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BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY 

OF 

MUSICIANS 


COMPILED  AND  EDITED -BY 

THKODORE  BAKER,  Pn.D. 


WITH  PORTRAITS  FROM  DRAWINGS  IN  PEN  AND  INK 

BY 

ALKX.  GRIBAYBDOFF 


NEW  YORK:    G.  SCHIRMER 

1 900 


(.'OPYKKiJIT,  1()<K),  HY 

0.  HCIIIRMKR 


PREFACE 

CONCISE  biogiaphical  dictionaries  of  musicians  are  no  longer  a  novelty;  but  their 
contents  and  tendency  are  too  apt  to  be  influenced  by  the  immediate  environment, 
the  nationality,  or  the  idiosyncrasies  of  the  compilers.  In  the  present  lexicon  it  has 
been  the  editor's  endeavor  to  give  an  impartial  general  view  of  musical  biography,  past 
and  piesent,  favoring  no  nation  or  period  unduly.  It  has  been  his  especial  aim  to 
make  up  foi  the  scant  attention  which  leading  English  and  American  musicians  have 
received  at  the  hands  of  foreign  biographers ;  in  this  point,  no  other  work  of  similar 
scope  can  compaic  with  this  in  completeness,  recentness,  and  accuracy.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  living  musicians  have,  in  general,  a  somewhat  larger  relative  space  allotted 
them  than  those  whose  career  is  closed.  The  reasons  which  determined  this  course 
aie,  firstly,  that  full  and  correct  information  about  contemporaries  is  frequently 
unavailable  for  the  general  public,  being  either  scattered  in  numerous  periodicals  and 
books  of  reference,  or  not  published  at  all;  secondly,  that  earlier  lexica  already  contain 
the  life-histories  of  most  musicians  of  prominence.  It  is  true,  that  in  such  published 
biographical  sketches  many  errois  of  fact  occm ;  in  the  difficult  matter  of  dates, 
especially,  much  requires  rectification.  Hundteds  of  emendations  are  contained  in  the 
present  work,  which  will,  it  is  hoped,  prove  more  trustworthy  than  its  predecessors. 
A  careful  collation  of  the  standard  works  of  reference  has  resulted  in  a  weeding-out  of 
very  many  mistakes,  due  to  carelessness  or  inadvertence,  in  the  biographical  matter 
belonging  to  past  epochs.  A  laige  amount  of  reliable  and  valuable  information  has 
been  obtained  by  direct  correspondence  with  musicians  and  writers  of  note,  though 
many  inquiries  icmained  unanswered.  The  comparative  bievity  of  sketches  of  certain 
prominent  contemporaries  is  due  to  the  impossibility  of  gathering  sufficient  and 
reliable  data. 

A  feature  of  j  )eculiar  interest  and  value  is  presented  in  the  three  hundred  accompany- 
ing pen-and-ink  vignettes,  by  the  Russian  artist  Gribayedoff,  after  authentic  portraits 
or  recent  photographs.  In  their  selection,  again,  a  preponderance  of  contemporary 
over  deceased  musicians  will  be  observed,  the  general  plan  having  been,  to  portray 
individuals  in  whom  a  personal  interest  is  felt.  It  was  impossible  to  make  the  list  as 
complete  as  projected,  owing  to  the  difficulty  of  procuring  originals. 

Despite  all  vigilance,  many  of  the  statements  made  in  the  neaily  six  thousand 
biographies  given  in  the  Dictionary  doubtless  require  correction.  Any  suggestions 
tending  to  the  improvement  of  the  work  will  be  gratefully  received  by  the  editor,  to 
whom  communications  may  be  addressed  in  care  of  the  publishers. 

The  editor  wishes  to  extend  sincere  thanks  to  all  the  distinguished  contributors  who 
have  so  kindly  furnished  the  material  requested,  and  so  essentially  lightened  his  task. 
Special  thanks  are  due  to  Mr,  Richard  Aldrich,  of  New  York,  for  careful  and  critical 
proof-reading,  and  for  timely  assistance  in  completing  several  important  articles. 

THE  EDITOR. 

VuRK,  JantMry  i,   igtx). 

iii 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND   FOREIGN    WORDS 


A.,  alto. 
Abate    j 

A  b  bate  V  abbot  [often  a  merely  honorary  title]. 
Abbti       ) 

Abt.,  about. 

Acad.,  Academy. 

A  capp.,  a  cappella. 
C.,  accoiding(ly). 

accompaniment. 

Ac<*.t.,  account. 

A.  O.  O.,  Ameiican  Guild  of  Organists 

Allg.,  AllgGlll.  (Ger.,  allgemein),  universal, 
general. 

Anti<l.,  antiquarian. 

App.,  appointed,  appointment 

AlT.,  arranged,  arrangement. 

Art.,  article. 

Aspirant   (CJer.),  an    unsalaried    orchestra- 
player  awaiting  advancement. 

ASSOC.,  association. 

Asst.,  assistant. 

Allgiu.,  augmented. 

I).,  born. 

B.,  bass, 

Bar.,  baritone. 

b.  COilt.,  basso  continuo. 

Biirgorrcgimeiit  (Gcr.),  militia  regiment. 

CamcrlingO  (It ),  Chambcilam. 

(Jail tab.  (I .at. ,  Canlabrigicnsis),of  Cambridge. 

Oath.,  cathedral* 

Cav.  (It.,  Cavaliere),  Chevalier. 

'Cello,  violoncello. 

Cent.,  century. 

Of.  (I -at.,  confer),  compare. 

Ch.,  church. 

ell.,  chorus,  choir. 

Ohautre  (Fr.),  singer. 

Chapcllo  (Kr.),  chapel,  choir. 

Clief  <le  Obaut  (Fr.)»  chorusmaster. 

Chef  <lO  lUUSiquc  (Fr.),  bandmaster,  con- 
ductor. 

Chef  d'orchostro  (Fr.)>  conductor. 

Chev.,  Chevalier. 

Oh. in.,  c.hoirm.,  choirmaster. 

ChoragtlS  (Lai.),  precentor. 


Chormeister  (Ger  ),  conductor  (of  a  choral 

society). 

Circa  (Lat.),  about. 
Clar.,  clarinet. 

Coll.,  collected,  collection  ;  college. 
Comiliercieiirath    (Ger.),    Counsellor    of 

Commerce  [often  honorary  title]. 
Comp.,  composed,  composer,  composition. 
Comte  (Fr.),  Count. 

Concei-tmeister  (Ger ),  leader. 

Cond.,  conducted,  conductor,  conducting. 

CoilgT.,  Congregational. 

CoilS.,  Conservator}'  (Consenratorium,  Con- 
servatoire, Conservatory). 

cont.,  continuo. 

Coilte  (It.),  Count. 

Coiltraltista  (It ),  male  contralto. 

Cpt.,  counterpoint. 

d.9  died. 

d.-bass,  double-bass. 

BeutSCh  (Ger.),  German. 

Dir.,  director. 

DOUL  (Ger.),  cathedral. 

DoiUChor  (Ger.),  cathedral-choir. 

Drain.,  dramatic. 

Dr.  jllV.  (Lat.,  doctor  juiis),  doctor  of  la\v(s). 

Dr.  phiL  (Lat.,  doctor  philosophic),  Doctor 
of  Philosophy. 

Due  (Fr.),  Duke. 

Ed.,  edited,  editor,  edition. 

e.g.  (Lat.,  exempli  gratia),  for  example. 

Eug.,  engaged. 

Engl.,  England,  English. 

Eut.,  entered. 

Epise.,  Episcopal. 

Est.,  CStabl.,  established. 

Et  ill.  (Lat.,  et  alii,  aliM,  alia),  and  others. 

Et  SCq.  (Lat.,  et  sequentes,  sequentia),  and 
the  following. 

Evaug.,  Evangelical. 

F.,  Fellow. 

f.,  for. 

Fest.,  Festival, 

fl.,  flute. 

Fr.,  French. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  FOREIGN    WORDS 


fragm.,  fragmentary. 

Frau  (Ger.),  Mrs.,  Madam. 

Fraiilein  (Ger.),  Miss. 

F.  (B.)  C.  O.,  Fellow  of  the  (Royal)  College 

of  Organists. 

Freilierr  (Ger.),  Baron. 
Oelieim    (Ger.),    Privy,    Gcheimrath, 

Privy  Counsellor. 
Ger.,  German. 

GesellSCliaft  (Ger.),  Society,  Association. 
Oov.t,  Government. 
Grosslierzoglich  (Ger.),  Grandducal. 
Harm.,  harmony. 
Harps. ,  harpbichord. 
Hauptkirclie  (Ger.),  principal  church. 
Herr  (Ger.),  Mr. 
Herzoglich(Ger.),  Ducal. 
H.  M.*S  Til.,  Her  Majesty's  Theatre. 
Hochsckule  (Ger.),  "  High  School,"    col- 
lege, university. 

Hof  (Ger.),  court ;  a  frequent  prefix,  as  in  Hof- 
kapelle,  court  chapel,  or  court  orchestra  ; 
Hof  kapellmeister,  court  conductor  ; 
Hofmusikintendant,  Superintendent 
of  the  court  music  ;  etc. 
Hou.,  honorary. 
lion,  causa  (Lat,  honoris  causa),  because  of 

respect  [affixed  to  honorary  titles]. 
ib.,  ibid.  (Lat.t  ibidem),  in  the  same  place. 
id.  (Lut. ,  idem),  the  same. 
1.6.  (Lat.t  id  cst),  that  is. 
Imp.,  Imperial. 
IllCid.,  incidental. 
lust.,  institution,  institute. 
Instr.,  instrument ;   iilfttr.l,  instrumental ; 

iUStxvg,  instruments. 
lutrod.,  introduction. 
It.,  Ital.,  Italian. 
Justizrath  (Ger.),  Counsellor  of  justice  [often 

honorary  title]. 

Kammersiinger  (Ger.),  chamber-singer. 
Kapelle  (Ger.),  chapel,  choir,  orchestra. 
Kapellui.  (Ger.,  Kapellmeister),  conductor. 
Kork  (Dutch),  church. 
Kirche   (Ger.),  church    (often   compounded 
with  Saints'  names  ;  as  ThomaHkirchc, 
Church  of  St.  Thomas ;  Nikoliiikirchc, 
Ch.  of  St.  Nicholas  ;  Potrikirclie,  Ch. 
of  St.  Peter ;  etc.). 

Kottimerzienrat.     Same  as  Commercien- 
rath. 


KreuzkircllC  (Ger.),  Church  of   the  Holy 
Cross;  that  in  Dicsdcn,  with  the  (iymna- 
sium  (KrcilZHchulc)  ntudied,  is  most 
frequently  mentioned. 
Kiinstler  (Ger.),  ailist. 
LehrorgOKangvcrcin     ((Jei.),    Teachers' 

Singing-society. 
Liceo(It.),  Lyceum,  c:<)lle}>e 
Licderkrauz,  Liedortafol  (C.ei.),  male 

choral  society  with  social  tendency. 
Lust  spiel  (Ger.),  comedy. 
Lutherie  (Kr.),  the  artol  making  bnw-instru- 
mcnts. 

Lyr.,  lyric. 

Maestro  (It.),  teacher ;  conductor  ;  in.  ul 
COlUbalO,  (formerly)  the  otchestral  con- 
ductor, who  s:it  at  the  harpsichoul ;  ill. 
del  putti,  Master  <if  the  Hoys. 

Maitro  do  chant  (Kr.),  comlucini  of  a 
chorus  ;  sin^injr-miister. 

MaillLCrclior  (Cler.),  nuile  chorus;  Men's 
Choral  Society  (Matiuorgcsan^vei*- 
oiu). 

Marcliciispiol((icr.),  fairy-pluy,  fairy-opera. 

MarcliCHO  (It.),  Maniuis. 

M.  do  Chap.  (Fr.,  matlre  do  chapelle),  con- 
ductor. 

M.  di  capp.  (It.,  maestro  <U  cnppolla),  con- 
ductor. 

M.  Ii3.,  Methodist  Kpiscopnl. 

Mclodr.,  melodrama. 

mod.,  moderately. 

m.-SOpr,,  muzzo-sopnino. 

JVT.  T.  A.,  Music  Teachers'  Association. 

MllS.,  music ;  musical ;  musicum. 

M.US.  Auti<l.  Soc.,  Musical  Auti<iminan 
Society. 

Mus.  JRao.  (I«il.t  Musicu*  Haccaluureiw), 
Bachelor  of  Music. 

MUS.  1>OC.  (I-at.,  Musiciv  Doctor),  Doctor  of 
Music. 

Musico  (It.),  male  soprano, 

Musik  (der.),  music  ;  often  compounded,  as 
Musikdircotor,  musical  director;  Mu- 
Siklehrcr,  music-teachor ;  Musikvor- 
Oin,  Musical  Society. 

n.,  near. 

ll.  d.,  no  date. 

N.  IS.,1  New  Knghmd. 

N".  M.  T.  A.,  National  Music  Teachers'  Asso- 
ciation. 


vi 


AUIJRKVIATIONS  AND   FOREIGN   WORDS 


N.  S.,  New  Style. 
Op.,  opus  ;  opcia. 
Oper  (tier.),  opera. 
Orch.,  <>rch.l,  otchcstra,  orchestral. 
.,  organ,  oiganist. 
.,  original. 
O.  S.,  Old  Style. 
Oxoil.  (Lai.,  Oxonhu),  of  Oxford. 
p.,  part. 
PCS.,  pieces. 

P.  K.,  Protestant  Episcopal. 
Pcrf.,  performed. 
Pf.,  pianoforte. 

Pllilh.,  Philhariu.,  Philharmonic. 
Pres.,  President. 
Prcsb.,  Presbyterian. 
Principe  (It.),  president,  chairman. 
Proc.,  Proceedings. 
Prof.,  Professor. 
Publ.,  published. 
«.,  Royal. 

R.  A.  M.,  Royal  Academy  of  Music. 
I£.  (J-,  Roman  Catholic. 
R.  0.  M.,  Royal  College  of  Music. 
recto  (Lai.),  correctly,  properly. 
rectius  (Lat.),  more  correctly,  more  properly. 
Rej?CUHellori(Lal.),  choirmaster,  precentor. 
Regius  Illusions,  Royal  musician. 
Xteiclisfreiherr  (Cier.),  Haronof  the  Empire. 
R<$p6titcur    (Fr.),    Repetitor    (Ger.), 

coach  or  drillmaster  for  soloists  or  chorus. 
1-ev.,  revised, 
Rev.,  Reverend. 
Hitter  (Ger.),  Knight,  Baronet. 
Rom.,  romantic. 
S.,  soprano  ;  S.  A.  T.  JJ.,  soprano,  alto,  tenor, 

bass. 
Sangcrvcrciiii^uiig  (Gcr.),  Singers'  Asso- 

elation. 


Sell.,  school. 

Schule  (Ger.),  school. 

Scliulrath.  (Ger )  Inspector  of  Schools. 

Sicbeilbiirgen.  (Ger.),  Transylvania. 

Sillgakildemie  (Ger.),  Singing-Society. 

Soc.,  Society. 

Sopr.,  soprano. 

Sopranista  (It ),  male  soprano. 

St.,  studied. 

Staatsbibliothck  (Ger.),  State  (National) 
Library. 

SUCC.,  successful. 

T.,  tenor. 

Th.,  theatre. 

Tlialer  (Ger.),  silver  coin ;  value  about  75 
cents. 

Thomaskirclic  (Ger.),  Church  of  St. 
Thomas. 

Tliomassclmle  (Ger.),  the  celebrated  Gym- 
nasium connected  with  the  Thomaskirche 
at  Leipzig. 

Toukiiiistler  (Ger.),  "tone-artist,"  mu- 
sician. 

TrailSCr.,  transcribed,  transcription. 
Transl.,  translated,  translation. 
ll.  (Ger.),  und. 
Unit.,  Unitarian. 
XJlliv.,  University. 
XT.  S.,  United  States. 

V.,  very ;  (Lat.)  vide,  see  ;  (Ger.)  VOll,  of. 
Var.,  variation. 
VCS.,  voices. 

Vereill  (Ger.),  Society,  Association,  Union. 
Via.,  viola. 
vln.,  violin. 

VolkSOper  (Ger.),  folk-opera  (opera  in  popu- 
lar style  on  a  popular  or  national  subject). 
W.,  with. 
Ztg.  (Ger.,  Zeitung),  Gazette. 


vii 


BIOGRAPHICAL    DICTIONARY 


OF 


MUSICIANS 


Aaron,  -  ,  abbot  of  the  monasteries  of  St. 
Mat  tin  and  St.  Pantaloon  at  Cologne,  where  he 
died  in  1052.  Wrote  "  I)eulihtale  camusvoca- 
hs  el  de  modo  eantandi  alque  psallendi  "  (in 
library  of  St.  Martin),  and  u  I)e  regulis  tonorum 
el  symphoniarum."  I  Ic  introduced  the  (Jregonan 
nocMurncs  into  Germany 

Aaron  (or  Aron),  Pietro,  b.  Florence,  1480 
or'yojd  between  1545-62  Noted  theorist  ;  in 
turn  canloi  of  boy-choir  al  Imola,  canon  and 
choir-ma.slor  at  Rimini,  monk  (order  of  Hospita- 
lers) at  IWgamo,  Padua  and  Venice.  Wrote 
11  LucuKmo  in  musica  di  alcime  opmioni  antiche 
e  moderne"  (1545);  "  II  Toscanello  in  musica" 
(1523,  '25,  72<),  '31),  '62),  "TralUlodella  natura 
e  cognittone  di  Utlti  gli  tuoni  di  canto  figurato" 
(1525),  "  Compi-ndiolo  di  nuilti  dubbj,  segrcti, 
et  senkMW  inlorno  al  canto  feimo  et  liguiato 
,  .  ."  (Milan,  no  ilali»);  this  last  also  in  Latin  as 
"  I  ,ibri  Ires  de  inslilutione  harmonica  "  (IJologna, 
1516). 

A'baco,  Evarista  Felice  dell',  b.  Verona, 
1662  ;  d.  Munich,  Keb.  26,  1726,  as  leader  of 
orch.  lo  the  (Irand  Duke  of  Ilavaria  Comp. 
violin-sonatas  w.  eontiuut^  and  concertos  for 
bow-inslr.s. 

Abba-Corn  a'glia,  Pietro,  b.  Alessandria, 
Piedmont,  Mar.  20,  1851  ;  d.  theie  May  2,  180.4. 
Pupil  of  Milan  Cons.,  1868-71.  Talented  opera- 
comp.  (/stifa'lta  S/>uwlti,  1877;  Maiia  di  W'ar- 


staff  e-sinjjer  ;  dtibut  Sassari,  1836.  R61es  : 
Maria  Padilla  (written  for  her  by  Donizetti), 
Saffo,  Vestale,  Elvira  (in  Ernani)  In  1870  she 
established  a  singing-school  at  Milan. 


Una  partita  di  scacchi,  Pavia,  1892); 
also  wrote  good  chamber-  and  sacred  music 
(Requiem  Mass). 

Abbadi'a,  Natale,  b.  Genoa,  Mar.  n,  1792  T 
d.  Milan,  abt.  1875,  Chorus-master  1831-37  at 
Carlo  Kelice  Th.,  Milan.  Comp.  the  opera, 
Giannim*  di  /V///>V//,  ovv.  La  tnUtineUa  d'onorc 
(Genoa,  1812),  and  the  farce  L'imbritglwne  ed  U 
castigamatti  (do.)  I  «'dso  masses,  motets,  etc. 

Abbadi'a,  Luigia,  daughter  of  Natale  A.; 
b.  Genoa,  1821.  Celebrated  mezzo-soprano 


Antonio  Maria,  Roman  com- 
poser ;  b.  Castello,  1595  (1605  ?);  d.  there  1677. 
Maestro  di  cappclla  at  the  Lateran,  1626-8,  and 
thereafter  successively  at  4  other  Roman 
churches.  Comp.  much  church-music,  most 
still  in  MS.;  publ.  3  books  of  Masses,  4  of 
Psalms,  various  24-part  Antiphons  (1630,  '38, 
'77),  and  5  books  of  Motets  (1635).  Co-worker 
with  Kirch  er  on  the  **  Musurgia."  Prod.  2 
operas,  J)ef  male  in  fane  (Rome,  1654),  and 
Itwe  (Vienna,  z666). 

Abbey,  John,  noted  English  organ-builder; 
b  Whilton,  Northamptonshire,  Dec.  22,  1785  ; 
d.  Versailles,  Fob  19,  1859.  On  Seb.  Erard's 
invitation  he  went  to  Pans  in  1826,  settled  there, 
and  built  many  organs  for  churches,  cathedrals, 
chapels,  etc.,  throughout  France.  His  sons,  E. 
and  J  Abbey,  still  carry  on  the  business  at 
Versailles. 

Abbott,  Emma,  dramatic  soprano,  b.  Chi- 
cago, 1850.  After  years  of  hard  work  as  a 
natural  singer  and  guitar-player,  she  came  to 
New  York  abt  1870,  took  lessons  of  Kiani, 
sang  in  Dr  Chapin's  church  at  $1,500,  and  in 
1872,  aided  by  the  congregation,  went  to 
Kurope,  .studying  with  Sangiovanm  at  Milan 
and  Delle  Sedie  at  Paris.  Has  sung  with  great 
success  abroad  and  at  home.  Married,  1878, 
Mr.  E  Wetherell  of  N.  Y.  (d.  1888). 

Abd  el  Kadir  (or  Abdolkadir),  Ben  Isa, 
Arabian  writer  in  the  I4th  century,  author  of 
3  mus.  treatises  noticed  by  Kiese  wetter  (*4  Musik 
der  Araber,"  1842,  p.  33):  "The  Collector 
of  Melodies";  "The  Aim  of  Melodies  in  the 
Composition  of  Tones  and  Measures";  and 
11  The  Treasure  of  Melodies  in  the  Science  of 
Musical  Cycles." 

Abd  el  Mumin  (or  Abdolmumin).  See 
RAPFI  RODIN. 


AISKFLLK— AllkANVI 


Abeille,  Johann  Christian  Ludwig,  b. 
I3ayreulh,  Keb.  20,  1761  ,  <1.  Slutlgail,  Mai  2, 
1838.  Leader  of  tlie  Duke  of  Wuillemberg's 
private  oich  ;  lulci  court  ori»  ami  inns  dnecloi. 
Fine  pianist  and  organist ;  comp  the  open-lias 
Amor  itnd  Ptythc  (Stuttgail,  iSoi),  and  l\'tct 
uni/A/i/ic/if/i  (S\.\ilt%.,  iSo()),  harpsichord  and 
chamber-music  (concei  tos,  trios,  ducts,  etc.); 
and  songs  still  sung  in  schools 

A'bel,  Clamor  Heinrich,  b  \Veslphal ianeai 
middle  of  I7th  centuiy  ;  d  (?).  Publ.  3  sets 
of  pieces  for  strings  (1674,  '70,  '77)  lie  \\as 
chamber-musician  at  the  Ilaiuneiian  com  I. 

A'bel,  Leopold  August,  b.  1720  at  Kotben 
(where  his  father,  Christian  Ferdinand  A., 
was  a  viola-da-gamba  playei)  ;  line  violinist  ; 
played  in  court  orchestras  at  IJrunswick,  Son- 
dershausen,  Schwedt,  and  Schwenn;  publ.  0 
violin-concertos.  ISrolher  oi 

A'bel,  Karl  Friedrich,  renowned  playtM  on 
the  viola  da  gamba ;  b  Kothen,  .1725,  d. 
London,  Jan  (01  June)  22,1787  lle.ieccivcd 
thorough  training  itom  his  lathei,  and  from  J. 
S.  liach  at  the  Thomasschtile,  Leipzig;  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Polish  Hand  at  Dicsden, 
1748-58;  visited  Leip/.ig  and  other  (ierman 
towns,  and  went  to  London  in  1750,  where  the 
Duke  of  York  assisted  him.  In  1765,  cham- 
ber-musician, to  (v)ueen  Charlotte.  Jle  was  inti- 
mate with  Joh.  Chr.  liach.  1  le  comp.  2  operas  • 
/<tn't*  in  a  ri/fa$f  (London,  1760),  and  /»'<•/ iv«rv 
(1764)  ;  also  popular  symphonies,  overtiues, 
quartets,  sonatas  ior  harpsichord,  concertos  for 
harpsichord  and  sliings,  etc.  lie  revisited  (ler- 
many  1783-5,  icturning1  to  London  via  Paiis. 
He  was  the  last  great  vntuoso  on  the  gamba. 

A'bel,  Ludwig,  b.  Kckarlsbeiga,  Tluningia, 
Jan.  14,  1835;  d.  Neil-rasing,  n.  Munich, 
Aug.  13,  1895,  Pupil  of  Kerd.  David,  mem- 
ber of  (lewandhaus  orch.  at  Leipzig,  llie  Wei- 
mar court  orch.  (1853),  leader  of  court  orch. 
at  Munich  (1867),  teacher  in  and  (1878)  In- 
spector of  the  Royal  Music-School  then  man- 
aged by  v.  Jiiilow  ;  r88o,  royal  Piofcssor;  re- 
tired on  pension,  1894.  Violin- viiluoso  of  high 
rank,  and  an  excellent  orch.  conductor ;  wiote 
a  good  Violin  Method,  also  studies,  variations, 
etc. 

Abe'la,  DonPlacido,  b.  Syracuse,  1814;  pi  ior 
of  abbey  at  Monte  <  'assino,  where  he  died  July  6, 
1876.  Kine  organist ;  comp.  much  good  church- 
music. 

Abe'la,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Borna,  Saxony, 
Apr.  29,  1803  ;  d.  Halle,  Apr.  22,  1841,  as  cantor 
oi  the  Kranckc  Institute.  J'ubl.  a  volume  of 
school-songs  ;  also  male  choruses, 

t  A'bell,  John,  a  celebrated  alto  singer  (mn- 
sico),  and  Tutenisl ;  b.  London,  abt.  1660;  d. 
Cambridge  (?),  abl.  1724.  In  1679,  member  of 
the  Chapel  Royal;  fled  to  the  Continent  din- 
ing the  Revolution  of  iCH8,  and  won  fame  and 
weal tli  by  his  singing.  In  Kassel  he  was  made 


Tntendant  of  Music  (i(><)8— o.)  About  lymhc 
icluined  to  Kngland  lie  was  also  ,i  song- 
vnilcr  and  collector  (collections  publ.  in  1701, 
and  1740). 

A'benheim,  Joseph,  M'olnusi  ;  b  Worms, 
1804,  d  Stultgait,  |an.  i<),  i.Sc)i.  Membei 
and  (1854)  musical  diiectoi  ol  the  Stuttgatl 
C'ons  Oich. — Comp  ovei lines,  cntif.ict(*  music, 
etc  ,  some  minor  pf  -i>cs.  and  songs  ba\e  been 
publ. 

A'bert,  Johann  Joseph,  b.  Kocho\\it/.,  lin 
henna,  Sept  21,  1832.  Cboii-bo)  ;it  (last- 
dorf  and,  froffi  8  to  15,  at  Leipa  monastciy, 
\vhence  he  lied  to  an  uncle  in  1'r.ignc,  who 
sent  him  (1848)  to  the  Prague  Cons.  (Kill I, 
TomaeVk).  lie  lust  st.  the  donblc-bnss;  his 
eludes,  conccitos,  etc.,  loi  this  insti.  aie 
classics  He  also  \\rote  ovei  lines,  and  gradu- 
ated in  1852  with  a  symphony  in  1»  minor. 
Kngaged  as  double-hass  playei  in  the  conn 
orch.  at  Stuttgart,  he  tonip.  a  symphonies  ((1 
min.  and  A  maj,),  and  an  opeia,  .Inmi  wn 
LtiHit&fatw  (Stuttgart,  185(1)  ;  in  iSoo  a  second 
opeia,  /Mr  .'/////r'//rr</<v/,  was  prod.  Studied  fur- 
ther in  Paiis  and  London;  wrote  opera  /vV>V//;»' 
A'//c/Vf  (1862)  after  leliuning  to  (leimany,  and 
his  '*  Columbus"  symphony,  which  made  him 
famous.  A  3-act  romantic  oper.i,  .•/,»/f/,j,i<Jr 
(Stuttgart,  18(10),  followed;  A,  was  then  npp. 
J/UAih/i/tWtH'  and  (1867)  /vV/<-//;//,  at  the 
Sluttg.'ul  Court  Th.,  succeeding  Kckcrt;  lie 
relired  in  1888.  Other  works  arc  the  j-acl  t»pcni 
/'Mc/Hird  (Ileilin,  1878),  probably  his  unt^- 
mun  ti/t/tt :  a  5th  s)niphony  in  (1  min.,  mid  a 
6lh  ulyiic"  symphony  in  I)  min.;  a  nmss  I. 
mixed  eh.  w.  oig.-aeeomp. ;  (jverturcs,  string- 
(juaitels,  pf.-pcs.  and  songs. 

Abes'ser,  Edmund,  b.  Margolit/,,  Saxony, 
Jan.  13,  1837;  d.  Vienna,  July  15,  iHKg. 
One  opera,  l)i?  lieblieh?  /'/'<'/  intich  salon-music, 

Abos  (or  Avos,  Avossa),  Girolamo,  comp. 
for  stage  and  church  ;  b.  Malta,  shortly 
after  1700;  d.  Naples,  I7.S(>(?).  Pupil  of  Leo 
and  Din-ante  at  Nnples  ;  in  1756,  uttwxtn*  at 
tenifaih  at  Ihc  Italian  ThM  London;  in  1758, 
teacher  in  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de*  Tutvhiui, 
Naples  (Paisiello  was  his  pupil).  Wrote  tj 
operas  for  Naples,  Rome  and  London,  and, 
after  1758,  much  snored  music  (7  masses,  sev- 
eral litanies,  etc.). 

Abraham,  John.    See  HKAIIAM. 
Abraham,  (Dr.)  Max.    See  PK/IKUH,  C.  K. 

Abranyi,  Kornel,  b.  1822  at  Sxcnt  (Jy- 
orgx  AbrAnyi,  Hungary,  of  the  noble  Hun- 
garian family  IMrdttgh  ;  the  founder  of  the 
first  Hun ganiui  musical  journal  (1860),  of  the 
Singers'  Union  (1867),  and  one  of  the  chief  pro- 
molers  of  the  .National  Mus.  A  cad.  al  Pesth, 
of  which  he  is  a  professor  and  the  seorclary 
(1875).  I  Ms  publ.  comp.s  (soajfs,  choruses,  etc.) 
are  iu  the  national  vein. 


AI5T— ADAM    I)E   LA   HALE 


Abt,  Franz,  song-writer  and  conductor  ,  b 
Eilcnburg,  J)cc.  22,  1819;  d.  Wiesbaden, 
Mm.  31,  1885  He  \vas  sent  to  the  Leipzig 
Thomasschule  to  study  theology,  his  father  be- 
ing a  clergyman,  and  later  obtained  an  excellent 
musical  education  both  there  and  at  the  Univ. 
On  his  father's  death  he  gave  up  theology,  hav- 
ing already  made  several  successful  attempts  at 
composition,  and  ha\ing  conducted  a  students' 
philharmonic  society  In  1841  he  went  to 
Hamburg  as  JCapellm*  of  the  Court  Th  ,  but  in 
the  same  year  relinquished  this  post  for  a  simi- 
lar one  at  the  Zurich  Th  Here  he  remained 
till  1852,  conducting  several  singing-societies 
and  composing  many  vocal  works,  paiticularly 
for  men's  \  oices  He  \\ as  then  app.  2nd  J\apcllm. 
at  Hrunswick,  3  yeais  later  becoming  ist 
Kftpellm  ,  a  position  held  up  to  1882,  when  he 
retired  to  "Wiesbaden. —  Abt  wrote  over  500 
works,  comprising  more  than  3,000  numbers ; 
the  largest  aie  the  7  secul.ir  cantatas.  1 1  is  pop- 
ularity as  a  song-writer  is  due  chiefly  to  the  flow- 
ing, easy  and  elegant  style  of  his  vocal  melo- 
dies, many  of  which  (**  Wenn  die  Schwalben 
heimwdrts  zieh'n,"  "Cute  Nacht,  du  mein 
herxigcs  Kind,"  lt  So  viele  tauscnd  Ijlumen," 
etc.)  have  become  true  folk-songs ;  numerous 
part-songs  are  likewise  deservedly  prime  favor- 
ites ;  in  these  and  his  choruses  for  men's  and 
for  women's  voices,  he  livals  Mendelssohn  in  the 
hearts  of  his  countrymen.  On  his  \ocal  works 
rests  his  lasting  fame  ;  his  pf. -com positions,  of  a 
light  and  popular  character,  are  already  for- 
gotten.— His  son, 

Abt,  Alfred,  b.  Krunswick,  May  25,  1855  ;  d. 
of  consumption  at  ( Je neva,  Apr  2y,  1888.  Had 
been  h'apcllm.  at  theatres  in  Rudolstadt,  Kiel 
and  Rostock. 

Achard,  Le*on,  lyric  tenor ;  b.  Lyons,  Feb. 
16,  1831  ;  st.  at  Pans  Tons.  (Uordogni);  debut 
at  Theatre- Lyriqiu;,  1854.  Kngaged  1856-62 
at  the  Grand  Th.,  Lyons;  1862-71  at  the 
Opcra-Comique,  Paris;  and  1871  at  the  Grand 
Opera. 

Ack'ermann,  A.  J.,  b.  Rotteidam,  Apr.  2, 
1836.  Studied  at  The  Hague  in  the  K.  Music- 
School,  under  Llibcck,  Nicolas  and  Wietx  ;  app. 
teacher  of  pf.  there  in  1865  ;  of  oig.  and  theory, 
1867. — Works  :  Pf.-pcs.  f.  2  and  4  hands  ; 
songs. 

Acton,  John,  Knglish  singing-teacher  and 
composer;  b.  Manchester  (?),  1863.  Pupil  of 
Francesco  Lamport!  at  Milan.  I 'i of.  of  singing 
at  the  Manchester  K.  C.  M.  since  its  opening  in 
i8()3  ;  since  1894,  concl.  of  the  St.  Gecilia 
Choral  Soc. — "Works :  2  cantatas  f.  women's 
voices,  /'i«r,ff/  /fr//jrt  and  The  Rose  ami  the  Night- 
ingale; a  male  chorus,  "  K  or  home  and  liberty," 
w.  pf,-aeoomp.  (prixe  from  S.  London  Mus. 
Club,  1888);  also  duets,  songs  and  pf.-pieces. 

Adam,  Louis,  b  MlUtcrsholtz,  Alsatia, 
Dec.  3,  1758  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  it,  1848,  lie 


went  to  Paris  in  1775,  and  from  1797-1843  was 
prof,  of  pf.  at  the  Paris  Cons.  He  was  a  close 
student  of  the  German  classic  masters,  an  ad- 
mirable pianist,  a  comp.  of  numerous  pf. -pieces 
much  m  vogue  at  the  time  (especially  the  varia- 
tions on  il  Le  roi  Dagobert"),  and  an  eminent 
pedagogue,  the  teacher  of  Kalkbrenner,  Hc'rold, 
Ilenn  le  Moine  and  F.  Chaulieu,  and  author  of 
two  ^standard  instruction-books  for  piano  . 
14  Methode  oupnncipe  generate  du  doigte  pour 
le  Forte-piano"  (Paris,  Sieber,  1798),  and 
"  Methode  nouvelle  pourle  Piano"  (5  editions, 
1802-32),  written  expressly  for  pupils  of  the 
Cons  — His  son, 

Adam,  Adolphe-Charles,  celebrated  opera- 
composer,  was  D.  Paris,  July  24,  1802  ;  d.  there 
May  3,  1856.  He 
entered  the  Cons,  in 
1817,  but  made  little 
progress  until  taken 
in  hand  by  IJoieldieu 
in  his  class  for  com- 
position. After  pub- 
lishing various  pf.- 
pieces,  he  brought 
out  the  i-act  opera 
Pierre  et  Catherine 
(1829),  the  success 
of  which  encouraged 
him  to  produce  13 
more  similar  works 
in  quick  succession, 
the  Postilion  de  Longjitmeait  (1836)  gaming  Eu- 
ropean celebrity  for  its  author,  and  still  keeping 
his  name  in  grateful  memory.  In  all,  he  wrote  53 
theatrical  works,  the  most  popular  operas  after 
the  Postilion  being  Le  CM/*?/ (1834),  Le  ftdek 
JRerger,  Le  Brasseitr  de  Preiton  (1838),  Le  Roi 
d'Yvtfot  (1842),  La  Ptwpfe  de  Nuremberg  Ca- 
gliMtio,  and  Richard  en  Palestine  (1844);  also 
the  ballets  Giselle  ^  Le  Corsair e^  Ftntst,  etc.  In 
1847,  on  account  of  difficulties  with  the  diiector 
of  the  Opcra-Comique,  A.  founded  the  Theatre 
National,  but  was  ruined  financially  by  the  rev- 
olution of  1848,  and  entered  the  Paris  Cons,  as 
prof,  of  composition,  succeeding  his  father,  who 
died  that  year. — A.  does  not  rank  with  the  fore- 
most dramatic  composers  of  France,  his  style 
being  distinguished  by  taking  rhythms  and  light 
elegance  and  grace,  rather  than  forceful  origi- 
nality, llisjtrrte  was  comic  opera,  in  which  he 
was  a  worthy  successor  of  Doieldieu. 

AMam,  Karl  Ferdinand,  b.  Zadel,  n.  Mei- 
ssen, Dec.  22,  1806;  d.  Leisnig,  Dec.  23,  1868, 
as  cantor  and  musical  director  there. — Works  : 
Popular  choruses  and  quartets  f.  men's  voices  ; 
songs  ;  pf.-pcs. 

Adam  de  la  Hale  (or  Halle),  called  le  Bossu 
d'Aims  (Hunchback  of  Arras);  b.  Arras,  abt, 
1240;  d.  Naples,  1287.  A  gifted  Trouvere, 
many  of  whose  works  have  been  preserved  (publ. 
1872  by  Coussemaker  as  *'  OCuvres  completes  du 
Trouvcie  Adam  de  la  Hale"),  the  most  inter- 


ADAM   VON   FUJLDA— ADLTCK 


esting  is  a  dramatic  pastoral  entitled  Le  jnt  dc 
Robin  et  tie  Marion  (1285),  written  for  the 
Aragonese  court  at  Napleb,  resembling  an  oph  a 
connqiieYb  its,  plan.  He  vas  a  master  of  the 
chanson,  in  the  dual  capacity  of  poet  and  com- 
poser ;  his  works  are  of  the  utmost  value  as 
illustrating  the  music  of  the  period. 

A'dam  von  Fulda,  noteworthy  German 
theorist  and  composer ;  b.  abt.  1450 ,  d.  after 
1537.  His  treatise  on  mus.  theory  is  to  be 
found  in  vol.  iii  of  Gerbert's  u  Scriptorcj> 
ecclesiastic! "  ;  his  compositions  were  highly 
prized  in  their  day. 

A'damberger,  Valentin  (not  Joseph),  b. 
Munich,  July  6,  1743  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  25, 
1804.  Dramatic  tenor,  pupil  of  Valesi  1755-61, 
eng.  at  Venice,  1762,  as  1st  tenor ,  sang  with 
glowing  success  in  other  Italian  cities,  and 
assumed  the  name  of  "Adamonti."  lie  sang 
in  London  in  1777,  and  in  1780  was  eng.  at  the 
Vienna  Court  Opera,  in  1789  also  as  "Ilof- 
kapellsa'nger."  Mozart  wrote  for  him  the  part 
of  IJelmonte,  and  some  concert-anas. 

Ada'mi  da  Bolse'na  (or  da  Volterra), 
Andrea,  b.  Uologna,  1664 ;  d.  Rome,  July  22, 
1742.  Famed  as  the  author  of  **  Osserva^ioni 
per  ben  regolare  il  coro  dei  cantori  della  cap- 
pella  Pontificia"  (Rome,  1711),  a  work  of  his- 
torical value.  Cantor  of  the  Pontifical  Chapel, 
and  music-teacher. 

Adaxnon'ti.    See  ADAMIJEROER. 

Adamow'ski  [-moil'-],  Timothe'e,  b.  War- 
saw, Mar.  24,  1858.  Violin-virtuoso  ;  at  first  a 
pupil  of  A.  Kontchi  at  Warsaw  Cons.;  1876-9 
of  Massart  in  Paris  Cons.  In  1879  he  went  to 
America,  and  travelled  as  soloist  with  M.  Stra- 
kosch,  Clara  Louise  Kellogg,  and  finally  with  a 
company  of  his  own,  with  which  he  played  in 
Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Washington, 
Chicago,  etc.  From  1885-6  he  taught  in  the 
New  Engl.  Cons,,  Boston  ;  in  1888  he  organized 
the  Adamowski  String-quartet  (A.,  K,  Fiedler, 
D.  Kuntz,  and  G.  Campanari ;  reorganized  1890 
with  A.,  A.  Moldauer,  Max  Zuch  and  Josef 
Adamowski,  the  last  a  brother  of  T.  A.,  and  an 
excellent  'cellist).  In  1887  A,  appeared  at  Lon- 
don (Crystal  Palace,  St.  James'  liall,  Covent 
Garden),  and  Warsaw ;  in  1895,  again  in  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  since  which  time  he  has  spent 
the  summer  season  regularly  in  these  two  cities. 
In  1898  he  played  at  Warsaw  with  the  Phil- 
harm.  Orch.  and  the  Mus.  Society.  His  quartet 
gives  about  30  concerts  annually  in  the  chief 
towns  of  the  U.  S.  From  1890-4  he  also  cond. 
the  six  weeks'  popular  summer  concerts  of  the 
Boston  Symphony  Orch. — He  has  publ.  several 
songs,  and  has  a  Novellette  f.  vln.  and  pf. 
in  MS. 

Ad'ams,  Stephen.    See  MAYBRICK,  M. 

Ad'ams,  Charles  R.,  fine  dramatic  tenor ; 
b.  Charlestown,  Mass.,  abt.  1848.  Pupil  in 


Vienna  of  Darbicri  ;  was  then  enj».  for  3  years 
at  the  Royal  Opera,  Iluilm,  and  thereafter  for  y 
years  at  the  Imp  Opeia,  Vienna  ;  has  also 
sung  at  Ln  Scala,  Coveul  (iaidcn,  Mncliu], 
vaiious  German  towns,  in  the  U.  S.,  etc.  Set- 
tled in  Boston,  1879.  Has  n  predilection  ior 
Wagner  roles  ;  is  also  an  excellent  aclor  and 
teachoi . 

Ad'ams,  Thomas,  eminent  organist  and 
comp.  for  oig. ;  b.  London,  Sept  5,  1785  ,  <1, 
there  Sept.  15,  1858.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Di. 
Busby,  and  organist  at  seveial  prominent  Lon- 
don churches.  His  publ  oigan-vvotks  include 
many  fugues,  voluntaries,  90  interludes,  and 
seveial  variations  on  populai  aiis  ;  he  also  vviote 
variations  (or  piano,  and  many  anthems,  hymns, 
and  sacred  songs.  His  skill  in  improvising  was 
remarkable  ;  for  years  he  had  charge  of  the  per- 
formances on  Flight  and  Kobson's  "Apollon- 
icon." 

Ad'cock,  James,  b.  Kum,  Kngland,  June 
29,  17/8,  d.  Cambridge,  Apr.  30,  iHOo.  ("hoi-, 
ister,  1780,  of  St.  (Jeoige's  chapel,  Windsor, 
and  lay-clerk  in  1797  ;  later  n  member  of  va- 
rious church-choirs  in  Cambridge  ;  ami,  finally, 
choir-master  at  King's  College. — Works:  Sev- 
eral 3-  and  4-part  glees  ;  an  evening  service  in 
IJj?  ;  anthems  ;  and  a  book,  "  The  Rudiments  of 
Singing." 

Ad'dison,  John,  composer  rind  double-bass 
player ;  b.  London,  1765  ;  tl.  there  Jan.  30, 
1844  — Works  :  6  operettas,  very  popular  at  the 
period;  a  "sacred  drama,"  Knj&h  •  songs, 
glees,  etc.;  also  ll  Singing  Practically  Treated 
in  a  Series  of  Instructions"  (London,  no  date 
[1830]). 

Adelbol'dus  fah-],  Uishop  of  Utrecht;  d. 
1027.  Wiote  a  treatise  on  inns,  theory,  publ.  by 
Gerbcrt  in  the  "  Scriptorcs,"  vol.  i. 

A'delburg,  August,  Hitter  von  j  b.  Con- 
stantinople, Nov.  i,  [830;  d.  insane  at  Vienna, 
Oct.  20,  1873.  Fine  violinist,  pupil  (1850-4)  of 
Mayseder.  His  tone  is  said  to  have  been  well- 
nigh  unmatchable  in  fullness ;  his  numerous 
comp.s  were  chiefly  for  violin  (concertos,  so- 
natas f.  pf.  and  vln.,  string-quartets),  and  some 
sacred  pieces;  also  3  operas:  Xriuyi  (Pesth, 
1868) ;  Walknsttin;  and  MartiHuwi* 

A'dehmg.    See  ADUINC. 

Adxler  [ahd-],  Georg,  violinist  and  com- 
poser; b.  Ofen,  iBoC> ;  good  pianist  ami  teacher. 
—Works :  Chamber-music,  pf.-varuUiona,  part- 
songs,  songs. 

Ad'ler  fahd-],  Guido,  mus.  theorist  and 
writer;  b.  Kibenschutx,  Moravia,  Nov.  it  1855, 
Studied  at  the  Academic  (lynmsium  in  Vienna, 
where  he  conducted  the  pupils'  chorus,  and  at, 
the  Vienna  Cons,  under  Bruckner  and  Dcssoff; 
entered  the  Univ.  in  1874,  and  founded,  in  co- 
operation with  Felix  Mottl  and  K.  Wolf,  the 


ABLER— AGA2ZARI 


academical  Wagner  Society  ;  took  the  degree  of 
/?/.  /«;.  in  1878,  and  in  1880  that  of  /;/-.  /////. 
(dissertation  on  "  Die  historischen  Grundklas- 
sen  der  chiisllich<ilx»ndlandisclien  Musik  bis 
rOoo"),  and  in  1881  qualified  as  private  lecturer 
on  mus  science  (thesis,  "  Studio  xur  (ieschichte 
der  Harmonic").  With  Chrysander  and  Spitta 
he  founded,  in  1884,  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift 
fllr  Musikwissenschait";  in  1885  he  was  app. 
prof,  of  mus.  science  in  the  German  Univ.  at 
1'iague,  writing  a  monograph  on  the  Fait*  bour- 
don and  the  treatise  by  Gulielmus  Monachus. 
In  180.2,  he  was  elected  president  of  the  central 
committee  of  the  "  Internat.  Ausstellung  fur 
Mnsik  und  Theater";  in  1895,  he  succ.  Ilans- 
lick  as  prof,  of  mus.  history,  Univ.  of  Vienna, 
becoming  **  prof,  in  ordinary"  in  1898. 

Ad'ler  fahd-J,  Vincent,  pianist  and  com- 
poser ;  b,  Raab,  Hungary,  Apr.  3,  1826 ;  d. 
Geneva,  Jan.  4,  1871.  Pupil  of  his  father,  and 
of  Krkel  at  Pesth  ;  studied  in  Vienna  and 
Paris  ;  1865,  prof,  at  Geneva  Cons. — Works . 
Op.  n,  Valse  rococo  ;  op.  13,  Feuilles  /TAlbum  ; 
op.  15,  Allegro  de  concert  ;  op.  16,  Etudes  de 
style  ;  op.  24,  Grande  Marchc  ;  op.  26,  Barca- 
rolle ;  etc. 

A'dlgasser,  Anton  Cajetan,  b.  Innzell, 
Bavaria,  Apr.  3,  1728  ;  d  Dec.  21,  1777,  at 
Salzburg,  where  he  had  studied  under  Eberlin, 
and,  since  1751,  was  first  organist  at  the  cathe- 
dral.— Works  :  Church-corn  p.  s  of  merit. 

Ad'lung  [ahd-]  (or  A'delung),  Jakob,  b. 
Tlindersleben,  near  Erfurt,  Jan.  14,  1699  ;  d. 
there  July  5,  1762.  Studied  music  at  Erfurt ; 
became  town  organist  (1727)  and  prof,  in  the 
gymnasium  (1741),  also  giving  private  music- 
lessons,  lie  was  not  only  an  indefatigable 
teacher  ol  the  clavichord,  but  also  built  16 
clavichords  with  his  own  hands.  Three  of  his 
works,  "  Anleitung  xurmus.  Gelahrtheit "  (1758  ; 
2d  edition  1783,  revised  by  J.  A.  Killer),  "  Mu- 
sica  mechanica  orgunoedi  (1768),  and  "  Musi- 
kaiisches  Siebengcstirn"  (1768),  have  historical 
value. 

Adolfa'ti,  Andreay  b.  Venice,  1711  ;  d. 
Genoa  (?),  abt.  1760.  Pupil  of  Galuppi ;  ;;/.  di 
capp.  at  church  of  the  Madonna  della  Salute, 
Venice,  and  (1750)  at  the  church  dell1  Annuncia- 
zione,  Genoa.  lie  wrote  5  operas,  and  much 
church-music. 

Adras'tos,  pupil  of  Aristotle ;  peripatetic 
philosopher  of  I'hilippopolis  abt.  330  B.C.; 
wrote  u  Three  Hooks  of  Harmony"  (a  Latin 
translation  was  found  1788  in  the  library  of  the 
King  of  Sicily). 

Adriano  di  Bologna.    Sec  BANCIIIKRI. 

A'driansen,  Emanuel  (called  Hadrianus), 
b.  Antwerp,  Eminent  lutenist  of  the  i6th  cen- 
tury; publ.,  1592,  a  coll.  of  canzonets,  dance- 
tunes,  fantasias,  madrigals,  motets  and  preludes 
(by  C.  di  Kore,  0.  di  Lasso,  J.  van  Berchem, 
II.  Waelrant,  etc.),  freely  transcribed  for  lute  in 
tablature. 


Adrien  (Andrien),  Martin-Joseph  [also 
called  La  Neuville,  or  Adrien  1'aine*],  b. 
Liege,  May  26,  1767  ,  d.  Pans,  Nov.  19,  1822. 
Krom  1785-1804,  bass-singer,  then  chorus-mas- 
ter, at  Pans  Grand  Optira  ,  in  1822,  singing- 
teacher  at  the  il  kcole  royale  de  musique  "  — 
Works  •  "  Ilymne  i  la  Liberte"  (1792,  celebrat- 
ing the  Prussians'  departure);  "Hymneala 
Victoire  "  (1795);  and  the  "  Hymne  aux  martyrs 
de  la  liberte." 


Zamoren'sis,  Joannes,  Francis- 
can monk  of  Zamora,  Spain,  abt.  1270  ;  wrote 
"Ars  musica  "  (in  MS.  at  the  Vatican,  and 
printed  in  Gerbert's  "  Scriptores  "  ). 

^Egi'dius  de  Muri'no,  theorist  of  the  i£th 
century  ;  wrote  treatise  on  mensural  music, 
printed  by  Coussemaker,  "Scriptores,"  vol.  iii. 

Aerts  [arts],  Jsgide,  flutist;  b.  Boom,  n. 
Antwerp,  Mar.  r,  1822  ;  d.  Brussels,  June  gT 
1853.  Entered  Brussels  Cons,  at  12  ;  at  15, 
gave  brilliant  concerts  in  Paris  ;  app  ,  1847, 
teacher  of  flute  in  Brussels  Cons.  —  Works  (in 
MS.):  Symphonies,  flute-concertos,  etc. 

Aerts  [arts],  Felix,  b.  St.-Trond,  Belgium, 
May  4,  1827;  d.  Nivelles,  Dec.  (  ?  ),  1888. 
Pupil  of  Brussels  Cons.  (C.  Hanssen),  violinist 
in  Brussels,  conductor  in  Tournay;  lived  in 
Paris  for  some  years,  and  in  Nivelles,  as  music- 
teacher,  from  1860.  —  Works  :  2  Essays  on  Plain 
Song  ;  an  elementary  instruction-book  ;  also  fan- 
tasias f.  orch.,  variations  f.  vln.,  litanies,  school- 
songs,  etc. 

Affilard,  Michel  1',  musician  and  singer  from 
1683-1708  in  the  chapdle  of  Louis  XIV.,  wrote 
a  very  successful  text-book  on  sight-singing  ; 
44  Principe?  tres  faciles  pour  bien  apprendre  la 
musique  .  .  .",  which  went  through  7  editions 
(Paris,  1705—  Amsterdam,  1717). 

Afra'nio,  canon  at  Ferrara,  inventor  of  the 
bassoon  ;  b.  Pavia,  end  of  the  I5th  century.  He 
is  mentioned,  and  the  bassoon  depicted,  in  Al- 
bonesio's  work  **  Introductio  in  chaldaicam 
linguam  ..."  (Pavia,  1539). 

Afzelius,  Arvid  August,  Swedish  writer, 
pastor  at  EnkOping  ;  b.  May  6,  1785  ;  d.  Sept. 
25,  1871.  Publ.  2  collections  of  *  *  Svenska  Folks- 
visor"  [Swedish  Folk-songs]  (1814-16,  3  vol.s): 
and  l<Afskedaf  Svenska  Folksharpan"  [Fare- 
well of  the  Swedish  Folk's-harp]  (1848,  i  vol.). 

Agazza'ri,  Agostino,  b.  Siena,  Dec.  2, 
1578  ;  d.  there  Apr.  10,  1640.  Entered  the 
service  of  the  Emperor  Matthias  as  a  profes- 
sional musician  ;  proceeding  to  Home,  he  was 
in  turn  HI.  di  capp.  at  the  German  College  (be- 
fore 1603),  the  church  of  S.  Apollinaris,  and  the 
Seminario  roniano  ;  intimacy  with  Viadana  led 
to  his  adoption  of  the  latter's  innovations  in 
sacred  vocal  music  (writing  church  conterti  for 
i  or  2  voices  with  instrumental  harmonic  sup- 
port). From  1630,  m.  di  tapp.  at  Siena  cathe- 
dral. His  works,  variously  reprinted  in  Ger- 


AGKLAOS— AflRICOLA 


many  and  Holland,  were  in  great  favor,  and 
very  numerous  (madrigals,  psalms,  motets, 
magnificats,  and  other  church-music)  His 
little  pamphlet  on  "La  inusiea  ccclesiaslica  " 
(Siena,  1638)  is  a  theoretical  endea\or  to  hi  ing 
the  practice  of  church-music  into  accord  with 
the  Resolution  of  the  Council  of  Trent  ;  he  \V:LS 
also  among  the  first  to  give  written  instructions 
for  the  performance  of  the  fausd  tontimto  (Pre- 
face to  Book  iii  of  the  Motets  [Zanetti,  Rome, 
1606]). 

Agela'os  of  Tegea,  reputed  the  first  virtuoso 
on  the  cithara  played  alone,  took  iirst  prize 
given  in  the  Pythian  games  of  559  H.  c.  for 
playing  on  stringed  instruments. 

Agnelli,  Salvatore,  b  Palermo,  1817 ; 
pupil  of  the  Naples  Cons,  under  Furno,  Zinga- 
relli  and  Donizetti  ;  began  his  professional  ca- 
reer as  a  writer  of  Italian  operas  for  Naples: 
//  JLaszaroue  mtpoli tano  (1839),  and  La  Lot  an- 
dcria  di  spinto  (1839)  I  tf°in£  to  Marseilles 
(where  he  .still  lives)  m  1846,  he  brought  out 
the  operas  La  Jacquerie  (1849),  f^onore  iff 
Mtdicis  (1855),  and  Les  deux  Avares  (1860), 
besides  several  ballets ;  3  operas,  Ow//wv//, 
Sttf/awa,  and  .S/wrw,  remain  in  MS.  lie  has 
also  written  a  cantata  (d/wf/idbw  de  Napolww  /, 
performed  by  three  orchestras  in  the  Jardin  des 
Tuileries,  1856),  a  Miserere,  and  a  Stabat 
Mater. 

Ague's!,  Maria  Theresia  d',  pianist  and 
dramatic  comp.;  b.  Milan,  1724  ;  d.  1780  (?). — 
Works  •  4  operas  (all  given  in  1771),  Stijvnhfai 
(Naples),  tin*  in  Armenia  (Milan),  A'ttocri 
(Venice),  fitsiftiria  consolata  (Milan) ;  also  so- 
natas f.  pf, ,  and  ditto  f .  harp. 

Agne'si,  Luigi  (wctc  Louis-Ferdinand- 
L£opold  Agniez),  bass  opera-  and  concert- 
singer  ;  b.  Krpcnt,  Namur,  July  [7,  1833;  d. 
London,  Feb.  2,  1875.  Pupil  of  Brussels 
Cons.;  conductor  of  several  singing-societies, 
and  choir-master  at  St.  Catherine's  ch.;  comp. 
the  unsucc.  opera  Harold  If  Normand  (1858) ; 
st.  1 86 1  with  l)uprcz  ;  filled  numerous  engage- 
ments in  Germany,  Holland,  Uelgtum,  Paris, 
and  especially  in  London,  where  his  reputation 
was  high. 

Agniez,  L.-F.-L.    See  ACJNKHI,  L. 

Agobar'dus,  Archbishop  of  Lyons,  d.  Sain- 
tonge,  840,  Wrote  3  mus.  treatises  (publ.  in  vol. 
xiv  of  '4  Wbliotheca  Patrum  ")  :  "I>e  divina 
psalraodia,"  u  I)e  ecclesuxj  ofliciis,"  and  "  De 
correctione  Antiphonarii. " 

Agosti'ni,  Ludovico,  b.  Ferrara,  1534;  d. 
there,  Sept.  20,  1590,  as  w.  di  mj>/>.  at  the  ca- 
thedral and  also  to  Alphonso  II.  of  Kste.  lie 
was  both  poet  and  composer ;  his  madrigals, 
motets,  masses,  vespers,  etc.,  were  published  in 
a  collections  at  Venice  (Gardano)  and  Ancona 
(Landrino)  respectively* 

Agosti'ni,  Paolo,  b.  Vallerano,  1593;  d. 
Rome,  1629.  Pupil  of  13.  Nanini ;  was  succes- 


sively organist  of  S.  Maria  in  Trastcvere,  ;//,  tfi 
tapp.  at  S.  Lnrenxo  at  Damuso,  and  the  sueccs 
soi  of  Ugolmi  in  the  similar  ollice  at  the  Vati- 
can. 1 1  is  publ  woiks,  2  hooks  oi  psalms  (t(>i<)), 
2  books  of  Magnificats  and  Antiphons  (i6iio)T 
and  5  books  ot  Masses  (1024  28),  foim  but  a 
small  portion  of  his  compositions,  which  are 
marvels  of  contiapunlal  ingenuity,  some  of 
them  in  48  parts.  lie  was  llic  piomvi  in  the 
employment  of  large  bodies  of  singers  in  divided 
choiis. 

Agosti'ni,  Pietro  Simone,  b.  Rome  abt. 
1650;  maestro  to  the  Duke  of  Paima.  Wrote 
the  opera  //  mlto  //*•//«•  Sabine  (Venice1).  I'ubl. 
Cantatas  for  solo  bass  voice  (Rome,  l<)8<>). 

Agramon'te,  Emilio,  h.  Pueito  Principe, 
Cuba,  Nov.  28,  1844.  lie  studied  composition 
undet  Halartand  Hotessini,  in  Spain,  and  Maiden 
and  David  in  Paris  ;  piano  under  Jovclland  Mis- 
cimi  (Spain),  and  Marmonlel  (Paris') ;  also  singing 
under  Uoger,  Selva,  and  Delle  Scdic.  In  18(15 
he  took  the  degree  of  I.L.I).  ;it  the-  Univ,  of 
Madrid  ;  he  taught  singing  in  liarcelona,  i8(>5- 
6  ;  in  Cuba,  1 860-8  ;  since  then  iu  New  Vork. 
From  1869-72  A.  conducted  llto  4I  Kight  o'clock 
Mus.  Club  "  ;  the  Vocal  Union  of  Now  Hniiiswick 
(N.  J,),  from  1878-83  ;  Hie  Ainer.  C'omtjosers1 
Choral  Assoc. ,  from  1890-2  ;  and,  since  iHSO,the 
*l(iounod  Society"  of  New  Haven,  Conn,  (an 
excellent  chorus  of  300  voices).  During1  30 
years'  active  work  in  N.  V.,  he  has  trained  ninny 
good  singers. — \Voiks  (in  MS.) :  Numerous 
songs  and  sacred  com  positions  (a  Stabat  Mater) ; 
of  his  various  lectures,  one,  4l  (Qualifications 
necessary  in  a  Vocal  Master,"  was  publ.  in  tint 
"Art  Journal." 

AgrelK,  Johann,  b,  LtHh,  Sweden,  l«Vh.  i, 
1701  ;  d.  NurcmlxHg,  Jaii,  KJ,  I76().  From  172^" 
46,  he  was  court  violinist  at  Kasscl,  and  also 
noted  as  a  harpsichord-player  ;  1746,  after  visit- 
ing Italy,  A'tf/i'//w.  at  Nuremberg* — Works: 
Symphonies  f,  orch.;  7  conccM'tos  f,  harpsichord 
and  quartet ;  7  trios ;  several  duos ;  (>  sonatas 
f.  harpsichord  solo. 

Agri'cola,  Alexander,  eminent  composer, 
probably  of  (Sor-num  nationality;  b,  abl.  M7tj; 
d.  abt.  1530  noarValladolid,  Spain,  He  was  one 
of  Okcghcm's  many  distinguished  T>ui)ils  ;  .served 
as  a  singer  under  Charles  VIII.  of  France,  Lor- 
enzo de'  Medici  at  Milan,  and  finally  Philip  I. 
(the  Fair),  whom  he  followed  from  nrusscta  in 
1505  to  Spain.  31  of  his  songs  anil  motets  were 
printed  by  Petrucci  (Venice,  1502-3),  who  also 
published  (Venice,  1503)  a  vol.  of  5  masses  (Le 
Seiviteur,  Je  ne  demande,  Mnlhcur  me  but, 
Primi  loni,  Secundi  toni), 

AgrKcola,  Martin,  a  very  important  nuts. 
theorist  and  writer ;  b.  Sonni  (Saxony),  1486  ;  d. 
Magdeburg,  June  ro,  1556  ;  an  authority  on  the 
instruments  of  his  time,  and  a  valuable  source 
for  the  history  of  notation,  Mattheson  says  that 
he  was  the  iirst  to  abandon  the  old  tublaturc  for 


AGRICOLA— AIILE 


modern  notation.  From  15  [0-24  he  was  a  pri- 
vate music-teacher  in  Magdeburg  ;  1524,  app. 
cantor  at  the  lirst  Lutheran  school  there.  His 
friend  and  patron,  Rhaw,  of  Wittenberg,  printed 
several  of  his  works,  chief  among  which  are 
*'  Musiea  liguralis  deiulsch,"  **  Von  den  Propor- 
tionilms"  (l>otli  without  date  or  author's  name, 
but  reprinted  together  in  1532);  "Musica  in- 
strumentalis  deudseh  "  (chief  woik  ;  1528/29, 
'32);  ll  Rudimenta  nuisiees"  (1539,  *43 1  this 
2nd  ed.  entitled  "  Quaestiones  vulganores  in 
mtisioam"),  4i  Duo  hbri  musices"  (1561,  being 
the  KitiliiUMita  and  D?  Proportwnibuv  in  one 
vol.);  "  Scholia  in  musicam  planam  Wenceslai 
de  Nova  Domo"  (1540),  Virdung's  "  Musica 
getutscht "  in  verse,  with  the  original  illustra- 
tions ;  also  a  few  collections  of  pieces,  "  Ein 
kurx  deudseh  xnusicn  "  (1528);  4I  Musica  choralis 
deudseh"  (i533);  "  Deudsche  Musica  und  Ge- 
sangbtlchlein  "  (1540);  "  Kin  SangbUchlem  aller 
Sonntags-Kvangelien  "  (1541). 

Agri'cola,  Johann,  b.  Nuremberg  abt.  1570 ; 
d.  (  ? ).  Prof,  of  music  at  Gymnasium  Augusti, 
Krfurt.  Publ.  Motets  (Nuremberg,  1601),  Can- 
lione.s  (do.),  28  Motets  (Erfurt,  1611). 

Agra'cola,  Wolfgang  Christoph,  German 
composer.  Publ.  8  masses,  "  Fasciculus  mu&i- 
calis "  (WUrxburg  and  Cologne,  1651),  and  a 
coll.  of  motets,  *4  Fasciculus  variarum  cantio- 
num  " 

Agri'cola,  Georg  Ludwig1,  b.  Grossfurra,  n. 
Rondershausen,  Oct.  25,  1643  ,  d.  Feb.  20,  1676, 
at  Gotha,  where  he  was  Kajvllm.  from  1670. 
Publ.  "  Musikal.  Nebenstunden"  f.  2  vlns.,  2 
vlus  ,  and  bass  (Mlihlhausen,  1670),  Sonatas, 
Preludes,  etc.  (1675);  *'  Deutsche  geistliche 
Madrigahen  "  (Gotha,  1675). 

Agri'cola,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Dobitschen, 
n.  Allenburg,  Jan.  4,  1720;  d.  Iterlin,  Nov. 
12  (Dec.  I?),  177,4.  lie  entered  the  Univ. 
of  Leipzig  in  1738  as  a  law-student,  but  also 
studied  music  f  or  three  years  with  J.  S.  Bach,  and 
later  (1741)  with  (juiinlx  in  Iterlin;  was  nude 
court -composer  (1750)  and  director  of  the  Royal 
Chapel  (1759),  succeeding  Graun.  His  compo- 
sitions, which  had  no  enduring  success,  were  8 
operas  (brought  out  1750-72  at  IJerhn  and  Pots- 
dam), and  a  variety  of  sacred  music  and  arrange- 
ments of  the  King's  compositions ,  except  a  psalm 
and  some  chorals,  none  was  published.  lie  was 
a  good  singing-teacher  (transl.  Tosi's  "  Method 
of  Singing"),  and  was  said  to  be  the  finest  organ- 
ist in  Berlin.  Under  the  pseudonym  "  Olibrio," 
he  printed  some  polemical  pamphlets  directed 
against  Marptirg,  and  made  some  valuable  ad- 
ditions to  Adlung's  "  Musica  mcchanica  orga- 
noecli." 

Ag'the  I'ahg'te'h"!,  Karl  Christian,  b.  Hett, 
stitdt,  1762;  d.  Nov.  27,  1797,  at  Hallenstedt,  as 
court-org.  to  the  Prince  v.  Ueraburg.— Works:  5 
operas,  I  ballet,  sonatas  f.  pf.,  songs,  etc. 

Ag'the,  Wilhelm  Joseph  Albrecht,  son  of 


Preceding;  b.  ftallenstedt,  1790;  d.  after  1848. 
'upil  of  Fischer  in  Erfurt  ,  m  1810,  music- 
teacher  m  Leipzig,  and  member  of  the  Gewantl- 
jiaus  Orchestra,  1823,  teacher  of  Logier's  method, 
in  Dresden;  1826  in  Posen  (Theodor  Kullak  be- 
ing- one  of  his  pupils);  1830  in  Breslau,  and  1832 
in  IJerlin,  where  for  13  years  he  was  director  of 
a  music-school.  Some  of  his  piano-pieces  are  of 
interest. 

Ag'the,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Sangers- 
hauscn,  1794;  d.  insane  at  Sonnenstem,  n.  Pir- 
na,  after  1828.  Pupil  of  Muller  and  Riemann 
(Dresden),  and  Weinlig  (Leipzig).  Cantor  of 
the  Dresden  Kreuzschule,  1822-8. 

Agna'do,  Dionisio,  famous  guitar-player; 
b,  Madrid,  Apr.  8,  1784;  d.  there  Dec.  20, 
1849.  Wrote  various  pieces  and  etudes  for  gui- 
tar, also  a  "  Method"  (publ.  1825;  in  French, 
1827). 

AgTiia'ri,  Lucrezia.    See  AGUJARI. 

Aguile'ra  de  Heredia,  Sebastiano,  a  monk, 
composer  and  maestro  de  nntsica  at  the  cathedral 
in  Saragossa  early  in  the  I7th  century ;  publ. 
(1618)  a  coll.  of  Magnificats  still  sung  there,  and 
elsewhere  in  Spain. 

Aguja'ri  [-yah'-],  Lucrezia  (known  as  La 
Bastardina,  or  Bastardella,  being  the  natural 
daughter  of  a  nobleman),  a  brilliant  singer  with 
phenomenal  compass  (f3-f4) ;  b.  Ferrara,  1743;  d. 
Parma,  May  18,  1783.  Her  father  entrusted  her 
instruction  to  P.  Lambertim;  in  1764  she  made  a 
triumphant  debut  at  Florence,  followed  by  a  suc- 
cession of  brilliant  appearances  in  Milan  and  other 
Italian  cities,  also  in  London.  Mozart  wrote  of 
her,  that  she  had  u  a  lovely  voice,  a  flexible 
throat,  and  an  incredibly  high  range."  She 
sang  by  preference  the  music  of  Colla,  a  maestro 
tfi  c.,  whom  she  married  in  1780,  then  retiring 
from  the  stage. 

Ah'le,  Johann  Rudolf,  b.  Mtthlhausen, 
Thuringia,  pec.  24,  1625;  d.  there  July  8, 
1673.  A  diligent  composer  of  church-music 
and  writer  of  theoretical  works  ;  his  "  Compen- 
dium pro  tonellis "  (1648)  ran  through  4  edi- 
tions [2d  (1673)  as  "  Brevis  et  perspicua  intro- 
ductio  in  artem  musicam  "  ;  3d  and  4th  (1690 
and  1704}  as  "Kurze  und  deutliche  Anleirung 
.  .  ."].  Principal  compositions,  "  Geistliche 
Dialpge,"  songs  in  several  parts  (1648) ;  "  Thli- 
ringihchcr  Lustgarten"  (1657)  J  "Geistliche 
Fest-  u.  Communionandachten "  (posthumous). 
Many  of  his  chorals  are  still  popular  in  Thu- 
ringia.— For  a  time  he  was  cantor  in  Gottingen; 
in  1654,  organist  of  St.  lilasius,  Mflhlhausen; 
in  1661,  elected  burgomaster  of  the  town. 

Ah'le,  Johann  Georg,  son  of  the  preceding; 
b.  Mtthlhausen,  1650 ;  d,  there  Dec.  2,  1706  ; 
succeeded  his  father  as  organist,  composed  nu- 
merous works  popular  at  the  time,  and  was 
made  poet-laureate  by  Emperor  Leopold  I. 
lie  wrote  a  method  of  composition,  u  Musika- 
lische  Frtthlings-,  Sommer-,  Herbst-  u.  Win- 


AHLSTROM— ALARY 


tergesprache  "  (1695-1701)  ;  also  "  Instrumen- 
tahsche  Fruhhngsmusik,"  and  "  Anmuthige 
zehn  vierstimmige  Viol-di-gamba-Spiele  "  (rOSi). 

Ahl'strom,  A.  J.  R.,  b.  Stockholm,  1762; 
d.  after  1827.  Org.  and  court-accompanist ; 
publ.  song-s,  also  sonatas  for  pf  and  for  vln. 
(1783,  '86).  Editor  for  2  years  of  "  Musikalisk 
Tidsfoerdrife."  Co-editor  (with  Itomann)  of  a 
coll.  of  Swedish  folk-songs  and  dances 

AhlstrSm,  Johan  Niklas,  b.  Wisby,  Swe- 
den, June  5,  1805  ;  d.  Stockholm,  May  14, 1857. 
He  comp.  operas,  songs,  etc. 

Ah'na,    See  DE  AIINA. 

Ai'bl  [1-bll,  Joseph,  firm  of  music-publ.s 
estab.  at  Munich  in  1824  ;  the  subsequent  heads 
were  Eduard  Spitzweg  (from  1836),  and  his  sons, 
Eugen  and  Otto. 

Arlalinger  [I-],  Johann  Kaspar,  b.  Wasser- 
burg,  Bavaria,  Feb.  23,  1779  ;  d.  Munich, 
May  6,  1867.  Studied  music  in  Munich,  then 
at  Bergamo  under  Simon  Mayr  (1802) ;  lived  at 
Vicenza  1803-11;  became  (1819)  2d  ///.<//?. 
to  the  viceroy  at  Milan  ;  founded  the  '*  Odeon  " 
(society  for  the  cultivation  of  classical  vocal 
music)  at  Venice,  in  cooperation  with  Abbe 
Trentino ;  was  engaged  (1825)  for  Munich  as 
2d  £apellm.\  returned  in  1833  to  Hergumo,  and 
made  the  fine  collection  of  ancient  classical 
music  now  in  the  Staatsbibliothek  at  Munich. 
lie  was  the  foremost  promoter  of  classical  vocal 
performances  in  All  Saints'  church,  Munich, 
and  wrote  many  celebrated  sacred  compositions 
(masses,  requiems,  liturgies,  psalms,  etc.). 
Ilis  one  opera,  JRodngo  e  -Y/////W  (Munich, 
1821),  and  3  ballets,  were  less  successful. 

Ai'chinger  [I-],  Gregor,  b.  Augsburg  (?),  abt. 
1565  ;  d.  there  Jan.  21,  1628,  as  canon  and  vicar- 
choral  of  the  cathedral.  Comp.  much  sacred 
vocal  music:  3  books  of  "Hacrae  cnutiones" 
(Augsburg  cSc  Venice,  1590  ;  Venice,  1595  ;  Nu- 
remberg, 1597),  "Tricinia,"  u  Divinae  luudes" 
(1602) ;  his  **  Cantiones  ecclesiasticae  .  .  ." 
(Dillingen,  1607)  are  noteworthy  as  one  of  the 
earliest  works  in  which  the  term  basso  continue 
appears. 

Aide",  Hamilton,  b.  Paris,  1830,  of  Greek 
parentage.  Vocal  comp. ;  poet. 

Aig'ner  [Tg-1,  Engelbert,  dramatic  comp.; 
b.  Vienna,  Feb.  23,  1798  ;  d.  abt.  1852.  Pupil 
of  Stadler ;  1835-7,  director  of  ballet  in  court 
theatre.— Works :  Opera  Die  Wunderlilie 
(1827) ;  2  comic  operas  :  Das  grJieiwe  fonster 
(1826),  and  £>er  Angriffsplan  (1829) ;  cantata, 
Lob  der  Tenkunst ;  a  mass  ;  a  quintet  in  G ; 
6  choruses  f .  men's  v. ;  some  unpubl.  masses  ; 
and  a  requiem. 

A'imo.    See  HAYM,  N.  F. 

Aire'ton,  Edward,  violin-maker  in  London  ; 
b,  1727,  d.  1807.  He  worked  under  Wamsly  ; 


his  violins  and  'cellos,  of  pale  yellow,  weie  after 
Nicolo  Amati  models. 

Ajol'la.     See  LAYOM.K. 

Ak'eroyde,  Samuel,  TCngl.  song-wi  iler,  b. 
Yorkshire  after  1650.  Many  ol  his  popular 
comp.b  were  printed  in  collections  ol  the  period  ; 
e.  g.,  in  "  D'Uifey's  31  d  coll.  of  Songs"  (1085), 
14  Theatei  of  Musick"  (1685-6-7),  t4  UaiujLU't  oi 
Musick"  (1688),  *'< \mios  Anioris  "  (1685-7), 
"  Thesaurus  musicus"  (i6(j3-C)),  etc. 

AAla,  Giovanni  Battista,  or^.  at  ch.  of  (lie 
Serviti  in  Monga,  where  ho  was  born  1580  (?) ; 
d.  1612  (?).  Publ.  Caiiwuctt?  <•  Mattii£ttli  (Mi- 
lan, 1617-25) ;  also  CMHM ti  ece/esntitttci  (Milan, 
1616-28,  4  vol.s),  and  PrntnM  uutticuiti  (Ant- 
weip,  1635,  containing  motets). 

Alabieff,  Alexander,  a  well-Known  Russian 
sontf-composer ;  b  Moscow,  AUJJJ.  30,  iSoa  ;  d. 
there  in  1852.  A  special  lavoiitc  is  the  "  Nig'ht 
innate  "  song  (AV//rmv ), 

Alard,  C^sar,  excellent  violoncellist,  1>,  <  losse- 
lies,  Belgium,  May  4, 11137  ;  entered  the  IJnissels 
Cons,  at  9,  as  violinist,  but  was  pei.sua<le»l  by  Ser- 
vais  to  study  the  'cello  instead,  and  in  a  yearn  took 
a  second,  and  soon  alter  a  first  prixo.  Kroin  Urus- 
sels  he  went  to  ICnjyland,  travelled  with  Jullien's 
orchestra  as  a  soloist,  and,  after  concert -tours  for 
several  years,  played  with  I'asileloup  at  Paris ; 
in  1866  jouniuycd  to  Havana,  rHOtf  to  New 
York,  and  in  1870  returned  to  Paris. 

Alard,  Jean-Delphin,  adistin^nisluul  violin- 
ist of  the  modern  Krench  school;  b.  Hayonne, 
Mai.  8,  1815  ;  d, 
Paris,  Keb.  22, 
1888.  A  pupil  of 
Ilabeneckatl'aris 
Cons,  (1827),  his 
celebrity  dates 
from  r83i;  he  suc- 
ceeded Hail  lot  as 
prof,  in  1843,  and 
as  leader  of  the 
royal  orchestra, 
teaching:  in  the 
Conscrv.  till  1875. 
A  fine  instructor 
(Sarasate  was  his 
pupil),  he  pub- 
lished a  "  Violin 

School"  of  high  merit,  ft  selection  from  18th- 
century  classics  (**  Les  nwitlres  ela«si<|iit*K  du 
violon  ),  and  numerous  brilliant  and  t«»pnlar 
compositions  for  violin  (concertos,  t'tutlcs,  fan- 
tasias, duets  for  pf .  and  vln,,  etc.).  Ilis  play" 
inj?  was  full  of  fire  and  spirit,  ami  his  interpre- 
tation of  classic  (lerman  chamber-music  was 
exceptionally  fine. 

Ala'ry,Giulio  Eugenio  Abramo,  b,  Mahlua, 
1814  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  17,  1891.  Pupil  (1837-31) 
of  Milan  Cons.;  then  Hutist  in  La  Scalu;  since 
1838  in  Paris  as  music-teacher. — Works :  9 


8 


ALAYRAC-AUJERT 


operas;  a  '*  mystery  ,"  La  Redemption;  numer- 
ous minor  pieces. 

Alayrac.     See  DALAVRAC. 

Albane'se,  -  ,  b.  Allmno,  n.  Rome,  1729; 
d.  Paris,  1800;  fioin  1752-02,  principal  singer 
(mil  sin»)  at  the  Paiisian  Concerts  Spinturk. 
C1omp.  songs  ("  romances  ")  very  popular  in  their 
day 

Albaae'si,  Carlo,  b.  Naples,  Oct.  22,  1856  ; 
pupil  of  his  father  (pf.)  and  Sabino  Falcom 
(comp.).  In  i8()3,  app.  prof,  of  pf.-playing 
at  R.  A,  M.,  London,  succeeding  Wing  ham. 
Fine  pianist.  —  Works.  "Set  ioglid'Album/'op. 
13  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  2  pf.  -sonatas  ;  12  Preludes,  and 
40  or  50  minor  pcs.  f.  pf. 

Alba'ni  is  the  stage-name  of  Marie  Louise 
Cecilia  Emma  Lajeunesse,  a  gifted  dramatic 
soprano,  b.  (Humbly,  n.  Rfonlreal  (Canada), 
1852  ;  trained  in  the  Convent  of  the  Sacred 
Heart  at  Montreal;  leraoved  to  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  in  1864,  wheie  her  singing  in  the  cathe- 
dral attracted  such  general  attention,  that  her 
father  was  persuaded  to  take  her  to  Kurope  for 
study;  pupil  of  I  iuprez  at  Paiis  for  8  mos.,  and  of 
Lamport!  at  Milan  for  a  longer  period  (the  latter's 
treatise  on  the  Trill  is  dedicated  to  her);  made 
her  debut  at  Messina  in  1870  (Stwuaw&uld), 
under  the  name  of  Albani,  in  grateful  memory 
of  the  town  where  her  public  career  began. 
After  singing  in  Florence,  London  (1872),  and 
Paris,  she  again  studied  with  Lamperti  for  sev- 
eral months  ;  sang  at  Covent  Garden  in  1873, 
also  at  St.  Petersburg  ;  returning  to  America, 
she  revisited  Albany,  and  sang  in  the  cathedral  ; 
in  1874  sang  again  sit  C'ovent  Garden,  where  she 
has  since  been  permanently  engaged.  Married 
the  lessee  of  the  theatre,  Mr.  Krncst  Gyc,  in 
Hot  pi  incipal  roles  aie  Amina  (Sonnam- 


bula),  Marguerite  (Faust),  Mignon,  Ophelia, 
IClsa,  Sun  ta,  KHsabcth,  Lucia  ;  she  is  also  an 
oratorio-singer  of  the  first  rank,  and  a  fine  pi- 
anist. She  has  sung  in  opera  on  the  continent 
(Berlin,  1887)  with  great  success,  [v.  Appendix.] 

Alba'nL  Mat  hi  as  (father  and  son),  violin- 
makers  of  IJozen  (Tyrol).  A.  the  elder,  b. 
Boxen,  1621  ;  d.  there  1673,  was  one  of  Stainer's 
aptest  pupils  ;  A.  the  younger  learned  the  trade 
of  his  father,  and  worked  with  the  Amalis  at 
Cremona,  settling  finally  in  Rome.  His  instru- 
ments, from  1702-9,  are  considered  almost  equal 
to  the  genuine  Amatis  ;  whereas  his  father's 
violins,  though  powerful  in  tone,  are  less  re- 
markable in  quality. 

Albeniz,  Pedro,  b,  Logrofio  (Old  Castile, 
Spain),  April  14,1795  ;  d.  Madrid,  Apr.  12,  1855. 
In  early  youth,  organist  in  various  Spanish 
towns  ;  later,  a  pupil  of  Kalkbrenner  and  Henri 
Herz  in  Pans  ;  app.  (1830)  pf.-prof.  at  Madrid 
Cons.,  and  (1834)  court  organist.  An  early  and 
powerful  promoter  of  modern  methods  of  piano- 
playing  in  Spain,  a  composer  of  some  70  piano- 


pcs.  (rondos,  variations,  fantasias,  etudes,  etc.), 
also  songs  ;  author  ol  a  pf.  Method  adopted  by 
the  Madrid  Cons. 

Albeniz,  Isaac,  fine  concert-pianist,  grand- 
nephew  of  Pedro  A.;  b  Camprodon,  Spain, 
May  29,  1861.  Pupil  of  Marmontel,  Jadas- 
sohn,  Reinecke,  Brassin  and  Liszt  (for  pf.), 
and  of  Dupont  and  Gevaert  (comp.). — Works  • 
Comic  opera,  The  Magic  Opal  (London,  1893, 
v.  succ.);  opera,  Enrico  Clifford  (Barcelona, 
1895,  do);  i-act  zarzuela,  San  Antonio  de  la 
Florida  (Madrid,  1895,  do.);  opeia,  Pepita 
Jimtnes  (Barcelona,  1896);  over  200  publ. 
comp.s  f.  pf.  (Concerto  fantastic*).  Pianist  to 
the  Queen  of  Spain.  Living  m  London. 

Albeniz,  Pedro,  Spanish  monk ;  b.  Biscay ; 
d.  in  1821  in  San  Sebastian,  where  he  was 
maestro  at  the  cathedral.  Wrote  many  mass.es, 
motets,  villancicos,  etc. ,  also  a  Method  of  Mu- 
sic, highly  esteemed  in  Spain. 

Alberga'ti,  Pirro  CapacelH,  Conte  d1, 
comp  ,  b.  Bologna,  towards  end  of  I7th  cent. 
His  works,  very  popular  at  the  time,  were  2 
operas  •  Gli  amiti  (1699)  and  //  printipe  sel- 
vaggio  (1712) ;  an  oratorio  Giobbn  (iGSS),  and 
many  minor  oratorios  and  cantatas  •  also  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  w.  continue, 
Cantate  morah  f.  solo  voice,  dances,  etc. 

Albert,  Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotba,  Prince 
Consort  of  Queen  Victoria  ;  b.  Schloss  Rosenau, 
Aug.  26,1819;  married  Feb  TO,  1840,  d.  Dec.  14, 
1861.  A  zealous  promoter  and  patron  of  art,  he 
himself  comp  an  opera,  Jean  le  J<\rf  (Uagnieres 
de  Higorre,  1865);  an  operetta,  Les  P flits  du 
Premier  (Paris,  1864);  masses,  songs,  etc. 

Albert,  Heinrich,  b.  Lobenstein  (Saxony), 
July  8  (new  style),  1604;  d.  Konigsberg,  Oct.  6, 
1651.  In  1622  he  went  to  Dresden  to  study 
music  under  his  uncle,  Heinrich  Schtitz,  but  his 
parents  soon  decided  that  he  should  study  law, 
and  sent  him  to  Leipzig.  Going  to  Konigs- 
berg  (1626),  he  was  attached  to  an  embassy  to 
Warsaw  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Swedes  ;  re- 
turning to  K.,  he  became  organist  of  the  cathe- 
dral (1631),  and  resumed  mus.  study  under 
Stobfius .  He  was  a  gifted  composer,  and  a  fine 
poet  (of  the  "  Konigsberg  school "),  writing  the 
words  for  the  majority  of  the  songs  he  set  to 
music.  He  published  8  famous  books  of  arias 
["Alien"]  (1638-50),  and  the  "  KUrbshtttte  " 
(1645),  collections  of  chorales,  arias  and  Lieder, 
for  one  or  several  voices ;  many  of  his  hymn- 
tunes  are  still  sung  in  Prussia.  He  is  some- 
times called  tho  father  of  the  German  Lied.  A 
selection  of  his  songs,  with  the  music,  has  been 
issued  in  the  "Neudrucken  deutscher  Littera- 
turwerke  "  (Eitner :  Halle,  1883-4). 

Albert,  Max,  a  zither-virtuoso  who  inv. 
many  improvements  for  his  instr.;  b.  Munich, 
Jan.  7,  1833  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  4, 1882. 


ALIJERT— ALIJKRTINI 


Albert,  Eugfene  (Francis  Charles)  d' 
[wntes  his  name  in  German  style,  Mu^en,\ 
pianist;  b.  Glas- 
gow, Apr.  10, 
1864.  His  father, 
Charles  L  N.  d' 
A.  (b.Nienstetten, 
near  Hamburg, 
Feb.  25,  1809;  d. 
London>t  May  26, 
1866),  was  a  musi- 
cian and  dancing- 
master,  and  com- 
posed many  pop- 
ular dances  ,  he 
was  his  son's  first 
teacher.  — Kug  ene 
was  elected  New- 
castle scholar  in  the  National  Training  School, 
London,  in  1876,  and  was  taught  by  Patier(pt  ), 
and  Stainer,  Prout  and  Sullivan  (harm  and 
comp.);  in  1881,  he  was  elected  Mendelssohn 
scholar,  and  studied  under  Richtur  (Vienna)  and 
Liszt  (Weimar);  the  latter  dubbed  him  "the 
young  Tausig"  on  acct.  of  his  remarkable 
technique.  On  Feb.  5,  1881,  he  played  the 
Schumann  concerto  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  Lon- 
don, and,  on  Oct.  24,  a  concerto  in  A,  of  his 
own,  at  a  Richter  Concert  Since  that  time  he 
has  arrived  at  full  pianistic  maturity,  one  of  his 
feats  being  the  performance  of  5  Beethoven 
sonatas  (op.  31,  53,  90,  109,  no)  at  a  Ocwnud- 
haus  recital  on  Nov.  20,  1893,  thus  vying  with 
Billow's  famous  programs.  As  a  compose:  he 
has  publ.  2  pf.-concertos,  in  U  minor  and  K  ;  2 
overtures  ( Hyperion  and  KstJier);  a  symphony 
in  K  ;  a  pf. -suite  in  5  movements  ;  a  pf. -sonata 
in  K  sharp  mm. ;  an  A  minor  string-quintet  ; 
minor  pf.-pcs.,  and  several  songs;  text  (after 
Fr  Ilebbel's  fairy  comedy  Dtr  JKubin}  anil 
music  of  an  opera  in  2  acts,  Av  flu  fan  \Th? 
Ruby\  (Karlsruhe,  Oct.  12,  1893),  which  hud  a 
favorable  reception  ;  text  and  music  of  the  3-act 
opera  Ghlsmonda  (Dresden,  1895,  mod.  succ.); 
opera  Gcrnot  (Mannheim,  1897;  succ.);  J-act 
mus.  comedy  Die  Abrdse  (Frankfort,  1898 ; 
succ.);  op.  14,  "Der  Mensch  u.  das  Lebcn  " 
(by  O.  Ludwig),  f.  6-p.  ch.  and  orch.;  op.  16,  4 
pf. -pieces  (Waltz,  Scherzo,  Intermezzo,  Ballade). 
—D1  Albert  married  the  celebrated  pianist  Teresa 
Carrefto  in  1892  (divorced  1895),  and  now  resides 
in  Germany.  1895,  app.  ist  Kapellm*  at  Weimar, 
as  Dr.  Lassen's  successor ;  but  resigned  speedily, 
being  himself  succeeded  by  Bernh.  Htavenhagen. 

Albertaz'zi,  Emma,  utfe  Ilowson,  stage-con- 
tralto; b.  London,  May  i,  1814 ;  d.  thcie  Sept 
25,  1847.  Pupil  of  Sir  M.  Costa ;  debut  1829, 
Argyle  Rooms,  London.  Engaged  at  King's 
Th.,  1830;  at  Piacenza,  Italy,  in  1831,  where 
she  married  Sgr.  Albertazzi.  Sang  in  La  Scala, 
'31  ;  Madrid  ('33),  and  Paris  (Ital.  Op.,  '35), 
her  most  brilliant  period.  Reappeared  in  Lon- 
don, 1837.  She  had  a  fine  voice,  but  no  passion 
or  animation  iu  singing  or  acting. 


Alber'ti,  Joh.  Friedrich,b.  Twining,  Schles- 
wiy,  Jan.  11,  1042;  tl  Meise-luirg,  Juno  14, 
1710  Pupil  of  Werner  Kahiieius,  I,cip/ij»  ,  oij*. 
at  Morscbuig  calluulial  till  io<)i.  A  learned 
contrapuntist,  whose  chorals,  indues,  etc.,  wcie 
held  in  estimation. 

Alberti,  Giuseppe  Matteo,  h  liolognn, 
1685  ;  d.  after  1740.  Violinist  and  coinp.  of 
great  merit;  pupil  of  Manzniini  and  Minclli 
(vln.)  and  K  Auesti  (cpl.) ;  "  piinnpe"  of 
the  IJ.  IMiilh.  Academy. — 1'uhl.  \\oiks:  10  (Vw- 
certi  (sextets) ,  12  vln. -sonatas  \v.  faisst*  mntunto; 
12  Xinjotne  f.  2  vlns.,  via.,  Velio,  .uul  oij>. 

Alber'ti,  Domenico,  b.  Venice',  i7<>7;  d. 
Formio,  1740,  is  still  Known  lo  l.uw  us  ihc  lirst 
to  develop  and  extensively  employ  the  style  of 
broken-choul  briss-iuToinp.,  iti  silnilai  li^'uies, 
named  "Albert!"  or  **  Albeiiiniaii  ha.ss"  after 
him.  The  specimen  is  the  opening  measures  of 

AUi'gro  vuxlcrctto. 
t,r. 


a  sonata  of  his  (N{>,  ft  of  the  "  VI II  Sonale  per 
cembalo").  He  Drsl  attracted  notice  UH  an  ama- 
teur singer,  developing  into  a  pianist  and  com- 
poser of  easy  popular  piano-music,  also  3  operas, 
/iW/w/w,  (Mi/M,  Olimpwtte.  In  1737  lio 
•was  attached  lo  the  suite  of  the  Venetian  ambas- 
sador at  Rome,  and  was  a  much-admired  singer 
and  player. 

Alber'ti,  Karl  Edmund  Robert,  writer  on 
music;  b  Danxig,  July  13,  1801  ;  d.  Merlin, 
1874.  While  studying  theology  and  philosophy 
at  Merlin,  he  also  worked  hard  at  music  tinder 
Zelter.  His  compositions  comprise  only  ti  few 
books  of  songs;  his  chief  writings  were  "  Di« 
Mtiaik  in  Kirchc  uml  Staat "  (1843) ;  "Aiuletitun- 
gen  xtir  Cleschichtc  der  Ope.r"  (1845);  *'  Ki- 
chard  Wagner"  (1856) ;  '*  Kafncl  uml  Moxart  " 
(1856);  **  Ikethoven  ids  drunialiseher  Tcmdich- 
ter  "  (iB5(>) ;  also  numerous  contributions  to  the 
**  None  IJcrliner  Musikxcitung.11 

Alberti'ni,  Gioacchino,  b.  1751  ;  d,  War- 
saw, in  April,  i8iJ.  About  1784,  Royal  Polish 
Kafcllm.  His  Italian  operas,  Cirtt  ttt  (Wssf 
(Hamburg,  1785)  and  Puffin/a  (Rome,  I7H(>)» 
were  extremely  popular. 


ALBERTINI— ALCOCK 


Alberti'ni,  Michael  (called  Momoletto), 
famous  soprano  singer  (/tiujrutt)  at  Kasscl  early 
in  the  iHlh  centuiy.  Uis  sister  Giovanna 
(called  Romanina)  wiis //•//#<*  donna  theio. 

Albica'stro,  Henrico  (real  name  Weissen- 
burg),  1)  Switzerland,  end  of  lyth  cent.;  d.  (?). 
Violinist  and  composer.  Publ.  several  sets  of 
sonatas  for  violin  accomp.  by  bass*,  or  by  2  or  3 
other  instr.s. 

Albino'ni,  Tommaso,  opera-composer  and 
violinist  ;  b.  Venice,  1674 ;  d.  there  1745  ; 
wrote  some  46  operas,  chiefly  for  Venice  ;  in 
Germany  he  was  best  known  as  a  violinist  and 
instrumental  composer  (symphonies,  sonatas, 
concertos,  etc.,  among  them  some  valuable 
works).  I  le  was  also  an  admired  singer. 

Albo'ni,  Marietta,  celebrated  contralto,  b. 
Cosumi  (Komugna),  Mar.  10,  1823 ;  d.  Ville 
d'Avray,  France,  June  23,  1894.  Studied  under 
Mine  liertolotti  at  liologna  (where  she  began 
her  stage-career  in  1839),  and  later  with  Rossini, 
whose  sole  pupil  she  is  said  to  have  been.  Her 
debut  us  Orsini  in  Donizetti's  Littrczui  Jtorgia^ 
at  La  Soala  (Milan,  1843),  was  a  brilliant  success; 
with  her  impresario,  Mertelli,  she  made  an  Italian 
tour,  then  proceeding  to  Vienna.  She  visited 
St.  Petersburg,  returned  to  Germany  in  1845, 
sang  at  the  Roman  carnival  in  1847,  and  ap- 
peared at  Coyent  Garden  in  London  the  same 
spring,  entering  into  not  unsuccessful  rivalry 
with  Jenny  Lind,  then  at  the  zenith  of  her  fame. 
Engaged  the  following  Oct.  in  the  Italian  Opera 
at  Paris,  she  was  received  with  unbounded  en- 
thusiasm, and  sang  for  several  years  alternately 
in  these  capitals.  In  1853  she  made  a  trium- 
phal progress  through  the  two  Americas  ;  mar- 
ried Count  Pepoli  in  1854,  and  at  his  death  ('66) 
retired  horn  the  stage.  Her  voice  was  rich, 
sweet  and  powerful,  with  a  compass  of  2  octaves 
Or—A1"9)  an(l  perfectly  equalized. 

Al'brecht,  Johann  Lorenz,  b.  Gnrmar,  near 
Mulilluiuseii  (Thuringia),  Jan.  8,  1732 ;  d. 
Mfllillwusen,  1773.  He  studied  at  Leipzig,  and 
in  1758  became  cantor,  music-director  and 
teacher  in  the  Gymnasium  at  M.  Kilited 
Adlung's  '*  Musica  mechanica"  and  "Siebcn- 
gestirn"  (I)crlin,  1768),  wrote  an  "  Abhandlung 
ftber  die  Krage  :  ob  die  Musik  beim  Gottes- 
dieust  xii  duldensei  odernicht'X1?^);  "Grttnd- 
liche  Kinleilung  in  die  Anfangslehren  der 
Tonkunst  "  (1761);  and  a  treatise  "  Vom  Ilasse 
der  Musik"  (1765);  contributed  articles  to  Mar- 
purg's  *'  Krhische  Ileitra'ge,"  etc.  Composed  a 
Passion,  some  cantatas  and  harpsichord-lessons. 

Al'brecht,  Johann  Matthaus,  b.  Oster- 
behringen,  n,  Gothu,  May  I, 1701;  d.  Frankfort, 
1 769.  Organist;  author  of  harpsichord-con- 
certos which,  though  praised,  remain  unpubl. 

Al'brecht,  Eugen  Maria,  a  fine  violinist  and 
musician  ;  b.  St.  Petersburg,  June  16,  1842 ; 
d.  there  Feb.  9  (Jan,  28,  ().  S.),  1*194.  1857-^0, 
a  pupil  of  David  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  1860-77, 


leader  of  the  orchestra  at  the  Italian  opera,  St. 
Pctcisbuig,  and  (1867-72)  musical  director  of 
miliLaiy  schools  ;  since  1877,  Mus.  Intendant  of 
the  Imperial  theatres  there.  Also  the  founder 
(1872)  of  the  Chamber-music  Society,  and  violin- 
master  to  several  of  the  Imp.  princes  —His 
father,  Karl  A.,  b.  Breslau,  1817  (?),  d.  Mos- 
cow, June  26,  iSQ3,  was  Kapettm.  for  12  yrs.  of 
the  Imp.  Russian  Opera,  and  later  Director  of 
Moscow  Cons. 

AKbrechtsberger,  Johann  Georg,  famous 
theoretical  writer,  composer,  and  teacher  ;  b. 
Klosterneuburg,  n.  Vienna,  Feb.  3,  1736  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Mar.  7,  1809.  After  holding  positions 
as  organist  and  music-master  in  smaller  towns 
(especially  12  years  in  Molk,  where  his  fine 
playing  attracted  the  Emperor  Joseph's  notice), 
he  was  eng.  in  Vienna  as  Helens  chori  to  the 
Carmelites  ;  app.  court  organist  in  1772,  and,  in 
1792,  JCapfllm.  at  St.  Stephen's  cathedral.  His 
(very  important)  theoretical  writings  (complete 
eel.  publ.  by  J.  v.  Seyfried)  are:  **  Grundliche 
Anweisung  zur  Composition"  (1790  and  1818  ; 
French  ed.,  1814);  "  Kurzgefasste  Methode, 
den  Generalbass  zu  erlernen''  (1792;  also  in 
French) ;  ll  Clavierschule  fUr  Anfanger  "  (rSoS); 
the  well-known  4l  Modulations  from  C  maj.  and 
C  mm."  ;  and  some  lesser  essays.  Of  his  244 
compositions,  only  27  have  been  printed  (pf.- 
f ugues  ;  pf. -quartet;  a  Concerto  Itfger  L  pi.,  2 
vlns  ,  and  bass ;  organ-preludes ;  and  quartets, 
quintets,  sextets  and  octets  for  strings) ;  the  MS. 
scores  (in  the  possession  of  Prince  Esterhazy- 
Galantha)  compri.se  26  masses,  43  graduate,  34 
offertories,  6  oratorios ;  28  trios,  42  quartets, 
and  38  quintets,  for  strings  ;  besides  a  great  va- 
riety of  church-music.  lie  was  Beethoven's 
teacher  in  cpt  ,  and  expressed  but  a  poor  opin- 
ion of  his  pupil's  talents. 

Albri'ci,  Vincenzo,  born  Rome,  June  26, 
1631 ;  died  Prague,  1696.  About  r66o,  Kapfllm. 
to  Queen  Christina,  at  Stralsund,  Sweden  ;  1664, 
do.  to  the  Elector,  at  Dresden  ;  1680,  organist 
of  the  Thomaskirche,  Leipzig ;  afterwards, 
church-music  director  at  Prague.  His  works 
(MS.)  were  destroyed  in  the  Dresden  library 
during  the  bombardment  of  1760 ;  only  a  few 
were  saved,  but  never  publ. 

Alcarrot'ti,  Giovanni  Francesco,  Italian 
comp.  of  the  i6th  cent. — Publ.  works  :  2  vol.s 
of  5-  and  6-part  Madrigals  (1567,  1569). 

Al'cock,  John,  b.  London,  Apr.  ir,  1715  ; 
d.  Lichfielcl,  Feb.  23,  1806.  At  14,  a  pupil  of 
Stanley,  the  blind  organist ;  in  1738,  organist 
of  two  London  churches  ;  in  1737,  at  Plymouth, 
and  1740,  at  Reading.  In  1748  he  was  app. 
organist,  master  of  the  choristers,  and  lay-vicar 
of  Lichfield  cathedral ;  in  1761,  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  Mus.  Doc.  (Oxford)  His  publ.  comp.s 
comprise  harpsichord-lessons,  concertos,  collec- 
tions of  psalms,  hymns,  and  anthems ;  church- 
services;  glees  and  catches.  His  son,  John 


ii 


ALDAY— ALKAN 


(1740-91),  was  also  an  organist,  and  publ.  sev- 
eral anthems  (1773-6). 

Alday,  family  of  French  musicians.  The 
father  (b.  Perpignan,  1737)  was  a  mandolinist. 
His  two  sons  made  their  reputation  as  violin- 
ists; A.  le  view  (b.  1763)  was  a  composer  ot 
merit,  and  wrote  a  Method  f  vln  ,  of  which 
seveial  editions  appeared  ;  A.  /t'  /Vw/it1  (1). 
1764),  a  pupil  of  Viotti,  in  Paris,  was  the  liner 
player  of  the  two  ;  he  went  to  England,  and 
settled  in  Edinburgh,  wheie  (iSof>)  he  was  a 
conductor,  teacher,  and  composer  of  many  light 
and  pleasing  vln.-pcs  ,  now  forgotten. 

Alden,  John  Carver,  b.  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  n,  1852;  pupil,  in  IJoston,  of  Carl  Fuel- 
ten  ,  in  Leipzig,  of  Paul,  Plaidy,  and  Papperitz. 
For  some  years  associate-teacher  (with  Faelten) 
at  the  N.  K.  Cons.  ;  now  (iSqg)  head  of  the 
piano  dept.  at  the  Quincy  Mansion  School, 
Wollaston,  Mass.— Works:  A  pf -concerto  in 
G  minor,  and  other  pf. -music ;  songs  ("  I>u 
bist  wie  eine  Illume ") ,  anthems,  etc. — A.  is 
known  as  a  very  successful  pf. -teacher. 

Aldovrandi'ni,  Giuseppe  Antonio  Vin- 
cenzo,  b  Uologna,  1665  ;  d.  (?).  Cpt.  pupil 
of  CJ-.  A.  Perti ;  1695,  a  member,  and  1702, 
"principe,"  of  Itologna  Philh.  Acad.  ;  also  for 
a  time  at.  tfi  t.  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua,  and 
do.  at  the  Acad.  of  the  Spirito  Santo  at  Fer- 
rara.  Wrote  n  operas,  besides  much  church- 
music  (oratorios,  concertos,  motets,  j/w/iw/tf, 
etc.),  some  of  which  were  publ. 

Aldrich,  Henry,  b.  Westminster,  1647 ;  d. 
Oxford,  Dec.  14,  1710;  a  man  of  versatile  at- 
tainments, being,  besides  a  good  musician,  a 
theologian,  historian,  and  architect.  Jle  was 
educated  in  Christ  Church  (Oxford),  of  which 
he  became  the  Dean  in  1689  ;  thus  he  had 
great  influence  on  musical  instruction  and  piac- 
tice  in  the  college,  lie  wrote  learned  works  : 
"On  the  Commencement  of  Greek  Music," 
"Theory  of  Organ-building,"  "Theory  of 
Modern  Instr.s,"  etc.  ;  composed  many  services 
and  anthems,  some  of  which  are  still  sung  ;  also 
wrote  catches,  and  the  like.  The  collections 
of  ttoyce,  Arnold,  and  Page  contain  numerous 
compositions  of  his. 

Alembert,  Jean  le  Rond  d',  mathematician 
and  writer,  b.  Pans,  Nov.  16,  1717;  d.  there 
Oct.  29,1 783.  His  works  on  musical  science 
were  "  Elements  de  musique  theorique  et  pra- 
tique, suivant  les  principes  de  M.  Rameau,"  a 
treatise  giving  R.'s  theories  in  luminous  detail 
(ist  ed.  1752);  "Recherches  sur  la  courbe, 
que  forme  une  cordc  tendue  mise  en  vibration  "  ; 
"  R.'s  sur  les  cordes  sonores"  ;  "R.'s  sur  la 
vitesse  du  son  "  ;  "  Uistoire  de  la  musique  fran- 
9aise";  most  of  which  were  also  publ.  in  Ger- 
man. ITe  contributed  many  articles  on  mus. 
subjects  to  the  great  '*  Dictiormaire  encyclopo- 
dique  "  edited  by  himself  and  Diderot  (Paris, 
1751-72,  in  28  vol.s). 


Alessan'dri,  Felice,  dramatic  composer  and 
conductor,  b.  Rome,  1742;  d.  ISeilin  [or  in 
Italy  (')],  1811.  Studied  music  at  Naples;  ///. 
ifi  ttip/>  at  Turin  ;  then  lived  in  Paris  (1768), 
London,  St.  Petcislwig  (1784),  and  vauous  Ital- 
ian towns  ,  fiom  !78()-(j2  was  2nd  A V//« •/////.  o( 
the  Berlin  opera,  where  Ins  //  Kifouw  tti  (  '//'««• 
had  gioat  success  ;  a  s,ilineal  opein  made  him 
many  enemies,  whose  intrigues  linally  cost  him 
his  position  ;  he  lived  thereafter  in  retirement. 
His  26  operas  are  quite  forgotten. 

Alessan'dro  Merlo  (or  Aless.  Romano), 
called  della  Viola,  b.  Rome  (?),  ubt.  1530; 
pupil  of  (ioudimel  ,  singer  in  the  Pope's  chapel 
abt.  1570;  Itiici  Ohvetttii  monk, — Publ.  works' 

2  vol  s  of  Canztmi  a /fa  A'eafri/ittuw  (1572-5); 
I  of  Madrigals  (1577)  ;  i   of  Motets  <i  j*  rwv 
(1579) ;  and  others  in  collections  of  the  period. 

Alfara'bi,  or  Alphara'bius,  properly  El 
Farabi  (abbr.  Farabi),  so  named  from  his 
birthplace  Kami)  (now  tuinso,\iiie  Othuix). 
Famous  Arabian  inns,  theorist  ;  b,  0,00  (?)  ;  (1. 

3  himascus,  <)5o.    I  Ms  woiks  contain  descriptions 
of  the  different  Arabian  THUS,  instr.s,  of  the  mus. 
scales,  and  of  the  different  systems  of  music, 
lie  vainly  attempted  to  introduce  I  lie  (Ireek  sys- 
tem into  his  own  country. 

Alfie'ri,  Abbate  Pietro,  Camadulian  monk, 

Srof.  of  singing  at  the  Knghsh  college,  Rome  ; 
.  Rome,  June  2<;,  1801  ;  d.  there  June  ra, 
1863.  His  line  collection  of  loth-cent,  chuieh- 
music  (mostly  by  Piilestrina),  *'  Rttccolla  cli 
Musicn  Sacra,"  in  7  vol.s,  is  very  valuable,  and 
is  supplemented  by  later  and  less  extensive 
ones :  **  Kxccrptn.  ex  cclebrioribus  de  musicn 
viris"  [Praenestino,  Vittoria,  AUegri)  (Rome, 
i«4o)  ;  '*  RucooHa  di  Mollelti"  (Psxlestrina, 
Vittoria,  A  via,  Anerioj  (Rome,  iH-lO,  etc.;  liis 
essays  on  plain  song  :  "  Act'ompagnamenlo  col- 
1'Organo"  (1840) ;  "  Ristabilmeuto  del  Canto  e 
d.  Mus,  ecol."  (1843) ;  "Sag'gio  storico  .  .  .  d. 
Canto  (Jregorinno"  (1855) ;  **  Prodromo  sulh 
ruHluur.  de'  libri  di  ('unto  detlo  dreg."  (1857); 
and  many(  other  articles  iu  mus.  iioriotliciils  oti 
eccl.  music,  are  of  noteworthy  historical  inter- 
est ;  as  also  his  biogr.  sketches  of  N.  Jonmiulli 
(1845),  IJ.  Hiitoni,  and  othern. 

Algarot'ti,  Francesco,  b,  Venice,  Dec, 
u,  1712;  cl.  Pisa,  March  3,  1704;  a  man  of 
versatile  ability  and  wide  knowledge,  n  favorite 
of  Frederick  the  Great,  who  induced  him  to 
come  to  Merlin  in  1746,  and  gave  him  the  title 
of  Count.  His  musical  monument  is  the  **  Sag- 
gio  sopra  1'opern  in  musica,"  publ.  1755,  And 
in  many  later  editions,  and  trunsU  into  (icrnian 
and  French. 

Alkan,  Charles-Henri-Valentin  (Alkan 
Taln6),  b.  Paris,  Nov.  30,  1813  ;  d.  there  March 
29,  1888  ;  a  pupil  of  Zimmerman  in  the  Paris 
Cons.,  to  which  he  was  admitted  when  but  6 
years  of  age ;  took  the  first  plano-prixe  at  ro, 
and  after  1831  occupied  himself  with  compoai* 


12 


ALKAN— ALQUKN 


)  tion  and  teaching,  with  occasional  appearances 
in  public  as  pianist  I  Us  lomaiitic  comp.s  I.  pi. 

jaic  highly  original,  diversified,  and  often  very 
diiuYult,  embracing  numerous  Preludes,  charac- 

( tenstic  pcs.,  maiches,  a  concerto,  several  pcs. 
of  familial  modem  types,  and  a  variety  of  excel- 
lent etudes.  His  chief  pf.-pcs.  are :  Etudes- 
Caprices,  op.  12,  13,  1 6 ;  conceit-study  Le 
Picux,  op.  17  ;  3  (inindcs  Etudes  (op.  15), 
Aime-moi,  Le  vent,  Morte ;  Nocturne,  op.  22  ; 
Sal tn  relic,  op  23 ;  Marche  funebre,  op.  26  ; 
Marche  iriomphale,  op.  27 ;  Uourree  d'Au- 
vergne,  op.  29 ;  pf.-trio,  op.  30  ;  25  Preludes, 
op.  31  ;  Receuil  d'  Impromptus,  op.  32 . 
(Jrande  Sonatc,  op.  33  ;  Douse  "Ktudes,  op.  35  ; 
is  ( I  ramies  Etudes,  op.  39  ;  Minuetto  alia  te- 
<lesca,  op.  46  ;  etc. 

Alkan,  Napole*on-Morhanee  (/<•  fettne),  b. 
Paris,  Keb.  2,  1826  ;  brother  of  the  foregoing  ; 
is  also  an  excellent  and  popular  pianist,  and  has 
published  several  brilliant  salon-pcs 

Allac/ci,  Leone  (or  Leo  Allatius),  b.  Chios, 
1586;  d.  Rome,  Jan.  19,  1669;  was  made  cus- 
todian of  the  Vatican  Library  in  ifiGi ;  compiled 
and  publ.  (Rome,  1666)  a  "  Dramaturgia,"  or 
catalogue  of  all  dramas  and  operas  till  then 
brought  out  in  Italy, — an  important  historical 
work  (2nd  augm.  ed.  Venice,  1755);  wrote  a 
treatise,  "  De  Meltxliis  Oraecorum." 

Alle'gri,  Gregorio,  b.  Rome,  1584 ;  d. 
there  Feb.  18,  1603.  A  pupil  of  Nanini ;  en- 
tered the  Papal  Chapel  in  1629,  after  acting  for 
some  years  as  chorister  and  composer  for  the 
cathedral  at  Kermo.  Chiefly  known  to  fame  as 
the  com  p.  of  the  celebrated  Miserere  in  9  parts, 
p.  e  ,  for  two  choirs  singing 4  and  5  parts  respect- 
ively, |  regularly  sung  during  Holy  Week  at  the 
SKtine  Chapel,  and  surreptitiously  written  out 
by  Moxart  after  twice  hearing  it,  though  its 
publication  was  forbidden  on  pain  of  excommu- 
nication ;  since  then  it  has  been  frequently  pub- 
lished. Many  other  comp.s  by  A.  are  preserved 
In  MS  ;  2  books  of  Concerti  and  2  of  Motietti 
have  been  printed. 

AUe'gri,  Domenico,  Roman  composer,  and 
from  1610  29  w.  ///'  c*  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore,  is 
noteworthy  as  being  among  the  first  to  provide 
vocal  music  with  an  independent  instrumental 
accomp.  A  few  of  his  AfaiMti  are  still  extant 
(a  sopr.  solo  with  vlns.,  a  tenor  duet,  and  a  bass 
solo,  each  accomp.  by  2  vlns.). 

Allen,  Henry  Robinson,  Irish  dramatic 
sing«r  (bass),  b.  Cork,  1809;  d.  London,  Nov. 
27,  1876.  St.  in  the  R.  Acad.  of  Mus.;  sang  in 
opera  at  Drury  Lane  ;  also  gave  concerts. 

Allen,  George  Benjamin,  composer  and  sing- 
er.; b.  London,  Apr.  21,  1822 ;  d.  Hrisbanc, 
Queensland,  Nov.  30,  1897.  Successively  chor- 
ister, conductor,  and  organist,  in  Kngland,  Ire- 
land and  Australia  ;  also  manager  of  a  comedy- 
opera  company,  producing  several  of  Sullivan's 
operas. — Works :  2-act  opera,  Castle  Of  hn  (Lon- 
don, 1865);  5-act  opera,  The  Viking  (ps&  perf.); 


opera,  The  Wicklow  Rose  (Manchester,  1882); 
two  others  in  MS.  ;  3  cantatas ,  2  Te  Deums  ; 
anthems  ;  much  concerted  vocal  music,  many 
songs,  etc. 

Allen,  Nathan  H.,  b.  Marion,  Mass.,  1848. 
Pupil  (1867-70)  of  Ilauptin  Merlin  (organ);  then 
settled  in  Hartford,  Conn  ,  as  org  of  the  Gen- 
tie  Ch.  and  teacher. — Works :  Church-music 
(hymns,  anthems,  quartets);  concert-pcs>.  f  org., 
and  f.  pf.  and  org.,  vln.  and  pf.,  etc.;  pf -pcs. 
(Kantaibie-Impromptu ;  Nocturne  ;  3  Winter 
Sketches);  exercises  and  arrangements  f.  org., 
songs,  and  part-songs.  Also  "  Hymns  of  JM. 
Luther,"  w.  the  original  melodies,  and  Uer.  and 
Engl.  text  (New  York). 

Allihn,  Heinrich  Max,  b.  Halle-on-Saale, 
Aug.  31,  1841  ;  from  1885  pastor  and  school- 
inspector  at  Athenstedt,  near  Halberstadt(Uary); 
edited  the  2nd  edition  (1888)  of  Topfer's  "  Lehr- 
buch  der  Orgelbaukunst,"  and  has  contributed 
articles  on  organ-building  to  the  *kZeitschnft 
fur  Instrumentenbau." 

Allitsen,  Frances,  contemporary  comp.  and 
concert-singer ;  debut  as  vocalist  at  Grosvenor 
Hall,  London,  in  July,  1882.  Uer  settings  of 
songs  by  Tennyson,  Heine,  and  other  poets,  are 
admired. 

Alma'gro,  Antonio  Lopez,  Spanish  comp. 
and  pianist ;  b.  Murcia,  Sept.  17,  1839. 

Alme'ida,  Fernando  d',  b.  Lisbon,  abt.  1618. 
Distinguished  pupil  of  Duarte  Lobo  ;  in  1638, 
entered  the  Order  of  Christ  at  Thomar,  where  he 
died  Mar  21,  1660  —Of  his  many  church-com- 
positions, only  one  folio  vol.  in  MS  is  extant: 
"  Lamentajoes,  Responsonas  e  Misereres  das 
tres  officias  da  Quarta,  Quinta  e  Sexta-feria  da 
Semana  Santa." 

Al'menrader,  Karl,  bassoon-virtuoso ;  b. 
Ronsclorf,  n.  Dusseldorf,  Oct.  3,  1786  ;  d.  Nas- 
sau, Sept  14,  1843.  Was  in  turn  prof,  of  bas- 
soon at  Cologne  Music-school  (1810),  member  of 
Frankfort  theatre-orch.  (1812),  and  regimental 
bandmaster ;  started  a  manufactory  for  wmd- 
instr.s  (1820)  at  Nassau,  but  gave  it  up  in  2 
years,  entering  the  Nassau  Court  Orch.  at  Bieb- 
rich.  lie  materially  improved  the  bassoon,  wrote 
a  treatise  on  it  (Mainz,  1824),  and  a  method  for 
it.  Pubi.  a  bassoon-concerto ;  potpourri  f.  b. 
and  orch.;  vanations  f .  b  w  vln.,  via.  and  'cello  ; 
introd.  and  var.s  f.  bassoon  and  quartet ;  I  )uet- 
tinos  f.  2  bassoons;  etc.;  also  the  popular  ballad, 
"l)es  JIauses  letxte  Stunde."  In  MS.  are  3 
concertos,  and  other  works. 

AlpbarVbius.    See  ALFARABI. 

Alquen,  Peter  Cornelius  Johann  d1,  pop- 
ular song-writer,  b.  Arnsberg,  Westphalia,  1795; 
d,  Mulheim-on-Rhinet  Nov.  27,  1863.  A  med- 
ical student  in  Berlin,  he  was  a  music-pupil  of 
Klein  and  Zclter,  and  gave  up  med.  practice  to 
devote  himself  to  composition. 


ALQUEN— AM  ALT  A 


Alquen,  Franz  d',  younger  brother  of  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  Arnsberg,  ibio  ,  d.  London,  June 
18,  1887  ,  a  law-student,  but  took  piano-lessons 
of  Ferd.  Ries,  \\ith  whom  he  travelled,  and 
adopted  the  career  of  a  professional  pianist  and 
teacher  In  1827,  teacher  in  IJrussels  ;  1830, 
went  to  London.  Pubi.  concertos,  sonatas,  and 
other  pf.-pcs. 

Alshalabi,  Mohammed,  Spanish-Arabian 
writer,  early  in  the  15th  century.  The  MS.  of 
his  work  on  mus.  instr.s  is  in  the  Escunal. 

Als'leben,  Julius,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  24,  1832  , 
d.  there  Dec  8,  1894.  Dt  plnl ,  Kiel  Univ. 
Pf.  -pupil  of  Leuchtenberg  and  Zech  ;  st.  theory 
with  S.  Dehn,  First  a  concert  -  pianist  and 
teacher;  1865,  president  of  Uerlin  "  Tonkunst- 
lerverein";  1872,  "  Professor ";  1879,  pres.  of 
the  "  Musiklehrerverein,"  being  one  of  its  foun- 
ders Editor  (from  1874)  of  "•  Ilaimonie"  ,  has 
publ  "  12  Vorlesungen  uber  Musikgeschichte," 
and  "  Licht-  und  Wendcpunkte  in  der  Entwickc- 
lung  der  Musik  "  (1880) ;  contributor  to  several 
musical  papers. — Comp.s  :  Requiem  £,  6-  and  8- 
part  choruses  a  cappclla ;  a  lituigy  ;  overtures 
and  march  f.  orch.  ;  songs  ,  pf.-pcs. 

Arsted(t),  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  ITerborn, 
Nassau,  in  1588  ;  d.Weissenburg,  SiebenbUrgen, 
1638.  Prof,  of  phil.  and  theol  at  both  those 
towns.  Articles  on  music  are  found  in  his 
"Encyclopadie  dor  gesammten  Wissenschaf- 
ten"  (1610)  ;  wrote  "  Klementale  musicum"  (in 
his  *'  Klementale  mathematicum,"  publ.  1611), 
transl.  into  English  by  Uirchensha  (1644). 

.  Al'tenburg,  Michael,  b.  Alach,  n.  Erfurt, 
May  27,  1584;  d.  Erfurt,  Feb.  12,  1640.  St. 
theology  at  Halle  ;  in  id  r,  pastor  at  Trochtel- 
born  ;  1631,  in  Gross-Sommerda  ;  1637,  asst  - 
pastor  (I  )iakonus)  at  Erfurt. — Composed  much 
excellent  church -music  ;  7  part  Wedding-motet  ; 
5-,  6-,  and  8-part  Church  find  Home-Songs; 
Festival  Songs  in  5-14  parts;  6-part  "Jntra- 
den  "  f,  insir.s  or  voices  ;  etc. 

Al'tenburg,  Johann  Ernst,  b.  Wcisscnfcls, 
1734;  d.  Bitterfeld,  1796.  Trumpet-virtuoso; 
field-trumpeter  in  the  7  Years'  Writ ,  then  organ- 
ist at  IJitterfeld.  Wrote  a  valuable  treatise: 
*4  Versuch  einer  Anlcitung  zur  heroisch-musika- 
lischen  Trompeter- und  Paukenkunst"  (Halle, 
1795) ;  also  pcs.  f.  2, 4, 6  and  8  trumpets,  and  a 
concerto  f.  7  trumpets  and  kettle-drums. 

Altes,  Joseph-Henri,  b.  Rouen,  Tan.  18, 
1826;  d.  Paris,  July  24,  1895.  Pupil  of  the 
Paris  Cons.,  and  a  fine  flute-player  (Grand 
OpeYa) ;  successor  of  I  torus  as  Cons,  professor 
(1868-94) ;  publ.  flutc-pcs«,  many  with  accomp. 
of  pf .  or  orch. 

Altes,  Ernest-Eugene,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Paris,  March  28,  1830.  Violinist  and 
conductor;  pupil  of  Ilabeneck,  in  Paris  Cons.; 
took  ist  vln.  pri&e  in  1848,  and  the  2nd  for  har- 
mony (under  Bazin)  in  1849  ;  in  1871,  app. 


deputy-conductor  of  the  Opera,  1879-87  con- 
ductor, then  retired.— Pi  incipal  comp  s  •  A  sym- 
phony, string-quartet,  trio  f.  pi.  and  .strings, 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  etc. 

Alt'nikol,  Johann  Christoph  (J.  S.  P.uch's 
pupil  and  son-in-law) ,  b  (?) ;  d  Naumburg, 
1750,  as  organist  there.  Publ.  woiks.  Several 
cantatas  w.  gr.  orch. ;  Magnificat ;  some  otheis 
in  MS.  in  JJerlm  Royal  Library. 

Alvary,  Max,  dram,  tenoi,  b.  Hamburg  (?), 
1858;  d.  at  his  country-seat  Datcnberg,  near 
(Iross-Tabarz,  Thunngia,  Nov.  S,  iHyh  His 
real  name  was  Achenbach.  his  fathci  being  the 
celebrated  painter.  His  debut  was  at  \Ycimar; 
he  became  famous  in  New  Voik,  1884-0,,  as  a 
Wagner  singer  (Siegfned  was  his  linest  iole) ; 
then  returned  to  Ilnmbuij;,  but  visited  N.  Y. 
during  two  subsequent  seasons. 

Alvs'leben,  Melitta.  KCCOTTO-ALVRI.KDKN. 

Aly'pios,  (Irecian  musical  iheoiisl,  aht  360 
u.c.,  whose  ''Inlrocl.  to  Musio,"  contHimnj/all 
the  Greek  tmimposing  scales  both  in  vn<:al  and 
instr.  notation,  is  the  chief  source  for  our  knowl- 
edge of  ancient  (Ireek  notation.  It  has  been 
publ.  by  MeursiuH  (1616)  and  Mcihom  (**  Anti- 
quae  musicae  auctores  scptoin,"  Amsterdam, 
1652) ;  the  notation  has  been  n»pmiU'd  more  re- 
ccntly  by  Itallermann,  Paul,  Rieniann,  etc. 

Amad€}  Ladislaw,  Uuron  von,  b,  Kiischau, 
Hungary,  Mai.  12,  1703;  d.  KHhur,  Dec.  22, 
I7f)4.  National  poet,  and  composer  of  folk- 
songs, which  wore  coll.  and  publ.  (IVsth,  1836) 
by 

Amade",  Thaddaus,  (irafvon,  b.  Prosslmrg, 
Jan.  12,  1783  ;  cl.  Vienna,  May  17,  1845  ;  :i  suc- 
cessful pianist  and  composer,  who  discovered, 
and  provideil  means  for  developing,  Lisxt's  mus, 
genius. 

Amade^i,  Roberto,  b,  Loivlo,  Italy,  Nov, 
29,  1:840.  OrganiHt  and  m.  di  c.  at  Loroto,  suc- 
ceeding his  father. — Works :  The  operas  l.u- 
chino  rhctwti  (Lugo,  iH6tj);  Hitmen  *W  Russi 
(Uuri) ;  //  RatcJitthmt  (comic);  the  r-acl  uhox- 
zetto"  Amort1  a /tyro  (Loteto,  '</> ;  suco,) ;  also 
much  church-music,  and  pf.  and  vocal  music. 

Amalia,  the  name  of  three  artists,  princesses 
by  birth,  (i)  Anna  A.,  Princess  of  Prussia,  sis- 
ter of  Frederick  the  (Ireat,  l>.  Nov.  <),  1723  ;  d. 
Mar,  30,  1782  ;  composed  a  series  of  excellent 
chorales,  and  also  wrote  new  music  to  the  text 
book  of  Gnum's  "Tod  Jesu."—  (a)  Anna  A., 
Duchess  of  Weimar,  mother  of  UKJ  draml'duke 
Ernst  August,  l>.  OeL  24,  173<);  d  Apr.  10, 
1807  ;  composed  the  operetta  /irwiu  und  Kl- 
tnirt  (text  by  (ioetlia).>«<3)  Marie  A.  Friede- 
rike,  Princess  of  Saxony,  sister  of  King  John  of 
Saxony,  b.  Aug.  10,  1704,  Dresden;  tl.  there 
Sept.  1 8,  1870.  As  a  writer  of  comedies  she  was 
known  under  the  name  u  Amalie  Ueiter  ";  com- 
posed  also  church-music  and  several  ope  ran  ( ( ?na  . 


AMATI  -AMIOT 


donna,    Lc   ire  cinturc,   DIP  Sitgetfahne,  Der 
Kanonenschuss,  etc.)  [KIEM\NN] 

Ama'ti,  a  renowned  family  of  violin-makers 
at  Cremona,  Italy,  (i)  Andrea,  b.  1520  (?),  d. 
1577  (*)i  was  lhe  hrst  violin-maker  of  the  family ; 
his  violins  were  usually  of  small  pattern,  but 
show  a  marked  advance  over  the  Brescia  mstr.s. 
— II is  2  sons  (2),  Antonio,  b.  1550,  d.  1635, 
and  (3)  Geronimo,  d.  1638,  worked  for  a  time 
together,  producing  violins  of  nearly  the  same 
style  as  their  father. — (4)  Niccolb,  b.  Sept.  3, 
1596,  d.  Aug.  12,  1684,  the  most  celebrated 
of  the  Amatis,  improved  the  model  in  several 
respects,  and,  though  generally  working  with 
a  small  pattern,  built  some  so-called  "grand 
Amatis"— large  violins  of  more  powerful  tone, 
and  in  great  request.  The  tone  of  his  instr.s 
is  clearer,  purer,  and  more  sonorous  than  in 
those  of  his  predecessors  1 1  is  label  is  "  Nico- 
laus  Amati  Cremonens.  Hieronimi  filius  An- 
tonii  nepos.  Fecit  anno  16 — ."  In  his  work- 
shop were  trained  both  Andrea  Guarneri  and 
Antonio  Stradivari. — (5)  Niccolo's  son  Gero- 
nimo, the  last  of  the  family,  was  far  inferior  to 
his  father  as  a  workman. 

Ama'ti,  Vincenzo  (called  Amatus),  Dr.  of 
theol.,  and  ///.  di  eapp.  at  Palermo  cathedral 
abt.  1665  ;  b.  Cimmma,  Sicil)r,  Jan.  6,  1629  ;  d. 
Palermo,  July  29,3670.  Publ  sacred  comp.s, 
and  the  opera  I.  J stint  o  (Aquila,  1664). 

Ama'ti,  Antonio  and  Angelo,  organ-build- 
ers at  Pavia  abt.  1830. 

Am'bros,  August  Wilhelm,  distinguished 
musical  historiograph  and  critic  ;  b,  Mauth,  n. 
Prague,  Nov.  17,  1816  ;  d.  Vienna,  June  28, 
1876  ;  divided  his  student-years  at  Prague  Univ. 
between  law  and  music  ;  was  app.  Public  Prose- 
cutor at  Prague  in  1850,  but  continued  his  musi- 
cal work  and  study,  and  in  1856  attracted  general 
notice  by  his  essay  on  "  Die  Grenzen  der  Musik 
und  Poesie "  (2nd  cd.  Leipzig,  1885  ;  Kngl. 
transl  N.  Y.,  1893),  a  study  in  mus.  aesthetics 
put  forth  in  reply  to  Hanslick's  "Vom  Musi- 
kalisch-Sch<3nen,"  and  a  treatise  of  high  and 
lasting  value  as  a  corrective  to  Hanslick's  ex- 
treme views.  This  was  followed  by  * '  Cultur- 
historische  ftilclcr  aus  dem  Musikleben  der  Ge- 
genwart"  (1860;  2d  ed.  Leipzig,  1865),  a  col- 
lection of  admirable  essays  ;  he  was  then  (1860) 
engaged  by  Leuckart  of  Ureslau  (now  in  Leip- 
$1$)  to  write  a  History  of  Music,  his  principal 
work,  and  a  life-task  destined  to  render  him 
famous.  In  1869  he  was  app.  prof,  of  music, 
Prague  Univ.,  and  prof,  of  mus.  history  at 
Prague  Cons.;  1872,  app.  to  a  position  in  the 
Ministry  of  Justice,  Vienna,  and  also  prof,  in 
the  Cons,  at  Vienna.  In  gathering  the  mate- 
rials necessary  for  the  history,  he  spent  years  of 
labor  in  the  libraries  of  Munich,  Vienna,  and 
several  Italian  cities,  having  leave  of  absence  for 
this  purpose,  and  likewise  a  grant  of  money 
from  the  Vienna  Academy.  Vol.  iii,  down  to 
Palestrina,  appeared  1868  ;  A.  died  before  com- 


pleting the  fourth,  which  was  edited  from  his 
notes  and  materials  by  C.  F.  Becker  and  G. 
Nottebohm  ,  a  fifth  vol.  was  published  (1882) 
by  O.  Kade  from  further  collected  materials, 
and  \V.  Langhans  has  written  a  sequel,  in  a 
more  popular  style,  bringing  the  work  up  to 
date  (2  vol  s,  1882-6).  A  list  of  names  and  gen- 
eral index  were  also  published  by  W.  Baumker 
in  1882.  A  2nd  ed.  (Leuckart,  Leipzig,  1880) 
of  the  original  4  vol.s  has  been  printed  ;  con- 
tents .  Vol.  i,  The  Beginnings  of  Music,  Mus. 
of  the  Antique  World,  of  the  Greeks,  etc. ;  Vol. 
ii,  from  the  Christian  era  down  to  the  First  Flem- 
ish School ;  Vol.  iii,  from  the  Netherlander  to 
Palestrina ;  Vol.  iv,  Palestrina,  his  contempora- 
ries and  immediate  successors.  Vol.  i  has  been 
rewritten,  not  wholly  to  its  advantage,  by  B. 
Sokolovsky.  Vol. s  ii  and  iii  are  of  peculiar  value. 
Two  series  of  entertaining  essays,  "  Bunte  Blat- 
ter" (1872-74),  are  interesting  to  either  ama- 
teurs or  professionals.  Ambros  was  also  an 
excellent  practical  musician,  being  a  fine  pianist, 
and  the  composer  of  an  opera,  JBretislaw  ajitka, 
overtures  to  Othello  and  the  Alagico  prodigi- 
os0,  several  piano-pcs.,  numerous  songs,  and  2 
masses,  a  Stabat  Mater,  etc. 

Ambrose  (Ambrosius),  b.  Trier  (Treves), 
A.D.  333  ;  d.  Milan,  Apr.  4,  397  ;  elected  Bishop 
of  Milan  in  374;  canonized  after  death.  Cele- 
brated for  his  regulation  (384)  and  development 
of  singing  in  the  Western  Churches,  by  the  in- 
troduction and  cultivation  of  ritual  (antiphonal 
and  congregational)  song,  as  practised  at  the 
time  in  the  Eastern  Church,  and  by  the  conse- 
quent adoption  of  the  4  authentic  church-modes  ; 
his  indisputable  authorship  of  many  sacred 
songs  has  earned  him  the  title  of  lt  Father  of 
Christian  Ilymnology."  It  does  not  appear 
that  St.  Ambrose  was  acquainted  with  the  use 
of  the  letters  A-G  as  signs  of  notation  ;  his  re- 
puted authorship  of  the  u  Ambr.  Chant,"  Te 
Deiini  toudamuft  is  mythical. 

Am'(m)erbach,  Elias  Nikolaus,  contrapun- 
tist and  organist ;  b.  abt.  1 540  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan. 
27,  1597.  la  1570  was  organist  of  the  Thomas- 
kirche,  Leipzig  ;  publ.  (Leipzig,  1571)  an  l*  Or- 
gel-  oder  Instrument-Tabulatur,"  a  work  im- 
portant as  bearing  historical  witness  to  the  prog- 
ress in  the  practice  of  tuning,  the  fingering  of 
keyboard-instr.s,  and  the  execution  of  graces, 
etc.  (described  by  Becker,  "Die  Hausmusik  in 
Dcutschland,"  Leipzig,  1840);  and  "Em  neu 
kunstlich  Tabulaturbuch "  (1573;  2nd  ed., 
1583).  Also  printed  many  comp.s  for  organ 
and  clavichord. 

Amiot,  Father,  b.  Toulon,  1718,  Jesuit  mis- 
sionary to  China ;  transl.  Li  Koang  Ti's  work 
on  Chinese  music:  " Commentaire  sur  le  livre 
classique  touchant  la  musique  des  anciens "  ; 
also  wrote  lt  Memoire  sur  la  musique  des  Chinois, 
tant  anciens  que  modernes  "  (Vol.  vi  of  "  Mc- 
moires  concernant  1'histoire,  les  sciences,  les 
arts,  etc.,  des  Chinois";  Paris,  1780,  15  vol. s, 
edited  by  Abbe*  Roumer). 


AMON— ANDRE 


Am'(m)on,  Blasius,  d.  Vienna,  June,  1590  ; 
a  Tyrolese  by  birth,  educated  as  a  sopranist  in 
the  service  of  Archduke  Ferdinand  of  Austria , 
an  able  contrapuntist,  many  of  whose  works 
were  printed  (book  of  5-part  Introits,  Vienna, 
1582  ;  ditto  4-part  Masses,  Vienna.  1588 ;  2 
books  of  4-  to  6-part  Motets,  Munich,  1590-91  , 
five  4-part  Masses,  Munich,  1591 ;  and  a  book 
of  4-part  Introits,  Munich,  1601) ;  numerous 
works  in  MS.  are  in  the  Munich  Library.  lie 
died  as  a  Franciscan  friar. 

Am'ner,  John,  b  late  in  the  i6th  cent. ;  d. 
1641.  Organist  and  choir-master  at  Ely  cathe- 
dral, England,  1610-41 ;  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon., 
1613. — Works  .  Hymns  in  3  to  6  parts,  u  for 
voices  and  vyols,"  1615  ;  anthems  ;  etc. — Ralph, 
his  son,  was  bass  singer  at  the  R.  Chapel, 
Windsor,  from  1623-63. 

A'mon, ..  Johann  Andreas,  b.  Bamberg, 
1763  ;  d.  Ottingen,  March  29,  1825  ;  a  virtu- 
oso on  the  WaUhom,  and  pupil  of  Ihinto,  with 
whom  he  made  long  professional  tours  to  the 
chief  cities  of  France  and  Germany.  App 
music-director  at  Ileilbronn  in  1789,  he  lived 
there  till  1817,  then  accepting  the  post  of  Ka- 
pdlm.  to  the  Prince  of  Ottingen- Wallenstein. — 
'His  printed  comp  s  include  symphonies,  a  pf,- 
concerto,  a  concerto  f.  flute  and  viola,  various 
sonatas,  trios,  quartets,  quintets,  etc.,  all  hardly 
remembered  to-day. 

A'nacker,  August  Ferdinand,  b.  Freiberg, 
Saxony,  Oct.  17,  1790 ;  d.  there  Aug.  21,  1854  ; 
a  pupil  of  Schicht  and  Schneider  at  Leipzig  ;  in 
1822  cantor  and  music-director  in  Freiberg,  and 
a  teacher  of  music  in  the  Seminary ;  in  1827, 
conductor  of  the  miners'  band.  A  sound  musi- 
cian and  composer  (wrote  the  cantatas  Jierg- 
wannsgntss  and  Lebens  Blitmc  itnd  Lebens 
Unbrstand^  the  opera  Rergmannstreu^  various 
pjtano-pcs.,  songs,  etc.).  Founded  singing-socie- 
ties by  which  the  best  works  of  Seb.  Bach, 
Graun,  Hasse,  Schneider,  etc.,  were  given. 

Ancot.  a  family  of  musicians  at  Bruges. — 
Jean  (plre\  b.  Oct.  22,  1779 ;  d  July  I2» 
1848 ;  violin-virtuoso,  pianist,  and  composer; 
st.  (1799-1804)  in  Paris  under  Baillot,  Kreutzer, 
and  Catel,  then  settled  in  Bruges  as  teacher. 
Publ.  4  violin-concertos ;  overtures,  marches, 
sacred  music,  etc.;  most  of  his  works  are  still 
in  MS.  Taught  his  2  sons — (r)  Jean  (/&),  b. 
July  6,  1799;  d.  Boulogne,  June  5,  1829,  fin- 
ished his  mus.  education  at  the  Paris  Cons, 
under  Pradher  and  Berton ;  an  accomplished 
pianist,  in  London  1823-25,  and  settled  in  Bou- 
logne after  making  concert-tours  through  Bel- 
gium ,  an  astonishingly  prolific  composer  (225 
works,  chiefly  pf.-sonatas,  a  concerto,  varia- 
tions, e'tudes,  fugues,  4-hand  fantasias,  also 
violin-concertos,  etc.); —  and  (2)  Louis,  b.  June 
3,  1803  ;  d.  Bruges,  1836  ;  for  a  time  pianist  to 
the  Duke  of  Sussex,  London ;  made  extended 
continental  tours,  taught  at  Boulogne  and 
Tours,  and  finally  returned  to  Bruges.  Comp.s 
of  little  value. 


An'der,  Aloys,  remarkable  dramatic  singer 
(lyric  tenor),  b.  Liebititz,  Bohemia,  Aug.  jo, 
1824;  d.  Bad  Wartcn  berg,  Dec.  1 1,  1864  His 
debut  as  Stradella  (1845)  at  the  Vienna  court 
opera,  was  a  complete  success,  though  he  had 
had  no  previous  stage-tuiming  ,  he  was  en- 
gaged in  V.  till  1864  (?).  Principal  parts,  Lo- 
hengrin, Johann  of  Leyden,  Arnold  (in  TV//), 
etc. 

An'ders,  Gottfried  Engelbert,  b.  Bonn, 
1795;  d  Paris,  Sept.  22,  1866  Archivist  and 
superintendent  of  Paris  Library.  Wrote  mono* 
graphs  on  Paganmi  (1831),  and  Huclhovcn 
(1839). 

Andersen-Boker,  Orleana,  b.  New  York, 
1835  ;  a  pupil  of  Timm  in  piano-playing  and 
thorough-bass  ;  an  excellent  pianist,  and  de- 
serving of  special  mention  on  account  of  her 
fine  arrangements  (piano,  8  hands)  of  Mendels- 
sohn's Symphonies  ami  o{  Spohr's  Double 
Symph.  and  Historical  Symph. 

Andersen,  Lucy,  nfr  Philpot,  b.  Hath,  in 
Dec.,  1790;  d.  London,  Dec.  24,  1878.  Fine 
pianist,  pupil  of  \Vindsor  at  Hath,  and  the 
teacher  of  Queen  Victoiia  and  her  children. 

An'ding,  Johann  Michael,  b.  Ouch-nfcM, 
n.  Meiningen,  Aug.  25,  1810;  d,  Ilil<llmrj>- 
hauscn,  Aug.  9,  1879,  as  music-teacher  at  the 
Seminary.  Publ.  "  Vierstimmij>es  <'honill>uch" 
(1868),  "  Ilandbttchlein  ftir  Orj»elspieler"  foci 
cd.,  1872);  also  organ-pcs.,  part-gongs,  school 
song- books,  etc 

Andre*,  Johann,  father  of  a  musical  faniily  ; 
b.  Offenbach,  March  2S,  1741  ;d.  there  June  18, 
1799  Foundci  of  the  well-known  music-puhl. 
house  at  Offenbach,  cat.  Aug.  I,  177.4.  lie 
was  an  accomplished  pianist,  a  composer  of 
some  30  operas  and  **  Singspiclc  "  (A1;  7<WfV, 
jRrwin  itnd  Mttnirc,  Rt'/uwiitet*  CtwjFttr/tw  [Her- 
lin,  1781,  a  year  before  Mozart's),  etc.),  of 
many  instr.l  works  and  songs  (A'/MHWt'f/iiM) 
ttekninst  mil  I. nub},  and  was  the  creator  of  the 
durchkowponirtc  ftalfad?,  the  fust  being  **  Die 
Weibervon  Weinsbeig"  (1783).  For  7  youis 
(1777-84)  he  was  A'apMn.  at  DobU'Hn's  Thea- 
tre iu  Berlin.  Up  to  his  death  his  establish- 
ment issued  about  1,200  numbers. 

Andre",  Johann  Anton,  third  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  Offenbach,  Oct.  6,  1775 ;  d.  there 
April  8  [GKOVK],  1842;  a  precocious  mus. 
talent,  pupil  of  Vollweiler  in  Mannheim  from 
1793-96;  was  a  fine  pianist,  violinist  and  com- 
poser before  entering  the  llniv.  of  Jena  ;  after 
completing  his  studies,  he  made  extensive 
travels,  and  on  his  father's  death  took  charge  of 
the  business,  adding  peculiar  lustre  to  its  good 
name  by  the  purchase  (1800)  of  MoxarVs  entire 
mus.  remains.  He  pnbl.  M.'s  autograph  the- 
matic catalogue,  and  supplemented  it  by  a  list 
of  the  works  so  acquired.  By  accepting  the 
application  of  the  lithographic  process  to  music- 
printing  (1779),  another  long  stride  was  Ukea 


16 


ANDREOLI— ANFOSSI 


towards  placing  this  firm  in  the  front  rank. 
He  was  an  excellent  composer  (2  operas,  sym- 
phonies, songs,  etc.),  a  successful  teacher,  and 
a  noteworthy  theorist  ("Lehrbuch  d.  Tonsetz- 
kunst"  [unfinished],  2  vol.s  on  Harmony,  Cpt  , 
Canon,  and  Fugue,  1832-43,  new  revised  ed  , 
1875;  and  "Anleitung  zum  Violmspiele "). 
His  sons  were  :— (i)  Carl  August,  b  June  15, 
1806  ;  d  Frankfort,  Feb.  15,  1887  ;  head  (since 
iS35)  of  the  Frankfort  branch,  opened  in  1828, 
and  founder  of  the  piano-factory  ("Mozart- 
flugel"),  author  of  "  Der  Klavierbau  u.  seine 
LJeschichte  "  (1855). — (2)  Julius,  b.  Offenbach, 
June  4,  1808 ;  d  Frankfort,  Apr.  17,  1880;  a 
fine  organist  and  pianist,  pupil  of  Aloys 
Schmitt  (his  grandfather's  pupil),  author  of  a 
44  Praktische  Orgelschule,"  composer  of  several 
interesting  organ-pieces,  and  arranger  of  Mo- 
zart's works  f  pf  4  hands. — (3)  Jon.  August, 
b.  Mar  3,  1817  ;  d.  Oct.  29,  1887;  his  father's 
successor  (1839)  *n  the  Offenbach  publishing 
establishment.  His  2  sons,  Karl  (b.  Aug.  24, 
1853)  and  Adolf  (b.  Apr-  10,  1855),  are  the 
present  proprietors  of  the  business. — (4)  Jean 
Baptiste  (tie  St.  Gilks),  b.  March  7,  1823 ; 
d.  Frankfort,  Dec.  9,  1882,  pianist,  and  com- 
poser of  various  pcs.  f.  piano  and  voice,  was  a 
pupil  of  A.  Schmitt,  Taubert  (pf ),  and  Kessler 
and  Dehn  (harmony);  lived  for  years  in  Berlin 
with  the  (honorary)  title  of  "  Ilerzoglich  bern- 
burgischer  I lof kapellmeister." 

Andreo'li,  Carlo,  pianist  and  organist,  b. 
Mirandohi,  Jan.  8,  1840.  Pupil,  and  from  1875 
pf. -teacher,  in  Milan  Cons.  Gave  successful 
concerts  in  London,  1858.  Composed  Noc- 
turnes, Romances,  etc. — Ilis  father,  Evange- 
lista  A.,  organist  and  teacher  at  Mirandola,  was 
b.  1810  ,  d.  June  16,  1875. — His  brother, 

Andreo'li,  Guglielmo,  b.  Modena,  Apr.  22, 
1835  ;  d.  Nice,  Mar.  13,  1860.  Pupil  of  Milan 
Cons. ;  excellent  pianist ;  gave  a  series  of  con- 
certs (1856-9)  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  London. 

Andreo'li,  Giuseppe,  b.  Milan,  July  7,  1757; 
d.  there  Dec-  20,  1832 ;  eminent  double-bass 

Syer    at    La    Scala,   and   prof,  of  his  instr. 
08-30)   at  Milan   Cons.    Also  an  excellent 
harpist. 

Andreoz'zi,  Gaetano,  b.  Naples,  1763 ;  d. 
Paris,  Dec.  24,  1826  ;  a  pupil  of  Joramelli ; 
composed  27  operas,  the  first,  at  the  age  of  16, 
being  La  Morte  di  Cesare  for  the  Teatro  Argen- 
tine at  Rome.  Went  to  Russia  in  1784  ; 
printed  6  string-quartets  in  Florence,  1786,  and 
in  1790  became  tn.  di  c.  there,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  at  Madrid ;  finally  settled  in  Naples, 
whence  poverty  drove  him  in  1825  to  Paris.  He 
also  wrote  3  oratorios. 

Andre'vi,  Francesco,  prominent  Spanish 
composer  and  theorist,  of  Italian  parentage  ;  b. 
Sanabuya,  n.  Lerida,  Nov.  16,  1786 ;  d.  Barce- 
lona, Nov.  23, 1853.  He  took  holy  orders  ;  was 
music-director  at  the  cathedrals  of  Valencia, 


Sevilla,  and  other  Spanish  cities,  also  at  Bor- 
deaux from  1832-42,  during  the  Carlist  wars. 
From  1845-9  he  llved  in  Paris,  and  was  then 
called  to  Barcelona  as  maestro  of  the  church  of 
Our  Lady  of  Mercy.  The  best  of  his  numerous 
and  excellent  compositions  are  an  oratorio,  The 
Last  Judgment^  a  Requiem,  and  a  Stabat  Mater; 
only  a  Nunc  dimittis  and  a  Salve  regina  have 
been  printed.  A  treatise  on  Harmony  and  Cpt. 
has  been  translated  into  French  (Paris,  1848). 

Andrien.    See  ADRIEN. 

Andries,  Jean,  b.  Ghent,  Apr.  25,  1798 ;  d. 
there  Jan.  21,  1872  ;  from  1851  Director,  and 
after  1856  Hon.  Dir.,  of  the  Ghent  Cons., 
where  he  had  been  prof,  of  vln  -  and  ensemble- 
classes  since  1835  ;  also  (till  1855)  solo  violinist 
at  the  theatre. — Wrote  "  Aperju  historique  de 
tous  les  instr.s  de  musique,  actuellement  en 
usage";  "Pre'cis  de  1'histoire  de  la  musique 
depuis  les  temps  les  plus  recules"  (1862); 
"Instr.s  a  vent.  La  Flfae"  (1866);  "Re- 
marques  sur  les  cloches  et  les  carillons  "  (1868). 

Ane'rio,  Felice,  b.  Rome,  abt.  1560;  d. 
there  abt.  1630 ;  st.  under  G.  M.  Nanini,  was 
then  app.  maestro  of  the  English  College,  and 
later  (Apr.  3,  1594)  Palestnna's  successor  as 
composer  to  the  Papal  Chapel.  His  eminence 
is  best  attested  by  the  fact  that  several  of  his 
comp.s  were  for  a  long  time  supposed  to  be 
Palestrina's  own.  Besides  numerous  MSS.  in 
Roman  libraries,  many  of  A.'s  works  are  extant 
in  printed  collections,  between  1585-1622  ;  sev- 
eral books  of  madngals  a  5  and  6,  canzonets 
and  madrigals  a  3-4,  concerti  spirititali  a  4, 
litanies  a  4-8,  and  2  books  of  hymns,  cantica 
and  motets  ;  also  separate  motets,  etc. 

Ane'rio,  Giovanni  Francesco,  younger 
brother  of  Felice,  b.  Rome,  abt.  1567;  d. 
1620  (?);  1575-79,  chorister  at  St.  Peter's;  abt. 
1609,  m.  di  c.  to  King  Sigismund  III  of  Poland; 
1610  ;;/.  di  c.  at  Verona  cathedral ;  1611,  Prefect 
of  the  Seminario  romano  ;  and  1613-20,  m.  di  c. 
at  the  Jesuit  church  of  S.  Maria  dei  Monti  at 
Rome,  taking  holy  orders  in  1616.  A  very 
prolific  composer  of  all  the  forms  of  sacred 
music  then  in  vogue,  many  of  his  works  being 
printed  by  the  leading  Italian  publishers  ;  cele- 
brated as  the  arranger  of  Palestrina's  6-part 
Missa  Papas  Marcelli,  for  4  parts  (Rome, 
1600). 

Anet,  Baptiste.    See  BAPTISTE. 

Anfos'si,  Pasquale,  prolific  composer  of 
operas  (54  in  all);  b.  Taggia,  n.  Naples,  Apr.  5, 
1727;  d.  Rome,  Feb.,  1797.  Originally  a  vio- 
linist, he  studied  composition  under  Piccinni,  and 
brought  out  2  unsuccessful  operas,  but  with 
his  third  venture,  V incognita  pcrseguitata 
(Rome,  1773),  won  popular  approval,  being 
supported  by  a  powerful  clique  hostile  to  Pic- 
cinni. In  ungenerous  rivalry  with  his  old 
teacher  and  friend,  he  brought  out  a  great  num- 


ANGELET— ANTIQUIS 


her  of  operas ;  his  works  soon  palled  on  the 
Roman  palate,  and  he  sought  new  fields, — in 
Paris  (1799),  London  (1781-3,  as  director  of  the 
Italian  Opera),  and  after  that  in  Prague, 
Dresden,  and  Berlin.  Returning  to  Italy  in 
1784,  he  was  m  1791  made  m  tii  c.  at  the 
Lateran,  and  turned  his  attention  to  sacred  com- 
position (4  oratorios,  masses,  psalms,  etc  )  His 
once  lauded  works  are  now  forgotten. 

Angelet,  Charles-Francois,  an  excellent 
pianist,  b  Ghent,  Nov  18,  1797  ;  d.  Brussels, 
Dec.  20,  1832 ;  a  pupil  of  Zimmerman  at  the 
Pans  Cons.;  established  himself  as  a  teacher  at 
Brussels,  studied  composition  there  under  Fetis, 
and  publ.  various  piano-pcs  ,  a  trio,  a  symphony, 
etc.  Appointed  court-pianist  to  King  William 
I  of  the  Netherlands  in  1829. 

Angeli'ni,  Bontempi  Giovanni    Andrea, 

singer,  composer,  theorist ;  b.  Perugia,  abt 
1624;  d.  near  P  ,  July  I,  1705  Mtiestro  in 
Rome  and  Venice,  later  in  the  service  of  the 
Margrave  of  Brandenburg  and  the  Elector  of 
Saxony.  His  opera  Parnlt\  given  in  Dresden, 
Nov.  3,  1662,  was  the  first  Italian  opera  ever 
produced  there.  He  returned  to  Italy  in  1694 
Wrote  several  worlcs,  among  them  an  "  Historia 
musica"  (Perugia,  1695),  interesting  for  the  dis- 
cussion about  the  ancients'  ideas  of  harmony, 

Angelo'ni,  Luigi,  b.  Frosinone,  Papal  States, 
1758;  d.  London,  1842.  Wrote  a  valuable  mono- 
graph, ' '  Sopra  la  vita,  le  opere  ed  il  siapere  cli 
Guido  d'Arezzo,  restauratore  della  scienza  c  del- 
1'arte  musica  "  (Paris,  iSn). 

Anglebert,  Jean  Baptiste  Henri  d1,  a  dis- 
tinguished pupil  of  Champion,  and  court  clavi- 
cembalist  to  Louis  XIV ;  b.  1628  (?),  d.  Pan's, 
Apr.  23,  1691.  Publ.  in  1689  "Pieces  de  clavecin 
avec  la  maniere  de  les  jpuer,  diverscs  chaconnes, 
ouvertures  et  autres  airs  de  M.  Lully,  mis  sur 
cet  instrument,  quelque  fugues  pour  orgue  et  les 
principes  de raccompagnement.  Livre  premier," 
among  which  are  22  variations  on  JFoliestTEs- 
fagne  (varied  before  him  by  Corelli  and  af tcr 
him  by  Scarlatti).  This  work  shows  d'A.  to 
have  been  a  master  of  the  quaint  clavier-style 
then  prevailing;  it  is  also  valuable  for  its  expla- 
nation of  several  old-fashioned  graces. 

Animuc'cia,  Giovanni,  the  distinguished 
predecessor  of  Palestrina  at  the  Vatican;  b. 
Florence,  abt.  1500;  d.  Rome,  March,  1571. 
From  the  circumstance  that  he  wrote  the  first 
Laudi  spirituali  for  the  lectures  held  by  Neri  in 
the  oratory  of  S.  Filippo,  he  has  been  styled  the 
"  Father  of  Oratorio.  '  These  Laudi  were  con- 
trapuntal songs  in  several  parts,  interspersed 
with  occasional  strophes  or  lines  sung  by  a  solo 
voice  for  variety's  sake;  the  first  book  of  the 
Laudi  was  printed  by  Dorici  (1565),  the  second 
by  Blado  (Rome,  1570),  Other  publ.  works  are 
a  book  of  masses  (1567),  2  of  magnificats,  a 
4-part  Credo,  etc. ;  the  greater  part,  however,  are 
probably  in  MS.  in  the  Vatican  Library.  His 


compositions  show  a  gradual  emancipation  from 
the  involved  formalism  of  the  Flemish  school, 
and  prove  him  to  have  been  .1  worthy  foierunncr 
of  Palestrina.  Hewasapp  mae&tro  at  St.  Peter's 
in  I555- 

Animuc'cia,   Paolo,   brother  of    Giovanni; 

noteworthy  contiapuntisl,  was  m  th  c.  at  the 
Lateran,  1550-52,  and  died  1563111  Rome.  Only 
a  few  of  his  comp.s,  found  in  collections  of  the 
time,  are  still  extant. 

Ankerts,  d1.    See  DANKFKS,  (SmsKUN. 
Anna  Amalia.    Sec  AMAUA  (T). 

Anniba'le,  called  II  Padova'no  (or  Pata- 
vi'nus)  from  his  birthplace,  Padua  ,  contra- 
puntist of  the  15th  century;  fiom  1552-6,  or- 
ganist of  2nd  organ  at  San  JVIarco,  Venice. 
— Publ.  i  book  of  5-p.  molds;  i  of  6-p.  mo- 
tets (1567),  i  of  5-p.  madiigals  (1583);  t  of  4-p. 
motets  (1592);  besides  2  musses  and  some  madri- 
gals m  collections. 

An'schutz,.  Johann  Andreas,  b.  Koblenz, 
Mar.  19,  1772;  d.  1858.  Founder,  in  iSo8,  of 
a  mus.  society,  also  a  school  for  vocal  and  inslr. 
music,  at  Koblenz.  He  was  a  lawyer  by  pro- 
fession, but  also  a  good  pianist  and  conductor, 
and  composed  pf.-vaiiations  and  numerous  well- 
received  vocal  works  (songs;  2  arias  f.  alto;  some 
sacred  music,  etc.). 

An'schutz,  Karl,  b.  Koblenz,  Keb.,  1815;  d, 
New  York,  Dec.  30,  1870.  Pupil  of  Kricdr. 
Schneider;  in  1844  he  assumed  the  ditodorship 
of  the  music-school  founded  by  his  father,  Jo- 
hann Andreas,  but  went  in  1848  to  London 
(where  he  conducted  the  Wednesday  Concerts 
for  a  time),  and  in  1857  to  N.  V.  as  conductor  of 
Strakosch  cS:  Ullmann's  opera-troupe.  In  Sept., 
1862,  he  opened  a  season  of  tJerman  opera  on 
his  own  account,  which  deserved  the  success  it 
failed  to  obtain.  From  1860-2  he  conducted 
the  Arion  singing-society.  lie  was  a  gifted  con- 
ductor and  cultivated  musician;  his  publ.  comp.s 
consist  of  a  few  piano-pcs, 

Anselm  of  Parma  (Anselmus  Georgius 
Parmensis),  b.  in  Parma;  d.  1443.  A  man  of 
profound  erudition,  whose  treatise  **  De  har- 
monia  dialogi  (de  harm,  coolest!,  dc  luirnj.  in- 
strumental!,  de  harm,  cantabili),"  long  regarded 
as  lost,  was  found  at  Milan  in  1824. 

Antegna'ti,  Costanzo,  celebrated  organ- 
builder;  b.  Urescia,  abt,  1550;  d.  there  abt. 
1620.  Organist  at  IJr.  cathedral.  Wrote  sacred 
comp.s  (masses,  motets,  psalms,  and  oanxoni), 
publ.  Venice,  1619-21;  and  pieces  in  organ- 
tablature;  also  an  interesting  and  rare  treatise, 
u  L'Arte  organica"  (Ilrcscia,  1608). 

Anti'co,  Andrea.  See  ANTKjnus,  ANDKKAS. 

Anti'quis,  Johannes  [Giovanni]  de,  mae- 
stro di  c.  in  the  ch.  of  San  Niccolo  at  Ban  (Na- 
ples). Publ,  "VillanelleaUaNapoUtana"  (1574), 


ANTIQUUS— ARAJA 


which  contains  a  few  pcs.  by  him  ;  and  the  ist 
book  of  his  4-p.  madrigals  (Venice,  1585). 

Anti'quus,  Andreas  (also  A.  de  Antiquiis 
Vene'tus,  or  Andrea  Anti'co) ,  b.  Montona 
(Istria),  in  latter  half  of  the  i$th  cent.  Music- 
printer  in  Rome  and  (1520)  Venice,  probably 
the  first  of  his  trade  after  Petrucci,  who  pubf. 
many  of  his  "  Frottole  "  (Venice,  1504-8). 

An'ton,  Konrad  Gottlob,  b.  Lauban,  Prus- 
sia, Nov.  29,  1746;  d.  July  3,  1819  ;  prof,  of 
Oriental  languages  at  Wittenberg  from  1775. 
Wrote  **  Versuch,  die  Melodie  u.  Harmonic  der 
alten  hebraischen  Gesange  u.  Tonstucke  zu  ent- 
ziffern  .  .  ./'an  attempt  to  explain  the  He- 
brew accents  as  musical  notes  ;  also  wrote  on  the 
Hebrew  metrical  system,  etc. 

Anto'ny,  Franz  Joseph,  b.  Munster,  West- 
phalia, Feb.  I,  1790  ;  d.  there  1837.  1819,  music- 
director  at  the  cathedral ;  1832,  organist,  suc- 
ceeding his  father  (Joseph  A.,  b.  Jan.  12, 1758, 
d.  1836).  Publ.  "Archaologisch-liturgisches  Ge- 
sangbuch  des  Gregorianischen  Kirchengesangs  " 
(1829),  and  "  Geschichtliche  Darstellung  der 
Entstehung  und  Vervollkommnung  der  Orgel" 
(1832).  Composed  church-music 

A'pel,  Johann  August,  b.  Leipzig,  1771,  d. 
there  Aug.  9,  1816.  Dr.  juiis;  author  of  a 
series  of  articles  on  rhythm  ("Allg.  musikal. 
Zeitung,"  1807-8),  and  a  large  work  on  "  Me- 
tnk"  (1814-16,  2  vol.s),  in  both  of  which  he 
combats  Gottfried  Hermann's  views  (in  the 
latter's  "  Eiementa  doctrinae  metricae  "). 

Apell',  Johann  David  von,  b.  Kassel,  Feb. 
23,  1754 ;  d.  there  1833.  Theatre-Intendant, 
and  I  >ir.  of  Kassel  Singing-Society  ;  member  of 
several  foreign  mus.  societies.  Prolific  com- 
poser .  4  operas,  several  ballets  and  cantatas,  3 
symphonies,  3  quartets,  etc.,  etc. 

Apollo,  the  son  of  Jupiter,  and  the  Greek  god 
of  light ;  hence,  the  god  of  poetry  and  music, 
and  the  fabled  inventor  of  stringed  instr.s.  In 
his  train  were  the  9  Muses  ;  the  Pythian  games, 
celebrated  every  4  years  at  Delphi,  in  which 
musical  contests  were  most  prominent,were  given 
in  his  honor. 

Ap'pel,  Karl,  violinist,  b.  Dessau,  Mar.  14, 
I8T2"/  pupil  of  Linden  and  Schneider;  leader 
of  the  ducal  orchestra  ;  composed  an  opera,  Die 
JRbu&erbraitt  (Dessau,  1840),  and  very  popular 
humorous  male  quartets. 

Appun,  Georg  August  Ignaz,  b.  Hanau 
(Kassel),  Sept  r,  1816  ;  d.  there  Jan.  14,  1885  ; 
a  musician  of  versatile  talent,  a  player  on  almost 
all  mus.  instr.s,  and  up  to  1860  a  teacher  of 
theory,  instr.l  playing,  and  singing  in  Hanau 
and  Frankfort ,  then  occupied  himself  exclusive- 
ly with  acoustical  experiments  and  the  construc- 
tion of  acoustical  apparatus,  notably  an  harmo- 
nium of  53  degrees  within  an  octave. 

Apri'le,  Giuseppe,  one  of  the  finest  contralti 
(music o)  of  his  time  ;  b,  Bjsceglia  (Apulia),  Oct. 


29,  1738  ;  d.  Martina,  1814 ,  a  pupil  of  Avos, 
and  the  teacher  of  Cimarosa.  From  1763  he 
sang  in  the  principal  theatres  of  Italy  and  Ger- 
many, then  settling  in  Naples  as  a  singing- 
master,  as  which  he  was  famous  His  vocal 
method  "  The  Italian  Method  of  Singing,  with 
36  SoIfeggV  first  publ.  by  Broderip  (London), 
has  been  reprinted  m  many  editions  and  several 
languages ,  he  also  wrote  vocal  music,  solfeggi, 
etc. 

Ap'thorp,  William  Foster,  b.  Boston, 
Mass.,  Oct.  24,  1848.  Writer  and  critic.  A 
student  at  Harvard, 
where  he  graduated 
in  1869,  he  st  pf., 
harm.,  and  cpt.  un- 
der J.K.  Paine  from 
1863-7 ;  then  pf. 
under  B.  J.  Lang 
for  7  or  8  years 
longer.  While  in 
Harvard,  he  was 
asst.  -  pianist  and 
cymbalist  in  the  Pi- 
erian Sodality,  and 
cond.  that  society 
1868-9.  Taught  pf. 
and  harm,  at  Bos- 
ton "  National  Coll.  of  Music  "  (1872-3)  ;  then, 
until  1886,  taught  successively  pf.,  harm.,  cpt., 
fugue,  and  general  theory  at  the  N.  E.  Cons.; 
also,  for  some  years,  aesthetics  and  mus.  hist,  in 
the  Coll.  of  Mus.  of  Boston  Univ.  lie  began 
his  career  as  music  critic  on  the  "Atlantic 
Monthly  "  (from  1872-7) ;  was  eng.  as  mus.  critic 
on  the  "  Sunday  Courier"  in  1876,  as  mus.  and 
dram,  critic  on  the  "Traveller"  in  1878;  has 
been  mus.  critic  on  the  "  Evening  Transcript" 
since  iSSi,  and  also  dram  critic  since  1882. 
A.  has  also  given  courses  of  lecturesat  the  Lowell 
Inst.,  Boston,  and  Peabody  Inst.,  Baltimore ;  has 
contributed  many  articles  on  music  and  drama 
to  leading  periodicals  ;  has  edited  the  *'  Program- 
books  "  of  the  Boston  Symph.  Orch.  since  1892  ; 
and  has  publ.  the  following  works:  "Hector 
Berlioz.  Selections  from  his  Letters  and  .  .  . 
Writings,"  with  biogr.  sketch  (N.  Y.,  1879); 
"  Musicians  and  Music-lovers,  and  other  Es- 
says" (N.  Y.,  1894);  "Jacques  Damour,  and 
Other  Stories,"  Englished  from  2ola  (Boston, 
1895);  and  "By  the  Way — About  Music  and 
Musicians "  (Boston,  1899).  Critical  editor  of 
Scribner's  "Cyclopedia  of  Music  and  Musi- 
cians "(N.  Y.,  1888). 

AptonVmas,  John  and  Thomas,  two  broth- 
ers, D.  at  Bridgend,  England,  in  1826  and  1829 
respectively  ;  remarkable  harp-players,  both  liv- 
ing in  London  as  teachers  ;  the  younger  was 
from  1851-6  in  New  York.  Compositions  ele- 
gant, though  hardly  equal  to  Parish- Alvars'; 
have  also  written  a  "  History  of  the  Harp" 
(London,  1859). 

Ara'ja,  Francesco,  opera-composer ;  b. 
Naples,  abt.  1700  ;  dr  Bologna,  abt.  1770.  His 


ARANDA— ARDITI 


first  opera,  Berenice  (Florence,  1730),  made  his 
name  ;  in  1735  he  went  to  St  Petersburg,  and 
wrote  many  successful  operas  in  Italian  and 
Russian,  his  Cephahs  and  Prokns  \Cafalo  e 
Piocri\  being  the  first  opera  \\ntlen  in  the  Rus- 
sian language.  Returned  to  Italy  in  1759.  Also 
wrote  church-music,  and  a  Christmas  oratorio, 
La  Nativitii  di  Gesh 

Aran'da,  Matheo  de,  Portuguese  musician, 
prof,  of  mus  (1544)  at  Coimbra  Umv — Publ 
(1533)  "  Tratado  de  canto  llano  y  contrapuncto  " 

Aran'do,  Del  Sessa  d',  Ital.  comp  of  the 
i6th  cent. ;  publ.  a  vol.  of  4-part  madrigals  (Gar- 
dano :  Venice,  1571). 

Arau'xo  (or  Araujo),  Francisco  CorrSa  de, 
Dominican  monk  and  eminent  Spanish  musician, 
b.  abt.  1581 ,  Bishop  of  Segovia,  where  he  died 
Jan.  13,  1663.  Wrote  the  impprtant  treatise 
"  Libro  de  tientes  y  discursos  de  musica  .  .  . 
intitulado  :  Facultad  organica  .  .  ."  (1626) ; 
two  others,  "  Casos  morales  de  la  musica,"  and 
*c  De  Versos,"  are  in  MS. 

Arban,  Joseph-Jean-Baptiste-Laurent,  b. 
Lyons,  Feb.  28,  1825  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  9,  1889. 
Virtuoso  on  the  cornet ;  teacher  at  Paris  Cons., 
cond.  of  the  music  of  the  Opera  balls,  inventor 
of  several  wind-instr  s.  Publ.  a  Method  f.  Cor- 
net and  Saxhorn  ;  also  many  transcr.s  f.  orch. 

Arbeau,  Thoinot,  pen-name  of  Jean  Ta- 
bourot ;  b.  Dijon,  1519  ;  d.  Langres,  1595  (?). 
In  his  curious  4t  Orchesographie "  (1589,  1596), 
dancing,  and  playing  on  the  drum  and  fife,  are 
taught  catechetically,  aided  by  a  kind  of  tabla- 
ture. 

Art>uckle,  Matthew,  famous  American 
cornet-player  and  bandmaster  ,  b.  (?),  1828;  d. 
New  York,  May  23,  1883  Wrote  "Arbuckle's 
Complete  Cornet  Method  "  (Boston,  no  date). 

ArHmthnot,  John,  British  physician  ;  b.  Ar- 
buthnot,  Scotland,  1667;  d.  London,  Fob.  27, 
1735  ;  app  physician  in  ordinary  to  Queen 
Anne  in  1709.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Scriblerus  Club  (1714),  and  was  friendly  to 
Handel  during  the  composer's  wrangles  with  his 
opera-company;  his  *' Miscellaneous  Works" 
throw  sharp  side-lights  on  various  persons  of  in- 
terest. 

Ar'cadelt,  Jacob  (or  Jachet  Arkadelt, 
Archadet,  Arcadet,  Harcadelt),  distin- 
guished Flemish  composer  and  teacher  ;  b.  abt. 
1514,  maestro  dei  putti  lo  the  Papal  Chapel 
(i539)»  154°  singer  in  the  same,  in  1544  holding 
the  office  of  Camer  lingo  ^  went  in  1555  with  the 
Due  de  Guise  to  Paris,  where  he  is  mentioned  in 
1557  *s  JRegius  mitsicus,  and  where  he  probably 
died  between  1570-75.  His  Roman  period  was 
devoted  to  secular,  his  Paris  period  to  sacred 
composition.  Of  his  numerous  extant  works, 
6  books  of  5-part  madrigals  (Venice,  1538-1556, 
his  finest  and  most  characteristic  comp.s),  and  3 
books  of  masses  in  3-7  parts  (Paris,  1557),  are 
chief  among  those  preserved  iu  print, 


Arca'is,  Francesco,  Marchcse  d',  b.  Ca- 
glian,  Sardinia,  Dec  15,  1830,  d.  Castel  (Jan- 
dolfo,  n.  Rome,  Aug.  15,  1890  A  critical 
writer  and  reviewer  of  markedly  conservative 
tendency,  on  the  staff  of  the  "  Opimone,"  and 
also  a  contributor  to  the  Milanese  "  (lazzetta 
Musicale."  Ilib  ventures  as  a  dramatic  com- 
poser (3  operettas)  were  unfortunate. 

Archadet.     See  AKCADM/I'. 

Archambeau,  Jean-Michel  d',  composer;  b. 
Ilerve,  Belgium,  Mai  3,  1823,  in  1838,  teacher 
of  music  at  Ilerve  College;  1848,  organist  at 
Petit-Rechain. — Works  i  operetta,  2  masses  f. 
3  men's  voices,  12  litanies,  7  motets;  also  several 
Romaiices  san  r  paroles  f .  pf . 

Archer,  Frederick,  organist ;  b.  Oxford, 
Engl.,  June  16,  1838.  Taught  by  his  father; 
also  st  in  London  and  Leipzig.  Organist,  con- 
ductor, and  opera-diiector  in  London  ,  went  to 
New  York  in  1881,  and  became  oij*.  of  Ply- 
mouth church,  Brooklyn,  later  of  Ch.  of  the  In- 
carnation, N.  Y.  In  1885,  founded  the  mus. 
weekly  "  The  Key-note,"  of  which  he  was  the 
editor  ;  1887,  conductor  of  lioslon  Oratorio  Soc. 
From  1895-98,  cond.  of  the  PiUsburg  (Pa.) 
Orchestra;  succeeded  by  Victor  Herbert. — 
Works  •  For  organ^  Adagio  maestoso  ;  Fugue 
in  I")  min.  ;  Grand  Fantasia  m  K  ;  Andantes  in 
I),  F,  and  A ;  Concert-variations  ;  Marchc 
Ixiomphalc  ;  12  pieces.  /'i»r//M  Polka  de  salon  ; 
2  Clavots  (D  and  Kb) ;  3  Impromptus  ;  Can- 
tata, -A7//4'  Hriffaf's  Drinking-horn  ;  songs, 
part-songs,  etc.  Wrote  "  The  Organ,"  theoieti- 
cal  text-book;  and  "The  Collegiate  Organ- 
Tutor." 

Archy'tas,  Greek  mathematician,  disciple  of 
Pythagoras,  lived  at  Tarentum  abt.  400-365  it.  i;. 
His  writings  are  only  fragmentary. 

Ardi'ti,  Luigi,  b.  Crcscenlino,  Piedmont, 
July  1 6  [aec.  lo  his  autobiography],  1822  ;  pupil 
of  Milan  Cons.  Hegan  his  career  as  a  violinist ; 
became  director  of  opera,  and  honorary  member 
of  the  Accademia  Filornumiea  at  Vereelli  in 
1843,  goinj;  thence  to  Milan,  Turin,  anil  Havana 
as  an  opera-conductor,  a  position  in  which  he 
excels.  In  1847,  '48,  '50,  etc.,  he  visited  New 
York  with  the  Havana  opera-coin pany ;  con- 
ducted the  performance  at  the  opening  of  the 
N.  Y.  Acad.  of  Music  in  1854,  Finally  left 
America  in  1856,  going  to  Constantinople,  and 
thence  to  London,  where  he  settled  in  1858, 
as  conductor  of  Her  M.'s  Theatre,  and  resides 
there  as  a  well-liked  teacher  ami  composer, 
lie  also  led  a  campaign  of  I  till  inn  opera  in  Ger- 
many, at  St.  Petersburg  (1871  and  73),  and  (for 
some  years)  annually  at  Vienna,  from  \  870.  I  (is 
operas  (I  J)ri$<Mli)  II  Corstm*,  La  S/>w)  bave 
had  fair  success  ;  but  his  best  and  most  popular 
comp.s  are  his  numerous  songs,  especially  the 
vocal  waltzes  (//  /tof/r>,  //*•//•<//'//,  />  T&rtortllt* 
etc.)  Wrote  "  My  Reminiscences"  (London, 
1896). 


ARDITI— ARMBRUST 


Ardi'ti,  Michele,  Mavchese ;  b  Presicca, 
Naples,  Sept.  29,  1745  !  d.  Naples,  Apr.  23, 
1838  Archaeologist  and  amateur  composer, 
pupil  of  Jommelli ,  wrote  I  opera,  Qhmpiade  ; 
also  sacred  and  secular  cantatas,  motets,  sym- 
phonies,  overtures,  arias  w.  orch. ,  pf  -sonatas, 
etc. 

A'rens,  Franz  Xavier,  b.  near  the  Mosel, 
Germany,  Oct.  28,  1856.  Came  to  America  in 
early  youth  ;  pupil  of  his  father  and  Singen- 
berger  of  Milwaukee ;  also  st.  in  Germany 
w.  Kheinberger,  Wullner,  Abel,  Janssen,  and 
Kirchner ;  conductor  of  Cleveland  ' '  Gesang- 
verein "  and  Philh.  Orch.  (till  1887) ;  also  or- 
ganist.— Works  :  The  Troubadour •,  secular  can- 
tata ;  "  Salve  regina,"  f.  mixed  ch.;  Symphonic 
Fantasia,  f,  orch.  ;  string-quartet  in  A  min.; 
Prelude  and  Fugue  f .  org. ;  etc. 

Aren'sky,  Anton  Stepanovitch,  Russian 
comp.  and  pianist ;  b.  Novgorod,  July  30,  1862. 
From  1879-82,  pupil  of  Johanssen  and  Rimsky- 
Korsakov  at  St.  Petersburg  Cons.;  in  1882  he 
was  app.  prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  the  Imp, 
Cons.,  Moscow,  and  in  1895  succeeded  Bala- 
kirev  as  conductor  of  the  Imp.  Court  Choir. — 
Works  :  Op  1,6  pf.-pcs.  in  canon -form  ;  op.  2, 
pf. -concerto  w.  orch.  ;  on.  4,  Symphony  No.  i, 
f.  orch.  ;  op.  5,  Six  pieces  p.  piano  ;  op.  8, 
Scherzo  f.  pf.  ;  op.  n,  Strmg-quartet,  G  maj.  ; 
op  12,  two  pcs.  f.  'cello  and  pf  ;  op.  13,  inter- 
mezzo f.  orch.  ;  op.  15,  Suite  f.  orch.  (Romance, 
Valse,  Polonaise)  ;  op.  19,  Three  pf.-pcs.  ;  op. 
20,  Bigarrures  f.  pf.;  op.  23,  "Silhouettes," 
Suite  f.  orch.  ;  op.  24,  Trois  Esquisses  f.  pf. 
(A,  A  (7,  F  min.)  ;  op.  25,  four  pf.-pcs. ;  op. 
28,  6  "  Essais  sur  des  rythmes  oublies,"  f.  pf. 
4  hands  ;  op.  30,  4  pcs.  f.  vln.  and  pf.  ;  op.  32, 
pf.-trio  ("  Davidoff  ") ;  op.  33,  Third  Suite  f. 
orch.  ;  op.  34,  6  small  pcs.  f.  pf.  4  hands. ;  op. 
35,  String-quartet  (vln.,  via.,  2 'celh) ;  op,  36, 
24  pf.-pcs.  ;  op.  37,  JRafaello,  i-act  opera  (St. 
Petersburg,  1 895  ?).  Also  a  Fourth  Suite  f .  orch. 

Argine,  dalT.    See  DALL'  ARGINE. 

A'ria,  Cesare,  b.  Bologna,  Sept.  21,  1820 ; 
d.  there  Jan.  30, 1894,  St.  piano  and  theory  with 
Gius.  Pilotti ;  later  in  Bol.  Cons,  under  P.  Mattei. 
A  favorite  of  Rossini.  Lived  for  some  years 
in  France  and  England  as  teacher  of  singing, 
pf.,  and  comp.;  1840,  music-director  of  the  Te- 
atro  Comunale,  Bologna  ;  1850,  President  of  the 
Accad.  Filarmonica.  Comp.  fine  churchmusic 
(a  Dies  irae  is  particularly  noteworthy). 

Ari^bo  Scholas'ticus,  probably  a  native  of 
the  Low  Countries  ;  d.  about  1078.  Wrote  a 
valuable  treatise,  "  Musica  "  [printed  in  Gerbert's 
"  Scriptores,"  vol.  ii],  containing  a  commentary 
on  Guido  d'Arezzo's  writings. 

Arien'zo,  Nicola  de,  dramatic  comp.;  b. 
Naples,  Dec.  24,  1843  (or '42);  pupil  of  Labriola 
(pf.),  Fioravanti  and  Moretti  (cpt.),  and  Merca- 
dante  (comp  ).  First  operas  (in  Neapol.  dialect), 
Mcni&  Gnazie  o  La  Fidanxata  del  Pamuchiere 


(Naples,  1860),  and  I  due  Manti (Naples,  1866), 
were  &ucc  ,  others  are  Le  /iW'(iS6S),  //  Caccia- 
tore  ddle  Alfr  (1870),  //  Cuo<.o  (1873),  /  !'*<*££? 
(Milan,  1875),  La  Figha  del  Diavolo  (Naples, 
1879  ;  severely  criticised  for  a  straining  after 
realistic  and  original  effect),  /  tre  Coscritti  (Na- 
ples, 1880),  La  Fiera  (1887),  Rita  dt  Lister 
(MS.),  etc.  Also  wrote  an  oratorio,  //  Cristo 
sulla  croce^  a  Pensiero  sinfonuo^  overtures,  some 
vocal  music  (4  Nocturnes)  and  pf.-pcs. ;  and  a 
manual,  "  L'invenzione  del  sistema  tetracordo  e 
la  moderna  musica"  (1879),  favoring  pure  into- 
nation instead  of  equal  temperament,  and  dis- 
criminating a  3rd  mode  (of  the  Minor  Second) 
besides  the  usually  accepted  Major  and  Minor 
modes. 

Ari/on,  famed  Greek  singer  (7th  century 
B.C.),  a  poet,  and  player  on  the  cithara  He  was 
a  native  of  Lesbos,  and  lived  for  many  years  at 
the  court  of  Periander,  Tyrant  of  Connth. 

Arios^i,  Attilio,  b.  Bologna,  1660 ;  d.  there 
abt.  1740 ;  composer  of  15  operas,  the  first  of 
which,  Dafne,  was  given  at  Venice  (1686) ;  in 
1698,  court  Xapdlm*  at  Berlin,  and  for  a  short 
time  the  teacher  of  Handel ;  in  1716  in  London, 
as  a  rival  of  Buononcini,  both  being  for  a  while 
competitors  with  Handel  for  public  favor,  and 
both  defeated  by  his  genius  ;  in  1720  these  three 
composed  the  opera  Muzio  Scevofa  in  company, 
each  taking  one  act  In  1727  Ariosti  returned  to 
Italy,  and  died  in  obscurity.  He  also  wrote  an 
oratorio,  a  volume  of  cantatas,  and  some  lessons 
for  the  viola  d'amore,  on  which  he  was  an  accom- 
plished performer. 

Aristi'des  Qutntilia'nus,  a  Greek  writer  on 
music  abt  A.D.  160 ;  a  teacher  of  music  at 
Smyrna,  and  celebrated  from  his  work  "  On  Mu- 
sic "  [printed  in  Meibom's  "  Antiquae  Musicae 
Auctores  Septem  "  (1652)]. 

Aristo'teles  (Aristotle),  (i),  b-  Stagyra 
(Macedonia),  384  B.C.;  d.  322  B.C.;  a  Greek  phi- 
losopher, pupil  of  Pkto.  The  igth  section  of  his 
il  Problems"  affords  valuable  information  con- 
cerning the  Greek  system  of  music ;  further  re- 
marks are  found  in  Book  viii  of  the  "  Politics," 
and  in  the  1 4  Poetica. " — (2)  Pseudonym  of  a  writer 
on  mensurable  music  of  the  I2th-i3th  centuries. 

Aristox'enos,  b.  Tarentum,  abt  354  B.C.; 
one  of  the  earliest  Greek  writers  on  music.  His 
"Harmonic  Elements"  (complete)  and  "  Rhyth- 
mical Elements  "  (fragmentary)  are  the  most  im- 
portant treatises  on  Greek  music  that  are  left  us, 
excepting  certain  essays  by  Plato  and  Aristotle. 
Publ.  (1868)  by  P.  Marquand,  text  German  and 
Greek,  with  commentaries.  Also  cf.  Oscar  Paul, 
"  Boethius  u.  die  griechische  Harmonik,"  and 
"Absol.  Harm,  der  Griechen." 

ArnVbrust,  Karl  F.,  fine  organist;  b.  Ham- 
burg, March  20,  1849 ;  d.  Hanover,  July  22, 
1896.  St.  Stuttgart  Cons.  (Faisst);  1869,  org. 
of  St.  Peter's  ch.,  Hamburg.  Teacher  of  org. 


ARMIJRUSTER— ARNOLD 


and  pf.  at  II.  Cons.    Musical  critic  (II.  "  Frem- 
denblatt "). 

Arm'bruster,  Karl,  b.  Andernach-on-Rhinc, 
July  13,  1846  ;  pmpil  of  Ilompesch  at  Cologne. 
Precocious  pianist ;  settled  in  London,  1863. 
An  influential  admirer  of  Wagner,  he  has  done 
much  to  spread  the  Wagner  cult  in  England ; 
was  Hans  Richter's  asst.-cond.  at  the  Wagner 
Concerts  of  1882-4 ;  then  cond.  at  the  Royal 
Court  Th  ,  later  at  the  Haymarket ,  cond.  Tris- 
tan itnd  hohlf  in  1892  at  Covent  Garden,  and  is 
now  conductor  at  Drury  Lane. 

Armingaud,  Jules,  b.  Bayonne,  May  3, 
1820  ;  one  of  the  best  violinists  in  Paris,  who 
was  refused  admission  to  the  Cons  when  19  be- 
cause he  was  "  too  far  advanced";  orchestra- 
player  at  the  Grand  Opera,  and  leader  of  a  famous 
stnng-quartet  recently  enlarged  by  adding  some 
wind-instr  s,  and  now  called  the  SodtWclassique. 
lie  is  the  reputed  introducer  of  Ueethoven's 
quartets  into  Parisian  mus.  circles  ;  has  publ. 
some  violin-pcs. 

Arnaud,  AbbtJ  Francois,  theoretical  writer  ; 
b.  Aubignan,  n.  Carpentras,  July  27,  1721 ;  d. 
Paris,  Dec.  2,  1784  ;  wrote  many  essays  on  mis- 
cellaneous mus.  subjects  (Collected  Writings, 
Paris,  1808,  3  vol.s).  In  the  "  Memoires  pour 
servir  a  1'histoire  tie  la  revolution  operee  dans  la 
musique  par  M.  le  Chevalier  Gluck,"  he  warmly 
espouses  the  great  reformer's  principles. 

Arnaud,  Jean-fitienne-Guillaume,  b.  Mar- 
seilles, Mar.  16,  1807;  d.  there  Jan.,  1863. 
Composer  of  some  200  songs  (u  romances "), 
many  of  which  have  won  great  favor. 

Ame,  Thomas  Augustine,  one  of  the  fore- 
most of  English  composers  ;  b.  London,  March 
12,  1710  ;  d.  there  March  5,  1778.  By  dint  of 
stolen  nightly  practice  he  became  a  fine  player 
on  the  spinet  and  violin,  in  despite  of  his  father's 
wishes  that  he  should  study  law  ;  the  latter  finally 
yielded  to  the  inevitable,  and  Arne,  free  to  pur- 
sue his  mus.  work,  set  to  music  various  texts — 
Addison's  Rosamond  and  Field's  Tragedy  of 
Tragedies  (1733)  '»  a  masque,  Ditto  and  sRneas 
(1734) ;  and  Zara  (1736).  In  1736  he  married 
Cecilia  Young,  a  fine  singer  and  a  prime  favor- 
ite of  Handel's.  In  1738,  as  composer  to  the 
Drury  Lane  Th.,  he  set  Dalton's  adaptation  of 
COMUS  to  music,  a  composition  which  firmly 
established  his  reputation.  The  music  to  the 
masque  of  .<4//m/(i74o)  contains,  among  other 
fine  songs,  the  celebrated  "  Rule  Britannia." 
While  residing  in  Dublin  (1742-4)  he  brought 
out  2  new  operas,  Britannia  and  Eliza,  and  the 
mus.  farce  Thomas  and  Sally.  He  became 
comp.  to  Vauxhall  Gardens,  London,  in  1745. 
Further  dramatic  works  were,  Congreve's 
masque,  The  Judgment  of  Paris  (1740),  Colin 
and  JP 'hvbe  (1745),  Artaxerxes  (1762),  Olympiad 
(1765),  and  the  music  to  Mason's  Caractacus 
(1776) ;  also  settings  for  songs  in  As  you  Like 
it,  and  "  Where  the  Bee  Sucks"  in  The  Tein- 


put  ;  etc.  His  2  oratorios  are  Afiel  (i*j$$),  and 
fndith  (1764)  Di.  A.  was  the  iirst  to  introduce 
"fem«ile  voices  into  oratono-choiuscs  (Judith) 
Besides  the  above,  he  composed  numerous  minor 
texts,  and  wrote  orch.  overtuies,  vln.  -sonatas, 
organ-muisic,  haipsich.  -sonatas,  many  songs, 
glees,  catches,  canons,  and  the  like.  With  the 
exception  of  2  years  in  Dublin,  A.  lived  con- 
tinuously in  London  as  a  composer  and  concert- 
giver  ;  he  was  created  Mus.  Doc  (Oxon  )  in  1759. 

Arne,  Michael,  natuial  son  of  Dr.  Arnc,  b. 
London,  1741  ;  d.  there  Jan.  14,  1786  [not 
1806]  ,  a  clever  dramatic  composer  (9  operas, 
the  best  being  Cynwn,  1767)  ,  writer  of  a  num- 
ber of  songs,  and  a  skilful  player  on  the  harpsi- 
chord. In  1779,  music-director  sit  Dublin  The- 
atre ,  from  I784on\\ard  he  conducted  5,0  me  of 
the  Lenten  oratorios  at  London  theatres.  A 
curious  episode  in  his  career  was  his  search  for 
the  philosopher's  stone  (abt.  1768),  during  which 
he  neglected  Ins  profession  and  ruined  himself 
pecuniarily. 

Arne'iro,  Jose*  Augusto  Ferreira  Veiga, 

Viscount  d',  distinguished  1'oituguesc  composer, 
b.  Macao,  China,  Nov.  22,  1838  ;  pupil  (1859) 
of  Botelho  (harm.),  Schim  (cpt.  and  fugucO,  and 
Scares  (pf,).  at  Lisbon.  lias  written  the  ballet 
Gum  (i860)  ;  3  operas,  KJllisir*  di  ffitwitfeasa 
and  La  Dewlitta  (1885)  ;  and  a  7\'  A1/////  (his 
chief  work),  performed  Lisbon,  1871,  and  later 
in  Paris  under  the  modern  and  much-aflected 
title  of  S 


Arnold,  Georg,  Tyrolese  church-comp.  of 
the  I7lh  cent.;  b.  Weldsberjj  ;  organist  nt  Inns- 
bruck, later  to  the  Ilishop  of  liamberj*.  —  I'ulil. 
works  (1652-76)  :  Motets,  psalms,  and  2  books 
of  masses  in  9  parts. 

Arnold,  Samuel,  b.  London,  Aug.  10,  1740  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  22,  1802  ;  educated  by  dates  nncl 
Nares  as  a  chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  he 
early  showed  a  gift  for  composition,  and  in  1763 
was  commissioned  to  write  an  opera  for  Covent 
Gaiden  —  The  Maid  of  the  ^////—successfully 
produced  in  1765.  This  was  followed,  up  to 
1802,  by  42  stage-pieces  (operas,  mus.  after- 
pieces, and  pantomimes),  II  is  first  oratorio, 
The  Cure  of  Sattl,  came  out  in  1767  ;  A^imflfih^ 
The  Resurrection,  T/igJ*rtn/(gaifto/tt  ami  Klijnh^ 
followed  in  the  order  given.  lie  took  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  (Oxon.)  in  1773,  ami  in  1783  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Narcs  as  organist  ami  composer  to 
the  Chapel  Royal,  for  which  he  composed  sev- 
eral services  and  anthems.  In  1789  he  was 
app.  conductor  of  the  Acail.  of  Ancient  Music  ; 
in  1793,  organist  of  Westminster  Abbey.  IHs 
edition  of  Handel's  works,  begun  in  1786,  em- 
braces 36  vol.s,  but  is  incomplete  And  not  free 
from  errors.  His  principal  work,  '*  Cathedral 
Music"  (1790,  4  vol.s),  is  a  collection  in  score  of 
the  finest  cathedral  services  by  English  masters 
of  2  centuries,  forming  a  sequel  to  Noyce's  work 
of  like  name  ;  republ.  by  Rimbault  (1847). 


22 


ARNOLD— ARTCHIBOUSHEFF 


Arnold,  Jo  harm  Gottfried,  'cello-player  and 
composer  ;  b.  Niedernhall,  n.  Oehrmgen,  Feb. 
15,  1773  :  d.  Frankfort,  July  26,  1806  Pupil 
of  Romberg  and  Willmann  ;  after  concert-tours 
in  Germany  and  Switzerland,  he  was  app.  1st 
'cellist  at  Frankfort  Th. — Works  .  Symphome 
concertante  f.  2  flutes  w.  orch. ;  5  'cello-con- 
certos ;  6  sets  of  var.s  f.  'cello  (op.  9) ;  pcs.  f. 
guitar ,  etc. 

Arnold,  Ignaz  Ernst  Ferdinand,  a  lawyer 
in  Erfurt,  where  he  was  b  Apr.  4,  1774,  and  d. 
Oct  13, 1812.  Wrote  (1803,  etc*)  biogr.  sketches 
of  Mozart,  Haydn,  Cherubim,  Cimarosa,  Paisi- 
ello,  Dittersdorf,  Zumsteeg,  Winter,  and  Him- 
mel  (republ.  1816,  as  "  Galene  der  beruhmtes- 
ten  Tonkunstler  des  18  u.  19.  Jahrhunderts  "). 
Also  wrote  lc  Derangehende  Musikdirektor  oder 
die  Kunst,  ein  Orchester  zu  bilden  "  (1806). 

Arnold,  Karl  (Sr.),  b.  Neukirchen,  n.  Mer- 
gentheim,  Wurttemberg,  May  6,  1794  ;  d  Chris- 
tiama,  Nov.  n,  1873.  Pupil  of  A.  Schmitt,  J. 
A.  Andre,  and  Karl  Vollweiler,  at  Frankfort ; 
fine  pianist ;  lived  successively  at  St  Peters- 
burg (1819),  Berlin  (1824),  Munster  (1835),  and 
Christiania  (1849),  where  he  conducted  the 
Philh.  Soc.,  and  was  org.  of  the  principal 
church. — Works:  An  opera,  Irene (Berlin,  1832), 
pf. -sextet,  and  sonatas,  variations,  fantasias, 
etc. ,  for  pf . 

Arnold,  Karl  (Jr.),  b.  St.  Petersburg,  1820. 
A  pupil  of  Bohrer ;  was  a  'cellist  in  the  royal 
orch.  at  Stockholm. 

Arnold,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Sontheim, 
n.  Heilbronn,  Mar.  10,  1810 ;  d  Feb  13,  1864, 
at  Elberfeld,  where  he  was  a  music-seller. 
Publ.  10  series  of  folksKeder^  and  the  '*  Loch- 
eimer  Liederbuch,"  K.  Paunmnn's  "  Ars  or- 
gamsandi,"  arrangements  of  Beethoven's  sym- 
phonies f.  pf.  and  vln.,  numerous  original  pf.- 
pcs.  ;  and  wrote  an  ll  Allgemeine  Musiklehre, 
als  Einleitung  ?.u  jederSchule." 

Arnold,  Yourij  von,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Nov. 
r,  i8ri  ;  d.  Simferopol,  Knmea,  July  19,  1898  ; 
a  student  and  soldier,  who  in  1838  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  music,  giving  lectures  and  com- 
posing 2  Russian  operas,  The  Gypsy  (1853) 
and  Swdtlana  (1854,  won  a  prize) ;  also  over- 
tures, part-songs,  songs,  etc.  Lived  1863-8  in 
Leipzig,  as  editor  of  a  paper  ;  since  1870,  prof. 
of  singing  at  Moscow  Cons.  Wrote  **  Die  alten 
Kirchenraodi  historisch  u.  akustisch  entwickelt " 
(1878). 

Ar'noldson,  Sigrid,  dramatic  soprano,  b. 
Stockholm,  Sweden,  abt.  1865 ;  daughter  of 
Oscar  A.,  the  celebrated  tenor  (b.  i843[?],  d. 
Stockholm,  1881).  Pupil  of  Maurice  Strakosch. 
De*but  1886,  at  Moscow ;  then  sang  osfrima 
donna  in  St.  Petersburg  and  in  London  (Drury 
Lane)  with  brilliant  success  ;  1887,  in  Amster- 
dam and  The  Hague,  then  in  Paris  (Ope'ra- 
Comique),  Nice,  and  Home  ;  1888,  eng\  at  Co- 
vent  Garden,  London,  as  successor  of  the  Patti. 


In  1889  she  excited  indescribable  enthusiasm  in 
Moscow  and  Zurich.  In  May,  1898,  she  was 
at  the  Royal  Opera  in  Pesth  ,  in  Oct.  she  sang 
in  Amsterdam  at  the  Dutch  Opera  \v  ith  marked 
success. — Chief  roles,  Rosine,  Dmorah,  Son- 
nambula,  Mignon,  Cherubm,  Zerhna,  Traviata. 

Ar'nulf  von  St.  Gtllen,  of  the  15th  century; 
wrote  u  Tractatulus  de  differentiis  et  genenbus 
cantorum,"  printed  in  Gerbert's  "Scnptores," 
vol  iii. 

Arquier,  Joseph,  b.  Toulon,  1763 ;  d.  Bor- 
deaux, Oct ,  1816.  Studied  in  Marseilles  ; 
1784,  'cellist  in  Lyons  Th.  orch.  ;  '89,  m  Mar- 
seilles, 'oo  in  Paris.  About  1800,  he  went  to 
New  Orleans  as  director  of  an  opera-troupe, 
but  failed,  and  returned  to  France  in  1804,  hold- 
ing various  positions  in  Paris,  Toulouse,  Mar- 
seilles, and  Perpignan  ;  he  died  in  poverty. 
— Works  :  16  operas,  mostly  comic. 

Arria'ga  y  Balzola,  Juan  Crisostomo  Ja- 
cobo  Antonio  d',  b.  Bilbao,  Jan.  27,  1806  ;  d. 
Feb.,  1825.  Pupil  of  Fetis  at  Paris  Cons. 
(1821) ;  in  1824,  r/f/titeitr  there  for  harmony 
and  cpt. — Publ  works  :  3  string-quartets. 

Arrie'ta,  Don  Juan  Emilio,  b.  Puenta  la 
Reina  (Spain),  Oct.  21,  1823  ;  d.  Madrid,  Feb. 
12,  1894.  St.  under  Vaccai  at  Milan  Cons. 
(1842-5);  returned  to  Spain,  1848;  in  1857,  app. 
prof,  pf  comp.  at  Madrid  Cons.  ;  1885,  Coun- 
cillor in  Ministry  of  Instruction  ;  1877,  Director 
of  Madrid  Cons.  Dramatic  composer :  Opera 
Ildegonda  (Milan  Cons  Th.,  1845),  followed 
by  about  50  zarzueias  and  operas,  the  most  am- 
bitious being  Isabel  la  Catdlica  d  ±ea  la  conquista 
de  Granada  (Madrid,  1850)  Chief  success  as 
.writer  of  zarzueias,  the  Spanish  comic  operas. 

Arri'go  Tedesco  (Henry  the  German),  pseu- 
donym of  HEINRICH  ISAAC,  in  Italy. 

Arrigo'ni,  Carlo,  b.  Florence,  abt.  1705  ;  d. 
Tuscany  (?),  abt.  1743.  Renowned  lutenist,  and 
maestro  di  c.  to  the  Prince  of  Perpignan.  He 
was  invited  to  London,  in  1732,  to  strengthen 
the  clique  opposed  to  Handel ;  but  made  no 
impression.  Is  said  to  have  brought  out  an  un- 
successful opera,  Fernando ;  produced  an  ora- 
torio, Esther  (Vienna,  1738);  publ.  **  Cantate 
di  camera  "  (London,  1732). 

Arronge,  Adolf  T,  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  8, 
1838.  Pupil  of  R.  Ge'nee,  and  afterwards  of 
Leipzig  Cons.  Since  1874,  theatre-manager  at 
Breslau. — Works :  Comic  operas  (Das  Gespenst; 
Der  sweite Jakob •,  etc.),  *'Singspiele,"  musical 
farces  (fifein  Leopold}\  songs,  etc. 

Artarr'a,  music-pubL  house  in  Vienna.,  estab- 
lished by  Carlo  A,  m  1780. 

Artchi'bousheff,  Nicholas  Vassilievitch, 
b.  Tsarskoje-Sielo,  Russia,  Mar.  7,  1858.  Law- 
student  (till  1879)  t  advocate  ,  pianist.  St  har- 
mony, etc.,  with  Solqyiev  and  R.-Korsakov. 
Has  made  many  transcriptions  f.  pf.  ;  has  also 
written  a  polka  f.  orch.,  2  pf. -mazurkas,  and 
several  vocal  romances. 


ARTEAGA— ASIIDOWN 


Artea'ga,  Stefano,  Spanish  Jesuit,  b  Mad- 
rid(?),  1730  (?);  d.  Pans,  Oct.  30,  1799.  Inti- 
mate with  the  celebrated  Padre  Martini  at  Do- 
logna  ;  author  of  the  valuable  treatise  "  Le 
nvoluzioni  del  teatro  musicale  italiano  dalla  sua 
origine  sino  al  presente "  (Bologna,  1783,  2 
vol.s  ;  thoroughly  revised  ed  ,  Venice,  1785,  3 
vol  s). 

Arthur,  Alfred,  b.  n.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Oct.  8, 
1844.  Pupil,  in  the  Music  School,  Boston,  of 
B.  F.  Baker,  G.  Howard,  Arbuckle,  and  Bowen  ; 
at  the  Boston  Cons.,  of  Eichberg  (harm,  and 
comp.).  From  1869-71,  tenor  in  Ch  of  the 
Advent,  Boston ;  then  settled  in  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  where  since  1878  he  has  been  choirmas- 
ter of  the  Woodland  Av.  Presb.  Ch.  ("Bach 
Choir"),  and  cond.  since  1873  of  the  Vocal  So- 
ciety ;  is  also  Dir.  of  the  Cleveland  School  of 
Music. — Works  3  operas,  The  Water-earner 
(MS.,  1876);  The  Roundheads  and  Cavaliers 
(MS.,  1878);  and  Adaline  (MS.,  1879);  church- 
music,  pf  -pcs  ,  songs,  etc.  ;  "  Progressive  Vocal 
Studies  "  (1887)  J  "  Album  of  Vocal  Studies" 
(1888) ;  etc. 

Art<Jt,  Maurice  Montagney,  ancestor  of  a 
line  of  celebrated  musicians,  Montagney  being 
the  true  family-name.  He  was  born  at  Gray 
(Haute-Saone),  Feb.  3,  1772 ,  died  Brussels, 
Jan.  8,  1829.  Bandmaster  in  a  French  regt.; 
then  ist  horn-player  in  Th.  de  la  Monnaie, 
Brussels,  and  conductor  at  the  Convent  of  the 
Beguines.  Also  taught  singing,  and  played  the 
guitar  and  violin  well. 

Art6t,  Jean-Desire*  Montagney,  son  of 
Maurice ,  b.  Paris,  Sept.  23,  1803  ;  d.  St.  Josse 
ten  Noode,  Mar.  25,  1887  ;  taught  by  his  father, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  the  theatre  ;  1843,  prof, 
of  horn  in  the  Brussels  Cons. ;  1849,  rst  horn 
in  the  private  orch.  of  King  Leopold  I. — Publ. 
fantasias  and  e'tudes  f  horn,  and  quartets  f.  4 
valve-horns  or  cornets  it  ftstons. 

Artot,  Alexandre- Joseph  Montagney,  son 

of  Maurice ;  b.  Brussels,  Jan.  25,  1815  ;  d. 
Ville-d'Avray,  July  20,  1845.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  and  Snel  of  Brussels  ;  1824-31,  of  R. 
and  A.  Kreutzer  at  Paris  Cons.  Eminent  vio- 
linist ;  extended  concert-tours  through  England, 
the  Continent,  and  the  United  States  (1843). — 
Works  •  Violin-concerto  in  A  min. ;  fantaisies 
for  vln.  and  pf.  (op.  4,  5,  8,  11,  16,  19);  airs 
vane's  f.  vln.  and  orch  (or  pf.)  (op.  I,  2,  17); 
Rondeaus  f.  do.  do.  (op.  9,  15);  serenades, 
romances,  etc.;  also  (MS.)  a  pf.-quintet,  string- 
quartets,  etc. 

Artdt,  Marguerite  -  Jos6phine  -  D£siree 
Montagney,  daughter  of  Jean-Desire,  b.  Paris, 
July  21,  1835  ;  renowned  dramatic  soprano, 
pupil  of  Mme.  Viardot-Garcia  (1855-7);  de'but 
at  Brussels,  1857,  in  concerts  ;  eng.  at  Grand 
Opera,  Paris,  in  1858,  but  soon  left  this  position 
for  starring-tours  in  France,  Belgium,  and  Hol- 
land ;  studied  for  a  time  in  Italy,  and  sang  for 
several  years  in  Germany,  where  her  fame 


reached  its  height.  In  St  Petersburg,  1866,  then 
to  London,  Copenhagen,  etc  Married,  in 
1869,  the  Spanish  baritone  Padilla. 

Artschibuschew.    See 


Artu'si,  Giovanni  Maria,  contrapuntist,  b. 
Bologna,  abt.  1550;  d  Aug.  18,  1613.  Was 
canon  in  ordinary  at  the  ch  of  San  Salvatore. 
A  musician  of  the  old  school,  his  writings  and 
compositions  are  very  consei  vative.  lie  wrote 
"L'Arte  del  contrappunto  ndotto  in  tavole" 
(Part  I,  1586;  P.  II,  1589;  a  2nd  ed.  at 
Venice,  1598,  in  I  vol.);  also  "  I/Artusi,  ovvero 
delle  imperfettioni  della  modcrna  musica" 
(Venice,  1586,  2nd  eel  ,1600),  "Consideration! 
musicah"  (Venice,  1607);  and  "  Impresa  del  R. 
P.  Gioseffo  Zarlmo"  (Mogna,  1604).  Com- 
posed a  set  of  4-p.  Canzonette  (i5<>S),  an  8-p. 
Cantate  Domino  f.  2  choirs,  and  other  sacred 
music. 

Asantchev'ski  (Asantschewski,  Assant- 
chevski),  Michael  Pavlovitch,  b.  Moscow, 
1838  ,  d.  there  Jan.  12/24,  1881.  Pupil  of 
Hauptmann  and  Richter  at  Leipzig  Cons  m 
1861-2  ;  lived  in  Paris,  1866-70,  where  he 
bought  the  library  of  Anders,  and,  adding  to  it 
his  own,  presented  them  to  the  St.  Petersburg 
Cons  ,  which  thus  possesses  one  of  the  iinest 
mus.  libraries  in  the  world.  I'Yom  1870-6, 
Director  of  the  Cons.,  succeeding  Zaremba  , 
later  he  devoted  himself  to  comp.  —  Works 
sonata  f  pf.  and  'collo,  op.  2,  in  l>  mm.;  pf.-lrio 
in  F  sharp  min  ,  op.  to  ;  Kest-  Polonaise  f.  2 
pfs.,  op.  12  ;  minor  pf.-pcs.,  overtures  f. 
orch  ,  etc. 

Asch'enbrenner,  Christian  Heinrich,    b,» 

Altstettin,  Dec.  29,  1654;  d.  Jena,  Doc.  13, 
1732.  An  able  violinist  ;  leader  at  7eh/ 
(1677-81)  and  Merseburji  (i683-qo);  Music- 
Director  to  the  Duke  of  S.-Zeitx  (1695-1713), 
and  JCapellw.  to  the  Duke  of  S.-Meisebiuj» 
(1713-19)  ;  then  retired  on  pension  to  Jena. 
Only  extant  works  :  u  (Jast-  u.  Iloeh/eilsiretule, 
bcstehend  in  Sonaten,  Praiudien,  Allemanden, 
Couranten,  Halletten,  Alien,  Sarabanden  mil  3, 
4  u.  5  Stimmen,  nebst  tlem  basso  continuo" 


Asch'er,  Joseph,  b.  (Ironinj>en,  Holland, 
June  4,  1829;  d.  London,  June  4,  1869  [these 
dates  are  correct].  Pianist  and  composer, 
pupil  of  Moscheles  in  London  and  Leipzig 
(1846)  "Went  to  Paris  in  1840,  and  subse- 
quently became  court  pianist  to  the  Kmpress 
Eugenie.  Composed  much  popular  salon-music 
(over  loo  nocturnes,  mazurkas,  galops,  etudes, 
transcriptions);  favorites  are  the  2  mazurkas 
"La  Perle  duNord"  and  "  Dozia,"  and  an 
e'tude,  "  Les  gouttes  d'eau,"  besides  the  song 
"  Alice,  where  art  Ihou?" 

Ashdown,  Edwin,  London  music-publisher, 
successor  (1884)  of  Ashdown  &  I  'airy,  who 
were  the  successors  (1860)  of  Wessel  &  Co. 


24 


ASHTON— ATTWOOD 


Ashton,  Algernon  Bennet  Langton, 
talented  pianist  and  composer ;  b.  Durham, 
Enjrl  ,  Dec.  y,  :8sy  Pupil  of  Leipzig:  Cons. 
(Coccius,  I'appent/,  Jadassohn,  Keinecke), 
1875-79;  and  of  Raff  at  Frankfort,  1886,  for 
comp.;  since  then  in  London.  App.  pf.-teacher 
at  R.  C.  M.  m  1885.— Works  Choral  and 
orchestral  music  ;  a  pf. -concerto  ,  suite  f.  2  pfs  ; 
Sonata,  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  op.  86,  C  min. ,  pf  -trio, 
op  88  ;  pcs.  f  org.;  pf.-music  ,  violin-concerto; 
3  overtures  ,  op.  36,  4  Idyls  f.  pf.;  op  47,  3 
Gavots  f  pf.;  op.  67,  "Roses  and  Thorns"  f. 
pf  ,  op.  69,  3  Fantasias  f.  pf. ;  Spanish,  Engl., 
Scotch,  and  Irish  dances ;  many  other  solo 
pf  -pcs.,  some  chamber-music,  many  part-songs  ; 
over  125  songs  ,  etc. 

Asio'li,  Bonifazio,  b  Correggio,  Aug.  30, 
1769;  d  there  May  18,  1832.  A  prolific  com- 
poser of  wonderful  precocity,  and  a  pupil  of  L. 
Crotti,  at  the  age  of  8  he  had  written  3  masses 
and  20  other  sacred  works,  a  harpsichord-con- 
certo and  a  vln. -concerto,  both  w.  orch.,  and  2 
harp-sonatas  f.  4  hands.  St.  at  Parma  1780-2, 
under  Morigi ;  then  visited  Bologna  and  Venice, 
where  he  was  much  applauded  at  private  con- 
certs as  a  cembalist,  improviser,  and  composer. 
Returning  to  Correggio,  his  first  opera  buffa, 
La  Volitbile  (1785),  was  successfully  produced ; 
1786,  m.  di  c  at  C  ;  1787,  attached  to  the  Mar- 
quis Gherardini  as  imwstro,  going  with  him  (1796) 
to  Turin  and  (1799)  to  Milan,  where  his  opera 
Cinna  had  been  favorably  received  in  1793. 
From  1808-14  he  was  1st  prof,  of  cpt  ,  and  In- 
spector, at  the  newly-founded  Milan  Cons.,  and 
then  retired  from  public  activity. — Works  •  7 
operas,  an  oratorio  (Ciituobbo),  very  many  canta- 
tas, masses,  motets,  duets,  songs,  etc. ;  a  sym- 
phony, an  overture,  concertos,  serenades,  sona- 
tas, chamber-music,  organ-pcs.,  etc.,  etc.  He 
was  the  author  of  several  clearly-written  text- 
books :  *'  Principt  elementari  di  musica"  (1809  ; 
French  ed.  1819};  "  L'Alhevo  al  cembalo"; 
4i  Primi  elementi  per  il  canto"  ;  "  Elementi  per 
il  contrabasso  "  (1823);  **  Trattato  d'armonia  e 
d'accompagnamento  "  (1813),  with  a  posth.  se- 
quel, "II  maestro  di  composizione "  (1836); 
u  Dialoghi  sul  trattato  d'  armonia"  (1814), 
"  Osservazioni  propno  al  temperamento  degli 
istrumenti  stabih,"  with  a  supplement  **  Dism- 
ganno  sulle  osservazioni  ecc." 

Aso'la  (or  Asula),  Giovanni  Matteo,  one 
of  the  first  to  use  a  basso  continue  for  the  org.- 
accomp.  of  sacred  vocal  music  ;  b.  Verona,  abt. 
1560 ;  d.  Venice,  Oct.  i,  1609.  Composed 
much  church-music  (masses,  antiphones,  psalms, 
etc.) ;  2  books  of  madrigals  (Venice,  1587  and 
1596  ;  also  later  editions). 

Aspa,  Mario,  opera-composer;  b.  Messina, 
1799  i  d-  lhere  Ltec-  *4>  l8°8  PuPtt  °f  Zinga- 
relli  in  Naples.  Wrote  some  42  operas ,  the 
best  are  //  mitratort  di  Napoti  (1850)  ;  I  due 
Forsati  (abt  1834) ;  Pierodi  Calais  (1872)  ;  Un 
travestimento  (1846), 


Assantcheffsky,     Michael.     See    ASANT- 

CHEYSKI. 

Asz'mayer,  Ignaz,  b  Salzburg,  Feb.  u, 
1790  ,  d.  Vienna,  Aug  31,  1862.  Pupil  of 
Michael  Haydn  and  Brunmayr ;  iSoS,  org.  at 
Salzburg ;  1815,  St.  with  Eybler,  Vienna  ;  1824, 
Kapellm.  at  the  "  Schottenstift  "  ,  1825,  Imperial 
organist ;  1838,  vice-,  1846  second  Xapellm  to 
the  court,  succeeding  Weigl. — Publ.  2  oratorios, 
Saitl  und  David,  and  Sauls  Tod ;  a  3rd,  Das 
Gelubde,  is  in  MS  ;  also  i  mass  (he  wrote  15), 
and  a  few  of  his  other  sacred  works  (requiems,  a 
Te  Deum,  graduals,  offertories,  hymns,  etc  ) ; 
most  of  his  secular  works  (symphonies,  over- 
tures, pastorales,  etc.),  some  60  in  all,  have  been 
printed. 

Astarit'ta,  Gennaro,  opera-composer;  b. 
Naples,  abt.  1749 ;  d.  1803.  Wrote  over  20 
operas,  given  in  Naples,  Rome,  Venice,  Dres- 
den, Uerlin,  etc  Fra  i  due  htiganti  il  terzo 
gode  (Naples,  1766)  was  probably  the  first; 
Circe  ed  Uhsse  (1777),  the  best. 

Astor'ga,  Emmanuele,  Baron  d1,  composer 
of  sacred  music  ;  b.  Palermo,  Dec  n,  lOSr  ;  d. 
Prague,  Aug.  21,  1736.  A  pupil  of  Scarlatti, 
and  later  at  the  convent  of  Astorga,  Spain 
(whence  his  name) ,  he  was  a  favorite  at  the 
Court  of  Parma,  spent  many  years  in  travel,  and 
abt  1720  retired  to  Schloss  Kaudnitz,  Bohemia. 
— Works  .  A  pastoral  opera,  Dafne  (Vienna, 
1705)  ;  over  100  cantatas  ;  a  celebrated  Stabat 
Mater  f.  4  voices  (Oxford,  1713)  ;  etc. 

Attaignant,  Pierre  (also  Attaingnant,  At- 
teignant),  music-printer  in  the  first  half  of  the 
iCth  cent.,  and  the  first,  in  Paris,  to  employ 
movable  types.  The  20  books  of  motets  printed 
by  him  (1525-50),  and  other  compositions, 
chiefly  by  French  musicians,  are  very  rare. 

At'tenhofer,  Karl,  b  Wettingen,  Switzer- 
land, May  5,  1837.  Pupil  of  1).  Elster  (Wet- 
tingen), Kurz  (Neuenberg),  and  Richter,  Pap- 
pentz,  Drey&chock,  Rontgen,  and  Schleinitz 
(Leipzig  Cons.,  1857-8)  1859,  teacher  of  music 
at  Muri  (Aargau) ;  1863,  conductor  of  Rappers- 
wyl  Men's  Choral  Union,  and  in  1866  took 
charge  of  3  Unions  at  Zurich,  where  he  settled 
in  1867.  He  has  also  held  various  positions  as 
organist,  teacher,  etc  A  well-known  and  emi- 
nent composer  of  choral-songs  for  men's  voices 
(e.  g  ,  the  cantata  He^lingenfahrt^  1890,  and 
Fruhhngs frier,  op.  51) ;  also  masses,  children's 
songs,  songs  w  pf.,  pf.-pcs.,  violin-etudes,  etc. 

At'trup,  Karl,  b.  Copenhagen,  Mar.  4,  1848. 
Pupil  (1867)  of  Gade,  whom  he  succeeded,  in 
1869,  as  organ-teacher  at  the  Copenhagen  Cons. ; 
organist  at  several  churches.  His  studies  for 
organ,  and  songs,  are  of  value. 

Attwood,  Thomas,  b.  London,  Nov.  23, 
1765  ;  d.  Chelsea,  Mar  24,  1838.  Chorister  m 
the  Chapel  Royal,  and  a  pupil  of  Nares  and 
Ayrton,  from  1776-81 ;  sent  by  the  Prince  of 


AUBER— AUDRAN 


Wales  (afterwards  George  IV.)  to  Naples,  where 
he  studied,  1783-5,  with  Kilippo  Cinque  and 
Gaetano  Latilla  ,  then  with  Mo/art  in  Vienna 
until  1787.  lie  was,  successively,  organist  of 
St.  George  the  Martyr,  London,  and  a  member 
of  the  Prince's  private  band  ;  teacher  of  the 
Duchess  of  York  (1791),  of  the  Princess  of 
Wales  (1795) ;  org.  of  St.  Paul's  (1795) ;  com- 
poser to  the  King's  Chapel  Royal,  succeeding 
Dupuis  (1796)  ,  org.  of  the  King's  private  chapel 
at  Brighton  (1821),  and  org  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
(1836)  — Works  19  operas  ;  anthems,  services, 
glees,  songs,  pf  -sonatas,  etc.  He  occupies  a 
high  place  among  English  composers. 

Auber,  Daniel-Fran^ois-E sprit,  a  prolific 
composer  of  French  operas,  was  born  at  Caen  in 
Normandy,  Jan.  29, 
1782  ,  d.  Pans,  May 
14,  1871.  His  fa- 
ther, an  art-dealer 
and  print-seller  in 
Pans,  wished  his  son 
to  devote  himself  to 
business,  and  sent 
him  to  London  to 
acquire  a  knowledge 
of  the  trade.  Auber's 
irresistible  inclina- 
tion for  music,  how-  ^ 
ever,  manifested  it-  \ 
self,  and  in  1804  he  \ 
returned  to  Paris, 
following  thenceforward  his  natural  bent.  His 
first  opera,  Julie,  a  resetting  of  an  old  libretto, 
was  produced  by  amateurs  at  Pans  in  1812,  with 
an  orchestra  of  six  stringed  instruments.  Cheru- 
bim happened  to  be  among  the  auditors;  he, 
recognizing  Auber's  talent,  supervised  his  further 
instruction,  and  while  with  him,  A.  wrote  a  mass 
for  four  voices.  Auber's  first  public  productions, 
Le  Stjoitr  militaire  (1813),  and  Le  Testament  et 
les  Billets-doux  (1819),  were  indifferently  re- 
ceived ;  but  his  next  opera,  La  Mergers  chate- 
laine (1820),  was  a  success.  From  that  date  un- 
til 1869,  scarcely  a  year  passed  without  the  pro- 
duction of  one  or  several  operas,  in  all  over  forty. 
One  of  these,  Mawmtllo,  ou  la  Muetle  &  For- 
tici^  produced  in  1828,  was  considered  a  master- 
piece by  Wagner,  and  with  Meyerbeer's  Robert  le 
Diablt  and  Rossini's  Guillaume  Tell,  laid  the 
foundations  of  French  grand  opera.  Its  por- 
trayal of  popular  fury  is  so  graphic,  that  the 
Brussels  riots  followed  its  performance  in  that 
city  on  August  25, 1830.  It  seems  to  have  been 
inspired  by  the  revolutionary  spint  pievalent  at 
that  time  iu  Paris  ,  it  differs  wholly  from  Auber's 
other  operas,  which  are  comic,  the  best  of  them 
composed  to  libretti  by  Scribe.  In  this  genre 
Auber  is  foremost  among  French  composers ; 
and  although  it  has  been  written  of  him,  that 
"in  early  essays,  he  displayed  an  original  style, 
but  afterwards  became  an  imitator  of  Rossini, 
and  disfigured  his  melodies  with  false  decorations 
and  strivings  for  effect,"  his  music  is  sparkling 


and  has  the  true  Parisian  chic  and  polish  La 
Mitette  tic  Poitui^  Le  A/(Ut>n,  J^a  Jhavolo^  Les 
Ditintaiits  de  lu  lonmnnc,  and  a  few  oi  his  other 
operas,  are  still  stock-pieces  in  France  and  (Jer- 
many.  In  1835,  A  succeeded  to  liosscc's  chair 
in  the  Academy  ,  m  1842,  he  was  appointed  Di- 
rector of  the  Conservatory  of  Music  in  Paris,  as 
Cherubim's  successor,  in  1857,  Napoleon  III. 
made  him  imperial  mat  tie  de  thapcllc.  The 
•virility  of  his  personality  was  evinced  by  his  last 
opera,  Rfoes  d'amou),  a  title  suggestive  of 
youthful  feeling,  produced  when  he  was  87  years 
of  age  Auber  was  a  thorough  Parisian,  and 
during  the  latter  years  of  his  life  was  said  not  to 
have  set  foot  outside  the  city  buundaiies*  He 
remained  there  even  during  its  siege  by  the  Ger- 
mans. 

OPER\S  Julie  (1812),  Le  Scj&ur  milttaire  (1815),  Le 
Testament  et  les  Billets-doux  (i&U)),  La  Bt>r$*>re  t  hate- 
lame  (1820),  Emma,  ou  la  Promene  imjfcrudente  (i8ui), 
Leicester  (.  1821! ),  La  Nfige^  ou  le  noiwt  lEginhani ( 182  Oi 
Vendawe  en  E$£agnc  (1824,  with  Hciold),  Let  Trots 
Genre*  (i8i4,with tioiGldieu),Ltf  Comer/ « laCou*  (1824), 
Lioiadie  (18.54),  Le  Macon  (1825),  Z,r  Timtdc  (18^6), 
Fiorella  (1826),  La  AIuettedeJPtrtM  ( iS.>8 ),  La  Fiancee 
(i82y),  Fra  Diavalo  (1830),  Ltf  Dieit  et  la  Bayadhe 
(1810),  La  Marquise  de  Bnnvilliett  (i8jr,  together 
with  oii^ht  other  composers),  Lf  Philtre  ( 18^1 ),  Le  Ser- 
mcnt,  OH  fes  Faux  Monnaycim  (18  «a),  Guiittie  111  (Le 
Bal  jiia\qu(.!,  r8jj),  Lettocq  (18^4)1  Le  Ckeval d?  bronze 
OS '5  ;  extended  into  a  g rand  ballet  in  1857"),  At  tcon^ 
Les'  Chaperons  blanks,  IS+lmbassadr!i.e  (i8^h),  Le 
Dotmno  noir  ( 1837),  Le  Lat  des  Ffe&  ( iSjq),  Zanetta 
(1840),  Les  Diawants  dc  la  muromi?  (1841),  Le  Due 
d'Olonne  (i84j),  La  Part  du  Diable  ("184  j)i  La  Slrene 
6844;,  La.  Barcarolle  (1845),  /faydi1?  (18^7),  L*ttnjant 
prodigue  ( 1850),  Zerline,  ou  la  totbeill?  d^o>  angf\  (1851), 
Alarco-Sfiada  (1852,  extended  to  a  gnmd  hallei  in  18^7), 
Jenny  Bell  CiSss),  Manon  Leicaut  (t%$6),  Atagenta 
(1859),  La  CVraut/t7Mu>(i8t>()i/>a  Fiatid'e  du  Rot  de 
Garbt!  (1864),  Le  premier  jour  de  bonheur  (1808),  JKcvcs 
d? amour  (i86<j). 

Aubert,  Jacques  (called  "le  vicux"),  emi- 
nent French  violinist ;  b  1668 ;  d.  ISelleville, 
May  19,  1753.  Violinist  in  the  loyal  band 
(1727);  leader  in  orch.  of  the  dr.  Opcia  and  the 
Concerts  Spirituels  (1728);  also  leader  in  the 
band,  and  Director  of  music,  of  the  Due  de 
Bourbon  — Works  •  An  opeui ;  several  ballets  ; 
and  much  chamber-music,  etc.,  for  violin,  dis- 
tinguished for  elegance. 

Aubery  du    Boulley,  Prudent-Louis,   b. 

Verneuil,  Euro,  Dec.  9,  1790 ;  d.  there  Feb., 
1870  Prolific  comp.  of  chamber-music  in 
which  the  guitar,  flute,  and  pf.  aic  much  em- 
ployed ;  author  of  a  Method  i.  guiUir  (op.  42), 
and  a  text-book,  "  (irammatrc  musicalu  "  (Pans, 
1830).  He  studied  in  the  Paris  Cons,  till  1815, 
under  Momigny,  Mchul,  and  Cherubim  ;  was 
at  first  an  amateur  musician,  but  later  a  teacher 
who  did  much  to  cultivate  a  taste  for  music  in 
his  province. 

Audran,  Marius-Pierre,  operatic  tenor  and 
song-composer ;  b.  Aix,  Provence,  Sept.  26, 
1816;  d.  Marseilles,  Jan.  9,  1887.  Pupil  of 
E.  Arnaud.  After  successful  appearances  at 
Marseilles,  Brussels,  Bordeaux,  and  Lyons,  he 
became  xst  tenor  at  the  Opcra-Comique,  Paris, 


26 


AUDRAN— AZVEDO 


soloist  at  the  Cons  Concerts,  and  member  of 
the  Cons.  Jury  After  travelling  (1852-61),  he 
settled  in  Marseilles,  becoming  (1863)  Director 
of  the  Cons,  there,  and  prof,  oi  singing 

Audran,  Edmond,  sonofjVIauus  ,  b.  Lyons, 
Apr.  II,  1842  ;  pupil  of  the  Ecole  Niedermeyer, 
Pans  ,  1861,  mattre  de  c/i.  ^at  church  of  St.- 
Joseph  de  Marseille.  His  debut  as  a  composer 
was  at  Marseilles,  1862,  with  the  opera  L*0urs 
et  la  Pacha  ;  up  to  1897  he  lias  successfully 
prod.  36  other  operas,  operettas,  etc  ,  chiefly  of 
a  light  character,  in  minor  Parisian  theatres  , 
has  also  written  a  mass,  a  funeral  march  f. 
Meyerbeer's  death,  etc  Now  living  in  Paris. 
He  has  produced  the  operetta  La  Fiance  des 
Verts-Poteaux  (Pans,  1887  ;  v.  succ.) ;  operetta 
Olivette  (given  Uerhn,  1895,  as  Capitam  Ca- 
ncciolo ;  succ.);  opera  Saiitte -Freya  (Paris, 
1892  ;  succ  ) ;  operetta  La  Mascotte  (1880 ; 
given  1700  times  up  to  Aug.  29,  '97) ;  operetta 
Miss  Helyett  (Paris,  1890;  succ.);  operetta 
Madame  Suzette  (Paris,  1893  ;  succ.) ;  operetta 
Moti  Prince  !  (Paris,  1 893  ;  succ  ) ;  3-act  lyric 
comedy  Photis  (Geneva,  1896 ;  succ.) ;  3-act 
com.  opera  La  Ditchesw  de  Fetrare  (Paris,  '95  ; 
mod.  succ.) ;  4-act  com.  opera  La  J^oitpJe 
(Pans,  '96  ;  mod.  succ  )  ;  comic  operetta  Mon- 
sieur Lohengrin  (Paris,  1896  ;  v.  succ.) ;  Les 
petite?  Jemmes  (1897)  ;  and  others 

Au'er,  Leopold,  distinguished  violinist ;  b. 
Veszprim,  Hungary,  May  28,  1845.  Pupil  of 
the  Conservatories  at  Pesth  (Ridley  Kohnetol) 
and  Vienna  (I)ont,  1857-8);  finally,  of  Joachim 
1863-5,  leader  in  Dusseldorf,  and  1866  in  Ham- 
burg ;  since  1868,  soloist  to  the  Tsar,  and  of  the 
Imp.  orch.  at  St  Petersburg,  and  violin-prof, 
at  the  Cons.  I  le  is  one  of  the  finest  among 
contemporary  performers. 

Au'er,  Carl.    See  FROTZLER. 

Au'gener  &  Co.,  London  firm  of  music-sell- 
ers and  publishers,  founded  1853  by  George  A. 

Au'gustine  (Augusti'nus),  Aure'lius,  bet- 
ter known  as  St.  Augustine ;  b.  Tagaste,  Nu- 
midia,  354 ;  d.  Hippo,  Algeria,  430.  Re- 
nowned father  of  the  Latin  Church,  educated  at 
Madaura  and  Carthage.  His  writings  contain 
valuable  information  concerning  Ambrosian 
song;  that  entitled  "De  Musica"  treats  only 
of  metre. 

Aulet'ta,  Dornenico,  produced  the  opera  La 
Locandiera  di  spirito  at  Naples  in  1760. 

Aulet'ta,  Pietro,  m.  di  c.  to  the  Duke  of 
Belvedere;  between  1728-52  he  produced  7 
operas  at  Rome,  Venice,  Naples,  and  Paris. 

Aurelia'nus  Reomen'sis,  monk  at  Reome* 
in  the gth  century;  wrote  a  treatise,  "Musica 
disciplina,"  publ.  by  Gerbert  in  "  Scriptores," 
vol.  i. 

Aus  der  Ohe,  Adele.    See  Appendix. 

Au'spitz-Kolar,  Auguste,  b.  Prague  abt. 
1843 "»  d-  Vienna,  Aug.  23,  1878 ;  daughter  of 
J.  G.  Kolar,  actor  and  dramatic  poet.  Excel- 


lent pianist,  pupil  of  Smetana,  then  of  J. 
Proksch,  and  of  Mme  Clauss-Szarvady  in 
Paris ;  married  H.  Auspitz  in  ibOs.  Publ.  a 
few  pf  -pct». 

Aute'ri-Manzoc/chi,  Salvatore,  composer 
of  operas  and  songs;  b.  Palermo,  Dec.  25,  1845; 
pupil  of  Platania  at  Palermo,  and  Mabellim  at 
Florence — Operas  Dolors  (Florence,  1875; 
very  succ.) ;  //  Negnero  (Barcelona,  1878)  ; 
Stella  (Piacenza,  iSSo ;  v.  succ  )  ;  //  Conte  di 
Gleichen  (Milan,  1887) ;  and  the  3-act  opera 
seria  Graziella  (Milan,  '94  ;  mod.  succ.)  Re- 
sides in  Trieste,  as  a  singing-teacher  His 
first  opera,  Marcelhna,  was  never  performed. 

Auvergne,  Antonio  d1,  b,  Clermont-Fer- 
rand, Oct.  4,  1713  ;  d.  Lyons,  Feb.  12,  1797. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  his  father.  He  went  lo  Paris 
in  1739,  played  next  year  in  the  Concerts  Spiritu- 
els,  joined  the  King's  band  in  1741,  and  the  Op- 
era orch.  in  1742.  He  cond.  the  latter  1751-5  ; 
was  Director  until  1790,  and  retired  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolution  to  Lyons.  His  first 
stage-work  was  a  ballet,  Les  amours  de  TempJ 
(1752) ;  in  1753  he  made  a  sensation  with  Les 
troqueitrs,  the  fust  genuine  Optra  connqite ;  it 
resembled  the  Italian  intermezzi  with  spoken 
dialogue  instead  of  recitative,  and  soon  super- 
seded the  compile  &  anette  (vaudeville  with  inci- 
dental music).  He  produced  9  other  stage- 
pieces,  and  left  3  more  in  MS. 

Aventi'nus,  Johannes  (real  name  Thurn- 
mayer  or  Turmair),  b.  Abensberg  (whence 
Aventinus),  July  4,  1477;  d.  Jan.  9,  1534.  Au- 
thor of  "  Annales  Boiorum  "  (1554),  containing 
considerable  information,  not  wholly  trust- 
worthy, about  mus.  matters  ;  editor  of  Nicolaus 
Faber's  "  Musicae  rudimenta  admodum  brevia, 
etc." 

AVison,  Charles,  Engl  comp.,  org.,  and 
writer;  b.  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1710  ;  d  there 
May  9,  1770.  St.  in  Italy ;  then  under  Ge- 
miniani  in  London.  Organist  in  Newcastle. — 
Works  :  Concertos  f.  organ  or  harpsichord  ,  do. 
f.  strings  and  harpsichord ;  violin-sonatas ; 
songs  ,  also  "  An  Essay  on  Mus.  Expression" 
(London,  1752,  '53,  '75);  also  publ.,  with  J. 
Garth,  Marcello's  "  Psalm-Paraphrases"  (1757), 
with  English  words. 

Ayrton,  Edmund,  Engl.  comp.  and  org  ;  b. 
Ripon,  Yorkshire,  1734  ;  d.  Westminster,  May 
22,  1808.  Pupil  of  Nares.  From  1780-1805, 
Master  of  Children  of  the  Chapel  Royal.  \Vrote 
2  full  services,  also  anthems. 

Ayrton,  William,  son  of  preceding;  B.  Lon- 
don, Feb.  24,  1777 ;  d.  there  May  8,  1858. 
Writer  on  music;  1813-26,  critic  of  "Morning 
Chronicle"  ;  1837-51,  of  "  Examiner"  ;  1823- 
33,  editor  of  the  "  Harmonicon."  Also  edited 
41  Knight's  Musical  Library"  (1834),  and  "  Sa- 
cred Minstrelsy  "  (1835). 

Azve'do,  Alexis-Jacob,  French  writer  and 
critic ;  b.  Bordeaux,  Mar,  18,  1813  ;  d.  Paris, 
Dec.  21,  1875.  Author  of  several  valuable 


27 


BABBT— BACH 


monographs,  particularly  "  G.  Rossini,  sa  vie  et 
ses  oiuvres"  (Paris,  1865)  ;  contributor  to  "  La 
France  musicale,"  "  Le  Siecle,"  "La.  1'resse," 
"  Le  Me'nestrel,"  and  (1859-70)  fiuilletomste 
to  "  L1  Opinion  nationale."  He  was  a  zealous 
partisan  of  the  Italian  school,  and  many  of  his 
criticisms  are  biassed. 

B 

Bal/bi,  Christoph  (Cristoforo),  violinist; 
b.  Cesena,  1748;  d  Dresden,  1814.  From  1780, 
leader  in  the  Electoral  orch —Works  Sym- 
phonies, vln. -concertos,  and  quartets  and  duets 
f.  flute. 

Babi'ni,  Matteo,  celebrated  tenor;  b.  Bo- 
logna, Feb.  19,  1754 ;  d.  there  Sept.  22,  1816. 
Pupil  of  Cortoni ;  debut  1780.  1 1  is  great  suc- 
cess brought  him  engagements  in  London,  St. 
Petersburg,  Vienna  (1785),  and  Berlin  Settled 
in  Paris,  a  court  favorite,  till  the  Revolution 
drove  him  back  to  Italy  ;  in  1792  he  was  again 
in  Berlin ;  1796,  in  Trieste  He  died  wealthy. 

Bac'chius  (Senior),  Greek  theorist  (abt.  150 
A.D.),  two  treatises  by  whom  are  still  extant, 
publ.  in  Greek,  Latin,  and  French  by  Mersenne, 
Meibom,  Morel,  and  Bellermann. 

Bacfart  (or  Bacfarre),  Valentin,  a  cele- 
brated lutenist  whose  real  name  was  Graew; 
b.  Transylvania,  1515  ;  d.  Tadun,  Aug.  13,  1576. 
He  lived  alternately  at  the  court  of  Vienna,  and 
at  that  of  Sigismund  Augustus  of  Poland. 
Publ  2  works  on  lute-tablature  (1564,  '65)- 

Bach  is  the  name  of  the  illustrious  family 
which,  during  two  centuries,  supplied  the  world 
with  a  number  of  musicians  and  compose:  s  of 
distinction.  History  possesses  few  records  of 
such  remarkable  examples  of  hereditary  ait, 
which  culminated  in  Johann  Sebastian. 

The  genealogy  of  the  family  is  traced  to  Hans 
Bach,  born  about  1561  at  Wechmar,  a  little 
town  near  Gotha.  Veit  Bach,  d  1619,  the  pre- 
sumed son  of  this  Hans,  and  Caspar  Bach,  are 
the  first  of  the  family  concerning  whose  musical 
tendencies  we  have  any  information.  Veit  was 
by  trade  a  baker,  and  emigrated  to  Hungary; 
returning  to  Wechmar,  he  settled  there  as  a 
miller  and  baker.  His  chief  relaxation  consisted 
in  playing  on  the  zither.  His  son,  Hans,  b.  abt. 
1580,  d.  1626,  was  known  as  "der  Spielmann," 
(i.  e.,  "the  player'*),  although  he  followed  the 
supplementary  occupation  of  carpet-weaver. 
He  received  instruction  from  the  town-musician 
of  Golha,  the  above-mentioned  Caspar  Bach, 
supposed  to  be  his  uncle.  As  a  travelling 
violinist,  to  be  found  at  all  the  principal  festi- 
vals, he  was  popular  throughout  Thuringia,  and 
his  three  sons,  Johann,  Christoph,  and  llein- 
rich,  inherited  his  ability.  The  Bach  genealogy 
mentions  a  second  son  of  Veit,  presumably 
Lips  Bach  (d.  Oct.  10,  1620),  who  also  had 
three  sons,  who  were  sent  to  Italy,  to  study 
music,  by  the  Count  of  Schwarxburg-Arnstadl. 
From  Hans  and  Lips,  the  two  sons  of  Veit, 
sprang  the  main  branches  of  the  Bach  family, 


whose  male  members  filled  so  many  positions  as 
organists,  cantors,  «md  h'tipcllmci^lt't  tlmnighoul 
Thuringia,  thai,  in  sonic  instances,  even  after 
there  had  ceased  to  be  any  membei  ol  the  family 
among  them,  the  town-musicians  \vere  kno\\n  as 
"the  Bachs."  When  the  families  became  nu- 
merous and  widely  dispersed,  they  agreed  to  as- 
semble on  a  fixed  date  each  )ear.  Krfurt,  Arn- 
stadt,  Stemach,  and  Meimngen  were  the  places 
chosen  for  these  meetings,  which  continued  un- 
til the  middle  of  the  iSlh  centuiy,  as  many  as 
1  20  persons  of  the  name  of  JJnch  then  assem- 
bling The  hours,  interspersed  with  music, 
were  devoted  to  the  narration  of  their  e.xperi- 
ences,  mutual  criticism,  encouragement  and  ad- 
vice, and  the  examination  of  the  compositions 
of  each  member,  \\hidi  eventually  formed  a  col- 
lection known  as  theliach  Archives  A  part  of 
this  interesting  collection  was  in  the  possession 
of  Karl  Ph.  E.  Bach  at  the  end  of  the  r8th  cen- 
tury. 

The  principal  members  ol  the  Uach  family  are 
enumerated  below,  in  alphabetical  order,  with 
their  chronological  list-numbers. 

2  BACH,  Chiihlonh 

5.  "  Gforg  Chnstoph 

3.  "  HtMnnch 

i.  "  Juhann 

8.  "             "     Ambrosius 

10  u             "      Hcrnhunl 

ig.  **             u     Christian 

C.  );             ||     Chnstoph 

4:    « 

18.       4I  *4 


Kncclrich 


4. 
13. 


7. 
«. 

15. 
17. 
16. 
20. 


"     KTIIHI 

"      Luclwitf 

ll      Micluid 

"     Nikohiiw 

"     Seluihtian 
Karl  I'liilipp  Kmamicl 
Wilhclm  l^riwlomann 
Wilhclm  Knedru'li  Krnst 

1.  Bach,  Johann  (eldest  son  of  nans),  b. 
1604;  d.  1673.    Orfc.  at  Schwcinfurt,  then  at 
Suhl.   In  1635,  dir.  ol  the  u  Raths-Mtwikanlcn  *'; 
1647,  or£.  of  the  chureh  at  Krfuit.     Left  MS. 
comp.s  of  considerable  merit. 

2.  Bach,  Christoph  (2nd  son  of  Hans,  and 
grandfather  of  Johann  Sebastian),  1>.  1613  ;  d. 
1661.     Court  and  town-musician  of  Kisenach. 
Distinguished  organist;  left  .several  organ-pcs. 
(in  the  1?.  Archives). 

3.  Bach,  Heinrich  (3rd  son  of  Hans),   b. 
Wechmar,  Sept.  16,  1615  ;  d.  Arnstadt,  July  r6, 
1692.     From  1641,  org.  of  Arnstatll  ch.  for  51 
years.     Left  MS.  organ-peg.,  and  hymn-tunes. 

4.  Bach,  Johann  Egidius  (2iul  son  of  Jo- 
hann fi]),  b.  16,45  I  d>  1717.     SUIT,  his  father 
as  municipal  mus.-dii.,  ami  org.  of  th«  ch.  at 
Krfurt.     Left  churc*h-comp.<it  among  others  the 
motet  rt  9  f  .  double  choir,  Unser  Ltbtn  ist  tin 
Sihatton  (1696). 

5.  Bach,  Georg  Christoph  (eldest  son  of 
Christoph  \z\\    b.  Kisenach,   1641  ;  d.    1697. 
Cantor  and  comp.  at  Sdiweiufurt.     His  motet, 

i  wieft'in  und  licblich,  f.  two  tenors  and 


28 


BACH— BACH 


bass,  with  ace  of  vln.,  3  'celli,  and  bass,  is  in 
th^  B  Archives 

6.  Bach,  Johann  Christoph  (eldest  son  of 
Heinnch  [3]),  org  and  composer  (instr  and 
vocal)  of  the  highest  rank  among  the  earlier 
Bachs  ;  b.  Arnstadt,  Dec  6, 1642  ;  d.  Kisenach, 
Mar  31,  1703  From  1665  to  1703,  court  and 
town-organist  of  Eisenach.  Works  in  the  B. 
Archives  .  Wedding-hymn  f  12  voices,  Ess*  hub 
sich  em  Streit,  a  comp  of  great  beauty  ,  jnotet  f. 
22  voices,  for  the  festival  ot  St.  Michael ,  alto 
solo,  w.  accomp.  of  vln.,  'cello,  and  bass  ;  and  2 
motets  a  4  In  MS.  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Li- 
brary Motet  a  8  f .  double  choir,  Littler  Herr 
Gott,  wecke  tins  rtw/(i672) ;  motet  a  4,  Ich  lasse 
dich  nic/itj  motet  a  8,  Unsres  Ilersens  Freude 
hat  t'tti  Ernie,  motet  a  S,  Ilerr^  nun  lassest  dit 
demen  Diener,  Sarabande  f  clavecin  \v.  12  vari- 
ations, etc. 

7  Bach,  Johann  Michael,  brother  of  pre- 
ceding, and  as  org.  and  composer  almost  his 
equal  in  merit ;  b.  Arnstadt,  Aug  9,  1648  ;  d, 
Gehren,  May,  1694.  Org.  and  toxvn-clerk  of 
Gehren  from  1673  ;  also  maker  of  harpsichords, 
vlns  i  etc  Comp.  motets,  preludes,  and  fugues. 

8.  Bach,  Johann  Ambrosius  (2nd  son  of 
Christoph  [2} ),  distinguished  org  ;  b  Erfurt, 
Feb  22,  1645;  d  Kisenach,  1695  He  was  the 
father  of  J.  Sebastian.  His  twin-brother, 

9  Bach,  Johann  Christoph,  d.  Arnstadt, 
1694,  was  court  violinist  and  Stadtpj eifer  at 
Arnstadt  from  1671.  There  was  such  a  remark- 
able resemblance  between  the  brothers,  in  every 
particular,  voice,  gestures,  moods,  and  style  of 
music,  that  even  their  respective  wives  could 
distinguish  them  only  by  the  color  of  their 
clothes  — Church-comp  a  4,  tl  Nun  ist  alles 
iiberwunden." 

10.  Bach,  Johann  Bernhard  (son  of  Johann 
Egidius  [4]  ),  org  and  comp.  f  organ,  one  of 
the  best  of  his  generation  ;  b.  Erfurt,  Nov. 
23,  1676,  d.  Eisenach,  June  n,  1749.  Org.  at 
Erfurt,  Magdeburg,  and  the  successor  of  Johann 
Christoph  [6],  at  Eisenach,  in  1703.  Also  cem- 
balist in  the  1  >uke  of  Saxe-Eisenach's  orch. — 
Works  Harpsich.-pcs. ,  several  chorale-arrange- 
ments f.  org.,  and  4  orchestral  suites,  these  lat- 
ter now  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library. 

n.  Bach,  Johann  Nikolaus  (eldest  son  of 
Johann  Christoph  [6]),  b.  Eisenach,  Oct.  10, 
1669 ;  d.  there  1753.  In  1695,  app.  org.  at 
Jena,  where  he  estab.  a  harpsichord-factory, 
made  many  improvements  in  the  instr. s,  and 
directed  his  efforts  to  establishing  equal  tem- 
perament in  pf.  and  org  -tuning. — Works:  Suites 
f.  org.  and  harpsich.;  motets,  and  other  sacred 
comp.s;  also  a  comic  operetta,  Der  Jenaische 
Wein-  tind  Bier-Rufer,  a  scene  from  Jena  col- 
lege-life. 

12.  Bach,  Johann  Ludwig  (son  of  Johann 
Michael  [7] ),  b.  Amte-Gehren,  1677;  d.  1730. 
Court  Kapellm,  at  Sa*e-Meiningen.  MS.  Re- 


quiem f.  2  choirs,  w.  instr. I  accomp.,  in  Berlin 
Royal  Library. 

13.  Bach,  Johann  Ernst  (only  son  of  Johann 
Bernhard  [1°]).  b  Eisenach,  Sept.  I  (June  28?), 
1722,  d    there  Jan.  28,  1777  (1781?).     St.  law 
at  Leipzig  for  6  years,  returning  to  Eisenach  and 
practising  as  advocate.     In  1748  was  app  asst. 
to  his  father,  org  of  St.  George's  ch  ,  1756,  app. 
hon    Kapellm.  at  Weimar,  w.  pension.     Publ. 
comp.s    Sonatas  f.  clavecin  w.  vln.,  etc.;  many 
others  in  MS. 

14.  Bach,  Johann   Christoph    (brother  of 
Johann   Sebastian,  and   eldest  son  of  Johann 
Ambrosius  [8]),  b.   Erfurt,  June  16,  1671;  d. 
Ohrdruff,  Feb   22,  1721.     He  was  organist  at 
Ohrdruff ,  and  his  distinguished  brother's  teacher 
on  the  clavichord. 

15.  Bach,  Johann  Sebastian,  the  most 
famous  of  the  family,  and  one  of  the  great 
masters  of  music ; 
b.  Eisenach,  Mar. 
21  (bapt.  Mar.  23), 
1685  ;  d  Leipzig, 
July  28, 1750.  He 
first  learned  the 
vln.  from  his  father 
(Job.  Ambrosius 
[8] ).  His  mother, 
Elizabeth,  wfe 
Lammerhirt,  was  a 
native  of  Erfurt. 
Both  his  parents 
dying  in  his  tenth 
year,  he  went  to 
live  with  his 
brother,  Johann  Christoph  [14],  at  Ohrdruff,  who 
taught  him  the  clavichord  ;  but  the  boy's  genius 
soon  outstripped  the  brother's  skill,  and  led  to 
somewhat  harsh  treatment  by  the  latter.  Unable 
-to  obtain  the  loan  of  a  MS  vol.  of  works  by  com- 
posers of  the  day,  Sebastian  secretly  obtained 
possession  of  the  work,  and,  by  the  light  of  the 
moon,  painfully  and  laboriously  copied  the  whole, 
within  six  months,  only  to  have  it  taken  from  him, 
when  his  brother  accidentally  found  him  practis- 
ing from  it.  lie  recovered  it  when  his  brother's 
death  occurred  shortly  after.  Left  to  his  own  re- 
sources, J.  S.  went  to  Ltlneburg  with  a  fellow- 
student  named  Erdmann,  and  both  were  admitted 
as  choristers  at  St.  Michael's  ch.,  also  receiving 
gratuitous  scholastic  e'ducation.  The  fame  of  the 
family  had  precede^  Sebastian,  for  in  the  choice 
collection  of  printed  and  MS.  music  of  the  ch. 
were  to  be  found  the  comp.s  of  Ileinnch  and  J. 
Chnstoph  B.  [6],  A  fellow-Thuringian,  George 
Bohm,  was  the  org.  of  St.  John's  ch.1,  'and  Bach  at- 
tentively studied  his  compositions.  lie  also  often 
went  on  foot  to  Hamburg,  to  hear  the  famous 
old  Dutch  organist  Reinken,  and  to  Celle,  where 
French  music  was  exclusively  used  in  the  services 
of  the  Royal  Chapel.  With  indefatigable  indus- 
try he  developed  his  technical  skill  on  the  violin, 
clavichord,  and  organ,  and  perfected  himself  in 
the  art  of  composition;  often  working  and  study- 


BACH 


ing  the  whole  night  through.    In  1 703  he  became 
violinist  in  the  Weimar  court  orch  ,  but  the  fol- 
lowing }ear  quilted  this  post  for  the  moie  con- 
genial one  of  ori>   of  the  new  church  at  Arnstadt. 
Some  of  his  comp  s  of  this  early  period,  f.  clav 
and  org.,  are  of  importance.   *In  1705  he  ob- 
tained leave  of  absence,  and  walked  to  Lubeck, 
to  make  the  acquaintance  of  the  famous  organist 
Dietuch  IJuxtehude     He  was  so  impressed  with 
this  master's  style,  that  he  trebled  his  leave  of 
absence,  and  returned  only  after  a  peremptory 
summons  from   the  church-consistory  of   Arn- 
stadt   lie  received  favorable  offers  from  different 
places,  and  on  June  29,  1707,  accepted  the  app. 
as  org.  at  Muhlhausen.     On  Oct.  17  he  married 
his  cousin,  Maria  IJarbara  Uach,  daughter  of  Jo- 
hann  Michael  [7]      The  following  year,  he  went 
to  Weimar,  played  before  the  reigning  duke,  and 
-  was  at  once  offered  the  post  of  court  organist: 
In  1714  he  was  made  Conccrtitieiiter     All  this 
time  he  was  writing  much  church-  and  organ- 
music      In  his  autumn  vacations  he  made  pro- 
fessional clavichord-  and  org. -tours.    In  1713  he 
visited  Kassel  and  Halle,  Leipzig  in  1714  (where 
he  furnished  all  the  organ-music  for  a  service 
cond.  in  the  Thomaskirche,  and  prod,  a  cantata), 
Halle  again  in  1716,  and  Dresden  m  1717.     In 
this  town  his  challenge  to  Marchand,  a  French 
organist  of  high  reputation,  was  evaded  by  the 
latter's  failure  to  appear      In  1717  IJ.  was  app 
Kafellm.  and  dir  of  chamber-music  to  Prince 
Leopold  of  Anhalt,  at  Kothen,  and  this  period 
is  especially  lich  in  the  production  of  orchestral 
and  chamber-music.    In  17 19  he  re  visited  Halle, 
hoping  to  meet  Handel,  but  the  latter  had  just 
left  for  England.     In  1720,  during  his  absence 
at  Carlsbad,  his  wife  died  suddenly.      In  the 
autumn  of   the  same  year  he  applied,  though 
(owing  to  bribery)    without    success,   for   the 
organistship  of  the    Jacobikirchc,    Hamburg. 
Here  he  again  met  the  aged  Reinken,  whose 
admiration  he  excited  by  his  brilliant  playing. 
In  1721  he  married  his  second  wife,  Anna  Mag- 
dalene Wiilken,  a  daughter  of  the  court-trum- 
peter at  Weisscnfels.      Thirteen  children  were 
born  to  them.   Of  highly-cultured  musical  taste, 
she  participated  in  his  labors,  and  wrote  out  the 
parts  of  many  of  his  cantatas      B    prepared  2 
books  of  music  especially  for  her.      In   May, 
1723,  he  succ  Johann  Kahnau  as  cantor  at  the 
Thomasschule,  Leipzig,  becoming  also  oig.  and 
dir.  of  mus.  at  the  two  principal  churches,  the 
Thomaskirche  and  the  Nicolaikirchc,  and  con- 
tinuing in   the  service   of   Prince   Leopold  of 
Anhalt  as  Kapellm   von  I/a  us  tuts.    He  further 
icccived  the  app.  of  hon.  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke 
of  Weissenfels,  and,  in  1736,  that  of  court  com- 
poser to  the  King  of  Poland,  Klector  of  Saxony, 
lie  remained  in  his  post  at  Leipzig  for  27  years, 
and  there  composed  most  of  his  religious  music, 
lie  often  visited  Dresden,  where  his  eldest  son, 
Wilhclm  Kiiedemann,  was  app.  in  1733  org  of 
the  Sophienkirche.    On  these  occasions  he  fre- 
quently attended  the  Italian  opera,  then  cond. 
by  JIa$sef    112s  and  son,  Karl  Philipp  Emanuel, 


was  app.  in  1740  chamber-musician  to  Frederick 
II.  of  Prussia.  He  communicated  to  his  father 
the  king's  oft-expressed  \\ish  to  see  and  hear 
him;  and  on  May  7,  1747,  with  his  son  Wilhelm 
Fnedemann,  T>  arrived  ,it  Potsdam  Here,  at 
the  king's  request,  he  tried,  and  impiuvised 
upon,  the  various  Silbermann  pianos  in  the  dif- 
ferent rooms  of  the  palace,  to  the  admiration  of 
his  royal  host,  and  of  the  musicians  who  followed 
them  from  room  toioom.  The  next  day  IJ.  tried, 
in  a  similar  man  net,  the  pimcipal  at  guns  m 
Potsdam,  finally  improvising  a  6-part  fugue  on 
a  theme  proposed  by  the  king.  On  his  return 
to  Leipzig  he  wrote  a  3-part  fugue  on  this 
theme,  a  Ricercare  in  6  parts,  several  canons 
inscribed  "  Thematis  legii  claborationcs  canoni- 
cac,"  and  a  Tiio  for  llute,  violin,  and  bass; 
dedicating  the  whole  to  Frederick  as  a  "  Alusi- 
kalisches  Opfer." — IJach  was  nearsighted  fiom 
childhood,  and  later  his  eyes  showed  symptoms 
of  weakness,  probably  due  to  the  strain  of  his 
youthful  night-labors;  in  1749  an  unsuccessful 
operation  resulted  m  total  blindness,  and  his 
hitherto  robust  health  also  declined.  His  sight 
was  suddenly  restored  on  July  10,  1750  ;  but  10 
days  later,  stricken  by  apoplexy,  he  tiled.  He 
worked  to  the  end,  dictating  the  choial  "  Vor 
deinen  Thrun  tiel'  ich  hiermit,"  his  last  compo- 
sition, a  few  days  before  his  death. 

Clearness  and  acuteness  of  intellect,  si  length 
of  \\ill,  irresistible  persistency,  a  love  of  oider, 
and  a  high  sense  of  duty  weie  liis  lending 
characteristics.  His  home-lile  was  of  the  happi- 
est description.  Among  the  long  list  of  his  dis- 
tinguished pupils  weie  Jolmim  Ludwig  Kiebs, 
Gottfiied  August  Homiltus,  Johann  Fuediich 
Agricola,  Philipp  Kirnbergei,  Johann  Theo- 
philus  Goldberg,  Marpurg,  Joh.  Kaspnr  Vog- 
ler ;  also  his  own  sons  Wilhelm  Fuedemann, 
Karl  Philipp  Kmanucl,  and  Johann  ('hristoph 
Fiiedrich,  for  whose  instruction  ho  wrote  the 
"Clavierbuehlein"  and  the  "  Kunst  der  Fuge." 
He  engraved  several  of  his  own  works  on  cop- 
per; invented  the  "viola  pomposa  "  (an  instr. 
between  viola  and  'cello),  and  a  "  Laulcn-Clavi- 
ccmbalum"  (a clavichord  with  catgut  strings);  he 
promoted  the  adoption  of  tin:  tempered  system 
of  tuning  keyboard  stringed  instr. s;  and  intro- 
duced the  style  of  lingering1  which,  with  com- 
paratively few  modifications,  is  still  in  use. 

Bach's  compositions  mark  un  epoch.  They 
are  a  fusion  of  two  eras: — the  polyphonic  con- 
trapuntal (thematic  development  by  stiiet  and 
free  imitation)  and  the  harmonic  tonal  (chord- 
combinations  founded  on  the  modern  system  of 
major  and  minor  keys).  His  originality  and  fe- 
cundity of  thematic  invention  are  astounding  ; 
moulded  with  his  consummate  contuxpuntal  art, 
and  the  freedom  born  of  full  mastery,  poly- 
phonic structures  were  reared  which  will  be  the 
admiration  of  ages.  1 1  is  style  is  elevated,  and 
of  sustained  individuality  in  melody,  rhythm, 
and  harmony;  the  momentum  of  his  grand 
fugues  is  inexorable  as  the  inarch  of  Kale.  As 
an  inexhaustible  Puim?  for  study,  the  complete 


BACH— BACH 


critical  edition  publishing  (since  1851)  by  the 
44  Bach-Gesellschaft,"  a  society  founded  in  1850 
by  Schumann,  Otto  Jalm,  llauptmann,  K.  F. 
Becker,  and  the  publisher  llartel,  demands 
special  recognition.  The  Peters'  edition  of  B  's 
works  is  also  valuable  Few  of  them  were  publ. 
during  his  lifetime ,  Mizler's  "  Musikahsche 
Bibhothek"  (1754)  contains  an  almost  complete 
catalogue.  Bach's  importance  was  but  meagrely 
appreciated  by  his  contemporaries,  and  for  half  a 
century  after  his  death  he  was  practically  ignored. 
Some  few  works  were  then  occasionally  per- 
formed, or  even  published;  but  Mendelssohn, 
by  a  performance  of  the  St.  Matthew  Passion  at 
Berlin,  in  1829,  first  drew  general  attention  to 
the  great  value  of  Bach's  comp.  s  The  centenary 
of  his  death  (1850)  was  marked  by  the  formation, 
at  Leipzig,  of  the  Bach-Geselhchaft  Bach-  Ver- 
einc,  societies  for  the  cultivation  and  prod,  of 
B.'s  music,  exist  at  Leipzig,  Berlin,  London,  and 
in  many  other  European  cities. 

Works  .  Vocal :  The  5  sets  of  sacred  Cantatas 
for  every  Sunday  and  feast-day,  already  men- 
tioned, besides  several  special  ones,  c.  g.,  Got- 
tes  Zeit  1st  die  besie  Zeit,  and  the  Traitcrode 
on  the  death  of  the  Electress  of  Saxony  ;  5 
Passions,  including  the  gigantic  St.  Matthew^ 
the  St.  Jo /in,  and  the  doubtful  St.  Luke ;  a 
Christmas  Oratorio^  in  5  parts  ;  Grand  Mass  in 
Bmin.,and4  smaller  do.;  motets,  2  Magnifi- 
cats; 5  Sanctus  ;  many  secular  cantatas,  includ- 
ing two  comic  QX\KS>.— Instr  twiental .  Very  nu- 
merous pieces  f.  pf.  (i.  e.,  clavichord)  • — In- 
ventions in  2  and  3  parts;  6  "small"  French 
suites;  6  "large"  English  suites;  Preludes  and 
Fugues,  includ.  the  "  Wohltemperirtes  Klavier" 
in  2  parts  w.  its  48  Preludes  and  Fugues  in  all 
keys  (cf.  art.  BUSONI)  ;  pf. -sonatas  w  one  or 
more  instr.s,  among  them  the  6  famous  sonatas 
f .  pf.  and  vln. ;  solo  sonatas  f .  vln.  and  'cello  , 
solos,  trios,  etc  ,  for  different  instr  s  in  various 
combinations  ;  concertos  for  I  to  4  pf  s  ,  vln.  and 
other  instr.  1  concertos  w.  orch.l  overtures  and 
suites  ;  and  many  organ  comp.s  (fantasias,  tocca- 
tas, preludes,  fugues,  and  chorale-arrangements). 

Several  biographies  of  B.  have  appeared ;  the 
best  and  most  exhaustive  is  "Johann  Sebastian 
Bach,"  by  Philipp  Spitta  (Leipzig,  1873-80,  2 
vol.s;  Eng.  transl.  by  Clara  Bell  and  Fuller 
Maitland,  London,  1884-5).  Also  may  be 
mentioned,  "  Cber  J.  S.  Bach's  Leben,  Kunst 
und  Kunstwerke,"  by  Forkel  (1802)  ;  Hilgen- 
feldt,  "  B.'s  Leben,  Wirken  and  Werke  "  (1850); 
Bitter,  "J.  S.  B."  (4  vol.s;  2nd  ed.,  1881) ; 
Poole,  ll  Sebastian  Bach  "  (London,  1882).  His 
earliest  biographers  were  his  son,  K.  Ph.  E., 
and  J.  Fr.  Agricola  (in  Miner's  "  Musikalische 
Bibliothek,"  vol.  iv,  I  [1754]). 

16.  Bach,  Wilhelm  Friedemann  (Bach  of 
Halle),  eldest  son  of  J.  Sebastian  ;  b.  Weimar, 
Nov.  22,  1710  ;  d.  Berlin,  July  I,  1784.  Pupil 
of  his  father  (pf.),  and,  at  15  yrs.  of  age,  of 
Graun  at  Merseburg  (vln.).  Also  st.  at  the 
Thomasschule,  and  at  the  Univ,  of  Leipzig, 


where  he  distinguished  himself  in  mathematics. 
Org.  of  the  Sophienkirche,  Dresden,  1733-47  ; 
of  the  Manenkirche,  Halle,  1747-64.  Of  su- 
perior gifts,  grand  organist,  dexterous  fugue- 
player,  and,  after  his  father,  the  most  clever 
musician  in  Germany,  he  unfortunately  gave 
way  to  dissipation,  was  removed  from  his  offices, 
and  died  in  misery.  MS.  works  in  the  Berlm 
Royal  Library ;  many  have  been  printed. 

17.  Bach,  Karl  Philipp  Emanuel  (the  Ber- 
lin or  Hamburg  Bach)t  3rd  [and  2nd  surviving] 
son  of  J.  Sebastian  ; 
b.'  Weimar,  Mar. 
(8?)  14,  1714;  d. 
Hamburg,  (Sept.  ?) 
Dec.  14,  1788.  He 
studied  philosophy 
and  law  at  Leipzig 
and  Frankfort-on- 
Oder  ;  but  the  in- 
herited passion  for 
music,  and  com- 
pleteness of  musical 
study  under  his 
father,  decided  his 
profession.  lie  con- 
ducted a  singing- 
society  at  Frankfort,  for  which  he  also  com- 
posed. In  1737  (1738?)  he  went  to  Berlin. 
App.  chamber-musician  and  clavecinist  to  Fred- 
erick the  Great,  1746-57  [FfeTis  and  RIEMANN  : 
1740-67],  At  the  outbreak  of  the  7  years'  war 
he  went  to  Hamburg,  where  he  was  church 
mus  dir.,  and  in  1767  succ.  Telemann  as 
Mwikdirector  of  the  principal  church  there, 
a  position  he  held  until  death.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  performers  of  his  time,  and 
his  compositional  style  was  light,  pleasing,  and 
elegant,  rather  than  of  great  profundity.  He 
may  be  looked  upon  as  the  father  of  the  modern 
school  of  pf. -playing,  originator  of  the  sonata- 
and  symphony-forms,  later  perfected  by  Haydn, 
Mozart,  and  Beethoven,  and  a  promoter  of 
orchestral  development.  His  important  theo- 
retical work,  u  Versuch  tiber  die  wahre  Art,  das 
Clavier  zu  spielen"  (2  parts,  1753-62),  clumsily 
ree'dited  by  Schelling  in  1857,  contains  detailed 
explanations  concerning  the  embellishments  in 
clavichord-playing.  His  compositions  are  also 
voluminous ;  for  clavier  they  number  210  solo 
pcs.;  52  concertos  w.  orch.;  quartets,  trios, 
duets,  sonatas  (v.  Billow  edited  6  for  the  Peters' 
Ed.;  C.  F.  Baumgart  edited  the  entire  "Sp- 
natensammlung  fflr  Kenner  und  Liebhaber,"  in 
6  books,  for  Leuckart),  sonatinas,  minuets,  polo- 
naises, solfeggi,  fugues,  marches,  etc.  Also  18 
orch.l  symph.s;  34 miscellaneous  pcs.  f.  wind-in- 
str.s ;  trios  f.  fl.,  vln.,  and  bass  ;  do.  f,  vln.  and 
bass;  flute-,  'cello-,  and  oboe-concertos ;  soli  f .  fl. , 
viola  di  gamba,  oboe,  'cello,  and  harp;  duets  f.  fl. 
and  vln.;  f.  2  vln.s;  f.  2  clarinets. — Vocal.  2 ora- 
torios, Die  Israelite  n  in  o'er  Wiiste^  and  Die 
Auferstehwig  wid  Himmelfahrt  Jew;  22  Pas- 
sions; cantatas;  etc,— K,  H,  Bitter  publ.  (a 


BACH— BACHMANN 


vol.s,  1868  ;  2nd  ed.  1880)  "  K.  Ph.   E.   Bach 
und  W.  Friedemann  Bach  und  deren  Bruder." 

18.  Bach,  Johann    Christoph    Fnednch 
(tJie  Buckebiir*  Bach),  gth  son  of  J.  Sebastian  ; 
b.  Leipzig,  June  29,  1732  ,  d.  Buckeburg,  Jan. 
26,  1795      Also  st  law  at  Leipzig,  but  adopted 
the  profession  of  music,  and  was  app.  Kapdlni. 
at  Buckeburg,  with  a  salary  of    1,000  thalers 
MS.  works  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library  •  Sacred 
cantatas  w  mstr.l  accomp  ;  oratorio,  theAVjwr- 
rectton  of  Lasants,  f.  4  voices  and  orch. ;  instr.l 
symph  s ;   concertos,  quartets,  trios,  vln  -quar- 
tets, sonatas,  and  miscellaneous  pcs.     Theatrical 
cantata,  Pygmalion.    Opera,  Die  A  merikanen n. 

19.  Bach,  Johann  Christian  (the  Milan  or 
English  JBach\  nth  and  youngest  surviving  son 
of  J.    Sebastian  ,   b.  Leipzig  [bapt.    Sept.    7], 
1735  I  d.  London,  Jan.  I,  1782.     In  his   i-jth 
year,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he  went  to  Ber- 
lin, to  study  with  his  brother  K.  Ph.  Emanucl. 
In  1754  ne  became  org.  of  Milan  cath.     His 
technical  talents  and  vocal  comp.s  in  popular 
style,  won  him  great  favor.     In   1759   he  ac- 
cepted an  app.  as  concert-director  in  London, 
and  was  also  app.  mus. -master  to  the  Queen 
and  Royal  Family.    In  1763  he  prod,  his  opera 
Onoiitf,   ossta  Diana  wndicata,  ;    followed  by 
several  others,  with  brilliant  temporary  success. 

20.  Bach,  Wilhelm  Friedrich  Ernst  (son 
of  Johann  Chnstoph  Friedrich  [18],  and  grand- 
son and  last  male  descendant  of  J.  Sebastian), 
b.  Buckeburg,  May  27,  1759  J  d.   Berlin,  Dec. 
25,   1845.     St.   with  his  father,  and  with  his 
uncle  Johann  Christian,  in   London,  and  there 
became  esteemed  as  a  teacher,  pianist  and  organ- 
ist.    On  his  uncle's  death,  he  went  to  Vans 
and  gave  concerts.     In  1789,  prod,  a  cantata  at 
Mmden  before  Friedrich  Wilhelm  II.,  who  app. 
him  Kapellm.;  he  was  afterwards  app.  pianist 
to  Queen  Louise,  and  music-master  to  the  royal 
princes.     On  the  Queen's  death,  he  was  pen- 
sioned.— Comp  s  :    Cantatas,   songs,   pf. -music 
and  instr.l  works  ;  a  few  have  been  publ. 

Bach,  August  Wilhelm,  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  4, 
1796  ;  d.  there  Apr.  15,  1869.  Organ-virtuoso  ; 
1822,  teacher  at  the  R.  Inst.  for  Church-music  ; 
1832,  followed  Zelter  as  Director;  in  1858, 
14  Professor."  Member  of  the  Berlin  Acad. 
Composed  the  oratorio  Bom  fad  MS,  and  the  * '  sa- 
cred drama  "  Iphigenm  in  Delphi.  Mendelssohn 
was  his  pupil  in  organ-playing. 

Bach  [Bak],  Alberto,  b.  Gyula,  Hungary, 
1844  ;  teacher  and  critic  ;  author  of  "  Musical 
Education  and  Vocal  Culture"  (Edinburgh, 
1880;  5th  ed.  London,  1898);  "  The  Art  of 
Singing  "  (Edinburgh,  1886) ;  "  The  Art-Ballad: 
Loewe  and  Schubert"  (London,  sded.,  1897); 
11  Principles  of  Singing  "  (London,  2d  ed.,  1897). 

Bach,  Leonhard  Emil,  pianist  and  com- 
poser; b.  Posen,  Mar.  u,  1849.  Pupil  of  Th. 
Kullak  (pf.)  and  of  Wtterst  and  Kiel  (theory). 
1869,  teacher  in  Kullak's  Academy,  Merlin ; 
1874,  court  pianist  to  Prince  George  of  Prussia. 


Went  to  London  abt  1890  (?)  — Works  •  A  i-act 
opera,  hmengnrd  (London,  1892;  v  succ); 
I-act  opera,  The  Lady  <»/  Longjord  (London, 
1894;  succ  )  ,  2-act  comic  opera,  Dei  h'onigs 
Gante  (Cologne,  1895  ,  succ  ) ;  and  many  salon- 
pcs.  forpf. 

Bach,  (Dr.)  Otto,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  9,  1833  ; 
d.  Unter-Waltersdorf,  July  3,  1893.  Pupil  of 
Sechter,  then  of  Marx  ( Hcrlm)  and  Ilauptmann 
(Leipzig).  Kapelbn  «it  several  ( Jerman  thcaties  ; 
1868,  artistic  director  of  the  Mo/arteum,  Salz- 
burg, and  Kapelhu  at  the  cathedral  ,  since  Apr. 
I,  iSSo,  Kapellm  at  the  new  Votukirchc  at 
Vienna  — Works  5  opems,  .SVr;r/ir//rr////(r8Go?), 
Die  Liebtxprobe.  [Av  /.owe  von  Stilanianfai\ 
(Augsburg,  1867)  ;  Die  Argomutten  (1870)  ,  />- 
nore  (Gotha,  1874),  Medea  (?)  ;  Ar  HI  it  men 
Racht\  ballad  f.  ch.  and  oich.  ;  4  symphonies  ; 
overture,  "Elektra",  Requiem,  masses,  cho- 
ruses, and  chamber-music. 

Bache  [bach],  Francis  Edward,  b.  liir- 
mmgham,  Sept.  14,  1833  ;  d.  theie  ot  consump- 
tion, Aug.  24,  1858.  Pupil  of  Mellon  (\ln.) 
and  Dennett  (theory);  1853-5  at  Letpxig  Clous 
(Plaidy  and  Huuptmann).  A  giltcd  composer. 
— Works  2  operas,  \\hiih  ?F  tc/iitA  <*  (1851), 
and  A'tt'&":rt///(iS53);  conceito  f.  pf.  and  orch., 
in  E  ;  a  pf.-trio;  solo  pcs.  f.  pf  ;  songs,  etc. 

Bache,  Walter,  excellent  pianist,  brother  of 
preceding,  b.  IJirmingham,  June  19,  1842;  d 
London,  Mar.  26,  1888,  Pupil  o(  J.  Stimpson 
(org.  of  Ihrm.  Town  Hull),  and  ('1858-01)  of 
Plaidy,  Moscheles,  JIauptniann,  rind  Kichler  at 
Leipzig.  1862-5,  st.  with  Lisxt  at  Rome;  also 
began  his  career  us  si  conoerl-giver  and  teacher. 
1865,  leturned  to  London.  lie  was  au  ardent 
disciple  of  Lis/t,  and  did  much  to  introduce 
his  works  to  the  Dritish  public.  Kor  some  years 
he  was  prof,  of  pf.  at  the  U.  A.  M. 

Bach'mann,  Anton,  eourl-musinan  and  in- 
strument-maker at  Uerlin,  inventor  of  the  ma- 
chine-head method  of  tuning  'cclli  anil  double- 
basses  ;  b.  1716 ;  d.  Mar.  S,  i8<x).—  Karl  Lud- 
wig  B.,  his  son  and  successor,  b.  1743,  d.  1809, 
was  a  good  viola- player,  belonging  to  the  royal 
orch. ;  his  wife,  Charlotte  Karoline  Wilhel- 
mine  B.,  itt*e  Sto\vc,  1).  Merlin,  Nov.  2,  1757;  d. 
Aug.  rg,  1817,  was  a  pianist  and  excellent  singer, 
being  a  member  of  the  Berlin  Singakadenric  un- 
der .Kasch. 

Bach'raann,  Pater  Slxtus,  b.  Kettershausen, 
Bavaria,  July  18,  1754  ;  d.  Mnrclitluil,  n.  Vienna, 
1818.  Brilliant  organist  and  pianist  of  timmrk- 
able  precocity,  and  wonderfully  retentive  memory. 
At  9  he  is  said  to  have  played  by  heart  over 
200  pieces;  in  1766  he  held  his  own  in  an 
organ-competition  with  Mo/art,  then  10  years 
old,  at  Hiberach.  He  became  a  Premonstnint 
monk  at  March  thai.— Works ;  Numerous  masses, 
highly  esteemed  ;  cantatas,  symphonies,  sona- 
tas, violin-quartets,  organ- lug  lies.  /V//V.  wwlis; 
4  pf. -sonatas ;  Uiversi  Pczssctti ;  organ-fugue 
"alia  zoppa," 


BACHMANN— BAILEY 


Bach'mann,  Georg  Christian,  clarinettist ; 
b.4Paderborn,  Jan.  7,  1804,  d.  Brussels,  Aug. 
28, 1842,  as  soloist  m  the  royal  orch  ,  and  Cons, 
teacher.  Also  celebrated  as  a  clan  net-maker. 

Bach'mann,  Georges,  b.  abt  1848,  d.  Paris, 
Dec  (?),  1894.  Prolific  pf  -composer. 

Bach'mann,  Gottlob,  organist  and  comp., 
b  Bornit/,  Saxony,  JMarch  28,  1763  ,  d.  Zeitz, 
Apr  10,  1840  Pupil  of  Freeh  at  Zeitz,  also  st 
(1785)  in  Leipzig,  and  (1790)  in  Dresden  with 
Naumann.  1791,  organist  at  Zeitz. — Works 
3  operas,  a  cantata,  many  ballads  and  songs, 
3  symphonies,  much  chamber-music,  numerous 
pf. -pieces. 

Bach'ofen,  Johann  Kaspar,  b  Zurich, 
1692  ;  d.  there  1755.  Singing-master,  organist, 
director,  and  composer  of  sacred  compositions 
once  very  popular  in  Switzerland. 

Bach'rich,  Sigismund,  \iolinist  and  dra- 
matic composer ;  b  Zsumbokreth,  Hungary, 
Jan.  23,  1841.  St  in  Vienna  Cons.,  1851-7, 
under  IJohm  (violin);  was  fora  short  time  con- 
ductor at  a  small  Viennese  theatre  ;  went  to 
Pans  in  1861,  but  returned  after  a  few  years  to 
Vienna  ;  was  for  12  years  a  member  of  the 
Ilellmesberger  Quartet,  and  is  now  teacher  at 
the  Cons  ,  and  a  member  of  the  Philh.  and 
Opera  orchestras  and  the  Rose  Quartet.— 
Works  •  Comic  opera  Muiwdin  (Vienna,  1883); 
do  Hcim  von  Skier  (1884);  operetta  JDrrFucks- 
Major  (Prague,  1889  ;  succ.),  ballet  Sakuntala; 
and  2  operettas  (Vienna,  1866). 

Back'er-Grdn'dahl,  Agathe,  pianist;  b. 
Ilolmestnind,  Norway,  Dec.  r,  1847.  Pupil 
(1860)  of  Kjerulf  and  Lindemann  ,  1803,  of 
Kullak's  Acad.,  Berlin;  1871,  of  Bulow  in 
Florence  ,  later  of  Lis/t  at  Weimar  Married 
1875,  in  Christiania,  to  the  singing-teacher  Gron- 
dahl,— Works  :  6  fitudes  de  concert,  op.n  ;  3 
morceaux,  op.  15  ;  4  Sketches,  op.  19  ;  pf. -suite 
in  5  mnvem.,  op.  2O  ;  songs,  etc. 

Back'ers,  Araericus,    Sec  BROADWOOD. 

Back'ofen,  Johann  G.  Heinrich,  b.  Dur- 
lach,  Baden,  1768  ;  d.  Darmstadt,  1839  Vir- 
tuoso on  the  harp,  clarinet,  flute,  and  English 
horn  ;  made  long  tours  through  Southern  Europe 
and  Germany  ;  1806,  chamber-musician  at  Go- 
tha  ,  in  1815,  founded  a  wind-mstr.  factory  at 
Darmstadt.  Wrote  methods  f.  harp  (1803), 
clarinet,  and  Kngl.  horn  ;  publ.  pieces  for  the 
above  in  various  combinations ;  many  com- 
positions in  MS. 

Bacon,  Richard  Mackenzie)  teacher, 
writer,  and  critic;  b.  Norwich,  Engl.,  May  i, 
1776 ;  d.  there  Nov.  2,  1844  Author  of 
"Science  and  Practice  of  Vocal  Ornament"; 
**  Elements  of  Vocal  Science  "  (London,  1824); 
"  Art  of  Improving  the  Voice  and  Ear  "  (Lon- 
don, 1825) ;  editor  of  the  ct  Quarterly  Mus. 
Mag.  and  Review"  from  1818-28  ;  founded  the 
triennial  Mus.  Festivals  at  Norwich. 

Badarczev'ska,  Thekla,  pf  .-composer ;  b. 


Warsaw,  1838  ;  d.  there  1862.  Her  best  piece 
is  "La  pnere  d'une  vierge";  the  others  are 
practically  unknown. 

Ba'der,  Karl  Adam,  opera-tenor;  b.  Bam- 
berg,  Jan.  10,  1789  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  14,  1870. 
Succeeded  his  father  as  cathedral-org.  at  Bam- 
berg  (1807)  ,  began  stage-career  181 1  ,  1820-45, 
first  tenor  at  Uerlin  Court  Opera,  then  stage- 
manager  till  1849  ;  afterwards  music-director  at 
the  Catholic  Hedwigskirche  The  heroic  tenor- 
r6les  in  Spontmi's  operas  were  his  Jorie;  he  was 
also  a  fine  actor. 

Bad/a,  Carlo  Agostino,  b.  Venice,  1672  ; 
d  Vienna,  Sept.  23,  1738,  as  court  composer 
Wrote  1 6  operas  ,  15  oratorios  ;  12  cantatas  for 
solo  voice  and  harpsich.  (publ.  as  "  Tributi  ar- 
momci ") ;  and  33  cantatas  a  1-3  (MS  ). 

Badi'a,  Luigi,  b.  Tirano,  Naples,  1822; 
wrote  4  operas  and  numerous  successful  songs. 

Baer'mann,  Karl.    See  BARM  ANN. 

Bag'ge,  Selmar,  b.  Koburg,  June  30,  1823; 
d  Basel,  July  17,  1896.  St  at  Prague  Cons. 
with  Pionys  Weber,  and  m  Vienna  with  Sech- 
ter;  1851-55,  comp  -teacher  at  V.  Cons.  Jour- 
nalist and  critic  ;  editor  (in  Leipzig,  1863-6)  of 
"  Allgem.  Musikzeitung "  ,  iSGS,  app.  Director 
of  the  Basel  Music-School;  edited,  for  some 
years,  the  "  Schweizerische  Sangerzeitung." — 
Works .  A  symphony,  chamber-music,  sonata 
f  pf.  and  'cello,  pf  -pcs.,  songs,  and  "  Lehrbuch 
der  Tonkunst"  (1873). 

Bahn,  Martin.    See  TRAUTWKIN. 

Bahr  (or  Bar,  Beer),  Johann,  leader  of  the 
Duke  of  Weissenfels'  orch.;  b.  Georg-a -d.- 
Enns  (Austria),  1652  ;  d.  1770.  Known  by  nu- 
merous satirico-polemical  musical  pamphlets 
(signed'4  Ursusmurmurtit,"  "  Ursustriumphat," 
etc.)  against  Hartnoth  of  Gotha  (1697,  etc.); 
also  wrote  **  Bellum  musicum  "  (1701),  and  **  Mu- 
sikalische  Diskurse  "  (1719). 

Ba'i  [bah'-5]  (or  Baj),  Tommaso,  b.  Creval- 
cuore,  n.  Bologna,  abt.  1660  ;  d.  Rome,  Dec. 
32,  1714  Tenor  singer  at  the  Vatican  ;  in.  di  <r. 
in  1713.  A  disciple  of  Palestrina,  his  posthu- 
mous fame  rests  on  his  Miserere^  sung  during 
Holy  Week,  alternately  with  those  by  Allegri 
and  Baini,  in  the  Papal  Chapel.  This  work  is 
publ.  (Choron,  Burney,  Peters)  in  various  coll.s 
of  music  of  the  Papal  Chapel. 

Baif,  Jean-Antoine  de,  b.  Venice,  1532; 
d  Paris,  Sept.  19,  1589.  Gave  concerts  at  Paris, 
and  publ.  2  works  in  lute-tablature,  12  sacred 
songs,  and  2  books  of  4-p.  chansons. 

Bailey,  Marie  Louise,  concert-pianist,  b. 
Nashville,  Oct.  24,  1876  ;  st.  from  1889  in  Leip- 
zig Cons,  with  C.  Reinecke,  winning  a  scholar- 
ship, and  later  with  Leschetizky,  Vienna.  De- 
but Feb.  28,  1893,  at  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig, 
after  which  she  played  by  request  before  King 
Albert  of  Saxony,  and  received  the  title  of  "  Kgl. 
Sachs.  Kammervirtuosin."  Returning  to  Amer- 
ica, she  first  appeared  in  Carnegie  Hall,  N,  Y., 


33 


BAILLOT— BALAKIREV 


with  the  Damrosch  orch. ;  then  made  a  long  and 
successful  tour  of  the  U.  S  and  Canada  Miss 
B  has  publ.  a  l4  Menuet  dc  concert  "  f.  pf  ,  and 
a  Fantaisie  on  Amer.  national  airs.  Ilei  pres- 
ent home  is  Vienna. 

Baillot,  Pierre-Marie-Frangois  de  Sales, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  French  violinists  , 
b  Pass),  Oct.  I, 
1771  ,  d  Pans, 
Sept  15,  1842. 
His  first  teachers 
were  Polidon  of 
Florence,  at 
Passy,  and  (1780) 
Sainte-Maiie,  at 
Paris.  F  r  o  m 
1783-91  he 
studied  under 
Pollani,  at  Rome, 
then  returned  to 
Paris,  where 
Viotti  procured 
him  the  position 
of  leader  in  the 
Th.  Fcydeau. 
Still  doubtful,  apparently,  as  to  earning  a  living 
as  a  musician,  he  obtained  a  minor  appointment 
in  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  and  held  it  until 
I795»  when,  on  the  strength  of  his  continually 
growing  reputation  as  a  concert-violinist,  he  was 
app.  prol.  of  vln.  at  the  Cons  lie  made  up 
for  lost  time  by  diligent  study  under  Cherubim, 
Reicha,  and  Catel.  His  first  foreign  tour,  to 
Russia,  was  undertaken  1805-8,  and  followed 
by  otheis  through  Ilelgium,  Holland  and  Kng- 
land  (1815-16),  Switzerland  and  Italy  (1833), 
etc.  In  1821  he  was  made  leader  at  the  (Irand 
Opera,  and  in  1825  solo  violinist  in  the  royal 
orch. — His  chief  work  is  the  admiiable  text- 
book, "L'Art  du  Violon"  (1834)  With  Rode 
and  Kreutzer  he  wrote  "  Methode  du  Violon," 
adopted  by  the  Paris  Cons.,  and  rcpubl.  in 
countless  editions  and  many  languages  ;  he  also 
edited  the  "Methode  de  Violoncello"  byLcvas- 
seur,  Catel,  and  Baudiot,  and  wrote  essays : 
"  Notice  sur  Grotty  "  (1814) ;  "  Notice  sur  Vi- 
otti "  (1825)  ;  and  others. — His  principal  com- 
positions are  10  vln.-concertos,  3  string-quai- 
tets,  15  tnos  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass,  6  duos  f. 
2  vlns.,  30  sets  of  airs  va;itfs,  24  preludes  in 
all  keys,  a  symphonic  concertante  f.  2  vlns.  w. 
orch  ,  a  sonata  f .  pf .  and  vln  ,  etc. ;  mostly  dif- 
ficult, and  not  much  played  now-a-days.  lie 
had  several  distinguished  pupils  —  Habeneck 
atntfj  Mazas,  the  2  Danclas,  etc. 

Baillot,  Rene"-Paul,  son  of  preceding ;  b. 
Paris,  Oct.  23,  1813  ;  d.  there  Mar.  28,  1889 ; 
prof,  of  ensemble-playing  at  Paris  Cons. 

Bai'ni,  Abbate  Giuseppe,  a  composer,  writer, 
and  critic  of  ultra-conservative  tendency  ;  b. 
Rome,  Oct.  21,  1775  ;  d.  there  May  21,  1844. 
Pupil  of  his  uncle,  Lorenzo  1).;  Inter  ot  Janna- 
coni,  the  maestro  of  St.  Peter's,  who  had  him 
app.  singer  in  the  Pontifical  choir,  and  whom  he 


succeeded  in  1817.  B.'s  life-work  and  magnum 
opit*  was  the  monograph  "Memoiie  storico- 
cutiche  delta  vita  e  delle  opere  di  Giovanni 
Pierluiqi  da  Palestnna"  (Rome,  1828,  German 
transl  by  iCandlei,  w.  notes  by  Kiesewetter, 
1834)  He  likewise  wrote  a  "  Saggio  sopra 
1'identita  dc'  ntmi  musicali  c  poetici  "  His 
most  celebrated  comp  is  a  Miscrcic  (1821), 
given  alternately,  during  Ins  lifetime,  with  those 
of  Allegn  and  Uai  at  the  Sistinc  Chapel,  during 
Holy  Week.  Others  are  Psalms  and  Hymns  a 
4  ,  Hymns  a  S  ,  masses,  motets,  church-concer- 
tos, a  Te  Deum,  etc 
Baj,  Tommaso.  See  P>AI. 

Bajet'ti,  Giovanni,  stage-composer ;  b. 
Brescia,  Italy,  abt.  1815,  d.  Milan,  April  28, 
1876  For  many  years  leader  of  oich.  in  La 
Scala, Milan,  where  he  pioduccd  (lonzafoo  (opera, 
1841),  IlA^ediodi  tt) e^iia  (1844),  Catenna  &  /a 
figlia  del  bandito  (1847),  /li/«/  (ballet,  1848),. 
Ubcrto  da  ltre\cia  (1866),  and  //  1*71/0  il'Jta/ta 
(Piacenza,  1843);  all  with  success 

Baker,  Benjamin  Franklin,  b.  Wen  ham, 
Mass.,  July  10,  1811  ;  sang  in  churches  in  Salem, 
Boston,  and  Portland;  in  1837,  took  charge  of 
the  music  in  I)r  Channing'sch.  at  Boston,  and 
in  1841  succeeded  Lowell  Mason  as  tcachor  of 
music  in  the  public  schools  ,  was  also  vice-pies, 
of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  for  ft  years, 
frequently  singing  solos  at  their  conceits.  Kst. 
the  Boston  Music  School  (1851-68)  Kdilor  of 
the  Boston  "  Musical  Journal."  Retired  in 
iSC8. — Works:  3  cantatas,  The  Sttu  m-King^ 
The  Ihirning  Ship,  and  Cawillu$,  the  Roman 
Conqueror;  various  vocal  quartets,  songs,  etc. 
Author  of  a  text-book  :  "  Thorough-bass  and 
Harmony "  ;  has  compiled  several  volumes  of 
glees  and  anthems. 

Baker,  George,  b.  Kxeter,  KngL,  in  1773  ; 
d.  Rugeley,  Feb.  19,  1847.  Organ-pupil  of 
Hugh  Hand  and  William  Jackson  (Kxeter);  st. 
the  violin  with  Ward,  and  pf.  with  Dussek  and 
Cramer  at  London.  Org.  at  Stafford  (1795), 
Derby  (1810),  Rugeley  (1824);  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon., 
1797. — Works  :  The  Cajfres,  **  musical  enter- 
tainment" (London,  1802  ,  unsucc.);  4-,  5-,  and 
6-p.  anthems  ;  glees  f.  3  and  4  voices  ;  songs  ; 
organ-voluntaries ;  pf.. sonatas. 

Baker-Grdndahl,  A.    See    BACKKR-GR6N- 

DAIIL. 

Balaki'rev,  Mily  Alexejevitch,  b.  Nishnij 
Novgorod,  Russia,  1830.  St.  at  Kasan  Univ.; 
self-taught,  as  a  musician.  Pianlslic  debut  at 
St.  Petersburg,  1855,  was  very  successful.  "With 
Lamakin,  in  1862,  he  founded  the  "  Free  Music 
School."  1866,  app.  opera-conductor  at  Prague; 
1867-70,  conducted  concerts  of  the  Imp.  Music 
Society  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  introduced  com- 
positions of  Berlioz  and  Lisrt  to  the  Russian 
public.  Retired  to  private  life  in  1872.  His 
own  works  are  a  symph.  poem  "Tnmum"; 
music  to  King  Lear  ,•  overtures  with  Russian, 
Czechish,  and  Spanish  themes ;  an  Oriental 


34 


BALART—  BALFE 


Fantasia,  **  Islamei,"  f.  pf.,  pcs.  and  arrange- 
ments f.  pf.;  etc  lie  has  publ.  (1866)  a  fine 
coll.  of  Russian  Folk-songs. 

Balart',  Gabriel,  comp.  of  u  zarzuelas " 
(Spanish  operettas) ,  b.  Barcelona,  June  8,  1824; 
d.  there  July  5,  1893.  He  finished  his  mus 
studies  in  Paris,  returned  to  Spain  in  1852,  was 
opera-conductor  in  various  Spanish  theatres, 
and,  finally,  Director  of  the  Barcelona  Cons. 

Balafka,  Hans,  b.  Hoffnungsthal,  Moravia, 
Mar.  5,  1827,  d.  Chicago,  Apr.  17,  1899.  Choir- 
boy in  Olmutz  cathedral;  1846-8,  pupil  of  Proch, 
Sechter,  g  and  Gentiluomo  at  Vienna,  and  con- 
ducted the  Academical  Singing  Societies  there. 
Went  to  America,  1849  ,  founded  the  Milwaukee 
Musikverein  in  1851,  and  was  its  conductor  till 
1860,  when  he  became  cond  of  the  Chicago 
Philh.  Soc.,  and  in  1862,  of  the  Musical  Union. 
In  1867,  he  gave  independent  symphony-con- 
certs ;  was  cond.  of  the  Germania  Mannerchor 
(1867),  made  concert-tours  w.  Mme  Pappen- 
heim  (1870),  was  again  cond.  tit  Milwaukee,  and 
from  1873  nafl  lived  in  Chicago,  where  he  organ- 
i/i'd  the  Liederkranz  and  the  Mozart  Club, 
and  for  several  years  cond.  the  Symphony  So- 
ciety.— Works  The  Power  of  Song^  double  ch.  f . 
men's  voices  (1856)  ,  Festival  cantata  f  soprano 
and  full  orch  (1869);  choruses  and  quartets  f. 
men's  or  mixed  voices  ;  abt  30  songs  w  ace.  of 
orch.  or  pf . ;  over  20  fantasias  and  transcnptions 
f.  orch. 

BaKbi,  Ludovico ;  abt.  1600,  m.  di  capp  at 
S.  Antonio,  Padua ;  abt.  1606,  ditto  at  the 
Franciscan  monastery,  Venice.  Publ.  masses, 
motets,  canzoni,  madrigals,  sacred  songs,  etc.; 
edited  (with  J.  Gabriclli  and  Vccchi)  a  coll.  of 
graduals  and  antiphones,  by  celebrated  Italian 
masters,  publ.  by  Gardano  (Venice,  1591). 

BaH>i,  Melchiore  (Cav.),  theorist  and 
comp.,  b.  Venice,  June 4,  1796  ;  d.  Padua,  June 
2i,  1879.  Pupil,  at  Padua,  of  Nmi,  Valeri,  and 
Calegari ;  from  1818-53,  leader  at  both  the 
Paduan  theatres ;  1854,  m.  di  capp.  in  the  basi- 
lica S  Antonio. — Works  .  The  operas  La  Notte 
perighosa  (1820),  LAbitator  del  bosco  (1821), 
L'Alfaggio  mihtare  (1825),  all  produced  in 
Padua;  masses,  psalms,  a  Miserere,  a 
Requiem  (for  Rossini,  1868)  ;  also  edited 
Calegari's  "  Trattata  del  sistema  armonicp" 
(Milan,  1829),  and  wrote  a  "  Grammatica 
ragionata  della  musica  sotto  1'aspetto  della 
lingua"  (1845),  and  "Nuova  scuola  basata  sul 
sistema  semitonato  equabile  "  (1872). 

BaI'dewin  [-veen].     See  BAULDEWIJN. 

Balfe  [balf],  Michael  William,  very  popu- 
lar British  composer  ;  b.  Dublin,  May  15,  1808; 
d.  Rowney  Abbey,  Hertfordshire,  Oct  20, 
1870.  Taught  in  Ireland  by  O'Rourke,  and  in 
London  by  C.  F.  Horn  ;  in  1*824  he  was  a  violin- 
ist in  the  Drury  Lane  orch.,  and  also  sang  in 
London  and  the  provinces.  His  patron,  Count 


Mazzara,  took  him  to  Italy  in  1825  J  he  studied 
comp  with  Fredenci  at  Rome,  and  singing  with 
F.  Galli  at  Milan,  where  his  first  dramatic  piece, 
the  ballet  La  Ptrouse,  was  prod.  (1826)  After 
brief  instruction  by  Bordogm,  he  sang  as  first 
baritone  at  the  Ital.  Opera,  Paris  (1828),  and  in 
Italian  theatres  until  1835,  also  producing  sev- 
eral Italian  operas  ; 
and  married  Lina 
Roser,  an  Hungarian 
vocalist  [d  London, 
June  8,  iSSS,  aged 
So]  Returning  to 
England  in  1835,  his 
brilliant  career  as  a 
composer  ot  English 
operas  began  with 
The  Siege  of  RocheUe 
(Drury  Lane).  Fail- 
ing as  manager  of 
an  opera-troupe,  B. 
went  to  Paris  for  a 
few  years,  but  re- 
turned in  1843  with 
7  V/tf  Bohemian  Girl, 
his  most  popular  opera,  which  made  the  round  of 
the  chief  Continental  stages,  and  was  produced, 
extended  to  5  acts,  as  La  Bohe'mienne  at  Pans  in 
1856,  with  overwhelming  applause.  Excepting 
visits  to  Vienna  (1846),  Berlin  (1848),  and  St. 
Petersburg  and  Trieste  (1852-6),  he  stayed  in 
England  ;  and  retired  to  his  country-seat,  Rowney 
Abbey,  in  1864.  In  1857,  his  daughter,  Victoire, 
made  her  debut  at  the  Lyceum  Theatre  m  Italian 
opera.  —  Operas  :  I  Rivah  di  se  stessi  (Palermo, 
1829)  ;  Un  Awertimeittoai  gelosi  (Pavia,  1830}  ; 
Eniico  IV  '  al  Passo  della  Alarna  (Milan,  1831)  ; 
The  Siege  of  Rochelle  (London,  Drury  Lane, 
1835);  77ieJfatttofArf0is(\b  ,  1836);  Catherine 
Grey;  Joanof  Arc  (ib.  ,1837);  Diadestt>($b.,  1838); 
FaLtaffQl  M.  Th.,  1838);  Keolanthe  (Lyceum, 
1840)  ;  Le  Pmts  d'  amour  (Pans,  Op.  -Com., 
1843)  J  Les  quatre  fihd'Aymon^.t  1844)  ;  The 
Bohemian  Girl  (London,  Drury  Lane,  1843); 
Daughter  of  St.  Mark  (ib.,  1844);  The  En- 
chantress (ib.,  1845);  r£toile  de  Seville  (Paris, 

1845)  ;   The  Bondman  (London,  Drury   Lane, 

1846)  ;   The  Maid  of  Honour  (ib  ,  1847)  ;   The 
Sicilian,  Bride  (ib.,  1852)  ;    The  DeviVs  in  it 
(Surrey  Th.,   1852)  ;  Pittore  e  Dttca  (Trieste, 
1856  ;  revived  as  The  Painter  oj  Antwerp,  Lon- 
don, rS8i)  ;  The  Rose  of  Castile  (Lyceum,  1857)  ; 
La  Zmgara  [The  Bohemian  Girlin  Italian]  (H. 
M.Th.,  1858);  Sataneflti(  Lyceum,  1858),  Bianca 
(1860)  ;   77/6-  Puritan's  Daughter  (1861)  ;   The 
Armourer   of  Nantes  s    Blanche    de    Kcvers 
(1863);   The   Sleeping  Queen   [operetta]   (Lon- 
don, 1863)  ;   The  Knight  of  the  Leopard,  given 
in  Italian  as  /**  Tahsmano  (Drury  Lane,  June 
II,  1874).  —  Also,  Mazeppa^  a  cantata,  and  two 
other  cantatas  ;  ballads,  glees,  part-songs,  etc. 
Biographical.  "A  Memoir  of  M.  W.  B.,"  by 


Charles  Lamb  Kenney  (London,  1875)  \  " 

His  Life  and  Work,"  by  W.  A.  Barrett  (Lon- 

don, 1882). 


35 


BALLARD— DANTOCK 


Ballard,  a  family  of  French  music-printers 
using  movable  tjpes;  founded  by  Robert  B., 
whose  patent  of  1552,  from  Henri  II,  made  him 
4t  Seul  imprimeur  de  la  musique  de  la  chair  bre, 
chapelle,  et  menus  plaisirs  du  roy."  This  pat- 
ent was  renewed  to  various  members  of  the 
family  until  1776,  when  it  (and  also  the  firm) 
expired. 

Balthasar  (called  Balthasar  -  Florence), 
Henri  Mathias,  b.  Arlon,  IJelgium,  Oct  21, 
1844  ;  pupil  of  Fetis,  Brussels  C'ons  ;  married 
(1863)  a  daughter  of  Florence,  the  instrument- 
maker  — Works  Operas,  symphonies,  a  J/^JMC? 
sclewms,  cantatas,  a  vln. -concerto,  a  pf  -con- 
certo, etc 

Banchie'ri,  Pon  Adriano,  born  Bologna, 
1 567P)  *  d.  1634  I'oet,  theorist,  church-com- 
poser; organist  at  Imola  and  liologna  \\rote 
masses,  psalms,  motets,  madrigals,  church-rtw- 
cerfi,  etc.,  and  the  treatises  "  Caitella  musicale 
del  canto  figurato,  fermo  econtrappunto"(iGio, 
Venice,  1614);  "Direttorio  monastico  di  canto 
fermo"  (Bologna,  1615);  "Lettere  armoniche" 
(Bologna,  1628) ;  and  "  Organo  suonarino." 
lie  named  the  7th  scale-degree  da,  being  an  op- 
ponent of  the  hexachordal  system 

Banck,  Karl,  eminent  critic;  b.  Magdeburg, 
May  27,  1809 ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  28,  1889 
Pupil,  from  his  sixth  year,  of  his  father  ;  from 
1826-9  of  1J-  Klein,  L  Merger,  and  K.  F.  Zelter, 
in  Beilin  ;  lived  in  Magdeburg,  Berlin,  Leipzig 
(where  he  knew  Schumann,  and  wrote  for  his 
"  Zeitschrift  "),  Jena,  etc.,  finally  settling  (1840) 
in  Dresden  as  mus.  critic  and  vocal  teacher 
— "Works  Part-song",  pf.-pcs.,  and  especially 
Lieder,  edited  a  series  of  ancient  vocal  and  instr. 
works  (sonatas  by  Scarlatti  and  Martini,  arias  by 
Gluck),  etc. 

Bandi'ni,  Primo,  b,  Parma,  Nov.  29,  1857 , 
r 869-75,  pupil  of  the  R.  School  of  Music  there; 
has  written  the  operas  jRttfcmio  di  Messina 
(Parma,  1878),  and  Fausta  (Milan,  1886),  both 
fairly  successful ;  his  last  is  the  4-act  opera 
Janko  (Turin,  1897),  succ. 

Banes,  Antoine-Anatole,  b.  Paris,  June  8, 
1856.  Pupil  of  E.  Durand  ;  officer  of  public 
instruction  ;  composer,  for  the  minor  Parisian 
theatres,  of  a  large  number  of  operas,  ballets, 
operettas,  etc.,  the  latest  being  the  3-act  ope- 
retta Toto  (Paris,  '92),  succ.  ,  the  i-act  operetta 
Madame  Itose  (Paris,  1893),  succ.  ;  the  3-act 
operetta  Le  JKonhommt  de  neigc  (Paris,  1894), 
succ.  ;  the  3-act  opera,  Le  Roi  />v/«>;/  (Paris, 
95),  fiasco  ;  and  a  lyric  fantasia,  Nuit  d*  amour  ^ 
3  acts  (Paris,  1896),  mod.  succ. 

Ban'ister,  John,  b.  London,  1630 ;  d,  there 
Oct.  3,  1679.  "Violinist,  sent  for  study  to  France 
by  Charles  II.,  and  later  a  member  of  the  hit- 
ter's band,  from  which  an  outspoken  prefeicncc 
for  English  over  the  French  musicians  belong- 
ing to  it,  caused  his  expulsion.  Director  of  a 
music-school,  and  concert-giver.  lie  wrote 
music  for  Davenant's  Circe  and  Shakespeare's 


Tempest  (both  1676) ;  "  New  Ayics  and  Dia- 
logues for  voices  and  viols  of  2,  3,  and  4  parts" 
(London,  1678),  songs 

Ban'ister,  John  (Jr  ),  d.  1735  ;  violinist,  son 
of  preceding,  member  of  the  private  hand  un- 
der Charles  II.,  James  1 1  ,  and  Anne  ;  leader  at 
the  Italian  Opera,  London 

Ban'ister,  Henry  Joshua,  b.  London,  1803, 
d.  there  1847.  Excellent  'cellist,  soli  of  Chas. 
Wm.  B.  [1768-1831  ;  a  composer  who  pub],  a 
44  Coll  of  Vocal  Music",  London,  1803];  au- 
thor of  several  good  instruction-books  f.  'cello. 
II is  son, 

Ban'ister,  Henry  Charles,  b.  London,  June 
13,  1831  ,  d.  Streatham,  n.  London,  Nov.  20, 
1897  ;  pupil  of  preceding,  and  of  C.  I 'oiler  in 
the  R.  A.  M,,  at  which  he  twice  ginned  ihe 
King's  Scholarship  (1846-48);  1851,  assistant 
prof.,  1853,  full  prof,  of  harm  and  eonip.  at  K.  A. 
M  ;  was  also  (since  TS8o)  piof.  of  harm,  at  (luild- 
hall  School,  and  (since  iS8i),  at  the  R.  Norm. 
College  for  the  Blind.  A  line  concert-pianist; 
composed  4  symphonies  and  5  overture's  f  orch., 
besides  chamber-music,  cantatas,  pf.-mnsic, 
chants,  songs,  etc.  Printed  a  "Text-book  of 
Music  "  (London,  1872,  and  15  editions  since) ; 
44  Some  Musical  Klhics  and  Analogies  "  (1884)  ; 
44  Lectures  on  Musical  Analysis  "  (1887) ;  a  life 
of  "George  Alexander  Macfaitcn"  (1892); 
44  Musical  Art  and  Study"  (1888);  "Helpful 
Papers  for  Ilsumony  Students"  (1895). 

Bannelier,  Charles,  1).  Paris,  March  15, 
1840  ;  pupil  of  the  Conservatoire  ;  contributor  to 
and  later  (till  1880)  editor  of  the  "  Revue  et  Ga- 
zette Musicale."  Translator,  into  Ficnch,  of 
Hanslick's  4t  Vom  Musikahsch-Schonen  "  (1877), 
and  the  text  of  Uach's  4<  St.  Matthew's  Pas- 
sion "  ;  arranged  IScrliox's  Sywfhvnie  Jantas- 
tigue  as  a  pf.-duet. 

Ban'ti-Gior'gi,  Brigida,  b.  Crcma,  Lom- 
bardy,  in  1759  ;  d.  Bologna,  Feb.  18,  1806;  a 
celebrated  diamatic  soprano,  "discovered"  as 
a  cJictntntse  in  a  Pans  call:  by  de  Vismes,  I  )ircc- 
tor  of  the  Academic  ;  she  was  engaged  at  the 
Grand  Opera,  and  her  career  in  Paris,  London, 
and  Milan,  and  othei  Italian  cities,  was  a  scries 
of  triumphs  due  solely  to  her  beautiful  voice 
(which  was  of  extraordinary  range  and  perfectly 
even  tin  oughout)  and  wonderful  natural  talents  ; 
for  she  was  the  despair  oi  successive  teachers, 
and  never  learned  even  to  read  music  well  at 
sight,  but  trusted  wholly  to  memory  and  inspi- 
ration,— Her  husband  was  the  dancer  Zaccaria 
Banti. 

Bantock,  Granville,  b.  London,  Aug.  7, 
1868.  Knl.  K.  A.  M.,  T«8g;  st.  3  years,  took 
ist  Macfarren  Pi  tee  for  comp,;  public  perform- 
ance of  his  rst  work,  lt  The  K  ire- Worshippers," 
1889,  veiy  success! ul.  In  1892  his  r-act  roman- 
tic opera  Cu'iftnai  was  produced  in  London  with 
success,  followed  by  li.'s  engagement  by  the 
Gaiety  Th.  as  cond.  lor  a  tour  through  Kngland, 
later  through  America  (1895)  and  Australia.— 


BAPTIE— BARDI 


Works  •  Dram.  Cantata,  "  The  Fire-Worship- 
pers "  (1889),  **  Thorvenda's  Dream,"  poem 
for  recitation  w.  accomp. ;  **  Wulstin,"  scene 
for  baritone  solo,  symph.  ovcrtuie,  "Saul"; 
dramatic  symphony  in  24  parts,  ' '  The  Curse  of 
Kehama",  Pf  -Album  (Rhapsodic,  Meditation, 
Phantasie) ,  2  pf.-pcs  (Barcarole  and  Reverie) 
— Operas  •  JRamescs  II. ,  5  acts  ;  Cadmar,  I  act 
(London,  1892)  ,  The  Pearl  of  Iran,  i-act  com. 
opera.  He  writes  the  books  for  his  operas. 

Baptie,  David,  Scotch  composer  and  au- 
thor ,  b.  Edinburgh,  Nov.  30,  1822  ,  living  m 
(Hasgow  Has  composed  many  anthems,  glees, 
part-songs,  etc  ,  compiled  a  number  of  song- 
books  (among  them  "  Moody  &  Sankey's  Hymn- 
Book,"  1881),  and  publ.  "A  Hand-Book  of 
Mus.  Biography "  (2d  ed  London,  1887,  pp. 
260),  and  "  Musicians  of  all  Times"  (London, 
1889),  containing  12,000  "skeleton"  biographi- 
cal sketches. 

Baptiste  (properly  Baptiste  Anet),  violin- 
ist, a  pupil  of  Corellt  ;  came  abt.  1700  to 
Pans,  where  he  made  a  profound  and  lasting 
impression  by  introducing  his  master's  works 
and  style  of  playing ;  went  latei  to  Poland, 
where  he  died  as  conductor  of  a  nobleman's  pri- 
vate music  He  publ.  3  sets  of  vln. -sonatas  ,  2 
suites  tie  pieces  f  2  musettes  (op.  2) ;  and  6  duos 
f.  2  musettes  (op.  3). 

Barbaco'la  (or  Barbarieu,  Barberau).  See 
BARIJIREAU. 

Barbadette,  Henri,  b.  1825  (?).  Author  of 
works  on  Beethoven,  Chopin,  Weber,  Schubert, 
Mendelssohn,  and  Stephen  I  Teller  (this  last  is 
publ  in  English  also).  Contributor  of  biogr. 
articles  to  the  Pans  **  Menestrel."  Has  publ. 
pf.-pcs.  and  ensemble  works. 

Barbari'ni,  Manfredo  Lupi,  church-comp. 
of  the  1 6th  cent.;  some  motets  of  his  were  publ. 
under  the  name  of  * '  Lupi "  (no  uncommon 
pseudonym  at  the  time).  See  LUPI. 

Barbereau,  Maturin-Auguste-Balthasar, 
b.  Paris,  Nov.  14,  1799 ;  d.  there  July  18, 
1879.  1>UP11  of  lne  Cons,  (keichn)  ;  took  Grand 
pnx  de  Rome  (1824)  with  the  cantata  "Agnes 
Sorel "  ;  leader  at  Th.  des  Nouveautes ,  con- 
ductor at  Th.  Kran9ais.  In  1872,  prof,  of 
comp.  at  Cons.  ;  then  prof,  of  mus.  history,  a 
post  soon  resigned  to  E.  Gautier.  Publ  2  in- 
complete works  :  *'  Traite  the'orique  et  pra- 
tique de  comp.  musicale "  (1845),  and  "Etudes 
sur  1'origine  du  systcme  musical "  (1852). 

Barbier,  Fre"deric-Etienne,  b.  Metz,  Nov. 
15,  1829  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1889.  Teacher, 
and  leader  at  the  Th.  International,  Paris. 
Composer  of  operas  ;  debut  at  Bourges  with  Le 
manage  de  Colombine  (1852),  after  which  he 
brought  out  over  30  operas,  mostly  in  one  act, 
and  light. 

Barbier,  Jules-Paul,  a  man  of  letters  and 
dramatist ;  b,  Paris,  Mar.  8,  1825  ,  joint  au- 
thor (with  Carre*)  of  numerous  celebrated  opera- 


libretti  ,  Galathee,  music  by  V.  Masse ;  Les 
nous  tie  Jeanmtte^  music  by  V  Masse,  Les 
Papilhtei dc  J/.  Jienoi\t  (Reber)  ;  Les  Sabots 
de  la  Manfui  it*  (I>oulanger)  ;  Le  Roman  de  la 
Rose  (Pascal)  ,  Miss  Fauvette  (V.  Masse) ; 
r  Anneau  d'  argent  (Deffes) .  Deucalion  et Pyi- 
rha  (Montfort) ,  Le  Pardon  de  Plot.}  me  I  (Meyer- 
beer) ,  Faust  (Gounod)  ,  Philemon  et  Baucis 
(Gounod) ;  Rome"o  et  Juliette  (Gounod) ,  Ham- 
let (Ambr.  Thomas) ;  Polyeitcte  (Gounod) ; 
Franchise  de  Rimini  (Ambr.  Thomas).  His 
son,  Pierre  B.,  b.  Paris,  1854,  is  likewise  a 
dramatist  and  librettist  \Le  Raiser  de  Suson 
(Bern berg) ;  Jehan  de  6rf?«/;-/(Erlanger)]. 

Barbie'ri,  Carlo  Emrnanuele  di,  b.  Genoa, 
Oct.  22,  1822  ,  d  Pesth,  Sept  28,  1867.  Pupil 
of  Mercadante  and  Crescentini ;  orch.-conduc- 
tor  in  numerous  Ital.  theatres,  later  in  Vienna 
(1845),  Berlin  (1847),  Hamburg  (1851),  Rio  de 
Janeiro  (1853),  1856-62  in  Vienna  again,  then 
settling  in  Pesth  as  director  of  the  National 
Theatre. — Works  •  The  operas  Cristoforo  Co- 
lombo (Berlin,  1848),  Arabella  (Pesth,  1862), 
Nisida,  la  Perla  dt  Procida  (1851),  Carlo  und 
Carhn  (1859),  Perdita,  em  Wintermarchen 
(Leipzig,  1865,  and  in  many  other  German 
theatres) ,  also  church-music,  pf.-pcs. ,  and  Ger- 
man and  Italian  songs. 

Barbie'ri,  Francisco  Asenjo,  b.  Madrid, 
Aug.  3, 1823  ,  d  there  Feb  ,  1894.  Famous  zar- 
zuelero  (composer  of  Spanish  operettas),  a  pupil 
of  the  Madrid  Cons.,  1847,  secretary  of. the 
'*  Zarzuela  Society",  his  first  zarzuela,  Gloria y 
/£/tfr#  (1850),  and  especially  the  second,  Jtigar 
con  fttegO)  gave  him  a  popularity  which  increased 
for  the  next  30  years,  during  which  he  produced 
over  60  operettas.  In  1868  he  was  app.  prof  of 
harm,  and  history  at  the  Cons.  Also  comp. 
many  orchestral  works,  motets,  hymns,  songs, 
etc.,  and  wrote  musical  essays. 

Barbireau  (or  Barbiriau,  Barbarieu,  Bar- 
byrianus,  Barberau,  Barbingaut,  Barba- 

cola),  from  1448  choirmaster  of  Notre-Dame, 
Antwerp,  until  his  death  on  Aug.  8,  1491.  Cor- 
responded \\ith  Rud  Agricola,  is  quoted  by 
Tinctoris,  and  was  considered  a  high  authority. 
— Works  :  a  5-part  Mass,  *  *  Virgo  parens  Chris- 
ti";  a  4-p.  Mass,  "Faulx  perverse";  a  4-p. 
Kyrie,  etc.  (in  MS.,  Imp.  Library,  Vienna). 

Barbot,  Joseph-The'odore-De'sire",  tenor 
singer;  b.  Toulouse,  Apr.  12, 1824 ;  d.  Paris,  Jan. 
I,  1897.  Pupil  of  Pans  Cons  (Elwart,  Garcia)  ; 
eng.  1848  at  the  Grand  Ope'ra,  but  soon  left  it 
for  Italy,  where  he  sang  with  great  success  for 
many  years.  Created  role  of  "  Faust"  at  Th  - 
Lynque,  March  19,  1859.  In  1875,  prof,  of 
singing  in  Cons.,  succeeding  Mme.  Viardot. 

BaKdi,    Giovanni,    conte   del   Vernio,    a 

wealthy  and  cultivated  Florentine  nobleman  at 
the  end  of  the  i6th  century.  At  his  house  the 
leading  men  of  letters  and  musicians  assembled, 
and  to  his  influence  was  due,  in  great  measure, 
the  quasi  revival  of  the  ancient  lyric  drama 


37 


BARGE— BARNHY 


(comp.  Peri,  Jacopo),  bearing  the  germs  of  mod- 
ern opera. 

Barege  ["-g^l.  Johann  Heinnch  Wilhelm, 
b.  Wulfsahl,  Hano\er,  Nov  23,  1836.  A  self- 
taught  flute-player  ;  1853-60  in  a  Ilano\oiian 
regimental  band,  then  1st  flute  of  Detmold  court 
orch  ,  and  from  1867-95,  1st  rlute  of  the  Leipzig 
Gewandhaus  Orch  ,  retning  on  pension  (suc- 
cessor, 2nd  flute  Schwedler,  \\ho  uas  succeeded 
as  2nd  flute  by  Fischer,  Barge's  pupil)  B  still 
(1899)  retains  his  position  as  teacher  in  the  Leip- 
zig Cons.— Worlds  "  Method  for  Flute  ",  4  sets 
of  orchestral  flute-studies  ;  arrangements  for  flute 
of  classic  and  modern  compositions  ("Samm- 
lung  behebter  Stucke  f.  Fl.  u.  Pf."),  etc 

Bargheer,  Karl  Louis,  violinist ,  b.  Bucke- 
burg,  Dec.  31,  1833  »  PuPl1  of  Spohr  (1848-50), 
when  he  became  leader  in  the  Detmold  court 
orch.;  st  later  with  David  and  Joachim  1863, 
court  Kapellm.  at  Detmold,  making  numerous 
brilliant  concert-tours;  1876-89,  leader  of  the 
Hamburg  I'hilh.  Soc  ,  and  teacher  in  the  Cons. ; 
then  leader  in  the  Bulow  orch. 

Bargheer,  Adolf,  brother  of  Karl  L. ;  Spohr's 
last  pupil,  and  finished  by  Joachim  ;  b.  llucke- 
burg,  Oct.  21,  1840.  Court  musician  at  Det- 
mold ;  since  1866,  leader  and  first  violin-prof .  at 
the  Basel  School  of  Music 

Bar'giel  [ba/g  he-el],  Woldemar,  b.  Berlin, 
Oct.  3,  1828  ;  d  theie  Fob  23,  1897.  Pupil 
(1846)  of  Hauptmann,  Moschelcs,  Gadeund  Kietz 
at  Leipzig  Cons  ,  for  some  years  a  private  teacher 
at  Berlin,  then  pro!  in  Cologne  Cons.;  1865, 
Director  of  the  Music  School  oi  the  lk  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Music  "at  Amsterdam,  and 
conductor  of  their  concerts  ;  from  1874,  prof,  at 
the  R  Ilochschule  at  Beilm  ;  1S75,  member  of 
the  senate  of  the  Acutl.  oi  Arts  ;  1882,  Pie.sU 
dentof  the  "  Meisterschulef.  musikalische  Kom- 
position."  He  occupied  a  high  place  among 
modern  German  instrumental  composeis. — 
Works:  3  overtures  ("  Zu  eincm  Tniuerspiel " 
[Romeo  and  Juliet],  op.  18  ;  "  Prometheus,"  op, 
16  ;  l*  Medea,"  op.  22) ;  symphony  in  C,  op.  30; 

3  Danses  brillantes  f.  orch.,  op.  24  ;  Intermezzo 
f.  orch.,  op.  46;  Psalm  96,  i.  double  ch  a  tap- 
/<'//<7,  op    33  ;  2  Psalms,  f.  ch.  and  oich.,  op. 
25,  26  ;  octet  f  4  vins.,  2  \las  ,  2  'celli,  op.  r$a  ; 

4  string-quartets  (op.  47  is  No,  4)  ;  3  pf.-tiios, 
op.  6,  20,  37;  Suite  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  op.   17; 
Adagio  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op.  38;  Sonata  f.  pf. 
and  vln.,  op.  TO  ;  many  pf.-pcs.,  part-songs. 

Barker,  Chas.  Spackmann,  noted  English 
organ -builder  ;  b.  Bath,  Oct.  10,  1806  ;  d.  Maid- 
stone,  Nov  26,  1879.  ttfit'  himself  at  Bath,  and 
invented  the  pneumatic  lever,  an  invention  of- 
fered unsuccessfully  to  several  English  buildeis, 
but  adopted  in  1837  by  Cavtiillc-Col  of  Paris. 
Here  13  took  charge  of  Daublaine  and  Calliuet's 
factory  until  1860,  when  he  est.  the  firm  of  Bar- 
ker and  Verschneider,  which  built  several  cele- 
brated organs.  He  returned  to  London  in  1870. 
B.  also  invented  the  electnc  action. 


Bar'mann,  Hemrich  Joseph,  famed  clari- 
nettist ,  b  Potsd.im,  Feb.  17,  1784  ,  d.  Munich, 
June  n,  1847.  lie  made  bnlliant  professional 
touis,  and  settled  in  Munich  as  court  musician — 
1st  clai.  in  court  orch.  lie  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  \Vcbei  and  Mendelssohn,  who  both 
wiote  various  claiinet-pieces  for  him. — He  com- 
posed about  90  woiks,  38  of  which  are  publ. 
(concertos,  fantasias,  quintets,  quartets,  varia- 
tions, .sonatas,  duets,  etc.),  rind  are  still  special 
favorites  with  clarinet-plaj ens.  His  brother 
Karl  (1782-1842)  was  a  famous  ba&soon-player. 

Bar'mann,  Karl  (Sen),  son  of  lleinr.  Jos. 
B.  ,  b.  Munich,  1820,  d  there  May  24,  1885  ; 
pupil  of  his  father,  \vhoin  he  accompanied  on 
his  tours,  and  whose  fame  he  shared  ;  he  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  Munich  court  oicli  Wrote 
an  admirable  "  Method  for  Clarinet,"  with  a 
supplement,  "  Alateiiahen  zur  weitcrcn  techni- 
schen  Ausbildunj*  "  (Andre,  Offenbach),  llis 
compositions  are  well  liked. 

Bar'mann  [Baermann],  Karl  (Jr.],  son  of 
the  preceding,  b.  Munich,  July  n.,  1839;  pf.- 
pupil  of  Wanner  and  Wohlmuth,  lalei  ol  Liszt ; 
st.  comp.  with  Fr.  Lachner.  He  was  app. 
teacher  in  the  Munich  Cons.,  but  went  in  1881 
to  Boston,  Mass.,  where  he  enjoys  a  hij»h  repu- 
tation as  pianist  and  pedagogue.  Has  written 
pf.-pcs.  (publ.  by  Andre,  at  Olfcnhach). 

