  Edition. 

London  :  1877.      i6mo.  pp.  158. 

The  first  of  the  series  of  "  Knight's  honorary  reporter  on  the  Globe.  In  this 
Weekly  Volume,"  of  which  many  of  the  year  also  he  attained  his  twenty-first  birth- 
treatises  remain  as  the  best  popular  ac-  day,  and  entered  upon  his  chosen  voca- 
count  of  their  several  subjects.  The  so-  tion  by  establishing  with  his  father  the 
called  "  new  edition  "  of  1877  was  fi  repub-  Windsor  and  EtoJi  Express,  and  assum- 
lication  of  the  preceding,  apropos  of  the  ing  the  responsibility  of  editorship.  Soon 
Caxton  Celebration.  It  is  to  be  regretted  after  his  earnest  words  in  an  editorial  on 
that  the  work  was  not  edited  and  brought  "Cheap  Publications"  attracted  attention, 
up  to  the  present  state  of  knowledge  on  and  brought  an  offer  of  assistance  in  the 
the  subject.  A  few  blocks  of  printers'  carrying  out  of  the  project  therein  sug- 
niarks,  Faithorne's  portraits,  &c.,  have  gested.  Knight  accordingly  started  a 
been  interpolated.  magazine  called  the  Plain  Englishynan, 

Charles  Knight,   printer  and  pub-  which    he    conducted    for    three   years, 

lisher,  was  born  at  Windsor  in  1791.    His  While    editing    this,    Knight    printed    a 

father  was  a  printer  and  publisher,  and  he  magazine  for  the  Eton  boys,  called  the 

was  connected  by  marriage  with  the  well-  Etonian,    the     leading    coniributors    to 

known  printing  family  of  Clowes.     After  which  were  Macaulay  and  Praed.     The 

receiving  the  advantages  of  a  good  school  friendship  of  these  men   and  their  pro- 

for  several  years  he  was  called  home  at  mised  assistance  led  to  the  establishment 

the  age  of  14  to  enter  into  business.     He  oi  Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine,  which 

was  fond  of  reading,  skilful  in  languages,  brought  its  publisher  into  fame,  but  also 

and  possessed  a  taste  for  versification,  but  entangled  him  in  a  suit  for  libel.     The 

his  father  determined  upon  making  him  a  result  was  that  Knight  removed  to  Lon- 

practical  printer.   Bibliomania,  the  fashion  don.     In  1826,  Brougham  was  organizing 

of  the   day,  found   in   young   Knight  a  his  Society  for  the  Diffusion   of  Useful 

willing  votary,  and  one  of  his  achieve-  Knowledge,  and  called  upon  Knight  to 

ments  was  the  supplying  of  the  missing  explain  the  details  of  his  scheme  for  a 

leaves  in  a  Shakespeare  folio  of  1623,  by  series  of  popular  and  instructive  works. 


printing  them,  with  his  own  hands,  from  an 
old-faced  type  upon  fly-leaves  extracted 
from  old  pamphlets.  His  desire  for  the 
reputation  of  an  author  rather  than  a 
manufacturer  of  books  soon  found  the 
means  of  its  realisation.  In  1812,  he 
went  on  a  visit  to  London,  and  through 
the  influence  of  his  father  enjoyed  the  ad- 


Brougham  accepted  it  at  once,  and  Knight 
was  appointed  the  conductor  of  the  pub- 
lications of  the  Society  in  1827.  He 
travelled  throughout  the  country  giving 
lectures  upon  the  subject,  and  secured  all 
the  best  men  of  the  day  in  his  cause — 
that  of  Knowledge  versus  Ignorance. 
Of  the   labours  of  his   life  we   have  no 


,'antages  of  an  appointment  as  a  sort  of    space  to  give  anything  like  a  catalogue,  for 


390 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


the  mere  list  of  his  books  occupies  above 
a  score  of  folio  pages  in  the  Catalogue  of 
the  British  Museum.  A  full  account  of 
several  of  them  will  be  found  in  one 
of  Knight's  volumes  of  an  autobiographl- 


After  his  death,  a  "  Memorial  Fund  " 
was  formed,  which  resulted  in  a  marble 
bust  of  Charles  Knight  being  presented 
to  the  Corporation  of  Windsor,  by 
whom  it  was  placed  in  1875  in  the  Town 


CHARLES    KNIGHT  :    1751-1873. 


cal    character   entitled    "Passages   of   a  Hall  of  his  native  place.     A  memoir  of 

Working  Life  during  Half  a   Century."  this  respected  author  and  printer  appeared 

Douglns  Jerrold  once  said  of  him  that  his  in  Good  IVords,  September,  1867,  written 

sole  epitaph  ought  to  be  "Good  Knight."  by  Mr.  Andrew  Strahan,  publisher. 
He  died  on  the  9th  of  March,  1873. 

Knight  (Edward  K.).     The  First  Century  of  the  Republic:  Printing. 
\ln  HarJ>ers  Magazine,  yioxch,  1875.]      New  York:  1875.     8vo. 

Knofler  (H.  ).     Die  Xylographie  in  ihrer  vollendetsten  Leistung  im 
Dienste  der  Christlichen  Kunst.     Regensburg  :   1870,      i6nio. 

Fifteen  miniatures  printed  in  gold  and  colours. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  391 

Knox  (Vicesimus,  D.D.).  Essays,  Moral  and  Literary.  3  vols. 
London  :  1777.  ,i2mo. 
Essays  13^  to  136  deal  with  the  inven-  has  exercised  upon  the  moral  and  intel- 
tlon  of  printing,  and  the  moral,  political,  lectual  progress  of  the  world  the  author 
and  religious  influence  the  art  has  exer-  has,  however,  some  very  appreciative 
cised.  The  theories  propounded  as  to  remarks,  which  are  thus  summed  up  : — 
its  invention  are  both  crude  and  unre-  "The  art  of  printing,  in  whatever  light 
liable.  Guttenburg  {sic),  Faustus,  and  it  is  viewed,  has  deserved  respect  and 
Schoeffer,  are  in  conjunction  credited  attention.  From  the  ingenuity  of  the 
with  this  honour.  As  to  its  introduction  contrivance  it  has  ever  excited  mechan- 
into  this  country,  the  author  says  that  ical  curiosity ;  from  its  intimate  con- 
"  the  art  of  printing  was  stolen  from  nection  with  learning  it  has  justly 
Haarlem  and  brought  to  Oxford  by  claimed  historical  notice  ;  and  from  its 
Frederic  Corsellis  ;"  but  he  also  mentions  extensive  influence  on  morality,  politics, 
"  Bouchier,  Tumour,  and  Caxton,  who  and  religion,  it  is  now  become  a  subject 
were  most  instrumental  "  to  its  intro-  of  very  important  speculation." 
duction.     To  the  great  influence  the  art 

KoBELL  (Franz  von).  Die  Galvanographie,  eine  Methode,  gemalte 
Tuschbilder  durch  galvanische  Kupferplatten  im  Drucke  zu  ver- 
vielfaltigen.     Miinclien :  1842.     4to.  pp.  18.     7  plates. 

Ueber  die  Bildung  galvanischer  Kupferplatten,  vorziiglich  zum 

Zweck   der    Galvanographie,    mittelst   des    Trommel-Apparates. 
(In  the  Abhandlungen  der  kon.  Bayer' schen  Akade7tiie  der  Wissen- 
schaften,  vol.  6.)     4to. 
KoBERGER  or  Koburger. — i>^  Hase  ;  Waldau. 
Koch  (Mathias).    Kurzgefasste  kritische  Geschichteder  Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst,  mit  der  altesten  Wiener  und  osterreichischen 
Buclidruckergeschichte,  nebst   Wiederlegung   der  Anspriiche  der 
Stadte  Strassburg  und  Harlem  auf  die  Erfindung  und  Abfertigung 
der  neuesten  Behauptung :  Gutenberg  sey  ein  Bohme  und  gebo- 
rener    Kuttenberger.       Im    Anhange,    Untersuchung    uber    den 
Kalender  Johann's  von  Gmiinden  und  den  in  Wieu  aufgefundenen 
ersten  Kalender  von  den  Jahren  1400-1428.     Wien  :  1841.     8vo. 
The  copy  in  the  British  Museum  is  printed  upon  pink  paper. 
KOEHLER  (Gustav).      Zur  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerei   in  Gorlitz. 
Eine  Festschrift.     Gorlitz:   1840.     4to.  pp.  iv.,  23. 
Contains  a  rude  lithographic  drawing  of  the  High  School  of  Gorlitz,  and  some 
details  concerning  the  early  manufacture  of  paper,  and  of  the  practice  of  printing  in 
the  locality. 

KoEHLER    (Johann    David).       Hochverdiente    und    aus    bewahrten 

Urkunden   wohlbeglaubte  Ehren- Rettung    Johann    Guttenbergs, 

eingebohrenen  BUrgers  in  Mayntz,  aus  dem  alten  Rheinlandischen 

Adeligen  Geschlechte  derervon  Sorgenloch,  genannt  Giinsefleisch, 

wegen  der  ersten   Erfindung  der  nie   genug   gepriesenen  Buch- 

drucker-Kunst  in  der  Stadt  Mayntz,  zu  unverganglichen  Ehren 

der  Teutschen   Nation,   und  Insonderheit  der  loblichen  uralten 

Stadt  Mayntz,  mit  gantzlicher  und  unwiedersprechlicher  Entschei- 

dung  des  dariiber  entstandenen  dreyhundertjahrigen  Streits  ausge- 

fertiget.     Leipzig:  1 741.     4to.     Frontispiece,  seven  preliminary 

leaves,  pp.  108,  with  two  pedigrees. 

A  very  curious  work,  written  throughout  in  German,  and  printed  partly  in  black 

letter  and  partly  in  Roman.     At  the  end  several  poetical  effusions,  some  in  Latin, 

apropos  of  the  subject  of  the  book. 


392  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

KoEHLER  (Johann  David).  Articles  on  the  Invention  of  Printing:  and 
on  the  Jubilee  Festivals  in  Germany.  In,"  Historischer  Miinz- 
Belustigung,"  vols.  xii.  and  xiv.     Niirnberg  :   1740-42.     4to. 

KoEHLER  (J.  G.).  Die  von  Gott  bescherte  Druckerey  bey  der  Hoch- 
zeit  Herrn  Elise  N.  Kuhfuss  und  Jungfer  Catharinoe  Eliz.  Beckers. 
Freyberg :  1698.     Folio. 

KOELCHNER  (Ernst).  Die  Buchdruckereien  und  ihre  Druckwerke  zu 
Ober-Ursel.  Wiesba'den  :  1863.  8vo.  pp.  32,  Publikation  des 
Verein  f.  Nassauische  Alterthumskunde. 

KOELHOFF  (Johann). 

KoelhofF  was  from  Lubeck,    and  was  generally-accepted  theory  in  England  is 

one  of  the  most  industrious  of  printers,  that  Caxton  learned  printing  from  Colaid 

His  first  known  work  with  date  is  "J.  Mansion,  but  of  course  this  view  is  not 

Nyder  pracceptorum  divinae  legis,"  folio,  universally  adopted.     Koelhoff 's  device, 

1472.    Santander  says  the  date  of  1470  in  which  we  give  on  p.  393,  was  aho  adopted 

another  book  attributed  to  him  is  errone-  by  N.  Caisar,  and  is  described  under  that 

ous.    He  was  a  contemporary  of  Caxton,  name.      One   of  Koelhoff 's  productions 

and   some  discussion   has  arisen  on   the  was  "  Gerson  (Johannis,  doctoris  chris- 

question  whether   Caxton  was   indebted  tianissimi)    Operum   pars     prima  et    se- 

to  him   for  his   knowledge,  or  any  por-  cunda."     4  vols.     Small  folio.     Colonia;, 

tion  of  it,  of  the  art  of  printing.     The  Koelhoff:  1483-4. 

KoENiG  &  Bauer.     Die  Erfindung  der  Schnellpresse.    Kloster  Ober- 
zell,  near  Wiirzburg  :  1869.     Folio,    pp.4. 
Printed  on  the  23rd  of  March,  1869,  upon  the  1,000th  steam-press  built  by  the 
aVjove  firm. 

Das  Jubelfest   zu   Oberzell.       Ein    Erinnerungsblatt   auf  der 

Schnellpresse   No.   442    aus  der   Fabrik  von    Konig  und    Bauer 
gedruckt.     Wiirzburg :  1 873.     4to.  pp.  8. 

Verzeichniss    der   Buchdruckereien,    welche   die   ersten   zwei 

Tausend  Schnellpressen  aus  der  Maschinen-Fabrik  von  Konig^  und 

Bauer  in  Kloster  Oberzell  bei  Wiirzburg  bezogen  haben.     Kloster 

Oberzell:  1873. 

A  large  sheet  printed  in  red  and  black  on  the  occasion  of  the  completion  of  the 

2,oooth  steam-press,  on  the  6th  of  September,  1873,  and  giving  the  names  of  the 

different  firms  to  whom  the  machines  had  been  severally  supplied. 

The  founder  of  this  celebrated  firm,  mined  to  try  his  fortunes  in  England, 
Frederick  Koenig,  was  the  inventor  of  where  he  arrived  at  the  close  of  that  year, 
the  steam  printing-press.  He  was  the  The  only  printer  to  appreciate  his  project 
son  of  a  .small  farmer  at  Eislehen,  in  was  Thomas  Bensley,  who  entered  into  a 
Saxon  Prussia,  where  he  was  born  in  1774.  contract  with  him  in  1807  to  furnish  the 
He  was  sent  at  the  age  of  15  to  the  print-  money  necessary  to  construct  the  machine, 
ing-officeof  Breitkopf,  in  Leipzig,  where  he  It  occupied  three  years.and  in  iSioapatent 
afterwards  projected  the  machine  which  wastakenout.  He  then  obtained  the  assist- 
has  made  his  name  famous.  Being  unable  ance  of  Andrew  F.  Bauer,  an  ingenious 
to  obtain  in  Leipzig  and  elsewhere  the  German  mechanic,  and  by  their  united 
assistancerequisitetopresent  his  invention  efforts  the  fir.st  steam-press  was  completed 
in  practical  form,  he  accepted  aninvitation  in  April,  1811,  when  it  was  set  to  work  the 
from  the  Russian  Government  to  organize  Annual  Register.  Koenig  immediately 
a  State  Printing  Office  in  St.  Petersburg,  began  experiments  with  a  view  to  simplify 
in  1806.  Being  disgusted,  however,  with  it,  and  having  added  to  the  firm  two 
the  obstacles  thrown  in  his  way,  he  deter-     London  printers,  Taylor  and   Woodfall, 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


393 


JOHANN    KOELHOFF.        COLOGNE:    1470-1500. 

3  E 


394 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


took  out  a  new  patent  in  1811.  Under 
this  patent  a  press  was  completed  in  1812. 
The  proprietors  of  the  morning  news- 
papers were  then  invited  to  see  the  ma- 
chine, but  all  ignored  its  merits  except 
Mr.  John  Walter,  of  the  Times,  who 
ordered  two  double  machines  for  the  use 
of  that  journal.  The  Times  was  printed 
on  one  of  these  for  the  first  time  in  1814. 
Koenig  took  out  a  third  patent  in  181 3, 
and  a  fourth  in  1814,  making  successively 
important  improvements.  Soon  after  a 
dispute  arose  between  Koenig  and  Bens- 
ley,  when  the  former  returned  to  Germany 
with  his  friend  Bauer,  where  they  estab- 
lished themselves  as  machine-makers  in  the 
old  convent  of  Oberzell,  in  Bavaria.  This 
firm  has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant in  Europe,  and  its  machines  are 
to  be  found  in  ail  parts  of  the  world. 
Koenig  died  in  1833,  and  was  buried  by 
his  own  desire  in  the  orchard  adjoining 
his  factory.  A  commemorative  black 
marble  tablet  is  to  be  placed  over  the 
entrance  porch  of  the  house  in  which 
he  was  born  at  Eisleben.     Bauer,  who 


was  a  native  of  Wiirtemberg,  died 
at  Wiirzburg  in  i860,  aged  70  years, 
and  the  business  has  since  been  carried 
on  by  the  two  sons  of  Koenig,  vm- 
der  the  old  firm-name  of  Koenig  & 
Bauer.  The  Times  machine  was  super- 
seded by  the  Applegath  {q.v.)._  An  ac- 
count, with  drawings,  of  Koenig's  first 
patent  and  machine  will  be  found  in  the 
Mechanics'  ATngazitie,  vol.  6,  p.  259 ; 
Engineers'  and  Mechanics'  Encyclopedia, 
vol.  2,  p.  344 ;  Rolls  Chapel  Reports, 
7th  Report,  p.  209  ;  of  the  secofid  patent 
in  the  Rolls  Chapel  Reports,  8th  Report, 
p.  88  ;  of  the  third  patent,  or  the  Times 
machine,  in  the  same,  p.  100 ;  and  of  the 
last  improvements  effected  by  him  in  the 
same,  p.  112.  See  also  Joiimal  fiir 
Bnchdruckerknrtst,  1868,  art.  "The  first 
Times  Machine,"  and  1875,  art.  "  Fried- 
rich  Konig."  On  the  occasion  of  the 
Jubilee  of  the  firm  (1869),  a  catalogue,  the 
title  of  which  is  given  above,  was  issued 
of  those  printing-offices  which  were  sup- 
plied with  the  first  thousand  of  their  steam- 
presses. 


Koenig. — See  Goebel  (T.)  and  vSmiles  (S.)- 

KoERK  (F.  X.).  Wichtige  Erfindung  einer  einfachen,  nicht  zu  kost- 
spieligen  Druckmaschine  auf  Papp-  und  Tafeldruck.  Landshut : 
1853.     8vo. 

KoERNER  (Friedr. Johannes).  Gutenberg:  mit  farbigem  Kunstblatte : 
Fust  und  Gutenberg,  nach  einem  Oelgemalde  von  G.  Bartsch.  (In 
"Das  neue  Buch  der  Welt,"  I.  H,,  p.  1-4,)     Stuttgart :  1878. 


Kohl  (Aug.).     Prakt.  Anleitung  zur  Lithographie. 
Wien:  1820. 


Mit  I    Abbild. 


KONING  (Jacobus).  Aan  den  Heer  G.  van  Lennep  over  deszelfs 
Aanmerkingen  wegens  een  houten  drukvorm.  Amsterdam :  1809. 
8vo. 


Aan  de  Redactie  van  het  Tijdschrift  de  Vriend  des  Vaderlands 

of  tegenbedenkingen  tegen  het  hovengemelde  bericht.     Antwerp: 
1828. 

J,  F.  Willems  had  published   in  1828  and  it  was  in  reply  to  this  that  Koning 

a  work  on  the  Antwerp  printers  of  the  wrote  the  work  just  named.    This  in  turn 

fifteenth    century,    the    word    "printer"  elicited  a  counter-criticism  from  Willems. 

occurring   in   a   deed   of   the  year  1442  — See  Willems  (J.  F.). 
which  had  been  discovered  at  Antwerp, 


—  Beantwoording  van  het  nader  geschrift  van  den  Heer  G. 
van  Lennep  over  den  houten  drukvorm,  den  29sten  April,  1809, 
te  Leyden,  verkondschapt.     Amsterdam  :  1809.     8vo.  pp.  18. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


395 


KoNlNG  (Jacobus).     De  Drukkunst ;   Eene  verhandeling  uitgesproken 
in  eene  aanzienlijke  maatschappij.     Amsterdam  :   1794.     8vo. 

A  very  feeble  essay  on  the  art  of  printing,  partaking  largely  of  a  juvenile  effort. 
Some  copies  were  printed  upon  blue  paper. 


Verhandeling    over    de   uitvinding    der  Boekdrukkunst   door 

Koster.     181 5.     8vo.     With  facsimile. 

A  far   better  and   riper  essay  than   the   preceding,  extracted   from   the   serial, 
Mnemosyne.     A  French  translation  of  this  work  was  published  in  1816. 


Verhandeling  over  den  oorsprong,  de  uitvinding,  verbetering  en 

volmaking  der  boekdrukkunst.      Haarlem:  1816.     8vo.  pp.  viii., 
475,  xvi.     With  eight  plates. 

The  prize  essay  of  the  Dutch  Society  printed  by  Laurent  Janssoen  Koster,  is 

of  Sciences  of  Haarlem,  on  the  history  the  first  book  printed  with  movable  cast 

of  printing.      The   copy   in   the    British  type.     II.  A  comparison  of  the  language 

Museum,  which   is   from   the   library  of  and   orthography   of   the    three  printed 

F.  A.  Ebert,  contains  manuscript  notes  editions  of  the  Dutch  "  Speculum,"  viz., 

by  that  celebrated  writer  on  typography,  the  two  ancient  editions  in  folio  and  the 

About  ihe  year  1814,  the  Dutch  Society  edition  in   4to.    by   Veldener,    and   of  a 

of  Arts  and  Sciences  at  Haarlem  made  manuscript  of  the   year   1464.     III.  On 

known  its  intention  to  give  a  premium  the  paper-marks  found  in  the  "  Specu- 

for  the   best   dissertation   in   support   of  lum,"  and  in  other  ancient  works.     IV. 

the  tradition  that  printing  was  first_  in-  An  Examination  of  the  works  printed  at 

vented  in  that  city.     Mr.  Jacob  Koning,  Haarlem   by  Laurent   Janssoen  Koster. 

of  Amsterdam,  wrote,  in  consequence,  a  V.  Concerning  Laurent  Janssoen  Koster. 

work  on  the  subject,  which  was  approved  VI.  Ancient  portraits  engraved  in  wood 

by  the  Society  in  May,   i8i6.     In  order  of  Laurent  Janssoen,  Albert  van  Ouwater, 

to  give  the  essay  a  wider  publicity  than  Jan  van  Hemson,  Jan  Mandin,  and  Vol- 

would  be  obtained -in  the  Transactions  of  kert,  the  son  of  Nicolas.     VII.   Inquiry 

the  Society,  a  committee  of  superintend-  whether    or    not     the     descendants    of 

ence  was  appointed,  and  as  the  original  Laurent  Janssoen  continued  to  practise 

work  was  written  in  Dutch,  it  was  thought  the  art  of  printing.     VIII.    Of  the  rob- 

expedient   that   a  second   edition   of  it,  bery  committed  upon  Laurent  Janssoen 


somewhat  abridged  in  the  least  important 
chapters,  should  be  printed  in  the  French 
language,  which  was  published  under  the 
title  of  "  Dissertation  sur  rOrigine,"&c., 
in  1819. 

The  author  states  in  the  preface  that 


Koster.  IX.  The  improvement  and  per- 
fecting of  the  art  at  Mentz.  X.  On  the 
law  process  between  Joh.  Gutenberg  and 
George  and  Nicolas  Dritzehen  at  Stras- 
burg,  1439.  XL  Testimonies  of  foreign 
writers  in  favour  of  Haarlem.     XII.  I'he 


he  did  not  apply  himself  to  the  researches    Cologiie   Chronicle,   anno   1499.      XIII. 

necessary  to  clear  up  the  matter  in  dis-    The   Bible  in  Latin,  printed  at    Mentz, 

pute,  and  which  is  enveloped  in  so  much    between    1450    and    1455.       XIV.    The 

obscurity,  without  first  having  informed    testimonies   of   Jan   van   Zuren,  and   of 

himself  of  the  processes  used  in  casting    Theodore  Volkert  Coornhert.     XV.  The 

type,  and  of  the  mechanism  of  printing    narrative  of  Hadrian  Junius.     XVI.  On 

generally,  the  want  of  which  knowledge    a  passage  in  Carl  van  Mander  ;  and  on 

in   most   of  the  writers   upon   this  con- 

•  roversy  has  given  occasion  to  numerous 

contradictions     and     absurdities,    which 

have  more  and  more  confused  it.     Thus 

guided  by  experience,  it  is  remarked,  he 

examined  the  pieces  themselves  with  the 

most  scrupulous  exactness,  and  this  has 

left  him  thoroughly  convinced   that  the 

honour  of  the  invention  belongs  really  to 

Haarlem.       The    following    list    of   the 

chapters  presents  a  correct  idea  of  the 

contents  of  the  book  generally: — Chap  I. 

The  "Speculum   Humana;   Salvationis," 


the  silence  of  the  writers  of  chronicles 
concerning    the     invention     of    Koster. 

XVII.  Examinations  of  the  objections: 
that  no  book  exists,  containing  any  indi- 
cation that  it  was  printed  by  Koster  or 
his  descendants  ;  and  that  neither  Koster 
nor  his  descendants  ever  vindicated  their 
pretensions     against     those     of     Mentz. 

XVIII.  Researches  concerning  the  anti- 
quity of  the  "  Speculum,"  and  by  whom, 
according  to  Helnecken  and  Santander, 
it  must  have  been  printed.  XIX.  In- 
quiry whether  or  not   the  most   ancient 


396 


Bibliography  of  Friftting. 


block  books  were  originally  printed  in 
Germany.  XX.  Contradictions  in  the 
recitals  of  the  writers  in  favour  of  Mentz 
and  Strasbourg.  XXI.  On  the  Company 
of  printers,  &c. ,  at  Antwerp  in  1440; 
Louis  van  Vaelbeke,  Jan  Brit,  or  Briton, 
and  of  a  print  of  St.  Christopher ;  Con- 
clusion and  Supplement. 

In  the  first  chapter  Koning  under- 
takes to  prove  that  one  of  the  editions  of 
the  "  Speculum  "  was  the  first  book  that 
was  ever  printed  with  movable  cast  type. 
This  done,  it  would  only  be  necessary  to 
show  also  that  it  was  printed  in  Haarlem 
in  order  to  annihilate  the  German  theory. 
The  edition  upon  the  antiquity  of  which 
the  author  insists,  has,  however,  since 
been  conclusively  shown  to  be  the  fourth 
and  not  the  first  edition  of  the  book. 
Koning's  theory  concerning  the  imperfect 
mode  which  he  supposes  Koster  to  have 
used  in  casting  the  type  employed  in  it, 
and  the  rude  construction  of  his  press 
and  other  apparatus,  consequently  fall  to 
the  ground.  Koning  rejects  the  supposi- 
tion of  Meerman  that  the  alleged  Koster 
characters  were  engraved  on  separate 
pieces  of  wood,  and  proves  .satisfactorily 
that  they  were  cast  in  metal  type ;  en- 
deavouring to  account  for  their  imperfec- 
tions and  inequalities  by  supposing  that 
although  much  the  same  method  was 
used  in  casting  them  as  is  employed  in 
the  present  day,  the  punches  on  which 
the  original  letters  were  engraved  were 
of  wood,  and  the  matrices  of  lead.  The 
press,  he  thinks,  was  of  a  very  simple  con- 
struction, and  incapable  of  affording  that 
even  pressure  which  is  necessary  to  good 
printing.  The  form,  or  chase  in  which 
the  pages  of  type  were  fixed  previously 
to  their  being  impressed,  were  thick 
planks  of  oak,  with  holes  cut  in  them  of 
the  size  proper  to  receive  them.  He 
remarks  that  the  cuts  were  printed  sepa- 
rately from  the  pages  of  text,  and  ob- 
serves that  the  circumstance  of  the  dif- 
ferent editions  of  the  "  Speculum"  being 
printed  only  on  one  side  of  the  paper  wa-s 
rendered  necessary  from  the  too  great 
pressure  used  in  printing  the  text,  which 
sometimes  forced  the  letters  through  the 
paper,  or  nearly  so. 

There  is  an  elaborate  summing-up,  and 
a  warm  eulogium  upon  Koster.  "  If," 
says  Koning,  "it  be  now  considered  that 
the  printer  of  the  '  Speculum,'  in  order  to 
produce  it,  required  the  complete  appa- 
ratus of  punches,  matrices,  moulds,  solid 
frames  of  wood  to  contain  the  pages, 
presses,  ink,  dabbers,  &.c. ;  that  the  fabri- 
cation, the  preparation  and  manipula- 
tion of  all  these  instruments,  were  the 
fruits  of  his  invention ;  that  in  his  early 


attempts— his  first  essays— many  of  his 
operations  must  have  failed,  and  conse- 
quently have  been  recommenced,  per- 
haps again  and  again  ;  we  may  then  form 
an  idea  of  the  continual  exertion  of  in- 
tellect, the  extreme  patience,  the  activity 
and  indefatigable  labour,  the  enormous 
expense,  and  the  great  length  of  time 
that  he  must  have  employed  in  order  to 

succeed   in    his  enterprise What 

praises  can  be  too  great  for  such  a  man  ? 
....  The  ver>'  defects  and  imperfections 
convince  every  impartial  person  that  the 
'  Speculum '  is  one  of  the  first  produc- 
tions of  the  art  of  printing  with  movable 
type.  ...  It  may  readily  be  conceived 
how  difficult  it  must  have  been  for  the 
printer,  after  he  had  arranged  the  two 
columns  of  a  page  in  the  form,  to  take 
out  erroneous  letters  and  replace  them  by 
others.  Enschede  used,  agreeably,  to 
term  these  errors  of  the  press  '  the  pearls 
in  the  crown  of  Laurent  Koster.'  Never- 
theless, however  defective  and  imperfect 
this  '  Speculum'  may  be,  the  printer  of 
it  first  opened  the  road  to  the  practice 
and  perfecting  of  typography,  and  trod 
the  first  steps  by  which  others  might  be 
guided  to  the  attainment  of  the  desired 
end." 