Barnard,  Mrs.  Charles  (use  Almgton),  an 
Engl.  sonjj-wntcr  (pen-name  tl  Claubd") ;  b. 
Dec.  23,  1830,1!  Dovci,  Jan.  30,  1869.  Her 
numerous  songs  aie  in  the  popular  vein,  and  are 
not  unpleasmg.  She  has  also  publ.  vocal  quar- 
tets, trios,  and  ducts,  and  pf.-pcs. 

Barnby,  Sir  Joseph,  coiuluctoi  of  niaiked 
ability,  /me  org.  and  comp.  ;  b.  York,  Kngl., 
Auj>.  12,  1838  ;  d. 
London,  Jan.  28, 
180,6  Of"  musical 
family  ;  cntcied 
York  Minster  choir 
at  7,  at  to  taught 
the  other  boys,  at 
12  was  app.  or- 
ganist ,  at  15  music- 
master  at  a  school. 
In  1854  he  entered 
tlieR.  A.  M.,  Lon- 
don ;  studied  under 
Ch.  Lucas  and 
Cipriani  Potter  ; 
held  in  succession 
post  of  organist  at  St.  Michael's,  St.  James 
the  Less,  to  the  Sacred  Harmonic  Soc.,  and 
(1862)  of  org.  and  choii  master  at  St.  An- 
drew's Oigaimed  (1804)  I  tarn by's  Choir  (choral 
society),  with  live  annual  scries  of  oratorio-con- 
certs. Organist  of  St,  Anne's,  1871  ;  then  suc- 
ceeded (lounod  as  conductor  of  R.  Albert  Hall 
Choral  Soc.,  raising  its  standard  of  performance 
to  a  very  high  level,  Conductor  of  the  Car- 
diff Festival,  1893  and  1895  ;  also  of  S.  Wales 


BARNBY— BARRY 


Festival  In  1874  ne  inaugurated  a  series  of 
daily  concerts  in  Albert  Hall,  \\hich  were  not  a 
success  Cond.  the  London  Mus.  Soc  ,  1878- 
86  In  1875  he  was  app  precentor  and  dir  of 
mus.  at  Eton,  a  highly  important  and  influential 
position.  Elected,  Mar.  31,  1892,  Principal  of 
Guildhall  Sch.  of  Music  Knighted  July,  1892. 
Works  Rebekah,  a  sacred  idyll  (1870)  ;  Psalm 
97  (1883) ,  Service  (morn.,  noon,  eve.)  in  E  , 
Magnificat  and  Nunc  dimittis  in  E|?,  f.  ch., 
org  ,  and  orch  (1881)  ;  Services,  Pieces,  Offer- 
tory Sentence;  Motet  "King  all-glorious,"  f. 
soli.  6- part  ch  ,  org.  and  orch.  ;  45  Anthems  , 
250  Hymn-tunes  (compl  coll.,  1897)  ,  5  Trios 
f  female  voices  ;  32  4-part  songs ,  13  carols  , 
19  songs  ;  organ-pcs.  ,  pf.-pcs. 

Barnby,  Robert,  alto  singer ;  b.  York,  Eng- 
land, in  1821  ,  d.  London,  June  I,  1875.  Lay- 
vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey  abt.  1845  ;  Gentle- 
man of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1847. 

Bar'nett,  John,  b.  Bedford,  England,  July  i, 
1802  ,  d  Cheltenham,  Apr.  17,  1890.  Pupil  of 
C  E  Horn,  Price,  and  Ries.  Brought  out 
his  first  operetta,  Before  Breakfast,  at  the 
Lyceum,  in  1825,  followed  by  many  small  pcs., 
and  (1834)  by  the  more  ambitious  opera  The 
Mountain  Sylph.  After  studying  in  Paris  and 
Frankfort,  he  brought  out  Fair  JRosamomt( Lon- 
don, 1837),  and  JPaiindli  (London,  1838);  he 
settled  in  Cheltenham  in  1841  as  a  singing- 
teacher.  3  of  his  operas  have  never  been  per- 
formed. Besides  2  unfinished  oratorios  and  a 
symphony,  he  composed  2  string-quartets,  and 
many  part-songs  and  duets ;  he  publ.  about 
4,000  detached  songs. 

Bar'nett,  John  Francis,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  London,  Oct.  16,  1837.  Pf  -pupil 
of  Dr  Wylde  (1849) ;  won  Queen's  Scholarship 
at  R.  A.  M.  in  1850,  and  again  m  1852  ;  made 
his  pianistic  debut  at  the  New  Philh.  Concerts 
in  1853.  St.  1856-9  at  Leipzig  Cons  (Mo- 
scheles,  Plaidy,  Hauptmann),  and  played  in  the 
Gewandhaus  in  1860.  Lived  at  home  as  teacher, 
concert-giver,  and  conductor ;  1883,  app.  Prof, 
at  R.  Coll  of  Mus  — Principal  works  An  orato- 
rio, The  Raising  of  Lazarus  (1876)  ;  several 
cantatas, —  The  Ancient  j\Ia>ine)\  and  Paradise 
and  7 he  Peri  (Birmingham  Fest.,  1867  and  '70) ; 
The  Good  Shepherd  (Brighton,  1876);  The 
Building  of  the  Ship  (Leeds,  1880) ;  The  Har- 
vest Festival  (Norwich,  1881) ;  The  Wisliing<- 
bett,  etc. ; — an  orchestral  piece,  The  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel  (Liverpool,  1874) ;  symphony  in 
A  min.  ;  "  Ouverture  symphonique"  (1868); 
overture  to  Winter's  Talc  (1873) ;  pf. -concerto 
in  D  min.  ;  string-quintet, -quartet,-trio ;  pf.- 
pcs.,  part-songs,  songs,  etc, 

Bar'nett,  Joseph  Alfred,  tenor  vocalist ;  b. 
London,  June  15,  1810 ;  d.  there  (?),  Apr.  29, 
1898.  A  composer  of  songs,  duets,  and  some 
good  sacred  music  ("  Exaudi  Deus,"  f.  ten. 
solo  ;  "  Ave  Maria,"  f.  quartet  \  "  Domine  sal- 


vum  fac,"  f.  ch.  and  soli) ;  also  gave  singing- 
lessons      lie  was  a  brother  of  John  Barnett 

Baron'  [-ron],  Ernst  Gottlieb,  b.  Breslau, 
Feb  27,  1696  ,  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  12,  i76o[FEiis] 
Famous  lutemst  ,  court-player  at  Gotha,  in  1727, 
and  theorbist  to  the  Prussian  Crown  Prince 
(later  Friedrich  II)  in  1734  Wrote  "  Histo- 
nsch-theoretische  u.  praktische  Untersuchung 
des  Instruments  der  Laute,  etc."  (1727)  , 
an  Appendix  (on  the  lute)  to  Marpurg's  "  His- 
tonsch-kntische  Beitrage,"  vol  h  ;  an  "Ab- 
handlung  von  dera  Notensystem  der  Laute  und 
der  Theorbe "  ;  and  some  minor  pamphlets. 
His  compositions  (concertos,  trios,  duets,  sona- 
tas, etc.)  are  unpublished. 

Barre"  (or  Barra),  Leonard,  contrapuntist; 
b.  Limoges ;  a  pupil  of  Willaert,  became  a 
singer  in  the  Papal  Chapel  (1537),  and  special 
envoy  in  the  Papal  musical  commission  sent  to 
the  Council  of  Trent  (1545)  Madrigals  and 
motets  by  him  are  still  extant. 

Barr6,  Antoine,  madngal-composer,  and 
from  1555-70  a  printer  at  Rome,  later  going  to 
Milan 

Barret,  Apollon-Marie-Rose,  French  obo- 
ist ,  b.  1804 ,  d.  Paris,  Mar.  S,  1879 ;  PupH  of 
Vogt  in  Pans  Cons.  His  "  Complete  Method 
for  the  Oboe,"  with  supplementary  studies  and 
sonatas,  is  a  standard  work 

Barrett,  John,  b  1674  ;  d  London,  1735 
(8?);  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Blow,  1710,  org  at  St. 
Mary-at-Hill,  and  teacher  at  Christ's  Hospital, 
London.  Wrote  scenic  music,  entr'actes,  over- 
tuies,  popular  songs,  etc. 

Barrett,  William  Alexander,  English 
writer  and  lecturer  on  music,  b.  Hackney,  Mid- 
dlesex, Oct.  15,  1836,  d.  London  (?),  Oct.  17, 
1891.  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon  ,  1870  Mus.  Ed.  of 
the  "Morning  Post"  (1869),  of  the  "Globe" 
(1874-5);  editor  of  "Monthly  Mus.  Record" 
(1877  and  1885),  and  of  the  "  Orchestra  and  the 
Choir"  (iSSi)  ;  also  of  the  "  Musical  Times." 
Co-editor,  w.  Sir  John  Stainer,  of  a  u  Diet,  of 
Mus.  Terms"  (1875;  3d  ed.,  iSSS).  Wrote 
monographs  on  "English  Glee  and  Madrigal 
Writers"  (1877),  "  Balfe  His  Life  and  Work  " 
(1882) ;  etc. — Composed  an  oratorio,  Christ  be- 
fore Pilate  (MS.),  madrigals,  and  anthems. 

Harrington,  Daines,  English  lawyer;  b. 
London,  1727  ;  d.  there  Mar.  II,  1800.  Wrote 
numerous  minor  essays  on  music  and  musicians 
— Crotch.  Mornington,  the  Wesleys  (father  and 
son),  Mozart; — "Experiments  and  Observa- 
tions on  the  vSinging  of  Birds*'  (London,  1773) ; 
and  a  description  of  the  ancient  Welsh  Crwth 
and  Pib-corn. 

Barry,  Charles  Ainslie,  org. ,  comp. ,  and  a 
writer  of  radical  tendency  ;  b.  London,  June  10, 
1830.  Pupil  ol  Walmisley ,  of  the  Cologne 
Cons. ;  and  (1856-7)  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles, 
Plaidy,  Richter).  Editor  of  "Monthly  Mus. 
Record"  (1875-9);  contributor  to  the  "Guar- 


39 


BARSANTI— BARTLETT 


dian,"  "  Athenaeum,"  "  Mus.  World,"  etc. ,  1886, 
Sec.  of  the  Liszt  Scholarship.  lias  composed 
numerous  pf.-pcs.,  hymns,  songs,  etc  ,  also  (m 
MS.)  a  symphony,  two  overtures,  and  a  march, 
f.  orch. ;  a  string-quartet ;  and  cantatas. 

Barsan'ti,  Francesco,  b  Lucca,  abt.  1690  ; 
d.  abt.  1760.  Flutist,  later  oboist,  at  Ital. 
Opera,  London  ,  lived  in  Scotland  for  a  time 
and  was  eng.  ("1750)  as  viola-player  in  London. 
Publ.  "  A  Coll.  of  old  Scots  Tunes,  \v  the  Bass 
f.  Violoncello  or  Harpsichord "  (Edinburgh, 
1742),  12  vln. -concertos,  6  flute-solos  w.  bass,  6 
sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  w.  bass,  6  antiphones  in  Pale- 
strina  style,  etc. 

Barsot'ti,  Tommaso  Gasparo  Fortunate, 
b.  Florence,  Sept.  4,  1786  ,  d.  Apr.,  1868,  at 
Marseilles,  where  he  founded,  in  1821,  the  Free 
School  of  Music,  of  which  he  was  the  Director 
down  to  1852.  Publ.  a  Donnne  salvum  fac 
regtm  ;  a  "  Methode  de  Musique"  (1828) ;  pf.- 
variations  ;  and  nocturnes  f.  2  voices. 

Bar'tay,  Andreas,  Hunganan  composer;  b. 
Szeplak,  1798  ;  d.  Mayence,  Oct.  4,  1856.  In 
1838,  Director  of  the  National  Th.  at  Pesth  ; 
gave  concerts  in  Paris  (1848)  ;  afterwards  settled 
in  Hamburg. — Wrote  the  Hungarian  operas 
Anrelia,  Csel,  and  The  Hungarians  in  Naples; 
the  oratorio  The  Storming  of  Of  en  ;  also  masses, 
ballets,  etc. 

Bar'tay,  Ede,  son  of  Andreas  B.;  b.  Oct.  6, 
1825  ;  Director  of  the  National  Music  Academy, 
Pesth,  and  founder  of  the  Hungarian  pension- 
fund  for  musicians.  Has  written  an  overture, 
**  Pericles,"  and  other  works. 

Barth  [bait],  Christian  Samuel,  famous 
player  on  and  composer  for  the  oboe ;  b. 
Glauchau,  Saxony,  1735  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  July 
8,  1809.  He  was  a  pupil  of  J.  S  Bach  in  the 
Leipzig  Thomasschule,  and  oboist  successively 
in  orchestras  at  Rudolstadt,  Weimar,  Hanover, 
Kassel,  and  Copenhagen  — Works  •  Brilliant 
concertos  and  other  pcs.  f .  oboe 

Barth,  F.  Philipp  Karl  Anton,  son  of  pre- 
ceding; b.  Kassel,  about  1773  ;  succeeded  his 
father  at  Copenhagen  ,  publ.  collections  of  Dan- 
ish and  German  songs,  and  a  flute-concerto ; 
other  works  in  MS. 

Barth,  Joseph  Johann  August,  b.  Gross- 
lippen,  Bohemia,  Dec.  29,  1781.  From  abt. 
1810-30,  tenor  concert-singer  in  Vienna,  and 
member  of  the  Imp.  choir. 

Barth,  Gustav,  son  of  Joseph  B. ;  b.  Vienna, 
Sept.  2,  1811  ;  d.  Frankfort,  May  12,  1897. 
Pianist,  conductor,  and  vocal  composer.  In 
1840,  he  married  Wilhelrnme  Hasselt;  1843, 
conductor  of  the  Vienna  Male  Choral  Union ; 
1858,  court  Kapettm.  at  Wiesbaden  ,  retired  to 
Frankfort  as  teacher  and  critic.  Wrote  songs, 
male  choruses,  etc. 

Barth,  Karl  Heinrich,  b.  Pillau,  Prussia, 
July  12,  1847  ;  taught  (1856-62),  by  L.  Stein- 
mann  in  Potsdam,  and  by  v.  BUlow  (1862-4)  at 


Berlin  ,  also  by  Bronsart  and  Tausig  1868,  app. 
teacher  at  Stern  Cons  ,  IJerhn  ,  1871,  at  R. 
Hochschule  f.  Musik  Is  an  able  pianist, 
whose  concerts  in  Germany  and  England  have 
met  \\ith  great  success  The  trio  I>  ,  cle  Ahna, 
and  Hausmann,  have  won  golden  opinions 
wherever  they  appeared.  IJ.  succeeded  v  Bu- 
low  as  cond.  of  the  Philh  concerts  at  Hamburg 

Barth,  Richard,  violin- virtuoso  (left-handed), 
Prof  (Univ.  Music-Director)  at  Marburg,  till 
1804  ,  then  app.  Director  of  Hamburg  1'hilh. 
Concerts,  succeeding  v.  Uernuth. 

Bar'the,  Grat-Norbert,  dramatic  composer ; 
born  Dayonne,  France,  June  7,  1828  ;  pupil  of 
Leborne  at  Pans  Cons  ;  won  the  Grand  pnx 
de  Rome  (1854)  with  the  cantata  Front  esca 
da  Rimim. — Works  The  operas  Don  Cat  hs 
and  La  Fiancee  d*Abydos  (1865) ;  an  oratorio, 
Judith;  etc. 

Bar'thel  [-tel],  Johann  Christian,  b.  Plau- 
en,  Saxony,  Apr.  19,  1776,  d.  Altcnlmrg,  June 
IO7  1831,  as  court  organist  (succeeding  K  robs) 
Composer  of  church-works  (an  Easter  cantata, 
a  coll.  of  104  psalms  f.  4  parts,  many  organ-pcs  , 
all  MS.),  and  pf.-pcs.  ("  Musikalische  Flora," 
1 8  dances  ;  and  12  waltzes — publ ). 

Barthelemon  (angluJ  Bartleman),  Fran- 
§ois-Hippolyte,  talented  violinist  and  dramatic 
comp.,  b.  Bordeaux,  July  27,  1741  ;  d.  London, 
July  20  (23  ?),  1808  In  1765,  leader  in  the 
opera-orch.  at  London  ;  in  1770,  do.  at  Vaux- 
hall  Gardens  ;  eng.  in  Dublin,  1784.— Operas 
Pttopidas  (London,  1766) ;  />  Fleitw  Sta- 
mandre  (Paris,  1768);  Le  Jugtment  de  Paris 
(London,  1768) ;  Le  Cemtitre  enchant^  (ib.  ')  ; 
The  Maid  of  the  Oaks  (ib.,  1774)  ;  Relphegor 
(ib.,  I778)- — Also  wrote  concertos  f.  vln  ;  2  sets 
of  duos  f.  2  vlns  ;  0  string-quartets  ;  studies  f. 
pf.  and  f.  org  ,  etc. 

Bartholomew,  William,  Engl.  violinist, 
writer  and  painter,  b.  London,  1793;  d.  there 
Aug.  18,  1867.  Intimate  friend  of  Mendelssohn, 
and  the  translator  into  English  of  the  libretti  to 
Antigone,  Athaht,  CEdipus^  Chrhhts^  Khjah, 
Lauda  Sion^  Loreley,  Walpurgisnaiht,  also  of 
Spohr'Sjfajjw/dfo,  and  Costa's  Eh  and  Naaman> 
etc. 

Bartlett,  Homer  Newton,  b.  Olive,  N.  Y., 
Dec.  28,  1845. 
Pianist,  organist, 
and  composer, 
precociously  de- 
veloped ;  pupil 
(1861)  of  S.  B. 
Mills,  Max  Braun, 
Jacobsen,  and 
others.  Organist 
in  various  New 
York  churches ; 
now  at  Madison 
Av.  Baptist  Ch. 
His  publ.  works 
include  a  sextet 


40 


BART^ANSKY— B  ASTON 


f.  strings  and  flute  ;  a  cantata,  The  Last  Chief- 
tain ,  quartets,  anthems,  carols,  and  glees,  f. 
men's  and  women's  voices  ,  and  about  30  songs, 
and  60  pf.-pcs.  In  MS  he  has  the  3-act  opera 
La  rallicte  ;  an  oratorio,  bamud  *  a  caprice, 
"  Ignis  fatuus,"  and  2  marches  f.  orch  ;  a 
quartet  for  harp,  org.,  vln  ,  and  'cello ,  etc. 

Bartflan'sky.     See  BORTNIAN&KY 

Bar'toli,  Padre  Erasmo,  b.  Gaeta,  1606 ; 
lived  as  "  Padre  Raimo  "  at  Naples,  where  he 
died  July  14,  1656  —MS  works  (in  the  Ora- 
torian  Library)  •  Masses,  psalms,  and  motets. 

Bar/tolo,  Padre  Daniele,  learned  Jesuit ,  b. 
Ferrara,  1608  ;  d  Rome,  Jan.  13,  1685  ;  wrote 
treatise  "  Del  suono,  de'  tremori  armonici  e  del- 
1'udito"  (Rome,  1679-81,  Bologna,  1680) 

Ba'selt,  Fritz  (Friedrich  Gustav  Otto), 
prolific  comp  ;  b.  Oels,  Silesia,  May  26,  1863. 
Pupil  of  Concertm  Emil  Kohler,  Breslau,  and 
L.  Bussler,  Berlin.  Has  lived  in  turn  as  mu- 
sician, music-dealer,  composer,  teacher,  and 
cond.  in  Breslau,  Essen,  and  Nuremberg ; 
since  1894,  m  Frankfort-on-M.  as  director  of  the 
Philh.  Verein  (professional  concerts  w  full 
orch),  and  the  Frankf  "  Sangervereinigung1 " 
(abt  1,200  voices). — Dramatic  works :  3-act 
operetta  Der  Jnirst  von  Sevilla  (Nuremberg, 
i8S3) ;  3-act  operetta  Don  Afoaro,  otter  der 
Haitptmann  von  Za/amea  (Ansbach,  1892)  ;  i-act 
opera  Albiecht  Dura  (Nuremberg,  1892) ;  3-act 
operetta  Rent  und  Gaston  (Lubeck,  1893)  ;  I -act 
operetta  Der  So/in  des  Pehde-n  (Kassel,  1893)  ; 
3-act  "  Spieloper"  Die  Annaliese  (Kassel,  1896) ; 
operetta  Die  Alitsketiere  im  Damenstijt  (Kas- 
sel, 1896) ;  i-act  operetta  Die  Circusfee  (Berlin, 
1897)  — Besides  these,  he  has  written  nearly  loo 
male  choruses,  mostly  a  cappella,  many  of  which 
are  popular  ,  numerous  terzets,  duets,  songs ; 
several  original  pcs.  f.  orch  ,  strings,  vln.  and 
pf.,  etc.  ;  also  a  number  of  arrangements,  tran- 
scriptions, and  the  like. 

Base'vi,  Abramo,  writer  and  composer ;  b. 
Leghorn,  Dec.  29,  iSiS ;  d.  Floience,  Nov., 
1885.  His  2  operas,  Romilda  ed  Ezselino 
(1840),  and  Enrico  Howard  (1847),  being  coolly 
received,  he  founded  (1848?)  the  mus.  jour- 
nal "  Armenia "  (ceased  to  appear  in  1859) ; 
became  a  contributor  to  the  4t  Boccherini "  ;  also 
founded  (1859)  tne  "  Beethoven  Matinees  "  (now 
"Societa  del  Quartette11).  He  published  a 
"Studio  sulle  opere  di  Giuseppe  Verdi  "  (1859) ; 
"  Introduzione  ad  un  nuovo  sistema  d'  armonia" 
(1862);  "Studi  sul  armonia"  (1865);  "Com- 
pendio  della  storia  della  musica"  (1865-6). 

Basil  (Saint)  the  Great,  b.  329  at  Cacsarea, 
Cappadocia,  where  he  died  as  bishop  in  379. 
Reputed  to  have  introduced  congregational 
(antiphonal)  singing  into  the  Eastern  Church, 
thus  being  the  forerunner  of  St.  Ambrose  in  the 
Western. 

Basi'li,  Francesco,  dramatic  and  sacred 
comp  ;  b.  Loreto,  Feb.,  1766;  d  Rome,  Mar. 
25,  1850.  Pupil  of  his  father  [Andrea  B., 


1720-75],  later  of  Jannaconi  at  Rome.  M  di 
tapp.  at  Foligno,  Macerata,  and  Loreto,  and  up 
to  1824  brought  out  n  operas  and  several 
"  dramatic  oratorios  "  m  Rome,  Naples,  Flor- 
ence, Milan,  and  Venice.  App.  1827  censor  of 
Milan  Cons.,  in  1837,  ;//.  di  tapp  at  St.  Pe- 
ter's, Rome. — Wrote  psalms,  motets,  litanies,  a 
Miserere,  a  Magnificat,  a  Requiem  (for  Janna- 
coni, 1816) ;  symphonies,  pf. -sonatas,  songs, 
etc. 

Bassa'ni,  Giovanni,  m.  di  capp.  at  St. 
Mark's,  Venice,  abt.  1600.  2  vol.s  of  "  Con- 
certi  ecclesiastic! "  (1598,  '99),  and  I  of  4-p 
"Canzonette"  (1587),  are  extant. 

( Bassa'ni  (or  Bassiani),  Giovanni  Bat- 
tista,  excellent  violinist  and  comp.;  b  Padua 
abt.  1657 ;  tl  Ferrara,  1716  J/.  di  capp.  at 
Bologna  and  Ferrara,  where  he  was  elected 
m.  dt  f.,  m  1703,  of  the  "  Accademia  della 
Morte  " — Works  .  6  operas  ;  masses,  motets, 
psalms,  etc.  ;  sonatas  f.  vln. — Corelli  was  his 
pupil. 

Bassa'ni,  Geronimo,  b.  Padua,  late  in  the 
I7th  century.  Pupil  of  Lotti ;  a  fine  contra- 
puntist, singer,  singing-teacher ;  produced  2 
operas  at  Venice,  Bertoldo  (1718),  and  Anwr  per 
forsa  (1721)  ;  also  wrote  masses,  motets,  and 
vespers. 

Basse'vi,  Giacomo.    See  CERVETTO. 

Bassford,  William  Kipp,  pianist  and  organ- 
ist; b.  New  York,  April  23,  1839.  Pupil  of 
Samuel  Jackson.  After  concert-tours  as  a  pian- 
ist through  the  U.  S  ,  he  settled  m  N.  V  ;  has 
been  organist  in  several  churches  (at  present  of 
Calvary  Ch.,  East  Orange,  N.  J.),  also  teaches 
pf.  and  composition. — Works ,  CasstA/a,  2-act 
opera  ;  mass  in  E|?;  pf.-pcs  ,  songs. 

Bas'si,  Luigi,  dramatic  baritone  ;  b.  Pe&aro, 
1766 ;  d.  Dresden,  1825.  Sang  m  several  Ital- 
ian theatres  ;  from  1784  to  1806  in  Prague  ,  lived 
in  Vienna,  again  (1814)  in  Prague,  and  became 
director  of  the  Dresden  Opera.  Mozart  wrote 
the  part  of  Don  Giovanni  for  B. 

Bassiron,  Philippe,  Netherland  contrapunt- 
ist of  the  15th  century,  some  of  whose  masses 
are  given  by  O.  Petrucci  in  his  "  Missae  diverso- 
rum  auctorum  "  (Venice,  1508). 

Bastardel'la.    See  AGUJARI. 

Bastiaans'fbas-te-ahns'],  J.  G.,  Dutch  comp. 
and  org.;  b.  Wilp,  1812  ;  d.  Haarlem,  Feb  16, 
1875.  Pupil  of  Schneider  at  Dessau,  and  Men- 
delssohn at  Leipzig ;  organist  at  the  "  Zuider- 
kerk,"  Amsterdam  ;  and  teacher  at  Blind  Inst 
App.  in  1868  org.  of  the  great  organ  at  St. 
Bavo's,  Haarlem  (succ.  by  his  son,  Johann ;  b. 
1854,  d.  1885).  Eminent  teacher.  Publ.  a  book 
of  chorals,  some  songs,  etc. 

Bast  on,  Josquin,  Netherland  contrapuntist, 
living  in  1556.  Motets  and  chansons  by  him  are 
found  in  many  coll.s  publ.  at  Antwerp,  Louvain, 
and  Augsburg  from  1542-61. 


BATCIIELDER— I3ATTON 


Batch'elder,  John  C.,  pianist  and  org  ;  b. 
Topsham,  Vt.,  1852.  Pupil  for  4  years  of 
Haupt,  Ehrlich,  and  Loeschhorn,  dt  ISerlin. 
Teacher  of  org.  and  piano  in  I  >etroit  Cons  ,  org. 
of  St.  Paul's  Episc  Ch  Has  given  many  pub- 
lic organ-recitals 

Bates,  Joah,  British  conductor ;  b.  Halifax, 
Mar.  19,  1741  ,  d.  London,  June  S,  1799.  Pro- 
moter and  conductor  of  the  famous  '*  Handel 
Commemoration  "  festivals  at  London  ( 1784^5  ,- 
6,-7,  '91),  founder,  with  "other  amateurs,"  of 
the  "Concerts  of  Ancient  Music"  [not  Pe- 
pusch's]. — No  compositions  of  his  appear  to  be 
extant. 

Bates,  William,  English  comp  of  the  iSth 
cent  (1720-1790?),  connected  \\ith  the  Maryle- 
bone  and  Vauxhall  Gardens,  London. — Works  : 
Comic  opera  The  Jovial  Ctt'W  (1760),  altered  to 
The  Lades9  Frolic  (1770)  ,  opera  Phar  nates 
(1765) ;  a  "  Mus  prelude,"  The  Theatrical  Can- 
didates  (1775) ,  and  Flora,  or  Hob  in  the  U  ell 
(1768) ,  also  canons,  glees,  catches  ;  vln. -sonatas  ; 
etc. 

Bateson,  Thomas,  b.  England  abt.  1575  ;  d. 
(?).  1599-1611,  org.  of  Chester  cathedral,  later 
of  Christ  Ch  cathedral,  Dublin. — Mus.  P»ac. 
(Dublin)  Wrote  "  A  Set  of  Madrigals  in  praise 
of  Queen  Elizabeth "  (1601) ;  "First  Set  of 
Madrigals  "  (1604  ;  reprinted  1846)  ;  u  and  set  " 
(1618) 

Batiste,  Antoine-£douard,  organist ;  b. 
Pans,  Mar.  28,  1820  ,  d  there  Nov.  9,  1876. 
Pupil  (1828)  and  prof.  (1836)  at  Pans  Cons,  (har- 
mony, accomp.,  and  choral  classes).  Organist 
of  St  -Nicolas-des-Champs  (1842-54),  then  of  St.- 
Eustache.  lie  composed  much  excellent  organ- 
music,  also  pf.-pcs.  and  songs.  Edited  the 
oflicial  "Solfeges  du  Conservatoire"  (12  vol.s), 
and  publ.  a  "Petit  Solfege  harmonique." 

Batistin.    See  STRUCK,  Jon.  KAPT. 

B&ton,  Henri,  musette-player ;  his  brother 
Charles  ("  P>£ton  le  jeune  "),  a  performei  on  the 
vielle,  \vrote  pieces  for  vielle  and  musette,  and  a 
11  Mumoire  sur  la  vielle  en  D  la  re  "  ("  Mercure,'* 
1757). 

Bat'ta,  Pierre,  b,  Maastricht,  Holland,  Aug. 
8,  1795  ;  d.  Lrussels,  Nov.  20,  1876,  as  solfeggio- 
teacher  at  the  Cons  He  also  gave  'cello-lessons. 
He  had  3  sons  : 

Bat'ta,  Alexandra,  b.  Maastricht,  July  9, 
1816  ;  brilliant  'cellist,  pupil  of  Platel  in  Brussels 
Cons  ;  settled  1835  in  Paris.  Made  -very  suc- 
cessful concert-tours  on  the  Continent  — Works  • 
Many  melodious  pcs  and  transcriptions  f.  'cello 
w.  pf.-acc. 

Bat'ta,  Jean-Laurent,  b.  Maastricht,  Dec. 
30,  1817;  d.  Nancy,  Jan  (?),  1880.  Piano-pupil 
of  Brussels  Cons.,  taking  1st  prize  in  1836, 
Lived  in  Pans,  and  from  1848  in  Nancy  as  a 
music-teacher. 

Bat'ta,  Joseph,  b  Maastricht,  Apr.  24, 1824 
'Cellist  and  comp.;  pupil  of  Brussels  Cons.  (2nd 


grand  pnx  for  comp  in  1845) ;  since  1846  in 
Pans,  as  an  orchestra-player  at  the  Opera- 
Comique.  Has  comp.  symphonies,  overtures, 
cantatas,  etc. 

Battaille,  Charles-Aimable,  dramatic  bass; 
b  Nantes,  Sept.  30, 1822  ,  d.  Pans,  May  2,  1872. 
At  first  a  medical  student  ,  sang  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  Pans,  from  1848-57,  when  a  throat- 
disorder  closed  his  public  career.  1851,  prof  of 
singing  at  the  Cons.  Publ.  an  extensive  Method 
of  Singing. 

Battanchon,  Felix,  eminent  'cellist  and  com- 
poser ,  b  Paris,  Apr.  g,  1814  ;  d.  there  July,  1893. 
Pupil  of  Vaslin  and  Norblin  at  the  Pans  Cons.; 
from  1840,  member  of  Grand  Opera  orch  In- 
vented (1846),  and  vainly  tried  to  populariEe,  a 
small  style  of 'cello,  called  "  Baryton." 

Batten,  Adrian,  English  comp  and  org  ;  b. 
abt,  1585  ;  d,  abt.  1637.  Vicar-choral  of  West- 
minster Abbey  in  1614,  and  of  St.  Paul's  in  1624, 
where  he  was  also  organist.  Wrote  church- 
services,  many  anthems,  and  other  sacred  music 
of  rather  mediocre  quality  ,  some  pcs.  are  publ. 
in  "  Boyce's  Cathedral  Music,"  also  by  Novelio. 

Battishill,  Jonathan,  b.  London,  May,  1738; 
d.  Islington,  Dec.  TO,  1801.  A  chorister  (1747) 
in  St.  Paul's,  and  later  articled  to  W.  Savage, 
he  became  deputy-org.  (under  Uoyce)  at  the 
Chapel  Royal,  and  afterwards  conductor  (cem- 
balist) at  Covent  Garden,  at  the  same  time  hold- 
ing the  post  of  organist  m  several  London 
parishes  With  Arnc  he  wrote  an  opera,  A ////tvoz, 
for  Drury  Lane  (1764) ;  he  also  composed  a  pan- 
tomime, The  Jtifrv  oj  Ifeitite,  in  that  year.  His 
many  anthems,  glees,  catches,  and  songs  were 
deservedly  popular. 

Battis'ta,  Vincenzo,  dramatic  composer  ;  b. 
Naples,  Oct.  5,  1823  ;  d.  there  Nov.  14,  1873. 
Pupil  of  the  Naples  Cons.  He  \\rote  13  operas, 
ii  of  which  were  produced  at  Naples,  between 
1844-69,  with  good  temporary  success,  but  now- 
forgotten. 

Battisti'ni,  Mattia,  b.  Rome  (?),  Nov.  27, 
1857.  Renowned  dram,  baritone.  Debut  in 
Donizetti 's/.tf  Feivonta  at  Rome,  Teatro  Argen- 
tina, 1878  ;  immediately  engaged  for  the  Ital. 
opera  m  Uuenos  Ay  res  Has  sung  since  then  in 
Italian  on  all  principal  stages  in  Italy,  Spain, 
Portugal,  London ,  also  (1893)  in  Berlin,  St. 
Petersburg,  etc. 

Battmann,  Jacques-Louis,  b.Maasmlmster, 
Alsatia,  Aug.  25,  1818  ;  d.  Dijon,  July  5,  1886. 
Organist  at  Uelfort  (1840),  later  at  Vesoul. 
Wrote  pieces  and  etudes  f.  pf.  and  f.  org.; 
masses,  motets,  choral  works ;  an  Harmonium 
Method,  and  many  pieces  f.  harmonium ;  a 
Piano  Method  ;  and  a.  treatise  on  harmony, 
teaching  the  accomp.  of  Plain  Song. 

Batton.  De"sire*-Alexandre,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  2, 
1797;  d.  Versailles,  Oct.  15,  1855.  Pupil  of  the 
Cons.  (Cherubini) ;  Grand  prix  de  Rome,  1816, 
for  his  cantata,  La  mort  d  Adonis,  His  operas 


42 


BATTU— BAYER 


La  fen&tre  secrete  (1818),  Ethelvina  (1827),  Le 
pnsenmer  d'etat  (1828),  Le  champ  dii  drap  d'or 
(1828),  had  poor  success,  but  La  jManjinse  de 
Bnnvilli€*s  (1832,  wntten  jointly  with  Auber, 
Herold,  and  others)  was  better  received  In 
1842  he  was  app  Inspector  of  the  branch -schools 
of  the  Cons.,  and  teacher  of  a  vocal  class  in  1849 

Battu,  Pantaloon,  b  Tans,  1799 ,  d  there 
Jan.  17, 1870  Violinist,  pupil  of  the  Cons.  (R. 
Kreutzer)  ,  belonged  to  the  orchestra  of  the 
Opera  and  the  court  until  ^1830;  in  1846,  2nd 
chef  d'orchestre  at  the  Opera ,  retired  1859. — 
"Works  2  vln. -concertos  ;  3  duos  concertants  f. 
2  vlns. ;  * '  theme  vane  "  f .  vln.  w.  orch. ;  ro- 
mances f.  vln.  \v  pf. 

Baudiot,  Charles-Nicolas,  b.  Nancy,  Mar. 
29,  i?73  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  26,  1849  'Cellist,  pu- 
pil of  Janson  Vatne\  whom  he  succeeded,  in  1802, 
as  'cello-prof,  at  the  Cons.  In  1816,  ist  'cellist 
in  the  royal  orch.;  pensioned  in  1832.  Publ  a 
great  vaiiety  of  chamber-music  f.  'cello,  and  2 
concertos,  2  concertinos,  etc  ,  f.  ditto  ,  likewise 
many  arrangements  Wrote  "  Methode  com- 
plete de  Violoncelle  "  (op.  25),  and  ll  Instruction 
pour  les  compositeurs,"  a  guide  to  writers  for 
'cello.  \Vith  Levasseur  and  Baillot  he  \vrote  the 
'cello  method  used  at  the  Cons 

Baudoin  (or  Baudouyn).    See  BAULDEWIJN. 

Bau'er,  Chrysostomus,  organ-builder  in 
Wurttemberg  early  in  the  i8th  century.  In- 
vented the  single  large  bellows,  replacing  the 
set  of  small  ones  formerly  in  use 

Bauldewijn  (or  Baulduin,  Baldewin,  Bal- 
duin,  Baudoin,  Baudouyn),  Noel  (Natalis), 
from  1513-18  mattre  de  chapdletf.  Notre-Dame, 
Antwerp,  where  he  died  in  1529.  Two  of  his 
motets  are  in  Petrucci's  **  Mottetti  della  Corona" 
(Venice,  1519) ;  others  in  other  collections  ;  also 
masses  in  MS.  at  Rome  and  Munich. 

Bau'mann,  Konrad.    See  PAUMANN. 

Baum'bach,  Friedrich  August,  composer 
and  writer ;  b.  1753  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  30, 1813. 
From  1778-89,  A'apellm.  at  Hamburg  opera  ; 
then  settled  in  Leipzig  as  a  composer. — Works  . 
Songs,  mstr.-pcs.  (for  harpsichord,  piano,  'cello, 
violin,  guitar,  etc.) ;  also  wrote  the  mus.  articles 
for  the  "  Kurz  gefasstes  Handworterbuch  uber 
die  schonen  K.imste  "  (Leipzig,  1794). 

Baum'bach,  Adolph,  b.  Germany,  1830  (?) ; 
d.  Chicago,  1880  Coming  to  America,  he  set- 
tled in  Boston  (1855) ;  taught  piano  and  organ, 
and  publ.  instructive  pcs.  f .  pf  ;  also  a  collection 
of  solo-quartets  f  church-choirs. 

Baum'felder,  Friedrich,  b.  Dresden,  May 
28,  1836  ;  pianist,  and  comp.  of  brilliant  salon- 
music  ;  pupil  of  Julius  Otto,  later  of  the  Leip- 
zig Cons.  (Moscheles,  Wenzel,  Hauptmann), 
Has  also  publ.  etudes  ("Tirocinium  musicae," 
op.  300) ;  a  pf. -suite  (op.  101) ;  a  pf  -sonata  (op. 
60) ;  favorites  are  Confidence  (op.  48),  Rondo 
mignon  (op.  49),  and  Rococo  (op.  367). 


Baum'gart,  E.  Friedrich,  b.  Grossglogau, 
Jan  13,  1817  ,  d  \Varmbrunn,  Sept  14,  1871. 
University  Music-Director  at  BruMau,  and 
teacher  in  the  R  Inst.  f.  Church-music.  Edited 
K.  Ph  E.  Bach's  "  Clauer-Sonaten  " 

Baum'g'arten,  Gotthilf  von,  b.  Berlin,  Jan. 
12,  1741  ,  d.  Gross-Strehlitz,  Silesia,  m  1813  — 
Operas  Zetmre  it nd  Asoi  (IJreslau,  1/75); 
Andiomeda  [a  monodrama]  (ib.,  1776),  Das 
Grab  de±  Mufti  (ib.,  1778  ;  publ.  in  piano- 
score) 

Baum'garten,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Germany, 
1754 ,  d.  London,  1824  ,  from  1780-94  he  was 
leader  of  the  Covent  Garden  opera-orch  — 
Works :  Operas  and  pantomimes,  the  best- 
known  being  Robin  Hood  (London,  1786)  and 
Blue  Beard  (1792). 

Baum'gartner,  Wilhelm  [Guillaume],  b. 
1820  ,  d.  Zunch,  March,  1867.  Vocal  composer 
and  Music-director  at  St.  Gallen. 

Baum'gartner,  August,  b.  Munich,  Nov. 
9,  1814 ;  d.  there  Sept.  29,  1862.  Choirmaster 
at  Ch.  of  St.  Anna,  Munich.  He  publ  papers 
on  "mus.  shorthand  "  in  the  "  Stenograph ische 
Zeitschrift  "  (1852);  a  "  Kurz  gefasste  Anleitung 
zur  musikahschen  Stenographic  oder  Tonzei- 
chenkunst"  (1853)  ;  and  a  tl  Kurz  gefasste  Ge- 
schichte  der  musikal.  Notation  "  (1856).  Com- 
posed an  instr.  Mass  ,  a  Requiem  ;  Psalms ; 
also  pf.-pcs  ,  choruses,  etc. 

Baum'ker,  Wilhelm,  b.  Elberfeld,  Oct.  25, 
1842 ,  chaplain  and  school-inspector  at  Psie- 
derkruchten  ;  a  contributor  to  the  "Allgcm. 
deutsche  Biographic,"  the  **  Monatsheftc  fur 
Musikgeschichte,"  etc.,  author  of  "  Palastrma, 
ein  Beitrag,  etc  "  (1877),  "Orlandus  di  Lassus, 
ein  histonsches  Bildniss"  (1878),  tLZur  Ge- 
schichte  d.  Tonkunst  in  Deutschland  "  (iSSi), 
lk  Der  Todtentanz"  (1881),  and  "  Das 
katholische  deutsche  Kirchenhed  in  seinen 
Singweisen  von  den  fruhesten  Zeiten  bis  gegen 
Ende  des  17  Jahrhunderts"  (1883-1891,  being 
vol.s  2  and  3  of  the  work  begun  [1862  ;  in  re- 
vised edition,  1886]  by  K.  S.  Meister) ;  also 
14  Niederlandische  geistliche  Lieder  nebst  ihien 
Singweisen  aus  Handschriften  des  15.  Jahrh." 
(1888),  and  "  Ein  deutsches  geisthches  Lieder- 
buch  "  (melodies  from  the  I5th  centur}r;  Leipzig, 
1896). 

Bausch,  Ludwig  Christian  August,  b. 
Naumburg,  Jan.  15,  1805  ;  d.  Leipzig,  May  26, 
1871.  Celebrated  maker  and  repairer  of  vio- 
lins and  bows  ;  est.  first  (1826)  in  Dresden,  then 
Dessau  (1828),  Leipzig  (1839), Wiesbaden  (1862), 
Leipzig  (1863).  I  Us  son  Ludwig1  fb.  1829,  d. 
Leipzig,  Apr.  7,  1871)  lived  long  in  New  York, 
afterwards  setting  up  for  himself  at  Leipzig. 
Otto,  a  younger  son  (1841-1874),  inherited  the 
business,  which  is  now  run  by  A.  Paulus  at 
Markneukirchen . 

Bay'er,  Josef,  Austrian  violinist  and  com- 
poser; b.  about  1851.  In  1871,  2nd  violin  in 


43 


BAZIN— BEAUCHAMPS 


Court  Opera,  Vienna  ;  in  1882  he  succeeded 
Doppler  as  Ballet- Director  A  piolitic  \\nter 
of  light  stage-music. — \\oiks  Operetta  Dtr 
sthonc  Ka\par  (Munich,  1889)  ,  r-act  ballet 
Sonne  itnd  link  (Vienna,  1889)  ,  ballet  Jtoitge 
ct  noir  (ibid  ,  1891) ;  i-act  pantomime  Dcr 
Kindt r  H'cih nat hi* trait m  (Munich,  1891)  , 
"  Oesterreichische  Marsche"  (Brunn,  1891  ,  as 
"  Deutsche  Marsche"  at  Hanover,  1891);  ballet 
Die  ll'tlt  in  Xild  itnd  Tanz  (Berlin,  1892)  ,  do. 
Die  Donauni  w  (Vienna,  1892) ,  do  Columbia 
(Berlin,  1893),  do  Kund  itm  IHen  (Vienna, 
rh'(j4) ,  do  Ofcti  (Vienna,  1896) ;  operetta  Mei&ter 
A/ttnelaus  (Vienna,  1896) ;  4-dCt  ballet  Die  Brant 
von  A'ort'a  (ibid.,  1897),  and  others. 

Bazin,  Francois- limanuel-Joseph,  b  Mar- 
seilles, Sept  4,  iSi6  ,  d.  Paris,  July  4,  1878. 
St  at  Paris  Cons  ;  pnx  de  Rome,  1840  ,  prof, 
of  singing,  1844,  later  of  harmony ;  prof,  of 
comp.,  1871,  succeeding Ambr  Thomas,  mem- 
ber of  the  Academic,  1872.  succeeding  Carafa. 
— Works  9  operas,  no  longer  performed  ,  also 
a  "  Cours  d'harmonie  theonque  et  pratique," 
adopted  at  the  Cons. 

Bazzi'ni,  Antonio,  b.  Brescia,  Mar.  n, 
1818  ;  d.  Milan,  Feb.  10,  1897.  Violin-pupil  of 
Faustmo  Camisani  ;  at  17,  m.  di  capp.  of  the 
Ch.  of  S.  Fihppo,  for  which  he  wrote  masses  and 
vespers,  besides  bringing  out  6  oratorios  w  full 
orch.  Played  1836  before  Paganim,  and,  follow- 
ing his  advice  to  travel,  went  in  1837  to  Milan, 
and  gave  successful  concerts.  1840-46  his  tours 
extended  to  Venice,  Trieste,  Dresden,  Berlin, 
Copenhagen,  Warsaw,  and  finally  Leipzig,  where 
he  stayed  smne  time,  an  enthusiastic  student  of 
Bach  and  Beethoven  Travelled  through  Italy, 
then  (1848)  Spain  and  (1852)  France,  giving  some 
20  concerts  in  Pans  ;  he  also  went  to  England, 
but  1864  returned  to  Brescia,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  composition.  1873,  app.  prof,  of  comp. 
in,  and  in  1882  Director  of,  Milan  Cons.  In  his 
numerous  comp.s  the  exuberance  of  Italian 
melody  is  wedded  to  a  harmony  of  German  depth 
and  richness,  giving  him  a  unique  place  in  the 
annals  of  Italian  music  — Works  .  Opera  Tu- 
randa  (Milan,  1867,  unsucc  ) ,  symphonic  poem 
Franu'sca  da  Rimuri  (1890)  ;  overtures  to  Al- 
fien's  Sattl  and  Shakespeare's  Lear;  symphonic 
cantata  Senatheribbo;  cantata  La  ItUurrezione 
di  Crisio;  Psalms  LI  and  LVI ;  concertos  f. 
vln.  w.  orch.;  5  string-quartets  and  I  string- 
quintet  (considered  his  finest  \vork)  ;  many  arr. 
and  orig  pcs.  f .  vln.  and  pf . ,  songs,  etc. 

Bazzi'no,  Francesco  Maria,  b.  Lovere 
(Bergamo),  in  1593  ;  d.  Bergamo,  Apr.  15, 1660. 
Virtuoso  on  the  theorbo,  for  which  he  wrote 
pieces  ;  also  comp.  an  oratorio,  canzonette,  etc. 

Bazzi'no,  Natale,  b  (?),  d.  1639.  Publ. 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  etc. 

Be",  Guillaume  le.     See  LE  B£. 

Beach,  Mrs.  H.  H.  A.  (maiden-name  Amy 
Marcy  Cheney),  b.  Henniker,  N.  II.,  Sept. 


5,  1867.  Gifted  composer,  residing  (1899)  in 
Boston,  Mass.  St  \\ithK.  Perabo  and  K.  Uaei- 
mann  (pf  ),  and  Junius  W.  Hill  (harmony)  , 
wholly  self-taught  in  cpt.,  comp  ,  and  orchestra- 
tion *  Mrs  Beach  is  a  concert-pianist  ,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Boaul  of  Councillors  of  the  N.  E. 
Cons  ,  and  Honoiary  Corr.  Sec.  of  the  N.  Y. 
Manuscript  Soc. — 
Works  Op  I,  4 
songs  ,  2,  3  songs ; 
3,  Cadenza  to  Beet- 
hoven's C  minor 
Concerto  f.  pf  ;  4, 
Valse  Caprice  f.  pf.; 

5,  Mass    in    Eh  f 
soli,  ch  ,  and  orch.; 

6,  Ballade    in    I>|> 
f.  pf  ,  7,  "  O  praise 
the  Lord,"  f.  mixed 
chorus  ,  8,  3  sacred 
choruses  (mixed 
voices)  ;   9,  "  Little 
brown   bee,"  female 

quartet ;  10,  3  "  Songs  of  the  Sea  "  ;  11,3  songs 
(Burns)  [in  Song-Album]  ;  12,  "  My  luve  is  like 
a  red,  red  rose",  13,  "  Hymn  of  trust",  14,  4 
songs  [in  Song -Album]  ;  15,  4  Sketches  f  pi.; 
16,  "The  Minstrel  and  the  King,"  f  ten.  and 
bar.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.;  17,  Festival  Jubi- 
late, f.  mixed  ch. ,  18,  "  Wandering  clouds," 
scena  and  aria;  19,  3  songs;  20,  "Across  the 
world,"  song  ;  21,  3  songs  ,  22,  "  Bal  masque  " 
f  pf. ,  23,  Romance  f  pt.  and  vln.,  24,  '* Bethle- 
hem," Xmas anthem f  25,  "Children's Carnival," 
G  pcs.  f.  pf.;  26,  4 songs  ;  27,  "  Alleluia  '  Christ 
is  risen,"  anthem  ;  28,  3  pcs.  f.  pf. ;  29,  4  songs  ; 
30,  "  The  Rose  of  Avontown,"  ballad  f.  sopi 
solo  and  female  ch.,  31,  3  Flower-songs,  f. 
female  ch  ;  32,  "  Gaelic"  symphony  in  K  nun., 
f.  full  orch. ,  33,  "  Teach  me  thy  way,"  anthem  ; 
34,  Sonata  f.pf.  and  vln.  in  A  mm.  (MS.) ;  35,  4 
German  songs  ;  36,  Children's  Album,  No.  i  (5 
pcs.  f.  pf.) ;  37,  3  Shakespeare  songs ;  38, 
Christmas  anthem  ;  39,  3  part-songs  f.  female 
ch  ;  40,  3  pcs.  f  vln.  and  pt 

Beale,  William,  b.  Landrake,  Cornwall,  Jan. 
1, 1784  ;  d.  London,  May  3,  1854.  Famous  glce- 
and  madrigal-composer;  pupil  of  l)r.  Arnold 
and  R.  Cooke ;  from  2813-54,  music-teacher  in 
London. — Collection  of  3-,  4-,  and  5 -pint madri- 
gals (1815)  ;  of  Glees  and  Madrigals  (1820) ; 
prize  madrigal  "  Awake,  sweet  Muse  "  (1813)  ; 
and  many  other  detached  numbers. 

Beale,  Thos.  Willert,  b.  London,  1828.  A 
lawyer  by  profession,  but  st.  music  under  Koeckcl, 
Flowers,  and  Pugm,  and  was  co-founder  of  the 
New  Philh.  Soc. — Operettas  :  -*/;/  Raster  Kgg  ; 
Matrimonial  News.  Also  part-songs,  songs, 
and  pf. -music. 

Beauchamps,  Pierre-  Frangois-Godard  de, 
b.  Paris  abt.  1689 ,  d  there  1761.  Wrote 


44 


TSEAULIEU— IJECK 


the  operas  and  other  stage-pieces  which  had  been 
produced,  \vith  notes  on  the  authors,  musicians, 
and  actors 

Beaulieu  [properly  Martin],  Marie-De'sire', 
French  composer  and  author  ,  b  Pans,  Apr  n, 
1791,  d  Niort,  Dec.,  1863.  Promoter  of  the 
grand  "  Association  musicole  de  1  Guest ,"  to 
which  he  bequeathed  100,000  francs  ,  founder  of 
the  Pans  society  for  classical  music.  Volumin- 
ous comp.  Operas  Amuie'on,  Philadelphia,  lyric 
scenes  feanne  d'Arc^  I\ytht!  et  r Amour,  ora- 
torios /  ' Tlyitinc  (he  matin,  I  *Hywne  de  Li  nmt, 
I* Imnioi talitt* de  I  'time,  masses,  hymns,  songs, 
pcs  for  orch  ,  \iolm-fantasias,  etc.  He  also 
wrote  "  Du  Rythme,  des  eflets  qu'il  produit 
et  de  leurs  causes"  (1852);  "Memoire  sur  ce 
qui  reste  de  la  musique  de  1'ancieiine  Grece  dans 
les  premiers  chants  de  1'fighse  "  ;  "  Memoije  sur 
le  caractcrc  que  doit  avoir  la  musique  d'Kghsc 
"  (1858),  "Memoire  sur  ^  quelques  airs 
nationaux  qui  sont  dans  la  tonahte  grq>onenne  " 
(1858)  ,  "  Memoire  sur  1'ongme  de  la  musique  " 
(1859)- 

Beaumarchais,  Pierre  -  Augustin  -  Caron 
de,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  24,  1732;  d.  there  May  ig, 
1799.  A  brilliant  dramatist  and  poet,  from 
whose  comedies,  Le  Barbie r  de  Seville  and  Le 
Manage  de  Figaro  ^  were  drawn  the  libretti  of 
Rossini's  and  Mozart's  famous  operas 

Beauquier,  Charles,  French  wnter,  b.  abt. 
1830.  Wrote  "  Philosophic  de  musique"  (1865), 
and  the  libretto  of  Lalo's  Fietqitf.  Long  a  con- 
tributor to  the  "  Revue  et  Gazette  Musicale." 

Beccatel'li,  Giovanni  Francesco,  Floren- 
tine writer;  d.  1734.  He  was  m  di  capp  at 
Prato ;  publ.,  in  the  "  Giornale  dei  letterati 
d'ltulia"  (33rd  year,  3rd  Supplement),  a  number 
of  papers  on  music  ;  others  (praised  by  Padre 
Martini)  arc; in  MS. 

Bech'er,  Alfred  Julius,  b.  Manchester, 
England,  Apr.  27,  1803,  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  23, 
1848  St  at  lleidtlberg,  Uerlin,  etc.;  1840, 
teacher  of  harm,  at  R.  A.  M.,  London,  but  ic- 
moved  to  Vienna,  where  he  edited  the  re\olu- 
tionary  paper,  l4  l)er  Radikale,"  and  where  he 
was  shot,  after  trial  by  court-maitial,  for  sedi- 
tion — Works  A  symphony  ;  string-quartets  ; 
pf.-pcs. ;  and  songs  (many  printed),  miscella- 
neous writings;  and  2  pamphlets,  "Das 
niederrheinische  Musikfest,  aesthetisch  u.  his- 
torisch  betrachtct"  (1836),  and  "Jenny  Lind  . 
eine  Skizze  ihres  Lebens"  (1847) 

Bech'er,  Joseph,  b.  Neukirchen,  Bavaria, 
Aug.  I,  1821.  Composer  of  over  60  masses, 
and  much  other  sacred  music. 

Bech'stein,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Karl, 
pianoforte  -  maker ;  b.  Gotha,  June  i,  1826. 
Worked  in  German  factories,  also  with  Pape  and 
Krugelstein,  I^ondon  ,  set  up  for  himself  in 
Berlin  in  1856,  and  has  now  one  of  the  largest 
and  best-known  factories  on  the  Continent,  em- 


ploying over  500   workmen,    and   turning  out 
2,600  pianos  yearly  (in  1890; 

Beck,  David,  organ-builder  at  Ilalberstadt, 
Germany,  abt.  1590.  The  organs  at  Urimmgen 
(1592-6),  anil  in  St.  Martin's  ch.,  Ilalberstadt, 
are  his  work. 

Beck,  Reichardt  Karl,  living  in  Strassburg 
abt.  1650,  publ  (1654)  a  book  of  sarabands, 
courants,  allemandes,  ballets,  etc  ,  f  2  vlns.  and 
harp. 

Beck,  Johann  Philipp,  edited  a  book  of 
dance-music  f.  viola  da  gamba  (1677). 

Beck,  Michael,  b.  Jan  24,  1653,  at  Ulm, 
and  prof  there  of  theology,  etc  ;  publ.  a  treatise 
"  Ober  die  musikalische  Bedeutung  der  hebrai- 
schen  Accente  "  (1678,  1701). 

Beck,  Gottfried  Joseph,  b.  Podiebrad, 
Bohemia,  Nov.  15,  1723,  d.  Prague,  Apr  S, 
1787  ,  organist,  Dominican  friar  (later  Pro- 
vincial), and  prof  of  philos.  at  Prague.  Wrote 
church-music  and  instr.  comp.s 

Beck,  Christian  Friedrich,  b  abt.  1755  , 
lived  m  Kirchheim.  Publ.  (1780-94)  concertos, 
sonatas,  variations,  etc.,  f  pf. 

Beck,  Franz,  b.  Mannheim,  1730,  d.  Bor- 
deaux, Dec.  31,  1809  Violinist,  and  a  favorite 
of  the  Prince  Palatine  ;  a  fatal  duel  caused  his 
flight  to  Pans,  whence  he  went  to  Bordeaux  m 
1777,  and  became  concert-director  in  17^0. — 
Works  24  symphonies ;  violin  -  quartets  , 
pf  -sonatas  ;  church-music. 

Beck,  Friedrich  Adolph,  publ  (Berlin, 
1825)  "Dr.  M.  Luther's  Gedanken  uber  die 
Musik  " 

Beck,  Karl,  the  "creator"  of  the  role  of 
Lohengrin  at  Weimar,  Aug  28,  1850;  b.  1814, 
d.  Vienna,  Mar  3,  1879. 

Beck,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  Pesth,  May  5, 
1828;  d  Vienna  (?),  July  p),  1893.  Dramatic 
baritone,  and  fine  actor  of  great  versatility  , 
voice  "discovered"  at  Pesth,  where  he  first 
sang  ;  debut  at  Vienna  procured  eng.  at  Frank- 
fort ;  he  also  sang  in  Hamburg,  Bremen, 
Cologne,  Dusseldorf,  Mayence,  Wurzburg ;  re- 
visited Vienna,  1853,  and  sang  in  Court  Opera 
till  retirement  on  pension  (1885).  He  died  in- 
sane.— Roles  .  Tell,  Don  Giovanni,  Alfonso, 
Hans  Sachs,  Alberich,  etc. 

Beck,  Joseph,  son  of  preceding;  b.  June  n, 
1850 ;  fine  baritone,  singing  in  Austria,  Berlin 
(1876),  and  Frankfort  (1880). 

Beck,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  Sept.  12,  1856.  Violinist ;  pupil  (1879- 
82)  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Reinecke,  Jadassohn, 
Hermann,  etc.).  Settled  in  Cleveland  ;  founder 
of  the  "  Schubert  Quartet  "—Works  :  Over- 
tures to  Byron's  Lara^  and  to  Romeo  and  Juliet; 
string-sextet  (D  min.)  ;  string-quartet  (C  min  )  ; 
cantata  Deukahon  [Bayard  Taylor] ;  violin- 
music,  songs. 


45 


BECKE—  BECKMANN 


Becke",  Johann  Baptist,  b.  Nuremberg, 
Aug.  24,  1743  ,  court-musician  at  Munich  m 
1766  Excellent  flutist  ,  publ  concertos  for 
flute 

Beck'el,  James  Cox,  b.  Philadelphia,  Dec. 
20,  i3n.  From  1824-32,  org  of  St.  James' P. 
E.  ch.,  Lancaster,  I'a  Occupied  se\eral  simi- 
lar positions  in  I'hila  ,  the  last  being  the  Clin- 
ton St.  ch.  (1875-91).  Pupil,  in  Phila  "Amer- 
ican Cons,  of  Music,"  of  Fihppo  Trajetta 
( 7;  tiftta)  No\v  music-publisher  in  Phila  , 
and  Managing  Editor  of  "The  Musical  Clip- 
per."—Works  Cantatas  ( The  Xativity,  rriie 
Pilgrim's  Progress^  etc.);  many  small  pf  -pcs  , 
songs,  etc. 

Beck'er,  Dietrich,  author  of  "Sonatenfur 
eine  Violme,  erne  \  lola  di  Gamba,  und  Gene- 
ralbass  uber  Choralheder "  (Hamburg,  1668), 
and  '  Musikalische  Fruhlmgsfruchte"  (3-  to  5-p. 
instr.  pcs.  w.  continue). 

Beck'er,  Johann,  b.  Helsa,  n  Kassel, 
Sept.  i,  1726;  d.  1803  Court  org.  at  Kassel. 
Pub!  a  book  of  chorals. 

Beck'er,  Karl  Ferdinand,  b  Leipzig,  July 
17,  1804  ;  d.  there  Get  26,  1877.  Organist  at 
St.  Peter's  Leipzig  (1825),  oi  St.  Nicholas' 
(1837)  ,  organ-teacher  at  Cons.  (1843)  ;  retired 
1856.  He  revised  Forkel's  "  Sjstematisch- 
chronologische  Darstellung  d.  Musiklitteratur  " 
(1836;  Suppl.,  1839),  and  wrote  "Die  Haus- 
musik  in  Deutschland  im  16  ,  17.  u.  18  Jahrh." 
(1840),  **  Die  Tomverke  des  16.  u.  17  Jahrh  ," 
etc  Publ.  pcs.  f.  pf.  and  org  ;  also  choral- 
books.  He  gave  his  library,  containing  valu- 
able theoretical  works,  to  the  city  of  Leipzig 
("  Beckers  Stiftung  "). 

Beck'er,  Konstantin  Julius,  b.  Freiberg, 
Saxony,  Feb.  3,  iSn;  d.  Oberlossnitz,  Feb. 
26,  1859.  Pupil  of  Anacker  (singing)  and  of 
Karl  Ferd.  Eecker  (comp  )  1837-46,  editor 
of  the  "  Neue  Zeitschnft  f.  Musik  ",  1843-6, 
also  teacher  in  Dresden. — Works  •  Opera  Die 
Ersiitrmung  von  Belgrad  (Leipzig,  1848);  i 
symphony ;  a  rhapsody,  Das  Zigennerlcben ; 
duets,  songs,  etc.;  also  a  *  *  Mannergesang- 
schule "  (1845),  and  a  "  Harmonielehre  fur 
Dilettanten"  (1844) 

Beck'er,  Valentin  Eduard,  b.  Wurzburg, 
Nov.  20,  1814;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  25, 1890.  Com- 
poser of  popular  male  choruses  ,  2  operas,  Die 
Bergknappen  and  Dcr  Desert  fur ;  masses  ;  a 
quintet  f.  clar.  and  strings  ;  and  other  instr. 
works. 

Beck'er,  Georg,  b.  Frankenthal,  Palatinate, 
June  24,  1824  ;  pianist,  composer  and  writer  ; 
a  pupil  of  Kuhn  and  Prudent.  lie  resides  at 
Geneva,  and  has  publ.  "  La  Musiqueen  Suisse" 
(1874),  "Aper$u  sur  la  chanson  franfaise" 
[from  the  Iith-I7th  century],  "  Pygmalion  de 
J.  J.  Rousseau,"  4I  Les  projets  de  notation  musi- 
cale  du  XIXe  siecle,"  "La  Musique  a  Geneve 
depuis  50  ans,"  "  Eustorg  de  Beaulieu,"  "  Guil- 


laume  de  Gueroult,"  etc.  Edits  the  "Ques- 
tionnaire de,  1'Association  Internationale  des 
Musiciens  -  Ecnvams",  contributor  to  the 
"  Monatshefte  f.  Musikgeschichte,"  etc  Has 
publ  pf  -pcs  ,  and  songs. 

Beck'er,  Albert  Ernst  Anton,  highly 
gifted  composer  ,  b.  Quedlinburg,  June  13, 
1834,  d.  Jjerlin,  Jan  10  1899  St.  at  Quecl- 
Imburg  under  IJomcke,  and  at  Herlm  under 
Dehn  (1853-6) ,  iSSi,  teacher  of  comp  at 
Schan\enka's  Cons.;  also  conductor  of  Ueihn 
cathedral  choir  His  symphony  in  G  nun  ,  a 
grand  mass  in  Cf?  mm.  (1878),  and  the  oratorio 
Sehg  aits  Gnade  (op.  61),  have  attracted  general 
notice  ,  other  \\orks  of  importance  are  :  Op.  4, 
songs  ;  op  13,  5  songs  from  Wolff's  "  Ratten- 
fanger",  op.  14,  5  songs  from  Wolff's  "  Wilder 
Jager",  op.  15,  songs;  op.  32,  No.  I,  147^1 
Psalm  f.  double  ch.  a  c appf.Ha j  op  47,  Ballade 
(A  mm  )  and  Scherbo  (U  mm.)  f.  pf. ,  op  48,  5 
songs,  op.  49,  pf. -quintet. ,  op.  50,  Cantata  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  51,  Sacred  songs,  w  pf.- 
accomp. ,  op  52,  Fantasy  and  fugue  f.  organ; 
op.  66,  Concertstuck  f.  vln.  and  oich.,  op  70, 
Adagio  in  E,  f  vln  and  orch.;  op.  73,  Cantata 
7/<w,  wit  fan»t\  f  soli,  ch,,  orch.,  and  org  ;  op. 
81,  Adagio  f.  'cello  and  org.;  op.  85,  Psalm 
104,  f  mixed  ch  and  oich.;  op.  86,  Adagio 
(No  6)  in  A  min.,  f.  vln.  and  orch  ;  opera 
Z0;v/rj'(MS.,  1897). 

Beck'er,  Jean,  distinguished  violinist  ;  b. 
Mannheim,  May  ir,  1833;  d.  there  Oct.  10, 
1884.  Vupil  of  Kettenus,  and  Vincenz  Lach- 
ner  ;  leader  in  Mannheim  orch  ,  but  resigned  in 
1858,  and,  after  brilliant  concert-tours,  settled 
(1866)  in  Florence,  and  established  the  icnowned 
"  P'lorentme  (Quartet"  (2nd  vln.,  Masi  ;  viola, 
Chiostri  ,  'cello,  Ililpcrt,  replaced  1875  by 
Spitzer-Hegyesi),  dissolved  in  1880.  After 
this  he  made  successful  tours  with  his  childicn 
(i)  his  daughter  Jeanne  (b.  Mannheim,  Juno 
9,  1859),  a  gifted  pianist,  pupil  of  Kcincoke 
and  Bargiel  :  (2)  Hans  (b.  Strassburg,  May  12, 
1860),  fine  viola-player,  pupil  of  Singc'r  ,  and 
(3)  Hug-o,  accomplished  'cellist,  pupil  of  Fr. 
Grutzmacher,  and  since  1894  prof,  of  'cello  at 
the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort — H.  has  also  publ. 
various  comp.s  (op.  lo,  'cello-concerto  in  A). 

Beck'er,  Reinhold,  b.  Adorf,  Saxony,  1842  ; 
originally  a  violinist,  now  living  in  Diesdon  as 
a  composer. — Works  :  The  successful  operas 
Franc nlob  (Dresden,  '92),  and  Ratbold  (May- 
ence,  1896  ;  i  act) ;  the  symphonic  poem  Der 
Pnns  von  Horn  burg;  work  for  male  ch.,  Wald- 
morgen  f  a  violin-concerto  ;  songs. 

Beck'er,  Karl,  b.  Kirrweiler,  n  Trier,  June 
5,  1853  ;  iS8i,  music-teacher  at  Oltweiler  Sem- 
inary; since  1885  ditto  at  Neuwied.  Has  publ. 
the  "RheinischerVolksliederborn"  (1892);  also 
school  song-books. 

Beck'mann,  Johann  Friedrich  Gottlieb, 
b.  1737  ,  d.  Apr.  25, 1792,  at  Cclle,  where  he  was 
organist  and  pianist  (harpsichordist).  One  of 


NECK  WITH— BEETHOVEN 


the  finest  players  and  improvisers  of  the  time  — 
Works  •  12  pf  -sonatas,  6  cgncertos,  and  solo 
pcs  ,  also  an  opera,  Lukai  nnd  Hcinuchtn 
(Hamburg,  1782). 

Beckwith,  John  Christmas,  distinguished 
organist,  b.  Norwich,  Kngl  ,  Dec.  25,  1750,  d. 
there  June  3,  1809  A  pupil  of  Philip  IIa)es, 
he  became  org  of  Norwich  cathedral  (succeed- 
ing Garland),  and  of  St.  Peter's,  Mancroft.  In 
uScs,  Mus.  Bac  and  Mus  Doc.,  Oxon  — Works 
44  The  Fust  Verse  of  Every  Psalm  of  Daiid, 
with  an  Ancient  or  Modern  Chant  in  Score, 
adapted  as  much  as  possible  to  the  Sentiment  of 
each  Psalm"  (London,  1808,  with  a  valuable 
preface.  4I  A  short  history  of  chanting") 
Also  publ  anthems,  glees;  songs,  pf.-pcs. ; 
and  concertos,  etc  ,  f  org 

Becquie",  Jean-Mane  (?),  b.  Toulouse,  abt 
1800,  d.  Paris,  Nov.  10,  1825,  as  ist  flute  at 
the  Opera-Comique  Pupil  of  Tulou  and  Guil- 
lou  at  Paris  Cons.  A  valued  comp  — Works 
Grande  fantaisie  et  variations,  f .  flute  w  orch. , 
"  Les  Regrets,"  f.  fl.  and  pf.,  fantasias,  rondos, 
airs,  etc  ,  f  fl 

Becquie"  ("de  Peyreville"),  Jean-Marie, 
brother  of  abo\c,  b.  Toulouse,  1797;  d.  Pans, 
Jan  ,  1876  Eminent  violinist,  pupil  of  R  and 
A  Kreutzer  at  Paris  Cons  ,  and  long  a  member 
of  the  Theatre  Italien  orch  — Works  Fan- 
taisie  f.  vln.  and  pf  ,  Air  vane,  f.  vln.,  via.,  and 
bass. ,  ditto  with  quartet  ;  etc. 

Be^varov'sky,  Anton  Felix,  b.  Jungbunz- 
lau,  Bohemia,  Apr.  9,  1754;  d.  Beilm,  May  15, 
1823  Organist  at  Prague,  and  (1779-96)  Bruns- 
wick ;  lived  in  Hamburg  till  1800,  thereafter  at 
Berlin. — Works  3  pf  -concertos,  3  pf  -sonatas, 
and  many  songs  for  solo  voice  w.  pf. 

Bedford,  Mrs.  Herbert.  See  LEHMANN, 
LIZA. 

Bedos  de  Celles,  Dom  Frangois,  Benedic- 
tine monk  at  Toulouse,  b.  Caux,  n.  BeVit'res, 
1706 ;  d  St  -Maur,  Nov  25,  1779  Wrote 
"L'art  du  facteur  d'orgues "  (3  vol  s,  Paris, 
1766-78),  a  valuable  worik  on  which  many  later 
treatises  are  based  ;  a  fourth  part,  containing 
historical  notes  on  the  organ,  has  appeared  in 
German  (1793).  Also  an  account  of  the  new 
organ  at  St. -Martin  de  Tours  (lt  Mercure  de 
France  "  for  Jan.,  1762  ;  German  transl.  in  Ade- 
lung's  tl  Musica  mechanica  organoedi "). 

Beech'gard  (or  Beehgard),  Julius,  com- 
poser, b.  Copenhagen,  Dec.  19,  1843  ;  pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons  ,  and  of  Gade  at  Copenhagen  ; 
has  lived  in  Germany,  Italy,  and  Pans,  and  is 
now  settled  at  Copenhagen. — Works  :  3-act  op- 
era Frode  (Prague,  '94),  3-act  opera  Frait  Inge 
(Prague,  '94}  ;  concert-overture  f.  orch.;  2 
"cycles"  f.  baritone  solo  w.  pf  ;  pf.-pcs.,  4- 
part  songs,  songs,  etc. 

Bee'cke,  Ignaz  von,  b.  abt  1730,  d.  Waller- 
stein,  Jan  ,  1803.  Captain  of  dragoons,  later 
"  Musikintendant "  to  the  Pnnce  of  Ottmg-Wal- 


leistem  Highly  accomplished  harpsichordist,  a 
friend  of  Jomm'elh,  Gluck  and  Mozart  Wrote 
7  operas;  an  oratorio,  Du  Anjtit\tt/nui^  A'JW,  a 
cantata,  symphonies,  quartets,  4  harpsd  -trios,  6 
harpsd  -sonatas,  many  songs,  etc 

Beellaerts,  Jean.     See  ULLL£KK 

Beer  [barj,  Jacob  Liebmann.  Original 
name  of  Gi  U.OMO  MEYEKIJKKR. 

Beer,  Josef,  b  Gnmwald,  Bohemia,  April  18, 
1744,  d.  Potsdam,  1811,  as  Roval  Prussian 
chamber-musician.  Skilful  clarinettist,  \\ho  in- 
vented the  impro\ement  of  a  fifth  key,  and  wrote 
concertos,  duets,  variations,  etc.,  f.  clar 

Beer,  Jules,  Meyerbeer's  nephew  (son  of 
Michael  Beer,  1800-33),  b  abt.  1833,  lives  in 
Pans  as  an  amateur  dramatic  comp.  (5  comic 
operas,  and  other  works). 

Beer,  Max  Josef,  b.  Vienna,  1851  ,  pupil  of 
DessolT  ;  pianist  and  composer,  now  (1899)  li\- 
ing  in  Vienna  —  Works  .  The  operas  Otto  di  r 
bChittz  and  Dcr  Pjeiferkont*  (both  not  perf.  }, 
Fiicdcl  mit  der  Iwen  Taiche  (Prague,  1892), 
Der  Streikder  Schmiedc  (i  act,  Augsburg,  1897  ; 
succ.)  ,  operetta  Dcu  Stelldichcin  aitj  der  Pfahl- 
l»nit.kt'j  cantata  Dcr  wide  Jager,  f.  soli,  ch  ,  and 
orch  ;  several  lyrical  pf  -pcs 


IJ'as*it/i  dcr  U'ald  erzahlt,  etc.);  a  pf.  -suite  ; 
various  books  of  songs,  etc. 

Beeth  [bat],  Lola,  b  Cracow,  1862  ;  dram. 
soprano,  pupil  of  Frau  Dustman,  and  later  of 
Mme.  Viardot-Crarcia  and  Dcsiree  Artot.  Ucbut 
1882  at  Berlin  Court  Opera  as  "Elsa"  (Lp/i?u- 
Snu)  ,  eng.  there  1882-8  ,  then  eng.  at  Vienna 
Court  Th.  1888-95.  Then  sang  3  mos.  atCrand 
Opera,  Pans  ('*  P:isa,"  '4  Elisabeth,"  etc.);  later 
at  New  York,  Monte  Carlo  and  Pcsth.  Reen- 
gaged, 1897,  at  Vienna  for  5  years. 

Beet'hoven  [bat'ho-vn],  Ludwig  van,  the 
composer  who  represents  the  fullest  maturity  (in 
emotional  scope,  in 
formal  construction, 
and  in  instrumental 
treatment)  of  the 
allied  classic  forms 
of  the  pf.  -sonata, 
pf.-concerto,  string- 
quartet,  and  orches- 
tral symphony,  was 
born  at  Bonn-on- 
Rhine,  Dec.  16  (bap- 
tized Dec.  17),  1770 
(Beethoven  himself 
said  Dec  1  6,  1772)  ; 
he  died  in  Vienna, 
Mar.  26,  1827.  His 
grandfather,  Lud- 
wig van  B.,  a  native 


of   Maastricht,  was  bass 


singer,  .opera-composer,  and  Kapelliti.  at  Bonn 
to  the  Elector  Clemens  August.  B  's  father, 
Johann  van  U  ,  was  a  tenor  singer  in  the  Elec- 
toral choir  ;  he  married  Maria  Magdalena  Laym 


47 


BEETHOVEN 


(nf'f  Keverich),  the  widow  of  the  chief  cook  at 
Ehrenbreitstem  ;  and  I.udwig  was  the  second 
child  born  to  them  — B  attended  the  public 
schools  at  Bonn  till  his  I4th  year  His  musical 
education  was  taken  in  hand  m  his  fourth  }  ear 
by  his  father,  a  strict  and  stern  master,  who 
taught  him  till  1779  ^  eight  he  played  the 
violin  well ;  at  eleven  he  could  play  Bach's 
"  Wohltemperirtes  Clavier"  fluently  and  skil- 
fully. His  next  instructors  were  Pfeiffer,  a 
music-director  and  oboist ,  Van  der  Eeden,  the 
court  organist ,  and  the  latter's  successor,  Keefe. 
lie  was  already  a  notable  improviser  on  the 
piano  ;  and  in  1781  ('82  ')  appeared  his  first  pub- 
lished composition,  3  pf  -sonatas.  In  1782,  dur- 
ing Neefe's  absence,  15  v^as  formally  installed 
as  his  deputy  at  the  organ  ,  in  1783,  he  was  app. 
cembalist  for  the  rehearsals  of  the  opera-orch. — 
for  the  present,  to  be  sure,  without  emolument. 
In  1784  the  new  Elector,  Max  Franz,  app  B. 
asst  -organist  at  a  salary  of  150  florins  (about 
$63)  ;  this  place  he  held  till  1792  ,  from  1788 
he  also  played  2nd  viola  in  the  orch  of  the 
theatre  and  church,  Reicha  being  the  conductor. 
On  a  visit  of  a  few  months  to  Vienna,  in  1787, 
B.  awakened  great  interest  by  his  extraordinary 
ability  as  an  extempore  pianist ;  eliciting  from 
Mozart  the  exclamation :  "He  will  give  the 
world  something  worth  listening  to."  In  July 
his  mother  died  ,  his  father  gave  way  to  intem- 
perance, gradually  losing  his  voice  ;  and  B  's 
home-life  became  wretched  lie  found  consola- 
tion in  the  family  of  Frau  von  Breuning,  the 
widow  of  a  court  councillor,  to  whose  daughter 
and  youngest  son  B.  gave  music-lessons.  In 
their  refined  society  his  taste  for  German  and 
English  literature  was  quickened.  About  this 
time  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  young 
Count  Waldstem,  his  life-long  friend,  admirer, 
and  benefactor.  In  his  leisure  hours  he  gave 
other  lessons,  took  long  walks,  and  occupied 
himself  with  composition.  Despite  his  remark- 
able faculty  for  improvisation,  the  display  of 
known  works  for  the  first  ten  years  (1782-92)  is 
comparatively  meagre  :  half  a  dozen  songs  ;  a 
rondo,  a  minuet,  and  3  preludes  f.  pf.;  3  pf.- 
quartets  ;  a  pf.-trio ,  a  string-tno,  op.  3  ;  4  sets 
of  pf  -variations  ;  a  rondino  f.  wind  ;  the  "  Rit- 
ter- Ballet "  with  orch.  fpubl.  1872]  ;  the  Baga- 
telles, op.  33 ;  2  violin-rondos,  op.  51 ;  the 
"  Serenade  Trio/'  op  8  ; — to  which  add  the  lost 
cantata  praised  by  Haydn,  a  lost  trio  f  pf.,  flute, 
and  bassoon,  and  an  Allegro  and  Minuet  f,  2 
flutes  (all  unpubl.).  And,  in  point  of  fact,  B. 
never  possessed  the  fatal  facility  of  invention 
which  rejoices  in  rapidity  rather  than  solidity  of 
production.  His  way  of  working  is  exhibited 
m  the  "sketch-books"  of  this  early  period, 
which  contain  rough  draughts,  as  it  were,  of 
motives,  themes,  ideas  ;  fragments  jotted  down 
in  moods  of  inspiration,  frequently  reappearing 
in  modified  forms,  and  in  many  cases  recogniz- 
able as  the  germs  of  later  compositions.  This 
method  of  tentative  notation  and  careful  and  oft- 
repeated  working-over,  was  his  through  life. 


The  year  1792  marks  a  turning-point.  Haydn, 
passing  through  Bonn,  warmly  praised  a  cantata 
of  B  's  composition  ;  the*  Elector,  probably  in- 
fluenced by  the  master's  opinion  and  the  lepre- 
sentations  of  the  tricnclly  Waldstom,  made  up 
his  mind  to  send  T>  to  Vienna,  then  the  centre 
of  musical  Euiope  Here,  a  member  of  the 
highest  circles  of  artists  and  art-lovers,  to  which 
his  name  genius  and  letters  from  the  Elector 
procured  speedy  admission,  \>  found  himself  in 
a  most  congenial  atmosphere  Besides  his  sal- 
ary from  the  Elector  (discontinued  in  1794),  and 
an  annual  stipend  of  600  florins  fiom  Prince 
Lichnowsky,  one  of  his  truest  friends  and  warm- 
est admirers,  his  income  \\as  derived  from  the 
increasing  sale  of  his  \\otks  He  applied  to 
Haydn  for  further  instruction ,  but,  dissatisfied 
witri  his  loose  methods  of  teaching,  and  angered 
at  his  lack  of  appreciation  of  compositions  sub- 
mitted to  him  for  approval,  11.  surreptitiously 
took  lessons  pf  Schenk,  currying  his  exercises, 
after  correction  by  Schenk,  to  Haydn  This 
peculiar  arrangement  continued  for  a  little  more 
than  a  year,  terminating  at  Haydn's  dcpaiturc 
(Jan  ,  1794)  for  England.  [Notlebohm  publ. 
B.'s  exercises  in  vol.  i  of  his  "  Beethovens  Stu- 
dien"  (1873)  ]  During  170.4  he  hail  quite  reg- 
ular lessons  in  counterpoint  with  Albrechts- 
berger,  whose  verdict .  "lie  has  learned  noth- 
ing, and  will  never  do  anything  properly,"  can 
hardly  be  called  prophetic  ;  Salien  gave  him 
many  valuable  hints  on  vocal  style  ;  and  Aloys 
Forster  contnbuted  good  counsel  on  the  ;nt  of 
quartet-writing.  B.'s  contrapuntal  exeiuses 
under  Albrcchtsberger  (publ  Paris,  iH32;  re- 
vised ed.  by  Noltcbohm,  1^73)  curiously  exhibit 
the  irrepressible  conflict  between  JJ.'s  imagina- 
tion and  the  diy  course  of  study  prescribed. 

Welcome  at  all  soin'es  and  private  Mujritaks 
of  the  aristocracy!  B.  did  not  play  in  public  at 
Vienna  until  Mar  29,  1795,  when  he  performed 
his  C  major  pf. -concerto  at  a  concert  in  the 
Burgtheater  In  1796  he  visited  Nurembeig, 
Prague  and  Berlin,  and  played  before  King 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  II  The  publication  of  the 
£[7  pf. -sonata  (op.  7)  in  1797,  a  work  of  strongly 
individual  type,  is  noteworthy.  Two  public  con- 
certs given  at  Prague  in  1798  aic  chronicled 
as  making  a  profound  impression.  In  the  same 
year  he  met  two  famed  piano-virtuosi  .  Steibelt, 
whose  challenge  to  B.  as  an  cxtempori/cr  and 
composer  resulted  in  his  own  overwhelming  dis- 
comfiture ;  and  \Volffl,  a  worthier  opponent, 
with  whom  B  associated  and  made  music  on  a 
friendly  footing  (W.  inscnbed  3  sonatas  to  him). 
To  1799  belong  the  3  sonatas  for  pf.  and  violin 
(op.  12),  the  Grande  sonate  pathttiqm*  (op.  13), 
the  second  pf. -concerto  (in  Bf>),  and  several  lesser 
publications.  With  1800  closes  what  is  called 
(after  the  generally-accepted  classification  by  W. 
von  Lenz  in  his  '*  Beethoven  ct  ses  trois  styles" 
[St.  Petersburg,  1852])  Beethoven's  "first 
period  "of  composition;  the  "second  period" 
extends  to  1815;  the  "third,"  to  the  master's 
decease  in  1827.  The  works  of  this  first  period 


48 


BEETHOVEN 


include  op.  1-lS  (6  pf.-trios,  4  string-trios,  the 
first  3  string-quartets,  9  pf  -sonatas  and  various 
sets  of  variations,  the  grand  ana  "  Ah  perfido," 
etc  ,  etc  )  [tor  a  detailed  discussion  of  this 
point,  tf  v.  Lenz,  Grove,  Thayer,  ct al\  At 
this  time,  too  (1800-1801),  a  malady,  which 
later  resulted  in  total  deafness,  began  to  make 
alarming  progress,  and  caused  B  acute  mental 
suffering  From  his  entrance  into  Viennese 
society  he  was  known  as  an  "original",  even 
his  genuine,  sturdy  independence  and  .self-suffi- 
ciency, due  at  bottom  to  a  native  love  of  freedom 
and  honesty,  a  detestation  of  shams,  and  just 
self-appreciation,  appeared  highly  eccentric  when 
contrasted  with  the  courtier-like  subservience  of 
great  musicians  like  Haydn  and  Mozart ,  and 
there  is  no  doubt  that  he  purposely  exaggerated 
this  eccentricity  (he  himself  remarked  that  "  it  is 
good  to  mingle  with  aristocrats,  but  one  must 
know  how  to  impress  them  ").  IIis  genius  and 
geniality  as  an  artist,  and  his  noble  generosity, 
won  the  hearts  of  music-lovers,  and  caused  them 
to  condone  his  freaks.  With  increasing  deaf- 
ness, however,  his  character  altered  ;  he  gradu- 
ally grew  taciturn ,  morose,  and  suspicious  (traits 
aggravated  by  the  sordid  meanness  of  his  broth- 
ers Karl  and  Johann,  who  had  also  settled  in  Vi- 
enna), and  treated  his  best  friends  outrageous- 
ly. From  1822,  deafness  was  total,  or  nearly 
so  ;  as  early  as  1816  he  had  to  use  an  ear-trum- 
pet. Besides  this,  when  his  brother  Karl  died, 
m  1815,  leaving  a  son  to  B.'s  guardianship,  the 
latter  undertook  the  boy's  bnnging-up  as  a  sacred 
trust ,  the  ingratitude  of  this  graceless  scamp  of 
a  nephew  forms  one  of  the  saddest  chapters  in 
the  great  man's  life,  and  still  further  darkened 
his  declining  years. 

B.'s  freest  and  most  joyous  creative  period 
was  his  second  It  was  the  period  of  the  fullest 
flow  of  ideas  (cf.  "sketch-books"),  not  as  yet 
overcast  by  the  gloom  of  his  keenest  anguish  — 
It  should  be  noted,  that  von  Lenz's  classifica- 
tion is  not  chronological,  either  in  dates  of  com- 
position, final  completion,  or  publication ;  but 
is,  in  part,  a.  somewhat  arbitrary  arrangement 
according  to  the  "style"  of  the  several  works. 
E.g.,  he  classes  the  second  symphony  (written 
1802,  performed  1803,  published  1804,  as  op. 
36)  among  works  of  the  "first  period." — The 
chief  works  comprised  in  the  "second  period" 
are  the  six  symphonies  from  III  to  VIII  inclu- 
sive ;  his  one  opera,  Fidelia  ;  the  music  to  Eg- 
mont ,-  the  ballet  Prometheus ;  the  mass  in  C, 
op.  86  ;  the  oratorio  Christtts  am  Oelberg  (1803)  ; 
the  Coi  wlamts  overture  ;  the  pf.-concertos  in  G 
and  Kb  ;  his  violin-concerto  ;  the  quartets  in 
F  min.,  E[j,  and  those  inscribed  to  Rasumov- 
sky  ;  4  pf.-trios  (op.  38  ;  op.  70,  Nos.  I  and  2  ; 
op.  97) ;  and  14  pf. -sonatas  (among  them  the 
two  "  quasi  fantasia,"  op.  27  ;  the  "pastorale," 
op.  28  ;  op  31,  No  2  in  1)  minor  ;  the  "  Wald- 
stein,"  op.  53;  the  "  appassionata,"  op.  57; 
and  **  Les  adieux,  1'absence,  et  le  retour,"  op. 
81)  ;  also  the  Liederkreis,  etc. 

The  "third  period"  includes  the  five  pf. -so- 


natas, op  101,  106,  109,  no,  in  ;  also  (ace  to 
date  of  publ  )  op  102,  Nos  I  and  2  ,  the  Missa 
sokmms  in  I),  op  123  ,  the  Ninth  Symphony, 
op  125  ;  the  "  Rums  of  Athens  "overture,  op. 
113,  and  march  with  chorus,  op.  114;  the  or- 
chestral overtures  op.  115  and  124  ;  the  grand 
fugue  for  string-quartet,  op.  133  ,  and  the  great 
string-quartets  op  127  (Eo),  op  130(6)7),  op.  131 
(CJf  minor),  op  132  (A  minor),  and  op  135  (F). 

Fitft'lio  probably  cost  B  more  pains  and  exas- 
peration than  any  other  one  work  As  early  as 
1803  he  arranged  with  Schikaneder,  manager  of 
the  Theater  an  der  \Vien,  to  write  an  opera  ;  it 
was  produced  Nov  20,  1805,  amid  the  commo- 
tion and  gloom  incident  to  the  entrance,  just  a 
week  before,  of  the  French  army  into  Vienna. 
Originally  in  3  acts,  it  was  withdrawn  after 
three  consecutive  performances  ;  pruned,  rear- 
ranged, and  revised  time  and  again,  and  brought 
out  March  29,  1806,  with  better  success,  but 
withdrawn  by  the  author  after  only  two  perform- 
ances. Once  more  sweepingly  revised,  it  was 
revived  in  1814,  and  was  this  time  very  success- 
ful. The  opera  was  at  first  named  Leonorey 
after  the  heroine  ;  and  its  overture,  twice  re- 
written, forms  an  interesting  study  in  evolution  ; 
the  present  Fideho  overture  is  quite  differ- 
ent. B.'s  sketch-book  for  this  opera  contains 
300  large  pages  of  16  staves  each,  crammed 
with  heterogeneous  notes  — The  Eroica  sym- 
phony (No.  3)  also  has  a  history.  At  first  en- 
titled the  "  Sinfonia  grande  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte/' in  honor  of  the  supposed  champion  of 
"liberty,  equality  and  fraternity,"  B.  tore  up 
the  dedication  in  a  transport  of  rage  on  hearing 
of  Napoleon's  proclamation  as  emperor  (May  18, 
1804)  ;  the  title  was  altered  to  "  Sinfonia  eroica 
composta  per  festeggiare  il  sovvemre  d'un  grand* 
uomo"  [Heroic  symphony,  composed  to  cele- 
brate the  memory  of  a  great  man]  — "With  the 
Ninth  Symphony  B.  touches  the  limit  of  expres- 
sion in  symphonic  form  ;  the  choral  finale^  where 
orchestral  and  vocal  music  blend  in  an  outburst 
of  ecstasy  (the  words  are  from  Schiller's  "  Hymn 
to  Joy"),  is  the  apotheosis  of  musical  art.  Yet 
what  said  Fetis,  the  French  critic  and  historiog- 
rapher, to  this  fmah9  "Nevertheless,  this 
melody  [the  theme  of  the  Hymn]  which  caused 
him  [IX  ]  these  transports  of  joy,  is  quite  vulgar  ; 
but  he  regarded  it  less  from  a  musical  point  of 
view  than  from  that  of  the  sentiment  which  he 
wished  to  express  [! !].  In  his  pre-occupation 
in  this  respect  there  was  more  of  German  dreami- 
ness than  of  aesthetic  conception."  Such  a 
critique  reminds  one  of  what  von  Lenz  said  con- 
cerning the  Parisian  conception  of  Liszt :  '  *  They 
called  him  *  Litz ' — that  was  as  far  as  they  ever 
got  with  Liszt  in  Pans  !  " 

Up  to  1815,  B.'s  material  welfare  had  in- 
creased, though  hardly  in  proportion  to  his  social 
and  artistic  triumphs  An  honored  and  frequent 
guest  at  the  houses  of  art-lovers  like  the  princes 
Lichnowsky,  I^obkowitz  and  Kinsky,  the  counts 
Moritz  Lichnowsky,  Kasumovsky  and  Franz 
von  Brunswick,  and  Baron  von  Gleichenstein,  his 


IJKKTirOVKN 


bearing  towards  his  hosts  was  that  of  an  equal  to 
equals  ;  at  the  time  of  the  Vienna  Coni>iess,  as  a 
guest  of  Archduke  Rudolf,  he  met  the  vaiious 
reigning  rnonarchs  as  then  peer,  and  even  (as  he 
said  himself)  let  them  pay  couit  to  him  A  cu- 
rious incident  is  the  invitation  extended  to  15  in 
1809,  by  the  dc  Jcttto  "King  oi  Westphalia," 
Jerome  lionapailu,  to  assume  the  post  of  maittc 
<ft-  chapelk  at  Kassel  at  a  salary  ol  fxx)  ducats 
(about  $1,500)  There  is  no  pioof  thai  IS.  seri- 
ously enteitamed  the  proposition  ,  he  i cully 
wanted  to  become  I m penal  Kajwllnitiitci  at 
Vienna  ,  but  the  bare  possibility  of  losing  the 
great  composer  so  dismayed  his  Viennese  ad- 
mirers, that  Archduke  Rudolf,  and  Princes  Lob- 
kowitz  and  Kinskv,  settled  on  Ii  an  annuity  of 
4,000  florins  (nominally  $2,(xx>,  but  in  dcpieci- 
ated  paper  of  fluctuating  value).  Allot  1815, 
his  gnwmg  deafness,  and  the  soie  Inals  inci- 
dental to  the  care  ol  his  nephew,  caused  him  so 
much  mental  distress  that  he  olten  thought  him- 
self on  the  \erge  of  ruin,  though  he  nevci  willy 
suffered  want. — In  Decembei,  iHau,  he  caught 
a  violent  cold,  which  lesulted  in  .in  attack  of 
pneumonia  ;  dropsy  then  supervened,  and  alter 
several  unsuccessful  operations  he  succumbed  to 
the  disease  on  Maich  26,  1827.  Mis  funeialwas 
attended  by  20,000  persons,  and  tilled  pei son- 
ages  vied  with  each  other  in  the  cxpiession  of 
homage  and  regret. 

While  Ueethoven,  in  choosing  a  ivcogni/cd 
(conventional)  form — the  sonala-loim — as  a  ve- 
hicle for  the  expression  of  his  thought  (in  Si 
works,  i  e.,  about  one-third  of  all),  still  belongs 
to  the  school  called  "classic/'  his  methods  of 
moulding  this  lonn  weie  eminently  unconven- 
tional ;  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  even  at  the  be- 
ginning of  his  "second  period1*  the  progiessive 
"  Allgemeine  musikalische  Zeitung"  of  Leip- 
xig,  though  not  belittling  his  inipoi lance,  repic- 
hends  his  "daring  hai monies  and  venturesome 
rhythms."  As  for  his  last  period,  no  genetal  ap- 
pieciation  of  the  latest  string-quartets  and  pf.- 
sonatas  \\as  found,  even  among  musicians,  until 
hall  a  century  after  his  death.  1 1  is  innovations 
on  the  formal  key-scheme  of  his  predecessors  ; 
his  original  elaboi  at  ion  of  connecting-links,  both 
in  thematic  development  and  between  separate! 
movements;  his  fertility  in  incidental  modula- 
tion, and  the  inexhaustible  fieshncss  of  his 
rhythms,  lender  the  structure  of  his  compositions 
thoroughly  characteristic — typical.  Hut  his  lof- 
tiest originality,  and  that  whence  the  differences 
in  ionnal  construction  miluially  flowed,  is  the 
intensity  and  fervor  of  subjective  emotion  which 
pervades  his  works.  It  is  this  mood  of  profound 
subjectivity,  of  individual,  powoiful  soul-expres- 
sion, which  most  of  all  different  iuleK  II. 's  music 
fiom  that  of  Bach,  or  Iluydn,  or  Mi  wart,  and 
which  opens  the  era  of "  romantic  "  composition. 
Technically,  his  art  of  orchcstiation  reaches  a 
perfection  in  detail,  and  a  grandeur  of  effort,  be- 
fore unknown  ;  and  his  diversified  development 
of  the  motive  (melodic,  harmonic,  rhythmic) 
suipasses  anything  in  music  previous  to  Wag- 


nei  As  specimens  of  what  can  be  done  in. 
thematic  tieatment,  his  pi. -variations  on  given 
themes  aie  a  tie plu\  /////r/of  musical  ingenuity 
It  is  notewojthy  I  hut,  actoidmg  to  <  onlcmpoiaiy 
accounts,  his  'Mice  impiovisaiions  "  ;ii  tlu»  pi_ 
ano,  which  held  his  auditors  spellbound,  weie 
developments  ol  a  kindled  nature  ;  not  mere 
ihapsodies,  but  the  spontaneous  cluhni.ilinns  of 
a  teeming  invention.  lie  is  still  leveiemvd  as 
thei»iealest  instiuinental  compose  ol  all  tune; 
and  even  in  votal  music,  his  /''ti/i^iit  and  the 
MIAMI  *<>/<v///m  iiie  neat  ions  of  unique  powei. 

Monuments  have  been  elected  to  IS  in  iS.j5 
at  IStmn  (by  ILihnel),  and  in  iHHoal  Vienna  (by 
Zuinhusch). 

IS  \s  woiks  compiise  i,*H  opus.iminhcrs,  and 
about  70  imntimbeied  compositions.  Ills  pub. 
hshed  woiks  aie  noted  below. 

INSTKUMKNTAI,  WOKKS. 

Nine  Symphonies  :  No.  i,  op.  ai,  in  (';  tt,  op. 
30,  in  I);  3,  oj).  55,  in  Kb  (the  "  Kioic.i")  ;  .(, 
op  oo,  in  i;|-»  ,  5,  op.  07,  in  Cinin.,  (>t  op.  OS,  in 
I1*  ("  1'astoiul  ")  ;  7,  op.  <)2,  in  A  ;  H,  op,  <);$,  \\\ 
F;  <),  op.  125,  in  1)  mm.  ("  <  'hoial  "). 

"The  Itattlc  of  Viltoiia"  (op.  <>i);  music  to 
the  ballet  Prtwit'tfotts  (op.  .^),  and  to  (loethe'Jt 
A\'W<v/^(op.  Ktj),  both  with  o\eitmes,  j 

Nine  fuilhei  oveilmvs  '  Cwi**ltiHHt  f  /AWMf 
(Nos,  i,  a  and  ;0;  WtM't* ,'  A'////;  .VA/X/f1// ,• 
A1/////.*1  »'/  .////(V/jt*  "  Nanicii'ifcici,"  up.  n.s; 
"  Weihe  <les  Hauses"  ((»p.  iivj). 

Other  comp.s  f.  oirh.:  Allegretto  in  I «',[>; 
March  from  7l///^vW,  in  <';  Militaiy  Maieh,  in 
I)  ;**  KiKer-ISallet  ";  rj  Minuets;  liudeiilsche 
Tiin/e"  ;  12  c'onlrela'n/e. 

Violin-concerto,  op.  ()i,  in   I), 

Five  Pf.-eonecrtos  :  No.  i,  op.  if,,  in<'  ;  a, 
op.  i<),  in  Hb  ;  3,  op.  37,  in  <'  miu,;  ,j,  op.  58, 
in  (!;  5,  op.  73,  in  K|i  (M  Mmpenu-") ;  also  n 
pf.. concerto  arranged  from  the  x ioliti . concerto, 
A  triple-concerto,  op.  50,  f.  t>f  ,  vln,,'eell«»  and 
orch.;  a  M  Choral  Kanla«iia  '  f.  pf.,  chorus  and 
orcli.;  a  Rondo  in  I5h,  f,  pf.  and  otvh.  -  C;j- 
tlences  to  the  pl.-eoncerios. 

Two  Octets  for  wind,  both  in  Mb. 

One  Septet  f.  si  rings  and  wind,  op.  ao,  in  Kf>, 

( )ne  Sextet  f.  strings  and  a  horns,  op.  St/»/.v,  in 

IV|7. 

One  Sextet  f.  wind,  op.  71,  in  K|% 

Two  <v>uinlets  {.strings;  Op,  .j,  in  K  inln,, 
and  op.  a<),  in  (4;  Fugue  f«»r  string; .((iiintct,  dp. 
137  ;  also  (Quintet  an*,  from  pf.-tiio  In  ('  niiti. 

Sixteen  Slring-<niartets  ;  Op,  rM,  N'os,  i  0,  In 
K,  (1,  I),  ('  min.,  A  ami  Hb  (first  peii(Hl).  -op, 
50,  Nos,  I--3,  in  K,  K  mln,,  and  (';  op,  74,  in 
K|i  (the  **  llarfemiuurtott  ") ;  on.  <)$,  in  K  min, 
(sect)nd  period).--  Op.  127,  in  K[>  ;  on.  130,  In 
U|7  ;  op.  ^31,  in  CjJ  min,;  op,  lyj,  in  Kinin.; 
°P»  "SSi  "l  I1' J  rtlw>  &  <Jnuid  Fugue  f.  string- 
qtiarlot,  op.  133,  in  Hf>  (third  jwriod),  -  One  pf.- 
<iuurtet  (urr.  of  the  pf.-quinlet) ;  3  juvenile  pf,- 
<|iiarteis,  in  K|i,  I)  and  ('. 

Five  Stjing-lrios  ;  In  Kj>,  (Jt  I),  C  nun.,  and 


KN— IJKKKARA 


I)  (Setcnade).— Kighl  I *f  -trios  Op.  i,  Nos 
1-3,  in  Kf),  (1,  and  ('  inin.,  tip  70,  Nos.  \  and 
2,  in  I>  and  K|i  ,  op  ()",  in  l»f>  ;  in  Iiji  (r 
movem  );  in  \fJp  (juvenile);  also  an  ait.  of  the 
"  KIOKM"  s)in])hony.  —Giand  trio  in  Ilf>,  I  pi., 
clar  and  '( olio,  op.  n  ;  ditto  (  ditto,  in  Kb,  op 
38  (arr.  fiom  septet,  op  20)  ;  liio  i.  2  oboes 
and  tt>t  tt/igJtitAi  in  (',  op.  87. 

Ten  Sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  In  I),  A,  Kf)  ; 
in  A  nun.;  in  K  ,  in  \,  t'  min.,  (1  ;  in  A,  op. 
47  (t4  Kioul/er")  ;  in  (1. —  Rondo  f.  pf.  and  vln., 
in  (!  ;  12  Variations,  in  K,  f.  do 

Kive  Sonatas  f.  pf.  and  Velio  :  In  K,  (1  min.; 
in  A  ,  in  (',  I). — 12  Variations  i.  do.,  in  ('  ;  12 
do.  in  K  ;  7  do.  in  Ity). 

Sonata  f.  pi    and  hoin,  in  I*',  op.  17. 

Sonata  f   p(   4  hands,  in  I),  op.  (>. 

Thhty-oighl  Sonatas  f.  pf.  solo:  Op.  2,  Nos. 
1-3,  in  l(<  min.,  A  and  C'  (ded.  to  Haydn) ;  op 
7,  *m  Kf>  ;  op.  10,  Nos  1-3,1*11  C  min.,  K  and 
I);  op.  12,  Nos.  1-3,  in  I),  A  and  VJp  (ded.  to 
Salieti);  op.  13  (*'  pathetic  "),  in  ('  min.  (doil. 
to  prince  I.ichnoxvsky) ;  op.  14,  Nos.  I,  2,  in  K 
and  (I  ;  op,  22,  in  H^  ;  op,  20,  in  A  min.  (to 
prince  Uchnowskj) ;  op.  27,  Nos.  i  and  2 
(**  quasi  fantasia"),  in  Kf>  and  CJ  min.  (to 
princess  Liehlonstcin) ;  op.  28  ("pastorale"), 
in  1);  op,  31,  Nos.  1—3,  in  G,  I)  min,,  and 
K|?  (to  countess  IJrmvnc) ;  op.  *j(),  2  easy 
sonatas  in  <»  min.  and  I);  op.  53,  in  ('  (to 
count  \VaIdstein);  op.  p.j,  in  !«' ;  op.  57  ("  ap- 
passionata"),  in  K  min,  (to  count  IJiunswick); 
op  78,  in  K;  <>j>.  7<),  little  son.  in  (1;  op.  Hi 
("  laracteiistiqne"),  in  K|->  (l*  Los  adiou\,  I'ab- 
senee,  le  retour,"  loaichduke  Ktidoll);  op.  no, 
in  Kf>  (to  count  Udmowsky) ;  op.  101,  102,  ioO, 
KK),  no,  in  (see  above).  Also  3  easy  sonatas 
comp.  at  age  of  ID,  in  Kf>,  I4"  min.  and  I);  3 
more,  in  (!  (easy),  (I  and  K  (easy). 

Variations  f.  pL  :  Twenty-one  sets  :— 6  in  K  ; 
15  in  Ity  ('*  Kroioa");  o  in  I>  (*•  Tuikish 
March");  32  in  ('  min.;  33  in  (';  15  in  (1 
(easy) ;  the  remaining  sets  comjM'ise  u^  varia- 
tions. -  -Also  H  Var.  in  (\  and  0  in  I),  f.  pf.  4 
hands. 

Other  pf.  music:  Three  sets  of  Ilngatcllus  ; 
4  Rondos,  in  (',  <1,  A,  and  (1  ("  a  capHccio") ; 
Kantasia  in  tJ  min.;  3  Preludes;  Polonaise; 
Andante  in  K  (**  favori*') ;  Minuet  in  Kf),  and  0 
others;  13  Uindlrr. --Also,  f.  pf.  4  hands:  3 
Marches  ;  H  Variations  in  (' ;  ()  do.  in  I), 

Votvu,  Music. 

Opera  /Wii//X  in  2  acts,  op.  72. 

Two  Masses,  in  ('.  nnd  I)  ('*M)lenmisM). 

Oratorio  C//m//«  /////  <W<V;;^,  op.  85. 

('antatti  ttcr  gforrfkht  An^cnHlck^  op.  136 
(J8f4)  ;  also  arr.  as  /Vv/r  </«•/•  T^ttltunst, 

A/rfws$liU?  ////</  glflfMifh?  t<\ihrt^  op,  H2 
(l)oem  by  (J(K»the). 

Seena  and  aria  f.  soprano,"  Ah  perlido,"  \v. 
orchM  op  05* 

Trio  f.  soprano,  tenor  and  bass,  "  Tremale, 
crnpt,  tremate,"  op.  nO, 


"Opfetlied'    f.   soprano   solo,    chorus,   and 

Oicll.,  (>[>.    I2I/'/s. 

41  liiinduslied"  f  2  solo  voices,  3-purt  chorus, 
and  wind,  op  F22. 

'*  Klcjjiseher  (icsanjj"  f.  4  voice-parts  and 
strings 

Si\ty-six  son«s  w    pf  -accomp   ;    one  duet. 

"(lesanj*  der  Monehe",  3  voice-parts  a 
eapfrtlii 

Kijihlcon  vocal  Canons 

Seven  books  of  Knglish,  Scotch,  Frish,  Welsh 
and  Italian  Songs,  i.  voice,  pf.,  violin,  and 
Velio 

Ureitkopf  und  Ifaitel  were  the  Hrst  to  publ.  a 
"complete  edition"  (1864-67,  edited  by  Riet/, 
Nottebohm,  David,  Ilauptmann,  Reinecke,  and 
others). — A.  \V  Thayei's  "C.hronolo<>isi>lius 
Ver/.eiehniss  "  of  li.'s  compositions  is  a  valuable 
guide  A  **  Them.'itisches  Verxeichniss,"  by 
Nottebohm  (2nd  ed.  1868),  is  also  of  great 
utility. 

Iiiographicnl .  KG.  Wej»eler  and  Ferdinand 
Ries,  "  Uio^i aphische  Noti/en  Uber  L.  van  1J." 
(Koblen/,  1838  ;  2nded.,  w.  Supplement,  1845) ; 
A.  Schindler,  4l  Dio^iaphie  von  L.  van  U."  (3rd 
ed.  Minister,  1860;  Knjjl.  tninsl.  by  Moschele.s, 
iH^i),  W.  von  J,enx,  '*  \\.  ct  ses  tiois  styles" 
(St.  I'clcisburji,  1852;  I 'in  is,  1855),  and  *' II., 
cine  KunststiKhe"  (6  vol.s,  1855-60;  vol.  i — 
biogmphy — republ.  separately  in  1860.) ;  Lud- 
\vij^  Nohl,  "  IJ.'s  Leben"  (3  vol.s,  1864-7), 
and  4<  II,  naeh  den  Schildcrungcn  seiner  JCeit- 
genosscn"  (1877);  Ultbischefl,  'l  It.,  ses  cii- 
liques  el  sesj^Iossateurs  "  (1857  ;  (lor.  tiansl.  by 
P.ischoff,  i85(>);  A.  It.  Marx,  "  L.  van  li.'s 
Leben  und  SchafTen"  (2  vol  s  ;  3rd  ed.,  1875) ; 
Alex.  \V.  Thayer,  "  L.  van  lleethovens  Leben" 
(the  most  careful  and  complete  of  all ,  3  vol.s  in 
Gorman,  tiansl.  from  the  Knglish  MS.  by  II. 

I  tailors;  Ilerlin,  i8(>6,  '72,  '77  ;  iouilh  and  final 
vol.    in    preparation) ;    very    numerous    minor 
sketches  and  articles, 

Ihvlhoven's  letters  have  never  been  publ.  in  a 
collected  edition.  The  several  paitial  collec- 
tions are  by  Nohl,  "  Itriefe  IJeethovens  "  (1865, 
411  letters),  and  "None  Uricfo  Ueethoveiis " 
(1867,  322  letters) ;  Kiiohel,  <l  83  neu  aufgelun- 
deue  Orij»inalbriefe  Ituuthovons  an  den  Krxher- 
stog  Rudolf"  (1865);  Schone,  "  Ihiefo  von  Itee- 
thoven  an  (lu'ihn  Kidody  und  Mag.  lirauchlo" 
(1867);  Haddou's  l'Geo.  Thomson,  the  fiiend 
of  Hums"  (Lomlon,  i8<)8),  contains  interesting 
business  letters  from  JJoethovon  ;  other  letlers  aie 
scattered  through  various  essays,  biographies,  etc. 

Kssays  relating  to  It.'s  musical  exercises, 
Sketch-books,  etc.,  are  Ignax  von  Scyfried's 
44  Ludwig  van  Hoethovens  Studien  im  (Jenend- 
bass,  Kontrapunkt  und  in  der  Kom positions- 
lehre"  (1832;  rev.  ed.  by  NrottelH)hm(  1873); 
NolU'bohm'H  "  Iteethoveniana "  (1872),  and 

II  None    Heotliovoniana"    (1878,   etc.,    in    the 
l*  Musikalisches  \Vochenblatt "). 

Beffara^,  Louis-Franpois^  1>.  Nonancourt, 


ISKKKROV—  IJKLLKRMANN 


Eurc,  Aug  23,  1751  ;  d.  Vans,  Feb.  2,  1838 
Comnn  \sai)  f  tie  JWitr  \  7172- i 8 1 0,  at  I  'aris  An- 
tiquary and  writer. — \Vmks  "Diet  do  I1  Acade- 
mic royale  do  MUSKJUC"  (7  vol  s),  and  7  M>!  s 
of  lules  and  i  emulations  of  the  .Inn/Stint1  ((li.md 
Opera),  "  Diet,  alphab  des  acU'tirs,  etc  "  (3 
vol  s) ,  ll  Tableau  thronologi(|uedcs  rcpi  escala- 
tions ]ournahcies,  etc."  (Iiom  1671),  **  Diet 
alphab  des  tragedies  lyriqties  .  .  non 
reptesentes  a  PAciidt'mie,  etc  "  (5  vol  s) ;  "  Dr.i- 
maturgie  lyrique  ulnimjcrc  "  (17  vol  s).  Ik'  left 
his  rare  coll  of  books  and  MSS.  to  the  nty  of 
Paris  ;  all  were  burned  durmj*  the  Commune,  in 
1871. 

Beffroy  de  Reigny,  Louis- Abel  (bettei 
known  as  Cousin-Jacques),  b  Laon,  Nov  6, 
1757;  d.  Pans,  Doe.  r«S,  iSu  The  authoi  of 
several  whimsical  staj>e-pcs  foi  which  he  wiote 
both  text  and  music,  and  .ill  of  which  ,uc  forgot- 
ten. Fe'tis  says  that  he  had  neither  htciary  nor 
musical  l.ilent ;  but  i\'ittitfh//crfitt/\  /if  tune  (1700, 
given  r<jt  times  in  13  mos  )  and  AIT  i/fit  \  \'i«>- 
tthnes  (1791,  piohibtted  after  7  icpiesentations, 
on  acct.  of  exciting  the  democrats),  weie  cei  tainly 
successful  in  theii  way. 

Behn'ke  [bfin'-keh|,  Emil,  b.  Stettin,  1836; 
d.  Ostende,  Sept.  17,  1X92.  Lived  chiefly*  in 
London  as  an  authority  on  voice-1  raining,  and 
teacher  of  voice-production  to  smgci sand  speak- 
ers. Lecturer  on  physiology  oi  voice  Wiole 
"The  Mechanism  of  the  Human  Voice "( Lon- 
don, 1880)  ;  "  Voice,  Soug  and  Speech  "  |  in  coop, 
with  Lennox  IJiowne]  (1883) ;  "Voice-training 
Kxercises"  (1884),  and  '"Hie  Chiht's  Voice" 
(1885),  the  last  two  in  coop.  w.  Di ,  C  \V.  Pearcc. 

Behr,  Franz,  comp,  f,  pf.,  b.  Lubthccn, 
Mecklenburg,  July  22,  1837.  lias  publ.  a  gieat 
number  of  light  and  popular  salon-pcs. ,  some 
under  the  pseudonyms  of  u  William  Coopet," 
**  Charles  Morley"  and  u  Kranceseo  d'Orso." 

Bei'er,  (Dr.)  Franz.  In  jS88,  Kafrllm. 
(Mnsikdireklor?)  in  the  Royal  Theatre  at  Kas- 
sel, — ( )pera-parody  AT  /'wii/////.^  wit  »V<7/<v- 
kinfpn  (Kassel,  iKSy  ;  succ.);  comic  ope ivttu 
J)t'f  </Vr///;fV>X><)///^>(K2isHelf  iHyo  ;  stiec.). 

Bel'cke,  Friedrich  August,  b.  I.ucka,  Al- 
tcnbuig,  May  27,  1795  ;  d.  there  Dee.  10,  1874. 
Celelnated  trombone-player;  1815,  in  (lewaml- 
hausOrch.,  Leipzig;  chamber-musician  at  Her- 
lin,  1816-58.  He  was  the  first  eoncert-viituoso 
on  the  trombone,  for  which  ho  wrote  concertos 
and  etudes.  His  brother, 

Bel'cke,  Christian  Gottlieb,  b.  Lucka, 
July  17,  170,6  ;  (1.  there  July  8,  1875  ;  u  brilliant 
llutist,  ihi()-32  in  (Jcwandhaus  Oroh,,  Leipxig1, 
1834-41  at  Allenburg.  Wrote  concertos,  fan- 
tasias, etc.,  f.  flute, 

Beldoman'dis  (or  Beldernandis,  Belde- 
mando),  Prosdocimus  de,  b.  towards  end  of 
r.|th  cent,  at  Padua,  where  he  was  prof,  of 
philosophy  abt.  1422.  Wrote  theoretical  and 
controversial  treatises  on  Mensural  Music  (one 


is  icpnbl  in  vol.  iii  of  Cousscnukei  fs  "Snip. 
tores"),  he  was  a  stioniioiis  opponent  ol  the 
theoiiesol  M.iichettus  ol  Padua 

Be'liczay,  Julius  von,  b.  Koinom,  Ilun- 
g.uy,  \ug  10,  18^5  ;  il  Peslh,  May  1,  iS«j3 
Pupil  of  Joachim,  Ilolhuann  and  1'tan/  kieim; 
iSHS,  pmi.nl  llieoiv  .it  Ihe  N.  ill  Acad  ol  Mils., 
Peslh  —  Woiks  Mass  in  I1',  olten  peil.  ;  sym- 
phony  in  D  mm.  (iSSH)  ;  /,',-  JA/;/<r,  I.  sopi. 
solo,  ch.,  and  on  h.  (op  <))  ;  scienade  I  stiings 
(op.  jO)  ;  Andante  I  shini>-nicli.  (op.  ;»q)  ,  Itio 
in  Kf>  (op,  30);  stiing-(|iiailet  in  (i  min  (o[>. 
2i);  pl.-pcs  ,  etudes,  songs,  etc  In  iS<)j  h<» 
publ.  Pail  I  ol  a  li  Methoil  ol  Comp."  (in  Hun- 
garian) 

Belin  (01  Bcllin),  Guillaumc,  abt  15.17 
tenor  singer  in  the  Cli.ipelle  Kovale,  Paiis; 
comp.  CttHtit/iti's  in  .|  paits  d5<»o)  .ind  Cf{itn,\t*us 
(some  are  in  Altaignanl's  coll.  ol  15.1')*,)). 

Belin,  Juhen,  It.  Le  Mans,  abt.  w>,  one 
of  the  most  skillid  lutenists  ol  his  time,  Publ. 
(Paiis,  i^sd)a  book  of  motets,  chansons,  ami 
fantasias  in  lule-tablature. 

Bella,  Domcnico  della,  famous  'cellist  and 
coni[).  f.  'cello  ;  publ.  ia  sonalas  \v.  'cello  ob- 
bligato  .ind  ceiubrdo  (X'enice,  170,1),  anil  a  Velio- 
concerto  (1705) 

BeKla,  Johann  Leopold,  b.  St,  Ni<olan, 
U[>pei  Hungary,  1^43;  [)iiest  and  canon  at 
Netisohl  ;  comp".  of  much  chinch  mnsie  in  se 
veie  st)le;  also  otch.  vvoiks,  n.uion.tl  i'bonises 
f.  men's  voices  and  mixed  chorus,  pl.-pcs.,  etc. 

Bella'sio,  Paolo,  comp.  <tf  the  Venetian 
school  in  the  i(>th  cent.  ;  publ.  a  vol.  of  M.idri- 
g'.'ils  (i  57<))»  one  of  /VM///»7/j'  *//<W  /iW/<///rf 
(  1  51)5),  and  various  other  madrigal*!  in  the  coll. 
"  Dolci  alfetti'1  d5()H). 

BeirAvc're  (or  Bcll'Haver'),  Vincenzo,  b. 

Venice,  J53n(i»);  d.  there  tr>tStS(V);  pnpil  ol  A. 
(Jabrieli,  whom  he  succeeded  as  VMK!  oig.  of 
San  Marco  (1580).  Publ.  several  booksof  mad- 
ligals  (1507  75),  and  single  ones  in  various  col- 
lections, 

Bcllaz'zi,  Francesco,  Vciic-tian  eotnp., 
pupil  ol  (iiovanni  (iabrioli;  publ.  (iniS  uH)  a 
mass,  psalms,  motels,  litanies,  can  r»///,  etc, 

Bcllfere  (01  Bcllerus,  jtroperly  Bccllaerts), 
Jean,  bookseller  and  lunsic-pub'lishet'  at  Ant- 
werp, where  he  died  abt.  I5«)S,  A  pailnerof 
Pierre  Plmlesc  (y/A),  His  son,  Balthasar, 
transferred  tho  business  tt>  iJouai,  and  prinuul 
much  music  up  to  abt.  1625,  His  printed  cata 

i 


logue,  of  compositions  publ,  by  him  (ifx>;)-5), 
was  found  by  CoussemukiM-  in  ific  Douai  library. 

Bel'lerraaiin,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Krfurt, 
Mar.  8,  i7<)5  ;  d.  Herlin,  Keb.  4,  1874,  From 
1847-08,  Director  »>f  tlie  gymnasium  **  Xum 
grauen  Kloster"  at  Hcrlin.  Distinguished 
writer  ou  (Jreek  music.  His  chief  work  is 
"  Die  Tonleitern  u.  Musiknoten  dor  (Jriechen" 
(lUtrliu,  1847;  explanatory  of  the  (Jrcctk  system 


1)KLLI£RMANN— IJELLINI 


of  notation),  "  Die  Ilymnen  dcs  Dinnysius  und 
Mcsomedcs"  (Iicihn,  1840),  and  "  Anonymi 
scnptio  dc  mtisica  <-t  liacclm  scmons  mlmduc- 
tio,  etc  "  (iHji),  arc  smaller  tieatises  on  Oieek 
music  as  piactised. 

Bel'lermann,  Johann  Gottfried  Heimich, 
son  of  pieced'nig;  b.  Ucilin,  Mai.  10,  1832; 
pupil  of  the  K.  last,  f.  Ch. -music,  also  ol  K  A 
(iiell.  1853,  teacher  of  singing  al  the  "  liiuues 
Kloster";  1801,  R.  J///jy /•«////•,  Ay;  i860,  pi  of. 
of  mus.  at  lleilin  Univ.,  succeeding  Marx.  lie 
has  composed  many  vocal  woiks.  1 1  is  book, 
44  Die  Mcnsuialnoten  und  Taktzeichen  im  15 
u.  r(>,  Jalirh."  (Ileilin,  1858),  gives  an  excellent 
exposition  of  the  theoiy  of  mcivMiial  music;  his 
tieatise  "Her  Ktmtiapunkt  "  (18(12;  2d  ed. 
1877)  revives  the  theoiiesol  J.  J.  Ku.\'s  "(iradus 
ad  Parnassum,"  his  adheienee  to  uhieli  II.  til- 
tempted  to  justify  in  a  pamphlet  "  Die  (iiosse 
d.  mus.  Intervalle  als  (irundlugo  d.  Ilaimonie" 
(1873)  He  has  also  conli United  mtetestmg 
articles  to  the  "  Allg.  nmsikal.  /citimg." 

Bellet'ti,  Giovanni  Battista,  baiitone 
stage-singer,  b.  Saixana,  1815,  was  a  pupil  of 
I'ilolti  at  the  P.ologiu  Licco.  Debut  1838,  at 
Stockholm,  in  the.  /tarfiiw ;  he  then  sang  with 
Jenny  l.iud  in  Denmark  und  in  London  (184  H), 
Paris  and  the  United  States  (1850-2).  Retired 
in  1862. 

Belleville-Oury,  Emilie,  brilliant  pianist, 
b,  Munich,  1808;  d.  theie  July  23  (22?),  1880. 
I'upil  of  Karl  (V.erny;  made  long  concert-tours, 
and  lived  for  many  years  in  London,  where  she 
manied  the  violinist  Oury.  Her  popular  pf.- 
oomp.s  are,  properly  speaking,  arrangements. 

Bell'Haver,  Vinccnzo.    See  UKI.I.'AVPRK. 

Be  Hi,  Girolamo,  composer  of  the  Venetian 
school,  diapeUsingcr  to  this  Duke  of  Mantim 
Publ.  i  book  of  <)-p,  motels  (rsSo),  one  of  8-p. 
motets  (ipHc)),  one  of  o-p.  nuulii^alH  (15^9),  one 
of  i  o-p.  motets  ami  magnificats  (i5<>4);  ami 
.some  5-]).  nuul rivals  in  the  collection  ui)e'i)oridi 
virtuosi  il'ltalia"  (1580). 

Belli,  Giulio,  b.  Lon^iano,  abt.  1560  ;  choir- 
master at  S.  Antonio,  I'adua,  abt.  rotx),  and  nt. 
di  r'«r//.  at  Imola  cathedral  abt.  i(»ao.  1'ubl. 
4-p,  masses  (i5()<0l  5*I>»  niwsses  (1507) ;  8-p, 
masses  and  madrigals  (new  i'dM  with  son  titling 
r(x>7);  4-p.  caiwonetle.  (1586;  2nd  ed.  1595); 
4-  and  8-p.  masses  (1608) ;  K-p.  psalms  (iocx>, 
1604,  1615,  the  last  with  eiwihiin*);  molets» 
litatues,  etc,.,  f.  double,  choir  (1005,  1007),  "C'ou- 
certi  ecclesiastioi  a  a  e  3  voei  con  basso  d'or- 
Ifnno"  (1013,  1621), 

BcKH,  Domcnico,  musician  at  the  court  of 
l*anna  ;  publ.  "  Ariea  i  e  a  voci  per  souare  con 
il  ohitamme  "  (1616),  and"<)rfeo  dolente"  (5 
Intermexsti  to  Tasso's  W  win  to  /  1616). 

Bellin,  Guill.  and  Julien.    See  HKMN. 

BelH'ni,  Vinccnzo,  famous  opera-composer ; 
b.  Catania,  Sicily,  Nov.  3, 1802;  d.  Puteaux,  n. 


Tans,  Sept.  23,  1835.  Taught  at  first  by  his 
fathet,  an  oi^anist,  he  was  sent  in  iSicj,  al  the 
expense  of  a  nobleman  impiessed  by  the  boy's 
talent,  to  the  ('onservatono  di  S.m  Sebastiano  at 
Naples.  Ileie  his  instruction  from  the  masters 
Fuino,  Trilto  .incl  Xmj»aielli  was  earned  on 
until  1827  with  the  slovenly  Lick  of  method  then 
pievaihng  in  the  institution;  3J  probably  profited 
hu  more  by  his  piivate  and  /ealous  study  of 
Maydnand  Mo/art,  Jomnielhand  Paisiello,  and, 
above  all,  Pergolesi.  His  student-compositions 
were  a  romance,  an  ana,  a  symphony  for  full 
oich.,  two  masses,  several  psalms,  and  a  cantata, 
l\nicne,  finally  his  first  opera,  Atfchou  £ 
Safoinii  was  perf.  by  C'ons.  pupils  on  Jan.  12, 
1825,  and  its  success  encouraged  him  to  further 
diamalic  efloit  Harbaja,  manager  of  the  San 
Cailo  Th.,  Naples,  and  La  Scala,  Milan,  com- 
missioned IJ.  to  write  an  opera,  and  Hiatua  e 
farnamto  was  enthusiastically  received  at  the 
foi mer  theati e  in  1^26  ;  followed  in  1827  by  // 
rimta^  and  in  1829  by  La  Stoanifrti^  both  in 
Milan.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the 
libiettist  of  //  /V- 
nita^  Felice  Ro- 
mani,  wrote  the 
books  of  all  the  suc- 
ceeding operas  ex- 
cept /  Pun  hint. 
JJ.  met  his  first  re- 
verse at  Parma,  for  "*Wj&  -  ^ajW  A 
the  inauguration  of  y,,  _  J^wJ  '' .IJ3SM! !•' ' 
the  Tcatro  Nuovo 
in  which  town  he 
wrote  to  ordei  the 
ope  i  a  'Aura  (iH2<;), 
which  was  a  Hat  fail- 
ure. Undismayed, 
he  accepted  a  fresh 
order  from  La  Fcn- 
ice  Theatre  at  Venice,  for  which  he  composed 
in  forty  days  the  opera  /  Capukfi  <•  AlMitmhi 
(iH3(j),  which  was  hailed  as  a  masterwork. 
After  a  severe  illness,  he  brought  out  IM  Son- 
mnrtnila  al  the  Tealro  C'arcano,  Milan  (1831); 
with  this  work,  and  .Ywv;/<;,  which  was  given 
al  La  Scala  on  Dec.  20,  1831,  IJ.  rose  to  the 
height  of  liis  powers  and  the  xenith  of  his 
fame — yet  Nw/utt,  which  U.  himself  considered 
his  gieatest  work,  and  in  which  the  Malibran 
created  the  title-role,  was  coldly  received  that 
fust  evening  !  Hut  in  brief  space  its  beauties 
were  recognized,  and  the  warmth  of  its  recep- 
tion in  other  cities,  notably  in  Paris  (1835), 
amply  justified  its  authoi's  verdict.  His  />V- 
afritf  til  Tcntta  (Venice,  1833)  shows  a  dis- 
tinct falling-ofT,  and  failed  of  popular  apprecia- 
tion. In  1834  he  was  invited  to  write  an  opera 
for  the  Theatre  Italien  at  Paris ;  this  was  /  Pun- 
taut,  libretto  by  Count  Pepoli ;  its  triumphant 
production  was  the  composer's  last  great  success* 
for,  although  commissioned  immediately  to  write 
two  more  operas  for  the  San  Carlo  Th.,  he  died 
at  the  village  of  J'uteaux,  whither  he  had  retired 
to  work  on  the  new  scores.  Forty  years  later, 


53 


IIKLLMAN—  IlKNDA 


his  icmains  weie  lemoved  to  Catania,  wheie  a 
monument  was  elected  to  his  memoiy  ;  anothei 
monument,  due  to  the  e\cilions  ol  Ins  bosom- 
friend,  iManeusco  Moiimo,  was  dedicated  at 
Naples  in  itftiu. 

Jiellim's  genius  is  exhibited  in  the  grace, 
tenderness,  pathos  and  feivoi  oi  his  melodies, 
fashioned  with  a  consummate  kno\\k»df>c  ol  vocal 
resource  and  el  fuel  <  )n  the  otliui  hand,  his 
scoies  show  the  worst  delects  oi  the  old  Italian 
school  —  monotony  in  harmony,  and  anmlcuiish 
instrumentation,  lor  these  his  impeded  induing 
is  doubtless  largely  lesponsiblc  Jn  his  besl 
moments  he  surpasses  his  brilliant  conlcmpoiaiy, 
Rossini,  in  the  ji  race  and  sensuous  w.umth  and 
charm  of  his  melodies  ,  in  oilier  respects  he  is 
llie  kilter's  inferior.  —  Iiicigmphics  by  Florimo 
(in  -vol.  ni  of  the  u  Scuola  musieale  di  N.ipoli  "); 
F.  Ctcconetti,  "Vila  di  V.  11.  "  (Pialo,  1850); 
Michclc  Seheiillo,  "  lielliniana  "  (Milan,  1885, 
new  notes)  ;  L  Salvioli,  '*  Helhni,  Lelteie  ine- 
dile"  (Milan,  1885);  Arthur  Puiigm,  "  IJellmi, 
sa  vie,  ses  <euvres  "  (Paris,  1868). 

Bell'man,  Carl  Mikael,  b.  Stockholm,  Feb. 

4,  1740;  d.  there  Feb.  u,  1795.     This  famous 
Swedish  poet  set  to  music  hislyiic  or  burlesque 
"popular    scenes,"     "  llacchunaliska    ordcns- 
kapitlets  haiKllingar"  (17^3),  "  Ficdmansrpist- 
lar"  (1790),  "  Kredmaus  san^er"  (170,1),  *?tt\ 

Bell'mann,  Karl  Gottfried,  b.  Schellni- 
berjj,  Saxony,  Aug.  n,  I7(x>;  d.  Dresden,  1816. 
Celebrated  pf.  -maker  ;  also  bassoon-playei  . 

BelKmann,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Muskau, 
1772  ;  d.  Jan.  ro,  1862,  in  Schleswijj,  wheie  he 
had  been  organist  since  1813.  Composer  of  the 
(toman  national  song:  l'Schles\vij>;-I  lolslein 
mecrumschlungen." 

Belloc,  Teresa  [Georgi  -  Trombetta- 
Belloc],  famous  dramatic  me//,o-soprano  ;  b. 

5.  Uegnino,  Canuvese,    Aug.   13,  1784;  d.    S. 
(ilorgio,    May  13,    1855.     From    180^-24  she 
sang  at  La  Soaht,  Milan,  and  niiidu  triuiuphal 
lours  throughout  Ilsily,  also  to  Paris,  and  (1817) 
London.     She  lefl  the  stage  in    1827,   after  a 
season  in  Trieste.     She  sang  leading  toles  in 
over  80  operas,  Rossini's  being  the  favorites.  — 
Hiogr.  sketch,  '*  La  canlaalu  Teresa  Uelloc,"  by 
C.  IJoggio  (Milan,  1895). 

Bello'li,  Luigi,  b.  Castelfranco,  Bologna, 
Feb.  2,  r77o  ;  d.  Nfilan,  Nov.  17,  i8r7»  For 
years  he  was  horn-player  at  La  Scala,  and  from 
1812  prof,  of  horn  at  M.  Cons.  Wrote  several 
operas  and  ballets  (La  Scala,  1803-6);  also  con- 
certos and  a  Method  f.  horn, 


Bello'li,  Agostino,  b.  liologna; 
horn  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  for  which  ho  wrote  6 
ballets  (1821-23),  and  several  operas.  l*ubl. 
pieces  and  studies  f.  hoin. 

Bemberg-,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  Mar,  29,  t86r; 
pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (Dubois,  Krnnek  and  Mas- 
senet). I^ramatic  composer.—  Works:  J-act  op- 


eia  /*•  fatiwi  tfr  Strati  (I'.uis,  Op.-Coin.,  iSKS), 
mod  slice  ;  .\-iw\  opeM-lc'^cndo  /''/r//;/r(  London, 
Coxenl  (Jaiden,  iSga  ;  Nc\v\oik,  iS<).|).  ll.is 
alst>  publ.  mimeioiis  son^s. 

Be'metzrieder,  T.,  !>  Alsitia,  1  7-1  <,  <I  (<*)•  A 
nuis.  theonst,  at  hist  lleneilicline  monk,  on  UMV- 
in^>  theoidei  lie  bc'cuint1  Oidcint's  pupil  :tml  pin- 
tej>c  at  I  \uis,  and  lived  lySa-iSiO  (01  IOM^CI  )  in 
London.  lie  wiole  **  Lecons  do  ol.i\ooin  o! 
piincipes  d'hannonic  "  (I'.uis,  1771;  London 
[Kn^lish],  177^),  and  hall  .1  score  ol  othei  text- 
books oi  (loubtlul  value. 

Ben'da,  Franz,  b  Alt-Uenatek,  Uohcmia, 
Nov  25,  17<)<)  ;  d.  rolsd.un,  M.ir  7,  17S(). 
Famous  violinist,  pupil  ol  Lobol,  KonuVk  and 
(1732)  oi  J.  S.  (iiaun  til  Kup|)in.  (.(•adorol  the 
ordi.nl  theCiown  1'rince  (alloiwards  Kn'donck 
II.),  whom  he  accomp,  in  some  po.oonconoottos 
duiin^  40  ywus'  seivice.  Mxeollcnt  tc.irhoi. 
1*111)1  works'  12  violin  solos;  i  lluto  solo;  '} 
violin-eludes.  Symphonies,  concertos,  <»tc.,  in 
MS. 

Ben'da,  Johann,  brother  <>(  Ft.ui/,  ;  b.  Alt- 
ttenalok,  1713;  d.  I'otsdam,  1752,  as  chamber- 
musician.  Violinist;  left  3  MS.  violin  concertos, 


Ben^da,  Gcorg,  brother  of  Fran/;  b, 
bun/.Iau,  Uolicmia,  17'j'j;  d.  Kustrit/,  Nov.  (>, 
17()S'  Third  son,  and  pupil,  of  Hans  (icni}', 
licnda.  <1hambcr-nms.  (ij>\'2  H)  at  Itcrlin,  thru 
at  (lotha,  whore  he  became  court  AV/vV/w,  in 
1748,  aiuj  in  I7().|  went  to  Italy,  ivhmiiiu;  1700, 
lie  remained  in  (iolha  till  ly^H,  producing  abt. 
roo])cnis,  operettas',  melodramas  (his  best  woiks: 

' 


then  resigned,  li\cil  in  liainbiujf,  \'icnn.i,  and 
othor  towns,  linally  settling  in  KoMtil/.  MoM 
of  his  otlK'rwoiks  (church-music,  symphonies, 
concertos,  sonatas,  etc.)  ar<»  in  MS,  'in  the  IU«r- 
1  in  library.—  lie  conceived  the  nri>,*iniil  idoa  ol 
the  music-drama  with  spoken  words,  the  anisic 
bointf  carried  out  by  tint  orchestra  <wjy  i.  o,, 
pure  melodrama.  [Hut  i/.  KOUNSKAII,  J.  J,| 

Bcu^da,  Joseph,  violinist,  pupil  :iml  yotin^'* 
csl  brother  of  Kranx;  b.  Mar.  7,  17^4;  d.  lU«r« 
Jin,  Feb.  22,  1804.  Ilis  hntthor's  succt'ssor  as 
leader;  pensioned  1797. 

Ben'da,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Hcinrich,  vio- 
linist; b,  Totsthim,  July  15,  1745;  d,  llu>n*  June 
i<),  1814.  Widest  son,  and  pupil,  of  Fran/  H.; 
i7()5«iHro,  royal  chiimber-mus.  ;  oscoliont  pian- 
ist and  composer.—  Works  :  2  oponiK,  «•//«'.»'//• 
(1780)  and  OrfJwttx  (i7H());  an  operetta,  />r/,v 
tUutnfnw&dehttt  ;  $  oratorios,  and  a  cantata, 
/ytftfiti/itw  ;  concert  OK  f,  violin  ;  do.  f. 
much  chamber-music,  ;  etc. 

Ben^da,  Friedrich  Ludwig,  son  of  (i 
b.  (Jotim,  1740;  d.  KonijfsluTjf,  Mar.  27, 
1782,  opem-X"^'/////.  at  Hamburg,  later  ebam- 
ber-yirtuosoal  Schwerin,  finally  conccrt-tli  rector 
in  K  onigsbcrjj  .  —  Works  :  t  opera  and  3  ope- 
rellas;  also  cantatas,  3  violin-concertos,  etc. 


54 


IJKNDA— KENKDICTUS 


Bcn'da,  Karl  Hermann  Hcinrich,  youngest 
son  ol  tit-oi^;  b.  Potsdam,  M,iy  a,  17.18,  d  Mai. 
15,  1830.  1'ine  violinist,  le.idei  of  the  io\,d 
opci.i-oich.,  tc.ichci  <il  King  Kncdiuh  Wdhelm 
III.  :in<I  Kungcnhagcn.  Comp.  chamhei-inusu. 

Ben'dall,  Wilfred  Ellington,  composci ,  b. 
London,  Api.  2U,  1850,  pupil  ol  Ch.  I, was  and 
1C.  Silas,  also  of  Lcip/ig  Cons.  (1872-4).—  \Voiks 
Opeict  las,  cantatas,  pait-sonj»s,  trios, duets,  songs, 
pf.-pcs. 

Ben'del,  Franz,  b.  Srhnnlinde,  noithem  Bo- 
hemia, Mai.  23,  1833,  d.  linlin,  July  3,  1874. 
Accomplished  pianist,  pupil  ol  Proksch  (Pmguc) 
and  Lis/t  (\\einui),  fioin  iS(>2  in  Berlin  as 
teacher  in  Kullak's  Ac.ulcmy. — \Voiks:  Salon- 
picces  i,  pi.,  of  real  merit;  pl.-conccilo,  pi  -Itio, 
sonata  f  pi,  and  vln.,  etudes  ("On  the  Lake  ol 
(leneva,"  op.  io<j;  Study  in  Sixths,  \\\t  niin.), 
nocturnes,  lomanccs,  etc.;  also  symphonies,  ,| 
masses,  seM'ial  books  <»l  songs. 

Ben'deler,  Johann  Philipp,  b.  Kiethnord- 
hauscn,  n.  Krluit,  I(>(H>;  d.  1708  as  caiiloi  in 
<\)uedlinburg  (lliu/).  Clavccmist,  oiganist  and 
writer  (his  tl  Organopii'ia,"  publ  lOejo,  was  ic- 
publ.  i73<)  as  *'  OrKi'lkiukimsl  "). 

Bender,  Jean  Valentin,  b.  lleelitheini,  n. 
\Vonns,  Sept.  i<),  iSoi;  d.  Unisscls,  Api.  14,1^73. 
ClariiH't-vn tuoso  and  bandmaster;  ntnsi((-diree- 
lor  to  the  (Del^iau)  Royal  I  louse.  Composed 
military  wusie  and  elarinet-prs. 

Benxder,  Jakob,  biolher  of  Valentin;  b. 
Derhllu'im,  I7»).H;  d.  Antwerp,  Au^.  <),  iH.j^,  as 
director  of  tin*  Antwerp  wind-band,  having  sue- 
eeeded  his  brother  in  this  position.  Also  clari- 
nettist; composed  militaiy  music, 

Ben'dix,  Victor  E,,  b.  <  'opcnhaf»vn.,  1851; 
violin-virtiutso,  pianist,  composer;  pupil  atid 
protege  of  (liulc.  Living  in  C'openha^'U  us  a 
pf,«teaeher  and  conductoi  of  a  choral  soe.idy. 
IJesitles  pf.-con\posttions  of  ft  real  merit,  ho  has 
written  3  symphonies:-— Symphony  "Xur  1 1  oho," 
in  C.  (1801)  falso  named  **  l^elsensteigun^"  | ; 
Symphony  in  I>,  ^Sommerklitn^e  aus  SUtlruss- 
laiul  M  ;  Symphony  in  A  inin.  ('95?). 

Be^dix,  Otto,  b.  Copenhagen,  1850  ;jm- 
l>il  of  A.  Ree  and  (Isule,  also  ol  Kullak  (Itertin) 
ami  Lis/L  (Weimar).  lkf. -teacher  in  Copenh. 
Cons.  >  and  t>bo!st  in  liieatre«oich.  Sol  tier  I  in 
Boston,  Mass.,  1880,  as  teacher  of  pf.  in  the 
New  KujLjlantl  Cons.  Mas  jjivou  very  suc- 
c'cssful  concerts  in  I4'uropo  and  Amurioa,  and 
has  publ.  Homo  pen.  f.  pf.,  etc. 

Benxdl,  Karl,  b.  Prague,  April  if>,  1838; 
d,  there  Sept,  20,  i8<)7.  Pupil  of  Hlaxok  and 
Pitsch  at  the  Organists'  School,  PRIJJUO,  till 
1858.  Kor  :i  lime  he  was  chorusmasU'r  of  the 
CJcrman  Opera,  Amsterdam  (1804).  Returned 
x8(>5  to  Prague;  after  i8<>(>,  cotuluctor  of  the 
nude  choral  society'*  Hlahol."— Works  :  <!xooh 
national  operas  A/y/r/(i868),  /Iwthhw  nm/Jitkti 
(1869),  Ceruafarej  (1881),  Katel  AXr^/n  (comic, 


1883),  y)///  7Wwti  (Child  of  the  Camp] 
3  acts)  ,  all  at  the  Natl.  Th  ,  Piague,  and  on  its 
standing  lepeiloiy.  Also  3  masses,  several 
cantatas  I  soli,  ch  and  oicii  ,  an  oxuituic,  a 
"  Hithyramb,"  ,i  "  Concert  Polonaise,"  a  "  Sla- 
\onic  Rhapsody,"  etc  ,  I.  orch.  ;  a 


tcl  ,  2<x)(Veeh  songs  and  choiuscs  ,  pf.  -music.  — 
licndl,  |omlly  with  Smetana  and  Dvorak,  en- 
joys the  distinction  ol  winning  general  recog- 
nition. lor  C/.cdi  musical  art. 

Benedict,  Sit   Julius,  b.  Slutlgail,  Nov.  27, 
i8oj.;d.   London,  June    5,1885.      lie  was   the 
son  of  a  Jewish  banker  ;  pupil  of  Aheillc,  Jlum- 
nu'l  (i8[<),  Weimar),  and    Weber  (1820,    Dies- 
den).     In  1823,  Arf/V/////   at  the  Karnthncrthor 
Th.,  Vienna,  and   1825  at  the  San  ('ailo  Th., 
Naples,  where  his  lust  opeia,    (.tiaihthi  nf  Et- 
i/t'tfo  (i82()),  was  performed,  which,  like  /  /V- 
ft\tj/jtl\i  in    (/tw   (Slutlgarl,    1830),   \vas  not   n 
marked  success.     After  2  visits   to  Paris  (1830 
and   1835),  he  settled  in  London,  wheie  he  be- 
came  a    lashionablc   pf.-leacher    and   coneert- 
givei,    and     also 
thoroughly     angli- 
ci/ed.      1836,    con- 
ductor   of    opeia 
hulla    at    the    Ly- 
<•  e  u  in  ,    1837    a  t 
Druiy  Lane,  wheie 
Ins     lirsi     Knglish 
oponi,    The  (iyp\\t& 
//W/v////v,  was  pio- 
duced   (1838).       In 
1850  and  '51  he  ac- 
companied     Jenny 
Lind  on  her  Ameri- 
can lours  ;  then  be- 

came Col.  Maplesoti's  conductor  at  Her  Majes- 
ty's Th.  and  Druiy  Lane,  and  in  1850.  at  Covent 
(litnlcn;  also  of  the  lt  Monday  Popular  Con- 
certs." lie  also  conducted  several  Norwich 
Festivals,  and  (i  870-80)  the  Liverpool  Philhar- 
monic. lie  was  knighted  in  1871.  —  Works: 
The  operas  above  mentioned,  and  also  The 
/IrMt'A  of  I'euitv  (184,1),  '/'//<•  CntMtkts  (1846), 
The  l.iike  <»/  (tkmuton  (1802),  The  l.ily  of  A'/V- 
hirnty  (iS(>2  ;  on  the  Continent  as  The  AV.iv  of 
AVv//),  The  MM?  <»/.Vi«/A'  (1804);  4  cantatas, 
' 


i 


,  . 

on  the  Prince  of  Wales'  return  fiom  India  (1876), 
and  (jnrMAt  (1882);  3  oralorios,  .SV.  Ctifim 
(1866),  ami  ,SV.  /V/Vr  (1870);  z  Hymphonies,  2 
pf.  -concertos,  si  variety  of  pf.  -mimic:,  etc,,  lie 
also  wrote  a  biogr.  sketch  of  Weber  (in  Ilueffer's 
**  (ireat  MuslcianH"). 

Benedict,  Milo  Ellsworth,  b.  Cornwall, 
Vt.,  June  <),  i8(>(>.  Pf.-pupil  of  C\  Petoisilea, 
in  theory  of  J.  K.  Paine;  in  Kuropu  1883-4, 
spending  3  mos.  at  Weimar  with  Lisxt.  Living 
a«  pf.-teachcr  in  Hoston.  Has  publ.  **  6  Corn- 
wall Dances,"  op.  i  ;  other  pf,-works  in  MS, 

Benedic^us  Ap'penzelders  (A*.  </-///«•«- 
«*•//),  b.  Appcnxell,  Swilxorland  ;  master  of  the 


55 


HENKLLI—  IIKNNKTT 


boys'  choir  at  Brussels,  1539-55. — \Voiks-  i 
book  of  4-pait  motets,  "  Libei  piinius  eccl 
canlionum,  etc."  (Ant\\eip,  1553).  Nor  the 
same  as  JlHifititfrn  J>itti\  |see  I)iu'i.s|,  whose 
comp.s  me  frequently  con  founded  with  the  Ap- 
penzcller's. 

Benel'li,  Aleraanno.     1'en-name  ol  KRCOLK 

BOTTRKJARl. 

Benel'li,  Antonio  Peregrine,  b.  Koili, 
Romagna,  Sept  5,  1771  ;  d.  Honiicluii,  Saxony, 
Aug.  16,  1830.  In  1790,  hrst  tenor  at  San 
Carlo  Th.,  Naples  ,  in  London,  1798  ;  at  Dres- 
den, 1801-22,  when  his  \oiec  failed  ,  then  teacher 
of  singing  at  the  R  Theatiu  School,  Ucrlin  ; 
dismissed  1829  on  account  of  a  bitter  and  un- 
just attack  on  his  benefactor  Spontini  I'ubl. 
a  Vocal  Method  (Ihesden,  1819)  ,  considerable 
vocal  music,  and  Solieyj.it ;  and  a  few  pf.-pcs. 

Be'neS  [ba'nesh]  (<ler.  Benesch),  Josef, 
b.  lialelov,  Moravia,  Jan.  n,  1793  ;  d.  (?). 
Violinist;  member  of  the  thealie-oichcslras  at 
Baden  and  1'ressburg.  In  1819,  bej»an  anailis- 
tic  tour  in  Italy  ;  leader  of  the  orcli.  at  Laibach, 
Carniola,  in  1823  ;  in  Vienna  1828;  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Imp.  orch.  in  r832,  I'ubl.  a  number 
of  violin-comp.s  ;  also  (Jerman  sonjjs. 

Bene'voli,  Orazio,  b.  Rome,  1602,  as  the 
natuial  son  of  Duke  Albeit  of  Ixnraine  ;  d. 
theie  June  17,  1672.  Vupil  of  V.  Uj»oHm;  in. 
di  £app.  of  several  Roman  churches,  and  finally 
at  the  Vatican  (1640).  Of  the  highest  personal 
character,  and  a  contrapuntist  of  lofty  genius, 
he  lived  and  died  in  poveity.  Ills  polyphonic; 
vocal  works  (masses  in  12,  16,  24,  and  even  48 
parts — the  mass  perfoimed  at  Sta.  Maria  sopra 
Minerva,  Rome,  in  1650,  is  for  12  choiis,  i.e., 
48  real  parts— -motets,  psalms  and  of  lei  lories  up 
to  30  parts)  are  the  consummating  point  of  the 
pplychoric  a  tappella  style ;  he  was  likewise  a 
pioneer  in  choral  comp.  with  obhligato  instru- 
mental accomp.  (his  muss  for  the  consecration 
of  Sal/burg  cathedral,  1628,  is  written  on  54 
staves).  Kew  of  his  works  were  pub!,;  most  are 
in  MS.  in  the  Vatican  library. 

Benfey'  [-^K  Theodor,  b.  Noiten,  n.  (lot- 
tingen,  Jan.  28,  1809  ;  d.  there  June  26,  1881. 
Orientalist  and  philologist ;  also  contributed 
mus.  articles  to  the  "  Neue  Xeilsehrift  ftlr 
Musik." 

Beninco'ri,  Angelo  Maria,  b.  Brescia, 
Mar.  28,  1779;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  30,  r82f.  Lived 
in  Spain,  Italy  and  Vienna  till  1803,  when  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  brought  out  several  imsue- 
cesslul  operas  ;  the  only  successful  one,  Attnfin 
(left  unfinished  by  Isouartl,  for  which  11.  wrote 
the  lust  3  acts,  and  a  march  for  the  first  act), 
was  prod.  6  weeks  after  his  death. 

Bennet,  Theodore.  See  TutiouoKK  UITTKR. 

Bennett,  Sir  William  Sterndale,  distin- 
guished Knglish  comp.  ;  b.  Sheffield,  Apr,  13, 
1816  ;  d.  London,  Keb,  l,  1875.  Hiss  father,  an 


oii»amsl,  died  when  1 1  was  but  ^  yea  is  old,  and 
he  \\:is  cd uc.it cd  by  his  gi.uullatliei ,  John  I»  , 
a  lay-cleik  at  CamlHidgc  At  S  he  enteied  the 
choir  ol  King's  College  Ch.ipcl,  ami  at  l<>  Ihc 
RAM  (pupil  ol  Ch  Lucas,  Di.  C'i<ach,  ('. 
Poltei  and  \V  II.  Holmes),  \\heie  he  |)l,«v<-d, 
in  iS'^,  an  onginal  pl.-conceilo  in  I)  nun., 
publ  latei  by  the  Academy.  In  18^7  the  P.ioad- 
woods  sent  him  to  Leip/ig  for  one  UMI,  :i  \isit 
ic])eatcd  i8.|i-2,  lie  \\as  intimate  with  Schu 
maun  and  Mendelssohn,  and  the  influence  of 
both,  paiticulaily  the  lattei,  is  jellected  in  some 
ol  his  compositions  Kiom  iNn-po,  he  gave  a 
series  ol  chambci-coiueits  in  Kngl.ind  ;  manied 
Maiy  Anne  Wood  in  1844;  founded  the  liach 
Society  in  i84(>;  conducted  the  c<»mxMts  <if  the 
Philharmonic  Society  1850  On,  and  the  I. reds 
Mus.  I'Vstixal  in  iH^S  In  |S^>,  loo,  he  re- 
ceived the  title  of  Mus.  Hoc.  fiom  ('anibrulge, 
nflei  his  election  to  the-  ch.in  of  Musical  Pmles 
soi  thcie  In  i8<»(»  he  was  chosen  Principal  of 
the  R.A.M.,  then  lesigninjc  the  conductorship  of 
the  Philhatmonic. 
The  additional  de- 
giee  of  M.A.  was 
con  fen  ed  on  him 
by  Cambridge  in 
I8r>7  ;  that  of  D.C. 
L  ,  by  Oxford,  in  fe'/  ;  1 
1870  ;  and  iu  1871  j/', ,  ,lj 
he  was  knighted.  ,,'!,,;,  "' 
The  subscription-  \\i\ 
hmtl  of  UK'  Ilennclt  " 
test  unonial  jircs- 
willed  him  at  St. 
James*  Hall,  1872, 
was  converted  by 
the  recipient  into  a 
scholarship  at  the  K.A.M.  lie  is  buried  iu 
Westminster  Abbey,-  -Stenulale  lleniielt  ranks 
high  among  Kng'lish  c»»m posers  of  genuine 
originality.  Himself  a  pianist  of  rare  ability, 
he  favors  the  piano  above  all,  and  his  finest 
productions  are,  so  to  spe:ik,  inspiu-d  by  its 
peculiarities.  The  tale  of  his  works  IN  scanty, 
luil  in  polish,  refinement  ami  careful  elabora- 
tion they  vie  with  the  best  in  nwsienl  art, 
Works:  Op.  i,  rst  pf.-concerto,  in  1)  min,, 
1833;  op.  2,  Capriccio  f.  pf.,  in  I);  op.  3, 
overture  4C  Purisina,"  f.  orch.,  18^4  5  ;  op.  4, 
2nd  pf. -concerto,  Kf?;  op,  H,  sestet  f.  pf.  untl 
strings;  op.  <),  ,^rd  pf.-concerto,  it)  C  juin., 
^34  i  °P'  l°i  3  ^us*  Skelclurs  f.  pf.  ;  op.  jt, 
6  Studies  f.  pf.;  op.  iti,  3  Imprompius  f.  pf.; 
op.  13,  Sonata  f,  pf,;  op.  14,  3  Romances  f, 
pf.;  op.  15,  overture  "The  Naiads,"  f,  orch.; 
op.  ro,  Kantusia  f,  pf,,  1842;  op.  17,  3  Aver- 
sions f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  op.  18,  Allegro  gra/ioso, 
f.  pf.;  op.  19,  4th  pf. -concerto,  in  I''  min., 
1836-40  ;  op.  30,  overture  "  The  WootUnymph," 
f.  orch.;  op,  22,  Caprice  in  K,  f.  pf.  aiui  orch,; 
op.  23,  ft  songs  w.  pf. ;  op,  24,  Suite  tie  pieces 
f.  pf.,  1843;  op.  25,  Hondo  plucevolc!  f,  j»f. ; 
op.  20,  pfMrio,  1844;  °1>.  27,  Scber/o  f.  pf. ; 
op.  28,  KonUino  f.  pf, ;  op.  29,  ^  SludicH  £.  pf . ; 


11F.NNKTT— HKNSON 


Op  30,  4  sacred  duels  ;  op.  3r,  Tema  e  vaiia- 
xioni  f.  pi.;  <>p  32,  Son.it.  i  I,  pf.  and  'cello, 
1852  ;  op  31,  oo  Includes  and  lessons  f  pi  , 
op  34,  Rondo  1  pi.;  op  35,  0  snugs  w  pi  ; 
op  30,  "FNwcisol  the  month  ";  op.  37,  Rondo 
a.  la  polonaise,  1.  pi.  ,  op.  38,  Toccata  f  pi  ; 
<>p.  3<K  "  'Hie  May  <x>ueen,  a  Pastoud"  (cantata 
by  Choi  Icy),  f  .soli",  ch.  ami  ouh.  (Leeds,  1858)  ; 
op.  40,  Ode  (by  Tennyson  )  ,  op.  41,  C.uuhmlge 
Installation  Ode,  1802,  op.  ,42,  Fantaisie- 
Overttire,  "  Paiadise  and  the  Ten,"  f.  oich., 
rS(>3  ;  op.  43,  sjmphonym  (1  minor,  op  44, 
oialotio  /'//<•  H'twnin  <»/  Sttinaria^  liiuningham, 
iM>7  ,  op.  45,  nmsie  to  Sophocles'  *l/a\  ,  op. 
46,  pi.  -sonata  "  The  Maul  of  Oilcans."  Also, 
oveitures  "  The  Mcny  Wives  of  Windsor"  and 
"  Marie  du  Hois";  a  pf.  -quintet,  \v.  wind  ;  pl.- 
musie,  pail-songs,  sonj>s,  and  coll.  s  of  chants. 

Bennett,  Joseph,  piominent  Knj»lish  mus. 
critic  and  \vritei  ;  b.  Herkeley,  (iloueestcislme, 
NOV.  2<),  I  S3  1.  Me  learned  to  play  several  in- 
stt.s  ;  was  picoenloi  at  the  Weigh  House 
Chapel,  and  oiganist  of  Westminster  Chapel; 
then  mus.  critic,  for  the  "Sunday  Times," 
"  Tall  Mall  Cia/elle,"  and  "  diaphic,"  also  con- 
tributing to  the  "Mus.  Woild"  and  "Mus. 
Standard";  at  present  on  Jhcstalf  ol  the  "  Mu- 
sical Times"  and  "  Daily  Telegraph."  lie 
edited  the  "Conconlia"  1875-0,  and  "The 
JAite"  1883-0.  Since  1  885  he  has  annotated  the 
programs  ol  the  IMiilharm.  Soc:  ;  he  also  suc- 
ceeded J.  W.  I>avisun  as  wntei  of  the  analyti- 
cal programs  for  the  Saturdnyand  Monday  Pop- 
ular Concerts.  11,  has  humshed  several  F,ng- 
lisli  composeis  with  some  ol  theii  best  libietti. 
—  Publ.  "  Letters  liom  llayreuth  "(1877)  ;  "The 
Musical  Year"  (i88'$)  ;  "Ilistoiyof  the  Leeds 
Mus.  Festivals,  r858-8<>"  (i8<,2;  with  F.  R. 
Spaik)  ;  and  Primers  of  mus.  biography. 

Ben'newitz,  Wilhelm,  b.  Herlin,  Apr,  it), 
1832;  d,  there  Jan,,  1871.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Kiel; 
player  in  the,  royal  oroh.  —  Opera,  AV  AW<»  ww 
/JW.V/W'  (t87<>),  and  pcs.  f.  pf.  and  Velio. 

Ben'newitz,  Anton,  b.  I  'rival,  Uohemia, 
Mar.  26,  1833,  Violinist  ;  since  1882,  Director 
of  Prague  Cons. 

Benoxs,  Marie,  pianist  ;  b.  St,  Petersburg, 
Jan,  i,  iHoi.  Pupil  of  LeschetixkyalSl.  Peters- 
burg; Cons.,  \\here  she  won  g(»l<l  medal  (1870), 
Kor  two  yeai-s  she  made*  brilliant  tours,  then 
(r878)  married  Wassily  Henois,  her  cousin. 

Bcnoist,  Francis,  b.  Nantes,  Sept.  10, 
1794;  d.  Paris,  Aj>rM  1878.  Pupil  of  Paris 
C,onsM  iKti-15,  rind  drawl  PrU  de  Rome;  re- 
turning from  Italy  m  i8i<),  he  became  organist 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  org.-prof.  nt  the  Cons.; 


in  1840,  f/it1/  <fit  fhnnt  «t  the  Oj»era  ;  pensioned 
in  1872.—  Works  :  2  operas,  Ignore  t'f  /»!(/» 
(r82i)  and  VA^irlthtt  (1848);  4  ballets,  La 
Gipsy  (r83())t  /,/•  /)itiMf  awiwrt'ut\'(\#^\  Arisi(fa 


ou  Jes  AmtiwHs  </<•»•  //f<vvv(  1848),  and  /M///#w//* 
(1851)  ;  a  Kequiem  muss  f.  3  men's  voices  and 


a  child's  voice,  w  org.  ad  lib.  ;  and  T2  books  of 
orj>an-\vorks,  "  Piibliothc(|iie  de  I'orj»amht«'." 

Benoit,  Pierre-L6onard-L6opold,  enimc-nt 
Flemish  composer  mid  man  ot  letteis;  b.  llai- 
lebecke,  IJel^ium,  Auj;  17,1834.  While  study- 
ing in  the  Ittussels  Cons  ,  1851-55,  he  piod.  a 
.small  opera  in  the  Paikthcater,  and  \viole  the 
music  to  a  number  of  Flemish  melodramas  ;  he 
became  cond  of  the  above  theatre  in  1856,  and 
won  the  /V/v  de  Rome  in  1857  with  his  cantata 
7>  Affitrtre  if  Abel.  I  le  now  studied  in  Lciprig, 
Diesden,  Munich  and  Berlin,  and  sent  an  essay 
to  the  Brussels  Academy  on  "  L'ccole  de  mu- 
sique  flamande  et  son  a\enir."  In  i8f>T  the 
Thedtre-Lynque  of  Paiis  accepted  his  opera  J.e 
roi  (fa  aulnes  ;  while  awaiting  its  peiiormance, 
J>  acted  as  cond.  at  the  P>oulfes-Pansiens  ;  but 
the  opera  was  not  j>iven.  Since  1^67,  Ii.  lias 
been  Director  ol  the  Antwcip  Cons.  The  ten- 
dency of  his  compositions  is  stmngly  inlluenced 
by  modem  (lei man  music. — Woiks:  Messc 
solennulle  (1862);  Te  Dc-uin  (1863);  Requiem 
(1803);  the  Flemish  oiatorio  Luttyer  (1866); 
the  2  Flemish  opeias  //<•/  tftir/>  hit  gffoigfc 
and  /w  ;  oratorio,  J)e  St/wldc;  Dm  ma  Chnsti, 
a  sac  led  drama  f.  soli,  ch  ,  oijj.,  Velli,  double- 
basses,  trumpets  and  trombones;  D?  Qtufog 
(Jl'itr;  a  cantata  f.  double  ch.,  soli,  and  en- 
laij>ed  orch.);  a  "  C'hildren's  Oratorio";  a  cho- 
lal  symphony,  "*  De  JM. infers  "  [The  Mowers]; 
music  to  Charlotte  Conhiy,  and  to  van  (Joe- 
them's  dnuna  inikm  de  Xwi/gct  (1876);  the  "Ru- 
hens  cantata "  Fhindfrens  kinibtrMM^l.  mixed 
ch.,  childien's  ch.,  and  orch.  (1877);  "Antwer- 
pen,"f.  tiiple  malech.  (1877);  "  Jonclrou  Kuthc- 
hjne,"  scena  f.  altosoloand  orch.  (i87(j) ,  "  Muse 
der  (Icschicdems,"  1.  ch.  and  otch  (1880); 
"Jlucbald,"  f.  double  ch.,  baiitone  solo,  and 
oich.  w.  harp  (1880)  ;  "  'L'riomlmarsch  "  (1880) ; 
grand  cantata  /V  AV/iv/,  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch. 
(i88())  ;  a  mass;  motets  w.  or&.  ;  "  Liefde  int 
leven"  and  "  J.icfdcdiama,"  songs  ;  "  Saj»en  en 
IJalladen"  f.  pf, ;  a  ]>f . -concerto ;  a  llute-con- 
certo,  etc. — Wilting*  :  "  De  vlaamsche  Musiek- 
sch(K>l  van  Antwerpen "  ( 1 873) ;  "Considerations 
d  piopos  d'un  projet  pour  I'institution  de  Festi- 
vals en  Uolj»ique  "  (1874) ;  '*  Vcrhandelung  over 
de  nationale  Toonkunde  "  (2  vol.s,  1877-0) ;  "  DC 
inusikale  Opvoeding  en  Opleiding  in  IJelgie" 
(no  date)  ;  "  Hot  droombeekl  eener  musikalc 
Wereldkunst"  (n.  d.) ;  "  De  oorsprong  van  hot 
Cosmopolitisme  in  de  Musiek  "  (1876) ;  "  Over- 
belli j u  en  blijk  in  oiixc  musikaUi  vlaamschc 
beweging"(n.  d.) ;  "  Onxc  musikale  beweging 
op  dramatisch  gebied  "  (n.  d.)  ;  "  Oiixc  ncdcr- 
landsche  musikale  eenheul"  (n.  d.):  "  Brieven 
over  Noortl-Nederland  "  (n.  d.) ;  "  Ken  konink- 
lijk  vlaamsch  Conservalorium  te  Antwerpen  " 
(n.  tl.) ;  and  many  contributions  to  musical  and 
other  journals.  In  1880  \\,  became  correspond- 
ing member,  and  in  1882  full  member,  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  Uerlin. 

Benson,  Harry,  b.  Birmingham,  Kngland, 
Dec.  14,  1848;  pupil  of  A.  J>cakin  there,  of 
Geo.  A.  Browning  in  Bath,  and  of  G.  A.  Whil- 


57 


TIENVKNUTI—  P.KROKR 


ir\£  and  St.  A.  Kmeiy  at  New  England  Cons., 
Boston,  Mass.  Foi  some  \cais  insluuloi  in 
N.  K  Cons  ,  since  iSyi,  head  of  vocal  dept 
in  IJoston  Tiuinuig  School  of  Music  15.  is 
teacher  and  examiner  for  the  Tonic  Sol-fa,  Col- 
leges of  London  and  America,  and  an  active 
promoter  ot  Tonic  Sol-fa  in  the  U  S.  Has 
also  been  organist,  etc  ,  at  vaiious  IJosion 
churches;  180,4,  Mtis.  Dir  of  Walnut  Av. 
Coiifji  Ch  ,  I\o\biii\  (Hoston)  lie  is  \\idcly 
and  favorably  knoun  as  a  conductorand  founder 
of  choral  societies  and  conventions. 

Benvenu'ti,    Tommaso,    diamatic    romp  ; 
b    Venice,  1832,  and  still  lives  theie.     Opeias. 
\\iknzia    Cantiitiiw    (Mantua,    1850),  Attnuini 
J.fttwrr?ui    (Milan,    1857)1    (///;•//>////<»    Minis- 
.s/Kw;r  (Parma,  1861),  hi  Xt?/ltnh  7Wi'</<>(  Milan, 
1864),  //  !<\ihon  icrc  (Venice,  1878),  and  the  op 
bulla  /.slut  ujft*  CAwsstt/ft*(  Florence,  i8<)5;  mod 
succ  ) 

Berar'di,  Angelo,  b.  Sanl'AjpiU,  Uolo^na  ; 
1681,  prof,  of  romp,  and  /;/.  ///  «i/>/>.  at  Spolelo; 
1687,  canon  at  Viterbo;  100,3,  '"•  <#"'//•  at  lll° 
Basilica  of  S.  Maria  in  Trastevere  An  emi- 
nent theoust;  works  publ.  1683-1700  at  Bologna. 
lie  composed  a  Requiem  Mass  (1003),  2-  and 
4-p.  motets  (1665),  psalms  (1075),  ollertories 
(1680);  etc. 

B6rat,  Fr6d6ric,  b.  Rouen,  1800;  tl.  1'aiis, 
Dec.  2,  1855.  Vocal  comp.,  intimate  with  Ilc- 
ranger,  many  of  whose  poems  he  set  to  music. 
His  loitnuues  and  fAttustWt'ffrjF  are  still  popular  : 
J  Ja/itwfjfo't'i  AW,  I.  a  Lisftlf  tfr  />'//•////,,','<•/•,  /.<' 
ttfyaif^  Ma  Nortiiaiith?,  etc. 

Berbiguier,  Benoit-Tranquille,  h.  Cadc- 
louhso,  Vaucluse,  Dec.  21,  i7H2;il.  Pont-Lc- 
voy,  n.  Blois,  Jan.  2(j,  1838.  Flule-uiluoso; 
pupil  of  Wunderlioh  at  Paiis  Cons.  His  woiks 
.  llute,  which  are  classics,  include  15  books  of 
duos  f.  2  flutes;  2  do.  do.  f.  ilute  and  vln.;  o 
g1!*.  solos  or  etudes  ;  10  concertos;  7  books  of 
sonatas,  w.  ace.  of  'cello  or  via.;  8  vaiiations, 
w.  pf,  or  orch.;  6  airs  and  var.s;  6  books  of 
liios  f.  3  fl.;  i  do.  f.  a  II.  and  via.;  I  do.  f.  II,, 
vln.,  and  via.;  several  suites  of  easy  duos; 
grand  duo  eonccrtant  f.  ll.  and  pf.;  fantasias, 
romances,  arrangements,  etc. 

Berchem  (01  Berghem),  Jachet  dc  (also 
Jaquet,  Jacquet,  and  Giachetto  di  Maiitova), 
b.  Bei-chem(?),  n.  Antwerp,  abt.  I5(x>;  d.  1580; 
famous  contrapuntist,  waes/ro  t«>  the  Duke  of 
Mantua  abl.  1535-^)5,  I'ubl.  many  masses,  mo- 
tets, mad  rivals,  etc. 

Be'rens,  Hermann,  b.  Hamburg,  Apr.  7, 
l82g(?);  d.  SUK'khoJm,  Mayo,  1880.  Kxeellent 
pianist,  ^tipil  of  his  father,  Karl  H.  1  1801-57], 
of  Kciwsi^ur  (Dresden)  and  C./erny.  Went  to 
Stockholm  in  1847,  and  founded  celebrated 
Otuirtct  Soirees;  1849,  royal  mus.  director  at 
Orebro  ;  1860,  conductor  at  the  *'  Mindre  "  Th., 
Stockliolm  ;  later  court-conductor,  teacher  of 
corn^),  nt  the  Academy,  and  prof,  and  member 
of  ditto.  —  Works:  ThcCireek  drama 


p 
f. 


i  opeia,  r/t>/<-//<t,  and  '?  opeicllas,  /•'///  .V«w/ 
HICI  innhl\hnuin,  /////r //;/!/(,'/////«/////,  A'/Mr//!/*'  ,* 
oxeilmes  I  ou  h  ,  i|ii.ntels,  tnos,  p|  -pcs  ,  son^s 
.ind  p,nl-soiu»s,  and  a  successful  "  Ncuesle 
Sehule  dcr  (Jelauli^kcit  "  1.  pi 

Beret'ta,  Giovanni  Battista,  b  V'eiona, 
l('eb  24,  i8i();  d  Milan,  A  pi.  28,  1870  Kor 
seveial  ye.us  diteclni  ol  Uolojuia  Cons  ,  then 
devoted  "himself  to  completing  the  ^ica(  l<  Di- 
/lonaiioaitislico-scienlilicn  slonco-Ux  hnolo'jjco- 
musieale  "  beyun  by  A.  Ii.ubieii  (publ.  Milan, 
Luif^i  di  (li.icomo  Piiol.i),  bul  le.icbed  <mlv  the 
lettei  (1.  lie  also  \\ioli1  a  hc.ilisc  «»n  haunony, 
and  another  on  instiumenlatioii  and  oielu-stia- 
tion  ;  he  comp.  insliumcntal  and  sacied  music. 

Berg,  Adam,  music  pi  inter  at  Munidi  js«l<>- 
<)() ,  publ.  the  '*  I'.itiociniuni  musjciun  "  in  10 
\ol  s1,  5  bcinj;  devoted  t<»  ( >il:iiulns  I  .assus. 

Berg*,  Johaun  von,  music-printer  of  (ihcnt  ; 
settled  in  Nuiember;',,  and  bec;ime  (I5«i«i)  111. 
lich  Neubei's  pailnei . 

Berg1,  Konrad  Maihias,  b.  Kolniar,  Aki- 
tia(  Api.  27,  1781;  ;<1.  StrassbuiV,,  Dec.  i.i, 
1852.  N'iolinist  and  pianist,  pupil  ot  Taris 
Cons,  1800-7,  setilrd  ;ts  pf. -teacher  in  Stiass- 
buij>,  iHo8,  - -Works  .  .|  strinj'.^juaitt'ts  ;  m  pf.- 
tiios;  3  eonceilos;  sonatas,  variations  and  effec- 
tive ,|-hand  pcs.  f.  pf.  His  essay  kt  Ideen  xii 
cincr  lationellen  Lehiniethode  dcr  Musik  mil 
Anwenduii}*  mil  chw  Klavierspicl  "  (l4  (  acilia," 
vol.  \vii,  1835),  eicated  a  scusiitioii;  nls«>  tin 
(i  A])ereti  hiMori(|ue  stir  JVtal  d«'  la  musi<|ue  ?V 
Strasbourj,;;  peiulaut  les  50  dernirrcs  aniu'es" 


_  <r,  Lndwigy  b.  P»e,ilin,  Apr.  i-S,  1777; 
d.  there  Feb.  id,  i8;jtj.  Studied  liaiiu.  and  cpt. 
under  J.  A.  (illirlich  (Ilerlin,  J7<)<))aiul  |>i,  un- 
der dementi  (St.  Petersburg,  180,1),  |KMIU»;  also 
stiongly  influenced  by  Field's  playing,  \Vcut 
to  Stockholm  in  1812,  and  thence  to  London, 
rejoining  Clement  i  aiul  meeting  <  'rauier,  I'  rom 
1815,  Mettled  at  Ilerlin  as  a  pi. -teacher ;  anuim* 
his  pupils  were  Mendelssohn,  Ilcnsclt,  Taubeit, 
and  Fanny  1 1  easel.  NVith  Klein,  KeiYharl,  and 
Kellstab  be  founded  the  junior  M  LietltMtafcl" 
(iShj).  His  pf.-works,  especially  the  Studies, 
a  Toceata,  and  a  Rondo,  are  highly  esteemed; 
he  also  composed  the  opera  CM/**  (iu»l  per- 
formed), cantatas,  male  ((uartcts,  MHIJ»S,  «*tc. 
A  full  and  sympathetic  account  of  bis  eam-r 
was  publ.  by  L.  Kellstab  ia  the  "  Iterlinisoho 
Xvilunjf"  of  Feb.  ra,  iH^(), 

Bcr'ger,  Francesco,  b.  London,  June  10, 
t83,j;  j)iinilof  Luijfi  Ricci  (Trieste)  lor  harmony, 
and  of  Kail  Lickl  (Vienna)  f.  pf,;  later  private! 
pupil  of  Hauplwaiw  and  Plaidy  (Leip/ij;). 
Prof,  of  pf.  ul  K.  A.  M.  ami  (luiltlball  Sch.  of 
Mus.;  for  some  years  director,  now  lion,  secre- 
tary, of  the  Philharmonic.— Works  :  An  opera 
and  a  mass  (prod,  ia  Italy) ;  songs  ;  many  l«»rt- 
sonjrs  and  pf.-pcs.  Wrote  **  First  Steps  at  the 
Pianoforte. 


Ber'ger,  Wilhelm,  composer  ;  1>.  lioston, 
Mass  ,  U.S  A  ,  A  uj;.  <),  iSOi  ,  taken  by  paicnts 
next  yea  i  to  liiemon  Stud.  in  the  Konigl. 
nochsehulo  i.  Musik,  at  P.oilin,  1878-81  (\f\ 
Kiel)  Lives  p8<)S)  in  lieihn,  as  a  composer 
and  \vdl-kno\vn  piano-leather  ,  has  wtitlcn  (op. 
55)  "  (Jesani»  dor  Cieislcr  uhoi  dun  \Yasscin,"  1. 
4-p  mixed  th,  and  lull  oich.,  a  Diam.  Fantasy 
in  ou'riuic-loim  ;  also  pl.-pes.,  pail-songs.  abt. 
So  songs,  etc  /'/-////'•»/«  <>p  2,  5  pi's  ;  oj  ) 
4  and  7,  2  prs  I.  \ln.  and  pf  ,  op  (>,  Im- 
piompius,  <>]>  <),  2  Klavieistucke  ,  op.  14,  3 
KlavicislUeko;  op.  17,5  Klauorstiu  ko  in  Tan/- 
fonn  ;  op.  iH,  t|  Intcrnio/xi  ,  op.  20,  Kanlasic- 
sltick  ;  op.  -»i,  pf.-quaitct  in  A;  op.  23,  12 
11  AquardliMi";  up.  53,  (>  KlavieistCleko  In 
i8()H  IK'  won  a  pri/e  ol  2,000  in,  irks,  ollored  by 
I>i.  Simon  ol  Konigsbcig,  with  his  sotting  ot 
(loethe's  "  Moino  (iottin  "  (op.  72). 

Berber,  Siegfried.     Pseudonym  lor  CUK- 
S,  Kiciheir  VON. 


Ber'ger,  Otto,  b.  Maohau,  Uohomia,  1873  (?); 
(1.  thoio  Juno  30,  iS<;7.  Talented  vi<»loncollist  ; 
ioundod,  with  Suk,  jlofmanu  and  Ncdbal,  the 
**  Smotana"  (Quartet,  lator  called  the  "  Uolie- 
niian," 

Ber^grccn    |-tfian|,  Andreas    Peter,    b. 

Coponha^on,  Mai.  2,  1801  ;  d.  thou-  Nov.  y, 
i8ho.  <  >i  iginnlly  a  law-stmlont,  he  turned  lo 
music  ;  iS;iK,  organist  ot  Trinity  Church  ; 
1843,  pi  of.  of  vocal  music  at  the  Metropolitan 
School  ;  and  1^5*),  inspector  of  sin)*  hi}*  in  all 
]>ublic  schools,-  -Works  :  Comic  opeia  />'///«'</*•/ 
/j.V  /*//.s7i///  (Portrait  and  Hust)  ((H;VJ);  many  col- 
lections of  songs,  etc.—  lie.  was  one  ot  (  Hide's 
teachers. 

Berghem,  Jachet  de.    See  DKKCHKM. 

Berg^mauu,  Karl,  b.  Kbonshach,  Saxony, 
t8ai;  d.  New  Vork,  Aug.  *0,  1870;  st.  under 
Ximmeniuum  in  ZilUm,  and  Iles-se  in  lireslau. 
Wcint  to  America  1850  with  the  travelling  u  tier- 
mania"  Orch.,  antl  was  later  its  cond.  till  its  dis- 
solution (1854).  Also  cond,  Handel  and  Haydn, 
1852-4.  In  1855,  entered  Philh.  oroh,t  N.  YM 
cond.  the  ct>nccrts  alternately  with  Th.  Kisfeld 
till  1  862,  then  sole  cond.  until  his  death.  Also 
conducted  the  (ierm.  male  chorus  "Arion"  for 
several  years.  II.  was  an  eminent  oond.,  aj^ootl 
pianist  and  'cellist  ;  he  was  an  ardent  admirer  of 
Wagner,  Lisxl,  etc,,  and  rendered  important 
services  to  the  cause  of  music  in  America  by  in- 
troducing their  works. 

Berg'ner,  Wilhehn,  b,  Riga,  Nov.  ,j,  1837; 
1861,  organist  of  the  Kngltsh  church  at  Riga,  in 
1868  of  Riga  cathedral.  He  founded  a  Itaoh 
Society,  and  a  cathedral-choir,  and  is  a  xealous 
promoter  of  music  in  Riga  ;  he  brought  about 
the  iirst  production  of  Rubinstein's  sacred  opera 
A/OSM  (Feb.  20,  1894),  and  procured  the  build- 
ing of  the  great  organ  in  the  cathedral  by 
Walckcr  (1882-3). 


Bergon'zi,  Carlo,  1710-55,  \iolin-maker  at 
Cicinona,  Sliadivan's  best  pupil  His  son, 
Michelangelo,  and  his  2  nephews,  Niecolo  and 
C'ailo  liergun/i,  wcie  ot  imnoi  unportancu 

Berg/son,  Michael,  b.  Warsaw,  May,  1820 
Pianist  and  comp  •  pupil  of  Schneidci  (Dessau), 
and  Kungcnhagen  and  Taubert  (IJerlm)  Went 
to  Paris  (1840),  and  to  Ital>  in  1846,  \\heic  his 
opuui  /.vuisti  if  i  Moutjorf  was  successfully 
piod.  (Kloienee,  r«47).  After  living  in  Vienna 
(18511-3),  Heilinand  Lvipxig,  he  icxisitcd  Paris, 
and  biought  out  a  T-act  opcicttu  ()///  rw  /}  la 
tlumi\  frntsa  J>ltut*  (iHgc)).  In  1803,  1st  pl.- 
teacher  in,  and  in  a  shoit  tune  diiectoi  of, 
(iunuvii  Cons. ,  \ventto  London  in  a  few  ycais, 
and  lives  theie  as  a  ]>uvatc  teacher. —  Woiks 
Kor  pi.,  12  (Jiandes  I^tiules,  op.  62;  Kcole  clu 
mccanisme,  op.  05.;  Conceito  symphoiiKjini  in 
K  minoi  ,  Tno,  op.  5  ;  Polonaise  heroiquc,  op. 
72,  Sonata  with  tlute  ,  Duo  dranuiti<iue  f.  i)f. 
ami  llute  ;  duos  f.  ])f.  and  vln.;  Maxurkus, 
fantasias,  etc. 

Bergt,  Christian  Gottlob  August,  cele- 
brated teachci,  composer  and  oij»anist ;  b. 
<")deran,  Saxony,  June  17,  1772;  d.  Uaut/cn, 
Keb.  ro,  1837.  where  he  was  organist  fiom  1802, 
also  music-teacher  at  the  Seminary  and  conduc- 
tot  of  the  singing  society — His  sacred  music 
(a  /'(/.nvVvM )ralori(>,  op.  10;  the  hymns  "So 
weit  dei  Sonne  Stiahlen,"op.  17,  and  "Christus 
ist  eistandcn,"  op.  18,  iv  4  voices  and  orch.;  a 
Te  Deum  ;  the  canticle  "  Hen  (Jolt,  dich 
loben  wn,"  icset  ,  etc  ),  is  well  known  thiough- 
out  (ic'iniany  ;  he  alsowiote  (>  operas,  seveial 
symphonies,  honalas  f.  pf.  and  vln  ,  etc.;  a  set 
of  /,/fV/«v,  "Conge,11  also  became  very  popular. 

Be'ringer,  Oscar,  b.  Kuitwanj>e.n,  July  14, 
1844.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  C'ons.  (Plaidy,  Mo- 
scheles,  Reinecke)  1804-0  ;  later,  at  Iteilin,  of 
Tausig,  Khrlich,  and  Weitxmann.  He  became 
prof,  hi  the  "  Schuledes  holioren  Klavierspiels  " 
at  11.  in  i80() ;  went  to  London  in  1871,  and  in 
1873  established  a  similai  institution  there  .— 
"  Acad.  f.  the  Higher  Development  of  Pf.-play- 
ing."  Since  i8()4,  pf.-prof.  in  R.  A.  M.  lie 
is  a  pianist  of  great  perfection  of  method,  and 
his  book  of  Technical  Kxercises  is  valuable;  he 
has  publ.  2  sonatinas  and  other  pf.-pcs, ;  also 
songs. 

Be'ringer,  Robert,  brother  of  preceding,  b. 
Kttrtwangen,  June  14,  18^1.  Has  given  many 
concerts  in  London,  and  the  provinces  ;  from 
1 86 1,  pianist  at  the  Crystal  Pai.'ioe  ;  cond.  of 
choral  societies,  and  lecturer  on  music.  Has 
written  pf.-nmsic,,  orchestral  pes.,  songs,  etc. 

B&riot,  Charles  (-Auguste)  de,  famous  vio- 
linist ;  b.  Louvain,  Feb.  20,  1802;  d.  Mrussels, 
Apr.  8,  1870.  Though  sometimes  called  the 
pupil  of  Viotti  and  Haillot,  he  owed  his  techni- 
cal foundation  to  the  careful  instruction  of  his 
guardian,  Tihy,  a  provincial  teacher.  At  9  he 
played  a  concerto  by  Viotti  in  public  ;  and  Iris 


59 


I3KRIOT— P.KKIJOZ 


later  wonderful  development  was  due  to  his  native 
musical  talent  and  individuality,  lie  went  to 
Pans  in  1821  ,  made  a  liuimphant  debut  theie  , 
became  chambei -violinist  to  the  King  ol  Fiance; 
played  successfully 
in  many  concei  ts  in 
England,  was  app. 
solo  violinist  to  the 
King  of  the  Neth- 
erlands (1826-30); 
lost  position  and 
salary  through  the 
Revolution,  and 
from  1830-5  made 
concert-tours 
thiough  Europe, 
many  with  Mine 
Garcia  -  Malibian, 
whom  he  marned 
in  1836.  After  her 
death  in  Sept.,de  I)  did  not  appear  in  public 
until  1840,  on  a  tour  in  Germany.  From  1 8-13- 
52  he  was  prof  of  via.  at  Urusscls  Cons  ;  failure 
of  eyesight,  and  paralysis  ol  left  aim,  necessi- 
tated his  retirement. — He  publ.  7  vln. -concertos; 
4pf.-trios  ;  several  duos  bnllaiits  f.  pf.  and  vln.; 
IT  sets  of  variations  1.  vln.,  also  "  Premiei 
guide  des  violinist  es  ";  *'  Melhode  de  Violon  "  (3 
parts  ;  Paris,  1858  ;  his  best  work);  many  studies 
f.  vln.;  etc. 

Beriot,  Charles-Vilfnde  de,  sou  of  preced- 
ing, b.  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1^35.  Pianist,  pupil  ol 
Thalberg  (1855).  Now  prol.  of  pf.  at  Paiis 
Cons — Works  Syniph  poem  "  Feinand  ('or- 
tess";  overtures  ;  3pl.-eoueeitos  ,  "  Operas  sans 
paroles"  f.  pi.  ami  vln.,  a  /'i/wA/uiV-/^//*1/  f. 
vln.;  a  septet;  2  pf -(juailets ;  a  pf.-lrio  ,  So- 
nata f.  pi.  and  llute;  abt.  on  comp.s  f,  ]>f,; 
songs,  etc.  With  bis  lather  he  wrote  a  "  M«- 
thode  d'accompjLjjnenient." 

Berlijn'  (or  Berlyn),  Anton  (or  Aron  Wolf 
[?"]),  b.  Amsterdam,  May  2,  1817;  d.  there  Jan. 
16,  1870.  Pupil  of  L.  Krk  ami  II.  Koch  ;  also 
of  (!.  W,  Fink  at  Leipxig.  For  years  he  was 
conductor  at  the  Royal  Th.,  Amsterdam,  lie 
wrote  9  operas ;  7  ballets  ;  au  oratorio  A/tws  ait/ 
Nt'lw;  a  symph.  cantata ;  a  mass ;  symphonies, 
overtures,  chamber-music,  etc. 

Berlin'  [-leen],  Johann  Daniel,  organist ;  b. 
Memel,  1710;  d.  Dronlheim,  Norway,  1737, 
Publ.  "  Klements  of  Music,"  and  si  "(Juide'for 
Calculations  in  Temperament." 

Berlioz,  Hector  (-Louis),  a  composer  of  such 
marked  and  poweiful  individuality  and  wide- 
spread influence  that  he  has  been  called  the 
"father  of  [ultra-]  modern  orchestration,"  was 
born  at  Cote-Saint- Andre,  near  (Ircnoblc, 
France,  Dec.  11,  1803  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  <),  iflfo). 
His  father,  a  physician,  sent  him  to  Paris  to 
study  medicine  under  Amussat ;  carried  away 
by  his  passion  for  music,  however  (although  the 
flageolet  and  guitar  were  the  only  instr.s  he  could 
play),  he  forsook  his  medical  studies  in  do  fiance 
of  parental  authority  and  a  cutting-oil  of  his 


allowance.  Entering  the  Conservatoiv,  lie  man- 
aged to  subsist  h\  joining  the  chains  ol  the 
tivwmi^' (tniiinitii/Hi ,  impatient  ol  Ueielia's  (01- 
mal  system  ol  institution,  lie  soon  lelt  the  Cons  , 
(lettfimiiicd  to  lollow  his  own  l»ont  1'iied  by 
the  levolt  ol  the  new  "  lomaiilie"  school  against 
the  s\\ay  ol  the  *'  classics,"  l>,  dexoted  himself 
heait  and  soul  to  the  foimei  (.uise.  His  lust 
cssn)  in  composition,  an  OK hestial  Mass  ghen 
at  St.-Kodi  in  1825,  was  unintelligible  both  to 
executants  and  heaieis,  and  made  him  .111  object 
of  ndieule  ,  still,  nothing  daunted,  he  peisoveiod 
in  his  chosen  path,  \\hieh  led  shaight  to  the 
realm  ol  the  most  outspoken  anil  elahoiate  pro- 
gram-music His  ne\t  woiks  (iSisM  were  two 
ovci  lines,  "  \Vavoi  ley  "  .ind  '*  I,os  Kinnos- 
Juges,"nndu,iiv/////rw/fi///tf///i/.»/ty//«il  lt  Episode 
de  la  vied'unaitisle."  To  those,  andolhoi  less- 
known  pieces,  lie  added,  at  a  conceit  in  iHaij,  a 
composition  entitled  "  Coneei  Is  des  Svlphes," 
with  the  iollowing  piinted  piogiani  :  lk  Mophis- 
lopholes,  to  e\dle  in  Faust's  soul  the  love  of 
pleasmc,  convokes  the  spiutsol  the  air,  ami  bids 
them  sing  ;  after  preluding  on  their  magic  instr.s, 
they  describe  an  enchanted  hind,  whose  happy 
inhabitants  aie  intoucvtled  with  ovei- renewed 
voluptuous  delight'.;  little  bv  little  the  charm 
takes  elfeet,  the  voices  of  the  .sjlphs  die  u\\a\, 
and  Faust  lalls  asleep  to  dioam  delirious 
dreams."  It  shows  bow  far  I».  had  already 
tiavelled,  at  the  age  ol  '.15,  in  this  diieetion.  In 
iS'Jo,  to  obtain  "  protection  "  in  his  ollnrH  to 
compel*1  foi  the  great  pri/es,  he  had  roonleiotl 
the  Cons  ,  taking  a  coiiise  lit  hoe  e*»nip<»sili<Mi 
with  Lostieui.  (Mierubini  long  opposed  his  ad- 
mission to  the  annual  competition*. ;  at  length, 
in  1830,  he  boie  off  the  (Irand  ju'ix  do  Rome 
with  a  eantala,  »Si//v/i//A//Wi',  Kiom  his  sojourn 
ol  iS  months  ia  Koine  and  Naples,  ho  brought 
back  the  overture 
to  A'ifttf  fjti)\  and 
a  se(|U«l  to  the 


fasti*/ i/i1—"  Lolio, 
ou  le  re  tour  a  la 
vie."  Ily  brilliant 
journalistic  work 
in  the  "Journal 
des  Dcbals,"  the 
*L(  la/el  le  musi- 
oule,"  etc.,  he  in- 
creased in  promi- 
nence, and  be- 
came a  power  in 
musical  Paris. 
And  now  his  sym- 
phony "  Harold 
en  Ualie"  (1834),  the  Mm?  tks  MM/.*  (iH:n)» 
the  dramatic  symphony  "  Komeo  cl  Juliolie/' 
with  vocal  S(>fi  ami  chorus  (iH;it)),  ami  the 
overture  "t'arnuval  romuiii,"  wore  rec«ivetl 
with  piuuns  of  praise  in  the  press ;  though  the 
attitude  of  the  public  was  more  rrhcrved.  liut 
his  first  dramatic  attempt,  the  a-act  opera 
semi-acria  ticnwnuto  Cellini  ((IruuU 


1SKRL10Z— BERNARD 


Sept.  3,  1838),  WIIS  rejected  ///  toto  by  the  gen- 
eral public  tit  Pans,  and  also  a  ioit  night  latei 
at  London,  though  the  chosen  few  at  \Vcimar 
lauded  it  to  the  skies  For  Lis/l  \\.is  in  active 
sympathy  with  I»  ,  adopting  and  ttansmulmg  the 
Jailer's  ideas  in  his  <m  11  uiesisiihly  genial  and 
original  fashion.  In  iS^y  11.  \\as  made  Conser- 
\atoi  of  1  he  Consei  \a1ory,  and,  in  1852,  hbiaiian, 
an  appointment  held  until  death  ;  (he  eo\eted 
professorship  was,  ne\eilheless,  je.iloiisl)  denied 
him  In  184^  his  liisl  conceit-giving  tour  in 
(leimany,  etc  ,  met  with  gicat  success,  \\hich  he 
recouled  in  his  4I  Vt»j.i«»e  musicalc  en  Allemagne 
et  en  Italic"  (1841;  two  vol. s).  Similai  excur- 
sions thiough  Aiistna,  Hungary,  Hohcmia  and 
Silesu  (1845),  and  Kussi.i  (1847),  weie  equally 
foitunate.  In  London  (1852)  he  conducted  the 
lust  seiies  of  the  "  New  IMiilharm.  Conceits"  ; 
in  1853  his  /ttwt'Hiifa  Cellini  was  pei formed  at 
Covcnl  Cianlen  nndei  his  baton.  MAtti ice  t'f 
/WutWtfi  a  comic  opera,  was  likewise  brought 
out  by  himsell  at  Iladcn- linden  (1862).  He  was 
appointed  a  member  oi  the  Junes  at  the  exhibi- 
tions in  London  and  Paris,  1855  and  i80i  ; 
elected  inembei  o(  the  Academic  in  1856;  ami 
deeorat ed  \\illi  the  cross  ol  the  Legion  of  Honor. 
His  last  loieign  trip  was  (o  Si.  Petersburg,  by 
invitation  ol  thctlrand  Dmhess  Ilelene,  to  hiing 
out  his  A////;w//<>;/  */<'  /•'#/«/.  The  evening  of 
his  lile  was  overcast  by  the  failure  of  his  opeia, 
/,<\f  Tjvw/tJt  r>  Cut  t/ttigt*  (1803),  and  the  death  of 
his  son  Louis  (18(17).  Dining  his  lifetime  he 
met  with  little  real  appicciation  in  his  native 
country,  though  posthumous  honois  an*  now 
showeied  upon  him  ;  hut  the  somewhat  artificial 
**  Berlin/  cull "  in  Knmce  in  noway  rivals  the 
derman  Wagner  movement.  Indeed,  tlenuany 
has  most  generously  honored  IJ.'s  memoiy  by  the 
first  complete  production,  under  Mottl's  cfircc- 
tion,  of  the  opera  An*  '/'/  IMV//.V  (in  two  parts  •  /,</ 
print  t/t*  7Vv/V,  3  acts,  and  /.IMP  fwyens  d 
Cartinigt^  in  5  acts)  at  Kailsnilm  in  i8c;7*.  His 
bixarre  yet  veiy  popular  "oratoiio,"  ///  I)tiwna- 
thutfr  Faust  (1840),  pet  haps  marks  the  oulniina- 
tiou  of  li.'s  striving  after  the  purely  fantastic  ; 
but  his  passion  for  unprecedented  orchestral 
combinations  and  gigantic  mass-eflecls  was  un- 
saled,  and  h«  eertainly  carried  the  science  of 
orchestration  to  wonderful  perfection.  His 
uTraitc  d>iiistrumitnL.ition"(Kiu>l.  transl.,  Lon- 
don ;  (iermau  transl.,  Lc'ip/.ig,  1864)  long  hold 
first  place  among;  works  of  its  class  ((levaert's 
great  treatise  is  more  modern  and  complete). 
iJesidos  the  **  Voyage  musicale'1  he  publ, 
44  Soirees  d'orchestiv  "  (1853),  '*  (Jrotescjues  de  la 
muhiquc"  (i84«;c)),  44A  travels  chants"  (1^62), 
and  his  t4  Mtlmoires  "  (11*70 ;  ICn^l,  tnuwl.,  Lon- 
don, r884),  containing  an  autobiography  from 
1803  -1805.  1 1  is  prose  style  is  both  forceful  and 
polished  ;  in  verse  he  penned  the  words  to  his 
t%ttnfanc?  tftt  Cfahf  (nee  below),  also  to  the 
operas  Mifrttv  et  fttvtttttct  and  /*es  /Vvy<v/f. — 
Othet  large  compositions,  besitles  works  alt eady 
mentioned,  are  the  sacred  trilogy  /'AV;/if;wv  ttu 
Christ  (Part  It  U  WN&  tfWrotlt;  I  f,  7^r  futie 


en  J&gyfte;  ITT,  VArrivde  &  Sais)  ;  SL  Te  Dcum 
f  3  choirs,  orch.  and  organ  ;  a  l4  Graml?  y/;/- 
phomc  Jnntbre  ct  trtotnphale"  f.  full  military 
band,  with  strings  and  chorus  ad  lib  ;  overture 
to  /,«•  CM  wire;  I,e  cinq  J\fai,  f.  bass  solo,  ch. 
and  orch.  (for  the  anniversary  of  Napoleon's 
death)  ;  also  other  instrumental  and  choral 
works,  songs,  transcriptions. 

Berlyn,  Anton.    See  TIPRLTJN. 

Berrau'do,  Juan,  b.  abt.  1510,  near  Astoria, 
Spam  ;  wrote  a  description  of  mus  instr  s,  — 
"  Declaracion  de  Instrumentos,"  and  publ.  I 
volume  (1545).  —  MS.  in  NatL  Library,  Madrid. 

Bernabe'i,  Giuseppe  Ercole,  b.  Caprarola, 
Papal  States,  abt.  1620  ;  d.  Munich,  1687.  A 
pupil  of  Orazio  Uenevoli,  whom  lie  succeeded  in 
1672  as  m.  tit  tapp.  at  the  Vatican  ;  1674,  court 
k'tipt'/fiti.  at  Munich,  lie  wrote  three  operas 
(prod,  in  Munich);  publ.  2  books  of  madrigals 
(ludo,)  and  one  of  motets  (i6cjci)  ;  other  works 
(masses,  offertories,  psalms)  are  in  MS.  in  the 
Vatican  Library. 

Bernabel,  Giuseppe  Antonio,  son  of  pre- 
ceding; b.  Rome,  1659;  d.  Munich,  Mar,  9, 
1732,  where,  in  1688,  he  succeeded  his  father 
as  couit  Kapelltn*  —  Works'  15  operas;  masses, 
etc. 

Bernac'chi,  Antonio,  celebiated  soprnnisl 
(///Mf/Vc)  ;  b  Uologna,  abt.  16(30,  d.  theie  Mai  oh, 
1756.  Pupil  ol  Pislocchi.  Specially  engaged  by 
Handel  for  the  Italian  Opera,  London,  in  1729, 
as  the  finest  living  dram.  sint>ci  In  1736  he 
founded  a  singing-school  at  IJologna.  lie  re- 
vived the  style  of  vocal  embellishment  which  the 
French  term  *4  roulades." 

Bernard,  limery,  b.  Orleans,  France,  early 
in  the  i(»th  centuiy.  His  Method  of  Singing 
passed  through  3  ed.s  (1541,  'oi,  '70). 

Bernard,  Moritz,  b.  Kuilantl,  1794;  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  May  9,  1871.  Pupil  of  John  Kicld 
(Moscow,  1811),  and  Ilassler.  lie  at  fust 
travelled,  then  (r8ro)  was  fCaptltm.  to  Count 
I'otooki,  and  in  1822  teacher  of  music  in  St.  P., 
where  he  opened  a  music-store  in,  1829.  Wrote 
minor  pf.-pcs.,  and  an  opera,  cJ&w  (St.  P.,  18^5). 

Bernard,  Paul,  b.  Poitiei-s,  France,  Oct.  4, 
1827;  d.  Paris,  Keb.  24,  1879.  A  pupil  of  Ua- 
Icvy,  Thalberg  ami  others,  in  Paris  (Ions.;  suc- 
cessful concert-pianist  and  teacher,  composed 
many  small  pf.-pcs.,  and  wrote  criticisms  for  the 
u  Menestrel,"  and  the  "  Kevuc  et  (iaxctte  Musi- 


Bernard, Daniel,  b.  1841,  d.  Varis,  June, 
1883  ;  a  distinguished  contributor  to  the  "  Me- 
nestrel." 

Bernard,  I±mile,  b.  Marseilles,  Aug.  6,  1845, 
Pupil,  in  Paris  Cons  ,  of  Reher  (eomn,),  IJ<tnoist 
(org.)t  and  Marmontel  (pf.).  Organist  of  Notre- 
Dame-des-Champs,  Paris,  and  a  distinguished 
composcT  of  the  new  school.  —  Works:  Vln.- 
concerto  ;  C.oncertstUck  f.  pf.  w.  orch.  ;  l(Han- 
taisie  f.  do.,  op.  31;  2  Suites  f.  orch.  ;  "  Wa- 


I1ERNARI>I—  RERTKLMANN 


trice  "  overture  ;  a  pf  -  quartet  ;  a  pf  .  -  trio  ; 
sonata  f  pf.  aiul  'cello  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln  ; 
much  other  chamber-  and  pf.  -music  ,  2  cantatas, 
Cm  Umt  me  le  conqutrant^  and  La  Captwitt  tic 


Bernar'di,  Steffano,  canon  at  Salzbuig  abt. 
1634.  Publ.  madrigals,  masses,  motets  and 
psalms  (iGn-37),  also  a  "  Lehie  vom  Contra- 
punct  "  (1634). 

Bernar'di,  Francesco.    Sec  SENESINO. 

Bernar'di,  Enrico,  b  Milan,  Mar.  11,  1838. 
A  travelling  conductor  and  leader,  now  duector 
and  proprietor  of  an  orchestra  at  Milan.  Has 
written  several  fairly  succ.  operas  and  builds 
(1854-79),  and  much  very  popular  dance-music, 
also  marches,  and  the  like. 

Bernardi'ni,  Marcello  ("  Marcello  di 
Capua"),  b.  Capua,  al>t.  '762  Wrote  over  20 
stage-works,  both  text  and  music,  most  pei- 
formed  1784-90  at  Venetian  theatres,  with  good 
success. 

Bernasco'ni,  Andrea,  b.  Marseilles,  1712; 
d.  Munich,  Jan.  24,  178*4,  where  he  was  couit 
Knpellni.  from  1755.  He  wiote  much  sacred 
music,  and  18  operas,  14  of  them  for  Munich. 

Bernasco'ni,  Pietro,  famous  Italian  organ- 
buildei  ;  b  (?),  d.  Vaio.se,  May  27,  i«<)5.  Uuilt 
the  organs  in  Como  cathedial,  and  in  Church  of 
San  Lorenzo  at  Milan. 

Berneh'nus,  supposedly  a  Ilenedictine  monk 
at  Paris  (row),  where  he  wiole  on  music,  (ier- 
bert  publ.  his  treatise,  on  the  division  of  the 
mouochord,  in  '*  Sciiptores,"  vol.  i. 

Ber'ner,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Hresiau, 
May  i(>,  1780;  d.  there  May  9,  1827.  Kino 
organist,  music-teachei  at  the  Ur,  Seminary, 
and  later  Director  of  the  K,  Academic  lust,  for 
Church-music.  Wrote  much  ch.  -music  (MS.). 

Berahard  (St.),  of  Claiivaux,  b.  Fontaines, 
IJurgundy,  UK}  i  ;  d.  as  abbot  of  Clairvaux,  Aug. 
20,  1153.  Theoretical  wiiter. 

Bern'hard  der  Deutsche,  organist  of  S. 
Murco,  Venice,  i445-5(j,  the  year  oi  his  death, 
and  known  there  as  lt  Ileruaulo  di  Steflanino 
Murer,"  was  the  leputed  inventor  of  organ- 
pedals,  and  at  least  introduced  them  into  Italy. 

Bern'hard,  Christoph,  b.  Danzig,  1612;  d. 
Nov.  14,  1692,  Dresden,  where  he  studied  under 
II.  Schlttx.  The  Kleetor  sent  him  to  study 
singing  in  Italy;  he  afterwards  became  2nd, 
and  then  Jfst  Kapctlm,  ait  Dresden,  succeeding 
SehtUx.  lie  was  a  remarkable  contrapuntist. 
Publ.  "Ueistliche  Harmonica"  (1665),  and  u  Prtt- 
dentisi  piudentiana"'(i66y,  hymns),  A  treatise 
on  composition,  and  a  second  on  counterpoint, 
arc  in  M  S. 

Bernicat,  Firmin,  b.  1841,  d.  Paris,  March, 
1883.  Wrote  *3  operettas  for  minor  Paris 
theatres, 


Ber'no,  "  Augien'sis,"  abbot  of  Kcuhcnau 
monastery  1008  to  his  death  on  Juno  7,  1048. 
Wiole  learned  tic.'Uises  on  music,  to  be  loiiml 
in  (Jcrbcit's  "  Scnplores,"  vol.  ii.  A  monngiaph 
on  his  system  of  music  was  publ.  by  \V.  Jtiam- 
bach  (rHHi) 

Bernouilli,  Johann,  b.  IJ.isel,  July  27,  if>(>7; 
d.  thcic  Jan.  2,  1747,  as  Piol.  ol  Sciences;  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son  Daniel  | b.  (ironingcn,  I'V1>.  (), 
1700;  d  'Uascl,  Mai.  17,  1782).  Thcii  wiitings 
on  acoustics  aie  valuable 

Berns'dorf,  Eduard,  b.  Dessau,  Mai.  25, 
1825.  Pupil  of  Schneider  and  A.  I».  Mart 
(Uulm).  WiiU'i,  ciitic  ((or  the  Lcip/ig  llSi«- 
n.ilc  "),  and  compose!.  He  completed  Schl.ule- 
bach's  "  Univeis«il-Lcxikon  der  TonKunst  " 
(1855-^),  3  vol  s  and  Appendix),  also  publ.  pf.- 
pcs.,  and  songs. 

Ber'nuth,  Julius  von,  b.  Kees,  Khino  Pn»v- 
incc,  Aug.  S,  1830,  Originally  destined  for 
the  law,  he  also  studied  music  at  lieiliu  under 
Taubcit  and  Dehn  ;  fiotn  iS5tt«.|,  bnirister  at, 
Wesel ;  then  gave  up  law  and  si  tidied  music  ni 
Leip/ig  C'ons.  till  1^57,  wlu'n  he  founded  the 
chamber-music  .society  **  Aufschwung,"  and  in 
1859  tnti  u  Dilettantes1  Orchestiid  Society"; 
al.so  conducted  the  "  Kulerpe,"  the  "  Singaka- 
dcmiej"  and  the  Male  Choral  Society.  During 
the  summer  of  1803  he  studied  .singing  with 
Manuel  (iatcia  at  London;  tot  u  ruin  j,»;  to  Leip- 
zig, he  conducted  onu  season  of  the  **  Kiitcrju* " 
concerts,  then  becoming  conductor  of  the  I  lam- 
burg  Philluimonic,  in  ltf(>7  of  the  U.  M  Singa- 
kndemie,"  and  in  1873  director  of  a  conservatory 
there.  In  1878,  "Royal  I'russian  Prolcssor." 

Berr,  Friedrich,  famous  clarinettist  ami 
bassoonist ;  b,  Mannheim,  Apr.  17,  I7<),|  ;  d. 
Paris,  Sept.  24,  ^38,  I'andinaster  in  \arious 
French  regiments,  1823  rsl  clarinet  ;«t  Th.  <h"i 
Italians,  1831  pi  of.  of  clai.  at  Paris  Cons.,  iS;jt» 
Director  of  the  new  School  of  Militmy  Mnsic.-- 
Works  :  "Traitc  compltft  de  la  clnritiettc'  a  14 
clefs"  (1836).  Prolific  comjjoser  f.  clar.,  lt,is- 
soon,  etc.  ;  5<x>  pcs.  of  military  music  alone* ; 
suite,  trios,  duos,  etc, 

Berre",  Ferdinand,  b,  Clunshorcn,  n.  Hrus- 
sels,  Kcb,  5,  1843.  Opern-compohet' ;  (irst 
work  fOrw  tut  wit/in  (1807);  thon  /,*• 
Contftut  €k  ((»////<•  (1867)  \  others  in  MS.  Has 
publ.  over  50  songs (**  romances"). 

Berta^i,  Antonio,  b.  Verona,  1(8)5;  <l*  Vi- 
cuna, Apr,  I,  iftfty.  Viennese  ctuirt  musician 
from  1637  ;  1649,  M  death,  court  A'r//V//wM 
sueeeeding  Valuntini.  Produceil  sevttrul  can- 
tatas (if)4T~«jf)),  ami,  from  1053-07,  B  operas 
and  3  oratorios,  nil  at  Vienna. 

Ber'telraann,  Jan  Georg,  b.  Ammonium, 
Jan.  21,  1782;  d.  iheru  Jan.  25,  185.1.  Pupil  of 
D.  ItaichlhuiJKcr;  pr<jf,  at  the  K,  School  of 
Music,  where  he  formed  many  eminent  pupils 
(StumpIT,  Hoi,  Van  Hn'e,  /'/  r//.),  Publ.  works: 
Mass,  requiem,  string-quartet,  pcs.  f.  vlu,  and 
pf. ;  many  others  in  MS, 


BERTELSMANN— BERTONT 


Bertelsmann,  Karl  August,  b.  (Juters- 
loh,  Westphalia,  1811  ,  d.  Amsterdam,  Nov 
20,  uSor  Pupil  oi  Kinck.  Ditectoi  (1839)  of 
the  "Kutonia"  .society,  Amsterd.im, — Works- 
Choruses  f.  men's  voices;  I2*j-p.  songs  f. 
mixed  chorus  ;  songs  w.  pf. ;  pcs.  f.  org.  ,  pf.. 
music. 

Berthaume,  Isidore,  b.  Paris,  1752,  d  St 
Peteisbuig,  Mar.  iio,  1802.  Fhst  violin  at 
(irand  Opn.i,  1774;  cond  of  the  "Conceits 
Spintnels,"  1783;  finally  solo-violinist  in  the 
Imp  otchcstra  at  St.  Petersburg, — Works: 
Sonatas,  solos,  duos,  and  a  concerto  f.  vln. ; 
symphonic  concertantu  f.  2  vlns.  ;  sonata  and 
sonatinas  f.  pf. 

Berthelier,  Henri,  solo  violinist  in  orch.  of 
Paiis  Opeia,  and  in  Cons,  concerts.  1894,  suc- 
ceeded Maurin  as  pi  of.  of  violin  at  Cons. 

Bert'hold,  Karl  Friedrich  Theodor,  b. 
Diesdcn,  Dec.  18,  1815;  d.  there  Apr.  28,  1882 
Pupil  of  J.  Otto  and  Ki.Scheider;  in  1804  lie 
succeeded  the  latter  as  couit  orj».  at  Diesden. 
lie  wrote  an  oratorio  /V/rw,  a  J/I'AW  M/M/MIS, 
a  symphony,  overtures,  chuich-miisic,  etc.  ;  also 
(with  Kttrstenau)  a  pamphlet  on  "Die  Knlnika- 
tion  musikalischer  Jnstrumente  im  Vogtlande " 
(1876), 

Bertin,  Louise-Angelique,  b.  at  the  Roches, 
n.  Paris,  Feb.  15,  1805  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr  26, 
1877.  Pupil  of  I1' ctis ;  dramatic  composer, 
singer,  pianist. — Operas  :*{///)'  Mtinnrnng  (pii- 
vate  i>crf. ),/.<•  /.tntfyanw  (Paris,  1827),  ftutsi 

(1830)  J    many  minor  compositions,   of    which 
41  Six  Ballades"  were  publ. 

Berti'ni,  Abbate  Giuseppe,  b.  Palermo, 
1756  ;  d.  there  1849  (?),  J/.  di  tapp.  to  the  Si- 
cilian court;  publ,  a  "  Dixiouario  stoiico-cri- 
tico  degli  smtlori  di  musica"  (Palermo,  1814). 

Berti'ni,  Benoit-Augustc,  b.  Lyons,  June 
5,  1780,  Pupil  of  ('lenient!  in  London  (1793), 
later  pf. -teacher  there.  Wrote  an  n-pagu 
pamphlet,  "  Stigmatogniphie,  on  Tart  d'ecn're 
avec  dcs  points,  suivie  de  la  melographie,  noii- 
velle  art  de  notcr  la  musitme"  (Pads,  1812), 
and  '*  Phonological  System  for  acquiring  ex- 
traordinary facility  on  all  musical  instruments  as 
well  as  In  singing  "  (London,  1830). 

Berti'ni,  Henri-Jerome,  pianist  and  com- 
poser; b.  London,  Oct.  28,  17^8  ;  d.  Meylau, 
near  (irenohle,  Oct.  i,  1876,  When  six  months 
old  he  was  taken  to  Paris,  where  he  was  taught 
by  his  father  and  his  elder  brother,  Itanoft- 
Auguste ;  played  early  in  public,  and  at  ra 
made  a  concert-tour  through  the  Netherlands 
and  Germany,  lie  returned  to  Paris  for  study  ; 
spent  some  time  in  C.reat  Britain;  and  from 
1821-59  resided  in  Paris,  whence  he  made  many 
brilliant  artistic  tours.  In  1859  he  retired  to 
his  estate  at  Meylau.  Both  as  pianist  and 
composer,  he  was  a  musician  of  the  highest  tal- 
ent and  lofty  ideals,  unalterably  opposed  to  the 


flashy  virtuosity  then  so  much  in  vogue.     His 

technical  studies  are  still  of  value  ,  an  excellent 

selection  of  50  has 

been  edited    by  G. 

liuonamici  ;  an  arr. 

of  liach's  "48  Pre- 

ludes and   Fugues" 

f.  4  hands,   is  also 

useful,      lie    also 

wiote   much   cham- 

ber-music, and  pcs. 

f.  pf.-solo—  over  200 

\vorks  in  all. 

Berti'ni,  Dome- 
nico,  born  Lucca, 
June  26,  1829  ;  d. 
Florence,  Sept.  7, 
1890.  Pupil  of 

Michcle  Puccini.  1857,  Director  of  the  mus. 
inst.  at  Massa  di  Carrara,  also  m.  di  eapp.; 
went  to  Florence  in  1862,  as  singing-teacher 
and  critic,  and  became  director  of  the  "Cheru- 
bim "  Society.  Contributor  to  the  "  Uoccherini  " 
of  Florence,  "La  Scena"  of  Venice,  and  other 
periodicals,  lie  comp.  2  operas,  masses,  mag- 
nilicats,  and  chamber-music  ;  also  wrote  "  Com- 
pendio  di  principi  di  musica,  secondo  un  nuovo 
sistema"(i8C6). 

Bert  on,  Pierre-Montan,  b.  Paris,  1727;  d. 
there  May  14,  1780,  as  conductor  of  the  royal 
arch,  and  of  the  Grand  Opera.  A  contemporary 
of  (lluck  and  of  Piccinni,  his  great  talent  for  con- 
ducting aided  efficiently  in  tne  improvement  of 
French  opera.  He  wrote  several  operas,  and 
rearranged  others  by  Lully,  etc. 

Berton,  Henri-Montan,  son  of  preceding, 
b.  Paris,  Sept.  17,  1767;  d.  there  Apr.  22,  1844. 
Opera-composer,  pupil  of  Key  and  Sacchmi. 
In  1782,  violinist  in  Opeta-oreh,;  1795,  pi  of.  of 
harm,  in  Paris  Cons.;  1807,  cond,  of  the  Opera 
buffa;  1815,  member  of  the  Academy;  1816, 
prof,  of  comp.  at  Cons.  Of  his  47  operas,  the 
best  are  Afontano  et  Slfyhatnt  (1799),  />  IWue 
(1799),  an<l  Aline  i  reine  tfr  Golcomle  (1803);  he 
also  wrote  5  oratorios,  $  cantatas,  and  many 
*4  romances."  His  theoretical  works  are  curi- 
ous rather  than  valuable.  —  Biogr.  by  Rnoul- 
Kochette:  "Notice  hist,  fcur  la  vie  el  Ics  ou- 
vrages  de  M.  JJerton"  (Paris,  184*1),  and  by  IL 
JHanchard:  "  Henri-Montan  Berton"  (l»aris, 


Berton,  Francois,  natural  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, b.  Paris,  May  3,  1784;  d.  July  15,  1832. 
Pupil  of  Cons.  1796-1804;  prof,  of  sinking 
there  1821-7.  lie  composed  several  operas, 
and  some  vocal  music. 

Berto'ni,  Ferdinando  Giuseppe,  b*  Island 
of  Salo,  n.  Venice,  Aug.  15,  1725;  d.  Dcsen- 
zuno,  Dec.  I,  1813.  Pupil  of  Padre  Martini; 
1752,  organist  at  San  Marco;  1784,  Galuppi's 
successor  as  /;/.  di  c&pp.  ;  choirmaster  at  the  Cons. 
de'  Mendicanti  from  1757-97.  —  Works:  5  ora- 
torios, and  much  other  church-music  ;  34  operas  ; 
chamber-music  ;  6  harpsichord-sonatas,  etc. 


IBERTRAND— BETZ 


Bertrand,  Jean-Gustave,  b.  Vaugirard,  n 
Tans,  Dec.  24,  1834;  d.  Pans,  1880  f  Wilier 
and  critic. — Works  "  llistoiie  ecclesiasliquc 
de  1'orgue  "  (1859),  **  Ess^u  sur  U  musique  dans 
1'antiquite";  "Les  origines  de  I'harmonie" 
(i860);  "  De  la  reforme  des  etudes  du  chant  au 
Conserv."  (1871);  "Les  nationality's  musicalcs 
etudiees  dans  le  drame  lyrique"  (1872).  Con- 
tributor to  Pougin's  Supplement  to  Ketis. 

Ber'wald,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Stockholm, 
July  23,  1788;  d.  there  Sept  ,  1861.  Violinist, 
pupil  of  Abbe  Vogler,  and  of  rcmaikable  pre- 
cocity, playing  in  public  at  5,  and  writing  a 
symphony  at  9 ;  after  concert-tours,  he  became 
(3r8i())  chamber-musician  to  the  King,  and  from 
1819  was  conductor  of  the  royal  orch.  Jlis  com- 
positions are  mostly  forgotten. 

Ber'wald,  Franz,  nephew  of  pieceding,  b. 
Stockholm,  July  23,  1796,  d.  there  Apr.  30, 
1868,  as  Director  of  the  Cons. — Works:  I  opera, 
Mstrella  di  Sana  (Stockholm,  1862) ;  sympho- 
nies; chamber-music, 

Ber'win,  Adolf,  b.  Schwersenz,  n.  Posen, 
Mar.  30,  1847.  Pupil  of  Lcchncr  (pf,)  and 
J/rohlich  (vln.),  also  of  Rust  at  Uerlin  (cpt.)  and 
DessoiT  at  Vienna  (comp.).  In  1882,  Director 
of  the  Royal  Library  and  Cecilia  Academy  at 
Komc.  Kdited  an  Ital.  transl.  of  Lebert  and 
Stark's  Piano  School;  is  writing  a  "Histoiyof 
dram.  mus.  in  Italy  during  the  i8th  century." 

Besard,  Jean-Baptiste,  b.  ttesar^on,  abt. 
1576.  Learned  futenist;  he  wrote  "Thesaurus 
harmonious"  (Cologne,  1603,  containing  many 
contemporary  comp  .s,  arr  f  lute);  "  Isagogc  in 
artem  tcstudinaruim,  das  ist:  Untenicht  ttber 
das  kunstliche  Saitenspiel  der  Laulen  "  (Augs- 
burg, 1617;  being  a  2nd  ed.  of  his  "  Traite  du 
luth  ");  and  "  Novus  Partus,  etc."  (1617,  a  coll. 
of  24  pcs.  f .  I  or  2  lutes). 

Beschnitt',  Johannes,  b.  Ilockau,  Silesia, 
Apr.  30,  1823;  d.  Stettin,  July  14,  1880.  From 
18,48,  teacher  and  cantor  at  the  Catholic  School, 
Stettin ;  he  also  conducted  a  male  choral  society, 
for  which  he  wrote  many  easy  choruses. 

Besekir'sky,  Vasil  Vasilevitch,  violinist 
in  Moscow,  where  he  was  b.  1830;  he  has  made 
highly  successful  tours  to  Uruss'els  and  Paris 
(1858),  Madrid  (1866),  Prague  (:86g),  andpubL 
much  violin-music. 

Besler,  Samuel,  b.  Bricg,  Silesia,  Dec.  15, 
1574;  d.  Urcslau,  July  19,  1625,  whore  he  was 
rector  of  the  Gymnasium  zum  Ileiligen  deist 
from  ifx^5.  His  church-comp.s  are  preserved 
in  great  part  at  the  library  of  St.  Iternhardinus, 
Breslau. 

Besler,  Simon,  cantor  at  St  Maria  Magda- 
len, Hrefilau,  from  1615-28.  A  few  of  his  4-p, 
songs,  printed  in  score,  are  extant, 

Besoz'zi,  Louis- Desire",  b.  Veisuillcs,  Apr. 
3,  iSr.n  d.  Paris,  Nov.  rr,  1879,  Of  a  musical 
family,  he  entered  the  Cons,  iu  1825,  and  took 


the  first  Clr.md  jinx  de  Rome  in  1^37.  Ilii  lived 
in  P.uis  as  a  rmisic-teachci,  anil  composed  pl.- 
pcs.,  etc. 

Bes'sems,  Antoine,  violinist ;  b.  Antweip, 
Apr  6,  1809;  d.  theie  Oct.  i<),  iS(>H.  Pupil  of 
Uaillot  at  Paiis  Cons.  (i8u(>),  menibei  <»f  the 
Ital  Opeia  oich.;  then  made  long  conreil- 
tours,  aiul  from  18,17-52  coiulueted  the  oich  ot 
the  "  Socicte  loy.ile  (rhaiinonie,"  Antweip 
Works1  Masses,  motels,  psalms,  gi.uliuls,  etc  ; 
a  violin-conceito,  K.mt.isias  I.  \ln.;  la  giandes 
Ktudes  f.  vln  \v.  pf.,  r-j  giniuls  Duos  de  con- 
ceit f  do.  do  ,  other  vln.-pcs.;  duos,  trios  and 
quartets  f.  strings,  etc. 

Besson,  Gustave-Augustc,  b  Paiis,  1820, 
d.  there  1875,  is  noted  tor  his  impmvetnents  in 
the  valves  of  wind-instruments. 

Best,  William  Thomas,  distinguished  <>i- 
gan-virluosn ;  b.  C'arhsle,  England,  Aug.  13, 
1826;  d.  Liveipool,  May  10,  iH<)7.  Taught  by 
the  cathedral  organist  ^  oimjy;  lirst  appointtnnit, 
organ  of  Pembroke  chapel,  Liveipool;  iS,|7,  at 
the  (liurcli  of  the  Illind;  iS.|H,  of  the  Pliilh. 
Society.  In  1852,  organist  of  the  Pan<»i>(icon, 
London^  and  also  at  St.  Martin's;  iS^.j,  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn  chapel;  1855-94,  of  St. 
Hall,  Liverpool,  and 
also  resumed  (1872) 
the  post  of  organist 
of  the  Philh.  Society. 
In  1880  he  \viis 
offered  the  option  of 
knighthood  or  a 
Civil-List  pension  of 
/"mo  pcranmnu;  he 
accepted  the  latter, 
having  a  confirmed 
dislike  to  all  titles. 
lie  ictiretl  in  lSg.j,  ^ 
1  test  *s  ext rao rd i nary 
virtuosity  made  him 
much  in  request  for 
very  numerous  public  functions  ;  in  1800  he  went 
to  Sydney,  Australia,  In  inauy.UMle  ihe  ni^an  in 
the  new  Town  Mall.  His  recitals  were  a  fe.i 
ture  in  Liverpool  musical  life;  he  played  con- 
certos at  many  successive  Handel  1'V.stivals. 
His  works,  populnr  in  type  though  classical  in 
form,  include  clinrcluservic.es  and  aulhfin** ; 
sonatas,  preludes  and  fuj»ues,  eoncei'MaiiUsi.is, 
studies,  etc.,  for  organ;  also  tt  overture*,  mul  a 
march  f.  orchestra,  and  several  pf.-pcs.  HIM 
chief  text-books  arc  **  The  Art  of  (  h'jvuu-play- 
ing"  (London,  1870),  in  4  parts,  ami  '*  Modern 
School  for  the  Organ"  (London,  1855);  he  also 
piibl,  *'  Htuidel  Album  "  (a»  vol.s) ;  **  Arrange- 
ments  from  the  Scores  of  the  (Ireat  Masters" 
(*>  vol.s) ;  and  a  large  variety  of  trunwriptiww; 
U.  likewise  edited  many  othei  of  Handel's  works, 
An  excellent  sketch  of  Best  is  to  he  found  in 
"  Musical  Times,"  June  t,  1807,  p.  388-3. 

Betz,  Franz,  distinguished  dramatic1  bari- 
tone ;  b.  Mayeace,  March  iyT  1835 ;  sang  from 


UKVKINANI— Ur 


185(1-9  at  llanovci,  Altcnbuin,  (Jcia,  liunbing, 
Kolhcn,  and  Rostock  ;  allei  his  dt'hul  ,is  Don 
Cailosin  fa  mutt  at  Mcilm  (iS^i),  lie  \\as  pn- 
nunenlly  cng  at^thc  l\<>\al  ( )peia  House  until 
his  ictitemenl  tu  iS<)7,  wluMi  the  r'lnpcior 
named  him  "  hon.  incinhd  "  ol  the  opcia-iom- 
]>,iny  An  eminent  Mii»n  of  \\ai»neii.m  lolcs, 
lie  eieated  the  \Votan  at  I»a\  until  in  iSyii. 

Bevigna'ui,  Eurico  (Cavalieic),  b.  Naples, 
Sept.  2<),  iS.p  ,  studied  comp.  undei  Albancse, 
Lillo,  and  olhcis  ;  Ins  hist  opeia,  Cafcnua 
/>/«>(»/// (Naples,  moo,  u.is  \eiyMiccesslul;  luit 
he  prcldi'ing  thecaieci  <>l  condnctoi,  \\as  cuij. 
by  Col  Maplcson  fioni  iShf-^uat  II.  M. \sTli., 
London,  then  in  Cnvent  (laiden  till  the-  picsent 
linu1.  Kngagdnr-nls  in  the  1 1, ill, in  opcias  at 
St.  IVtd'.lniij.',  ,'iud  Moscow  nhcinatcd  \\iih  the 
London  seasons,  until  \\  's  riigagdpcnt  foi  the 
Metiopolilan  <  )pe»a,  New  Voik.  l»ythe<'/.,u 
he  was  in.ide  Knight  of  the  Ordei  ol  St  St.uns- 
his,  whieh  eanies  \\ith  it  nobility  and  a  lilc- 
pcnsion. 

Bcv'in,  Elway,  Welsh  romp,  ami  oijj.misi; 
b.  between  M;OO  70,  d  io,|o(.^);  he  was  a  pupil 
of  Tnllis  ;  (\^\)  oij;.  ol  IlnsU.I  eatliedial, 
and  ( !<•<>?)  (lentleman  Kxtraoidiuuiy  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  but  lost  both  plan's  because  he  ' 
bceame  a  Koni:m  < 'alholic.— Works  :  "A  Iliiele 
and  Short  Intiod.  to  the  Ait  ol  MusicKe" 
(10^1),  a  Slimt  Serviee  in  l>min.;  an  anlhein 
lM*iaise  tin1  Lord  "(in  Barnard's  Coll.);  otln-i 
anthems  MS. 

Bcxfield,  William  Richard,  1>.  Noiwieh, 
Knjjland,  \\w.  M7,  i8'j»,|  ;  d.  I  oudon,  Oel  ut), 
tHj^,  Tupil  of  ht.  /.  jiurk  ;  ni j«.  ol  IJoslou 
rhiueh,  Litjeobif.hire ;  fioni  iS.^S,  jitSt.  Helen's, 
London.  Took  derive  n|  MUs.  Uar.  at  ( >\foid, 
184!) ;  Mns.  I  Mr,  at  Cjinibridtfe,  iS.H),  —  \Vorks: 
An  oratoiio,  A\t(ti'/  /\V'\/rVV«/  (1852);  a  e;'nlala, 
///r/f»/',\  /^w/// ,•  anthems,  or^an-l unites,  nail- 
son;»s,  sonj.»s,  ete, 

ey^r  |l>y-|,  Johana  Samuel,  b.  Colha, 
g;  d,  Karlsbad,  M;iy  (;,  174.1.  ^l  Ion7» 
cantor  at  Kn'iberji,  S.isony  ;  1 7'**u,  at  \Voissen- 
fels  ;  171*8,  MiisikdiK-etor*  at  KreilxM'j^.  1'ubj. 
"  Piimaelineae  musicae  vocalis1' ( 170;^);  "  Mnsi- 
kal.  Vonath  neu  variirter  I1  estchoral^esunm1 " 
(1710);  and  "(ivistlirli-musikalistihc  Seelen- 
f reude  "  ( 1 7«.|  ;  72  conectl-ai'iaH,  etc.). 

Bey'er,  Rudolf,  b.  WiltluT,  n.  IJaut/en, 
Kelt,  i.j,  i8ii8;d.  Dresden,  Jan.  2ii,  1853.  Music- 
teacher,  and  composer  of  songs,  ehamber- 
music,  music  to  (>,  Ludwij^'s  /lA/rtviMv,  etc. 

Bcy'er,  Ferdinand,  b,  (^ucrfurt,  Jtdy  25, 
1805  ;  d.  Mayence,  May  14,  iHo'j,  Knloit-njni- 
poserof  pf.-pc's.,gtinerally  ple,asinjf  and  facile, 
but  of  little  depth, 

Biag'gi,  Girolamo  Alesaandro,  writer  and 
composer;  b,  Milan,  1815;  d* Florence,  Mtir. 
21  >  i8t)7.  rupH  of  Milan  Cons,  Tfiacjp-jg  (vio- 
lin; nmijMisiticMi);  after  u  visit  lo  Kruncc,  he 
relumed  t«>  Milan,  was  for  n  short  time  w.  /// 
M  wrote  an  oporu,  Martino  dclla 


was  foi  some  yea rs(abt  1^47)  cdit(jrof  **  I'Ttalm 
musiculc "  (Milan;  Lutcu),  wiotc  an  essay 
'*  Dolla  musicii  rcligiosn  c  <lclle  question! 
ineienli  "  (Mdan:  Riconh,  JS57);  then  settled 
in  KloiiMice  as  pi  of  of  mus  hist  and  aesthetics 
at  the  neu  ly  established  R.  Istituto  Musicale, 
writing  ai tides  foi  *'  La  Nnyione,"  and  the  re- 
\ie\v  il  La  TMuo\.i  Antoloftia ",  later  for  the 
"(Inx/elta  d'lUh.i,"  uiului  the  pen-name 
**  Ippnhto  d'Albano  "  lie  leJt  an  unfinislied 
Cl\ita  di  Rossini"  The  tendency  of  his 
writings  is  cMiwrv'tttov. — <  Hher  works  •  *'  Con- 
(ercive  su  Li  nfonna  melodiainmatica  Fioren- 
tina,"  and  "Su^li  istrumenti  a  pixxico." 

Bi'al[bee-|,  Rudolf,  b.  Ilabelschwerdt,  Sile- 
sia, Auj"  26, 1834;  d.  New  York,  Nov.  13,  1881. 
Violinist  in  ISiesluu  orch  ;  then  made  a  tour  in 
Adieu  and  Australia  with  his  biother  Kail; 
settled  in  I>eilin  as  conductor  of  the  Ki oil  orch  , 
and  (iS(>4)  Kapfllm  of  the  \Vjillner  Th.,  where 
his  numerous  farces,  operettas,  etc.,  have  been 
pel  foi  mud  ;  later,  cond.  of  Italian  opera  in  l*er- 
lin,  and  coneei i-ajjent  in  New  York. 

Bi'al,  Karl,  bmther  of  Rudolf;  b.  Tlabel- 
schweidt,  [uly  14,  1833;  d  Stejilitx,  n  Herlin, 
I>ee.  21,  iSt)3  1'ianist  and  music-teacher;  he 
composed  interesting  pf. -music  and 


Bian'chi,  Francesco,  b.  Cremona,  1752,  d. 
Iiologna,  Sept.  24,  iHir  (ace.  to  some  at  Ham- 
mersmith, Nov.  27,  iSio)  From  1775-8, ///.  tf/ 
t  fM  fat  to  at  I  till.  Opera,  Pan's,  where  his  fust 
opera,  / n  tAhtthtw  th  A//VJ,  was  prod  (1775); 
up  to  rSoo  he  wrote  47  operas,  of  pleasing,  but 
ephenieial  quality;  went  to  Kloicncc,  1780,  to 
Venice,  1785,  as  oig.  at  San  Maico  ;  and  to 
London,  1703,  as  cond.  ai  the  King's  Th. — His 
treatise  "  Dell*  allra/ione  annonica"  was  never 
publ.  lie  was  the  teacher  of  II.  K.  Hishop. 

Bian'chi,  Valentine,  soprano  stage-singer; 
1).  \Vilna,  1839;  d  Candau,  K  inland,  Feb.  28, 
1884.  Studied  at  Palis  Cons. ;  debut  Krankfoit, 
185^;  I'Htf.  Jit  Schweun  (i855-(>i),  Stettin,  St. 
IVjersbmg  (1863-5),  and  Moscow  (until  1867); 
retired  1870. 


Bian'chi,  Bianca  (;»v////j  Schwarz), 
soprano  opera-singer;  b.  in  a  M'llage  on  the 
Neckar,  June  27,  1858;  pupil  of  Wilc/ck  (Hei- 
dell>erg)  "and  Mine.  Viaidol-(«arcia( Paris),  Pol- 
liui  paying  her  expenses  and  then  engaging  her 
for  10  yeius.  Debut  at  Karlsruhe,  1873,  as 
Harberiiui  in  /fyart>.  Sang  at  London,  Mann- 
heim, Karlsruhe,  and  was  eng.  at  Vienna  in 


Bian'chi,  EHodoro,  contemporary  openi- 
composur.—  Works  :  litim  t/'twitw  (Ilarl,  1873) ; 
J&titt/i  ;  Alwanzw . 

Bianchi'ni,  Pietro,  b.  Venice,  Oct.  18, 1828. 
Ueganas  violinist  in  the  Kenicc  Th,  orch.;  1869 
;;/.  iti  t<i/>/>.  at  Keltre  ;  1871,  ('onegliano  ;  1874, 
J'arenxo  (I'lstria  ;  1878-87  at  Trieste  as  teacher 
of  vln.,  cpt,  and  comp.;  now  I  )irector  of  the  Mu- 
sic School  of  the  Padn  Armeni,  Venice.— 


WI'.KR—  IJILUNOTON 


Works     Symphonies,  strm»-<m:irlcls  anil  -tnos, 
masses,  songs,  and  pi  .-music. 

Bibber,  Heinrich  Johann  Franz  von,  1> 
Wartenberj>,  IJohemia,  1644  ,  d.  Sal/bum  ,  M.iy 
3,  1704  Noteworthy  violinist  and  compose], 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  (lei  man  school  oi 
violin-playing  He  was  successively  in  the  sci- 
vice  of  the  Kmperor  Leopold  I  (\\  ho  ennobled 
him),  the  Bavarian  court,  .md  llie  Aidibisliop  ol 
Sal/biujif.  lie  publ.  ,i  numlxT  of  A  In  -sonatas 
(one  is  in  David's  *'  Ilohe  Schule  "),  and  olhei 
pieces. 

Bi'ber,  Aloys,  distinguished  IJ.iuuian  piano- 
makei  ;  1).  Kllingen,  1804,  d.  Munich,  Dec.  13, 
1858 

Bie'dermann  [bee-J,  ta\-iecei\ei  at  licit  h- 
lingen,  Thurms>i:i,  abt.  178(1,  is  notcwoithy  as  .1 
leal  virtuoso  on  the  lmrd}-j»urdv,  which  he  con- 
siderably improved. 

Bie'derraann,  Edward  Julius,  b  Milwau- 
kee, Wis  ,  Nov  8,  iH4()  :'on  and  pupil  ol 
A.  Julius  II  ,  also  studied  j.l  ,  oij>.,  and  theoiy 
in  (Jermnny,  i85tS-o4.  ()»  gainst  in  liun  at  the 
following  New  York  churches  :  Si  Augustine's 
(R.  C.)i  St.  Gabriel's  (K.  ('.),  Dutch  Kcfonncd, 
and  (since  1888)  at  Si.  Maiy's  (R.  ('.).  Has 
lived  for  30  years  in  N.  V,  as  a  teachei.  — 
Works  :  2  grand  masses  f.  soli,  ch.,  oig1.  ami 
oreh.;  a  number  ol  anthems  ;  vocal  duets  and 
solos  (sacred  and  secuhii). 

Biehl,  Albert,  pianist  and  teudiei  ;  1>.  Kudol- 
stadt,  Germany,  Aug.  16,  1833.  I'ubl.  liios, 
.songs,  and  many  valuable  instinctive  pi.  -\\oiks 
fully  abi  east  oi  modern  technic,  "  Yoischule 
ssur  Kingertedmik,"  op.  139  ;  op.  164,  Ktudes 
f.  vln.  w.  uceomp.  of  a  2nd  via.;  op.  170,  20 
melod.  Vortrags-  u.  (leKiufigkc'its-Studieii  f.  pf.; 
op.  179,  Fingerfettigkeils-Ktudcn  fllrdie.  Millel- 
stufe  ;  etc.,  etc. 

Bier'ey,  Gottlob  Benedikt,  b.  Dresden, 
July  25,  1772  ;  d.  Uieslau,  May  5,  1840.  Pupil 
of  C.  1C.  Weinlig,  Dresden;  was  diicclor  of  a 
travelling  opera-troupe  until  the  success  of  his 
opera  \riadimh'  (Vienna,  1807)  caused  his  app. 
'.  at  Ilrcslau,  succeeding  Webei  ;  he 


was  theatre-director  there  [824-^8,  xvhen  he  re- 
tired, —  Works  :  20  operas  and  operettas  ;  in 
cantatas,  masses,  orchestnd  and  chaniber-nutsic, 
etc. 

Bie'se,  Wilhelm,  b.  Kathenow,  Apr.  sso, 
1822,  piano-make-r  (chiefly  upnj>  his)  ;  est.  since 
1853  in  Merlin. 

Biga'glia,  Padre  Diogenio,  Itenedictine 
monk  of  Venice,  publ.  in  1725  twelve  sonatas  f 
solo  violin  or  flute.  Other  works  in  MS. 

Bigna'im,  Carlo,  called  by  Pngunini  "il 
primo  violinisUi  (I'lUiliu";  b,  Cremona,  Dec.fi, 
1808  ;  d.  Voghera,  Aug.  2T  1848.  Was  in  turn 
opera-conductor  at  Cremona  (1827),  Milan,  and 
(1833)  Verona  ;  returning  to  Cicinoim  1837,  he 
became  director  ami  first  violin  of  the  orchestia, 
and  made  it  one  of  the  best  in  Lombauly.  — 


\\oiks  A  Mohn-comcilo  ,  C.ipucci  oSludipei 
\iolmo,  KiinUsi.is  ,  ( liande  Adagio  ,  I'olacca  ; 
V.iti.itions,  etc. 

Bigna'mi,   Enrico,    b.    i8,|jO'),  <1     (ienoa, 
Kcb  ,  i8cj.|       Violinist  and  <  mnpnsct       Opcias 
Anna   ROMI  ((ienoa,   V- ,    MIU   );    (iian   ////,','/ 
/vw///  (never  pioduccd). 

Bi'gnio,  Louis  von,  l\n<  bantone  st.ige- 
singei  ,  b.  Pesth,  18^)',  ti. lined  .tl  IVslh  C<»ns., 
and  by  Rossi  and  ( ientihioino.  Debut  1'csth 
((leinuin  Th.,  1858),  eng.  1858  o^at  the  Iluti- 
gaii.m  N.Unnul  Th  ,  llien,  till  1883,  ,U  the 
Viennii  Couil  Opei. i,  \\hen  lie  \v,is  pensioned, 
and  iclumcd  to  IVslh  (N.it  Th.)  \\as.dso  \\ell 
iecei\ed  as  a  concert-singer  (in  London,  etc.). 

Bigot,  Marie  (;/*v  Kione),  b.  Kolnur,  Up- 
per Alsatia,  M.u.  l,  i/8(>  ,  d.  Tails,  Sept  io, 
1820.  A  distinguisIuMJ  pi, mist,  she  li\ed  !<»r 
years  in  Vienna,  wheie  sh<'  w.is  Known  .md  es- 
teemed by  lieethoven  ;  went  to  I'.iris  in  1808, 
anil  gave  piano-lessons  fioin  iHia  <»nt 

Bilhou  (or  Billon),  Jean  cle,  «.ini;er  in  the 
Papal  ('Impel,  hist  lulfol  Hitlurnttuy.  M.ISM'S, 
m.ig'nificals,  and  motets  by  him  ate  in  colle<- 


Billc'ma,  Carlo  (b.  Na]>les,  abl.  iSiuM,  .md 
Raflfacle  (b.  Naples,  ihao;  d.  S.nntes,  Dec. 
-5.  i^7-|)i  ^V(>  brotheis,  b(»th  pianists,  ,md  com- 
posers of  salon-music.  KallaHc  lived  fora  time 
in  Tunis,  and  from  1855  as  a  music-teacher  in 
Saintes. 

BiHcrt,  Karl  Fricdrich  August,  1>.  Alt- 
stettin,  Sept,  14,  iSyi  ;  d,  IJcHin,  Dee.  aa,  iHyq. 
Musician  (contiibutor  to  the  MendeMvciss- 
mnun  "  Musilvlexikon  "),  and  pain«M, 

Billet,  Alexandre-Philippc,  b,  St.  IVter,, 
burji,  Maich  i,|,  1817;  pupil  of  P.ms  Cons.; 
]>ianist  and  composer  at  London. 

BiKleter,  A  gat  ho  a,  U,  Miinncdorf,  Lake 
of  Xuiich,  Nov.  a  i,  iS^j.  Studied  at  l,<-ip/iu 
Cons.,  and  becanu*  orjianist  and  conductor  at 
Ilurgdorf,  Swit/eiland,  Vvrv  popular  coni\)oser 
of  part-sonj^s  f.  men's  voices. 

Billings,  William,  b.  Host  on,  Mass.,  ( )ct.  7, 
1746  ;  d.  there  Sept.  ui),  i8m,  \Vriterof  hymn- 
tunes, anthems,  etc,,  of  which  he  publ,  sevcud  eol» 
lections  :—lt  The  New  Kn^laud  I'salm-Sin^er  " 
(1770),  "Tint  Sin^in«:  Master's  Assistant" 
(1770),  "Music!  in  Mmmtute"  (177*^,  "  Tin1 
I'salm  Singer's  Amusement  "  (17^1),  **  The  Suf- 
fMk  Harmony:  Contaiulnji  Tunes,  l('uj»  ties  and 
Anthems"  (1786),  l4  The  Continental  Ilmmoiiy  " 
(l7<),|),  Iiillin^s  was,  in  his  wujfh  way,  a  pio- 
neer of  jyood  church-music  in  America;  h<*  first 
used  the  pildt-pipe,  introduced  the  Vdlo  into 
church-choirs,  and  is  said  to  have,  originated 
concerts  in  NewKnjjland. 

Biriington,  Elizabeth    (//,'<'  Weiehscl),  b, 
London,  abl.   I7<>8  ;  d.  near  \Vuice,  Auj^,   up, 
Iler  father  and  first  teacher  was  u  (Jer- 


man  claiinetlist  ;  [oh  ('In  l.ach  tain- hi  hei 
latei.  She  was  a  sopiano  sta«»c-sini»ei  ol  i»real 
beauty,  )et  a  pool  act  i  ess  ,  IRM  \oiee  is  said  to 
have  been  maivellons,  and  ol  \\ulc  ianj»c  (3  oc- 
taves) • 


In  t7R.|,  she  mauied  James  r>illin<>ton,  a 
double-bass  plavei  ;  they  went  to  huhlin,  \vhcie 
she  made  IRM  debut  inopeia  in  <>//•//<  u\  cf  J-.m  \'~ 
i/ttt*  ;  at  London  she  lust  appealed  as  Uosetta 
in  /  w  in  ti  / ///iftv  (t'ou-nt  (laiden,  1780),  and 
hei  success  led  loan  en^aj»einent  She  reni.iined 
in  London  till  170};  s!"»^  in  Naples,  17<M  (in 
which  rear  her  husband  died),  and  at  Venice, 
i7<)o;  man  ie*l  a  M.  Kelissent,  17<)N,  but  soon 
lelt  linn,  letnrned  to  London,  and  san*»  at  Duuv 
Lane,  Co\ent  (laiden,  and  the  Ancient  and 
Vocal  Conceits  (iHoi  17).  In  1^17,  she  was 
icconciled  to  M.  Kelissent,  and  iclired  to  hei 
estate  of  St.  Aitien,  neai  \enice,  in  rSiH, 

BilKroth  |  -tot),  Johann  Gustav  Fricdrich, 
b.  Hall,  n.  Lubeek,  Keb.  17,  hSoii  ,  d  Halle, 
Mar,  J2H,  !«•}(>,  as  piof  of  philos.  \\ilb  Karl 
Kcrd.  Uecker  lie  publ.  a  coll.  of  I'hoiales  of  the 
loth  and  17th  centimes ;  also  conlrihuted  to 
inns,  papers. 

Bill'roth,  Thcodor,  eminent  surgeon  ,  b. 
Itern'cn,  Isle  ol  KUj'.en,  Apr.  'Jl>,  iK;»o;  d.  Ab- 
ba/ia,  Keb.  o,  |S<),|,  Intimate  hiend  of  IJiahms 
and  Hanslick  ;  the  latter  vviote  about  htm  in  his 
autobiography.  -\Vntin;',s  on  music  •  *'  Let- 
ters "(llamncr,  iS(jb);  **\\\»risl  musiknlisch?" 
(Ilerlin,  iH<)(t;  posthumous,  edited  by  Hans- 
lick), 

Bil'se,  Benjamin,  b.  Lie^nitx,  Aii£.  17, 
iKiO.  lie  was  vt  Stadtnmsikns "  at  Lic^uitx, 
and  brought  his  oichestra  to  a  remaikable  dc- 
jjfive  ol'  perl'ection,  s<»  that  his  conceits  and  con- 
cert-tours were  sucwl  cvcnls.  From  1808-84 
he  was  est.  at  the-  "  ('oneei'thans"  in  Uerlin, 
and  j>ave  very  popular  c«»neerts.  He  rctiied 
1 8(^|  with  the  title  «>f  "  Hofmusiktis." 

Binchois  (Gillos  dc  Binche,  called  Bin- 
chois),  b,  liinchc  (or  Ilins),  in  (Hel^iim)  Hai. 
nuut,  abt.  i.foo;  d,  Lille,  t,|oo ;  was  (»ne  of  the 
earliest  composers  of  Ihe  Hist  Nethciland  School. 
A  few  <»ompositions  (a  mass  in  3  parts,  sevetal 
3-part  chansons,  etc.,  and  ()  ront lean !t)  arc  cx- 
tiint  in  MS. 

Bin'der,  Karl  Wilhelm  Ferdinand,  cele- 
brated harp-maker  at  \Vehnar  abt,  17^7,  was  b. 
Dresden,  1764. 

Biu'dcr,  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  Nov.  29,  rrtrf> ;  d. 
there  Nov.  5,  iMo.  1st  A'<0'//>'/.  at  Josef- 
slitdter  Th,,  iH.^)  '47  ;  went  to  Hamlmrji,  thence 
to  IVessbuin,  and  then  returned  to  Vienna, — 
Works:  tkr  ll'i't'tw  MiHskrliut  (ineloclr., 


1840)  ,  Die  3  irittfraucn  (opera,  1^41)  ,  Pitrzd 
(vaudcv  ,  1843)  ,  overtui  e  and  choruses  to  Kliuar^ 
a  diam.i  ;  psalms  w.  orch  ,  sonj;s  w.  pf. 

Bio'ni,  Antonio,  dramatic  comp  ,  b  Venice, 
if»)S,  d.  (?).  He  wrote  26  operas,  a  few  for 
Italy,  but  most  for  lireslau,  where  he  was  mus. 
direcLni  «md  manager  of  an  Italian  opera-troupe 
1726-33. 

Birch'all,  Robert,  T.ondon  music-publisher  ; 
d  iiSicj.  His  circulating  mus.  library  was  one 
of  the  first  ever  established.  II  is  successors 
were  Lonsdale  and  Mills 

Bir'ckenstock  Ibe/ken-],  Johann  Adam, 
violinist;  b  Alsfeld,  Ilesse-Daimstadt,  Keb.  rcj, 
1087  ;  d  Kisenach,  Keb.  26,  1733  >  1J1  r721 
le.idei  ,  1725  k'apt'llm  ,  at  Kassel  ,  1730-33, 
A'(i/>t'f/M.  at  lOisen.-ich  —  Works  •  12  vln.  -sonatas 
w.  basso  conlinuo  (Amstertlam,  T722)  ;  T2  do. 
(1730)  ;  12  concertos  f.  4  vlns.  obbl.,  via.,  'cello, 
and  basso  cont  (1730). 

Bird,  Arthur,  b.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  July  23, 
i8$f»  St.  in  Uerlin,  1875-7,  under  Haupt,  Loesch- 
hoin,  and  Kohde  Ke.tuniinj>  to  America,  he 
became  oij»anist  at  llie  Kirk,  Halifax,  N.  S.; 
also  teaching  at  the  Young  Ladies'  A  end.  and 
the  St  Vincent  Acad.  I  Ic  founded  the  first  male 
chorus  in  Nova  Scotia,  In  rSHi,  at  IJerlin,  he 
studied  comp.  and  orchestration  with  II.  Urban, 
the  summer  of  1885-6  was  spent  with  I/isxt  at 
Weimar.  His  Iiist  concert  (r886),  at  Uerhn, 
was  successful  ;  the  sume  year,  I>.  paid  his  last 
visit  to  Ameu'ca,  and  has  since  lived  in  IJerhn 
((liune\\ald).  —  \Voiks-  A  symphony  in  A,  and 
3  suites  f.  orch.;  serenade  f.  whul-insti.s  ,  forpf. 
"  I'uppenUin/e"  (4  pcs.),  op.  to  ,  3  character- 
istic matches,  op  n  ;  3  waltxcs,  op.  f2  ;  Zwei 
Poesien  f.  4  haiuls  ;  Jntrod.  and  Kuj*ue  ;  Varia- 
tions and  Kuyue  ;  3  Suites  ;  Sketches  ;  Uallet- 
uutKie.  ;  2  pcs.  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  etc.;  the  comic 
opcia  Daphuc  (New  York,  180.7),  and  a  ballet, 


Bird,  William.    See  IWun. 

Bii^kler,  Georg  Wilhelm,  b.  lUichau,  WUrt- 
tembcrj*,  May  23,  1820;  d.  June  10,  1877,  as 
piof.  at  Khingen  (Wlirtt.)  gymnasium.  —  Comp. 
masses,  vesper  psalms,  etc.,  I.  mixed  and  men's 
voices;  wrote  about  old  chinch-music  in  Catholic 
mus.  papers. 

Birn'bach,  Karl  Joseph,  b.  K6pernick,  Hi- 
hisia,  175  r;  d.  Warsaw,  May  2<),  1805,  as  Kupellm. 
of  the  (lei  man  Theatre.  —  Works;  2  operas;  ora- 
torios, cantatas,  masses  ;  TO  orchestral  sym- 
phonies, 16  pf.  -concertos,  10  vln-concettos; 
many  quartets  and  quintets;  pf.-music  ;  etc. 

Birn'bach,  Joseph  Benjamin  Heinrich,  son 
of  preceding,  1>.  lireslau,  Jan.  8,  1705;  d.  Berlin, 
AUJJ;,  24,  1879.  1'iiinist,  pupil  of  his  father; 
teacher  in  lireslau,  1814-21,  then  in  Berlin, 
where  lie  founded  a  musical  institute;  Nicolai, 
Kttcken,  and  Delin  were  some  of  his  pupils.  — 
Works:  2  symphonies,  and  2  overtures,  L  orch.; 
concertos  f.  ph,  mid  f.  oboe,  clar.,  and  guitar; 
quintet;  duos;  fantasias  aud  sonatas  f.  pf.;  etc. 


BISAU'IA— P.ITTKK 


Bisac'cia,  Giovanni,  b.  1815;  d.  Naples,  Dec. 
20,  iStjy  Pupil,  tn  Cons,  of  S  Pietio  a  Majclla, 
of  Ciescentim  (hinging)  and  Raimondi  and  Doni- 
zetti (comp.)  A  singer  in  the  Nuovo  and  San 
Carlo  theatres;  later  singing-teachei,  also  ///  <// 
capp  in  the  church  of  San  Fernando,  foi  \\liich 
he  wrote  some  mubic.  In  [838  he  l)i  ought  out 
2  mus  r-act  farces,  /  tic  un>/>?/aff  nn<\  II  Ji&ho 
adottwo  (Cons,  theatre),  and  in  1858  an  opeia 
bufTa  DOM  Taddeo,  ovvcro  la  Solat/naneUt*  di 
Ctuwiti  (lealro  Nuo\o) 

Biscaccian'ti,  Eliza  (;/«'<•  Ostinelli),  1>  I!os- 
ton,  Mass.,  iS24(7?),d.  July  (?),  jSyO.  Si  in 
Italy  under  Vaccai,  Lampctti,  etc'.  Ketuined 
to  New  York  in  1847;  married  Marquis  II. , 
brilliant  debut ,  sang  in  opera  and  concert  in 
lioston  and  I'hiUulclphi.i,  soon  went  hack  to 
Europe,  and  sang  in  various  cities.  In  Uoston 
again  1858;  travelled  to  San  Kiancisco  and  S 
America,  and  again  to  Kuiopc.  Kaiiied  a  liveli- 
hood by  teaching  (in  Ital} — Koine— and  else- 
where) 

Bisch'off,  Georg  Friedrich,  the  foundei  of 
the  Get  man  mus  festivals;  b.  Klliieh,  Ilai/. 
Mts.,  Sept  21,  1780;  d.  Ilildcshenn,  Sept  7, 
1841,  \vheie  he  had  been  musical  director  since 
r8to.  I  Je  arranged  the  lirsl  Thuringian  Festival 
at  Krankenhauseu  (July  sound  21, 1810),  at  which 
Spohr  acted  both  as  conductor  and  soloist. 

Bisch'off,  Ludwig  Friedrich  Christian,  b. 
Dessau  (wheie  his  father,  Kail,  was  court -mu- 
sician), Nov.  27,  1794;  d.  Cologne,  Feb.  24, 
1867.  1823-49,  duecloi  of  gymnasium  at  \Vu- 
sel;  foundei  (1850)  and  editor  of  the  **  Khei- 
nische  Musikxeitung "  at  Cologne,  superseded 
(1853)  l)y  the  "  Niederrheinische  Mtisik/.ei- 
tting"  ;  he  tianslated  Ulibischeff's  "  llccthovcn" 
(1859)  into  (lerman. 

Bisch'off,  Kasper  Jakob,  b.  Anshuch,  Apr. 
7,  1823;  d.  Munich,  Oct.  26,  1893,  uhcru  ho 
studied  (1842)  under  Ktt,  Stuntx,  and  Fianx 
Lachner,  and  1848-9  in  Leipxig.  Founded 
(1850)  an  "  Kvangelical  Sacred  Choral  Society  " 
at  Frankfort,  where  he  Hvcsd  as  a  singing-teacher. 
— Works:  An  opera,  A  fault?  und  Mantilla  (Krank- 
foit,  1852):  3  symphonies;  overture  to /A/;///*1/; 
chamber  and  church-music,  etc.;  also  a'4  Manual 
of  Harmony"  (1890). 

Bisch'off,  Hans,  accomplished  pianist  and 
teacher;  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  17,  1852;  d,  Nieder- 
schonhausen,  n.  IJerlin,  June  12,  1889.  I'upil 
of  Th.  Kulltik  and  R.  Wlicrst,  and  also  student 
at  IJerlin  Univ,  (/>./////.,  1873);  1873,  teacher 
of  f)f.  at  Kullak's  Acad. ;  1879,  also  of  peda- 
gogics; also  taught  at  Stern  Cons,  for  n  short 
time,  and  conducted  (with  Ilellmich)  the  Monday 
Concerts  of  the  IJerlin  " Singakndemie."  lie 
edited  the  2nd  and  3rd  editions  of  Dr.  Ad,  Kul- 
lak's  "./Ksthetik  des  Khvierspiels"  (Berlin,  1876 
and  1889;  Engl.  transl.  New  York,  1895);  publ. 
an  "  Auswaht  Ildndel'scher  Klaviorwerke,"  a 
44  Kritische  Ausgabe  von  J.  S.  Bach's  Klavier- 
werken,"  etc. 


Bishop,  Sir  Henry  Rowley,  noted  Knghsh 
composei,  b.  London,  Nov.  18,  1786;  d.  llicnj 
Api  30,  1855.  Pu- 
pil of  Francesco 
Iiianchi ;  .iltt acted 
attention  by  his  lirsl 
opeta,  The  Cn  ( (n- 
MIUI  /iiit/t'  (Dairy 
Lane,  1809);  1810- 
IT  (omp.  and  cond. 
at  Covent  (i.ndcn, 
1813  alti-i  n.it  <» 
cond  ol  the  1'hil- 
harmonic,  iSi<)oia- 
torio-cond  at  Cov- 
cnt  (iaidcn,  1825 
cond. at  Dnny  Lane 
Th.,  1^30  ^IllSl(>al 

Diicctoi  at  Vaushall;  took  dcyitv  of  Mus.  Bar. 
at  Oxfoid,  1839,  1840-1  mus.  dii.  at  Covent 
Catdcn;  1841-3,  I'jol  of  Mus.  al  Kdinbut}',li; 
knighted  in  1842;  cowl  of  Ancient  Conceits, 
1840-8;  in  1848  was  app.  piol.  of  mus.  ;»t  <  >x- 
foid,  whet e  he  received  the  dc^'ieeof  Mus.  D<»c. 
in  1853.  Mewasa  leniiukably  piolilic  diantutic 
composei,  h.Mving  pioduccd  over  Ho  operas, 
iaices,  b.dlets,  ele.  His  operas  are  geneially 
in  the  style  ol  Knglish  b,illn<l-<>]K'ia;  some  of 
the  besl  are  Cti//t".%  Th?  /''it//  <•/  .//^/Vv.v,  /'//,• 
A";//^'///  of  ,S;/f '?•'//<;//;/,  and  {Y'fVrw.  lie  also 
wrote  The  /'lr//«v/  i///i>r/(<irat(»tin)t  '/'//<•  ,SV".-r//M 
D&v  (cantata),  etc.;  his  j'Jees  and  niher  lyric 
vocal  pioductions  are  deservedly  esteemed.  Me 
publ  vol.  i  <»f  " Melodies  of  Various  Nations"; 
also  3  vol.s  of  national  melodies,  to  which 
Mooro'.s  poems  aie  set. 

Bisp'ham  [bisp'-hamj,  David,  dramatic  bari- 
tone; b.  Philadelphia,  about  iKoo.  At  lust, 
singer  in  church aiul oratorio;  1885  7«,t.  in  Italy 
(Vanmiccini);  then  in  London  (\Vin.  Sh.'ikc'- 
spenre),  and  again  in  Italy.  From  iHtji  he  h;is 
sung  in  tjpera  at  Covent  (larden,  with  growing 
success.  In  Anu'iica*  seasons  of  iS<;o-  7  jitul 
1898-*).  A  favorite  concert -si ngei.  Roles  (over 
40  prepared;  favorites  in  sin.  caps.):  lM//ano; 
Caspar  and  Ottokur  (A; *•;',»»/////,),•  Mephlstoph- 
elcs  and  Valentin;  Kscaniillo  «\tnt/<>tt);  De 
Nevers ;  Ktgaro  (AWv) ;  Tonu»  and  Silvio 
(Paff/ittet/);  Alfio  (Ctwtt/.  ;vw/.);  Vulcun  (/7//V. 
et  ftaMf/jt)  /  MKKISTO  (Bolio,  JA'/w^j/*-/^)  .' 
rhilippo  (Aw  Car/tut) ;  higo,-  •  KM  s'l  AM-  ; 
KUKWICNAI.;  Ilmis  Sachs;  BKCKNIKSHICK;  WOL- 
FRAM; Alberieh;  WOTAN;  Ilunding. 

Bitter,  Karl  Hermann,  b.  Schwedt-on- 
Oder,  1'Vb.  27,  1813  ;d.  lierlin,  Sept.  is,  iSl-p, 
From  rH7()-82,  Prussian  Minister  of  Kinancr, 
\Viote  "Joh.  Sob.  HachM  (ist  ed.  18(15,  * 
vol.s;  2nd,  1881,  4  vol.s);  »*  Moxart\s  Don 
Juan  und  (lluck's  Iphigcnia  in  Tauris  ;  ein 
Versuch  neucrCberstitxungen  "  (tHo(») ;  **  K.  I'h, 
K.  und  \V.  Kriedcnmnu  Bach  untl  deron  Hrluler" 
(1868,  2  vol.s);  "Cbor  (iervinus'  •  Uitudel  u. 
Shakespeare"1  (1869);  u  Beitrfige  xur  (Jcsch. 
desOratoriumH"  (1872);  "Studio  211111  Klalnit 


WTTONT— IJLANC 


M.itei  "  (iHH.O;  "Die  Ucloim  dci  Opei  duich 
(Iluck  niul  Wagnei  "  (iMu|),  editoi  ol  Kail 
Lowe's  Anlobiogtapliy  (1870). 

Bitto'ni,  Bernardo,  oig.imst,  and  comp.  of 
admiiable  sat  led  music  (in  MS.);  b.  F.ihiiano, 
;  d.  theie  May  iS,  iS2<)    -P.iogi.  by  Allieii. 

Bizet,  Georges  [baptismal  names,  Alex- 
idrc-C£sar-L<5opold  |,  b.  Paiis,  Oct.  25, 
I  PM>ui'jv.d,  June  3,  1^75.  IU;  enteied 
the  P.uis  Cons,  at 
nine,  his  teacheis 
being  Marmontcl 
(pi.),  lion  01  st 
(oig  ),  Zunmeiman 
(hnim.),  and  ILi- 
le\y,  liis  inline 
1  a  t  h  e  i  -  i  n  - 1  a  \v 
(comp.)-  1»  1^57 
he  took,  among  78 
competitors,  the 
pii/e  ollctcd  by  <  )f- 
lenbach  for  the 
composition  of  an 
oper.i  bull. i,  /.i'  c/<'(  - 
tt'itr  J/y/ffr/1,  and 
also  won  the  (Jrand 
pri>c  de  Rome.  Instead  of  thepiesciihed  mass,  he 
sent  horn  Rome,  dining  his  tirst  year,  a  2-aot  Hal. 
opera  bullii,  !)<>n  /';  w<//i» ;  Liter  he  sent  a  move- 
ments of  a  .symphony,  mi  oNeituie  (/.a  C/iastt' 
tf't)jt,vjti/t)i  and  a  comic  oper.i  (/tt  (titzta  tie 
rfimii).  Returning,  ho  prod,  a  grand  opera, 
A*'j  phlwttis  </<•  /ir/,'.f  (Th.-Lyrujue,  J«S()3) ; 
but  this  work,  and  also  /(t  /<»//<•  ",////<•  </<•  /*»•;•/// 
(iS(>7),  failed  of  popular  appnnal.  A  i-act 
opera,  /)/»//;///«•// (1872),  laretl  no  better;  in  all 
his  music  I),  revealed  a  strong  leaning  towards 
W.igner,  then  so  unpopular  in  France  ;— 1ml 
Pasdeloiip  brought  out  his  overture  /W;vV,  and 
the  '2  symphonic,  movements  with  success.  The 
incidental  music  to  Daudet's  f'.lrfS&ii'H/tt' 
(187^),  however,  turned  the  tide  of  popular  ^fa- 
vor ;  and  the  striking  success  of  Cartnen  (t  >pt'ra- 
('om.,  Mar.  ;i,  1^75),  showed  what  H.  might 
have  done,  h.ul  ho  been  spated  ;  he  died  just 
thiee  months  after  his  hardly  won  triumph.  He- 
sides  llu;  above-mentioned  works,  Pi.  com]),  two 
opei  as,  A'ttMtt  (iH7t),  /,-»<///  /i»  TtrriM?  (not 
perf.);  abt.  150  |if.-pe,s.  «>f  all  kinds  (he  was  a 
i>rilliant  pi.iaist),  and  songs,  etc.— Ch.  Pigot 
wrote  4t  Ilixet  et  son  o-uvrtt "  (rHKo). 

Blaos  (blahs],  Arnold  Joseph,  b.  Brussels, 
Dec.  i,  rSi.j;d.  tlufiejan.  (fl,  iK^3.  Clarinet- 
tist, pupil  of  Kifhnwnh,  whom  htt  succeed<«<l  in 
1843  as  solo  clarinet  and  teacher  at  the  Brussels 
Cons. 

Blftgrotrc,  Henry  Gamble,  violinist ;  b. 
Nottingham,  Oct.  20,  tKtt;d,  London,  Deo. 
15,  i«73»  Pupil  of  his  father,  K.  M.  IJIagrovc, 
and  played  in  public  nt  5  ;  was  the  first  pupil  of 
the  R.  A.  M.  (ojxMted  i«a;0,  where  he  took  the 
silver  medal  in  1834*  Studied  under  Spohr  at 
Kassel,  1833-4 ;  after  winch  he  played  at  the 


leading   London  concerts  and   provincial  fcsti- 

Vills. 

Blagrove,  Richard  Manning  (brother  of  1 1. 
('..),  1).  Nottingham,  1827  (?)  ;  d  London,  Oct. 
21,  i8<)5.  Knt.  R.  A.  M.  1837  ;st  viola  under 
II.  Hill,  for  4  years  ,  some  ycais  Liter,  npp.  1st 
prof,  of  viola  in  R  A.  M.  He  succeeded  Hill 
as  ist  \iola  in  the  orch  of  the  Philh.  Soc  in 
1856  ,  and  played  at  the  Three  Choir  Festivals. 

Bla'hag  (or  Blahak),  Josef,  b.  Raggendorf, 
Hungary,  1779,  d  Vienna,  Dec.  15,  1846  ;  from 
1802-23,  tenor  at  the  Leopoldsladter  Th  ,  Vi- 
enna;  1824,  fCn/tf/hn.  of  St.  Peter's,  Vienna, 
succeeding  Vrcmdl. — Works  :  14  masses  ;  25 
graduals  ;  29  ofTertorics ;  10  Tantum  crgos ;  2 
Te  Deums. 

Blahet'ka  (or  Plahetka),  Marie-L^opol- 
dine,  pianist  and  composer;  b.  (iuntrainsdoif, 
n.  Vienna,  Nov  15,  i8ir,d.  IJoulo^ne,  Jan. 
17,  1887  St.  pf.-playinj>  under  Josef  C'zerny, 
Kalkbrenner,  and  Moscheles ,  comp.  under 
Sechter.  A  brilliant  pianist,  she  made  success- 
ful tours,  anil  composed  effective  pf.-pes.  fcon- 
ceitos,  polonaises,  londos,  sonatas,  variations, 
pf.-tiios,  etc.),  and  songs  ;  also  wrote  an  opera, 
fiic  jRAutor  unit  die  Sfttiger  (Vienna,  1830).  She 
resided  from  1840  in  IJoulognc. 

Blainville,  Charles-Henri,  b.  in  a  village  n. 
Tours,  f7ir;d.  Paris,  1769.  lie  was  a 'cellist, 
music-teacher  and  composer,  his  most  noted 
work  being  a  symphony  (1751)  in  the  "mode 
hellcnunuj"  [e-f-j>-a-b-c-d-e|,  which  excited 
Rousseau's  admiration  and  Sanc's  pungent 
criticism.  —  Writings:  1 /harmonic  theoiim- 
pratique"  (1751)  ;  "  I /esprit  ck»  Tart  musical" 
(1754;  German  transl.  in  IIHlei's  "Naehiich- 
ten11);  and  "  Ilistoire  gencnile,  critique  et 
philologicnie  dts  la  musique"  (1767). 

Blake,  Charles  Dupee,  b.  Walpole,  Mass., 
Sept.  13,  1847.  Pupil  of  J.  C.  I).  Varkcr,  Da- 
vid Paine,  T.  P.  Ryder,  J.  K.  Paine,  and  II. 
Pond.  Organist,  in  turn,  at  Wrentham  and 
Hollislon,  Mass.  ;  of  the  Dromfield  St.  M.  E. 
Ch.,  Hoston,  and  the  Union  Ch.,  llostoiu — 
Works  :  Many  easy  pf.-pcs.  ;  Christmas  carols, 
songs,  etc. 

Blamont,  Francois-Colin  de,  b.  Versailles, 
Nov.  22,  1600;  d.  there,  Feb.  14,  1760.  A  pu- 
pil of  Lnhuulc,  he  became  superintendent  of 
the  King's  music,  and  comp,  many  court  bal- 
lets, u  fetes,"  operas,  etc. ;  also  3  books  of  can- 
tatas, 2  of  motets,  and  numerous  songs.  Wrote 
"  Kssni  Kur  les  godts  anciens  ct  modernes  dc  la 
musifnio  franyaise"  (1754). 

Blanc,  Adolphe,  b.  Manosque,  BasscR- 
Alpes,  June  24,  1828.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons. 
(1841),  and  private  pupil  of  Ilalcvy.  The 
Prix  (Uiartter  was  awarded  him  in  1862  for 
chamber-music.  For  a  short  time  he  was  con- 
ductor at  the  Theatre-T/yrique. — Works  :  A  I- 
act  comic  opera,  Une  aventitre  soits  la  Ligue  / 
2  operettas,  Jss  dfux  billets  (r868)t  and  J*s 


BLANCHARD— BLAZE 


rfoes  de  Marguerite;  a  burlesque  symphony  ;  an 
overture ;  trios,  quartets,  quintets  <md  septets  f. 
strings,  with  and  without  pf . ,  pf  -pcs. 

Blanchard,  Henri -Louis,  b.  Bordeaux, 
Feb.  7,  1778;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1858.  Violin- 
ist and  composer;  conductor  (1818-29)  at  the 
Theatre  des  Varietes,  Paris;  1830-3  manager  of 
the  Theatre  Moliere  Later  he  became  a  dis- 
tinguished mus.  critic. — Works*  2  operas;  con- 
certini,  and  airs  varies,  f.  vln.;  quartets  f.  vlns.; 
do.  f  violas  ;  duos  f  vln&. ;  etc.  Some  of  his 
chamber-music  is  valuable. 

Blangi'ni,  Giuseppe  Marco  Maria  Felice, 

b.  Turin,  Nov.  18,  1781;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  18, 
1841.  In  1789,  choir-boy  at  Turin  cathedral  ; 
at  12  he  played  the  cathedral  organ,  composed 
sacred  music,  and  was  a  .skilful  'cellist.  In  1797 
the  family  moved  to  the  south  of  France,  and 
in  1799  to  Paris  ;  IJ.gave  concerts,  wrote  fash- 
lonable  romances,  and  came  into  vogue  as  an 
opera-composer  in  1802,  when  he  completed 
Delia-Maria's  La  fa itise  thtegne  ;  as  a  singing- 
teacher  he  was  also  in  request.  After  producing 
an  opera  in  Munich  (1805),  he  was  app.  court 
Kapfllm.  (1806),  and  Princess  Uorghese  made 
him  her  Director  of  M usic.  King  Jerome  app. 
him  General  Music- Director  at  Kasscl,  1809  ; 
he  returned  to  Paris  in  1814,  and  was  made 
superintendent  of  the  King's  music  and  com- 
poser to  the  Court,  and  also  prof,  of  singing  al 
the  Cons.;  but  in  1830  he  lost  all  his  places  at 
Court,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days 
in  comparative  obscurity,  lie  wrote  30  operas, 
d  masses  w.  orch.,  170  notturnos  f.  2  voices, 
and  174  romances  f.  one  voice.  M.  de  Ville- 
in arest  edited  his  autobiography:  "  Souvenirs 
de  F.  Ulangial "  (Paris,  1834). 

Blan'kenburg,  Quirin-van,b.  Goucla,  Hol- 
land, 1654  ;  il.  The  Hague,  1749,  as  org.  of 
the  Reformed  Church,  lie  wrote  k*  Elementa 
musica  "  (1739),  and  * '  Clavicembel  en  Orgelboek 
der  Psalrnen  en  kerkgezangen  "  [of  the  Rcf. 
Ch.l(i73s;  3rd  ed.,  1772). 

Blan'kenburg,  Christian  Friedrich  von,  b. 
Kolberg,  Pomerania,  Jan.  24,  1744;  d.  Leipzig, 
May  4,  1796.  Prussian  officer,  retired  on  pen- 
sion in  1777.  Publ.  a  musical  supplem.  to 
Sulsser's  "  Thcorie  der  schttnen  Kttnste  "  (in  the 
2nd  ed.,  1792-4). 

Bla'ramberg,  Paul  I.,  b.  Orenburg,  Russia, 
Sept.  26,  1841.  Pupil  of  JJalakirev.  I^iw- 
studcnt,  government  statistician,  and  journalist, 
since  1870  editor  of  the  Moscow  "  Russian 
Gazette";  has  composed  the  operas  A  f  aria 
7  'utfor  (St.  Petersburg,  1882);  The  first  Russian 
C&nit'dian  (ibid.);  Tuschiusky  (Moscow,  1895;  v. 
succ.);  also  muhicto  Ostrovski's  Pa'tW^/anda 
cantata,  The  Demon  (after  Lermontov). 

Bla'sius,  Mathieu-Fre'deTic,  b.  Lauter- 
burg,  Alsatia,  Apr,  23,  1758;  d.  Versailles, 
1829.  Violinist,  clarinettist,  flutist,  and  bas- 
soonist ;  x  79 1-1816,  conductor  at  the  Op&u- 
Comique,  Paris,  and  1795-1802  prof,  of  wind- 


instr.s  at  the  Cons.  —  lie  wrote  3  operas  ;  3  melo- 
diamas  ;  string-quartets;  3  \iolin-conceitos, 
etc  ;  but  his  most  popular  comp  s  were  foi  the 
above  wind-instr  sin  various  combinations. 

Blass'mann,  Adolf  Joseph  Maria,  h.  Dres- 
den, Oct.  27,  1823;  d.  Ilnutzen,  June  30,  T8<)T. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Ch.  Mayer  and  his/I  ;  at  first 
teacher  at  Dresden  Cons.;  then  (iH6i»-4)  cond. 
of  the  "  Euterpe,"  Leipxig  ;  rSf>7,  court 
KapeUm.  at  Sonder&Iinusen,  whence  lie  returned 
to  Dresden.  —  Works  :  Minor  pf.-pcs 

Blatt,  Franz  Thaddaus,  b.  Prague,  1703, 
d.  (').  Clarinettist,  pupil  oi  Karnickaml  Dionys 
Weber  (comp.)  at  I*nis»m»  Cons.,  whfie  he  was 
app.  asst.-leacher(iiSiS),  jnul  rogulur  leaclukr  in 
1820  —  Works:  *'  Complete  Method  f.  Clari- 
net"; T3  caprices  in  ('tilde-form,  f.  dar,;  trios 
f.  clan,  op,  3  ;  3  duos  conceitants  f.  dar.,  op. 
29  ;  variations,  caprices,  etudes,  etc.,  f.  clar, 

Blau'waert,  Emiel,  buss-lmritone  concert- 
singer;  b.  St.  Nicholas,  Itelgium,  June  13, 
1845  ;  d.  Brussels,  Keb.  3  (a?),  JH()1.  Pupil  of 
Bru&sels  (  'ons.  ((loossens  and  Warnols);  di'lait 
1865  in  Uenoit's  /.net  fir  as  tlie  <l  Spotgeesl  " 
(mocking  spirit);  also  sang  the  r<A)lo  of  (iurnc- 
manx  in  JPtirsifiilok  Daireuth. 

Blaze  [called  Castil-Blaze],  Francois- 
Henri-Joseph,  the  father  of  modern  French 
musical  criticism;  b.  Ca  vail  Ion,  Vauclusc,  Dec. 
i,  1784;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  n,  1857.  Taught  by 
his  father,  Ilenri-Sebiistien  llkutu  [,  r  703-1833],  in 
early  youth  ;  he  went  to  Paris  to  study  law",  but 
kept  up  his  musical  studies,  and  finally  (iH2(>) 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  music.  His  work 
"  L'Opera  en  I'Yancv"  (r«2t>),  a  telling  arraign- 
ment of  contemporary  French  opera-production, 
won  him  first  of  all  the  post  of  critic  on  the 
"Journal  des  Dchats";  his  articles,  signed 
14  XXX,"  made  him  a  power  among  musicians. 
During  40  years  of  uninterrupted  literary  activ- 
ity, he  puhl.  many  works  on  music  :  •*  Diction- 
nairc  demusique  modernc  '*  (ifiar,  a  vol.s  ;  ami 
ed.,'  1825  ;  3rd  rd.,  edited  by  J,  II.  M<?es,  with 
historical  preface,  and  ft  supplement  of  NHh- 
erland  musicians,  1828,  i  vol.);  "rhnpelle 
musique  des  Rois  de  K  ranee  "  (1^32);  "  I«ti 
Danse  et  les  Itollets  depitis  Dacchufl  jiwqu'i 
Mademoiselle  Taglioni"(  1832);  "Memorial  d« 
grand  (  Jp^rsi  "  (from  Cambert,  1669,  down  to 
and  incL  the  Restauration);  '*  I,e  Piano  ;  hist. 
de  son  invention,  etc."  (in  tlio  **  Kevuc  de 


Paris,"  1839-40);  uJVlolieromu8icien 
"Theatres  lyriques  de  Paris  "(a  vol.M  on  the 
Grand  ()p<Sra  [1855],  and  on  tho  Italian  opera 
1548-1:856  [1856]),  Ilia  translations  of  (tanuan 
and  Italian  opera-libretti  (I)cr  IfyttscJitlfa  J)tm 
Giovanni,  Figaro  ',  II  jR&r&icret  /'VV/*»//V,  fatjptwtt 
ladra,  and  many  others)gftvcagreatand  neetlod 
impetus  to  the  production  of  theae  operas  in 
France.  He  composed  .3  operas,  and  aevtiral 
skilfully  contrived  "pastiches";  a  collection 
of  **  Chants  de  la  Provence";  ch»mbor*mu«ic, 
romances,  etc. 


,AZK— 1JLUM 


Blaze,  Henri,  IJanm  de  Hury,  son  of  pte- 
ceding;  l>-  Avignon,  1813;  d  Pans,  Mm  oh  15, 
1888.  His  title  was  bestowed  on  him  uliilf  the 
sittuche  of  an  embassy;  bofoie  :m<l  after  which 
time  he  devoted  himself  to  literal y  woik.  He 
wrote  "  Ktwl«»s  lit  trial  res  stir  Hecthoven  "; 
"  Musiquc  des  dumics  tic  Shakespeare "; 
u  Poetes  ft  MusHens  dc  I'Alleniagne";  and 
many  other  ess.iys,  histoiirnl,  .v.»st  helical,  and 
biographical,  foi  tlu:  il  Revue  des  deux  Mon- 
des." 

Bleu'er,  Ludwijr,  violinist ;  b.  PituhuPesth, 
Aug.  21,  iHo;j;  d.  llcrlin,  Sept.  15,  1807.  St. 
with  Prof.  Cittn  (Vienna)  and  in  the  Beilin 
41  HochschnU'";  iKKj-tn,  leader  of  I'hilh.  Orch., 
Berlin;  180.4,  of  Dcttoit  Philh.  Club. 

Bletz'achcr,  Joseph,  b,  Srhwoieh,  Tyrol, 
Aug.  14,  1^35;  tl-  Hanovei,  |une  i(>,  rHo.5  ;  for 
25  years  principal  bass  at  the  Royal  Theatic, 
Hanover. 

Blcw'itt,  Jonathan,  b.  London,  1782;  d. 
there  Sept.  4,  1853;  pupil  of  his  father,  Jonas 
B,,  and  Itattishill.  Org,  in  several  London  and 
provincial  chinches,  imully  at  St.  Andrew's, 
Dublin  (tSn)i  and  comp.  and  cowl,  at  the  Th. 
Royal  there;  aNo  grand  organist  to  the  Masonic 
Soc.  of  Ireland.  Kclurniiu;  to  London  in  1826, 
he  became  mus,  director  at  Sadler's  Wells  Th., 
and  brought  out  scvrial  stage-pieces  with  inci- 
dental music,  pantomimes,  etc.,  at  Drury  Lane 
and  elsewhere;.  1  Iu  wrotu  many  popular  songs ; 
also  a  treatise  on  Hinging,  **  'I  ho  Vocal  Awist- 
nnl." 

Bliud,  Jacob)  b.  Urllhl-on- Rhine,  Mar.  16, 
184-1;  d,  there  Jan.  i,},  18*4,  Music-teacher 
(187,})  at  the  Teachers1  Seminary  in  llrllhl, 
Wrote  d'ulactic  works  for  pf,,  vln,,  and  voice; 
also  musses,  motets*  vie, 

Bloch,  Oeorg,  b.  ilwslau,  Nov.  a,  1847. 
Pupil  of  Hniusch  and  J.  Schubert;  later,  fit 
Berlin,  of  Timber!  mul  K.  (Icycr.  Teacher  in 
Uronlaur'H  Con«M  Berlin;  founder  (1879,)  and 
<liroctor  of  tlui  Opera  Society.  Has  written 
vocal  imiMiti. 

Blockx,  Jan,  b.  Antwerp,  Jan.  25,  1851; 
pianist  anrl  composer;  pupil,  in  the  Kle.nush 
Music  School,  of  Callavrts  (pf.)  and  llenoSt 
(conip.)j  ^1«(>  studied  with  L.  Brassin.  Since 
l8HO,  teacher  of  bantu  at  Antwerp  Cons.,  and 
mus,  dlf.  of  lh«  "C'crcltt  artist iq«e  "  and  cither 
Bocletics*—  Works:  The  optwis  A/tfttrt  Martin 
(KruKMiiUt  l8ga  \  mod.  «iuv.) ;  Rita  (MS.,  1895) ; 
/V  l/whtrgprhw*  ["Tavern-Princess"]  (Ant- 
werp, ify$;v.  HUCC.);  /*7x  wrgrlen  (i-acl, 
ifitK)?);  the  iKiutomime  AY,  WrMti*  (HrusselH* 
iR(;4);  the  ballet  MUsnka  (Hrussc'lH,  1887);  2 
works  f»  <t<mbl«  «hM  soli  nml  orch,,  I'wtltwiyr 
*nd  Op  <kn  tfiwn/  /  8-p.  madrigal  /V  /tan<iwst» 
rittrs;  orehoHtml  overture  "Rulnum";  etc* 

Blodek,  Pierr«-Augu»te-Loui8,  b.  PnrU, 
Aujp.  15.  17^4 ;  il,  thera  t8s6,  Pupfl  of  HudU 
lot,  (ionwc,  and  MtHmt  ;tt  i\  Comii.;  I'rix  da 
Rome,  1808,  with  csmtnttt  Atari*  Ar/w^/  till 


1842,  viola-player  in  Crand  Op^raorch. — Works- 
I  opeia,  At  la  Jon  tana  (1893);  I  ballet,  3  over- 
tures, i  mass,  2  Tc  Deums,  chamber-music,  pf  - 
pos  ,  songs 

Blo'dek,  Wilhelm,  b,  Prague,  Oct.  3,  1834; 
d.  there  May  r,  1874.  St.  at  Prague  Cons  , 
where,  after  teaching  3  years  at  Lubycz,  Po- 
land, he  became  prof.  (1800).  Tie  died  insane. 
\Voiks.  V  Sttidm  [In  the  well],  i-act  comic 
(Vcch  opera  (Prague,  1867),  very  succ.;  ffiven 
in  German  as  ////  ftruuncn  (Leipzig,  1893); 
opera  Xittek  (unfinished);  a  mass,  an  overture, 
quartets  f.  men's  voices,  pf. -music,  and  songs. 

Bloomfield-Zeis'ler  [-tsTs-1,  Fanny,  re- 
markable pianist;  b.  "Bielitz,  Austrian  Silesia, 
July  16,  i860;  in  1868  her  parents  went  to 
Ameiica  and  settled  in  Chicago,  where  she  still 
(iHcjy)  resides.  Her  first  teachers  were  Uern- 
hard  Ziehn  and  Carl  Wolf. sohn;  in  1876  she  al- 
ready played  in  public;  in  1878  (on  Mme.  K&si- 
polT's  recommendation)  she  went  to  Leschetizky, 
at  \'ienna,  with  whom  she  studied  5  years;  sev- 
nal  ooncertM  given  in  1883  were  highly  success- 
ful, From  1883-93  she  appeared  on  the  Ameri- 
can concert-stage  every  season,  playing  with  all 
the:  prominent  orchestras  in  the  U.S.;  in  1893 
she  made  n  pianislic  lour  to  Herlin,  Vienna, 
Lcip/ig,  Dresden,  etc.,  her  success  being  so 
grwit  that  she  was  ong.  for  «i  longer  tour  in 
1 80,4-5,  winning  triumphs  upon  triumphs.  In 
iK()5-fc  she  gave  50  concerts  in  the  U.  S.,  and 
in  the  autumn  of  iSy7  made  u  tour  of  the  Pacific 
coast  with  brilliant  success.  In  the  spring  of 
lHo,H,  a  fattn/Sf  in  (treat  Uritain  and  1'Vance 
starved  to  confirm  the  unanimous  verdict  of  the 
American  and  Kuropean  press,  that  she  is  one 
of  the*  greatest  among  contemporary  pianists. 

Blow,  (Dr.)  John,  b,  N.  Collingham,  Notting- 
hamshire, io4«;  ct.  Westminster  (London),  Oct. 

I,  1708.     In    1600,   chorister   at   the    Chapel 
Royal »  under  Henry  Cookc;    on   leaving  the 
choir*  he  studied  under  John   IHngcston  and 
Dr.  Chr.  Gibbons,  becoming  a  skilful  organist* 
A  pp.  org,  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1669,  but  had 
to  make  way  for  Purccll  in  1680;  on  I'urceU's 
death,  he  was  reappolnted  (1695-1708).    Gen- 
tleman of  the  Chapel  Royal,  March,  1674,  and, 
in  June,  succeeded  Humphreys  as  Master  of  the 
Children;  later  he  became  organist  of,  and  (1699) 
composer  to,  the  Chapel  Royal.    Oxford  Univ. 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  Mus*  Doc.  Blow 
began  to  eonuxme  when  a  boy  in  the  Ch.  R., 
and  wrote  n  vast  amount  of  church-music  (ser- 
vices, anthems,  odes  for  St.  Cecilia's  day  and 
Nt*w  Year's);  many  anthems  are  printed,     Also 
organ-music,  pieces  for  harpsichord,  and  songs. 

Blum  fUooml,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.  Berlin, 
1786;  d.  there  July  2,  1844.  A  most  versatile 
musician:  dramatic  composer,  organist,  'cellist, 
conductor,  actor,  singer,  and  poet.  Pupil  of 

II.  (Iron*!  flfcrtin),  Kr.  A.  littler  (Ko 
and  Salleri  (Vienna);   in  1820,  anp. 
mupkiitn  to  the  Prufi»ian  court;  in  1822,  stage- 
manager  of  tho  l^rlin  Opera.,    lie  produced 


BLUMENFELP— BCiCKH 


nearly  30  operas,  ballets,  vaudevilles,  etc.,  and 
was  the  first  to  bring  the  vaudeville  on  the  Ger- 
man stage.  His  vocal  and  instrumental  music 
is  forgotten. 

Bln'menfeld,  Felix,  b.  Kovalevska,  (iovt.  of 
Cherson,  Russia,  Apr.  7,  1863;  from  1881-5, 
pf.-pupil  of  Th  Stein  at  St  Petersburg  Cons.  ; 
took  gold  medal.  Since  1885,  prof,  at  Cons. 
Works  f.  pf.:  Allegro  de  concert,  \v.  orch.,  op. 
7;  Variations  caracter.,  op.  8;  24  Preludes,  op. 
17;  etc. 

Blu'menthal,  Joseph  von,  b  Brussels,  Nov. 
I,  1782;  d.  Vienna,  May  Q,  1850.  Violinist  and 
composer;  pupil  of  Abbe  Vogler  in  Prague  and 
(1803)  Vienna,  where  he  became  choirmaster  in 
the  Church  of  the  Piarists  —  Works.  An  opera, 
Don  Sy/vt'e  de  jRwalba  (1805);  music  to  several 
other  stage-pcs  ;  a  ballet;  symphonies,  string- 
quartets,  duos  and  other  violin-music,  also  a 
Method  for  violin. 

Blu'menthal,  Jacob  [Jacques],  pianist,  b. 
Hamburg,  Oct.  4,  1836;  pupil  of  (Jrund  (Ham- 
burg), of  Booklet  and  Sechter  (Vienna),  and  of 
Herz  and  HaleVy  (Pans  Cons.,  1846).  Settled 
in  London,  1848;  pianist  to  the  Queen,  and  suc- 
cessful teacher.  B,  has  written  many  melodious 
and  effective  salon-pcs.  f  .  pf  ;  also  music  f  .  'cello 
and  vln.,  and  numerous  songs. 

Blu'menthal,  Paul,  b.  vSteinau-on-Oder,  Si- 
lesia, Aug.  13,  1843  ;  pupil  of  the  R.  Acad., 
Berlin.  Since  1870,  organist  in  Frank  foil-on- 
Oder;  1876,  created  tl  R.  Music-director."  — 
Works  :  Masses,  motets,  orchestral  music. 

Blum'ner,  (Dr.)    Martin,  b.   Kttrstenbcrg, 
Mecklenburg,  Nov.  21,  1827.     Pupil  of  S.  W. 
Derm  in  Uerlin  (1847);   lR53;  vice-conductor, 
rl 


1876,  regular  cond.  of  the  Uerlin 
He  is  a  vocal  composer  in  the  strict  style.  The 
titles  of  "R.  Music-director"  and  4t  Prof."  have 
been  conferred  on  him.  —  Works:  2  oratorios, 
Abraham  (1860),  and  /J«r  Fall  Jcntsdkms 
(1881);  cantata  Columbus  (1853);  To  Down  in 
8  parts;  motets,  psalms,  Uedtr^  etc. 

Bliith'ner  [blttt-],  Julius  Ferdinand,  b,  Vul- 
kenhain,  n.  Merseburg,  March  n,  1824.  Cele- 
brated piano-maker,  Koundecl  his  establishment 
at  Leipzig,  1853,  with  3  workmen;  has  now 
(1897)  over  500,  and  turns  out  some  SCXXD  pianos 
yearly.  lias  taken  many  first  medals. 

Boccheri'ni,  Luigi,  b,  Lucca,  Italy,  Feb.  19, 
1743;  d.  Madrid,  May  28,  1805.  Pupil  of  Abbate 
Vannucci,  and  studied  later  in  Rome.  Being  a 
fine  'cellist,  he  undertook  a  long  concert-tour 
with  the  violinist  Manfredi;  in  1768  they  were 
In  Paris,  and  H.  publ.  his  op.  r  (6  string-quar- 
tets), also  2  books  oC  trios  f.  2  vlns,  and  'cello, 
These  charming  works  established  his  fame  as  a 
chamber-composer.  In  1769  ho  settled  in  Ma. 
drid  as  chamber-virtuoso  to  the  Infante  Luis, 
and  Inter  to  the  King.  In  1787  he  dedicated  a 
work  to  Kriedrich  WUhelm  1  1.  of  Prussia,  who 
thereupon  conferred  on  him  the  title  of  chamber- 
composer,  with  a  salary  which  ceased  at  the  King's 


death  in  1797.  After  this,  excepting  a  brief  period 
under  the  munificent  pulioimge  of  Lueien  Hcmn- 
parte,  IJ  *s  affairs  went  fu>m  bad  to  woise,  ,ind 
he  died  in  extieme  poveity.  Jlcwas  a  piolitic 
chamber-composer  (2  octets,  16  sextets,  125 
string-quintets,  12  pi.  -quintets,  iS  quintets  f. 
strings  and  flute  [or  oboe],  <}i  strinn-qu:irtets, 
54  string-trios,  42  trios,  son.ilas  and  duets  f. 
vln.,  etc.  Also  20  symphonies,  an  opera,  an 
orchestral  suite,  a  'cello-concerto,  sacred  music, 
etc.).  Monograph  on  Ilot'clierini'h  life  nnd  works 
by  L.  Piccjuot  (1851);  also  by  II.  M,  Sell  let  terer 
(Leipzig,  iJr.  und  11.) 

Boch,  Franz  de,  1).  Potenslein,  Hoheniia, 
Feb.  14,  1808.  'Cellist,  pupil  of  Prague  Cons.; 
he  joined  the  couit  01  eh.  at  Stuttgart  in  1^35, 
and  taught  in  the  C'ons.  from  1850. 

Boch'koltz-Falconi,  Anna  (properly  Bock- 
holtz),  I>.  Fnmkfoil,  iS2o;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  24, 
1870.  Vocalist,  pupil  of  UniHsclH  Cons.  Settled 
in  Paris,  us  a  teacher,  in  1^50.  Shu  pul»l.  sortj^s 
and  vocal  studies. 

Boch'sa,  Karl,  b.  Hohemia  ;  d.  Paris,  1821, 
as  a  music-seller.  He  was  previously  oboist  in 
Lyons  and  llortlcaiix  theatres,  —  Works;  q  cjutir- 
tcts  f.  clar,  and  strings;  o,  (jiiarlet'i  f,  olxnr  and 
strings;  6  duos  concertants  f.  a  oboes;  a  chir.- 
conccrto;  s  quintets;  a  Method  f.  Flute;  do.  f. 
Clarinet. 

Boch'sa,  Robert-Nicolas-Charles,  sou  of 
Karl  IJ.;  b.  MoiUiu&ly,  Meus(»,  Aujf.  (;,  lyHtj;  d. 


Sydney,  Australia,  Jan.  o,  iHgu,  At  first  his 
fathers  pupil,  he  played  in  public  at  7,  wrote  a 
symphony  at  <),  and  un  opera  at  r(>.  Me  stmtiwl 
under  Fr.  Heck  (liortleaux),  utul  Mt'hul  ami  Cn* 
tclat  l*aris  Cons.  (iHt)O);  Natlermann  and  Marln 
were  his  harp-teachers,  hut  lit-  devised  novel 
methods;  he  bocanut  harpist  to  Napoleon,  nnd 
also  to  Louis  XVI  n.  Dole.eted  in  forgeries,  he 
fled  to  London  (1817);  Parish-  A  Ivunuiwl  Clwller- 
ton  were  his  pupils  Uvrc,  Wit  h  Su»iirt  h«  i  nnu^tt- 
rated  the  Lenten  oratorios  in  r8»a,  con(hielinjf 
them  alone  from  1823.  1  1  c  was  Imrii-prof,  at  t  he 
Acad.  of  Music  from  1822-7,  when  he  w«s  dis- 
missed; from  1820-33  lie  eowlueUHl  Hal.  opera 
at  the  King's  Th.;  in  1839110  eloped  with  Sir 
Henry  Bishop's  wife,  made  long  eoueert-toutu 
with  her  in  Kuropo  ami  Amnrtati,  mul  Jinnlly 
went  to  Australia.—  Works  :  y  French  operas, 
one  prod,  in  Lyons  (1804),  thw  ix*ht  in  Purirt, 
(ifi  13-16);  4  balletn;  (in  oratorio;  orchestral 
music,  etc.;  very  man  v  compositions  of  nil  ktmta 
f.  harp;  and  a  Methocl  f.  I  htrp  (a  Httindard  work). 

Bttck'eler.  Heinrich,  b,  C.obfrne/July  rr, 
1836;  in  1862  vicar-choral  and  conductor  of 
cathedral  -chqir  at  Aix-la^ChutxiUcj  nlnc«  1876, 
editor  of  the  k'Gregwriufi-bbitt.H**\VorlM: 
Church-music;  choruses  f.  men's  voices, 

Bdckh,  August,  b,  Kartoruhe,  Nov.  34,  1785; 
d.  Iterlin,  Aug.  3,  1867.  Phitotogfa  unct  nntU 
quarian;  prof,  at  lierlin  ITtiiv,  Wrote  ft  KcholaHy 
treatise,  '*  De  melrifi  IHttdari"  (introd,  to  ht» 
ed.  of  Pindar,  1831), 


BOOKLET— 


Bock'let,  Karl  Maria  von,  brilliant  pianist; 
b.  Prague,  I  KOI  ;  <1,  Vienna,  July  15,  iHHi. 
Pupil  of  Zaxvora  (Prague1)  and  Hummel  (Wet- 
mar)  for  pf,;  of  Dionys  Weber  (Praj»iu-)  f. 
comp.;  anil  of  Pixis  f.  vln  In  iftao,  violinist 
at  the  Vienna  "  Th.  nn  der  Wien  "  ;  latei  he 
embraced  the  career  ol  a  concert-pianist  and  pf,- 
tcaeher  ;  Louis  Kohle-r  and  Jacob  lUumcnthal 
weic  his  pupils. 

Bock'mtihl,  Robert  Emil,  b.  Frankfort, 
1820  ;  (1.  there  Nov.  3,  iSHi.  'Cellist  and  com- 
pose i  I.  Velio. 

Bocks'horn  ("  Capricornus'1),  Samuel,  b. 
Oemuny,  loatj;  <l.  Stuttj»iut,  !()<><)(?).  Musical 
di  lector  lit  Trinity  (Mi.,  Piesslmrn,  and  (1657) 
A"</>V//-w.  to  the  Duke  of  Warttember^,  lie  publ. 
masses,  motets,  dr.,  an<l  secular  songs  and 
piano-pie(!es, 

Bocquillon-Wilhem,  G.  L.    Sou  Wiui  KM. 

Bo'de,  Johann  Joachim  Christoph,  bom 
Harum,  Itrtitiswirk,  Jan.  16,  1731);  d.  Weimar, 
Dec.  13,  170.1.  Oboist  in  Cello,  1755  ;  fmm 
1762-3,  music-t  earlier  and  editor  at  Hamburg 
and  later  became  Lessin^'s  partner  as  printer 
and  publisher,  Settled  in  Weimar  1778.  Publ. 
concertos  f.  'cello,  bassoon,  and  vlu.  ;  sym- 
phonies, etc, 

Bo'denschatz,  Erhard,  b,  Liohtenbcrg,  Sax- 
ony, 1570;  d.  as  pastor  at  llross-Osterhausen, 
n,  (jucrfurl,  in  1038.  lie  publ.  valuable  collec- 
tions: "  KloriJctgium  1'ortense"  (Lt'ipsig,  1603 
rind  roiS),  containing  115  motets;  ditto  (and 
part,  Lcipxig,  loai)  containinjjf  150  motets,  all 
by  contemporaries;  also  u  Klciriltitfium  sanctis.si- 
monun  hynmoruiti  "  for  schools  (iftofi  ;  last  cd,, 
1721).  t  fis  own  compositions  arcs  less  imcrcHtiuu» 

Boe'decker,  Louis,  pianist;  b.  Hamburg, 
1845,  lives  tlwre  ns  MHiHuMeuchttr  and  critic. 
Pupil  of  K.  Marxsen.  Publ,  works,  nbt,  30 
pf,*pcrt.  ;  songs  j  in  MSM  orchestral,  choral, 
and  chant  be  r-music, 

Boehm  ;  Boehme.    Sec  ItOrrM,  UOIIMB. 

Boe'kclman,  Bernardus,  pianist  ;b.  Utrecht, 
Holland,  June  t;,  1838.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
musical  director  A.  J.  H,  ;  Ht,  1837^0,  under 
MoKchulcH,  Rkhtcr  and  Huuplmann,  at  l-clp- 
zljar  C.onx.  ;  tWia-4,  private  pupil  of  Billow, 
Kle.l  and  Wcltxiuaun  at  Uerllu,  alno  teaching  at 
Htftru'n  Conn.  Since  rH6f»  iu  New  York,  where 
he  foundtul  And  directed  (till  t«88)  the  N^V, 
Trio  Club  for  ehamber-etmcertH.  From  1883- 
97,  MUH,  Dir,  lit  Ihft  UulicV  School  in  Karm- 
fiiffton,  Coniuj  now  (1899)  privuto  instructor  in 
New  Yt^rk*  JJ,  In  a  wm-ktwwn  teacher  und 


player.  I  IUH  «tmijwwd  for  orvh.,  amt  hivs  publ. 
special  etude*  f.  pf.;  solo  pc.n.  f,  pf,,  4  and  8 
hands;  n<'«.  f*  Via.  und  pf.,  and  wn$H,  His 
ottl  wHtton  of  Itoch's  ^WdMwnpcwd 
l,"  in  colora,  is  unique. 

,  L6on,  comp.»  orjcanUt^  and  plan- 
iftt;  b,  Knnl»ht-ini,  AUttia,  Sept.  35,  1862;  d* 
i'ari*,  Oct.  U,  t8ej7«  A  punff  of  the*  Nieder- 
meyer  School,  Pan*,  hl»  twct^r  being  tt>*  cet^ 


bmted  organist  (Ji^out,  in  whose  Orjran  School 
U.  taught  later.  A  successful  composer  in 
almost  all  styles,  he  left  68  published  works  ; 
amoni>  his  noteworthy  orchestral  eomp.s  arc  a 
symphony,  J'ttriafitwt  lytnphotnques^  and  a 
Fanttusic  tfitifo$HA\  w.  organ  (all  produced  by 
Lamoureux). 

Boe'ly,  Alexandre-Pierre-Frangois,  b.  Ver- 
sailles, Apr.  icj,  1785;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  27,  1858. 
Pianist  ;  also  vln.-pupil  of  Ladurncr  at  Paris 
Cons.,  and  organist  (for  some  years  at  St.- 
Gurmain  1'Auxerrois).  lie  wrote  a  mass  for 
Christmas,  4  ofTertoires  and  many  other  pcs.  f. 
org.,  much  pf.-music,  and  3  string-trios,  etc, 

Boers,  Joseph  Karel,  b.  Nymwejrcn,  IIol- 
knd,  1812;  d  Delft,  Oct.  I,  l8(/>.  Pupil  of 
LUbcck  at  R.  C'nns.  at  The  Hague  ;  1831  cond, 
at  K.  Th.  there.  Held  similar  posts  at  Paris 
and  Mctss;  1841,  app.  prof,  at  the  Normal 
School,  Nymwegcn,  and  cond.  of  Choral  Soci- 
ety; 1853,  app.  music-director  at  Delft.  He  wrote 
an  inlet  ckhting  **  History  of  Musical  Tnstr  s  in 
the  Middle  Ages";  also  a  complete  bibliogra- 
phy of  ancient  and  modern  mus.  works  produced 
in  the  Netherlands,  Composed  a  .symphony, 
overtures,  cantatas,  songs,  etc. 

Boesset,  Antoine,  Sicur  de  Villedieu,  In- 
tcndant  of  Music  to  Louis  XIII  ;  b.  abt.  1585; 
d.  1643,  Celebrated  us  the  composer  of  many 
"  Airs  de  cour"  in  4  or  5  parts,  and  of  numer- 
ous ballets. 

Boe'tius  [bo-a'-te-usl  (or  Boethius),  Anicius 
Manlius  Torquatus  Severinus,  b.  Rome  abt. 
475  A.  l>.,  executed  524  ((>?),  on  »u»i>icion  of 
treason,  by  Thcodoric,  who.se  counsellor  he  had 
been  for  yours.  Philosopher  and  mathemati- 
cian ;  author  of  "Do  Musica,"  a  Latin  trea- 
tise (in  5  books)  on  Creek  music,  which  was 
the  chief  source  for  the  theorizing  monks  of  the 
middle  ages.  Jtesides  MSS.  in  many  libraries, 
4*  De  Musica"  ha«  been  publ.  at  Venice  (149  1- 
aaml  V)()),  Ilasel  (t57o),  and  Leipzig  (r867); 
and  in  a  (  icrman  transl.  by  Oscar  Paul,  with  in- 
teresting introduction,  at  Ldpxig  (1872). 

BohKmann,  Theodor  Heinrich  Friedrich, 
pianist;  b.  ()atckrwieck  am  Hans,  Germany,  June 
«3i  ^865  ;  st.  with  Dr.  Stade  (Leipzig),  Barth, 
Klindworth,  Tientch,  d'Albert,  and  Mos«kowski 
(Herlin).  I)(!but  Berlin,  March  3,  1890,  marked 
success  ;  concert-tour  in  Germany,  b'rom  Sept.  , 
iHcy>,  prof,  of  pf.  at  Cincinnati  Cons.  lias 
given  many  successful  concerts. 

Bohm,  Karl.  b.  Berlin,  Sept.  xx,  1844,  pupil 
of  Lttachhom,  Ketairaiann,  and  Geyer*  Pianist 
and  Jvz&tf-compOHer  ;  lives  in  Berlin*  —  Works  : 
Trio^  pf.-pcs.,  vln.-mu«ic>  song«. 

Btthm,  Georg,  organist  and  clftvichordist;  b. 
(Joldbach,  Thunngia,  1661;  d.  Lttneburg,  1734- 
His  organ-preludes  and  suites  rank  high  among 
works  of  the  time. 

B6hm,  Theobald,  inventor  of  the  " 
ute";  l>.  Munich,  Apr, 
5,  1881.    Flutiftt^  comp, 


flute";  l>.  Munich,  Apr,  <j,  1794;  d,  there  Nov. 
comp,  f.  fl.-,  u  Ho£musiku»,w 


73 


BOHM— BOIELPTEtT 


and  member  of  the  rojalorch. — His  s>stcm  of 
construction  marks  a  new  departure  in  the  make 
of  wood-wind  instr.s.  To  rendei  the  flute 
acoustically  peifect,  he  fixed  the  position  and 
size  of  the  holes  so  as  to  obtain,  not  convenience 
in  fingering,  but  purity  and  fullness  of  tone  ; 
all  holes  are  covered  by  keys,  u  hereby  prompt 
and  accurate  "speaking"  is  assured  ;  and  the 
bore  is  modified,  altering  the  tone  not  inconsid- 
erably. 

Bohm,  Joseph,  b  Pesth,  Mar.  4,  1795  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Mar  28,  1876.  Violinist,  pupil  of  his 
father;  at  8  years  of  age  he  made  a  concert-tour 
to  Poland  and  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  studied 
for  some  years  under  I*.  Rode.  His  first  con- 
cert at  Vienna  (1815)  was  very  successful ;  after 
a  trip  to  Italy,  he  was  app.  (1810.)  vln.-prof.  at 
Vienna  Cons.,  and  (1821)  entered  Ihe  Imp. 
orch.  lie  formed  distinguished  pupils — Joa- 
chim, Ernst,  Auer,  Ilellmesbergcr  (Sr.),  Singer, 
Ludwift,  Strausb,  Rappoldi,  Ilauser,  etc.  Re- 
tired from  Cons.  1848,  from  orch.  1868. — Wrote 
concert-pcs.  and  quartets  ;  also  duets,  songs,  etc. 

Bohm,  Joseph,  b.  KUhniUs,  Moravia,  Feb.  y, 
1841  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  G,  1893  Pupil  of  Booklet 
and  Krenn,  Vienna ;  1865  organist,  1867  choir- 
master, 1877  Kapellm.  at  the  Hofpfarrkirchc, 
Vienna ;  also  director  of  the  school  of  church- 
music  of  the  Ambrosius-Verein. 

Bbh'xne,  Jphann  August,  founded  a  busi- 
ness for  publishing  and  selling  music  at  Ham- 
burg, 1794.  His  son,  Justus  Kduard  H.,  suc- 
ceeded him  in  1839,  and  his  grandson,  August 
Eduurd  Ii.,  in  3885. 

Bbh'me,   August    Julius    Ferdinand,  b. 

Ganderheim,  Ilrunswick,  Feb.  4,  1815  ;  d.  there 
May  30,  1883.  Pupil  of  Spohr;  AtyW////.  of 
theatres  at  Iternc  and  Geneva ;  1846,  cond.  of 
the  "  Euterpe"  at  Dordrecht.  Has  composed 
orchestral  and  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. 

Bdh'rae,  Franz  Magnus,  b.  Willcrstcdt,  n. 
Weimar,  Mar.  IT,  1827  ;  d.  Dresden,  Oct.  18, 
1898.  Pupil  of  J.  G.  Tdpfer  (Weimar),  and 
Ilauptmann  and  Rietz  (Lcipxig).  For  20  years 
music-teacher  in  Dresden  ;  received  the  title  of 
"  Prof."  from  the  King;  1878,  teacher  of  cpt. 
and  hist,  of  muMC  at  I  loch  Cons,,  Krankforl  ; 
retired  1885  to  Dresden.— Literary  works :  u  Alt- 
deutsches  Liedcrbuch  "  (Leipzig,  1877;  a  roll, 
of  Germ,  folk-songs — words  and  melodies— of 
the  I2th-i7th  centuries);  tc Auffjabenbuch  zum 
Studium  der  Harmonic"  (c88o) ;  "  Kursus  dcr 
Harmonic  "  (Mayence,  1882) ;  "  Oeschichte  dcs 
Tanzes  in  Deutschland"  (Uipxitf,  1895).  He 
is  the  editor  of  Krk's  "  Dcutscher  Lieclerhort" 
(MS.);  and  has  publ.  several  books  of  sacred 
part-songs  and  male  choruses, 

Bdh'mer,  Karl  (Hermann  Ehrfried),  violin- 
ist nnd  composer ;  b.  The  Hague,  Nov.  6,  1799  ; 
d.  IJerlin,  July  20,  1884.  l*upil  of  Polled ro  ; 
1835,  member  of  the  roynl  orch. ,  Herlm  .—Works : 
Operas  (MttrMnig  nud  seftt  Mebchtn*  etc.),  or- 
chestral music,  much  valuable  violin-music,  etc. 


Bonn,  Emil,  b.  TJiclau,  n.  Ncisse,  Jan.  14, 
1839.  Student  of  philol.nl  Urcslau  ;  lull  later 
de\olcd  himself  to  mu.sie.  ^1>S,  or^  of  the 
"  Krcu/kirche,"  ftreslau  ,  also  louiuled  llu1  Uohn 
Choral  Society,  noted  for  its  historical  conceits. 
1884,  /?;•  ptiil  hon.  tamti  (Hreslau),  director  of 
the  UmverbityC'hoial  Society,  ancllectinei  at  the 
Univ.,  also  mus.  cntic  of  the  '*  Drcslaiiei  Xei 
tuiiif  "  1895,  **  K.  Prof,  of  Music"  —  \Voiks. 
**  Uibliographie  d.  Musiktliurkworki*  bis  I7<x>, 
wclche  auf  der  UniviMsilatsjMl^jothi'k,  etc,,  xu 
IJreslau  aufbewalirt  weideu  "  (icS83)  ;  "  I  )ic  mus. 
Ilandschriftea  des  16.  uiul  17.  Jahrh.  in  dor 
Stocltbihl.  xu  Ureshiu  "  (iHyo).  lie  lias  com- 
posed part-songs  and  songs  ;  and  cclitc<l  the  j)f.- 
wotks  of  Mendelssohn  and  Chopin. 

BSh'ner,  Johann  Ludwig,  b.  Tottolstedt,  n. 
Gotha,  Jan.  8,  1787;  d.  near  (Jotha,  Mar.  28, 
18(10.  A  composer  of  j>roal  talent  but  wosik 
character—  the  reputed  original  of  K.  A,  T. 
Ilonmann's  *'  Kreisler."  Kxcopthitf  a  year 
(1810)  as  h'apctliH*  at  Nuremberg,  ho  led  a  rov- 
ing life,  and  finally  became,  addicted  to  drink. 
—  \Voiks;  An  opera,  /)?)  tbriJtrttMsfriit,*  over- 
lures,  maiehes,  dances,  etc.,  f.  orch.;  concertos 
ami  sonatas  L  pf.;  much  left  in  MS. 

Boh'rer,  Anton,  b.  Munich,  1783;  d.  Han- 
over, 1852.  Violinist,  pupil  of  R.  KroutxtT  in 
Paris.  Composed  chamber-music,  also  con- 
certos and  solo-pcs,  f,  \In.  With  his  brother 
Max,  the  'cellist,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Itovn- 
rian  court  oich.;  from  iK  10-14  the  two  made 
touis  through  Austria,  Poland,  Kussia,  Scan- 
dinavia and  England  ;  iKis  in  Kranco,  iKaohi 
Italy,  hi  1834,  Anton  became  leader  of  orch. 
at  Hanover, 

Bonder,  Max,  'cello-  virtuoso,  h.  Munich, 
1785;  d.  Stuttgart,  Feb.  ssH,  iH»7.  After  long 
concert-tours  with  Anton,  ho  settled  (rK^a)  in 
Stuttgart  us  iirst  'cellist  in  the  ordi.  Tour  in 
the  United  Slates,  1842-43.  Compositions  of 
minor  importance, 

Boieldieu,  Frangois-Adriea,  French  dra- 
matic comp,;  b.  Koucn,  Dec.  16,  1775;  d.  Jarcy, 
n,  (Jnjsbois,  Oct.  8, 
1834.  Son  of  Aioh- 
bishon  Liirwhefou- 
caulcl  \ssccretttry;  his 
mother  was  a  mil* 
liner.  Th  rough  con* 
jugiil  differences,  the 
pair  were  divorced, 
and  the  boy  was  Ap- 
prenticed to  Broche, 
the  cathedral  organ- 
i»l,  a  pupil  c>C  VftUrt 
Martini.  Hroche,  of 
inteitipomto  Imbits, 
wa«  brutal  ;  the  boy, 


away  ;  he  went  on  t 

foot  to  Paris,  and  wo«  witlx  difficulty  foxind  and 
brought  Iwsk.  Droche  appear*  tr>  have  bwr»  hl» 
only  teacher,  natural  talent  supplying  the  lack  of 


74 


BOIKLDIEU— BOISSELOT 


serious  study.  At  r8  yrs.  of  age,  he  prod,  with 
success  mi  opera  to  his  father's  lihictto,  /.a  fille 
cottpabk  (Rouen,  1703),  followed,  in  17^5,  by 
A'Mttftt'  ft  J/r/'w.  His  local  icputation  en- 
coutagcd  him  to  extend  his  sphere,  and  again 
he  walked  to  I'm  is,  but  his  reception  was  chill- 
ing, i»»d  hi»  wus  j»l:ul  to  earn  n  living  by  teaching1 
and  piano-liming,  Krard  employing  him.  lie 
made  the  iicquuinUiiu'e.  of  Mehul,  Rode,  Cheru- 
bim, and  lliii  at  the  tenor,  who  sang  the  young 
man's  songs  in  public,  mid  thus  procured  him 
recognition  and  a  publisher.  ll  l.e 
14  »S'V/  fsf  r/ttf  </ttt'  r/V//v  rt 


</ttt'  r///v  rtV/M,"  u  0  toi  t/ut 
j'aintf"  are  still  found  on  concert-pi  ognuns. 
Kievee  the  novelist  wiole  him  a  libretto,  and  l.a 
Dot  ifr  SimMt\  in  one  net,  was  prod,  with  suc- 
cess (Opera-Corn.,  I7<)0),  followed  in  1797  by  La 
Fa  milk  suiss?  (Th.-Keydeau).  1798  saw  the 
production  of  pf.-sonataH,  pf.-  and  harp-duets, 
and  :i  pf.-amtvrlo  ;  their  success  obtained  for 
him,  a  yeais  later,  the  appointment  of  professor 
of  piano  at  the  Paris  Conservatory.  Jforaimf  et 
Kulutin*  (i7()H),  //fv//Vwv4/,  aim  f,e  Calif  e  ttf 
/tyyviW  (  MX  0,  added  l<  >  his  reputation,  C  'her  u- 
bini  good-naturedly  twitted  him  on  his  "  un- 
deserved success,"  and  II.  took  a  strict  course 
of  contrapuntal  study,  benefiting  much  by  the 
advice  of  Cherubini  and  M<5hul.  Three  years 
elapsed,  and  jlftt  htnte  Aurorc  (Th.-Keydeau, 
1803),  showed  marked  improvement,  and  was 
greeted  with  great  applause.  In  1802  he  had 
married  Clotilde-Auguste  Mafletiroy,  a  ballet- 
dancer,  and  the  conjugal  misery  that  resulted 
caused  his  self-expatriation  in  1803.  lie  went 
to  St.  Petersburg,  ami  was  app.  cond.  of  the 
Imperial  Opera,  with  a  handsome  salary.  He 
stayed  in  Russia  K  yrs.;  his  contract  included 
3  operat*  per  nnmmi,  and  a  number  of  military 
march  OH,  but  of  this  |>eriotl  little  was  worthy  of 
preservation.  Trouble  tot  ween  Russia  and 
France  brought  It,  back  to  Paris  In  i8n.  A 
revival  of  Ma  tank  s/it/wv,  the  production  of  a 
revised  version  of  A'tentfttnif  (camp,  in  Russia), 
followed  in  rHifl  by  font  d?  /V//v>,  created  the 
wildest  enthusiasm,  'oponv  having  been  at  a  low 
ebb  for  .some  time.  In  iHt  7  he  succeeded  Mchul 
ait  prof,  of  com  p.  at  the  COOK.,  and  was  elected 
a  Member  of  Iht*  huti/ut.  In  1818  fa  pttit 
(haperm  nw&f  waa  another  triumph.  In  i8ai 
he  WUH  cmited  <f.hevalitir  of  the  Jxj^ion  of 
Honor.  Precarious  health  caused  A  silence  of 
7  yra.,  but  in  18*5  An  AJ/W  bfamhe  root  with 
unpundleled  SUCCCSH,  and  remains  his  c/icf 

his 


IIo  WHH  well  remunerated  for 
butt  opera,  t,<*$  deux  nw'tx  (tHa<)),  but  it  wan  a 
failure,  In  delicate  health,  with  pulmonary 
trouble  contracted  in  Russia,  mortification  and 
disappointment  njf^vattttl  the  complnint.  His 
first  wife  had  died  in  iHas,  and  in  1857  he  mar- 
ried Mile.  Phiilis,  ,L  winder,  and  the  mother  of 
hto  only  »on  AdHen  V.  (below).  Thin  union  was 
most  happy,  mid  In  hi*  Iwt  tiuyR  of  illneiw  and 
pecuniary  djfiiculties,  he  VOA  much  conKoled  by 
hew*  kindly  euro  And  unswerving  fidelity.  I  to  had 
from  tfrt  Cotwervtitaiy  ia 


pension,  but  in  1830  the  new  pfovernment  re- 
voked the  pension.  lie  applied  for  reinstate- 
ment at  the  Cons.,  was  reappoiuted,  but  did  not 
teach  again;  for  Thiers,  minister  of  Louis  Phi- 
lippe, recognized  the  master's  work,  and  re- 
lieved his  anxieties  by  an  annual  giant  of  Gooo 
francs.  A  journey  to  Pisa  in  search  of  health  was 
of  no  benefit;  he  returned  to  Paris,  but  again 
had  to  seek  the  mild  Southern  climate,  and  died 
at  his  country-house  at  Jarcy.  Among  his 
pupils  were  Zimmerman,  Fctis,  Adam,  and 
I-abarre.  —  IJoicldieu  ranks  as  the  foremost  com- 
poser of  his  generation,  of  French  op£ra-tomiqite+ 
Despite  the  carelessness  of  his  early  education, 
his  masterpieces  exhibit  evidences  of  painstaking 
and  conscientious  labor,  resulting  in  a  high  de- 
gree of  finish  and  perfection.  Besides  the  operas 
mentioned,  he  collaborated  with  Cherubini  in 
Ui  /*risoHni&re  (1799);  with  Mthul,  Kreutzer, 
ft  at.  in  I*e  Jiaistfr  et  fa  Quittance  (1802)  ;  w. 
Cherubini,  Catol,  and  NiccolA  Isouard—  his 
former  rivals  —  in  Bayard  &  Jl/Satires;  w. 
Kreutzcr  in  1/enri  IV  en  Voyage  (1814)  ;  w. 
Mme.  (Jail,  pupil  of  Fetis,  in  Angela,  ou 
I'  A  teller  dc  Jean  Cousin  (1814)  ;  w.  Herald  in 
Charles  tfe  firante;  w.  Cherubim,  JJerton  et  al. 
in  La  Cour  ttes  MM  (1821)  ;  w.  Auber  in  Les 
inns  Genres;  w.  Cherubini,  Herton,  et  <//.,  in 
Pharanmnd;  w.  Herton  et  aL  in  La  Marquise  tie 
finnminpts.  —  Biographical:  *'  K.,  sa  vieetses 
"  (1875),  by  A.  Pougin. 


Boieldieu,  Adrien-L.-V.,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing; b.  Paris,  Nov.  3,  1816;  d.  n.  Paris,  July, 
1883.  Wrote  several  attractive  operas  and  oper- 
ettas; also  masses,  cantatas,  etc. 

BoisdefFre,  Charles-Henri-Rene",  b.  Vesoul 
(Haute-Savoie),  1838.  Composer  of  numerous 
songs,  church-music,  chamber-music,  etc,  Chcv. 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  1894. 

Boise,  Otis  Bardwell,  b.  Obcrlin,  Ohio, 
Aug.  13,  1845.  Organist  at  14.  In  1861  stud- 
ied under  Hauptmann,  Kichter,  Moscheles,  etc., 
ut  Ixiipzig;  1864  under  Kullak  at  Berlin.  1864- 
70,  organist  and  teacher  in  Cleveland;  1870-76, 
in  New  York;  1876-78,  spent  in  Kurope.  Now 
(1899)  living  in  Berlin  as  a  teacher,  —  Works  • 
Symphonies  and  overtures  for  orch.;  pf.-con- 
Sf  and  minor  pieces. 


Boisselot,  Jean-Louis,  b.  Montpellier  about 
1785  ;  d.  Marseilles,  1847.  A  maker  of  stringed 
inslr.s  at  Montpellier,  he  removed  to  Marseilles, 
and  soon  set  up  a  successful  piano-factory,  of 
which  his  eldest  son,  Louis  (1809-50),  was  the 
manager  ;  Kran9oiH,  the  present  proprietor,  is 
the  founder's  grandson. 

Boisselot,  Xavier,  second  son  of  J.-L.  B.  ; 
dramatic  composer  ;  b.  MontpelUer,  Dec.  3, 
1811;  d.  Marseilles,  Apr.  io»  1893.—  Works: 
The  operas  Ne  louche*  pas  h  la  reine  (Paris, 
1847)  ;  Asfosquitfi  fa  sorctire  (Paris,  1851)  ; 
rAngt  dhhu  (Marseilles,  1869)  ;  and  a  cantata, 
Vtlltda  (1836). 


BOITO— BONONCINI 


Boi'to,  Arrigo,  poet  and  opera-composer;  b. 
Padua,  Feb.  24,  1842.  From  1853-02,  pupil  of 
Milan  Cons  (Maxzucato  and  Konchetti-Mon- 
teviti).  His  first  important  ventures  \\erc  two 
cantatas,  //  4  di  giugno  (1860)  and  Le  bowll? 
d'ltaha  (1862);  a  long  sojourn  in  (Germany  and 
Poland  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  hear  Wag- 
ner's music,  of  which  he  became  a  passionate 
admirer  and  advocate  In  1868  he  produced 
the  opera  Alcjhtojele  at  Milan,  though  he  had 
worked  on  it  several  years,  it  \\as  almost  a  total 
failure,  but  friendly  comments  induced  him  to 
remodel  it,  and  in 
its  new  form  it 
met  with  immense 
success  at  Bologna 
(1875),  Hamburg 
(1880),  Milan  (La 
Scab,  1881),  etc. 
In  spite  of  this 
success,  his  earlier 
opera  JKn*  e  Lcatt- 
dio,  and  2  later 
ones,  Net  one  and 
Orestf  ('),  aie  yet 
awaiting  produc- 
tion. U.  wrote  the 
libretto  for  Aleji- 
siofele  ;  also  for  Ponchielli's  (tiocwufa,  Uottcsi- 
ni  s  Km  ?  Leamiro,  Verdi's  Otelfa  and  1'ahtaff, 
Faccio's  Antlelo,  Coronaro's  Un  Trctmonto  ;  his 
poetry  is  highly  esteemed  in  Italy.  A  fre- 
quently assumed  pen-name  is'the  anagiamnmtic 
"  Tobio  (lorria.11  From  the  King  he  has  the 
titles  of  "  Cavalici  e"  and  "Commumlalotu  "; 
in  i8y2  hcwasapp.  I  nspector-Ocnend  of  Tech- 
nical Instruction  in  the  Italian  (  \msci  vatorjcs 
and  Lyceums;  in  1895  he  was  made  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  lives  in  Milan. 

Bolck,  Oskar,  b.  Ilohenstem,  Kast  Prussia, 
Mar.  4,  1837;  c],  P>rcmen,  May  2,  1888.  Pupil 
(1857)  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Kictz  and  Moscheles). 
After  teaching  in  Lcipxig,  Wiborg  (Finland), 
find  Liverpool,  lie  became  (1868)  A"<//f  */////.  at 
the  Wttrxburg  Th.,  and  1869  at  Aachen.  1875, 
teacher  at  Riga,  where  his  opera  Pierre  und 
Robin  (1876)  was  pnxluccd.  Since  then  he  was 
chorusmasler,  in  I  urn,  at  Leipzig,  I  lam  burg,  and 
Hremen.  He  wrote  3  other  operas,  Gndntn  and 
/>;•  Schmiwt  von  tiretntt  Crew  (both  not  perf.)» 
pf.  -music,  songs,  etc. 
Boli'dus.  See  WAWJCK. 
Bol'te,  Johannes,  contemporary  (Jermfln 
writer;  author  of  ll  Die  Singspicle  der  cnglischen 
Comodianten  und  ihrer  Nachfolger  in  Deutsch- 
lund,  Holland,  und  Skundinavicn  "  (Leipzig, 


Bomtem'po,  Jo  So  Domingos,  fine  pianist  ; 
b.  Lisbon,  1775;  d.  there  Aug.  13,  1842.  lie 
went  in  1806  to  Paris  for  study,  and  lived  there 
and  in  London  till  ifiao.  In  1833,  Director  of 
Lisbon  Cons.  —  Works:  2  pf.  -concertos,  sonatas 
and  variations  f.  pf.,  an  opera,  several  masses, 
a  requiem;  and  a  Method  f.  pf.  (Ix>ndon,  1816), 


Bo'na,  Giovanni,  cardinal;  b.  Mondovi,  Oct. 
12,  1609;  d.  Rome,  Oct.  25,  1074..  Wiote  "Do 
divina  Psalmodia,  .  .  tractntus  histoncus, 
symbolicus,  asceticus"  (Rome,  1053),  contain- 
ing valuable  information  on  ancient  church- 
music, 

Bo^nawitz  (or  Bonewitz),  Johann  Hein- 
rich,  b.  Durkheim-on-Rlunc,  Dec.  4,  1819. 
Pupil  of  the  Liege  Cons  till  1852,  when  his 
paicnts  took  him  to  America.  Lived  iK<)i-6  in 
Wiesbaden,  Paris,  and  London,  giving  concerts 
and  teaching.  Fiom  1872-3  he  nmdwU'd  the 
44  Popular  Symphony  Conceits"  in  New  Yoik, 
an  enterprise  which  failed,  owing  to  lack  of 
popular  appreciation ;  aftiM  a  sum'ssiulpi.mistic 
tour  in  the  U,  S.  (rS7^),  lie  pioduocd  i»  operas 
in  Philadelphia,  The  Hride  of  Messina  (187.)), 
and  Otfioknktt  (1^75).  lU'tunu'd  to  Kuropi^ 
1876,  and  has  since  lived  in  Vicuna  and  Lon- 
don. He  has  composed  2  other  operas,  and  a 
variety  of  pf. -music. 

Bo'nicke,  Hermann,  b.  Kndnrf,  Nov.  26, 
1821,  d.  Hernwmi.stadl,  Transylvania,  Dec.  12, 
1871),  as  conductor  of  th«  Musical  Society  then1. 
— Works .  An  opera,  Ar  IMcsring  ;  part- 
songs  for  nu'ii's  voice's  ;  an  cxc^lleul  Method  ol 
Choral  Singing  ;  and  "  Kunst  dos  fruieu  Orgcl- 
spiels  "  (a  valuable  work). 

Boniven'ti  (or  Bpneventi),  Giuseppe,  dra- 
matic comp.,  b.  Venice  abt.  K)oo;  d.  (?).  He 
was  w.  til  ea/>p.  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua,  later  to 
the  court  of  Hatlen.  Wrote  1 1  operas  for  Venire, 
and  one  for  Turin. 

Bonnet,  Jacques,  b.  Paris,  16,14 ;  d.  there 
1724.  Publ.  4i  HiKtoirc  de  la  musujue  <-t  <U»  ses 
effets,  depuis  son  orlgimt  jus(tu*a  i>rc'scnt " 
(1715),  and  **  Histoirede  ladause  wic.rcct  et  pr<»> 
fane"  ^733). 

Bonnet,  Jean-Baptiste,  violinist  and  com- 
poser; b.  Montauban,  Apr,  23,  1763;  organist 
there  from  1802;  d.  (?)  Wrote  violin-music  (2 
concertos,  2  symphonies  ttwtertotifcs  f  *  2  vlns, , 
and  many  duos). 

Bon'no  (or  Bono),  Joseph,  b.  Vienna, 
1710;  d.  there  Apr.  15,  1788.  In  173*),  Imperial 
court  comp. ;  1774,  court  AV/V/////.  ;  from  173'-- 
02  he  wrote  20  operas  and  serenades,  also  3  ora- 
torios, 4*p.  Psalms,  and  a  Magnificat,  in  MS. 

Bononci'ni,  Giovanni  Maria)  1).  Mtxlenu, 
1640;  d.  there  Nov.  K),  1078,  Kntered  very 
young  into  the  service  of  Duke  Francesco  II; 
became  later  m.  di  atpp.  in  the  churches  of  S. 
Giovanni  in  Monte,  and  of  S,  Pctronio,  at 
Itologna. — PubK  12  vol.a  (i66(»-78)  containing 
Sinfonic,  (Sighe,  and  Sonate  da  camem  in  1-3 
or  more  parts,  w,  inwtr.s ;  6-p,  MaclrigalB ; 
Allemanden  f.  3-4  instr.s ;  etc.  ;  also  a  work, 
"  Musico-pratico  .  ,  »  ,"  on  song-composition 
and  the  art  of  counterpoint. 

Bononci'ni  [he  usually  wrote  his  name 
Buononcini],  Giovanni  Battiata,  celebrated 
dramatic  composer,  son  of  the  preceding ;  b. 
Modcna,  1660;  d.  Venice  (?),  I7so(or  latwr).  He 


HONONCINf—  1JOOM 


was  taught  at  first  by  his  father ;  then  by 
(i  P.  Colonnannd  Don  fliorjjio  JJuoni  ('cello), 
at  Holoj>ua,  wlii'ic  he  biought  out  some  masses 
and  insliumental  music  (7  \<>1  s,  publ  1085-91). 
In  if><)0  he  was  called  to  Vienna  as  court  'cellist , 
went  to  Rome  in  HKM,  thcie  pioducing  his  iirst 
opera,  7 '////«'  (>.*////<',  and  a  second,  .S«v  <v  (both 
r(K)0-  Returning  to  Vienna  in  r ( ><)(),  he  ht ought 
out  A*/  /v«/<-  pubMini  (I <>()()),  and  r,7/  AQcth  fiih 
fiititnti  vinti  <tal pih  ghnto  (170^ ;  then,  under 
the  pationnjjc  ol  (v)neen  Sophie  Chailolte,  he 
spent  two  yeais  (i^o'V-S)  at  Ucrlin  as  court  com- 
posci,  and  wrote  / W/ /*•/;/<*  (1703)  ,  on  the  sup- 
prcssi  on  ol  llie  opcia-company  alter  the  <Jueen's 
death  (Keb.  I,  1705),  I».  again  betook  himself  to 
Vienna,  where  seveial  new  opeias  weie  pci- 
foi  met  I  ( AW/////*  v/i\  1 7<  >(> ;  7  V/;v/i* .  /  ;vi  ///<>,  1 707  , 
J/rf/vi*  ///x'.j; ///'."<>,  1708  ;  //  »SV/i  fi/itio  di  AW/<>/<>, 
1708  ;  stfiMtwtnWi  170*) ;  A/mh  .SVt-rWr/,  1710; 
etc.).  lit1  also  lesided  and  \\role,  at  intervals, 
in  various  Italian  cities  ;  while  at  Rome,  in 
1710,  he  was  iimtcd  to  London  as  conductor 
and  diam.itic  composer  for  the  new  King's 
Theatre*  and  more  particularly,  imdei  the  Duke 
of  Mai Iboi ouch's  piolection,  as  the  tival  of 
Jl.indcl.  This  opcialic  (almost  political)  war- 
faie  was  waged  with  varying  success  ;  B.  prod. 
stAtti/'/t*  (I7'jo) ;  3  more,  Ctn\  Crh/k^  ami  (/>/- 
sMtt,  in  17122  ;  /'J/;vM*v  (17153) ;  KnniHht(\rj2$) ; 
Caffnrnht  (172.1);  and  Atfhuwttc  [d&t/atiaA\ 
(17:27).  In  I7.U,  however,  it  was  discovered 
that  he  had  given  out,  four  years  previously,  a 
madrigal  by  A.  Lolti  as  of  his  own  composition. 
Disgraced  by  this  act  of  plagiarism,  and  crushed 
by  Handel's  dramatic  supremacy,  H.  lost  posi- 
tion and  friends  ;  in  1733  he  fell  into  the  hands 
of  an  alchemist,  who  swindled  him  out  of  there- 
mains  of  the  fortune  amassed  in  his  days  of  tri- 
umph, lie.  now  wandered  fiom  place  to  place  ; 
turned  up  in  Paris,  11  few  years  later,  when  he 
c,omi>,  n  motel  for  the  "('hapclle  royale,"  j)lny- 
ing  himself  this  Vcllo-ac.com p.  before  the  king; 
in  1737  his  opcm  **//t'.w///r//v  ///  AVV/w,  and  an 
oratorio,  A1(-/v///rf,  wen1  given  in  Vienna ;  and 
aftwr  the  peace,  of  Aix-ln-('hapeilo  the  Kmpcror 
summoned  him  to  Vienna  to  compose  the  festi- 
val music  celebrating  the  event  (17*18).  Soon 
after  this  he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  was  cm- 
ployed  as  theatre-composer,  and  was  still  in  that 
position  at  the  agtt  of  0.0  ;  after  which  all  traces 
of  htm  are  lost. — In  London  It.  publ.  Suites 
f.  harpsichord  (n,  <1.) ;  i'antato  c  Duetti,  dedi- 
cated to  (Jeorge  I.  (1721);  Dlvertimcnti  f. 
harpsichord  (i7ii'J) ;  and  "  rs  sonatas  or  cham- 
ber airs  for  ft  violins  and  a  bass"  (1732). 

Bononci'ni,  Marco  Antonio,  brother  of  the 
preceding  ;  b,  Mcxlemi,  1075  (?);  d.  there  July 
8,  17^6.  Also  it  dramatic  comp.  of  distinction ; 
from  1721  he  WJIH  maestn  to  tho  Duke  of  Mo- 
denn,  Before  this,  he  travelled  in  Italy  and 
Germany,  bringing  out  a  number  of  operas, 
praised  by  Padro  Martini  for  their  "  lofty  style/' 
and  thought  by  him  superior  to  those  of  most 
contemporaries.— Works  :  The  operas  Cant  Ufa, 


rtgina  de*  Vohci  (Vienna,  1 092) ;  Grhelda 
(i7<x>^  ,  AmirMHeda  ;  A  mini  in  ,  &w\ti  i  ,  Jl 
Tin  no  Ammo  (Florence,  1704),  fcknrco 
(Vienna,  1707),  La  Aegina  ttcdnta  n'  (Venice, 
1707);  Tigrant'i  re  tCAtnttuna,  Cnjo  tirtict'o 
(Venice,  1710)  ;  Astunattc  (Venice,  1718)  ;  and 
an  oratorio,  IAI  JJctotfaafaiie  di  J>.  Giovanni 
Batti^ta  (Vienna,  1709). 

Bontem'pi  (surnamed  Angeh'ni),  Giovanni 
Andrea,  b.  Perugia,  abt.  1624  ;  d.  IJmso,  n. 
Perugia,  July  I,  1705.  Maestio  at  Home  and 
Venice,  Liter  in  licrhnand  Dicsdcn  ,  returned  to 
Italy  in  i6c)4,  and  was  in  Paris  in  3697. — Works  : 
3  opcias,  ramie  (1662),  Apollo  t>  Dafne  (1671), 
Jupiter  at  Io  (1073) ,  the  oratorio  lllartirio  di 
fcV.  Rmihano  ;  and  the  treatises  "Nova  quatuor 
vocihus  componendi  methodus  .  .  ."  (1660), 
"  Tiact.  in  quo  demonstrantur  occultae  conveni- 
ent iae  sonorum  systematis  participati"  (1690), 
and  an  "  Istoria  musica,  nella  quale  si  ha 
picna  cognixionc  della  teoria  e  della  pratica  an- 
tica  della  musica  armonica"  (1095). 

Bonvin,  Ludwig1,  b.  Sitlcrs,  Switzerland, 
Feb.  17,  1850  Ilis  mus.  tiainiug  in  eaily 
youth  was  irregular  ;  as  a  musician  he  is  chiefly 
self-taught.  After  a  course  of  medical  study  in 
Vienna,  and  a  journey  to  Italy,  he  entered  the 
Jcsmt  novitiate  in  Holland,  becoming  org.  and 
choirmaster,  and  studying  hannony  and  cpt. ; 
f mther  study  of  early  church-music  at  Fcldkirch, 
Austria,  and  of  Wagner  scores  in  Kngland,  gave 
him  insight  into  the  mysteries  of  composition, 
and  awakened  hi«?  talent  for  composing.  Since 
1887  Father  I.onvin  has  been  director  of  choius 
and  orchestra  at  C.anisius  College,  Uu/Talo, 
N.  Y,,  devoting  all  his  spare  moments  to  theo- 
retical study  and  to  composing. — I  Lis  publ.  works 
include  3  masses,  an<[  much  other  sacred  music 
(Litany,  Vesper,  Ave  Maria,  Kcee  sacerclos, 
Omne  die  die  Mariae,  antiphones,  chants,  sacred 
songs,  hymns,  etc.) ;  "  WiUckind,"  f.  soli,  male 
eh.,  and  orch.  (CJer.  text) ;  **  I)u  sonnige,  won- 
nige  Welt,"  f,  sopr.  and  bai.  soli,  mixed  ch., 
and  orch.;  **  Jn  the  summer  night,"  f.  bar.  solo, 
clu,  and  orch.;  Drei  Tonbilder,  a  Uallade,  and  a 
Kestxug,  f,  full  orch.;  "Xmaa  Night's  Dream," 
f.  slring-orch. ;  organ-pieces,  songs,  etc.  (44  opus- 
uumhcrs). 

Boom  [bom],  Jan  E.  G.  van  (Senior),  b. 
Rottcidam,  Apr.  17,  1783.  Flutist  and  com- 
poser f.  ilute;  lived  in  Utrecht, 

Boom,  Jan  [Johannes]  van,  son  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Utrecht,  Oct.  rg,  1807 ;  d.  Stockholm, 
April,  1872.  Accomplished  pianist ;  on  a  con- 
cert-tour through  Scandinavia  in  1825  he  was 
induced  to  settle  in  Stockholm,  where  he  was 
prof,  at  the  Royal  Acad.  1849-65. — Works: 
Operas,  symphonies,  overtures,  string-quartet, 
trios,  a  pf. -concerto,  and  much  pf. -music  (studies, 
duets,  etc.). 

Boom,  Hermann  M.  van,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Utrecht,  Keb.  9,  1809  ;  d.  there  Jan.  6, 
1883 ;  line  flutist,  pupil  of  his  father,  and  of 


77 


IJOORN— I5ORONT 


Tulou  (Pans) ;  from  1830  he  resided  in  Amster- 
dam lor  many  yeais 

Boorn,  Eduard  van  den,  Belgian  pianist 
and  critic  ;  cl.  Liege,  Aug  16,  180,8,  aged  (>7. 
Fine  concert-pianist.  Mus.  critic  on  staft  of 
Liege  LtMeuse",  wrote  interesting  articles  for 
other  papers  Kor  his  essay  "De  I'miluence 
reeiproquede  1'industrie  sur  les  beaux-arts  et  dcs 
beaux-arts  sur  1'industne,"  lie  won  a  gold  medal. 

Boosey,  Thomas,  foundci  (1825)  of  the 
London  music-publishing  house  of  JJoosey  <Xi 
C'o.  (  formerly  copyright  publishers  of  Italian 
operas ;  now  of  cheap  editions  of  standard 
works  and  popular  English  music. 

Boott,  Francis  (pen-name  "Telfoid"),  b. 
Itaston,  Mass  ,  June  24,  1813  ;  composer,  pupil 
of  I,  I'icchianti  in  Floience,  where  ho  settled 
— Works  •  Grand  Mass  ,  Te  Dcum,  and  "  Song 
of  Zechanah,"  i  soli,  ch.,  and  oicli.;  Miserere 
(n  *tf//.);  bongs,  duets  ;  string-quartets. 

Borde,  dc  la.     See  LAIIOKHK. 

Borde'se  [-da'-sa],  Luigi,  b.  Naples,  1815  ; 
d.  Pans,  Feb.  17,  1880.  Pupil  of  Naples  Cons.; 
after  the  unsuccessful  ptodnclinn  (Turin,  1834) 
of  his  opera  Zflimo  e  Zt*raidt\  he  went  to  Paris, 
where,  finding  no  success  as  a  dramatic  com- 
poser, he  .settled  as  a  singing-teacher  and  com- 
poser, Resides  8  operas,  he  wrote  3  masses,  a 
luquiem,  motets,  and  hundreds  of  sacred  and 
secular  bongs ;  also  two  Vocal  Methods,  and 
many  vocalises,  etc.,  which  are  famous 

Bordier,  Jules,  b  1846  (  5?) ;  d.  Pans,  Jan. 
2(j,  ific/j.  .Distinguished  composer;  founded 
concerts  of  the  Association  Artistique  d'Angeis  ; 
went  to  Pans  (rHcj3)  as  partner  in  a  mus.-publ. 
house.  Karlv  champion  of.  Wagner's  music  in 
French  provinces. — \\oiks:  Several  syniph. 
poems  ;  "  Meditation  "  on  Bach's  7th  prelude  ; 
Hungarian  Dance,  and  other  instr.  pcs.,  incl.  a 
Pause  macabre  f.  violin  ;  music  to  A,  de  Vigny's 
"Chntterton";  2  operas,  A'atfia  (Paris),  and/,*' 
Fhttiu*  tie  la  Alcr  (Kouen)  ;  4-part  male  chorus 
"I'atrie"  (1893). 

Bordier,  Louis-Charles,  b.  Paris,  1700 ;  d, 
there  1764.  Abbe,  "matt re  do  nms  "  nf  the 
Ch.  of  the  Innocents.  Publ.  "  I\Ythode  de  mu- 
ftiquo  pratique*'  for  vocal  music  (1700-78),  and 
a  "Traite  de  composition"  (1770). 

Bordo'gni,  Giu- 
lio  Marco,  distin- 
guished tenor  and 
singing-teacher ;  b. 
(Ja/JKiniga,  n.  II  er- 
gamo,  1788;  d. 
Paris,  July  31, 
1856.  A  pupil  of 

s.  Mayr,  his  ddmt 

(La  Scala,  Milan, 
1813)  as  "  Tan- 
credi "  was  brilliant. 
From  1819-33  he 
was  eng,  at  tlie  Th. 
des  Jtalicns,  Paris ; 


after  this  he  devoted  himself  t<i  teaching.  Fiom 
ib2o(with  an  interval  of  some  yeais)he\\as  j>iof. 
at  the  Pans  Cons  ;  Snnlag  was  one  ol  lus  |»U]>ils. 
Ills  **  36  Vocalises, "in  2 suites,  have  urn  tlnou^h 
many  editions  ;  he  also  publ.  seveinl  other  sets. 

Bordo'ni,  Faustina.   See  HASSK,  FAUSTINA. 

Bor'g'hi,  Luigi,  skilful  Molinisl  and  (oinpo- 
ser,  was  a  pupil  of  Pugnnni,  and  settled  in  Lon- 
don abt.  1780.  He  was  leadei  ol  the  2nd  vio- 
lins at  the  Handel  ('ommemnialinn  in  17.^. 
Publ  a  great  variety  ol  excellent  insli.l  music, 
chiefly  for  violin. 

Bor'ghi-Mamo,  Adelaide,  celebrated  iliu- 
matic  me/./.o-sopiano;  b.  PioUigna,  iHaij  Acting 
on  the  Pasta's  advice,  sh«  trained  herself  for  the 
stage  ;  debut,  1^46,  in  //  OV///«//;/il;//(»,  by  Merra- 
dante,  at  Uibino,  wheie  she  was  eng.  She  next 
sang  in  Italian  cities,  in  Vieun.i  and  Paris 
(1854-6),  and  1856-9  was  eng.  at  the  (Inuitl 
Opera.  In  iSfxj  she  appenre<l  \\illi  gieat  suc- 
cess in  London  ;  limn  returned  tn  Ital),  and  is 
now  (1899)  living  in  Florence. — II ei  daughter, 
Erminia,  endowed  with  a  grand  soprano  \nieo, 
made  ber  dclmt  at  IJoIogna  (1^75)  in  Hollo's 
MtJi$t\*J?lc ;  has  sung  on  important  Italian 
stages,  also  at  the  Italian  ( >per:i,  Paris. 

Bo'rodin  |-deen],  Alexander  Porphyrjc- 
vitch,  b.  St.  Peteisburg,  Mov.  12, 1834  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  27(28?),  1887. 
Student  of  medicine 
and  chem  istry ; 
army-surgeon;  prof, 
lit  the  St.  Poleis- 
Imrg  medico  -  surg* 
Institute  ;  (Vmnsel- 
lor  of  Slate;  Knight; 
president  of  the  mius. 
Soc.  of  Amateurs. 
Intimate  with  Usxl 
(in  Weimar),  and 
BalakirelT,  at  \vhose 
suggestion  he  stud- 
i  e  cl  m u  sic,  of 
which  he  was  pas- 
sionately fond.  lie  became  a  foremost  expo- 
nent of  the  neo-Russiau  musical  cult.  Hiogmphy 
by  A.  II abets;  Kngl.  cd.  London,  iHc)5.— 
Works.  A  4-act  openi,  /Vv//*v  /^»;-  [posthu- 
mously finished  by  Kimsky-Korsakov],  (Kiev, 
i8cji;  very  successful);  3  symphonies  (Kf>,  D, 
A  min.  [unfinished]) ;  symphonic  poem  *k  Dnns 
les  steppes  de  VAsie  Ccntrale";  scfiem>  f.  orch, 
(A I?);  2  string-quartets  ;  suite  f,  pf, ;  j>f,-pes.; 
songs,  etc. 

Boro'ni  (or  Buroni),  Antonio,  b,  Rome, 
1738  ;  cl.  there  1797.  A  pupil  of  Padre  Martini 
and  (Jirolamo  Abos,  he  Hvc.tf  in  Venice  (1700-4), 
Prague  (1765),  and  Dresden  (1769),  producing 
at  these  towns  4,  T,  and  3  operas  rosj>ectivcly  ; 
was  court  AV/V//W.  at  Stuttgart,  whore  he  w  r<ne 
8  operas  (1770-80);  finally  /;/.  di  iw//.  at  Si, 
Peter's,  Rome. 


r.OKTNIANSKI— HOTTESINI 


Bortnian'ski  1  Bartflansky],  Dimitri  Ste- 
fanovitch,  h.  Ciluchov,  Uki.unc,  1752,  <1  St 
Petersburg  (Sept.  28),  Oct.  (j,  1825  "  Pupil  ol 
C»aluppi  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  lateral  Venice  ; 
also  studied  in  liologna,  Rome,  and  Naples. 
Aiter  producing  the  opera  (>///;//<>  Fabw  at 
Modena  (1778),  he  letuined  (17^9)  to  St.  Peteis- 
burji,  and  was  a  pp.  director  ol  the  Impoiial 
C'huir  (called,  aftei  his  insl.dlatiou,  the  Imperial 
Chapel  Choir),  which  he  hiought  to  a  hij;h  sLite 
of  elheiency  by  i.iclirnl  icfoinm.  Ho  wiole  a 
3-p.  (Ireek  m.iss  ;  35  4-p.,  and  ro  R-p.  psalms  ; 
10  concertos  i.  double  choir  ;  etc. 

Berwick,  Leonard,  b.  Walthamstow,  Ksscx 
(Kni»U,  Feb.  2f>,  1868.  Conceit-pianist,  pupil 
ol  II.  K.  IStul,  then  (18*4-00)  of  Kranklort 
Cons.  ((  'lura  Schumann,  15.  Scholtx,  Ivan  Knorr). 
Debut  at  conceit  of  London  Philharmonic 
Soc.,  May  H,  iSgo;  has  played  with  marked 
success  at  the  Popular  Concerts  and  Crystal  Pal- 
ace; successful  lout  in  (lermany  1895-6. 

Bo'sendorfer.  Kiim  of  pf.  -makers  at  Vienna, 
est.  by  Itfnax  IWndorfor  (b.  Vienna,  170,5  ;  d. 
there  tS^(j)  in  18128,  now  managed  by  his  son 
LudwiK  (b.  Vienna,  Apr.  lo,  1835).  Its  specialty 
is  conceit  -Brands. 

Bos'si,  Marco    Enrico,  b.  Solo,   IJrcscia, 
Italy,    Api.   a«;,    iHoi  ;   sou   and   pupil   of  the 
t  Pielio  ! 


organist 
Morbe^no 

d.  Dec  30,  iS<j(»). 
Il<»  st  lulled  (187  1  -3) 
in  Ibe  Liceo  Rossini, 
liolotfiu,  ami  1*73- 
8  1  at  Milan  tinder 
Sniijjttlli  (pi.),  Kama- 
tfalli  (ortf,  ),  Cam  pa- 
nan  (vln.),  Mouiforli 
(cpl.)i  an<l  PoiK'IuVlli 
and  Domtniceti 
(  c  o  m  p  .  )  .  K  r  o  m 

I  HHl  ••()!,    ///,  ///  <'<///. 

aitd  ot'U'-  M  Como 
cuth.  ;  then,  until 
180,5,  prof,  of  ortf. 

and  harm,  in  lh«  K.  <'ous.  San  Pietro  a  Majclla 
at  Naples;  and  sluw  Jan.  i?  iSyO,  Director 
of,  and  prof,  of  advanced  cotup.  and  orj^,  in, 
tin*  I.iceo  Henedetto  M  ai  cello,  Venice,  lie  is 
also  conductor  of  the  **  Ucmedclto  Marcello" 
Soc.  of  Concerts  in  Venice;  member  of  the 
permanent  government  commission  for  mus. 
art  ;  Chevalier  of  the  Ilnl,  ('mwn,  and  Chev.  of 
tho  order  of  Isabella  la  Catolica  (Span.),  — 
Works:  /V/^W/r/,  r-act  opera,  op.  io(lf.  C*onH.t 
Milan,  1881);  //  /  0&r;//<',  i-wct  op.  seria,  op. 
6y  (Dul  Vernic  Th,,  Milan,  iHcjo)  ;  A'sl/w/o 
M/a  tn>tt^  4-aot  meUxlruma,  op,  52  (Como)  ; 
41  MoHiui  cl'Avcnio,"  t'uuUUa  f,  4  VOIOCN,  i>f.,  and 
harmonium,  op.  87;  uTotu  puLchra,"  (.  mixed 
ch.  axul  org.,  op.  <>();  *lMarmaresc.i,"  f,  soli, 
ch.,  and  orclu,  op.  108  ;  symphonic  j>oem  "II 
Cieco"  (1897),  f.  ten.  solo,  oh,,  anil  orch.,  op. 
112;  Mutisu  (tt  S,  Alarw)  i,  3  equal  voices  and 


oij>  ,  op.  61  ;  4t  \Vestmmster  Abbey,"  Inno  di 
(ilonut.  ch  and  org- ,  op  76  (perf  t\\ice  by 
Riedelvercin,  Leipzig)  ;  Requiem  Masses,  op 
83,  op  go ;  a  great  quantity  of  olhei  church- 
music  (e.g.,  op.  12-48,  wntten  for  Como  cathe- 
dral, all  MS.)  ;  overture  f.  orch.,  op.  i  ;  Im- 
promptu f.  orch.,  op.  55  ;  organ-concerto,  op. 
100  ;  much  line  organ-music  (op.  3,  overture;  op. 
49,  2  hcherzi  and  an  impromptu  ;  op.  53,  Jnno 
Trionfale  ;  op.  54,  Suite  il  Res  severa  magnum 
gaudium";  op  59,  4  pcs. ;  op.  Co,  Sonata  I,  in 
I)  mm,,  op  62,  "  Fede  a  Ilach,"  a  fugue, 
op.  64,  Fantasia  ;  op.  68,  Processional  March  ; 
op.  70,  6  j)cs.;  op.  71,  Sonata  No.  3;  op.  72, 
Marcho  hcroique ,  op.  74,  3  pcs.,  op.  78, 
lUude  symphonique  ;  op.  92,  3  pcs. ;  op.  94,  2 
pcs.;  op.  TOO, concerto  w.  orch.;  op.  104,  5  pcs.; 
op.  113,  5  pes ) ,  a  sti ing-trio  in  I)  mm., 
op.  107,  and  other  chamber-music  (f.  vln.  and 
pf.,  'cello  and  pf.,  etc.);  pf.-music  (15  opus- 
uumbeis);  vocal  romance,  etc.,  up  to  op.  114 
(r8c;H).  IHs  great  "  Metodo  dt  Studio  per 
rOrguno  moderno/'  written  in  collaboration 
with  (J.  Tebaldini  (Milan,  1893),  is  op.  105. 

Bp'te  und  Bock.  IJcilin  firm  of  music- 
publislicis,  est.  1838  by  Kduard  Bote  and  CJus- 
tav  I  Jock  (successors  of  Frohlich  und  Westphal), 
Present  head  is  Hugo  Hock. 

Bd'tel,  Heinrich,  tenor;  b.  Ifamburg,  May 
6,1858;  "discovered"  by  Pollini  (he  was  a 
cab-ili  i\  er) ;  now  leading  lyric  tenor  in  Ham- 
burg City  Theatre. 

BotgoKschek,  Franz,  b.  Vienna,  May  23, 
1812  ;  d.  The  Iln^ue,  May,  1882,  as  teacher  in 
the  Cons.  Flutist,  pupil  of  Vienna  Cons.  Publ. 
flute-music. 

Bott,  Jean  Joseph,  eminent  violinist ;  b. 
Kassel,  Mar.  9,  1826  ;  d.  New  York,  Apr.  30, 
1895.  II is  father,  the  court  musician  A.  liott, 
was  his  first  teacher;  M.  Uauptmann  and  h. 
Spohr  completed  his  training.  Winner  of  the 
Mozart  scholarship  (1841),  solo  violinist  in  Elec- 
toral orch,  (1846),  and  Kapfllm.  (1852),  court 
A'tf/*1/////.  at  Meiningen  (1857)  and  Hanover 
(iKf>5),  pensioned  1878.  Taught  in  Magdeburg 
and  Hamburg,  and  came  to  New  York  in  1885. 
—Works :  2  operas,  /h'r  Unbekannt?  (Kassel, 
1854),  and  AklUa^  das  Mddchcn  von  Kvnnih 
(iJerlin,  1862) ;  symphonies,  overtures,  vln. -con- 
certos, solos  f,  vln.  w.  pf.,  pf.-music,  songs. 

Bott6e  de  Toulmon,  Auguste,  b.  Paris, 
May  15,  1707  ;  d.  there  Mar.  22,  1850.  A  law- 
yer by  profession,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
music,  becoming  a  good  amateur  'cellist ;  he  was 
librarian  (gratis)  of  the  Cons.  1831-48,  and 
wrote  :  ll  I)e  la  Chanson  en  France  au  nioyen 
ijrc  "  (1836) ;  u  Notice  biographiquc  sur  les  tra- 
vuux  do Ciuido  d'Arcxzo  "  (i 837);  Ites instr.s dc 
musitjuu  en  usage  au  moytm  a^e  "  (1838) ;  etc. 

Bottesi^ni,  Giovanni,  double-bass  virtuoso 
and  composer;  b.  Crcma,  Lombardy,  Dec.  34, 
1833  ;  d.  Ptvrma,  July  7,  i88<>.  Studied  at  Milan 
Cons.  1835-9  under  Rossi  (double-bass),  and 


79 


BOTTRIGARI— BOWMAN 


Basili,  Vaccai,  Piantanida,  and  Ray.  His  first 
concert  at  Ciema,  1840,  \\as  eminently  &uccess- 
ful  ;  until  1646,  he  made  tours  in  Italy;  then 
went  to  Havana,  visited  the  United  States,  etc., 
and  was  from  1855-7  conductor  of  the  Th.  des 
Itahens,  Tans  Thence  he  made  concert-tours 
throughout  Europe,  became  ;;;.  di  capp  at 
Palermo  (Bellini  Th  )  in  1861,  at  Barcelona  in 
1863 ;  founded  the  Societi  del  Quartette  at 
Florence,  conducted  the  opera  at  Cairo,  Egypt, 
and  at  the  Lyceum,  London  (1871),  and  became 
dir.  of  Parma  Cons. — Operas.  Cntfofoio  Co- 
hmbo  (Havana,  1847;,  L'Assedio  di  Firenze 
(Paris,  1856),  //  Diavolo  del/a  notte  (Milan, 
18591,  Marion  Defarme  (Palermo,  1862),  Vin- 
ctgitarra  (Paris,  1870),  Ah  Baba  (London, 
1871),  Era  e  Lcandro  (Turin,  iSSo)  ;  the  oratorio 
The  Garde*  of  Olivet  (Norwich  Festnal,  1887) ; 
symphonies,  overtures,  quartets ;  unpubl.  pcs. 
f.  double-bass ;  songs. 

Bottriga'ri,  Ercole,  b.  Bologna,  Aug., 
1531  ;  d.  S.  Alberto,  Sept.  30,  1612.  A  man  of 
profound  learning,  he  wrote  *'  II  Patnzio, 
owero  de'  tetracordi  armonici  di  Aristosseno " 
(Bologna,  1593) ,  "II  Desiderio,  owero  de'  con- 
certi  di  varf  stromenti  musicali,  dialogo  di  mu- 
sica"  (1594,  under  the  assumed  name  "Ale- 
manno  Benelli"),  "II  Melone,  discorso  armo- 
nico"  (Ferrara,  1602).  [Patrizio,  Desiderio,  and 
Melone  were  names  of  friends  ]  He  left  a 
transl.  of  Boetius,  and  other  works,  in  MS. 

Boucher,  Alexandre-Jean,  b.  Paris,  Apr. 
II,  1778;  d.  there  Dec.  29,  1861.  Remarkable 
and  original  violin -virtuoso,  self-styled  "1'AIex- 
andre  des  violons."  Played  at  the  Concerts 
Spintuels  when  but  six ;  1787-1805,  soloist  to 
Charles  IV.  of  Spain.  Travelled  in  Holland, 
Germany,  England,  etc.  Wrote  2  vln. -concertos 

Bouichfere,  £mile,  b.  1860  (?),  d.  Paris, 
Sept.  4,  1895.  Brilliant  pupil  of  Gust.  Le- 
fevre's  Acad. ;  early  known  by  important  sacred 
comp.s  (masses,  motets) ;  also  chamber-music. 
In  1892  he  est.  a  successful  vocal  acad.  He  was 
mus.  director  of  La  T  finite. 

Bonrgault  -  Ducoudray,  Louis  -  Albert,  b. 
Nantes,  Feb.  2,1840.  Pupil  of  Ambroise  Thomas 
at  Paris  Cons.,  taking  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1865.  He  founded  an  amateur  choral  society  in 
Pans  (1868) ;  spent  some  time  in  researches  in 
Greece,  after  which  he  wrote  "  Souvenirs  d'une 
mission  musicale  en  Grece,"  "30  Melodies 
populaires  de  Grece  et  d'Orient,"  and  "  Etudes 
sur  la  mus.  ecclesiastique  grecque."  App. 
prof,  of  mus.  hist,  at  Paris  Cons.  (1878).  He 
has  comp.  2  operas:  Thamara  (Paris,  1891), 
and  Bretagne  (not  perf.) ;  for  orch.,  a  fantaisie 
in  C  min.,  a  Gavotte,  a  Marche  athemenne, 
1'Enterrement  d'Ophelie,  and  a  Rapsodie  cam- 
bodgienne ;  a  symphonic  f .  female  chorus  and 
soli,  "La  Conjuration  des  Fleurs";  numerous 
songs  w.  pf. — Has  also  publ.  '*  30  Melodies 
populaires  de  la  Basse-Bretagne,"  with  French 
translations. 


Bourgeois,  Loys  [Louis],  b.  Paris,  abt.isio; 
d.  (?) ;  a  follower  of  Calvin,  \\ith  whom  he  lived 
1545-57  at  Geneva.  He  is  renowned  as  one  of 
the  first  to  harmonize  the  melodies  to  the  French 
version  of  the  Psalms,  3  collections  in  4-6  parts 
having  been  publ.  by  him  at  Lyons  (1547)  and 
Paris  (1561) ;  some  of  these  melodies  are  his  own. 
His  treatise,  "Le  droict  chemin  de  mubique," 
etc.  (Geneva  and  Lyons,  1550),  proposed  a  re- 
form in  the  nomenclature  of  the  tones  ace.  to  the 
solmisation-syllableb,  which  was  generally  adopt- 
ed in  France. 

Bourges,  Jean-Maurice,  b.  Bordeaux,  Dec. 
2,  1812  ;  d  Pans,  March,  iSSi.  Composer  (pu- 
pil of  Barbereau)  and  mus.  critic,  co-editor  of  the 
"  Revue  et  Gazette  "musicale." — Works  An  op- 
era, Sultana  (Pans,  Op  -Com  ,  1846) ;  a  Stabat 
Mater  ;  2  pf  -trios,  2  pt. -sonatas,  many  solo  pf.- 
pcs. ,  vocal  romances,  etc. 

Bousquet,  Georges,  b.  Perpignan,  March  12', 
1818  ;  d.  St.-Cloud,  June  15,  1854.  St  in  Paris 
Cons  ,  took  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1838  ;  was 
chef  d' orch.  at  the  OpeVa  (1847),  and  (1840-51) 
at  the  Th.  Italien,  and  critic  for  "  Le  Com- 
merce," "  L' Illustration,"  and  the ik  Gazette  mu- 
sicale."— Works :  3  operas,  fll&tessc  de  Lyon 
(Cons.,  1844),  L*  jM0ttsquetair£(Qp.-Com.t  1844), 
and  Tabarin  (Th.-Lyrique,  1852) ;  2  masses,  a 
cantata,  a  Miserere,  considerable  chamber-music, 
etc. 

Bovery,  Jules  (properly  Bovy,  Antoine- 
Nicolas-Joseph),  b.  Liege,  Oct.  21,  1808  ,  d. 
Paris,  July  17,  1868.  Self-taught  violinist  and 
composer  ;  conducted  theatre-orchestras  at  Lille, 
Douai,  Lyons,  Amsterdam,  Antwerp,  Rouen, 
Ghent  (1845),  and  Paris  (Th.  Cluny).  Wrote 
about  a  dozen  operas,  operettas,  ballets,  etc. 

Bovy,  Charles-Samuel  (known  under  the 
nom  de  plume  of  Lysberg),  pianist  and  salon- 
comp.;  b.  Lysberg,  n.  Geneva,  March  i,  1821 ; 
d.  Geneva,  Feb.  15,  1873.  Educated  in  Geneva 
and  Paris  (Chopin,  pf.,  and  Delaire,  harm.); 
teacher  of  pf .  at  Geneva  Cons. — Works  :  The 
i-act  comic  opera  La  fille  du  carittonnew  (Ge- 
neva, 1854) ;  and,  for  piano,  a  romantic  sonata, 
lt  L'absence,"  much  brilliant  salou-music  ('*  La 
Napolitaine,"  op.  26  ;  Deux  Nocturnes,  op.  29  ; 
Menuet,  op  60  ;  "  Le  chant  du  rouet  ";  Idylle, 
op.  64 ;  "  Sur  1'onde,"  op.  94 ;  etc.),  paraphrases 
of  opera-themes,  etc. 

Bowman,  Edward  Morris,  b.  Barnard,  Ver- 
mont, July  18,  1848.  Pupil  of  William  Mason 
(pf.)  and  J.  P.  Morgan  (ofg.  and  theory)  at  New 
York,  1866;  from  1867-70  was  organist  in  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  of  the  Union  Meth.  Ch.,  then  for 
2  years  of  the  Second  Presb.  Ch.;  studied  in 
Berlin,  1872-73,  with  Fr  Bendel  (pf.),  Ed. 
Rohde  and  Aug.  Haupt  (org.),  and  Weitzmann 
(comp.  and  orchestration) ;  spent  summer  of 
1873  at  Paris  as  Ed.  Batiste's  pupil  in  organ- 
playing,  and  another  year  in  Berlin.  In  1874  he 
resumed  his  last  position  in  St.  Louis  ;  1877-87, 
music-director  and  organist  of  the  Second  Bap- 


80 


BOYCE— BRAHMS 


tist  Ch  in  that  city,  with  an  interval  of  Euro- 
pean study  under  Bridge,  Mdcfarren,  Turpm, 
and  Guilmant  in  1881,  during  \vhich  15  passed 
the  examination  of  the  London  R  Coll  of  Or- 
ganists, being  the  first  American  to  do  so  In 
1882,  president  of  the  Music  Teachers'  Nat. 
Assoc.  (has  been  thrice  reelected)  ;  in  1884,  with 
1 50  others,  he  founded  the  Amer.  Coll.  of  Mu- 
sicians ,  was  its  firbt  president,  and  served  8 
terms,  being  now  Hon.  Pres.,  1st  Vice-Pres., 
and  Trustee.  1887,  organist  of  the  ist  Baptist 
Ch.,  Brooklyn,  N  Y.;  1891-95,  Hitter's  suc- 
cessor as  prof,  of  music  at  Vassar  College.  In 
1895  he  organized  the  fine  "  Temple  Choir," 
Brooklyn  (200  voices),  which  he  still  conducts 
Has  also  cond,  the  Newark,  N.  J.,  Harmonic 
Soc.,  and  the  Cecilian  Choir  One  of  the  fore- 
most organists  and  theorists  in  the  United 
States,  he  is  a  very  successful  teacher.  Has 
publ.  "  Bowman's -Weitzmann's  Manual  of  Mu- 
sical Theory"  (1877;  revised  ed.  in  prepara- 
tion ,  an  Engl.  compilation,  from  oral  communi- 
cations, of  W.'s  principles  and  rules  of  harmony ; 
approved  by  W.,  and  later  translated  into  Ger- 
man) ;  and  other  works.  At  present  (1899) 
organist  and  mus.  director  at  the  Baptist  Tem- 
ple, Brooklyn. 

Boyce,  William,  organist  and  composer  ;  b. 
London,  1710 ;  d.  Kensington,  Feb.  7,  1779 
Chorister  in  St.  Paul's  under  Ch.  King  ;  articled 
pupil  to  Maurice  Greene,  org  there,  and  studied 
later  with  Pepusch.  Became  (1736)  org.  at  St. 
Michael's,  Cornhill ;  also  composer  to  the  Chapel 
Royal  and  the  King ;  conducted  the  festivals  of 
the  Three  Choirs  (Gloucester,  Worcester,  Here- 
ford) in  1737 ;  org.  of  Church  of  Allhallows  in 
1749  ;  Master  of  the  Royal  Band,  1775  ;  and  as- 
sociate organist  to  the  Chapel  Royal,  1758,  then 
resigning  his  positions  at  St.  Michael's  and  All- 
hallows  to  devote  himself  to  issuing  Greene's  coll. 
of  "  Cathedral  Music  "  (1760-78)  in  3  vol.s,  com- 
prising morning  and  evening  services,  the  an- 
thems, and  settings  of  the  Sanctus,  by  Aldrich, 
Batten,  Bevin,  Blow,  Bull,  Byrd,  Child,  Jer. 
Clarke,  Creyghton,  Croft,  Farrant,  Gibbons, 
Goldwm,  Henry  VIII.,  Humphrey,  Lawes, 
Locke,  Morley,  rurcell,  Rogers,  Tallis,  Turner, 
Tye,  Weldon,  and  Wise. — Compositions  •  "Lyra 
Britannica"  (several  books  of  songs,  cantatas, 
and  duets)  ;  "  15  Anthems,  Te  Deum,  and  Jubi- 
late" (1780);  "  12  Anthems  and  a  Service" 
'(1790) ;  an  oratorio,  Noah;  masque,  Pdeus  and 
Thetis ;  a  masque  for  7 "he  Tempest;  dirges  for 
Cym  deh  tie  and  Komeo  and  Juliet ;  several  odes, 
symphonies,  a  vln, -concerto,  12  vln. -sonatas,  etc. 

Boyer,  (Louis-Joseph-Victor-)  Georges,  b. 
Paris,  July  21,  1850 ;  won  the  Prix  Rossini^ 
over  169  competitors,  with  the  libretto  of  Ufa-ode 
(set  to  music  by  Chaumet;  Bordeaux,  1892). 
Also  wrote  libretti  for  Lt  portrait  de  A/anon 
(Massenet),  Mirka  V  enchanter esse,  Dolorh,  and 
several  other  lyric  pieces.  Writes  for  the  * l  Fi- 
garo," "  L'fivdnement,"  ami  the  "Petit  Jour- 
nal," 


Bradbury,  William  Batchelder,  b.  York, 
Me  .  Oct.  6,  1816  ,  d  Montcl.iir,  N.  J  ,  Jan  7, 
1868  Studied  under  Sumner  Hill  and  "Lowell 
Mason  ,  1847—9  at  Leipzig  under  Hauptmann, 
Moscheles,  and  Bohme.  Till  1854  he  taught, 
wrote,  and  conducted  mus.  conventions  ;  1854- 
67,  was  in  business  as  a  piano-maker.  Edited 
more  than  50  collections  of  music,  some  of  which 
had  an  immense  sale  (e  g.,  "  Fresh  Laurels," 
1867,  1,200,000  copies).  —  Comp.  2  cantatas, 
Darnel  (\\\  G.  F.  Root,  1853),  SLnd£sffar  (1856). 

Brad'sky,  Wenzel  Theodor,  b.  Rakovmk, 
Bohemia,  Jan.  17,  1833  ;  d.  there  Aug.  10,  iSSi. 
Taught  by  Caboun  and  Pischek  at  Prague ; 
joined  the  cath  -choir  at  Berlin,  where  he  gave 
singing-lessons  and  composed.  Prince  George 
of  Prussia,  whose  opera  lotanthe  he  set  to  music 
in  1872,  app  him  his  court-composer  in  1874. — 
Operas :  Der  Ileirathszwang  (MS.,  l8sg) ;  Roi- 
wif/ia  (Dessau,  1860)  ;  Die  Braut  des  Waffen- 
schm%edsQ\£  ,  1861),  Das  A>aWi/(MS.1x86a); 
Jarmifa  (Prague,  1879) ;  Der  Rat  ten f anger  von 
Hamchi  (Berlin,  1881)  ;  many  popular  part-songs 
and  songs. 

Bra'ga,  Gaetano,  b.  Giulianova,  Abruzzi, 
June  9,  1829.  Eminent  'cellist,  pupil  of  C.  Gae- 
tano at  Naples  Cons  (1841-52).  A  great  trav- 
eller, he  has  lived  at  Florence,  Vienna,  Paris, 
and  London  ( between  which  last  two  cities  he 
now  dhides  his  time),  besides  making  concert- 
tours  of  Europe. — Works  Several  operas,  vocal 
chamber-music,  pcs.  f  'cello,  and  a  u  Metododi 
Violoncello." 

Braham  (properly  Abraham),  John,  re- 
nowned tenor ;  b.  London,  1774  ;  d.  there  Feb. 
17,  1856.  Pupil  of  Leoni  (London),  Rauzzini 
(Bath),  and  Isola  (Genoa).  Sang  at  Covent  Gar- 
den when  very  young ;  appeared  as  tenor  at 
Drury  Lane  m  1796  (opera  Mahmoud\  and  was 
engaged  for  the  Ital.  Opera.  After  study  in 
Italy,  and  singing  in  several  cities  there,  he  re- 
appeared at  Covent  Garden  in  1801  ;  endowed 
with  a  powerful  voice  of  3-octave  compass,  his 
career  was  now  an  unbroken  series  of  triumphs. 
He  created  the  role  of  Huon  in  Weber's  Oberon 
(London,  1826).  As  a  ballad-writer  he  was  very 
popular  ;  also  wrote  much  of  the  music  for  the 
operatic  r61es  which  he  assumed,  and  the  inci- 
dental music  to  twelve  or  more  dramas. 

Brah'mig,  Julius  Berahard,  b.  Hirscbfeld, 
n.  Liebenwerda  (Merseburg),  Nov.  10, 1822  ;  d. 
Detmold,  Oct.  23,  1872,  as  mus.-teacher  at  the 
Seminary.— Publ.  ' l Choral buch" (1862);  "Rath- 
geber  fur  Musiker  bei  der  Auswahl  geeigneter 
Musikalien  "  (1865) ;  Methods  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and 
via.  ,  school  song-books,  pcs.  f.  pf.,  organ- 
music,  etc. 

Brahms,  Johannes,  composer,  was  born  in 
Hamburg,  May  7,  1833 ;  he  died  in  Vienna, 
Apr.  3,  1897.  His  father,  a  .double-bass  player 
in  the  Hamburg  City  Theatre,  was  his  first 
teacher ;  but  his  chief  instructor  was  Marxsen 
of  Altona,  At  14  he  mad?  his  pianistic 


BRAHMS 


at  Hamburg,  playing  variations  of  his  own  on  a 
folk-song.     In  1853  he  made  a  concert-tour  with 
Remenyi.     At  Got- 
tingen  he  was  heard 
by    Joachim,    who 
sent  him   to  Schu- 
mann.    OnhimB.'s 
talent  made  so  pro- 
found  an  impression 
that  he  published  an   . 
enthusiastic  article, 
"  Neue      Bahnen  " 
[New  Paths],  in  the 
"Neue    Zeitschrift 
fur  Musik,"  hailing 
B.   as  the    coming 
hero    among    com- 
posers.     However, 
a  number  of  compositions,  among  them  the  three 
pf.-sonatas  and  three  books  of  songs,  publ.  at 
Schumann's  instigation,  failed  of  popular  appre- 
ciation    B.  now  served  for  a  time  as  conductor  of 
the  Prince  of  Lippe-Detmold's  orchestra ,    the 
years  1858-62  he  spent  in  diligent  study  at  Ham- 
burg.— Although  B.,  from  the  outset,  confronted 
the  public  (to  employ  Schumann's  dictum)  <c  fully 
equipped,  as  Minerva  sprang  from  the  brain  of 
Jupiter,"  his  earlier  compositions  show  a  prepon- 
derance of  technical  learning  ;  they  follow  classic 
models,  and  do  not  bear  the  stamp  of  individual- 
ity.    But  in  the  Serenades  for  orchestra  ( 1860-1) 
he  already  relegates   theoretical  science  to  its 
proper  pos'ition  as  a  means  to  an  end.    In  1 862  he 
went  to  Vienna,  and  acted  as  conductor  of  the 
Singakademie  in  1863-4  ;  from  1864-9  ^e  ^ved 
in  various    towns   (Hamburg,   Zurich,   Baden- 
Baden,  etc.),  and  also  made  concert-tours,  re- 
warded by  ever-growing  artistic  and  pecuniary 
success,  with  his  friend   Stockhausen ;  in  1869 
he  returned  to  Vienna.     From  1871-4  he  con- 
ducted  the  grand   orchestral    concert?   of  the 
"  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde";  when  Her- 
beck    assumed    this    function,   B.   again    left 
Vienna,  and  lived  for  a  time  near  Heidelberg, 
but  came  back  in  1878,  and  thenceforward  made 
Vienna  his  home.     In  1877  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity tendered  him  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.;  but 
he  ignored  the  offer,  accepting,  however,  the 
degree  of  I>r.  phiL  from  Breslau  in  iSSi,  ex- 
pressing his  acknowledgment  of  the  honor  in 
the  "Akademische  Festouverture."    In  1886  he 
was  created  a  knight  of  the  Prussian  Ordre pour 
le  m/nte,  with  voting  privilege,  and  elected  a 
member  of  the  Berlin  Acad.  of  Arts.     In  1889 
he  was  presented  with  the  freedom  of  his  native 
city.     His  compositions  during  the  first  few 
years  in  Vienna  were  chiefly  in  the  genre  of 
chamber-music,  which  no  other  latter-day  com- 
poser has  so  enriched  ;  the  string-sextet,  piano- 
quintet,  and  the  first  three  piano-quartets,  were 
written  at  this  time.     He  also  composed  several 
sacred  works,  among  them  the  "German  Re- 
quiem," op.  45,  the  first  3  choruses  of  which 
were  given  in  Vienna  in  1867,  and  the  entire 
work  produced  in  the  Bremen  cathedral  in  April, 


IS63.  He  left  his  mark  on  every  branch  of  com- 
position except  opera  ,  he  frankly  admitted  that 
he  "  knew  nothing  about  the  theatie  "  Never- 
theless, the  idea  of  writing  an  opera  was  not 
wholly  strange  to  his  mind  (cj.  \\idmann,  "  J. 
B.  in  Erinnerungen  ")  B.  was  put  forward  by 
Hanslick,  and  other  critics  and  musicians  op- 
posed to  Wagnerian  tendencies,  as  the  modern 
champion  of  absolute  music  There  is,  how- 
ever, reason  to  believe  that  B.  himself  was  not 
hostile  to  \Vagner ;  he  was  a  close  student  of 
Wagner's  scores,  and  highly  valued  several 
Wagner  autographs  in  his  possession  ;  he  even 
(on  Hanslick's  authority)  defended  Wagner 
against  hostile  criticism.  Apparently,  the  con- 
troversy was  neither  of  his  nor  of  Wagnei's 
seeking ;  but  it  led  to  the  latter's  sarcastic  re- 
mark •  "Brahms  is  a  composer  whose  impor- 
tance lies  in  not  wishing  to  create  any  striking 
effect  "  However,  though  a  conservator  of 
established  forms,  B.  was  a  thoroughly  modern 
musician — a  master,  not  a  slave,  of  form,  who 
did  not  hesitate  to  deviate  from  conventional 
lines  when  it  suited  his  artistic  purpose.  Since 
Robert  Schumann  penned  his  fervent  greeting 
to  the  twenty-year-old  Brahms,  the  musical 
world  had  naturally  watched  the  growth  of  the 
composer  with  the  liveliest  interest  and,  like- 
wise, with  the  keenest  critical  scrutiny.  The 
very  manner  of  his  introduction  to  the  public 
was  like  a  challenge  calculated  to  arouse  latent 
opposition  and  to  whet  active  criticism.  And 
hardly  any  modern  musician,  save  Wagner,  has 
been  the  object  of  so  much  hostility  and  animad- 
version as  Brahms.  Did  he,  in  fact,  fulfil  the 
confident  and  impassioned  predictions  of  his 
earliest  champion  ?  Yes  — and  no  !  His  life- 
work  proved  a  disappointment  to  many  once 
ardent  admirers.  Liszt,  hearing  B.  play  his 
scherzo  in  E  |>  minor,  mistakenly  welcomed  him 
as  an  apostle  of  extreme  romanticism.  And  the 
young  Brahms — Brahms  the  pianist,  the  youth 
full  of  "  fire  and  flame,'*  might  well  have  been 
expected  boldly  to  explore  untravelled  paths 
leading  to  a  new  Olympus.  Instead  of  this  he 
chose,  unmoved  by  praise  or  blame,  to  be  a 
standard-bearer  of  the  traditions  of  a  glorious 
past.  The  new  paths  which  he  trod  were  hardly 
those  which  Schumann  so  fondly  anticipated. 
Austerely  resisting  the  blandishments  of  the 
Muse  of  Programs,  he  stepped  aside  the  throng 
to  worship  at  the  shrine  of  Absolute  Music.  B. 
is  an  idealist  of  the  highest  and  purest  type. 
The  fine  fibre  of  his  musicianly  feeling  vibrates 
in  his  humblest  song  as  in  his  proudest  sym- 
phonic movement.  In  the  case  of  his  larger 
tone-pictures  the  ear  is  sometimes  wearied,  it  is 
true,  while  seeking  to  follow  the  clue  to  his 
meaning  through  mazes  of  labyrinthine  intri- 
cacy ;  and  the  difficulty  is  increased,  it  must  be 
confessed,  by  the  peculiarities  of  an  instrumen- 
tation to  which  the  undignified  epithet  "  muddy" 
has  been  applied,  and  which,  contrasted  with  the 
glowing,  scintillating,  flashing,  kaleidoscopic 
orchestral  color  of  many  of  his  contemporaries, 


82 


BRAHMS 


shows  dull  and  monotonous.  But  this  is  the 
worst  that  can  be  urged  against  Biahms  the 
composer ;  and,  given  a  conductor  like  Bulow, 
wholly  m  sympathy  with  the  work  and  of  an  ana- 
lytic tuin  of  mind,  passages  which  under  other 
hands  seemed  like  interminable,  dreary  wastes, 
are  made  to  "blossom  like  the  rose."  In  his 
treatment  of  thematic  rhythms,  B.  is  a  lineal 
successor  of  Beethoven  ;  in  many  of  his  songs 
one  would  say  that  Schubert  lives  again,  but  a 
Schubert  whose  intense  spontaneity  is  controlled 
by  a  subtler  feeling  for  formal  finish.  Schubert, 
Schumann,  Franz,  and  Brahms  are  the  four 
great  figures  in  the  history  of  the  Lied  Brahms' 
powerful  individuality  reaches  the  very  heart  of 
the  poem,  the  mood  in  which  the  poet  conceived 
it,  and  reflects  it  in  the  vocal  melody  ;  this  vocal 
melody  is  so  closely  interknit  with  the  piano- 
accompaniment,  that  both  flow  on  tog-ether  in 
one  broad,  deep  current  of  song.  The  most 
important  of  his  song-groups  is  the  setting  of 
the  romances  from  Tieck's  "  Magelone";  but 
his  best-known,  and,  in  many  ways,  most  beau- 
tiful song  is  4<\Vie  bist  du,  meine  Kfcnigin,"  op. 
32  His  songs,  part-songs,  and  chamber-music, 
much  of  the  piano-music,  and  several  of  the 
choral  works  (notably  the  *' German  Requiem," 
the  "  Triumphlied,"  and  the  l *  Schicksalslied  "), 
enjoy  real  and  undisputed  popularity ;  his  four 
symphonies,  especially  Nos.  i  and  4,  and  the 
two  piano-concertos,  are  not  so  unreservedly  ad- 
mired. The  tale  of  his  published  works  reaches 
nearly  130.  He  was  a  model  of  unremitting, 
patient  industry ;  he  labored,  for  example,  over 
ten  years,  off  and  on,  upon  his  first  symphony, 
which  created  a  profound  sensation  when  pro- 
duced in  1876 ;  his  fame  had  already  been 
established,  however,  by  his  **  German  Re- 
quiem"  (iS68). 

Brahms  the  pianist  was,  in  his  youth,  a  bril- 
liant and  versatile  player,  of  peculiar  note  in 
Bach  and  other  classics.  At  the  age  of  20,  hav- 
ing to  play  the  Kreutzer  Sonata  at  a  concert 
with  Remenyi,  the  piano  was  discovered  to  be  a 
semitone  below  concert-pitch  ,  there  being  no 
time  to  rctune  it,  B.,  playing  without  notes, 
transposed  his  part  a  semitone  higher  throughout 
(from  A  to  B|?)  fas  Beethoven  transposed  his 
own  concerto  in  C  to  C  $,  at  a  rehearsal].  But, 
in  the  early  'yo's,  his  playing  had  lost  its  former 
charm  ;  though  still  masterly  in  feeling  and  in- 
tent, it  was  loo  insecure  m  technique  and  weak 
in  climax  to  afford  full  pleasure.  It  is  by  his 
compositions  that  posterity  will  judge  him  ;  and 
us  verdict  will  probably  be,  that  he  was  the 
grandest,  most  virile,  and  most  original  sym- 
phonist  and  master  of  the  lesser  forms,  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  iQth  century. 

BIOGRAPHICAL.  II.  Reimann.  "J.  B."  (Ber- 
lin) ;  H.  Deiters  :  "  J.  B.-  eine  Charakteristik " 
(Leipzig,  1880;  Part  II,  1898;  Engl.  transl., 
w.  Supplement,  London,  1888) ;  B.  Vogel : 
*'  Johannes  Brahma"  (Leipzig);  Widmann  • 
"j.  B.  in  Krinnerungen "  (Berlin,  1898);  A. 
Dietrich;  "  Erinnerungen  an  J.  B."  (Leipzig, 


1898) ,  there  is  an  interesting  95-page  sketch  of 
B  ,  by  J  A.  Fuller  Maitland,  m  "Masters  of 
German  Music  "  (New  York,  1896). 

COMPOSITIONS  (exclusive  of  Songs  for  one 
voice  with  pf.)  — Op.  I,  sonata  for  pf.  in  C; 
2,  sonata  for  pf .  in  F  ft  min. ,  4,  scherzo  for  pf. 
in  EJ7  min.,  5,  sonata  for  pf  m  F  min.,  8,  trio 
in  B,  f  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello  ,  9,  variations  for  pf. 
on  a  theme  by  Schumann  ;  10,  4  ballads  for  pf  ; 
u,  serenade  for  full  orch  ,  in  D  ;  12,  Ave  Maria 
for  female  ch.  and  orch.  (or  organ)  ;  13,  funeral 
hymn  for  chorus  and  wind  ;  15,  pf. -concerto  in 
D  min.;  16,  serenade  for  small  orch.,  in  A  ;  17, 
4  songs  for  female  ch.,  2  horns  and  harp  ,  18, 
sextet  No.  i,  in  Bb,  for  strings  ;  20,  3  duets 
for  S.  and  A  with  pf.;  21,  variations  for  pf.  in 
D  •  (i)  on  original  theme  ;  (2)  on  a  Hungarian 
melody  ;  22,  7  Manenheder^  for  mixed  ch.,  in  2 
parts  ;  23,  variations  for  pf.,  4  hands,  on  theme 
by  Schumann  ;  24,  variations  and  fugue  for  pf., 
on  theme  by  Handel ;  25,  pf  -quartet  No  I,  in 
G  min  ;  26,  pf.-quartet  No.  2,  in  A  ;  27,  Psalm 
xxiu  for  women's  voices,  with  org.  (or  pf-)? 
28,  4  duets  for  alto  and  bar.,  w.  pf  ;  29,  2 
motets  for  5  voices  ;  30,  Sacred  Song  (Paul 
Flemming)  f  4  voices,  mixed  ch.,  and  org.;  31, 
3  quartets  for  S.,  A.,  T.,  and  B.,  w.  pf.;  34,  pf.- 
quintet  in  F  min.;  34a,  sonata  for  pf.,  4  hands 
(arr.  from  op.  34) ;  35,  28  variations  (Studien)  for 
pf. ;  36,  sextet  No.  2,  m  G,  for  strings  ;  37,  3 
sacred  choruses  for  female  voices  ,  38,  sonata  in 
E  min.,  for  pf.  and  'cello  ;  39,  16  waltzes  for 
pf ,  4  hands;  40,  trio  in  E[?,  for  pf.,  vln.,  and 
horn  (or  'cello) ,  41,  5  part-songs  for  4  men's 
voices  ;  42,  3  songs  for  6-p.  ch.  a  cappella;  44, 
12  songs  and  romances  for  female  chorus  a 
cappella  ;  45,  German  Requiem,  soli,  chorus,  and 
orchestra ;  50,  "  Rinaldo,"  cantata  (Goethe),  f. 
ten.  solo,  malech.,  and  orch.;  51,  2  string-quar- 
tets (C  min.  and  A  min.) ;  52,  Liebeslieder, 
waltzes  for  pf.  and  4  voices ;  53,  Rhapsodic 
(from  Goethe's  "ffarsreise"),  for  alto  solo, 
malech.,  and  orch.;  54,  Schitksalshed  \  Song  of 
Destiny]  (F.  Holderlin),  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  55, 
Tuumphtted  (Revelations,  chap,  xix),  f.  8-p. 
ch.  and  orch. ;  56,  variations  f .  orch.  on  a  theme 
by  Haydn;  60,  pf.-quartet  No.  3,  in  C  min.; 
61,  4  duets  for  S.  and  A. ;  62,  7  songs  for  mixed 
ch.;  64,  3  vocal  quartets  with  pf.;  65,  Neue 
Liebeslieder,  waltzes  for  4  vcs.  and  pf.;  66,  5 
duets,  S.  and  A.;  67,  string-quartet  No.  3,  in 
B|?;  68,  symphony  No.  i,  C  min.;  73,  sym- 
phony No.  2,  in  D  ;  74,  2  motets  f .  mixed  ch. ; 
75,  4  ballads  and  romances  f.  2  vcs.  w.  pf.;  76, 
8  piano-pieces ;  77,  violin-concerto  in  D  ;  78, 
sonata  for  pf.  and  vln.,  in  G;  79,  2  Rhapsodies 
for  pf.  (B  min.  and  G  min.);  80,  Akademische 
Festouverture,  f  orch.;  81,  Tragische  Ouverture, 
f.  orch. ;  82,  N&nie  (Schiller),  f.  ch.  and  orch. ; 
83,  pf.-concerto  No.  2,  in  Bfr;  84,  5  romances 
and  songs,  f .  i  or  2  voices  ;  87,  pf.-trio  in  C ; 
88,  string-quintet  in  F  ;  89,  Gesang  der  JParsen 
(Goethe),  for  6-part  ch.  and  orch  ;  90,  sym- 
phony No.  3,  in  F ;  91,  2  songs  for  alto,  w. 
viola  and  pf.;  92,  4  vocal  quartets  with  pf.; 


BRAII-MCLLER—  BRANDEIS 


93a,  songs  and  romances,  f.  4-part  mixed  ch.; 
93b,  "Tafeilied,"  for  4-part  mixed  ch.,_  gS, 
symphony  No.  4,  in  E  mm  ,  99,  sonata  No.  2 
in  F.  f.  'cello  and  pf  ,  100,  sonata  No  2,  in  A, 
f.  vln.  and  pf  ,  101,  pf.-tno  in  C  mm.;  102, 
concerto  m  C,  f.  \ln.  and  'cello,  103,  S  "  Zi- 
geunerlieder  "  for  4  voices,  w.  pf  ,  104,  5  songs 
f.  mixed  ch.;  108,  sonata  No  3,  m  1)  mm.,  f. 
vln.  and  pf.,  109,  Deutsche  Fest-  und  Ge- 
denkspruche,  f.  double  ch  ;  no,  3  motets  f  4 
and  S  voices;  in,  string-quintet  No.  2,  in  G 

112,  "Zigeunerheder"  f. 4  voices,  w.  pf.-accomp 

113,  13  canons  f.  female  voices,  \i.  pf.-accomp 

114,  trio  in  Amin.,  for  pf  ,  clar.,  and  'cello  ;  115, 
quintet  m  D  mm.,  for  clar    and  strings  ;  116, 
Fantasien  f.  pf.,  117,  3  Intermezzi  f.  pf.;  riS, 
6  Clavierstucke  (Intermezzi  in   A  mm  ,    A,   F 
min.,  and  EJ)  min.;  Ballades,  Romanze) ,  119,  4 
Clavierstucke  (Intermezzi  in  B  min.,    E  mm., 
and  C ,  Rhapsodic) ;  120,  2  sonatas  f  clar  (or 
via.) and  pf.;  op  121,  *'  Vier  ernste  Gesange"  f. 
bass  w.  pf. 

Brahms'  songs  for  one  voice,  with  piano-ac- 
companiment, are  published  in  sets,  varying  in 
number,  as  op.  3,  6,  7,  14,  19,  32,  33  (from 
Tieck's  "  Magelone  "),  43,  ,46,  47,  48,  49*  57, 
58,  59,  63,  69,  70,  71,  72,  84,  85,  86,  91,  94,  95, 
96,  97,  105,  106,  107,  121  ("Ernste  Gesange," 
his  last  published  work). 

WITHOUT  OPUS-NUMBERS:  Hungarian 
Dances  for  orchestra. — Gluck's  Gavotte  for  pf. 
solo.— Studies  forpf.  solo  :  (i)  £tude  after  Cho- 
pin ;  (2)  Rondo  after  Weber. — 15  Volkskinder- 
liedchen. — Mondnac/it,  song  for  I  voice  w.  pf  — 
Prelude  and  fugue  in  A  min. ,  and  fugue  in  A  \) 
min.,  f.  organ. 

Brah-Miiller  (real  name  M  tiller),  Karl 
Friedrich  Gustav,  b.  Kritschen,  Silesia,  Oct. 
7,  1839 ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  I,  1878.  Teacher  at 
Pleschen,  then  at  Berlin,  where  he  st.  under 
Ge)*er  and  Wuerst ;  since  1867,  teacher  at  Wan- 
delt's  Inst.,  Berlin. — Works  "  Smgspiel "  £in 
Matrose  von  tier  Xymphc  (Berlin,  1864) ;  ope- 
retta Deutschland  im  Vrwald ;  Te  Deum  f  ch. 
and  orch.;  vln. -quartets  ;  organ-  and  pf.-mus., 
songs,  etc. 

Bram'bach,  Kaspar  Joseph,  b  Bonn,  July 
14,  1833.  His  first  teacher  in  comp.  was  A. 
zur  Nieden  ;  he  then  st.  1851-4  in  Cologne 
Cons.;  won  Mozart  scholarship,  and  st.  at 
Frankfort  under  Ferd.  Hiller.  Teacher  in  Co- 
logne Cons.  1858-61  ;  1861-9,  musical  director 
at  Bonn,  where  he  has  since  lived  as  a  teacher 
and  composer.  His  secular  cantatas  are  espe- 
cially noteworthy  ;  the  larger  works  are  *4  Trost 
in  Tonen,"  "  Das  eleusische  Fest,"  *l  Fruhhngs- 
hymnus,"  tc  Die  Macht  des  Gesanges,"  "Vel- 
leda,"  "  Alcestis,"  fci  Prometheus,"  and  "  Colum- 
bus" (1886) ;  lesser  works  are  "  Germanischer 
Siegesgesang  "  (1874),  "  Das  Lied  vom  Rhein," 
"  Lenzerwachen, "  and  "  Rheinfahit." — Other 
works :  An  opera  Anadne ;  concert-overture 
Tasso;  pf. -concerto,  a  pf. -sextet,  a  string-sex- 
tet, 2  pf.-cjuartets,  vocal  music, 


Bram'bach,  Wilhelm,  b.  Bonn,  Dec.  17, 
1841  ;  philologist ,  in  1866  prof,  extraordinary, 
1 863  ordinary  prof,  at  Freiburg;  since  1872, 
head-librarian  at  Karlsruhe.  —  Works  "Das 
Tonsystem  und  die  Tor-arten  des  chnstlichen 
Abendlands  im  Mittelalter,"  etc  (iSSi) ,  "Die 
Musikhtteratdr  des  Mittelalters  bis  zur  Bluthe 
der  Reichenauer  Sangerschule  "  (1883) ;  "  Iler- 
manm  Contracti  musica"  (1884) ;  and  "Die  Rei- 
chenauer Sangerschule  "  (iSSS) 

Brambil'la,  Paolo,  b.  Milan,  1786  ,  d.  (?). 
Comp.  4  operas  for  Milan  and  Turin  (1816-19), 
and  6  ballets  for  La  Scala,  Milan  (1819-33). 

Brambil'la,  Marietta,  b.  Casano  d'Adda, 
1807 ;  d.  Milan,  Nov.  6,  1875.  Famous  singer 
and  singing -teacher;  pupil  of  Milan  Cons; 
debut  London,  1827,  in  Rossini's  Sennrannde, 
and  sang  for  years  in  the  principal  theatres  of 
Italy,  London',  Vienna,  and  Pans. — Publ.  songs, 
vocalises,  etc. 

Brambil'la,  Teresa  (sister  of  Marietta),  b. 
Cassano  d'Adda,  1813  ;  d.  Milan,  July  (?),  1895. 
St.  singing  in  Milan  Cons.  Began  dram  career 
1831  in  small  theatres ,  1833,  sang  with  great 
success  in  Milan,  then  in  Odessa  (lt  Norma  ") ; 
recalled  1837  to  Milan,  sang  1840,  at  La  Scala, 
in  Due  ilhtstii  nvali  by  Mercadante,  and  7 
Corsari  by  Mazzucato,  and  became  famous. 
After  passing  two  years  m  Spain,  she  t>ang  (1846) 
in  Pans  in  \abucco  \\iih  great  success;  then 
eng.  at  La  Fenice  Th.,  Venice,  where  on  March 
u,  1851,  she  created  the  role  of  "Gilda"  in 
Rigoletto* 

Bran'ca,  Guglielmo,  b.  Bologna,  Apr.  13, 
1849.  Pup*1  of  A.  Busi  in  Bologna  Cons. ;  has 
written  the  successful  operas  La  Catalana  (Flor- 
ence, 1876),  Jfermosa  (Florence,  1883),  and  La 
Figha  dijono  (Cremona,  1897). 

Brancac'cio,  Antonio,  b.  Naples,  1813  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  12,  1846.  Pupil  of  Naples  Cons.; 
wrote  the  operas  Rosnmnda  (Venice,  1830) ;  / 
ditje  Vastasi  di  Porto  (Naples,  1830?)  ;  Le  Sartc 
calabresi  (Naples,  1832?)  ;  /  Panduri  (Naples, 
1843) ;  IlMorto  ed  il  Vivo  (ib.,  1843)  ;  L'assedio 
di  Constantino,  (Venice,  1844)  ;  Jtramesca  da 
Rimini  (Venice,  1844)  ;  L 'Incognita,  ossia  Dopo 
15  anni  (Venice,  1846) ;  //  Pitntigho  (Naples, 
1845) ;  Lilla  (Venice,  1848). 

Bran'deis,  Frederic  [Friedrich],  b.  Vienna, 
July  5,  1835-  Pupil  of  J.  Fischhof  and  Karl 
Czerny  (pf.)  and  Rufinatscha  (comp.),  also  of 
Wilhelm  Meyerhofer  in  New  York.  Went  to  the 
United  States  in  1849  »'  de*but  as  pianist  iu  N.  Y., 
1851.  He  toured  the  country  with  vaiious 
troupes,  notably  Vincent  Wallace's  concert-com- 
pany, as  solo  pianist  and  conductor.  Organist 
of  several  N.  Y.  churches  ;  since  1886,  of  St. 
Peter  and  St  Paul's  R.  C.  Ch.  at  Brooklyn  — 
Works  (for  orch.) .  Introd.  and  Capriccio ; 
Grand  March ;  prelude  to  Schiller's  Maria 
Stuart;  Danse  he'roique ;  a  Suite  f .  string- 
orch. ;  Romanza  f,  oboe  antf  orch.  (fpr  mili- 


BRANDENBURG— BREITKOPF  UND   H ARTEL 


tary  band) ;  Funeral  March  of  Ilumpty  Dumpty, 
and  Polish  Dance  ;  a  ballade,  "  The  Bards," 
duel  i.  ten  and  bar.  w.  orch  ;  ballade,  "The 
King,"  f  soli,  ch.  and  orch.;  ballade,  "  The 
Sunken  Cloister,"  f  ch  and  orch.,  pf.-tno  in 
G,  several  sextets  f  flute  and  strings  The 
above  are  unpubl.,  though  performed. — Publ. 
works  mcl  a  great  variety  of  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
vocal  music  (sacred  and  secular),  etc. 

Bran'denburg,  Ferdinand,  born  Erfurt, 
(date  ?) ;  d.  as  court  music-teacher  at  Rudolstadt, 
May  31,  1850.  Violinist  and  composer,  living 
in  Leipzig,  1838,  where  he  produced'  an  opera 
in  1847  with  temporary  success. 

Bran'des    [-dess],    Emma,    pianist ;  b.  n. 

Schwenn,    Jan.    20,    1854       Pupil    of  Aloys 

Schmitt  and  court  pianist  Goltermann.  Mar- 
ried Prof.  Engelmann,  of  Utrecht. 

Bran'dl,  Johann,  1).  at  Kloster  Rohr,  n. 
Ratisbon,  Nov.  14,  1760 ;  d.  Karlsruhe,  May 
26,  1837,  as  musical  director  to  the  Archduke  of 
Baden. — Works  •  2  operas,  Ger mania  and  Her- 
mann (both  1800)  ;  melodrama  Hero  ;  oratorios, 
masses,  a  symphony,  much  chamber-music,  and 
minor  pieces. 

Bran'dl,  Johann,  contemporary  operetta- 
cpmp.  in  Vienna  ;  has  produced  15  or  20  works 
since  1869,  all  of  short-lived  popularity  (Die 
Kosakin;  Ischl,  1892). 

Brand'stetter.    See  GARBRECHT. 

Brandt,  Marianne  (true  name  Marie  Bi- 
schof ),  b.  Vienna,  Sept.  12,  1842.  Brilliant  con- 
tralto stage-singer,  pupil  of  Frau  Marschner 
at  Vienna  Cons.,  and  1869-70  of  Viardot-Gar- 
cia,  Paris ;  eng.  1867  in  Graz,  1868-86  at  Ber- 
lin Court  Opera.  Sang  the  role  of  Kundry  in 
Pan>ijal  at  Bayreuth,  1882,  alternating  with 
Frau  Materna,  who  created  it.  In  1886  she 
sang  in  German  opera  at  New  York. 

Brandus,  Dufour  et  Cie.,  Paris  Arm  of  mu- 
sic-publishers, founded  by  M.  Schlesinger(iS34), 
and  taken  over  in  1846  by  the  brothers  Louis 
Brandus  (d.  1887)  and  Gemmy  B.  (d.  1873). 

Brant,  Jobst  (or  Jodocus)  vom  (Junior) ; 
captain  at  Waldsachsen,  and  governor  of  Lieben- 
stein,  in  the  i6th  cent.  54  German  part-songs, 
and  a  6-p.  motet,  show  that  he  was  a  musicianly 
contrapuntist.  (Cf.  Eitner's  "Bibliographic  der 
Musiksammelwerke,"etc.,  1877.) 

Brassin,  Louis,  pianist,  b.  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
June  24,  1840  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  May  17,  1884. 
Pupil  of  Moscheles  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  made 
concert  -  tours  with  his  brothers  Leopold  and 
Gerhard  ;  became  teacher  in  the  Stern  Cons., 
then  at  St.  Petersburg  ^Cons.— Works  :  2  oper- 
ettas ;  the  valuable  "£cole  moderne  du  piano, 
12  etudes  de  concert";  salon -pcs.  f.  pf.;  songs. 

Brassin,  Leopold,  brother  and  pupil  of 
Louis  ;  b.  Strassburg,  May  28,  1843 ;  d.  Con- 
stantinople, 1890.  Court  pianist  at  Koburg; 


teacher  at  the  Bern  Music-School,  later  at  St. 
Petersburg  and  Constantinople  He  cornp.  con- 
certos f.  i  and  2  pf.s  ;  also  many  solo  pieces  f. 
Pf- 

Brassin,  Gerhard,  violinist,  brother  of  Louis; 
b.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  June  10,  1844 ,  teacher  at 
the  Bern  Music-School  in  1863  ,  leader  at  Goth- 
enburg, Sweden ;  teacher  at  Stern  Cons.,  Ber- 
lin, in  1874;  cond  of  Tonknnstlerverem  in 
Breslau,  1875-80  ;  since  then  in  St  Petersburg. 
Publ.  valuable  solo  pcs.  f.  vln. 

Braii'er,  Max,  b.  Mannheim,  May  9,  1855. 
From  1875-6,  pupil  of  Vincenz  Lachner, 
Karlsruhe ,  then,  until  iSSo,  of  Killer,  Jensen 
and  de  Lange  at  Cologne  Cons.  From  1880-8, 
Musikdirektor  at  Kaiserslautern  ;  since  iSSS  till 
now  ('99),  musical  director  at  the  court  church, 
Karlsruhe. — Publ.  works  (16  opus-numbers) : 
Pf.-pcs.  f  2  and  4  hds.;  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.; 
pieces  f.  vln.,  'cello,  organ  (4 '  Funerale  "  ;  2 
Fugues) ;  Suite  f.  string-orch.  (no  opus-num- 
ber). Also  Der  Lotst\  i-act  opera,  prod.  succ. 
at  Karlsruhe,  1885  ;  and  the  3-act  opera 
Morgiane  (not  perf.,  1899). 

Brebos,  Gilles.    See  GILLES. 

Bree,  [Johannes  Bernardus]  Jean  Bernard 
van,  b.  Amsterdam,  Jan.  29.  1801 ;  d.  there 
Feb.  14,  1857.  Violinist  and  composer;  pupil 
of  Bertelmann  ;  1819,  orch. -player  in  the  Th. 
Francais,  Amsterdam ;  1829,  director  of  the 
Felix  Mentis  Society;  founded  the  "Cecilia" 
in  1840;  director  of  the  Music-School  of  the 
Soc.  for  the  Promotion  of  Music. — Works : 
Dutch  opera  .80^0(1834);  German  opera  Nimm 
dich  in  Acht  (1845  ?)  ;  opera  Le  Bandit  (The 
Hague,  1840) ;  2  melodramas ;  several  masses, 
cantatas,  overtures,  chamber-music,  etc. 

Brei'denstein,  Heinrich  Karl,  b.  Steinau, 
Hesse,  Feb.  28,  1796 ;  d.  Bonn,  July  13,  1876. 
From  1823,  Music-Director  at  Bonn  Univ. — 
Works  :  A  cantata  ;  chorals,  etc. ;  and  a  Method 
of  Singing. 

Breit'kopf  und  Har'tel,  firm  of  music-pub- 
lishers at  Leipzig,  founded  (as  a  printing-office) 
in  1719  by  Bernard  Christoph  Breitkopf  (b. 
Klausthal,  Harz,  Mar.  2,  1695  ;  d.  Mar.  26, 
1777).  His  son  and  successor,  J.  G.  Immanuel 
Breitkopf  (b.  Nov  23,  1719 ;  d.  Jan.  29,  1794), 
entered  the  business  in  1745  ;  in  1754,  his  in- 
vention (or  revival  of  Petrucci's  invention)  of 
movable  types  rendered  it  possible  for  him  to 
add  music-printing  to  the  firm's  resources,  thus 
laying  the  foundation  for  future  expansion.  His 
son,  Chr.  Gottlob  B.,  relinquished  the  business 
in  1795  in  favor  of  his  friend  Gottfr.  Chr.  Hartel 
(b.  Schneeberg,  Jan.  27, 1763  ;  d.  July  25, 1827), 
in  whose  hands  its  prosperity  was  assured  ;  he 
added  a  piano-manufactory,  founded  the  "  Allg. 
musikalische  Zeitung  "  (1798),  introduced  pewter 
plates,  and  also  lithographed  titles.  Successive 
heads  of  the  business  were  Florenz  Hartel 


85 


BRENDEL— BRICCIALDI 


(1827-35)  I  Dr-  Hermann  Ilartel  (d.  1882),  and 
his  brother  Raimund  H artel  (retired  iSSo  ;  d 
iSSS) ;  and  finally  the  sons  of  two  sisters  of 
Hermann  and  Raimund — \Vilhelm  Volkmann 
(b.  1837,  d.  1893?),  and  Dr  Oskar  von  Hase 
(b.  1846).  Among  representative  enterprises 
must  be  mentioned  the  complete  editions  of 
Palestrina,  Mozart,  Beethoven,  Schubert,  and 
Mendelssohn  ;  the  monumental  edition  of  the 
Bach  Society  is  also  prepared  and  publ.  in  their 
establishment. 

Bren'del,  Karl  Franz,  b.  Stolberg,  Nov. 
26,  1811  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  25,  1868.  \Vnter 
and  critic  of  neo-German  tendency ;  pf  -pupil 
of  Fr.  Wieck;  editor  from  1844  of  Schumann's 
"Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik,"  and  1850-60  of 
the  monthly  **  Anregungen  fur  Kunst,  Leben 
und  \Vissenschaft."  He  was  later  app.  prof,  of 
mus.  hist,  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  was  also  one  of 
the  founders  (iS6i),  and  for  years  the  president, 
of  the  "  Allgemeiner  deutscher  Musikverein." — 
Works  •  ' '  Grundzuge  der  Geschichte  d.  Musik  " 
(1848;  5th  ed.  1861);  "Gesch.  d.  Musik  in 
Italien,  Deutschland  u.  Frankreich  von  den 
ersten  christlichen  Zeiten  an,"  etc.  (1852 ;  6th 
ed.,  edited  by  Dr.  F  Stade,  1879) ;  "  Die  Musik 
der  Gegenwart  u.  die  Gesammtkunst  der  Zu- 
kunft"  (1854)  I  "  Franz  Liszt  als  Symphoniker  " 
(^859) ;  "  Geist  u.  Technik  im  Klavierunter- 
richt "  (1867) ;  also  many  newspaper  articles. 

Brenet,  Michel,  contemporary  French  mu- 
sicograph. — Works  :  *l  Histoire  de  la  symphonic 
a  orchestre  depuis  ses  engines "  (prize-essay, 
1882)  ;  sketch  of  Gretry  (1884) ;  valuable  mono- 
graph on  Okeghem  (1893) ;  etc. 

Bren'ner,  Ludwig,  Ritter  von,  b.  Leipzig, 
Sept.  19,  1833,  and  pupil  of  the  Cons.;  after 
tours  on  the  Continent,  he  settled  in  St.  Peters- 
burg for  15  years  as  a  member  of  the  Imp.  orch. ; 
1872-6,  cond.  of  the  Berlin  Symphony  Orch.; 
in  1876,  est.  an  orch.  of  his  own  ("  Neue  Ber- 
liner Symphoniekapelle  ").  Now  living  at  Bres- 
lau,  where  since  1897  he  has  cond.  Meyder's 
Concert  Orch.,  succeeding  Meyder. — Works  :  4 
grand  masses  ;  2  Te  Detims  ;  symphonic  poems, 
overtures  and  other  orchestral  music. 

Breslaur,  Emil  (Prof.),  b.  Kottbus,  May 
29,  1836 ;  studied  1863-7  at  the  Stern  Cons., 
Berlin  ;  from  1868-79,  teacher  at  Kullak's  Acad.; 
and  since  1883  choirmaster  at  the  Reformed  Syn- 
agogue. A  Music-Teachers'  Society  founded 
by  him  in  1879  developed  in  1886  into  the 
"  Deutscher  Musiklehrer-Verband."  He  is  also 
the  founder  and  director  of  a  Piano-Teachers' 
Seminary;  editor  of  the  "  Klavierlehrer"  ;  and 
the  author  of  several  important  works  on  piano- 
playing  :  "  Die  techmsche  Grundlage  des 
Klavierspiels  "  (1874,  earned  him  the  title  of 
"  Prof.") ;  "  Fuhrer  durch  die  •  Klavierunter- 
richts-Litteratur "  ;  "Zur  methodischen  Cbung 
des  Klavierspiels  " ;  * l  Der  entwickelnde  Unter- 
richt  in  der  Harmonielehre  "  ;  "  Ober  die  schad- 


hchen  Folgen  des  unrichtigen  Obens  ";  also  a 
*k  Klavierschule  "  ,  a  compilation,  "  Methudik 
des  Klavierunternchts  m  Kmzelaufsatzeu  " 
(1887) ;  and  a  "  Melodiebildungslchre  auf 
Grundlage  des  hannon.  u.  rhythm.  Elements  " 
(1896). 

Breu'ning,  Ferdinand,  b.  Brotterode,  Thu- 
ringia,  Mar.  2,  1830  ,  d.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Sept. 
22,  1883.  Pupil  (1844)  of  Mendelssohn  and 
Hauptmann  at  Leipzig  Cons  ;  1855,  pf.-prol. 
at  Cologne  Cons  ,  succeeding  Reinecke  ;  1865, 
mus.  director  at  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

BreVal,  Jean-Baptist e,  b  Dept.  of  1'Aisne, 
France,  1765  ;  d.  Chamouille,  1825.  'Cellist, 
pupil  of  Cupis ;  1st  'cellist  at  (hand  Opera 
(1781-1806),  and  'cello-prof,  at  Cons.  (1796- 
1802). — Works  •  2  operas,  8  symphonies,  7  'cel- 
lo-concertos, much  chamber  -  music,  and  a 
Method  f.  'cello. 

Brewer,  John  Hyatt,  org.  and  composer ; 
b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  18,  1856.  For  7  years 
he  was  boy-soprano  in  various  churches ;  was 
a  vocal  pupil  of  Walter,  Cutler,  and  Wilder, 
learned  pf.  and  harm  of  R.  Navarro,  and  organ- 
playing  of  Diller,  Caulfield,  Whitely,  and  Dud- 
ley Buck  (pupil  of  the  latter,  for  5  years,  in 
org.,  cpt.,  and  composition).  In  1871,  B.  began 
his  career  as  org.  at  the  City  Park  Chapel, 
passing  to  the  Ch  of  the  Messiah  (4  yrs.),  Clin- 
ton Av.  Congr.  Ch.  (4  yrs.),  and  finally  (1881)  to 
the  Lafayette  Av.  Presby.  Ch.  as  org.  and  dir  , 
which  office  he  holds  at  this  date  (1899).  Active 
member  of  the  N.  Y.  MS.  Soc.,  the  N.  Y.  State 
M.  T.  A.,  the  Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and 
Sciences  (Sec.  of  mus.  dept.),  Brooklyn  Apollo 
Club  (charter  member  and  accompanist) ;  co- 
founder  of  the  A.  G.  O.  Has  cond.  the  Brook- 
lyn Hill,  Orpheus,  Damrosch,  and  Boylsron  Glee 
Clubs,  the  Csecilia  Ladies' Vocal  Soc.,  and  the 
Hoadley  Amateur  Orch.;  and  is  a  busy  in- 
structor in  voice,  pf.,  org.,  and  theory. — Works: 
Over  ico,  incl.  some  30  songs  (sacred  and 
secular),  duets,  quartets,  anthems,  glees,  cho- 
ruses and  cantatas ;  also  pcs.  f .  org  ,  pf.  and 
strings ;  duos  f.  org.  and  pf.;  and  a  Suite  (MS.) 
f.  orch. 

Briard,  6tienne,  type-founder  at  Avignon, 
ist  half  of  i6th  century.  His  types  had  round 
note-heads  instead  of  the  ordinary  angular 
ones,  and  separate  notes  instead  of  ligatures. 
Carpentras'  works  were  printed  (Avignon,  1532) 
with  them. 

Briccial'di,  Giulio,  renowned  flutist;  b. 
Terni,  Papal  States,  Mar.  2,  1818  ;  d  Florence, 
Dec.  17,  1881.  At  15  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  St.  Cecilia  Acad.  at  Rome ;  i&^maestro 
to  the  Prince  of  Syracuse.  Made  concert-tours 
in  England,  America,  etc.  After  1842,  lived 
chiefly  in  London.— Works :  Opera  Leonora  di 
Medici  (Milan,  1855) ;  excellent  works  f.  flute ; 
also  a  Method  f.  do. 


86 


BRIDGE— BROCKWAY 


Bridge,  Sir  John  Frederick,  b.  Oidbury, 
Worcestershire,  England,  Dec  5,  1844.  He 
became  a  chorister  in  Rochester  cathedral  in 
1850,  and  \vas>  taught  for  a  time  by  his  father 
[John  Bridge,  lay-clerk  in  the  cathedral],  was 
then  articled  to  J.  Hopkins,  and  studied  later 
under  Sir  John  Goss.  Organist  (1865)  of 
Trinity  Ch  ,  Windsor,  1869  oi  Manchester 
cathedral ;  1875  deputy,  and  1882  principal, 
organist  at  Westminster  Abbey  In  1868  he 
took  the  degree  of  Mus.  Bac,  (Oxford),  with  the 
oratorio  Mount  Afona/u  Now  professor  of 
harmony  and  counterpoint  at  the  R.  A.  M.f 
Examiner  at  the  University  of  London,  and 
conductor  of  the  Western  and  the  Madrigal 
societies.  Knighted  in  1897  — Works  Can- 
tatas Boadicea  (iSSo),  Rock  of  Ages  (1885),  and 
CaUirhoe  (Birmingham,  1888);  The  Repentance 
of  Nineveh*  dramatic  oratorio  (Worcester,  1890), 
The  Lord's  Prayer  [after  Dante]  (1892) ;  The 
Cradle  of  Christ  ("  Stabat  Mater  speciosa," 
1894) ;  2  choral  ballades,  The  Festival^  and 
The  Inchcape  Bell ,  concert-oveiture,  **  Morte 
df  Arthur  "  ;  Magnificat  and  Nunc  dimittis,  in  D  , 
anthems,  part-songs,  and  songs.  Has  written 
primers  on  Counterpoint,  Double-counterpoint, 
Canon,  and  on  the  Organ-accompaniment  of  the 
Choral  Service. 

Bridge,  Joseph  Cox,  brother  jof  preceding  ; 
b.  Rochester,  England,  Aug.  16,  1853.  Pupil 
of  his  brother,  and  Hopkins ;  since  1877,  org. 
of  Chester  cathedral.  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon.,  1876  ; 
Mus.  Doc  ,  1884.  At  the  revival  of  the  Chester 
triennial  festival  in  1879,  ne  produced  a  Service 
f  voices  and  orch  — Works  •  Oratorios  Darnel 
(1885),  Ritdcl  (1891);  string-quartet,  G  min.; 
sonata  f.  'cello  and  pf  ;  part-songs  ;  etc. 

Brie'gel,  Wolfgang  Karl,  b  Germany,  May 
21,  1626  ,  d.  Darmstadt,  Nov.  19,  1713.  Org.  in 
Stettin ;  1650,  court  cantor  in  Gotha ;  1670, 
Jfcapfllm.  at  Darmstadt.  His  numerous  church- 
comp.s  and  instrumental  pcs.  (publ.  1652-1709) 
were  highly  esteemed. 

Brink,  Jules  ten,  b.  Amsterdam,  Nov.  (?), 
1838  ;  d.  Pans,  Feb.  9,  1889.  Pupil  of  Heinze 
(Amsterdam),  Dupont  (Brussels),  and  E.  F. 
Richter  (Leipzig);  1860-8,  mus.  director  at 
Lyons  ;  then  settled  in  Paris.-— Works  :  a  operas, 
Calomce  (1870,  I -act,  comic),  and  a  grand 
opera p)  (MS  );  suite  f.  orch.;  symphony,  sym- 
phonic poem,  violin-concerto,  etc. 

Brinsmead,  John,  b.  Wear  Gifford,  North 
Devon,  Oct.  13,  1814.  Founded  his  celebrated 
piano-factory  in  London,  1835.  In  1863  his 
sons,  Thomas  and  Edgar,  were  admitted  to 
partnership  ("  John  B.  and  Sons").  His  "  Per- 
fect Check  Repeater  Action"  (pat.  1868)  is 
well  spoken  of. — Edgar  B.  wrote  a  "  History 
of  the  Pianoforte  "  (1868  ;  revised  and  republ., 
1879)- 

Brissler,  Friedrich  Ferdinand,  b.  Inster- 
burg,  July  13,  1818 ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  6,  1893 
Pupil  (1836)  of  the  Berlin  Academy;  gave  piano- 


recitals  and  concerts  1838-45  :  and  became 
teacher  at  the  Stern  Cons. — His  2-  and  4-hand 
arrangements  of  classical  works  are  noteworthy. 
He  comp.  an  opera,  a  symphony,  and  other 
music. 

Brisson,  Fre*de"ric,  pianist ,  b.  Angouleme, 
Charente,  Dec.  25,  1821.  Teacher  in  Paris. — 
Works  Many  salon-pcs.  f.  pf .  (Valse  de  concert 
is  op  59) ;  an  operetta,  Les  ruses  •villageoises 
(1865);  an  "ficole  d'Orgue";  etc. 

Bristow,  George  Frederick,  b.  Brooklyn, 
N  Y.,  Dec.  19,  1825  ;  d  New  York,  Dec.  13, 
1898.  Violinist  (1836)  in  Olympic  Th.,  N.  Y.; 
from  1842,  in  the  N  Y.  Philh  Soc.,  also  from 
1351-62  cond.  of  the  Harmonic  Soc.,  after- 
wards of  the  Mendelssohn  Union,  and  organist 
at  several  churches. — Works  :  Opera,  Rip  Van 
Winkle  (N.  Y.,  1855);  opera  Columbus  (unfin.); 
2  oratorios,  Praise  to  God  (1860)  and  Daniel 
(1867)  ;  cantata,  The  Great  Republic,  w.  orch. 
(iSSo);  5  symphonies;  2  overtures,  2  string- 
quartets;  anthems  songs,  pcs  f.  org.,  pf  ,  and 
vln.— His  father,  W.  R.  Bristow  (b  England, 
1803  ;  d  1867),  was  well  known  as  a  conductor 
in  New  York. 

Bri'aci,  Franz  Xaver,  church-composer ;  b. 
Prague,  1732 ;  d.  there  Oct.  14,  1771.  Taught 
by  Segert  at  Prague  ,  organist  of  St.  Gallui ; 
1756,  Kapellm.  at  Prague  cathedral. — Works: 
52  grand  masses,  24  minor  ones,  several  ora- 
torios, a  Requiem,  etc. 

Broadwood  &  Sons,  London  firm  of  pf.- 
makers ;  est  1730  by  the  Swiss  Burkhard 
Tschudi  (Snudi),  a  renowned  harpsichord- 
maker.  John  Broadwood  (1732-1812),  a 
Scotch  joiner,  was  Shudi's  son-in-law  and  suc- 
cessor, and  was  in  turn  succeeded  by  his  sons 
Tames  Shudi  and  Thomas.  Henry  Fowler 
Broadwood  was  the  head  of  the  firm  at  the 
time  of  his  death  (London,  July  8,  1893).  Up 
to  1885  the  firm  had  turned  out  nearly  180,000 
instruments.  They  use  the  "  English  action," 
based  on  the  Cristofori-Silbermann  model,  suc- 
cessively improved  by  Americus  Backers  and  the 
Broad  woods. 

Brockway,  Howard  A.,  b.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
Nov.,  22,  1870.  St  pf.  18  mos  with  H.  O.  C. 
Kortheuer,  and  went  to  Berlin  in  1890,  study- 
ing there  for  5  years  under  Barth  (pf.)  and  O.  B. 
Boise  (composition).  Since  1895  in  N.  Y., 
teaching  pf.  and  comp..  and  concertizing. — 
Publ.  works .  Variations  on  an  original  theme, 
f .  pf . ;  6  Clavier-Stucke ;  Sonata  f .  pf .  and  vln. 
(G  min.) ;  Ballade  f.  pf.;  a  Cavatina  and  a  Ro- 
manze  f.  vln.  and  orch.  (both  publ.  w.  pf.- 
accomp.) ;  Nocturne  f .  pf . ;  Ch&rakttrst&cke^ 
u  Paganini,"  f.  pf.;  "Moment  musical"  f.  vln. 
and  pf . ,  PhantasiestUcke  f .  pf .  (publ.  in  Berlin) , 
14  Dance  of  the  Sylphs"  f.  pf.  (arr.  from  ^Syl- 
van Suite  "  f .  orch. ;  publ.  in  New  York). — \IS. 
works:  Cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Ballade 
f.  orch.,  in  G  min.;  Symphony  in  D  ;  Scherzo 
f .  orch. ;  minor  vocal  pcs. ;  etc. 


BROD— BROWN 


Brod,  Henry,  oboist,  and  prof,  at  Pans 
Cons.;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  4,  iSoi  ;  d.  there  Apr.  6, 
1839. 

Brod'sky,  Adolf,  distinguished  \iolmist; 
b.  Taganrog,  Russia,  Mar.  21,  1851.  Pupil 
of  J.  Hellmesberger  and  the  Vienna  Cons. 
(1862-3)  Member  of  the  Hellmesberger  Quar- 
tet ;  1868-70,  of  the  Imp.  opera-orch  ,  studied 
with  Laub  at  Moscow  (1873-5),  and  was  app. 
prof  at  the  Cons.  Leaving  Moscow  in  1879, 
he  cond.  the  symphony  concerts  at  Kiev,  made 
long  and  successful  concert-tours  in  iSSr  (Pans, 
Vienna,  London),  and  in  1883  succeeded 
Schradieck  as  vln  -prof  at  Leipzig  Cons  From 
1891-4  in  N.  Y.;  1894  in  Berlin  ,  1895  prof. 
of  vln  -playing  at,  and  later  Director  of,  the  Man- 
chester (Engl.)  R.  C.  of  Music. 

Broek'hoven,  John  A.,  b.  Beek,  Holland, 
1852.  Prof,  of  harm,  and  comp  ,  Cincinnati 
Coll.  of  Mus. — Works-  Sink  cr&It  f,  orch.; 
grand  overture  Columbia  f.  orch. 

Broer,  Ernst,  b.  Ohlau,  Silesia,  Apr.  n, 
1809  ;  d.  Tarnopol,  Mar.  25,  1886.  'Cellist ; 
abt.  1840,  organist  at  Breslau,  and  1843-84  sing- 
ing-teacher at  the  Matthias  Gymnasium.  Comp. 
sacred  music. 

Bron'sart  von  ScheKlendorf,  Hans  [Hans 
von  Bronsart],  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  n,  1830;  student 
at  Berlin  Univ.  1849-52,  also  taking  lessons  in 
theory  from  Dehn,  and  on  the  piano  from  Kul- 
lak ;  st.  with  Liszt  at  Weimar  for  some  years, 
gave  pf.-concerts  in  German  capitals,  Paris, 
and  St.  Petersburg;  cond.  the  "Euterpe"  in 
Leipzig  (1860-2),  and  the  "  Gesellschaft  d. 
Musikfreunde "  in  Berlin  (1865-6,  succeeding 
v.  Bulow) ;  in  1867  was  app.  intendant  of  the 
R.  Th.  at  Hanover,  and  1887  *4  Hofmusikm- 
tendant"  at  Berlin.— Works  :  Opera,  Der  Cor- 
sar  (MS.);  Cantata  Chnstmuht;  symphony  In 
den  Alpen  ;  l<  Fruhlingsphantasie  "  f.  orch.;  a 
string-sextet ;  a  pf.-concerto  in  F#  mm.;  a  pf.- 
trio  in  G  min. ;  a  Fantasia,  and  other  solo  pcs. 

f.Pf. 

Bron'sart,  Ingeborg  von  (n&  Starck),  wife 
(since  1862)  of  preceding  ;  b.  St  Petersburg, 
Aug.  24,  1840 ;  pianist,  pupil  of  Liszt,  and  a 
talented  composer ;  3  operas,  Die  Gbttin  sit 
Sais  ;  Konig  Hjarne  (Berlin,  1891) ;  Jery  und 
Bateh  (Weimar,  1873);  also  interesting  pf.- 
mu&ic  (concertos,  sonatas,  fugues,  etudes,  salon- 
pcs.,  vln. -music,  songs,  etc.). 

Bros,  Juan,  b.  Tortosa,  Spain,  1776 ;  d. 
Oviedo,  Mar.  12,  1852.  Pupil  of  Querault  at 
Barcelona ,  m.  di  capp.  at  Barcelona,  Malaga, 
Leon,  and  Oviedo  (1834)  Famous  church-com- 
poser ;  Masses,  3  Misereres,  a  Requiem,  a  Te 
Deum,  psalms,  etc. 

Bros'chi,  Carlo.    See  FARINKLLI. 

Brosig,  Moritz,  prolific  church-composer; 
b.  Fuchswinkel,  Upper  Silesia,  Oct.  15, 1815  ;  d. 
Breslau,  Jan.  24,  1887.  Pupil  of  Franz  Wolf, 


the  musical  director  and  cath.  org.  at  Breslau, 
and  succeeded  him  in  1842 ,  in  1853,  cath. 
Kaptllm.,  and  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Dr.phil.^  became  asst -director  of  the  R.  Inst. 
f.  Catholic  Ch. -Music,  and  University  lecturer. 
— Works .  4  grand  and  3  short  instrumental 
masses  ;  7  books  of  gradualb  and  offertories  ;  20 
books  of  organ-pcs.;  an  "Orgelbuch,"  a  "Cho- 
ralbuch,"  a  4k  Modulationstheorie,"  and  a  "  Har- 
monielehre  "  (1874). 

Brossard,  S£bastien  de,  b.  1660  ;  d.  Meaux, 
France,  Aug.  10,  1730  In  1689,  Kapelba.  at 
Strassburg  cathedral;  1700-30,  grand  chapelain 
and  mattre  de  musique  at  Meaux  cathedral. 
Famous  as  the  author  of  the  earliest  dictionary 
of  musical  terms  (except  Tinctor's  *' Defini- 
tiorum"  [abt.  1475],  and  Janowka's  "Clavis  ad 
thesaurum  magnae  artis  musicae,"  etc.  [1703], 
to  neither  of  which  he  had  access,  however). 
Its  title  reads  "  Diet,  de  musique,  contenant  une 
explication  des  termes  grecs,  latins,  italiens  et 
francais  les  plus  usites  dans  la  musique,"  etc. 
(Pans,  1703;  2nd  ed.,  1705;  3rd  and  last,  no 
date).  He  also  publ.  a  considerable  variety  of 
church-music. 

Brossard,  Noel-Matthieu,  b.  Chalon-sur- 
Saone,  Dec.  25,  1789 ;  d.  there  (after  1853)  as 
magistrate.  Wrote  "  Theorie  des  sons  musi- 
caux  "  (Paris,'  1847),  a  treatise  on  the  variability 
of  tones  according  to  modulation  (he  reckons  48 
distinct  tone-degrees  within  the  octave) ;  also 
minor  works. 

Brouck,  Jakob  de  (or  de  Prugg),  a  native 
of  Holland  ;  publ.  (Antwerp,  1579)  a  C°H-  of 
motets  and  chansons. 

Brouillon-Lacombe.    See  LACOMBE. 

Broustet,  £douard,  pianist ;  b.  Toulouse, 
Apr  29,  1836 ;  pupil  of  Stamaty,  Litolff  and 
Ravina.  After  tours  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  to 
Spain  and  Portugal,  he  settled  in  Toulouse. — 
Works  *  Symphonic  concertante  f.  pf,  and  orch. ; 

r. -concerto;  3  pf. -trios  ;  I  pf. -quintet ;  solo  pcs. 
pf.;elc. 

Brown,  (Dr.)  John,  b.  Rothbury,  Northum- 
berland, 1715 ;  d.  by  his  own  hand  (insane), 
Sept.  23,  1766.  He  studied  at  Cambridge,  and 
became  vicar  of  Great  Horkesley,  Essex,  in 
1754,  and  of  St.  Nicholas1,  Newcastle,  in  1758. 
Author  of  an  interesting  and  original  "  Disserta- 
tion on  the  Rise,  Union  and  Power,  the  Pro- 
gressions, Separations  and  Corruptions  of  Poetry 
and  Music,  to  which  is  prefixed  The  Cure  of 
Saul,  a  Sacred  Ode  "(London,  1763;  German 
transl.  Leipzig,  1769;  Italian  transl.  1772).  It 
was  followed  by  **  Remarks  on  some  observa- 
tions on  Dr.  Brown's  4  Dissertation,'  etc."  (Lon- 
don, -1764). 

Brown,  Obadiah  Bruen,  b.  Washington, 
D.  C  ,  July  2,  1829.  Pupil  in  Boston  (1856)  of 
Zerrahn,  Parker,  Kreissmann,  Hause,  and  Da- 
vid Paine  ;  in  Leipzig  (1869)  of  Lobe  and  Plaidy. 


SS 


BRUCH— BRUCKNER 


Teacher  of  music  in  State  Normal  Schools  at 
Salem,  Bridge  water,  and  Frammgham,  Mass., 
also  in  numerous  public  schools  (last  in  Mai- 
den), and  organist  in  Boston  (Dr.  Hale's  ch.)  and 
Maiden  First  New  Jerusalem  Ch. — B.  has  publ. 
several  popular  colls  of  school-songs  ("Song 
Reader,"  "Morning  Hour");  a  book  of  re- 
sponsive psalms,  "  The  Carmma  Alterna",  also  a 
"  Tuner's  Manual "  (for  pf.,  \\ith  Sumner  Hill). 
— Compositions  Choruses  f  male,  female,  and 
mixed  voices  ;  vocal  quartets  and  trios  ;  about  20 
detached  songs  ;  many  anthems  ;  etc. 

Bruch,  Max,  dramatic,  choral  and  instru- 
mental composer,  and  pianist ;  born  at  Cologne, 
Jan.  6,  1838.  His 
mother  (nJe  Almen- 
rader),  a  singer, 
was  his  first  in- 
structor. He  after- 
wards studied  with 
Breidenstein  at 
Bonn.  In  1853  he 
gained  the  four- 
year  scholarship  of 
the  Mozart  Foun- 
dation, at  Frank- 
fort, and  became  a 
pupil  of  Ferdinand 
Killer,  Reinecke 
and  Breuning 

At  fourteen  years  of  age  he  brought  out  a 
symphony  at  Cologne,  and  in  1858,  in  the  same 
city,  produced  his  first  dramatic  work,  Goethe's 
"Singspiel"  Sc&ers,  List  und  Reich*  (op.  i). 
In  1861  he  visited  Berlin,  Leipzig,  Vienna, 
Dresden,  Munich  and  Mannheim,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1864,  producing  an  opera,  Loreley^ 
composed  to  the  libretto  Geibel  had  written  for 
Mendelssohn.  Here  he  also  composed  his 
choral  work  for  men's  voices,  Frithwf,  which, 
on  a  tour  in  1864-65,  was  given  with  genuine 
artistic  and  popular  success  at  Aix,  Leipzig  and 
Vienna.  At  Koblenz  (1865-67)  he  wrote  his 
first  violin-concerto  (G  minor),  a  favorite  with 
all  violinists.  In  Berlin,  where  he  resided 
1871-73,  he  produced  in  1872,  with  but  scanty 
success,  his  opera  Ifermione^  based  on  Shake- 
speare's Winter's  Tale.  From  1873-78,  with 
the  exception  of  two  artistic  journeys  to  Eng- 
land, he  remained  at  Bonn,  devoting  himself  to 
composition,  and  producing  the  choral  works 
Arminius  and  Lied  mti  der  Clocke,  and  the 
second  violin-concerto  in  D  minor.  In  1883 
Bruch  visited  the  United  States,  and  brought 
oat  his  Arminius  at  Boston.  Bruch's  chief  claim 
to  distinction  lies  in  his  development  of  the  epic 
cantata,  a  branch  of  composition  to  which  com- 
paratively little  attention  had  been  paid.  Among 
his  works  in  this  line  for  soli,  mixed  chorus, and 
orchestra,  are  Odysseus^  Arminius^  Lied  von 
der  Glpcke,  Achillcus ;  and,  for  male  chorus, 
Frithjof)  Salami s,  Normannenxug  and  Leoni- 
das  (op.  66).  Beautiful  sound-effects  and  clear 
melodious  invention  are  prominent  character- 


istics of  his  style.  Among  his  smaller  works, 
AW  Xidid^  a  Hebrew  melody  for  violoncello, 
has  become  popular.  He  has  also  written  the 
cantata  Da*  Feuerkreuz  (op.  52,  1888),  the 
oratorio  JAveT  (1895),  a  third  violin-concerto  in 
D  minor  (op.  61),  and  three  symphonies. 

Bruch  practised  as  a  music-teacher  at  Co- 
logne 1858-61,  was  musical  director  at  Koblenz 
1865-67,  and  court  Kapellm.  at  Sondershausen 
1867-70.  In  1878  he  succeeded  Stockhausen 
as  conductor  of  the  Stern  Choral  Union,  Berlin ; 
in  1880,  Benedict  as  conductor  of  the  Philhar- 
monic Society,  Liverpool ;  and  in  1883,  Bernard 
Scholz  in  the  direction  of  the  Orchestral  Society 
at  Breslau  He  remained  in  Breslau  until  1890, 
and  in  1892  he  succeeded  von  Herzogenberg  as 
director  in  the  branch  of  composition  at  the 
Royal  Hochschule  in  Berlin. 

In  1 88 1  B.  married  the  singer  Fraulein  Tuc- 
zek  of  Berlin. 

Brack  (or  Brouck),  Arnold  von,  conject- 
urally  a  German  Swiss ;  d.  1545.  In  1534, 
JCapellm.  to  Kaiser  Ferdinand  I.  Eminent  corap., 
many  of  whose  motets,  hymns,  German  part- 
songs,  etc.,  are  preserved  in  collections  of  the 
l6th  century. 

Briick'ler,  Hugo,  b.  Dresden,  Feb.  18, 1845; 
d.  there  Oct  4,  1871.  Gifted  song  -  composer. 
— Works .  Op  I  and  2,  songs  from  Scheffel's 
Trompeter  von  Sakkingcn  (i,  five  songs  of 
Young  Werner  by  the  Rhine ;  2,  Margaret's 
Songs),  also  "Sieben  Gesange"  and  a  ballad, 
"  Der  Vogt  von  Tenneberg." 

Bruck'ner,  Anton,  b.  Ansfelden,  Upper  Aus- 
tria, Sept.  4,  1824 ;  d.  Vienna,  Oct.  u,  1896. 
Organist,  compos- 
er, and  teacher. 
Son  of  a  village 
schoolmaster,  early 
orphaned,  and 
chiefly  self-taught, 
he  became  by  dili- 
gent study  and 
practice  so  remark- 
able an  organist 
and  contrapuntist 
as  to  obtain,  in 
1855,  the  appoint- 
ment as  cathedral 
organist  at  Linz- 
on-Danube,  in  com- 
petition with  many 
rivals.  As  opportunity  offered,  he  studied  comp. 
with  0.  Kitzler,  and  cpt.  with  Sechter;  in  1867 
he  succeeded  Sechter  as  court  -  organist  at 
Vienna,  also  as  prof,  of  org. ,  harm. ,  and  cpt.  at 
Vienna  Cons.;  in  1875  he  was  also  app.  "  Let- 
tor"  of  music  at  Vienna  Univ.;  in  1891  the 
Univ.  gave  him  the  title  of  Dr.  lion,  causa. 
Journeys  to  France  (1869)  and  England  (1871) 
establ.  his  fame  as  one  of  the  greatest  of  con* 
temporary  organ-virtuosi.  His  comp.s,  in  which 
Wagner's  influence  is  strongly  felt,  include  9 


89 


BRCCKNER— BRUYCK 


symphonies:  ist,  C  min.;  2nd,  C  min. ;  3rd,  D 
min.,  4th  ("  Romantic")  in  Er>;  5th,  U  r>;  6th, 
A   maj  ;   "th  (with  lovely  adagio),  in  E  ;  Sth, 
C  min. ;  gth  (unfinished) ;  a  fine  Te  Deum(iSS6, 
Vienna) ;  Grand  Masses  in  D  mm.,  E  mm  ,  and 
F    mm.;    a    Requiem,    Graduate,    Offertories 
Psalms;    "  Germanenzug,"     f.    male     chorus 
several  other  works  for  ditto  ;  chamber-music 
string-quintet  in  F  ;  etc.     His  music  seems,  in 
general,  lacking  in  inspiration  and  individuality 
— Biogr.  sketch  of  B.  by  Franz  Brunner  (Linz- 
on-Danube,  1895  ;  pp.  43). 

Bruckner,  Oscar,  excellent  'cellist ,  b.  Erfurt, 
Jan  2,  1857.  Pupil,  at  Dresden,  of  Fr.  Grutz- 
macher,  Sen.,  and  Draeseke  (theory).  After 
tours  in  Germany,  Russia,  Poland  and  Holland, 
he  was  app.  ducal  chamber-virtuoso  at  Strelitz  , 
since  1889,  ist  'cello  at  the  R  Th  ,  Wiesbaden, 
and  teacher  in  the  Cons. — Soli  f.  'cello;  pf.- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Bruhns,  Nikolaus,  b.  Schwabstadt,  Schles- 
wig,  1665  ;  d.  Husum,  1697.  Organist,  pupil  of 
Buxtehude  at  Lubeck,  on  whose  recommenda- 
tion he  was  app.  organist  at  Copenhagen.  He 
was  also  a  violinist,  and  composed  f.  org.  and 
pf. 

Briill,  Ignaz,  b.  Prossnitz,  Moravia,  Nov.  7, 
1846.  Pupil,  at  Vienna,  of  Epstein  (pf.),  Ru- 
finatscha  (comp.), 
and  Dessoff  (instru- 
mentation). After 
giving  pf.-recitals 
and  concerts  of  his 
own  compositions, 
he  made  extended 
pianistic  tournees, 
and  then  settled  in 
Vienna,  where  from 
1872-8  he  was  pf.- 
prof.  at  the  Horak 
Institute.  His  first 
opera,  Die  Settler 
von  Samarkand 
(1864),  was  not  specially  successful;  but  the 
second,  Das  goldene  JCreus  (Berlin,  1875), 
speedily  attained  great  popularity  both  in  Ger- 
many and  abroad  ;  it  has  been  followed  by  Der 
Landfriede  (Vienna,  1877),  Bianca  (Dresden, 
1879),  Kbnigin  Marietta  (Munich,  1883),  Das 
steinerne  I/ers  (Vienna,  1888),  Gringoire  (i  act, 
Munich,  1892),  Schach  dem  Konig  (Munich, 
1893),  and  a  2-act  comic  opera  Der  Husar 
(Vienila,  Mar.  2,  1:898  ;  v.  succ.).  B.  plays  now 
only  occasionally  in  concerts  (twice  at  Vienna,  in 
1895). — Other  works  :  "  Im  Walde,"/dg</0//ettr- 
ture  f.  orch.;  3  serenades  f.  do.;  overture  to 
Macbeth  y  Tans-State  f .  orch. ;  2  pf  .-concertos  ; 
i  vln.-concerto  ;  suite  f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  Trio ;  so- 
nata f.  'cello  and  pf.;  do.  f.  2  pfs.,  4  hands  ; 
do.  f.  vln.  and  pf.;  pf.-pcs.;  part-songs,  songs, 
etc. 

Brumel,  Anton,  Flemish  contrapuntist;  b. 
abt.  1480 ;  d.  abt.  1520.    Lived  at  the  court  of 


Sigismund  Cantelmus,  Duke  of  Sora  ;  in  1505 
he  took  sen  ice  with  Alfonso  I.,  Duke  of  Fer- 
rara.  Many  of  his  masses  are  found  in  old  col- 
lections ;  others  are  in  MS.  at  Munich. 

Bruneau,  (Louis- Charles- Bonaventure-) 
Alfred,  b.  Pans,  March  3,  1857  ;  ent  Cons. 
1873,  pupil  of  Franchomme  ,  ist  'cello  prize 
1876  ;  also  st.  harm  ('76-9)  with  Savard,  and 
comp.  w.  Massenet ;  Ist  prize,  1881,  w.  can- 
tata "  Sainte  Genevieve  " — Opera  AVriw  at 
Opera-Populaire  (1887)  ;  opera  La  Rfoe  (Paris, 
1893),  4-act  "drame  lyrique "  rAttaqtte  dit 
moulin  (Opera-Comique,  Pans,  1893  ;  very  suc- 
cessful), "drame  lyrique"  Messidor  in  4  acts, 
libretto  by  Emile  Zola  [very  weak]  (Paris,  Gr. 
Opera,  Feb.  19,  1897 ,  unsucc.).  Critic  1893-5 
for  the  Pans  4t  Gil  Bias";  1895  succeeded  Ch. 
Retry  as  cntic  of  "  Le  Figaro,"  also  made  Chev. 
of  Legion  of  Honor. — Other  compositions : 
Heroic  overture  f.  orch.;  legende  *'  Penthebilee, 
Reine  des  Amazones  ";  Le*da  ;  quatuor  f.  clari- 
nets ;  songs  w.  pf.-accomp.  ("Miracle,"  "  Le 
Nou\eau-Ne\"  "Soiree,"  etc.);  "  Lieds  de 
France,"  settings  of  C.  Mendes'  "Lieds  en 
prose." 

Brunel'li,  Antonio,  m.  di  cappt  to  the  Duke 
of  Florence,  publ  (1605-21)  motets,  canzonette, 
madrigals,  etc. ;  also  a  treatise  •  *  *  Regole  e  di- 
chiarazioni  di  alcuni  contrapunti  doppi,  .... 
con  diversi  canoni  sopra  un  sol  canto  fermo  " 
(Florence,  1610),  a  curious  work. 

Brunet'ti,  Gaetano,  b.  Pisa,  1753  ;  d.  Mad- 
rid, 1808.  Pupil  of  Nardini,  and  protege  of 
Bocchenni,  whom  he  rewarded  with  ingratitude. 
Court  musician  to  Charles  IV.  of  Spain.— Works : 
32  symphonies,  5  concerted  symphonies  f.  vari- 
ous instr.s,  6  sextets,  32  quintets,  etc.,  mostly  in 
MS. 

Bru'ni,  Antonio  Bartplommeo,  violinist  and 
dram,  comp,;  b.  Coni,  Piedmont,  Feb.  2, 1759  ; 
d.  there  1823.  Pupil  of  Pugnani  (vln.)  and 
Spezzani  (comp.);  1781,  ist  violin  at  the  Co- 
medie  Italienne  ;  1780,  conductor  at  the  Th.  de 
Monsieur,  later  at  the  Ope*ra-Cotnique.  He 
wrote  1 8  operas,  a  quantity  of  violin-music,  and 
Methods  f.  vln.  and  via. 

Brun'ner,  Christian  Traugott,  b.  Brunlos 
(Erzgebirg),  Dec.  12,  1792 ;  d.  Chemnitz,  Apr. 
14,  1874,  as  organist  and  conductor  of  choral 
societies.  Wrote  instructive  pf.-pcs.,  also  pot- 
pourris, etc. 

Bruyck  [broik],  Karl  Debrois  van,  com- 
poser and  author ;  b.  Brtinn,  Mar.  14,  1828  ; 
living  at  Waldhof  en  on  the  Ybbs.  A  law-student 
at  Vienna,  he  turned  to  music  in  1850,  studied 
theory  with  Rufinatscba,  and  wrote  for  mus. 
papers.  His  comp.s  are  mostly  in  MS.;  his 
chief  literary  productions  are  a  "  Technische  u. 
asthetische  Analyse  des  Wohltemp.  Claviers" 
(1867;  1889);  "Robert  Schumann"  (1868,  in 
Kolatschekfs  u  Stimmen  der  Zeit");  and  "  Die 
Entwickelung  der  Klaviermusik  von  J.  S.  Bach 
bis  R.  Schumann  "  (1880). 


90 


BRYENNIUS— BULL 


Bryen'nius,  Manuel,  the  last  Greek  writer  on 
music  (about  1320)  He  is  not  an  original 
theorist,  ho\\e\er,  his  "Harmonica"  being  a 
compilation  and  summary  from  earlier  Greek 
authorities  Publ.  in  Johann  Walhs's  **  Opera 
mathematica "  (vol.  lii,  1699). 

Buch'holz,  Johann  Simeon,  b.  Schlosswip- 
pach,  n.  Erfurt,  Sept.  27,  1758  ,  d,  Berlin,  Feb. 
24, 1825  ;  founder  of  the  celebrated  firm  of  organ- 
builders.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Karl 
August  (1796-1884),  whose  son,  Karl  Fried- 
rich,  last  of  the  name,  d.  Feb  17,  1885. 

Biich'ner,  Emil,  b  Osterfeld,  n.  Naumburg, 
Dec.  25,  1826.  Pupil  (1843-6)  of  Leipzig 
Cons. ;  1865,  court  JCapellm  at  Memingen. — 2 
operas,  Dame  Kobold,  (1860?)  and  Laumelot ; 
cantata,  Komg  Jim-aid's  Brautfahrt ,  "  Wallen- 
stein"  overture;  other  overtures,  symphonies, 
chamber-music,  etc. 

Buck,  Zechariah,  b.  Norwich,  Engl.,  Sept. 
q,  1798  ,  d  Newport,  Essex,  Aug.  5, 1879.  Mus, 
Doc  ,  Lambeth,  1853;  for  many  years  org.  of 
Norwich  cathedral.  An  excellent  teacher  and 
pl.u  LT  ;  a  composer  of  mediocre  ability. 

Buck,  Dudley,  noted  organist,  composer,  and 
toucher;  b  Hartford,  Conn.,  Mar.  10,  1839. 
Pupil  of  W.  J  Bab- 
cock  (pf  ) ;  later,  at 
Leipzig  Cons. 
(1858-9),  of  Plaidy 
and  Moscheles  (pf.), 
I  lauptmann  (comp.), 
and  J.  Rictz  (instru- 
mentation); also 
studied  under  Rietz 
and  Johann  Schnei- 
der (organ)  at  Dres- 
den, and  thereafter 
spent  a  year  (1861-3) 
for  study  in  Paris.  Returning  to  America,  he 
became  (1862)  organist  of  the  Park  Ch.,  Hart- 
ford ;  later  of  St.  James',  Chicago ;  m  1872  of 
St.  Paul's,  Boston,  where  he  was  also  organist  to 
the  Music  Hall  Association.  In  1875  he  was 
the  organist  of  the  Cincinnati  May  Festival ;  then, 
at  New  York,  asst.- conductor  of  Th.  Thomas' 
Central  Park  Garden  Concerts,  and  org.  of  St. 
Anne's,  Brooklyn  ;  in  the  same  year  becoming 
the  org.  of  Holy  Trinity  Ch.,  Brooklyn,  and 
director  of  the  Apollo  Club.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  American  composers  to  achieve  general  rec- 
ognition ;  his  church-music  and  numerous  can- 
tatas, sacred  and  secular,  are  deservedly  popular. 
— Works :  The  comic  opera  Deserct  (1880) ; 
symphonic  overture  **  Marmion  "  (1880);  a  Can- 
zonetta  and  Bolero  f.  vln.  and  oroh. ; — ORGAN- 
MUSIC  :  Grand  Sonata  in  £[?,  op.  22;  Sonata 
No.  2t  in  G  min.,  op.  77;  Triumphal  March, 
op.  26 ;  Impromptu  and  Pastorale,  op.  27;  Rondo- 
Caprice,  op.  35  ;  Idylle  "  At  Evening,"  op.  52; 
41  Four  Tone-pictures";  various  transcriptions 
and  sets  of  variations  ;  also  "18  Pedal-phrasing 
Studies/7  op.  28  (2  books) ;  and  "  Illustrations  in 


Choir-accompaniment,  with  Hints  on  Registra- 
tion," a  \aluable  handbook  for  organists  and 
students  , — PF.-MUSIC  "  Midsummer  Fancies," 
"  Winter  Pictures,"  Rondo-Caprice,  Scherzo- 
Capnce  ; — CANTATAS,  (a)  for  male  chorus  . 
Chorus  of  Spirits  and  Hours,  from  Prometheus 
Unbound ,  King  Olafs  Christmas ;  The  Xttn 
of  A  'idaros  ;  T  "oyage  of  Columbus ;  Pti ul Revet  es 
Ride;  (b)  for  mixed  chorus  :  Centennial  Medita- 
tion- of  Columbia;  Hymn  to  Music;  Legend  of 
Don  Munio;  The  Golden  Legend;  The  Light  of 
Asia >  Easter  Morning  ;  The  ^bth  Psalm,  "The 
Christian  Year,"  a  series  of  5  cantatas  (I,  The 
Triumph  of  David;  2,  7"he  Coming  of  the  King; 
3,  The  Song  of  the  Xight;  4,  The  Story  of  ihe 
Cross;  5,  Christ^  the  rutor],  etc.  Furthermore, 
a  great  variety  of  excellent  church-music  (hymns, 
anthems,  3  Latin  offertories,  Glorias,  Jubilates, 
Te  Deuras,  3  •'  Benedic  anima,"  4  "  Benedictus," 
3  ll  Bonum  est,"  3  "Cantate  Domino,"  etc.) — 
B.  has  also  publ.  "  The  Organist's  Repertoire  " 
(with  A.  P.  Warren) ;  "  The  Influence  of  the 
Organ  in  History"  (1882);  and  a  "Dictionary 
of  Musical  Terms." 

Biih'ler,  Franz  Peter  Gregorius,  born  in 
Schneidheim,  n.  Nordlingen,  Apr.  12,  1760;  d. 
Augsburg,  Feb.  4,  1824  A  Benedictine  monk 
at  Donau worth  ;  Kapellm  at  Botzen.  1794 ;  at 
Augsburg  cathedral,  1801. — Works  •  Opera,  Die 
falschen  Verdachte;  masses,  psalms,  hymns,  and 
the  like  ;  several  coll.s  of  German  songs  w.  pf. , 
sonatas  and  preludes  f.  org.;  theoretical  pam- 
phlets, etc. 

Bull,  John,  famous  organist  and  contrapuntal 
comp.;  b.  Somersetshire,  England,  1563,  d. 
Antwerp,  Mar.  12,  1628.  Pupil  of  William 
Blitheman  in  the  Chapel  Royal ;  org.  of  Hereford 
cath.,  1582,  later  also  Master  of  the  Children. 
1586  Mus.  Bac.,  1592  Mus.  Doc.,  Oxon.  In 
1596  he  was  app.,  on  Queen  Elizabeth's  recom- 
mendation, prof,  of  mus.  at  Gresham  Coll. ,  a 
post  resigned  on  his  marnage,  1607.  In  1617 
he  became  organist  of  the  cathedral  of  Notre 
Dame  at  Antwerp.  200  comp.s  are  attributed  to 
him;  list  in  Ward's  "Lives  of  the  Gresham 
Professors " ;  several  were  printed  in  contem- 
porary collections  (exercises  and  variations  for 
the  virginals,  some  canons,  and  an  anthem),  and 
a  few  are  reprinted  in  Pauer's  "  Old  Engl.  Com- 
posers." 

Bull,  Ole  Bornemann,  famous  violinist;  b. 
Bergen,  Norway,  Feb.  5, 1810;  d.  at  his  country- 
seat,  Lysoen,  n.  Bergen,  Aug.  17,  1880.  At  first 
a  pupil  of  Paulsen,  he  rapidly  outgrew  that 
teacher's  method,  and  formed  a  style  peculiarly 
his  own,  preferring  an  almost  level  bridge  and 
flat  fingerboard.  A  student  of  theology,  he  failed 
to  pass  the  examinations;  directed  the  Philh.  and 
Dram.  Soc.s  at  Bergen  (1828) ;  went  to  Spohr 
at  Kassel  in  1829,  found  him  uncongenial,  and 
proceeded  to  Paris  (1831),  where  he  was  strongly 
influenced  by  Paganini,  and  made  his  debut  in 
1832.  Now,  technically  considered  a  finished 


virtuoso,  he  began  his  long  travels  throughout 
Europe,  and  5  times  to  North  America  (i843-7lj)- 
A  leading  trait  of    I>.?s  character  \\as  his  pas- 
sionate lo\e  for  hi^  native  land  ,   he  founded  a 
national  theatre  at  Bergen,  but  became  involved 
in  troublesome  dis- 
putes, left  the  town, 
and  in  1852  bought 
a  tract  of   125,000 
acres    in    Pennsyl- 
vania to  est.  a  Nor- 
wegian colony  ,  but 
the  scheme  failed, 
and  he  was  swin- 
dled out  of  an  im-    £  ,A' 
mense    sum.      His    %    '  '•' 
loss  was  soon  made 
good,   however,  by 
renewed    artistic 
tours.     Ole  U.   did 
not  rank  high  as  a 
cultivated  musician,  but  he  was  a  past-master  of 
all  resources  and  tricks  of  technique,  and  played 
his  own  pieces  (he  rarely  attempted  others)  with 
wonderful   skill  and  expression.     He   wrote   2 
concertos  (A  maj.  and  E  min.),  and  a  variety  of 
characteristic  solo  pieces. — Ihogr.  "Ole  Bull,  a 
Memoir"  (Boston,   1883),  by  Sara  C.  Bull,  his 
second  wife   (German  ed.  Stuttgart,  1886);  O. 
Vik  is  his  Norwegian  biographer  (Bergen,  1890). 
Biilow  [bu'lo],  Hans  Guido  von,  a  pianist, 
conductor,  and  critic  of  wonderful  versatility  and 
the  highest  attain- 
ments ;  born  Dres- 
den, Jan.  8,  1830  ; 
died   Feb.    12, 
1894,      at    Cairo, 
Egypt,  whither  he 
had  gone   in    the 
vain  hope    of  re- 
storing his  under- 
mined health.    At 
the  age  of   9  his 
teachers     were 
Friedrich     Wieck 
(pf.)     and     Eber- 
wem    ( harmony)  ; 
when,  in  1848,  he 
matriculated  at  Leipzig  Univ.  as  a  law-student, 
he  continued  contrapuntal  study  under  Ilaupt- 
mann.     Next  3'ear,  however,  found  him  at  Ber- 
lin, where  he  adopted  Wagner's  radical  ten- 
dencies (see  W.'s  "Die  Kunst  und  die  Revo- 
lution," then  just  publ.) ;  was  confirmed  in  his 
views  by  hearing  Lohengrin  given  at  Weimar 
under  Liszt's  direction,  and  joined  Wagner  in 
his  exile  at  Zurich.     During  1850-1  the  master 
initiated  him  into  the  art  of  conducting;    B. 
then    acted  as    conductor  in  the    theatres    at 
Zurich    and   St.    Gallen,    and    finally  became 
Liszt's   pupil  at  Weimar.     His  first  pianistic 
tour  (1853),  through  Germany  and  Austria,  met 
with  fair  success  ;  his  second,  in  1855,  secured 
him  the  succession  to  Kullak  as  first  pf. -teacher 
in  the  Stern  Cons.,   Berlin,  a  post  held  until 


1864.  He  married  Cosima  Liszt  in  1857  ;  in 
1858  he  was  app  court  pianist ,  in  i8(>3  the 
Umv  of  Jena  made  him  Dr  phil  //<»«  can&a. 
Wagner,  having  been  recalled  from  banishment 
by  Ludwig  II.  of  Havana,  influenced  Ins  royal 
patron  to  invite  B  to  Munich  in  1864,  as  court 
pianist ;  from  1867-9  ^e  was  a^so  court 
Jfafetllm.,  and  Director  of  the  School  of  Music 
From  1869,  after  sepaiation  from  his  wife,  B. 
lived  in  Florence  as  a  teacher,  pianist,  and  con- 
cert-giver till  1872  ,  here  he  was  also  a  power  in 
musical  circles,  and  did  much  to  introduce 
German  music  After  an  interval  filled  chiefly 
by  concert-tours,  he  succeeded  Fischer,  m  1878, 
as  court  Kapcllm.  at  Hanover ;  but  frequent 
embroilments  with  the  theatre  Tntendant  led  to 
B  *s  resignation  in  iS8o>  and  from  Oct  I  of 
that  year  until  1885  he  acted  as  Hofmusik- 
Inttndant  at  Saxe-Memingen  In  1882  he  took 
his  second  wife,  Marie  Schanzer,  an  actress  at 
Memingen.  From  1885-8  B.  devoted  much 
time  to  teaching  at  the  Raff  Cons  ,  Frankfort, 
and  Klinduorth's  Cons.,  Berlin ,  he  likewise 
directed  the  Philharm.  Concerts  at  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Berlin.  In  iSSS  he  founded,  at  Ham- 
burg, the  tl  Subscription  Concerts,"  which  were 
a  great  success  from  the  start. 

Bulow's  characteristics,  both  as  a  player  and 
conductor,  were  complete  identification  with  the 
spirit  of  the  interpreted  compositions ;  careful 
attention  to  the  minutest  details  of  phrasing, 
shading,  and  technique,  resulting  in  reproduc- 
tions of  flawless  accuracy ;  tireless  energy  ;  and 
an  almost  unexampled  memory,  enabling  him 
not  only  to  play  his  entire  and  unmatchablc 
repertory  by  heart,  but  also  to  conduct  the  most 
intricate  orchestral  works  without  score — a  mod- 
ern fashion  in  which  he  was  the  pioneer.  His 
training  of  the  Meiningen  orchestra,  with  which 
he  made  world-renowned  conceit-tours,  will,  in 
particular,  ever  be  quoted  as  an  astounding  ex- 
ample of  the  subordination  of  the  instrumental 
factors  to  lofty  artistic  intelligence  and  will- 
power. No  pianist  except  d'Albert  has  success- 
fully followed  his  lead  in  giving  programs  filled 
solely  TMth  the  most  difficult  of  Beethoven's 
sonatas  ;  he  was,  indeed,  a  classical  player  par 
excellence,  though  having  at  his  fingers'  ends  all 
the  best  productions  of  modern  piano-literature. 
His  pianistic  tourn&s  in  Europe  and  America 
(where  he  gave  139  concerts  in  1875-6)  were 
the  triumphal  progresses  of  a  genuine  apostle  of 
high  art.— His  published  comp.s  include  the 
music  to  Shakespeare's  Jitlites  Ctesar  (op.  10),  a 
Ballade  f.  orch.t  "  Des  gangers  Fluch  "  (op.  16), 
a  symphonic  Stimmungsbild,  "Nirwana"  (op. 
20),  4  CkaraktirstUcke  f  orch.  (op.  23),  and  a 
few  jjf. -pieces  and  songs ;  also  masterly  tran- 
scriptions of  the  prelude  to  Wagner's  Mtister- 
singer  and  the  whole  of  Tristan  und  Isolde,  and 
of  Berlioz's  overtures  to  Le  Corsaire  and  Hen- 
venuto  Celhni.  His  critical  editions  of  Beetho- 
ven's sonatas,  and  of  Cramer's  <itudes,  attest 
his  eminent  editorial  ability  — Biographical : 
"  Brief e  und  Schriften  Hans  von  Bttlows,"  by 


92 


BULSS— BURGMOLLER 


Marie  v.  B.,  contains  letters  from   1841-55  (2 
vol.s  ,  Leipzig,  1895). 

Bulss,  Paul,  baritone  stage-singer;  b,  Birk- 
holz  Manor,  I'riegmtz,  Dec.  19,  1847.  Pupil  of 
G.  Engel;  eng  in  theatres  at  Lubeck,  Cologne, 
Kassel,  Dresden  (1876-89),  and  now  at  the  Berlin 
Court  Opera 

Bulfhaupt,  Heinnch,  poet  and  dramatist ,  b 
Bremen,  Oct.  26,  1849  »•  wrote  a  "Dramaturgic 
der  Oper "  (Leipzig,  1887,  2  vol.s) ,  a  valuable 
work. 

Bung'ert,  August,  b.  Mulheim-on-Ruhr, 
March  14,  1846  ;  taught  by  H.  F.  Knfferath 
(pf.),  then  at  Co- 
logne Cons. ;  there- 
after, for  4  years, 
at  Paris  Cons.;  he 
also  studied  with 
Mathias,  Kapellm* 
at  Kre  uznach 
(1869),  and  after- 
wards at  Karlsruhe; 
he  lived  (1873-81)  in 
Berlin,  pursu- 
ing contrapuntal 
studies  under  Kiel, 
and  since  1882  at 
Pejjli,  near  Genoa. 
— Compositions: 
Since  1871,  B.  has  worked  on  2  great  opera-cy- 
cles :  I.  Die  Ihas,  comprising  (i)  Ai/ulks ;  (2) 
Klytrmnestra  ; — II  Die  Odyssee,  comprising  (i) 
Kirke^  (2)  Nausikaa^  (3)  Odysseus'  fleimkehr 
(Berlin,  Mar  31,  1898  ;  mod.  succ.),  (4)  Odysseus* 
Tod. — Each  of  these  6  "  Abende"  is  also  pro- 
vided with  a  "Vorspiel";  the  entire  work  (2 
cycles)  is  entitled  "  llomerische  Welt." — Die 
Odyssee  was  finished  in  1896  ;  Die  Ilias  is 
partly  completed. — Comic  opera,  Die  Studenten 
von  Salamanca  (Leipzig,  1884) ;  symph.  poem, 
Aitf  der  Wartburg  ;  Hohcs  Lied  der  Liebe,  w. 
orch.;  "  Tasso"  overture;  pf. -quartet,  op.  18 
(won  prize  offered  by  Florentine  Quartet,  1878); 
pieces  (e.g.,  ' '  Itahemsche  Reisebilder ")  and 
variations  (op  13)  f.  pf.;  quartets  f.  men's 
voices ;  songs  (many  to  Carmen  Sylva's 
"  Lieder  emer  Kdnigin  "). 

Bunning,  Herbert,  b.  London,  May  2,  1863. 
St.  comp.  at  Milan  from  1886  to  1891  under 
V.  Ferroni,  then  returning  to  London.  First 
succ.  work,  an  Ital.  scena,  Ludovico  il  JMoro 
(1892).  lias  written  2  symphonic  poems,  a 
rhapsody,  overtures,  and  suites  ("  Village  Suite," 
1896)  for  orchestra ;  scenas,  part-songs,  and 
songs  ;  opera,  The  last  days  of  Pompeii  (MS.). 

Bunting,  Edward,  historiographer  of  Irish 
music;  b.  Armagh,  Feb.,  1773  ;  d.  Belfast,  Dec. 
21,  1843.  His  collections  fill  3  volumes  (Lon- 
don, 1796;  London,  1809;  Dublin,  1840)  and 
are  based  on  diligent  research,  and  oral  commu- 
nication from  contemporary  harpers  of  note. 

Buonami'ci,  Giuseppe,  distinguished  pianist; 
b.  Florence,  Feb.  12,  1846.  Hjs  uncle,  Giu- 


seppe  Ceccherini,  was  his  first  teacher ;  from 
I868--70,  pupil  of  Bulow  and  Rheinberger  at 
Munich  Cons.;  then,  for  3  years,  teacher  there 
of  advanced  pf. -classes  1873,  cond.  of  the 
Florentine  Choral  Society  *  *  Cherubmi  " ;  later 
founded  the  Flor.  "Trio  Society"  He  has 
publ  a  compilation  of  the  technical  figures  found 
in  Beethoven's  pf.-music,  in  the  form  of  Daily 
Studies;  also  50  Etudes  from  Bertini  (preparatory 
to  Bulow's  "Cramer"),  has  edited  Bach's  les- 
ser Preludes  and  Fugues,  and  the  "  Bibhoteca 
del  Piamsta"  publ  by  Ricordi.  Also  publ.  pf  - 
pcs.,  a  concert-overture,  a  string-quartet,  and 
songs. 

Buononci'ni.  See  BONOXCINI. 
Buranel'lo.  See  GALUPPI. 
Burbure  de  Wesembeck,  Le'on-Philippe- 
Marie,  Chevalier  de,  b.  Termonde,  East  Flan- 
ders, Aug  16,  1812  ;  d  Antwerp,  Dec.  8,  1889. 
Nobleman  and  musical  connoisseur  ;  wrote  valu- 
able monographs  on  the  ancient  Antwerp  music- 
guilds  of  St.  Jacob  and  Sta.  Maria  Magdalena ; 
on  clavichord-  and  lute-makers  in  Antwerp  (from 
the  i6th  cent.) ;  on  the  Belgian  Cecilian  Society; 
and  on  Ilaussens,  Bosselet,  and  Okeghem.  Publ. 
comp.s  f.  orch  ,  chamber-music,  church-music, 
etc 

Bur'ci.    See  BURTIUS. 
Burck.    See  BURCK. 

Biir'de-Ney,  Jenny,  dramatic  soprano ;  b. 
Graz,  Dec.  21,  1826 ;  d  Dresden,  May  17, 
1886.  Debut  at  Olmutz,  1847  ;  sang  at  Prague, 
Lemberg,  Vienna  (1850),  Dresden  (1853),  Lon- 
don (1855-6),  Berlin,  Hanover,  etc.  Married 
(1855)  the  actor  E.  Burde  ;  retired  1867. 

Burette,  Pierre-Jean,  b.  Paris,  Nov.  21, 
1665  ;  d  there  May  19,  1747,  as  prof,  of  medi- 
cine at  Paris  Univ.,  member  of  the  Acad.,  etc. 
His  scholarly  notes  on  Greek  music,  in  which 
he  combats  the  idea  that  the  Greeks  cultivated 
polyphony,  are  printed  in  vol  s  i-xvn  of  the 
memoirs  of  the  "  Acad.  des  Inscriptions." 

Btlr'gel,  Konstantin,  b.  Liebau,  Silesia, 
June  24,  1837  ;  pupil  of  Brosig  (Breslau)  and 
Kiel  (Berlin) ;  from  1869-70  pf. -teacher  in  Kul- 
lak's  Academy ;  now  private  teacher.  Has 
written  overtures,  chamber-music,  etc. 

Burgk  (properly  Joachim  Moller  for  Miil- 
ler]),  called  Joachim  a  Burgk  (or  Burg,  or 
Burck),  b.  Burg,  n.  Magdeburg,  abt.  1541  ;  d. 
May  24,  1610,  Mulhausen,  Thuringia,  where  he 
had  been  org.  since  1566  (?).  Very  eminent 
(Protestant)  church-composer,  -whose  works  were 
publ.  1550-1626 

Burg'inein,  J.,  is  the  pen-name  of  Giulio 
Ricordi,  the  Milan  music-publisher. 

Burg'miiller,  Johann  Friedrich  Franz,  b. 
Ratisbon,  1806 ;  d.  Beaulieu,  France,  Feb.  13, 
1874.  Wrote  light  salon-music  ;  some  of  his 
studies  (op.  100,  105)  are  useful. 

Burg'muller,  Norbert,  brother  of  preceding; 
b.  Dtlsseldorf,  Febr  8, 1810 ;  d,  Aix-la-CbapelLe, 


BURKHARD— BUSNOIS 


May  7.  1036.  Highly  gifted  pianist  and  com- 
poser ,  pupil  of  Spohr  and  Hatiptmnnn  <it  Kas- 
sel  — Publ  a  pf.-concerto  in  F  £  mm  (op,  I) ,  a 
sonata  in  F  mm.  fop  S; ,  Rhapsodic  (t>p.  13) ,  a 
Polonaise  (op.  16) ;  other  sonatas,  etc.;  also 
quartets. 

Burk'hard,  Johann  Andreas  Christian, 
pastor  and  school-inspector  at  Leipheim,  Sxvabia ; 
publ  a  small  Diet  of  Music  (Ulm,  1832),  and  a 
*'  Generalbasslehre  "  (1827). 

Bur'raeister,  Richard,  composer  and  concert 
pianist ;  b.  Hamburg-,  Germany,  Dec.  7,  1800. 
St.  vr.  Liszt  at  Weimar,  Rome,  and  Pesth 
(1880-3),  accompanying  him  on  his  travels. 
Teacher  in  Hamburg  Cons  ;  then  for  12  years 
director  of  pf  -dept  in  Peabody  Inst.,  Balti- 
more; at  present  (1899)  residing  in  New  York. 
B.  makes  extensive  piamstic  tours  through 
Europe  and  America. — Works  Op.  I,  pf.-con- 
certo in  D  min.;  op.  2,  "*  The  Chase  after  For- 
tune "  (Did  Jagd  nach  dem  Ghtck\  symphonic 
Fantasy  in  3  movements  ;  op.  3,  Cadenza  to 
Chopin's  F  min.  concerto  ;  op.  4,  3  songs  ;  op. 
5,  Capriccio  f  pf.;  op.  6,  "Wanderer's  Night 
Song",  pf -transcriptions  of  songs.  He  has 
rescored  Chopin's  F  minor  concerto,  and  arr. 
for  Liszt's  "  Pathetic "  concerto  £»n  orchestral 
accompaniment 

Burney,  Charles,  b  Shrewsbury,  Engl.,  Apr. 
7, 1726  ;d.  Chelsea,  Apr.  12, 1814.  Pupil  of  Baker 
(org  of  Chester  cath  ),  and  of  Arne  in  London 
(1744-7).  In  1749  he  became  org.  of  St.  Dioms 
Back-church,  and  harpsichord-player  at  the  sub- 
scription-concerts in  the  King's  Arms,  Corn- 
hill.  He  was  org.  at  Lynn-Regis,  Norfolk, 
1751  ;  Mus.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc  ,  Oxon  ,in  1769  ; 
travelled  in  France  and  Italy  (1770),  and  in  Ger- 
many, the  Netherlands,  etc.  (1772) ;  was  elected 
F.R  S.  on  his  return  in  1773.  During  these 
journeys,  and  while  living  at  Lynn-Regis,  he 
collected  notes  for  his  historical  works  :  "  The 
Present  State  of  Music  in  France  and  Italy," 
etc.  (1771,  in  diary-form) ;  "  The  Present  State 
of  Music  in  Germany,  the  Netherlands,"  etc. 
(1773)  ;  and  his  *c  General  History  of  Music"  (4 
vol  s,  1776-89).  Other  writings  "A  Plan  for 
a  Music-School"  (1774);  "La  musica  che  si 
canta  annualmente  nelle  funzioni  della  setti- 
mana  santa  nella  Cappella  Pontificia,  composta 
da  Palestrina,  Allegri  e  Bai  "  (1784);  the  articles 
on  music  for  Ree's  Encyclopaedia ;  and  minor 
works.  He  composed,  for  Drury  Lane,  music 
to  the  dramas  Alfred,  Robin  Hood^  and  Queen 
Mab  (1750),  and  The  Cunning  Man  (1760,  text 
and  music  adapted  from  u  Le  Devin  du  Village  " 
by  Rousseau)  ;  also  sonatas  f-  pf.  and  f.  vln.; 
vln.-concertos,  cantatas,  flute-duets,  etc. — His 
daughter,  Miss  Burney  (Mme.  d'Arblay),  wrote 
the  novel  "  Evelina." 

Buroni.     See  Bonn  NT. 

Burr,  Willard,  b.  Ravenna,  Ohio,  Jan.  17, 
1852.  Graduate  of  Oberlin  Cons.,  1877 ;  pupil 
of  August  Haupt  at  Berlin,  1879-80.  Composer 

94 


and  writer  in  Boston,  Mass  — Works  String- 
quartets,  pf -trios,  Grand  Sonata  f  pf  and  \In. , 
sonatas,  nocturnes,  fantasias,  fugues,  etudes, 
etc.,  f.  pf  ("  From  Shore  to  Shore,11  op  19, 
contains  a  series  of  7  pcs  )  ;  anthems  and  other 
church-music  ;  songs. 

Burrowes,  John  Freckleton,  composer  and 
writer ,  b.  London,  Apnl  23,  1787  ,  d  there 
Mar.  31,  1852.  Pupil  of  \V.  Horsley  ;  member 
of  the  Philh.  Soc.,  and  org  of  St  James',  Picca- 
dilly. He  was  a  good  pianist  and  successful 
teacher;  his  "Thorough-bass  Pnmer"  (Lon- 
don, 1818)  has  passed  through  many  editions  — 
Comp.s  •  Overture  f.  full  orch  ,  sonatas  f.  pf. 
and  flute,  pf.  and  'cello,  and  pf.  and  vln  ,  6 
Divertissements  f.  pf  ;  6  Engl.  Ballads  ;  many 
arrangements,  etc.;  he  also  wrote  a  "  Pianoforte 
Pnmer." 

Bur'tius  (or  Bur'ci,  BuKzio),  Nicolaus, 
b.  Parma,  1450  ;  d.  there  abt.  1520.  Author  of 
"Musicesopusculum"  (Bologna,  1487),  specially 
noteworthy  as  the  earliest  specimen  of  printed 
mensural  music  (cut  on  wooden  blocks). 

Busby,  Thomas,  b.  Westminster,  Kngl., 
Dec.,  1755  ;  d-  London,  May  28,  1838.  An 
articled  pupil  of  Battishill  (1769-74),  he  became 
org.  of  St.  Mary's,  Ncwington,  Surrey,  and 
(1798)  of  St.  Mary,  Woolnoth,  Lombard  St.; 
he  took  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc  at  Cambridge, 
1 800.  His  writings  include  a  **  General  History 
of  Music  "  (London,  1819,  2  vol  s,  much  ma- 
terial being  taken  from  Burney  and  Hawkins) ; 
"  Grammar  of  Music  "  (London,  1818)  ;  *'  Con- 
cert-Room and  Orchestra  Anecdotes,"  etc. 
(1825,  3  vol.s) ;  "  Musical  Manual,  or  Techni- 
cal Directory"  (1828).  His  music  comprises  an 
oratorio,  The  Prophecy  (1799),  several  odes, 
much  incidental  music  to  plays  ;  also  songs,  etc  , 
and  is  not  of  marked  originality. 

Bu'si,  Giuseppe,  b.  Bologna,  1808;  cl.  there 
Mar.  14,  1871.  His  teachers  were  Palmerini 
(harm.")  and  T.  Marches!  (cpt.)  ;  from  1830  he 
was  prof,  of  cpt.  at  the  Bologna  Liceo.  1 1  is 
church-music  is  valuable. 

Bu'si,  Alessandro,  son  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Bologna,  Sept.  28,  1833  ;  d  there,  July  8,  189*  ; 
violoncellist,  composer,  contrapuntist ;  player  in 
orch.,  then  conductor,  of  Comunalc  Th  ;  1865, 
teacher  of  harmony  in  Bol.  Liceo;  1871,  sue 
ceeded  his  father  as  prof,  of  counterpoint ;  1884, 
also  app.  Din  of  School  of  Singing.  Biogr. 
sketch  by  L.  Torchi :  "  Conimemorazione  di  A. 
Busi "  (Bologna,  1896).— Best  works  :  Requiem 
mass  f.  tenors,  basses,  and  gr.  orch  ;  Mass  f. 
ditto  ;  symphony  "  Excelsior"  f.  ch.  and  orch.; 
"  Elegia  funebre"  (for  Rossini)  ;  capriccio  "  In 
alto  mare,"  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  many  Komanze  f. 
voice  and  pf.;  several  pf.-pcs 

Busnois,  Antoine  (properly  de  Busne),  con- 
trapuntist of  the  First  Netherland  School ;  1467, 
chapel-singer  to  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  , 
d.  1481.  Only  3  chansons  in  Petrucci's  k*  Canti 


BUSONI— BUTHS 


CL"  (1503),  and  a  few  MS.  masses,  magnificats, 
motets,  and  chansons,  are  still  extant. 

Buso'ni,  Ferruccio  Benvemito,  b.  Empoli, 
near  Florence,  Apnl  i,  1866.  His  father  (Fer- 
dinando),  a  fine  clarinettist,  and  mother  (n& 
Weiss),  an  excellent  pianist,  were  his  first  teach- 
ers. At  8  he  made 
his  debut  as  a  pian- 
ist, at  Vienna ;  then 
st.  in  Graz,  under 
W.  A.  Remy  (Dr. 
W.Mayer).  IniSSi, 
after  a  successful 
concert-tour  in  Italy, 
elected  a  member  of  / 
the  Reale  Accade-  '/, 
mia  Filarmonica, 
Bologna.  In  1886 
he  came  to  Leipzig  ; 
comp.  a  phantastic 
opera,  string-quartet 
(D  min.),  symphonic 
suite,  etc.  1888-9, 
teacher  of  pf. -play- 
ing in  Helsingfors  Cons.;  1890,  took  Rubin- 
stem  prizes  for  composition  and  pf.-playing  (for 
Concertstuck  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  op.  3ia  ;  Sonata  f. 
pf.  and  vln.,  pf.-arr.  of  J.  S.  Bach's  E(?  Prelude 
and  Fugue  for  Organ  ;  and  various  pf.-pcs., 
among  them  2  Cadenzas  to  Beethoven's  Con- 
certo in  G).  1890,  prof,  in  the  Imp.  Cons,  at 
Moscow.  1891,  prof,  of  pf.-playing  in  the  New 
Engl.  Cons,  at  Boston,  Mass.;  1893,  returned 
to  Europe ;  made  a  very  succ.  concert-tour  in 
1895  (Belgium,  Denmark,  and  Italy),  and  is  now 
(1899)  living  in  Berlin.  A  piano  -  virtuoso  of 
high  rank,  and  a  composer  of  promise.  A  very 
original  work  is  his  ed  of  Bach's  "  Well-t.  Clavi- 
chord," with  critical  notes  and  etudes. — Works 
(about  40  publ  opus-numbers) :  12  songs  ;  4  Bal- 
letscenen,  7  etudes,  and  24  preludes  f.  pf.; 
Vars.  and  Fugue  on  Chopin's  C  min.  Prelude  f. 
pf. ;  2  string-quartets;  2  vln. -sonatas  ;  a  vln.- 
concerto ;  2  suites  f.  orch.;  a  "  Symphonisches 
Tongedicht"  f.  orch.;  a  Concertstuck  f.  pf.;  a 
"Lustspiel-Ouverture"  f.  orch.;  4  choruses  w. 
orch.;  many  transcriptions  of  Bach's  works; 
Finnish  Folk-songs  f .  pf . ,  4  hands  ;  Suite,  Sere- 
nade, and  Variations,  f.  'cello  ;  pf. -sonata,  op.  8  ; 
6  char.  pcs.  f.  pf.,  op.  9 ;  3  Pezzi  nellostilo  antico 
f.  pf.,  op.  10  ;  Danze  anliche  f.  pf.,  op.  II ;  etc. 

Btisser,  Henri-Paul,  excellent  organist;  b. 
Toulouse,  Jan.  16,  1872.  Studied  in  the  mat- 
tnse  of  Toulouse  cath.,  then  in  Paris  at  the 
Niedermeyer  School,  later  at  the  Cons.  (Gui- 
raud,  Gounod).  Took  1st  Grand  prix  de  Rome 
in  1893  with  his  cantata  Antigone.  Since  1892, 
organist  at  St.-CIoud. — Works  :  i-act  pastorale 
Daphnis  et  Chlot  (Paris,  Op.-Com.,  1897  ;  mod. 
succ.)  ;  cantata  Ainadis  de  Caule  (1892,  2nd 
Grand  prix  de  Rome);  orchestral  suite  A  la 
villa  Mtdicis  ;  he  has  in  preparation  a  lyric 
drama  Colomba,  and  a  3-act  opera,  Le  miracle 
des  perles. 


Busshop,  Jules- August e-Guillaume,  b. 
Paris,  Sept.  10,  1810  ;  d.  Bruges,  Belgium,  Feb. 
10,  1896.  A  self-taught,  successful  composer 
of  motets,  cantatas,  etc.,  with  and  without 
orch.  accomp. ;  prize-cantata,  Le  drapeatt  fafg^ 
1834;  Te  Deum  (Brussels,  1860);  several  over- 
tures ;  Symphony  in  F  ;  opera  Le  to  i  son  d'or 
in  MS. ;  Solemn  Mass ;  considerable  military 
music. 

Buss'ler,  Ludwig,  distinguished  musical 
theorist ;  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  26,  1838.  His  father 
was  the  painter,  author,  and  privy  councillor 
Robert  Bussler  ;  his  maternal  grandfather  was 
the  famous  tenor  singer,  Karl  Bader.  He  studied 
at  first  as  a  choir-boy  under  von  Hertzberg  ;  in 
theory  he  was  taught  later  by  Dehn  and  Grell, 
t  and  learned  instrumentation  with  Wieprecht.  In 
1865  he  became  teacher  of  theory  in  the  Ganz 
School  of  Music,  Berlin;  since  1879,  at  ^e 
Stern  Cons. ;  also  acted  as  cond.  at  the  Memel 
Theatre  in  1869,  etc.  In  1883  he  became  mu- 
sical critic  for  the  u  National  Zeitung."  His 
eminently  practical  writings  are  a  "  Musikalische 
Elementarlehre"  (1867,  3rd  ed.  1882  ;  English 
transl.  N.  Y.,  1895);  "  Praktische  Hannonie- 
lehre  in  Aufgaben"  (1875;  1885;  English  transl. 
N.  Y.,  1895);  "Der  strenge  Satz"  (1877); 
"  Harm.  Obungenam  Klavier  "  (no  date  ;  Engl. 
transl.  N.  Y.,  1890)  ;  "  Kontrapunkt  und  Fuge 
im  freien  Tonsatz "  (1878) ,  "  Mus.  Formen- 
lehre"  (1878;  Engl.  ed.  N.  Y.,  1883;  1896); 
"Praktische  mus.  Kompositionslehre " :  Part 
I,  "Lehre  vom  Tonsatz"  (1878);  Part  II, 
"  Freie  Komposition  "  (1870^ ;  "  Instrumenta- 
tion und  Orchestersatz  "  (18/9),  "  Elementar- 
melodik"  (1879);  "  Geschichte  der  Musik" 
(1882,  six  lectures)  ;  "  Partiturstudium  "  [Modu- 
lationslehre]  (1882). 

Buss'meyer,  Hugo,  pianist ;  b.  Brunswick, 
Feb.  26,  1842.  Pupil  of  Karl  Richter  and  H. 
Litolff  (pf.)7  and  Methfessel  (comp.) ;  1860,  con- 
cert-tour in  South  America  (Rio,  Montevideo, 
Buenos  Ayres,  Chili,  and  Peru),  returning  to 
Paris  ida  New  York.  In  1860  he  went  to  Mex- 
ico, and  then  settled  in  N.  Y.  He  has  publ.  a 
few  pf.-pcs.,  and  a  pamphlet,  "Das  Heiden- 
thum  in  der  Musik  "  (1871). 

Bnss'meyer,  Hans,  brother  of  preceding ;  b. 
Brunswick,  Mar.  29,  1853  ;  pupil  of  the  Royal 
School  of  Music  at  Munich,  where  he  has  been 
teacher  since  1874.  He  studied  with  Liszt,  and 
made  pianistic  tours  in  S.  America  (1872-4)  ; 
founder  (1879)  an^  cond.  of  the  Munich  Choral 
Society.  Has  written  pf.-pcs. 

Buths  [boots],  Julius,  brilliant  pianist;  b. 
Wiesbaden,  May  7,  1851 ;  pupil  of  his  father 
(an  oboist)  and  Gernsheim  ;  later  of  *  Hiller 
(Cologne)  and  Kiel  (Berlin).  1871-2,  cond.  the 
*l  Cecilia  "at  Wiesbaden;  won  the  Meyerbeer 
Scholarship  in  1873,  and  lived  in  Milan  and 
Paris  1873-4 ;  cond.  in  Breslau,  1875-9 ;  in 
Elberfeld,  1879-90 ;  since  then,  cond.  of  the 
Mus.  Soc.  at  Elberfeldr— Works  ;  Pf.-pcs.  (conr 


95 


BUTTSTEDT— CACCINI 


certo,  quintet,  suite,  Sarabande,  Gavotte,  Novel- 
letten,  etc.) 

Butt'stedt,  Johann  Heinrich,  line  organ- 
ist ;  b,  Bmdersleben,  n.  Erfurt,  Apr.  25,  1666 ,  d. 
Erfurt,  Dec.  I,  1727,  as  cathedral  organist.  A 
pupil  of  Pachelbel.  Wrote  the  famous  pamph- 
let (a  defence  of  sol-mi-sation,  attacking  Mat- 
thesun's  "  Xeuernffnetes  Orchester"),  "  Ut,  re, 
mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  tota  musica  et  harmonia  aeterna," 
oder  "  Neu  eroffnetes  altes,  xvahres,  emziges  u. 
ewiges  Fundamentum  musices"  (abt.  17*6)  I  re- 
futed by  Mattheson's  " Beschutztes  Orchester" 
(1717).  Publ.  (Leipzig,  1716)  a  volume  of  clavi- 
chord-music, "  Musikahsche  Clavierkunst  und 
Vorrathskammer"  (4  preludes  and  fugues,  an 
aria  w.  18  var.s,  and  2  **  Parthien  "  [suites]).  He 
also  comp.  church-music. 

Buus,  Jachet  [Jacques]  de,  Flemish  con- 
trapuntist; probably  b.  at  Bruges,  1510  (?) ;  d. 
(').  In  1541  he  was  elected  asst.-org  at  San 
Marco,  Venice;  1553-64,  org.  of  the  court- 
chapel,  Vienna.  2  books  of  Ricercai-i^  2  of  Can- 
soni  franeesi,  and  I  of  Mottetto,  were  publ. 
(1547-50). 

Buxtehu'de,  Dietrich,  b.  Helsingor  (Elsi- 
nore),  Denmark,  1639  ;  d.  Lubeck,  May  9, 1707, 
as  organist  at  the  Marienkirche,  a  post  he  had 
held  since  1668.  He  was  famed  far  and  \\ide  as 
an  organist ;  in  1673  he  established  the  u  Abend- 
musiken,"  celebrated  musical  services  made  up 
of  organ-music  and  concerted  pieces  f.  ch.  and 
orch. ,  held  on  Sunday  afternoons  from  4  to  5  ; 
to  hear  them,  J.  S.  Bach  walked  50  miles,  from 
Arnstadt.  As  a  composer  he  was  greatest  in 
the  instrumental  fugue  and  suite.  A  complete 
ed.  of  his  organ-works  has  been  publ.  by  Ph. 
Spitta.  Other  instr  1  and  vocal  works  are  extant 
in  MS.  or  in  rare  printed  editions. 

Buz'zola,  Antonio,  dramatic  composer ;  b. 
Adria,  1815  ;  d.  Venice,  Mar.  20,  1871.  Pupil 
of  his  father,  a  musical  director,  and  of  Doni- 
zetti at  Naples.  After  bringing  out  at  Venice 
the  operas  Ferramoiulo  (1836),  Mastmo  I  dclla 
Scala  (1841),  and  Cli  Awcntitrieri  (1842),  he 
travelled,  for  the  purpose  of  study,  in  Germany 
and  France,  returning  (1847)  to  Venice,  where  he 
produced  Amleto  (1848),  and  EKsafotta  di  Valois 
(1850).  In  1855  he  was  app.  m.  di  eapp.  at  San 
Marco,  and  wrote  much  good  church-music,  etc. 
An  opera  in  Venetian  dialect,  La  Pitta  oitorata^ 
remains  unfinished. 

Byrd  (or  Byrde,  Bird,  Byred),  William, 

b.  London,  abt.  1538  ;  d.  there  July  4  1623. 
Pupil  of  Tallis,  and  (1554)  senior  chorister  at 
St.  Paul's;  1563,  organist  of  Lincoln  cath.; 
1569,  ^Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal.  In 
1575  a  lucrative  patent  for  the  exclusive  privi- 
lege of  printing  music  and  selling  music-paper 
was  granted  to  Byrd  and  Tallis,  passing  wholly 
into  Byrd's  possession  on  Tallis'  death  (1585). 
B.  was  an  excellent  org.  and  skilful  contrapunt- 
ist—ons  of  the  foremost  composers  of  the 


period. — Publ  AVorks  "Cantiones  .  .  .  sacrse 
..."  a  5-6  ;  "  Psalms,  Sonets  and  Songs 
of  Sadnes  and  Pietie  ..."  a  5  ,  "  Songs  of 
Sundne  Natures  .  .  "a  3-6  ;  "  Liber  Primus 
Sacrarum  Cantionum  "  a  5  ;  "  Liber  Secundus  " 
(do.);  "Gradualia  ac  cantiones  sacrai  ..." 
Q  5~^>  \  "  Psalms,  Songs  and  Sonets  ..."  a 
3-6  ;  separate  numbers  in  various  coll  s  ("  Mu- 
sica Transalpina"  fJ5Sb] ;  Watson's  "Italian 
Madrigales"  [1590];  "Parthenia"  [1600]; 
tl  Leighton's  Teares  and  Lamentaciotis  "  [1614  ; 
part-songs];  Barnard's  "  Selected  Church 
Music  "  [1641 ;  services  and  anthems]  ,  Uoyce's 
"Cathedral  J\Iusic"  [do.]);  music  for  "virgin- 
als" and  organ  in  "Virginal  Uook  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  "  and  "  Lady  Nevill's  Virginal  Hook." 
— Newly  republ.  A  JVIass  in  I)  mm.,  Uook  I 
of  the  "Cantiones  Sacra* ",  and  several  pieces 
in  Pauer's  "  Old  English  Composers." 


Caballe'ro,  Manuel  Fernandez,  b  Murcia, 
March  14,  1835.  Pupil  at  Madrid  Cons,  of 
Fuertes  (harm.)  and  E&lava  (comp.)  ;  then  de- 
voted himself  wholly  to  composition,  and  be- 
came very  popular  as  a  writer  of  zarzuelas  ;  his 
latest  are  Los  Dineros  dd  Sacruian  and  Los 
Ajncanistas  (Barcelona,  1894)  ;  El  tabo  pri~ 
mero  (Barcelona,  1895)  ,  La  kiwda  de  la  For- 
tuna  (Madrid,  '96  ;  succ.).  lie  has  also  writ- 
ten sacred  music. 


Francisco  Javier,  b.  Naguera,  n. 
Valencia,  1832.  Successively  chapel-singer, 
org.,  and  maestro  at  Valencia  cath.  Composed 
masses,  vespers,  etc.,  in  modern  style. 

Cacci'ni,  Giulio,  called  "Roma'no,"  be- 
cause born  at  Rome,  abt.  1546  ;  d.  Florence,  abt. 
1615,  where  he  had  resided  since  1565  as  singer 
to  the  Tuscan  court.  A  pupil  of  Scipione  dclla 
Palla  in  singing  and  lute-playing^.  His  first 
essays  in  composition  were  madrigals  in  the 
ancient  polyphonic  style  ;  but  the  example  of 
Vincenzo  Galilei,  and  his  own  surpassing  skill  as 
a  singer  (aided,  no  doubt,  by  the  discussions  of 
the  artists  and  literati  frequenting  the  houses  of 
Bardi  and  Corai  at  Florence),  inspired  him  to 
write  vocal  soli  in  recitative-form  (then  termed 
mmica  in  istile  rapprcsentath^  which  he  sang 
with  great  applause  to  his  own  accomp.  on  the 
theorbo.  These  first  essays  in  dramatic  music 
were  followed  by  his  settings  of  detached  scenes 
written  t  by  Bardi,  and  finally  by  the  opera  // 
combattimento  d  Apolline  col  serpente,  poem  by 
Bardi  ;  then  appeared  La  Dajne  (1594),  in  col- 
laboration with  Peri,  poem  by  Rinucinni  ;  Rwy- 
<fttf(i6oo),  poem  by  Rmuccini  ;  and  Jl  rapinwito 
di  Cefalo  (Oct.  9,  1600,  the  first  opera  ever  pro- 
duced in  a  public  theatre),  poem  by  Chiabrera. 
Another  **  epoch-making  "  work  was  "  Le  nuove 
musiche,"  a  series  of  madrigals  for  solo  voice,  w. 
bass  (1601  ;  1607  ;  i6i5)f  He  also  publ  u  Nove 


CADAUX— CALDICOTT 


Arie  "  (Venice,  1608), and  "Fuggilotio  musicale  " 
(Venice,  1614  ;  madrigals,  sonnets,  arias,  etc  ) 
Caccini  was  called,  by  abbate  Angelo  Gnlio,  the 
"  father  of  a  new  style  of  music  ",  Bardi  said  of 
him  that  he  had  "  attained  the  goal  of  perfect 
music." 

Cadaux,  Justin,  b.  Albi  (Tarn),  France, 
Apr.  13,  1813  ,  d.  Pans,  Nov.  8,  1874.  Pupil 
of  Zimmerman  (pf )  and  Dourlen  (harm.),  at 
Pans  Cons.7  composed  6  comic  operas. 

Cadeac,  Pierre,  choirmaster  at  Auch,  France, 
in  the  i6th  century  ,  he  composed  and  publ.  many 
masses  and  motets  (1543-1558). 

Csecilia.    See  CECILIA. 

Cafa'ro,  Pasquale  (called  Cafifariel'lo), 
noted  composer;  b.  San  Pietro  in  Galatina,  prov- 
ince of  Lecce,  Italy,  Feb.  S,  1706 ;  d.  Naples, 
Oct.  23,  1797.  Pupil  of  L.  Leo  in  Naples  Cons, 
della  Pieti  d.  T.  1724-36,  and  was  Leo's  succes- 
sor in  1745  Wrote  operas,  oratorios,  cantatas, 
etc.;  a  Stabat  Mater  in  2  p.,  w.  org.,  is  specially 
noteworthy. 

Caffarel'li  (real  name  Gaetano  Majora'no), 

brilliant  soprano  (musico);  b.  Bari,  April  16, 
1703  ;  d.  on  his  estate  Santo-Dorato,  n.  Naples, 
Nov.  30,  1783.  A  poor  peasant-boy,  endowed 
with  a  beautiful  voice,  he  was  discovered  by  a 
musician  named  Caffaro  (not  Pasquale  Cafaro), 
who  taught  him,  and  sent  him  to  Porpora  at 
Naples.  In  gratitude  to  his  patron  he  assumed 
the  name  of  CafFarelli.  After  5  years'  hard  study 
Porpora  dismissed  him  with  the  words:  "Go, 
my  .son,  I  have  nothing1  more  to  teach  you  ;  you 
are  the  greatest  singer  in  Italy  and  in  the  world." 
He  was  indeed  a  master  of  pathetic  song,  and 
excelled  in  coloratura  as  well ;  he  read  the  most 
difficult  music  at  sight,  and  was  an  accomplished 
harpsichord-player.  His  de"but  at  the  Teatro 
Valle  (Rome,  172.4)  in  a  female  role  (such  was 
the  custom  for  artificial  soprani)  was  attended  by 
a  perfect  ovation ;  his  renown  increased  from 
year  to  year.  In  1738  he  sang  in  London,  and 
apparently  made  little  impression  ;  but  in  Italy, 
Spain,  Pans,  and  Vienna,  he  was  triumphantly 
successful.  He  amassed  a  fortune,  bought  the 
dukedom  of  Santo-Dorato,  and  assumed  the  title 
of  duke. 

Caffi,  Francesco,  b.  Venice,  1786  ;  d.  Padua, 
1874.  Wrote  a  "  Storia  della  musica  sacra  nella 
gii  Cappella  Ducale  di  S.  Marco  in  Venezia  dal 
1318  al  1797"  (2vol.s;  Venice,  1854,  1855),  an 
important  and  trustworthy  work ;  also  mono- 
graphs on  Bonaventura  Furlanetto  (1820) ;  Zar- 
lino  (1836) ;  Lotti,  and  Benedetto  Marcello  (in 
Cicognia's  "Venetiani  Iscritioni " );  and  Giam- 
mateo  Asola  (Padua,  1862). 

Caf&aux,  Dom  Phillippe-Joseph,  b  Valen- 
ciennes, 1712 ;  d.  abbey  of  St. -Germain  des  Pres, 
Paris,  Dec.  26,  1777.  Benedictine  monk;  his 
MS.  "  Histoire  de  la  musique"  (in  the  Paris 
Library)  is  praised  by  Fetis. 


Cagniard  de  la  Tour,  Charles,  Laron  de, 
b.  Pans,  M<iy  31,  1777  ,  d  there  July  5,  1859 
Improver  of  the  "  Syren"  used  to  record  the 
vibration-numbers  of  tones. 

Cagno'ni,  Antonio,  b  Godiasco,  n.  Voghera, 
Feb.  8,  1828 ;  d.  Bergamo,  Apr.  30,  1896. 
Studied  at  Milan  Cons  ( 1842-7)  under  Ray  and 
Frasi ;  as  a  student,  3  of  his  operas  were  prod, 
in  the  Cons.  Th  ;  JZosalia  di  S.  Miniate  (semi- 
seria,  1845) ;  /  due  Savojardi  (do.,  1846) ,  and 
Don  Bucefalo  [his  masterwork]  (buff a,  1847). 
From  1852-73  he  was  m.  di  capp.  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Vigevano;  1873,  succeeded  Coccia  as  m. 
di  capp.  in  the  cathedral  of  Novarra;  1887,  m.  di 
capp.  in  S.  Maria  Maggiore,  Bergamo.  From 
1848-74  he  brought  out  some  15  more  operas  at 
Rome,  Genoa,  Turin,  Milan,  etc.  He  left  3 


operas  ;  GU  amort  di  Cleopatra  (buffa,  comp.  abt. 
(finished  1893,  5  acts),  and  // 


1870),  Re  Lear 
Carabiniere  (bozzetto). 

Cahen,  Albert,  composer,  b.  Pans  (?),  Jan. 
8,  1846.  Pupil  of  Mme.  Szarvady  (pf.)  and 
Cesar  Franck  (comp  \  — Works  Jean  le  Prfaur- 
seztr^  biblical  poem  (1874) ,  Le  Bois,  comic  opera 
(1880,  Opera-Corn.) ;  Endymion,  mythological 
poem  (1883) ;  La  belle  ait  bois  dormant,  fairy 
opera  (Geneva,  1886) ;  Le  l\fmhen,  4-act  opera 
(Rouen,  1890) ;  Flenrdes  nei%es,  ballet  (Brussels, 
1891) ;  La  Jem  me  de  Claude,  3-act  lyric  drama 
(Pans,  1896,  Opera-Corn  ;  unsuccessful) 

Cahen,  Ernest,  b.  Paris,  Aug.  18,  1828 ;  d. 
there  Nov.  8,  1893.  Pupil  of  the  Cons.,  taking 
1st  prize  for  harm  and  accomp.  in  1847,  and 
the  2d  Grand  Prix  for  comp  in  1 849.  Pianist 
and  teacher  ;  also  "professeur  adjoint"  at  the 
Cons. — \Voiks  •  2  operettas,  Le  Calfat  (1853), 
and  Le  soitper  de  Mezzetin  (1859),  both  prod,  at 
the  Folies-Nouvelles. 

Caillot,  Joseph,  tenor-baritone  stage-singer 
and  actor ;  b.  Paris,  1732  ;  d.  there  Sept.  30, 
1816.  Engaged  at  the  Comedie  Italienne. 

Ca'imo,  Joseffo,  b.  Milan,  abt.  1540,  d.  (?). 
Publ.  4  bks.  of  5-p.  madrigals,  I  of  5-,  7-,  and 
8-p.  madrigals  (1571),  I  of  4-p.  madrigals  (1581), 
and  I  of  4-p.  canzonets  (1584). 

Calda'ra,  Antonio,  b.  Venice,  1678 ;  d. 
Vienna,  Dec.  28,  1763.  Prolific  composer  of 
operas  and  sacred  dramas  (70),  oratorios,  masses, 
and  other  ch.-mubic,  chamber-music,  etc.  He 
lived  in  Bologna  and  Mantua  ;  in  1714  was  app. 
Imp.  chamber-composer  at  Vienna,  and  from 
Jan.  I,  1716,  was  asst.  Kapellm.  to  J.  J.  Fux. 

Caldicott,  Alfred  James,  born  Worcester, 
Eng.,  1843;  d.  near  Gloucester,  Oct.  24,  3897. 
Chorister  in  Worcester  cathedral,  1851,  and  arti- 
cled to  the  organist,  Done,  in  1856.  He  st.  at 
Leipzig  Cons. under  Moscheles,  Ilauptmann,  etc.; 
and  in  1864  became  org.  of  St.  Stephen's  Ch., 
Worcester,  and  Corporation  org.  Took  degree 
of  Mus.  Bac.,  Cantab.,  1878,  was  app.  prof,  at 
R.,  Coll.  of  Mus.,  London,  in  1883;  from  1885 
was  cond.  at  the  Albert  Palace,  Battersea  (now 


97 


CALEGARI— CALVISIUS 


closed). — Works  :  Several  cantatas, 
oj  ^Yaiti  (iSSiJ,  A   Rhine  Lcgina  (f  women's 
voices,  lSS3),  Queen 
of  the  J/av  (do  ),  13 
operettas,   numerous 
successful    glees,    a  ( 
score  of  songs,  etc.  ' 
His  humorous  part- 
song    l'Humpty 
Dumpty  "      (special 
prize  at  Manchester, 
1878)  is  exceedingly 
popular. 

Calega/ri(or  Cal- 
legari),  Francesco 
Antonio,  b.  Padua, 
before  I  700;  d. 
there  1 742.  He  was 
a  Franciscan  monk,  1702-24  /;/.  di  capp.  in  the 
Minorite  monastery  at  Venice,  and  then  in  Padua, 
at  the  Ch.  of  San  Antonio,  until  1728.  He  \\rote 
a  theoretical  treatise  "Ampia  dimostrazione 
degli  armoniali  musicali  tuoni "  (MS  at  Ber- 
gamo); also  sacred  music  and  chamber-mubic. 

Calega'ri,  Antonio,  b.  Padua,  Oct  18, 1758  , 
d.  there  July  22,  1828.  Dramatic  composer, 
who  brought  out  3  operas  in  Venice .  Lc  sorelk 
rivali  (1784),  L'Amor  soldato  (1786),  and  //  ma- 
trimomo  scopcrto  (1789),  living  in  Padua,  1 800  ; 
publ  (Venice,  iSoi)  a  curious  treatise  on  com- 
position :  *'  Gioco  pittagorico  musicale,"  republ. 
in  Paris,  where  he  lived  for  several  years,  as 
"  L'art  de  composer  la  musique  sans  en  connai- 
tre  les  elements"  (1802).  Returning  to  Padua, 
he  was  org.  at  the  Cb.  of  San  Antonio  till  his 
decease.  Subsequently,  2  more  works  were  publ.  • 
11  Sistema  armonico  "  (1829),  and  a  vocal  method, 
"  Modi  generali  del  canto"  (1836). 

Calefti-Bru'ni.    See  CAVALLI. 

Calkin,  John  Baptiste,  b.  London,  Mar. 
16,  1827.  Pianist, 
organist,  and  com- 
poser; pupil  of  his 
father,  James  Calkin, 
and  has  been  organ- 
ist, precentor,  and 
choirmaster  at  sev- 
eral churches ;  is  now 
(1899)  prof,  at  Guild- 
hall School  of  Mus. 
Besides  several  ser- 
vices, and  many  an- 
thems, glees,  part- 
songs,  and  songs,  he 
has  publ.  a  string- 
quartet,  a  pf.-trio,  a 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  various  pcs.  for  pf., 
and  organ-music. 

CaTlaerts,  Joseph,  born  Antwerp,  Aug.  22, 
1838,  pupil  of  Lemmens  in  Brussels  Cons.  Org 
(1851-6)  of  the  Jesuit  college,  later  of  the  cathe- 
dral at  Antwerp,  and  organ-teacher  at  the  Music- 


School  since  1 867.— Works  :  Comic  opera  Le 
fctour  iaifr&u{ Antwerp,  1889),  apnzesjmph. 
(1879) and  a  prize  pf  -trio(i8S2);  organ  and  pf.- 
music  ,  cantatas,  masses,  litanies,  etc. 

Callcott,  John  Wall,  b.  Kensington,  Nov. 
20,  1766  ,  d.  there  May  15,  1821  He  received 
some  instruction  from  Henry  Whitney,  organ- 
ist of  Kensington  Parish  Church,  but  was 
chiefly  self-taught  in  early  jouth  ,  he  attracted 
the  atttntion  of  I)r  Arnold,  Dr.  Cooke,  and 
John  Sale,  who  aided  him.  From  1783-5  he 
was  deputy  organist  to  Reinhold,  at  St.  George 
the  Martyr ,  in  the  latter  year  he  won  3  prize- 
medals  for  a  catch,  ll  O  beauteous  fair  ";  a  canon, 
"Ulessed  is  he",  and  a  glee,  ct  Dull  repining 
sons  of  care  ",  he  joined  the  orchestra  of  the 
Academy  of  Ancient  Music,  and  also  took  the 
degree  of  Mus  Bac.  (Oxon  ).  lie  was  a  co- 
founder  of  the  Glee  Club  (1787) ;  jomt-org  of 
St.  Paul's,  Covent  Garden  (1788) ,  in  1789  he 
won  all  the  prizes  offered  by  the  "  Catch  Club  "; 
and  became  organist  of  the  Asylum  for  Female 
Orphans  (1792-1802).  He  studied  instrumental 
comp.  w.  Haydn  in  1790  ;  in  1800  he  was  made 
Mus.  Doc.  (Oxon.).  App.  lecturer  on  music  at 
the  Royal  Institute,  succeeding  Dr.  Crotch 
(1806),  his  mind  gave  way  under  the  strain  in- 
cident to  this  position  and  overwork  on  his  pet 
scheme,  a  dictionary  of  music,  which  was  never 
completed.  His  **  Grammar  of  Music"  (1806) 
is  a  standard  elementary  text-book  Many  of  his 
numerous  glees,  catches,  and  canons  are  real 
works,  of  art.  A  memoir  of  C.  was  prefixed  to 
a  '*  Collection  of  Glees,  Canons,  and  Catches," 
by  W.  Horsley  (London,  1824  ;  2  vol.s). 

Callcott,  William  Hutchins,  son  of  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  Kensington,  1807  ;  d.  London,  Aug. 
4,  1882  Organist,  pianist,  and  composer  ;  he 
wrote  a  good  deal  of  popular  vocal  music  (songs, 
anthems),  and  pf. -music  (chiefly  instructive  pcs. 
and  arrangements). 

Callinet.    See  DAUULAINE  ET  CIE. 

Cahri'sius,  Sethus  (real  name  Seth  Kall'- 
witz),  son  of  a  poor  peasant  at  Gorschleben, 
Thuringia;  b.  Feb  21,  1556  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov. 
24,  1615.  By  his  own  efforts  (at  first  as  a  street- 
singer  for  alms,  afterwards  as  a  teacher)  he  sup- 
ported himself  while  studying  in  the  Gymnasia 
of  Frankenhausen  and  Magdeburg,  and  the  Uni- 
versities at  Ilelmstadt  and  Leipzig.  In  Leipzig 
he  became  (1581)  mus.  director  at  the  Pauliner- 
kirche ;  from  1582-92  he  was  cantor  at  Schul- 
pforta,  then  cantor  of  the  Thomasschule  at  Leip- 
zig, and  (1594)  musical  dir.  of  the  Thomaskirche 
and  Nicolaikirche  there.  C.  was  not  only  a 
musician  but  a  scholar  of  high  and  varied  at- 
tainments. His  writings  are  valuable  sources 
"  Melopoeia  seu  melodiae  condendae  ratio" 
(1582);  "  Compendium  musicae  practicae  pro 
incipientibus  "  (1594  ,  3rd  ed.  as  "  Musicae  artis 
praecepta  nova  et  facillima,"  1612) ;  "  Exercita- 


CALVOR— CAMPANINI 


tiones  musicae  duae  "  (1600);  "  Exercitatio  mu- 
sicae  tertia"  (1611).— Publ.  compositions  "Au- 
serlesene  teutsche  Lieder  "  (1603),  "  Bicinionim 
hbn  duo  "  (1612),  the  i^oth  Psalm  (12  parts),  a 
coll.,  "  Harmoniae  cantionum  ecclesiasticarura 
a  M.  Luthero  et  alits  viris  piis  Germaniae  com- 
positarum  4  voc."  (1596);  and  a  4-p.  arr  of  C. 
Becker's  psalm-tunes  (1602,  '16,  '18,  '21).  MS. 
motets,  hymns,  etc.,  in  the  Thomasschule  Li- 
brary, Leipzig. 

Cal'vdr,  Caspar,  b.  Hildesheim,  1650;  d. 
Clausthal,  1725.  Wrote  "  De  musica  ac  smgil- 
latim  de  ecclesia&tica  eoque  spectantibus  or- 
gams  "  (Leipzig,  1702),  and  a  preface  to  Sinn's 
"  Temperatura  practica"  (1717). 

Cambert,  Robert  (the  first  French  opera- 
composer,  preceding  Lully),  b.  Paris,  abt.  1628  ; 
d  London,  1677.  Pupil  of  Chambonnieres ; 
org.  at  St.-Honore  ,  mtendant  of  music  (1666) 
to  the  queen-dowager  Anne  of  Austria.  His 
first  venture  on  the  lyric  stage  was  La  Pasto- 
rale, written  by  Pernn  and  successfully  produced 
at  the  Chateau  d'Issy  in  1659  ;  it  was  followed 
by  Anane,  on  le  manage  de  Bacchus  (rehearsed 
in  1661),  and  Adonis  (1662  ,  not  performed  ; 
MS.  lost).  Perrin  having  received,  in  1669, 
letters  patent  for  establishing  the  ' '  Academic 
royale  de  musique  "  (the  national  operatic  thea- 
tre, now  the  Grand  Opera),  brought  out,  in  col- 
laboration with  C.,  the  first  real  opera,  Pomone 
(1671)  ;  a  second,  JLes  prints  et  les  plaisirs  de 
V amour ,  was  written,  but  never  produced, 
Lully  having  meantime  (1672)  had  the  patent 
transferred  to  himself.  [These  last  two  operas 
have  been  publ.  in  u  Chefs  d'ceuvre  classiques 
de  1'opera  franc.ais"  (Leipzig,  Br.  und  H.)]. 
C.'s  disappointment  drove  him  to  London ;  he 
became  a  bandmaster,  and  died  as  Master  of  the 
Music  to  Charles  II. 

Cambism,  Giovanni  Giuseppe,  b.  Leghorn, 
Feb.  13,  1746  ;  d.  Bicetre,  Dec.  29,  1825  (?).  A 
pupil  of  Padre  Martini,  and  a  most  prolific 
composer  of  mediocre  instrumental  works, 
writing  over  60  symphonies  within  a  few  years. 
He  lived  chiefly  m  Paris  as  a  ballet-composer 
and  conductor ;  he  died  in  the  almshouse. — 
Other  comps. :  144  string-quartets  ;  several  bal- 
lets, operas,  oratorios,  etc. 

Camera'na,  Luigi,  b.  in  Piedmont,  1846. 
M.  di  capp,  at  the  theatre  in  Savona  — Works  : 
Operetta  Patatrith  e  Patalrach  (1872)  ;  opera 
buff  a  Don  Fabiano  dei  cor  belli  (Turin,  1874) ; 
op.  seria  Gabnella  Chiahrcra  (Savona,  1876)  ; 
melodrama  Alberto  tit  Prussia  (1875) ;  opera 
// conte  di  Mirabclh  (Cosato,  '92 ;  succ.) ;  com. 
opera  PeUrkin  (London,  1893  ;  mod.  succ.). 

Camidge,  John,  b.  about  1735  ;  d.  York, 
Eng ,  Apr.  25,  1803  He  was  organist  at 
York  cath.  for  47  years. — Publ.  kL  Six  Easy  Les- 
sons for  the  Harpsichord " ;  other  music  f. 
harpsich.;  church-music,  glees,  songs. 


Camidge,  Matthew,  b  York,  1758 ;  d 
there  Oct  23,  1844,  son  of  preceding/ whom 
he  succeeded  at  York  cath  (1803-44^  Publ 
"Cathedral  Music'";  24  Original  Psalm- and 
Hymn-tunes";  sonatas  and  marches  f  pf.;  a 
"  Method  of  Instruction  in  Music  by  Questions 
and  Answers";  etc. 

Camidge,  John  (son  of  Matthew),  b.  York, 
1790 ,  d.  there  Sept.  29,  1859.  Org.  of  York 
cath.  1844-59 ;  Mus  Doc.  (Lambeth),  1855. 
Publ.  a  Service,  anthems,  5  double-chants  ;  6 
glees  f  3  and  4  voices  ;  etc. 

Campagno'li,  Bartolommeo,  b.  Cento, 
Sept,  10,  1751  ,  d  Neustrelitz,  Nov  6,  1827. 
Renowned  violinist,  pupil  of  Dall'Ocha  and 
Guastarobba  at  Modena,  and  later  of  Nardmi  at 
Florence.  After  several  years  of  concert-giv- 
ing in  Italy,  he  became -  leader  (1776)  of  the 
Abbot  of  Freising's  orch  ;  was  later  mus.  din 
to  the  Duke  of  Kurland  in  Dresden  (whence  he 
made  successful  concert-tours)  ;  1797-1818,  he 
was  leader  at  Leipzig  ;  finally  he  became  court 
Kaptllm.  at  Neustrelitz. — Works  Chamber- 
music  ;  concert!  f.  flute  ;  I  violin-concerto  ;  7 
celebrated  Divertissements  (studies  f .  vln. ) ;  41 
Capnces  pour  1'alta-viola  (op.  22) ;  a  *'  M&hode 
de  la  mecamque  progressive  du  jeu  du  violon  " 
(Leipzig,  1824),  etc. 

Campa'na,  Fabio,  b.  Leghorn,  Jan.  14, 
1819;  d.  London,  Feb.  2,  1882  From  the 
beginning  of  his  career  he  lived  in  London, 
popular  as  a  singing-teacher  and  composer. 
Besides  hundreds  of  songs  w.  pf.-acc.,  he 
wrote  the  operas  Catenna  di  Guisa  (Leghorn, 
1838),  Giulio  d'JEste  (Venice,  1841),  rannina 
d'Ornano  (Florence,  1842),  Luisa  di  frantia 
(Rome,  1844),  Altmna  (London,  H.  M.'s  Th., 
1860),  and  Esmeralda,  o  Nostra  Donna  di 
Pa ngi  (St.  Petersburg,  1869). 

Campana'ri,  Leandro,  violinist ;  b.  Rovigo, 
Italy,  Oct.  20,  1857  ;  st.  Milan  Cons.,  graduat- 
ing 1877.  European  tours,  a  years ;  in  Amer- 
ica 1879,  debut  at  Boston  (Symph.  Orch.)  very 
successful.  Settled  in  Boston,  and  organized 
Campanari  String-quartet.  1883,  mus.  dir.  of 
choir,  Jesuit  Ch.,  and  ist  prof,  of  violin  in 
N.  E.  Cons.  ;  1887-90,  in  Europe ;  1890,  ist 
prof,  of  violin,  and  head  of  orch  1  dept.,  in 
Cincinnati  Cons.  Since  1897,  director  and  con- 
ductor of  the  grand  orchestral  concerts  in  La 
Scala  Th.,  Milan  —Works :  Text-books  f.  vio- 
linists ;  numerous  songs. — His  brother  Giu- 
seppe is  a  fine  dramatic  baritone. 

Campani'ni,  Italo,  brilliant  operatic  tenor; 
b.  Parma,  1845  ;  d.  Vigatto,  n.  Parma,  Nov.  22, 
1896.  St.  3  years  in  G.  Griffini's  School  of 
Music.  Debut  1869,  at  Odessa,  in  Tr water e  ; 
sang  for  some  years  without  marked  success, 
then  studied  with  Lamperti,  and  reappeared  at 
Florence,  1871,  in  Lohengrin,  with  great  ap- 
plause. London  debut  1872,  as  Llennaro  m 
Luertxia  Borgia*  Tours  in  U.  S.  A.,  1873  and 


99 


CAMPEXIfOUT— CAXNABICII 


i$79-So  (witn  Nilsson),  1892  (vt.  Patti',  and 
1:94  Since  1833,  li\ed  principally  in  New 
York  Sang  leading  roles  m  Lofangiin*  M<.n- 
stoffki  Fans/,  Carwen,  Don  Juan*  Liuia  di 
Larnmermoor,  Hitgucnots,  Ruy  3las,  etc 

Cam'penhout,  Frangois  van,  b  Brussels, 
Feb.  5,  1779;  d  there  Apr  24,  1848.  Begin- 
ning: as  violinist  in  the  Th.  cle  Ja  Monnaie,  he 
studied  singing  under  Plantade,  and  became  a 
fine  stage-tenor,  appearing  in  Belgium,  Hol- 
land, «ind  P'rance  Retired  1827,  and  wrote  6 
operas,  seieral  other  stage-pieces,  9  cantatas  \v. 
orch.,  choruses,  masses  Te  Deums,  songs,  etc. 

Campion,  Thomas,  Engl.  physician,  also 
poet,  composer,  and  dramatist,  d.  London, 
Feb  ,  1619.— Publ  "  Two  Books  of  Ayres, 
etc."  (1610),  followed  by  2  more  (1612); 
"Ayres  for  the  Masque  of  Flowers"  (1613); 
u Songs  of  Mourning"  [for  Prince  Henry] 
(1613) ;  "  A  Xew  Way  of  Making  Foure  Parts 
in  Counterpoint"  (i6iS,  also  in  Playford's 
"  Introd.  to  the  Skill  of  Musick,"  1655) 

Campion,  Francois,  theorbist  (1703-19)  at 
Grand  Ope'ra,  Paris. — Publ.  "Nouvelles  de- 
couvertes  sur  la  Gtiitare,  etc."  (1705) ;  "  Traite 
d'accompagnement  pour  le  theorbe"  (1710), 
"  Traite  de  composition,  etc."  (1716) ,  and  a 
supplement  ("Addition  ")  to  the  last  two  (1739). 

Campio'ni,  Carlo  Antonio,  b.  Leghorn, 
abt.  1720 ,  d.  Florence,  1793,  as  m.  di  capp.  to 
the  Tuscan  court.  Comp.  church-music  (a  fine 
Te  Deum) ;  also  publ  7  vol  s  of  violin-duets. 

Campore'se,  Violante,  soprano  stage- 
singer  ;  b.  Rome,  1785  ;  d.  there  (?).  Before 
1814,  engaged  for  Napoleon's  private  music  ; 
stage-de'but  in  London,  1817  (Haymarket). 
Engaged  until  iSiS,  and  again  from  1821-3  ; 
sang  at  the  Ancient  and  Philh.  Concerts, 
1824-5.  Retired  1829. 

Cam'pos,  Joao  Ribeiro  de  Almeida  de,  b. 
Vizen,  Portugal,  abt.  1770 ;  d.  (?) ;  m  di  capp.y 
also  professor  and  examiner  for  church-singing, 
at  Lamego  in  1800.  Publ.  "Elementos  de 
musica"  (1786),  and  "Elem.  de  cantochSo" 
[Plain  Song-]  (1800,  and  many  later  editions). 

Cam/pra,  Andre",  French  opera-comp. ;  b. 
Aix  (Provence),  Dec.  4,  1660,  d.  Versailles, 
July  29,  1744.  A  pupil  of  Guillaume  Poitevin, 
he  was  app.  maitre  de  wus.  at  Toulon  cathedral 
at  the  age  of  20 ,  in  1681,  ;;;.  d*  chap,  at  Aries, 
and  from  1683-94  at  Toulouse  cath.  Going 
thence  to  Paris,  he  was  at  first  m.  de  chap  at  the 
Jesuit  collegiate  ch.,  and  shortly  after  at  Notre- 
Dame,  an  appointment  held  until  the  successful 
production  of  two  operas  (under  his  brother 
Joseph's  name)  induced  him  to  embrace  a  secu- 
lar career.  In  1722  he  was  made  conductor  of 
the  Royal  Orch.  His  operas  were  performed 
after  Lully  until  eclipsed  by  the  genius  of 
Rameau. — Operas  :  L  Europe  galante  (1697)  ; 
7*  Carnaval  de  Venise  (1699) ;  Hfaone  (1700) ; 


Ar Mi  use*  ou  la  vengeance  de  t  amour  (1701); 
Tancreat  (1702) ;  Lcs  Muses  (1/03) ,  IpJngtme 
en  Tci itndc  (1704) ,  rM'maque  (1/04).  Alcine 
(1705);  le  Triomphe  de  V amour  (1705),  //?/- 
podamie  (1706)  ,  Lts  ffas  v&ntittwes  (17 10) ; 
laomMt  (1712),  Les  Amours  dc  Mars  et  l'<!nus 
(1712;  ,  T&phe  (1713)  ,  Camille  (1717)  ,  Les 
Ages*  ballet-opera  (1718);  Achillt  et  Dtfdanne 
(1735 »;  and  several  divertissements,  etc  ,  for  the 
Versailles  court.  Also  3  books  of  cantatas 
(1708,  €t  s£tj  \  and  5  books  of  motets  (1706, 
1710,  1713,  etc  ). 

Camps  y  Soler,  Oscar,  Spanish  pianist, 
comp.,  and  writer ,  b,  Alexandria,  Egypt,  Nov. 
21,  1837.  Pupil  of  Dohler  at  Florence,  and 
played  in  public  as  early  as  1850  ,  st.  w.  Mer- 
cadante,  at  Naples  ,  made  concert-tours  in  Eu- 
rope, and  settled  in  Madrid. — Works  Grand 
cantata;  songs,  pf.-pcs. — Also  a  "  Teona 
musical  ilustrada,"  a  "  Metodo  de  Solfeo," 
"  Estudios  filosoficos  sobre  la  musica,"  and  a 
Span,  transl.  of  Berlioz's  "  Instrumentation." 
He  teaches,  and  is  a  contributor  to  several 
musical  periodicals. 

Candeille,  Pierre -Joseph,  opera-comp.;  b. 
Estaires  (dept.  du  Nord),  Dec.  8,  1744 ;  d. 
Chantilly,  Apr.  24,  1827.  He  wrote  some  20 
operas,  "divertissements,  etc.,  tl  c  best  being 
Castor  et  Pollux  (1791)  ;  most  of  them  were., 
never  produced. — His  daughter, 

Candeille  [Simons  -  Candeille],  AmeUie-; 
Julie,  b.  Paris,  July  31,  1767  ;  d.  there  Feb.  4,- 
1834 ;  was  a  dramatic  soprano,  an  actress,  and 
a  composer.  Debut  1782  as  Iphigenie  in  Gluck's 
Iphigtme  en  Anlitte;  from  1783-96,  actress  in 
the  Th.  Fran9ais.  In  1798  she  married  Simons, 
a  Brussels  carriage-builder,  was  separated  from 
him  in  1802,  lived  in  Paris  as  a  music-teacher  till 
1821,  when  she  married  the  painter  Piene  [d. 
1833].  She  wrote  libretto  and  music  of  the  very 
succ.  operetta  La  belle  Fermiere  (1792),  in  which 
she  played  the  leading  part,  singing  to  her  own 
accomp.  on  piano  and  harp  ;  and  produced  an 
unsuccessful  opera,  Ida^  Vorpheline  de  Berlin 
(1807).  Publ.  also  3  pf.- trios,  4  pf. -sonatas,  a 
sonata  f.  2  pfs.,  pf. -fantasias,  some  romances, 
and  the  songs  from  the  Bdle  Fermiere. 

Cange,  Charles  -  Dufresne,  sieur  du,  b. 
Amiens,  Dec.  18,  1610 ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  23,  1688. 
A  learned  lawyer,  interested  in  musical  research. 
Publ.  "Glpssarium  ad  scriptores  medini  et  in- 
fimoe  latinitatis  "  (1678,  3  vol.s  ;  1733-36,  in  6 
vol.s  ;  1840-50,  in  7  vol.s),  explaining  the  mus. 
instr.s  and  terminology  of  the  middle  ages. 

Can'nabich,  Christian,  b.  Mannheim,  1731; 
d.  Frankfort,  1798.  An  accomplished  violinist 
(pupil  of  Jommclli)  and  composer,  he  excelled 
particularly  as  a  conductor  of  the  Electoral  orch. 
at  Mannheim,  a  post  to  which  he  was  app.  in 
1775,  having  been  leader  since  1765.  C.  rendered 
this  orch.  famous  by  the  (then  unique)  perfection 
to  which  he  carried  the  dynamic  nuances,  more 
especially  the  crescendo  and  decrescendo.  His 


TOO 


CANNABICH— CARISSIMI 


compositions  (operas,  ballets,  3  symphonies,  3 
violin-concertos,  much  chamber-music)  were  pop- 
ular.— His  father,  Matthias  C.,  was  a  flutist  in 
the  Electoral  orch. 

Can'nabich,  Karl,  violinist  and  comp.,  son 
of  Christian  ;  b.  Mannheim,  1769  ;  d  Munich 
(whither  the  orch.  followed  the  Elector's  couit 
in  1778),  1805.  Kapettm.,  from  1800,  of  the 
orch. 

Cannicia'ri,  Don  Pompeo,  b.  Rome,  1670 ; 
d.  there  Dec.  29,  1744,  as  ;;/.  di  tapp.  of  S. 
Maria  Maggiore,  a  position  held  by  him  since 
1709.  A  disciple  of  the  Roman  school,  he  comp. 
masses,  magnificats,  motets,  etc. 

Canthal,  August,  b.  Lubeck  (?) ,  flutist  in 
the  Hamburg  Theatre  (1832),  gave  succ.  concerts 
in  Copenhagen  (1847),  became  bandmaster  in 
Leipzig  (1848).  Publ.  flute-pcs.,  and  dances 
f  pf. 

Cantor,  Otto.     See  Appendix. 

Capel'la,  Martianus  Minucius  (Mineus) 
Felix,  Latin  scholar  at  Carthage  early  in  the 
5th  cent  ,  A.n.  Book  ix  of  his  "  Satyricon  " 
treats  of  music  ;  printed  by  Meibom  m  '*  Antiq. 
mus.  auct.  vii,"  with  notes. 

Capelli.  Fen-name  of  Johann  David  von 
ApclL 

Capoc'ci,  Gaetano,  b.  Rome,  Oct.  16, 1811; 
d  there  Jan.  n,  1898.  Organ-pupil  of  Sante 
Pascoli ;  st.  later  under  Fioravanti  and  Ciancia- 
relli  (comp.),  and  in  1833  brought  out  his  first 
oratorio,  Battista.  He  became  org.  at  the  Ch. 
of  S.  Maria  di  Vallicella,  and  (1839)  at  S  M. 
Maggiore  ;  elected,  m  1855,  maestro  direttore  of 
the  "Capella  Pia"  at  the  Lateran,  succeeding 
Meluzzi.  He  wrote  and  publ.  a  vast  amount 
of  sacred  music  (another  oratorio,  Assaknne ; 
masses,  motets,  litanies,  offertories,  psalms, 
introits,  etc  ),and  formed  numerous  distinguished 
pupils. — His  son, 

Capoc'ci,  Filippo,  b.  Rome,  May  n,  1840  ; 
is  reputed  to  be  the  finest  contemporary  Italian 
organist.  Since  1875,  organist  of  San  Giovanni 
in  Laterano.  His  compositions  f.  org.  have  some 
vogue. 

Capoul,  Joseph  -  Ame'de'e  -Victor,  brilliant 
stage-tenor ;  b  Toulouse,  Feb.  27,  1839  J  Pupil 
(1659)  of  Revial  and  Mocker  at  Paris  Cons.;  eng. 
at  the  OpeVa-Com.  1861-72,  and  has  since  then 
sung  in  London  (with  Nilsson),  New  York,  and 
other  cities.  Since  1892,  prof,  of  operatic  sing- 
ing in  National  Conservatory,  New  York. 

Carac'cio  (or  Caravac'cio),  Giovanni,  b. 
Bergamo,  abt.  1550  ;  d.  Rome,  1626.  For  some 
years  in  the  court  choir,  Munich ;  then  ;;/.  di 
capp.  at  Bergamo  cath.,  and  finally  at  S.  Maria 
Maggiore,  Rome. — Publ.  2  vol  s  of  magnificats ; 
5  pf  madrigals ;  psalms  (Venice,  1620) ;  a  re- 
quiem mass,  canzoni,  etc. 

Caraccio'li,  Luigi,  comp.  and  excellent  sing- 
ing-teacher ;  b.  Adria  (Ban),  Aug.  10,  1849  J 


d  London,  July  22,  1887.  Pupil  of  Cesi,  Conti, 
and  Mercadante  m  Naples  (1863-9)  Called  to 
Dublin  (1878)  as  Dir.  of  the  School  of  hing- 
ing m  the  R  Irish  Academy  of  Mus.;  removed, 
in  1 88 1,  to  London.  Wrote  a  succ.  opera.  Jfasv 
il  Monfanaro  (Ban,  1874),  and  innumerable 
songs,  many  being  very  popular  ("  Danza  delle 
memone,"  "  Un  sogno  fu  !  "  **  Rime  popolare," 
etc.) 

Cara'fa  de  Colobra'no,  Michele  Enrico,  b. 
Naples,  Nov.  17,  1787 ;  d.  Paris,  July  26,  1872. 
A  son  of  Prince  Colobrano,  Duke  of  Alvito,  he 
began  mus.  study  early ;  and  while  very  young 
wrote  an  opera,  2  cantatas,  etc.  Though  he  be- 
came an  officer  in  the  army  of  Naples,  and 
fought  m  Napoleon's  Russian  campaign,  he  de- 
voted his  leisure  to  music,  and  after  \Vaterloo 
adopted  it  as  a  profession.  Up  to  1819  he  pro- 
duced 9  operas  on  Italian  stages  ;  from  1821-33, 
about  20  in  Paris,  most  successful  among  which 
were  Le  Solitaire  (1822),  Masaniello  (1827,  his 
best),  and  La  Violette  (1828);  also  a  few  others 
in  Italy  and  Vienna.  Settled  in  Pans,  1827 ; 
member  of  the  Academy  (Lesueur's  successor), 
1837  ,  in  1840,  prof,  of  comp.  at  Cons.  Besides 
operas,  he  wrote  ballets,  cantatas,  and  consider- 
able good  church-music. 

Caramuel  de  Lot/kowitz,  Juan,  b.  Ma- 
dnd,  May  23,  1606 ;  d.  Vigevano,  Italy,  Sept. 
8,  1682,  as  Bishop  of  V.  He  publ.  "Arte 
nueva  de  musica,  inventada  anno  de  600  por  S. 
Gregorio,  desconcertada  anno  da  1026  por  Gui- 
don Aretino,  restituida  a  su  primera  perfeccion 
por  Fr.  Pedro  de  Urena,  reducida  a  este  breve 
compendio  anno  1644  por  J.-C.,  etc."  (Rome, 
1669). 

Caresti'ni,  Giovanni  (stage-name  Cusanino, 
from  the  family  of  Cusani  in  Milan,  his  pro- 
tectors^; b.  Mente  Filatrano  (Ancona),  abt.  1705; 
d.  there  1760.  Soprano  singer  (musico)  at  Rome, 
Prague,  Mantua,  London  (1733-5,  under  Han- 
del, in  rivalry  with  Farinelli),  then  at  Venice, 
Berlin,  and  St.  Petersburg  (i755~8). 

Carey,  Henry,  b.  1685  (?) ;  d.  London,  Oct 
4,  1743.  A  reputed  natural  son  of  George  Sa- 
vile,  Marquis  of  Halifax.  His  teachers  were 
Linnert,  Roseingrave,  and  Geminiani,  but  he 
was  chiefly  self-taught.  He  lived  as  a  music- 
teacher,  and  writer  for  the  theatres.  His  claim 
to  authorship  of  "  God  save  the  King"  is  dis- 
puted, despite  the  attempts  of  his  son,  Gerome 
Savile  Carey  (1743-1807),  to  substantiate  it  (v. 
articles  by  Cummings,  "Mus.  Times,"  1878). 
His  song  '*  Sally  in  our  Alley  "  still  enjoys  popu- 
larity. His  musical  dramas  (ballad  -  operas), 
nine  in  number,  had  considerable  success ;  in 
1737  he  publ.  100  ballads,  "  The  Musical  Cen- 
tury" 

Caris'simi,  Giacomo,  b.  Marino,  near  Rome, 
about  1604 ;  d.  Rome,  Jan.  12,  1674.  Towards 
1624  he  was  m.  di  capp.  in  Assisi ;  from  1628  to 
his  death  he  filled  a  similar  position  in  the  Ch. 
of  S.  Apollinare,  Rome.  A  prolific  and  original 


CARL— CARRODUS 


chinch-composer,  he  broke  with  the  Palestrma 
tradition,  devoting  himself  to  perfecting  the 
monodic  stvle,  as  is  evidenced  bv  his  highly 
de\  eloped  recitative  and  more  pleasing  and 
vaned  instrumental  accompaniments  Hih  mus. 
MSS  were  dispersed  at  the  sale  ot  the  hbran  of 
the  German  College,  and  many  are  lubt;  but 
few  printed  works  are  still  extant.  There  were 
publ.  the  5  oratorios  Jephte  (his  magnum  of>ns\ 
Jitdiciwn  Sabuwnisi  Jonas,  Jonah,  Balthazar; 
2  coll  s  of  motets  a  2,  3  and  4  (Rome,  1664,^67); 
masses  a  5  and  9  (Cologne,  1663,  '67) ,  Arie  da 
camera  (1667);  and  detached  pieces  in  several 
collections.  The  finest  coll  of  his  works  is 
that  made  by  Dr.  Aldnch  at  Christ-Church  Col- 
lege, Oxford  He  also  wrote  a  treatise,  publ. 
only  in  German  4l  Ars  cantandi,  etc  "  (Augs- 
burg ;  2nd  ed.  1692 ,  3rd,  1696). 

Carl,  William  Crane,  concert-organist  ;  b. 
Bloomfield,  X.  J.,  March  2,  1865.  Pupil  for 
several  years  in  New  York  of  S.  P.  Warren  (org. 
and  theory)  and  Mme.  Mad.  Schiller  (pf.) ;  also, 
for  nearly*  2  years,  of  Ale\.  Guilmant,  Pans  (org. 
and  theory  I "  From  1882-90,  org  of  First  Presby. 
Ch.,  Newark,  N.  J.;  since  1892,  org  and  choir- 
master of  the  Old  First  Presby.  Ch  ,  5th  Av.  and 
1 2th  St  ,  New  York ;  also  cond  of  N.  Y. 
"  Baton  Club  "  (mixed  ch.  cf  75  voices  :  merged, 
since  1898,  in  the  "  Gamut  Club  ").  As  a  con- 
cert-org.  with  an  enormous  repertory,  C.  has 
played  in  most  Urge  cities  between  N.  Y.  and  San 
Francisco,  and  has  inaugurated  many  organs, 
etc.  Founder,  and  member  of  Council,"  of  Amer. 
Guild  of  Organists. 

Carmichael,  Mary  Grant,  contemporary 
British  pianist  and  corn  p. ,  b.  Birkenhead.  Pupil 
of  O.  Beringer,  \V.  Bache,  and  F.  Hartvigson 
(pf  ),  and  E.  Prout  (comp.).  She  is  an  accom- 
plished accompanist. —Works  .  Operetta,  The 
Snow  Queen;  a  Suite  f.  pf.  4  hands,  and  minor 
pf. -pieces  ;  many  songs,  incl.  **  The  Stream," 
a  song-cycle.  —  Transl.  H.  Ehrlich's  "Cele- 
brated Pianists  of  the  Past  and  Present "  (Lon- 
don, 1894). 

Carnicer,  Ramon,  b.  Taregge,  Catalonia, 
Oct.  24,  1789  ;  d.  Madrid,  Mar.  17,  1855.  From 
1818-20,  conductor  of  the  Ital.  Op.T  Barcelona  ; 
1828-30  of  the  Royal  Opeia,  Madrid ;  1830-54, 
prof,  of  comp.  at  Madrid  Cons.  One  of  the 
creators  of  Spanish  national  opera  (the  zarstvela), 
he  composed  9  operas,  wrote  much  church- 
music,  many  symphonies,  Spanish  songs,  na- 
tional hymns,  etc. 

Caron,  Firmin,  famous  (Netherland  ?)  con- 
trapuntist of  the  isth  century,  a  pupil  of  Bin- 
chois  and  Dufay ;  his  only  extant  works  are  a 
few  masses  in  the  Papal  Chapel,  and  a  MS. 
3-part  chanson  in  the  Paris  Library. 

Carpa'ni,  Giuseppe  Antonio,  writer  and 
poet ;  b.  Vilalbese   (Corno),  Jan.  28,  1752 ;  d 
Vienna,  Jan.  21/22,  1825,  as  court  poet.   Chief 
works  :  "  Le  Haydine,  owero  lettere  sulla  vita  e 


le  opere  del  celebre  maestro  Giuseppe  Haydn  " 
(Milan,  1812) ,  and  "Le  Rossiniane,  ossia  let- 
tere musico-reatrali "  (Padua,  1824).  He  was 
the  author  of  several  opera-libretti,  and  transl. 
others  from  the  French  and  German. 

Carpentras'  (II  Carpentras'so  in  Italian , 
real  name  Eleazar  Genet) ;  b  Carpentras  (Yau- 
cluse),  abt.  1475  ,  d  Avignon  (?),  abt  1532.  In 
1515,  leading  singer  m,  and  soon  after  w.  di  tapp. 
of,  the  Pontifical  chapel ;  in  1521  he  was  sent  to 
Avignon  on  negotiations  connected  with  the 
Holy  See  4  volumes  of  his  works  (Masses, 
1532  ;  Lamentations,  1532  ,  Ilvmns,  1533  ,  Mag- 
nificats  [?])  \\erepnnted  at  Avignon,  by  Jean  de 
Chaunay,  in  round  notes  and  without  ligatures 
A  feu  motets  are  printed  in  Petruccis  "  Mot- 
tetti  della  Corona"  (vol.  i,  1514,  and  vol  iii, 
1519). 

Carr,  Frank  Osmond,  English  composer; 
b.  Yorkshire,  abt.  1857,  Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon,,  1882; 
Mus.  Doc.,  1891. — Works,  several  farces,  bur- 
lesques, and  comic  operas .  Joan  oj  Arc  (1891), 
Bhte-eycd  Susan  (London,  1892),  In  Town  ('92), 
Morocco  Bound  ('93),  Go  Bang  ('94),  Ihs  Ex- 
cellency ('94,  book  by  Gilbert),  Biarritz  ('96), 
Lord  Tom  ,AW</j' ('96),  The  Clergyman's  Daugh- 
ter (Birmingham,  '96 ;  London,  Gaiety  Th., 
later,  as  My  Girl}. 

Carre",  Albert,  nephew  of  the  librettist 
Michel  Carre' ,  b.  June  22,  1852,  at  Strassburg, 
where  he  st.  in  the  Lycee.  At  first  an  actor  in 
the  Vaudeville  Th  ,  Paris,  he  assumed  the  direc- 
tion of  the  theatre  at  Nancy  in  1884  ;  in  1885, 
that  of  the  Vaudeville  (with  Deslandes  till  1890); 
and  1894-98,  of  the  V.  and  the  Gymnase  to- 
gether (with  Porel).  Also,  1885-90,  director  of 
the  Cercle  at  Aix-les-Bains.  In  1898,  he  was 
app.  director  of  the  Op^ra-Comique,  succeeding 
Leon  Carvalho.  Carre  has  written  a  number  of 
light  stage-pieces,  set  to  music  by  various  com- 
posers. 

Carre*,  Louis,  mathematician,  member  of  the 
Acad.;  b.  Clofontaine  (Brie),  1663  ;  d.  Paris, 
Apr.  II,  1711.  Publ.  3  essays  on  acoustics. 

Carre'flo,  Teresa,  b.  Caracas,  Venezuela, 
Dec.  22,  1853.  A  pupil  of  L  M.  Goltschalk, 
afterwards  of  Georges  Mathias  in  Paris,  she  has 
become  one  of  the  foremost  lady  pianists.  She 
played  in  public  1865-6  ;  her  reputation  was  well 
established  in  1875,  when  she  made  a  tour  of  the 
United  States.  For  several  years  she  resided  in 
London,  and  then  travelled  1889-90  throughout 
Germany,  everywhere  winning  applause  and 
greatly  enhancing  an  already  brilliant  reputa- 
tion. In  1893  she  received  the  title  of  Court 
Pianist  to  the  King  of  Saxony.  She  has  plnyed 
in  all  the  chief  European  and  American  towns. 
Mme.  Carrefio  has  composed  a  string-quartet 
(in  B),  and  j»&«-pieces  for  pianoforte. 

Xarro'dus.  John  Tiplady,  eminent  violinist; 
b.  Keighlev  (Yorks ),  Jan.  20,  1836 ;  d.  Hamp- 
stead,  London,  July  13  (not  12),  1895.  A  pupil 


102 


CARTER— CASELLA 


of  Molique  at  London  and  Stuttgart,  he  returned 
to  England  in  1853  T  had  played  since  then  in 
the  best  Engl.  orchestras,  succeeding  Sainton 
(1869)  as  leader  of  the  Covent  Garden  Orch  ; 
later  he  was  also  leader  at  the  Philharmonic,  and 
at  the  chief  provincial  festivals  ,  made  his  debut 
as  soloist  in  1863.  He  was  an  excellent  teacher, 
and  publ  several  pcs.  f.  solo  violin. 

Carter,  Thomas,  b.  Ireland,  abt.  1735  ;  d. 
London,  Oct  12,  1804.  Organist  of  St.  \Ver- 
burgh's  Ch.,  Dublin,  1751-69  ,  st.  in  Italy  (1770- 
i),  from  1771-2,  cond.  of  theatre  m  Bengal ; 
settled  in  London,  1773,  as  composer  to  thea- 
tres. He  comp.  incidental  music  to  several 
plays  ;  also  concerto  f.  bassoon  and  pf  ,  6  pf.- 
sonatas  ;  songs  ;  "  Lessons  for  the  Guitar." 

Carter,  Henry,  distinguished  organist ,  b. 
London,  March  6,  1837.  Pupil  of  Aug  Haupt 
(org  ),  Ernst  Pauer  (pf.),  Fr.  Kiel  and  Ferd 
Hiller  (comp.).  Church-org.  at  9  ;  went  to  Can- 
ada abt.  1854,  and  became  org.  of  Engl.  cath 
at  Quebec.  Org.  at  Boston,  Providence,  and 
New  York  (Trinity  Ch  ,  1873-80);  in  iS8o,prof. 
in  Coll.  of  Music,  Cincinnati ;  1883,  org  of 
Plymouth  Ch.,  Brooklyn,  later  of  the  48th  St. 
Collegiate  Ch  ,  N.  Y. — Works :  2  string-quar- 
tets ;  anthem  f.  orch  ,  ch.,  quartet,  and  soli ; 
Psalm  cxxii  (anthem) ;  Nunc  dimittis ;  4-part 
songs,  songs,  etc. 

Cartier,  Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Avignon,  May 
28,  1765  ;  d.  Paris,  1841  Pupil  of  Viotti ,  vio- 
linist at  Gr.  Opera  (1791-1821),  1804  member  of 
the  Imp.  Orch.,  1815  of  the  Royal  Orch.,  pen- 
sioned 1830. — Works  •  3  operas  ;  sonatas,  varia- 
tions, dueta,  and  etudes  f.  vln.;  and  "  L'art  du 
violon "  (Paris,  1798,  1801),  containing  selec- 
tions from  eminent  French,  Ital.,  and  Ger.  mas- 
ters of  the  1 7th  and  iSth  centuries. 

Carul'li,  Ferdmando,  b.  Naples,  Feb.  10, 
1770 ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.,  1841.  Brilliant  self- 
taught  guitar-player,  whose  original  method  is 
the  basis  of  modern  guitar-playing.  He  lived 
in  Paris,  from  1808,  as  an  eminently  successful 
and  popular  concert-giver  and  teacher.  His 
compositions  are  nearly  400  in  number  (con- 
certos, quartets,  trios,  and  duos  ;  fantasias,  varia- 
tions, and  solos  of  all  descriptions).  He  wrote 
a  Method,  and  a  treatise  "  L' harmonic  ap- 
pliquee  a  la  guitare  "  (Paris,  1825). 

Carulli,  Gustavo,  son  of  preceding ;  b. 
Leghorn,  June  20,  1800 ;  d.  Boulogne,  Apr., 
1877.  Vocal  composer,  and  excellent  singing- 
teacher  ;  wrote  a  "  Methode  de  Chant,"  many 
vocal  exercises,  songs  w.  pf.,  trios  (his  best 
works),  etc.;  also  an  opera,  /  tre  mariti. 

Caru'so,  Luigi,  b.  Naples,  Sept.  25,  1754; 
d.  Perugia,  1821.  M.  th  capp.  at  Perugia  cath., 
and  a  remarkably  prolific  dramatic  composer 
(69  operas) ;  he  also  wrote  5  oratorios  and  much 
other  church-music. 

CarvaTho  (really  Carvaille),  L£on,  distin- 
guished opera-manager;  b.  1825  in  a  French 
colony;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  29,  1897.  Himself  a 


good  singer,  he  met  Mile.  Miolan,  the  cele- 
brated soprano,  at  the  Opera-Comique,  and 
married  her  in  1853  From  1872-4,  manager  of 
the  Theatre  du  Vaudeville  ,  for  I  year,  stage- 
manager  at  the  Grand  Opera  ;  from  1875,  Di- 
rector of  the  Opera-Comique,  succeeding  du 
Locle.  After  the  terrible  fire  of  1887,  in  which 
131  persons  perished,  he  was  arrested  and  sen- 
tenced to  6  months'  imprisonment,  and  a  fine  of 
200  frs  ,  but  was  acquitted  on  appeal,  and 
finally  reinstated  in  1891.  (His  successor  is  M. 
Albert  Carre,  hitherto  manager  of  the  theatres 
11  du  Gyrnnase  "  and  '  *  du  Vaudeville  " ).  He  not 
only  produced  acknowledged  ma&terworks,  but 
encouraged  many  young  artists  by  bringing  out 
new  operas. 

Carvalho-Miolan,  Caroline-Marie-Felix, 

b  Marseilles,  Dec.  31,  1827 ,  d.  Puys,  near 
Dieppe,  July  10,  1895.  Famous  dram  soprano. 
Ent.  Pans  Cons,  at  12  ,  st.  under  Duprez ; 
took  first  prize  after  4  years.  Trial  debut  1849, 
in  Lucia^  at  Opera ;  actual  debut  1850,  in  the 
Ambassadrici!,  at  Op  -Comique.  1853,  married 
Leon  C.  Favorite  par  excellence  in  Op.-Com- 
ique,  Th.  Lyr.,  and  (1868)  Grand  Opera. 
Leading  roles :  Juliette,  Marguerite,  Mireille, 
Dmorah,  Ophelie,  Valentine,  Pamina,  Cheru- 
bin,  Zerlina. 

Gary,  Annie  Louise,  distinguished  contralto 
singer  in  opera  and  concert ;  b.  Wayne  (Ken- 
nebec  County,  Me  ),  Oct.  22,  1842.  Studied  in 
Boston  and  Milan ;  debut  at  Copenhagen ;  st. 
under  Mme.  Viardot-Garcia  at  Baden-Baden; 
eng.  at  Hamburg  (1868),  later  at  Stockholm. 
Has  sung  since  then  in  theatres  at  Brussels, 
London,  New  York  (1870),  St.  Petersburg  (1875). 
Married  C.  M.  Raymond  in  1882  at  Cincinnati. 
Has  appeared  in  concert  or  oratorio  in  all  leading 
cities  of  America. 

Casa'li,  Giovanni  Battista,  composer  of 
sacred  and  dramatic  music  ;  d.  1792  as  maestro 
(since  1759)  at  the  Lateran. 

Casamora'ta,  Luigi  Fernando,  b.  Wurz- 
burg,  May  15,  1807 ;  d.  Florence,  Sept.  24, 
1881.  Student  of  law  and  music  at  Florence  ; 
co-editor  of  the  Florentine  lt  Gazz.  Mus."  from, 
the  start  (1842).  Failing  as  a  comp.  of  ballet 
and  opera,  he  devoted  himself  to  vocal  church- 
music  and  instrumental  composition.  He  wrote 
44  Origine,  storia  e  ordinamento  del  R.  Istituto 
musicale  fiorentino,"  of  which  Inst.  he  was  a  pro- 
moter and  co-founder;  also  many  critical  and 
historical  essays.  His  comp.s  embrace  numer- 
ous vocal  and  instr.l  works;  he  publ  (1876)  a 
"  Manuale  d'armonia." 

Casel'la,  Pietro,  b.  Pieve  (Umbria),  1769 ; 
d.  Naples,  Dec.  12,  1843.  Wrote  numerous 
operas  for  Naples  and  Rome  ;  was  maestro  at 
several  Naples  churches  and  (1817-43)  prof,  at 
the  R.  Cons.,  Naples.  His  numerous  masses, 
vespers,  psalms,  motets,  etc.,  are  said  to  lack 
originality. 


103 


CASERTA-CATELANI 


Caser'ta,  Philipp  de,  Neapolitan  \\nter  on 
mensural  music,  uf  the  I5th  cent  ,  one  treatise 
is  publ.  by  Coussemaker  (/'  Scnptores,"  \ol.  in). 

Cassiodo'rus,  Magnus  Aurelius,  D  abt. 
470  at  Syllaceum  (Lucaniai.  Of  his  work, 
"  DC  artibus  ac  discipline  liberahum  htte- 
rarum,"  the  section  treating  of  music,  "  Institu- 
tiones  musicale,"  is  pnnted  in  Gerbert's  "  Scrip- 
tores,"  vol.  i. 

Castel,  Louis-Bertrand,  Jesuit ;  b.  Mont- 
pellitr,  Nov  II,  i6SS  ,  d.  Paris,  Jan  II,  1757. 
Struck  by  Newton's  observation  on  the  corres- 
pondence, in  proportionate  breadth,  of  the  7 
prismatic  rays  ^  ith  the  string-lengths  required 
for  the  scale  /v,  ////,  fa,  stf,  la,  si,  Jo,  he  at- 
tempted the  construction  of  a  "Clavecin  otu- 
laire,"  to  produce  color-harmonies  for  the  eye  as 
the  ordinary  harpsichord  produces  tone-harmo- 
nies for  the"  ear.  These  expensive  experiments 
led  to  no  practical  result.  His  "Clavecin"  is 
explained  in  an  essay,  4k  Nouvelles  experiences 
d'optique  et  d'acoustique  "  (1735  ;  Engl.  transL, 
London,  1757 ;  Germ,  transl  ,  Hamburg,  1739). 
His  other  treatises  are  of  no  special  interest. 

Castel'H,  Ignaz  Franz,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  6, 
1781 ;  d.  there  Feb.  5,  1862.  He  was  "Court 
Theatre  -  Poet "  at  the  Karntnerthortheater ; 
founder,  and  (1829-40)  editor,  of  the  "Allgem. 
musik.  Anzeiger."  He  wrote  the  libretto  of 
Weigl's  Sc&weiserfamihe*  and  other  popular 
opera-books,  and  translated  many  foreign  operas 
for  the  German  stage.  His  "  Memoirs"  were 
publ.  in  1861. 

Castelma'ry  (stage-name  of  [comte]  Ar- 
mand  de  Castan),  dramatic  baritone  ;  b.  Tou- 
louse, Aug.  16, 1834;  d.  New  York,  Feb.  9, 1897, 
on  the  stage  of  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House, 
just  after  the  1st  act  of  Martha.  De"but  at  Gr. 
Opera,  Paris,  in  1864  I  ne  remained  there  till 
1870 ;  then  went  over  to  Italian  opera,  in  which 
he  had  much  success,  particularly  at  Drury  Lane, 
London,  1873,  as  Mephistopheles  in  Faust; 
Covent  Garden,  London,  and  New  York.  His 
repertory  of  bass  and  baritone  roles  was  im- 
mense. 

Castil-Blaze.    See  BLAZE,  F.  H.  J. 

Castruc'ci,  Pietro,  violinist ;  b.  Rome,  1689 ; 
d.  London,  1769.  A  pupil  of  Corelli,  he  came 
to  London  (1715)  as  leader  of  Handel's  opera- 
orch.  He  was  a  fine  player  on  the  violetta  ma- 
rina,  a  stringed  instrument  invented  by  himself, 
and  resembling  the  viol  d*  amort  in  tone.  In 
Orlando,  Handel  wrote  an  air  accomp.  on  2 
"moUttc  marine"  "per  gli  Signori  Castrucci  " 
— Pietro,  and  Prospero,  his  brother. — Publ.  vln.- 
concertos,  and  2  books  of  vln.-sonatas. — Pro- 
spero C.,  who  died  in  London,  1760,  and  was  a 
violinist  in  the  Italian  Opera-orch.,  publ.  6  soli 
f.  vln.  and  bass. 

Catala'ni,  Alfredo,  gifted  dram,  comp.;  b. 
Lucca,  July  19,  1854 ;  d.  Milan,  Aug.  7,  1893. 
Taught  by  his  father,  a  fine  musician,  and  by  F. 


Magi ;  wrote  (iS6S)  a  Mass  f.  4-parts  and  orch., 
by  which  he  gained  admission  \uthout  examina- 
tion to  the  Pans  Cons  Returned  to  Italy  1873  ; 
st.  in  Milan  Cons  2  years  ,  then  devoted  himself 
to  dramatic  composition  ,  he  \\  as  the  successor 
of  Ponchlelh  as  prof  of  comp.  in  Milan  Cons 
(iSS6). — Works  Operas  La  Falcc  (i  act, 
Milan,  1875);  L'Elda  (Turin,  'So),  Dtjtimce 
(Milan,  '83) ,  Era  t-  Leandro  (Milan,  1885)  ; 
Edmea  (Milan,  '86) ;  Loreley  [a  new  version  of 
L*Elda\  (Turin,  '90)  ,  La  IVally  (La  Scala, 
Milan,  '92  ,  v  succ.) ;  of  his  operas  Dejatuce, 
Lore/fyt  and  La  Wally  met  with  brilliant  success. 
— Albo  various  orch  -pcs.  (e.  g.,  Siktizto  e  con- 
templazwnt} ,  symph  poem  Era  e  Leandro, 
chamber-music  (also  vocal),  and  pf.-pcs 

Catala/ni,  Angelica,  b.  Sinigagha,  Oct., 
1779 '.  d.  Paris,  June  12,  1849.  Renowned  so- 
prano stage-singer  of  fine  and  commanding  pres- 
ence; endowed  with  a  voice  of  wide  range  (to  g  *) 
and  wonderful  flexibility,  she  excelled  in  bravura 
singing.  Taught  at  the  convent  of  S.  Lucia  di 
Gubbio  (Rome),  she  made  her  debut  in  1795  at 
the  Fenice  Th.,  Venice,  passing  to  T,a  Pergola, 
Florence  (1799),  and  La  Scala,  Milan  (1801). 
Engaged  in  1801  at  the  Ital.  Op.,  Lisbon,  she 
married  M.  Valabregue,  an  attache  of  the 
French  embassy  ;  proceeded  to  Paris,  where  she 
gave  only  concert-performances,  and  (1806)  to 
London  (debut  King's  Th.,  Dec.  15),  where 
brilliant  engagements  brought  in  ;£i6, 700  within 
a  year.  After  a  sojourn  in  Great  Britain  of  7 
years,  she  returned  to  Paris  (1814),  and  under- 
took the  management  of  the  Theatre  Italien, 
without  much  success  ;  so  that  she  gave  it  up  in 
1817,  travelled  for  10  years,  singing  for  the  last 
time  at  Berlin  in  1827,  and  at  the  York  Festival 
in  1828.  She  retired  to  her  country-seat  near 
Florence. 

Catel,  Charles-Simon,  b.  L'Aigle,  Orne, 
June  10,  1773 ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  29,  1830.  Pupil 
of  Gossec  and  Gobert  at  the  Paris  £cole  JR.  de 
Chant  (later  merged  in  the  Cons.),  where  he  was 
aPP  (1787)  accompanist  and  44professeur  ad- 
joint"; in  1790,  accomp.  at  the  Opera,  and 
asst.-cond.  (to  Gossec)  of  the  band  of  the  Garde 
Nationale.  1795,  on  the  establishment  of  the 
Conservatoire,  he  was  app.  prof,  of  harmony, 
and  commissioned  to  write  a  "  Traite  d' Harmo- 
nic "  (publ.  1802,  and  the  standard  at  the  Cons, 
for  20  years).  With  Gossec,  Mehul,  and  Cheru- 
bini,  he  was  made  inspector  of  the  Cons.,  re- 
signing 1814.  Member  of  the  Acad.,  1815. — 
Works .  ii  operas  (St{miramis,  1802  ;  Lfs  Ba- 
yadkres,  1810  ;  Les  Aubergistes  de  quahtt,  1812  ; 
etc.) ,  national  festival  cantatas,  chamber-music  ; 
none  of  special  originality. 

Catela'ni,  Angelo,  b.  Guastalla,  Mar.  30, 
1811 ;  d.  S.  Martino  di  Mugnano,  Sept  5,  1866. 
Pupil  of  Asioli  (pf.)  and  M.  Fusco  (harm.)  ; 
entered  Naples  Cons,  in  1831  (Zingarelli),  also 
private  pupil  of  Donizetti  and  Crescentini.  1834, 
cond.  of  Messina  opera  ;  1837,  town  maestro  at 


104 


CATENIIAUSEN— CECILIA 


Correggio  ;  1838,  m.  di  capp.  at  oath,  and  court 
of  Modena  ;  1859,  asst  -librarian  of  the  Estense 
Library.  \Iaving  composed  3  operas  (2  not 
prod  ;  I  succ  ),  he  no\\  de\oted  himself  to  mus 
history;  wrote  "  Notizie  su  padre  Aaron  e  su 
Nicola  Vicentmo"  ("  Gaz/.  Mus"  di  Milano, 
1851) ,  lt  Epistolano  di  autori  celebn in musica  " 
(1852-4) ;  "  Bibhografia  di  due  stampe  ignote  di 
Ottaviano  Petrucci  da  Fossombrone  "  [discovered 
by  Gaspari  at  Bologna]  (1858) ;  "Delia  \ita  e 
delle  opere  di  Orazio  Vecchi "  (1858^  ditto  "di 
Claudio  Merulo  da  Correjrgio"  (1860);  and 
"  Delle  opere  di  Aless  Stradella,  etc  "  (1866). 

Ca'tenhausen,  Ernst,  b.  Ratzeburg,  1841  ; 
conductor  and  composer. 

Catru'fo,  Giuseppe,  dramatic  comp  ;  b.  Na- 

?les,  Apr.  19,  1771,  d  London,  Aug.  19,  1851. 
'upil  of  the  Cons  della  Pieta  de'  Turchmi.  Of- 
ficer m  the  French  army  till  1804  ,  then  settled 
in  Geneva,  where  he  wrote  and  produced  4 
operas ;  went  to  Pans  (1810),  prod.  10  more 
operas,  and  to  London  (1835)  lie  publ.  a 
"  Methode  de  Vocalisation";  solfeggi,  church- 
music  ;  cantatas;  pf.-pcs.;  songs. 

Caurroy,  Frangois-Eustache  du,  sieur  de 
St.-Fremm ;  b.  Gerberoy,  near  Beauvais,  Feb., 
1549  ;  d  Paris,  Aug.  7,  1609.  Singer,  conduc- 
tor, and  from  1599  superintendent  "du  musique 
du  roi."  His  works,  mostly  for  church,  were 
much  valued  by  contemporaries. 

Cavaill6-Coll,  Aristide,  celebrated  organ- 
builder;  b.  Montpellier,  Feb.  2,  1811  ;  d.  Paris, 
Oct.  13, 1890.  His  father,  Dom.  HyacmtheC.-C. 
[1771-1862],  was  also  an  organ-builder.  Aris- 
tide went  to  Paris  in  1833  ,  built  the  organ  at 
St.-Dems,  and  thereafter  many  famous  organs 
in  Paris  (iSt.-Sulpice,  Madeleine,  etc.),  the 
French  provinces,  Belgium,  Holland,  and  else- 
where. He  invented  the  system  of  separate 
wind-chests  with  different  pressures  for  the  low, 
medium,  and  high  tones ;  also  the  Jldtei  octam- 
atitt's. — Writings  :  "  Etudes  experimentales  sur 
les  tuyaux  d'orgue  "  (Report  for  the  Academic 
des  Sciences,  1849);  "De  1'orgue  et*de  son 
architecture"  ("Revue  ge'nerale  de  1'architec- 
ture  des  Travaux  Publics,"  1856),  and  "  Projet 
d'Orgue  monumental  pour  la  Basilique  de  Saint- 
Pierre  de  Rome"  (1875). 

Cavalie'ri,  Emilio  del,  a  Roman  nobleman; 
b.  abt  1550,  is  supposed  to  have  died  in  1599, 
in  Florence,  where  he  was  u  Inspector-General 
of  Art  and  Artists  "  to  the  Tuscan  court.  In 
Florence  he  was  one  of  the  "inventors"  and 
most  zealous  promoters  of  the  (then)  new  stifa 
i  appresentatwo — i.  e.,  the  homophonic  style, 
melody  with  accompanying  harmonies.  His 
chief  work,  Rappresentazwm di  anima  e  di  corpo 
(Rome,  1600),  is  regarded  as  the  first  oratorio ; 
in  his  //  Satiro  (1590),  Disperaziune  di  Filene 
(1590),  and  Giuoco  della  cieca  (1595),  are  the 
germs  of  modern  opera,  despite  the  crudities  of 
their  harmonies  and  melodic  monotony.  In  the 
too,  occurs  a  "  basso  continu- 


ato  "  with  thorough-bass  figuring  ;  and  the  mel- 
ody sho\\  s  attempts  at  figuration  ,  the  work  was 
publ  by  Aless  Guidotti  in  1600,  \\ith  an  ex- 
planatory preface 

Cavalie'ri,  Katherina,  b  Wahnng,  Vienna, 
1761  ,  d  1801  ;  known  to  fame  from  a  passage 
in  a  letter  of  Mozart,  calling  her  "a  singer  of 
whom  Germany  might  well  be  proud  "  For  her 
he  wrote  the  role  of  Oonstanze  (Entfnhntng\ 
and  the  aria  "Mi  tradi "  in  Don  Giovanni  at  its 
Vienna  production, 

CavaTli,  Francesco,  b.  Crema,  abt.  lOoo  ;  d. 
Venice,  Jan.  14,  1676.  His  real  name  was  Pier 
Francesco  Caletti-Bruni,  his  father,  Giambatt. 
Caletti,  called  Bruni,  being  maestro  at  Crema; 
his  protector  was  a  Venetian  nobleman,  Fede- 
rigo  Cavalli,  and,  according  to  the  prevailing- 
fashion,  he  took  the  latter's  name.  Trained  in 
Venice,  he  was  a  singer  at  S.  Marco  as  "  llrum  " 
in  1617,  as  "  Caletti"  in  1628,  and  in  1640  sec- 
ond organist,  as  *"  Caletto  detto  Cavalli."  App. 
first  org  in  1665,  he  became  ///  di  capp.  at  S. 
Marco  in  1668.  A  pupil  of  Monteverde,  his 
chief  works  were  dramatic  (41  operas),  which 
show  a  marked  advance,  both  in  breadth  of 
form  and  power  of  expression,  rhythmic  and 
melodic,  over  his  master.  Hib  Giasone  (Venice, 
1649)  was  applauded  on  all  the  chief  stages  of 
Italy ;  his  Serse  (Venice,  1654.)  was  the  opera 
chosen  for  the  marriage  festivities  of  Louis  XIV 
in  1660,  and  his  Enole  amante  was  written  for 
the  inauguration  of  the  hall  of  the  Tuileries 
(1662).  C.  was  also  a  fine  organist,  and  com- 
posed a  noble  Requiem,  and  much  good  church- 
music. 

Cavallo,  Peter,  organist  and  composer ;  b. 
Munich,  Dec.  23,  1819 ;  d  Paris,  April  19, 
1892  ;  for  some  30  years,  org.  at  the  Paris 
churches  St.-Mery,  St.-Vmcent  de  Paul,  and  St.- 
Germain  des  Pres. 

Cavos,  Catterino,  b.  Venice,  1775 ;  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  Apr.  28, 1840.  A  pupil  of  Fr.  Bian- 
chi,  he  first  produced  two  patriotic  cantatas 
in  Venice,  and  in  1798  went  to  St.  Petersburg, 
where  the  success  of  his  Russian  opera  Ivan 
Sussatiina  (1799)  procured  his  app.  as  court 
conductor.  He  wrote  in  all  13  Russian  operas  ; 
I  in  French,  and  I  in  Italian  ;  besides  6  ballets, 
and  vaudevilles,  choruses,  etc. 

Caylus,  Anne-Claude-Philippe  de  Tubi- 
eres,  comte  de,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  31, 1692;  d.  there 
Sept.  5,  1765.  He  treated  of  ancient  music 
in  his  "Recueil  d'Antiquite's  egyptiennes, 
e'trusques,  grecques,  romaines  et  gauloises" 
(Paris,  1752  et  seq.)i  also  in  his  dissertation 
printed  in  the  l4Me"moires  de  1'Acad.  d'mscr.," 
vol.  xxi,  p.  174. 

Cecilia  (Saint),  a  Christian  martyr,  who  died 
for  the  faith  at  Rome,  A  D.  230.  On  the  Chris- 
tian calendar,  her  feast-day  is  Nov.  22.  She 
is  the  patron  saint  of  music,  more  especially  of 
church-music,  and  legend  ascribes  to  her  the 
invention  of  the  organ. 


105 


CHEVU— CHIAROMONTE 


was  less  fortunate  ;  C.  held  the  position  of  Com- 
poser to  the  King   for  one  year,  and  in  July, 
1786,  \\ent  to  Pans,  where  he  spent  a  year  most 
agreeably,  in  1788  he  prod   Ifgenia  in  A  n  tide 
at  Turin  ;  and  then  settled  in  Paris.     His  first 
French  opera,  Dtmophon  (Grand  Ope'ra,  1788), 
was  a  failure,  C    finding  it  impossible  to  adapt 
his  style  of  flowing  melody  to  the  ill-turned  verses 
of  Marmontel,  the  librettist.     Next  year  Leo- 
nard, the  Queen's  hairdresser,  obtained  a  license 
to  establish   Italian  opera  in  a  little  play-house 
called  the  Th.  de  la  foire  de  St.-Germain ;  and 
here  C   conducted,  until  1792,  the  best  works  of 
Anfossi,  Paisiello,  and  Cimarosa.     During  this 
period  he  developed,    inspired   by  the   text  of 
his  opera  Lodoiska  (Th.  de  Monsieur,  1791),  a 
new  dramatic  style  destined  to  work  a  revolution 
on  the  French  stage  ;  the  increased  breadth  and 
force  of  the  ensemble-numbers,  the  novel  and 
rich  orchestral  combinations,  and  the  generally 
heightened  dramatic  effect  were  imitated  or  ex- 
panded by  a  host  of  composers  of  the  French 
school — Mehul,  Berton,  Lesueur,  Gr&ry.     C.'s 
next    dramas,    JElisa,    ou   le   voyage   au    mont 
St.    Bernard  (1704),   and  MM&   (1797),  were 
weighted  by  poor  libretti.     In  1795  C.  was  app. 
one  of  the  Inspectors  of  the  new  Conservatoire. 
Composing    steadily,   he   brought  out   VHdtel- 
lene  portugaise  (1798),  La  Pumtion  (1799),  La 
Pnsonniere  (1799  ;  pasticcio  w.  Boieldieu),  and 
in  1800,  at  the  Th.  Feydeau,  Les  deux  journ&s 
(prod,  in  London,  iSoi,  as  The  Water-earner; 
in  Germany  as  Der  IFassertidger)^  his  master- 
work  in  opera.     Cherubini  had  fallen  into  dis- 
favor with  Napoleon,  whose  opinion  in  matters 
musical  he  had  slighted  ;  but  after  the  success  of 
Les  deuxjourntes,  he  was  able  to  produce  at  the 
Grand   Opera  AnacrifoH,    on    F  amour  fitgitij 
(1803),  and  the  ballet  Achille  &  Scyros  (1804), 
neither  of  which,  however,  had  good  fortune. 
At  this  juncture  C.  was  invited  to  write  an  opera 
for  Vienna — a  most  welcome  diversion,  as  his 
financial  condition  was  the  reverse  of  flourishing. 
Famska^  brought  out  in  1806  at  the  Karnthner- 
thor  Theatre,  was  an  overwhelming  success ;  a 
Vienna  critic  who  ventured  the  prophecy  that 
Beethoven's  Fiddio  would  one  day  be  equally  (') 
esteemed,  was  laughed  at.     Returning  to  Paris 
after  the  French  occupation  of  Vienna,  he  wrote 
Pimmaghone  for  the  Italian  opera  at  the  Tuileries 
(1808),  but  did  not  win  the  Emperor's  favor,  and 
now  retired  for  a  time  to  the  chateau  of  the 
Prince  of  Chiraay,  where  he  occupied  his  leisure 
with  botanizing.     The  request  to  write  a  mass 
for  the  church  of  Chimay  turned  the  current  of 
his  thoughts  ;  he  composed  the  celebrated   3- 
part  mass  in  F,  the  success  of  which  was  so 
marked,  that  C.  thenceforward  devoted  more 
time    to    sacred    than    dramatic    composition ; 
though  he  still  prod.  Le  Crescendo  (1810),  Les 
Abencerages  (Opera,   1813),  Bayard  &  Mfxieres 
(1814),  Blanche  de  Provence \  and  some  minor 
pieces  for  the  stage.     On  a  visit  to  London,  in 
1815,  he  wrote  for  the  Philharra.  Soc.  a  sym- 
phony, an  overture,  and  a  Hymn  to  Spring.     In 


this  year  he  lost  his  place  in  the  Cons,  during 
the  troublous  times  of  the  Restoration,  but  was 
recompensed  by  his  appointment  as  superintend- 
ent of  the  Royal  Chapel,  as  Martini's  suc- 
cessor. In  1816  he  was  made  prof,  of  compo- 
sition at  the  Cons  ,  and  its  Director  in  1821, 
retiring  in  1841  on  account  of  advanced  age  — 
Cherubini  was  one  of  the  great  modern  masters  of 
counterpoint,  and  his  scores,  particularly  in  his 
admirable  sacred  music,  bear  witness  on  every 
page  to  his  skill  and  erudition.  As  an  opera- 
composer,  his  main  failing  \\as  the  undue  musi- 
cal prolongation  of  scenes  in  which  a  s\\  if ter 
dramatic  action  is  required.  His  own  catalogue 
of  his  works  (publ.  1843)  includes  15  Italian  and 
14  French  operas  (and  many  vocal  numbers  oc- 
casionally introduced)  ;  I  ballet ;  17  cantatas 
and  "  occasional "  vocal  works  w.  orch. ;  many 
detached  airs,  romances,  nocturnes,  duets,  etc  ; 
14  choruses  ;  4  sets  of  solfeggi  (over  160  num- 
bers) ;  II  solemn  masses,  2  requiems,  many  de- 
tached Kyries,  Glorias,  Credos,  etc. ;  I  Credo  a 
8  w.  org.;  I  oratorio  (op.  17  ;  Florence,  1777) ; 
motets,  hymns,  graduals,  etc.,  w.  orch  ;  I  Mag- 
nificat, I  Miserere,  I  Te  Deum  (each  w.  orch  ) ; 
4  litanies,  2  Lamentations,  20  antiphones  ,  etc.; 
— i  symphony,  I  overture,  II  marches,  II 
dances,  etc.,  f.orch. ;  6  string-quartets,  I  string- 
quintet  ,  I  sonata  f.  2  organs  ;  6  pf. -sonatas,  I 
grand  fantasia,  I  minuet,  I  chaconne,  and  other 
music  f.  pf. — Cherubmi's  life  has  been  written 
in  French,  Italian,  German,  and  English ;  the 
best  biography  is  Bellasis'  '*  Cherubini .  Memo- 
rials illustrative  of  his  Life  "  (London,  1874). 

Chevg,  limile-Joseph-Maurice,  b.  Douar- 
nenez,  Fimstere,  in  1804;  d.  Aug.  26,  1864. 
A  physician  of  great  merit,  he  became  a  zealous 
advocate  of  Galin's  method  of  mus.  instruction  ; 
married  Nanine  Paris  (d.  1868),  and  publ.  with 
her  a  "  Me'thode  elementaire  de  musique  vocale  " 
(Paris,  1844),  in  the  long  preface  to  which  he 
*'  exposes  "  and  attacks  the  **  defective  "  methods 
of  the  Conservatoire.  They  also  publ.  a  "  Mc- 
thode  e'le'm.  d'harmonie "  (Paris,  1846) ;  and 
Mme.  Cheve*  wrote  a  * '  Nouvelle  thdorie  des 
accords,  servant  de  base  a  1'hannonie  "  (Paris, 
1844).  He  is  the  author  of  a  long  series  of 
essays  and  articles  by  which  he  vainly  sought  to 
draw  out  the  Cons,  professors. 

Cheyillard,  Camille,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  1859. 
Pf. -pupil  of  Georges  Mathias ;  took  2nd  prize 
at  Cons,  in  1800.  Chiefly  self-taught  as  a  cvn- 
poser.  Till  1897,  asst.-cond.  of  the  Lamoureux 
Concerts,  when  he  succeeded  L.  as  conductor- 
in-chief. — Comp.s :  A  symph.  ballade, "  Le  chene 
et  leroseau";  a  symph.  poem,  and  a  symph. 
fantaisie,  f.  orch.;  theme  and  var.s,  and  an 
£ tude  chroma tique,  f.  pf  ;  a  string-quintet, 
quartet,  trio  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln. 

Chiaromo'nte,  Francesco,  b.  Castrogiovan- 
ni,  Sicily,  July  20,  1809 ,  d.  Brussels,  Oct.  15, 
1886.  Pupil  of  Rajiusa,  of  Raimondi  at  Pa- 
lermo, and  of  Donizetti  at  Naples.  At  first  a 
tenor  stage-singer,  he  made  his  composer's  debut 


no 


CHICKERING  &  SONS— CHOPIN 


with  the  opera  Femcia  (Naples,  1844)  J  became 
prof,  of  singing  at  the  R  Cons  ;  was  imprisoned 
1848—50  as  a  revolutionist,  and  banished  m  1850 
during  the  successful  production  of  a  new  opera, 
Catenna  di  Cleves.  lie  was  less  succ  at  Genoa 
and  Milan,  and  proceeded  (1858)  to  Pans,  \\here 
he  was  app.  chorusmaster  at  the  Th.  Itahen. 
Later  he  had  a  similar  place  in  London  (Ital. 
Opera)  ;  then  (1862)  settled  in  Brussels,  and 
became  prof  in  the  Cons  (1871).  He  wrote  5 
other  operas ;  an  oratorio,  Hiob  (1884) ;  and  a 
good  "  Methode  de  Chant  " 

Chickering  &  Sons,  a  celebrated  American 
firm  of  pf. -makers,  establ  at  Boston,  Mass  ,  m 
1823,  by  Jonas  Chickering  (b  New  Ipswich,  N. 
PI  ,  April  5,  1798 ;  d.  Boston,  Dec.  8,  1853), 
who  served  his  apprenticeship  under  John  Os- 
borne,  at  Boston,  from  1818.  1 1  is  son  and  suc- 
cessor, Col  Thomas  E.  Chickering  (b.  Boston, 
Oct.  22,  1824;  d  there  Feb.  14,  1871),  was 
named  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in 
addition  to  taking  the  first  prize  for  pianofortes 
at  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1867.  His  sons  still 
carry  on  the  manufactory,  which  is  famous  both 
for  quality  and  quantity  of  its  output. 

Child,  William,  b.  Bristol,  1606  ;  d.  Wind- 
sor, Mar.  23,  1697  ;  org.  and  (1660)  chanter  of 
the  Chapel  Royal,  and  a  member  of  the  King's 
private  band ;  Mus.  Bac.  (1631)  and  Mus.  Doc. 
(1633)  Oxon. —  Publ.  psalms  (1639 ;  2nd  ed. 
1650) ;  services,  anthems,  "  Court  Ayres"  (secu- 
lar vocal  music),  canons,  catches,  etc.  (see 
colls  of  Arnold,  Boyce,  Hilton,  Playford,  and 
others). 

Chilesofti,  Oscare,  distinguished  musician 
and  mus.  historiographer;  b.  Bassano,  Italy, 
July  12,  1848.  Graduate  in  law  of  Padua  Umv. 
He  is  also  a  good  flutist  and  'cellist ;  self-taught 
in  harmony.  He  lives  at  Milan,  where  he  writes 
regularly  for  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale,"  and  con- 
tributes to  other  periodicals. — Works  :  "  Biblio- 
teca  di  Rarita  musical!"  (1883,  etc.,  4  vol.s), 
containing  transcriptions  from  little-known  works 
early  in  the  iyth  century,  and  (vol.  iv)  Arianna 
by  Benedetto  Marcello ;  "  I  nostri  maestri  del 
passato"  (Milan,  1882),  biogr.  notes  on  the 
greatest  Ital.  musicians,  from  Palestrina  to 
Bellim  ;  "  Di  G.  B.  Besardo  e  del  suo  Thesaurus 
harmonious "  (Milan,  1886);  "Sulla  lettera 
cntica  di  B.  Marcello  contro  A.  Lotti  ..." 
(Bassano,  1885) ;  "  Sulla  melodia  popolare  nel 
secolo  xvi "  (Milan);  he  publ.  in  modern  notation 
Roncalli's  *'  Capricci  armonici"  on  the  Spanish 
guitar  (Milan,  1881)  ;  andtransl.  Schopenhauer's 
"  Aphorismen"  and  "  Die  Welt  als  Wille  u. 
Vorstellung  "  into  Italian. 

Chipp,  Edmund  Thomas,  leading  English 
organist  ;  b.  London,  Dec.  25,  1823  ;  d  Nice, 
Dec.  17,  1886  ;  Mus.  Bac.  (1859) an<*  Mus.  Doc. 
(1860)  Cantab.  After  holding  many  positions 
as  organist,  he  obtained  the  organ  at  St.  Paul's, 
Edinburgh,  in  May,  1866,  and  that  at  Ely  cathe- 
dral in  Nov.,  1866. — Works  :  Job^  an  oratorio  ; 


z,  a  sacred  id\ll  ,  and  numerous  church- 
comp  s  f.  voice  and  i.  organ. 

Chlad'ni,  Ernst  Florens  Friedrich,  b.  Wit- 
tenberg, Nov.  30,  1756;  d.  Breslau,  Apr.  3,  1827. 
At  first  a  student  and  prof  of  law  at  Wittenberg 
and  Leipzig,  he  turned  to  physics,  and  made 
highly  important  researches  in  the  domain  of 
acoustics.  Pie  discovered  the  "  Tonfiguren  " 
(tone-figures  ;  i.e. ,  the  regular  patterns  assumed 
by  dry  sand  on  a  glass  plate  set  in  vibration  by 
a  bow)  ;  and  inv.  the  Euphonium  (glass-rod  har- 
monica) and  Clavicy  Under  (steel-rod  keyboard 
harmonica).  To  introduce  his  ideas  and  inven- 
tions, he  made  long  journeys  and  delivered 
many  scientific  lectures.  His  earlier  publica- 
tions, "  Entdeckungen  uber  die  Theorie  des 
Klanges  "  (i7S7)/4t)ber  die  Longitudinalschwin- 
gungen  der  Saiten  und  Stabe,"  and  a  series  of 
minor  articles  in  various  periodicals,  were  fol- 
lowed by  the  important  works  "  Die  Akustik  " 
(1802 ;  French,  1809) .  "  Neue  Beitrage  zur 
Akustik  "  (1817) ;  "  Kurze  Obersicht  der  Schall- 
und  Ivlanglehre." 

Chopin,  (Francois-)  Frederic,  pianist  of 
distinction  and  an  incomparable  composer  for 
piano;  was  born  at 
ZelazowaWola[/W. 
Jeliasovaya-Volia],  a 
village  near  Warsaw, 
on  Feb.  22,  1810 
[this  date  is  from 
authoritative  docu- 
mentary evidence], 
and  died  at  Paris, 
Oct.  17,  1849.  His 
father,  Nicolas  C., 
teacher  in  the  War- 
saw gymnasium,  was 
a  native  of  Nancy, 
France ;  his  mother, 
Justine  (n£e  Kryzan- 
owska),  was  a  Pole.  Frederic  was  brought  up 
in  his  father's  private  school,  among  sons  of  the 
Polish  nobility.  His  musical  education  was  en- 
trusted to  the  Bohemian  pianist  Albert  Zwyny 
(pf.),  and  to  the  Director  of  the  Warsaw  School 
of  Music,  Joseph  Eisner  (harm  ,  etc.).  When  but 
9,  he  played  in  public  a  pf  -concerto  by  Gyrp- 
wetz,  and  improvisations.  His  first  attempts  in 
composition  were  dances  (Polonaises,  Mazurkas, 
and  Waltzes);  but  he  publ.  (1825)  as  op.  I  a 
Rondo,  and  as  op.  2  a  Fantasie  w.  orch.  While 
a  youth,  he  appeared  at  irregular  intervals  as  a 
pianist  in  several  German  towns — Berlin,  Dan- 
zig, Dresden,  Leipzig,  and  Prague.  In  1829, 
already  a  composer  of  eminent  individuality  (his 
2  pf -concertos,  several  Mazurkas,  Nocturnes, 
Rondos,  etc.,  were  then  written),  and  a  finished 
player,  he  set  out  for  London,  via  Vienna,  Mu- 
nich, and  Paris.  His  concert  at  Vienna,  on 
Sept.  u,  elicited  the  following  criticism  in  the 
Leipzig  "Allgem.  Musikzeitung  "  :  "  From  the 
outset,  Chopin  took  a  place  in  the  front  rank  of 
masters.  The  perfect  delicacy  of  his  touch,  his 


in 


CHOPIN 


indescribable  mechanical  dexterity,  the  melan- 
choly tints  in  his  style  of  shading,  and  the  rare 
clearness  of  his  delivery,  are,  in  him,  qualities 
which  bear  the  stamp  of  genius.  He  must  be  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  most  remarkable  meteors 
blazing  on  the  musical  horizon."  His  first  con- 
cert in  Pans  uas  given  at  Pleyel's  house,  before 
an  invited  audience  of  musicians,  in  1831,  His 
reception  was  so  cordial  that  he  ga\  e  up  the  idea 
of  going  to  London,  and  made  Paris  his  home 
for  life  Despite  Kalkbrenner's  finding  fault 
with  his  fingering,  and  despite  the  dictum  of 
Held  (of  all  men'J  that  C  's  talent  was  "of  a 
sick-chamber  order,"  Chopin  made  a  deep  and 
lasting  impression,  not  merely  on  gay  Parisian 
society,  of  which  he  soon  became  the  declared 
favorite,  but  on  men  like  Liszt,  Berlioz,  Meyer- 
beer, Belling  Adolphe  Nourrit,  Balzac,  and 
Heine,  to  whose  intimacy  he  was  admitted  as  a 
cherished  and  equal  companion.  From  the  be- 
ginning he  taught  the  piano ;  his  instruction 
was  eagerly  sought,  chiefly  by  members  of  the 
French  and  Polish  aristocracy ;  von  Lenz  (see 
below)  gives  a  charming  glimpse  of  Chopin  the 
teacher.  He  also  gave  yearly  concerts  to  the 
musical  ///V«r,  and  played  frequently  in  certain 
salons ;  but  had  an  unconquerable  aversion  to 
miscellaneous  concert-giving.  His  compositions 
took  precedence  of  all  others  in  the  pianistic 
world.  Schumann,  in  1831,  greeted  his  op.  2 
(the  Variations  on  l4  La  ci  darem  la  mano,"  from 
Don  Giovanni)  with  li  Hats  off,  gentlemen!  A 
genius'  "  and  wrote  8  years  later,  reviewing  some 
of  C.'s  Preludes  (op  28),  Mazurkas  (op.  33),  and 
Waltzes  (op  34)  •  "  Er  ist  und  bleibt  der  kuhnste 
und  stolzeste  Dichtergeist  der  Zeit  "  [He  is  in- 
deed the  boldest  and  proudest  poetic  spirit  of  the 
time].  ("Neue  Zeitschnft  fur  Musik,"  1839 ; 
Schumann's  "Collected  Works,"  srded.,  1875  ; 
vol.  ii,  p  95.)  His  position,  both  in  society  and 
the  world  of  art,  was  assured  ;  the  devotion  of 
his  pupils  and  admirers  bordered  on  fanaticism. 

In  1836  Liszt  introduced  C.  to  George  Sand 
(Mme.  Dudevant) ;  their  mutual  attachment 
formed  an  episode  eventually  most  painful  for 
the  refined  and  sensitive  nature  of  the  artist, 
dominated  by  the  coarse-fibred  woman  of  the 
world.  A  severe  attack  of  bronchitis  in  the 
autumn  of  1838  overturned  his  usually  normal 
health,  and  led  C.  to  spend  the  ensuing  winter 
in  Majorca  with  Mme.  Dudevant,  who  appears  to 
have  nursed  him  quite  tenderly  ;  but  the  Chopin 
thinly  disguised  as  Prince  A'ftrol  in  her  unami- 
able  novel  "  Lucrezia  Flonani "  (published 
shortly  afterward)  was  not  at  all  an  engaging 
personality,  and  after  C.'s  malady  had  developed 
into  consumption,  they  parted  (about  1844). 
Disregarding  his  failing  health,  C.  visited  Great 
Britain  in  1848,  and  again  in  1849,  giving  con- 
certs and  accepting  invitations  which  exhausted 
his  remaining  energies  ;  and  finally  returned  to 
Paris  to  die.  He  was  buried  at  Pere  la  Chaise, 
between  Chenibini  and  Bellini. 

A  collection  of  Chopin's  letters  was  publ.  by 
Ries  (Dresden,  1877) ;  a  genial  and  fanciful  es- 


say was  penned  by  Liszt .  "  Frede'ric  Chopin, 
par  Franz  Liszt "  (Paris,  1845  ;  Leipzig  [in  the 
orig.  French],  1879,  and  in  German,  1880)  ; 
Schulz  brought  out  a  Polish  biography  (Posen, 
JS73)  ;  W.  v.  Lenz  writes  delightfully  on  C.  in 
"  Great  Piano-Virtuosos  "  (Engl.  ed.  New  York, 
1899) ;  the  fullest  and  most  objective  biography 
is  by  M.  Karasowski,  **  F  Chopin,  sein  Leben 
.  /  .  "  (Ries,  Dresden,  1877  ;  3rd  ed.  iSSi  ; 
Polish  ed.,  with  new  letters,  1892) ;  M.  A.  Aud- 
ley  publ.  "  F.  C.,  sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres  "  (Paris, 
iSSo ;  closely  follows  Karasowski) ;  Fr.  Niecks 
wrote  "  Frederick  Chopin  as  a  Man  and  Musi- 
cian" (2  vol.s  ;  London,  iSSS  ;  Germ.  ed.  Leip- 
zig, 1889) ;  another  English  biogr.  is  by  Willeby 
("F.  C.";  London,  1892).  Breitkopf & H artel 
publ.  a  "Thematic  Catalogue  "of  his  composi- 
tions. Miss  Nathalie  Janotha  has  made  an  Eng- 
lish transl.  of  J.  Kleczynski's  essav  on  u  Chopin's 
Greater  Works"  (London,  1895  ^ 

Chopin  represents  the  full  liberation  of  the 
pianoforte  from  traditionary  orchestral  and 
choral  influences, — its  authoritative  assumption 
of  a  place  as  a  solo  instrument  far  se  By  this 
is  intended  no  depreciation  of  Beethoven  or 
Weber,  or  even  of  the  lesser  Field  ,  it  means 
simply  that  C.'s  music,  as  none  before,  breathes 
the  piano-spirit,  incarnates  the  piano-soul,  revels 
in  the  pure  piano-tone,  and  illustrates  the  in- 
trinsic piano-style,  without  seeking  or  being 
swerved  by  what  are  called  (since  Liszt)  "or- 
chestral" effects,  tonal  or  technical.  Not  re- 
quiring of  the  piano  the  sonority  of  an  orchestra, 
he  may  have  seemed  "effeminate"  beside  the 
Titan,  Liszt ;  j  et  his  works,  more  especially  the 
scherzos,  ballades,  preludes,  nocturnes,  even 
the  concertos  (pianistically  considered),  mark  a 
boundary  in  piano-effect  which  has  never  been 
overpassed.  In  the  small  forms  he  chose,  there 
lies  a  world  of  originality  in  constructs  e  inge- 
nuity, in  melody  and  melodic  ornament,  in  har- 
monic sequence  and  figuration,  of  national  mel- 
ancholy or  proud  reminiscence,  of  tender  or 
voluptuous  sentiment  and  poetic  reverie. 

His  playing  was  notable  for  flawless  accuracy, 
and  remarkable  brilliancy  of  technique,  sensu- 
ous charm  in  touch  and  tone,  and  a  peculiar 
yieldingness  in  the  tempo  (rttbato)  which  was  at 
times  almost  exaggerated.  He  was  a  most  ex- 
quisite interpreter  of  his  own  works,  but  did  not 
much  care  to  play  other  piano-music;  all  in  all, 
a  remarkably  self-centred  "composer-pianist." 
— The  best  edition  of  Chopin's  compositions  is 
that  by  his  pupil,  Mikuli. 

WORKS  [74  with,  and  12  without,  opus-num- 
ber] :  (a)  For  pf.  ij  orc/if:  2  concertos  (E 
min.,  op  ii ;  F  min.,  op.  21) ;  "Don  Giovan- 
ni" Fantasia,  op.  2;  "  Krakoviak,"  rondo,  op. 
14 ;  E  [7  Polonaise,  op.  22  ;  and  a  Fantasia  on 
Polish  airs; — (b)  f.  //.  w.  other instr. s .  Duo 
concertant  on  themes  from  Robert  le  Diable,  f . 
pf.  and  'cello ;  Tntrod.  et  Polonaise,  op.  3,  f.  pf. 
and  'cello ;  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  65  ;  a 
pf.-trio  in  G  min.,  op.  8  ;  and  a  Rondo  f.  2 
pf.s,  in  C,  op.  73  ;— (c)/. //.  solo  :  Allegro  de 


CHORLEY— CHRISTIANI 


concert,  op.  46  ;  4  Ballades,  op.  23,  38,  47,  52  ; 
Barcarole,  op.  60,  Berceuse,  op,  57,  Bolero, 
op  19  ,  3  ficossaises,  op.  72  ;  12  Grandes 
Etudes,  op  10  ;  12  Etudes,  op.  25  ,  3  Etudes  ; 
4  Fantasies,  op  13,  49,  61,  66  ;  3  Impromptus, 
op  29,  36,  51  ;  Marche  funebre,  op.  72  ;  52 
Mazurkas,  op.  6,  7,  17,  24,  30,  33,  41,  50,  56,  59, 
63,  67,  68  ;  "  Morceaude  concert  surla  Marche 
des  Puntams  de  Bellini  ",19  Nocturnes,  op.  9, 
15,  27,  32,  37,  48,  55,  62,  72  ;  ii  Polonaises,  op. 
3,  26,  40,  44,  53.  61,  71  ;  24  Preludes,  op.  28  ; 
Prelude,  op.  45  ,  3  Rondos,  op.  I,  5,  16  ;  4 
Scherzos,  op.  20,  31,  39,  54  ;  3  Sonatas,  op.  4, 
35,  58  ;  Tarentelle,  op.  43  ;  13  Valses,  op.  18, 
34,  42,  64,  69,  70,  and  in  B  min.  ;  Variations  on 
"  Je  vends  des  scapulaires,"  op.  12  ;  "Variation 
dans  1'Hexame'ron  ";  —  (d)  vocal'  16  Polish 
Songs,  f.  vocal  solo  w.  pf.,  op.  74  (ed.  with 
Engl.  text,  New  York). 

Chorley,  Henry  Fothergill,  a  versatile 
writer  (dramatist,  translator,  art-critic,  poet, 
novelist,  and  journalist);  b.  Blackley  Hurst, 
Lancashire,  Dec.  15,  1808  ;  d  London,  Feb.  16, 
1872.  Being  from  1833-71  mus  critic  of  the 
London  "Athenreum,"  and  a  great  traveller,  he 
heard  all  the  best  music  of  the  day,  and  knew 
many  mus.  celebrities  ;  but  his  literary  and  crit- 
ical work  shows  that,  although  fair-minded,  he 
was  of  mediocre  musical  ability.  —  Works  : 
44  Musical  Manners  in  France  and  Northern 
Germany  "  (London,  1841,  3  vol.s)  ;  "Modern 
German  Music  "  (1854,  2  vol.s)  ;  "  Thirty  Years' 
Mus.  Recoil  s  "  (1862,  2  vol.s)  ;  an  interesting 
11  Autobiography,  Memoir,  and  Letters"  (i  873, 
2  vol.s,  w.  photograph  ;  edited  by  II.  G.  Hew- 
lett) ;  "Nat.l  Music  of  the  World  "  (1880,  ed. 
by  Hewlett).  We  may  also  mention  "  Handel 
Studies  "  (1859),  and  the  mus.  novel  u  Prodigy  : 
a  Tale  of  Music"  (1866,  3  vol.s);  the  libretti 
to  the  Amber  Witch  and  the  May  Queen  ;  and 
his  translations  of  Gounod's  Faust  ',  Herold's 
a^  and  Mendelssohn's  Son  and  Stranger. 


Choron,  Aleacandre-litienne,  b.  Caen,  Oct. 
21,  1772  ;  d.  Paris,  June  29,  1834.  A  student 
of  languages,  and  passionately  fond  of  music, 
he  became  interested  in  mus.  theory  (Rameau) 
and  through  it  in  mathematics,  which  he  studied 
with  ardor  till  the  age  of  25  ;  then  devoting  him- 
self wholly  to  the  theory  and  practice  of  music. 
By  several  years'  serious  application  to  the  Italian 
and  German  theorists,  he  accumulated  "more 
information  relative  to  the  theory  and  practice 
of  music  than  any  French  musician  had  till  then 
possessed  "  [Ffrns].  Becoming  (1805)  a  partner 
in  a  music-publishing  firm,  he  devoted  his  entire 
fortune  to  editing  and  publishing  classic  and 
theoretical  works  and  compositions,  diligently 
contributing  new  works  of  his  own  all  the  while. 
In  i8ri  he  became  corr.  mem.  of  the  Acad.;  he 
was  entrusted  with  the  reorganization  of  the 
maltrises  (training-schools  for  church-choirs), 
and  was  app.  cond.  of  religious  festivals.  In 

6,    Director  of  the  Grand  Opera,  and  re- 


opened the  Conservatoire  (closed  1815)  as  the 
**  l£cole  royale  de  chant  et  de  declamation." 
Losing  his  Directorship  (i8i7)tnrough  intrigue, 
and  on  account  of  his  favoring  new  works  by 
unknown  authors,  he  established,  at  first  with  a 
very  moderate  subsidy,  the  famous  "  Cons,  de 
mus.  classique  et  rehgieuse,"  for  forwarding 
which,  and  promoting  mus.  instruction  among 
the  masses,  he  labored  mdefaiigably  until  the 
July  Revolution  (1830),  when  his  subsidy  was  so 
reduced  that  he  could  no  longer  hope  to  carry 
out  his  plans ;  this  was  his  death-blow. — His 
chief  publ.s  are  **  Principes  d'accompagnement 
des  ecoles  d'ltalie  "  (1804);  "  Principes  de  com- 
position des  e'coles  d'ltalie"  (1808) ,  "Diet, 
hist,  des  musiciens"  (1810-11,  2  vol.s,  ^ith 
Fayolle)  [in  which  he  sank  the  remainder  of  his 
patrimony];  "Me'thode  ^le'mentaire  de  musique 
et  de  plain-chant "  (1811) ;  Francceur's  "  Traite 
general  des  voix  et  des  instr.s  d'orchestre" 
(1813);  transl.s  of  Albrechtsberger's  "  Grund- 
liche  Amveisung  zur  Composition"  and  "Ge- 
neralbasschule "  (1814,  1815  ;  new  ed.  1830), 
and  of  Azopardi's  "Musico  prattico"  (1816)  ; 
"Methode  concertante  de  musique  &  plusieurs 
parties  "  (1818,  written  for  his  Conservatoire)  ; 
"Me'thode  de  plain-chant"  (1818) ;  "Manuel 
complet  de  mus.  vocale  et  instrumentale,  ou 
Encyclope'die  musicale  "  (1836-8  ;  6  voLs  letter- 
press and  2  vol.s  plates  ,  with  La  Fage). 

Choudens,  Antony  (son  of  the  mus.-publ.r), 
b  Pans,  1849. — Compositions :  2  operas,  Gra- 
xiella  (Paris,  1877)  and  Lajcunesse  tie  Don  Juan; 
a  coll.,  "  Dix  melodies"  (1870),  increased  in 
1873  to  "Vingt  melodies  "  ("  Un  dernier  baiser"; 
"  A  une  e'toile  ");  also  "  Essais  symphoniques," 
pf.-pcs.,  etc. 

Chouquet,  Adolphe-Gustave,  b.  Havre, 
Apr.  16,  1819 ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  30, 1886.  He  lived 
in  America  as  a  music-teacher,  1840-60 ;  since 
then  in  Paris,  He  has  twice  won  the  "  Prix 
Bordin  ";  in  1864  for  a  Hist,  of  Mus.,  I4th  to 
i8th  cent.,  and  in  1868  for  "  Hist,  de  la  musique 
dramatique  en  France  depuis  ses  origines  jus- 
qu'  a  nos  jours"  (publ.  1873).  From  1871,  cus- 
todian of  the  coll.  of  instr.s  in  the  Cons.;  in  1875 
he  publ.  a  catalogue  of  them.  Has  written 
words  of  several  cantatas  (e.  g.,  "  Hymne  de  la 
paix,"  prize-cantata  for  the  Exposition  of  1867). 

Christia'm,  Adolf  Friednch,  pianist;  b. 
Kassel,  Mar.  8,  1836;  d.  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Feb. 
10,  1885.  Went  to  London  in  1855  ;  then  to 
America,  teaching  in  Poughkeepsie,  Pittsburg, 
Cincinnati,  and  (1877)  New  York.  From  1880, 
director  of  a  music-school  at  Elizabeth.  Wrote 
"  The  Principles  of  Mus.  Expression  in  Pf.- 
playing"  (N.  Y.,  1886;  Ger.ed.,  Leipzig,  "Das 
Verstandniss  im  Klavierspiel "). 

Christia'ni,  lilise,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  24,  1827 ; 
d.  Tobolsk,  1853.  'Cello-player  (sensational 
de'but  at  Paris,  1845),  for  whom  Mendelssohn 
wrote  the  Lied  ohne  WorU  ft  'cello, 


CHRISTMANN— CIMAROSA 


Christ'mann,  Franz  Xavier,  a  celebrated 
Austrian  organ-builder ;  d.  May  20,  1875,  at 
Rottenmann,  Styria,  \\hile  setting  up  an  organ. 

Christ'mann,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Lud- 
wigsburg,  Wurttemberg,  Sept.  9,  1752,  d.  Heu- 
tingsheim,  May  21,  1817.  Lutheran  pastor,  and 
amateur-player  on  harpsichord  and  flute  Publ. 
considerable  good  music  f.  voice,  pf.,  vln  ,  and 
flute;  a  '* Vollstandige  Sammlung"  of  hymns 
(with  Knecht)  containing  many  by  himself ;  and 
an  "  Elementarbuch  der  Tonkunst"  (Speyer, 
1782  ;  and  part  1790). 

Chrysan'der,  Friedrich,  musical  historian, 
critic,  and  editor  ,  b.  Lubtheen,  Mecklenburg, 
July  8,  1826.  Dr.  phlL  (Rostock) ;  now  settled 
in  fiergedorf,  n.  Hamburg.  From  1868-71,  and 
1875-82,  editor  of  the"  Allg  musikal  Zeitung," 
contnbuting  many  articles  (Sketch  of  Hist,  of 
Music-printing,  1879  »  papers  on  the  Hamburg 
opera  under  Keiser,  Kusser,  et  al ,  1878-9); 
since  1885  he  has  edited  (with  Spitta  and  Adler) 
a  ll  Vierteljahrsschnft  f.  Musikuissenschaft." 
He  also  edited  two  lt  Jahrbucher  f.  musikahsche 
AVissenschaft "  (1863,  1867),  \\ith  important 
papers  by  various  writers.  In  1853  he  publ  t\vo 
pamphlets,  "Cber  die  Molltonart  in  Volks- 
gesangen"  and  "  tJber  das  Oratonum";  his 
greatest  work  is  the  still  incomplete  biography 
of  Handel  (1858-67),  of  which  the  period  of 
oratorio-production  is  not  yet  published.  A  co- 
founder  of  the  Leipzig  **  Handel-Gesellschaft," 
he  superintended  the  great  Handel  edition  ;  has 
also  edited  "  Bach's  Klavierwerke  "  (1856),  and 
"  Denkmaler  der  Tonkunst"  (Carissimi's  ora- 
torios ;  the  sonatas  by  Corelli  were  ed.  bv 
Joachim  ;  and  Coupenn's  "  Pieces  de  clavecin, 
by  Brahms). 

Chrysan'thos  of  Madyton,  Archbishop  of 
Durazzo  in  Albania,  previously  a  teacher  of 
church-singing  in  Constantinople.  In  his  works 
"  Introd.  to  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Church- 
Music"  (1821)  and  "Great  Theory  of  Music" 
(1832^,  he  has  much  simplified  the  liturgical 
notation  of  the  Byzantine  Church. 

Chwatal,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Rumburg,  Bo- 
hemia, June  19,  1808 ;  d.  Elmen  (Soolbad), 
June  24,  1879.  In  l833»  mus. -teacher  in  Merse- 
burg,  1835  in  Magdeburg.  Wrote  2  Methods  f. 
pf.  (op.  93,  op.  135) ;  male  quartets ;  and  over 
200  pf.-pcs. 

Chwatal,  Joseph,  brother  of  the  preceding  ; 
b.  Rumburg,  Jan.  12,  1811.  Organ-builder  in 
Merseburg;  has  invented  several  minor  improve- 
ments in  the  organ-action. 

Ci'fra,  Antonio,  b.  Rome,  about  1575;  d. 
Loreto,  abt.  1636.  A  prolific  composer,  and  one 
of  the  best  of  the  Roman  school ;  a  pupil  of 
Palestrina  and  B.  Nanini.  At  first ;«.  di  capp. 
at  the  German  College,  1610-20  at  Loreto,  for  2 
years  at  the  Lateran  ;  and  in  1822  in  the  service 
of  Archduke  Carl  of  Austria,  returning  to  Loreto 
in  1827. — PubK  5  books  of  motets  ;  3  of  psalms  ; 
5  of  masses ;  10  sets  of  conctrti  eccksiastici  (over 


200  numbers);  many  more  motets  and  psalms 
(in  2-12  parts) ;  antiphones,  litanies  ,  madrigals  ; 
Hcercarij  "Scherzi  ed  ane  a  I,  2,  3  e  4  voci, 
per  cantar  nel  clavicembalo,  etc.";  and  other 
works,  from  1600  to  1638. 

Cimaro'sa,  Domenico,  eminent  dramatic 
composer,  b.  Aversa,  near  Naples,  Dec.  17, 
1749 ;  d  Venice, 
Jan  ii,  iSoi.  The 
son  of  a  poor  mason, 
and  early  orphaned, 
he  attended  the 
charity-school  of  the 
Minorites,  his  first 
music-teacher  being 
Polcano,  organist  of 
the  monastery.  His 
talent  was  so 
marked  that  in  1761 
he  obtained  a  free 
scholarship  m  the 
Conservatorio  di  S. 
Maria  di  Loreto,  where  he  was  taught  singing 
by  Manna  and  Sacchmi,  counterpoint  by  tena- 
roh,  and  composition  by  1'iccmni  In  1770  his 
oratorio  Gtitditta  was  perf.  in  Rome  ;  in  1772  he 
celebrated  his  exit  from  the  Cons  by  producing 
his  first  opera,  Le  Straragause  del  Conte,  at 
Naples,  with  mediocre  results.  But  with  La 
fititii  parigina,  given  next  season  \iith  brilliant 
success  at  the  Teatro  Nuo\o,  Naples,  he  was 
fairly  launched  on  a  dramatic  'career  singularly 
free  from  ai  tistic  reverses  His  ease  and  rapidity 
of  composition  were  phenomenal ;  in  29  years  he 
wrote  nearly  80  operas.  His  fame  g i ew  steadily  ; 
and  e\en  Paisiello  had  to  look  to  his  laurels. 
In  1774  C.  brought  out  Ultaliana  in  Londra  in 
Rome,  and  lived,  until  1781,  alternately  in  Rome 
and  Naples,  writing  in  each,  following  the  cus- 
tom of  the  period,  one  opera  after  another  for 
the  city  in  which  it  was  to  be  performed.  In 
1781,  as  a  tour  de  force,  he  brought  out  two 
operas  in  Naples,  one  in  Rome,  and  two  in 
Turin.  His  works  became  known  far  beyond 
the  bounds  of  Italy,  being  perfoimed  not  only 
by  Italian  opera-troupes  in  all  European  capitals, 
but  also  as  translated  into  various  foreign 
tongues.  After  Paisiello's  return  from  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  had  sojourned  from  1776- 
85  as  court  composer,  offers  were  made  to  C., 
who  finally  accepted  them,  setting  out  for  St. 
Petersburg  in  July,  1789.  His  journey  thither 
was  like  a  triumphal  progress  ;  at  the  courts  of 
Florence,  Vienna,  and  Warsaw  he  was  over- 
whelmed with  attentions  ;  and  arrived  at  his  des- 
tination Dec.  I,  wayworn  and  suffering  from  the 
wintry  weather,  but  confident  of  success.  Here 
he  produced  3  operas,  and  during  the  three 
years  of  his  stay  wrote  500  several  pieces  of 
music  for  the  court  and  nobility  Although 
every  effort  was  made  lo  induce  him  to  remain, 
the  rigorous  climate  obliged  him  to  leave  Russia 
in  1792  ;  towards  the  end  of  the  year  he  arrived 
in  Vienna,  where  Emperor  Leopold  engaged  him 


114 


CIMAROSA— CLARI 


at  a  salary  of  12,000  florins  as  Kapellmeister. 
At  Vienna,  at  the  age  of  38,  he  brought  out  his 
chef  d"ccuvre,  II  JMatrimomo  legreto,  the  success 
of  which  eclipsed  not  only  that  of  his  former 
works  but  those  of  all  rivals,  not  excepting 
Mozart.  It  is  piobably  the  sole  survivor,  on 
the  present-day  stage,  of  all  C.'s  dramatic  works, 
though  several  of  his  other  operas  might  well 
replace  certain  modish  puerilities  of  the  hour. 
C.  remained  long  enough  in  Vienna  to  write  two 
more  operas  ;  1793  found  him  once  more  at  home 
in  Naples,  where  his  Matrimomo  segreto  aroused 
unexampled  enthusiasm,  having  67  consecutive 
performances,  the  illustrious  composer  himself 
presiding  at  the  cembalo  for  the  first  seven  rep- 
resentations. In  1794  he  visited  Venice  to 
bring  out  Gh  Orazi  e  Ciiriazi;  in  1796  and  '98 
he  was  in  Rome,  then  returning  to  Naples,  and 
all  the  time  actively  engaged  in  operatic  composi- 
tion. In  1798,  too,  he  was  seriously  ill  at 
Naples  ;  and  the  year  after,  having  openly  taken 
part  in  the  Neapolitan  revolutionary  demonstra- 
tion on  the  entrance  of  the  French  army  into  the 
city,  he  was  imprisoned  and  condemned  to  death 
by  King  Ferdinand,  a  sentence  commuted  to 
banishment.  Going  to  Venice,  he  was  at  work 
on  a  new  opera,  Artemisia^  when  death  suddenly 
overtook  him.  It  was  bruited  abroad  that  he 
had  been  poisoned,  by  order  of  Queen  Caroline 
of  Naples,  as  a  dangerous  revolutionist;  the 
rumor  was  so  persistent,  and  popular  embitter- 
ment  so  great,  that  the  Pope's  body-physician, 
Piccioli,  was  sent  to  make  an  examination  ;  ac- 
cording to  his  sworn  statement,  C.  died  of  a 
gangrenous  abdominal  tumor.  [The  date  of  this 
statement,  Apr.  5,  1801,  was  erroneously  taken 
by  CIIAMPLIN  as  that  of  C.'s  death.] 

Comic  opera  was  C.'s  forte;  in  his  happiest 
moments  he  rivals  Mozart  ;  even  in  opera  seria 
many  of  his  efforts  are  still  worthy  of  a  place  on 
the  repertory.  The  fluidity  and  fecundity  of 
his  melodic  vein,  his  supreme  command  of 
form,  and  his  masterly  control  of  orchestral  re- 
sources, excite  astonishment  and  admiration. 
He  was  the  peer  of  his  great  Italian  contem- 
porary, Paisiello.  Of  the  76  operas  known  as 
his,  some  of  the  finest  are  mentioned  below  : 
La  finta  parigina  (Naples,  1773),  L'ltaliana  in 
Z0«*/rrt  (Rome,  1774),  II  Fanatico  per  gli  aniichi 


Romani  (Naples,  1777  ;  a  work  noted  for  intro- 
ducing, for  the  first  time,  vocal  concerted  music 
—  trios  and  quartets  —  into  the  dramatic  action), 
//  Matrimomo  per  raggiro  (Rome,  1779),  ^aj° 
Mario  (Rome,  1780),  Artaserse  (Turin,  1781), 
//  Convito  di  pietra  (Venice,  1782),  La  Balle- 
rina amaute  (Naples,  1782),  Le  Trame  delusc 
(Naples,  1786),  JL*  Impresario  in  angustie 
(Naples,  1786),  Giannina  e  Bernadone  (Naples, 
1788),  La  Vergine  del  sole  (St  Petersburg, 
1791),  //  Matrimomo  segreto  (Vienna,  1792), 
Le  Astuzie  femminile  (Naples,  1794).  He  also 
produced  2  oratorios  ;  several  cantatas  ;  masses 
a  4,  w.  instr.s  ;  psalms,  motets,  requiems,  arias, 
cavatinas,  solfeggi,  and  a  great  variety  of  other 
yocal  works  ;  7  svm  phonies  ;  etc, 


Cipolli'ni,  Gaetano,  dramatic  composer ;  b. 
Tropea.  (CaLanzaro),  Italy,  Feb.  S,  1857.  Pupil 
of  Francesco  Coppa.  5s  ow  (1899)  residing  in 
Milan  Besides  a  great  quantity  of  vocal  JRo- 
manze,  and  pf  -pcs.,  he  has  written  Gennarello^ 
3-act  melodr.  (T.  Manzoni,  Milan,  1891) ;  Ai 
bagm  di  mare*  operetta  (Naples,  1892);  II piccolo 
Ilaydn^  i-act  lyric  comedy  (T.  Sociale,  Como, 
1893) ,  Xinon  de  Lenclos*  3-act  lyr.  com.  (T. 
Lirico  Internationale,  Milan,  1895) ;  and  (in 
MS.)  Sitneta,  5-act  opera. 

Cipollo'ne,  Alfonso,  b.  Fara  S.  Martino 
(Chieti),  Nov.  25,  1843.  Pupil  of  M.  Ruta  at 
Naples  At  present  living  at  Teramo  as  a  teacher 
of  singing,  harmony,  and  pf. — Has  publ.  a  large 
number  of  excellent  pf.-pcs.;  also  a  variety  of 
chamber-music,  and  songs. 

Claas'sen,  Arthur,  b.  Stargard,  Prussia, 
Feb.  19,  1859.  After  graduating  from  Danzig 
Gymnasium,  he  entered  the  Music  School  at 
Weimar  in  1875,  st.  under  Muller-Hartung,  A. 
\V.  Gottschalk,  and  B.  Sulze.  As  early  as  1878 
his  compositions  excited  Liszt's  interest.  From 
1880-84,  conductor  at  theatre  in  Gottingen,  of 
the  Feichtinger  Opera  Co.,  and  at  Nowakrs  Th., 
Magdeburg.  In  1884  C.  was  chosen,  on  Dr. 
Damrosch's  recommendation,  conductor  of  the 
Brooklyn  (N.  Y.)  "  Arion,"  and  other  Societies  ; 
since  1890,  cond.  of  the  United  Singing  Societies 
of  I3rookl)'n ;  he  also  conducts  the  Br.  Choral 
Society,  and  established  the  "  Claassen  Mus. 
Inst."  (for  classical  music  only). — Publ.  works  : 
Festival  Hymn  f. .  soli,  ch  ,  and  orch. ;  Waltz- 
Idyll  f.  full  string-orch. ;  many  songs  and 
choruses,  among  which  latter  "  Der  Kame- 
rad"took  the  1st  "composition  prize"  at  the 
N.  Y.  Singing  Festival  — In  MS.,  many  orches- 
tral scores,  incl  the  symph.  poem  l  *•  Hohen- 
friedberg";  a  Suite  f.  orch.;  "The  Battle,"  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (perf.  at  Seidl's  Mad.  Sq. 
Garden  Concerts) ;  etc. 

Clagget,  Charles,  b.  London,  1755  ;  d. 
there  1820.  Violinist,  leader  in  a  Dublin  thea- 
tre ;  inventor  of  insttuments  (an  organ  without 
pipes,  a  chromatic  trumpet,  and  a  chromatic 
French  horn),  described  in  his  book  l*  Musical 
Phenomena"  (London,  1793,  4to),  and  exhib- 
ited in  London,  1791. 

Clapisson,  Antoine  -  Louis,  born  Naples, 
Sept.  15,  1808  ;  died  Paris,  Mar.  19,  1866.  A 
violinist  and  composer,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  Inst.  of  France  (1854),  prof,  of  harm,  at 
the  Cons.  (1861),  and  custodian  of  the  Cons, 
coll.  of  mus.  instr.s,  most  of  which  he  had  col- 
lected and  sold  to  the  state. — Works  :  21  operas  ; 
over  200  songs ;  etc. 

Cla'ri,  Giovanni  Carlo  Maria,  b.  Pisa, 
1669 ;  d.  Pistoia,  abt.  1745,  as  m.  di  capp.  of 
the  cathedral.  He  studied  under  Colonna  at 
Bologna,  where  (1695)  his  opera  //  samo  de- 
lirante  was  prod.  His  best-known  work  is  a 
coll.  of  madrigals  f,  3  and  3  voices  (pubL  1720 ; 


CLARIBEL— CLARUS 


reprinted  by  Carli,   Paris,    in   1825) ;    he  also 
wrote  masses,  psalms,  and  a  requiem  ;  etc. 

Claribel.  Pen-name  of  MRS.  CHARLES 
BARNARD. 

Clark(e\  Jeremiah,  b.  London,  1670 ;  d. 
there  (?)  abt.  Nov.  i,  1707.  Chorister  m  the 
Chapel  Royal ;  1693,  Almoner  and  Master  of 
the  Children  at  St.  Paul's,  succeeding  his 
master,  Dr.  Blow;  1704,  joint-org.  with  Croft 
of  the  Chapel  Royal.  A  hopeless  love-affair 
caused  him  to  take  his  own  life  He  was 
joint-composer  of  the  operas  The  Island  Prin- 
cess and  TAe  World  in  the  Mcon  ;  \\rote  inci- 
dental music  to  several  plays  ;  was  the  first  who 
set  to  music  Dryden's  "  Alexander's  Feast "  (for 
St.  Cecilia's  Day,  Nov.  22,  1697) ;  also  wrote  a 
cantata,  an  ode,  anthems,  songs,  etc. 

Clark,  Ridhard,  b.  Datchet  (Bucks),  Apr.  5, 
1780 ;  d.  London,  Oct.  5,  1856.  Chorister  and 
lay-clerk  (1802-11)  at  St.  George's  and  Eton 
College  ,  later  lay-vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
Vicar-choral  at  St.  Paul's,  and  (1820)  Gent,  of 
the  Chapel  Royal.  Composed  glees,  anthems, 
etc.;  publ.  essays  on  Handel's  Messiah  and 
"Harmonious  Blacksmith,"  on  "God  save  the 
King,"  on  mus.  pitch,  on  the  etymology  of  the 
word  "  Madngale  ";  also  a  coll.  of  the  words  of 
favorite  madrigals,  glees,  rounds,  catches,  etc., 
perf.  by  the  Glee  Club  (of  which  he  was  secre- 
tary) and  other  societies  (1814 ;  1824  ;  1833). 

Clark,  Rev.  Frederick  Scotson,  b.  Lon- 
don, Nov.  16,  1840 ;  d  there  July  5,  1883. 
Pupil  of  Sergent  (in  Paris)  f.  harm,  and  pf.;  of 
E.  J.  Hopkins  (org.) ;  also,  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  of 
Bennett,  Goss,  Engel,  PetLit,  and  Pinsuti.  Stud- 
ied for  the  ministry  at  Cambridge  and  Oxford  ; 
org.  of  Exeter  Coll.,  Oxford  ;  studied  music  in 
Leipzig  and  Stuttgart,  and  returned  (1873)  to 
London,  where  he  founded  the  London  Organ 
School.  Was  the  representative  English  organist 
at  the  Paris  Expos,  of  1878.  His  organ-pieces 
(15  marches,  48  voluntaries,  6  communions,  and 
offertories,  improvisations,  impromptus,  etc.) 
are  his  best  works ;  he  wrote  much  for  harmo- 
nium (on  which  he  was  a  talented  performer) ; 
over  loo  pf.-pcs. ;  and  sacred  vocal  music,  songs, 
etc. 

Clarke,  James  Peyton,  b.  Scotland,  1808  ; 
d.  Toronto,  Canada,  1877.  In  1829,  leader  of 
psalmody  m  St.  George's  Ch.,  Edinburgh  ;  1834, 
org.  of  St.  Mary's  Episc.  chapel,  succeeding 
Thos.  Macfarlane ;  emigrated  to  Canada,  1835, 
settling  as  a  farmer  in  Ellora,  but  went  to  To- 
ronto abt.  1841 ;  abt.  1845  was  elected  prof,  of 
music  in  Upper  Canada  University,  and  in  1848 
took  degree  of  Mus.  Bac.  at  King's  College 
with  the  8-p.  anthem  "Arise,  0  Lord  God,  for- 
get not  the  poor";  Mus.  Doc.,  1856  For  many 
years  org.  of  St  James'  Cath.,  Toronto,  and 
cond.  several  choral  societies. 

Clarke,  Hugh  Archibald,  b.  near  Toronto, 
Canada,  Aug.  15,  1839.  Pupil  of  his  father 


(J.  P.  Clarke).  Was  org.  in  several  churches, 
then  (1875-97)  of  the  Presby.  Ch.,  Phila.  He 
conducted  a  male  chorus,  "  The  Abt,"  for  several 
years,  till  1876.  In  1875  he  was  elected  Prof, 
of  the  Science  of  Music  in  the  Univ.  of  Pennsylv., 
which  position  he  still  (1899)  holds,  teaching 
harmony,  cpt.,  form,  and  orchestration.  Mus. 
Doc.  (i 886)  of  Univ.  of  Penn  a,  when  his  music 
to  Aristophanes'  Acharmans  (overture  and  cho- 
ruses) was  produced  C.  has  also  composed  an 
oratorio,  Jerusalem  (Phila.,  1891),  pf. -music., 
and  songs  Has  publ.  a  treatise  on  Harmony 
(and  has  in  preparation  a  larger  work  on  that 
subject) ;  also  text-books  f.  org.  and  pf  ,  a  bit  of 
fiction  called  "The  Scratch  Club,"  a  transl.  in 
blank  verse  of  "VVildenbnich's  "  Harold,"  etc. 

Clarke,  John  [Whitfield- Clarke],  born 
Gloucester,  Eng.,  Dec.  13,  1770 ;  died  Holmer, 
n.  Hereford,  Feb.  22, 1836.  Org.-pupil  of  Dr. 
Hayes  at  Oxford  ;  organist  at  Ludlow,  Armagh, 
Dublin ;  1798-1820,  org  and  choirmaster  of 
Trinity  and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge; 
1820-33,  ditto  at  Hereford.  In  1799,  Mus-  Doc., 
Cantab.;  1810,  Mus.  Doc.,  Oxon.;  1821,  prof,  of 
music  at  Cambridge.  Published  an  oratorio, 
The  Cmcifixion  and  the  Resurrection  (Hereford, 
1822)  ;  4  vol.s  of  cathedral  services  and  anthems 
(1805)  ;  12  Glees  (1805) ;  12  Songs  ;  a  Selection 
of  Single  and  Double  Chants  ;  etc. ;  he  edited 
the  "  Vocal  Works  of  Handel"  (1809,  17  vol.s), 
w.  pf  -accomp. 

Clarke,  William  Horatio,  gifted  organist ; 
b.  Newton,  Mass.,  March  8,  1840.  In  1856, 
org.  at  Dedham,  Mass.;  in  1859,  of  the  Berke- 
ley St.  Ch  ,  Boston,  also  teaching  for  a  time  in 
the  Perkins  Inst  for  the  Blind.  Removed  (1871) 
to  Dayton,  Ohio,  as  supt.  of  public  schools  ; 
later  to  Indianapolis,  as  org.  of  a  leading  church. 
From  1878-87,  org.  at  Tremont  Temple,  Bos- 
ton, then  retiring  to  his  estate  at  Reading,  Mass., 
where  he  has  built  a  chapel  of  music,  Clarigold 
Hall,  containing  a  large  4-manual  organ  with 
loo  stops.  Has  had  success  as  a  concert-org  , 
teacher  and  author.  Besides  1 5  instructive  works 
f.  org.,  reed-org.,  pf.,  voice,  etc.,  publ.  1865-86, 
he  has  written  "  Outline  of  the  Structure  ot  the 
Pipe-organ"  (1877);  "The  Face  of  Jesus" 
(London,  188:) ;  "The  Interwordian "  (1884); 
"The  Organist's  Retrospect"  (1896);  and 
"Cheerful  Philosophy  for  Thoughtful  Invalids" 
(1896). 

Cla'ms,  Max,  b  Muhlberg-on-Elbe,  March 
31,  1852 ;  pupil  of  his  father,  Municipal  Mus. 
Director  there,  and  (from  1870)  of  Haupt, 
Schneider,  and  Loschhorn  at  the  R.  Acad.  for 
Church-music,  Berlin.  Up  to  1882  he  acted  as 
Kapellm.  in  various  German,  Austrian  and  Hun- 
garian theatres,  the  last  being-  Kroll's  and  the 
Victoria,  Berlin.  In  1882  he  was  eng.  at  the 
Brunswick  Court  Th.,  becoming  Court  Mus. 
Dir  in  1890.  From  1884  he  cond.  the  "  Or- 
pheus," and  also  from  1890  the  *'  Chorgesang- 
verein,"  and  composed  jnany  choruses, — Wprks  ; 


CLASING— CLEMENTI 


Cl  Patriotic  spectacular"  opera  DCS  grossen 
JFonigs  AV/v-///  (Brunswick,  1889) ;  3-act  roman- 
tic opeta  //»«•  (15runs\Mck,  1895  ,  succ  ) ,  also 
several  ballets,  the  latest  being  Opium -l^taume. 
Further,  *l  Furstengruss,"  f.  soli,  male  ch  ,  and 
full  orch  ;  "  Die  Wacht  vor  Samoa,"  grand 
Ton^emalde  f.  bar.  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.; 
**  Festgesang";  numerous  choruses. 

Glaring,  Johann  Heinrich,  b  Hamburg, 
1779  ,  d  there  Feb.  8,  1829  [Feb.  22,  1836, 
ace.  to  RIEMANN]  A  teacher  at  II.,  he  wrote 
the  operas  jMic/u'h  und  sein  Sohn  (li  ,  1806), 
and  irelcker  ist  dtr  Rechte?  (comic,  H  ,  iSri) ; 
2  oratorios,  JSetsassarand  Die  Tochter  Jephtfids; 
chamber-music,  pf.-pcs.,  etc. 

Claudln.    See  SERMISY. 

Claudin  le  Jeune.    See  LEJEUNE. 

Clau'dius,  Otto,  b  Kamenz,  Saxony,  Dec. 
6,  r793I  d.  Naumburg,  Aug.  3,  1877,  as  cantor 
of  the  cathedral. — Works  .  Operas  (Der  Gang 
naeh  dem  Eisenhammer);  church-mus.,  songs, 
etc. 

Clau'ssen,  Wilhelm,  b.  Schwerin,  1843  ;  d. 
there  Dec.  22,  1869.  Gifted  composer,  pupil  of 
Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  and  Ary  Schaffer ;  he  was 
the  first  to  win  the  Meyerbeer  Scholarship  (with 
an  overture).  Posthumous  pf.-pcs.  and  songs 
were  publ. 

Clausz-Szarva'dy,  Wilhelmine,  fine  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Prague,  Dec.  13,  1834.  She  studied  in 
the  Proksch  Inst.;  settled  (1852)  in  Paris;  mar- 
ried F.  Szarvady  [d.  Paris,  Mar.  I,  1882]  in 
1857- 

Clay,  Fre'de'ric,  composer ;  b.  (of  English 
parents)  Paris,  Aug.  3,  1840 ;  d  Great  Mario  w, 
n.  London,  Nov.  27,  1889,  Pupil  of  Molique  at 
Paris,  and  of  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig.  His  first 
operettas,  The  Pirate's  Isle  (1859)  and  Out  of 
Sight  (1860),  were  given  privately  at  London ; 
since  then  he  brought  out,  at  Covent  Garden  and 
other  London  theatres,  Court  and  Cottage  (1862), 
Constance  (1865),  Ages  ago  (1869),  The  Gentle- 
man in  Black  (1870),  Happy  Arcadia  (1872), 
Babul  and  Bijou  (1872),  The  Black  Crook 
(1873),  Cattarina  (1874),  Princess  Toto  (1875), 
Don  Quixote  (1875),  Oriatta,  The  Golden  Ring 
(1883),  TJie  Merry  JDucfoss  (1883) ;  incid.  mus. 
to  "Twelfth  Night,"  and  other  plays;  2  can- 
tatas, The  Knights  of  the  Cross  (1866),  and  Lalla 
Rookh  (1877) ;  'part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Clee'mann,  Friedrich  Joseph  Christoph, 
b.  Kriwitz,  Mecklenburg,  Sept.  16,  1771 ;  d. 
Parchim,  Dec.  25  (26  ?),  1827.  Publ.  a  "  Hand- 
buch  der  Tonkunst  "  (1797),  and  a  book  of  songs. 

Cle'mens,  Jacob  (called  "  Cl.  non  Papa," 
to  distinguish  him  from  Pope  Clement  VI I., 
who  was  a  good  player  on  several  instr.s,  and 
died  1534),  eminent"  Netherland  contrapuntist 
of  the  i6th  cent,  in  the  time  between  Josquin 
and  Palestrina  He  was  first  Kapellm.  to  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.,  at  Vienna.— Works :  ir 
masses,  many  motets,  chansons,  etc.,  pubL  by 


P.  Phalese  (Louvain,  1555-80) ;  4  books  of 
44  Sooter  Liedekens,"  i.e  ,  psalms  set  to  popular 
Netherland  tunes,  publ  by  T  Susato  (Antwerp, 
1556-7) ,  and  numerous  miscellaneous  pieces  in 
collections  of  the  period. — He  probably  died 
abt  1557. 

Cle'ment,  Franz,  b.  Vienna,  Nov.  19, 1784; 
d.  there  Nov  3,  1842.  At  the  age  of  12,  his 
father  accomp.  him  on  a  4-years'  concert-tour 
through  Germany  and  England  ;  i3o2-n,  he 
was  Kapellm.  at  the  Th.  an  der  Wien,  Vienna, 
later  leader  at  Prague,  under  C.  M.  v.  Weber  ; 
1813-18,  again  at  the  Th.  a  d.  Wien,  and  then 
travelled  for  several  years  with  Mme.  Catalani. 
— Works :  6  concertos  and  25  concertinos  f. 
vln. ;  also  overtures,  quartets,  pf .-concertos,  the 
opera  Le  trompetir  trompe1,  etc. 

Clement,  Charles-Francois,  b.  in  Provence 
abt.  1720,  settled  in  Pans  as  pf. -teacher.  Publ. 
"  Essai  sur  I'accomp.  du  clavecin  "  (1758),  and 
a  supplement,  "Essai  sur  la  basse  fondamentale, 
etc.  (1762);  they  appeared  in  a  2nd  ed  united 
under  the  former  title.  He  also  prod.  2  operet- 
tas, a  book  of  harpsich.-pcs.  w.  vln.,  and  issued 
a  monthly  "  Journal  de  clavecin  "  (1762-65). 

Cle'ment,  Felix,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  13, 1822  ;  d. 
there  Jan.  23,  1885.  He  studied  music  secretly, 
and  at  the  age  of  21  adopted  it  as  his  profession. 
He  devoted  himself  especially  to  historical 
studies;  filled  several  positions  as  organist  and 
teacher,  and  became  finally  org.  and  choirmas- 
ter at  the  Ch.  of  the  Sorbonne.  In  1849  the 
government  chose  him  to  direct  the  musical 
solemnities  at  the  Sainte  Chapelle ;  and  the 
comp  s  then  executed  (music  of  the  13th  cent.) 
were  publ.  in  score  as  *'  Chants  de  la  Sainte 
Chapelle,"  in  the  same  year.  He  was  active  in 
establishing  the  "  Inst.  for  Church-music." — 
Writings  :  "  Methode  complete  du  plain-chant " 
(1854;  1872);  *' Methode  de  musique  vocale  et 
concertante  ";  "  Histoire  geneVale  de  la  musique 
religieuse"  (1861) ;  "  Les  musiciens  celebres 
depuis  le  XVIC  siecle  (1868  ;  1879)  J  "  D«*.  ' 
lyrique,  ou  histoire  des  opeYas"  (1869,  4  supple- 
ments up  to  1881);  "  Methode  d'harmome  et 
d'accompagnement "  (1874)  ;  etc. 

dementi,  Muzio,  celebrated  pianist  and 
composer ;  was  b.  at  Rome,  1752  ;  and  d.  at  his 
country-seat  at 
Evesham,  Eng- 
land, Mar.  10, 1832. 
His  father,  a  gold- 
smith ("orefice"), 
was  a  devoted  ama- 
teur of  music,  and 
had  his  son  taught 
carefully,  from 
tender  years,  by 
Antonio  Buroni, 
maestro  di  cappella 
in  a  Roman  church. 
From  1749  t^e  or- 
ganist Condicelli 


117 


CLEMENT—COCCHI 


gave  him  lessons  in  organ-playing  and  harmony. 
So  rapid  was  their  pupil's  progress,  that  when 
but  9  he  obtained  a  position  as  organist,  in  com- 
petition with  other  and  maturer  players.  Until 
14  years  of  age  he  pursued  his  studies  in  Italy, 
G.  Carpani  (comp.)  and  Sartarelli  (voice)  being 
his  next  instructors.  At  a  piano-concert  which 
C.  gave  in  1766,  an  English  gentleman  named 
Beckford  was  so  delighted  with  his  talent  that  he 
obtained  the  father's  permission  to  educate  the 
boy  in  England.  C.  lived  and  studied  till  1770 
in  his  patron's  house  in  Dorsetshire  ;  then,  a 
thoroughly  equipped  pianist  and  musician,  he 
took  London  by  storm.  In  1773  his  op.  2  (3 
pf.-sonatas  dedicated  to  Haydn,  and  warmly 
praised  by  K.  Ph.  E.  Bach)  was  published  ;  they 
may  be  considered  as  finally  establishing  the 
form  of  the  pf.-sonata.  From  1777-80  he  con- 
ducted, as  cembalist,  the  Italian  Opera.  In 
1781  he  began  a  pianistic  tour,  giving  concerts 
at  Paris,  Strassburg,  Munich,  and  Vienna ;  here, 
on  Dec.  24,  1781,  he  met  Mozart  in  "  friendly" 
rivalry  (N.  13.  Mozart's  letters  make  no  pretence 
of  concealing  his  dislike  of  the  ' '  Italian  "  com- 
poser and  player) ;  though  the  palm  of  final 
victory  was  awarded  to  neither,  yet  C.  tacitly 
admitted,  by  changing  from  a  mechanically  bril- 
liant to  a  more  suave  and  melodious  piano-style, 
the  musicianly  superiority  of  Mo2art.  In  Vienna 
his  op.  7,  9,  and  10  were  publ.  by  Artaria. 
Excepting  a  concert-season  at  Pans,  in  1785,  C. 
now  remained  in  London  for  20  years  (1782- 
1802).  He  not  only  made  his  mark,  and  inciden- 
tally amassed  quite  a  fortune,  as  a  teacher, 
pianist,  and  composer,  but  also  (after  losses 
through  the  failure  of  Longman  and  Broderip, 
instrument-makers  and  music-sellers)  established 
a  highly  successful  piano-factory  and  publishing- 
house  of  his  own  (now  Collard's). — With  his 
pupil  Field,  C.  set  out  for  St.  Petersburg  in 
1802,  passing  through  Paris  and  Vienna  ;  their 
tour  was  attended  by  brilliant  success,  and  Field 
was  so  well  received  in  St.  Petersburg  that  he 
accompanied  his  master  no  further.  The  latter 
resided  for  several  years  alternately  in  Berlin, 
Dresden,  and  St.  Petersburg;  then,  after  visiting 
Vienna,  Milan,  Rome,  and  Naples,  he  again 
settled  in  London.  The  business-man  in  C.  now 
gained  the  upper  hand  ;  he  no  longer  played  in 
public,  but  devoted  himself  to  composition  and 
the  management  of  his  prosperous  mercantile 
ventures.  He  never  again  went  far  from  Lon- 
don, except  during  the -winter  of  1820-21,  which 
he  spent  in  Leipzig. — As  a  teacher  C.  trained 
many  distinguished  musicians ;  Field,  Cramer, 
Moscheles,  Kalkbrenner,  Alex.  Klengel,  Ludwig 
Berger,  Zeuner,  even  Meyerbeer,  all  owed  much 
to  his  instructions.  His  compositions  include 
symphonies  (which  failed  in  competition  with 
Haydn's),  and  overtures  for  orchestra  ;  106  pf.- 
sonatas  (46  w.  vln. ,  'cello,  or  flute) ;  a  duo  f .  2 
pf.s  ;  6  4-hand  duets ;  fugues,  preludes  and  exer- 
cises in  canon-form,  toccatas,  waltzes,  variations, 


caprices,  '*  Points  d'orgue  ..."  (oo.  19) ;  an 
44  Introduction  a  Tart  de  toucher  le  piano,  avec 


50  Ie9ons  " ,  etc. ;  by  far  the  greater  part  of  which 
are  wholly  forgotten.  IJut  his  great  book  of 
Etudes,  the  l'Gratlus  ail  Parnassian"  (publ. 
1817),  is  a  living  reminder  that  licuus  one  of  the 
greatest  of  piano-teachers  Bulow's  excellent 
selection  of  50  of  these  etudes  has  been  outdone 
by  Vogrich's  unique  "Complete  Edition,"  ar- 
ranged progressively  (New  York,  1898). 

Biographies  of  C.  have  been  written  by  Giov. 
Frojo .  "  M.  C.,  la  sua  vita,  le  sue  opere  e  sua 
influenza  sul  progresso  dell'arte  "  (Milan,  1878); 
by  O.  Chilesotti  in  "  I  nostri  maestri  del  pas- 
sato)"  (Milan,  1882);  Clement  has  a  sketch  in  his 
"Musiciens  celebres"  (Paris,  1878). 

Clement  y  Cavedo,  b.  Gandia,  Spain,  Jan.  i, 
1810.  Org.  atAlgamesi  and  Valencia;  1840-52, 
teacher  of  music  at  Gueret,  France  ;  settled  in 
Madrid,  and  publ.  an  elem.  mus.  text-book, 
"Gramatica  musical."  In  1855,  by  order  of 
Espartero,  he  submitted  a  plan  for  reorganizing 
the  School  of  Music  — Comp.s  ;  A  magic  opera, 
a  zarzuela,  ballads,  songs,  etc. 

Clerice,  Justin,  b.  Buenos  Ayres,  Oct.  16, 
1863.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons  (1882,  Delibes  and 
Pessard).  Lives  in  Paris. — Comp.  s  .  Le  Meunier 
d' Alcala^  comic  opera  (1887),  Figarelta^  do  ; 
M.  Huchot,  vaudev.  (1889),  grand  ballet --////i/jv 
noir  (Antwerp,  1891);  3-act  comic  opera  L?  $e 
Hnssards  (Paris,  Gaite,  1894)  ;  Phryngitu^ 
operetta  (1895),  £/<fa,  pantomime  (1896)." 

Clicquot,  Francois-Henri,  b.  Paris,  1728  ; 
d.  there  1791;  *'  the  most  skilful  French  organ- 
builder  of  the  iSth  century"  (Ffrns)  ;  from  1765 
in  partnership  with  Pierre  Dallery. 

Clifford,  Rev.  James,  Engl.  divine ;  b.  Ox- 
ford, 1622  ;  d.  London,  1698,  as  Senior  Cardinal 
of  St.  Paul's.  Publ.  "A  Coll.  of  Divine  Services 
and  Anthems,  usually  sung  in  H.  M.'s  Chapel, 
etc."  (1664). 

Clifton,  John  Charles,  b.  London,  1781 ;  d. 
Hammersmith,  Nov.  18,  1841.  A  pupil  of  Itel- 
lamy  and  Chas.  Wesley,  he  lived  in  Bath  as  a 
teacher  and  conductor,  then  in  Dublin  (1802-15), 
and  settled  in  London  (1816)  as  an  exponent 
of  Logier's  system.  Inv  the  Eidomusicon  (a 
species  of  melograph).  His  opera  JLdttnn  was 
given  in  Dublin  (1815);  he  publ  glees,  many 
songs,  and  a  '*  Theory  of  Harmony  simplified  " 
(1816) ;  also  a  "  Selection  of  British  Melodies  " 
(no  date). 

Clotz.    See  KLOTZ. 

Cluer,  John,  English  publisher  and  engraver 
of  music,  believed  to  be  the  inventor  of  engrav- 
ing on  tin  plates ;  d.  London,  1729.  lie  en- 
graved and  published  Handel's  "  Suites  de  pieces 
de  clavecin "  (1720),  and  (1723-9)  nine  of  his 
Italian  operas  ;  also  an  8vo  collection  of  opera- 
songs. 

Coc'chi,  Gioacchino,  dramatic  composer  ;  b. 
Padua,  1720  ;  d.  Venice,  1804.  He  was  teacher 
at  the  "  Cons,  degli  IncurabiU,"  Venice ;  lived 
1757-63  in  London,  writing  operas  ;  returned  to 


TTfl 


COCCI  A— COHEN 


Venice  in  1773.  His  first  opera  was  Adelaide 
(Rome,  1743) ;  others  were  Rhsa  (1744),  Htua- 
zcttc  (1746),  Arnnmo  (1749),  La  Gitmonda 
(1750),  Si  roe  (1750),  Semirainide  ruotwsiiitta 
(I753X  Dtmofoonte  (1754).  •£«  Maestro  (1754), 
Zcnobia  (London,  1758),  La  clemenza  di  Tito 
(London,  1760),  and  Tito  Manho  (London, 
1761).  He  excelled  in  opera  bnffa 

Coc'cia,  Carlo,  b.  Naples,  April  14,  1782  ; 
d.  Novara,  April  13,  1873,  as  maestro  at  the 
cathedral.  Pupil  of  Valente,  Fenaroli,  and  Paisi- 
ello  at  the  Cons,  at  Naples,  and  became  a  prolific 
opera-composer,  travelling  through  Italy,  and 
to  Lisbon  and  London,  to  supenntend  the  pro- 
duction of  his  works,  which  number  nearly  40. 
Also  wrote  several  masses,  other  sacred  music, 
duets,  arias,  etc.  Maria  Stuarda  was  given  in 
London,  1823.  A  '*  Biografia  di  C.  Coccia"  was 
publ.  1873,  Turin. 