The  second  chapter  is  intended  to 
prove  further  the  antiquity  of  this  Dutch 
edition  of  the  "Speculum"  by  a  com- 
parison of  its  orthogcaphy  with  that  of 
the  other  Dutch  edition  in  folio.  This 
argument,  however,  is  now  completely 
exploded,  by  the  abundant  proof  we  have 
that  this  so-called  first  edition  is  not  such; 
besides,  the  mere  abundance  of  inaccu- 
racies of  orthography  is  no  evidence  of 
antiquity,  but  rather  of  the  defective 
education,  or  the  carelessness  of  the 
printer.  In  the  third  chapter,  Koning 
treats  of  the  paper-marks  in  the  different 
editions  of  the  "  Speculum,"  and  his 
arguments  seemed  so  plausible  that  the 
late  Mr.  Ottley  (who  was  an  adherent  of 
the  Koster  theory)  spent  five  months  in 
Holland  in  examining  the  evidence 
founded  on  this  point,  and  came  to  the 
conclusion,  after  the  most  careful  con- 
sideration, and  an  investigation  in  which 
he  was  assisted  by  Koning  himself,  that 
there  is  no  proof  that  the  paper  was  made 
at  the  early  period  claimed  ;  in  short,  that 
this  evidence  must  be  abandoned,  in  the 
pursuit  of  the  controversy.  In  the  fourth 
chapter  Koning  agrees,  he  says,  with 
writers  in  general  that  the  use  of  playing 
cards  gave  rise  to  wood-engravings  of  the 
images  of  saints,  adding  that  he  pos- 
sesses several  of  these  ancient  woodcuts 
engraved  in  the  Low  Countries ;  then 
came  the  block  books,  containing  figures; 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


397 


next  occurred  the  idea  of  engraving 
letters  on  separate  pieces  of  wood  ;  and 
lastly,  cast  metal  type  was  discovered. 
He  insists  that  these  discoveries  were  by 
degrees  made  at  Haarlem,  and  speaks  of 
a  xylographic  fragment  of  a  "  TJonatus," 
and  of  a  page  of  an  "  Horarium"  which  he 
supposes  to  have  been  two  of  Koster's 
first  productions  ;  afterwards  of  the  little 
"book  of  eight  small  pages"  in  the  col- 
lection of  Enschede,  which  he  shows  to 
be  printed  with  movable  characters. 
Koning  next  treats  of  the  different 
editions  of  the  "Donatus"  which  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  printed  by  Koster 
or  his  descendants  with  movable  types, 
furnishing  details  as  to  the  places  where, 
and  the  ages  of  the  books  in  the  bindings 
of  which  the  fragments  he  enumerates 
were  found.  He  concludes  that  Koster 
successively  engraved  and  cast  four  dif- 
ferent sorts  of  types.  With  the  first  he 
printed  the  "Horarium,"  with  the  second 
a  "Donatus,"  with  the  third  another 
"  Donatus  "  and  the  first  Dutch  "  Specu- 
lum," and  with  the  fourth,  the  three 
other  "  Donatuses,"  as  well  as  the  second 
Dutch  "Speculum,"  and  the  two  later 
editions.  "If  now,"  he  says,  "we  sup- 
pose a  little  more  than  a  year  to  have 
been  employed  on  each  of  these  seventeen 
works  [he  only  gives -ten,  however],  which 
one  with  another  is  not  too  much  ;  and  if 
we  subtract  this  number  from  the  year 
1439  or  1440  [when  he  supposes  Koster 
to  have  died],  it  will  bring  us  to  the  year 


1420  [he  should  have  said  1429  or  1430] 
as  about  the  time  when  Koster  began  to 
print,  which  is  in  accordance  with  the 
opinion  of  some  writers,  who  date  the 
origin  of  the  art  of  printing  to  the  year 
1420  or  1422."  The  fifth  chapter  gives 
the  alleged  facts  concerning  the  life  of 
Koster,  which  Meerman  and  Koning 
himself  believed  they  had  been  able  to 
collect.  In  the  seventh  chapter  he  gives  his 
reasons  for  believing  that  the  printing 
business  was  continued  by  the  descend- 
ants of  Koster  after  his  death,  as  was 
the  opinion  of  Meerman.  He  describes 
two  volumes  in  the  collection  of  Enschede 
which,  from  the  character  of  the  type 
and  other  circumstances,  he  thinks  were 
printed  at  Haarlem  by  the  descendants  of 
Koster.  The  eighth  chapter  treats  of  the 
robbery  of  Koster's  printing  apparatus, 
recorded  by  Junius,  and  claims  that  the 
story  is  supported  by  many  valid  proofs. 
In  the  tenth  chapter  Koning  expresses 
an  opinion  that  in  1439  Gutenberg  was 
occupied  in  endeavours  to  construct  a 
printing-press  of  a  more  perfect  kind  than 
had  been  known  before,  and  believes  that 
Gutenberg  had  been  informed  of  Koster's 
printing  operations  by  his  supposed  elder 
brother  Gensfleisch.  The  rest  of  the 
theories  is  foreshadowed  in  the  contents. 
In  the  conclusion  the  author  sums  up  the 
various  proofs  and  arguments  which  have 
been  produced  by  him  in  the  course  of 
his  work. 


Koning.   Bijdragen  tot  de  Geschiedenis  der  Boekdrukkunst.  Haarlem : 

1818.    8vo.  pp.  ii.,  138.    2  plates. Tweede  Stuk.    (2nd  part). 

Haarlem :  1820.     8vo.  pp.  139  to  212.     i  plate. 

intended  to  bring  out  a  third  part,  but 
although  completed  by  the  author,  it  was 


These  two  parts  are  supplementary  to 
the  preceding  works.  The  plates  give 
copies  of  the  watermarks  of  the  "  Specu- 
lum," the  portrait  of  Koster  in  the  col- 
lection of  Pieter  van  Damme,  of  Amster- 
dam, and  facsimiles  of  the  so-called 
Kosterian  Donatus.     It  was  originally 


never  printed,  and  the  MS.  was  subse- 
quently purchased  by  Mr.  F.  Miiller, 
who  presented  it  to  the  Booksellers'  In- 
stitute of  Amsterdam. 


Dissertation  sur  I'Origine,  1' Invention,  et  le  Perfectionnement 

de  rimprimerie.  Traduit  du  Hollandais.  Amsterdam  :  1819. 
8vo.  pp.  viii.,  2  leaves  of  contents,  180,  seven  plates  of  specimens 
of  early  types  and  portraits  of  Koster  and  his  son. 

A  translation  and  condensation  of  the  two  preceding  works. 


We  append  two  reproductions  from 
Koning's  work.  The  first  is  a  fragment 
of  a  xylographic  impression,  printed 
before  the  invention  of  typography, 
on  a  single  sheet  11  inches  wide  by 
16  inches  high.  Its  nature  is  clearly 
set   forth   in   the   preface,   "The   Temp- 


tations of  the  Devil,  as  he  tempteth 
man  to  the  seven  inortal  sins."  The 
Evil  One,  with  a  kind  of  rake  in  his 
hand,  stands  in  the  corner  to  the  left. 
Beneath  him  is  the  list  of  the  seven  deadly 
sins  :— Pride,  Covetousness,  Lust,  Anger, 
Gluttony,    Envy,    Sloth.      The  tempted 


398 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


man  is  the  monk,  near  the  centre  of  the 
print,  who  siippHcates  the  aid  of  an  angel, 
who  is  seen  flying  to  his  rescue.  Below 
the  angel  are  appropriate  quotations  from 
scripture.  The  work  was  engraved  and 
printed  in  the  form  of  a  placard,  that  it 
might  be  fastened  against  a  wall  for  the 
contemplation  of  the  devout. 


book  is  like  that  of  letters  in  the  manu- 
scripts of  Holland  in  the  15th  century, 
and  that  they  closely  resemble  the  en- 
graved letters 'of  one  edition  of  the  "Ars 
Moriendi."  It  shows  the  conjugation  of 
the  verb  lego,  but  is  arranged  in  a  very 
different  style  to  that  now  adopted.  For 
instance,  the  fragment  begins  with  first 


'^mahsittortaltto0?teottimmmi«.€(rDaniiti^numt&?ftii(to  bot)t> 


ijoinnsiiiprauioua  ^rruwui  m»ii«.<cr  unniii-  \m  lumrotniiiiO  cot) 


FRAGMENT   OF   THE   TE.Ml'TATIONS   OF    THE   DEVIL  (reduced   facsimile). 


The  illustration  .shows  only  a  portion  person  plural,  legimus,  and  continues  to 

of  the  upper  part  of  this  curious  print,  of  legitis,  legiint,  of  the  present  tense ;  lege- 

which   the   only  known   copy  is  in   the  bavt,  legebas,  legebat,  of  the   imperfect 

British  Museum.     It  is  supposed  to  have  tense.     Every  one   can  appreciate   how 

beeu  printed  in  the  Netherlands.  the  modern   typographical  arrangement 


FRAGMENT  OF  AN  EARLY  DONATUS. 


The  second  illustration  is  a  fragment  cf  in  the  grammars  facilitates  the  acquisition 

a  leaf  of  a  xylographic  Donatus,  taken  of  the  different  inflections  of  the  words, 

from  the  cover  ofa  book  printed  by  Gerard  This  is  a  fair  specimen,  however,  of  the 

Leeu,  of  Antwerp,  in  1490.     Koning  says  forbidding  appearance  of  all  the  prir.ted 

that   the   fashion   of  the   letters  in   this  work  of  the  15th  century. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  399 

KoNiNG  en  SCHELTEMA.    4  brieven  over  het  regt  van  Haarlem  op  de 
uitvinding  der  Drukkunst.     Haarlem  :  1823.     8vo. 

en  Vries  (A,  de).     In  welk  jaar  dezer  eeuw  behoort  het  Vierde 

Jubel  van  de  Uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst  te  Haarlem  gevierd 
te  worden  ?  In  twee  Brieven  yan  den  Heer  J.  Koning  te  Am- 
sterdam, aan  den  Wei  Eerw.  Heer  A.  de  Vries  te  Haarlem, 
beantwoofd.     Haarlem:  1822.     8vo.  p.  ii. 

James  Koning  was  for  the  best  part  graphy  (234  Nos.)  was  purchased  in  1833 

of  his  Hfe  "commis  greffier  au  tribunal  for  £T-f>  by  the  Community  of  Haarlem, 

de   premiere    instance,"   at   Amsterdam,  and   placed   in  the  Town    Library,  and 

He  was  born  in  the  second  half  of  the  another  portion   was   purchased   by  the 
i8th    century.      He    first    distinguished*  British   Commissioners  of  Patents,   who 

himself  in  literature  by  the  "Memoire"  have   deposited  it   in  the  library  of  the 

above  cited,  which,  as  we  have  stated.  Patent    Office,    Southampton    Buildings, 

was  co2irofine  by  the  Academy  in  1816.  Chancery  Lane. 
A  part  of  his   library  relating    to   typo- 


See  Ebert,  Lehne,  Scheltema,  and  Vries. 


KooPS  (Matthias).  Historical  Account  of  the  Substances  which  have 
been  used  to  describe  Events,  and  to  convey  Ideas  from  the  Earliest 
Date  to  the  Invention  of  Paper.  Printed  on  the  first  useful  paper 
manufactured  soley  {sic)  from  straw.  London,  printed  by  J. 
Burton,  No.  31,  Little  Queen  Street.     1800.     8vo. 

A  very  interesting  work,  consisting  of  thistles,  waste  and  refuse  of  hemp  and 

91  pages,  each  lof  x  6  in.     The  paper  is  flax,  and  different  kinds  of  wood  and  bark 

as  thick  as  cartridge  or  wrapping-paper,  fit  for  printing,   and    other  useful   pur- 

and  of  a  deep  yellow  colour.     The  book  poses,  he  "lays  at  his  Majesty's  feet" 

is  dedicated  to  George  IIL,  and  the  pre-  the  first  useful  paper  which  has  ever  been 

face  states  that  the  writer,  having  been  made   from   straw  without   any  rags   or 

granted   patents  for  extracting   Printing  addition.     The  appendix  to  the  work  is 

and  Writing  Inks  from  Waste  Pajjer  by  printed  on  paper  made  from  wood  alone, 

reducing  it  to  a   pulp,  and  converting  it  A  second  edition  of  this  work  was  pub- 

into  white  paper  fit  for  writing,  printing,  lished    in    t8oi,    in    8vo.,  "  Printed    on 

and    for  other    purposes,   and    also  for  Paper    remade    from    old    printed    and 

manufacturing  paper  from   straw,    hay,  written  paper." 

KORTEBRANT  (Jakob).      Lof  der  Drukkunst,  te  Haarlem  uitgevonden 

door  Laurens  Janszoon  Koster  omtrent  het  jaer  1440 ;  op  haer 

derde  eeuwgetijde.      Met   nodige   aanmerkingen.      Delft :  1740. 

4to.  pp.  79.     Plate  of  a  medal  of  Koster. 

On  the  title  page  is  a  fine  copperplate     cases  are  in  one  piece.     Before  the  figure, 

vignette,  of  peculiar  composition.    In  the     the  screw  and  arm  of  a  press  and  two 

centre  is  a  female  figure,  partly  enveloped     inking-balls. 

in  a  garment  exhibiting  the  letters  of  the  The  letterpress  is  an  elaborate  eulo- 
Roman  alphabet  in  squares.  On  the  left  gium  of  Koster  in  verse,  written  in 
is  a  view  of  the  wood  of  Haarlem  ;  view  Dutch.  On  p.  37  is  a  representation  of 
of  the  city  in  the  background.  Fore-  the  medal  in  honour  of  Koster ;  obverse, 
ground  a  figure  of  Koster,  engraving  Primus  artis  typographicae  inv.  circa 
small  pieces  of  wood  or  bark.  On  the  mccccxl.  Some  historical  matter  fol- 
right,  interior  of  a  printing-office  with  lows,  and  a  list  of  towns  and  the  date 
pressmen  and  compositors  at  work.     The    when,  it  is  stated,  printing  was  introduced. 

Koster.  Aanmerkingen  op  de  gedenkschriften  wegens  het  vierde 
eeuwgetijde  van  de  uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst,  door  Lourens 
Janszoon  Koster,  overgenomen  uit  de  'j  Gravenhaagsche  Couranten 
van  den  12,  14  en  28  Julij  1824,  en  yermeerderd  met  eenige  aan- 


400  Bibliography  of  Frintifig. 

teekeningen,  strekkende  om  aan  te  toonen  dat  door  dit  werk  aan  de 
zaak  van  Haarlem  nadeel  is  toegebragt.  [By  G.  van  Lennep.] 
's  Gravenhage  ;  1824.     8vo.  pp.  30. 

KosTER.  Beknopt  Verhaal  van  de  viering  van  het  Vierde  Eeuwgetijde 
na  de  vinding  der  Boekdrukkunst.  Batavia:  1825.  8vo.  Fine 
paper. 

Berichten  uit  de  andere  wereld,  of  spreekende  dooden.     Samen- 

komft  tuschen  L.  Jz.  Koster,  L.  A.  Seneca,  en  J.  Hus.  Amster- 
dam: 1758.     8vo. 

An  imaginary  conversation  in  "the  other  world"  between  Koster,  Seneca,  and 
Hus. 

Beschrijving,    Korte,    der    Boeken   door    Lourens    Janszoon 

Koster,  te  Haarlem,  tusschen  de  Jaren  1420  en  1440  gedrukt ; 
alsmede  van  eenige  merkwaardigheden  tot  de  geschiedenis  van  L. 
J.  Koster  betrekkelijk,  bij  gelegenheid  van  het  vierde  Eeuw-feest 
van  de  Uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst,  in  de  Kerk  der  Doops- 
gezinde  Gemeente  aldaar  ten  toon  gesteld,  op  den  10*^"  en  1 1*^"  Julij, 
1823.  [By  Rev.  A.  de  Vries.]  Haarlem:  1823.  8vo.  pp.  20. 
2  leaves  of  supplement. 

Bewijzen  voor  de  echtheid  en  gelijkenis  der  bude  af beeldingen 

van  Coster.     [By  Rev.  A.  de  Vries.]     Haarlem:   1847.     8vo. 

De  Commissie  tot  onderzoek  naar  het  jaar  der  uitvinding  van 


de  Boekdrukkunst.    [By  Rev.  A.  de  Vries.]    Haarlem:  1822.    8vo. 

—  Eeuwgetijde,  het  vierde,  van  de  Uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst 
gevierd  den  loden  van  Hooimaand  1823.  Door  het  Hoornsche 
departement  der  Maatschappij  :  tot  nut  van  't  Algemeen.  Am- 
sterdam: 1823.     8vo.  pp.  72. 

Feest-Zangen  op  het  vierde  Eeuwgetijde  van  de  Uitvinding  der 


Drukkunst,  door  Laurens  Jz.  Koster  ;  gevierd  op  de  geboortedag 
van  Z.  M.  den  Koning  op  den  24sten  Augustus  1823,  door 
geemploijeerden  der  Bataviasche  Lands -Drukkerij.  Batavia 
(Java):  1823.  8vo.  12  leaves. 
Songs  in  Dutch,  &c.,  by  the  employis  of  the  Batavia  press,  in  honour  of  the 
Koster  Festival  of  1823. 

Haarlems  en  Kosters  regt  op  de  uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst. 

Haarlem:  1823.     8vo. 

Hedendaagsche  voorstelling  van  Coster  en  de  uitvinding  der 

Boekdrukkunst  in  Frankrijk.     [By  A.  D.  Schinkel.]     's  Gravenh. 
1853.     8vo. 

Laurens  Janszoon  Koster.      Uitvinder  der  boekdrukkunst,  te 


Haarlem,  omstreeks  1423.     Oprigting  van  het  standbeeld  tot  C's 
eere,  der  Stad  Haarlem  aangeboden  als  huldevan  Neerlands  Volk. 
Amsterdam  :  [1856].     4to.   pp.  20. 
A  popular  recital  of  the  legend. 


Bibliography  of  Printiiig.  401 

KOSTER.     Laurens  Janszoon  Koster.      Een  liedje  bij  de  onthuUing  \aii 
zijn  standbeeld,      Rotterdam:   1856.     8vo. 

Laurens    Jansz,    Koster.       Jaarboekje   voor   Typographische 

Vereenigingen.  Eerste  Jaargang,  1856.  Leyden  :  1856.  i2mo. 
pp.  xvi.,  112.     Portrait  of  M.  M.  de  Blinde,  compositor. 

Laurier-Krans,    gevlogten    om't   hoofd   van    Laurens    Koster, 

eerste  Uitvinder  der  Boekdrukkunst  binnen  Haarlem.  Haarlem  : 
1726.     4to. 

Containing  poems  by  Langendijn,  Bot,  &c. 

Leven  van  Laurens  Jansz.  Koster,  Haarlemmer,  eerste  vinder  der 

drukkunst.  In  "Levensbeschrijving  van  beroemde  en  geleerde 
Mannen,-' Vol.  II.,  No.  6.     Pp.  73.     Amsterdam:   1730.     8vo. 

Levens-Schets  van  Laurens  Jansz.  Koster.     (Part  of  a  book.) 

Svo. 

Lotgevallen  van  Costers  Woning.      [By  Rev.   A.  de  Vries.] 

Haarlem:   1 85 1      Svo. 

Programma  wegens  de  viering  van  het  vierde  Eeuwfeest  der 

Uitvinding  van  de  Boekdrukkunst  door  Laurens  Jansz.  Koster, 
te  Haarlem,  den  lO  en  ii  Julij  1823.  Haarlem:  1823.  8vo. 
pp.  II. 

Rapport  van  de  Commissie  benoemd  door  den  raad  der  Stad 

Haarlem  tot  bet  onderzoek  naar  het  jaar  van  de  uitvinding  der 
boekdrukkunst.  [By  Rev.  A.  de  Vries,  and  others.]  Haarlem: 
1822.     8vo. 

Tien  vragen  van  eenen  Hoogduitscher  .  .  .   eene  hulde  aan 


L.  J.  Koster.     Deventer:  1856.     8vo. 

Vrolijke  Liederen  der  Drukkersgezellen  te  Dordrecht,  toegewijd 

aan  het  vierde  Eeuwfeest,  van  de  Uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst, 

door  Laurens  Janszoon  Koster.      Gezongen  ter  gelegenheid  van 

hunnen    feestvierenden   optogt,   met    eene    Rijdende  en    tegelijk 

werkende  Drukpers,  des  avoncls  van  den  10  Julij  1823,  bij  Fak- 

kelligt.     [By  Pluym  de  Jaager.]     Dordrecht :  1823.     8vo.  pp.  15. 

A  collection  of  songs  sung  at  the  Kos-     testably  disproved.     It  is  needless,  there- 

ter  Festival  at  Dordrecht,  1823.  fore,  to  occupy  the  attention  of  the  reader 

The   above   comprise   the    anonymous    with  quasi-biographical  information,  but 

pamphlets  and  other  publications  relating     anyone  who  may  desire  to  acquaint   him- 

to   Koster   and   the   several  commemor-     self  with  what  may  be  regarded  as  the 

ative  festivals  in  his    honour  that  have     ''romance"  of  the  history  of  printing,  will 

come   under  our   notice.     Many   others     find  abundant  details  of  a  curious  and 

whose   authors  are   announced,   or   have     amusing   character    in    the    many   books 

been  identified,  are  scattered  through  this     which    from    time    to    time    have    been 

Bibliography.  written  upon  the  subject. 

Laurence  Koster  and  the  Haarlem  It  may,  however,  be  desirable  here  to 
legend  that  ascribes  to  him  the  honour  of  recall  a  few  points  in  the  controversy,  and 
having  invented  the  art  of  typography  to  supply  some  sort  of  connecting  link 
have  for  upwards  of  two  centuries  been  between  the  works  which  have  succes- 
the  subject  of  acrimonious  controversy,  sively  been  issued  in  reference  to  it.  We 
It  is  only  within  the  last  ten  years  that  cannot  specify  more  than  the  salient  or 
the  supposititious  details  of  his  mythical  representative  authors,  those,  in  fact,  who 
career  have  been  completely  and  incon-     may  really  be  said  to  have  investigated 

^    F 


402 


Bibliography  of  Printijig. 


the  subject  in  the  historic  method  ;  by 
actual  reference  to  the  original  writings, 
prints,  and  other  objects  concerned.  In 
doing  this  we  shall  at  the  risk  of  some 
repetition  further  obviate  to  some  extent 
the  inevitable  disadvantages  of  the  alpha- 
betic system  of  our  Bibliography,  and 
present  a  few  of  the  most  notable  books 
in  their  natural  chronological  order  and 
sequence. 

Taking  a  comprehensive  view  of  the 
typographic  controversy,  we  find  that 
there  may  be  said  to  have  been  seven 
important  epochs,  each  marked  by  the 
appearance  of  an  original  treatise.  These 
are  the  periods  of — 

1.  Peter  Scriverius    1628 

2.  Gerard  Meerman 1765 

3.  Carl  Heinrich  von  Heinecken  . .    1771 

4.  Carlo  Antonio  de  la  Sema  San- 

tander   1805 

5.  Jacobus  Koning  1819 

6.  William  Young  Ottley    1863 

7.  Antonius  van  der  Linde 1870 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  first 
to  claim  for  Haarlem  the  invention 
of  printing  was  Coornhert.  An  Italian 
named  Guicciardini  reiterated  the  state- 
ment in  "A  Description  of  the  Low 
Countries,"  published  in  Antwerp  in 
1566.  Hadrianus  Junius,  in  his  "Batavia, 
or  History  of  Holland,"  written  about 
1570,  was  the  first  to  give  anything 
like  a  connected  story  of  the  alleged 
discovery  ;  but  the  first  book  written  on 
the  .special  point  was  Scriverius's  "  Lau- 
recrans  voor  Coster  van  Harlem"  (Haar- 
lem, 1628,  4to.).  His  hypothesis  was 
that  printing  was  first  practised  at  May- 
ence  in  1450,  but  that  as  early  as  1430 
books  with  figures  cut  on  wood  had  been 
printed  by  Koster  in  the  xylographic 
method.  The  "Speculum"  Scriverius 
considered  was  executed  with  metal  t>T)es. 

In  1640  appeared  the  "  Historia  Typo- 
graphise  Argentorati  inventse  "  of  Adam 
Schrag.  It  was  a  German  essay  trans- 
lated into  Latin,  and  reprinted  in  Wolf's 
"  Monumenta  Typographica, "  ii.,  1-67. 
He  claims  that  INIentel  invented  printing 
at  Strasburg,  and  that  it  was  not  prac- 
tised in  Italy  and  France  until  it  had 
previously  been  introduced  at  Mayence 
by  a  workman  of  Mentel's.  Schrag's 
assertions  were  reiterated  by  Boeckler 
and  Schmidt  in  orations  delivered  in 
1640  {vide  Woi.F,  ii.,  58-188). 

This  brings  us  down  to  the  middle  of 
the  17th  century.  Two  hundred  years 
after  its  invention.  Typography  had  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  no  historian 
worthy  of  credence  ;  and  the  honour  at- 
taching to  its  discovery  had  been  sought, 


not  in  the  interests  of  truth,  but  of 
patriotic  self-glorification.  I'he  condition 
in  which  the  knowledge  of  the  subject 
then  stood  may  be  understood  from  the 
belief  that  was  for  a  time  given  to  the  ex- 
traordinary fabrications  and  wild  asser- 
tions of  Richard  Atkyns,  who  in  1664 
issued  his  "  Original  and  Growth  of 
Printing."  He  actually  ascribed  the 
origin  of  printing  to  John  Gutenberg,  at 
Haarlem,  thus  "  mixing  up"  two  entirely 
contradictory  and  irreconcilable  theories. 
To  get  out  of  some  of  the  difficulties  thus 
arising,  he  invented  a  story  of  the  art 
having  been  taken  to  Mentz  by  a  brother 
of  one  of  Gutenberg's  workmen.  He 
makes  the  mythical  Corsellis  learn  the 
art  at  Haarlem.  This  imperfect  know- 
ledge of  the  origines  continued  till  the 
beginning  of  the  i8th  century,  as  is 
evident  from  the  fact  that  Bagford,  the 
biblioclast,  issued  in  1705  his  "  Essay  on 
the  Invention  of  Printing"  (Phil.  Trans. 
XXV.),  in  which  he  ascribes  the  first  inven- 
tion of  the  art  to  Haarlem.  Bagford's 
loose,  disconnected,  and  gullible  essay 
actually  was  accorded  the  honour  of 
being  translated  and  republished  in  Latin. 

A  few  years  elap.sed,  and  we  come  to 
the  first  book  evincing  a  spirit  of  investi- 
gation and  the  critical  faculty.  In  1719, 
appeared  Michael  Maittaire's  "Annales 
Typographici  ab  artis  inventae  originae" 
(4to.  Hag.  Com.-Amstelod  et  Londini), 
in  5  vols.  Maittaire  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  Fust,  Gutenberg,  and 
SchoefTer  were  the  first  printers;  but  his 
work  is  tinged  with  the  errors  of  his  pre- 
decessors. He  says  that  on  the  dissolu- 
tion of  their  partnership  in  1455,  Guten- 
berg went  to  Strasburg,  and  thence  to 
Haarlem,  where  Corsellis  worked  for  him 
until  he  was  enticed  to  Oxford  in  1459. 
He  believed  that  printing  first  commenced 
in  1440,  and  that  after  employing  en- 
graved plates  or  blocks  of  wood,  the  in- 
ventors made  use  of  wooden  engraved 
characters,  and  afterwards  of  fusile  types. 

In  1733  appeared  Palmer's  "General 
History  of  Printing"  (Lond.,  1733,  4to.), 
written,  actually,  by  George  Psalmanazar. 
In  this,  Faust  and  Schoeffer  are  regarded 
as  the  inventors  of  printing,  the  origin  of 
which  is  fixed  at  1440;  the  invention  of 
cast  types  between  1440  and  1450. 

Seven  years  later  appeared  the  remark- 
able collection  of  essays,  tracts,  poems, 
and  orations  known  as  the  "  Monumenta 
Typographica,"  of  J.  Christopher  Wolf, 
Minister  and  Professor,  at  Hamburg.  It 
is  in  four  volumes,  or  two  parts,  and 
comprises  both  original  and  selected 
pieces,  the  latter  e.xtracted  from  the  prin- 
cipal authors  who  had  previously  written 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


403 


on  the  history  of  printing.  This  work  is 
further  noteworthy  from  the  fact  that  it 
contains  an  early  attempt  to  compile  a 
Biblio2;raphy  of  Printing.  In  pars,  i, 
vol.  i.,  pp.  I  to  72,  there  is  contained  the 
"  Bibliotheca  Typographica,  seu  elenchus 
scriptorum,  qui  partem  copiose,  partem 
breviter,  artem  typographicam  illustra- 
runt."  The  book  gives  an  accurate  idea, 
even  by  its  theoretical  diversities,  of  the 
state  of  knowledge  at  the  time. 

In  1758,  Pro.sper  Marchand  wrote  his 


entitled  "  Supplement  a  I'Histoire  de 
ri mprimerie  de  Prosper  Marchand,  ou 
additions  et  corrections  pour  cet  ouvrage." 
Marchand's  errata  were  revised  with  great 
care,  and  the  Supplement  is  indeed  even 
more  valuable  than  the  original  work. 

In  1758,  P.  S.  Fournier  ("  Fournier  le 
jeune") began  his"Recueil  de  Differents 
Traites  sur  ITmprimerie  et  les  Carac- 
teres"  (Paris,  1758-1763).  It  is  chiefly  a 
collection  of  tracts,  but  contains  a  large 
amount  of  original   and   careful  matter. 


LAUKENS    JAN.^ZOON    KOSTER. 


"  Histoire  de  I'lmprimerie,"  in  which  he 
stated  that  Gutenberg  conceived  the  idea 
of  printing  about  1440,  and  completed  it 
at  Mayence  ;  that  for  a  long  time  it  con- 
sisted in  engraving  letters  on  wooden 
blocks  ;  that  before  1450,  Gutenberg, 
with  the  assistance  of  Fust  and  one 
Meydenbach,  printed  an  "  Alphabetum," 
a  "Donatus,"  and  the  "  Catholicon." 
In  1775,  we  may  parenthetically  remark, 
M.  Mercier,  the  Abbe  of  St.  Leger,  pub- 
lished a  supplement  to  Marchand's  work. 


Fournier's  hypothesis  was  that  Gutenberg 
did  not  deserve  the  honour  of  being  re- 
garded as  the  inventor  of  printing  ;  that, 
however,  he  and  Fust  at  Mayence  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  separating  the  letters 
of  the  block-books  by  sawing  them  out  of 
the  wood  plates  in  order  that  the  com- 
position might  be  varied.  That  by  means 
of  this  process  they  executed  two  editions 
of  the  Bible,  the  first  of  which  was  under- 
taken about  1450.  'I'hat  after  the  disso- 
lution of  partnership  between  Gutenberg 


404 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


and  Fust,  another  was  formed  between 
Fust  and  Schoeffer,  who  printed  the 
Psalter  of  1457  and  1459  with  movable 
wooden  tj'pes.  That  about  1458  Schoef- 
fer invented  the  real  art  of  printing  with 
fusile  types,  and  printed  the  "Rationale" 
of  Durandus. 

In  1760,  John  Daniel  Schoepflin  issued 
his  "Vindiciae  Typographicae "  (Argen- 
torati  {i.e.  Strasburg],  410).  He  dis- 
covered in  the  archives  of  Strasburg  some 
important  documents  relative  to  the 
history  of  printing,  and  inserted  them  in 
this  "Vindiciae."  The  book  was  illus- 
trated with  six  specimens  of  early  print- 
ing at  Strasburg,  and  a  specimen  of 
Schoeffer's  caligraphy,  dated  1449.  Four- 
nier  published  some  critical  observations 
on  the  work  in  one  of  his  tracts.  On  the 
general  question,  Schoepflin  gave  his 
verdict  in  favour  of  Gutenberg  and  Stras- 
burg. 

The  controversy  was  no  longer  in 
an  essentially  inchoate  condition.  The 
materials  had  grown  formidable ;  the 
theorists  were  becoming  organised  ;  in- 
stead of  single  combats,  a  battle  was 
about  to  be  waged,  for  the  partisans  of 
the  Dutch  and  the  German  claims  were 
drilling,  falling  into  line,  and  getting 
ready  for  the  conflict.  The  possession  of 
the  field  may  be  said  to  have  been  in  the 
hands  of  the  Dutch,  for  the  most  preva- 
lent opinion  among  the  literati  was  that 
the  art  of  printing  was  first  invented  from 
1430  to  1440  by  Laurence  Koster,  at 
Haarlem,  who  practised  it  in  a  very  rude 
manner ;  that  it  was  afterwards  brought 
to  perfection  and  promulgated  at  May- 
ence.  The  writers,  however,  on  either 
side  differed  among  themselves,  and 
generally  expressed  themselves  very 
obscurely  and  confusedly.  As  an  instance 
of  this  may  be  cited  the  long  miscellan- 
eous article  on  the  subject  by  Dr.  Mid- 
dleton  in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions 
Abridged,"  part  ii.,  ch.  i.,  which  fully 
represented  the  ultimate  attainments  of 
the  criticism  of  the  time. 

In  1765,  appeared  the  great  work  of 
Gerard  Meerman,  entitled  "  Origines 
Typographica; "  (2  vols.,  Hagae-Comi- 
tum,  4to.).  Taking  for  his  text  the  nar- 
rative of  Junius,  he  concluded  that  print- 
ing with  movable  types  was  invented 
about  1430  by  Laurens  Janssoen,  of 
Haarlem,  who  was  called  Koster.  Those 
who  require  an  English  version  of  Meer- 
man's  investigations,  may  find  one, 
thanks  to  William  Bowyer  and  John 
Nichols,  who  in  1776-81  issued  in  English 
their  "Origin  of  Printing,"  in  two  essays : 
I.  The  substance  of  Dr.  Middleton's 
Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  Printing  in 


England.  2.  Mr.  Meerman's  account  of 
the  Invention  of  the  Art  at  Haarlem,  and 
its  progress  to  Mentz  (2nd  edition,  with 
improvements,  8vo.).  Meerman  found 
adherents  for  a  time  in  all  the  countries 
of  Europe,  but  his  typographical  history 
received  a  rude  attack  in  1771,  when 
Heinecken,  a  writer  as  zealous  for  the 
honour  of  his  country  (Germany)  as 
M  eerman  had  shown  himself  for  Holland, 
issued  his  "Idee  generale  d'une  collec- 
tion complette  d'estampes,  avec  une  dis- 
sertation sur  I'origine  de  la  gravure  et 
sur  les  premiers  livres  d'images  "  (Leipsic 
and  Vienna,  1771,  8vo.).  Heinecken 
was,  after  Fournier,  the  first  to  attract 
anything  like  general  attention  to  the 
subject  of  block-books  as  throwing,  light 
on  the  history  of  typography.  His  chief 
object  throughout  is  to  remove  the  idea 
that  Holland  could  have  had  any  printing 
except  what  she  got  from  Germany. 

In  1797,  Henry  Lemoine  issued  his 
otherwise  valuable  book  (in  English),  en- 
titled "Typographical  Antiquities,"  &c. 
(8vo.,  1797).  He  ascribed  the  invention 
of  separate  wooden  types  to  Koster  about 
1430,  and  the  invention  and  first  use  of 
metal  types  (originally  cut,  and  after- 
wards cast)  to  Gutenberg  and  Schoeffer 
at  Mayence. 

Two  years  afterwards,  P.  Lambinet 
published  the  "  Recherches  historiques, 
litteraires  et  critiques,  sur  I'Origine  de 
ITmprimerie,"  I'tc.  (Bruxelles,  an  vii. 
[1799]).  He  repudiated  the  account  of 
Koster,  and  maintained  that  printing 
originated  with  Gutenberg  at  Strasburg, 
and  was  perfected  at  Mayence. 

The  same  side  of  the  controversy  was 
taken  by  Gotthelf  Fischer,  a  librarian 
and  professor  at  Mayence,  who  in  i8ot 
wrote  his  "Beschreibung  typographlscher 
Seltenheiten,"  &c.  (a  description  of  typo- 
graphical rarities  and  remarkable  manu- 
scripts, with  materials  for  a  history  of  the 
discovery  of  printing),  8vo.,  Nuremberg. 
As  was  to  be  expected,  he  upholds  the 
German  hypothesis. 

The  commencement  of  the  present 
century  was  well  marked  by  the  publica- 
tion in  180J  of  Daunou's  "Analyse  des 
Opinions  diverses  sur  I'Origine  de  ITm- 
primerie. Lue  a  la  Seance  de  ITnstitut 
National  le  2  floreal,  an  10"  (Paris,  an  xi.) 
[i8oi].  This  admirable  r/j7^;;f/is  contained 
in  the  "Memoirs  of  the  National  Institute 
of  Paris,"  vol.  iv.  Daunou's  hypotheses 
are  : —  i.  That  block  printing,  which 
existed  for  a  long  period  previously  in 
China,  was  applied  by  Europeans  towards 
the  close  of  the  14th  century,  or  the 
beginning  of  the  15th,  to  the  printing  of 
playing-cards    and     devotional    figures. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


405 


2.  That  before  1440  there  were  printed 
at  Haarlem  or  elsewhere,  collections  of 
figures  with  inscriptions  annexed  ;  after- 
wards religious  books  and  school  books. 

3.  That  before  1440  Gutenberg,  of  Stras- 
burg,  had  conceived  the  idea  of  employ- 
ing movable  types,  but  it  gave  rise  only 
to  unproductive  experiments.  4.  That 
no  book  was  printed  by  him  at  Strasburg. 
5.  That  cast  letters  were  irivented  by 
Gutenberg  or  Faust,  brought  to  perfec-^ 
tion  by  Schoeffer,  and  employed  for  the 
first  time  by  Schoeffer,  Fust,  and  Guten- 
berg in  printing  the  Latin  Bible. 

Carlo  Antonio  de  la  Serna  Santander 
echoed  similar  sentiments  in  the  intro- 
duction to  his  celebrated  work,  the 
"  Dictionnaire  Bibliographique  choisi  du 
quinzieme  siecle"  (3  vols.,  8vo.,  Brussels, 
1805-1807).  He  said  that  the  arguments 
of  the  adherents  of  Holland  were  more 
dazzling  than  solid,  founded  only  on 
vague  reports  and  traditions,  which 
merited  no  belief ;  and  that  the  work  of 
Meerman  was  a  system  almost  entirely 
built  upon  suppositions  and  conjectures 
suggested  by  patriotism. 

The  tide  of  opinion  founded  on  the 
facts  cited  by  the  last-named  eminent 
authors  was,  however,  now  about  to  turn. 
In  1814,  the  Socie'te  Hollandaise  des 
Sciences  a  Haarlem  offered  a  premium 
for  the  best  dissertation  in  support  of  the 
tradition  that  printing  was  invented  in 
that  city,  and  James  Koning  (^.  z/.)  pro- 
duced the  important  work  on  the  subject 
which  is  referred  to  sicpra.  The  first 
chapter  gives  the  key  to  the  work  ;  it 
asserts  that  the  "  Speculum  Humanse 
Salvationis,"  printed  by  Laurent  Jans- 
soon  Koster,  is  the  first  book  printed  with 
movable  cast  type. 

For  about  forty  years  the  Dutch  en- 
joyed the  honour  so  ably  maintained  by 
Koning.  Abraham  de  Vries  published 
his  "  Eclaircissements  sur  I'Histoire  de 
rinvention  de  ITmprimerie"  (La  Haye, 
1843,  8vo.).  He  was  himself  a  Dutch- 
man, and  Baptist  Minister  at  Haarlem, 
and  industriously  collected  into  this 
volume  all  the  arguments  brought  for- 
ward by  previous  bibliographers  in 
favour  of  his  native  country.  He  even 
assumed  the  offensive  in  his  work  called 
"  Arguments  des  Allemands  "  (La  Haye, 
1845,  8vo.),  in  which  he  discussed  and 
claimed  to  have  refuted  all  the  proposi- 
tions of  the  adherents  of  Germany.  Not 
only  in  Holland  did  the  Koster  theory 
prevail.  The  following  French  authors 
about  this  time  stoutly  maintained  the 
claims  of  Haarlem : — Paul  Lacroix,  in 
"  Le  Moyen  Age  et  la  Renaissance" 
(Paris,  1840,410.);  Count  L.  de  Laborde, 


in  "  Debuts  de  I'lmprimerie  a  Mayence 
et  a  Strasbourg"  (Paris,  1840,  8vo.); 
Auguste  Bernard,  in  "  De  I'Origine  et 
des  Debuts  de  ITmprimerie  en  Europe" 
(Paris,  1853,  8vo.),  and  Ch.  Paeile,  in 
"  Essai  Historique  et  Critique  sur  ITn- 
vention  de  ITmprimerie"  (Paris-Lille, 
1859,  8vo.).  About  1814,  an  English 
writer,  William  Young  Ottley,  was  en- 
gaged upon  a  work  on  the  "Origin  and 
Early  History  of  Engraving  on  Wood 
and  Copper. "  In  the  course  of  examining 
the  books  of  ancient  engravings  he  took 
up  the  "  Speculum,"  and  it  convinced  him 
that  the  tradition  that  printing  was  used 
in  Holland  at  a  very  early  period,  and 
that  a  printer  of  Haarlem  in  the  15th 
century  was  robbed  of  his  type,  did  not 
merit  to  be  treated  as  it  had  been  by  the 
writers  of  the  adverse  party  as  a  mere 
fable.  His  researches  were  prosecuted  at 
intervals  for  about  twenty  years.  He 
died  in  1836  after  finishing  a  work  on  the 
history  of  printing,  but  some  of  the  plates 
were  lost,  and  it  was  only  in  1863  that 
they  were  discovered  accidentally  and  the 
book  made  its  appearance.  It  was  en- 
titled "An  Inquiry  concerning  the  In- 
vention of  Printing,  in  which  the  Systems 
of  Meerman,  Heinecken,  Santander,  and 
Koning  are  reviewed.  With  an  intro- 
duction by  J.  Ph.  Berjeau"  (London, 
1863.  4to.).  Ottley  stoutly  vindicated 
the  claims  of  Holland,  although  he 
showed  the  fallacies  of  several  writers 
who  had  preceded  him  on  the  same  side. 
In  1856,  M.  Jan  Willem  Holtrop  {q.v.) 
published  the  celebrated  "  Catalogus 
Librorum  saec.  xv.  impressorum  in  Bibl. 
Regia  Hagana(Hagse-Comit.,  8vo.)."  He 
carefully  described  the  numerous  editions 
of  early  books  of  Dutch  origin  which  are 
in  the  Royal  Library  at  the  Hague,  and 
controverted  the  statements  of  Serna 
Santander,  throwing  doubts  on  the 
genuineness  of  the  dates  of  several  early 
editions  produced  by  Dutch  typographers. 
This  bibliographer's  greater  work,  the 
"Monumens  Typographiques  des  Pays- 
bas  au  XV.  Siecle"  (La  Haye,  1857. 
4to.)  was  written  in  a  similar  strain,  and 
in  it  he  accumulated,  in  facsimiles  drawn 
by  Spanier,  a  variety  of  alleged  proofs  of 
Holland's  typographical  precedence  in 
the  fifteenth  century.  Even  our  English 
writer,  Mr.  William  Blades,  was  at  first 
inclined  to  accept  the  theory  of  Koster's 
discovery,  but  has  since  abandoned  it. 

At  last  a  qualified,  unbiassed,  pains- 
taking investigator  arose  in  the  person  of 
Dr.  Antonius  van  der  Linde,  who  was 
determined  to  probe  the  subject  to  the 
bottom,  and  discover  under  the  pile  of 
conjecture,  error,  and  sophistry  the  hidden 


4o6 


Bibliog7'aphy  of  Printing. 


truth  of  the  matter.  In  1870  appeared 
in  the  weekly  journal  De  NederlandscJie 
Spectator,  "  De  Haarlemsche  Coster- 
legende  wetenschappelijk  onderzocht  .  .  . 
tweede  omgewerkte  uitgaaf "  (Graven- 
hage,  8vo.).  In  the  following  year  the  book 
was  translated  into  English  by  Jan  Hen- 
drik  Hessels,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
Haarlem  Legend  of  the  Invention  of  Plant- 
ing by  L.  J.  Koster  critically  examined  " 
(London,  1871,  Svo.).  This  book, 
curiously  enough,  written  by  a  native  of 
Holland,and  one  actually  born  at  Haarlem, 
which  we  have  fully  described  in  its  place, 
led  to  the  complete  downfall  of  the  Dutch 
pretensions,  and  has  established  for  ever 
the  claims  of  Gutenberg  to  be  the  true 
Prototypographer.  Van  der  Linde's  views 
have  been  succinctly  stated,  and  developed 
also,  in  De  Vinne's  "  Invention  of  Print- 
ing "  (New  York,  1876.  8vo.).  On  the 
other  hand,  there  are  those  whose  expe- 
rience entitles  their  opinion  to  some 
respect,  who  still  regard  it  as  utterly  im- 
possible that  the  42-lined  Bible  of  1450, 
and  the  Psalter  of  1457,  ^^0"!^  have  been 
the  first  two  books  prmted  with  movable 
type,  and  they  therefore  conjecture  that  the 
art  was  invented  by  some  unknown  person. 
The  first  printer  of  a  book  with  a 
certain  date  at  Haarlem  was  liellaert,  a 
native  of  the  city  of  Zierikzee,  in  the 
province  of  Zeeland.  The  subject  of  the 
book  was  the  "  Sufferings  and  Passion  of 
Our  Saviour  Jesus  Christ,"  and  it  is  dated 
10  Dec.  1483.  There  is  a  facsimile  in 
Holtrop's  "  Monumens,"  after  a  copy 
belongmg  to  M.  Enschede.  The  name 
of  Bellaert  is  not  found  in  it,  but  his 
device  is  at  the  end.  Bellaert  ornamented 
many  of  his  books  with  xylographic 
figures.  The  first  book  that  he  issued 
contained  thirty-six  woodcut  plates. 
Humphrey's  "  History  of  the  Art  of 
Printing,"  and  Leigh  Sotheby's  "Principia 
Typographia,"  both  contain  very  fair 
reproductions  of  the  types  of  this  printer. 
In  disproof  of  the  statement  that  Bellaert 
may  have  continued  an  old  Haarlem 
printing-office,  it  should  be  said  that 
Bellaert  did  not  use  any  of  the  "  Koster" 
type.  His  types  are  like  those  of  Leeu, 
obviously  made  from  the  same  punches, 
if  not  from  the  same  matrices.  Bellaert 
was  succeeded  by  John  Andrea. 


Koster  Memorials: — In  the  market- 
place at  Haarlem  there  is  a  statue 
representing  "Laurens  Janssoen  Koster" 
in  a  civic  robe,  with  a  wreath  of  laurel 
on  his  brow,  holding  in  his  right  hand 
a  book,  and  in  his  left  a  cube,  having 
thereon  the  letter  A.  The  pedestal 
contains  several  inscriptions  and  bas- 
reliefs. 

A  handsome  house  in  the  market-place 
is  pointed  out  as  the  residence  of  Koster, 
and  is  distinguished  by  the  following 
inscription  : — 

ijacinoritt  sacrum. 

Typographia,  ars  artium  omnium  conser- 

vatrix,  hie  primum 

Inventa,  circa  annum  1440. 

This  may  be  translated  thus:—"  Typo- 
graphy, of  all  other  arts  the  conservator, 
was  here  invented  about  1440." 

In  what  is  alleged  to  be  "  the  Grove  " 
in  which  Koster  conceived  the  idea  of 
cutting  movable  types,  a  monument  to 
him  has  been  erected,  and  a  com- 
memorative medal  has  been  struck,  on 
which  Koster  is  represented  in  the  very 
act  of  conceiving,  or  receiving  from  a  ray 
of  light,  the  project  of  cutting  movable 
letters. 

We  have  reproduced  for  the  illustration 
of  this  Bibliography  various  engravings 
of  great  interest  in  connection  with  the 
Koster  legend.  Under  the  heading 
MoxoN  will  be  found  the  "  true  effigies " 
of  Koster,  "delineated  from  his  monu- 
mental stone  statue,  erected  at  Harlem." 
This  was  copied  as  a  wood-engraving  for 
Hansard's  "Typographia,"  and  we  have 
been  enabled  to  reprint  it  {vide 
p.  403).  As  a  "curiosity  of  printing" 
we  may  here  note  that  this  same 
portrait  is  given  in  Luckombe's  "History 
of  Printing  "  as  a  likeness  of  Gutenberg. 
Under  the  heading  of  Seiz  will  be 
given  an  engraving  of  the  statue  in 
the  wood  at  Haarlem,  a  view  of  the 
House  of  Koster,  and  diagrams  of  the 
medals  struck  in  his  honour.  Various 
portraits  will  be  presented  under  JMait- 
TAiRE  and  Meerman,  while  under 
NooRDZiEK  will  be  found  a  view  of 
the  .statue  on  the  new  monument  to 
Koster. 


Kramer  (D.).     Des  heiligen  Jobs  bleyen  Schreibtaflein  zu  Lob  der 
edlen  Druckerkunst  erklaret.     Alt-Stettin:  161 1.     4to. 


Kramer  (D.  D.).     Griindlicher  Bericht,  wo,  wenn  und  wer  die  Buch- 
druckerkunst  erfunden  ?     Leipzig:   1 634.     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Pf'inting.  407 

Krankenkasse,  Die,  fur  Buchdmcker  in  Bern,  unci  ihre  Thatigkeit 

in  den  Jahren   1824-74.      Gedenkschrift  zur   Feier  des  funfzig- 

jahrigen  Bestandes  der  Gesellschaft.     Bern  :  1875.     8vo.   pp.  63, 

Gives  an  account  of  the  operations  of  the  Printers'  Sick  Fund  at  Berne  during  half 

a  century. 

Kraus  (J.  C).  Epistola  de  laudibus  Typographiae  e  lingua  germanica 
latine  reddita  a  J.  G.  Suchsdorfio.  In  Wolf,  Monumenta  Typo- 
graphica. 

Krause  (J.  G.).  Apparatus  ad  Pauli  Manutii  vitam,  pars  prior. 
Lipsise  :   1669. 1719-     4to. 

Krause  (L.  W.).  Beschreibung  der  Feier  des  vierten  Sacular-Festes 
der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  in  der  Officin  von  L.  W. 
Krause  am  21.  Juli,  1840.     Berlin:  1840,     i6mo. 

Krauss  (Friedrich),  und  Malti^  (Franz).     Handbuch  fiir  Lithogra- 

phen  und  Steindrucker,  enthaltend  eine  genaue  Beschreibung  des 

Verfahrens  bei  alien  bis  jezt  zur  Anwendung  gekommenen  Manieren, 

besonders  der  Kreide-,  Feder-,  Gravir-  und  Aetzmanier,  der  Auto- 

graphie,  des  Schwarz-,  Farben-  und  Tondrucks,  der  Herstellung 

s'ammtlicher  zur  Ausiibung  dieser  Kunst  nothigen  chemischen  Pro- 

dukte    und     Zusammensetzungen,    als  :     Firnisse,    Druckfarben, 

Kreiden,  Tusche,  Praparationsmittel  u.  s.  w.      Nebst  griindlicher 

Anweisung  die  in  neuerer  Zeit  in  Gebrauch  gekommenen  Relief 

Medaillen  u.  s.  w.  auf  galvanischem  Wege  selbst  zu  vervielfaltigen 

und  zu  copiren.    Mit  einer  Lebensbeschreibung  und  Portrat  Sene- 

felders.     Stuttgart  :   1853.     8vo.  pp.  iii.  168.     With  three  plates. 

At  the  commencement  is  a  medallion     section  and  to  scale  of  the  various  ap- 

portrait,  in  profile,  of  Senefelder,  which    pliances  used  in  the  art  of  lithography, 

is  of  interest,  as  the  received  portraits  are     including  presses  and  machines.     These 

full-face.      There  are  two  plates  at  the    being  lettered  and  described  in  the  text, 

end  containing  about   fifty  drawings  in    renderthe  book  a  thoroughly  practical  one. 

Krebs  (Benjamin)  Nachfolger  im  Frankfurt -am -Main.  Proben  der 
Schriftgiesserei.      1-8  Fortsetz.      1866-73.     4to. 

Krebs. — See  Handbuch  der  Buchdruckerkunst. 

Kress  (Georg  Ludwig  von).  Die  Galvanoplastik  fiir  industrielle  und 
kiinstlerische  Zwecke.  Frankfurt-am-Main  :  1867.  8vo.  pp. 
viii.  112. 

Kretschmar  (A.). — See  Engelmann. 

Krelttzberg  (K.  J. ).  Beitrage  zur  Wiirdigung  der  Industrie  und  der 
Industriellen  in  Oesterreich.  I,  Heft.  Das  Etablissement  von 
J.  Haase  Sohne  in  Prag.     Prag  :   1854.     8vo.  pp.  32. 

Kreysig  (M.  G.  C).  Nachlese  zum  Buchdrucker-Jubilaeo  in  Ober- 
Sachsen,  oder  Historie  derer  ehemahligen  Buchdrucker  zu  Alten- 
burg,  Annaberg,  Freyberg,  Pirna  und  Zwickau,  nebst  einem  Ver- 
zeichniss  aller  dahin  gehorigen  Schrififten.  Dresden  :  1741.  4to, 
pp.  12. 
Includes  a  list  of  printers  in  the  above  town. 


4o8  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Kreyssig  (Joh.  Gottlieb)  and  Diller  (Ed.  Aug.).  Memoria  Joan. 
Guttenbergii,  artis  typographicse  inventoris  solemnia  ssecularia, 
&c.      Missenai :    1840.     4to. 

Krone   (C).      Beitrag  zur   Geschichte  der   Begriindung   der   Stein- 
druckerei  in   Schlesien.     Erinnerungen  aus  dem  eigenen  Leben. 
[Articles     in     Schlesiche     Provinzialbldtter,     Feb.  -  April,     1866, 
Breslau.     Svc] 
Essay  on  the  History  of  Lithography  in  Schleswig. 

Krueger  (Gustav).  Predigt  zur  Beehrung  seiner  Gemeinde  liber  die 
nahe  Feier  des  vierhundertjahrigen  Jubelfestes  der  Buchdrucker- 
kunst  am  zweiten  Pfingstfeiertage  gehalten  und  mit  erlauternden 
geschichtlichen  Anmerkungen  auf  Verlangen  in  Druck  gegeben. 
Delitzsch  :  1840.     Svo. 

Krueger  (Julius).  Die  Zinkograviire,  oder  das  Aetzen  in  Zink  zur 
Herstellung  von  Druckplatten  aller  Art,  nebst  Anleitung  zum 
Aetzen  in  Kupfer,  Messing,  Stahl  u.  a.  Metallen.  Wien  :  1878. 
Svo.  pp.  vii.  142. 

Kruenitz  (J.  G.).     Oeconomische  technische  Encyclopadie.    Berlin  : 
1776-8.      Svo. 
Part  VII.  contains  articles  on  printing,  bookbinding,  &c. 

Kuechenmeister  (A.  T.).  Nachrichten  von  BUcherfesten.  Frey- 
berg:   1773.     4to. 

KiJHN  (Gustav).    Gedenkblatt  zur  Feier  des  hundertjahrigen  Bestehens 
des  Geschaftes  in  Neu-Ruppin.     Neu-Ruppin  :   1S75. 
Memorial  of  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  existence  of  this  printing  house. 

KiJHN  (Job.  Micb.).  Das  dritte  Jubeljahr  der  edlen  Druckerey 
bemerket  diese  Zahl  C1DI3CCXL.     Cottbus:  1740.     Svo. 

KiJLB  (P.  H.).  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst. 
Eine  fur  Jedermann  verstandliche  kurze  Darstellung  der  durch  die 
neuesten  Forschungen  gewonnenen  Resultate,  &c.  Mainz  :  1837. 
Svo.  pp.  iv.  96.     2  plates. 

The  author  was  the  "  Stadtbiblio-  ment  is  a  good  lithographic  view  of  the 
thekar  "  of  Mayence.  The  book  gives  a  statue  at  Mayence  ;  and  at  the  end  draw- 
condensed  account,  derived  from  the  best  ings  of  two  of  the  bassi-relievi.  A  sepa- 
authorities  and  an  examination  of  many  rate  chapter  is  devoted  to  the  local  Guten- 
of  the  antiquities  themselves,  of  thtf  berg  monuments,  and  the  inscriptions  are 
origin  of  printing.      At  the  commence-  given  verbatim. 

Peter  Schoeflfer  der  Vollender  der  Buchdruckerkunst.     Gern- 

sheim:  1836.     Svo. 

Kuenzel  (Hermann). — See  Waldow  (Alexander). 

KuESTER  (Geo.  Gottfried).  Historia  artis  Typographies  in  Marchia. 
Berolini :  1746.     4to. 

KuESTNER  (F.  G.).  Dissertatio  juridica:  de  publica  rei  librarise  cura 
imprimis  Lipsiensis.     Lipsias  :  1778.     4to. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


409 


KuGELMANN  (Joseph).    Ilistoire  de  I'lmprinierie  en  Portugal.     Paris: 
1867.     8vo.  pp.  62. 


This  little  work  is  the  production  of  a 
Parisian  printer  and  publisher.  It  begins 
with  an  account  of  the  introduction  of 
typography  into  Portugal,  which,  it 
claims,  took  place  in  1466,  when  a  print- 
ing-press was  set  up  in  Leiria,  a  city  in 
the  province  of  Estramadura.  It  appears 
that  the  subject  has  been  thoroughly  in- 
vestigated by  M.  Petit-Radel,  a  member 
of  the  Portuguese  Academy,  in  a  work 
entitled  "Recherches  sur  les  Biblio- 
theques  anciennes  et  modernes."  The 
monks  of  the  Benedictine  Abbey  of 
aubiaco,  a  little  city  in  the  Roman  Cam- 
pagna,  were  the  first  after  Germany  to 
possess  a  printing-office,  between  1465 
and  1467,  and  Antonio  Ribeiro  dos 
Santos,  the  Portuguese  prototypographer, 
was  therefore  almost  contemporary  with 
Sweynheym  and  Pannartz.  This  hypo- 
thesis is  supported  by  a  learned  work  by 
Pedro  Alfonso  de  Vasconcellos,  who  was 
born  at  Leiria,  entitled  "  La  Concorde  des 
Rubriques  du  Droit  Canon," art."  Renun- 
tiatore  "  ;  and  also  by  the  recorded  testi- 
mony of  Pedro  Nunes.  The  first  book 
that  is  known  to  exist,  from  the  Portu- 


guese press,  bears,  however,  the  date 
1489.  The  art  has  always  been  patron- 
ized liberally  by  the  sovereigns  of  this 
kingdom,  and  in  1508  Dom  Manuel,  by 
a  special  ordinance  accorded  to  those 
who  practised  it,  "the  favour,  the  privi- 
leges, the  liberties,  and  the  honours  en- 
joyed by  the  gentlemen  of  his  household." 
In  regard  to  the  "second  period"  of 
Portuguese  typography,  the  author  says: 
"  If  Germany  can  cite  with  glory  the 
names  of  Amerbach.  Commelin,  and 
Wechel  among  those  of  her  most  illus- 
trious printers  ;  if  in  Italy,  they  enume- 
rate Aldus  Manutius  and  Bomberg ;  in 
Switzerland,  Froben  and  Oporin  ;  in 
Holland,  Elzevir,  Jansen  Blaew,  More- 
tus,  and  Plantin  ;  in  England,  Foulis 
and  Brindley  ;  in  France,  the  Stephenses, 
Colines,  Patisson,  Griphes,  Morel,  Vitr^, 
Nivelle,  Cramoisy,  and  Didot ;  Portugal 
can  equally  honour  Barreiras,  Maritzes, 
Alvares,  Craesbeek,  Galroes,  Menescaes, 
&c.  &c."  The  work  gives  an  account  of 
the  Royal  Portuguese  Printing  -  office, 
and  of  the  most  celebrated  modern  works 
from  the  Portuguese  press. 


KUNAD  (Jac.  Fried.).  Q.  D.  B.  V.  de  Typographia,  disputabunt 
publice  prseses  M.  Ernest  Christianus  Schroedterus,  Wittenberga 
Saxo,  et  respondens  Jacobus  Friedericus  Kunad,  Dalehn.  Missn. 
Die  I  Septembris  Anno  O.  R.  MDCXCVII.  Wittenbergae  : 
1697.     4to.     8  leaves. 

KuNTZ  (C).  Gutenberg.  Die  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst, 
ihre  ersten  Anfange  und  ihre  Entwickelung.  Nebst  einem  Berichte 
viber  die  vierte  Sakularfeier  dieser  Erfindung  in  Strassburg, 
1840.  Ein  Gedenk-  und  Lesebiichlein  fiir  Volk  und  Schule. 
Strassburg:  1840.     8vo.    pp.  180,  and  4  preliminary  leaves. 

KuNZE  (Gust.).  Gutenbergsfestklange  :  Grosses  Potpourri  fiir  das 
Pianoforte.     Leipzig:   1840.     4to. 


IK^I^ 

l^aj 

ra  1^ 

^^ 

^m  iiS^ 

1^^^ 

^Ett  l^pl 

^^iM 

1^  S^^ 

i^^ 

^  1^ 

^M 

1  J^=i©>^4 

^^m' 

(S.  L.)  Over  den  Oorsprong  der  Boek- 
drukkunst.  Te  Groningen  :  1781. 
8vo. 