Coc'cius,  Theodor,  born  Knauthain,  near 
Leipzig,  Mar.  8, 1824 ;  d.  Leipzig,  Oct.  24,  1897. 
His  teachers  were  G.  \V.  Finck  and  Jul.  Knorr. 
He  lived  1844-5  in  Paris,  and  1849-55  in  Ham- 
burg, thenceforward  at  Leipzig,  where  for  33 
years  he  held  the  position  of  teacher  of  pf.- 
playing  at  the  Cons.,  succeeding  Plaidy,  and 
was  considered  an  excellent  teacher,  "  Profes- 
sor" in  1893. 

Coccon',  Nicol6,  pianist,  org.,  and  comp.;  b. 
Venice,  Aug.  10,  1826 ;  pupil  of  E.  Fabio.  His 
first  publ.  comp.s  were  motets  (1841);  in  1856  he 
was  first  org. ,  and  1873  maestro,  at  San  Marco. 
His  music  (over  450  numbers)  is  held  in  high 
estimation ;  principal  works  are  an  oratorio,  £<?///, 
8  requiem  masses,  30  ltmesse  da  gloria,"  and 
much  other  ch.-music ;  2  operas,  Zaira  (1884) 
and  Uggero  il  Danese  (not  prod.) ;  the  sacred 
melodrama  Manasse  in  BabUoma  (1877) ;  the 
operetta  I  due  orangotani  (1879)  ;  etc. 

Coch'laus,  Johannes  (real  name  Job.  Dob- 
nek  ;  pseudonym  "  Wendelstein"),  b.  \Ven- 
delstein,  n.  Nuremberg,  in  1479 ;  d.  Breslau, 
Jan  10,  1552,  as  canon.— Publ.  "Tract,  de 
mus.  defimtione  et  inventione,  etc "  (1507, 
"  Wendelstem  ") ;  and  "  Tetrachordum  musices 
Joannis  Coclei  Nonci,  etc."  (1512,  1513,  1526). 
He  was  a  strong  opponent  of  Luther. 

Cocks  (Robert)  &  Co.,  London  firm  of 
music-publ  s,  founded  1827  by  Robert  C. ;  his 
sons,  Arthur  Lincoln  C.  and  Stroud  Lincoln  C., 
became  partners  in  1868.  Robert  Macfarlane 
Cocks  is  now  the  owner 

Co'clico  [Codicils],  Adrian  Petit,  b.  in  the 
Hennegau  (liainaut),  abt.  1500.  Pupil  of  Jos- 
quin  Depres,  was  a  singer  in  the  Papal  Chapel, 
and  confessor  to  the  Pope.  He  fell  into  evil 
courses,  was  imprisoned,  and  thereafter  (1545) 
went  to  Wittenberg,  and  became  a  Protestant 
He  probably  died  in  Nuremberg. — Publ  "  Com- 
pendium musices"  (N.,  1552);  and  "Consola- 
tiones"  (psalms  in  4  parts,  1552). 


Coe'nen  [koo-],  Johannes  Meinardus,  b. 
The  Hague,  Jan.  28,  1824 ,  pupil,  at  the  Cons, 
there,  of  Lubeck.  Bassoonist ,  1864,  con- 
ductor at  the  grand  Dutch  Th.,  Amsterdam; 
then  at  the  Palais  d' Industrie ;  and  municipal 
music-director. — Works  Cantatas  (one  for  the 
6ooth  anniv.  of  the  founding  of  Amsterdam), 
ballet-music,  mcid.  music  to  Dutch  plays ;  2 
symphonies ;  a  clarinet-concerto ;  a  flute-con- 
certo ;  a  quintet  f.  pf .  and  wind  ;  a  sonata  f . 
bassoon  (or  'cello),  clar. ,  and  pf . ;  fantasias  f . 
orch.;  etc. 

Coe'nen,  Franz,  b.  Rotterdam,  Dec.  26, 
1826  A  pupil  of  his  father,  an  org. ;  then  of 
Vieuxtemps  and  Molique.  After  tours  as  con- 
cert-violinist with  Henri  Herz,  and  in  S.  Amer- 
ica with  E.  Lubeck,  he  settled  in  Amsterdam  ; 
up  to  1895  he  was  director  of  the  Cons.,  and 
prof,  of  vln  and  comp. ;  his  successor  is  David 
de  Lange.  He  is  solo  violinist  to  the  Queen  ; 
the  leader  of  a  celebrated  quartet ;  and  a  distin- 
guished composer  (cantatas,  a  symphony,  the 
32nd  Psalm,  quartets,  etc.). 

Coe'nen,  Willem,  brother  of  Franz ;  b. 
Rotterdam,  Nov.  17,  1837.  Pianist ;  travelled 
in  S.  America  and  the  West  Indies ;  now  (since 
1862)  concert-giver  and  composer  in  London. — 
Works  Oratorio,  Lazarus  (1878) ;  has  publ. 
pf. -music  and  songs  ;  has  cantatas,  masses,  etc., 
in  MS. 

Coe'nen,  Cornelius,  b.  The  Hague,  1838. 
Violinist  and  concert-giver ;  has  made  extended 
tours ;  in  1859,  conductor  of  the  orch.  at  Am- 
sterdam, and  1860  bandmaster  of  the  Garde 
Nationale  at  Utrecht. — Overtures,  pcs.  f.  chorus 
and  orch.,  etc. 

Cohen,  Henri,  born  Amsterdam,  1808  ;  d. 
Brie-sur-Marne,  May  17,  1880.  Studied  in 
Paris  under  Reicha  (theory)  and  Lays  and 
Pellegrini  (singing) ;  from  1832-9  he  made 
several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  produce  operas 
in  Naples  ;  then  settled  in  Paris  as  a  teacher  of 
singing  and  harmony.  Besides  a  few  unfor- 
tunate operas,  he  wrote  2  lyric  poems,  Mar- 
guerite et  Faust  (1847)  and  Le  Moine  (1851) ;  a 
"  Traite  d'harmonie  pratique,"  solfeggi,  etc. 

Cohen,  Leonce,  born  Paris,  Feb.  12,  1829. 
Pupil  of  Cons.  (Leborne) ;  took  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1851,  became  violinist  at  the  Th. 
Italien.  Wrote  operettas ;  publ.  * 4  L'ecole  du  mu- 
sicien." 

Cohen,  Jules-fimile-David,  b.  Marseilles, 
Nov.  2,  1835.  Studied  in  Paris  Cons,  under 
Zimmerman,  Marmontel,  Benoist,  and  Halevy, 
taking  first  prize  for  pf.,  org.,  and  cpt.  and 
fugue,  but  not  competing  for  the  Grand  prix  de 
Rome,  his  parents  being  well-to-do.  Asst.- 
teacher  and  (1870)  regular  teacher  of  ensemble 
singing  at  the  Cons.;  chef  de  chant  and 
chorusmaster  at  the  Gr.  Opera  since  1877.  Has 
produced  4  not  very  successful  operas ;  has  also 


119 


COLASSE— COMMER 


composed  the  choruses  for  Athahe,  Esther,  and 
PsyJij  (given  at  the  Comedie-Frai^aise) ,  3 
cantatas,  several  masses,  symphonies,  and  ora- 
torios ;  2  aubades  ;  200  songs ;  200  pf.-pcs  ; 
etc. 

Colasse,  Pascal,  b.  Rheims  for  Paris),  1639 
P)  ;  d.  Versailles,  Dec  ,  1709.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Lully,  who  entrusted  him  with  writing  out 
the  choral  and  orchestral  parts  of  his  operas 
from  the  figured  bass  and  melody.  Later  C. 
was  accused  of  appropriating  scores  thrown 
aside  by  his  master  as  incomplete.  In  1683  he 
was  app.  Master  of  the  Music ,  in  1696,  royal 
chamber-musician.  He  was  a  favorite  of  Louis 
XIV.,  and  obtained  the  privilege  of  producing 
operas  at  Lille  ;  but  the  theatre  was  burned,  his 
opera  Polyxine  et  Pyrrhits  (1706)  failed,  and 
his  mind  became  disordered.  Of  10  operas,  Les 
noces  tit'  T/itftys  ct  PtWt  (1689)  was  his  best. 
He  also  composed  songs,  sacred  and  secular. 

Coleridge -Taylor,  Samuel,  a  rising  British 
comp.  of  African  descent  (his  father  is  a  native 
of  Sierra  Leone  ;  his  mother  English) ;  b.  Lon- 
don, Aug.  15,  1875  Pupil  (f.  vln.)  of  the 
R.A.M.,  1890;  won  composition-scholarship  in 
1893,  and  studied  under  V.  Stanford  until  1896. 
First  publ.  work  was  an  anthem  (1892);  chief 
MS.  works  since  are  a  nonet  f  pf.,  strings,  and 
wind  (1894);  a  symphony  m  A  min.  (1896); 
a  quintet  f  clar.  and  stnngrs  (1897);  a  string- 
quartet,  and  a  Morning  and  Evening  Service. — 
Publ.  a  ballade  f.  via.  and  orch. ,  4  waltzes  f. 
orch. ;  operetta  £  ream-Lovers  >  3  Humoresques 
f.  pf . ;  several  songs  ;  etc. 

Colin,  Pierre-Gilbert  [Colinus,  Colinaus, 
also  called  Chamault],  eminent  early  French 
contrapuntist,  from  1532—6  chapel-singer  at 
Paris,  later  chorusmaster  at  Autun  cath.  Of 
his  works,  a  number  of  masses,  motets,  and 
chansons  are  extant. 

Col  lard,  a  family  of  pf. -makers  in  London. 
M.  dementi,  in  partnership  with  Frederick  W.. 
Collard  (1772-1860),  bought  out  Longman  £ 
Broderip  in  1798,  afterwards  surrendering  his 
share  to  Collard,  whose  patented  inventions 
have  given  the  instruments  their  distinctive 
character.  The  firm-name  is  at  present  (1899) 
Collard  &  Collard ;  the  head  of  the  firm  is 
Charles  Lukey  Collard. 

Collins,  Isaac,  distinguished  violinist;  b. 
1797 ;  d.  London,  Nov.  24,  1871.  Was  for  some 
years  leader  of  the  2nd  violins  in  the  Crystal 
Palace  Orch. ;  also  gave  concerts  with  his  5  chil- 
dren, of  whom  Viotti  (violinist),  and  George 
('cellist ;  d.  1869),  were  well  known. 

Colon'na,  Giovanni  Paolo,  b.  Bologna  (or 
Brescia),  abt.  1640 ;  d.  Bologna,  Nov.  28,  1695. 
A  pupil,  in  Rome,  of  Filipuzzi  (organ),  and  of 
Carissimi,  Benevoli,  Abbatini  (comp.).  Became 
m.  di  capp.  of  San  Petromo,  Bologna,  and  was 
several  times  president  of  the  Accad.  Filarmo- 


nica.  He  was  an  eminent  church-composer,  and 
also  prod.  I  opera,  Amikarc  (Uologna,  1093). — 
Publ  the  oratorio  La  ftofezia  d*Ehseo  (1688) ; 
3  books  of  short  psalms  a  8  (1681,  '86,  '94),  with 
organ;  "Mottetti  sacri  a  voce  sola  con  due 
viohni  e  bassetto  di  viola  "  (1691) ,  **  Mottetti  a 
2es  voci "  (l698)  I  Litanies  and  Responses  to 
the  Virgin,  a  8  ;  Mass  a  8,  w.  org.  (1684) ; 
Mass,  Psalms,  and  Responses  for  the  Dead,  a  8 
(1685) ;  Complines  and  Sequences  a  8  (1687) ; 
Lamentations  for  Holy  Week,  f.  solo  voice 
(1689) ;  "  Messe  e  salmi  concertati,"  w.  instr.s, 
a  3-5  (1691) ,  Vesper  ^  Psalms  a  4-5  (1694) ;  very 
many  are  also  extant  in  MS. 

Colonne,  ltdouard  (rede  Judas),  a  very 
distinguished  conductor ,  b.  Bordeaux,  July  23, 
1838  ;  st.  at  Paris  Cons,  under  Girard  and  Sau- 
zay  (vln.),  Elwart  and  Ambr.  Thomas  (comp.). 
In  1874  he  founded  the  famous  "  Concerts  du 
Chatelet,"  at  which  he  has  brought  out  the 
grandest  works  of  Berlioz,  and  many  by  modem 
German  composers.  In  1878  he  conducted  the 
official  Exposition  conceits ;  and  was  cond.  at 
the  Grand  Ope'ra  in  1892. 

Combs,  Gilbert  Raynolds,  born  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  5,  1863.  His  father,  a  distinguished 
pianist,  organist  and  composer,  was  his  first 
teacher  ;  and  C.,  though  originally  intended  for 
the  medical  profession,  made  such  rapid  prog- 
ress, both  at  home  and  in  Europe,  that  he  de- 
cided to  adopt  music  as  his  life-work.  He  was 
for  years  organist  and  choirmaster  in  some  of 
the  leading  Philadelphia  churches ;  became  a 
capable  orchestral  conductor,  and  an  excellent 
performer  on  stringed  instr.s.  In  1885  he 
founded  the  Broad  St.  Cons,  of  Music,  Phila., 
which  has  been  successful  from  the  outset,  and 
of  which  C.  is  still  (1899)  the  Director. 

Comettant,  (Jean-Pierre-)  Oscar,  b.  Bor- 
deaux, Gironde,  Apr.  18,  1819 ;  d.  Montvilliers, 
n.  Havre,  Jan.  24,  1898.  Pupil,  1839-44,  at 
Paris  Cons.,  of  Elwart  and  Carafa.  Lived  in  the 
United  States  1852-5  ;  then  returned  to  Paris, 
and  became  an  active  and  well-known  writer, 
especially  on  mus.  subjects.  He  was  the  musical 
feuiUetomstc  for  "  Le  Siecle,"  and  a  contributor 
to  various  mus.  journals.  He  also  publ.  "  His- 
toire  d'un  inventeur  au  igme  siecle.  Adolphe 
Sax,  ses  ouvrages  et  ses  luttes  "  (Paris,  1860) ; 
41  Portefeuille  d'un  musicien";  "  Musique  et 
musiciens"  (1862),  "  La  musique,  les  musiciens 
et  les  instruments  de  mus.  chez  les  differents 
peuples  du  monde"  (1869),  4I  Les  musiciens,  les 
philosophies  et  les  gafte's  de  la  musique  en  d|tf- 
fres"  (1870);  "  Fran$ois  Plante"'  (1874);  ex- 
tended notices  on  Ambr.  Thomas,  Gounod,  etc. 
He  also  composed  Fantasias,  Caprices,  and 
Etudes  f.  pf. ;  3  "duos  caracte'ristiques "  f.  pf. 
and  vln.;  vocal  choruses,  songs,  etc.  For  20 
years  he  directed  a  private  musical  institute. 

Com'mer,  Franz,  b.  Cologne,  Jan.  23, 1813 ; 
d.  Berlin,  Aug.  17,  1887.  Pupil  of  Leibl  and 
Josef  Klein  at  Cologne;  in  1828,  org.  of  the 


120 


COMPENIUS— CONRADI 


Carmelite  Ch.,  and  chorister  at  the  cathedral 
He  went  to  Berlin  in  1832,  to  study  with  A.  \V. 
Bach  (org.)  and  A.  B.  Marx  and  Rungenhagen 
(comp  ).  Commissioned  to  arrange  the  library 
of  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Ch.-music,  he  pursued  histoii- 
cal  researches,  and  edited  the  following  coll.s 
of  old  music.  4lC'ollectio  operum  musicorum 
Batavorum  saeculi  XVI."  (12  vol.s)  ;  "Musica 
sacra  XVI.,  XVII. saeculorum  "  (26 vol  s);  "  Coll. 
de  compositions  pour  1'orgue  des  XVIe,  XVIIs, 
XVIIIe  siecles"  (in  6  parts);  and  "  Cantica 
sacra  "  of  the  i6th-iSth  cent.  (2  vol.s).  He  was, 
besides,  regens  cJwn  at  the  Catholic  Hedwigs- 
kirche  ;  singing-teacher  at  the  Elisabeth  School, 
at  the  Theatre  School,  at  the  French  Gymna- 
sium, etc  ;  the  founder  (1844,  w.  Kuster  and 
Kullak)  of  the  Berlin  Tonkunstlerverein;  Royal 
Mmikdirektor^  Professor,  Member  of  the  Berlin 
Acad.,  Senator  of  the  Acad.,  and  Pres.t  of  the 
"  Gesellschaft  fur  Musikforschung." — His  com- 
positions are  music  to  the  "Frogs"  (Aristophanes) 
and  "Elektra"  (Sophocles);  masses,  cantatas, 
and  choruses. 

Compe'nius,  Heinrich,  organ -builder;  b. 
Nordhausen,  1540  ;  built  the  cathedral-organ  at 
Magdeburg  (1604),  and  others  Comp.  and 
publ.  "  Christliche  Harmoma"  a  5  (1572). — His 
brother  (?)  Esajas,  a  famous  organ-builder  in 
Brunswick,  invented  the  organ -pipe  called 
"  Duiflote." 

Compere,  Louis  (dimin.  Loyset),  b.  Flan- 
ders, abt.  the  middle  of  the  isth  cent.;  d.  St.- 
Quentin,  Aug.  16,  1518  ;  was  in  turn  chorister, 
canon,  and  chancellor  of  St  -Quentin  church. 
He  was  probably  a  pupil  of  Okeghem,  together 
with  Josquin  Depres.  But  few  of  his  motets 
(21)  are  extant  in  collections  (Petrucci,  Venice, 
1501, 1503  ;  idem,  Fossombrone,  1519 ;  Petreius, 
Nuremberg,  1541).  He  was  famed,  however,  as 
a  contrapuntist. 

Conco'ne,  Giuseppe,  b.  Turin,  abt.  1810 ; 
d.  there  June,  1861, 
as  org.  of  the  Court 
Choir.  Previously 
he  lived,  1832-1848, 
in  Paris  as  a  singing- 
teacher. — Works  .  2 
operas,  Un  episodic 
del  San  Michele 
(Turin,  1836);  Gra- 
ziella  (not  prod.); 
vocal  scenes,  duets, 
songs,  etc.;  and  a 
coiflction  of  famous 
solfeggi  in  5  vol.s 
(50  Lezioni,  30  Es- 
ercizl,  25  Lezioni, 
15  Vocalizzi,  and  40  Lezioni  per  Basso). 

Coninck,  Jacques-Felix  de,  b.  Antwerp, 
May  1 8,  1791 ;  d.  Schaerbeck-les-Bruxelles, 
Apr.  25, 1866.  Pianist ;  pupil,  in  Antwerp,  of  de 
Trazegnies  and  Hoefnagels,  and  in  Paris  Cons, 
of  Ferae  (harm.).  After  1818  he  went  with 


Malibran  to  the  United  States,  lived  for  a  time 
in  Paris,  returned  to  Antwerp,  and  founded  the 
"  Soueted'Harmoniti,"  which  he  also  conducted. 
— Publ.  (in  Pans)  concertos,  sonatas,  airs  varies, 
etc.,  f.  pf. 

Coninck,  Joseph  Bernard  de,  son  of  the 
preceding  ;  b.  Ostend,  Mar.  10, 1827.  Pupil  of 
de  Leun  in  Antwerp  In  1845  he  was  awarded 
a  prize,  for  his  "  Essai  sur  I'hi&toire  des  arts  et 
sciences  en  Belgique,"  by  the  "  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Mus  Art."  He  went  to  Paris  in 
1851,  st.  under  Leborne  at  the  Cons.,  and  set- 
tled in  Pans  as  a  composer,  teacher,  and  cntic. — 
Comp.s  •  Comic  opera  Ufaitre  Pathehn,  and 
the  operetta  Le  rat  de  viUe  et  le  rat  des  champs 
(both  prod,  in  Park);  operetta  La  filkde  Figaro; 
also  choruses  a  capp  ,  songs,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Conincfc,  Francois  de,  born  Lebbeke,  Bel- 
gium, Feb.  20, 1810  ;  pianist,  pupil  of  Pixis  and 
Kalkbrenner  at  Paris  ;  settled  in  Brussels,  as  a 
teacher,  in  1832.  Publ.  a  Method  f.  pf.,  and 
pf.-pcs. 

Conra'di,  August,  opera-composer  ;  b.  Ber- 
lin, June  27,  1821  ;  d.  there  May  26,  1873. 
Pupil  of  Rungenhaijen  (comp.).  Organist  of 
the  "  Invalidenhaus  "  in  1843  ;  went  in  1846  to 
Vienna,  and  brought  out  a  symphony  with 
marked  success  ;  was  for  years  an  intimate  of 
Liszt  at  Weimar  ;  occupied  the  post  of  Kapelhn* 
in  the  following  theatres:  Stettin  1849-51, 
"  Konigstadtisches "  (Berlin),  DUsseldorf,  Co- 
logne, and  from  1856  again  in  Berlin,  at  Kroll's, 
the  new  Konigstadtisches,  Wallner's,  and  Vic- 
toria.— Operas  (all  in  Berlin):  Rilbesahl  (1847); 
Alitsa^  der  letzte  Maurenfitrst  (1855);  Die  Braut 
des  Flussgottes  ;  Die  Sixtimsche  Madonna 
(1864);  JCneeht  Ritprecht  (1865);  So  sind  die 
Fraucn  ;  Ini  IVeinberge  des  Herrn  (1867);  Das 
schonste  Madchen  des  Dorfes  (1868);  also  vaude- 
villes, farces,  5  symphonies,  overtures,  string- 
quartets,  etc.  He  arranged  many  popular  pot- 
pourris. 

Conra'di,  Johann  Georg,  Kapdlm.  at  Oet- 
tingen,  end  of  1 7th  cent.,  one  of  the  earliest 
German  opera-comp.s  ;  wrote  for  the  Hamburg 
Theatre. — Operas  :  Ariadne;  Diogenes;  A'ttma 
Pompilius  (1691)  ;  Jerusalem  (1692) ;  Carohts 
Magmts  (1692) ;  Sigismund  (1693) ;  Pygmalion 
(1693);  Gensericu$(iby&. 

Conra'di,  Johan  G.,  Norwegian  composer ; 
b  abt.  1820 ;  d.  Christiania,  Oct.  2,  1896  (aged 
76).  Wrote  historic  notices  of  Norw.  music  and 
musicians ;  comp.  incidental  music  to  popular 
Norwegian  dramas  ;  also  choruses  and  songs. 

Conra'di,  Jules,  b.  Liege,  Belgium,  Jan.  27, 
1834 ;  pupil  of  Decharneux  (organ),  and  (1853- 
7)  of  Daussoigne-Me'hul  at  Liege  Cons.  (comp.). 
For  his  cantata,  Le  meurtre  d'Abel,  he  was 
awarded  the  2nd  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  at  Brussels, 
in  1857.  App.  (in  1864)  prof,  of  solfeggio  at 
the  Cons. — Works :  5  one- act  comic  operas ; 
considerable  church-music ;  romances  ;  dance- 
music  f .  pf . 


121 


CONSTANTIN—  COOPER 


Constantin,  Titus-Charles,  b.  Marseilles, 
Jan.  7,  1835  ;  pupil  of  Ambroise  Thomas  at 
Paris  Cons  ;  cond.  of  the  **  Fantaisies  Tansi- 
ennes"  (i8GG),  Concerts  du  Casino  (1^71), 
Athenee  and  Renaissance  Th.  (1872),  Opera- 
Comique  (1875).—  Works  •  A  comic  opera, 
Dans  la  forte  (1872);  a  ballet,  Bek  (Lyons, 
1867) ;  2  cantatas,  David  Rizzio  and  Le  saint; 
overtures,  etc. 

Con'ti,  Francesco  Bartolommeo,  b.  Flor- 
ence, Jan,  20,  1681;  d.  July  20, 1732,  at  Vienna, 
where  he  became  court  theorbist  in  1 701,  and 
court  comp.  in  1713.  He  produced  16  grand 
operas ;  the  first  was  Clotilda  (Vienna,  1706  ; 
London,  1710);  his  best  was  Don  CJnsciotte  in 
Sierra  Moreno.  (Vienna,  1719  ;  Hamburg,  1722). 
Other  works  .  13  feste  teatrali,  or  serenades  ;  9 
oratorios,  and  over  50  cantatas. 

Con'ti  ["  Conti'ni "],  Ignazio,  b.  Florence, 
1699 ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar.  28,  1759.  The  suc- 
cessor, and  perhaps  the  son,  of  Francesco ; 
wrote  oratorios,  cantatas,  masses,  serenades, 
etc.,  but  was  a  mediocre  talent. 

Con'ti,  Gioac&ino,  a  celebrated  soprano 
(miisico),  surnamed  Gizziello  after  his  teacher, 
Domenico  Gizzi ;  b  Arpino,  Naples,  Feb.  28, 
1714;  d.  Rome,  Oct.  25,  1761.  His  debut  at 
Rome  (1729),  after  7  years'  study,  was  a  bril- 
liant success,  and  his  fame  spread  over  all  Italy  ; 
he  was  no  less  fortunate  on  the  stage  at  Naples, 
and  (1736)  in  London,  where,  in  league  with 
Handel,  he  made  head  against  the  opposition  lo 
the  German  master.  He  also  sang  in  Madrid, 
Lisbon,  etc.;  retired  to  Arpino  in  1753. 

Con'ti,  Carlo,  opera  -  composer ;  b.  Arpino, 
Naples,  Oct.  14,  1797  ;  d^.  Naples,  July  10,  1868. 
Pupil  of  Tntto,  Fenaroli,  and  Zingarelli  at  the 
R.  Coll.  of  S.  Sebastiano,  Naples,  and  later  of 
Simon  Mayr.  Prof,  of  counterpoint  at  Naples 
Cons.  (1846-58),  and  Vice-Director  from  1862, 
succeeding  Mercadante  ;  he  taught  Bellini,  Buo- 
namici,  Lillo,  Florimo,  Marchetti,  Andreatini, 
and  others.  Also  life  -  secretary  of  the  Acca- 
demia,  and  corresponding  member  of  the  Inst.  of 
France. — Wrote  II  operas,  IJQlimpia  (Naples, 
1819)  bein^  the  most  successful ;  also  much 
church-music,  songs  w.  pf.,  etc. 

Con'ti,  Giacinto,  b.  Brescia,  Jan.  31,  1815 ; 
d.  there  in.  April,  1895.  Violinist  and  composer; 
pupil  of  his  father,  Defendente  C.;  Dir.  in  th. 
at  Brescia,  first  of  ballet,  then  of  opera,  the 
latter  for  42  years.  Good  violinist ;  comp.  vln.- 
duets  and  symphonies  for  his  pupils  in  the  Isti- 
tuto  Filarmonico  Venturi. 

Conti'nuo,  Giovanni,  d.  Mantua,  1556,  as 
maestro  to  the  Gonzaga  family  (succeeded  by 
Giaches  de  Wert).  A  fine  contrapuntist,  and  the 
teacher  of  Luca  Marenzio. 

Con'verse,  Charles  Crozat  (pen-name  Karl 
Redan),  b.  Warren,  Mass.,  Oct.  7,  1833 ,  pupil 
of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Richter,  Plaidy).  Settled  in 
Erie,  Pa.,  as  a  lawyer. — Publ.  works :  "Amer. 


Concert-overture"  in  D  on  "Hail  Columbia," 
fur  orch.  (1869);  Ftst-Ou\eiture  (1870);  6  (icr- 
man  Songs  (Leipzig,  1856),  vocal  quartets; 
Anier.  Nat  1  H\mn,  '*  God  for  us  "  (1887) ;  Can- 
tata (on  the  I26th  Psalm)  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch. 
(iSSS)  — In  MS.,  2  symphonies,  2  oratorios,  sev- 
eral overtures,  quartets  and  quintets  f .  strings, 
chorals,  etc. 

Cooke,  Benjamin,  b.  London,  1734;  d.  there 
Sept.  14,  1793.  Composer  and  excellent  org  , 
pupil  of  Pepusch,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1752  as 
cond.  at  the  Acad.  of  Ancient  Music  ;  in  1757 
he  became  choirmaster  (after  Gates),  in  1758  lay- 
vicar,  and  in  1762  organist,  of  Westminster 
Abbey.  Mus.  Doc.,  Cantab.,  1775 ;  ditto  Oxon., 
1 782;' organist  of  St.  Martm's-in-the-Field,  1782. 
In  1789  he  resigned  the  Academy  conductorship 
in  favor  of  Arnold.  His/wA1  as  composer  was 
glees,  canons  and  catches,  for  which  he  took 
several  Catch  Club  prizes  ("Coll.  of  20  Glees, 
Catches,  and  Canons  for  3-6  voices,  in  score  " ; 
London,  1775;  "9  Glees  and  2  Duets,"  1795). 
He  also  wrote  odes,  instrumental  concertos, 
church-music,  pcs.  f.  org.  and  harpsichord,  etc. 

Cooke,  Thomas  Simpson,  b.  Dublin,  1782; 
d.  London,  Feb.  26,  1848.  A  pupil  of  his  fa- 
ther and  Giordani.  Cond.  the  theatre-orch  , 
Dublin ;  was  then  for  years  an  opera-singer 
(tenor)  at  Drury  Lane,  asst.-cond.  at  Drury  Lane, 
asst.-cond.  of  the  Philharm.,  and  (1846)  leader 
of  the  Concerts  of  Antient  Music.  Also  prof, 
at  the  R.A.M  ,  an  esteemed  singing-teacher 
(Sims  Reeves  was  his  pupil),  and  the  author  of 
two  vocal  treatises,  "Singing  exemplified  in  a 
series  of  Solfeggt,  etc., "and  "Singing  in  Parts, 
etc."  (London,  abt.  1842).  Composed  nearly  20 
operas  for  Drury  Lane. 

Coombs,  Charles  Whitney,  organist  and 
composer  ;  b.  Ilucksport,  Maine,  Dec.  25,  1859. 
Studied  for  5  years  in  Stuttgart  (pf.  with  Speidel, 
theory  and  comp.  w.  Max  Seifriz),  and  6  years  in 
Dresden  (comp.  w  Draeseke,  orchestration  w. 
Hermann  John,  org.  w  P.  Janssen,  and  voice  w. 
Lamperti);  also  a  year  in  England  studying 
music  and  methods  of  the  English  Church. 
Organist  of  Amer.  Ch.  in  Dresden,  1887-91, 
when  he  returned  to  America,  and  took  charge 
of  the  music  in  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Com- 
munion, New  York,  still  holding  the  position 
in  1899. — Publ.  works;  "The  Vision  of  St. 
John,"  cantata  w.  full  orch.  and  org.;  "Hymn 
of  Peace,"  with  soli,  ch ,  orch.,  and  org.; 
"  Song  of  Judith,"  motet  f.  sopr.  and  bar.  soli  . 
and  ch.;  a  number  of  sacred  songs,  anthems, 
etc.;  and  about  30  songs,  many  of  which  are 
great  favorites. 

Cooper,  Henry  Christopher,  violinist ;  b. 
Bath,  England,  1819;  d.  Glasgow,  Jan.  26, 
1881.  Pupil  of  Spagnoletti ;  principal  violinist 
at  R.  Ital.  Opera  ;  leader  of  the  Philharm. ;  cond. 
at  several  th.s,  finally  at  the  Gaiety,  Glasgow. 
An  excellent  soloist. 


122 


COOPER— CORELLI 


Cooper,  George,  b.  Lambeth,  London,  July 
7,  1820,  d.  London,  Oct.  2,  1876.  Organist  of 
several  churches,  finally  (1856)  of  the  Chapel 
Royal.  Publ.  "The  Organist's  Assistant,"  se- 
lections from  classical  authors;  "The  Org.'s 
Manual";  "Organ  Arrangements"  (3  vol.s) ; 
"Classical  Extracts  for  the  Organ";  "  Introd. 
to  the  Organ";  also  songs  and  part-songs.  An 
able  performer,  he  did  much  to  elevate  the  pub- 
lic taste. 

Coote,  Charles,  English  bandmaster  and 
comp  of  dance-music  ;  b.  1809  ;  d.  London, 
March  6,  iSSo.  His  numerous  polkas,  waltzes, 
and  galops  are  popular  ("Rage  of  London," 
"  Break-neck,"  "  Express,"  etc.). 

Copera'rio  [John  Cooper,  an  Englishman 
who  Italianized  his  patronymic  after  study  in 
Italy],  a  famous  lutenist  and  viola-da-gamba 
player  in  the  latter  half  of  the  i6th  cent  ; 
teacher  of  the  children  of  James  I.,  and  of 
Henry  and  William  Lawes. — Works  •  Music  to 
2  Masques ;  a  set  of  Fancies  f .  org  ;  several 
ditto  f.  viol,  songs  ("Funeral  Tears,"  etc., 
"  Songs  of  Mourning,"  etc.). 

Cop'pola,  Pietro  Antonio  [Pierantonio], 
dramatic  composer ;  b.  Castrogiovanni,  Sicily, 
Dec.  IT,  1793;  d.  Catania,  Nov.  13,  1877.  A 
pupil  of  the  Naples  Cons  for  a  short  time,  but 
chiefly  self-taught,  he  was  a  contemporary  and  a 
not  wholly  fortunate  rival  of  Rossini.  He  pro- 
duced some  15  operas  from  1816—1850,  without 
real  success  until  the  fifth,  Afina  pasxa  per 
amore  (Rome,  1835  ;  thence  to  many  chief  cities 
of  Europe  ;  and  at  Paris  as  Eva};  abt.  1839  C. 
became  cond.  of  the  Lisbon  Royal  Opera.  Be- 
sides operas,  he  wrote  masses,  litanies,  and  other 
church-music. 

Coquard,  Arthur,  b.  Paris,  1846.  Private 
pupil  of  Cesar  Franck.  Prof,  of  music  at  the 
Nat.  Inst.  of  the  "Jeunes  Aveugles";  music 
critic  forl'Le  Monde." — Comp.s :  2-act  opera 
r£p&  du  roi  (Angers,  1884);  3-act  com.  op., 
Le  man  d'ttn  jour  (Paris,  1886) ;  2-act  (spec- 
tacular) lyric  drama  VOiseau  blcu{  Paris,  1894) ; 
4-act  lyr.  dr.  La  Jacquerie  (Monte  Carlo  and 
Paris,  1895) ;  4-act  opera  Jahel  (not  perf  ) ;  lyr. 
dr.  Philoi&te  (do.)  ;  an  oratorio,  Jeanne  d*Are; 
several  secular  cantatas  — Hepubl.  (Paris,  1892) ; 
"De  la  musique  en  France  depuis  Rameau," 
which  received  a  prize  from  the  Acad.  des  beaux- 
arts. 

Corbett,  William,  Engl.  violinist ;  b.  1669  (?) ; 
d.  London  (?),  1748.  A  member  of  the  queen's 
band,  he  lived  in  Rome  from  1711-40;  he  • 
gave  occasional  concerts,  and  was  a  collector 
of  musical  books  and  instr.s,  bequeathing  the 
latter  to  Gresham  College.  Ihibl.  many  sonatas, 
and  "  concertos  "  f.  various  instr.s ;  wrote  incid. 
mus.  to  Henry  IV.  and  Love  Betrayed;  also 
songs. 

Cordons,  Bartolommeo,  composer ;  b.  Ven- 
ice, 1700 ;  d,  Udine,  May  14,  1757 ;  entered 
the  order  of  the  Franciscans  at  an  early  age, 


but  obtained  Papal  dispensation  later  to  leave  it. 
From  1729-31  he  brought  out  3  mod.  succ 
operas  at  Venice  ,  in  1735  he  became  maestro 
at  Udine  cathedral,  and  composed  an  immense 
amount  of  church-music,  much  of  which  was 
purposely  destroyed,  yet  in  the  cathedral  ar- 
chives 60  masses,  over  100  psalms,  many  motets, 
etc  ,  are  preserved  in  MS. 

Cordel'la,  Giacomo,  b.  Naples,  July  25, 
1786  ;  d.  there  Aug.  8,  1846.  Pupil  of  Fena- 
roli  and  Paisiello,  and  a  very  prolific  dramatic 
composer,  19  of  his  operas  having  been  pro- 
duced, chiefly  in  Naples.  He  was  prof,  of  sol- 
feggio at  Naples  Cons.,  m.  di  capp  at  several 
convents  in  Naples,  and  long  director  of  music 
at  the  San  Carlo  Th.  Also  wrote  masses,  can- 
tatas, etc. 

Corder,  Frederick,  b.  Hackney,  London, 
Jan.  26,  1852.  Pupil  of  R.  A.  M.,  and  in  1875 
won  the  Mendelssohn  Scholarship  ;  from  1875-8 
studied  with  Ferd.  Hiller  at  Cologne ;  became 
cond.  of  Brighton  Aquarium  Concerts  in  iSSo, 
and  greatly  improved  their  quality.  Now  resid- 
ing at  Brighton  as  a  teacher  and  composer. 
He  is  also  a  translator,  writer,  and  critic  of 
good  repute. — Works.  Op.  I,  orch.  suite,  "In 
the  Black  Forest";  op.  2,  Idyll  for  orch., 
"  Evening  on  the  Sea-shore "  ;  op.  3,  grand 
opera  Morte  d* Arthur  (1877) ;  op.  4,  opera 
Philomel  (1879) ;  op.  5,  cantata  The  Cyclops; 
op.  6,  4  River  Songs  (trios  f.  female  voices) ; 
Ossitifi,  concert-overture ;  3  operettas :  A 
Storm  2«  a  Teacup  (1880)  ;  The  Nabob's  Pickle 
(1883);  The  Noble  Savagt  (1885) ;  u  Dream- 
land," ode  f.  ch.  and  orch.  (1883) ;  orch.  scenes 
for  The  Tempest  (1886) ;  Roumanian  dances  f. 
pf.  and  vln. ;  overture  f  orch.,  "Prospero"; 
cantata  The  Bridal  of  Triermain  /  3^act  opera 
A^ordlsa  (1887);  Roumanian  Suite  f.  orch.; 
"  The  Minstrel's  Curse,"  ballad  f.  declamation 
w.  orch.  (1888) ;  The  Sword  of  Argantyr^ 
dram,  cantata  (1889). 

Corel'li,  Arcangelo,  admirable  violinist  and 
composer ;  born  Fusignano,  n.  Imola,  Italy,  in 
Feb.,  1653  ;  d.  Rome,  Jan.  13,  1713.  His  violin 
teacher  was  G.  B.  Bassani ;  counterpoint  he 
learned  with  Matteo  Simonelli.  Little  is  known 
of  his  life  until  1681,  when,  after  travelling  in 
Germany  and  holding  a  position  in  Munich,  he 
settled  in  Rome  under  the  patronage  of  Cardinal 
Pietro  Ottoboni,  in  whose  house  he  lived.  His 
talents,  combined  with  a  winning  personality, 
made  him  a  favorite  in  the  highest  social  circles 
of  Rome ;  his  concerts  in  the  cardinal's  palace 
were  considered  the  chief  musical  events  of  the 
day.  In  1683  his  op.  I  was  published.  As  a 
teacher  his  fame  grew  apace  ;  pupils  flocked  to 
him  from  all  sides,  among  them  Battista  Anet, 
Geminiani,  Locatelli,  and  G.  and  L.  Somis.  The 
King  of  Naples  made  repeated  overtures  to  C.  to 
enter  his  service :  at  length,  yielding- to  his  solici- 
tations, C.  went  to  Naples,  and  gave  a  very  suc- 
cessful concert  before  the  court ;  but  his  second 


123 


CORNELIUS— CORONARO 


attempt  failed  to  please  the  king,  he  himself 
made  some  awkward  slips,  and  soon  thereafter 
returned    to    Rome 
covered    with    mor- 
tification.     Here    a 
mediocre     violinist, 
Valentini,  had  been 
well  received  by  the 
public      meantime ; 
and  Corelli,  imagin- 
ing    himself     sup- 
planted   and     neg- 
lected,  went  into  a 
decline,     and    died 
"aged  59  years,  10 
months,  and  20 
days.1*   He  was  buried  in  the  Church  of  Santa 
Maria  della  Rotonda  ;  his  statue  is  in  the  Vati- 
can.— C.'s  merit  was  twofold  ,  understanding  the 
character  of  his  instrument,  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  good  violin-technique  :  to  him  are  attrib- 
uted the  systematization  of  the  science  of  bow- 
ing and  the  regulation  of  the  shifts  and  the  in- 
troduction of  chord-playing.     His  compositions 
are  still  regarded  as  classics.     His  greatest  effort 
was  the  "  Concerti  grossi,"  which  appeared  only 
six  weeks  before  his  death.     Of  the  works  publ. 
under  Corelli's  name,  all  but  the  following  six, 
which  are  given  under  their  original  titles,  are 
probably  spurious :  "  12  Suonate  a  tre,  due  vio- 
lini e  violoncello,  col  basso  per  Torgano.   Op.  I, 
Roma,  1683  "  ;  "  12  Suonate   da  camera  a  tre, 
due  violini,  violoncello,   e  violone  o  cembalo. 
Op.  2,  Roma,   1685";  "12  Suonate  a  tre,  due 
violini  e  arcihuto  col  basso  per  1'organo.      Op. 
3,  Bologna,   1690";    "12  Suonate  da  camera 
a  tre,  due  violini  e  violone  o  cembalo.    Op.  4, 
Bologna,  1694 "(in  Amsterdam  as  "Ballettida 
camera");  "12  Suonate  a  violono  e  violone  o 
cembalo.      Op.   5,    Roma,  1700"  (later  arr  by 
Geminiani  as   "Concerti  grossi ");  "Concerti 
grossi  con  due  violini  e  violoncello  di  concer- 
tino obbligato,  e  due  altri  violini,  viola  e  basso 
di  concerto  grosso  ad  arbitrio,  che  si  possono 
raddoppiare.    Op.  6,  Roma,  1712."  All  these 
were  variously  reprinted  at  the  time,  more  re- 
cent editions  are  by  Pepusch  (Walsh :  London ; 
op.  1-4,  and  op.  6)  ;  by  Joachim  (in  Chrysander's 
"  Denkmaler   ,  op,  i  and  2),  and  by  Alard  and 
David  (some  numbers  from  op  5). 

Cornelius,  Peter,  composer  and  writer ;  b. 
Mayence,  Dec.  24,  1824 ;  d.  there  Oct.  26, 1874. 
A  nephew  of  the  painter  Peter  von  Cornelius, 
he  at  first  embraced  the  profession  of  an  actor ; 
but  after  an  unsuccessful  debut  he  changed  his 
mmd,  studied  cpt.  with  Dehn  at  Berlin  (1845-52), 
and  then  joined  Liszt's  following  in  Weimar, 
as  a  champion  of  Wagner,  contributing  frequent 
articles  to  the  "Neue  Zeitschnftf.  Musik."  The 
failure  of  C.'s  opera,  Dcr  Bar  bier  von  Bagdad 
(Weimar,  1858),  through  factious  opposition,  so 
disgusted  Liszt  that  he  left  Weimar  ,  the  opera 
later  (1886-7)  met  with  deserved  success  in  Dres- 
den,  Coburg,  Hamburg,  and  other  cities.  C. 


now  (1859)  went  to  Wagner  at  Vienna,  and  fol- 
lowed him  to  Munich  (1865),  where  he  was  app. 
reader  to  King  Lud- 
wig  II.,  and  prof,  of 
harm,  and  rhetoric  at 
the  R.  Music  School. 
A  second  opera,  Der 
dd,  was  prod,  at 
Weimar  in  1865  ;  a 
third,  Gitnlod  (from 
the  Edda)  remained 
unfinished  [complet- 
ed by  Lassen,  and 
prod,  at  Strassburg 
in  1892].  He  publ. 
"Lieder-Cyclus"(op. 
3),  Duets  f.  sopr.  and  bar.  (op.  6),  Weihnachts- 
lieder  (op.  8),  Trawnhore  f.  male  ch.  (op. 
9).  Many  of  these  enjoy  considerable  vogue, 
though  the  part-writing  is  not  smooth  and  the 
harmonies  are  sometimes  forced.  A  vol  of 
"  Lyrische  Poesien  "  was  issued  m  1861  ,  C.  also 
wrote  the  libretti  of  his  operas,  and  was  a  fine 
translator.  Biographies  of  C.  have  been  written 
by  Sandberger  ("  Leben  u.  Werke  des  Dichter- 
Musikers  P.  C."  Leipzig,  1887),  and  Hermann 
Kretzschmar  (Leipzig,  Br.  und  Hartel). 

Cornell',  John  Henry,  b.  New  York,  in  May, 
1828  ;  d.  there  March  I,  1894.  Organist,  com- 
poser, writer  ;  st.  in  N.  Y.,  Germany,  and  Eng- 
land Organist  in  several  N.  Y.  churches  (1848, 
St  John's  Chapel ;  1868-77,  St.  Paul's  Church  ; 
1877-82,  Old  Brick  Ch.).  His  sacred  composi- 
tions are  highly  esteemed ;  of  his  writings  we 
note  "  Primer  of  Modern  Mus.  Tonality," 
**  Practice  of  Sight-singing,"  "  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Mus.  Form"  (after  L.  Bussler), 
"  Easy  Method  of  Modulation,"  "  Manual  of 
Roman  Chant,"  and  "Congregational  Tune 
Book  "  "  The  Introit  Psalms,  as  prescribed  by 
the  First  Prayer-book  of  Edward  VI  ,  set  to 
Original  Chants  "  (N.  Y.,  1871);  a  Te  Deum ; 
part-songs ;  songs  w.  pf . ;  etc.  Also  numerous 
translations. 

Cornet,  Julius,  b.  1792  at  S.  Candido  in  the 
Tyrol ,  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  29,  1860.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Salieri  ;  became  a  famous  stage-tenor, 
then  director  of  the  Hamburg  Th. ,  from  1854-8, 
of  Court  Opera  in  Vienna,  and  finally  of  the 
Victoria  Th.,  Berlin.  Author  of  "Die  Oper  in 
Deutschland."— His  wife,  Franziska  (1806- 
1870),  was  a  brilliant  singer. 

Corona'ro,  Gaetano,  violinist  and  composer ; 
b.  Vicenza,  Italy,  Dec.  18,  1852.  Pupil  of  the 
Milan  Cons,  till  1873  ;  studied  for  some  months 
in  Germany,  and,  on  returning,  successfully 
prod,  the  opera  Un  Tramonto  (Milan,  Cons. 
Th.,  1873).  This  was  followed  by  the  3-act 
opera  seria  La  Creola  (Bologna,  1878),  and  the 
3-act  op.  seria  //  Malacarne  (Brescia,  1894).  C. 
was  for  several  years  prof,  of  harmony  in  the 
Milan  Cons.,  and,  since  A.  Catalani's  death  in 
1894,  prof,  of  comp.  there. 


124 


CORONARO— COTTRAU 


Corona'ro,  Gellio  Benvenuto,  b.  Italy,  abt. 
1863  ;  pianist  and  comp.  (protect  of  Sonzogno) ; 
debut  as  pianist  at  the  age  of  8 ,  and  at  9,  org  in 
Vicenza  ;  at  13,  theatre-cond.  at  Marosteca  ;  at 
15,  chorusmaster  ;  at  16,  entered  Bologna  Cons  , 
graduating  with  first  prizes  ;  comp.  a  symphony 
and  a  cantata  —Works  •  Q^&^Jolanda  (1889  ?); 
i-act  dramatic  sketch  Festa  a  Marina  [took  1st 
prize  in  1892,  offered  by  Sonzogno]  (Venice, 
1893  ;  mod.  succ.) ;  operetta  Minestrone  *fapo- 
letano  (Messina,  1893  ;  succ  ) ;  2-act  op.  seria 
Claudia  (Milan,  1695  ;  unsucc.). 

Cor'ri,  Domenico,  b.  Rome,  Oct.  4,  1744 ; 
d.  London,  May  22,  1825.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Porpora  (1763-7)  ,  settled  in  London  in  1774, 
brought  out  2  operas,  Alessandro  ndle  Indie 
(1774)  and  The  Travellers  (abt.  1780),  and 
founded,  with  his  son-in-law  Dussek,  a  music- 
business  (1797),  which  failed.  He  publ.  "The 
Singer's  Preceptor"  (1798),  "Musical  Diction- 
ary "  (1798),  "  The  Art  of  Fingering"  (1799),  and 
a  "  Mus.  Grammar";  also  anas,  songs,  duets, 
sonatas,  and  rondos. 

Cor'si,  Jacopo,  b.  abt.  1560 ;  a  Florentine 
nobleman  and  patron  of  art,  in  whose  house,  as 
in  that  of  his  friend  Bardi,  were  held  the  memor- 
able meetings  of  Peri,  Caccmi,  Emiliodel  Cava- 
liere,  Galilei,  the  poet  Rinuccini,  and  others, 
whose  efforts  inaugurated  the  era  of  modern 
operatic  composition.  Corsi,  the  host,  was  him- 
self a  skilful  player  on  the  gravicembalo^  and 
aided  in  the  performance  of  the  new  music. 

Cortec'cia,  Francesco  Bernardo  di,  b. 
Arezzo,  early  in  the  i6th  century ;  d.  Florence, 
June  7,  1571.  Org.,  in  1531,  of  the  Ch.  of  S. 
Lorenzo  ;  1541-71,  m  di  capp.  to  Duke  Cosimo 
the  Great. — Publ.  wedding-music  (for  the  Duke), 
9  pieces,  a  4,  6,  and  8  (Venice,  1539) ;  3  books 
of  Madrigals  (1545,  '47,  '47) ;  Responses  and 
Lessons  (1570)  ;  32  Hymns  a  4;  Canticorum 
liber  primus  (1571) ;  many  others  have  been  de- 
stroyed. 

Coss'mann,  Bernhard,  fine  'cellist  and  com- 
poser ;  b  Dessau,  May  17,  1822.  Pupil  of 
Espenhahn  and  Drechsler,  also  of  Theo.  Muller 
and  Kummer  (in  Dresden).  A  member  of  the 
Grand  Ope'ra  Orch.,  Paris,  in  1840;  London 
(1841);  Op.-Com.,  Paris,  till  1846;  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig,  1847-8,  as  solo  'cellist,  also  studying 
comp.  under  Hauptmann ;  at  Weimar  (with 
Liszt)  in  1850  ;  in  1866,  prof,  at  Moscow  Cons.; 
lived  from  1870-8  at  Baden-Baden  ;  since  then, 
prof,  of  'cello  at  Frankfort  Cons. — Works  :  Con- 
certstttck;  Pieces  de  salon;  Fantasias  on  opera- 
tic motives. 

Cos'ta,  Carlo,  b.  Naples,  1826;  d.  there 
Jan.,  1888  ;  teacher  of  mus.  theory  in  Naples 
Cons. 


29,  1884.  His  father,  Pasquale  C  [a  composer 
of  church-music,  and  pupil  of  L  Leo],  was  his 
first  teacher ,  he  then 
studied  in  the  Cons, 
under  Tritto,  Zmga- 
relli  (comp.),  and 
Crescentini  (sing- 
ing). After  bring- 
ing out  4  successful 
operas  at  Naples,  he 
was  sent  to  Birming- 
ham,Eng.,  byZmga- 
relli,  to  conduct  the 
latter's  psalm  Super 
Jlumina  Babilonis, 
but  through  some 
misunderstanding 
was  required  to  smg  the  tenor  part,  instead 
of  conducting.  But  he  remained  permanently 
in  England ;  was  eng.  (1830)  as  ;;/.  al  cembalo 
at  the  King's  Th.,  London,  in  1832  as  musical 
director,  and  in  1833  as  director  and  conductor. 
During  this  time  he  produced  the  three  ballets 
Kemlworih  (1831),  Une  heiire  h  Xaples  (1832), 
and  Sir  Hiton  (1833,  for  Taglioni).  In  1846 
he  became  cond.  of  the  Philh.  and  of  the  new 
Ital.  Opera ;  in  1848,  of  the  Sacred  Harmonic 
Society.  From  1849  he  was  the  regular  cond. 
of  the  Birmingham  Festivals ;  from  1857,  of 
the  Handel  Festivals.  He  was  knighted  in 
1869;  in  1871  he  was  app.  "director  of  the 
music,  composer,  and  conductor"  at  H.  M.'s 
Opera.  Besides  the  oratorios  La  Passwne  (Na- 
ples, 1825),  Eh  (Birmingham,  1855),  and  Naa- 
man  (ib.,  1864),  he  prod  the  following  operas : 
//  sospetto  funesto  (Naples,  1826) ;  //  delitto 
punito  (1827);  //  careers  d'lldegonda  (Naples, 
1828);  Malvina  (Naples,  1829  ;  revived  as  Makk 
Adel  in  Paris,  1838)  ;  and  Don  Carlos  (London, 
1844);  also  2  cantatas,  amass,  3  symphonies,  etc. 

Cos'ta,  P.  Mario,  b.  Taranto,  July  26,  1858; 
nephew  of  Michele  C. ;  has  written  much  cham- 
ber-music, and  many  popular  songs,  mostly  in 
Neapolitan  dialect  (Luna  Nova,  Oje  Canili, 
Serenata  Medioevale,  'A  Frangesa,  Serenata  d'un 
Suonatore,  'A  Napulitana.  Oill  Oila,  *O  capo 
figlio,  'A  Sartulella,  Canzonetta,  Nanni;  Sere- 
natella,  Mena  me',  etc.) ;  also  2  pantomimes, 
Le  Module  rhxf,  and  VHistotre  d'un  Pierrot 
(Paris,  1894?;  succ.). 

Cot'ta,  Johann,  b.  Ruhla,  Thuringia,  May 
24, 1794;  d.  as  pastor  at  Willerstedt,  n.  Weimar, 
Mar.  18,  1868.  Composed  the  folk-song,  "Was 
ist  des  Deutschen  Vaterland  ?  " 

Cot'to  [Cotto'nius],  Johannes,  an  early 
writer  (nth  to  I2th  cent );  his  treatise  **  Epistola 
ad  Fulgentium"  contains  valuable  information 
on  the  beginnings  of  notation  and  solmisation 
(printed  by  Gerbert  in  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  ii). 


Cos'ta,  Sir  Michael  (properly  Michele),  Cot'trau,  Guillaume  [Gugliclmo],  b.  Paris, 
dram.  comp.  and  celebrated  conductor ;  b.  Na-  Aug.  10,  1797;  d.  Naples,  Oct.  31,  1847.  A 
pies,  Febr  4,  1810  (1807?);  df  Brighton,  Apr.  pupil  of  the  Naples  Cons,  (Crepcentini) ;  com, . 

125 


COUCY— COURYOISIER 


poser  of  popular  songs  in  the  Neapolitan  dialect 
(Ra/iella  ;  Michelemma  ,  Fenesta  che  lucivi ; 
Fenesta  vascia  e  patrone  crudele ;  etc.).— His 
sons,  Teodoro,  pen-name  Eutalindo  Martelli 
(b.  Naples,  Xov.  7,  1827  ;  d.  there  March  30, 
1879),  and  Giulio  [Jules],  are  likewise  popular 
song-composers ;  the  latter  (residing  in  Pans) 
has  also  written  several  French  operettas  ( Une 
seutinelk  perdue;  La  princesse  Georges;  La 
mouche  blanche},  and  the  operas  Griselda  and  Le 
roi  Lear. 

Coucy,  Regnault,  Chatelain  de,  a  trouba- 
dour; d.  1192,  in  Palestine,  whither  he  had 
accomp  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion.  A  poem  of 
abt.  1228,  "  Li  Roumans  dou  Chastelam  de 
Coucy  et  de  la  dame  de  Fayel,"  narrates  how  the 
dying  troubadour  requested  that  his  heart  should 
be  sent  to  his  lady-love,  whose  jealous  husband 
intercepted  it,  and  had  it  served  up,  roasted,  to 
his  wife,  who  died  broken-hearted  on  being  told 
what  she  had  eaten. — Following  the  numerous 
MSS.  in  the  Pans  Library,  several  modern  ver- 
sions of  Regnault's  songs  have  been  publ. ;  the 
best  is  the  "  Chansons  du  Chatelain  de  Coucy," 
by  Francisque-Michel  (Paris,  1830),  with  the  old 
music. 

Couperin,  a  family  of  French  musicians,  re- 
nowned for  two  centuries.  Those  first  known 
to  fame  were  3  brothers,  Louis,  Charles,  and 
Fran9ois,  of  Chaume  in  the  dept.  of  Bne. 

Couperin,  Louis,  b.  1630,  d.  1665  as  org  of 
St.-Gervais,  Pans ,  he  was  also  "  dessus  de 
viole"  (violinist)  to  Louis  XIII.  He  left,  in 
MS.,  3  suites  of  pcs.  f.  clavecin. 

Couperin,  Francois  (Sieur  de  Crouilly),  b. 
1631,  d.  1701 ;  a  pupil  of  Chambonmeres  in 
harm,  and  clavecin-playing  ;  was  org.  at  St.- 
Gervais,  1670-98. — Works  in  MS.:  "Pieces 
d'orgue  consistantes  en  deux  messes,  etc." 

Couperin,  Charles,  b.  1638,  d.  1669 ,  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Louis,  in  1665,  as  org.  at 
St.-Gervais. 

Couperin,  Francois  (suraamed  le  Grand, 
on  account  of  his  superiority  in  organ-playing), 
son  of  Charles  C  ;  b.  Paris,  1668  ;  d.  there  1733. 
He  wafc  taught  by 
the  organist  Louis- 
Jacques  Thomelin ; 
succeeded  his  uncle 
Fran9ois  as  org.  at 
S.-G.  in  1698 ;  in 
1701  was  appointed 
"  claveciniste  de  la 
chambre  du  roi,  et 
organiste  de  sa  cha- 
pelle."  Chrysander, 
in  the  Preface  to  the 
complete  edition  of 
C.'s  comp.s  f.  clav. 
(London  ;  prepared 
by  Chrysander  and 

Brahms),  writes,  "C\  is  the  first  great  composer 
for  the  harpsichord  known  in  the  history  of 


music.  The  eminent  masters  who  preceded 
him — Merulo.  Frescobaldi,  and  many  others — 
applied  their  art  quite  as  much  to  the  organ  as 
to  the  harpsichord ;  whereas  Coupenn,  though 
he  played  both  instruments,  wrote  for  the  latter 
only.  He  stands,  therefore,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  modern  penod,  and  must  be  re- 
garded as  clearing  the  way  for  a  new  art. 
Among  his  younger  contemporaries,  and,  in 
part,  his  pupils,  were  Scarlatti,  Handel,  and 
Bach.  Couperm's  method  of  \\  nting  music  was 
very  peculiar.  It  was  his  constant  aim  to  set 
down  the  music  with  the  greatest  possible  full- 
ness, exactly  as  he  pla}ed  it  on  his  instiument. 
Even  the  manifold  embellishments  are  most 
accurately  indicated.  All  this  gives  to  his  music 
a  more  technical  appearance  than  has  that  of  any 
other  master  of  the  period." — Works  14"  Livres 
de  pieces  de  clavecin,"  publ.  Pans,  1713,  1716, 
1722,  and  1730,  respectively ;  the  3rd  also  con- 
tains "4  concerts  A  1'usage  de  toutes  sortes  d'in- 
struments";  "Les  Gouts  reunis,  ou  Nouveaux 
Concerts  .  .  .  "  (1724) ;  4t  L'Apotheose  de 
I'incomparable  L  *  *  *  "  [Lulh]  (no  dale) ; 
Trios  ;  "  Le9ons  des  tenebres  4  une  et  deux 
voix"  (no  date);  "L'art  de  toucher  du  clave- 
cin "(1717)- 

Couperin,  Nicolas,  son  of  Fra^ois  the 
elder ;  b.  Pans,  1680 ;  d.  1748  as  org.  of  St.- 
Gervais. 

Couperin,  Annand-Louis,  son  of  Nicolas  ; 
b.  Paris,  Jan.  u,  1721 ;  d.  there  1789.  II is 
virtuosity  on  the  organ  was  extraordinary ;  he 
was  org.  in  turn  to  the  king,  of  St.-Gervais,  St.- 
Barthelemy,  of  Ste. -Marguerite,  and- one  of  the 
4  organists  of  Notre-Dame.  His  comp  s  (so- 
natas, a  trio,  motets,  and  other  church-music) 
are  correctly  written,  but  not  inspired,  music. — 
His  wife,  filisabeth-  Antoinette  (nifc  Blan- 
chet),  was  also  a  remarkable  organist  and  clave- 
cinist,  playing  in  public  at  the  age  of  81  (in  iCio). 

Couperin,  Pierre  -  Louis,  son  of  Armand- 
Louis,  was  his  father's  assistant-organist ;  d. 
1789. 

Couperin,  Gervais  -  Francois,  son  of  Ar- 

mand-Louis,  and  the  last  of  this  illustrious 
family,  succeeded  his  father  as  orjj.  of  St.-Ger- 
vais, and  in  other  posts.  His  ability  was  medi- 
ocre, both  as  a  comp.  and  player. 

Couppey.    See  LE  COUPPEY. 

Courtois,  Jean,  French  contrapuntist  in  the 
first  half  of  the  i6th  century,  was  m.  tie  f/iap. 
at  Cambrai  cath.  in  1540,  when  a  4-part  motet 
of  his,  Venite  populi  terrae,  was  perf.  before 
Charles  V.  of  Spain.  A  mass,  Domine  qitis 
habitabit,\s  in  the  Munich  Library  (MS.  51) ; 
motets  and  psalms  have  been  publ. 

Courvoisier,  Karl,  violinist ;  b.  Basel,  Nov. 
12,  1846  ;  pupil  of  David  and  Rontgen  at  Leip- 
zig Cons.  (1867-9),  an£l  of  Joachim  in  Berlin 
(1869-70).  In  1871  he  was  for  a  short  time  a. 
member  of  the  Thalia  Th.  orch.,  Frankfprt ;  he 


COUSSEMAKER— CRAMER 


remained  in  that  city  till  1875,  conducting,  and 
studying  singing  with  Gustav  Barth  ,  then  be- 
came conductor  of  the  Dusseldorf  Theatre 
orch.,  resigning  in  iS/6  to  devote  himself  to 
teaching  and  to  conducting  choral  societies. 
Since  1885  he  has  resided  in  Liverpool  as  a 
singing-teacher. — Comp  s  :  A  symphony,  2 
concert-overtures,  and  a  vln. -concerto  (MS.) ; 
minor  pieces  have  been  publ. — He  has  written 
an  admirable  essay,  "  Die  Yiohntechnik  "  (Eng- 
lish transl.,  "  The  Technics  of  Violin-playing," 
by^H.  E.  Krehbiel;  2nd  ed.  N.  Y.,  1896);  an 
"  Ecole  de  la  velocite  "  f.  vln.,  and  a  "  Methode 
de  Violon  "  (London,  1892). 

Coussemaker,  Charles  -  Edouard  -  Henri 
de,  eminent  musicograph  ;  b.  Dailleul,  Nord, 
Apr.  19,  1805  ,  d  Bourbourg,  Jan.  10,  1876. 
"His  musical  aptitude  was  such,  that  at  10  he 
could  play  any  piece  upon  the  piano  at  sight." 
\Vhile  studying  law  at  Pans,  he  took  private 
lessons  with  Pellegrini  in  singing,  and  with 
Payer  and  Reicha  in  harm. ,  continuing  studies 
in  cpt.  with  V.  Lefebvre,  at  Douai,  after  becom- 
ing a  lawyer.  At  this  time  (1831-5)  he  found 
leisure  to  compose  music  of  the  most  varied 
description,  all  of  which,  excepting  a  score  of 
romances,  and  2  sets  of  songs,  is  unpubl.  But 
perusal  of  the  "  Revue  musicale  "  (then  edited 
by  Fetis)  excited  his  interest  in  historico- 
musical  research,  which  thenceforward  formed 
the  chief  aim  of  his  literary  labors,  pursued 
with  equal  ardor  during  successive  terras  as 
judge  in  Hazebrouck,  Dunkerque,  and  Lille, 
He  publ.  "  Memoire  sur  Hucbald"  (Paris, 
1841) ;  "  Notices  sur  les  collections  mus.  de  la 
biblioth&que  de  Cambrai  ..."  (1843)  I  "  Essai 
sur  les  instr  s  de  musique  au  moyen  kge "  (in 
Dindron's  "Annales  archeologiques,"  illus- 
trated) ;  * £  Histoire  de  I'hannonie  au  moyen  age  " 
(1852) ;  "  3  chants  historiques  "  (1854) ;  *'  Chants 
populaires  des  Flamands  de  France "  (1856) ; 
44  Drames  liturgiques  du  moyen  age  "  (1861) ; 
"Les  hannonistes  des  XIIe  et  X I IIe  siecles" 
(1864) ;  a  grand  work,  intended  for  a  supple- 
ment to  Gerbert,  entitled  "  Scriptores  de  musica 
mediiaevi,  nova  series"  (1864-76,  4  vol.s) ; 
44L'art  harmonique  aux  XI Ie  et  XII Ie  siecles" 
(1865);  "GEuvres  completes  d'Adam  de  la 
Halle  "(1872) 

Cousser.     See  KUSSER. 

Cov'erly,  Robert,  composer ;  b.  Oporto, 
Portugal,  Sept.  6,  1863.  He  studied  counter- 
point, orchestration,  and  violin,  under  Weist 
Hill,  Ludwig,  and  Jacquinot,  in  London.  He 
is  now  (1899)  living  in  New  York,  engaged  in 
composition  and  comic-opera  work.  From  a 
long  list  of  publ.  works,  the  following  are  se- 
lected as  representative: — For  Pf.:  Scene  de 
ballet ;  2  Tarantellas  ;  Recreation  at  the  Nun- 
nery ;  L' Inquietude,  etude  de  concert  ;  Berceuse 
(arr.  from  Gounod) ;  Impromptu  ;  10  Sketches  ; 
10  Ballades;  "At  the  Monastery,"  festival 
march  ;  characteristic  marches  (Span.,  Hungar., 
Egyptian,  Russian,  Arabian ;  The  Passing  Regi- 


ment  f  Spanish  Gypsy  Dance) ;  Concert-study 
for  vln.  and  pf. —  Vocal  •  Very  numerous  songs, 
some  of  which  have  attained  wide  popularity. 

Coward,  James,  excellent  organist ,  b  Lon- 
don, Jan.  25,  1824 ;  d.  there  Jan.  22,  iSSo. 
Chorister  m  Westminster  Abbey ;  org.  at  the 
Crystal  Palace  1857-80;  cond.  of  the  \Vestern 
Madrigal  Society  1864-72 ;  and  of  the  Abbey 
and  the  City  Glee  Clubs ;  also  org.  of  the 
Sacred  Harmonic  Soc.,  and  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  Freemasons. — Works  :  Anthems ;  part- 
songs  ,  10  Glees  a  4  and  5  (1857) ;  10  Glees 
(1871) ;  songs,  etc. 

Cowen,  Frederic  Hymen,  born  Kingston, 
Jamaica,  Jan.  29,  1852.  His  evident  talent  for 
music  caused  his 
parents  to  bring 
him  to  England  to 
study,  at  the  age  of 
4.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Benedict  and 
Goss  in  London ; 
st  1865-7  at  Leip- 
zig under  Ilaupt- 
mann,  Moscheles, 
Remecke,  Richter, 
and  Plaidy ;  1867-8 
in  Berlin  under  Kiel ; 
was  app.  Director  of 
theEdinburghAcad. 
of  Music  in  1882  ; 
succeeded  Sullivan  as  cond.  of  the  London 
Philh.  in  1887  ,  mus.  director  of  the  Melbourne 
Centennial  Exhibition  (1888-9) ,  in  1896,  cond. 
of  the  Liverpool  Philharm.,  and  Sir  Charles 
Halle's  successor  as  cond.  of  the  Manchester 
Concerts.— Works :  Two  operettas,  Garibaldi, 
and  One  too  many  (1874) ;  four  operas,  Pauline 
(1876),  Thorgnm  (1890),  Signa  (Milan,  Dal 
Verme  Th.,  1893  ;  London,  1893),  and  Harold, 
or  The  Norman  Conquest  (4  acts ;  London, 
1895) ;  two  oratorios,  The  Deluge  (1878),  and 
Ruth  (1887) ;  seven  cantatas,  The  Rose  Maiden 
(1870),  The  Corsair  (1876),  St.  Ursula  (1881) 
TJie  Sleeping  Beauty  (1885),  Sf.  John's  Eve 
(1889),  The  Water-Lily  (1893),  TJie  Transfig- 
uration (1895)  ;  also  a  41  Song  of  Thanksgiving  " 
(Melbourne,  1888),  4i  All  hail  the  glorious  reign  " 
(1897),  and  Collins'  "Ode  to  the  Passions" 
(Leeds,  1898) ;  six  symphonies,  I.  in  C  min. 
(1869),  2.  in  F  (1872),  3.  4t  Scandinavian,"  in  C 
min.  (1880),  4.  4t  Welsh,"  in  Bb  min.,  5.  in  F, 
6.  44  Idyllic,"  in  E  ;  four  orchestral  suites, 4l  The 
Language  of  Flowers,"  '*  In  the  olden  time," 
44  In  Fairyland,"  Suite  de  Ballet ;  Sinf onietta 
in  A,  f.  orch.;  pf. -concerto  in  A  min.;  2  over- 
tures f.  orch.;  pf.-trio  in  A  min.;  pf.-quartet  in 
C  min.;  pf.-pcs.;  over  250  songs.  A  6-page 
sketch  of  C.  is  in  the  London  4t  Musical  Times  " 
for  Nov.,  1898. 

Cra'mer  [krah-],  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Qued- 
linburg,  Mar.  7,  1752 ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  8,  1807. 
He  lost  his  position  as  prof,  at  Kiel,  in  1794, 


127 


CRAMER— CRISTOFORI 


because  of  open  sympathy  with  the  French 
Revolution  —  Publ.  * " 4  Flora  "  (pf  -  pieces  and 
songs),  "Polyhymnia"  (operas  in  pf -score), 
and  the  "  Magazm  fur  Musik"  (i7&3-?9),  all 
with  critical  prefaces  ;  also  a  lt  Kurze  Obersicht 
der  Geschichte  der  franzosischen  Musik"(i7S6), 
and  German  translations  of  Rousseau's  writings. 

Cra'mer,  Wilhelm,  violinist ,  b.  Mannheim, 
1745  (1743?);  d.  London,  Oct.  5,  1799  (iSoo?). 
Pupil  of  the  elder  Stamitz,  and  Cannabich  ;  was 
a  member  of  the  Mannheim  orch.  from  1761-72, 
and  became  cond.  of  the  King's  Band  in  Lon- 
don, and  leader  at  the  Opera,  Pantheon,  An- 
tient  Concerts  and  Professional  Concerts.  He 
conducted  the  Handel  Festivals  (1784  and  1787), 
and  the  Gloucester  Festival  (1799)  —Works  ,  8 
vln. -concertos  ;  trios  ;  solo-pcs.  f.  vln. 

Cra'mer,  Franz,  flutist,  nephew  of  Wilhelm 
C.;  b.  Munich,  1786,  d.  (?);  was  first  flute  in 
the  Munich  orch. — Publ.  flute-concertos,  vari- 
ations, etc. 

Cra'mer,  Johann  Baptist,  the  famous  pian- 
ist and  pedagogue,  eldest  son  of  Wilhelm  C., 
was  b.  Mannheim, 
Feb.  24,  1771  ;  d. 
London  (where  he 
was  brought  when 
but  a  year  old), 
April  16,  1858. 
His  first  teaching 
on  the  violin  and 
pf.,  and  in  har- 
mony, was  by  his 
father ;  he  also 
studied  with  Ben- 
ser  and  Schroeter, 
with  dementi 
(1779-81),  and  C. 
F.  Abel  (thorough- 
bass, 1785),  though 
in  comp  he  was  chiefly  self-taught.  As  a  con- 
cert-pianist, he  began  his  travels  in  1788,  play- 
ing in  the  European  capitals,  and  returning  to 
London,  which  he  considered  his  home,  at  in- 
tervals In  1828  he  established  a  music-pub- 
lishing house  (now  Cramer  &  Co.),  in  partner- 
ship with  Addison  ;  he  conducted  it  until  1842, 
and  it  still  flourishes.  From  1832-45  he  spent 
much  time  in  Paris. — Cramer  publ.  a  great 
"Method  f.  pf."  ("Grosse  praktische  Pfte.- 
Schule")  "  in  5  parts,"  the  last  of  which,  the 
celebrated  "  84  Studies  "  (op.  50),  is  now  the 
best  known  of  all  his  works  (Btilow  has  publ.  a 
fine  selection  of  fifty,  revised  and  annotated  ; 
Ad.  Henselt  issued  a  different  selection,  w.  ace. 
of  2nd  pf.),  and  is  deservedly  a  standard  work 
in  pianistic  pedagogics.  Part  II.  of  the  same 
44  Method  "  ("  Die  Schule  der  Fingerfertigkeit "), 
100  Daily  Studies  (op.  100),  is  also  valuable, 
though  in  a  less  degree  Other  works  •  7  pf.- 
concertos  (op.  10,  16,  26,  37,  48,  51,  56) ;  105 
pf. -sonatas  ;  pf. -quartet  (op.  28),  pf  -quintet  (op. 
6l),  antf  numerous  other  pf. -compositions, 


hardly  any  of  which  are  known  to  the  present 
generation. 

Cranz,  August,  music-publ.  firm  in  Ham- 
burg, founded  1813  by  August  Hemrich  Cranz 
(1789-1870).  His  son,  Alwm  (b.  1834),  is  the 
present  head.  Branches  were  est.  in  Vienna. 
(1876),  Brussels  (1883),  and  London  (1892), 

Cray'winckel  [kri-],  Ferdinand  Manuel 
Martin  Louis  Barthelemy  de,  b.  Madrid, 
Aug.  24,  1820  ;  pupil  of  Bellon  at  Bordeaux ; 
in.  de  chap,  of  St.-Bruno,  Bordeaux,  where  he 
has  lived  since  1825.  His  numerous  masses, 
and  other  church-works,  are  of  a  high  order. 

Crecquillon  [Cre"quillon],  Thomas,  b.  n. 
Ghent  (?) ;  d.  Be'thune,  1557.  Distinguished 
contrapuntist  ;  maestro  to  Charles  V.  of  Spam 
abt.  1544-47;  later  canon  at  Namur,  Termonde, 
and  Be'thune.  His  works,  which  rank  with  the 
best  of  that  period,  consist  of  masses,  motets, 
cantionesi  and  French  chansons  a  4,  5,  and  6. 

Crescenti'ni,  Girolamo,  one  of  the  last  and 
finest  of  the  Ital.  artificial  mezzo-sopranos ;  b. 
Urbania,  n.  Urbino,  Feb.  2,  1766  ;  d.  Naples, 
Apr.  24,  1846.  He  studied  singing  with  Gi- 
belli  at  Bologna,  and  made  a  highly  successful 
de'but  at  Rome  in  1783  ;  subsequent  successes 
in  the  other  European  capitals  earned  him  the 
surname  of  "  Orfeo  itahano"  (Ital.  Orpheus). 
He  sang  at  Leghorn,  Padua,  Venice,  Turin, 
London  (1786),  Milan,  and  Naples  (1788-9). 
Napoleon,  having  heard  him  in  1805,  decorated 
him  with  the  Iron  Crown,  and  engaged  him 
from  1806-12  ;  Cr.  then  retired  from  the  stage 
and  left  Paris,  on  account  of  vocal  disorders  in- 
duced by  the  climate  ;  in  1816  he  became  prof, 
of  singing  in  the  R.  Cons  ,  Naples.  "  Nothing 
could  exceed  the  suavity  of  his  tones,  the  force 
of  his  expression,  the  taste  of  his  ornaments,  or 
the  large  style  of  his  phrasing"  [Ffrns].  He 
also  publ.  several  coll.s  of  Ariette  (Vienna, 
(1797),  and  a  Treatise  on  Vocalization  in  Fr. 
and  It. ,  with  vocal  exercises  (Paris). 

Cressent,  Anatole,  b.  Argenteuil,  Apr.  24, 
1824  ;  d.  Paris,  May  28,  1870.  A  lawyer,  and 
an  educated  amateur  of  music,  he  left  100,000 
fr.  (to  which  his  heirs  added  20,000),  the  inter- 
est to  be  awarded  triennially  (**  Prix  Cressent "), 
one-half  to  the  author  of  the  best  libretto,  and 
one-half  to  the  composer  of  the  best  opera. 
William  Chaumet  was  the  first  to  win  the  prize, 
in  1875,  with  the  comic  opera  Bathyk. 

Cristo'fori,  Bartolommeo  (wrongly  called 
Cristofali  and  Cnstofani),  famous  as  the  in- 
ventor of  the  first  practical  hammer-action  for 
keyboard-instruments,  was  b.  Padua,  May  4, 
1653  ;  d.  Florence,  Mar.  17,  1731.  He  was  at 
first  a  leading  maker  of  "clavicembali"  in 
Padua ;  he  removed  to  Florence  abt.  1690, 
According  to  an  article  by  MafTei,  publ.  1711  in 
the  "Giornale  dei  Letterati  d'ltnlia,"  C.  had  up 
to  that  year  made  3  "gravecembali  col  piano  e 
forte,"  these  having,  instea4  of  the  usual  jacks 


X3B 


CRIVELLI— CROTCH 


plucking  the  strings  with  quills,  a  row  of  little 
hammers  striking  the  strings  from  below.  The 
principle  of  this  hammer-action  w«is  adopted,  in 
the  main,  by  Gottfried  Silbermann,  the  Streich- 
ers,  and  Broad  wood  (hence  called  the  4t  English 
action  ").  Following  the  designation  by  its  in- 
ventor, the  new  instrument  was  named  Piano- 
forte.— In  1716,  Cr.  was  app.  instr. -maker  to 
Prince  Ferdinando  de'  Medici ;  on  the  latter's 
death,  he  was  made  custodian  of  the  court  col- 
lection of  instr.s,  by  Cosimo  III. 

Crivel'li,  Arcangelo,  b.  Bergamo  (?) ;  d. 
1610 ;  abt.  1583,  tenor  singer  in  the  Papal  Chapel. 
— Works  :  Masses,  psalms,  and  motets  ;  only  a 
few  of  the  last  were  publ 

Crivelli,  Giovanni  Battista,  comp.  of  the 
Lombardy  school ;  b.  Scandiano,  Modena ;  d. 
Modena,  1682.  Org.  at  Reggio  cath.,  then  m. 
di  capp.  to  the  court  of  Ferrara ,  held  a  similar 
post,  in  1651,  at  the  court  of  Francesco  I,  at 
Modena,  and  (1654)  at  the  Ch.  of  S.  Maria  Mag- 
giore,  Bergamo.—  Publ.  "  Mottetti  concertati" 
(1626)  and  "  Madrigali  concertati "  (1633) 

Criverii,  Gaetano,  celebrated  tenor;  b. 
Bergamo,  1774  ;  d.  Brescia,  July  10,  1836.  Sang 
in  Brescia  1793,  in  Naples  1795,  in  Milan  (La 
Scala)  1805,  and  thereafter  on  all  principal 
stages  of  Italy;  1811-17,  at  the  Th.  Italien, 
Paris  (as  Garcia's  successor) ;  1817-18,  m  the 
zenith  of  his  fame,  at  London.  At  La  Scala 
(r 819-20)  his  voice  deteriorated  ;  he  sang  for 
the  last  time  (?)  at  Florence  in  1829. 

Criverii,  Domenico,  son  of  Gaetano;  b, 
Brescia,"  1794  ;  pupil  of  Zmgarelli.  Called  to 
London  by  his  father,  he  wrote  the  opera  buffa 
La  Fiera  di  Salerno^  ossia  la  Finta  caprtc ciosa ; 
taught  for  a  time  at  the  R.  Coll.  di  Musica  at 
Naples,  then  settled  in  London  as  a  singing- 
teacher.  Publ.  "  The  Art  of  Singing,  and  New 
Solfeggios  for  the  cultivation  of  the  Bass  Voice." 

Cro'ce,  Giovanni  dalla,  b.  Chioggia  (hence 
surnamed  "  il  Chiozzotto  ")  abt.  1560  ;  d. Venice, 
May  15,  1609.  A  pupil  of  Zarlino ;  chorister 
at  S.  Marco,  where  he  succeeded  Donato  as  m. 
di  capp.  in  1603.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
eminent  Venetian  composers.  —  Publ.  works  : 
Sonatas  a  5  (1580)  ;  2  vol.s  of  motets  a  8  (1589, 
1590 ;  Vol.  ii.  reprinted  1605  w.  organ  bass ; 
both  vol.s  do.  in  1607)  ;  2  vol.s  madrigals  a  5 
(1585,  1588) ;  "  Triacca  musicale  "  (caprices,  or 
humorous  songs  in  Venetian  dialect,  a  4-7 ; 
went  thro'  4  editions — 1597,  1601,  1607, 1609 — 
and  was  his  most  popular  and  famous  work  ;  it 
includes  the  contest  between  the  cuckoo  and  the 
nightingale,  umpired  by  the  parrot) ;  madrigals 
a  5-6  (1590,  1607)  ;  4l  Cantiones  sacrae  "  a  8,  w. 
Basso  cont.  f .  org. ,  1622  ;  a  2nd  vol.  was  publ. 
in  1623);  *'  canzonette"  a  4  (1595) ;  masses  a  8 
(1596);  Lamentations  a  4  (1603)  and  6  (1610) ; 
Magnificats  a  6  (1605),  Vesper  psalms  a  8  (1589), 
etc.  A  selection  of  his  church-music  was  publ. 
in  London,  1608,  as  "  Musica  sacra,  Peneten- 
tials  f.  6  voyces,"  with  English  words. 


Croes  [kroos],  Henri-Jacques  de,  b  Ant- 
werp, Sept  P),  1705  ;  d.  Brussels,  Aug.  16,  1786 
Violinist  and  asst.-cond  at  St. -Jacques,  Ant- 
werp ;  in  1729,  musical  director  to  the  Prince  of 
Thurn  and  Taxis,  at  Ratisbon.  Went  to  Brus- 
sels in  1749,  conducted  the  choir  of  the  Royal 
Chapel  till  1755,  and  was  then  app.  m.  de 
chap  to  Charles  of  Lorraine  — Works  Masses, 
motets,  anthems,  and  other  church-music ;  also 
symphonies,  sonatas,  etc 

Croft  [or  Crofts],  William,  b.  Nether-Eat- 
ington,  Warwickshire,  Eng.,  Dec.  (?),  1678;  d. 
Bath,  Aug.  14,  1727  (buned  in  Westm.  Abbey). 
A  chorister  in  the  Chapel  Royal,  under  Dr.  Blow ; 
Gentleman  of  Ch.  R.,  1700,  and  (with  J.  Clarke) 
joint-org  of  same  in  1704,  and  sole  org.  in  1707. 
Succeeded  Blow  as  org.  of  Westm.  Abbey,  Mas- 
ter of  the  Children,  and  Comp  to  the  Chap.  R., 
in  1708 — Works.  **  Divine  Harmony"  [an- 
thems] (1712);  "Musica  sacra"  [30  anthems  a 
2-8,  and  a  burial  service  in  score]  (1724 ;  in  2 
vol.s  ;  the  first  Engl.  work  of  church-music  en- 
graved in  score  on  plates)  ;  * l  Musicus  apparatus 
academicus "  (2  odes  written  for  his  degree  of 
Mus.  Doc.,  Oxon.,  1713)  ;  overtures  and  act- 
tunes  for  several  plays  ;  vln. -sonatas  ;  flute- 
sonatas,  etc. 

Croisez,  Alexandra,  b.  Paris  (?),  1816  ;  in- 
strumental comp.  and  didactic  writer. 

Crosdill,  John,  'cellist ;  b.  London,  1751  ; 
d  Escrick,  Yorkshire,  Oct.,  1825.  A  pupil  at 
Westminster  School  ;  1769-87,  first  'cello  at 
Festivals  of  the  Three  Choirs,  and  the  same 
(1776)  of  the  "  Concerts  of  Ancient  Music";  in 

1778,  successor  of  Nares  as  violist  of  the  Chapel 
Royal ;  later  also  member  of  the  King's  band  ; 
1782,  chamber-musician  to  Queen  Charlotte,  and 
tutor  ofc  the  Prince  of  Wales  (afterwards  George 
IV.).     After  marrying  a  wealthy  lady,  in  1788, 
he  retired. 

Cross,  Michael  Hurley,  b.  Philadelphia, 
Apr.  13,  1833  ;  d.  there  Sept.  26,  1897.  Pupil 
of  Dr.  Meignen  (harm,  and  comp.),  B.  Cross 
(pf.  and  org.),  C.  Ilonimann  (vln.),  and  L. 
Engelke  ('cello).  Org.  of  St.  Patrick's  in  1848  ; 
then  at  several  other  churches ;  at  the  cathedral 
for  1 8  years,  and  for  17  years  (until  his  death)  at 
Holy  Trinity  Episcopal  Ch.  He  was  director  of 
several  local  societies,  and  of  others  in  New 
York  and  Brooklyn.  For  30  years  his  name 
was  connected  with  musical  progress  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

Crotch,  William,  born  Norwich,  Eng.,  July 
5,  1775  ;  d.  Taunton,  Dec.  29,  1847.  His  ex- 
traordinary precocity  may  be  measured  by  the 
well-authenticated  statement  (BtJRNEY,  "  Philo- 
sophical Transactions  "  of  1779),  that  when  two 
and  a-half  years  old  he  played  on  a  small  organ 
built  by  his  father,  a  master-carpenter.  In  Oct., 

1779,  he  was  brought  to  London,  and  played  in 
public.     At  the  age  of  u  he  became  assistant  to 
Dr.  Randall,  org.  of  Trinity  and  King's  Colleges 
at  Cambridge  ;  at  14,  comp.  an  oratorio,  The 


129 


CROUCH— CUMMIXGS 


Captivity  ofjudah  (perf.  1789) ;  from  1788-90 
he  studied  for  the  ministry,  but  then  returned  to 
music,  becoming  org.  of  Christ  Ch.,  Oxford  ; 
graduated  as  Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon.,  in  i794(Mus 
Doc  ,  1799),  and  in  1797  succeeded  Hayes  as 
prof,  of  mus.  in  the  University,  and  org.  of  St. 
John's  Coll.  He  lectured  in  the  Music  School 
1800-4,  and  in  the  Royal  Institution,  London, 
in  1804,  '5,  '7,  and  again  from  1820 ;  in  1822, 
was  appointed  Principal  of  the  new  R.  A.  M. — 
Works :  2  oratorios,  Palestine  (1812),  and  The 
Captivity  of  Judah  (1834;  a  wholly  different  work 
from  the  first-mentioned  juvenile  production) ; 

10  anthems ;  glees,  fugues,  3  organ-concertos  ; 
pf  -sonatas ;  an  ode,  "Mona  on  Snowdon  calls  " ; 
a  glee,  "Nymph,  with  thee  " ;  a   motet,  "Me- 
thinks  I  hear  the   full  celestial  choir "  (these 
last  3  very  popular) ,  other  odes  (or  "  cantatas  ") ; 
also  wrote  "  Elements  of   Mus.  Comp.,  etc." 
(1812;  1833;  1856)-  "  Practical  Thorough-bass"; 

11  Questions  "  on  his  "  Elements";  etc. 

Crouch,  Frederick  Nicholls,  born  London, 
July  31,  rSoS ;  died  Portland,  Me.,  Aug.  18, 
1896.  Pupil  of  his  grandfather  (William  C  )  and 
father  (Frederick  William  C  ) ;  st.  with  Bochsa 
('cello),  and  entered  R.A.M  abt.  1822  (teachers  : 
Crotch,  Attwood,  Howes,  Lindley,  and  Crivelli). 
At  9,  he  was  'cellist  in  the  Royal  Coburg  Th. ; 
played  in  Queen  Adelaide's  private  band  till 
1832  ;  was  a  teacher  and  singer  in  Plymouth,  and 
'cellist  in  various  theatres.  Went  to  New  York, 
in  1849,  as  'cellist  in  the  Astor  PI.  Opera  House ; 
then  to  Boston ;  to  Portland  (1850) ;  and  to  Phila- 
delphia (1856)  as  cond.  of  Mrs.  Rush's  Saturday 
Concerts ;  thence  to  Washington,  where  he  estab- 
lished an  Acad.  of  Music  with  Palmer  (which 
failed),  aad  to  Richmond  (as  first  bass  in  the  choir 
of  St.  Paul's  Ch.) ;  served  in  the  Confederate 
Army,  and  settled  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher. —Works :  2  operas;  many  collec- 
tions of  songs,  some  being  original  (among  these 
latter  the  well-known  ballad  "  Kathleen  Mavour- 
neen  "). 

Crow,  Edwin  John,  b.  Sittingbourne,  Eng- 
land, Sept.  ti,  1841.  Org.  in  turn  of  3  churches 
in  Leicester  (1861-73) ;  since  then,  organist  of 
Ripon  cath.  Mus.  Bac.,  Cantab.,  1872;  Mus. 
Doc.,  1882. — Works :  " Harvest-time," oratorio ; 
Psalm  cxlvi.,  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  several  services; 
comp.s  for  organ  ;  pf.-pcs. ;  hymns,  chants,  etc. 

Cru'ger,  Johannes,  a  noted  and  still  popular 
comp.  of  church-chorals ;  b.  Gross-Breesen,  n. 
Guben,  Apr.  9,  1598  ;  d.  Berlin,  Feb.  23,  1662. 
A  student  of  aivinity  at  Wittenberg  in  1620,  he 
had  received  thorough  musical  grounding  at 
Ratisbon  under  Paulus  Homburger,  and  from 
1622  until  his  death  was  org.  of  the  St.  Nico- 
laus  Ch.,  Berlin.  Besides  writing  fine  chorals 
("Jesu,  meine  Freude,"  "Jesus,  meine  Zuver- 
sicht,"  "Nun  danket  alle  Gott,"  etc.;  see 
Langhecker's  monograph  on  C.'s  chorals  [1835]), 
he  publ.  the  following  collections :  "  Neues 
vollkdmliches  Gesangbuch  Augspurgischer  Con- 
fession ..."  (1640) ;  "  Praxis  pietatis  me- 


lica,  .  .  .  "  (1644);  "Geistliche  Kirchenmelo- 
deyen  ..."  (1649)  ?  "  ^r-  ^-  Luthers  wie 
auch  andrer  gottseliger  christhcher  Leute  Geist- 
liche  Lieder  und  Psalmen  "  (1657)  ,  "  Psalmodia 
sacra  .  .  .  "  (1658)  ;  the  \aluable  theoretical 
works  "Synopsis  mubica "  (1630  ,  enlarged  1634); 
"  Praecep'ta  musicau  figurahs"  (1625);  and 
"Quaestiones  musicae  practicae"  (1650);  also 
composed  "  Recitations,'  '  Select  Hymns,"  and 
"  Meditations*" 

Cruvelli  (properly  Cru'well),  two  sisters, 
celebrated  contralto  stage  -  singers  (i)  Frie- 
derike  Marie,  b.  Bielefeld,  Westphalia,  Aug. 
29,  1824  ;  d.  there  July  26,  1868  ;  a  "natural" 
singer,  who  created  9.  fin  ore  in  London  (1851), 
but  failed  eventually,  from  a  lack  of  proper 
training,  and  died  heart-broken  ;  (2)  Jonanne 
Sophie  Charlotte,  b.  Bielefeld,,  Mar.  12,  1826; 
though  not  well  trained,  she  had  a  voice  of  ex- 
traordinary beauty,  and  her  debut  (Venice,  1847) 
was  a  triumph  ;  she  sang  in  London  in  1848, 
and  went  to  Pans  in  1851,  where  she  won  great 
successes  in  Italian  opera  (Verdi's  Mrnam), 
which  aided  her  to  obtain  full  recognition  in 
London.  In  1854  she  was  eng.  for  the  Paris 
Grand  Ope'ra,  at  a  yearly  salary  of  100,000 
francs ;  but  her  vocal  defects  became  exag- 
gerated. In  1856  she  married  Comte  Vigier, 
and  retired  from  the  stage. 

Cui,  C£sar  Antonovitch,  b.  Vilna,  Russia, 
Jan.  6,  1835.  Dram,  comp.,  pupil  of  Moniuszko 
and  Balakircv.  (His  profession  is  military  en- 
gineering ;  he  is  pro- 
fessor of  fortification 
at  the  St.  Petersburg 
Engineering  Acad- 
emy.) From  1864-8 
he  was  mus.  critic  of 
the  St.  P.  "Gazette," 
and  a  strong1  advocate 
of  the  neo- German 
school ;  in  1878-9  he 
publ.  a  series  of  arti- 
cles in  the  Paris '  *  Re- 
vue et  Gazette  musi- 
cale,"  on  '*  La  mu- 
sique  en  Russie." 
With  Rimsky-Korsakov,  Mussorgski,  et  al.,  he 
represents  the  young  Russian  school. — Works : 
5  operas,  William  Ratcliff  (St.  P.,  1869),  The 
Prisoner  in  the  Caucasus  (1873),  Angela  (1876), 
The  Mandarin's  Son  (1878),  Le  IWbustier  (Paris, 
1894;  a  u3-act  lyric  comedy");  symphonies; 
2  scherzos  and  a  tarantella  f .  orch. ;  suite  f.  pf. 
andvln.;  pf.-pcs.;  over  50  songs.  The  Com- 
tesse  de  Mercy-Argenteau  has  written  an  "  Es- 
quisse  critique  "  on  Cui  and  his  works. 

Cummings,  William  Hayman,  b.  Sidbury, 
Devon,  Eng.,  Aug.  22,  1831.  Chorister  in 
London  at  St.  Paul's  (under  Hawes),  and  at  the 
Temple  Ch.  (under  Hopkins)  ;  organist  of  Walt- 
ham  Abbey  ;  tenor  singer  in  the  Temple,  West- 
minster Abbey,  and  Chapel  Royal ;  prof,  of 
singing  at  the  R.  Coll.  for  the  Blind,  Norwood, 


130 


CURCI— CUZZONI 


London;  in  1882,  cond.  of  the  wSacred  Harmonic 
Society ,  in  1896,  elected  principal  of  Guildhall 
School  of  Music. 
He  is  a.  cultivated 
singer,  and  a  pro- 
found antiquarian ; 
was  the  founder  of 
the  Purcell  Society, 
edits  its  publica- 
tions, and  is  the 
author  of  a  biog- 
raphy of  Purcell 
(London,  1882) ; 
has  also  pubL  a 
"  Primer  of  the 
Rudiments  of  Mu- 
sic"(iS77),anda 
**  Biogr.  Diction- 
ary of  Musicians  " 
(1892).  His  library 
of  4,500  volumes  contains  many  rare  autographs. 
His  comp.s  include  a  cantata,  The  Fairy  R 
sacred  music,  glees,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Cur'ci,  Giuseppe,  born  Barletta,  June  15, 
1808  ,  d.  there  Aug.  5,  1877.  Pupil  of  Furno, 
Zingarelli,  and  Crescentini  at  Naples  Cons,  from 
1823  ;  here  he  wrote  2  masses  a  4  w.  orch.,  and 
several  operas.  At  Turin  he  prod,  the  opera 
//  Proscntto  (1837) ;  at  Venice  Don  Desideno 
(1837),  and  LUragano;  lived  in  Vienna  for 
some  years  as  a  famous  singing-teacher ;  trav- 
elled in  Germany,  and  Belgium  ,  taught  in  Paris 
1 845-56,  where  //  Bacfflhere  was  produced  ; 
and  then  returned  to  Barletta.  Also  publ.  con- 
siderable sacred  music,  solfeggi,  and  a  text- 
book, "  libel  canto." 

Cursch'mann,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin, 
June  21,  1805  ;  d.  Langfuhr,  n.  Danzig,  Aug. 
24,  1841.  Originally  a  law-student,  he  devoted 
himself  from  1824  to  music,  studying  under 
Hauptmann  and  Spohr  at  Kassel,  where  his 
l-act  opera  Abdul  und  Erinnieh  was  prod,  in 
1828.  Subsequently  he  settled  in  Berlin  as  a 
singer  (also  making  tours  in  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy)  and  extremely  popular  song-writer  ; 
his  "  Gesammelte  Lieder"  (Berlin,  1871)  com- 
prise 83  songs  f  single  voice,  and  9  duets  and 
trios.  Other  works :  JRomeo^  scena  and  aria  (op. 
6)  ;  2  Canons  a  3  (op.  7). 

Cur'ti,  Franz  [Francesco],  b.  Kassel,  Nov. 
16,  1854 ;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  6,  1898.  At  first 
a  medical  student  at  Berlin  and  Geneva  (he  was 
a  dentist  by  profession),  he  took  up  the  study 
of  music  in  Dresden,  under  Kretschmer  and 
Schulz-Beuthen. — Operas:  Hertha  (Altenburg, 
1887) ;  Remhardvon  Ufenau  (Altenburg,  1888  ; 
also  Zurich,  1889,  and  KQmgsberg,  1890); 
Erlost  (Mannheim,  1894,  I  act) ;  melodrama 
Schnee fried  (Mannheim,  1895) ;  l-act  Japanese 
fairy-opera  Lili-Tsee  (ib.,  1896;  New  York, 
1898).  Also  Die  Gletscherjungfrau  f.  soli,  ch  , 
and  orch.;  and  music  to  "Die  letzten  Men- 
schen,"  by  W.  E.  Kirchbach.  Last  opera  Das 
JRSsli  votn  S&ntis  (Zurich,  1898). 


Cur'wen,  Rev.  John,  b.  Heckmondwike, 
Yorkshire,  Eng.,  Nov.  14,  1816;  d.  Heaton 
Mersey  House,  near  Manchester,  May  26,  1880. 
In  1844  he  was  pastor  at  Plaistow,  Essex.  Be- 
coming interested  in  Miss  S.  A.  Glover's  "  Tonic 
Sol-fa"  system  of  teaching,  he  labored  to  im- 
prove it,  founded  associations  in  1853,  and  the 
Tonic  Sol-fa  College  in  1862,  resigning  his  pas- 
torate in  1867  to  devote  himself  entirely  to 
propagating  the  system.  He  later  established 
the  **  Tonic  Sol-fa  Reporter,"  and  a  publishing- 
house,  in  London  — His  numerous  publications 
relate  chiefly  to  Tonic  Sol-fa  (issued  by  No- 
vello). 

Cusanr'no.    See  CARESTINI. 

Cus'lns  [kuz-],  Sir  William  George,  b. 
London,  Oct.  14,  1833  J  d.  Remouchamps, 
(Ardennes),  Aug.  31, 
1893.  Choir-boy  of 
the  Chapel  Royal, 
1843  ,  pupil  of  Fetis, 
in  Brussels  Cons., 
1844,  and  of  Bennett, 
Potter,  Lucas,  and 
Samton,  at  the  R.  A. 
M  ,  in  1847.  Took 
the  King's  Scholar- 
ship in  1847  and 
1849;  in  the  latter 
year  he  was  app.  org. 
of  the  Queen's  pri- 
vate chapel,  and  be- 
came violinist  in  the 
Italian  opera  orch. 

In  1851  he  was  asst-prof.  of  pf.  at  R.  A.  M., 
and  full  prof,  later  ;  succeeded  Bennett  in  1867- 
83  as  cond.  of  the  Philharm.,  and  became  also 
cond.  of  the  Royal  Band  in  1870  ;  in  1875,  suc- 
ceeded Bennett  as  examining  prof,  at  Queen's 
Coll.;  joint  examiner  for  N.  T.  S,  M.  in  1876  ; 
prof,  at  Trinity  Coll.,  and  prof,  of  pf.  at  Guilc^ 
hall  S.  of  M.,  in  1885  ;  knighted  in  1892.— 
Works :  Royal  Wedding  Serenata  (1863) ;  2 
cantatas,  The  Toilers  of  the  Sea  (1865)  and 
Love's  Labour  Lost  (1875) ;  an  oratorio,  Gideon 
(Gloucester  Festival,  1871) ;  2  concert-overtures ; 
pf. -concerto  in  A  min. ;  pf.-trio  ;  pf.-pcs. ;  songs. 

Cuzzo'ni,  Francesca,  renowned  dram,  con- 
tralto ;  b.  Parma,  1700 ;  d.  Bologna,  1770.  She 
was  a  pupil  of  Lanzi ;  sang  with  great  success 
in  Italy  (Venice,  1719),  and  1722-6  in  London 
under  Handel's  direction  in  his  operas,  when 
she  was  supplanted  by  Faustina  Bordoni,  and 
went  over  to  the  opposition,  singing  until  1827 
in  bitter  rivalry  with  the  Bordoni.  She  then 
married  the  pianist  and  composer  Sandoni ;  was 
eng.  at  Vienna,  in  Italy,  and  Holland  (where  she 
was  imprisoned  for  debt),  And  again  appeared  in 
London  (1748),  but  wholly  without  success.  It 
is  said  that  she  then  returned  to  Italy,  earned 
her  living  in  her  old  age  by  covering  silk  bat- 
tons,  and  died  in  abject  poverty. 


CZARTORYSKA— DAMCKE 


Czartoryska,  Marcelline  (n&  Pnncess 
Radziwill),  b.  Vienna,  1826 ;  living  since  1848 
in  Pans ;  is  a  distinguished  pianist  (pupil  of 
Czerny). 

Czernohor'sky.    See  CERNOHORSKY. 

Czer^ny  [Cerny],  [chair' ne],  Karl,  the  em- 
inent pianist  and  pedagogue ;  b.  Vienna,  Feb. 
21,  1791 ;  d.  there 
July  15,  1857. 
His  father,  Wen- 
zel  C.,  was  his 
first  teacher ,  later 
he  had  lessons  of 
Beethoven,  of 
whom  he  was  an 
especial  favorite ; 
he  also  learned 
much  from  asso- 
ciation with  de- 
menti and  Hum- 
mel. As  a  pianist 
and  teacher  he 
became  celebrated 
at  an  early  age ; 

but  a  European  tour  arranged  for  1804  had  to 
be  given  up  on  account  of  the  troublous  times, 
and  C.  soon  gave  up  playing  in  public,  devoting 
himself  to  teaching  and  composing  Except 
pleasure-trips  to  Leipzig  (1836),  Paris  and  Lon- 
don (1837),  and  Lombardy  (1846),  he  remained 
all  his  life  in  Vienna.  As  a  teacher  his  success 
was  remarkable  from  his  i6th  year  ,  Ninette 
von  Belleville  (Mme  B.-Oury),  Liszt,  Dohler,, 
Thalberg,  Jaell,  and  many  other  pupils,  testify 
to  his  proficient  training.  As  a  composer,  he 
publ.  over  1,000  works,  of  which  his  pf. -studies 
were  of  lasting  value.  "Die  Schule  der  Ge- 
laufigkeit"  (op.  299),  "Die  Schule  des  Legato 
und  Staccato  *'  (op.  335),  "  Ta'gliche  Studien" 
(op.  337),  "  Schule  der  Verzierungen  "  (op.  355), 
"Die  Schule  des  Virtuosen"  (op.  365),  "Die 
Schule  der  linken  Hand"  (op.  399),  "Die 
Schule  des  Fugenspiels  "  (op.  400),  "  Die  Schule 
der  Fingerf ertigkeit "  (op.  740),  etc.,  etc. — 
Other  compositions,  many  in  MS.,  were  of  a 
varied  description :  Church-music,  such  as 
masses,  requiems,  graduals,  offertories ;  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  concertos,  string-quartets 
and  trios,  songs,  etc.;  besides  innumerable  ar- 
rangements. He  wrote  an  "  Umriss  der  ganzen 
Musikgeschichte "  (Mayence,  1851),  and  an 
autobiography. 

Czer'sky.  See  TSCHIRCH. 
Czerveny.  See  CERVENY. 
Cziak.  See  SCIIACK. 

Czibul'ka  [tche-],  Alphons,  born  Szepes- 
Varallya,  Hungary,  May  14,  1842  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Oct.  27,  1894.  Originally  a  pianist,  he  became 
JCapellm.  at  the  Karltheater,  Vienna,  in  1865  ; 
bandmaster  of  the  I7th  regt.,  and  later  of  the 
25th  regt.  at  Prague.  Settled  finally  in  Vienna 
as  a  prolific  comp.  of  pf. -music  ;  he  also  brought 


out  the  operettas  Pfingsten  in  Fhrens  (Vienna, 
1884),  Dt>rGlucksritter(i%%-])\  Gil  Bias  (Ham- 
burg, 1889  ,  succ.)  ,  3-act  operetta  Der  Bajazzo 
(Vienna,  1892  ;  succ.) ;  and  the  opera  Signor 
Anmbale  (1893). 


Dachs  [dahks],  Joseph,  pianist ;  born  Ratis- 
bon,  Sept.  30,  1825  ;  d.  Vienna,  June  6,  1896. 
Pupil  (1844)  in  Vienna  of  Halm,  Czerny,  and 
Sechter.  From  1861,  teacher  of  pf.  and  comp. 
at  Cons,  of  the  "  Musikfreunde."  Hans  Schmitt, 
Vladimir  de  Pachmann,  and  Laura  Rappoldi, 
'  are  among  his  pupils.  As  a  concert-pianist  he 
was  well  received  in  Vienna  and  other  towns. 

Dalayrac  (or  d'Alayrac),  Nicolas,  b.  Mu- 
ret,  Haute-Garonne,  June  13,  1753;  d.  Paris, 
Nov.  27,  1809.  Destined  for  the  law,  he  fol- 
lowed his  natural  bent,  became  (1772)  a  har- 
mony-pupil of  Langle  in  Paris,  and  publ.  under 
an  assumed  name  a  few  quartets  and  operettas, 
the  success  of  which  decided  his  career.  He 
produced  abt.  60  operas  from  1781-1809,  many 
of  which  had  considerable  ephemeral,  but  merely 
local,  success. 

Dal'berg,  Johann  Friedrich  Hugo,  Reichs- 
fieiherr  von,  b  Aschaffenburg,  May  17,  1752  ; 
d.  there  July  26, 1812.  Counsellor  to  the  Elect- 
or of  Trier  at  Coblenz ;  canon  at  Worms.  A 
pianist  and  comp. ,  but  better  known  by  his  writ- 
ings :  "  Click  eines  Tonkunstlers  in  die  Musik 
der  Geister"  (1777),  "  Vom  Erkennen  und  Er- 
finden "  (1791),  "  Untersuchungen  uber  den 
Ursprung  der  Harmonic  "  (1801),  "Die  Aols- 
harfe,  ein  allegorischer  Traum"  (1801),  "  Ober 
grieschische  Instrumentalmusik  und  ihre  Wir- 
kung  ";  translated  Jones'  "  The  Musical  Modes 
of  the  Hindus  "  (1802).  He  comp.  4  cantatas, 
Evas  Klage;  Dersterbende  Christ  an  seine  Seele; 
Das  Saitenspiel;  Beatrice;  pf. -quartets  and  trios, 
sonatas,  songs,  etc. 

D'Albert,  Eugen.    See  ALBERT,  (D'). 

Dall,  Roderick,  the  last  Scotch  "  wandering 
harpist";  still  living  at  Athol  in  1740. 

DaH'Ar'gine,  Constantino,  b.  Parma,  May 

12,  1842  ,  d.  Milan,  March  15,  1877.     A  pupil 
of  Milan  Cons.     Comp.  several  succ.   ballets, 
and  also  several  operas,  besides  many  marches 
and  dances  f.  pf.,  songs,  etc. 

Dalvima're  (or  d'Alvimare),  Martin- 
Pierre,  harpist  and  comp.  f  harp ;  b.  Dreux, 
Eure-et-Loire,  Sept.  18,  1772;  d.  Paris,  June 

13,  1839.     In  1800  he  was  harpist  at  the  Opera  ; 
harpist  to  Napoleon,  1806  ;  harp-teacher  to  the 
Empress  Josephine,  1807  ;  retired  to  his  estate 
at  Dreux  in  1812  — Works :  Sonatas  f.  harp  and 
vln.;  duets  f.  2  harps,  f.  harp  and  pf.,  and  f.  h. 
and  horn  ;  fantaisies,  variations,  etc. 

Dam'cke,  Bert  hold,  b.  Hanover,  Feb.  6, 
1812  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  15,  1875.  Pupil  of  Al. 


132 


DAMM— DAMROSCH 


Schmitt  and  F.  Ries  at  Frankfort-on-M. ;  1837, 
cond.  of  Potsdam  Philharm  Society,  and  of  the 
Choral  Union  for  operatic  music  (grand  concerts, 
1839-40) ;  1845,  in  St.  Petersburg  ,  1855,  Brus- 
sels ;  1859,  Pans  ;  in  all  a  successful  and  highly 
esteemed  teacher.  Friend  and  devoted  admirer 
of  Berlioz  Revised  and  edited,  with  F.  Pelle- 
tan  (q.  v.)t  Gluck's  2  Iphigtnies.  Composed 
oratorios,  part-songs,  pf.-pcs.  Biogr.  by  Al- 
phonse  Lemerre  ;  "  B.  D.,  Etude  biographique 
et  musicale  "  (Paris,  1895). 

Damm,  Friedrich,  b.  Dresden,  Mar.  7, 1831. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Kragen,  Julius  Otto,  and  Rei- 
chel ;  he  resided  for  10  years  in  North  Germany 
and  the  United  States,  then  settling  in  Dresden. 
He  has  publ.  many  brilliant  salon-pcs.  f.  pf., 
and  has  sonatas  and  other  serious  works  in  MS. 

Damm,  G.    See  STEINGRABER. 

Daxnoreau,  Laure-Cinthie  (jnfe  Montalant  ; 
first  known  as  "  Mile.  Cmti "),  noted  operatic 
soprano ;  b.  Paris,  Feb.  6,  1801 ;  d.  Chantilly, 
Feb.  25,  1863.  Studied  at  the  Paris  Cons. ;  stage- 
de'but,  1819,  at  the  Theatre  Italien  ("  Cherubin  " 
in  Figaro) ;  sang  in  Italian  opera  at  London 
(1822),  then  again  at  the  Th.  Italien,  and  was 
eng.  1826-35  at  the  Grand  Opera ;  Rossini 
wrote  leading  roles  for  her  in  Le  swge  de  Connthe 
and  Afoise,  and  Auber  did  the  same  during  her 
later  engagement  (1835-43)  at  the  Opera-Co- 
mique  (Domino  noir^  VAmbassadriee,  etc.).  Re- 
tiring from  the  stage,  she  made  concert-tours  to 
London,  The  Hague,  St.  Petersburg,  Brussels, 
and  (with  Art6t,  the  violinist)  to  the  U.  S.  and 
Havana  (1843).  She  was  prof,  of  singing  at  the 
Paris  Cons,  from  1834-56,  when  she  retired  to 
Chantilly.  Her  husband  was  an  actor  at  Brus- 
sels.— She  publ.  an  "Album  de  romances,"  and 
a  "  Methode  de  chant." 

Dam'rosch,  Dr.  Leopold,  b.  Posen,  Oct. 
22,  1832  ;  d.  New  York,  Feb.  15,  1885.  Con- 
ductor and  violinist, 
a  pupil  of  Ries, 
Dehn,  and  Bohmer; 
took  the  degree  of 
Dr.  med.  (M.D.)  at 
Berlin  University 
in  1854,  but  then, 
against  his  parents' 
wishes,  embraced 
the  career  of  a  musi- 
cian ;  he  appeared 
at  first  as  a  solo 
violinist  in  several 
German  cities,  later 
as  a  conductor  at 
minor  theatres,  and 
in  1855  procured, 
through  Liszt,  the  position  of  solo  violinist  in  the 
Grand  Ducal  orch.  at  Weimar.  While  here  he 
was  intimate  with  Liszt  and  many  of  his  most 
distinguished  pupils,  and  also  won  Wagner's 
life-long  friendship.  Here,  too,  he  married  the 


singer  Helene  von  Heimburg.  In  1859-60,  D. 
was  cond  of  the  Breslau  Philh.  Concerts  ;  gave 
up  the  post  to  make  tours  with  v.  Uulow  and 
Tausig ,  organized  the  Breslau  Orchestral  Soc. 
(So  members  ;  present  cond.  R.  Maszkowsky)  in 
1862  Besides  this,  he  founded  quartet  seir&s, 
and  a  choral  society  ;  conducted  the  Society  for 
Classical  Music,  and  the  theatre  orch.  (for  2 
years) ;  and  frequently  appeared  as  a  solo  violin- 
ist. In  1871  he  was  called  to  New  York^to  con- 
duct the  Arion  Society,  and  made  his  debut,  on 
May  6th,  as  conductor,  composer,  and  violinist. 
In  New  York  his  remarkable  capacity  as  an  or- 
ganizer (which  had  aroused  active  opposition  in 
Breslau  by  his  strong  leaning  towards  the  new 
German  school)  found  free  scope;  besides  bring- 
ing the  "Arion"  to  the  highest  pitch  of  effi- 
ciency and  prosperity,  he  founded  the  Oratorio 
Society  in  1873,  and  the  Symphony  Soc.  in  1878, 
the  latter's  concerts  succeeding  those  of  the 
Thomas  Orch.  at  Steinway  Hall.  In  1880  Co- 
lumbia Coll  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
Mus.  Doc  ;  in  iSSi  he  conducted  the  first  great 
Mus.  Fest.  held  in  N.  Y.,  with  an  orch.  of  250 
and  a  chorus  of  1,200  ;  in  1883  he  made  a  highly 
successful  western  tour  with  his  orch  ;  in  1884 
he  cond.  a  season  of  German  opera  at  the  Metro- 
politan Opera  House  (giving  Tannhauser,  Lohen- 
grm,  Walkure,  etc.). — Works:  7  cantatas; 
symphony  in  A;  music  to  Schiller's  "Joan  of 
Arc  ;  marches  f.  orch.;  3  violin-concertos  (in  D 
min.,  FJ  min.,  and  G) ;  several  pcs.  f.  vln.  and 
orch.,  and  f.  solo  voice  and  orch.;  choruses  f. 
mixed  vcs.  and  male  vcs. ;  duets  ;  many  songs. 

Dam'rosch,  Frank,  son  of  Leopold  D.;  b. 
Breslau,  June  22,  1859.  Pupil  of  Pruckner, 
Jean  Vogt,  and  von  Inten  (pf.) ;  and  of  his 
father  and  Moszkow- 
ski  (comp ).  1882-5, 
cond.  of  Denver  (Col.) 
Chorus  Club,  and 
(1884-5)  Supervisor  of 
Music  in  public 
schools,  also  org.  at 
different  churches. 
1885-91,  Chorusmas- 
ter  at  Metr.  Opera 
House,  New  York, 
and  till  1887  cond. 
the  Newark  Harmonic 
Society;  in  1892  he 
organized  the  People's 
Singing-Classes  (an  enterprise,  for  the  popular- 
ization of  choral-singing,  which  has  borne  good 
fruits),  for  which  he  publ.  in  1894  a  "Popular 
Method  of  Sight-Singing  "  (G.  Schinner,  N.  Y.); 
in  1897  he  was  app.  Supervisor  of  Music  in  the 
N.  Y.  City  Public  Schools.  At  present  (1899) 
he  also  holds  the  following  positions  as  conduc- 
tor .  Of  the  "  Musurgia,*'  N.  Y.  (since  1891), 
Mus.  Art  Society,  N.  Y.  (1892),  Oratorio  So- 
ciety, Bridgeport,  Conn.  (1893),  "Orpheus" 
and  "Eurydice,"  Phil.a  (1897),  and  the  Oratorio 
Soc.y  of  N.  Y.  (1898) ;  has  also  cond.  various 


133 


DAMROSCH— DAXJOU 


other  associations. — D.  has  publ.  a  few  vocal 
numbers  (songs,  choruses) 

Dam'rosch,  Walter  Johannis,  son  of  Leo- 
pold D.;  b  Breslau,  Silesia,  Jan.  30,  1862.  St 
harm,  with  his  father,  also  Rischbieter  and 
Draeseke  (Dresden)  ; 
pf.  with  von  Inten, 
Boekelman,  and 
Max  Pinner ;  con- 
ducting with  his  fa- 
ther and  von  Bulow. 
Conductor  of  the 
New  York  Oratorio 
and  Symphony  So- 
cieties since  1885;  f  ^  ^^m.^'* 
founded  the  N.  Y.  -'^  ^-«^»S#y 
Symph.  Orch.  as  a 
permanent  organiza- 
tion, in  1892  ;  organ-  i  r*  '  *'/ 

ized  the  Damrosch 
Opera  Co  in  1894. — Opera,  The  Scarlet  Letter 
(Boston,  Feb.  II,  1896),  text  by  Geo.  Parsons 
Lathrop  ;  Manilla  Te  Deum  ,  several  songs. 

Da'na,  William  Henry,  b.  Warren,  O., 
June  10,  1846.  Pupil  of  Aug  Haupt,  and  of 
Kullak's  Cons.,  Berlin  ,  also  of  the  R.A.M., 
London,  in  xSSi.  A  founder  of  the  American 
Mus.  Teachers'  National  Association  ;  director 
of  "  Dana's  Musical  Institute,"  Warren,  Ohio. — 
Writings:  "Practical  Thorough-bass"  (1873), 
41  Orchestration"  (1875),  44  Instrumentation  for 
Military  Bands"  (1876),  tl  Practical  Harmony" 
(1884).  Has  composed  a  De  profitndh  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  motets,  songs,  pf.-pcs,,  etc. 

Da'na,  Charles  Henshaw,  b.  West  Newton, 
Mass  ,  Feb.  7,  1846  ;  d.  Worcester,  Feb.  5, 
1883.  St.  in  Boston.  Leipzig,  Stuttgart,  and 
Pans.  Debut  as  a  pianist  at  Stuttgart;  in 
America  at  Worcester,  1375.  Org.  at  St.  Paul's, 
Worcester,  and  Ch.  of  the  Imm.  Conception, 
Boston.  He  composed  music  f.  church-choirs, 
and  some  songs. 

Danbe*,  Jules,  violinist  and  comp.;  b.  Caen, 
France,  Nov.  15,  1840.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.; 
2nd  Dir.  of  the  Conservatoire  Concerts  till  1892, 
when  he  resigned  ;  1895,  cond.  at  Opera-Co- 
mique,  Paris. — Works :  Pieces  and  transcrip- 
tions for  violin. 

Danck'erts.    See  DANKERS. 

Dancla,  Jean-Baptiste-Charles,  born  Ba- 
gneres-de-Bigorre,  Dec.  19,  1818  ;  entered  Paris 
Cons,  in  1828,  his  teachers  being  Baillot  (vln.), 
Halevy,  and  Berton.  In  1834,  and  solo  violin 
in  the  Opera-Corn,  orch.  j  became  renowned  by 
bis  playing  in  the  *'  SocijJte*  des  Concerts,"  and 
was  app.  prof,  of  vln.-playing  at  the  Cons,  in 
1857.  His  quartet  soiree*  are  famous*  Besides 
four  symphonies,  he  has  comp.  over  130  works  f . 
vln.:  ist  and  2nd  symphonie-concertante  (op.  6 
and  10) ;  6  concertos,  8  string-quartets ;  4  pf.- 
trios ;  many  duets  f.  2  vlps.,  and  30  duos  f,  vln. 


and  pf. ,  etudes,  etc. ;  "  Methode  "  f.vln.  (op.  52); 
"ficole  du  mccanisme"  (op.  74) ,  "Ecole  de  la 
melodic  "  (op.  129) ,  "  6cole  de  1'expression  "  (op 
82);  and  (with  Panseron)  "L'art  de  moduler  s>ur 
leviolon."  Publ.  "  Les  compositeurs  chefs  d'or- 
ches,tre"  (1873),  and  "  Miscellanees  musicales  " 
(1877) 

Dancla,  Arnaud,  b.  Hagneres-de-Bigorre, 
Jan.  i,  1820;  d.  there  Feb  ,  1862  ;  brother  of 
the  preceding ;  fine  'cellist ;  author  of  a  Method 
f.  'cello ;  comp.  e'tudes,  duos,  and  melodies  f. 
his  instr. 

Dancla,  Leopold,  brother  of  the  preceding  ; 
b.  Bagneres-de-Bigorre,  June  I,  1823,  d  Paris, 
Apr.  10,  1895.  Pupil  of  Baillot  at  Pans  Cons., 
taking  2nd  prize  in  1840,  and  ist  in  1842  — 
Works  •  3  string-quartets ;  airs  varies,  fantaisies 
and  etudes  f  vln 

Danel,  Louis- Albert -Joseph,  b.  Lille,  Mar. 
2,  1787 ;  d.  there  April  12,  1875.  A  printer 
by  trade,  he  invented  a  method  of  notation  for 
teaching  the  rudiments,  which  he  called  l4La 
Langue  des  Sons,"  explained  at  length  in  his 
44  Methode  simplified  pour  1'enseignement  popu- 
laire  de  la  musique  vocale"  (4th  ed.,  1859);  he 
also,  at  great  expense,  established  free  courses  of 
instruction  in  his  method,  which,  however,  has 
never  been  extensively  adopted. 

D'Angeli.    See  DE-ANGELIS. 

Danhauser,  Adolphe  -  Leopold,  b.  Paris, 
Feb.  26,  1835  5  d.  there  June  9, 1896.  Pupil  of 
Bazin,  Halevy  and  Reber  in  Pans  Cons.;  1857, 
1st  prize  in  harm.;  1859,  ist  prize  in  fugue;  1862, 
second  prix  de  Rome.  Chief  Inspector  of  In- 
struction in  Singing,  in  the  Communal  Schools, 
Paris  ;  then  prof,  of  solfeggio  at  Cons. ;  wrote 
"  Theorie  de  Ja  musique";  publ.  4*  Soire'es  or- 
pheoniques,"  a  coll.  of  3-part  choruses  f.  equal 
voices.  Comp.  Le  Prostrit,  musical  drama  w. 
choruses,  prod,  r 866  in  a  relig.  inst.  at  Auteuil ; 
and  a  3-act  opera,  Mawes  et  Castillans  (not 
perf.). 

Danican.    See  PHILJDOR. 

Daniel,  Salvador,  director  of  Paris  Cons, 
for  a  few  days  under  the  Commune  in  1871,  was 
killed  in  battle  on  May  23  of  that  year.  He  was 
for  some  years  a  teacher  of  music  in  an  Arab 
school  at  Algiers  ;  publ.  (1863)  a  monograph  on 
44  La  musique  arabe/'with  a  supplement  on  the 
origin  of  mus.  instr.s  ;  also  a  book  of  Arabian, 
Moorish,  and  cabalistic  songs,  and  a  treatise  on 
the  French  chanson. 

Danjon,  Jean-Louis-F61iac,  b.  Paris,  June 
21, 1812;  d.  Montpellier,  Mar.  4, 1866.  Organist 
of  Notre-Dame  in  1840.  With  his  essay  "  DC 
l'e*tat  de  Tavenir  'du  chant  eccle'siastique " 
(1844)  he  became  the  pioneer  in  the  movement 
for  reforming  plain  song  ;  and  his  **  Revue  de 
la  musique  religieuse,  populaire  et  classique" 
(1845-0,)  exhibits  profound  erudition  gained  by 
long  historical  research.  He  was  the  discoverer 
of  the  celebrated  "Antiphonary  of  Montpellier'j 


134 


BANKERS— DARGOMYZSKY 


(1847).  For  the  advancement  of  organ-building 
in  France,  he  studied  the  art  in  Germany  and 
the  Netherlands  ,  entered  into  partneiship  \\ith 
Daublaine  and  Callmet  of  Pans,  and  lost  his 
fortune  ;  gave  up  music  in  1849,  and  became  a 
political  journalist  in  Marseilles  and  Montpellier. 

Dangers  (or  Danckerts),  Ghiselin,  b.Tho- 
len,  in  Zeeland  ;  chorister  in  the  Papal  Chapel 
1538-65,  when  he  was  pensioned.  A  skilful 
contrapuntist ;  2  books  of  motets  a  4-6  (1559) 
are  extant,  as  well  as  single  numbers  in  Augs- 
burg collections  of  1540  and  '45.  His  auto- 
graph treatise  on  the  ancient  modes,  pronouncing 
judgment  in  the  controversy  between  Vicentino 
and  Lusitano,  is  in  the  Vallicellana  library  at 
Rome 

Danks,  Hart  Pease,  b.  New  Haven,  Conn., 
Apr.  6,  1834.  Pupil  of  Dr.  L.  E.  Whiting, 
Saratoga ;  lived  1854-64  in  Chicago,  and  since 
then  in  New  York  as  a  bass  singer  and  musical 
director  in  numerous  churches.  Popular  song- 
composer  and  hymn-tune  writer,  his  works  em- 
bracing over  1,200  numbers — Operetta  Pauhne 
(1872).  Several  colls  of  anthems  and  services. 

Danne'ley  [dan'-ly],  John  Feltham,  b.  Oak- 
ingham,  Berkshire,  Eng.,  in  1786;  d.  London, 
1836.  Org.,  pianist,  teacher  and  composer; 
publ.,  besides  duets,  glees,  songs,  and  pf.-pcs., 
an  "Introd.  to  the  Eletn.  Principles  of  Tho- 
rough-bass ..."  (Ipswich,  1820);  an  "Ency- 
clopaedia, or  Dictionary  of  Music"  (London, 
(1825)  ;  and  "  A  Musical  Grammar"  (1826). 

Dann'reutner,  Edward,  b.  Strassburg,  Nov. 
4,  1844;  went  with  his  parents  in  184910  Cin- 
cinnati, where  he  was  taught  by  F.  L.  Ritier. 
From  1859-63  in  Leipzig  Cons.  (Richter,  Mo- 
scheles,  Hauptmann).  Settled  in  London  (1863) 
as  a  piano-teacher ;  in  1872  he  founded  the  Lon- 
don Wagner  Society,  conducting  its  concerts 
1873-4  ;  was  an  active  promoter  of  the  Wagner 
Festival  in  1877  —Writings  •  "  Richard  Wag- 
ner, His  Tendencies  and  Theories  "  (London, 
iS?3)j  "Musical  Ornamentation";  contribu- 
tions to  Grove's  Dictionary ;  has  transi.  into 
Engl.  Wagner's  l*  Brief e  an  einen  franzosischen 
Freund"  [M.  F.  Villot ;  "The  Mus.  of  the 
Future"]  (1873),  "Beethoven"  (1880),  "flber 
das  Dirigiren"  (1885) ;  and  written  many  articles 
for  mus.  papers,  and  given  lectures  on  Beetho- 
ven, Mozart,  and  Chopin  ;  has  comp.  pf  -pcs., 
and  songs.  D.  has  visited  the  United  States 
several  times. 

Dann'reuther,  Gustav,  violinist,  brother  of 
Edward;  b,  Cincinnati,  July  21,  1853;  st, 
1871-4  at  the  Hochschule  fur  Musik,  Berlin, 
under  de  Ahna  and  Joachim  (vln.),  and  Heitel 
(theory) ;  lived  in  London  till  1877,  and  then 
joined  the  Boston  (Mass.)  Mendelssohn  Quin- 
tette Club,  travelling  through  the  U.S.,  Canada, 
and  Newfoundland  until  1880,  when  he  settled 
in  Boston  as  a  member  of  the  newly  formed 
Symphony  Orch.  From  1882-4  he  was  di- 


rector of  the  Buffalo  <N  Y.)  Philh.  Soc.,  and 
during  this  period  gave  60  chamber-concerts. 
In  1884  he  founded  the  "  Beethoven  String- 
Quartette"  of  N.  V.  (renamed  *4  Dannr.  Q."  in 
1894).  Was  for  3  years  leader  of  the  N.  Y. 
Symphony  and  Oratorio  Societies  under  Walter 
Damrosch.  Now  (1899)  devotes  himself  exclu- 
sively to  chamber-music  (in  which  his  quartet  is 
one  of  the  best  in  X.  Y.)  and  private  teaching. — 
He  has  publ.  a  set  of  Chord-  and  Scale-Studies 
for  young  players. 

Dan'zi,  Franz,  b,  Mannheim,  May  15, 1763 ; 
d.  Karlsruhe,  Apr  13,  1826.  Son  and  pupil  of 
Innocenz  D.  ['cellist  in  the  Elector's  orch  "] ; 
studied  comp.  w.  Abbe  Vogler.  He  joined  the 
orch.  on  its  removal  to  Munich  in  1778  ;  in  1779 
he  prod,  a  melodrama,  Cleopatra^  at  Mannheim  ; 
in  1780  an  operetta,  Azakia,  at  Munich.  He 
became  assist.-./ftr/te///».  in  1798 ,  was  from 
1807-8  Kapeltm.  at  Stuttgart,  then  at  Karls- 
ruhe.— Dram,  works:  Cleopatra;  Azakia  ;  Der 
Triumph  der  Trczte  (Munich,  1781);  Die 
Sylphe  (1782);  Der  Kttss  (1799)  ;  Die  Whiter- 
nacht-Stunde  (1801) ;  Der  Quasimami  ;  Ellon- 
dokani  ;  Iphigema  in  Aulis  (1807);  MaZvina.; 
Titrandot  (Karlsruhe,  abt.  1815). — I  oratorio,  2 
cantatas  ;  masses ;  the  I2$th  Psalm  f.  4  parts 
and  orch.;  symphonies,  quintets,  quartets,  con- 
certos, sonatas.  He  was  an  excellent  singkig- 
teacher,  and  wrote  vocal  exercises,  choruses, 
songs,  etc. 

Dan'zi,  Franziska.     See  LEBRUN. 

D&  Pon'te,  Lorenzo,  b.  Ceneda,  n.  Venice, 
Mar.  10,  1749 ;  d.  New  York,  Aug.  17,  1838. 
Prof,  of  rhetoric  at  Treviso ,  poet-laureate  to 
Joseph  II.  at  Vienna  until  1792,  where  he  wrote 
the  libretti  of  Mozart's  Don  Giwamn  and  Cosl 
fan  tutte ;  lived  in  London  as  a  teacher  of 
Italian,  and  poet  to  the  Italian  Opera  ;  went  to 
New  York  in  1803.  After  disastrous  business 
ventures,  with  intervals  of  teaching,  he  became 
interested  in  various  operatic  enterprises.  In 
his  last  years  he  was  teacher  of  Italian  at  Co- 
lumbia College. — Publ.  "  Memorie"  [Memoirs]. 

Daquin,  Louis-Claude,  b.  Paris,  July  4, 
1694 ;  d.  there  June  ig,  1772.  Pupil  of  Mar- 
chand,  and  at  6  played  on  the  clavecin  before 
Louis  XIV,;  at  12  he  became  organist  at  St.- 
Antome,  where  his  playing  attracted  crowds. 
From  1727  till  death  he  was  organist  at  St.- 
Paul,  winning  the  position  in  competition  with 
Rameau. — Publ.  a  book  of  "  Pieces  de  clave- 
cin," another  of  "  Noels,"  and  a  cantata ;  left 
in  MS.  organ-pcs.  and  other  comp.s.  Fetis 
speaks  disparagingly  of  his  works. 

Darcours,  Charles.    See  RETY. 

Dargomyzrsk£,   Alexander  Sergievitch, 

composer  and  pianist ;  b.  in  the  government  of 
Touk,  Russia,  February  2, 1813  ;  d.  St.  Peters- 
burg, Jan.  29, 1869.  From  1817  he  lived  in  St. 
Petersburg ;  his  teacher  was  Schoberlechner.  At 
20  he  was  a  brilliant  pianist ;  from  1831-5  he 


135 


DASER— DAVENPORT 


held  a  government  position,  but  then  devoted 
himself  exclusively  to  music,  studying  assidu- 
ously for  8  years  ;  visited  Germany,  limssels, 
and  Pans  in "1845,  and  at  Moscow  (1847)  prod, 
an  opera,  Esmetalda  (written  1839),  with  great 
success  From  1845-55  he  publ.  over  100  minor 
works  (vocal  roman- 
ces, ballads,  airs,  and 
duos ;  waltzes,  fan- 
tasias, etc  )  ;  in  1856 
he  brought  out  his 
best  opera,  Russalka, 
at  St.  P.;  in  1867,  at 
Moscow,  an  opera- 
ballet,  The  Triumph 
of  Bacchus  (written 
in  1847) ;  a  post- 
humous opera,  JCa- 
mennoi  G<$st  ("The 
Marble  Guest,"  after 
Pushkin's  poem 
u  Don  Juan  "  ),  was  scored  by  Rimsky-Korsakov, 
and  prod,  at  St.  P.  in  1872 ;  of  Rogdana,  a 
fantasy-opera,  only  a  few  scenes  were  sketched. 
At  first  a  follower  of  Rossini  and  Auber,  D.'s 
studies  of  more  modern  works  rendered  him  an 
enthusiastic  disciple  of  neo-German  ideas ;  in 
"  The  Marble  Guest,"  vocal  declamation  (reci- 
tative) supplants  the  aria,  and  musical  form 
generally  is  abandoned. — D.  was  elected  Pres.t 
of  the  Russian  Mus.  Soc.y  in  1867.  His  orch.l 
works  ("  Finnish  Fantasia,"  "Cossack  Dance," 
"  Baba-Jaza,"  etc.)  enjoy  wide  popularity. 

Da'ser  [Das'ser,  Das'serus],  Ludwig,  the 
predecessor  of  Orlandus  Lassus  as  Kapellm*  at 
Munich  to  Duke  Albert  V.  of  Bavaria,  held 
that  post  until  1562. — Publ.  works .  A  Passion 
a  4(1578),  and  a  few  motets  in  the  "Orgelta- 
bulaturbuch"  of  J.  Paix.— MSS  ,  in  Royal  Li- 
brary at  Munich,  of  n  masses,  4  motets,  3 
"  Nunc  dimittis,"  hymns,  etc. 

Dau'be,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Kassel  (Augs- 
burg?), 1730;  d.  Vienna,  September  19,  1797. 
Chamber-musician  to  the  Duke  of  Wurttemberg, 
later  secretary  to  the  Augsburg  Acad.  of  Sci- 
ences. Publ.  "  Generalbass  in  drei  Accorden 
.  .  ."  (Leipzig,  1756;  the  "3  chords"  are 
the  tonic  triad,  the  sub-dom.  with  added  sixth, 
and  the  dom.  seventh-chord  ;  Marpurg  attacked 
this  work  in  the  "  Hist.-krit.  Beitrage,"  vol. 
ii);  "Der  musikalische  Dilettant;  eine  Ab- 
handlung  der  Composition  .  .  ."  (Vienna, 
1773) ;  <4Anleitung  zum  Selbstuntemcht  in  der 
Composition  .  .  ."  (Vienna,  1798,  in  2  parts). 

Daublaine  et  Callinet.  Firm  of  Paris  or- 
gan-builders, founded  1838  as  ' c  Daublaine  et 
Cie."  Daublame  was  the  business  partner,  Cal- 
linet the  practical  mechanician,  Danjou  (q.  v.) 
an  intelligent  and  progressive  theorist.  After  a 
quarrel  in  1843,  Callinet  demolished  the  new 
work  partly  finished  for  the  organ  of  St.-Sulpice, 
dissolved  the  partnership,  and  entered  Cavaille*'s 
workshops.  The  firm-name  became  "  Ducro- 


quet  et  Cie."  in  1845,  and  u  Merklin  SchUtze  et 
Cie."  in  1855.  The  present  head  is  Merklm  ; 
the  principal  factor}*  is  at  Lyons,  with  a  Tans 
branch. 

Daucresme,  Lucien,  b.  Elbeuf  (Normand} ), 
May  21,  1826  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb  ,  1892  Senator; 
dilettante.  Composed  2  operas  Sous  les  char- 
milles  (1862),  and  Cardillac  (1867)  ;  also  other 
works. 

Daudet,  Alphonse,  the  distinguished  novel- 
ist and  dramatist ;  b.  Nimes,  May  13,  1840  ;  d. 
Paris,  Dec.  16,  1897.  He  wrote  the  libretti  for 
Bizet's  FArUsienne,  Poise's  Les  Absents  ^  and 
Pessard's  Le  Char;  his  roman  "  Sapho,"  dram- 
atized (but  clumsily),  was  set  to  music  by  Mas- 
senet.— His  ArUnenne  has  been  Italianized,  as 
an  opera-libretto,  by  L.  Marenco ;  and  this 
"UArlesiana"  set  to  music  by  Francesco  Cilea, 
was  brought  out  successfully  at  Milan,  1897. 

Dauprat,  Louis  -  Francois,  a  celebrated 
horn-player,  teacher,  and  comp.  f.  horn  ;  b. 
Pans,  May  24,  1781 ;  d.  there  July  16,  1868. 
At  first  a  choir-boy  in  the  mattnse  of  Notre- 
Dame,  his  teacher  in  the  Cons,  was  Kenn  ;  in 
6  months  he  joined  the  band  of  the  "  Garde 
Nationale,"  and,  in  1799,  ^e  band  of  the 
"  Garde  des  Consuls,"  with  which  he  passed 
through  the  Egyptian  campaign.  From  1801-5 
he  st.  theory  at  the  Cons,  under  Catel  and  Gos- 
sec,  and  studied  again  with  Reicha  from  1811- 
14;  1806-8,  first  horn  at  the  Bordeaux  Th.; 
then  succeeded  Kenn  in  the  Opera  orch. ,  and 
Duvernoy  (as  cor  solo),  retiring  in  1831.  He 
was  chamber-mus.  to  Napoleon  (1811),  and 
Louis  XVIII.  (1816) ;  in  1816  he  was  app.  prof, 
of  horn  in  the  Cons  ,  resigning  the  post  in  1842. 
— Publ.  "  Methode  pour  cor  alto  et  cor  basse  "; 
horn-concertos,  and  chamber-music  with  horn- 
parts.  In  MS.  he  left  symphonies,  a  Method 
of  Harmony,  a  "  Throne  analytique  de  la  mu- 
sique,"  etc. 

Daussoigne-M£aul,  Louis -Joseph,  born 
Givet,  Ardennes,  June  24,  1790 ;  d.  Lidge, 
Mar.  10,  1875.  Pupil  of  Catel  and  Mchul  at 
the  Cons.;  took  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1809 ;  after  writing  4  operas,  which  were  re- 
jected, he  at  length  produced  his  i-act  Aspasie 
at  the  Grand  OpeVa  (1820)  with  moderate  suc- 
cess. He  did  still  better  with  Valentine  de 
Milan  ^  a  3-act  opera  left  unfinished  by  Me'hul, 
which  he  completed  ;  but  his  former  ill-success 
had  discouraged  him.  In  1827  he  accepted  the 
directorship  of  Liege  Cons.,  which  he  retained, 
with  great  benefit  to  the  school,  until  1862.  B. 
was  an  associate  member  of  the  Royal  Acad., 
Brussels,  and  publ.  mus.  essays  on  its  reports  of 
meetings.  He  brought  out  a  cantata  w.  full 
orch.  in  1828,  and  a  choral  symphony  (*'  Une 
journee  de  la  Revolution")  in  1834. 

Davenport,  Francis  William,  b.  Wilders- 
lowe,  n.  Derby,  Eng.,  1847  \  st.  law  at  Oxford, 
but  preferred  music,  and  became  the  pupil  (later 


DAVID— DAVID 


Son-in-law)  of  Sir  G.  A.  Macfarren.  In  1879, 
prof,  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  and  at  the(iuildhall  Sch. 
of  Mus.  in  1882. — Works  :  2  sjmphonies  (i.  in 
D  minor,  won  1st  prize  at  Alexandra  Palace, 
1876  ;  2.  in  C  major) ;  overture  f.  orch  , 
"  Twelfth  Night";  Prelude  and  Fugue  f.  orch.; 
6  pcs.  f.  pf.  and  'cello;  "Pictures  on  a  Jour- 
ney," a  series  of  pf.-pcs.;  part-songs  and  songs  ; 
also  wrote  "Elements  of  Music"  (1884),  and 
44  Elements  of  Harm,  and  Cpt."  (1886). 

Da'vid  [dah-],  Ferdinand,  eminent  violinist 
and  pedagogue  ;  b  Hamburg,  Jan.  19,  1810 ; 
d.  on  a  mountain- 
trip  near  Klosters, 
Switzerland,  July 
18,  1873.  From 
1823-4  he  studied 
with  Spohr  and 
Hauptmann  at 
Kassel ;  played  in 
the  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig,  in  1825  ; 
and  in  1827  became 
a  member  of  the 
Konigstadt  T  heatre 
orch.  in  Berlin.  In 
1829  he  was  1st  vio- 
lin in  the  private 
quartet  of  a  wealthy  and  influential  amateur 
(Baron  von  Liphardt)  at  Dorpat,  whose  daughter 
he  married  ;  he  remained  in  Russia  till  1835, 
winning  fame  by  frequent  concerts  in  St.  P., 
Moscow,  Riga,  etc.  At  Mendelssohn's  instance 
he  was  app.  leader  of  the  Gewandhaus  orch.  in 
1836.  In  this  position,  and  in  the  wider  field 
of  activity  opened  by  the  establishment  of  the 
Cons,  in  18^3,  D.  found  ample  opportunity  for 
the  development  of  his  remarkable  gifts.  While 
he  lived,  the  Leipzig  Cons,  was  looked  upon  as 
the  finishing-school  of  violinists  ;  over  the  play- 
ing of  the  Gewandhaus  orch.  he  presided  with 
the  rigor  of  a  martinet,  and  the  tradition  of  his 
teachings  is  still  a  living  force  in  that  chosen 
band.  Obeyed  with  fear  and  trembling  as  a 
drill-master,  and  admired  as  a  virtuoso  "com- 
bining the  sterling  qualities  of  Spohr's  style  with 
the  greater  facility  and  piquancy  of  the  modern 
school,"  he  was  revered  as  the  teacher  of  the 
most  distinguished  violinists  of  the  time,  among 
them  being  Wilhelm  j  and  Joachim.  As  a  quar- 
tet-player he  was  nearly  unrivalled  ;  as  an  orch.l 
leader  he  had  a  wonderful  faculty  of  inspiring 
the  players  with  his  own  enthusiasm.  His  stu- 
dent editions  of  classical  works  embrace  nearly 
all  compositions  of  standard  violin-literature ; 
noteworthy  is  the  "Hohe  Schule  des  Violin- 
spiels/'  containing-  chiefly  French  and  Italian 
masterpieces  of  the  I7th  and  iSth  centuries. 
Mendelssohn  was  his  warm  friend,  frequently 
asking  his  advice  and  deferring  to  his  judgment ; 
a  remarkable  instance  of  this  being  M.'s  violin- 
concerto,  during  the  writing  of  which  D.  was 
continually  consulted. — Works  .  I  opera,  Hans 
Wacht  (Leipzig,  1852)  ;  2  symphonies ;  5  vln.- 


concertos  ;  a  sextet,  a  quartet,  and  other  cham- 
ber-mus. ,  variations,  capntcios,  rondos,  and 
other  \ln.-pcs  ;  "  liunte  Reihe,"  pcs.  f.  pf  and 
vln.  (transcribed  f.  pf.  by  Liszt)  ;  and  a  Method 
f.  vln.,  one  of  the  best  ever  written.  [La  Mara 
gives  list  with  50  opus-numbers  ] 

Da'vid,  Peter  Paul,  son  of  Ferd.  D  :  b. 
Leipzig,  Aug.  i,  1840  ;  was  leader  of  the  Karls- 
ruhe orch.  1862-5,  and  is  at  present  teacher  of 
violin  at  Uppmgham,  Eng. 

David,  Fe*licien-Ce"sar,  distinguished  com- 
poser ;  b  Cadenet,  Vaucluse,  Apr.  13,  1810 ;  d. 
St.-Germain-en-Laye,  Aug.  29,  1876.  Of  re- 
markablyprecocious 
talent,  he  -was 
taught  in  the  mal- 
frisf  of  Saint-Sau- 
veur  at  Aix  from 
1817-25  He  had  a 
beautiful  \oice,  and 
composed  hymns, 
motets,  and  other  \ 
music.  He  then  st.  < 
in  the  Jesuit  col- 
lege for  3  years  ;  be-  7^\ 
came  asst.-cond.  in 
the  th.  at  Aix,  and 
in  1829  in.  de  c/iap. 
at  St.-Sauveur;  but 
an  unconquerable 
longing  to  widen  his  musical  horizon  drew  him 
to  Paris  (1830),  where  he  submitted  specimens  of 
composition  to  Cherubini,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Cons.,  studying  harm,  with  Reberand  Millot, 
and  cpt.  and  fugue  with  Fetis.  In  1831,  when 
the  meagre  allowance  given  him  by  a  rich  and 
avaricious  uncle  had  been  withdrawn,  he  joined 
the  socialistic  movement  of  the  Saint-Simonists 
at  Menilraontant ;  here  he  composed  a  series  of 
4-part  "hymnes"  f.  men's  voices  (later  publ., 
with  the  words,  as  the  "  Ruche  harmonieuse  "). 
On  the  dispersion  of  the  society  in  1833,  D.  went 
to  Marseilles  with  a  group  of  the  brotherhood, 
giving  concerts  on  the  way ;  they  proceeded  to 
Constantinople,  Smyrna,  and  Egypt,  where  they 
finally  dispersed ;  and,  with  an  imagination 
powerfully  stimulated  by  his  long  sojourn  in  the 
East,  D  returned  alone  to  Paris  in  1835.  He 
now  publ.  a  collection  of  "  Melodies  orientates"; 
they  met  with  small  success,  and  he  retired  to 
the  house  of  a  friend  in  the  country,  giving  him- 
self up  to  study  and  composition  (2  symphonies, 
24  small  string-quintets,  2  nonets  f.  wind,  ro- 
mances, etc.).  In  1838  his  ist  symphony  (in  F) 
was  prod. ;  and  at  last  (1844)  ^e  reaped  the  fruit 
of  so  many  years'  toil  and  study,  his  symphonic 
ode  Le  Dtsert  being  received,  at  its  first  per- 
formance in  the  hall  of  the  Cons.,  with  ''deliri- 
ous "  applause,  and  a  series  of  repetitions  given 
at  the  Salle  Ventadour  for  a  month,  to  crowded 
houses.  The  oratorio  ATolse  att  Sinai  followed 
in  1846,  but,  like  a  second  symphonic  ode  Chris- 
tophe  Colomb^  and  F&den  (a  " mystery"  in  2 
parts,  Grand  Ope*ra,  1848),  met  with  a  cool  re- 


DAVID— DAVISOX 


ception  However,  his  opera  La  Pet  Ic  dit  7>'/e'j// 
(Th.-Lynque,  1851)  was  bnlliantly  successful, 
a  second,  La  fin  tin  mondc,  was  rejected  b\  the 
Grand  Op.,  and  later  (though  after  long  rehear- 
sals) by  the  Th.-Lynque  ;  the  (Jrand  Op  took 
it  up  in  1859  as  /frri  «/(*«*'«;«,  and  for  tins  opera 
the  great  state  prize  of  20,000  frs  was  awarded 
to  D.  in  1867.  La  Ha  Rookh  (1862)  and  Le 
Saphir  (1865)  were  given  at  the  Ope'ra-Comique 
(the  former  with  great  success,  the  latter  \\  ith 
scarcely  a  sitcttts  d'estotne)  D  now  abandoned 
dram,  comp.,  withdrawing  his  last  op.,  La  Caf- 
tnv  In  1869  he  was  elected  Academicien, 
taking  Berlioz's  chair,  and  succeeding  him  also 
as  librarian  of  the  Cons — Besides  the  above 
works,  he  wrote  12  melodies  f.  'cello  ;  "  Les 
Bases  d'Onent,"  pf.-pcs.;  "Les  Minarets,"  3 
pf.-pcs.;  "  Les  Perles  d'Orient,"  6  melodies  f. 
voice  and  pf . ,  etc.  —  Biography  by  Azevedo  : 
**  F.  D.,  sa  vie  et  son  ceuvre  "  (Paris,  1863). 

David,  Samuel,  b.  Paris,  Nov  12,  1838 ;  cl. 
there  Oct.  3,  1895.  Pupil,  in  Cons.,  of  Bazin 
and  Halevy ;  Grand  prix  de  Rome,  1858,  for 
cantata  Jephtha;  1859,  prize  for  work  f.  male 
ch.  and  orch  ,  Le  ge*nie  de  fa  terre,  perf.  by 
chorus  of  6,000  singers.  1861,  prof  at  College 
de  Sainte-Barbe  ;  1872,  music-director  in  Jewish 
Synagogues  of  Paris. — Operas  (all  given  in 
Pans)  •  i-act  operetta  La peau  de  rour*  (1858) ; 
Mademoiselle  Sylvia,  i-act  (1868) ;  Tit  I* as 
voiilit,  i-act  (1869) ;  Le  Men  d'aittnti  (1869) ; 
Un  caprice  de  Ifiiwn  (1871) ;  La  Ft*e  des  Britye- 
res,  3  acts  (1878).  Not  performed  •  Les  cJieva- 
liet  $  du  poignard,  Une  dragoxnade^TM  Gageure^ 
V Education  d'un  Prince*  Les  Changeurs^  Absa- 
Ion,  and  /  Maccabei  (in  Italian).  Also,  an  "  ode- 
symphonie,"  Le  Tnomphe  de  la  Paijc  (1878,  his 
best-known  work) ;  4  symphonies,  several  cho- 
ruses, many  songs,  and  a  theoretico-practical 
work  ''  L'Art  de  jouer  en  mesure"  (Paris,  1862). 

David,  Ernest,  b.  Nancy,  July  4,  1844  ;  d. 
Paris,  June  3,  1886.  From  1862  he  studied 
music  under  Fetis  ;  was  a  contributor  to  several 
mus  journals;  publ.  an  essay  in  1873,  "La 
musique  chez  les  Juifs,"  and  wrote  with  Lussy 
an  "  Histoire  de  la  notation  musicale  depuis  ses 
origines  "  (1882).  Also  publ.  "La  vie  et  les 
ccuvres  de  J.  S.  Bach," 

David,  Adolphe-Isaac,  b.  Nantes,  1842  ;  d. 
Paris,  June  24,  1897.  Composer.— Works :  3 
pantomimes,  La  statue  du  Commandeur  and 
Pierrot  surpris  (both  succ.  in  1891  at  the 
'*  Nouveautes  "),  and  Le  Jianct  de  are  (Paris, 
1894) ;  also  a  comic  opera  JDiana  de  Sparre 
(Nantes) ;  many  pf.-pcs.  (*'  La  Pluie,"  etc.). 

Da'vidoff,  Karl,  'cellist ;  b.  Goldingen,  Kur- 
land,  Mar,  15, 1838  ;  d.  Moscow,  Feb.  28, 1889. 
Pupil  of  H.  Schmidt  in  Moscow  ('cello),  and  C. 
Schubert  at  St.  P,,  afterwards  studying  comp. 
with  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig.  His  debut  at  the 
Gewandhaus  (1859)  was  so  successful  that  he 
was  eng.  as  first  'cello,  and  also  succeeded 


Fr.  Grutzmacher  as 

teacher  in  the  Cons. 

In  iS62  he  was  app. 

solo   'cellist    to    the 

Russian     Emperor, 

and  in  the  orch.  of 

the  Russian    Music 

Soc  ,  and  also  in  the 

St     P     Cons.,    be- 

coming    Director  in 

1876   (resigned, 

1887)  —  Works  Con- 

certos, a  ballade,  and 

a   song   without 

words,  f   'cello  ;  pf.* 

pcs  ;    chamber-music  (pf.-quintet)  ;    a   symph. 

poem,   "The  Gifts  of  Terek";  songs,  etc. 

Davies,  Ben,  tenor  opera-  and  concert-singer; 
b.  Swansea  Valley,  S.  Wales,  in  1858.  Pupil 
1880-3  of  Randegger  at  R.  A.  M.,  winning  the 
bronze,  silver,  and  gold  medals,  and  the  Evill 
prize  for  best  declamatory  Engl.  singing  ;  3 
years  with  Carl  Rosa  Opera-troupe  ;  has  lat- 
terly sung  in  Ivanhoe^  Fanst,  and  The  Bohe- 
mian Girl.  Is  best  known,  however,  as  an 
oratono-  and  concert-singer  ;  hife  repertory  in- 
cludes most  of  the  oratorios,  cantatas,  and  con- 
cert-work performed  in  Britain.  First  visit  to 
America  in  summer  of  1893  ;  2nd,  in  1894. 

Davies,  Fanny,  pianist  ;  b.  Guernsey,  June 
17,  1863  p)  ;  pupil  of  Reinecke  and  Paul  (pf.),  and 
Jadassohn  (theory)  in  Leipzig  Cons.  (1882-3), 
and  of  Frau  Schumann  1883-5  at  the  Hoch 
Cons.,  Frankfort  ;  also  of  Dr.  Scholz  in  fugue 
and  composition.  London  debut  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  Oct.  17,  1885  I  since  then  she  has  made 
succ.  tours  in  England,  Germany,  and  Jlaly. 

Davies,  (Henry)  Walford,  English  organ- 
ist; b.  Owestry,  Sept.  6  ,1869.  At  12  he  be- 
came chorister  in  St.  George's  chapel,  Windsor  ; 
1885-90,  pupil  and  asst.  of  Sir  Walter  Parratt, 
and  likewise  org.  of  the  Park  chapel,  Windsor. 
From  1890-1  org.  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Anne's, 
Soho;  1891-8,  org  of  Christ  church,  Hamp- 
stead  ;  and  in  1898  succeeded  E.  J.  Hopkins  as 
org.  of  the  Temple  Ch.  He  is  a  Mus.  Bac. 
(1892)  and  Mus.  Doc.,  Cantab.  (1898)  ;  in  1894  he 
qualified  as  Associate  of  the  R.  C.  M.  for  com- 
position ;  and  in  1895  succeeded  Rockstro  as 
prof,  of  cpt.  there.  —  Works:  Pf.-quintet  in 


;  Symphony  in  D,  1895  ;  cantata  Hery*  JRiel 
[Browning]  (1896);  chamber-music. 

Davison,  Arabella.    See  GODDARD. 

Davison,  James  William,  b.  London,  Oct. 
5,  1815  ;  d.  Margate,  Mar.  24,  1885.  Pupil  of 
W.  H.  Holmes  (pf.)  and  Sir  G.  A.  Macfarren 
(theory).  Musical  critic  ;  editor  of  the  "  Mus. 
Examiner"  1842-4,  and  the  "  Mus.  World" 
1844-85;  contributor  to  the  "Saturday  Re- 
view," "Pall  Mall  Gazette,"  and  "Graphic"; 
from  1846-79,  the  influential  critic  of  "The 
Times."  In  i860  he  married  his  pupil,  Ara- 


138 


DAVY— DEDEKIND 


bella'Goddard.  He  wrote  the  analytical  "  Tro- 
gramme-books "  for  the  Popular  Concerts  and 
the  Halle  recitals,  and  contributed  2  articles  to 
Grove's  Dictionary.  He  composed  a  few  songs, 
several  pf.-pcs  ,  and  a  dram,  overture  (f.  pf.- 
duet)  to  Fortunatus^  a  fairy-tale. 

Davy,  John,  b.  Upton-IIelion,  Exeter,  1765; 
d.  London,  Feb.  22,  1824.  Pupil  of  Jackson. 
Violinist  at  Covent  Garden  ;  teacher  and  comp. 
in  London.  Wrote  the  music  to  nearly  a  score 
of  plays ;  also  vocal  quartets,  madngals,  and 
many  songs,  of  which  '*  The  Bay  of  Biscay, 
oh  ! '"'  is  still  popular. 

Davy,  Richard,  Engl.  comp.  of  the  i6th 
century.  Some  of  his  comp  s  are  preserved  in 
the  Fayrfax  MSS.,  British  Museum. 

Day,  Dr.  Alfred,  b.  London,  Jan.,  1810 ;  d. 
there  Feb*  IT,  1849.  A  practising  physician 
(homceopathist)  in  London  ;  best  known  as  the 
author  of  an  original  "Treatise  on  Harmony" 
(London  [1845]  ),  in  which  he  advocated  reforms 
in  terminology  and  teaching,  formulated  a  new- 
sort  of  bass-figuring  to  supplant  the  ordinary 
thorough-bass,  and  made  many  interesting  and 
practical  suggestions. 

Dayas,  William  Humphries,  b.  New  York, 
Sept.  12,  1864.  Studied  in  N.  Y.  under  S.  Jack- 
son (pf.  and  harm.),  Warren  (org.  and  cpt.), 
and  S.  B.  Mills  and  Joseffy  (pf .).  Org.  of  the 
Fifth  Av.  Presby.  Ch. ,  then  of  St.  Andrew's ; 
studied  in  Germany  with  Th.  Kullak,  C.  A. 
Ilaupt,  H.  Erlich,  and  H.  Urban  ;  also  with 
Liszt  at  Weimar.  Made  a  concert-tour  with 
Anna  Senkrah  in  1888 ;  succeeded  Busoni  as 
pf. -teacher  in  Helsingfors  Cons.  (1890) ;  taught 
in  DUsseldorf  (1894),  Wiesbaden  Cons.,  and  Co- 
logne Cons. — Works:  Suite  f.  string-orch. ; 
string-quartet ;  sonata  f .  pf .  and  vln. ;  organ- 
sonatas  ;  pf. -sonatas  ;  6  psalms  f .  mixed  voices ; 
waltzes  f.  pf.  duet;  Polonaise  f.  pf.,  etc. 

De  Ah'na,  Heinrich  Karl  Hermann,  em- 
inent solo  violinist  and  quartet-player;  b.  Vi- 
enna, June  22,  1835  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  I,  1892. 
A  pupil  of  Mayseder  in  Vienna,  and  Mildner  at 
Prague  Cons.;  d^but  as  violinist,  when  but  12 
years  old,  at  Vienna,  London,  etc.  App.  (1849) 
chamber-virtuoso  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha.  Served  in  the  army  1851-59 ;  then  re- 
sumed concert-tours  in  Holland  and  Germany ; 
settled  (1862)  in  Berlin  as  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Orch.,  becoming  its  leader  in  1868.  In 
1869  he  was  app.  teacher  in  the  Royal  Hoch- 
schule. 

De  Ah'na,  Eleonore,  sister  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Vienna,  Jan.  8, 1838  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  10, 
1865.  Pupil  of  E.  Man  this.  Fine  dramatic 
mezzo-sopr.;  sang  at  the  Royal  Opera,  Berlin. 

De-An'gelis,  Girolamo,  b.  Civitavecchia, 
Jan.  i,  1858.  Fine  violinist ;  pupil  of  Bazzini ; 
st.  in  Milan  Cons.  1869-80 ;  1881,  app.  prof,  of 
vln.  and  via.  in  same,  succeeding  Cavallini. 
Solo  violinist  at  La  Scala  Th.,  1879-97  ;  mem- 


ber of  the  Societa  del  Quartetto ,  abt.  1894,  suc- 
cessful tour  in  S.  America  i&c)7,  called  lo  the 
Ro}al  Irish  Acad.  of  Music,  at  Dublin,  as  heiid- 
teacher  of  violin.  Wrote  text  and  mubic  of  the 
opera  rjnnocente  (Xovi  Ligure,  1896,  succ.; 
Bologna,  1897,  mod.  succ  ). 

Debain,  Alexandre-Frangois,  the  inventor 
of  the  harmonium  ;  b.  Paris,  1609  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
3,  1877.  He  established  a  factor}*  of  pianos  and 
organs  in  Paris  (1834),  and  after  long  experi- 
mentation with  free  reeds  patented  his  "har- 
monium "  in  1840.  He  also  invented  the  **  anti- 
phonel"and  the  "hannonichorde";  and  greatly 
improved  the  accordion. 

Debillemont,  Jean-Jacques,  b.  Dijon,  Dec. 
12,  1824  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  14,  1879.  A  pupil  of 
Alard  at  the  Cons.,  and  member  of  the  Op.- 
Com.  orch.,,  he  studied  later  with  Leborne  and 
Carafa  ;  brought  out  4  operas  in  Dijon  ;  settled 
(1859)  in  Paris,  where  he  conducted  the  concerts 
of  the  "  Socidte  des  Beaux-Arts,"  and  later  the 
orch.  of  the  Porte  St  -Martin  theatre.  He  pro- 
duced abt.  a  dozen  operas,  operettas,  ballets, 
and  the  like  (7  still  in  MS.)  ;  also  cantatas,  etc. 

Debois,  Ferdinand,  b.  Brunn,  Nov.  24, 
1834  ;  d.  there  May  10,  1893  He  was  the  di- 
rector of  a  bank  ;  founded  and  conducted  a  male 
choral  society.  Of  his  numerous  vocal  comp.s, 
his  male  choruses  have  become  most  popular. 
He  wrote  IVernher^  for  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. 
(1889) ;  also  pf.-pcs. 

Debrois  van  Bruyck.    See  BRUYCK. 

Deck'er,  Konstantin,  b.  Filrstenau,  Bran- 
denburg, Dec.  29,  1810 ;  d.'  Stplp,  Pomerania, 
Jan.  28,  1878.  Teacher,  pianist,  and  comp.; 
pupil  of  Dehn  (harm,  and  cpt.)  in  Berlin.  Lived 
m  Halle,  Leipzig,  Breslau,  Konigsberg,  St. 
Petersburg  (for  several  years),  and  Potsdam ; 
from  1859  iQ  Stolp. — Works :  3  operas,  JDif 
Geusen  in  Brgda  (1837),  Giajir,  der  Weiberjemd 
(1838),  Isolde,  Grafin  zvn  Toulouse  (Konigsberg, 
1852);  a  string-quartet;  2  pf. -sonatas  ;  fanta- 
sias f.  pf. ;  duets,  songs,  etc. 

De'dekindyHenning,  cantor  at  Langensalza, 
Thuringia,  abt.  1590,  and  pastor  in  1614  ;  pas- 
tor in  Gebesee,  1622,  till  his  death  in  1628. — 
Publ.  "  Neue  ausserlesene  Tricinia  auff  fur- 
treffliche  lustige  Texte  gesetzt "  (Erfurt,  1588  ; 
probably  a  2nd  ed.  of  his  "  Dodekatonon  musi- 
cum  Triciniorum  .  .  .  /'undated);  a  catechism, 
"Eine  Kinder-Musik,  etc."  (Erfurt,  1589); 
"  Praecursor  metricus  musicae  artis  ..."  (Er- 
furt, 1590)  ;  and  "  Dodekas  Musicarum  delici- 
arum :  Soldaten-Leben,  darinnenallerley  Kriegs- 
handel  .  .  ."  (Erfurt,  1628). 

De'dekind,  Konstantin  Christian,  born 
Reinsdorf,  Anhalt-Kbthen,  Apr.  2,  1628  ;  d. 
1697  (or  later).  *  *  Hof  musikus  "  and  poet-laure- 
ate to  the  Elector  of  Saxony  at  Meissen  ;  also  a 
prolific  composer  (pupil  of  Chr.  Bernhardi  in 
Dresden)  of  chamber-music,  and  sacred  songs 
w.  instr.l  accomp.t.— Works :  "  Acbianische 


139 


DEDLER— DEITERS 


Musen-Lust "  (Dresden,  1657;  — 120  celebrated 
poems  set  as  chansons) ;  1 1  DaMchbche  jreheime 
Musik-Kammer  "  (Dresden,  1663,  30  psalms  f. 
solo  voice  and  bass) ;  "  Musikalischer  Jahrgang 
und  Ve&per-Gesang  "  (Dresden,  1674  ;  120  vocal 
"concertos");  "  Davidischer  Ilarfenschall  in 
Liedern  und  Melodeyen  "  (Frankfort) ;  "  Sin- 
gende  Sonn-  und  Fest-Tags  Andachten  "  (Dres- 
den, 1683);  "Musikalischer  Jahrgang,  etc" 
(Dresden,  1694 ,  for  2  voices  with  org.) ;  and 
others. 

De'dler,  Rochus,  b.  Oberammergau,  Jan. 
I5»  *779  I  d.  Vienna,  Oct.  15,  1822.  Composer 
of  the  Passion-play  music  still  in  use. 

Deering  (or  Bering),  Richard,  b.  in  Kent 
towards  end  of  i6th  century ;  d.  London  (?)  in 
1630.  Educated  in  Italy ,  publ.  the  oldest 
known  compositions  with  lasso  continue  ("  Canti- 
ones  sacrae  quinque  vocum  cum  basso  continuo 
ad  organum,"  Antwerp,  1597 ;  2nd  book,  1617  ; 
3rd,  1619)  Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon.,  in  1610.  Organ- 
ist at  the  convent  of  English  nuns  at  Brussels 
in  1617 ;  court-org.  to  Queen  Henrietta  Maria 
in  1625. — Also  publ.  "  Cantica  sacra  ad  melodi- 
am  madrigalium  elaborata  senis  vocibus  "  (Ant- 
werp, 1618);  "Cantica  sacra  ad  duas  et  tres 
voces,  composite  cum  basso  continuo  ad  orga- 
num "  (London,  1662). 

Deferra'ri.    See  FERRARI. 

Defies,  Louis  -  Pierre,  composer;  b.  Tou- 
louse, July  25,  1819  ;  pupil  of  HaleVy  and  Bar- 
bereau  in  the  JParis  Cons.,  taking  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1847  for  the  cantata  VAnge  et  Tobie. 
His  first  dram,  work  was  the  i-act  com.  op. 
VAnneau  d' argent  (Paris,  1855);  14  others  have 
since  been  given,  the  last  being  Jessica  (Tou- 
louse, 1898  ;  very  succ.).  He  has  also  written 
masses,  motets,  overtures,  male  choruses,  songs, 
military  music,  etc.  At  present  (1899)  Director 
of  the  Toulouse  branch  of  the  Conservatoire. 

De'gele,  Eugcn,  baritone  dram,  singer ;  b. 
Munich,  July  4,  1834;  d.  Dresden,  July  26, 
1866.  Pupil  of  A.  Bayer  and  Fr.  Dietz  in  the 
Munich  Cons. ;  debut  in  Munich  unsuccessful ; 
after  further  study  with  W.  Rauscher,  he  sang 
at  Hanover  in  1856,  and  obtained  an  engage- 
ment till  1 86 1,  since  when  he  was  engaged  at 
Dresden. — He  composed  some  songs. 

De  Gio'sa,  Nicola,  born  Ban,  May  5,  1820; 
d.  there  July  7,  1885.  Pupil,  at  Naples  Cons., 
of  P  Bongiorni  (flute),  Ruggi  (cpt  ),  and  Zinga- 
relh  and  Donizetti  (comp.).  Became  maestro  at 
the  San  Carlo  Th.  (Naples),  the  Fenice  Th. 
(Venice),  and  of  Italian  theatres  in  Cairo,  Buenos 
Ayres,  etc.  His  first  dram  venture,  the  '  *  opera 
buffa  "  La  Casa  degli  artisti  (Turin,  1842),  was 
quite  successful,  and  his  Don  Checco  (Naples, 
1850)  is  still  played  in  Italy  ;  but  none  of  his  20 
or  more  other  operas  is  of  special  note.  Many 
of  his  400  songs  have  become  very  popular ;  he 


also   wrote  symphonies,  cantatas,   and  various 
sacred  works  (in  MS  ). 

De  Haan,  Willem,  b.  Rotterdam,  1849; 
pupil  of  Nicolaz,  de  Lan^e,  and  Ijargiel ,  later 
m  Leipzig  Cons.  (1870-1).  Visited  Uerhn  and 
Vienna  ;  was  musical  director  at  Bmgen  (1873), 
cond.  of  the  "Mozartverem"  at  Darmstadt  (1876), 
and  Hofkapettm.  there  in  1895  — Works  Opera 
Die  Kaiser stochter;  4-act  opera  Die  Inkasohne 
(Darmstadt,  1895  ;  succ  ) ;  2  cantatas  f  male 
chorus  and  orch.,  Der  Komgssohn,  and  Das 
Grab  2m  Busento  j  cantata  Harpa,  f.  mixed 
chorus  ;  vocal  duets,  songs,  and  pf.-pcs. 

Dehn,  Siegfried  Wilhelm,  b.  Altona,  Feb. 
25,  1796  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  12,  1858.  Law-stu- 
dent at  Leipzig  1819-25  ;  also  studied  harmony 
and  'cello-playing.  Adopted  music  as  his  pro- 
fession in  1829,  after  losing  his  fortune;  studied 
theory  assiduously  with  Bernhard  Klein  in  Berlin; 
and  at  Meyerbeer's  instance  (1842)  was  app. 
librarian  of  the  musical  department  of  the  Royal 
Library,  for  his  labors  in  which  he  was  made 
Royal  Professor  in  1849.  From  1842-8  he  was 
also  editor  of  the  "Ccecilia  "  (Gottfried  Weber's 
paper),  to  which  he  contributed  valuable  articles. 
Dehn  was  a  profound  theorist,  and  very  successful 
as  a  teacher  of  theory,  numbering  among  his 
pupils  Anton  Rubinstein,  Th.  Kullak,  Glinka, 
Kiel,  Heinrich  Hofmann,  etc.  He  publ.  a 
14  Theoretisch-praktische  Harmonielehre  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1840  ;  2nd  ed.  Leipzig,  1858 ;  his  most  im- 
portant work) ;  an  "  Analyse  dreier  Fugen  aus  J. 
S.  Bach's  Wohltemperirtem  Clavier  und  einer 
Vokaldoppelfuge  G.  M.  Buononcinis  "  (Leipzig, 
1858)  ;  "  Erne  Sammlung  alterer  Musik  aus  dem 
16.  und  17  Jahrhundert"  (Berlin  ;  12  books  of 
vocal  comp.s  a  4-10);  a  translation  of  Delmotte's 
work  on  Orlandus  Lassus,  "  Biogr.  Notiz  uber 
Roland  de  Lattre"  (Vienna,  1837).  A  post- 
humous ct  Lehre  vom  Kontrapunkt,  dem  Kanon 
u.  der  Fuge"  (Berlin,  1859  >  2nd  ed.,  1883)  was 
edited  by  B.  Scholz. 

Dei'ters,  Hermann,  b.  Bonn,  June  27,  1833, 
where  he  took  the  degrees  of  Dr.  jier.  and  Dr. 
plnL  in  1858.  Teacher  in  the  gymnasia  at  Bonn 
(1858)  and  Duren  (1869);  director  of  gymnasia  at 
Konitz  (1874),  Posen  ('78),  and  Bonn  ('83); 
"  Provincial-Schulrath  "  at  Koblenz  ('85) ;  assist- 
ant in  the  Ministry  of  Public  Worship,  at  Berlin 
(1890).  D.  has  written  many  mus.  articles  for  the 
"  Deutsche  Musikzeitung  ";  for  the  "  Allg.  musi- 
kal.  Zeitung"  ("  Beethoven's  dramatische  Kom- 


positionen"  ['65],  "R.  Schumann  als  Schrift- 
steller"  ['65],  "Otto  Jahn"  ['70],  "Beethoven's 
Sakularfeier  in  Bonn"  ['71],  "Max  Bruch's 

J>"»    J>.  .       -   _    »>       PI. "I  J  _        •  .  Y"»«  .  \  _^J 


Odysseus"  ['73],  and  a  series  on  Brahms),  and 
other  journals.  He  contributed  several  mus. 
biographies  to  Meyer's  Konversations  -  Lexikon 
(3rd  ed.) ;  and  is  the  translator  (into  German) 
of  A.  W.  Thayer's  Life  of  Beethoven,  the  4th 
(and  last)  vol.  of  which  he  is  now  (1899)  pre- 
paring. 


140 


DE  KOVEN— DELIBES 


De  Ko'ven,  (Henry  Louis)  Reginald,  b. 

Middletovvn,  Conn.,  Apr.  3,  1859.  Educated  in 
Europe  from  1870, 
taking  his  degree  at 
St.  John's  Coll.,  Ox- 
ford, Eng.,  in  1879 
Before  this  he  stud- 
ied pf  -playing  under 
W.  Speidel  at  Stutt- 
gart, and  after  grad- 
uation st.  there  an- 
other year  under 
Lebert  (pf.)  and 
Pruckner  (harm  ). 
After  a  six -months' 
course  in  Frankfort, 
under  Dr.  Hauff 
(comp.),  he  studied 

singing  with  Vanuccmi  at  Florence,  Italy,  and 
operatic  composition  under  Gene*e  in  Vienna  and 
Delibes  in  Paris.  Now  (1899)  residing  in  New 
York.  As  a  composer  of  operettas  he  has  had 
great  success. — Works :  The  operettas  The 
Begitm  (Phila.,  Nov.  7,  1887)-  Don  QittAote 
(Boston,  Nov.  18.  1889) ,  Robin  Hood  (Chicago, 
June  9,  1890 ;  London,  Jan  5,  1891) ;  The 
Fencing  Master  (Boston,  Sept.  22,  1892) ;  The 
Knickerbockers  (Boston,  Jan.,  1893);  The  Al- 
gerian (Phila.,  Sept.  24,  1893)  ;  Rob  Roy  (Detroit, 
Oct  ,  1894) ;  TJie  Tzigane  (N.  Y.,  May,  1895)  ; 
The  Mandarin  (Cleveland,  O.,  Oct.,  1896)  ;  The 
Pans  Doll( Hartford,  Conn.,  Sept.  28,  1897)  ; 
The  Highwayman  (New  Haven,  Oct.  21,  1897  ; 
N.  Y  ,  Dec.  13,  1897),  and  The  Three  Dragoons 
(New  York,  Jan  ,  1899).  Besides  these,  abt.  135 
songs  and  incidental  pieces,  incl.  an  orchestral 
suite  (MS.),  and  a  pf. -sonata  (the  andante  publ. 
in  "  Half-hours  with  the  Be&t  Composers"). 

Delaborde,  filie- Miriam,  born  Chaillot, 
France,  Feb.  8,  1839  Pupil  of  Ch.-V.  Alkan, 
Liszt,  and  Moscheles.  Now  (1899)  prof,  of  pf. 
at  Paris  Cons.  Besides  a  few  pf. -pieces,  pf.- 
fantasias,  etc.  (publ.),  he  has  in  MS.  an  opera, 
La  Reine  dort. 

Delacour,  Vincent-Conrad-Felix,  b.  Paris, 
Mar.  25,  1808  ;  d  there  Mar.  28,  1840.  Pupil 
of  P.  Cons.  1822-7  ;  1830-3,  harpist  in  the  Royal 
Th.,  Berlin.  From  1833-5,  he  studied  at  the 
Cons,  with  Berton,  was  joint-editor  of  "  Le 
Pianiste,"  and  gave  conceits. —Publ.  an  Ave 
veram  a  4,  w.  org.,  an  O  salutaris,  a  3,  and  a 
few  vocal  romances. 

Delatre,  Olivier,  Belgian  musician  in  zst 
half  of  1 6th  century.  Some  motets  and  chan- 
sons were  publ.  in  collections  (Pans,  Lyons, 
and  Antwerp,  1539-55). 

Delatre,  Claudc-Petit-Jan,  choirmaster  in 
Verdun  cathedral  ;  in  1555,  m.  de  chap,  to  the 
Bishop  of  Liege.  Many  motets  and  chansons 
by  him  were  printed  by  Phalese,  Susato,  and 
Bellere. 

De  Lattre,  Roland.    See  LASSO,  ORLANDO 


De  1'Aulnaye,  Frangois-Henri-Stanislas, 

b.  Madrid,  July  7,  1739;  d  Chaillot,  1830. 
Secretary  of  the  Pans  Museum,  but  lost  his 
place  in  the  Revolution,  squandered  his  patri- 
mony, and  died  in  the  almshouse  —  Wrote  *  *  De 
la  saltation  the*atrale  "  (1790),  and  other  essays 
on  mus.  history  and  theory. 

Deldevez,  Edouard-Marie-Ernest,  bom 
Paris,  May  31,  1817  ;  d.  there  Nov.  6,  1897  , 
pupil,  in  Pans  Cons  ,  of  Habeneck  (vln.),  Ha- 
levy  and  Berton.  Was  app  asst.-cond  at  the 
Grand  OpeYa  and  of  the  Cons,  concerts  in  1859  » 
was  chief  cond.  of  the  latter  from  1872-83,  and 
of  the  former  from  1873-77  (succeeding  Ilainl) 
Prof,  in  Cons,  of  the  orchestral  class  since  1874. 
He  comp.  the  ballets  Lady  Hennette  (1844,  with 
Flotow  and  Burgmuller),'  JEuc  haris  (1844),  Pa- 
quita  (1846),  Vert-  Vert  (1851,  with  Tolbecque)  , 
the  grand  operas  Afasarina  and  Yanko  le  bandit 
(not  perf.),  the  2-act  opera  Samson^  and  the  i-act 
opera  Le  vision  enchantf  ;  3  symphonies;  and 
chamber-music,  church-music,  songs,  etc  ;  and 
is  the  author  of  2  monographs,  *'  Curiosites 
musicales  "  (1873,  on  difficult  and  doubtful  pas- 
sages in  classical  compositions),  and  "  La  nota- 
tion de  la  musique  classique  comparee  a  la  no- 
tation de  la  mus.  moderne,  et  de  1'execution  des 
petites  notes  en  general  ";  also  publ.  "  L'art  du 
chef  d'orchestre  "  (1878)  ;  "  La  Societe  des  Con- 
certs de  1860  a  1885  "  (1887)  ;  and  "  De  1'execu- 
tion  d'ensemble  "  (1888). 

De  Le'va,  Enrico,  b.  Naples,  Jan.  19,  1867  ; 
st.  pf.  under  Pannain  and  Rossomandi,  harmony 
under  Puzzom  and  d'Arienzo.  Pianist;  song- 
composer  in  great  vogue  ;  op.  I,  Canzone  f.  pf.; 
his  canzonetta  napoletana  '  *  'E  spingole  fran- 
gese  "  made  him  famous  ;  among  his  songs 
may  be  mentioned  *"  Non  me  guarda,"  "  Tnste 
aprile,"  *'  Illusione,"  "  Ho  sognato,"  "  Lacrime 
amare,"  llAmmore  piccerillo,"  "'A  canzone  d' 
'a  pupata,"  "  Durmenno";  also  a  serenata  u  'A 
Capemonte  "  ;  opera  La  Carmargo  [sic]  (MS.  ; 
1896). 

Delezenne,  Charles-£douard-Joseph,  b. 
Lille,  Oct.  4,  1776;  d.  there  Aug.  20,  1866. 
Has  written  numerous  important  essays  con- 
cerning expenmental  physics  and  mathematics 
as  applied  to  mus.  acoustics  ;  publ.  in  the 
"  Memoires  de  la  Societe"  des  Sciences,  etc./'  of 
Lille  (1827-57).  [Compare 


Delibes,  Cle~ment-Philibert-L£o,  famous 
dramatic  composer  ;  b.  St.  -  Germain  -  du  -  X'al  , 
Sarthe,  Feb.  21,  1836  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  16,  1891. 
Entered  the  Paris  Cons,  in  1848,  Le  Couppey, 
Bazin,  Adam  and  Benoist  being  his  chief 
teachers.  In  1853  he  became  accompanist  at 
the  Theatre-  Lyrique,  and  organist  at  the  Church 
of  St.-Jean  et  St.-Fran$ois.  His  first  stage-work 
was  the  i-act  operetta,  Deux  sacs  de  charbon 
(1855),  followed  by  12  more  of  the  same  class 
up  to  1865,  when  he  was  app.  2nd  chorus- 
master  at  the  Grand  Opera.  He  now  tried  his 


141 


DELIOUX— DEL  VALLE   DE  PAZ 


hand  at  ballet-writing,  and  brought  out  the  bal- 
let La  soitric  (prod  later  in  Vienna  as 
die  Qudknjtc)  at  the 
Opera  in  1866 ;  the 
next  ballet,  Coppjha, 
on  la  Jillc  aux  yeitx 
d*  email  (Gr.  Opera, 
1870),  was  tri- 
umphantly success- 
ful, and "  has  held 
the  boards  ever 
since  Sylvia,  on  la 
nymphc  de  Diane 
(1876),  was  also  succ 
—  After  resigning 
his  post  as  chorus- 
master,  he  succeeded 
Reber(iSSi)asprof. 
of  comp.  at  the  Cons. ;  and,  in  1884,  was  elected 
as  Masse's  successor  in  the  Academic.  Delibes' 
dramatic  music  is  distinguished  by  melodious- 
ness, vivacity,  and  elegance  of  instrumentation. 
His  stage-works  also  include  the  comic  operas 
J.e  m  l'a  dit  (1873),  Jean  de  Kiwlle  (iSSo), 
Lakme1  (1883),  Le  Roi  des  Afontagnes,  Le  Don 
Juan  suisse  (MS.),  and  La  princesse  Ravigotte 
(MS.).  Besides  these  a  cantata,  Alger  (1865) ; 
choruses  for  men's  and  women's  voices ;  and  a 
coll.  of  15  Melodies  w.  pf.,  in  German  Z*W-style. 

Delioux  (de  Savignac),  Charles,  b.  Lorient, 
Morbihan,  Apr.,  1830.  A  self-taught  pianist, 
he  studied  harmony  with  Barbereau,  and  (at  the 
Cons.  1845-9)  comp.  with  Halevy.  Took  the 
"Grand  prix  pour  le  contrepomt"  in  1846. 
He  brought  out  the  i-act  comic  opera  Ywnnc  et 
Loic  at  the  Gymnase  in  1854  ;  has  publ.  a  great 
many  effective  characteristic  pcs.  f.  pf.,  and  a 
"  Cours  complet  de  mecanisme  pour  le  piano" 
(adopted  in  the  Cons.). 

Della  Mari'a,  Dominique,  born  Marseilles, 
1768  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar,  9,  iboo ;  son  of  an  Ital. 
mandolmist.  He  was  remarkably  precocious  ; 
played  the  mandolin  and  'cello  at  an  early  age, 
and  when  iS  prod,  a  grand  opera  at  Marseilles. 
He  now  studied  composition  in  Italy  (for  a  time 
with  Paisiello),  and  prod,  in  Naples,  1792,  a 
successful  opera,  //  maestro  di  ccippdla*  fie 
went  to  Paris  in  1796;  obtaining  a  libretto  (Le 
Prisoimier)  from  Duval,  he  set  it  to  music  in 
8  days,  brought  it  out  at  the  Opera-Comique 
(1798)  in  a  few  weeks,  and  was  at  once  famous. 
Before  his  death  he  finished  6  more  operas,  4  of 
which  were  produced  during  his  lifetime;  but 
the  success  of  none  of  these  equalled  that  of  Le 
Prtsonnier. 

Delle  Se'die  [sa'-de-Sh],  Enrico,  baritone 
vocalist  and  singing-teacher;  b.  Leghorn,  June 
17,  1826.  His  teachers  were  Galeffi,  Persanola, 
and  Domeniconi.  After  imprisonment  as  a  revo- 
lutionist (1848),  he  resumed  the  study  of  sing- 
ing, and  made  his  de'but  at  Florence  (1851)  in 
Verdi's  Nabutco.  Until  1861  he  sang  in  the 
principal  Italian  cities  ;  was  then  eng,  at  the. 
Th.  Italien,  Paris,  and  app.  prof,  of  singing  in 


the  Cons.  He  has  lived  in  Paris  ever  since,  as 
one  of  the  best  singing-teachers  of  the  capital. 
His  great  works,  'Arte  e  risiologia  del  canto  " 
(Milan,  1876),  and  tl  L'estetica  del  canto  e  dell* 
arte  melodrammatica "  (Milan,  1886),  are  publ. 
in  New  York  in  English  as  "Vocal  Art"  (3 
Parts),  and  "  Esthetics  of  the  Art  of  Singing, 
and  of  the  Melodrama"  (4  vol.s).  An  admirable 
fusion  and  condensation  (by  the  author)  of  both 
the  above  is  also  publ.  in  one  volume  as  "*  A  Com- 
plete Method  of  Singing  "  (New  York). 

Del'linger  [del'-ing-er],  Rudolf,  b.  Graslitz, 
Bohemia,  July  8,  1857.  Kapettm.  (1883)  at  the 
Karl  Schulze  Th.,  Hamburg,  1893,  at  the  Dres- 
den Court  Opera.  Has  prod,  the  operettas  Don 
Casar,  Lorraine,  Capitan  Fracasse  (Hamburg, 
1889,  succ ),  Stnnt-Cyr  (Hamburg,  1891,  v, 
succ.),  and  Die  Chansonette  (Dresden,  1894, 
v.  succ. ;  in  Prague,  1895,  as  Die  Sangerin). 

DeirOrefi'ce,  Giuseppe,  b.  Fara,  Abruzzio 
Chietino,  Italy,  Aug.  22,  1848;  d.  Naples,  Jan. 
5,  1889.  Pupil  of  Fenaroli  and  Miceli  in  Na- 
ples Cons.;  since  1878,  cond.  in  the  S.  Carlo 
Th.,  Naples. — Wrote  I  ballet,  /  fantasmi  not- 
turni  (Naples,  1872),  and  the  operas  Ronnlda 
dJBardi  (Naples,  1874),  Egmont  (Naples,  '78), 
//  segreto  della  Duchessa  (Naples,  '79),  and 
Uoasi  (Vicenza,  '86);  also  songs  and  pf.-pcs. 

Del  Mela,  Don  Domenico,  an  Italian 
priest;  the  inventor,  in  1730,  of  the  first  "up- 
right" piano. — See  Cesare  Pons»icchi*s  pam- 
phlet, "II  primo  pianoforte  verticale"  (Flor- 
ence, 1898). 

Delmotte,  Henri-Florent,  b.  Mons,  Bel- 
gium, 1799  ;  d.  there  Mar.  9,  1836.  A  notary 
by  vocation,  he  was  also  librarian  at  Mons,  and 
president  of  the  Society  of  "  Bibliophiles  de 
Mons."  He  publ.  "  Notice  biographique  sur 
Roland  de  Lattre,  connu  sous  le  nom  d'Orland 
de  Lassus  "  (Valenciennes,  1836  ;  Germ,  transl. 
by  Dehn,  Berlin,  1837,  with  notes). 

Delprat,  Charles,  born  (?),  1803  ;  died  Pau, 
Pyrenees,  Feb.,  1888;  pupil  of  Ponchard  fere, 
at  Paris,  and  singing-teacher  there.  Publ. 
11  L'art  du  chant,  et  1'ecole  actuelle"  (Paris,  2nd 
ed.  1870),  and  "  Le  Cons,  de  Mus.  de  Paris  et 
la  commission  du  Ministere  des  Beaux-Arts" 
(1872  ;  3rd  ed.  as  "  La  question  vocale,"  1885). 

Delsarte,  Francois -Alexandre- Nicolas- 
Ch6ri,  b.  Solesme,  NordT  Nov.  19,  1811;  d. 
Paris,  July  20,  1871.  Tenor  singer,  pupil  of 
Garaudd  and  Ponchard.  Failing  of  success  as 
an  opera-singer,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  con- 
cert-stage, and  to  teaching;  his  "method*1 
(lt  quelque  peu  excentrique, "  says  Fetis)  has  zeal- 
ous partisans  He  invented  (1855)  the  Gwde- 
accord^  or  Sonotypt^  an  apparatus  to  facilitate  the 
tuning  of  pianos. 

Del  Valle  de  Paz,  Edgardo,  b.  Alexandria, 
— \   Oct.   18,   1861. ,  St.  at  Naples  Cons. 
B.  Cesi  (pf.),  and  P.  Serrao  (comp.); 


142 


DEMANTIUS— DENZA 


made  pianistic  tours  in  Italy  and  Egypt  when 
but  16,  and  now  resides  at  Horence.  In  1893 
he  estab.  the  "Circolo  del  Valle  "  at  Florence, 
and  since  1696  is  the  director  of  the  journal  ik  La 
Nuova  Musica."  Also  prof,  in  Florence  Cons 
Has  publ.  a  '*  Scuola  pratica  del  pianoforte," 
adopted  by  several  Italian  music  -  schools  — 
Works  .  Orchestral  suites,  chamber-music,  vocal 
pieces,  and  pf.-comp.s  (pnze  sonata ;  Suite 
14  dans  le  style  ancien  ";  pieces  with  orch.;  and 
many  elegant  soli). 

Deman'tius,  Christoph,  b.  Reichenberg, 
1567 ;  d.  Freiberg,  Saxony,  Apnl  20,  1643. 
Cantor  at  Zittau,  about  1596 ;  at  Freiberg, 
1607-43.  Prolific  composer.— CHURCH-MUSIC  : 
"Triades  precum  vespertinanim "  (1602); 
"  Magnificat  4,  5  et  6  vocum  "  (Frankfort,  n. 
d  ) .  ** Corona  harmonica"  (motets  a  6,  1610) ; 
4 'Threnodiae"  (dirges  ;  2  sets,  Leipzig,  1611, 
and  Freiberg,  1620) ;  "  Triades  Sioniae  In- 
troitum,  Missarum  et  Prosarum"  a  5-8  (1619); 
and Te  Deums.— SECULAR  Music:  "AVelthche 
Lieder"  a  5  (1595) ;  "77  ausserlesene  liebhche 
Poinischer  u.  Deutscher  Art  Tantze  mit  und 
ohne  Text,  etc.,"  a  4-5  (1601)  ;  4t  Convivialium 
concentuum  farrago,  in  welcher  teutsche  Can- 
zonetten  u.  Villanellen  mit  6  Stimmen  zu  sampt 
einem  Echo  und  z\veyen  dialogis  mit  8  Stimmen 
verfasset"  (1609) ;  *'  Convivorum  Dehciae,  etc." 
(intradas,  galliards,  Polish  dances ;  1609),  etc. 
— Also  an  instruction-book-  "  Isagoge  artis 
mubicae  ad  incipientium  captum  maxime  accom- 
modata.  Kurtze  Anleitung  recht  und  leicht 
Singen  zu  lernen,  nebst  Erklarung  der  grie- 
chischen  Wortlein,  so  bei  neuen  Musicis  im 
Gebrauch  sind "  (Nuremberg,  1605 ;  it  went 
through  9  editions). 

D  erne 'Hus,  Christian,  b.  Schlettau,  Saxony, 
Apr.  I,  1643  ;  d.  Nordhausen,  Nov.  i,  1711. 
Cantor  at  Nordhausen  from  1669. — Publ.  a 
"  Gesangbuch"  (1688)  for  the  churches  at  N.; 
"6  motets  and  arias'*  a  4(1700);  and  an  ele- 
mentary treatise,  "  Tirocinium  musicum,  etc." 
(Nordhausen,  n.  d.). 

Demeur,  Anne-Arsene  (n&  Charton),  b. 
Sanjon,  Charente,  May  5,  1827  ;  d.  Paris  (?), 
Nov.  30,  1892.  A  soprano  singer  in  opera  and 
concert ;  de'but  at  Bordeaux,  1842,  after  which 
she  sang  in  Toulouse,  Brussels  (1846),  London 
(French  comic  opera  and  Ital.  opera);  St. 
Petersburg  (1853),  Vienna,  Paris  (in  Berlioz's 
Beatrice  ft  B^nidict^  and  as  Dido  in  Les  Troyens 
&  Carthage}^  and  America.  Her  farewell  per- 
formance was  Cassandre  in  Berlioz's  Prise  de 
Troye.  She  married  J.  A.  Demeur,  a  flutist  and 
composer. 

De  Mol  [Dcmol],  Pierre,  b  Brussels,  Nov. 
7,  1825;  pupil  of  Brussels  Cons.;  took  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  f.  comp.  in  1855  ;  was  first  'cello 
at  Besancon  Th.,  and  teacher  at  the  B.  Cons. 
He  has  produced  2  cantatas,  Les  premiers  mar- 
tyrs (won  prize,  1855),  and  Le  dernier  jour 
cT  Herculaneum. 


De  Mol  [Deraol],  Francois-Marie,  nephew 
of  Pierre ;  b  Brussels,  Mar.  3,  1844  ,  d  Os- 
tend,  Nov.  3,  1883.  \Von  first  prize  at  the 
Brussels  Cons,  for  cpt.  and  fugue,  and  for 
organ-playing  ;  org.  at  the  convent  of  the  Be'- 
guines ,  then  org.  of  the  St.-Charles  Ch.,  Mar- 
seilles, cond.  of  the  Popular  Concerts  (1872-5), 
and  prof,  of  harm,  in  the  Cons.  (1875).  App. 
cond.  of  the  Theatre  National,  Brussels,  in 
1876  — Has  brought  out  an  opera,  Le  cfianteur 
de  Mfdme^  and  written  minor  works. 

De  Munck  [Demunck],  Francois,  'cello- 
virtuoso ;  b.  Brussels,  Oct.  6,  1815  ;  d.  there 
Feb.  28,  1854.  Pupil  of  Platel  in  Brussels 
Cons  ,  and  his  successor,  in  1835,  as  first  prof, 
of  'cello-playing.  In  1845  he  made  long  tours 
in  Germany  ;  in  1848  was  app  'cellist  at  H.  M.'s 
Th  ,  London ;  but  his  health,  undermined  by 
dissipation,  gave  way,  and  in  1853  he  returned 
to  Brussels  to  die. — Publ.  "Fantaisie  et  varia- 
tions sur  un  theme  russe." 

De  Munck  [Demunck],  Ernest,  brilliant 
'cellist,  son  of  Fra^ois ;  b.  Brussels,  Dec.  21, 
1840.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  Servais ;  trav- 
elled in  Great  Britain »  lived  in  London,  and 
(1868)  in  Paris  as  a  member  of  the  Maurin 
Quartet;  in  1870,  first  'cello  in  the  \Veimar 
court  orch.  He  married  Carlotta  Patti  in  1879, 
and  resided  in  Paris  till  1893,  when  he  was  app. 
prof,  of  'cello-playing  in  the  R.  A.  M.,  London. 

Dengremont,  Maurice,  b.  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Brazil,  Mar.  19,  1866,  of  French  parents ;  vio- 
linist (juvenile  prodigy) ;  attracted  general  no- 
tice in  Europe  in  1877  and  some  years  there- 
after ;  d.  Buenos  Ayres,  Sept.  (?),  1893. 

Den'ner,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Leipzig, 
Aug.  13,  1655  ;  d.  Nuremberg,  Apr.  20,  1707. 
A  maker  of  wind-instr.s  at  Nuremberg,  and  the 
inventor  (1690  or  1700)  of  the  clarinet,  an  im- 
proved shawm.  To  him  is  likewise  attributed 
the  invention  of  the  Stockfagott  and  the  Racket- 
tenfagott* 

Den'za,  Luigi,  b.  Castellammare  di  Stabbia, 
Feb.  24,  1846.  Pupil  of  Serrao  and  Merca- 
dante  in  Naples 
Cons.  Besides  the 
opera  Wallenstein 
(Naples,  1876), 
which  was  not  spe- 
cially successful, 
he  has  written  a 
great  number  of 
songs  (some  in  Ne- 
apolitan dialect), 
many  of  which 
have  won  deserved 
popularity;  among 
them  are  "  Funi- 
cull-Funicula/' 
"II  Telefono,"  "  Guardanie  sulo,"  "Araarai," 
"Fuggimi,"  "Occhi  neri,"  "Se  tu  m*amassi," 
"Giulia,"  most  of  which  are  also  favorites  in 
English  versions. 


143 


PEFPE-PESAUGIERS 


Dep'pe,  Ludwig,  born  Alverdissen,  Lippe, 
Nov  7,  1828  ;  d.  Fyrmont,  Sept,  5,  6,  1890  A 
pupil  of  Marxsen  at  Hamburg  in  1849,  later  °f 
Lobe  at  Leipzig.  Settled  in  Hamburg  (iS6o)  as 
a  music- teacher,  and  founded  a  singing-society, 
of  which  he  was  the  cond.  till  1868.  Went  to 
Berlin  in  1874,  and  from  iSS6— S  was  court 
Kapellm  ,  but  resigned  in  order  to  devote  him- 
self to  conducting  the  concerts  of  the  court 
orch.  He  has  also  conducted  the  Silesian  Mus. 
Festivals  estab.  by  Count  Hochberg  in  1876. — 
Sketch  :  "  Deppe  as  Teacher,"  by  Amy  Fay  in 
41  .Music-study  in  Germany."  His  method  of 
playing  is  explained  by  his  pupil,  Elisabeth 
Caland,  in  "Die  Deppe'sche  Lehre  des  Kla- 
vierspiels  "  (Stuttgart,  1897). 

Depres  [Despre"s],  Josquin,  the  greatest  of 
the  early  Netherland  contrapuntists ,  born  abt. 
1450  in  Hainault  (Burgundy),  and  possibly  in 
the  town  of  Conde,  where  he  died  as  provost  of 
the  Cathedral  Chapter,  August  27,  1521.  His 
name  was  very  variously  spelled  :  Despres^  Dts- 
pres,  Deprh,  Depret,  Dtfrez,  Duprets,  DitprJ, 
and  by  the  Italians,  Del  Praia  (Latinized  as  a 
Pratot  a  Pratis,  Pratensts),  etc.;  while  Josquin 
(contracted  from  the  Flemish  Jossekin,  4 *  little 
Joseph  "),  appears  as  Josstf^  Jossien^  Jttsqitin, 
Gwsquin^  Josqinnus^  Jacobo^  Jodocus,  Jodocu- 
/2/j,  etc.  "Joss^  Despres,"  his  epitaph  reads. 
Few  details  concerning  his  life  are  known.  It 
seems  probable  that  he  was  a  chorister,  and 
afterwards  chorusmaster,  at  St.-Quentin  ;  per- 
haps he  was  /;/.  de  chap,  for  a  time  at  the  Cath. 
of  Cambrai  (one  of  the  towns  claiming  to  be 
his  birthplace).  He  was  doubtless  a  pupil  of 
Okeghem  {premier  chantie  to  Louis  XI.  abt. 
1476) ;  and  he  was  a  singer  in  the  Sistine  Chapel 
at  the  time  of  Pope  Sixtus  iy.  (1471-84),  and 
was  in  Ferrara,  about  1488,  with  Isaack.  As  a 
composer  he  was  considered  by  contemporaries 
to  be  the  greatest  of  his  period  (so  says  Zarlino), 
and  Adrien  Petit  Coclius  terms  him  "princeps 
nunicorum";  his  works  were  sung  everywhere, 
and  universally  admired — he  was,  indeed,  the 
first  to  weave  the  mazes  of  Netherlandish  coun- 
terpoint into  expressive  and  beautiful  art-forms. 
—  Publ.  works:  MASSES  (in  Petrucci's  Lib.  I, 
Venice,  1502).  L'omme  arme;  La  sol  fa  re  mi; 
Gaudeamus ;  Fortunata  desperata ;  L'omme 
armc,  sexti  toni ; — (idem,  II,  1503):  Ave  Mans 
Stella ;  Hercules,  dux  Ferranc ;  Malheur  me 
bat ;  Larai  Baudichon ;  Una  musque  de  Bus- 
caya  ;  Dung  aultre  amor  ; — (idem,  III,  1516) : 
Mater  patris ;  Faysans  regrets  ;  Ad  fugam  ;  Di 
dadi ;  De  Beata  Virgine ;  Sine  nomine  [these 
3  books  republ.  by  Junta  (Rome,  1526)]  ;— (in 
Graphaus'  "  Missae  III "):  Pange  lingua;  Da 
pacem  ;  Sub  tuum  praesidium ;  some  of  these 
are  scattered  in  other  collections,  and  fragments 
are  found  in  still  others ;  and  several  more  masses 
are  in  MS.  at  Rome,  Munich,  and  Cambrai. — 
MOTETS  were  publ.  by  Petrucci  ("  Odhecaton," 
1501-5,  and  his  books  of  motets  Nos.  I,  3,  4, 
and  5) ;  by  Peutjnger  ("  Liber  selectarum  canti- 


onum,"  1520),  and  others  of  the  period. — 
FRENCH  CHA.NMDNS  were  publ  by  T  Susato 
(1545),  P  Attaignant  (1549),  and  Du  Chemin 
(1553). — In  modern  notation,  fragments  of  his 
works  are  to  be  found  in  the  German  lt  Bibliothek 
fur  Kirchenmusik  "  (1844) ;  in  Commer's  "  Col- 
lectio  operorum  mu&icorum  Hatavorum,"  Roch- 
litz's  "  Samnilung  vorzughcher  Gesangsstucke  " 
(1838),  and  Choron's  "Collection"  (a  Stabat 
Mater) ;  also  in  the  histories  by  Ambros,  Forkel, 
Kiesewetter,  Burner,  Uusby,  and  Hawkins. 

Deprosse,  Anton,  b  Munich,  May  18, 1838  ; 
d.  Berlin,  June  23,  1878.  Pupil  of  the  Ro)al 
School  of  Music  at  Munich  1853-5  ;  then  a  pri- 
vate pupil  of  Stuntz  and  Herzog.  Teacher  of 
pf.  (1861-4)  at  the  R  Sch.  of  Music  ;  taught 
later  in  Frankfort  and  Gotha,  in  Munich  (1871), 
and  went  to  Berlin  in  1875  — Works  Operas 
(in  MS.);  an  oratorio,  Die  Salbitng  Davids; 
songs;  fine  pf -music  (e.g ,  the  "Romantic 
Studies,"  op.  17), 

De  Reszke",  Jean,  dramatic  tenor ;  b.  War- 
saw, Jan.  14,  1852.  Pupil  of  Ciaffei,  Cotogni, 
and  Sbriglia.  Successful  debut  as  baritone  at 
Venice  in  Jan  ,  1874,  in  the  role  of  Alfonso 
(Favorita),  under  the  name  of  *'De  Reschi." 
After  singing  in  Italy  and  Paris,  he  made  his 
tenor  debut,  as  Robert  (R.  k  Dia&le),  at  Madrid 
in  1879  In  1884  he  was  eng.  at  the  Th.  des 
Nations,  and  in  1885  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris, 
where  he  created  Massenet's  "  Cid."  He  has 
sung  for  several  seasons  at  Drury  Lane,  since 
1887 ;  in  New  York  in  1895-9  with  continued 
success.  His  repertory  now  includes  leading 
Wagner  r6les. 

De  Reszke",  lidouard,  dram,  bass,  brother 
of  Jean  ;  b.  Warsaw,  Dec.  23,  1855.  Pupil  of 
his  brother,  Ciaffei,  Steller,  and  Coletli.  Debut 
Paris,  Apr.  22,  1876,  as  the  King  in  ATda,  at 
the  Th.  des  Italiens  ;  sang  here  for  two  .se.isons, 
then  at  Turin  and  Milan ,  from  1880-4  at  the 
Italian  Opera,  London.  Since  then  chiefly  in 
Paris  and  London,  or  with  Jean  in  America. 

Dering.    See  DKKRINO. 

De  Sanc'tis,  Cesare,  born  Albano,  Rome, 
1830.  M*  di  capp*  in  various  Roman  churches 
and  theatres  ;  1876,  professor  of  harmony  in  the 
newly^  founded  Liceo  (Conservatory)  at  Rome. — 
Works :  Overture  f .  orch. ;  Requiem  mass  a  4 
w.  orch. ;  "  loo  Fugues  "  a  tappella  in  stiict  style, 
a  4.  He  has  publ.  a  treatise  on  "  Harmony'* 
and  another  on  *'  Contrappunta  e  Fuga." 

De'saugiers,  Marc-Antoine,  born  Frcjus, 
1742  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  ip,  1793.  A  self-taught 
musician,  he  went  to  Paris  in  1774,  and  atti  acted 
notice  by  translating  Mancini's  "Canto  figurato" 
(1776).  He  produced  a  multitude  of  short 
operas,  which  pleased  by  their  sprightly  melo- 
dies ;  and  a  festival  cantata,  //i/rfrfrtf/;/*',  on  the 
storming  of  the  Bastile  (D.  was  an  ardent  revo- 
lutionist). A  friend  of  Gluck  and  Sacchini,  he 
dedicated  a  requiem  to  the  latter. 


144 


DESHAVES— DEZfeDE 


Deshayes,  Prosper-Didier,  b  p),  d.  (?), 
made  himself  known  by  his  oratorio,  Lcs  Jfa- 
chab&s  (1780) ;  was  from  1782  comp.  of  diver- 
tissements and  ballets  to  the  Comedie-Fra^aise, 
and  prod  (1786-99)  several  operettas  and  bal- 
lets, a  2nd  oratorio,  Le  sacrifice  de  Jefte,  a  sym- 
phony, and  minor  instrumental  pieces. 

Desmarets,  Henri,  b.  Pans,  1662  ;  d.  Lune- 
ville,  Sept.  7,  1741.  One  of  the  most  skilful 
musicians  during  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  he 
prod  1693-1722  a  number  of  operas  famous  in 
their  day ;  was  maestro  to  Philip  V.  of  Spain, 
and  afterwards  intendant  of  music  to  the  Duke 
of  Lorraine  at  Luneville. 

Despr£s.    See  DEPR&S. 

Des'sauer,  Joseph,  b.  Prague,  May  28, 1798: 
d.  Modling,  n.  Vienna,  July  8,  1876.  Pupil  of 
Tomaczek  (pf  )  and  Dionys  Weber  (comp.).  The 
melodious  beauty  of  his  songs  won  him  inter- 
national fame.  He  set  to  music  the  operas  Lid- 
winna  (Prague,  1836),  Ein  Besitch  in  Saint-Cyr 
(Dresden,  1838),  Paqmta  (Vienna,  1851),  Do- 
mmga  (1860),  and  Oberon  (not  perf.)  ;  also  wrote 
overtures,  string-quartets,  pf.-pcs.,  etc. 

Des'soff,  Felix  Otto,  b.  Leipzig,  Jan.  14, 
1835  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Oct  28, 1892.  Pu- 
pil of  Moscheles,  Ilauptmann,  and  Rietz  m  Leip- 
zig Cons  ;  1854-60,  Kapellmeister  at  theatres 
in  Chemnitz,  Altenburg,  Dusseldorf,  Aix,  and 
Magdeburg  ;  1860-75,  court  Kapellm.  at  Vienna, 
teacher  in  the  Cons.,  and  cond.  of  the  Philhar- 
monic. Court  Kapellm  at  Karlsruhe,  1875 ; 
theatre  Kapellm.  at  Frankfort,  iSSi. — Publ.  a 
pf. -quintet,  pf.-quartet,  and  sonatas  f.  pf. 

Destouches,  Andre* -Cardinal,  opera-com- 
poser ;  b.  Paris,  1672  ;  d.  there  1749.  In  1697, 
though  untaught  as  to  theory,  he  brought  out  the 
opera  fss^  which  was  very  successful.  Assidu- 
ous study  of  cpt.  seems  to  have  marred  the  origi- 
nality of  his  talent,  for  his  later  operas  found 
less  favor.  From  1713  he  was  superintendent  of 
the  king's  music,  and  inspector-general  at  the 
opera. 

Destouches,  Franz  Seraph  von,  b.  Mu- 
nich, Jan.  21,  1772;  d.  there  Dec.  10,  1844. 
From  1787-91  a  pupil  of  Haydn  in  Vienna  ;  in 
1797,  mus.  director  at  Erlangen  ;  in  1799,  leader 
of  the  Weimar  orch. ;  in  1810,  prof,  of  theory  at 
Landshut  Univ. ;  in  1826,  Kapellw.  at  Homburg ; 
retired  to  Munich  in  1842. — Works :  An  opera, 
Die  Thomasnacht  (Munich,  1792)  ;  an  operetta, 
Das  Missverstandniss  (Weimar,  1806);  a  comic 
opera,  Der  Teufel  und  der  Schneider  (Munich, 
1843) ;  incidental  music  to  Schiller's  Tell,  Jttng- 
frau  von  Orleans,  Wallensteins  Lagcr^  Braut 
von  Messina;  Werner's  Wanda;  Kotzebue's Die 
Hussiten  vor  Naumburg;  etc.  Also  publ.  a  pf.- 
concerto  ;  sonatas,  fantasias,  variations  f .  pf. ;  a 
pf.-trio,  etc. 

Desvignes,  Victor-Francois,  b.  Trier,  June 
5, 1805  ;  d.  Metz,  Dec.  30,  1853.  A  violinist ; 
conductor  of  theatre  orchestras  in  the  French 
provinces;  after  serious  study  in  Paris,  he 


founded  a  conservatory  at  Metz  (1835),  which 
prospered  so  -vigorously  that,  in  1841,  it  was 
made  a  branch  of  the  Park  Cons  — Publ.  cham- 
ber-music, sacred  and  secular  choruses,  romances 
and  melodies  ;  left  in  MS.  2  operas,  a  symphony, 
9  overtures  f.  full  orch.,  a  Stabat  Mater  (perf. 
1833),  etc. 

Deswerf ,  Jules,  b.  Louvain,  Aug.  15, 1843; 
d.  Ostend,  Feb.  24,  1891.  A  brilliant  'cellist; 
played  in  public  at  9,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Servais 
at  Urussels  Cons,  in  1856-8.  After  extended 
tours  in  eastern  Europe,  he  became  Concert- 
meister  at  Dusseldorf  in  1865  ;  first  'cello  at  Wei- 
mar in  1 868  ;  royal  Concettmeister,  solo  'cellist, 
and  prof,  at  the  Hochschule,  Berlin,  in  1869,  re- 
signing m  1873.  After  travelling  again,  he  set- 
tled m  Wiesbaden  ;  was  in  Leipzig  in  iSSi,  and 
in  iSSS  was  app.  director  of  the  Ostend  Music- 
School,  and  prof,  at  the  Ghent  and  Bruges  Cons. 
—  Works  2  operas,  Die  Albigenser  (Wies- 
baden, 1878;  succ.) ;  Graf  Hammer  stein  (May- 
ence,  1884);  a  symphony,  "  Nordseefahrt " ;  3 
'cello-concertos  ;  romances,  fantasias,  duos,  and 
solo  pcs.  for  'cello  w.  pf.  or  orch. 

Deswert',  Jean-Gaspard-Isidore,  'cellist; 
b.  Louvain,  Belgium,  abt.  1830 ;  d  (aged  66) 
Schaerbeck,  n.  Brussels,  Sept.  (?),  1896.  Brother 
of  Jules.  Teacher  in  music-school,  Louvain  ; 
prof,  of  'cello  in  Brussels  Cons. ;  solo-player  in 
orch.  of  the  Th.  de  la  Monnaie. 

Detfmer,  Wilhelm,  bass  opera-singer;  b. 
Breinum,  n.  Hildesheim,  June  29,  1808.  The 
son  of  a  peasant,  he  studied  in  a  teachers'  semi- 
nary, but  left  it  to  join  a  wandering  troupe  of 
players ;  sang  minor  r6les  at  Hanover,  Bruns- 
wick, Breslau,  and  Kassel ;  was  eng.  for  leading 
roles  at  Dresden  in  1842,  and  later  at  Frankfort ; 
retired  1874.  He  was  equally  at  home  in  comedy 
and  tragedy, 

Deutz.    See  MAGNUS. 

Devienne,  Frangois,  b.  Joinville,  Haute- 
Marne,  Jan.  31,  1759  ;  d.  in  the  insane  asylum 
at  Charenton,  Sept.  5,  1803.  A  flutist  and  bas- 
soonist, member  of  the  band  of  the  Gardes 
Suisses,  bassoonist  at  the  Th.  de  Monsieur  (1788), 
and  prof,  at  the  Paris  Cons. ,  he  was  an  extraor- 
dinarily prolific  comp.,  of  peculiar  importance 
from  the  impulse  which  he  gave  to  perfecting 
the  technique  of  wind  -  instr.s  — Works  :  Ten 
operas  ;  many  concerted  pieces  for  various  wind- 
instr.s  w.  orch.;  overtures  f.  wind;  concertos, 
quartets,  trios,  sonatas,  etc.,  f.  flute,  pf.,  and 
other  instr.s ;  "  Douze  suites  d'harmonies  a  8  et 
12  parties  " ;  very  numerous  romances,  chansons, 
etc.;  also  a  valuable  "  Methode  de  flfite  "  (Paris, 
I795)»  which  went  through  several  editions. 

Dezede  (or  Dezsudes),  b.  Lyons  (?),  abt. 
1740 ;  d.  Paris,  1792.  Prolific  composer  of  op- 
eras and  operettas  ;  15,  of  from  1—3  acts  in  length, 
were  given  1772-96  at  the  Italiens  and  the 
Opera.  Blaise  et  Babet  (1783)  held  the  stage  for 
2  years.  He  wrote  with  unusual  correctness, 
and  his  melodies  were  pleasing. 


10 


145 


DIABELLI— DIEMER 


Diabel'li,  Antonio,  b.  Mattsee,  n.  Salzburg1, 
Sept.  6,  1781 ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  S,  1858.  lie 
was  a  choir-boy  in  the  monastery  at  Michael- 
beurn,  and  in  Salzburg1  cath.;  studied  for  the 
priesthood  at  the  Munich  Latin  School,  but  con- 
tinued his  musical  work,  submitting  his  compo- 
sitions to  Michael  Haydn,  who  encouraged  him. 
On  the  secularization  of  the  Bavarian  monaster- 
ies, D.,  who  had  already  entered  that  at  Rai- 
chenhaslach,  embraced  the  career  of  a  musi- 
cian, went  to  Vienna  (\\  here  Joseph  Haydn  re- 
ceived him  kindly),  taught  pf.  and  guitar  for  a 
living,  and  in  iSiS  became  a  partner  of  Cappi, 
the  music-publ.r,  assuming  control  of  the  firm 
(Diabelh  &  Co  )  in  1824.  He  publ  much  of 
Schubert's  music,  but  underpaid  the  composer, 
and  complained  that  he  wrote  too  much.  In 
1854  he  sold  out  to  C.  A.  Spina.  A  facile  com- 
poser, he  prod,  an  opera,  Adam  in  der  Klemme 
(Vienna,  1809  ;  one  performance),  masses,  can- 
tatas, chamber-music,  etc  ,  which  are  consigned 
to  oblivion  ;  his  sonatinas,  easy  pcs.,  and  duets 
f.  pf.,  are  still  favorites  for  beginners. 

Diaz  (de  la  Pefla),  Eugene-(Emile),  son  of 
the  celebrated  painter ;  b.  Pans.  Feb.  27,  1837. 
Dramatic  composer ;  pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (I la- 
levy,  Reber)  1852-8  Produced  the  comic  opera 
Le  roi  de  Candanle  at  the  Th.-Lyrique,  1865  ; 
won  the  government  prize,  1867,  "for  the  3-act 
opera  La  toupe  du  rot  de  Thule  (Grand  Opera) ; 
and  brought  out  the  4-act  lyric  drama  Beimenuto 
at  the  Op.-Com.  (1890).  Has  also  published  nu- 
merous songs. 

Dibdin,  Charles,  b.  Dibden,  n.  Southampton 
(bapl.  Mar.  4),  1745  ;  d.  London,  July  25,  1814. 
He  was  sent  to  Winchester  College  to  study  for 
the  Church,  but  his  passion  for  music  carried  the 
day ;  he  sang  with  the  choristers,  took  lessons  of 
Kent  and  Fussel,  and  at  15  went  to  London,  was 
eng  at  Covent  Garden  as  a  singing  actor,  and 
soon  began  to  write  for  the  stage.  His  first 
piece,  The  Shepherd's  Artijice,  was  prod,  in 
1763.  He  was  eng.  at  Birmingham,  1763-5, 
and  at  Covent  Garden  again  till  1768,  when  he 
went  over  to  Drury  Lane.  Falling  out  with 
Garrick,  he  spent  some  months  of  1776  in 
France  ;  was  then  app.  comp.  to  Covent  Garden, 
having  up  to  that  time  brought  out  8  operas, 
etc.  After  the  failure  of  certain  theatrical  en- 
terprises, and  of  a  projected  journey  to  Egypt, 
he  commenced  a  series  of  monodramatic  table- 
entertainments,  of  which  song  was  a  principal 
feature,  and  which  were  extremely  popular  from 
1789  to  1805  ;  in  these  Dibdin  appeared  as  au- 
thor, composer,  narrator,  singer,  and  accompan- 
ist. He  retired  in  1805  on  a  pension,  which 
was  withdrawn  for  a  time,  but  subsequently  re- 
stored. A  complete  list  of  some  70  stage-pieces, 
with  or  without  music,  and  30  "table-entertain- 
ments," may  be  found  in  Grove.  He  is  best 
known  as  the  composer  of  most  of  the  fine  old 
sea-songs  so  popular  100  years  ago.  He  publ.  a 
"  History  of  the  English  "Stage  *'  (1795,  5  vol  s), 
and  his  "  Professional  Life"  (1803,  4  vol.s). 


Dick,  Charles  George  Cotsford,  b.  Lon- 
don, Sept.  I,  1846;  st.  at  Worcester  Coll  ,  Ox- 
ford ;  \\as  intended  for  the  bar,  but  gave  up  law 
for  music.  He  has  produced  several  successful 
operettas  Qtts  Doll's  House  (1876),  Our  New 
DoWs  House  (1877),  Back  from  India  (1879), 
the  comic  opera  Dot  tor  D.  (1885),  and  The 
Baroness  (1892),  also  a  "children's  opera"; 
has  publ.  a  number  of  songs,  and  many 
sprightly  pf  -pcs. 

Diderot,  Denis,  b.  Langres,  Oct.  5,  1713  ;  d. 
Paris,  July  30,  1784  Projector  and  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  "Encyclopedic."  In  his  work, 
"  Memoires  sur  differents  sujets  de  mathe'ma- 
tique"  (The  Hague,  1748),  are  the  essays  "  Des 
principes  d'acoustique,"  and  "  Projet  d'un  nouvel 
orgue,"  the  latter  being  an  impracticable  idea  for 
a  new  kind  of  barrel-oigan. 

Did'ymus,  a  grammarian  of  Alexandria  ;  b. 
63  B.  c  ,  a  prolific  author,  the  number  of  whose 
works  was  estimated  by  Seneca  at  4,000  ;  wrote 
a  (lost)  treatise  on  harmony,  now  known  only  by 
an  epitome  made  by  Porphyry,  and  some  quota- 
tions by  Ptolemy.  In  his  system,  the  octave  of 
th'e  diatonic  genus  was  formed  by  two  precisely 
similar  tetrachords  ;  and  in  all  3  species  of  tetra- 
chord  (diat  ,  chrom.,  and  enharm.),  the  interval 
of  a  major  third  is  adhered  to.  He  likewise 
recognized  the  difference  between  the  major  and 
minor  whole  tone  ;  this  difference  (J  .  J9a  =  8 1  : 
So)  is,  therefore,  rightly  termed  the  "comma  of 
Didymus  "  Salinas  and  Doni  have  written  on 
D.'s  musical  system. 

Diehl  [del],  Louis,  born  Mannheim,  1838. 
Lives  as  a  teacher  in  London,  where  he  mar- 
ried, in  1863,  the  pianist  and  authoress  Miss 
Alice  Mangold.  lie  has  publ.  quite  a  number 
of  well-liked  songs. 

Diem  [dem],  Joseph,  remarkable  'cello-vir- 
tuoso ;  b.  in  1836  at  Kellmunz,  near  Memmin-  • 
gen ;  d.  Constance,  Jan.  I,  1894.  A  peasant's 
son,  from  his  poor  pittance  for  lending  cattle  he 
saved  enough  to  buy  a  flute,  and  later  a  violin, 
which  he  practised  at  night  and  Sundays.  After 
travelling  with  a  troupe  of  wandering  musicians, 
he  took  up  the  'cello  at  the  age  of  25,  studying 
in  the  Munich  Conserv.,  and  at  Weimar  under 
Cossmann.  In  1866,  app.  prof,  at  Moscow 
Conserv  ;  made  annual  concert-tours  through 
Europe,  and  in  1872  to  America. 

Diemer,  Louis,  distinguished  pianist ;  born 
Paris,  Feb.  14,  1843.  Pupil  of  Marmontel  at 
the  Cons.,  taking  1st  pf. -prize  in  1856  ;  also  of 
Ambr.  Thomas  and  Bazin  for  comp. ,  taking  1st 
harm,  prize,  2nd  org.  prize,  and  1st  prize  f.  cpt. 
and  fugue.  Played  with  great  success  at  the 
Alard,  Pasdeloup,  and  Cons,  concerts ;  suc- 
ceeded Marmontel  (1887)  as  pf.-prof.  at  Cons  ; 
Chev.  of  Legion  of  Honor  in  1889  Wiclor, 
Saint-Saens,  Lalo,  and  others  have  written 
pieces  for  him  which  he  has  played  at  the  Co- 
lonne  and  Lamoureux  Concerts. — Works :  Pf.- 


146 


DIENEL— DIRUTA 


concerto  ,  septuor  f .  pf.  and  wind  ,  characteristic 
pcs.  f.  pf  ;  and  a  variety  of  chamber-raus  and 
pf  -compositions. 

Die'nel,  Otto,  b.  Tiefenfurth,  Silesia,  Jan. 
II,  1839  I  pupil  of  theGorhtz  Gymnasium,  and 
the  Bunzlau  Seminar}'  ;  studied  music  in  Berlin 
at  the  R.  Inst  f.  Church-music,  and  R  Acad- 
emy. Teacher  of  music  ,  org.  at  the  Marien- 
kirche,  Berlin.  In  1881  he  received  the  title  of 
Royal  Musikdirettor. 

Die'ner,  Franz,  dramatic  tenor  ,  b  Dessau, 
Feb  19,  1849  ;  d.  there  May  15,  1879  Violin- 
ist in  the  court  orch.,  Dessau,  then  at  the  Lui- 
senstadt  Th.,  Berlin,  where  he  made  his  debut 
as  a  singer.  Leading  tenor  at  Cologne  (1872-3), 
Berlin,  Nuremberg,  at  Cologne  again  (1876), 
Hamburg,  and  Dresden  (1878). 

Di'es,  Albert  Karl,  b.  Hanover,  1755  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Dec.  28,1832 — Publ  "  Biographische 
Nachnchten  von  Joseph  Haydn "  (Vienna, 
1810).  D.  was  a  good  landscape-painter. 

Diet,  Edmond-Marie,  b.  Paris,  Sept.  25, 
1854.  Pupil  of  Cesar  Franck,  and  Guiraud. 
Dramatic  comp.;  officer  of  the  Academy. — Has 
produced  the  operas  Stratonice  (1887),  Le  cousin 
Placide  (1887),  and  Fleur  de  verftt  (1894)  ;  also 
ballets  and  pantomimes  (Sctentia,  1889 ;  La 
grbve ;  Masque  rose ;  3f.  Ruy-Blas^  1894;  La 
Belle  et  la  B§te,  1895  ;  VArdi&n£e  (Tor,  1896  ; 
R&m  de  uVce't,  1896),  and  the  3-act  operetta  Gen- 
til  Crampon  (Paris,  1897) ;  besides  songs,  and 
church-music. 

Die'ter  (or  Diet'ter),  Christian  Ludwig, 
b.  Ludwigsburg,  June  13,  1757 ,  d.  Stuttgart, 
1822.  A  court  musician  (Kammermusiker)  at 
Stuttgart,  he  prod,  there  a  grand  opera,  Laura 
Rosetti^  2  comic  operas,  Belmont  und  Consianze 
and  DCS  Teufels  Lustschloss^  and  8  vaudevilles 
("  Liederspiele  ").  He  left  in  MS.  concertos  f. 
vln.,  horn,  flute,  oboe  and  bassoon ;  also  solos 
f.  vln.,  concerted  pcs.  f.  flutes,  and  for  oboes, 
etc. 

Diefger.    See  THEOGERUS. 

Dietrich  (or  Dieterich),  Sixtus,  b.  Augs- 
burg ('),  1490-1495  ;  d.  St.  Gallen,  Switzerland, 
1548.  A  schoolmaster  at  Constance  in  1518,  he 
was  without  mus.  training,  though  naturally 
talented;  in  1540,  being  in  easier  circumstances, 
he  studied  in  Wittenberg.  A  book  of  magnifi- 
cats (1535),  and  2  coll.s  of  intiphones  a  4  (1541 
and  1545),  were  publ  separately  ;  motets,  songs, 
etc.,  are  scattered  through  various  German  col- 
lections printed  1538-45. 

Die'trich,  Albert  Hermann,  composer ;  b, 
Golk,  n.  Meissen,  Aug.  28,  1829.  Pupil  of  J. 
Otto  in  Dresden,  and  Moscheles  and  Rietz  at 
Leipzig  (i 847-5 1)  J  st.  w.  R.  Schumann  at  Dus- 
seldorf,  1851-4.  From  1855-61,  concert-con- 
ductor, and  from  1859  municipal  mus.  director, 
at  Bonn  ;  from  1861,  court  Kapettm.  at  Olden- 


burg, succeeding  Pott ;  was  living  in  Leipzig  in 
1894  He  uas  one  of  Schumann's  best  pupils, 
and  his  comp  s  rank  high  among  con^empo- 
rary  productions. — Works  Incidental  music  to 
Imogen  (Shakespeare's  "  Qmbeline  "),  Dresden, 
1891  ;  a  successful  3-act  romantic  opera,  Robin 
Hood  (Frankfort,  1879)  ,  a  fine  symphon}  in  D 
min.,  overture  for  orch.,  *l  Normannenfahrt"; 
cantatas  w.  orch.  "  Morgenhymne,"  "  Rhein- 
morgen,"  "AltchristlicherBittgesang",  a 'cello- 
concerto,  a  vln.-concerto,  romance  f.  horn  w. 
orch.,  chamber-music  (pf. -trios),  pf.-pcs.;  cho- 
ruses, duets,  songs. 

Dietter.    See  DIETER. 

Dietz,  Johann  Christian,  b.  Darmstadt, 
1788  ,  d.  in  Holland,  abt.  1845.  Instrument- 
maker  at  Emmench-on-Rhme  ;  inventor  of  the 
Melodeon  (1805),  the  Claviharpe  (1814),  and  the 
Trochlfon  (1812).  He  lived  for  many  years  in 
Paris. — His  son  Christian  aided  him  in  his  work, 
and  himself  invented  the  PoJyplectron.  He  was 
estab.  in  Paris  as  a  piano-maker,  and  his  instr.s 
were  celebrated. 

Dieupart,  Charles,  skilful  French  violinist 
and  harpsichordist,  went  to  London  in  1707,  was 
maestro  a  I  cembalo,  for  several  years,  of  Handel's 
operas,  and  d.  in  London  abt.  1740,  almost  des- 
titute. Publ.  "6  suites  de  clavecin  .  .  .  com- 
posees  et  raises  en  concert  pour  un  violon  et  une 
flute,  avec  basse  de  viole  et  un  archiluth  "  (Lon- 
don) ;  and  "  Six  ouvertures  pour  clavecin,  avec 
violon  et  basse  continue  "  (Amsterdam). 

Diez,  Sophie  (nee  Hartmann),  b.  Munich, 
Sept.  I,  1820  ;  d.  there  May  3,  1887.  Pupil  of 
Franz  Lachner ;  eng.  for  leading  soprano  r6les 
at  the  Munich  court  opera,  1837-78.  In  1841 
she  married  Friedrich  Diez  [from  1837-49  tenor 
at  the  opera  ;  d.  1892]  ;  she  retired  in  1878. 

Dil'Iiger,  Johann,  b.  Eisfeld,  1590 ;  cantor 
and  deacon  at  Koburg,  where  he  died  in  1647. 
— Publ.  "  Prodromi  triciniorum  sacrorum" 
(1612) ;  "  Medulla  ex  Psalmo  68  deprompta  et 
harmonica  6  voc.  composita"  (1614)  ;  "  Exerci- 
tatio  musica  I,  continens  XIII  selectissimos 
concentus  musicos  variorum  auto  rum,  cum  basso 
generali,  etc  "  (1624) ;  "  Trauerlied  auf  den  Tod 
eines  Kindes  "  a  4  (1626) ;  "  Disce  mori,  etc." 
(1628) ;  "  Gesprach  D.  Lutheri  und  eines 
kranken  Studiosi "  a  4  ;  "  Musica  votiva,  etc." 
(1629) ;  "  Musica  Christiana  cordiahs  domestica  " 
(1630)  ;  '*  Musica  concertativa,  oder  Schatz- 
kammerlein  neuer  geistlichen  auserlesenen  Con- 
certe  "  a  1-12  (1632) ;  "  Jeremias  poenitentia- 
rius  "  (1640) ;  and  other  works. 

Ding'elstedt,  Tenny  (n&  Lutzer  [wife  of 
the  poet  Franz  D.  j),  b.  Prague,  Mar.  4,  1816  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Oct.  3,  1877.  A  very  brilliant  colo- 
ratura singer,  eng  (1832)  at  Prague,  then  (1835- 
45)  at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  Vienna.  She 
married  in  1843. 

Dim'ta,  Girolamo,  b.  Perugia,  abt.  1560; 
d.  (?).  Organist,  pupil  of  Claudio  Merujo  in 


DIRUTA— D'lVRY 


Venice,  who  mentions  the  fact  "with  pride  in  the 
preface  to  his  *  *  Canzoni  a  la  f  rancese  in  tavo- 
latura"  (1598).  In  1580,  D  was  in  the  Minor- 
ite monastery  at  Correggio ;  1593  till  after 
1609,  org.  in  the  cath.  at  Gubbio  (Papal  States) ; 
then  at  Chioggia. — Publ  "  II  Transilvano,  o  dia- 
logo  sopra  il  vero  modo  di  sonar  organi  e  stro- 
menti  da  penna";  Part  I  (Venice,  1593,  2nd 
ed.  1612) ;  Part  II  (Venice,  1609  and  1622)  has  4 
books;  Bk.  I  with  the  special  title  "Sopra  il 
vero  modo  di  intavolare  ciaschedun  canto  ";  Bk. 
2  on  cpt.,  Bk.  3  on  the  church-modes,  and  Bk. 
4  on  organ -registration 

Diru'ta,  Agostino,  Augustine  monk ;  b. 
Perugia,  was  in  1622  m.  di  capp.  at  Asola,  and 
later  at  the  monastery  of  his  order  in  Rome  ;  in 
1646  he  was  in  Perugia  as  chorusmaster  — Publ. 
masses,  litanies,  vespers,  etc.  (1622-47). 

Distin,  John,  inventor  of  the  key-bugle,  was 
an  Engl.  trumpeter  (b.  1793,  d.  1863)  He 
played  in  H.  M.'s  Theatre,  and  in  the  private 
band  of  George  IV.  In  1833  he  formed  a  quin- 
tet-party of  members  of  his  family,  and  travelled 
in  England  and  on  the  Continent,  playing  before 
many  crowned  heads. — His  son, 

Distin,  Theodore,  singer,  teacher,  and  comp. ; 
b.  Brighton,  Eng.,  1823;  d.  London,  Apr.  12, 
1893.  Played  the  French  horn  in  his  father's 
band,  with  which  he  travelled  on  the  Continent 
1836-44.  Vocal  pupil  of  Negri  and  F.  Cook. 
Baritone  singer  in  Pyne  and  Harrison's  troupe, 
and  bass  singer  in  Benchers'  Chapel,  Lincoln's 
Inn.  An  Associate  Member  of  R.  A.  M.  His 
masses  and  motets  are  sung  in  the  principal 
Engl.  churches  ;  he  also  publ.  services,  glees, 
songs,  etc. 

Ditson,  Oliver,  founder  of  the  music-pub- 
lishing firm  of  O.  Ditson  &  Co.  at  Boston, 
Mass.;  b.  Oct.  30,  1811 ;  d.  Dec.  21,  1888.  In 
1832  he  became  a  partner  of  G.  H.  Parker,  his 
employer,  under  the  firm-name  Parker  &  Dit- 
son ;  carried  on  business  In  his  own  name  1845- 
57,  when  J.  C.  Haynes  joined  the  firm,  then 
changed  to  O.  Ditson  &  Co.  His  eldest  son, 
Charles,  took  charge  of  the  N.  Y.  branch  (Ch. 
,H.  Ditson  &  Co.)  in  1867.  Since  1875  J. 
Edward  Ditson  has  conducted  the  Phil.a  branch 
(J.  E.  D.  £  Co.).  A  branch  for  the  importation 
and  sale  of  instr.s,  etc.,  was  est.  at  Boston  in 
1860  as  John  C.  Haynes  &  Co.;  and  since  1864 
a  Chicago  branch,  Lyon  &  Healy,  has  been  in 
business. 

Dit'ters  (von  Diftersdorf),  Karl,  eminent 
both  as  a  violinist  and  comp. ;  b.  Vienna,  Nov. 
2,  1739  ;  d.  at  Castle  Rothlhotta,  n.  Neuhaus, 
Bohemia,  Oct.  24,  1799.  At  first  taught  by 
Konig  and  Ziegler,  he  became  a  favorite  of 
Prince  Joseph  of  Ilildburghausen,  who  had  him 
thoroughly  trained  by  Trani  (vln.)  and  Bono 
(comp.).  He  played  in  the  prince's  orch.  till  its 
dissolution  in  1759,  and  then  in  the  court  theatre 
at  Vienna;  accorap.  Gluck  on  his  Italian  journey 


(1761),  winning  great  fame  as  a  violinist,  and, 
on  his  return  to  Vienna,  defeating  the  renowned 
Lolh.  As  Kapcllm.  (1764-9)  to  the  Bishop  of 
Gross -Wardein,  Hungary  (succeeding  Michael 
Haydn),  he  composed  industriously  (his  first 
opera,  Amoreinmusica^  1767;  various  oratorios, 
and  much  orchestral  and  chamber-music).  After 
travelling  for  a  short  time,  he  wasapp.  Kaptllm. 
to  the  Pnnce-bishop  of  Breslau,  Count  von 
Schaffgotsch,  at  Johanmsberg  in  Silesia,  where 
he  had  a  small  theatre  built,  for  which  he  \\  rote 
several  pieces  ,  though  his  best  operas  (Doctor 
tmd  Apotheker,  Bet  rug  durch  Aberglauben, 
Licbc  t?ii  Xarrenh(ius,  Hieronymus  Kmcker^ 
and  Rotkappehen}  were  composed  during  visits 
to  Vienna.  In  1770  the  Pope  bestowed  on  D. 
the  Order  of  the  Golden  Spur ;  in  1773  he  was 
ennobled  by  the  Emperor  ("von  Dittersdorf  "). 
On  the  decease  of  the  Prince-bishop  (1795),  D., 
who  had  been  very  prodigal  of  his  means  while 
at  the  zenith  of  his  popularity,  lived  on  a  small 
pension,  in  straitened  circumstances,  until  a 
friend,  Baron  von  Stillfried,  took  him  into  his 
castle,  Rothlhotta.  Of  his  28  operas  only  one, 
Doctor  tind  Apotheker  (Vienna,  1786),  still  sur- 
vives ,  despite  the  vein  of  jovial  humor,  bright 
and  fluent  melody,  and  easy  and  correct  style, 
they  were  eclipsed  by  Mozart's  genius.  Yet  D. 
may  well  be  regarded  as  a  worthy  precursor  of 
Mozart  in  national  dramatic  composition.  Be- 
sides, this  prolific  author  wrote  several  oratorios 
and  cantatas  ;  12  symphonies  f.  orch.  on  Ovid's 
4 *  Metamorphoses"  (Vienna,  1785) — [of  these 
12,  only  6  are  now  extant,  and  have  just  been 
republ  (Aug.,  1899) by  Reinecke  Bros.,  Leipzig  ; 
they  include  "  The  4  ages  of  the  world,"  "  The 
downfall  of  Phaeton,"  "Actaeon's  transforma- 
tion to  a  deer,"  "Andromeda's  rescue  by  Per- 
seus," "The  Frogs,"  and  "  Phineus  with  his 
friends  in  the  mountains,"  and  are  remarkable 
specimens  of  early  "program-music."  The 
same  fiim  also  republishes  2  other  s}mphonieb  , 
the  overture  to  '* Esther"  (oratorio),  a  short 
ballet;  and  the  Divertimento  "  II  combattimento 
dell'umane  passioni"]; — 41  MS.  symphonies;  a 
"Concerto  grosso"  f.  il  concerted  instr.s  w. 
orch.;  12  vln. -concertos ,  numerous  string- 
quartets  (the  best  weie  edited  by  the  Muller 
brothers,  and  publ.) ;  12  divertissements  f.  2 
vlns.  and  'cello ;  12  4-hand  sonatas  f .  pf. ;  72 
preludes  f  pf.;  etc. — Also  an  essay:  "  Briefe 
uber  Behandlung  italienischer  Texte  bei  der 
Composition"  (Leipzig,  "Allgem.  musikal.  Zei- 
tung,"  1799),  and  his  Autobiography  (Leipzig, 
1801 ;  edited  by  Spazier). 

Di'vitis,  Antonius  (real  name,  Antoine  le 
Riche),  celebrated  French  contrapuntist  early 
in  the  i6th  century,  chapel-singer  to  Louis  XII. 
— Motets  and  chansons  are  scattered  in  collec- 
tions, e.  g.  "  Mottetti  de  la  corona"  (1514),  and 
others  printed  by  Rhaw,  Attaignant,  etc.  At 
Carabrai  is  a  MS.  mass ;  at  Munich,  a  Credo 
and  a  Salve  Regina  a  5. 

D'lvry.    See  IVRY, 


148 


DIZI— DONATI 


Dizi,  Francois -Joseph,  famous  self-taught 
harpist ;  b.  Namur,  France,  Jan.  14,  1780 ;  d. 
Pans,  Nov  ,  1847.  lie  set  out  for  London 
when  only  16  ,  lost  his  harp  on  the  way,  but 
went  on  \uthout  it,  and  introduced  himself  to 
Erard,  who  gave  him  a  harp,  and  obtained  pu- 
pils for  him.  Besides  winning  fame  as  a  con- 
cert-player, and  as  a  harpist  at  the  principal 
theatres,  he  invented  the  "  perpendicular  harp  " 
(which  was  unsuccessful),  and  composed  so- 
natas, romances,  variations,  studies,  etc,,  for 
harp  ,  also  publ.  an  "ficole  de  Harpe,  being  a 
Complete  Treatise  on  the  Harp"  (London, 
1827).  In  1830  he  went  to  Paris,  and  estab- 
lished a  harp-factory  with  Pleyel,  which  did  not 
do  well.  Here  he  was  app.  harp-teacher  to  the 
Ro}  al  princesses. 

Dla'bacz,  Gottfried  Johann,  b.  Bohmisch- 
Brod,  Bohemia,  July  17,  1758  ;  d.  Prague,  Feb. 
4,  1820,  where  he  was  librarian  and  choirmaster 
of  the  Premonstratensian  monastery. — Publ. 
"  Allgemeines  historisches  Kunstlerlexikon  far 
Bohmen  (3  vol.s,  1815-18),  and  contributed  sev- 
eral articles  for  Rigger's  "Statistik  von  Boh- 
men." 

Dob'ber,  Johannes.    See  DOEBBER. 

Dobrzyn'ski,  Ignacy  Felix,  pianist;  born 
Romanoff,  Volhynia,  Feb.  25,  1807;  d.  War- 
saw, Oct.  18,  1867.  Son  of  the  violinist  J.  Do- 
brzynski  [1777-1841]  ;  taught  by  his  father,  then 
by  "Eisner,  being  a  fellow-pupil  and  fast  friend 
of  Chopin  ;  on  subsequent  pianistic  tours  (1845-6) 
to  Leipzig,  Dresden,  and  Berlin,  he  had  great 
success.  For  a  time  he  conducted  the  opera  in 
Warsaw,  where  he  finally  settled. — Works:  2 
operas,  Die  Fhbusticr  (Warsaw,  1861),  and 
Monbar  (not  perf.) ;  symphony  in  C  min.;  I 
string-sextet,  2  string-quintets,  3  string-quartets  ; 
i  pf  -trio ;  a  sonata  f.  pf .  and  vln. ;  a  nocturne 
f.  pf.  and  vln.,  "Les  Larmes";  mazurkas  and 
nocturnes  f.  pf. ;  songs  (the  "  local  color"  of  the 
"Village  Melodies"  \Piehii  Sielskie\  is  espe- 
cially praised). 

DoeVber,  Johannes,  born  Berlin,  Mar.  28, 
1866.  Pupil  in  Stem  Cons,  of  R.  Radecke 
(comp.),  L.  Bussler  (cpt.  and  comp.),  and  C. 
Agghazy  (pf. ).  Taught  the  1st  pf  .-class  in*  Kul- 
lak's  Cons.;  then  became  Kapellm.  at  Kroll's 
Th  under  Dir.  Engel,  Jr. ;  at  Darmstadt  Court 
Th.;  and,  since  1895,  is  Kapellm.  at  the  Court 
Th.  in  Coburg-Gotha,  and  tutor  in  music  to 
Princess  Beatrice. — Dramatic  works:  A  i-act 
comic  opera,  Die  Strasscnsangerin  (Gotha, 
1890 ;  succ.) ;  3-act  opera  Der  Schmicd  von 
Gretna-Green  (Berlin,  1893  ;  mod.  succ.) ;  i-act 
burlesque  opera  Aolcetta  (Brandenburg,  1894)  ; 
i-act  opera  Die  Rose  von  Gensano  (Gotha, 
1895  ;  succ.) ;  3-act  opera  Die  Grille  (Leipzig, 
1897 ;  succ.) ;  also  abt.  20  pf.-pcs. ;  over  60 
songs  ;  and  quartets,  duets,  arrangements,  etc. 

Dohler,  Theodor,  pianist  and  comp.;  born 
Naples,  Apr.  20,  1814 ;  d.  Florence,  Feb.  21, 


1856.  A  pupil  of  Juhus  Benedict  at  Naples, 
and  of  Czerny  (pf.)  and  Sechter  (comp.)  at  Vi- 
enna In  1831  he  became  pianist  to  the  Duke 
of  Lucca,  lived  for  a  time  in  Naples,  made  bril- 
liant pianistic  tours  from  1836-46  to  Germany, 
Italy,  Pans  ('38),  London  and  Holland  ('39), 
and  again  to  Italy,  Holland,  Belgium  ;  after  2 
years'  sojourn  in  Lucca  he  \ient  to  Copenhagen 
in  1843,  thence  to  Russia,  and  in  1846  to  Paris ; 
settling  in  Florence  in  1848.  In  1846  the  Duke, 
his  patron,  ennobled  him,  and  he  married  a  Rus- 
sian Countess. — Works:  A  posthumous  opera 
Tancreda  (Florence,  1880 ,  quite  successful) ; 
many  pf.-pcs  (concertos,  op.  7 ;  nocturnes ; 
tarantellas ;  12  Etudes  de  concert,  op.  30 ;  50 
fitudes  de  salon,  op.  42 ;  variations,  fantasias, 
transcriptions,  etc.).  His  salon-music  is  elegant 
and  showy. 

Doles,  Johann  Friedrich,  born  Steinbach, 
Saxe-Meiningen,  Apr.  23,  1715 ;  d.  Leipzig, 
Feb.  S,  1797  [correct date].  Church-composer; 
a  pupil,  but  not  a  disciple,  of  J.  S.  Bach.  He 
was  app.  cantor  at  Freiberg,  Saxony,  in  1744 ; 
in  1756  he  succeeded  G.  Harrer  as  cantor  and 
musical  director  of  the  Thomasschule,  Leipzig, 
resigning  in  1789.  Works:  A  treatise,  "An- 
fangsgrunde  zum  Singen,"  and  very  numerous 
church-compositions,  mostly  written  in  an  easy 
and  popular  style. 

Dom  Be'dos.    See  BEDOS  DE  CELLES. 

Dominice'ti,  Cesare,  b.  Desenzano,  Lago 
di  Garda,  July  12,  1821 ;  d.  Sesto  di  Monza, 
June  20,  1888.  Opera-composer;  studied  in 
Milan,  where  all  his  operas  were  brought  out ; 
lived  for  a  long  time  in  Bolivia,  made  a  fortune 
there,  and,  some  years  after  his  return  to  Italy, 
was  app.  prof,  of  comp.  at  Milan  Cons. — 
Operas :  2  belh  usi  di  citth  ('41),  Due  mogli  in 
una  ('53),  La  maschera  ('54),  Morovico  ('73),  // 
lago  delle  fate  ('78),  and  L'ereditiera  (1881). 

Dom'mer,  Arrey  von,  writer  and  critic ;  b. 
Danzig,  Feb.  9,  1828.  A  theological  student, 
he  turned  to  music,  and  in  1851  became  the 
pupil  of  Richter  and  Lobe  (comp.),  and  Schal- 
lenberg  (org.)  at  Leipzig.  He  taught  music  at 
Leipzig,  and  went  to  Hamburg  in  1863,  where 
he  has  since  resided  as  a  lecturer,  music  critic  to 
the  "  Correspondent,"  and  (1873-89)  secretary 
in  the  Hamburg  town  library.  In  1892,  Dr. 
phtL  hon.  causa  (Marburg  Univ.) — Writings : 
u  Elemente  der  Musik  "  (1862) ;  "  Musikalisches 
Lexikon"  (1865;  a  revised  ed.  of  Koch's); 
"Handbuch  der  Musikgeschichte "  (1867  ;  2nd 
ed.,  1878).  Also  publ.  an  8-part  psalm  a  cap- 
petta,  and  a  4-part  arr.  of  melodies  by  J.  W. 
Franck. 

Dona'ti,  Baldassaro,  famous  comp.  of  mo- 
tets and  madrigals  ;  b.  Venice,  (date  ?) ;  d. 
there  1603.  He  was  choirmaster  of  the  so- 
called  "small  choir'"  at  San  Marco,  Venice, 
1562-5,  when  it  was  disbanded,  and  he  became 
a  simple  chorister ;  in  1590  he  succeeded  Zar- 


J49 


DONATI— DONIZETTI 


lino  as  maestro. — Extant  works  "Canzonetle 
Mllanesche  alia  napoletana"  (1551  and  1555); 
several  books  of  madrigals  a  4-6  (1559-68)  ; 
and  one  \ol.  of  motets  a  5-8  (1569). 

Dona'ti,  Ignazio,  composer  of  the  Lombard 
school ;  b.  Casalmaggiore,  n.  Cremona,  towards 
end  of  i6th  cent.  In  1619  he  was  /;/.  di  eapp* 
in  the  Accademia  di  S.  Spirito,  Ferrara  ,  from 
1633,  maestro  in  Milan  cath. — Publ.  I  vol  of 
motets  a  1-5  (1612),  2  vol.s  of  "  Concert! 
ecclesiastici"  a  2-5  (1617,  1619);  2  vol  s  of 
masses  a  4-6  (1618)  ;  'lLe  Fanfalage"  (madri- 
gals a  3-5) ,  2  vol.s  of  "  Mottetti  concertati  "  a 
5-6  (1626,  1627)  ;  I  vol.  of  motets  f.  vocal  solo 
\vith  continue  (1628) ;  and  '*  Salmi  boscherecci" 
a  6  (1629). 

Done,  William,  English  organist,  cond  ,  and 
chorus-trainer ,  b.  Worcester,  1815  ;  d.  there 
Aug.  17,  1895.  Choir-boy  of  W.  cathedral, 
1825,  under  organist  Clarke  ;  1839,  asst.-org.; 
1844,  ist  org  ,  succeeding  Clarke,  and  conduct- 
or of  Wore.  Mus.  Festivals.  1894,  Mus.  Doc., 
Cantab.,  hon.  cansa. — A  fine  organist,  he  insti- 
tuted needed  reforms  in  the  cathedral  service. 

Do'ni,  Antonio  Francesco,  writer ;  born 
Florence,  1519;  d.  Monselice,  n.  Padua,  in 
Sept  ,  1574.  For  several  years  he  was  a  member 
of  the  Servile  fraternity  in  Florence  ;  after  leav- 
ing it  in  1539,  he  led  a  wandering  life  as  a  lay- 
priest. — Publ.  a  "  Dialogue  on  Music "  (in 
Lat.,  1534;  in  Ital.,  1541,  etc.),  and  a  "  Libre- 
ria"  (Venice,  1550,  '51,  *6o),  containing  a  de- 
scription of  all  published  or  MS.  musical  books 
in  Italian,  known  at  the  time. 

Do'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  a  Florentine 
nobleman  ;  born  1593,  d.  Dec.  I,  1647.  He 
studied  literature  and  philosophy  at  Bologna 
and  Rome  ;  from  1613-18  he  was  a  law-student 
at  Bourges,  France,  and  took  his  degree  at  Pisa. 
In  1621  he  accomp.  Cardinal  Corsini  to  Paris, 
where  he  zealously  prosecuted  his  literary  and 
antiquarian  studies  ;  went  to  Rome  in  1622,  at 
the  invitation  of  Cardinal  Barberini,  who  was 
passionately  fond  of  music,  and  with  whom  he 
travelled.  In  the  intervals  of  his  profound  study 
of  ancient  music,  he  found  time  to  construct  the 
Lyra  Barber ina  or  Amphichord,  a  species  of 
double  lyre,  which  he  dedicated  to  Pope  Urban 
VIII.  Recalled  to  Florence  in  1640,  by  deaths 
in  his  family,  he  settled  *there,  married  next 
year,  and  accepted  a  professorship  of  elocution, 
offered  him  by  the  Grand  Duke. — Writings  . 
*'  Compendio  del  trattato  dei  generi  e  modi  della 
musica  "  (Rome,  1635) »'  "  Annotazioni "  on  the 
above  (Rome,  1640);  "De  praestantia  musicae 
veteris  libri  tres  ..."  (Florence,  1647) ;  and 
several  minor  essays  in  MS. 

Donizet'ti,  Gaetano,  one  of  the  brilliant  tri- 
umvirate (D.,  Rossini,  and  Bellini)  of  Italian 
opera-composers  in  the  first  half  of  the  igth  cen- 
tury, was  b.  at  Bergamo,  Nov.  29,  1797  [other 
dates  are  given];  d.  there  April  8,  1848.  His 


father,  a  weaver  by  trade,  later  obtained  a  posi- 
tion in  the  local  monte  di  pieti,  and  desired  that 
his  son  should  become  a  la\\yer.  But  D.'s  incli- 
nations were  towards  art,  besides  being  strongly 
attracted  to  music,  he  studied  architecture,  drau  - 
ing,  and  literature.  His  father  finally  allowed 
him  to  enter  the  Bergamo  school  of  music  ,  his 
teachers  were  Salan  (voice),  Gonzales  (pf.  and 
accomp.),  and  J.  S.  Mayr  (harm  ).  In  1815  he 
changed  to  the  Bologna  Liceo  Filarmonico,  here 
completing  his  contrapuntal  studies  under  Pilotli 
and  Padre  Mattei,  to  whom  Mayr  had  recom- 
mended him.  His  father  now  insisted  on  his 
becoming  a  teacher,  while  D.  himself  felt  an 
irresistible  bent  for 
dramatic  composi- 
tion. To  end  this 
conflict,  he  joined 
the  army ,  his  regi- 
ment was  ordered  to 
Venice ;  and  here, 
in  leisure  moments, 
he  composed  his  first 
opera,  Enrico  di 
Borgogna  (Venice, 
1819),  whose  success 
encouraged  further 
production.  His  next 
opera,  //  Fakgname 
di  Livonia  (Venice, 
1820 ;  given  at  first 
as  Pietro  il  Grande,  Czar  delle  JRitssie),  was 
likewise  well  received ;  but  Le  Nozze  in  villa 
(Mantua,  1820)  was  a  failure.  After  the  success 
of  Zoraide  di  Granata  (1822)  he  was  exempted 
from  further  military  service.  From  1822  to 
1829  incl  ,  23  operas  flowed  from  his  too  facile 
pen  ;  such  ease  of  production  naturally  led  to  sad 
superficiality,  and  during  this  period  D.  was 
mostly  a  rather  poor  imitator  of  Rossini.  But 
now,  piqued  by  Bellini's  successes,  he  wrote  his 
Anna  Bolena  (Milan,  1830),  which  begins  his 
second  and  more  original  period.  Written  for 
Pasta  and  Rubini— after  the  good  (?)  old  Italian 
fashion  of  adapting  roles  to  singers — its  vogue 
was  more  than  local ;  in  it,  as  *'  Henry  VIII.," 
Lablache  scored  his  first  London  triumph  at  the 
old  "  King's  Theatre."  In  its  wake  followed 
(to  name  the  best)  L'Ehsir  d'amore  (Milan, 
1832),  the  tragic  Lucrezia  Borgia  (La  Scala, 
Milan,  1833),  and  the  immensely  popular  Lucia 
di  Lammermoor  (Naples,  Teatro  S.  Carlo,  1835). 
Like  that  of  so  many  other  Italian  opera-com- 
posers, D.'s  life  was  spent  in  travelling  from 
place  to  place,  bringing  out  opera  after  opera. 
Now,  enjoying  European  celebrity,  he  visited 
Paris  in  1835,  ai*d  produced  Marino  Fahei-o  at 
the  Theatre  des  Italiens.  In  May,  1837,  he 
succeeded  Zingarelli  as  Director  pro  tern,  of  the 
Naples  Cons. ;  in  July  of  that  year  he  lost  his 
wife,  Virginia  (n&  Vasselli),  after  14  years  of 
happy  wedded  life.  The  censor's  veto  on  the 
production  of  Poliuto  (written  for  Ad.  Nourrit 
after  Corneille's  II  Polyeucte  ")  so  angered  him, 
that  he  incontinently  forsook  Milan  for  Paris. 


150 


DONIZETTI— DONT 


Here  La  Fillc  du  rfyiment  (Opera-Comique, 
Feb.  n,  1840),  Les  Martyr*  (an  amphti cation 
of  the  forbidden  Pollute;  Opera,  Apnl  10, 
1840),  and  La  Favorite  (Opera,  Dec.  2,  1840), 
made  a  veritable  sensation.  Returning-  to  Italy, 
Adelasia  (Rome,  1841)  and  Maria  Padilla 
(Milan,  1841)  had  good  fortune.  In  Vienna 
during  1842  he  composed  Linda  di  Chamoumx^ 
which  evoked  such  enthusiasm  that  the  Emperor 
conferred  on  him  the  titles  of  Court  Composer 
and  Master  of  the  Imperial  Chapel  (he  had  also 
written  a  Miserere  and  an  Ave  Mana  for  the 
Hofkapelle,  in  a  severe  purity  of  st}  le  warmly 
commended  by  the  local  critics").  Don  Pasquak 
(revived  at  Stuttgart  Court  Th.,  1898,  with  great 
success)  was  brought  out  in  Paris,  1843.  D. 
had  reached  the  height  of  his  fame  and  pros- 
perity ;  though  still  maintaining  the  unbroken 
flow  of  creative  activity,  terrible  headaches  and 
mental  depression  warned  him  to  desist ;  but 
the  warnings  were  unheeded  ;  Cattrmo  Comoro 
(Naples,  1844)  was  his  last  work  ;  and  one 
morning  in  1845  he  was  found  insensible  on  the 
floor  of  his  bedroom,  stricken  with  paralysis. 
He  never  recovered  his  mental  powers,  and  died 
in  1848  at  Bergamo,  where  a  monument  by  Vin- 
cenzo  Vela  was  erected  to  his  memory  in  1855. 
— Lucia  di  Lammermoor  is  generally  held  to  be 
his  finest  work  ;  in  it  the  vein  of  melody — now 
sparkling,  now  sentimental,  now  tragic — which 
embodies  Donizetti's  best  claim  on  originality 
and  immortality,  finds,  perhaps,  freest  and 
broadest  development.  Besides  operas,  a  full 
list  of  which  follows,  he  wrote  many  songs, 
ariettas,  duets,  and  canzonets  ;  7  Masses,  one 
being  a  Requiem ;  cantatas  ;  vespers,  psalms, 
motets  ;  12  string-quartets  (praised  by  contem- 
poraries) ;  and  pf. -music. 

Biographical:    Filippo  Cicconetti,  "Vita  di 
G.  Donizetti "  (Rome,   1864) ,  Alborghetti  and 


Galli,  "  Donizetti- Mayr"  (Bergamo,  1875); 
Clement,  in  l4  Musicienscclebres"! Paris,  iS/S) ; 
also  se\eral  essa\b  publ.  at  the  L)  centennial 
celebration  at  Bergamo  E.  C  Verzino,  "  Con- 
tnbuto  alia  storia  delle  opere  di  G.  D."  (Milan, 
1897),  Ippolito  Valetti,  "Donizetti"  (Rome, 
1897,  pp  15) ,  Adolfo  Calzado,  lt  Donizetti  e 
1'opera  italiana  in  Spagna  "  (Paris,  1897,  pp.  23). 

Donizet'ti,  Alfredo,  b.  Smyrna,  Sept.  2, 
1867  Studied  (1883-9)  at  Milan  Cons,  under 
Ponchielli  and  Domimceti,  graduating  with  a 
fine  Stabat  Mater  f.  soli,  chorus,  org.,  andorch. 
(publ.).  Now  (1699)  living  m  M ilan  as  composer, 
conductor  of  orchestra  and  chorus,  and  teacher 
of  counterpoint. — Works  .  i-act  opera  Xama 
(Milan,  1889);  i-act  opera  Dopo  VAve  Mana 
(Milan,  1897),  very  successful  (publ.).  Dramatic 
\\  orks  not  perf. :  La  Locamhera  (comedy  in  3 
acts),  /  Sonnamlnth  (com.  in  I  act)»  La  Madri- 
lena  (operetta  in  3  acts',  //  canto  del  mare  ("  idil- 
lio  "  in  i  act).  Publ.  works  .  Several  dances  and 
characteristic  pcs.  f.  pf.,  and  numerous  songs  ; 
5  pf  -arrangements  of  his  own  orchestral  pcs. 
(Symphony  in  C,  "  Nattaglia,"  "  Danza  di  Sa- 
tiri,"  "  Mesta  Canzone,"  and  "  Cipria  e  Parruc- 
che"). 

Dont,  Jakob,  violinist,  teacher,  and  com- 
poser ;  D.  Vienna,  Mar.  2,  1815  ;  d.  there  Nov. 
18,  iSSS.  His  father  was  the  'cellist  Joseph 
Valentin  D.  [b.  Georgenthal,  Bohemia,  April 
*5i  *776 ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  14,  1833"].  Pupil  of 
Bohm  and  Hellraesberger  (Sr.)  at  Vienna  Cons.; 
joined  the  orch.  of  the  "  Hofburgtheater "  in 
1831,  and  the  court  orch.  in  1834.  He  taught 
in  the  "  Akad.  der  Tonkunst,"  and  the  Semi- 
nary at  St.  Anna  ;  from  1873  he  was  vln.-prof. 
at  the  Cons.  His  Etudes  f.  vln.,  "  Gradus  ad 
Parnassum,"  are  excellent ;  he  publ.  altogether 
some  50  works. 


Enrico  di  Borgogna,  Venice,  18x8. 

II  Falcgname  di  Livonia,  Venice, 
1819. 

Le  Nozze  in  villa,  Mantua,  1820. 

Zoraide  di  Granata,  Rome,  1822. 

La  Zmgara,  Naples,  1822 

La  Lettera  anomma,  Naples,  1832 

Chiara  e  Serafina,  o  I  Pirati,  Milan, 
1822. 

II  Fortunate  inganno,  Naples,  1823. 

Anstea,  Naples,  1823 

Una  Folha,  Venice,  1823. 

Alfredo  il  Grande,  Naples,  1823. 

L'Aio  nell'imbarazzo,  Rome,  1824. 

Emilia,  o  L'Eremitaggio  di  Liver- 
pool, Naples,  1824 

ALahor  in  Granata,  Palermo,  1826. 

II  Castello  degh  Invahdi,  Palermo, 
1826 

Elvida,  Naples,  1826. 

Olivo  e  Pasquale.  Rome,  1827. 

II  Borgomastro  di  Saardam,  Na- 
ples, 1827. 

Le   Convenienze  teatrah,  Naples, 

Otto  Mesi  in  due  ore,  o  Gli  Esiliati 

in  Siberia,  Naples.  1827. 
L'Esule  di  Roma,  Naples,  1828. 
La   Regina  di  Golconda,  Genoa. 

1828. 


OPERAS  BY  GAETANO  DONIZETTI. 

Gianni  di  Calais,  Naples,  1828. 
Giovedi  grasso,  Naples,  1828. 
II  Pana,  waples,  1829 
II  Castello  di  Kenilworth,  Naples, 

1829 
II  Diluvio  universale,  Naples,  1830 

I  Pazzi     per   progetto,    Naples, 
1830. 

Francesca  di  Fobc,  Naples,  1830. 
Isnelda  de'  Lambertazzi,  Naples, 

1830 
La    Romanziera    e  1'uomo  nero, 

Naples,  1830. 

Anna  Bolena,  Milan,  1830. 
Fausta,  Naples,  1832. 
Uffo  conte  di  Paria^  Milan,  1832. 
L'Elisir  d'amore,  Milan,  1832. 
Sanaa  di  Castiglia,  Naples.  1832. 

II  Furioso  alfisola   di   San  Do- 
mingo, Rome,  1833. 

Parisma,  Florence,  1833. 

Torquato  Tasso,  Rome,  1833. 

Lucrezia  Borgia.  Milan,  1833. 

Rosamunda  d'lnghilterra,  Flor- 
ence, 1834-  later  at  Naples  as 
Eleonora  di  Guienna. 

Maria  Stuarda,  o  Buondelmonte, 
Naples,  1834. 

Gemma  di  Vergy,  Milan,  1834. 

Marino  Fahero,  Paris,  1835. 


Lucia   di    Lammermoor,    Naples, 

Belili'rio,  Venice,  1836. 

II  Campanello  di  notte,   Naples, 

1836. 

Betly,  Naples,  1836. 
L*Assedio  di  Calais,  Naples,  1836. 
Pia  de*  Tolomei,  Venice,  1837. 
Roberto  Devereux,  Naples,  1837. 
Mana  di  Rudenz,  Venice,  1838. 
Gianni  di  Pariffi,  Milan,  1839. 
La  Fille  du  raiment.  Pans.  1840. 
Les  Martyrs  (Pollute),  Pans,  1840. 
La  Favorite,  Paris,  1840. 
Adelasia,  ossia  La  Figlia  dell'ar- 

ciero,  Rome,  1841. 
Maria  Padilla,  Milan,  1841. 
Linda  di  Chamounix,  Vienna,  1842. 
Don  Pasquale,  Paris,  1843. 
Mana  di  Rohan,  Vienna,  1843. 
Don  Sebasuano  (Dom  Se*bastien), 

Paris,  1843. 
Caterina   Cornaro,    Naples,    1844. 

(Posthtunouftly  performed.) 

Pohuto,  Naples,  1848. 
Rita,  ou  le  man  battu,  Paris,  1860. 
Gabriella  di  Vergy,  Naples,  1869. 
H  Duca  d'Alba,  Rome,  x88a. 


DOOR— DORN 


Door,  Anton,  b.  Vienna,  June  20, 1833.  Pu- 
pil of  Czerny  (pf.)  and  Sechter  (comp  ),  became  a 
notable  pianist,  giving  highly  successful  con- 
certs at  Baden-Baden  and  \\iesbaden  m  1850, 
and  with  L.  Strauss  in  Italy.  Made  a  Scandi- 
navian tour  in  1856-7,  and 'was  app.  court-pian- 
ist at  Stockholm  and  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  In  1859  ne  succeeded  N.  Rubinstein 
as  teacher  at  the  Imp.  Inst.,  Moscow,  and  be- 
came prof,  at  the  Cons,  in  1864.  He  has  been, 
since  1869,  prof,  of  the  highest  pf  -class  in  the 
Vienna  Cons.  In  1877  he  travelled  with  Sara- 
sate  through  Eastern  Hungary,  and  also  played 
in  Leipzig,  Berlin,  Amsterdam,  and  other  cities. 
He  is  a  very  successful  teacher  (R.  Fischoff, 
F.  Mottl,  Sichel,  Steinbach,  B.  Sch&nberger, 
Schwickerath,  etc.,  are  his  pupils),  and  a  pro- 
gressive musician,  bringing  out  new  works  by 
Raff,  Brahms,  Saint-Saens,  etc  ;  has  done  good 
service  in  editing  classical  and  instructive  works. 

Dop'pler,  Albert  Franz,  flutist  and  dramatic 
composer ;  b.  Lemberg,  Oct.  16,  1821 ;  d.  Baden, 
n.  Vienna,  July  27,  1883.  He  was  taught  by 
his  father,  ^an  oboist  in  Warsaw  and  Vienna. 
After  his  debut  at  Vienna,  he  made  several  tours 
with  his  brother  Karl,  and  was  app.  first  flute  at 
the  Pesth  theatre,  for  which  he  wrote  his  first 
opera,  Benjowski  (1847).  In  1858  he  became 
first  flute  and  assl.-cond.  (later  1st  cond.)  of  bal- 
let at  the  Vienna  court  opera  ;  in  1865,  prof,  of 
flute  in  the  Cons. — Operas  Benjowski ;  Ilka 
('49)  ;  AJanasia;  Wanda  ('51)  ;  Salvator  Rosa  ; 
Die  fatten  Husaren  (1853  \  comic) ;  Erz&eth 
(with  his  brother  and  Erkel) ,  Judith  (Vienna, 
'70) ;  and  the  comic  ballet  A  f  argot  (Berlin,  1891); 
also  ballet-music,  overtures,  concertos  f.  flute,etc. 

Dop'pler,  Karl,  brother  of  preceding;  b. 
Lemberg,  1826  ;  flutist,  pupil  of  his  brother  and 
father.  After  long  concert-tours,  he  became  cond. 
and  musical  director  at  the  National  Th.,  Pesth  ; 
since  1865,  IIof-Kapellm.  in  Stuttgart  Hofoper^ 
resigning  in  1898,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Reichenberger  of  Bremen. — Operas  :  The  Gren- 
adiers' Camp  (1852) ;  The  Son  of  the  Desert 
(1854)  ;  etc. — Ballets,  flute-music. 

Dop'pler,  Arpad,  son  of  Karl ;  b.  Pesth,  June 
5,  1857.  Pupil,  in  Stuttgart  Cons.,  of  Lebert 
and  Pruckner  (pf.),  Seyerlen  and  Faisst  (theory), 
Seif  ritz  and  Goetschius  (comp.) ;  and  later  of  his 
father  (instrumentation).  After  teaching  pf.  in 
the  Cons,  for  some  time,  he  went  to  New  York, 
teaching  for  3  years  (1880-3)  in  the  Grand  Cons. ; 
then  returned  to  his  old  position  at  Stuttgart, 
and,  since  1889,  has  also  been  chorusmaster  at 
the  Court  Th.~ Works  :  The  3-act  opera  Viel 
Larm  urn  A"ic/its  (Leipzig,  1896)  ; — for  full  orch., 
Suite  in  B[?,  FestouvertUre,  Thema  and  varia- 
tions, Scherzo,  and  a  "Suite  im  alten  Styl"; 
also  a  "  Wiegenlied  "  f.  string-orch.,  several  fe- 
male choruses  w.  orch.,  several  songs,  pf. -music, 
etc. 

DSrffel,  Alfred,  b.  Waldenburg,  Saxony, 
Jan.  24, 1821 ;  taught  by  Fink,  Muller,  Mendels- 


sohn, and  others,  at  Leipzig.  Was  Becker's  suc- 
cesSor  as  librarian  (mus.  dept.)  of  the  Leip/ig 
City  Library  ;  and  collected  a  valuable  circulating 
library  of  his  own.  As  a  musical  critic  and  edi- 
tor he  was  highly  esteemed  in  Leipzig.,  in  1885 
he  received  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  Jwn.  causa 
from  the  Univ. 

Do'ria,  Clara.  Stage-name  of  Clara  Kath- 
leen [Barnctt]  Rogers. 

Do'ring,  Gottfried,  b.  Pomerendorf,  n  El- 
bing,  May  10,  1801 ;  d.  Elbing,  June  20,  1869. 
Pupil  of  Zeltner  at  the  Inst.  f.  Church-music, 
Berlin ;  1828,  cantor  of  the  Marienkirche,  El- 
bing — Publ.  an  essay,  "Zur  Geschichte  der 
Musikin  Preussen"  (1852);  a  "  Choralkunde" 
(1865) ;  and  two  Choral-books. 

Do'ring,  Carl  Heinrich,  pf.-teacher ,  b. 
Dresden,  July  4,  1834.  Pupil  Leipzig  Cons. 
1852-5  (Hauptmann,  Lobe,  Plaidy,  Richter). 
Taught  in  Leipzig ;  1858,  teacher  in  Dresden 
Cons. ;  1875,  * l  Professor."  Excellent  pedagogue ; 
gifted  composer. — Works  .  (a)  Instruct,  pf.- 
comp.s :  Op.  8,  25  easy  and  progr.  Studies ;  op. 
24,  25,  Octave-studies;  op.  30,  Rhythmische 
Studien ;  op.  33,  20  Triller-Etiiden ;  op.  36,  2 
easy  Sonatas  ;  op.  38,  "  Die  Grundpfeiler  des 
Klavierspiels  "  (3  parts)  ,  op.  54,  Melod  Vor- 
tragstudien ;  op.  63,  Freudvoll  u.  leidvoll ;  op. 
66,  Prakt.  Studien  und  tJbungstucke  fur  das 
polyph.  Klavierspiel ;  op.  67,  8  Klavier-Etiiden ; 
op.  So,  2omelod.  Cbungs-u.Vorspielstttcke;  op. 
88, 15  Klavier-Et.  f.  Mittelstufe ;  op.  109,  Tech- 
nische  Hlilfs  -  und  Bildungsmittel.  (b)  Male 
choruses  •  op.  77,  So,  87,  and  108.  (c)  Suites 
for  string-orch  ,  a  grand  Mass,  a  Vater  unser^ 
and  Motets  a  4,  6,  and  8. 

Dorn,  Heinrich  Ludwig  Edmund,  b.  Kb- 

nigsberg,  Nov.  14,  1804  ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  10, 
1892.  Law-student  at  Konigsberg  in  1823,  but 
studied  music  diligently,  continuing  in  Berlin 
under  L.  Berger  (pf  ),  Zelter,  and  B.  Klein. 
After  teaching  in  Frankfort,  he  became  A  apdlm* 
of  the  Konigsb.  Th.  in  1828 ;  in  1829,  mus.  di- 
rector (and  Schumann's  teacher)  at  Leipzig ; 
1831-42,  mus.  director  at  Cath.  of  St.  Peter's  in 
Riga  ;  1843,  theatre- Kapellm.  and  city  mus.  di- 
rector at  Cologne.  Here  (1845)  ne  founded  the 
"Rheinische  Musikschule  "  (which  became  the 
Cologne  Cons,  in  1850),  and  from  1844-7  cond. 
the  Lower  Rhenish  Mus  Festivals.  From 
1849-69  he  was  court  Kapellmeister  at  the 
Royal  Opera,  Berlin ;  was  pensioned,  with  the 
title  of  "  Royal  Prof.,"  and  busied  himself  with 
teaching  and  mus.  criticism. — Works:  The 
operas  Die  Rolandsbnappcn  (Berlin,  1826) ;  Der 
Zauberer  (Berlin,  1827;  a  melodrama);  Die 
Bettlerin  (Konigsberg,  1828);  Abu  Kara 
(Leipzig,  1831);  Das  Schivarmermiidchen 
(Leipzig,  1832);  Der  Schdffe  -von  Pans  (Riga, 
1838) ;  Das  Banner  von  England  (Riga,  1841) ; 
Die  Musiker  von  Atx-la-Chapelle  (1848) ;  Arta- 
xeixes  (Berlin,  1850) ;  Die  Nibelungen  (Weimar, 
June  22,  1854;  also  in  Berlin,  Breslau,  etc.; 


152 


DORN— DOWLAND 


considered  his  best  opera) ;  Ein  Ta%  in  Russ- 
land  (Berlin,  1857  ;  comic) ;  Der  Botenlaufer 
von  Pirna  (Berlin,  1865),  an  operetta,  Gewilter 
bei  Sonnensthein  (Dresden,  1865) ;  and  the  ballet 
Amors  Macht  (Leipzig,  1830)  Other  works  : 
Missa  pro  defunctis  (Derlin,  1851) ;  church- 
music,  cantatas,  symphonies,  orchestral  pieces 
("  Siegesfestklange,"  1866) ;  pf.-music  ;  songs 
(many  popular  favorites)  He  was  musical  edi- 
tor of  the  "  Berliner  Post,"  and  a  contributor  to 
the"Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung."  Publ.  an 
autobiography,  "  Aus  meinem  Leben  "  (6  parts, 
1870-79)  ,  a  pamphlet,  "  Ostracismus,  ein  Ge- 
richt  Scherben",  etc. 

Dorn,  Alexander  Julius  Paul,  son  of  the 
preceding ;  b.  Riga,  June  8,  1833.  Pianist, 
taught  by  his  father ;  at  first  private  teacher  in 
Poland  ;  lived  1855-65  at  Cairo  and  Alexandria, 
Egypt,  as  a  teacher,  conductor,  and  player ; 
from  1865-8  he  conducted  the  Crefeld  "  Lieder- 
tafel,"  and  then  settled  in  Berlin  as  pf. -teacher 
at  the  R.  Hochschule,  with  the  title  "  Royal 
Prof." — Works  (over  400  in  all)  •  3  masses  f. 
male  ch.  and  orch.;  cantata,  "  Der  Blumen 
Rache,"  f.  soli,  ch  ,  and  orch.;  operettas  for 
female  voices;  many  brilliant  pf.-pcs.;  songs, 
etc. 

Dorn,  Otto,  son  of  Heinrich  D. ;  born  Co- 
logne, Sept.  7,  1848  ,  taught  by  his  father,  and 
then  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  taking  the  Mey- 
erbeer scholarship  (ist  prize)  in  1873.  Settled 
in  Wiesbaden. — Works:  A  successful  opera 
Afraja  (Gotha,  1891);  a  "  Prometheus"  sym- 
phony; overtures  "  Hermannsschlacht "  and 
"Sappho*';  pf.-pcs.,  songs. 

Dorn,  Edward.  Pen-name  of  JOSEPH  LEO- 
POLD ROCKEL. 

Dor'ner,  Armin  W.,  pianist  and  teacher  ;  b. 
Marietta,  Ohio,  June  22,  1852.  St.  under  Kul- 
lak,  Bendel,  and  Weitzmann  at  Berlin  ;  later  in 
Stuttgart  and  Paris.  Now  pf.-prof  in  Cincin- 
nati Coll.  of  Music.  Excellent  ensemble-player. 
Has  publ.  "  Technical  Exercises." 

Dorn'heckter,  Robert,  b.  Franzburg,  Pom- 
erania,  Nov.  4,  1839  I  d-  Stralsund,  1890.  Pupil 
of  Geyer  and  Hies  m  Berlin,  also  of  the  R.  Inst. 
f .  Church-music.  Conductor  of  the  Dornheckter 
Singing  Society,  Stralsund  ;  organist ;  teacher 
at  the  Gymnasium;  "royal  musical  director." 
— Works .  Organ-music,  pf.-pcs.,  part-songs, 
songs,  etc. 

Dprus-Gras,  Julie  -  Aime'e  -  Josephe  (her 
family-name  was  van  Steenkiste  ;  Dorus,  her 
stag<;-name,  was  that  of  her  mother's  family) ; 
b.  Valenciennes,  Sept.  7,  1805  [correct  date]  ; 
d.  Pans,  Feb.  6,  1896.  A  pupil  of  Blangini, 
PaSr,  and  Bordogni  at  the  Paris.  Cons.  (1821-5), 
she  sang  at  first  in  concerts,  then  (after  6 
months'  study  with  Cassel)  on  the  stage  at  Brus- 
sels ;  sang  at  the  Grand  Ope>a  (1830-45),  there- 
after in  provincial  theatres,  and  (1847,  1848)  in 
London.  Married  M.  Gras  in  1843,  and  left  the 
stage  in  1850.  As  leading  soprano,  she  created 


the  roles  of  Alice  (Robert  Marguerite  (ffugue- 
7wt$)i  Theresma  (Lc  Philtrt\  and  Eudoxie  (La 
Jinve).  Her  career  was  marked  by  steady  and 
brilliant  success. 

Doss,  Adolf  von,  b.  Pfarrkirchen,  Lower 
Bavaria,  Sept.  10,  1825  ,  d.  Rome,  Aug  13, 
1886  A  Jesuit  priest,  he  was  a  prolific  comp., 
writing  some  350  works  .  6  operas,  2  operettas, 
II  oratorios  and  cantatas,  a  grand  mass,  3  sym- 
phonies ;  and  much  church-music  (3  publ.  coll.s  ; 
"Melodiae  sacrae"  [1862],  "  Mdodies  reli- 
gieuses,"and  "  Collection  de  musique  d'eglise  "). 

Dotssch,  August,  b.  1858  ;  d  Wiesbaden, 
Nov.  19,  1882.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Deswert, 
and  a  gifted  'cellist. 

Dotz'auer,  Justus  Johann  Friedrich,  fa- 
mous 'cellist;  b.  HtLsselrieth,  n.  Hildburghau- 
sen,  Jan.  20,  1783  ;  d  Dresden,  March  6,  1860. 
Pupil  of  Heuschkel  (pf.),  Gleichmann  (vln.), 
and  Rflttinger  (comp  )  at  Hildburghausen,  and 
of  Hessner  for  'cello ;  he  took  further  lessons  of 
Kriegck  at  Meiningen,  where  he  played  in  the 
court-orch.  1801-5,  then  in  the  Leipzig  orch. 
1806-11,  during  which  time  he  studied  under 
Romberg  at  Berlin.  He  joined  the  Dresden 
orch.  in  1811  ,  became  first  'cello  in  1821,  and 
was  pensioned  in  1852.  Among  his  pupils  were 
Karl  Schuberth,  Drechsler,  Kummer,  and  his 
own  son,  K.  L.  Dotzauer. — Works  •  An  opera, 
Graziosa  (Dresden,  1841) ;  symphonies,  over- 
tures, masses,  and,  more  especially,  'cello-con- 
certos ;  sonatas,  variations,  exercises,  etc.,  f. 
'cello ;  chamber-music,  and  a  Method  f .  'cello. — 
His  sons  were 

Dotz'auer,  Justus  Bernhard  Friedrich,  b. 
Leipzig,  May  12,  1808 ;  d.  Hamburg,  Nov.  30, 
1874,  as  a  music-teacher. 

Dotz'auer,  Karl  Ludwig  ["  Louis  "],  b. 
Dresden,  Dec.  7,  1811 ;  fine  'cellist,  pupil  of  his 
father ;  in  1830,  first  'cello  of  the  court  orch.  in 
Kassel. 

Douay,  Georges,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  7,  1840 
Pupil  of  Duprato  ;  mus.  amateur,  and  comp.  of 
many  operettas,  etc.,  played  in  the  smaller  Pari- 
sian theatres. 

Dourlen,  Victor-Charles-Paul,  b.  Dunkirk, 
Nov.  3,  1780 ;  d.  Batignolles,  n.  Paris,  Jan.  8, 
1864.  Pupil  of  Mozel,  Catel,  and  Gossec,  at 
Paris  Cons.,  winning  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1805.  He  was  app.  asst.-prof.  of  harm  in  1812, 
and  was  full  prof,  from  1816-42.  He  produced 
9  (mostly  comic)  operas  from  1806-22  in  Paris  ; 
publ.  sonatas  f.  pf.,  for  flute,  and  for  vln.;  a 
pf. -concerto,  and  a  pf.-trio  ;  also  a  "  Table  sy- 
npptique  des  Accords  "  and  a  "  Traite*  d'harmo- 
nie  "  (1834),  both  founded  on  Catel's  system  of 
harmony. 

Dowland,  John,  b.  Westminster,  London, 
1562 ;  d.  London,  in  Apr.,  1626.  A  famous 
lute-player,  he  travelled  in  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy  in  1584 ;  took  the  degree  of  Mus.  Bac., 
Oxon.,  m  1588  ;  was  lutenist  to  Christian  IV,  of 


153 


DRAESEKE— DRECHSLER 


Denmark  1598-1605,  then  returning  temporarily, 
and  in  1609  finally,  to  England.  In  K>i2  he 
was  **  luteniist  to  Lord  \Yalden";  in  1625,  one 
of  6  lutemsts  in  the  king's  service. — \\orks 
u  The  First  Booke  of  Songes  or  Ayres  of  foure 
parts,  with  Tablature  for  the  Lute"  (1505); 
Second  ditto  (1600) ;  Third  ditto  (1602)  ,  "  La- 
chrymai,  or,  Seven  Teares,  figured  in  seaven 
passionate  Pavans  ...  set  forth  for  the  Lute, 
Viols,  or  Violins,  in  five  parts"  (1605);  41A 
Pilgrim's  Solace  .  .  .  Musicall  Harmonic  of  3, 
4,  and  5  parts  .  .  .  with  Lute  and  Viols  "  (1612)  ; 
and  a  translation  of  Ornithoparcus'  "  Microlo- 
gus  "  (1609).  The  3  books  of  songs  were  republ. 
by  Prof.  Arber  in  his  series  of  'classical  reprints  ; 
the  "  First  Booke  "  is  also  republ.  by  the  Mus. 
Antiquarian  Soc. 

Drae'seke,  Felix  August  Bernhard,  b. 
Koburg,  Oct.  7,  1835.  A  gifted  composer, 
pupil  of  Rietz  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  a  fnend 
and  disciple  of  Liszt  at  Weimar,  he  went  to 
Dresden,  then  to  Lausanne  as  teacher  in  the 
Cons.  (1864-74),  excepting  one  year  (i86S-q)  as 
teacher  in  the  Royal  Music-School  at  Munich, 
under  BUlow.  In  1875  he  went  to  Geneva  ,  for 
many  years  he  has  lived  at  Dresden  as  a  teacher, 
writer,  and  composer,  succeeding  Wullner  in 
1884  as  prof,  of  com  p.  in  the  Dresden  Cons. 
His  earlier  works  are  more  or  less  extravagant, 
and  never  became  popular  ;  but  for  some  20 
years  his  maturer  style  has  compelled  recogni- 
tion of  his  undeniably  commanding  abilities. — 
Compositions  4  operas ,  Sigurd  (fragment 
given  at  Meiningen,  1867),  Gttdi  un  (Hanover, 
1884),  Bertrand  de  Born  (MS.,  both  book  and 
music  by  D.),  and  Herrat  (3-act  grand  opera, 
Dresden,  1892  ;  very  successful) ;  3  symphonies 
(op.  22,  m  G ,  op.  25,  in  F  ;  op  40,  **  Tragica," 
in  C) ;  Grand  Mass  in  F  jf  minor,  f  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.,  op.  60;  *  *  Akademische  Kestouverture  " 
f.  orch.;  pf.-concerto,  op.  36,  violin-concerto; 
Concertstuck  f.  'cello  w.  orch. ;  "Adyentlied  " 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  30;  Requiem  in  B 
min.,  op.  22;  "  Osterscene"  from  Faust,  f  bar. 
solo,  mixed  ch.  and  orch.,  op  39 ;  symphonic 
preludes  to  Calderon's  4<  Life  a  dream,"  Kleist's 
1(1  Penthesilea"  (both  MS);  Serenata  in  D,  f. 
small  orch.,  op.  49  (played  by  N.  Y.  Symph. 
Soc.,  Nov.  23,  1889);  quintet  f.  pf.,  vln.,  via., 
'cello,  and  horn,  op.  48  ;  string-quintet  in  C  Jf 
min. ,  3  string-quartets,  op.  27  (C  min  ),  op.  35 
(E  min.),  and  No.  3  in  Cjf  min.;  18  pf. -canons, 
a  6-8,  op.  37  ;  "Canonic  Riddles,"  a  6,  f.  pf.  4 
hands,  op.  42  ;  6  fugues  f.  pf.,  op.  15  ;  "  Ghase- 
len,"  pf.-pcs.,  op.  13  ;  pf  -sonata,  op.  6  ;  songs, 
etc. — On  theory  :  * '  Anweisung  zum  kunstge- 
rechten  Moduliren  "  (1876);  "Die  Beseitigung 
des  Tritonus  "  (1876) ;  and  a  versified  "  Hanno- 
nielehre  "  (1884) 

Dra'ghi,  Antonio,  comp.  of  operas  and  ora- 
torios ;  b.  Ferrara,  1635  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  18, 
1700.  About  1660  he  settled  in  Vienna,  and 
wasapp.  "  Hoftheater-Intendant "  lo  Leopold  I. 
in  1674,  also  Kapellm,  to  the  empress.  From 


1661-99  he  produced  87  operas,  87  festival  plays 
("  feste  teatrah  ")  and  serenades,  and  32  orato- 
rios. 

Dra'ghi,  Giovanni  Battista,  a  fine  harpsi- 
chordist, living  in  London  from  1667-1706,  was 
organist  to  the  queen  in  1677 ,  also  music- 
teacher  to  Queens  Anne  and  Mar}'.  He  wrote 
the  music  to  Dryden's  ode  "  From  Harmony," 
and  (with  Locke)  to  Shad  well's  "  Psyche"  and 
D'Urfey's  "  The  Wonders  of  the  Sun,  or  the 
Kingdom  of  Birds"  (1706);  also  many  melodi- 
ous songs,  and  instructive  harpsichord-lessons. 

Dragonet'ti,  Domenico,  noted  double-bass 
player ,  b.  Venice,  Apr  7,  1763  ;  d.  London, 
Apr.  16,  1846  This  "  Paganim  of  the  contrab- 
basso  "  was  self-taught,  excepting  a  few  lessons 
from  Benni,  player  at  San  Marco,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  1782 ,  he  had  already  played  in  the 
orchestras  of  the  Opera  buffa  and  Opera  seria 
for  5  years,  and  composed  concertos,  etc.,  with 
double-bass  parts  impracticable  for  anyone  but 
himself.  He  appeared  at  London  in  1794  ;  and 
was  immediately  eng.  for  the  opera-  and  concert- 
orch.  of  the  King's  Th.  With  Lmdley,  his  fast 
friend  for  52  years,  he  also  played  at  the  Antient 
Concerts  and  the  Philharm.  As  late  as  1845  he 
led  the  double-basses,  at  the  unveiling  of  the 
Beethoven  monument  in  Bonn,  in  the  C  minor 
symphony.  To  the  British  Museum  he  left  a 
remarkable  collection  of  scores,  engravings,  and 
old  mstr.s  ,  to  San  Marco,  his  favorite  'cello  (a 
Gasparo  da  Sal6).  His  biogr.  was  written  by 
F.  Caffi  "Vita  di  D.  Dragonetti "  (Venice, 
1846)  No  detailed  record  of  his  works  appears 
to  be  extant. 

Draseke,  F.  A.  B.    See  DRAESEKE. 

Drath,  Theodor,  b.  Winzig,  Silesia,  June 
13,  1828.  A  pupil  of  A.  B.  Marx,  he  became 
cantor  at  Munsterberg,  then  teacher  in  the  semi- 
nary at  Politz  (n.  Stettin),  finally  music-teacher 
in  Bunzlau  Seminary,  and  Royal  u  Musikdirec- 
tor  — Works  :  Organ-music  and  vocal  pieces  : 
theoretical  writings  (tl  Musiktheorie  "). 

Draud  [Draudius],  Georg,  b.  Davernheim, 
Hesse,  1573  ;  d.  Butzbach,  1635.  A  clergyman 
at  Gross-Carben,  Ortenberg,  and  Davernheim  ; 
his  works  are  one  of  the  chief  sources  for  the 
mus.  literature  of  the  isth,  1 6th,  and  I7th  cen- 
turies.—Publ.  "Bibliotheca  classica"  (1611 ; 
2nd  ed.  1625  ;  on  pp.  1609-54  is  a  list  of  mus. 
authors  and  works);  "  Bibliotheca  exotica" 
(1625  ,  a  list  of  all  mus.  works  printed  in  for- 
eign [non-German]  languages) ;  **  Bibliotheca 
librorum  germanicorum  classica  "  (1625  ;  list  of 
mus.  works  in  German,  from  the  earliest  times). 
In  these  lists,  the  original  titles  are  rendered  into 
Latin. 

Drech'sler  [drek'-J,  Joseph,  b.  Wallisch- 
Birken  (Vlachovo  Brezf),  Bohemia,  May  26, 
1782 ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb.  27,  1852.  A  pupil  of 
the  organist  Grotius  at  Florenbach  ;  chorus- 
master  and  asst.-.AT0/*//7«.  (1812)  at  the  Vienna 


154 


DRECHSLER— DRIEBERG 


court  opera,  then  conductor  in  the  theatres  at 
I  laden  (n  Vienna)  and  Pressburg  ;  returning  to 
Vienna,  he  became  organist  of  the  Servile 
church,  in  1816  precentor  at  St.  Ann's,  in  1823 
Kapcllm.  at  the  University  church  and  the 
Hofpfarrkirche ;  from  1822-30  he  \\as  also 
Kapellm  at  the  Leopoldstadt  Th.,  and  from 
1844  Kaptllm.  at  St.  Stephan,  succeeding  Gans- 
bacher. — Works .  6  operas,  and  about  30  ope- 
rettas, vaudevilles,  and  pantomimes  ;  a  Requiem, 
10  other  masses,  3  cantatas,  offertories,  etc.; 
string-quartets,  organ-fug  Jes,  pf. -sonatas,  other 
pf. -music,  songs,  etc. ;  a  Method  for  Organ,  and 
a  treatise  on  Harmony.  He  also  reedited 
Pleyel's  Pf.-School,  and  publ.  a  theoretico-prac- 
tical  guide  to  Preluding. 

Drech'sler,  Karl,  born  Kamenz,  May  27, 
1800 ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  I,  1873.  'Cellist ; 
member  of  the  Dessau  court  orch.  in  1820 ; 
studied,  1824-26,  under  Dotzauer  at  Dresden, 
and  was  then  app.  first  'cello  at  Dessau.  He 
was  pensioned  in  1871.  Among  his  many  dis- 
tinguished pupils  were  Grutzmacher,  Cossmann, 
Aug.  Lindner,  and  Karl  Schroder. 

Dre'gert,  Alfred,  b.  Frankfort -on -Oder, 
Sept.  26,  1836  ;  d.  Elberfeld,  Mar.  14,  1893. 
Pupil,  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  of  Marx  (the- 
ory), Wuerst  (instrumentation),  and  v.  Bulow 
(pf.).  Opera-conductor  at  Stettin,  Rostock, 
Bamberg,  and  Trier  ;  then  cond.  of  the  Male 
Choral  Societies  in  Stralsund,  Cologne,  and 
Elberfeld.  Royal  "  Musikdirector." — Works: 
Symphonies,  overtures,  string-quartets,  pf.-pcs., 
fine  male-choruses,  and  songs. 

Dre'sel,  Otto,  b.  Andernach,  1826 ;  d.  Bev- 
erly, Mass  ,  July  26,  1890.  A  pupil  of  Killer 
at  Cologne,  and  Mendelssohn  at  Leipzig,  he 
went  to  New  York  as  concert-pianist  and  teacher 
in  1848  ;  revisited  Germany,  but  settled  in  Bos- 
ton in  1852,  where  for  some  15  years  he  was  the 
foremost  pianist.  A  musician  of  exceptional 
cultivation,  he  was  very  influential  in  introduc- 
ing German  music  of  the  highest  class,  and  more 
especially  the  songs  of  R.  Franz,  to  the  Ameri- 
can public.  He  publ.  only  a  few  songs  and  pf.- 
pcs.;  several  other  works,  though  still  in  MS., 
have  been  produced  (e.g.,  "In  memoriam," 
ballad  f.  sopr.  and  orch.,  on  Longfellow's  poem 
on  Agassiz'  soth  birthday;  "Army  Hymn"f. 
solo,  ch.,  and  orch.,  Jan.  i,  1863  ;  a  pf. -quartet, 
and  a  pf.-trio). 

Dreszer,  Anastasius  Wilhelm,  b.  Kalisch, 
Poland,  Apr.  28,  1845.  A  brilliant  pianist,  play- 
ing in  public  when  but  12,  he  st.  in  the  Dresden 
Cons.,  1859-61,  then  took  private  lessons  from 
H.  Doring,  C.  Krebs,  and  A.  Fruh,  lived  for 
several  years  as  a  comp.  in  Leipzig,  visited  Paris, 
and  settled  in  Halle  in  1868,  where  he  founded 
a  music-school  of  which  he  is  still  the  director. 
— Publ.  2  symphonies,  2  sonatas  and  other  pf.- 
pcs.,  songs,  etc.  In  MS.  he  has  an  opera  Val- 
moda  (libretto  by  Peter  Lohmann). 


Drey'schock  [dri'-shok],  Alexander,  bril- 
liant pianist ;  b  Zack,  Bohemia,  (>tt  15,  iSiS  ; 
d.  Venice,  Apr  I,  1869.  One  of  the  most  noted 
pupils  of  the  Prague  master,  Tomaczek,  he 
rivalled  Liszt  in  technical  dexterity.  At  S  he 
was  able  to  play  in  public  ,  studied  in  Prague 
(while  supposed  to  be  devoting  himself  to  medi- 
cal work)  under  Tomaczek,  and  in  Dec.,  1838, 
began  his  first  pianistic  tourn&  through  North 
Germany.  1840-42  he  spent  in  Russia  ,  visited 
Brussels,  Paris,  and  London  ;  then  (1846)  Hol- 
land and  Austria.  In  1862  he  was  called  to  St 
Petersburg,  to  act  as  prof,  in  the  newly-founded 
Cons  ,  and  Director  of  the  music-school  of  the 
Opera,  being  also  app.  court  pianist.  Failing 
health  necessitated,  in  1868,  a  journey  to  Italy, 
where  he  died.  His  astounding  facility  in  play- 
ing octaves,  sixths,  and  thirds,  and  performing 
soli  with  the  left  hand — a  feat  then  unheard  of 
— cast  a  glamour  about  his  performance  which 
increasing  familiarity  with  the  coldness  of  his 
interpretation  served  to  dispel ;  he  reached  the 
zenith  of  his  fame  about  1850. — Works :  An 
opera,  Florttte,  oder  die  erste  Liebt*  Ileinnctfs 
d.  II' ;  an  overture  f.  orch.;  a  rondo  for  orch.; 
a  string-quartet,  and  140  pf.-pcs.,  mostly  salon- 
music  (sonatas,  nocturnes,  lendeaux  mihtaires, 
songs  without  words,  and  arrangements — his 
variations  on  "  God  save  the  Queen  "  were  much 
admired). 

Drey'schock,  Raimund,  excellent  violinist, 
brother  of  Alexander  ;  b.  Zack,  Bohemia,  Aug. 
20,  1824 ;  d.  Leipzig,  Feb  6,  1869.  Pupil  of 
Pixis,  Prague  ;  1850-69,  leader  in  the  Gewand- 
haus,  and  vln. -teacher  in  the  Cons,  at  Leipzig 
— His  wife  Elisabeth  (n&  Nose),  b.  Cologne, 
1832,  a  fine  contralto  concert  -  singer,  is  the 
founder  and  manager  of  a  vocal  acad.  in  Berlin 
(formerly  Leipzig). 

Drey'schock,  Felix,  pianist,  son  of  Raimund 
D. ;  b.  Leipzig,  Dec.  27,  1860 ;  studied  under 
Grabau,  Ehrhch,  Taubert,  and  Kiel,  in  the  Ber- 
lin Royal  "  Hochschule."  Since  1883  he  has 
given  successful  concerts,  and  is  at  present  prof, 
at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin.  His  pf.-pcs.  are 
well-written  and  effective  (e.g.,  op.  17) ;  has  also 
publ.  avln.-sonata  (op.  16)  and  songs. 

Drie'berg,  Friedrich  Johann  von,  b.  Char- 
lottenburg,  Dec.  10,  1780,  d.  there  May  21, 
1856,  as  Royal  Chamberlain.  He  was  Spontini's 
pupil  in  Paris,  and  produced  2  operas,  Don 
Cocagno  (Berlin,  1812),  and  Der  Sanger  und  der 
Schneider  (Berlin,  1814)  ;  others  left  in  MS. 
He  is  best  known  as  a  writer  on  Greek  music 
whose  theories  and  conclusions  are  now  gener- 
ally discredited.— Wntings  :  "Die  mathemati- 
sche  Intervallenlehre  der  Griechen"  (1818); 
"  AufschlUsse  uber  die  Musik  der  Griechen" 
£1819} ;  "  Die  praktische  Musik  der  Griechen  " 
(1821) ;  '*  Die  pneumatischen  Erfindungen  der 
Griechen  (1822) ;  "  Worterbuch  der  griechischen 
Musik  "  (1835)  ;  "  Die  griechische  Musik,  auf 
ihre  Grundsatze  zuruckgef  tthrt "  (1841);  "  Die 


155 


DROBISC II— DUBOIS 


Ktmst  d.  mus.  Composition  .  .  .  nach  grieschi- 
schen  Grundsatzen  bearbeitet "  (1858) 

Dro'bisch,  Moritz  Wilhelm,  b  Leipzig, 
Aug.  16,  1802;  since  1826  prof,  of  mathe- 
matics, and  since  1842,  of  philos.,  at  Leipzig 
Univ.  He  has  publ.  several  valuable  treatises  on 
the  mathem.  determination  of  the  relative  pitch 
of  mus  tones  •  "  t)ber  die  mathem.  Bestim- 
mung  d.  musikal  Intervallen"  (1846).  "Ober 
musikal.Tonbestimmung  u.  Temperatur  "  (1852), 
'*  Nachtrage  zur  Theorie  der  musik  Tonver- 
haltnisse"  (1855);  "  Ober  ein  zuischen  Altem 
u  Neuem  vermittelndes  Tonsystem "  (1871)  ; 
"  tJber  reine  Stimmung  u.  Temperatur  der 
Tone  "  (1877)  ;  in  this  last,  Drobisch,  who  for- 
merly championed  the  12-semitone  system,  con- 
curs in  principle  with  Helmholtz's  views. 

Dro'bisch,  Karl  Ludwig,  brother  of  the 
preceding  ;  b  Leipzig,  Dec.  24,  1803  ,  d  Augs- 
burg, Aug.  20,  1854  A  pupil  of  Drbbs  and 
Weinlig,  in  Leipzig,  from  1821 ,  after  the  unsuc- 
cessful production  of  his  oratorio  Bomfadus  at 
the  Gewandhaus,  in  1826,  he  withdrew  to  Munich, 
where  he  studied  hard,  also  teaching.  In  1837 
he  became  Kapellm  of  the  Church  of  St.  Anna, 
at  Augsburg. — Works  :  3  oratorios,  Bomjaehts, 
Des  Heilands  letzte  Stunden,  and  Moses  aitf 
Sinai;  18  masses;  3  requiems;  offertories, 
graduate,  motets,  and  other  church-music. 

Drobs,  Johann  Andreas,  b.  n.  Erfurt,  1784 ; 
d.  Leipzig,  May  4,  1825.  An  organist,  and  as 
such  chiefly  self-taught,  he  went  to  Leipzig  in 
1808,  and  was  app.  org  at  the  Petrtkirche  in 
1 8 10.  He  was  an  excellent  teacher,  and  wrote 
sonatas,'  fugues,  preludes,  etc. ,  f .  org.  and  f .  pf . 

Drouet,  I~ouis-Fran£ois-Philippe,  b.  Am- 
sterdam, 1792 ;  d.  Bern,  Sept.  30,  1873.  A 
distinguished  flutist,  who,  as  a  pupil  of  the  Paris 
Cons.,  played  there  and  at  the  Opera  when  but 
7  years  old.  From  1807-10,  teacher  to  King 
Louis  of  Holland  ;  181 1,  solo  flutist  to  Napoleon, 
afterwards  to  Louis  XVIII.  In  1815  he  went 
to  London,  played  in  the  Philharm.  in  1816,  and 
thereafter  made  long  concert-tours  throughout 
Europe.  In  1836  he  was  app.  Kapellm.  at  Ko- 
burg  ;  visited  America  for  a  few  months  in  1854. 
— His  works  f.  flute,  over  150  in  number,  com- 
prise 10  concertos,  2  fantasias  f.  pf.  and  fl.  (op. 
36,  37)»  3  trios  f.  3  flutes  (op.  33),  3  waltz-duets 
(op.  24) ;  ensemble  sonatas,  duets,  variations, 
etc.  He  is  said  to  have  written  the  French 
popular  air  lt  Partant  pour  la  Syrie  "  from  Queen 
Hortense's  dictation. 

Dryden,  John,  the  famous  English  poet ;  b. 
Aldwmkle,  Northamptonshire,  Aug.  g(?),  1631 ; 
d.  London,  May  i,  1700.  He  wrote  the  libretto 
of  King  Arthur  for  Purcell,  also  the  "  Ode  for 
St.  Cecilia's  Day,"  which  Purcell,  Handel,  and 
others  have  set  to  music.  Incidental  music  has 
also  been  written,  by  eminent  English  composers, 
to  many  of  his  stage-works. 


Dubois,  (Ctement-Frangois-)  Theodore,  b. 
Rosnay,  Marne.Aug  24,1837.  After  preliminary 
teaching  at  Rheims, 
he  entered  the  Pans 
Cons,  in  1853,  study- 
ing under  Marmon- 
tel  (pf.),  Benoist 
(org  ),  Bazin(harm  ) 
and  Ambroise 
Thomas  (fugue  and 
comp.),  graduating 
(i  8  6  i)  as  Grand 
pnx  de  Rome  with 
the  cantata  Atala, 
after  having  taken 
first  prizes  in  all  de- 
partments. From 
Rome  he  sent  a 
solemn  mass  (perf. 
at  the  Madeleine  in  1870),  a  dram,  work,  La 
prova  di  un  opera  seria  (not  perf  ),  and  2  over- 
tures ,  returning  to  Paris,  he  settled  there  as  a 
teacher,  became  m.  de  chap,  at  Sainte-Clotilde, 
and  then  succeeded  Saint-Saens  as  org.  at  the 
Madeleine.  In  1871  he  was  made  harmony- 
prof,  at  the  Cons.,  succeeding  Elwart  ;  in  1891 
he  became  Leo  Delibes'  successor  as  prof  of 
comp  ;  in  1894  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  in  the 
Acad  left  vacant  by  Gounod's  death  ;  in  1896 
he  succeeded  Ambr.  Thomas  as  Director  of  the 
Cons  ,  and  was  made  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor  Dubois1  comp.s  are  very  numerous ; 
among  them  the  I -act  comic  opera  La  guzfa  de 
rtnnr  (1876,  Athe'ne'e  Th.),  and  Le  pain  bis,  ou 
la  Lilloise  (1879,  Op. -Com.);  a  4-act  grand  opera 
Aoen  Hatnet  (1884,  Italiens);  a  3-act  "idylle 
dramatique, "  Jfovi2;v(x895,  Op.-Com.) ;  the  3-act 
opera  Circe*  (not  perf. ) ;  the  ballet  La  JFarandole 
(1882,  Opera)  ;  the  mitnodrama  Le  Mort  (Brus- 
sels, 1894) ,  3  oratorios1  -Le s  sept  paroles  dit  Christ 
(1867),  Le  Paradis  perdu  (i%*]%  ;  won  the  City  of 
Paris  prize),  and  Notre-Dame  de  la  JMer  (1897)  ; 
several  cantatas  (rEnlhemenl  de  Proserpine, 
Jffylas,  Bergeretie,  Les  vivants  et  les  worts, 
Dtftivratue) ;  several  masses,  and  other  ch.- 
mus  ,  many  orchestral  works  (Concert-overture 
in  D  ;  3  "  airs  de  ballet"  ;  3  orchestral  suites  ; 
4  ^petites  pieces ;  3  petites  pieces ;  Marche 
heroique  de  Jeanne  d'Arc  ;  Fantaisie  triomphale 
f.  orch.  and  org.;  Hymne  nuptiale ;  "  Medita- 
tion-Priere  "  f.  strings,  ob  ,  harp  and  org. ;  Con- 
certo-capriccio  f.  pf.,  and  a  2nd  pf. -concerto 
(1895);  a  violin-concerto;  symphonic  overture 
in  C  ;  overture  to  Frithioff :  pf.-pcs.  ("  Chceur 
et  danse  des  lutins  ";  6  poemes  sylvestres) ;  pcs.  f. 
org.  and  f .  harmonium  ;  a  cappella  choruses  ;  etc. 

Dubois,  Lion,  born  Brussels,  Jan.  9,  1849 ; 
won  the  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  at  the  Br.  Cons,  in 
1885  ;  second  conductor  at  the  Th.  de  la  Mon- 
naie,  Brussels,  since  1890. — Works :  3  operas, 
Son  Excellence  ma  femme  (1884),  La  revanche  de 
Sganarelle  (1886),  and  Mazeppa  (not  perf.) ;  also 
the  i-act  ballet  Smylis  (Brussels,  1891),  a  sym- 
phonic poem  Atala,  etc. 


DUCANGE— DUNHAM 


Ducange.    See  CANGE,  DU. 

Ducis,  Benoit  [Benedictus  Ducis],  distin- 
guished composer  of  the  i6th  century,  probably 
b.  at  Bruges  abt  1480.  Pupil  of  Josqum  ;  org. 
at  Notre-Dame,  Antwerp,  and  "Prince  de  la 
gilde  "  in  the  brotherhood  of  St.  Luke  He  is 
said  to  have  gone  to  England  in  1515  by  invita- 
tion of  Henry  VIII.;  others  contend  that  he 
lived  in  Germany.  He  is  frequently  confounded 
with  Benedict  of  Appenzell.  Fetis  gives  a  long 
list  of  his  works. 

Ducroquet.     See  DAUBLAINE. 

Dufay,  Guillaume,  famous  French  contra- 
puntist ,  b.  abt.  1400 ;  d.  Cambrai,  Nov.  27, 
1474,  being  the  most  recent  in  the  distinguished 
triad  Dunstable-Binchois-Dufay.  In  1428  he 
became  a  chorister  in  the  Papal  Chapel,  and  in 
1437  entered  the  service  of  Philippe  le  Bon, 
Duke  of  Burgundy ;  he  took  holy  orders  in 
Paris,  lived  seven  years  in  Savoy,  and  finally  be- 
came a  canon  at  Cambrai.  According  to  Adam 
of  Fulda,  D.  made  many  changes  in  notation  ; 
he  is  the  reputed  inventor  of  white  (open)  notes. 
Fr.  X.  Haberl  (in  the  4th  book  of  the  "  Vier- 
teljahrsschrift  fur  Musik- Wissenschaft,"  1885) 
gives  a  list  of  150  comp  s  found  in  the  libraries 
of  Rome,  Bologna,  and  Trieste,  incl.  masses 
(finished  and  fragmentary)-  motets,  a  magnificat, 
other  church-mus. ,  French  chansons,  etc.  Other 
MSS.  are  in  the  libraries  at  Pans,  Brussels, 
Cambrai,  and  Munich. 

Dugazon,  Louise-Rosalie  (nde  Lefevre),  b. 
Berlin,  1753  ;  went  to  Paris  in  1761,  and  d.  there 
Sept.  22,  1821.  Although  not  a  trained  vocalist, 
the  grace  and  charm  of  her  singing  and  acting 
in  "comedies  a  anettes"  (comedy-operas,  oper- 
ettas, etc.)  aroused  the  utmost  enthusiasm  at 
her  very  debut  as  Pauline  in  Gre'try's  Syhiain 
(July  30,  1774,  Come'die-Ilalienne).  Among  her 
principal  roles  were  those  of  Babet  (in  Blaise  t>t 
Babet)^  Justine  (Alexis  et Justine),  Nina  (A'ina), 
Zetulbe  (Calif e  de  JBagdad) ;  her  impersona- 
tions were  so  animated  and  original,  even  when 
advancing  years  obliged  her  to  sing  u older" 
parts,  that  r61es  of  this  description  have  ever 
since  been  distinguished  as  "  Jeunes  Dugazon," 
and  "Meres  Dugazon."  She  retired  finally  in 
1806. 

Dug'gan,  Joseph  Francis,  pianist  and 
comp.;  b.  Dublin,  July  10,  1817.  He  was 
accomp.t  of  the  recitatives  in  Italian  Opera, 
New  York,  and  cond.  of  John  Wilson's  English 
opera-troupe,  and  of  German  opera ;  taught  in 
Phila.,  Baltimore,  and  Washington ;  was  prin- 
cipal of,  and  prof,  in,  the  Phila.  Mus.  Inst.f 
1841.  From  1844-5  he  taught  in  Paris ;  lived 
in  Edinburgh  and  London,  and  became  prof,  of 
singing  in  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music. — lie 
wrote  2  successful  operas,  Pierre  (London, 
1853),  and  LJonie  (London,  1854),  and  3  others 
(MS.);  2  symphonies,  6  string-quartets,  numer- 
ous pf.-pcs.;  also  publ.  "  The  Singing-Master's 
Asst.,"  and  transLs  of  Albrechtsberger's  "  Sci- 


ence of  Music"  (Phila.,   1842)  and  of  Fe'tis* 
"Counterpoint  and  Fugue." 

Du'ifibprug'gar  (properly  Tieffenbriicker), 
Caspar,  b.  Freising,  Bavaria,  1514  [date  estab- 
lished by  Dr  Coutaigne  of  Lyons,  in  his  work 
14  Gaspard  Duiffoproucart  et  les  luthiers  1)  onnais 
du  XVII6  siecle"  (Paris,  1893)];  d.  Lyons, 
1572.  Long  reputed  to  be  the  hrst  maker  of 
violins ;  but  Vidal,  in  his  tl  Les  instruments  a 
archet,"  states  that  all  the  so-called  D.  violins 
are  spurious,  having  been  made  by  Vuillaume, 
who  in  1827  conceived  the  idea  of  making  vio- 
lins after  the  pattern  of  a  viola  da  gatnba  by  D. 
Apparently,  the  latter  learned  his  trade  in  Italy, 
the  usual  spellings  of  his  name  showing  it  to  be 
Italianized  rather  than  Gallicized  ;  he  settled  in 
Lyons  m  1553,  and  was  naturalized  in  1559. 

Dul'cken,  Luise,  pianist  (n&  David  [a  sister 
of  Ferd.  David]);  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  20,  iSn  ; 
d.  London,  Apr.  12,  1850.  She  was  taught  by 
C  F.  G.  Schwencke  and  Wilh.  Grand  ;  played 
in  public,  in  Germany,  when  but  II  years  of 
age  ;  she  married  in  1828,  and  went  to  London, 
where  she  met  with  brilliant  success  as  a  pian- 
ist and  teacher  Queen  Victoria  was  one  of  her 
very  numerous  pupils. — Her  son, 

Dul'cken,  Ferdinand  Quentin,  pianist ;  b. 
London,  June  I,  1837,  was  a  pupil,  in  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  of  Mendelssohn,  Moscheles,  Gade, 
Hauptmann,  and  (for  organ)  Becker ;  also  later 
of  F.  Hiller  at  Cologne.  He  became  prof,  at 
the  Warsaw  Cons. ;  lived  in  Pans  4  years  ;  made 
many  concert-tours  in  Europe  (with  \Vieniawski, 
Vieuxtemps,  de  Kontski,  etc.) ;  went  to  America 
in  1876,  and  travelled  with  Remenyi,  Joseffy, 
Essipoff,  and  Marie  Roze ;  lived  for  several 
years  in  New  York. — Works  .  An  opera,  ll'ics- 
!av;  a  solemn  mass;  cantatas;  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
etc. 

Dulon,  Friedrich  Ludwig-,  a  blind  flutist; 
b.  Oranienburg,  n.  Potsdam,  Oct.  14,  1709 ; 
d.  Wurzburg,  July  7,  1826.  He  was  taught  by 
his  father  (flute)  and  Angerstein  of  Stendal 
(theory) ;  in  1783  his  concert-travels  began,  and 
extended  all  over  Europe.  From  1796-1800  he 
was  chamber-musician  at  the  St.  Petersburg 
court ;  then  lived  in  Stendal,  and  settled  (1823) 
in  WQrzburg.  He  wrote  an  autobiography. 
"  Dulons  des  blinden  Flotenspielers  Leben  und 
Meinungen,  von  ihm  selbst  bearbeitet "  (Zurich, 
2  vol.s,  1807-8,  edited  by  Wieland)  — Works : 
A  flute-concerto ;  9  duets  and  variations  f .  fl.  and 
vln. ;  flute-duets  ;  caprices  f .  fl. 

Dunham,  Henry  Morton,  b.  Brockton, 
Mass.,  July  27,  1853.  Graduate  of  the  N.  E. 
Cons.,  and  later  of  the  Boston  Univ.  Coll.  of 
Mus.,  at  Boston.  Has  been  teacher  in  both  of 
the  above,  from  1878  till  now  (1899)  — Publ. 
works:  "Organ  School"  (in  4  bks.);  2  organ- 
sonatas  (in  F  min.  and  G  min.)  ;  marches,  pre- 
ludes, and  other  organ-music;  has  also  made 
numerous  organ-arrangements, — **  A  System  of 
Technique  f.  Pf,";  Capriccio  brillante  f.  J>f.; 


157 


DUNI— DUPORT 


Ct  The  Choir-Manual";  Te  Deum  in  D,  "Hymn 
Music  "  (3  books) ,  etc. 

Du'ni,  Egidio  Romualdo,  b.  Matera,  n. 
Otranto  (Naples),  Feb.  9,  1709;  d.  Pans,  June 
H»  !775-  He  first  studied  in  the  Cons,  "della 
Madonna  di  Loreto,"  under  Durante ;  then  in 
the  Cons,  "della  Pieta  def  Turchmi  "  His  first 
opera,  S'trone  (Rome,  1735),  was  a  great  pop- 
ular success,  completely  eclipsing  Pergolesi's 
Ohmpiade.  Composing  industriously,  he  visited 
Vienna,  was  made  ///.  di  cap/*,  at  S.  Nicolo  di 
Ban,  in  Naples,  went  to  Holland,  Paris,  and 
London  (1744);  became  tutor  at  the  Court  of 
Parma,  where,  encouraged  by  the  Duke,  he 
began  composing  French  operettas,  the  first  of 
which,  A'inette  a  la  coitr  (Pans,  1755),  was  so 
well  received  that  D.  settled  in  Paris,  where  he 
brought  out  a  swarm  of  light  and  frivolous  stage- 
pieces  which  just  suited  the  prevailing  taste.  He 
is  looked  upon  as  the  founder  of  French  optfra- 
bouffe.  He  wrote  about  13  Italian  operas,  and 
20  m  French. 

Dunkley,  Ferdinand  (Luis),  b.  London, 
Eng.,  July  16,  1869.  Pupil  (1883-5)  of  G.  A. 
Higgs  (pf.,  org.,  harm.);  1885-6,  in  Trinity 
Coll.,  of  Bambndge  (pf.),  J.  Higgs  (cpt.),  and 

E.  H.  Turpin  (comp.) ;   1886-90,  at  R.  A.  M. 
(Scholarship),  of   Parry,   Bndge,  Martin,  Glad- 
stone, Sharpe,  and  Barnet.     Awarded  diploma, 

F.  R  C.  O.,  1 886.     Organist  and  choirmaster 
of  St.  Jude's,  London,  E.  C.,  1885-7;  of  St. 
Aubyn's,  London,  S.  E.,  1888-93;  and  Dir.  of 
Mus.  at  Battersea  Grammar  School,  London,  S. 
W,   1892-3;  was    eng.   in    1893,  by   Bishop 
Doane,   as   Director  of   Music  at    St.   Agnes' 
School,  Albany,  N  Y.;  was  also  org.  and  ch.m. 
at  State  vSt.  Presby.  Ch.,  Albany,  1894-6,  and 
since  1897,  at  Trinity   M.  E.  Ch.,  Albany.— 
Publ.  works:  "The  Wreck  of  the  Hesperus," 
ballade  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  "  River  Scenes," 
f  pf  ;  ihe'gie,  f.  pf. ;  many  songs;  "Musical 
Ethics,"  a  lecture.    A  MS.  orchestral  Suite  took 
prize  of  50  guineas  (1889). 

Dunoycr.     See  GAUCQUIER. 

Dunstable  [Dnnstaple],  John,  b.  Dun- 
stable,  Bedfordshire,  Eng.,  1400  (?) ;  d.  Wai- 
brook,  Dec.  24,  1453.  Eminent  contrapuntist, 
rivalling  his  contemporaries  Binchois  and  Dufay, 
and  noted  by  Tinctor  as  one  of  the  "fathers" 
of  counterpoint. — Extant  works  A  3-part  song-, 
"  O  Rosa  bella,"  is  in  the  Vatican  Library,  and 
another  copy  at  Dijon ;  it  was  printed  in  score 
by  Morelot  in  his  "De  la  musique  au  XVe 
siecle,"  and  by  Ambros  ("  Gesch.  d  Mus.,"  vol. 
ii,  Appendix);  an  enigmatical  canon  (still  un- 
solved) in  the  British  Museum,  and  at  I/ambeth; 
a  3-part  comp.  without  words,  in  the  Brit, 
Museum  (Add  MS.  31,922);  in  the  Liceo  filar- 
monica  at  Bologna  are  4  MS.  comp.s:  a  u  J?a- 
trem,"  a  '*  Regma  coeli  loctare,"  and  2  motets, 
**  Sub  tua  protectione"  and  "Quam  pulchra 
est";  and  in  the  Univ,  Library,  Bologna,  are 


2  "  Et  in  terra  "  (a  3),  and  I  "Ave  mans  Stella" 
(a  2).     There  are  also  several  MSS.  at  Vienna. 

Dunstede.     See  TUNSTEDE. 

Dupont,  Pierre,  b.  Rochetaillee,  n.  Lyons, 
Apr.  23,  1821,  d.  Samt-Etienne,  July  25,  1870. 
The  son  of  a  laborer,  and  himself  uneducated, 
he  made  a  name  by  his  political  and  rustic  dit- 
ties, of  which  he  wrote  the  words,  and  then  sang 
the  airs  to  Reyer,  who  put  them  into  shape.  Ii  is 
political  songs  ("Le  pain,"  "Le  chant  des 
ouvriers,"  etc  )  created  such  disturbances  that 
he  was  banished  m  1851,  but  pardoned  in  1852, 
after  the  "  coup  d'etat  " 

Dupont,  Joseph  (atuS),  violinist ;  b.  Lie'ge, 
Aug.  21,  1821 ;  d  there  Feb.  13,  1861.  He  st. 
at  the  L.  Cons,  under  Wanson  and  Prume,  and 
was  app.  prof,  there  when  but  17, — Works  :  2 
operas,  ffileiro  Pinto  (comic),  and  Llk  </V;  / 
church-music;  a  string-quintet,  a  string -quartet; 
solo-pcs  and  eludes  f.  vln.,  etc. 

Dupont,  Alexandra,  brother  of  preceding ; 
b.  Liege,  1833  \  d-  there  Apr.  4,  1888  ;  publ.  a 
"  Repertoire  dramatique  beige." 

Dupont,  Auguste,  excellent  pianist ;  b.  Ensi- 
val,  n.  Liege,  Feb.  9,  1828  ;  d.  Brussels,  Dec. 
17,  1890.  His  teacher  was  Jalheau  at  the  Liege 
Cons.;  he  travelled  in  England  and  Germany, 
and  in  1852  was  app.  prof,  of  pf,  at  Btussels 
Cons.  He  was  not  only  a  player  of  remarkable 
brilliancy,  but  also  highly  successful  as  a  teacher 
and  composer. — Works :  Grand  concerto-sym- 
phonie  f.  pf.  and  prch  ;  concerto  in  F  minor ; 
many  characteristic  pcs.  (generally  "salon-mu- 
sic ")  f .  pf  ;  pf .  -  eludes  ;  also  an  *  *  Kcole  de 
Piano,"  written  for  the  Brussels  Cons.,  contain- 
ing masterpieces  from  the  i6th-i9th  centuries  in 
chronological  order. 

Dupont,  Joseph  (le  jeune),  brother  of  Au- 
guste  ;  b.  Ensival,  n.  Liege,  Jan.  3,  1838  ;  st.  in 
the  Conservatories  at  Lie*ge  and  Brussels,  taking 
the  Grand  prix  de  Rome.  In  1867,  cond.  at 
Warsaw  ;  in  1871,  cond.  at  the  Imp.  th.  in  Mos- 
cow ;  in  1872,  app.  prof,  of  harm,  at  Brussels 
Cons.;  he  also  became  cond.  at  the  Th.  de  la 
Monnaie,  of  the  Society  of  Musicians,  and  of 
the  Popular  Concerts  (succeeding  Vieuxtemps). 

Dupont,  Joseph  D.,  brother  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  d.  The  Hague,  June  26,  1867  ;  he  was  Di- 
rector of  the  German  opera  at  Amsterdam. 

Dupont,  Jean-Francois,  b.  Rotterdam,  1822 ; 
d.  Nuremberg,  Mar.  21,  1875.  Pupil,  at  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  of  Mendelssohn  (comp )  and  David 
(vln.);  went  to  Hamburg  in  1854;  was  Kapellm. 
at  Linz  (1856),  and  Nuremberg  (1858-74). — He 
wrote  large  choral  and  orchestral  works,  and 
prod,  the  3-act  grand  opera  JBianca  Sijfredi 
(Linz,  1855)- 

Duport,  Jean-Pierre,  famous  'cellist;  b. 
Paris,  Nov  27,  1741 ;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  31,  1818. 
In  Berlin  he  was  first  'cello  in  the  court  orch. 
from  1773,  and  superintendent  of  th$  court  con- 


158 


DUPOKT—  DtlKRNER 


certs  from  1787-1806;  pensioned  1811  — Works 
3  duos  f.  2  'celli ;  6  sonatas  f.  'cello  and  bass. 

Duport,  Jean-Louis,  the  brother  of  Jean- 
Pierre,  and  a  still  more  famous  'cellist ;  b  Pans, 
Oct.  4,  1749 ;  d.  there  Sept.  7,  1819.  He  first 
played  in  public  at  the  "Concerts  Spintuels" 
in  1768.  He  joined  his  brother  m  Berlin  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution ,  returning  in 
1806,  he  became  musician  to  Charles  IV.,  the 
ex-king  of  Spain,  at  Marseilles ;  went  back  to 
Paris  in  1812,  where  he  was  soon  regarded  as 
the  foremost  French  'cellist,  joined  the  imperial 
orch.  (remaining  a  member  when  it  became  the 
royal  orch  ),  and  was  app.  prof  in  the  Cons, 
(suppressed  1815)  — Works  6  Velio-concertos  ; 
sonatas,  duos,  airs  varies,  9  nocturnes  (f.  harp 
and  'cello),  etc.  His  "  Essai  sur  le  doigter  du 
violoncello  et  la  conduite  de  1'archet,  avec  une 
suite  d'exercices,"  is  still  a  standard  text-book. 

Duprato,  Jules-Laurent,  b.  Nimes,  Aug. 
20,  1827 ;  d.  Paris,  May  20,  1892.  Pupil  of 
Leborne  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  where  his  cantata 
Damocles  won  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1848. 
After  study  in  Italy  and  Germany,  he  settled  in 
Paris  as  a  composer  ;  in  1866  he  was  app.  asst.- 
teacher,  and  in  1872  prof,  of  harm,  at  the  Cons. 
He  prod.  12  "operas  comiques  "  and  wrote  3 
others  which  were  not  performed  ;  4  cantatas ; 
choruses  for  equal  voices  ;  songs,  etc. 

Duprez,  Louis-Gilbert,  dramatic  tenor ;  b. 
Paris,  Dec.  6,  1806 ;  d.  there  Sept.  23,  1896. 
His  fine  boy-voice  gained  him  admission  to 
Choron's  Institute  ;  after  diligent  vocal  and  the- 
oretical study,  he  made  his  debut  as  Count  Al- 
maviva  at  the  Odeon,  in  1825.  Dissatisfied  with 
the  results,  he  subjected  himself  to  a  long  course 
of  training  in  Italy,  and  in  1836  succeeded 
Nourrit  at  the  Opera.  He  was  app.  prof,  of 
lyrical  declamation  at  the  Cons,  in  1842,  but 
resigned  in  1850  to  establish  a  vocal  school  of 
his  own,  which  flourished.  After  his  retirement 
(1855)  from  the  stage,  he  prod,  several  operas, 
an  oratorio,  a  mass,  etc. ,  without  great  success. 
But  his  vocal  methods,  "  L'art  du  chant "  (1845) 
and  "  La  me'lodie,  etudes  comple*mentaires 
vocales  et  dramatiques  de  1'Art  du  chant "  (1846), 
are  justly  celebrated. 

Dupuis,  Sylvain,  b.  Liege,  Nov.  9,  1856. 
Pupil  of  the  Liege  Cons.,  winning  the  Prix  de 
Rome  in  1881,  and  now  teacher  of  cpt.  there  ; 
he  is  conductor  of  the  singing-society  La  Ltgia. 
— Works  :  3  operas,  Com  d*0gnon,  Moina,  and 
the  comic  opera  V  Idylls  (Verviers,  1896  ;  v. 
succ.) ;  3  cantatas,  La  cloche  de  Roland^  Camo- 
ens,  and  Chant  de  la  Creation;  a  symphonic 
poem,  "Macbeth";  etc. 

Dupuy.    See  PUTEANUS. 

Durand  (properly  Duranowski),  Augnste- 
Fr6d£ric,  violinist ;  b.  Warsaw,  1770 ;  d.  (?). 
A  pupil  of  his  father,  court  musician  at  Warsaw, 
a  nobleman  sent  him  to  Paris  in  1787,  where  he 
studied  under  Viotti,  becoming  an  extremely 
brilliant  and  original  player.  After  long  tours 


in  Germany  and  Italy,  he  entered  the  French 
army ,  was  dismissed,  and  again  took  up  the 
violin,  leading  a  wandering  life  in  Germany  till 
1814.  when  he  settled  in  Strassburg  as  a  con- 
ductor and  teacher.  He  was  living  there  in 
1^34 

Durand,  fimile,  born  St.-Brieuc,  Cotes  du 
Nord,  Feb.  16,  1830;  while  still  a  student  at 
the  Paris  Cons  ,  he  was  app.  (1850)  teacher  of 
an  elementary  singing-class,  and  in  1871  prof, 
of  harmony. — W'orks  .  Operettas  and  songs  ; 
also  a  Method  of  Harmony  and  Accompani- 
ment. 

Durand,  Marie-Auguste,  b.  Paris,  July  18, 
1830  ;  organ-pupil  of  Benoist  ;  in  1849,  orS-  a* 
St  -Ambroise,  then  at  Ste.-Genevieve,  bt.-Roch, 
and  (1862-74)  St.-Vmcent  de  Paul.  In  1870  he 
entered  into  partnership  with  Schonewerk  (ac- 
quiring Flaxland's  music-publishing  business), 
at  first  as  "  Durand  and  Schonewerk,"  later  as 
"Durand  et  Fils,"  and  making  a  specialty  of 
publishing  modern  works  (by  Joncieres,  Lalo, 
Massenet,  Saint-Saens,  Widor,  etc.).  He  has 
also  occupied  himself  with  mus.  criticism,  and 
composition  (masses,  songs,  dance-pieces,  and 
especially  music  f.  harmonium). 

Durance,  Francesco,  celebrated  church- 
comp.  and  gifted  teacher ;  b.  Fratta  Maggiore, 
Naples,  Mar.  15, 1684;  d.  Naples,  Aug.  13, 1755. 
He  studied  in  Naples  at  the  Cons.  "  dei  Poveri 
di  Gesh  Cristo,"  under  Gaetano  Greco  ;  later 
under  Aless.  Scarlatti  in  the  Cons.  San  Ono- 
frio,  of  which  he  was  made  Director  in  1718. 
He  afterwards  became  maestro  at  the  Cons,  of 
Santa  Maria  di  Loreto,  his  salary  here  being  not 
quite  $100  per  annum.  After  Scarlatti,  and 
with  Leo,  Durante  ranks  as  one  of  the  founders 
and  a  chief  representative  of  the  "  Neapolitan 
school"  of  composition.  He  devoted  himself 
almost  exclusively  to  sacred  music,  in  which  the 
breadth,  vigor,  and  resourcefulness  of  his  style 
are  more  in  evidence  than  marked  originality. 
He  was  one  of  the  greatest  teachers  that  ever 
lived  ;  his  illustrious  pupils  Duni,  Traetta,  Vinci, 
Jommelli,  Piccinni,  Sacchini,  Guglielmi,  Pergo- 
lesi,  Paisiello,  and  others,  took  almost  complete 
possession  of  the  European  lyric  stage  during 
the  latter  half  of  the  iSth  century. — The  library 
of  the  Paris  Cons,  contains  a  rich  collection  of 
his  works  in  MS.;  13  masses,  and  fragments  of 
masses  ;  16  psalms,  16  motets,  several  antiphons 
and  hymns ;  besides  12  madrigals,  6  harpsi- 
chord-sonatas, etc.  His  *  *  Lamentations  of  Jere- 
miah," and  a  *'  pastoral  mass,"  are  in  the  Vienna 
Library  (in  MS  ).  His  few  publ.  works  are 
found  in  the  collections  of  Schlesinger,  Roch- 
litz,  Commer,  and  the  Fitzwilliam  Music  ;  Karm- 
rodt  of  Halle  printed  a  grand  Magnificat  (with 
addit.  accomp.s  by  Robert  Franz). 

Dtirr'ner,  Ruprecht  Johannes  Julius,  b. 

Ansbach,  Bavaria,  July  15,  1810  ;  d.  Edinburgh, 
June  10,  1859.  Pupil  of  Friedrich  Schneider 
at  Dessau ;  from  1831-42,  cantor  at  Ansbach, 


159 


DURUTTE— DUVERNOY 


then  studied  under  Mendelssohn  and  Haupt- 
mann  at  Leipzig,  and  settled  in  Edinburgh  as  a 
conductor  and  vocal  teacher.  His  choruses  and 
quartets  for  male  \  oices  won  great  fa\  or. 

Durutte,  Francois-Camille-Antoine 
(comtei,  b.  Ypres,  East  Flanders,  Oct.  15, 1803; 
d.  Paris,  Sept  24,  iSSi.  Settled  in  Metz. — 
Wrote  **  Esthetique  musicale.  Technie  ou  lois 
generates  du  systeme  harmonique  "  (1855),  sup- 
plemented by  "a  "  Resume  elementaire  de  la 
technie  harmonique,  etc."  (1876),  in  which  he 
presents  a  new  system  of  harmony.  He  com- 
posed operas,  chamber-music,  and  church-music. 
Dus'sek  [Dulek,  Duschek],  Franz,  b. 
Choteborky,  Bohemia,  Dec.  8,  1736;  d.  Prague, 
Feb.  12,  1799.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Wagenseil,  at 
Vienna;  settled  in  Prague  1763,  winning  fame 
as  a  teacher  and  performer. — Publ.  several  sona- 
tas (1773,  1774,  1799),  and  a  pf.-concerto  (op. 
i) ;  left  in  MS.  symphonies,  concertos,  quartets, 
trios,  and  sonatas. 

Dus'sek  [Duiek  (doo'-shek)],  Johann  La- 
dislans,  b.  Caslav  (Tschaslau),  Bohemia,  Feb. 
9,   1761;    d.   Saint- 
Germain -en- Lay  e, 
Mar.  20,  1812.     At 
first  a  boy-soprano 
at    the    Minorite 
church,    Iglau,    he 
was  taught  music  by 
Father      Spenar, 
while  attending  the 
Jesuit  college ;  was 
organist     at    the 
Jesuit    church      in 
Kuttenberg    for    2 
years,    and     while 
studying1     theology 
at  Prague  Univ.  found  time  to  get  a  thorough 
musical  training,  so  that  after  graduation  he 
obtained,  through  Count  Manner,  his  patron,  the 
post  of  organist  at  the  church  of  Saint-Rimbaut, 
Mechlin.     Thence  he  went  to  Bergen-op-Zoom, 
and  (1782)  to  Amsterdam  ;  then  spent  a  year  at 
The  Hague,  and  in  1783  studied  under  C.  Ph. 
E.  Bach  at  Hamburg  ;  won  renown  as  a  pianist 
and  as  a  performer  on  Hessel's  "  harmonica,"  in 
Berlin  (1784),  and  St.  Petersburg,  then  accepting 
an  appointment  from   Prince  Radziwill,   with 
whom  he  lived  in  Lithuania  for  over  a  year.     He 
played  before  Marie  Antoinette  in  1786,  at  Paris ; 
soon  went  to  Italy,  and  returned  to  Paris  in  1788, 
whence  the  Revolution  drove  him  to  London. 
Here  he  married  Sofia  Corn,  a  singer,  in  1792, 
and  undertook  a  music-business  with  his  father- 
in-law  ;  but  his  careless  habits,  and  love  of  luxury 
and  ease,  ill  fitted  him  for  commercial  pursuits ; 
the  enterprise  failed,  and  he  fled  to  Hamburg  in 
1800  to  escape  his  creditors.    Here  he  appears 
to  have  stayed  for  about  2  years,  giving  concerts 
and  teaching.     In  1802  he  gave  a  concert  at 
Prague,  and  paid  a  long  visit  to  his  father  at 
Caslav;  was  successively  in  the  service  of  Prince 
Louis  Ferdinand  of  Prussia  (d,  1806)— to  whom 


'w  harmonique,  op.  61,  is  dedicated,— the 
Prince  of  Isenberg,  and  finally  (1808)  Prince 
Talleyrand  m  Pans — Dussek  \\as  the  pioneer 
of  the  group  of  Bohemian  and  Polish  musicians  ; 
the  originality  of  his  pf  -comp  s  has  a  "  national" 
flavor,  and  still  keeps  them  ali\e.  As  an  execu- 
tant he  was  sm  generis,  disputing  with  Clemen ti 
the  honor  of  inventing  the  lt  singing-touch  " 
Besides  2  English  operas,  given  in  London  with- 
out much  success,  a  solemn  mass  (comp  at  the 
age  of  13),  several  early  oratorios,  and  consider- 
able church-music,  he  publ.  nearly  TOO  works  f 
pf.  (many  without  opus-number),  among  them 
being  12  concertos,  "  a  symphonic  concertante  " 
f.  2  pfs  ,  a  quintet,  a  quartet,  10  tnos,  So  sona- 
tas w  vln.,  9  4-hand  sonatas,  3  4-hand  fugues, 
53  sonatas  f  pf.  solo,  and  many  rondos,  fanta- 
sias, variations,  and  waltzes.  lie  also  publ.  a 
Method  f.  pf  at  London,  which  appeared  later 
in  German  and  French. 

Dust'mann,  Marie  Luise  (n&  Meyer),  dra- 
matic soprano  ;  b  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Aug.  22, 
1831;  d.  March,  1899.  Ddbut  Breslau  (1849); 
after  this  she  was  eng.  at  Kassel  (under  Spohi), 
at  Dresden  ('53),  Prague  ('54),  and  Vienna  ('57). 
She  sang  as  a  ' '  star  "  in  the  larger  German  cities, 
Stockholm,  and  London.  Married  1).  (a  book- 
seller) in  1858 ;  made  Kammersangerin  at  Vienna 
in  1860. 

Duval,  Edmond,  b.  Enghien,  Hainault,  Aug. 
22,  1809,  He  entered  the  Pans  Cons,  in  1828, 
but  was  dismissed  in  1832  because  of  irregular 
attendance.  Returning  to  Mechlin,  he  became 
deeply  interested  in  Abbe  Janssen's  "Vrais 
principes  du  chant  gre'gorien,"  and  was.  entrusted 
by  the  bishop  with  the  revision  of  the  church- 
ritual  of  the  diocese.  In  furtherance  of  this  plan 
he  visited  Rome ;  after  his  return,  the  following 
"  revised  versions"  of  ecclesiastical  song  were 
issued:  "  Gradualeromanum,  etc." (1848),  "Ves- 
perale,"  "Manuale  chori "  (1850),  fc*Processio- 
nale"(i85i),  4  *  Pastorale  Mechlmiense"  (1852), 
and  "  Rituale  "  (1854),  based  on  Italian  publica- 
tions of  the  i6th,  I7th,  and  i8th  centunes.  He 
also  publ.  a  series  of  "studies"  on  the  above, 
and  a  "Traite  d'accompagnement  du  plain-chant 
par  1'orgue,  etc."  Fetis  considers  both  plan  and 
execution  of  these  works  to  be  totally  wrong. 

Duvernoy  (or  Duvernois),  Frederic,  b. 
Montbeliard,  Oct.  16,  1765  ;  d.  Pans,  July  19, 
1838.  A  self-taught  horn-player,  he  became  first 
horn  at  the  Grand  Ope"ra,  and  until  1815  prof, 
at  the  Cons.  He  publ.  a  great  number  of  pieces 
f.  horn,  which  are  now  forgotten  ;  and  a  "  Me- 
thode  de  cor  mixte,"  explaining  his  peculiar 
style  of  playing. 

Duvernoy,  Charles,  brother  of  Frederic  ;  b. 
Montbeliard,  1766;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  28,  1845;  a 
clarinettist;  came  to  Paris  in  1810,  and  was  first 
clarinet  at  the  Th.  de  Monsieur  and  the  Fey- 
deau,  retiring  in  1824.  Till  1802  he  was  also 
prof,  at  the  Cons. — Works:  2  sonatas  f,  clar.; 
variations  as  duets  f .  2  clarinets, 


I6o 


DUVERNOV— DVORAK 


Duvernoy,  Henri-Louis-Charles,  son  of 
the  preceding;  b.  Paris,  Nov.  16,  1820,  pupil  of 
Halevy  and  Zimmerman  at  Paris  Cons  ,  where 
(1839)  he  was  asst.-prof  ,  and  in  1848  full  prof, 
of  solfeggio ;  he  trained  many  distinguised  pu- 
pils. Publ  (with  Kuhn)  * '  Nouveaux  choix  de 
psaumes  et  de  cantiques"  (1848);  "Solfege  des 
chanteurs"  (1855);  "  Solfege  a  changementb  de 
clefs"  (1857);  and  "  Solfege  artistique  "  (1860;; 
also  some  100  light  pf  .-pcs. 

Duvernoy,  Charles-Francis,  b.  Pans,  Apr, 
16,  1796  ;  d  there  Nov  ,  1872.  Opera-singer  in 
the  Opera-Corn.,  Paris,  and  (1851)  teacher  of  ope- 
ratic singing  in  the  Conservatoire  ,  1856,  superin- 
tendent of  the  "  Pensionnat  des  eleves  du  chant." 

Duvernoy,  Victor-AIphonse,  b  Paris,  Aug 
31,  1842.  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Bazin 
and  Marmontel  at 
the  Pans  Conser- 
vatoire, taking  the 
first  prize  for  pf.- 
playing  in  the  lat-  /,/ 
ter's  class  (1855). 
In iSCghe  founded, 
together  with  Leo- 
nard (ist  violin), 
Stiehle,  Trombet- 
ta  and  Jacquard, 
a  series  of  chamber- 
music  concerts ;  he 
devotes  his  time 
otherwise  to  com- 
position and  in- 
struction, having  at  present  (1899)  a  class  for 
piano-playing  in  the  Conservatoire  As  a  dra- 
matic composer  he  has  produced  the  3-act  opera 
Sardanapale  (Lyons,  1 892 ;  successful),  the  * i sc£ne 
lyrique  "  Llcopdtre  (at  the  Concerts  Colonne),  and 
the  4-act  opera  /fr///(Grand  OpeVa,  1896).  His 
symphonic  poem,  La  tcmpete,  produced  at  the 
Concerts  Colonne,  won  the  City  of  Paris  prize  ; 
he  has  also  written  several  other  orchestral  pieces, 
and  much  music  for  piano.  For  some  u  years 
he  has  been  the  musical  critic  of  the  "  Repu- 
blique  frangaise";  he  is  a  chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor,  and  an  officer  of  public  instruction. 

Duvernoy,  Jean-Baptiste,  composer  and 
pf.-teacher  at  Paris ;  dates  of  birth  and  death 
unknown.  Beginning  about  1825,  he  published 
several  hundred  piano-pieces  and  variations,  gen- 
erally of  a  light  and  easy  character,  and  a  number 
of  interesting  and  valuable  studies  for  piano-forte. 

Duysen,  Jes  Lewe,  b.  Flensburg,  Aug.  i, 
1820 ;  founded  a  piano-factory  at  Berlin  in  1860. 

Dvorak  [dvor'shahk],  Antonin,  b.  Muhl- 
hausen  [Nehalozeves],  Bohemia,  Sept.  8,  1841. 
His  father,  an  innkeeper,  wished  him  to  learn  the 
butcher's  trade ;  but  he,  having  learned  to  play 
the  violin  from  the  village  schoolmaster,  left 
home  at  the  age  of  16,  and  entered  the  Prague 
Organ^Schopl,  studying  under  Pitzsch,  and  earn- 
ing a  precarious  livelihood  as  violinist  in  a  small 


orchestra.  Af.er  graduation  from  the  School 
in  1862,  he  joined  the  orch.  of  the  "  National 
Th  "  as  a  viola- 
player.  It  was  not 
until  1873  that  a 
composition  of  im- 
portance gained  a 
hearing ;  but  then 
the  production  of 
a  hymn  for  male 
chorus  and  orch 
attracted  such'Wide 
notice  that  he  re- 
ceived (1875)  a  gov- 
ernment stipend, 
and  devoted  himself 
to  composition  with 
increasing  success, 
becoming;  the  most 

famous  of  the  Bohemian  national  composers. 
Liszt,  bv  securing  the  performance  of  his  works, 
and  encouraging  him  in  everyway,  did  much  to 
obtain  for  his  compositions  the  vogue  which  they 
deservedly  enjov.  despite  an  overlavish  employ- 
ment of  '-Bohemian11  mannerisms  m  melody 
and  rhvthm.  In  England  and  America  he  has 
many  warm  admirers.  From  1692-5  he  was  the 
artistic  director  of  the  National  Cons  ,  New 
York;  then  returned  to  Prague  — \\  orks  :  The 
Bohemian  operas  The  King  and  f«*  Chanoal- 
bitrncr  (Prague,  1874',  " a™a  <*8'°),  •**»« 
Scdtok  (1878),  Turde  Pahce  (1881),  JXmitnje 
(1882),  and  Tk*  Jacrti**  (i**T*  3  acte);  orato- 
rio St.  Lmtmila  (Leeds  Mus  test,  1886);  Re- 
quiem mass,  op.  89,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (Bir- 
mingham Fest.,  1891 ;  m  Jhis  year  the  Univ.  of 
Cambridge  created  D.  u  Miis.  Doc.);  cantata 
The  Spectre*  s  Bnfa  <>P-  69-  J-  soll»  ch.,  and 
orch.  (Birmingham  Fest.,  1885) ;  secular  can- 
tata The  America*  JFbg  (New  ^ork,  1895); 
Hymn  of  the  Bohemian  Peasants,  op.  28,  f. 
mixed  ch.  w.  pf.  4  hands ;  Hymn  f.  mixed  ch. 
and  orch.,  pp.  30  ,  Stabat  Mater  f  soli,  ch  and 
orch.,  op.  58  (London,  1883);  Psalm  149  f  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  five  symphonies  (i  op.  6p,  in 
D ;  2.  op.  70,  in  D  min  ;  3-  °P-  7&i  m  t  ;  4. 
op.  88,  in  G;  5-  op.  95,  J*  E  «"» ;  "From 
the  New  World");  3  orchestral  ballades  (or 
symphonic  poems)  are  op  107,  Der  \\asser- 
mann";  op.  108,  "  Die  Mittarahexe  ;  and 
op.  IOQ,  "Das  goldene  Spmnrad  ;42  sets  of 
symprTvar.s  f.  orch.,  op.  40  and  78  ;  overtures 
^Mein  Heim,7'  t4  Husitska,"  "In  der  Natur. 
"Othello  "  "Carneval";  'cello-concerto  in  B  min. 
(1896);  pf.-concertot  op  35,;  violin-concerto, 
op.  53;  "Slavische  Tanze  and  "blavischc 
Rhapsodien,"  f.  orch.;  Scherzo  capnccioso  f. 
orch  •  string-sextet;  2  string-quintets;  pf. -quin- 
tet in  A,  op.  18  ;  6  string-quartets  ;  2  pf  -quar- 
tets; a  string-trio;  2  pf.-tnos ;  Mazurek  f.  vln. 
w.  orch.;  Serenade  f.  wind  w.  'cello  and  double- 
bass  ;  Notturno  f.  string-orch.;  interesting  pf.- 
music  (" Legenden,"  4  hands,  -Dumka  [Elegy], 
11  Furiante  ^  [Boh.  nat.l  dances]  ;  .Mange  aus 
Mahren,"  4  hands;  "  SUhonctteo,  12  4-hand 


161 


DWIGHT— EBERHARD 


pieces ;  waltzes  ;  mazurkas  f  etc.) ,  ^  iolm-sonata, 
op.  57;  various  vocal  numbers  (part-songs, 
duets,  and  songs). 

Dwight,  John  Sullivan,  a  well-known  mu- 
sical cntic,  and  editor  of  "Dwight's  Journal  of 
Music";  b.  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  May 
13,  i3i3  ;  d.  there 
Sept.  5,  1893.  He 
graduated  at  Har- 
vard in  1832,  and 
was  one  of  the 
founders  and  most 
acthe  members  of 
the  Harvard  Mu- 
sical Assoc.  After 
studying  for  the 
ministry,  he  in 
1840  took  charge 
of  the  Unitarian 
Ch.  at  Northamp- 
ton, Mass.  His 
literary  and  socialistic  proclivities,  however, 
gained  the  mastery  ;  he  gave  up  his  pastorate, 
and  entered  the  ill-starred  Brook  Farm  Com- 
munity, as  a  teacher  of  German  music  and  the 
classics.  Returning  to  Boston  in  1848,  after 
the  failure  of  the  socialistic  experiment,  he 
devoted  himself  to  literature,  founded  the 
"Journal"  in  1852,  and  remained  its  editor-in- 
chief  until  its  discontinuance  in  iSSi.  A  prom- 
inent feature  in  this  paper  were  the  valuable 
historical  essays  by  A.  W.  Thayer.  D.  also 
publ.  excellent  "  Translations  of  Select  Minor 
Poems  from  the  German  of  Goethe  and  Schiller, 
with  Notes." — Biography  by  George  Willis 
Cooke:  "  J.  S.  D.,  Brook-Farmer,  Editor,  and 
Critic  of  Music "  (Boston,  1899) ;  Cooke  also 
edited  D.  's  correspondence  with  Geo.  Wm.  Cur- 
tis (Boston,  1898). 

Dykes,  Rev.  John  Bacchus,  b.  Kingston- 
upon-Hull,  Eng.,  Mar.  10,  1823;  d.  St,  Leon- 
ard's, Jan.  22,  1876.  An  English  divine  and 
composer,  educated  at  Cambridge  ;  minor  canon 
and  precentor  at  Durham  cath.,  1849,  where  he 
also  cond.  the  Mus.  Soc.  He  took  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  in  1861,  and  was  vicar  of  St. 
Oswald,  Durham,  from  1862.  Some  of  his 
hymns  are  peculiarly  fine  ;  he  likewise  comp.  a 
service  in  F;  the  23rd  Psalm  (The  Lord  is  my 
shepherd>;  anthems  ;  and  part-songs. 


Eamcs  [amz],  Emma  [Mme.  Eames-Story], 
distinguished  dram,  soprano ;  b.  of  Amen  par- 
entage at  Shanghai,  China,  Aug.  13,  1867.  At 
the  age  of  5  she  went  with  her  mother,  a  talented 
musician  and  her  first  teacher,  to  the  latter's 
native  town  of  Bath,  Maine ;  from  1883  she 
studied  under  Miss  Munger,  at  Boston,  and  from 
1886-8  at  Paris,  under  Mme.  Marchesi  (voice) 
and  M.  Plugue  (stage-deportment,  etc.).  She 


was  eng  for  the  Ope'ra-Com.  in  1888,  expect- 
ing to  appear  in  La  Traviata,  but,  on  acct.  of 
delays,  cancelled  this  engagement,  and  made 
her  "debut  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Mar.  13,  1889, 
as  Juliette  in  Gounod's  Romto  et  J. ,  succeed- 
ing with  great  applause  to  a  role  pre\iou sly  sung 
by  the  Patti.  She  sang  in  the  Opera  for  2  years, 
creating  the  roles  of  Colombe  in  Asiamo  by  St.- 
Saens,  and  of  Zaire  in  De  la  Nux's  like-named 
opera.  Engaged  for  Covent  Garden,  London 
(debut  Apr.  7,  1891,33  Marguerite  in  Faust)\ 
in  this  year  she  married  the  painter  Julian  Story, 
and  in  Oct.  appeared  in  New  York  ;  since  then 
she  has  sung  regularly  in  N.  Y.  and  London  in 
their  respective  seasons  (excepting  the  winters 
of  1892-3,  at  Madrid,  and  1895-6,  during  tem- 
porary ill-health).  Mme.  E.  sings  in  English, 
French,  Italian,  and  German ;  hei  repertory  in- 
cludes the  following  roles  .  Juliette,  Marguerite, 
Colombe,  Zaire,  Desdemona,  Santuzza,  Michaela 
(Carmen),  Countess  (Figaro) ,  Yasodhara  (Light 
of  Asia],  Elsa,  Elisabeth,  Eva,  Sieglinde  (Wal- 
kitre),  Mrs.  Ford  (Faktaf),  Donna  Elvira,  Ghi- 
selle,  Lady  of  Longford,  Mireille,  Charlotte 
( lVerther\  and  Valentine  (Huguenots). 

Eastcott,  Richard,  b.  Exeter,  England, 
1740  ;  d.  as  chaplain  at  Livery  Dale,  Devon- 
shire, 1828.  Publ.  "Sketches  of  the  Origin, 
Progress  and  Effects  of  Musick,  with  an  account 
of  the  Ancient  Bards  and  Minstrels,  illustrated 
with  various  Historical  Facts,  Anecdotes,  etc." 
(Bath,  1793);  "The  Harmony  of  the  Muses" 
(songs) ;  6  pf  -sonatas. 

E'beling1,  Johann  Georg",  b.  Luneburg,  abt. 
1620  ;  d.  Stettin,  1676.  In  1662,  musical  director 
and  teacher  at  St.  Nicolai,  Berlin  ;  from  1668, 
prof,  of  music  at  the  Gymnasium  Carolinum,  Stet- 
tin. Publ.  "  Pauh  Gerhardi  geisthche  Andach- 
ten,"  120  sacred  songs  w.  2  vlns.  and  contmuo 
(Berlin,  1666-7,  1669;  Nuremberg,  1682)  ;  *'  Ar- 
chaeologiae  orpbicae  sive  antiquitates  musicae  " 
(1676) ;  and  a  **  concert  "  f.  clavichord  and  other 
instr.s. 

E'beling,  Christoph  Daniel,  b.  Garmisben, 
n.  Hildesheim,  1741 ;  d.  Hamburg,  1817,  as  prof, 
of  history  in  the  Gymnasium  and  custodian  of 
the  City  Library.  Publ.  cc  Versuch  einer  auser- 
lesenen  musikalischen  Bibliothek "  (Hamburg, 
1770);  "  Ueber  die  Oper"  ("  Hannoversches 
Magazin"  for  1768)  ;  also  translations  of  Bur- 
ney's  "Musical  Tour,"  of  Chastelaux'  "  Essai 
sur  Tunion  de  lamusique  et  de  la  poe'sie,"  and 
of  the  English  text  of  Handel's  Messiah  (w. 
Klopstock). 

En>ell,  Heinrich  Karl,  b.  Neuruppin,  Dec. 
3°i  1775  J  d.  Oppeln,  Mar,  12,  1824.  A  lawyer 
by  profession,  he  was  a  pupil  of  Tttrk  and 
Reichardt  in  music,  and  from  1801-4  J^apellm. 
at  Breslau.  He  comp.  10  operas  and  vaude- 
villes, an  oratorio,  six  cantatas,  5  symphonies, 
4  string-quartets,  songs,  etc. 

E'berhard,  Johann  August,  b.  Halberstadt, 
Aug..  31,  1739  ;  d.  Halle,  Jan.  6,  1809,  as  prof. 


162 


EEERHARD  VOX  FREISIXGEN— ECKELT 


of  philos.  He  wrote  a  l '  Theorie  der  schonen 
Kunste  und  \Vissenschaften "  (Berlin,  1783  ; 
3rd  ed.  1790),  a  "  Handbuch  der  Aesthetik" 
(Halle,  1803-5,  4  vol.s),  and  several  short  essays 
on  mus.  subjects  in  his  *4  Gemischte  Schnften  " 
(Halle,  1784,  1788),  and  in  the  "  Musikahsches 
Wochenblatt"  (Berlin,  1805). 

E'berhard  von  Frei'singen  [Eberhar'dus 
Frisengen'sis],  Benedictine  monk  of  the  nth 
century  Wrote  on  the  scale  of  organ-pipes 
and  on  bell-founding  ("  De  mensura  fistularum  " 
and  "  Regulae  ad  fundendas  notas  ") 

E'berl,  Anton,  one  of  the  most  famous  pian- 
ists of  a  century  ago,  and  a  gifted  composer ,  b. 
Vienna,  June  13,  1766;  d.  there  Mar.  n,  1807. 
In  1782  he  prod,  the  opera  Die  Zigeuner,  fol- 
lowed (1783)  by  La  marchande  de  modes,  these 
attracting  the  attention  and  winning  the  friend- 
ship of  Mozart  and  Gluck.  He  made  a  concert- 
tour  with  Mozart's  widow  ;  lived  1796-1800  in 
St.  Petersburg  as  Kapellm.;  revisited  Russia  in 
1803,  and  travelled  through  Germany  in  1806, 
Besides  3  more  operas,  he  wrote  a  cantata,  sym- 
phonies, pf. -concertos,  much  chamber-music, 
many  pf.-pcs.  (especially  sonatas),  songs,  etc. 

E'berlin,  Daniel,  b.  Nuremberg,  abt.  1630 ; 
d.  Kassel,  1691.  A  music-student  in  Rome,  he 
became  captain  in  the  Papal  army  ,  was  Kapellm. 
in  Kassel  in  1678  ;  Kapellm.,  tutor  to  the  princes, 
private  secretary  and  director  of  the  mint,  at 
Eisenach  ,  a  banker  in  Hamburg  and  Altona ; 
and  finally  militia-captain  at  Kassel.  He  was  a 
good  contrapuntist  and  violinist ;  also  a  cele- 
brated comp.  at  his  time  ;  but  only  3  vln.-trios 
(Nuremberg,  1675)  are  extant 

E'berlin  [Eberle],  Johann  Ernst,  b.  Jet- 
tenbach,  Swabia,  Mar.  27,  1702 ;  d.  Salzburg, 
June  21,  1762,  as  Kapettm.  and  Truchsess  (car- 
ver) to  the  archbishop. — Publ.  works  "XI 
Toccate  e  Fughe  per  1'organo  "  (Augsburg,  1747; 
several  reprints) ;  fugues  and  toccatas  in  Com- 
mer's  tl  Musica  sacra";  2  motets  (publ.  by 
Schott) ;  2  sonatas  (publ.  by  Haffner) ;  5  pcs.  in 
L.  Mozart's  "Der  Morgen  und  der  Abend" 
(Augsburg,  1759). — In  MS.  •  13  oratorios  in 
Ratisbon  (Proske's  Library);  an  offertory  and 
Miserere  (Berlin  Library) ;  a  vol.  of  organ-pcs. 
(R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music,  Berlin). 

Embers,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Kassel,  March 
25,  1770 ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  9,  1836.  Intended 
for  the  army,  he  preferred  music  ;  became 
Kapellm.  at  the  theatres  in  Schwerin  and  Pesth, 
and  cond.  a  singing-soc  at  Magdeburg.  He 
brought  out  4  operas  in  Pesth  (1796-7) ,  also 
wrote  symphonies,  overtures,  sonatas  and  other 
pcs.  f.  pf.,  songs,  etc.,  none  of  special  vitality. 
His  transcriptions  f.  pf.  were  popular. 

E'berwein,  Traugott  Maximilian,  born 
Weimar,  Oct.  27,  1775  ;  d.  Rudolstadt,  Dec.  2, 
1831.  Pupil  of  Kunze  in  Frankfurt,  and  Schick 
in  Mayence;  1797  Hofmusikus^  1817  Kapellm. , 
to  the  Prince  of  Rudolstadt. — Works :  n  operas ; 


symphonies,    overtures ,    much    church-music ; 
songs. — His  brother, 

E'berwein,  Karl,  b  Weimar,  Nov.  10, 1786  ; 
d.  there  Mar.  2,  1868.  A  violinist  and  comp  ; 
in  1803,  court  musician,  and  later  conductor  of 
the  court  orch.  He  was  a  friend  of  Goethe, 
who  often  mentions  him,  and  for  whom  he  com- 
posed some  songs.  He  wrote  2  operas,  the 
music  to  Holtei's  Leonore  and  toPreciosa;  an 
overture  to  Goethe's  Prose? fine;  also  cantatas, 
a  string-quartet,  a  flute-concerto,  songs,  etc. 

Ec'card,  Johannes,  b.  Milhlhausen,  Thu- 
ringia,  1553  ,  d.  Berlin,  1611.  Pupil  of  Joachim 
von  Burgk.  and  (1571-4)  of  Orlandus  Lassus ; 
1578,  director  of  J.  Fugger's  private  orch.  at 
Augsburg  ;  in  1583  \ice-X~af  e/Jm.t  and  in  1599 
full  Kapellm^  at  Konigsberg.  In  1608  he  was 
called  to  Berlin  as  Kapellm.  to  the  Elector.  An 
eminent  composer  of  sacred  music.  With  von 
Burgk  he  publ.  20  **  Odae  sacrae"  (1594); 
41  Crepundia  sacra,  christliche  Liedlein  mit  4 
Stimmen "  (in  3  parts,  1577,  1596  ;  2nd  ed. 
1608) ;  his  own  publ.  works  are  24  4*  Neue 
deutsche  Lieder  mit  4  und  5  Stimmen  "  (1578) ; 
14  "Neue  deutsche  Lieder"  (1589);  "  5-stim- 
mige  geistliche  Lieder  "(1597);  "  Preussische 
Festlieder "  (1598) ;  some  of  the  above  have 
been  reprinted  in  modern  form. — Also  a  motet, 
"O  Lamm  Gottes";  a  chorus,  tl  0  Freude"; 
and  occasional  songs. 

Ec/cles,  John,  born  London  (?),  1668  ;  d. 
Kingston,  Surrey,  Jan.  12,  1735.  Son  and 
pupil  of  the  violinist  Solomon  E.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  Queen's  Band  in  1700,  and 
Master  of  the  same  in  1704.  He  composed  46 
masques  and  other  stage- pcs.,  and  publ.  a  col- 
lection of  songs  f.  I,  2,  and  3  voices  (London, 
1701) ;  some  of  his  songs  are  in  "  Pills  to  purge 
Melancholy." — His  brother  Henry,  violinist, 
and  a  member  of  the  French  king's  private 
orch.  in  Paris,  publ.  "12  Excellent  Solos  f.  Vio- 
lin "  (1720)  in  Corelli's  style. 

Eck,  Johann  Friedrich,  born  Mannheim, 
1766;  d.  Bamberg  (?),  1809  (1810?).  A  re- 
markable violinist,  court  musician  at  Munich  in 
1780,  later  dramatic  director  of  the  Court  and 
National  Th.  He  resigned  this  position  in 
1801,  and  went  to  Nancy,  France  (according  to 
some  accounts,  he  died  there). — Publ.  6  vln.- 
concertos  ;  a  Symphonie-concertante  f .  2  vlns. 

Eck,  Franz,  brother  and  pupil  of  Joh.  Fr., 
b.  Mannheim,  1774  ;  d.  Strassburg,  1804,  in  an 
insane  asylum.  Also  a  fine  violinist,  and  for 
some  years  a  member  of  the  Munich  orch.; 
later  director  of,  and  soloist  in,  the  court  con- 
certs at  St.  Petersburg.  From  1802-3  he  was 
Spohr*s  teacher. 

Eck'elt,  Johann  Valentin,  born  Wernings- 
hausen,  n.  Erfurt,  abt.  1680  ;  d.  Sondershausea, 
1734.  From  1696  he  was  org.  at  Wernigerode  ; 
from  1703,  at  Sondershausen. — Publ.  "  Experi- 
menta  musicae  geometrica"  (1715);  "Unter- 


163 


ECKER—  EHLERT 


richt,  eine  Fuge  zu  formiren"  (1722)  ;  cl  Unter- 
richt,  was  ein  Organist  \vissen  soil "  (n.  d.). 
His  MS.  Passion,  cantatas,  and  organ-works 
are  of  interest. 

Eck'er,  Karl,  b.  Freiburg,  Baden,  Mar.  13, 
1813  ;  d.  there  Aug.  31,  1879.  A  law-student 
at  Freiburg  and  Vienna,  he  also  St.  under  Sech- 
ter,  and  devoted  himself  to  composition  on  re- 
turning to  Freiburg  m  1846  His  orchestral 
works  were  prod,  in  Freiburg ;  his  male  quar- 
tets, and  many  songs,  enjoy  great  popularity. 

Ecfer,  Wenzel.  Pen-name  of  WILHELM 
GFRICKE. 

Eck'ert,  Karl  Anton  Florian,  b.  Potsdam, 
Dec.  7,  1820 ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  14,  1879.  At  the 
age  of  6  he  was  considered  a  prodigy ;  the  poet  F 
FcJrster  became  interested  in  him,  and  had  him 
trained  by  the  best  teachers  Rechenberg  and 
Greulich  (pf.),  Bbtticher  and  H.  Ries  (vln.),  and 
Rungenhagen  (comp.)  At  10  he  wrote  an 
opera,  J2as  Fisher  made  hen  /  at  13,  an  oratorio, 
Ruth.  After  years  of  travel  and  study  (for  a 
time  at  Leipzig  under  Mendelssohn)  he  became 
accompanist  at  the  Th.  Italien,  Paris,  in  1851. 
He  went  to  the  U  S.  with  Henriette  Sontag , 
was  app.  cond.  at  the  Th.  Italien  in  1852  ,  and, 
in  1853,  Kapellm.  (later  technical  director)  at 
the  Court  Opera,  Vienna  ;  succeeded  Kucken  as 
Kafellm.  at  Stuttgart  in  1860,  retired  to  Baden- 
Baden  in  1867,  and  in  1869  was  called  to  Berlin 
as  first  court  Kapellm. ,  Taubert  and  Dorn  hav- 
ing been  pensioned  to  clear  the  way. — 4  operas, 
2  oratorios,  several  psalms,  and  a  'cello-concerto, 
had  only  mediocre  success ;  whereas  his  songs 
are  highly  esteemed. 

Eddy,  Clarence  H.,  distinguished  organist ; 
b.  Greenfield,  Mass.,  June  23,  1851.  A  pupil 
of  J,  G.  Wilson,  Greenfield,  and  of  Dudley 
Buck,  Hartford,  Conn.;  in  1871  he  went  to 
Berlin  to  study  under  Haupt  (org.,  etc.),  and 
Loeschhorn  (pf.).  After  a  grand  tour  in  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Switzerland,  and  Holland,  he 
settled  in  1874  in  Chicago  as  org.  of  the  First 
Congreg.  Ch. ;  in  1876  he  became  director  of  the 
Hershey  School  of  Mus.  Art,  whose  founder, 
Mrs.  S.  B.  H.,  he  subsequently  married.  He 
makes  frequent  tours  in  America  and  Europe 
(latest  European  tours  1897,  '98) ;  at  a  series  of 
too  organ-recitals,  given  at  Chicago  in  1879,  not 
one  program-number  was  repeated.  E.  gives 
yearly  a  series  of  organ-concerts.  For  some 
years  he  conducted  the  Chicago  Philharm.  Vocal 
Soc. — Works  :  Fugues,  canons,  preludes,  varia- 
tions, etc.,  f.  org.;  church-music;  songs;  has 
publ.  "The  Church  and  Concert  Organist "(2 
vol.s,  1882,  '85);  "The  Organ  in  Church" 
(1887);  and  transl.  Haupt's  "Theory  of  Cpt. 
and  Fugue  "  (1876). 

E'delxnann,  Adolfo.  See  ALBERTONI,  Azzo. 

Edgcumbe.    See  MOUNT-EDGCUMBE. 

Edson,  Lewis,  b  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  Jan. 
22,  1748  ;  d.  Woodstock,  N.  Y.,  1820.  Lived 
in  New  York,  1801-17,  and  compiled  (with 


Thomas  Seymour)  "The  N.  Y.  Coll.  of  Sacred 
Music  "  Composed  the  hymn-tunes  "  Bndge- 
water,"  "Lenox,"  ''Greenfield,"  and  others. 
Removed  to  Woodstock  in  1817. 

Edwards,  Julian,  Engl  comp.;  b  1858.  In 
iSSo  he  brought  out  an  overture,  "  Corinne,"  at 
St  James's  Hall,  London  Was  cond.  of  the 
Engl.  Opera  Co.  at  Covent  Garden,  and  produced 
2  operas,  Corinne  and  Victorian,  at  Sheffield 
(1883).  Coming  to  the  U.  S.,  his  rom  com. 
opera  in  3  acts,  Madeleine,  or  The  Magii  Kiss, 
was  given  at  Boston,  1894,  and  Brian  Boru  at 
the  Broadway  Theatre,  New  York,  in  1896. 
— Other  works  The  cantata  De  Montford's 
Daughter  ;  a  pf. -sonata  ;  etc. 

Ee'den,  Jean-Baptist e  van  den,  b.  Ghent, 
Dec.  26,  1842.  Pupil  of  the  Cons.s  at  Ghent 
and  Brussels,  winning  at  the  latter  the  1st  prize 
for  comp.  (1869)  with  the  cantata  Faitsfs  laatste 
nacht*  In  1878,  app  Director  of  Mons.  Cons  , 
succeeding  Huberti  — Works  .  An  opera,  Xu- 
mame  (Antwerp,  1897)  ;  oratorios  Brutus,  Jac-* 
queline  de  Baviere,  Jacob  van  Artei'elde,  Le 
Jugement  derme /-,  and  the  trilogy  Judith;  2  can- 
tatas f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  Het  IVoud  and  De 
Wind;  a  symphonic  poem,  "La  lutte  auXVI* 
siecle " ;  suites,  a  scherzo,  a  '*  Marche  des 
esclaves,"  etc.,  f.  orch.  ;  also  part-songs  and 
songs. 

E'genolff  (or  Egenolph),  Christian,  an 
early  German  music-printer  ;  b.  abt.  1485  ,  un- 
enviably  notorious  for  poor  press-work  and  for 
piracy.  He  publ.  2  coll.s  of  4-part-songs, 
**  Gassenhawerlin  "  and  tl  Reuterliedhn  "  (1535), 
which  are  of  decided  value. 

Eg'geling,  Eduard,  b.  Brunswick,  July  30, 
1813 ;  d.  Harzburg,  Apr  8,  1885.  A  pupil  of 
Griepenkerl,  and  a  piano-teacher  in  Brunswick, 
he  publ.  a  series  of  valuable  studies,  and  some 
instruction-books  ;  also  pf. -music  (2  fantasias, 
"  Der  Fruhling"  and  "  Erhebung  "). 

Egg/hard,  Julius  (pen-name  of  Count  Har- 
degen),  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  24, 1834  ;  d.  there  Mar. 
23,  1867.  Pupil  of  Czerny  (pf.)  and  Sechter 
(comp.).  He  was  a  concert-pianist,  and  com- 
posed numerous  characteristic  pcs.  f.  pf.,  which 
are  very  popular. 

E'gli,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Seegraben,  can- 
ton Zurich,  Mar.  4,  1742  ;  d.  there  Dec.  19, 
1810.  A  pupil  of  Pastor  Schmiedli  at  Wetzikon. 
Lived  in  Zurich  as  a  teacher,  composing  vocal 
music  (chiefly  sacred),  which  has  won  great 
popularity  in  Switzerland. — Works  "  Schwei- 
zerlieder,"  and  '  *  Schweizercantaten  "  by  Lava- 
ter  ;  ' l  Schweizer  Volkslieder  "  ;  * '  Gellert's 
geistl.  Oden  und  Lieder",  "Cramer's  Oden"; 
many  sacred  songs ;  etc. 

Et/lert,  Louis,  composer  and  writer ;  b. 
Konigsberg,  Jan.  13,  1825  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Jan. 
4,  1884.  A  pupil  of  Schumann  and  Mendelssohn 
in  Leipzig  Cons. ;  studied  subsequently  at  Vienna, 
and  then  at  Berlin,  where  he  lived  1850-63  as  a 
teacher  and  critic.  Frequently  visited  Italy,  and 


164 


EHMANT—  EICHBORN 


was  conductor  of  the  Florentine  "  Societa  Cheru- 
bim ";  he  taught  in  Tausig's  "Schule  des  hoheren 
Klavierspiels,"  Berlin  (1869-71),  then  became 
tutor  to  the  Memingen  princes,  receiving  from 
the  duke  the  title  of  professor,  and  finally  set- 
tled in  Wiesbaden — Compositions  A  "  £ruh- 
hngs  "-Symphonic,  an  overture,  "  Wintermar- 
chen,"  a  "Requiem  for  a  child/'  etc.,  are  m 
MS  ;  he  publ.  the  overture  "Hafis";  and,  for 
pf.,  a  "Sonate  romantique "  (op.  5),  sonata  in 
A  min.,  Capnccio  (op.  3),  6  "  Lyrische  Skizzen" 
(op.  12);  "Rhapsodies",  also  songs. — Writ- 
ings :  ' k  Briefe  uber  Musik  an  eine  Freundin  " 
(Berlin,  1859,  '67,  '79),  in  English  as  "Letters 
on  Music  to  a  Lady "  (London  and  Boston, 
1877) ;  "  Bnefe  aus  der  Tonwelt "  (Berlin,  1877), 
in  English  as  "  Letters  from  the  Tone-world  " 
(New  York,  1885). 

Ehmant,  Anselm,  b  1832  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan. 
14,  1895.  Teacher  of  composition ;  cond.  of  male 
choruses  ;  published  instructive  works  for  pf. 

Ehnn-Sand,  Bertha,  celebrated  dramatic  so- 
prano ;  b.  Pesth,  1848  ('45  ?);  ^  pupil  of  Frau 
Andnessen  in  Vienna  Cons.;  debut  at  Linz  in 
1864,  sang  at  Graz,  Hanover,  Nuremberg,  Stutt- 
gart, etc.;  from  1868,  pnma  donna  at  the  court 
opera,  Vienna. 

Ehr'lich,  Christian  Friedricn,  b.  Magde- 
burg, May  7,  1810  ;  d.  there  May  31,  1887.  A 
pupil  of  Hummel  at  Weimar  (pf.),  he  became 
cond  of  the  Stngakademie  in  Magdeburg,  presi- 
dent of  the  TonktlnstlervereiHi  and  a  teacher  of 
singing  — Operas  :  Komg  Georg  (Magdeburg, 
1861) ;  Die  Rosenmadchen  (Freiburg,  Baden, 
1870);  also  organ  -mus.,  pf.-pcs.,  and  songs 
(sacred  and  secular). 

Ehr/lich,  Alfred  Heinrich,  eminent  pianist 
and  author ;  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  5,  1822  ;  pupil  of 
Henselt,  Bocklet,  and  Thalberg  (pf.),  and  of 
Sechter  (comp.).  For  several  years  he  lived  at 
Hanover  as  court  pianist  to  King  George  V.; 
then  at  Wiesbaden  (1855-7),  London,  Frankfort, 
and  (1862)  Berlin.  He  was  pf. -teacher  at  the 
Stern  Cons,  from  1864-72,  and  again  1886-98. 
Felix  Dreyschock  and  Franz  Mannstadt  are 
among  his  pupils.  He  was  also  on  the  staff  of 
the  "  Berliner  Tageblatt,"  "Die  Gegenwart," 
and  the  "  Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung  "  as  music 
critic. — Works  for  pf.:  " Concertstuck  in  un- 
garischer  Weise";  "  Lebensbilder";  Variations 
on  an  orig.  theme  ;  12  Studies.  He  edited  Tau- 
sig's Technical  Studies. — Writings  :  "  Schlag- 
lichter  und  Schlagschatten  aus  der  Musikwelt " 
(1872),  "Aus  alien  Tonarten,"  "Fur  den  Ring 
des  Nibelungen  gegen  Bayreuth,"  "  Wie  ubt 
man  am  Klavier?  "  (1879,  2nd  ed.  1884 ;  English 
transl.,  N.  Y.,  no  date,  as  "  How  to  Practise  on 
the  Piano  ") ;  "  Die  Musikaesthetik  in  ihrer  Ent- 
wickelung  von  Kant  bis  auf  die  Gegenwart" 
(1881);  "  Lebenskunst  und  Kunstleben  "  (1884)  ; 
11  Musikstudium  und  Klavierspiel";  "Dreissig 
Jahre  Kunstlerleben "  (1893);  besides  two 
novels,  "Abentedier  eines  Emporkommlings " 
(1858)  and  "  Kunst  und  Handwerk  "  (1862). 


Ei'benschiitz,  Albert,  pianist;  b.  Berlin, 
Apr  15  1857  ,  pupil  of  Remecke  (pf  )  and  Paul 
(pf.  and  theon  )  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  where  he  won 
the  Diploma  of  Honor.  1876-80,  prof  of  the 
Music  School  in  Charkoff  (southern  Russia); 
1880-4,  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  then  at  Cologne  Cons. , 
1893,  chosen  Dir  of  the  Cologne  Liederkranz; 
1896,  ist  pf.-prof  m  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin.— 
Works  f.  pf. .  Sonatas,  4-hand  pcs.  (op  6-13), 
a  Staccato  Study,  paraphrases,  etc. 

Ei'benschutz,  Ilona,  cousin  of  preceding ;  b. 
Pesth,  May  8,  1872.  Pianist ;  played  m  a  concert 
with  Liszt  in  her  fifth  year ;  studied  (1878-85) 
m  Vienna  Cons,  under  Hans  Schmitt  After  a 
tour  in  Russia,  Scandinavia,  Germany,  and 
France,  she  studied  with  Frau  Schumann  at 
Frankfort  (1885-9);  since  then  she  has  played 
with  great  applause  in  London  and  elsewhere. 
Resides  in  Vienna. 

Eich^berg,  Julius,  violinist  and  comp.;  b. 
Dusseldorf,  June  13,  1824  ;  d.  Boston,  Mass., 
Jan.  18,  1893.  His  first  teachers  were  J.  Froh- 
lich  (at  Wurzburg)  and  J.  Rietz  (at  Dusseldorf); 
he  then  (1843-5)  attended  the  Brussels  Cons. 
(Fetis,  Meerts,  and  de  Beriot) ;  in  1846,  was  app- 
prof.  of  vln  and  comp.  at  the  Geneva  Cons.; 
in  1856  came  to  New  York,  and  settled  in  Bos- 
ton in  1859  as  director  of  the  Museum  Concerts 
(till  1866).  He  also  became  Director  of  the  Bos- 
ton Cons.,  superintendent  of  music  in  the  public 
schools,  and  founded  Eichberg's  School  f.  Vio- 
lin-playing — Works  Operettas .  The  Doctor  of 
Alcantara  (Boston,  1862  ;  comic);  The  Rose  of 
Tyrol  (1865),  The  Two  Cadis  (1870);  A  Xig/it 
in  Rome. — Also  studies,  duets,  and  charac.  pcs. 
f.  vln. ;  trios  and  quartets  f.  strings ;  songs,  etc. 

EichT)erg,  Oskar,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  21,  1845; 
d.  there  Jan.  13,  1898.  A  pupil  of  Kiel  and 
Loschhorn,  he  settled  in  Berlin  as  a  singing- 
teacher  For  a  year  and  a  half  he  directed  the 
"Neue  Berliner  Musikzeitung,"  and  from  1888 
was  president  of  the  Berlin  Music-Teachers' 
Union.  He  also  cond.  a  singing-society,  and 
was  music  critic  of  the  4  *  Borsen-Courier  "  for 
several  years.  He  edited  an  annual  "  Musik- 
Kalender "  f rom  1879-89.  Publ.  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
and  part-songs. 

Eich'born,  Hermann  Ludwig,  b.  Breslau, 
Oct.  30, 1847.  Composer,  writer,  inventor.  In 
early  youth  st.  pf.,  flute,  trumpet,  horn,  etc.;  at 
14,  pupil  of  the  renowned  trumpeter  Ad  Scholz. 
Law-student  at,  and  graduate  of,  Breslau  Univ. 
Also  st.  theory  of  mus.  with  Dr.  E.  Kohn,  and 
decided  to  devote  himself  wholly  to  music. 
Comp.  many  songs,  several  Singspiele  and  ope- 
rettas, music  to  '•  Liederspielen,"  and  numerous 
pcs.  f.  orch.,  of  which  few  have  been  publ. 
Studied  the  Waldhorn  and  became  a  noted  vir- 
tuoso ;  invented  (1882)  the  Oktav-  (or  soprano) 
Waldhorn  in  F,  now  used  in  many  Silesian 
bands.  Has  written  many  mus.  essays,  criti- 
cal articles,  and  reviews  (e.g.,  for  the  Leipzig 
"  Zeitschrift  f.  Instrumentenbau  ").  In  1883  he 
founded,  and  conducted  for  several  years,  the 


165 


EICHHORN— ELLA 


health-journal  "Das  soste  Jahrhundert."  Has 
lived  for  several  years  at  Ones,  near  Bozen, 
where  he  is  conductor  of  the  excellent  "  Kurka- 
pelle."  Writings  "Die  Trompete  in  alter  u. 
neuer  Zeit.  Em  Beitrag  zur  Musikgesch.  u. 
Instrumentationslehre  "  (iSSi) ;  ll  Zur  Gesch.  d. 
Instrumentalmusik.  Eine  produktive  Kritik" 
(i336>,  "Das  alte  Clarinblasen  auf  Trompe- 
ten"(iS9s).  Compositions/  Waldhorn. 

Eich'honu  Two  sons  of  Johann  Paul  E. 
[Coburg  court  musician  ,  b.  Feb.  22,  1787  ;  d. 
Oct.  17,  1823]  :  d)  Johann  Gottfried  Ernst 
(b.  Apr.  30,  1822  ;  d.  June  16,  1844)  and  (2) 
Johann  Karl  Eduard  (b  Oct.  17,  1823  ,  d. 
July  22,  1897).  They  performed  on  the  violin 
in  public  when  respectively  6  and  7  years  old, 
and  made  an  excessive  number  of  concert-tours 
up  to  1835,  later  obtaining  positions  in  the  Co- 
burg  court  orchestra. 

Ei'lers,  Albert,  b.  1831  (?),  d.  Darmstadt, 
Sept.  4,  1896 ;  pupil  of  Milan  Cons. ;  debut 
Dresden,  1854,  as  Orovisto  in  Xorma.  1858- 
65,  eng.  at  German  Th.,  Prague;  later  at  Co- 
burg.  In  1876  Wagner  selected  him  to  sing 
the  part  of  giant  Fasolt  at  Bayreuth.  Since 
1882,  basso  cantante  at  Darmstadt  City  Th. — 
Operetta  Spielmanns-Lied  (Prague,  1865) ;  comic 
opera  Die  Johannisnacht  (Koblenz,  1889;  succ.); 
a  Mass,  a  Requiem,  etc. 

Eis'feld,  Theodor,  b.  "VVolfenbttttel,  Apr. 
II,  1816 ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Sept.  16  (?),  1882. 
Kapellm.  at  Wiesbaden  court  theatre  1839-43 ; 
then  of  the  "Concerts  Vmennes,"  Paris.  He 
occasionally  visited  Italy,  taking  singing-lessons 
of  Rossini  at  Bologna,  and  becoming  an  honor- 
ary member  of  the  Academy  of  St.  Cecilia. 
From  1848  66,  E.  lived  in  New  York,  and  filled 
an  important  place  in  the  musical  life  of  the 
city  ;  he  cond.  the  Philharm  for  several  years, 
ancl  the  Harmonic  Society  from  its  foundation; 
also  estab.  quartet  soirees  in  1851,  Noll,  Reyer, 
and  Eichhorn  being  the  other  members  of  the 
quartet,  and  Otto  Dresel  the  pianist.  In  1866, 
on  his  way  to  Europe,  he  was  one  of  the  few 
saved  from  the  burnt  steamer  "Austria";  a 
nervous  affection  afterwards  hindered  him  from 
pursuing  his  profession. 

Eiss'ler,  Marianne,  violinist ;  b.  Bninn, 
Nov.  1 8,  1865  ;  pupil  of  Hessler. — Her  sister 
Emma  is  a  pianist. 

Eit'ner,  Robert,  musical  historiograph  and 
teacher ;  b.  Breslau,  Oct.  22,  1832.  A  pupil  of 
M.  Brosig  ;  settled  (1853)  *n  Berlin  as  a  teacher, 
and  gave  a  series  of  concerts  (1857-9)  of  his  own 
compositions.  He  estab.  a  pianoforte-school  in 
1863,  and  publ.  a  "  Hilfsbuch  beim  Kkvieruner- 
richt "  (1871).  He  has  devoted  himself  chiefly 
to  mus.  literature,  and  especially  to  researches 
concerning  works  of  the  i6th  and  I7th  centuries. 
The  Amsterdam  Soc.  for  the  Promotion  of  Music 
awarded  him  a  prize  for  a  Diet,  of  Dutch  Com- 
posers (1871,  MS.);  he  also  prepared  an  edition 
of  Sweelinck's  organ-works  for  the  Society.  One 


of  the  founders  of  the  Berlin  "  Gesellsch.  f. 
Musikforschung,"  he  has  edited  their  "  Monats- 
hefte  f.  Musikgeschichte "  since  1869 ;  also 
the  "  Pubhkation  alterer  praktischer  und  theo- 
retischer  Musikwerke,  etc." — Other  writings . 
11  Verzeichniss  neuer  Ausgaben  alter  Musikwerke 
aus  der  fruhesten  Zeit  bis  zum  Jahr  1800" 
("  Monatshefte,"  1871) ;  "  Bibliographic  der 
Musiksammeluerke  des  16  u  17.  Jahrh.s " 
(with  Haberl,  Lagerberg,  and  Pohl);  "  Verzeich- 
niss der  gedruckten  Werke  von  Hans  Leo  Hass- 
ler  und  Orlandus  de  Lassus  "  ("  Monatshefte," 
(1873-4);  and  S.  G  Staden's  "  Seelewig"  (ditto, 
1881).  —  Compositions  .  A  "  biblical  opera  " 
Judith;  a  Pfingstcantata  ,  Stabat  Mater  a  4  a 
cappella;  overture  to  "  DerCid  ";  pf  -pcs. ,  songs. 
A  new  "Quellenlexikon  uber  die  Musiker  und 
Musikgelehrten  der  christlichen  Zeitrechnung 
bis  zur  Mitte  des  19.  Jahrhunderts  "  is  publishing 
by  subscription  (1899). 

E'lers  (called  Elerus),  Franz,  b.  Uelzen, 
abt.  1500  ,  d.  Feb.  22,  1590,  at  Hamburg,  where 
he  lived  from  1530  as  teacher,  cantor,  and  finally 
mus.  director  of  the  cathedral. — Publ.  a  large 
"  Gesangbuch  "  (1588),  Part  I  containing  Canttca 
sacra  (collects  and  responses),  Part  II  P salmi 
(Luther's  chorales,  etc  ),  with  intonation  of  the 
church-modes  ace.  to  Glarean. 

Elewyck,  Xavier  Victor  (Chevalier)  van, 
b.  Ixelles  lez  Bruxelles,  Belgium  ;  d.  in  the  in- 
sane asylum  at  Zickemont,  Apr.  28,  1888.  He 
wrote  several  monographs  ;  on  Sacred  Music  in 
Belgium  (1861),  "  Mathias  van  den  Gheyn " 
(1862),  Sacred  Music  in  Belgium  and  France 
(1860,  '63,  '64) ;  and  "  De  1'etat  actuel  de  la 
musique  en  Italic  "  (1875). 

El  Farabi.    See  ALFARABI. 

Elgar,  Edward  William,  born  Broadheath, 
near  Worcester,  Eng.,  June  2,  1857.  Violinist 
and  organist;  cond.  of  the  Worcester  Instru- 
mental Soc.,  1882-9,  and  org.  at  St  George's 
(1885-9)  I  lived  in  London  till  1891,  since  then 
in  Malvern,  devoting  himself  to  composition. — 
Works  :  Oratorio,  The  Light  of  Life  (1896)  ;  2 
cantatas;  a  Choral  Suite;  6  Scenes  from  the 
Bavarian  Highlands,  f.  ch.  and  orch.  (1896); 
Spanish  serenade  f  ch.  and  orch. ;  church-music ; 
— for  orch..  Concert-overture  "  Froissart "  ; 
Sevillana;  Liebesgruss;  Serenade  (string-orch.), 
etc.;  a  Romance  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  pcs.  f.  vln. 
and  pf . ;  Etudes  caracteVistiques  f .  vln. ;  an  organ- 
sonata  ;  part-songs,  songs. 

Elias  Salomonis,  monk  at  Sainte-Astere, 
P6rigord,  wrote  in  1274  a  treatise  *lScientia 
artis  musicce"  (printed  by  Gerbert, "  Scriptores," 
vol.  iii),  of  peculiar  value  as  the  oldest  work 
giving  rules  for  improvised  counterpoint. 

Ella,  John,  b.  Thirsk,  Yorkshire,  Dec.  19, 
1802 ;  d.  London,  Oct.  2,  1888.  Intended  for 
the  law,  he  took  violin-lessons  from  Ferny,  and 
joined  the  orch.  of  the  King's  Th.,  London, 
1822,  later  playing  also  in  the  Concerts  of 
Antient  Mus,  and  the  Philharm.  Meanwhile 


166 


ELLER— ELSON 


he  st.  harmony  under  Amvood  ;  in  1845  he  was 
a  pupil  of  I1  etis  in  Unibsels  for  cpt  and  comp  ; 
in  this  year  he  founded  the  "  Musical  \\inter 
Evenings"  (1845-59).  The  "analytical  pro- 
grammes," \\ntten  by  Ella  for  these  concerts, 
were  an  improvement  on  those  already  introd. 
by  Tohn  Thompson  in  1837  for  the  Edinburgh 
Professional  Soc.  E.  was  app  lecturer  on  music 
at  the  London  Institution  in  1855  He  gave  up 
active  work  in  iSSo. — Writings :"  Lectures  on 
Dram.  Mus.  abroad  and  at  home"  (1872); 
**Mus.  Sketches  abroad  and  at  home"  (3  edi- 
tions. 1861;  '69,  '78),  "Records  of  the  Mus 
Union"  (1845-78) ;  "Personal  Memoir  of  Meyer- 
beer, with  an  analysis  of  Les  Huguenots  "  (1868) ; 
etc. 

Eller,  Louis,  violin  virtuoso  ;  b.  Graz,  1819; 
d.  Pau,  July  12,  1862.  A  pupil  of  Hysel,  from 
1836  he  made  tours  in  Austria,  Hungary,  Swit- 
zerland, and  southern  Europe  (with  Gottschalk 
to  Spain  and  Portugal).  For  violin  he  wrote  a 
Valse  diabolique,  a  Rhapsodic  hongroise,  a 
Menuet  sentimental,  fantasias,  etudes,  etc. 

Ellerton,  John  Lodge,  poet  and  extraor- 
dinarily prolific  amateur  comp. ;  b.  Chester,  Jan. 
II,  1807;  d.  London,  Jan.  3,  1873.  An  Oxford 
graduate,  he  studied  counterpoint  for  2  years 
under  Pietro  Terziani  at  Rome,  where  he  comp. 
7  Ital.  operas;  and  lived  for  some  time  in 
Germany. — Works  •  7  Italian  operas,  3  Engl.,  I 
Germ  ;  an  oratorio,  Paradise  Lost ;  5  sympho- 
nies, 4  concert-overtures,  3  quintets,  44  string- 
quartets,  3  string-trios,  8  tnos  f.  various  instr.s, 
13  sonatas,  61  glees,  83  vocal  duets,  songs. 

Elliott,  James  William,  bora  Warwick, 
Eng.,  Feb.  13,  1833.  A  pupil  of  G.  A.  Mac- 
farren,  he  held  several  positions  as  organist,  and 
since  1874  is  org.  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Mark's, 
Hamilton  Terrace,  London.— Works  :  2  ope- 
rettas, Romance  and  Reality ,  and  DatfT*  Delight 
(1893) ;  ''National  Nursery  Rhymes*'  (1870) ;  6 
pcs.  f.  harmonium;  "The  Harmonium  Treas- 
ury" (2  vol.s  of  arrangements);  various  coll.s 
of  sacred  music ;  also  services,  anthems,  part- 
songs,  songs,  etc. 

Ellis,  Alexander  John,  b.  Hoxton  (London), 
June  14,  1814;  d.  Kensington,  Oct.  28,  1890. 
Cambridge  graduate  (1837),  F.  R.  S.  (1864), 
Pres.t  of  the  Philological  Soc. ;  etc.  A  distin- 
guished writer  on  musical  science,  he  publ. 
valuable  papers,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Soc.y,  "On  the  Conditions  ...  of  a  Perfect 
Musical  Scale  on  Instruments  with  Fixed  Tones  " 
(1864),  "  On  the  Physical  Constitutions  and  Re- 
lations of  Musical  Chords'*  (1864),  "On  the 
Temperament  of  Instruments  with  Fixed  Tones  " 
(1864),  and  "On  Musical  Duodenes;  or,  The 
Theory  of  Constructing  Instruments  with  Fixed 
Tones  in  Just  or  Practically  Just  Intonation" 
(1874).  Papers  containing  new  theories,  etc.,  for 
the  Musical  Association  are  as  follows:  "The 
Uasis  of  Music"  (1877),  "Pronunciation  for 
Singers "  (1877),  and  "  Speech  in  Song"  (1878). 


He  wrote  in  detail  on  Musical  Pitch  for  the 
"  Proceeding* "  of  the  Society  of  Arts  (1877, 
iSSo,  and  iSSi  ;  publ.  separately,  iSSo-Si  ;  and 
in  summary  form  in  the  Appendix  to  the  sec- 
ond edition  of  his  translation  of  Helmholt/s 
"  Lehre  von  den  Tonempfindungen  "  [ist  ed  , 
1875  ;  2nd  ed.,  1885]) ;  also  the  "  Tonometrical 
Observations,  or  Some  Existing  Non-harmonic 
Scales"  (Royal  Society,  1884),  and  "On  the 
Musical  Scales  of  Various  Nations  "  (Society  of 
Arts,  1885).  He  likewise  transl.  Ohm's  "  Geist 
der  mathematischen  Analyse"  (1868),  and  Prey- 
er's  "  Ueber  die  Granzen  der  Tonwahrnehmung 
(1876-7,  Proc.  of  the  Mus.  Assoc.). 

Ermenreich,  Albert,  actor  in  the  court  the- 
atre at  Schwerin,  prod  the  3-act  comic  opera 
Der  Schmwdvon  Gretna  Green  at  Hamburg  in 
1856. 

El'senheimer,  Nicholas  J.,  b.  Wiesbaden, 
June  [?],  1866.  Taught  music  by  his  father ; 
took  degree  of  LL.D.,  at  Heidelberg;  st.  cpt., 
etc.,  under  G.  Jakobsthal,  Strassburg.  Went 
to  America  1890;  eng  1891  as  prof.  of.  pf., 
theory,  and  mus.  literature  at  Coll.  of  Mus., 
Cincinnati.— Woiks  :  Valerian,  cantata^f.  male 
ch  ,  barit.  solo,  and  orch.;  "  Belshazzar,"  dram, 
ballade  for  tenor  (or  soprano);  Humorcsque 
f.  strmg-orch.;  "Eventide,"  chorus  f.  female 
voices  w.  stnng-accomp. 

Els'ner,  Joseph  Xaver,  b.  Grottkau,  Silesia, 
Tune  29, 1769  ;  d.  Warsaw,  April  18, 1854.  Vio- 
linist in  the  theatre  orch.  at  Brunn,  then  Kapellm. 
at  Lemberg  and  (i 799)  Warsaw  theatres.  He  was 
Chopin's  teacher  at  Warsaw,  and  founded  there 
a  school  for  organists,  out  of  which  grew  the 
Cons.,  of  which  latter  he  was  the  Director  till 
1830  — Works :  19  operas,  several  ballets,  duo- 
dramas,  incidental  mus.,  symphonies,  concertos, 
cantatas,  sacred  mus.,  all  of  slight  general  inter- 
est. He  publ.  2  essays  on  the  treatment  of  the 
Polish  language  in  vocal  music. 

Elson,  Louis  Charles,  b.  Boston,  Mass., 
Apr.  17,  1848.  Pupil  of  Aug.  Kreissmann  at 
Boston  in  singing,  and  of  Karl  Gloggner-Cas- 
telli  at  Leipzig  in  theory.  Returning  to  Boston, 
he  assumed  the  editorship  of  the  "  Vox  Huma- 
na"; then  joined  the  staff  of  the  "  Mus.  Her- 
ald " ;  was  for  several  years  musical  editor  of  the 
"  Boston  Courier,"  and  is  now  (1899)  of  the 
"Advertiser."  Since  1881,  prof,  of  musical  the- 
ory and  lecturer  on  the  orchestra  and  on  mus. 
hist,  at  the  N.E.  Cons,  of  Music.  He  has  had 
remarkable  success,  East,  South,  and  West,  as 
a  popular  lecturer  on  musical  subjects. — Writ- 
ings :  "  Curiosities  of  Music,"  "The  History  of 
German  Song,"  "  The  Theory  of  Music,"  "  The 
Realm  of  Music,"  "German  Songs  and  Song- 
writers," "  European  Reminiscences,"  "Syllabus 
of  Mus.  History,"  and  "  Great  Composers  and 
their  Work  "  (Boston,  1899).  "  Home  and  School 
Songs,"  various  operettas,  songs,  and  instru- 
mental works;  besides  translations  and  arrange- 
ments of  over  2,000  songs,  operas,  etc. 


167 


ELTERLEIN— EXCEL 


El'terlein,  Ernst  von  (pen-name  of  Ernst 
Gottschald),  b.  Elterlem,  Saxony,  Oct.  19,  1826. 
By  profession  a  jurist,  he  has  written  a  popu- 
lar esthetic  anah  si*  of  Beethoven's  pf.  -sonatas 
(lS57;  3rd  ed,  183 


Elvey,  Stephen,  b.  Canterbury,  June  27, 
1805  ;  d.  Oxford,  Oct.  6,  iSfio.  Pupil  "of  Skeats 
at  Cant,  cath.;  org  of  New  Coll.,  Oxford,  in 
1830;  Mus  Bac.,  Oxon.,  1831;  Mus.  Doc  1838. 
Choragus  at  Oxford,  1848-60.  —  Works  Ser- 
vices, anthems,  h}Tmns,  and  sontjs,  *'  The  Psal- 
ter, or  Canticles  and  Psalms,  Pointed  for  Chant- 
ing-, upon  a  New  Principle  "  (London  ;  6  editions 
up  to  1866). 

Elvey,  Sir  George  (Job),  brother  of  preced- 
ing; b.  Canterbury,  Mar.  27,  iSi6;  d.  \Vindles- 
ham,  Surrey,  Dec.  9,  1893,  chorister  at  Cant. 
cath.,  and  pupil  of  Skeats,  then  of  C.  Potter  and 
Dr.  Crotch  at  R.A.M.  From  1835-82  he  was 
org.  and  master  of  the  boys  at  St.  George's 
chapel,  Windsor,  succeeding  H.  Skeats,  Jr.; 
Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon  ,  1838;  Mus.  Doc  ,  1840; 
knighted  in  1871.  —  Works-  2  oratorios,  several 
odes,  anthems,  services,  chants,  glees,  part- 
songs,  a  Festal  March  f.  orch.;  Introd.  and  Ga- 
vot  f.  vln.  and  pf  ;  "  Christmas  Bells,"  impromptu 
f.  org.,  etc.  —  His  widow  publ.  "The  Life  and 
Reminiscences  of  Sir  George  Elvey  "  (London, 
1894). 

Elwart,  Antoine-Aimable-Iilie,  b.  Paris, 
Nov.  18,  1808;  d.  there  Oct.  14,  1877.  A  chor- 
ister at  Saint-Eustache  when  ro  years  old,  he 
was  apprenticed  at  13  to  a  mechanic,  but  ran 
away,  and  joined  a  small  theatre-orch.  as  violin- 
ist. From  1825-34  he  studied  in  the  Cons.  (Fe- 
tas,  Le  Sueur),  taking  the  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  ; 
from  1832—4,  and,  after  his  sojourn  in  Italy, 
from  1836-40,  he  was  asst.-prof.  in  Reicha's 
composition-class  ;  he  then  took  a  class  of  his 
own  till  his  resignation  in  1871.  Among  his 
pupils  were  Gouvy,  Grisar,  and  Weckerhn.  — 
Works  :  An  opera,  Las  Catalans  (Rouen,  1840); 
others  in  MS,;  an  "oratorio-symphonic"  Ko^ 
ou  le  tttluge  unwerselle  (Pans,  1845);  La  nais- 
sance  d'Eve  (Cons.,  1846)  ;  Les  nocts  de  Cana^  a 
mystery;  Jtutk  et  Boaz*  a  vocal  symphony; 
masses,  cantatas,  a  Te  Deum,  a  Miserere,  and 
other  church-music  ;  also  symphonies,  overtures, 
chamber-music,  etc.,  in  MS.  lie  is  still  better 
known,  however,  by  his  musico-literary  achieve- 
ments: He  wrote:  "Dupre,  sa  vie  artistique, 
avec  une  biographic  authentique  de  son  maitre 
A.  Choron"  (1838),  "  The'orie  musicale  "  ("Sol- 
fege  progressif,  etc.";  i84O\  "  Feuille  harmo- 
nique"  ("Theory  of  chords,"  1841),  "Le  chan- 
teuraccompagnateur"  (Thorough-bass,  graces, 
organ-point,  etc.;  1844),  "  Traite  du  contrepoint 
et  de  la  fugue,1'  "Essai  sur  la  Transposition," 
"Etudes  elementaires  de  musique  "  (1845), 
"  L'art  de  chanter  en  chceur,"  "  L'art  de  jouer 
impromptu  de  1'alto-viola,"  "Solfegedu  jeune 
age,"  *'  Le  contrepoint  et  la  fugue  appliques  au 
style  ideal,"  4<Lutrin  et  Orpheon"  (theoretical 


and  practical  vocal  studies),  "  Histoire  de  la 
Socie'te  des  Concerts  du  Conservatoire"  (1860  ; 
2nd  ed.  1863),  "  Manuel  des  aspirants  aux 
grades  de  chef  et  de  souschef  de  musique  dans 
1'armee  fra^aise  "  (1862),  ''Petit  manuel  d'in- 
strumentation  "  (1864),  "  Histoire  des  concerts 
populaires"  (1864).  His  projected  complete 
edition  of  his  own  compositions  (1867-70) 
reached  only  vol.  iii. 

Emerson,  Luther  Orlando,  b.  Parsonsfield, 
Mass.,  Aug.  3,  1820 ,  a  composer  of  minor  pcs. 
of  church-music,  a  very  popular  conductor  of 
"  musical  conventions,"  and  a  compiler  of  nu- 
merous successful  collections  of  songs  and  hymn- 
tunes  "The  Rorabenr  Collection"  (1853), 
44  The  Golden  Wreath  "  (1857,  Sunday-school 
music),  "The  Golden  Harp"  (1860),  "The 
Sabbath  Harmony"  (1860),  "The  Harp  of 
Juda"(iS63),  "Merry  Chimes"  (1865),  "Jubi- 
late" (1866),  and  "  The  Chorus  Wreath." 

Emery,  Stephen  Albert,  b.  Paris,  Maine, 
Oct.  4,  1841 ;  d.  Boston,  Apr.  15,  1891.  His 
first  teacher  was  H.  S.  Edwards,  of  Portland  , 
in  1862  he  studied  under  Plaidy,  Papperitz, 
Richter,  and  Hauptmann,  at  Leipzig,  and  after- 
wards at  Dresden  under  Fritz  Spindler  (pf ). 
Returned  to  Portland,  1864  ,  went  to  Boston  in 
1866,  taught  in  the  N.  E.  Cons,  there  from  1867  ; 
on  the  foundation  of  the  Coll.  of  Mus.  of  Bos- 
ton Univ.,  he  was  app.  prof,  of  harm  and  cpt. 
He  was  also  asst. -editor  of  the  "  Musical  Her- 
ald."— Works:  Sonatinas  and  other  pcs.  f.  pf.; 
string-quartets  ;  part-songs  ;  songs  ;  also  2  text- 
books, "Foundation  Studies  in  Pf.-Playing," 
and  "  Elements  of  Harmony." 

Em'merich,  Robert,  b.  Hanau,  July  23, 
1836  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  July  1 1,  1891.  While  a  law- 
student  at  Bonn,  he  took  music-lessons  of  Alb. 
Dietrich  and  Th.  Stauffer ;  served  in  the  army 
1859-73,  and  then  devoted  himself  to  music. 
Lived  1873-8  at  Darmstadt,  and  prod,  the  operas, 
Der  Schwedensee  (Weimar,  1874),  Van  Dyck 
(Stettin,  1875),  and  Ascanio;  2  symphonies,  a 
cantata,  etc.  From  1878-9,  theatre  Kapellm*  at 
Magdeburg  ;  then  settled  in  Stuttgart,  where  he 
concL  the  Male  Choral  Union  from  1889. 

En'cke,  Heinrich,  born  Neustadt,  Bavaria, 
rSn  ;  d  Leipzig,  Dec.  31, 1859.  Pianist,  pupil 
of  Hummel  at  Weimar. — Works.  Etudes  and 
other  instructive  pf  .-pcs. ;  many  excellent  4-hand 
arrangements  of  classical  works. 

Enck'hausen,  Heinrich  Friedrich,  b.  Celle, 
Aug.  28,  1799;  d.  Hanover,  Jan.  15,  1885. 
Pupil  of  Aloys  Schmitt,  in  Berlin  and  Hanover, 
succeeding  him  as  court  organist  and  Director 
of  the  Singakademie  ;  he  was  also  court  pianist. 
— Works :  Der  Savoyard,  opera  (Hanover, 
1832) ;  orchestral  and  sacred  music  ;  pf,-pcs. 
and  etudes  ;  and  a  standard  book  of  chorals. 

Eng'el,  Johann  Jakob,  b.  Parchim,  Meck- 
lenburg, Sept.  u,  1741 ;  d.  there  June  28, 1802 ; 


168 


ENGEL— 6RARD 


tutor  to  Crown  Prince  Fnedr.  Wilh  II.  at  Ber- 
lin, and  theatre-director  His  essay  "  Ober  die 
musikalische  Mahlerey,  an  den  komghchen  Ka- 
pellm.  Herrn  Reichardt"  (1780)  is  of  decided 
value. 

Eng'el,  David  Hermann,  b.  Neuruppin, 
Jan.  22,  1816 ,  d.  Merseburg,  May  3,  1877. 
Organist  and  comp.,  pupil  of  Schneider  in  Des- 
sau, and  Hesse  in  Breslau ,  1848,  org.  in  cath., 
and  teacher  in  the  Gymnasium,  at  Merseburg  — 
\Vorks:  A  comic  opera  Prinz  CarnevaH Berlin, 
1862) ;  oratorio  Win  fried /  psalms  and  organ- 
pcs.  ,  also  publ.  a  "  Choralbuch,"  and  **  Beitrag 
zur  Geschichte  des  Orgelbauwesens  "  (1855). 

Eng'el,  Gustav  Eduard,  -writer,  cntic,  and 
singing-teacher  ;  b.  Konigsberg,  Oct.  29,  1823  ; 
d.  Berlin,  July  19,  1895.  A  philosophical  stu- 
dent at  Berlin,  he  also  attended  Marx's  lectures 
on  mus.  science,  and  took  singing-lessons  of 
H  Kotzold  ;  sang  in  the  Singakademie  and  the 
Domchor ;  taught  I  year  in  the  '  *  Graues  Klo- 
ster,"  and  then  devoted  himself  to  music-teach- 
ing, and  writing.  In  1853  he  became  critic  for 
the  "  Spener'sche  Zeitung,"  and  in  1861  for  the 
"Vossische  Ztg."  1862,  singing  -  teacher  in 
Kullak's  academy  ;  1874,  in  the  "  Hochschule," 
with  title  of  "Professor."  Among  his  vocal 
pupils  are  Bulss,  Krolop,  Therese  Malten,  Lola 
Beeth,  and  Jetta  Finkenstem  — Works  "  San- 
gerbrevier"  [daily  vocal  exercises]  (1860); 
41  "Obersetzungen  und  Vortragsbezeichnungen"; 
*'  Die  Vokaltheorie  von  Helmholtz,  u.  die  Kopf- 
stimme"  (1867) ;  "  Das  mathematische  Harmo- 
nium "  (iSSi),  "  Aesthetik  der  Tonkunst"  (1884), 
and  a  '*  Mathematisch-harmomsche  Analyse  des 
Don  yuan  "  [Mozart's  Don  Giwannt], 

Eng'el,  Karl,  important  musical  historio- 
grapher; b.  Thiedenwiese,  n.  Hanover,  July  6, 
1818  ;  d.  by  suicide  at  Kensington,  London, 
Nov.  17,  1882.  Pupil  of  Enckhausen  at  Han- 
over (org.),  and  of  Hummel  (pf.)  and  Lobe  at 
Weimar.  After  residing  in  Hamburg,  Warsaw, 
and  Berlin,  he  went  to  Manchester,  Eng.,  in 
1846,  and  in  1850  to  London.  Here  he  became 
an  influential  writer,  and  an  authority  of  the 
highest  rank  on  musical  history  and  mus.  instr.s. 
Publ.  "  The  Pianist's  Handbook  "  (1853),  "  Pf . 
School  for  Young  Beginners"  (1855),  and  "Re- 
flections on  Church-music  "  (1856) ;  his  life-work 
began  with  "  The  Music  of  the  most  Ancient 
Nations,  particularly  of  the  Assyrians,  Egyp- 
tians, and  Hebrews"  (1864),  followed  by  "An 
Introd.  to  the  Study  of  Nat.l  Music  .  .  ." 
(1866);  "  Mus  Instr.s  of  all  Countries  "  (1869); 
"  Cat.  of  the  Special  Exhibition  of  Ancient  Mus. 
Instr.s"  (2nd  ed.  1873);  "  Descr.  Cat.  of  the 
Mus.  Instr.s  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  " 
(1874);  «•  Mus.  Myths  and  Facts"  (1876);  "The 
Literature  of  Nat.l  Mus."  (1879,  reprinted  from 
articles  in  the  "  Times  ")  ;  "  Researches  into  the 
early  history  of  the  Violin  Family  "  (1883). 


Enjg'elsberg,  E.  S.  (pen-name  of  Dr.  Edu- 
ard Schon),  b.  Engelsberg,  Silesia,  1825;  d. 
Deutsch-Jasnik,  May  27,  1879.  A  jurist,  and 


ministerial  councillor,  he  composed  widely  popu- 
lar humoristic  quartets  f.  men's  voices. 

En'na,  August,  b.  Xakskov,  Denmark,  May 
13,  1860  ;  his  father  was  a  poor  shoemaker  ,  his 
grandfather,  an  Italian  soldier  in  Napoleon's 
array,  married  a  German  girl,  and  settled  in 
Denmark.  In  1870  the  family  moved  to  Co- 
penhagen. August  attended  the  free  schools, 
learned  to  play  the  pf.  by  himself,  at  17  had  a 
little  mediocre  instruction  in  violin-playing  and 
theory  ,  otherwise  wholly  self-taught,  he  studied 
diligently  (theory  and  instrumentation).  Being 
but  a  middling  violinist,  he  could  not  enter  the 
Copenhagen  orch.,  and  therefore  joined  a  s,mall 
11  international"  orch.  on  a  trip  to  Finland 
(iSSo).  Played  on  several  instrs.,  even  the  big 
drum  before  a  circus-tent.  Returned  in  6  mos. 
to  Copenhagen;  comp.  the  operetta--/  Village- 
tafe,  which  was  produced  (iSSo)  in  provincial 
theatres  ;  played  for  dancing-lessons,  and  taught 
piano,  for  abt  12  cents  an  hour.  His  dance- 
music  was  often  improvised.  1883,  cond.  for  a 
prov  troupe,  for  which  he  often  wrote  the  act- 
tunes,  and  even  comp.  ro  overtures.  He  was 
now  able  to  publish  songs,  pf.-pcs.,  an  orch.l 
suite,  and  a  symphony,  which,  by  attracting 
Cade's  attention,  gained  for  Enna  the  great 
Ancker  scholarship  f.  composers,  enabling  him 
to  study  in  Germany  (1888-9).  The  fruit  of  tllis 
period  was  an  opera,  The  Witch,  prod.  Jan.  24, 
1892,  at  the  R.  Opera  House  in  Copenhagen 
with  brilliant  and,  for  a  Danish  comp.,  unheard- 
of  success.  The  opera  Cleopatra  (Copenhagen, 
Feb.  7,  1894)  was  not  well  received  at  first,  but 
in  1895,  with  new  singers,  scored  a  success 
Opera  Attcassin  and Kicolette  (Copenhagen,  Feb 
2,  1896 ;  Hamburg,  in  German,  Jan.  u,  1897  ; 
very  successful).  E.  also  brought  out  an  ope- 
retta, Areta^  before  1892  ;  has  an  opera,  Agfaia, 
in  MS.  Publ.  (1897)  a  violin-concerto  in  D 
major,  and  minor  pieces. 

Enoch  &  Co.,  London  music-publishers, 
estab.  1869. 

Ep'stein,  Julius,  b.  Agram,  Aug.  14,  1832. 
Pupil  there  of  Lichtenegger,  and  at  Vienna  of 
Halm  (pf.)  and  Rufinatscha  (comp.).  Distin- 
guished pianist  and  teacher,  since  1867  prof,  of 
pf.  at  the  Vienna  Cons.  Ignaz  Brull  and  Mar- 
cella  Sembrich  were  his  pupils. — His  two  daugh- 
ters, Rudolfine  ('cellist)  and  Eugenie  (violinist), 
made  a  successful  concert-tour  through  Austria 
and  Germany  in  the  season  of  1876-7, 

£rard,  S£bastien,  the  famous  maker  of 
pianos  and  harps  ;  b.  Strassburg,  Apr.  5,  1752 ; 
d.  in  his  chateau  La  Mitette,  n.  Paris,  Aug.  5, 
1831.  His  family-name  was  originally  Erhard  ; 
his  father  was  a  cabinet-maker  by  trade,  and  in 
his  shop  Se*b.  worked  till  16,  when  his  father 
died.  He  was  now  engaged  by  a  Paris  harpsi- 
chord-maker, who  dismissed  him  "  for  wanting 
to  know  everything  " ;  under  a  second  employer 
his  ingenuity  made  a  stir  in  the  mus.  world,  and 
the  invention  of  a  clavecin  mtcaniqne  (described 
by  Abbe  Roussier,  1776)  made  him  famous.  The 


169 


ERATOSTHENES— ERK 


Duchess  of  Villeroy  became  his  patroness,  and 


Baptiste,  joined  him,  and  they  founded  an  instr.- 
factorymthe  Rue  Kourbon.  'Their  growing  suc- 
cess aroused  the  jealousy  of  the  Luthiers,  a  branch 
of  the  Fan-makers'  Guild  (to  which  the  brothers 
did  not  belong),  which  sought  to  pre\ent  them 
from  working  ;  but  the  interposition  of  Louis 
XVI  ,  who  conferred  on  Sebastien  a  special 
brevet  for  the  manufacture  of  *'  forte-pianos," 
ended  the  difficulty,  firard  soon  invented  the 
piano  tiriftZH2St>,  with  2  keyboards,  one  for  piano 
and  the  other  for  a  small  organ  ;  he  also  became 
interested  in  the  harp,  and  invented  the  ingenious 
double-action  mechanism,  perfected  in^iSu. 
From  1786-96  he  was  in  London  ;  returning  to 
Pans,  he  made  his  first  grand  piano,  and  em- 
ployed the  English  action  until  his  invention,  in 
1  809,  of  the  repetition  action  since  widely  adopted, 
which  is  regarded  as  his  supreme  achieve- 
ment. An  frgzu'  exprcssif,  built  for  the  Tuileries, 
was  his  last  great  work,  —  His  nephew,  Pierre 
lirard  (1796-1855),  succeeded  him  ;  he  publ. 
"  The  Harp  in  its  present  improved  state  com- 
pared with  the  original  Pedal  Harp"  (1821),  and 
41  Perfectionnements  apportes  dans  le  me'canisme 
du  piano  par  les  firards  depuis  Tontine  de  cet 
instrument  jusqu'a  1'  exposition  del  834  "(1834). 
Pierre's  successor  was  his  wife's  nephew,  Pierre 
Schaffer  (d.  1878)  ;  the  present  head  of  the  firm 
is  the  Comte  de  Franqueville. 

Eratosthenes,  born  Gyrene,  276  B.  c.;  d. 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  195  B.  c.  A  wnter  oa  mathe- 
matics, and  custodian  of  the  Alexandria  library. 
His  "Katasterismoi"  contain  scattered  notes 
on  Greek  mus.  and  instr.s,  especially  the  lyra 
(Germ,  transh  by  Schaubach,  1796  ;  Bernhardy 
edited  an  edition  of  the  original  text,  publ.  1822). 
His  work  on  Music  is  lost  ;  Ptolemy  quotes  his 
division  of  the  tetrachord. 

Erb,  Maria  Joseph,  b.  Strassburg,  Oct.  23, 
1860.  St.  at  first  in  Strassburg  ;  then  (1875-80) 
in  Paris,  under  St.-Saens,  Gigout,  and  Loret, 
at  the  "}£coie  de  mnsique  classique."  Living 
(1899)  *n  Strassburg  as  teacher  of  pf.  and  org  , 
and  organist  of  the  JohannisHrche  (R.  C.)  and 
the  Synagogue.  —  Publ.  works  :  Suite  for  orch. 
in  D  min.  (op.  29)  ;  Berceuse  and  caprice  f.  vln. 
and  pf.  (op.  4)  ;  3-part  Mass,  w.  org.  (op.  7)  ; 
numerous  pf.-comp.s  in  salon-style,  L  2  and  4 
hands;  songs.  —  In  MS.,  a  symphony,  and  a 
symphonic  suite,  3  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  a 
sonata  f  .  pf.  and  'cello  ;  a  string-quartet,  a  trio, 
an  '*  Octet-suite  "  f.  wind  and  strings,  etc*  —  2 
operas  ;  the  i-act  opera  (ll  dram,  episode  ")  Der 
Mat*  Jtvf  (Strassburg,  1895)  had  a 


Breach,  Christian,  b.  Algesheim,  Paiati- 
nate,  abt.  1560  ;  d.  Augsburg,  1628,  as  cathedral 
organist  (from  1600)  and  city  councillor.  His 
valuable  cantica  sacra  (motets  a  4-8),  publ. 
iGoo-z  j,  are  in  the  Augsburg  library;  several  of 


them  are  also  in  Bodenschatz's  "Florilegium 
Portense  ";  others,  in  MS.,  in  the  Berlin  Library. 
Er'ben,  Robert,  dramatic  composer ;  1894, 
Kapellm.  at  Frankfort-on-M.;  1896,  Kapellm. 
at  Mannheim. — Has  prod,  the  i-act  opera 
Enoch  Ardeu  (Frankfoit-on-M.,  1895  ,  succ.) 
and  a  "  fairy  comedy,"  Die  fftinzelmannc/ien 
(Mayence,  1896) 

Erd'mannsddrffer,  Max,  bom  Nuremberg, 
June  14,  1848 ,  St.  in  Leipzig  Cons.  (1863-7), 
and  in  Dresden  (1868-9)  under  Rietz.  From 
1871-80  court  Kapellm.  at  Sondershausen,  pro- 
ducing the  best  modern  compositions  at  the 
"  Loh  "  concerts.  He  lived  in  turn  at  Vienna, 
Leip2i'gf  and  Nuremberg ;  in  1882  he  was  app. 
director  of  the  Imp.  Musical  Soc.  at  Moscow, 
and  prof,  at  the  Cons  ,  where,  in  1885,  he 
founded  a  students'  orchestral  society.  Return- 
ing to  Germany,  he  cond  the  Bremen  Philhar- 
monic Concerts  till  1895  ;  then,  for  one  season, 
the  Symphony  Concerts  at  St.  Petersburg ;  and 
in  1896,  was  app.  JCaptttni.  at  the  court  theatre 
in  Munich. — Works  Prinsessin  Use,  "forest- 
legend"  f  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. ;  Schneewittchen 
(do.) ;  Traumkonig  undscin  Lieb  (do.) ;  Sehnde 
(do.) ;  Des  JCaiserheergs  Komfahrt,  f.  male  ch. 
and  orch. ;  overture  to  Brachvogel*s  Narciss  ; 
pf.-trio  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln. ;  Album  blatter  f. 
pf.  and  vJn.;  4i  Nordseebilder  *'  and  *c  Reise- 
bilder"/.  pf. ;  male  choruses,  songs,  etc. — His 
wife,  Pauline  Fichtner,  «&  Oprawik,  distin- 
guished pianist,  pupil  of  Eduard  Pirkhert  and 
from  1870-1  of  Liszt  at  Weimar,  was  born  at 
Vienna,  June  28,  1851,  and  is  court  pianist  to 
the  Grand  Dukes  of  Saxe- Weimar  and  Hesse- 
Darmstadt.  She  married  E.  an  1874. 

Er'hard  (called  Erhar'di),  Laurentius,  b. 
Hagenau,  Alsatia ;  cantor  (1640)  at  Frank- 
fort-on-Main.— Publ.  "  Compendium  musices" 
(1640;  and  ed.,  1660;  3rd  revised  ed.,  1669); 
'*  Harmonisches  Choral  und  Figural-Gesang- 
buch  "  (1659). 

Erk,  Adam  Wilhelm,  b.  Herpf .  Saxe-Mei- 
ningen.  Mar.  10,  1779 ;  d.  Darmstadt,  Jan.  31, 
1 820.  Organist  at  Wetelar  (1802),  Worms  (1803), 
Frankfort  (1812). — Publ.  organ-pcs.,  and  school- 
songs  in  Ludwig  Erk's  collections. 

Erk,  Ludwig  (Christian),  son  of  preceding; 
b.  Wetzlar,  Jan.  6,  1807  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  25, 
1883.  Trained  chiefly  by  A.  Andre  at  Offen- 
bach ;  1826-35^  mus.-teacher  at  the  seminary  in 
Meurs  (Mdrs) ;  1836-40,  he  was  cond.  of  litur- 
gical singing  in  the  Domchor^  Berlin ;  in  1837, 
teacher  in  the  Berlin  R.  Seminary;  1843,  founded 
the  Erk  M&nnergesangverrin ;  1852,  the  Erk 
Gfsangvcrcitt  f.  mixed  voices;  1857,  u  royal 
mus.  director,"  later  "Professor."  His  song- 
books  f.  schools  have  won  great  popularity: 
"  Liederkranz,"  "Singvogelein,"  tk  Deutscher 
Liedergarten,"  "  Musikalischer  Jugendfreund," 
"Sangerhairt,"  "Siona,"  "  Turnerliederbuch/' 
"Frische  Lieder,"  etc.,  many  of  which  were 
written  jointly  with  his  brother  Friedrich  and 


170 


ERK— ERNST 


his  brother-in-law,  Greef.  He  also  published 
44  Die  deutschen  Volkslieder  nut  ihren  Sing- 
weisen"  (1838-45),  "Volkslieder,  alte  und  neue, 
fur  Manneistimmen"  (1845-46),  4<  Deutscher 
Liederhort "  (folk-songs ,  vol  i  publ  1856 , 
MS  of  remainder  was  bought — with  the  rest  of 
his  valuable  library — for  the  Royal  Hochtchulc 
fur  l\Iusik,  Berlin  ;  edited  by  Magnus  Bohme, 
and  publ.  [1894?]);  "Mehrstimmige  Gesange  fur 
Mannerstimmen  "  (1833-35),  "  Volksklange  "  for 
male  chorus  ( 1 85 1-60), 4  4 1  )eutscher  Liederschatz" 
for  male  chorus  (1859-72),  "  Vierstimmige  Cho- 
ralgesange  der  vornehmsten  Meister  des  16  und 
17.  Jahrhunderts"  (1845),  "  J.  S.  Bach's  mehr- 
stimmige  Choralgesange  und  geistliche  Arien " 
(1850-65),  "  Vierstimmiges  Choralbuch  furevan- 
gelische  Kirchen"  (1863),  "Chorale  fur  Man- 
nerstimmen" (1866);  exercises  f.  pf  ;  and  a 
44  Methodischer  Leitfaden  fur  den  Gesangunter- 
richt  in  Volksschulen  "  (1834,  Part  I). 

Erk,  Friedrich  Albrecht,  brother  of  Lud- 
wig ;  b.  Wetzlar,  June  8,  1809 ;  d  Dusseldorf, 
Nov.  7,  1879,  where  he  was  a  teacher  in  the 
Realschide  (scientific  school). — Publ.  the  cele- 
brated "  Lahrer  C~mmersbuch  "  (with  Silcher) ; 
the  4*Allgem.  deutsches  Turnliederbuch "  (w. 
Schauenburg);  a  "Freimaurer-Liederbuch";  and 
aided  his  brother  in  editing  the  school  song- 
books. 

ErTcel,  Franz  [Ferencz],  the  creator  of 
Hungarian  national  opera  ;  b.  Gyula,  Hungary, 
Nov.  7,  1810 ;  d.  Pesth,  June  15,  1893.  He 
was  taught  by  his  father  ;  at  24  became  director 
of  the  Kaschau  opera-troupe,  and  went  with  it  to 
Pesth,  where  he  was  app  cond.  at  the  National 
Th.  on  its  opening  in  1837.  Here  he  produced 
9  operas  :  Bdthory  Afdria  (1840),  Hunyddy  Lds- 
c&f  (1844,  his  most  popular  work),  Erss*fbtit 
(1857),  Ktinok  (1858),  Bank  Bdn  (1861,  con- 
sidered his  best),  Sarolta  (1862),  Dtssa  Gyorgy 
(1867),  Brankovics  Gydrgy  (1874),  and  King 
Stefan  (1874).  He  brought  the  opera-orch.  to 
a  high  state  of  efficiency  He  was  the  founder 
and  director  of  the  Philharm.  Concerts,  and 
first  prof,  of  pf.  and  instrumentation  at  the 
Nat. I  Musical  Acad.  His  numerous  songs,  in 
the  national  vein,  are  very  popular. 

ErTcel,  Alexander  [Alexius],  son  of  Franz 
E.;  b.  Pesth,  1846.  Dir.  of  Philh.  Cone,  in  P., 
1875-93;  1896,  "General-Musikdirektor"  of  the 
Royal  Opera,  Pesth.  Comp.  an  opera  Tempefoi 
(Pesth,  1883). 

Erlanger,  Camille,  b.  Paris,  May  25,  1863. 
Composer;  pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  (Leo  Delibes); 
1888,  took  the  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  for  his  cantata 
Velleda.  Other  works:  La  chasse  fantastique, 
symphonic  piece ;  3-act  dram,  legend  Saint- 
Juhen  V Hospitaller  (Paris,  1896);  3-act  lyric 
drama  Kcrmaria  (Paris,  Op.-Com.,  1897  ;  mod. 
succ.). 

Erlanger,  Baron  Frederic  d1  (pen-name 
Frederic  Regnal)x  member  of  the  family  of 
bankers.  His  first  opera,  Jehan  de  SaintrJ 


(Hamburg,  1894),  was  successful;  his  3-act  opera 
Inez  Mendo  (London,  1897)  had  fair  success 

Er'ler,  Hermann,  b.  Radeberg,  n  Dresden, 
June  3,  1844;  manager  for  Bote  and  Hock, 
Berlin,  till  1873,  when  he  estab.  a  music-publ. 
business  (now  Ries  and  Erler)  For  }ears  he 
edited  the  "  Neue  Beilmer  Musik-Zeitung,"  and 
was  critic  for  the  "  Fremdenblatt." 

Ernst  II.,  duke  of  Saxe-Koburg-Gotha,  b. 
Koburg,  June  21,  iSiS  ,  d.  Remhardsbrunn, 
Aug.  22,  1893.  A  distinguished  amateur  com- 
poser, he  produced  the  operas  Zaire  (Gotha, 
1846),  Tom  der  irildsckiltz  (Koburg,  1848), 
Santa  Chiara  (Koburg,  1853),  Casilda  (Brussels, 
1855),  Diana  von  Solange  (Koburg,  1858  ,  his 
best) ,  2  operettas,  Der  Schuster  zwi  Strassburg 
(Vienna,  1871  ,  pseudonym  "  Otto  Wernhard  "), 
and  Alpenrosen  (Hamburg,  1873  ;  pseudonym 
"Nv.K.");  several  cantatas  (t(Lenz  und 
Friede,"  1889),  hymns,  songs,  etc. 

Ernst,  Franz  Anton,  b.  Georgenthal,  Bo- 
hemia, 1745  ;  d.  Gotha,  1805,  where  he  had  been 
leader  of  the  orch.  since  1778.  He  made  a  name 
as  a  violinist  and  composer ;  his  violin-concerto 
in  E[j  is  especially  noteworthy.  He  also  publ. 
an  essay  "  Ober  den  Bau  d'er  Geige"  in  the 
Leipzig  '*  Allg.  mus.  Zeitung"  (1805). 

Ernst,  Heinrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Brunn,  May  6, 
i8i4;d  Nice,Oct.i4, 
1865.  Famous  vio- 
linist, pupil  of  May- 
seder  and  Bohm,  fin- 
ishing under  de 
Be"riot  in  Pans. 
1834-50,  he  was  al- 
most continually  on 
concert-tours ;  then 
settled  in  London. 
His  works  f.  vln. 
are  brilliant  and  ef- 
fective ;  the  jfrltgie^ 
the  concerto  in  FJ 
min.,  and  the  Car- 
naval  de  Venise^  area  few  of  the  most  celebrated. 

Ernst,  Heinrich,  nephew  of  H.  W.  Ernst ; 
b.  Dresden,  Sept.  19, 1846 ,  pupil  of  Pesth  Cons. ; 
in  1872,  baritone  in  the  Leipzig  Th.,  but  then 
trained  by  Rebling  for  dramatic  tenor  rdles ; 
since  1875  eng-  at  the  Royal  Opera,  Berlin. 

Ernst,  Alfred,  French  writer  and  critic  ;  b. 
abt.  1855  ;  d.  Paris,  May  15,  1898  A  pupil  of 
the  £cole  polytechmque,  he  abandoned  science 
for  art ;  was  a  passionate  admirer  and  defender 
of  Wagner.  Besides  many  contributions  to 
mus.  journals,  he  publ.  "L'oeuvre  dramatique 
de  H.  Berlioz"  (1884),  "  Richard  Wagner  et  le 
drame  contemporain  "  (1887) ;  "  L'art  de  Rich. 
Wagner,  I'ceuvre  poe*tique"  (1893)  [a  projected 
2nd  vol.  on  "Tceuvre  musicale"  remains  unfin- 
ished] ;  ll  £tude  sur  Tamh&ttser"  analysis  and 
thematic  euide  (1895) ;  a  transl.  of  Die  Meis- 
ter singer  (the  version  now — 1899 — used  at  the 
"  '  etc. 


ERRERA— ECLER 


Erre'ra,  Ugo,  pianist  and  comp. ,  b.  Venice, 
Oct.  25,  1843.  Member  of  the  academic  coun- 
cil in  the  Liceo  Benedetto  Marcello  ;  hab  written 
many  good  pf  -pc*.. ,  also  song;*. 

Esch'raann,  Johann  Karl,  b.  \Vinterthur, 
Switzerland,  April  12,  i?26  ;  d  Zurich,  Got  27, 
1882.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Moscheles  and  Men- 
delssohn at  Leipzig.  Pf. -teacher  in  Kassel  and 
(1852)  Zurich.  Besides  pf.-music,  pcs  f.  vln. 
and  pf.,  songs,  etc.,  he  has  publ  a  Pf.  Method, 
studies  f.  pf.,  etc. 

Escudier  (two  brothers,  natives  of  Castel- 
naudary,  Aude),  Marie  (b,  June  29,  1819 ;  d. 
Pans,  Apr.  17,  iSSo)and  L6on(b.  Sept.  17, 1821  ; 
d.  Paris,  June  22,  i38i),  writers  and  journalists, 
for  2  or  3  years  m  Toulouse,  thenceforward  in 
Paris.  In '1835  they  began  publishing  "La 
France  musicale,"  and  soon  after  set  up  a  music- 
shop.  Industrious  writers,  they  issued  jointly  the 
following  works  *  "  Etudes  biographiques  sur  les 
chanteurs  contemporains  "  (1840),  '  *  Dictionnaire 
de  musique  d'apres  les  theoriciens,  historiens  et 
critiques  les  plus  cdlebres  (1844,  2  yol  s  ;  re- 
printed 1854  as  "  Diet,  de  mus.  the'orique  et 
historique ") ;  "Rossini,  sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres" 
(1854);  "Vieet  aventures  des  cantatnces  cele- 
bres,  precede'es  des  musiciens  de  1' Empire,  et 
suivies  de  la  vie  anecdotique  de  Paganini" 
(1856).  They  separated  in  1862,  Leon  retain- 
ing the  music-business  and  publishing  a  new 
paper,  lt  L'art  musical  "  (ceased  to  appear  after 
Sept.  27,  1894) ;  Marie  continued  the  "  France 
musicale"  until  1870. 

Esla'va,  Don  Miguel  Hilario,  b.  Banlada, 
Navarra,  Oct.  21,  1807 ;  d.  Madrid,  July  23, 
1878.  Eminent  comp.  and  theorist ;  choir-boy 
and  (1824)  violinist  in  Pampeluna  cath.;  1828, 
maestro  in  Ossuna  cath. ,  -where  he  took  orders  ; 
in  1832,  maestro  at  Sevilla  ;  1844,  court  maestro 
to  Queen  Isabella. — \Vorks :  3  Italian  operas, 
//  Solitario  (Cadiz,  1841),  La  tregua  di  Ptole- 
maide  (1842),  and  Pietro  il  crudete  (1843) ;  orig- 
inal organ-pcs.  in  his  collections  "  Museo  orga- 
nico  espafiol,"  and  church-music  in  the  great 
collection  "Lira  sacro  hispafia"  (1869);  his 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  etc.,  number  abt.  150. 
Also  publ.  a  "  Metodo  de  Solfeo"  (1846;  an 
elementary  vocal  treatise),  and  an  "  Escuela  de 
Armenia  y  Composition"  (1861).  He  edited 
the  "  Gaceta  musical  de  Madrid  "  for  the  2  years 
(1855,  '56)  of  its  life. 

Espagne,  Franz,  b.  Munster,  Westphalia, 
1828  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  24,  1878.  A  pupil  of 
Dehn  ;  he  became  mus.  dir.  at  Bielefeld  in  1858, 
and,  soon  after  Dehn's  death,  custos  of  the  mus. 
dept.  of  the  R.  Library,  at  Berlin ;  also  choir- 
master at  the  Hedwigkirche.  Editor  of  new 
classical  editions  (Beethoven,  Palestrina,  etc.). 

Es'ser,  Heinrich,  b.  Mannheim,  July  15, 
1818 ;  d,  Salzburg,  June  3,  1872.  A  pupil  of 
Fr.  Lachner  and  Sechter  in  Vienna.  From  1847 
Kapellm.  at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  Vienna,  and 
from  1857  Kapellm*  of  the  court  opera,  also 


conducting  the  Philharm.  for  some  years.  Re 
tired  to  Salzburg  on  a  pension  —Works  •  3 
operas,  Silas  (  Mannheim,  1839),  Thomas  Jtiqm- 
gm  (Aix-la-Chapelle,  1^43),  and  Die  beiden 
Pnnsen  (Munich,  1844)  ,  various  orchestral  and 
chamber-compositions  ,  very  popular  male  quar- 
tets, and  songs. 

Es'sipoff  [Essipova],  Annette,  b.  St. 
Petersburg,  Feb.  I,  1851  Brilliant  pianist,  pupil 
of  Wielhorski  and  Leschetizki  (at  St.  P.  Cons.), 
marrying  the  latter  in  ibSo.  Debut,  1874,  at 
St.  Petersburg,  since  when  she  has  made  long 
concert-  tours  throughout  Europe,  and  to  Amer- 
ica (1876).  In  1885  she  was  made  "  Pianist  to 
the  Prussian  Court  ";  in  1893  she  was  app.  prof. 
of  pf  at  the  St.  P.  Cons.,  succeeding  Th.  Stein. 

Este  (or  Est,  East,  Easte),  Thomas, 
noted  London  music-printer  (abt.  1550-1625). 
The  first  issue  of  his  press  was  Byrd's  "  Psalms, 
Sonets,  and  Songs  of  sadnes  and  pietie"  (1588)  ; 
of  special  interest  is  "The  whole  Booke  of 
Psalms  ;  with  their  wonted  tunes  as  they  are 
sung  in  Churches,  composed  in  foure  parts" 
(1592).  GROVE  gives  a  full  list  of  Este's  publi- 
cations. 

Esterhazy,  Count  Nicolas,  born  1839  ;  d. 
Castle  Totis,  Hungary,  May  7,  1897.  A  zeal- 
ous promoter  of  mus.  art,  he  had  a  "trial- 
stage  "  (a  complete  theatre,  connected  with  a 
music  -  school)  erected,  and  paid  composers, 
authors,  and  artists  for  their  artistic  productions, 
to  view  which  leaders  m  the  world  of  art  were 
invited. 

Ett,  Kaspar,  b.  Emngen,  Bavaria,  Jan  5, 
1788  ;  d.  Munich,  May  16,  1847,  where,  from 
1816,  he  was  court  organist  at  St.  Michael's 
church.  He  was  active  in  reviving  the  church- 
music  of  the  i6th-iSth  centuries  ;  his  own  sacred 
comp  s  (of  which  but  a  few  graduals  and  cantica 
sacra  were  printed)  follow  these  early  works  in 
style. 

Euclid,  the  famous  Greek  geometer,  lived  at 
Alexandria  abt.  300  B.C.  Two  musical  treatises, 
"  Katatom£  Kinonos  "  ("  Sectio  canonis  ")  and 
*4Eisagoge  harmonike"  ("  Introductio  harmo- 
nica"), the  former  supporting  Pythagoras,  the 
latter  Aristoxenos,  have  been  ascribed  to  him. 

Eulenburg,  Philipp,  Graf  (count)  zu,  b. 
Konigsberg,  Feb.  12,  1847;  Royal  Prussian 
ambassador  at  Stuttgart  ;  has  written  the  words 
and  music  of  several  sets  of  songs  .  "  Skalden- 
gesa'nge,"  "  Nordlandslieder  "  "  Seemarchen," 
"  Rosenlieder,"  etc. 


,  Leonhardt,  b.  Basel,  Apr.  15,  1707  ; 
d.  St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  3,  1783.  Prof,  of  mathe- 
matics at  St.  P.  (1730)  and  Berlin  (1740).  Publ. 
several  important  works  on  musical  mathemat- 
ics and  acoustics,  chief  among  them  being  the 
"  Tentamen  novae  theoriae  musicae."  E.  was 
the  first  to  employ  logarithms  for  the  better  ex- 
hibition of  differences  in  pitch. 


172 


EUTERPE— -FABRI 


Euter'pe,  one  of  the  nine  Muses,  presiding 
over  joy  and  pleasure,  and  the  patroness  of  flute- 
players"  the  Muse  of  Music. 

Everard,  Camille-Fran£ois,  born  Dmant 
(Belgium),  Nov.  15,  1825  ;  st  singing  at  Liege 
Cons.  (Geraldi),  Pans  Cons.  (Ponchard),  and 
Naples  (Rossi,  Manzim) ,  debut  1847,  Naples, 
as  Nabucco  ;  sang  there  till  1850 ;  then  st.  un- 
der Lamperti  at  Milan.  In  Vienna,  1852-67 ; 
St  Petersburg,  1864,  again  in  1868 ;  Madrid, 
1868-70.  Prof,  of  singing  m  St.  P.  Cons., 
1870-90  ;  in  Kiev  Cons.,  1890.  Celebrated 
bass-singer ;  pnncipal  parts  Leporello  (D.  Gio- 
vanni}, Figaro  (Barlnere),  Dandini  (Cenerentola)t 
Faraone  (jl/ort*),  Mustafi  (Itahana  in  Algeria), 
Mefistofele  (Faust). 

Evers,  Karl,  pianist ,  b.  Hamburg,  Apr.  8, 
1819;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  31,  1875.  Pupil  of 
Jacques  Schmitt  (pf  )  and  Karl  Krebs  (comp.) 
at  Hamburg,  and  (1839)  °f  Mendelssohn  at 
Leipzig.  Led  the  life  of  a  travelling  concert- 
giver  till  1858,  when  he  settled  in  Graz,  Styna, 
as  a  music-dealer.  He  finally  went  to  Vienna  in 
1872.  An  executant  of  fine  technical  ability,  he 
also  wrote  f.  pf.  ("  Chansons  d'amour,"  12  songs 
without  words  characterizing  various  nationali- 
ties) ;  and  songs. 

Eves1iam[evz'-am],  Monk  of.  See  ODING- 
TON. 

Ewer  &  Co.,  London  music-publishers. 
Founder  (1820)  John  J.  Ewer,  who  was  suc- 
ceeded by  E.  Buxton  ,  "William  Witt  purchased 
the  business  in  1860,  and  in  1867  it  was  united 
with  Novello  &  Co.  as  Novello,  Ewer  &  Co. 

Exime'nio,  Antonio,  b.  Balbastro,  Aragon, 
1732  ;  d.  Rome,  1798.  A  Jesuit  priest,  who 
wrote  "  Dell'origine  della  musica  colla  storia 
del  suo  progresso,  decadenza,  e  rinovazione" 
(1774),  this  being  attacked  by  P.  Martini,  E. 
wrote  "  Dubbio  sopra  il  saggio  di  Contrappunto 
del  P.  Martini  ..."  (1775),  and  later  "  Ri- 
sposte  al  giudizio  delle  efemeridi  di  Roma  ..." 

Ey'bler,  Joseph,  later  (1834)  Edler  von 
Eybler,  b.  Schwechat,  n.  Vienna,  Feb.  8, 1765  ; 
d.  Schonbrunn,  July  24,  1846.  He  studied  at 
Vienna,  his  teacher  from  1777-9  being  Al- 
brechtsberger.  He  was  intimate  with  Haydn 
and  Mozart;  in  1792,  choirmaster  at  the  Carme- 
lite Ch.,  and  in  1794  to  the  "  Schottenstift "  also; 
tutor  to  the  princes  m  1810,  and  first  court  A"<2- 
pellm.  in  1824,  on  Salieri's  retirement.  He  him- 
self gave  up  active  work  in  1833.  His  concert- 
works  (symphonies,  concertos,  quartets,  sonatas, 
etc.)  are  forgotten ;  as  a  church-composer  (2  ora- 
torios, 32  masses,  a  requiem,  7  Te  Deums,  30 
offertories,  etc.)  he  is  still  known. 

EyTcen,  Simon  van  (or  Eycken;  du 
Chesne).  See  QUERCU. 

E/ken  [Eijken],  Jan  Albert  van,  b. 
Amersfoort,  Holland,  Apr.  26,  1822 ;  d.  Elber- 
feld,  Sept.  24,  1868.  An  organist;  st.  1845-6  at 


Leipzig  Cons. ,  and  afterwards  at  Dresden  with 
Schneider  Successful  concert-player.  1848, 
org.  of  the  Remonstrantenkerk,  Amsterdam; 
1853,  °f  the  Zuyderkerk,  and  teacher  at  the  mu- 
sic-school in  Rotterdam.  From  1854,  org  at 
Elberfeld  His  organ-pcs.  (150  chorals  w.  in- 
troductions, 25  preludes,  a  toccata  and  fugue  on 
B-A-C-H,  3  sonatas,  variations,  transcriptions, 
etc.)  are  well  and  favorably  known  ;  he  also 
comp.  music  to  Lunfer  (a  tragedy),  a  vln.- 
sonata,  quartets  f.  mixed  chorus,  ballads,  songs, 
etc. 

Ey'ken,  Gerard  Isaac  van,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  and  an  excellent  organist ,  st  in 
Leipzig  Cons.  1853-5,  and  settled  in  Utrecht, 
1855,  as  a  music-teacher. 

Eymieu,  Henry,  b  Saillans  Drome,  France, 
May  7, 1860;  studied  law,  and  embraced  a  legal 
career,  but  turned  to  music,  becoming  a  pupil 
of  E  Gazier  (theory),  and  \Vidor  (comp.).  Now 
(1899)  residing  in  Paris  as  a  composer,  wnter, 
and  critic  (for  "  Le  Menestrel,"  etc.). — Writ- 
ings "  £tudes  et  biographies  musical.es  "  (1892); 
very  numerous  essays,  reviews,  etc.,  in  the  lead- 
ing musical  papers  of  Pans. — Compositions  :  A 
great  variety  of  piano-pcs  ,  songs ;  duets  f .  pf . 
and  violin,  'cello  or  harmonium;  a  "Marche 
fran9aise,"  a  *l  Marche  funebre,"  "  Hymne  roy- 
ale,"  etc  ,  f.  orch.  (58  published  opus-nos.) ;  also 
a  stage-piece,  Cn  mortage  sous  JVVrw*  (Paris, 
1898) ,  and  an  oratorio,  Marthe  et  Marie  (As- 
nieres,  1898). 


Fa'ber,  Nikolaus  [Nicol]  (I),  priest  in  Hal- 
berstadt,  built  there  (1359-61)  what  is  believed 
to  be  the  first  organ  made  in  Germany.  It  has 
20  bellows,  and  the  keys  are  3  inches  broad  and 
%  inch  apart. 

Fa'ber,  Nikolaus  (II),  a  native  of  Botzen, 
Tyrol,  publ.  "  Rudiments  musicae"  (Augsburg, 
1516  ;  a  2nd  ed.  was  edited  by  Aventinus). 

Fa'ber,  Heinrich,  "Magister",  b.  Lichten- 
fels  ;  d.  Oelsnitz,  Saxony,  Feb.  26, 1552.  Rec- 
tor in  Brunswick.  Publ.  "  Compendiolum  mu- 
sicae pro  incipientibus "  (1548,  often  republ.; 
also  in  German  by  Rid,  1572,  and  by  Gothart, 
1605  ;  in  Ger.  and  Latin  by  Vulpius,  1610,  and 
six  further  editions) ;  also  "  Ad  musicam  prac- 
ticam  introductio"  (1550,  etc.),  of  which  the 
former  work  is  an  abstract.  The  Heinrich 
Faber  who  died  at  Quedlinburg,  1598,  has  often 
been  erroneously  taken  for  the  author  of  the 
above  works. 

Fa'ber,  Benedikt,  bora  Hildburghausen, 
1602 ;  d.  Koburg,  1631,  in  the  duke's  service ; 
composed  psalms  a  8,  Cantiones  wcrae  a  4-8,  an 
Ostercantate,  a  Gratulations-Cantate^  etc.,  all 
publ.  at  Koburg,  and  in  the  library  there. 

Fa'bio.    See  URSILLO. 

Fa'bri,  Stefano  (il  maggiorc\  b.  Rome,  abt 
1550 ;  from  1599-1601  m.  di  capp.  at  the  Vati- 


173 


FABRI— FAIRLAMB 


can ;  from  1603-7,  at  the  Lateran ;  publ.  2 
books  of  "Tncmia"  (Nuremberg,  1602,  1607). 

Fa'bri,  Stefano  (*/  minore)*  b.  Rome,  1606 ; 
d  there  Aug.  27,  1658.  Pupil  of  II  Nanini , 
abt.  1648,  m.  di  tnpp  at  the  Ch  of  S.  Luigi  de' 
Francesi,  and  from "1657  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore. 
Publ  a  book  of  motet*,  a  2-5  (Rome,  1650),  and 
"  Salmi  concertati  "  a  5  (1660). 

Fabri'cius,  Werner,  born  Itzehoe,  Apr.  10, 
1633  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  9,  1679.  A  music-pupil 
of  Sellino  and  Scheidemann  at  Hamburg,  and  a 
law-student  and  jurist  at  Leipzig,  where  he  was 
also  org.  of  the  Nicolaikirche,  and  mus.  dir.  at 
the  Paulinerkirche.  Publ.  "  Deliciae  harmo- 
nicae,"  a  coll  of  65  pavanes,  allemandes,  etc.,  a 
5,  for  viols  and  other  instr.s  (Leipzig.  1656); 
"Geistliche  Lieder"  (Jena,  1659);  "Geistl. 
Arien,  Dialoge,  Concerte,  etc."  (Leipzig,  1662) ; 
motets,  etc. 

Fabri'ciiis,  Johann  Albert,  son  of  Werner 
F.;  b.  Leipzig,  Nov.  n,  1668;  d.  Hamburg-, 
Apr.  30,  1736,  as  prof,  of  elocution.  An  emi- 
nent bibliographer,  he  publ.  a  "  Thesaurus anti- 
quitatum  hebraicarum"  (1713,  7  vol.s),  and  a 
"  Bibliotheca  graeca  sive  notitia  scriptorum  ve- 
terum  graecorum  "  (1705-28,  i^vol  s),  both  valu- 
able works  of  reference. 

Fac'clo,  Franco,  b.  Verona,  Mar.  S,  1841 ; 
d.  in  the  sanatorium  Bifil,  near  Monza,  July  23, 
1891.  His  first  teacher  was  G.  Bemasconi ,  from 
1855-64  he  st.  in  Milan  Cons  under  Ronchetti- 
Monteviti  and  Mazzucato.  Arrigo  Boito  was 
his  fellow-pupil  and  fnend ;  for  the  final  ex- 
amination they  wrote  together  the  "mystery" 
Le  sorclk  d* Italia,  received  government  prizes, 
studied  together  in  Paris  and  Germany,  and 
served  together  under  Ganbaldi  in  1866.  In 
1863,  F.  prod,  the  opera  I projughi  fiatnmmghi 
(La  Scala,  Milan),  a  work  of  marked  originality ; 
in  1865,  Amleto  (Genoa;  the  book  by  Boito), 
which  was  bitterly  assailed  as  "  Wagnerite."  A 
string-quartet  and  a  Vocal  Album  soon  followed. 
From  1866-8  he  made  a  tour  in  Scandinavia 
as  concert-conductor;  in  1868  he  succeeded 
Croff  as  prof,  of  harmony  (later  of  cpt.  and 
comp.)  at  Milan  Cons*,  and  in  i3"2  succeeded 
Terziana  as  cond.  at  La  Scala.  After  Maiiam's 
death,  F.  was  considered  the  best  cond.  in 
Italy. — Other  works  :  A  hymn  ;  the  act- tunes 
for  Giacometti's  Maria  Antonietta  ;  and  a  sym- 
phony in  F. 

Fael'ten,  Carl,  pianist  and  teacher ;  b.  II- 
menau,  Thuringia,  Dec.  21,  1846.  Chiefly  self- 
taught;  st.  w.  M  on  tag  (pupil  of  Hummel)  at 
Weimar  as  a  school-boy ;  for  6  years,  orchestra- 
player  (vln.);  from  1867,  st.  w.  J.  Schoch  at 
Frankfort,  and  profited  by  10  years'  intimacy 
with  Raff.  Taught  at  Frankfort  1868-82  (from 
1878  in  the  Hoch  Cons.)  ;  eng.  at  the  Peabody 
Inst.  Baltimore,  1882-5 ;  at  the  N.  E.  Cons., 
Boston,  1885-07,  being  Mus.  Dir.  of  that  insti- 
tution from  1890-97.  In  Sept.,  1897,  F.  founded 
the  Faelten  Pianoforte-School  (Teachers'  Semi- 


nan*)  at  Boston,  which  in  1898  had  350  pupils 
enrolled.  He  also  toured  the  U  S  and  Germany, 
as  a  concert-pianist,  in  former  years  — Publ. 
works  4'The  Conservator}  Course  for  Pian- 
ists "  (an  original  and  \\  idely-known  series  of 
text-books,  incl  16  numbers  •  the  last  being 
" Keyboard  Harmony,"  1898) ,  also  "  Technisthe 
Obufigen"f  pf  (Schott,  Mainz). 

Fage.     See  LAP  AGE. 

Fa'go,    Nicola,   called  "II  Tarenti'no " 

because  born  at  Tarento,  1674;  d  1730  (?). 
Pupil  of  A  Scarlatti  from  1690  (?)  at  the  Naples 
Cons,  "dei  Poveri,"  later  of  Provenzale  at  the 
"Turchmi,"  becoming  Provenzale's  assistant 
and  eventually  succeeding  him.  He  was  the 
teacher  of  Leonardo  Leo  and  Nicola  Sala. 
Among  his  very  numerous  sacred  comp  s  may 
be  mentioned  the  oratorio  Far  acne  sommerso , 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  cantatas,  a  Stabat  Mater, 
a  Te  Deum,  etc  ;  he  also  prod,  several  operas, 
of  which  Eustachio  and  A  starts  were  very  suc- 
cessful. 

Fahr^bach,  Joseph,  virtuoso  on  the  flute  and 
guitar  :  b.  Vienna,  Aug.  25,  1804  ;  d.  there  June 
7,  1883.  A  self-taught  player  and  comp  ;  first 
flute  in  the  court  opera-orch.,  and  later  cond.  of 
an  orch  of  his  own  for  dance-music. — Works  : 
Dance-music  f .  orch. ;  much  miscellaneous  flute- 
music  ;  a  Method  f.  flute  ,  do.  for  oboe. 

FahrTjach,  Philipp  (Sr.),  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  25, 
1815  ;  d.  there  March  31,  1885.  Pupil  of  Lan- 
ner ;  cond.  his  own  orch.  for  years,  and  then  a 
military  band.  His>  dances  (over  150  works)  are 
very  popular;  his  operas  Dcr  Liebe  Opfer  (1844) 
and  Das  Schwert  des  Komgs  (1845)  had  local 
success. 

FahrT>ach,  Philipp  (Jr.),  son  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Vienna,  1843  J  d-  there  Feb  15,  1894. 
A  popular  composer  of  dances  and  marches 
(over  300  works) ;  in  1870,  bandmaster  at  Pesth, 
where  his  concerts  were  highly  successful ;  in 
1885  succeeded  his  father  as  cond.  of  the  orch. 
in  Vienna. 

Fahr'bach,  Wilhelm,  b.  Vienna,  1838  ;  d. 
there  1866.  Orchestra-conductor  and  dance- 
composer. 

Faignient,  Noe,  Flemish  contrapuntist,  liv- 
ing at  Antwerp  abt.  1570.  He  wrote  arias, 
motets,  madrigals,  and  chansons,  in  from  3  to  8 
parts,  after  the  style  of  Orlandus  Lassus. 

Fairlamb,  James  Remington,  b.  Philadel- 
phia, Jan.  23,  1837.  From  1853-8  he  was 
organist  in  several  Phila.  churches  ;  then  studied 
in  Paris  and  Florence.  After  spending  4  years 
in  Zurich,  and  3  in  Washington,  D.  C.  (where 
an  amateur  opera-company,  organized  by  him, 
brought  out  his  4-act  grand  opera  Valtrie),  he 
held  positions  as  organist  in  Phila.,  Elizabeth, 
N.  J.,  Jersey  City,  and  New  York  (from  1884, 
org.  of  St.  Ignatius).— Works  :  Over  100  songs ; 
over  50  choral  works ;  several  pf.-pcs. 


174 


FAISZT— FARINELLI 


Faiszt  [fist],  Immanuel  Gotttob  Friedrich, 
b.  Esslingen,  Wurttemberg,  Oct.  13,  1823 ;  d. 
Stuttgart,  June  5,  1894.  A  self-taught  organist  at 
the  age  of  9  ;  he  studied  theology  at  Tubingen, 
but  turned  to  music,  Mendelssohn,  to  whom 
he  submitted  some  compositions  in  1844,  advis- 
ing him  to  study  \vithout  a  teacher.  In  1846  he 
gave  organ-concerts  in  several  German  towns, 
and  settled  in  Stuttgart ,  here  he  founded  a 
society  for  classical  church-music  (1847),  the 
"  Schwabischer  Sangerbund"  (1849),  and,  with 
Lebert,  Stark,  Brachmann,  and  others,  the  Con- 
servator}' (1857),  in  which  he  was  first  teacher  of 
organ-pkying  and  comp  ,  becoming  the  Director 
in  1859.  **e  was  a^so  organist  in  the  Stifts- 
kirche.  He  was  made  Dr.  phil  by  Tubingen 
Univ.  for  his  essay  "  Beitrage  zur'Geschichte 
der  Cla\  iersonate "  ("Caciha,"  1846),  and  re- 
ceived the  title  of  "  Professor"  from  the  King 
of  Wurttemberg.  With  Lebert  he  edited  the 
famous  Cotta  ed.  of  classical  pf. -works,  and 
published  with  Stark  an  "  Elementar-  u.  Chor- 
gesangschule."  He  composed  cantatas,  motets, 
choruses  f.  male  voices  ('*l)ie  Macht  des  Ge- 
sanges  "  "  Im  Gninen  ")  and  mixed  chorus,  and 
songs  ;  also  organ-music,  a  double  fugue  f.  pf., 
pf.-pcs.,  etc. 

Falcke,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  1866  ;  distinguished 
pianist,  pupil  of  Saint-Saens,  Massenet,  Dubois, 
and  Mathias  in  P.  Cons.,  where  he  won  ist 
prizes  in  pf  -playing  and  harmony ;  also  St.  in 
Germany.  Very  successful  in  France,  Germany, 
England,  etc.;  he  has  an  immense  classic  and 
modern  repertory,  and  his  style  is  described  as 
a  happy  blending  of  the  French  and  German 
schools.  Teaches  in  English,  German,  and 
Spanish,  as  well  as  French.  Has  publ.  a  valu- 
able text-book  :  "l£cole  des  Arpeges,"  for  pf.; 
in  English  as  "'The  School  of  Arpeggios1 
(Engl.  ed.  New  York,  1895). 

Falcon,  Marie-Corne*lie,  remarkable  dram, 
soprano  ;  b.  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1812  ;  d.  there  Feb. 
25,  1897 ;  pupil  1827-31  of  Henri,  Pellegrini, 
Bordogni,  and  A.  Nourrit,  at  the  Cons. ;  debut 
at  the  Gr.  Opera,  1832,  as  Alice  in  Robert.  She 
sang  there  with  brilliant  success  until  1837,  when 
she  lost  her  voice.  Her  singing  in  such  rdles  as 
Alice,  Rachel  ( La  Juive\  and  Valentine  (ffugue- 
nots}  left  so  deep  and  lasting  an  impression 
that  her  name,  "  Falcon,"  has  since  been  ap- 
plied to  sopranos  taking  the  roles  in  which  she 
excelled,  or  similar  ones.  (Cf.  DUGAZON.) 

FaTtin,  Richard  Friedrich,  b.  Danzig,  Jan. 
5,  1835.  Studied  there  under  Markull,  at  Des- 
sau under  Schneider,  and  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.; 
has  lived  since  1869  at  Helsingfors,  Finland, 
as  cond.  of  the  Symphony  Concerts,  etc.,  and 
(1873-83)  of  the  Finnish  Opera.— Publ.  *' Fin- 
nish Folk-songs"  and  a  "  Finnish  Song-book." 

Faminzin,  Alexander  Sergievitch,  born 
Kaluga,  Russia,  Nov.  5  [N.  S.],  1841 ,  died 
Ligovo,  n.  St.  Petersburg,  July  6,  1896.  Pupil 
of  Jean  Vogt  (St.  P.),  Hauptmann,  Richter, 
and  Riedel  (Leipzig),  and  Seifriz  (Lbwenberg) ; 


in  1065,  prof  of  the  history  of  mus.  at  St  P. 
Cons.;  in  1870,  sec.  of  the  Russian  Musical 
Soc.  Also  wrote  for  various  newspapers,  and 
was  critic  for  the  (Russian)  "St.  P.  Gazette"; 
from  1869  he  edited  the  tl  Musical  Season  "  He 
transl.  Marx's  4t  Allgem.  Musiklehre  "  and  Rich- 
ter V  Harmonielehre"  into  Russian.  —  Works: 
The  operas  Sardanapal  (1875),  and  Uriel  Acosta 
(1883)  ;  a  symph.  poem,  "  The  Triumph  of  Dio- 
nysos";  Russian  Rhapsody,  f.  vln.  and  orch.; 
pf.  -quintet  ;  strmg-quartets  ;  pf.-pcs.;  songs. 

Faning,  Eaton,  English  cond.  and  comp  ; 
born  Helston,  Cornwall,  May  20,  1850.  Pupil 
1870-6  of  the  R.  A. 
M.  (Bennett,  Steg- 
gall),  winning  the 
Mendelssohn 
Scholarship  in 
1873  and  the  Lu- 
cas medal  in  1876. 
Mus.Bac.,Cantab., 
1894.  Since  1885, 
Director  of  the 
Music  at  Harrow 
School.—  Works  :  3 
operettas,  The  Two 


Turtle  (1881),  and 

The   Head  of  the 

Pott  (1882);  a  dra- 

matic cantata,  Lib- 

erty (1882)  ;  cantata  f.  female  voices,  Buttercups 

and  Daisies;  church-music  ;    symphony   in   C 

minor  ;  overture,  *'  The  Holiday  '*;  quartets,  cho- 

ruses, songs,  etc. 

Farabi  (or  Alfarabi),  a  most  eminent  Arabian 
(Persian)  philosopher,  mathematician,  and  phy- 
sician ;  he  wrote  two  very  important  works  on 
music,  in  which  he  unsuccessfully  endeavored  to 
introduce  the  Greek  theories  to  his  countrymen. 
He  was  born  at  Farslb  beyond  the  Oxus  abt. 
A.D.  900,  and  died  abt.  950. 

Fargas  y  Soler,  Antonio,  Spanish  writer, 
publ.  **  Biografias  de  los  Musicos,  etc."  (issued 
since  1866,  in  parts,  as  a  supplement  to  the 
Madrid  paper  "La  Espana  musical");  also  a 
"  Diccionario  de  Miisica." 

Farinel'li  (a  stage-name  ;  his  real  name  was 
Carlo  Bro'schi)  [bros'-ke],  celebrated  artificial 
soprano  ;  b.  Naples,  June  24,  1705  ;  d.  Bologna, 
July  15,  1782.  Taught  by  Porpora,  he  first  sang 
in  Naples  with  great  success,  being  playfully 
called  "  il  Ragazzo  "  (the  Boy)  on  account  of  his 
youth.  At  his  de'but  at  Rome,  1722,  in  Porpora's 
opera  £ument\  he  was  the  object  of  enthusi- 
astic ovations  ;  his  fame  spread,  and  the  Italian 
cities  vied  with  each  other  to  obtain  an  opportu- 
nity of  hearing  him.  Only  once  —  at  Bologna, 
1727,  in  a  contest  with  Bernacchi—  was  he  out- 
done by  any  rival  ;  and  he  profited  by  this  defeat, 
taking  lessons  of  Bernacchi  ;  and  thus  becoming 
unrivalled  in  bravura  and  coloratura.  He  visited 
Vienna  in  1724,  '28,  and  '31  ;  at  the  instance  of 
the  emperor,  Charles  VI.,  during  his  last  visit  he 


175 


FARINELLI— FASCH 


acquired  lyric  breadth  and  expression,  and  be- 
came in  even-  TV  ay  the  first  of  European  singers. 
Going  to  London  in  1734,  when  the  contest  be- 
t\\  een  Handel  and  his  enemies  was  at  its  height, 
he  joined  the  latter  (headed  by  Porpora i,  with 
the 'result  that  Handel's  operatic  forces  suffered 
overwhelming  defeat,  and  the  great  composer 
thenceforward  bent  his  energies  to  oratorio- 
wnting.  In  London  Farinelli  remained  for  two 
years,  amassing  a  fortune  ;  he  then  (1736)  pro- 
ceeded to  Madrid,  where  his  wonderful  art  cured 
King  Philip  V.  of  his  melancholy,  and  the  grate- 
ful monarch  insisted  on  retaining  F.'s  sen  ices. 
The  latter  lived  in  Madrid,  with  a  salary  of 
50,000  francs,  as  the  King's  friend  and  confiden- 
tial adviser  his  influence  even  extended  through 
the  reign  of  Philip's  successor,  Ferdinand  VI. ; 
at  the  accession  of  Charles  III.,  in  1759,  he  was 
sent  away.  He  erected  a  palatial  villa  near 
Bologna,  in  1761,  where  he  lived  and  died  in 
seclusion. — Sacchi  publ.  a  "Vita  del  Cav.  Don 
Carlo  Broschi,  detto  Farinelli "  (Venice,  1784). 

Farinerii,  Giuseppe,  proli6c  dramatic 
comp  ,  b.  Este,  May  7,  1769 ;  d.  Trieste,  Dec. 
12,  1836.  Pupil,  from  1785,  of  the  Cons,  della 
Pieta  de'Turchim,  at  Naples,  his  teachers  being 
Barbiello,  Fago,  Sala,  and  Tntto ;  his  first  opera, 
//  Dottorato  di  Puhhtnella,  prod,  in  1792,  at 
Naples  [?],  was  followed  by  50  or  60  others,  not 
original,  but  in  very  happy  imitation  of  Cima- 
rosa's  style,  and  chiefly  comic.  From  1810-17 
he  lived"  at  Turin ;  then  went  to  Venice,  and 
finally  (1819)  settled  in  Trieste  as  maestro  and 
organist  at  the  Cath.  of  S.  Giusto  He  also 
wrote  several  oratorios,  cantatas,  5  grand  masses, 
2  Te  Deums,  and  other  ch. -music. 

Far'kas,  Edmund  [Hung.  Odon],  b.  Puszta- 
Monostor  (Heves),  Hungary,  in  1852.  Of  a 
noble  Hungarian  family,  he  was  intended  for  a 
civil  engineer ;  but,  preferring  music,  took  the 
4-year  course  at  the  R.  Mus.  Academy,  in  Pesth, 
in  3  years  (teachers  Volkmann,  Abranyi,  Erkel)  ; 
a  year  after  graduation,  he  was  app.  Director  of 
the  Cons,  at  Klausenburg,  Transylvania,  and 
still  (1899)  J10^8  that  Position  Here  he  also 
acted  for  a  time  as  opera-cond.,  and  contributed 
mus.  articles  to  various  periodicals.  F.  is  a 
diligent  and  succ.  comp.;  in  1876,  while  still  a 
student  of  engineering,  he  prod,  a  i-act  opera, 
Bayad/r  (Pesth,  Aug.  23);  with  a  Mass  in  E  he 
won  the  Haynald  Prize  of  300  florins ;  this  was 
quickly  followed  by  12  "Lieder"  (Dalok),  the 
ballads  "  Klara  Zach"and  "Szondy,"  several 
mixed  choruses,  and  the  orchestral  works  "  Ta- 
gesanbruch"  ( Virradat),  "Abendlied"  (Mstidal), 
"Abenddamtnerung  "  (Al&ony\  and  "Dies  irae"; 
a  symphony  and  5  string-quartets  are  favorite 
program-pcs.;  a  *'  Festouvertdre  "  also  won  a 
prize. — Operas  :  Feenquelle  [  THnderhorrds\^  in 
I  act  (Klausenburg,  1892)  ;  Die  Busser  [  Vcse- 
£#*],  in  3  acts  (Pesth ,1893)  ;  Balassa  Bdhnt^ 
comic,  in  3  acts  (Pesth,  1896) ;  and  J)as  Blut- 
gerickt  [  Tetemre  favds]  (not  yet  prod.).  F.  aims 


especially  at  the  development  of  the  national 
(Hungarian)  element  in  his  music. 

Farmer,  Henry,  b.  Nottingham,  England, 
May  13,  1819;  d.  there  June  25,  1891.  A  self- 
taught  violinist  and  organist,  he  also  had  a 
music-shop  in  Nottingham  ;  and  comp.  a  Mass 


igs,  etc.     Also  publ 
"  The  Violin  Student "  ;  "  New  Violin  Tutor" 
"  Tutor  f.  Amer.  Org.  and  Harmonium." 

Farmer,  John,  nephew  of  preceding,  b  Not- 
tingham, Aug.  16,  1836.  Pupil  of  Leip/ig 
Cons.,  and  of  Aug  Spath  at  Koburg.  Taught 
in  a  Zurich  music-school  for  some  years  ;  1862- 
85,  he  was  music-master  at  Harrow  School,  then 
organist  at  Baliol  Coll ,  Oxford,  where  he 
founded  a  musical  society,  giving  regular  con- 
certs.— Works  •  An  oratorio,  Christ  and  ffis 
Soldiers  (1878) ;  a  fairy  opera,  Cinderella  ;  comic 
cantata,  Froggy  would  a-womng  go  (L§§i)\  a  Re- 
quiem ;  Nursery-rhymes  f.  chorus  and  orch.;  2 
septets  (C  and'D)  f  pf.,  flute,  and  strings,  a 
pf. -quintet ;  etc.  Has  edited  numerous  class 
song-books. 

Farrenc,  Jacques-Hippolyte-Aristide,  b. 

Marseilles,  Apr.  9,  1794 ;  d.  Pans,  Jan  31, 
1865.  In  1815  he  became  second  flute  at  the 
Theatre  Italien,  Paris  ;  studied  at  the  Cons  from 
1806 ;  est.  a  music-shop,  taught,  and  composed 
(a  concerto,  sonatas,  variations,  etc.  f  flute). 
The  historic  concerts  given  by,  and  the  writings 
of,  Fe'tis,  aroused  his  interest  in  the  history  of 
music ;  for  several  years  he  diligently  collected 
material  for  the  rectification  of  existing  biogra- 
phies, but  generously  turned  it  over  to  Fe'tis  for 
use  in  the  2nd  ed.  of  his  great  work,  of  ^hich 
Farrenc  also  read  proofs.  From  1854  he  con- 
tributed papers  to  "La  France  musicale"  and 
other  journals. 

Farrenc,  Jeanne-Louise  (;;/*'  Dumont), 
wife  of  preceding ;  b.  Paris,  May  31,  1804 ;  d. 
there  Sept  15,  1875.  She  was  a  pupil  of  Reicha; 
Moscheles  and  Hummel  also  influenced  her 
studies.  She  married  in  1821.  In  1842  she 
was  £pp.  prof,  of  pf. -playing  at  the  Cons.,  retir- 
ing- on  a  pension  in  1873,  She  was  a  fine  pianist 
and  remarkable  composer  (symphonies,  over- 
tures, a  nonet,  a  sextet,  quintets,  quartets,  and 
trios ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  a  vanety  of  pf.- 
pcs. ,  etc.) ;  most  of  her  works  were  publ. ,  and 
many  were  often  played  in  public ;  the  Prix 
Chartier  was  twice  awarded  to  her. 

Fascb,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Buttelstadt,  n. 
Weimar,  Apr.  15, 1688  ;  d.  Zerbst,  1758(1759?), 
where  he  was  court  Kapellm.  Pupil  of  Kuhnau 
at  Leipzig.  Wrote  an  opera,  masses,  motets, 
concertos,  etc. 

Fasch,  Carl  Friedrich  Christian,  son  of 
preceding;  b.  Zerbst,  Nov.  18,  1736,  d.  Berlin, 
Aug.  3,  1800.  Weakly  as  a  child,  his  musical 
talent  developed  rapidly;  in  1756,  at  Benda's 
recommendation,  he  was  app.  cembalist  to  Fred- 


176 


FAUCHEY— -FECHNER 


erick  the  Great  at  Berlin,  as  C.  Ph  E.  Bach's 
assistant.  During  the  Seven  Years'  War  he 
eked  out  his  meagre  salary,  paid  in  depreciated 
paper  money,  by  teaching ,  from  1774-6  he  was 
Kapellm.  at  the  opera.  He  retained  his  salaried 
post  after  Frederick  gave  up  flute-practice,  and 
had  leisure  for  composing  church-music  (publ  ,  in 
6  vol.s,  in  1839),  and  developed  great  contrapun- 
tal skill  Choral  reunions  begun  in  1790  led,  in 
1792,  to  the  foundation  of  the  famous  "  Singaka- 
demie,"  which  flourished,  under  Fasch's  conduc- 
torship,  from  the  start ;  his  successor,  Zelter, 
wrote  a  biographical  sketch  of  F.  (iSoi). 

Fauchey,  Paul,  former  "chef  de  chant"  at 
the  Ope'ra-Coraique,  brought  out  a  3-act  "  opera- 
comique  populaire,"  La  Carmagnole  (Paris, 
Folies-Dram  ,  1897). 

Faugues,  Vincent  (or  Fauques,  Fagus, 
La  Fage),  contrapuntist  of  the  isth  century, 
shortly  before  Okeghem.  Some  MS.  comp.s  are 
preserved  in  Rome. 

Faure,  Jean-Baptiste,  dram,  baritone  ;  b. 
Moulins,  Allier,  Jan.  15,  1830.  Entered  the 
Paris  Cons,  in  1841  ;  was  also  choir-boy  at  St.- 
Nicholas-des-Champs,  and  at  the  Madeleine, 
where  Tre'vaux  was  his  teacher.  He  finished 
his  Cons,  course  under  Ponchard  and  Moreau- 
Sainti,  taking  first  prize  in  the  class  for  comic 
opera.  From  1852-76  he  was  eng.  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  singing  principal  roles  after  the  retire- 
ment of  Bataille  and  Bussine,  his  successes 
equalling  those  of  Duprez  in  his  best  days. 
From  1857  he  taught  a  class  in  the  Cons,  for  a 
short  period.  His  instruction-book,  "L'Art 
du  Chant,"  is  noteworthy.  After  1876,  he  has 
sung  in  concerts.  Some  of  his  best  stage-roles 
were  Hoel  (in  Dinorah),  Guillaume  (G.  Tell), 
Nevers  (Iluguenots)^  Pietro  (Alttette  de  Portici), 
Nelusko  (fAfricaine\  Don  Giovanni,  Hamlet, 
and  Mephistopheles  (Faust). 

Faur€,  Gabriel-Urbain,  composer;  b.  Pa- 
miers,  Ariege,  May  13,  1845.  Pupil  of  Nieder- 
meyer,  Dietsch,  and 
Saint-Saens;  1866, 
org.  at  Rennes,  then 
at  St.-Sulpice  and 
St.-Honore  ;  m.  de 
chap,  and  (1896)  org. 
at  the  Madeleine  ; 
also,  in  1896,  prof, 
of  comp.,  cpt.,  and 
fugue,  etc.,  at  the 
Cons.,  succeeding 
Massenet.  —  Works : 
i^act  opera  VOrga- 
niste  (1887) ;  incid. 
mus.  to  Dumas'  Cali- 
gula and  Harau- 
coart's  Sky  lock;  ,La 
naissante  de  Venus ,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  a 
"  Chceur  des  Djinns  ";  Requiem ;  symphony  in 
D  min.;  vln. -concerto  ;  orchestral  suite  ;  2  pf.- 
quartets;  £legie  f.  'cello  j  Berceuse  and  Ro- 


mance f.  vln.  and  orch.;  a  well-known  vln.- 
sonata  (1878) ;  songs,  duets,  jstc.  He  took  the 
Prix  Chartier  for  chamber-mus.  in  1885. 

Faust,  Karl,  bandmaster  ;  b.  Xeisse,  Sile- 
sia, Feb.  18,  1825  ;  d.  Bad  Cudowa,  Sept.  12, 
1892,  where  he  was  cond.  of  the  Badekapelk* 
From  1853  -  65,  bandmaster  at  Luxemburg, 
Frankfort-on-Oder,  and  Breslau  ;  then  cond.  of 
the  Silesian  Concert-Orch. ;  1869-80,  mus.  dir. 
at  Waldenburg. — His  works  consist  of  favorite 
dance-music  and  marches. 

Fausti'na.    See  HASSE,  FAUSTINA. 

Favarger,  Reng,  b.  Paris,  1815  ,  d.  £tretat, 
n.  Havre,  Aug.  3,  1868.  He  lived  in  London 
as  a  teacher  for  years ;  his  graceful  pf.-pcs. 
(many  so-called  Fantasias,  also  a  Bolero,  a  Re- 
verie, a  Nocturne,  etc.)  were  exceedingly  popular 
in  England,  France,  and  Germany. 

Favre,  Jules.  Pen-name  of  W.  M.  WAT- 
SON. 

Fawcett,  John,  b.  Kendal  (England),  1789 ; 
d  Bolton,  Lancashire,  Oct.  26,  1867.  A  shoe- 
maker by  trade,  he  became  a  music-teacher  in 
Bolton,  and  composed  much  sacred  music :  An 
oratorio,  Paradise  (1865)  ;  a  Christmas  piece, 
**  The  Seraphic  Choir"  (1840)  ;  and  many  minor 
pcs.  in  the  collections  "  New  set  of  sacred  music, 
in  3  parts"  (1830):  "  Melodia  divina"  (1841, 
psalms  and  hymns)  ;  "  Harp  of  Zion  "  (1845)  ; 
"  The  Cherub  Lute"  (1845) ;  "Voice  of  Devo- 
tion" (1862-3);  also  "Music  for  Thousands, 
or  the  Vocalist's  Manual1*  (1845),  "Lancashire 
Vocalist,"  guide  to  sight-singing  (1854),  "  Chant- 
ing made  easy"  (1857). 

Fawcett,  John,  son  of  the  above  ;  b.  Bolton, 
1824 ;  d.  Manchester,  July  i,  1857.  Organist, 
pupil  of  Bennett  in  R.A  M.;  Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon., 
1852.— Wrote  a  cantata,  "  Supplication  and 
Thanksgiving";  also  anthems,  glees,  songs,  and 
pf.-pcs. 

Fay,  Guillaume  du.     See  DUFAY. 

Fay,  Amy,  b.  Bayou  Goula,  Miss.,  May  21, 
1844.  Pianist,  pupil  in  Berlin  of  Tausig  and 
Kullak,  in  Weimar  of  Liszt.  Publ.  (Chicago, 
1881)  "  Music-Study  in  Germany,"  a  book 
which  has  been  widely  read.  Resides  in  Chi- 
cago as  a  music-teacher. 

Fayolle,  Franc,  ois-Joseph-Marie,  writer  on 
music  ;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  15, 1774  ;  d.  there  Dec.  2, 
1852.  Publ.  (with  Choron)  "  Dictionnaire  his- 
torique  des  musiciens  ..."  (1810-11,  2  vol.s ; 
transl.  for  the  most  part  from  Gerber's  old  work, 
with  numerous  errors) ;  "  Notices  sur  Corelli, 
Tartini,  Gavinies,  Pugnani  et  Viotti "  (1810) ; 
"Sur  les  drames  lyriques  et  leur  execution" 
(1813) ;  "  Paganini  et  B&iot  "  (1830). 

Fech'ner,  Gustav  Theodor,  b.  Gross-Sar- 
chen,  Niederlausitz,  Apr.  19,  1801  ;  d.  Leipzig, 
Nov.  18,  1887.  Prof,  of  physics  at  Leipzig 
from  1834.  Publ.  "Repertorium  der  Experi- 
mentalphysik,"  in  which  mus.  phenomena  are 
treated  ;  also  "Element?  der  Psychophvsilf " 


177 


FEDELE— FERRARI 


(iS6o,  2  vol.  si  and  **  Vorschule  der  Aesthetik  " 
(1876,  2  vol.s),  valuable  as  establishing  a  basis 
of  mus.  (-esthetics. 

Fede'le.    See  TREU. 

Federi'ci,  Vincenzo,  dramatic  comp.,  b. 
Pesara,  1764 ;  d.  Milan,  Sept.  20,  1827  (Sept. 
26,  1826?;.  Orphaned  at  16,  he  made  his  \\ay 
to  London,  where  he  supported  himself  by  teach- 
ing, became  cembalist  at  the  Italian  opera,  and 
in  1790  prod,  his  first  opera,  rOhmpiade,  which 
was  followed  by  se\eral  others.  Recalled  to 
Italy  in  1803,  he*  wrote  various  successful  operas 
for  Milan  and  Turin  ;  was  app  in  1809  prof,  of 
cpt.  at  Milan  Cons.,  and  (1825)  Censore  (Di- 
rector) of  the  same,  succeeding-  A.  Minqja.  He 
composed,  in  all,  14  serious  operas,  and  I  comic 
opera,  La  laandiera  scaltra  (Paris,  iSis). 

Fe'derlein,  Gottlieb  (Heinrich),  b.  Neu- 
stadt-an-der-Aisch,  n.  Nuremberg,  Nov.  5, 1835. 
Pupil,  in  Munich  Cons.,  of  Rheinberger  (comp.), 
Wanner  (pf.),  Jos  Walter  (vln  ),  and  Julius  Hey 
(voice).  At  present  (180.9)  living  in  New  York. 
—  Besides  numerous  songs,  F.  has  publ.  an  ex- 
cellent "School  of  Voice-culture"  and  Essays 
on  Wagner's  **  Ring  of  the  Nibelung." 

Fel'stein  (called  Felstinen'sis),  Sebastian 
von,  director  of  church-music  in  Cracow  abt. 
1530,  publ.  2  short  essays,  "Opusculum  musicae" 
(2nded.  1515  ;  on  plain  song)  and  "Opusculum 
musicae  mensuralis"  (publ.  1 5 19  with  the  other). 
He  also  edited  St.  Augustine's  "Dialog!  di 
musica"  (1536),  and  publ.  a  volume  of  original 
hymns. 

Feltre,  Alphonse-Clarke,  Comte  de,  dram, 
comp.;  b.  Paris,  June  27,  1806  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
3,  1850.  Pupil  of  Reicha,  and  was  aided  by 
Boieldieu.  An  army-officer,  from  1829  he  de- 
voted himself  wholly  to  music. — Works:  4 
operas ;  pf .-music,  songs,  etc. 

Fenaro'li,  Fedele,  distinguished  teacher ;  b. 
Lanciano,  Abruzzi,  Apr.  25  (15?),  1730;  d.  Na- 
ples, Jan.  I,  iSiS.  Entered  the  Cons,  of  S.  M. 
di  Loreto,  Naples,  in  1744,  studying  under  Leo, 
and  later  Durante  ;  in  1755  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
cpt.  and  comp.  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta,  Naples, 
a  post  which  he  held  till  death.  He  trained 
many  eminent  musicians  (Cimarosa,  Zingarelli, 
Mercadante,  Conti,  etc.).  He  publ.  "Parti- 
menti  e  regole  musicali";  and  "Regole  musi- 
cali  peri  principianti  di  cembalo "  (Naples,  1795). 
His  compositions  (the  oratorio  Abigaik,  1760 ; 
masses  w.  orch. ;  a  requiem,  motets,  cantatas, 
etc.)  are  sound  specimens  of  harmonization  and 
part-leading,  but  quite  wanting  in  originality. 

Fe'o,  Francesco,  celebrated  composer  and 
singing-teacher ;  b.  Naples,  abt.  1685  (?) ;  d.  (?). 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Ghizzi,  whom  he  succeeded, 
in  1740,  as  teacher  at  the  Naples  Cons,  della 
Pieta.  His  first  opera,  UAmor  tirannice,  assia 
Zcnobia,  was  given  at  Naples  in  1713,  and  was 
followed  by  5  others  up  to  1731.  Feo  also  wrote 
3  intermezzi,  an  oratorio,  masses,  and  other 
church-music. 


Ferrabos'co  (or  Feraboscp),  Alfonso,  born 
Italy,  abt  1515,  was  at  one  time  a  musician  to 
the  Duke  of  Sa\oy  Publ.  madrigals  a  4  (1542), 
<*  5  (1587),  and  others  a  5-8  in  Pe\ernage's 
"  Harmonia  celeste,"  printed  by  Phalese  (1593). 

Ferrabos'co,  Domenico  Maria,  born  Rome 
at  beginning  of  i6th  cent.,  member  of  the  Pa- 
pal choir  from  1550-55  ,  motets  and  madrigals 
by  him  were  publ.  byGardano  in  1554  and  1557. 
MS  comp  s  are  in  the  Vatican  library. 

Ferrabos'co,  Costantino,  for  several  years 
in  the  emperor's  service  at  Vienna,  publ  a  vol. 
of  Canzonettc  in  1591. 

Ferrabos'co,  Alfonso  (probably  the  son  of 
the  Alfonso  above),  b  Greenwich,  England,  abt. 
1580 ,  d.  1652.  About  1605  he  became  tutor  to 
Prince  Henry,  to  whom  he  dedicated  a  volume 
of  "  Ayres"  (1609).  Some  of  his  pieces  were 
printed  in  Leighton's  "Teares";  he  also  publ. 
"  Lessons  for  i,  2,  and  3  Viols,"  and  "  Fancies" 
for  viols. 

Ferran'ti.    See  ZANI  DI  FERRANTI. 

Ferra'ri,  Benedetto  (called  Della  Tiorba 
from  his  proficiency  on  the  theorbo),  b.  Reggio 
d'Emilia,  1597  ;  d.  Modena,  Oct.  22, 1681.  Stud- 
ied music  at  Rome ;  proceeded  thence  to  Venice, 
where  he  wrote  libretti  and  composed  operas  ; 
his  Andromeda  (music  by  Manelh  da  Tivoli)  was 
the  first  (1637)  ever  publicly  played,  and  was 
produced  at  F.'s  private  expense.  From  1645-51 
he  was  court  m.  di  capp.  at  Modena ;  then  held 
like  appointments  in  Vienna  and  Ratisbon ;  was 
again  in  Modena  1653-62,  and  finally  from  1674 
till  his  death.  6  opera-libretti  (1644-51),  and  the 
MS.  orchestral  in  trod,  to  his  ballet  Da/w,  are  all 
that  is  left  of  his  dramatic  works.  He  also  publ. 
"  Musiche  varie  a  voce  sola"  (1638). 

Ferra'ri,  Domenico,  b.  Piacenza,  early  in 
the  iSth  century ;  d.  Paris,  1780.  Excellent  vio- 
linist, pupil  of  Tartini ;  he  lived  for  a  time  at 
Cremona,  gave  concerts  in  Paris  in  1754,  was 
leader  of  the  Stuttgart  orch.  during  some  years, 
and  settled  in  Pans.  Of  his  works,  only  6  vio- 
lin-sonatas (1758)  are  extant. 

Ferra'ri,  Carlo,  brother  of  Domenico;  b. 
Piacenza,  abt.  1730 ;  d.  Parma,  1789.  A  fine 
'cellist ;  played  at  Paris  (1758)  in  a  Concert  spiri- 
tuel;  was  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Parma 
from  1765  until  his  death.  Reputed  in  Italy  to 
be  the  first  'cellist  to  use  his  thumb  as  a  capo- 
tasto. 

Ferra'ri,  Giacomo  Gotifredo,  b.  Roveredo, 
Tyrol,  1759 ;  d.  London,  Dec.,  1842.  St.  in  Ve- 
rona under  Marcola,  Borsaro,  and  Abbate  Cubri  ; 
for  2  years  with  Father  Marianus  Stecher  in  the 
monastery  of  Mariaberg,  near  Chui* ;  and  under 
Latilla  at  Naples.  Through  Campan,  wattre 
d*Mtel  to  Marie  Antoinette,  he  became  accom- 
panist to  the  queen,  and  later  cembalist  at  the 
Th&tre  Feydeau  (1791-3).  His  opera,  Les 
fv/nements  imprfvtis  (1704?),  having  teen  done 
to  death  by  the  critics,  he  left  Paris,  made  a  con- 


178 


FERRARI— FESCA 


cert-tour  in  the  Netherlands,  and  then  settled  in 
London  as  a  singing- teacher  and  composer  — 
Works  3  Italian  operas  given  m  London,  La 
mttanella  rapiia  (1797),  I  due  Snsceri  (179$), 
Leroiua  di  Raab  (1799)  I  2  ballets  ;  many  pcs 
f.  pf  ,  harp,  flute,  and  voice  ;  (t  Concise  Treat- 
ment of  Italian  Singing"  (1815?),  "Instruc- 
tions ...  in  the  Art  of  Singing"  (1827), 
"  Studio  di  musica  teorica  e  pratica  " ,  and  auto- 
biographical "Aneddoti"  (1830,  2  vol.s). 

Ferra'ri,  Serafino  Amadeo  de',  b  Genoa, 
1824  ;  d.  there  Mar.  31, 1885,  as  Director  of  the 
Cons  A  pianist,  organist,  and  dram,  comp  — 
Operas  :  Catalina  (not  given),  Don  Car  to  \ Genoa, 
1853;  prod,  later  as  Fihppo  //),  Pipek  (1856), 
//  matrimomo  per  c0HCorso(i§$$),  II  Jfenestrello 
(1861),  Ilcadetto  di  Guaicogna  (1864) ;  the  ballet 
Delia.;  masses,  songs,  etc 

Ferra'ri,  Francisca,  celebrated  harp-player ; 
b.  Chnstiania,  abt.  1800  ;  d.  Gross-Salzbrunn, 
Silesia,  Oct.  5,  1828.  She  played  with  brilliant 
success  in  Leipzig  (1826)  and  Magdeburg  (1827). 

Ferra'ri,  Carlotta,  famous  dramatic  com- 
poser ;  b.  Lodi,  Italy,  Jan.  27,  1837 ;  pupil  of 
Strepponi  and  Panzini,  and  (1844-50)  of  Mazzu- 
cato  at  Milan  Cons.  She  herself  wrote  the  li- 
bretti and  music  of  the  following  successful 
operas  .  Ugo  (Milan,  1857),  Sofia  (Lodi,  1866), 
Eleonorad'ArbQrea(<Zvgi\H\,  1871) ;  she  has  also 
composed  several  masses  (a  Requiem  for  Turin, 
1868),  and  songs  (for  which  she  wntes  the 
words). 

Ferre'ira  da  Costa,  Rodrigo,  Portuguese 
jurist  and  mathematician;  d  1834  (1837?). — 
Publ  "Principles  de  musica"  (1820-24,  in  2 
vol.s). 

Ferret'ti  (or  Feretti),  Giovanni,  b.  Venice, 
about  1540.  Publ.  5  books  of  "Canzoni  alia 
napoletana"  a  5  (1567-91),  2  books  of  the  same 
a  6  (1576,  1579),  and  a  vol.  of  *fc  Madrigali "  a  5 
(1588). 

Fer'ri,  Baldassare,  celebrated  artificial  so- 
prano ;  b.  Perugia,  Dec.  9,  1610 ;  d.  there  Sept. 
8,  1680.  At  ii  he  was  choir-boy  to  Cardinal 
Crescenzio,  in  Orvieto,  in  whose  service  he  re- 
mained till  1655,  when  the  Swedish  invasion 
broke  up  the  court,  and  F.  entered  the  service 
of  Ferdinand  III.,  at  Vienna.  At  the  age  of 
65  he  retired  to  his  native  city.  From  all  ac- 
counts, F.  appears  to  have  been  the  most  ex- 
traordinary singer  who  ever  lived.  His  vocal 
technique  was  perfect,  his  breath  inexhaustible, 
and  his  style,  whether  in  pathetic  singing  or 
coloratura^  faultless  ;  all  this  with  a  voice  of  in- 
comparable beauty. 

Fer'ri,  Nicola,  comp.  and  singing-teacher; 
b.  Mola  di  Ban,  Italy,  Nov.  4,  1831 ;  d.  London, 
Mar.  26,  1886.  Of  precocious  development,  he 
wrote  an  opera,  Lmgi  Rolla,  at  the  age  of  1 6 ; 
then  entered  the  Naples  Cons.,  studying  under 
Mercadante.  After  a  lengthy  sojourn  in  Paris, 
he  established  himself  in  London,  and  became 


prof,  of  singing  at  the  Guildhall  S.  of  Music.  — 
Work*.  The  operas  Lmgi  Rolla*  Lara,  and 
others  ;  and  many  beautiful  songs. 

Ferrier,  Paul-Raoul-Michel-Marie,  dram- 
atist and  librettist  ;  b.  Montpellier,  Mar.  28,  1843. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  vast  number  of  light  come- 
dies, and  has  written  many  libretti  for  operas 
and  operettas  of  temporary  vogue  in  Paris  ;  e.g., 
La  marocaine,  Les  mousquetaires  au  court'tit, 
Fanfati  la  Tulipe,  La  nuit  aux  soujfleis,  Ta- 
bann^  La  Vic  mondaine^  Les  pctits  mousque- 
tams,  Josephine  vendu  par  ses  s&itrs,  Le  valet 
de  farur,  La  J'tfnus  d^Arlcs,  Cendnllonctte,  Le 
FMuhe,  Samsonnet*  Le  Cot/,  Jf/fc.  Asnwdte, 
Me-na-ka,  Jfiss  Rcbinson,  CaUndal,  Chilperic, 
La  dot  de  Bngitte,  Le  Camel  du  Diable^  Le 
e^  Le  carillon,  etc. 


Ferron,  Adolphe  ;  in  1892,  Kapellm*  at  the 
Th.  Unter  den  Linden,  Berlin  ,  1897,  Kapellm. 
at  Carl  Theater,  Vienna.  Has  prod,  the  "Ge- 
sangsposse"  Adam  nnd  Eva  (Berlin,  1891);  the 
3-act  operetta  Satatnel  (Berlin,  1889)  ;  the  l-act 
operetta  Daphne  (Berlin,  1892);  and  the  3-act 
vaudev.  -operetta  Das  Krokodtl  (Berlin,  1897). 

Ferro'nx,  Vincenzo  Emidio  Carmine,  b. 
Tramutola,  southern  Italy,  Feb.  17,  1858.  St. 
Paris  Cons  (1876-83)  under  Savard  (harm.;  ist 
prize  in  iSSo)  and  Massenet  (comp.,  1st  prize  in 
1883).  From  1881,  asst.-prof.  ("suppleant") 
of  harm,  at  Paris  Cons.  ;  since  1888,  prof  of 
comp.  at  Milan  Cons.,  succeeding  Ponchielli. 
Also  mus.  director  of  the  Milan  "  Famiglia 
Artistica  "  ;  Chevalier  of  the  Ital.  Crown  (1897). 
—Works  The  opera  Rudello  (Milan,  1892)  ;  the 
3-act  opera-seria  Eitore  Fieramosca  (Como,  1896  ; 
F.  wrote  libretto  and  music)  ;  overture  toAriosto^ 
f.  orch  ;  Rhapsodic  espagnole  f.  orch.  ;  fit  Hymne 
d'un  patrelydien"  (Figaro  ist  prize,  1885,  among 
614  competitors)  ;  numerous  songs  ;  salon-pcs.  f  . 
pf  .  ;  '  '  Idylle  "  f  .  vln.  and  harp  (or  pf  .)  ;  *  *  Les  Ci- 
gales,"  scherzo  f.  vln.  and  pf.  ;  organ-music  ;  etc. 

Pert  6.  See  PAPILLON  DE  LA  FERT& 
Fes'ca,  Friedrich  Ernst,  b.  Magdeburg, 
Feb.  15,  1789;  d.  Karlsruhe,  May  24,  1826.  A 
violinist,  he  was  taught  in  Magdeburg,  where  he 
played  in  concerts,  and  in  1805  by  A.  E.  Muller 
at  Leipzig,  also  playing  in  the  Gewandhaus  orch. 
In  1806  the  Duke  of  Oldenburg  gave  him  a  place 
in  his  orch.  ;  in  1808  he  joined  the  orch.  of  King 
Jerome  of  Westphalia,  at  Kassel.  On  the  dis- 
solution of  the  pseudo-kingdom  in  1813,  he  went 
to  Vienna  for  a  short  time  ;  in  1815  he  became  a 
member,  and  soon  after  leader,  of  the  Karlsruhe 
orch.  He  died  of  consumption.  —  Among  his 
works,  his  chamber-music  (20  quartets  and  5 
quintets)  ranks  highest  ;  but  he  also  wrote  2 
operas,  Cantemira  (1819)  and  Omar  und  Leila 
(Karlsruhe,  1823)  >  3  symphonies,  4  overtures, 
etc. 

Fes'ca,  Alexander  Ernst,  pianist,  son  of  the 
above  ;  b  Karlsruhe,  May  22,  1820  ;  d.  Bruns- 
wick, Feb.  22,  1859.  **e  was  taught  by  Rungen- 
hagen,  Schneider,  and  Taubert,  in  Berlin  ;  made 


179 


FESTA— FETIS 


sensational  concert-tours  from  1839-40,  was  app. 
chambers  irtuoso  to  Prince  Furstenberg:  in  1641  , 
and  settled  in  Brunswick  1842.  He  brought  out 
2  operas,  Marietta  USsg)  and  Die  Franzostn  in 
Spanien  (1841),  in  Karlsruhe  ;  and  2  more,  Der 


at  Brunswick  ;  though  h^ht  in  style,  they  gave 
promise  of  a  distinguished  career.  He  wrote, 
besides,  a  pf.  -sextet,  2  pf  -trios,  a  grand  sonata 
f.  pf.  and  vln  ,  and  many  exceedingly  popular 
songs  <the  "  Fesca  Album  "  contains  48). 

Fes'ta,  Costanzo,  b  Rome,  abt.  1490;  d. 
there  Apr.  10,  1545.  He  was  a  singer  in  the 
Pontifical  Chapel  from  abt.  1517,  and  a  contra- 
puntist of  importance,  being  regarded  as  a  fore- 
runner of  Palestrina  Among  his  numerous 
works,  which  bear  considerable  resemblance  to 
those  of  Palestrina,  may  be  noted  motets  a  3 
(1543),  madrigals  a  3  (1556),  litanies  (1583),  many 
motets  and  madrigals  in  contemp.  coll.s  ("  Mot- 
tetti  della  corona,"  Petrucci,  1549)  ;  and  a  Te 
Deum  a  4  (publ.  in  Rome,  1596),  still  sung  in 
the  Vatican  on  solemn  festivals  ;  a  Credo  and 
other  works  are  in  MS.  in  the  Vatican. 

Fes'ta,  Giuseppe  Maria,  b.  Trani,  1771  ;  d. 
Naples,  Apr.  7,  1839.  An  eminent  violinist  and 
cond.,  pupil  of  F.  Mercieri  ;  concert-giver  in 
Italian  cities  and  (1802)  Paris,  where  he  was  app. 
cond.  of  the  Opera  orch.  Settled  in  Naples 
1805,  as  violinist  in  the  San  Carlo  Th  ,  later  as 
cond.  of  the  theatre-orch.  He  publ.  a  few  vio- 
lin-quartets. 

Fes'ta,  Francesca,  a  stage-singer  of  note  ; 
b.  Naples,  1778  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  1836  ;  sang 
in  Italy,  in  Paris  at  the  Odeon  (1809-11),  and 
again  in  Italy  as  Signora  Festa-Maffei  ;  in  1821 
at  Munich,  and  1829  at  St.  P. 

Fest'ing,  Michael  Christian,  son  of  the 
famous  flutist  ;  b.  London  (?),  abt.  1680  ;  d.  there 
July  24,  1752.  Violinist,  pupil  of  Richard  Jones 
and  Geminiani.  First  violin  in  the  Philhar- 
monic ;  in  1742,  cond.  at  Ranelagh  Gardens.  In 
1738  he  established,  with  Dr.  Greene  and  others, 
the  "  Society  of  Musicians,"  for  the  maintenance 
of  impoverished  musicians  and  their  families.  — 
Works  :  Numerous  solos  and  concertos  f.  violin  ; 
1  8  sonatos  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass  ;  4  symphonies 
concertantes  f.  2  flutes,  and  4  do.  f  .  2  vlns.  ;  odes, 
cantatas,  songs,  etc. 

F£tis,  Francois-Joseph,  erudite  musical 
theorist,  historian,  and  critic  ;  b.  Mons,  Belgium, 
Mar.  25,  1784  ;  d.  Brussels,  Mar.  26,  1871.  His 
father,  maftre  de  chafe  lie  and  organist  at  the 
cathedral,  was  his  first  teacher  ;  his  first  instr. 
was  the  violin,  and  at  7  he  wrote  violin-duets. 
In  his  ninth  year  he  composed  a  concerto  for 
violin  with  orch.  ;  and  at  9  was  organist  to  the 
Noble  Chapter  of  Sainte-  "Waudru.  From  1  800-3  » 
in  the  Paris  Cons.,  he  studied  harmony  under 
Rey,  and  piano-playing  under  Boieldieu  and 
Pradher.  In  1803  he  visited  Vienna,  there 
studying  counterpoint,  fugue,  and  masterworks 


ISO 


of  German  music.  Hence  his  pronounced  pre- 
dilection for  harmonic  modulation,  so  marked  in 
his  compositions,  several  of  which  (a  symphony, 
an  overture,  wind-octets,  and  sonatas  and  ca- 
prices for  pf.)  were  publ.  at  this  time.  From 
this  period,  too,  dates  his  first  important  theoret- 
ico-literary  work  (ne\er  completed),  an  investiga- 
tion of  Guido  d  'Arezzo's  system  and  of  the  history 
of  notation.  He  even  started  a  mus.  periodical 
in  1804,  but  it  soon  died.  To  his  fruitful  study 
of  musical  history  and  science  he  was  prompted 
by  the  perusal  of  tatel's  new  method  of  harmony 
antagonizing  Rameau's  system  (in  which  latter 
Rey  blindly  believed).  In  1806  F.  commenced 
the' revision  of  the  plain  song  and  entire  ritual 
of  the  Roman  Church,  a  vast  undertaking  com- 
pleted, with  numberless  interruptions,  after  30 
years'  patient  research,  and  not  yet  publ.  A 
wealthy  marriage  in  the  same  year  enabled  him 
to  pursue  his  studies  at  ease  for  a  time  ;  but  the 
fortune  was  lost  in  1811,  and  he  retired  to  the 
Ardennes,  where  he  occupied  himself  with  com- 
position and  philosophical  researches  into  the 
theory  of  harmony,  leading  to  a  formulation  of 
the  modern  theory  of  tonality.  In  1813  he  was 
app.  organist  of  the  collegiate  church  of  St.- 
Pierre  at  Douai,  and  teacher  of  harmony  and 
singing  in  the  municipal  music-school.  From 
this  period  date  "La  science  de  l'organiste " 
and  the  "Methode  elementaire  d'harmonie  et 
d'accompagnement "  (sent  to  the  Institut  in 
1816  ;  publ.  1824).  He  went  to  Paris  in  1818  ; 
publ.  some  pf. -music,  and  brought  out  several 
successful  operas.  In  1821  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
composition  at  the  Cons.;  in  1824  his  "  Traite  du 
contrepoint  et  de  la  fugue  "  was  publ.  as  a  Cons, 
text-book  In  1827  he  became  librarian  of  the 
Cons.,  and  founded  his  unique  journal  "La 
Revue  musicale,"  which  he  edited  alone  until 
1832  (its  publication  ceased  in  1835).  He  also 
wrote  for  "  Le  National"  and  "  Le  Temps" 
His  industry  was  untiring  ;  he  worked  from  1 6 
to  18  hours  a  day.  In  1828  he  competed  for  the 
prize  of  the  Netherlands  Royal  Inst.  with  a 
memoir,  "Quels  ont  e"te  les  me*rites  des  Ne*er- 
landais  dans  la  musique,  principalement  aux 
XIV«-XVIC  siecles  .  .  .  ";  Kiesewetter's  essay 
won  the  prize,  but  F.'s  was  also  printed  by  the 
Inst.  In  1832  he  began  his  famous  historical 
lectures  and  concerts  (the  idea  originated  with 
Choron).  In  1833  he  was  called  to  Brussels  as 
m.  de.thap.  to  King  Leopold  I.,  and  Director 
of  the  Cons. ;  during  his  39  years'  tenure  of  the 
latter  position,  the  Cons,  flourished  as  never 
before.  He  also  cond  the  concerts  of  the 
Academy,  which  elected  him  a  member  in  1845. 
On  the  jubilee  of  his  wedding,  in  1859,  F.'s 
mass  for  5  solo  parts  with  chorus  was  sung  in 
the  church  of  Notre-Dame  du  Sablon  ;  and  his 
bust  by  Geefs  was  unveiled  in  the  courtyard  of 
the  Cons. — Fetis  was  a  sound  harmonist  and 
contrapuntist ;  his  thorough  training  enabled  him 
to  pursue  his  theoretico-histoncal  researches  with 
musicianly  intelligence  and  correspondingly  im- 
portant results,  As  an  historian,  he  js  apt  to  be 


F£TTS— FIELD 


prolix,  opinionated,  and  is  not  invariably  impar- 
tial or  reliable.  As  early  as  1806  he  commenced 
collecting  materials  for  his  great  **  Biographic 
universelle  des  musiciens  et  bibliographic  gene- 
rale  de  la  musique"  in  8  volumes  (1837-1844; 
2nd  ed.  1860-65  .  Suppl  of  2  vol  s  1878-1880, 
edited  by  A.  Pougin)  It  is  a  veritable  mine  of 
information,  and  still  a  most  valuable  work  of 
reference,  despite  the  faults  noted  above  ;  medi- 
aeval music,  and  the  modern  music  of  France, 
Italy,  and  the  Netherlands,  have  received  especial 
attention  Other  writings  not  mentioned  are 
1 '  Traite  de  1'accompagnement  de  la  partition  " 
(1829);  "Solfeges  progressifs"  (1827);  "La 
musique  mise  a  la  portee  de  tout  le  monde1'  \.i83O, 
often  republ  ;  Ger.  transl.  by  Blum,  1833  ;  Engl. 
ed.s  London,  1831,  and  Boston,  Mass.,  1842} ; 
"Manuel  des  principes  de  musique"  (1837); 
"  Manuel  des  jeunes  compositeurs,  des  chefs  de 
musique  militaire,  et  des  directeurs  d'orchestic  " 
(1837);  i4  Me"thode  des  methodes  de  piano" 
(1837);  "  Methode  des  methodes  de  chant" 
(1840) ;  "  Methode  ele*mentaire  du  plain-chant" 
(1843) ;  "  Traite*  complet  de  la  theone  et  de  la 
pratique  de  I'harmome  "  (1844) ;  "  Notice  biogr. 
de  Nicol6  Paganini"  (1851 ;  w.  short  history  of 
the  violin) ;  "  Antoine  Stradivari  "  (1856  ;  w.  re- 
searches on  bowed  instr.s) ;  2  reports  on  mus. 
instr.s  at  the  **  Exposition  univ.  de  Paris  en 
1855  "  (1856),  and  the  "  Exp.^umv.  de  Paris  en 
1867"  (1867);  "Histoire  generate  de  la  mu- 
sique" (5  vol.s  ;  only  down  to  the  isth  century). 
— Compositions  :  6  operas  (1820-32) ;  sympho- 
nies, a  fantasia,  and  an  overture,  f .  orch. ;  a  sex- 
tet, 3  quintets,  a  quartet,  etc. ;  sonatas,  variations, 
fantasias,  etc.,  f.  piano;  his  sacred  works  com- 
prise masses,  a  requiem,  motets,  Lamentations, 
Te  Deum,  Miserere,  etc  — Autobiographical 
sketch  in  his  great  Dictionary.  L.  Alvin  publ. 
a  "Notice  sur  F.  J  Fetis"  (Brussels,  1874); 
Gollmick  wrote  on  "Herr  Fe"tis"  (Leipzig,  1852). 

F£tis,  fidouard-Louis-Franyois,  son  of  the 
preceding ;  b.  Bouvignes,  n.  Dinant,  May  16, 
1812.  Edited  his  father's  "Revue  musicale" 
1833-35  ;  edited  the  musical  (later  axt-^feuillefon 
of  the  "  Independance  beige  ";  and  was  for  years 
librarian  of  the  Brussels  Library.  Publ.  "  Les 
musiciens  beiges  "  (1848 ;  2  vol.s). — His  brother, 
Adolphe-Louis-Eugene,  b.  Paris,  Aug.  20, 
1820 ;  d.  there  Mar.  20, 1873.  PupH  of  his  father, 
and  of  H.  Herz  (pf .) ;  lived  in  Brussels  and 
Antwerp,  and  from  1856  in  Paris  as  a  music- 
teacher.  Prod  an  opera,  and  comp.  music  f. 
pf.  and  harmonium. 

Feu'rich,  Julius,  pianoforte  -  maker ;  born 
Leipzig,  Mar.  19,  1821,  where  he  established 
his  factory  in  1851.  He  makes  a  specialty  of 
pianinos. 

Kevin,  Antoine  [Antonius]  de,  a  contra- 
puntist contemporary  with  Josquin,  but  of  whose 
life  no  details  are  known. — Works :  3  masses 
(printed  by  Petrucci,  1515) ;  3  masses  (printed 
byAntiquis,  1516);  masses  a  4  (Vienna  library, 


MS);  motets  in  Petrucci's  "  Mottetti  della  co- 
rona "  (1514),  and  other  coll.s  ;  and  French  chan- 
wus  in  coll  s  of  1540  and  1545. 

Fevin,  Robert  [Robertas],  a  native  of  Cam- 
brai,  probably  a  contemporary  of  A.  Fe\in  He 
was  m.  di  capp  to  the  I  >uke  of  Savoy.  One  mass, 
Le  vilazn  JalouXj  is  in  Petrucci's  "  Missae  Ant. 
de  Fevin";  another,  on  La  sol  fa  re  mi,  is  in 
MS  in  the  Munich  library. 

Fevre,  le.    See  LEFBVRE. 

Flinch,  Zdenko,  b.  Seborschitz,  Bohemia, 
Dec.  21,  1850  ;  was  taught  at  Prague,  the  Leip- 
zig Cons.  (1865),  and  by  Vincenz  Lachner.  In 
1876  he  was  app.  asst.-A'ape/Im.  at  the  National 
Th.,  Prague;  in  1878,  director  of  the  Russian 
Church  choir.  As  a  composer,  he  is  one  of  the 
foremost  in  the  young  Czech  group  — Works  : 
The  operas  (produced  in  Prague)  Bukown 
(1875  ?),  Blanfk  (1881),  The  Bride  of  Messina 
(1883),  The  Storm(iSg$t  3  acts),  //^'("Haidee," 
1896,  after  Byron's  "  Don  Juan,"  in  4  acts),  and 
Sarka,  3  acts  (Prague,  1898  ;  very  succ.)  ;  music 
to  the  dram  trilogy  Hippodamia,  by  Brchliky 
(Prague,  1891) ;  the  symphonic  poems  Othello, 
Zaboj  and  Slavey,  Toman  and  tin  Nymph,  and 
Vesna;  several  orchestral  overtures  (**  Lustspiel- 
OuvertUre,"  1892;  "A  night  on  Karlstein"; 
etc);  a  choral  ballad,  "Die  \Vindsbraut";  a 
"Spring  Romanza"  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  2  sym- 
phonies, 2  string-quartets,  a  pf. -quartet  in  E 
minor,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  choruses.  Also  a  Method 
f.  pf.  In  1899  F.  was  app.  dramaturgist  of  the 
Bohemian  Nat.l  Th.,  Prague. 

FiOby,  Heinrich,  b.  Vienna,  May  15,  1834 ! 
pupil  of  the  Cons. ;  cond.  and  solo  violin  at  Lai- 
bach  theatre;  from  1857,  city  musical  director  at 
Znaim,  where  he  founded  a  music-school  and  a 
singing-society. — Works :  3  operettas;  part-songs 
f.  male  chorus  (widely  known,  especially  4t  Oest- 
reich,  mein  Vaterland  "). 

Ficlr'er,  Ferdinand,  b.  Leipzig,  1821 ;  d. 
New  York,  1865.  He  went  to  America  in  1847. 
His  pf.-pcs.  show  considerable  talent ;  and  he 
publ.  a  good  Pf  Method  for  beginners. 

Ficht'ner,  Pauline.  See  ERDMANNSDO"RF- 
FER  (in  Appendix). 

Fied'ler,  August  Max,  b.  Zittau,  Dec.  31, 
1859.  Piano-pupil  of  his  father,  and  studied 
the  organ  and  theory  with  G.  Albrecht ;  at- 
tended the  Leipzig  Cons.,  1877-80,  and  won  the 
Holstein  scholarship.  Since  1882,  teacher  at 
the  Hamburg  Cons.  He  is  a  successful  con- 
cert-pianist ;  has  also  publ.  a  pf.-quintet  and 
pf.-pcs.;  a  symphony,  a  string-quartet,  and 
songs  are  in  MS. 

Field,  John,  a  pianist  and  composer  of 
marked  originality  ;  b.  Dublin,  July  16,  1782  ; 
d.  Moscow,  Jan.  n,  1837.  His  father  was  a  vio- 
linist ;  his  grandfather,  an  organist,  gave  him 
his  first  instruction  in  theory  and  piano-playing. 
Though  an  apt  pupil,  he  was  treated  with  undue 
severity  at  home,  and  subsequently  apprenticed 


181 


FIELITZ— FILIPPI 


to  Clementi,  then  in  the  full  tide  of  his  success  ; 
from  him  he  had  regular  lessons  till  1804,  being 
employed  m  his  master's  salesrooms  to  sho\\^off 
the  pianos  to  customers.  He  went  with  Cle- 
menti to  Parib  in  1802,  and  created  a  genuine  sen- 
sation by  his  interpretation  of  Bach's  and  Han- 
del's fug'ues  ;  yet  he 
was  kept  at  his  me- 
chanical duties  until 
Clementi  took  him 
in  1 804  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, where  they 
parted  company, 
Field  settling  there 
as  a  teacher  and  vir- 
tuoso of  extraordi- 
nary popularity.  On 
a  tour  to  Moscow, 
in  1823,  he  met  with 
even  more  brilliant 
success.  After  a 
Russian  tourn&i  he 
appeared  in  London  (1832),  playing  a  concerto 
of  his  own  at  the  Philharmonic ;  proceeded 
thence  to  Paris,  and  (1833)  through  Belgium  and 
Switzerland  to  Italy,  where,  however,  his  pia- 
nistic  peculiarities  were  not  appreciated.  Pros- 
trated by  a  combination  of  physical  disorders, 
he  lay  for  nine  months  in  a  Naples  hospital ;  he 
was  rescued  by  a  Russian  family  named  Rae- 
manow,  and  taken  back  to  Moscow,  playing  in 
Vienna,  on  the  way,  with  accustomed  success. 
But  his  powers  were  fast  waning,  and  he  died  a 
few  years  later. — F.  won  lasting  fame  less  as  an 
exceptionally  gifted  virtuoso  than  as  an  original 
composer,  forming  the  link  in  the  history  of  pf.- 
playing  between  Clementi  (in  his  later  period) 
and  Chopin.  Though  all  the  rest  of  his  piano- 
works  should  be  forgotten,  as  most  of  them  are 
already,  his  memory  is  fragrantly  and  lastingly 
embalmed  in  his  Nocturnes.  Not  only  the  name, 
but  also  the  whole  style  and  matter  of  these 
pieces,  were  strikingly  new  and  original.  Up 
to  his  time  a  composition  had,  as  a  matter  of 
course,  to  be  written  in  the  form  of  a  sonata,  a 
rondo,  or  something  of  the  sort.  F.  was  the 
first  to  introduce  a  style  in  no  way  derived  from 
the  established  categories,  and  in  which  feeling 
and  melody,  freed  from  the  trammels  of  set 
form,  reign  supreme.  He  opened  the  way  for 
all  productions  which  have  since  appeared  under 
the  various  titles  of  Songs  without  Words,  Im- 
promptus, Ballades,  etc. ;  to  him  we  may  trace 
the  origin  of  fanciful  pieces  designed  to  por- 
tray subjective  and  profound  emotion  ;  to  these 
11  night-pieces,"  so  aptly  named  by  their  author, 
Chopin  and  the  pianists  following  him  owe,  more 
or  less  directly,  much  of  their  inspiration. — 
WORKS  FOR  PP.:  7  Concertos  (No.  i,  in  E|?; 
2,  A  [7;  3,  E  b;  4,  E  b  [the  most  popular]  ;  5, 
C;  6,  C;  7,  C  min.);  4  Sonatas  (in  A,  E, 
C  min.,  and  B) ;  2  Airs  en  Rondeau  ;  Air  russe  ; 
Air  russe  varie  (4  hands)  ;  Chanson  russe  varie, 
in  D  min.;  Polonaise,  in  E[>;  "Reviens,  re- 
viens,"  Romanza  and  Cavatina  in  E;  4  Ro- 


mances ,  Rondeau  in  A;  2  "  Rondeaux  favoris," 
in  E  and  A;  Rondeau  w.  2  vlns.,  via.,  and  bass  , 
*'  Since  then  I'm  doomed,"  variation  in  C ; 
"Speed  the  Plough,"  Rondeau  m  I!j?,  2  Di- 
vertissements w.  2  ^Ins.,  via.,  and  bass,  in  E  and 
A,  2  Fantasias,  in  A  and  G;  18  Nocturnes  ; 
*'  Exercice  module  dans  tous  les  tons  majeurs  et 
mineurs  " 

Fie'litz,  Alexander  von,  b.  Leipzig,  Dec. 
28,  1860  ;  pupil  of  J  Schulhoff  (pf .)  and  Kretsch- 
mer  (comp.)  in  Dres- 
den, where  several 
sacred  comp.s  f. 
chorus,  and  an  or- 
chestral work,  were 
publicly  performed. 
He  embraced  the  ca- 
reer  of  an  opera- 
cond,  filling  posi- 
tions  in  Zurich,  LQ- 
beck,  and  Leipzig 
(City  th.)  ;  a  nervous 
disorder  forced  him 
to  give  up  this  work, 
and  he  is  now  living 
in  Italy  as  a  com- 
poser.— Works :  Op. 

6,  6  Songs  on  Tus- 
can folk-poems ;  op. 

7,  "  Kinder  des  Sudens,"  3  pf.-pcs.;  op.  8,  "  Ich 
kann's  nicht  fassen"  (scene  from  Gnllparzer's 
Ahnfraii)\   op.  9-13,  songs;   op.  15,   "Schdn 
Gretlein,"  7  songs;  op.  17,  4  pf.-pcs.;  op.  24, 
3  Songs  (Geibel) ;  op.  25,  Romanze  f.  pf.  and 
vln. ;  op.  27,  Fantasie  f.  pf. ;  op.  28,  4  Lyric  pf.- 
pcs.;  op.  29,  4  Songs;  op.  37,  4  Stimmungs- 
bilder  f.  pf.;  op.  40,  8  "  Madchenlieder "  (P. 
Heyse);  op.  47,  3  "  Narrenlieder "  (O.  J.  Bier- 
baum). 

Filip'pi,  Giuseppe  de',  b.  Milan,  May  12, 
1825  ;  d.  Neuilly,  n  Paris,  June  23, 1887.  Lived 
in  Paris  as  a  writer  from  1846  ;  contributed  arti- 
cles to  Pougin's  supplement  to  Fetis'  "  Biogr. 
univ.";  publ.  a  "  Guide  dans  les  theatres  "  (with 
Chaudet,  1857),  and  a  "Parallele  des  theatres 
modernes  de  1' Europe  "  (1860). 

Filip'pi,  Filippo,  composer  and  critic  ;  born 
Vicenza,  Jan.  13, 1830 ;  d.  Milan,  June  25, 1887. 
Studied  law  at  Padua,  taking  his  degree  in  1853. 
But  in  1852  he  had  begun  his  career  as  a  cntic 
with  a  warm  defence  of  Verdi's  Rigoletto  /he  re- 
nounced the  law,  studied  music  at  Venice  and 
Vienna,  became  in  1859  editor  of  the  Milanese 
"Gazzetta  Musicale,"  and  in  1859  niusic-critic 
of  the  newly-founded  "  Perseveranza. "  He 
publ.  a  collection  of  essays  on  great  musicians, 
"  Musica  e  Musicisti,"  in  1879 ;  as  a  zealous 
Wagnerite,  he  also  wrote  a  pamphlet  "  Riccardo 
Wagner"  (in  Ger.,  1876,  as  "  Richard  W.:  eine 
mus.  Reise  in  das  Reich  der  Zukunft ") ;  he  also 
wrote  "  Delia  vita  e  delle  opere  di  Adolf o  Fuma- 
galli"  (Milan). — Comp.s:  r  string-quintet,  9 
string-quartets,  I  pf.-trio;  pf.-pcs.,  songs. 


182 


FILLMORE—FIORAVANTI 


Fillmore,  John  Comfort,  b.  Franklin,  New 
London  Co.,  Conn.,  Feb  4,  1843  ;  d  there  Aug 
15,  iSgS.  Pupil  of  Geo.  \V.  Steele  at  Oberlin 
Coll  ,  O.,  1862  (organ) ;  then  of  Leipzig  Cons., 
1865-7.  Director  of  the  musical  dept.  in  Oberlin 
Coll.,  1867  ,  in  Ripon  College,  Wis  ,  1868-78  ; 
in  Milwaukee  College  for  Women,  1878-84. 
Founded,  in  1884,  the  "Milwaukee  School  of 
Music  "  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  of  which  he  was  the 
director  until  1895,  \\hen  he  took  charge  of  the 
Sch.  of  Music  of  Pomona  Coll ,  Claremont,  Cal. 
Publ.  "  Pianoforte  Music  •  its  History,  with 
Biogr.  Sketches  and  Critical  Estimates  of  its 
Greatest  Masters  "  (Chicago,  1883) ;  "  Lessons  in 
Mus.  History"  (iSSS) ;  "  New  Lessons  in  Har- 
mony "  (1887) ;  *  *  On  the  value  of  certain  Modern 
Theories  "  [i.e  ,  von  Oettmgen's  and  Riemann's]; 
"  A  Study  of  Omaha  Indian  Music"  (with  Miss 
Alice  C.  Fletcher  and  F.  La  Flesche  ,  Peabody 
Museum,  1893)  ;  several  magazine  articles  on 
aboriginal  folk-music ;  other  musical  essays ; 
lectures  in  various  cities,  and  papers  read  at  im- 
portant gatherings.  Also  translated  into  Eng- 
lish Riemann's  "  Klavierschule  "  and  "  Natur 
der  Harmonik." 

Filtsch,  Karl,  born  Hermannstadt,  Transyl- 
vania, July  8,  1830;  d.  Vienna,  Mar.  n,  1845. 
An  "infant  prodigy,"  piano-pupil  of  Chopin 
and  Liszt  in  Paris  (1842),  and  gave  concerts 
there  and  at  London  in  1843. 

Finck,  Heinrich  (date  of  birth  and  death 
unknown),  eminent  German  contrapuntist,  was 
taught  at  Cracow,  where  he  was  Kapellm.  to  the 
court  of  John  Albert  I.  (1482),  Alexander  (1501), 
and  Sigismund  I.  (1506).  Later  he  lived  in  Wit- 
tenberg.— Extant  works  :  "Schone  ausserlesene 
Lieder  des  hochberuhmten  Hemrici  Finckens  " 
(Nuremberg,  1536) ;  other  songs  publ.  by  Sal- 
blinger  (1545),  and  by  Rhaw  (1542).  Vol.  iii 
of  the  "Gesells.  f  Musikf orschung "  contains 
songs,  hymns,  and  motets. 

Finck,  Hermann,  grand-nephew  of  Hein- 
rich ;  b.  Pirna,  Saxony,  Mar.  21,  1527 ;  d.  Wit- 
tenberg, Dec.  28,  1558.  Studied  at  Wittenberg 
(1545),  and  became  organist  there.  Publ  *  *  Prac- 
tica  musica  "  (1556),  a  valuable  theoretical  work  ; 
composed  chorals. 

Finck,  Henry  Theophilus,  mus.  writer  and 
critic;  born  Bethel,  Missouri,  Sept.  22,  1854. 
Brought  up  in  Oregon.  Graduate,  1876,  of  Har- 
vard (st.  theory  and  hist,  of  music  with  Prof.  J. 
K.  Paine).  Attended  the  first  Bayreuth  Festi- 
val, 1876,  and  studied  a  year  at  Munich  ;  inti- 
macy with  Wagner's  music-dramas  bore  fruit  in 
"  Wagner  and  His  Works  "  (N.  Y.,  1893,  2  vol.s  ; 
Germ,  transl.,  Breslau,  1897).  Spent  a  year  in 
Munich  ;  from  1877-8,  st.  anthropology  at  Har- 
vard ;  then,  as  recipient  of  a  fellowship,  spent  3 
more  years  in  Berlin,  Heidelberg,  and  Vienna, 
studying  comparative  psychology,  and  writing 
mus.  letters  for  N.  Y.  "  Nation."  Now  living  in 
New  York  as  mus.  editor  of  the  N.  Y.  "  Evening 
Post."  Other  mus.  writings  "  Chopin,  and 
other  Mus.  Essays,"  and  fcl  Paderewski  and  His 


Art  "  Also,  books  of  travel .  "  Pacific  Coast 
Scenic  Tour,"  "Lotos-time  in  Japan,"  "Spam 
and  Morocco";  his  first  book,  "  Romantic  Love 
and  Personal  Beauty,"  traces  the  origins  (histor- 
ical and  psychological)  of  sentimental  love,  and 
has  (1899)  passed  through  4  editions. 

Finck'e,  Fritz,  born  Wismar,  May  i,  1846. 
Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.;  violinist  in  theatre- 
orch.,  Frankfort,  then  org.  at  Wismar;  in  1879 
teacher  of  singing  at  the  Peabody  Inst.,  Balti- 
more,— Publ.  "Anschlagselemente  "  (1871),  and 
pf  -pcs. 

Find'eisen  [fint'-],  Otto ;  in  1890,  Kapellm* 
of  the  \Vilhelm-Th.  at  Magdeburg ;  has  prod, 
the  3-act  operetta  Dcr  alte  Dessauer  ( Magdeburg, 
Wilhelm-Th.,  1890  ;  v.  succ.1,  and  the  3-act 
"Volksoper"  ffenniffs  von  Trefenfeld  (ib., 
1891 ;  succ.). 

Fink,  Gottfried  Wilhelm,  writer  and 
teacher;  b.  Suiza,  Thuringia,  Alar.  7,  1783  ,  d. 
Halle,  Aug.  27,  1846.  Theological  student  at 
Leipzig  (1804),  and  preached  for  a  time,  but 
turned  to  music.  He  publ.  "  tJber  Takt,  Takt- 
arten,  etc."  in  1818,  in  the  "Allgem.  mus. 
Zeitung,"  of  which  he  was  the  editor,  1827-41. 
He  was  app.  mus.  director  at  Leipzig  Univ.  in 
1842,  and  received  the  honorary  title  of  Dr  phiL 
— Writings  :  "  Erste  Wanderung  der  altesten 
Tonkunst"  (1821) ;  "  Musikahsche  Grammatik  " 
(1836);  "Wesen  und  Geschichte  der  Oper" 
(1838);  "Der  neumusikalische  Lehrjammer" 
(1842) ;  "System  der  rausikalischen  Harmonie- 
lehre  "  (1842) ;  "  Der  musikalische  Hauslehrer  " 
(1846),  and  a  posthumous  work,  "  Musikalische 
Compositionslehre  "  (1847).  *n  MS.  is  a  "  Hand- 
buch  der  allgem.  Geschichte  der  Tonkunst."  F. 
also  contributed  to  Ersch  and  Gruber's  *  *  Ency- 
clopadie,"  to  the  8th  ed  of  Brockhaus'  "  Kon- 
versationslexikon,"  and  Schilling's  "  Universal- 
lexikon  der  Tonkunst." — Comp.s :  Pieces  f.  pf. 
and  vln.;  terzets  and  quartets  f.  male  voices 
("  Hausliche  Andachten") ;  ballads  and  songs  ; 
he  also  publ  (1843)  "  Musikal.  Hausschatz  der 
Deutschen,"  a  coll.  of  1000  songs. 

Fink,  Christian,  b.  Dettingen,  Wurttem- 
berg,  Aug.  9,  1831.  Pupil  of  the  Esslingen 
Seminary,  the  Leipzig  Cons.  (1^53-5),  and 
Johann  Schneider  in  Dresden ;  lived  as  organist 
and  teacher  at  Leipzig  till  1860,  since  then  at 
Esslingen  as  first  teacher  of  mus.  in  the  Semi- 
nary, and  org.  and  mus.  dir.  at  the  principal 
church.  Received  title  of  "Prof."  in  1862.— 
Publ.  sonatas,  fugues,  trios,  preludes,  exercises, 
etc.,  f.  org,;  also  psalms,  motets,  pf.-pcs.  (4 
sonatas),  songs,  etc. 

Fioravan'ti,  Valentino,  b.  Rome,  1764  [this 
date  is  correct]  ;  d.  Capua,  June  16,  1837.  His 
teachers  were  Jannaconi  at  Rome,  and  Sala, 
Fenaroli,  Monopoli,  and  Tritta  at  Naples. 
Returning  to  Rome  in  1781  (1782?),  he  began 
his  career  as  an  opera-conductor  ;  his  first  opera, 
/  inaggiatori  ridicoli^  was  prod,  at  Rome  in 


183 


FIORAVAXTI— FISCHER 


1785.  In  I7?6  he  went  to  Naples,  and  brought 
out  Gli  in^anni  fcrtitnati  the  same  year,  fol- 
lowed up  to  1799  by  7  others,  the  la^t,  Lc  can- 
fa f net  vilfant  (Naples,  1790 )  being  considered 
his  bebt  work,  as  it  was  the  most  successful  He 
visited  Pans  in  1.^07,  and  prod,  there  I  vntuosi 
ambulanti /  spent  5  years  in  Lisbon,  as  opera- 
composer  and  cond.,  writing  10  operas  (among 
them  Camilla  ^  given  later  at  Naples  as  A'e/te). 
In  1816  he  succeeded  Jannaconi  as  maestro  at 
St.  Peter's,  and  now  devoted  himself  wholly  to 
church-music,  a  Stabat  Mater  and  a  Miserere 
being  his  best  sacred  comp.s  ;  but  his  church- 
music  was  not  as  good  of  its  kind  as  his  comic 
operas,  of  which  he  produced  abt.  50, 

Fioravan'ti,  Vincenzo,  son  of  Valentino  ;  b. 
Rome,  Apr  5, 1799;  d-  Naples,  Mar.  28,  1877. 
He  studied  secretly  under  Jannaconi,  but  finished 
his  mus.  education  with  his  father.  His  debut 
as  a  comp.  was  made  with  the  opera  Pulcinetta 
mohnaro  (Naples,  1819) ;  this  was  followed  by 
about  40  others,  all  in  buffa  style.  In  1839  he 
was  maestro  in  the  Cath.  of  Lanciano ;  from 
1867-72,  director  of  the  Albergo  dei  Poveri, 
Naples. 

Fioril'lo,  Ignazio,  b.  Naples,  May  n,  1715; 
d.  Fritzlar,  n.  Kassel,  in.  June,  1787.  A  pupil  of 
Leo  and  Durante,  he  became  an  opera-composer, 
his  first  venture  being  the  opera-seria  Mandane 
(Venice,  1736).  He  prod.  Artimene  (Milan, 
I738),  and  //  vineitor  de  sk  stesso  (Venice,  1741) ; 
after  long  travels,  he  was  app.  Kapdlm.  to  the 
court  of  Brunswick  (1754),  and  from  1762-80 
held  a  like  post  in  Kassel,  retiring  to  Fritzlar 
on  a  pension.  In  Kassel  he  brought  out  4 
operas.  An  oratorio  Isacco^  a  Requiem  and 
other  masses,  and  3  Te  Deums,  are  also  note- 
worthy. 

Fioril'lo,  Federigo,  violinist  and  comp. ;  b. 
Brunswick,  1753  ;  d.  (?).  He  was  taught  by  his 
father,  Ignazio  F.; 
went  to  Poland  in 
1780,  became 
Kapellm.  at  Riga 
in  1783,  lived  in 
Paris  1785-8,  then 
going  to  London, 
where  he  played  the 
viola  in  Salomon's 
quartet.  He  was 
heard  of  later  in 
Amsterdam ;  and 
(1823)  in  Paris. — 
Works-  The 
famous  "  Etudes  de 
Violon,"  36  Ca- 
prices, is  the  best-known ;  he  also  wrote  con- 
certos, quintets,  quartets,  violin-duos,  etc.  [FJ&Tis 
gives  a  list]. 

Pique",  Karl,  pianist ;  b.  Bremen,  1861 ;  pupil 
of  Leipzig  Cons. ;  now  living  in  Brooklyn,  N. Y. 
Has  written  a  string-quartet  (E  min.),  and 
pf.-pcs. 


Fisch'el,  Adolf,  b.  Konigsberg,  1810.  Violin- 
ist, pupil  of  Spohr.  Wrote  stnng-quartets  and 
vln. -music.  Is  a  cigar-dealer  in  Berlin. 

Fisch'er,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Lubeck, 
Oct.  23,  1698  ;  d.  Kiel,  1752,  as  cantor.  Wrote 
a  book  of  chorals  in  4  parts,  with  an  introd.  on 
church-music,  and  an  essay,  "Zufallige  Ge- 
danken  von  der  Composition  "  (both  MS.). 

Fisch'er,  Johann  Christian,  oboist;  born 
Freiburg,  Baden,  1733 ;  d.  London,  Apr.  29, 1800. 
Member  of  the  Dresden  court  orch.  in  1760 ; 
travelled  in  Italy,  and  gave  concerts  ;  from  1780, 
court  musician  at  London. — \Yorks .  10  oboe-con- 
certos, quartets  f.  flute  and  strings,  flute-duets, 
flute-solos,  etc. 

Fisch'er,  Christian  Wilhelm,  basso  buffo; 
b.  Konradsdorf,  n.  Freiberg,  Sept.  17,  1789  ;  d. 
Dresden,  Nov.  3,  1859.  Debut  in  Dresden, 
1810  ;  from  1817-28,  basso  buffo  and  chorusmas- 
ter  at  Leipzig ;  1828-9,  at  Magdeburg;  1829-31, 
stage-manager  and  chorusmaster  at  Leipzig,  later 
in  Dresden.  For  him  Marschner  wrote  the  r6Ies 
of  Blunt  ( Fampyr)  and  Friar  Tuck  ( Templer 
undj&din). 

Fisch'er,  Ludwig,  bass  singer ;  b.  Mayence, 
Aug.  18, 1745 ;  d.  Berlin,  July  ip,  1825.  Sang  in 
Mayence,  Mannheim,  and  Vienna,  and  with 
great  success  in  Paris  (1783)  and  Italy;  from 
1788-1815  in  Berlin.  Mozart  wrote  the  part  of 
Osmin,  in  the  Entfuhrvng^  for  Fischer,  whose 
voice  had  a  range  of  2  octaves  and  a  fifth  (jD-af). 

Fisch'er,  Michael  Gotthard,  b.  Alach,  n. 
Erfurt,  June  3,  1773  ;  d.  Erfurt,  Jan.  12,  1829. 
Celebrated  organist,  pupil  of  Ktttel ;  also  con- 
cert-cond.,and  teacher  in  the  seminary  at  Er- 
furt.— Works :  About  50  organ-pcs.  (many  still 
played) ;  symphonies,  concertos,  chamber-music, 
pf.-pcs.,  motets,  chorals,  concertos,  etc. ;  and  publ. 
an  "  Evangelisches  Choral-Melodienbuch." 

Fisch'er,  Anton,  b.  Ried,  Swabia,  in  1777  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Dec.  I,  1808,  where  he  had  been 
Kapcttm.  at  the  Josefstadter  Th*  and  (1800)  at 
the  Th.  an  der  Wien  — Works  :  A  number  of 
light  operas  and  operettas  of  slight  originality, 
incl.  a  children's  operetta  and  a  pantomime.  He 
also  revised  Gretry's  JRaottZ,  Barbe-Bleuc^  and 
Les  deux  avares,  for  production  in  Vienna. 

Fisch'er,  Ernst  Gottfried,  b.  Hoheneiche, 
n.  Saalfeld,  July  17,  1754 ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  21, 
1831,  as  prof,  of  natural  philos.  at  the  "Graues 
Kloster."— Publ.  "Ueber  die  Einrichtung  des 


Verhaltniss  der  Accorde"  (1835). 

Fisch'er,  Gottfried  Emil,  son  of  Ernst 
Gottfried ;  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  28,  1791 ;  d.  there 
Feb.  14, 1841 ;  from  1818,  singing-teacher  at  the 
"Graues  Kloster." — Works:  Motets,  chorals, 


songs,  school-songs  ;  melodies  to  von*  den  Ha- 
gen's  "  Minnesanger";  wrote  il  Ueber  Gesang 


184 


FISCHER— FLAXLAND 


und  Gesangunterricht "  (1831),  and  articles  for 
the  "Allgem.  musik.  Zeitung." 

Fisch'er,  Karl  Ludwig,  violinist ,  b.  Kai- 
serslautern,  Bavaria,  1816  ,  d.  Hanover,  Aug. 
15,  1877.  Mus.  director  of  the  theatres  at  Trier, 
Cologne,  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Nuremberg,  "Wurz- 
burg ;  Kapellm.  at  Mayence,  1847-52 ;  asst  - 
Kapellm.  to  Marschner  at  Hanover  (1852); 
1859,  first  court  ^apellm.  His  male  choruses 
have  made  him  famous;  he  also  comp.  large 
choral  works,  and  songs. 

Fisch'er,  Adolf,  organist ;  b.  Uckermilnde, 
Pomerania,  June  23,  1827  ;  d.  Breslau,  Dec.  8, 
1893.  Pupil  of  A.  W.  Bach,  Rungenhagen,  and 
Greli  (1845-51).  In  1853,  organist  at  Frank- 
fort, and  director  of  the  Singakademtet  with 
(1865)  the  title  of  "  Royal  Mus.  Dir.";  in  1870, 
first  org.  of  the  Elisabethkirche  in  Breslau, 
where  he  founded  the  Silesian  Cons,  in  1880, 
and  became  its  Director. — Works  .  Symphonies, 
organ-music,  motets,  songs,  etc. 

Fisch'er,  Karl  August,  famous  organist; 
b.  Ebersdorf,  n.  Chemnitz,  Saxony,  July  25, 
1828 ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  25,  1892.  Pupil  of 
Anacker  in  Freiberg  Seminary  ;  after  years  of 
private  study  he  made  long  and  successful  tours 
(1852-5) ;  thereafter  settled  in  Dresden,  being 
in  turn  org.  of  the  English  Ch.,  the  Annenkir- 
che,  and  the  Dreikonigskirche. — Works  :  Opera 
LoreUy  (not  prod.) ;  a  high  mass ;  and  sym- 
phonies f.  org.  and  orch.;  3  org,-concertos 
("Christmas,"  "Easter,"  "Whitsuntide");  2 
orchestral  suites;  pieces  f.  'cello  w.  org.,  and 
f.  vln.  w.  org. 

Fisch'er,  Franz,  'cellist ;  b.  Munich,  July 
29,  1849 ;  pupil  of  Hippolyt  M  tiller.  He  was 
soloist  at  the  Nat.l  Th.,  Pesth  in  1870,  under 
Hans  Richter ;  later  at  Munich  and  Bayreuth 
under  Wagner  ;  1877-9,  court  Kapellm.  at  Mann- 
heim, then  at  Munich. 

Fisch'er,  Paul,  b.  Zwickau,  Dec.  7,  1834 ; 
d.  Zittau,  Mar.  5,  1894,  since  1862,  cantor  at 
the  Johanneskirche  in  Zittau.  In  1864  he 
founded  the  Zittau  Con certvcrei n ;  he  was  a 
contributor  to  the  *  *  Neue  Zeitschrif t  fur  Musik" ; 
also  edited  the  "Zittauer  Liederbuch :  eine 
Liedersammlung  filr  h&here  Lehranstalten " 
(1864),  and  the  "  Zittauer  Choralbuch  "  (1868). 

Fisch'er,  Adolf,  fine  'cellist ;  b.  Brussels, 
Nov.  22,  1847 ;  d.  in  an  insane  asylum  near 
Brussels,  Man  18,  1891.  A  pupil  of  Servais  in 
Brussels  Cons.  In  1868  he  made  Paris  his  home, 
and  undertook  many  artistic  tours. 

Fisch'er,  Ignaz,  b.  1828  ;  d.  Vienna,  July  7, 
1877,  where  for  some  years  he  acted  as  Kapellm. 
of  the  court  opera. 

Fisch'er,  Josef,  composer  of  the  song 
"Hoch  Deutschland,  herriiche  Siegesbraut"; 
b.  1828 ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Sept.  27,  1885,  as  court 
musician. 

Fisch'hof,  Joseph,  pianist ;  b.  Butschowitz, 
Moravia,  Apr.  4,  1804;  d.  Vienna,  June  28, 


1857.  Pupil  in  Vienna  of  Anton  Halm  (pf.) 
and  I.  von  Seyfried  (comp.;  Taught  music 
privately,  with  "grow  ing  success,  and  in  1833 
was  app.  prof,  in  the  Vienna  Cons. — Publ.  a 
string-quartet,  many  pf.-pcs.  (rondos,  variations, 
fantasias,  dances,  marches,  etc.) ;  variations  f. 
flute  ,  songs  ;  also  a  ll  Versuch  einer  Geschichte 
des  Klavierbaus"  (1853). 

Fissot,  Alexis-Henri,  b.  Airaines  (Somme), 
Oct.  24,  1843 ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  29,  1896.  Ent 
P.  Cons.  1852  (!),  where  he  st.  under  Marmontel 
(pf.),  Benoist  (org.),  Bazm  (harm.),  and  Ambr 
Thomas  (cpt.  and  fugue)  till  1860,  taking  suc- 
cessively all  first  prizes.  Fine  organist  and 
pianist ;  comp.  many  pf.-pcs.  (op.  3,  12  Pre- 
ludes ;  op.  7,  2  Ballades  ;  op.  10,  Arabesques ; 
3  Feuillets  d'Album  ;  12  Pieces  de  genre  ;  3 
Morceaux,  op.  4 ;  3  Scherzi ;  2  Ballades  ;  6 
Arabesques  ;  Caprice  heroique,  op.  18  ;  Allegro 
symphonique,  op.  20 ;  etc.  Prof,  of  piano  at 
P.  Cons,  since  1887  ;  org.  at  St.-Vincent-de- 
Paul. 

Fitzenha'gren,  Wilhelm  Karl  Friedrich, 
'cellist ;  b.  Seesen,  Brunswick,  Sept.  15,  1848 ; 
d.  Moscow,  Feb.  13,  1890.  First  'cello  in  the 
Imp.  Russian  Society  of  Music  at  Moscow,  and 
prof,  in  the  Cons.  He  made  many  and  brilliant 
concert-tours. 

Fitzwilliam  Collection.  A  collection  of 
paintings,  engravings,  books,  and  musical  MSS., 
bequeathed  to  the  Univ.  of  Cambridge  by  Vis- 
count Richard  Fitzwilliam  (d.  1816).  The  mus. 
MSS.  include  especially  valuable  works .  the 
"  Virginall-Booke  of  Queen  Elizabeth";  an- 
thems in  Purcell's  hand,  sketches  by  Handel, 
and  many  early  Italian  comp.s.  Vincent  Novello 
edited  and  publ.  5  vol  s  of  the  Italian  sacred 
music  as  "  The  Fitzwilliam  Music,  etc.";  J.  A. 
Fuller- Maitland  and  Dr.  A.  H.  Mann  have 
made  a  complete  catalogue  (1893). 

Flagler,  Isaac  Van  Vleck,  organist ;  born 
Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  15,  1844.  First  teacher, 
H.  W.  A.  Beale,  at  Albany;  also  st.  under 
£douard  Batiste,  in  Paris,  and  others.  Has 
been  org.  and  mus.  dir.  of  the  2nd  Dutch  Ref. 
Ch.,  Poughkeepsie ;  1st  Presby.  Ch.,  Albany; 
Plymouth  Ch.,  Chicago  (8  years) ;  and  ist  Presby. 
Ch.,  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  where  he  now  (1899)  re- 
sides as  a  publisher  of  organ-music  and  choir- 
books,  and  as  concert-organist ;  at  Chautauqua 
he  has  been  org.  and  musical  lecturer  for  13 
years.  F.  has  also  been  org. -teacher  and  music- 
teacher  at  Syracuse  and  Cornell  Universities, 
and  at  Utica  Cons.  Member  of  N.  Y.  MS.  So- 
ciety, and  co-founder  of  the  Amer.  Guild  of  Or- 
ganists.— Publ.  works :  Variations  and  other 
pcs.  f.  org.;  music  f.  pf.  and  choir;  " The  Or- 
'st's  Treasury,"  "  Flagler's  New  Coll.  of 
m  Music,"  and  "  F.'s  New  Coll.  for  Choirs 
Soloists." 

Flaxland,  Gustave-Alexandre,  b.  Strasb- 
ourg, 1821.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.,  and  music- 
teacher  ;  founded  a  music-publishing  business 


185 


FLEISCHER— FLORIO 


in  I  §47,  and,  by  acquiring  copyrights  f.  comp  s 
of  Schumann  and  Wagner,  made  it  prominent. 
He  sold  out  (to  Durand  et  Schonewerk)  m  1870, 
and  commenced  making  pianos. 

Flei'scher,  Reinhold,  b.  Dahsau,  Silesia, 
April  12,  i  £42  Pupil  of  the  R.  Inst  for 
Church-music,  and  of  the  R.  Akaderaie,  at 
Berlin  ;  1870,  org.  at  Gorlitz,  and  director  of  the 
Smgakademie ;  1885,  "royal  mus.  director." — 
Works:  A  cantata,  Holda ;  motets,  songs,  org.- 
pcs.,  etc. 

Flei'scher,  Oskar,  contemporary  writer  and 
lecturer ;  a  pupil  of  Ph.  Spitta  ;  is  custodian  of 
the  royal  coll.  of  mus.  instr.s  at  Berlin,  and, 
since  1896,  prof  extraordinary  at  the  Univ.,  suc- 
ceeding Spitta  ;  also  teacher  of  music-history  at 
the  Royal  Hochschule  f.  Musik.— Publ  '"  Neu- 
menstudien  "  (Part  I  appeared  in  1895),  and  a 
monograph  on  the  lutenist  Denis  Gaultier  (1886), 
both  in  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  f.  Musik-Wiss." 
Flem'ming,  Friedrich  Ferdinand,  b.  Neu- 
hausen,  Saxony,  Feb.  28,  1778  ;  d.  Berlin,  May 
27,  1813,  as  a  medical  practitioner.  Member 
of  Zelter's  Liedertajcl^  for  which  he  comp. 
numerous  excellent  male  choruses,  among  which 
44  Integer  vitae  "  is  a  popular  favorite. 

Flegier,  Ange,  b.  Marseilles,  Feb.  25,  1846. 
Pupil  of  Marseilles  Cons. ,  and  from  1 866-9  °f 
Paris  Cons.  (Arabr.  Thomas  ;  Bazin) ,  returned  to 
Marseilles  in  1870 ;  now  living  in  Paris  — Works : 
Fatima,  I -act  comic  opera  (Mars.,  1875)  ;  Osstan, 
lyric  poem  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Franfiise  de 
Rimini,  cantata  f.  do.;  a  i-act  "  Fantaisie- 
ballet";  an  orchestral  suite  "Scenes  antiques"; 
a  "Marche  de  gala";  many  songs;  and  a  vol. 
of  pf.-pcs. 

Floers'heim,  Otto,  b.  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Mar. 
2,  1853  ;  pupil  of  Ferd.  Hiller  at  Cologne  ;  went 
to  New  York  in  1875,  became  editor  of  "The 
Musical  Courier"  in  iSSo,  and  since  1894  has 
been  manager  of  its  Berlin  branch.  For  orch. 
he  has  written  a  '4  Prelude  and  Fugue,"  "Alia 
marcia,"  "Consolation,"  "Scherzo";  for  org. 
and  orcb.,  "Elevation";  and  a  number  of  pf.- 
pcs.  and  songs. 

Flori'dia  (-Napolino),  Pietro,  b.  Modica, 
Sicily,  Mar.  5,  1860.  St.  at  the  R.  Cons,  of  S. 
Pietro  a  Majella,  Naples,  1873-9,  under  B.  Cesi 
(pf.),  P.  Serrao  and  Lauro  Rossi  (cpt.  and 
comp.),  and  Polidori  (cesth.  and  hist.).  While 
in  the  Cons.,  F.  publ.  several  pf.-pcs.,  which 
were  very  successful.  In  1882  he  brought  out 
at  Naples  a  3-act  "opera  comica"  Car  lot 'to 
Clepier,  the  success  of  which  encouraged  serious 
and  assiduous  study  in  retirement  for  3  years, 
when,  instead  of  improving  this  dramatic  first- 
ling, he — burned  it !  Made  pianistic  tours  in 
1885-6;  settled  in  Palermo,  1888,  where  he  was 
prof,  of  pf.  in  the  Cons,  until  1890,  when  he  re- 
signed. In  1888  he  became  correspondent  of 
the  "Gazzetta  Musicale"  (Milan),  and  in  this 
year  publ.  a  Serenata  (op.  i),  a  Minuetto,  a  Blu- 
ette,  and  a  Scherzo  ("  Cache-cache ! ")  f.  orch. 


In  iSSg,  won  ist  prize  of  the  Soc.  del  Quar- 
tetto,  Milan,  for  a  grand  symphony  in  4  move- 
ments. Travelled  in  Germany  in  1892,  visiting 
Ba}  reuth  ;  then  began  writing  his  opera  Maruzza 
(text  and  music),  prod,  at  Venice,  Aug.  24, 
1894,  with  success  (later  repeated  at  Turin, 
Messina,  and  Milan).  F.  has  now  (1899)  finished, 
in  collaboration  w.  Luigi  Ilhca,  a  4-act  opera 
La  coloma  hbera  (to  be  produced  at  Rome). — 
Other  works  Many  pf  -pcs.  ("  Orient,"  3  pcs  ; 
"Suite  nella  forma  antica",  "Sei  pezzi,"  op. 
9) ;  Festouverture  f.  orch. ;  etc.  Now  living  in 
Milan. 

Flo'rimo,  Francesco,  highly  distinguished 
musician  and  musicograph ;  b.  San  Giorgio 
Morgeto,  Calabna,  Oct  12,  1800 ;  d.  Naples, 
Dec  18,  iSSS.  In  1817  he  entered  the  Col- 
legio  di  Musica  at  Naples ;  Furno,  Elia,  Zin- 
garelli,  and  Tritto  were  his  teachers  ,  and  from 
1826-51  he  was  librarian  there.  He  was  Bel- 
lini's dearest  friend  ;  in  1876  he  escorted  the 
latter's  remains  from  Pere-la-Chaise,  Paris,  to 
Catania,  and  publ.  the  pamphlet  "  Trasporto 
delle  ceneri  di  Bellini  a  Catania";  he  also 
founded  the  "  Bellini  Prize,"  a  competition  open 
only  to  Ital.  composers  not  over  30. — Writings  • 
"  Cenno  storicosulla  scuola  musicale  di  Napoli " 
(Naples,  1869-71,  2  vol.s  ;  republ.  1880-84,  in 
4vols,  as  "  La  scuola  musicale  di  Napoli  e  i 
suoi  Conservator!"),  a  complete  mus.  hist,  of 
Naples,  and  of  its  conservatories,  their  teachers, 
and  pupils,  etc.;  also  "Bellini,  memorie  e  let- 
tere"  (Florence,  1882);  "  Riccaido  Wagner  ed 
i  Wagneristi"  (Naples,  1876) ;  an  "  Album  Bel- 
lini" (Naples,  1886),  containing  opinions  by 
many  eminent  musicians  on  Bellini's  works  ; 
and  a  "  Metodo  di  canto,"  adopted  by  the  Cons. 
(F.  was  also  an  excellent  singing-teacher). — 
Comp.s :  Cantatas,  church-music,  orchestral 
works ;  several  books  of  songs  in  Neapolitan 
dialect,  with  Italian  text  added ;  etc. 

Flo'rio,  Caryl  (pen-name  of  William  James 
Robjohn),  b.  Tavistock,  Devon,  Nov.  3,  1843. 
A  self-taught  musician.  Went  to  New  York, 
1857,  and  1858-60  was  the  first  solo  boy-soprano 
to  sing  at  Trinity  Church.  Since  then  he  has 
sung  on  the  stage,  and  been  org.  and  choir- 
master in  various  churches  (Trinity,  Newport ; 
Zion,  N.  Y. ;  Mount  Calvary,  Baltimore ;  St. 
Luke's,  N.  Y.;  2nd  Baptist,  Brooklyn;  Brick 
Presby.,  N.  Y.;  now  [1899]  at  All  Souls',  Bilt- 
more,  N.  C.) ;  has  been  opera-cond.  in  Havana 
and  N.  Y.  (Acad.  of  Mus.) ;  Mus.  Dir  Baptist 
Female  Inst.,  Indianapolis,  and  Wells  Coll., 
Aurora,  N.  Y.;  cond.  of  the  old  Vocal  Soc  ,  the 
Amicitia  Orch.,  and  the  Palestrina  Choir,  of  N. 
Y.;  at  present,  of  the  Choral  Society,  Asheville, 
N.  C.  Has  also  been  successful  as  an  actor, 
critic,  pkyer,  and  accompanist. — Works  .  3  ope- 
rettas, Inferno  (1871),  Les  tours  de  Mercure 
(1872),  and  Suzanne  (1876)  ;  2  operas,  Gulda 
(1879),  ^d  Uncle  Tom  (Phila.,  1882)  ;  (he  also 
wrote  libretti  to  the  operettas,  and  to  Gulda) ;  3 
cantatas,  Songs  of  the  Elements  (1872),  Bridal 


186 


FLOTOW— FOERSTER 


of  Trinmain  (1886),  The  Night  at  Bethlehem, 
2  symphonies  (G,  and  C  mm.),  2  overtures, 
i  quintet  f  pf  and  saxophones  (a  combina- 
tion original  with  F  ),  2  stnng-quartetb,  2 
quartets  f.  saxophones ;  a  pf. -concerto  in  F 
min.;  4  sonatas  f  vln.  and  pf.,  2  pf -sonatas  ; 
11  Fairy  Pictures  "  (4  pf. -duets) ,  madrigals,  part- 
songs,  and  songs  ;  church-services,  anthems,  etc. 

Flo'tow  [-to],  Friedrich,  Freiherr  von,  opera- 
composer  ,  b  Teutendorf,  Mecklenburg,  Apr. 
27, 1812;  d.  Darm- 
stadt, January  24, 
1883.  After  study- 
ing composition  at 
Paris,  from  1827, 
under  Reicha,  the  /,' 
July  Revolution  fj 
(1830)  caused  him 
to  retreat  to  Meck- 
lenburg, where  he 
wrote  two  small 
works,  Pierre  et 
Catherine  (private- 
ly perf.,  1831)  and 
Die  Bergknappen 
(1835).  Return- 
ing to  Paris,  he 
brought  out  S/ra- 
phine  (Ch&teau  Royaumont,  1836),  Rob  Roy^  and 
Le  naufrage  de  la  Mdduse  (Paris,  Renaissance 
Th.,  1839,  his  first  incontestable  success;  also 
given  Homburg,  1845,  as  Die  Matrosen}.  A 
series  of  less  fortunate  ventures  followed:  La 
duchesse  de  Guise  (1840);  Le  forestier  (1840;  at 
Vienna,  1847,  as  Der  Forster;  at  London,  1848, 
as  Leoline)\  FEsclave  de  Camoens  (1843,  at  tne 
Opera-Comique)  ;  and  the  ballet  Lady  Harriet 
(Opera,  1843;  afterwards  rewritten  as  Martha). 
With  Alessandro  Stradella  (Hamburg,  1844  ;  re- 
written from  a  i-act  "  piece  lyrique  "  Stradella^ 
given  in  Paris,  1837),  his  name  became  familiar 
in  Germany;  after  fAme  enj>eine( Paris, Opera, 
1846 ;  in  Ital.  as  //  Boscajuolo^  ossia  LAnima 
delta  Tradita]  came  his  most  genuinely  and 
widely  popular  work,  Martha  (Vienna,  1847). 
The  March  Revolution  (1848)  drove  him  from 
Paris;  Die  Grossjurstin  (Berlin  Opera,  1850) 
was  fairly  succ.,  and  Indra  (Berlin,  1853)  de- 
cidedly so ;  \>\&Rubexahl (Frankfort,  H^^Hilda 
(1855),  and  Albin  [Der  Mutter  von  Meraii\ 
(1856)  failed.  From  1856-63,  F.  acted  as  in- 
tendant  of  court  music  at  Schwerin ;  from  1863-8, 
he  was  again  in  Paris.  The  operettas  La  Veuve 
Grapin  (Paris,  1859)  and  Pianella  (Paris,  1860), 
the  operas  Wintermarchen  (Vienna,  1862),  Zilda 
(Paris,  iSbfyaxidAwrfunenstein  (Prague,  1868), 
and  the  ballets  Die  Libelle  (Vienna,  1866),  and 
Tannkonig  (Darmstadt,  1867)  belong  to  this 
period ;  for  Schwerin  he  wrote  music  to  a  "  Fac- 
keltanz,"  but  no  operas.  He  settled  on  one  of 
his  estates  near  Vienna  in  1868,  but  made  fre- 
quent visits  to  Vienna,  Paris,  and  Italy ;  his  last 
years  were  spent  in  Darmstadt.  In  1870  his  ear- 
lier triumphs  were  renewed  with  I 'Ombre  (Parjs, 


Op.-Com.,  1870;  in  London,  1878,  as  The  Phan- 
tom}. Xaida  (Milan,  1873)  and  H  fiord"  II ar- 
km  (Turin,  1876)  were  revised  from  earl}  works* 
never  produced ;  he  rewrote  India  as  VJ^nchati- 
teresse  (Pans  and  London,  1878  ;  in  Ital.  as  Alum 
Vincancatnce;  in  Ger.  as  Die  ffexe}  ,  after  his 
death,  3  more  operas  were  performed  •  Rose  liana  ^ 
Der  G>af  Saint-MJgrm  (Cologne,  1884),  and 
Die  Mitsikanten  (Hanover,  1887)  — Flotow  had 
a  fund  of  fresh  and  pleasing  melody  and  rhyth- 
mic variety,  and  a  good  knowledge  of  stage- 
effect  ;  the  failure  of  many  of  his  operas  is  due 
to  amateurish  scoring  and  shallowness  of  senti- 
ment. Yet  Stradella  and  Martha  still  hold  the 
boards,  despite  Fetis'  dismal  prophecy:  "Mais 
tout  cela  sera  bient&t  oublieV' 

Flii'gel,  Gustav,  b.  Nienburg-on-Saale,  July 
2, 1812  ;  from  1827-29  he  took  private  lessons  of 
Fr.  Schneider  in  Dessau,  and  attended  his  music- 
school  till  1830.  After  teaching  at  Kothen, 
Magdeburg,  Stettin  (1840-50),  etc.,  he  became 
teacher  of  music  at  Neuwied  Seminary,  with 
(1856)  the  title  of  Royal  Mus.  Dir.  Since  1859 
he  has  been  cantor  and  org.  of  the  Schloss- 
kirche,  Stettin. — Works:  112  Choralvorspiele  f. 
org. ;  many  other  organ-pcs. ;  a  concert-overture 
f .  orch. ;  a  stnng-quartet ;  much  pf. -music  ;  sa- 
cred and  secular  part-songs  f.  mixed  and  male 
chorus ;  songs,  etc.  Is  also  a  contributor  to 
several  mus.  papers.  , 

Flii'gel,  Ernest  Paul,  son  of  Gustav,  born 
Stettin,  Aug.  31,  1844;  taught  by  his  father,  and 
(1862-3)  at  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music,  Berlin  ; 
also  at  the  Akademie.  Bulow,  Loschhorn,  Kiel, 
and  Geyer  gave  him  private  lessons.  He  taught 
in  Treptow  and  Gfeifswald  ;  in  1867  became 
organist  and  teacher  at  the  Gymnasium  in 
Prenzlau  ;  in  1879,  cantor  at  the  Bernhardin- 
kirche,  Breslau.  Here  he  founded  the  "  Flugel- 
Verein,"  a  singing-society,  and  wrote  for  the 
"Schlesische  Zeitung." — Publ.  the  I2ist  Psalm 
(op.  22),  Mahomets  Gesang  (op.  24),  a  pf.-trio 
(op.  25),  pf.-pcs.  (e.g.,  op.  16,  31,  32),  organ- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Foer'ster,  Adolph  Martin,  born  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  Feb.  2,  1854.  Owes  his  first  mus.  train- 
ing to  his  mother ;  studied  (1872-5)  in  Leipzig 
Cons.  (Richter,  Wenzel,  Papperitz,  Coccius, 
Schimon,  Grill) ;  taught  1875-6  at  Ft.  Wayne 
(Ind.)  Cons  ,  then  settled  in  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
where  he  still  (1899)  resides  as  a  teacher  of  sing- 
ing and  pf.,  being  also  a  well-known  composer. 
— Publ.  works:  "  Thusnelda,"  char,  piece  f. 
orch.,  op.  10 ;  1st  pf. -quartet,  op.  21 ;  pf.-trio, 
op.  29 ;  Suite  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  op  36  ;  pf. -suite, 
op.  46 ;  2  concert-studies  f.  pf.,  op.  37  ;  12  Fan- 
tasias f.  pf.,  op.  38  ;  "Among  Flowers,"  n  songs, 
op.  28  ;  many  other  songs  (op.  30,  op.  42,  op. 
45,  op.  49) ;  also  pcs.  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  vln.  and 
pf.,  piano-comp.s,  part-songs,  etc. — Orchestral 
works  in  MS. :  "  Faust "  overture,  op.  48  ;  March- 
Fantasia,  op.  8 ;  Festival  Music,  op.  9 ;  Suite 
No.  i,  "  The  Falconer,"  op.  31 ;  Festival  March, 
op.  32  (at  the  May  Festival,  1891,  under  Seidl) ; 


187 


FOGLIANI— FORD 


Symphonic  Ode  to  Byron,  op.  35  I  Dedication 
March  (dedication  of  Carnegie  Hall,  Pittsburg) ; 

Suite  No  2,  op  47 ,  3  arias  f-  s°Pr'  ??d  orch: 
—Also  "  Love-song  "  (op.  23),  and  "  Hero  and 
Leander,"  op.  44 ;  2  string-quartets  (op.  33  and 
43) ;  and  and  pf  .-quartet,  op.  40. 

Foelia'ni,  Ludovici,  theonst ;  b.  Modena, 
2nd  half  of  isth  cent. ;  d.  there  abt.  1540.  Famous 
for  his  book  "  Musica  theorica  .  .  .  (Venice, 
1529),  in  which  he  preceded  Zarlmo  in  declaring 
the  correct  proportion  of  the  major  third  to  be 
4  •  5,  and  in  distinguishing  between  the  major 
and  minor  (greater  and  lesser)  semitones.  In 
Petrucci's  "  Frottole"  (1504-8)  are  some  speci- 
mens of  his  compositions. 

Foignet,  Charles-Gabriel,  b.  Lyons,  abt. 
1750 ;  d.  Paris,  1823.  He  composed  some  25 
comic  operas  for  minor  theatres  in  Pans  ;  also 
taught  singing,  the  harpsichord,  and  theory,  and 
was  for  some  years  Dir.  of  the  Th.  des  jeunes 
Artistes. 

Foignet,  Francois,  son  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Paris,  abt.  1780;  d.  Strassburg,  July  22,  1845. 
Prod,  a  number  of  comic  operas,  pantomimes, 
and  melodramas  after  1799;  also  san£  in  tenor 
and  baritone  rdles. 

Foley  [Signor  Foli],  Allan  James,  bass 
singer ;  b.  Cahir,  Tiperary,  Ireland,  in  1842. 
Pupil  of  JBisaccia,  Naples  ;  from  1862-4  he  sang 
in  opera  at  Catania,  Turin,  Milan,  and  Paris. 
Sang  at  H.  M.  Th  ,  London,  in  1865  ,  then  for 
several  years  there,  and  in  Covent  Garden  and 
Drury  Lane  ;  also  in  America,  Austria,  Russia, 
Australia  (1892),  South  Africa  (1893),  and  again 
in  London  in  1896.  His  voice  is  powerful,  and 
of  wide  compass.  He  is  likewise  a  favorite 
singer  m  oratorio  and  concert. 

Folville,  [Euge"nie-£milie-]  Juliette,  born 
Liege,  Belgium,  Jan.  5, 1870.  Her  father,  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  and  excellent  musician,  taught 
her  from  1874  (pf.,  solfeggio),  and  was  her  sole 
teacher  f .  pf . ;  her  first  lessons  on  the  violin  were 
from  Malherbes  in  Liege,  and  later  she  studied 
further  with  0.  Musin  and  Ce*sar  Thomson.  In 
1879  Mile.  F.  made  her  debut  at  Lie"ge  as  a 
concert-violinist,  and  in  the  following  year  be- 
gan composing.  She  has  had  a  very  successful 
and  brilliant  career  as  concert-pianist  and  violin- 
ist, composer,  teacher,  and  conductor,  having 
given  many  concerts  in  towns  in  the  North  of 
France  and  in  Belgium,  etc.,  and  frequently 
directing  her  own  orchestral  works  ;  she  passed 
the  summer  season  of  i8S8  in  London.  Every 
year  she  conducts,  at  Liege  Cons.,  a  concert 
of  ancient  music,  and  has  also  given  interesting 
clavecin  -  recitals ;  in  January,  1898,  she  was 
app.  prof,  of  pf.  at  Lie'ge  Cons. — Works  (in 
chronological  order) .  2  Sonatas  f .  pf . ;  2  books  of 
songs  (* '  Rappelle-toi"  and  * l  Berceuse") ;  pf  .-quar- 
tet;  3  orchestral  suites  ("Scenes  champ&res," 
44  Scenes de  la  mer,"  u  Scenes  d'hiver  ");  a sdne, 
"  Noce  au  village,"  f.  soli. ,  ch. ,  and  orch. ;  Chant 
"Graduate  pastorali,"  f.  ch.  and  orch. 


(Liege Cath.,  1887);  vln. -concerto;  "Berceuse "f 
\ln.,  Suite  poetiquc  f.  vln.;  Esquisse  symphol 
nique  f.  orch  ,  Kva,  dram,  scene  f  sopr,  and  ch 
w.  pf.;  a  2-act  opeia  Atala  (Lille,  1892  ;  Rouen' 
1893,  v.  succ.)  ;  numerous  pieces  f.  org.,  pf.l 
music. 

Fontaine,  Mortier  de.     Sec  MORTIER. 

Fontaine,  Hendnk,  bass  concert-singer ;  b 
Antwerp,  Apr.  5,  1857  ;  pupil  of  the  Cons.,  and 
singing-teacher  there  since  1883;  prominent  in 
Lucifer,  and  other  ol  Benott's  oratorios. 

Fonta'na,  Giovanni  Battista,  very  early 
comp.  f.  vln  ;  d.  Brescia,  1630.  Sonatas  f.  vln. 
w  bass,  sonatas  f  2  vlns.  w.  bassoon,  and  one 
sonata  f.  3  vlns.  were  publ.  by  Reghino  in  1641. 

Foote,  Arthur  William,  b.  Salem,  Mass 
Mar.  5,  1853;  pupil  of  B.  J.  Lang  (pf.),  S.  A! 
Emery,    and    J.    K. 
Paine  (comp.)  ;  took 
degree   of    A.M.  at 
Harvard  (for  music) 
in  1 875.    Since  1878, 
organist  of  the  First 
Unitarian    church, 
Boston.  —  Publ. 
Works:  (i)  For  orch.' 
"  In  the  Mountains," 
overtn  re  ;    "  F  r  a  n  - 
cesca  da  Rimini," 
symphonic  pi  olog  uc  ;  ' 
Suite  f.  strings,  in  E 
minor ;    Concerto   f. 
'cello  ;  Suite  f.  orch. 
— (2)  For  ch.  and  orch.-  "Farewell  of  Hiawa- 
tha"  (male  ch.) ;  "The  Wreck  of  the   Hes- 
perus" (mixed  ch.)  ;  "  The  Skeleton  in  Armor." 
— (3)  Chamber-music  : 


(4)  About  30  pf.-pcs.,  the  principal  ones  being  2 
suites  (I)  min.  and  C  min.). — About  40  songs. 
— Various  miscellaneous  comp.s,  as  vocal  duets, 
quartets  f.  male  voices,  do.  f.  female  voices; 
church-music ;  etc. 

Forberg,  Robert,  music-publr ;  b.  Lutzen, 
May  18,  1833  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Oct.  10, 1880,  where 
he  was  eslab.  since  1862. 

Forch'hammer,  Theodor,  b.  Schicrs,  Gray 
Cantons,  July  29,  1847.  Pupil  of  Stuttgart 
Cons.;  1885,  org.  at  Magdeburg  oath.,  succeed- 
ing G.  A,  Kilter;  1888,  "Royal  Mus.  Dir." 
Publ.  (w.  IJrosig)  a  "  Filhrer  clurch  die  Orgel- 
Htteralur"  (1890) ;  wrote  an  organ-concerto,  and 
other  organ-pew.,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Ford,  Ernest  A.  C.,  b.  London,  Feb.  17, 
r8s8.  Pupil  of  Sullivan  in  K.  A.  M.,  and  of 
Lalo  in  Paris,  Conductor  at  the  Kmpire  The- 
atre, London. — Works  :  Daniel  0' flour  A?,  opera 
(1884),  Nydia,  duologue  (1889),  Joan,  opera 
(1890),  Mr,  Jericho^  operetta  (1893),  Jane  Annie, 
or  The  Gooli-Cond'uct  Prize,  comic  opera  (Lon- 
don, Savoy  Th.,  1893  ;  mod.  succ.);  a  cantata 


188 


FORD— FORSTER 


f .  female  voices,  The  Eve  of  the  Festa  ;  motet, 
"  Domine  Deus"  (f.  asoth  anniv.  of  Harvard 
Uni v.),  music  f.  several  ballets,  songs,  duets,  etc. 

Ford,  Thomas,  composer ;  born  England, 
abt.  1580;  d.  Nov.,  1648.  Musician  to  Prince 
Henry  (son  of  James  I.),  and  to  Charles  I.  at 
his  accession.  Wrote  "  Musicke  of  sundrie 
kmdes  .  .  ."  (1607) ;  songs  in  Leighton's 
"Teares";  canons,  etc.,  in  Hilton's  "Catch 
that  catch  can";  and  the  famous  madrigal, 
44  Since  first  I  saw  your  face." 

For'kel,  Johann  Nikolaus,  b.  Meeder,  n. 
Koburg,  Feb.  22,  1749  ;  d  Gottingen,  Mar.  17, 
1818.  Chorister  at  Luneburg ;  1766,  "Chor- 
prafect "  at  Schwenn.  lie  also  became  a  skil- 
ful org.  and  harpist  In  1769  he  began  the 
study  of  law  in  Gottingen,  supporting  himself 
by  teaching  music.  To  musical  history,  how- 
ever, he  soon  devoted  his  chief  attention ;  he 
was  app.  Univ  organist,  and  (1778)  Univ. 
Musical  Director ;  in  1780  he  was  made  Dr. 
phil.  hon.  causa. — Works  :  "  Ueber  die  Theorie 
der  Musik,  sofern  sie  Liebhabern  und  Ken- 
nern  derselben  nothwendig  und  nutzlich 
ist"  (1774);  "  Musikahsch-kritische  Biblio- 
thek"  (1778-9,  3  vol.s) ;  "  Ueber  die  beste  Ein- 
richtung  offentlicher  Concerte''  (1770);  "Ge- 
nauere  Bestimmung  einiger  musikalischer  Be- 
griffe"  (1780);  "Musikalischer  Almanach  ftir 
Deutschland"  (1782,  1783,  1784,  and  1789); 
"Allgemeine  Geschichte  der  Musik"  (1788  to 
1801,  2  vol.s — only  to  about  the  year  1550  ;  his 
materials  for  later  times  went  to  the  publisher 
Schwickert) ;  "  Allgemeine  Litteratur  der  Musik, 
oder  Anleitung  zur  Kenntmss  musikalischer 
Bucher"  (1/92  ;  important  as  the  pioneer  work 
of  its  class);  "  Ueber  Joh.  Seb.  Bachs  Leben, 
Kunst  und  Kunstwerke  "  (1803  ;  English,  1820). 
F.'s  unique  transcriptions,  in  modern  notation, 
of  Graphaus'  lt  Missae  XIII  "  (1539),  and  of  the 
44  Liber  XV.  missanim"  of  Petrejus  (1538; 
masses  by  Okeghem,  Obrecht,  Tosquin,  and 
others),  were  engraved,  and  a  proof  pulled ;  but 
the  French  invaders  melted  down  the  plates  for 
cannon-balls.  The  proof-sheets,  corrected  by  F. , 
are  in  the  Berlin  Library. — Publ.  comp.s  :  Pf.- 
sonatas  and  variations ;  songs  (Gleim).^In 
MS. :  The  oratorio  Hiskias ;  2  cantatas,  Die 
Macht  des  Gesangs  and  Die  Hirten  an  der 
Knppe  zu  Bethlehem ;  symphonies,  trios,  cho- 
ruses, etc.  [RiEMANN.] 

For'mes,  Karl  Joseph,  bass  opera-singer  ; 
b.  MUlheim-on-Rhine,  Aug.  7,  1816;  d.  San 
Francisco,  Dec.  15,  1889.  Debut  at  Cologne, 
1841,  as  Sarastro  (Magic  Flute)\  from  1843-8 
he  was  eng.  at  Mannheim  ;  1852-7  at  the  Royal 
Ital.  Opera,  London ;  in  1857  he  made  his  first 
American  tournde,  and  since  then  has  vibrated 
between  Europe  and  America. 

FoKmcs,  Theodor,  tenor  stage-singer,  bro- 
ther of  foregoing;  b.  Muhlheim,  June  24,  1826 ; 
d.  Endenich,  near  Bonn,  Oct.  15,  1874.  Debut 
at  Ofen,  1846  ;  eng.  at  Vienna,  Mannheim  (1848), 
and  Berlin  court  opera  (1851-66),  Made  a  tour 


in  America  with  his  brother.  Lost  his  voice  tem- 
porarily ;  after  a  brilliant  reappearance,  he  be- 
came insane,  and  died  in  an  asylum 

Form'schneider.    See  GRAPH AUS. 

Foroa'ri,  Vincenzo,  cond.  and  dram.  comp. ; 
b.  Naples,  May  n,  1848  ;  pupil  of  Luigi  Sira 
(pf.)  and  Battista  (comp.). — Operas.  Maria  di 
Torre  (Naples,  1872) ;  Salammbo;  Zwna  (Naples, 
iSSi) ;  and  the  successful  i-act  opera-seria  Un 
dramma  in  vendemmia  (Florence,  1896). 

For'ner,  Christian,  b.  Wettin,  1610;  d. 
there  1678  Organ-builder  ;  his  organs  at  Halle 
(Ulrichskirche)  and  Weissenfels  (Augustusburg; 
are  still  in  use.  About  1675  he  invented  the 
"windgauge." 

Forester,  Georg  (I.),  b.  Amberg  (date  ?) ,  d. 
Nuremberg,  Nov.  12,  1568.  Matriculated  at 
Wittenberg  in  1534  J  was  medical  practitioner 
in  Amberg,  \Vurzburg,  Heidelberg,  and  Nu- 
remberg (1544).  Edited  several  \aluable  col- 
lections of  folk-songs  (Nuremberg,  1539-1556), 
which  he  harmonized  in  5  parts. 

Forester,  Georg  (II.),  b.  (?) ;  d.  Dresden, 
Oct.  16,  1587.  Cantor  in  Zwickau,  1556;  in 
Annaberg,  1564  ;  double-bass  player  in  Dresden, 
1568;  asst  -Kapellm^  1581 ;  first  Kapellm^  1585, 
succeeding  Pinelli. 

Forester,  Nikolaus  (called  Fortius),  con- 
trapuntist at  the  court  of  Joachim  I.  of  Bran- 
denburg (1499-1535).  One  i6-part  mass  is 
known  by  name. 

For'ster  (or  Fb'rster),  Kaspar,  b.  Danzig, 
1617  ;  d.  at  the  Olivan  monastery,  near  D  ,  in 
March,  1673.  He  was  a  celebrated  comp.  and 
theorist ;  for  years  cond.  at  Copenhagen,  and 
sojourned  for  a  time  in  Venice.  No  works  of  his 
are  extant. 

For'ster,  William  (Sr.),  violin-maker ;  b. 
Brampton,  Cumberland,  May  4,  1739 ;  d.  Lon- 
don, 1808.  He  went  to  London  in  1759,  an<^ 
estab.  himself  there  as  a  publ.r  and  violin-maker 
in  1781.  He  copied  Stainer  and  Amati ;  his 
'cellos  and  double-basses  are  very  rare  and  valu- 
able. 

For'ster,  William  (Jr.),  son  and  successor 
of  foregoing ;  b.  London,  Jan.  7,  1764 ;  d. 
there  July  24,  1824.  Some  of  his  violins  are 
very  fine. 

FbVster,  Adolph  M.    See  FOERSTER. 

FBr'ster,  Christoph,  organist;  b.  Bebra, 
Thuringia,  Nov.  30,  1693  ;  d.  Rudolstadt,  Dec. 
6,  1745.  Ducal  Kapellm.  at  Merseburg ;  in 
1745  Kapellm.  at  Rudolstadt. — Works  over  300 
in  number  (cantatas,  symphonies,  overtures,  or- 
gan-music, pf.-pcs.). 

For'ster,  Emanuel  Aloys,  born  Neurath, 
Austrian  Silesia,  Jan.  26, 1748  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov. 
12,  1823.  A  self-taught  composer  and  excel- 
lent teacher  of  theory,  from  1776,  in  Vienna. — 
Works  :  "  Huldigungscantate,"  a  Notturno  con- 
certante  f.  strings  and  wind,  48  quintets  and 
quartets  f,  strings,  pf.-quartetsT  a  pf.-sextet, 


189 


FORSTER— FOURNIER 


variations  and  sonatas  f.  pf  ;  wrote  kk  Anleitung 
zum  Generalbass"  liSos,  '05,  '24) 

For'ster,  Alban,  violinist ;  b.  Reichenbach, 
Saxony,  Oct.  23,  1649 ;  a  pupil  there  of  R. 
lilume,  later  of  Dresden  Cons.  Leader  of  orch.s 
at  Karlsbad,  Bresiau,  Stettin;  in  1871,  court 
musician  at  Xeustrehtz,  also  conducting  the 
Stnzakadcmit:  ;  1 88 1,  teacher  in  Dresden  Cons., 
and  cond.  of  the  Litdertujd ' ,  since  iS?2,  court 
JCafcttm.  at  Xeustrelitz. — Works  .  Operetta  Das 
Fhuttrn  (Xeustrelitz,  1875) ;  3-act  comic  opera 
JDlf  Madcktn  -ion  Schilda  (ib  ,  1887)  ,  opera 
's  Lork  (Dresden,  iSgi) ;  romantic-comic  bal- 
let-pantomime Tiaumerei  in  der  IValdmuhle 
(Zwickau,  rSg6) ;  besides  orchestral  and  cham- 
ber-music (string-trios  and  quartets),  violin- 
music,  instructive  pf  -pcs. ,  and  songs. 

For'ster,  Joseph,  b.  Osojnitz,  Bohemia, 
Feb.  22,  1833.  Pupil  (1850-2)  of  the  Prague 
School  of  Organists ;  organist  m  several  churches, 
since  1887  at  the  cathedral,  Prague.  Also  prof, 
of  theory  in  Prague  Cons.  The  promotion  of  a 
cappella  polyphonic  music  is  his  specialty  — 
Works :  Masses  and  requiems,  organ-pcs.  and  a 
treatise  on  harmony. 

Forsyth'  Brothers,  music-publ.rs  at  London 
and  Manchester. 

Fort'lage,  Karl,  b.  Osnabruck,  June  12, 
1806  ;  d.  Jena,  Nov.  8,  iSSi.  Since  1846,  prof. 
of  philos.  at  Jena. — Publ.  "  Das  musikahsche 
System  der  Griechen  in  seiner  Urgestalt  "  (Leip- 
zig, 1847),  a  standard  work  on  ancient  theory. 

Fbrtsch,  Johann  Philipp,  born  Wertheim, 
Franconia,  May  14,  1652;  d.  Eutin,  Dec.  14, 
1732.  A  physician  by  profession,  he  adopted 
music,  sang  in  Hamburg,  and  (1680)  succeeded 
Theile  at  Gottorp  as  Jtapettm.  to  the  Duke  of 
Schleswig  ;  afterwards  returning  to  the  practice 
of  medicine. — Works  :  12  operas,  several  clavi- 
chord-concertos, etc. — Fr.  Zelle,  in  the  3rd  sup- 
plement to  the  "  Zur  Geschichte  der  deutschen 
Oper,"  has  written  a  sketch  of  F.'s  life  and 
works. 

Foster,  Myles  Birket,  organist  and  comp.; 
b.  London,  Nov.  29,  1851.  From  1871,  pupil 
of  Hamilton  Clarke ; 
later  of  Sullivan, 
Prout,  and  Westlake 
at  R.  A.  M.  Org. 
at  Haweis'  church, 
1873-1874;  at  the 
Foundling  Hospital, 
1880-92.  Now  mus. 
editor  for  Messrs. 
Boosey.  —  Works 
Evening  Services  in 
C  (male  ch.)  and  A; 
Communion  Service 
in  IJ  [> ;  A  n  t  he  m  s , 
etc.  Children's  can- 
tatas Cinderella, 
fjMnpblack,  Beauty 
and  the  Beast,  The 
Angels  of  the  Bells^  Bonnie  Fishwife,  Snow 


Fairies,  Coming  of  the  JtfMg) ;  numerous  songs. 
Also,  in  MS  ,  a  symphony  in  F£  mm  ,  il  Isle  of 
Arran";  overtures,  a  string-quartet ,  a  pf.- 
trio ,  etc. 

Foster,  Stephen  Collins,  b.  Lawrenceville 
(Pittsburg),  Pa.,  July  4,  1826  ;  d.  New  York, 
Jan.  13,  1864.  In  music  he  was  chiefly  self- 
taught,  and  studied  assiduously  ;  at  7  he  learned 
to  play  the  flageolet ;  in  1840  his  first  comp  , 
a  waltz  for  4  flutes,  was  performed,  and  in  1842 
his  first  (publ.)  song,  "  Open  thy  lattice,  love," 
was  written.  From  1845-6  he  wrote  "  The 
Louisiana  Belle,"  "Old  Uncle  Ned,"  and  "O 
Susanna";  these  were  followed  by  "  My  old 
Kentucky  home,"  "Old  dog  Tray,"  "  Massa's 
in  the  cold,  cold  ground,"  "Gentle  Annie," 
**  Willie,  we  have  missed  you,"  "I  would  not 
die  in  spring-time,"  "  Come  where  my  love  lies 
dreaming,"  "  Old  black  Joe,"  "  Ellen  Boyne," 
(to  the  melody  of  which  the  words  of  "John 
Brown's  body"  were  afterwards  set),  "The 
old  folks  at  home"  (or  "Down  on  the 
Suwanee  River"),  "Nellie  was  a  lady,"  "  O, 
boys,  carry  me  'long,"  "Nelly  Bly,"  "Nancy 
Till,"  "Laura  Lee,"  " Maggie  by  my  side," 
"  Beautiful  dreamer  "  (1864,  his  last) ,  etc.  S  os- 
ter  generally  wrote  both  words  and  music  of  his 
songs,  of  which  over  160  were  published.  Scores 
of  these  are  known  in  every  American  household, 
and  have  become  genuine  folk-songs.  Foster's 
simple,  but  not  trivial,  melody  touched  the  popu- 
lar heart ;  he  occupies  a  unique  position  among 
American  composers. 

Fouque,  Pierre-Octave,  b.  Pau,  Basses- 
Pyre'ne'es,  Nov.  12,  1844 ;  d.  Apr.  21/22  (Sept. 
23?)  1883.  Pupil  at  Paris  of  Keinhold  Becker 
(harm.)  and  Chauvet  (cpt.);  from  1869,  of  Ambr. 
Thomas  at  the  Cons. — Works :  Operettas,  pf  - 
pcs.,  songs  and  part-songs.  Wrote  "  On  Music 
in  England  before  Handel";  "  J.  F.  Lesueur, 
the  Predecessor  of  Berlioz";  a  biogr.  of  "  M.  J. 
Glinka,"  and  "  Histoire  du  Th&tre  Ventadour." 
He  was  librarian  of  the  Cons  ,  music  critic  for 
the  "  Republique  Francaise,"  and  contnb.  to 
"Le  Me'nestrel"  and  the  "Revue  et  Gazette 
xnusicale." 

Fournier,  Pierre-Simon,  cutter  and  founder 
of  music-type ;  b.  Paris,  Sept.  15,  1712  ,  d.  there 
Oct.  8,  1768.  Instead  of  the  lozenge-shaped 
types  in  the  style  of  Hautin's  (1525),  F.  intro- 
duced round-headed  notes,  described  in  his  * '  Es- 
sai  d'un  nouveau  caractere  de  fonte  ..."  (1756); 
he  also  publ.  a  "  Traite  historique  et  critique  sur 
1'origine  et  les  progres  des  earacteres  de  fonte 
pour  Timpression  de  la  musique  ..."  (Paris, 
1765). 

Fournier,  Emile-Eugene-Alix,  b.  Paris, 
Oct.  II,  1864;  d.  Joinville-le-Pont,  Sept.  12, 
1897.  Pupil  of  Delibes  and  Dubois  at  P.  Cons  : 
took  2nd  Gr.  prix  de  Rome  in  1891,  and  the 
Prix  Cressent  in  1892  for  the  i-act  opera  Stra- 
tonice  (Gr.  OpeVa,  Paris,  1892).  Since  then  he 
had  publ.  a  number  of  songs,  and  had  finished 
a  3-act  opera  Carhman  (not  prod.). 


190 


FOX— FRANCK 


Fox,  George,  Engl  composer  and  dram, 
baritone,  b.  1854  (');  has  sung  with  various 
opera-troupes  in  London  and  the  provinces,  and 
composed  several  popular  operettas  (Robert  Ma- 
caire,  1887;  The  Cor  si  can  Brothers,  iSSS;  and 
Nydia,  1892 — all  at  the  Crystal  Palace),  and  can- 
tatas (  77/f  Jackdaw  of  Rheims,  The  Babes  in 
the  Wood,  T lie  Fair  Imogens,  Lord Lovel,  Il'ini- 
fred  Price,  Gabriel  Grub,  John  Gilpin,  Hamil- 
ton Tighe,  The  Messenger-dove},  and  songs. 

Fra'del,  Charles  [Karl],  composer  and  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Vienna,  1821,  lived  for  years  as  a  music- 
teacher  in  New  York ;  also  in  London.  He  comp. 
pf  -pcs  and  songs. 

Frances'co  cie'co  [cha'ko],  or  degli  organi. 
See  LANDING,  FRANCESCO. 

Franchet'ti,  Alberto  (Baron),  b.  Turin,  Sept. 
18,  1860  ;  studied  w  Nicol6  Coccon  and  Fortu- 
nato  Magi ;  then  in  Dresden  under  F  Draeseke, 
and  at  the  Munich  Cons. — Works  4-act  opera 
("dram,  legend  ")  Asraele  (Brescia,  iSSS;  also 
in  La  Scala,  Milan;  v.  succ.),  opera  Cnstoforo 
Colombo  (Genoa,  Oct.,  1892;  succ.);  3-act  opera 
seria  Fior  d*Alpe  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1894  ;  mod. 
succ.)j  3-act  opera  //  Signor  di  Pourceaugnac 
(Milan,  La  Scala,  1897 ;  mod.  succ.) ;  also  asym- 
phony  in  E  minor. 

Franchi'nus.    See  GAFORI. 

Franchi-Veraey,  Giuseppe  Ippolito,  Conte 
della  Valetta;  b.  Turin,  Feb.  17,  1848.  In  1874 
he  gave  up  his  career  as  a  lawyer  for  music.  In 
1875  he  founded,  with  others,  a  Quartet  Society 
(Societi  della  Quartetta);  in  1876  he  estab.  the 
"Accadetma  di  Canto  corale."  From  1875-7, 
under  the  pen-name  of  Ippolito  Valetta,  he  wrote 
for  the  "Gazzetta  del  Popolo";  later  for  "II 
Risorgimento "  and  other  papers.  Among  his 
comp.s  are  a  "  lyric  sketch,"  //  l^aldese  (Turin, 
1885),  which  was  well  received,  and  a  ballet,  // 
Mulatto  (Naples,  1896 ;  furore).  Wrote  a  sym- 
pathetic sketch  on  "  Donizetti  "  (Rome,  1897, 
pp.  15).  He  is  a  disciple  of  Wagner.  In  1893  (?) 
he  married  Teresina  Tua. 

Franchoxnme,  Auguste,  eminent  'cellist ;  b. 
Lille,  Apr.  10,  1808;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  21,  1884.  A 
pupil  of  Levasseur  and  Norblin  in  Paris  Cons, 
from  1825,  taking  first  prize  for  'cello-playing  in 
1826.  Played  in  the  Opera  orch.  (1827),  and  in 
the  Theatre  Italien  from  1828.  He  was  intimate 
with  Chopin;  established  soir/es  f.  chamber-mu- 
sic with  Halle  and  D.  Alard ;  and  in  1846  became 
'cello-teacher  in  the  Cons. — Works :  A  concerto, 
variations,  caprices,  fantasias,  nocturnes,  ro- 
mances, adagios,  studies,  etc.,  f. 'cello. 

Franck,  Melchior,  b.  Zittau,  abt.  1580;  d. 
Koburg,  June  I,  1639,  as  court  JCapellm.  (since 
1603).  Prolific  composer.— Publ.  works :  "  Me- 
lodiae  sacrae"  (a  4-12,  1600-7;  3  parts);  "  Mu- 
sicalische  Bergreyen  "  (1602);  *'  Contrapuncti 
compositi  "  (1602);'  "  Teutsche  Psalmen  und 
Kirchengesange "  (1602);  "Newe  Paduanen, 
Galliarden,  etc."  (1603);  "Opusculum  etlicher 
newer  und  alter  Reuter  Liedlein"  (1603); 


l4Newes  Quodlibet"  (1604);  "Farrago  6  voc." 
( 1604) ;  * l  Teutsche  [secular]  Gesange  und 
Tantze  "  (1605);  "  Geisthche  Gesange  und  Melo- 
dien"  (i6oS);  **  Xewes  Echo  "(1608);  4*  Cantica 
gratulatoria,"  with  other  occasional  pieces  (1608- 
9) ;  * 4  Neuemusicalische  Intraden  "  (1608 ) , "  Flores 
musicales"  (1610);  Musicahsche  Frohlichkeit " 
(1610);  4  4  Tricima  nova  "  (1611),  '4  Vmcula  na- 
talitia"  (1611);  44Sechs  teutsche  Concerte  von 
acht  Stimmen"  (1611) ; 44  Suspiria musica"  (1612); 
4k  Opusculum  etlicher  geistlicher  Gesange " 
(1612);  *4Viridanum  musicum"  (a  6-10,  1613); 
44  Recreationes  musicae  "  (1614); 4t  Zween  Grab- 
gesange"  (1614);  4'Zwey  newe  Hochzeitsge- 
sange"  (1614") ;  "  Threnodiae  Davidicae  "  (1615); 
44  Die  trostreichen  Worte  aus  dem  54.  Capitel 
Esaia"  (^7-15, 1615); 4t  Deliciaeamoris"(i6i5); 
44  Fasciculus  quodlibeticus  "  (1615) ; 44  Geistlicher 
musicalischer  Lustgarten"  (a  4-9,  1616);  44Li- 
lia  musicalia  "  (1616);  44Teutsches  musicalisches 
frohliches  Convivium  "  (1621); 4C  Laudes  dei  ves- 
pertmae  "  (1622);  "  Newe  teutsche  Magnificat" 
(a  2-8, 1622  ;  4  parts) ; 44  Gemmulae  evangeliorum 
musicae"  (1623  and  1624;  2  parts);  lt  Newes 
liebliches  musicalisches  Lustgartlein"  (a  5-8, 
1623);  4t4o  Teutsche  lustigemusicahsche  Tantze" 
(1624)  I  "Newes  musicalisches  Opusculum" 
(1624);  4t  Sacri  convivii  musica  sacra  "  (1628) ; 
44  Rosetulum  musicum  "  (1628);  44  Cithara  eccle- 
siastica  et  scholastica"  (no  date);  44  Psalmodia 
sacra  "  (1631); 44  Dulces  mundani  exilii  deliciae" 
(1631);  44Der5i  Psalm furvier  Stimmen" (1634); 
44  Paradisus  musicus"  (1636);  442  newe  Epice- 
dia"(i639).  Vol.  xvii.  of  the  Monatshefte  filr 
AIitsik-Geschichte  contains  a  careful  description 
of  his  printed  works,  also  of  MSS  preserved  in 
public  libraries.  Aloys  Obrist  publ.  a  disserta- 
tion on  ' 4  Melchior  Franck  "  in  1892. 

Franck,  Johann  Wolfgang,  b.  Hamburg, 
1641 ,  d.  in  Spain,  1688  (or  later).  He  was  a 
physician  and  opera-conductor  at  Hamburg ; 
and  produced  14  operas  there  (1679-86).  He 
publ.  sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass  ;  also  u  Geist- 
liche  Melodien"  (1681, 1685,  1700  ;  republ.  1857 
by  D.  H.  Engel,  with  new  words  by  Oster- 
wald). 

Franck,  Cfear-Auguste,  b.  Lie'ge,  Dec  10, 
1822 ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  8,  1890.  Pupil  of  Liege 
Cons,  until  1837 ; 
then,  at  the  Paris 
Conserv.,  of  Zim- 
merman (pf.),  Le- 
borne  (cpt.),  and 
Benoist  (org.), 
succeeding  the 
last-named,  in 
1872,  as  prof,  of 
org.  at  the  Cons., 
and  org.  at  Sainte- 
Clotilde.  In  the 
Cons  he  took  ist 
prize  f.  pf.  (1838) 
and  2nd  prize  f. 
comp,  (1839).— Works;  Tte  4-act  comic  opera 


191 


FRANCK— FRANZ 


Hulda  (Monte  Carlo,  1894;  succ.) ;  unfinished 
4-act  lyric  drama  Ghiselle  (Monte  Carlo,  1896) ; 
the  oratorios  Ruth  et  Boaz  and  La  Redemption 
(1871) ;  a  symph.  poem  w.  chorus,  Les  beatitudes 
(his  finest  work)  ;  a  symph.  poem  Le  chasseur 
maudit ;  a  symph  p.  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  Les 
Djinns ;  a  symphony  in  D  mm  ;  a  sonata  f.  pf. 
and  vln.;  pf.'-pcs.,  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. — 
Biographical*  "CEuvre  lynque  de  C.  F  ,"  by 
Destranges  ;  "  C.  F.,  ]£tude  sur  sa  vie,  son  en- 
seignement,  ses  ceuvres,"  by  Gustave  Derepas 
(Paris,  1897,  pp.  60). 

Franck,  Joseph,  brother  of  Cesar-Auguste  ; 
b.  Liege,  abt.  1820  ;  organist  and  teacher  in 
Paris ;  has  publ.  cantatas,  masses,  motets,  an 
Ode  to  St.  Cecilia  (w.  orch.),  pf. -concertos, 
studies  f.  pf.,  songs,  etc.;  also  a  "  Manuel  de  la 
transposition  et  de  raccompagnement  du  plain- 
chant";  "Traite  d 'harmonic";  "  L'art  d'ac- 
compagner  le  plain-chant,"  and  a  "Nouvelle 
methode  de  piano  facile." 

Franck,  Eduard,  b.  Breslau,  Oct.  5,  1817 ; 
d.  Berlin,  Dec.  I,  1893.  Was  taught  at  Bres- 
lau;  became  teacher  of  pf.  at  the  Cologne 
Cons.;  1859,  at  d16  Bern  School  of  Music, 
where  he  was  also  Musical  Director  (the  degree 
of  Dr.  pJiil.  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  Bern 
Univ.) ;  1867-78,  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin ; 
since  then  at  Breslaur's  Seminary  for  Piano- 
teachers,  Berlin. — Works:  A  symphony  (op. 
47)  ;  pf.-quintet  (op.  45) ;  a  sextet  (op.  41) ;  a 
pf.-concerto  (op.  13)  ;  2  pf. -trios  ;  a  'cello-sonata 
w.  pf.  (op.  42) ;  Duo  f.  2  pfs.  (op.  46) ;  nine  pf .- 
sonatas;  etc. 

Fran'cke,  August  Hermann,  founder,  in 
1865,  of  a  piano-factory  at  Leipzig. 

Franco.  It  is  probable  that  there  were  two 
musicians  named  Franco  :  F.  of  Paris  (F.  the 
Elder),  mattre  de  ckapelle  at  Notre-Dame,  Paris, 
abt  1 100  (?)  A.D.;  and  the  more  celebrated  F. 
of  Cologne,  b.  Dortmund,  prior  of  the  Bene- 
dictine Abbey  at  Cologne  in  1190,  author  of  2 
treatises  on  music,  "  Musica  et  cantus  mensura- 
bilis,"  "  Compendium  de  discantu,"  both  printed 
in  Gerbert,  "  Scriptores."  Both  Francos,  in  the 
notation  of  their  compositions,  were  innovators 
and  progressives. 

Francceur,  Francois,  violinist ;  born  Paris, 
Sept.  28, 1698  ;  d.  there  Aug.  6,  1787.  Entered 
the  Ope'ra  orch.  in  1710;  he  became,  success- 
ively, chamber-musician  to  the  King,  one  of  the 
"  24  violons  du  roi "  (1730),  chamber-composer 
(1732),  opera-inspector  (conjointly  with  Francois 
Rebel,  his  inseparable  friend),  director  of  the 
Opera  (1751),  and  superintendent  of  the  King's 
music  (1760). — Works:  2  books  of  violin-so- 
natas ;  with  Rebel,  he  produced  10  operas. 

Francceur,  Louis-Joseph,  violinist,  nephew 
of  Fran9ois ;  b.  Paris,  Oct.  8,  1738 ;  d.  there 
Mar.  10,  1804.  Member  of  the  Opera  orch.; 
1764  asst.,  1767  first  cond.;  later  director  of 
the  Ope'ra  for  a  short  time. — Works  :  Ismene  et 
r^  i-act  opera  (Ope'ra,  1766)  ;  other  operas 


in  MS.     Also  publ.  "  Diapason  general  de  tous 
les  instr.s  a  vent  .  .   ."  (17/2). 

Frank,  Ernst,  b.  Munich,  Feb.  7,  1847  :  d. 
insane  at  Oberdobling,  n  Vienna,  Aug.  17, 
1889.  Pupil  of  Mortier  de  Fontaine  (pf.)  and 
Fr.  Lachner  (comp  )  ,  he  became  court  org.  in 
Munich,  and  cond  of  rehearsals  at  the  opera  ; 
in  1868,  Kapellm.  at  Wurzburg ;  1869,  chorus- 
master  at  the  court  opera,  Vienna,  \\here  he  also 
cond.  the  Singakademie  and  the  Akademischer 
Gesangverein.  From  1872-7  he  was  court 
Kapellm.  at  Mannheim  ;  here  he  brought  out 
(for  the  first  time)  Gotz's  Der  iridenpenstigen 
Zahmting  (1874)  and  Francesca  da  Rimini 
(1877  ;  completed  by  Frank  himself).  In  1877, 
Otto  Devrient,  the  new  mtendant  of  the  Frank- 
fort Th.,  had  F.  app.  Kapellm.  there  ;  on  D.'s 
dismissal  in  1879  he  resigned,  but  that  same 
year  was  called  to  Hanover  to  succeed  v.  Bulow 
as  operarATq^f/ftiu.,  as  which  he  acted  till  1887. — 
Works  :  3  operas,  Adam  de  la  Halle  (Karlsruhe, 
1880),  Hero  (Berlin,  1884),  and  Der  Sturm  (Han- 
over, 1887;  in  3  acts,  after  Shakespeare's  "  Tem- 
pest ") ;  has  also  publ.  many  delightful  songs. 

Fran'kenberger,  Heinrich,  born  Wumbach, 
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  Aug.  20,  1824  ;  d. 
Sondershausen,  Nov.  22,  1885.  Dramatic 
comp.,  pupil  of  Plaidy,  Becker,  and  Haupt- 
mann  in  Leipzig  Cons.  In  1847,  violinist  in 
the  court  orch.,  Sondershausen  ;  later,  asst.- 
Kapellm. — 3  operas,  Die  Hochzeit  su  Venedig 
(1847),  Vineta  (1851),  and  Der  Gilnsthng  (1863), 
all  at  Sondershausen  ;  also  pf  -pcs.,  songs,  etc. 
— Wrote  "Anleitung  zur  Instrumentirung,"  a 
"  Harmonielehre,"  an  ll  Orgelschule,"  and  a 
"Choralbuch." 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan. 
17,  1706 ;  d.  Philadelphia,  Apr.  17,  1790.  He 
invented  the  Harmonica  ("musical  glasses"), 
and  wrote  entertainingly  on  Scotch  music,  on 
the  defects  of  [then]  modern  music,  and  other 
topics. 

Franko.    See  FRANCO. 

Franz,  Robert,  song-composer;  b.  Halle, 
June  28,  1815  ;  d.  there  Oct.  24,  1892.  (His 
family-name,  Knauth,  was  changed  by  royal 
permission  in  1847.) 
His  parents,  after 
fruitless  endeavors 
to  make  him  aban- 
don the  study  of 
music,  permitted 
him  to  finish  his 
musical  education 
at  Dessau,  1835-7, 
under  Fr.  Schnei- 
der. Returning  to 
Halle,  and  unable 
to  find  a  suitable 
position,  or  even  a 
publisher  for  his 
compositions,  he 
devoted  six  years  fc>  diligent  Study  of  Bach, 


193 


FRANZ— FRESCOBALDI 


Handel,  Beethoven,  Schubert,  etc.  At  length, 
in  1843,  his  first  set  of  12  songs  appeared, 
warmly  praised  by  Schumann,  Liszt,  Mendels- 
sohn, and  others ;  he  soon  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  organist  at  the  Ulrichskirche,  and  later 
became  cond.  of  the  Stngakademie,  and  musical 
director  at  Halle  Univ.,  which  conferred  on  him 
the  title  of  Mus.  Doc.  in  1861.  In  iS6S,  deaf- 
ness, and  a  complication  of  nervous  disorders, 
forced  him  to  give  up  all  his  positions ;  the 
meagre  income  from  his  compositions  was  sup- 
plemented by  the  generosity  of  his  fellow-artists 
in  Germany  (Frau  Helene  Magnus,  Joachim, 
Liszt,  et  al.)  and  America  (Otto  Dresel,  S.  B 
Schlesinger,  B.  J.  Lang),  who  gave  a  series  of 
concerts  for  his  benefit,  in  1872,  realizing  some 
$25,000. — Franz  is  known  as  a  song-composer 
par  excellence,  and  published  257  songs  remark- 
able for  the  perfect  fitness  and  exquisite  finish 
of  the  musical  setting,  and  rivalling  Schubert's 
in  beauty  of  melody,  and  Schumann's  in  romantic 
expression.  (His  wife  Marie,  ne'e  Hinrichs 
[1828-91],  also  publ.  several  attractive  songs.) 
Other  works:  The  H7th  Psalm  for  8-part 
(double)  ch.  a  cappella;  a  Kyrie  f.  4-p.  ch.  a 
capp.  and  soli ;  a  Liturgy  for  the  Evang.  service  ; 
6  chorals,  6  part-songs  i.  mixed  ch.,  and  6  do  f. 
male  ch. — His  revised  arrangements  of  many 
works  by  Bach  and  Handel  (by  BACH  :  St.  Mat- 
thew Passion,  Funeral  Ode,  Magnificat,  10 
cantatas,  Christmas  Oratorio,  arias,  duets,  etc.; 
by  HANDEL:  The  Messiah,  Jubilate  in  D, 
44  L' Allegro,  il  Penseroso,  ed  il  Moderate,"  and 
many  arias,  etc.)  are  classical. — Biographical 
essays  on  Franz,  by  Ambros,  Liszt,  A.  Saran, 
J.  Schaffer,  H.  M.  Schuster,  and  Dr.  W.  Wald- 
mann  ('  *  Gesprache  aus  zehn  Jahren,"  Leipzig, 
1895),  have  appeared. 
Franz,  J.H.,is  the  pen-name  of  Count  BOLKO 

VON   HOCHBERG. 

Franzl,  Ignaz,  violinist ;  b.  Mannheim,  June 
3,  1734 ;  d.  there  1803.  In  1750  he  joined  the 
Mannheim  court  orch.,  of  which  he  became 
leader  and,  in  due  course,  Kapellmeister,  accom- 
panying the  orch.  on  its  removal  to  Munich  in 
1768.  From  1784  he  made  several  artistic  tours 
with  his  son ;  1790,  director  of  Mannheim  thea- 
tre-orch. — Publ.  violin-concertos,  quartets,  trios, 
etc. 

Franzl,  Ferdinand,  violinist,  son  and  pupil 
of  Ignaz ;  b.  Schwetzingen,  Palatinate,  May  24, 
1770;  d.  Mannheim,  Nov.,  1833.  Entered  the 
Mannheim  court  orch.  in  1782  ;  from  1784  made 
long  tours  with  his  father,  and  took  further  les- 
sons of  Pleyel  and  Richter  (Strassburg),  and 
Padre  Mattel  (Bologna) ;  in  1806  he  succeeded 
Cannabich  as  court  KapeUm.  at  Munich,  retiring 
on  a  pension  in  1827. — Works  :  6  operas,  none  of 
which,  is  specially  noteworthy ;  much  excellent 
violin-music  (8  concertos,  a  double-concerto  f.  2 
vlns.,  4  concertinos) ;  symphonies,  overtures,  9 
string-quartets,  6  string-trios ;  songs,  etc. 

Frederick  II.  (the  Great),  of  Prussia;  b. 
Berlin,  Jan.  24,  1712 ;  d.  Potsdam  (Sans  Souci), 


Aug.  17,  1786.  He  was  a  flute-player  of  con- 
siderable skill,  and  an  amateur  cn'mpober  [an 
opera,  II  re  pastors  ;  overture  to  Atis  and  GaLi- 
thea;  soli  f.  flute  ;  anas,  and  marches  (v.  Selec- 
ted Comp.s,  publ.  by  Br  und  H.]  K  F 
Mulier  publ.  **  Friednch  der  Grosse  als  Kenner 
und  Dilettant  auf  dem  Gebiete  d.  Tonkunst" 
(Potsdam,  1847);  \V.  Kothe  also  publ.  a  "mu- 
sical biography"  of  the  monarch.  (Also  see  C. 
PH.  E.  BACH,  QITAXTZ,  and  GRAU.N  ) 

Fre'derix,  Gustave,  b.  Liege,  1834  ;  d.  Brus- 
sels, Aug.  ('),  1894.  Celebrated  critical  writer, 
dramatic,  musical,  literary.  Wrote  for  the 
"  Independance  beige  "  since  1859  ;  elected  corr. 
member  of  R.  Belg.  Acad.  in  1885  ;  full  mem- 
ber, 1889. 

Frei'berg1,  Otto,  b.  Naumburg,  Apr.  26, 
1846;  st.  1860-3  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  from  1865, 
violinist  in  the  court  orch.  at  Karlsruhe.  After 
further  study  with  Vincenz  Lachner,  he  was  app. 
musical  director  at  Marburg  Univ.;  in  1887, 
mus.  dir.  and  asst.-prof.  of  music  at  Gottingen. 

Frene,  Eugene-Henri,  b.  Strassburg,  1860 
(?) ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  7,  1896.  Pupil  of  P.  Cons.; 
he  conducted  for  a  time  the  Alsatian  Choral 
Society  of  Paris ;  also  the  theatre-orch.  at 
Ostend. — Opera  Quand  on  aime  (Paris,  1878  ["]  ; 
succ  ). 

Fres'chi,  Giovanni  Domenico,  b  Vicenza, 
1640  ;  d.  there  1690,  as  m.  di  capp.  at  the  cathe- 
dral. He  produced  ir  operas  during  a  long 
sojourn  in  Venice  (1677-85) ;  an  oratorio,  Gin- 
ditta;  masses  a  5-6,  and  psalms  a  2-6. 

Frescobal'di,  Girdlamo,  famous  organist 
and  comp.;  b.  Ferrara,  1583  (baptized  Sept.  9); 
buried  at  Rome, 
Mar.  2, 1644.  After 
studying  under  Luz- 
zasco  Luzzaschi  at 
Ferrara,  he  travelled 
to  Flanders ;  was 
probably  organist  at 
Mechlin  in  i6o7,and 
publ  his  first  work, 
a  collection  of  5-p. 
madrigals,  at  Ant- 
werp, 1608  (printed 
byPhalese).  About 
1610(1614?),  he  was 
app.  org.  of  St. 
Peter's,  at  Rome, 
succeeding  Ercole  Pasquini ;  his  fame  was  al- 
ready such,  that  30,000  people  are  said  to  have 
attended  his  first  performance.  He  held  this 
post  until  death,  leaving  Rome  only  once,  from 
1628-33,  during  which  period  he  was  court-org. 
at  Florence,  and  was  represented  in  Rome  by  a 
deputy.  From  1637-41,  Froberger,  the  Vien- 
nese court-org.,  sojourned  in  Rome  as  a  pupil 
of  Frescobaldi,  the  greatest  organist  of  the  first 
half  of  the  I7th  century.  As  a  composer,  too, 
F.  occupies  a  very  prominent  place ;  unrivalled 
as  a  player,  he  introduced  daring  innovations  in 


193 


FREUDEXBERG— FRIMMEL 


harmony  (foreshadowing  our  modern  key-sys- 
tem), new  developments  in  fugal  form,  and  im- 
provements in  notation. — Publ.  \\orkb.  "  Fan- 
tasie  &  2,  3  e  4 "  (Milan,  i6oS,  Book  I); 
"Ricercari  et  canzoni  francesi  "  (Rome,  J&JS)^ 
*fcToccate  e  partite  d'intavolatura  di  cembalo" 
(Rome,  16151 ,  fcb  II  2°  hbro  di  toceate,  canzoni, 
versi  d'inni,  magnificat,  gagharde,  correnti  ed 
altre  partite  d'intav  di  cembalo  ed  organo1' 
(Rome,  1616 ;  copies  of  different  size — 58-94  pp. 
— were  struck  off  and  sold  during  engraving)  ; 
**  Capricci  sopra  diversi  soggetti"  (Rome,  1624  ; 
republ.  in  Venice,  1628,  with  the  "Ricercan" 
of  1615) ;  2  books  of  "  Canzoni  a  1-4  voci  per 
sonare  e  per  cantare  con  ogm  borte  d'istrumenti  " 
<Rome,  1620,  1637);  "Arie  musicali  apiu  voci" 
(Florence,  1630),  "  Fiori  musicah  di  toccate, 
K}-ne,  canzoni,  capncci  et  ricercari  in  partitura 
per  sonaton  con  basso  per  organo  "  (Rome,  1635, 
containing  several  numbers  previously  publ.  in 
1628) ;  a  4th  vol.  of  the  "  Canzoni  alia  francese  " 
was  publ.  at  Venice,  1645,  from  MSS.  left  by 
Fr.  (vol.s  ii  and  iii  are  lost);  other  comp.s  are 
found  in  collections  from  1618-25.  A  lk  Lamen- 
tazione,"  and  an  "In  te,  Domme,  speravi"  for 
double  choir,  are  in  MS. — Haberl  has  publ.  a 
selection  of  F.'s  organ-pieces,  prefaced  by  a 
biogr.  sketch. 

Freu'denberg,  Wilhelm,  opera-composer ; 
b.  Raubacher  Htitte,  n.  Neuwied,  Prussia,  Mar. 
n,  1838.  He  st.  in  Leipzig  1858-61,  held  vari- 
ous positions  as  theatre  JTa/vHm.,  and  went  to 
Wiesbaden,  1865,  as  cond.  of  the  Cecilia  Sing- 
ing-Society and  the  Synagogenverfin.  Here,  in 
1870,  he  founded  a  Cons.,  and  cond.  the  Sifiga- 
kademie  till  1886,  when  he  establ.,  with  Karl 
Mengewein,  a  school  for  music  at  Berlin ;  but 
soon  after  went  as  opera-conductor  to  Augsburg 
and  (1889)  Ratisbon. — Operas :  Die  Pfahlbauer 
(Mayence,  1877 ;  burlesque)  ;  Die  Kebmbuhler 
(Wiesbaden,  1879  *'  romantic)  ;  Kleopatra  (Mag- 
deburg, 1882);  DieMukleim  Wisper Male  (\lzg- 
deburg,  1883  I  comic)  ;  Der  St.  Kathannentag 
(Augsburg,  1889;  rom. -comic,  3  acts);  Marino 
Faliero  (Ratisbon,  1889} ;  Die  Johanmsnacht 
(Vienna,  1896). — Also  a  symph.  poem,  tl  Ein 
Tag  in  Sorrento";  incid.  mus.  to  Romeo  and 
Julie  f;  overture  Ct  Durch  Dunkel  zum  Licht "; 
pf.-pcs.;  songs. 

Frey  [fri],  M.,  court  Kapellm.  at  Mannheim  ; 
d.  Aug.  10,  1832 ;  a  skilful  violinist,  and  publ. 
some  vln.-pcs.  His  opera,  Jery  und  Batefy^ 
was  prod,  at  Mannheim  abt.  1810. 

Frey'statter  [fri-],  Wilhelm,  b.  1836;  d. 
Munich,  Jan.  23, 1892.  Musical  writer  and  critic 
of  distinction. 

Fri'berth,  Karl,  b.  Wullersdorf,  Lower  Aus- 
tria, June  7,  1736 ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  6,  1816. 
Pupil  of  Bono  and  Gassmann,  Vienna.  Tenor 
singer  1759-76  in  the  choir  of  Prince  Esterhizy 
at  Eisenstadt ;  then  Kapellm.  of  the  Jesuits'  and 
Minorites'  churches  at  Vienna.  — Works  :  9 
masses,  a  requiem,  a  Stabat  Mater,  graduals, 
pffertories,  and  5  motets. 


Frick  (or  Frike),  Philipp  Joseph,  born  n. 
\Vurzburg,  May  27,  1740  ,  d  London,  June  15, 
1798  Organis't  to  the  Margrave  of  Baden  ,  a 
remarkable  pianist  and  travelling  performer  on 
Franklin's  harmonica,  he  settled  1780  in  London 
where  his  concerts  were  very  successful. — Pubi. 
several  mediocre  theoretical  works  ;  also  pf.- 
pcs. 

Fricke,  August  Gottfried  Ludwig,  bass 
opera-singer  ;  b.  Brunswick,  Mar.  24,  1829 ;  d 
Berlin,  June  27,  1894.  Pupil  of  Meinhardt, 
Brunswick,  \\here  his  debut  as  Sarastro  (Magic 
Flute)  took  place  in  1851  ;  sang  at  Bremen, 
Kunigsberg,  Stettin,  and  (1856-86)  first  bass 
roles  at  the  Berlin  court  opera,  succeeding 
Zschiesche. 

Frick'enhaus,  Fanny  (//«£•  Evans),  pianist ; 
b.  Cheltenham,  Eng.,  June  7,  1849.  Pupil  of 
G.  Mount ;  later  of  Aug.  Dupont  (Brussels 
Cons.)  and  Wm  Bohrer.  Since  1879,  succ. 
concert-player  in  London,  etc.;  in  1880  she 
played  Gotz's  pf.-concerto  for  the  first  time  in 
London.  Since  1884,  she  has  given  chamber- 
concerts  at  Prince's  Hall,  with  Jos.  Ludwig. 

Friedlieim,  Arthur,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Oct. 
26,  1859  Pupil  of  Rubinstein  for  one  year,  and 
of  Liszt  for  8  years.  A  virtuoso  of  high  rank, 
especially  as  an  interpreter  of  Liszt ;  and  a  gifted 
conductor.  He  made  an  American  tour  in 
1894-5.  Comp.  concerto  f.  pf.  and  orch.  (op. 
i,  B  b  maj.). 

Fried'lander,  Max,  writer  and  bass  concert- 
singer  ;  b  Bneg,  Silesia,  Oct.  12,  1852.  Pupil 
of  Manuel  Garcia  (London)  and  Stockhausen 
(Frankfort),  Debut  1880,  at  the  London  Mon- 
day Pop.  Concerts ;  lived  in  Frankfort  1881-3, 
since  then  in  Berlin.  1882,  Dr.  $hil.  hon.  c. 
(Breslau).  Editor  of  the  Peters'  ed.  of  Schu- 
bert's songs ;  wrote  a  biography  of  Schubert. 

Frie'drich  II.  (der  Grosse).   See  FREDERICK. 

Fries,  Wulf  (Christian  Julius),  b.  Garbeck, 
Holstein,  Ger.,  Jan.  10,  1825.  Self-taught  vio- 
loncellist ;  played  in  the  Bergen  th.-orch.  from 
1842,  and  at  Ole  Bull's  concerts.  Went  to  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  in  1847 ;  in  1849  was  founded  [by  A. 
Fries  (i.  vln.),  Gerloff  (2.  vln.),  Ed.  Lehtnann 
(i.  viola),  Oscar  Greiner  (2.  viola),  and  W.  Fries 
('cello)],  the  Mendelssohn  Quintet  Club,  to  which 
he  belonged  for  23  yeais ;  later  a  member  of 
the  Beethoven  Q.  Club.  F.  also  figured  in  the 
Mus.  Fund  Society,  and  the  Harvard  Musical ; 
played  in  trios  with  Rubinstein,  and  still  (1898), 
at  73  years  of  age,  takes  part  in  frequent  con- 
certs all  over  the  New  England  States,  and  gives 
many  lessons.  As  a  thorough  musician  and  fine 
concert-'cellist,  he  has  exercised  a  highly  bene- 
ficial influence. 

Frike,    See  FRICK,  P.  J. 

Frim'mel,  Theodor,  b.  Amstetten,  Lower 
Austria,  Dec.  15,  1853.  Student  of  medicine 
and  M.D.  (Vienna).  "  Kustos- Adjunct "  (asst.- 
custodian)  of  the  Imperial  Library,  Vienna. 
Publ.  2  rausico-historical  essays:  "Beethoven 


194 


FRITZE— FROST 


and  Goethe  "  (1883),  and  "  Xeue  Beethoveniana" 
(1887,  with  an  authentic  likeness  of  B.;  2nd  en- 
larged ed.,  1889). 

Frit'ze,  Wilhelm,  pianist;  b.  Bremen,  Feb. 
17,  1842;  d.  Stuttgart,  Oct.  7,  iSSi.  Pupil  of 
Sobolewski,  in  Bremen ;  of  Leipzig  Cons  ,  and 
of  Bulow  and  Weitzmann,  Berlin.  After  pia- 
nistic  tours  in  France  and  Italy,  he  lived  in  Glo- 
gau  a  year  (1866),  then  in  Liegnitz  (1867-77)  as 
cond.  of  the  Singakadctnie  j  then  studied  in  Ber- 
lin under  Kiel,  and  went  to  Stuttgart  in  1879. — 
Works  :  2  oratorios,  JFingal  and  David;  a  sym- 
phony, "  Die  Jahreszeiten  " ;  music  to  Faust;  a 
vln  -concerto ;  a  pf  -concerto ;  a  Sanctus,  Bene- 
dictus,  and  Agnus  Dei,  f  soli,  mixed  ch.,  and 
orch. ;  pf. -sonatas  and  other  pcs  ;  songs,  part- 
songs,  etc. 

Fritzsch,  Ernst  Wilhelm,  b.  Liitzen,  Aug. 
24,  1840;  pupil  (185 7-60)  of  Leipzig  Cons. ;  lived 
several  years  in  Bern,  and  in  1866  took  over  the 
music-publ.g  firm  of  Bomnitz  in  Leipzig,  since 
carried  on  under  his  own  name.  A  warm  advo- 
cate of  progress  in  music,  and  of  Wagner's  ten- 
dencies in  particular,  he  publ.  the  latter's  "  Ge- 
sammelte  Schriften,"  has  edited  the  radical 
"  Musikalisches  Wochenblatt"  since  1870,  and 
in  1875  started  the  4t  Musikalische  Hausblatter." 
By  publishing  the  works  of  rising  composers 
(Rheinberger,  Thierot,  Svendsen,  Grieg,  Corne- 
lius, v.  Herzogenberg,  Riemenschneider,  etc.)  he 
has  practically  promoted  modern  musical  devel- 
opment. He  is  an  excellent  musician,  and  has 
long  been  a  member  of  the  Gewandhaus  Orch. 

Fro'berger,  Johann  Jakob,  the  most  famous 
German  organist  of  the  I7th  cent.;  b.  Halle  (?), 
1605  (?) ;  d.  He'ricourt,  Haute-Saone,  France, 
May  7,  1667.  It  seems  probable  that  the  Swed- 
ish ambassador,  passing  through  Halle  (1620  ?), 
was  struck  by  the  beauty  of  F.'s  voice,  and  in- 
duced the  latter  to  go  with  him  to  Vienna,  where 
he  entered  the  Imperial  choir.  It  is  uncertain 
who  his  teacher  was  ;  but  from  Jan.  I  to  Sept.  30, 
1637,  he  was  court  organist  at  Vienna,  then  re- 
ceiving the  sum  of  200  florins  to  enable  him  to 
study  in  Rome  (1637-41)  under  Frescobaldi.  He 
again  held  the  same  post  at  Vienna  from  1641- 
45,  and  from  1653-7 ;  after  this  he  made  long 
concert-tours  (to  Paris  and  London),  and  spent 
his  last  years  in  the  service  of  the  Duchesse  Sy- 
bille  of  WUrttemberg  at  her  chateau  near  Heri- 
court  — Organ-works :  Toccatas,  fantasias,  can- 
zoni,  fugues,  etc.,  of  which  3  MS.  vol.s  are  in 
the  Vienna  Library ;  in  Berlin  are  2  printed  vol.s, 
"  Diverse  ingegnosissime,  rarissime,  et  non  maj 
piu  viste  curiose  partite  di  toccati,  canzoni,  ricer- 
cari,  capricci,"etc.  (1693;  reprinted  at  Mayence 
in  1695),  and  "  Diverse  curiose  e  rare  partite 
musicali,"  etc.  (1696);  also  a  vol.  of  '*  Suites  de 
clavecin  "^n.  d.).  His  comp.s  are  not  palatable 
to  modern  taste.  A  monograph  on  F.  was  publ. 
by  Fr.  Beier  in  Waldersee's  "  Sammlung  nmsi- 
kalischer  VortrSge "  (Nos.  59  and  60) ;  and  2 
letters  from  Duchesse  Sybille  to  Chr.  Huygens 
concerning  him  were  publ.  by  E.  Schebek 


(Prague,  1874).  A  MS.  preface  to  Fuchs'  the- 
matic catalogue  of  Froberger's  works  (Berlin  Li- 
brary) also  throws  some  light  on  his  career. 

Fro'dOUch,  Joseph,  b  Wurzburg,  May  28, 
1780;  d.  there  Jan  5,  1862.  He  founded  the 
students'  v'Akademische  Bande"  for  vocal  and 
instr.l  music,  which  became  the  "'Akademisches 
Musikmstitut "  in  1804,  out  of  which  grew, 
later,  the  present  Royal  School  of  Music.  He 
was  director  of  the  Institute  till  1858  ;  and  also 
Mus.  Dir.  of  the  University  — Publ.  a  biography 
of  Abbe  Vogler ;  a  "  Musiklehre  mit  Anwei- 
sungen  furs  Spiel  aller  gebrauchlichen  Instru- 
mente"  (in  4  parts) ;  separate  Methods  for  all 
instruments ;  a  Vocal  Method  ;  and  numerous 
essays  in  various  papers.  —  Comp.  an  opera, 
Scipio ;  masses,  a  Requiem,  S3'mphonies,  part- 
songs,  songs. 

Fromm,  Emil,  b.  Spremberg,  Niederlausitz, 
Jan.  29,  1835  ;  pupil  of  Aug.  \Vilh.  Bach,  Grell, 
and  Schneider  at  the  R.  Inst.  f.  Church-music 
in  Berlin.  Cantor  in  Kottbus,  1859 ;  *'  Royal 
Mus.  Dir."  in  1866  ,  org.  at  Flensburg,  1869. 
Founder  and  cond  of  the  Flensburg  Singverein. 
— Works  2  Passion  Cantatas  ;  an  oratorio,  Die 
Kreuzigung  des  Ilerrn  ;  male  choruses,  organ- 
music,  etc. 

Fronti'ni,  F.  Paolo,  b.  Catania,  Aug.  6, 
1860;  pupil  of  P.  Platania  at  Palermo,  and 
Lauro  Rossi  at  Naples.  Dramatic  comp.;  at 
present  Dir.  of  the  Catania  Mus.  Inst. — Operas  : 
Nella  (Catania,  iSSi);  3-act  opera-seria  J/a/fa 
(Bologna,  1893  ;  succ.) ;  Akramo  (not  perf.). 
Also  the  oratorio  Sansone  (1882),  and  numerous 
songs  and  pf.-pcs.  Ricordi  published  his  collec- 
tion of  "  Canti  popolari  sicihani." 

Frosch'auer,  Johann,  an  Augsburg  printer 
(end  of  1 5th  century),  is  believed  to  have  been 
the  first  to  print  music  with  movable  types  in 
Michael  Keinspeck's  *'  Lilium  musicae  planae," 
1498. 

Frost,  Charles  Joseph,  born  Westbury-on- 
Trym,  Eng.,  June  20,  1848  ;  pupil  of  his  father 

5Drg.  at  Tewkesbury),  and  of  Geo.  Cooper,  Sir 
ohn  Goss,  and  SteggalL  From  1865  he  held 
various  appointments  as  org.,  the  last  being  at 
St.  Peter's,  Brpckley  (1884) ;  here  he  founded  a 
choral  society  in  1885.  In  1877,  Mus.  Bac. ;  in 
1882,  Mus.  Doc.,  Cantab.;  since  1880,  also  prof. 
of  organ  at  the  Guildhall  S.  of  Mus.  Has  given 
many  concerts,  recitals,  and  lectures. — Works : 
By  the  Waters  of  Babylon,  cantata  (1876); 
Natharis  Parable  ^  oratorio  (1878);  Harvest  Can- 
tata (1880) :  Psalms  92  and  137,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
organ ;  Festival  Te  Deum ;  church-music ;  a 
symphony;  organ-music  (55  hymn-tune  volun- 
taries, 40  preludes,  27  original  pcs.,  a  sonata  in 
A) ;  harmonium-music ;  songs,  part-songs. 

Frost,  Henry  Frederick,  b.  London,  Mar. 
15,  1848.  In  1856,  chorister  at  St.  George's 
chapel,  Windsor,  assisting  at  all  the  royal  func- 
tions up  to  1863.  In  1865,  organ-pupil  of  Seb. 
Hart,  London ;  in  the  same  year  he  became  org. 


195 


FROTZLER— FCCHS 


of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Savoy  (resigned  1891',;  was 
prof,  of  pf  at  the  Guildhall  S.  of  Mus.  i3So-S. 
From  1874,  he  was  critic  for  "  The  Weekly  De- 
spatch ";  from  1877  (with  Prout)  of  "  The  Acad- 
emy," later  of  "  The  Athenxum,"  and  "The 
Standard."  Wrote  a  biography  of  Schubert  for 
the  "  Great  Musicians  "  series;  publ.  the  "  Savoy 
Hymn-tunes  and  Chants." 

Frothier,  Carl  ["  Auer  "],  b.  Stockerau, 
Lower  Austria,  Apr.  10, 1873.  Of  very  precocious 
development,  he  was  taught  by  his  father  till 
iSSS,  when  he  ent.  the  Vienna  Cons,  (having 
already  comp.  a  grand  mass  in  Bp,  an  offertory, 
and  miscellaneous  pcs.  up  to  op.  21),  studying 
until  1891  under  Franz  Krenn.  From  1887-93, 
F.  was  also  org.  at  the  Pfarrkirche,  Stockerau, 
and  chamber-virtuoso  (pf  )  to  Prince  Hemrich 
Reuss  IV.  From  1893-7,  Kapellm.  to  Count 
Nicolaus  Esterhazy  at  Totis,  Hungary;  since 
then,  Kapellm.  at  the  CityTh.,  Linz-on-Dan- 
ube  — Works  :  3  operas,  Arnelda  (Totis,  1894  ; 
won  prize  of  the  Ger.-Amer.  Opera  Society  in 
Phila.),  Der  lie  faring  (Totis,  [?]),  Mathias 
C0rvi>2us(Pesth,  Royal  Opera,  1896;  publ.  1897); 
3  masses,  several  offertories,  I  symphony,  a 
Scherzo  f  orch.,  Suite  f.  orch.  (all  MS.) ;  minor 
pcs.  ("Tanzweisen,"  "Valsede  concert,"  f.  pf.); 
a  "Festmarsch";  etc. 

Frugat'ta,  Giuseppe,  pianist ;  b.  Bergamo, 
May  26,  1860.  Pupil  of  Ant.  Bazzini  (comp.) 
and  C.  Andreoli  (pf.)  at  Milan  Cons.,  where  he 
is  now  prof.;  also  prof,  at  the  "  Collegio  reale 
delle  Fanciulle." — Pf.- works  (a  trio,  sonata, 
fantasia,  "  Schizzi  di  Valzer,"  Polonaise  de  con- 
cert, 3  morceaux  de  cone.,  Moments  poetiques, 
etc.). 

Friih,  Armin  Leberecht,  b.  Muhlhausen, 
Thuringia,  Sept.  15,  1820 ,  d.  Nordliausen, 
Jan.  8,  1894.  He  invented,  in  1857,  the  "  Se- 
meiomelodicon  "  (an  apparatus  for  facilitating 
elem  mus.  instruction,  consisting  of  a  series  of 
note-heads,  which,  when  pressed  by  the  finger, 
produce  notes  of  corresponding  pitch) ;  he  trav- 
elled to  introduce  his  invention  to  prominent 
musicians,  and  established  a  factory  in  1858,  at 
Dresden,  but  soon  failed.  He  wrote  an  opera, 
Die  Bergknappen  (Berlin,  1848). 

Fry,  William  Henry,  b.  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
10,  1813  ;  d.  Santa  Cruz,  Sept.  21,  1864.  Pupil 
of  L.  Meignen  in  harm,  and  cpt.  In  1845  he 
brought  out  the  opera  Leonora  at  Philadelphia 
and  New  York  ;  in  1863,  Notre  Dame  de  Paris 
(Phila.).  He  also  comp.  the  symphonies  "  Santa 
Claus,"  "  The  Breaking  Heart/ "  Childe  Har- 
old," and  4tA  Day  in  the  Country,"  besides  a 
Stabat  Mater,  several  cantatas,  and  many  songs. 
A  journalist  by  profession,  he  was  for  many 
years  the  music  cntic  of  the  N.  Y.  "  Tribune/' 

Fuchs,  Georg  Friedrich,  b.  Mayence,  Dec. 
3,  1752  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  9,  1821.  Pupil  of  Can- 
nabich  at  Mannheim.  A  clarinettist  and  band- 
master at  Zweibrilcken,  he  went  to  Paris  in  1784, 


and  m  1795  was  app.  prof,   of  clarinet  in  the 
Cons. — Compositions  for  wind. 

Fuchs,  Aloys,  born  Raase,  Austrian  Silesia, 
June  6,  1799  I  d-  Vienna,  Mar.  20,  1853.  A 
collector  of  mus.  MSS.  and  portraits  of  musi- 
cians, and  a  contributor  to  various  periodicals  in 
Vienna  and  Berlin.  His  unique  art-treasures 
were  dissipated  after  his  death. 

Fuchs,  Karl  Dorius  Johann,  distinguished 
pianist,  writer,  and  cntic  ;  b.  Potsdam,  Oct  22, 
1838.  A  pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Hans  v. 
Bulow;  later  of  Weitzmann  and  Kiel.  He  took 
the  degree  of  Dr.  pJnl  at  Greifswald,  his  dis- 
sertation being  *'  Praliminarien  zu  einer  Kntik 
der  Tonkunst."  From  1871-5  he  lived  in  Ber- 
lin as  a  concert-pianist,  teacher,  and  critic ; 
1875-9,  in  Hirschberg ,  from  1879,  in  Danzig, 
where  he  has  been  org.  at  the  Petnkirche  since 
1886. — Publ.  "  Betrachtungen  mit  und  gegen  A. 
Schopenhauer"  ("  Neue  Berl.  Musikzeitung  ") ; 
"  Ungleiche  Verwandte  unter  den  Neudeu- 
tschen,"  and  "Hellas"  (1868);  "Virtues  und 
Dilettant"  (1869);  "  Die  Zukunft  des  musikal. 
Vortrags"  (1884,  2  parts  ;  Part  III  to  appear) ; 
"Die  Freiheit  des  mus.  Vortrags"  (1885); 
"  Praktische  Anleitung  zum  Phrasieren"  (1886, 
with  Hugo  Riemann ;  Engl.  transl.  New  York, 
1892). 

Fuchs,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  Frauenthal, 
Styria,  May  5,  1842  ;  st.  w.  Sechter  at  Vienna  ; 
app.  JZapellm.  of  the  Pressburg  opera  in  1864 ; 
held  like  positions  at  Cologne,  Hamburg,  Leip- 
zig (Carola  Th.),  and  (1880)  at  the  Vienna  Opera. 
In  1893  he  succeeded  Hellmesberger  provision- 
ally as  Dir.  of  Vienna  Cons.;  in  1894  the  ap- 
pointment was  confirmed. — lie  prod,  the  opera 
Zingara  (Brunn,  1892),  and  arranged  Handel's 
Almira  for  Hamburg,  also  Schubert's  Alfonso 
und  Estetta  and  Gluck's  Der  betrogene  Cadi  for 
Vienna. 

Fnchs,  Robert,  brother  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Frauenthal,  Feb.  15,  1847.  Pupil  of  Vienna 
Cons.;  since  1875  prof,  of  theory  there. — Publ. 
a  symphony  (op.  37,  in  C),  3  interesting  orch.l 
serenades,  a  pf.-concerto,  pf.-trios,  pf. -sonatas, 
sonata  w.  'cello,  2  sonatas  w.  vln.,  string-quartet 
in  E  (op.  58),  a  pf. -quartet,  variations  f.  pf.,  etc. 
His  serenades  f.  string-orch.  are  peculiarly  in- 
teresting. He  has  also  prod.  2  operas :  The 
3-act  "Spieloper"  Die  Teufelsgtocke  (Leipzig, 
1893 ;  mod.  succ.),  and  the  romantic  comic 
opera  Die  Konigsbrattt  (Vienna,  1889  ;  success- 
ful). 

Fuchs,  Albert,  b.  Basel,  Aug.  6, 1858  ;  pupil 
of  Leipzig  Cons.  (1876-9) ;  from  1880,  mus.  di- 
rector at  Trier ;  from  1883-9,  he  Jived  at  Ober- 
lossnitz,  near  Dresden ;  since  1889,  owner  and 
manager  of  the  Wiesbaden  Cons  ,  succeeding 
Taubmann. — Works :  Hungarian  Suite  f.  orch. ; 
pf. -sonata  in  F  min.;  'cello-sonata;  pf.-pcs.; 
duets,  songs,  etc. 

FUchs,  Ferdinand  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  n, 
1811 ;  d.  there  Jan.  7, 1848.  A  pupil  of  Vienna 


196 


FUEXTES— FCRSTEXAL* 


Cons.,  and  a  popular  song-composer. — 3  operas* 
Gitttenbog  and   Der  7a^  tier  renobung  (both 
Vienna,  1842),  and   Die   Studcnten   von    Sala- 
manca (not  perf.). 

Fuen'tes,  Don  Pasquale,  b.  Albayda,  Va- 
lencia, early  in  the  iSth  century  ;  d,  there  Apr. 
26,  1766,  as  maestro  at  the  cathedral.  Eminent 
church-comp.  (masses,  Te  Deums,  motets,  vil- 
lancicos,  etc.). 

Fuen'tes,  Francisco  de  Santa  Maria  de,  a 
Franciscan  monk  at  Madrid,  publ  (1/78)  a  the- 
oretical treatise,  "Dialectos  musicos." 

Fuer'tes,  Mariano  Soriano.   See  SORIANO. 

Fiih'rer,  Robert,  b.  Prague,  June  2,  1807 ; 
d.  Vienna,  Nov.  28,  1861.  Pupil  of  Vitasek  ; 
org  at  Strahow  ,  in  1830,  head-teacher  in  the 
Prague  School  for  Organists  ;  183^-45,  Kapellm. 
at  the  cathedral,  succeeding  Vitasek ;  then  re- 
sided in  Salzburg,  Gmunden,  Ischl,  and  Vienna. 
— Works  :  20  masses  ;  other  church-music  ; 
organ-pcs.  (preludes,  fugues,  etc.);  theoretical 
works  on  the  organ. 

Fuhr'mann,  Georg  Leopold,  publ.  a  work 
on  the  lute,  "Testudo  Gallo-Germanica  "  (Nu- 
remberg, 1615).  A  copy  is  in  the  "Landesbi- 
bliothek"at  Kassel. 

Fuhr'mann,  Martin  Heinrich,  b.  abt.  1670 ; 
d.  abt.  1736  as  Lutheran  cantor  m  the  Werder 
Gymnasium,  Berlin  (since  1704) ;  an  admirer  of 
Mattheson,  and  an  eminent  theorist  and  critic. 
He  publ.  a.  series  of  theoretical  and  polemical 
treatises  ;  his  earliest  pedagogical  work  is  "  Mu- 
sikalischer  Trichter,  dadurch  ein  geschickter 
Informator  seinen  Informandis  die  edle  Singe- 
kunst  nach  heutiger  Manier  bald  und  leicht 
einbringen  kann  "  (Frankfort,  1706). 

Fumagalli;  four  brothers,  natives  of  Inzago, 
Italy  :  Disma,  b.  Sept.  28,  1826 ;  d.  Milan, 
Mar.  9,  1893.  Pupil  of,  and  from  1857  prof,  in, 
Milan  Cons.  A  prolific  composer  of  pf. -music 
(over  250  numbers). — Adolfo,  b.  Oct.  19,  1828  ; 
d.  Florence,  May  3,  1856.  Excellent  pianist, 
pupil  of  Gaetano  Medaglia,  and  later  of  Angeleri 
and  Ray  at  Milan  Cons.  (1837-47)  ;  then  under- 
took brilliant  tours  throughout  Italy,  France, 
and  Belgium,  earning  the  sobriquet  of  the  "  Pa- 
ganini  of  the  pianoforte."  He  publ.  a  great 
number  of  elegant  and  effective  pf.-pcs.,  which 
obtained  extraordinary  vogue.  Filippo  Filippi 
wrote  a  sketch  "  Delia  vita  e  delle  opere  di 
Adolfo  Fumagalli "  (Milan,  Ricordi).— Polibio, 
b.  Oct.  26,  1830.  Pianist ;  composer  f.  pf.  and 
f.  org.  (fine  organ-sonatas). — Luca,  b.  May  29, 
,1837;  pupil  of  Milan  Cons.;  fine  concert-pian- 
ist, played  with  great  success  in  Paris  (1860), 
and  has  publ.  much  admired  salon-music  f .  pf . ; 
also  prod,  an  opera,  Lmgi  XI,  at  Florence, 
1875- 

Fu'mi,  Vinceslao,  born  Montepulciano,  Tus- 
cany, Oct.  20, 1823  ;  d.  Florence,  Nov.  20, 1880. 
Pupil  of  Giorgetti  in  Florence  for  violin  and 
theory ;  then  became  an  opera-cond.,  holding 


positions  in  various  Ttal.  cities,  also  in  Constan- 
tinople, Montevideo,  and  Buenos  A\  res,  finally 
at  Florence,  m  the  Paghano  Th.  As  a  cond.  he 
\\as  renowned  throughout  Italy ,  his  comp  s 
•were  an  opera,  A  fa/a  (Buenos  Ayres,  1862),  a 
solemn  march,  a  symphony,  and  the  orch.l 
works  4"  La  siesta  del  la  Sefionta,"  "  AU'ombia 
de' Palmizi,"  and  k'Il  sogno  di  Gretchen."  A 
coll.  of  folk-songs,  of  all  times  and  nations,  re- 
mains unfinished. 

Furlanet'to,  Bonaventura  (called  Musin), 
b.  Venice,  Mar.  27,  1738  ;  d.  there  Apr.  6,  1817. 
A  pupil  of  Formenti  and  Rolla,  he  early  began 
composing  and  teaching ;  was  singing-teacher 
and  conductor  in  the  female  Cons.  "  Ospedale 
della  Pieta,"  for  which  he  wrote  several  oratorios 
and  cantatas  ;  he  was  also  known  as  a  good  org. 
He  became  deputy  maestro  at  S.  Marco  in  1794, 
and  2nd  maestro  in  1797  succeeding  Bertom  in 
1810  as  first  maestro.  In  1811  he  was  also  app. 
prof,  of  cpt.  and  fugue  at  the  Istituto  Filarmo- 
nico.  His  church-comp. s  (in  MS.)  bear  witness 
to  his  ability  as  a  contrapuntist  and  harmonist. — 
Fr.  Cafii  publ.  "  Delia  vita  e  del  comporre  di 
B.  Furlanetto  "  (Venice,  1820). 

Fur'no,  Giovanni,  b.  Capua,  Jan.  i,  1748  ;  d 
Naples,  June  20,  1837.  Studied  from  1755  in 
the  Cons,  di  S.  Onofrio,  Naples,  succeeding  his 
teacher  Cotumacci  as  prof,  of  thorough-bass; 
also  taught  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta,  S.  Sebasti- 
ano,  and  (1808-35)  at  S.  Pietro  aMajella ;  among 
his  pupils  were  Bellini,  Mercadante,  Conti, 
Costa,  Curci,  Lillo,  Petrella,  Lauro  Rossi,  L. 
and  F.  Ricci,  etc. — Operas  L'allegria  disturbata 
(1778)  and  llimpegno  (1783). 

Fursdi-Ma'di,  Emmy,  dramatic  soprano;  b. 
Bayonne,  France,  1847  ;  d.  Warrenville,  Somer- 
set Co.,  N.  J.,  Sept.  20,  1894.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons. ;  her  first  opera-engagement  was  in  Paris, 
when  she  made  a  hit  as  Marguerite  in  Gounod's 
Faust ;  in  Brussels,  soon  after,  she  created  the 
role  of  Aida  at  Verdi's  request.  Visited  America 
in  1874  with  the  New  Orleans  French  Opera 
Company ;  sang  at  Covent  Garden  1879-81 ;  at 
N.  Y.  in  the  Acad.  of  Music  and  the  Metropoli- 
tan Opera  House,  where  her  final  appearance 
(Feb.  1894)  was  made  as  Ortrud  in  Lohengrin. 
Both  in  London  and  N.  Y.  she  was  a  prime 
favorite.  Her  chief  r61es  were  Lucrezia  Borgia, 
Donna  Anna,  Aida,  Leonora,  Valentine,  etc. 

Fiirst'enau,  Kaspar,  born  Munster,  West- 
phalia, Feb.  26,  1772 ;  d.  Oldenburg,  May  n, 
1819.  Famous  flute-virtuoso,  first  flute  in  the 
Oldenburg  court  orch.  1794-1811. — About  60 
publ.  concertos,  fantasias,  rondos,  etc  ,  for  flute. 

Fiirst'enau,  Anton  Bernhard,  son  and  pupil 
of  Kaspar ;  b.  Munster,  Oct.  2OT 1792  ;  d.  Dres- 
den, Nov.  18,  1852.  Solo  concert-flutist  from 
the  age  of  7 ;  travelled  with  his  father  from 
1809 ;  settled  (1820)  in  Dresden  as  chamber-vir- 
tuoso. His  publ.  works  number  about  150,  and 
are  valuable  contributions  to  flute-literature. 


197 


FtRSTEXAV— GABRIELI 


Furst'enau,  Moritz,  son  of  Anton ,  b.  Dres- 
den, July  26,  1824 ;  d.  there  Mar.  25,  1889. 
Flutist ;  member  of  I  >resden  court  orch.  from 
1542  ;  bbrariaa  of  the  musical  section  in  the 
Ro\al  Library  from  1852  ;  from  i$55,  flute- 
teacher  in  the  Cons.  A  profound  student  of 
histon ,  he  publ.  il  Beitra^e  zur  Gesch  d.  kunig- 
lich  sachsischen  mus.  Capelle"  (1849),  kk  Zur 
Gesch.  d.  Musik  u.  des  Theaters  am  Hof  zu 
Dresden"  (1861-2,  2  vol.s)  [a  Supplement,  by 
Dr.  Hans  v.  Brescius,  entitled  "  Die  Konigl. 
Sachs,  musikalische  Kapelle  von  Reisziger  bis 
Schuch,  1826-9$,"  was  publ.  at  Dresden,  1898]  ; 
tk  Die  Fabrication  xnusikahscher  Instrumente  im 
sachsibchen  Vogtland"  (1870,  uith  Th  Ber- 
thold  i ;  also  essaysand  articles  in  musical  journals, 
in  "  Mittheilungen  des  kgl  sachs.  Alterthums- 
vereins,"  in  Mendel's  "  Musikal.  Conversations- 
lexikon,"  etc. 

Fiirst'ner,  Adolf,  .b.  Berlin,  Jan.  27  1835 ; 
founded  ( iS63)  a  music-publishing  house  in  Ber- 
lin ;  also  purchased  (1872)  the  business  of  C.  F. 
Meser  in  Dresden  (publisher  of  Wagner's  fiietizi, 
PI,  Hollander,  and  Tannhauser). 

Fux,  Johann  Joseph,  composer  and  learned 
theorist ;  b.  Ilirtenfeld,  Upper  Styna,  in  1660  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Feb.  14,  1741.  Nothing  definite  is 
known  concerning  his  teachers  or  course  of  study. 
In  1696  he  was  app.  org.  at  the  Schottenkirche, 
Vienna ;  in  1698  he  was  made  court  comp. ;  in 
1704,  Kapellm.  at  St.  Stephen's,  and  asst.-A'fl- 
pelhu.  to  the  court  in  1713,  succeeding  Ziani  as 
fa&Kapettm*  (the  highest  position  attainable  for 
a  musician)  in  1715.  This  office  he  held,  until 
his  death,  under  3  successive  emperors,  and  re- 
ceived many  marks  of  imperial  favor.  His 
extant  works  number  405  ;  very  few  have  been 
published.  The  one  best  known  is  his  treatise 
on  counterpoint,  "  Gradusad  Parnassum,"  publ. 
originally  in  Latin  (Vienna,  1725),  since  then  in 
German,  Ital.,  Fn,  and  Engl.  (1791).  Mozart 
and  Haydn  studied  it ;  Cherubini  and  Albrechts- 
berger  adopted  its  method,  which  was  sanctioned 
by  Piccinni,  Martini,  and  Vogler ;  yet  it  did  not 
recognize  the  modern  system  of  tonality  already 
established  when  it  was  issued,  but  was  grounded 
on  the  old  church-modes. — His  compositions  in- 
clude 18  operas  ;  10  oratorios  ;  29  partitas  (among 
them  the  "Concentus  musico-instrumentalis," 
a  7) ;  overtures  ;  much  sacred  music  :  50  masses 
(the  Missa  canonua  is  a  contrapuntal  master- 
piece); 3  requiems,  2  Dies  tree,  57  vespers  and 
psalms,  etc.,  etc.;  and  38  "sacred  sonatas"  a  3 
(lost).— Biography  by  Kochel:  "Joh.  Joseph 
Fux  "(Vienna,  1872). 