Labadie  (G.  p.).  Caracteres,  vignettes, 
et  fleurons  de  rimprimerie  de  G.  P. 
Labadie.  Castelnaudary:  1 825.  4to. 
Another  edition,  1827.     8vo. 

Labitte  (A.).     Gravures  snr  bois  tirees 

des  livres    fran9ais  du  XVe  Siecle. 

Paris:   1868.     4to. 

A  series  of  fac-similes  of  wood-engravings  of  the 

15th  century,  with  some  valuable   typographical 

information,  elucidations  of  old  printers*  marks,  &c. 

Laborde  (Leon  Emmanuel  Simon  Joseph,  Marquis  de).  Debuts 
de  rimprimerie  a  Strasbourg,  ou  Recherches  sur  les  travaux 
mysterieux  de  Gutenberg  dans  cette  ville,  et  sur  le  proces  qui 
hii  fut  invente  en  1439  a  cette  occasion.  Paris  :  1840.  8vo. 
pp.  $2,  explanatory  leaf,  and  3  plates. 

The  work  opens  with  a  bibliographical  woodcuts.  The  evidence  given  at  the 
essay  on  the  hypotheses  of  previous  memorable  trial  of  1439,  in  which  Guten- 
writers,  and  concludes  with  the  results  berg  was  plaintiff,  is  reprinted  7'erbatini 
arrived  at  by  the  author  himself.  These  et  literatim,  with  a  French  translation  ; 
are :  That  1410  is  the  probable  date  of  and  at  the  end  of  the  book  there  are 
the  discovery  of  printing  in  the  Low  thirteen  plates,  giving  fac-similes  of  the 
Countries  ;  that  1423  is  that  of  the  in-  documents  themselves,  and  two  pages  of 
vention  of  movable  types,  by  "  Lorenz  representations  of  the  marks  on  the  paper 
Coster,"  at  Haarlem  ;  that  1436  is  the  on  which  the  depositions  were  written, 
authentic  date  of  the  first  experiments  of  Although  Laborde's  conclusions  have  in 
Gutenberg  at  Strasbourg ;  and  that  1452  great  part  been  superseded,  these  excel- 
is  the  certain  date  of  the  invention,  by  lent  and  faithful  reproductions  will  always 
Gutenberg,  of  cast  types  at  Mayence.  possess  a  high  historical  interest,  more 
The  rest  of  the  book  is  occupied  by  an  especially  as  the  originals  perished  in  the 
attempt  to  establish  these  theses,  and  fire  at  Strasbourg  during  the  bombard- 
there  are  many  fac-similes  of  type  and  ment  in  1870, 


Bibliog7'aphy  of  Printing. 


411 


Laborde  (Leon  Emmanuel  Simon  Joseph,  Marquis  de).  Les  Dues 
de  Bourgogne.  £tudes  sur  les  lettres,  les  arts,  et  I'industrie 
pendant  le  XVe  Siecle,  et  plus  particulierement  dans  les  Fays- 
Bas  et  le  Duche  de  Bourgogne.     3  vols.     Paris  :   1849.     8vo. 

In  Vol.  I.  there  is  an  account  of  the  engravers  and  printers,  beginning  with 
"Laurent  Coster,  1425,"  and  ending  with  Wynken  de  Worde,  Matthias  van  der 
Goes,  and  Alart  du  Hameel,  1482.  In  the  third  volume  are  given  the  illuminators, 
writers,  copyists,  publishers,  bookbinders,  &c. 

Essai  d'un  Catalogue  des  Artistes  originaires  des  Pays-Bas,  ou 


employes  a  la  cour  des   Duos  de  Bourgogne,  au  XIV^  et  XV* 
Siecles.     Paris  :   1849.     8vo.   pp.  iv.  70. 
A  prospectus,  with  list  of  contents  of  the  "Dues  de  Bourgogne." 

Essais  de  Gravure  pour  servir  k  une  histoire  de  la  gravure  en 

bois.  Premiere  livraison  [all  that  was  published].  Paris:  1833. 
Small  4to.,  25  plates. 

Histoire  de    la  Gravure   en    maniere   noire.       Paris :    1839. 

Royal  8vo.  pp.  vi.  413,  and  leaf  of  table.     300  copies  printed. 

This  volume  is  the  fifth  and  only  one  catalogue  raisonnS  of  books  on  the  art  of 

issued  of  a  projected  series  in  eight  vols. :  engraving.   The  work  itself  consists  of  bio- 

"  Histoire  de  la  decouverte  de  I'impres-  graphical  notices  of  engravers  in  mezzo- 

sion  etde  son  application  a  la  gravure,  aux  tint,  with  facsimiles  of  their  marks,  and 

caracteres  mobiles  et  a  la  lithographie."  an  account  of  some  of  their  chief  works. 
In    the    introduction     there    is    a    good 

Nouvelles  Recherches  sur  I'origine  de  I'imprimerie.     [Second 

title]  :  Debuts  de  I'imprimerie  a  Mayence  et  a  Bamberg,  ou  de- 
scription des  lettres  d'indulgence  du  Pape  Nicholas  V.  pro  regno 
Cypri,  imprimees  en  1454.  Paris  :  1840.  Large  4to.  pp.  31. 
Woodcuts  and  fac-similes. 

Only  a  small  number  was  printed  of  this     the  document  and  of  the  seals  attached 
very  interesting  publication,  the  wood-     to  it,  as  well  as  of  the  para 


blocks  of  which  were  engraved  by  the 
author,  and  destroyed  after  publication, 
as  shown  by  impressions  of  the  broken 
blocks  and  effaced  stones. 

The  first  section  gives  an  elaborate 
account  of  the  Letters  of  Indulgence  of 
Pope  Nicholas  V.  for  the  King  of  Cyprus, 
printed  in  1454.     There  are  fac-similes  of 


e  in  MS. 
at  the  back  [See  De  Villieks).  The 
various  editions  of  the  Letters  are  care- 
fully set  out.  The  next  section  is  devoted 
to  the  origin  of  printing  at  Mayence  and 
at  Bamberg,  this  also  being  illustrated  by 
fac-similes.  There  are  abundant  refer- 
ences to  authors  who  have  described 
these  monuments. 


La  plus  ancienne  gravure  du    Cabinet  des  Estampes  de   la 

Bibliotheqiie  Royale,  est-elle  ancienne?     [Extract  from  f  Artiste. \ 
Paris  :  18 — .     4to.  pp.  9. 

There  are  four  fac-similes  at  the  end.  The  Marquis  Leon  Emmanuel  Simon 

I.   The  St.    Bernard,   engraved  in  relief  Joseph  de  Laborde  was  born  at  Paris, 

on  a  plate  of  metal,  and  bearing  the  date  June  12,  1807.     He  studied  atGottingen, 

1454  ;  2.  Copy  of  the  original  impression  and   afterwards  travelled  extensively  in 


of  the  St.  Christopher  of  1423,  in  the 
possession  of  Lord  Spencer ;  3.  A  fac- 
simile of  a  copy  of  the  same,  made  in 
1775  by  S.  Roland ;  4.  The  Virgin  and  the 
child  Jesus,  an  ancient  engraving  cut  on 
wood,  and  preserved  in  the  French 
Cabinet  des  Estampes. 


the  East.  He  subsequently  held  several 
diplomatic  positions,  and  was  curator  of 
the  antiquities  of  the  Louvre  from  1848 
to  1 854,  and  director  of  the  Archives  of  the 
Empire  from  1856  to  his  death,  on  Mar.  30, 
1869.  He  wrote  a  large  number  of  works 
relating  to  archaeology  and  art. 


412  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Laboulaye  (Charles  Pierre  Lefebre).  Dictionnaire  des  arts  at 
manufactures.    2  vols.    Paris  :  1853.    8vo. — 6'^^  Brun  (Marcelin). 

Un  mot  sur  I'imprimerie  nationale.    Paris:  1851.     8vo.  pp.  16. 

The  author  was  formerly  a  type-founder,  but  has  devoted  his  latter  years  to  the 
pursuit  of  literature.  M.  Laboulaye  presided  at  the  First  International  Meeting  of 
Printers  at  Paris,  held  August  20,  1878,  at  the  Grand  Hotel,  Paris. 

Labus  (Dottore  G.).  Tipografia  del  Secolo  XV.  Articolo  tratto 
dalle  appendici  della  Gazetta  Privilegiata  di  Milano  dei  giorni 
23,  24,  26  Febbraio,  1834,  num.  34,  35,  37.  Con  rettificazioni  ed 
aggiunte  particolarmente  dell'  edizioni  dai  bibliografi  non  avvertite 
e  scoperte  dall'  autore  dopo  la  pubblicazione  del  suo  v.  vol.  intito- 
lato  Kicerche  Storico-Critiche,  ec.  [Giacinto  Amati.]  Milano: 
1834.     8vo. 

La  Caille  (Jean  de).     See  Caille. 

Lackmann  (Adam  Heinrich).  Annalium  Typographicorum  selecta 
quaedam  capita.  Hamburg:  1740.  4to.,  3  preliminary  leaves, 
pp.  168. 

Among  the  subjects  dealt  with  in  this  Kiel  in  1528  ;  patrons  of  printing  ;  a  very 

curious    volume    are : — The    opinion    of  curious  and  long  list  of  private  presses  ; 

J.  B.  May  on  the  invention  of  printing  ;  typography  in    Muscovy,    Lapland,    Po- 

on  the  ornaments  used  in  books  since  the  land,  and  Lithuania.  The  author  espoused 

invention    of    printing ;      encomium     on  the  Koster  theory, 
printing  at   Haarlem  ;    first   printing  at 

Lacour  (P.).  Doubles  grosses  de  fonte,  gravees  et  polytypees  par 
P.  Lacour.     Nanci :  1831.     A  broadside. 

Lacroix  (Paul).  Les  arts  au  Moyen  Age  et  k  l'£poque  de  la 
Renaissance.  Paris :  1868.  8vo. 
The  subjects  treated  of  in  this  work  pictorial  portion.  The  latter  embraces 
which  come  within  the  scope  of  our  some  splendid  engravings  drawn  from 
Bibliography,  are  those  relating  to  the  antiquities  themselves,  and  is  well 
parchment  and  paper  (pp.  405-414),  manu-  worthy  of  the  artistic  reputation  of  the 
scripts  (415-434),  miniatures  (435-466),  compiler,  and  of  the  publisher,  M.  Am- 
bookbinding  (467-482),  and  printing  (483-  broise  Firmin  Didot,  who  inserted  as 
516).  The  author  adopts  the  Koster  much  as  possible  from  his  own  magnifi- 
theory.  The  literary  matter  in  this  cent  collection, 
beautiful  book  is  inferior  in  value  to  the 

Curiosites  de  I'histoire  des  Arts.    Paris  :  1858.     i2mo.  pp.  410. 

A  series  of  treatises  on  Parchment  and  Paper ;  the  Origin  of  Printing ;  Book- 
binding from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Seventeenth  Century,  &c. ;  and  to  each 
treatise  is  appended  a  bibliography  of  the  subject. 

L'origine  des  Cartes  a  Jouer.     Paris  :   1835.     8vo.  pp.  12. 


A  small  tract,  which  only  lightly  touches  upon  the  interesting  and   important 
subject  to  which  it  addresses  itself. 

Lacroix  (Paul),  Fournier  (Edouard),  et  Ser^  (Ferdinand).  Le 
Livre  d'or  des  metiers.  Histoire  de  I'imprimerie  et  des  arts 
et  professions  qui  se  rattachent  a  la  typographie,  calligraphic, 
enluminure.  parcheminerie,  librairie,  gravure  sur  bois  et  sur  metal, 
fonderie,  papeterie  et  reliure  ;  comprenant  I'histoire  des  anciennes 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


413 


corporations  el  confreries  d'ecrivains,  d'enlumineurs,  de  parche- 
»  miniers,  d'imprimeurs,  de  libraires,  de  cartiers,  de  graveurs  sur 
bois  et  sur  metal,  de  fondeurs  de  caracteres,  de  papetiers  et  de 
relieurs  de  la  France,  depuis  leur  fondation  jusqu'a  leur  suppression 
en  1789.      Paris  :   1852.     4to.  pp.  160,  with  19  plates. 

The  illustration  annexed,  which  is  re-  There  was  no  literature  worth  the  name 

produced  from   Lacroix's   most   instruc-  that    was    not    in   the    Latin    language, 

live    and     interesting    work,    gives    an  and  little  of  any  kind  that  did  not  treat 

idea  of  the  circumstances  under  which,  of  theology.     The  study  even  of  Latin 

and  the  persons  by  whom,  books  were  would  have  been  neglected  if  it  had  not 


THE     SCKIPTOKIUM. 


made  in  the  Middle  Ages.  From  the 
sixth  to  the  thirteenth  century  the 
ecclesiastics  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  were  almost  the  sole  depositories 
of  knowledge.  They  wrote  the  books, 
kept  the  libraries,  and  taught  the  schools. 


been  the  language  of  the  Scriptures,  of 
the  Canons,  and  Liturgies  of  the  Church, 
and  of  the  current  copies  of  the  writings 
of  the  Fathers. 

The  copyists  of  the  Middle  Ages  may 
be  divided  into  two  classes, — those  who 


414 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


did  copying  mechanically  and  badly,  and 
those  who  treated  book-making  as  a 
peculiarly  artistic  occupation,  and  gave 
the  most  time  and  care  to  ornamentation. 
The  book-makers  who  made  search  for 
authentic  copies,  comparing  the  different 
texts  of  books  and  correcting  their  errors, 
did  not  appear  until  after  the  invention 
of  printing.  They  were  stimulated  by 
the  wealthy  laymen,  who  frequently  gave 
to  religious  houses  large  sums  of  money 


Annexed  is  a  copy,  from  the  same 
work,  of  a  playing-card  of  the  15th  cen- 
tury. Productions  of  this  kind  are  ex- 
ceedingly interesting,  as  they  were  the 
forerunners,  probably,  of  the  image  prints, 
which  preceded  the  block-books,  and 
which  in  their  turn  gave  way  to  typo- 
graphic impressions.  Frequently  the 
cards  contained  quaint  and  instructive 
devices,  as  well  as  words  of  text.  They 
thus  accustomed   the   people   to  letters. 


Mo 

lA"^^^ 

/J  i  ^ J^x^ ?M  IWaI; 

'^^Sfe 

mm 

f^^44JJ[ 

js^ 

^■j^^fe 

r^^Sfe^pvN 

fe^^^ 

m 

PLAYING-CARD    OF    FIFTEENTH    CENTURY. 


for  the  copying  and   ornamentation   of 
books. 

When  the  copyist  had  finished  his 
sheet,  he  passed  it  to  the  designer,  who 
sketched  the  border,  pictures,  and  initials. 
The  sheet  was  then  given  to  the  illu- 
minator, who  painted  it.  The  book  was 
then  bound  by  the  forwarder,  who  sewed 
the  leaves,  and  put  them  in  a  cover  of 
leather  or  velvet,  and  by  the  finisher, 
who  ornamented  the  cover  with  gilding 
and  enamel. 


and  to  some  extent  created  the  demand 
for  pictorial  literature,  which,  when  print- 
ing was  invented,  kept  so  many  presses 
constantly  at  work. 

Paul  Lacroix,  born  at  Paris,  Feb- 
ruary 27,  1806,  was  educated  at  the 
College  Bourbon,  and  has  written,  under 
the  pseudonym  of  "  Le  Bibliophile 
Jacob,"  a  vast  number  of  romances  and 
works  of  curious  learning  about  the 
books,  the  printing,  the  history,  manners, 
and  customs  of  the   Middle  Ages.     He 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  415 

distinguished   himself  by   his   efforts   to  Biffe,  has  written  some  popular  novels  ; 

improve   the    Bibliotheque   du   Roi.     In  and  his  brother  Jules,  born  in  Paris,  May 

1855  he  was  appointed   conservateur  of  7,  1809,  has  had  success  as  a  writer  of 

the  Arsenal  Library,  which  he  has  sue-  dramas,   and  a  translator,  imitator,  and 

ceeded  in  constituting  the  best  library  of  critic  of  Shakespeare.     A  full  memoir  of 

technical   books   in    France,   superior    in  Lacroix    will    be    found     in    "  Histoire 

that     respect,     probably,     to     our    own  Contemporaine "  No.   10,  signed,  E.  de 

British    Museum ;    and    since    1854    he  Mirecourt     (pseudonym    for    C.    J.    B. 

has   edited   the   Rmue    Universelle  des  Jacquot).      In    "A    Martyr    to    Biblio- 

Arts.      His   best -known  works  are   the  graphy,"  by  O.    Hamst    fa   pseudonym 

"  Arts  du   Moyen  Age  "   and    "  La  Vie  adopted  by  Mr.   Ralph  Thomas),  there 

militaire  et  la  Vie  religieuse  au  Moyen  is  an  interesting  notice  of  the    life  and 

Age  "  (1872),  which  have  both  been  trans-  works    of  J.    M.    Querard,    with    many 

lated  into  English.     His  wife,  Apolline  interesting  references  to  Paul  Lacroix. 

Lafforgue  (Prosper).  Histoire  de  I'imprimerie  a  Auch  jusqu'en 
1790.  Auch:  1862,  8vo.  pp.  19.  [Fxova.  i\iQ  Bulletin  d'' histoire 
et  d'archeologie  de  la  prov.  eccles.  d^  A  tick.'] 

Lafon  (Mary).     Histoire  d'un  livre.     Paris  :  1857.     i2mo.  pp.  132. 

Laib  und  SCHWARZ.  Biblia  Pauperum.  Nach  dem  Original  in  der 
Lyceum-Bibliothek  in  Constanz  herausgegeben.  Mit  17  Tafeln- 
Abbildungen.     ZUrich  :  1867.     Folio. 

Laire  (Fran9ois  Xavier).  Ad  Abbatem  Ugolini  fulginatem  epistola 
auctoris  libri  eui  titulus  :  Specimen  typographige  Romance.  Argen- 
torati  [Paris]  :  1779.     8vo.   pp.  14. 

Only  18  copies  printed.  The  imprint  of  this  elegant  little  tract  is — "  Argentorati : 
Typis  haeredum  Mentelli,  ad  insigne  Guttembergii,"  but  Peignot  says  this  is  a  dis- 
guised indication,  as  the  work  was  printed  at  Pavia. 

Dissertation   sur   Torigine   et   le   progres   de   rimprimerie  en 

Franche-Comte  pendant  le  XV«  Siecle,  avec  un  Catalogue  des 
livres  qui  y  furent  imprimes.     Dole  :  1784.      i2mo.  pp.  vi.  52. 

A  monograph  of  the  press  in  this  part  of  France,  with  a  bibliographical  account  of 
its  successive  productions  in  the  15th  century. 

Index  librorum  ab  inventa  typographia  ad  annum  1 500,  chrono- 

logice  dispositus  cum  notis  historiam  typographico-literarium 
illustrantibus.  2  vols.  Sens  :  1791-92.  8vo.  Vol.  I.,  pp. 
viii.  475  :  Vol.  II.,  pp.  464,  112. 

A  catalogue  of  the  editions  of  the  15th  century  in  the  library  of  the  Cardinal 
Lomenie  de  Brienne,  sold  in  Paris  in  1792.  A  copy  of  this  work  in  the  British 
Museum  (with  uncut  edges)  has  the  prices  affixed.  There  are  a  few  manuscript 
notes. 

Memoires  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  litteraire  de  quelques  grands 


hommes   du    XV<^  Siecle,  avec  un  supplement  aux  Annales  typo- 
graphiques  de  Maittaire.     Naples:  1776.     4to. 

Written  in  Latin. 


4i6 


Bibliography  of  Printing, 


Laire  (Frangois  Xavier).     Specimen  historicum  typographiae  Romanae 
XV.  Saeculi,  cum  indice  librorum.    Romae :  1778.   8vo.  pp.  xiv.  308. 


This  fine  work  is  dedicated  "Petro 
Antonio  Crevennae,  domo  mediolano 
negotiatori,  magnario  in  conventu  et 
emporio  Amstelodamensi."  The  chap- 
ters are  thus  divided  : — 

Caput  I.     De   typographia    generatim 
considerata. 
„     II.     De   origine  typographiae   in 
Italia. 

1.  De     typographia     apud 

Venetos. 

2.  De    typographia     apud 

Bononienses. 

3.  De     typographia     apud 

Mediolanensis. 
„    III.    De  typographia  apud  Sub- 

lacenses  in  agro  Romano. 
,,     IV.    De     typographia      Romam 

translata. 
,,      V.    De     typographis     Romanis 

Saeculi  XV. 

The    second     part     "  exhibet     indicem 


chronologicum  et  bibhographicum  lib- 
rorum XV  Saeculo  Romse  impressorum." 
The  account  of  the  origin  of  what  is  known 
as  the  Roman  character  is  especially 
interesting. 

A  folding-plate,  contains  specimens  of 
the  types  of  Sweynheym  and  Pannartz, 
two  of  the  earliest  Roman  printers. 

Francis  Xavier  Laire,  a  member 
of  one  of  the  religious  orders  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  known  as 
"  Father  Laire,"  was  one  of  the  most 
learned  bibliographers  of  France  during 
the  i8th  century.  He  was  born  at 
Dole,  in  Franche  Comte,  1739.  At  one 
time  he  was  the  librarian  of  Cardinal 
Brienne ;  subsequently  he  became  li- 
brarian at  the  Ecole  centrale  de  I'Yonne, 
in  which  position  he  remained  up  till  his 
death,  which  took  place  at  Paris  in  1800. 
He  left  a  large  library  of  books,  many  of 
which  contained  marginal  notes  in  his 
own  handwriting. 


and   De  Brienne  (Cardinal).      Serie  dall'  edizioni  Aldine. 

Pisa,  1790;  Padua,  1790;  Venice,  1792.     i2mo. 

This  was  written  by  Laire  in  association  with  Cardinal  Lomenie  de  Brienne,  whose 
librarian,  as  already  stated,  Father  Laire  was  appointed.  The  edition  of  1792  con- 
tains much  additional  matter  over  that  of  1790. 

See  AUDIFFREDI  (J.  B.),  Lettere  Tipografiche. 


Lalanne    (Ludovic).       Curiosites    bibliographiques.       Paris  :    1845, 
i2mo.  pp.  viii.  470. Paris:  1857.     i2mo.  pp.  vii.  469. 

Contains  a  well-written  history  of  writing  and  of  printing,  and  its  .spread  through- 
out the  world  ;  treats  also  of  the  libraries  in  Greece  and  Rome,  and  gives  many 
anecdotes  about  curious  printers'  errors,  etc. 

Lalanne  (Maxinie).      Traite  de   la  gravure  ^  I'eau  forte,  texte  et 

planches.       Paris  :    1866.      8vo.    pp.    106. 2™*   edit.    nouv. 

corrigee  et  augmentee.  Paris:  1878.  8vo.  pp.  xii.  112,  and 
10  plates.  17  copies  on  papier  de  Holland,  and  100  on  ordinary 
paper. 

A  practical  work  on  the  art  of  etching,  of  various  schools   who   have   used   the 

describing    with    much    minuteness    the  etching  method,  and  a  list  of  the  most 

different  appliances  and  processes.      At  remarkable  works  of  contemporary  "aqua- 

PP-     95~98    is    an    excellent    catalos^ue  fortistes."     The  work  is  illustrated  by  a 

raisonne  of  books  to  be  consulted  on  the  number   of  superb   etchings,    in   various 

history   and    practice   of  etching  ;    then  styles,  by  the  author, 
follows  a  list  of  the  principal  engravers 

Lallemand.      Nouveaux    procedes    d'impression    autographique    et 
photo-lithographique.     Paris :  1869.     i2mo. 

Lama  (Giuseppe  de).     See  Bodoni,  Vita,  &c. 


Bibliography  of  Printing 


417 


Lamartine  (Alphonse   Marie   Louis  Prat).       Gutenberg,    inventeur 
de  Timprimerie  (1400-1469).     Paris:   1853.     wSmall  8vo.  pp.49. 
A  reprint  of  a  life  of  the  inventor  of    where  for  nearly  thirty  years  he  held  the 
printing,  contributed  to  an  encyclopsedic    sceptre  of  poetry,  and  during  four  month-j 
publication   with   which    Lamartine  was     the  sceptre  of  power,    but  also  through- 
'     '  ,  ■        •     .       .  ^^^  (.jjg  world,  for  his  works  were  trans- 

lated into  every  language.  His  memoirs, 
however,  belong  rather  to  the  political 
history  of  France  than  to  a  technical 
work  like  the  present.  For  life  of 
Lamartine  see  Frensdorff  (E.),  Life, 
&c.  ;  and  Mirecourt  (E.  de)  pseud.,  i.e. 
C.  J.  B.  Jacquot,  "  Les  Contemporains," 
Part  II. 


connected.  It  has  no  historical  value, 
but  treats  the  matter  in  a  romrintic  style. 
It  has  been  translated  into  German  by 
M.  Theo.  Goebel,  and  printed  in  "  Mit- 
theilungen,"  Berlin,  1855. 

Lamartine  was  born  at  Macon,  Bur- 
gundy, October  21,  1790,  and  died  at 
Paris,  February  28,  1869.  His  name  is 
popular  and  classical,  not  only  in  France, 

Lambert  (Josse).     See  Voisin  (A.). 

Lambeth  Library.     A  Catalogue  of  the  Archiepiscopal  Manuscripts 
in  the  Library  at  Lambeth  Palace.      1812.     Folio. 

The  Library  of  the  Palace  at  Lambeth  Letter  from  Dr.  Charlet  to  Archbishop 
of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury  con-  Tenison,  concerning  a  fount  of  Sclavo- 
tains  a  singularly  large  and  important  nian  and  Armenian  types,  very  elegantly 
collection  of  books  and  documents  eluci-  cut,  which  Mr.  Ludolfus  is  bringing  to 
datory  of  the  early  history  of  printing  Oxford  from  Holland  ;  and  against  the 
and   typefounding   in   this   country.       It        "'  '      ' 

also  comprises  a  fine  series  of  incunabula. 
For  these  two,  among  other  reasons,  the 
work  above  cited  finds  a  place  in  our 
Bibliography. 

The  Catalogue  of  the  manuscripts  was 
prepared,  we  believe,  by  a  former 
librarian,  Mr.  Henry  J.  Todd.  In  the 
preface  is  a  carefully-compiled  account  of 
the  general  contents  (Tf  the  library. 

We  extract  the  following  catalogue  of 
the    articles    relating    to    printing,    pre 


Bill  for  laying  printmg  open  in  com- 
mon. Dated,  University  College,  March 
15,  1694. 

Archbishop's  letter  to  the  King's  prin- 
ters, 1633,  signifying  th2  King's  pleasure 
about  a  Greek  press. 

King's  letter  to  the  Archbishop  about 
the  same. 

The  printers'  letter  to  the  Archbishop 
about  the  same. 

Dr.  Ducarel's  letter  to  Gerard  Meer- 
man,  Esq.,  Pensionary  of  Rotterdam, 
raising,  however,  that  though  classed  as  concerning  the  origin  of  printing  in  Eng- 
manuscripts,  through  containing  written  land,  in  which  it  is  shown  that  no  printer 
additions  or  alterations,  several  of  them  of  the  name  of  Frederick  Corsellis  ever 
are,  in  fact,  printed  productions  : —  existed,  and  that  the  account  of  a  record 

A  Bill  for  the  better  regulation  of  the    concerning  him  in  the  Lambeth  Library  is 

a  fiction.  Dated  London,  November  21, 
1760. 


press. 

■     Abstract  of  the  said  Bill. 

Act  for  the  better  regulating  of  printers 
and  printing-presses. 

Some  observations  on  the  said  Bill. 

Draft  of  a  Bill  for  printers  or  authors 
to  be  answerable  for  everything  which 
they  publish,  dated  January  8,  1701-2. 

Letter  concerning  the  case  between 
Mr.  Poole  and  Mr.  C.  Bee  considered 
and  decided. 

Case  of  a  printing-house  at  Cambridge, 
1698. 

"     The  state  of  the  affair  of  printing  at 
the  University  of  Oxford. 

Objections  to  the  Printing  Act,  1694-5. 

The  grievances  of  the  workmen  prin- 
ters. 


The  early-printed  books  in  this  library 
have  been  ably  catalogued  by  the  late 
Rev.  S.  R.  Maitland,  F.R.S.  {q.v.). 
Bound  up  with  a  copy  of  that  gentle- 
man's "  Index  "  is  (in  manuscript)  "  Books 
and  Fragments  of  Books  from  the  Press 
of  William  Caxton,  preserved  in  the 
Archiepisc5pal  Library,  Lambeth.  Com- 
piled by  William  Blades,  Nov.  i860."  ft 
is  a  manuscript,  to  which  the  author's 
signature  is  appended. 

Dr.   Ducarel's  letter  to  Gerard  Meer- 

man  was  published  by  William  Bowyer. 

The  reverend  doctor  diligently  searched 

the  Lambeth  Library  to  ascertain  whether 

there  was  the  slightest  foundation  for  the 

A  list  of  the  master  printers   besides    assertion    of   Atkyns,    that    a    book    by 

Her   Majesty's    printers,  —Mr.  Bill  and     "  Corsellis,"   the  alleged  English  proto- 

Mr.  Barker.  printer,    existed   there.     The   result   was 

%  H 


4i8 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


completely  to  refute  the  shameful  inven- 
tion of  Atkyns,  and  subsequent  investiga- 
tors have  made  independent  examinations 
with  precisely  similar  results. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  in  the 
Lambeth  Library  is  preserved  a  manu- 
script of  Lord  Rivers's  translation  of  the 
"  Dictes  and  Sayings  of  the  Philoso- 
phers,"  containing  an    illustration    sup- 


posed to  be  of  the  Earl  introducing 
Caxton,  the  printer,  to  Edward  IV.,  his 
queen,  and  prince.  Were  this  picture 
certainly  representative  of  Caxton  it 
would  have  the  very  highest  interest, 
because  no  other  portrait  of  him  is  known 
to  exist.  Unfortunately  the  authenticity 
of  the  composition  is  open  to  the  gravest 
doubt. 


See  Atkyns,  Bowyer,  Cambridge,  Oxford,  Parlia- 
mentary Papers,  &c. 

Lambinet  (Pierre).  Recherches  historiques,  litteraires,  et  critiques 
sur  I'origine  de  rimprimerie  ;  particulierement  sur  ses  premiers 
etablissemens  au  quinzieme  siecle  dans  la  Belgique,  maintenant 
reunie  a  la  Republique  Fran9aise.  Ornees  des  portraits  et  des 
ecussons  des  premiers  imprimeurs  Beiges,  Bruxelles,  an  VII. 
[1799]-  8vo.  pp.  xvi.  500.  Portraits  of  Martens  of  Alost,  and 
of  the  Freres  de  la  Vie  Commune. 

This  work  illustrates   in   a   considerable   degree   the   early  history  of  printing. 
It  was  reprinted  with  the  following  title  : — 

Origine  de  Timprimerie,  d'apres  les  titres  authentiques,  I'opinion 

de  M.  Daunou  et  celle  de  M.  Van  Praet ;  suivi  des  etablissements 
de  cet  art  dans  la  Belgique,  et  de  I'histoire  de  la  stereotypie. 
Ornee  de  caiques,  de  portraits,  et  d'ecussons.  2  vols.  Paris  : 
1810.  8vo.  Vol.  I.  pp.  XXX.  455  ;  Vol.  II.  pp.  xvi.  424. 
Lambinet's  work  exhibits  the  results  of  a  printers,  and  that  they  carried  on  their 
large  amount  of  historical  investigation,  business  at  Mayence.  He  considers  that 
Peignot  says  :  "  I  do  not  know  of  a  more  Schoeffer  devised  the  punch,  the  matrice, 
erudite  bibliographer  than  the  author  of  and  the  movable  mould,  without  which 
the  '  Recherches  historiques.'  I  have  printing  with  type  would  not  have  been 
consulted  many  times  this  interesting  possible.  The  initiation  of  the  enterprise 
work,  which  is  full  of  the  most  curious  is  ascribed  to  Gutenberg  and  Fust.  The 
notes  concerning  the  first  establishment  seventh  chapter  consists  of  remarks  on 
of  printing,  in  the  15th  century,  in  Bel-  the  incunabula,  on  the  Gothic  characters, 
gium,  and  on  the  first  editions,  which  are  abbreviations,  orthography,  punctuation, 
the  subjects  of  the  most  animated  dis-  signatures,  &c.  The  second  part  of  the 
cussions  among  bibliographers."  The  first  work  describes  the  spread  of  printing, 
part  of  the  book  is  divided  into  seven  and  its  establishment  in  the  different 
chapters,  the  first  treating  of  the  anti-  cities  of  the  Continent.  Peignot  con- 
quity  of  engraving  in  relief  and  of  wood-  eludes  his  appreciative  notice  of  Lambj- 
engraving ;  the  second  part,  of  the  sub-  net's  work  by  saying  :  "  I  have  read  it 
stance  and  the  form  of  the  books  of  the  with  the  warmest  interest,  and  have 
ancients,  the  origin  of  letters,  the  use  of  always  consulted  it  with  the  greatest 
papyrus,  parchment,  vellum,  papier  de  advantage."  Many  of  Lambinet's  conclu- 
la  Chine,  rag  paper,  the  employment  of  sions  have  since  been  rejected,  but  the 
different  kinds  of  inks,  &c..  The  third  book  will  always  rank  among  the  monu- 
chapter  is  devoted  to  printing  from  ments  of  typographical  bibliography, 
wooden  blocks,  of  punch-cutting,  type-  M.  Daunou's  "  L'Origine  de  I'im- 
casting,  &c.  The  fourth  treats  of  the  primerie,"  and  M.  Camus's  "La  Stereo- 
first  books  of  images,  early  methods  of  typie"  are  reprmted  almost  word  for 
printing,    playing    cards,    the    "  Biblia-  word. 

Pauperum,"   &c.     The  fifth  reviews  the  The    Abbe    Lambinet,    originally    a 

controversy  as  to  Haarlem,  Strasbourg,  priest  of  the    Roman   Catholic   Church, 

and   Mayence.     The    sixth    details    the  obtained    Letters  of  Secularization,  and 

origin  of  typography,  the  author  expres-  devoted  himself  to  literature.     He  died 

sing  his  decided  opinion  that  Gutenberg,  at  Mezieres  in  1813,  aged  71. 
Fust,     and     Schoeffer     were     the     first 


Bibliog7'aphy  of  Printing. 


419 


fils,  and  in  1758  sold  it  to  Nicolas  Gando  ; 
after  which  he  retired  to  Avignon, 
where  he  started  business  again,  but  his 
subsequent  history  is  unknown. 


Lamesle  (Claude),      fipreuves  generales  des  Caracteres  qui  se  trou- 
vent  chez  Claude  Lamesle,  fondeur  de  caracteres  d'imprimerie. 
Paris:   1742.     Small  4to. 
Seventy-eight   leaves   of  specimens  of 
letters,  and  12  leaves  of  music  type. 

Claude  Lamesle  was  a  publisher  and 
type-founder  at  Pans.  He  purchased  in 
1737  the  foundry  of  Cot  pere,  mere,  et 

Lamm  (G.).     Der  Kampf  mit  dem  Drachen,  oder  das  grosse  Eulen- 
nest.     Leipzig.     8vo.  pp.  8. 

A  satirical  poem  about  printing  at  Leipzig,  of  no  literary  value. 
Lamminger  (M.).     Ueber  das  Firniss-sieden  der  Buchdrucker,  oder 
wie  solche  ohne  Furcht  vor  Gefahr  und  Schaden  auf  eine  leichte, 
Zeit   und    Holz   ersparende  Art   geschehen   konne.      Niirnbeig  : 
1817.     8vo. 


BASLE  :    1505-1519. 

Lamparter  (Nicolas). 

The  device  of  this    printer,  which  we  annex,   includes  the  arms   of  Basle,   a 
chamois  horn  erased  sable,  on  a  field  argent. 

Lana   (J.    B.   de).       Lettre    sur  une    nouvelle   maniere   d'imprimer. 

[In   "  Parergis    Gottingens,"  vol.   4,  p.  141.]     Gottingen  :    1738. 

8vo. 
Lancesseur.     Memoire  pour  les  graveurs  et  marchands  d'estampes  a 

Paris  ayant  des  fonds  de  planches  gravees,  contre  les  jurez  de  la 

communaute   des   imprimeurs    en   taille-douce.      M.  Lancesseur, 

avocat.     1734.     Folio. 
Landerer.      Specimen  Characterutn  in  neo-erecta  Typorum  fusura 

Posonii  apud  Joannem  Michaelem  Landerer  Typographum  exis- 

tentium.     Poson  :   1770.     8vo.     20  leaves  printed  on  one  side. 
Printing  was  first  employed  at  Poson  or  Presburg,  the  capital  of  Lower  Hungary, 
in  161 2.     The  types  of  which  the  above  are  a  specimen  are  of  no  great  merit  either 
in  design  or  workmanship. 


42 o  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Landine  (Ant.  Fran9oise  de).     i>^  Delandine  (Ant.  Fr.). 

Landseer  (John).     Lectures  on  the  Art  of  Engraving,  delivered  at 
the  Royal   Institution  of  Great  Britain.      London  :  1807.     8vo. 
pp.  xxxviii.  341. 
This  book  is  printed  by  J.  McCreery,  Blackhorse  Court,  Fleet  Street. 

John  Landseer  was  born  in  1761,  and  He  was  chosen  associate  engraver  by  the 

died  February  29,  1852.     He  was  the  son  Royal   Academy   in    1807,   and   in   1814 

of  a  jeweller,   and  received  his  earliest  began  a  series  of  line  engravings,  illus- 

instructions  from  William   Byrne.       His  trating  the  antiquities  of  Dacca  (British 

fir>t     productions     were     vignettes     for  India).        Later    he     gave    a    course    of 

Macklin's  Bible  and  Bowyer's  Hi.story  of  lectures  on  engraved  hieroglyphics.      In 

England  (1793).      In  1799  he  was  engaged  1B23  he  published  "  Sabaan  Researches," 

on  a  series  of  views  in  the  Isle  of  Wight  and    in    1S34    a    Catalogue,  descriptive, 

for  J.  M.  W.  I'urner  and  J.  C.  Ibbetson  ;  explanatory,  and  critical,  of  the  earliest 

afterwards   he   published   engravings    of  pictures  in   the    National   Gallery.      As 

animals   after    Rubens,    Snyders,    Rem-  late  as  1851  he  exhibited  at  the  Royal 

brandt,  and  others.     In  1806  he  gave  the  Academy  views  of  Druidical  temples  in 

lectures  on  Engraving  before  the  Royal  the  islands  of  Guernsey  and  Jersey. 
Institution  which  are  referred  to  above. 

Langalerie  (Charles  de).  Notice  sur  Tart  de  Nieller.  Orleans  : 
1858.     8vo.     Cuts. 

Lange  (Ad.).  Peter  Schoffer  von  Gernsheim,  der  Buchdrucker  und 
Buchhandler.  (Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  des  Buchhandels,  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  und  der  vervvandten  Kiinste  und  Gewerbe,  L) 
Leipzig  :   1864.     4to. 

Lange  (J,  Eph.).  Die  Buchdruckerkunst  als  das  letzte  und  edelste 
Kleinod  der  Kirche,  etc.     Budessin  :   1740.     4to. 

Langendyk  (Pieter).  Lofdicht  op  het  Eerbeeld  van  Laurens  Koster, 
eersten  Vinder  der  Drukkunst,  kunstig  uitgehouwen  door  Mr. 
G.  V.  Heerstal,  en  opgerecht  binnen  de  stadt  Haarlem,  in  den 
Artseynhof,  in  den  Jaare  1722.      Haarlem:   1723.     4to.  pp.  8. 

Langenschwarz  (Max.).     Die  Gutenberg-Schwarmerei  unsrer  Tage. 

Oder   Zehn    Fragen   als    Beweis,    dass   Johann    Gutenberg   nicht 

Erfinder  der  Buchdruckerkunst  war.    (Als  Vorlaufer  des  Schneider 

Kitz.)     Leipzig:  1841.     8vo.  pp.  vi.  64. 

A  wretchedly-printed    pamphlet,   of   small   literary  value,  written   in   favour  of 

Koster. 

: De  Vergoding  van  Gutenberg  in  onze  dagen  ;  of  tien  vragen 

tot  bevvijs,  dat  Johann  Gutenberg  niet  de  uitvinder  der  Boekdruk- 
kunst  was.  Naar  het  Hoogduitsch.  Met  eene  voorrede  en 
aanteekeningen  van  G.  van  Enst  Koning.  Gioningen :  1842. 
8vo.  pp.  viii.  71. 

Tien  Vragen  van  eenen  Hoogduitscher,  als  bewijs  dat  Johan 

Gutenberg  niet  de  Uitvinder  der  Boekdrukkunst  is.  Eene  hulde 
aan  Laurens  Jansz.  Koster.     Deventer  :  1856.     8vo.  pp.  iv.  42. 

Langi.es  (L.).  Details  litteraires  et  typographiques  sur  I'edition  du 
dictionnaire  et  des  grammaires  Tartares  Mantchoux.  Paris  : 
1 790.     8vo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  421 

Langlois  (E.  H.).  Essai  sur  la  calligraphic  des  manuscrits  du  Moyen- 
Age,  et  sur  les  ornements  des  premiers  livres  d'heures  imprimes. 
Rouen  :  1841.     8vo.  pp.    180.     With  18  engraved  facsimiles. 

Langlois  des  Essarts  (Alfred  Stanislas).  Les  grands  inventeurs 
anciens  et  modernes.  Ouvrage  orne  de  24  lithographies  a  deux 
tintes,  par  A.  Chereau.     Paris  :  1863.     Oblong  folio. 

A  Series  of  24  lithographs,  with  accompanying  letterpress  of  episodes  in  the  history 
of  inventions.  Plate  5  is  devoted  to  Gutenberg  ;  plate  21  to  Senefelder.  The 
pictures  are  altogether  imaginary,  and  the  literary  matter  is  quite  valueless. 

Langlum^. — See  Chevallier  (J.  B.  A.)  and  Langlum£.  ^ 


LEIPZIG:  1501-1522. 
Lantzberg  (Martin). 

All  that  is  known  of  Martin  Lantzberg,  Augustin,  entitled   "  Coelifodina  abscon- 
or  Lantzperg,  is  that  he  was  a  native  of    ditos     scripturse     thesaurus     panderis," 

Landsberg,  and  printed  at  Leipzig  from  2  vols.,  the  first  of  which  bears  the  date 

1501    to    1522.       The    annexed    device,  151 1.     The  device  consists,  on  the  right 

which    is   used    in    some   of   his    books  hand,  ofthearmsofthe  townofWiirzburg; 

without  the  name  of  the  printer,  is  taken  a  shield  hanging  from  a  stump  ;  the  other 

from  the  work  of  Johannes  de   Palz,  a  shield  bears  a  bull's  head  and  star, 
monk  of  the  order  of  the  Hermits  of  St. 

Laplane  (Henri  de).  Notices  bibliographiques  sur  deux  ouvrages 
imprimes  dans  le  XV«  Siecle,  et  intitules,  I'un  :  Breviarium  in 
Codicem,  par  Jean  Lefevre,  et  I'autre,  Fasciculus  Temporum,  par 
Werner  Rolewinck ;  avec  la  description  de  leur  curieuse  reliure. 
Paris  :  1845.     ^vo.  pp.  vii.  206. 

.  Descriptive  of  a  book  engraved  in  relief  at  Aix,  in  1443,  by  means  of  a  then  unknown 
process,  probably  etching,  having  a  portrait  of  Rene  d'Anjou  by  Pierre  de  Milan, 
engraver  to  that  prince. 

Lappenberg  (J.  M.).  Zur  Geschichte  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  Ham- 
burg.    Hamburg :   1840.     4to.     With  engravings. 

Contains  remarks  about  Hamburg  book-printing  offices,  Hamburg  prints  up  to 
the  year  1600,  and  an  appendix  on  some  old  Low  Saxon  prints. 

Larkin  (George).     An  essay  on  the  noble  Art  of  Printing.     London  : 
1700.     8vo. 
Mentioned  in  West's  "  B'ifty  Years'  Recollections  of  an  old  Bookseller  "      8vo. 
Cork),     Part  IL.  pp.   126. 


42  2  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Larking  (Rev.  Lambert  B,).     On  Causton  in  Kent,  as  the  birth-place 
of  William  Caxton.     [From  "  Archseologia  Cantiana."] 

Caxton.     A  communication  to  Notes  and  Queries^  First  Series, 

vol.  v.,  p.  3. 

Shows    that    in    Cambridgeshire    the        The     Rev.    Lambert    B.    Larking, 

name  Causton  and  Caxton   was  at  one  a  good  man  and  a  ripe  scholar,  died  at 

time  used  indififerently.     A  place  called  the  Vicarage,   Ryarsh,    August  2,  1868, 

Causton   Manor,    in   Hadlow,   has   been  at  the  age  of  71.     He  was  the  founder 

identified     in    Kent — hence    the    writer  of  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society,  and 

believes  that  Caxton  may  be   identified  a  voluminous  writer  on  Kentish  antiqui- 

with  Causton  Manor.  ties. 

Lasalette    (P.    J.).      Stenographic    musicale,   ou   maniere  abregee 

d'ecrire  la  musique,  a  I'usage  des  compositeurs  et  des  imprimeurs. 

Paris  :  1805.     8vo.  pp.  64. 
Lasker  (Julius).     Die  400-jahrige  Jubelfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buch- 

druckerkunst.     Danzig  am  25.  Juli,  1840.     Danzig  :  1840.     8vo. 
Lasteyrie  (Comte    C.   P.  de).      Typographic  economique,    ou   I'art 

d'imprimerie  mis  a  la  portee  de  tons  et  applicable  aux  differents 

besoins  sociaux.     Paris :  1837.     8vo.     3  plates. 
The  author's  name  is  familiar  to  the  student  of  the  history  of  lithography,  and  his 
exertions  for  the  spread  of  the  art  in  its  very  earliest  days  are  referred   to.     He 
composed  and  printed  this  work  himself. — See  Engelmann,  &c. 

Lastri  (Pr.  Marco).     Stamperia  granducale  e  Storia  della  Fiorentina 

Tipografia.       [In  *' L'Osservatore    Fiorentino  sugli   edifizi   della 

sua  patria."     8  vols.     Firenze  :   1821.     8vo.] 

Latham  (H.).    Oxford  Bibles,  and  Printing  in  Oxford.    Oxford :  1868. 

8vo.  pp.  64.     In  two  parts. 

A  short  review  of  the  history  of  the    is    not    mentioned,   and    the   "Book   of 

English   Bible  and   of  the   invention   of    Fame,"  is  quoted  as  if  that  were  the  only 

printing,  which  is  thus  described  : — "In    work  of  his  press  to  which  his  name  was 

A.D.    1444   Gutenberg  joined    Faust  at     attached.     The  Bibles  of  Coverdale  and 

Strasbourg;    after    ineffectual    attempts    Tyndale  are  then  described,  as  well  as 

to  print  with  wooden  types,  they  made     Matthew's,  Cranmer's,  and  the  Authorizea 

types  of  metal."(!)  The  arrival  in  England    Version.     "  Printing  in  Oxford  "  gives  an 

of  Caxton  is  assigned   to    1471  and  his    account  of  the  first  press,  the  University 

press    placed    inside   the  Abbey.       The     Press,    its    rise    and    progress,   and    the 

"  Dic-tes"  of  1477,  his  earliest  dated  book,     Clarendon  Press. 

Oxford    Bibles    and    Printing    in    Oxford.       Oxford  :    1870. 

sm.  long  8vo.    pp.  56  and  7  pp.  of  types. 

This  is  an  exact  reprint  of  the  former  work,  only  smaller  and  with  plates. 
Lau  (J.  G.  la).     Proeve  van  Letteren  der  Boekdrukkerij  van  J.  G. 

la  Lau,  te  Leyden,  184^..     8vo. 
Laudem  inter  Jacobum  et  Joanneum  Faustios  ex  una  et  Johannem 

Guttenberg  ex  altera    parte,  agens  de  pecunia   in  librorum  im- 

pressum    insumpta.      (In    H.    Ch.   Jenkenberg,    select,    juris,    et 

histor.  I.,  pp.  269-277). 
Laun  (Friedrich).     Ludwig  Philipp  und  Napoleon.     (Gedicht.)     Zum 

Andenken  an  das  Jahr  1840  und   dessen  Jubelfeier   der   Buch- 

druckerkunst.     Dresden  und  Leipzig  :  1840.     8vo. 
Laurent  (J.  F.).     Specimen  des  vignettes  et  fleurons  polytypees  de 

la  fonderie  de  J.  F.  Laurent.     Paris  :  1827.     Folio. 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  423 

Laurent  et  de  Berny.  Specimen  de  la  fonderie  de  Laurent  et  de 
Berny.     Paris  :   1828.     Folio. 

Gravures  polytypees.     Paris  :  1831.     A  broadside. 

Le  livret    typographique,    specimen    de    caracteres.       Paris  : 

1844.     8vo. 

These  are  early  specimen  books  of  a  French  foundry  which  is  still  in  existence, 
and  has  achieved  a  high  reputation  for  the  excellence  of  its  types. 

Laval  { — ).  Discours  sur  Torigine,  le  progres,  et  les  differens  ages  de 
la  librairie  et  I'imprimerie.      1726. 

LaWsher  (F.  C).  Die  lithographische  Hochatzkunst,  oder  die  Kunst 
auf  Kalkschiefer  oder  Marmorstein  durch  Sauren  so  erhaben  zu 
atzen,  dass  es  wie  Bleitypen  abgedruckt  werden  kann.  Nebst 
einer  griindlichen  Anleitung,  von  diesen  hochgeatzten  Litho- 
graphieen  Stereotypen  abnehmen  zu  konnen.  Fine  hochst 
wichtige  Erfindung  fiir  den  Buchdruck,  als  billigeres  Surrogat  fiir 
den  theuern  Holzschnitt  und  dessen  Abklatschplatten.  Baltimore, 
Md.  :  1835.     8vo.  pp.   56. 

Lawton  (J.  W.).  The  Printer's  Pocket  Companion  :  containing 
Imposition  and  other  valuable  Tables  ;  new  and  comprehensive 
Job  Price  List,  etc.  etc.  Rochdale  :  1870.  i6mo.  8  pp.  letter- 
press tables,  and  16  pp.  litho  imposition  tables. 

A  compendium  of  information  on  matters  not  usually  committed  to  memory, — 
figures,  prices,  sizes,  and  such  like,  with  complete  imposition  tables. 

L£bailly  (Armand).  Hegesippe  Moreau,  sa  vie  et  ses  oeuvres. 
Documents  inedits.     Paris  :   1863.     i2mo. 

Heg.  Moreau  served  his  apprenticeship  as  compositor  at  Provins,  and  later  was 
employed  as  such  at  Didot's  in  Paris. 

Leb^gue.  a  Messieurs  les  Deputes  de  la  France  sur  I'etat  deplorable 
oil  I'imprimerie  et  la  librairie  se  trouvent  reduites,  et  des  moyens 
d'ameliorer  leur  sort,  par  J.  C.  Lebegue,  doyen  des  imprimeurs  de 
Paris.     Paris  :  1845.     4to.     2  leaves.     4th  edition. 

Leber  (C).  Catalogue  des  livres  imprimes,  manuscrits,  dessins  et 
cartes  ^  jouer,  composant  la  Bibliotheque  de  M.  C.  Leber ;  avec 
des  notes.     4  vols.     Paris  :  1839 — 1852.     8vo.     Facsimiles. 

This  collection  of  ancient  playing-cards  is  no  less  curious  than  that  of  the  National 
Library  at  Paris.     It  now  belongs  to  the  Library  of  the  City  of  Rouen. 

;£tudes  historiques  sur  les  cartes  h.  jouer,   principalement  sur 

les  cartes  fran^aises,  ou  Ton  examine  quelques  opinions  publiques 
en  France  sur  ce  sujet.  (Memoires  et  dissertations  sur  les 
antiquites  nationales  et  etrangeres  publics  par  la  Soc.  des  Antiqu. 
de  France.     Tom.  VL  pp.  256-384.     Paris:  1842.) 

Histoire  de  la  gravure  par  ses  produits.       Catalogue  d'une 

collection  d'estampes  originales  de  tout  nature  et  de  toutes  les 
ecoles,  representes  par  leurs  maltres  et  compares  par  epoque, 
depuis  la  i^  moitie  du  XV^  Siecle  jusqu'au  commencement  du 
XIX^,  suivie  des  procedes  employes  pour  graver  et  pour  nettoyer 
les  estampes.     Orleans  :  1872.     4to.  pp.  39. 


424  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Leber  (C).  Essai  d'une  pantographie  comparee,  ou  collection 
d'estampes  originales  de  toute  nature  et  de  toutes  les  ecoles  repre- 
sentees par  leurs  principaux  maltres,  et  comparees  par  epoques, 
depuis  la  premiere  moitie  du  XV°  Siecle  jusqu'au  commencement 
du  XIX®,  pour  servir  a  I'histoire  de  la  gravure  par  ses  produits. 
[In  "  Memoires  de  la  Societe  Archeologique  de  I'Orleanais." 
Tome  i.  pp.   31-74].     1851.     8vo. 

Le  Blon.     See  Blon  (J.  C.  le). 

Lechi  (Luigi).  Delia  Tipografia  Bresciana  nel  secolo  decimoquinto. 
Brescia:  1854.     4to.  pp.    128,  with  8  plates. 

Only  208  copies  printed  ;  five  on  large  paper.     It  is  a  much  esteemed  work. 

LedeBOER  (A.  M.).  Notices  bibliographiques  des  livres  imprimes 
avant  1525,  conserves  dans  la  Bibliotheque  publique  de  Deventer. 
Leipzig  :   1 867.     8vo. 

Alfabetische     Lijst    der    boekdrukkers,     boekverkoopers    en 

uitgevers    in     Noord-Nederland,    sedert  de    uitvinding    van    de 
boekdrukkunst  tot  den  aanvang  der  negentiende  eeuw.      Utrecht  : 

1876.  4to.  pp.  xiv.  198,  and  4  leaves  of  printers'  marks. 

A  valuable  and   very  complete  alpha-  cated,  as  also  the  titles  and  date  of  pub- 

betical   list  of  the  printers,  booksellers,  lication  of  the  principal  works  issued  by 

and    publishers   of    North    Netherlands,  them.       The    compilation    has     been    a 

from  the  invention  of  typography  to  the  labour  of  love  to  Mr.  Ledeboer,  an  octo- 

beginning   of  the    19th   century.      After  genarian  and  a  retired  physician.     The 

each  name  the  time  and  place  in  which  first  edition   issued   as  a   proof,  not   for 

those  here  enumerated  flourished  are  indi-  sale,  was  : — 

De  boekdrukkers,  boekverkoopers  en  uitgevers  in  Noord- 
Nederland  sedert  de  uitvinding  van  de  boekdrukkunst  tot  den 
aanvang  der  negentiende  eeuw.  Eene  preuve.  (Niet  in  den 
handel).     Deventer:  1872.     4to.  pp.  xvi.  412. 

'■- — —  Chronologisch  Register  behoorende  bij  de  Alfabetische  Lijst 
der  boekdrukkers,  boekverkoopers  en  uitgevers  in  Noord-Neder- 
land sedert  het  jaar  1440  tot  het  begin  dezer  eeuw.      Utrecht : 

1877.  Demy  4to.  pp.  iv.  80. 

This  chronological  register  of  Dutch  printers  is  intended  as  an  appendix  to  the 
alphabetical  register  mentioned  above. 


— Het  geslacht  van  Waesberghe.     Eene  bijdrage  tot  de  geschie- 

denis  der  boekdrukkunst  en  van  den  boekhandel  in  Nederland. 

Rotterdam:    1859.      8vo.    pp.  iii.   240  and   31,  and   plates. 

2°  verm,  uitgabe.     s'Gravenhage  :  1869.     8vo.  pp.  xv.  and  327, 
m.  Portr.  drukkermerken  en  facsimile. 

The  annals  of  the  different  offices  under  the  direction  of  the  celebrated  printers 
van  Waesberghe,  at  Amsterdam,  Anvers,  Breda,  Rotterdam,  and  Utrecht,  from 
1561,  are  given  with  much  care  and  have  a  bibliographic  value,  as  have  all  the 
publications  of  the  author. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


425 


Lee  (A,  van).  Haarlems  regt  op  de  eer  van  de  uitvinding  der  boek- 
drukkunst  gehandhaafd  ;  of  beknopt  overzigt  van  den  stand  der 
zaak,  vooral  na  het  onderzoek  van  den  Heer  de  Vries,  en  de 
toelichtingen  van  de  Heeren  Schinkel  en  Noordziek.     Amsterdam  : 

1843.      8vo.    pp.  32. Tweede   druk.      Amersterdara  :    1848. 

8vo.  pp.   34. 


Lee  Priory  Press.  Woodcuts  and  verses.  Edited,  with  preface, 
by  E.  Quillinan,  Esq.  1820.  4to.  Printed  at  the  Lee  Priory 
Press. 

This  consists  of  a  preface  (pp.  14),  woodcuts  and  verses,  58  leaves,  notes  (pp.  16), 
arrangement  i  leaf.  In  this  work  all  the  wood-engravings  and  specimens  of  every 
type  used  at  the  Lee  Priory  Press,  are  exhibited.     100  copies  only  were  printed. 


The  Lee  Priory  Press  was  estab- 
lished in  the  year  1813  by  Sir  Egerton 
Brydges,  Bart.,  at  Ickham,  near  Canter- 
bury, the  seat  of  his  eldest  son,  T.  B. 
Brydges  Barrett,  Esq.     A  list  of  its  pro- 


membered  by  printers  chiefly  in  connec- 
tion with  Johnson's  unfortunate  experi- 
ence of  it.— ^S'^'^  Johnson  (J.). 

Quillinan  was  Wordsworth's  brother-in- 
law.     The  family  tomb,  adjoining  that  of 


ductions  will  be  found  in  Bohn's  edition     the  poet  laureate,  in  Rydal  churchyard, 
of  "Lowndes's  Bibliographer's  Manual,"     is  well  known  to  every  Lake  tourist, 
vol.  iv.,  p.  2x8.      This  press  will   be  re- 


Leeu  or  De  Leeu  (Gerard). 

Gerardus  Leeu  was  a  member  of  a 
very  distinguished  family.  He  estab- 
lished a  printing-office  at  Gouda  in  the 
year  1477,  the  first  in  his  native  place, 
and  exercised  the  art  of  a  printer  up  to 
1484,  when  he  took  his  presses  to  Ant- 
werp, where  he  continued  printing  until 
1493,  the  year  of  his  death.  In  1484 
there  appeared  from  his  press  a  book  on 
the  "Seven  Sacraments,"  executed  with 
the  same  type  as  that  used  by  Bellaert 
at  Haarlem.  As  Leeu  continued  to  use 
this  type  till  1489,  although  Bellaert  had 
ended  his  labours  in  i486,  it  is  believed 
that  Leeu  had  bought  the  fount.  We  find 
this  type  also  used  by  P.  van  Os.  Leeu 
was  an  excellent  printer,  and  by  many  is 


regarded  as  second  to  none— not  even  to 
Veldener.  During  his  sojourn  at  Gouda 
he  used  different  marks.  One,  which  is 
reproduced  above,  he  printed  in  red  and 
black.  It  represents  the  double  ecusson 
suspended  to  the  branch  of  a  tree.  On 
the  left  shield  are  the  arms  of  Gouda  ;  on 
the  right  the  device  of  the  printer.  The 
other  mark  was  composed  of  the  arms 
of  Maximilian,  Archduke  of  Austria, 
held  by  two  lions.  On  the  right  were  the 
arms  of  Gouda,  on  the  left  the  device  of 
Leeu.  The  last  book  printed  by  him 
at  Gouda  with  a  date  was,  according  to 
Holtrop  "  Le  Livre  des  Sept  Sacrements," 
in  Dutch,  dated  June  19,  1484,  already 
mentioned. 


3  I 


426 


Bibliography  of  Printing, 


A  full  account  of  the  life  and  labours 
of  Leeu  has  been  conjointly  compiled  by 
Van  der  Meersch  and  Mr.  Campbell,  in 
the  Bulletin  du  Bibliophile  Beige,  vol.  iii. 
455,  vol.  iv.  249,  and  vol.  vi.  29  ;  and 
there  is  a  Catalogue  of  his  works  in 
Holtrop,  "  Mon.  Typ.,"  pp.  74,  99. 
Lambinet,  in  his  "  Origine  de  I'lmpri- 
merie,"  pp.  415-438,  gives  a  description 
of  many  of  his  works. 