Ga'briel,  Max;  Kapellm>,  1890,  in  Residenz 
Th,  at  Hanover ;  has  prod,  the  3-act  operetta 
Stiffen  Langer  (Magdeburg,  1889  ;  succ.) ;  3-act 
operetta  Der  Freiwerber  (Hanover,  1890 ;  succ,)  ; 
operetta  Der  Garde-Uhlan  (Breslau,  '92  ;  succ. ; 
in  Berlin,  1893,  as  Der  Garde-Husar). 


Gabriel,  Mary  Ann  Virginia,  composer,  b. 
Banstead,  Surrey,  Eng.,  Feb.  7,  1825  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Aug.  7,  1877.  A  pupil  of  Pixis,  Dohler, 
Thalberg  and  Mohque  Married  Geo.  E.  March, 
who  wrote  most  of  her  hbretti. — Works :  3  can- 
tatas, Evangeline^  Dreamland,  and  Graziella;  5 
operettas,  Widows  Bewitched,  Grass  Widows, 
Shepherd  of  Cornouailles,  Whos  the  Heir  9  and 
A  Rainy  Day j  pf-pcs.,  part-songs,  and  many 
songs. 

Gabrie'li,  Andrea,  born  Venice  (Canareggio 
quarter),  abt.  1510;  d  there  1586.  A  pupil  of 
Adrian  Willaert  (the  founder  of  the  Venetian 
school);  chorister  at  S  Marco  in  1536,  and  in 
1566  succeeded  Claudio  Merulo  as  second  org 
The  most  eminent  org.  of  his  time,  he  had  many 
distinguished  pupils :  his  nephew  Giovanni, 
Hans  Leo  Hassler,  and  Jan  Pieter  Sweelinckf?] 
(founder  of  the  North  German  school  of  organ- 
ists). He  was  a  prolific  comp.,  the  following 
uorks  being  still  extant :  Sacrae  cantiones  a  5 
(1565  ;  2nd  ed.  1584) ;  "  Cantiones  ecclesiasticae" 
a  4  (1576  ;  2nd  ed.  1589) ,  41  Cantiones  sacrae" 
a  6-16  (1578) ;  masses  a  6  (1570) ;  2  books  of 
madrigals  a  5-6  (1572  and  1587-88) ;  3  books  of 
madrigals  a  3-6  (1575,  1582,  1583) ;  2  books  of 
madrigals  a  6  (1574,  1580 ,  2nd  ed.  1586) ; 
"  Psalmi  poenitentiales  6  vocum  "  (1583) ;  "  Can- 
zoni  alia  franceseper  Torgano  "  (1571  and  1605) ; 
sonatas  a  5  (1586).  Giovanni  Gabrieli  publ. 
many  of  his  organ-pieces  in  the  "  Intonazioni 
d'organo"  (1593),  llRicercari  per  1'organo " 
(1595,  three  vol.s) ;  also  vocal  music  in  the 
"Canti  concertati"  a  6-16  (1587).  Detached 
pieces  are  in  P.  Phalese's  "  Harmonia  celeste  " 
(1593), "  Sj*mphonia angelica  "  (1594), and  4t  Mu- 
sica  divina"  (1595);  a  sonnet,  in  Zuccarini's 
"  Corona  di  dodeci  sonetti "  (1586).  His  festival 
songs  for  double  chorus,  for  the  reception  of 
Henry  III.  of  France  (1574),  are  in  Gardane's 
"  Gemme  musical! "  (1587). 

Gabrie'li,  Giovanni,  nephew  and  pupil  of 
Andrea  ;  b. Venice,  1557  ;  d.  there  Aug.  12,  1612 
or  1613  (on  the  former  date  his  first  position  as 
first  organist  at  S.  Marco,  held  since  1585  as 
Merulo's  successor,  was  taken  by  Giampaulo  Sa- 
vii ;  the  latter  date  is  given  on  his  monument). 
Celebrated  org.  and  teacher ;  Heinrich  Schutz 
was  his  pupil.  As  a  composer,  he  stands  at  the 
head  of  the  Venetian  school. — Publ.  works ; 
"  Madrigali  a  6  voci  o  istromenti "  (1585) ; 
"  Madrigali  e  ricercari  a  4  voci"  (1587)  ;  "  Ec- 
clesiasticae cantiones  4-6  vocum"  (1589) ;  "Sa- 
crae symphoniae  "  (a  6-16,  for  voices  or  instru- 
ments, 1597) ;  "Symphoniae  sacrae,  lib.  II,  6- 
19  voc."  (1615) ;  "  Canzoni  e  sonate  a  3-22  voci " 
(1615).  He  included  ten  pieces  of  his  own  com- 
position in  the  edition  of  the  **  Canti  concertati " 
(by  Andrea  and  Giovanni  G.) ;  many  are  in  An- 
drea's "  Intonazioni M  and  "Ricercari  per  1'or- 
gano" (1593-95) ;  detached  pieces  in  contem- 
porary coll.s.  Fine  choruses  for  two  and  three 
choirs  (cori  spexsati). —  K.  von  Winterfeld  wrote 


198 


GABRIELI— GADE 


"  Johannes  G.  und  sein  Zeitalter  "  (1834  ,  2  vol.s, 
and  a  vol.  of  music-supplements  V 

Gabrie'li,  Domenico  (called  the  "  Meneghino 
del  violoncello"),  b.  Bologna,  abt  1640;  d. 
there  abt.  1690.  An  excellent  'cellist ;  for  sev- 
eral jears  maestro  at  the  Ch.  of  S.  Petronio,  and 
(1683)  president  (principe}  of  the  Philharm  Acad. , 
Bologna.  He  prod  9  operas  ;  2  at  Bologna  and 
7  at  Venice.  Posthumous,  publications  44Can- 
tate  a  voce  sola  "  (1691),  "  Vexillum  pacis  "  (mo- 
tets f  viola  sola,  with  mstr.l  accomp. ;  1695),  and 
"  Balletti,  gighe,  correnti  e  sarabande"  for  2 
vlns.  and  'cello,  w.  basso  continue  (2nd  ed. 
1703). 

Gabriel'li,  Catterina,  coloratura  stage- 
singer;  b.  Rome,  Nov.  12,  1730;  d.  there  in 
Apr  ,  1796.  Pupil^of  Padre  Garcia  and  Porpora  ; 
debut  at  Lucca,  1747,  in  Galuppi's  opera  La 
Sojomsba.  She  sang  with  brilliant  success  on 
the  principal  Ital.  stages,  at  Vienna  (1751-65), 
and  St.  Petersburg  (1769) ;  and  again  in  Italy 
1777-80,  when  she  retired. 

Gabriel'li,  Francesca  (called  La  Gabriel- 
Una,  or  La  Ferrarese,  to  distinguish  her  from 
Catterina)  ;  b.  Ferrara,  1755  »'  d-  Venice,  1795. 
Celebrated  prima  donna  buffa,  pupil  of  Sac- 
chini  in  Venice  ;  debut  at  Venice  in  1774  ;  she 
sang  at  Florence,  Naples,  and  London  (1786), 
where  she  spent  some  years;  after  which  she 
sang  in  Turin. 

Gabriel'li,  conte  [Count]  Nicol6,  b.  Naples, 
Feb.  21,  1814;  d.  there  June  14,  iSgr.  Pupil 
of  Buonamici,  Conti,  Donizetti,  and  Zingarelli, 
at  Naples  Cons.;  from  1854  he  lived  in  Paris. — 
Works :  22  operas  and  60  ballets,  prod,  at  Na- 
ples, Paris,  Lyons,  Vienna,  etc. ,  none  of  which 
merit  special  mention. 

Gabriel'ski,  Johann  Wilhelm,  flutist ;  b. 
Berlin,  May  27,  1791 ;  d.  there  Sept.  18,  1846. 
Pupil  of  A.  Schrock,  In  1814  he  joined  the 
Stettin  theatre-orch.,  and  in  1816  was  app.  royal 
chamber-musician  at  Berlin.  He  made  extended 
concert-tours,  and  wrote  concertos,  quartets, 
trios,  duos  and  solo-pcs.  f.  flute  ;  also  songs. 

Gabrielski,  Julius,  brother  and  pupil  of  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  4,  1806  ;  d.  there  May 
16,  1878.  Excellent  flutist ;  from  1825,  mem- 
ber of  the  Berlin  royal  orch.,  in  which  his  son 
Adolf  is  at  present  first  flute. 

Gabus'si,  Vincenzo,  b.  Bologna,  1800 ;  d. 
London,  Sept.  12,  1846.  Pupil  of  Padre  Mat- 
tei ;  he  taught  singing  and  pf. -playing,  and 
went  to  London  in  1825.  lie  publ.  a  series  of 
songs,  which  won  him  the  sobriquet,  in  Italy,  of 
the  "nuovo  Schubert."  He  also  prod,  several 
operas. 

Ga'de  [gah'-dSh],  Niels  Wilhelm,  b.  Co- 
penhagen, Feb.  22,  1817 ;  d.  there  Dec.  21, 
1890.  The  founder  of  the  Scandinavian  school 
of  music  was  the  only  child  of  a  joiner  and  instru- 
ment-maker. His  natural  bent  for  music  was 
strengthened  by  early  instruction  on  the  violin, 
and  frequent  attendance  at  the  theatre  ;  so  that 


when,  in  his  fifteenth  year,  he  was  set  to  learn  his 
father's  trade,  he  bore  it  only  half  a  year,  then 
declaring  that  he  \\  ould  be  nothing  but  a  musi- 
cian, lie  was  now  taught  by  \Vexschall,  then 
leader  of  the  court  orch.,  of  which  G.  became 
a  member,  and  at  the  age  of  16  was  able  to 
appear  as  a  concert-violinist :  he  also  received 
instruction  in  theory  from  the  organist  Berg- 
green,  and  eagerly "  studied  the  works  of  the 
classics  and  of  the  new  romantic  school.  From 
1834-39,  he  felt  himself  drawn  more  and  more 
to  composition ;  rnos>t  products  of  this  period, 
however,  were  left  in  MS.  In  1840  his  overture 
k'  Nachklange  von 
Ossian"  attracted 
general  attention ;  it 
took  the  1st  prize  at 
the  competition  in- 
stituted by  the  Co- 
penhagen Mus.  Soc. 
in  1841,  and  won  for 
the  young  composer 
a  royal  stipend  for 
the  further  prose- 
cution of  his  studies. 
In  1842  the  C  min. 
symphony  appeared ; 
its  performance  by 

Mendelssohn  (together  with  the  "  Nachklange") 
at  a  Gewandhaus  concert  insured  Gade  a  favor- 
able reception  in  Leipzig,  whither  he  went  in 
1843,  and  where  he  remained,  after  a  brief 
sojourn  in  Italy,  from  1844-8.  An  intimate  of 
Schumann  and  Mendelssohn,  his  genius  rap- 
idly expanded  in  a  congenial  atmosphere ;  he 
repeatedly  conducted  the  Gewandhaus  concerts 
in  Mendelssohn's  absence,  and  succeeded  him 
as  regular  cond.  at  his  death  (Nov.  4,  1847) ; 
but  on  the  outbreak  of  the  Schleswig-Holstem 
war,  in  the  spring  of  1848,  he  returned  to  Copen- 
hagen, where  he  thenceforward  remained,  sav- 
ing a  short  visit  to  Birmingham,  in  1876,  to  con- 
duct his  cantatas  Zion  and  The  Crusaders.  At 
Copenhagen  he  assumed  the  conductorship  of 
the  Mus.  Soc.,  and  also  a  post  as  org.;  in  1861 
he  succeeded  Glaser  as  court  conductor.  An  in- 
dustrious composer,  the  foremost  among  the 
northern  romanticists,  and  unsurpassed  as  a  con- 
ductor, he  wielded  a  commanding  and  highly 
beneficial  influence  over  musical  affairs  in  and 
far  beyond  the  Danish  capital.  The  title  of 
Prof  was  conferred  on  him  by  the  King,  and 
that  of  Dr.  phil.  hon.  causa  by  the  Univ.  of  C.; 
in  1886  he  was  made  a  Commander  in  the  Order 
of  Danebrog.  In  1876  the  Danish  government 
voted  him  a  life-pension.  Despite  more  or  less 
invidious  comparisons  with  Mendelssohn  and 
Schumann,  Gade's  style  has  originality  of  po- 
etic conception,  though  it  has  been  left  to  later 
composers  to  bring  out  in  stronger  relief  the 
specific  traits  of  Scandinavian  folk-music ;  and 
he  was  a  master  of  the  art  of  instrumentation. 
Autobiographic  "  Aufzeichnungen  und  Brief  e," 
edited  by  Dagmar  Gade  (German  transl.,  Basel, 
1893).— -Works : 


199 


GADSBY— GAIL 


Op.  x,NachkUi2e  von  Ossian,  orch.l  overture  ,  op. 
2,  Fruhlmffsolumen,  f.  pf  :  op  3,  Sange  af  Acrnete 
ocr  Havemanden  'Andersen)  ;  op  4,  Nordiske  Tone- 
billeder,pi.  4  hands,  op  ?,  Symphony  Xo  i,  mC  mm  ; 
uo  6,  Sonata  No.  i.  f.  pt.  and  vm  ,  m  A  ;  op  7,  Im 
Hochiande.  overt  :  orch  ,  in  D  ;  op.  S,  String-quintet 
m  E  mm  ,  op  o,  Xme  Lieder  im  Vulkston,  f  2  soprani 
and  pf.,  op  to,  Syrnoh  Xu  a,  m  E  ,  op  n,  6  songs  f. 
4-pt.  male  ch  ;  op*  u,  Ccmala.,  cantata  t  soli,  ch.,  and 
orcn  ;  op  13,  5  part-son^s  t  S.  A  T  B  ;  op  14,  Over- 
ture Xo.  3,  "In  C  ,  op  15,  Svmp.  Xo  3,  in  A  mm.,  op 
17,  String-octet  :  op  i3,  3  Klavierstucke  :  op.  19,  Aqua- 
rellen  f.  pt.  «a  bks  •  ;  op  20,  Symphony  Xo  4,  in  B  b; 
op  31,  Sonata  Xo  a,  f.  pf.  and  vln  ,  op.  22,  3  Ton- 
stucke  f.  orff.;  op  23,  Frxklingsphantasie^  cantata, 
op.  25,  Symphony  Xo.  «,  in  D  mm  ;  op.  27,  Arabeske 
f.  pf.;  op  28,  Sonata  f.  pf  ,  in  E  mm  ,  op.  2-5,  Pf  -trio 
lfcNovelietten,"in  A  mm  ;  op.  50,  Erikongs  Tochter 
(Elverskudi,  cantata  f.  soli,  ch  ,  and  orch  ;  op.  v» 
Vulksttaze,  Phantasiestucke  f.  pf  ;  op  33,  5  Lieder  f 
?ale  chorus  ,  op  34,  Idyllen  f  pf  ;  op.  35,  Fruh- 
cantata  ;  op.  36,  Der  Kinder  Christa- 
" 


sosca^  canaa  ;  op.  3,      er  ra- 

/,  f.  pf.,  «'p.  37,  "Hamlet,"  concert-overture;  op. 
"" 


,          ,       .  , 

",3,  s  songs  f.  male  chorus;  op.  33,  "Michelangelo," 
"i*  keilige  tfacht,  cantata; 


concert-overture  ,  op  40,  Die 

Fantasiestucke   i    pf ;    op.  42, 


*,      IAU 
Pf-fc 


op.    41    4   _______________ 

F;  op.  43,  ZIP*,  cantata  ;  op.  45,"  Symphony  No  7,  in 
F  ;  op.  47,  Symphony  Xo  8,  in  B  mm.;  op.  48,  Kalanus, 
cantata  ,  op.  49,  Zfmt  cantata  ;  op.  50,  Die  Krevsfahrer 
(Crusaders),  cantata;  op  53,Xovelletten,4pcs  f  stnnp- 
orch  ;  op.  55,  '*  Sommertag1  auf  dem  Lande,  '  5  pcs.  f 
orch  ;  op.  56,  viohn-concerto  ;  op.  $9*  Sonata  No  3  f 
vln.  and  pf.;  op.  60,  Psyche^  cantata  ;  op.  61,  "Holber- 
"  suite  t.  orch.;  op.  62,  Sonata  i.  vln.  and  pf., 


Gadsby,  Henry  Robert,  b.  Hackney,  Lon- 
don, Dec.  15,  1842.  Chorister  at  St.  Paul's, 
1849-58  ;  pupil  of 
\Vm.  Bayley,  but 
chiefly  self-taught. 
Org.  at  St.  Peter's, 
Brockley;  in  1884 
he  succeeded  Hul- 
lah  as  prof,  of  harm. 
at  Queen's  College, 
London  ;  is  also 
prof,  at  the  Guild- 
hall S.  of  M.  A 
leading  English 
com  p.  —  Works: 
Psalm  cxxx  ;  sev- 
eral cantatas  (Alice 
Brand;  The  Lord 


of  the  hies;    Co- 
htm 


htmbtts  /  Tfe  Cyclcps)\  music  to  Alcestis  and 
Andromache;  " Festival  Service"  in  D,  a  8  ;  3 

r phonies  (in  A,  C,  and  D) ;  overtures  ("  An- 
neda,"  "The  Golden  Legend,"  "The 
Witches1  Frolic  ")  ;  orchestral  scene  "  The  For- 
est of  Arden";  a  string-quartet;  Andante  and 
Rondo  f.  fl.  and  pf.;  services,  anthems,  part- 
songs,  etc. — Publ.  a  u  Supplemental  Book  of 
Exercises"  for  sight-singers  ;  and  "  Harmony  " 
(1884). 

Gafo'rio  (or  Gafori,  Gafuri,  GafEiirio), 
Franchino  (Latinized  4tFranchinus  Gafurius," 
often  simply  "Franchinus"),  celebrated  theo- 
rist ;  b.  Lodi,  Jan.  14, 1451 ;  d.  Milan,  June  24, 
1522.  Intended  for  the  church,  he  studied  the- 
ology and  music  together;  lived  in  Mantua, 
Verona,  and  (1477)  Genoa ;  he  formed  an  inti- 
macy with  the  fugitive  Doge  Prospero  Adorno, 


and  fled  with  him  to  Naples.  Here  he  met  va- 
rious distinguished  musicians,  and  held  public 
disputations  with  Filippo  da  Caserta  and  G. 
Spataro.  The  plague  and  the  Turkish  invasion 
drove  him  to  Lodi ;  he  \\as  choirmaster  a1. 
Monticello  for  3  years,  made  a  short  visit  to 
Bergamo,  and  in  1484  became  singer  and  mas- 
ter of  the  boys  in  Milan  cath.,  and  first  singer 
in  the  choir  ci  Duke  Lodovico  Sforza.  In  1485 
he  also  founded  a  music-school  at  Milan,  which 
prospered.  His  writings,  valuable  at  the  period, 
and  still  important  to  musical  history,  were  as 
follows :  "  Theoricum  opus  harmomcae  disci- 
plinae"  (Naples,  1480;  and  ed.  Milan,  1492,  as 
"  Theona  musicae"),  "Practica  musicae  sive 
musicae  actiones,  in  IV  libris  "  (Milan,  1496  ; 
his  magntim  opus,  with  examples  of  mensural 
notation  in  block-print ;  other  editions  1497, 
1502,  1512) ;  "Angehcum  ac  diyinum  opus  mu- 
sicae .  .  .  materna  lingua  scriptum "  (Milan, 
1508) ;  "  De  harmonia  musicorum  instrumen- 
torum  opus  "  (1518,  Milan,  with  biogr.  of  G.  by 
P.  Meleguli);  "Apologia  Franchini  Gafurii  ad- 
versus  Joannem  Spatanmn  et  complices  musicos 
Bononienses  "  (Turin,  1520  ;  a  satirico-polemical 
effort,  dictated  by  the  old  musician's  overween- 
ing vanity ;  it  added  fuel  to  the  heated  contro- 
versy between  the  Milanese  and  Bolognese 
schools). 

Gaglia'no,  Marco  di  Zanc/bi  da,  early 
opera-comp. ;  b.  Florence  (?) ;  d.  there  Feb.  24, 
1642.  He  was  a  pupil  of  L.  Bali ;  in  1602  he  be- 
came maestro  at  S.  Lorenzo  in  Florence. — Publ. 
works:  jDafne,  "opera  in  musica"  (his  most 
important  work  ;  first  played  at  Mantua,  1607  ; 
publ.  Florence,  1608,  and  reprinted,  with  the 
continue  written  out,  by  R.  Eitner  in  vol.  x  of 
the  "Publikation  alterer  .  .  .  Musikwerke ") ; 
Masses  a  5  (Venice,  1579) ;  "  Responsorf  della 
settimana  santa  a  4  voci"  (Venice,  1580;  con- 
sidered his  finest  work) ;  6  vol.s  of  Madrigals  a 
5  (1602-17) ;  "  Musiche  a  i,  2  03  voci "  (Ven- 
ice, 1615,  with  continue). 

Gah'rich,  Wenzel,  b.  Zerchowitz,  Bohemia, 
Sept.  16,  1794;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  15,  1864.  A 
law-student  in  Leipzig,  he  turned  musician, 
joining  the  Leipzig  theatre-orch.  as  a  violinist, 
and  (1825)  the  royal  orch.  at  Berlin.  His  ballets 
Don  Quichotte,  Die  Insel  der  Liebe^  Die  See- 
rdubcr,  Aladdin,  etc,,  were  very  successful,  and 
he  was  app.  ballet-master  at  the  court  opera 
(1845-60). — Other  works :  2  operas  (not  perf.) ; 
2  symphonies ;  a  pf.-quartet ;  a  concertino  f .  via. 
and  orch.;  5  coll.s  of  dances ;  songs,  etc. 

Gail,  Edm6e-Sophie  (n&  Garre),  talented 
comp.;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  28,  1775;  d.  there  July 
24,  1819.  Singing-pupil  of  Mengozzi ;  made  a 
concert-tour  through  southern  France  and  Spain  ; 
studied  theory  under  Fe*tis,  Perne,  and  Neukomm. 
Sang  in  London,  1816;  in  Germany  and  Vi- 
enna, 1818.  Married  the  Greek  prof.  Jean-Bap- 
tiste  Gail.— Operas  :  Les  deux  jaloux  (1813); 
Madem.  de  Launay  It  la  Bastille  (1813)  ;  Angela 


200 


OALANDIA— OALLIARD 


(1814,  with  Boieldieu)  ;  La  mjpn^  (1814;,   La 
serenade  (iSiS)  ,  vocal  romances  and  nocturnes 

Galandia.     See  GARLANDIA. 

Galeaz'zi,  Francesco,  b.  Turin,  1758,  d 
Rome  in  Jan.,  iSig.  A  skilful  violinist,  for  15 
years  leader  of  the  concerts  in  the  Teatro  Valle, 
Rome  ;  then  violin-teacher  at  Aseoli  Publ  one 
of  the  earliest  known  Methods  for  violin  •  "  Ele- 
menti  teorico-pratici  di  musica,  con  un  saggio 
sopra  1'arte  di  suonare  il  violino  ..."  (Rome, 
1791,  1796,  in  2  parts  ;  Part  I  reprinted  1817). 

Galile'i,  Vincenzo,  celebrated  musicograph, 
father  of  Galileo  Galilei,  the  astronomer;  b 
Florence,  abt  1533  ,  d  there  abt  1600.  A  skil- 
ful lutenist  and  violinist,  and  well-versed  in  an- 
cient Greek  theory,  he  was  a  prominent  member 
of  the  artistic  circle  meeting  at  Count  Bardi's 
house  ;  his  compositions  for  solo  voice  with  lute- 
accomp.  may  be  regarded  as  the  starting-point 
of  the  monody  successfully  cultivated  by  Peri, 
Caccmi,  etc.,  the  founders  of  the  "opera  in 
musica."  A  zealous  advocate  of  (soi-disant} 
Grecian  simplicity  in  contrast  with  contrapuntal 
complexity,  he  publ  a  * '  Discorso  della  musica 
antica  e  della  moderna"  (Florence,  1581 ;  to  the 
2nd  ed.  [1602]  is  appended  a  polemical  "Di- 
scorso intorno  alle  opere  di  messer  Gioseffo  Zar- 
lino  di  Chioggia,"  which  had  appeared  sepa- 
rately in  1589) ;  and  "  IlFronimo,  dialogo  sopra 
1'arte  del  bene  intavolare  e  rettamente  suonare  la 
musica  ..."  (Venice,  1583  ,  and  ed.,  1584)  ; 
all  of  considerable  historical  interest. 

Galin,  Pierre,  b.  Samatan,  Gers,  France, 
1786;  d.  Pans  (?),  Aug.  31,  1821.  He  was 
teacher  of  mathematics  at  the  Lyce'e  in  Bordeaux, 
and  conceived  the  idea  of  simplifying  musical 
instruction  by  a  method  which  he  termed  the 
11  Meloplaste,"  and  explained  in  his  work  "  Ex- 
position d'une  nouvelle  methode  pour  1'enseigne- 
ment  de  la  musique"  (1818  ;  2nd  and  3rd  ed.  in 
1824  and  1831).  The  method  attracted  atten- 
tion, found  warm  advocates,  and  attained  con- 
siderable popularity.  [See  CHEV£  and  PARIS.] 

Gali'tzin  foa-le'-  fc,en],  Nicolas  Borisso- 
vitch,  a  Russian  prince  who  died  at  Kurski, 
1866.  To  him  Beethoven  dedicated  an  overture 
(op.  124)  and  3  quartets  (op.  127,  130,  132) ;  they 
also  corresponded  until  the  composer's  death. 
The  prince  was  an  amateur  of  fine  attainments, 
being  a  skilful  'cellist. 

Gali'tzin,  Georg  (Prince  Galitzin),  son  of  the 
preceding ;  b.  St.  Petersburg,  1823  ;  d.  there 
m  Sept.,  1872.  He  was  Imperial  Chamberlain. 
As  a  cultivated  musician,  he  established  in  Mos- 
cow, in  1842,  a  choir  of  70  boys  ;  later  he  also 
maintained  an  orch.,  with  which  he  travelled  in 
Germany,  England,  France,  and  America,  to 
introduce  Russian  music  (more  especially  Glinka's 
and  his  own).  He  wrote  masses,  orchestral 
works,  soli  for  various  instr.s,  choruses,  songs, 
etc. 

Gallay,  Jacques-Francois,  b.  Perpignan, 
Dec,  8,  1795;  d.  Paris,  Oct.,  1864.  Brilliant 


horn-urtuoso ,  pupil  (l^zo-si)  of  Dnuprat  111 
Paris  Cons.,  \\here  he  took  1st  prize  Player  in 
the  Odeon  and  (1625)  Th.  Italien  ;  member  of 
the  royal  "  chapelic,"  and  in  1832  chamber-musi- 
cian to  Louis  Philippe ;  in  1842  he  succeeded 
Dauprat  as  horn-prof,  in  the  Cons. — "\Vorks 
I  lorn-quartets,  -trios,  -duos  ,  recreations,  noc- 
turnes, etudes,  and  concertos  f  horn ;  and  a 
"  Methode  complete  de  cor." 

Gallay,  Jules,  b.  Samt-Quentin,  1822 ;  d. 
Paris,  Nov.  2,  1897.  A  wealthy  amateur,  he 
became  a  good  'cello-player  and  a  zealous  student 
of  lutherie  in  all  its  forms  To  this  study  we 
oue  the  following  valuable  publications  :  "  Les 
Tnstr.s  a  archet  a  1*  Exposition  universelle  de 
1867 "  (Paris,  1867);  "Les  luthiers  Italians  aux 
XVII*  et  XVIII*  siecles,  nouvelle  e'dition  du 
*  Parfait  Luthier'  (la  Chelonomie)  de  1'abbt  Sibire, 
suivie  de  notes  sur  les  maitres  des  diverses  e'coles  " 
(Paris,  1869) ;  a  reprint  of  du  Manoir's  "Le 
mariage  de  la  musique  avec  la  danse,"  with  hist, 
introd.  and  explan.  notes  (Paris,  1870)  ;  "  Les 
instr.s  des  ecoles  itahennes,  catalogue  precede 
d'une  introd.  et  suivi  de  notes  sur  les  principaux 
maitres"  (Paris,  1872).  As  a  member  of  the 
jury  at  Vienna,  1873,  he  edited  the  "  Rapport 
sur  les  instr.s  de  mus."  [<i  arch€t\  (Paris,  1875). 

Gallenberg,  Wenzel  Robert,  Graf  von,  b. 
Vienna,  Dec.  28,  1783  ;  d  Rome,  Mar.  13,  1839. 
An  amateur  composer  in  early  youth,  studying 
under  Albrechtsberger.  In  1803  he  married 
Countess  Giulietta  Guicciardi  (of  whom  Beetho- 
ven was  enamoured,  and  to  whom  the  Sonata 
Op.  27,  No.  2  is  dedicated}  In  Naples,  shortly 
after,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Barbaja,  a 
theatre-manager,  wrote  for  him  numerous  suc- 
cessful ballets,  and  from  1821-3  was  his  partner 
when  B.  was  director  of  opera  in  Vienna  He 
attempted  the  management  of  the  Karntnerthor 
Th.  in  1829,  but  failed,  and  was  obliged  to  re- 
turn to  Italy,  rejoining  Barbaja. — Works  :  About 
50  ballets ;  a  sonata,  marches,  fantasias,  etc.,  f. 
pf. — On  one  of  his  themes,  Beethoven  wrote  a 
set  of  variations. 

Galle'tius,  Franciscus  (real  name  Fnagois 
Gallet),  b.  Mons,  Hainault,  toward  the  middle  of 
the  i6th  century ;  contrapuntal  comp.  at  Douai ; 
publ.  "  Sacrae  cantiones  5,  6  et  plunmum  vocum 
.  .  .  "(1586),  and  "  Hymni  communes  Sanc- 
torum ..."  (1596). 

Galliard,  Johann  Ernst,  b.  Celle,  Hanover, 
in  1687  ;  d.  London,  1749  J  pupil  of  A.  Steffani 
at  Hanover.  A  skilful  oboist,  he  went  to  Lon- 
don, 1706,  as  chamber-mus.  to  Prince  George  of 
Denmark ;  succeeded  Draghi  as  organist  at 
Somerset  House ;  and  composed  industriously. 
Besides  the  music  to  numerous  plays,  masques, 
and  pantomimes,  he  wrote  cantatas,  a  Te  Deum, 
a  Jubilate,  anthems,  soli  f.  flute  and  'cello,  etc. ; 
and  set  to  music  the  "  Morning  Hymn  of  Adam 
and  Eve,"  from  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  and 
Hughes'  opera  Calypso  and  Telemachus  (1712). 
He  also  made  some  translations. 


201 


GALLICO— OAXASSI 


Gal'lico,  Paulo,  accomplished  pianist ,  b. 
Trieste,  May  13,  iS6S.  When  15,  he  ga\e  a 
recital  at  Tneste ;  then  st  at  Vienna  Con*  un- 
der Julius  Eppslem,  graduating  at  1 5  with  hi§h- 
est  honors — nr«t  prize  (gold  medal),  also  the 
'  Gesellschafts  "-medal.  After  successful  con- 
certs :n  Italy,  Austria,  Russia,  German},  etc., 
he  titled  in  New  York  m  1892  as  concert-pianist 
and  teacher  — Has  publ.  pf  -pieces  and  songs 

Galli'culus,  Johannes,  a  Leipzig  contra- 
puntist contemporary  with  Luther ,  motets  and 
psalms  by  him  are  in  collections  by  Graphaus, 
Petrejus,  "and  Rhaw.  He  also  pub'l.  "  Isagoge 
de  compositione  cantus"  (1520  ,  the  editions  of 
1558  and  '46  as  "  Libellus  de  comp.  cantus  ";  the 
cd.s  of  1548,  etc  ,  again  as  **  Isagoge,"  and  with 
musical  examples  in  block-print). 

Galli-Marie",  Celestine  (ntfe  Marie"  de 
I'lsle),  b.  Paris,  Nov.,  1840.  Dramatic  mezzo- 
soprano.  Her  father  was  an  opera-singer.  She 
made  her  debut  at  Strassburg,  1859,  saag  m 
Toulouse,  1860,  and  in  Lisbon,  1861  (Italian 
opera).  Sang  the  Bohemian  Girl  at  Rouen,  1 862 , 
vith  such  success  that  she  was  immediately  eng. 
for  the  Paris  Opera-Comique.  Debut  there  (i  862) 
as  Serpina  in  La  Servo,  padrona.  She  created 
the  roles  of  Mignon  (1866)  and  Carmen  (1875), 
also  several  others,  singing  in  upwards  of  20 
operas  from  1862-78,  and  again  in  1883-5. 

GaTIus,  Jacobus,  a  native  of  Carniola,  whose 
real  name  was  Jacob  Handl  (or  Handl,  Hahnel); 
b.  abt  1550;  d.  Prague,  July  4,  1591.  Kapellm. 
to  the  Bishop  of  Olmutz,  later  imperial  Kapdlm. 
at  Prague.  As  a  comp.  he  was  an  eminent  con- 
temporary of  Palestrina  and  Orl.  Lassus.  Besides 
detached  pieces  in  Bodenschatz's  "  Florilegium 
Portense,"  Prpske's  **  Musica  divina,"  and  coll  s 
of  Schoberlein,  Zahn,  Becker,  Rochlitz,  and 
others,  the  following  printed  works  are  extant , 
44  Missae  selectiores  "  (1580,  a  5-8,  four  books), 
"Musici  operis  harmoniarum,  4,  5,  6,  8  et 
plurium  vocum  "  (1st  part  1586  ;  2nd,  3rd,  1587  ; 
4th,  1590);  "Moralia  5,  6  et  8  vocibus  concm- 
nata"  (1586)  ;  "Epicedion  hannonicum  ...» 
Caspari  Abb.  Zabrdovicensis "  (1589),  "  Har- 
moniae  vanae4  vocum  "  (1591),  "  Harmoniarum 
moralium"  [4  voc.]  (1589-90,  3  parts),  "Sacrae 
cantiones  de  praecipuis  festis  4-8  et  plurium 
vocum  "(i597)i  *'  Mottettae  quae  praestant  omnes" 
(1610).  Handel  borrowed  G/s  motet,  "Ecce 
quomodo  moritur  Justus,"  for  his  "  Funeral  An- 
them." 

Gal'lus,  Johannes  (Jean  le  Cocq,  Maitre 
Jean,  Mestre  Jhan),  a  Dutch  contrapuntist; 
d.  before  1543.  He  was  m.  di  capp.  to  Duke 
Ercole  of  Ferrara.  Many  pieces  were  publ.  in 
coll.s,  and  in  a  vol.  of  motets  printed  by  Scotto 
(1543)  He  was  long  confounded  with  JHAN 
GERO. 

Gallus.    See  MEDERITSCH,  JOHANN. 

Galup'pi,  Baldassare,  sumamed  il  Bura- 
nello  from  the  isknd  of  Burano,  n.  Venice,  on 
which  he  was  b.  Oct.  18  [correct],  1706;  d. 


Venice,  Jan.  3,  1784  A  pupil  of  his  father,  a 
barber  and  \  lohn-player  ,  in  1722  he  brought  out 
at  Vicen/a  an  opera,  Lu  fcdc  ncW  imo\tanza^ 
\hich,  though  a  failure,  attracted  attention  to 
his  talent ;  he  now  studied  hard  under  Lotti,  and 
in  1729  prod.  Donnda  (Venice,  Teatro  S  An- 
geloy  with  brilliant  success  His  forte  was 
comedy-opera,  which  he  cultivated  with  such 
success  as  to  earn  the  title  of  ' 4  padre  dell'  opera 
buffa."  He  was  also  a  distinguished  player  on, 
and  composer  for,  the  harpsichord.  In  1741  he 
visited  England ;  from  1762-4  he  was  maestro 
at  S.  Marco,  director  of  the  Cons,  degli  Incura- 
bih,  and  organist  at  various  churches.  From 
1765-8  he  acted  as  maestro  to  the  Russian  court 
(Catherine  II  );  then  resuming  his  post  as  direc- 
tor of  the  Incurabih  at  Venice.  His  54  operas 
are  now  obsolete.  He  also  wrote  oratorios,  a  can- 
tata, and  other  sacred  music  (all  in  MS.) ,  one 
fine  sonata  for  harpsichord  is  included  in  Pauer's 
"Alte  Klaviermusik." 

Gambale,  Emmanuele,  Milanese  music- 
teacher,  wrote  4l  La  riforma  musicale  ..." 
(1840),  advocating  a  basic  scale  of  12  semitones 
(Ger.  transl.  by  Haser,  1843) ;  this  '*  reform  "  he 
practically  exemplified  in  his  "  La  prime  parte 
della  nforma  musicale  ..."  (1846),  wherein  are 
etudes  written  out  in  his  new  notation.  He  transl. 
Fetis*  work  on  Harmony  into  Italian. 

Gambi'ni,  Carlo  Andrea,  pianist ;  b  Genoa, 
Oct.  22,  1819 ;  d.  there  Feb.  14,  1865.— Over 
150  works,  among  them  4  operas  ;  an  oratorio  ; 
La  P assume  (by  Manzoni)  f  4-part  ch  and 
orch. ;  a  symphonic  ode,  ' '  Cristoforo  Colombo  " ; 
masses  and  other  church-music  ;  many  pf.-pcs., 
a  pf.-trio,  etc. 

Gamuc'ci,  Baldassare,  b.  Florence,  Dec. 
14,  1822 ;  d.  there  Jan.  8,  1892.  Pupil  of  C. 
Fortini  (pf.)  and  L.  Picchianti  (comp.).  In  1849 
he  founded  the  "Societa  Corale  del  Carmine," 
which  later  became  the  "  Scuola  Corale  "  of  the 
Mus.  Inst.  at  Florence,  G.  still  remaining  direc- 
tor.— Works :  Masses,  a  requiem,  psalms,  etc., 
and  pf.-pcs.;  also  publ.  "Intorno  alia  vita  ed 
alle  opere  di  Luigi  Cherubini ..."  (Florence, 
1869);  u  Rudiment!  di  lettura  musicale  .  .  .  ," 
several  times  reprinted ;  many  essays  for  the  re- 
ports of  the  Institute,  one  of  special  interest 
being:  "Perch&  i  greci  non  conoscevano  la 
moltephcita  delle  voci";  also  contributions  to 
various  mus.  journals. 

Ganas'si,  Silvestro,  b.  Fontego,  n.  Venice, 
about  1500,  and  hence  named  "del  Fontego," 
wrote  two  rare  and  valuable  works  :  "La  Fonte- 
gara,  la  quale  insegna  di  suonare  il  flauto  ..." 
(Venice,  1535  J  is  a  method  for  the  7-holed^/^- 
h-bec,  and  explains  the  graces) ;  and  "  Regula 
Rubertina  che  insegna  suonare  de  viola  d'arco 
tastada  "  (1542-3,  in  2  parts  ;  a  Method  f .  viola 
and  bass-viol).  Both  were  printed  by  G.  himself ; 
only  one  copy  of  each  is  extant  (in  the  Liceo 
Filarmonico  at  Bologna). 


202 


GAND— GARAUD£ 


Gand,  Ch.-Nicolas-Eugene,  b.  about  1826 ; 
d  Boulogne-sur-Seme,  Feb.  6, 1892.  Renowned 
violin-maker. 

Gandillot,  Le~on,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  25,  1862.  A 
writer  of  comedies  and  composer  of  vaudevilles 
for  minor  Parisian  stages  ;  his  last  pieces,  the 
vaudeville  La  Tortue  (1897,  Paris)  and  a  3-act 
vaudeville  Madame Jalouette  (Paris,  Dec.,  1897), 
have  been  fairly  successful. 

Gandi'ni,  Antonio,  b.  Modena,  Aug  20, 
1786 ;  d.  Formigine,  Sept.  10,  1842.  Pupil  of 
Mattei  in  Bologna.  From  1814-42  he  was 
maestro  to  the  Ducal  Court  at  Modena,  and 
wrote  3  operas  and  several  cantatas. 

Gandi'm,  Alessandro  (cav.),  b.  Modena, 
1807  ;  d.  there  Dec.  17,  1871.  Taught  by  his 
father,  Antonio  G.,  and  in  1828  brought  out  his 
first  opera,  Demetmo,  which  was  followed  by  7 
more.  In  1842  he  succeeded  his  father  as  maestro 
to  the  Duke  of  Modena  lie  wrote  a  "  History 
of  the  Theatres  of  Modena  from  1539  to  1871 " 
(Modena,  1873  ;  3  vol.s),  augmented  by  a  fourth 
vol. — 1875-83 — compiled  by  Ferrari-Moreni  and 
Tardini  (Modena,  1883). 

Ganne,  Louis-Gaston,  born  Buxieres-les- 
Mines,  Allier,  Apr.  5,  1862.  Pupil  of  Th.  Du- 
bois  and  Cl.  Franck  at  Paris  Cons. ;  a  popular 
composer  of  ballets,  pantomimes,  and  divertisse- 
ments ;  also  the  vaudev.  Tout-Paris  (1891),  a 
comic  opera  Rabelais  (1892),  and  the  vaudev.- 
operetta  Les  colics  des  femmes  (1893).  He  has 
publ.  about  50  light pf  -pcs.,  a  dozen  for  4  hands, 
numerous  songs  much  in  vogue,  etc.  He  is  chef 
eforcJiestre  of  the  balls  at  the  Opera,  and  1st  chef 
cTorchestre  at  the  municipal  Casino  at  Royan. 

Gans'bacher,  Johann,  born  Sterzing,  Tyrol, 
May  8,  1778  ;  died  Vienna,  July  13,  1844.  In 
early  youth  he  learned  singing,  the  organ,  piano, 
'cello,  and  harmony;  in  1801,  at  Vienna,  he  stud- 
ied under  Abbe*  Vogler  and  Albrechtsberger,  and 
then  devoted  himself  to  composition.  He  visited 
Prague,  and  (1809)  Dresden  and  Leipzig;  in 
1810,  resumed  study  under  Vogler,  at  Darmstadt, 
Weber  and  Meyerbeer  being  his  fellow-pupils 
and  friends  ;  with  Weber  he  went  to  Mannheim 
and  Heidelberg,  and  rejoined  him  later  in 
Prague.  In  Vienna  G.  also  met  Beethoven.  He 
served  in  the  war  of  1813,  led  a  roving  life  for 
several  years,  and  finally  (1823)  settled  in  Vienna 
as  Kapellm.  of  the  cathedral  (Stephankirche),  as 
Preindl's  successor.  His  216  comp.s  show  little 
originality,  but  solid  workmanship.  Only  2 
masses,  2  requiems,  and  several  small  church- 
works,  also  3  terzettos  f.  2  S.  and  T.,  Schiller's 
Ertaartung,  and  some  pf. -sonatas  and  trios,  have 
been  publ.  Besides  15  other  masses,  and  2  other 
requiems,  2  Te  Deums,  offertories,  etc.,  he  wrote 
a  symphony,  serenades,  marches,  concerted  pcs., 
pf.-pcs.,  a  "  Liederspiel,"  music  to  Die  JKreu«r 
fahrer  (by  Kotzebue),  songs,  etc. 

Gant'voort,  Arnold  J.,  b.  Amsterdam,  Hol- 
land, Dec.  6,  1857.  Went  to  America  in  1876 ; 
gave  private  lessons,  and  taught  in  various  col- 


leges (Bowling  Green,  Ky. ;  Oxford,  O  ;  Piqua, 
O  ),  in  1894,  head  of  dept  for  prep  public-school 
music-teachers,  Coll.  of  Mus  ,  Cincinnati  Has 
publ.  a  series  of  music-readers  for  public-school 
children.  Pres.t  Ohio  Mus. -Teachers'  Assoc. 
1891-4. 

Ganz,  Adolf,  b  Mayence,  Oct.  14,  1796 ;  d. 
London,  Jan.  n,  1870.  Violinist;  1819,  cond. 
at  Mayence ,  1825,  Kapellm.  to  the  Grand  Duke 
of  Hesse-Darmstadt  — Of  his  2  sons,  Eduard 
(b.  Mayence,  1827  ;  d.  1869)  was  a  pianist,  pupil 
of  Thalberg ;  and  Wilhelm  (b  Mayence,  Nov. 
6»  1833),  also  a  pianist,  a  pupil  of  Eckert  (Ber- 
lin) and  Anschutz  (Koblenz),  is  prof,  at  the  Lon- 
don Guildhall  Sen.  of  M. ;  he  conducted  the 
*'Ganz"  orchestral  concerts  in  London  from 
1879-82,  and  has  comp.  fashionable  salon-pcs. 
f.  pf. 

Ganz,  Moritz,  'cellist,  brother  of  Adolf ;  b. 
Mayence,  Sept.  13,  1806 ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  22, 
1 868  ;  joined  the  Berlin  court  orch.  in  1827  as 
first  "cello.  An  excellent  player,  he  has  written 
good  'cello-music  (concertos,  fantasias,  trios, 
duets,  etc.). 

Ganz,  Leopold,  violinist,  brother  of  Adolf, 
b.  Mayence,  Nov.  28,  1810;  d.  Berlin,  June  15, 
1869.  After  concert-tours  with  Moritz,  he  joined 
with  him  the  Berlin  court  orch.  in  1827,  obtain- 
ing the  title  (1836)  and  position  (1840)  of  Con- 
certmeister  (leader).  Publ.  duos  f.  vln.  and 
'cello. 

Garat,  Pierre-Jean,  famous  concert-singer 
and  teacher ,  b.  Ustaritz,  Basses-Pyrenees,  Apr 
25,  1764 ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  I,  1823.  His  remark- 
able talent  discovered  itself  early,  and  he  had 
lessons  in  singing  from  Franz  Beck  in  Bordeaux, 
whither  the  family  had  removed ;  but  his  father 
wished  him  to  become  a  lawyer,  and  sent  him  to 
the  Univ.  of  Paris  in  1780.  Music,  however, 
had  far  greater  attractions  than  the  law  ;  G.  neg- 
lected his  legal  studies,  and  fell  out  with  his  fa- 
ther, but  was  happily  aided  by  the  Count  d'Ar- 
tois,  who  made  him  his  private  secretary  and  in- 
troduced him  to  Marie  Antoinette,  whose  special 
favor  he  enjoyed  up  to  the  Revolution.  Now 
obliged  to  earn  his  livelihood  as  a  concert-singer, 
he  accomp.  Rode  to  Hamburg  ;  after  great  suc- 
cesses, they  returned  to  Paris  in  1794,  and  G. 
sang  (1795;  at  the  Feydeau  Concerts,  where  his 
triumphs  speedily  procured  him  a  professorship 
of  singing  in  the  newly-opened  Cons.  For  20 
years  longer,  his  wonderful  tenor-baritone  voice, 
trained  to  perfection  in  coloratura,  and  of  re- 
markable compass,  rendered  him  tie  foremost 
singer  on  the  French  concert-stage  in  every  de- 
partment of  vocal  music.  Nourrit,  Levasseur, 
and  Ponchard,  were  his  pupils. 

Garaude",  Alexis  de,  b.  Nancy,  Mar.  21, 
1779  I  d-  Paris,  Mar.  23,  1852.  He  studied  the- 
ory under  Cambini  and  Reicha,  and  singing  un- 
der Crescentini  and  Garat ;  was  a  singer  in  the 
imp.  (later  royal)  choir  from  1808-30,  and  pi  of. 
of  singing  in  the  Cons,  from  1816-41. — Publ.  3 


203 


GARBRECIIT— GARGIULO 


string-quintets,  many  ensemble-pieces  f.  vln. ,  fl. , 
cl.,  and  'cello,  sonata^  and  var.s  f.  pf.,  a  solemn 
mass,  soliegctf,  vocalises,  arias,  duets,  songs, 
etc.;  also  a  ik  M  abode  tie  chant"  (i*»g,  op  25  ; 
2nd  revised  ed.  as  "  M.  complete  de  chant,"  or>, 
40) :  "  Solfege.  on  metftode  de  musique  " ,  "  Mt- 
thode  complete  de  piano",  and  lk  L'harmome 
rendue  facile,  ou  theorie  pratique  de  cette  sci- 
ence" (I  $35). 

GarT>recht,  Fr.  F.  W.  (d.  1875),  founded 
at  Leipzig  ( 1862)  an  establishment  for  engraving 
and  printing  music,  which  has  been  owned  by 
Oskar  Brandstatter  since  i5So 

Gar'cia  [gar '-shah],  Don  Francisco  Sa- 
verio  (Padre  Garcia,  called  in  Rome  "lo  Spa- 
gnoletto"),  b.  Nalda,  Spain,  1731  ;  d  Saragossa, 
Feb  26,  iSog.  He  lived  for  some  years  in  Rome 
as  a  student  and  singing-teacher ;  in  1756  he 
was  app  maalr?  at  Saragossa  cath.  A  prolific 
and  influential  church-comp.,  his  works  show  a 
marked  contrast  to  the  fugal  style  prevailing  be- 
fore, being  more  natural  and  simple.  He  wrote 
masses  and  motets,  chiefly  in  S  parts.  His  most 
noted  pupil  was  Caterina  Gabnelli. 

Gar'cia,  Manuel  del  Popolo  Vicente,  fa- 
mous tenor,  singing-teacher,  and  dram.  comp. ; 
b.  Sevilla,  Jan.  22,  1775  ;  d.  Paris,  June  2,  1832. 
A  chorister  in  Sevilla  cath.  at  6,  he  was  taught 
by  Ripa  and  Almarcha,  and  at  17  was  already 
well  known  as  a  singer,  comp.,  and  conductor. 
After  singing  in  Cadiz,  Madrid,  and  Malaga,  he 
proceeded  (1806)  to  Paris,  and  sang  to  enthusi- 
astic audiences  at  the  Theatre  Italien  (Opera- 
Bouffe) ;  in  1809,  at  his  benefit,  he  sang  his  own 
monodrama  El  poeta  calcuhsta  with  extraor- 
dinary success.  In  Italy,  from  iSn-l6,  he  pro- 
fited by  Auzani's  advice,  and  improved  his  style 
of  singing  by  adopting  the  old  Italian  method. 
In  1812  Murat  app.  him  chamber-singer.  On 
his  return  to  Paris,  his  disgust  at  the  machina- 
tions of  Catalani,  the  manageress  of  the  Th. 
Itahen,  caused  him  to  break  his  engagement  and 
go  to  London  (1817),  where  his  triumphs  were 
repeated.  From  1819-24  he  was  again  the  idol 
of  the  Parisians  at  the  Th.  Italien  ;  sang  as  first 
tenor  at  the  Royal  Opera,  in  London,  1824-5, 
and  in  this  latter  year  embarked  for  New  York 
with  his  family  (wife,  son  Manuel,  and  daughter 
Mana  [Malibran]),  and  the  distinguished  artists 
Crivelli  fils,  Angrisani,  Barbieri,  and  Rosich  ; 
from  Nov.  29,  1825,  to  Sept.  30, 1826,  they  gave 
79  performances  at  the  Park  and  Bowery  Thea- 
tres, with  evident  artistic  and  apparent  pecuniary 
success.  The  troupe  then  spent  18  months  in 
Mexico,  when  G.  returned  to  Paris,  and  after 
some  reappearances  as  a  singer,  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  teaching-  and  composition.  H is  operas 
comprise  17  in  Spanish,  18  in  Italian,  and  8  in 
French,  besides  a  number  never  performed,  and 
numerous  ballets ;  they  are  all  quite  forgotten. 
He  was  a  preeminently  successful  teacher. ;  his 
two  daughters,  Mrae.  Malibran  and  Mme.  Pau- 
line Viardot-Garcia,  Ad.  Nourrit,  Rimbault,  and 
Favelli  were  a  few  of  his  best  pupils. 


Gar'cia,  Manuel,  distincruished  T,  ocal  teacher, 
son  of  preceding,  b.  Madrid,  Mar.  17,  1805, 
still  hvintf  ( 1^99).  Intended  for  a  stage-singer 
i  bass  >,  he  \\ent  to  Xe\v  York  \\ith  his  father, 
but  in  1^29  adopted  the  vocation  of  a  singing- 
teacher  (in  Paris)  \\ith  conspicuous  success.  An 
exponent  uf  his  father's  method,  he  also  care- 
lully  investigated  the  functions  of  the  vocal  or- 
gan's ;  invented  the  laryngoscope,  for  which  the 
Konigsberg  Univ  made  him  Dr.  phil  hon* 
tausa.  In  1840  he  sent  to  the  Academy  a 
"  Memoire  sur  la  voix  humame,"  a  statement  of 
the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  various  investi- 
gators, with  his  own  comments.  He  was  app. 
prof  at  the  Cons  in  1847,  but  resigned  in  1850 
to  accept  a  similar  position  in  the  London  R  A 
M.  Among  G  's  pupils  were  his  wife,  Eugenie, 
Jenny  Lind,  Ilenriette  Nissen,  and  Jul  Stock- 
hausen.  His  u  Traite  complet  de  Tart  du 
chant"  was  publ.  in  1847;  a  German  ed.,  by 
\Virth,  appeared  soon  after. 

Gar'cia,  Euge*nie  (ne'e  Mayer),  wife  and 
pupil  of  preceding  ,  b.  Paris,  iSiS  ;  d.  there  Aug. 
12,  1880.  Soprano  stage-singer;  for  several 
years  in  Italian  theatres,  then  (1840)  at  the 
Opera-Corn  ,  Paris ,  1842  in  London ;  finally, 
separated  from  her  husband,  she  lived  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher at  Paris. 

Gar'cia,  Marie-F elicited    See  MALIBRAN. 

Gar'cia,  Mariano,  b.  Aoiz,  Navarra,  July  26, 
1809.  Director  of  the  Pampluna  School  of 
Music,  and  a  noteworthy  composer  of  church- 
music. 

Garcin,  Jules  -  Auguste  -  Salomon,  born 
Bourges,  July  xi,  1830 ;  d.  Paris,  Oct  10,  1896. 
Violinist;  pupil,  in  Paris  Cons.,  of  Clavel  and 
Alard,  also  of  Bazin  (harm.)  and  A.  Adam 
(comp.).  In  1856  he  joined  the  Grand  Ope*ra 
orch.,  becoming  first  solo  violin  and  3rd  cond. 
in  1871 ;  in  1882,  2nd  cond.  of  the  Cons.  Con- 
certs (succeeding  Altes) ;  and  was  first  cond 
(succeeding  Deldevez)  from  1885-93.  From 
1890,  also  prof,  of  vln.  at  the  Cons.,  as  Mas- 
sart's  successor. — Works :  A  suite  symphoniqtte 
f.  orch.,  op.  25  ;  a  concertino  f.  via.;  a  concerto 
and  other  pcs.  f.  vln.;  etc. 

Garda'no,  Antonio  (up  to  1557  he  wrote  his 
name  Gardane),  b.  after  (?)  1500 ;  d.  Venice, 
W1  (?)•  One  of  the  earliest  and  most  cele- 
brated Italian  music-printers ;  from  1537  he  re- 
printed many  current  publications,  as  well  as  im- 
portant novelties,  and  compositions  of  his  own  ; 
e.g.,  "  Mottetti  del  frutto"  (1539)  ^d  "  Canzoni 
francesi"  (1564).  After  1571  his  2  sons  Ales- 
sandro  and  Angelo  carried  on  the  business  till 
I575>  when  the  former  set  up  for  himself  in 
Rome,  while  the  latter  remained  in  Venice  till 
his  death  (1610)  ;  his  heirs  continued  publishing 
under  his  name  till  1650. 

Gargiu'lo,  (Chevalier)  Enrico,  mandolinist ; 
b.  Ban,  Italy,  Mar.  31,  1865  ;  son  of  the  noted 
operatic  baritone  Eugenio  Gargiulo,  who  was 
also  his  first  teacher.  Trained  later  by  Adreano 


204 


GARIBOLDI-GASPARO  DA  SAL6 


Galante  and  Bellisario  (mandolin),  and  D.  Burgio 
(harm  ). 

Garibordi,  Giuseppe,  flutist  and  comp.,  b. 
Macerato,  Italy,  Mar.  17,  1833.  Lived  many 
years  in  Pans,  as  a  concert-player,  and  publ. 
numerous  pcs.  f.  fl.  and  pf.,  and  fl.  solo.  He 
also  brought  out  3  operettas,  and  wrote  songs. 

Garlandia,  Johannes  de,  French  writer, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  plain  song  and  mensural 
music  (abt  1210-32),  2  versions  of  which  were 
printed  by  Coussemaker  in  his  "  Scnptores," 
vol.  i. 

Gamier,  Francois-Joseph,  oboist ,  b.  Lauris, 
Vaucluse,  1759 ;  d.  there  abt.  1825.  Pupil  of 
Sallantm  at  Paris  ;  in  1778  second,  in  1786  first 
oboe  at  the  Grand  Opera. — Publ.  3  oboe-concer- 
tos ;  2  symphonies  concertantes  f .  2  oboes  ;  I  do. 
f.  flute,  ob  ,  and  bssn.;  6  duos  f.  ob.  and  vln  ; 
and  a  "  Methode  pour  le  hautbois  "  (recent  Ger- 
man ed  transl.  by  P.  Wieprecht). 

Garrett,  George  Mursell,  b.  Winchester, 
England,  June  S,  1834 ;  d.  Cambridge,  Apr.  8, 
1897.  A  pupil  of 
Elvey  and  Wesley, 
he  was  asst.-org.  at 
Winchester  cath. 
1851-4;  org.  of 
Madras  cath., 
1854-6 ;  of  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge, 
in  1857 ;  org.  to  the 
Univ.,  1873,  suc- 
ceeding Hopkins. 
Took  degree  of  Mus. 
Bac.  1857,  of  Mus. 
Doc.  1867  ;  also  re- 
ceived the  degree  of 
M.  A.  propfer  me- 
rita  in  1878  From  1883,  Univ.  Lecturer  on 
harm,  and  cpt. ;  he  was  Examiner  in  Mus.  for 
Cambridge  Univ.,  cond.  of  St.  John's  Coll.  Mus. 
Soc  ,  and  solo  pianist  at  its  concerts  ;  also  F.  R. 
C.  O. ,  and  member  of  Philharm. — Works  :  Ora- 
torio The  SJmnammite  (1882) ;  5  cantatas,  4 
services,  and  other  church-music ;  part-songs, 
songs,  organ-pcs.,  etc. 

Gart'ner,  Joseph,  b.  Tachau,  Bohemia,  1796; 
d.  Prague,  May  30,  1863.  Organ-builder  at 
Prague.  Publ,  "  Kurze  Belehrung  uber  die  innere 
Einrichtung  der  Orgeln  ..."  (1832  ;  2nd  ed. 
1841). 

Gaspar  van  Weer'beke,  b.  Oudenaerde, 
Flanders,  abt.  144.0 ;  d.  there  (?).  An  eminent 
contrapuntist,  master  of  singing1  to  the  Duke  of 
Milan  till  1490,  when  he  returned  to  his  native 
town.  His  works  (masses,  motets,  and  lamen- 
tations) are  found  in  publications  of  the  time,  and 
in  the  Papal  Library. 

Gaspa'xi,  Gaetano,  historiographer ;  b.  Bo- 
logna, Mar.  14,  1807  ;  d.  there  Mar.  31,  1881. 
Entered  the  Liceo  Musicale  in  1820  (pupil  of  B. 
Donelli) ;  took  ist  prize  in  comp.  in  1827,  and 
was  made  honorary  maestro  of  the  institution  in 


1828  Until  1836  he  was  ;;/.  di  capp.  at  Cento, 
and  then  for  a  brief  space  at  Imola,  leaving  this 
position  to  aid  his  old  teacher  Donelli ,  on  the 
tatter's  death  (1839),  instead  of  succeeding  him, 
G.  was  app.  merely  prof  of  solfeggio  ( 1 840) ,  not 
until  1855  did  his  sterling  merit  win  him  the 
post  of  Librarian  to  the  Liceo,  and  prof  of 
aesthetics.  In  1857  (to  1866)  he  also  became  m. 
di  capp  at  the  Church  of  S.  Petronio.  His 
growing  influence  as  an  authority  on  music  led 
to  his  appointment,  in  1866,  as  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Deputation  for  historical  research  in  Ro- 
magna,  and  to  him  was  assigned  the  report  on 
the  musicians  of  Bologna.  Thenceforward  he 
devoted  himself  to  historical  research. — Writ- 
ings "  Richerche,  document!  e  memorie  ri- 
sguardanti  lastoria  dell'arte  musicale  in  Bologna" 
(1867);  "Ragguagh  sulla  cappella  musicale 
della  Basilica  di  S.  Petronio  in  Bologna  "  (1869)  \ 
14  Memorie  .  .  .  dell'arte  mus  in  B  al  XVI 
secolo "  (1875).  Among  his  excellent  comp  s 
may  be  mentioned  masses,  a  Miserere  in  2  parts 
w.  small  orchM  a  Miserere  mei  Deus  a  5,  w. 
organ,  and  an  Ave  Maria  f.  children's  voices, 
w.  pf. 

Gaspari'ni  (or  Guasparini),  Francesco,  b. 
Camaiore,  n.  Lucca,  Mar.  5,  1668  ;  d.  Rome, 
April,  1737.  Pupil  of  Corelli  and  Pasquini  in 
Rome,  where  he  taught  for  a  time,  and  became 
(abt.  1700)  director  of  music  at  the  Cons  della 
Pieta,  Venice  In  1735  he  was  app  in.  di  capp. 
at  the  Lateran,  Rome.  Between  1702-30  he 
prod.  abt.  40  operas  at  Venice,  Rome,  Vienna, 
etc.,  with  great  success ;  he  also  wrote  masses, 
motets,  cantatas,  psalms,  an  oratorio  Aloses^  etc. 
His  chief  work  was  a  Method  of  thorough-bass 
playing,  "  L'Armonico  praticoal  cembalo  ..." 
(Venice,  1683 ;  7th  ed^.,  1802),  used  in  Italy  for 
nearly  200  years.  His  most  famous  pupil  was 
Benedetto  Marcello. 

Gaspari'ni,  Michelangelo,  celebrated  con- 
tralto singer  and  dramatic  comp.;  b.  Lucca, 
1685  »*  d.  Venice,  1732.  A  pupil  of  Lotti,  he 
devoted  himself  to  vocal  teaching,  and  founded 
a  famous  singing-school  at  Venice  (Faustina 
Bordoni  was  his  pupil).  He  brought  out  5 
operas  in  Venice. 

Gaspari'ni,  Don  Quirino,  'cellist  and  com- 
poser; from  1749-70,  m.  di  capp.  at  the  Turin 
court,  and  (1776)  maestro  at  the  cathedral. 
Wrote  a  Stabat  Mater,  motets,  string-quartets. 

Gaspa'ro  da  Said,  family-name  Bertolotti, 

b.  Sal6  (prov.  of  Brescia,  Italy),  abt.  1542  ;  d. 
Brescia  (?),  1609.  He  came  to  Brescia  abt. 
1563,  and  settled  there  as  a  maker  of  viols,  viole 
da  gamba,  and  contrabass  viols,  which  gained 
much  celebrity;  his  violins  were  not  so  good. 
He  is  credited  with  having  modernized  the  form 
of  the  violin,  giving  the  /-holes  their  present 
shape,  also  its  graceful  curve  to  the  scroll,  and 
prolonging  and  sharpening  the  4  corners  of  the 
bouts.  His  pupils  were  his  first-born  son, 
Francesco  ;  Giovan  Paolo  Maggini ;  and  Giacomo 


205 


GASSIER— GAUDEXTIOS 


Lafranchini.  Dragonetti's  favorite  double-bass 
was  an  altered  zwfa  £Mitrjl)i>assa  of  Gaspare's. 

Gassier,  L.-Iidouard,  dramatic  baritone; 
b.  France,  1822,  d.  Havana,  I>ec.  iS,  1871. 
Debut  at  the  Openi-Comique,  Paris,  1845  J  ne 
sang  in  Italy  ;  married  (1048)  the  Spanish  singer 
Josefa  Fernandez  [d.  Madrid,  Oct.  S,  1866], 
".vith  \\hom  he  sang  successfully  at  Madrid,  Bar- 
celona, and  Set  ilia,  then  (1854)  at  the  Th.  Italien, 
Paris,  and  in  London  and  Moscow. 

Gass'mann,  Florian  Leopold,  b.  Brux, 
Bohem:a,  May  4,  1723  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  21, 
1774.  He  had  an  excellent  mus.  education,  but 
his  father  insisted  on  his  adopting  a  commercial 
career  ;  G.  therefore  ran  away  from  home  when 
12  years  old,  and  made  his  way  as  a  harper  to 
Padre  Martini  in  Bologna,  who  taught  him  for 
two  years.  After  living  at  Venice  in  the  service 
of  Count  Leonardo  Veneri,  he  was  called  by 
Emperor  Francis  I.  (1762)  to  Vienna  as  ballet- 
comp.;  in  1771  he  succeeded  Reutter  as  court 
KapcUm^  and  founded  the  "  Tonkunstler  So- 
cietat "  (now  the  ll  Haydn  ")  for  the  relief  of  the 
widows  and  orphans  of  musicians.  He  wrote 
23  operas,  a  quantity  of  orchestral  and  chamber- 
music,  and  much  church-music.  His  most  fa- 
mous pupil,  Salien,  was  the  teacher  of  G.'s  2 
daughters,  Maria  Anna  and  Mana  Theresia 
(Rosenbaum),  distinguished  opera-singers  in  Vi- 
enna. 

Gass'ner,  Ferdinand  Simon,  violinist ;  b. 
Vienna,  Jan.  6,  1798 ;  d.  Karlsruhe,  Feb.  25, 
1851.  In  1816  violinist,  later  chorusmaster  at 
the  National  Th.,  Mayence ;  1818,  mus.  director 
at  Giessen  Univ.,  which  in  1 819  made  him  Dr. 
phil.  and  lecturer  on  music.  In  1826  he  joined 
the  court  orch.  at  Darmstadt,  and  afterwards 
became  teacher  of  singing  and  chorusmaster  at 
the  Theatre.  From  1822-35  hepubl.  the  "  Mu- 
sikalischer  Hausfreund"  at  Mayence;  and  edited, 
1841-5,  the  "  Zeitschrift  fur  Deutschlands  Mu- 
sikvereine  u.  Dilettanten."-— Wrote :  "Partitu- 
renkenntniss,  ein  Leitfaden  zum  Selbstunter- 
richt  ..."  (1838;  French  ed.,  1871,  "Traite 
de  la  partition  ")  ;  and  "  Diligent  u.  Ripienist" 
(1846).  He  contributed  to  the  Supplement  of 
Schilling's  "  Universallexikon  der  Tonkunst" 
(1842)  and  compiled  an  "  Universallexikon  der 
Tonkunst "  (1849).  He  composed  2  operas,  sev- 
eral ballets,  a  cantata,  songs,  etc. 

Cast,  Peter.    See  KSSELITZ,  HEINRICH. 

Gastal'don,  Stanislas,  b.  Turin,  Apr.  7, 
1 86 1.  At  the  age  of  17  he  began  publishing 
nocturnes,  ballabili,  and  other  pcs.  f.  pf.,  and 
also  songs,  some  of  which  have  had  great  vogue 
("La  musica  proibita";  "Ti  vorrei  rapiti"; 
"  Frate  Anselmo  ";  "  Donna  Clara  ") ;  his  i-act 
opera-seria,  //  Pater  (Milan,  1894),  was  quite 
successful.  lie  has  also  written  6  marches  for 
military  band  ;  a  pf. -fantasia,  "  La  dansa  delle 
scimmie";  etc. 

Gastinel,  L6on-  Gustave  -  Cyprien,  b.  Vil- 
lers,  n.  Auxonne  (C6te  d'Or),  Aug.  15,  1823. 


Pupii  of  Halevy  at  Paris  Cons.,  taking  ist  Gr. 
pnx  de  Rome  for  his  cantata  Velasquez  in  1846. 
A  successful  comp.  of  comic  operas,  he  has  pro- 
duced Le  nnroir  (1853),  V Optra  aux  Jttichts 
(1857),  Tints  et  Berenice  (1860),  Le  buisson  vert 
(i36i),  Li  Barde  (Nice,  1896),  and  the  well- 
received  ballet  Le  rfoe  (Grand  Ope'ra,  1890)  ; 
besides  3  operas  not  yet  prod.'  La  Kcrmesse^ 
Entail's,  and  Ourama.  Also  4  oratorios  and  3 
solemn  masses,  orchestral  comp.s,  chamber- 
music,  choruses,  etc. 

Gastol'di,  Giovanni  Giacomo,  poet  and 
contrapuntist ;  b.  Caravaggio,  abt.  1556 ;  d. 
Milan  (?),  1622.  He  was  made  ;//.  di  capp.  at  a 
church  in  Mantua,  and  from  1592  in  Milan. 
Many  of  his  works  were  publ  between  1581- 
1611  Canzoni,  canzonetti,  madrigals,  masses, 
psalms,  vespers,  balletti^  coneerti,  etc  ,  a  3-8. 

Gatayes,  Guillaume-Pierre-Antoine,  b. 
Paris,  Dec.  20,  1774;  d.  there  Oct.,  1846. 
Guitar-player  and  song-composer ;  he  publ.  trios 
f .  guitar,  fl. ,  and  vln. ;  duets  f .  2  guitars,  f .  guitar 
and  pf.,  f.  guitar  and  vln.  (or  flute),  f.  harp  and 
horn,  f.  harp  and  guitar ;  also  guitar  soli,  and 
harp-sonatas.  Wrote  3  Methods  f.  guitar,  and 
one  for  harp. 

Gatayes,  Joseph-Le'on,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Paris,  Dec.  25,  1805 ;  d.  there  Feb.  I, 
1877.  Excellent  harpist,  and  composer  of  soli, 
duets,  and  etudes  f .  harp.  Musical  critic  for  sev- 
eral Paris  papers. 

Gatayes,  Fe"lix,  brother  of  preceding ;  b. 
Paris,  1809.  Orchestral  comp.  and  good  pianist, 
chiefly  self-taught ;  for  20  years  on  concert-tours 
in  Europe,  America,  and  Australia.  Wrote  fine 
symphonies  and  overtures ;  later  devoted  himself 
to  composing  military  music. 

Ga'thy  [-te],  August,  b.  Liege,  May  14, 
1800 ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  8,  1858.  Pupil  of  F. 
Schneider  in  Dessau  (1828-30) ;  lived  1830-41 
in  Hamburg,  editing  a  "  Musikalisches  Conver- 
sationsblatt";  also  publ.  (1835)  a  "  Mus.  Con- 
versationslexikon  "  (2nd  ed.  1840  ;  3rd  ed.,  rev. 
by  Reissmann,  1873 ;  a  valuable  work).  From 
1841,  music-teacher  in  Paris. — Songs. 

Gatty,  Alfred  Scott,  b.  Ecclesfield,  York- 
shire, Apr.  25,  1847.  In  1880  he  was  app. 
Rouge  Dragon,  Poursuivant  of  Arms,  Heralds' 
College,  London. — Works  :  2  operettas  :  Sand- 
ford  and  MertoiJs  Christmas  Party  (1880),  and 
AWa///<w/*(i886);  "Little  Songs  for  Little 
Voices";  many  songs;  pf.-pcs. 

Gaucquier,  Alard  (real  name  Dunoyer,  La- 
tinized Nucetts ;  called  du  Gaucquier,  and  also 
Insulanus  [Roman  name  of  Lille — L'lle  being 
Insula"§.  Famous  contrapuntist  of  the  i6th 
century :  Magnificat,  4  to  6  parts  (1547) ;  "  Qua- 
tuor  missae  5,  6  et  8  vocum "  (1581) ;  band- 
master to  King  Ferdinand  I.,  Maximilian  II., 
and  Archduke  Matthias  (later  Emperor). 

Gauden'tios,  surnamed  "the  philosopher,"  a 
Greek  writer,  presumably  before  Ptolemy.  His 
"  Introductio  hanaopica,"  based  on  Aristoxenos, 


206 


GAUL— GAZZAXIGA 


was  published  by  Meibom,  \vith  a  Latin  transla- 
tion, in  the  "  Auctores  septem"  (1652;, 

Gaul,  Alfred  Robert,  born  Norwich,  Eng., 
Apr.  30,  1837.  A  chorister  in  the  cathedral  at 
g,  he  was  articled  to  Dr.  Buck  ;  was  org.  at 
Fakenham,  Birmingham,  and  Edgbaston  ;  grad- 
uated (1863)  as  Mus.  Bac.,  Cantab  ,  became 
cond.  of  the  Walsall  Philharmonic  in  1887,  and 
is  now  teacher  and  cond.  at  The  Birmingham 
and  Midland  Inst  ,  and  teacher  at  King  Ed- 
ward's High  School  f  .  Girls  and  at  the  Blind  Asy- 
lum. —  Works  .  An  oratorio,.  Hezcktah  (1861)  , 
several  cantatas,  some  of  which  (Ruth  and  The 
Holy  City)  are  popular  in  the  U.  S  ;  Passion 
music;  the  g6th  Psalm;  an  ode,  "A  song  of 
life";  glees,  vocal  trios  and  duets,  songs  and 
part-songs,  etc. 

Gaultier  (or  Gautier),  Jacques  [Gautier 
d'Angleterre],  b.  Lyons,  abt.  1600  ,  d.  Pans, 
abt.  1670.  Celebrated  lutemst,  pupil  of  Mesan- 
gean  ;  royal  lutenist  at  London,  1617-47,  then 
going  to  Paris.  [Oskar  Fleischer  publ.  in  Books 
I  and  2  of  the  lt  Vierteljahrschrift  fur  Musik- 
wissenschaft,"  for  iSS6,  an  interesting  mono- 
graph on  the  various  Gaultiers.] 

Gaultier,  Denis,  also  a  famous  lutenist  ;  b. 
Marseilles  (i  600-10?)  ;  d  Pans  (date  unknown). 
In  1647  he  establ.  with  his  cousin  Jacques  a 
school  for  lute-playing  in  Paris  ;  among  their 
pupils  were  Monton,  Du  Faux,  Du  But,  and 
Gallot.  —  2  published  collections  of  lute-music 
compiled  by  him  are  extant:  "Pieces  de  luth" 
(1660)  and  "  Livre  de  tablature." 

Gaultier,  Pierre,  b.  Orleans,  and  a  comp  for 
lute,  publ.  some  unimportant  suites  for  lute 


Gaultier,  Ennemond,  son  of  Jacques  ;  born 
Vienne,  Dauphine",  in  1635  I  d.  before  1680  ,  was 
royal  chamber-lutenist  at  Pans  in  1669,  and 
publ.  2  books  of  lute-pcs.  in  tablature. 

Gaultier,  Pierre,  b.  Cioutat,  Provence,  1642  ; 
drowned  at  Cette,  1697  ;  he  pui  chased  the  pat- 
ent for  an  operatic  enterprise  at  Marseilles,  from 
Lully,  the  first  performance  being  that  of  his 
own  opera,  Le  tnomphe  de  hipaix  (1687) 

Gaultier,  Aloysius  -  Edouard  -Camille 
(Abbe*),  b.  Italy,  abt.  1755  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  19, 
1818.  He  was  an  innovator  with  regard  to 
methods  for  teaching  the  young  ;  and  publ. 
u  filements  de  musique  propre  A  faciliter  aux 
enfant?  la  connaissance  des  notes  ..."  (1789). 

Gauntlett,  Henry  John,  b.  Wellington, 
Shropshire,  July  9,  1805  •  d.  Kensington,  Lon- 
don, Feb.  21,  1876.  A  lawyer  by  profession,  he 
was  likewise  an  excellent  musician,  org.  in  sev- 
eral churches,  and  Mus.  Doc.,  Lambeth,  1843. 
He  was  chiefly  instrumental,  with  the  assistance 
of  the  organ-builder  Wm.  Hill,  in  introducing 
the  C  organ,  instead  of  the  earlier  F  and  G  or- 
gans, into  England.  He  composed  many  an- 
thems, hymns,  songs,  glees,  and  organ-pcs.,  and 
publ.  several  valuable  compilations  of  church- 
music. 


Gauthier,  Gabriel,  b.  in  the  dept  of  Saone- 
et-Loire,  France,  in  iSoS  ;  lost  his  sight  when 
II  months  old,  and  entered  the  Paris  Inst.  for 
the  Blind  in  1818,  where  he  was  later  instructor 
(1827-40).  He  afterwards  became  org  of  St  - 
£tienne-du-Mont,  Paris  —  Publ.  lt  Repertoire 
des  maitres  de  chapelle"  (1842-5,  5  vol.s) ; 
"Considerations  sur  la  question  de  la  reforme 
du  plain-chant  .  .  ."(1843);  and  "Le  meca- 
nisme  de  la  composition  instrumentale  .  .  ." 
(1845). 

Gautier,  Jean-Fran£ois-Eugfene,  b.  Vau- 
girard,  n.  Paris,  Feb  27,  1822 ;  d.  Paris,  Apr. 
3,  1878.  Pupil  of  Habeneck  (vln.)  and  Halevy 
(comp  )  at  the  Cons. ;  1848,  2nd  cond.  at  the  Th.- 
Lyrique,  and  in  1864  chef  de  chant  at  the  Th. 
Italien ;  also  prof,  of  harm,  at  the  Cons.,  and  in 
1872  prof,  of  history.  For  several  years  he -was 
m*  de  chap,  at  Saint-Eugene.  He  also  wrote  for 
various  papers. — Works  :  14  comic  operas  ,  an 
oratorio,  La  mart  dejtfsu  /  a  cantata,  Le  15  ao^ 
an  Ave  Maria,  etc 

Gautier,  ThSophile,  b.  Tarbes,  France, 
Aug.  31,  1811 ,  d.  Paris,  Oct.  23,  1872.  He 
edited  for  years  the  dramatic  JeuiHeton  of  the 
"Presse"  and  the  "  Moniteur  Universelle"; 
and  publ.  "  Histoire  de  Tart  dramatique  en 
France  depuis  25  ans  "  (1859,  6  small  voUs). 

Gaveaux,  Pierre,  b.  Eeziers,  Herault,  Aug., 
1761 ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  5, 1825.  A  pupil  of  Franz 
Beck  at  Bordeaux,  and  tenor  at  the  church  of 
Saint-Sevenn  ,  opera-singer  at  Bordeaux,  Mont- 
pellier,  and  (1789)  Paris  (Opera-Comique). — 
Works  :  33  operas,  chiefly  for  the  Th.  Feydeau. 

Gavinie's,  Pierre,  brilliant  violinist,  styled  by 
Viotti  "  the  French  Tartini ",  b.  Bordeaux,  May 
26,  1726;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  9,  iSoo.  Self-taught 
in  a  great  measure,  his  expressive  and  elevated 
style,  formed  upon  that  of  the  old  Italian  mas- 
ters, created  a  profound  impression  at  his  debut 
in  a  Concert  Spirituel  (1741) — a  concert-enter- 
prise established  by  himself  and  Gossec.  He 
settled  in  Paris  as  a  concert-player  and  teacher ; 
in  1795  he  was  app.  prof,  of  vln.  at  the  Cons. 
He  had  numerous  distinguished  pupils>  and  is 
considered,  in  France,  the  founder  of  the 
French  school  of  violin-playing.  He  brought 
out  a  3-act  comic  opera,  Le  prttendu,  in.  1760 ; 
and  publ.,  f.  vln.,  6  concertos ;  6  sonatas  ;  "  Les 
24  Matinees,"  studies  f.  vln.  in  all  the  keys  ;  3 
more  sonatas  ;  his  celebrated  "  Romance  de  Ga- 
vinieV*;  etc. 

Gaztambi'de,  Joaquin,  b.  Tudela,  Navarra, 
Feb.  7,  1822 ;  d.  Madrid,  Mar.  18,  1870.  Pupil 
of  Madrid  Cons.,  cond.  of  the  Concerts  and  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  "  Concert  Society";  also 
honorary  prof,  at  the  Cons. — Works  :  40  zarzue- 
las  (operettas),  which  had  immense  success. — 
Xavier  Gaztambide,  a  younger  relation,  has 
also  written  zarzuelas. 

Gazzani'ga,  Giuseppe,  b.  Verona,  Oct., 
1743  ;  d.  Crema,  1819.  A  pupil,  at  Naples,  of 
Porpora  and  Piccinni ;  on  going  to  Venice  in 


207 


GEAR— GEHRIXG 


1770.  he  met  Sacchini,  who  helped  him  to  bring 
out  his  first  opera,  //  fmto  CIMO^  at  Vienna 
(1770).  He  wrote  32  more  operas,  mostly  for 
Italian  theatres;  his  // wnntato  di  pieha  (Ber- 
gamo, 1788  ;  at  Lucca,  1792,  as  Don  Giovanni 
Tcnono)  is  interesting  as  identical  in  subject 
with  Mozart's  Don  Giovanni  In  1791,  G  was 
app.  /;/.  di  capp.  of  Crema  cathedral,  for  which 
he  wrote  considerable  sacred  music  (masses,  a 
Stabat  Mater,  a  Te  Deum,  etc.). 

Gear,  George  Frederick,  b  London,  May 
21,  1857.  Concert-pianist  and  comp  ,  pupil  of 
Dr.  Wylde  and  J.  F.  Barnett ,  gained  a  scholar- 
ship in  1872  at  the  London  Acad.  of  Mus.,  in 
which  he  is  professor.  From  1876-92  he  was 
mus.  dir.  of  the  German  Reed  Company. — 
Works  String-quartet ;  2  pf.-sonatas ;  Scena  f. 
sopr.  solo  and  orch. ;  2  operettas,  A  Water-cure 
and  Hobbies;  songs  ;  etc. 

Gebauer,  Michel  Joseph,  b.  La  Fere,  Aisne, 
in  1763  ,  d.  1812,  during  the  retreat  from  Mos- 
cow. At  14  he  was  an  oboist  in  the  Royal  Swiss 
Guard  ;  and  became  an  expert  violinist  and  viol- 
player  In  1791,  oboist  in  the  Garde  Nationale ; 
from  1794-1802,  prof,  at  the  Cons.;  thereafter 
bandmaster  of  the  Garde  des  Consuls,  and  later 
ot  the  Imperial  Guard,  having  to  accompany  the 
army  on  various  campaigns,  during  which  he 
studied  and  profited  by  German  military  music. 
His  marches  for  band  (over  200)  were  very  popu- 
lar ;  he  publ.  many  duets  for  2  vlns.,  f.  vln.  and 
via.,  for  2  flutes,  f.  flute  and  horn,  flute  and  bas- 
soon, etc.;  also  quartets  for  fl.,  clar.,  horn,  and 
bassoon. — He  had  3  brothers 

Gebauer,  Francois-Rene",  b.  Versailles, 
1773;  d«  Paris,  July,  1845.  Bassoonist,  pupil 
of  his  brother  Michel,  and  of  Devienne.  Prof, 
of  bassoon  at  Cons.,  1796-1802,  and  after  1825  ; 
member  of  Grand  Ope'ra  orch.,  1801-26. — \Vorks 
forwind-instr.s.  Quintets,  quartets,  trios,  duets, 
sonatas,  etudes,  and  symphonies  cancer  tan  tes  ; 
also  overtures,  military  marches,  and  pot-pour- 
ris. Wrote  a  Method  f.  bassoon. 

Gebauer,  Jftienne-Frangois,  b.  Versailles, 
1777 1  d-  Paris,  1823.  Flutist,  pupil  of  his  brother 
Michel,  and  of  Hugot.  Second  flute  in  the  Op.- 
Com.  orch.,  1801 ;  first  flute,  1813-22.— Works  : 
Over  100  flute  solos,  etc.;  flute-duets,  sonatas  f. 
fl.  and  bass,  exercises  f.  fl.,  airs  vane's  f.  clarinet. 

Gebauer,  Pierre-Paul,  b.  Versailles,  1775, 
and  died  young.  Publ.  20  horn-duets. 

Geb'auer,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Eckersdorf,  n. 
Glatz,  1784 ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  13,  1822.  From 
1816,  choirmaster  at  the  Augustiner  Hofpfarr- 
kirche,  Vienna;  in  1819  he  founded  the  cele- 
brated "Concerts  spirituels,"  being  their  first 
cond.;  he  was  also  a  member  of  the  "  Gesell.  d. 
Musikfreunde,"  and  a  friend  of  Beethoven. — 
Publ.  songs  and  part-songs. 

GeT)el,  Georg(Sr.),  b.  Breslau,  1685;  d.  there 
1750.  A  runaway  tailor's  apprentice,  he  studied 
under  Winkler  and  Krause,  became  org.  at  Brieg 
(1709),  and  at  Breslau  (1713).  lie  invented  a 


clavichord  with  quarter-tones,  and  a  clavicym- 
balum  with  a  pedal-keyboard.  His  numerous 
comp.s  (a  Passion  oratorio,  cantatas,  masses, 
psalms,  canons  ///  to  30  parts,  organ-pcs.,  clavi- 
chord-music, etc.)  are  unpublished. 

Ge'bel,  Georg  (Jr ),  b.  Brieg,  Silesia,  Oct. 
25,  1709 ;  d.  Rudolstadt,  Sept.  24,  1753  I'upil 
of  his  father;  in  1729,  2nd  org.  at  St.  Maria 
Magdalene,  Breslau,  and  Kapellm.  to  the  Duke 
of  Ols.  In  1735  he  joined  Count  Bruhl's  orch. 
at  Dresden,  where  he  met  Hebenstreit,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  Pantaleon,  and  learned  to  play 
that  instr.  In  1747  he  was  app.  Kapellm.  to 
the  Prince  of  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.  A  \  ery 
prolific  composer,  wrote,  while  in  Rudolstadt, 
12  operas,  2  Passions,  2  Christmas  cantatas,  sets 
of  cantatas  for  several  years',  more  than  100  orch. 
symphonies,  partitas,  and  concertos,  etc.;  andjn 
Breslau  a  great  variety  of  mstr.l  and  vocal  music. 

Ge'bel,  George  Sigismund,  brother  of  the 
preceding ;  d.  1775,  Breslau,  where  he  was  org. 
of  the  Elisabethkirche.— Preludes  and  fugues  f. 
org. 

Ge'bel,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Furstenau,  n.  Bres- 
lau, 1787;  d.  Moscow,  1843.  Pupil  of  Al- 
brechtsberger  and  Abbe  Vogler ;  A'afellm.  at 
Leopoldstadt  Th.,  Vienna,  in  1810 ;  later  at 
theatres  in  Pesth  and  Lemberg,  fiom  1817, 
piano-teacher  in  Moscow. — Works  :  Operas,  a 
mass,  4  symphonies,  overtures,  string-quintets 
and  -quartets,  many  pf  -pcs.,  etc. 

Gebliard,  Martin  Anton,  b.  Bavaria,  1770. 
A  Benedictine  monk  at  Benediktbeurn ;  after 
the  suppression  (1803)  of  the  order,  he  became  a 
priest  at  Steinsdorf ,  where  he  was  still  living  in 


Erklarung  dieser  Idee  in  3  Buchern  und  An- 
wendung  derselben  auf  den  Menschen  in  alien 
Beziehungen"  (Munich,  1817),  despite  brilliant 
originality,  'lead  to  no  positive  result. 

GebharMi,  Ludwig  Ernst,  b.  Nottleben, 
Thuringia,  1787  ;  d.  Erfurt,  Sept.  4,  1862  Org. 
and  music-teacher  at  Erfurt  Seminary.  Publ. 
several  collections  of  organ-pcs.  ;  also,  school- 
songs,  a  Choralbuch,  a  Method  f.  org.,  and  a 
Method  of  Thorough-bass  (1828-35,  4  vol.s,  fre- 
quently republ.). 

Ge"dalge,  Andre",  b.  Paris,  Dec.  27,  1856. 
Pupil  of  Cons.  (Guiraud)  in  1884 ;  2nd  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  in  1885  ;  took  the  Prix  Cressent 
in  1895  with  the  2-act  lyric  drama  tfflenc.  Has 
also  comp.  the  music  to  Carry's  pantomime  Le 
petit  Savoyard  (Paris,  1891);  "Vaux  de  Vire" 
for  solo,  ch.  and  orch.  (1895);  a  l-act  op.-bouffe 
Pris  au  piege  (Paris,  1895  ;  mod.  succ.);  2  sym- 
phonies, several  orch  1  suites,  a  string- quartet, 
pf.-pcs.  etc. 

Geh'ring,  Franz,  b.  1838 ;  d.  Penzing,  n. 
Vienna,  Jan.  4,  1884 ;  lecturer  on  mathematics 
at  Vienna  Univ.  Wrote  the  biogr.  of  Mozart 


208 


GEIJER— GEN£E 


for  Hueffer's  "Great   Musicians";  contributed 
several  articles  to  Grove's  "Dictionary." 

Gei'jer,  Erik  Gustaf,  b.  Ransatter,  Werme- 
land,  Jan.  12,  1783  ;  d.  Upsala,  Apr.  23,  1847. 
Prof,  of  history  at  Upsala  Umv.  Publ.  (with 
Lindblad)  a  coll.  of  modern  Swedish  songs 
(1824);  was  musical  editor-in-chief  of  the 
"Svenska  Folkvisor"  (1814-16,  3  vol.s ;  2nd 
ed.,  1846),  a  coll.  of  Swedish  folk-songs.  Has 
publ.  original  songs  in  the  Swedish  vein. 

Geis'ler,  Johann  Gottlieb,  b.  (?) ;  d.  Zittau, 
Feb.  13,  1827.  Author  of  a  ' '  Beschreibung 
und  Geschichte  der  neuesten  u.  vorzuglichsten 
Instrumente  und  Kunstwerke  fur  Liebhaber  und 
Kunstler"  (1792-1800,  in  12  parts;  2nd  ed., 
1811);  it  describes  the  Bogenklavier^  among 
other  things. 

Geis'ler,  Paul,  dramatic  composer ;  b.  Stolp, 
Pomerania,  Aug.  10,  1856  ;  pupil  of  his  grand- 
father (mus.  dir.  at  Mecklenburg)  and  of  Kon- 
stantin  Decker.  Chorusmaster  at  the  Leipzig 
City  Th.,  1881-2,  then  with  Angelo  Neumann's 
Wagner  troupe ;  1883-5,  JTapettm.  at  Bremen 
(under  Seidl) ;  since  then  he  has  lived  mostly  in 
Leipzig. — Works .  The  operas Ingeborg  (Bremen, 
1884  ;  text  by  Peter  Lohmann) ;  Hertha  (Ham- 
burg, 1891);  Die  Ritter  von  Afarienburg  (Ham- 
burg, 1891) ;  Palm  (Llibeck,  1893) ;  and  Wir 
siegen  (r-act;  Posen,  1898);  music  to  the  dramas 
Schiffbr&chig  and  Utistr  tag  lick  Brod  gieb  uns 
heute  (both  Hamburg ;  1890) ;  the  symphonic 
poems  Der  Rattenfanger  von  Hameln  (1880 ; 
score  published),  Till  Eitlenspiegel^  Mira,  Maria 
itfagdalena,  JHeinric/i  von  Ofterdingen^  Rkke- 
hard,  Beowulf,  Der  Hidalgo,  Walpurgisnacht^ 
Am  Mecre,  Der  wild*  Jager,  Der  neue  Tann- 
haitser  ;  2  "cycles"  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.,  San- 
sara  and  Golgotha  ;  orchestral  episodes  ;  songs, 
etc. 

Geis'tinger,  Maria  ["  Marie"]  Charlotte 
Cacilia,  b.  Graz,  Styria,  July  26,  1836.  Brilliant 
operetta-singer  (soprano),  chiefly  in  Vienna,  but 
also  in  Prague,  Leipzig,  Berlin,  etc.  In  1897 
she  sang  with  success  in  New  York.  Inimitable 
in  Strauss  r61es. 

Ge'linek,  Hermann  Anton  (called  Cer- 
vetti),  b.  Horzeniowecs,  Bohemia,  Aug.  8, 
1709 ;  d.  Milan,  Dec.  5,  1779.  A  priest  in  the 
Premonstrant  Abbey  at  Seelau,  who,  wearied  of 
monastic  discipline,  fled  to  Naples,  where  he  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Cervetti,  and  became  noted 
as  a  violinist. — Publ.  works:  Violin -concertos 
and  sonatas.  Church-music  and  organ-pcs.inMS. 

Ge'linek,  Joseph,  Abbe  ;  b.  Selcz,  Bohemia, 
Dec.  3,  1758 ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  13,  1825.  On 
Mozart's  recommendation  he  became  "Clavier- 
meister  "  (pf. -tutor)  in  the  family  of  Count  Kin- 
sky,  whom  he  followed  to  Vienna ;  here  he  publ. 
a  vast  number  of  variations,  fantasias,  etc.,  on 
popular  themes  (125  down  to  1815),  brilliant  in 
sound,  but  of  slight  artistic  value.  G/s  cham- 
ber-music (trios,  sonatas  f.  vln.,  and  f.  pf.,  etc.) 
is  on  a  par  with  the  above. 


Geraini'ani,  Francesco,  violinist  and  writer , 
b.  Lucca,  abt.  1680,  d.  Dublin,  Dec.  17,  1762. 
A  pupil  of  Scarlatti,  Corel!!,  and  Lunati  (called 
"il  Gobbo");  in  1714  he  settled  in  London, 
where  he  won  reputation  as  a  teacher  and  con- 
cert-player ;  indeed,  he  is  credited  with  having 
introduced  into  England  an  improved  (simplified ) 
system  of  violin-playing.  He  also  publ.  the 
earliest  known  violin-method,  "'Art  of  Playing 
the  Violin"  (1740;  2nd  ed.  entitled  '"  The  En- 
tire new  and  Compleat  Tutor  for  the  Violin  .  .  ."; 
French  and  German  translations) ,  further  (but 
of  minor  importance)  '  *  Lessons  f .  the  Harpsi- 
chord," "Art  of  Playing  the  Guitar,"  "  Guida 
armonica "  (1742,  Engl.  ;  also  French  and 
Dutch),  "Supplem.  to  the  Guida  armonica," 
"Art  of  Accompaniment"  (1755),  "Rules  for 
playing  in  a  true  taste  on  violin,  German  flute, 
violoncello,  harpsichord  .  .  .  ",  "  Treatise  on 
Good  Taste"  (1747),  ''Treatise  on  Memory," 
"The  Harmonical  Miscellany"  (1755).— Vio'lin 
compositions  (valuable):  12  solos  (op.  I,  1716), 
6  concertos  (op.  2,  1735),  12  solos  (op.  4,  1739), 
6  concertos  (op.  6,  1741),  6  do  (op.  7),  12  sona- 
tas (op.  n,  1758),  12  trios  for  2  vlns.  and  'cello ; 
also  6  solos  f.  'cello  (op.  5). — Sonatas  Nos.  i,  2, 
and  7  are  reprinted  (arr.  by  G.  Jensen; ;  also 
some  pf  -pcs. 

Gemiin'der,  August,  celebrated  violin-maker; 
b.  Ingelfingen,  Wurttemberg,  Mar.  22, 1814 ;  d. 
New  York,  Sept.  7,  1895.  In  1846,  he  emigrated 
to  Springfield,  Mass  ,  and  estab.  a  shop.  Went 
to  ^.ewYork  about  1860.  His  reputation  was 
second  to  that  of  no  contemporary  maker. 
Instr  s  of  his  make  were  used  by  Wilhelmj  and 
Brodsky ;  his  copy  of  Sarasate's  li  Amati "  was 
pronounced  by  the  owner  equal  to  the  original. 

Genast',  Eduard  Franz,  baritone  stage- 
singer;  b.  Weimar,  Julv  15,  1797;  d.  Wiesba- 
den, Aug.  4,  1866.  Debut  1814  at  Weimar  as 
Osmin  in  Mozart's  Entf&hrung;  1828,  director 
of  Magdeburg  theatre ;  1829,  accepted  a  life- 
engagement  at  the  court  theatre,  Weimar.  His 
most  successful  role  was  Don  Giovanni. — Works: 
2  operas,  Die  Sonnenmdnner  and  Die  Verrathcr 
auf  den  Alpen;  songs  ;  also  publ.  "  Aus  dem 
Tagebuch  eines  alten  Schauspielers"  (1862-6),  4 
vol.s  of  memoirs  (after  losing  his  singing-voice, 
he  became  an  actor). 

Gene'e,  Franz  Friedtich  Richard,  opera- 
composer  ;  b.  Danzig,  Feb.  7,  1823 ;  d.  Baden, 
n.  Vienna,  June  15,  1895.  At  first  a  medical 
student,  he  took  up  music,  and  studied  under 
Ad.  Stahlknecht  at  Berlin  ;  was  theatre- Kapellm* 
(1848-67)  at  Reval,  Riga,  Cologne,  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  Dusseldorf,  Danzig,  Mayence,  Schwerin, 
Amsterdam,  and  Prague ;  from  1868-78,  JCa- 
petlm.  at  the  Th.  an  der  Wien,  Vienna,  then 
retiring  to  his  villa  at  Pressbaum,  near  Vienna. 
He  wrote  (some  with  F.  Zell)  several  of  his  owa 
libretti ;  he  also  wrote  libretti  for  Strauss,  Suppe\ 
and  Millo'cker. — Operettas:  Der  Geiger  aus 
Tirol  (1857),  Der  Musikfeind^  Die  General- 


209 


GEXERALI— GERICKE 


probe,  Rosita^  Der  schitarze  Print,  Am  Runen- 
stnn  (with  Fr.  von  Flotow,  lS63i,  Der  Scekadett 
(1876),  Xanen^  ///;  irundtrian&der  Pyramitttn, 
Die  Ittzen  Hohikanef^  Xisida,  Rcsina,  Zwl- 
hnge,  Die  Piraten*  Die  Dseizehn  (iSS;). 

Genera'li,  Pietro  (real  name  Mercandetti), 
b.  Masserano,  Piedmont,  Oct.  4,  1783  ;  d.  No- 
vara,  Nov.  3,  1832.  He  studied  under  G.  Massi 
at  Rome,  -where  he  prod,  his  first  opera,  Gh 
amanti  ridicoli,  in  iSoo.  He  brought  out  over 
50  more  in  the  chief  Italian  cities,  Lisbon,  etc., 
the  be&t  being  /  baccanah  di  JRoma  (Venice, 
1815).  From  i  S I 7-20  he  was  cond.  in  Barcelona 
theatre  ;  but  his  star  was  waning  before  Rossini's 
brilliant  successes  ;  he  accepted  the  post  of  m.  at 
capp.  at  Novara  cath.,  thereafter  devoting  him- 
self chiefly  to  sacred  music  (an  oratorio,  //  veto 
di  Jefte,  "1827  ;  also  masses,  psalms,  etc.).  A 
sketch  of  his  life,  by  Piccioli,  "  Elogio  di  P. 
Generali,"  was  publ.  at  Novara,  1833. 

Genet,  Eleazar  (called  il  Carpentras'so, 
or  Carpentras,  from  his  native  place) ,  see 
CARPEXTRAS. 

Gengfenbach,  Nikolaus,  b.  Kolditz,  Saxony; 
cantor  at  Zeitz.  Wrote  l  *  Musica  nova,  newe 
Smgkunst,  sowohl  nach  der  alten  Solmisation, 
als  auch  newen  Bobisation  und  Bebisation" 
(Leipzig,  1626). 

Genss,  Hermann,  b.  Tilsit,  Jan.  6,  1856. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Kohler  and  Alb.  Hahn  ;  later 
of  Kiel,  Grell  and  Taubert  at  the  Royal  Hoeh- 
schidefitr  Musik  at  Berlin.  1877,  music- teacher 
at  Lubeck  ;  1880,  at  Hamburg  ;  1890,  teacher  of 
pf.  and  theory  at  Sondershausen  Cons.;  1891, 
director  of  Schumacher  Cons.,  Mayence  ;  1893, 
co-director  of  the  Scharwenka-Klindworth  Cons. , 
Berlin. — Works  :  Chamber-music,  orchestral 
works,  songs,  etc. 

Georges,  Alexandre,  b.  Arras,  France,  Feb. 
25,  1850.  Pupil  of  the  Niedermeyer  School, 
Paris,  where  he  is  now  prof,  of  harmony. — 
Works:  2  operas,  Le  Printemps  (iSSS)  and 
Pennies  cTamour  (1892) ;  music  to  the  dramas 
Le  nouwau  Monde  (1883),  Axel  (1894),  and 
Alceste  (1891)  ;  also  songs. 

G6rard>  Henri-Philippe,  b.  Liege,  1763  ;  d. 
Versailles,  1848.  Studied  for  5  years  at  Rome 
under  Gregorio  Ballabene  ;  from  about  1788  he 
taught  singing  in  Paris,  and,  from  1795,  in  the 
Cons,  for  over  30  years. — Publ.  a  tl  Methode  de 
chant,"  in  2  parts,  the  second  being  "  ConsideYa- 
tions  sur  la  musique  en  general,  et  particuliere- 
ment  sur  tout  qui  a  rapport  a  la  vocale  ..." 
(1819);  and  a  simplified  "Traite  methodique 
d'harmonie  ..."  (1833 ;  a  resuscitation  of 
Rameau's  theories). 

Ger^ber,  Heinrich  Nikolaus,  b.  Wenigen- 
Ehrich,  n.  Sondershausen,  Sept.  6,  1702;  d. 
Sondershausen,  Aug.  6,  1775.  A  law-student  in 
Leipzig  from  1724-7,  but  also  took  organ-lessons 
of  J.  S.  Bach  ;  org.  at  Heringen  in  1728,  and  to 
the  court  at  Sondershausen  from  1731.  He 


comp.  much  organ-music  and  many  pieces  for 
clavichord  and  pianoforte  (all  in  MS.) ;  invented 
improvements  in  the  organ,  also  a  xylophone 
with  keyboard. 

Ger'ber,  Ernst  Ludwig,  celebrated  lexicog- 
rapher, son  and  pupil  of  the  preceding;  b. 
Sondershausen,  Sept  29,  1746  ,  d.  there  June  30, 
1819  He  likewise  studied  law  and  music  in 
Leipzig,  becoming  a  skilful  'cellist  and  org.,  in 
which  latter  capacity  he  became  (1769)  his  fa- 
ther's assistant,  and  succeeded  him  in  1775-  He 
was  also  a  chamber-musician.  He  was  able  to 
visit  Weimar,  Kassel,  Leipzig,  and  other  cities, 
and  gradually  gathered  together  a  large  collec- 
tion of  musician's  portraits  ;  to  these  he  appended 
brief  biographical  notices,  and  finally  conceived 
the  plan  of  writing  a  biographical  dictionary  of 
musicians.  Though  his  resources,  m  a  small 
town  without  a  public  library,  and  having  to 
rely  in  great  measure  on  material  sent  him  by 
his  publisher,  Breitkopf,  were  hardly  adequate 
to  the  task  he  undertook,  his  "  Historisch-bio- 
graphisches  Lexikon  der  Tonkunstler  "  (Leipzig, 
2  vol.s,  1790-92)  was  so  well  received,  and 
brought  in  such  a  mass  of  corrections  and  fresh 
material  from  all  quarters,  that  he  prepared  a 
supplementary  edition,  "  Neueshist.-biogr.  Lexi- 
kon der  Tonkunstler  "  (4  vol  s,  1812-14).  Though 
the  former  was  intended  only  as  a  supplement  to 
Walther's  dictionary,  and  both  are,  of  course,  out 
of  date,  they  contain  much  material  still  of  value, 
and  have  been  extensively  drawn  upon  by  more 
recent  writers.  He  composed  sonatas  for  pf., 
choral-preludes  f.  org.,  and  music  f.  wind-band. 
The  Viennese  "  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde  " 
purchased  his  large  library. 

Ger'bert  (von  Hornau),  Martin,  b.  Horb- 
on-Neckar,  Aug.  12,  1720 ;  d.  St.-Blaise,  May 
*3i  I793-  A  student  in  the  Benedictine  monas- 
tery at  St-B.,  he  joined  the  order  in  1736,  be- 
came a  priest  in  1744,  then  prof,  of  theology, 
and  1764  Prince- Abbot  of  the  monastery.  His 
writings  on  music  were  "De  cantu  et  musica 
sacra"  (St-B.,  1774,  2  vol.s),  "Vetus  liturgia 
alemannica"  (1776,  2  vol.s),  "  Monumentaveteris 
hturgiae  alemannicae "  (1777,  2  vol  s),  and 
44  Scriptores  ecclesiastic!  de  musica  sacra  potis- 
simum  "  (1784,  3  vol.s) ;  the  last  is  still  one  of 
the  most  valued  sources  for  the  study  of  mus. 
history,  being  a  collection  of  treatises  by  most 
noteworthy  authors  of  the  middle  ages,  given 
'verbatim  et  htteratim — i.e.,  with  all  the  mistakes 
of  the  several  originals. 

Ge'ricke  [ga'-rf-keli],  Wilhelm,  b.  Graz, 
Styria,  Apr.  18,  1845.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Des- 
soff  in  the  Vienna  Cons.  1862-5,  and  then  be- 
came JCapellm.  of  the  theatre  at  Linz  ;  1874,  2nd 
Kapellm.  of  the  Vienna  court  opera  (with  Hans 
Richter)  ;  in  1880,  succeeded  Brahms  as  cond. 
of  the  "  Gesellschaftsconcerte,"  and  also  cond. 
the  Singverein.  From  1884-9  he  was  cond.  of  the 
Boston  (Mass.)  Symphony  Orch.  (his  successor 
was  Nikisch) ;  returning  to  Vienna,  he  resumed 


2IQ 


GERLACH— GERSBACH 


a  septet,   pf  -quintet, 


the  direction  of  the  "  Gesellschaftsconcerte " 
until  1895,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  R.  v.  Per- 
ger.  In  1898  he  re- 
sumed the  con- 
ductorship  of  the 
Boston  Symphony 
Orch  ,  succeeding 
Emil  Paur.  G  is 
3.  remarkably  fine 
conductor  and  an 
efficient  drill-mas- 
ter — Publ.  works, 
several  Lieder, 
choruses,  and  pf.- 
pcs  ; — in  MS. ;  Ope- 
retta Schbn  Hann- 
chen  (Linz,  1865)  \ 
a  Requiem  ;  a  con- 
cert-overture f.  orch  , 

string-quartet,  pf.-trio,  2  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf., 
2  do.  f.  pf  ,  over  100  songs  and  choruses,  etc. 

Ger'lach,  Dietrich,  celebrated  music-printer 
of  the  1 6th  century  at  Nuremberg;  succeeded 
Joh.  v.  Berg  as  Ulnch  Neuber's  partner  in  1566 
till  the  latter's  death  (1571) ;  earned  on  the  busi- 
ness alone  until  his  decease  in  1574,  when  his 
widow  continued  it  till  1592.  Catalogue  of 
works  from  his  press  was  publ.  Frankfurt-on- 
M.,  1609,  by  N.  Stein. 

Ger'lach,  Theodor,  b.  Dresden,  June  25, 
1861.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Wullner ;  student  in  Berlin 
Univ.  1883  ;  and  attracted  attention  by  a  strong 
work,  the  cantata  "  Luther's  Lob  der  Musica." 
1884,  in  Italy ;  1885,  Kapellm.  in  Sondershausen 
Th.;  1886,  of  German  Opera  in  Posen.  His 
"Epic  Symphony"  caused  his  app.  as  Hofka- 
peltm.  in  Coburg,  1891.  In  1894,  Kapellm.  at 
Kassel. — Works:  Op.  I,  Var.s  (F)  on  orig. 
theme,  f.  'cello  and  pf.;  op.  3,  Serenade  f. 
string. -orch.;  op.  7,  "  Vaterlandslied  "  f.  male 
ch. ,  ace.  by  wind-instr  s ;  op.  9,  6  Lieder ;  op, 
10,  "  Bei  frohlicher  Laune,"  4  4-part  songs ;  op. 
n,  "Alle  Zeit  treu  bereit,"  military  march; 
op.  12,  **  Ein  Blick  ins  Frauenherz,"  3  Lieder ; 
°P-  Z3>  5  Patriotic  Songs  f.  male  ch.;  op.  14, 
"  Aus  seliger  Zeit,"  10  songs  f.  tenor  w.  pf.; 
also  *'  Eine  Bismarckrose,"  for  tenor  or  bass 
solo.  A  3-act  opera,  Matteo  Falcone,  of  which 
G.  wrote  text  and  music,  was  prod,  at  Hanover, 
1898,  with  great  success. 

Ger'le,  Konrad,  a  Nuremberg  lute-maker, 
famed  as  early  as  1469,  who  died  Dec.  4,  1521. 

Ger'le,  Hans,  supposedly  Konrad's  son  ;  d. 
Nuremberg,  1570.  He  was  well  known,  as 
early  as  1523,  as  a  violinist  and  maker  of  violins 
and  lutes.  His  works  in  tablature  are  histori- 
cally valuable  :  "  Lauten-Parthien  in  der  Tabu- 
lator "  (1530) ;  "  Musica  Teusch  auf  die  Instru- 
ment der  grossen  unnd  kleynen  Geygen  auch 
Lautten  ..."  (1532  ;  a  method  for  the  viol , 
and  ed.  "  Musica  und  Tabulator,  auff  die  In- 
strument .  .  .  [1546],  gemert  mit  9  teutscher 
und  38  welscher  auch  Frantzosischer  Liedern 
unnd  2  Mudeten  ,,.");  "Musica.  Teusch, 


ander  Theil "  (1533);  and  "Ein  newes  sehr 
kunstliches  Lautenbuch,  darinen  etliche  Pre- 
ambel  und  welsche  Tentz,  mit  vier  Stimmen 
•  •  •  "  (1552). 

German,  J.  Edward,  b.  \Vhitchurch,  Shrop- 
shire, Engl.,  Feb  17, 1862.  Pupil  of  P>.  A.  M., 
iSSo-7,  becoming  an  Associate  and  (1895)  a 
Fellow  of  the  same.  In  1889,  Mus.  Dir.  at 
Globe  Th.,  London. — Works :  Operetta  The 
rival  Poets  (R.  A.  M.,  1 386)  ;  incid.  mus.  to 
Richaid  IILi  The  Tempter ',  Romeo  and  Juhet, 
and  As  you  like  it;  2  symphonies  (E  mm  and 
A  min.)  ;  "  Gypsy  "  suite,  and  suite  in  D  min., 
f.  orch.;  Funeral  *  March  in  D  min.;  Suite  f.  fl. 
and  pf.,  and  pf. -suite  in  E  min.;  pieces  f.  vln. 
and  pf.,  oboe  and  pf.,  clar.  and  pf.,  etc.;  sere- 
nade f.  tenor,  w.  pf.  and  wind. ;  songs,  etc. 

Ger'mer,  Heinrich,  b.  Sommersdorf ,  Province 
of  Saxony,  Dec  30,  1837  ;  in  1857,  pupil  of  the 
Berlin  Akadtnne  (composition).  Resides  in 
Dresden  as  teacher  of  piano-playing. — Writ- 
ings :  "  Die  Technik  des  Klavierspiels  "  (1877)  ; 
''Die  musikalische  Ornamentik " ;  "  Rhyth- 
mische  Probleme  ";  * l  Wie  spielt  man  Klavier  ?  "; 
and  a  Method  f.  pf.  His  selection  of  studies 
from  Czerny  is  praised. 

Geras'heim,  Friedrich,  pianist  and  comp.; 
b.  Worms,  July  17, 1839  ;  1849,  pupil  of  Rosen- 
ham  and  Hauff  at  Frankfort ;  1852-5,  of  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  then  studying  in  Paris  till  1861.  He 
now  became  mus.  dir.  at  Saarbrucken,  and  in 
1865  was  called  to  Cologne  Cons,  as  teacher  of 
comp.  and  pf.  In  1872  he  received  the  title  of 
"  Professor",  in  1874  he  went  to  Rotterdam  as 
Dir.  of  the  Cons,  and  cond.  of  the  "  Winter 
Concerts";  since  1890,  teacher  at  the  Stern 
Cons.,  Berlin,  and  cond.  of  the  Stern  Choial 
Soc  — Works:  4  symphonies  (No.  i  in  G  min., 
No.  2  (?),  No.  3  in  C,  No.  4  in  BJ7) ;  overtures ; 
many  works  f.  male  or  mixed  ch.  and  orch.;  a 
pf.-concerto ;  a  violin-concerto  in  D  (Fantasie- 
stuck)  ;  a  pf. -quintet,  3  pf. -quartets,  2  pf. -trios, 

1  string-quintet,  3  string-quartets,  2  violin-sona- 
tas w.  pf .),  a  sonata  f .  pf .  and  'cello,  songs,  etc. 

Ge'ro,  Jhan  (Johann),  m.  di  capp.  at  Or- 
vieto  cattu,  first  half  of  i6th  cent. — Publ.  works : 

2  books  of  madrigals  a  3  (1541  and  1555) ;  2  do. 
a  2,  and  French  canzonets  (1543  and  1552  ;  to- 
gether in  1582)  ;  motets  in  Petrucci's  "  Mottetti 
della  corona"  (1519)  ;  many  pieces  in  other  col- 
lections. 

Gers'bach,  Joseph,  born  Sackingen,  Baden, 
Dec.  22,  1787 ;  d.  Karlsruhe,  Dec.  3,  1830,  as 
music-teacher  at  the  evang.  Teachers1  Seminary. 
— Publ.  school-songs  :  "  Singvciglein  (30  2-part 
songs),  " Wandervoglein "  (60  4-part  songs); 
and,  posthumously,  "Liederaachlass,"  and 
44  Reihenlehre,  oder  Begrttndung  des  musikali- 
schen  Rhythmus  aus  der  allgemeinen  Zahlen- 
lehre  "  (1832). 

Gers'bach,  Anton,  brother  and  pupil  of  Jo- 
seph ;  b.  Sackingen,  Feb.  ax,  1801 ;  d.  Karls- 
ruhe, Aug.  17,  1848,  as  his  brother's  successor 


211 


GERSOX— GEVAERT 


at  the  Seminary. — Publ.  a  Method  for  pf ,  in- 
structive pf.-pcs.,  quartets  f.  male  and  mixed 
ch.,  school-songs,  a  supplement  to  Joseph's 
41  Singvoglein,"  and  a  4fc  Tonlehre,  oder  System 
der  elementanschen  Harmonielehre." 

Gerson,  Jean-Charlier  de,  born  Gerson,  n. 
Rethel,  Dec.  14,  1363  ;  d.  Lyons,  July  12,  1429. 
Chancellor  of  Paris  Univ  ,  and  a  learned  theo- 
logian. His  complete  works  (Amsterdam,  1706) 
contain  "De  laude  musices,"  "De  canticorum 
ongmali  ratione,"  and  "Disciplina  pueromm." 

Ger'ster,  Etelka(Mme.  Gardi'ni-Gerster), 
accomplished  stage-soprano ,  b.  June  16,  1857, 
at  Kaschau,  Hungary ;  through  Hellmesberger's 
good  offices  she  became  (1874-5)  a  pupil  of  Frau 
Marches!  at  the  Vienna  Cons.,  and  made  her 
debut  at  Venice,  Jan.  8,  1876,  as  Gilda  in  Rigo- 
letto,  with  such  success  that  her  impresario,  Dr. 
Carlo  Gardini,  closed  a  favorable  contract,  under 
which  she  sang  at  Marseilles,  Genoa,  and 
(March,  1877)  at  Kroll's  Th.,  Berlin,  where  she 
was  greeted  with  tumultuous  applause.  She 
married  Gardini  in  Pesth,  Apr.  16,  1877,  and 
has  since  then  sung  in  the  chief  cities  of  Europe 
and  America  (Amer.  tours  1878,  1883,  1887). 
Her  wonderful  voice  (a  high  soprano)  and  great 
skill  in  coloratura  singing  made  her  one  of  the 
renowned  singers  of  the  century.  In  1896  she 
opened  a  school  for  singing,  in  Berlin. 

Gervaso'ni,  Carlo,  writer  on  music ;  born 
Milan,  Nov.  4,  1762  ;  d.  there  June  4,  1819. 
For  many  years  he  was  m.  di  capp.  at  the  Chiesa 
Matrice,  Borgo  Faro ;  also  a  member  of  the  Ital. 
Acad.  of  Arts  and  Sciences.— Publ.  "Scuola 
della  musica "  (Parma,  1800 ;  on  the  theory  of 
mus);  "Carteggio  musicale"  (1804;  his  auto- 
biography occupies  30  pages);  and  "  Nuova 
teoria  di  musica  ncavata  dall'  odierna  practica 
.  .  ."  (1812). 

Gervi'nus,  George  Gottfried,  historian  and 
man  of  letters  ;  b.  Darmstadt,  May  20, 1805  ;  d. 
Heidelberg,  Mar.  18,  1871,  as  University  pro- 
fessor. An  enthusiastic  admirer  of  Handel  and 
the  other  great  masters,  he  was  a  founder  of  the 
Leipzig  Handel-Verein,  and  wrote  "  Handel 
und  Shakespeare.  Zur  Xsthetik  der  Tonkunst " 
(1868). — His  widow,  Victoria,  publ.  a  selection 
of  songs  from  Handel's  oratorios  and  operas, 
entitled  l<  Naturgemasse  Ausbildung  in  Gesang 
und  Klavierspiel "  (1892). 

Gesel'schap,  Marie,  b.  Batavia,  Java,  1874(7) ; 
fine  pianist;  studied  with  Xaver  Scharwenka; 
Berlin ;  played  (1894  ?)  with  great  success  in 
New  York,  Boston,  etc. ;  in  1895,  also  in  London. 

Ge'sius  (properly  Goss),  Bartholomaus,  b. 
Muncheberg,  n.  Frankfort-on-Oder,  abt.  1555  ; 
d.  1613  as  cantor  at  Frankfort-on-O.  A  prolific 
comp.  of  church-music;  publ.  1588-1624  nu- 
merous collections  of  psalms,  hymns,  chorals, 
motets,  masses,  etc.;  also  a  "Synopsis  musicae 
practicae "  (1609  \  I6l5  ;  1618). 

GesuaTdo,  Don  Carlo,  Prince  of  Venosa; 
born  toward  the  middle  of  the  i6th  century ;  d. 


1614.  Living  at  the  epoch  when  the  "new 
music  "  (the  homophonic  style)  made  its  appear- 
ance, he  was  one  of  the  most  enlightened  musi- 
cians of  the  time,  and,  indeed,  far  in  advance  of 
his  age.  Like  Rore,  Banchieri,  and  Vicentino, 
he  was  a  so-called  "  Chromaticist ";  in  his  works 
the  counterpoint  is  enriched  by  ingenious  expe- 
dients, the  melody  led  with  greater  skill,  and  the 
music  better  adapted  to  the  words. — Publ.  6 
vol  s  of  madrigals  a  5  (Genoa,  1585,  each  part 
separately ;  an  edition  in  score  was  publ.  in 
1613). 

Gevaert,  Frangois- August e,  eminent  Bel- 
gian comp  and  musical  scientist ;  b.  Huysse,  n. 
Oudenard  e, 

July 
Pupil 


1838. 
of  Som- 
mere  (pf.)  and 
Mengal  (comp.) 
at  Ghent  Cons  , 
1841-7,  taking 
the  Gr.  prix  de 
Rome  for  com- 
position ;  f  r  om 
1843  he  was  also 
org.  at  the  Jes- 
uit church.  He 
produced  2  op- 
eras in  1848, 
with  some  success ;  lived  in  Paris  for  a  year 
(1849-50),  where  he  was  commissioned  to  write 
an  opera  for  the  Th.-Lyrique,  and  then  a  year 
in  Spain,  his  "  Fantasia  sobre  motives  espauoles  " 
winning  him  the  order  of  Isabella  la  Catolica  ,  he 
also  wrote  a  **  Rapport  surla  situation  de  la  mu- 
sique  en  Espagne  (Brussels,  1851).  After  a 
short  visit  to  Italy  and  Germany,  he  returned  to 
Ghent  in  1852,  and  up  to  1861  brought  out  9  op- 
eras in  quick  succession.  In  1857  his  festival  can- 
tata De  nationals  verjaerdag  won  him  the  Order 
of  Leopold.  In  1867  he  was  app.  chef  de  chant 
at  the  Grand  OpeVa,  Paris  ;  in  1870,  the  German 
investment  caused  him  to  return  home,  and  since 
1871  he  has  been  Director  of  the  Brussels  Cons. , 
succeeding  Fetis. — Compositions:  The  operas 
Hugues  de  Somerghem  and  La  comtdie  <i  la  z  ille 
(Ghent,  1848) ;  Georgette,  ou  le  moulin  de  Fonte- 
noy  (Paris,  Th.-Lyr.,  1852) ;  Le  billet  de  Mar- 
guerite (Paris,  1854) ;  Les  lavandtires  de  San- 
tarem  (Paris,  1855) ;  Quenhn  JDurward  (Paris, 
Op.-Com.,  1858)  \Lediableaumouhn(?.,  1859)  ; 
Chdteau-Trompette  (P.,  1860)  ,  La  poularde  de 
Caux  (P. ,  1 86 1) ;  Les  deux  amours  (Baden-Baden, 
1861)  ;  Le  capitaine  Henriot  (Paris,  1864) ;  Per- 
tinax  (1884)  ;  also  the  cantatas  Retour  de  FarmSe, 
Jacques  van  Artevelde^  and  Le  dfyart  (f.  3-part 
chorus)  ;  a  Afissa  pro  dejunctis  and  Super  flu- 
mina  Babylonis  (both  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.) ; 
overture  "Flandre  au  lion";  ballads  ("  Phihpp 
van  Artevelde,"  etc.) ;  songs  (many  in  the  coll, 
11  Nederlandsche  Zangstukken  "). — Other  works: 
"Leerbock  van  den  Gregoriaenschen  Zang" 
(1856);  "Traite  d'instnimentation "  (1863;  re- 
vised and  enlarged  as  "Nouveau  trait^  dc 


212 


GEYER— GIAXETTINI 


rmstrum.,"  1885 ;  Ger.  transl  by  Kiemann, 
1887  ;  the  best  work  of  its  kind  yet  publ  ;  of  its 
2nd  part,  4*  Orchestration,"  the  first  half  was  is- 
sued in  1890) ,  "  Les  engines  du  chant  liturjrique 
de  1'eghse  latine"  (1890;  Ger.  transl  by  Rie- 
mann  ,  throws  new  light  on  the  Gregory  tradi- 
tion) ;  "  Les  gloires  d'ltalie  "  (songs  from  operas, 
etc  ,  of  i6th-  and  17th-century  comp  s,  with 
pf.-accom.,  iS6S);  "Chansons  du  XVesiecle" 
(i875);  "Vade-mecum  de  1'organiste";  "La 
Melopee  antique  dans  1'eglise  latine"  (Gand, 
1895,  pp.  400  ;  a  monumental  work). 

Gey'er  [gi-],  Flodoard,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  it 
1811  ;  d.  there  Apr.  30,  1872.  A  theological 
student,  he  took  lessons  in  comp.  with  Marx : 
founder  (1842)  and  cond.  of  the  academic  Man- 
nergesangverem  ;  also  a  co-founder  of  the  Ber- 
lin Tonfatnstlerverein.  Teacher  of  theory  in  the 
Kullak-Stern  Cons.  (1851-66)  ;  received  title  of 
"Professor"  in  1856.  He  was  mus.  critic  for 
the  "  Spener'sche  Zeitung,"  "  Neue  Berliner 
Musikzeitung,"  and  '*  Deutscher  Reichsanzei- 
ger." — Works  Operas,  symphonies,  chamber- 
music,  songs,  etc.  (nearly  all  in  MS.).  Also 
a  "  Compositionslehre  "  (1862,  Part  I);  and 
"  Ueber  den  Unterricht  auf  tonlosen  Tasta- 
turen  "  (Berlin,  1847). 

Gheyn,  Matthias  van  den,  b.  Tirlemont, 
Brabant,  Apr.  7,  1721 ;  d.  Louvain,  June  22, 
1785.  For  many  years  org.  at  St.  Peter's,  Lou- 
vain,  and  town  cariiloneitr  j  he  was  celebrated 
in  both  capacities. — Publ.  "  Fonderaents  de  la 
basse  continue "  (lessons  and  sonatinas  f.  org. 
and  vln.)  ;  6  Divertissements  f.  harpsichord 
(abt.  1760)  ;  also  pcs.  for  organ  and  for  carillon. 

Ghiselin(g)  (or  Ghiselinus),  Jean,  Nether- 
land  contrapuntist  (isth-i6th  cent.),  perhaps 
identical  with  Verbonnet,  certainly  not  with  G. 
Bankers. — 5  masses  in  Petrucci's  "  Missae  di- 
versorum"  (1503);  5  motets  in  the  "  Mottetti 
della  corona"  (1505). 

Ghislanzo'nl,  Antonio,  writer  and  dramatic 
poet;  b.  Lecco,  Nov.  25,  1824;  d.  Caprino- 
Bergamasco,  July  16,  1893.  Intended  for  the 
church,  his  fine  baritone  voice  led  him  to  adopt 
the  career  of  a  stage-singer  (Lodi,  1846),  which 
he  speedily  abandoned,  however,  for  literary 
work.  He  became  the  manager  of  ct  Italia  Mu- 
sicale,"  and  was  for  years  the  editor  of  the  Milan 
"  Gazzetta  Musicale,"  to  which  he  remained  a 
faithful  contributor  till  death.  He  wrote  over 
60  opera-libretti,  that  of  Aida  being  the  most 
famous  ;  publ.  "  Reminiscenzeartistiche"  (which 
contains  notes  on  the  pianist  A.  Fumagalli,  an 
episode  entitled  "  La  casa  di  Verdi  a  Sant1  Aga- 
ta>etc.). 

Ghizeghem.    See  HEYNE. 

Ghizzolo,  Giovanni,  b.  Brescia,  1560  (?).  A 
Franciscan  monk,  and  m.  di  capp.  at  Ravenna 
cath.,  later  at  Milan  and  Venice. — Publ.  2  vol.s 
of  madrigals  a  5,  4  vol.s  of  motets  #4,  3  of 
CanzomtU  a  3,  Vespri  a  8,  Psalms  a  5  with 


complines  a  4  and  9,  masses,  an ti phones,  fa/si 
bordom^  litanies,  etc.,  from  1606-24 

Ghymers,  Jules-Eugfene,  b.  Liege,  May  16, 
JS35  ;  pupil  of  Ledent  (pf.)  and  Daussoigne- 
Mehul  (comp.)  at  Liege  Cons.,  where  he  is 
pf. -teacher.  Formerly  wrote  for  the  *'  Guide 
musical " ;  is  now  critic  for  the  "  Gazette  de 
Liege."' 

Ghys,  Joseph,  violinist ;  b.  Ghent,  iSoi  ;  d. 
St.  Petersburg,  Aug.  22,  1848.  A  pupil  of  La- 
font  at  Brussels  Cons. ;  taught  at  Amiens  and 
Nantes,  made  tours  in  France  (1832,  etc.),  Bel- 
gium (1835),  Germany  and  Austria  (1837),  and 
northern  Europe. — Works  .  Variations  f.  vln., 
with  pf.  or  orch.;  **  Le  mouvement  perpetuel," 
f .  vln.  w.  string-quartet ;  violin-concerto  in  D  ; 
romances;  the  etude  "  L'orage,"  for  solo  vln.; 
etc, 

Giac'che ;  Giacchet'to.  See  BERCHEM  and 
Buus. 

Giacomelli ;  Geminiano,  b.  Parma,  1686 , 
d.  Naples,  Jan.  19,  1743.  Dramatic  composer, 
pupil  of  Capelli.  After  the  successful  perform- 
ance of  his  opera  Ipermnestra  at  Parma  in  1704, 
the  Duke  of  Parma  sent  him  to  study  under 
Scarlatti  at  Naples  He  became  a  favorite 
opera-composer  ;  entered  the  service  of  the  em- 
peror Charles  VI.  at  Vienna,  and  returned  to 
Naples  in  1731.  Of  his  S  operas,  Cesare  in 
Egitto  (Turin,  1735)  was  thought  to  be  the  best. 
Other  works .  Psalm  viii  f.  2  tenors  and  bass  ; 
concert-arias  with  continue. 

Gialdi'ni,  Gialdino,  b.  Pescia,  Nov.  10, 
1843.  Pupil  of  T.  Mabellini  at  Florence.  His 
first  opera,  Rosmttnda  (prize- opera  m  a  competi- 
tion instituted  by  the  Pergola  Th.,  Florence), 
given  in  1868,  was  unsuccessful ;  after  prod.  2 
"opere  buffe,"  La  Secchia  rapita  (Florence, 
1872),  and  L*idolo  cinese (1874),  in  collaboration 
with  other  musicians,  he  gave  up  opera-writing, 
and  devoted  himself  to  conducting,  a  career  in 
which  he  has  been  eminently  successful.  Latterly 
he  has  again  turned  to  dramatic  composition, 
producing  the  opera,  7  due  sod  (Bologna,  1892), 
and  a  2-act  opera  La  Ptipilla  (Trieste,  1896), 
both  succ.  Has  also  written  a  **  Preghiera  di 
sera"  f.  full  orch.;  a  lt  Menuetto"  f.  strings; 
and  publ.  4t  Eco  della  Lombardia,"  a  collection 
of  50  folk-songs. 

Gianerii,  Pietro  (Abbate),  writer ;  b.  Friuli, 
Italy,  abt.  1770;  d.  Venice,  1822  (?).  Publ. 
*  *  Dizionario  della  musica  sacra  e  profana  "  (Ven- 
ice, 1801,  3  vol.s ;  2nd  ed.  1820,  8  vol.s ;  the 
oldest  Italian  dictionary  of  music  and  biography, 
of  slight  value) ;  also  a  *'  Grammatica  ragionata 
della  musica  ..."  (Venice,  1801,  2nd  ed.  1820), 
and  a  "  Biografia  degli  uomini  illustri  della 
musica,"  with  portraits  (only  one  fascicle  ap- 
peared, in  1822). 

Gianetti'ni  (or  Zanettini),  Antonio,  b. 
Venice,  1649 ;  d.  Modena,  end  of  Ang.,  1721. 
The  reputation  won  by  producing  3  operas  in 


213 


GIANOTTI— GIGOUT 


Venice,  led  to  his  Appointment  in  1 650  as  n>.  ai 
fJ£f.  at  the  court  of  Modena,  \\  here  he  remained 
fur  life  ;  except  in  1695,  when  he  had  leave  of 
absence  to  go  to  Hamburg1,  and  brought  out 
three  operas  there. — Works  6  operas ;  6  ora- 
torios ,  several  cantatas ;  a  Kyrie  a  5 ;  and 
Psalms  a  4,  with  instr.s  (Venice,  1717). 

Gianot'ti,  Pietro,  a  native  of  Lucca,  was  a 
double-bass  player  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris, 
where  he  died  June  19,  1765  — Wrote  duos, 
trios,  and  sonatas  f.  vln  ;  'cello-sonatas  ;  duos  f. 
musettes  or  vielles ;  also  "  Le  Guide  du  Com- 
positeur"  11759!,  a  theory  of  fundamental  bass 
ace.  to  Rameau. 

Giardi'ni,  Felice  de',  b.  Turin,  Apr.,  1716; 
d.  Moscow,  Dec.  17,  1796.  Dramatic  composer 
and  distinguished  violinist ;  choir-boy  in  Milan 
cath.,  and  a  pupil  of  Paladmi,  later  studying  the 
violin  under  bomio  at  Turin.  After  playing  in 
various  theatre-orchestras  in  Rome,  and  at  the 
San  Carlo,  Naples,  and  giving  small  concerts, 
he  appeared  in  London  (1744)  with  great  suc- 
cess; from  1748-9  he  lived  in  Paris,  becoming 
a  favorite  of  the  court  and  aristocracy.  Return- 
ing to  London  in  1750,  he  succeeded  Festing  in 
1752  as  leader  at  the  Ital.  opera,  of  which  he  be- 
came the  manager  in  1756,  and  1763-5 ;  financial 
losses  induced  him  to  return  to  concert-giving. 
From  1774-80  he  was  leader  at  the  Panthe'on 
concerts,  1782-3  at  the  Ital.  opera ;  after  a  so- 
journ of  6  years  in  Italy,  he  tried  to  establish  an 
Ital.  opera  at  London  "in  1790,  but  failed,  took 
his  opera-troupe  to  Russia,  and  died  there. — In 
London  he  brought  out  5  operas  with  indifferent 
success,  also  an  oratorio,  Ruth  (1752) ;  he  also 
wrote  5  sets  of  violin  solos,  6  duets,  6  sonatas  f. 
pf.  and  vln.,  12  violin-concertos,  6  pf. -quintets, 
12  string-quartets,  several  string-trios,  songs, 
catches,  etc.  His  violin-music  is  excellent.  He 
owned  and  played  on  a  vln.  formerly  Corelli's. 

Gibbons,  Rev.  Edward,  b.  abt.  1570 ;  d.  abt. 
1650.  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon.,  1592.  Org.  of  Bristol 
cath.,  1592-1611 ;  of  Exeter  cath.,  1611-44. — 
Anthems,  etc.,  in  MS.  at  British  Museum  and 
Oxford.— His  brother,  Ellis  G.  (d.  abt  1650), 
was  org.  at  Salisbury  cath. 

Gibbons,  Orlando,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
a  noted  org.  and  comp.;  b.  Cambridge,  Engl., 
1583 ;  d.  Canterbury,  June  5,  1625.  In  1596, 
he  was  a  chorister  at  King's  Coll.,  Cambr.;  org. 
of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1604 ;  Mus.  Bac.  Cantab., 
1606;  Mus.  Bac.  and  Doc.,  Oxon.,  1622;  org. 
of  Westminster  Abbey,  1623 — Publ,  "'  Fantasies 
of  III.  parts  .  .  „  composed  for  viols"  (1610, 
the  earliest  engraved  compositions  in  England  ; 
edited  by  E.  F.  Rimbault,  and  reprinted  1843)  : 
pieces  for  the  virginal,  in  "  Parthenia"  (also  re- 
printed, 1843,  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.)  ;  a  selection  of 
church-music  (2  services,  a  sets  of  pieces,  6 
hymn-tunes,  17  anthems),  edited  by  Ouseley,  was 
reprinted  in  1873  \  a  selection  of  harpsichord-pcs. 
has  been  republ.  byAugener  &  Co.;  the  tunes 
to  "Withers  Hymns"  were  reprinted  by  the 


bpenser  Society  m  iSSi ,  the  "  First  Set  of  Mad- 
rigals and  Motets,"  a  5  (London,  1612),  has  been 
edited  by  Smart,  and  republ.  in  1841  by  the  Mus. 
Antiq.  Soc.  Many  other  church-compositions 
remain  in  MS. 

Gibbons,  Christopher,  son  of  Orlando  ;  b. 
London,  1615  (bapt  Aug  22) ;  d.  there  Oct  20, 
1676.  Pupil  of  Edward  Gibbons,  at  Exeter; 
1638-61,  org.  of  Winchester  cath  ,  but  served 
some  years  in  the  royalist  army  Org.  of  the 
Chapel  Royal  1660-76,  also  private  org  to 
Charles  II.  "Org.  of  Westminster  Abbey  1660-5. 
Mus.  Doc.  Oxon.,  1664. — Some  motets  are  m 
Dering  and  Playford's  **  Cantica  sacra  "  (1674)  ; 
other  comp.s  in  MS. 

Gn>el  (or  Gibe'lius),  Otto,  b  Island  of  Feh- 
marn  (Baltic),  1612  ,  d.  Minden,  1682.  Taught 
by  H  Grimm  at  Brunswick,  he  became  cantor 
at  Stadthagen,  Lippe,  m  1634,  and  at  Mmden  in 
1642,  later  becoming  school-rector.  He  publ. 
several  theoretical  works  also  "  Geistliche  Har- 
monien  von  1-5  Stimmen  theils  mit  theils  ohne 
Instrumenten  "  (1671). 

Gibelli'ni,  Eliseo,  b.  Osimo,  Ancona,  abt. 
1520  ;  was  until  1581  church-///a«rf/-0  at  Ancona. 
— Publ.  "  Motetta  super  piano  cantu  "  a  5  (1546); 
Motets  a  5  (1548)  ;  Madrigals  a  3  (1552) ;  "  In- 
troitus  missarum  de  festis  .  .  ."  a  5  (1565) ; 
and  Madrigals  a  5  (1581). 

Gibert,  Paul-Cesar,  b.  Versailles,  1717  ;  d. 
Paris,  1787.  St.  in  Naples,  and  settled  in  Paris 
as  a  teacher. — Publ.  "  Solf  eges,  ou  lemons  de 
musique"  (1783),  and  a  *'  Melange  musical"  of 
vocal  pieces.  He  produced  several  operas  at  the 
Comedie  Italienne. 

Gibert  (or  Gisbert,  Gispert),  Francisco 
Xavier,  priest ;  b.  Granadella,  Spain  ;  d.  Madrid, 
Feb.  27,  1848.  In  1800  he  was  maestro  at  Tara- 
zona ;  from  1804  (1808  ?)  at  Madrid.  His  church- 
music  is  noteworthy. 

Gide,  Casimir,  b.  Paris,  July  4,  1804;  d. 
there  Feb.  18,  1868 ;  pupil  of  Dourlen  at  the 
Cons.  ;  from  1847,  partner  in  the  business  of  his 
father  (a  bookseller). — 6  operas,  prod,  at  Paris  : 
— Les  trois  Marie  (1828),  Le  roi  de  Sicile  (1830), 
Les  trois  Catherine  (1830,  with  Adam),  Lesju- 
meaux  de  la  JR/ole  (1831),  I'Angelus  (1834),  and 
Belpktgor  (1858)— were  quite  successful ;  he  also 
brought  out  7  ballets. 

Gigout,  Eugfene,  organ-virtuoso  and  sacred 
comp.  ;  b.  Nancy,  France,  Mar.  23, 1844.  Began 
mus.  studies  in  the  mattrise  of  Nancy  cath. ;  at 
13  he  entered  the  Niedermeyer  School  at  Paris, 
in  which  he  subsequently  taught  for  over  20 
years.  Also,  for  a  time,  pupil  of  Saint-Safins. 
Since  1863,  G.  has  been  organist  at  the  ch.  of 
St.-Augustin ;  he  has  won  fame  as  a  concert- 
organist  in  France,  England,  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, Spain,  and  Italy.  In  1885  he  founded  at 
Paris  an  organ-school  subsidized  by  the  govern- 
ment, from  which  many  excellent  pupils  have 


214' 


GIL— GINGUEN£ 


graduated.  As  a  comp.  he  is  a  devotee  of  the 
severe  style ;  has  publ.  numerous  large  organ- 
pieces,  more  than  300  Gregorian  and  plain-song 
compositions,  an 
*  'Album  Gregorien  " 
in  2  vol.s,  a  vol.  of 
"Pieces  breves,'1 
and  vocal  morceaux. 
Is  an  esteemed  mus. 
writer  and  critic ; 
Commander  of  the 
order  of  Isabella  la 
Catolica ;  officer  of 
public  instruction 
(since  1885) ;  and 
Chev.  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  (since 
1895). 

Gil,  Francisco  Assis,  b.  Cadiz,  1829 ,  pupil 
of  Fetis  at  Paris  ;  prof,  of  harmony  at  Madrid 
Cons.  In  1850  he  made  a  Span,  transl.  of  Fe'tis' 
"  Harmony  "  ,  in  1856  he  publ.  a  "  Tratado  ele- 
mental teoncopratico  de  armonia."  Also  prod, 
several  operas  at  Madrid  ;  and  wrote  for  Eslava's 
11  Gaceta  musical "  (1855-6). 

Gil  y  Llagoste'ra,  Caytan,  b.  Barcelona, 
Jan.  6,  1807  ;  first  flute  at  Barcelona  theatre  and 
cathedral. — Works  :  Symphonies,  masses,  a  Re- 
quiem, orchestral  dances,  and  much  flute-music. 

Gilchrist,  William  Wallace,  b  Jersey  City, 
N.  J.,  Jan.  8,  1846.  Organist,  pupil  of  PI.  A. 
Clarke  at  the  Univ. 
of  Pennsylvania.  He 
taught  for  a  year  in 
Cincinnati,  returned 
to  Phila.  in  1873, 
and  for  4  years  was 
choirmaster  at  St. 
Clement's  ch. ;  since 
1877,  org.  and  choir- 
master of  Christ  ch. , 
German  town,  and 
from  1882  teacher  at 
the  Phila.  Mus. 
Acad.  Is  also  the 
cond.  of  several  cho- 
ral societies.  Works: 
Psalm  xlvi,  for 

soli,  ch.,  orch.  and  org.  (Cincinnati  Festival 
Prize,  1882)  :  "Song  of  Thanksgiving,"  f.  ch. 
and  orch. ;  a  cantata,  The  Rose  (1887)  ;  "  Ode  to 
the  Sun"  ;  "  Autumn  Dreaming"  (prize,  1880, 
from  N.  Y.  Mendelssohn  Glee  Club) ;  also  church- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Giles,  Nathaniel,  b.  n.  Worcester,  Engl., 
abt.  1550 ;  d.  Windsor,  Jan.  24, 1633.  Chorister 
of  Magdalen  Coll.,  Oxford,  in  1559  ;  Mus-  Bac-» 
1585  ;  org.  and  choir-master  of  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor,  1595  ;  in  1597  he  succeeded 
Hunnis  as  Master  of  the  Children  of  the  Chapel 
Royal ;  was  made  Mus.  Doc.  Oxon.  in  1622. — 
He  wrote  some  pieces  in  Leighton's  *'  Teares  or 
Lamentacions  of  a  Sorrowfull  Soule  "  (1614) ;  a 


service  and  an  anthem  are  in  Barnard's  "  Church 
Music  "  (1641) ;  in  Hawkins* tk  History  of  Music  " 
is  a  quaint  lk  Lesson  of  Descant  of  thirtie  eighte 
Proportions  of  sundrie  kindes",  other  anthems 
are  in  MS. 

Gil'le,  Carl,  contemporary  German  conduc- 
tor ;  after  acting  as  Kapellm.  at  the  Court  Th., 
Schwerin,  he  succeeded  Mahler  as  Kapellm.  at 
Hamburg  City  Th.  in  1897. 

Gilles  (properly  G.  Brebos,  called  "  Maitre 
Gilles,"  "  Masegiles"),  famous  organ-builder  at 
Louvain  and  Antwerp  in  the  i6th  century ;  d. 
June  6,  1584. 

Gillet,  Ernest,  b.  Paris,  Sept.  13,  1856; 
pupil  of  the  Niedermeyer  School  and  of  the 
Cons  ,  solo  'cellist  at  the  Grand  Opera  Now 
living  in  London,  and  known  as  the  writer  of 
jw/<7«-music  ("  Loin  du  bal,"  etc). 

Gilmore,  Patrick  Sarsfield,  b.  near  Dublin, 
Dec.  25,  1829;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Sept.  24, 
1892.  lie  went  to  Canada  with  an  English 
band,  but  soon  settled  in  Salem,  Mass.,  where 
he  cond.  a  military  band.  In  1859  he  went  to 
Boston,  and  organized  the  famous  "Gilmore's 
Band."  As  bandmaster  in  the  Federal  army  at 
New  Orleans  (1864),  he  gave  a  grand  mus.  fes- 
tival with  several  combined  bands,  introducing 
the  novel  reinforcement  of  strong  accents  by 
cannon-shots.  He  won  wide  renown  by  the 
"National  Peace  Jubilee"  (1869),  and  the 
4 'World's  Peace  Jubilee"  (1872),  2  monster 
musical  festivals  held  at  Boston  ;  in  the  former, 
G.  led  an  orch.  of  1000  and  a  chorus  of  10,000  ; 
in  the  latter,  an  orch.  of  2000  and  a  chorus  of 
20,000  ;  the  orch.  \v  as  reinforced  by  a  powerful 
organ,  cannon  fired  by  electricity,  anvils,  and 
chimes  of  bells.  After  the  second  Jubilee,  G. 
went  to  New  York,  and,  as  a  popular  bandmaster, 
travelled  with  his  men  throughout  the  U.  S.  and 
Canada,  and  also  (1878)  to  Europe.  He  also 
led  bands  or  orchestras  in  various  summer-gar- 
dens and  resorts  in  and  near  N.  Y. — Works : 
Military  music,  dance-music ;  many  arrange- 
ments for  band.  Some  of  his  songs  became 
popular. 

Gilson,  Paul,  Belgian  comp.;  b.  Brussels, 
1869  ;  a  self-taught  musician,  his  cantata  Sinai 
won  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1892.  His 
opera  Alvar  was  given  at  Brussels,  1896,  with 
moderate  success  ;  he  has  also  brought  out  an- 
other cantata,  Francesco  da  Rimini  (1895); 
symph.  sketches,  La  mer  (1892) ;  a  septet  and 
scherzo  for  wind-instr.s ;  and  completed  Rag- 
ghianti's  unfinished  opera  Jean-Marie. — His 
i-act  opera  Pawvres  Gens  was  prod,  at  Brussels 
(189-?). 

Ginguene",  Pierre-Louis,  b.  Rennes,  Apr. 
25,  1748  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  16,  1816.  A  writer  on 
the  history  of  literature,  member  of  the  Academy, 
etc.  Touching  music  he  publ.  **Lettres  et 
articles  sur  la  musique"  (1783;  his  collected 
journalistic  papers  on  the  Gluck-Piccinni  coa- 


215 


GIORDAXI— GLAREAXUS 


trmersy* :  the  historical  articles  in  the  "  Diet  de 
mu.s  "  of  the  "  Encyclopedic  me'thodique  "  (1791- 
iSiS  ;  only  in  vol.  i) ;  l*  Notice  sur  la  ue  et  les 
ouvrages  de  Piccmni "  (iSoo  ;  partial  to  Piccmni), 
"Rapport  .  .  .  surune  nouielle  exposition  de 
la  semthographie,  ou  notation  musicale  des 
Grecs"  (18151.  Interesting  matter  on  Guido, 
the  Troubadours,  etc.,  is  contained  in  his  **  His- 
toire  litteraire  de  1'Italie  "  (1811-35,  14  vol  s) 

Giorda'ni,  Tommaso  (real  family-name 
Carmine),  b.  Naples,  abt.  1740,  d.  Dublin, 
after  iSi6.  In  1762  he  appeared  in  buffo  roles 
at  the  Haymarket  Th  ,  London  :  taught  music 
for  a  while,  and  then  undertook  the  management 
of  an  Italian  opera-troupe  at  Dublin  ;  failing,  he 
remained  in  Dublin  as  a  teacher. — Works  An 
opera,  Persetmame  (Dublin,  1789) ,  an  oratorio, 
Isaac j  trios  for  flutes  and  bass,  5  books  of  flute- 
duos,  duos  f.  'cello,  pf.-pcs  ,  songs,  etc 

Giorda'ni,  Giuseppe  (called  Giordanello), 
brother  of  Tommaso  ;  b.  Naples,  1744 ;  d.  Fermo, 
Jan.  4,  1798.  Prolific  opera-comp.;  fellow- 
student  of  Cimarosa  and  Zingarelli  at  the  Cons, 
of  Loreto.  From  1772-82  he  was  a  popular 
teacher  and  comp.  in  London ;  returning  to 
Italy,  he  was  eng.  in  dramatic  comp  till  1791, 
when  he  was  app.  m.  di  capp.  of  Fermo  cath  — 
Works  About  30  operas  (//  Bacio,  1794,  was 
quite  in  vogue  at  London),  6  pf. -quintets,  3  pf.- 
quartets,  6  string-quartets,  30  trios,  6  vln. -con- 
certos, pf. -sonatas  f.  2  and  4  hands ;  preludes 
and  exerciser  for  pf. ;  soprano  duets ;  5  books  of 
Canzonette  f.  solo  voices ;  other  secular  and 
sacred  music  in  MS. 

Giorda'no,  Umberto,  b.  Naples,  1869  (?). 
Dramatic  composer. — Works :  A  4-act 
seria  Andrea  Chemer  (La  Scala,  Milan,  ^ 
v.  succ.) ;  2-act  opera-seria  Regina  Diaz  (Naple 
1894;  unsucc.);  and  a  3-act  "melodrama" 
(opera)  Mala  vita  (Rome,  1892  ;  succ.;  in  Milan, 
1897,  as  //  Voto). 
Giornovi'chi.  See  JARNOVIC. 
Gior'za,  Paolo,  b.  Milan,  1838.  Pupil  of 
his  father  (an  organist  and  dram,  singer),  and  La 
Crpix  (cpt.)-  Devoted  himself  exclusively  to 
writing  dances,  marches,  and  ballet-music,  in 
which  latter  genre  he  has  achieved  great  renown. 
Among  over  40  ballets,  the  most  successful  were 
Un  Fallo  (1853),  /  Bianchi  ed  i  Negri  ('53), 
//  Giuocalore  ('54),  //  Conte  di  Montecristo  ('57), 
Rodolfo  ('58),  Cleopatra  ('59),  La  Contessa  d'Eg- 
mont  ('59),  Leonilda  ('65),  and  Fiammella  (*66), 
all  at  La  Scala,  Milan ;  UnAvventura  di  Carne- 
vale  a  Pangi  (Genoa,  '63),  Farfalletta  (London, 
'63) ;  also  La  Capanna  dello  zio  Tom,  Folgore^ 
La  Silfide  a  Pechino,  Un  hallo  nuovo,  Cherubini, 
o  la  rosa  diPosihppo^  Pedrilla,  etc.  One  opera, 
Corrado,  console  di  Milano  (.Milan,  1860)  was 
unsuccessful.  G.  lived  for  some  years  in  New 
York,  and  is  at  present  (1899)  residing  in  London. 
Gio'sa,  Nicola  de.  See  DE  GIOSA. 
Giovanelli,  Ruggiero,  b.  Velletri,  abt.  1560 ; 
d.  Rome,  abt  1620.  In  1587  he  was  maestro  in 


the  ch.  of  San  Luigi  de'  Frances!  at  Rome,  later 
in  the  Collegium  Germanicum  ;  in  1594  he  suc- 
ceeded Palestnna  as  maestro  at  St.  Peter's,  and 
in  1599  joined  the  Pontifical  Chapel.  One  of 
the  most  famous  masters  of  the  Roman  School , 
of  his  works  there  have  been  printed  3  books  of 
madrigals  (a  5  1586,  '87,  '89) ;  2  of  ll  Madrigali 
sdruccioli "  a  4  (1587) ;  2  books  of  motets  a  5-8 
(1592) ;  Canzonetie  and  Villanelle  a  3  (1592, 
1593) ;  also  scattered  madrigals  in  the  coll  s  of 
Scotto  and  Phalese.  In  the  Vatican  Library  are 
many  sacred  works  in  MS. — To  G.  was  en- 
trusted, by  Pope  Paul  V  ,  the  preparation  of  a 
new  edition  of  Graduals  (1614,  1615,  2  vol.s). 

Giraldo'ni,  Leone,  distinguished  baritone 
stage-singer  ;  b.  Pans,  1824  ;  d.  Moscow,  Sept. 
30  (?),  1897.  Debut  at  Lodi,  1847  ;  sang  at  La 
Scala  from  1850,  and  terminated  his  stage-career 
at  Rome  in  1885.  Taught  for  several  years  at 
the  Moscow  Cons. — Publ.  "Guido  teorico-pra- 
tica  ad  uso  degli  artisti  cantanti "  (Bologna, 
1864 ;  2nd  ed.  1884) ,  and  *'  Compendium, 
Metodo  analitico,  filosofico  e  fisiologico  per  la 
educazione  della  voce  "  (Milan,  1889). 

Girard,  Narcisse,  b.  Mantes,  France,  Jan. 
27,  1797 ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  16,  1860.  A  pupil  of 
Baillot  (vln.)  at  Paris  Cons.,  he  was  from  1830-2 
OT.  de  chap,  at  the  Opera  Italien,  and  1837-46, 
at  the  Opera-Comique,  then  succeeding  Habe- 
neck  as  cond.  at  the  Grand  Opera,  also  becom- 
ing (1847)  prof,  of  vln.  at  the  Cons,  and  conduc- 
tor of  the  concerts  ;  in  1856  he  was  app.  general 
mus.  dir.  of  the  Grand  Opera. — His  two  i-act 
operas,  Deux  voleurs  (Op.-Com.,  1841),  and  Le 
Conseildes  Dix  (1842),  were  short-lived. 

Gladstone,  Francis  Edward,  noted  English 
organist ;  b.  Summertown,  n.  Oxford,  Mar.  2, 
1845.  Pupil  of  S.  Wesley,  1859-64  ;  has  filled 
positions  as  org.  at  Weston-super-Mare,  Llan- 
daff,  Chichester,  Brighton,  London,  and  Nor- 
wich. After  embracing  the  Catholic  faith,  he 
was  choir-director  at  St.  Mary  of  the  Angels, 
Bayswater,  until  1894  In  1876  he  took  the 
degree  of  Mus.  Bac.,  Cantab.  ;  in  1879,  Mus. 
Doc.;  prof,  of  cpt.,  etc.,  at  Trinity  Coll.,  Lon- 
don, in  1 88 1  ;  prof,  of  harm,  and  cpt.  at  R.  C. 
M.  in  1883. — Works :  Much  church-music,  an 
overture,  some  chamber-music  (all  in  MS.) ;  also 
organ-pcs.,  and  "  The  Organ-Student's  Guide." 

Glarea'nus,  Henricus  (real  name  Heinrich 
Lo'ris  [Latinized  Loritus]),  b.  Glarus  (whence 
his  appellation),  1488 ;  d.  Freiburg,  Baden, 
March  28,  1563.  After  attending  the  Latin 
School  at  Bern,  he  studied  theology  at  Cologne, 
also  music  (under  Cochlaus) ;  here,  in  1512,  he 
was  crowned  poet-laureate  by  Emperor  Maxi- 
milian I.  After  teaching  and  lecturing  in  Basel 
and  Paris,  he  settled  in  Freiburg,  lectured  on 
history  and  literature,  and  died  isolated  and  em- 
bittered.—  He  wrote  "Isagoge  in  musicen" 
(Basel,  1516) ;  his  principal  work  is  the  "  Dode- 
cachordon"  (1547);  in  it  he  contends  for  12 
church-modes  instead  of  the  usually-accepted  8 , 


216 


GLASENAPP— GLEASON 


it  is  also  valuable  as  a  source  for  the  history  of 
mensural  music,  notation,  and  early  music-print- 
ing — J-  L-  Wonegger  publ  kl  Musicae  epitome 
ex  Glareani  Dodekachordo "  (1557,  2nd,ed. 
1559  ;  in  German  .  "  Uss  Glareani  Musik  em 
Usbzug  .  .  ",  1557).  Glareanus'  revised  edi- 
tion of  Jioethius'  writings,  edited  by  M.  Rota,  was 
publ.  in  1570. — Biographies  of  G.  have  been 
written  by  Schreiber  (Freiburg,  1837)  and  O.  F. 
Fntsche  (Frauenfeld,  1890). 
Gla'senapp,  Carl  Friedrich,  b.  Riga,  Oct. 

3,  1847.     He  studied  philosophy  at   Dorpat ; 
since  1875,  head-master  at  Riga.     A    zealous 
(and  not  strictly  impartial)  advocate  of  Wagner, 
he  wrote  "  Richard  Wagner's  Leben  und  \Vir- 
ken  "  (Leipzig,  2  vol.s,  2nd  ed.  1882  ;  3rd  ed  , 
1894  ;  somewhat  diffuse,  but  generally  reliable) ; 
also  a  *4  Wagner-Lexikon "    (Stuttgart,    1883). 
Contributor  to  the  "  Bayreuther  Blatter." 

Gla'ser,  Karl  Gotthelf,  b.  Weissenfels,  May 

4,  1784  ;  d.  Barmen,  Apr.  16, 1829.     St.  at  the 
Thomasschule,  Leipzig  ;  received  his  mus.  train- 
ing from  J.  A.  Killer,  A.  E.  Muller  (pf.  and 
harm  ),  and  Campagnoli  (vln.).     Studied  law  in 
Leipzig  Univ  ,   but  became  (1814)  a  teacher, 
musical  director,  and  later  music-dealer,  in  Bar- 
men.— Publ.  chorales,  school  song-books,  pf.- 
music  ;    a    "  Neue    praktische    Clavierschule " 
(1817),  a  "Kurze  Anweisung  zum  Choralspiel" 
(1824),  and  "  Vereinfachter  .  .  .  Unterricht  in 
der  Theorie  der  Tonsetzkunst  mittels  eines  musi- 
kalischen  Compasses  "  (1828). 

Gla'ser,  Franz,  b.  Obergeorgenthal,  Bohemia, 
Apr.  19,  1798  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Aug.  29,  1861. 
Violin-pupil  of  Pixis  at  Prague  Cons., and,  at  Vi- 
enna, of  Heydenreich  (cpt ) ;  in  1817,  Kapellm. 
at  the  JosephstadterTh.,  Vienna,  in  1830  at  the 
Konigstadtisches  Th.,  Berlin;  from  1842,  royal 
conductor  at  Copenhagen.  Of  his  13  operas, 
Dts  Adie)  s  Horsi  (Berlin,  1833)  was  most  suc- 
cessful ;  he  also  wrote  music  for  many  dramas, 
farces,  melodramas,  etc.;  a  Festival  Overture, 
a  Funeral  Cantata,  etc. 

Glazou'now  [Glazunov]  [gla-tsoo'-nttv],  Al- 
exander, b.  St.  Petersburg,  Aug.  10, 1865.  He 
studied  till  1883 
at  the  Polytechnic 
Inst.  there,  and 
then  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  mu- 
sic, having  made 
the  acquaintance  of 
Balakirev  and  Rim- 
sky  -  Korsakov  in 
1880,  the  latter 
being  his  principal 
teacher.  In  1 88 1 
his  first  symphony 
was  produced,  and 
again  in  1884  at 
Weimar  under 
Liszt's  auspices.  At  the  Trocadero,  in  Paris, 
he  conducted  his  second  symphony,  and  other 
comp.s,  in  1889 ;  and,  at  London,  his  fourth 


symphony  (Fhilharm  concert)  1896-7  he  cond., 
\\ith  Rimsk\-K.orsakov  and  Liadov,  the  Rus- 
sian Symphony  Concerts  at  St.  P.  He  is  a 
prolific  instr  1  comp.,  as  the  following  list  of 
\\oiks  shows 

Op.  i,  ist  s,tnruf -quartet  CD  maf.» ;  op.  2,  suite  on 
SAC  H.  A.  (.his  nickname)  f  pf.:  op.  3,  Overture 
i  on  Greek  themes ;  op.  5,  ist  Symphony  (E ) ;  op.  6, 
Overture  2  on  Greek  themes  op.  7,  Serenade  f.  orch  ; 
op.  8,  Ele"ffie  f  orch.,  "A  la  memoire  (Tun  heYos";  op  9, 
Suite  caract&istique  f  orch  ;  op.  TO,  and  string-quartet 
(F) ;  op  ii.  Serenade  f.  small  orch  ;  op.  12,  Poeme  ly- 
rique  f  orch  ,  op  13,  Symph.  poem  "  Stenka  Rasme '  ; 
op.  14,  2  pcs  f.  orch.,  "  Idyl "  and  0,) ;  op.  15,  5  Novel- 
lettesf  string- quartet;  op.  16,  2nd  Symphony  in  Fi 
minor ;  op.  17,  Une  Pensee  \  Franz  Liszt  f  strings) , 
op  18,  Mazurka  f.  orch  ,  op  19,  "The  Forest,'* sy IT p 
picture  f.  orch  ;  op.  so,  2  pcs.  f  'cello  w.  orch 
(Spanish  Serenade);  op.  ai,  ^  eddlng-march  f.  orch., 
op.  22,  Barcarolle  and  Novelette  f.  pf.;  op  23,  Waltz 
on  "  S-a-b-e-la"  f.  pf  ;  op.  24,  Reverie  f.  horn  and  pf., 
25,  Prelude  and  2  Mazurkas  f.  pt.;  op.  26,  Quatuor 


op.      . 

orientale  f   orch.;  op.  30,  ,  _ 

orch.,  op.  31,  3  Etudes  f.  pf  ;  op.  32,  Meditation  f  vln. 


modo  religiose,"  quartet  f .  brass ;  op.  39, 
tet ;  op.  40,  Columbian  March  f.  orch  (\ 
Concert  Waltz  f.  pf.,  op.  42,3  Miniature 


Polka,  Waltz)  f.  pf  ;*  op.  45,  Xfalse  de  salon  f.  pf.;  op, 
45,  Overture  "Carnaval,"  i.  orch.,  op.  46,  "Chopin- 


op.  47,  ist  Concen-waltz  f 
lony  (E  6)  ;  op    49,  3  pcs.  f  pf. 


lana,"  orchestral  suite; 

orch.;  op.  48,  4th  Symphc  .,._,,  .  .,.  ^  ,  . 
(Prelude,  Caprice-Impromptu,  Gavotte);  op  50,  Cor- 
tege solennel,  f.  orch.;  op.  51,  and  Concert-waltz  f. 
orch  ,  op.  52,  Scenes  de  Ballet,  suite  f.  orch.;  op.  53, 
Fantasie  f.  orch.;  op.  54,  a  Impromptus  f.  pf.;  op.  55, 
5th  Symphony,  in  B  b. 

Besides  these,  there  is  another  string-quartet,  a 
6th  Symphony  in  C  minor,  an  Elegie  f.  viola  and 
pf . ,  etc. ;  also  several  pcs.  written  jointly  with 
other  composers. 

Gleason,  Frederick  Grant,  b.  Middletown, 
Conn.,  Dec.  17,  1848.  Pupil  of  Dudley  Buck 
at  Hartford  ;  in  1869  of  Moscheles,  Richter, 
Plaidy,  Lobe,  etc.,  at  Leipzig  Cons. ;  from  1870, 
at  Berlin,  of  Loeschhorn,  \Veitzmann,  and 
Haupt ;  later  took  pf  .-lessons  with  Beringer,  in 
London.  In  1875,  org.  of  the  Asylum  Hill 
Cong.  Ch.,  Hartford ;  in  1876,  of  First  Cong. 
Ch.,  New  Britain.  In  1877  he  was  app.  teacher 
of  pf.,  org.,  comp.,  and  orchestration  at  the  Her- 
shey  School  of  Music,  Chicago  ;  in  1884  he  was 
elected  examiner,  director,  and  fellow  of  the 
Am.  Coll.  of  Musicians  ;  in  1896,  pres.t  of  the 
Chicago  MS.  Soc. ;  and,  in  1897,  pres  t-general 
pf  the  American  Patriotic  Musical  League.  He 
is  a  valued  and  much-sought  teacher  of  comp. 
and  pf.  in  Chicago. 

Works :  op.  i,  Three  songs :  op.  a,  Organ-sonata  in 
C  ft  mm  ;  op.  3,  Barcarole  f.  pf . ;  op.  4,  Episcopal 
church-service ;  op.  5,  Set  of  songs  ;  op.  6,  Episcopal 
church-service ,  op.  7,  Otho  Visconti,  grand  rom.  op.  in 
^  acts,  text  and  music  by  G.  CMS.;  overture  perf.  in 
Old  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  1892)  ;  op  8,  Pf  ,-pcs.;  op. 
9,  Pf.-trio  in  C  mm.;  op.  10,  Quartet  tor  female  voices ; 


and  orch  ;  op.  x6,  Mentesuma^  grand  rom.  op.  in  3  acts 
(text  and  music  by  G.) ;  op.  17,  "  Praise-Song  to  Har. 


217 


GLEICH— GLOGGL 


mony,M  symph  cantata  f  sch,  male  ch.,  and  orch  ,  op 
is,  Pf.-conterto  in  G  nain.;  op  IQ,  Three  Sketches  i 
nrch  ,  op  j  ,  "  Auditorium  Festival-Ode,"  ssympbomc 
cantata  t  tenor  solt>,  ch  ,  and  orch.;  op  si,  "  Edris. 
svmph  poem  (alter  the  prologue  to  "Ardath  by 
Mane  CorelhJ .  op.  a*,  Theme  and  Variations  i  org  ; 
op.  2^,  Psalm  IXVH  ,  op.  34,  Idjrlle  f  organ. 

Gleich,  Ferdinand,  b.  Erfurt,  Dec.  17, 
iSi6  ;  d.  Langebruck,  n  Dresden,  May  22, 
iSgS.  He  studied  philosophy  and  music  (under 
Fink)  at  Leipzig ,  since  i366'T  manager  of  a  the- 
atre-bureau in  Dresden.  His  writings  "Weg- 
veiser  fur  Opernfreunde  "  d?57),  "  Ilandbuch 
der  modernen  Instrumentirung  fur  Orchester  und 
Mihtarmusikkorps"  (iSGo,  several  editions), 
44  Die  Hauptformen  der  Mussik,  popular  darge- 
stellt  "  <iS6a),  tl  Charakterbilder  aus  der  neuern 
Geschichte  der  Tonkunst "  (1863),  and  "Aus  der 
Buhnenwelt "  (18661,  are  of  a  light  character; 
he  composed  symphonies,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc  , 
For  20  years  he  was  critic  for  the  "  Dresdner 
Anzeiger." 

Gleich'mann,  Johann  Georg,  b  Steltzen,  n. 
Eisfeld,  Dec.  22,  1685  ;  d.  Ilmenau,  1770  ;  in 
1706,  org.  at  Schalkau,  near  Koburg ;  in  1717, 
at  Ilmenau.  He  improved  the  Geigeniverk 
(Bogenklavier),  and  constructed  4*  Lautenclavi- 
cj-mbals." 

GleissAner,  Franz,  b.  Neustadt-on-the-Wald- 
nab,  1760 ;  d.  Munich,  after  1815  ;  famous  as 
the  first  to  print  music  by  lithographic  process, 
the  first  work  so  printed  being  a  set  of  songs  by 
Gleissner.  lie  was  then  a  partner  of  Falter,  at 
Munich  ;  in  1799  he  est  a  similar  printing-office 
at  Offenbach  for  Andre  ;  went  to  Vienna  to  in- 
troduce the  invention,  and  thence  to  Munich. 

Glin'ka,  MIchall  Ivanovitch,  the  pioneer 
Russian  national  composer;  b  Novospaskoi, 
near  Smolensk,  Rus- 
sia, June  i  [X.  S.], 
1804;  d.  Berlin, 
Feb.  15,  1857.  A 
nobleman  by  birth, 
he  studied  languages 
in  St.  Petersburg 
from  1817 ;  some- 
what later  he  studied 
music  under  B5hm 
(vln.)j  and  C.  Mayer 
(theory  and  pf.).  In 
1822  he  also  took 
pf. -lessons  of  Field 
at  Moscow,  and  be- 
came a  brilliant  pi- 
anist ;  his  op.  i  was  a  set  of  pf  .-variations  on  an 
Ital.  theme.  From  1830  he  passed  four  years  in 
Venice,  Milan,  Rome,  and  Naples  for  the  sake 
of  his  health,  but  improving  the  opportunity  by 
studying  Italian  vocal  composition.  In  1834  he 
studied  in  Berlin  with  S.  W.  Dehn ;  hitherto  an 
amateur  composer,  he  began  to  feel  a  "  mission  " 
for  dramatic  work,  the  first  fruit  of  which  was 
the  first  Russian  national  opera,  A  Life  for  the 
Czar  (Zarskaja  skisu,  or  Ivan  Sussantna],  pro- 
duced at  St.  PM  Dec.  9,  1836,  with  great  sue- 


cess,  and  still  a  favorite  m  Russia.  A  second 
opera,  A*uss/au  and  Lw'milla  (St  P.,  1842),  \\on 
almost  equal  popularity  ;  the  book  is  based  on 
Pushkin's  poem,  and  was  partially  arranged  by 
the  author.  In  both  of  these  works  Russian 
musical  themes  and  motives  are  skilfully  em- 
ployed, the  tofans  being  national  throughout 
In  1844,  partly  on  account  of  his  health,  partly 
from  a  \\  ish  to  obtain  a  wider  hearing  for  his 
music,  Glinka  travelled  to  Pans,  and  gave  or- 
chestral concerts,  which  aroused  Berlioz's  en- 
thusiasm, but  were  coolly  criticized  by  Fetis  G  's 
success  does  not  appear  to  have  been  striking, 
for  he  soon  left  Pans,  and  spent  1845-7  in 
Madrid  and  Sevilla ,  his  "Jota  aragonese"  (a 
"capnccio  brillante"  f.  orch.),  and  "Souvenir 
d'une  nuit  d'ete  a  Madrid  "  (f.  orch,),  belong  to ' 
this  period.  After  visiting  Italy,  he  lived  in 
Warsaw  and  St.  Petersburg  for  a  time,  and  in 
1851  set  out  for  Spain  again,  but  did  not  cross 
the  Pyrenees,  and  returned  to  Pans.  From 
1854-5  he  lived  near  St.  Petersburg,  busied  \\ith 
his  autobiography  and  with  ideas  for  a  third 
opera  which  was  never  written.  He  revisited 
his  old  teacher,  Dehn,  at  B.,  in  1856,  and  died 
there  in  1857. — Besides  lexicographic  articles, 
information  concerning  Glinka's  life  and  works 
has  been  collected  by  Oscar  Comettant  in  "  Mu- 
siqueet  Musiciens  "  UJ4)  I  C.  Cui,  "  La  Musique 
en  Russie,"  in  the  Revue  et  Gazette  mitsuale  de 
Paris  (1878-9) ;  Fouque1,  "£tude  sur  Glinka", 
Laroche,  in  the  "  Russicher  Bote"  (1867-8); 
Stassoff,  in  do.  (1858) ;  Serow,  in  the  fct  Theater 
und  Musikbote"  (1857),  and  in  "  Musik  und 
Theater"  (1868);  and  Soloviev  in  "  Musikalny 
Listok"  (1872). — Glinka's  other  comp  s  in- 
clude 2  unfinished  symphonies  ;  2  polonaises  f . 
orch.;  a  tarentella  f.  orch  (with  song  and 
dance);  a  fantasia  f.  orch.,  "La  Kamarin- 
skaja";  a  septet;  2  string-quartets;  a  trio  f. 
pf.,  clar.,  and  oboe  ;  some  rondos,  waltzes,  and 
sets  of  var  s  f.  pf.;  dramatic  scenes  ;  vocal  quar- 
tets ;  romances,  songs. 

Glog'gl,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Linz-on-Danube, 
Feb.  21,  1764  ;  d.  after  1832  ;  Kapettm.  at  Linz 
theatre  when  18  years  old  ;  in  1790,  Kapettm. 
at  the  cathedral,  and  town  musical  director. 
— Writings :  "  Erklarung  des  musikalischen 
Hauptzirkels "  (1810 ;  a  short  treatise  on  har- 
mony); "  Allgem.  musikal.  Lexikon"  (1822; 
only  248  pages  printed);  "Der  musikalische 
Gottesdienst"  (1822).  In  1824,  the  "  Gesell- 
schaft  der  Musikfreunde"  acquired  his  collec- 
tion of  mus.  instr.s. 

Glog^gl,  Franz,  son  of  the  preceding ;  b. 
Linz,  1797  ;  d.  Jan.  23, 1872,  at  Vienna,  where 
he  founded  a  music-business  in  1843  (afterwards 
purchased  by  Bosendorfer) ;  from  1850-62  he 
publ.  the  "  Neue  Wiener  Musikzeitung."  He 
was  archivist  to  the  Ges.  d.  Musikfreunde,  and 
musical  dir.  at  the  ch.  of  St.  Paul ;  founded  an 
"  Akademie  d.  Tonkunst"  (1849-53),  and  later 
a  vocal  school,  ".Polyhymnia." 


218 


GLOVER— GLUCK 


Glov'er,  Sarah  Ann,  b.  Norwich,  Engl., 
1785  ;  d.  Malvern,  Oct.  20,  1867  To  her  is 
due  the  invention  of  the  Tonic  Sol-fa  system  of 
notation,  afterwards  modified  and  developed  by 
the  Rev.  John  Curwen. — Publ.  "A  Manual  of 
the  Norwich  Sol-fa  System  ..."  (1845)  5  and 
a  "  Manual  containing  a  Development  of  the 
Tetrachordal  System"  (London,  1850). 

GloVer,  Stephen,  b.  London,  1812 ;  d. 
there  Dec  7,  1870  A  music-teacher,  and  com- 
poser of  many  popular  songs  and  duets,  part- 
songs,  trios,  etc. ;  also  salon-music  f .  pf. 

GloVer,  William  Howard,  born  London, 
June  6,  1819 ;  d.  New  York,  Oct.  28,  1875 
Violinist,  pupil  of  Wagstaff ;  later  a  member  of 
English  Opera  orch.  After  artistic  tours  in 
Italy,  Germany,  and  France,  he  founded  a  school 
for  music  and  drama  in  London  ,  also  sang  in 
opera.  In  1868  he  settled  in  N.  Y. — Works : 
Grand  opera  Ruy  Bias  (London,  Cov.  Garden, 
1861) ;  the  operettas  The  Coquette  (1845 "'), 
Aminta  (1855  ?},  Once  too  of  ten  (1862),  Palomita  3 
the  cantata  Tain  C?  Shanter  (1855)  ;  orch.l  overt. 
Manfred;  12  romances  f.  pf.,  and  other  pf  - 
pcs,;  vocal  quartets,  duets,  and  songs. — G.  was 
for  some  years  critic  for  the  "  Morning  Post." 

Gluck,  Christoph  Wilibald  (Ritter  von), 
renowned  dramatic  composer ;  b.  Weidenwang, 
near  Neumarkt  in  the  Upper  Palatinate,  on  July 
2  (according  to  au- 
thenticated certificate 
of  baptism),  1714; 
d.  Vienna,  Nov.  25, 
1787.  His  father 
was  head-gamekeep- 
er to  Prince  Lobko- 
witz.  G.  received  el- 
ementary instruction  r 
in  the  village  school 
of  Eisenberg.  At 
twelve  he  was  sent  to 
the  Jesuit  college  at ' 
Komptau  (1726-32), 
learning  to  play  the 
violin,  harpsichord,  and  organ  ;  he  was  also  a 
chorister  in  the  church  of  St.  Ignaz.  At  eighteen 
he  went  to  Prague  to  continue  his  musical 
studies.  To  maintain  himself,  he  played  at  rural 
dances,  gave  concerts,  and  sang  and  played  in  the 
various  churches  ;  in  the  Polish  convent  of  St. 
Agnes  he  was  noticed  by  Father  Czernohorsky,  an 
eminent  musician,  who  undertook  his  further  in- 
struction. Under  his  tuition  G.  became  proficient 
in  singing,  and  playing  the  'cello,  which  was  his 
favorite  instrument.  In  1736  he  went  to  Vienna, 
and  found  a  patron  in  Prince  Melzi,  who  had  pre- 
viously heard  him  in  the  palace  of  Prince  Lobko- 
witz.  Melzi  took  him  to  Milan,  and  confided  him 
to  the  teaching  of  Samrnartini,  who  completed  his 
instruction  in  harmony  and  counterpoint.  After 
four  years'  study,  Gluck  began  dramatic  writing, 
and  produced  Artaserse  at  La  Scala  in  1741 
with  such  success,  that  he  was  commissioned  to 
compose  for  other  theatres,  and  produced  Demo- 


yfauz/p  (Milan,  1742),  Dcmetrio  and  Ipermencstra 
(Venice,  1742),  Artawen?  (Cremona,  1743), 
Sifitct'  (Milan,  1743),  Aww  (Milan,  1744),  and 
Pore,  or  Akssandio  ndV  Indie  (Turin,  1745). 
His  reputation  became  European  ;  he  was  in- 
vited to  London  in  1745,  and  wrote  two  operas 
for  the  Haymarket,  then  being  run  in  opposition 
to  Handel.  La  Caduta  dei  Gigantt,  a  tribute  to 
the  Duke  of  Cumbeiland  on  the  defeat  of  the 
Pretender,  was  given — Jan.  7, 1746.  A  reproduc- 
tion of  Artamene  was  followed  by  a  pasticcio, 
Piramo  e  Tisbt,  but  without  success.  Handel 
privately  declared  that  Gluck  knew  no  more 
counterpoint  than  his  cook;  indeed,  up  to  this 
time  his  operas  were  typically  Italian.  The 
pasticcio  was  composed  of  his  most  successful 
arias,  with  other  words ;  and  its  failure,  though 
mortifying,  had  a  salutary  effect.  It  led  him  to 
a  serious  study  of  the  cause,  and  to  a  change  of 
style.  He  next  visited  Paris  to  hear  Rameau's 
operas,  and  returned  via  Hamburg  and  Dresden 
to  Vienna,  where  he  cultivated  the  acquaintance 
of  literary  men,  and  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  musical  aesthetics.  La  Semir amide  ricono- 
sciuta  (Vienna,  1748),  to  a  poem  by  Metastasio, 
was  more  dramatic  and  grandiose  than  its  pre- 
decessors, and  foreshadowed  the  coming  reform. 
In  1749,  9*  was  mv*tec*  to  Copenhagen  to 
write  a  festival  cantata,  Filide  (score  in  the  Ber- 
lin Royal  Library).  In  1750,  he  visited  Italy, 
and  there  produced  Tt'bmaco  (Rome,  1750),  La 
clemensa  di  Tito  (Naples,  1751),  //  tnonfo  di 
Camilla  and  Antigone  (Rome,  1755),  La  Danza 
(Laxenburg  festival,  1755),  and  //  triotifo  di 
Cleha  (Bologna,  1762).  From  1754-64,  G.  was 
director  of  the  court  opera,  Vienna,  and  during 
that  period  wrote  Eeroe  cinese  (Vienna,  1755), 
Linnocenza  giustificata  and  //  re  past  ore 
(Vienna,  1756),  Tetide,  in  3  acts  (Vienna,  1760), 
a  great  number  of  new  arias  for  old  operas  re- 
vived for  performance,  and  several  French 
vaudevilles  for  the  amusement  of  the  court ;  of 
these  the  Le  tatfi  ^7^(1761),  and  La  rencontre 
imprfaue  (1764),  were  played  on  German  stages 
as  Der  betrogene  Cadi  and  Die  Pilgrimme  von 
Mekka.  Orfeo  ed  Eundice  (1762),  Alceste 
(1767),  Paride  ed  Elena  (1769),  the  libretti  by 
Calzabigi,  were  brilliant  successes,  notwithstand- 
ing the  hostile  criticism  they  provoked.  The 
other  works  of  this  period,  to  words  by  Meta- 
stasio (two  of  which,  //  Parnasso  confuso  and 
La  Corona,  were  performed  by  members  of  the 
reigning  family  [1765]),  were  much  inferior.  In 
Calzabigi,  G.  found  a  poet  who  shared  his  strong 
dramatic  mood ;  and  the  dedicatory  epistles 
[given  in  extenso  by  Ftris]  to  Alceste  and 
Paride  ed  Elena,  expressed  G.'s  views,  which 
may  be  summarized  thus :  The  true  mission  of 
music  is  to  second  the  poetry,  by  strengthening 
the  expression  of  the  sentiments  and  increasing 
the  interest  of  the  situations,  without  interrupt- 
ing and  weakening  the  action  by  superfluous 
ornaments  to  tickle  the  ear  and  to  display  the 
agility  of  fine  voices. — The  harsh  and  carping 
criticism  of  his  countrymen,  contrasted  with  the 


219 


CXECCO— GDDARD 


encouragement  of  the  fan^t  tin  Kuilct  ui  lue 
French  Krnhass\  at  Vienna  in  1772,  \\ho  made 
an  adaptation  of  Kacme'^  /p/ii^i'm*  ?u  Auhite  for 
Gluck,  influenced  him  to  set  out  for  Paris,  alter 
unsatisfactory  rehearsals  in  Vienna  in  I772 
Here,  with  indomitable  energ},  he  pa\ed  the 
way  fur  the  triumph  of  his  views  by  introduc- 
tions, public  nonces,  compliments  to  authors, 
etc.  Du  Roilet's  letter  to  the  administration  of 
the  Opera,  explaining  in  detail  G  's  new  system, 
was  the  signal  for  an  outburst  of  heated  oppo- 
sition on  the  part  of  the  partisans  of  Italian 
opera.  It  required  all  the  influence  of  Marie 
Antoinette,  the  dauphmess,  whose  teacher  in 
singing  and  harpsichord-playing  G.  had  been, 
to  bring  about  the  first  representation  of  Iphi- 
g&rit  M  AnI'ide,  \\hich  took  place  April  19, 
1774,  \\ith  qrreat  success.  OrpJieus  (\wg  ,  1774), 
Attests  (1776),  and  Armide  (1777),  created  equal 
enthusiasm  and  equal  opposition.  Piccinni  \vas 
invited  to  Pans  to  contest  G.'s  supremacy,  and 
composed  and  produced  his  Roland,  during  the 
time  that  G.  was  engaged  upon  an  adaptation  of 
the  same  poem.  Furious  at  being  forestalled, 
G.  burned  his  sketches  and  wrote  an  intemperate 
letter  to  du  Rollet,  the  publication  of  \\hich 
reopened  the  war  ^ith  redoubled  fury.  Abbe 
Suard,  Arnaud,  et  a/.,  for  Gluck, — d'Alembert, 
La  Harpe,  Marmontel,  Ginguene,  for  Piccmni, 
wrote  pamphlets  and  newspaper  articles  (a  list 
may  be  found  in  the  supplement  to  F&TIS). 
With  the  production  of  his  masterpiece,  IphigJ- 
nit  en  Taunde  (libretto  by  Guillard),  on  May  18, 
1779,  the  supremacy  of  Gluck  was  established  ; 
though  Piccinni  (who  had  been  simultaneously 
commissioned  to  compose  this  opera)  still  dared 
contest  it,  thus  inviting  overwhelming  defeat 
(cf.  PICCINNI).  G/s  last  opera,  Echo  et  A'ar- 
ctsst  (Sept.  21,  1779),  produced  little  impres- 
sion. In  1780  he  retired  to  Vienna,  but  his 
strength  was  failing  ;  in  1784,  he  had  a  slight 
attack  of  apoplexy,  and  a  second  attack  three 
years  later  terminated  his  life. — Besides  operas, 
G.  wrote  a  De  profundis  for  ch.  and  orch.;  7 
odes  for  one  voice,  with  pf . ;  6  overtures ;  and 
left  an  incomplete  cantata,  Das  Jungstt  Gericht^ 
which  Salieri  finished.  Among  numerous  biog- 
raphies, sketches  and  notices  may  be  mentioned 
44  Memoire  pour  servir  £  1'histoire  de  la  revolu- 
tion operee  dans  la  musique  par  M.  le  Chevalier 
G."  (Leblond;  1781);  t4  Oeber  den  Ritter  G. 
und  seine  Werke"  (Siegmeyer ;  1825) ;  "Notice 
sur  Christophe  G."  (Miel ;  1840);  "Chr.  W. 
Ritter  von  G."  (A.  Schmid ;  1854);  "Gluck 
und  die  Oper"  (Marx  ;  1863) ;  "G.  et  Piccmi" 
(Desnoiresterres ;  1872). 

Gnec'co,  Francesco,  b.  Genoa,  1769 ;  d. 
Milan,  1810;  a  prolific  and  quite  successful 
opera-composer  of  slight  originality.  His  best- 
known  work  is  Laprova  <TunJ opera  seria  (Milan, 
La  Scala,  1805). 

Gobbaerts,  Jean-Louis,  b.  Antwerp,  Sept. 
28,  1835 ;  d.  Saint-Gilles,  n.  Brussels,  May  5, 
1886.  Fine  pianist,  pupil  of  Brussels  Cons. 
He  publ.  abt.  1,200  numbers  of  pf.-pcs.,  mostly 


.!gnt  music,  and  some  quite  popular.  lie  used 
3  pseudonyms  " '  btreabbog  "  (Gobbaerts  re- 
versed), **  Ludouc,"  and  l*  Levi  " 

Gob'bi,  Henri,  b  Pesth,  June  7,  1842  ,  pupil 
of  Rob.  Volkmann  and  Liszt ;  resides  in  Pesth 
as  a  music-teacher  and  critic. — Works  Pf.-pcs. 
in  the  Hungarian  vein  ,  male  choruses  ;  a  festi- 
val cantata  celebrating  the  soth  anniversary  of 
Liszt's  career  in  public  ;  etc. 

Gob'bi,  Aloys,  brother  of  Henri ;  b  Pesth, 
Dec.  20,  1844;  resides  there  as  a  player  on  and 
teacher  of  the  violin 

Go'bel,  Karl  (Heinrich  Eduard),  b.  Berlin, 
Mar.  n,  1815  ,  d  Bromberg,  Oct.  26,  1879. 
Pianist,  Kapellm.  at  Danzig  Th.;  from  1840, 
conductor  of  the  Bromberg  Gesangverein. — 
Works  .  The  *4  Singspiel "  Die  Alpenhutte  (Ber- 
lin, 1835;;  2  operas,  Chrysahde  (1840?),  and 
FrithjoJ  (1860) ;  chamber-music,  choral  works, 
songs;  also  a  "Compendium  fur  den  Musik- 
unterricht,  insbesondere  fur  das  Clavierspiel " 
(Bromberg,  1873). 

Gock'el,  August,  noteworthy  pianist ;  born 
Wilhbadessen,  Westphalia,  1831 ;  d  there  iSGi. 
A  pupil  of  Mendelssohn  and  Plaidy  at  Leipzig 
Cons.  (1845) ;  made  a  concert-tour  in  the  U.  S.  in 
3[853-5- — A  pf. -concerto  is  his  best  work  ;  other 
publ.  pf.-pcs.  are  of  minor  importance. 

Godard,  Benjamin  (-  Louis  -  Paul),  distin- 
guished composer;  b.  Paris,  Aug.  18,  1849  ;  d. 
Cannes,  Jan  n, 
1895.  He  was  at  first 
a  v  i  o  1  i  n-p  u  p  i  1  o  f 
Richard  Hammer, 
and  played  in  public 
at  the  age  of  9  ;  then 
studied  at  Paris  Cons, 
under  Reber  (comp.) 
and  Vieuxtemps 
(vln.),  and  with  the 
latter  twice  visited 
Germany.  In  1865 
his  first  publ.  work 
(a  violin-sonata)  ap- 
peared, and  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  series  of 
chamber-composi- 
tions (violin-sonatas,  a  trio,  string-quartets),  re- 
ceiving the  Prix  Chartier  from  the  Institut  de 
France  "for  merit  in  the  department  of  cham- 
ber-music." His  first  dramatic  venture  was  the 
i-act  opera  Les  bijoux  dejeannette  (Paris,  1878) ; 
since  then  he  produced  Pedro  de  Zalamea  (Ant- 
werp, 1884),  4  acts ;  Jocefyn  (Brussels,  1888), 
4  acts;  Le  Dante  (Paris,  Op. -Com.,  1890), 
4  acts,  mod.  succ.;  Jeanne  d>Arc  (Paris,  1891) ; 
and  the  very  successful  3-act  opera  La  Vivandiere 
(Paris,  Op.-Com.,  Apr.  1, 1895),  given  II  weeks 
after  G.'s  death,  the  last  2  acts  orchestrated  by 
Paul  Vidal.  2  other  operas,  Les  Guelphes  and 
Ruy  Bias,  have  not  been  perf „ ;  G.  also  wrote 
incid.  mus.  to  MM  A  Ado  about  Nothing  (Paris, 
1887).  Besides  the  above,  must  be  mentioned 
the  following  symphonies:  Symphonic  -  ballet 


GODD ARD— GOETSCH I  US 


(1882) ;  S.  gothique  ('83) ;  S.  orientale  ('84) ;  S. 
legendaire,  with  soli  and  chorus  (1886) ;  S.  in 
B  minor;  and  "  Le  Tasse "  [Tasso],  dram, 
symph  w.  soli  and  ch.,  took  the  prize  of  the  city 
of  Paris  in  1878; — the  orch  suites  "Scenes 
poetiques"  and  "  Lanterne  magique";  the 
4k  Ouverture  dramatique  "  (1883) ;  the  lyric  scena 
'•  Diane  et  Acteon";  the  "Concerto  roman- 
tique "  f.  vln  ;  a  pf  -concerto ;  various  pieces 
and  etudes  f .  pf . ;  and  more  than  100  songs. 

God'dard,  Arabella,  noted  pianist ,  b.  St  - 
Servan,  n.  Saint-Malo,  Brittany,  Jan.  12,  1838. 
As  a  child  of  4,  she  played  in  her  native  place  ; 
at  6,  she  was  taught  by  Kalkbrenner  at  Pans  ; 
at  8  she  played  before  Queen  Victoria,  and  publ. 
6  pf. -waltzes,  being  then  a  pupil  of  Mrs.  Ander- 
son and  Thalberg.  At  12,  she  played  in  the 
Grand  National  Concerts,  and  studied  for  the 
next  three  years  with  J.  W.  Davison,  her  future 
husband  (1860).  Now,  after  several  important 
concerts  in  England,  she  made  the  tour  of  Ger- 
many, playing  at  Leipzig  in  the  Gewandhaus 
(1855).  From  1873-6,  she  made  the  tour  of  the 
world,  incl.  India,  Australia,  and  America.  Re- 
tired from  concert-giving  in  1880,  and  has  since 
lived  at  Tunbridge  \Vells — Some  pf.-pcs.,  and 
a  ballad,  were  publ.  in  1852-3. 

Godebrye.    See  JACOTIN. 

Godefroid,  Jules-Joseph,  fine  harpist;  b. 
Namur,  Belgium,  Feb.  23,  1811 ;  d.  Paris,  Feb. 
27,  1840.  Wrote  for  harp  and  pf .  ;  also  2  comic 
operas,  Le  diadeste\  and  La  chassc  royah* — His 
brother, 

Godefroid,  (DieudonneVJ  os  eph-Guillaume-) 
F61ix,  also  a  celebrated  harpist ;  b.  Namur,  July 
24,  1818  ;  d.  Villers-sur-Mer,  July  8,  1897.  Pu- 
pil of  Paris  Cons.  (1830).  Lived  long  in  Paris, 
but  of  late  years  in  Brussels.  His  harp-pieces 
are  well  liked,  and  his  .wi/0«-mu<5ic  for  pf.  is  good. 
He  prod.  3  operas,  La  harpc  d'or,  La  dcrnikre 
bataillc^  and  La  Jille  de  Satil. 

Godfrey,  Daniel,  b.  "Westminster,  Engl., 
Sept.  4, 1831 ;  pupil  and  Fellow  of  the  R.A.M., 
in  which  he  is  prof,  of  military  music.  Band- 
master of  the  Grenadier  Guards,  1856  ;  travelled 
with  his  band  in  the  U.S.,  1872.  Has  comp. 
waltzes  ("Mabel/'  "Guards/'  "Hilda,"  etc.), 
and  made  many  arrangements  for  military  band. 

Godow'ski  [god-off '-ske],  Leopold,  born 
Wilna  (Vilno),  Russ.  Poland,  Feb.  13,  1870. 
Brilliant  pianist ;  de"but  1879,  on  tour  through 
Poland  and  Russia,  after  2  years1  study  in  Wilna; 
st.  1881-4  in  the  R.  Hochschule,  Berlin,  under 
Rudorff,  and  toured  America  1884-5  ;  went  to 
Paris,  1886,  and  studied  w.  Saint-Saens  1887-90; 
2nd  Amer.  tour,  1890-1.  In  1894,  dir.  of  pf.- 
dept.  at  Broad  St.  Cons.,  Phila. ;  since  1895, 
head  of  pf.  dept.  in  Chicago  Cons.,  also  con- 
certizing  in  various  cities  every  season.  Began 
composing  at  7 ;  has  upwards  of  100  MS.  works  ; 
publ.  Moto  perpetuo  (2  different  pcs.),  Polonaise 
in  C,  Valse  brillante  in  E,  Marchen,  Valse  ro- 


mantique,  Menuet  in  E,  and  Valse-Scherzo,  f. 
pf.,  also  an  air  f.  left  hand  of  Chopin's  fitude 
op.  25,  No.  6  ,  and  2  songs 

GoepTart,  Christian  Heinrich,  b.  Weimar, 
Xov.  27,  1835 ;  d.  Baltimore,  Md.,  June  6, 
1890.  Organist  and  composer  ,  pupil  of  J.  G 
Tdpfer  at  Weimar.  From  1873  he  cond.  choral 
societies,  etc.,  in  the  U.  S. 

Goep'fart,  Karl  Eduard,  son  of  preceding ; 
b.  Weimar,  Mar.  S,  1859  Since  1891,  cond.  of 
the  Mus.  Union  at  Baden-Baden.  He  has 
comp.  an  opera  (Sarastro,  in  3  acts,  a  sequel  to 
Mozart's  Magic  Flute ;  text  by  G.  Stommel), 
orchestral  and  choral  works,  etc. 

Goepfart,  Otto  Ernst,  brother  of  preced- 
ing, b.  Weimar,  July  31,  1864;  since  iSSS, 
town  cantor  there.  Composer  of  vocal  music. 

Goe'ring,  Theodor,  b.  Frankfort-on-Main, 
Oct.  2, 1844.  He  was  for  some  time  mus.  critic 
for  the  Augsburg  "Abendzeitung ;"  lived  1880-3 
in  Paris,  whence  he  wrote  articles  for  Gold- 
stein's * '  Musikwelt ;"  later  in  Munich.  Now 
mus.  correspondent  of  the  Cologne  "  Zeitung." 

Goes,  Damiao  de,  b.  Alemquer,  Portugal, 
1501 ;  d.  Lisbon,  1573.  He  was  ambassador  to 
France,  Italy,  Poland,  and  Denmark  ;  also  lived 
in  Rome  and  Louvain  He  wrote  a  "  Tractado 
theorica  da  rausica"  (MS.) ;  also  motets  a  3-6 
(MS.,  in  Lisbon) ;  one  or  two  motets  were 
printed  in  collections. 

Goe'the  [go'-teh],  Wolfgang  von,  the  illus- 
trious poet ;  b.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Aug.  28, 
1749  J  d-  Weimar,  Mar.  22, 1832.  Although  he 
could  not  comprehend  Beethoven,  and  even 
snubbed  him,  he  had  ideas  of  his  own  on  music 
(see  "  Briefwechsel  zwischen  G.  und  Zelter 
.  .  .",  Berlin,  1833)  \  Ferd.  Hilleralso  shows  this 
in  his  "  Goethes  musikalisches  Leben"  (1883). 

Goe'the,  Walther  Wolfgang1  von,  grand- 
son of  the  poet ;  b.  Weimar,  Apr.  9,  1818  ;  d. 
Leipzig,  Apr.  15,  1885.  He  studied  music  in 
Leipzig  under  Mendelssohn  and  Weinlig;  his 
official  position  in  Weimar  was  chamberlain  to 
the  Grand  Duke.  He  prod.  3  operettas  in  Wei- 
mar :  Anselmo  Lancia^  oder  das  FiscJiermad- 
chen  (1839),  Der  Gtfangene  von  Bologna  (1846), 
and  Elfriede  (1853) ;  also  publ.  10  books  of 
songs,  and  4  books  of  pf.-music. 

Goetschius,  Percy,  b.  Paterson,  N.  J.,  Aug. 
30,  1853.  Pupil,  1873-8,  in  Stuttgart  Cons.,  of 
Lebert  and  Pruckner  (pf.},  and  Faiszt  and 
Doppler(harm.,  cpt.,  and  instrumentation).  He 
taught  the  English  classes  there  from  1876,  also 
often  acted  as  Faiszt's  substitute ;  took  charge 
of  all  the  female  classes  in  1885,  then  receiving 
the  title  of  "Royal  Prof."  from  the  King  of 
Wttrttemburg.  He  also  became  concert-critic 
for  the  lt  Schwabischer  Merkur";  later  opera- 
critic  for  the  "  Neues  Tageblatt";  and  contrib- 
uted to  various  Ger.  mus.  papers.  In  1890,  G. 
accepted  a  call  to  Syracuse  (N.  Y,)  Univ.  as 
prof,  of  harm.,  history,  and  advanced  pf.-play- 


221 


GOETZ— GOLDE 


ing;  in  i?Q2,  on  leaving  Syracuse,  the  Univ. 
bestowed  on  him  the  title  of*  Mus  Doc.  honoris 
itiasa  ;  he  then  took  charge  of  the  composition 
dept.  at  the  N.  E.  Cons.,  Boston,  also  giving 
lectures  on  mus.  hist.,  etc.  Since  1896,  private 
teacher  of  harm  and  coir  p.  in  Boston,  also  writing 
essays  to  Amer.  mus.  journals  ;  and  since  Sept  , 
iSy;,  org  of  the  First  Parish  ch.,  Brooklme. 
— 1'ubl  \\orks  "The  Material  used  in  Mus. 
Comp  "i Stuttgart,  i3S2  ;  N.  V.,  iSSq,  '92,  '95  ;  a 
mo-^t  <v  aluable  contribution  to  the  science  of  har- 
mony) ;  *"  The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Tone-re- 
lations" (Boston,  1802,  '94,  '9^);  "Models  of 
the  Principal  Mus  Forms"  (Boston,  1895); 
11  Syllabus  of  Mus.  History"  (1895 K  'J  The 
Homophonic  Forms  of  Mus.  Comp."  (N.  V., 
rSgS  ;  a  masterly  analysis  of  the  Group-forms 
and  Song-forms,  "and  the  best  extant  work  on  the 
subject). — tr.  has  formed  many  pupils  of  note, 
incl.  heads  of  mus  dept.s  in  several  prominent 
educational  institutions. — Publ  compositions  : 
2  Concert-Fugues  (in  C  and  E)  f.  pf.;  Wedding- 
march  f.  pf.  <or  organ) ;  Minuet  f.  pf.;  7  Char- 
acter-pcs  in  waltz-rhythm  f.  pf.;  Concise  Fin- 
ger-exercises f  pf.;  ""The  Lord  is  my  shep- 
herd." anthem  f.  mixed  ch.,  accomp.  For  the 
Cotta  Ed,  (Stuttgart,  1889)  he  made  a  "  Critical 
Revision  of  Mendelssohn's  Complete  Pf. 
Works." 

Goetz,  Hermann,  gifted  composer  ,  b.  Ko- 
nigsLerx,  Prussia,  Dec.  17,  1840  ,  d.  Hottmgen, 
n.  Zurich,  Dec.  3, 
1876.  From  his  iSth 
year,  he  took  private 
lessons  of  Louis  Koh- 
ler  at  Konigsberg  in 
pf. -playing  and  har- 
mony, and  also  con- 
ducted various  ama- 
teur mus.  societies  ; 
from  1860-3  he  stud- 
ied  in  the  Stern  Cons., 
Berlin,  under  Stern 
(conducting-  and 
score -leading),  von 
Bulow  (pf.),  and  H. 
Ulrich  (cpt.  and 
comp  ).  In  1863  he  became  Th.  Kirchner's 
successor  as  org.  at  Winterthur,  Switzerland  ; 
he  founded  and  cond.  a  singing-society,  con- 
ducted operas,  composed,  and  also  gave  private 
lessons,  even  as  far  away  as  Zurich,  where  he 
settled  in  1867,  retaining,  however,  tbe  organ  at 
W.  Made  ill  by  overexertion,  he  withdrew  to 
Hottingen  in  1870. — His  most  famous  work, 
and  one  pf  the  finest  among  modern  dramatic 
compositions,  is  the  opera  Die  Zahmung  dcr 
Widerspcnstigen  [Taming  of  the  Shrew], 
(Mannheim,  Oct.  II,  1874) ;  of  a  second  opera, 
Francesco  von  JRimmi  (Mannheim,  Sept.  30, 
1877),  the  unfinished  3rd  act  was  scored  by 
Ernst  Frank.  He  also  wrote  a  symphony  in  F  ; 
comp.  Schiller's  Ndnie  ("Audi  das  Schane  muss 
sterben")  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  a  "  Fruhlingsouver- 


ture";  Psalm  137,  f  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.; 
14  Es  hegt  so  abendstill  der  See,"  f.  tenor  solo, 
male  ch.,  and  orch.;  a  \ln  -concerto  ;  a  pf  -con- 
certo in  BT  ;  a  pf. -quintet  w.  double-bass,  in  C 
min.,  a  pf  -quartet  in  E  (op  6) ;  a  pf  -trio  in  G 
mm.  fop.  ij ;  a  pf. -sonata,  4  hands  ,  3  easy  pf  - 
pcs  with  vln.  fop.  2);  "Lose  Blatter,"  9  pf.- 
pcs  (op  7) ,  other  pf  -music  ;  2  books  of  songs 
(op  4  and  op.  12) ;  etc. 

Goet'ze.    See  GOIZE. 

Gogavi'nus,  Anton  Hermann,  a  Dutch 
writer  ,  physician  at  Venice,  and  a  friend  of  Zar- 
hno's.  Publ  the  first  Latin  transl.  of  the  "  liar- 
monicae  "  of  Aristoxenos  and  of  Ptolemy  ;  also 
fragments  of  Aristotle  and  Porphyry  (1552). 

Gold'beck,  Robert,  pianist,  b.  Potsdam, 
Apr.  19,  1839  Studied  at  first  with  Kohler; 
then  in  Brunswick  under  H  Litolff ,  later  (1851) 
in  Paris.  After  brilliant  concerts  m  London,  he 
began  publishing  his  compositions  f  pf  ,  and 
prod,  an  operetta,  The  Soldier's  Return  (Lon- 
don, 1856).  From  1857-67  he  lived  in  New 
York,  teaching  and  composing- ;  in  1867  he 
founded  a  conservatory  in  Boston,  but  went 
next  year  to  Chicago  to  establish  a  second  Cons., 
of  which  he  was  director  till  1873,  then  going  to 
St.  Louis,  where  he  cond.  the  Harmonic  Society, 
and  was  co-director  of  the  Beethoven  Cons.  Re- 
turned to  N.  Y  in  1885. — Works  •  2  operas, 
Saratoga  and  Newport  (1888)  ,  cantata,  The 
Song  of  the  Brave  Alan;  orch.l  comp  s  (Bur- 
ger's "  Leonore,"  £legie,  Idylle,  etc.);  symphony 
"Victoria";  2  pf. -concertos  (in  G  mm.  and  C)  ; 
string-sextet ;  pf. -quintet ;  abt"  140  pf. -works  ; 
choruses,  songs,  etc.;  also  "Three  Graduating 
Courses  "  (f.  pf. ,  voice,  and  'cello,  in  6  vol  s). 

Gold'berg,  Johann  Gottlieb  [Theophilus], 
remarkable  org.  and  clavichord-player ;  b.  Kon- 
igsberg, abt.  1730 ;  d.  Dresden  (f),  1760  (?),  as 
chamber-musician  to  Count  Bruhl.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Friedemann  Bach,  and  later  of  J.  S. 
Bach,  who  praised  him  highly.  He  was  an  ex- 
traordinary improviser  and  sight-reader ;  though 
a  fine  comp. ,  his  works  (2  concertos,  24  Polo- 
naises, and  a  sonata  with  minuet  and  1 2  varia- 
tions, f.  clav.  ;  6  trios  f.  flute,  vln.,  and  bass ,  a 
motet,  a  cantata,  a  Psalm)  have  never  been  publ. 

Gold'berg,  Joseph  Pasquale,  singing- 
teacher  ;  b.  Vienna,  Jan.  I,  1825  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
20,  1890.  At  first  a  violin-pupil  of  Mayseder 
and  Seyfried,  he  made  long  artistic  tours  while 
young;  then  studied  singing  under  Rubini, 
Bordogni,  and  Lamperti,  and  appeared  as  a  bass 
singer  at  Genoa,  1843,  in  Donizetti's  La  Regma 
di  Golconda.  After  singing  son? c  years  in  Italy, 
he  settled  in  Paris  as  a  concert-singer  and  teacher; 
he  went  to  London  in  1861.  His  two  sisters, 
Fanny  G.-Marini  and  Catherine  G.-Strossi, 
are  also  singers. — He  published  some  songs ; 
also  "  La  marcia  trionfale  "  for  Victor  Emman- 
uel's entry  into  Rome. 

Gol'de,  Adolf,  born  Erfurt,  Aug.  22,  1830 ; 
d.  there  Mar.  20,  1880.  Pupil,  1851,  of  Marx 


222 


GOLDMARK— GOLLMICK 


(comp.)  and  Haupt  (org.)  at  Berlin  ;  teacher  of 
pf.  at  Stern's  Cons. ;  in  1872  he  succeeded  his 
father,  Joseph  Golde,  as  director  of  the  Seller 
Singing  Society  at  Erfurt.— Works  Symphony 
in  U  minor  ,  other  orch  1  pcs.  ;  popular  salon- 
music  f.  pf. 

Gold'mark,  Karl,  b  Keszthely,  Hungary, 
May  18,  1832.  Violinist,  pianist,  and  opera- 
composer  ;  pupil  of 
Jansa  (vln.)  at  Vi- 
enna in  1844; 1847-8 
at  the  Cons,  un- 
der Bohm  (theory) ; 
thencef  orward  chief- 
ly self-taught  He 
gave  his  first  public 
concert  at  Vienna  in 
1858,  plaj-ing  a  pf.- 
concerto  of  his  own  ; 
this  was  soon  fol- 
lowed by  a  pf.-trio, 
a  pf.  quartet,  pf  - 
duos,  and  string- 
quartets  ;  the  con- 
cert -  overture  '  *  Sa- 
kuntala"  (op.  13),  and  a  ll  Scherzo,  Andante, 
and  Finale  f.  orch  "  (op.  19),  attracted  general 
attention,  and  his  first  opera  (op.  27),  Die  Kom- 
gin  z'ori  Saba  (Vienna,  Mar.  9,  1875),  made  him 
famous.  Since  then  he  has  brought  out  3  more 
operas,  Merlin  (Vienna,  Nov.  19,  1886),  and 
Das  Heimektn  am  Herd  [Dickens'  "Cricket  on 
the  Hearth  "]  (Vienna,  Mar.  21,  1896),  the  latter 
being  especially  successful ;  also  Die  Kncgs- 
gefangene,  in  2  acts  (Vienna  Court  Opera,  Jan. 
17,  1899).  Der  Fremdhng  has  not  yet  (1899) 
been  produced.  —  Works-  Op.  5,  " Sturm 
und  Drang,"  charac.  pcs,  f.  pf.  ;  op.  12,  3 
pcs.  f.  pf.  4  hands ;  op.  13,  Overture  u  Sakun- 
tala";  op.  14,  2  male  choruses:  "Ein  armer 
Mann,"  and  "  Esrauschtder  Wald";  op.  18,  12 
songs  f.  vocal  solo  w.  pf.  ;  op.  20,  "  O  wenn  es 
wahr  ist,"  f.  voice  and  pf.;  op.  21,  4  songs  w. 
pf.  ;  op.  22,  Dances  f.  pf.  4  hands  ;  op.  26,  Sym- 
phony "  Landliche  Hochzeit.";  op.  27,  Opera 
DieKonigin  -von  Saba;  op.  28,  Concerto  f.  vln.; 
op-  33 »  pf.-trio  ;  op.  34,  4  songs  w.  pf. ;  op.  35, 
Symphony  n,  in  E|>  ;  op.  36,  "Im  Fruhlmg," 
overture  f.  orch.  ;  op.  37,  8  songs  ;  op.  38,  over- 
ture to  "  Prometheus  Bound  ";  op.  39,  Sonata  f. 
pf.  and  'cello,  in  F;  op.  43,  Suite  II  f.  vln.  and 
pf.7  in  E[j- ;  op.  44,  Overture  to  "  Sappho";  op. 
45,  Scherzo  f.  orch.,  in  A. 

Gold'ner,  Wilhelm,  b.  Hamburg,  June  30, 
1839  I  studied  in  the  Leipzig  Cons  ;  now  living 
in  Paris  as  a  pianist  and  composer  of  salon-mvisic. 

Gold'schmidt,  Sigismund,  b.  Prague,  Sept. 
28,  1815  ;  d.  Vienna,  Sept.  26,  1877.  Pupil  of 
Thomaschek  in  Vienna,  and  of  Dreyschock  in 
Paris,  where  he  lived  as  a  concert-pianist  from 
1845-9,  then  returning  to  Prague  to  manage  his 
father's  banking-business. — Works  :  Overtures, 
pf. -sonatas,  songs. 


Gold'schmidt,  Otto,  fine  pianist;  b.  Ham- 
burg, Aug.  21,  1829  ;  at  first  a  pupil  of  Jakob 
Schmitt  and  F.  \V.  Grund,  then  of  Mendelssohn  at 
the  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  of  Chopin  at  Pans  (1848). 
In  1849  he  played  in  London  at  a  concert  given 
by  Jenny  Lind';  accompanied  her  on  her  Ameri- 
can tour(iS5i),  and  married  her  at  Boston, Feb  5, 

1852  ;  from  1852-5  they  lived  in  Dresden,  from 

1858  until  her  death  (1887)  in  London.     He  was 
made  an  hon.  member  of  the  London  Philh.  Soc. 
in  1861,  became  vice-principal  of  the  R.  A.  M. 
in  1863,  and  founded  the  Bach  Choir  in  1875. 
He  also  cond.  mus.  festivals  at  Dusseldorf  (1863) 
and  Hamburg    (1866). — Works :    An  oratorio, 
Ruth  (Hereford,  1867) ;  pf  -concerto  (op.   10) ; 
pf  -trio  (op.  12) ,  12  studies  f   pf.  (op.  13) ;  12 
songs  w.  pf.-accomp.  (op.  8  and  9) ;  part-songs ; 
also,  with  Benedict,  the  Ll  Chdral-book  for  Eng- 
land." 

m    Gold'schmidt,   Adalbert  von,  b.  Vienna, 

1853  ;  composer,  pupil  of  Vienna  Cons.     He  is 
not  a  professional  musician,  but  a  studious  ama- 
teur and  ardent  Wagnente  ,  his  cantata  Die  sie- 
ben  Todsimden  (Berlin,  1875  ;  poem  by  Hamer- 
Img)  gained  him  sudden  and  wide  notoriety; 
an  opera,  Hdianthus  (Leipzig,  1884)  was  also 
well  received  ;  he  brought  out  a  trilogy,  Geea,  in 
1889,  and  has  publ.  songs,  pf  -pcs.,  etc. 

Gold'schmidt,  Hugo,  b.  Breslau,  Sept  19, 

1859  I  took  tne  degree  of  Dr.  jitr.  in   1884  ; 
studied  singing  under  Stockhausen  at  Frankfort, 
1887-90 ;  became  co-director  of  the  Scharwenka- 
Klindworth  Cons  at  Berlin  in  1893. — Writings: 
"  Die    italienische    Gesangsmethode    des    17. 
Jahrh.s  "  (1890) ,  "  DerVokalismus  desneuhoch- 
deutschen    Kunstgesangs    und    der    Btihnen- 
sprache  "  (1892) ;  also  articles  in  mus.  journals. 

Golinelli,  Stefano,  pianist  and  composer ,  b. 
Bologna,  Oct.  26,  1818  ;  pupil  of  B.  Donelh  and 
N.  Vaccai.  Encouraged  by  Ferd.  Hiller  (1842), 
he  undertook  concert-tours  in  Italy,  France, 
England,  and  Germany.  Returning  to  Bologna, 
he  taught  pf.-playing,  and  became  pf.-prof.  in 
the  Liceo  Musicale.  Retired  m  1870.— Works, 
nearly  300  in  all ;  the  greater  part  f .  pf .  (5  sona- 
tas, 3  toccatas,  24  preludes  [op.  23],  24  preludes 
[op.  69],  12  studies  [op.  15],  etc  ,  which  are 
held  in  high  estimation  in  Italy). 

Goll'mick,  Karl,  b.  Dessau,  Mar.  19,  1796 ; 
d.  Frankfort-on-M.,  Oct.  3,  1866 ;  son  of  the 
tenor  Friedrich  Karl  G.  [b.  Berlin,  Sept.  27, 
1774 ;  d.  Frankfort-on-M.,  July  2,  1852].  While 
a  theological  student  at  Strassburg,  he  took  les- 
sons in  music  of  Spindler,  and  in  1817  settled  in 
Frankfort  as  a  teacher  of  French.  lie  was  eng. 
by  Spohr  as  drummer  in  the  City  Th.;  for  a  time 
he  was  also  chorusmaster,  and  was  pensioned  in 
1858.  For  pf.  he  composed  rondos,  variations, 
potpourris,  etc.,  f.  2  and  4  hds.;  and  also  publ. 
a^Praktische  Gesangschule";  "Leitfaden  fdr 
junge  Musiklehrer";  "Kritische  Tenninologie 
furMusiker  u.  Musikfreunde "  (1833;  2nd  ed., 


223 


GOLLMICK— GOODWIN 


l539\  "  Musik  Novellen  n.  S.lhoa 
4k  Karl  Guhr  "  1164*1 ;  "  Feti*  .  .  a's  Mer.sc.i, 
Critiker,  Theoretiker  u.  Compumst"  .18521. 
"  Handlexikon  der  Tonkun^t "  "  185*1 ,  *'  Auto- 
biographic" (1566),  and  fugitive  articles. 

Goll'znick,  Adolf,  pianist,  &on  uf  the  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Frankfort-on-M.,  Feb.  5,  1825  ,  d.  Lon- 
don, Mar  7,  i5*3.  Pupil  of  his  lather,  R:ef- 
stahl,  Wolff,  and  Kessler.  Settled  in  London  in 
1844. — Works  3  comic  operas,  DOHJ  Censfanza* 
The  £Vwt-*V,  and  BaliKasar:  two  ''operatic can- 
tatas," TV  Blind  Be^frfs  Daughter  of  Bethnal 
(7/Avr,  and  The  Heir  cf  Lywiej  a  symphony; 
overture  and  marches  f.  orch. ;  pf  -pcs  ,  songs, 
etc. 

Gol'termann,  (Georg)  Eduard,  b  Hanover, 
Aug.  19,  1824  t  d.  Frankfort-on-M  am,  Dec.  29, 
iSgS.  Pupil  of  A.  C.  Preil,  and  (1847-9)  of 
Menter  at  Munich,  and  of  Lachner  (comp.). 
After  long  concert-tours  (1850-2),  he  became 
(1852)  mus.  dir.  at  Wurzburg;  in  1853,  second, 
and  in  1874,  first  KapMn.  at  the  City  Th., 
Frankfort-on-M.  A  celebrated  'cellist,  and* comp. 
f,  'cello  (6  concertos,  sonatas  \v.  pf.,  **  Morceaux 
caracte'ristiques "  w.  pf.,  "Danses  allemandes" 
vr.  pf.,  "Adagio*'  w.  orch.,  "£legie"  w.  pf ); 
also  a  symphony  in  A  minor  (op.  20),  2  **  Fest- 
spiel-Ouvertiiren  "  (op.  24  and  94),  songs,  etc. 

Gortermann,  Johann  August  Julius,  b. 
Hamburg,  July  15,  1825  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Apr.  4, 
1876.  Fine  *cellist ;  1850-62,  teacher  at  Prague 
Cons.;  1862,  first  'cello at  Stuttgart;  retired  1670. 

Gortermann,  August,  b.  1826  ;  d.  Schwerin, 
Nov.  2,  1890,  as  court  pianist. 

Gom'bert,  Nicolas,  b.  Bruges,  abt.  1495  ;  d. 
after  1570  Flemish  contrapuntist,  one  of  Jos- 
quin  DespreV  most  eminent  pupils ;  in  1530, 
master  of  the  boys  at  the  Imperial  Chapel, 
Madrid  ;  probably  'maestrc  there  later  ;  the  gift 
of  a  sinecure  office  in  the  Netherlands,  from  his 
patron  Charles  VM  enabled  him  to  retire  in  his 
old  age.  In  church-music  Fetis  styles  him  a 
forerunner  of  Palestrina  ;  but  he  was  especially 
fond  of  secular  and  pastoral  music,  with  a  de- 
cidedly sentimental  leaning,  and  refreshing  sim- 
plicity and  directness ;  while  in  his  sacred  works 
he  discarded  rests,  thus  rendering  his  polyphony 
more  connected  and  fuller  than  that  of  his  pre- 
decessors.— Works :  2  books  of  motets  a  4  (Book 
I,  n.  d.,  2nd  ed.  1540 ;  Book  II,  1541 ;  both 
often  republ.) ;  2  books  of  motets  a  5  (Book  I, 
1541,  '51 ;  Book  II,  1541,  '53 ;  also  together, 
1552) ;  a.  book  of  masses  a  5  (1549),  a  book  of 
chansons  a  5-6  (1544,  Book  V  of  the  chansons 
printed  by  Tilman  Susato).  Numerous  motets 
of  G.'s  are  in  Gardano's  "  Mottetti  del  frutto" 
and  u  Mottetti  del  fiore";  many  others  in  col- 
lections of  the  i6th  cent.  In  the  Munich  library 
are  motets  and  chansons  in  MS.  Eitner's  u  Bib- 
liographic der  Musik-Saramelwerke "  (Berlin, 
1877)  names  abt.  250  works  in  90  collections 
betw.  1529-73  ;  Fe*tis'  catalogue,  and  its  Supple- 
ment in  Ambros  (vol.  iii),  should  be  consulted. 


Go'mes,  Antonio  Carlos,  Brazilian  opera- 
composer  ,  b  Campinas,  Brazil,  July  II,  1839  , 
d.  Para,  *»ept.  if1, 
1*96  Pupil  of  La-j- 
ru  ROS-.I  in  Milan 
Ccrs.  First  stage- 
\vork,  in  Portu- 
guese, A  xwfs  ao 
t\jjf*u\*  i  Rio  de  Ja- 
reiro,  i?6i  ;  then 
&  sa  Minjx  [Xo- 
body  knows  !]  (Mi- 
lan/ Teatro  Fossa- 
ti,  1867;  a  "  rivi- 
sta "  in  Milanese 
dialect,  the  "Song 
of  the  Needle-gun" 
becomingimmense- 
ly  popular) ;  a  sec- 
ond "  review,"  _\W«/  Luna  (iS6S) ;  a  4-act  bal- 
let-opera Guarany  I  Milan,  La  Scala,  1870  ;  fairly 
successful)  ;  Fosca  (ibid.,  1873  ;  a  failure) ;  Sal- 
vator  ficsa  (Venice,  Carlo  Felice,  1874  ;  success- 
ful) ;  Maria  Tndor  (Milan,  1877 ;  successful)  ; 
LoSchiavo  (Rio,  i3Sg;  very  succ.)  ;  Condor  (ibid-, 
iSgi ;  unsucc.") — Also  a  hymn  to  celebrate  Amer- 
ican independence,  "  II  saluto  del  Bresile " 
(Phila,,  1876),  and  the  cantata  Colombo  for  the 
Columbus  Festival  in  1892.  In  1895  he  was  app. 
Dir.  of  Para  Cons. ;  sickness  detained  him  in  Lis- 
bon, and  he  died  a  few  months  after  reaching 
Para  — Biogr.  sketch  (in  Portuguese)  by  E.  Vi- 
eira  (Rio  de  Janeiro,  1897). 

Goodrich,  Aftred  John,  theorist ;  b.  Chilo, 
Ohio,  May  8,  1847.  With  the  exception  of  a 
year's  instruction,  in  harm,  and  pf, -playing,  from 
his  father,  he  is  wholly  self-taught  After  teach- 
ing theory  for  some  years  in  the  Grand  Cons., 
N.  Y. ,  G.  succeeded  John  Howard  (voice)  and 
A.  K.  Virgil  (  pf.  and  theory)  at  the  Fort  Wayne 
Cons.,  Ind.  (1876).  Since  then  he  has  been  Di- 
rector of  the  vocal  dept.  in  the  Beethoven  Cons. , 
St.  Louis,  and  for  2  years  of  the  mus.  dept.  at 
Martha  Washington  College,  Abingdon,  Va.  At 
present  (1899)  residing  at  Chicago  as  a  writer 
and  teacher ;  is  a  regular  contributor  to  leading 
mus.  periodicals,  more  especially  the  N.  Y.  "Mu- 
sical Courier,"  in  which  he  has  publ.  many  inter- 
esting essays. — Publ.  works  .  "  Music  as  a  Lan- 
guage" (1880),  "The  Art  of  Song"  (1888); 
"Complete  Mus.  Analysis"  (1889^;  "Analyti- 
cal Harmony"  (1894),  "  Theory  of  Interpreta- 
tion rt  (1898  ;  publ.  by  subscription). 

Goodwin,  Amina  Beatrice,  b.  Manchester, 
Engl.  (date?).  Pianist  of  precocious  talent, 
taught  by  her  father,  and  played  in  public  at  6. 
Studied  later  at  Leipzig  (Reinecke,  Jadassohn), 
and  Paris  (Delaborde);  and  finally  with  Liszt 
and  Frau  Schumann.  Founded  a  Pianoforte 
College  for  ladies  in  1895,  at  London.  She  ranks 
high  as  a  concert-player ;  has  written  some  pf.- 
pcs.,  also  4*  Practical  Hints  on  the  Technique  and 
Touch  of  Pf. -playing"  (London,  1892).  Mar- 
ried an  American,  Mr.  W.  Ingram-Adarns. 


224 


GOOVAERTS— GOSSEC 


Goovaerts,  Alphonse- Jean-Marie- Andre", 

b.  Antwerp,  May  25,  1847.  In  1866  he  became 
asst. -librarian  at  Antwerp  ;  is  a  profound  student 
of  mus  history,  and  a  reformer  of  the  church- 
music  in  his  native  city,  having  est.  an  amateur 
cathedral-choir  for  performing  works  by  Pale- 
stnna  and  the  Netherland  contrapuntists  In 
iSSy  he  was  app.  royal  archivist  at  Brussels.™ 
Writings  "  La  musique  d'eglise  .  .  .  "  (1876, 
in  Flemish  as  **  De  Kerkmusieck  "),  in  which  he 
replies  to  attacks  on  his  attempted  reforms  ;  and 
"Histoire  et  bibliographic  de  la  typographic 
musicale  ..."  (iSSo ;  took  the  gold  medal  of 
the  Belgian  Academic) ;  a  monograph  on  * '  Pierre 
Phalese  "  ;  and  minor  works.  He  has  also  publ. 
considerable  excellent  church-music,  as  well  as 
Flemish  songs,  pcs.  f  pf.  and  vln.,  etc. 

Gop'fert,  Karl  Andreas,  b.  Rimpar,  n. 
\Vurzburg,  Jan.  16,  1768 ;  d.  Memingen,  Apr. 
Ii,i3i8.  A  pupil  of  Meissner  in  clarinet-play- 
ing, he  became,  in  1788,  first  clarinet  at  Memin- 
gen, and  later  director  of  the  military  music 
there. — Works  An  opera,  Der  Stern  des  Xar- 
dens ;  4  concertos  f.  clar.  ;  a  symphonic  coneer- 
tante  f .  clar.  and  bassoon  ;  5  quartets  f.  clar.  and 
strings  ;  much  other  chamber-music  f.  wind ; 
songs,  etc. 

Gop'fert,  Karl  Gottlieb,  violinist ;  b.  Wee- 
senstein,  n.  Dresden,  1733  ;  d.  Weimar,  Oct.  3, 
1798.  Played  in  Frankfort,  Leipzig,  and  Ber- 
lin ;  settled  in  Weimar,  1770,  where  he  was 
chamber-virtuoso,  conductor,  and  leader.  J.  F. 
Cranz  was  his  pupil. — Works  :  6  Polonaises  f. 
vln. 

Gordigia'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Man- 
tua, July,  1795  ;  d.  Prague,  Mar.  2, 1871.  Pupil 
of  Milan  Consr ;  sang  m  opera  and  concert, 
taught  singing  in  Ratisbon,  and  in  1822  went  to 
Prague,  where  he  was  vocal  teacher  in  the  Cons, 
until  he  died. — Works  *  2  operas,  Pygmalion 
(Prague,  1845),  and  Consitelo  (1846) ;  church- 
music,  canzonets,  songs,  and  12  cavalry  marches. 
—His  brother, 

Gordigia'ni,  Luigi,  renowned  comp.  of  Tus- 
can popular  songs  ;  b  Modena,  June  21,  1806  ; 
d.  Florence,  May  I,  i860.  He  brought  out  7 
operas,  a  ballet,  an  oratorio,  and  3  cantatas  ;  but 
his  fame  rests  on  his  Canti  popolari  toscani;  in 
1836  he  happened  upon  a  volume  of  old  Tuscan 
folk-poems,  which  he  set  to  music,  and  which 
became  extraordinarily  popular.  67  of  these 
songs,  in  2  vol.s,  are  publ.  by  Ricordi  in  the  se- 
ries "  Canti  popolari  italiani." 

Go'ria,  Alexandre-Iidouard,  pianist;  b. 
Paris,  Jan.  21,  1823  ;  d.  there  July  6,  1860.  A 
pupil  of  Paris  Cons.  1830-9  (Laurent,  Zimmer- 
man, Dourlen).  Took  1st  pf.-prize  in  1835.  He 
became  a  teacher  and  composer,  and  publ.  many 
pf.-pcs  of  a  brilliant  and  popular  style. 

Gor'no,  Albino,  pianist  and  composer;  b. 
Casalmorano  (Cremona),  Italy ;  St.  Milan  Cons., 
taking  3  gold  medals  at  graduation.  Pianist  and 
accomp.  to  Adelma  Patti  on  Amer.  tour  1881-2. 


Then  eng.  as  piano-prcf.  at  Cincinnati  Coll.  of 
Music. — Works  2-act  opera  CUM*?  t  P atria 
(Milan  Cons  ,  iSSi  p]) ;  fantasia  f.  pf  ,  org.  and 
orch  ,  "La  festa  dei  Montanan",  fant.  f.  pf. 
and  orch.,  "Arabian  legend";  cantata  Gvri- 
baldi  ;  "  Marinaresca"  f  pf,  and  orch.;  scherzo 
f .  2  pfc. ,  concert-studies  f.  pf . ;  nocturne  f.  pf.  ; 
many  songs. 

Go'roldt,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Sternpeda  n. 
Stolberg  (Harz),  Dec.  13,  1773  ;  d.  after  1835 
at  Quedlinburg  ('),  where  he  \\as  mus.  dir.  from 
1803.—  Writings  .  "  Leitfaden  zum  L'nterricht 
im  Generalbass  und  der  Composition"  (1815-16, 
2 vol.s ;  2nd  ed  1828)  ; il  Die  Kunst,  nach  Noten 
zusingen"  (2nd  ed.  1832)  ,  "  Die  Orgel  .  .  ." 
(1335) ;  "  Cber  Kirchenmusik  "  (1830) ;  a  Method 
f.  Horn  (1830)  ;  he  also  comp.  pf. -music,  cho- 
rales f.  men's  voices  w.  org.,  and  other  church- 
music  in  MS. 

Gorria,  Tobio.  Pen-name  of  ARRIGO  BOITO. 

Goiter,  Albert,  b.  Nuremberg,  Nov.  23, 
1862.  Intended  for  a  medical  career,  but  em- 
braced music  as  a  profession  ;  studied  from  1878 
at  the  R.  Music  School  in  Munich,  under  Carl 
Barmann,  Jr.,  and  Bussmeyer  (pf  },  and  Rhein- 
berger  (org.  and  cpt.),  taking  3  prices  for  com- 
position. Studied  one  \ear  in  Italy  ;  took  part 
in  the  Bayreuth  Festivals  as  asst  -cond.;  was 
eng.  as  cond.  in  turn  at  Regensburg,  Trier,  EI- 
berfeld,  Breslau  ,  then  for  3  mos.  at  Stuttgart  as 
2nd  Kapdlm.  to  Zumpe  ;  from  1694-9  he  uas 
asst.-A"d/tV//v.  to  Mottl  at  the  Karlsruhe  Court 
Th.,  then  succeeding  Panzner  as  Kapettm.  at  the 
Leipzig  City  Th.— Works  Text  and  music  of  the 
opera  Harold,  and  of  the  3-act  comic  opera  Der 
Sfhatz  des  Rhampsinit  (Mannheim,  1894) ;  2 
symphonic  poems,  choral  works,  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
ballads,  etc.  (Der  Schatz  d.  -£.,  and  2  bks.  of 
songs,  are  publ.). 

Goss,  John,  b.  Fareham,  Hants.,  Engl, 
Dec.  27,  1800 ;  d.  Brixton  (London),  May  10, 
1880.  A  son  of  Joseph  Goss,  the  org.,  he  be- 
came a  chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  under  J. 
S.  Smith,  in  iSii ;  in  1821,  org.  of  Stockwcll 
chapel ;  1824,  org.  of  St.  Luke's,  Chelsea  ;  1838- 
72,  org.  at  St.  Paul's  Cath.,  succeeding  Attwood. 
From  1856-72  he  was  comp.  to  the  Chapel 
Royal  as  Knyvett's  successor  ;  was  knighted  in 
1872  ;  received  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  Can- 
tab, in  1876. — Works  •  Church  Service  in  A  ; 
Burial  Service  in  E  minor ;  4  Te  Deums  ;  many 
anthems,  and  other  church-mus. ;  13  glees,  and 
2  madrigals  ;  2  orch.  overtures  (in  F  and  E  |?) ; 
other  orch.  mus. — He  also  publ.  **  Parochial 
Psalmody"  (1827);  "  Church  Psalter  and  Hymn 
Book "(1862);  "The  Organist's  Companion" 
(4  vol.s) ;  collections  of  voluntaries ;  ' v  Coll.  of 
Chants,  Ancient  and  Modern "  (1841,  w.  W. 
Mercer);  "Introd.  to  Harm,  and  Thorough- 
bass "  (1833,  often  reprinted). 

Gossec  [Goss£],  Fra^ois- Joseph,  b. 
Vergnies,  Belgium,  Jan.  17,  1734  ;  d.  Passy,  n. 
Paris,  Feb.  16,  1829.  A  chorister  nt  Antwerp 


225 


GOTTSCHALG— GOTZE 


cath.  from  1741-^9,  he  then  st  t":e  vlr.  ar.i- 
comp.  for  2  years:,  and  went  tn  I'aris  :i  1751 
with  letters  to  RameuU,  tnrough  whom  se  Be- 
came cond.  of  the  pritate  orch.  of  La  I'opt*.- 
nitrre.  then  /I'rw^fr.s-t-;:t'/  :/.  In  1754  his  first 
symphonies"* the  first  of  their  k.r.u.  .a  Franco, 
and  5  years  beforeHaydr'?)  were  pub'  ;  his  nrat 
stnnir<[uartets  followed  :n  1759.  In  1762,  G. 
became  the  cond.  of  Prince  Monti's  orch.  at 
Chantfily,  a  post  which  the  fame  of  his»  Requiem 
(1760)  aided  him  to  obtain  ;  he  sr.on  turned  h"* 
attention  to  dramatic  comp.,  beginirng1  uith  a 
i-act  opera,  Le  faux  Lord  \  17641  ,  h;s  hrst  real 
stage-success  was  Lcs  /Vtw//;-,  also  in  i-act 
(Comedie  Italienne,  1766)  ;  at  the  same  theatre 
were  prod.  Tciruw  ct  Toinetk  {17671,  and  Le 
double  dQmsement  (1767)  ;  and  at  the  Opera  Sa- 
t'inus  11773),  -Alexis  et  Daffim\  1775 1,  P hitmen 
ft  Baucis  [ballet]  (1775),  Ilylas  et  Syfcie  (17/6;, 
La  f tie  dzt  villa -e  (1778),  fhh&  \i~te\  Rosme 
(17^6),  Le$  visitandmes  (with  Tnal),  and  La 
reprise  dc  Toulon  (1796) ;  also  Berth*  (Brussels, 
1775),  Les  sabots  et  Ic  cerhter  (Th.  des  Jeunes 
Eleves,  1603),  Le  Pengonrdin  and  Xitocns  (not 
perf.j.  These  works  won  him  a  high  position 
among  French  dramatic  composers.  In  1770 
he  founded  the  Concerts  des  Amateurs  ;  in  1773 
he  reorganized  the  Concerts  Spintuels,  at  first 
directing  them  conjointly  with  Gavmies  and  Le- 
duc  afatf,  then  alone  till  1777  r  From  1780-2  he 
was  asst.-cond.  at  the  Academic  de  Musique 
».Gr  Opera).  In  1784  he  established  and  be- 
came the  manager  of  the  ficole  Royale  de 
Chant,  the  f>erm  of  the  Conservatoire,  at  the  in- 
auguration of  which  latter  (1795)  G.  was  app. 
inspector  (with  Cherubini  and  Lesueur),  being 
likewise  made  a  member  of  the  new  Institut  de 
France.  From  1799-1804,  and  1809-15,  he  was 
on  the  commission  for  examining  the  operas 
handed  '"n  at  the  Grand  Opera  ;  m  1615  he  re- 
tired to  Passy. — G.'s  chief  claim  to  eminence 
lies  in  the  dept.  of  instrumental  comp  ;  his  26 
orchestral  symphonies  mark  an  epoch  in  French 
art  and  an  important  enlargement  of  orch.l  re- 
sources ;  his  string-quartets  were  received  with 
unbounded  enthusiasm  ;  and  the  Requiem  above 
mentioned  contains  new  and  striking  effects. 
Besides  these  must  be  noted  a  "  Symphonic  con- 
certante"  for  n  instruments;  overtures,  sere- 
nades, quartets  f .  fl.  and  strings,  string-trios,  and 
violin-duets.  He  also  wrote  3  oratorios  (Saul, 
La  ^Vtf//V///v  FArcke  d* alliance],  masses  w. 
orch.,  2  Te  Deums,  and  motets;  and  the  choruses 
to  Racine's  Athahe  and  Rochefort's  £kctn\ — 
G.,  himself  of  humble  origin,  and  an  enthusias- 
tic republican,  was  one  of  the  most  popular 
comp.s  of  the  revolutionary  era,  to  which  his 
festival  plays  Ojfrande  &  lapatrit  (1792),  and  Le 
camp  dt  Grand- Prt ;  the  4*  Chant  du  14  Juillet" 
(on  the  storming  of  the  Bastile),  and  many 
hymns,  marches,  etc.,  belong. 

Gott'schalg,  Alexander  Wilhelm,  b.  Me- 
chelrode,  n.  Weimar,  Feb.  14,  1827 ;  pupil 
(1842),  in  the  Teachers'  Seminary  at  Weimar,  of 


Topfer  'org.  and  harm.),  and  Wettig  (pf  ) ;  Liszt 
also  ai'-ea  him  In  1647,  teacher  in  Tiefurt ; 
from  i? 70-5 1,  he  was  Tupfer's  successor  in  the 
Seminary,  also  court  org.,  and  (1874)  teacher  of 
mus.  hist.  :n  tne  **  MU?:K-  und  Orchesterschule." 
From  iSfca  he  edited  the  "  Urania  ";  from  1885, 
the  *  Churge«ang",  and  from  1^72  he  was  also 
critic  for  Dittes'  l*  IJjdagogischer  Jahresbe- 
richt.  "  He  pub!  (with  Liszt)  a  ^  Repertorium 
fi*r  die  Orgel "  fa  coil,  of  the  finest  modern 
organ-music  t ,  also  a  "  Kleines  Handlexikon 
der  Tonkunst "  1 1$6-). 

Gottschalk,  Louis  Moreau,  pianist ;  b.  New 
Orleans,  Lr..,  May  S,  1829;  d.  Rio  de  Janeiro, 
Dec.  iS,  iSGy.  He 
studied  in  Pans 
from  1841-6  under 
Halle  and  Stamaty 
(pf.)  and  Maleden 
(harm.),  and  began 
composing  at  1 6 
(the  "Bananier" 
was  one  of  his  first 
essays).  After  his 
pian'istic  debut  in 
1845,  he  made  bril- 
liant  tourneys 
through  France, 
Switzerland ,  and 
(1852;  Spain ;  his 
triumphs  were  re- 
peated in  1853  in  the  U.  S.  Beginning  in  New- 
Orleans,  he  traversed  the  length  and  breadth  of 
the  land,  playing  his  own  pf. -works,  and  con- 
ducting his  orchestral  works  at  grand  festivals. 
Max  Strakosch,  later  celebrated  as  the  impre- 
sario of  Fatti,  now  engaged  him  for  a  compre- 
hensive American  tour,  during  \vhich  he  visited 
Cuba,  California  (1865),  and  nearly  every  note- 
worthy town  in  Spanish  America  ;  'he  died  worn 
out  by  excessive  exertion. — G.  was  a  great  vir- 
tuoso of  individual  type,  and  most  admired  in 
his  performances  of  "his  own  works  for  pf . ;  no 
other  player  has  so  brought  out  their  peculiar 
charm  and  characteristic  "Spanish"  warmth  of 
color,  and  they  have  lapsed  into  almost  total 
neglect. — Works  :  2  operas,  Charles  IX,  and 
fsaura  de  Salerno  (never  performed) ;  2  sym- 
phonies, "La  nuit  des  tropiques,"  and  *4  Monte- 
video"; Gran  Marcha  solemne  (to  the  Emperor 
of  Brazil),  Escenas  campestres  cubanas,  and 
Gran  Tarantella,  all  for  full  orch. ;  some  90  pf.- 
compositions ;  and  abt.  12  songs. — Compare 
"Life  and  Letters  of  L.  M.  G.,"  by  Octavia 
Hensel  (Boston,  1870);  "Gottschalk,"  by  Fors 
(Havana,  1880) ;  and  "  Notes  of  a  Pianist .  .  .", 
by  R.  E.  Petersen  (Phila.,  1881). 

Gotz,  Franz.    See  GOETZ. 
Gotz,  Hermann.    See  GOETZ. 

Gbt'ze,  Johann  Nikolans  Konrad,  violin- 
virtuoso  ;  b.  Weimar,  Feb.  u,  1791 ;  d.  there 
Dec.  5,  1861.  He  was  taught  the  violin  by  G. 
Spohr  at  Gotha,  Aug.  Muller  at  Weimar,  and 


226 


GOTZE— GOUXOD 


(1813)  Kreutzer  at  Paris.  Settled  in  Weimar ; 
was  "mus.  dir.  to  the  Grand  Duke  1826-48,  and 
chorusmaster  at  the  opera  ;  also  gave  concerts  in 
Vienna,  etc.  Pie  prod  4  operas  at  \Veimart 
also  vaudevilles  and  melodramas  ,  wrote  much 
chamber-music,  etc. 

Got'ze,  Franz,  b.  Neustadt-on-Orla,  May  10, 
1814 ;  d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  2,  iSSS.  A  pupil  of 
Spohr  (vln.)  at  Kassel,  he  joined  the  Weimar 
court  orch.  in  1831 ;  then  studied  singing,  and 
was  leading  opera-tenor  at  Weimar  from  1836-52. 
From  1853-67,  he  taught  singing  in  the  Leipzig 
Cons.;  he  explained  his  resignation  in  a  pam- 
phlet, "  Funfzehn  Jahre  meiner  Lehrthatigkeit" 
(1868).  He  remained  in  Leipzig  as  a  private 
singing-teacher. — His  daughter, 

Got'ze,  August e,  b.  Weimar,  Feb.  24, 1840 ; 
taught  in  the  Dresden  Cons,  from  1870-75  ; 
then  est.  a  singing-school  in  Dresden,  and  in 
1891  was  eng.  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  She  is  a 
much-sought  vocal  teacher  (Frau  Moran-Olden 
was  one  of  her  pupils) ;  has  publ.  "  "Ober  den 
Verfall  der  Gesangskunst "  (1884);  also  some 
stage-poems  under  the  pen-name  "Auguste 
Weimar." 

Got'ze,  Karl,  composer ;  b.  Weimar,  1836  ; 
d.  Magdeburg,  Jan.  14,  1887.  A  pupil  of  Top- 
fer  and  Gebhardi,  later  of  Liszt ;  in  1855,  chorus- 
master  at  the  Weimar  opera  ;  then  theatre-cond. 
at  Magdeburg,  Berlin  (1869),  Breslau  (1872), 
and  Chemnitz  (1875). — Works-  The  operas 
Eine  Abschiedsrolle  ;  Die  Korsen  (Weimar, 
1866);  Gitstat)  IVasa,  der  Held  des  Norc£ens{?$., 
1868) ;  Judith  (Magdeburg,  1887) ;  a  symph. 
poem  "Eine  Sommernacht"  (op.  20);  other 
orchestral  music  ;  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

G6f  ze,  Heinrich,  teacher  and  composer ;  b. 
Wartha,  Silesia,  Apr.  7,  1836.  He  was  a  vocal 
pupil  of  Franz  Gotze  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.;  los- 
ing his  voice,  he  taught  music  in  Russia,  and 
Breslau  ;  in  1871  became  teacher  in  the  Lieben- 
thal  Seminary,  and  in  1885  obtained  a  similar 
post  at  Ziegenhals,  Silesia ;  he  was  made  Royal 
Mus.  Dir.  in  1889. — Works  :  2  serenades  and  6 
sketches  f.  string-orch.;  a  4-part  mass  w.  orch.; 
pcs.  f.  org.  and  pf.;  songs,  choruses,  etc. 
Wrote  "  Populare  Abhandlungen  uber  Klavier- 
spiel"  (1879),  and  tc  Musikalische  Schreibubun- 
gen  "  (exercises  in  mus.  dictation). 

GSt'ze,  Emil,  brilliant  dramatic  tenor;  b. 
Leipzig,  July  19,  1856  ;  a  pupil  of  Prof.  Gustav 
Scharfe  at  Dresden,  where  he  was  eng.  1878-81 
at  the  court  theatre,  then  at  the  Cologne  theatre, 
afterwards  singing  as  a  "  star  "  in  the  chief  Ger- 
man cities. 

Gdt'ze,  Otto ;  in  1896,  Kapellm.  at  Essen- 
on-Ruhr  ;  has  prod,  a  successful  opera,  Riscatto 
(Sondershausen,  1896). 

Got'ze,  Franz;  contemporary  cpmp.;  has 
brought  out  a  3-act  Volksoper,  Utopia  (Stettin, 
1892),  and  a  i-act  opera,  Die  Rose  von  Thiessoiv 
(Glogau,  1895). 


Goudimel,  Claude,  renowned  church-com- 
poser;  b.  Vaison,  n.  Augnon,  trance,  abt. 
1505  ;  killed  at  Lyons,  in  the  tit.  Bartholomew 
massacre,  Aug.  24,  1572  Said  to  have  been  a 
pupil  of  J  I>espre*.  I'efure  1540  he  establ.  a 
music-school  in  Rome ;  the  number  of  hia  di^- 
tinguished  pupils  (Palestnna,  Ammuccia,  Bet- 
tmi,  Nanim,  Ales.  Merlo  [della  Viola],  etc  }  won 
him  the  sobriquet  of  "father  of  the  Roman 
School."  In  1555  G.  was  in  Paris  as  a  partner 
of  the  music-printer  X  Duchemm ;  their  partner- 
ship was  dissolved  in  1556.  Strange  to  say, 
none  of  his  works  were  publ  in  Italy  ;  his  {pre- 
sumably) oldest  comp  s  are  MS.  'masses  and 
motets  (a.  5—12)  in  the  Vatican  and  at  Valhcella. 
There  were  publ  a  few  motets  in  Susato's  4th 
book  of  motets  (1554) ;  Odes  of  Horace  (1555) ; 
4-part  "Chansons  spintuelles  de  Marc-Antome 
de  Muret"  (1555) ;  a  5-part  **  Magnificat  ex  octo 
modis"  (1557) ;  "  Missae  tres  a  Claudi  G  .  .  ." 
(*55S)  ;  **  Les  psaumes  de  David  ...  en  forme 
de  motets  "  (16  psalms  a  4,  1562) ;  "Les psaumes 
mis  en  rime  fran9aise,  par  Clement  Marot  et 
Theodore  de  Beze"  (1565)  ;  <l  La  fleurdes  chan- 
sons des  deux  plus  excellents  musiciens  de  notre 
temps,  a  savoir  de  Orlande  de  Lassus,  et  de  D. 
Claude  Goudimel  .  .  .  "  (1574)  ^  in  the  C°H-  of 
chansons,  made  by  Le  Roy  and  Ballard,  some  of 
G.'s  chansons  are  in  Books  vi  and  viii  (1556, 
1557). — As  G.'s  settings  of  the  Psalms  had  been 
approved  by  the  Sorbonne  (1561),  it  is  probable 
that  he  was  murdered,  not  as  a  convert  to  Prot- 
estantism, but  on  account  of  machinations  of 
envious  rivals. 

Gould,  Nathaniel  Duren,  b.  Chelmsford, 
Mass.,  Mar.  26,  1781 ;  d.  Boston,  May  28, 1864. 
Pupil  of  Reuben  Emerson  Conductor  of  sing- 
ing-schools m  N.  H.  and  Mass. ;  of  the  Middle- 
sex Mus.  Society  (1807) ;  went  to  Boston  in  1819. 
Besides  editing  several  coll.s  of  hymn-tunes,  he 
publ.  a  "  History  of  Church-music  in  America" 
(1853),  a  work  of  but  slight  value. 

Gounod,  Charles-Francois,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  of  French  sacred  and  dramatic  com- 
posers ;  b.  Paris,  June 
17,  1818 ;  d.  there 
Oct.  17,  1893.  His 
father,  Jean- Fran- 
cois Gounod,  painter 
and  engraver  of  tal- 
ent, winner  of  the 
Paris  Fine  Arts 
Academy's  2nd  Prix 
de  JRome  (1783), 
died  when  the  boy 
was  in  his  fifth  year. 
His  mother,  a  most 
accomplished  wom- 
an, first  contributed 
to  his  literary,  artistic  and  musical  education,  and 
early  sent  him,  an  already  proficient  pianist,  to 
the  Lycee  Saint-Louis.  In  1836,  he  entered  the 
Paris  Conservatory,  St.  harmony  w.  Reicha,  cpt. 
and  fugue  w.  Halevy,  and  comp.  w.  Lesueur 


\ 


227 


GOUNOD— GOUVY 


and  Paer.  He  won  the  end  Prix  de  fame  w. 
his  cantata  Merit:  bt2tat?  i:«i/  ftizzic  in  TS37, 
and  in  1*39,  his  cantata  Ftrn^uJv^on  the  G*  iJ«j? 
Prix  de  iicme  by  25  votes  out  of  27.  In  Rome 
he  st.  ecclesiastical  music,  particularly  the  works 
of  Palestrina,  and  in  1841  a  grand*  orchestral 
Mass  a  3  was  performed  at  the  ch  of  San  Luigi 
de:  Frances.  In  1542,  during  a  \  iv.t  to  Vienna, 
he  conducted  a  Requiem  of  his  ^wn,  in  the 
church  of  St.  Charles  \\hich  produced  a  pro- 
found impression.  Returning'  to  Pans,  he  be- 
came precentnr  and  organist  of  the  Jfissitns 
^Stran^crf!,'  had  serious  intentions  of  taking 
holy  orders,  and  was  e\en  called  i\~l&?e  Gounod  ; 
a  publisher,  in  1846,  bnrging  out  a  senes  of 
religious  choruses,  entitled  Offices  of  the  Holy 
Week,  by  "Abbe  Charles  Oounod."  For  five 
years  he  "remained  in  seclusion,  almost  forgotten, 
when  the  performance  of  parts  of  his  J/ecse 
sfifcttHcJ.'e  at  one  of  Huliatfs  London  Concerts 
evoked  such  high  praise  in  the  English  and 
French  press  that  G.  shorth  after  prod  a  sym- 
phony in  En,  and  was  commissioned  to  write 
a  work  for  the  Grand  Opera.  SapAe,  a  3-act 
opera,  was  perf.  Apnl  16,  1851 ;  but,  despite 
excellent  musical  numbers,  was  not  a  theatrical 
success.  Revised  and  reproduced  in  1884,  it 
was  equally  unsuccessful.  Choruses  to  Ponsard's 
tragedy  Cfysse  (1852),  La  Xonne  san^lanie^ 
5-act  grand  opera  (1854),  Le  MJdecin  malgre  Im, 
com. -op.  (1858),  also  failed  to  realize  expecta- 
tions. From  1852-60,  he  was  conductor  of  the 
''Orpheon,"  the  united  male  singing-societies 
and  vocal  schools  of  Paris,  and  for  them  com- 
posed several  choruses,  and  2  masses  a  4.  G.'s 
success  came  with  Faust  in  1859,  which  procured 
him  European  fame,  and  remains  his  master- 
piece. PkiUmon  et  JSaucis  (1860),  La  Reine  de 
Sala  (1862),  Mireille  (1864),  La  Cohmbe  (1866), 
were  of  ordinary  interest.  The  success  of  Faust 
was  revived  with  Romeo  et  Juliette  (1867),  consid- 
ered in  France  superior  to  Faust.  In  1870, 
during  the  Franco-German  war,  G.  removed  to 
London.  He  there  founded  Gounod's  Choir,  a 
mixed  choral  society,  and  gave  large  concerts  at 
the  Philharmonic  and  Crystal  Palace,  where,  in 
1871,  at  the  opening  of  the  exhibition,  he  pro- 
duced Galha,  an  elegiac  cantata  to  words  from 
the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah.  The  entr'actes 
to  Legouve's  Les  deux  Iteines  (1872),  and  to 
Barbier's  Jeanne  d'Arc  (1873),  were  well  re- 
ceived. In  1875,  he  returned  to  Paris,  and,  in 
1877,  Cinq  Mars  was  produced  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  and  in  1878,  Pofyeucte  at  the  Opera, 
but  these  and  his  last  dramatic  work,  Le  tribut 
de  Zamora  (1881),  were  inferior  to  his  previous 
triumphs.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were  mainly 
devoted  to  sacred  composition.  La  Redemption 
(Birmingham,  1882),  a  sacred  trilogy,  of  which 
he  wrote  the  music  and  French  words,  and  Mars 
et  vita  (Birmingham,  1885),  another  sacred  tril- 
ogy, the  Latin  text  of  which  he  arranged  from 
the  Catholic  liturgy,  have  become  standard  works. 
G.'s  comp.s  are  of  a  highly  poetic  order,  more 
spiritualistic  than  realistic  ;  in  his  finest  lyrico- 


dramntic  moments  he  is  akin  to  Weber,  and  his 
modulation  even  reminds  of  Wagner  ;  his  instru- 
mentation and  orchestration  are  frequently 
original  &nd  masterly.  To  the  works  mentioned 
must  be  added :  "  Mes«e  solennclle  a  Ste.-Cecile," 
and  the  mass  "  Acgeh  cnstode*  "  f  iS&2),  *"  Messe 
a  Jeanne  d'Arc  '  (iSS;!,  a  fourth  Mass  uSSS),  a 
Stkbat  Mater  vr.  orch  ,  the  oratorio  Tolie,  Les 
St'ft  Pt7;\!cJ  ut'  /L  *vj,  /VJHJ  sttr  le  lac  de  Twjri- 
aJt\  a  Te  I  'eurr,  iVttef  Xo*ter,  Ave  Verum,  and 
O  Salutins  ,  the  cantatas.*/  It  Frontier f  (1870, 
Gr  Opera),  Le  ziu  ifcs  Gtiufois  t-t  la  aa/i*e  de 
/*/j*tv,  and  much  instrumental  and  vocal  music, 
French  and  English  songs,  etc  Among  his 
posthumous  works  should  be  mentioned  2  operas, 
Matti'e  Pierre  (incomplete)  and  George  Dandin 
(said  to  be  the  first  comic  opera  set  to  uprose 
text) ;  an  Ave  Maria  for  his  daughter's  birthday  ; 
and  a  =olemn  mass  for  the  inaug.  of  the  new 
organs  Lt  St.  Peter's,  Rome  He  also  wrote  a 
"  Me'thode  de  cor  a  pistons,"  contributed  femlle- 
tons  of  musical  philosophy  and  criticism  to 
various  Pans  journals,  and  publ.  a  book,  4t  Le 
Don  Juan  de  Mozart."  In  1866,  on  the  death 
of  Clapisson,  G.  was  elected  member  of  the 
Institut  de  France.  He  was  also  a  commander 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor. — Biographies.  "Ch. 
Gounod,  Portraits  con  tern  porains,"  by  Jules 
Claretie  (Paris,  1875) ;  "  Autobiographic  de  Ch. 
Gounod,"  by  Mme.  Georgina  Weldon  (London, 
Wm.  Reeves,  1875) ;  his  autobiographical  *'  Me- 
moires"  (Paris,  1895);  "  Ein  Lebensbild,"  by 
Paul  Voss  ^Leipzig,  1895) ;  etc. 

Gouvy,  Louis-Theodore,  b.  Goffontaine,  n. 
Saarbruckeu,  Rhenish  Prussia,  July  2,  1819  ;  d 
Leipzig,  Apr.  21, 1898.  Pianist  and  composer , 
1840,  law-student  in  Paris  ;  turned  to  music,  st. 
3  yrs.  w.  Elwart,  also  in  Berlin  (1843)  and  Rome, 
returning  1846  to  Paris,  and  giving  his  first  and 
very  successful  concert  of  his  own  works  in  1847. 
His  works  are  often  performed  both  in  Germany 
and  in  Paris,  where  he  lived  till  lately  (1894?), 
as  a  private  teacher  and  composer,  since  then 
in  Oberhomburg.  In  Germany,  especially,  his 
dramatic  scenes  for  soli,  chorus  and  orch.  have 
great  vogue.  He  was  made  chev.  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor  in  1896. — Works :  Missa  brevis  f.  soli, 
ch.  and  orch.,  op.  72 ;  Requiem  f.  do.,  op.  70  ; 
a  sacred  cantata,  Golgotha;  a  Stabat  Mater  ;  the 
dram,  cantatas  Oedipus  auf  Kolomts  (op.  75), 
IpAigMc  en  Taunde  (op.  76),  and  Elektra 
(op.  85),  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.;  Fruhhngs 
JErwachen  f.  sopr.  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch. 
(°P-  73)  »  Astega^  lyrico-dram.  scene  ;  an  opera, 
Der  Cid  (not  perf.,  though  accepted  1863  at 
Dresden) ;  7  symphonies  (the  last  is  op.  87,  in  G 
min.) ;  2  concert-overtures  (op.  14  and  15);  an 
octet  f .  wind  ;  a  sextet  f.  flute  and  strings ;  a  pf .- 
quintet  (op.  24) ;  a  stnng-quintet ;  5  string-quar- 
tets ;  5  pf  .-trios  ;  a  serenade  f .  5  stringed  instr.s  ; 
pieces  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  and  f.  vln.  and  pf.;  pf.- 
sonatas  f.  2  and  4  hands;  Phantasie  f.  2  pfs. 
(op.  69);  serenades,  characteristic  pcs.,  and 
studies,  f.  pf.;  vocal  duets,  odes,  and  many 


228 


GO  W— OR  AM  M  AX  X 


songs. — His    compositions    are     graceful     and 
melodious. 

Gow,  George  Coleman,  b.  Aver  Junction, 
Mass.,  Nov.  27,  1060.  Mudied  'music  under 
B.  C.  Blodgett  of  Pittsfield,  and  E.  B.  Story  of 
Worcester;  graduate  (A.B.)  of  Brown  Univ., 
1 334,  and  of  Xewton  Theol.  Seminary,  1889, 
when  he  become  instructor  of  harm,  and  pf 
at  Smith  College,  Northampton,  Mass.  During 
leave  of  absence  (1292-3),  G.  spent  a  year  in 
Berlin,  stud}  ing  mainly  \\ith  Ludwig  Bussler. 
In  1895  he  wab  app.  Prof,  of  music  at  Vas=>ar 
Coll  ,  Poughkc-epsie,  N.  V. — Publ.  1st  book  of 
songs,  1884  ;  since  then  several  sets  of  songs 
and  duets,  and  several  part-songs,  etc  ;  also  an 
excellent  text- took  on  notation  and  harmony, 
4*  The  Structure  of  Music"  (N.  Y.,  1895). 

Gow,  Niel,  violinist  and  comp.,  b.  Inver, 
Dunkeld,  Scotland,  Mar  22,  1727  ,  d.  there 
Mar.  I,  1807.  His  teacher,  John  Cameron, 
was  a  retainer  in  the  Grandtully  family.  A 
favorite  player  at  the  balls,  etc.,  in  Scottish 
towns,  he  excelled  in  the  execution  of  native 
music. — Works  •  Six  collections  of  "  Strathspey 
Reels"  (1784,  '£8,  '92,  '99,  1808,  '22)  — His  son 
Nathaniel  (1763-1831),  also  a  violinist  and 
comp.,  was  for  a  time  (from  1791)  leader  of  the 
Edinb.  Concerts ;  he  had  a  music-business  in 
Edinburgh.  Best  known  as  the  comp.  of  the 
song  "Caller  Herrin." — Niel  G.,  Jr.  (1795- 
1823),  son  of  Nathaniel,  was  a  talented  violinist 
and  comp.  (" Bonnie  Prince  Charlie";  "Flora 
McDonald's  Lament,"  etc  ). 

Graan,  Jean  de,  gifted  violinist,  a  pupil  of 
Joachim ;  b.  Amsterdam,  Sept.  9,  1852 ;  d. 
The  Hague,  Jan.  S,  1874.  Monograph  by 
Kneppelhout .  *4Een  beroemde  Knaap." 

Gra'ben-Hofif'mann,  Gustav  (properly 
Gustav  Hoffmann),  b.  Bnin,  n.  Posen,  Mar.  7, 
1820.  By  profession  a  teacher,  his  love  for 
music  caused  him  to  embrace  the  latter  profes- 
sion; studied  for  the  opera  (1843)  in  Berlin, 
but  had  better  fortune  with  song-composing ; 
after  teaching  in  Potsdam,  studying  in  Leipzig 
under  Hauptmann,  and  living  in  Dresden  (1858) 
and  Schwerin  (.1868),  he  settled  (1869)  in  Berlin 
as  a  singing-teacher. — Works :  Many  songs 
("500, ooo  Teufel"  had  great  vogue);  part- 
songs,  duets,  solfeggi,  pf. -music  ;  also  *'  Die 
Pflege  der  Singstimme  "  (1865) ;  "  Das  Studium 
des  Gesangs  "  (1872) ;  "  Praktische  Methode  als 
Grundlage  fur  den  Kunstgesang"  (1874). 

Gra'dener,  Karl  Georg  Peter,  b.  Rostock, 
Jan.  14,  1812  ;  d.  Hamburg,  June  10,  1883. 
Gave  up  study  in  GGttingen  for  music  (his  'cello- 
teacher  was  Mattstadt) ;  was  for  3  years  solo 
'cellist  and  quartet-player  in  Helsingfors ;  for 
10  yrs.  mus.  dir.  at  Kiel  Univ.,  and  cond.  of  a 
choral  society ;  during  this  period  he  wrote  nu- 
merous fine  choral  works  (oratorio  Johannes  der 
Taufer).  He  founded  and  directed  (1851-61) 
a  singing-academy  at  Hamburg,  and  cond.  nu- 
merous concerts,  at  several  of  which  his  own 


works  filled  the  programs  ;  taught  singing  and 
theory  at  Vienna  Cons  11^62-5;,  and  tnereafter 
at  the  Hamburg  Cons.  ;  elected  President  of  the 
Hamburg  "  '  Tonkun^tler-Verein."  He  was  a  fine 
and  original  harmonist,  and  a  master  of  form  — 
"Works  2  symphonies  ;  overture  to  "Fitsco", 
I  pf  -concerto  ;  a  Romanza  f.  vln.  and  orch  ;  I 
string-octet  ,  5  pf  -quintets  ,  3  string  -quartets  , 
I  string-trio  ;  2  pf.  -trios  ;  3  vln.  -sonatas  ;  I 
'cello-sonata  w.  pf  lop  59,  one  of  his  best 
works)  ,  a  sonata  for  pf.  and  vln.  (D  min.  i  ;  and, 
f  pf.,  4k  Phantastische  Studien,"  "  Fhegende 
Blatter,"  *'  Blattchen,"  kt  Traumereien,"  etc. 
Also  a  **  Harmomelehre  "  (1877*,  and  musical 
essajs  in  periodicals,  coll.  as  4*  Gesammelte 
Aufsatze"  (Hamburg,  1872)  —  In  MS.  2  operas 
Harald  and  JJcr  Mttlknn  Hockzeit, 


Gra'dener,  Hermann  (Theodor  Otto),  son 
of  preceding,  b  Kiel,  May  S,  1844.  Pupil  of 
hisiather,  and  of  the  Vienna  Cons  ;  in  1862,  org. 
at  Gumpendorf  n.  Vienna  ;  16.64,  violinist  in 
Vienna  court  orch.;  1873,  harmony-teacher  in 
Horak's  Pf  .  School  .  ditto  for  some  \  ears  in 
Vienna  Cons.;  and  from  1899  Bruckner's  suc- 
cessor as  kctcr  for  harmony  and  counterpoint  at 
the  Vienna  Univ.  He  also*  conducts  the  Vienna 


te.  —  Works  Capnccietta  f.  orch. 
(op  4),  Smfoniettaf.  orch.  (op.  14);  "  Lustspiel- 
Ouverture"  (op.  25);  string-octet  (op.  12); 
string-quintet  (op  23)  ,  pf  -quintet  (op.  6)  ,  pf.- 
tno  in  D  min,  (op  i)  ,  5  Impromptus  f.  pf  and 
strings  (op.  II)  ;  5  Intermezzi  f.  vln.  and  pf.  (op. 
9)  ;  Sonata  f.  2  pfs.  fop.  i3)  ;  other  pf.-music, 
songs,  etc. 

Graew.    See  BACFART. 

Graffi'gna,  Achille,  b.  San  Martino  Dal- 
1'Argine,  Italy,  May  5,  1816  ;  d.  Padua,  July  19, 
1896.  Pupil'of  M'ilan  Cons.;  at  iSf  conductor 
in  theatre  at  Cagliari,  and  successively  in  various 
other  Italian  theatres,  also  (1845)  opera-director 
in  Odessa,  and  (1872)  manager  and  conductor 
of  an  opera-troupe  in  Pans.  Finally,  singing- 
teacher  in  Padua.  —  \Vorks  :  9  or  10  operas,  none 
strikingly  successful  ;  songs. 

Gra'finger.    See  GREFIXGER. 

Gram'mann,  Karl,  dram.  comp.  ;  b.  Lubeck, 
Mar.  3,  1844;  d.  Dresden,  Jan.  30,  1897. 
From  1867-71  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.,  lived  in 
Vienna  as  a  comp.  until  1885,  and  since  then  at 
Dresden.  2  operas,  Die  Schatzgrdber  and  Die 
EisjungfraUi  were  written  while  he  was  a  youth 
studying  in  the  gymnasium  ;  his  other  works  are 
the  operas  Mdusine,  op.  24  (Wiesbaden,  1875)  ; 
Thusndda  find  far  Ti  iumphxiig  des  Germanicus^ 
op.  29  (Dresden,  iSSi)  ;  Das  Andreasfest,  op. 
35  (Diesden,  1882)  ;  the  2-act  opera  Ingrid,  op. 
57,  and  the  i-act  opera  Das  Irrticht,  op.  58 
(both  prod,  on  the  same  evening  at  Dresden, 
1894);  a  "  Trauercantate  "  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.  ;  2  symphonies  ;  string-quartets  and  trios, 
vln.-sonatas,  pf.-music,  songs,  etc.  —  G.  was  a 
disciple  of  Wagner. 


229 


GRAXDI— GRAZIAXI 


Gran'di,  Alessandro  de',  b.  Vcr.  -:c  "  .  c. 
Bergamo,  1033  Chureh-conp.  of  the  Venetian 
school,  pup:,  cf  G.  Gabriel:.  Is  1597,  '•*  «*'*' 
i-J/ir*.  at  t:i£  ALC&L!  ue«a  Morte  in  Ferrari ;  in 
1^17,  singer  ^*  fcan  Marco,  Yenxe  ,  in  it.2O  suc- 
ceeded Negri  ^s  victi-j>\7.,\,  *,  j  tnere,  and  :r.  1627 
became  /v.  »/>  -  Lt  Santa  Mar.a  Manure,  Ilcr- 
j;amo,  where  "^  ci^eJ  of  t'*e  plague. — Wcrkn 
Madngaii  concert^!:  ,  L'.t-n.es  ;  Yes-per  psa.nib  , 
Te  Deunzs  ;  Tantum  ergot  ,  6  vol  •»  of  Motet* 
*  2-4 ;  Messe  concertate  ,7  a  ,  Mottelti  concer- 
tati  J  2,  3,  and  4. ;  Salmi  concerts  a  3  ;  and  3 
vol  s  of  Motets  3  1-4,  \\ .  2  violins.  All  publ. 
1607-4'!. 

Grandval,  Mme.  Marie-Fe"l£cie-Clemence 
de  Reiset,  Vicomtesse  de,  noted  composer  ,  b. 
Saint  Remy-des-M  onts  (barthei.  France,  Jan. 
20,  iSso.  At  first  a  pupil  of  Flotow,  later  of 
Saint-tviens,  in  composition.  Her  debut  as  a 
composer  was  with  a'Mass  and  a  Stabat  Plater 


1863) ,  A  tab  (Paris,  iSSSi  ;  Jfazrffa,  in  5  acts 
( Bordeaux,  1692) ;  and  others ,  has  in  MS.  La  &>//- 
f tier  tft  aiawaaf. — An  oratorio,  La  Jilk  de  Jairt, 
won  the  Prix  Rossini;  she  has  a  tlp  drame  sacre," 
Sainte-AgMs,  in  Mix:  has  prod,  several  sym- 
phonic works,  and  many  song's.  Mme.  de  G. 
has  used  the  pen-names  Tesier,  Yalgrand,  Jas- 
per, Banger,  etc. 

Graninger,  Charles  Albert,  pianist  and 
com!.;  b.  Cincinnati,  Jan.  2, 1861 ;  ent.  Cincinn. 
Coll.  of  Music  in  1879.  Dir.  of  several  mus. 
societies,  notably  the  Orpheus  Club  (since  1891) 
and  the  Arion  (of  Columbus,  0.,  for  2  years). 
Organist;  now  in  2nd  Presb.  Ch.;  also"  prof, 
in  Cincinnati  Coll.  of  Music. 

Granjon,  Robert,  celebrated  music-printer 
and  typefounder  at  Paris  (1523),  Lyons  (1559), 
and  Rome  (1582),  is  particularly  noteworthy  for 
having1  engraved  round  note-heads  (instead  of 
the  lozenge-shaped  ones  then  in  vogue),  and  for 
doing  away  with  the  ligatures,  etc. 

Graphaus,  Hieronymus,  celebrated  music- 
printer  and  typefounder  in  Nuremberg  (from 
I533).  where  he  died  May  7,  1556.  He  ex- 
changed his  patronymic  JRtsch  for  Formschneider 
(Type-cutter),  later  assuming  the  Greek  form  of 
the  latter  appellation. 

Gratia'ni.    See  GRAZZANI,  BONIFAZIO. 

Graii'maxm,  Mathilde.    See  MARCHESI, 

Graun,  Karl  Heinrich,  b.  Wahrenbnick, 
Prussian  Saxony,  May  7,  1701 ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug. 
8,  1759.  Pupil  at  the  Kreuzschule,  Dresden 
(1713-20),  of  Grundig  (voice)  and  Chr.  Petzold 
(org.  and  pf.),  and  sang  in  the  "  Rathskapelle  " 
as  a  soprano ;  while  his  voice  was  changing,  he 
st.  comp.  under  J.  Chr.  Schmidt,  and  frequently 
attended  opera-performances  (then  directed  by 
Lotti).  In  1725  he  was  eng.  as  operatic  tenor 
at  Brunswick ;  but  within  a  year  his  first  ven- 
ture as  a  dramatic  comp.  (fottidoro^  1726)  won 


h:m  success :  he  was  apn.  vice-A"ii/V'*'.w  ,  and 
compiled  5  more  operas  for  Bnins\\ick.  The 
Crown  Prince  Frederick  ("the  Great")  induced 
<  i  :n  1735  to  come  to  Rhemsberg,  where  he  set 
to  music  many  cantut«s  v,  ntten  un  French  verse) 
by  his  gifted  patron.  On  Frederick's  succession, 
Crraun  was  comnni^sioned  to  e^tablibh  Ital.  opera 
in  Berlin,  of  which  he  v,as  made  Kapdlm  For 
this  company  he  composed  23  operas,  among 
which  AWcVUft&r  Cl74i),  Artasene  (1743)^  Calone 
in  Cficii  (1744),  Akjtjnsro  netf  Imiic  (1745), 
Adriatic  211  Stria  and  DeMtiftoate  (1746), 
Mitndati  117511,  Sewiramiat  (i754>,  Ex* 
(1755),  and  J/&c*t  (1756),  were  some  of  the  most 
buccessful ;  for  \ears,  Ilasse  was  the  only  rival 
comp.  whose  operas  had  a  hearing  in  Berlin.  As 
a  church -comp.,  Graun  is  still  better  known  to- 
day ;  his  Passion  Oratorio,  Der  Tod  Jesit  (1755), 
is  'btill,  by  virtue  of  a  bequest,  perf.  yearly  at 
Berlin  ;  a*Te  Deura  (1756),  commemorating  the 
battle  of  Prague,  is  equally  fine  Other  works  . 

2  Passion  cantatas ;  about  25  other  church-can- 
tatas w.  orch. ;  and  20  Latin  motets  a  4  i'oci  a 
capfelfa  ;  funeral  music  for   Duke  Aug.  \Vilh. 
of  Brunswick  (1 738 )  and  for  King  Fr.  \Vilh.  I. 
of  Prussia  (1740);  church-melodies    for  every- 
day in  the  year  (2  sets).   His  instrumental  music 
(12  concertos  f.  harpsichord  w.  strings  ;  flute- 
concertos;   a  concerto  f.   fl.,  vln.,  gamba  and 
'cello ;  trios,  organ-fugues,  etc.)  is  of  less  value, 
and  unpublished. 

Graun,  Johann  Gottlieb,  violin-virtuoso, 
brother  of  preceding ;  b.  Wahrenbruck,  abt.  1698; 
d.  Berlin,  Oct  27,  1771.  Studied  with  his 
brother  in  the  Kreuzschule,  Dresden,  also  the 
violin  under  Pisendel,  and  later  under  Tartini  at 
Padua.  In  1728  he  was  leader  in  Crown  Prince 
Frederick's  orch.  at  JRheinsbeck ;  from  1740, 
leader  in  the  royal  orch.  at  Berlin. — Works  :  40 
symphonies,  20  vln. -concertos,  24  string-quar- 
tets, string-trios,  etc. 

Graup'ner,Christoph,  b.  Kirchberg,  Saxony, 
in  Jan.,  1683  \  d.  Darmstadt,  May  10,  1760. 
Pupil  of  Kuhnau  at  the  Thomasschule,  Leip- 
zig ;  in  1706,  accompanist,  at  Hamburg,  to  the 
opera  under  Keiser;  1 710,  -woo-Kapellm.,  and 
in  1711  Kapellm.^  at  Darmstadt.  A  diligent 
comp. ,  even  engraving  some  of  his  own  music  ; 
he  was  blind  for  10  years  before  his  death. — 
Works:  6  operas  prod,  in  Hamburg:  ^"^(1707); 
Die  htstige  Hockseit (1708),  with  Keiser;  Hei*- 
cules  und  Theseus  (1708),  Antiochus  und  Stra- 
tonice  (1709),  Betterophon  (1709),  Simson  (1709)  ; 

3  for  Darmstadt :   Berenice  und  Lttcio  (1710), 
Telemach  (171 1),  and  Best&ndigkeit  besiegt  Be- 
tritg  (1719).      For  harpsichord:    "Acht    Par- 
thieen  fur  Clavier"  (1718),  "  Monatliche  Clavier- 
fruchte"(i722),  "Acht  Parthieen  fur  das  Cla- 
vier" (1726),   "Die  vier  Jahreszeiten "  (1733); 
also  a  "  Ilessen-Darmstadtisches  Choralbuch." 
An  immense  number  of  MS.  comp.s  are  in  the 
Library  at  Darmstadt. 

Grazia'ni,  (Padre)  Tommaso,  b.  Bagnaca- 
vallo,  Papal  States.  Maestro  at  the  Franciscan 


230 


GRAZIANI— GREGOIR 


Monastery,  Milan.  — Publ.  Masses  a  5  (1569), 
Vesper  psalms  a  4  (1587),  Madrigals  a  5  (1588), 
Complines  a  8(1601),  "Smfome,  partenici,  lita- 
me  a  4,  5,  6  and  S  voci"  (1617),  "  Responses  to 
St.  Franciscus,  with  Salve  "  (1627). 

Grazia'ni  (or  Gratiani),  Bonifacio,  b.  Ma- 
rino, Papal  States,  abt.  l6o6t  d.  Rome,  June  15, 
1664,  where  he  was  maestro  in  the  Seminario 
Romano  and  in  the  Jesuit  ch.  —  Publ.  works 
(posth.)  *  7  vol.s  of  Motets  a  2-6 ;  6  vol  s  do. 
a  I ,  I  vol.  of  Psalms  a  5,  w.  org.;  I  vol.  of  Salmi 
concertati ;  2  vol.s  of  Masses  a  4-6 ;  Litanies 
a  3-3  ;  Vespers  ;  "  Musiche  sacre  e  morali  con 
basso  d'organo  " — all  works  of  real  value. 

Grazia'ni,  Ludovico,  dramatic  tenor,  b. 
Fermo,  Italy,  in  Aug.,  1823 ;  d.  there  in  May, 
1885.  He  sang  in  the  chief  Ital.  cities,  also  in 
Paris  (1858),  London,  Barcelona,  and  Vienna 
(1860),  meeting  with  great  success.  For  him 
Verdi  wrote  the  part  of  Alfredo  (Traviata). 

Grazia'ni,  Francesco,  brother  of  Ludovico ; 
b.  Fermo,  Apr.  16,  1829.  Baritone  stage-singer, 
successful  in  Italy,  Pans  (1854,  and  1856-61  at 
the  Theatre  Italien),  New  York  (1855),  London, 
and  St.  Petersburg  (1861-4). 

Grazzi'ni,  Reginaldo,  b.  Florence,  Oct.  15, 
1848  ;  studied  at  the  R.  Cons,  there,  under  T. 
Mabellini.  After  serving  as  an  opera-cond.  in 
Florence,  he  was  app.  Director  of  the  Civic 
School  of  Music  at  Reggio  d'Emilia,  and  theatre- 
cond. ;  the  following  year  he  became  prof,  of  mus. 
theory,  and  artistic  director,  in  the  Liceo  Bene- 
detto Marcello, Venice.  Talented  comp. — Works: 
A  sacred  cantata  (1875);  a  mass  a  3,  w.  orch.; 
symphonies ;  a  Marcia  solenne  (1887) ;  pf.- 
music  ;  and  (in  MS.)  an  opera. 

Great'orex,  Thomas,  b.  North  Wingfield, 
Derby,  Engl.,  Oct.  5,  1758;  d.  Hampton,  n. 
London,  July  18,  1831.  Pupil  of  Dr.  B.  Cooke 
(1772) ;  chorister  at  Concert  of  Antient  Music 
(1778) ;  org.  of  Carlisle  cath.  (1780-4) ;  after 
travelling  in  Holland  and  Italy,  he  taught  in 
London  (1789-93),  when  he  became  cond.  of  the 
C.  of  A.  M.  He  revived  the  Vocal  Concerts 
(1801),  and  from  1819  was  org.  of  Westminster 
Abbey.  — Works  :  12  glees  (1832) ;  Psalms  ; 
chants  ;  *'  A  Selection  of  Tunes  ..."  (London, 
1829) ;  "  Parochial  Psalmody"  (no  date). 

Gre'co  (or  Grec'co),  Gaetano,  b.  Naples, 
abt.  1680 ;  d.  (?).  Pupil  of  Ales.  Scarlatti,  at 
the  Cons.  def  Poveri  di  Gesu  Cristo,  and  suc- 
ceeded him  as  teacher  there  in  1717,  passing 
later  to  the  Cons,  of  San  Onofrio,  where  Per- 
golesi,  Vinci,  and  Francesco  Durante  were  his 
pupils. — Works :  Litanies  a  4,  w.  2  vlns.,  viola, 
bass  and  org. ;  harpsichord-music ;  toccatas  and 
fugues  f .  org.  ;  etc. 

Greef,  Wilhelm,  b.  Kettwig-on-Ruhr,  Oct. 
18,  1809 ;  d.  Mora,  Sept.  12,  1875.  With  L. 
Erk  (his  brother-in-law)  he  publ.  school  song- 
books,  and  new  editions  of  Rinck's  preludes, 
postludes,  and  "  Choralbuch." 


Green,  Samuel,  b.  London,  1730;  d.  Isle 
worth,  Sept.  15,  1796  Renowned  organ-builder, 
who  adapted  the 4  k  Venetian  "  swell  to  the  organ- 
His  instruments  were  exported  to  Russia,  the 
West  Indies,  etc. 

Greene,  Maurice,  b.  London,  1696^1695); 
d.  there  Sept.  I.  1755.  Chorister  in  St.  Paul's 
cath.,  under  King ;  studied  with  R.  Blind,  be- 
came ( 1716)  org.  of  St.  Dunstan's,  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Holborn  (1717),  and  of  St.  Paul's  Cath.  (1718). 
In  1727  he  succeeded  Croft  as  org  and  comp. 
to  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  in  1730  was  Tud way's 
successor  as  prof,  of  music  at  Cambridge,  receiv- 
ing the  title  of  Mus.  Doc. ;  in  1735,  master  of 
the  King's  Band.  Later  he  made  a  great  coll. 
of  old  English  sacred  music  (il  Cathedral  Music," 
edited  by  Boyce). — Works :  2  oratorios,  Jepfi/fia/i 
(i737),  and  'The  Force  of  Truth  (1/44) ,  a  dram, 
pastoral,  FlontheJ^  or  Love's  Revenge  (1737) ; 
a  masque,  The  Judgment  of  Her  cities  (1740) ; 
an  opera,  Pho.be  (1748) ,  "  40  Select  Anthems  in 
Score,"  a.  2-S  (1743  ;  2  vol  s);  Spencer's  "  Amo- 
retti "  f.  voice,  harpsichord,  and  vln. ;  several 
odes;  catches,  canons,  songs,  organ  -  pieces, 
harpsich. -music ;  Church  Service  in  C ;  Te 
Deum  in  D  ;  etc. 

Greene,  Harry  Plunket,  bass  singer ,  b.  Old 
Connaught  House,  County  Wicklow,  Ireland, 
June  24,  1865.  Destined  for  the  bar,  he  em- 
braced music  ;  studied  in  Stuttgart,  1883-6,  un- 
der Hromada  and  Goetschius,  and  6  months 
under  Vannuccini  at  Florence  ;  later,  in  London, 
under  J.  B.  Welch  and  Alf.  Blume.  Debut 
Jan.  21,  1 883,  in  Handel's  Messiah;  debut  in 
opera  at  Covent  Garden,  June  2, 1890.  His  song- 
recitals  are  very  popular;  and  he  has  under- 
taken several  artistic  tours  to  the  U.  S.,  where 
he  made  a  most  favorable  impression. 

Gre'finger  (or  Grafinger),  Johann  Wolf- 
gang, Viennese  comp.  of  the  i6th  century,  pupil 
of  Hofhaimer. — Works:  "Aurelii  Prudentii 
Cathemerinon,"  4-part  odes  (1515) ;  and  single 
motets  in  collections.  He  edited  the  rare 
"Psalterium  Pataviense  .  .  ."  (1512). 

Gregh,  Louis,  music-publ.  in  Paris;  has 
prod,  the  pantomime  Les  Instantanh  (Paris, 
1894) ;  a  4-act  vaudev.-operette  Un  lycte  de 
jeunes  filles  (Paris,  1892);  a  vaudev.-operette 
Patard,  Patard  et  Cie.  (Paris,  1893)  ;  an  op.- 
com.  Le  capitaine  Roland  (Paris,  1895)  ;  and  the 
pant.-ballet  Arlette  (Nice,  1892  ;  Paris,  1896). 

Gregoir,  Jacques  -  Mathieu  -  Joseph,  b. 
Antwerp,  Jan.  18,  1817 ;  d.  Brussels,  Oct.  29, 
1876,  where  he  had  settled  in  1848  as  a  teacher 
and  comp.  Fine  pianist,  pupil  of  Henri  Herz 
and  Chr.  Rummel. — Works:  An  opera,  Z* 
Gondolier  de  Venise  (Antwerp,  1847) ;  Lauda 
Sion  and  Faust^  for  ch.  and  orch.;  a  j>f. -con- 
certo (op.  100)  ;  many  pf.-pcs.  and  pf.-etudes ; 
duos  and  fantasias  f.  vln.  or  'cello  and  pf.  (writ- 
ten in  collaboration  with  Leonard,  Servais,  and 
Vieuxtemps). 


331 


GREOOIR— C.RETRY 


Gregoir,  Edouard- Georges -Jacques,  L 
Tumhuiit,  n  Antxerp,  Nov.  7,  1822  ;  d.  \Vyr*e- 
jL;heir:,  June  25,  I  Sc^o.  >t.  with  his  b-otlier  f  J  -M.- 
Jcs  ( rr.),  and  under  liummel  at  P»iebnch  ;  ga\e 
pf -concerts  and  in  1^42  travel'ed  \\ithTeresa 
and  Maria  Milanollo  ;  jut  settled  abr.at  1851  in 
Antwerp  as  a  com  poser  and  writer.  He  left  h:s 
library  to  the  Antwerp  Music  School  — 3  operas 
La  rig  (Antwerp,  1548; ;  De  Bx&n  en  1S4S 
» Brussels,  i55i»;  JAi?ju?rife  tfAutnche  (Ant- 
werp, l3co) ,  Ltt  dermtrt  mat  du  cjmtt  d*Ei±- 
mcnt  (Brussels,  1851)  ;  faictcter  ( Brussels, 
1 554) ;  Jl'iJJew  Hfttfols*  Flemish  opcrci  comiqite 
in  I  act  (Brussels,  1556);  IVil^m  de  Zwy&t.r 
<  1^56)  ;  LJ,  fo'is  jBsurfonnaise  <lS6o?» ,  an  his- 
torical symphony,  "  Les  Croisades  ";  a  sym- 
phonic "oratorio*  La  ZWfr/sv  ;  an  overture, 
**  I lommapje  a  Ilenn  Conscience";  overture  in 
C  ;  music  f .  org  and  f .  pf . ;  over  100  male  cho- 
ruses ;  harmon:um-pcs.  ;  violin-music  ;  songs. — 
Writings  :  kk  Etudes  sur  la  necessite  d'intro- 
daire  le  chant  dans  les  ecoles  primaires  de 
la  Belgique  ":  l*  Essai  historique  sur  la  musique 
et  les  niusiciens  dans  les  Pays-lias "  (1861) ; 
11  Histoire  de  Torsfue"  (1865,  \uth  biogr.  notes 
on  Belgian  and  Dutch  organists  and  organ- 
build  ersl ;  *'Galerie  biographique  des  artistes- 
musiciens  beiges  du  XVIII*  et  du  XIXe  siecles  " 
(1662  ;  2nd  ed.  18851  •'  "  Notice  sur  1'origine  du 
celebre  compositeur  Louis  van  Beetho\en  " 
(1863 »;  '"Les  artistes-musiciens  neerlandais" 
(18641;  **  ^*u  chant  choral  et  des  festivals  en 
Belgique "  (1865);  "Schetsen  van  nederland- 
sche  toonkunstenaars  meest  alien  wenig  of  tot 
hiertoe  niet  gekend  ";  **  Notice  historique  sur 
les  societes  et  ecoles  de  musique  d'Anvers " 
(1869);  k "  Recherches  hi^toriques  concernant 
les  journaux  de  musique  depuis  les  temps  les 
plus  recules  jusqu'i  nos  jours  "  (1872)  ;  "  No- 
tice biographique  d'Adrian  Willaert  ";  '*  Reflex- 
ions sur  la  regeneration  de  1'ancienne  ecole  de 
musique  flamande  et  sur  le  theitre  flamand  "; 
44  Les  artistes-musiciens  beiges  auXIX*  siecle  : 
reponse  i  un  critique  de  Paris  "  (1874);  *l  Docu- 
ments historiques  relarlfs  a  Tart  musical  et  aux 
artistes  musiciens*'  (1872-76  ;  4  vol.sj ;  4i  Pan- 
theon musical  populaire"  (1877-79;  3  vol.s) ; 
11  Notice  biographique  sur  F.  J.  Gosse  dit  Gos- 
sec"  (1878) ;  "  1830-80 :  Tart  musical  en  Bel- 
gique sous  les  regnes  de  Leopold  I  et  Leopold 
II "  (1879)  J  "  ^es  gloires  de  1'Opera  et  la  mu- 
sique &  Paris  "  (3  vol.s ;  vol.  i,  1880,  embraces 
the  period  1392-1750). 

Grego'rovitcli,  Charles,  gifted  violinist,  b. 
St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  25,  1867.  Pupil  of  \Vie- 
niawski,  also  of  Dont  (Vienna),  and  Joachim 
(Berlin).  Has  played  in  most  European  capi- 
tals ;  in  America  1896-7. 

Gregory  I.,  "the  Great,"  b.  Rome,  540; 
Pope  from  590-604 ;  celebrated  in  mus.  history 
as  the  reformer  of  the  R.  C.  Church  Musical 
Ritual.  By  his  order,  and  under  his  supervision, 
a  collection  was  made  (599)  of  the  music  em- 
ployed in  the  different  churches ;  the  various 


onertorles,  &nt,phons,  responses,  etc  ,  'were  re- 
vsed,  and  regularly  and  suitably  distributed 
over  the  er.tire  year,  in  an  arrangement  which 
remains  practically  intact  to  this  day  (Gregorian 
Chant).  To  him"  is  also  ascribed  the  introduc- 
tion or  establishment  of  the  4  Ecclesiastical 
Modes  and  the  4  parallel  Plagal  Modes. 

Grell,  Eduard  August,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  6, 
iSoo ;  d.  Steglitz,  n.  Berlin,  Aug.  10,  iSSG. 
Pupil  of  his  father  (an  organist),  and  of  J.  C. 
Kaufmann,  Kitschl.  and  Zelter.  Org.  of  the 
Nikolaikirche,  Berlin,  in  1817  ;  entered  the 
Singa&aaftiiie  in  that  )ear,  and  became  vice- 
director  in  1832  ;  court-cathedral  org.  in  1^39, 
member  of  the  Berlin  Academy  in  1841,  choir- 
master at  the  cathedral  1843-45  ;  in  1851  he 
succeeded  Rungenhagen  as  teacher  of  comp. 
at  the  Akadcmie  ;  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Academical  Senate,  also  chief  cond.  of  the  Si  tig- 
akademie,  retiring  from  this  post  in  1876.  In 
1838  he  was  created  Royal  Music-Director  ;  in 
1858,  Professor  ;  and  in  1864  received  the  order 
pour  le  nu'nte.  In  1838  the  Univ.  of  Berlin 
bestowed  on  him  the  honorary  title  of  Dr.  phil. 
G.  was  highly  respected  as  a  learned  musician 
and  an  excellent  teacher  and  conductor.  He 
considered  vocal  music  the  only  music  worthy  of 
the  name  ;  consequently,  excepting  an  overture 
and  a  few  org. -preludes,  his  comp.s  are  vocal. — 
\Vorks  :  An  admirable  Mass  (16  parts)  ;  an  ora- 
torio, Die  Israeli  ten  in  der  Wuste  ;  a  Te  Deum  ; 
psalms  a  8  and  n  ;  cantatas,  motets,  hymns, 
Christmas  songs,  duets,  songs  ;  also  an  arrange- 
ment, f.  4-part  male  chorus,  of  the  Evangelical 
Gesangbuch  (1883).  G.'s  views  on  vocal  and 
instr.  music  are  laid  down  in  his  "  Aufsatze  und 
Gutachten  "  (Berlin,  1887). 

Grenie",  Gabriel-Joseph,  b.  Bordeaux,  1757  ; 
d.  Paris,  Sept.  3,  1837.  Inventor  of  the  argue 
expressif  (harmonium),  from  which  the  orgue 
expressifoi  £rard  was  developed. 

Gresnich  [not  -nick],  Antoine-Fre*de*ric, 
dramatic  composer;  b.  Liege,  Mar.  2,  1755; 
d.  Paris,  Oct.  16,  1799  He  st.  at  the  Col&ge 
Liffgeois,  Rome,  and  with  Sala  at  Naples,  where 
he  prod,  operas  before  1780  ;  visited  London  in 
1784  and  1785,  his  success  causing  the  Prince 
of  Wales  to  appoint  him  dir.  of  mus.  in  1786; 
he  returned  to  Paris  in  1791,  and  in  1793  was 
cJief  d* orchestre  of  the  Grand  Th.,  Lyons,  where 
the  success  of  his  ? Amour  4  Cythkre  opened  the 
way  for  him  in  Paris.  Here,  from  1795-99,  he 
brought  out  16  operas,  the  last,  Ltonidas  ott  les 
Spartiates,  failing  at  the  Grand  Ope'ra.  His 
works  include  over  a  score  of  operas  and  consid- 
erable chamber-music,  ariettas,  duos,  songs,  etc. 

Grgtry,  Andr£-Ernest-Modeste,  dramatic 
composer ;  b.  Liege,  Feb.  8,  1741  ;  d.  Mont- 
morencjr,  n.  Paris,  Sept.  24,  1813.  His  father 
was  violinist  in  the  St. -Denis  Collegiate  Church, 
where,  at  six  years  of  age,  the  boy  was  placed  as 
chorister.  The  severity  of  the  masters  was  not 
conducive  to  his  advancement ;  his  father  with- 


232 


GRETRY 


drew  him  from  tho  choir  and  placed  him  with 
Leclerc,  under  whose  tuition  he  became  a  pro- 
ficient reader,  and  Renekm  An  Italian  com- 
pany was  then  performing  operas  of  PergoleM, 
Galuppi,  etc  ,  in  Liege  ;  the^e  performances  con- 
tributed greatly  to  the  development  of  hib  musi- 
cal instinct  He  commenced  compoMng  with 
such  evidence  of  ability  that  he  -\\as  placed  un- 
der Moreau,  m  de  chap  of  St.  Paul's,  for  les- 
sons in  counterpoint  But,  unable  to  restrain 
h:s  eagerness  to  write,  he  could  not  apply  him- 
self to  a  severe  course  of  study  ;  though  he  pro- 
duced 6  symphonies  at  Liege  in  1758,  and  in 
1759  wrote  a  mass,  \\hich  so  interested  the  Canon 
du  Harlez  that  he  procured  G.  the  means  tu 
study  in  Rome  Arriving  there  in  1759,  ne  en~ 
tered  the  College  de  Liege,  where  he  studied  cpt. 
and  comp.  under 
Casali  and  Martini 
for  5  years.  But  G. 
was  an  unsatisfac- 
tory pupil,  being  too 
impatient  of  the  ab- 
stractions of  sci- 
ence ;  he  had  an 
irresistible  leaning 
towards  dramatic 
music  and  declama- 
tory melod\.  His 
first  dramatic  essay, 
the  intermezzo  Le 
Ven  dem  m  i  atn  ce^ 
was  well  received  at  Rome,  1765  ;  and  G.  was 
praised  by  Piccinni  But  a  perusal  of  the  score  of 
Monsigny's  Rose  et  Colas  showed  him  that  comic 
opera  was  his  real  vocation.  After  9  years  in 
Rome,  he  set  out  for  Paris,  via  Geneva,  where 
he  remained  a  year  in  hopes  of  inducing  Voltaire 
to  write  him  a  libretto.  Failing  in  this,  he  wrote 
new  music  to  Favart's  Isalelle  et  Gertrude  for 
the  Geneva  Theatre,  which  was  very  successful. 
Following  Voltaire's  advice,  he  went  to  Paris, 
where  two  years  elapsed  m  difficulties,  before 
Du  Kozoy,  an  amateur,  gave  him  the  libretto  of 
Les  manages  Sammtes.  This  got  no  further 
than  rehearsals,  but  secured  him  the  patronage 
of  Count  Creutz,  the  Swedish  minister,  who  ob- 
tained for  him  Marmontel's  comedy  Le  Huron  ; 
produced  at  the  Opera-Comique,  1768,  it  com- 
menced a  series  of  successes  seldom  equalled : — 
Lucile  and  his  popular  Le  tableau  par -font '(1769) ; 
Les  deux  avares^  Syfoain,  and  rAmitif  & 
Vtpreuwe  (1770)  ;  Z/tnire  et  Azor,  VAmi  de  la 
maison  (i  771) ;  Le  Magmfique  (1773) ;  La  Rosiere 
de  Saltncy  (1774)  ;  Ctfkale  et  Procris  and  La 
fausse  magU  (1775) ;  Les  manages  Sammtes  [re- 
vised] (1776)  ;  Matroco  and  Les  £<uc'titment$  im- 
prfuus  (i  777) ;  Le  jugement  de  Midas  and  TAmant 
jaloux  (1778) ;  Aucassin  ei  Nicolette  (1779) ;  the 
grand  opera  Androniaque  (1780) ;  £milie,  la  belle 
esclave  [as  the  fifth  act  of  a  ballet,  La  ftte  de 
ATinsa]  (Ope*ra,  1781) ;  La  double  tyre-iive  \Coli- 
netU  a  la  caur\^  and  VEmbarras  des  ricfiesses 
(1782) ;  Thtodore  et  Pauline  \f£preuve  villa- 
\i  Richard  C&ur  de  Lion,  the  grand  opera 


La  c^aiiinc  dit    taire  1 17^4  ;  libretto   1\  Louis 
XVIII.,    then   Corcte   de   I'rovence  ,  perf    506 
times)  ,  Ptinn/'^j  tiins  /'/<„'  d.s  ^intet-ne*  (17851 ; 
Ler  mtprictv  fit'  rej*t?ti*i!Utc  (1786),  Le  uvutt 
ifAilvrt,   La  jj/.'/t'  if  it  com  re  tt^A^l-/'^  and  Le 
pnj^nmer   an^'iai*   \Ckrtcc  t*  /**•/.'"« J  117^7}, 
Amphitryon  <I73S(,   Lc  rwi!  cunjtdatt^  Jta<?id 
Barbe-Bleue^    and   Aipasie   (17^9*  ;    Pierre   le 
Grand  (1790) ,    Gmiliutme    7'e1// (lyijii;    Bank 
[A  trompeur,  trowpenr  et  demi\  and  Les  deux 
CMti'ents  [Ctfc'iJe  et  Derma  fife]  (1792) ;  La  rosier f 
}  fyitbhcame  1 1793 ) ,  Joseph  JBarm,  Calhas,  Deuys 
A*  tyran,  La  jete  de  la  raison  ( 1 794  ;  during  the 
Revolution ! ;  Lisbeth^  Le  larbier  de  Z77/«7£V,  and 
A  nee reon  chez  Pclycrate  (1797) ;  Eli  sea  (1799); 
La  casque  etks  wlombes  CiSoi; ;  Delphis  et  Mopsa 
and  Le  menace  (1003).     Gretry  produced  fifty 
operas  ,  their  merit  lies  in  their  melodies  and 
their  dramatic  expression.     He  was  not  deeply 
versed  in  harmony ;  still,  despite  meagre  har- 
monization, his  orchestration  is  frequently  clever 
and  \ery  effective.     His  operas  suffered  tempo- 
ran-  eclipse  when  Mehul  and  Cherubim  entered 
the   field  ;  public  interest  was   re\ived  by  the 
magnificent  tenor  Elleviou  m  iSoi ;  the  changes 
in  operatic  music   during    the   next  30  years 
caused  their  subsequent  neglect.    Richard  CQ.UJ 
de  Li on  is  still  plajed  in  Paris.     Nevertheless, 
Gretry — *  *  the  Mohere  of  music,"  as  he  was  called 
— founded  the  school  of  French  comedy-opera, 
of  which  Loieldieu,  Auber,  and  Adam  have  been 
such  distinguished  alumni.    Further  proof  of  his 
lack  of    technical  knowledge    appears  m   his 
"Methode    simple    d'harmonie"    (1802).     His 
"Memoires  ou  Essais  sur  la  musique"  (1789  ; 
3  vol.s)  set  forth  his  views  on  the  paramount 
importance  of  the  just  declamation  of  every  syl- 
lable set  to  music.     During  his  lifetime  G.  was 
greatly  honored.     In  France  and  abroad  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  most  artistic  and  learned 
institutions  which   admitted   musicians.      The 
Prince-Bishop  of  Liege  made  him  privy-coun- 
cillor in  1784.     In  1785  a  street  in  Paris  was 
named  after  him.     In  1795  he  was  admitted  to 
the  Institut,  and  was  one  of  the  three  first  chosen 
to  represent  the  department  of  musical  composi- 
tion.  The  same  year  he  was  appointed  Inspector 
of  the  Conservatoire,  but  resigned   in  a  few 
months,  feeling  incompetent  for  the  post.     His 
bust  was  placed  in  the  Joytr  of  the  Grand  Ope"ra, 
and  a  marble  statue  in  the  entrance-hall  of  the 
Opera-Comique.     In  1802  Napoleon  made  him 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and  granted 
him  a  pension  of  4,000  francs  in  compensation 
for  losses  during  the  Revolution.     He  bought 
"  TEnnitage,"  Rousseau's  former  residence  at 
Montmorency,  and  lived  there  in  retirement.    He 
occupied  his  last  years  in  writing  "  Reflexions 
d'un  Solitaire,"  which  his  friends  did  not  deem 
expedient  to  publish.     "  De  la  VeYite,"  a  high- 
pitched  avowal  of  republican  tenets,  with  remarks 
on  the  feelings,  and  the  best  means  of  exciting 
and  expressing  them  by  music,  appeared  in  1803. 
Gre*try  was  married  and  had  several  children, 
but  survived  them  all.     His  daughter,  Lucille, 


233 


•  ;UE;T  icn— GRIEG 


..~c:.  »i  177*  j, 
1  1'.-  fr*:  «:  t'l.-trer:  ;  ...r>  "f  ^.-      .*»!  ^  —-r-el 

*i.I:~pp.l\  .  and  iLe'/:n  I7}2.    <  r.  Ieft  ^x  t~,er^ 

' 


, 

tj;*i*"j:jf\'  7l\f  created  .ntere-t  <-n.  :ts»  revival  m 
i'arS,  vhcn  Uoss^ri  p-oduced  hib  opera  of  the 
s>ame  name.  IJesJes  dramatic  \\orks,  G.  wrote 
a  I  »e  Profuailis,  Cmi£teor.  a  Requ.e:n,  motets, 
C  symphonies,  prologues,  epilogues,  divertisse- 
ments. i)  pf  -sonatas,  6  stnng-quartets  and  two 
quartets.  iV.r  pf  ,  *kte,  "violin,  and  bass  —  A  com- 
plete eu.  of  his  works  was  liejyun  :n  i.3S3  (pub- 


;  ills* » by  lid.  (-regoirCiSSs'i,  Brunet  (i5S4>, 
etc. 

Greu'lich,  Karl  Wilhelm,  b.  Kunzendorf,  n. 
Linvenberj;,  Mlesia,  Feb.  13,  1796,  d.  1837  m 
LJeriin,  where  he  had  lived  since  iSi6  as  comp. 
and  teacher  ( pupils  :  Prince  Georg  von  <Jumber- 
land  [Geor<£  V.],  C.  Eckert,  Henriette  Son  tag). 
Besides  pf.-comp  s,  he  publ.  a  Method  f.  pf. 

Greu'lich,  Adolf,  b.  Posen,  1819 ;  d.  Mos- 
cow, iS65,  as  teacher  at  the  Catharina  Inst.  His 
pf. -works  show  much  talent. 

Greu'lich,  Adolf,  b.  Schmiedeberg,  Silesia, 
1836  ;  d.  July  20,  1890,  at  Bre&lau,  where,  since 
1864,  he  had  been  Drosig's  successor  as  cathedral 
A"i?/tV/w.  Pupil  of  Urosig,  Mosewius,  Baum- 
gart,  and  P.  Lustncr ;  1857,  chorister  and  bass 
soloist  in  the  cath.  ;  1670,  cath.  organist. — 
\Vorks  *  Much  sacred  music. 

Grieg,  Edvard  Hagerup,  Norwegian  com- 
poser and  pianist;  b.  Bergen,  June  15,  1843. 
His  mother,  a.  woman  of  musical  ctdture,  and  a 
gifted  pianist,  was 
his  first  instructor. 
At  the  suggestion  of 
Ole  Bull,  Grieg  en- 
tered the  Leipzig 
Cons,  in  1858;  for 
four  years  he  studied 
harm,  and  cpt.  un- 
der Hauptmann  and 
Richter,  comp.  un- 
der Rietz  and  Rei- 
necke,  and  piano- 
forte-playing under 
\Yenzel  and  Mo- 
scheles.  The  works 
of  Mendelssohn  and  Schumann  gave  the  pre- 
vailing tone  to  musical  Leipzig;  but  Grieg, 
while  profiting  by  them,  was  strong  enough  to 
preserve  his  Scandinavian  individuality.  This 
he  demonstrated  in  1863,  when  he  studied  in 
Copenhagen  under  Gade,  and  came  under  E. 
Hartmann's  influence.  Of  great  importance  in 
Grieg's  career  was  his  intimacy  with  the  young 


^  _  a:\I  Xorclrauk,  whose 

pre.TL^tlre  d^tn'cut  short  tr.eir  crusaue  (as  Grieg 
ulr'-eif  wrote  I  "  a^u.r.^t  th«:  eiTenunate  Menciels- 

ent'iusia^m  'nt'i  t':y  r.e'-- T..  eli-clet:r.ed  path  along 
v  hich  t«e  Northern  school  is  no.v  travelling." 
In  1*67  Gneof  founded  a  Mus.ii.al  Union  in 
Christicnia,  w£i~h  re  coRiiucte.1  until  iSSo. 
Previous  to  this.,  in  1^05,  he  had  visited  Italy, 
and  d:u  to  again  ii  1:70,  associating  much  with 
Li^t  :n  Kume.  lie  also  made  artistic  journeys 
to  Germany,  especially  Leipzig,  where  his  visits 
-Acre  protracted,  at  a  Gewandhaus  concert  in 
1879,  he  perf.  his  own  pf  -concerto,  op.  16. 
bmce  rS^o,  excepting  time  bpentun  professional 
tours,  he  has  lived  chiefly  in  Uergen  ;  but  has 
latterly  cond  the  1'hilh.  Concerts  at  Chnstiania. 
In  i&cS  he  visited  London,  and  at  a  Philharm. 
concert  pia\  ed  his  piano-concerto  and  conducted 
his  op  34  1 2  melodies  f.  string-orch.).  He  re- 
visited England  in  iSSq,  1894,  lSg6 ;  in  1894 
the  honorary  degree  of  Mus.  Doc  ,  Cantab,  was 
bestowed  on  him.  Grieg's  importance  as  a  com- 
poser lies  in  the  fact  that  he  did  what  Gade  ap- 
parently shrank  from  ;  he  imbued  his  music  with 
a  strong  strain  of  Scandinavian  tonality,  so  that, 
without  innovations  in  form,  his  works  possess 
marked  racial  characteristics  to  which  is  due 
much  of  their  charm.  His  shorter  piano-pieces 
are  among  the  most  charming  compositions  of 
their  kind  (e.g.,  the  delightful  Hitmoreskeif). 
Many  of  his  songs,  full  of  poetic  feeling,  are 
equally  popular  ;  the  same  may  be  said  of  his  3 
violin-sonatas. — Ernest  Closson  wrote  a  sketch, 
"Edv.  Gr.  et  la  musique  scandinave"  (Fisch- 
bacher ;  Paris,  1892). 

Op.  i,  4  Clavierstttcke ;  op.  a,  Lieder  for  Alto ;  op.  3, 
^  Poetische  Tonbilder  for  pf.;  op.  4,  6  Lieder ;  op.  5,  4 
Lieder;  op.  6,  Humoresken  f.pi.;  op.  7,  Sonata  1.  pf., 
in  £  rain.;  op.  8,  do.  m  F,  f  pf.  and  violin ;  op.  9,  Ro- 
manzen und  Balladen  f  pf.;  op.  10, 4  Romanzen  (vocal); 
op.  ii,  Concert-overture  "In  Autumn";  op  ia,  Ly- 
nsche  Stilckchen  f  pf.;  op.  13,  Sonata  in  G,  f.  pf.  and 
violin ;  op.  74,  2  Symphoniscne  Stilcke  for  pianoforte 
4  hds  ;  op.  15,  Romanzen  f.  pf.;  op.  16,  pi  -concerto  in 
A  min.;  op.  17,  Norwegische  Volkslieder  und  TMnze,  f. 
pf.;  op.  18,  8  Lieder;  op.  19,  Bilder  aus  dem  Volksleben 
[3  Neue  Humoresken J,  f.  pf.;  op.  ao,  "  Vor  der  Klos- 
terpforte,1'  for  solo,  female  voices  and  orch.;  op.  ai, 

"  "  "  Songs  lor  male  voices  and  orch.;  op. 
Suite  No.  i  f. pf.ihds  ;  op.  34,  Ballade 
"  ap  a6,  4  Lieder ;  op,  97,  strmg- 
...„  .r  j8,  "Albumbiatter^1  f.  pf.;  op. 
ao,  Improwisata,  a  pieces  f.  pf.;  op.  30,  "Album  fur 

chorus  and  orchestra;  op.  33,  "DerEmsame"  [Bergent- 
rUcfcte]  for  baritone,  string-orch.,  and  a  horns ;  op.  33, 
is  Lieder ;  op.  34.  a  Elegische  Melodien  f.  stnng-orcn.; 
op.  35,  "  Norwegische T5nze*'  f.  orch.;  op.  36,  Sonata  f. 
pi.  and  'cello ;  op.  37,  Walzer-Capncen  f .  pf. ;  op.  38, 
u  Lyric  Pieces"  f.  pf.;  op.  38,  "New  Lyric  Pieces  "f. 
pf .;  op.  39,  la  Lieder ;  op.  40,  "  Aus  Holberg's  Zeit," 

suite  for  string-orch.:  op  41,  p*  ' '" 

own  songs;  op.  42,     BerphoC 


,  . 

op.  43,  tlLynsche  Sttlckchen"  f.  pf.;  op.  44. 
(aus  Fjeld  und  Fiord)  •  op.  43,  Sonata  m  C  mm.,  f.  pf. 
and  vln.,  op.  46,  **  Peer  6ynt,l>rSuite  i  (for  orchestra)  • 
op.  47,  "Lyrische  StQcke"  f.  pf.;  op.  48,  6  Lieder;  op. 
49,  6  Lieder ;  op.  50. "  Olav  Trygvason."  f .  solo,  ch.  and 
orch.;  op.  51,  Romanze  w.  var.s,  f.  a  pis.  4  hds.;  op.  53, 
6  songs,  transcriptions  f.  pf.;  op.  53,  IZwei  Melodien  f. 
string-orch.;  op  54,  "Lyrische  Stttcke";  op.  55,  "Peer 
Gynt,"  Suite  2,  f.  orch.;  op.  S6,  "Sigurd  Jorsalfar,"  f. 


334 


GRIEPENKERL— GRISAR 


orch.,  op.  57, "  Lyrische  Stucke "  f.  pf.;  op  53, 5  Lieder ; 
op  5<y,  6  Lieder ,  op  60,  5  Lieder ;  op.  61,  7  Children's 
Songs;  op  62,  "  Lyrische  Stucke "  1  pf.;  op  63,  Z\vei 
nordische  Weisen,  f  strmsj-orch. ;  op  64,  Symphonic 
Dances,  f.  pf  4  hands ;  op  65,  "  Lyrische  Stucke "  f 
pf  ,  Book  3  ,  op.  66,  Popular  Norwegian  Melodies  t.  pi, 
op  67,  sonjj-cycle  (Garborer's  "Hamrtus»sa  "t  —  'Op  4, 
5,  *S,  21,  25,  s6,  n,  and  39  are  contained  in  the  five 
Gne^  Albums  of  "the  Schirmer  Editions)  —Without 
opus-number .  Arrangement  of  2nd  piano-part  to  four 
sonatas  by  Mozart. 

Grie'penkerl,  Friedrich  Konrad,  b  Feme, 
Brunswick,  1782;  d.  Brunswick,  Apr.  6,  1849, 
as  prof,  at  the  Carolinum.  Till  1816  he  taught 
in  the  Fellenberg  Inst  ,  Hofwyl,  Switzerland. — 
Works  ' '  Lehrbuch  der  Aesthetik  "  (1827,  based 
on  Herbart) ;  and  an  edition  of  J.  S.  Bach's 
instr  1  comp.s  (jointly  w.  Roitzsch). 

Grie'penkerl,  Wolfgang  Robert,  amateur 
musician,  son  of  preceding  ,  b.  Hofwyl,  May  4, 
iSiO ;  d  Brunswick,  Oct.  17,  1868,  in  poverty. 
1839,  teacher  of  art-history  at  the  Carolinum, 
Brunswick  ;  1840-7,  teacher  of  literature  at  the 
Military  School  — Publ.  "  Das  Musikfest,  oder 
die  Beethovener"  (a  novel,  1838);  *l  Ritter  Ber- 
lioz in  Braunschweig"  (1843) ;  "  Die  Oper  der 
Gegenwart"  (1847),  and  papers  in  the  *'  Xeue 
Zeitschnft  fur  Musik." 

Gries'bach,  John  Henry,  b.  Windsor,  June 
20,  1798  ;  d.  London,  Jan  9,  1875.  Son  of  the 
'cellist  J.  C.  Griesbach.  Pianist  (pupil  of  Kalk- 
brenner)  and  composer ;  'cellist  (from  1810-18) 
in  the  Queen's  Band.  Dir.  of  the  London 
Philh,  Soc.  —  Works  An  oratorio,  Daniel 
(1854) ;  overture  and  music  to  The  Tempest ; 
an  operetta,  James  /.,  or  the  Royal  Captive ; 
operas  The  Goldsmith  of  West  Cheap  and  Eblis 
(unfinished) ;  a  mus  drama,  Baby  Ruins  j  over- 
tures f.  orch.;  cantatas,  anthems,  songs. — Also 
"An  Analysis  of  Mus.  Sounds  "  (no  date) ;  "  Ele- 
ments of  Mus.  Notation "  (n.  d.) ;  "  Pf.  Stu- 
dent's Companion"  (1825) ;  other  works  in  MS. 

Grie'singer,  Georg  August,  Secretary  to  the 
Saxon  Embassy  at  Vienna ;  d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  27, 
1828.  A  friend  of  Haydn,  he  wrote  the  earliest 
biography  of  H.  (1810),  on  which  Framery 
founded  his  "  Notice  sur  Jos.  Haydn"  (1810). 

Grill,  Franz,  d.  Odenburg,  Hungary,  abt. 
1795  ;  publ.  12  sonatas  f.pf.  and  vln.  (in  Haydn's 
style),  12  string-quartets,  and  a  caprice  f.  pf. 

Grill,  Leo,  b.  Pesth,  Feb.  24,  1846 ;  pupil  of 
Franz  Lachner  in  Munich ;  since  1871,  teacher 
of  choral  singing  and  theory  at  Leipzig  Cons  ; 
also  composer  (overture  "  Hilarodia,  1892). 

Grillet,  Laurent,  b.  Sancoins,  Cher,  France, 
May  22, 1851.  Pupil  of  Auguste  Martin  ('cello), 
E.  Mangin  (harm.),  and  E.  Ratez  (cpt.  and 
fugue).  Has  been  chef  d'orchestre  of  various 
minor  theatres  and  orchestras  ;  since  1886,  of  the 
Nouveau-Cirque,  Paris. — Works:  Several  bal- 
lets, pantomimes,  and  the  3-act  comic  opera 
Gradosa  (Paris,  1892) ;  pcs.  f.  voice,  pf.,  and 
orch.;  also  "Les  AncStres  du  Violon"  (1898), 
an  historico-critical  study  on  primitive  stringed 
instr.s. — He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 


"Association  Artistique"  and  of  tne  '\Societe 
des  instr.s  anciens." 

Grimm,  Friedrich  Melchior,  Uaron  von,  b 
Ratisbon,  Dec.  26,  1723 ;  d  Gotha,  Dec  iS, 
1807.  From  1747  till  1793  he  lived  in  Pans  on 
intimate  terms  with  Diderot,  Rousseau.  d'Alem- 
bert,  etc.,  and  was  co-editor  of  the  great  "En- 
cyclopedic." He  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Buf- 
fonists  (the  supporters  of  the  Ital.  cpera  bitjfa, 
pitted  against  those  of  the  old  French  opera 
seria\,  and  his  k*Lettre  sur  Qmfkale"  (1*752) 
opened  hostilities.  As  correspondent  of  the 
Duchess  of  Gotha  from  1753,  he  \i  rote  many  let- 
ters containing  interesting  details  on  contempo- 
rary French  music  and  literature  (publ.  1812-14, 
in  17  vols.,  as  "  Correspondance  litteraire,  philo- 
sophique  et  critique  ">. 

Grimm,  Karl,  ist  'cello  at  the  court  theatre, 
Wiesbaden,  for  half  a  century ;  b.  Hildburg- 
hausen,  Apr.  28,  iSiy  ;  d.  Freiburg1,  Silesia,  Jan. 
9,  iSSS.  Wrote  much  good  'cello-music. 

Grimm,  Karl  Konstantin  Ludwig,  excellent 
harpist ;  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  17,  1820  ;  d.  there  May 
23,  1882,  as  1st  harp  of  the  court  orch.  and  royal 
JfCammernrtuos. 

Grimm,  Julius  Otto,  pianist  and  comp.;  b. 
Pernau,  Livonia,  Mar.  6,  1827.  Pupil  of  Leip- 
zig Cons. ;  founded  a  vocal  society  in  Gottmgen  ; 
went  to  Munster,  Westphalia,  as  cpnd.  of  the 
Cacthemvrein ;  in  1878,  R.  Mus.  Dir.  at  Mun- 
ster Academy. — Works  :  I  symphony,  in  D  min. ; 
2  suites  in  canon-form,  f.  stnng-orch.  (very  fine) ; 
pf  -pcs. ;  songs. 

Grim'mer,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Mulda, 
Saxony,  Feb.  6, 1800 ;  d.  June,  1850.  Composer 
of  songs  and  ballads  (new  edition  by  Rob. 
Franz,  1878). 

Grisar,  Albert,  dramatic  composer ;  b.  Ant- 
werp, Dec.  26, 1808  ,  d.  Asnieres,  n.  Pans,  June 
15,  1869.  Intended  for  a  mercantile  career,  he 
ran  away  from  his  Liverpool  employer,  and 
studied  for  a  short  time  (1830)  with  Reicha  in 
Paris.  Returning  to  Antwerp,  he  brought  out 
Le  Manage  impossible  at  Brussels  in  1833,  and 
obtained  a  government  subsidy  for  further  study 
in  Paris.  In  1836  he  prod.  Sarah  at  the  Opera- 
Comique  ;  then  FAn  milk  (ib.,  1837),  La  bnisse 
&  Tnanon  (Varietes,  1838),  Lady  Meh-il  (Re- 
naissance, 1838),  VEau  merveilleuse  (ib.,  1839), 
Le  J\Taufrage  de  la  Mtfjuse  (ib.,  1839,  w.  Flotow 
and  Pilati),  Les  travestissements  (Op.-Com., 
1840),  and  rOjitfra  a  la  cour  (ib.,  1840,  w.  Boiel- 
dieu).  In  1840  he  repaired  to  Naples  for  further 
serious  study  under  Mercadante ;  returning  to 
Paris  in  1848,  he  brought  out  Gilles  ravisseur 
(Op.-Com.,  1848),  Les  Porcherons  (ib.,  1850), 
Bonsoir*  M.  Pantalon  (ib.,  1852),  Le  canlloneitr 
di  Bruges  (ib.,  1852),  Les  amours  du  Diable 
(Th.-Lyr.,  1853),  Le  ckun  du  ja rdinier  (Op.- 
Com.,  1855),  Voyage  autour  de  ma  chambre  (ib., 
1859) ;  Lejoaillierde  St.  James  [revision  of  Lady 
Melvif\  (ib.,  1862),  La  chatte  merveilleuse  (Th.- 
Lyr.,  1862),  Begaiements  d* amour  (ib.,  1864% 


235 


r::;t*A 


ciranicr.c  sc^ne*,  jver  fu  ft-imv..,.*,  etc.  His 
-tar-tr  '!/•  J'TUckcleer  v  ^  placet:  in  tie  -.t*ti:/-Ie 
of  tT"e  Ai  t**;erp  T.:  n  :*7'». 

Grisart,   Charles-Jean-Baptiste,   Parisian 

:n  n:*:r.'..r  f.'eatfe*  t.:e  l->t  l/ei-gfthe  l-act  opera 
Zu'/.^/r  /•  ?  '  1593  i  and  tire  i-LCt  opera  J"ij/J  *> 
r.;  '  <i2<U'-  Has  r*l«o  written  nu.ny  pf.-pcs  , 
masse*:,  aitl-jJits,  tto.,  ar.J  a  quantit}  of  tran- 
scnption*. 

Gri'si,  Giuditta,  great  cramat  L  mezzc- 
sopran^,  b.  Milan,  July  23,  1205,  d  at  her 
hrsland's  villa  near  Lremora,  May  I.  1840. 
Pupil  of  MInnja  anO  liande^ali  at  Milan  Cons  , 
sar^un  pnncipal  Italian  stages,  and  at  Pans, 
until  her  marriage  with  Count  Barni.  in  1034, 
when  she  retired. 

Gri'si,  Giulia,  sister  of  Giuditta ;  b  Milan, 
July  28,  iSu  ,  d  Berlin,  Nov.  29,  1869.  A 
pupil  (iS24>  of  Glacomelh  at  Bologna  (later  of 
Mme.  Pasta,  and  Mariiani),  she  developed  into 
a  tine  dramatic  soprano  ;  sang  in  Italy  till  1832, 
and  from  1534-49  was  pnma  J&nna  assoluta  in 
Paris  and  London.  She  married  Count  Melcy 
in  1836 ;  with  her  second  husband,  Mario,  she 
made  a  nut  especially  successful  tour  of  the  U.  S. 
in  1654. 

Gro'ninger,  S.  van,  b.  Deventer,  Holland, 
June  23,  1551.  Pupil  of  Raif  and  Kiel  at  the 
Berlin  "  Hochschule."  Concert-pianist;  lived 
as  teacher  in  Zwolle,  The  Hague,  and  is  now 
(iSgtj*  in  Leyden. — Works  Pf. -quartet ;  Suite 
f .  2  pf  s. ;  etc.* 

Gros'heim,  Georg  Christoph,  b.  July  i, 
1764,  at  Kassel,  where  he  lived  in  poverty, 
d}ing  1847. — Publ.  works-  2  operas,  Titania 
and  Diis  htitiqc  Kleebhitt  (both  perf.  at  Kassel 
abt.  iSooj ;  "  Hector's  Abschied"  f.  2  solo 
voices  and  orch.,  *fc  Die  10  Gebote,"  w.  orch.; 
organ-preludes  ;  pf. -fantasias  and  variations, 
school-songs,  and  a  coll.  of  popular  melodies  ; 
a  4*  Reformirtes  hessisches  Choralbuch,"  and  a 
pf. -score  of  Cluck's  Iphigenia  in  Aulis^,  v..  Ger. 
transl.  He  edited  a  raus.  paper,  "Euterpe" 
(1797-8);  and  publ.  "  Das  Leben  der  Kunst- 
lerin  Mara"  (1823);  *'  Cber  Pflege  und  An- 
wendung  der  Stimme"  11830)  ;  "  Chronol.  Ver- 
zeichniss  vorzugl  Beforderer  und  Meister  der 
Tonkunst"  (1831);  ltFragmente  aus  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Musik  "  (1832) ;  etc. 

Grosjean,  Jean-Romary,  organist ;  b.  Ro- 
chesson,  Vosges,  France,  Jan.  12, 1815  ;  d.  St.- 
Die,  Feb.  13,  1888.  In  1837,  org.  at  Remire- 
mont ;  in  1839,  at  St.-Die  cathedral.  His 
"  Album  d'un  organiste  catholique  .  .  .  ,"  in 
2  vol  s,  is  valuable,  and  contains  some  original 
music.  He  also  publ.  a  complete  edition  of  the 
"  Noels"  of  Lorraine,  with  the  folk-melodies. 


Grosjean,  Ernest,  nephew  of  preceding; 
b.  Vagney,  Dec.  18,  1844 ;  organist  at  Verdun. 


He  left,  ~e-  I  la-  pir!  many  coirp  ^  for  organ  and  f  pf  . 
P.S.-»  a  "  T'^eone  et  p/at.qi*e  de  i'accompagne- 
meri.t  uu  pia»n-cnant. 

Gross,  Johann  Benjamin,  b.  Eibing,  West 
1'rjssia.  >ept  12,  1509.  c  St.  Petersburg,  of 
tne  cholera,  Sept.  r,  i5j.^  Velhbt  in  Count 
I  iphard's  cutrtet  at  D*rpuf  1533-5;  then,  till 
1547.  1st  cello  :n  the  Imp  Th  ,  St  Petersburg1. 
— Pub!.  4  stnn^-qaartets  ;  a  'ceJlo-?onata  w. 
bass,  and  another  w  pf  ;  a'vl  a  concertino, 
duets,  and  "various  solo-pcs.  f.  Vellu. 