The  device  given  on  p.  425  is,  as  already 
stated,  that  used  by  Leeu  at  Gouda, 
but  a  different  device  was  adopted  by 
G.  Leeu  and  Claes  Leeu  when  they 
carried  on  business  at  Antwerp  (1480 
to  1493).  It  consisted  of  the  arms  of 
the  Castle  of  Antwerp :  a  battle- 
mented  and  turreted  gate,  with  two 
smaller  ones  on  either  side :  two  flags 
from  the  chief  towers,  one  with  the  arms 
of  the  German  Empire,  the  other  with 
those  of  the  Archduke  Maximilian  of 
Au.stria.  The  two  flags  issuing  from  the 
smaller  towers  bear  each  a  hand.  It  is 
not  known  who  this  Claes  Leeu  was, 
whether  he  was  a  brother,  son,  father,  or 
partner  of  Gerard. 

The  noble  vignette  represented  on  p.  427 
was  appended  to  many  of  the  finest  pub- 
lications of  the  15th  century,  which  are 
valued  by  bibliographers,   not  only  on 


account  of  their  antiquity,  but  also  on 
account  of  their  beauty  of  execution. 
A  large  number  of  them  are  illustrated 
with  bold  and  spirited  woodcuts. 

It  ought  to  be  mentioned  that  Panzer 
says  that  Leeu's  office  was  established 
at  Gouda  in  1477,  and  that  it  was  in 
operation  till  1489.  In  1480  he  opened 
another  establishment  at  Antwerp,  which 
he  conducted  till  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  T493.  Holtrop,  however,  states 
that  Leeu  transported  his  office  from 
Gouda  to  Antwerp  in  1484,  which  is 
altogether  at  variance  with  Panzer. 

After  the  death  of  Leeu  most  of  the 
woodcuts  that  he  used, — among  them  the 
device  given  on  p.  427,  came  into  the  pos- 
session of  Theodore  Martens.  The  de- 
vice we  have  selected  is  that  contained 
in  "  Savonarola  H.  Expositio  in  Psal- 
mum,"  4to.,  issued  without  place  or  date 
of  publication. 

The  following  specimens  of  the  work 
of  Gerard  Leeu  are  contained  in  the 
British  Museum  : — "  Reynaert  die  Vos^" 
printed  at  Gouda,  by  Gerard  Leeu,  m 
1479  ;  the  first  edition  of  "Reynard  the 
Fox"  in  any  language;  "Dyalogus 
creaturaru,"  printed  at  Gouda,  by  Gerard 
Leeu,  in  1480.  With  woodcuts.  The 
first  edition  of  this  work. 


Leeu  (Nicolas). 

This  printer  was  probably  the  brother, 
or  a  near  relation,  to  Gerard  Leeu,  who 
printed  so  many  books  at  Antwerp.  The 
device  on  p.  ^28  is  taken  from  a  work 
dated  1488 ;  it  consists  of  the  lion  (a 
playful  or  punning  alteration  of  the 
printer's  name  of  Leeu  into  Leo)  in  a 
Gotjiic  window  holding  two  shields ;  on 
the  left  the  arms  of  Antwerp ;  on  the 
right  the  monogram  of  Gerard  Leeu. 

Antwerp  disputes  with  Alost  and  Lou- 
vain  the  honour  of  being  the  first  city  of 
Belgium  which  had  a  printer.  The 
Antwerpians  base  their  claims  on  the 
existence  of  a  book  bearing  date  1472, 
called  ■'  Het  boeck  van  Tondalus  visioen," 
printed  by  Mathias  van  der  Goes,  in 
small  quarto,  black  letter,  35  pages, 
without  device,  but  with  the  signature. 
It  extends  from  A  to  E  iij.  But  it  is 
proved  that  Mathias  van  der  Goes  did 
not  begin  to  print  at  Antwerp  till  1482, 
and  that  the  use  of  signatures  was  not 
known  in  Belgium  for  many  years  after- 
wards. Hence  it  is  certain  that  the 
printer  has  omitted  an  x  in  the  date. 

In  1476  we  find  printed  in  this  c  ty  a 
book  "  Petrus  Hispanus  (Joannes  Papa 
XXI.),"  with  the  imprint  "  Studiose  cor- 


rectus  exaratus  Antwerpie  per  me  Theo- 
doricum  Martini,  anno  domini  1476" 
(May  22).  It  is  in  folio,  black  letter,  in 
two  columns,  without  device,  but  with 
signature. 

Mathias  van  der  Goes  will  be,  then,  the 
second  printer  of  Antwerp.  He  began 
in  1482,  coming  from  the  celebrated 
Gerard  Leeu,  or  Gerardus  Leonis,  printer 
at  Gouda  in  1477,  and  his  brother 
Nicolas,  or  Claes,  who  assisted  him  in 
his  establishment  at  Antwerp  in  1487. 

The  other  printers  of  Antwerp  were 
Godfried  Back,  A.  van  Liesveldt,  W. 
Vorsterman,  Hy.  Eckert  van  Homberch, 
Michael  de  Grave.  In  the  i6th  century 
there  arose  here  Martin  L'Empereur 
(Martinus  Caesaris),  Jehan  Steels,  and 
the  great  printer  Plantin. 

In  1777  a  strange  controversy  was 
raised  in  the  Academy  of  Brussels  by  a. 
savant  of  the  name  of  Jean  des  Roches, 
who  pretended  to  find  a  book  printed  at 
Antwerp  in  1442,  The  Abbe  J.  Ghes- 
quiere,  however,  completely  refuted  his 
statements.  An  account  of  the  discussion 
is  contained  in  the  Esprit  des  Jour- 
nanx,  Paris,  1779  and  1780. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


427 


GOUDA  :     1477-1489.         ANTWEKl'  :     1480-1493. 


428 


Bihliogi'aphy  of  Printing. 


NICOLAS    LEEU.      ANTWEKI' :     1487-1488. 

Lkfebvre   (Casimir).       Guide  du  peintre-coloriste,  comprenant  I'eii- 
luminage  des  gravures  et  lithographies,  le  coloris  du  daguerreo- 
type, des  vues  sur  verre  pour  stereoscope  et  la  retouche  de  la  photo- 
graphie  a  I'aquarelle  et  a  I'huile.     Paris  :  1858.     8vo.  pp.  62. 
One  of  a  series  entitled  "  Bibliotheque  Artistique."    Another  edition  was  published 

at  Paris  (printed  at  Lagny)  in  1864,  and  a  third  in  1876,  both  in  8vo. 


Guide  pratique  du  compositeur  d'imprimerie. 
Paris :    1855-73.      8vo.  pp.  x.  440,  with  26 


Lefevre  (Theotiste). 

Premiere   partie. 

wood-engravings. 

This  volume  treats  exclusively  of  composition,  and  is  most  elaborate  and  minute 
in  its  instructions.  Originally  written  for  private  use,  the  author  was  prevailed  upon 
to  publish  the  work,  which  he  also  extended. 

Guide    pratique    du    compositeur    d'imprimerie.      Deuxieme 

partie.      Paris  :  1872-7.     8vo.   pp.  iv.  298,  47  illustrations. 

ion  and  alphabets,  and   the  work  con- 


Chapters  I.  to  IV.  relate  to  presses  and 
machines ; 

Chapter  V.  to  the  functions  of  the  over- 
seer ; 

Chapter  VI.  to  the  treatment  of  printing- 
rollers  ;  and 

Chapters  VII.  and  VIII.  to  the  arts  of 
stereotype  and  electrotype. 
There  is  an  appendix  to  Chapter  V.  of 

Vol.  I.  which  relates  to  foreign  composi- 


cludes  with  an  historical  notice  of  various 
presses,  from  that  of  J.  Badius  Ascensius 
down  to  the  first  two-cylinder  machine, 
first  used  in  Paris  in  1822. 

A  period  of  seventeen  years  elapsed 
between  the  appearance  of  the  first  and 
second  (or  concluding)  portions  of  this 
book.  For  more  than  fifty  years  the 
author  has  distinguished  himself  in  every 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  429 

branch  of  typography.  When  first  out  and  to  lay  on  and  take  off  at  machine, 
of  his  time,  in  1813,  he  could  compose  Even  the  chief  part  of  the  copperplate 
in  almost  any  foreign  language,  direc-  engravings  required  for  Firmin-Didot's 
tions  for  doing  which  are  given  in  this  large  and  numerous  books  is  executed 
guide.  In  1835  he  was  called  in  by  by  women.  The  volume  presents  the 
Messrs.  Didot  to  assist  in  the  formation  experience  gained  in  teaching  such 
of  the  new  printing  establishment  at  a  peculiar  class  of  operatives,  and 
Mesnil,  near  Dreux,  which  has  since  be-  is  one  of  the  most  thoroughly  practical 
come  one  of  the  most  important  offices  in  ever  issued  from  the  French  printing- 
France.  It  is  now  under  the  management  press.  Although  eighty  years  of  age, 
of  the  author's  son,  M.  Charles  Lefevre.  and  for  nearly  seventy  years  devoted  to 
Nearly  everything  is  done  by  women —  the  pursuit  of  the  printer's  craft,  M. 
peasant  girls,  who  have  been  taught  to  Lefevre  is  still  at  the  head  of  the  typo- 
read  and  compose  in  French,  Latin,  graphic  department  of  the  Didot  press  in 
and    Greek,    as   well    as    to    stereotype,  Paris. 

Lefevre  (Theotiste).  Instruction  pour  la  composition  du  Grec,  extrait 
d'un  ouvrage  inedit  intitule  *'Le  guide  du  compositeur."  Paris  : 
1847.     8vo.  pp.  16. 

Nouvelle  classification  de  la  casse  fran^aise  combinee  d'apres 

I'exact  emploi  des  lettres.     St.  Germain  :  1833.     4to.  pp.  16  and 

I  table. 

Recueil  d'impositions  executees  en  caracteres  mobiles,   suivi 

d'une  nouvelle  classification  de  la  casse  fran9aise.     Paris  :   1838. 
Oblong  i6mo.  pp.  viii.  215,  with  folding  "Tableau  Synoptique." 

Second  edition  (oblong)  with   "Appendice,"  pp.  47,    1848. 

Third  edition.     Paris  :  1873.     8vo. 

Le  Gallois-  (le  Sieur).  Traite  de  plus  belles  bibliotheques  de 
I'Europe.  Des  premiers  livres  qui  ont  ete  faits.  De  I'invention 
de  I'imprimerie.  Des  imprimeurs.  De  plusieurs  livres  qui  ont  ete 
perdus  et  recouvrez  par  les  soins  des  S9avans.  Avec  une  methode 
pour  dresser  une  bibliotheque.     Paris  :  1680.     i2mo. 

Leger.  Caracteres  d'ecriture  de  la  fonderie  de  Leger.  Paris  :  1827. 
A  broadside. 

Leges  imperiales  et  ecclessiasticae  de  non  edendis,  imprimendis,  dis- 
trahendis,  retinendis,  vel  legendis  libris  famosis  s.  1.  et  a.  Augs- 
burg :  1 764.     4to. 

Le  Glay.  Melanges  historiques  et  litteraires.  Cambrai  :  1834. 
8vo.,  avec  planches. 

50  copies  printed,  stitched  with  blue  thread.  Specimen  of  characters  of  Lesne 
Daloin's  printing-office,  preceded  by  a  notice  upon  its  origin,  &c.  It  also  relates  to 
literary  societies  and  men  of  letters. 

Legouv6  (Ernest).  La  Decouverte  de  I'imprimerie.  Piece  en  vers 
qui  a  remporte  le  prix  de  poesie  decerne  par  I'Academie  Fran9aise, 
1829.     Paris  :  1829.     8vo.  pp.   38. 

Legrand  (Arthur),  depute  de  la  Manche.  L'imprimerie  nationale. 
Discours  prononce  a  I'Assemblee  nationale.  Mortain  :  1874. 
i6mo.  pp.  26.      (Extrait  du  yournal  Official^  seance  du  jeudi, 

II  Decembre,  1873.) 


43  o  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Lehmann  (C.  D.).     Gutenberg  und  der  neue  Geisterbund,  gesungen 
zum  Andenken  an  die  vor  400  Jahren  ans  Licht  getretene  Erfindung 
der  Buchdruckerkunst.      Camenz  :   1 840.     8vo. 
A  poem  on  printing,  in  nine  books,  each  dedicated  to  one  of  the  Muses. 

Lehne  (Friedrich).     Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der  Buch- 
dnickerkunst.     Mainz  :   1837.     8vo. 

Einige   Bemerkungen   iiber    das   Unternehmen   der  gelehrten 

Gesellschaft  zu  Harlem,  ihrer  Stadt  die  Ehre  der  Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  zu  ertrotzen ;  nebst  einem  Nachtrage,  veranlasst 
durch  eine  sogenannte  Recension  in  der  Hallischen  Litta-aturzeitung. 
Mainz:  1823.     8vo. Mainz:   1825.     8vo.  pp.  52. 

Historisch-critische  Priifung  der  Anspriiche,  welche  die  Stadt 

Haarlem  auf  den  Ruhm  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  macht, 
durch  Beleuchtung  der  Ansichten  ihrer  Vertheidiger  ;  des  Herm 
Dr.  Ebert,  Hofbibliothekars  zu  Dresden,  und  des  Herrn  Koning, 
Obergerichtsschreibers  zu  Amsterdam.  Mainz :  1827.  8vo. 
pp.  viii.  96. 

See  Ebert. 


Leich  (John  Henry).  De  origine  et  incrementis  typographiae 
Lipsiensis  liber  singularis,  ubi  varia  de  literariis  urbis  studiis  et  viris 
doctis,  qui  in  ea  claruerunt,  inseruntur.  Accedit  librorum  Sec. 
XV.  excusorum  ad  Maittairii  annales  supplementum.  Lipsise  : 
Anno  typogr.  Ssecul.  III.  [1740].     4to.  4  leaves,  pp.  147. 

Leipzig.      An  unsere   Gehiilfen.     Ein  Wort  zur  Verstandigung  u. 
Beherzigung.     Leipzig :  1862.     8vo. 
Relates  to  the  discussion  of  the  compositors'  tariflf, 

Beschreibung  aller  bei  der  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung 

der  Buchdruckerkunst  am  24.,  25.  und  26.  Juni  1840,  in  Leipzig 
stattgefundenen  Feierlichkeiten.  Ein  Denkmal  fiir  die  Mit-  und 
Nachwelt.  Leipzig  :  1840.  8vo.  pp.  viii.  87.  View  of  the 
Festhalle. 

Jubilaeum  typographorum   Lipsiensium  :    oder   zweihundert- 

jahriges  Buchdrucker-Jubel-Fest,  am  Tage  Johannis  des  Tauffers, 
Anno  Christi  1640,  celebriret  unci  begangen.   (Leipzig)  1640.    4to. 

Katalog   der   Bibliothek    des    Borsenvereins   der    Deutschen 

Buchhandler.     Leipzig  :   1869.     8vo.  pp.  161. 

Contains  the  titles  of  a  large  collection  of  books  and  tracts  upon  typography.    One 
or  two  Supplements  also  have  been  issued. 

Nachrichten  iiber  die  Gutenbergfeier  in  Leipzig.     (In  Hitzig's 

rresszeitung^  1840.     No.  49.  pp.  428-32.) 

Programm  der  vierten  Sacularfeier  der  Erfindung  der  Buch- 
druckerkunst.    Leipzig  den  24.  25.  und  26.  Juni  1840.     4to. 

Verzeichniss  der  Gegenstande  welche  zur  vierten  Sacularfeier 

der  Buchdruckerkunst  in  der  deutschen  Buchhandler-Borse  in 
Leipzig  ausgestellt  sind.     Leipzig  :   1840.     8vo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


431 


Leistikow  (David  Siegfr,).  Aufmunterung  zur  dankbahrlichen 
Betrachtung  der  Gottlichen  Versetzung  durch  Vergleichung  der 
von  Cadtno  nach  Griechenland  gebrachten  Schreibe-  und  die  in 
Deutschland  erfundenen  Druckerkunst  bey  dem  Jubelfest  d.  13. 
Jul.  1740.     Groningen  :   1740,     4to. 

Lelewela  (Joachima).      Bibliograficznick.      2  vols.     Wilno  :   1823- 
1826.     8vo.     Vol.  I.,  pp.  200;  Vol.  II.,  pp.  431. 
Contains  several  articles  relating  to  the  introduction  and  development  of  printing, 
and  its  history  in  Poland. 

Lemoine  (Henry).     Account    of    the    Louvre  Press.       GentleftiaiCs 
Magazine,  vol.  Ixviii.  p.  29. 
In  a  letter  "to  Mr.   Urban,"  dated  January  10,  1798,  Mr.   H.  Lemoine  gives 
an   interesting  and  original  account   of  the  celebrated  press  of  Paris,  the  Govern- 
ment printing-office. 

State  of  Printing  in  America.     Gentlemajt^s  Magazine,  vol.  Ixvi. 

p.  915- 

"  Such,  Friend  Urban,"  says  the  author, 
"  is  the  literary  portrait  of  a  country 
which  threatens  to  surpass  all  others  in 
the  great  and  useful  science  of  politics, 
as  well  as  the  liberal  arts.  This  is  but 
the  glowing  that  evinces  a  kindling  flame ; 
which,  from  what  we  have  seen,  we  have 
reason  to  expect  may  some  future  day 
enlighten  and  instruct  the  Old  World, 
whence  they  have  withdrawn  themselves." 


A  valuable  article,  stated  to  be  the 
result  of  many  inquiries  and  some  years' 
research.  It  is  dated  September  23, 1796, 
and  gives  an  account  of  the  printing- 
offices  in  the  chief  cities  of  the  Western 
continent,  with  many  technical  particu- 
lars of  great  interest.  The  prices  of 
published  books,  as  well  as  the  wages  of 
the  journeymen,  are  stated,  and  the  list 
of  the  most  popular  works  is  very  curious. 


—  Typographical  Antiquities.  History,  Origin,  and  Progress  of 
the  Art  of  Printing,  from  its  first  invention  in  Germany  to  the  end 
of  the  17th  century,  and  from  its  introduction  into  England,  by 
Caxton,  to  the  present  time  ;  including,  among  a  variety  of  curious 
and  interesting  matter,  its  progress  in  the  Provinces,  with  chrono- 
logical lists  of  eminent  printers  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland : 
together  with  anecdotes  of  several  eminent  and  literary  characters 
who  have  honoured  the  art  by  their  attention  to  its  improvement: 
also  a  particular  and  complete  history  of  the  Walpolean  Press, 
established  at  Strawberry  Hill  ;  with  an  accurate  list  of  every 
publication  issued  therefrom,  and  the  exact  number  printed  thereof. 
At  the  conclusion  is  given  a  curious  dissertation  on  the  origin  of 
the  use  of  paper ;  also  a  complete  history  of  the  art  of  wood- 
cutting and  engraving  on  copper,  from  its  first  invention  in  Italy 
to  its  latest  improvement  in  Great  Britain  ;  concluding  with  the 
adjudication  of  literary  property;  or  the  laws  and  temis  to  which 
authors,  designers,  and  publishers  are  separately  subject.  With  a 
catalogue  of  remarkable  Bibles  and  Common  Prayer-books,  from 
the  infancy  of  printing  to  the  present  time.  Extracted  from  the 
best  authorities.     London  :  1797.      i2mo.   pp.  iv.  156. 


The  title-page  is  so  full  that  a  further 
description  of  the  contents  of  this  work 
IS  superfluous.  It  is  throughout  carefully 
done,  but  at  the  time  it  was  written  typo- 
graphical investigation  had  made  little 
progress,  and  most  writers  were  content 


to  copy  the  material  of  their  predecessors. 
The  book  cannot  be  referred  to  as  an 
authority  on  early  typography,  but  the 
notices  on  contemporary  prmters  are 
worthy  of  perusal.  The  author  signs  him- 
self "Henry  Lemoine,  Bibliop.  Lond." 


432  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Lemoine  (Henry).  Typographical  Antiquities.  Origin  and  History 
of  the  Art  of  Printing,  Foreign  and  Domestic,  &c.  Second  edition. 
Corrected  and  enlarged  by  T.  A.,  of  the  Inner  Temple,  Esq. 
London:  1813.     Small  8vo.   pp.  144. 

The  text  of  this  is  from  the  same  types  ties,"  wherrin  he  is  represented  in  a  low- 
as  the  first  edition  ;  the  preface  is  sHghtly  crowned  hat,  a  long  coat,  knee-breeches, 
enlarged,  but  no  other  alterations  have  and  boots  half-way  up  the  calf  of  the  leg, 
been  made.  carr>'ing    a  sack   such  as    is   carried  by 

Henry  Lemoine  was    a  well-known  publishers'    porters,     thrown     over     his 

character  in  the  book  trade.     He  trans-  shoulder ;    beneath     is    the    inscription, 

lated  from  the  German  and  other  Conti-  "  Henry  Lemoine,  the  Literary  and  Pe- 

nental  languages,  and  compiled  works  for  destrian  Bookseller  and  Author,  a  well- 

the   London    publishers,    contributed    to  known  eccentric  character  of  the  City  of 

the    Gentleman  s    Magazine,   &c.,    and  London."     Lemoine  was  for  some  years 

wrote   occasional  verses.      We   have   an  a  bookseller  in  Bishopsgate  Churchyard, 

engraved  portrait  of  Lemoine,  pasted  in  in  the  City  of  London.     He  died  30th 

our  copy  of  his  "  Typographical  Antiqui-  April,  1812. 

Lempertz  (Heinrich).  Beitrage  zur  altern  Geschichte  der  Buchdruck- 
und  Holzschneidekunst.  Erstes  Heft  (all  published).  Koln : 
1839.     4to.  pp.  28.     With  14  xylographic  facsimiles. 

Bibliographische  und  xylographische  Versuche.     Erstes  Heft 

(all  published).     Koln:  1 838.     4to.     With  xylographic  facsimile. 

Only  30  copies  printed  for  private  circulation. 

Bilder-Hefte  zur  Geschichte  des  Blicherhandels  und  der  mit 

demselben  verwandten  Kiinste   und  Gewerbe.     Koln:    1853-65. 
Folio.     13  parts. 

A  volume  of  the  highest  interest  and  arts  in  connection, — portraits,  seals  and 

curiosity,  containing  65  plates  engraved  marks  of  early  printers,  facsimiles  of  early 

on    steel    and   wood,    lithographed   and  typography  and  of  autograph  letters  of 

printed  in  colours,  representing  220  sub-  printers,  &c. 
jects  connected  with  bookselling  and  the 

Insignien  beriihmter  Druckereien  des  15.  Jahrhunderts,  welche 

bei  Rothscholz  fehlen.     Koln  :  1839.     4to. 

Leneveux  (H.).  Note  sur  la  revision  du  tarif  de  I'imprimerie 
Parisienne.     2*^  edition  avec  changements.     Paris  :  1861.     8vo. 

Lengren  (Carl).  Kort  Berattelse  om  Boktryckeriets  Begynnelse  och 
Fdrtgang  i  gemen  och  afwen  uti  Swerige.  Da  Ahr  efter  Christi 
bord,  1740,  des  tredje  Jubilaeum  uti  Europa  firades.  Stockholm  : 
1740.  4to.  pp.  18.  Allegorical  frontispiece  :  Printing  arriving 
in  heaven  accompanied  by  Minerva  and  Mercury. 

Lennep  (D.  J.  van).     See  BosscH. 

Lennep  (Gerard  van).  Aanmerkingen  wegen  een  houten  druk- 
vorm,  waarin  de  letters  eener  bladzyde  van  een  latijnsch  Horarium 
verkeerd  gesneden  staan,  en  welke  den  29.  van  grasmand.  1.  1. 
door  den  boekverkooper  Haak,  te  Leyden,  openlijk  veyocht  is 
als  een  overblijfsel  van  de  arbeid  van  Laurens  Janszon  Koster. 
(In  Algemeene  Konst-  en  Letter -Bode  voor  het  jaar  1809.  Large 
8vo.     I.  pp.  371-376.) 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  433 

Lennep  (Gerard  van).  Aanmerkingen  op  de  Gedenkschriften  wegens 
het  vierde  eeuwgetijde  van  de  uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst, 
door  Lourens  Janszoon  Koster.     's  Gravenhage  :  1824.     8vo. 

Beschrijving  van  het  Handschrift  der  Batavia  van  H.  Junius. 

's  Gravenhage  :  1840,  Large  8vo.  pp.  vi.  20,  with  facsimile. 
Privately  printed  by  Mr.  A.  D.  Schinkel,  of  the  Hague. 

Bijdrage  tot  de  Geschiedenis  van  de  Uitvinding  der  Boekdruk- 
kunst :  1809.     8vo. 

Wederlegging  van  het  Geschrift  van  den  Heere  J.  Koning  over 

de  Aanmerkingen  wegens  den  houten  Druk-vorm.  8vo.  (In 
Algemeene  Konst-  en  Letter- Bode  voor  het  jaar  1809.  I.  pp. 
102-9,  120-26.) 

Lenz  (A.).  Papier-Berechnungs-Tabelle  in  Ballen,  Riess  u.  Buch, 
nach  Mark.     Leipzig :  1874.     8vo.     pp.  8. 

Lepic.     See  St.  Arroman. 

Le     Prevost    (Maurice).       Bibliotheque    de    I'ouvrier,    ateliers    et 
magasins.     Paris  :  1862.     8vo.     Two  titles,  and  pp.  v.  213. 
Many  scenes  and  narratives  of  working  compositors  and  printing-offices. 

Leprince  (J.  Bpt.).  Decouverte  d'un  procede  de  gravure  en  lavis. 
[A  prospectus.]     1780.     4to. 

Leroy  (Achille).  Budget  d'un  menage  ouvrier.  Paris:  1861.  8vo. 
PP-  4. 

A  curious  little  treatise  upon  the  necessities  of  life  of  a  printer  and  his  family, 
published  in  "  Brochures  ouvrieres." 

De  la  Commandite  obligatoire  et  autres  questions  typogra- 

phiques.     Paris  :  1876.     8vo. 

Lesne,  relieur  fran9ais.  A  la  gloire  immortelle  des  inventeurs  de 
Timprimerie.     Paris :  1840.     8vo. 

-  ■  Lettre   d'un    relieur    fran9ais    aux    principaux    imprimeurs, 

libraires,  relieurs,  et  bibliophiles  de  1' Europe.  Paris :  1855.  Large 
8vo.     pp.  22. 

Lesne-Daloin.     See  Le  Glay. 

LESPfes  (Leo).  Rapport  du  comite  de  la  Societe  de  gens  de  lettres  sur 
les  reponses  a  faire  au  questionnaire  de  la  Commission  de 
I'enquete  sur  rimprimerie  et  la  librairie.     Paris  :  1869.     8vo. 

Lessel  (J.  C).  Die  edle  Buchdrucker-Kunst  als  eins  von  Gott 
geschicktes  Hiilffs-Mittel  zur  Fortpflantz.  des  Glaubens.  Brieg  : 
1 740.     4to. 

Lesser  (Friedrich  Christian).  Typographia  Jubilans,  das  ist : 
Kurtzgefasste  Historie  der  Buchdruckerey,  worinnen  von  dieser 
edlen  Kunst  Ursprunge  und  Anfange,  Ausbreitung,  Verbesserung, 
Zierrathen,  Nutzen,  wie  nicht  weniger  von  Buchdrucker-Eigen- 
schafften  und  Pflichten  und  dann  von  anderer  Verhalten  gegen 
dieselben  und  deren  Kunstverwandten  kiirtzlich  gehandelt,  und 
3  K 


434  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

jedermann  zum  hertzlichen  Lobe  Gottes,  der  diese  Kunst  300  Jahr 
erhalten,  aufgemuntert  wird.    Bey  dem  dritten  Jubel-Fest  dersel- 
ben,  welches  dieses  Jahr  auf  Johannis-Tag  gefeyert  wird.     Leipzig  : 
1740.     8vo.     pp.  412  ;  23  of  contents  and  14  of  dedication. 
Pages  I  to  15  treat  of  publications  relating  to  typography. 

L'EsTRANGE  (Sir  Roger).  Considerations  and  proposals  in  order  to 
the  regulation  of  the  press  ;  together  with  diverse  instances  of 
treasonous  and  seditious  pamphlets,  proving  the  necessity  thereof. 
June  3,  MDCLXIII.     Small  4to.     pp.  xvi.   33. 

Roger  L'Estrange  has  won  a  noto-  viously  been  in  force ;  among  them  one  to 

riety  for  his  harsh  proceedings  as  "  Sur-  the   effect   "  that    no    printing-house   be 

veyor  of   the    Imprimery  and    Printing  permitted  with  a  back  door  to  it."     The 

Presses,"   an    office    to    which    he    was  surveyor  of  the  press  was  to  have   the 

appointed  shortly  after  the  appearance  of  right  to  search  at  any  time,  and  printers 

this  pamphlet.    It  is  stated  therein  that  the  guilty  of  publishing  objectionable  books 

number  of  presses  at  the  time,  amounting  were  to  be  punished  with  "death,  muti- 

to  sixty,  is  unnecessary  and  dangerous  ;  lation,     imprisonment,     corporal     peyns 

only  twenty  ought  to  be  licensed.     Much  [torture],"  as  well  as  minor  penalties ;  such 

more  stringent  rules  were  proposed   for  as  the  pillory,  whipping,  branding,  &c. 
the  regulation  of  printers  than  had  pre- 

Letteverein,  der,  und  die  Setzerinschule  in  Berlin.  Mit  Illustra- 
tionen.     {Ilhtstrirte  Zntung^'^o.  1708.)     Leipzig:  1876. 

Lettre  d'un  amateur  au  redacteur  du  Merciire  au  sujet  des  nouveaux 
caracteres  de  M.  Didot.     Paris.     8vo.  pp.  3. 

Leubscher  (J.  T.).  Schediasma  de  clans  Gryphiis.  Brieg :  1702. 
4to.  pp.  84. 

Leven  (Ernst).  Die  Herstellung  von  Marmor-  und  Ton-Unter- 
grundplatten,  und  Druck  derselben.  Duisburg :  1878.  8vo. 
pp.  8,  and  4  specimen  plates. 

A  short  treatise  upon  a  new  kind  of  colour-printing  from  marble-tinted  blocks 
made  of  roller  composition. 