Gros'si,  G.  F.     See  SIF  v  i.. 

Gros'si,  Carlotta  {real  name  Charlotte 
Grossmuck),  stage  -  «inger  {colora tura}  \  b. 
Vienna,  Dec.  23,  1849  ;  st  in  the  Cons,  there, 
was  eng.  at  the  Opera  iS6S-g,  and  from  1869- 
76  at  the  Berlin  Opera  ;  then  returned  to  Vienna. 

Grove,  Sir  George,  eminent  English  musi- 
cograph ;  b  Clapham,  Surrey,  Aug.  13,  1820. 
By  profession  a 
successful  civil 
engineer,  he  be- 
came secretary 
of  the  Society  of 
Arts  in  1850  ;  in 
1852,  Sec.  to  the 
Crystal  Palace 
Co.;  and  in  1873, 
a  member  of  its 
Board  of  Direc- 
tors. He  wrote 
valuable  analyti- 
cal programs  for 
the  Crystal  Pal- 
ace concerts.  For 

15  years  he  edited  u  Macmillan's  Magazine." 
In  1882  the  Prince  of  AVales  app.  him  Director  of 
the  Royal  Coll.  of  Mus. ,  at  the  opening  of  which, 
in  1883,  he  was  knighted  by  the  Queen.  In 
1875  the  Univ.  of  Durham  created  him  D.C.L., 
in  1885  he  was  made  LL.D  ,  Glasgow  ;  in  1887 
the  Bach-Gesellschaft  of  Leipzig  elected  him  as 
a  committee-member.  He  resigned  the  director- 
ship of  the  R.  C.  M.  in  1894.  His  chief  work 
is  the  monumental  "  Dictionary  of  Music  and 
Musicians"  (Macmillan .  London,  1879-89;  4 
vol.s),  of  which  he  was  editor-in-chief,  and  to 
which  he  contributed  liberally.  He  wrote  an 
Appendix  to  Hellborn's  "Life  of  Schubert" 
(English  edition,  1869);  also  publ.  "Beetho- 
ven and  His  Nine  Symphonies"  (1896);  and 
has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  mus. 
press. 

Gru'a,  Paul,  son  of  court  Kapellm.  C.  L.  P. 
Grua  at  Mannheim  [b.  1700 ;  d.  1755] ;  b. 
Mannheim,  Feb.  2,  1754;  d.  Munich,  July  5, 
1833.  Sent  by  the  Elector  to  study  under  Padre 
Martini  at  Bologna  and  Traetta  at  Venice,  he 
rejoined  the  Electoral  Court,  then  at  Munich,  in 
1779,  as  Kapellm.  and  councillor. — Works  :  An 
opera,  Telemaco  (Munich,  1780) ;  31  orchestral 
masses  ;  29  offertories  and  motets  ;  6  vespers ;  6 
Misereres  ;  3  Requiems  ;  3  Stabat  Maters  ;  3  Te 


236 


GRUBER— GRCTZMACHER 


Peums;  psalms,  responses,  etc  ,  also  concertos 
f.  pf.,  clar.,  flute,  etc. 

Gru'ber,  Johann  Sigismund,  a  lawyer ,  b 
Nuremberg,  Dec.  4,  1759  »  d.  there  Dec.  3, 1805. 
— Works  k4  Literatur  der  Musik"  (1783;  not 
equal  to  Forkel's)  ;  4t  Beitrage  zur  Literatur  der 
Musik  "  (1785) ,  and  "  Liographien  emiger  Ton- 
kunstler"(i736) 

Gruen'berg,  Eugene,  violinist ,  b.  Lemberg, 
Galicia,  Oct.  30,  1854.  Pupil  at  Vienna  Cons 
of  Heissler(vln.),  Bruckner  and  Dessoff  (comp  ), 
and  Hellmesberger  (chamber  and  orch  1  music). 
Was  for  nearly  10  years  a  member  of  the  Leip- 
zig GewandhausOrch  ;  then,  for  7  yrs.  (till  1898), 
of  the  Boston  Symph.  Orch  ,  also  (for  3  yrs.) 
vln.-teacher  at  the  Boston  Cons.,  succeeding 
Eichberg.  Now  (1899)  teacher  of  vln.,  via  , 
and  ensemble-playing  at  the  N.  Engl.  Cons., 
having  resigned  from  the  Symph.  Orch.  During 
25  years,  G.  has  played  under  the  most  noted 
conductors  of  the  period. — Works  .  A  ballet, 
"  Tanzbilder"  (perf.  under  composer  at  Leip- 
zig City  Th.)  ,  symphony  in  A  min  (do  do.,  at 
Gewandhaus);  "Suite  im  antikenStil"  f.  vln. 
and  pf. ;  sonata  f .  do. ;  cadenza  to  Brahms'  vln  - 
concerto ;  2  scenes  de  ballet ;  2  Vienna  dances, 
and  others;  songs. — Also,  "The  Violinist's 
Manual"  (N.  Y.,  1897),  "  Theory  of  Violin- 
playing  "  (in  press) ;  studies  f.  vln. ;  fugitive  es- 
says in  various  journals. 

Griin,  Friederike,  dramatic  soprano ;  b. 
Mannheim,  June  14,  1836;  sang  there  in  the 
opera-chorus,  undertook  solo  parts  at  Frankfort, 
and  was  later  eng  at  Kassel  (1863)  and  Berlin 
(1866-9)  Married  the  Russian  Baron  von  Sad- 
ler in  1869;  studied  under  Lamperti  at  Milan, 
sang  the  role  of  Elsa  at  Bologna,  and  continued 
her  successful  career  on  other  stages. 

Griin'berg,  Paul  Emil  Max,  excellent  vio- 
linist ;  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  5,  1852  ;  joined  the  court 
orch.  at  Meiningen,  was  then  leader  at  Sonders- 
hausen,  and  later  at  the  Landestheater,  Prague. 
Now  (1899)  residing  as  a  teacher  in  Berlin. 

Griin'berger,  Ludwig,  b.  Prague,  Apr.  24, 
1839 ;  d.  there  Dec.  12,  1896.  Pupil  of  Franz 
Skroup  and  Josef  Kisch,  later  (1855)  of  Reichel 
and  Rietz,  at  Dresden.  A  fine  pianist,  and  the 
composer  of  the  i-act  opera  Die  Heimkekr 
(Prague,  1894  ;  succ.) ;  incidental  music  to  Theo. 
Lowe's  drama  Kdnigstraum  ;  * 4  Nordische  Suite 
und  Humoreske"  f.  orch.;  a  suite  f.  vln.  and 
'cello  (op.  i6a) ;  2  string-quartets  (op.  31,  37), 
several  poetical  "characteristic"  pf.-pcs.  f.  2 
and  4  hands,  and  a  great  number  of  songs. 

Grand,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  composer  and 
teacher ;  b.  Hamburg,  Oct.  7,  1791 ;  d.  there 
Nov.  24,  1874.  lie  founded  the  Singakadenne 
at  Hamburg  in  1819,  and  cond.  the  Philh.  Con- 
certs (1828-62). — Works :  2  operas  (not  perf.)  ; 
cantata  Die  Attferstehung  und  Ilimmelfahrt 
Christi;  mass  f.  8  voices  a  cappella  ;  sym- 
phonies ;  ovei  tures  ;  octet  f .  pf .  and  wind  ,  quin- 


tet f.  ditto;  pf. -quartet :  sonatas  f.  pf.,  vln., 
and  'cello  ,  pf. -sonata,  4  hards  ,  pf. -sonatinas  , 
pt. -studies  (praised  by  Schumann > ,  songs,  etc. 
Gnin'feld,  Alfred,  b.  Prague,  July  4,  1852. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Hoger  and  Kre;£i,"lat*urof  Kul- 
lak's  Academy  in  Berlin.  Settled  1573  in  Vienna, 
where  he  is  KamM£}"irtnot;  makes  extended 
concert-tours  m  iSSs  to  Moscow  and  St  Peters- 
burg ;  also  to  France,  the  L".  S.,  etc. — Works  f. 
pf.  *  Op  15,  Octave-study  ;  op.  31 ,  Minuet ;  op 
35,  Humuresque  ;  op.  37,*Spaniah  Serenade ,  op. 
38,  Barcarolle  ;  op.  30,  Impromptu. 

Griin'feld,  Heinnch,  brother  of  Alfred  ;  fine 
'cellist ,  b.  Prague,  Apr.  21,1855.  Pupil  of  Prague 
Cons.  ;  -went to  Berlin  in  1876,  taught  inKullak's 
A  cad.  for  S  years,  gave  many  concerts  with  X 
Scharwenka  and  G.  Hollander,  and  was  app. 
'cellist  to  the  Emperor  in  1 836. 

Griitz'macher,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Lud- 
wig,  admirable  'cellist,  composer,  and  teacher  , 
b.  Dessau,  Mar.  I, 
1832.  From  his 
father,  chamber- 
musician  {Kammer- 
mitsikcr}  at  Dessau, 
he  had  his  first  mus. 
training ;  his  other 
teachers  were  K. 
Drechsler  ('cello), 
and  Fr.  Schnei  - 
der  (theory ).  At  the 
age  of  16  he  joined 
a  small  orch.  in 

Leipzig;   here    he  WV&WBM     ^u^« / 

was  "discovered"  ^^^T  7'A'*,'i 
by  David,  and  in 
1849  was  app.  ist 
'cello  of  the  Gewandhaus  orch.,  succeeding  Coss- 
mann,  and  'cello-teacher  at  the  Cons.  ;  in  1860 
he  was  app.  chamber-virtuoso  in  Dresden,  \\here 
he  still  (1899)  lives-  He  is  a  renowned  concert- 
player,  and  has  made  long  concert-tours.  Among 
his  pupils  are  his  younger  brother  Leopold  G., 
O.  Bruckner,  W.  Fitzenhagen,  E.  Hegar,  and 
F.  Hilpert.— Works :  Concerto  f.  'cello  and 
orch.  ;  Variations  f.  ditto  ;  many  pcs.  and  stud- 
ies f  'cello ;  orchestral  music  ;  chamber-music ; 
pf.-pcs.  ;  songs. 

Griitz'macher,  Leopold,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Dessau,  Sept.  4.  1835  ;  also  a  pupil  of 
Drechsler  ('cello)  and  Schneider  (theory),  later 
of  his  brother  ;  played  in  the  Gewandhaus  and 
theatre-orch.  at  Leipzig ;  then  became  1st  'cello 
in  the  Schwerin  court  orch  ,  and  afterwards  at 
the  Prague  Landestheater,  the  Meiningen  court 
orch.,  and  (since  1876)  at  Weimar  with  the  title 
of  Jtammervirtito s. — Numerous  comp.s  f. 'cello. 

Griitz'macher,  Friedrich,  son  and  pupil  of 
Leopold  ;  b.  (?).  After  serving  as  ist  'cello  in 
the  Sondershausen  court  orch.,  he  joined  the 
theatre-orch.  in  Pesth  (1890),  where  from  1892-4 
he  was  also  'cello-prof  at  the  Cons.  In  1894  he 
went  to  Cologne,  as  solo  'cellist  in  the  GUrzenich 


337 


GUARXERI— GUGLIELMI 


Orch.   and   te«ichtr    c.t  the   Cons,  ,   s 
Ilegyesi. 

Guarne'ri  ibtH.zer!  Guarne'rius\  a  famous 
fami'y  of  violin-makers  at  Cremona,  Itr.lv. — 
Pietro  Andrea,  heaii  of  the  fami.y,  b  alt 
1630,  was  -  pupil  of  Nici^o  Axnati.  and  worked 
i6fic-35.  H  is  \  iolins,  labelled  Aw-eas  G:ta*  «£- 
r/ ij  C-v1\v/;,r  .?*/*  A\V.\V  •S'j/.vrr  T  forest  16 — , 
are  much  inferior  to  those  of  his  nephew,  Gius 
Antonio. — Giuseppe,  «on  of  the  preceding,  b 
1660,  worked  i c 90-1 730  ;  has  best  mstr  s  are 
f:o*n  1090-1710  lie  imitated  Stradivari  models  , 
l*is  label  vras  J?ss*h  (J.v- */•//.  *-iwj  /?/F«J  Andi-eg 
fct.it  cKw./.v  -W»  ***A\fc  *S7.  T  vert  sis  16 — . 
Pietro,  Andrea's  second  son,  b.  abt.  1670, 
worked  in  Cremona  1690-1700,  then  at  Mantua 
till  1725. — Pietro,  son  of  Giuseppe,  worked 
1725-40,  and  made  violins  and  violoncelli  after 
his  father's  models. — Giuseppe  Antonio,known 
as  Guarneri  del  Gesu  from  the  "I  H  S" 
often  appearing  on  his  labels  ;  b.  June  S,  1683, 
d.  abt/  1745.  He  was  the  most  celebrated  of 
the  family  ;  his  father,  though  a  brother  of  An- 
drea, was  not  an  instr. -maker  He  worked  for 
himself  1725-45  ;  the  violins  of  his  medium 
period  vie  with  the  best  of  Stradivari.  His 
instr.  s  bear  the  label:  Joseph  Guarneri  us,  Andre® 
Xefvs  Crewone  if — ,  /  J¥  S.  The  violins  of 
his  later  period  are  so  poor  as  to  raise  doubts 
of  their  origin— a  fact  explained  (')  by  various 
legends,  such  as  his  having  been  driven  to  drink 
by  an  unfaithful  wife,  or  having  had,  during  a 
Ions?  term  of  imprisonment,  to  work  with  inferior 
materials. 

Gu'dehus,  Heinrich,  distinguished  dramatic 
tenor;  b.  Altenhagen,  Hanover,  Mar.  30,  1845. 
His  father  was  a  village  schoolmaster,  and  G. 
also  taught  in  two  seminaries  for  a  time ;  but 
took  singing  -  lessons  at  Brunswick  of  Frau 
Schnorr  v.  Karolsfeld,  who  sent  him  to  the 
court  Intendant  von  Hulsen,  at  Berlin,  by  whom 
he  was  eng.  for  the  court  opera  for  3  years,  from 
Sept.  I-  1870.  His  debut  as  Nadori  (Jessonda), 
in  Jan.,  1871,  was  successful ;  but  in  1872  he  left 
Berlin  to  study  with  Louise  Ress  at  Dresden ; 
reappeared  in  public  in  1875,  singing  at  Riga, 
Lubeck,  Freiburg  (Baden),  and  Bremen  (1878) ; 
sang  at  Dresden  court  opera  1880-90  (creating  the 
role  of  Parsifal  at  Bayreuth,  1882),  in  German 
opera  in  New  York  1890-91,  and  then  rejoined 
the  Berlin  court  opera. 

Guenin,  Marie-Alexandre,  violinist  and 
comp.;  b.  Maubeuge  (Nord),  France,  Feb.  20, 
1744 ;  d.  Paris,  1819,  Pupil  of  Capron  (vln.) 
and  Gossec  (comp.)  in  Paris ;  1777,  mus.  in- 
tendant  to  the  Prince  of  Conde  ;  1778,  member 
of  the  royal  orch.;  1780-1800,  solo  violin  at  the 
Grand  Opera.  A  prolific  comp.  of  mediocre 
talent  (14  symphonies,  6  string-quartets,  18  vln.- 
duets,  6  sonatas  f.  2  vlns.,  I  concerto  f.  viola,  3 
duets  f .  'cello,  and  3  sonatas  f .  clavecin  and  vln.). 

Guer'cia,  Alfonso,  comp.  and  singing-mas- 
ter ;  b.  Naples,  Nov.  13, 1831.  Pupil,  for  comp., 


r  f  Mercadante.  Composed  many  popular  songs, 
and  a  fairly  succ.  opera  Rita  '(Naples,  1875) , 
also  sar.g  bantone  parts  in  opera  for  a  time 
Since  iSsg,  teacher  of  advanced  vocal  students 
m  the  CoIIegio  d:  San  Pietro  a  Majella,  Naples. 

Guerin,  Emmanuel,  called  Guerin  aiju  ;  b. 
Versailles,  1779,  d.  (3I  In  1796,  entered  the 
Pans  Cons.;  1790-1524,  'cellist  at  the  Th  Fey- 
deau  ;  pensioned  1624  — Publ.  numerous  duets, 
variations,  and  sonatas,  for  one  or  two  'celli. 

Guerre'ro,  Francisco,  b.  Sevilla,  Spain, 
I52.S  ,  d  there  1599  Pupil  of  Morales  ;  in  1546, 
watcfrc  at  Jaen  cathedral,  and  1550  choir-singer 
at  Sevilla  cath.  Of  his  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem 
in  1588  he  wrote  in  ''El  viage  de  Jerusalem  que 
hizo  Fr.  G.  .  .  .  "  fi6ii).  Publ.  "  Psalmorum 

4  voc  liber  I,  accedit  missa  defunctorum  4  voc." 
(1559  ;  2nd  ed.,  w.  Ital.,title,  1584) ;  "  Canticum 
beatae  Mariae  quod  magnificat  nuncupate,  per 

5  musicae  modus  variatum"  (1563) ;  4t  Liber  i. 
missarum "    (1566 ;   contains   9    masses   and   3 
motets) ;  "  Libro  di  Mottetti  a  4,  5,  6  e  S  voci "; 
and  2  5-part  Passione  in  Eslava's  "  Liro  Sacro- 
Hispana." 

Gueymard,  Louis,  fine  dramatic  tenor ;  b. 
Chapponay  (Isere),  France,  Aug.  17,  1822  ;  d. 
Corbeil,  n.  Paris,  July,  1880.  Pupil  of  Pans 
Cons. ;  eng.  1848-68  at  the  Grand  Opera. 

Gueymard,  Pauline,  ne'e  Lauters,  wife  of 
Louis  ,  mezzo-soprano  stage-singer ,  b.  Brussels, 
Dec.  i,  1834,  and  trained  in  the  Cons,  there  ; 
debut  1855  at  the  Th  -Lyrique,  Pans  ;  has  sung, 
since  1855,  at  the  Grand  Opera. 

Gugliel'mi,  Pietro,  celebrated  and  prolific 
dram,  comp.;  b.  Massa  di  Carrara,  Italy,  m 
May,  1727  (1720?);  d  Rome,  Nov.  19,  1804. 
His  first  music-teacher  was  his  father  [Pietro  G., 
m.  di  capp.  to  the  Duke  of  Modena]  ;  he  then  st. 
at  Naples  under  Durante  in  the  Cons,  di  S. 
Loreto ;  and  brought  out  his  first  opera  (?)  at 
Turin  in  1755.  This  was  followed  by  nearly  200 
more  dramatic  works ;  after  conquering  the 
principal  Ital.  stages,  he  acted  for  some  years  as 
Kapellm.  to  the  Elector  at  Dresden  (1762),  then 
went  to  Brunswick,  and  from  1772-77  was  in 
London.  Returning  to  Naples,  he  found  the 
operatic  field  occupied  by  two  rivals,  Paisiello 
and  Cimarosa,  and  his  own  works  nearly  forgot- 
ten ;  but,  by  extraordinary  efforts,  he  regained 
the  public  favor.  His  most  noteworthy  operas 
were  I  viaggiatori  rz'flfc-0/z  (1772),  La  Frascatana 
(1773),  La  Serva  innamorata  (1778),  La  bella 
pescatrice  (1779),  Ifratelli  Pappa  Mosca  (1783), 
La  pastorella  nobile  (1783),  La  Dtdone  (1785), 
Enea  e  Lavinia  (1785),  /  due  gemelli  (1787). 
App.  maestro  at  the  Vatican  in  1793,  he  turned 
to  church-music,  composing  the  oratorios  La 
morte  dJAbele^  Betuha  hberata,  La  distrusione 
di  Gerusalemme^  JDebora  e  Sisara  (1794,  consid- 
ered by  Zingarelli  to  be  his  masterpiece),  and 
Le  lagrime  di  S.  Pietro  /also  an  orchestral  mass 
a  5,  a  Miserere  a  5,  a  Psalm  a  8,  6  divertisse- 


238 


GUGLIELMI— GUILMAXT 


ments  for  clavichord,  vln.,  and  'cello,  pieces  f. 
clavichord,  etc. — His  son  was 

Gugliel'mi,  Pietro  Carlo,  (called  Gugliel- 
mi'ni  to  distinguish  him  from  his  father,)  b. 
Naples,  abt.  1763  ;  d  Massa  di  Carrara,  Feb. 
28,  1827.  A  pupil  of  the  Cons.  S  Maria  di 
Loreto,  he  likewise  became  a  noted  opera  com- 
poser, producing  25  operas  in  Naples  and  Mi- 
lan ;  lived  several  years  as  a  vocal  teacher  in 
London  ;  and  abt.  1810  became  m.  di  capp.  to 
the  Duchess  of  Massa  di  Carrara. 

Gui  de  Chalis,  (Guido,  abbot  of  the  Cister- 
cian monastery  at  Chalis,  Burgundy,)  wrote, 
towards  the  end  of  the  I2th  century,  a  treatise 
on  u  Cantus  planus"('lDe  cantu  ecclesias- 
tico") ,  also  **  Discantus  ascendit  duas  voces"; 
printed  by  Coussemaker  in  his  "  Scriptores" 
(vol.  li,  163)  and  "  Histoire  de  Tharmonie  au 
moyen  age  "  (p.  225),  respectively. 

Guidet'ti,  Giovanni,  b.  Bologna,  1532  ;  d. 
Rome,  Nov.  30,  1592.  After  taking  holy 
orders,  he  became  Palestrina's  pupil,  and  in 
1575  vas  app.  cappellano  (a  clerical  beneficiary) 
and  chorister  m  the  Papal  choir.  For  several 
years  he  worked  with  Palestrina  on  a  revised 
edition  of  the  Gradual  and  Antiphonary ;  but 
this  work  being  forestalled  by  the  publication  of 
Leichtenstein'b  edition  (Venice,  1580),  he  turned 
his  attention  to  other  fields,  and  publ.  "  Di- 
rectorium  chori  ad  usum  sacro-sanctae  basi- 
licae  Vaticanae  .  .  ."  (Rome,  1582,  and  other 
ed.s) ;  "  Cantus  eccl.  passionis  Domini  Nostri 
Jesu  Christi,  secundum  Matthaeum,  Marcum, 
Lucam  et  Joannem"  (Rome,  1586);  "  Cantus* 
eccles.  officii  majoris  hebdomadae  .  .  ."(Rome, 
1587;  new  ed.  1619);  and  "  Praefationes  in 
cantu  firmo  .  .  ."  (Rome,  1588). 

Gui'do  d'Arez'zo  [Guido  Areti'nus],  fa- 
mous reformer  of  mus.  notation  and  vocal 
instruction  ;  b.  Arezzo,  Italy,  abt.  995 ;  d.  (prob- 
ably) at  Avellano,  May  17  (?),  1050  (?).  Con- 
cerning his  parentage  and  early  life  there  is  no 
authentic  information.  He  became  a  monk  in 
the  Benedictine  monastery  of  Pomposa,  near 
Ferrara  ;  here  his  superior  musical  ability,  and 
especially  his  method  of  vocal  teaching,  aroused 
the  envy  of  his  fellow-monks,  and  even  of  the 
abbot ;  so  that  G.  left  the  monastery  and  (ace. 
to  some  authorities)  wandered  from  place  to 
place,  disseminating  his  new  ideas,  or  (ace.  to 
others)  repaired  to  the  Benedictine  monastery  of 
Arezzo.  However  this  may  be,  his  fame  spread, 
and  reached  the  ears  of  Pope  John  XIX.,  who 
called  him  to  Rome,  in  order  to  learn  his  novel 
system  of  teaching.  After  this,  it  is  probable 
that  G.  became  (1029?)  Prior  of  the  Caraaldolite 
fraternity  at  Avellano,  where  he  died. — After 
the  ascription  of  all  possible  reforms,  and  even 
the  invention  of  music  itself,  to  Guido,  by  ear- 
lier historians,  some  later  writers,  with  an  excess 
of  caution,  have  gone  to  the  opposite  extreme  of 
denying  him  all  originality.  But  it  is  certain 
that  he  introduced  the  staff  of  four  linfs,  retain- 


ing the  red  /-line  and  the  yellow  /--line  of  his 
predecessors,  and  drawing  between  them  a  black 
tf-line,  aboif  them  a  bkck  t'-lme,  and  writing  the 
mensural  notes  (which  he  d:d  nit  invent}  m  reg- 
ular order  on  these  lines  and  in  the  spaces  : 

New  black  line    e_ 

Old  yellow  Lne    c 

New  black  line    a 


Old  red  line 


He  also  added  new  lines  above  or  below  these, 
as  occasion  required  ;  thus,  wherever  his  inven- 
tion \\  as  adopted,  it  finally  did  a\\ay\uth  all  un- 
certainty of  pitch.  It  is'  likewise  highly  prob- 
able, that  he  invented  the  system  of  bolmiseitwn^ 
the  syllables  being  derived  from  the  song  to  St. 
John*. 

Ut  queant  laxis  J^-sonare  fibris, 
Jl/rra  ^estorum  /arauli  tuoruzn, 
•Se>/ve  polluti  Labn  reatum, 
Sancte  Joannes. 

"Whether  he  practically  applied  this  invention  in 
the  hexachordal  system  of  Mutation  is  disputed. 
Fetis  considers  hfs  chief  merit  to  have  been  his 
method  of  teaching  vocal  intervals  by  the  aid  of 
a  sliding  graduated  scale  adapted  to  "the  ancient 
monochord. 

Guido  de  Ch£Iis.    See  GUI  DE  CHALIS. 

Guignon,  Jean-Pierre,  b.  Turin,  Feb.  10, 
1702  ;  d.  Versailles,  Jan.  30,  1775  ;  was  the  last 
to  bear  the  title  of  4*  roi  des  violons  et  maitre 
des  menetriers  "  (relinquished  by  the  younger 
Dumanoir  in  1695).  G.  came  to  Paris,' studied 
the  violin,  entered  the  King's  service  in  1733, 
and  by  ingratiating  himself  with  the  monarch, 
persuaded  him  to  issue  letters  patent  reviving 
the  absurd  and  obnoxious  office  [the  prerogative 
of  which,  as  claimed  by  the  elder  Dumanoir, 
was  to  require  all  musicians,  even  organists,  to 
obtain  diplomas  as  dancing-masters — a  fee  to  be 
paid  for  the  privilege,  of  course].  But  the  par- 
liament was  stormed  with  petitions  and  memori- 
als innumerable,  and  G.  was  forced  to  "abdi- 
cate "  in  1/73- — He  comp.  several  books  of 
concertos,  sonatas,  and  duos  f.  vln. 

Guilmant,  Alexandre-F61ix,  eminent  or- 
ganist and  composer,  b.  Boulogne,  Alar.  12, 
1837.  Org.-pupil  of 
his  father  [Jean- 
Baptiste  G.,  b. 
Boulogne,  1793  ;  d. 
there  1890] ;  later  of 
Lemmens;  st.  harm, 
with  G.  Carulli. 
Eager  student  of 
mus.  literature  and 
organ,  practising  8- 
10  hours  at  a  time  ; 
at  12,  often  substi- 
tute for  his  father  at 
the  church  of  St.- 
Nicholas  ;  at  16, 
org.  at  St. -Joseph  ; 
at  18,  his  first  comp  ,  a  solemn  mass,  was  prod.; 
at  20,  choirmaster  at  St. -Nicholas,  teacher  in 
Boulogne  Cons.,  and  cond.  of  a  mus.  soc.  His 


239 


Gl'INDAXI— GUXGL 


fine  playing  at  the  inaugurations  of  the  o-gans 
at:  St  -Sulpice  and  Xotre-Dame,  Tan?,  caused 
his  app.  as  org.  of  Ste.  Tnn.te  in  1871.  suc- 
ceeding Cnauvet.  i5j3,  chev  of  Legion  of 
Honor.  iScj6,  organ-profess  >-  at  Pans  Lons 
His  concert-tuur>  in  Ensjl^rd,  Italy  Ku**:a, 
and  11=93,  15.57-^1  the  Vmte«l  Mates  ha-.e  been 
extremely  successful.  His  ccmp  >  are  modern 
and  highly  original  £»\rjt:z>r>,  **I\nc  scene" 
f.  soli,  ch.,  anil  urch.;  symphony  f  <»rg  and 
crch.,  4  ori*  -tunatis  ;  C/mitns  7itii.it.  h}mn  f. 
oh.,  orch.,  harps,  and  org  ,  Marche  funtrbre  et 
chant  seraphiqut ;  many  concert-pieces  f .  org. ; 
also  motets,  mast-es,  and  choruses. 

Guinda'ni,  Eduardo,  composer,  h  Valli 
Rocca  (Cremona),  1854 ;  d.  Cremona,  July, 
i$97-  Pupil  of  Milan  Cons — Opera  Agiu st 
(Piacenza,  Feb.  27,  i57$  ;  succ  ) 

Guiraud,  Ernest,  b.  New  Orleans,  June  23, 
1837;  d.  Pans,  Mav  6,  1892.  A  precocious 
composer,  pupil  of  his  father  [Jean-Baptiste 
G.,  Pnxde  Rvne  at  Paris  Cons  ,  1827],  a  music- 
teacher.  He  visited  Pans  at  12  ;  at  15  he  pro- 
duced the  opera  Le  roi  David  in  New  Orleans. 
Returning  to  Paris,  he  st.  in  the  Cons,  under 
Marmontel  <pf.),  Uarbereau( harm.),  and  Halevy 
(comp  ),  taking  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome,  1859, 
for  his  cantata  Btijazct  et  te  joufur  de  Jltite. 
Studied  in  Rome  1660-3  \  served  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1870-1  ;  later  played  at  the  Concerts 
Populaires,  and  brought  out  an  orch.  suite  in 
1872  which  secured  him  a  high  position  as  a 
comp.;  in  1876  he  was  app.  prof,  of  harm,  and 
accomp.  at  the  Cons  — Operas :  Svhne  (Paris, 
Op.-Com.,  1864);  Enfrison  (Th.-Lyr.,  1869); 
Le  Kofold  (Op.-Com.,  1870);  Jfme.  Titrhtfm 
(Th.  de  rAthenee,  1872) ,  Grctna  Green  [ballet] 
<Gr.  Opera,  1873) ;  Piccolmo  (Op.-Com.,  1876) ; 
La  galante  aventurc  (ib  ,  1882)  ;  Gli  awentu- 
rieri  (?)  ;  and  the  posthumous  opera  Bntnhilde 
(edited  by  Saint-Saens,  and  prod.,  as  Frjdtgonde^ 
at  Paris,  1895) ;  also  a  solemn  mass,  an  over- 
ture, etc. 

Gum'bert,  Ferdinand,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  si, 
1818  ;  d.  there  Apr.  n  (67),  1896.  Pupil  of  E. 
Fischer  and  Clapius.  Began  his  artistic  career 
as  tenor  singer  at  Sondershausen  Th.;  1840-42, 
baritone  singer  at  Cologne  Th.  St.  comp.  under 
Constantin  Kreutzer,  on  whose  advice  he  left 
the  stage,  and  settled  in  Berlin  as  comp.,  vocal 
teacher,  and,  later,  mus.  critic. — Works  :  About 
500  songs,  some  eminently  popular;  his  ope- 
rettas, prod,  in  Berlin  .  Die  schone  Schustenn 
(1844),  Die  Jfunst,  gehclt  sit  •uerden(i&$o\  Der 
kkinc  Ziegcfi/urt  (1854),  Bis  der  Rechte  kommt 
(1856),  Karolina^  etc.,  were  not  so  successful. 
Transl.  libretti  of  numerous  modern  Fr.  and  It. 
operas ;  also  songs.  Wrote  "  Musik,  Gelesenes 
and  Gesammeltes  "  (1860). 

Gum'peltzhaimer,  Adam,  b.  Trostberg,  Ba- 
varia, 1559  ;  d.  1625  at  Augsburg,  where  he  had 
been  cantor  since  1581.  A  pupil  of  the  monk 
Jodocus  Enzmliller,  he  became  a  famous 


church-composer  and  theorist  —  Comp.  s  •  "  Er- 
ster"  and  "Zweiter  Theil  des  Lustgartleins 
teutich  und  lateinischer  Lieder  von  3  Stimmen  " 
11591;  1611  ;  nften  republished) ,  "Erster" 
and  k*  Z weiter  Theil  des  Wurtzgartleins  4-stim- 
m:ger  geistncher  Lieder"  11594;  1619;  etc); 
*'  Psalmus  L  octo  vocum"  (1604;;  4v  Paititio 
sacrorum  concentuum  .  "  (1614  and  1619,  2 
parts) ;  "  10  geisthche  Lieder  mit  4  Stimmen"; 
"  2  ditto";  *k  5  geistl  L.  m.  4  St.  \on  der  Him- 
raelfahrt  Jesu  Chnsti";  '*  Xe\\e  teutsche  geistl. 
Lieder  m".  3  u  4  St  "  (1591,  1592) ;  numerous 
motets — He  reMscd  and  edited  H.  Faber's 
"Compendium  musicae"  under  the  title  of 
41  Comp.  mus.,  pro  ilhus  tironibus  a  M  Heinrico 
Fabro  latine  conscriptum  et  a  Chnstophoro  Rid 
in  vernaculum  sermonem  consen*um  ..." 
(Augsburg,  1591,  and  n  other  editions). 

Gum'pert,  Friedrich  Adolf,  horn-player ;  b. 
Lichtenau,  Thunngia,  Apr.  27,  1841.  P'upil  of 
Hammann  in  Jena  ;  from  1864,  first  horn  in  the 
Gewandhaus  Orch.,  Leipzig. — Works  "Prak- 
tische  Hornschule";  a  "Solobuch"  f.  horn 
(difficult  passages  from  operas,  sym phonies, 
etc.) ;  "  Hornquartette  "  (2  books) ;  "  Hornstu- 
dien";  and  orchestral  studies  f.  clar.,  oboe,  bas- 
soon, trumpet,  and  'cello. 

Gum'precnt,  Otto,  b.  Erfurt,  Apr.  4,  1823. 
Law-student  in  Breslau,  Halle,  and  Berlin  ;  took 
degree  of  Dr.  juris;  but  in  1849  accepted  the 
editorship  of  the  mus.  femtteton  in  the  "  Na- 
tionalzeitung,"  and  became  an  eminent  critic  and 
writer. — Works  "  Musikalische  Charakterbil- 
der"  (1869);  "Neue  Charakterbilder "  (1876); 
"  Richard  Wagner  und  der  Ring  des  Kibe- 
lungen"  (1873);  "  Unsere  klassischen  Meister" 
(2  vol.s,  1883-85);  and  t4  Neuere  Meister"  (2 
vol.s,  1883) ;  the  last  two  are  continuations  of 
the  "Charakterbilder." 

Griin'berg,  Eugen.    See  GRUENBERG. 

Gungl  (or  Gung*l)  [goongf-gl],  Joseph,  b. 
Zsdmbek,  Hungary,  Dec.  i,  1810 ;  d.  Weimar, 
Jan.  31,  1889.  At  first  oboist  in,  then  band- 
master of,  the  4th  Austrian  Artillery  ;  made  long 
tours  with  his  band,  playing  chiefly  his  own 
dances  and  marches.  In  1843  he  establ.  an  orch. 
of  his  own  in  Berlin  ;  made  a  moderately  suc- 
cessful trip  to  America  m  1849  \  was  created 
Royal  Mus.  Director  in  1850  ;  in  1858  was  app. 
bandmaster  to  the  23rd  Austrian  Infantry  at 
Brunn  ;  lived  in  Munich  1864-76,  and  then  set- 
tled in  Frankfort. — Works  :  Over  300  numbers 
of  marches  and  dances,  the  latter  vying  in  popu- 
larity with  those  by  Strauss. 

GungI,  Virginia,  daughter  of  Joseph  ;  opera- 
singer  ;  debut  Court  Opera,  Berlin,  1871  ;  now 
eng.  at  Frankfort. 

Gungl,  Johann,  nephew  of  Joseph  ;  b.  Zsim- 
bek,  Mar.  5,  1828 ;  d.  Pecs,  Hungary,  Nov.  27. 
1883.  Also  a  favorite  comp.  of  dance-music ; 
ga\e  concerts  in  Berlin  1843-5,  and  at  St.  Peters- 


240 


GUNX— HABENECK 


burg  1845-54 ;  retired  in  1862  to  Funfkirchen, 
Hungary. 

Gunn,  John,  writer  and  'cellist ;  b.  Edinburgh 
(?),  1/65  O  ;  d.  there  abt.  1824.  From  1789, 
teacher  of  'cello  at  Cambridge  and  London  ,  re- 
turned to  Edinburgh  1795. — Works:  Pf. -method; 
1  '  40  favorite  Scotch  Airs,  adapted  for  vln. ,  Ger. 
flute,  or 'cello .  .  .";  "Theory  and  Practice  of 
Fingering  the  V.cello  ..."  (1793);  "Art  of 
Playing  the  German  Flute  on  new  principles  " , 
44  School  for  the  Ger.  Flute  ";  "  An  Essay,  theor. 
and  pract.,  on  the  Application  of  Harmony, 
Thorough-bass  and  Modulation  to  the  V.cello'" 
(Edinb.,  1801);  *' An  Historical  Enquiry  respect- 
ing the  Performance  of  the  Harp  in  the  High- 
lands of  Scotland,  from  the  Earliest  Times  until 
it  was  discontinued  about  the  year  1734  ..." 
(Edinb.,  1807). 

Giin'ther  [-ter],  Hermann.    See  HERTHER. 

Giln'ther,  Otto,  b.  Leipzig,  Nov.  4, 1822  ;  d. 
there  Sept.  12,  1897.  A  lawyer  by  profession, 
from  1867-72  he  was  a  salaried  member  of  the 
Leipzig  Town  Council,  became  a  member  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  Gewandhaus,  and 
Director  of  the  Cons.,  and  succeeded  Schieinitz 
in  1 88 1  as  president  of  both.  He  resigned  the 
presidency  of  the  Gewandhaus  a  few  years  ago, 
and  devoted  himself  wholly  to  the  Cons. ;  during 
his  administration  the  new  Cons. -building  was 
erected  (1887),  and  to  his  efforts  are  due  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  students'  orch.  and  the  opera- 
school. 

Giin'ther-  Bach'mann,  Karoline,  actress 
and  stage-singer ;  b.  Dusseldorf,  Feb.  13,1816  ; 
d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  17, 1874.  Member  of  the  Leip- 
zig Th.  from  1834  till  her  decease ;  at  first  as 
soubrette  and  in  comedy,  from  1859  in  comic 
elderly  r61es. 

Gunz,  Gustav,  b.  Gaunersdorf,  Lower  Aus- 
tria, Jan.  26,  1831 ;  d.  Frankfort,  Dec.  12, 1894. 
Stage-tenor,  and  a  distinguished  oratorio-  and 
concert-singer ;  pupil  of  Hollub  in  Vienna,  also 
of  Delsarte  and  Jenny  Lind  ;  long  a  member  of 
the  Hanover  Opera  ;  from  1864-70,  of  the  Ital. 
opera,  London,  and,  from  1880,  teacher  of  sing- 
ing at  the  Hoch.  Cons.,  Frankfort.  In  1894  he 
received  the  title  of  "  Professor." 

Gu'ra,  Eugen,  eminent  dramatic  baritone;  b. 
Pressern,  n.  Saatz,  Bohemia,  Nov.  8,  1842.  He 
first  st.  at  the  Polytechnic  and  the  Akadcmie, 
Vienna  ;  then  in  the  Munich  Cons.,  making  his 
debut  in  1865  at  Munich  as  Count  Liebenau 
{Waffenschmied\  which  led  to  an  immediate 
engagement  there.  Afterwards  he  sang  in  Bres- 
lau  (1867-70),  Leipzig  (1870-6),  where  he  became 
a  popular  idol,  and  received  a  tremendous  ova- 
tion at  his  farewell  performance  as  Hans  Sachs 
in  Die  Mei \ster singer  ;  Hamburg  (1876-83),  and 
Munich  (1883-95),  then  retiring  from  the  stage. 
— His  son,  Hermann,  is  also  a  fine  baritone. 

Gur'litt,  Cornelius,  b.  Altona,  n.  Ham- 
burg, Feb.  10,  1820.  Dramatic  comp.,  a  pupil 


of  Reinecke  the  elder,  and  of  \Veyse  at  Copen- 
hagen. Org.  of  the  Altona  Hauptkirche  m  1864  ; 
army  musical  director  in  the  Schleswig-Holstem 
campaign  ;  prof,  in  Hamburg  Cons.,  and  Royal 
Mus.  Director  in  1674. — "Works  •  Scheik  Hassan, 
4-act  opera  (not  perfj;  Die  romische  Mazier 
(Altona,  1860) ;  Rafael  Sanzi0,  operetta ;  a 
string-quartet ;  3  vln  -sonatas,  i  'cello-sonata t 
and  2  sonatinas  f.  'cello ;  pf.  sonatas,  and  many 
instructive  pieces  f.  pf.  ;  duets  and  songs. 

Giirr'lich,  Joseph  Augustin,  b.  Munster- 
berg,  Silesia,  1761 ;  d.  Berlin,  June  27,  1817. 
He  studied  theology  in  the  Jesuit  Latin  School, 
Breslau  ;  became  org  of  the  Catholic  Hedwigs- 
Lirche,  Berlin,  in  1781 ;  in  1790,  double-bass 
player  in  the  court  orch.;  in  iSn,  asst.-cond., 
in  1816,  court  Kapellm. — "Works:  4  operas,  13 
ballets,  incidental  music  to  several  plays,  an  ora- 
torio, 4  cantatas,  pf. -music,  songs,  etc. 

Gut'mann  [goot'-],  Adolf,  b.  Heidelberg, 
Jan.  12,  1819 ;  d.  Spezia,  Oct  27,  1882.  Pupil 
and  friend  of  Chopin  ;  von  Lenz  considered  his 
playing  bad,  but  other  critics  praised  him.  He 
was  a  prolific  comp.  of  pf  .-music. 

Gy'rowetz  [ghe-ro-vets],  Adalbert,  b.  Bud- 
weis,  Bohemia,  Feb.  19, 1763  ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar. 
19,  1850.  Originally  a  law-student,  he  studied 
music  \vith  his  father,  a  choirmaster;  became 
secretary  to  Count  Funfkirchen,  with  whom  he 
went  to  Vienna,  where  his  symphonies  won  favor 
through  Mozart's  aid.  He  studied  for  2  years 
under  Sala,  at  Naples ;  went  to  Paris  and  Lon- 
don, where  he  prod,  an  opera,  Sennramide(i'j^\ 
and  returned  to  Vienna  in  1/93.  As  a  lawyer 
speaking  six  languages,  he  acted  as  secretary  of 
legation  in  various  German  cities.  From  1804-3 1 , 
Kapellm.  of  the  Court  Opera  at  Vienna,  retiring 
on  a  small  pension.  He  was  an  extraordinarily 
productive  composer ;  one  of  his  operas,  Der 
Augenarst  (Vienna,  i8n),  enjoyed  long-con- 
tinued popularity  ;  but  his  comp.s  are  now  gen- 
erally forgotten. — Works  :  30  operas  and  ope- 
rettas ;  40  ballets ;  60  symphonies  ;  12  serenades; 
3  quintets;  44  quartets;  24  trios  ;  36  pf. -sonatas ; 
12  nocturnes ;  19  masses  ;  also  cantatas,  part- 
songs,  songs ;  overtures,  marches,  dances,  etc. 


Haan.    See  DEHANN. 

Ha'beneck,  Franc.  ois-Antoine,  b.  Mezieres 
(Ardennes),  France,  June  i  (Jan.  23  ?),  1781 ;  d. 
Paris,  Feb.  8,  1849.  His  father,  a  native  of 
Mannheim,  and  member  of  a  French  regimental 
band,  taught  him  the  violin,  and  H.  composed 
quite  extensive  works  without  theoretical  teach- 
ing. Entering  Baillot's  class  in  the  Paris  Cons, 
in  x8oi,he  won  the  first  prize,  in  1804,  for  vio- 
lin-playing; then  joined  the  Ope*ra-Comique 
orch.,  but  soon  entered  the  Opera  orch.,  and  be- 
came leader  under  Kreutzer.  From  1806  until 
the  (temporary)  suspension  of  the  Cons.,  H.  con- 


16 


241 


HABERBIER— HAFFNER 


ducted  most  of  the  concerts  ;  in  iS 22  he  bec~rre 
the  permanent  concert-director,  and  n:r.-e  tr.e 
concerts  famous.  lie  v*as  Directrr  *  t  tr.e  Grar.a 
Opera  iS2i-4.  and  succeed*.  U  Kreutjcr  in  iSsC 
as  conductor,  hoJti.ntf  this  pos:t:rn  20  years  He 
was  also  i»pp.  prof,  of  \ln.at,  ar.vi  Inspector- 
General  of,  the  Cons  ,  amontj  ».is  pupiis^ere 
Alard  and  Leonard.  By  introducing  Beethoven's 
symphonies  to  the  French  public,  ne  did  inesti- 
mable service  to  the  cause  of  good  music. — Publ. 
works  •  2  vln.-concertos  ;  3  duos  concertants  f. 
2  vlns  ;  one  set  of  orch.l  variations ,  a  set  of 
variations  f .  stnng-quartet ;  a  nocturne  f .  2  vlns. 
on  motives  from  La  Gazza  ladra  ;  3  caprices  f 
vln.  solo  w.  bass ;  polonaises  f .  via.  and  orch  ; 
and  fantasias  f.  vln.  and  pf. 

Ha'berbier,  Ernst,  accomplished  pianist ;  b. 
Konigsberg,  Oct.  5,  1813  ;  d.  Bergen,  Norway, 
Mar.  12,  iSog,  while  playing  at  a  concert.  A 
pupil  of  his  father,  an  organist,  he  left  home  in 
1532,  a  well-equipped  pianist,  and  went  to  St. 
Petersburg,  where  he  had  good  fortune  as  a  con- 
cert-giver and  teacher,  becoming  court  pianist 
m  1847.  Gave  concerts  in  London  in  1850 , 
then  retired  to  Chnstiama,  and  perfected  what 
he  considered  a  novel  system  of  pf. -technique — 
the  division  of  difficult  passages  between  the  two 
hands  (Scarlatti  and  Bach  had  done  the  same 
thing).  After  brilliant  concerts  in  Copenhagen, 
Kiel,  and  Hamburg,  he  appeared  at  Paris  in 
1852,  and  created  a  sensation.  Thereafter  he 
made  tours  through  Germany,  Russia,  and  Den- 
mark, and  in  iS66  settled  in  "ttergen  as  a  teacher. 
— Brilliant  pf. -music  (Etudes-Poesies,  op.  53). 

Ha1>erl,  Franz  Xaver,  eminent  theorist, 
mus.  editor,  and  historiographer ;  b.  Oberellen- 
bach,  Lower  Bavaria,  Apr.  12,  1840.  St.  in  the 
Boys'  Seminary-  at  Passau,  and  took  holy  orders 
in  1862  ;  1862-7,  cathedral-A~tf/*.7/«.  and  mus. 
dir.  at  the  Seminary  ;  1867-70,  org.  at  Sta.  Ma- 
ria dell1  Anima,  Rome  ;  1871-82,  cathedral-  A"/z- 
pjttm.  at  Ratisbon,  where  he  founded,  in  1875, 
a  world-renowned  school  f .  church-music.  He 
is  an  authority  on  Catholic  church-music,  past 
and  present.  In  1872  he  assumed  the  editorship 
(vacated  by  Schrems*  death)  of  the  collection 
4 1  Musica  divina  " ;  and  has  edited  the  periodical 
"  Musica  sacra  "  since  Witt's  death  in  1888.  He 
founded  a  Palestrina  Society  in  1879,  and  (since 
vol.  ix)  was  editor-in-chief  of  Breitkopf  and  Har- 
tel's  complete  edition  of  Palestrina's  composi- 
tions (32  vol.s  finished  in  1804),  which  he  aided 
not  only  by  his  experience  and  learning,  but  also 
by  rare  MSS.  from  his  personal  collection.  In 
1889  H.  received  the  title  of  Dr.  theol.  hon. 
causa  from  the  Univ.  of  Wlirzburg. — "Works: 
l*Anweisung  zum  hannonischen  Kirchenge- 
sang"  (1864);  "Magister  choralis"  (1865,  and 
8  subsequent  editions ;  also  transl.  into  Eng- 
lish, French,  Italian,  and  Spanish);  "Lieder- 
Rosenkranz  "  (1866) ;  ' *  Caecilien  -  Kalender  " 
(1876-85 ;  also  in  enlarged  form  as  "  Kirchen- 


fieium  hebdomadae  sanctae  "  (1887,  in  German)- 
tk  Die  rnrflische  schola  cantor  urn  und  die  papst- 
Iichen  Kapeiisanger  bis  zur  Mitte  des  16.  Jahrh." 
(15571;  "  Psa'tenum  \espertinum"  (iSSS)  ; 
"Eioliographischer  und  thematischer  Musikka- 
talotr  des  papstlic'nen  Kapellarchivs  im  Vatikan 
zu  Rom  "  ( 


musikalisches  Jahrbuch") ;  "  Bertalotti's  Solfeg- 
gien  "  (1880) ;  "  Wilhelm  Dufay  "  (1885) ;  "  Of - 


HaHbermann,  Franz  Johann,  b.  Konigs- 
warth,  Bohemia,  1706,  d  Eger,  Apr.  7,  1783. 
He  st.  in  Italy  ;  became  mattre  de  chap,  to  the 
Prince  of  Conde  in  Paris,  1731  ;  then  maestro  di 
capp.  to  the  Grand  Duke  at  Florence  ;  going  to 
Prague,  he  wrote  an  opera  for  Maria  Theresa's 
coronation,  was  Kapdbn.  of  two  churches,  and 
gave  many  lessons  ;  in  1773  he  became  mus.  dir. 
in  the  Dekanatkirche  at  Eger.  He  publ.  12 
masses  and  6  litanies,  and  left  in  MS.  2  oratorios, 
also  symphonies,  sonatas,  and  church-music. 

Ha'bert,  Johannes  Evangelista,  b.  Ober- 
plan,  Bohemia,  Oct.  18,  1833  ;  d.  Gmunden, 
Sept.  i,  1896.  From  1861  he  was  org.  at  Gmun- 
den, and  comp.  masses,  offertories,  organ-pcs., 
pf.-music,  and  songs.  He  was  a  writer  on 
music,  and  the  editor  of  tl  Denkmaler  der  Ton- 
kunst  in  Oesterreich"  (Vienna;  vol.  i,  1894),  a 
collection  containing  comp.s  from  the  isth  to 
the  end  of  the  iSth  century. 

Ha'ckel,  Anton,  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  17,  1779  ; 
d.  there  July  j,  1846.  Amateur  composer, 
government  official  in  the  dept.  of  buildings. 
Comp.  church-  and  military  music,  and  many 
songs  (the  ballad  '  l  Die  nachtliche  Heerschau  " 
had  great  vogue). 

Hackh,  Otto  (Christoph),  b.  Stuttgart, 
Sept.  30,  1852.  Pupil  1871-5,  at  Stuttgart 
Cons.,  of  Pruckner  and  Speidel  (pf.),  and  Sei- 
friz  (harm  and  comp  )  ;  also  1887-8  of  A.  de 
Kontski  (pf.)  at  New  York.  From  1872-5  H. 
was  Speidel's  first  asst.-teacher  ;  1877-8,  con- 
cert-tours in  S.  Germany,  Tyrol,  and  Switzer- 
land ;  taught  and  concertized  in  London  during 
1878  ;  tours  in  1879  ;  went  to  New  York  in  1880, 
where,  until  1889,  he  was  head  of  pf.-dept.  in 
the  Grand  Cons.  Then,  after  private  teaching 
for  2  years,  he  spent  3  years  in  Europe  to  recover 
from  nervous  exhaustion.  Since  1895,  teacher 
in  New  York  and  Brooklyn.  —  One  of  the  most 
fecund  of  contemporary  pf.  -composers,  H.  has 
publ.  some  200  pieces  for  solo  pf  .  ,  pf  .  4  hands, 
and  pf.  w.  orch.,  incl.  ,«z/<w*-works  in  modern 
brilliant  style,  instructive  comp  s,  dance-music, 
etc.  ;  many  of  these,  and  also  many  of  his  very 
numerous  songs,  are  extremely  popular. 

Hadxia'nus.    See  ADKIANSEN. 

HafTner,  Johann  Christian  Friedrich,  b. 
Oberschtfnau,  n.  Suhl,  Mar.  2,  1759;  d.  Upsala, 
Sweden,  May  28,  1833.  Organist,  pupil  of 
Vierling  at  Schmalkalden  ;  student  at  Leipzig 
Univ.  1776,  and  proof-reader  for  Breitkopf;  then 
cond.  of  a  travelling  opera-troupe,  and  (1780) 
org.  at  Stockholm  in  the  German  church,  also 


242 


HAGEMAXN— HAIZIXGER 


accompanist  at  the  opera,  receiving  1787  the 
title,  and  1793  the  office,  of  court  Kapdlm,  (due 
to  the  success  of  hib  operas  Etcktra,  AlkiJt^  and 
RinalJo^  written  in  Cluck's  style).  From  i^oS- 
20,  cath.  org.  at  Upsala,  and  from  1620  mus. 
dir.  of  the  Univ.  He  took  great  interest  in 
Swedish  national  music  ,  publ.  Swedish  Folk- 
songs with  accomp.,  and  revised  the  melodies  of 
the  Geijer-Afzelms  coll.;  edited  a  li  Svensk 
Choralbok"  (2  parts,  1819-21),  m  which  he  re- 
stored the  choral  melodies  of  the  I7th  century, 
and  added  preludes  (1822)  ,  also  air.  a  coll.  of  old 
Swedish  songs  in  4  parts  (1832-3  ;  he  finished 
only  two  books) 

Ha'gemann,  Francois  Willem,  b.  Zutphen, 
Holland,  Sept.  10,  1627.  In  1846,  royal  org. 
at  Appeldoorn  ;  in  1848,  cond.  at  Nijkerk.  St. 
for  a  while  (1852)  at  the  Brussels  Cons.,  lived  at 
Wageningen  as  a  teacher,  became  org.  at  Leeu- 
warden  in  1859,  town  mus  dir.  at  Leyden  in 
1860,  and  is  now  org  of  the  Willemskerk  at 
Batavia. — Pf.-music. 

Ha'gemann,  Maurits  Leonard,  brother  of 
preceding ;  b.  Zutphen,  Sept.  25, 1829.  Violinist 
and  pianist;  pupil,  at  Brussels  Cons.,  of  Fetis, 
Michelot,  and  de  Beriot,  graduating  in  1852. 
After  playing  first  vln.  in  the  Ital.  opera  orch. 
at  Brussels,  he  became  mus.  dir.  at  Groningen 
(1853-65),  and  from  1865-75  director  of  the 
Cons,  and  the  Philh.  Soc.  at  Batavia;  since  1875, 
mus.  dir.  at  Leeuwarden,  where  he  founded  a 
Cons,  of  which  he  is  the  director. — Works: 
Oratorio  Daniel  (MS.);  a  festival  cantata  f. 
female  ch.;  several  vocal  works  w.  orch.  ("  Com- 
fort of  Night,"  "Bird  of  passage,"  4I  Even- 
song"), pf.-pcs.  and  songs. 

Ha'gen,  Friedrich  Heinrich  von  der,  b. 
Schmiedeberg,  Ukraine,  Feb.  19,  1780;  d.  Ber- 
lin, June  II,  1856,  as  prof,  of  German  literature 
at  the  Univ. — Publ.  "  Minnesinger"  (1838-56, 
in  5  vol.s ;  in  vol.  iii  are  Minnegesange  in 
notation  according  to  the  Jena  Codex  and  other 
sources,  with  a  treatise  on  the  music  of  the 
Minnesinger) ;  "  Melodien  zu  der  Sammlung 
deutscher,  vlamischer  und  franzosischer  Volks- 
lieder"  (1807  ;  with  Busching). 

Ha'gen,  Johann  Baptist,  b.  Mayence,  1818 ; 
d.  Wiesbaden,  1870 ;  was  successively  Kapdlm. 
at  the  theatres  in  Detmold(i836),  Bremen  (1841), 
Wiesbaden  (1856),  Riga  (1865),  and  again  at 
Wiesbaden  (1867). 

Ha'gen,  Adolf,  son  of  Joh.  Bapt. ;  b.  Bremen, 
Sept.  4,  1851 ;  joined  the  royal  theatre-orch.  in 
Wiesbaden  as  violinist  in  1866  ;  was  mus.  dir. 
at  Danzig  and  Bremen  (1871-6) ;  Kapettm*  at 
Freiburg,  Baden,  1877-9;  ™&  Sucher  at  the 
Hamburg  Th.  (1879-82);  court  Kapellm.  in 
Dresden  (1883),  and  succeeded  Wflllner  as  artis- 
tic manager  of  the  Cons,  there  in  1884. — Works : 
The  2-act  comic  opera  Zwei  Komponisten  oder 
tin  Schaferspielin  Versailles  (Hamburg,  1882)  ; 
and  a  I -act  operetta  Schw&rznaschen* 


Ha'gen,  Theodor,  b.  Hamburg,  Apr.  15, 
1823,  d  NV.\  York,  Dec  21,  1^71.  He  lived 
in  X.  Y.  from  1554  a&  a.  teacher  and  cnlic ; 
edited  the  "X.  Y"  Weekly  Ue\ lew. "—Publ. 
"•  Civilisation  und  Mubik  "  { 1^45,  under  the  pen- 
name  ik  Joachim  Kels";  ,  "  M  usikalis-che  Xovel- 
len  "  1 1845  > ;  ah-o  pf  -music  and  sonjjs. 

Ha'ger,  Johannes  « pen-name  of  "Hofrath' 
Johannes,  Freiherr  von  Hasslinger-Has- 
singen),  b  Vienna,  Feb.  24,  1522  ;  d.  there 
Jan.  9,  iSgS.  Pupil  of  Mendelssohn  and  Haupt- 
mann.  Besides  several  successful  essays  in 
chamber-music,  he  prod.  2  operas,  lolanthe 
(1849)  and  Marfa  (iS36),  at  the  Vienna  Court 
Th.;  also  an  oratono,  Jchantits  der  Tctitfcf. 

Hahn,  Bernhard,  b.  Leubus,  Silesia,  Dec  17, 
1780  ;  d.  Breslau,  1852,  as  cathedral- A 'apeltm. — 
Publ.  4*  Gesange  zum  Gebrauch  bei  sonn-  und 
wochentagigen  Gottesdienst  auf  katholischen 
Gymnasien  "  (1820;  ;  and  "  Handbuch  zum  Un- 
terricht  in  Gesang  fiir  SchUler  auf  Gymnasien 
und  Burgerschulen "  (1829)  He  composed 
vocal  church-music  and  school-songs. 

Hahn,  Albert,  b.  Thorn,  West  Prussia, 
Sept.  29,  1828  ;  d.  Lindenau,  n.  Leipzig,  July 
14,  iSSo.  Teacher  in  Berlin  (1856),  mus.  dir. 
in  Bielefeld  (1867—70),  lived  in  Komgsberg,  and 
returned  to  Berlin  (1875) ;  in  1876  he  started  a 
music  paper,  "  Die  Tonkunst,"  advocating  the 
"chromatic"  reform  (scale  of  12  equal  semi- 
tones). 

Hahn,  Reynaldo,  b.  Caracas,  Venezuela, 
Aug.  9,  1874.  Pupil  of  Massenet  at  Paris 
Cons.  Residing  (1898)  in  Paris. — Works  :  A  3- 
act  "idylle  polynesienne,"  Lite  dtt  Rfae  (Paris, 
Op.-Comique,  Mar.  23,  1698) ;  incidental  music 
to  r Obstacle  (by  Daudet),  and  other  stage-pcs.; 
numerous  songs  ;  pf.-pcs.  f.  2  and  4  hands. 

Hah'nel.    See  GALLUS,  JACOBUS. 

Hainl,  Georges-Francois,  noted  'cellist ; 
b.  Issoire,  Puy-de-D6me,  Nov.  19,  1807 ;  d. 
Paris,  June  2,  1873.  Pupil  of  Norblin  in  Paris 
Cons,  (1829)  ;  took  1st  'cello-prize  in  1830.  He 
then  travelled  ;  in  1840  accepted  the  post  of  1st 
chef  d'' orchestra  at  the  Grand  Theitre,  Lyons, 
and  in  1863  a  similar  position  at  the  Grand 
Opera,  Paris  (Gevaert  being  his  assistant).  He 
also  cond.  the  Cons,  concerts  for  some  years, 
and  the  court  concerts  (with  the  title  of  Maltre 
de  chapelk  im^riale). — \Vorks  :  An  essay  "  De 
lamusique  a  Lyon  depuis  1712  jusqu'a  1852 " 
(1852) ;  'cello-music. 

Hai'zing-er,  Anton,  tenor  opera-singer,  b. 
Wilfersdorf,  Lichtenstein,  Mar.  14,  1796  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Dec.  31,  1869.  At  first  a  singing- 
master  in  Vienna,  where  he  was  taught  by  Sa- 
lieri,  he  was  eng.  for  the  Th.  an  der  Wien  by 
Count  Palffy  in  1821.  Some  years  later,  after  a 
succession  of  stam'ng-tours  to  principal  German 
cities,  he  was  eng.  at  Karlsruhe  for  life,  at  the 
court  theatre.  His  subsequent  excursions  to 
Paris  and  London  were  very  successful.  He 
returned  to  Vienna  in  1850. 


243 


HALE— HAUfiVY 


Hale,  Philip,  b.  Norwich,  Yi.,  Mar.  5,  1854 
Took  music-icssoris  from  earh  youth,  and  as  a 
buyplajed  the  organ  in  the  Unit,  or  ,  North- 
ampton, Mass.  Graduate  of  Yale  Univ.,  1^76  ; 
admitted  to  the  Albany  bar,  iSSn.  First  studied 
music  seriouah  with  D.  IJjck  in  1876  ,  st  in 
Europe  ISS2-V  'organ  uith  Ilajpt,  Fi-i^zt, 
Rheinberger,and  Guiimant, — comp.with  Urban, 
Bargiel,  Rheinberger,  and  Guiimant, — pf  with 
Rajf  and  Scholz1).  \Vas  organist  1^79-82  at 
St.  Peter's,  Albany ;  1887-9  '•*  St.  John's,  Troy  ; 
since  iSSg,  of  First  Relipous  Soc.,  Roxbury, 
Mass.  From  1887-9,  a^so  cond.  of  the  Schu- 
bert Club,  male  chorus,  at  Albany  Cntic  for 
the  "  Boston  Hume  Journal,"  1859-91  ,  Lk  Bos- 
ton Post,"  1890-91  ;"k' Boston  Journal,'*  since 
i5gi  ,  is,  since  1897,  ed  of  the  Boston  "  Mus. 
Record,"  and  1592-1898,  Boston  correspondent 
of  the  *4  Mus.  Courier,"  X.  Y.  Has  gnen  lec- 
tures on  mus.  subjects  at  Columbia  Univ.  (X. 
Y.),  and  in  various  other  cities.  H.  is  known 
as  one  of  the  most  forceful  and  brilliant  \\riters 
for  the  Amer.  mus.  press ;  his  articles  in  the 
"  Looker-on,"  '*  Music  Review,"  **  Mus.  Her- 
ald," **  Mus.  Courier,"  etc  T  are  valuable  contri- 
butions to  mus.  literature,  and  often  tinged 
with  unique  humor. 

Hale  (or  Halle).    See  ADAM  DE  LA  HALE. 

Halevy,  Jacques  -  Frangois  -  Fromental  - 
filie,  gifted  dramatic  composer ;  b.  Paris,  May 
27,  1799  ;  d.  Nice, 
March  17,  1862. 
His  parents  were 
Jews.  At  ten  he 
entered  the  Paris 
Cons,  as  an  ele- 
mentary pupil  of 
Cazot.  In  1 8 10  he 
studied  piano  with 
Lambert ;  in  1811, 
harmony  with  Ber- " 
ton ;  and  counter- 
point for  five  years 
with  Cherubini.  At 
seventeen  he  was 
allowed  to  compete 
for  the  Prix  de  Rome ;  he  won  it  in  1819  with 
his  cantata  ffermime.  He  had  previously  com- 
posed an  opera,  Les  BoJi&niennes  (never  perf.), 
published  a  pf.  -sonata  for  4  hands,  and  set  to 
music  the  I3pth  Psalm  in  Hebrew,  the  De  Pro- 
fundis.  During  his  three  years'  stay  in  Italy 
he  made  great  progress,  writing  another  opera, 
etc.  In  1822,  on  liis  return  to  Paris,  he  made 
vain  attempts  to  get  his  grand  opera  Pyg- 
malion and  Les  deux  painllons  (comic)  pro- 
duced. It  was  not  until  1827  that  he  brought 
out  a  one-act  comic  opera,  I' Artisan,  at  the  Th. 
Feydeau  ;  though  with  little  success.  The  same 
year  he  succeeded  Daussoigne  as  prof,  of  har- 
mony and  accomp.  at  the  Cons. ;  following  Fdtis 
as  prof,  of  cpt.  and  fugue  in  1833,  a^d  taking  a 
class  of  advanced  composition  in  1840.  In  1827 
he  was  engaged  as  cembalist  at  the  Italian 


Opera.  In  i?25,  with  Rifaut,  he  composed  Le 
/Ar  t-f  k  BSrJic,?-  in  honor  of  Charles  X.  In 
1229,  Clan  Uvith  Mai:bran  as/r;//or  aenna}  -nas 
a  success  at  the  Th.  Itahen ,  Le  aiL  ttante 
d^Ati^tiJK  was  produced  the  same  year,  and  in 
1630  the  j^rand  ballet  Manon  Lescant  H  was 
now  app  c>i€  +  de  ilam  at  the  Opera,  a  post  re- 
tained during  16  years.  In  1631  La  langue 
Musicjk\vas  prod. 'at  the  Op.-Com.;  La  tenta- 
tive <i$32:  ballet-opera,  \\ith  Gide),  at  the 
Opera;  Les  SpuzvMt's  de  Laflcur  (1632);  and 
the  same  year  a  completion  of  Ilerold's  unfin- 
ished ZWi-r/t,  \\hich  proved  very  successful. 
In  1835  La  Juive  (grand  opera  in  5  acts,  H  's 
masterpiece)  was  prod,  at  the  Opera  on  Feb. 
23,  and  soon  obtained  great  vogue  throughout 
Europe.  Six  months  later  appeared  r£t  lair,  a 
sparkling  comic  opera.  To  add  to  his  grow  ing 
reputation,  H.  was  created  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  On  the  death  of  Reicha 
(1836)  H.  succeeded  him  as  one  of  the  three 
musical  members  of  the  Academic  ;  and  in  1854 
was  appointed  secretary  for  life.  "With  La 
Juive  H,  attained  not  only  the  zenith  of  his 
powers,  but  also  of  his  triumphs.  In  1836  the 
blazing  apparition  of  Les  Huguenots  paled  the 
milder  fires  of  the  French  composer,  and  Meyer- 
beer became  the  idol  of  the  hour.  La  Juive  was 
followed  by  Guide  et  Ginevra  (1838)  ,  Les  Treize 
(1839)  ;  Le  Drapier  (1840)  ;  La  Reiue  de  Chypre^ 
a  brilliant  success,  and  Le  Guitarero  (1841); 
Charles  VI  (1843) ;  Le  Laszarone  (1844) ,  Les 
moitsqnetaires  de  la  reine  (1846).  He  collabo- 
rated with  Adam,  Auber,  and  Carafa  in  Les 
premiers  pas  for  the  inauguration  of  the  National 
Opera  (1847).  Le  Val  d^Andorre  was  given  in 
1848  (adapted  for  the  English  stage  in  London, 
1850) ;  La  Fte  attx  roses,  in  1849;  La  Dame  de 
pique ',  1850.  In  1850  H.  conducted  in  London 
an  Italian  opera,  La  Tempesta.  Le  Jinf  errant 
was  produced  in  1852 ;  Le  Nabab^  1853  J 
Jaquanta,  1855  »  r Inconsolable  [under  nom-dc- 
plume  "Albert"],  1855;  Valentine  <t\4u&i«ny, 
1856  ;  and  La  2Jagictenne^  1857. — H.  was  more 
inclined  to  aim  at  a  high  ideal  than  to  please 
the  popular  taste.  His  music  possesses  true 
emotional  and  dramatic  power,  and  is  "melodi- 
ous, but  combined  with  so  many  details  and 
refinements  of  harmony  and  instrumentation " 
that  it  could  not  be  appreciated  by  the  general 
public  ;  though  he  held  a  high  rank  among 
artists. — Besides  his  operas,  he  wrote  a  pf.- 
sonata  for  4  hands,  romances,  nocturnes,  part- 
songs  for  male  voices ;  scenes  from  Prometheus 
Unbound  (1849)  J  *^e  cantatas  Les  plages  du 
A7/and  Italie  (1859) ;  and  left  the  almost  finished 
scores  of  two  operas,  Vanina  d^Ornano  (com- 
pleted by  Bizet)  and  Le  Dfluge*  In  the  Paris 
schools  his  "Le9ons  de  lecture  musicale"  was 
adopted  as  the  text-book  for  singing.  *  *  Souve- 
nirs et  portraits"  (1861)  and  "Deraiers  souve- 
nirs et  portraits"  (1863)  were  collections  of  the 
funeral  orations  that,  as  Secretary  of  the  Acade*- 
mie,  he  had  delivered  at  the  obsequies  of  de- 
ceased members. — Short  biographies  of  H,  were 


244 


HALIR— HALLSTROM 


published  by  his  brother  Leon  (1062;,  E.  Mon- 
nais  (1863),  and  A.  Pougm  (1865). 

Halir'  [-leer],  Karl,  distinguished  violinist ; 
b.  Hohenelbe,  Bohemia,  Feb.  i,  1859.  A 
pupil  of  Bennewitz  at  Prague  Cons.;  later  of 
Joachim  in  Berlin  (1874-6).  After  playing  as 
ist  violinist  in  Bilse's  orch.,  and  s-hort  engage- 
ments at  Konigsberg  and  Mannheim,  he  was 
app.  in  1884  leader  of  the  court  orch.  at  Wei- 
mar, where  he  still  (1899)  resides.  His  first 
toiirnte  m  the  United  States  (1896-7)  was  very 
successful  — His  wife  Theresa  (n&  Zerbst),  b". 
Berlin,  Nov.  6,  1859,  married  in  iSSS,  is  a  fine 
soprano  (pupil  of  Otto  Eichberg). 

Hall,  Charles  King-,  b.  London,  1845  (?); 
d.  there,  Sept.  I,  1895.  English  composer  and 
theoretical  writer  ;  org.  successively  at  St.  Paul's 
(Camden  Sq.),  St.  Luke's,  and  Christ  Ch.— 
Wrote  "School  for  the  Harmonium";  "Har- 
monium Primer"  (Xovello)  — Compositiuns 
Much  church-music,  many  songs,  and  pf.-pcs., 
also  numerous  operettas  for  German  Reed's  en- 
tertainments at  St.  George's  Hall,  among  them 
being  Foster-brothers,  Doubltday's  JT/7/,  and 
A  Tremendous  Mystery  (books  by  F.  C.  Bur- 
nand)  ;  The  AJ  tful  Automaton,  and  A  Strange 
Host  (books  by  A.  La\\);  Grimbtone  Grange 
and  A  Christmas  Stocking  (books  b  ( i.  i  Becket) ; 
The  Xatitralist  (book  by  C.  Carr).  These  were 
his  most  popular  works. 

Halle.     See  ADAM  DE  LA  II. 

Hal'le,  Johann  Samuel,  b.  Bartenstein, 
Prussia,  1730  ;  d.  Jan.  9,  1810.  Professor  of 
history  at  the  Berlin  military  school.  Author  of 
"  Theoretische  und  praktische  Kunst  des  Orgel- 
baus"  (1779;  also  in  vol.  vi  of  his  "Werk- 
statte  der  Kunste";  Brandenburg,  1799). 

Halle",  (Sir)  Charles  (real  name  Karl  Halle), 
renowned  pianist  and  conductor'  b.  Hagen, 
Westphalia,  Apr. 
n,  1819  ;  d.  Man- 
chester, Engl., 
Oct.  25,  1895- 
Son  of  the  town 
Kapellm^  he  was 
an  infant  prodigy. 
St.  w.  Rink  at 
Darmstadt,  1835. 
In  1836,  went  to 
Paris,  where  he 
made  a  brilliant 
reputation,  and  for 
twelve  years  was 
in  friendly  asso- 
ciation with  Che- 
rubini,  Chopin, 
Liszt,  Kalkbrenner,  etc.  The  Revolution  of 
1848  drove  him  to  London,  where  he  repeated 
his  Parisian  success,  and  became  a  fashionable 
teacher.  In  1853,  was  dir.  of  the  * '  Gentlemen's 
Concerts,"  Manchester ;  in  1857,  est.  there  the 
subscription-concerts,  with  the  famous  "  Charles 
Hallo's  Orchestra-"  His  chief  activity  lay  in 


Manchester,  but  he  was  closely  connected  with 
the  London  Popular  Concert*,  ^a\e  Beethoven 
recitals  as  early  as  iS6i,  performing  all  B/s  so- 
natas m  eight  matinees,  and  in  iSSo  gave  orch. 
concerts  in  London,  producing  Berlioz's  Faust. 
In  1876  he  cond.  the  2nd  grand  triennial  festival 
at  Bristol.  In  iSgo  and  iSgi  he  visited  Aus- 
tralia with  his  wife  (nJe  Nerudai,  whom  he  mar- 
ried in  the  \ear  of  his  knighthood,  i£S8.  In 
1884  Edinburgh  University  conferred  on  him 
the  hon.  degree  of  Mus.  Doc  — Works  •  Several 
comp.s,  and  a  method,  f.  pf. — Autobiography, 
London,  1897. 

HalleiT,  Anders,  notable  Swedish  dram, 
comp.,  b.  Gotenburg,  Dec.  23,  1846.  Pupil  of 
Reinecke  (Leipzig,  IS6C-6S),  Rheinberger  (Mu- 
nich, 1069),  Rietz  (Dresden,  iS7o-i).  Cond.  of 
the  Musical  Union,  Gotenburg,  1872-3,  also  from 
1 353  ;  in  the  interim  living  principally  at  Berlin  ; 
iSip,  cond.  of  Royal  Opera  at  Stockholm. — 
Works  .  3  operas,  fiarald  dcr  Viking  (Leipzig, 
iSSi ;  Stockholm,  1883);  Hex/alien  \JDer  IftX- 
enfattg]  (Stockholm,  1896  ;  v.  succ.) ;  2  Swedish 
Rhapsodies,  op.  17  and  23  ;  I'om  Pagen  und  der 
Ktnigstockter^  ballad-cycle  f.  chorus,  solo,  and 
orch.;  TraitmKonig  nnd  scin  Lieb,  do.;  Das 
Aekienfeld,  f.  female  ch.  w.  pf.;  Vincta,  chural 
rhapsody  w.  pf.;  Symph.  poem  "  Ein  Sommer- 
marchen"  (iSSg)  ;  Romance  f.  vln.  w.  orch.; 
German  and  Swedish  songs. 

Haller,  Michael,  church-comp. ;  b.  Neusaat 
(Upper  Palatinate),  Jan.  13,  1840.  Educated  at 
Matten  monastery,  and  at  the  Ratisbon  semi- 
nary for  priests.  Took  holy  orders  in  1864,  st. 
sacred  mus.  under  Schrems,  and  was  app.  pre- 
fect of  the  Ratisbon  Cathedral  Choristers'  Insti- 
tution. Kapellm. ,  in  succession  to  Wesselack,  at 
the  '"  Realinstitut "  in  1866,  and  teacher  of  vocal 
comp.  and  cpt.  at  the  school  of  church-music. — 
Works :  14  masses,  motets  a  3-8,  psalms,  hta- 
nies,  a  Te  Deum  ,  melodramas,  string-quartets, 
etc.  Completed  the  third-choir  parts  of  six 
comp.s  a  12  of  Palestrina,  which  had  been  lost 
(vol.  xxvi  of  the  complete  edition).  Peda- 
gogic writings:  "  Kompositionslehre  fur  den 
polyphonen  Kirchensang";  l*  Modulation  in  den 
Kirchentonarten";  also  contributed  historical 
articles  to  Haberl's  '*  Kirchenmusikahsche  Jahr- 
bucher." 

Hall'strom,  Ivar,  Swedish  dram,  comp.;  b. 
Stockholm,  June  5,  1826.  St.  law  ;  became  pri- 
vate librarian  to  the  Crown  Prince,  the  present 
King  of  Sweden.  In  1861,  succeeded  Lindblad 
as  dir.  of  the  school  of  music.  Works  exhibit 
strong  national  characteristics  ;  Hertig  Magnus 
(Stockholm,  1867),  his  ist  opera,  w.  20  nos.  in 
minor  keys,  and  The  Enchanted  Cat  (1869)  were 
coldly  received,  but  success  was  achieved  with 
Mountain  King  (1874),  Bride  of  the  Gnome 
(1875),  Vikuigt  Voyage  (1877),  Nyaga  (1885 ; 
book  by  "Carmen  Sylva"),  Per  Swinaktrde 
(1887),  and  the  romantic  opera  Granadets  Daugh- 
ter (Stockholm,  1892);  '^The  Flowers,"  idyl  f. 


245 


HALM— HAMMERSCHMIDT 


^oli,  ch  ,  and  oich.  liS6oT  prize  t.f  Srock 
Musical  Union  I. 

Halm,  Anton,  pianist,  teacher,  and  comp  ;  b. 
Altenmarkt,  Styna,  June  4,  17^9 ;  d.  Vienna, 


comp 

friends  — PuLl  works  •  Mass  ,  3  <rin^-  _ 
6  pf. -trios  ;  3  "cello-sonatas  ;  pf. -sonatas,  rondos, 
and  many  tine  etudes  ;  etc. 

Ha'mel,  Marie-Pierre,  organ-expert ;  b. 
Auneuil  lOise1),  France,  Feb.  24,  17^0 ,  d.  Beau- 
vais, after  1870.  St.  music  and  ^n  from  an 
early  age,  but  \\as  self-taught  in  the  art  of 
organ-building.  In  his  I3th  year,  with  school- 
boy implements,  he  manufactured  a  small  organ 
of  'three  octaves,  and  at  14  years  of  age  restored 
the  i6th-cent.  organ  of  Clermont  village  ch.  so 
satisfactorily  that  he  was  specially  compli- 
mented and  thanked  by  the  churchwardens. 
Did  not  follow  the  profession  of  organ-building, 
but  later  rebuilt  the  grand  organ  of  Beauvais 
cath.  (5  claviers,  84  stops).  lie  was  made 
Memlre  dc  la  Commission  t/is  Arts  ft  dcs  Monu- 
ments, and  prepared  reports  on  the  state  of 
nearly  all  the  principal  organs  in  France  for  the 
Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  and  Worship. 
Founded  the  Beauvais  Philharmonic  Society,  one 
of  the  first  to  introduce  Beethoven's  symphonies 
in  France.  Author  of  a  valuable  work,  *  *  Nou- 
veau  Manuel  cbmplet  du  facteur  d'orgues,  ou 
traite  theorique  et  pratique  de  Tart  de  construire 
les  orgues,  contenant  1'orgue  de  Dom  Bedos  et 
tous  les  progres  et  perfectionnements  de  la  fac- 
ture  jusqu'a  ce  jour,  precede  d'une  notice  his- 
torique  sur  1'orgue,  et  suivi  d'une  Biographie  des 
principaux  facteurs  d'orgues  fran$ais  ou  etran- 
gers"(Roret:  Paris,  1849). 

Ha'mel,  Eduard,  violinist,  pianist,  and  comp. ; 
b.  Hamburg,  iSir.  Violinist  f.  many  years  in 
the  orch.  of  the  Grand  Opera,  Pans.  Returned 
to  Hamburg  in  1846  as  teacher  of  vln.  and  pf. 
— Works  :  3Iahxna>  opera ;  pf.-quartets,  pf.- 
pcs.;  ballads,  songs,  etc. 

Ha'mel,  Margarethe.    See  SCHICK. 

Ha'merik,  Asger,  b.  Copenhagen,  Apr.  8, 
1843.  Son  of  a  prof,  of  divinity,  who  dis- 
couraged his  musical  leanings,  he  instructed 
himself  in  the  art,  and  at  15  became  the  pupil 
of  Gade,  Matthison-Hansen,  and  Haberbier.  In 
1862,  pf.-pupil  of  Bulow  at  Berlin,  and  at  Paris 
in  1864  met  Berlioz,  -who  went  with  him  to 
Vienna  in  1866-7.  H.  was  a  member  of  the 
musical  jury  of  the  Paris  Exhibition,  and  received 
a  gold  medal  for  his  richly  orchestrated  Hymne 
de  /a  Paix.  He  wrote  two  operas,  Tovclillf  and 
Hjalmar  and  Ingelorg,  fragments  of  which  were 
perf.  in  Paris  and  Copenhagen.  H.  visited 
Italy  in  1869,  and  at  Milan  (1870)  prod,  an 
Ital.  opera,  La  Vendetta.  In  1871,  app.  di- 
rector of  the  Conservatory  of  the  Peabody  Insti- 
tute, and  of  the  Peabody  symphony  concerts, 
Baltimore.  In  1890  H.  was  knighted  by  the 


King  of  Denmark. — Works  (besides  the  operas 
mentioned1  :  Dt,r  W'andtier  (1872),  a  festival 
cantata  to  commemorate  the  new  Swedish 
constitution  |isbl»),  an  "Oper  ohne  Worte  " 
US53'.  choral  work,  "  Chnstliche  Trilogie"  (a 
ftwdaxt  to  a  "Trilogie  ludaique"  brought  out 
in  Paris »;  rive  symphonies  I  i $80-91 » ,  rue  "Nor- 
dische  Suiten  "  f .  orch. ,  'cello  and  pf.  fantasia  , 
concert  romance  f.  'cello  and  orch  ;  pf  -quartet 
(op.  61) ;  several  cantatas,  vocal  pcs.,  etc. 

Hamilton,  James  Alexander,  theorist  and 
prolific  wnter ;  b.  London,  1785  ;  d.  there  Aug. 
2,  1845.  Son  of  a  dealer  in  second-hand  books, 
his  education  was  neglected  ;  but  naturally  intel- 
ligent, voluminous  reading  from  his  father's  stock 
supplied  the  lack  of  instruction.  Unfortunately 
of  intemperate  habits,  he  was  always  in  want, 
selling  for  a  few  pounds  the  cop\  right  of  ele- 
mentary works  which  passed  through  numerous 
editions.  He  died  in  utter  miserv  — Writings  : 
"Modern  Instruction  for  the  Pf."  (still  pub- 
lished) ;  "Catechism  of  Singing";  "Catechism  of 
the  Rudiments  of  Harmony  and  Thoroughbass  "; 
44  Catechism  of  Counterpoint,  Melody,  and  Com- 
position," "Catechism  of  Double  Counterpoint 
and  Fugue";  Catechism  on  Art  of  Writing  for 
an  Orchestra  and  of  Playing  from  Score"; 
"Catechism  of  the  Invention,  Exposition,  De- 
velopment, and  Concatenation  of  Musical  Ideas"; 
"  A  New  Theoretical  Musical  Grammar";  "Dic- 
tionary comprising  an  Explication  of  3,500  Ital- 
ian, French,  etc.  Terms"  (3rd  ed.,  1848).  Also 
translated  Cherubmi's  "  Counterpoint  and 
Fugue,"  Baillot's  "  Me*thode  de  Violon,"  Fro- 
lich's  "  Kontrabassschule,"  Vierling's  "Anlei- 
tung  zum  Praludieren,"  etc. 

Haxn'ma,  Benjamin,  comp.,  cond.,  and 
teacher;  b.  Friedmgen,  Wurttemberg,  Oct.  10, 
1831.  St.  com.  w.  Lindpaintner  at  Stuttgart ; 
went  to  Paris,  thence  to  Rome.  Till  1870, 
cond.  and  teacher  at  Konigsberg,  now  director  of 
the  new  school  of  music  at  Stuttgart. — Works  : 
Opera,  Zarrisko ;  pf.-pcs.,  part-songs,  songs, 
etc. — His  brother, 

Ham'ma,  Franz  Xaver,  pianist,  comp.,  and 
org.,  b.  Wehingen,  Wurttemberg,  Dec.  3,  1835  ; 
was  org.  of  the  St.  Anna  Ch.,  Basel,  and  dir.  of 
the  Cacilienveretn  there,  later  org.  at  Obersta- 
dion,  Wurttemberg ;  now  mus. -teacher  at  Metz. 
— Works:  A  vocal  method,  org.-music,  songs,  etc. 

Ham'merschmidt,  Andreas,  org.  and  comp. ; 
b.  Bnix,  Bohemia,  1611 ;  d.  Zittau,  Oct.  29, 1675. 
St.  cpt  at  Schandau  w.  cantor  Stephan  Otto. 
Org.  of  St.  Peter's,  Freiberg,  1635,  and  from 
1639,  at  Zittau,  where  a  statue  was  erected  to 
his  memory.  Of  marked  originality,  his  numer- 
ous works  are  of  importance  in  the  mus.  history 
of  the  1 7th  century.  They  are  :  "  Instrumen- 
talischer  erster  Fleiss"  (1636);  "  Musikalischer 
Andachten  I.  Theil,  das  ist :  Geistliche  Con- 
certen,  mit  2,  3  und  4  Stimmen  mit  Generalbass  " 
(1638) ;  ditto,  part  2,  "  Geistliche  Madrigalien, 
mit  4,  5  und  6  Stimmen  mit  Generalbass" 


246 


HAMPEL— HAXDEL 


(1641) ;  ditto,  part  3,  "  Geistliche  Symphomen," 
f.  two  voices  w  instr  s  (1642) ,  ditto,  part  4, 
"Geistliche  Motetten  und  Concerte,  \on  5,  12 
und  mehr  Stimmen  mit  doppeltem  Generalbass  " 
(1646) ;  4k  Dialogi  oder  Gesprache  zwhchen  Gott 
und  emer  glaubigen  Seele"  (\ol.  i,  a  2-4,  w. 
contmuo,  1645  [1652]  ;  vol.  ii,  Opitz's  transla- 
tion of  "The  Song  of  Solomon,"  a  1-2,  w.  2 
vlns.  and  continuo,  1645  [1658]) ;  tkXVII  Mis- 
sae  sacrae,"  a  5-12  (1633);  "Paduanen,  Gail- 
larden,  Balletten,  etc."  (1648  and  1650,  two 
parts),  "Weltliche  Oden"  (.1650,  two  parts); 
"Lob-  und  Dankhed  aus  dem  84  Psalm,"  a  9 
(1652);  "Chormusik,  funfter  Theil"  (1652), 
"*  Motettae  unius  et  duarum  vocum"  (1646), 
Musikalisches  Bethaub";  "  Musikahsche  "  (part 
2,  '*  Geistliche")  "Gesprache  uber  die  Evange- 
lia,"  a  4-7,  w.  contmuo  (1655-56,  two  parts)  ; 
44  Fest-,  Buss-  und  Dankliedei  "  (5  vocal  and  5 
instr.l  parts  and  continuo,  1659) ,  "  Kirchen-  und 
Tafelmusik"  (sacred  concertos,  1662) ;  and 
<l  Fest-  und  Zeitandachten  "  (a  6,  1671). 

Ham'pel,  Hans,  pianist  and  comp. ,  b.  Prague, 
Oct.  5,  1822  ,  d.  there  Mar.  30,  1884.  St.  under 
Wenzel  Tomaschek,  and  became  org.  at  Prague. 
Comp.s:  A  Requiem:  pf. -works  ("Das  Knt- 
zucken,"  op.  8;  "Lieb  Aennchen,"  op.  10;  three 
rhapsodies,  op.  16 ;  Clavierfuge,  op.  21  ;  varia- 
tions f.  left  hand,  op.  26  ;  concert-waltzes);  etc. 

Hanboys  (or  Hamboys),  John,  English  mus. 
theorist  of  the  1 5th  century.  Mus  Doc.,  one 
of  the  first  Englishmen  on  whom  the  degree  was 
conferred.  Coussemaker  printed  his  Latin  trea- 
tise, tl  Summa  super  musicam  continuam  et  dis- 
cretum,"  in  his  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  i,  p.  416. 

Hand,  Ferdinand  Gotthelf,  b.  Plauen, 
Saxony,  Feb.  15,  1786 ;  d.  Jena,  Mar.  14,  1851. 
St.  at  Leipzig  Univ.  under  the  celebrated  Greek 
scholar  G.  Hermann.  In  1817,  app.  prof  of 
Greek,  etc. ,  at  Jena. — Publ  * 4  Aesthetik  der  Ton- 
kunst "  (Jena,  2  vols.,  1837-41 ;  2nd  ed.  Leipzig, 
1846). 

Han'del  (or  Handel,  Handl).    See  GALLUS. 

Han'del  (also  spelt  Hendel,  Hendelcr^  Han- 
deler,  or  Hendtler,  by  various  branches  of  the 
family),  Georg- 
Fricdrich  [at 
first  spelt  Hen- 
del,  in  England ; 
in  hishter  period, 
he  himself  adopt- 
ed the  quasi  an- 
glicized form  of 
George  Fride- 
ric  Handel]; 
b.  Halle,  Feb.  23, 
1685 ;  d.  London, 
April  14,  1759. 
His  father,  a  bar- 
ber, afterwards 
surgeon  and  valet 
to  the  Prince  of 
Saxe-Magdeburg,  at  the  age  of  62  [SPITTA]  mar- 
ried a  second  wife,  Dorothea  Taust,  daughter  of 


the  pastor  at  Giebichenstein,  n.  Halle.     Their 
second  son  was  the  composer      Hanuel  was  in- 
tended for  a  lawyer  ;  but,  in  spite  of  ms  father's 
strenuous  opposition,  he  secrecy  taught  himself 
to  play  the  harpsichord.     In  1692,  at  7  years  of 
age,  his  father  took  him  on  a  visit  to  an  elder 
step-brother,  valet  at  the  court  of  Saxe-\Veissen- 
fels ;  here  the  boy  gamed  access  to  the  chapel- 
organ,  and  was  heard  by  the  Duke,  w  ho  insisted 
on  his  receiving  a  good  "musical  education.     Un- 
der Zachau,  org.  of  Halle  cathedral,  he  studied 
cpt.,  canon,  and  fugue,  and  practised  the  oboe, 
spinet,  harpsichord,  and    organ ;   he   comp.  6 
sonatas  f   2  oboes  and  bass,  became  asst.-organ- 
ist   to  his  teacher,  and  for  three  years  \\rote  a 
motet   for  every  Sunday.     In  1696  his  father 
took  h'm  to  Berlin,  where  his  remarkable  skill  in 
pla\  ing  and  improvising  on  the  organ  and  harp- 
sichord excited  the  admiration  of  Ariosti  and 
the  jealousy  of  Bononcini.     The  Elector  Fried- 
rich  offered  to  defray  the  expenses  of  his  musical 
education  in  Italy  ;  but  Handel's  father  declined, 
and  returned  with  the  boy  to  Halle.     The  fol- 
lowing }ear  (1697)  the  father  died,  and  H.,  after 
completing  his  studies  at  the  gymnasium,  entered 
Halle   Univ.   (1702—3)  as   stud.  jttr.  (in  pious 
fulfilment  of  his  father's  desirej,  occupj-ing,  at 
the  same  time,  the  position  of  organist  at  the 
Montzburg  Calvinistic  cathedral,  with  a  salary 
of  $50  a  year.     In  1703,  however,  he  went  to 
Hamburg,  where  he  \ias  engaged  as  vwhno  di 
ripieno  by  Keiser,  the  director  of  the  German 
opera.     Vfhen  Keiser  was  temporarily  obliged 
to  hide  from  his  creditors,  H.  took  his  place  at 
the  harpsichord  with  such  skill  that  he  was  eng 
permanently  as  clavecinist.     His  friendship  with 
Telemann,  the  composer,  and  Mattheson,  sub- 
sequently his  biographer,  was  begun  here.     He 
wrote  a  Passion  to  words  by  Postel,  and  brought 
out  two  operas,  Almira  and  Xero  (1705) ,  he 
was  also  commissioned  by  Reiser's  successor, 
Saurbrey,  to  write  Fhrindo  und  Dapnne  (1708), 
an  opera  filling  two  evenings.     In  1706,  with 
200  ducats  saved  from  music-teaching,  H.  went 
to  Italy,  visiting  Florence,  Venice,  Rome,  and 
Naples.     In  Florence  (1707)  he  brought  out  his 
first  Italian  opera,  Rodngo,  with  Tesi,  the  after- 
wards famous  singer,  in  the  leading  role.     In 
Venice  (1708),  Agrippina  created  a  furore  and 
spread  his  fame  throughout  Italy.     In  Rome  he 
prod,   two  oratorios,   La   Risurrtztone  and  // 
Trionfo  del  Tempo  e  del  Dismganno,  with  the 
famous  violm-iirtuoso  Corelli  as  leader ;  and  in 
Naples  the  serenata  Aci^  Galatea  e  Polifemo,  re- 
markable for  its  bass  solo  for  a  voice  of  2  octaves 
and  a  fifth  in  compass.     He  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Lotti,  and  Domenico  Scarlatti,  with 
whom  he  vied  at  the  harpsichord  and  organ,  S. 
admitting  his  supremacy  at  the  latter.  In  Naples 
he  met  Alessandro  Scarlatti,  whose  works  exer- 
cised a  strong  influence  on  H.     It  was  with  re- 
gret that,  in  1709,  he  returned  to  Germany.   He 
accepted  the  post  of  Kapellm*  to  the  Elector  of 
Hanover,  replacing  Steffani,  who  had  recom- 
mended him  as  his  successor.     In  1 710  lie  visited 


247 


HANDEL 


England.     His  opera  JRinaJtfo*  '  *  composed  '  m 
2  weeks  by  piecing  together  a  number  of  anas, 
etc  ,  of  earlier  date,  \\as  procl.  at  the  Haymarket 
Th.  with  such  success  that  he  \sas  prebsed  to 
remain  in  England,  but  had  to   return   to  his 
duties.     In  1712  he  again  obtained  leave  of  ab- 
sence, with  the  proviso  "  that  he  should  engage 
to  return  in  a  reasonable  time/'  and  travelled  to 
London.     Two  new  operas,  II  P&sfor  Jido  and 
Tcseo,  were  not  specially  successful ;  but  an  ode 
for  the  Queen's  birthday,  and  a  Te  Deum  and 
Jubilate  in  celebration  of  the  Peace  of  Utrecht, 
won  him  public  and  royal  favor,  with  an  annuity 
of  ^200  ;  and  H.  conveniently  forgot  his  Hano- 
verian position.     On  Queen  Anne's  sudden  death 
in  1714,  however,  the  Elector  of  Hano\er  became 
George  I.  of  England,  and  was  not  inclined  to 
regard  his  absentee  KapeUm.  with  favor.     The 
intercession  of  Laron  Kilmanseck,  and  the  pro- 
duction of  the  "  \Yater-Musick  "  by  an  orch.  at 
a  royal  aquatic  fete,  procured  him  regal  grace, 
with  a  confirmation  of  his  annuity.     In  1716  he 
went  to  Hanover  in  the  suite  of  the  King,  and 
remained  till  1718.     He  there  comp.  his  one 
German  oratorio,  the  Passion,  to  the  words  of 
Heinrich  Brockes' poem.     In  1718  he  returned 
to  England,  and  succeeded  Dr.Pepusch  as  chapel- 
master  to  the  Duke  of  Chandos,  in  whose  service 
he  composed  his  first  great  English  oratorio, 
Esther,  the  secular  oratorio  Acis  and  Galatea, 
and  the  Chandos  Te  Deums  and  Anthems.     He 
was  also  music-master  to  the  Prince  of  Wales' 
daughters,  and  wrote  for  Princess  Anne  his  ist 
coll.    of  4i Suites   de  Pieces"   for  harpsichord 
[  The  Lessons],  which  include  the  air  w.  varia- 
tions, "  The  Harmonious  Blacksmith."    He  was 
app.  dir.  of  the  new  Royal  Academy  of  Music, 
established  chiefly  for  the  prod,  of  Italian  opera, 
and  in  1720  successfully  brought  out  Radaimsto, 
with  Senesino  and  the  celebrated  Msrgherita 
Durantasti  in  the  chief  roles  (prod,  in  Hamburg, 
1721,  as  Zcnobia\   His  success  excited  the  envy 
of  Bononcini  and  Ariosti,  -who  had  also  been 
invited  to  London,  and  who  each  had  a  follow- 
ing among  the  supporters  of  the  R.  Academy. 
Matters  were  not  improved  by  H.'s  independent 
spirit,  blunt  manners,  and  sharp  tongue.     Two 
factions  arose,  one  supporting  Bononcini  and 
the  other  H.,  the  rivalry  extending  to  the  singers 
on  either  side.     This  went  on  for  several  years ; 
although  H.'s  work  was  the  better,  B.  was  more  in 
popular  favor,  and  might  have  continued  so,  but 
he  was  caught  in  an  act  of  plagiarism  (v.  LOTTI) 
which  compelled  him  to  leave  England  in  humili- 
ation (1731).     During  this  period,  H.  produced 
the    operas  Floridante  (1721),    Ottone,    Giulio 
Cesare,  Flavio  (1723),  Tamerlano  (1724),  Rode- 
Knda  (1725),  Scipione,Alessandro  (^2lb),Admeto, 
Riccardo  PrimodTXi),  Sirofsaid  T0leau0(i'?28). 
In  1726  he  received  letters  of  naturalization, 
and  in  1727  comp.  the  4  grand  anthems  for  the 
coronation  of  George  II.  and  Queen  Caroline. 
In  1729,  after  a  visit  to  Germany  and  Italy,  H. 
associated  himself  with  Heidegger,  the  propri- 
etor of  the  King's  Theatre,  and  inaugurated  the 


season  with  Lctario.  followed  by  Partenope. 
(1730),  Fora  and  Ezzo  (1731),  Sosaime  and  Or- 
lando ^17321,  when  the  partnership  ended.  In 
1732  H.  gave  a  special  production  of  his  reused 
oratorio  Esther,  with  success,  followed  by  Acis 
and  Galatea.  In  1733  he  brought  out,  besides 
the  above,  the  oratorios  Dtborah  and  Athahah, 
at  Oxford,  where  he  publicly  played  the  organ, 
and  excited  as  much  admiration  by  his  perform- 
ance as  by  his  comp.s  ;  he  received  the  degree 
of  Mus.  Doc.  kon.  causa.  The  same  year,  H. 
undertook  the  sole  management  of  opera,  but 
his  manners  and  methods,  a  quarrel  with  his 
principal  singer,  Senesino,  and  a  raising  of 
prices,  caused  many  of  his  chief  subscribers  to 
suspend  their  support  and  start  a  rival  troupe, 
"  The  Opera  of  the  Nobility,"  with  Porpora,  and 
afterwards  Hasse,  as  comp.  and  cond.  They 
took  possession  of  the  King's  Theatre,  and  Han- 
del first  went  to  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields,  and  then 
to  Covent  Garden,  but  in  1737  failed,  the  rival 
house  also  having  to  close  for  want  of  support. 
The  operas  of  this  period  were  Terpsichore 
(1734),  Ariodante  and  Alcina  (1735),  Ataianta 
(1736),  Armimo,  Giustino,  and  Berenice  (1737); 
the  ode  Alexanders  Feast  [Dryden]  was  also 
prod,  at  Covent  Garden  in  1736,  and  the  revised 
Tr ion/o  del  tempo  e  della  wntb  in  1737.  H.'s 
superhuman  efforts  to  hold  his  own,  and  his 
many  difficulties  during  this  period,  caused  a 
failing  of  his  strength  ;  a  stroke  of  paralysis  in- 
capacitated one  of  his  hands,  his  bram  was  over- 
taxed, and,  by  the  urgent  advice  of  his  friends, 
lie  went  to  Aix-la-Chapelle,  whence  he  returned 
to  London  in  November,  1737,  with  improved 
health.  Heidegger  had  meantime  formed  a  new 
company  from  the  ruins  of  the  two,  and  for 
this  venture  H.  wrote  several  operas:  Fara- 
mondo,  Serse^LT^S),  Jupiter  in  Argos  (not  perf.), 
Imeneo  (1740),  and  Deidamia  (1741).  This  last 
date  marks  a  decisive  turning-point ;  he  now 
abandoned  stage-composition  for  the  work  to 
which  he  owes  enduring  fame— oratorio.  The 
oratorios  Saul  and  Israel  in  Egypt  had  been 
performed  in  1739,  also  another  important  work, 
the  Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  and,  in  1740,  the 
ode  "  L'allegro,  il  penseroso,  ed  il  moderate." 
In  1741,  at  the  invitation  of  the  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land, H.  visited  Dublin,  and  there  produced  his 
immortal  Messiah  on  the  I3th  April,  1742.  His 
cordial  reception  in  Ireland  greatly  compensated 
for  previous  disasters.  On  his  return  to  London, 
he  again  became  the  popular  favorite.  The 
Messiah  was  followed  by  Samson,  the  Dettingen 
Te  Deum,  Semele,  Joseph  (1743) ;  Belshazzar, 
and  Heracles  (1744).  This  year  he  was  again 
involved  in  monetary  troubles,  and  a  year  and  a 
half  elapsed  before  his  Occasional  Oratorio  and 
Judas  Maccabaus  were  brought  out  (1746)  ; 
then  appeared  Joshua  (1747),  Solomon  (1748), 
Susannah  (1748),  Theodora  (1749),  The  Choice 
of  Hercules  (1750),  mdjephthah  (1752  ;  his  last). 
In  1750,  for  the  third  time,  H.  had  retrieved  his 
fortunes,  and  revisited  his  native  country.  In 
1752,  during  the  composition  vijephthaht  he  was 


248 


HAXDL— IIAXISCII 


afflicted  with  failing  eyesight,  and  underwent 
tnree  unsuccessful  operations  for  cataract,  total 
blindness  being  the  result.  He  continued  his 
musical  performances  under  the  direction  of  his 
pupil  John  Christian  Smith,  and  accompanied 
his  oratorios,  on  the  organ,  up  to  1759.  On 
April  6,  The  Messiah  was  given  as  the  final  per- 
formance of  the  season,  H.  presiding  at  the  or- 
gan ,  on  the  I4th,  the  Saturday  between  Good 
Friday  and  Easter,  he  died.  He  was  buried  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  where  a  monument  by  Rou- 
billac  marks  his  grave.  H.  had  a  commanding 
presence,  and  his  features  were  animated  and  dig- 
nified. His  health  was  usually  robust.  Of  fear- 
less independence,  he  \\as  of  a  choleric  tempera- 
ment, and  prone  to  forcible  outbreaks,  but  he 
was  easily  restored  to  good  humor,  and  possessed 
a  fund  of  humor,  and  a  ready  wit.  His  liberality 
'  and  charitableness  were  renowned.  He  remained 
unmarried,  and  was  never  known  to  have  fallen 
in  love. 

The  grandeur  and  sustained  power  of  H.'s 
oratorio-style,  the  expressive  simplicity  of  his 
melody  and  the  breadth  and  clarity  of  the  har- 
monic structure,  form  a  wonderful  and  (at  his 
time)  unexampled  artistic  whole.  He  is  unques- 
tionably one  of  the  "  great  masters."  His  Mes- 
siah look  England,  and  after  her  the  rest  of  the 
musical  world,  by  storm.  At  the  first  London 
performance,  when  the  grand  "  Hallelujah 
Chorus  "  rang  out,  the  entire  audience  rose  like 
one  man,  carried  away  by  lofty  enthusiasm  : — 
thus  originated  the  custom  of  standing  during 
this  chorus.  Many  of  the  treasures  of  Hdndel 
are  locked  to  the  general  public  on  account  of 
the  incomplete  instrumentation  of  the  original 
scores ;  Mozart,  Mendelssohn,  Franz,  Brahms, 
and  others,  have  provided  additional  accompani- 
ments to  several  of  these  works,  thus  rendering 
possible  their  adequate  performance. — Handel 
was  peculiarly  fortunate  in  coming-  to  England 
just  as  the  ebb  of  English  national  stage-music 
after  the  death  of  Purcell  (from  whom  H.  learned 
much)  was  turning  toward  the  flood  tide  of 
Italian  opera.  His  own  dramatic  works,  also 
strongly  influenced  by  Keiser  in  Hamburg  and 
the  two  Scarlattis  in  Italy,  vie  with  the  finest  of 
the  period,  and  the  best  of  them  bear  comparison 
with  his  oratorios.  Precisely  contemporary  with 
J.  S.  Bach,  he  was  quite  outside  the  latter's 
sphere  of  influence,  and  no  communication  ex- 
isted between  them. — Of  purely  instrumental 
comp.s,  H.  wrote  a  considerable  number ;  FOR 
HARPSICHORD  :  "  The  Lessons,"  in  3  sets ;  6 
fugues  ;  4  minuets  and  a  march;  the  tk  Forest 
Musick"  (Dublin »  1742);  short  pieces; — FOR 
STRINGS,  etc.:  The  "Water  Musick"  (1715) ; 
the  "Fireworks  Musick"  (1749);  4  sets  of  6 
organ-concertos  (1738,  '40,  '60,  '61) ;  3  organ- 
concertos  (1797) ;  numerous  string-trios  (sonatas); 
concertone  in  9  parts,  f.  2  solo  vlns.,  'cello,  oboe, 
and  string-orch  (1741);  concerto  f.  trumpets 
and  horns  ;  do.  f.  horns  and  side-drums  (MS.); 
sonata  f.  2  vlns.;  sonatas  f.  vln.,  via.,  and  oboe; 
etc. — Many  original  MSS.  of  his  works  he  be- 


queathed to  his  aruanuer.?is,  Joh.  Chr  SchmUl, 
tne  latter's  son,  H.'s  pupil,  "pr«ser:teci  tJlem  to 
George  III.  They  are  st'll  in  Buckingham 
Palace  library,  and  comprise  32  v»»l  s  of»operass, 
21  of  uratunu-H,  7  of  odes  &nd  sc'enstas,  12  of 
sacred  mub-ic,  1 1  of  cantatas  and  sketches,  and  5 
vol  s  of  instrumental  music. — In  the  Fitzwiillam 
Collection  at  Cambridge  are  7  vol.s  containing 
rough  draughts,  notes  and  sketches  for  various 
works;  also  a  complete  Chandos  anthem,  **O 
praise  the  Lord  with  one  consent  " 

An  edition  of  H.'s  works  in  36  volumes,  by 
Arnold,  was  publ.  by  command  of  George  III.", 
in  i "36,  but  is  incomplete  and  incorrect.  A 
monumental  edition  of  his  works,  completed  in 
100  vol  s,  was  undertaken  in  1856  by  the  German 
Handel  Society,  under  the  editorship  of  Dr. 
Chrysander. — Biographical :  Mattheson  (1740, 
in  the  "  Ehrenpforte '')  ;  tfc  Memoirs  of  the  Life 
of  the  late  G  K.  Haendel,"  Mainwaring  (1760; 
German,  with  notes  by  Mattheson,  1761 ;  French, 
by  Arnauld  and  Suard,  1778} ;  l*  G.  F.  Handel's 
Stammbaum,"  Furstemann  (1844);  "The  Life 
of  Handel,"  Scholcher  (1857) ;  "  G.  F.  H.," 
Chrysander  (incomplete,  1858-67,  when  the  first 
half  of  vol.  hi  appeared,  extending  to  17401; 
4 'Handel  und  Shakespeare,"  Gervmus  (iS6S) ; 
"  Life  of  G.  F.  H.,"  Rockstro  f  1883). 

Handl.    See  GALLIC 

Hand'Io,  Robert  de,  English  musician  of 
the  I4th  century  ;  wrote  a  commentary  on 
Franco  of  Cologne's  treatise  on  measured  music, 
entitled  "  Regulae  cum  maximis  magistri  Fran- 
conis  cum  additionibus  aliorum  musicorum." 
(Printed  in  Coussemaker's  "  Scriptores,"  i  ) 

Hand'rock,  Julius,  teacher  and  comp.;  b 
Naumburg,  June  22,  1830 ;  d.  Halle,  Jan.  5, 
1894.  Wrote  instructive  pf.-works. 

Ha'nel  von  Cro'nenthal,  Julia,  noteworthy 
composer;  b.  Graz,  1839.  Wife  of  the  Mar- 
quis d'Hericourt  de  Valmcourt.  St.  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  4  symphonies,  22  pf.-sonatas,  string- 
quartet,  nocturnes,  songs  without  words,  dances, 
marches,  etc.  At  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867, 
she  was  awarded  a  medal  for  her  orchestral  ar- 
rangements of  Chinese  melodies. 

Hanf' stangel,  Marie  (n&  Schroder),  cele- 
brated dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Breslau,  Apr.  30, 
1848.  St.  at  Baden-Baden  w.  Mme.  Viardot- 
Garcia.  In  1 866,  eng.  at  the  Th.-Lyrique, 
Paris ;  debut  as  Agathe  in  Der  Freischitt^  Feb. 
27,  1867.  On  the  declaration  of  the  Franco- 
German  war,  returned  to  Germany,  and  was 
eng.  at  the  court  opera,  Stuttgart  (1871).  Mar- 
ried in  1873.  St.  again  in  1878,  at  Florence, 
w.  Vannucini.  In  1882,  eng.  at  the  Stadttheattr, 
Frankfort ;  retired  1897. 

Ha'nisch,  Joseph,  org.  and  comp.;  b.  Rat- 
isbon,  1812 ;  d.  there  Oct.  9,  1892.  St.  w.  his 
father,  and  Proske,  with  whom  he  went  to  Italy 
as  assistant  (1834-6).  From  1839,  org.  of  Rat- 
isbon  cath.,  being  also  org.  and  choirmaster  of 
the  Niederiminsterkirche  /  and  app.  teacher  at 


249 


IIANKE— J'HARDELOT 


the  School  tit   Sacred  Music  in  1*75. — Works 
Miasa  auxilium  Lk-^lianoruin  ,  'juaiuor  lr.  Tin: 
profestu  corpo-i^  '-  hnsti  ,  P  «ri  Iatem:«che  I'-e- 
cconu    *• »  ihe  c.v'tfu'V/i?  I*  *ind 
:  ory  -pea.,  etc. 

Han'ke,  Karl,  Jrarn  tomp  ,  Ij.  Russw~lde. 
SchlesMg,  1754;  J.  Hamburg,  1^35  fcelf- 
taught,  at  22  yrs.  of  atfe  he  wa«  app  Ka^.^m. 
to  Count  Haditz,  at  KosswaMe  Married  his 
pupil,  the  distinifuisfted  singer  Stormkin  In 
Ip6,  court  A'*zA.\\rr:  at  Schleswig.  In  17^9, 
his  wife  died  ;  in  1791,  he  married  Berwald,  an- 
uther  fine  singer,  and  founded  a  music-school  at 
Flensburg,  where  he  became  cantor  and  direc- 
tor Finally  city  mu«.  director  in  Hamburg. — 
Comp  s  •  Operas,  bahets,  prologues,  epilogues, 
and  incid.  mus.  to  pla\^;  orch.l  symphonies, 
concertos,  in^tr  1  sextets,  quartets,  trios,  duets 
<abt.  300  f.  2  horns),  vln.  and  flute  solos,  church- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Hans'Hck,  Eduard,  influential  writer  and 
mus.  cntic  ,  b.  Prague,  Sept.  II,  1^25.  St.  law 
at  Prague  and  Vi- 
enna ;  took  degree 
of  Df.  fur.  in  1649, 
qualifying  himself 
for  an  official  posi- 
tion. But  he  had 
already  studied  mu- 
sic under  Toma- 
s  c  h  e  k  at  Prague  ; 
from  iS4S-q  was 
mus.  cntic  fur  the 
lt  Wiener  Zeitung," 
and  soon  adopted  a 
literary  career.  His 
first  work,  cs  Vom 
Musikalisch  -  Scho- 
nen  ;  em  Beitrag  zur  Revision  der  Aesthetik  der 
Tonkunst "  (Leipzig,  1854  ;  gth  ed.  1896),  has 
done  more  to  discredit  silly  sentiraentalism  in 
mus.  criticism  than  any  other  book.  Its  leading 
idea  is,  that  the  beauty  of  a  mus.  com  p.  lies 
wholly  and  specifically  in  the  music  itself  ;  i.  e., 
it  is  immanent  to  the  relations  of  the  tones, 
without  any  reference  whatever  to  extraneous 
(non-musical)  ideas  :  Briefly,  music  expresses,  in 
itself,  musical  ideas,  and  can  express  no  others. 
This  work  has  been  transl.  into  French  (1877), 
Spanish  (1879),  English  (1891),  Italian  (Milan, 
1894),  and  Russian  (1895)  From  1855-64,  H. 
was  musical  editor  of  the  "  Presse  ";  since  then 
of  the  "  Neue  freie  Presse  ";  he  became  lecturer 
on  mus.  hist,  and  aesthetics  at  Vienna  Univ., 
prof,  extraordinary  in  i86t,  and,  in  1870,  full 
professor,  retiring  in  1895,  and  succeeded  by  G. 
Adler.  At  the  Paris  Expositions  of  1867  and 
1878,  and  the  Vienna  Exp.  of  1873,  H.  was  a 
juror  in  the  department  of  music.  —  Other 
writings:  "Geschichte  des  Concertwesens  in 
Wien  "  (1869)  ;  "  Aus  dem  Concertsaal  "  (1870  ; 
2nd  ed.  1896)  ;  "  Die  moderne  Oper"  (1875  ; 
vol.  vii  publ.  1896} ;  "  Musikalische  Sta- 
tionen"  (1880);  "Aus  dem  Operaleben  der 


Gegenwart"  'i5^4>.  *k  i?uite  .  Aufsatze  uber 
M'u&irf  und  MuMfcer"  i  !-.-=:  2nd  ed,  i^\  , 
ki  d.ncertc,  C'lmponis-Ur  i*  V.rtuosen  "  dSS6i  , 
L4  Mu^iKaii^ches  t>ki/7ennuch  "  tic*5),  "Musi- 
kahbches  u.  L:tterarischts  '  Ji^^g) ,  "  Aus  dem 
Tagebuch  einet.  Musikcrs  "  ( I £92 » ,  " "Aus  meinem 
Leben  "  <i^94,  2  \ol.si ;  4i  Funf  Jahre  Musik  " 
(rS«j6»  tie  also  edited  Th.  Biilroth's  posth. 
essay,  k*  \Ver  ibt  musikalisth  ?  "  (1895  ;  2nd  ed. 
1896'.  and  \\njte  the  letterpress  for  the  illus- 
trated 4t  Galene  deutscher  Tondichter"  (1873), 
and  "  Galene  franz.  u  ital.  Tondichter  "  (1874). 

Hanssens,  Charles-Louis-Joseph  (atuS), 
dram,  comp  ,  b.  Ghent,  May  4,  1777  ,  d.  Brus- 
sels, May  6,  1852.  bt  w.  Vauthier,  Verheym, 
and  Ferny  (Ghent) ,  in  Pans  w  Berton.  App. 
chef  ti  ore/lustre  of  an  amateur  theatre  at  Ghent, 
afterwards  of  a  company  giving  operatic  per- 
formances in  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  and 
Utrecht.  In  1804,  went  to  Antwerp  and  Ghent 
in  the  same  capacity  In  1825,  invited  to 
Brussels  as  orch.l  dir.  of  the  Th.  de  la  Mon- 
naie  ;  in  1827,  dir  of  the  Royal  orch.;  in  1828, 
app.  Inspector  of  the  Cons.  He  lost  both  posi- 
tions through  the  political  events  of  1830,  but  in 
1835-38  was  again  opera-conductor,  and  also  in 
1840,  when  he  was  ruined  through  the  failure  ojj; 
the  enterprise. — Works  Operas,  masses,  and 
sacred  vocal  music. 

Hanssens,  Charles-Louis  (cadet],  violoncel- 
list, and  distinguished  Belgian  comp. ;  b.  Ghent, 
July  12,  1802 ;  d.  Brussels,  Apr.  S,  1871.  At 
ten,  member  of  the  orch.  of  the  National  Th,, 
Amsterdam,  and  at  twenty  was  app.  vice->&7/W- 
meester.  In  1824,  'cellist,  later  asst.-cond.,  of 
the  orch.  in  the  Brussels  Th  In  1827,  app. 
prof,  of  harm,  at  the  Cons.  The  political  events 
of  1830  also  caused  his  retreat  to  Holland.  In 
1834,  solo  'cellist  at  the  The'atre  Ventadour, 
Paris,  later  becoming  comp.  and  asst.-cond. 
In  1835,  directed  French  opera  at  The  Hague, 
again  in  Paris,  then  at  Ghent.  From  1848-69, 
cond.Th.  delaMonnaie,  Brussels,  also  (185 1-4) 
dir.  of  the  Opera,  and  prof,  at  the  Conservatory. 
Prolific  composer. — Works:  8  operas,  ballets, 
symphonies,  overtures,  orch.l  fantasias,  'cello-, 
vln.-,  clarinet-,  and  pf. -concertos,  stnng-quar- 
tets,  "  Symphonic  concertante  "  f.  clar.  and  vln., 
masses,  cantatas,  a  capp.  choruses,  etc. 

Harcadelt.    See  ARCADELT. 

d'Hardelot,  Guy  [Mrs.  Rhodes],  contempo- 
rary composer  of  charming  songs  (chiefly  French ; 
a  few  to  Engl.  texts,  and  all  w.  Engl.  transla- 
tions), was  bora  at  the  Chateau  d'Hardelot, 
about  7  miles  from  Boulogne-sur-Mer,  France. 
With  her  first  publication,  the  melancholy  and 
dramatic  "  Sans  toi,"  her  artistic  reputation 
was  established.  The  long  list  of  her  lyrics, 
ranging  from  gayest  humor  to  pathetic  senti- 
ment, includes  "  Sous  les  branches,"  *'  A  vous  !" 
14  Chanson  de  la  mie,"  "  The  Bee's  Courtship," 
"Avec  toi!"  "Valse  des  libellules,"  "  Nuit 
d'e"te,"  "La  nuit  aux  bois,"  "La  Ferraiere," 


250 


HARKXES— HART 


kl  Little  Boy  Blue,"  "Vos  yeux,"  "  Mignon," 
"  Say  yes  !"  "  Tnstesse,"  "  True-love  Land," 
il  Almond-blos- 
soms," "  Quand 
on  aime,"and  "A 
Bunch  of  Violets." 
Calve,  Melba, 
Plan9on,  and 
others,  have  made 
striking  concert- 
success  with  these 
songs.  Mme. 
d'Hardelot  resides 
in  London  ;  she 
has  visited  Ameri- 
ca once,  with 

Mme.  Calve      Her  sole  attempt  in  larger  forms 
is  the  operette  Elk  et  Lm. 

Hark'nes.    See  SENKRAH. 

Harm'ston,  John  William,  b.  London, 
1823  ;  d.  Lubeck,  Aug.  26,  iSSi.  St.  w.  Stern- 
dale  Bennett,  and  in  1848  settled  as  mus. -teacher 
in  Lubeck. — Much  pf. -music  (op.  193,  "Le  jet 
d'eau";  op.  211,  "  Les  Naiades";  etc.);  pieces 
for  vln.  and  'cello  ;  songs,  etc. 

Harper,  Thomas,  trumpet-virtuoso;  b. 
Worcester,  Engl.,  May  3,  1787;  d.  London, 
Jan.  20,  1853.  St.  w.  Elvey ;  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  the  East  Indian  Company  for  18  yrs., 
and  was  app.  their  mus.  inspector  for  life. 
From  1821,  principal  soloist  at  Drury  Lane  Th., 
the  King's  Th.,  Ital.  Opera,  Philharmonic,  and 
Ancient  Concerts,  etc. — Left  3  sons :  Thomas, 
who  succeeded  him ;  Charles,  distinguished 
horn-player ;  and  Edward,  pianist. 

HaVraden,  Samuel,  b.  Cambridge,  Engl., 
1821  (?) ;  d.  Hampstead,  July  17,  1897.  Pupil 
of  \Valmisley ;  1841,  org.  of  St.  Luke's,  Man- 
chester; in  '1846,  at  the  "Old  Mission  Ch.", 
Calcutta.  His  influence  was  great  on  the  mus. 
life  of  the  town  ;  he  founded  the  first  Glee  Club, 
became  an  enthusiastic  student  of  Hindoo  music, 
prof,  at  the  Hindoo  Coll.  of  Mus.,  and  at  the 
Free  School.  For  his  attainments  in  Hindoo 
music  he  was  made  "  Mus,  Doc."  by  the  Bengal 
R.  Acad.  of  Mus. 

Harriers- Wippern,  Luise  («/«,'  Wippern), 
operatic  singer ;  b.  Hildesheim,  1837 ;  d.  Gro- 
bersdorf,  Silesia,  Oct.  5,  1878.  D&itt  1857, 
Royal  Opera,  Berlin,  as  "Agathe  "  in  Der  Frei- 
schutz.  Also  sang  in  Vienna,  and  London,  but 
permanently  engaged  for  Berlin.  Her  superb 
voice  was  heard  to  advantage  both  in  dramatic 
and  lyrical  parts.  In  1868,  after  long  illness, 
she  retired  with  a  pension. 

Harris,  (Sir)  Augustus,  b.  Paris,  1852  ;  d. 
Folkestone,  Engl.,  June  22,  1896.  One  of  the 
most  celebrated  and  successful  impresari*  of  the 
igth  century.  An  actor  by  profession,  he  was 
engaged,  soon  after  his  debut  as  Macbeth^  at 
Manchester,  1873,  by  Col.  Mapleson  as  stage- 
manager.  In  1879  he  leased  Drury  Lane  Th., 
where  he  won  brilliant  success  with  spectacular 


plays  and  pantomimes  ;  in  iS57,  he  took  up 
Italian  opera,  and  secured  control  ^ucces^nu'y 
of  H  M.'s  Th.,  tne  Olyrrpia.  an- 1  va-n us  pro\  1.i- 
cial  stages.  He  aKo  cultivated  French  and  Eng- 
lish ope~a  with  alraust  uniform  success. 

Harris,  William  Victor,  song-composer  ;  b. 
New  York,  Apr  27,  1869  Pupil  of  Charles 
Blum  (pf.)t  I.579-S6  ,  of  Wm.  Courtney  I  voice), 
1587-91 ;  of  Fred.k  Schilling  (harm,  andcump  i, 
1890-92  ;  and  of  Anton  Seidl  (conducting*,  1395- 
gO.  From  1589-95,  org.  at  various  churches  in 
Tuxedo  Park,  Brooklyn,  and  New  York  ;  1593-4, 
cond.  Utica  Choral  'Union ;  1892-5  rcf&iKnr 
and  coach  at  Metropolitan  Opera,  X.  V  ;  1893-4, 
cond  Utica  Choral  Union ;  1595-6,  as^-t.-cond 
to  Seidl  at  the  Brighton  Beach  Summer  Con- 
certs. Now*  (1899)  living  in  X.  Y.  as  a  vocal 
instructor,  accompanist,  and  composer.  In  MS. 
he  has  a  pf. -suite  ;  several  songs ;  a.  cantata  f. 
soli,  ch. ,  and  org. ;  and  an  operetta,  .]/>/*•.  J/iz/V  «•/ 
J/.  de  Sc/jibi't  •  has  publ.  4  quartets  f.  women's 
voices,  2  f.  men's  voices,  and  a  score  of  songs 
which  are  well-known  and  well-liked. 

Harrison,  Annie  Fortescue  (wife  of  Lord 
Arthur  William  Hill),  English  contemporary 
composer. — Works  :  The  lost  Husband^  operetta 
(London,  1884) ;  a  cantata,  Tfo  Ferry-fir  I  (St. 
George's  Hall,  1653)  ;  many  patriotic  songs,  and 
others ;  pf. -music. 

Harriss,  Charles  Albert  Edwin,  comp.  and 
organist ;  b.  London,  Dec.  15,  1862.  At  eight 
he  was  chorister  at  St.  Mark's,  Wrexham,  where 
his  father  (Edwin  H.)  was  organist.  Ouseley 
scholar  at  St.  Michael's  Coll.,  Tenbury,  in  1875"; 
asst.-org.  at  St.  Giles',  Reading,  in  iSSo ;  org. 
at  Welshpool,  and  private  org.  to  the  Earl  of 
Powis,  in  iSSi.  Since  1883  he  has  lived  with 
his  father  at  Montreal,  Canada  ;  at  first  as  org. 
and  regens  chori  at  Christ  Ch.  Cathedral,  later 
at  the  Ch.  of  St.  James  the  Apostle,  now 
famed  for  excellent  music.  Also  founded  a  glee 
and  madrigal  society. — Works :  Opera  Torqitil 
(Montreal,  1896) ;  cantata  Daniel  before  ike 
King  (1890) ;  many  anthems ;  pf.-  and  org.- 
music,  songs,  etc. 

Hart,  James,  bass  singer  and  comp. ;  d.  May 
8,  1718.  To  1670,  singer  at  York  Minster, 
then  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  lay 
vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey.  Comp.  several 
songs  publ.  in  "  Choice  Ayres,  Songs,  and  Dia- 
logues," 1676-84  ;  "  The  Theater  of  Musik," 
1685-87  ;  "  Banquet  of  Music,"  1688-92.— His 
son  (presumably), 

Hart,  Philip,  organist  of  various  London 
churches ;  d.  abt.  1749  J  comp.  anthems,  org.- 
fugues,  mus.  f.  Hughes'  "Ode  in  Praise  of 
Musick  "  (1703),  and  for  "  The  Morning  Hymn" 
from  Milton's  "  Paradise  Lost,"  Book  V  (1729). 

Hart,  John  Thomas,  English  violin-maker ; 
b.  Dec.  17,  1805;  d.  London,  Jan.  I,  1874. 
Pupil  of  Gilkes,  he  made  a. complete  study  of 
Italian  violins,  became  a  famous  expert,  and  car- 


251 


IIAliT— IIARTVIGSOX 


ned  on  an  e.'vtenmve  commerce  in  o.u  :r*«ir.s. — 
His  son, 

Hart,  George,  b  London,  Mur.  2?.  1^39  :  d. 
there  Apr.  25,  1291;  wrute  fie  valLti'jItj  \\orks 
**  The  Violin,  its  famous  Makers  and  t>e*r  Inii- 
tator^  "  i  Lonuon  .  I>U*MI,  1^75,  and  other  edi- 
tiur*i ;  French,  iSct>),  and  "  Tne  Violin  and  its 
Music"  (London;  NcneLo,  i55i». 

Har'tel.  [Music-publisher.]  See  BREITKUFF 
U\D  1 1  ARIEL. 

Ha^tel,  Gustav  Adolf,  viohnist  and  com- 
poser ,  b.  Leipzig-,  Dec.  7,  1836 ;  d.  Homburg, 
Aug.  2s,  1876.  In  i $5  7,  KapeKm.  at  Bremen, 
in  1863  at  Rostock,  in  1673  at  Plomburg. — 
Works  Opera,  Dit  Combiners;  3  operettas ; 
variations  and  fantasias  f.  vln. ;  tkTrio  burlesque  " 
f.  3  vlns  w.  pf  ;  etc. 

Harte!,  Benno,  pianist  and  comp. ;  b.  Jauer, 
Silesia,  May  I,  1846.  Pupil  of  Hoppe  (pf.), 
Jappsen  <Un.),  Kiel  (comp.).  1870,  app.  teacher 
of  theory  in  the  Berlin  Royal  High  School  for 
music.— Publ.  works-  pf.-pcs.,  songs.  In  MS. 
An  opera,  over  300  canons,  and  other  vocal  mus., 
orch.l  music,  etc. 

Har'tel,  Luise  (n&  Hauffe),  pianist ;  b.  Du- 
ben,  Jan.  2,  1837  I  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  20,  1882. 
Wife  of  I)r.  Hermann  H artel  of  Breitkopf  und 
1 1  artel  <</.  r'.). 

Hart'mann,  Johan  Peder  Emilius,  cele- 
brated Danish  dramatic  comp. ;  b.  Copenhagen, 
May  14,  1805.  Of  German  descent,  his  grand- 
father (d.  1763)  was  royal  chamber-mus.  at  Co- 
penhagen. His  father,  org.  at  Copenhagen 
(1800-50),  gave  him  early  instruction  in  music, 
although  he  was  destined  for  and  studied  law. 
He  held  a  public  position,  was  also  asst.-org.  to 
his  father,  and  taught  in  the  Copenhagen  Cons. 
Weyse  noticed  the  young  man's  ability,  and  en- 
couraged him  with  his  advice.  In  1832  he  prod, 
his  ist  opera,  Ravnen  flier  Broderproven /  then 
followed  The  golden  /Tarro  (1834),  The  Corsairs 
(183  5\  and  Uden  Kirsten  (1846).  In  1836,  he 
visited  Germany,  France,  and  Switzerland.  In 
1840,  he  was  ap'p.  dir.  of  the  Copenhagen  Cons., 
and  in  1849,  ^"^  made  Royal  Capelmester.  To 
celebrate  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  musical 
career,  in  1874,  a  grand  concert  was  given,  a 
Hartmann  scholarship  founded,  and  he  received 
the  "  Danebrog"  order.  On  the  jubilee  of  the 
Copenhagen  Univ.,  the  honorary  degree  of  Ph  D. 
was  conferred  on  him.  Gade  was  his  son-in-law. 
One  of  his  latest  works  is  op.  71,  **  Weissagung 
der  Wala,"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.  (1894).  He 
has  also  comp.  overtures,  symphonies,  cantatas, 
incid.  mus.  to  plays,  a  vln. -concerto,  pf.-pcs., 
song-cycles,  etc. — His  son, 

Hart'mann,  Emit  (Jr.),  also  a  talented  comp., 
was  b.  Copenhagen,  Feb.  21,  1836 ;  d.  Copen- 
hagen, July  19,  1898.  Instructed  by  his  father, 
also  by  Gade,  his  brother-in-law.  In  1861,  org. 
at  Copenhagen ;  in  1871,  app.  court-org.  His 
health  compelled  him  to  retire  in  1873.  Resided 


at  >•-•  lerod,  n.  Copenhagen.  —  Works  Several 
ope-as,  Jklzttft^n  11.567},  Tfo  -Yucie,  77it>  Cor- 
sicjuj  icomic'  ,  Ha^j'\tjt?l(  Copenhagen,  1893  1)  , 
J?ittit.HZJ2tt>jt  ,  I  act  f  Ham  burg,  1696  ;  succ  )  ;  a 
cho-al  work,  *  l  Winter  und  Lenz  "  ;  a  ballet, 
JytMctuM  /  overture,  orchestral  suite,  three  sym- 
phonies, vln  -concerto,  a  'cello-concerto,  pf.-trio, 
serenade  f.  pf.,  'cello,  and  clarinet,  etc. 

Hart'mann,  Ludwig,  pianist,  composer,  and 
mus  -critic  ;  b.  Neuss-on-Rhine,  1836.  Son  and 
pupil  of  Friedrich  Hartmann  (song-comp  ,  b. 
1805  ).  Also  st.  at  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles 
and  Hauptmann),  and  in  Weimar,  1856-7  (Liszt) 
Settled  in  Dresden.  Prominent  Wagnerian  cham- 
pion. —  Works  Pf  -music  and  songs.  In  MS. 
an  opera,  ' 


Hart'mann,  Arthur,  b.  Philadelphia,  July 
23,  iSS2.  Violinist.  Has  played  uith  success 
in  London,  Paris,  Vienna,  etc/ 

Har'tog,  Edouard  de,  b.  Amsterdam,  Aug. 
15,  1826.  St.  w.  Hoch,  Mme.  Dulcken,  Dohler, 
and  Bartelmann  ;  then  in  Paris  w.  Elwart  and 
Litolff  ,  and  from  1049-52  w.  Heinze  and  Damcke. 
Settled  in  Paris  in  1852,  as  a  teacher  of  pf., 
comp.,  and  harmony.  The  same  year,  and  also 
in  1857  and  1859,  made  himself  known  by  his 
orch.l  comp.s.  Prod,  his  first  comic  opera  (in 
MS.  since  1853),  L<>  manage  tie  Don  Lope  (Th. 
Lyrique,  iSOs).  He  is  a  member  of  the  Nether- 
land  Mus.  Soc.,  and  is  decorated  \\ith  the  orders 
of  Leopold,  and  the  Oaken  Crown.  Was  a  con- 
tributor to  Pougin's  Supplement  to  Fetis1  "  Bio- 
graphic universelle."—  Works  :  Opera,  F  Amour 
at  son  Hdte  (Brussels,  1873);  the  43rd  psalm,  f. 
soli,  ch.,and  orch.;  2  string-quartets  ;  suite  f. 
strings;  Meditations  f.  vln.,  'cello,  organ,  harp, 
and  pf.;  songs,  pf.-pcs.,  etc.  In  MS.,  operas, 
symphonic  preludes,  orch.l  sketches,  etc. 

Har'tog,  Jacques,  comp.  and  writer  ;  b.  Zalt- 
Bommel,  Holland,  Oct.  24,  1837.  St.  w.  Carl 
Wilhelm  at  Crefeld,  and  Ferd.  Hiller  at  Cologne. 
Prof,  of  mus.  history  at  the  Amsterdam  School 
of  Music.  Contributes  to  the  "Centralblatt" 
(Leipzig),  the  "Musikwelt,"  and  the  "Neue 
Zeitschrift  fur  Musik"  (Bonn).  Transl.  into 
Dutch  Lebert  and  Stark's  "  Klavierschule," 
Langhans*  "  History  of  Music,"  and  Breslauer's 
**  Methodik  des  Klavierunterrichts."  —  Comp.s  : 
Operetta,  mass,  concert-overture,  vln.-concer- 
tino,  etc. 

Hart'vigson,  Frits,  pianist  ;  b.  Grenaa,  Jut- 
land, May  31,  1841.  St.'  w.  Gade,  Gebauer,  and 
Ree  ;  from  1859-61,  w.  Bulow  at  Berlin.  Settled 
in  London  in  1864,  where  he  has  since  resided, 
with  the  exception  of  two  years  passed  in  St. 
Petersburg  (1873-5).  In  1873,  app.  pianist  to 
the  Princess  of  Wales  ;  in  1875,  mus.  -prof,  at  the 
Norwood  College  for  the  Blind.  From  1879-88, 
he  was  incapacitated  from  public  recitals,  by  a 
slight  failure  in  the  nerve-power  of  the  left  arm. 
In  1887,  became  pf.-prof,  at  the  Crystal  Palace. 
—  Anton,  his  brother,  b.  Aarhus,  Oct.  16,  1845, 


252 


HASE— HASSE 


a  pupil  of  Tausig  and  Edmund  Neupert,  also 
resides  in  London  as  pianist  and  teacher. 
Ha'se,  (Dr )  Oskar  von.    See  BREITKOPF 

UND  HARTEL. 

Ha'ser,  August  Ferdinand,  b.  Leipzig, 
Oct.  15,  1779  *  d  Weimar,  Nov.  I,  1844  Edu- 
cated at  the  Thomasschule,  and  student  of  di- 
vinity at  the  Univ  ,  Leipzig.  In  1817,  mus.- 
teacher  to  the  Duke  of  Weimar's  family,  and 
became  church  musical  director,  teacher  of'music 
in  the  Weimar  Training-School,  chorusmaster 
of  the  Court  Opera,  and  finally  theatre- Kapdlm. 
— Works  :  Oratorio,  Dcr  Triumph  d?s  Glaubcns 
(Weimar,  1828  ;  Birmingham,  1837  ,  words  by 
Klopstock) ;  masses,  Te  Deums,  Paternosters", 
requiems,  misereres,  etc.;  also  orch  1  music, 
overtures,  etc.;  3  operas,  pf -pcs.,  songs,  etc. 
— Writings ,  4'Verj>uch  einer  systematischen 
Uebersicht  der  Gesanglehre  "  (1820);  "Chor- 
gesangschule  "  (1831).— His  sister, 

Ha'ser,  Charlotte  Henriette,  celebrated 
singer  ;  b.  Leipzig,  Jan.  24,  1784  ;  d.  (?);  made 
her  debut  at  the  Dresden  Opera,  and  afterwards 
sang  at  Vienna  and  in  Italy.  In  1813,  married 
a  lawyer  named  Vera,  at  Rome.  Her  youngest 
brother, 

Ha'ser,  Heinrich,  prof,  of  medicine  at  Jena ; 
b.  Rome,  Oct.  15,  1811  ,  wrote  kk  Die  mensch- 
liche  Stimme,  ihre  Organe,  ihre  Ausbildung, 
Pflege  und  Erhaltung  "  (1839) 

Ha'sert,  Rudolf,  pianist  and  doctor  of  the- 
ology ;  b.  Greifswald,  Feb.  4,  1826.  Intended 
for  a  lawyer,  he  turned  to  music  through  Robt. 
Franz's  influence,  and  from  1848-50  st  pf.  w. 
Kullak,  and  comp.  w.  Dehn,  at  Berlin.  He 
made  successful  artistic  tours,  visiting  Stock- 
holm, Gothenburg,  Christiania,  Copenhagen, 
Paris  (1855),  and  Weimar,  where  he  met  Liszt ; 
settled  in  Berlin  in  1 860  as  teacher,  virtuoso,  and 
composer.  In  1870,  he  passed  the  gov.t  exam, 
in  theology,  and  became  minister  in  the  Straus- 
berg  penitentiary.  In  1873,  he  came  into  the 
family-living  at  Gristow,  n.  his  birth-olace,  and 
has  resided  there  since,  as  pastor. 

Has'ler  (or  Hassler),  Hans  Leo  von,  cele- 
brated org.  and  comp.;  b.  Nuremberg,  1564; 
d.  Frankfort,  June  5,  1612.  The  eldest  of  3 
sons  of  Isaac  Hassler,  town-musician  of  Nurem- 
berg. St.  w.  his  father,  and  was  a  fellow-pupil 
of  G.  Gabrieli  under  Andrea  Gabrieli  in  Venice 
(1584).  Was  the  first  notable  German  comp. 
who  went  to  Italy  for  study.  1585-1601,  org. 
to  Count  Octavianus  Fugger  at  Augsburg. 
1601-8,  court-mus.  in  Prague  to  Emperor  Ru- 
dolf II. ,  who  ennobled  him.  In  1608,  received 
an  appointment  at  the  court  of  the  Elector  of 
Saxony  ;  he  died  of  phthisis  while  travelling. — 
One  of  the  most  famous  composers  of  his  epoch, 
with  Gumpeltzhaimer,  Erbach,  Melchior,  and 
Franck,  H.  is  considered  one  of  the  founders 
of  German  music ;  the  style  of  his  works  is 
strongly  influenced  "  by  the  two  Gabrielis. — 
Comp.s  :  "  Canzonette  a  4  voci "  (1590) ;  *'  Can- 


ticnes  sacrae  .  .  .  4.  3  et  piur  voc."  (1591, 
1597,  1607);  "  Madngali  a  5-^  voci"U5g6); 
*'  Neue  teutsche  Gesang  nath  Art  der  welscken 
Madngahen  und  Canzonetten  "  <<z  4-5;  1596. 
1604,  1609);  4*  Mi<sae  4-3  "vocum"  '15991; 
""  Lustq^arten  newer  deutscher  Cicrar.g.  lialletti, 
Galharden  und  Intraden  mit  4-3  btimmen" 
iifoi,  1605,  1610* ;  "  Saen  coru-entus,  5-12 
voc  "  U6oi,  1612) ,  kkPsalmen  und  chnstliche 
(lesange"  (a  4,  k' fu^vreis,"  1607;  new  ed.  in 
score,  1777) ,  "  Kirchengesange,  Psalmen  und 
geistliche  Lieder"  ia  4,  "simphciter,"  i6oS, 
1637),  "Litaney  deutsch  Ilerrn  Dr.  Martini 
Lutheri "  (a  7,  f. "double  chorus,  1619) ,  "  Venus- 
garten  oder  neue  lustige  Hebliche  Tantze  teut- 
scher  und  polms-cher  Art"  (1615).  Motets  of 
his  are  in  collections  of  the  period.  Also  see 
Eitncr's  "  Chrunol.  Verzeichniss "  of  H.'s 
pnnted  works. — His  brother  Jakob,  b.  Nurem- 
berg, 1566  ,  d.  Hechingen  0),  1601,  ^as  org. 
to  Uraf  Lytel  Friedrich  von  Ilohenzollern-Her- 
bmgen.  A  famous  virtuoso,  he  also  comp. 
much  sacred  music  — The  third  brother,  Kas- 
par,  b  Nuremberg,  1570 ;  d.  there  1618  as 
org  ,  edited  a  collection  of  church-mus. ,  *  *  Sym- 
phoniae  bacrae"  (Nuremberg,  1596— 1600}. 

Has'linger,  Tobias,  Viennese  mus.-publ.; 
b.  Zell,  Upper  Austria,  Mar  I.  1767  ;  d.  Vienna; 
June  1 8,  1842  St  mus.  w.  Gloeggl,  Kapdlm. 
at  Linz  ;  in  1810  went  to  Vienna  as  bookkeeper 
in  Stemer's  music-establishment,  later  became 
partner,  and,  on  Steiner's  retirement  in  1826, 
sole  proprietor.  Cond.  the  business  thenceforth 
under  his  own  name  ;  was  on  intimate  terms  with 
the  most  famous  musicians  of  Vienna,  especially 
Beethoven,  \vhose  musically-addressed  letters  to 
H.  (such  as  "  O  Tobias  Dominus  Ilaslinger,"  in 
canon-form)  are  still  extant. — He  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  June  n,  iSi6;  d. 
there  Dec.  26,  iS6S,  a  brilliant  pianist  and  indus- 
trious comp. — Works  :  IVanda^  opera,  and  over 
loo  comp.s  of  various  kinds.  Carried  on  the 
business  as  ll  Karl  H.,  late  Tobias";  the  present 
proprietor  is  Schlesinger  (Lienau)  of  Berlin,  who 
bought  it  from  the  widow  in  1875. 

Has'se,  Nikolaus,  abt.  1650,  org,  of  the 
Marienkirche,  Rostock.  Under  the  title  "  De- 
liciae  Musicae"  (1656),  publ.  his  own  comp.s, 
consisting  of  Allemandes,  Courantes,  Sarabandes, 
f.  stringed  instr.s,  clavecin  or  theorbo  (2nd  part, 
and  "  Appendix,"  1658). 

Has'se,  Johann  Adolph,  dram,  comp.;  b. 
Bergedorf,  n.  Hamburg,  Mar.  25,  1699;  d. 
Venice,  Dec.  iO,  1783.  His  father,  a  school- 
master and  org.,  first  instructed  him.  In  1717, 
at  18  yrs.  of  age,  he  went  to  Hamburg,  where 
Ulrich  Konig,  the  poet,  recommended  him  to 
Keiser,  dir.  of  the  Hamburg1  Opera,  as  tenor,  a 
position  he  held  for  4  years.  KBnig's  good  of- 
fices again,  in  1722,  secured  him  an  appointment 
at  the  Brunswick  theatre,  where  H.  successfully 
prod,  his  ist  opera,  Antigen  us  (1723).  In  1724, 
he  went  to  Italy  for  study  with  Porpora,  whom 
he  soon  left  for  A,  Scarlatti,  He  secured  Italian 


253 


HASSE— HASTREITER 


fame  with  //  Sesostrafe  (Naples,  1726),  written 
after  the  success  (1725)  of  a  serenade  for  two 
voices,  sung-  by  Farmelli  and  Signora.  Tew.  He 
was  app.  (1727)  prof,  at  the  Scuola  degl'  Incu- 
rabili,  Venice,  for  which  he  wrote  a  celebrated 
Miserere.  His  talents,  vocal  and  instrumental, 
and  his  handsome  appearance, made  him  a  society 
favorite,  and  he  became  knoun  as  "il  caro  Sab- 
sone  "  (the  amiable  Saxon).  Attah,  re  di  Bitima 
(Naples,  1728),  was  also  a  success  In  1730,  at 
Venice,  he  married  the  celebrated  eantatrice 
Faustina  Bordoni,  for  whom  he  comp.  the  operas 
Dalisa  and  Artastrst.  In  1731,  August  II. 
app.  him  Kapelhn*  and  opera-dir.  at  Dresden, 
his  wife  being  eng.  as  prima  donna.  Their 
rivalry  with  Porpora  and  his  pupil  Regina  Min- 
gotti  ensued,  and  H.  did  not  altogether  shine  in 
his  efforts  to  place  them  at  a  disadvantage.  JHe 
frequently  obtained  leave  of  absence,  and  visited 
Venice,  Milan,  and  Naples,  where  he  prod, 
several  opeias,  also  going  to  London,  where 
Handel  reigned  supreme.  Recognizing  Han- 
del's superiority,  he  did  not  contest  the  position, 
but  returned  to  Dresden  in  1739,  when  Por- 
pora and  the  Mingotti  had  left,  and  remained 
there  \uth  his  wife,  popular  favorites,  till  1763. 
By  the  siege  of  Dresden,  in  1760,  H.  suffered 
great  losses  ,  his  MSS.,  prepared  for  a  complete 
cd.  of  his  works  by  command  of  the  King  of 
Poland,  being  destroyed.  At  the  conclusion  of 
the  war,  from  economy,  opera  was  suppressed, 
and  II.  and  his  wife  were  dismissed  without 
pension,  retiring  to  Vienna.  Here  he  comp. 
several  new  operas  to  Metastasio's  libretti,  in 
successful  rivalry  with  Gluck,  and  in  his  75th 
>ear  prod,  at  Milan  (1744)  his  hist  opera,  fiug- 
giero,  for  the  marriage  of  Archduke  Ferdinand. 
A  dramatic  serenade,  Astanw  in  Alba^  by  Mo- 
zart (then  13  yrs.  of  age),  being  performed  at  the 
same  time,  4l  This  boy  will  throw  us  all  into  the 
shade,"  was  the  elder's  truthful  prediction.  The 
last  ten  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  Venice. 
His  facility  and  fertility  of  composition  were 
astounding,  and  he  possessed  a  ceaseless  flow 
of  delightful  melody.  "  Pallido  c  il  sole,"  and 
1 '  Per  questo  dolce  amplesso,"  from  his  Ar  laser se^ 
were  the  two  airs  which  Farinelli  sang  every 
evening  for  10  years,  to  soothe  Philip  of  Spain's 
melancholy.  Hasse's  works  include  over  100 
operas  ;  10  oratorios  ;  5  Te  Deuras  w.  orch. ;  a 
requiem,  masses,  magnificats,  misereres,  litanies, 
motets,  psalms,  cantatas,  clavier-sonatas,  flute- 
concertos,  clavier-concertos,  etc.  A  valuable 
collection  of  his  MSS.  is  in  the  Dresden  Library. 

Has'se,  Faustina  (H&  Bordoni),  wife  of  the 
preceding,  and  a  famous  dram,  mezzo-soprano 
of  noble  birth  ;  b.  Venice,  1693  (1700) ;  d.  there 
1783.  St.  w.  Gasparini  and  B.  Marcello ;  in 
1716,  achieved  fame  by  her  debut  in  Pollarolo's 
Ariodante^  and  became  widely-known  as  the 
"  New  Syren."  In  1719  sang  at  Venice  with 
Cuzzoni  and  Bernacchi ;  in  1722  at  Naples  and 
Florence,  where  a  medal  was  struck  in  her 
honor.  In  1724,  while  singing  at  Vienna, 


Handel  eng.  her  for  his  London  opera  (1726-8), 
where  she  outrivalled  Cuzzoni.  In  1729  she  re- 
turned to  Venice,  and  married  Hasse,  her  life 
thenceforwaid  being  bound  up  in  his,  and  both 
dying  in  the  same  year  In  her  zenith,  she  was 
unrivalled  in  the  brilliance  and  finish  of  her 
vocalization. 

Has'se,  Gustav,  popular  song-composer ;  b. 
Peitz,  Brandenburg,  Sept.  4, 1834  St.  at  Leip- 
zig Cons. ,  afterwards  in  Berlin  w.  Kiel  and  F. 
Kroll.  Settled  in  Berlin  as  music-teacher. 

Has'selbeck,  Rosa.    See  SUCIIFR. 

Has'selt-Barth,  Anna  Maria  Wilhelmine 
(tub  van  Hasselt),  renowned  soprano,  b.  Am- 
sterdam, July  15,  1813.  St  at  Frankfort,  at 
Carlsruhe  w.  J.  Fischer,  and  m  Florence  (1829) 
w.  Roman!  Debut  at  Trieste  (1831)  Sang  on 
various  Italian  stages,  and  at  Munich,  1833-38. 
In  1838,  eng  at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  Vienna, 
until  her  retirement  with  pension. 

Hass'ler.    See  HASLER. 

Hass'ler,  Johann  Wilhelm,  notable  pf  - 
comp.;  b  Erfurt,  Mar.  29,  1747;  d.  Moscow, 
Mar.  25  (29?),  1822.  Son  of  a  cap-maker,  he 
followed  his  father's  trade,  while  studying  the 
pf.  and  organ  with  his  uncle,  Kittel,  and  became 
org.  of  the  Barfusserkirche,  Krfurt,  at  the  age 
of  14.  During  his  apprenticeship  wanderings, 
he  gave  concerts  in  the  leading  German  towns. 
At  Erfurt,  in  1780,  he  founded  winter  concerts, 
and  established  a  mus. -business.  II is  wife 
Sophie,  an  esteemed  singer,  took  part  in  these 
concerts,  and  after  his  departure  to  England, 
and  to  Russia,  where,  in  1792,  he  was  app.  Imp. 
Kapfttm.  at  St.  Petersburg,  dir.  the  concerts, 
and  also  the  mus.  business,  till  1797,  when  these 
enterprises  failed,  and  she  started  to  rejoin  her 
husband,  but  relumed,  and  remained  in  Krfurt 
the  remainder  of  her  life.  In  1794,  II.  went  to 
Moscow,  and  remained  there  much  sought  aftei 
as  a  teacher.  His  works  form  an  interesting 
link  in  pf.-comp.  betw.  IJnch  and  IJeethoven, 
and  consist  of  the  well-known  I)  min.  gigue, 
sonatas,  concertos,  fantasias,  variations,  org.- 
pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Hass'linger-Hass'ingen.    See  UAGKR. 

Hastings,  Thomas,  b.  Washington,  Litch- 
field  Co  ,  Conn.,  Oct.  15,  1787  ;  d.  New  York, 
May  2,  1872.  A  self-taught  musician,  teacher, 
and  writer ;  1823-32,  editor  of  the  Utica,  N.  Y., 
"Recorder";  then  settled  in  New  York  as  an 
organizer  of  church-choirs  and  teacher  of  psalm- 
ody. His  writings,  "The  History  of  Forty 
Choirs"  (1854),  and  "Dissertation  on  Musical 
Taste "  (1822 ;  2nd  enlarged  eel.  1853),  throw 
light  on  mus.  development  in  the  United  States. 
He  composed  simple  hymn-tunes  and  anthems. 

Hast'reiter,  Helene,  fine  dramatic  contralto ; 
b.  Louisville,  Ky.,  Nov.  14,  1858.  St.  under 
Lamperti,  Milan.  Married  Dr.  Hurgunzio,  an 
Italian  physician.  Home  is  now  (1896)  Genoa, 


254 


HATTON-  -HAUPTMANN 


She  is  a  great  favorite  in  Italy ,  some  of  her 
leading  roles  are  Orfeo,  Euridice,  Daltlah,  Senta, 
and  Ortrud. 

Hatton,  John  Liphot,  cond.  and  comp.,  b. 
Liverpool,  Oct  20,  1809 ;  d.  Margate,  Sept  20, 
1886  Excepting  rudimentary  instruction,  was 
self-taught.  Went  to  London  in  1832  ,  app. 
cond.  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  1842,  and  prod. 
The  Queen  oj  the  Thames,  his  first  operetta. 
The  same  year  went  to  Vienna,  and  in  1844 
prod,  there  the  opera  Pascal  Bruno.  Visited 
America  in  1848.  Mus.  Dir.  at  the  Princess* 
Th  ,  Lond.,  1853-8  Comp.  much  mcid.  mus. 
to  stage-plays,  publ.  a  number  of  successful 
songs  under  the  pen-name  of  "  Czapek,"  a  can- 
tata Robin  Hood  (1856),  another  opera,  ROM,  or 
Love's  Ransom  (1864),  and  a  sacred  drama, 
He&ekieth  (1877) 

Hatt'staedt,  John  J.,  b.  Monroe,  Mich., 
Dec.  29,  1851.  After  study  with  several  Amer 
and  Ger.  teachers,  he  taught  pf.-playing  at 
Detroit,  St.  Louis,  and  for  n  years  at  the 
Chicago  Coll.  of  Mus.,  where  he  also  lectured 
on  mus.  history.  Since  1886,  Director  of  the 
Amer.  Cons.,  Chicago,  teaching  pf.,  and  con- 
ducting a  Teachers'  Normal  Dep.t.  He  is  an 
occasional  contributor  to  the  press,  and  has 
publ.  a  "  Manual  of  Musical  History." 

Hauck,  Minnie,  b.  New  York,  Nov.  16, 
1852.  Dramatic  soprano,  debut  as  "Noima" 
in  N.  V.,  1869;  enthusiastically  received  in 
London,  the  same  year,  in  Ital.  opera ;  eng. 
1870  as  prima  donna  of  Vienna  Court  Opera ; 
1873-5,  Berlin  ;  has  sung  repeatedly  in  all  Kuro- 
pean  capitals,  and  in  America.  Principal  roles  : 
Zerlina,  Mignon,  Rosine,  Margaretha,  Ai'da, 
Fille  du  Regiment,  Carmen,  Xatherine  (in 
Goetz's  Widcrspenstigeii),  etc. 

Hau'er,  Karl  Heinrich  Ernst,  b.  Halber- 
stadt,  Oct.  28,  1828  ;  d.  Berlin,  Mar.  16,  1892. 
Son  of  the  cantor  and  teacher,  fiom  1844  he 
attended  the  Halberstadt  Gymnasium.  For  two 
years  he  studied  with  Marx  (Berlin),  and  for 
three  years  (distinguishing  himself  in  comp.)  at 
the  Royal  Akadcmie  (Bach,  Rungenhagen,  and 
Grell).  In  1853,  won  a  silver  medal  with  an 
orchestrated  Psalm  a  8.  App.  mus. -teacher  at 
the  Andreas  Gymnasium,  1856  ;  organist  of  the 
Markuskirche,  1866. — Comp.s:  Ave  Maria  a  6 
a  cappella ;  Paternoster  f.  bolo  and  chorus ; 
"  Luther  Hymns,"  motets,  sacred  songs  ;  quar- 
tets f.  male  and  mixed  voices,  secular  songs,  etc. 

Hauff,  Johann  Christian,  theorist  and  comp. ; 
b.  Franklort,  Sept.  8,  1811 ;  d.  there  Apr.  30, 
1891.  One  of  the  founcfers  and  first  professors 
of  the  Frankfort  School  of  Music.  Wrote  a 
"Theorie  der  Tonsetxkunst "  (1863-9  I  3  vol-s 
in  5  parts).  Orchestral  and  chamber-music. 

Hauf  fe,  Luise.    See  HAKTKL,  LUISK. 

Haupt,  Karl  August,  organ-virtuoso ;  b. 
Kunern,  Silesia,  Aug.  25,  1810 ;  d.  Berlin,  July 
4,  1891.  Pupil  of  A.  W.  Bach,  Klein,  and 
Dehn  (Berlin),  1827-30.  Org.  in  succession  of 


various  P>erlin  churches  ;  app.  1849  to  the  Pa- 
lochialkirche,  and  became  famous  for  his  fine 
improvisations  in  the  style  of  J  S.  Bach.  \Vas 
one  of  the  experts  consulted  for  the  specification 
of  the  Crystal  Palace  grand  organ.  Teacher  of 
theory  and  organ-playing  for  some  years  at  the 
"  Ivonigliches  Kirchenmusik-Institut,"  Berlin, 
and  on  A.  W.  Bach's  death  (iS6g)  he  was  app. 
director  of  the  musical  section  of  the  senate  of 
the  Akademie,  at  the  same  time  receiving  the 
title  of  Professor.  Taught  many  distinguished 
pupils,  including  over  35  contemporary  Amer- 
ican organists. — In  MS.,  numerous  org  -comp  s. 
Publ  part-songs,  songs,  and  a  valuable  llCho- 
ralbuch  "  (1869). 

Haupfmann,  Moritz,  eminent  theorist  and 
comp.;  b.  Dresden,  Oct.  13,  1792;  d.  Leipzig, 
Jan.  3,  1868  His 
father  was  State- 
architect,  and  hoped 
to  bring  up  his  son 
to  that  profession. 
But  the  results  of 
his  musical  studies, 
pf .  and  harm  . 
(Grosse),  vln. 
(S  c  h  o  1  z ),  comp. 
(Morlacchi),  evinced 
such  talent  that  no 
obstacle  was  allowed 
to  interfere  with  its 
development.  In 
i8ri  he  went  to 

Gotha  to  studv  vln.  and  comp.  under  Spohr,  and 
became  his  life-long  friend.  In  1812  he  was 
violinist  in  the  Dresden  court  orch.,  became 
mus. -teacher  to  the  family  of  the  Russian  gov- 
ernor of  Dresden,  Prince  Repnin,  and  in  1815 
went  with  them  to  Russia,  where  he  stayed  five 
years.  Returning  to  Germany,  he  was  admitted 
into  Spohr's  court,  orch.  at  Kassel,  in  1822. 
lie  exhibited  remarkable  ability  as  instructor  in 
cpt.  and  comp  ,  and  in  1842,  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  Mendelssohn  and  Spohr,  was  app.  can- 
tor and  Musikdirector  at  the  Thomasschule,  as 
Weinhg's  successor,  and  prof,  of  cpt.  and  comp. 
at  Leipzig  Cons  ,  retaining  these  posts  until  his 
death  A  master  of  classic  musical  form,  he 
followed  a  fundamental  rule,  that  '*  unity  of  idea 
and  perfection  of  form  "  were  indispensable  in 
all  comp.s,  and  exemplified  it  in  his  own  music, 
which  is  remarkable  for  architectonic  symmetry 
of  form  and  purity  of  part-leading  ;  his  vocal 
music,  especially  the  motets,  is  particularly 
beautiful.  Still,  although  a  finished  composer, 
he  is  more  famous  as  a  theorist  and  teacher; 
among  his  numerous  distinguished  pupils  were 
Ferd.  David,  BurgmUller,  Kiel,  the  Baches,  Jo- 
achim, Sullivan,  von  Bulow,  Cowen,  etc.  The 
scientific  foundation  of  modern  musical  theory, 
amplified  by  A.  v.  Oettingen  (**  Harmoniesys- 
tem  in  dualer  Entwickelung,"  1866),  Riemann 
("  Handbuch  der  Harmonielehre,"  etc.),  and 
others,  is  laid  by  II.  in  lk  Die  Natur  der  Har- 


255 


HAUPTNER— HAUSMANN 


monik  und  Metrik  "  (1853,  2nd  ed.  1873  ;  Engl. 
iSSS).  His  other  wntings  are  :  "  Erlauterungen 
zu  J.  S.  Bach's  Kunst  der  Fuge"  (Peters); 
"Ueber  die  Beantwortung  des  Fugenthemas" 
(printed  in  the  "Wiener  Recensionen ") ;  also 
short  essays  in  various  mus.  periodicals,  many  of 
which  were  collected  and  publ  by  II  's  son  as 
"Opuscula"  (1874).  In  1868  a  posthumous 
work,  "  Die  Lehre  von  der  Harmonik,"  ap- 
peared (edited  by  Oscar  Paul).  H. 'su  Brief e 
an  Franz  Hauser"  (ed.  by  A.  Schone ,  1871,  2 
vol.s)  and  "Briefe  an  L.  Spohr,  und  andere " 
(ed.  by  F  Ililler,  1876)  have  also  been  publ  — 
Comps.:  Opera  Alathilde  (Kassel,  1826), 
stnng-quartets,  vln. -duets,  vln  -sonatas  ;  also  2 
masses,  motets,  part-songs  f.  mixed  voices, 
canons  a  3  f .  sopr.  voices,  duets,  and  songs  f. 
solo  voice. 

Haupt'ner,  Thuiskon,  b.  Berlin,  1825  ;  d. 
there  Feb.  9,  1889.  St.  at  the  Berlin  Royal 
Academy,  and  in  1850  became  JCapellm.  at  the 
Vorstadtisches  Th.;  1854-8,  st.  at  the  Paris 
Cons.  Was  a  teacher  in  Berlin  (1861),  at  the 
Basel  school  of  music  (1863),  and  for  some  years 
directed  the  Singakademie,  Potsdam.  Publ.  a 
"Deutsche  Gesangschule  "  (1861). — Comp.s  . 
Operettas,  farces,  vaudevilles. 

Hausch'ka,  Vincenz,  gifted  'cellist  and  bary- 
tone-player ;  b.  Mies,  Bohemia,  Jan.  21,  1766; 
d.  Vienna,  Sept.  13,  1840.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
a  school-teacher ;  became  chorister  in  Prague 
cath.  St.  theory  with  Zoger,  'cello  with  Christ. 
App.  'cellist  to  Count  Joseph  von  Thun  in 
Prague  (1782) ;  made  successful  concert-tours 
through  Germany. — Works:  In  MS.,  numerous 
comp.s  f.  'cello,  barytone,  etc  ;  publ.  9  sonatas 
f.  'cello  and  bass,  and  a  book  of  vocal  canons 
«3- 

Hau'se,  Wenzel,  prof,  of  double-bass  at 
Prague  Cons.;  b.  in  Bohemia,  abt.  1796.  Publ. 
an  excellent  "  Contrabassschule "  (Hilscher, 
Dresden,  1828 ;  in  French  and  German,  Mainz, 
1829) ;  also  3  collections  of  noteworthy  studies 
for  the  instr. 

Haus'egger,  Friedrich  von,  b.  Vienna,  Apr. 
26, 1837.  Pupil  of  Salzmann  and  Otto  Dessoff ; 
also  std.  law,  and  became  a  barrister  at  Graz. 
In  1872,  qualified  as  teacher  of  history  and 
theory  of  mus.  at  the  Univ.  of  Graz.  A  con- 
tributor to  mus,  periodicals,  his  "Musik  als 
Ausdruck  "  (Vienna,  1885)  is  a  valuable  addition 
to  mus.  ccsthetics.  Other  writings:  "Richard 
Wagner  und  Schopenhauer";  "Vom  Jenseits 
des  Kimstlers"  (1893). 

Hau'ser,  Franz,  bass-baritone  opera-singer ; 
b.  Crasowitz,  n.  Prague,  Jan.  12,  1794;  d. 
Freiburg,  Baden,  Aug.  14,  1870.  Pupil  of 
Tomaczek.  Sang  with  conspicuous  success  at 
Prague  (1817),  Kassel,  Dresden,  Vienna  (1828), 
London  (1832),  Berlin  (1835),  Breslau  (1836), 
and  retired  from  the  stage  the  following  year. 
Travelled  in  Italy,  was  vocal-teacher  at  Vienna, 
an4  from  1846-64  dir.  and  singing-teacher  at 


Munich   Cons.,    retiring  at   its    reorganization 

(1865)  with   a  pension      From  1867,  lived   at 
Freiburg.     A  man  of  culture  and  an  enthusi- 
astic  admirer  of  J.  S.  Bach,  he  formed  a  re- 
markable collection    of    that    master's    works, 
which  included  some  valuable  autographs.     His 
"  Gesanglehre  fur  Lehrende  und    Lernende" 

(1866)  is  a  recital  of  his  personal  experiences  as 
a  singing-teacher     Correspondence  \uth  Men- 
delssohn and  Hauptmann  has  been  publ. 

Hau'ser,  Miska  [Michael],  violin-virtuoso  ; 
b.  Pressburg,  Hungary,  1822  ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec. 
9,  1887.  Pupil  of  Josef  Matalay  and  Kreutzer ; 
also  st.  at  Vienna  Cons. ,  under  Mayseder  and 
Sechter  From  1840-61,  made  concert-tours 
through  Germany,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Norway, 
Russia,  France,  England,  North  and  South 
America,  Australia,  India,  Egypt,  Turkey,  etc  , 
being  well  received  everywhere.  Made  his  last 
public  appearance  in  Cologne  (1874). — Works  : 
Operetta,  DerbhndeLdcrmann(pb\..  1860) ,  fan- 
tasias, rondos,  variations,  and  many  other  vln.- 
comp.s.  His  book  "  Aus  dem  Wanderbuch 
eines  osterreichischen  Virtuoscn "  (Leipzig, 
1858-9,  2  vol  s)  was  a  reprint  of  his  letters  to 
the  "Ostdeutsche  Post"  (Vienna)  on  his  great 
American  journey. 

Hau'ser,  Johann  Ernst,  b.  DiUchenroda, 
n.  Quedlinburg,  1803.  Teacher  at  Quedlinburg 
Gymnasium. — Works  "  Musikalischcs  Lexi- 
kon"  (1828,  2  vol.s  ;  2nd  ed.  1833  ;  only  Ter- 
minology) ;  "Der  Musikalische  Gescllschaf ter " 
(1830,  Anecdotes) ;  "  Klemenlarbuch  fur  die  al- 
leresten  Anfange  des  Pianofortcspiels  "  (1832  ; 
1836  as  "Neue  Pianoforteschule  ") ;  "  Musi- 
kalisches  Jahrbuchlcin  (1833);  "  Gesohichto  des 
christhchen,  inbesondere  des  evangelischen  Kir- 
chengesangs"  (1834). 

Haus'mann,  Valentin.  Five  musicians  in 
direct  lineal  descent  bore  this  name  :  V.  i,  the 
eldest ;  b.  Nuremberg,  1484,  comp.  chorales, 
and  was  a  friend  of  Luther  and  of  JCapcllm. 
Joh  Walter.  His  son,  V.  ii,  was  org.  and 
councillor  at  Gerbstadt,  and  an  industrious 
comp.  of  motets,  canzonets,  and  dances  (inttade, 
paduane,  etc.).  V.  iii,  son  of  preceding,  org. 
at  LobejUn,  was  an  expert  in  org. -construction. 
His  son,  V.  iv,  occupied  the  posts  of  chapel- 
mus.  to  the  Kothen  court ;  orj» .  of  Alsleben  Ch,, 
and  wrote  a  treatise  on  solmisntion.  V.  v,  Bar- 
tholomaus,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Lrlbejlm,  1678, 
became  cath.-org.  at  Merseburg  and  Jhillc,  and 
d.  as  org.  and  burgomaster  nt  Lauchstadt  after 
1740.  In  MS.  several  theoretical  works. 

Haus'mann,  Robert,  'cellist ;  b.  Rottlebe- 
rode,  Harz  Mts.,  Aug.  13,  1852.  To  1869,  st. 
at  the  Brunswick  Gymnasium.  1869-71,  pupil 
of  Thepdor  Mulleratthe  Herlin  "  Ilochschule," 
and  finished  studies  with  Piatti  in  London.  1872- 
6,  at  Dresden,  'cellist  of  the  "  Ilochberp"  quar- 
tet ;  became  teacher  at  the  Berlin  Royal  "  Hoch- 
schule."  Since  1879,  member  of  the  Joachim 
quartet. 


256 


HAUTIN— HAYDN 


Hautin  (or  Haultin),  Pierre,  b.  La  Rochelle, 
abt.  1500  ;  d.  Pans,  1580,  was  the  earliest  French 
founder  of  musical  types.  He  made  his  first 
dies,  for  the  printing  ot  Attaign«uit's  20  books 
of  motets,  in  1525. 

Hawes,  William,  Engl  comp.  and  cond  , 
b  London,  June  21,  1785  ;  d  there,  Feb.  18, 
1846.  1793-1801,  Chapel  Royal  chorister  ;  1802, 
violinist  at  Covent  Garden ;  became  Gentleman 
of  the  Chapel  Royal  in  1805  ;  vicar-choral  and 
Master  of  Choristers  at  St.  Paul's,  1814;  Mas- 
ter of  the  Children  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1817  ; 
and  lay-vicar  of  Westminster  Abbey,  1817-20. 
From  1824-36,  director  of  English  opera  at  the 
Lyceum.  He  adapted  and  prod,  many  operas 
for  the  English  stage,  and  also  comp.  comic 
operas,  glees,  madrigals,  etc. 

Hawkins,  (Sir)  John,  Engl.  writer  and 
musicograph  ,  b.  London,  Mar.  30,  1719 ;  d. 
at  Spa,  May  14,  1789.  By  profession  an  attor- 
ney, he  was  also  an  ardent  mus.  dilettante ,  he 
became  a  member  of  various  societies,  and  wrote 
cantatas  set  to  music  by  John  Stanley.  A 
wealthy  marriage  (1753)  rendered  him  independ- 
ent, and  he  devoted  his  leisure  to  literature, 
more  especially  that  of  music.  In  1770  he 
publ.  anonymously  "  An  Account  of  the  Institu- 
tion and  Progress  of  the  Acad.  of  Ancient 
Music  "  lie  was  knighted  m  1772.  The  re- 
sult of  16  years'  labor  was  his  "  General  History 
of  the  Science  and  Practice  of  Music  "  (1776  , 
Svol.s  4to,  containing  58  portraits  of  musicians  ; 
republ.  by  Novello,  1875,  2  vol-s  8vo  ).  The 
1st  vol.  of  Burney's  "  General  History  of  Music  " 
appeared  at  the  same  time  as  II.'s  complete 
work,  and  was  then  consideiud  superior.  For 
the  other  three  vol.s  of  his  work,  Burney  drew 
on  II.,  who  was  indebted  to  Cooke  for  the  tran- 
scription of  the  old  notation,  etc.,  and  to  Boyce 
for  the  selection  of  the  musical  illustrations. 
Burney  was  brilliant,  and  the  better  musician, 
but  frequently  careless  and  inaccurate ;  while 
H.,  more  painstaking  and  conscientious,  made 
his  compilation  more  reliable  as  a  work  of  refer- 
ence ;  Burney's  never  reached  a  2nd  edition. 
II.  died  of  paralysis,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster Abbey.  The  monograph  on  Corelh 
(il  Universal  Magazine  of  Knowledge  and  Pleas- 
ure," Apr., 1777)  was  not  new,  but  a  reprint  from 
H.'s  principal  work. 

Hay'dn,  (Franz)  Josef,  renowned  comp.; 
b  Rohrau-on-the-Leitha,  Lower  Austria,  Mar. 
31  (bapt.  April  i),  1732;  d.  Vienna,  May  31, 
1809.  lie  was  the  second  son  of  Matthias 
Ilaydn,  a  wheelwright,  the  sexton  and  organ- 
ist of  the  village  church,  and  a  fine  tenor 
singer  1  lis  mother,  Maria  Keller,  was  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  market-inspector,  sang  in  the  village 
choir,  and  had  been  cook  in  the  household  of 
Count  Ilarrach,  the  lord  of  the  village.  Ot 
their  twelve  children,  three  became  musicians. 
On  Sundays  and  holidays  there  was  music  at 
home,  the  father  accompanying  the  voices  on  ' 


the  harp,  which  he  played  by  ear.  At  5  years 
of  age,  Josef's  musical  aptitude  \\as  noticed  by 
a  paternal  cousin,  Johann  Matthias  Frankh,  a 
good  musician,  Chorregent  and  Schulrector  at 
Hamburg  He  took  the  boy  home  with  him 
and  gave  him  elementary  instruction,  taught  him 
Latin,  singing,  and  to  play  the  violin  and  other 
instr  s  George  Reutter,  Ho f composite ur  and 
Kaptllm  at  St  Stephen's,  Vienna,  had  his  at- 
tention drawn  to  the  boy's  talent,  and  engaged 
him  as  chorister  for  St.  Stephen's,  undertaking 
his  further  education.  H.  was  8  years  of  age 
when  he  went  to  Vienna.  Besides  the  daily 
service,  and  2  hours'  choir-practice,  he  studied 
icligion,  Latin,  writing,  and  arithmetic.  He 
also  received  instruction  in  singing,  and  on  the 
violin  and  clavier,  from  Finsterbusch  and  Gegen- 
bauer.  Harmony  and  comp  were  supposed  to 
be  taught  by  Reutter,  who  did  not  trouble  him- 
self about  the  mat- 
ter. Still,  unaided, 
II.  applied  himself 
assiduously  to 
comp.,  and  at  13 
wrote  a  mass; 
though  ridiculed,  in- 
stead of  encouraged, 
by  Reutter,  he  per- 
sisted, and  spent  a 
little  money,  begged 
from  his  father  for 
the  renewal  of  his 
clothing,  in  the  pur- 
chase  of  Fux's 
"Gradus  ad  Par- 
nassum"  and  Mat- 
theson's  u  Volkommener  Kapellm.,"  the  princi- 
ples of  which  he  labored  to  master.  In  1748  his 
voice  began  to  break,  and  he  was  supplanted  by 
•his  brother  Michael,  who  had  joined  him  in  1745. 
Reutter  made  a  practical  joke  which  H.  played 
on  a  fellow-student  a  pretext  for  punishment 
and  dismissal.  Some  poor  but  kindhearted 
friends  gave  him  shelter ;  he  also  obtained  a  few 
pupils,  and  a  sympathetic  Viennese  tradesman 
lent  him  150  florins ,  he  was  thus  enabled  to 
rent  an  attic-room  for  himself,  together  with  a 
rickety  harpsichord.  Here  he  could  practise  un- 
interruptedly, and  Emanuel  Bach's  first  6  so- 
natas became  his  chief  source  of  study.  He 
also  assiduously  practised  the  violin,  but  was  (in 
his  own  words)  "no  conjuror  on  any  instru- 
ment, though  able  to  play  a  concerto."  In  the 
same  house  lived  Metastasio,  the  poet,  who 
taught  him  Italian,  and  recommended  him  as 
musical  instructor  to  a  Spanish  family,  the  de 
Martines,  for  their  daughter  Marianne.  Through 
playing  her  accompaniments  at  the  house  of 
Pofpora,  her  singing-teacher,  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  that  surly  old  master,  and  in  the 
performance  of  various  menial  services  gained 
his  good-will  sufficiently  to  receive  some  valuable 
instruction  in  comp.  from  him,  and  a  recommen- 
dation to  the  Venetian  ambassador  for  a  stipend, 
which  was  granted,  of  50  francs  a  month.  II. 


257 


HAYDN 


went  with  Porpora  to  the  baths  of  Mannersdorf , 
and  made  the  acquaintance  of  Bonno,  \Yagen- 
seil,  Dittersdorf,  and  Gluck.  He  was  now  20 
years  of  age,  and  had  composed  6  trios,  sonatas, 
and  other  instr.l  music,  his  i&t  Mass  in  F,  and 
a  comic  opera,  Der  neue  krumine  Teufcl,  prod, 
at  the  Stadttheater,  1752  (a  satire  on  the  lame 
baron  Affligio,  official  director  of  the  court  opera, 
and  suppressed  after  the  3rd  representation,  but 
afterwards  given  in  Prague,  Berlin,  and  other 
cities).  II.  received  24  ducats  for  this  work,  of 
which  the  libretto  alone  has  been  preserved. 
One  of  his  sonatas  earned  the  good  graces  of 
Countess  Thun,  who  engaged  him  as  harpsi- 
chordist and  singing-master.  He  also  met  Baron 
Karl  Josef  Furnberg,  for  whom  he  comp.  his 
ist  quartet  (1753),  which  was  followed  by  seven- 
teen others  within  a  year.  These  two  wealthy 
friends  introduced  him  to  Count  Ferdinand 
Maximilian  Morzin,  who,  in  1758,  app.  H.  Mu- 
sikdirector  and  Kamwetcompositeur  at  Lukavec, 
n.  Pilsen.  In  1759  Prince  Paul  Anton  Ester- 
hazy  heard  his  ist  symph.  in  D,  and  asked  the 
count  to  give  him  his  composer;  in  1760  H. 
entered  his  service  as  2nd  Kapdlm*  at  Eisen- 
stadt,  after  the  death  of  Werner  becoming  1st 
ICapellm.  The  same  year,  H.  married  Maria 
Anna,  the  eldest  daughter  of  an  early  benefactor, 
Keller,  a  wig-maker.  He  was  in  love  with  the 
second  daughter,  but  she  entered  a  convent, 
and  H.  was  induced  to  marry  the  sister.  Of  an 
extra  vagrant,  vixenish,  incompatible  tempera- 
ment, she  made  their  married  life  miserable. 
In  1762  the  "great"  Esterhazy,  Prince  Niko- 
laus,  succeeded  his  deceased  brother,  and  under 
his  rtfg  iine  the  status  of  music  and  musicians  was 
much  improved.  For  the  Prince's  new  palace  at 
Esterhaz,  besides  the  daily  music,  H.  had  to 
provide  two  weekly  operatic  performances  and 
two  formal  concerts ;  while  in  his  service,  H.* 
comp.  some  30  symphonies,  40  quartets,  diverti- 
menti,  6  string-trios,  a  concerto  f.  French  horn, 
12  orch  1  minuets,  clavier-works  of  all  descrip- 
tions, and  nearly  all  his  operas,  besides  other 
vocal  comp.s.  His  music  became  known 
throughout  Europe  ;  the  official  gazette  alluded 
to  him  as  "  our  national  favorite."  In  1780  he 
was  elected  member  of  the  Modena  Philhar- 
monic Society  ;  in  1784  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia 
sent  him  a  gold  medal  and  his  portrait ;  in  1785 
he  was  commissioned  to  write  a  mass,  The  Sewn 
Words  on  the  Cross,  for  the  Cathedral  of  Cadiz  ; 
in  1787  King  Friednch  Wilhelm  II.  gave  him 
a  diamond  ring ;  and  many  other  distinctions 
were  conferred  upon  him  During  his  stay  at 
Esterhaz,  his  friendship  for  Mozart  developed. 
In  1790  Prince  Nikolaus  died,  and  his  son 
Anton  curtailed  the  chapel-music,  retaining  H., 
however,  v&Kapellm^  and  increasing  his  stipend 
of  1,000  florins  by  an  additional  400.  lie  was 
virtually  independent ,  his  time  was  his  own, 
and  he  added  to  his  income  by  the  sale  of  his 
works.  For  some  time  he  had  received  pressing 
invitations  to  visit  London.  He  had  settled  in 
Vienna,  when  Salomon  appeared  with  a  tempt- 


ing offer,  and  induced  him  to  accompany  him, 
although  his  friends,  especially  Mozart,  tried  to 
dissuade  him.  In  1791  he  arrived  in  England, 
and  remained  there  eighteen  months,  feted  and 
petted  by  royalty  and  the  nobility,  the  artistic 
4*  lion  "  of  a  brilliant  and  successful  season.  In 
July,  Oxford  conferred  on  him  the  inevitable 
hon.  degree  of  Mus,  Doc  ;  and  his  best  orch  1 
works,  the  l  *  Salomon  symphonies,"  were  written 
during  this  visit.  During  his  absence,  Mo/art 
had  died  (Dec  5,  1791).  In  1792  H.  returned 
via  Bonn  to  Frankfort,  for  the  coronation  of 
Emperor  Franz  II  ,  and  \\ent  thence  to  Vienna, 
also  visiting  his  native  place  to  witness  the  un- 
veiling of  a  monument  erected  in  his  honor  by 
Count  Ilarrach,  his  mother's  former  employer. 
In  this  year  he  gave  Beethoven  the  lessons  with 
which  the  latter  was  so  dissatisfied.  In  1794  he 
revisited  London  :  his  former  triumphs  were  re- 
peated, and  though  pressed  by  the  King  to  make 
England  his  home,  he  returned  to  his  native  land 
in  affluence,  at  the  invitation  of  a  new  Prince, 
to  reorganize  the  Esterhazy  chapel,  as  Kapellm* 
But  his  fame,  though  great,  was  not  yet  in  its 
zenith.  In  1797  he  comp.  the  Austrian  Na- 
tional Anthem,  "The  Emperor's  Hymn."  In 
1798,  in  his  sixty-fifth  year,  was  prod,  his  im- 
mortal oratorio  Die  SchopJung{The  Creation^ 
and  in  1801,  JOie  Jahreszeiten  ( The  Seasons). 
But  his  health  began  to  fail,  and  thenceforward 
he  lived  in  retirement.  Only  once  did  he  again 
appear  in  public,  in  1808,  at  a  special  perform- 
ance of  the  Creation ,-  but  he  had  to  be  carried 
out  before  the  finish,  friends  and  pupils,  among 
whom  was  Beethoven,  surrounding  him  to  take 
leave,  B.  bending  to  kiss  the  old  man's  hands 
and  forehead.  He  lingered  until  1809,  when  his 
end  was  hastened  by  the  shock  of  the  bombard- 
ment of  Vienna  by  the  French.  He  was  buried 
in  the  Hundsthurm  churchyard ;  eleven  years 
later  he  was  reinterred  at  Lisenstadt.  In  1887 
a  splendid  monument  was  erected  to  H.  in 
Vienna. 

Although  of  unprepossessing  personal  appear- 
ance, stern,  dignilied  in  aspect,  and  laconic  in 
speech,  he  was  of  a  humorous,  agreeable,  and 
amiable  temperament,  and  artistically  liberal- 
minded.  The  religious  side  of  his  character  is 
shown  in  the  inscriptions  of  all  his  scores,  with 
the  motto  ll  In  Nomine  Domini"  or  "  Soli  Deo 
Gloria,"  and  all  ending  with  "  Laus  Deo." 

Haydn  is  justly  called  the  father  of  modern 
orchestral  music  ;  he  taught  each  instr.  to  speak 
with  an  individuality  of  expression  unknown  to 
previous  eras ;  his  melodic  vein  is  original  and 
inexhaustible  ;  the  frank  gayety  and  extravagant 
fun  of  "Papa  Haydn's"  lighter  music  went 
straight  to  the  hearts  of-  the  impressionable  Vi- 
ennese, and  lent  new  vivacity  to  European  con- 
cert-halls ;  in  his  moods  or  tenderness  or  of 
passion  he  is  a  worthy  forerunner  of  Beethoven. 
His  genius  expanded  the  "sonata-form"  into 
the  modern  symphony  and  quartet  (though  in 
the  latter  Bononcini  appears  to  have  an  equal 
claim  to  independence  of  invention) ;  in  oratorio 


258 


HAYDN— HAYES 


he  rivals  Handel  in  majesty  and  power.  And  to 
all  this,  which  in  itself  stamps  him  as  one  of  the 
greatest  composers  of  all  times,  must  be  added 
the  marvellous  fertility — prodigality —of  his  crea- 
tive resources.  The  list  of  his  comp  s  is  enor- 
mous. It  comprises  125  SYMPHONIES  (incl. 
overtures  ,  H  himself  reckoned  his  66  diverti- 
menti,  cassations,  sextets,  etc  ,  as  symphonies), 
the  meagre  instrumentation  of  the  earliest 
(strings,  2  oboes,  2  horns)  contrasting  strongly 
with  that  of  the  12  "English"  symphonies 
(strings,  flute,  2  oboes,  2  clarinets,  2  bassoons,  2 
horns,  2  trumpets,  2  kettle-drums)  and  others  of 
his  maturity.  Some  having  distinctive  titles  are 


Symph. 

the  "Oxford"  (1788^  peif  at  Oxford 

the  **  Surprise  "  {Symph.  mil  dcm  Paitkenschlag, 

1791),  "S.  with   the   drum-roll"  (S.    nnt  dem 


l^  1795),  "The  7  Words  on  the 
Cross"  (Die  J  Worle  am  J^reuz,  1785  ;  written 
for  Cadiz  Cathedral  as  a  "passione  instrumen- 
tale"  for  Good  Friday;  rearranged  later  as  a 
quartet,  and  again  [by  M.  Haydn]  as  an  oia- 
torio).  —  OTHER  INSTR.L  WORKS:  9  vln.  -con- 
certos, 6  'cello-concertos,  16  concertos  for  other 
instr.s  (lyre,  barytone,  double-bass,  flute,  horn), 
77  string-quartets,  32  trios  for  strings  and  other 
instr.l  combinations  (excl.  pf),  175  numbers  f. 
barytone,  4  vln.-sonatas,  6  duets  f  vln.  and  via., 
7  nocturnes  f.  lyre  ;  numerous  minor  pcs.  ;—  f. 
harpsichord  or  pf.:  20  concertos,  38  pf.  -trios  (35 
w.  vln.  and  'cello,  3  w.  flute  and  'cello),  53  so- 
natas and  divertimenti  ;  4  sonatas  w.  vln.  ;  9 
minor  pcs.  —  VOCAL  •  3  oratorios  (Creation  ; 
Seasons  ;  Jl  ritorno  di  Tol>ia\  several  cantatas, 
14  masses,  2  Te  Deums,  a  Stabat  Mater,  13 
offertories,  motets,  arias,  etc  ;  OPERAS  •  Der 
neue  kr  it  mine  Ten/el  [as  above]  ;  La  vt'/a  co- 
stanza  (written  1776  for  the  Vienna  Court  Th., 
but  not  perf  .  there  ;  prod,  as  Laurette  in  Paris, 
1791)  ;  Lo  Specials  j  i-act  comic  opera  (Esterhaz, 
1768;  Vienna,  private  pcrf.,  1770;  revived,  as 
Der  Apothekcr*  at  Dresden  Court  Th.,  1895); 
4  Italian  comedies,  14  Ital.  apere  bujfe  (incl. 
Lo  Speciale),  and  5  marionette-operas  (all  prob- 
ably prod,  at  Eisenstadt  and  Esterhdz)  ;  Orfw 
(written  in  London  ;  unfinished)  ;  music  to  sev- 
eral plays  ;  22  detached  arias  ;  n  cantata  f.  solo 
voice  and  pf.,  "Ariana  a  Naxos";  a  cantata  f. 
vocal  solo  and  barytone,  "  Deutschlands  Klage 
auf  den  Tod  Friedrichs  des  Grossen";  "  The  10 
Commandments  "  in  canon-form  (later,  with  dif- 
ferent words,  as  "  Die  10  Gesetze  der  Kunst  ")  ; 
36  German  songs  ;  12  canzonets  ;  the  Austrian 
National  Hymn  ;  other  songs  ;  collections  of 
Scotch  and  Welsh  folk-songs  ;  vocal  duets,  trios, 
etc. 

BIOGRAPHICAL  •  "  Brevi  notizie  storiche  della 
vita  e  delle  opere  di  Giuseppe  H.,"  by  S. 
Mayr,  1809  ;  "  Biographische  Nachrichten  von 
J.  H.,"  A.  K.  Dies,  1810  ;  "  Biographische  No- 
tizen  uber  Josef  H.,"  G.  A.  Griesinger,  1810; 
"  Le  Haydine,"  G.  Carpani,  1812  and  (enlarged) 


3  ;  "  J.  H.  in  London  1791  and  1792,"  Th. 
G.  Karajan,  1861  ;  "  Mozart  and  H.  in  Lon- 
don," 1C.  F.  Pohl,  1867  ;  the  only  really  com- 
prehensive work  is  "Josef  H.,"  K  F.  Pohl, 
vol.  i  ,  ist  half,  Leipzig,  1875  ;  2nd  half,  1882  , 
(completed,  on  the  death  of  Pohl  in  1887,  by 
E.  v.  Mandyczewski)  Haydn's  London  Note 
Book  is  given  ?;/  exten\o  in  Krehbiel's  "  Music 
and  Manners"  (New  York,  1898). 

Hay'dn,  Johann  Michael,  organist  and  sa- 
cred composer,  brother  of  preceding ;  b.  Rohrau, 
Sept.  14,  1737,  d.  Salzburg,  Aug.  10,  1806. 
Soprano  chorister,  with  remarkable  voice  three 
octaves  in  compass,  at  St.  Stephen's,  Vienna, 
I745~55.  replacing  his  brother  Josef  St.  vln. 
and  organ,  and  became  asst-org. ;  in  1757, 
Kapdlm.  at  Grosswardein ,  in  1762,  Concert- 
meister  and  director  at  Salzburg  to  Archbishop 
Sigi&mund,  and,  in  1777,  organist  of  the  Cathe- 
dral and  St.  Peter's  church  there.  He  married 
the  daughter  of  Kapellm.  Lipp,  Maria  Magda- 
lena,  an  excellent  soprano-singer,  extolled  by 
Mozart  for  her  virtues.  By  the  French  occupa- 
tion of  Salzburg  in  rSoo  he  lost  his  property, 
but  his  brother  and  friends  liberally  assisted  him, 
and  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa  rewarded  him 
handsomely  for  a  mass  composed  at  her  com- 
mand, in  which  she  sang  the  soprano  solos. 
He  opened  a  school  of  composition,  and  edu- 
cated many  distinguished  pupils,  incl.  Reicha 
and  Carl  M.  v.  Weber.  In  1833  Martin  Bi- 
schofsreiter,  a  Benedictine  monk,  published 
"  Parti tur-Fundaoiente,"  a  coll.  of  thorough- 
bass exercises  written  by  M.  H.  for  his  scholar**. 
He  comp.  a  mass  and  vespers  for  Prince  Ester- 
hazy,  who  twice  offered  to  make  him  vice-AV 
pt'lhn.  of  his  chapel ;  but  H.  refused,  hoping 
the  Salzburg  chapel  would  be  reorganized  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Stockholm  Acad- 
emy. A  prolific  composer,  his  best  works  were 
his  sacred  comp.s,  which  his  brother  held  in 
high  estimation,  ranking  them  above  his  own. 
He  was  chary  of  publication,  and  declined 
Breitkopf  und  Hartel's  frequent  advances. — 
Works  :  VOCAL  :  About  360  church-corap.s,  in- 
cluding oratorios,  masses,  cantatas,  2  requiems, 
graduate,  etc.;  also  operas,  operettas,  4-part 
songs,  songs,  and  canons  in  4  and  5  parts. 
IN&TR.L:  30  symphonies,  i  sextet,  3  quintets, 
serenades,  marches,  12  orch.l  minuets,  a  vln.- 
concerto,  50  short  organ-pcs.,  etc  — A  *'  Bio- 
graphische  Skizze,"  by  Schinn  and  Otter,  was 
publ.  at  Salzburg  (1808). 

Hayes,  William,  Engl.  org.  and  comp. ;  b. 
Hanbury,  Worcestershire,  in  Dec.,  1706 ;  d. 
Oxford,  July  27,  1777.  Chorister  at  Gloucester 
cath.;  org.  of  St.  Mary's,  Shrewsbury,  1729-31 ; 
then  of  Worcester  cath.,  1731-4.  Became  org. 
of  Magdalen  Coll.,  Oxford,  in  1734  ?  Mus.  Bac. 
1735  ;  Univ.  prof,  of  mus,,  1742  ;  Mus,  Doc 
1749.  In  I763>  cond.  the  Gloucester  Mus.  Fes- 
tival.— Comp.s  •  Psalms,  odes,  glees,  canons, 
catches,  ballads,  cantatas ;  a  masque,  Circe ; 
etc.  Wrote  "  Remarks  on  Mr.  Avison's  Essay 


259 


HAYES— H^DOUIN 


on  Mus.  Expression"  (1758);  "  Anecdotes  of 
the  Five  Music  Meetings"  (1768) ;  and  was  co- 
editpr  of  Boyce's  "  Cath.  Mus."— His  son  and 
pupil, 

Hayes,  Philip,  b.  Oxford,  Apr.,  1738  ;  d. 
London,  Mar.  19, 1797.  Chorister  at  Magdalen 
Coll  ,  1749-51  ;  became  Mus.  Bac.  Oxon.,  1763  , 
Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1767  ;  org.  of 
New  College,  Oxford,  1776  ;  org.  of  Magdalen 
Coll  and  Univ.  Prof,  of  Mus  m  succession  to 
his  father,  1777,  the  same  year  becoming  Mus. 
Doc.  Org.  of  St  John's  Coll  ,  1790  — Comp.s  : 
Oratorio  Prophecy  (Oxford,  1781) ;  a  masque 
Tekmachvs  ;  odes,  anthems,  sen-ices,  psalms, 
glees  ;  6  concertos  f.  org.,  harpsich.,  or  pf. 
(1769);  and  edited  "  Harmonia  Wiccamica" 
(London,  1780). 

Haym  (or  Hennius),  Gilles,  Belgian  comp. 
of  the  i6th  century.  Singer  and  canon  of  the 
St.  John's  Collegiate  Church,  Liege  ;  then  A*iz- 
pellm.  to  the  Elector  Prince-Bishop  of  Cologne, 
later  to  the  Duke  of  Pfalz-Neuburg  Publ. 
masses,  motets,  hymns,  etc.  (Cologne  and  Ant- 
werp, 1620-51) 

Haym   (Ital.  Aimo),  Niccolfc  Francesco, 

of  German  parentage  ;  b.  Rome,  abt.  1679 ;  d. 
London,  Aug.  n,  1729.  Received  a  brilliant 
education  ;  distinguished  himself  in  music  and 
poetry,  and  became  a  fine  'cellist.  In  1704,  set- 
tled in  London,  rearranged  operas,  and  wrote  li- 
bretti for  Clayton,  Dieupart,  Bononcini,  Ariosti, 
and  Handel. — PubL  comp.s  :  2  books  of  sona- 
tas f.  2  violins  and  bass. 

Hays,  William  Shakspeare,  Amer.  song- 
comp.;  b.  Louisville,  Ky.,  July  19, 1837.  Wrote 
his  first  song  at  16  years  of  age,  and  has  publ. 
nearly  300,  which  have  had  an  enormous  total 
sale  of  several  millions.  The  most  widely- 
known  are  :  JSvangelinc,  Jlfy  Southern  Sunny 
Home,  Write  me  a  Letter  from  Home,  Driven 
from  Home,  Alolhe  Darling,  etc. 

Heap,  Charles  Swinnerton,  pianist  and 
cond. ;  b.  Birmingham,  Engl ,  Apr.  to,  1847. 
As  winner  of  the  Mendelssohn  scholarship,  from 
1865-7  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Moscheles, 
Hauptmann,  Richter,  and  Reinecke  ;  1867,  org  - 
pupil  of  Best,  at  Liverpool.  Mus,  Bac.,  Cam- 
bridge, 1871 ;  Mus.  Doc.,  1872.  Cond.  of 
Birmingham  Philharmonic  (1870-86),  Stafford, 
and  other  Societies,  and  of  Wolverhampton 
Musical  Festival.  Since  1888,  cond.  of  the  N. 
Staffordshire  Festivals ;  from  1895,  also  con- 
ducted the  Birm.  Fest.  Choral  Soc.,  and  since 
1897  has  been  chorusmaster  of  Birm.  Festival. 
lie  is  well  known, as  an  organist,  concert-giver, 
and  teacher,  and  in  1884  was  app.  Examiner  for 
Mus.  Degrees  at  Cambridge. — Comp.s :  Oratorio 
The  Captivity ;  cantatas  The  Voice  of  Spring 
(1882),  The  'Maid  of  Astokt  (1886),  and  Fair 
Rosamond  (1890)  ;  2  overtures ;  a  quintet  f.  pf , 
and  wind  ;  a  pf.-trio ;  sonatas  f.  pf.,  f.  pf.  and 


vln  ,  and  f.  pf.  and  clar.;  anthems,  pf. -music, 
organ-pcs.,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

He'benstreit,  Pantaleon,  \  lolini&t ;  b  Eisle- 
ben,  1660  (9  ?)  ;  d.  Dresden,  Nov.  15,  1750. 
Was  a  dancing-master  at  Leipzig,  but  fled  from 
his  creditors  to  Merseburg,  \\here  the  idea  of 
improving  the  dulcimer  was  suggested  to  him, 
and  he  invented  the  instr.  with  which  he  made 
long  and  brilliant  concert-tours  and  which  Louis 
XIV.  named  the  "  Pantalon,"  after  its  originator's 
Christian  name.  As  a  precursor  of  the  pf  ,  it  has 
disappeared  in  the  piocess  of  evolution.  In 
1706  H.  was  app.  Kapdlm.  and  dancing-master 
to  the  court  at  Eisenach  ,  in  1714,  "pantalon" 
chamber-musician  at  the  Dresden  court. 

Hecht,  Eduard,  pianist  and  comp  ;  b.  Durk- 
heim  (Rhine  Palatinate),  Nov.  28,  1832 ;  d. 
Didsbury,  n  Manchester,  Mar.  7,  1887.  Pupil 
of  his  father,  prof,  of  singing  at  Frankfort ;  also 
of  J.  Rosenham.  In  1851,  went  to  Pans,  and 
publ.  his  first  comp  s.  Settled  in  England 
(1854)  as  choral  cond.  at  Manchester  From 
1875,  prof,  of  harm,  at  Owens  College,  Man- 
Chester. — Chamber-music ;  jrt/0;z-music,  marches, 
caprices,  etc.,  f  pf. 

Heck'el,  Wolf,  lulenist,  living  at  Strassburg 
in  the  i6th  century.  Publ.  a  * 4  Lautcnbuch  " 
(Strassburg,  1562),  a  valuable  and  interesting 
coll.  of  old  German,  French,  and  Italian  songs, 
dances,  fantasias,  ncercari,  pavanes,  and  salte- 
relies,  arr.  f.  2  lutes  A  copy  of  this  rare  work  is 
in  the  Hamburg  town-library. 

Heck'mann,  Georg  Julius  Robert,  gifted 
violinist ;  b.  Mannheim,  Nov.  3,  1848  ;  d.  Glas- 
gow, Nov.  29,  1891,  during  a  concert-lour.  St 
at  Leipzig  Cons,  under  David,  1865-7.  Cond. 
of  the  "  Euterpe,"  Leipzig,  1867-70.  Made 
artistic  tours,  1872-5  ;  and  in  1881,  leader  of  a 
renowned  string-quartet  in  Cologne. — IHswife 
Marie  (ntfe  HAKTWIC?)  was  an  excellent  pianist; 
b.  Greiz,  1843  I  d.  Cologne,  July  23,  1890. 

He"douin,  Pierre,  lawyer  and  litterateur  ;  b. 
Boulogne,  July  28,  1789;  d.  Paris,  Dec.,  1868. 
In  1809  st.  law  in  Paris,  became  an  advocate, 
and  for  30  years  practised  in  Boulogne.  In 
1842,  app.  t/iff  du  bureau  at  the  Ministry  of 
Public  Works,  and  settled  in  Paris.  A  predi- 
lection for  music  and  the  arts  was  fostered  by 
his  relationship  with  Monsigny  the  composer, 
and  he  occupied  his  leisure  moments  with  litera- 
ture, especially  that  of  music,  and  in  composi- 
tion, lie  wrote  novels,  contributed  to  the  "  An- 
nales  archeologiqucs,"  **  Annalcs  romantiques," 
and  to  several  mus.  periodicals ;  comp.  nocturnes, 
romances,  and  songs,  also  writing  the  words, 
and  furnished  the  libretti  of  several  operas. — 
Mus.  writings:  "l^loge  hislorique  de  Mon- 
signy"  (1821),  "Gossec,  sa  vie  et  ses  ouvrages" 
(1852),  "  De  1'Abandon  des  anciens  composi- 
teurs,"  "Ma premiere  visite 4  Gre'try,"  "  Richard 
Cceur  de  Lion  de  Gre'try,"  "Lesueur,"  "  Meyer- 
beer a  Boulogne-sur-Mer,"  "Paganini,"  u  Joseph 


260 


HEERINGEN— HEINICHEN 


Dessauer  "  (publ.  in  the  "  M&iestrel"),  "Trois 
anecdotes  musicales"  (on  Lesueur,  Mile.  Ouga- 
zon,  and  Gluck)  in  his  "Mosaique"  (1856;  a. 
publ  coll  of  his  miscellaneous  articles) ;"  Gluck, 
son  amvce  en  France"  (1859) ;  etc. 

Hee'ringen,  Ernst  von,  b.  Grossmehlza,  n. 
Sondershausen,  1810  ,  d  Washington,  Dec.  24, 
1855  In  1850  he  tried  to  introduce  a  new  no- 
tation, which  abolished  the  |>  and  #,  j>ave  white 
notes  for  the  7  fundamental  tones,  black  for  the 
5  intermediate,  and  simplified  time-signatures, 
clefs,  etc.  Mortified  at  his  want  of  success,  he 
emigrated  to  America. 

He'gar,  Friedrich,  b.  Basel,  Oct.  n,  1841. 
Pupil  (1857-60)  of  Ilauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz, 
David,  and  Piaidy,  at  Leipzig  Cons.  In  1860, 
leader  of  the  Bilse  Orch  in  Warsaw ;  lived 
awhile  in  Pans  and  London ,  then  (1861)  became 
mus  dir.  m  Gebweiler,  Alsatia ;  and  in  1863 
settled  in  Zurich,  where  he  is  still  (1899)  active  as 
cond.  of  orch.  and  chorus.  He  became  cond  of 
the  Subscription  Concerts,  and  also  of  the  Choral 
Soc.  ("Gemischter  Chor  Zurich")  in  1865,  and 
raised  both  to  a  high  artistic  level.  In  1875  he 
founded  a  Cons.  ("Musikschule")  at  Zurich; 
among  its  famous  alumni  are  Frau  Herzog- 
Welti,  now  of  the  Berlin  Court  Opera,  and 
Willy  Rehberg.— \Vorks  •  Op.  i,  3  pf.-pcs  ; 
op.  2,  Ilymne  an  die  Musik,  f.  ch.  and  orch.; 
op.  3,  vln. -concerto  in  D  ;  op.  4,  "  Morgen  in 
Walde,"  f.  male  ch  ;  op  5,  u  Das  Abendmahl," 
f.  male  ch. ;  op  7,  4  songs ;  op.  8,  3  songs  f 
male  ch.;  op.  9,  "Die  beiden  Surge,"  f.  male 
ch.;  op.  10,  3  songs ;  op.  u,  **  In  den  Alpen," 
f.  male  ch. ,  op.  12,  3  mixed  ch.s ;  op.  13, 
"Waldlied,"  f.  male  ch.;  op.  14,  Waltz  f.  vln. 
w.  pf.;  op.  13,  "Rudolf  v.  Werdenberg,"  f. 
male  ch. ,  op.  16,  Manasse,  dram,  poem  f .  soli, 
ch.  and  orch.  [v.  succ.]  ;  op.  17,  "  Todtenvolk," 
f.  male  ch.;  op.  18,  male  ch.;  op.  19,  5  songs  f. 
solo  voice  ;  op.  20,  "  Ilymne  an  den  Gesang,"  f. 
male  ch.;  op.  21,  2  songs  f.  male  ch.,  op.  22, 
"Weihedes  Liedes,"  f.  male  ch  ;  op,  23,  male 
ch.;  op,  24,  "Die  Trompete  v.  Gravelotte,"  f. 
male  ch. ;  op.  25,  Festouverturc  f.  orch.,  in  F; 
op.  26,  4  songs  f.  solo  voice. 

He'gar,  Emil,  brother  of  preceding ;  b. 
Basel,  Jan.  3,  1843.  St.  at  Leipzig  Cons,  In 
1866,  'cello-teacher  at  the  Cons.,  and  I st 'cello 
in  the  Gewandhaus  Orch.  An  excellent  player, 
nervousness  compelled  him  to  abandon  the  instr. 
He  then  studied  singing,  and  is  now  vocal-teacher 
at  the  Basel  School  of  Music,  and  a  concert- 
singer.— Julius,  another  brother,  is  1st  'cello  in 
the  Zurich  "  Tonhalle"  orch. 

Heg'ner,  Anton)  fine  'cellist ;  b.  Copen- 
hagen, Mar.  2,  1861 ;  st.  in  Copenh,  Cons.; 
played  with  great  success  in  Copenh.  (1875), 
etc.,  Berlin  (1892),  N.  Y.  (1894),  etc.  Now 
(1899)  teaching  in  N.  Y. — Works  :  4  quartets  ; 
I  pf.-trio  ;  many  soli  f.  'cello,  violin ;  abt  60 
songs ;  also  2  concertos  f.  'cello  (op.  17,  in  A ; 
op.  23,  in  D  rain.). 


Heg^ner,  Otto,  b.  Basel,  Nov  18,  1876.  St. 
there  with  Fncker,  Huber,  and  Glaus  Made 
his  pianistic  debut  as  a  youthful  prodigy  at 
Basel,  Baden-Baden,  etc.  Appeared  in  England 
and  America  in  iSSS,  and  at  the  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig,  1890.  Has  comp  pf.-pcs. 

Hei'de,  von  der.    See  VON  DER  HEIDE. 

Hei'den.    See  HEYDEN. 

Hei'dingsfeld,  Ludwig,  talented  comp.;  b. 
Jauer,  Prussia,  -Mar.  24,  1854  Pupil  of  Stern 
Cons.,  Berlin,  where  he  is  now  teacher.  Mus. 
dir.  at  Glogau,  1878  ,  at  Licgnitz,  1884. — 
Works.  Orch.  comp.s,  pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Hei'nefetter,  Sabine,  celebrated  soprano 
opera-singer ;  b.  Mayence,  Aug.  19,  1805 
(1809?)  ;  d.  Illenau,  No'v.  18, 1872.  Of  humble 
parentage,  she  was  noticed,  as  a  strolling  harpist, 
by  a  Frankfort  musician,  who  gave  her  lessons. 
Her  debut  was  successful,  and  in  1825  she  went 
to  Spohr  at  Casbel,  who  further  instructed  her. 
Hang  in  Berlin  and  Paris,  where  she  st.  with 
Tadolini  Achieved  brilliant  success  in  Vienna, 
Milan,  and  other  cities.  Her  last  appearance 
was  at  Frankfort  in  1844.  Among  her  chief 
roles  were  Donna  Anna  (Don  Giovanni}  and 
Zelmira.  In  1853  she  married  a  Mons.  Mar- 
quet  of  Marseilles.  She  died  insane.  Her  five 
sisters  also  sang  with  success  on  various  stages 
Clara  (Mme.  Stockel),  b.  Mayence,  Feb.  17, 
1816  ;  d.  (also  insane)  Vienna,  Feb.  23,  1857  , 
Kathinka,b  1820  ;  d.  Dec.  20, 1858  ;  Fatima 
(married  to  the  nobleman  Miklowitz);  Eva,  and 
Nanette. 

Hei'nemeyer,  Ernst  Wilhelm,  celebrated 
flutist;  b.  Hanover,  Feb.  25,  1827  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Feb.  12,  1869.  Son  and  pupil  of  the  distin- 
guished flutist  and  Hanoverian  royal  chamber- 
mus.,  Christian  H.  [1796-1872].  From  1845- 
7,  he  was  a  member,  with  his  father,  of  the  royal 
orch.,  Hanover.  In  1847,  went  to  St.  Peters- 
burg as  ist  flute  in  the  Imp.  orch.  and  instruc- 
tor at  the  Theatre-school.  Pensioned  in  1859, 
he  returned  to  Hanover,  but  settled  in  Vienna  in 
1866.  —  Works  :  Concertos  and  other  flute- 
comp.s,  much  esteemed. 

Hei'nichen,  Johann  David,  b.  Krbssuln,  n. 
Weissenfels,  Apr.  17,  1683  ;  d.  Dresden,  July 
16,  1729.  Pupil  of  Schelle  and  Kuhnau  at  the 
Thomasschule,  Leipzig  ;  also  st.  law,  and  prac- 
tised as  a  lawyer  at  Weissenfels.  Returning  to 
Leipzig,  he  comp.  operas,  and  publ.  a  work  on 
thorough-bass :  *4  Neu  erfundene  und  grttndliche 
Anweisung  .  .  ."  (1711);  2nd  ed.  as  "Der 
Generalbass  in  der  Composition,  oder  Neu  er- 
fundene," etc.  (1728).  Councillor  Buchta,  of 
Zeitz,  supplying  the  funds,  H.  accompanied 
him  to  Italy,  where  (1713-18)  he  studied,  and 
prod,  several  operas,  mostly  in  Venice  ;  also  for 
a  time  was  eng.  by  and  travelled  with  the  Prince 
of  Anhalt-Kbthen  ;  was  app.  (1718)  Court 
Kapellm,  to  Augustus  the  Strong,  at  Dresden.— 
Comp.s  (in  the  Royal  Library,  Berlin) :  Re- 
quiem masses,  Kyrie  and  Gloria,  Te  Denm, 


261 


IIEINRICH— HELLER 


cantatas,  etc. ;  (in  the  Royal  Library,  Dresden) 
3  operas,  57  cantatas,  n  concertos,  7  masses,  2 
requiems,  and  6  serenades. 

Hein'rich  XXIV.,  Prince  Reuss  j.  L.,  b 
Dec.  8,  1855,  has  written  a  symphony,  a  so- 
nata f.  pf .  and  vln. ,  a  string-quintet,  an  octet  f 
strings,  clar  ,  horn,  and  bassoon  ;  etc.  Is  a  good 
pianist. 

Hein'rich,  Johann  Georg,  b  Steinsdorf, 
n.  Hainau  (Silesia),  Dec.  15,  1807  ;  d.  Sorau, 
Jan.  20,  1882.  Org.  at  Schwiebus,  and  in  1846 
at  Sorau.  App.  royal  mus.  dir.,  1872. — Comp. 
cantatas,  psalms,  chorals,  and  org.-pcs.  Writ- 
ings An  "  Orgellehre  "  (1861),  and  tl  Der  Or- 
gelbau-Revisor. " 

Hein'richs,  Johann  Christian,  b  Hamburg, 
1760.  St.  at  Lubeck  and  Riga,  and  settled  in 
St.  Petersburg.  Wrote  ll  Entstehung,  Fort- 
gang  und  jetzige  Beschaffenheit  der  russichen 
Jagdmusik  "  (1796). 

Hein'richs,  Anton  Philipp,  b.  Schonbuchel, 
Bohemia,  Mar.  n,  1781 ;  d.  New  York,  May  3 
(Nov.  23?),  1861.  Spent  a  life  of  remarkable 
vicissitudes,  and  was  known  as  "Father  H." 
Publ.  songs,  pf.-pcs.,  and  instr.l  works  of  merit. 

Hein'roth,   Johann  August  Giinther,    b. 

Nordhausen,  June  19, 1780  ;  d.  Gottingen,  June 
2,  1846.  Son  and  pupil  of  Christ oph  Gottlieb 
Heinroth,  for  62  years  org.  at  Nordhausen.  In 
1818,  app.  mus.  dir.  of  Gottingen  Univ.,  in 
succession  to  Forkel,  and  instituted  academical 
conceits.  With  Jacobson,  he  reorganized  the  Is- 
raelitish  liturgy,  and  comp.  several  melodies 
still  sung  in  the  synagogues.  He  also  attempted 
the  introduction  of  a  simplified  notation  by  fig- 
ures.— Comp.s :  169  choral  melodies  f.  4  voices 
(1829)  ;  6  3-part  songs  ;  6  male  choruses. 
Writings:  "  Gesangunterrichts  -  Methode  fUr 
hohere  und  niedere  Schulen  "  (1821-23,  3  parts); 
"  Volksnoten  oder  vereinfachte  Tonschrift ..." 
(1828),  *'  Kurze  Anleitung,  das  Clavierspiel  zu 
lehren  "  (1828),  u  Musikahsches  Hilfsbuch  fUr 
Prediger,  Cantoren  und  Organisten "  (1833)  ; 
contributions  to  G.Weber's  "CacihV  Schil- 
ling's "  Universallexikon,"  etc. 

Heintz,  Albert,  b.  Eberswalde,  Prussia,  Mar. 
21,  1822.  Org.  of  the  "  Petrikirche,"  Berlin. — 
Works  .  Articles  on  the  themes  in  Wagner's  op- 
eras ;  paraphrases  of  Wagnerian  themes  f.  pf.  2 
and  4  hands. 

Hein'ze,  Gustav  Adolf,  composer ;  b.  Leip- 
zig, Oct.  I,  1820.  Son  and  pupil  of  Wilhelm 
Heinrich  H.  [b.  1790],  clarinet-player  in  the 
Gewandhaus  orch.  St.  pf .  with  W.  Haake.  At 
15  was  clarinettist  in  the  Gewandhaus.  In  1840, 
st.  comp.  with  Kolte  (Dresden),  and  made  con- 
cert-tours. In  1844,  became  2nd  Kapellm.  at 
the  Breslau  Th.  and  prod,  operas  on  his  wife's 
libretti,  Lorelei  (1846),  and  Die  jRuinen  von  T/ia- 
randt  (1847)  (FfiTis  ascribes  these  to  the  father). 
In  1850,  app.  Kapelltn.  of  German  Opera,  Am- 


sterdam ;  in  1853,  dir.  of  the  Euterpe  Liedertafel; 
in  1857,  of  the  Vincentius  Concerts,  and  in  1868 
of  the  Excelsior  church-mus  singing-society  — 
Works :  The  oratorios  AufersteJnin&,  Sankta 
Cadha,  Der  Feenschkier,  and  r-tncentnts  -von 
Paula;  3  masses,  3  overtures,  numeious  canta- 
tas, hymns,  songs,  and  male  choruses 

Hein'ze,  Sarah  (n&  Magnus),  talented  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Stockholm,  1839.  St.  with  Kullak,  Al 
Dreyschock,  and  Liszt.  Lived  in  Dresden,  then 
Hamburg  ;  from  1890,  again  in  Dresden. 

Hei'se,  Peder  Arnold,  b.  Copenhagen,  Feb. 
n,  1830,  d.  there,  July  5  (Sept  16?),  1879 
Student  at  Copenhagen  Univ. ;  also  pupil  of  Lund 
(pf.),  Gade,  and  Berggreen ;  1852-3  pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons  ;  1857-65  mus. -teacher  at  Soro 
Acad.  Returned  to  Copenhagen,  and  after  5 
years'  unsuccessful  endeavors  prod  his  first 
opera,  TAf  Pasha's  Daughter  (1869).  It  met 
with  success,  as  also  King  and  Marshal  (1878). 
Other  comp.s.  Ballad  uDoniroschen,"  and  many 
songs.  Posthumous  work,  * l  Medieval  Romances 
and  Songs"  (Leipzig,  1893). 

Hei'ser,  Wilhelm,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  15,  1816  ; 
d.  Friedenau,  n.  Berlin,  Sept  9,  1897.  Opera- 
singer  at  Stralsund,  Rostock,  Berlin ;  1853-66, 
bandmaster  of  the  Fusilier  Guards  at  Berlin  ; 
later  singing-teacher.  Best  known  as  a  composer 
of  songs  (over  500  are  publ.) ,  "  Zieht  im  Ilerbst 
die  Lerche  fort,"  "Zerdrlick1  die  Thrane  nicht 
in  deinem  Auge,"  and  others  are  remarkably 
popular. 

Hell'er,  Stephen,  pianibt,  teacher,  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Pesth,  May  15,  1815  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan. 
14, 1888.  His  fa- 
ther intended  him 
for  a  lawyer,  and 
he  -was  educated 
at  the  College  of 
the  Piaristes.  His 
first  instructor  in 
piano-playing  was 
F.Brauer.  At  nine 
years  of  age  he 
performed  in  pub- 
lic with  such  suc- 
cess that  he  was 
sent  to  Vienna  to 
study  under  Czer- 
ny ;  but  it  was  An- 
ton Halm  who  continued  his  tuition.  As  early 
as  1827  he  gave  concerts  in  Vienna,  and  from 
1829-32  made  a  concert-tour  with  his  father 
through  Hungary,  Poland,  and  Germany.  At 
Pesth  he  received  a  few  elementary  harmony-les- 
sons from  Czibulka.  At  Augsburg  he  was  taken 
ill,  and  was  adopted  by  a  wealthy  family,  who 
furthered  his  musical  instruction  and  with  whom 
he  remained,  perfecting  himself  in  composition, 
until  1838,  when  he  went  to  Paris.  lie  became 
the  friend  of  Liszt,  Chopin,  Berlioz,  and  others, 
and  as  a  concert-player  and  teacher  was  in  high 
repute.  His  first  compositions,  written  in  Augs- 


262 


HELLMESBERGER— HELM 


burg,  and  published  at  Leipzig  and  Hamburg, 
had  received  the  praise  of  Schumann,  and  slowly 
but  surely  began  to  gain  favoi.  In  1849  he  vis- 
ited London,  where  his  thoughtful  and  refined 
playing  charmed  a  large  circle,  though  nervous- 
ness prevented  frequent  appearances  m  public. 
Again  in  1862  he  played  at  the  Crystal  Palace 
with  Halle  The  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in 
Paris.  His  music,  solely  for  pt.,  is  distinguished 
for  elegance  and  refinement,  varied  and  forceful 
rhythms,  exquisite  melody,  bold  and  original 
•  thematic  treatment,  and,  above  all,  for  a  poetic 
sentiment  to  which  distinctive  titles  in  many 
cases  give  the  key.  In  pianistic  style  he  far  out- 
shines Mendelssohn,  though  he  does  not  reach 
the  rugged  intensity  of  Schumann  or  the  pa- 
thetic charm  of  Chopm.  There  are  several  hun- 
dred (generally  short)  pf  -pieces  comprised  in 
over  150  opus-numbers  • — Characteristic  pieces 
(kt  Traumbilder,"  op.  79;  *' Promenades  d'un 
solitaire,"  op.  78,  80,  89  ;"  Nuits  blanches"  [or 
"Blumen-,  Frucht-,  und  Dornenstucke"],  op.  82  ; 
"  Dans  les  bois,"  op.  86, 128, 136  ;  "  ]£glogues," 
op.  92  ;  "  3  Bergenes,"  op.  106  ;  "Voyage  au- 
tour  de  ma  chambre,"  op.  140 ;"  Tablettes  d'un 
solitaire,"  op.  153  ;  '*  llerbstblatter,"  op.  109 ; 
"  Balletstucke,"op.  in  ;"3  Ballades," op.  115; 
"3  Preludes,"  op.  117;  "  Tarentelles,"  op.  53, 
61,  85,  137  ;  etc.) ;  admirable  etudes  (op.  125, 47, 
46,  45,  90,  16 — here  progressively  enumerated) ; 
other  ballades,  notably  "  La  Chasse,"  op.  29  ;  4 
sonatas,  3  sonatinas,  wallzes,  "  Landler,"  ma- 
zurkas, scherzi,  caprices,  nocturnes,  Songs  with- 
out Words,  variations,  etc  ,  etc. — A  biograph- 
ical sketch  of  II.  appeared  in  Westennann's 
11  Monatshefte,"  1859,  by  L.  Hartmann.  H. 
Barbadette  also  published  a  sketch  (1876  ;  Eng- 
lish, 1877). 

Hell'mesberger,  Georg-,  Sr.,  renowned  vio- 
lin-teacher ;  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  24,  1800 ;  d.  Neu- 
waldegg,  n.  Vienna,  Aug.  16, 1873.  His  father, 
SL  country  school-master,  gave  him  his  first  mus. 
instruction ;  he  succeeded  K  Schubert  as  soprano 
chorister  in  the  Imperial  chapel ;  in  1820,  became 
a  pupil  of  the  Conservatory,  under  B&hm  (vln.) 
and  E.  FSrster  (cornp.) ;  in  1821,  became  asst.- 
teacher ;  in  1825,  titular  prof.  ;  in  1833,  prof. 
Made  successful  concert-lours  through  Austria, 
Hungary,  and  Bohemia.  In  1829,  succeeded 
Schuppanzigh  as  cond.  of  the  Imperial  Opera ; 
in  1830,  member  of  the  court  chapel ;  in  1867, 
was  pensioned.  He  formed  many  distinguished 
pupils,  including  Ernst,  Hauser,  Joachim,  and 
his  own  sons,  Georg  and  Joseph. — Corap.s: 
String-quartet,  2  concertos,  variations,  and  so- 
los f.  vln, — His  son  and  pupil, 

Hell'raesberger,  Georg,  Jr.,  b.  Vienna, 
Jan.  27,  1830;  d.  Hanover,  Nov.  12,  1852. 
St.  comp.  with  Rotter.  Made  successful  con- 
cert-tour through  Germany  and  England.  At 
21,  app.  Conccrtmtisier  of  the  Hanover  Royal 
orch.,  and  prod.  2  operas,  Die  Burgschaft  and 
Die  bciden  JRConiginnen. — In  MS.,  symphonies, 


etc  —His  daughter  Rosa,  in  1883,  made  her 
debut  as  a  singer  at  the  Court  Opera,  Vienna. 

Hell'mesberger,  Joseph,  Sr.,  distinguished 
violin-virtuoso,  another  son  of  Georg  H.,  Sr., 
b.  Vienna,  Nov  23,  1829  ,  d.  there  Oct.  24, 
1893.  From  1849-87  he  was  rst  violin  of  the 
celebrated  "  Hellmesberger  Quartett."  In  1851, 
was  app.  artistic  cond.  of  the  '*  Geselischaft  der 
Musikf reunde "  (till  1859,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Herbeck),  and  Dir.  of  the  Cons,  till 
1893,  where  he  was  violin-prof.  1851-77;  Con- 
ctrtnmster  at  the  Imperial  Opera,  1860 ;  solo 
violinist  in  the  court  orch.  1863  ;  Hofkapellm.^ 
1877.  From  1849-87  he  led  a  famous  string- 
quartet,  which  opened  a  new  era  for  chamber- 
music  m  Vienna.  Decorated  with  the  Legion 
of  Honor,  as  president  of  the  jury  for  mus. 
instr  s,  at  the  Pans  Exhibition  of  1855.  On  his 
25th  anniversary  as  Dir.  of  the  Cons,  he  re- 
ceived the  freedom  of  the  city  of  Vienna. 
Comp.s  of  an  educational  character. — His  son, 

Hell'mesberger,  Joseph,  Jr.,  violinist  and 
dram,  comp.;  b.  Vienna,  Apr  9,  1855;  was 
2nd  vln.  in  his  father's  quartet,  1875  ;  solo  vio- 
linist in  the  Imperial  and  the  Opera  orch.s,  and 
prof  at  the  Cons.,  in  1878.  Kapellm,  at  the 
Opera  Comique  and  at  the  "  Karltheater  ",  cond. 
of  the  ballet-mus.,  and  leader,  at  the  Court 
Opera,  1884;  Court  Opera  Kapdlm.^  1886  ;  in 
1887  he  succeeded  his  father  as  leader  of  the 
quartet. — Works  :  6  operettas,  prod.  (1880-90) 
at  Vienna,  Munich,  and  Hamburg ;  Kapitan 
Aklstrom,  Der  Graf  von  Gleicken,  Der  schone 
Kiirjitrst  Rikiki,  oder  Nelly \  das  Blumenmad- 
chen  (1887)  ;  Das  Orakel(^  acts  ;  Vienna,  1889) 
and  Der  bkiche  Cast ;  the  ballet  Fata  Morgana  ; 
a  2-act  ballet,  Die  verwandelte  fcatze  (1888); 
the  i-act  pant, -ballet  Meissner  Porcellan  (Leip- 
zig, 1890) ;  the  i-act  ballet  Das  Licht  (Leipzig, 
1891) ;  the  ballet  Die  Jwif  Sintie  (Vienna, 
(1893) ;  etc. — His  brother, 

Heirmesberger,  Ferdinand,  b.  Vienna, 
Jan.  24,  1863.  'Cellist  in  the  court  orch.  from 
1879  ;  m  his  father's  quartet  from  1883.  App. 
teacher  at  the  Cons.,  1885  ;  solo  'cellist  at  the 
Court  Opera,  1886. 

Hell'wig,  Karl  Friedrich  Ludwig,  org. 

and  comp.;  b.  Kunersdorf,  n.  Wrietzen,  July 
23, 1733  I  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  24, 1838.  Learned  to 
play  several  instr.  s  without  a  teacher  ;  st.  theory 
and  comp.  with  Schneider,  GUrrlich,  and  Zelter, 
From  1793,  member  of  the  Berlin  Singakade- 
mie ;  in  1803,  vice-cond. ;  in  1813,  org.  of  Ber- 
lin cath.  Became  mus. -teacher  in  several  pub- 
lic institutions. — Works  :  Operas,  Die  JBerg- 
knappen,  Don  Sylvio  (Berlin,  1822);  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  chorals  ;  songs,  and  male  cho- 
ruses. 

Helm,  Theodor,  musical  critic  ;  b.  Vienna, 
Apr.  9,  1843.  Son  of  a  physician,  he  studied 
law,  and  entered  the  government  service,  but 
abandoned  this  in  1867  for  mus.  criticism.  Con- 
tributed to  the  "Tonhalle,"  1868;  and  since 


263 


HELMHOLTZ— HENNEN 


1870  to  the  lt  JMusikalischesWochenblatt."  Mus. 
critic  to  the  "AViener  Fremdenblatt "  (1867), 
"Pester  Lloyd"  (since  1868),  the  "Deutsche 
Zeitung "  (since  1885).  His  criticisms  are  highly 
esteemed.  In  1874,  app.  teacher  of  mus.  his- 
tory and  aesthetics  at  Horak's  School  of  Music. — 
Publ  "Beethovens  Streichquartette  Versuch 
emer  technischen  Analyse  irn  Zusammenhang 
mit  ihrem  geistigen  Gehalt "  (1885 ;  a  reprint 
from  the  "  Musikal.  Wochenblatt,"  1873). 

Helm'holtz,  Hermann  Ludwig  Ferdi- 
nand, distinguished  physician,  physiologist,  and 
physicist ;  b.  Potsdam,  Aug.  31,  1821  ;  d.  Char- 
lottenburg,  Sept.  8,  1894.  His  father  was  a 
professor  in  the  Potsdam  Gymnasium,  and  there 
H.  received  his  education.  His  mother,  Caro- 
line Penn,  was  of  English  extraction  He  stud- 
ied medicine  in  the  Military  Institute  of  Berlin, 
graduated  M.D.,  and  was  attached  to  the  staff 
of  La  Charite  hospital  (1842).  In  1843  he  \vas 
appointed  military  surgeon  at  Potsdam  ;  was  re- 
called to  Berlin  as  teacher  of  Anatomy  (for  artists) 
at  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  (1848) ;  1849,  ^rof- 
of  Physiology  at  the  University  of  Kbmgsberg ; 
1855,  Prof,  of  Anat.  and  Physiology  at  Bonn  ; 
1858,  Prof,  of  Physiol  at  Heidelberg ;  elected 
correspondent  of  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences (Physical  section)  in  1870  ;  and  app.  Pro- 
fessor of  Physics  at  Berlin  in  1871.  His  prin- 
cipal publications,  which  enjoy  a  world-wide 
reputation,  have  been  translated  into  various 
languages  (**  The  Conservation  of  Force,"  1847  ; 
41  Manual  of  Physiological  Operations/'  1856-66 ; 
"Popular  Scientific  Lectures,"  1865-76).  The 
work  of  most  interest  to  musicians,  and  indis- 
pensable for  students  of  musical  science,  is  his 
41  Sensations  of  Tone  as  a  Physiological  Basis 
for  the  Theory  of  Music  "  [Lehre  von  den  To- 
nempfindungen  als  physiologische  Grundlage 
fur  die  Theorie  der  Musik]  (Brunswick,  1863  ; 
4th  ed.  1877  ;  translated  into  English,  by  Ellis, 
1875).  By  a  long  series  of  careful  experiments, 
H.  established  a  sure  physical  foundation  for 
the  phenomena  manifested  by  musical  tones, 
either  single  or  combined.  lie  supplements 
and  completes  the  theories  of  Rameau,  Tartmi, 
Wheatstone,  Corti,  and  others,  furnishing  im- 
pregnable formulae  for  all  classes  of  consonant 
and  dissonant  tone-effects,  and  proving  with 
scientific  precision  what  Hauptmann  and  his 
school  sought  to  establish  by  laborious  dialectic 
processes.  The  laws  governing  the  differences 
in  quality  of  tone  (timbre^  tone-color)  in  differ- 
ent instr.s  and  voices,  covering  the  whole  field 
of  harmonic,  differential,  andsummational  tones ; 
the  physiology  of  the  major  triad  ,  the  nature 
and  limits  of  musical  perception  by  the  human 
ear — these  are  the  chief  results  at  which  H. 
has  arrived.  His  explanation  of  the  nature  of 
the  minor  triad,  and  of  dissonances,  has  been 
supplemented  by  the  works  of  von  Oettingen 
and  H.  Lotze  (in  theory)  and  Hugo  Riemann 
(in  practice).  H.'s  magnum  opus  likewise  re- 
views at  length,  from  a  scientific  standpoint,  the 


scales  of  the  Arabians,  Persians,  Greeks,  etc  ; 
de\  elops  a  theory  of  the  pitch  of  vo\\  el-sounds 
(important  for  vocalists)  ,  deduces  a  series  of 
"sound-colors"  (Klangfarben)  corresponding 
to  the  arrangement  of  the  solar  spectrum  ,  etc. 

Henderson,  William  James,   b.  Newark, 

N.  J  ,  Dec  4,  iS55. 
Graduate,  1876,  of 
Princeton.  Chiefly 
self-taught  in  music  , 
wrote  scores  of  nu- 
merous light  operas. 
1883  reporter,  1887 
mus.  critic,  on  ll  N. 
Y.  Times";  lecturer 
on  mus.  hist  in  N. 
Y  Coll.  of  Music. 
Has  written  a  * '  Story 
of  Music,"  "Prel- 
udes and  Studies," 
"What  is  Good 
Music?"  (1898), 
tl  How  Music  Devel- 
oped "  (New  York,  1899),  a^d  numerous  tales  and 
stories  ;  contributor  to  most  leading  magazines. 
Hen'kel,  Michael,  sacred  comp. ;  b.  Fulda, 
June  18,  1780;  d.  there  Mar  4,  1851.  Pupil 
of  Vierhng ;  became  town-cantor,  chamber-mus. 
to  the  Prince-Bishop,  and  mus.-teacher  at  the 
Gymnasium  of  his  native  place. — Works  •  Nu- 
merous masses,  chorals,  etc.;  pieces  for  org.n 
pf.,  strings,  and  other  instr.s. — His  son  and 
pupil, 

Hen'kel,  Georg  Andreas,  (Dr.fhiL,}  b. 
Fulda,  Feb.  4,  1805;  d.  there  Apr.  5,  1871 
St.  law  at  Marburg  Univ. ;  1830-7,  org.  at  Ko- 
burg ;  in  1837,  app.  mus.-teacher  in  the  Fulda 
seminary. — \Vorks :  Masses,  motets,  mule  cho- 
ruses ;  pf.-  and  org. -mus.;  symphonies,  over- 
tures, etc. — His  brother, 

Hen'kel,  Heinrich,  pianist ;  b.  Fulda, 
Feb.  14,  1822.  Pupil  of  his  father,  also  st. 
with  Aloys  Schmitt,  and  theory  with  Kessler 
and  Anton  Andre.  Lived  in  Fulda  and  Leip- 
zig, then  settled  in  Frankfort  in  1849,  as  teacher 
in  the  Musikschule.  In  1883  was  named  Royal 
HfusiAJireftor.—Comp.s  •  Songs  and  choruses  ; 
pf.-  and  vln.-pcs. ;  etudes,  etc.,  f.  vln. — Also 
publ  a  pf.-  Method,  u  Vorschule  des  Klavier- 
spiels  "  (technical  studies),  a  biography  of  Aloys 
Schmitt,  an  abridged  ed.  of  A.  Andre's  "  Lehr- 
buch  der  Tonsetzkunst "  (1875),  u  Mitrheil- 
ungen  aus  dermusikal.  Vergangenheit  Fuldus." 
— His  son, 

Hen'kel,  Karl,  studied  at  the  Berlin  Hoch- 
schule,  and  settled  in  London  as  a  vln. -teacher ; 
is  a  specialist  in  finger-exercises. 

Hen'aen,  Arnold,  pianist  and  comp.,  b. 
Heerlen,  Holland,  1820.  First  pf. -prize,  Liege 
Cons.,  1845.  Went  to  Paris,  1847  ;  settled  in 
London,  1850 ;  now  lives  at  Ileerlen. — Comp.s  : 
Concertos,  and  other  pf, -music. — His  brother, 


364 


ITENNEN— HENSELT 


Hen'nen,  Frederik,  uohnist,  h  Ileerlen, 
Jan  25,  1830.  First  vln  -pri/e,  Liege  Cons  , 
1846  ,  medal,  1847  1850-71,  soloist  in  various 
prominent  London  orchestras.  Retired  to  Stryt- 
hagen,n.  Ileerlen  — Comp  s-  Vln.-pcs  — ITisson 
Charles,  b.  Dec  3,  1861,  is  a  violinist  at  Ant- 
werp. 

Hen'nen,  Mathias  (brother  of  Arnold),  pian- 
ist, b.  Ileerlen,  1828.  First  pf.-pnze,  Liege  Cons  , 
1852  ;  since  1860,  is  teacher  at  Antwerp,  and 
prof,  at  the  Cons  — Works  :  Church  and  orch  1 
music  ;  comp  s  for  pf  ,  vln  ,  and  'cello. 

Hen'nes,  Aloys,  b.  Ai  \-la-Chapello,  Sept.  S, 
1827  ,  d.  IJerlin,  June  8,  1889  A  post-office 
official  for  8  years,  from  his  171)1  year  he  st.  for 
some  time  with  lliller  and  Reinccke  at  the  Rhen- 
ish School  of  Music,  Cologne.  Lived  as  pf.- 
teacher  at  Kreuznach,  Alzcy,  Mayence,  Wies- 
baden,  and  irom  1872  at  Berlin.  In  iSSi,  app. 
teach'cr  at  X.  Scharv\  enka's  Cons. — Works  : 
tk  Klavicnmtemchtsbriefe,"  containing;  clever 
educational  pcs. — 1 1  is  daughter,  Therese,  b. 
Dec  2r,  1861,  was  a  "youthful  prodigy  ";  in 
1873  she  st.  with  Kullak.  From.  1877-8,  met 
with  great  success  as  a  pianist  in  London. 

Hen'nig,  Karl,  b.  Ucrlin,  Apr  23,  tSrg ;  d. 
there,  Apr.  18, 1873.  In  Ii347i  oig.  of  St. Paul's ; 
fiom  1851,  of  the  Sophicnkirche,  Also  dir.  ol 
the  Lyra  male  choius.  In  1863,  named  royal 
nuis.-dir. — Comp.s  :  Cantatas,  psalms,  Lieder* 
male  choruses. — His  son, 

Hen'nig,  Karl  Rafael,  b.  Jan.  4, 1845 ;  a 
law-student  of  mus.  tendencies,  he  became  a  pupil 
of  Richter  (Leipzig)  and  Kiel  (Herlm).  In  ISGS, 
app.  teacher  of  the  "Wandelt"  Institute  of  Mus  , 
Berlin ;  trom  1869-75,  org.  of  St.  Paul's  ch., 
Posen,  where  he  founded  the  successful  **  Ilen- 
nig"  Vocal  Soc.  in  1873.  In  1877,  app.  mus.- 
teacher  to  the  Institute  f.  Female  Teachers ;  in 
1883,  app.  Royal  mus.  dir. ;  in  1892,  R.  Profes- 
sor.— Comp.'  Cantata  (igoth  I'salm),  pf.-sonata, 
songs,  male  and  female  choruses,  etc. — Writ- 
ings :  u  Mclhodik  des  Schulgesanftunterrichts," 
*  *  Die  OJesangsregister  auf  physiologischer  Grund- 
lajre,"  nnd  profound  analyses  of  Beethoven's  oth 
Symphony  and  Afissa  Sotemms. 

H  en'nius.    See  II  AYM  ,  G  i  LLKS. 

Hen'schel,  (Isidor)  Georg1,  comp.  and  bari- 
tone singer,  b.  Breslau,  Feb.  1 8, 1850.  Pupil  of 
Wandelt  and  Schaeffer  at  Breslau,  Moschcles 
and  Wcnzel  (pf,),  Gtee  (sinking),  and  Reinecke 
(theory  and  comp.),  at  Leipzig  Cons  t  1867-70. 
In  1870,  st.  in  Rerlin  with  Kiel  (comp  )  and 
Adolf  Schulzc  (singing).  Undertook  concert- 
tours  through  Europe;  1877-80,  lived  in  London  ; 
1881-4,  cond.  of  the  IJostonSymp.  Orch.  ;  since 
1885,  settled  in  London  ;  founded  the  "  London 
Symphony  Concerts";  1 886-8,  prof,  of  singing 
at  the  Royal  Coll.  of  Mus. — Comp.s  •  Opera, 
Friedrich  der  Schone  ;  comic  operetta*  A  Sea 
Change ',  or  Lovfs  Castaway;  an  oratorio  ;  lt  Zi- 


• "  serenade  f  orch. ;  Canon-Suite  f .  strincf- 
01  ch  ;  psalms,  par t-son^s,  songs,  etc. — His  wile, 
Lillian  H.  („&  Bai- 
ley), b.  State  of  Ohio, 
Jan.,  1860,  an  excel- 
lent soprano-singer 
(Z'rt/ir),  \\as  a  pupil 
of  her  uncle,  C 
Ilayden,  Mme. 
Viardot,  and  of  (j. 
Ilenscliel,  whom  she 
married  in  iSSi. 
She  has  since  been 
associated  with 
him  in  vocal  recitals 
and  on  concert- 
tours. 

Hen'sel,  Fanny  Cacilia,  b  Hamburg,  Nov. 
14, 1805  ;  d.  Ueilin,  May  14,  1847.  Eldest  sister 
of  Mendelssohn,  she  married  the  Prussian  court 
painter  II.  in  1829.  A  brilliant  pianist  and 
composer.  Brother  and  sister  were  devotedly 
attached,  and  the  shock  of  her  sudden  death  was 
so  overwhelming  that  M.'s  health  declined,  and 
he  died  six  months  after. — Comp.s  "  Garten- 
lieder",  part-songs,  songs;  pf.-tiio. 

Hen'sel,  Octavia,  (pseudonym  of  Mrs.  G.  A. 
Fonda,)  writer  on  music  ;  d.  May  12,  1897,  n. 
Louisville,  Ky.,  aged  Co.  Wrote  "Life  and 
Letters  of  Louis  Moreau  Gottschalk "  (Boston, 
1870) ,  "  The  Story  of  Rheingold  ";  etc. 

Hen'selt,  Adolf  von,  distinguished  pianist 
and  comp. ;  b.  Schwabach,  Bavaria,  May  12,1814; 
d.  Warmbrunn, 
Sdesia,  Oct.  10, 
1889  First  st.  pf. 
and  harm.  \\  ith 
Geheimrathin.  von 
Fladt  at  Munich. 
In  1 83 1,  an  allow- 
ance from  King 
Ludwijj  I,  enabled 
him  to  continue 

pf.-study   with    yxq^ma^^^^mm^ 
Hummel  at  Wei-    ^  ^UHfK^S^ 

mar,  whence  he 
went  to  Vienna, 
and  learned  theory 
for  2  years,  under 
Sechter.  Assidu- 
ous study  and  practice  injured  his  health,  and  in 
1836  he  was  ordered  to  Carlsbad.  In  1837  he 
made  a  short  tour  through  Germany,  and  aroused 
the  greatest  enthusiasm .  He  married  at  Breslau 
the  same  year,  and  went  to  St.  Petersburg  in 
1838.  He  was  appointed  chamber-pianist  to  the 
Empress,  and  mus.  -teacher  to  the  princes.  Later 
he  was  app.  inspector  of  mus.  instruction  of  the 
Imperial  educational  institutions  for  girls,  and 
received  the  Order  of  Vladimir.  His  playing 
was  of  the  most  poetically  inspired  character, 
and  highly  individualized,  his  technical  specialty 
being  the  legato  execution  of  widely-extended 


365 


HENTSCHEL— HERTNG 


chords  and  arpeggios,  for  the  practice  of  which 
he  composed  extremelydifficult  extension-studies. 
His  principal  works  are  The  celebrated  F  mm. 
pf.-concerto  ;  fitudes,  op.  2  and  op.  13  ;  "  Poeme 
d' Amour,"  op.  3  ,  "  Fmhlingslied,"op.  15  ;  Im- 
promptu, op.  17;  Ballade,  op.  31  ;  Paraphrases 
de  Concert  (39  works  with  opus-no.,  and  15 
without) ,  a  pf  -trio  ;  a  2nd  pf.-part  to  a  selec- 
tion from  J.  U.  Cramer's  Etudes,  etc.— A  very 
sympathetic  character  -  sketch  is  that  by  von 
Lenz  in  "  Die  grossen  Pf  -Virtuosen  unsrer  Zeit " 
(Engl.  ed.  N.  Y.,  1899) 

Henfschel,  Ernst  Julius,  b.  Langenwaldau, 
n.  Liegnitz,  July  26, 1804  ;  d.  Weissenfels,  Aug. 
4,  1875.  Principal  of  the  \Veissenfels  training- 
school.  Editor  and  co-founder  of  the  mus.- 
journal  "Euterpe."  Publ.  school  song-books, 
and  a  book  of  chorales. 

Hent'schel,  Franz,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  6,  1814  ; 
d.  there,  May  n,  1889.  St  with  Grell,  A  W. 
Bach,  and  ftlarx.  Theatre  mus.  dir.  at  Erfurt 
(1843),  Altenburg  (1845),  Berlin  (the  "  Urania," 
private  theatre,  1848-51),  Resided  in  Berlin  as 
a  mus.-teacher. — Works .  Opera,  Die  Hi\\cn- 
reise;  operettas ;  marches,  etc  ,  f.  orch.  and 
military  band  ;  concertos  f.  wind-instr.s ;  pf .- 
music,  songs,  etc 

Hent'schel,  Theodor,  b.  Schiigiswalde, 
Upper  Lusatia,  Mar.  28,  1830 ;  d.  Hamburg, 
Dec.  19,  1893  Chorister  in  Dresden  ;  st.  \\ith 
Reissiger  and  Ciccarelli,  then  in  Prague  Cons. 
Concert-pianist  al  Leipzig,  and  became  theatre 
Kapellm  there  ;  1860-90  at  Bremen,  since  1890 
at  Hamburg. — Works :  Operas,  Matrose  itmfSan- 
ger  (Leipzig,  1857) ;  Der  Komgipage  (Bremen, 
1874) ;  Die  Braitt  vou  Litsignan,  oder  die  sehbne 
Alditsine  (Bremen,  1875) ;  Lancelot  (Bremen, 
1878) ;  Des  Komgs  Sehwerdt  (Hamburg,  1891)  ; 
overtures  and  symphonic  marches  f.  orch.;  pf.- 
music,  songs  ;  mass  f.  double  chorus ;  etc. 

HerTaart,  Johann  Friedrich,  eminent  prof, 
of  philosophy ;  b.  Oldenburg,  May  4,  1776 ;  d. 
Gbttingen,  Aug.  14,  1841.  St.  at  Jena  under 
Fichte;  became  preceptor  at  Bern.  In  1805, 
app  prof,  of  philosophy  at  Gottingen,  1809-35 
at  Konigsberg;  1835  (to  his  death)  again  at 
Gottingen.  He  st.  music  from  a  mathematical 
standpoint,  and  the  determination  of  the  propor- 
tions of  intervals  is  treated  of  in  his  "Psycholo- 
gische  Bemerkungen  zur  Tonlehre"  (1811),  and 
the  aesthetics  of  music  in  the  oth  chap,  of  his 
"Encyclopaedia  of  Philosophy.  While  of  in- 
terest to  advanced  musicians,  they  contribute 
but  little  to  the  knowledge  of  the  natural  laws  of 
creative  music. 

HerT>eck,  Johann  Franz  von,  b.  Vienna, 
Dec.  25,  1831 ;  d.  there  Oct.  28,  1877.  Son  of 
a  poor  tailor,  he  became  soprano  chorister  at  the 
"  Heiligenkreuz  "  monastery.  St.  harm,  with 
Rotter  a  few  months,  but  virtually  educated 
himself.  A  man  of  high  ambition,  he  became 
choir-director  of  the  Piaristenkirche,  Vienna, 


1853,  chorusmaster  to  the  Vienna  jMunnerge- 
sangverein^  1856  ;  prof,  at  the  Cons.,  and  chorus- 
master  of  the  Singwrcnii  1858  ,  cond.  to  the 
"  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde,"  1859  »  chief 
court  fCapellm  ,  1866  ;  director  of  the  Imperial 
opera,  1871,  but  resigned  this  position  on  account 
of  intrigues  and  various  annoyances,  and  re- 
sumed conductorship  of  the  4v  Gesellschaft,"  t\\o 
years  before  his  death.  As  a  conductor  he  was 
held  in  high  esteem,  and  left  an  indelible  im- 
press of  his  individuality  on  music  in  Vienna. 
— Works  Part-songs,  some  for  male  voices  with 
horn-quartet,  and  some  with  orchestra,  also 
several  sets  lor  mixed  chorus  ;  graduals,  a  mass 
f.  male  voices,  and  a  grand  mass  ,  symphonies, 
Symphonic  Variations,  "Tanzmomente"  f  oich., 
and  a  string-quartet. — Biographical-  "Johann 
Herbeck,  ein  Lebensbild,"  by  his  son,  lAuhiig 
II.  (1885),  contains  poitrait,  and  catalogue  of 
his  works. 

Herbert,  Victor,  b.  Dublin,  Ireland,  Feb.  I, 
1859,  is  a  grandson  of  Samuel  Lover,  the  famous 
Irish  novelist.  At  seven  he  was  sent  to  Germany 
to  begin  his  musical  education.  His  first  posi- 
tion of  prominence  was  that  of  principal  violon- 
cello-player in  the  Court  Orch.  at  Stuttgart,  and 
he  was  heard  in  many  important  concerts 
throughout  Europe  before  accepting  in  1886  an 
engagement  as  solo  'cellist  in  the  Metropolitan 
Orch.  in  New  York.  Here  II.  has  been  pro- 
minently connected  with  the  best  orchestral  or- 
ganizations, and  as  soloist  and  conductor  has 
become  favorably  known  in  the  principal  cities 
of  the  United  States.  For  a  number  of  years 
he  was  1st  'cello  in  the  Theodore  Thomas  Orch., 
and  more  recently  in  Anton  Scidl's  orch. ,  where 
he  was  also  associate-conductor  ;  in  1894  he  was 
app.  bandmaster  of  the  famous  22nd  Kegt.  band, 
succeeding  P.  S.  Gilmore ;  he  was  chosen  con- 
ductor of  the  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Orch.  (70  per- 
formers) in  1898,  a  position  he  now  (1899)  holds. 
As  a  composer  he  has  written  several  works  for 
orch. ;  a  'cello-concerto  ;  and  songs  ;  also  an  ora- 
torio, The  Captive^  written  for  and  perf.  at  the 
Worcester,  Mass.,  Festival ;  and  the  comic 
operas  Prince  Ananias,  The  Wizard  of  the  AV/<?, 
The  Serenade^  The  Idol'sEyc^  and  The  Fortune- 
fMr,  all  perf.  with  success. 

He'ring,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Schandau,  Sax- 
ony, Oct.  25, 1765  ;  d.  Zittau,  Jan.,  1853.  Pupil 
of  Meissen  Coll.  ;  became  student  of  theology 
and  pedagogy  at  Leipzig  Univ.  From  1811  to 
his  death,  principal  of  Zittau  seminary,  and  chief 
teacher  of  harmony. — Writings:  **  Praklisches 
Ilandbuch  zur  Erlernung  des  Clavierspielens  " 
(1796),  "Neue  praktische  Clavierschule  fUr 
Kinder"  (1805),  "Neuesehr  erleichterte  Gene- 
ralbass-Schule  f ur  junge  Musiker"  (1805),  "Neue 
praktische  Singschule  fur  Kinder"  (1807-1809, 
4  small  books),  "Praktische  Violinschule " 
(1810),  "Praktische  Praludienschule "  (i8io\ 
uKunst,  das  Pedal  fertig  zu  spielen"  (1816;, 
"Gesanglehre  fUr  Volksachulen"  (1820);  and 
several  choral-books.^Comp.  instructive  pf.- 


266 


HERING— HERMANN 


pcs  ,  variations,  exercises,  etc.  In  1830  he 
tounded  a  "  Musikalisches  Jugendblatt  fur  Ge- 
sang,  Clavier  und  Flote,"  continued  by  his  son, 

He'ring,  Karl  Eduard,  b.  Oschatz,  Saxony, 
May  13,  1809  »  d.  Bautzen,  Nov  25,  1879.  St. 
with  his  father  at  Zittau,  and  at  Leipzig  Univ. 
with  Weinlig  and  Pohlenz  In  1839,  aPP  or£- at 
Bautzen  Publ.  pf  -pcs. ,  part-songs,  songs,  a  coll 
of  school-chorales,  and  a  "  Uuch  der  Harmonie  " 
(1861).  In  MS.  Oratorios,  Der  Erloser  (Leip- 
zig, 1834),  Die  heihge  Nacht,  David,  Salomo, 
CJinsti  Leid  und  Herrlichkeit ;  a  mass  (prod,  at 
Prague) ;  two  operas  ;  masses,  cantatas,  hymns, 
etc. 

Hearing,  Karl  Friedrich  August,  violinist ; 
b.  Berlin,  Sept.  2,  1819  ;  d.  Burg,  near  Mag- 
deburg, Feb.  2,  1889.  St.  with  H.  Ries  and 
Rungenhagen  (Berlin),  Lipinski  (Dresden),  and 
Tomaschek  (Prague).  Made  concert-tours,  be- 
came violinist  in  the  Berlin  royal  chapel,  founded 
the  Sonatwvcrein  in  1848,  and  a  music-school  in 
1851.  App.  royal  mus.  dir.  —  Comp.s:  Sym- 
phonies, overtures,  masses,  chamber-mus. ,  songs. 
— Author  of  educational  works  ' '  Methodischer 
Leitfaden  flir  Violinlehrer  "  (1857),  "  Ueber  R. 
Kreutzers  Etvlden  "  (1858),  and  an  elementary 
Violin-Method. 

He'rion,  Abraham  Adam,  b.  Schonau  in  the 
Odenwald,  Jan.  31,  1807  ;  d  Dresden,  Aug.  12, 
1893.  Pupil  of  M.  Ilauptmann  in  Kassel ;  set- 
tled in  Dresden  as  pf. -teacher  and  comp.  His 
pf.-pcs.  are  now  generally  forgotten. 

Heritte-Viardot,  Louise-Pauline-Mane,  b. 
Paris,  Dec.  14, 1841.  Daughter  of  Louis  Viardot 
and  Pauline  Garcia.  Vocal-teacher  at  Si.  Peters- 
burg Cons.;  later  at  Dr.  Iloch's  Cons.,  Frank- 
fort ;  then  lived  in  Berlin  as  a  singing-teacher. 
She  married  Consul-Gcneial  Ilentte  — Corap.s  : 
Opera  Lindora  (Weimar,  1879),  cantatas,  2  pf.- 
quartets,  vocal  exercises,  etc. 

Herrmann,  Matthias,  surnamed  1\*rrccoi- 
ettsis  ( Vcrrecorensis)  from  his  presumed  birth- 
place Warkenz  or  Wai  komg,  Holland.  One  of 
the  Netherland  contrapuntists  of  the  i6th  cent, 
not  to  be  confounded  with  Matthias  Le  Maistre. 
— Works  i  "  Cantuum  5  voc.,  quos  motetta  vo- 
cant"  (i  vol.,  1555);  detached  motets;  "  Die 
Schlacht  vor  Pavia"  ("  Battaglia  [I]Taliana") 
a  musical  battle -sketch,  reprinted  in  several 
coll.s;  etc. 

Hermann,  Johann  David,  brilliant  pianist, 
b.  in  Germany  abt.  1760;  d.  Paris,  1846.  In 
1785,  settled  in  Paris,  and  became  mus. -teacher 
to  Marie  Antoinette. — Comp.s  :  Pf. -concertos, 
sonatas,  potpourris,  etc. 

Hermann,  Johann  Gottfried  Jakob,  b. 
Leipzig,  Nov.  28,  1772  ;  'd.  there  Dec.  31, 1848. 
Celebrated  philologist  and  Hellenic  scholar.  Pu- 
pil of  Leipzig  and  Jena  Univ.s.  In  1798,  app. 
prof,  of  philosophy  at  Leipzig  Univ.;  in  r8i>5, 
prof,  of  elocution ;  in  1809,  prof,  of  poetry. 
Wrote  valuable  works  on  metre :  * c  De  metris 


poetarum  Graecorum  et  Romanorum"  (1796), 
44  Handbuch  der  Metrik"  (1798),  "Elementa 
doctnnae  metricae"  (iSi6j,  **  Epitome  doctnnae 
metncae"  (1816  and  '44;,  and  "  De  metns  Pin- 
dan  "(1817). 

Her'mann,  Friedrich,  violinist,  comp.,  and 
distinguished  teacher,  b  Frankfort,  ieb.  i, 
1828.  In  1843  pupil,  at  Leipzig  Cons  ,  of 
David  (vin.),  Hauptmann  and  Mendelssohn 
(corap  )  From  1846-75,  viola-player  in  the 
Ge\\andhaus  and  theatre-orchestras.  In  May, 
1848,  vln. -teacher  at  the  Cons.  In  1883  was  app. 
Royal  Saxon  prof  — Comp  s  Symphony  (Ge- 
wandhaus,  1852)  ;  quartet  f  wind  mstr.s,  terzet 
f.  3  vlns.,  duo  f.  vln.  and  'cello,  etc.  He  edited 
Peters'  and  Augener's  valuable  publications  of 
classical  works  f.  stringed  instr  s. 

Herrmann,  Reinhold  Ludwig,  violinist  and 
dram,  cornp  ;  b.  Prenzlau,  .Brandenburg,  Sept. 
21,  1849.  Pupil,  at  Stern  Cons  ,  Berlin,  of 
Ehrlich  (pf.),  Kiel  (comp  ),  and  Stern  (singing) 
From  1871-78,  singing-teacher  and  cond.  m 
New  York  ;  1878-81,  dir.  of  Stern  Cons.,  Ber- 
lin;  then  returned  to  N.  Y.;  1884,  cond.  of 
41  Liederkranz";  1887,  prof,  of  sacred  history  at 
the  Theol.  Seminary,  1898,  cond.  of  Handel  and 
Haydn  Soc.,  Boston  — Works:  Romantic  opera 
J'inefa  (1872 ;  Breslau,  1895,  mod.  succ.)  ; 
heroic  opera  Lancelot ;  3-act  opera  Spielmanns- 
gluck  (Kassel,  1894) ;  4-act  grand  opera  Witlfrin 
(Cologne,  1896,  mod.  succ.) ,  cantatas  (Brau' 
von  Messina,  The  Bndge  of  Sighs  [Hood],  77/t 
Spirits  of  the  Thay,  Sancta  Caciha,  The  Buried 
Song) ;  overtures ;  pf  -concerto ;  suites,  sonatas ; 
vocal  sextets,  quintets,  quartets,  etc. ;  songs. 

Herrmann,  Robert,  b.  Bern,  Switzerland, 
Apr.  29,  1869.  Gifted  composer.  Destined 
for  a  medical  career,  he  St.  at  Geneva  Univ. 
1887-90,  but  finally  obtained  his  father's  per- 
mission to  become  a  musician,  and  entered 
Frankfort  Cons,  in  1891.  Until  then,  he  had 
been  wholly  self-taught  (zither,  pf.,  comp ), 
and  had  already  developed  an  obstinate  origi- 
nality (noticed  and  encouraged  by  Grieg),  who 
made  him  burst  the  irksome  bonds  of  conserva- 
tory-teaching in  a  few  months.  He  applied  him- 
self (on  Grieg's  advice)  to  the  study  of  master- 
works  ;  st  with  Humperdinck  one  year  (1893- 
4),  and  then  went  to  Leipzig  (where  some  of  his 
scores  were  publ.),  and  thence  to  Berlin,  where, 
on  Nov.  7,  1895,  his  Symphony  in  C,  and  a 
Concert-overture  in  D  were  brought  out  by  the 
Philh.  Orch.  The  division  of  opinion  among 
the  Berlin  critics  sufficiently  proves  that  H.'s 
music  has  remarkable  features.  He  is  now 
(1899)  living  as  a  composer  in  Leipzig. — Works  , 
Petites  Vanations  pour  rire,  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (no 
opus-no.) ;  op.  i,  12  Kleine  Lieder  f.  mezzo- 
sopr.;  op.  2,  5  pf.-pcs.;  op.  3,  Romania  and 
Scherzino  f.  pf.  and  vln.;  op.  4,  Concert-over- 
ture (D  min.)  f.  orch.,  op.  5,  6  Lieder ;  op.  6, 
Pf.-trio  (D  min.)  ;  op.  7,  Symphony  No.  I  (C), 
f,  orch.;  op.  8,  pf. -quintet ;  op.  9,  6  songs. 


267 


HERMANNUS— HAROLD 


Herman'nus  (surnamed)  Contrac'tus  on 
account  of  his  paral}  zed  limbs  ,  b.  Sulgau,  Swa- 
bia,  July  18,  1013  ;  d.  Alleshausen,  n.  Uiberach, 
Sept  24,  1054  Son  of  Hermann,  Graf  von 
Vohringen.  Distinguished  pupil  ot  St.  Gallen 
Abbey;  became  a  monk  in  Reich enau  monas- 
tery- H  is  best-known  work  (containing  val  uable 
historical  notices  on  music)  is  a  chronology  from 
the  foundation  of  Rome  to  1054.  It  has  been 
republ.  several  times,  and  is  to  be  found  in 
Peres'  (Pertz's)  "Monumenta"  (vol  v).  Two 
small  treatises,  supposed  to  have  been  lost,  were 
found  in  the  Imperial  Library,  Vienna,  by  Ger- 
bert,  and  publ.  in.  his  "Scriptores"  (h)  The 
ist,  "  Musical,"  is  an  exposition  of  the  Greek 
modes,  and  gives  an  example  of  Hucbald's  no- 
tation of  the  preceding  cent.  The  2nd,  "  Versus 
Hermann!  ad  discernendum,"  contains  the  key 
of  an  original  notation  by  Greek  and  Latin  letters 
In  the  indication  of  a  change  in  pitch,  it  had 
an  advantage  over  neume-notation.  II  's  nota- 
tion is  written  above  the  neume-notation  in  some 
MSS.  of  the  nth  and  12th  centuries  in  the 
Munich  Library. 

Her'mes,  Eduard,  b.  Memel,  May  15  (?), 
1818.  A  merchant-composer  in  Konigsberg 
(Prussia) ;  has  written  songs  and  part-songs  f. 
male  ch. 

Her'mesdorff,  Michael,  b.  Trier  (Treves), 
Mar.  4,  1833;  d.  there  Jan.  17,  1885.  Entered 
the  priesthood,  and  was  app.  org.  of  Trier  cath. 
Founded  the  Choral  Society,  chiefly  for  the  ex- 
position of  Gregorian  Church-Song,  on  which  he 
was  an  authority  by  virtue  of  his  study  of  origi- 
nal sources.  lie  edited  the  "  Gradual  ad  usum 
Romanum  cantus  S.  Gregorii"  publ.  (Leipzig, 
1876-82,  to  nos.)  in  the  monthly  supplements  of 
the  "Cacilia"  journal  (H.  and  Bdckeler,  Aix), 
but  died  before  its  completion.  Revised  the  and 
ed.  of  Luck's  coll.  of  sacred  comp.s  (4  vol.s) ; 
publ.  a  German  transl.  of  the  "  Micrologus"  of 
Guido  d'Arezzo  ;  a  "  Kyriale,"  and  "  Harmonica 
cantus  choralis"  a  4  ;  a  graduate,  anthems,  and 
"  Praefatio"  (prayers  used  in  the  Trier  diocese); 
and  3  masses  of  his  own  comp. 

Herm'stedt,  Johann  Simon,  celebrated 
clarinettist  T  b.  Langensalza,  n.  Dresden,  Dec. 
29,  1778 ;  d.  Sondershausen,  Aug.  10,  1846. 
Pupil  in  the  Annaberg  school  for  soldiers' 
children.  St.  with  Knoblauch  and  Baer.  ist 
clarinet  in  the  regiment  at  Langensalza.  In 
1800,  app.  Kapelltn.  at  Sondershausen.  Made 
improvements  in  his  instr.;  comp.  concertos, 
variations,  etc.,  f.  clar.  Spohr  wrote  a  clarinet- 
concerto  for  him. 

Hernan'deZy  Pablo,  Spanish  comp. ;  b.  Sara- 
gossa,  Jan.  25, 1834.  Chorister  at  Nuestra  Dama 
del  Filar,  and  pupil  of  Valentin  Meton  (org,,  pf., 
and  harm.)  and  Rabanals  (vln.).  In  1856,  en- 
tered the  Madrid  Cons,  under  Eslava  ;  became 
org.  of  the  Royal  Basilica  of  Nuestra  Dama 
d'Atocha,  and  was  app.  (1863)  auxiliary  prof,  at 
the  Cons. — Works:  Zarzuelas /  a  Mass,  Mise- 


icre  and  Ave,  Te  Deum,  Lamentations,  motets  ; 
symphony,  overture,  6  organ -fugues  ,  and  a 
Method  tor  Organ 

Hernan'do,  Rafael  Jose*  Maria,  b.  Madrid, 
May  31,  1822.  1837-43,  pupil  of  R.  Carnicei 
at  Madrid  Cons  In  1843,  went  to  Paris,  comp. 
a  Stabat  Matei  and  other  works  which  were  pert, 
by  the  SouM  dc  Ste  -Chile,  but  was  unsuccess- 
ful in  his  endeavors  to  prod,  a  4-act  Italian  op- 
era at  the  Theatre  Italien  After  his  return  to 
Madrid,  from  1848-53,  he  successfully  prod,  the 
zarzuelas  Las  saccrdotiws  d?l  w/t  J*a/o  de  ciego^ 
Colegialcs  y  sotdctdos^  £/  ditende,  Bcitoldo  y  Com- 
parw,  etc.,  also  collaborated  with  liarbieri,  Ou- 
drid,  and  Gaztambide  in  Euenas  de  Chawbtti, 
and  Don  SimpUcio  Bobadilla.  An  enterprise 
was  formed  for  the  exploitation  of  comic  operet- 
tas, the  Theatre  des  Vanetes  taken,  and  H.  was 
app.  dir,  and  comp.  In  1852  he  was  app.  sec. 
of  Madrid  Cons  ,  later  prof,  of  harmony,  and 
founded  a  Mutual  Aid  Mus.  Soc.  of  which  he 
was  elected  secretary.— Other  comp.s  •  Grand 
mass,  cantatas,  hymns,  etc. 

Herold,  Louis- Joseph-Ferdinand,  dramatic 
composer  and  pianist;  b.  Paris,  Jan.  28,  1791 ; 
d  at  Themes,  n.  Pans, 
Jan.  19,  1833.  His 
father,  Fran9ois-Jo- 
seph  II.  [pupil  of  Ph. 
E.  Bach], a  pianoforte- 
teacher  and  composer 
of  merit,  did  not  desire 
his  son  to  become  a 
musician,  and  sent 
him  to  the  Ilix  school, 
where  his  aptitude  for 
music  was  noticed  by 
Fetis,  then  assistant- 
teacher  there.  But 
after  his  father's  death 
(1802),  II.  could  follow  his  natural  bent ;  in  1806 
he  entered  the  Conseivatoire,  studying  the  piano 
under  Louis  Adam,  and  winning  first  prize  for 
pf.-playing  in  1810.  lie  studied  harmony  under 
Catel,and  (from  iSir)  composition  under  Mehul ; 
in  1812  his  cantata  Mllf.  de  la  ratttire  gained 
the  Prix  de  Rome  (the  MS.  score  is  in  the  Con- 
servatory Library  with  works  composed  during 
his  three  years'  study  in  Rome)  From  Rome 
he  went  to  Naples,  where  he  became  pianist  to 
Queen  Caroline ;  here  he  produced  his  first  opera, 
Lagioventb  di  Enrico  Qitinto  (1815),  which  was 
well  received.  From  Naples  he  went  to  Vienna, 
and  after  a  few  months'  stay  returned  to  Paris  in 
1815,  where  he  finished  the  score  of  Uoieldieu's 
Charles  de  France ^  an  Optra  d'ocLasion,  produced 
at  the  Opera-Comique,  1816.  Its  flattering  re- 
ception led  to  the  production  of  fas  JRostires 
(1817),  which,  as  well  as  La  Clochette,  which 
followed  in  the  same  year,  was  very  successful. 
Unable  fora  time  to  obtain  good  original  libretti, 
he  now  wrote  pf. -fantasias  and  minor  pieces,  and 
produced  a  few  operas  (Le  premier  venu,  1818  ; 
Les  7'roqueurS)  1819  ;  V Amour  flatonique^  1819 


268 


HERRMANN— HERVl£ 


[only  rehearsed]  ;  and  fAitteur  mort  et  vivant, 
1820),  the  ill-success  of  which  caused  him  to  dis- 
trust his  natural  talent,  and  to  imitate,  in  several 
succeeding  stage-works,  the  style  then  m  vogue 
— that  of  Rossini.  With  the  3-act  comic  opera 
Marie  (1826)  IT.  returned,  however,  to  his  true 
element,  and  won  instant  and  brilliant  success. 
Meantime  (1824)  he  had  obtained  the  post  of 
•pianist  at  the  Italian  Opera,  but  soon  rehquished 
it  for  that  of  chorusmaster  (1824-6) ;  during  this 
period  he  brought  out  Les  Mitletiers,  VAsth&iie^ 
Vend&meen  Espagne,  Le  £01  RenJ^  and  LeLapin 
blanc.  In  1827  he  was  appointed  chef  du  chant 
at  the  Grand  Opera,  for  which  he  wrote  several 
poetic  and  graceful  ballets  (Aitolphe  et  Joconde^ 
La  Somnambule,  Lydie,  La  Belle  au  Bois  dor- 
mant^ and  La  ftlle  mal  gardfo) ;  La  Somnam- 
bitla  furnished  Bellini  with  the  subject  of  his 
popular  opera.  In  1828  H.  was  received  into 
the  Legion  of  Honor  In  1829  appeared  I' Illu- 
sion, a  one-act  opera,  full  of  charming  numbers. 
Emmelim  (1830)  was  a  failure,  but  the  brilliant 
success  of  Zampa  (1831)  placed  H.  in  the  first 
rank  of  French  composers.  He  wrote  l'A  uberge 
d*Awey  (1830)  jointly  with  Carafa ;  La  Jlfar- 
qttisc  da  Brinvilliers  (1831)  in  collaboration  with 
Auber,  Batton,  Berton,  Blangmi,  Boieldieu, 
Carafa,  Cherubini,  and  I'aer  ;  and  also  produced 
La  midicine  sans  mtdecin  (1832),  a  one-act  opera 
His  last  work,  Le  Pn* aitx  clercs  (1832),  has  had 
remarkable  vogue  in  France.  Shortly  after  the 
production  of  Zampa  his  health  had  begun  to 
decline,  and  he  died  of  consumption  in  his  forty- 
second  year.  His  uniinished  opera  Lttdovic  was 
successfully  completed  by  Halevy. — Herold's 
pf. -music,  comprising  55  opus-numbers,  con- 
sists of  sonatas,  caprices,  rondos,  divertisse- 
ments, fantaisies,  variations,  and  potpourris. — 
Busts  of  H.  by  Danton  and  Demesnayare  in 
the/0yivof  the  New  Opera  house ;  one  by  Charles 
Gauthier  is  in  the  library  of  the  Conservatoire. 
"  Herold,  sa  vie  et  ses  oeuvres,"  by  Jouvin 
(Paris,  Heugel,  1868,  8vo),  is  the  best  of  the  many 
biographical  notices  that  have  appeared. 

Herrmann,  Gottfried,  violinist  and  pianist, 
b.  Sondershausen,  May  15,  1808  ;  d.  Lubeck, 
June  6,  1878.  Vln. -pupil  of  Spohr  at  Kassel, 
and  st.  comp  with  Haup'tmann.  He  became 
first  violin  at  Hanover ;  and,  under  Aloys  Schmitt, 
developed  into  a  talented  pianist.  Organized  a 
quartet-party,  with  his  brother  Karl,  al  Frank- 
fort;  in  1831,  was  app.  org.  and  dir.  of  the 
Marienkirche,  Lubeck  ;  in  1844,  Kapellm.  to  the 
Sondershausen  court ;  in  1852,  c\ty-J£apellm.  of 
Ldbeck,  also  directing  the  Lubeck  theatre  and 
the  Hamburg  BacJt-Verein. — Works  :  Operas, 
orch.l  and  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. — His  niece 
and  pupil,  Klara  H.,  gifted  pianist,  residing 
at  Lubeck,  also  a  student  of  Leipzig  Cons.,  is 
the  daughter  of  his  brother  Karl  ['cellist,  d. 
Stuttgart,  Nov.  12,  1894]. 

Her'schel,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  eminent 
astronomer  (anglicd  Sir  William  Herschel,  K. 
C.  H.,  D.  C.  L.) ;  b.  Hanover,  Nov.  15,  1738 ; 


d.  Slough,  n  Windsor,  Aug.  23,  1822.  Son  of  a 
military  musician,  at  14  years  of  age  he  entered 
the  band  of  the  Hanoverian  guards  as  oboist, 
and  was  stationed  at  Durham  \\  hen  that  regiment 
came  to  England.  Became  org.  of  Halifax 
parish  ch. ;  in  1766,  of  the  Octagon  Chapel,  Bath. 
Devoted  his  leisure  to  astronomy,  constructed 
the  great  *'  Herschel"  telescope,  discovered  the 
planet  Uranus,  was  app.  "Astronomer  Royal" 
(1781),  and  abandoned  the  musical  profession. 
Received  the  honor  of  knighthood  and  an  Oxford 
degree  Comp.s :  A  symphony,  and  2  concertos 
f.  wmd-instr.s. 

Her'tel,  Johann  Christian,  viola-da-gamba 
virtuoso  ,  b.  Oettingen,  Swabia,  1699  ;  d.  Stre- 
litz,  Oct.,  1754.  St.  singing  and  the  gamba ; 
pf.,  vln.,  and  comp.  with  Kaufmann  at  Merse- 
burg,  later  with  Hess  at  Darmstadt.  Became 
ist  violin  of  Eisenach  court-chapel ;  from  1742- 
53,  ducal  Concertmeister  at  Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz  — In  MS.,  symphonies,  overtures,  vln.  and 
bass  concertos,  sonatas,  trios,  etc.;  only  6  sona- 
tas were  publ. 

Her'tel,  Johann  Wilhelm,  violinist,  pianist, 
and  comp  ;  b.  Eisenach,  Oct.  9, 1727  ;  d.  Schwe- 
rin,  June  14,  1789  ;  son  and  pupil  of  Joh.  Chr.; 
also  st.  vln.  withBenda.  In  1757,  Concur tmeister 
and  comp.  to  the  Duke  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerm, 
subsequently  Kapellm.  In  1770,  private  secretary 
to  Princess  Ulrike,  and  councillor  at  Schwerin". 
— Works  •  8  oratorios,  descriptive  of  the  princi- 
pal events  in  the  life  of  Christ ;  12  symphonies ; 
6  pf. -sonatas  ;  I  pf .  -  concerto  ;  songs.  Also 
compiled,  with  translations  and  notes,  "  Samm- 
lung  musikalischer  Schriften,  grosstentheils  aus 
den  Werken  der  Italiener  und  Franzosen  ..." 
(1757-8,  2  parts). 

Her'tel,  Peter  Ludwig,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  ai, 
1817.  Son  of  Karl  H.,  violinist  [1784-1868], 
and  pupil  of  Greulich(pf.),  Rietz  (vln.),  Schneider 
and  Marx  (comp.).  In  1858,  app.  court  comp., 
in  i860  dir.  of  ballet,  at  the  Berlin  Royal  Opera. 
— Works:  Symphonies,  overtures,  but  principally 
ballet-mus.  (Die  InstigenAIwkctiere  (1852),  flick 
und  Flock  (1858),  Sardanapal  (1865),  JSllinor 
(1869),  Fantaska,  Die  4  Jahresseiten,  etc.) 

Her'ther,  F.,  pen-name  of  Hermann  Giin- 
ther,  M.D.  (brother  of  Dr.  Otto  GUnther) ;  b. 
Leipzig,  Feb.  18,  1834 ;  d.  there  Feb.  13,  1871. 
—Opera,  DerA&tvon  St.  Gallen  (Berlin,  1864). 

Hertz'berg,  Rudolph  von,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  6, 
1818  ;  d.  there  Nov.  24, 1893.  Pupil  of  L.  Ber- 
ger  and  S.  Dehn  ;  1847,  singing-teacher ;  1858, 
"KOnigl.  Musikdirektor";  1861-89,  cond.  of 
Pomchor  (cathedral  choir),  with  title  "  Pro- 
fessor, "  succeeding  Neithard t.  Ed  itor  (as  Franz 
Commer's  successor)  of  the  valuable  coll.  work 
"Musica  Sacra." 

HenrS (properly  Florimond  Ronger),  a  dram, 
comp.,  the  creator  of  French  operetta ;  b.  Hou- 
dain,  n.  Arras,  June  30,  1825  j  d.  Paris,  Nov.  4, 


269 


HERVEY— HERZOG 


1 892.  Chorister  and  scholar  of  St.  -Roch ,  he  be- 
came org.  at  various  churches  in  Pans.  With 
his  friend  Kelm,  in  1848,  he  sang:  in  Don  Qm- 
chotte  ff  Sancho  Panca,  an  interlude  of  his  own 
comp.,  at  the  Opera  National  In  1859,  c/iej 
d*  or  chest  re  at  the  Palais  Royal  Th  In  1855 
he  opened  the  "  Fohes-Concertantes,"  a  small 
theatre  for  the  production  of  pantomimes,  jflj*- 
uetes (musical  comediettas  for  two  persons),  etc., 
and,  with  phenominal  activity,  developed  the 
light  French  operetta  from  these  diminutive  and 
frivolous  dramatic  comp.s,  writing  both  libretti 
and  music,  and  frequently  appearing  in  the  dual 
capacity  of  actor  and  orch.-cond.  In  1856  he 
resigne'd,  and  (1856-69)  was  connected  with 
theatres  in  Pans,  Marseilles,  Montpellier,  and 
Cairo ,  1870-1,  cond.  of  Covent  Garden  Prom- 
enade Concerts,  London  ;  1871-4,  mus.-dir.  of 
The  Empire  Th.  He  wrote  over  50  operettas, 
which,  however,  were  eclipsed  by  those  of  Of- 
fenbach. Some  of  the  best-known  are  •  Vade 
an  Cabaret,  Le  componteur  toque*,  Fifi  et  Nim 
(these  3  at  the  Fol.-Conc.,  1855-6),  Fern  me  & 
vendre  (1858);  VCEil  crevt  (1867);  Le  petit 
Faust  (1869) ;  Fla-Fla  (1886)  ;  La  note  a-  Nim; 
La  Roussotte  (collab.  with  Lecocq) ;  Le  roi  Chil- 
pfric,  and  Les  Bagatelles.  One  of  his  latest, 
Bacchanal*  (Paris,  '92),  was  a  fiasco.  Other 
works  are  the  3-act  operetta  Minn;  two  3-act 
operas-bouffes,  Le  Rubicon  and  Frivoh  /  and  the 
i-act  opeYa-comique  f  Elixir. — He  also  publ. 
pf.-pcs.,  songs,  and  dances. 

Hervey,  Arthur,  composer  and  writer  ;  b.  of 
Irish  parentage  at  Paris,  Jan.  26,  1855.  Pupil 
of  Berthold  Tours 
(harm.)and^douard 
Marlois  (instrumen- 
tation). At  first  in- 
tended for  the  dip- 
lomatic service,  he 
embraced  a  musical 
career  in  1880 ;  was 
for  a  time  critic 
for  "Vanity  Fair"; 
since  1892  on  the 
staff  of  the  London 
*'  Morning  Post." — 
Works:  A  i-act 
opera,  The  Fairy's 

Post-box  (London,  1885) ;  dram,  overture  "  Love 
and  Fate"  (1890);  Suite  f.  orch.  (MS.);  Ro- 
mance f.  vln.  and  orch.;  pf. -music  ;  he  is  also  a 
song-writer  of  repute:  *'  6  Liebeslieder,"  8  "Neue 
Liebeslieder,"  and  6  other  songs,  4I  Herzens- 
stitnraen,"  all  by  Heine;  "Love  of  my  life," 
"  May  Song,"  "  Once,"  "  Mine  all,"  etc.— Au- 
thor of  ** Masters  of  French  Music"  (London, 
1894). 

Herz,  Jacques  Simon,  b.  Frankfort,  Dec. 
31,  1794  ;  d.  Nice,  Jan  27,  1880.  Of  Jewish 
parentage ;  went  to  Paris  when  young  ;  in  1807 
ent  the  Cons.,  studying  the  pf.  with  Pradher. 
Became  a  distinguished  pianist  and  teacher  in 


Paris ;  taught  for  some  years  in  London  ;  re- 
turned to  Paris  in  1857,  as  acting-prof,  for  his 
brother  Henri,  at  the  Cons  — Comps.  Much  pf  .- 
mus.;  vln. -sonatas,  and  a  horn -sonata. — His 
brother, 

Herz,  Henri,  brilliant  pianist;  b. Vienna,  Jan. 
6,  1806  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  5,  1888.  Taught  by  his 
father,  and  by  T I  un- 
ten  at  Koblenz , 
Iater(i8r6)  by  Pra- 
dher, Reicha,  and 
Dourlen  at  the 
Paris  Cons  ,  and 
won  1st  pf. -prize  ; 
improved  himself 
in  Moscheles'  style 
after  that  virtuoso's 
visit  in  1821 ;  was 
in  high  repute  as  a 
fashionable  teacher 
and  composer,  his 
comp.s  realizing  3 
and  4  times  the 
price  of  those  of  the 
best  musicians.  In  1831  he  made  a  brilliant  tour 
of  Germany  with  the  violinist  Lafont ;  visited 
London  in  1834  ;  and  at  his  first  concert  Mo- 
scheles and  Cramer  played  ducts  with  him.  In 
1842,  was  app.  pf.-prof.  at  the  Paris  Cons.  Lost 
considerably  by  partnership  with  a  pf. -manufac- 
turer Klepfer,  and  thereupon  undertook  a  con- 
cert-tour through  the  United  States,  Mexico,  and 
the  W.  Indies  (1845-51)  Returning,  he  estab- 
lished a  successful  pf. -manufactory,  his  mstr.s  re- 
ceiving ist  prize  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1855. 
Resigned  professorship  at  the  Cons,  in  1874.  H. 
acknowledged  that  he  catered  to  the  popular 
taste ;  of  his  numerous  works  (over  200),  at 
which  Schumann  frequently  poked  fun,  only  his 
Etudes,  and  a  Pf.-Method,  are  likely  to  survive. 
They  include  pf.-concertos,  variations,  sonatas, 
rondos, vln.-sonatas,  nocturnes,  dances,  marches, 
fantasias,  etc.  "  Mes  voyages  en  Amcnque" 
(1866)  is  a  reprint  pf  his  letters  to  the  Moniteiir 
Universel,  describing  his  American  tour. 

Herz'berg,  Anton,  pianist,  b.  Tarnow,  Gali- 
cia,  June  4, 1825.  St.  with  Itocklet  and  Preyer 
in  Vienna.  Made  concert-tours  through  Hun- 
gary, Prussia,  Turkey,  Greece,  Italy,  France, 
Holland,  and  England,  and  received  various  dec- 
orations. In  1866,  settled  in  Moscow  as  pf.- 
teacher.  — Works  :  About  130  pcs.  of  salon- 
music. 

Her'zog,  Johann  Georg,  organ-virtuoso,  b. 
SchmOlz,  Bavaria,  Sept.  6, 1822.  Pupil  of  Boden- 
schatz,  and  of  the  Seminary  at  Altdorf ,  Bavaria. 
1841-2,  teacher  at  Bruck,  n  Hof ;  1842,  org.  of 
Munich  Protestant  ch.,  cantor  in  1848;  org.- 
prof.  at  the  Cons.,  1850;  mus.  director  at  Er- 
langen  Univ.,  1854;  in  1866,  Dr.  phil.;  later, 
professor,  retiring  in  1888.  Resides  at  Munich. 
—Organ-works  :  "  Praludienbuch,"  "  Kirch- 
liches  Orgelspiel "  (3  parts),  "  Chorale  mit  Vor-, 


270 


HERZOG— HEUBERGER 


Zwischen-  und  Nachspielen, "  "  Evangelisches 
Choralbuch"  (3  books),  "  Chorgesange  fur  den 
kirchlichen  Gebrauch"  (5  books),  "  Geistliches 
und  Weltliches"  (collections),  '•  Orgelschule," 
fantasias,  etc. 

Her'zog,  Emilie,  brilliant  coloratui  <7-smger 
and  soubrette ,  b.  Diessenhofen,  Thurgau,  abt. 
1860.  Pupil  of  the  Zurich  School  of  Music 
under  K.  Gloggner,  1876-8  ;  at  Munich,  under 
Ad.  Schimon,  1878-80.  Made  her  theatrical 
debut  as  the  Page  in  Les  Hiigitenoh^  at  Munich, 
(1879?).  In  1889,  eng.  for  the  Uerlm  Court 
Opera. 

Her'zogfenberg,  Hcinrich  von,  pianist  and 
comp.,  b.  Graz,  Styna,  June  ro,  1843.  Pupil  of 
Dessoff  at  Vienna  Cons  ,  1862-4.  Lived  at  Gra2 
until  1872,  then  removed  to  Leipzig,  and  with 
P.  Spitta,  F.  v.  Holstein,  and  A.  Volkland 
founded  the  Bach-Verein  in  1874 ;  in  1875  he 
succeeded  Volkland  as  its  dir.  In  1885,  app. 
prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Berlin  "  Ilochschule  fur 
Musik,"  as  successor  to  F.  Kiel ;  he  retired  in 
1892,  and  was  succeeded  by  M.  Lruch.  Is 
president  of  the  "  Meisterschule  "  for  corap.,  and 
a  member  of  the  Akadeime. — Works  :  Oratorio 
Die  Gdntrt  Chnsti ;  symphonic  poem,  "Odys- 
seus"; 2  symphonies  (Cmin  and  B[?) ;  "  Deut- 
sches  Liederspiel"  f.  soli,  ch,,  and  pf.  4  hands  ; 
"  Der  Stern  des  Liedcs,"  f.  ch.  and  orch  ;  "  Die 
Weihe  der  Nacht,"  f.  alto  solo,  ch.,  and  orch  ; 
96th  Psalm,  op.  34  ;  Ii6th  Psalm,  f.  double  ch 
and  orch.;  94th  Psalm,  op  fx>,  f  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  "  Nannas  Klage,"  op.  59  ;  a  cantata,  Co- 
lumbus ;  2  pf. -trios  and  two  string-trios,  pp.  27  ; 
3  string-quartets  ;  a  quintet  for  wind-instr.s ; 
pf.-works  f.  2  and  4  hands  ;  Variations  for  2  pf.s, 
on  a  theme  from  Brahms  ;  3  songs,  2  duets,  I 
part-song.— His  wife,  Elizabeth,  n&  von 
Stockhausen,  talented  pianist,  b.  1848,  d.  San 
Remo,  Jan.  7,  1892. 

Hess,  Joachim,  organist  and  cnrillonneur  of 
St.  John's  Ch.,  Gouthi,  Holland,  for  44  years, 
1766-1810.  An  erudite  and  industrious  musician. 
Writings :  "  Kortc  en  eenvoudige  handleiding 
tot  het  leeren  van  clavecimbel  of  orgelspel" 
(1766,  etc.);  "Luister  van  hel  orgel"  (1772); 
"Korte  schets  van  de  allereerste  uitvinding  en 
verdere  voortgang  in  het  vervaardigen  der 
orgeln"  (1810) ;  "  Dibpositien  der  merkwaar- 
digste  kerk-orgeln"  (1774);  and  "  Vereischten 
in  eenen  organist"  (1779). — His  brother,  A.  H. 
H.,  was  a  distinguished  org.-builder  at  Gouda. 

Hes'se,  Ernst  Christian,  viola-da-gamba 
virtuoso  ;  b.  Grossen-Goltcrn»  Thurmgia,  Apr. 
14,  1676  ;  d.  Darmstadt,  May  16,  1762.  Court 
secretary  for  Hesse-Darmstadt ;  then,  at  the 
Prince's  expense,  he  st.  in  Paris  with  Mann 
Marais  and  Forqueray  ;  made  concert-tours  and 
played  at  the  Viennese  and  Dresden  courts. 
1713-19,  Ketpellm.  at  Vienna. — In  MS.:  Sona- 
tas and  suites  f.  gamba,  and  other  instr.l  mus.; 
much  church-music. 


Hes'se,  Adolf  (Friedrich),  organ-virtuoso  ; 
b.  Breslau,  Aug.  30, 1809  ;  d.  there  Aug.  5, 1863. 
Son  of  an  organ-builder  ;  pupil  of  Berner  and  E. 
Kohler  The  Bieslau  authorities  granted  him  a 
sum  which  enabled  him  to  visit  Leipzig,  Kassel, 
Hamburg,  Berlin,  and  Weimar,  his  talents  gain- 
ing him  the  acquaintance  and  instruction  of 
Hummel,  Rmck,  and  Spohr.  In  1827,  app.  as- 
sist -org  at  St.  Elizabeth's  ch.,  Breslau,  and  in 
1831,  org.  of  St.  Bernard's.  Visited  Paris  in 
1844,  for  the  inauguration  of  the  new  org.  of  St  - 
Eustache,  and  astonished  the  Parisians  by  his 
pedal -play  ing.  In  1^46  visited  Italy,  and  Eng- 
land in  1852,  performing  on  the  organs  in  the 
Crystal  Palace,  and  protesting  against  their  un- 
equal temperament  For  many  years  dir.  of  the 
Breslau  symphony  concerts. — \Vorks  :  Oratorio 
Tobias;  dram.cantata^rs^jErwj/'s/.  Schwaben, 
f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  21  ;  other  canta- 
tas ;  6  symphonies,  4  overtures,  motets,  pf  .-con- 
certo, stnng-quintet,  2  strg. -quartets,  and  pf.- 
pcs.;  organ-comp.s  (preludes,  fugues,  fantasias, 
etc,),  and  an  "  Orgelschule  "  (Practical  Organ- 
ist). 

Hes'se,  Julius,  b  Hamburg,  Mar.  3,  1823 ; 
d.  Berlin,  Apr.  5,  1881.  He  onginated  and  suc- 
cessfully introduced  a  new  measurement  for  pf.- 
keys,  and  publ.  "  System  des  Klavierspiels  f 

Hes'se,  Max,  mus. -publ.;  b.  Sondershausen, 
Feb.  1 8,  1858.  In  1880,  founded  a  publishing- 
house  at  Leipzig,  and  in  1883,  the  printing  estab- 
lishment Hesse  u.  Becker,  for  music  and  books. 

Hetsch,  (Karl  Friedrich)  Ludwig,  pianist 
and  violinist ;  b.  Stuttgart,  Apr.  26, 1806  ;  d. 
Mannheim,  June  26,  1872.  Pupil  of  Abeille  and 
Weiss,  and  protege  of  the  King  of  Wurttemberg. 
In  1835,  mus.  dir.  at  Heidelberg ;  in  1846,  2nd 
Kapcllm.  of  Munich  Court  Th.— Works  Opera 
Ryno  (Stuttgart,  1833) ;  oratorios,  symphonies, 
chamber  and  vocal  music,  Liefar  /  his  isoth 
Psalm  and  a  duet  f.  pf.  and  vln.  won  prizes. 

Heu'berger,  Richard  Franz  Joseph,  dram, 
comp.;  b.  Graz,  Styria,  June  18,  1850.  St.  mu- 
sic under  good  masters  ;  he  was  by  profession  a 
civil  engineer,  and  obtained  the  Government  cer- 
tificate in  1875.  In  1876  devoted  himself  to  mu- 
sic. App.  Chonneister  of  the  Vienna  academical 
Gesangvcrein^  and  in  1878  cond.  of  the  Sing- 
akademie. — Works:  Operas,  Abenteuer  einer 
Neujahrsnacht(^v\Q'&\%i  1886) ;  Manuel  Vencgtis 
(do.,  1889),  remodelled  as  the  3-act  grand  Opera 
Mirjam^  odct  Das  Maifest  (Vienna,  '94  ;  succ.); 
"  Tanzspiel "  (ballet)  in  3  acts,  Die  Lautewchla- 
gerin  (Prague,  '96 ;  succ. ) ;  cantata,  * '  Geht  es  dir 
wohl,  so  denk'  an  mich,"  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and 
orch.,  from  "  Des  Knaben  Wunderhorn  " ;  over- 
ture to  Byron's  "  Cain"  ;  rhapsody  from  Ruck- 
ert's  "  Liebesfruhhng,"  f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch.; 
suite  in  D,  f .  orch. ;  a  symphony ;  orch.l  varia- 
tions on  a  theme  by  Schubert ;  serenades  f .  orch  , 
op.  7  ;  part-songs,  songs.  His  last  dram,  works 
are  2  operettas,  Der  Opernball  (Munich,  1898  ; 
succ.)  and  Ihre  Excellent^  Vienna,  1899). 


271 


HEUBNER— HEVMANN 


HeuVner,  Konrad,  talented  comp  ,  b.  Dres- 
den, 1860.  Pupil  of  the  "  Kreuzschule"  there  ; 
also  of  Leipzig  Cons.  (1878-9),  and,  at  the  Univ., 
of  Riemann.  St.  under  Nottebohm  at  Vienna, 
and  in  1881  under  Wuliner,  Nicode,  and  Blass- 
manii  at  Dresden.  In  1882,  cond  of  the  Lieg- 
nitz  Singakademie  /  in  1884,  assist. -cond  of  the 
Berlin  Singakadeime.  In  1890,  succeeded  R. 
Maszkowski  as  dir.  of  the  Koblenz  Cons,  and 
Mus.  Soc. — Works  :  Overtures,  symphony  in  A 
(1892),  quintet  f.  pf  ,  2  vlns.,  via.,  and  'cello  ;  pf. 
and  vln.-sonata  ;  pf.-tno  (op.  9)  ;  songs,  etc. 

Heu'gel,  Jacques-Leopold,  b.  La  Rochelle, 
1815  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  12,  1883.  Ed.  and  publ. 
from  1834  of  "Le  Menestrel."  Founder  and 
dir.  of  the  Paris  mus.-publ.  establ.  "  H.  et 
Cie.,"  well  known  for  its  excellent  publications, 
which  include  the  famous  *'  Me'thodes  du  Con' 
servatoire  "  in  all  branches. 

Heu'mann,  Hans,  song-comp.;  b.  Leipzig-, 
Aug.  17,  1870.  From  his  iSth  year  he  filled 
temporary  engagements  as  a  double-bass  player 
or  tuba-player  in  orch.s  at  Kassel,  Geneva,  St. 
Petersburg,  Vienna,  and  London  ;  studying  when 
his  means  permitted  with  W.  Rust  at  Leipzig 
Cons.,  and  Kretschmer  at  Dresden;  later  (on 
Brahms'  recommendation)  with  von  Herzogen- 
berg  at  Berlin.  He  has  publ.  over  roo  songs, 
and  is  equally  at  home  in  the  simple  u  folk- 
song," the  powerful,  dramatic  "  ballade,"  and 
the  playful  or  passionate  love-song.  Has  also 
publ.  a  suite  in  sonata-form  f  violin  and  pf  ; 
psalms  f.  alto  w.  organ  ,  etc.  Resides  in  Berlin. 

Hewitt,  John  H.,  b.  New  York,  1801. 
From  1845,  resided  at  Baltimore, — Works :  Ora- 
torios, among  which  Jephtha  is  especially  note- 
worthy ;  operas,  ballads,  songs,  etc. 

Hey,  Julius,  singing-teacher  ;  b.  Irmelshau- 
sen,  Lower  Franconia,  Apr.  29,  1832.  First  st. 
painting,  but  turned  to  music,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Franz  Lachner  (harm,  and  cpt.)  and  F.  Schmitt 
(singing).  He  became  an  ardent  Wagnenan 
after  his  introduction  to  the  master  by  King  Lud- 
wig  II.,  and  worked  under  the  direction  of  Bulow 
at  the  Munich  School  of  Music  (estab.  by  the 
King  in  accordance  with  Wagner's  plans).  After 
Billow's  departure  (1869),  he  vainly  essayed,  from 
a  German  national  standpoint,  a  reform  in  the 
cultivation  of  singing,  but  met  with  so  many  ob- 
stacles that  he  resigned  when  Wagner  died 
(1883),  and  devoted  himself  to  finishing  the  im- 
portant method  of  singing  "  Deutscher  Gesangs- 
untemcht"  (4  parts  ;  1886).  It  contains  a  com- 
plete and  logical  exposition  of  Wagner's  views 
on  vocal  training.  Part  I  relates  to  Speech  ; 
Part  II,  to  the  Development  of  Tone  in,  and  the 
Formation  of,  Women's  Voices ;  Part  HI,  do. 
do.  of  Men's  Voices ;  Part  IV,  letterpress  ex- 
planations. This  work  was  written  with  the  ul- 
terior motive  of  forming  a  lt  Stilbildungschule  " 
(school  for  the  formation  of  style),  which  Wag- 
ner and  H.  were  convinced  could  alone  bring 
about  the  needed  reform.  Many  pupils  of  II. 


are  to  be  found  in  the  principal  German  theatres 
Wagner  considered  him  "the  chief  of  all  sing- 
ing-teachers "   Settled  1887  in  Berlin  — Comp.s 
Songs,  duets,  16  easy  bongs  f.  children,  etc. 

Hey'berger,  Joseph,  b.  Hettstadt,  Alsatia, 
June  18,  1831 ;  d.  Pans,  Feb.,  1892.  Till 
1871,  teacher,  org  ,  and  cond  at  Muhlhausen  ; 
then  chorusmaster  at  the  Opera-Corn.,  Paris. 
Prof,  of  solfeggio  in  Paris  Cons.;  composer. 

Hey'den,  Sebald,  b.  Nuremberg,  1498 
(1494?)  ,  d.  there  July  9,  1561  In  1519  app. 
cantor  of  the  Hospital  school,  in  1537  rector 
of  the  ch.  of  St.  Sebald.— Works  ll  Musicae, 
i.e.  artis  canendi  libri  duo"  (1527  ;  3rd  ed.,  as 
"De  arte  canendi,"  etc.,  154°),  an  important 
treatise  on  measured  music  ;  similar  to  it  are 
4lStichiosie  musicae,  seu  rudimenta  musicae" 
(1529),  *'  Musicae  stichiosfe,  worm  vom  Ur- 
sprung  und  Nutzen  der  Musik  .  .  .  ,"  or  **  In- 
stitutiones  musicae"  (1535)— His  son  Hans, 
b.  Nuremberg,  1540 ;  d.  there  1613,  org.  of  the 
ch.  of  St.  Sebald,  invented  the  u  Geigenclavi- 
cimbal  "  (*'  Nurnbergisch  Geigenwerk  "),  which 
he  described  in  "  Musicale  instrumentum  refor- 
matum  "  (1610). 

Hey'drich,  Bruno,  b.  Leuben,  n  Lommatzsch, 
Saxony,  in  1865.  Pupil  of  Dresden  Cons. 
1879-82,  taking  prizes  as  a  double-bass  player, 
pianist,  and  comp.;  was  for  one  year  double- 
bass  in  Billow's  Weimar  orch.,  and  for 4  years  in 
Dresden  court  orch.;  also  pursued  vocal  studies, 
at  first  under  Prof.  Scharle,  then  Hey  (Berlin) 
and  v.  Milde  (Sondershausen) ;  his  debut  at  the 
Sondershausen  th.  as  "  Lyonel "  was  successful ; 
after  short  engagements  at  Weimar  (1888), 
Stettin  ('89),  Magdeburg  ('90),  and  Aachen  ('91), 
he  succeeded  Emil  Gotze  ab  dramatic  tenor  in 
Cologne  (1892-6);  now  (1899)  dram,  tenor  at 
Brunswick.  Wagner  roles  are  his  Jorte. — Works  : 
"  Amen  •  Opern-Drama  in  einem  Akte  und 
einem  musikalisch-pantomimischen  Vorspielc 
Reinhards  Verbrechen "  (Cologne,  1895  ;  v. 
succ.) ;  over  30  songs  ("  Kusslieder,"  Schwar- 
mereien,"  "  Liebeslieder,"  etc.). 

Hey'mann-Rheineck  [Karl  August  Hey- 
mann],  pianist  and  comp. ;  b.  Burg-Rheineck  on 
the  Rhine,  Nov.  24,  1852.  St.  at  Cologne 
Cons.,  and  at  the  R.  Hothschuh^  Berlin,  under 
Rudorff  (pf.)  and  Kiel  (comp.);  since  1875, 
teacher  at  the  HochsthnU, — Comp.s:  Pf.-pcs. 
(Novelletten,  op.  5  ;  Fantasiesttlcke,  op.  3)  and 
songs  ("  Einen  Brief  soil  ich  schrcibcn  "), 

Hey'mann,  Karl,  pianist ;  b.  Filehne,  Posen, 
Oct.  C,  1854.  [His  father,  Isaac  H.,  was  can- 
tor successively  at  Kilehne,  Grand cn^,  Gncsen, 
and  now  at  Amsterdam.]  Pupil  of  Ililler, 
Gernsheim,  Breunung,  at  Cologne  Cons.,  and 
of  Kiel  at  Berlin.  Ill-health  compelled  him  to 
abandon  the  career  of  a  virtuoso,  on  which  he 
had  successfully  entered ;  but  in  1872  he  re- 
appeared with  Wilhelmj,  and  became  mus.  dir. 
at  Jiingen,  He  was  app.  court  pianist  to  the 


HEYNE— HILES 


Landgrave  of  Hesse,  and  from  1877-80,  was 
teacher  at  the  Hoch  Cons  ,  Frankfort  — Comp  s  : 
Pf. -concerto  ;  also  "  Elfenspiel,"  "  Mummen- 
schanz,"  "  Phantasiestucke,"  and  other  brilliant 
and  effective  pieces  for  piano. 

Heyne  van  Ghizeghem  (also  Hayne,  or 
Ayne,  "Henry"),  a  chapel-singer  at  the  court 
of  Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy  about  1468 ; 
composed  motets  in  Netherland  contrapuntal 
style,  some  of  which  are  printed  in  Petrucci's 
"Odhecaton"  (1501). 

Hiebsch,  Josef,  violinist  and  teacher ;  b. 
Tyssa,  Bohemia,  Oct.  7,  1854;  d.  Karlsbad, 
May  10,  1897.  Chorister  of  the  Dresden  Royal 
Chapel,  1866,  and  at  the  Leitmeritz  Seminary, 
1869.  Vln. -pupil  of  pont,  Vienna.  Settled  as 
a  music-teacher  in  Vienna. — Writings  :  *'  Leit- 
faden  fur  den  elementaren  Violinunterricht " 
(1880;  enlarged  cd.,  1884);  12  books  of  vocal 
duets  of  like  character,  "  Methodik  des  Gesang- 
unterrichts"  (1882;  1893);  "Methodik  des 
Violinunterrichts"  (1887) ;  *'  Allgemeine  Musik- 
lehre  "  (1890) ;  and  u  Lehrbuch  der  Harmonic  " 
(1893)- 

Hientzsch,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Mokrehna, 
n.  Torgau,  Aug.  25,  1787  ;  d.  Berlin,  July  I, 
1856  Pupil  of  the  Thomasschule,  and  the 
Univ.,  at  Leipzig.  As  a  teacher,  he  lived  for 
some  years  in  Switzerland,  with  Pestalozzi,  to 
learn  that  master's  method.  In  1817,  app. 
mus.-teachcr  at  the  Neuzelle  Seminary;  in 
1822,  director  of  the  Breslau  Seminary  ;  m 
1833,  at  Potsdam  ;  1852-4,  dir.  of  the  Berlin 
Institute  for  the  Blind.  From  1828-37  he  ed- 
ited the  /?///<>///<?,  an  educational  mus.  journal 
and  in  1856  commenced  a  new  paper,  Das  mit- 
sikalischc  Deittschltind,  which  reached  only  3 
numbers.  He  publ.  collections  of  church-melo- 
dies for  school  uhe  ;  also  treatises  on  singing. 

Hieronymus  de  Moravia,  abt.  1260  Domin- 
ican friar  of  the  Rue  St. -Jacques  monastery, 
Paris.  One  of  the  earliest  writers  on  measured 
music.  Coussemaker  printed  his  treatise  tc  De 
musica  "  in  the  "  Scriptores,"  i. 

Hignard,  (Jean-Louis-)Aristide,  b.  Nantes, 
May  20,  1822  ;  d.  Vernon,  Mar.  so  (?),  1898. 
Pupil  of  Halevy  in  Paris  Cons.,  1845-50,  taking 
the  2nd  6>.  Prix  defame,  lie  was  an  earnest 
composer  of  lofty  aims;  but  was  able  to  bring  out 
only  works  of  secondary  importance,  with  the 
exception  of  Hamlet^  a  4  4  tragcfdie  lyrique  "  prod, 
at  Nantes,  1 888.  His  other  stage-works  were 
the  comic  operas,  Le  Visionnaire  (I  act ;  Nantes, 
1851);  Le  Colm-AIaillard  (lact;  Paris,  Th.- 
Lyr.,  1853) ;  Les  compactions  de  la  JMarjoIatne 
(i  act ;  ibid.,  1855) ;  M.  de  Chimpanxd  (i  act ; 
Bouffes-Par.,  1858);  Le  nouveau  Pourceaugnac 
(i  act ;  ibid.,  1860) ;  I'Auberge  des  Ardennes 
(2  acts  ;  Th.-Lyr.,  1 860)  ;  and  Les  Musiciens  de 
forchestre  (2  acts  ;  BoufFes-Par.,  1861).  2"ope"- 
rettes  de  salon,"  Le  Joueur  d*  argue  and  A  la 
porte^  and  a  more  comic  operas  never  perf.,  Les 
Mules  deFleurttte  and  La  mitte  et 


complete  the  list.  He  also  publ.  "  Valses  ro- 
mantiques  "  and  "  Valses  concertantes  "  f.  pf.  4 
hands  ,  choruses  f .  men's  and  women's  voices  ; 
songs,  etc. 

Hil'dach,  Eugen,  b.  Wittenberge-on-the- 
Elbe,  Nov.  20,  1849. — A  fine  baritone  singer, 
he  was  twenty -four  years  of  age  before  he  began 
vocal  lessons.  Pupil  at  Berlin  of  Frau  Prof.  El. 
Dreyschock,  he  met  and  mamed  another  pupil, 

Hil'dach,  Anna,  n/e  Schubert,  a  powerful 
mezzo-soprano  ;  b.  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  Oct.  5, 
1852.  From  iSSo-6,  both  were  teachers  with 
Fr.  Wullner  at  the  Dresden  Cons.  Now  devote 
themselves  to  concert-singing. 

Hil'debrand,  Zacharias,  b.  Saxony,  1680 ; 
d.  1743  ;  a  clever  organ-builder,  and  G.  Silber- 
mann's  best  pupil.  He  built  the  organs  of  the 
Dresden  Catholic  ch.,  and  of  St.  Wenceslaus, 
Naumburg.  His  equally  eminent  son,  Johann 
Gottfried  H.,  built  the  great  organ  of  St. 
Michael's  ch.,  Hamburg. 

Hiles,  John,  English  organist,  b.  Shrews- 
bury, 1810 ;  d.  London,  Feb.  4,  1882.  Org.  at 
Shrewsbury,  Portsmouth,  Brighton,  and  London. 
Comp.  pf.-pcs.  and  songs ;  also  wrote  didactic 
works,  catechisms  of  the  pf.,  org.,  harm.,  thor- 
ough-bass, part-singing,  and  a  Dictionary  of 
Musical  Terms  (1871). 

Hiles,  Henry,  b.  Shrewsbury,  Dec.  31,  1826. 
Brother  and  pupil  of  the  preceding.  Filled 
various  positions  as 
organist.  1852-9, 
owing  to  ill-health, 
he  spent  in  travel- 
ling. In  1862,  Mus. 
Bac.,Oxon;  1864-7, 
org.  of  St.  Paul's, 
Manchester;  Mus. 
Doc.  in  1867.  In 
1876,  app.  lecturer 
on  harm,  and  comp. 
at  Owens  College, 
Manchester;  in 
1879,  at  Victoria 
University.  In  1882 
was  co-founder  of 
the  National  Society 
of  Professional  Mu- 
sicians; later,  prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  R.  Man- 
chester Coll.  of  Music.  From  1885,  editor  of  the 
Quarterly  Musical  Review.  Writings :  "  Gram- 
mar of  Music  "  (2  vol.s ;  1879) ;  "  Harmony  of 
Sounds "(3 editions,  1871/72,  '78),  "First Les- 
sons in  Singing  (1881) ;  "  Part  Writing,  or  Mod- 
ern Counterpoint  "  (1884);  u  Harmony  versus 
Counterpoint"  (1894).  Comp.s:  2  oratorios, 
David  (1860)  and  The  Patriarchs  (1872)  ;  the 
cantatas  Fayre  Pastoral^  The  Crusaders^  and 
Watchfulness;  psalms,  anthems,  services,  part- 
songs;  an  operetta,  War  in  the  Household '(1885); 
and  an  historic  opera,  £Tarofar(iBgs  ;  not  perf.) ; 
also  odes,  and  music  f.  org.  and  pf. 


18 


273 


HILF— KILLER 


Httf,  Arno,  celebrated  violin-virtuoso  ;  b.  Bad 
Elster,  Saxony,  Mar.  14,  1858.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  Wilhelm  Christoph  H.,and  from  1872 
of  the  Leipzig  Cons,  under  David,  Rontgen, 
and  Schradieck.  Second  Concertmeister  and 
teacher  at  Moscow  Cons,  in  1878,  and  at  Sonders- 
hausen  in  1888.  The  same  year,  he  succeeded 
Petri  as  leader  of  the  Gewandhaus  orch.,  Leipzig. 
Also  leader  of  an  excellent  quartet. 

Hill,  William,  English  organ-builder;  b. 
London,  1800 ;  d.  there  Dec.  18,  1870.  With  Dr. 
Gauntlett,  introduced  the  CC  compass.  Men- 
delssohn frequently  said  that  the  organ  of  St. 
Peter's,  London,  built  by  H.,  was  the  finest  in 
the  world. 

Hill,  William  Ebsworth,  b.  London,  1817  ; 
d.  Hanley,  Apr.  2,  1895.  Celebrated  violin- 
maker,  grandson  of  Joseph  Hill.  Took  gold 
medals  at  World's  Fairs  in  Pans  and  London. 

Hill,  Thomas  Henry  Weist,  violinist  and 
conductor ;  b.  London,  Jan.  3,  1828  ;  d.  there 
Dec.  26,  1891.  Pupil  of  Sainton  at  R.  A.  M. 
Made  concert-tours  in  America  and  Europe. 
Member  of  the  orchestras  of  the  Opera,  Philh  , 
and  Sacred  Harmonic.  In  1879,  cond.  at  Alex- 
andra Palace ;  1880,  Principal  of  the  Guildhall 
School  of  Music. — Pieces  for  vln.  and  f.  'cello; 
and  a  "Civic  Anthem." 

Hill,  Ureli  C.,  b  New  York,  1802  (?)  ;  d. 
Sept.,  1875.  Violinist,  a  pupil  of  Spohrat  Kas- 
sel  (1836)  Founder  and  first  President  of  the 
N.  Y.  Philh.  Soc.  (1842),  playing  with  the  iirst 
violins. 

Hill,  Junius  Welch,  b.  Hingham,  Mass., 
Nov.  18,  1840.  Pupil,  in  Boston,  of  J.  C.  D. 
Parker.  Entered  Leipzig  Cons.  iSGo  (Moscheles, 
Plaidy,  Richter,  Remecke,  Hauptmann),  study- 
ing (also  privately)  until  1863.  After  occupy- 
ing, since  1860,  important  positions  as  organist 
and  director  at  Tremont  Temple,  ShawmutCh., 
Tremont  St.  Methodist  Ch.,  and  Harvard  Ch. 
(Bropkline),  in  Boston,  he  was  app.  Prof,  of 
Music  at  Wellesley  College,  where  he  raised  the 
standard  of  music  to  a  very  high  degree  of  excel- 
lence, giving  (during  13  years)  more  than  200 
concerts  of  real  artistic  merit  (with  fine  soloists, 
quartets,  and  orchestras).  H.  resigned  his  posi- 
tion in  1897,  and  now  devotes  himself  to  teach- 
ing, with  marked  success.  He  has  publ.  numer- 
ous female  choruses,  and  edited  several  valuable 
instructive  coll.s  f.  pf.;  among  them  being 
"Treasures  of  Lyric  Art,"  " Arabesques, 
4 *  MosaTfques,"  * '  Characteristic  Piano-pieces," 
etc. 

Hill,  Karl,  baritone  stage- and  concert-singer; 
b.  Idstein,  Nassau,  1840 ;  d.  insane  in  an  asylum 
at  Sachsenberg,  Mecklenburg,  Jan.  21,  1893.  A 
post-office  official,  he  occasionally  appeared  as  a 
concert-singer,  but  in  1868  went  on  the  stage, 
was  attached  to  the  Schwenn  court  th.,  and  also 
sang  at  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  and  the  GUr- 
zenich  Concerts,  Cologne.  Held  in  high  esteem 


by  Wagner,  he  sang  the  r61e  of  Alberich  at  Bay- 
reuth  in  1876. 

Hill,  Wilhelm,  pianist ;  b.  P'ulda,  Mar.  28, 
1838.  Pupil  of  H  Henkel  and  Hauff.  In  1854 
he  settled  in  Frankfort,  where  his  opera  Alona 
was  awarded  the  2nd  prize  in  the  competition 
for  the  inauguration  of  the  new  opera-house. 
Has  publ  vln  -sonatas,  op.  20  and  28  ,  trios, 
op.  12  and  43 ;  pf. -quartet,  op.  44 ;  songs,  pf.- 
pcs.,  etc. 

Hille,  Eduard,  b.  Wahlhausen,  Hanover, 
May  16,  1822;  d.  Gottingen,  Dec.  18,  1891. 
From  1840-2,  student  of  philosophy  at  Gottingen; 
also  learned  music  under  lieinroth.  For  several 
years  lived  as  mus. -teacher  at  Hanover,  was 
cond.  of  a  male  choral  society,  and  founded  the 
"Neue  Singakademie."  Vibited  Berlin,  Leip- 
zig, Prague,  Vienna,  etc. ,  for  study,  and  founded 
the  "Singakademie"  at  Gottingen,  where,  in 
1855,  he  had  been  app.  academical  mus.  dir. 
He  revived  the  academical  concerts. — Comp  s  . 
Songs  and  part-songs. 

Hille,  Gustav,  excellent  violinist,  b.  Jeri- 
chow-on-Elbe,  n  Berlin,  May  31,  1851.  Studied 
1864-8  at  Kullak's  Acad.,  Berlin,  under  R. 
Wuerst  (theory)  ;  1869-74  at  the  Hochschule  f. 
M.,  under  Joachim  (vln.).  Lived  in  Berlin,  as 
a  solo-player  and  comp.,  till  1879,  when  he  was 
invited  to  join  the  Mendelssohn  Quintet  Club 
of  Boston,  Mass.;  after  9  months'  louring,  he 
accepted  an  engagement  at  the  Mus.  Acad.  in 
Phila.,  a  position  still  (1898)  held  — Works  .  5 
vln. -concertos  w.  orch,;  I  Doppelconcert  f.  2 
vlns.;  i  canonic  vln. -suite,  2  suites  f.  solo  vln.; 
2  sonatas  f .  pf.  and  vln. ;  many  pcs.  f.  solo  pf. ; 
songs,  etc.  Last  opus-number  (1898)  is  63. 

Hillemacher,  two  brothers ;  Paul-Joseph- 
Williamjb.  Paris,  Nov.  25, 1852)  and  Lucien- 
Joseph-Edouard  (b.  Paris,  June  10,  1860) ; 
both  studied  at  the  Cons.,  and  took  the  rst  Grand 
prix  de  Rome,  the  elder  in  1876,  the  younger  in 
1880.  Well-known  composers,  they  are  remark- 
able for  writing  all  their  scores  in  collaboration. 
— Works :  Symphonic  legend  Loreley  (1882;  won 
City  of  Paris  prize) ;  4-act  opera  «SV.  Affgrin 
(Brussels,  1886;  succ.);  i-act  com.  op.  Uneavtn- 
ture  d* Arkqidn  (Brussels,  1888) ;  orch.  suite 
41  La  Cinquantaine";  i-act  com.  op.  Le  Rfyi- 
//w;//^«//tfjjtf  (Royan,  1894);  music  to  Ilaran- 
court's  I/fro  et  Ltandrc  (1893) ;  3-act  lyr.  drama 
Le  Drac  (prod.  Karlsruhe,  1896,  as  Dcr  Muth- 
geist). — Also  songs,  etc. 

Hil'ler  (Hiiller),  Johann  Adam,  dram 
comp.;  b.  Wendisch-Ossig,  n.  Gorlitz,  Dec.  25, 
1728  ;  d.  Leipzig,  June  iC,  1804.  His  father,  a 
schoolmaster,  cantor,  and  parish-clerk,  d.  when 
the  boy  was  6  years  of  age.  His  fine  soprano 
voice  obtained  him  free  instruction  at  the  Grtrlitz 
Gymnasium,  whence  he  proceeded  to  the  Kreuz- 
schule,  Dresden,  as  a  pupil  of  Homilius  (pf.  and 
thorough-bass),  and  later  (1751)  to  the  Univ.  at 
Leipzig.  While  in  Leipzig,  he  earned  a  meagre 
subsistence  as  flutist  and  singer  in  Doles'  grand 


274 


KILLER 


concerts,  and  as  a  music-teacher.  In  1754  he 
became  tutor  to  the  son  of  Count  Bruhl  at  Dres- 
den, whom  he  accompanied  in  1758  to  Leipzig. 
Here  he  finally  settled,  and  devoted  himself  to  a 
revival  of  the  Subscription  Concerts  in  1763. 
These  developed  into  the  famous  "  Gewand- 
haus  "  concerts,  of  which  he  was  app  cond.  In 
1771  he  founded  a  singing-school,  and  from 
1789-1801  was  Cantor  and  Musikdirector  of  the 
Thomasschule  as  successor  of  Doles  As  com- 
poser, cond.,  teacher,  and  author  his  industry 
was  astonishing  — H.  was  the  originator  of  the 
"  Smgspiel,"  the  precursor  of  German  "  comedy- 
opera,"  which  had  a  distinct  development,  con- 
temporaneously with  Italian  opera  buffa  and 
French  op.-com*  A  pecular  (and  not  wholly  un- 
justifiable) notion  of  his  was,  to  let  the  "gentry"  in 
his  dramatic  works  sing  anas  and  the  like,  while 
to  persons  ot  low  degree  were  given  simple 
songs,  etc.  His  Singspiele,  all  prod  at  Leipzig, 
were  the  following  •  Lottchen  am  Ilofe  (1760) ; 
Der  Teufdist  Jos  (ist  part,  Der  lusiige  Schuster  ^ 
1768 ;  2nd  part,  Die  wrwandelteu  Weiber^ 
1766) ;  Lisitart  iind  Dariolette.  (1767) ;  Die 
Liebe  auf  dent  Lctnde ;  Der  Dorfbarbier^  Die 
Jagd,  Die  Musen  (1772);  Der  Erntekranx,  Der 
J£nt>$  (1773) ;  Die.  Jnbdhochseit,  Das  Grab  <&r 
Aftt/ti  (1779);  /V//J,  oder  Das  gerettete  Ttoja 
(1782).  The  songs  of  these  operettas  became, 
and  many  of  them  are  still,  exceedingly  popular. 
Among  his  other  comp.s  may  be  mentioned  :  A 
Passion  cantata,  funeral  music  in  honor  of  Ilasse, 
the  looth  Psalm,  symphonies  and  partitas.  He 
edited  Ch.  Felix  Wcisse's  "  Lieder  fur  Kinder," 
also  "50  geistliche  Lieder  fur  Kinder,"  "  Choral- 
Melodien  zu  Gellerts  geistlichen  Oden,"  "  Vier- 
stimmige  Chorarien,"  a  "  Choral buch,"  cantatas, 
etc.  His  writings  include:  "  Wochentliche 
Nachrichten  und  Anmerkungen,  die  Musik 
betreffend  "  (1766-70,  the  earliest  musical  paper) , 
"  Lebensbeschreibungcn  berUhmter  Musikge- 
lehrtcn  und  Tonkunstler"  (1784);  "  Nachricht 
von  der  Auffuhrung  des  Ilandel'schen  Messias 
in  der  Domkirche  zu  Berlin,  19.  Mai  1786"; 
"  Ueber  Metastasio  und  semeWerke"  (1786); 
"Anweisung  zum  musikalisch  richtigen  Ge- 
sang"  (1774);  "Anweisung  zum  musikalisch 
zierlichen  Gesang"  (1780);  "Anweisung  zum 
Violinspiel"  (1792).  He  prepared  the  and  ed. 
of  Adlung's  "Anleitung  zur  musikalischen  Ge- 
lahrtheit  (with  comments,  1783),  arranged  Per- 
golesi's  Stabat  Mater  for  four-part  chorus,  and 
publ.  Handel's  Jubilate,  Haydn's  Stabat  Mater, 
Graun's  "Tod  Jesu,"  and  Hasse's  "Pilgrime 
auf  Golgatha." — Biography  by  Carl  Peiser  (Leip- 
zig, 1895). — His  son  and  pupil, 

Hirier,  Friedrich  Adam,  violinist  and  tenor 
singer ;  b,  Leipzig,  1768  ;  d.  Konigsberg;,  Nov. 
23,  1812.  App.  mus.  dir.  of  Schwerin  th., 
1790 ;  of  Altona  th.  1796 ;  in  1803  became 
Kapellm.  of  Kfcnigsberg  th. — Works  :  4  operet- 
tas, 6  string-quartelf>,  grand  pf. -sonata,  and 
other  instr.l  and  vocal  works. 

Hil'ler,  Ferdinand  von,  distinguished  com- 


poser, conductor,  pianist  and  writer ;  b.  Frank- 
fort, Oct.  24,  1811 ,  d.  Cologne,  May  12,  1885. 
Scion  of  a  wealthy  Jewish  family,  he  early  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Hofmann  (vln.),  Aloys  Schmitt 
(pf.).  and  Volhveiler  (harm,  and  cpt.) ,  at  10 
he  played  a  Mozart  concerto  in  public,  and  at  12 
began  composition.  From  1825  he  was  a  pupil 
of  Hummel  at  Weimar ;  accompanied  him  to 
Vienna  in  1827  (where  his  op  4,  a  string-quartet, 
was  publ ),  and,  as  a 
boy  of  15,  saw  Bee- 
thoven on  his  death- 
bed. From  1828-35 
he  lived  in  Pans, 
teaching  for  a  time 
in  Choron's  School 
of  Music,  but  after- 
wards living  inde- 
pendently, perfect-  , 
ing  himself  as  a 
pianist  and  com- 
poser, and  on  inti- 
mate terms  with  cele- 
brated musicians.  He  gave  con -cits  with  Fetis 
and  liaillot,  and  shone  as  an  interpreter  of  Bee- 
thoven. In  1836,  onhisfather's  death,  he  returned 
to  Fiankfort,  and  during  Schelble's  illness  cond. 
the  Cacilien-Verein.  Aided  by  Rossini,  in  1839 
he  (unsuccessfully)  prod,  his  opera  Romilda  at 
Milan,  and  commenced  an  oratorio,  Die  Zersta^ 
rung  Jerusalems,  which  impressed  Mendelssohn, 
who  invited  him  to  Leipzig  to  superintend  its 
production  at  the  Gewandhaus  (1840).  In  1841, 
at  Rome,  he  studied  church-music  under  IJaim. 
During  one  winter  (1843-4)  he  cond.  the  Gewand- 
haus concerts  at  Leipzig.  At  Dresden  he  prod, 
the  operas  Traum  in  der  Christnacht  (1845) 
and  Cpnradm  (1847).  In  1847  he  was  app 
municipal  Kapellm.  at  Dusseldorf,  in  1850  at 
Cologne,  and  organized  the  Cons.  As  cond.  of 
the  GUrzenich  Concerts,  and  of  the  Lower  Rhine 
festivals,  he  became  the  most  notable  musical 
figure  in  the  Rhenish  provinces.  During  the 
season  of  1852-3  he  cond.  the  Opera  Italien  at 
Paris.  In  1849  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  Berlin ;  in  1868 
Bonn  Univ.  gave  him  the  hon.  title  of  Dr.  In 
1884  he  retired  — Although  he  freely  expressed 
his  antipathy  to  many  features  of  the  *'new 
school "  of  German  music,  he  was  liberal-minded, 
and  placed  many  of  Wagner's  works  on  his  con- 
cert-programs His  easy  circumstances,  classical 
training,  and  artistic  and  friendly  association 
with  Spohr,  Hauptmann,  and  especially  Men- 
delssohn, naturally  influenced  his  style,  which 
also  has  a  strong  leaning  toward  romanticism  ; 
his  compositions,  numbering  over  200,  are  not  so 
remarkable  for  originality  and  profundity  as  for 
their  elegant  form,  flowing  melody,  sparkling 
rhythm,  and  clarity  of  harmony.  They  include 
6  operas  (the  3  noted  above,  and  Der  Advokat^ 
Cologne,  1854 ;  Die  Catacomben^  Wiesbaden, 
1862 ;  and  Der  Desertcur^  Cologne,  1865) ;  2 
oratorios  (Saul,  1858,  was  the  second) ;  6  can- 
tatas (Loreld%  Nal  und  Dantajanti^  Israels  Ste- 


275 


KILLER— HIRN 


esangt  Prometheus \  Rebecca,  Prinz  Papagei) ; 
a  ballad  (Richard  Lowe n hers,  1883)  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.;  psalms,  motets,  etc.  ,  quartets  for 
male  chorus,  mixed  chorus,  and  female  chorus  ; 
over  100  songs  f.  solo  voice  w.  pf.,  over  30  duets 
w.  pf . ,  24  3-part  songs  f .  female  voices  and  pf . , 
29  4-part  songs  ;  pf. -music  (concertos  in  A  [7, 
F#  min.  and  C  ;  sonatas  ,  suites,  "  Moderne," 
"  Serieuse  ";  about  30  numbers  of  smaller  pcs.; 
e'tudes  ;  "  Operette  ohne  Text"  f.  4  hands)  ; 
fine  chamber-music  (vln. -sonatas,  canonical  suite 
f.  pf.  and  vln.,  Concertstuck  in  A  min.  f.  pf 
and  'cello,  'cello  sonatas,  five  pf.-tnos,  3  pf.- 
quartets,  5  string-quartets) ;  3  overtures,  3  sym- 
phonies, etc.  He  was  also  a  very  successful 
lecturer,  and  a  contributor  to  the  "  Kolnische 
Zeitung  " ,  some  of  his  papers  were  publ.  in  col- 
lected form  as  *'  Die  Musik  und  das  Publikum  " 
(1864) ;  "  L.  van  Beethoven"  (1871),  "  Aus  dem 
Tonleben  unsrer  Zeit"  (1868,  2  vol.s ;  new 
series,  1871).  Other  writings  are  :  "  Musika- 
lisches  und  Personliches"  (1876);  "Briefe  von 
M.  Hauptmann  an  Spohr  und  andre  Componis- 
ten"  (1876);  "Felix  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, 
Briefe  und  Erinnerungen  "  (1876)  ;  "-Briefean 
eine  Ungennannte  "  (1877);  "  Kunstlerleben  " 
(1880);  "Wie  horen  wir  Musik?"  (1880); 
"Goethe's  musikalisches  Leben  "  (1880);  and 
"Erinnerungsblatter"  (1884). 