Levezow  (J.  F.).  Die  Wanderung  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  ihre 
Ankunft  in  Pommem,  Ausbreitung  und  gegenwartiger  Zustand 
daselbst.     2.  Hefte.     Stettin  :    1777-9.     4to. 

Levol  (Florimond).  L'invention  de  I'imprimerie.  Poeme.  Paris  : 
1829.     8vo.  pp.  20. 

Levrault.  fipreuves  de  la  fonderie  de  F.  G.  Levrault,  imprimeur 
du  roi,  Rue  des  Juifs,  No.  33.  Strasbourg  :  1815.  Folio.  20 
leaves. 

•    A  supplement  of  4  leaves  appeared  in  May,  1824,  and  5  leaves  in  Augtist,  1826. 

A  good  series  of  Roman,  Italic,  and  German  types. 

Deux    jours   de   fete.     Nancy :    1878.      8vo.      Frontispiece. 

2  leaves,  pp.  80. 

An  interesting  souvenir  of  the  festivities  in  celebration  of  the  successful  establish- 

held  on  the  23rd  and  24th  February,  1878,  ment  of  the  new  business  premises  at 

in  honour  of  the  marriage  of  the  daughter  Nancy.     Charmingly  printed  for  private 

of  M.  Norberg  with  M.  Imha\is,  and  also  circulation  only. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


435 


Levrault.     L'imprimerie  Berger-Levrault  et  Cie.     Notice  historique 

sur  le  developpement  et  I'organisation  de  la  maison.      Nancy  et 

Paris  :  1878.     4to.  pp.  viii.  56.     Frontispiece,  seven  illustrations, 

and  general  plan  of  the  establishment. 

This  work  was  printed  and  issued  privately  at  the  period  of  the  Paris  International 

Exposition  in  1878. 

Levrault.     Lettre  adressee  a  M.  le  Redacteur  en  Chef  du  Journal 
de  la  Meurthe  et  des  Vosges.     4 to. 

Relates  to  the  strike  of  the  compositors  in  consequence  of  the  employment  of 
women  in  the  trade. 

Rapport  presente  a  MM.  les  actionnaires  de  la  societe  projetee 

Berger-Levrault  &   Cie.  par  M.  O.  Berger-Levrault,  a  la  reunion 
du  27  Avril,  1871.     Strasbourg.     8vo.     pp.  18. 

The  firm  of  Berger-Levrault  &  Co.,  of    and    the    business   of    the    firm   rapidly 

increased.  Although  the  premises  had 
been  successively  added  to,  it  was  felt 
necessary  to  build  new  ones.  In  October, 
1868,  the  first  stone  was  laid,  and  the 
premises  were  opened  in  May,  1870. 
Four  months  later  Strasburg,  besieged, 
bombarded,  and  burnt,  surrendered  to 
the  Prussians.  During  the  bombardment 
the  premises  were  more  than  once  on  fire, 
but  owing  to  the  devotion  of  the  workmen 
the  flames  were  extinguished.  Three 
hundred  workmen  were  out  of  w(<rk  in 
consequence  of  the  siege.  At  the  earliest 
possible  moment  work  was  resumed.    I'he 


Nancy,  consists  of  O.  Berger-Levrault 
and  J.  Norberg,  Chevaliers  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour. 

The  following  is  an  account  of  the 
history  of  this  firm.  It  was  established 
in  Strasburg  in  1684,  and  has  been  kept 
in  the  family  down  to  the  present  time. 
Being  on  the  frontier  of  two  countries, 
the  firm  was  enabled  to  take  advantage 
of  all  improvements  which  came  to  its 
notice  in  France  or  Germany,  and  was 
thus  enabled  to  develop  itself  into  a  large 
establishment.  One  of  the  Levrault  family 
was  appointed  by  the  Emperor  Napoleon 
director  of  the  printing  establishment  of    capitulation   of    Paris   followed  ;    Alsace 


the  Grand  Army,  and  was  one  of  the 
victims  of  the  Russian  campaign.  At  the 
fall  of  the  Empire  the  firm  sustained  great 
losses.  These  were,  however,  overcome, 
and  the  prosperity  of  the  house  continued 


and  Lorraine  were  annexed  to  Germany. 
Strasburg  was  no  longer  the  city  for  the 
house  of  Berger-Levrault — it  was  French 
in  origin  and  French  it  would  remain. 
Nancy  was  chosen  for  its  new  residence. 


till  1837,  when  the  death  of  M.  Frederic  and  a  comprehensive  building  was  there 
Berger  occurred:  a  crisis  resulted,  but  erected,  covering  a  space  of  12,000  square 
•was   overcome    by    the    introduction    of    metres.     The  personnel  of  the  firm  now 


young  blood.     In  1850  M.  Oscar  Berger- 
Levrault  succeeded  to  the  management, 


exceeds  400. — See  Bergek-Levraui.t. 


Levray    (Alphonse).      Benjamin  Franklin.      Paris :     1878.      i2mo. 
pp.  72.     With  portrait. 

A  biography  written  for  children. 
Gutenberg,  scenes  historiques.      Paris  :  1856.     8vo. 

Reprinted  from  V Ami  de  la  Jeunesse,  Nos.  3,  4,  and  5,  1856. 

L£VY  (Armand).       Proces   des   ouvriers   typographes.       Appendice  : 
La  question  typogr?phique.     Paris  :  1862.     4to. 

Originally  published  in   the    Opinion  Imperial  Government  of  some  members 

Nationale,   of  Paris,  in  the  year  1861,  of   the    Parisian    society   of  compositors 

and  afterwards  printed  separately,  con-  accused   of    having    coalesced    for    the 

ceming  the  prosecution  by   the   French  organization  of  a  strike. 

Memoire  pour  les  ouvriers  typographes.     Par  Armand  Levy, 

leur  defenseur.     Paris :   1862.     4to.     pp.  78. 
Treating  of  the  same  matter  as  the  preceding  pamphlet. 


436 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


Lewis  (John).  The  Life  of  Mayster  Wyllyam  Caxton,  of  the  Weald 
of  Kent ;  the  first  Printer  in  England.  In  which  is  given  an 
account  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Art  of  Pryntyng  in 
England,  during  his  time,  till  1493.  Collected  by  John  Lewis, 
Minister  of  Mergate,  in  Kent.  London  :  1737.  8vo.  pp.  xxii. 
159.     Portrait  of  Caxton,  and  two  plates  of  watermarks. 

Only  150  copies  of  this  work  having  been  printed,  it  is  of  rare  occurrence  and  of 
high  value.     A  good  copy  is  now  worth  several  pounds. 


This  memoir  of  Caxton  is  a  very  re- 
markable work,  on  account  both  of  the 
fulness  and  the  accuracy  of  its  material. 
The  subsequent  biographers  of  the  first 
English  printer,  such  as  Ames,  Herbert, 
and  Dibdin,  added,  in  fact,  little  that 
was  new  to  what  Lewis  had  collected. 

We  have  no  particulars  of  Lewis,  ex- 
cept as  is  stated  in  the  title-page,  that  he 
was  "  Minister  of  Mergate  in  Kent." 
It  is  evident,  however,  that  he  was  in 
correspondence  with  some  of  the  chief 
historians  of  his  day,  and  had  wide  op- 
portunities for  collecting  information 
concerning  early-printed  books.  Among 
those  with  whom  he  was  in  communica- 
tion was  Ames,  the  author  of  the  "  Typo- 
graphical Antiquities."  The  first  sug- 
gestion, indeed,  of  a  history  of  printing 
in  England  was  made  by  Lewis.  The 
reverend  gentleman  seems  to  have  been 
under  some  obligations  to  Mr.  Ames,  and 
owed  to  his  influence  a  preferment  in  the 
church.  He  supplied  Ames  with  the 
material  for  his  work  on  "Typographical 
Antiquities,"  as  a  kind  of  acknowledge- 
ment of  his  obligations  and  a  token  of 
his  respect.  The  manuscript  was  sent  to 
Ames  from  time  to  time,  and  the  latter 
made  full  use  of  it.  At  Ames's  sale  it 
was  bound  in  a  folio  voli  me,  purchased 
by  Mark  Cephas  Tutet,  F.S.A.,  a  well- 
known  antiquary,  and  when  his  collec- 
tions were  in  turn  disposed  of  by  auction, 
it  was  bought  by  Herbert,  who  edited 
the  new  edition,  and  may  be  presumed, 
from  the  general  care  devoted  to  his 
work,  to  have  revised  the  first  edition 
by  the  manuscript  materials  on  which  it 
was  founded.  From  Mr.  Herbert  the 
collection  passed  into  the  private  library 
of  the  late  Mr.  William  Pickering,  at 
whose  sale,  December  12,  1854  (lot  109), 
it  was  purchased  by  the  Trustees  of  the 
British  Museum,  and  it  is  now  preserved 
among  the  Additional  Manuscripts, 
No.  20,035.  In  l^he  Supplement  to  this 
BiBLioGKAi'HV  wiU  be  found  the  full 
titles  of  these  manuscripts,  together  with 
others  referring  to  Ames  and  Lewis. 

The  history  of  Ames's  work,  and  its 
subsequent  developments,  is  therefore 
now  complete.     We  have  the  manuscript 


of  the  original  materials  preserved,  and 
there  is  a  copy  in  the  British  Museum  of 
the  work  itself,  with  notes  by  the  author. 
Then  we  have  Herbert's  edition,  with  a 
long  preface  containing  the  life  of  Ames, 
and  the  particulars  concerning  his  book, 
and  an  annotated  edition  of  this  also,  in 
the  handwriting  of  the  editor,  is  contained 
in  our  national  library.  Following  on 
this  we  have  Dibdin's  edition,  with  the 
interesting  preliminary  matter,  descriptive 
of  the  progress  of  the  book.  It  is  ex- 
ceedingly fortunate  for  students  of  typo- 
graphical literature,  that  a  standard  work 
like  Ames's  has  been  so  carefully  per- 
petuated in  each  of  its  stages.  The  above- 
named  manuscript  by  Lewis  consists  of 
a  number  of  sheets  of  foolscap,  all  very 
carefully,  indeed  elegantly,  written,  but 
with  many  corrections  and  interlineations. 
Rough  sketches  of  printers'  marks  are 
given,  and  several  tables,  just  as  we  find 
them  in  Ames.  At  the  beginning  is 
written  in  pencil,  probably  by  one  of  the 
Museum  cataloguers,  "This  history  of 
printing,  which  is  entirely  in  the  hand- 
writing of  Lewis  (author  of  the  History 
of  the  Translations  of  the  Bible),  was 
written  for  the  use  of  Ames,  and  much  of 
it  embodied  in  Ames  &  Herbert's  Typo- 
graphical Antiquities,  purchased  at 
Pickering's  sale,  December  12,  1854, 
lot  109."  The  first  33  pages  consist  of 
particulars  of  Caxton  and  various 
printers,  down  to  R.  Waldegrave,  and 
were  enclosed  as  a  letter -packet  to 
"Mr.  Jos.  Ames,  near  the  Hermitage, 
in  Wappin,"  as  the  endorsement  or 
direction  indicates.  At  the  end  of  the 
last  written  page  is  this  note, — "  Sir, 
If  this  account  be  anywise  acceptable  to 
you,  and  furthering  your  design,  it  will 
give  pleasure  to,  yours,  J.  Lewis,  Mer- 
gate, June  5,  1741."  The  next  manu- 
script is  entitled  "A  Brief  History  of 
the  Origin  and  Growth  of  Printing  in 
England  from  1474  to  the  end  of  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  1602,  being 
128  years."  It  adopts  as  its  motto, 
"Sane  divino  beneficio  hsec  ars  in  hoc 
saeculo  hominibus  patefacta  est,  ex  cujus 
faecundo,  quasi  gremio  omnes  artes  ac 
scientise,  csecitate   et  caligine  abstersae, 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  437 

tanquam  e  longaevis  tenebris  prodierunt  end  of  the  latter  is  a  note  from  Lewis, 

(M.  Parker.  Arch.  Cant,  de  Antiquitate  written  on  the  last  leaf,  "  If  you  can  get 

Brit.     Ecclesise),       Pro     captu     lectoris  any  bookseller  to  print  the  papers  which 

habent   sua   fata   libelli."      This   manu-  accompany  this,  I  desire  no  more  than  a 

script  is  dated  December  7,  1738.      At  few  copies,  as  you  and  he  can  arrange, 

the  end  are  various  drawings  of  cyphers  Margate,    November    19,    1741."      The 

used  by  English  printers,  and  a  carefully  book  altogether  contains  183  folios,  and 

written  ''Index  of  the  names  mentioned  the  care  with  which  they  were  written, 

in   this   little   History."      It  extends  to  and  the  methodical  manner  in  which  the 

folio  64.    The  next  manuscript  is  headed,  whole  has  been  put  together,  are  highly 

"An  Essay  towards  the  History  of  Print-  creditable  to  the  reverend  author,  whose 

ing  in  England."     It  is  signed  at  the  end  connection  with  Ames's  work  we  are  glad 

"John  Lewis,  Mergate,  May  15,  1734.''  to   be   thus  able  to  specify  from  actual 

The  following  manuscript  is  headed  "An  inspection  of  the  original.    Some  remarks 

Essay  towards  an  History  of  the  Intro-  on  the  subject  by  Mr.  J.  Yeowell  may 

duction  and  Progress  of  the  Art  of  Print-  be  found   in  Notes  and  Queries,   First 

ing  in  England,"  and  the  succeeding  one  Series,  vol.    xii.     p.    284. — See    Ames, 

is   "The   Life  of  William   Caxton,   the  pp.  6-7,  fl«/^;  and  Supplement, /<7J^ 
first  English  Printer"  (13  folios).    At  the 

Lewis  (Joseph).  Printing  Surfaces  in  Relief.  A  series  of  four  articles 
in  the  Lithographer,  February,  March,  April,  and  June,  1871. 

The  author,  who  is  a  practical  litho-  graphy  and  relief   blocks    by  chemical 

grapher  and  photographer  at  Dublin,  has  means,    Mr.  Lewis  is   the   inventor  and 

been    engaged    in    experiments   on    this  patentee  of  the  lithographic  pentagraph, 

subject  for  many  years.     Besides  making  for  automatically  reproducing  designs  in 

several     improvements     in     photo-litho-  altered  dimensions. 

Lexicon    sammtl.  Buchhandler  und  Buchdrucker  aller  Lander,  seit 
Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst  bis  auf  die  neueste  Zeit.   Herausg. 
von  J.  C.  St.  Schmaltz  u.  Dr.  E.  Vogel.    i.  Lfg.    Leipzig  :  1843. 
Large  8vo. 
The  first  issue  only  forms  a  prospectus  sheet,  and  no  more  has  appeared. 

Lhote  (Amedee).     Liste  des  imprimeurs,  libraires  et  relieurs  de  la 
ville  de  Chalon-sur-Marne,  depuis  I'introduction  de  Timprimerie  a 
Chalon  jusqu'a  nos  jours.     Chalon  :  1872.     4to.     pp.  6,  with  i 
plate. 
100  copies  printed.     The  author  Is  an  assistant  In  the  public  library  of  Chalons. 

LiBERTfi  (La)  de  la  librairie  et  de  rimprimerie.  Recueil  de  pieces 
public  a  I'occasion  de  I'enquete  votee  par  le  Corps  legislatif. 
Paris:    1869.    8vo. 

Liberty  du  travail.  Greve  des  compositeurs  de  Geneve.  8vo. 
1869. 

Lichstensteger  (G.).  Vorsaal  der  Gelehrsamkeit  oder  Bilder- 
sammlung  derjenigen  Buchhandler  und  Buchdrucker,  so  der 
gelehrten  Welt  gedienet.     (s.  1.):     1749.     Folio. 

Lichtenberg  (A.).  Das  erste  typographische  Denkmal  Scandi- 
naviens  (nach  Carl  Johann  Fant).  (In  Petzholdt's  N.  Am.  /. 
Bibliographie,  1857.    pp.  8,  9.) 


438  Bibliography  of  Frifiting. 

LiCHTENBERGER  (Johann  Friedrich).  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  zur  Ehrenrettung  Strassburgs  und  vollstandiger 
Widerlegung  der  Sagen  von  Harlem  dargestellt.  Mit  einem  Vor- 
berichfe  von  J.  G.  Schweighauser.  Strassburg  :  1824.  8vo. 
pp.  vi.  90. 

Histoire  de  I'invention  de  rimprimerie,  pour  servir  de  defense 


a  la  ville  de  Strasbourg  contre  les  pretentions  de  Harlem  ;  avec 
une  preface  de  M.  J.  G.  Schweighauser.  Strasbourg  et  Paris  : 
1825.     8vo.   pp.  viii.   100. 

Portrait  of  Gutenberg,  and  eight  wood-engravings,  being  facsimiles  of  his  types. 
Lichtenberger  states  that  the  first  attempts  were  made  by  Gutenberg  at  Strasburg, 
and  perfected  by  him  at  Mayence.  The  claims  of  Koster  and  Haarlem  he  rejects  as 
a  fable. 


—  Indulgentiarum  literas  Nicolai,  V.  P.  M.  pro  regno  Cypri 
impressas  anno  1454  matricumque  epocham  vindicavit  Initia 
Typographica  supplevit.     Argentorati  :  i8i6.     4to.   pp.   16. 

—  Initia  Typographica.     Argentorati  :  181 1.     4to.   pp.  viii,  259. 


Johann  Friedrich  Lichtenberger  was  a  professor  in  the  Academy  of 
Strasburg.  His  works  maintain  the  claims  of  Gutenberg  as  the  first  printer,  and 
are  characterized  by  much  patient  research. 

LiCHTHOCHDRUCK  (Phototypographie).  Proben  eines  neuen  Ver- 
fahrens  zur  Herstellung  von  Illustrationen  fiir  Buchdruck  mittelst 
Lichtwirkung.     Munich  :  1878.     8vo.  8  leaves. 

Lied  der  Buchdrucker  am  4.  Sacularfest  der  Universitat  Basel. 
Mit  Buchdruckerstocken.     Basel,  6.  Septr.,  i860.     8vo. 

Lied.  Een  nieuw,  tegen  de  demooren,  bij  het  vierde  eeuw-feest  von 
de  uitvinding  der  boekdrukkunst,  door  Lourens  Janzoon  Koster 
de  Haarlem.  Afscheidslied  aan  alle  leugenaars  op  het  Kosters- 
Jubelfeest.  Hartelijke  w^oord  aan  alle  opregte  vaterlanders  toege- 
zongen  op  het  Kosters-feest.     4to.     pp.  4. 

LiEPMANN  (J.).  Der  Oelgemalde-Druck,  erfunden  und  beschrieben. 
Berlin  :  1842.     Large  4to.     pp.  viii.  47,  and  6  lithographs. 

LiESViLLE  (A.    R.    de).     Recueil  de  bois  ayant  trait  k  I'imagerie 
populaire,    aux    cartes,   aux  papiers,    etc.       130  tres    curieuses 
planches    tirees  sur    les  bois   originaux   du  xv*  au    xviii^  siecle. 
Caen:  1867.     Folio. 
Only  50  copies  printed,  all  numbered. 

LiNDE  (M.  A.  van  der).  Catalogue  de  la  Bibliotheque  de.  Bruxelles: 
1864.     8vo.    pp.  viii.  360. 

The  catalogue  of  a  portion  of  lir.  Van  der  Linde's  vast  library,  sold  7 — i6th 
April,  1864.  It  is  preceded  by  a  short  account  of  the  collection,  which  contained 
a  large  number  of  works  relative  to  the  history  of  printing. 


Biblivgraphy  of  Prifiting. 


439 


LiNDE  (M.  A.  van  der).  Gutenberg.  Geschichte  und  Erdichtung  aus 
den  Quellen  nachgewiesen.  Stuttgart  :  1878.  8vo.  pp.  viii.  582 
and  xcvii. 


This,  the  latest  and  most  elaborate 
work  of  Dr.  Van  der  Linde,  forms  a 
natural  sequel  to  the  "  Costerlegende " 
given  below.  The  Dutch  author  com- 
bats his  adversaries,  the  anti-Guten- 
bergians,  refuting  their  errors,  their 
fables,  and  their  falsifications,  always 
proving    his    argument    by    the   textual 


and  verbatim  citation  of  the  docu- 
ments concerning  the  invention  of  print- 
ing and  the  questions  relating  to  it.  He 
says  :— "  Generally  authors  give  in  their 
works  citations  which  cannot  be  verified  ; 
as  I  hold  that  they  should  be,  I  tran- 
scribe them  verbatim— I  hope  to  the 
satisfaction  of  my  readers." 


—  De  Haarlemsche  Costerlegende  wetenschappelijk   onderzoekt 
2°  Uit.     's  Gravenhage :  1870.     8vo.  pp.352. 


The  original  Dutch  work,  as  the  author 
states  in  his  preface,  was  commenced  in 
the  Nederlandschen  Spectator  \x\  Decem- 
ber, 1869,  and  completed  in  May,  1870. 
The  author  afterwards  considerably 
altered  and  extended  the  book,  which 
was  republished  as  a  second  edition  in 
August,  1870,  under  the  title  of  "De 
Haarlemsche  Cbsterlegende." 

A  French  translation  appeared  at 
Brussels  in  '  1871  (see  below),  but  only 
about  half  of  it  was  published. 

This  very  remarkable  treatise  com- 
pletely explodes  the  myth  which  ascribes 
the  honour  of  the  invention  of  printing  to 
Laurens  Janszoon  Koster,  of  Haarlem. 
Strangely  enough  the  first  suggestion  of 
the  kmd,  robbing  Germany  of  the  high 

•distinction  of  giving  to  the  world  this 
inestimably  valuable  art,  and  transferring 
it    to    a    Dutchman,    was    made    by    a 

'  German  ;  and  the  refutation  of  it,  restor- 

■  ing  Gutenberg  to  his  proper  place,  has 
been  made  by  a  Dutchman, — Dr.  van  der 

.  Linde.   • 


the  cause  of  Haarlem  never  seemed  so 
strong  as  during  the  previous  twenty  or 
thirty  years,  owing  to  the  works  of 
Ottley,  Bernard,  Sotheby,  Berjeau,  and 
others.  Dr.  van  der  Linde  has  gone  to 
the  archives  of  the  city  of  Haarlem, 
which  are  fortunately  preserved,  and  with 
the  inforniation  thus  obtained  has  ex- 
amined de  noi'o  the  statements  of  Junius, 
Koning,  De  Vries,  Noordziek,  &c.  He 
has  refuted  them  seriatim,  and  shown 
on  what  a  superstructure  of  ignorance 
and  presumption  the  Koster  story  really 
rested.  No  future  historian  of  printing 
will  find  it  necessary  to  concern  himself 
with  it,  except  as  a  literary  curiosity  or  a 
remarkable  imposture.  The  effect  of  the 
work  is  somewhat  weakened  by  the  au- 
thor's virulence  of  language,  and  the 
reader  is  both  wearied  and  annoyed 
by  the  unmeasured  sarcasm  showered 
down  upon  all  who  have  at  any  time 
given  credence  to  or  supported  the 
claims  of  Laurence  Koster.  "There  is 
no  hate  like  the  hate  of  brothers,"  and 


This  book  will  hand  Dr.  van  der  Linde's  this  death-blow  to  the  Haarlem  legend  is 

name  down  to  posterity,  and  render  im-  dealt  with  such   personal   vindictiveness 

possible    any    future    credence    in    that  and  such  wholesale  imputations  of  bad 

"Haarlem  legend"  which  has  for  three  motives  as  none  but  a  writer  against  his 

.  centuries  obtamed  such  credit.    It  is  also,  native  city  could  have  indulged  in. 
as  Mr.  Hessels  points  out,  singular  that 

The  Haarlem  legend  of  the  invention  of  printing  by  Lourens 

Janszoon  Coster,  critically  examined.     From  the  Dutch  by  J.  H. 
Hessels,  with  an  introduction  and  a  classified  list  of  the  Costerian 
Incunabula.     London  :  1871.     Royal  8vo.   pp.  xxvi.   170. 
•  A  translation  into  English  of  the  last-cited  work. 

'  La  legende  Costerienne  de  Haarlem,  nouv.  examen  critique, 

precede   d'une    introduction    historique    par    M^    Ch.    Ruelens. 
Bruxelles  :  1871.     8vo.     i  facsimile. 

LiNDENBURG  (Casp.).     De  erroribus  typogi-aphicis  Scholion. 

20  pages  in  "  Nova  Literaria  Maris  Balthici  et  Septentrionis." 
LiNDERER    (Robert).     Liederbuch  fiir  Buchdrucker.     Berlin^  1856. 
Svo. 


440  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

Lion  (Albert).  Ueber  Biicher-Correctur.  Gottingen :  1852.  8vo. 
pp.   19. 

Lion  (Iz.  J.).  Stenographic  en Tachygraphie.  's  Gravenhage  :  1849. 
8vo.  pp.   19. 

Lion  (J.  B.).  fipreuves  de  caracteres  de  la  fonderie  de  J.  B.  Lion. 
Paris:  1827.     8vo. 

LiPP  (J.  G.).  Labyrinthische  Lobrede  von  der  Buchdruckerei.  G. 
Augusto,  Herzogzu  Braunschweig- Liineburg,  an.  1655  dedic.  4to. 

LisCH  (G.  Chr.  Friedrich).  Geschicbte  der  Buchdruckerkunst  in 
Mecklenburg  bis  zum  Jahre  1540.  Mit  einem  Anhange  iiber  die 
niederdeutsche  Bearbeitung  des  Reineke  Voss.  Schwerin  :  1839. 
8vo.  pp.  viii.  281.      Facsimile  plate. 

Gives  a  history  of  several  of  the  early  printers  of  Rostock,  with  numerous  docu- 
ments from  the  archives  of  the  city. 

LiSTE  chronologique  et  alphabetique  des  libraires  et  imprimeurs  de 
Paris.     Paris :  1723.     4to. 

LiTERATUR  der  Geschichte  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst.  (In 
N.  y aJu'biicher f.  Phil,  und  Pddag.  Neue  Folg.  VI  I.  pp.  337- 
339.) 

LiTERATUR  der  Presse,  Januar  bis  Juni,  1840  :  Verlagsrecht,  Press- 
gesetzgebung,  Pressgesetze  und  Buchhandel ;  Bibliotekwissen- 
schaft,  etc.  ;  Schriften  iiber  Buchdruck  und  andere  mit  dem 
Buchhandel  verwandten  Geschaftszweige.  (In  der  Allgem. 
Pi-esszeitun^^  herausg.  von  Ed.  Hitzig,  1840.  Nos.  83-84,  pp. 
759-762;  Nos.  91-92,  pp.  826-828.) 

A  list  of  the  publications  relating  to  the  celebration  of  the  fourth  centenary  of  the 
invention  of  printing  is  to  be  found  in  the  Bibliographische  Blatter  of  the  Press- 
zeitung,  1840,  Nos.  56,  57,  and  65. 

Literature.     An  Essay  upon  Literature ;  or,  an  Enquiry  into  the 
antiquity  and  original  of  Letters.     London:  1726.     8vo.  pp.127. 
Treats  of  the  history  of  letters,  writing,  letter-press  and  rolling-press  printing. 
Lithography.     Le  petit  manuel  du  lithographe.     Paris  :  1832.    4to. 

Lithography,  Past  and  Present.  A  series  of  five  articles  in  the 
Lithographer y  July,  August,  September,  1870 ;  March  and  May, 
1871. 

These  articles  give  the  leading  events  connected  with  the  discovery  of  the  art  of 
lithography. 

See,  either  in  the  body  or  Supplement  of  this  work  : — Aresti, 

Bankes,  Beyer,  Binder,  Br^geaut,  Bry,  Chevallier  et 
Langlum£,  Gotta,  Cowell,  Desportes,  Doyen,  Dupont, 
Engelmann,  Ferchl,  Hullmandel,  Husnik,  Houbloup, 
Isermann,  Knecht,  Krauss,  Lasteyrie,  Mairet,  Marcel 
DE  Serres,  Moock,  Nagler,  Nichol,  Periodical  Publica- 
tions, Raucourt,  Richmond,  Schlotke,  Senefelder, 
TuDOT,  etc.  In  the  "  Grammar  of  Lithography,"  four  pages  are 
devoted  to  "The  Bibliography  of  Lithography." 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  44 1 

LiVY.    Romische  Historic  aus  Tito  Livio  gezogen.    Mentz :  J.  Schoffer, 
1505- 

An  important  piece  of  evidence  for  the  ment  of   the   invention   of  printing    by 

history  of  printing.     Printed  by  the  son  Gutenberg  in  Mentz,  1450,  and  that  he 

of  P.  Schoffer.     The  title-page,  which  is  was   aided   by  Johan    Faust  and   Peter 

nearly  always  wanting,  has  on  its  reverse  Schoffer. — See  Gutenberg. 
a  preface  which  concludes  with  a  state- 

Livius,   duobus  libris  auctus  ;    cum  L.    Flori  epitome,  indice 


copios.,  praefat.   U.   Huteni  et  Erasmi.     Rot.  fol.     Mogunt.,  J. 
Schoeffer,  15 18. 

Like  the  preceding  work,  this  contains  (in  the  preface  by  Erasmus)  an  important 
note  relating  to  the  invention  of  printing. 

LoCHNER  (J.  H.).     Sammlung  merkwurdiger  Medaillen.     Niirnberg  : 
1 740.     4to. 

In  vol.  iv.  for  1740  are  long  historical  accounts  of  the  Jubilee  of  that  year, 
with  illustrations  of  the  commemorative  medals  then  struck. 

LOEDEL  (Johann  Heinrich).  Des  Strassburger  Malers  und  Form- 
schneiders  Johann  Wechtlin,  genaant  Pilgrim,  Holzschnitte  in 
Clair-Obscur,  in  Holz  nachgeschnitten.     Leipzig  :  1863.     4to. 

LOEULLIET  (Bertrand).  Caracteres  graves  et  fondus  par  Bertrand 
Loeulliet.     Paris :  [1820.]     8vo. 

LOEWE  (Carl).     Gutenberg- Oratorium. — See  Giesebrecht. 

LOFTIE  (W.  J.).  The  First  Printers  and  their  Art.  An  article  in 
CasselPs  Magazine,  October,  1870. 
The  writer  gives  his  version  of  the  origin  of  printing  thus :  Laurence  Koster  is 
stated  to  have  been  "  the  first  printer  known  to  have  used  movable  types,"  while 
Gutenberg's  work  is  slightingly  referred  to,  and  even  his  share  in  the  production  of 
the  Mazarine  Bible  doubted. 

LoGOGRAPHic  Printing.  Notes  and  Queries,  First  Series,  vol.  i. 
pp.  136,  198. 

Interesting  particulars  relative  to  logographic  printing,  with  an  account  of  the 
experiments  of  Mr.  John  Walter  of  the  Times. — See  Johnson,  Henry. 

LoGOTETA  (Giuseppe  de).  Spicilegium  typographicum  de  Siculis 
editionibus  Sseculi  XV.  faustis  sub  auspiciis  excellentissimi 
Francesci  Serzatti,  juris  qua  privati  qua  public!  longe  scientissimi, 
verte  virtutis  integerrimi,  custodis  mira  morum  comitate  et  litterai 
rum  cultu  commendatissimi.     Palermo:  1807.     4to.  pp.ii.  64. 

Lombard  (Lambert).  Lettre  a  Vasari.  Notes  sur  la  premiere  ecole 
de  gravure.     Liege  :  1874.     8vo,  pp.  146. 

The  author  was  born  at  Liege  in  1505.  He  became  a  great  artist,  and  had  as 
patrons  many  eminent  personages,  among  them  Cardinal  Pole,  who  took  him  to 
Italy  to  study.     He  died  in  Paris  in  1566. 

LOMBARDAT.  Gothiques  allemandes  gravees  par  Lombardat.  Paris : 
1833.     A  broadside. 

LOMBARD!  (Andrea).  Sulle  vicende  della  tipografia  Cosentina. 
Cosenza :  1816.     8vo. 

3  L 


442- 


Bibliography  of  Priiiting. 


Lom£nie  (L.  de).  Beaumarchais  et  son  temps.  £tudes  sur  la 
societe  en  France  au  XVII P  siecle,  d'apres  documents  inedits. 
2  vols.  Paris:  1856.  8vo.  First  published  in  the  i^^z'M^ ^^j  Z>^«x 
Mondes. 

Beaumarchais  established  with  Panck-  ment,  which  was   conducted   under  the 

ouke,    in   1786,    a   printing-ofifice  in    the  style  of  the  "  Societe  litteraire  typogra-. 

fort  of  Kehl.     He  had  become  possessed  phique,"  a  complete  edition  of  Voltaire's 

of  the  admirable  characters  of  the  cele-  works,  which  is  still  sought   after,  and 

brated  printer  of  Birmingham,   Basker-  numerous  other  publications, 
ville.     There  issued  from  this   establish- 

LoM^NiE  DE   Brienne  (£tienne    Charles  de).      See  Laire. 

LoMMATZSCH  (C.  A.  W.).  Festprcdigt  zum  Gedachtniss  Johannes 
des  Taufers  und  Johannes  Gutenbergs,  gehalten  zu  Keilhau  und 
Eichfeld  bei  Rudolstadt  den  28.  Junius  1840.     Jena  :  1840.     8vo. 

London.  The  London  Printers'  Lamentation  ;  or,  the  Press  opprest 
and  overprest.     [London  :   1660.]     4to.  pp.  8. 

After  recording  the  means  employed  to  education  and  quality,  have  little  or  no 

transmit   "to    Posterity   the   memorable  skill  or  experience  in  the  Faculty  and  Art 

Acts   and    Monuments  of   their    present  of  Printing,  as  to  the  manual  operation 

Times  ....  by  the  blessing  of  Almighty'  thereof,  being  never  brought  up  in  that 

God,  upon   the    study  and    industry  of  Mystery,"  consequently,  although  nomi- 

John  Cuthenburge,  the  rare  and  incom-  nally  the   King's  Printers,  the  real  work 

parable  mystery  and  Science  of  Printing  has  been  actually  performed  by  Thomas 

of  Books,  was  invented  and  practised  at  Newcome,  John  Field,  and  Henry  Hills, 

Mentz,   in   Germany,  above    200    years  printers,  who  were   the   actual    printers 

agone."     Cursorily   mentioning   the  sub-  of  the   Commonwealth   Acts  and  books 

sequent  progress  and  Royal  patronage  of  against  the  King.     Allusion  is  also  made 

printing,   the   Star   Chamber    decree    of  to  the  fact  that  the  original  manuscript 

Queen  Elizabeth,  limiting  the  number  of  of  the  authorized  translation  of  the  Bible 

master  printers  in  England  to  twenty,  is  is  in  the  hands  of  the  latter  printers,  who 

noticed,  and  the  fact  that  in  1637  printing  have  printed  several  editions  of  Bibles, 

and   printers    "were  grown    to    such    a  with  "such  egregious  Blasphemies  and 

monstrous   excesse   and    exorbitant    dis-  damnable  Erratas  as  have  corrupted  the 


order"  that  a  new  decree  to  amend  the 
preceding  was  necessary.  Now,  how- 
ever, there  are  "  above  60  printing- 
houses  in  and  about  London,"  and  "all 
the  irregularities,  inconveniences,  and 
mischief,    that    can   be   imagined   to   be 


pure  fountain,  and  rendered  God's  holy 
word  contemptible."  The  object  of  the 
publication  seems  to  be  the  turning  out 
of  the  titular  Royal  Printers,  a  grave 
personal  charge  being  made  against  Hills. 
Many  moral  precepts  are  laid  down  as  to 


committed   and   done  by  the   too   much  the  necessity  of  curbing  the  "  exorbitant 

liberty  and  licenciousnesse  of  the  Presse,  and    unlawfull    exercise    of    printing    in 

have   been  and   are   occasioned    at   this  modern  times."     It  is  probable  that  this 

day."     "As,  for  example,   Mr.   Christo-  very  curious  tract  was  written  by  William 

pher  Barker  and  Mr.  John  Bull,  by  their  Prynne. 

A  compleat   and   private  List  of  all   the  Printing-houses  in 


and  about  the  cities  of  London  and  Westminister,  together  with 
the  printers'  names,  what  newspapers  they  print,  and  where  they 
are  to  be  found  :  also  an  account  of  the  printing-houses  in  the 
several  Corporation  Towns  in  England  ;  most  humbly  laid  before 
the  Right  Hon.  the  Lord  Viscount  Townshend.  Printed  by 
William  Bowyer  in  White  Friars  :   1724. 

The  number  of  master  printers  in  London  is  given  as  seventy-three,  and  in  all  the 
country  besides  twenty-eight.  Quoted  by  I'imperley,  in  his  ' '  Dictionary  of  Printers," 
p.  630,  where  is  given  the  whole  of  the  introduction. 


Bibliography  of  Friniing.  443 

London  Scale  of  Charges  for  Compositors'  Work. — See  Societies. 

LONGHI  (Giuseppe).  La  Calcografia  propriamente  detta,  ossia  Parte 
d'incidere  in  rame,  coll'  acqua- forte,  col  bulino  e  colla  punta. 
Vol.  I.  concernante  la  teorica  dell'  arte.  Milano  :  1830-31. 
8vo.   pp.  xxxii.  437. 

This  first  volume  is  all  that  was  pub-  most  eminent  of  the  Italian  engravers, 

lished.     A  beautifully-printed  book  from  A  very  fine  copperplate  portrait  of  him 

the  Stamperia  Reale,  Milan.  is  given   in   this  work,  as  well  as  a  full 

Giuseppe  Longhi  was  born  in  1766,  memoir  (pp.  395-431). 
and  died  in  1826.      He  was  one  of  the 


Die   Kupferstecherei,    oder   die   Kunst  in  Kupfer   zu  stechen 

und  zu  atzen.  i"^  Theoret.  Theil  von  J.  Longhi  aus  dem  Italien. 
iiberstezt  von  C.  Earth ;  2°  Praktischer  Theil  von  C.  Barth. 
Hildburghausen :  1837.     8vo. 

LONGOLIUS  (Paulus  Daniel).  Vorschmack  von  der  zum  Drucke 
bereitliegenden  vollstandigen  Jahr-Geschichte  des  Buchdrucker- 
Wesens  der  Brandenburgischen  Lande  oberhalb  des  Gebiirges. 
Hoff:  1742.     Folio. 

LoosjES  (Adriaan).  Laurens  Koster.  Tooneelstuk  met  zang. 
Haarlem:  1809.     8vo.  pp.  53. 

An  operatic  drama,  in  three  acts.    On  the  title-page  is  a  fine  mezzotint  copy  of  the 
conventional  portrait  of  Koster. 

LoosjES  (Vincent).  Gedenkschriften  wegens  het  vierde  Eeuwgetijde 
van  de  Uitvinding  der  Boekdrukkunst  door  Lourens  Janszoon 
Koster  van  stadswege  gevierd  te  Haarlem  den  10  en  ii  Juli,  1823. 
Haarlem  :   1824.     8vo.  pp.  liv.  464.     4  plates. 

The  plates  are  : — A  plan  of  the  Cathe-  struck  in  honour  of  the  Haarlem  claimant ; 

dral    at     Haarlem,    of    which    Laurens  the  Koster  memorial  "in  den  Haarlem- 

Janszoon   was   supposed    to    be   Koster  mer    Hout,"   and   (as   a    frontispiece)   a 

or  sacristan ;   representations  of  medals  portrait  of  Koster. 

Loots  (Cornells).  Feestzang  bij  de  viering  van  het  vierde  eeuw- 
feest  der  Uitvinding  van  de  Boekdrukkunst  te  Haarlem.  Amster- 
dam :  1823.     8vo.  pp.  15. 

LoRCK  (Carl  B.).  Die  Druckkunst  und  der  Buchhandel  in  Leipzig 
durch  Vier  Jahrhunderte.  Leipzig  :  1879.    8vo.  pp.  viii.  and  164. 

Die  Herstellung  von   Druckwerken.     Praktische  Winke  fiir 


Autoren   und   Buchhandler.   2'^  Auflage.     Leipzig :    1868.     8vo. 

pp.    168. Dritte,      umgearbeitete    und     vermehrte    Auflage. 

Leipzig  :  1879.     8vo.  pp.  viii.  and  174. 

This  book,  specially  intended  for  the  use  of  authors  and  publishers,  recites  the 
modus  operandi  in  the  production  of  printed  works.  Specimens  of  European  and 
Oriental  types  are  given  in  the  appendix. 


444  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

LoRCK  (Carl  B,).      Die  graphischen  Kiinste  auf  der  Ausstellung  zu 

Wien.     Braunschweig:  1874.  8vo.  pp.  135. 

A  review  of  the  printing  department  in  tary    to    the   German    Master    Printers' 

the  Vienna  Exhibition,  including  all  de-  Association,    whose    official    organ,    the 

partments  of  the  business.  Annalefi  der  Typographic  (since  discon- 

Herr  LoRCK  is  a  practical  printer,  and  tinued),  was  owned  and  edited  by  him. 
has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  literature  Herr  Lorck  subsequently  became  pro- 
and  poHtics  of  the  printing  trade  in  prietor  of  a  chromo-lithographic  printing- 
Germany.     He  was  for  some  years  secre-  office. 

LoRiLLEUX  fils  alne  (Ch.).     Almanach  a  de  feuillet,  etc.     Homage 
aux  imprimeurs.      1870-1879. 
A  tablet  almanack,  published  annually.     Each  day's  leaf  contains  a  mention  of  an 
event  in  the  annals  of  printing. 

Encres  typographiques,  couleurs  fines.     Album  de  specimen. 


Janvier,  1874.     i6mo.     50  leaves. 


Notice  sur  les  usines  de  Ch.  Lorilleux.     Paris  :  1878.     8vo. 

pp.  84. 

Opens  with  an  account  of  the  firm,  in  devising  the  various  apparatus  em- 

whose  ink-works  are  at  Puteaux  and  Nan-  ployed.     The   organization   of  this  vast 

terre,  a  few  miles  out  of  Paris.      They  concern  is  extremely  good,  and  goes  far 

are,    we   believe,    the   largest   and    most  to  account  for  the  pre-eminence  of  this 

complete  of  their  kind  in  France,  if  not  firm     of    printing-ink     makers.       This 

in  the  world.     Almost  all  the  processes  brochure  was  specially  produced  on  the 

are  carried  out  by  automatic  machinery,  occasion  of  the  Paris  International  Ex- 

and  great  ingenuity  has  been  displayed  position  of  1878,  and  is  elegantly  printed. 

Prix-courant.     Typographic   et  lithographic,  couleurs  seches, 

&c.     Paris:  1878.     l6mo.  pp.  32. 

A  price-list,  in  several  colours,  beautifully  worked  at  machine  by  M.  Quantin,  the 
famous  Parisian  printer. 

Specimen   des  Couleurs  broyees  de  Ch.   Lorilleux  fils  aine. 

Paris  :  n.  d.  [1876].      i6mo. 

The  celebrated  firm  of  Lorilleux  is  different -hued  inks,  and  is  a  good  ex- 
known  throughout  the  Continent  for  its  ample  of  fine  press-work.  Included  in 
fine  printing-inks,both  black  and  coloured,  the  album  is  an  engraving  of  Messrs. 
The  above  is  an  album  containing  speci-  Lorilleux's  extensive  works  at  Puteaux 
mens   of  work  printed    in  a   variety   of  and  Nanterre. 

Sur    la    fabrication   des    encres   d'imprimerie,    noires   et   dc 

couleurs.  Typographic,  chromo-lithographic,  et  lithographic. 
Avec  le  prix-courant  :  Typographic,  lithographic,  couleurs 
seches.     8vo.     pp.  31. 

Printed  for  the  Paris  Universal  Exhibition  of  1867. 

LoTSKY.  Notice  sur  I'etablissement  de  la  typographic,  sur  la  litterature 
et  sur  les  bibliotheques  a  la  Nouvelle  Hollande.  In  the  Bulletin 
dti  Bibliophile,  series  xv.     pp.  444-448. 

LoTT  (Ludw.).     Buchdruck.     Wien:   1874.     8vo.     pp.49. 

Official   Exhibition    Report,    No.    85,     productions  of  ancient  MSS.   in   colour 
published  by  the   General    Direction   of    by  block-printing  are  a  testimony  to  his 
the  Vienna  Universal   Exhibition.     The     marvellous  practical  skill, 
author  is  a  most  able  printer.     His  re- 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


445 


LEIPSIC  :   1491-1536. 


LOTTER  (Melchior). 

A  large  number  of  books  was  issued 
from  the  press  of  Melchior  Lotter  during 
the  forty-three  years  it  was  established 
in  Leipsic,  but  very  few  of  them  with  the 
device  which  we  reproduce.  It  is  taken 
from  "Jacobi  Henrichmanni  Grammatice 
Institutiones,"  with  a  collection  of  other 
schoolbooks.  Leipsic,  1510,  4to.,  on 
large  paper,  the  margins  of  which  are 
covered  with  elaborate  manuscript  anno- 
tations in  a  handwriting  contemporaneous 
with  the  printing  of  the  book.  On  the 
title-page,  in  red  and  black,  are  the  arms 


of  Leipsic,  which  Lotter  sometimes  used 
as  his  own  mark.  Melchior  Lotter,  jun., 
printed  at  Wittemberg  from  1520  to  1522. 
The  word Z<7if/^r signifies  "vagabond" 
in  German,  and  the  device  of  the  elder 
Lotter  consists  of  the  emblem  of  a  men- 
dicant in  a  half-suppliant  posture,  hold- 
ing before  him  an  escutcheon  with  the 
letters  M  L  interwoven.  Several  of  the 
rarest  productions  of  Letter's  press  are 
described  in  Quaritch's  "Monumenta 
Typographica 


446 


Bibliogi-aphy  of  Frifiiing. 


LOTTIN  (Augustin  Martin  de  St.  Germain).     Catalogue  chronologique 
des  libraires  et   libraires-imprimeurs  de  Paris  depuis  I'an  1470, 
epoque   de   I'etablissement   de   rimprimerie   dans  cette   capitale, 
~  '         Paris  :    1789.      8vo.     Vol.  I.  pp. 


jusqu'a  present.      Two  vols. 
xxiv.  284.     Vol.  II.  pp.  260. 

The  second  volume  has  the  title  modi- 
fied to  "  Catalogue  alphabetique."  A 
work  of  wonderful  patience  and  research. 
There  are  hundreds  of  narnes,  arranged 
in  lists,  and  accompanied  with  biographi- 
cal and  bibliographical  information.  It 
is  a  rare  book. 

A.  M.  DE  St.  Germain  Lottin  was 
a  printer  and  publisher  at  Paris,  born 
8th  August,  1726  ;  the  date  of  his  death 
is  not  on  record.  He  published  many 
books   on   the    subject   of  bibliography, 


such  as  a  chronological  list  of  all  the 
editions  of  Sallust  (i  vol.,  8vo.  1763); 
"  Artis  typographiae  querimonia,"  1785, 
in  4to  ;  "Coup  d'CEil  eclaire  d'une  biblio- 
theque  a  I'usage  de  tout  possesseur  de 
livres,"  1773  ;  and  wrote  many  letters  on 
the  history  of  printing  in  the  Joiir7ial 
des  Savans.  In  1766,  Lottin  had  the 
honour  of  teaching  Louis  XVI.  then 
Dauphin,  the  practical  details  of  the  art 
of  printing. 


See  Rowland  and  Stevens. 


LOYSON  et  Briquet.  £preuve  des  caracteres  de  la  fonderie  de 
Loyson  et  Briquet  a  Paris,  Rue  de  la  Parcheminerie,  vis-a-vis  la 
petite  porte  de  S.  Severin.     1751.     4to. 

Luce  (Louis),     fipreuve  du  premier  alphabet,  droit  et  penche,  orne 
•     de  quadres  et  de  cartouches.      Grave    par   ordre  du  Roy  pour 
rimprimerie  Royale    et  fini  en  1740.      Paris.     32mo. 

Eight  leaves  as  a  specimen  of  this  microscopic  type,  both  Roman  and  italic,  which 
was  cut  in  emulation  of  the  celebrated  Sedanoise  editions.  Although  much  smaller, 
it  is  nevertheless  superior. 

Essai  d'une  nouvelle  typographic,  omee  de  vignettes,  fleurons, 


trophees,  filets,  cadres,  et  cartels  inventes,  dessines,  et  executes  par 
L.  Luce,  graveur  du  Roi,  pour  son  Imprimerie  Royale,  1740-70, 
commence  en  1740,  et  fini  en  1770.     Paris:   1771.     4to. 
Very  few  copies  were  printed  of  these    Tous  ces   colofichets  de   notre    art  sont 


typographical  ornaments,  which  fact,  in 
addition  to  their  beauty,  causes  the  work 
to  be  much  prized  by  bibliophiles. 

Louis  Luce  was  a  celebrated  engraver 
of  punches  for  the  Imprimerie  du  Louvre, 
now  the  French  National  Printing  Office. 
He  was  the  third  engraver  of  this  name. 


excluj 
Que  je  plains  cet  artiste    et  ses   soins 

superflus. 
Si,    gouverne    toujours    par    un    ancien 

usage, 
D'ornemens  etrangers  il  charge  son  ouv- 

rage. 


Alexander,  his  father-in-law,  successor  of    S'il  peiise  en  ses  travaux,  soignes  de  toute 

Philippe   Grandjean,    was    the    second  ;  parte, 

Fagnon  was    the    fourth.     One    of  the     Sous  un  papier  superbe,  a  I'aide  de  son 


greatest  achievements  of  Louis  Luce  was 
his  cutting  the  character  which  he  named 
"  La  Perle,"  which  was  the  smallest  body 
that  had  ever  been  cut  or  cast.  A 
specimen  of  it  is  given  in  the  "  Essai 
d'une  nouvelle  typographie  \i.e^.  printing 
types]."  M.  Didot,  in  his  "  fepitre  sur 
les  progres  de  ITmprimerie,"  thus  refers 
to  the  productions  of  M.  Luce  : — 
"  Luce,    dont  les  poingons  n'ont  qu'un 

faible  merite, 
De  ses  fleurons  nombreux   nous  offre  en 

vain  I'elite  : 


Nous  masquer  les  defauts  de  son  vieux 

caractere 
Je  crois  voir,  etc." 

In  fact,  Firmin-Didot  does  not  appear 
to  have  had  much  sympathy  with  several 
of  Luce's  achievements,  as  he  says  in  a 
note: — "Among  the  characters,  gener- 
ally bad,  which  Luce  has  engraved,  and 
which  happily  are  but  seldom  used  in  the 
royal  printing-office,  is  one  which  cannot 
be  seen  ;  it  is  called  '  Pearl.'  " 


Bibliography  of  Printing.  447 

LUCHET  (Auguste).  Recit  de  I'inauguration  de  la  statue  de  Gutenberg 
et  des  fetes  donnees  par  la  ville  de  Strasbourg  les  24,  25,  et  26 
Juin,  1.S40.     Paris :  1840.     i6mo.  pp.    152.     Frontispiece. 

The  author  was  delegated  to  attend  the  fetes  by  the  "  Societe  de  Gens  de  Lettres." 

[LUCKOMBE  (Philip).]  A  concise  history  of  the  origin  and  progress  of 
printing  ;  with  practical  instructions  to  the  trade  in  general,  com- 
piled from  those  who  have  wrote  on  this  curious  art.  London : 
1770.  8vo.  Frontispiece,  title,  and  preface,  xiv.  pp.  j  text, 
502  pp.,  and  4  pp.  of  contents. 

This  vokime  has  a    coarse  wood-en-  printhig    types    by  W.    Caslon   &   Son, 

graving  for  a  frontispiece,  purporting  to  letter-founders  in  London,"  without  date, 

be  a  likeness  of  Gutenberg,  but  which  in  There  are  23  pages  of  flowers,  including 

reality  is  a  portrait  of  Koster  copied  from  a  number  of  fantastic  and  elegant  designs 

Moxon.    The  authors  named  as  those  from  made  out  of  them  ;  and  41  pages  of  type 

whom  the  historical  matter  was  compiled,  specimens,    including    music    type    and 

are  Moxon,  Ames,    Middleton,  Atkyns,  foreign  alphabets. 

Watson,  Palmer,  &c.  &c.  ;  the  practical  Although    this    book    was    published 

instructions  are  "  the  united  opinions  of  anonymously    in    1770,    Luckombe,    the 

the  most  experienced  of  the  trade."     The  compiler,  in   the   ensuing  year  avowed 

latter  is  indeed  the  best  part  of  the  work,  himself,   the  work  being  issued  in  1771 

Following    p.    132    is    "a    specimen    of  with  the  following  title-page  : — 

The  History  and  Art  of  Printing,  in  two  parts.  Part  I.,  con- 
taining— A  concise  history  of  the  art  from  its  invention  to  the 
present  time,  with  the  several  charters  granted  to  the  Company  of 
Stationers.  Part  II.  Specimens  of  printing  types  of  all  sizes  and 
various  languages,  &c.  The  whole  forming  a  more  intelligible 
and  complete  introduction  to  the  art  of  printing  than  has  been 
hitherto  attempted,  and  containing  a  great  variety  of  instructions 
and  examples  that  are  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  performance. 
By  Philip  Luckombe.  I^ondon :  1771.  8vo.  Six  preliminary 
leaves,  pp.  502,  and  two  leaves  of  contents. 

LuDOLPHUS  DE  Saxonia.  Boeck  van  den  leven  ons  Heeren  Ihesu 
Christi.     1487.     Folio. 

This  is  a  Dutch  translation  of   the  celebrated  Vita  Christi,  and   contains  some 
imitations  and  later  impressions  of  blocks  formerly  used  in  the  Biblia  Pauperum. 

Dites  dleve  ons  liefs  heren  Ihesu  Cristi  Anderwerve  gheprint 

Tantwerpen.     15 12.     Folio. 

A  later  edition  of  the  Vita  Christi  in  Dutch,  with  the  same  woodcuts. 

LuDOVici  (G.)  de  Jubilao  Typographico  Dissertatio.  Schleusingen  : 
1740.     4to. 

LuECKE  (Gottfried  Christian  Friedrich).  Festrede  zur  vierhundert- 
jahrigen  Jubelfeyer  der  Erfindung  der  Buchdruckerkunst,  den 
24sten  Juni,  1840,  zu  Gottingen  in  dem  grossen  Akademischen 
Horsaale  gehalten.     Gottingen  :  1840.     8vo.  pp.  16. 


44^  Bibliography  of  Printing. 

LuEDEKE   (Chr.   Wilhelm).      Allgemeines  Schwedisches  Gelehrsam- 
keits-Archiv  unter   Gustafs   des   Dritten   Regierung.      Von  ver- 
schiedenen  Gelehrten  in  Schweden  ausgearbeitet  und   herausge- 
geben.     Leipzig:  1781.     8vo. 
Much  information  about  Swedish  printers  from  1770-1781.     Vol.  I.,  pp.  240-243. 

LUKAS  (Jos,).  Die  Presse,  ein  Stiick  moderner  Versimpelung. 
Regensburg  :  1867.     8vo. 

LUNZE  (Johann  Gottlob).  Monumentorum  typographicorum  decas. 
Illustravit,  ad  Panzeri  annal.  typogr.  accommodavit.  Lipsise  : 
1799.     i2mo.  pp.  48. 

Monumentorum  typographicorum  decas.    Lipsise  :  1799.    Svo. 


PP-  32. 

Monumentorum  typographicorum  tridecas.      Lipsise  :    1801. 

Svo.  pp.  48. 

Luther  (Dr.  M.)  Merkw.  Sendbrief  vom  Dollmetschen  nebst  eben 
desselben  erlauternden  Ausspriichen  von  der  Buchdruckerei  und 
der  Buchdruckern.  Herausgeg.  von  Mag.  Dr.  Peucer.  Leipzig  : 
1740. 

Deutsche  geistliche  Lieder,  nebst  den  wahrend  seines  Lebens 


dazu  gebrauchlichen  Singweisen  und  einigen  mehrstimniigen 
Forsatzen  iiber  dieselben  von  Meistern  des  XVI.  Jahrh.  Heraus- 
gegeben  als  Festschrift  fUr  die  iv.  Jubelfeier  der  Erfindung  der 
Buchdruckerkunst  von  C.  v.  Winterfeld.  Mit  einigen  Holz- 
schnitten  nach  Zeichnungen  von  A.  Strahaber. 

LUTZ  (Marcus).     Geschichte  der  Universitat  Basel  von  ihrer  Griindung 
bis  zu  ihrer  neuesten  Umgestaltung.     Aarau  :  1826.     Svo. 
Pages  64-68  supply  a  history  of  the  art  of  printing  in  Switzerland. 

Lyce  (Erdm.  Andr.).      Frohlockender  Widerschall  der  allgemeinen 
dritten  Jubel-Freude,  viber  die  vor  nun  drey  hundert  Jahren  an 
den   gesegneten    Ufem   des   Rheinstrohms   gliicklich   erfundenen 
Buch-Trucker-Kunst.     Idstein :  1 740.     Folio. 
The  author  was  state  printer  to  the  Duke  of  Nassau-Saarbruck. 

Lydersen  (Claude).     Forsag  til  en  Fortegnelse  over  de  udi  Danmark 
og   Norge   fra   Bogtrykkeriets    Indforsel   til    1789  Aars    Udgang 
udkomne  Danske  Skrifter,  samlede  af  Glaus  L[ydersen]  Fasting. 
Bergen,  1793.      Svo.      Tw^o  leaves,  pp.  615. 
An  account  of  the  Danish  and  Norse  press  before  1789. 

Lynch    (Thos.).      The    Printer's    Manual.     A  practical  guide    for 
compositors  and  pressmen.     Cincinnati :  1872.     Svo.  pp.  iv.  226. 

Contains  some  excellent  technical  instruction  on    punctuation,  materials,  jobbing, 
imposition,  press-work,  and  inks.     The  first  edition  was  published  in  iSsg.in  i6mo. 


Bibliography  of  Printing. 


449 


LONDON  :    1548-1550. 


Lynne  (Walter). 

GuALTER  or  Walter  Lynne  was  a 
scholar,  an  author,  and  a  printer.  He 
lived  near  Billingsgate  ;  it  is  said  that 
he  also  kept  a  shop  at  the  Eagle,  beside 
St.  Paul's  School.  His  device,  which 
is  annexed,  is  taken  from  "Carion's 
Chronicle,"  4to.  1550,  which  the  author 
dedicated  to  Edward  VI.  Among  the 
other  books  of  divinity  which  Lynne 
printed  are  to  be  found  Cranmer's  Cate- 
chismus,  1548,  8vo.,  and  another  edition 
of  the  same  without  date.  Lynne  also 
translated  into  English  a  part  of  the 
controversial  works  of  Luther.  Peignot 
says  it  is  alleged  that  there  is  preserved 
in  the  library  of  the  Vatican  a  copy  of 
the  Bible,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a  prayer 

Lyons.      Monitum  in    Lugdunenses    typographos. 
1503.     Folio. 

De  la  suppression  des  brevets  d'imprimeurs  et  de  libraires. 

Reponse  des  imprimeurs  et  des  libraires  de  Lyon  et  du  departement 
du  Rhone.     Lyon  :  1869.     4to. 

Lyser  (Johann  Peter  Theodore),  Pseud.,  i.e.,  Johann  Peter  Theodor 
Burmeister.  Das  Wort.  Gutenbergs-Lieder.  Leipzig :  1840. 
8vo.  pp.   16. 


in  German,  in  the  handwriting  of  Luther, 
to  the  following  effect :— "  O  God,  of  Thy 
goodness,  send  us  clothes,  hats,  boots, 
and  cloaks  ;  fat  cattle  and  sheep  ;  plenty 
of  women  and  few  children ;  good  drinking 
and  good  eating  is  the  best  way  to  avoid 
complaining."  Peignot  naively  adds, 
however,  *'  It  is  permissible  to  doubt  the 
authenticity  of  this  anecdote."  In  the 
supplement  to  his  work,  however,  Peig- 
not gives  the  authority  for  that  portion 
of  the  prayer  relating  to  "  molte  moglie,  e 
pochi  figliuoli."  The  edition  of  1548 
contains  woodcuts  after  drawings  by 
Holbein.  Lynne's  device  is  the  em- 
blem of  the  Goat  and  Ram  fighting, 
bearing  respectively  the  letters  W.  L. 

Venet.   Aldus. 


END   OF   VOLUME    I. 


LONDON : 

WYMAN-    AND   SONS,    ORIENTAL   AND   CLASSICAL    PRINTERS 

GREAT  QUEEN   STREET,    W.C. 


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