Hiller,  'Paul,  b.  Seifersdorf,  n.  Liegnitz, 
Nov.,  1830.  In  1870,  assist. -org.,  and  since 
1881  org.  of  St.  Maria-Magdalena,  Breslau. — 
Works  .  Pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Hill'mer,  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin,  abt.  1762  ;  d. 
there  May  15,  1847.  Viola-player  in  the  court 
orch.  in  1811  ;  pensioned  in  1831.  Occupied 
himself  in  improving  and  constructing  stringed 
and  keyed  instr.s.  Invented  the  "  Alldrey," 
"  Tibia,"  and  an  improved  "  Polychord." 

Hil'pert,  W.  Kasimir  Friedrich,  b.  Nurem- 
berg, Mar.  4,  1841 ;  d.  Munich,  Feb.  5,  1896. 
Fine  'cellist,  pupil  of  Friedr.  GrUtzmacher  and 
Leipzig  Cons.;  co-founder  (with  Jean  Becker) 
and  (1867-75)  member  of  the  famous  "  Floren- 
tiner  Quartett."  Later  solo  'cellist  in  Imp. 
orch.  at  Vienna,  then  in  the  Meiningen  orch. ; 
1884,  teacher  at  the  Royal  Music-school,  Munich. 

Hil'ton,  John,  English  comp.  of  the  I7lh 
century,  buried  at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster, 
Mar.  21,  1657.  Graduated  Mus.  Bac.,  Cam- 
bridge, 1626.  App.  org.  and  parish-clerk  of  St. 
Margaret's,  Westminster  (1628).  Works  :  Faire 
Onana,  beautie's  Queene,  5-part  madrigal  in 
the  "  Triumphes  of  Oriana"  (London,  1601)  ; 
"Ayres,  or  Fa-las  for  3  voyces"  (1627;  re- 
printed by  the  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.)  ;  lt  Catch  that 
catch  can,  or,  a  Choice  collection  of  catches, 
rounds,  and  canons  for  3  or  4  voyces  "  (1652)  ; 
2  services  in  G  min.;  Elegy;  anthems.  The 
British  Museum  has  other  MSS. 

Him'mel,  Friedrich  Heinrich,  pianist  and 
comp.,  b.  Treuenbrietzen,  Brandenburg,  Nov. 
20,  1765 ;  d.  Berlin,  June  8,  1814.  A  student 


of  divinity,  he  also  cultivated  music.  Friedrich 
Wilhelm  II.,  hearing  him  play  the  pf.,  gave  him 
a  stipend  to  continue  his  mus.  studies  m  Dres- 
den, with  Naumann.  On  his  return,  the  excel- 
lence of  his  comp.s  gamed  him  further  royal 
favor ;  he  was  named  royal  chamber-comp. ; 
studied  in  Italy  for  two  years,  and  there  prod.  2 
operas,  //  primo  navigatore  (Venice,  1794)  and 
Semiramidt  (Naples,  1795).  He  succeeded 
Reichardt  as  couit  Kapellm.  at  Berlin  in  1795  ; 
in  1798  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  where  he 
prod,  his  opera  Alessandro  ;  lived  at  Riga 
in  1799  I  in  ISoo  returned  to  Berlin  via  Sweden 
and  Denmark,  and  in  1801  visited  Paris,  Lon- 
don, and  Vienna.  After  the  battle  of  Jena,  he 
went  with  the  court  to  Pyrmont,  then  to  Kassel 
and  Vienna,  subsequently  returning  to  Berlin. 
His  operas  were  very  popular,  and  include 
Vasco  dt  Gama,  Ital.  op.  (Berlin,  1801),  operetta 
Frohsinn  unetSc/iwarinerfi(i%Ql)i  Faiufwn,  das 
Ldermadchen,  his  most  successful  work  (1804), 
Die  Sytyhen  (1806);  Der  Kobold  (Vienna,  1811) 
Many  of  his  songs  had  great  vogue  ("An 
Alexis,"  "  Eskann  ja  nicht  immer  so  bleiben," 
etc.).  He  also  corap.  .  Oratorio,  Isacco  Jtgura 
del  Redentore  (1791);  cantata,  La  Danza  (1792) , 
Paternoster,  a  mass,  vespers,  psalms ;  a  con- 
certo, sonatas,  fantasias,  rondos,  etc.,  f.  pf. , 
quartet  f.  pf.,  flute,  vln.,  and  'cello  ;  sextet  f  pf. , 
2  violas,  2  horns,  and  'cello. 

Hin'ke,  Gustav  Adolf,  b.  Dresden,  Aug. 
24,  1844;  d.  Leipzig,  Auj>.  4,  1893.  A  fine 
oboist,  son  of  Gottfried  H.  [d.  1851].  Pupil 
of  Dresden  Cons.  (Hiebendahl,  oboe) ;  in  1867, 
first  oboist  in  theatre-orch.  and  Gcwandhaus, 
Leipzig.  Said  to  have  introtl.  the  bass  tuba 
into  the  Dresden  orch. 

Hin'richs,  Franz,  b.  IFalle-on-the-Saale, 
abt.  1820 ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  25,  1892,  as  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  (OberjustiaratK).  Comp. 
songs  in  the  style  of  his  friend  and  brother-in- 
law,  Robert  Franz,  and  wrote  an  essay  on  **  R. 
Wagner  und  die  neue  Musik  "  (1854). — His  sis- 
ter, Marie  H.,  b.  1828  ;  d.  Halle,  May  5, 1891 ; 
wife  of  R.  Franz,  was  also  a  song-composer. 

Hip'kins,  Alfred  James,  F.S.A.,  author- 
ity, lecturer,  and  expert  performer  on  ancient 
mus  instr.s  ;  b.  Westminster,  June  17,  1826. 
He  was  connected  in  business  with  the  Broad- 
woods  ;  to  his  indefatigable  researches  are  due 
many  valuable  contributions  to  the  **  Encyclo- 
paedia Britannica  "  and  Grove's  * 4  Dictionary  of 
Music."  He  wrote,  besides,  a  u  Guide  to  the 
Loan  Collection  of  Mus.  Instr.s,  etc.,  at  the 
Albert  Hall"  (1885);  "Musical  Instr.s,  His- 
toric, Rare,  and  Unique"  (1888) ;  "  The  Stand- 
ard of  Musical  Pitch"  (1896);  and  "A  De- 
scription and  History  of  the  Pianoforte,  and  the 
Older  Keyboard  Stringed  Instr.s"  (1896). 

Him,  Gustav  Adolf,  distinguished  physicist , 
b.  Logelbach,  n.  Colmar  (Alsatia),  Aug1.  21, 
1815  ;  d.  Colmar,  Jan.  14,  1890,  as  dir.  of  the 
meteorological  institute.  A  voluminous  writer 


276 


HIRSCH— HODGES 


on  physics,  in  "La  musique  ct  1'acoustique" 
(1878)  he  combats  the  idea  that  the  beautiful 
in  music  is  explicable  by  purely  physical  laws 

Hirsch,  Carl,  b.  Wemding,  Bavaria,  Mar. 
17,  1858.  St.  in  Munich  ;  has  held  the  follow- 
ing positions  1876-8,  teacher  in  the  Violin- 
makers'  School  at  Mittenwald  ;  1878-80,  at  the 
King  Max  Music-school,  Tegernsee ;  1880-2, 
regens  cfion  at  Erding  ,  1882-4,  cantor,  mus. 
dir.,  etc.,  at  Sigmanngen;  1884-5,  Kapettm* 
at  St.-Imier,  Switz.;  1885-7,  church  mus.-dir. 
at  Munich ;  1887-92,  Music-director  at  Mann- 
heim ;  1892-3,  do.  at  Cologne  ;  since  1893,  do. 
at  Elberfeld  (Dir.  of  the  lt  Gesangschule,"  the 
"Liedertafel,"  the  Mixed  Chorus,  the  Instru- 
mental Soc.y,  and  the  Philharm.  concerts). — 
Works  II.  is  one  of  the  most  prolific  among 
present-day  male-ch.  composers  ;  his  a-capptlla 
choruses,  numbering  several  hundred,  are  prime 
favorites  in  Germany  His  cantatas  have  also 
received  the  stamp  of  popular  approval :  Can- 
tata Die  Krone  im  Rhein^  f.  male  ch.  and  orch. 
(op.  45)  ;  cantata  Lands  knee  htslcben  (op.  74)  ; 
"  Lieder-Cantate "  in  4  parts,  Rttterkben^  f. 
soli,  male  ch  and  orch.  (op.  106) ;  "  Der  Rat- 
tenfangcr  v.  Ilameln,"  f.  solo  voices,  male  ch  , 
boys'  voices,  orch.  and  org  (op.  lit) ;  "  \Ve- 
rinher,"  dram,  poem  f  S.  A.  T.  15.  soli,  mixed 
ch  ,  and  orch.  (op.  119)  ;  "  Dilder  «'ius  der  alten 
Reichsstadt,"  f.  soli,  male  and  boy-ch.,  orch. 
and  org.  (op.  120) ;  "  Vagantensang,"  song- 
cycle  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.;  "  Der  Trom- 
peter  von  Sackingen,"  dram,  cantata  in  6  scenes, 
f.  soli,  male  ch.,  orch.,  and  org.  (op.  101) ,  tl  An 
das  Meer,"  Concrrhtnck  f.  male  ch.  and  orch. 
(op-  75)l  "  "Fahr1  wohl,"  ballade  f.  soli,  mixed 
ch.,  and  orch.  (op.  51). — Also  numerous  songs. 

Hirsch,  (Dr.)  Rudolf,  musical  critic,  comp., 
and  poet ;  b.  Napagedl,  Moravia,  Feb.  1, 1816  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Mar.  10,  1872.  His  "  Galerie  der 
lebenden  Tondichter"  (1836)  is  remarkable 
for  its  original  criticisms  ;  he  also  wrote  "  Mo- 
zart's Schauspieldirector  "  (1859),  an  apology 
for  Mozart.  Comp.  vocal  pcs.,  etc. 

Hirsch'bach,  Hermann,  instrumental  com- 
poser; b.  -Berlin,  Feb.  29,  1812;  d.  Gohlis,  n. 
Leipzig,  May  19,  1888.  Pupil  of  Birnbach. 
Settled  in  Leipzig  (1842),  and  founded  and  ed- 
ited the  "  Musikalisch-kritisches  Repertonum" 
(1843-5).  His  caustic  and  intemperate  criti- 
cisms made  him  so  many  enemies  that  he  aban- 
doned the  musical  for  a  mercantile  career.  lie 
was  an  original  and  prolific  composer  of  char- 
acteristic music. — Comp.s  :  13  stnng-quartets 
(Lebensbilder^  op.  I ;  etc.) ;  2  string-quintets  w. 
2  violas,  and  2  string-quintets  w.  2  'celli ;  2  quin- 
tets w.  clarinet  and  horn  ;  septet,  octet,  14  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  and  2  operas,  Das  Leben.  em 
Traum  and  Othello. 

Hirsch'feld.  Robert,  b.  Moravia,  1858. 
Graduate  of  Breslau  and  Vienna  Universities, 
also  st.  at  the  Vienna  Cons.  From  1882,  was 
lecturer  at  the  Cons.;  in  1884,  app.  teacher  of 


mus.  aesthetics,  and  the  same  year  took  his  de- 
gree of  Dr  phil.  (dissertation,  "Johannes  de 
Muris").  He  wrote  a  noteworthy  polemical 
pamphlet  against  Hanslick,  in  defence  of  old 
a-cappella  music,  and  founded  the  1 1  Renaissance- 
Abende  "  to  promote  its  cultivation. 

Hitz'ler,  Daniel,  b.  Haidenheim,  Wurttem- 
berg,  1576 ,  d.  Stuttgart,  Sept.  4,  1635.  Magis- 
trate and  church-councillor  at  Stuttgart.  Author 
of  l'Newe  Musica  oder  Sing  Kunst"  (1628), 
combating  the  bocedisatioti  of  Calvisius,  and  fa- 
voring bebisation.  He  also  publ.  a  collection  ot 
figurate  chorales  (1634). 

H</brecht  [Obrecht,  Obreht,  Obertus,  Ho- 
bertus],  Jakob,  distinguished  Netherland  con- 
trapuntist, and  one  of  the  most  famous  musicians 
of  the  I5th  cent.;  b.  Utrecht,  abt.  1430,  d. 
Antwerp,  abt.  1506.  In  1465  he  was  app.  Cath. 
Kapdlm.  at  Utrecht ;  in  1492,  succeeded  Bar- 
bireau  as  Kapdlm.  at  Notre-Dame,  Antwerp, 
and  received  a  chaplaincy  in  1494.  He  was  a 
prolific  and  facile  composer  ;  his  masses,  motets, 
hymns,  etc  ,  are  to  be  found  in  various  collec- 
tions of  the  period,  in  MS  in  the  Munich  Royal 
Library,  and  in  the  archives  of  the  Papal  chapel. 
Petrucci  printed  "Missae  Obreht"  (1503"),  con- 
taining the  masses  "  Je  ne  demande,"  *'Gre- 
corum,"  "Fortuna  desparata,"  "  Malheur  me 
bat,"  "  Salve  diva  parens",  and  his  ll  Missae  di- 
versorum"  (vol.  i)  contains  II.'s  mass  "  Si 
dedero  " 

Hoch'berg',  Bolko  (Graf  von),  pseudonym  J. 
H.  Franz,  dram,  comp.;  b.  at  Furstenstem 
Castle,  Silesia,  Jan.  23,  1843  Instituted,  and 
for  several  yeais  maintained,  the  4'IIochberg" 
quartet,  at  Dresden;  in  1876 founded  the  Silesian 
music-festivals.  In  1886  he  was  appointed 
general  interxdant  of  the  Prussian  Court  Theatres. 
— Works .  Operas,  Claudm?  von  Villabella 
(Schwerin,  1864) ;  Der  Wahrivolf  (or  Die  Fal- 
kensteineJ)  (Hanover,  1876)  ;  symphonies,  songs, 
etc. 

Hodges,  Edward,  b.  Bristol,  Engl.,  July  20, 
1796  ;  d.  Clifton,  Sept.  I,  1867.  Org.  of  Clifton 
ch.,  and  later  of  St.  James,  and  St.  Nicholas, 
Bristol  In  1825,  Mus.  Doc.,  Cantab.  Contrib- 
uted to  the  *'  Quarterly  Musical  Magazine,"  and 
44  The  Musical  World."  In  1838,  went  to  Can- 
ada as  org.  at  Toronto ;  in  1839,  became  org. 
of  St.  John's  Episcopal  Chapel,  New  York ;  in 
1846,  app.  org.  of  Trinity  Ch.,  inaugurating  the 
new  organ  built  after  his  specifications ;  returned 
to  England  in  1863.  He  wrote  "An  Essay  on 
the  Cultivation  of  Church  Music  "  (N.  Y.,  1841), 
and  comp.  i  Morning  and  Evening  Service,  2 
anthems,  and  other  church-music. — His  daugh- 
ter, Faustina  Hasse  H.,  d.  New  York,  Feb., 
1896,  formerly  organist  in  Brooklyn,  and  (1878) 
of  two  churches  in  Philadelphia,  composed  songs 
and  mstr.lpcs. — His  son,  Rev.  John  Sebastian 
Bach  H.,  D.D.,  rector  of  St.  Paul's  Ch.,  Balti- 
more, is  also  a  fine  organist 


277 


HOFFMAN— HOFMANN 


Hoffman,  Richard,  b.  Manchester,  Engl., 
May  24,  1831.  Pianist,  taught  by  his  father) 
and  by  de  Meyer, 
Pleyel,  Moscheles, 
Rubinstein,  Doh- 
ler,  Thalberg,  and 
Liszt.  Has  lived 
in  New  York  since 
1847,  where  he  was 
f oryears  at  the  head 
of  the  pianistic  fra- 
ternity. In  1848  he 
made  a  tour  in  the 
United  States,  with 
Burke,  the  violinist , 
he  accompanied 
Jenny  Lind  on  her 
tours,  as  solo  pian- 
ist, and  played  with  Gott&chalk ;  also  with  von 
Billow  at  the  latter's  first  concerts  in  N  Y. 
(1875).  A  distinguished  pianist  and  remarkable 
sight-reader  ;  a  successful  and  popular  teacher  ; 
and  a  noteworthy  composer  (op.  124  has  been 
publ ),  chiefly  of  pf  -music,  part-songs,  songs, 
anthems,  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Eucharius,  b.  Heldburg,  Fran- 
coma  ;  cantor,  and  later  co-rector,  at  Stralsund. 
Composer  and  didactic  writer. — Works  :  ' l  Doc- 
trina  de  tonis  sen  modis  musicis,"  etc.  (1582)  ; 
• "  Musicae  praecepta  ad  usum  juventutis  "  (1584) ; 
"  Deutsche  Spnlche  aus  den  Psalmen  Davids 
mit  vier  Stimmen"  (1577),  "  Geistliche  Epitha- 
lamia"  (1577),  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Ernst  Theodor  [Amadeus] 
Wilhelm  [he  added  Amadeus  to  his  Christian 
names  from  love  of  Mozart],  celebrated  writer, 
poet,  composer,  and  caricaturist;  b.  Konigs- 
berg,  Jan.  24,  1776  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  25,  1822. 
While  a  law-student,  he  studied  music  with  the 
organist  Podbielski ;  was  app.  assessor  at  Posen, 
but  on  account  of  an  irrepressible  penchant  for 
offensive  caricaturing,  was  removed  to  Plozk  in 
1802  ;  in  1803,  obtained  a  position  at  Warsaw, 
but  in  1806  the  war  cut  off  his  resources,  and  he 
became  a  music-teacher.  He  was  app.  mus. 
dir.  of  the  Bamberg  th.  in  1808  ;  in  1810,  con- 
tributed piquant  articles  to  the  Leipzig  AUge- 
meinc  musikalische  Zdtung  under  the  pen-name 
of  4t  Kapellmeister  Johannes  Kreisler"  (republ. 
as  "  Phantasiestiicke  in  Callot's  Manier,"  with 
preface  by  Jean  Paul  ;  2  vol.s,  1814).  From 
1813-14,  he  cond.  the  orch.  of  Sekonda's 
"  Schauspielergesellschaf  t "  at  Leipzig  and 
Dresden.  From  1816  to  his  death,  he  occupied 
a  judicial  position  in  Berlin.  A  man  of  won- 
derful versatility,  he  was  admired  by  Beethoven, 
Weber,  Schumann,  and  Carlyle. — Comp.s : 
Operas:  Sc tiers,  ListundRacJie  [Goethe]  (Posen, 
1801) ;  Der  Renegat  (Plozk,  1803) ;  FausHne 
(ib.,  1804)  I  Die  ungeladenen  Gdste,  oder  der  Ca- 
nomcus  von  Mailand  (Warsaw,  1805) ;  Liebeund 
Eifersucht  (ib.,  1807) ;  Der  Trank  der  Unsterb- 
lichkeit  (Bamberg.  1808) ;  Aurora  (ib.,  i8u) ; 
Undine  [his  best]  (Berlin,  1816)  ;  Julius  Sabinus 


(MS.,  only  Act  i).— Also  a  ballel, 
music  to  plays,  etc.;  amass,  Miserere,  and  other 
vocal  works  ;  a  symphony,  an  overture,  a  quin- 
tet f.  harp  and  strings,  pf. -sonatas,  etc. 

Hoffmann,  Heinrich  August,  called  H.  von 
Fallersleben,  distinguished  poet  and  philolo- 
gist; b.  Fallersleben,  Hanover,  Apr.  2,  1798; 
d.  at  Castle  Korvei,  Jan.  29,  1874.  In  1823, 
app.  librarian,  in  1830,  assist. -prof .,  and,  in  1835, 
prof. -in-ordinary  of  German,  at  Breslau  Univ. 
His  political  views  caused  his  dismissal  and  exile 
in  1842.  In  1848  he  returned  to  Prussia,  and 
afterwards  became  librarian  to  Prince  Lippe  at 
Korvei. — Works:  "  Geschichte  des  deutschen 
Kirchenheds "  (1832;  2nd  cd  1854);  "Schle- 
sische  Volksliedermit  Melodien  "  (1842)  ;  "  Kin- 
derlieder"  (1843) ;  "  Deutsche  Gcsellschaftslie- 
der  des  16  -17.  Jahrhunderts  "  (1844). 

Hoffmann,  Carl,  b.  Prague,  Dec.  12,  1872  ; 
st.  violin-playing  in  Prague  Cons.  1885-92  ; 
then  founded,  with  Suk,  Nedbal,  and  Wihan, 
the  "Bohemian  String-quartet,"  now  (1899) 
famous  in  Germany,  Austria,  etc.,  in  which  he 
plays  I  si  violin. 

HofTmeister,  Franz  Anton,  composer ;  b. 
Rotenburg-on-the-Neckar,  1754;  d.  Vienna, 
Feb.  10,  1812.  St.  law  in  Vienna  ;  became  a 
church  JFapellm.)  and  founded  a  book,  art,  and 
music  business,  in  1784,  With  Kuhnel  he  es- 
tablished a  "•  Bureau  de  Musique"  (now  C.  F. 
Peters)  at  Leipzig  in  1800.  In  1805  he  re- 
turned to  Vienna  and  devoted  himself  to  com- 
position.— Works .  9  operas,  a  Paternoster, 
symphonies,  serenades,  and  other  orch.l  pcs.; 
30  concertos,  18  quintets,  156  quartets,  44  trios, 
96  duos,  f.  flute  ;  12  pf. -sonatas,  5  pf. -quartets, 
II  pf  -trios  ;  42  string-quartets,  18  string-trios  ; 
variations,  nocturnes,  etc.,  f.  various  instr.s ; 
much  ch.-music  ;  and  songs. 

Hof  haimer  [Hofheimer,  Hofhaimer,  Hoff- 
haymer],  Paulus  von,  b.  Radstadt,  Salzburg, 
1459 F  d.  Salzburg,  1537.  Cuspinien  and  Lus- 
cinius  both  wrote  of  him  as  an  unrivalled  or- 
ganist and  lutenist,  and  the  best  composer  of 
the  age.  He  was  court  or#.  and  comp.  at 
Vienna;  in  1515  he  was  ennobled  by  Emperor 
Maximilian  I  ,  at  the  same  time  being  made 
Knight  of  the  Golden  Spur  by  the  King  of 
Hungary,  and  in  1518  received  the  freedom  of 
the  town  of  Augsburg.  Among  his  distin- 
guished pupils  were  Johann  BUchner  of  Con- 
stance, Conrad  of  Speier,  Schachinger  of  Padua, 
Wolfgang  of  Vienna. — Works:  "Ilarmoiriae 
poeticae  "  (odes  of  Horace  and  other  Latin  poets 
set  f.'4  Voices ;  33  by  II.,  and  n  by  L.  Senfl, 
1539 ;  republ.  by  Achtleitner,  1868) ;  German 
Lieder,  a  4,  in  various  collections  of  the  period  ; 
in  MS.  in  the  Vienna  Library,  chorals  and  lute- 
music  ;  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library,  org. -music, 
copied  by  Kleber  (1515). 

Hofmann,  Christian,  cantor  at  Krossen 
abt.  1668.— Publ.  "  Musica  synoptica,"  etc. 
(guide  to  the  art  of  singing,  1670),  which  went 


278 


HOFMANN— HOHNSTOCK 


through   several   editions,   both  in    Latin   and 
(lerman. 

Hof  mann,  Heinrich  (Karl  Johann),  dram, 
corap. ;  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  13,  1842.  Pupil  of  Kul- 
lak's  Akademie  under 
Grell,  Dehn,  and 
Wuer&t.  Became  fa- 
mous as  a  pf.-virtuo&o 
and  teacher  ;  but  after 
the  success  of  his 
opera  Cartouche  (Ber- 
lin, 1869),  and  •  his 
orch  1  works,  *l  Hun- 
garian Suite "  (1873) 
and  "  Frithjof"  sym- 
phony (1874),  he  de- 
voted himself  to  com- 
position.  He  has 
received  the  title  of 
"Professor,"  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Berlin 
R.  Acad.  of  Arts. — Works  •  Operas  Cartouche; 
Der  Matador  (Berlin,  1872);  Armin  (Dresden, 
1872);  Atnnchtn  wn  7'/*7ftrf*(  Hamburg,  1878) ; 
IVilhelm  von  Oranien(ib.9  1882) ;  Donna  Diana 
(Berlin,  1886);  and  the  comic  opera  Litlly  (Stettin, 
1889) ;  the  * l  secular  oratorio  "  Prometheus  (1896) ; 
the  cantata  "  Selig  sind  die  Todten  "  (op.  64)  f. 
alto  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  choral  works  f.  solo, 
female  (or  mixed)  ch.,  and  orch.  ("Nonnenge- 
sang,"  op.  21  ;"  Ma'rchen  von  der  schonen  Melu- 
sine,"  op.  30  ;  "  Aschenbrhdel,"  op.  45  ;  "  Fest- 
gesang,"  op.  74;  the  Mitukdrama  "  Editha," 
op.  loo ;  "  Nornengesang  ")  ;  "Johanna  von 
Orleans,"  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  (1892); 
"  Champagnerlied"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.  (op,  17) ; 
"  Lieder  Raouls  le  Preux  an  lolanthe  von  Na- 
varre," f.  baritone  and  orch. ;  "  Die  Verlassene," 
vocal  scene  f.  sopr.  and  orch.  (op.  118) ;  part- 
songs  f .  mixed  and  male  ch. ;— FOR  ORCHESTRA, 
3  Charakterstucke,  the  suites  *  *  Hungarian  "  and 
"In  Schlosshof,"  the  ' l  Schauspicl"  overture, 
"Bilderaus  Norwegen,"  a  scherzo  ^Irrlichter 
und  Kobolde,"  a  Serenade  (f.  strings,  op.  72),  a 
"  Trauermarsch"; — F.  PIANOFORTE,  the  beauti- 
ful duets  "Italienische  Liebesnovelle,"  "Lie- 
besfruhlmg,"  "Silhouetten  aus  Ungarn," 
"Ekkehard,"  *  \Steppenbilder,"  "Suite  hon- 
groise,"  "  Der  Trompeter  von  Sakkingen," 
"Aus  meinem  Tagebuche,"  and  many  more; 
numerous  charact,  pcs. ;  pf .-quartet ;  pf.-trio ; 
Concertstuck  f.  flute  (op.  98) ;  an  octet  (op.  80), 
a  sextet  (op.  65),  a  string-quartet,  a  'cello-seren- 
ade, a  violin-sonata  ;  etc. — In  Hofmann's  music 
sensuous  charm  and  perfection  of  finish  prepon- 
derate over  individualism. 

Hermann,  Richard,  b.  Delitzsch,  Prussian 
Saxony,  April  30,  1844.  His  father  was  mu- 
nicipal mus.  dir.  Pupil  of  Dreyschock  and 
Jadassohn  ;  settled  in  Leipzig  as  a  mus. -teacher.4 
Has  publ.  instructive  comp.s  f.  pf.,  strings, 
and  wind-instr.s ;  a  valuable  and  exhaustive 
"  Praktische  Instrumentationsschuie  "  (7  parts ; 


Leipzig,  1893);  a  catechism  of  mus.  instr.s;and 
Methods  for  the  various  orchestral  instr.s. 

Hof  mann,  Josef,  concert-pianist,  b.  Cracow, 
Jan  20,  1877.  Pupil  of  his  father  Casimir 
[prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  Warsaw  Cons., 
cond  of  \Y.  opera]  till  1892  ,  1892-4  of  Rubin- 
stein. Played  in  public  at  6 ;  at  9  made  tour  of 
Germany,  Denmark,  Norway,  Sweden  ;  played 
also  in  Vienna,  Paris,  London,  and  1887-8  in 
America  (52  concerts  in  2j£  mos.).  Rested  then 
in  Berlin  till  debut  in  Dresden,  1894  ;  after  which 
he  played  in  London,  Berlin,  Vienna,  etc. — 
Works .  PCS.  f.  pf.  (Hainauer,  Breslau). 

Hofmeister,  Friedrich,  b  1781  ;  d.  Sept. 
30,  1864.  Founded,  in  1807,  the  music-business 
at  Leipzig  which  bears  his  name.  From  1838, 
publ  the  MiiMkalisch-litterarischer  Monatsbe- 
ncht,  a  monthly  classified  list  of  the  musical  works 
appearing  in  Germany.  His  son  and  successor, 
Adolf  H.,  b.  abt.  iSiS  ;  d.  Leipzig,  May  26, 
1870,  publ.  a  3rd  and  enlarged  ed.  of  Whistling's 
lt  Handbuch  der  rnusikalischen  Litteratui " 
(1845),  and  supplementary  vol  s  (from  issues  of 
the  Monatshentht}.  These  excellent  works  are 
continued  by  the  firm,  under  the  proprietorship 
of  Albert  Rothing,  b  Leipzig,  Jan.  4,  1845. 

Ho'garth,  George,  b.  Carfrae  Mill,  n.  Ox- 
ton,  Berwickshire,  1783  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  12, 
1870.  St.  law  and  practised  m  Edinburgh.  Was 
an  amateur  musician,  'cellist  and  comp.,  and  be- 
came a  mus.  critic  and  historian.  From  1830 
contributed  to  the  * '  Harmonicon  "  In  1834 
settled  in  London  as  sub-editor  and  mus.  critic 
of  the  "Morning  Chronicle";  from  1846-66 
mus.  critic  of  the  "  Daily  News."  In  1850  was 
app.  sec.  to  the  Philharmonic  Soc.y.  Comp. 
glees  and  songs.  Wrote  "  Musical  History, 
Biography,  and  Criticism"  (1835  ;  2nd  ed.  in  2 
vol.s,  1838) ;  "  Memoirs  of  the  Musical  Drama'* 
(1838  ;  2nd  ed.  1851  as  "  Memoirs  of  the  Opera 
.  .  .");  "How's  Book  of  British  Song  ..." 
(2  vol.s,  London,  1845)  ;  "  The  Philharmonic 
Soc.y  of  London,  1813-62"  (1862).  He  was 
son-in-law  of  Thomson  (Beethoven's  Scotch  pub- 
lisher), and  father-in-law  of  Charles  Dickens. 

Hohl'feld,  Otto,  violin-virtuoso,  b.  Zeulen- 
rodzi,  Voigtland,  Mar.  10,  1854  ;  d.  Darmstadt, 
May  DO,  1895.  Was  a  pupil  of  cantor  Solle  ;  later 
at  the  Greiz  seminary  under  cantor  Urban  and 
dir.  llegener ;  then  for  3  years  at  Dresden  Cons, 
under  Kietz,  Lauterbach,  and  Kretschmer.  Be- 
came member  of  the  Dresden  court  orch. ,  and 
in  1877  was  app.  Concertmdster  at  the  Darm- 
stadt court  th.  Made  several  successful  con- 
cert-tours.— Works  :  String  -  quartet,  op.  I  ; 
" Zigeunerklange "  f.  pf.,  op.  2  ;  Elegie  f.  trom- 
bone w.  org.,  op.  3  ;  Elegie  f.  vln.,  op.  4;  songs. 

Hohn'stock,  Carl,  violinist,  pianist,  and 
comp. ;  b.  Brunswick,  1828 ;  d.  there  Aug.  5  (?), 
1889.  Pie  came  of  a  musical  family,  with  whom 
he  made  a  professional  European  tour  in  1846. 
In  1848  he  went  to  America,  established  him- 
self at  Philadelphia  as  mus. -teacher,  and  gave 


279 


HOLMES 


concerts  ;  here  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc  was  con- 
ferred upon  him.  In  1860  he  returned  to  Bruns- 
wick and  settled  in  Blankenburg.  —  Corap.s 
(mostly  unpubl.) .  Symphonies,  overtures,  pf.  and 
vln. -concertos,  and  vocal  music. 

Hoi,  Richard,  pianist,  org  ,  and  comp. ;  b. 
Amsterdam,  July  23,  1825.  Pupil  of  Martens 
(org  )  and  of  Bertelman  (harm,  and  cpt.).  After 
travelling  in  Germany  he  became  mus.-teacher 
at  Amsterdam,  was  app.  director  of  the  choral 
society  "  Amstels  Mannenchor"  in  1856,  and  of 
the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Music  in 
1857.  In  1862  he  succeeded  Kufferath  as  city 
mus.  dir.  at  Utrecht.  In  1869,  became  cath  -org., 
and  in  1875  dir.  of  the  School  of  Music.  He  is  albo 
cond.  of  the  *  lDihgentia"  Concerts  at  The  Hague, 
and  of  the  Classical  Concerts  at  the  People's  Pal- 
ace, Amsterdam.  He  has  received  various  or- 
ders ;  was  elected  Officer  of  the  French  Academy 
(1878),  and  is  a  member  of  several  learned  socie- 
ties. His  compositions  belong  to  the  modern 
romantic  German  school,  and  include  an  oratorio 
David^  op.  Si;  an  opera  Flons  J\  (Amsterdam, 
iS?);  the  i-act  opera  Wit  de  branding  (Amster- 
dam, 1894 ,  not  succ.);  masses,  songs,  chamber- 
music,  2  symphonies  (in  C  mm.  and  D  min.), 
overtures,  and  other  orch  1  mus. ,  several  ballads 
f.  soli,  mixed  ch.  and  org.  (e.g.,  "  De  vliegende 
Hollander,"  op.  70);  fine  male  choruses  w.  orch., 
etc.,  also  a  cappella  /  female  choruses  ;  etc.  H.  is 
also  a  contributor  to  the  Dutch  mus.  journal 
"Cicilia,"  and  is  the  author  of  a  monograph 
on  J.  P.  Sweelinck  (u  Swelmgh,  jaarboekje  aan 
de  toonkunst  in  Nederland  gewijd  "  (1859-60). 

H  olden,  Oliver,  the  composer  of  the  hymn- 
tune  u  Coronation,"  was  a  resident  of  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  and  a  carpenter  by  trade.  Before 
1792  he  gave  up  this  occupation  to  become  a 
music-teacher,  music-seller,  and  publisher ;  and 
comp  many  other  psalm-tunes,  anthems,  and 
odes  of  a  commonplace  character.  He  died  in 
1834- 

Hollander,  Jans  (de  Hollandere),  or  Jean 
de  Holland,  Netherland  contrapuntist.  His 
chansons  a  4-6  are  pnnted  in  the  1st  and  I2th 
books  of  Tylman  Susato's  collections,  publ. 
1543  and  1558. — His  son, 

Hollander,  Christian  Janszone,  b.  prob- 
ably at  Dordrecht,  Holland,  abt.  1520 ;  d.  prob- 
ably at  Munich,  abt.  1570.  From  1549-57  was 
Kapelmecster  at  St.  Walburg,  Oudenarde  ;  then 
entered  the  service  of  Ferdinand  I.,  remaining 
after  the  latter's  death  (1564)  with  Maximilian 
II.— Works .  "  Cantiones  variae  "  a  4-8  (Munich, 
1570) ;  "  Neue  teutsch  geistliche  und  weltliche 
Liedlein"  a  4-8  (1570;  2nd  ed.  1575);  "  Tri- 
cinia"  (1573) ;  motets  in  various  collections  ;  etc. 

Hollander,  Alexis,  pianist ;  b.  Ratibor,  Si- 
lesia, Feb.  25,  1840.  Pupil  of  Schnabel  and 
Hesse  at  Breslau,  and  cond.  of  the  Gymnasium 
scholars'  singing-society.  From  1858-61,  st.  at 
the  Berlin  Royal  Akademie  under  Grell  and  A. 
W.  Bach ;  privately  under  K.  Bbhmer.  In  1861, 


became  instructor  at  Kullak's  Academy  ;  in  1864, 
cond.  of  a  choral  sociut},  and  in  1870  of  the 
"Cacilienverem."  In  18*88  II  was  named  Pro- 
fessor — Works  :  Sarabande  and  Gavotte  f  pf , 
op.  23  ;  6  Intermezzi  f.  left  hand  alone,  op  31  ; 
Introd  and  Fugue,  op  37  ;  op.  39  and  45,  pf  - 
pcs.;  "  Musik  Bilderbuch,"  op.  41,  Suite  f  vl. 
and  pf.,  op.  40 ,  Pf  -quintet  (G  min  ),  op  24 ; 
songs  (op  29,  op  30,  op  32,  op.  43)  ,  duets  (op. 
16,  20,  34) ,  Songs  for  male  ch  (op.  26,  42), 
mixed  ch  (op.  17,  35,  36),  female  ch.  (op  33, 
38). 

Hollander,  Gustav,  talented  violinist ;  b. 
Leobschutz,  Upper  Si lesia,  Feb  15,1855.  Taught 
by  his  father,  a  physician,  he  played  in  public 
when  very  young ;  was  from  1867-9  a  pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons.  (David),  and  1869-74  of  the  Kgl. 
Hochschule,  Berlin,  under  Joachim  (vln.),  and 
Kiel  (theory).  In  1874,  principal  vln. -teacher  at 
Kullak's  Academy,  and  royal  chamber-musician  ; 
made  a  concert-tour  in  Austria  with  Carlotta 
Patti.  From  1871-81  he  gave  subscription-con- 
certs of  chamber-music  with  X.  Schanvenka  and 
H.  Grunfeld  at  Berlin.  In  1881,  orch.  leader  of 
the  Gurzenich  concerts,  and  teacher  at  the  Cons. , 
Cologne ;  in  1884,  leader  at  the  Stadttheater , 
succeeded  Japha  as  leader  of  the  "  Professoren- 
Streichquartett,"  and  in  1894  was  app.  Dir.  of 
the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin ;  in  1896,  eng  as  Con- 
ccrtwdster  of  a  new  orch.  in  Hamburg.  His 
concert-tours  in  Belgium,  Holland,  and  Germany 
have  been  very  successful  — Works  (for  vln.  and 
pf.) :  Spinnerlied,  op.  3  ;  Am  Strande,  op.  8  ; 
Romanze,  op,  10 ;  Stanclchen,  op.  n  ;  Wiegen- 
lied,  op.  12,  "Robin  des  bois"  [Weber],  op 
18 ;  Don  Juan  Fantasy  [Mozart],  op.  19 ;  Im- 
promptu, op.  32 ;  Spanische  Serenade,  op.  49 ; 
"  Waldmarchen,"  op.  50. 

Hollander,  Victor,  b.  Leobschutz,  Apr.  20, 
1866.  Pupil  of  Kullak.— Works  :  Pf.-pcs.  and 
the  i-act  comic  opera  Cartnosinetta  (Frankf  -on- 
M.,  1888,  succ.);  i-act  operetta  The  JSey  of 
Morocco  (London,  1894,  succ.). 

Holly,  Franz  Andreas,  pianist,  org.,  and 
dram,  comp.;  b.  Luba,  Bohemia,  1747  ;  d.  Bres- 
lau, May  4,  1783.  Mus.  dir.  of  the  Kotzen- 
theater,  Prague,  until  1769 ;  at  Koch's  Th  , 
Berlin,  to  1 775  ;  later  at  Wdser's,  Breslau.  Comp. 
for  them  "  Singspiele  "  (German  operettas)  which 
became  very  popular:  Der  Bassa  von  Tunis 
(Berlin,  1774),  Die  Jagd^  Das  Gartner  mddchen, 
Der  Zauderer,  Das  Gespensf,  Der  Temfel  des 
Schicksals^  Der  litstige  Schuster  *  etc. 

Holmes,  Edward,  b.  near  London,  1797  ;  d. 
United  Stales,  Aug.  28,  1859.  A  pupil  of  V. 
Novello,  he  became  a  pf. -teacher.  In  1827  he 
visited  Germany,  and  publ.  "  A  Ramble  among 
the  Musicians  of  Germany  .  .  ."  (1828  ;  3rd  ed. 
1838),  which  obtained  him  the  position  of  mus. 
critic  of  "The  Atlas."  Other  works:  "The 
Life  of  Mozart"  (1845  ;  2nd  ed.  K.  Prout,  1878) ; 
"Life  of  Purcell,"  for  Novello's  "Sacred  Music"; 
"  Analytical  and  Thematic  Index  of  Mozart's 


280 


HOLMES— HOLZBAUER 


?f. -works";  articles  for  the  "  Musical  Times  " 
and  other  journals  In  1849  he  settled  in  America 
as  editor  and  mus.  critic. 

Holmes,  William  Henry,  English  pianist; 
b  Sudbury,  Derbyshire,  Jan.  8,  1812 ,  d.  Lon- 
don, Apr.  23,  1885.  Pupil  of  the  R  A.  M.  from 
its  establishment  in  1822  ;  he  won  two  medals, 
became  assist,  pf  -professor  in  1826.  and  later 
principal  professor  for  piano.  Formed  many 
distinguished  pupils,  including  Sterndale  Ben- 
nett, the  two  Macfarrens,  and  Davison  — Works- 
The  Rlfm  of  the  Lake,  opera ;  symphonies  ;  a 
pf  -concerto,  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  pf. -sonatas, 
and  songs. 

Holmes,  Alfred,  violin-virtuoso  ,  b.  London, 
Nov.  9,  1837  ;  d.  Pans,  Mar.  4,  1876.  Pupil  of 
his  father,  a  self-taught  musician.  In  1846  was 
principal  soprano  chorister  at  the  Oratory  ;  made 
his  debut  with  his  brother  Henry  in  1847  ;  they 
visited  Brussels  in  1855  ,  Darmstadt,  Leipzig, 
Kassel,  Vienna,  etc.,  1856-7;  Sweden,  1858-^; 
played  in  Copenhagen  in  1860,  in  Amsterdam  in 
1 86 1,  and  settled  in  Paiis  in  1864,  making  an- 
other tour  to  Russia,  Belgium,  Holland,  and 
Germany,  in  1867. — Works  •  Opera  Inez  de  Cas- 


"  Romeo  and  Juliet ";  overtures  "  The  Cid  "  and 
tl  The  Muses  "  (London,  1874). 

Holmes,  Henry,  b.  London,  Nov.  7,  1839, 
the  equally  famous  and  talented  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  associated  with  him  until  1865. 
He  then  visited  Copenhagen,  Stockholm,  etc., 
and  returning  to  London,  became  vln.-prof.  at 
the  Royal  College  of  Music. — Comp.:  4  sym- 
phonies, 2  cantatas  (Praise  ye  the  Lord  and 
Christmas),  vln. -concerto,  concert  -  overture,  2 
string-quintets,  vln.-pcs.,  and  songs. 

Holmes  (properly  Holmes),  Augusta  Mary 
Anne,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  16,  1847,  of  Irish  parents. 
At  first  a  pianist, 
she  devoted  her- 
self to  the  study  of 
comp.  under  Lam- 
bert, Klose,  and 
Cesar  Franck  ; 
brought  out  a 
psalm,'4  In  Exitu" 
(1873);  a  i -act 
4 '  symphony"  fftfro 
ft  Lfandre  (1874, 
Chatelet);  an  An- 
dante pastoral 
(1877);  the  sym- 
phonies uLutece" 
(1879)  and  "Les 
Argonautes"  (1880);  a  symph,  poem  "Les  7 
Ivresses"(iS83);  symph.  u  Irlande  "  (1885);  an 
ode  triomphale  *'  Patrie  "  (1889) ;  and  in  1895  the 
4-act  lyric  drama  La  montagns  f/0i>tf(Gr.-Ope'ra)l 
which  last  had  hardly  a  succes  d'estime.  Besides 
over  loo  songs,  Mme.  H.  has  also  prod,  an  alle- 
gorical cantata,  "La Vision  de  laReine";  and 


the  symphonies  (f  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.)  Lntin, 
Hymn?  A  la  Fat*. ;  and  symphonic  poems  AWamt 
(Orlando  Furioso),  Pologne,  Au  Pays  bleu.  In 
MS.  2  operas,  Astarte  and  Lancelot  dit  Lac. 

Hoist,  Edvard,  b  Copenhagen,  1843  ;  d 
New  York,  Feb.  4  0, 1899.  He  settled  in  N.  V 
about  1874,  and  was  in  turn  an  actor,  stage- 
dancer,  dancing-master,  and  playwright ;  all  the 
time  being  also  a  diligent  composer  of  songs  and 
pf  -pieces  of  a  light  description,  pieces  for  mili- 
tary band  ("Marine  Band  March,"  "  Battle  of 
Manila,"  etc.),  and  a  comic  opera  Our  Flats 
(N.  Y.,  1897)— in  all  over  2,000  works.  One  of 
his  comedies  was  Hot  UTater» 

Hol'stein,  Franz  (Friedrich)  von,  dram, 
comp.;  b.  Brunswick,  Feb.  16,  1826  ,  d.  Leip- 
zig, May  22,  1878.  At  the  desire  of  his  father, 
an  officer  of  high  rank,  he  entered  the  army  after 
a  course  at  the  Brunswick  cadet  school,  where 
he  studied  mus.  theory  under  Richter.  While  a 
lieutenant,  he  privately  prod,  an  operetta,  Zwci 
Nachte  in  Venedig(j&±$}.  After  the  Schleswig- 
Holstein  campaign  he  wrote  the  5-act  grand 
opera  Waverley,  and  sent  it  to  Hauptmann  at 
Leipzig,  who  advised  him  to  adopt  a  musical 
career.  In  1853  he  resigned  his  position  in  the 
army,  and  became  a  pupil  of  Hauptmann's  at 
Leipzig  Cons.  Fiom  1856-9  he  travelled  for  the 
purpose  of  study,  visiting  Rome,  Berlin,  and 
Pans,  finally  settling  in  Leipzig,  where  he  de- 
voted himself  to  composition.  He  was  also  a  poet 
and  artist,  and  wrote  his  own  libretti  — Works  . 
Operas  Der  Haidcschacht  (Dresden,  1868);  Der 
Erbe  von  A  for  ley,  com.  opera  (Leipzig,  1872); 
Die  If och lander  (Mannheim,  1876) ;  and  Alarino 
Fahero  (unfinished  ;  a  few  numbers  publ.  sepa- 
rately) ,  overtures  Lorelei  and  Fran  Aventiure, 
14  Beatrice,"  scene  f.  sopr.  solo  w.  orch. ;  a  pf.- 
trio ;  other  chamber-music  ;  part-songs  f .  mixed 
and  male  voices ;  songs.  He  left  a  valuable 
legacy  for  the  benefit  of  indigent  mus.  students. 
— His  "  Nachgelassene  Gedichte"  were  publ. 
in  1 880. 

Hol'ten,  Karl  von,  pianist  and  comp.;  b. 
Hamburg,  July  26,  1836.  Pupil  of  J.  Schmitt, 
Ave-Lallemant,  and  Gradener,  and  1854-6  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons.  Since  1874,  instructor  at  the 
Plamburg  Cons. — Comp.s :  A  Kinder  symphonic, 
vln.-sonata,  pf. -concerto,  trio,  pf.-pcs.,  songs. 

Hol'yoke  [hol'-yok],  Samuel,  composer  of 
church -music,  and  teacher  of  vocal  and  instr. 
music,  was  b.  at  Boxford,  Mass.,  1771 ;  d.  Con- 
cord, N.  II  ,  1816.  His  hymn-tune  4l  Arnheim  " 
still  survives. 

Hobs'bauer,  Ignaz,  dram.  comp. ;  b.  Vienna, 
1711 ;  d.  Mannheim,  Apr.  7,  1783.  Destined 
for  the  law,  he  secretly  taught  himself  music 
with  the  aid  of  Fux's  "Gradus  ad  Parnassum." 
On  Fux's  advice  he  went  to  Italy,  but  owing  to 
illness  was  obliged  to  return.  Parental  opposi- 
tion overcome,  he  became  Kapelltn.  to  Count 
Rottal  in  Moravia,  and  at  the  Vienna  Court  Th. 
in  1 745 .  In  1 747  he  made  a  concert-tour  through 


281 


HOLZEL— HOPKINS 


Italy  with  hts  wife,  an  excellent  singer;  in  1750, 
became  court  Kapcllni.  at  Stuttgart,  and  in  1753 
at  Mannheim  He  again  visited  Rome  (i75^)» 
Turin  (1757),  and  Milan  (1759),  for  the  produc- 
tion of  various  operas  An  erudite  musician, 
his  works  were  held  m  high  esteem,  and  highly 
eulogized  by  Moyart.  They  include  eleven 
Italian  operas  //  figlw  dclle  sefoe  (Schwet- 
zingen  court  th.,  1735),  Akssandto  ndV  Indie 
(Milan,  1759),  La  tkmenza  di  7V<?  (Mannheim, 
1780),  etc.  ;  a  German  opera,  Gitnthcr  von 
Schwarzbitrg  (Mannheim,  1776);  5  oratorios,  26 
prch.l  masses  a  4  (i  German)  ;  37  motets  ;  196 
instrumental  symphonies,  18  string-quartets,  13 
concertos  f.  various  instr  s  ;  etc. 

HSl'zel,  Karl,  b.  Linz-on-Donau,  Apr.  8, 
1808 ;  d.  Pesth,  Jan.  14,  1883.  A  singing- 
teacher  at  Pesth,  he  comp.  many  popular  songs. 

Hol'zel,  Gustav,  b  Pesth,  Sept.  2,  1813  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Mar.  3,  1883.  Filled  several  positions 
as  operatic  buffo-bass,  and  was  pensioned  in 
1869.  Visited  America  in  1870.  Comp.  popu- 
lar songs,  pf.-pcs.,  etc. 

Holzl,  Franz  Severin,  b.  Malaczka,  Hun- 
gary, Mar.  14,  1808  ;  d.  Funfkirchen,  Aug.  18, 
1884.  PUP]I  of  Kessler  and  Seyfried,  Vienna  , 
in  1843,  app.  Cath.  Kapellm.  at  Funfkirchen. 
In  1852  he  received  the  gold  medal  for  art  and 
science  for  his  grand  mass  in  D.  Comp.s:  An 
oratorio  fCoah  (1844),  much  church-music  ;  Die 
CoknnQ^  rom.  op.  (1847) ;  a  symphony,  over- 
tures, chamber-music,  etc. 

Ho'meyer,  Paul  Joseph  Maria,  famous  or- 
ganist ;  b.  Osterode,  Harz,  Oct.  26,  1853.  His 
grandfather,  Joh.  Just.  Adam  H.,  edited  a 
Roman  Catholic  choral-book,  "  Cantus  Gregori- 
anus";  his  father,  Heinrich  H.  [b.  1832;  d. 
Dec.  31,  1891],  \vas  org.  at  Lamspringe.  He 
st.  at  the  Josephmum  Gymnasium,  Ilildesheim  ; 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons  and  Univ, ;  and  was  also  a 
pupil  of  his  uncle  J.  M.  H.  [d.  Oct.  5,  1894], 
org.  at  Duderstadt.  Is  now  org.  at  the  Ge- 
wandhaus,  and  teacher  of  org.  and  theory  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons. 

Homi'lius,  Gottfried  August,  eminent  org. 
and  ch.-comp.;  b.  Rosenthal,  Saxony,  Feb.  2, 
1714 ;  d.  Dresden,  June  i,  1785.  Pupil  of  J.  S. 
Bach.  App.  org1.  of  the  Frauenkirche,  Dresden, 
in  1742 ;  cantor  at  the  Kreuzschule,  and  mus. 
dir.  of  the  three  principal  churches,  in  1755. — 
Publ.  works:  A  "Passion"  cantata  (1775);  a 
Christmas  oratorio,  Die  Freude  der  Hirten  uber 
die  Geburt  Jesu  (1777) ;  Seeks  deutsche  Arien 
(1786).— In  MS.  in  the  Berlin  Royal  Library, 
and  in  the  Dresden  Kreuzchor  archives :  Passion 
ace.  to  St.  Mark ;  ch.-mus.  f.  each  Sunday  and 
Feast-day  in  the  year ;  motets,  cantatas,  fugued 
chorals,  a  Thorough-bass  Method,  2  choral- 
books,  etc. 

Hood,  Helen,  composer;  b.  Chelsea,  Mass., 
June  28,  1863.  St.  with  B.  J  Lang  (pf.)  and 
Chadwick  (comp.)  in  Boston ;  and  in  Berlin  one 
year  with  Moszkowski  (pf .).  Resides  in  Boston, 


— Works  (publ.  if  not  marked  MS  )  •  Op  i,  4 
songs ;  op  2,  2  songs  ;  op.  3,  **  The  Robin," 
part-son"  ,  op.  5,  2  part-songs  (MS.)  ;  op.  6,  5 
pcs.  f.  vln  and  pf  ,  op  7,  "  Song-Ktchings  " 
(6  songs) ;  op  8,  3  pf  -pcs  ;  op  9,  3  songs  •  op. 
10,  3  pcs  f.  vln.  and  pf  ,  op  II,  pf.-tno  (MS.) ; 
op  12,  2  pcs.  f.  2  \lns  and  pf.;  op  13,  2  songs  ; 
op  14,  4  songs  ;  op  15,  Te  Dcum  in  E  \>  (MS.) ; 
op.  16,  string-quartet  in  I);  op.  18,  Sacred  songs. 

Hook,  James,  Engl.  org.  and  comp.  ;  b. 
Noiwich,  June  3,  1746  ,  d.  Boulogne,  1827.  Pu- 
pil of  Garland,  org.  of  Norwich  cath  ,  he  became 
mus  dir  at  Marylebone  Gardens,  London,  1769- 
73,  and  at  Vauxhall  Gardens,  1774-1820.  lie 
was  org.  at  St.  John's,,  IIorsleydo\\n,  for  many 
years.  An  industrious  composer  of  songs  (over 
2,000  songs,  catches,  and  cantatas) ;  the  songs 
"Within  a  mile  of  Edinboro'  Town"  and  "Sweet 
Lass  of  Richmond  Hill  "  are  about  the  only  ones 
now  remembered.  His  other  works  include  an 
oratono,  T7ie  Ascension  (1770),  operas,  pf. -sona- 
tas, org. -concertos,  rondos,  and  transcriptions, 
and  an  instruction-book,  "  (iukla  di  musica" 
(1796),  forpf. 

Hope'kirk,  Helen,  Scotch  pianist  and  comp  ; 
b.  n.  Edinburgh,  where  she  st.  under  Lichten- 
stein  and  A.  C.  Mackenzie  ;  then  for  2  years  at 
Leipzig,  later  with  Leschelizki  at  Vienna.  Pian- 
istic  debut  at  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  Nov.  28, 
1878  ,  she  gave  many  concerts  in  Great  Britain 
and  (1883-4)  in  the  U.  S  She  resides  in  Edin- 
burgh.— Works:  Conurtstihk  f.  pf.  and  orch. 
(1894) ;  orchestral  pcs  ;  a  pf.-concerlo  ;  sonata  f. 
pf.  and  vln.;  serenade  f.  pf.;  over  100  songs  (the 
serenade  and  some  songs  have  been  publ.). 

Hop'ffer,  Ludwig  Bernhard,  dram,  comp  ; 
b.  Berlin,  Aug.  7, 1840;  d.  Niedeiwaltl.n  Rudes- 
heim,  Aug  21, 1877.  St.  at  Kullak's  Akademie, 
1857-60.  1872-5  visited  Southern  Gcimany, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy.— Works  •  2  operas,  J?ritjoJ 
(Berlin,  1871)  and  Sakuntala  ;  festival-play  flat  - 
barossa  (Berlin,  1871) ;  Der  Student  von  Piag, 
comic  opera  ;  the  choral  works  Pharao^  Dar thin- 
ks Grabgesans,  and  the  23rd  psalm  ;  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. 
•  Hopkins,  Edward  John,  b.  Westminster, 
June  30,  1818.  Chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
(under  Wm.  Ilawes) 
1826-33  I  then  pupil 
for  harm,  and  cpt. 
ofT.F.Walmisley. 
A  self-taught  organ- 
ist, his  first  appoint- 
ment was  at  Mit- 
chamch  (1834-38); 
the  next,  St.  Peter's 
(Islington),  whence 
he  went  (1841)  to 
St.  Luke's  (Berwick 
St.),  and  finally 
(1843)  to  the  Tem- 
ple Church,  London 
(retired  1898 ;  successor  Dr.  Walford  Davies), 
where  he  raised  the  mus.  services  to  a  very  high 


282 


HOPKINS— HORNSTEIN 


degree  of  excellence.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
chief  British  mus.  associations,  and  in  1882  re- 
ceived the  title  of  Mus.  Doc  from  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  and  in  1886  from  Trinity 
Coll  ,  Univ.  of  Toronto,  Canada  His  comp.s 
for  the  church  are  of  sterling  quality  ,  some  an- 
thems— "  Out  of  the  deep  "  (1838),  "  God  is  gone 
up"  (1840),  "  Thou  shalt  cause  the  trumpet  of 
the  jubilee  to  sound  "  (1887) — have  taken  prizes; 
his  very  numerous  hymn-tunes  and  chants  have 
made  his  name  a  household  word  in  Great  Brit- 
ain ;  his  church-services  are  favontes.  IIis  book 
"The  Organ;  its  History  and  Construction," 
written  in  cooperation  with  Rimbault,  is  a  stand- 
ard work  (seditions  .  1855,  1870,  1877,  London) 
He  contributed  valuable  articles  to  Grove's  Diet, 
of  Mus  ,  and  has  edited  many  series  of  English 
compositions,  ancient  and  modern. 

Hopkins,  Edward  Jerome,  b.  Burlington, 
Vt.,  Apr.  4,  1836;  d  Athenia,  N.  J.,  Nov.  4, 
1898.  Excepting  6  lessons  in  harmony,  from 
T.  E.  Miguel,  he  was  a  wholly  self-taught  musi- 
cian. Had  a  regular  position  as  org  at  10 ;  be- 
gan composing  at  4.  Studied  at  the  Univ.  of  Vt. , 
and  at  the  New  York  Medical  Coll  (chemistry, 
for  3  years) ;  from  his  soth  year  he  devoted  him- 
self wholly  to  music.  Played  in  various  N.  Y. 
churches  down  to  1869  ;  founded  (1856)  "  The 
Amer.  Music  Assoc."  for  perf.  native  works ; 
iounded  and  supported  (1865-87)  the  N.  Y. 
"Orpheon  Free  Schools1'  (over  30,000  pupils) ; 
founded  and  edited  the  "  N.  Y.  Philh  Journal " 
(1868-85).  lie  originated  the  popular c  *  Lecture- 
Concerts";  made  many  concert-tours  in  the 
U.  S.,  also  to  England  (1890);  and  was  an 
indefatigable  composer. — Works:  Symphony 
"  Life,"  f.  full  orch.  ;  "Child's  Symphony,"  f. 
string-orch. ;  pf  -concerto ;  pf. -trio  in  D  ;  2  org.- 
prcludes  and  fugued  fantasias ;  the  very  original 
works  "  Easter  Festival  Vespers  "  (f  3  choirs, 
echo-choir,  2  org.s  and  orch.,  harp  obbl.,  and 
Cantor  Priest),  "Bible  Opera"  (f.  a  troupes, 
one  singing,  one  speaking),  a  School-Opera 
Toffee  and  Old  Munch,  a ' '  Piano-Trio-Concerto" 
(or  "  Trio  w.  orch.1'),  a  Fantasia  on  an  original 
theme  (f.  5  pfs.) ;  also  2  operas,  Samuef(N.  Y., 
1877)  and  Dumb  Love  ;  an  Andante  grazioso  in 
G,  Adagio  cantabile  in  I),  Allegro  moderate  in 
A,  Siciliano  in  G,  and  other  pf. -music  ;  etc.  (in 
all  over  700  works,  few  of  which  are  publ.). 
Also  2  coll.s  of  church-music,  and  an  ll  Orpheon 
Class-book." 

Hoplit.    See  Pom,,  RICHARD. 

Ho'rak,  Wenzel  [Viclav]  Emanuel,  b. 
Mscheno- Lobes,  Bohemia,  Jan.  I,  1800;  d. 
Prague,  Sept.  5, 1871.  Pupil  of  Josef  Schubert 
and  the  Prague  Gymnasium;  st.  comp.  and  theory 
from  the  works  of  Tttrk,  Vogler,  Albrechtsber- 
ger,  and  Cherubini.  Org.  and  choirmaster,  in 
succession,  of  various  churches  in  Prague  ;  as  a 
teacher  and  ch.-comp.  he  was  highly  esteemed. 

Ho'rak,  Eduard,  b.  Holitz,  Bohemia,  1839 ; 
d.  Riva,  Lake  of  Garda,  Dec.  6, 1892.  Co-founder 


of,  and  teacher  at,  the  "Ilorak"  Pianoforte- 
School,  Vienna.  In  collaboration  with  Fi .  Spigl, 
he  publ.  "  Der  Klavicruntcrncht  in  neue,  natur- 
Hche  Bahnen  gebracht "  (1892,  2  vol  s  ). 

Ho'r£k,  Adolf,  b.  Jankovfc,  Bohemia,  Feb. 
15,  1850  With  his  brother,  the  preceding, 
he  founded,  and  taught  at,  the  "Horak"  Pf.- 
School,  Vienna. — Publ.  l4Die  technische 
Grundlage  des  Klavierspiels,"  and  (with  his 
brother)  a  "  Klavierschule  "  (2  vol.s). 

Horn,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Nordhausen,  Sax- 
ony, Apr.  13,  1762;  d.  Windsor,  Engl.,  Aug  5, 
1830.  Pupil  of  Schroter;  at  20  years  of  age  he 
went  to  London,  and  with  the  patronage  of 
Count  Bruhl,  Saxon  Ambassador,  became  a  fash- 
ionable teacher.  To  1811  he  was  music-master 
to  Queen  Charlotte  and  the  Princesses  In  1823 
he  succeeded  Sexton  as  org.  of  St.  George's 
Chapel,  Windsor.  With  Wesley  he  prepared  an 
English  ed.  of  Bach's  **  Wohltempenrtes  Cla- 
vier"; also  wrote  a  treatise  on  thorough-bass, 
comp.  pf. -sonatas,  12  sets  of  pf. -variations  w 
accomp  of  flute  or  violin,  and  "  Military  Diverti- 
mentos."— His  son  and  pupil, 

Horn,  Charles  Edward,  b.  London,  June 
21,  1786;  d.  Boston,  Mass.,  Oct.  21,  1849  In 
1809  made  his  debut,  and  for  several  years  lived 
in  London  as  opera-singer  and  composer.  In 
1833  he  went  to  America  and  prod,  several 
operas  at  the  Park  Th.,  New  York.  His  voice 
failing,  he  became  a  music-teacher,  and  later  an 
importer  and  publisher  of  music.  He  prod,  an 
oratorio,  The  Remission  of  Sin  ;  returned  to 
England  in  1843,  and  in  1845  this  oratorio,  re- 
named Satan ,  was  perf.  by  the  Melophonic 
Soc.y.  He  was  app.  mus.  dir.  of  the  Princess' 
Th.;  returned  to  America  in  1847,  and  became 
cond.  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Soc.y,  Boston. — 
Works :  Another  oratorio,  Daniel's  Prediction 
(1848);  a  cantata,  Christmas  Belh ;  26  Engl. 
operettas  (1810-30);  canzonets,  glees,  songs,  etc. 

Horn,  August,  b.  Freiberg,  Saxony,  Sept. 
I,  1825;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  25,  1893.  Pupil  of 
Mendelssohn  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  From  1862-8, 
lived  at  Dresden,  then  settled  in  Leipzig,  and  be- 
came favorably  known  by  his  pf. -arrangements 
of  symphonies,  operas,  etc.,  for  2  and  4  hands. 
— Works:  A  i-act  comic  opera,  Die  Naehbarn 
(Leipzig,  1875);  orch.l  music  (overture ;  "  Fest- 
marsch  ") ;  pf-pcs. ;  his  part-songs  f .  male  chorus, 
and  songs,  were  very  successful. 

Hor'neman,  Johan  Ole  Emil,  vocal  comp.; 
b.  Copenhagen,  1809 ;  d.  there  May  29,  1870. 
His  "  Tappere  Landsoldat"  became  a  national 
melody. 

Horseman,  Christian  F.  Emil,  son  and 
pupil  of  the  preceding;  b.  Copenhagen,  Dec. 
17,  1841.  Also  st.  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1857-60. 
Dir.  of  school  of  music  in  Copenhagen.  Has 
conap.  overtures  ("Aladdin,"  "  Heldenleben"), 
pf. -caprices,  songs,  etc. 

Horn'stein,  Robert  von,  b.  Stuttgart,  Dec. 
6,  1833;  d.  Munich,  June  19,  1890.  Pupil  of 


283 


HORSLEY— HUBAY 


Leipzig  Cons  ;  teacher  at  the  Munich  Royal 
School  of  Music. — Works.  Operas,  Adam  imd 
£va,  Der  Dorjadvokat;  incid.  mus.  to  Shake- 
speare's As  You  Like  It  and  Mosenthal's  Debo- 
rah; pf.-pcs.,  songs,  etc. 

Hors'ley,  William,  b.  London,  Nov.  15, 
1774;  d.  there  June  12,  1858.  Org.  of  various 
churches  in  London;  in  1800  he  graduated  Mus. 
Bac.,  Oxon.  His  suggestion  resulted  in  the 
foundation  of  the  Concenter es  Saddles  (1798- 
1847),  to  some  extent  a  revival  of  the  catch-  and 
glee-clubs.  He  publ.  "An  Explanation  of  Mus. 
Intervals,  and  of  the  Major  and  Minor  Scales  " 
(1825);  "Introd.  to  .  .  .  Harm,  and  Modula- 
tion "  (1847) ;  edited  a  collection  of  glees,  etc  , 
by  Callcott  (with  biography  and  analysis),  Book 
i  of  Bird's  "  Cantiones  Sacrae,"  and  publ.  5  col- 
lections of  glees,  40  canons,  a  coll.  of  psalm- 
tunes  with  interludes,  sonatas,  pf.-pcs.,  songs, 
etc. — His  son  and  pupil, 

Hors'ley,  Charles  Edward,  born  London, 
Dec.  16,  1822;  d.  New  York,  May  2,  1876,  also 
st.  with  Moscbeles  (pf.),  Hauptmann  and  Men- 
delssohn (comp.).  Became  org.  of  St.  John's, 
Netting  Hill,  London,  in  1868  went  to  Austra- 
lia, and  later  to  America.  Contributed  interest- 
ing articles  on  music  in  America  to  the  "  Mus. 
Standard,"  London. — Comp.  3  oratorios,  Gideon^ 
Dcwid^  Joseph;  ode  Euterpe  ^  f  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.  (1870;  for  opening  of  Melbourne  Town 
Hall);  mus.  to  Milton's  Counts;  instr.l  and  pf.- 
pcs  ,  songs ;  and  wrote  a  "  Text-Book  of  Har- 
mony," publ.  posthumously. 

Hor'witz,  Benno,  violinist  and  comp.;  b. 
Berlin,  Mar.  17,  1855.  Pupi  1  of  the  Royal  Moth- 
sc/iu/e,  and  of  Kiel  and  Albert  Becker. — 
Works:  Symph.  poem  "Dionysos";  choral 
works;  chamber-music,  part-songs,  and  songs. 

Hostin'sky,  Ottokar,  writer  on  musical 
aesthetics;  born  Martinoves,  Bohemia,  Jan.  2, 
1847  Pupil  of  the  Prague  Gymnasium  ,  also 
st.  law  and  philosophy.  From  1867-8  continued 
the  study  of  philosophy  at  Munich,  and  took  de- 
gree of  Dr.  phil.  at  Prague.  After  residence 
in  Salzburg  and  Munich,  and  a  visit  to  Italy  in 
1876,  in  1877  he  passed  the  teacher's  examina- 
tion for  testhetics  and  the  history  of  music,  at 
Prague  Univ.;  in  1884  he  was  app.  prof,  of 
aesthetics.— Works  :  A  brief  biography  of  Wag- 
ner (in  Bohemian;  1871);  "Das  Musikalisch- 
Schone  und  das  Gesammtkunstwerk  vom  Stand- 
punkt  der  formalen  Aesthetik"  (1877,  German); 
"Die  Lehre  von  den  musikalischen  Klangen  " 
(1879,  German);  "  Ueber  die  Entwickelung  und 
den  jetzigen  Stand  der  tschechischen  Oper" 
(1880) ;  and  "  Ueber  die  Bedeutung  der  prak- 
tischen  Ideen  Herbarts  fur  die  allgemeine  Aes- 
thetik "  (1883). 

Hoth'by  (or  Hothobus,  Otteby,  Fra  Otto- 
bi),  Johannes,  English  Carmelite  monk;  d. 
London,  Nov.,  1487,  was  famous  for  his  skill  in 
the  science  of  music.  From  1467-86  he  lived  as 
a  teacher  in  the  Carmelite  monastery  of  St.  Mar- 


tin, Lucca.  MS.  copies  of  his  works  are  in 
libraries  at  Ferrara,  Bologna,  Pans,  and  in  the 
British  Museum.  Coussemaker  printed  his 
treatise  tl  De  proportionibus  et  cantu  iigurato," 
etc.,  in  his  "  Scnptores  ",  lii ;  and  his  "  Calliopea 
leghale  "  (Italian)  m  "  Histoire  de  I'harmonie. " 

Hotteterre,  Louis,  nicknamed  "  Le  Ro- 
mam,"  from  having  lived  in  Rome,  was  the 
finest  flutist  of  his  period,  and  chamber-musician 
at  the  courts  of  Louis  XIV.  and  XV.  His 
father,  Henri  H.  (d.  1683),  \\as  a  famous  instr.- 
maker,  player  on  the  musette,  and  also  court 
mus.;  and  another  son,  Nicolas  H.  (d.  1695), 
was  a  celebrated  bassoonist  and  oboist.  Louis 
wrote  "  Principes  de  la  flute  traversiere  ou 
flute  d'Allemagne,  de  la  flute  a  bee  ou  flute 
douce  et  du  hautbois  "  (probably  1699  ;  republ. 
several  times);  "Methode  pour  la  musette" 
(!73S)  ;  "L'art  de  preluder  sur  la  flute  traver- 
siere,  sur  la  flute  a  bee,  etc."  (1712  ;  2nd  ed  , 
under  title  "  Methode  pourapprendre,  etc  ,"  abt. 
1765) ;  also  comp.  sonatas,  duos,  trios,  suites, 
rondes  (chansons  tl  tfanser),  and  menuets  for 
flute. 

Ho'ven,  J.  Pen-name  of  VK.SQUK  VON  Pt/rr- 
LINGEN. 

Howard,  George  H.,  b.  Norton,  Mass.,  Nov. 
12,  1843.  Pupil  of  John  W.  Tufts  (theory),  and 
B.  F.  Baker  (singing),  at  the  Boston  Music 
School,  where  he  afterwards  taught  1864-9.  St. 
1869-70  in  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moscheles,  Richter, 
Pappentz),  then  in  Berlin  under  Haupt  and 
Kullak  (pf  ).  He  again  taught  in  Boston  and 
(1874)  in  London  ;  then  for  several  years  in  the 
Mich.  Cons,  of  Music  at  Olivet,  Mich.,  and 
1882-4  in  the  N.  E.  Cons,  at  Boston,  where  he 
gave  41  lectures.  In  1891  he  organized  the 
Boston  School  for  Teachers  of  Music,  of  which 
he  is  the  Director,  and  in  which  he  leads  the 
classes  in  psychology.  He  is  widely  known  as 
a  teacher  and  lecturer  of  exceptional  ability. — 
Publ.  comp.s  •  Songs — In  MS.:  Organ-pcs., 
anthems,  and  sacred  songs. 

Hrimaly,  Adalbert,  violinist,  comp.,  and 
cond.;  b.  Pilsen,  Bohemia,  July  30,  1842.  Pupil 
of  Mildner  at  the  Prague  Cons.  He  was  app. 
cond.  of  the  Gothenburg  orch.  in  1861,  at  the 
National  Th.,  Prague,  in  1868,  at  the  German 
Th.  there  in  1873,  and  at  Czernowitz,  Bukowma, 
in  1875.  His  opera  Der  versaitberte  J'rins 
(1871)  is  in  the  repertory  of  the  National  Th., 
Prague  —  Publ.  (Prague,  1895)  "  Tonale  und 
rhythmische  Studien  fur  die  Violine." 

HuObay  [Huber],  Karl,  b.  Varjas,  Hungary, 
July  I,  1828  ;  d.  Pesth,  Dec.  20,  1885.  Cond. 
of  the  National  Th.,  Pesth,  and  vln.-prof.  at  the 
Cons. — Works :  Operas,  Sxekler  JMkdchen  ( 
Lustige  Kumpane,  and  Des  JCdnigs  JCuss  ( 
His  son  and  pupil, 

Hu'bay,  Jeno  (also  known  as  Eugen  Huber 
in  Germany),  famous  violinist;  b.  Budapest, 
Sept.  14,  1858.  Also  st.  with  Joachim  at  Ber- 
lin. Gave  concerts  in  Hungary  (1876) ;  and 


284 


HUBER— HUE 


scored  a  success  at  a  Pasdeloup  concert,  Paris. 
Became  principal  vln.-prof.  at  Brussels  Cons. 
(1882),  and  in  1886  at  Pesth  Cons.,  in  succession 
to  his  father.  Married,  1894,  Countess  Rosa 
Cebrian. — Works  2-act  opera  Der  Geigenmacher 
von  Cremona  (Pesth,  Nov.  10,  1893  ;  v  succ  ) ; 
4-act  opera  Ahenor  (Pesth,  1892) ;  Hungarian 
opera  A  Fa  I  it  JRosssa  (Der  Dor  flump}  (Buda- 
pesth,  1896  ;  succ.) ;  songs  ;  a  symphony  ;  a 
"Concerto  dramatique"f  vln.,  op  21,  "  So- 
nate  romantique"  f.  pf .  and  vln.,  "  Szenen  aus 
derCzarda"  (op  9,  13,  18,  32-34,  41)  f.  pf  and 
vln  ;  **  Les  Fileuses,"  if.  vln  andpf.,  op.  44,  No 
3  ;  and  other  vln  -pcs. 

Hu'ber,  Felix,  distinguished  Swiss  vocal 
composer  and  poet ;  d  Berne,  Feb.  23,  1810. 
Publ  *  6  "Schweizer  Lieder,"  "Lieder  f  ur  eid- 
genossische  Kneger,"  "  Lieder  fur  Schweizer 
Junglinge,"  etc. 

Hu'ber,  Ferdinand,  another  popular  Swiss 
song-composer  ,  b.  Oct.  31,  1791  ,  d.  St.  Gallen, 
Jan.  9,  1863.  His  songs  were  highly  praised  by 
Mendelssohn. 

Hu'ber,  Karl.     See  Hun  AY,  KARL. 

Hu'ber,  Joseph,  dram,  comp  ;  b.  Sigma- 
ringen,  Apr  17,  1837  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Apr.  23, 
1886.  Pupil,  at  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  of  1,.  Ganz 
(vln.),  Marx  (theory),  and  at  Weimar  of  E. 
Singer  and  P.  Cornelius.  lie  became  violinist 
in  the  Prince  of  Ilechingen's  orch.  at  Lowen- 
berg ;  in  1864  was  app.  Concertmeister  of  the 
Euterpe  orch.,  Leipzig  ;  in  1865,  violinist  in  the 
royal  orch.,  Stuttgart  — Works  (in  which  the  in- 
fluence of  Liszt  and  P.  Lohmann  is  seen):  2  op- 
eras, Die  Rose  von  Libation  and  Irene  (both 
publ.,  but  not  perf.);  4  one-movement  sympho- 
nies, songs,  instr.l  music,  etc. 

Hu'ber,  Hans,  dram,  comp  ;  b.  Schonewerd, 
n.  Olten,  Switzerland,  June  28,  1852.  St.  at 
Leipzig  Cons.  (1870-4)  under  Richter,  Reinecke, 
and  Wenzel ;  was  private  mus. -teacher  at  Wes- 
serling  for  two  years,  then  at  the  music-school 
at  Tnann  (Alsatia),  later  at  the  Basel  Music 
School.  In  1892,  Basel  Univ.  gave  him  the 
hon.  title  of  Dr.  phiL,  and  in  1896  he  was  app. 
Director  of  the  Music  School,  succeeding  Bagge. 
—Works:  3-act  opera  Weltfrithhng  (Basel, 
1894 ;  succ.) ;  opera  Gndrun  (Basel,  1896  ;  v. 
succ  );  cantatas,  Pandora,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch., 
op  66  ;  Aussohmtng,  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  "  6 
Lieder  im  Volkston,"  op.  29,  f.  male  ch. ;  "  Fruh- 
lingsliebe"  (7  Lieder\  op.  25  ,  "  Stimmungen" 
(7  Gedichl?),  op,  53;  violin-sonatas  (op.  18,  42, 
and  67) ;  trios  (op.  30,  65) ;  'cello-sonata,  op.  33  ; 
pf.-concertos  in  C  min.,  op.  36,  and  G  maj. ; 
vln. -concerto,  op.  40;  overtures,  "Lustspiel" 
overture,  op.  50;  "  Tell "  symphony,  op.  63; 
suite  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  op.  82;  "  Triophantasia,"  op. 
84;  "  Sommernachte "  serenade,  op  87;  suite 
f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  89  ;  pf. -quartet,  op.  no; 
pf.-quintet,  G  min.,  w.  2  vlns.,  viola,  and 'cello, 
op.  in  ;  pf. -sonatas,  suites  f.  2  and  4  hands, 
fugues,  string-quartets,  a  new  "  Wohltempe- 
riertes  Clavier  "  (4  hands),  etc. 


Hu'ber,  Eugen.    See  HUIUY,  JKNO. 

Hu'bert,  Nikolai  Albertovitch,  b.  Mar.  7, 
1840,  d.  Sept  26,  1888.  Prof  of  theory  at 
Moscow  Cons.;  in  iSSi  became  Director  as  suc- 
cessor to  N.  Rubinstein.  Also  contributed  bril- 
liant mus  articles  to  the  Wedemosti  (4i  Moscow 
News"). 

Hubert,  Le'on-Gustave,  distinguished  com- 
poser; b  Brussels,  Apr.  14,  1843.  Pupil  of 
Brussels  Cons. ,  \\  here  he  won  the  Prix  de  Rome 
in  1865.  From  1874-8  he  was  Dir.  of  Mons 
Cons.;  from  1880-9,  Pr°f-  and  inspector  of  sing- 
ing in  the  schools  of  Antwerp.  He  is  now 
(1899)  prof  at  Brussels  Cons  ,  and  Dir.  of  the 
Mus. -school  of  St  -Josse-ten-Noode-Schacrbeek. 
In  1891  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Belgian 
Academy,  and  in  1893,  chevalier  of  the  Legion 
of  Honor. — Works :  3  oratorios,  J£en  laatste 
Zonnestraal  (1874),  Bloemardinne^  and  Wittem 
van  Onuses  dood  j  the  dram,  poem  Terhchtmg 
("Fiat  lux"),  f.  soli,  ch.,  org  ,  and  orch.;  the 
symph.  poem  Kinderliist  en  Leed,  f.  ch.  and 
orch.;  and  several  other  works  of  the  same  class  ; 
— F  ORCH  ALONE,  a  Symphonic  funebre,  a  Suite 
romantique,  a  scene  de  genre  "  In  den  Gaarde," 
and  Tnomffeest  (w.  org.) ;  also  various  festival 
marches,  etc  ;  a  score  of  vocal  soli  with  orch 
accomp  ;  numerous  French,  Flemish,  and  Ger- 
man songs  w.  pf.;  an  " Andante  et  inter- 
mezzo," f.  4  flutes  and  orch  ;  a  pf. -concerto ; 
F.  PF.  SOLO  :  an  Etude,  a  Conte  d'enfant,  a  Ta- 
rentclle,  Impromptu,  Ilistoriette,  fitude  ryth- 
mique,  and  Valse  lente  ,  and  an  a  cafpella  male 
chorus,  "Van  Maerlantszang." 

Hucbald'  [Hugbal'dus,  Ubaldus,  Uchu- 
baldus],  b.  abt.  840 ;  d.  St  -Amand,  n.  Tour- 
nay,  June  25  (or  Oct.  21),  930,  or  June  20,  932. 
Pupil  of  his  uncle  Milo,  mus.  dir.  at  the  St.- 
Amand  monastery.  At  20  years  of  age,  owing 
to  his  uncle's  jealousy,  he  retired  to  Nevers, 
where  he  established  a  singing-school.  He 
continued  his  studies  at  St. -Germain  d'Auxerre 
abt.  860,  and  in  872  succeeded  his  uncle  at  St.- 
Amand.  In  883  he  dir.  a  similar  school  at  St.- 
Bertin,  and  abt  893,  with  Rtimi  d'Auxerre,  was 
called  by  the  Archbishop  of  Rheims  to  reestab- 
lish the  old  church-schools  in  the  diocese.  On 
the  death  of  the  Archbishop  (June,  900),  II.  re- 
turned to  St. -Amand.  His  "  Harmonica  insti- 
tutio"  or  "  Liber  de  musica"  contains  the  ear- 
liest known  examples  of  notation  practically 
illustrating  the  rising  and  falling  of  pitch ; 
parallel  lines  being  employed,  and  the  distances 
of  whole  notes  and  semitones  shown  at  the  be- 
ginning by  s  =  semitonnm,  t  =  tonus.  The  fol- 
lowing works,  printed  in  Gerbert's  "Scrip- 
tores,"  vol.  i,  are  (probably  wrongly)  ascribed 
to  H.p  "  De  Harmonica  institutione,  "  Musica 
enchiriadis,"  fragments  entitled  "Alia  musica," 
and  "  Commemoratio  brevis  de  lonis  et  psalmis 
modulandis." 

Hue,  Georges-Adolphe,  b.  Versailles,  May 
6,  1858.  Pupil,  in  Pans  Cons.,  of  Reber  and 


HUEFFER— HULLMANDEL 


Paladilhe ;  took  1st  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in 
1879,  and  the  Prix  Cressent  in  1881 ;  now  liv- 
ing in  Paiis  as  teacher  and  comp. — Works  :  Les 
Pantins,  2-act  op.  com.  (Op. -Com.,  1881) ; 
"  Rubezahl,"  symph.  legend  in  3  parts  (Con- 
certs Colonne,  1886);  "  Feerie  dramatique" 
La  Belle  ait  bois  dormant  (Paris,  1894 ;  succ.)  ; 
Rtsurreition,  *'  episode  sacre"'  (Cons.  Concerts, 
1892) ;  Le  Berger,  ballade,  and  a  Fantaisie  f. 
vln.  (1893) ,  a  pantomime,  Ceetir  Inist ;  also  I 
symphony,  a  symphonic  overture,  choral  works, 
songs  ;  2  operas,  Va&anta  (3  acts)  and  Lg  JRoi  de 
Pans  (4  acts),  have  not  been  perf. 

Hueffer,  Francis,  b  Munster,  1843  ;  d.  Lon- 
don, Jan.  19,  iSSQ.  St  modern  philology  and 
music  in  London, 
Paris,  Berlin,  and 
Leipzig.  The  Got- 
tingen  Univ.  con- 
ferred upon  him  the 
degree  of  Ph  D. 
for  his  first  publica- 
tion (1869),  a  critical 
edition  of  the  works 
of  Guillem  de  Ca- 
bestant,  troubadour 
of  the  I2th  cent. 
In  1869  he  settled 
in  London  as  a 
writer  on  music,  and 
from  1878  was  mus  critic  of  the  Times  He 
warmly  espoused  the  cause  of  national  English 
opera,  and  wrote  the  libretti  of  Mackenzie's 
Colombo  and  The  Troubadoitr,  also  of  Cowen's 
Skcfing  Beauty.  Other  works  "Rich.  Wag- 
ner and  the  'Music  of  the  Future"  (1874), 
41  The  Troubadours:  a  History  of  Provincial 
Life  and  Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages  "  (1878), 
"Musical  Studies"  (1880 ;  reprints  of  his  arti- 
cles from  The  Times  and  Fortnightly  Review 
[Hal.  transL  by  Visetti,  Milan,  1883]);  "Ital- 
ian and  other  Studies  "  (1883) ;  he  also  trans- 
lated the  correspondence  of  Wagner  and  Liszt 
into  English. 

Hugo  von  Reutlingen,  surnamed  "Spech- 
zhart'r;  b.  1285(1286?) ;  d.  1359(1360?).  Priest 
at  Reutlingen ,  Wlirttemberg  ;  wrote  in  1332  a 
didactic  poem  in  635  verses  on  ecclesiastical 
mus.,  entitled  "Floras  musicae  omms  cantus 
Gregoriani "  (Strassburg,  1488,  etc,).  It  was 
tranbl.  into  German  by  Karl  Beck  and  publ.  by 
the  tl  Litterarischer  Verein  "  (Stuttgart,  1868). 
[See  *l  Monatshefte  fur  Musikgeschichte,"  ii, 
57,  with  list  of  errata  in  new  ed.  n,  no.] 

Hul'lah,  John  Pyke,  b.  Worcester,  June  27, 
1812;  d.  London,  Feb.  21,  1884.  Pupil  of  "W. 
Ilorsley  (1829) ;  st.  singing  under  Cnvelli  at  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Music  (1833).  First  became 
known  as  a  comp.  of  opera,  producing  The  JV- 
lage  Coquettes  [libretto  by  Charles  Dickens]  (Lon- 
don, 1836),  The  Barbers  of  Bassora  (1837),  and 
The  Outpost  (1838).  In  1841,  with  the  sanction 
of  the  national  education  committee,  he  opened 
his  "Singing-school  for  Schoolmasters"  at  Ex- 


eter Hall.  The  system  of  tuition  was  the  French 
one  of  Wilhem,  which  H  had  st.  m  Pans 
(1840),  and  modified  to  suit  English  require- 
ments. Notwithstanding  jealous  and  bitter 
criticism,  it  became  s  >  successful  and  popular 
that  from  1840-60 
25,000  persons 
passed  through  its 
classes.  In  1847 
his  scholars  and  ad- 
mirers erected,  and 
presented  him 
vith,  St  Martin's 
Hall  for  the  public 
performances  of  his 
pupils.  Inaugu- 
rated 1850,  it  was 
burned  in  1860. 
From  1844-74  H. 
was  prof,  of  sing- 
ing at  King's  Col- 
lege, and  later  held 
similar  positions  at 
Queen's  and  Bedford  Colleges.  On  the  death 
of  Horsley  (1858)  he  was  app.  Charter  House 
organist.  lie  cond,  the  R.  A.  M.  concerts, 
1870-3,  and  for  several  years  the  annual  con- 
cert of  the  Metropolitan  School-children  at  the 
Crystal  Palace.  In  1872,  app.  Inspector  of 
Training  Schools.  Received  the  lion  degree  of 
LL.I).  from  Edinb.  Univ.  in  1876,  and  was 
elected  member  of  the  Cecilia  Soc. ,  Rome,  and 
of  the  Acad.  of  Mus.,  Florence.  He  edited 
some  admirable  collections  of  vocal  music,  and 
\Vilhem\s  lt  Method  of  Teaching  Singing, 
adapted  to  English  use."  Wrote  "A  Grammar 
of  Vocal  Music";  "A  Grammar  of  Harmony"; 
"A  Grammar  of  Counterpoint";  "The  History 
of  Modern  Music"  (1862),  "The  Third  or 
Transition  Period  of  Musical  History"  (1865) ; 
"The  Cultivation  of  the  Speaking  Voice"; 
"Music  in  the  House"  (1877) ;  and  numerous 
historical  and  scientific  mus.  essays  publ.  in  va- 
rious periodicals.  Besides  the  operas  mentioned, 
he  comp.  motets,  anthems,  concerted  vocal 
music,  and  many  songs,  of  which  "  O  that  we 
two  were  Maying,"  "The  Storm,"  and  "  Three 
Fishers  "  still  remain  popular. 

Hiil'ler,  J.  A.    See  HILLKK. 

Hiiirmandel,  Nicholas- Joseph,  celebrated 
pianist  and  performer  on  the  harmonica ;  b. 
Strassburg,  1751;  d.  London,  Dec.  19,  1823; 
nephew  of  the  famous  horn-virtuoso,  Rodolphe. 
He  first  st.  music  in  the  Strassburg  Cath. 
school;  became  a  pupil  of  the  "Hamburg 
Bach"  (Ph.  Em.);  went  in  1775  to  Milan,  in 
1776  to  Paris,  and  for  ten  years  was  a  fashion- 
able teacher.  In  1787  he  made  a  wealthy  mar- 
riage and  retired,  but  the  Revolution  drove  him 
to  London,  and  he  again  gave  lessons.  Napo- 
leon restored  a  portion  of  his  property,  and  he 
again  retired  into  private  life.  II.'s  playing 
and  compositions  had  considerable  influence  on 
French  art  of  the  period.  He  publ.  12  pf,- 


286 


HtfLLWECK— HUMMEL 


trios,  op.  1-2  ;  14  vln.-sonatas  w.  pf.,  op.  3,  4, 
5,  8,  10,  ii  ;  6  pf. -sonatas,  op.  6 ,  Divertisse- 
ment, op.  7  ;  and  2  sets  of  airs  and  variations 
for  solo  pf  ,  op  g 

HuU'weck,  Ferdinand,  b.  Dessau,  Oct  S, 
1824 ,  d.  Blasewitz,  n.  Dresden,  July  24,  1887. 
Fine  concert-violinist.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Schneider  ; 
in  1884,  2nd  leader  of  Dresden  court-orch. 
Teacher  in  Dresden  Cons.;  retired  1886.  Publ. 
educational  works  .f .  vln. 

Hiill'weck,  Karl,  b.  Dresden,  Apr.  15,  1852  ; 
son  of  Ferd.  H.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Grutzmacher 
('cello)  from  1865-70;  harm,  and  cpt.,  Ad. 
Reichel  and  G.  Merkel ;  pf.,  G.  Schmole.  1870, 
"aspirant"  in  Dresden  court  oich  ;  1877,  full 
member  (Ktimmermnsi&ns)i  and,  till  1882, 
teacher  of  'cello,  Dresden  Cons  — Works  :  Ma- 
zurka f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op.  6;  Arioso  f.  'cello 
and  org  (or  pf.),  op.  7  ;  Capricci  of.  'cello  and 
pf  ,  op  9. 

Hiils'karap,  Henry  [Gustav  Heinrich], 
pf  -maker  ;  b.  Westphalia.  In  1850  he  estab- 
lished a  manufactory  at  Troy,  N.  Y. ,  and  gained 
prizes  (New  York,  1857,  and  London,  1862). 
In  1866  he  moved  the  factory  to  New  York. 
His  "symmetrical "  pf  s  have  a  good  name. 

Humfrey  [Humphrey,  Humphrys],  b.  Lon- 
don, 1647  ;  d.  Windsor,  July  14,  1674.  Impor- 
tant early  English  comp.,  lutemst,  and  lyricist. 
In  1660,  Chapel  Royal  chorister,  and  became 
known  as  a  comp.  In  1664  Charles  II.  sent 
him  to  Paris  to  study  under  Lully,  and  also  to 
Italy.  During  his  absence  (1666)  he  was  app. 
Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal;  in  1672  he 
succeeded  Cooke  as  master  of  the  Chapel  Royal 
children,  and  comp.  (with  Purcell)  for  the  King's 
private  string-orch  Two  years  later  he  died  at 
the  early  age  of  27.  lie  introd.  new  and  beau- 
tiful effects,  after  Lully's  style,  into  his  comp.s, 
and  had  a  predilection  for  minor  keys. — Works . 
Evening  Service  in  E  min. ;  2  odes  f.  the  King's 
Birthday ;  anthems,  songs. 

Hum'mel,  Johann  Nepomuk,  celebrated 
pianist  and  comp. ;  b.  Pressburg,  Nov.  14,  1778  ; 
d.  Weimar,  Oct.  17, 
1837.  Son  and  pupil 
of  Joseph  H.,  mu- 
sic-master of  the 
Wartberg  Military 
School.  In  1786 
the  father  was  app. 
Kapellm.  of  Schika- 
neder's  Th.,  Vienna, 
and  there  Mozart  in- 
terested himself  in 
young  H.,  took  him 
into  his  house,  and 
for  two  years  in- 
structed him.  lie 
made  his  debut  in 
1787  at  a  concert  given  by  Mozart  in  Dresden. 
From  1788-93  he  accorap.  his  father  on  profes- 
sional concert-tours  as  pianist,  visiting  Germany, 


Denmark,  Scotland,  England,  and  Holland.  On 
hih  return  to  Vienna  he  applied  himself  to 
serious  study  in  cpt  under  Albrechtsberger,  and 
profited  by  the  counsel  of  Ilaydn  and  Sahen  in 
comp.  From  1804-11,  he  acted  as  deputy- 
Kapellm  for  Ilaydn,  in  Prince  Esterhazy's  ser- 
vice From  1811-16  he  taught  and  comp  in 
Vienna ;  in  1816,  was  app.  court  JZapettm  at 
Stuttgart,  and  in  1819  at  Weimar  lie  obtained 
frequent  leaves  of  absence  for  professional 
tours  ;  in  1822  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg  with 
the  Grand  Duchess  Marie  Paulovna  ;  in  1825  to 
Paris,  where  he  was  made  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  ;  in  1826  visited  Belgium  and 
Holland,  in  1827  Vienna,  in  1828  Warsaw,  and 
France  again  in  1829.  In  1830  and  '33  he  went 
to  England,  and  cond.  a  season  of  German  opera 
at  the  King's  Th.,  London.  The  last  years  of 
his  life  were  marked  by  ill-health  and  much 
suffering.  He  was  one  of  the  most  famous  pf.- 
virtuos.1  and  extemporists  of  his  period,  and  at 
one  time  was  considered  the  equal  of  Beethoven. 
His  comp.s  are  distinguished  for  excellence  of 
construction  and  brilliancy  of  ornament.  They 
number  124,  and  include  4  operas,  cantatas,  bal- 
lets, now  forgotten  ;  3  masses  f.  4  voices,  orch., 
and  org.,  in  B|j,  E[?,  and  D,  a  Graduale  and 
Offertormm,  still  in  use  in  Austrian  churches ; 
a  long  list  of  pf  -comp.s, — 7  concertos  and  some 
sonatas  remain  standard  pcs., — and  much  con- 
ceited music,  of  which  the  septet  in  D  min.,  op. 
74,  is  considered  a  masterpiece.  H.'s  **  Anwci- 
sung  zum  Pianofortespiel "  (1828),  an  elaborate 
instruction-book,  and  one  of  the  first  to  give  a 
sensible  method  of  fingering,  appeared  too  late 
to  be  of  much  use. — Mis  wife,  Elisabeth  H., 
n&  Rockl,  b.  1793,  d.  Weimar,  March,  1883, 
was  an  opera-singer. 

Hum'mel,  Joseph  Friedrich,  b.  Innsbruck, 
Aug.  14,  1841.  Pupil  of  Munich  Cons.  From 
1 861-80  theatre-A'dyW/w.  at  Glarus,  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Innsbruck,  Troppau,  Linz,  Brunn, 
and  Vienna.  Since  1880,  dir.  of  the  Mozarteum, 
Salzburg,  mus.-teacher  at  the  Training  College, 
and  cond.  of  the  LiedertafeL 

Hum'mel,  Ferdinand,  comp.  ;  b.  Berlin, 
Sept.  6,  1855.  Son  and  pupil  of  a  musician,  at 
the  age  of  7  he  was  a  harp  virtuoso ;  from  1864- 
7  made  a  concert-tour  of  Europe  with  his  father, 
and  was  the  recipient  of  a  royal  grant  for  ad- 
ditional study.  Pupil  at  Kullak's  Akademie 
(1868-71) ;  1871-5  at  the  Royal  High  School  of 
Music  under  Kudorff  and  Grubau  (pf.) ;  at  the 
Akademie  school  f.  comp.  under  Kiel  and  Bar- 
giel. — Works :  3  i-act  operas,  Mara  (Berlin, 
1893  ;  succ.) ;  £in  treuer  Schelin  (Prague,  1894)  ; 
Angla  (Berlin,  1894,  unsucc.) ;  a  3-act  opera, 
Assarpai  (Gotha,  1898  ;  succ.) ;  u  Marchen- 
Schwank"  Das  heilige  Lachen  (Berlin,  1892); 
*'  Marchendichtungen  "  f.  solo  and  3-part  female 
chorus :  JKuwpflttilscken^  Frau  llolle,  H&nstl 
vnd  Gretel,  Die  Mterkdnighi,  Die  Nayaden  / 
overture,  op.  17;  "  Columbus"  and  "Jung 
Olaf "  f.  soli,  mixed  chorus,  and  orch.;  songs; 


287 


HUMPERDINCK— HUTSCHENRUIJTER 


4  'cello-sonatas;  Phantasiestucke  f.  'cello  and 
pf .  ^ '  M  archenbilder  "  and  4  *  'NValdleben  " ) ; 
Xotturno  f.  'cello,  harp,  and  harmonium  ;  pf.- 
quintet ,  pf. -quartet  ;pf. -trio  ;  vln  -sonata,  horn- 
sonata,  pf.-suite  f.  4  hands  ;  Concertstuck  f  pf., 
op.  I  ;  2  concert-polonaises  f.  pf,,  and  other  pf.- 
pcs. — A  concert-fantasia  f.  harp  and  orch.  and 
a  symphony,  in  MS.,  have  been  frequently  per- 
formed. 

Hum'perdinck,  Engelbert,  b.  Siegburg,  n. 
Bonn,  Sept.  1, 1854.  St.  architecture  in  Cologne, 
where  Ferd.  Hiller  persuaded  him  to  devote 
himself  to  music.  Ent.  Cologne  Cons ,  st. 
harm,  and  comp.  with  Ililler,  Gernsheim,  and 
Jensen;  pf.  (Seiss  and  Mertke) ;  'cello  (Rens- 
burg  and  Ehlert).  After  4  years,  won  Mozart 
scholarship  at  Frankfort ;  then  st.  2  years  at 
Munich  \\ith  Franz  Lachner,  also  in  Cons, 
under  Rheinberger  and  Barmann.  Publ.  sev- 
eral comp.s,  Hiimoreske  f.  orch.  and  Die  IVall- 
fahrt  nach  Jfewlaar  f.  chorus.  In  1878  he  won 
the  Mendelssohn  prize  (3,000  marks)  in  Berlin  ; 
in  iSSo,  Meyerbeer  prize  (7,600  marks)  ;  visited 
Italy  and  France;  prof,  in  Barcelona  Cons., 
1885-6 ;  then  returned  to  Cologne  and  taught 
there  till  1887,  when  he  went  to  Mayence  in  the 
employ  of  Schott  and  Co. ;  in  1890  he  was  called 
to  the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frankfort.  He  was  a  spe- 
cial protege  of  R.  Wagner  in  Bayreuth,  I  S3 1-2  ; 
made  pf.-arr.s  of  his  music-dramas,  and  as- 
sisted in  the  preparation  of  Parsijal  for  the 
stage. — The  2-act  fairy-opera  Hansel  und  Gretd 
[prod,  at  Milan,  1897,  as  A7//0  e  Rita]  (Weimar, 
Dec.  23,  Munich,  Dec.  30,  1893),  first  brought 
his  name  prominently  before  the  mus.  world  at 
large.  Dornronfan  (Frankfort,  1895?);  Die 
Konigskinder  (&<$}\  Die*]  Gris/eint  "Marchen- 
spiel  fur  die  Kleinen  ";  Symphony  in  C  ;  incid. 
mus.  to  DerRichUr  von  Zalamea,  I 896 ;  * '  Moorish 
Rhapsodic"  f.  prch.,  1898.  In  1896  he  gave  up 
his  post  of  musical  critic  on  the  Frankfort  u  Zei- 
tung,"  and  retired  to  Boppard-on-Rhine. 

Hun'eker,  James  Gibbons,  musical  writer 
and  critic ;  b.  Philadelphia,  Jan.  31,  1860.  He 
studied  piano-play- 
ing with  Michael 
Cross  at  Philadel- 
phia, also  from  1878 
in  Paris  with  Theo- 
dore Ritter ;  theory 
with  Leopold  Dou- 
treleau.  Settled  in 
New  York,  where, 
since  iSSS,  he  has 
been  teacher  of  pf. 
at  the  National  Cons. 
He  is  musical  critic 
and  Jeuilletoniste  for 
the  "Musical  Cou- 
rier "  ;  and  has  publ. 
11  Mezzotints  in  Modern  Music"  (New  York, 
1899  '»  a  C°U'  °f  essays,  etc.,  reprinted  from  the 
|4 Mus.  Courier"). 

Hun'ke,    Joseph,   b.   Josefstadt,  Bohemia, 


iSoi ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  Dec.  17,  1883 ;  choir- 
master of  the  Russian  court  chapel-choir  ;  wrote 
numerous  sacred  compositions,  also  methods  of 
Harmony  and  Composition  (both  in  Russian). 

Hiin'ten,  Franz,  b.  Koblenz,  Dec  26,  1793  ; 
d.  there  Feb.  22,  1878.  Pupil  of  his  father,  an 
organist,  then  at  the 
Paris  Cons.  (1819) 
under  Pradher  (pf  ), 
Cherubim  (cpt.),  and 
Reicha  (harm.).  His 
pleasing  and  popular 
pf. -works  were  re- 
munerated with  ex- 
traordinary prices. 
Works :  "  Methode 
nouvelle  pour  le 
piano,"  op.  60;  pf.- 
trio,  op.  14 ;  duos  f.  pf. 
and  vln.,  op.  22,  23 ; 
serenades,  divertisse- 
ments, rondos,  fantasias,  etc.  His  brothers, 
Wilhelm  H.,  pf.-teacher  at  Koblenz,  and  Peter 
Ernst  HM  do.  at  Duisburg,  also  comp.  pf. -music 
of  similar  character. 

Hurel  de  Lamare,  Jacques-Michel,  cele- 
brated 'cellist ;  b.  Paris,  May  i,  1772  ;  d.  Caen, 
Mar.  27,  1823.  Pupil  of  Duport  the  younger. 
'Cellist  at  the  Th.  Feydeau,  Pans  (1794) ;  1801-9, 
made  a  tour  of  Germany  and  Russia  ;  retired  in 
1815.  4  'cello-concertos  publ.  under  his  name 
were  the  work  of  his  fnend  Auber. 

Huss,  George  J.,  b.  Roth,  n.  Nuremberg, 
Bavaria,  Sept.  25,  1828.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
Joh.  Mich.  Huss  (pf.)  and  Lambrecht  (org  ) 
\Vent  to  America  1848 ;  became  org.  of  the 
First  Presb.  Ch.  of  Elizabeth  City,  N.  J,;  later 
of  the  Second  Presb.  and  South  Park  Presb. 
Ch.s  in  Newark.  Moved  to  New  York  in  1856, 
where  he  was  org.  of  the  University  Place  Presb. 
Ch.  1858-68.  He  is  principally  engaged  as  a 
pf.-teacher.  Various  sacred  and  secular  comp.s, 
most  in  MS. 

Huss,  Henry  Holden,  comp.  and  concert- 
pianist  ;  b.  Newark,  N.  J.f  June  21, 1862.  Pupil 
of  his  father  (pf.)  and  O.  B.  Boise  (cpt.  and 
comp.),  also,  1882-5,  of  Munich  Cons.  Now 
(1899)  living  in  New  York  as  a  teacher  of  pf.T 
comp.,  and  instrumentation. — Publ.  works  :  Pf.- 
concerto  in  B  maj.,  pf.-pcs.  (Ballade  "Haiden- 
roslein,"  3  Bagatelles,  3  Intermezzi,  etc.),  org.- 
music,  an  anthem,  an  Ave  Maria,  songs,  etc. 
In  MS.  he  has  a  Rhapsody  f.  pf.  and  orch.  in 
C  ;  "Festival  Sanctus'f  f.  ch.,  orch.,  and  org.;  a 
vln. -concerto  in  Dmin.;  Romanzeand  Polonaise 
f.  vln.  w.  orch.;  a  pf.-trio;  a  scene  f.  sopr.  and 
orch.,  "Cleopatra's  Death";  etc.;  all  of  which 
have  been  publicly  perf.  w.  success. 

Huts'chenruijter,  Willem,  b.  Rotterdam, 
Dec.  25,  1796;  d.  there  Nov.  18,  1878.  Pupil 
of  Hummel  and  Romberg,  he  also  st.  vln.  under 
Dahmen,  and  afterwards  the  horn  and  trumpet, 
on  which  he  became  a  famous  performer.  A 


288 


HtfTTENBRENNER— ILINSKI 


member  of  the  city  band,  in  1821  he  founded 
the  music-corps  of  the  Civic  Guard,  and  in  1822 
became  cond.  of  both.  In  1826  he  founded  the 
"  Eruditio  musica,"  and  eventually  became  dir. 
of  the  Euterpe  Choral  Soc. ,  of  the  Musis  Sacrum 
Soc  ,  prof,  at  the  School  of  Mus  ,  Kapelm.  of 
St.  Dommick's  Ch  ,  municipal  mus.  dir.  at  Schie- 
dam, and  organized  a  church-choir;  was  app. 
hon.  Kapelmeester  at  Delft,  elected  a  member  of 
the  Accad.  di  Santa  Cecilia,  Rome,  and  decorated 
with  the  order  of  the  Oaken  Crown  in  1818. — 
Works :  Opera,  Le  Roi  de  Boh§me;  4  sym- 
phonies ;  2  concert-overtures ,  overture  f .  wind- 
instr.s;  over  150  works,  original  and  arranged, 
f.  wind-band  ;  "  Concertstuck  "  f.  8  kettledrums 
w.  orch.,  several  masses,  cantatas,  songs,  etc  — 
His  son  Willem,  b.  March  22,  1828,  was  also  a 
celebrated  horn-virtuoso 

Hut'tenbrenner,  Anselm,  b.  Graz,  Styria, 
Oct.  13, 1794  ,  d.  Ober-Andntz,  n.  Graz,  June  5, 
1 80S.  At  7  years  of  age,  pupil  of  Cell,  the 
Cath.  org.,  in  singing,  pf.,  and  harm.  In  1815, 
law-student  at  Vienna ;  st.  comp.  with  Salieri. 
Schubert  was  his  fellow-pupil,  and  praised  his 
comp.s ;  and  he  was  intimate  with  Beethoven, 
who  died  in  his  arms.  From  1816  he  made  suc- 
cessful appearances  as  a  pianist ;  in  1820  he  re- 
tired to  his  estates  at  Graz,  and,  from  1825, 
cond.  the  Styrian  Mitsikverein.  —  Works  :  4 
operas,  9  masses,  3  requiems,  5  symphonies,  10 
overtures,  3  funeral  marches,  2  string-quartets, 
a  string-quintet ;  sonatas,  24  fugues,  and  other 
pf. -comp.s  ;  300  male  quartets  and  choruses; 
over  200  songs  ;  etc. 

Hykaert  (or  Ycaert),  Bernhard,  Belgian 
musician  and  erudite  theorist  of  the  isth  cent  ; 
abt.  1480,  cantor  of  the  royal  chapel  at  Naples. 
— Works  :  2  Lamentations  (publ.  by  Petrucci, 
1506) ;  in  MS.,  Kyrie,  Gloria,  and  3  secular 
songs. 

Hyl'lested,  August,  brilliant  concert-pianist 
and  comp. ;  born,  of  Danish  parents,  at  Stock- 
holm, Sweden,  June  17,  1858.  Began  study  of 
pf.  when  5  years  old,  and  played  in  public  as 
early  as  1863.  He  was  taught  in  Copenhagen 
by  Holger  Dahl  until  1869,  and  then  made  a 
very  successful  concert-tour  through  Scandi- 
navia. He  now  entered  the  Royal  Cons,  at 
Copenhagen,  studying  with  Edm.  Neupert  (pf.), 
Gade  (comp.  and  orchestr.),  T.  P.  E.  Hartmann 
(cpt.),  W.  Tofte  (vln.),  and  Carl  Attrup  (org.). 
Made  2nd  Scandinavian  tour  in  1875  as  solo 
pianist  and  asst.-dir.  of  the  orch.  In  1876  he 
was  app.  org.  of  the  Cath.,  and  dir.  of  the  Mus. 
Soc.  "Nykjjtfbing  Falster."  In  1879  he  studied 
with  Th.  Kullak  (pf.)  and  Fr.  Kiel  (comp.)  in 
Berlin,  going  thence  to  Liszt.  Gave  concerts  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  1883-4 ;  in  1885,  at 
Stein  way  Hall,  N.  Y.,  and  travelled  through  the 
Eastern  States  and  Canada ;  1886-91,  asst.-dir. 
of  Chicago  Mus.  College  ;  1891-4,  dir.  of  piano 
dept.  in  the  Gottschalk '  Lyric  School.  From 
1894-7  in  Europe,  concertizing  in  Scandinavia, 
Germany,  France,  and  England  (in  London  H.'s 


symph.  poem  "Elizabeth,"  f.  full  orch.  and 
double  chorus,  was  perf.  under  his  own  leader- 
ship). In  1897  II  returned  to  Chicago.  He  is 
court  pianist  to  the  Princess  Louise  of  Denmark ; 
has  received  flattering  testimonials  from  Euro- 
pean sovereigns. — Publ.  works.  FOR  PF.,  6 
pieces,  Mazurka  in  Djj,  Album-leaf,  Scandin. 
Dances,  Faust  Fantasie,  Variations,  Melody, 
Fantasia  on  Scotch  melodies,  Grand  Polonaise, 
Valse  sentimentale,  Impromptu  in  F,  Suite 
romantique,  Suite  de  ballet,  several  transcrip- 
tions ;  SONGS  :  My  love  is  like  a  red,  red  rose, 
Album-rhyme,  The  Fallen  Angel,  Ave  Maria, 
Serenade  (voice,  pf.,  and  vln.). — MS.  WORKS  . 
Op.  2,  Variations  seVieuses  f.  pf.;  op.  25,  Suite 
f.  pf.  "in  old  style";  op.  27,  Sonata  f.  pf. ; 
Grand  Polonaise  in  E  \)  ;  2  pf  .-trios  (in  B  mm. 
and  E).  FOR  ORCH.:  Music  to  the  "romantic 
play  "  Die  Rheinmxe;  Symph.  poem  f .  full  orch. 
and  double  ch. ;  "  Suite  romantique  ";  "  Marche 
tnomphale",  etc. 


I'bach,  Johannes  Adolf,  b.  Oct.  20,  1766  ; 
d.  Sept.  14,  1848.  In  1794,  founded  a  pf.  and 
org.  manufactory  at  Barmen  ;  from  1834,  with 
his  son  C.  Rudolf,  traded  under  the  name  of 
"Ad.  Ibach  und  Sohn";  from  1839,35  "Ad. 
Ibach  Sohne,"  when  his  son  Richard  joined. 
From  1862  the  firm  was  known  as  "  C.  Rud.  & 
Rich.  Ibach,"  to  distinguish  it  from  another 
business  founded  by  a  third  son,  Gustav  J. 
The  same  year  C.  Rudolf  died,  and  in  1869  his 
son  Rudolf  (d.  Herrenalb,  Black  Forest,  July 
31,  1892)  continued  the  pf, -factory  alone  as 
"Rudolph  Ibach  Sohn,"  estab.  a  branch  at 
Cologne,  gained  medals  for  the  excellence  of  his 
instr.s,  and  became  purveyor  to  the  Prussian 
court.  Richard  I.  continued  the  organ- factory. 

I'liffe,  Frederick,  b.  Smeeton-Westerby, 
Leicester,  Engl.,  Feb.  21,  1847.  Since  1883, 
organist  and  choirmaster  of  St.  John's  Coll., 
Oxford,  and  conductor  of  Queen  s  Coll.  (Eg- 
glesfield)  Mus.  Soc. — Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon.,  1873  ; 
Mus.  Doc.,  1879. — Works:  Oratorio,  The  Vi- 
sions of  St.  John  the  Divine  (publ.  1880) ;  Even- 
ing Service  in  D,  f.  men's  voices  ;  Lara^  cantata 
f.  male  ch.  and  orch.  (1885) ;  "  Sweet  Echo,"  f. 
8-p.  ch.  and  orch.  (1893) ;  "  Morning,"  a  pastoral 
f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1896) ;  Concert-over- 
ture in  E ;  Festal  Overture  in  D  ;  Serenade  f . 
strmg-orcn.,  in  G  ;  Prelude  and  fugue  f.  org.; 
pf. -sonata,  and  other  pcs.;  "  Critical  Analysis  of 
Bach's  Well-tempered  Clavichord"  (London, 
1896 ;  4  Parts). 

Ilin'ski,  Count  Jan  Stanislaw,  Polish  poet 
and  church-composer ;  b.  Castle  Romanov,  1795  ; 
d.  (?).  Studied  composition  under  Salieri,  Kauer, 
and  Beethoven  at  Vienna,  where  he  produced  a 
Mass  in  1826.  After  a  military  and  diplomatic 
career,  he  became,  in  1853,  a  senator,  and  privy 
councillor  and  chamberlain  to  the  Tsar. — Works : 
3  masses,  3  requiems,  a  Te  Deum,  a  Stabat 


289 


IMMYNS— ISAAK 


Mater,  a  De  profundis,  a  Miserere,  ^all  f.  full 
orch. ;  a  symphony .  overtures  to  Schiller's  dramas, 
and  one  to  Howald's  Leitdittkiti-m  ;  Grand  March 
f.  2  orchestras  ;  2  pf  -concertos ;  S  string-quar- 
tets ;  Rondo  f.  vln.  and  orch.;  pf.-pcs,;  songs. 

Im'myns,  John,  English  attorney  and  lutenist; 
b.  1700  (');  d.  London,  Apr.  15,  1764.  He 
founded  the  Madrigal  Soc.  in  1741,  and  in  1752 
became  lutenist  to  the  Chapel  Royal ;  was  also 
a  member  of  the  Acad.  of  Antient  Music,  and 
amanuensis  to  Dr.  Pepusch.  A  connoisseur  and 
collector  of  early  music,  lie  taught  himself,  at 
40,  to  play  the  lute  — His  son,  John,  org.  of 
Surrey  Chapel,  London,  died  1794. 

d'Indy,  Paul  -Marie-  Theodore -Vincent, 
composer  and  pianist;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  27,  1851. 
Pupil  of  Cesar  Franck  m  comp. ,  and  of  the  Conser- 
vatory (organ-class) 
from  1873-5.  Be- 
came chorus-mas- 
ter under  Colonne 
in  1875  i  played  or- 
chestral drum-parts 
for  3  years,  to  obtain 
training  in  details 
of  instrumentation. 
He  is  a  successful 
comp. ;  President 
of  various  concert- 
societies  ;  Chev.  of 
the  Legion  of 
Honor ;  mus  In- 
spector of  Paris 
schools ;  etc. — 
Works :  A  tripar- 
tite symphonic  poem  "  Wallenstein"  (Part  II, 
" 1  Piccolomini,  was  prod.  1874  by  Pasdeloup) ; 
a  *'  Symphonic  sur  un  air  montagnard  francais," 
and  a  third,  "  Jean  Hunyade  ";  a  M$ende  f.  orch., 
"Sauge  fleurie";  I/gentle  symphmigue^  "La 
foret  enchantee"  (1896) ;  overture  to  Antoine  et 
Cttopdire;^\&  Chevauchee  du  Cid,"  f.  orch.; 
a  symphonic  pf. -concerto ;  a  Suite  "  dans  le  style 
ancien"  f.  strings,  trumpet,  and  2  flutes;  pf.- 
quartet  in  A ;  pf. -music  (Poemes  des  montagnes  ; 
Tableaux  de  voyage  ;  Lac  vert,  and  Valse  ;  etc.); 
Scene  f.  baritone  and  orch. ;  Lied  f.  'cello  and 
orch. ,  romances,  and  sacred  songs. — In  1882  he 
brought  out  a  i-act  comic  opera,  Attendez-moi 
sous  r *r me,  at  the  Opera-Comique,  with  slight 
success;  in  1895  fragments  of  the  3-act  mus. 
drama  Fervaal^  of  which  he  wrote  both  text  and 
music,  were  prod,  at  the  Concerts  de  TOpera, 
and  the  entire  work  was  successfully  prod,  at 
Brussels  in  1897. 

Ingegne'ri,  Marco  Antonio,  b.  Venice  (or 
Cremonal,  about  1540  ;  d.  Ferrara  (?),  1603.  It 
is  thought  that  he  was  a  pupil  of  Willaert  and 
Zarlino.  In  1576  he  was  m.  di  capp.  at  Cremona 
cathedral ;  afterwards  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua. 
Monteverde  was  his  pupil. — Publ.  works:  A 
book  of  Masses  a  5-8  (1573);  a  second,  a  5 
(1587) ;  4  of  Madrigals  04-5  (1578,  '79.  '80,  "84) ; 
"Sacrae  cantiones"  a  5  (1576);  "Sacrae  can- 


tiones"  a  7-16  (1589)  The  27  celebrated  Re- 
sponses, generally  attributed  to  Palestnna  (in 
vol.  32  of  Br.  and  H.'s  ed  among  "doubtful"), 
are  by  I.  The  full  title  of  the  work  in  which 
they  were  originally  publ.  is :  '*  Ing  Marc 
Antonio  ,  Responsona  hebdomadae  |  sanctae,  | 
Benedictus  et  Impropena  Quatuor  \ocibus  |  et 
miserere  sex  vocibus  |  Marci  Antonii  Ingegne- 
rii  |  nunc  primum  in  lucem  edita. — Venetiis 
MDLXXXVIII.  Apud  Riciardum  Amadmum." 
Many  other  Motets  and  Madngals  appeared  in 
collections  of  the  time. 

Insan/guine,  Giacomo,  called  Monopoli 
from  the  town  where  he  was  born  in  1744  J  d. 
Naples,  1795.  Pupil  of  C.  Cotumacci  at  the 
Cons,  di  San  Onofno,  Naples  ,  then  his  master's 
assistant,  and,  from  1774,  second  teacher  of  cpt. 
He  soon  relinquished  this  position,  and  devoted 
himself  to  dramatic  composition. — Works :  About 
20  operas,  written  for  Naples  ;  among  the  most 
successful  were  Lo  Fumaco  revotato  (about  1756  ; 
his  firstling) ;  Bidone  (1772) ;  Adnano  in  Siria 
(i773) ;  /  voti  di  Davide  (1775) ;  Astuxie  per 
amore  (1777) ;  Medonte  (1779) ;  Calipso  (1782). 
His  best  work  is,  however,  the  7ist  Psalm  for 
3-part  ch.  and  orch. ;  he  also  comp.  other  psalms, 
hymns,  masses,  etc. 

Ir'gang,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Hirschberg, 
Schleswig,  Feb.  23,  1836.  Pupil  of  Grell  and 
A.  AV.  Bach  at  the  School  of  Comp.  of  the 
R.  Acad.,  Berlin,  1856-9.  He  then  taught  in 
Proksch's  school  at  Prague  ;  in  1863  he  founded 
at  Gbrlitz  a  school  for  pf.-playing  and  theory,  to 
which  was  added,  in  1871,  a  mus.  seminary  for 
ladies.  Organist  of  Trinity  Ch.,  Gorlitz,  from 
1878. — Publ.  an  "Allgemeine  Musiklehre" 
(1865;  several  editions);  a  '*  Harmonielehre"; 
and  piano-pieces. 

I'saak  [e'zahk],  Heinrich  (or  Isaac,  Izak, 
Yzac,  Ysack;  in  Italy,  Arrig-o  Tedesco 
[Henry  the  German]  ;  Low  Lat.  Arrignus),  an 
eminent  contrapuntist,  probably  of  German 
origin  ;  b.  about  1450 ;  d.  about  1517.  From 
circa  1477-90  he  was  in  the  service  of  Lorenzo 
de1  Medici,  surnamed  the  "  Magnificent,"  in  the 
capacities  of  organist,  maestro  di  lappella,  and 
of  teacher  to  Lorenzo's  children.  He  afterwards 
spent  several  years  in  Rome,  and  finally  was 
called  to  the  court  of  Maximilian  I.,  at  Vienna, 
as  "  Symphonista  regis,"  occupying  this  position 
until  his  death.  He  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant composers  of  the  period.  A  notable  peculi- 
arity of  his  works  is  the  frequent  appearance  of 
the  melody  in  the  soprano,  at  that  time  a  com- 
paratively unusual  device. — Works  :  23  Masses 
a  4-6,  10  being  publ.  (5  by  Petrucci,  in  **  Misse 
Henrici  Izac,"  1506 ;  2  by  Rhaw,  in  "  Opus 
decem  missarum  4  vocum,"  1541  ;  2  by  Ott,  in 
Graphaus'  "  Missae  XIII,"  1539  ;  and  I  by  Pe- 
trejus,  in  "Liber  quindecim  missarum,"  1539)  J 
those  in  MS.  are  in  the  libraries  at  Vienna  (8), 
Munich  (4),  and  Brussels  (i).  Motets  and 
Psalms  by  I.  were  printed  in  some  40  collections 
from  1501-64  (cf.  Eitner,  "  Bibliographic  der 


290 


ISIDORUS— JACKSON 


Musiksammehverke";  Berlin,  1877).  His  part- 
songs,  some  of  which  were  publ.  in  Ott's  "  115 
guter  newer  Liedlein"  (1544),  and  others  in 
Forster's  "  Auszug  guter  teutscher  Liedlein" 
(1539),  are  agreeable  to  modern  ears,  and  re- 
markable for  the  clearness  and  ease  of  the  part- 
wnting ;  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  German 
chorals,  "  Nun  ruhen  alle  Walder,"  is  sung  to 
the  melody  of  I.'s  "  Inspruk,  ich  muss  dich  las- 
sen."  lie  also  wrote  Introits,  Graduals,  and  the 
like  ;  and  a  "sacred  drama,"  S.  Giovanni  e  S. 
Paolo. 

Isido'rus  (Hispalen'sis),  Saint,  b.  at  Carta- 
gena about  570  ;  d.  as  Bishop  of  Sevilla,  Apr.  4, 
636  The  first  9  chapters  of  his  "Originum 
sive  etymologiarum  hbri  XX  "  contain  important 
information  on  music  ;  Gerbert  printed  the  mus. 
matter  in  his  "  Scnptores,"  vol.  i.,  as  "  Senten- 
tiae  de  musica." 

IsnarMi,  Paolo,  b.  Ferrara  about  1525 ;  d. 
(?).  Superior  of  the  monastery  at  Monte  Cas- 
sino ;  m.  di  capp*  at  Ferrara.  Wrote  Masses, 
Motets,  Psalms,  Madrigals,  and  Falsibordoni^ 
publ.  between  1561-94. 

Isouard,  Niccolo,  called  Niccolb  de  Malte 

because  b.  at  Malta  in  1775  ;  d.  Pans,  Mar.  23, 
1818.  Against  the  wish  of  his  father,  who  de- 
sired him  to  enter  the  banking  business,  he 
studied  music  at  Palermo  with  Amendola,  and 
at  Naples  with  Sala  and  Guglielmi.  In  1795  I., 
under  the  pen-name  "  Niccol6,"  brought  out  his 
first  opera,  Ltavviso  ai  mantati,  at  Leghorn, 
with  slight  success ;  Artaserse  (Florence,  1795) 
was  better  received,  and  had  the  practical  effect 
that  he  was  recalled  to  Malta  as  organist  of  the 
church  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  and  later  became 
m.  di  capp.  to  the  Knights.  On  the  suppression 
of  the  order  by  the  French,  I.  brought  out 
several  Italian  operas  in  the  temporary  theatre 
at  Malta;  in  1799  Gen.  Vaubois  took  him  to 
Paris  as  his  private  secretary  ;  and  here  his  career 
as  a  dramatic  composer  fairly  began.  In  16 
years  he  produced  33  French  operas  and  operet- 
tas, the  way  to  success  being  smoothed  by  the 
friendship  and  cooperation  of  R.  Kreutzer. 

La  Statue,  ou  la  femme  avare  (1802),  Mickel  Ange 
(1802),  Les  Confidanccs  (1803).  Le  Baker  et  la  quittance 
(1803),  Le  MMecin  turc  (1803),  r  Intrigue  aux  fenStres 
(1805),  Le  Dejeuner  degarfons  (1805),  La  Ruse  inutile 
(1805),  Ldonce  (1805),  La.  Prise  de  fastaw  (1806),  Idala 
(1806).  Les  Rendezvous  bourgeois  (1807),  Les  Cr4an- 
cftrs  (1807),  Un  Jour  it  Paris  (1808),  Cimarosa  (1808), 
r  Intrigue  au  stfrail  (i8oq),  Cendrillon  (i8zo\  La,  Vic- 
time  des  arts  (x8n),  La  Ftte  du  village  (18x1),  Le  Billet 
de  lottrie  (i%ii},  Le  Magicien  sans  magie  (x8n)t  Lulli 
et  Quinault  (i8ia),  Le  Prince  de  Catane  (18x3),  Lt 
Franfais  ft  Venise  (1813),  Le  Silge  de  Mdsieres  (1814), 
Joconde  (18x4),  Jeannot  et  Cot/in  (1814"),  Les  deux 
marts  (1816),  and  VUne  fourFautre  (18x6).  Aladin, 
ou  la  lampe  merveilleuse  (posth  ,  finished  by  Benincon), 
was  given  in  1822. 

Of  these,  Cendrillon,  Joconde,  and  Jeannot  et 
Collin  were  the  best ;  the  improvement  noted  in 
his  later  works  was  due  in  part  to  keen  rivalry 
with  Boieldieu  ;  the  latter  was  finally  elected  in 
1817  to  succeed  M^hul  in  the  Academy,  and  I  , 
who  had  aspired  to  the  chair,  was  so  mortified 


by  his  failure  that  he  abandoned  work,  plunged 
into  dissipation,  and  died  next  year. — His  music 
combines  simplicity  with  finish  of  st}le  and 
suave  melody  ;  he  was  fortunate  m  his  libretti, 
which,  like  his  scores,  never  descend  to  vulgar- 
ity, lie  was  an  excellent  musician,  and  pos- 
sessed fine  dramatic  taste  ;  but  he  was  not  par- 
ticularly original. — While  in  Malta,  he  also 
wrote  numerous  masses,  cantatas,  motets, 
psalms,  etc. 

Israel,  Karl,  writer;  b.  Heiligenrode,  Elec- 
toral Hesse,  Jan.  9,  1841  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-M., 
Apr.  2,  1881.  Studied  in  the  Leipzig  Cons., 
and  settled  in  Frankfort,  becoming  an  influen- 
tial critic. — Writings.  "  Musikalische  Schatze 
in  Frankfurt  am  M."  (1872),  and  "Musikalien 
der  standischen  Landesbibhothek  zu  Kassel " 
(iSSi),  both  important  in  mus  bibliography; 
valuable  bibliographic  articles  in  the  "Allg. 
mus.  Zeitung,"  1873-4;  and  a  *'  Frankfurter 
Concertchronik  von  1713-1780  "  (1876). 

Ivry,  Paul-Xavier-De*sire*,  Marquis  de 
Richard  d',  b  Beaune,  C6te  d'Or,  Feb.  4, 
1829;  has  lived  since  1854  in  Paris.  Amateur 
dramatic  composer,  pupil  of  A,  Hignard  and  Le- 
borne.  Operas:  Fatma  and  Qitentm  Meizys 
(1854),  La  Maison  du  docteitr  (Dijon,  1855), 
Omphale  et  Phitttope,  Les  Am  ants  de  Vtrom 
(1867),  under  the  pen-name  "Richard  Irvid"; 
revised,  and  extended  to  5  acts,  at  the  Th.  Ven- 
tadour,  in  1878);  m  MS.  (1888)  the  4-act  opera 
Perstfvt't  ance  d *  amour \ — Also  a  concert-overture, 
songs,  etc. 

Izac.     See  ISAAK. 


Jachet.    See  BERCIIEM. 

Jach'mann  -  Wagner.  See  WAGNER,  JO- 
HANNA. 

Jackson,  Edwin  W.,  an  English  justice  of 
the  peace,  publ.  in  German  (Payne:  Leipzig, 
1 866)  an  interesting  and  valuable  essay,  "  Finger- 
und  Handgelenk-Gymnastik  zur  Ausbildung 
und  Starkung  der  Muskeln  filr  musikalische 

.  .  /  Zwecke."  As  a  complete  manual  of 
finger-gymnastics  it  cannot  be  too  warmly  recom- 
mended. English  transl.  (New  York). 

Jackson,  John  P.,  contemporary  English 
writer. — Works:  "Album  of  the  Passion  Play 
at  Oberammergau  .  .  .  1873";  an  illustrated 
handbook  on  Wagner's  **  Ring  of  the  Nibelung  " 
(London,  1882)  ;  Engl.  translations  of  Parsifal^ 
Die  A feister singer,  etc. 

Jackson,  Samuel  P.,  b.  Manchester,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  5,  1818;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  July 
37,  1885.  Son  of  the  organ-builder  James  J., 
he  went  to  America  in  1825,  and  learned  his 
father's  trade  ;  his  teachers  in  music  were  Mo- 
ran  (pf.)  and  Thornton  (harm.)  From  1830-42 
he  played  the  organ  at  St.  Clement's  Ch.;  at  St. 
Bartholomew  from  1842-61 ;  later  at  Christ  Ch., 


291 


JACKSOX— JADASSOHN 


Ch.  of  the  Ascension,  and  the  Anthon  Memorial 
Ch.  A  well-known  teacher  of  pf.,  organ,  and 
harmony  ;  for  many  years  music-proof  reader  to 
G.  Schirmer,  Xew  York.  Besides  a  variety  of 
excellent  vocal  sacred  music,  he  publ.  "Gems 
for  the  Organ,"  and  4  books  of  very  popular 
"  Organ-Voluntaries." 

Jackson,  William  (I),  Engl.  organist  and 
comp.;  b.  Exeter,  May  28,  1730;  d  there  July 
12,  1803.  Pupil  of  Sylvester,  the  org.  of  Exeter 
Cathedral,  and  of  J.  Travers  in  London.  After 
teaching  for  years  at  Exeter,  he  became  (1777) 
org.  and  choirmaster  at  the  cathedral.  Besides 
the  operas  The  Lot  d  of  the  Manor  (1780)  and 
Metamorphoses  (1783),  he  comp.  odes  (Warton's 
"  Ode  to  Fancy,"  Pope's  *"  The  Dying  Christian 
to  his  Soul,"  and  4C  Lycidas")  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  songs,  canzonets,  madrigals,  pastorals, 
hymns,  anthems,  Church-services,  etc  ;  also 
sonatas  f.  harpsichord. — Writings :  "30  Letters 
on  Various  Subjects"  (London,  1782) ;  "  Obser- 
vations on  the  Present  State  of  Music  in  Lon- 
don" (1791);  and  "The  Four  Ages,  together 
with  Essays  on  Various  Subjects  "  (1798). 

Jackson,  William  (II),  organist  and  comp.  ; 
b.  Masham,  Yorks.,  Engl.,  Jan.  9,  1815 ,  d. 
Bradford,  Apr.  15,  1866.  A  self-taught  musi- 
cian, he  became  org.  at  Masham  in  1832  ;  won 
first  prize,  Huddersfield  Glee  Club,  in  1840  ;  in 
1852,  est.  a  music-business,  and  became  org.  of 
St.  John's  Ch.,  at  Bradford  ;  later,  took  the 
organ  at  Hprton  Chapel,  was  cond.  of  Bradford 
Choral  Union,  and  chorusmaster  of  Bradford 
Festivals. — "Works  :  2  Oratorios,  Deliverance  of 
Israel  from  Babylon  and  Jsaiah;  2  Cantatas, 
TJie  IVarand  The  Praise  of  Music  ;  the  iO3rd 
Psalm  f.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  sacred  music,  glees, 
part-songs,  and  songs. 

Jacob,  Benjamin,  b.  London,  1778;  d.  there 
Aug.  24,  1829.  Famous  organist,  pupil  of 
Willoughby,  Shnibsole,  and  Arnold  (1796).  Or- 
ganist at  various  churches,  finally  at  Surrey 
Chapel  (1794-1825).  With  Wesley  and  Crotch, 
he  gave  organ-recitals  to  immense  audiences 
from  1808-14.  He  cond.  a  series  of  oratorios  in 
iSoo,  and  the  Lenten  Oratorios  at  Covent  Gar- 
den in  iSlS.— Works:  "National  Psalmody" 
(London,  1819),  and  other  collections ;  also  glees, 
songs,  and  an  arr.  of  the  Macbeth  music. 
Jacob,  F,  A.  L.  See  JAKOB. 
Jacobs,  Jsdouard,  b.  Hal,  Belgium,  in  1851  ; 
fine  'cellist,  pupil  of  Joseph  Servais  at  Brussels 
Cons.  Played  in  the  Weimar  court  orch.  for 
some  years,  and  in  1885  succeeded  his  teacher 
as  'cello-professor  at  the  Brussels  Cons. 

Jacobsohn,  Simon  E.,  violinist ;  b.  Mitau, 
Kurland,  Dec.  24,  1839.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  ; 
1860,  leader  of  Bremen  orch. ;  1872,  of  Theodore 
Thomas's  orch.  in  New  York ;  then  taught  in 
the  Cincinnati  Cons.,  and  is  now  in  Chicago. 

Jacobsthal,  Gustav,  b.  Pyritz,  Pomerania, 
Mar.  14,  1845.  Student  at  Strassburg  Univ., 
1863-70;  lecturer  on  music  there,  from  1872, 


professor  extraordinary,  1875. — Wrote  "Die 
Mensuralnotenschrift  des  12  und  13.  Jahrhun- 
derts  "  (1871),  a  work  of  merit. 

Jacotin  (real  name  Jacques  Godebrye), 
Flemish  contrapuntist ;  b.  about  1445  ;  d.  Mar. 
24,  1529.  He  was  a  singer  (chapelain)  in  the 
choir  of  Notre-Dame  at  Antwerp,  from  1479- 
1529,  and  one  of  the  most  renowned  musicians 
of  his  time. — Collections  containing  some  of  his 
works  are  Petrucci's  "  Mottetti  della  corona" 
(1519),  Salbinger's  "  Concentus  octo  .  .  .  qua- 
tuorvocum"  (1545),  Rhaw's  "  Bicinia  "  (1545), 
Attaignant's  collection  (1534,  Books  V,  VI,  and 
IX),  Ott's  "  Novum  opus  musicum "  (1537), 
Book  VI  of  Le  Roy  and  Ballard's  chansons 
(1556;  only  the  4-p.  chanson  *'Je  voudroys 
bien"),  3  more  chansons  in  the  "  Recueil  des 
Recueils"  (1563-4)  ;  6-part  Masses  are  in  MS. 
at  Rome. 

Jacquard,  L€on-Jean,  fine  'cellist,  pupil  of 
Norblin  at  Paris  Cons.;  b.  Paris,  Nov.  3,  1826, 
d.  there  Mar.  27,  iSS6.  From  1877,  prof,  of 
'cello  at  the  Cons.  He  wrote  Morceaux  de  genre 
f.  'cello. 

Ja'dassohn,  Salomon,  noted  comp.  and  in- 
fluential teacher;  b.  Breslau,  Aug.  13,  1831. 
Pupil  of  the  Breslau 
gymnasium,  also 
taking  lessons  of 
Hesse  (pf.),  Lust- 
ner  (vln.),  and  Bro- 
sig  (harm.);  entered 
Leipzig  Cons,  in 
1848,  went  next  year 
to  Liszt  at  Weimar, 
and  then  studied 
comp.  privately  un- 
der Hauptmann  at 
Lepzig,  settling 
there  as  a  music - 
teacher  in  1852.  In 
1866  he  became 
cond.  of  the  '*  Psalterion  "  choral  soc. ;  was  from 
1867-9  Kapettm.  of  the  *'  Euterpe  ";  since  1871, 
prof,  of  harm.,  cpt,  comp.,  and  instrumentation 
at  the  Cons.,  dividing  with  Reinecke  the  honors 
pf  first  place  as  a  theoretical  instructor  in  that 
institution.  His  rather  conservative,  though  not 
illiberal,  method  of  teaching  is  expounded  in  a 
4 fc  Harmonielehre  "  (Leipzig,  1883,  and  3  later 
ed.s ;  Engl.  ed.  New  York,  1893  ;  2nd  revised 
ed.,  1894);  u  Kontrapunkt "  (1884);  "  Kanon und 
Fuge "  (1884);  "Die  Formen  in  den  Werken  der 
Tonkunst"  (1889) ;  "Lehrbuch  der  Instrumen- 
tation" (1889)  [Engl.  translations  of  all  these 
have  also  appeared  at  Leipzig];  "Allgemeine 
Musiklehre"  (1892);  "  Elementar  -  Harmonie- 
lehre  "  (1895).  His  mastery  of  form  is  finely 
illustrated  in  his  compositions  in  canon-form, 
notably  the  vocal  duets  (op.  9,  36,  38,  43),  a  pf.- 
serenade  (op  8),  a  serenade  f.  orch.  (pp.  35), 
ballet-music  for  pf.  4  hands  (op.  58),  which  have 
earned  him  the  sobriquet  of  the  "  musical 
Krupp";  all  his  compositions  are,  marked  by 


292 


JADIN— JAHN 


finish  of  style  and  thematic  verve  and  bril- 
liancy. Among  the  most  important  of  his  more 
than  130  works  are  4  symphonies,  4  serenades,  2 
overtuies  (f.  orch  );  a  pf  -concerto,  op.  89  ;  3  pf.- 
quintets,  op.  70,  76,  126  ;  a  pf. -quartet,  op.  77  ; 
4  pf. -trios,  op.  16,  20,  59,  85  ;  2  string-quartets  ; 
a  serenade  f.  stnng-orch.  and  flute ;  a  cavatina 
f.  vln.  w.  orch. — The  looth  Psalm,  f.  double  ch., 
alto  solo,  and  orch.;  "  Vergebung,"  f.  sop.  solo, 
ch  ,  and  orch.;  "  Verheissung,"  f .  do  ;  "  Trost- 
hed,"  f.  do  ,  w.  organ  ad  lib.;  *'  An  den  Sturm- 
wind,"  f.  male  ch.  w.  orch.  ;  "  Gott  1st  gross," 
f .  male  ch  ,  w.  2  horns  and  3  trombones  ;  motets 
f.  male,  mixed,  and  female  chorus ;  numerous 
pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Jadin,  Louis- Emmanuel,  dramatic  compo- 
ser ;  b.  Versailles,  Sept.  21,  1768  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr. 
n,  1853.  Vln. -pupil  of  his  father,  Jean  J.;  pf  - 
pupil  of  his  brother,  Hyacinthe  J.  In  1789  he 
became  accompanist  at  the  newly  organized  The- 
atre de  Monsieur ;  in  1792  he  joined  the  band 
of  the  Garde  Nationale,  for  which  he  wrote 
many  patriotic  airs,  marches,  and  hymns.  In 
1802,  on  his  brother's  death,  he  succeeded  him 
as  prof,  at  the  Cons.;  became  cond.  at  the  The- 
atre Moliere  (1806),  and  Master  of  the  Music- 
pages  from  1814—30,  when  he  retired.  From 
1790-1822  he  prod,  nearly  40  operas  and  ope- 
rettas in  Paris  ;  he  also  wrote  symphonies,  over- 
tures, a  vast  amount  of  chamber-music,  pf.- 
concertos,  sonatas,  duos,  fantaisies,  etc.,  f  pf.  ; 
concertante  f.  2  pf.s ;  14  collections  of  airs  for 
solo  voice;  romances,  etc.,  for  2  voices;  and 
other  music. 

Jadin,  Hyacinthe,  b.  Versailles,  1769 ;  d. 
Paris,  1802.  Pianist,  pupil  of  his  father,  Jean 
J.,  and  of  Hullmandel.  Prof,  of  pf.  at  the 
Conservatoire  from  its  foundation  in  1795. — 
Works  :  4  pf. -concertos  ;  5  pf. -sonatas  ;  2  do.  f. 
4  hands  ;  3  books  sonatas  f .  vln.  and  pf . ;  also 
an  overture  f.  wind,  12  string-quartets,  6  string- 
trios,  etc. 

Jaell,  Alfred,  noted  pianist  and  comp.;  b. 
Trieste,  Mar.  5,  1832 ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  27,  1882. 
Pupil,  for  violin  and 
pf.,  of  his  father, 
Eduard  J.  (d.  Vi- 
enna, 1849);  pianis- 
tic  debut  at  Venice, 
1843,  after  which 
time  his  almost  con- 
tinual concert-tours 
earned  him  the  title 
of  "le  pianiste-voy- 
ageur."  From  1852- 
54  he  travelled  in 
America ;  after  this, 
he  made  Paris,  Brus- 
sels, or  Leipzig  his  temporary  home.  In  1866 
he  married  Marie  Trautmann  [see  below]  ;  his 
tours  took  him  all  over  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope ;  he  was  made  court-pianist  to  the  King  of 
Hanover  in  1856.  His  playing  was  remarkable 


rather  for  suave  elegance  and  refinement  than 
forceful  energy.  Besides  original  Valses,  Not- 
turnos,  Romanzas,  etc.,  he  wrote  many  ex- 
tremely effective  transcriptions  from  Wagner, 
Schumann,  Mendelssohn,  etc. 

Jaell-Trautmann,  Marie,  wife  of  Alfred 
Jaell ;  a  fine  pianist  and  composer ;  b.  Stein- 
seltz,  Alsatia,  1846  ;  pupil  (1861)  of  H.  Herz  at 
Pans  Cons. ,  where  she  won  first  pf  .-prize.  After 
her  marriage,  she  accompanied  her  husband  on 
his  travels. —  Works:  Pf. -concerto  ;  4 -hand 
waltzes  ;  Valses  melancoliques,  Valses  mi- 
gnonnes,  and  several  characteristic  pieces  f .  pf. ; 
also  a  method,  "  Le  Toucher,"  favorably  noticed 
in  Pans. 

Jane",  Moritz,  b.  Posen,  Jan.  3,  1835.  Vio- 
linist, pupil  of  Ries  in  Berlin,  also  of  Bohmer 
(harm.),  then  (1858)  of  Maurin  and  Massard, 
Paris,  and  again  in  Berlin  of  Laub,  Wiierst,  and 
Bussler. — Works  The  operas  Das  Kdthchen 
von  Heilbronn  (Augsburg,  1866) ;  Eckehard 
(Berlin,  1875)  ;  and  La  DucJiessa  di  Svevia  (in 
Italian  at  Milan,  1893) ;  also  a  string-quartet, 
violin-music,  songs,  etc 

Jahn,  Otto,  learned  musicographer  and  art- 
critic;  b.  Kiel,  June  16,  1813  ;  d.  Gottingen, 
Sept.  9,  1869.  After  study  at  Kiel,  Leipzig, 
and  Berlin,  he  travelled  in  France  and  Italy 
1836-9,  then  qualifying  at  Kiel  as  lecturer  on 
philology ;  in  1842  he  became  prof,  extraordi- 
nary of  archaeology  at  Greifswald,  and  full  prof, 
in  1845 ;  undertook  the  directorship  of  the 
archteol.  museum  at  Leipzig  in  1847,  was  dis- 
missed in  1851  for  political  reasons,  and  in  1855 
was  app  director  of  the  art-museum,  and  prof, 
of  archaeology,  at  Bonn  Univ.  In  1867  he  was 
called  to  Berlin. — As  a  writer  on  music  his 
magnum  opus  is  the  standard  biography  of  "W. 
A.  Mozart "  (1856-9,  4  vols;  2nd  ed.  1867,  2 
vol.s ;  3rd  ed.  1889,  I  vol.,  revised  by  Dr.  H. 
Deiters ;  Engl.  trans.  London,  3  vol.s,  1882). 
This  was  the  first  mus.  biography  written  ac- 
cording to  the  "comparative"  critical  method  ; 
it  reviews  the  state  of  music  during  the  period 
immediately  preceding  Mozart,  and  has  become 
a  model  for  subsequent  mus.  biographers  and 
historiographers.  Other  writings  on  music  are 
"Ober  Mendelssohn's  Paulus"  ("  Grenzbote," 
1842),  and  numerous  essays,  publ.  1866  in  his 
"  Gesammelte  Aufsatze  tiber  Musik,"  on  Wag- 
ner, Berlioz,  on  the  Lower  Rhine  Mus.  Festi- 
vals of  1855-6,  on  Breitkopf  &  Hartel's  com- 
plete ed.  of  Beethoven,  etc.  It  had  been  his 
intention  to  write  a  Beethoven  biography  ;  but 
under  his  hand  the  collected  materials  first 
shaped  themselves  to  a  Life  of  Mozart,  and 
Thayer  utilized  the  accumulated  data  for  his 
"Beethoven,"  as  Pohl  used  J.'s  notes  in  his 
"  Haydn." — As  a  "  practical "  musician,  J.  publ. 
32  songs,  in  4  books,  and  a  vol.  of  4-part  songs 
for  mixed  voices.  His  critical  ed.,  in  vocal 
score,  of  Beethoven's  Fidelia,  is  esteemed. 

Jahn,  Wilhelm.  b.  Hof,  Moravia,  Nov.  24, 
1835,  was  a  chonster  at  Temesvar  in  1852, 


293 


JAHXS— JAXXEQUIX 


Atf/fiTw.  at  Festh  (1254),  later  at  Agram,  Am- 
sterdam, Prague  ( 1357-64 1,  the  Royal  Th.  at 
Wiesbaden  (1864-21),  and  Vienna,  where  he 
was  Director  of  the  Court  Opera  until  his  retire- 
ment in  1897  (G.  Mahler  is  his  successor).  He 
has  publ.  songs. 

Jahns,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Berlin,  Jan. 
2,  iSog ;  d.  there  Aug.  S,  iSSS.  A  pupil  in 
singing  of  Ed.  Grell  and  Ileinr.  Stumer  (also 
of  Ch.  Detroit,  pf.,  and  L.  Horzizky,  pf.  and 
comp.),  he  entered  the  Royal  Opera  chorus  as 
a  boy-soprano,  later  becoming  a  distinguished 
vocal  teacher  (some  1,000  pupils).  He  founded 
a  singing-society  in  1845,  and  was  its  cond. 
until  1870 ;  in "  1849  he  received  the  title  of 
"Royal  Music-Director,"  and  that  of  "Pro- 
fessor" in  1870  ;  in  iSSi  he  was  app.  teacher  of 
rhetoric  at  Scharwenka's  Cons.  An  enthusiast 
in  ail  things  pertaining  to  Weber,  he  made  a 
unique  collection  of  Weberiana  (all  W.'s  com- 
positions in  the  first  and  in  all  subsequent  edi- 
tions ;  300  autograph  letters  and  documents  ; 
many  mus.  autographs,  as  the  sketches  for 
Euryant/iL\  the  Mass  in  Eb,  the  "Aufforderung 
zum'Tanz,"  fct  Leyer  und  Schwert,"  etc.;  and  all 
obtainable  published  essays  and  articles  on 
Weber ;  etc.;,  purchased  in  1883  for  the  Royal 
Library,  Berlin.  His  own  work,  "  C.  M.  von 
Weber  in  seinen  Werken  "  (1871),  is  the  most 
trustworthy  treatise  on  the  composer's  works, 
containing  a  thematic  catalogue  chronologically 
arranged,  with  critical  notes  ;  it  was  followed  in 
1873  by  il  C.  M.  von  Weber,"  a  sketch  of  W.'s 
life.  J.'s  original  compositions  include  a  pf.- 
trio,  op.  10 ;  a  Grand  Sonata  f .  pf .  and  vln. , 
op.  32 ;  other  pf. -music  ;  and  over  150  works 
for  one  or  more  voices,  among  them  the  "  Schot- 
tische  Lieder." 

Ja'kob,  Friedrich  August  Leberecht,  b. 

Kroitzsch,  n.  Liegnitz,  June  25,  1803  ;  d.  Lieg- 
nitz,  May  20,  1884.  Cantor  at  Conradsdorf, 
Silesia,  1824-78,  when  he  was  pensioned. — For 
years  co-editor  of  the  "Euterpe";  publ.  a 
"Fassliche  Anweisung  zum  Gesangunterricht 
in  Volksschulen  "  (1828),  and  (with  E.  F.  Rich- 
ter)  a  valuable  "  Reformirtes  Choralbuch  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1873  ;  2nd  ed.  1877).  Also  quartets  f.  male 
ch.,  school-songs,  songs. 

Jan,  Maistre.    See  GALLUS,  JOHANNES. 

Jan,  Karl  von,  b.  Schweinfurt,  1836 ;  took 
the  degree  of  Dr.  phiL  at  Berlin,  1859,  with 
the  thesis  "  De  fidibus  Graecorum"  (On  the 
Stringed  Instruments  of  the  Greeks) ;  taught  at 
the  "Graues  Kloster"  under  Bellermann,  and 
then  at  Landsberg  until  1875,  when  he  went  to 
Saargemtmd,  and  thence  (1883)  to  the  Lyceum 
at  Strassburg.  He  has  publ.  several  musico- 
historical  essays :  On  the  ancient  Greek  Modes 
(1878),  and  the  "Diaulos"  (1881,  both  in  the 
"Allg.  mus.  Zeitung");  in  art.  "  Citharodik " 
in  the  "Halle  Encyclopedia,"  on  the  cithara 
and  lyre ;  an  analysis  of  Bacchius's  "  Eisagoge  " 
(1891,  "Programm"  of  Str.  Lyceum);  on  the 


metrics  of  Bacchius  (Rhenish  "  Museum  fur 
Philologie,"  vol.  46);  on  the  "Hymnen  des 
Dionysos  und  Mesomedes"  (Fleckeisen's 
"Jahrb.  der  Philologie,"  1890);  on  the  "Har- 
monic der  Spharen"  ("  Philolo^us,"  vol.  52); 
on  "  Rousseau  als  Musiker"  ("  Preuss.  Jahrb.," 
vol.  56). 

Jankd,  Paul  von,  b.  Totis,  Hungary,  June 
2,  1856 ;  studied  at  the  Polytechnic,  Vienna, 
and  ako  at  the  Cons,  (under  Hans  Schmitt, 
Krenn,  and  Bruckner)  ;  then  (iSSi-2)  at  Berlin 
Univ.  (mathematics),  and  with  Ehrlich  (pf). 
His  new  keyboard,  invented  in  1882,  is  really 
a  new  departure  in  piano-mechanics,  though 
standing  in  distant  relationship  to  the  older 
"  chromatic  "  keyboard  advocated  by  the  society 
"  Chroma."  It  has  six  rows  of  keys  in  step-like 
succession ;  the  arrangement  of  the  two  lowest 
rows  (typical  of  the  other  two  pairs)  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

Second  row.       c~    d*    F    G     A     ft 

Lowest  row:  C  D  E  f$  g  a$  C  etc. 
the  capitals  representing  white  keys,  and  the 
small  letters  black  ones.  The  3rd  and  4th  rows, 
and  the  5th  and  6th  rows,  are  mere  duplications 
of  the  ist  and  2nd  ;  and  corresponding  keys  in 
the  ist,  3rd,  and  5th  rows,  and  in  the  2nd,  4th, 
and  6th  rows,  are  on  one  and  the  same  kev-Iever, 
so  that  any  note  can  be  struck  in  three  different 
places.  The  fingering  of  all  diatonic  scales  is 
alike ;  chromatic  scales  are  played  by  striking 
alternate  keys  in  any  two  adjoining  rows.  The 
width  of  an  octave  on  the  ordinary  keyboard 
corresponds  exactly  to  that  of  a  tenth  on  the 
Jank6  keyboard,  on  which  latter  large  hands  can 
easily  stretch  a  thirteenth.  A  full  description 
of  the  keyboard  was  publ.  in  pamphlet-form  by 
its  inventor,  who  has  also  produced  it  in  numer- 
ous concerts.  It  has  been  taken  up  by  several 
pianists  (Wendling,  Gisela  Gulyas),  and  is 
taught  iu  some  music-schools  (Leipzig  Cons.). 

Jannaco'ni,  Giuseppe,  one  of  the  last  com- 
posers in  "  Palestrina-style  "  ;  b.  Rome,  1741  ; 
d.  there  Mar.  16, 1816.  A  pupil  of  S.  Rinaldmi 
and  G.  Carpani,  he  succeeded  Zingarelli  in  1811 
as  maestro  at  St.  Peter's.  He  is  noted  for  his 
scoring  of  many  of  Palestrina's  works,  aided  by 
his  friend  Pisari.  Himself  a  most  distinguished 
composer  of  church-music,  his  works  still  remain 
in  MS.  in  the  Santini  Coll.  at  Rome ;  they  in- 
clude a  Mass,  a  Te  Deum,  a  Magnificat,  a  Dixit 
Dominus,  and  a  Tu  es  Petrus,  all  a  16  ;  16 
Masses  in  4-8  parts,  w.  organ;  14  other  masses  ; 
32  Psalms  in  4-8  parts  ;  10  do.  w.  orch.;  16  mo- 
tets in  2-6  parts  ;  57  Offertories  and  Anthems  a 
3-8  ;  a  Canon  a  64 ;  2  Canons  a  16  ;  an  '*  Ecce 
terrae  motus  "  f .  6  basses  ;  an  oratorio  f .  2  tenors 
and  I  bass,  EAgonia  di  Gesk  Ckristo ;  etc. 

Jannequin  (or  Janequin,  Jennekin),  CleV- 
ment,  a  French  (or  Belgian)  contrapuntist  of  the 
i6th  century.  Probably  a  pupil  of  Jpsquin,  he 
was  an  imitator  of  Gombert  as  a  writer  of  de- 
scriptive or  *  *  program-"  music.  Besides  numer- 
ous detached  pieces  in  collections  of  the  time 


294 


JANOTHA— JAPHA 


(Attaignant's,  Gardane's,  etc.),  and  cJianson*  in 
special  editions  by  Attaignant  (1553,  1537),  J. 
Moderne  (1544),  T.  Susato  (1545),  and  Le  Roy 
et  Ballard  (1559),  there  were  publ.  "  Sacrae  can- 
tiones  seu  motectae  4  vocum  "  (1533),  "Proverbes 
de  Salomon  mis  en  cantiques  et  ryme  frangais  " 
(1554),  "Octante  psaumes  de  David"  (1559). 
Among  his  most  interesting  ' 4  Inventions  "  (chan- 
sons) in  4-5  parts  are  "  La  Bataille  "  (portraying 
the  battle  near  Malegnano  in  1515  ;  Verdelot 
added  a  fifth  part  to  the  original  four),  u  La 
Prise  de  Boulogne,"  "  La  Guerre,"  4t  La  chasse 
de  hevre,"  "  La  chasse  au  cerf,"  <4Le  caquet 
des  femmes,"  "  La  jalousie,"  "  Le  chant  des 
oiseaux"  (2  settings),  "  L'alouette,"  and  u  Le 
rossignol." 

Jano'tha,  Nathalie,  pianist;  b.  Warsaw. 
Pupil  of  Joachim  and  Rudorff  at  the  Berlin  Hoch- 
schule ;  later  of  Clara  Schumann,  Brahms,  and 
Princess  Czartoryska;  also  (in  harm.)  of  F. 
Weber  in  Cologne  and  Bargiel  in  Berlin.  Debut 
as  pianist  at  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  Jan.  I, 
1874.  She  is  court  pianist  to  the  German 
Emperor  (1885),  and  is  decorated  with  many 
high  orders  — Compositions  :  Ave  Maria  (in- 
scribed to  Pope  Leo),  Mountain  Scenes  (to  Frau 
Schumann),  gavottes,  mazurkas,  and  other  pf.- 
music. 

Janowka,  Thomas  Balthasar,  b.  Kutten- 
berg,  Bohemia,  about  1660,  organist  at  Prague  ; 
known  to  fame  as  the  compiler  of  "  Clavis  ad 
thesaurum  magnae  artis  musicae"  (1701),  the 
earliest  musical  lexicon  save  Tinctor's  "  Ter- 
minorum  musicae  diffinitorum"  (publ.  about 
1475) 

Jan'sa,  Leopold,  b.  Wildenschwert,  Bohemia, 
1794  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  25, 1875.  Violinist,  taught 
at  home  by  Jehada  and  Zizius,  in  Vienna  from 
1819  by  Worzischek (vln.)  and  E  Forster (comp.). 
In  1823  he  became  chamber-musician  to  the  Graf 
von  Brunswick  in  Hungary  ;  in  1824,  joined  the 
Imp.  orchestra  in  Vienna  ;  and  was  app.  dir.  of 
music,  and  prof,  of  violin,  at  the  Univ.  of  Vi- 
enna in  1834.  In  1849,  having  taken  part  in  a 
concert  for  the  benefit  of  the  Hungarian  revolu- 
tionists in  London,  he  was  banished,  and  went  to 
London,  living  there  as  a  teacher  and  concert- 
player  until  1868.  On  proclamation  of  amnesty 
in  that  year,  he  returned  to  Vienna,  and  received 
a  pension.  As  a  player,  J  ranked  next  to  Bohm 
and  Mayseder  ;  his  compositions  include  4  vio- 
lin-concertos, also  sonatas,  fantasias,  rondos  and 
variations  f .  vln  ;  36  vln. -duets ;  a  Rondeau  con- 
certant  f .  2  vlns.  w.  orch. ;  8  string-quartets ;  3 
string-trios ;  and  a  few  church-works  (offertory 
f.  tenor  and  vln.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Graduale 
f .  4  male  voices  ;  2  cantatas. 

Jan'sen,  F.  Gustav,  b.  Jever,  Hanover,  Dec. 
15, 1831.  Pupil  of  Coccius  and  Riccius  in  Leip- 
zig ;  taught  music  in  Gbttingen ;  and  in  1855 
was  app.  organist  of  Verden  Cathedral,  with  the 
title  of  Roval  Music-Director  in  1861.  He  publ. 
44  Die  Davidsbtindler ;  aus  R.  Schumanns  Sturm- 
und  Drangpenode  "(1883),  vividly  describing  this 


important  period  ;  for  his  somewhat  extravagant 
statements  he  was  taken  to  task  by  Wasielewski 
in  "Schumanniana"  ;  also  edited  44  R.  Schu- 
manns Brief e  neue  Folge  "  (1886).  He  wrote 
original  pieces  and  transcriptions  f.  pf.,  and 
songs. 

Jans'sen,  N.  A.,  Carthusian  monk,  organist 
at  Louvain.  Publ.  '"  Les  vrais  principes  du  chant 
gregonen"  (1845;  German  transl.,  "  Wahre 
Grundregeln  des  Gregorianischen  oder  Choral- 
gesangs,"  1847). 

Jans'sen,  Julius,  b.  Venlo,  Holland,  June 
4,  1852.  He  studied  in  the  Cologne  Cons.,  be- 
came cond.  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  at  Minden  in  1876, 
later  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  and  Male  Choral  Soc.  at 
Dortmund,  where  he  was  app.  city  mus.  director 
in  1890,  and  cond  the  1st  and  2nd  Westphalian 
Mus.  Festivals.  Has  publ.  songs. 

Jans'sens,  Jean  -Frangois-  Joseph,  com- 
poser ;  b.  Antwerp,  Jan.  29, 1801 ;  d.  there  Feb.  3, 
1835.  Taught  by  his  father  and  De  Lceuw, 
later  for  2  years  by  Lesueur  in  Paris.  Returning 
to  Antwerp,  he  studied  law  at  his  family's  desire, 
and  practised  as  a  notary  until  the  siege  of  Ant- 
werp (1832),  composing  in  leisure  hours  ;  going 
to  Cologne,  he  lost  his  MSS.  and  other  posses- 
sions by  fire  on  the  night  of  his  arrival,  and  be- 
came insane  in  consequence.  In  his  biography, 
by  Van  der  Straeten  (Brussels,  1866),  is  given  a 
list  of  his  works,  the  importance  of  which  was 
recognized  after  his  death.  They  include  4  op- 
eras :  Le  pert  rival  and  La  jolie  fiancfe  (both 
Antwerp,  1824),  and  2  others  in  MS.  ;  2  cantatas 
w.  orch.,  Les  Grccs^  on  &hssolongtn>  and  JFzw- 
terarmoedt ;  an  ode,  Le  Roi /  2  symphonies,  44Le 
lever  du  soleil,"  and  a  2nd  which  won  a  prize  at 
Ghent ;  5  masses  ;  a  Te  Detim  ;  some  25  motets, 
anthems,  psalms  and  hymns,  w.  orch. ;  songs. 

Januschow'sky  [-shoff-],  (Frau)  Georgine 
von,  dramatic  soprano ;  b.  Austria,  about  1859. 
She  sang  in  operetta  at  Sigmanngen  in  1875, 
then  at  Stuttgart,  Freiburg,  and  Gratz.  In  1877 
she  succeeded  Marie  Geistinger  as  soubrette  at 
the  Theater  an  der  Wien,  Vienna  ;  from  1879- 
80,  soubrette  at  Leipzig  ;  1880,  in  the  Germania 
Th.,  New  York  ;  1892,  sang  at  Mannheim  and 
Wiesbaden ;  1893-5,  dramatic  prima  donna  at 
the  Imp.  Opera,  Vienna.  She  married  Ad. 
Neuendorf!  (d.  1897).  R61es  .  Brunnhilde  mDie 
Walkure,  Siegfried,  Gotterdbmmerung ;  Elisa- 
beth, Elsa,  Ortrud,  Senta,  Leonore,  Adrianna, 
Donna  Anna,  Aida,  Selika,  Valentine,  Iphigenie, 
Marguerite,  Rebecca,  Santuzza,  etc.  ;  also  lead- 
ing soubrette-r61es  in  over  60  comic  operas  and 
operettas. 

Ja'pha,  Georg-  Joseph,  b.  Konigsberg,  Aug. 
12  (18?),  1835  J  d.  Cologne,  Feb.  25, 1892.  Vio- 
linist :  pupil  of  David  and  R.  Dreyschock  in  the 
Leipzig  Cons.,  1850-3;  then  of  Edmund  Singer 
at  Konigsberg,  and  of  Alard  in  Paris.  Played 
1855-7  in  the  Gewandhaus  Orch.,  also  giving 
concerts  ;  concertized  in  Russia  in  the  winter  of 
1857-8  ;  taught  in  Kbnigsberg  1858-63,  and  or- 


295 


JAPIIA— JEXKIXS 


ganized  chamber-music  concerts  with  Adolf  Jen- 
sen ;  placed  successful!)-  in  London  ;  finally,  he 
became  leader  of  the  Uurzemch  Concerts  in  Co- 
logne, and  teacher  m  the  Cons,  there. 

Ja'pha,  Louise,  b.  Hamburg,  Feb.  2,  1626, 
distinguished  pianist  and  composer ;  pupil  of 
Fritz  Warendorf  (pf.),  and  of  U.  A.  Gross  and 
Wilhelm  Grucd  (comp. ) ;  studied  the  higher 
mus.  branches  in  1853  under  Robert  and  Clara 
Schumann  at  Dusseldorf.  In  1858  she  married 
W.  Langhans,  and  zealously  studied  classic 
chamber-music,  giving  brilliant  concerts  with 
her  husband  ;  in  Paris  she  was  f£ted  as  one  of 
the  finest  pianists  of  the  time  (1863-9).  Settled 
in  Wiesbaden,  1874. — Works  •  An  opera,  stnng- 
quartets,  pf. -pieces,  and  songs. 

Jaquet.    See  Buus. 

Jaraovic  [Giornovi(c)chi],  Giovanni  Ma- 
ne, an  Italian  violinist  of  Polish  parentage  ; 
b.  Palermo,  1745  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  Nov.  21, 
1804.  A  pupil  of  Lolli,  he  won  fame  at  the 
Concerts  Spin  fuels  in  Paris,  1770  ;  went  to  Ber- 
lin in  1779,  where  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Crown  Prince's  orch.  until  1783  ;  then  under- 
took a  long  concert-tour  to  Warsaw,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Stockholm,  Vienna  (1786),  and  other 
cities,  reaching  London  in  1792  ,  here,  as  pre- 
viously at  Berlin  and  Paris,  he  met  Viotti,  and 
might  have  coped  with  him  successfully,  had 
not  his  (J  7s)  insufferable  arrogance  and  irregu- 
lar habits  rendered  him  odious.  He  lived  in 
Hamburg  from  1796-1802,  and  went  thence  via 
Berlin  to  St.  Petersburg,  winning  fresh  laurels. 
He  died  suddenly  of  apoplexy.  His  works  (7 
symphonies,  i6vln. -concertos,  6  string-quartets, 
16  violin-duos,  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  bass,  etc.) 
were  in  high  favor  as  light  and  agreeable  music. 

Jarvis,  Charles  H.,  excellent  classical  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Philadelphia,  Dec.  20,  1837 ;  d.  there 
Feb.  25,  1895.  He  played  in  public  at  the  age 
of  seven.  In  1862  he  founded  the  Phila.  Quin- 
tet Club ;  he  also  cond.  various  series  of  orches- 
tral concerts,  and  gave  historical  pf.-recitals. 
He  was  a  teacher  of  repute. 

Jarvis,  Stephen,  English  composer;  b. 
1834 ;  d.  Lewisham,  London,  Nov.  27,  iSSo. — 
Works  :  String-quintets  ;  pf  .-music  ;  songs. 

Jean  le  Coq.    See  GALLUS,  JOHANNES. 

Jehan.    See  GALLUS,  JOHANNES. 

Jeiin,  L6on,  b.  Spa,  July  17,  1853 ;  violin- 
ist, pupil  of  Leonard  in  Brussels  Cons.;  con- 
ducted an  orch.  at  Antwerp,  and  in  the  Theatre 
de  la  Monnaie  and  Vauxhall,  Brussels;  from 
1879-89,  asst.-prof.  of  theory  at  Brussels  Cons.; 
since  then,  cond.  at  Monaco.  Has  written 
music  f.  orch.,  and  vln. -pieces. 

Je"hin  [Jflhin-Prume],  Frantz  Henry,  cele- 
brated violinist ;  b.  Spa,  Belgium,  Apr.  18, 1839; 
d.  Montreal,  Canada,  May  29,  1899.  At  4, 
pupil  of  Servais ;  at  5,  entered  the  class  of  his 
uncle,  Franfois  Prume,  in  Lie*ge  Cons. ;  gave  a 
public  concert  at  6,  and  at  9  won  a  prize.  On 


Prume's  death,  the  town  of  Spa  sent  J  -P.  to 
study  with  de  Beriot  and  Leonard  at  Brussels 
Cons   ,  in  the  latter's  class  he  won  ist  prize  in 
1851,   and  the  harmony-prize  in  Fetis'  class  in 
1853.     At  16,  after  finishing  under  Vieuxtemps 
and  Wieniawsky,  he  made  his  -virtuoso-debut  at 
Dresden,  followed  by  a  Russian  tour,  plajing 
with  the  Rubinsteins/Jenny  Lind,  Essipoff,  etc., 
and  forming  the  famous  trio  J  -P.,  de  Kontski, 
and  Monsigny.     After  tours  in  Germany,  Bel- 
gium, Scandinavia,  and  Holland,  he  was  app., 
in  1862,  violinist  to  the  King  of  Belgium,  as  de 
Beriot's  successor.    In  1863  he  travelled  through 
Mexico,  Havana,  and  New  York,  to  Montreal, 
meeting  and  marrying  the  famous  singer  Rosita 
del  Vecchio.     In  iSG6,  European  tour  ;  1869-71, 
long  tour  in  the  United  States  with  Carlotta 
Patti  and  Th.  Ritter.     Till  1887  his  time  was 
divided  between  Europe  and  America ;  he  then 
settled  in  Montreal,  where  he  was  prof,  at  the 
Trafalgar  Inst.,  founded  the  Artistic  Association 
(for  chamber-music)  in  1893,  and  was  active  in 
every  good  mus.  work  until  retirement  in  1896. 
He  succeeded  Vieuxtemps  as  head  of  the  "  Bel- 
gian School "  ;  his  tone  was  sweet  and  pure, 
technique    superb.       Decorations,    etc.,    were 
showered  upon  him.     Eugene  Isaye  was  one 
of  his  many  pupils.     Among  his  viol  in -works 
are  2  concertos,  and  over  30  brilliant  soli ;  he 
also  set  to  music  a  score  of  songs. 

Je'lensperger,  Daniel,  b.  near  Muhlhausen, 
Alsatia,  in  1797 ;  d.  there  May  31,  1831.  He 
was  employed  at  Mayence  and  Offenbach  as  a 
lithographic  copyist ;  was  eng.  at  Paris  in  the 
same  capacity,  and  there  studied  theory  under 
Reicha,  soon  becoming  the  latter's  repttiteitr  in 
his  Conservatory  classes,  and  later  asst.-profes- 
sor.  In  1820,  several  composers  formed  an  as- 
sociation for  publishing  their  own  works,  and 
made  J.  their  business-manager.  As  such  he 
edited  Reicha's  "  Trait^  de  haute  composition  " 
and  wrote  "  L'harmonie  au  commencement  du 
dix-neuvieme  siecle  et  me'thode  pour  Tetudier " 
(Paris,  1830;  German  transl.  Leipzig,  1833). 
He  was  the  translator,  into  French,  of  J.  Hum- 
mel's  "Clavierschule"  and  Haser's  "  Chorge- 
sangschule." 

Jelinek,  Franz  Xaver,  b.Kaurins,  Bohemia, 
Dec.  3,  1818  ;  d.  Salzburg,  Feb.  7, 1880.  Oboe- 
virtuoso,  trained  in  the  Prague  Cons.;  from 
1841,  librarian  at  the  Mozarteum,  and  oboe- 
teacher,  at  Salzburg  ;  later  also  choir-director  at 
the  Cathedral. — Works :  Church-music  ;  male 
choruses  ;  solos  f.  oboe. 

Jenkins,  David,  composer;  b.  Trecastell, 
Brecon,  Jan.  I,  1849.  Pupil  of  Dr.  Joseph 
Parry  at  the  Univ.  Coll.  of  Wales ;  graduated 
Mus.  Bac.,  Cantab.,  1878.  In  1885  he  visited 
America  as  a  festival-conductor.  He  is  prof,  of 
music  at  the  Univ.  Coll.  of  Wales,  Aberystwith  ; 
member  of  Council,  and  examiner,  in  the  Tonic 
Sol-fa  Coll.;  examiner  in  the  R.  C.  M.  He  has 
written  an  operetta,  The  Village  Children;  2 


296 


JENKINS— JOACHIM 


oratorios,  David  and  Saiil,  and  The  Legend  of 
St.  David  (Carnarvon  Eisteddfod,  1894) ;  3  can- 
tatas, The  Ark  of  the  Covenant^  David  and 
Goliath,  and  A  Psalm  of  Life  (Cardiff  Festival, 
1895)  ;  also  anthems,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Jenkins,  John,  English  composer ;  b.  Maid- 
stone,  1592 ;  d.  Kimberley,  Oct.  27,  1678. 
Musician  to  Charles  I  and  Charles  II.,  playing 
on  the  lute  and  the  lyra-viol.  He  wrote  many 
"  Fancies"  for  viols  or  organ,  and  light  pieces 
which  he  termed  "  Rants"  (The  MitterRant,  in 
Playford's  "  Musick's  Handmaid,"  1678  ;  The 
Fleece  Tavern  Rant,  and  The  Peterborough 
Rant,  both  in  Hayford's  "Apollo's  Banquet," 
1690).  In  1660  he  publ  "  12  Sonatas  f.  2  Vio- 
lins and  a  Base,  with  a  Thorough  Base  for  the 
Organ  or  Theorbo,"  the  first  English  instru- 
mental compositions  of  the  kind  ;  his  popular 
11  The  Lady  Katherine  Audley's  Bells,  or,  The 
Five  Bell  Consort,"  was  first  printed  in  Play- 
ford's  "  Courtly  Masqumg  Ayres"  (1662).  His 
Fancies  are  still  in  MS.  Several  interesting 
vocal  works  were  also  printed. 

Jennekin.    See  JANNEQUIN. 

Jen'sen,  Adolf,  a  German  song-composer  of 
conspicuous  talent;  was  born  in  Komgsberg, 
Jan.  12,  1837; 
died  Baden- 
Baden,  Jan.  23, 
1879-  Self-taught 
as  a  boy,  he  was 
aided  by  L.  Ehlert 
and  Fr.  Marpurg 
for  some  2  years, 
and  composed  dili- 
gently (overtures, 
a  string -quartet, 
sonatas,  and 
songs).  The  year 
1856  he  passed  as 
a  teacher  in  Rus- 
sia, earning  money 
to  go  to  Schu- 
mann at  Dusseldorf,  whom  he  passionately 
admired,  and  with  whom  he  corresponded ;  but 
Schumann  died  the  end  of  July.  J.  was 
JCapellm.  of  the  Posen  City  Th.  in  1857 ;  went 
to  Copenhagen  in  1858  to  spend  2  years  with 
Gade ;  and  in  1 860  returned  to  Konigsberg. 
From  1866-8  he  taught  advanced  pupils  at 
Tausig's  school  in  Berlin,  but  was  then  com- 
pelled by  ill-health  to  retire  to  Dresden,  in  1870 
to  Graz,  and  at  last  to  Baden-Baden,  where  he 
died  of  consumption.  In  his  vocal  music  J.  is 
most  nearly  akin  to  Schumann,  though  of  too 
deep  emotional  originality  to  be  termed  an  imi- 
tator. He  publ.  about  160  songs  for  solo  voice 
w.  pf.: — Op.  I,  4,  5  ;  op.  6  ("Der  Ungenann- 
ten,"  6  love-songs  after  Geibel) ;  op.  9,  n  ;  op. 
13  (6  Liebeslieder  f.  low  voice) ;  op.  14,  21-4  ; 
op.  30  ("  Dolorosa,"  6  po?ms  by  Chamisso) ; 
op-  34»  35.  39  '»  op-  40  ("  Gaudeamus,"  12  songs 
f.  bass) ;  op.  41,  49,  50-3,  55,  57,  58,  61 ;  and 


3  sets  without  opus-number.  His  other  vocal 
mu&ic  includes  op.  10,  No.  i,  "Nonnengesang" 
f  sopr.  solo  and  female  ch.,  w.  2  horns,  harp, 
and  piano,  and  No.  2,  "Brauthed"  f.  mixed 
ch.,  w.  ditto ;  op.  26,  Jephthas  Tochter,  f. 
soli,  ch  ,  and  orch. ;  Adonis-Fder^  f .  ditto ;  op. 
54,  "  Donald  Caird  ist  wieder  da,"  f.  tenor  solo, 
male  ch  ,  and  orch. ;  op.  63,  three  songs  f .  3-part 
female  ch.  and  pf  ;  op.  64,  two  Marienlieder  f. 
tenor  solo,  4  violas,  2  'cello,  2  double-basses,  and 
kettledrums  ;  and  2  sets  of  eight  4-part  songs, 
op.  28  and  29  — Instrumental  •  Concert-overture 
in  E  min.;  a  "geistliches  Tonstuck"  f.  orch  , 
"  Der  Gang  der  Junger  nach  Emmaus,"  op.  27  ; 
much  interesting  and  poetic  pf.-music  (for  4 
hands  :  "  Hochzeitsmusik,"  op.  45  ;  "Abend- 
musik,"  op.  59,  "  Lebensbilder,"  op.  60;  6 
"  Silhouetten,"  op.  62;  and  "Landliche  Fest- 
musik";— -for  pf  solo:  "  Innere  Stimmen,"  op. 
2  ;  "  Wanderbilder,"  op.  17  ;  sonata  in  F  min  , 
op.  25  ;  6  German  Suites,  op.  36 ;  "  Idyllen," 
op-  43 ".  "  Erotikon,"  7  pieces,  op.  44 ;  a 
scherzo,  "  Wald-Idylle,"  op.  47;  "Scenes  car- 
navalesques,"  op.  56;  and  many  others). — A 
3-act  opera,  Turandot*  was  left  in  MS.,  and  has 
been  finished  by  \V.  Kienzl. 

Jen'sen,  Gustav,  violinist  and  composer ;  b. 
Konigsberg,  Dec.  25,  1843  ;  d.  Cologne,  Nov. 
26,  1895.  Pupil  of  Dehn  (comp.),  and  Laub 
and  Joachim  (vln  ) ;  member  of  orch.  in  Ko- 
nigsberg City  Th.;  1872-5,  prof,  of  cpt,  at  Co- 
logne Cons — Works:  Symphony  ia  B[? ;  3 
CharacterstUcke  f.  orch.,  op.  33  ;  string-quartet, 
op.  1 1 ;  trio,  op.  4  ;  Suite  f .  pf .  and  vln. ,  op.  3  ; 
violin-sonata,  op.  7 ;  'cello-sonata,  op.  26 ; 
"Landliche  Serenade"  f.  string-orch. ,  op.  37; 
pf. -pieces,  arrangements  of  classic  music, 
songs,  etc. 

Jim'merthal,  Hermann,  b.  Lubeck,  Aug.  14, 
1809;  d.  there  Dec.  17,  1886.  Pupil  of  Men- 
delssohn; fine  organist,  and  an  expert  in  oigan- 
construction.  In  1 877  he  publ.  a  monograph  on 
Dietrich  Buxtehude  ;  also  wrote  valuable  essays 
on  organ-building. 

Jo'achim,  Joseph,  famous  classical  violinist; 
b.  Kittsee,  n.  Pressburg,  June  28,  1831.  He 
began  the  study  of 
the  violin  at  5,  his 
first  master  being 
the  leader  of  the 
Pesth  opera-orch., 
Szervaczinski, 
with  whom  he  first 
appeared  in  pub- 
he,  at  the  age  of  7, 
in  a  duet.  From 
1841  he  studied  in 
the  Vienna  Cons, 
under  Bohm,  de- 
veloping so  rapidly 
that  in  1843  he 
played  in  Leip- 
zig at  a  concert  given  by  Viardot-Garcia,  and 
shortly  after  at  the  Gewandhaus,  with  genu- 


297 


JOACHIM—JOHANNES 


ine  artistic  success.  He  made  Leipzig  his  home 
until  1849.  It  was  the  brilliant  epoch  of  Schu- 
mann, Mendelssohn,  and  David  ;  their  influence 
was  undoubtedly  powerful  in  determining  the 
young  virtuoso  to  devote  his  exceptional  gifts 
solely  to  the  best  in  musical  art.  From  Leipzig, 
too,  he  visited  London,  for  the  first  time  in  1844, 
again  in  1847,  and  thereafter  every  few  years, 
(later  annually, )  appearing  at  the  Monday  Popu- 
lar Concerts,  the  Crystal  Palace,  etc.  Dunng 
the  last  years  of  his  stay  in  Leipzig  he  frequently 
took  David's  place  as  leader  of  the  Gewandhaus 
Orchestra  In  1849  he  became  C&ncertmeister 
of  the  orch.  at  Weimar,  where  Liszt  reigned 
supreme ;  two  such  antagonistic  natures  could 
hardly  be  expected  to  agree  for  long,  and  in 
1854  j.  accepted  the  position  of  conductor  of 
concerts  and  solo  violinist  to  the  King  of  Hanover. 
In  1863  he  married  Araalie  Weiss  [see  next  art  ]. 
In  iS6S  he  was  app.  head  of  the  newly  estab- 
lished ''Hochschule  fur  ausubende  Tonkunst," 
at  Berlin,  on  the  reorganization  of  which,  some 
years  later,  J.  was  made  artistic  director  of  the 
department  for  stringed  instr.s.  In  1895  he  re- 
sumed the  directorship.  He  has  been  the  life 
and  soul  of  the  institution.  In  1877  he  received 
the  honorary  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  from  Cam- 
bridge Univ.  ;  German  universities  have  also 
bestowed  degrees  upon  him,  and  he  is  a  knight  of 
numerous  orders.  His  style  of  playing,  nurtured 
on  the  best  classic  models,  is  remarkable  for  a 
masterful  repose,  dignity,  breadth,  and  flawless 
finish  which  have  won  for  him  the  popular  title 
of  "  the  king  of  violinists."  It  has  been  his  aim 
to  interpret  only  the  best  violin-literature  in  ab- 
solute accordance  with  the  intentions  of  the 
respective  composers ;  this  quality  of  unmixed 
objectivity  has  made  him  the  foremost  quartet- 
player  of  his  time;  as  an  exponent  of  classic  soli 
he  stands  unrivalled  in  his  peculiar  domain, 
though  the  more  brilliant  and  fiery  playing  of 
some  other  virtuosi  is  more  effective  under  cer- 
tain conditions.  His  quartet-party  (Joachim, 
De  Anna,  Wirth,  and  Hausmann)  attained  the 
ne  plus  ultra  of  excellence.  His  compositions 
are  of  a  sombre,  passionate  cast ;  the  finest  is 
probably  the  "  Hungarian "  concerto,  op.  11, 
in  D  minor ;  he  has  written  2  others  (op.  3,  in 
G  min.,  and  the  Variations  in  G,  f.  vln.  and 
orch.).  His  op.  I  is  an  Andantino  and  Allegro 
scherzoso,  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  op.  2,  3  Stucke  f.  vln. 
(Romanze,  Fantasiestuck,  Fruhlingsfantasie) ; 
op.  4,  overture  to  Hamlet;  op.  5,  3  Stucke  f.  vln. 
and  pf.  (Lindenrauschen,  Abendglocken,  Bal- 
lade) ;  op.  6,  7,  8,  overtures  in  MS.  ;  op.  9, 
Hebrew  Melodies,  L  viola  and  pf.;  op.  10,  Var.s 
on  an  orig.  theme,  f.  viola  and  pf. ;  op.  12,  Not- 
turno  in  A,  f.  vln.  and  small  orch. ;  op.  13,  over- 
ture "  Dem  Andenken  Kleists";  op.  i4,"Szene 
der  Marfa  "  (from  Schiller's  Demetrius),  f.  con- 
tralto solo  w.  orch. ;  three  cadenzas  to  Beethoven's 
violin-concerto;  two  Marches  (in  C  and  D), 
with  Trios;  a  song,  "Ich  habf  in  Traum 
geweinet." 
Jo'achim,  AmaKe,  n&  Weiss  (w^Schnee- 


weiss),  highly  accomplished  concert-singer  (con- 
tralto) ;  b  Marburg,  Styria,  May  10,  1839 ,  d 
Berlin,  Feb.  3,  1899  After  her  father's  death 
she  made  her  stage-debut  at  Troppau  in  Sept  , 
1853  ;  six  months  later  she  went  to  Hermann- 
stadt,  and  m  1854  was  eng.  at  the  Karnthner- 
thor  Th.,  Vienna,  here  assuming  the  theatre- 
name  of  4k  Weiss."  In  1862  she  was  called  to 
the  Royal  Opera  at  Hanover ;  on  May  30, 1863, 
she  sang,  as  her  farewell-role  before  her  mar- 
riage to  Joseph  Joachim,  the  part  of  Fideho  (up 
to  this  time  she  had  sung  first  and  second  so- 
prano parts).  Withdrawing  from  the  stage,  she 
now  devoted  herself  to  concert-singing,  and  be- 
came the  representative  ZW-singer  of  Germany ; 
her  interpretation  of  Schumann's  songs  was 
unrivalled. 

Joao  IV.,  King  of  Portugal ,  b.  Villa-Vi^osa, 
Mar.  19,  1604  ;  d.  Lisbon,  Nov.  6, 1656.  Musi- 
cal theorist  and  church-composer.  His  magnifi- 
cent musical  library  was  totally  destroyed  by  the 
earthquake  of  1755.  Only  3  of  his  motets  are 
still  extant  He  publ.  * '  Defensa  de  la  musica 
moderna  contra  la  errada  opinion  del  obispo 
Cyrillo  Franco"  (1649  ;  anonymous  1,  and  "  Res- 
puestas  a  las  dudas  que  se  puzieron  a  la  missa 
Panis  quern  ego  dabo  de  Palestrina "  (1654) ; 
Italian  translations  were  made  of  both.  Two 
other  works,  left  in  MS.,  were  never  publ. 

Jobst  Brant.    See  BRANT. 

Joch'er,  Christian  Gottlieb,  prof,  of  phi- 
losophy and  librarian  at  Leipzig;  b.  Leipzig, 
July  20  (25?),  1694;  d.  there  May  10,  1758. 
His  thesis  for  the  degree  of  Doctor  was  "  Effec- 
tus  musicae  in  hominem"  (1714) ;  his*4Allge- 
meines  Gelehrten-Lexicon "  (1750,  4  vol  s ; 
augmented  by  Dunkel,  1755-60 ;  reedited  by 
Adelung,  1784-7,  and  by  Rotermund,  in  6  vol.s, 
1810-22)  contains  numerous  biographies  of 
musicians  and  writers  on  music. 

Johannes  Cotto.    See  COTTO. 

Johannes  Damascenus  (recte  Johannes 
Chrysorrhoos  of  Damascus),  b.  about  700 
A.D.;  d.  about  760  as  a  monk  in  the  Saba  mon- 
astery near  Jerusalem ;  canonized  by  both  the 
Greek  and  Roman  Churches,  and  the  earliest 
dogmatist  of  the  Greek  Church  ;  was  likewise 
the  arranger  of  the  liturgical  song,  and  the  re- 
former of  the  Byzantine  notation.  No  thorough 
investigation  of  the  Byzantine  system  of  nota- 
tion has  yet  appeared ;  the  entire  Byzantine 
liturgy  also  awaits  an  exhaustive  exposition  ;  as 
contributions  to  such  work  may  be  mentioned 
Cyriakos  Philoxenos1  "A«£ueov  TIJS  t\\i)viicqs 
iKK\ijffuurrunjy  /towruoys"  (1868);  W.  Christ, 
"  Beitrage  zur  kirchlichen  Litteratur  der  Byzan- 
tiner"(l870,  reprint  from  the  sessions-reports 
of  the  R.  Bavar.  Acad.  of  Sciences);  M.  C. 
Paranikas,  "  BeitrSge  zur  byzantinischen  Lit- 
teratur" (1870,  ibid.);  H.  Riemann,  "Die 
MaprvpuiL  der  byzantinischen  liturgischen  Nota- 
tion" (1882),  ibid.);  Tzetzes,  "Die  altgrie- 
chische'  Musik  in  der  griechischen .  Kirche " 


298 


JOHANNES— JONAS 


(1874,  dissertation);  Gardthausen,  "Beitrage 
zur  griechischen  Palaographie  "  (1880,  from  the 
sessions-reports  of  the  philologico-histoncal  class 
of  the  R.  Saxon  ' 4  Gesellschaf t  der  Wissenschaf- 
ten") ;  and  H.  Reimann,  "Zur  Geschichte  und 
Theorie  der  byzantinischen  Musik"  (1889). 

[RlEMANN.] 

Johannes  de  Garlandia.    See  GARLANDIA. 
Johannes  de  Muris.    See  MURIS. 
Johannes  Gallus.    See  GALLUS. 

Johns,  Clayton,  b.  New  Castle,  Del.,  Nov. 
24,  1857.  Studied  architecture  in  Philadelphia, 
1875-9  ;  thenjturned  to  music,  studying  at  Bos- 
ton under  J.  K.  Paine  (theory)  and  W.  H. 
Sherwood  (pf.)  for  3  years.  In  Berlin,  1882-4, 
he  studied  with  Kiel  (comp.),  and  Grabow,  Raif, 
and  Rummel  (pf.).  Since  then  he  has  lived  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  as  a  concert-pianist,  composer, 
and  teacher. — Publ.  works  About  100  songs  ; 
several  pf.-pieces ;  music  for  vln.  and  pf  (Mel- 
ody, Berceuse,  Romance,  Intermezzo,  Scherzino) ; 
and,  for  string-orch. ,  a  Berceuse  and  Scherzino. 

Joxnmelli,  Nicola,  eminent  opera-composer 
of  the  Neapolitan  "school,"  and  called  "the 
Italian  Gluck";  b.  Aversa,  near  Naples,  Sept. 
n,  1714;  d.  Naples,  Aug.  28,  1774.  Canon 
Mozzillo  was  his  first  teacher ;  at  16  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Cons,  of  San  Onofrio,  Naples,  as 
a  pupil  of  Durante,  but  was  soon  transferred  by 
his  father  to  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de1  Turchini, 
where  Feo  and  Leo  were  his  instructors  in  dra- 
matic and  sacred  composition,  and  Prato  and 
Mancini  in  singing.  Ballets  and  minor  vocal 
pieces  were  his  first  comp.s  ;  then  followed  dra- 
matic cantatas,  warmly  praised  by  Leo.  At  23 
he  produced  his  maiden  opera,  LErrore  amoroso 
(Naples,  1737),  under  the  assumed  name  "Va- 
lentino," dreading  popular  disapproval  ;  but  its 
enthusiastic  reception  encouraged  him  to  bring 
out  a  second,  Odoardo  (Naples,  1738),  under  his 
own  name,  likewise  with  flattering  success. 
After  several  other  fortunate  dramatic  ventures, 
he  was  called  to  Rome  in  1740,  where,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Cardinal  the  Duke  of  York, 
he  brought  out  IlRicimero  (1740)  and  Ashanatte 
(1741).  Invited  to  Bologna  to  write  an  opera, 
he  prod.  £010(1741) ;  here  P.  Martini,  delighted 
with  his  g'enius,  gave  him  valuable  advice.  Re- 
turning to  Naples,  his  Eumene  met  with  a  tri- 
umphant reception  ;  at  Venice  (1743)  his  Merope 
aroused  transports  of  enthusiasm,  and  the  Coun- 
cil of  Ten  appointed  him  director  of  the  Cons, 
del  Ospedaletto  ;  while  here  he  wrote  several 
notable  sacred  works.  In  1 745  he  went  to  Vienna, 
forming  a  warm  friendship  with  Metastasio, 
and  profiting  by, his  suggestions  on  dramatic 
expression  and  the  like.  Achille  in  Sdro  and 
Didone  (1745),  and  EAmore  in  masc/iera  (1746), 
were  the  fruit  of  his  sojourn  in  Vienna  ;  he  was 
in  Venice  1746-7,  and  in  1748  returned  to  Na- 
ples. The  next  year,  at  Rome,  he  prod.  Arta- 
serse,  and,  by  the  good  offices  of  Cardinal  Al- 
bani,  was  app.  maestro  at  St.  Peter's  as  Bencini's 


assistant.  He  remained  in  this  position  until 
1754,  writing  much  church-music  ;  then  resigned, 
to  become  A'apetlm.  to  the  Duke  of  \Vurttem- 
berg.  For  15  years  he  lived  alternately  at  Stutt- 
gart and  Ludwigsburg,  in  the  enjoyment  of  lib- 
eral compensation,  and  of  every  facility  for  com- 
position and  for  producing  his  works  (17  opere 
sene^  3  open  bu$e,  and  sacred  music) ,  under 
his  direction  the  Ducal  Kapelle  was  famed  as 
the  finest  in  Europe.  In  1759  the  Stuttgart 
opera  was  disbanded,  and  J.  again  sought  the  field 
of  his  former  triumphs,  Naples  ;  but  the  fickle 
Italian  public  had  almost  forgotten  him,  and  the 
influence  of  the  German  style,  reflected  in  his 
richer  modulation  and  heavier  instrumentation, 
was  not  at  all  to  their  taste  ;  consequently,  Ar- 
mida  abbandonata  (1770),  Demojoonte  (1770), 
and  Ifgenia  in  Tauridt:  (1771)  failed  to  win 
popular  favor.  These  sad  disappointments  at 
the  close  of  so  brilliant  a  career  so  affected  J.'s 
spirits  as  to  bring  on  an  apoplectic  stroke  in 
1773.  He  recovered  sufficiently  to  write  a  can- 
tata on  the  birth  of  an  heir  to  the  crown  of  Na- 
ples, and  a  Miserere  (considered  his  masterpiece) 
for  two  soprani  with  orch  ,  to  Italian  words. 
He  also  received  a  commission  from  the  King 
of  Portugal  to  write  2  operas  and  a  cantata  ;  but 
died  shortly  after  completing  the  Miserere. 

Jommelli  belongs  to  the  period  of  Aless.  Scar- 
latti, Leo,  Pergolesi,  and  L.  Vinci,  and  per- 
haps surpasses  them  in  naturalness  of  dramatic 
expression  in  many  arias  and  scenas ;  he  re- 
nounced, for  instance,  the  da  capo  form  of  the 
aria  fixed  by  Scarlatti,  and  imbued  his  later  dra- 
matic works  with  something  of  the  German 
spirit  in  orchestral  variety  and  color.  He  wrote 
over  50  known  operas  and  divertissements.  His 
sacred  music  won  equal  fame  ;  it  includes  4  ora- 
torios, several  cantatas,  and  a  great  quantity  of 
miscellaneous  church-works;  a  Laudate  w.  4 
soprani  soh  and  double  choir,  a  Miserere  and  a 
Dixit  a  8,  an  "  In  convertendo"  w.  6  soli  and 
double  choir,  a  Magnificat  w.  echo,  a  Hymn  to 
St.  Peter  f.  double  choir,  and  especially  the 
Miserere  f.  2  soprani,  alluded  to  above,  are  the 
most  celebrated. 

Jonas,  Alberto,  fine  pianist ;  b.  Madrid, 
June  8,  1868.  Pupil  of  Olave  and  Mendizabal ; 
also  studied  at  the  Cons.  He  entered  Brussels 
Cons,  at  1 8,  studied  there  under  Gevaert,  and  in 
1888  won  ist  prize  for  pf  -playing,  and  later  2 
first  prizes  in  harm.  His  pianistic  debut  was  at 
Brussels  in  1880.  In  1890  he  passed  3  months 
at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons,  under  Rubinstein's 
tuition.  He  played  in  Berlin  for  the  first  time 
in  1891 ;  has  made  concert-tours  in  England, 
Holland,  Belgium,  France,  Germany,  Russia, 
Mexico,  and  the  United  States  (1893,  1897). 
In  1894  he  became  head  of  the  pf. -department 
in  the  Univ.  of  Michigan  School  of  Music,  a 
position  held  at  present  (1899).  J.  began  com- 
posing as  a  mere  child ;  several  dances,  ro- 
mances, etc.,  have  been  publ. ;  op.  10,  Fantasie- 
Stucke  f.  pf.;  op.  12,  "Northern  Dances"  f. 


299 


JOXAS— JOXES 


pf.     His  transl.  into  Spanish  of  Gevaert's  "  In- 
strumentation "  will  soon  appear. 

Jonas,  Emile,  b.  Pans,  Mar.  5,  1827.  En- 
tering the  Cons  in  1041,  he  took  ist  prize  in 
harm,  m  Lecouppey's  class  ( 1847),  and  the  2nd 
Grand  pnx  de  Rome  in  Carafa's  class  (1848, 
with  the  cantata  Antomo).  Two  overtures  were 
played  in  the  Cons.,  1851,  1852;  but  he  found 
his  true  vocation  in  the  composition  of  comic 
operettas  &  la  Offenbach,  making  his  debut  with 
Lc  Duel  de  Benjamin  (Bouffes-Parisiens,  1855), 
followed  by  a  score  of  others  (La  Parade,  1856  ; 
Lc  Roi  bait,  and  Les  petits  Prodiges,  1857  ;  Job 
ft  sen  c Men,  1863  ;  Avaut  la  noce,  1865  ,  Deux 
Ariequins,  1065  ;  Le  Canard  a  trots  bees,  1869  ; 
Javt>ttt\  1871,  later  in  London  as  Cinderella  ; 
Le  premier  baiser^  1883  ;  etc.).  From  1847-66 
J.  was  prof,  of  solfeggio  at  the  Cons.,  and  from 
1859-70  also  took  a  harmony-class  for  students  of 
military  music.  As  mus.  director  of  the  Portu- 
guese Synagogue  he  publ.  a  "  Recueil  de  chants 
hebraiques  "  (1854).  At  the  Exposition  of  1867 
he  was  secretary  to  the  committee  of  organiza- 
tion of  military  festivals. 

Joncieres,  Fe"liac-Ludger-Victorin  de,  b. 
Paris,  Apr.  12,  1839.  A  student  of  painting 
under  Picot,  he  re- 
nounced that  art  for 
music,  and  entered 
Ehvart's  class  at  the 
ParisCons.,  but  left 
it  after  the  first  pub- 
lic Wagner  concert 
at  Paris,  in  i S6o,  his 
enthusiasm  for  the 
great  dramatist  re- 
volting at  the  pe- 
dantic strictures  of 
Elwart.  In  1868  he 
attended  the  first 
performance  of  ZbV 
JMeistcrstngfr  at 
Munich.  Since 
1871  he  has  been  the  mus.  critic  of  "  La  LiberteV' 
and  is  a  contributor  to  other  papers. — Works: 
The  3-act  opera  Sardanapalc  (Th.-Lyrique, 
1867) ;  4-act  opera,  Le  dernier  jour  de  Pompfi 
(ibid.,  1869) ;  4-act  opera,  Dimitri  (ibi&.,  1876); 
2-act  opera,  La  Reine  Berthe  (Opera,  1878);  4-act 
lyric  drama,  Le  Chevalier  Jean  (Opera-Comique, 
1885) ;  3-act  lyric  drama,  Lancelot  du  lac  (re- 
ceived at  the  Ope'ra)  ;  music  to  Hamlet  (1862); 
a  "  symphonic-ode,"  La  mer  ;  a  "  Symphonic  ro- 
mantique  ";  an  orch.  Suite  ;  a  Chinese  theme  f. 
soli  and  orch.,  "  Li  Tsin";  an  "Aubade  triom- 
phale"f.  orch.;  an  "Hungarian  Serenade"  f. 
orch. ;  a  "  Marche  slave  "  f .  orch. ;  a  concert- 
overture  ;  a  violin-concerto  ;  etc. — He  is  Presi- 
dent of  the  "Soc.  des  Compositeurs  de  mu- 
sique";  chev.  of  the  Legion  of  Honor;  and 
Officer  of  public  instruction. 

Jones,  Arthur  Barclay,  b.  London,  Pec. 
16,  1869.  Chorister  in  Brompton  Oratory, 
1878-93 ;  since  then  mus.  director.  He  also 


entered  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music  at  15  ; 
\von  a  scholarship  :  was  made  Associate  in  1889, 
prof,  of  pf.  in  1892,  and  of  harm,  in  1896.  His 
teachers  were  Thos.  Wingham  and  H.  C.  Banis- 
ter.— Works  :  Symphony  in  C  mm.  (1896),  con- 
cert-overture in  C  min.  (1892);  Sonata  f.  vln. 
and  pf.;  'cello-music  ;  pieces  f  pf.  and  f.  organ  ; 
Ave  Maria  f  sopr.;  hymns  f.  children  ;  etc. 

Jones,  Edward,  Welsh  musician  and  writer 
("Bardy  Brenin")  ;  b.  Llanderfel,  Merioneth- 
shire, Apr.  18,  1752  ;  d.  London,  Apr.  18,  1824. 
Player  on  the  Welsh  harp  ;  appeared  in  London, 
1775  ;  app.  Welsh  Bard  to  the  Pnnce  of  Wales, 
!~S3. — Works  :  "  Musical  and  Poetical  Relicks 
of  the  Welsh  Bards,  ...  a  History  of  the 
Bards  from  the  Earliest  Period,  and  an  Account 
of  their  Music,  Poetry,  and  Musical  Instr.s  "  (in 
2  parts ;  London,  1784) ;  a  2nd  ed.  of  same, 
with  slightly  altered  title,  and  augmented  (1794); 
"  The  Bardic  Museum  of  Primitive  British  Lit- 
erature .  .  .  ,  forming  the  2nd  vol.  of  the  Mu- 
sical, Poetical  and  Historical  Relicks  of  the 
Welsh  Bards  and  Druids"  (1802) ;  vol.  hi  of 
same  (about  1824) ;  and  a  supplementary  vol 
later ;  the  entire  work  contains  225  Gaelic  melo- 
dies ; — "  Lyric  Airs,  consisting  of  specimens  of 
Greek,  Albanian,  Walachian,  Turkish,  Persian, 
Chinese,  and  Moorish  Songs  and  Melodies,  with 
a  short  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  of  Ancient 
Greek  Music  "  (London,  1804) ;  **  Cheshire  Melo- 
dies" [provincial  airs  of  Cheshire]  (London, 
1803);  "  The  Mus.  Miscellany"  (n.  d.);  "  Terp- 
sichore's Banquet"  [national  airs]  (n.  d.);  "  The 
Minstrel's  Serenades"  (n.  d.) ;  "  The  Mus.  Bou- 
quet"(i799);  '*  Maltese  Melodies"  (n.  d.),  "  Mus. 
Remains  of  Handel,  Bach,  Abel,  etc.";  "  Choice 
Coll.  of  Ital.  Songs";  "The  Mus.  Portfolio" 
[English,  Scotch,  and  Irish  Melodies]  ;  "  Mus. 
Trifles  calculated  for  Beginners  on  the  Harp." 

Jones,  Griffith  Rhys  (or  Caradog),  Welsh 
conductor ;  b.  Trecynon,  Dec.  21,  1834.  Con- 
ductor as  a  youth  of  the  choir  called  "  Cor  Cara- 
dpg,"  whence  his  appellation.  He  cond.  the 
victorious  Welsh  choir  in  the  Crystal  Palace 
competitions  of  1872-3 ;  later,  choirs  in  Cardigan- 
shire, Cardiff,  and  now  (1899)  in  Pontypridd. 

Jones,  Griffith,  British  writer.  Publ.  in  the 
"Encycl.  Londoniensis "  a  paper,  afterwards 
printed  separately  as  "  Music  (new  ed.  1819  as 
"A  History  of  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Theo- 
retical and  Practical  Music '";  in  German,  1821, 
as  "  Geschichte  der  Tonkunst "). 

Jones,  John,  English  organist  and  comp.; 
b.  1728 ;  d.  London,  Feb.  17,  1796.  Org.  of 
Temple  Ch.,  1749  ;  of  Charterhouse,  1753  ;  of 
St.  Paul's,  1755.— Publ. tl  60  Chants,  single  and 
double  "  (1785) ;  Lessons  f .  harpsichord  (1761)  ; 
8  Setts  of  do.  do.  (1754) ;  and  songs. 


Jones,  Robert,  English  lutenist  and  comp.; 
.Jus.  Bac.,  Oxon.,  1597.  Publ.  "The  First 
Booke  of  Ayres"  (1601) ;  "The  Second  Booke 


of  Ayres,  set  out  to  the  Lute,  the  Base  Violl  the 
playne  way,  or  the  Base  by  tableture  after  the 


300 


JONES— JUE 


leero  fashion  "  (1601) ;  "  The  First  Set  of  Mad- 
rigals of  3-8  parts,  for  Viols  and  Voices,  or  for 
Voices  alone,  or  as  you  please  "  (1607)  ;  "  Ulti- 
mum  Vale,  or  the  Third  Booke  of  Ayres  of  I,  2, 
and  4  Voyces"  (1608),  "A  Musicall  Dreame, 
or  the  Fourth  Booke  of  Ayres  ;  The  first  part  is 
for  the  Lute,  two  voyces  and  the  Viole  de  Gambo 
The  second  part  is  for  the  Lute,  the  Viole,  and 
four  voyces  to  sing :  The  third  part  is  for  one 
voyce  alone,  or  to  the  Lute,  the  Base  Viole,  or 
to  both  if  you  please,  whereof  two  are  Italian 
Ayres"  (1609);  "The  Muse's  Gardm  for  de- 
light, or  the  Fifth  Booke  of  Ayres  only  for  the 
Lute,  the  basse  Violl  and  the  Voyce  (1611)  ; 
also  the  madrigal  "  Faire  Oriana, '  seeming  to 
wink  at  folly,"  m  "  The  Triumphs  of  Oriana" 
(1601),  and  3  pieces  in  Leighton's  "  Teares  or 
Lamentacions  "  (1614). 

Jones,  Sidney,  contemporary  British  com- 
poser.— Works  :  The  operetta  The  Gaiety  Girl 
(London,  1893) ;  the  opera  An  Artist's  Model 
(Daly's  Th.,  London,  1895)  ;  and  the  Japanese 
operetta  The  Geisha  (ibid.,  1896 ;  very  succ. 
there,  and  later  in  New  York,  Berlin,  etc.). 

Jones,  William  ("  of  Nayland  "),  b.  Lowick, 
Northamptonshire,  Engl.,  July  30,  1726 ;  d. 
Nayland,  Suffolk,  Feb.  6,  1800,  where  he  had 
been  perpetual  curate  since  1779. — Works  :  "A 
Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Musick"  (Colchester, 
1784 ;  and  ed.  Suffolk,  1827)  ;  10  Church  Pieces 
for  the  Organ,  with  4  Anthems  in  score  ;  mis- 
cellaneous church-music. 

Jones,  (Sir)  William,  b.  London,  Sept.  28, 
1746 ;  d.  Calcutta,  Apr.  27,  1794.  A  learned 
orientalist,  and,  from  1783,  judge  at  Calcutta. — 
Wrote:  "Commentaries  on  Asiatic  Poetry"; 
"The  Musical  Modes  of  the  Hindus"  (1784), 
also  publ  in  vol.  vi  of  his  Coll.  Works  (1799), 
and  utilized  by  Dalberg. 

Jordan,  Jules,  b.  Willimantic,  Conn.,  Nov. 
10,  1850.  Removing  to  Providence,  R.  I.,  in 
1870,  J.'s  fine  tenor  voice  secured  him  a  position 
in  Grace  Ch.;  he  studied  singing  with  G.  I. 
Osgood,  of  Boston,  and  in  Europe  under  Wm. 
Shakespeare,  London,  and  Sgr.  Sbriglia,  Paris. 
Returning  to  Providence,  he  was  for  13  years 
choirmaster  of  Grace  Ch.,  and,  since  its  founda- 
tion in  1880,  cond.  of  the  famous  Arion  Club. 
Favorite  singer  in  concert  and  oratorio  ;  created 
"  Faust"  in  Berlioz's  Damnation  de  Faust  at  its 
first  perf .  in  America  (New  York,  Feb.  14,  1880). 
Highly  successful  conductor  and  teacher.  In 
1895  Brown  Univ.  conferred  on  J.  the  degree  of 
Mus.  Doc. — Works  :  JRif  van  Winkle^  3-act 
romantic  comedy-opera  (publ.  1898);  The  Night 
Service^  cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  The 
Wind-swept  Wheat,  f.  tenor  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.; 
Barbara  Fnetchie  [Whittier],  ballad  f.  sopr., 
ch.,  and  orch.;  '*  Great  Western  Land,"  national 
hymn  ;  many  fine  popular  songs;  the  sacred 
pieces  "The  lost  sheep,"  f.  tenor  solo  and  ch., 
"  Tan  turn  ergo,"  f.  bass  and  ch.,  "  I  am  the 
vine,"  and  numerous  others. 


Josef  fy,  Rafael,  highly  accomplished  pian- 
ist ;  b.  Miskolcz,  Hungary,  July  3,  1853.  St. 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons, 
under  Moscheles, 
and  thereafter  be- 
came a  pupil  of 
Tausig  at  Berlin. 
Subsequent  con- 
cert-tours through 
Germany,  Austria, 
etc.,  revealed  him 
as  a  player  of  re- 
markable tech- 
nique, and  a  "  pre- 
destined "  interpre- 
ter of  Chopin  ;  in 
delicacy  of  touch 
he  is  unexcelled. 
He  made  Vienna  his  headquarters  for  a  number 
of  years ;  since  1879  (?)  ne  ^ias  liyed  *n  New  York, 
where  he  at  present  (1899)  teaches  in  the  Na- 
tional Conservator}'.  J.  has  also  publ.  about  a 
score  of  salon-pieces  for  piano,  among  them  a 
Chanson  d'amour,  2  Feuilles  d'album,  an  Im- 
promptu, a  Mazurka-Fantaisie,  a  Romance  sans 
paroles,  a  Spinning-song,  the  waltzes  "  Souvenir 
d'Amerique,"  a  Polka  noble,  "  The  Mill-clack," 
an  Idylle,  etc. 

Josquin.     See  DESPR^S. 

Jouret,  Theodore,  b.  Ath,  Belgium,  Sept.  n, 
1821  ,  d.  Kissingen,  July  16,  1887.  By  voca- 
tion a  prof,  of  chemistry  at  Brussels  military 
school,  he  was  mus.  critic  for  several  papers, 
and  also  comp,  (with  Meynne)  a  i-act  comic 
opera,  Le  AIe"decin  turc  (1845),  male  quartets, 
and  songs. — His  brother, 

Jouret,  L6on,  b.  Ath,  Oct.  17,  1828,  studied 
at  Brussels  Cons.,  where  he  has  taught  a 
vocal  ensemble-class  since  1874  — Works  :  Two 
operas,  Qitentin  Metsys  and  the  Le  Tricorne 
enchante* ;  church-music  ;  cantatas,  part-songs, 
and  songs. 

Jousse,  J.,  b.  Orleans,  France,  1760  ;  d.  Jan. 
19,  1837,  in  London,  whither  he  fled  to  escape 
the  Revolution,  residing  there  as  a  teacher  of 
singing  and  pf.  He  publ.  several  mus.  text- 
books, among  them  "Lectures  on  Thorough- 
bass" (1819),  a  new  revised  and  augmented  edi- 
tion of  which  was  publ.  in  New  York,  1894,  as 
"A  Catechism  of  Music." 

Ju'denkunig,  Hans,  b.  Schwabisch-GmUnd, 
lutenist  and  violist  at  Vienna,  publ.  "Ain  sch<5n 
kUnstliche  Underweisung  .  .  .  leychtlich  zu  be- 
greyffen,  den  rechten  Grand  zu  lernen  auff  der 
Lautten  und  Geygen  "  (1523),  important  for  the 
history  of  instruments  ;  a  copy  is  in  the  Vienna 
Library. 

Jue,  ifdouard,  b.  Paris,  1794;  violin-pupil  of 
the  Cons.  1808-11,  later  of  Galin,  whose  "  me7- 
loplaste"  he  adopted,  with  modifications. — 
Wrote  :  "  La  musique  apprise  sans  maitre " 
(1823;  1835;  1838);  "Solfege  m&oplastique" 


301 


JULIEX— JUPIX 


(1826)  ;  and  a  ''  Tableau  synoptique  des  prin- 
cipes  de  la  musique  "  (1836)'. 

Julien  <pr  Jullienj,  Louis-Antoine,  b.  Sis- 
teron,  Basses-Alpes,  Apr.  23,  iBi2  ;  d.  Pans, 
Mar.  14,  iS6o  Pupil  of  Halevy  in  Paris  Cons  , 
I  $34-6,  but  had  no  Uste  for  serious  study,  pre- 
ferring to  write  dance-tunes,  and  left  the  Cons, 
to  establish  dance-concerts  in  the  Jardin  Turc, 
which  were  soon  all  the  rage.  On  account  of 
debts  he  Red  to  London  in  1833  ;  recruited  a  fine 
orchestra,  gave  promenade-concerts,  and  made 
tours  through  Britain  and  to  America.  He  also 
founded  a  music-selling-  business  for  profitably 
disposing  of  his  own  popular  dance-music ; 
success  encouraged  him  to  more  ambitious  ef- 
forts, and  he  wrote  an  opera,  Pit.tr o  il  Grande -, 
in  5  acts ;  the  enormous  expenses  attending  its 
production,  in  1852,  ruined  him.  To  escape  his 
creditors,  he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
thrown  into  prison,  and  finally  died  in  an  insane 
asylum. 

Julien,  Paul,  fine  violinist ;  b  Brest,  France, 
Feb.  12,  1841  ;  pupil  of  Pans  Cons.  1848-50, 
winning  1st  pnze ;  travelled  in  N.  America 
1853-8,  and  again  in  the  '6o's,  losing  his  life  on 
the  voyage  between  New  York  and  Savannah, 
Oct.  4,  1866. 

Julliea,  Marcel-Bernard,  b.  Paris,  Feb.  2, 
1798  ;  d.  there  Oct.  15,  i83i.  Secretary-general 
to  the  Soc.  des  Me'thodes  d'enseignement,  and  a 
learned  grammarian. — Wrote  **  De  1'etude  de  la 
musique  instrumentale  dans  les  pensions  des 
demoiselles"  (1848) ;  "  De  quelques  points  des 
sciences  dans  1'antiquite  (Physique,  metrique, 
musique)"  (1854);  and  "Theses  supplemen- 
taires  de  metrique  et  de  musique  anciennes" 
(1861).— His  son, 

Jullien,  Jean-Lucien-Adolphe,  b.  Paris, 
June  I,  1845,  is  one  of  the  foremost  French 
mus.  writers,  authors,  critics,  and  reviewers ; 
contributes  to  "Le  Menestrel,"  the  "  Revue  et 
Gazette  musicale,"  and  the  *'Chronique  musi- 
cale."— Writings  :  "  L'Opera  en  1788  "  (1873) ; 
"La  musique  et  les  philosophes  au  XVI He 
siecle  "  (1873) ;  "  La  comedie  a  la  cour  de  Louis 
XVI,  le  theatre  de  la  reine  a  Tnanon  "  (1873) ; 
"Histoiredu  theatre  de  Mme.  Pompadour,  dit 
theatre  des  petits  cabinets"  (1874) ;  "  Les  spec- 
tateurs  sur  le  theltre"  (1875) ;  "  Le  theatre  des 
demoiselles  Verrieres"  (1875);  *' Les  grandes 
nuits  de  Sceaux,  le  theatre  de  la  duchesse  du 
Maine  "  (1876)  ;  "  Un  potentat  musical "  (1876)  ; 
"L'eglise  et  Topera  en  1735  ;  Mile.  Lemaure  et 
I'evgque  de  Saint-Papou!';  (1877);  "Weber  a 
Paris"  (1877);  "Airs  varies:  histoire,  critique, 
biographie  musicales  et  dramatiques "  (1877)  \ 
"La  cour  et  Topera  sous  Louis  XVI;  Marie- 
Antoinette  et  Sacchini,  Salieri,  Favart  et  Gluck  " 
(1878) ;  "  La  comedie  et  la  galanterie  au  XVIII* 
siecle  "  (1879) ;  "  Histoire  des  costumes  au  thea- 
tre" (1880);  "Goethe  et  la  musique"  (1880); 
"  L'opera  secret  au  XVIII0  siecle  "  (1880) ;  "  La 
ville  et  la  cour  au  XVIII*  siecle"  (1881)  ;  "  La 


comedie  de  la  cour  .  .  .  pendant  le  siecle  der- 
nier "(1663);  "Pans  dilettante  au  commence- 
ment du  siecle"  (1884) ;  two  great  quartos,  edi- 
tions de  luxe,  "Richard  Wagner,  sa  vie  et  ses 
reuvres"  (1886),  and  "  Hector  Berlioz"  (iSSS) ; 
"  Musiciens  d'aujourd'hui "  (2nd  series,  1894). 

Jumilhac,  Dom  Pierre-Benoit  de,  b  cha- 
teau St. -Jean-de-Ligour,  near  Limoges,  1611  ;  d. 
St.-Germain-des-Pres,  Mar.  22,  1682  A  Bene- 
dictine monk.  He  wrote  "La  Science  et  la 
Pratique  du  plain-chant  ..."  ( Paris,  1673  ; 
edited  by  Xisard  and  Leclerc,  and  republ. 
1847),  an  erudite  work  containing  many  mus. 
examples. 

Junck,  Benedetto,  b.  Tunn,  Aug.  24,  1852. 
Composer,  pupil  from  1872  of  Bazzmi  and  Maz- 
zucato  at  Milan,  where  he  lives  — Works  :  A 
string-quartet  in  E  ;  2  violin-sonatas  in  G  and 
D  ;  several  songs ;  etc. 

Jung'mann,  Albert,  b.  Langensalza,  Prussia, 
Nov.  14,  1824  ;  d.  Pandorf,  n.  Vienna,  Nov.  7, 
1892.  Pupil  of  G.  W.  Korner  (pf.)  and  I.  A. 
Leibrock  (theory) ;  for  years  prof,  at  the  St. 
Cecilia  Acad.,  Rome;  settled  in  Vienna,  1853, 
became  manager  for  C.  A.  Spina  (Diabelli  &  Co.), 
and  finally  founded  the  firm  of  Jungmann  & 
Lerch,  Spina's  successors. — Publ.  over  400  works 
f.  pf.,  chiefly  jtf&«-musicf  also  songs. 

Jung'mann,  Ludwig  ["Louis"],  b.  Weimar, 
Jan.  2,  1832  ;  d.  there  Sept.  20,  1892 ;  pupil  in 
the  Teachers'  Seminar}*,  later  of  Dr.  Topfer 
(comp.)  and  Liszt  (pf.).  From  1869,  teacher  at 
the  Sophien-Institut,  Weimar. — Publ.  pf.-music 
(trios,  variations,  Phantasiestucke),  songs,  etc. 

Jiingst,  Hugo,  b.  Dresden,  Feb.  26,  1853 , 
st.  in  the  Cons,  there,  1871-6 ;  now  conductor 
of  the  Dresden  Male  Choral  Society,  which  he 
founded  in  1876,  of  the  Julius  Otto  Soc.,  and  of 
the  acad.  Gesangverein  "Erato."  Received 
title  of  "Prof."  from  the  King  of  Saxony  in 
1898. — Works  :  Male  choruses,  of  which  op.  66 
appeared  in  1897. 

Junleer,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.  Ohnngen,  abt. 
1740 ;  d.  as  pastor  in  Ruppertshofen,  n.  Kirch- 
berg,  May  30, 1797.— Works  :  Melodr.  Genoveva 
im  Thurm  (Speyer,  1790);  cantata  Die  Nacht, 
w.  vln.  and  'cello ;  3  pf. -concertos  ;  etc. — Writ- 
ings :  "2oComponisten ;  eine  Skizze  "  (1776  ;  2nd 
ed.  as  "  PortefeuiUefurMusikliebhaber,"  1790)  ; 
"  Betrachtungen  ttber  Maler-,  Ton-  und  Bild- 
hauerkunst"  (1778) ;  "  Einige  der  vornehmsten 
Pflichten  eines  Capellmeisters  oder  Musikdirec- 
tors  "  (1782) ;  *  *  Ueber  den  Werth  der  Tonkunst " 
(1786);  "Musikalischer  Almanach"  (1782,  '3, 
'4) ;  "  Die  musikalische  Geschichte  eines  Autodi- 
dacts  in  der  Musik  "  (1783)  ;  etc. 

Jupin,  Charles-Francois,  b.  Chambery, 
Nov.  30,  1805  ;  d.  Paris,  June  12,  1839.  Pre- 
cocious violinist,  pupil  of  Monticelli  and  Georgis, 
then  of  Baillot  at  Paris  Cons.,  taking  ist  prize 
in  1823 ;  from  1826-35,  prof,  and  conductor  in 
Strassburg. — Works :  An  opera  comique,  La 
vengeance  italienne  (1834) ;  Vans  brillantes  f. 


302 


jflRGENSON— KALBECK 


orch.;  a  vln  -concerto  ;  a  string-trio,  a  pf  -trio  ; 
Fantaisie  f .  pf  and  vln  ;  Var  s  concertantes  f . 
pf.  and  vln.,  etc. 

JuVgenson,  Peter,  b.  Reval,  1836  ;  founder 
(1861)  of  the  great  music-publishing  house  at 
Moscow,  to  which  a  printing  establ  was  added 
in  1867.  Specialty,  works  by  Russian  composers 
(Tchaikovsky,  et  al.). 

K 

Kaan    ["Alb&t-Kahn "],    Heinrich  von, 

pianist ;  b.  Tarnopol,  Galicia,  May  29,  1852. 
Pupil  of  Blodek  and  Skuhersky  at  Prague,  where 
he  lives  as  prof,  at  the  Cons,  since  1890. — 
Works:  Ballet  Bojaja ;  symphonic  poem  "  Sa- 
kuntala";  pf. -concertos  ;  chamber-music. 

Ka'de,  Otto,  historiographer,  composer,  con- 
ductor ;  b.  Dresden,  1825.  A  stipend  from 
King  Friedrich  August  enabled  him  to  study 
under  J.  Otto  (comp.)  and  J.  G.  Schneider  (pf. 
and  organ) ;  after  a  year  and  a  half  in  Italy, 
he  founded  the  "Cacilia"  singing-society  for 
ancient  church-music  (1848).  He  also  became 
mus  director  of  the  Neustadt  Church.  Called 
to  Schwerin  in  1860  to  succeed  Schaffer  as 
Grand-Ducal  Mus.  Dir.,  and  conductor  of  the 
"  Schlosschor"  (palace-choir) ;  from  1866  he  also 
taught  singing  at  the  Gymnasium.  Retired  in 
1894.  Dr.  //«/.,  Leipzig,  1884—  Works  Ger- 
man transl.  of  P.  Scudo's  "Chevalier  Sarti"; 
monographs  on  Le  Maistre  and  H.  Isaak ;  an 
"Officielles  Melodienbuch"anda  "Choralbuch  " 
for  the  Mecklenburgische  Landeskirche  ;  a  "Can- 
tionale  "  for  the  same,  in  3  parts  ,  "  Der  neu  auf- 
gefundene  Luthercodex  vom  Jahr  1530  "  (1872) ; 
14  Die  weltliche  Liedweise  "  (lecture  in  pamphlet- 
form)  ;  many  valuable  historical  papers  for  vari- 
ous periodicals ;  edited  the  mus.  supplements  to 
vol.  i  of  Ambros'  "  Geschichte  der  Musik  "  (1881, 
as  a  sth  vol.)  ;  began  in  1893  the  publication  of 
a  series  of  Passions  (34  numbers,  from  Obrecht 
to  Schutz) ;  compositions  of  his  own,  in  Gregorian 
style,  are  collected  in  the  above  "  Cantionale." 

Kaff'ka  (or  Kawka),  Johann  Christian, 
b.  Ratisbon,  1759  ,  d.  (?).  A  dramatic  composer, 
singer,  and  actor  ;  pupil  of  Riepel ;  after  singing 
and  acting  at  Berlin  (1778),  Breslau,  Dessau 
(1800),  he  settled  in  Riga  (1803)  as  a  bookseller. 
Produced  a  dozen  operas,  several  ballets,  2  ora- 
torios, masses,  vespers,  etc. 

Kaf'ka,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  Neustadt, 
Bohemia,  May  17,  1819 ;  d.  Vienna,  Oct.  23, 
1886.  Composer  of  satou-pieces  f.  pf.,  easy  and 
popular  (especially  those  on  Austrian  themes), 
but  shallow  artistically. 

Kahl,  Heinrich,  b.  Munich,  Jan.  31,  1840 ; 
d.  Berlin,  Aug.  6, 1892.  Pupil  of  Munich  Cons. ; 
violinist  in  the  court  orch.;  1857-66,  leader  of 
the  royal  orch.  at  Wiesbaden  ;  later  theatre-cond. 
at  Riga,  Stettin,  and  Aachen ;  1872,  chorusmas- 
ter  at  Berlin  Court  Opera;  1874,  Royal  Mus.- 


Dir.  and  cond.  of  the  symphony-concerts  of  the 
court  orch  ,  iSSo,  Royal  Kapellm. 

Kah'lert,  Karl  August  Timotheus,  b  Bres- 
lau, Mar.  5, 1807  ;  d.  there  Mar.  29, 1864  Prof, 
of  philosophy  at  Breslau  Univ. — Wrote  "Blat- 
ter aus  der  Brieftasche  emes  Musikers  "  (1832) ; 
"Tonleben"  (1838) ;  contributed  to  the  "Allgem. 
mus.  Zeitung"  and  Dehn's  "Caecilia";  also 
comp.  songs  of  merit. 

Kahn,  Robert,  pianist  and  comp.  ;  b.  Mann- 
heim, July  21,  1865.  Pupil  of  Ernst  Frank  and 
V.  Lachner  (Mannheim),  Kiel  (Berlin,  1882),  and 
Jos.  Rheinberger  (Munich,  1885).  In  1885  he 
went  to  Berlin,  where  Joachim  aided  him ;  in 
1890,  to  Leipzig,  where  he  founded  a  Ladies' 
Choral  Union  in  1891,  and  gave  concerts  ;  in  Oct., 
1893,  he  was  app.  teacher  of  pf.  at  the  Berlin 
Hochschule  fur  Musik  — Works.  Serenade  f. 
oich.  ;  string-quartet ,  pf. -quartet,  op.  14 ;  pf.- 
trio ;  2  sonatas  f.  vln.  w.  pf. ;  pieces  f.  pf.  solo 
and  4  hands  ;  ""  Mahomet's  Gesang"  [Goethe]  f. 
mixed  ch.  and  orch  ,  op.  24 ,  excellent  tercets 
and  quartets  f .  female  voices  ;  numerous  songs. 

Kahnt,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  May  10, 
1823  ;  d.  Leipzig,  June  5,  1897.  Founder,  and 
till  1 886  head,  of  the  music-publishing  firm  of 
C.  F.  Kahnt  at  Leipzig  and  Zwickau  ,  from  1857 
publisher,  and  after  Brendel'a  death  in  1868  titu- 
lar editor,  of  R.  Schumann's  "  Neue  Zeitschrift 
fur  Musik."  Firm  and  paper  were  acquired  by 
Oscar  Schwalm  ("C.  F.  K.  Nachfolger")  in 
1886,  and  by  L>r  Paul  Simon  in  1888. 

Kai'ser,  Karl,  b.  Leipa,  Bohemia,  Mar.  12, 
1837  ;  d.  Vienna,  Dec.  i,  1890.  Student  of 
philos  at  Prague  ;  army-officer  1857-63  ;  1874, 
founded  a  popular  school  of  music  in  Vienna 
(carried  on  by  his  son  Rudolf). 

Kai'ser,  Friedrich  Emil,  b.  Koburg,  Feb. 
7,  1850.  Regimental  bandmaster  at  Prague. — 
Operas  Die  Cavahere  ties  Jfonigs  (Salzburg, 
1879) ;  Der  Trumpeter  von  Sdkkmgen  (Olmlitz, 
1882) ;  Andreas  ffofer  (Reichenberg,  1886) ;  Der 
JZornet  (Leipzig,  1886)  ;  and  Bodenstein  (Brunn, 
1892). 

KaTbeck,  Max,  b.  Breslau,  Jan,  4, 1850;  st. 
in  Munich  Univ.  and  also  in  the  School  of  Mu- 
sic there.  1875,  mus.  critic  and  feuilletonists  of 
the  "  Schlesische  Zeitung,"  Breslau,  later  of  the 
"  Breslauer  Zeitung"  ;  in  1880,  Hanslick  recom- 
mended him  to  the  Vienna  "Allgemeine  Zei- 
tung" ;  and  now  he  is  on  the  staff  of  the  "Wiener 
Montags-Revue  "  and  the  "  Neues  Wiener  Ta^e- 
blatt,"  He  has  publ  studies  on  Wagner's  A'lbe- 
htngen  (1876)  and  Parsifal  (1880)  ;  his  collected 
critiques  appeared  1881  as  "Wiener  Operna- 
bende."  He  has  made  excellent  Ger.  translations 
of  many  opera-books  (Mozart's  Don  Giovanni^ 
Bastien  et  Bastienne^  and  Gartnerin  aus  Liebe  ; 
Massenet's  CiVand  ^rMcr/Mascagm's^wiV? 
frits  and  IJRantzau  ;  Verdi's  Otello  and  Fal~ 
staff;  Smetana's  Bartered  Bride  and  Dalibor ; 
Giordano's  Mala  vita;  etc.).  Coll.s  of  orig.  poems 


303 


KALISCIIER— KAPS 


are  "  Aus  Xatur  und  Leben,"  and  "  Aus  alter 
und  neuer  Zeit." 

Ka'lischer,  Alfred,  b.  Thorn,  Mar.  4,  1042. 
After  taking  the  degree  of  Dr.  fhilol.  at  Leipzig, 
he  st.  music  with  Burgel  and  IJohmer  at  Berlin, 
where  he  h\es  as  a  writer  and  teacher.  Editor 
of  the  kt  Xeue  Berliner  Musikzeitung  "  ;  writes 
for  the  "  Klavierlehrer  "and  the  t4  Xeue  Zeitung 
fur  Musik."  Has  publ.  "  Beethoven's  Beziehun- 
gen  zu  Berlin";  "Luther's  Bedeutung  fur  die 
Tonkunst";  "Lessing  als  Musikasthetiker "  ; 
"  Musik  und  Moral "  ;  etc. 

Kalk'brenner,  Christian,  b.  Minden,  Han- 
over, Sept.  22,  1755  ;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  10,  1806. 
Mediocre  writer  and  opera-composer ;  pupil,  at 
Kassel,  of  Becker  (pf.)  and  Rodewald  (vln ). 
Kafellm.  to  the  Queen  at  Berlin  in  1788  ;  ditto 
to  Prince  Heinrich,  at  Rheinsberg,  1790-96 ; 
was  in  Naples  till  1/97,  then  went  to  Paris,  and 
was  app.  thef  de  chant  at  the  Opera  in  1799. 
His  operas,  chamber-music,  pf.-pieces,  etc  ,  are 
forgotten  ;  a  History  of  Music,  a  Theory  of  Com- 
position, etc.,  are  of  no  present  value. — His  son, 

Kalk'brenner,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Mi- 
chael, b.  1788  on  a  journey  from  Kassel  to  Ber- 
lin ;  d.  Enghien-les-Bains,  n.  Paris,  June  10, 
1849.  Pianist ;  taught  by  his  father,  then  (1799) 
at  Paris  Cons,  by  L.  Adam  (pf.)  and  Catel 
(harm.),  taking  first  prizes  in  1801.  From  1803 
he  studied  for  a  \i  hile  under  dementi  and  Al- 
brechtsberger  (cpt.)  at  Vienna ;  appeared  as  a 
concert-pianist  at  Berlin,  Munich  (1805),  and 
Stuttgart,  also  in  Paris  again,  with  great  success, 
in  1806.  As  a  teacher,  too,  he  was  in  great 
vogue-  The  years  1814-23  were  spent  in  Lon- 
don ;  in  1818  he  took  up  Logier's  newly-invented 
Chiroplast,  simplified  it,  and  applied  it  practi- 
cally. After  a  German  tour  in  1823  with  the 
harpist  Dizi,  K.  settled  (1824)  in  Paris  as  a  part- 
ner in  the  Pleyel  piano-factory  (the  future  Mme. 
Camille  Pleyel  was  one  of  his  pupils).  He  re- 
visited Germany  in  1833,  and  Belgium  in  1836. 
K.  was  inordinately  vain  of  the  success  of  his 
method  of  teaching,  which  aimed  at  the  inde- 
pendent development  of  the  fingers  and  wrist 
(he  was  the  father  of  modern  octave-playing) ; 
he  even  invited  Chopin  to  become  his  pupil  in 
order  to  learn  to  play  artistically.  He  likewise 
developed  left-hand  technique,  and  a  proper 
management  of  the  pedals.  As  a  player,  his 
technique  was  smooth  and  well-rounded,  his  fin- 
gers supple  and  of  equal  strength,  and  his  tone 
full  and  rich  ;  his  style,  while  fluent  and  grace- 
ful, lacked  emotional  power.  His  numerous 
etudes  (among  them  several  for  left-hand  solo) 
are  interesting  and  valuable. — Works :  4  pf.- 
concertos  (the  last,  op.  125,  f.  2  pf.s) ;  pf. -septet 
f.  strings  and  2  horns  ;  pf. -quintet  w.  clar.,  horn, 
bssn.,  and  d.-bass ;  2  pf.-sextets ;  pf.-quintet ;  3 
pf. -quartets  ;  7pf.-trios ;  15  sonatas ;  also  rondos, 
fantaisies,  variations,  caprices,  etc.,  of* a  light 
character ;  a  "  Kathode  pour  apprendre  le  piano- 
forte" i  1'aide  du  guide-mains"  (op.  108  ;  1830) ; 
and  a  "  Traite  d 'harmonic  du  pianiste"  (1849). 


Kalliwo'da,  Johann  Wenzel,  pianist  and 
composer  of  'distinction  ;  b  Prague,  Feb.  22, 
iSoi  ;  d.  Karlsruhe,  Dec.  3,  1866.  Taught  b> 
Pixis  in  the  Prague  Cons.  1810-16,  he  played 
in  the  theatre-orch.  1816-22 ;  from  1823-53, 
Kapdbn.  to  Prince  Furstenberg  at  Donaue- 
schingen,  then  retiring  to  Karlsruhe. — Works 
2  operas,  Blanda  and  Prinzessin  Christine ;  a 
mass;  6  symphonies,  14  overtures, and  13  fan- 
tasias, f.  orch.;  a  vln  -concerto,  op.  9,  and  a 
concerto  f  2  violins,  op.  20 ;  7  concertinos,  3 
string-quartets,  3  string-trios,  and  a  variety  of- 
solos  f .  vln. ;  also  choruses,  duets,  and  songs 
(among  them  the  popular  "  Deutsches  Lied  "). 

Kalliwo'da,  Wilhelm,  son  of  preceding  ,  b. 
Donaueschmgen,  July  19,  1827 ,  d.  Karlsruhe, 
Sept.  8,  1893.  Taught  by  his  father;  then 
entered  the  Leipzig  Cons.  In  1847,  music- 
director  at  the  Catholic  ch.,  Karlsruhe;  1853-75, 
court  Kapellm.  at  the  theatre  there  Excellent 
pianist,  and  teacher  of  pf.  He  wrote  pf.-music 
of  a  light  and  pleasing  kind,  also  songs,  and  fine 
male  choruses. 

Kall'witz,  or  Kalwitz.    See  CALVISIUS. 

Kamienski,  Mathias,  the  first  composer  of 
Polish  opera ,  b.  Odenburg,  Hungary,  Oct  13, 
1734 ;  d.  Warsaw,  Jan.  25,  1821.  He  studied 
comp.  in  Vienna,  and  settled  in  Warsaw  as  a 
teacher.  In  1778  his  first  opera,  Nedaa  tessczes- 
hunona  ["Comfort  in  misfortune"],  sung  by 
Poles,  was  enthusiastically  received  ;  he  prod.  5 
more  Polish  operas,  and  wrote  2  German  operas 
(not  perf.),  a  cantata  for  the  unveiling  of  the 
Sobieski  statue,  masses,  offertories,  and  polo- 
naises. 

Kam'merlander,  Karl,  b.  Weissenhorn, 
Swabia,  Apr.  27,  1828 ;  d.  Aug.  24,  1892,  at 
Augsburg,  as  Kapellm.  at  the  cathedral  (since 
1871).  Pupil  of  Kempter.  Poet,  and  a  comp. 
of  songs,  church-music,  and  fine  male  choruses. 

Kan'dler,  Franz  Sales,  Imperial  military 
draughtsman  ("  Feldknegskonzipist ") ;  b.Klos- 
terneuberg,  Lower  Austria,  Aug.  23,  1792 ;  d. 
Baden,  n.  Vienna,  Sept.  26,  1831.  Asa  boy  he 
sang  in  the  court  choir,  Vienna,  and  was  care- 
fully taught  by  Albrechtsberger,  Salieri,  and 
Gyrowetz.  When  ordered  to  Italy  (1815-26), 
he  pursued  the  study  of  Italian  music  and  its 
history  as  an  avocation ;  besides  numerous  fugi- 
tive papers,  he  publ.  "  Cenni  stonco-critici  in- 
torno  alia  vita  ed  alle  opere  del  celebre  composi- 
tore  Giov.  Adolf o  Hasse,  detto  il  Sassone" 
(1820),  "Ueber  das  Leben  und  die  Werke  des 
G.  Pierluigi  da  Palestrina,  genannt  der  Furst 
der  Musik"  (1834);  and  " Cenni  storico-cntici 
sulle  vicende  e  lo  stato  attuale  della  musica  in 
Italia  "(1836). 

Kaps,  Ernst,  b.  Dbbeln,  Saxony,  Dec.  6, 
1826;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  n,  1887.  He  estab- 
lished a  piano-factory  in  Dresden,  1859,  an<^ 
made  a  specialty  of  parlor  grands.  Manufac- 
turer to  the  Court  of  Saxony.  Succeeded  by  his 


304 


KAPSBERGER— KASTNER 


KapsTjerger,  Johann  Hieronymus  von,  of 

noble  German  family;  d.  Rome,  about  1650. 
Noted  virtuoso  on  the  theorbo,  chitarrone,  lute, 
and  trumpet,  he  lived  at  Rome  on  a  friendly 
footing  with  the  Jesuits,  and  as  a  flatterer  of 
Pope  Urban  VIII.  His  compositions  are  in  the 
then  **  modern"  Florentine  style ;  those  for  lute 
are  written  in  a  much-simplified  lute-tablature. 
He  publ.  "  Intavolatura  di  chitarrone  "  (3  books : 
1604,  '16,  '26) ;  "  Villanelle  a  I,  2  e  3  voci "  (in 
tabl.  f.  chitar.  and  guitar  ;  6  books  1610,  '19 
[books  2  and  3],  '23,  '30,  '32);  "  Ane  passeggiate" 
(3  books  :  1612,  '23,  '30) ;  "  Intavolature  di 
lauto"  (2  books  :  1611,  '23) ;  Madrigals  a  5  w. 
continuo  (1609) ;  "  Mottetti  Passeggiati  "  (1612) ; 
"  Balli,  gagliarde  e  correnti"  (1615)  ;  "  Sin- 
fonie  a  4  con  il  basso  continuo"  (1615) ;  "  Ca- 
pricci  a  due  stromenti,  tiorba  e  tiorbino"  (1617); 
2  books  of  Latin  poems  by  Cardinal  Barberini 
[Pope  Urban  VIII.]  for  one  voice,  w.  figured 
bass  (1624,  '33);  "Missae  Urbanae""<z  4-8 
(1631)  ;  "  Apotheosis  of  St.  Ignatius  of  Loyola  "; 
a  mus.  drama,  Fetonte  (1630);  and  wedding-can- 
tatas. Similar  works  in  MS. 

Karajan,  Theodor  Georg  von,  b.  Vienna, 
Jan.  22,  1810 ;  d.  there  Apr.  28,  1873,  as  sub- 
director  of  the  Imperial  Library  and  president 
of  the  Acad.  of  Sciences.  His  important  mono- 
graph "  Josef  Haydn  in  London  1791  und  1792  " 
contains  Haydn's  correspondence  with  Marianne 
von  Genzinger. 

Karasow'ski,  Moritz,  b.  Warsaw,  Sept.  22, 
1823  ;  d.  Dresden,  Apr.  20,  1892.  His  teacher 
was  Val.  Kratzer  (pf.  and  'cello)  In  1851  he 
joined  the  Grand  Opera  orch.  at  Warsaw  as 
'cellist ;  travelled  from  1858-60 ;  and  in  1860 
became  royal  chamber-virtuoso  at  Dresden.  He 
publ  (in  Polish)  "  History  of  the  Polish  Opera" 
(1859);  "Life  of  Mozart"  (1868);  "Chopin's 
Youth  "  (1862  ;  2nd  ed.  1869) ;  and  (in  German) 
"Fnedrich  Chopin,  sein  Leben,  seine  Werke 
und  Briefe"  (1877  ;  2nd  rev.  ed.  1878 ;  3rd  ed. 
1881).  Also  some  pieces  f.  'cello. 

Karga'noff,  Genari,  Russian  pianist;  b. 
Kashetin,  Caucasus,  Apr.  30,  1858 ;  d.  Rostroff- 
on-the-Don,  Feb.  23,  1890.  Pupil  of  Reinecke 
(Leipzig)  and  L.  Brassin  (St.  Petersburg).— Publ. 
about  40  works,  chiefly  for  piano. 

Karl,  Tom,  tenor  singer  in  opera  and  concert; 
b.  Dublin,  Jan.  19,  1846.  Studied  in  England 
under  Henry  Phillips,  and  in  Italy  under  San- 
giovanni  and  Trivulzi.  Sang  in  Italian  opera 
for  many  years,  and  went  to  America  with 
Parepa-Rosa,  singing  a  season  in  English  opera, 
and  settling  in  New  York.  Retired  from  the 
operatic  stage  in  1896.  He  now  (1899)  sings  *n 
concerts  and  private  musicales,  and  gives  vocal 
instruction  ;  from  Oct.,  1899,  Director  of  the 
Operatic  School  connected  with  the  Academy  of 
Dramatic  Arts,  Carnegie  Hall. 

Ka'row,  Karl,  b.  Alt-Stettin,  Nov.  15, 1790; 
d.  Dec.  20,  1863,  at  Bunzlau,  Silesia,  as  music- 

,   20  305 


teacher  at  a  training-school.  Publ.  a  "Choral- 
buch,"  a  "  Leitfaden  fur  den  Schulgesangunter- 
richt,"  motets,  and  pieces  f.  pf.  and  f.  organ. 

Kas'kel,  Freiherr  Karl  von,  b.  Dresden, 
Oct.  10,  1866.  While  a  law-student  at  Leipzig, 
he  studied  music  in  the  Cons,  under  Reinecke 
and  Jadassohn  (1886-7),  and  later  for  several 
years  at  Cologne  under  Wullner  and  Jensen. 
At  present (1899)  residing  at  Dresden. — Works* 
i-act  opera  Hochzeitsmorgen  (Hamburg,  1893 ; 
later  in  Berlin,  Dresden,  Mannheim,  etc.);  2-act 
opera  Sjttla  (Cologne,  1895  ;  later  in  Hamburg  ; 
very  succ  ). 

Kass'meyer,  Moritz,  b.  Vienna,  1831 ;  d. 
there  Nov.  10,  1885.  Violinist  and  comp.;  pupil, 
at  the  Cons.,  of  Sechter  and  Preyer;  violinist  in 
the  opera-orch.;  later  Imp.  ballet-director. — 
Works  :  A  comic  opera,  Das  Landhaus  zu  Afett- 
don  (Vienna,  1869) ;  symphonies  ;  masses,  other 
church-music,  part-songs,  songs  ;  publ.  5  string- 
quartets.  M.'s  *"  Musikalische  Mesalliancen  fur 
Streichquartett  mit  Pianoforte  zu  4  Handen," 
op.  22,  and  "  Volksweisen  und  Lieder  ftir  das 
Streichquartett  humoristisch  und  contrapunk- 
tisch  bearbeitet,"  are  good  specimens  of  sound 
musical  humor. 

Kasfner,  Johann  Georg-,  composer  and 
theorist ;  b.  Strassburg,  Mar.  9,  i8ro ;  d.  Paris, 
Dec.  19,  1867.  A  pupil  of  Maurer  and  Romer, 
and  early  developed  musically  (he  was  an  organ- 
ist at  ten),  he  was  destined  for  the  church,  and 
sent  to  the  Strassburg  Lutheran  Seminary  ;  but 
devoted  his  spare  time  to  the  study  of  instr  s 
and  composition.  At  the  age  of  20  he  became 
bandmaster ;  at  22  he  gave  up  theology ;  and  m 
1835,  after  bringing  out  4  operas — Gv'stav  irasa 
(1832),  Der  Tod  Oscar's  (1833),  Der  Sarazene 
(comic,  1834),  and  Die  Kbnigin  der  Sarmaten 
(1835) — was  sent  by  the  town  council  to  Paris, 
to  finish  his  studies  under  Berton  and  Reicha. 
In  1837  he  publ.  his  "  Traite  general  d'instru- 
mentation,"  the  first  of  a  series  of  didactic  works 
approved  by  the  Academic  and  adopted  in  the 
Cons,  (it  was  later  superseded  by  Berlioz's 
treatise) ;  the  other  works  were  a  **  Cours  d'in- 
strumentation,"  "  Grammaire  musicale,"  "The'o- 
rie  abrege'e  du  contrepoint  et  de  la  fugue," 
"  Mdthode  ele*ra.  de  Thann.  appliquee  au  piano," 
"M&hodes  elementaires "  of  singing,  piano, 
violin,  flageolet,  flute,  cornet  a  pistons,  clarinet, 
horn,  'cello,  ophicleide,  trombone,  and  oboe; 
"  Methodes  completes  et  raisonne'es"  for  saxo- 
phone and  for  kettledrums;  " Bibliotheque 
chorale";  "Manuel  general  de  musique  mili- 
taire."  Others  still  in  MS.— In  Paris  K.  devoted 
himself  to  teaching,  composing,  and  musical 
researches  of  the  most  various  kinds ;  he  was 
also  especially  interested  in  military  music,  and 
originated  the  competitions  of  bands  of  all  na- 
tions, the  first  being  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1867 ;  he  was  a  founder,  and  became  vice-presi- 
dent, of  the  "Association  des  artistes-musi- 
ciens";  and  zealously  promoted  the  welfare  of 
the  "Orphans."  The  Univ.  of  Tubingen  con- 


KASTNER— KA-UFFMANIs 


f erred  on  him  the  degree  of  Dr.phiL  et  MUJ. 
fion.  causa;  he  \v  as  made  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitut,  of  the  *4  Comite  des  fitudes  "  of  the  Cons. , 
and  of  several  foreign  societies ;  and  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor.  He  was  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  trench  and  German  mus.  periodicals, 
and  wrote  for  Schilling's  "Lexikon  der  Ton- 
kunst,"  besides  laboring  for  many  years  on  an 
**  Encyclopedic  de  la  musique"  of  his  own. — 
Compositions:  Add  to  operas  above,  Beatrice 
(1839),  La  maschna  (in  French;  Paris,  Op - 
Com.,  1641);  Le  dernier  roi  de  Juda,  a  biblical 
opera,  considered  his  masterpiece  (concert-per- 
formance at  the  Cons  ,  1844) ;  and  Les  bonnes 
de  Robert  k  Diabk  (not  perf  ) ;  also  incid.  music 
to  Die  Belagerung  zwi  Missofoitghi  (Strassburg, 
1829).  Equally  characteristic  of  his  erudition 
and  his  originality  as  a  composer  are  the  famous 
"  Livres-partitions,"  which  are  vocal  and  instru- 
mental symphony-cantatas  preceded  by  valuable 
musico-historicaf  essays  on  their  several  subjects. 
The  first  of  these  wa's  "  Les  Danses  des  morts ; 
dissertations  et  recherches  historiques,  philoso- 
phiques,  litteraires  et  musicales  sur  les  divers 
monuments  de  ce  genre  qui  existent  tant  en 
France  qu'a  Tetranger ;  ace  de  la  Danse  maca- 
bre, grande  ronde  voc.  et  mstr."  (Pans,  1852 , 
a  large  410  vol.  of  310  pages) ;  the  others  (titles 
abbreviated!)  were  "JLa  Harpe  d'£ole*  et  la 
musique  cosmique ;  .  .  -  suivies  de  Stephen,  ou 
la  Harpe  d'£ole,  gr.  monol.  avec  chceurs" 
(1856) ;  **  Les  Voix  de  Paris,"  followed  by  "  Les 
Cris  de  Paris,  gr.  symphonic  humonstiq'ue  voc. 
et  mstr.*1  (1857);  "*4Les  Shenes,  .  .  essai 
suivi  du  Keve  d'Oswald  ou  les  Sirenes,  gr. 
symph.  dram.  voc.  et  instr."  (1858) ;  "  Paremi- 
ologie  musicale  de  la  langue  francaise,  .  .  . 
suivie  de  la  Saint-Julien  des  menetriers,  sym- 
phonic-can tate  4  gr.  orch,,  avec  solos  et  chceurs" 
(1862).  Two  notable  collections  of  male  choruses, 
with  similar  prefaces,  are  "Les  Chants  de  la 
*  vie"  (1854),  containing  28  numbers  a  4-8,  and 
11  Les  Chants  de  I'armee  fra^aise"  (1855).  His 
dramatic  scenes,  numerous  songs,  and  instru- 
mental works  (3  symphonies  and  5  overtures  f. 
full  orch. ;  10  serenades  f .  wind  ;  grand  sextet  f . 
saxophones ;  etc.)  are  also  imbued  with  an  in- 
dividuality happily  blended  of  French  and  Ger- 
man elements. — Biographical:  "J.  G.  K.f  ein 
elsassischer  Tondichter,  Theoretiker  und  Musik- 
forscher,"  by  Hermann  Ludwig  von  Jan  (Leip- 
zig, 1886 ;  3  vol.s)  ;  the  art.  "  Kastner  "  in  Fe'tis 
is  also  excellent. 

Kast'ner,  Georg  Friedrich  Eugen,  son  of 
preceding ;  b.  Strassburg,  Aug.  10,  1852 ;  d. 
Bonn,  Apr.  6, 1882.  Inventor  of  the  pyrophone, 
described  in  his  work  "  Le  pyrophone,  flammes 
chantantes  "  (Paris ;  4th  ed.  1876).  Also  see  his 
father's  biography,  vol.  iii. 

Kast'ner,  Emmerich,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  29, 
1847.  Viennese  writer;  has  publ.  a  *'  Richard 
Wagner- Katalog,"  and  one  fascicle  of  a  "Neu- 
estes  und  vollstandigstes  Tonkunstler-  und 


Opern-Lexikon  "  (1889 ;  only  A-Azzoni  printed). 
For  a  time  he  edited  the  "  Wiener  musikalische 
Zeitung." 

Ka'te  [kah'teh],  Andre"  ten,  b.  Amsterdam, 
1796 ,  d.  Haarlem,  July  27,  1858.  'Cellist, 
pupil  of  Bertelmann  ;  p'rod.  the  operas  Seid  e 
Palmira  (1831!  and  Cotisfantta(i^^)sit  Amster- 
dam ,  wrote  other  operas,  chamber-music,  part- 
songs,  etc. 

Kau'ders,  Albert,  contemporary  journalist 
and  mus.  critic  in  Vienna ;  has  brought  put 
the  comic  opera  Der  Schate  des  Rhampsimt 
(Prague,  1887 ;  succ.),  and  the  romantic  opera 
iralther  z-oti  der  Togefateide  (Vienna,  1896  ; 
mod.  succ  )  ,  of  the  latter  he  also  wrote  the  text. 

Kau/er,  Ferdinand,  prolific  comp.  of  Sing- 
spiele;  b.  Klem-Thaya,  Moravia,  Jan.  8,  1751  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Apr  13,  1831.  Organist,  as  a  boy, 
of  the  Jesuit  College  at  Znaim  ;  st.  cpt.  under 
Heidenreich  at  Vienna  ;  became  director  and 
ist  violin  at  Marinelli's  Th.  in  1795  ;  acted  as 
Kapellm*  in  other  theatres,  and  was  finally 
'cellist  in  the  Leopoldstadter  Th.—  \Vorks . 
About  200  operas  and  operettas  (Das  Donau- 
weibchen  and  Die  Sternenkomgin  were  publ  )  ; 
oratorio  Die  Sundjluth  (Vienna,  1809 ) ;  20 
masses,  and  other  sacred  music ;  cantatas, 
songs  ;  symphonies,  chamber-music,  etc. ,  nearly 
all  lost  in  the  great  flood  of  Mar.  i,  1830. 

Kauffmann,  Ernst  Friedrich,  b.  Ludwigs- 
burg,  Nov.  27,  1803;  d.  Stuttgart,  'Feb.  n, 
1856.  While  in  the  Gymnasium,  he  studied  the 
pf .  by  himself,  and  became  an  excellent  player. 
Student  at  Tubingen  Univ.,  1825-7  ;  principal 
of  the  Realschule  at  Ludswigsburg.  On  ac- 
count of  his  connection  with  revolutionists,  he 
lost  his  position  in  1835,  and  was  finally  im- 
prisoned 4  years  (l 838-42)  in  the  Asperg,  where, 
however,  he  was  allowed  to  have  a  piano,  and 
where  he  composed  the  beautiful  songs  which 
have  made  him  famous  (6  sets,  each  of  6  songs  ; 
Stuttgart :  Ebner). 

KaufTmann,  Emil,  son  of  preceding ;  born 
Ludwigsburg,  Nov.  23,  1836.  Pupil  of  Keller, 
Faiszt,  Jung,  and  Singer  at  Stuttgart  Cons.; 
joined  the  court  orch.  in  1863  as  violinist; 
teacher  at  the  Music  School  at  Basel  1868-77  ; 
since  then,  musical  director  at  Tubingen  Univ., 
which  made  him  Dr.  phil.  in  1885. — Works : 
Over  60  Lieder ;  male  choruses ;  sonatas  and 
other  pf.- pieces;  "Die  Nacht"  (Holderlin), 
w.  orch.;  also  the  essays  " Entwickelung  der 
Tonkunst  von  der  Mitte  des  18.  Jahrhunderts 
bis  zur  Gegenwart,"  and  "Justinus  Heinrich 
Knecht:  ein  schwabischer  Tonsetzer."  Con- 
tributor to  the  Leipzig  "  Musikalisches  Wochen- 
blatt." 

KanfTmann,  Fritz,  b.  Berlin,  June  17,  1855. 
At  first  a  student  of  natural  science,  and  a  drug- 
gist at  Leipzig  and  Hamburg,  he  turned  defini- 
tively to  music  in  1878,  and  entered  the  Akade- 
mische  Hochschule  at  Berlin,  studying  under 
Kiel,  and  winning  the  Mendelssohn  prize  for 


306 


KAUFMANN— KELER-B^LA 


composition  in  iSSi.  The  next  year  he  spent  in 
Vienna  ;  then  lived  in  Berlin  till  1889  as  a  com- 
poser and  teacher,  and  became  in  that  year  con- 
ductor of  the  "  Gesellschaf tsconcerte  "  at  Mag-de- 
burg.  Created  Royal  ll  Mu^ik-Director"  in 
1893  — Works-  Songs  f.  solo  voice  w.  pf.,  op. 
1-5,  10,  17,  21,  24,  26;  quartets  f.  mixed  ch., 
op  12,  19;  quartet  f  male  ch  ,  op.  15  ,  terzet 
f  female  ch.,  op.  22;  comic  opera  Die  Ilers- 
krankhtit^  I  act,  op.  13 ;  op.  18,  symphony  in 
A  min  ;  op.  23,  "dramatic"  overture  ;  op.  27, 
violin-concerto  in  D  mm  ;  op.  25,  pf  -concerto 
in  C  mm  ;  op.  9,  20,  pf.-trios ;  op.  8,  variations 
f .  string-quartet ;  op.  14,  string-quartet  in  G  ; 
op.  7,  ii,  pf.-sonatas  in  Arnaj  and  13  mm.;  op. 
16,  28,  "  Tanz-Improvisationen"  f  pf  ;  op.  6, 
Phantasie,  variations,  and  fugue,  f.  organ. 

Kauf'mann,  Georg  Friedrich,  b  Ostra- 
mondra,  Thunngia,  Feb.  14,  1679;  d.  Merse- 
burg,  March,  1735,  as  organist  and'  director  of 
the  court  music. — Works  *  *  Introduzione  alia 
musica  antica  e  moderna,  d.  h.  Eine  ausfuhr- 
liche  Einleitung  zur  alten  und  neuen  Wissen- 
schaft  der  edeln  Musik"  (MS.);  some  sets  of 
choral-preludes  a  2-4  (1735-6);  church-music, 
pieces  for  organ  and  harpsichord,  etc.,  in  MS. 

Kauf'mann,  Johann  Gottfried,  maker  of 
musical  clocks  ;  'b.  Siegmar,  Saxony,  Apr.  14, 
1751  ;  d.  Frankfort,  1818. — His  son, 

Kaufraann,  Friedrich,  b.  Dresden,  1785 ; 
d.  there  Dec.  i,  1866.  Inventor  of  a  trumpet- 
automaton  (l  808),  the  "Belloneon,"  the  "  Cla- 
viatur-Harmonichord,"  the  "  Chordaulodion," 
and  the  more  important  "Symphonion,"  from 
which  his  son  Friedrich  Theodor  (b.  Dresden, 
Apr.  9,  1823  ;  d.  there  in  1872)  evolved  the 
now  popular  "  Orchestrion  "  in  1851. 

Kay'ser  [kl-],  Friedrich  Emil.  See 
KAISER. 

Kay'ser,  Philipp  Christoph,  pianist,  and  a 
friend  of  Goethe  (cj.  "  Goethe  und  der  Compo- 
nist  Ph.  Chr.  Kayser,"  Leipzig,  1879);  b.  Frank- 
fort, Mar.  10,  1755 ;  d.  Zurich,  Dec.  23,  1823. 

Kay'ser,  Heinrich  Ernst,  violinist  and 
teacher;  b.  Altona,  Apr.  16,  1815;  d.  Ham- 
burg, Jan.  17,  1888,  as  a  player  in  the  theatre- 
orch. — Works  :  Violin-etudes,  op.  20  and  30 ; 
studies  in  shifting,  op.  28 ;  and  a  Method  f. 
vln. ;  all  of  merit. 

Kazyn'ski,  Victor,  b.  Wilna,  Lithuania, 
Dec.  18,  1812.  Pupil  of  Eisner,  at  Warsaw, 
1837-9.  He  brought  out  an  opera,  Fenetta 
(Wilna,  1840),  and  a  second,  Der  ewige  Jude 
(Warsaw,  1842).  From  1843  he  made  St. 
Petersburg  his  home  ;  became  conductor  at  the 
Imp.  theater,  and  prod,  the  opera  Man  and  Wife 
in  1848  without  much  success.  His  musical 
diary  (1845)  of  a  tour  made  in  Germany  and 
Austria  with  Gen.  Lvoff,  is  interesting  He 
also  wrote  cantatas,  overtures,  concertos  f.  pf., 
do.  f.  vln.,  pf. -music,  and  a  Song- Album  con- 
taining some  fine  numbers  (1855). 


Keck  von  Giengen,  Johann,  Benedictine 
monk  at  Tegernsee,  Upper  Havana,  about  1450, 
wrote  u  Introductorium  musicae  "  (publ.  by  Ger- 
bert  in  "  Scriptores,"  vol.  iii). 

Kein'speck  (or  Keinsbeck,  Kiinspeck,and, 
improperly,  Reinspeck),  Michael,  of  Nurem- 
berg ;  author  of  one  of  the  earliest  printed  theo- 
retical works  on  music  (Gregorian  chant),  "Li- 
hum  musicae  planae"  (Uasel,  1496). 

Kei'ser,  Reinhard,  b.  Teuchern,  n.  Weis- 
senfels,  Jan.  9,  1674,  d.  Hamburg,  Sept.  12, 
1739.  Educated  musically  by  his  father,  and  at 
the  Thomasschule  and  Univ.,  Leipzig.  In  1692 
the  success  of  his  pastoral,  Istnene^  at  Bruns- 
wick, followed  by  a  grand  opera,  Basihits  (1693), 
encouraged  him*  to  go  to  Hamburg,  then  pos- 
sessing the  best  operatic  stage  in  Germany,  in 
1694  Of  the  iiG  or  more  operas  -written  dur- 
ing his  45  years'  sojourn  there,  Mahmuth  II. 
(1696)  was  the  first,  and  Circe  (1734)  the  last. 
He  was  the  first  German  to  employ  popular 
subjects  in  opera  ;  Stortehecker  tmd  Godge  Mi- 
chaels (1701),  Die  Lsifizigcr  3/ess?,  Der  ffatti- 
fatrger  Jahrmark£(ifi^\  and  Die  Hamburger 
Schlachtzcit  (1725),  however  trivial  and  coarse 
they  may  be,  are  at  least  original  in  design  and 
execution,  and  not  mere  copies  of  French  and 
Italian  models  Most  of  his  subjects  were 
mythological  or  historical.  In  melody,  orches- 
tration, and  vigor  of  dramatic  expression,  he 
was  easily  the  foremost  German  opera-composer 
of  the  day.  He  successfully  undertook  the 
management  of  the  Hamburg  opera,  and  in 
1709  married  into  a  Hamburg  patrician  family 
From  1722-8  he  resided  in  Copenhagen  as  con- 
ductor to  the  King  ;  in  1728  he  was  app.  canon 
and  cantor  of  the  Hamburg  u  Katharinen- 
kirche."  His  last  years  were  passed  in  ease  and 
retirement  Of  his  other  works  (oratorios,  can- 
tatas, motets,  psalms,  passions,  etc.),  a  number 
were  publ. :  *  *  R.  Keisers  Gemtiths-Ergotzung, 
bestehend  in  einigen  Smjy-Gedichten,  mit  emer 
Stimme  und  unterschiedlichen  Instrumenten " 
(1698);  **  Divertimenti  serenissimi"  (duets  and 
airs  w.  harpsichord ;  1713) ;  "  Musikalische 
Landlust"  (cantatas  w.  contmuo  f.  harpsich. ; 
1714);  "Kaiserhche  Friedenspost"  (songs  and 
duets  w.  harpsich.;  1715);  a  "Weihnachts- 
Cantate  "  (n.  d.) ;  etc. 

Keler-B&a  (rectt  Albert  von  K61er),  b. 
Bartfeld,  Hungary,  Feb.  13,  1820;  d.  Wies- 
baden, Nov.  20,  1882.  Law-student,  then 
farmer,  and  took  up  music  in  1845,  studying 
tinder  Sechter  and  Schlesinger  at  Vienna,  and 
playing  the  violin  at  the  Th.  an  der  Wien,  where 
he  developed  his  specialty,  the  composition  of 
dance-music.  In  1854  he  went  to  Berlin  for  a 
time  to  conduct  the  Gungl  orch. ;  next  year  he 
succeeded  Lanner  in  Vienna,  where  he  was 
Kapellm.,  1856-63,  of  an  infantry  regiment, 
then  becoming  conductor  of  the  kur-Orch.  at 
Wiesbaden,  resigning  in  1873  on  account  of  ill- 
health. — Works :  Overtures  and  dance-music  f* 
orch. ;  violin  solos. 


307 


KELLER— KELLXER 


KeHer,  Gottfried  (called  Godfreys  a  Ger- 
man harpsichord-teacher  in  London.  Publ.  **A 
Complete  Method  for  Attaining  to  Play  a  Thor- 
ough-bass upon  either  Organ,  Harpsichord,  or 
Theorbo-lute  "  (1707  ;  reprinted  in  W.  Holder's 
treatise  on  Harmony,  London,  1731 ) ;  6  sonatas 
f  2  vlns.,  trumpet,  or  oboe,  viola  and  continuo 
(1710) ;  and  6  sonatas  f  2  flutes  w.  basso  con- 
tinuo (posthumous). 

Kel'ler,  Max,  b,  Trostberg,  Bavaria,  1770 ; 
d.  as  organist  at  Allotting,  Dec.  16,  1855. 
Publ  6  Latin  masses ;  6  German  masses  ;  lit- 
anies, Advent  hymns,  funeral  chants ;  also 
organ-music  (preludes,  cadences,  etc  ). 

Kel'ler,  Karl,  b.  Dessau,  Oct.  16,  1784 ,  d. 
Schaffhausen,  July  19,  1855.  Flute-virtuoso ; 
court  musician  at  Berlin,  Kassel,  Stuttgart,  and 
from  1817  at  Donaueschmgen,  where  he  later 
also  became  theatre-conductor.  Pensioned  in 
1849. — Works  •  3  flute-concertos  ;  4  polonaises 
w.  orch. ;  2  divertissements  w  orch. ;  variations, 
pot-pourris,  duos  and  solos  f.  flute  ;  6  part-songs 
f.  male  ch  ;  and  numerous  very-  popular  songs. 

Keller,  F.  A.  E.,  inventor  of  a  pianograph 
which  he  called  4i  pupitre-improvisateur  "  (1835), 
and  publ.  a 4t  Methode  d'improvisation  musicale, 
theorique  et  pratique  fondee  sur  les  proprietes 
du  pupitre-improvisateur"  (Paris,  1839).  His 
invention  was  not  successful. 

Kenermann,  Christian,  fine  'cellist;  b. 
Randers,  Jutland.  Jan.  27,  1815 ;  d.  Copen- 
hagen, Dec.  3,  1866.  Pupil  of  Merk  at  Vienna. 
After  prolonged  concert-tours,  he  was  app.  so- 
loist in  the  royal  orch.  at  Copenhagen  in  1847. 
Publ.  a  few  solos  f .  'cello 

Kelley,  Edgar  Stillman,  American  com- 
poser and  writer;  b.  Sparta,  Wis.,  Apr.  14, 
1857.  Pupil  of 
F.  W.  Merriam 
(1870-4),  Clarence 
Eddy  and  N.  Le- 
dochowski  (1874-6, 
at  Chicago),  and  at 
Stuttgart,  1876-80, 
of  Seifriz  (comp.), 
Krttger  and  Spei- 
del(pf.),  and  Fried- 
rich  Finck  (org.). 
Has  acted  as  or- 
ganist in  Oakland 
and  San  Francisco, 
Cal.;  conducted  a 
comic -opera  com- 
pany in  the  Eastern 
States  1890-1 ;  has  taught  pf.,  org.  and  comp. 
in  various  schools  in  Cal.  and  N.  Y.t  and  re- 
cently in  the  New  York  College  of  Music  ;  was 
mus.  critic  for  the  San  Francisco  "Examiner" 
1893-5  ;  since  Nov.,  1896,  lecturer  on  music  for 
the  University  Extension  of  the  Univ.  of  New 
York.  Has  contributed  to  the  leading  mus. 
papers  of  the  U.  S.~ Works :  Orig.  theme  and 
var.s  f.  string-quartet,  op.  i  (MS.);  op.  2,  3 


pf. -pieces  (The  Flower-seekers,  Confluentia, 
The  Headless  Horseman),  op.  3,  concert-polo- 
naise  f  pf  4  hands  (MS  ) ;  op  4,  Wedding- 
Ode  f.  tenor  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  (MS.) ; 
op.  5,  pf. -duets  "  Keepsakes  for  my  Pupils" 
(MS.) ;  op.  6,  **  Phases  of  Love,"  6  songs  (publ. 
1890) ;  op.  7,  incid.  music  to  Macbeth  f.  full 
orch.  and  chorus  (MS.) :  op.  S,  2  songs  f  voice 
and  pf.,  "  Eldorado  "  and  44  Israfel"  [Poe]  ;  op. 
10,  "Aladdin,"  Chinese  suite  f.  full  orch.;  op. 
n,  comic  opera  Puntania  (Boston,  Tremont 
Th.,  June  9,  1892  ;  100  performances  ;  publ.  in 
vocal  score) ,  numerous  minor  comp  s. 

Kellie,  Lawrence,  tenor  singer  and  comp.  ; 
b.  London,  Apr.  3,  1862.  Articled  to  a  solici- 
tor ;  began  professional  study  of  music  in  1884 
at  R.  A.  M.,  and  as  a  private  pupil  of  Randeg- 
ger.  Debut  Covent  Garden,  Nov  ,  1886  ,  gave 
vocal  recitals  at  Stemway  Hall,  from  May  23, 
1887.  His  songs  have  great  vogue  ("  Is  it  too 
late?"  "  Sleeping  Tide,"  "All  for  thee,"  "  This 
heart  of  mine,"  etc  ). 

KelKner,  David,  director  of  music  at  the 
German  ch.,  Stockholm  ;  publ.  lt  Treulicher  Un- 
terricht  im  General-Bass  "  (Hamburg,  1732  ;  gth 
ed.  1796 ;  in  Swedish,  1782). 

Kell'ner,  Johann  Peter,  b.  Grafenroda, 
Thuringia,  Sept.  24,  1705  ,  d.  there  1788.  Or- 
ganist and  composer  ("  Manipulus  musices," 
figured  chorals,  and  trios,  f.  organ  ,  preludes, 
fugues,  and  dance-music,  f.  harpsichord,  1748-9  ; 
other  music  in  MS  ). — His  son, 

Keirner,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Grafenroda, 
Aug.  16,  1735  ;  d.  as  court  organist  at  Kassel  in 
1803. — Works  :  Opera  Die  Schadenfreude  (Kas- 
sel, 1782) ;  7  harpsichord-concertos  ;  trios  and 
sonatas  f.  harpsich.;  fugues,  preludes,  etc.,  f. 
org.;  and  a  "Grundriss  des  Generalbasses " 
(Kassel,  1783) 

KelKner,  Georg  Christoph,  Htt&rateur  and 
teacher  at  Mannheim,  where  he  died  Sept.,  1808. 
— Works :  "  Ueber  die  Charactenstik  der  Ton- 
arten"  (Breslau,  1790);  "Ideen  zu  einer  neuen 
Theorie  der  schonen  Klinste  uberhaupt  und  der 
Tonfcunst  insbesondere  "  (in  Egger's  "Deulsches 
Magazin  **  for  August,  1800)  ;  a  "  Neue  Clavier- 
schule  fur  Anfanger";  organ-pcs.,  and  songs. 

Keirner,  Ernst  August,  (probably  a  grand- 
son of  Joh.  Chr.,)  b.  Windsor,  England,  Jan. 
26,  1793  ;  d.  London,  July  18,  1839.  Began  the 
study  of  the  pf.  at  2  years  of  age  ;  at  5  he  played 
a  Handel  concerto  before  the  court.  His  voice, 
too,  was  carefully  trained  by  W.  Parsons,  and  in 
Italy  by  Nozzari,  Casella,  and  Crescentini  at 
Naples  in  1815.  Returning  to  England  in  1820, 
he  was  very  successful  both  as  pianist  and  bari- 
tone vocalist,  and  made  a  concert-tour  with  the 
Catalani.  In  1824  he  sang  at  Venice  in  Ros- 
sini's Most.  His  success  as  a  player  and  singer 
in  St.  Petersburg  (1828)  and  Paris  (1833)  was 
phenomenal.  In  1834  he  became  organist  of  the 
Bavarian  Chapel  in  London. — A  biographical 
sketch  by  Richard  Cull:  "Case  of  Precocious 


308 


KELLOGG— KERLE 


Musical  Talent  .   .  .  ,"  was  publ.  at  London, 
1839. 

Kellogg,  Clara  Louise,  dramatic  soprano ; 
b.  Sumterville,  S.  C.,  in  July,  1842.  Recehed 
her  vocal  training  in  New  York  from  1856,  and 
made  her  debut  at  the  Academy  of  Music  there 
as  Gila  in  Rigoletto  (1861),  and  sang  there  ten  or 
twelve  nights.  Her  London  debut  at  Her  Maj- 
esty's Th.  (Nov.  2,  1867),  as  Marghenta  in  Faust, 
was  so  successful  that  she  sang  regularly,  and 
was  reengaged  for  the  next  season.  After  tours 
in  the  United  States,  1868-72,  she  appeared  at 
Drury  Lane  (Linda} ;  sang  in  Italian  opera  in 
the  U.  S.  till  1874 ;  then  organized  an  English 
opera-company,  extending  her  supervision  to  the 
translations  of  the  libretti,  the  stage-settings,  and 
the  training  of  the  soloists  and  chorus.  She 
herself  sang  125  nights  in  the  winter  of  1874-5. 
Since  this  time  she  has  divided  her  time  between 
Europe  and  America.  She  has  a  repertory  of 
about  forty  r61es. 

Kelly,  Michael,  Irish  singer  and  composer ; 
b.  Dublin,  1762  ;  d.  Margate,  Oct.  9,  1826.  He 
studied  singing  under  Raurzini,  and  in  Naples 
(1779)  under  Fenaroli  and  Apnle.  He  now 
sang  in  Palermo,  Leghorn,  Florence,  Bologna, 
and  Venice.  Visiting  Vienna,  he  was  engaged 
at  the  court  opera  for  4  years,  becoming  the 
friend  of  Mozart,  and  taking  the  r6le  of  Basilio 
on  the  production  of  Figaro.  In  1787  he  ap- 
peared in  the  part  of  Lionel  at  Drury  Lane,  and 
sang  leading  tenor  r6les  there  until  his  retire- 
ment. In  1789  his  composer's  debut  was  made 
in  False  Appearances  and  Fashionable  Friends; 
up  to  1820  he  wrote  the  music  for  62  stage- 
pieces,  also  many  songs.  He  had  a  music-shop 
from  1802-11,  failed,  and  went  into  the  wine 
trade ;  it  was  Sheridan  who  said,  anent  the 
quality  of  his  works  and  wines,  that  he  was  "a 
composer  of  wines  and  importer  of  music." — His 
11  Reminiscences"  (1826)  are  replete  with  amus- 
ing musical  anecdotes. 

Kemp,  Joseph,  b.  Exeter,  England,  in  1778  ; 
d.  London,  May  22,  1824.  Pupil  of  W.  Jack- 
son ;  organist  of  Bristol  cathedral,  1802 ;  Mus. 
Bac.  Cantab.,  1808  ;  Mus.  Doc.,  1809,  thereafter 
teaching  in  London.  As  one  of  the  earliest 
promoters  of  mus.  instruction  by  classes,  he 
publ.  a  pamphlet  on  a  "  New  System  of  Musical 
Education  "  (1819).  He  composed  psalms,  an- 
thems, double  chants,  duets,  songs  ;  an  "  occa- 
sional piece,"  The  Jubilee  (1809) "»  a  melodrama, 
The  Siege  off  sea  [Exeter]  (1810) ;  "  Mus.  Illus- 
trations of  the  Beauties  of  Shakespeare";  do.  of 
14  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  ";  etc. 

Kemp,  Robert,  better  known  as  "Father 
Kemp,"  the  originator  and  conductor  of  the 
44  Old  Folks1  Concerts  "  commencing  in  1854  ;  b. 
Wellfleet,  Mass.,  June  6,  1820  ;d.  Boston,  May 
14,  1897.  His  book,  "  Father  Kemp  and  his 
Old  Folks,  etc."  (Boston,  1868),  contains  his  au- 
tobiography. His  regular  business  was  that  of 
shoe-dealer  at  261  Hanover  St.,  Boston. 


Kempis,  Nicholas  a,  organist  at  Ste.-Gu- 
dule,  Brussels  ;  publ.  at  Antwerp  "  Svmphoniae 
r,  2,  3  violinorum"  (1644),  "  S>mphoniae  1-5 
instrumentorum,  adjunctae  4  mstr.  et  2  voc."  (2 
books,  1647,  '49)  I  and  a  book  of  masses  and 
motets  a  S  w.  continuo  (1650).  Chamber-music 
excellent. 

Kemp'ter,  Karl,  b.  Limbach,  Bavaria,  Jan. 
17, 1819;  d.  Mar.  n,  1871,  as  Kapettm.  at  Augs- 
burg cathedral.  —  Church-music  .  4  oratorios, 
numerous  masses  and  graduate.  Also  publ. 
"  Der  Landchorregent,"  a  coll.  for  use  in  small 
churches. 

Kemp'ter,  Lothar,  b.  Lauingen,  Bavaria, 
Feb.  5, 1844  Was  taught  at  first  by  his  father, 
Friednch  K.  (music-teacher  in  the  Lauingen  Sem- 
inary), studied  in  Munich  Univ.,  and  in  1868  en- 
tered the  Royal  Music-School  there  (Rheinber- 
ger) ,  1869-71,  chorusmaster  at  the  court  theatre  ; 
1871-4,  2nd  Kapellm.  and  chorus-director  at 
Strassburg ;  since  1874,  chief  Kapdlm.  at  the 
Zurich  City  Th.,and  since  1886  prof,  of  mus. 
theory  in  the  Zurich  Music-School.  From 
1879-95  he  also  cond.  the  popular  concerts  in 
the  "Tonhalle." — Works:  A  score  of  songs, 
and  10  male  choruses  ;  an  Albumblatt  f.  vln.  and 
pf  ;  marches,  and  over  40  fantasias,  f .  orch.  w. 
solo  instr.s ;  and  the  fairy-opera  Das  Fest  der 
Jugend  (Zurich,  1895  ,  v.  succ.). 

Kenn,  P.,  German  horn -virtuoso ;  went  to 
Pans  1782,  and  was  2nd  horn  at  the  Ope'ra  in 
1783.  When  the  band  of  the  National  Guard 
was  organized  in  1791,  K.  joined  it ;  and  became 
prof,  in  the  Cons,  in  1795,  but  was  dismissed  on 
the  reduction  of  the  staff  of  teachers  in  1802, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  pupil  Dauprat  (1808) 
in  the  Opera  orch.,  retiring  on  pension. — Publ. 
36  trios  f.  3  horns ;  12  duos  f.  clar.  and  horn ; 
and  duos  and  airs  f.  2  horns. 

Kent,  James,  b.  Winchester,  England,  Mar. 
13,  1700 ;  d.  there  May  6,  1776.  Chorister  in 
Winch,  cath.  under  Richardson,  and  in  the 
Chapel  Royal  under  Croft ;  organist  of  Trinity 
Coll.,  Cambridge,  1731-7,  then  till  1774  of 
Winch,  cathedral.  A  new  2-vol.  ed.  of  "Kent's 
Anthems  "  was  publ.  in  London,  1844 ;  he  also 
comp.  services  in  C  and  D. 

Kepler,  Johannes,  the  illustrious  astrono- 
mer ;  b.  Weil,  Wurttemberg,  Dec.  27,  1571 ; 
d.  Ratisbon,  Nov.  15,  1630 ;  elucidates  the  de- 
tails of  musical  science,  from  a  philosophical 
standpoint,  in  Books  3  and  5  of  his  * 4  Harmonices 
mundi." 

Kerle,  Jacques  de,  b.  Yprest Flanders,  in  the 
first  part  of  the  i6th  century.  It  appears  that 
in  youth  he  was  in.  Italy  for  10  years,  as  his  first 
works  were  publ.  at  Venice,  1562-71.  He  be- 
came canon  at  Cambrai,  and  director  of  the 
church-choir ;  later  nia&tre  de  chapelle  to  Em- 
peror Rudolph  II.  He  publ.  from  1562-83  sev- 
eral books  of  masses,  motets,  madrigals,  and 
hymns ;  also  other  miscellaneous  vocal  music. 


309 


KERLL— KEWITSCH 


Kerlhor  Keri,  Khcrl,  Chcrl\  Johann  Cas- 
par, b  Gaimersheim,  n.  Ingulstadt,  in  1621  ,  d. 
Munich,  Feb.  13, 1693.  One  of  the  earliest  im- 
portant German  masters  of  the  organ,  he  studied 
in  Vienna  under  Valentini,  and  about  1645  was 
sent  by  Ferdinand  III.  to  Carissimi  and  Fresco- 
baldi  in  Rome.  From  1658-73,  court  Kapellm. 
at  Munich,  resigning  because  of  the  intrigues  of 
the  Italian  singers.  According  to  some  author- 
ities, he  then  lived  for  a  long  time  in  Vienna  as 
organist  and  teacher ,  this  point  is  not  settled. 
He  wrote  for  organ  .  '4  Modulatio  organica  super 
Magnificat,  octo  tonis — organicis  respondens  " 
(preludes,  interludes,  postludes  ;  Munich,  1686); 
toccatas  and  suites  f.  harpsich.  (MS.)  ;  a  trio  f. 
2  vlns  and  bass  viol  (MS.). — Numerous  vocal 
works  :  "  Selectus  sacrarum  cantionum"  a  4—5, 
w.  organ-bass  (Nuremberg,  1669);  Masses  a  2-5 
(1669);  "Missaesex  4,  5  et  6  vocibus  cum  in- 
stru mentis  concertantibus  et  vocibus  in  ripieno, 
adjuncta  una  pro  defunctis  cum  seq  Dies  irae, 
consecratae  Leopoldo  I,  imperatori "  (1689 ; 
praised  by  Mattheson);  "  Missa  nigra"  (so  called 
because  written  in  black  notes  only;  said  to  have 
been  comp.  by  K.,  expressly  to  revenge  himself 
on  the  Italian  singers  in  Munich,  for  their  last 
performance  under  his  direction;  its  intervals 
and  modulations  being  so  bizarre  and  difficult, 
that  the  choir  sang  horribly  false,  and  covered 
themselves  with  ridicule) ;  several  Kyries  and 
Glorias  f.  voices  and  various  instr  s  (all  in  MS.) ; 
etc. 

Kes,  Willem,  violinist,  composer  and  con- 
ductor ;  b.  Dordrecht,  Holland,  Feb.  16,  1856. 
Pupil  of  Nothdurft,  Tyssens,  and  Ferd.  Bohm  ; 
then  (1871)  of  David  in  Leipzig  Cons., and  after- 
wards, with  stipend  from  the  King  of  Holland,  of 
Wieniawski  (Brussels  Cons.)  and  Joachim  (Ber- 
lin). In  1876  he  became  leader  of  the  Park 
Orch.  and  Felix  mentis  Society  at  Amsterdam  ; 
cond.  **  Society  "  concerts  at  Dordrecht  for  sev- 
eral years ;  in  1883  became  conductor  of  the 
"  Parkschouwburg  "  Concerts  at  Amsterdam, 
then  lived  a  while  in  Dordrecht,  and  about  1890 
assumed  the  conductorship  of  the  "Concertge- 
bouw"  Concerts  at  Amsterdam.  In  1895  he 
succeeded  G.  Henschel  as  cond.  of  the  Glasgow 
orch.;  and  in  1898  was  chosen  cond.  of  the 
Mobcow  Philharm.  Concerts,  and  Director  of  the 
Moscow  Cons,  for  3  years.  (His  place  in  Am- 
sterdam was  taken  by  \V.  Mengelberg.) 

Kes'sel,  Franz,  in  1889  Kapellm.  of  the 
theatre  at  Freiburg-in-the-Breisgau,  prod,  a 
symphony  in  F  in  1889,  and  in  1895,  at  Trier,  a 
successful  3-act  opera,  Die  Schwestern. 

Kessler,  Friedrich,  preacher  at  Werdohl, 
Westphalia,  from  1819,  later  diocesan  at  Lilden- 
scheid,  was  an  active  propagandist  of  Natorp's 
figure-notation,  published  aChoralbuch  (Essen, 
1829;  and  ed.  1836)  in  the  same,  and  also  *'Der 
musikalische  Gottesdienst :  ein  Wort  fur  ... 
Organisten  und  Prediger"  (Iserlohn,  1832), 
"  Kurze  und  fassliche  Andeutungen  einiger 
Mangel  des  Kircben-Gesanges"  (1832),  and 


* '  Das   Gesangbuch    von  seiner  musikalischen 
Seite  betrachtet"  (1838). 

Kess'ler,  Ferdinand,  b  Frankfort-on-Main, 
Jan.,  1793  ;  d.  there  Oct.  28,  1856.  Violinist 
and  teacher,  pupil  of  his  father  and  Vollweiler. 
PubL  some  sonatas,  rondos,  etc.,  f  pf.  Fr. 
\Vullner  was  one  of  his  pupils  in  theory. 

Kess'ler  (recte  Kotz'ler),  Joseph  Chris- 
toph,  b.  Augsburg,  Aug.  26,  1800;  d.  Vienna, 
Jan  14,  1872.  Excellent  pianist  and  teacher ; 
composer  of  valuable  pf. -etudes  (op  20  and  51). 
Pupil  1807-10  of  the  organist  Bilek  at  Felds- 
berg;  otherwise  self-taught.  Teacher,  1820-6, 
in  the  family  of  Count  Potocki  at  Lemberg  and 
Landshut ;  then  lived  three  years  in  Vienna,  one 
year  in  Warsaw,  1 830-5  in  Breslau,  then  20  years 
in  Lemberg,  and  from  1855  in  Vienna.  Moscheles 
and  others  have  utilized  K.'s  etudes  in  their 
methods;  technically  they  are  more  advanced 
thanCzerny's  "  Schule  des Virtuosen  ";  musically 
they  are  ingenious,  but  rather  dry.  Liszt  com- 
mended them.  His  variations,  preludes,  noc- 
turnes, etc.,  are  of  minor  importance  ;  the  best 
are  "  Bluthen  und  Knospen  (op.  104),  and  oj 
29,30,38. — Pyllemann  publ.  *'Persor"iT  Remi- 
niscences" of  K.  in  the  "  Allgemeine  musikal. 
Zeitung,"  1872. 

Ketten,  Henri,  talented  pianist,  pupil  of 
Mannontel  and  Halevy  in  Paris;  b.  Baja,  Hun- 
gary, Mar.  25,  1848 ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  I,  1883. 
Pf.-pieces  of  a  light  and  graceful  description 
(Chasse  au  papillon,  op.  10 ;  Romance  sans 
paroles  ;  Tranquilhte ;  Melancolie) ;  etc. 

Kettenus,  Aloys,  Belgian  violinist  and  able 
teacher;  b.  Verviers,  Feb.  22,  1823;  d.  Lon- 
don, Oct.  3,  1896.  Studied  at  Liege  Cons.,  also 
in  Germany;  in  1845,  leader  of  the  Mannheim 
orch.;  from  1855,  member  of  the  Halle*  Orch.  in 
London,  and  of  the  Royal  Italian  Orch. — Works: 
An  opera,  Stella  Monti  (Brussels,  1862;  mod. 
succ.);  a  vln.-concerto;  a  concertino  f.  4  violins 
w.  orch. ;  a  duet  f.  vm.  and  pf  ;  etc. 

Ketterer,  Eugene,  pianist;  b.  Rouen,  1831; 
d.  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1870.  A  pupil  of  Paris  Cons  , 
he  publ.  290  pf. -pieces  in  drawing-room  style, 
many  of  which  became  popular  (op.  7,  Grand 
caprice  hongrois  ;  op.  21,  1' Argentine  ;  op.  90, 
La  Chatelaine ;  op.  101,  Gaetana  ;  op.  102, 
Rondo  oriental). 

Keur'Vels,  Edward  H.  J.,  conductor  and 
dramatic  comp.;  b.  Antwerp,  1853.  Pupil  of 
Benoit;  till  1882,  chorusmaster  at  the  Royal 
Th. ,  since  then  cond.  at  the  National  Flemish 
Th.,  Antwerp,  where  he  has  brought  out Benoit's 
Pacijicatie  van  Gent  and  Charlotte  Corday, 
Waelput's  Stella,  Beethoven's  Fideho,  and  like 
works. — Operas  ;  Parisina,  Hamlet,  Rolla  ;  also 
operettas,  cantatas,  a  mass  w.  org.,  ballads, 
songs,  etc. 

Ke'witsch  [Kiewics],  (Karl)  Theodor,  b. 
Posilge,  W.  Prussia,  Feb.  3, 1834.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  an  organist,  and  of  W.  Maslon  at  Peplin. 
For  3  years,  oboist  in  the  2ist  Regt.  band;  then 


310 


KIEL—  KIENZF, 


was  teacher  and  organist  in  various  towns  ;  fiom 
1866-87,  teacher  and  (1884-5)  "  Directorialsver- 
walter"  in  the  Music  -  teachers'  Seminary  at 
Berent  Pensioned  in  1887,  went  to  Berlin,  edited 
the  "  Musikkorps"  1891-2,  and  is  now  editor  of 
the  "  Hannover'sche  Musikzeitung,"  also  writ- 
ing for  other  mils,  papers.  Has  publ.  a  "  Vade- 
mecum"  for  organists,  and  much  church-music 
(chiefly  Polish),  4-part  songs  f  mixed  and  male 
ch.,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Kiel,  Friedrich,  eminent  composer;  b.  Puder- 
bach,  near  Siegen  (Rh.  Prussia),  Oct.  7,  1821  , 
d.  Berlin,  Sept.  14, 
1885.  Taught  the 
elements  of  music 
by  his  father,  the 
village  schoolmas- 
ter, he  was  a  self- 
taught  pianist  and 
composer  ,  dance- 
music  and  varia- 
tions, written 
1832-4,  attracted 
vue  attention  of 
Prince  ^"arl  von 
Wittgenstein,  who 
himself  gave  K. 
violin  -  lessons  in 
1835, and  took  him 
into  his  orchestra.  After  studying  theory  under 
Kaspar  Kummer  at  Koburg  1838-9,  he  became, 
in  1840,  leader  of  the  ducal  orch.,  and  teacher 
to  the  Duke's  children.  From  1837-42  he  brought 
out  a  cantata,  2  overtures,  several  variations  and 
fantasias  f.  pf.,  violin  and  oboe,  w,  orch.,  4  so- 
natas f .  pf . ,  etc  Receiving  a  stipend  from  King 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  IV.,  he  studied  1842-4  under 
Dehn  at  Berlin,  where  he  thenceforth  resided. 
His  first  published  works  (op.  I,  15  canons,  and 
op.  2,  6  fugues)  appeared  in  1850.  He  gradu- 
ally, though  steadily,  won  general  recognition  as 
a  composer,  though  even  as  late  as  1859  anc*  '^I 
he  had  to  arrange  private  concerts  to  get  a  hear- 
ing for  his  works  ;  but  his  fame  was  assured  in 
_  1862,  when  the  Stern  Gesangverein  brought  out 
"  his  Requiem  (op.  20  ;  composed  1859-60),  en- 
thusiastically received  in  the  chief  musical  cen- 
tres. In  1865  he  was  made  a  member,  in  1870 
senator,  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  Up  to 
1866  he  gave  private  lessons  in  piano-playing  ; 
he  then  taught  composition  in  Stern's  Cons,  until 
1870,  when  he  was  app.  teacher  of  composition 
at  the  Hochschule  fur  Musik  (in  1868  he  had  re- 
ceived the  title  of  "Royal  Professor").  As  a 
teacher  he  was  extremely  successful.  His  com- 
positions are  not  strikingly  original,  but  are  note- 
worthy principally  as  presenting  some  of  the 
finest  exemplars  of  the  "  classic  "  tendency  pro- 
duced in  the  last  half-century. — Works  :  2  Re- 
quiems f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.  (op.  20  and  So) ;  a 
Missa  solemnis  f .  do. ,  op.  40  (comp.  1865) ;  an 
oratorio,  Christus^  op.  60  (comp.  1871-2,  perf. 
1874);  a  Stabat  Mater  and  the  130th  Psalm,  both 
f.  female  ch.,  soli,  and  orch.;  a  Te  Deum  f. 


mixed  ch  and  orch.  (1866) ,  4l  Zwei  Gesange  "  f. 
ditto;  2  Motets  f.  female  ch.,  soli  and  pf.,  op 
32,  6  Motets  f.  mixed  ch. ;  4  Marches  f  orch. , 
a  p f. -concerto ;  a  sonata  f.  'cello,  op.  52;  do.  f 
viola,  op.  67;  2  string-quintets,  op.  75,  76;  3 
string -quartets,  op.  43,  44,  50  ;  2  sets  of  Waltzes 
f.  string-quartet,  op  73,  78;  7  trios,  op.  3,  22, 
24,  33,  34,  65  (the  last  containing  2  numbers); 
4  violin-sonatas ;  many  pf  -works  ,  songs.  He 
publ.  83  works  with  opus -number. — Sketches  of 
K.  were  written  bySaran  ("Allgem.  Musikzei- 
tung,"  1862),  Bungert  (lt  Neue  Zeitschnft  fur 
Musik,"  1875),  and  Gumprecht  (Westermann's 
"  Monatshefte,"  rSS6). 

Kie'ne.    See  BIGOT. 

Kien'le,  Ambrosius,  an  authority  on  Grego- 
rian chant ;  b.  Siegmaringen,  May  8,  1852 ,  in 
1873  he  entered  the  Benedictine  monastery  at 
Beuron,  Hohenzollern. — Publ  "  Choralschule  " 
(1890),  "  Kleines,  kirchenmusikalisches  Hand- 
buch "  (1892),  and  essays  in  periodicals ;  also 
"  Der  gregonamsche  Choral  "  (iSSr  ;  a  transl. 
of  Pothier's  "  Les  melodies  gregoriennes  "). 

Kienzl,  Wilhelm,  b  Waizenkirchen,  Upper 
Austria,  Jan.  17,  1857.  As  a  student  at  Graz 
Gymnasium,  his  music-teachers  were  Buwa  and 
Ignaz  Uhl ;  later  W.  A.  Remy  (comp.)  and 
Mortier  de  Fontaine  (pf.).  While  studying  in 
Prague  Univ  1875-6,  he  was  also  a  music-pupil 
of  Jos.  Krejc*i ;  studied  further  in  Leipzig,  and 
under  Liszt  at  Weimar ;  and  in  1879  took  the 
degree  of  Dr.  phil  at  Vienna  with  the  disserta- 
tion "Die  musikalische  Deklamation  .  .  ." 
(publ.  Leipzig,  1880).  A  second  work,  "  Mis- 
cellen  "  (Leipzig,  1885),  treating  of  impressions 
received  in  Bayreuth,  1879,  created  a  stir  by  its 
bold  criticism.  During  iSSo  he  lectured  on 
music  at  Munich  ;  in  1881-2  he  made  a  pianistic 
tour  with  Aglaja  Orgeni  and  R.  Sahla  to  80  towns 
in  Hungary,  Rumania,  and  North  and  South 
Germany;  in  1883-4  he  was  chief  KapdLn  of 
the  German  opera  in  Amsterdam  ;  then  served 
in  like  capacity  at  Crefeld,  and  in  1886  married 
the  concert-singer  Lili  Hoke  ;  1886-90,  artistic 
director  of  the  Styrian  Musikverein  at  Graz,  also 
conducting  the  symphony  concerts  and  directing 
the  provincial  vocal  and  instrumental  schools ; 
1890-2,  1st  Kapellm.  at  the  Hamburg  opera ; 
1892-3,  Ilofkapellm*  at  Munich.  Now  (1899) 
living  at  Graz,  wholly  devoted  to  composition. 
K.  is  one  of  the  best  known  among  contempo- 
rary dramatic  composers.  His  first  opera,  Ur- 
vasi,  in  3  acts  (Dresden,  Feb.  20,  1886),  was 
well  received ;  the  3-act  opera  Heilmar^  der 
Narr  (Munich,  Mar.  8,  1892),  was  very  success- 
ful ,  the  third  opera,  Der  Evangelimann^  called 
"a  musikalisches  Schauspiel"  in  2  acts  (Court 
Opera,  Berlin,  May  4,  1895),  has  had  tremen- 
dous success  in  Germany,  and  has  appeared  up 
to  1899  on  over  130  stages  in  Austria,  Germany, 
Holland,  Hungary,  Croatia,  Switzerland,  Eng- 
land, etc.  A  fourth  is  Don  QtticAote,  a  "  musi- 
cal tragi-comedy." — K.  finished  Ad.  Jensen's 


KIESEWETTER— KIPKE 


opera  Tmandoi,  and  edited  Mozart's  7»//r. 
I  Us  original  published  tomp.s  comprise  about 
90  songs,  much  light  pf.-music  (op.  3,  Skizze ; 
op  5,  Kahnscene  ,  op.  10,  Bunte  Tanze  ;  op.  12, 
*"  Aus  alten  Marchen";  op  15,  "Ausmeinem 
Tagebuch";  op.  21,  30  Tanzweisen  ,  op  29, 
Scherzo  in  A  min. ;  op.  30,  * '  Kinderliebe  und 
-leben,"  12  pieces  ;  op.  34,  u  Romanlische  Blat- 
ter"— ten  Phantasiestucke ;  op.  40,  "Feuer- 
zauber"  Polka;  op.  41,  12  Tanzbilder ;  op.  43, 
"Daheim,"  12  pieces;  op.  46,  "  Dichterreise," 
10  pieces ;  and  arrangements) ,  music  to  the 
melodrama  (Romance)  "Die  Brautfahrt";  3 
Phantasiestilcke  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (op.  7) ;  pf.-tno 
in  F  min.  (op.  13);  string-quartet  in  I>r>  min. 
(op.  22)  ;  choral  music  ;  etc. — Edited  Brendel's 
"  Grandzrtge  der  Geschichte  der  Musik  "  (Leip- 
zig, iSS6) ;  also  Brendel's  "  Geschichte  der 
Musik  in  Italien,  Deutschland  und  Frankreich  " 
(7th  ed  ,  Leipzig,  1889). 

Kie'sewetter,  Raphael  Georg, "  Edler  von 
\Viesenbrunn,"  distinguished  writer  on  music  , 
b.  Holleschau,  Moravia,  Aug.  29,  1773 ;  d. 
Baden,  near  Vienna,  Jan.  I,  1850.  An  excel- 
lent amateur  musician,  he  studied  for  an  official 
career  under  the  Austrian  government,  becom- 
ing attached  to  the  Imp.  Ministry  of  War,  and 
travelling  in  various  countries  until  1801,  when 
he  settled  in  Vienna.  His  passion  for  music 
still  unabated,  he  studied  counterpoint  under 
Albrechtsberger  in  1803,  an^  later  with  Hart- 
mann.  He  was  an  indefatigable  collector  of 
old  musical  MSS  ,  hence  his  later  love  for  his- 
torical research,  which  became  his  life-work. 
He  was  elected  a  member,  or  honorary  member, 
of  numerous  musical  and  scientific  societies,  and 
was  ennobled  a  few  years  before  his  retirement 
in  1845.  A.  \V.  Ambros  was  his  nephew. — 
Works  "  Die  Verdienste  der  Niederlander  um 
die  Tonkunst  ..."  (took  prize  of  the  Neth- 
erland  Acad.  in  1826 ;  Dutch  transl.  1829) ; 
14  Geschichte  der  europaisch  -  abendlandischen 
oder  unsrer  heutigen  Musik  "  (Leipzig,  1834 ; 
2nd  ed.  1846) ;  "  Ueber  die  Musik  der  neuern 
Griechen,  nebst  freien  Gedanken  fiber  altagyp- 
tische  und  altgriechische  Musik "  (1838) ; 
"  Guido  von  Arezzo,  sein  Leben  und  Wirken  " 
(1840) ;  "  Schicksale  und  Beschaffenheit  des 
weltlichen  Gesangs  vom  frUhen  Mittelalter  bis 
zur  Erfindung  des  dramatischen  Styles  und  den 
Anfa'ngenderOper"  (1841);  "  Die  Musik  der 
Araber  nach  Originalquellen  "  (1842);  "Der 
neuen  Aristoxener  zerstreute  Aufsatze  "  (1846)  ; 
u  Ueber  die  Octave  des  Pythagoras'7  (1848); 
"  Galerie  alter  Contrapunctisten  (1847  ;  a  cata- 
logue of  his  old  scores,  bequeathed  to  the  Vienna 
Library) ;  many  essays  in  the  Leipzig  "  Allgem. 
musikalische  Zeitung,"  on  Gregorian  notation, 
on  tablatures,  on  Franko  of  Cologne,  etc.  He 
was  supervising  editor  of  Kandler's  Life  of 
Palestrina  (1834). 

Kimball,  Josiah,  b.  Topsfield,  Mass.,  Feb., 
1761 ;  d.  in  the  local  almshouse,  Feb.  26,  1826. 
He  gave  up  the  law  to  become  a  music-teacher, 


and  taught  in  several  Xew  England  towns,  try- 
ing to  introduce  his  collection  of  mostly  original 
tunes,  "Rural  Harmony"  (1793).  Hiscomps 
\\ere  simple  psalm-tunes  and  **  fugumg  pieces." 

Kin'dermann,  Johann  Erasmus,  Nurem- 
berg organist;  b.  Mar.  29,  1616,  publ.  many 
sacred  songs  (up  to  1652). 

Kin'dermann,  August,  b.  Potsdam,  Feb.  6, 
1817 ;  d.  Munich,  Mar.  6,  1891.  Baritone 
stage-singer ;  at  16,  chorus-singer  in  the  Berlin 
opera,  also  taking  small  soli ;  1839-46,  at  Leip- 
zig ;  later,  until  his  retirement  in  1886,  a  prime 
favorite  at  the  Munich  court  opera. — Father  of 

Kin'dermann,     Hedwig.      See    REICHER- 

KlNDERMAIsN. 

King,  Robert,  musician  in  the  band  of  Will- 
iam and  Mar}',  also  of  Queen  Anne  ;  Mus.  Bac. 
Cantab.,  1696.  Died  after  1711.— Publ.  "  Songs 
for  I,  2  and  3  voices,  composed  to  a  Thorough 
Basse,  for  ye  organ  or  harpsichord"  (London, 
n.d.);  music  to  Shadwell's  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's 
Day  (1690),  other  music  in  various  collections 
("The  Banquet  of  Musick,"  "Choice  Ayres," 
"  Comes  Amoris,"  etc.). 

King,  Charles,  b.  Bury-St. -Edmunds,  Eng- 
land, 1687  ;  d.  London,  Mar.  17,  1748.  Chor- 
ister at  St.  Paul's  under  Dr.  Blow  and  Jer. 
Clark  ;  Master  of  Choristers  there  in  1707 ; 
Vicar-choral,  1730. — Publ.  services  and  anthems, 
some  of  which  are  in  Arnold's  "  Cathedral  Mu- 
sic" and  Page's  "  Harmonica  sacra." 

King,  Matthew  Peter,  b.  London,  1773  ! 
d.  there  Jan.,  1823.  Composed  10  or  12  English 
operas  for  the  Lyceum  Th.;  an  oratorio,  77te 
Intercession  ;  a  quintet  f.  pf.,  flute,  and  strings  ; 
pf.- sonatas  and  rondos  ;  also  publ.  "A  General 
Treatise  on  Music  ..."  (London,  1800),  and 
an  " Introduction"  to  sight-singing  (1806). 

King,  Oliver  A.,  pianist ;  b.  London,  1855. 
Articled  pupil  of  J.  Barnby ;  studied  pf.  with 
W.  H.  Holmes,  and  under  Reinecke  at  Leipzig 
Cons.,  1874-7.  Pianist  to  H.  R.  H.  the  Prin- 
cess Louise,  1879 ;  in  Canada,  1880-3,  giving 
recitals  and  visiting  New  York.  Now  (1899) 
prof,  of  pf.  at  the  R.  A.M. — Works  :  3  cantatas, 
The  Romance  of  the  Roses,  Proserpina,  and 
The  Naiades;  the  I37th  Psalm,  f.  soli,  ch.  and 
orch.  (Chester  Festival,  1888) ;  church-music 
a  symphony,  "Night";  2  concert-overtures 
pf.-concerto ;  violin-concerto  in  G  minor . 
pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  f.  pf.  solo,  and  f.  organ ', 

King,  Julie.    See  RIV£-KING. 

Kinh/el,  Johanna,  (n&  Mockel,  div.  Mat- 
thieux),  wife  of  the  poet ;  b.  Bonn,  July  8, 1810  ; 
d.  London,  Nov.  15,  1858.  Studied  music  in 
Berlin  with  Karl  Bohmer,  and  was  married  in 
1843  to  Gottfried  Kinkel.— Works  :  A  cantata, 
"  Die  Vogel-Cantate  ";  operetta  Otto  der  Schutz 
(1850?);  "Acht  Briefe  an  eine  Freundin  uber 
Clavierunterricht"  (1852). 

Kip'ke,  Karl,  b.  Breslau,  Nov.  20,  1850 ; 


312 


KIPPER— KIRNBERGER 


living  (1899)  at  Leipzig  as  editor  of  the  "Sanger- 
halle." 

Kip'per,  Hermann,  b.  Koblenz,  Aug  27, 
1826  ;  pupil  of  Anschutz  and  H.  Dorn.  Music- 
teacher  and  en  tic  at  Cologne. — Comic  operettas 
(written  for  male  choral  societies)  Der  Quack- 
saM?r,  oder  Doctor  Sagebein  und  sem  Fanntlns  ; 
Incognito,  oder  Der  Fitrst  wider  Wilkn  ;  Kell- 
u  er  und  Lord;  Der  Haifsch;  etc. 

Kir'cher,  Athanasius,  famous  Jesuit  ar- 
chaeologist ;  b.  Geisa  (Buchow  ?),  n.  Fulda,  May 
2,  1602  ;  d.  Rome,  Nov.  28,  1680.  He  was 
prof,  at  Wurzburg ;  1635-7  at  Avignon  ;  lived 
thereafter  in  Rome. — Works  .  "  Musurgia  uni- 
versalis,  sive  ars  magna  consoni  et  dissoni  ." 
(1650  ;  epitomized  in  German,  1662) ;  "  Pho- 
nurgia  nova,siveconjugium  mechanico-physicum 
artis  et  naturae  .  .  ."  (1673),  his  "Oedipus 
aegyptiacus  .  .  ."  contains  a  curious  chapter  on 
hieroglyphic  music ;  in  his  treatise  "  De  arte 
magnetica"  are  given  airs  then  popularly  re- 
garded as  a  cure  for  tarantism  ;  in  fact,  all  his 
musical  works  exhibit  a  unique  blending  of  real 
scientific  thought  with  childish  credulity. 

Kirchl,  Adolf,  b  Vienna,  June  16,  1858  ;  is 
choirmaster  of  the  Viennese  "  Schubertbund," 
and  a  comp.  of  songs  f .  male  voices. 

Kirch'ner,  Fritz,  b.  Potsdam,  Nov.  3,  1840. 
Pianist ;  pupil  of  Th,  Kullak  (pf .),  and  of  Wuetst 
and  Seyffert  (theory),  at  Kullak's  Acad. ;  taught 
there  from  1864-89,  when  it  was  dissolved,  and 
K.  became  teacher  in  the  "  Madchenheim" 
school  at  Berlin. — Works :  Educational  pieces 
and  other  pf. -music  ("Ball-Scenes";  24  Prel- 
udes) ;  also  songs. 

Kirch'ner,  Hermann,  comp.  and  tenor  con- 
cert-singer ;  b.  Wolffs,  Thuringia,  Jan.  23, 1861 ; 
now  (1899)  *n  Berlin. 

Kirch'ner,  Theodor,  a  distinguished  pf.- 
composer ;  b.  Neukirchen,  n.  Chemnitz,  Saxony, 
Dec.  10,  1824.  From  1838-42,  by  Mendels- 
sohn's advice,  he 
studied  in  Leipzig1 
under  J.  Knorr  (pf.) 
and  K.  F.  Becker 
(org.  and  theory)  ; 
in  the  summer  of 
1842,  with  Joh. 
Schneider  at  Dres- 
den ;  six  months  in 
the  Leipzig  Cons.; 
and  then,  1843-62, 
was  organist  at 
Winterthur.  1862- 
72,  teacher  in  the 
Zurich  Music- 
School,  and  conduc- 
tor ,  lived  a  year  at 
Meiningen  as  music-master  to  Princess  Maria ; 
was  director  pf  the  Wurzburg  Cons.  1873-5 ; 
lived  in  Leipzig  till  1883,  then  in  Dresden,  and 
finally  went  to  Hamburg  in  1890.  Both  Men- 
delssohn and  Schumann  were  warm  friends  of 


K.,  ind  uided  him  by  advice.  Besides  songs, 
song-transcriptions  f."  pf.,  piano-duets  ("Alte 
Bekannte  in  neuem  Gewande";,  etc.,  K.  has 
publ.  some  90  original  pf. -works  ;  the  most 
popular  are,  Op.  2,  10  pieces;  op  5,  Gruss  an 
meine  Freunde ;  op.  7,  nine  Album-leaves  ,  op 
8,  Scherzo;  op  9,  Preludes  (2  books.),  op  n, 
Skizzen  (3  books) ;  op.  12,  Adagio  quasi  fantasia ; 
op.  13,  Lieder  ohne  Worte  ;  op.  14,  Phantasie- 
stilcke  (3  books) ;  op.  16,  Kleine  Lust-  und  Trau- 
erspiele ;  op.  17,  Neue  Davidsbundlertanze , 
op.  18,  Legenden  ;  op.  19,  ro  pieces  (transcr.s 
of  his  own  songs) ;  op.  21,  Aquarellen ;  op  22, 
Romanzen  (2  books)  ,  op.  23,  Waltzes  (2  books) ,  • 
op  25,  Nachtbilder  (2  books)  ;  op  26,  Album  ; 
op.  27,  Caprices  (2  books) ;  op.  28,  Nocturnes ; 
op.  29,  Aus  meinem  Skizzenbuch  (2  books) ,  op. 
30,  Studien  und  Stucke  (4  books)  ;  op..  36,  Phan- 
tasienam  Klavier(2  books) ;  op.  37,  four  Elegies  , 
op.  38,  12  Studies  ;  op.  39,  Dorfgeschichten  ;  op. 
41,  Ven\ehte  Blatter;  op.  43,  four  Polonaises; 
op.  46,  30  Kinder-  und  Kunstlertanze ;  op.  48, 
Humoresken ;  op.  49,  New  Album-leaves ;  op. 
52,  Ein  neues  Klavierbuch  (3  parts) ,  op.  53, 
Florestan  and  Eusebius ;  op.  54,  Scherzo ;  op 
55,  Neue  Kinderscenen  ;  op.  56,  In  stillen  Stun- 
den ;  op.  65,  sixty  Preludes  ;  op.  70*  fi^  Sona- 
tinas ;  op.  71,  100  short  Studies  ;  op.  73,  Roman- 
tische  Geschichten  (4  books) ;  op.  So,  nine 
Album-leaves  ;  "  Lieblinge  der  Jugend"  are  30 
little  etudes  without  opus-number.  Also  "  Chil- 
dren's Trios  "  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello  (op.  58) ;  pf.- 
quartets  (op.  84) ;  a  string-quartet  (op.  20) ;  a 
Serenade  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello  (op.  15,  in  B) ;  8 
pieces  f.  pf.  and  'cello  (op.  79)  ;  etc. 

Kirkman,  Jacob  (recte  Kirchmann),  the 
founder  (before  1740)  of  the  firm  of  Kirkman  and 
Son,  harpsichord-makers  in  London  ;  previously 
he  had  been  foreman  for  H.  Tabel,  also  a  harp- 
sichord-maker. The  firm  began  making  piano- 
fortes in  1774 ;  but  turned  out  harpsichords  also 
until  the  end  of  the  century,  when  Joseph  K. 
was  the  head.  Tht  founder  died  wealthy  in 
1778  ;  he  had  no  children,  but  took  his  nephew, 
Abraham  K.t  into  partnership ;  the  present 
manager  of  the  business  (since  1883)  is  Henry 
Reece,  a  descendant  of  Abraham  K,  in  the 
fifth  generation. 

Kirkmann,  Jan,  a  native  of  Holland,  was 
organist  of  the  Lutheran  Ch.,  London,  in  1782, 
and  died  at  Norwich,  1799. — Works  :  Pf. -trios, 
organ-pieces,  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.,  rondos  f. 
pf.,  etc. 

Kirn'bergerjohanxi  Philipp,  noted  theorist ; 
b.  Saalfeld,  Thuringia,  Apr.  24, 1721 ;  d.  Berlin, 
July  27,  1783.  Pupil  of  J.  P.  Kellner  at  Graf  en- 
roda,  and  of  H.  N.  Gerber  at  Sondershausen, 
then  (1739)  of  J-  S.  Bach  at  Leipzig.  From 
I74r~5°  he  was  music-master  and  conductor  in 
various  noble  Polish  families,  and  at  the  Nun- 
nery, Lemberg ;  studied  the  violin  under  Fickler 
in  Dresden,  1751 ;  joined  the  royal  orch.  at 
Berlin,  and  in  1754  was  app.  JKapellm.  and 
teacher  of  composition  to  Princess  Amalie.  His 


313 


KIST— KITZLER 


numerous  compositions  are  unimportant ;  but  as 
a  theoretical  writer  he  ranks  with  the  best  of  his 
time. — Works:  "Die  Kunst  des  reinen  Satzes 
in  der  Musik  aus  sicheren  Grund^atzen  hergelei- 
tet  und  mit  deuthchen  Beispielen  versehen  "  (2 
vol  s  ;  1774,  1779  ;  his  magnum  efus)  ,-  "  Grund- 
satze  des  Generalbasses,  als  erste  Linien  zur 
Composition"  (1781 ;  often  republ.);  *'Gedanken 
uber  die  verschiedenen  Lehrarten  in  der  Com- 
position, als  Vorbereitung  zur  Fugenkenntr.iss  " 
(1782);  "Anleitung  zur  Singcomposition,  mit 
Oden  in  verschiedenen  Sylbenmaassen  "  (1782) ; 
*  *  Die  Construction  der  gieichschwebenden  Tem- 
peratur  "  (1760) ,  "  Dtsrallzeit  fertile  Menuetten- 
und  Polonaisen-Componist "  (1757;  a  kind  of 
mus.  joke,  the  precursor  of  mus.  games  of  dice). 
"  Die  wahren  Grundsatze  zum  Gebrauch  der 
Harmonic"  (1773)  was  claimed  by  a  pupil  of 
K.'s,  J.  A.  P.  Schulz,  as  his  work  ' 

Kist,  Florent  Coraeille  [Florens  Corne- 
lius], b.  Arnheim,  Jan.  28,  1796 ;  d.  Utrecht, 
Mar.  23,  1863,  In  youth  an  excellent  flutist 
and  horn-player,  he  lived  in  The  Hague  as  a 
physician  1818-25 ;  in  1821  he  founded  the 
"  Diligentia"  mus.  society;  gave  up  medicine, 
organized  and  presided  over  several  singing-so- 
cieties, and  in  1841  settled  in  Utrecht,  editing 
the  "  Nederlandsch  muzikaal  Tijdschnft "  for  3 
years,  and  then  founding  the  "  Cicilia,"  still  the 
leading  Dutch  mus.  periodical.  In  Utrecht  he 
established  Amateur  Concerts,  and  the  singing- 
society  "  Duce  Apolline." — Publ.  "  De  toestand 
van  het  protestantsche  kerkgezang  in  Neder- 
land  M  (1840) ;  "  Levensgeschiedenis  van  Orlando 
de  Lassus  "  (1841)  ;  a  Dutch  transl.  of  Brendel's 
14  Grundzuge  der  Geschichte  der  Musik  "  (1851) ; 
many  essays  in  his  own  and  several  German  pa- 
pers ;  also  vocal  music  f .  I  or  more  voices,  and 
variations  f.  flute. 

Kistler,  Cyrill,  b.  Grossaitingen,  n.  Augs- 
burg, Mar.  12,  1848.  School-teacher  from 
1864-76 ;  then  studied  music  at  Munich  under 
\Vullner,  Rheinberger,  and  Fr.  Lachner  (1876- 
So).  In  1883  he  was  called  to  the  Sonders- 
hausen  Cons,  as  teacher  of  theory,  cpt. ,  organ, 
and  pf.;  since  1885  he  has  lived  in  Bad  Kis- 
singen  as  principal  of  a  private  music-school, 
and  as  a  music-publisher ;  1884-94,  also  edited 
the  **  Musikalische  Tagesfragen."— Works:  2 
operas,  Alfred  der  Grosse  and  Lichtenstein ;  a 
2-act  "musical  comedy"  Eulenspiegel  (Wflrz- 
burg,  1889;  unsucc.);  a  romantic  "music- 
drama"  A"««z7«Y</(Sondershausen,  1884;  Wilrz- 
burg,  1893);  and  the  "music-drama"  Baldurs 
Tod  (MS,);  besides  these,  104  works  (festival- 
and  funeral-marches  f.  orch.;  mixed  and  male 
choruses  ;  songs ;  Phantasien ;  Serenaden ; 
pieces  f.  org.  and  harmonium);  a  Method  of 
Harmony  developed  from  Wagner's  works,  and 
soon  to  appear  in  larger  form ;  also  a  "  Musi- 
kalische Elementarlehre." 

Kist'ner,  Friedrich,  b.  Leipzig,  Mar.  3, 
1797 ;  d.  there  Dec.  21,  1844.  In  1831  he  took 
over  Probst's  music-publishing  business,  which 


he  carried  on  from  1836  under  the  Hrm-name  of 
"  Fr.  Kistner."  His  son  Julius  succeeded  him, 
and  in  iS66  sold  out  to  X.  ¥.  L.  Gurckhaus 
(1821-1884). 

Kitchiner,  William,  wealthy  physician,  ama- 
teur musician,  and  epicure ,  b.  London,  1775  , 
d  there  Feb.  26,  1827. — Works.  An  operetta, 
Love  among  the  jRoses,  or^  The  Master  Key ;  a 
mus.  drama,  Ivanhoc^  or,  The  Kmght  Tern- 
fhiri;  glees,  and  songs.  Also  pubi  **  Observa- 
tions  on  Vocal  Music "  (London,  1821),  "The 
Loyal  and  National  Songs  of  England  "  (1823) ; 
"The  Sea  Songs  of  England  "  (1823) ;  "Ama- 
tory and  Anacreontic  Songs  set  to  Music" 
(n.d.);  "The  Sea  Songs  of  Charles  Dibdin, 
with  a  Memoir  of  his  Life  and  Writings" 
(1824). 

Kit'tel,  Johann  Christian,  b.  Erfurt,  Feb. 
iS,  1732  ,  d  there  May  9,  1809.  He  was  J  S. 
Bach's  last  pupil.  At  first  organist  m  Langen- 
salza,  he  went  in  1756  to  the  Predigerkirche  in 
Erfurt ;  but,  although  a  famous  plaj-er,  his  sal- 
ary was  wretchedly  small,  and  lesson-giving 
poorly  remunerated.  When  nearly  70  he  was 
obliged  to  make  a  concert-tour  to  Gottingen, 
Hanover,  Hamburg  and  Altona,  where  he  re- 
mained a  year  (1800).  In  his  old  age  a  pension 
from  Prince  Primas  of  Dalberg  saved  him  from 
starvation.  J.  C.  H.  Rinck  was  his  most  cele- 
brated pupil.  His  principal  publ.  works  are 
"Der  angehende,  practische  Organist,  oder 
Anweisung  zum  zweckmassigen  Gebrauch  der 
Orgel  beim  Gottesdienst "  (Erfurt,  1801-8,  in  3 
parts;  3rd  ed.  1831);  "Neues  Choralbuch" 
for  Schleswig-Holstein  (Altona,  1803) ;  6  so- 
natas and  a  fantasia  f.  clavichord;  "Grosse 
Praludien,"  and  2  chorals  w.  variations,  f. 
organ  ;  24  chorals,  each  with  8  figured  basses  ; 
and  a  4-part  "Hymne  an  das  Jahrhundert" 
(1801). 

Kit'tl,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Schloss  Wor- 
lik,  Bohemia,  May  8,  1806;  d.  Lissa,  Prov. 
Posen,  July  20,  1868.  While  a  law-student  he 
also  was  a  music-pupil  of  Sawora  and  Toma- 
schek  at  Prague ;  adopted  music  as  his  profession 
in  1840,  succeeded  Dionys  Weber  as  Director 
of  the  Prague  Cons,  in  1843,  and  retired  to 
Polnisch-Lissa  in  1865  — Operas  (given  in 
Prague):  Daphnis*  Grab  (1825);  Bianca  und 
Giuseppe i  oder  Die  Franzosen  vor  Nizza  (1848  ; 
text  by  Richard  Wagner) ;  IValdbhtme  (1852) ; 
Die  Bilderstbrmer  (1854) ;  also  masses,  can- 
tatas, 3  symphonies,  a  pf.-nonet,  a  pf.-septet,  a 
pf.-trio,  etc. 

Kitz^er,  Otto,  b.  Dresden,  Mar.  16,  1834. 
Pupil  of  Johann  Schneider,  J.  Otto,  and  Kum- 
mer  ('cello),  later  of  Servais  and  Fetis  at  the 
Brussels  Cons.  'Cellist  in  opera-orch.s  at 
Strassburg  and  Lyons ;  Kapcttm.  at  theatres  in 
Troyes,  Linz,  K&nigsberg,  Temesvar,  Her- 
mannstadt,  and  Brunn ;  from  1868,  director  of 
the  Brunn  Mus.  Society  and  of  the  Music- 
School,  also  cond.  of  the  Mannergesangverein. 


314 


KJERULF— KLEFFEL 


Has  publ.  orchestral  music,  pf. -pieces,  songs, 
etc      A.  Bruckner  was  his  pupil 

Kje'rulf,  Halfdan,  Norwegian  composer ,  L>. 
Sept.  17,  1818;  d.  Chnstiama,  Aug  n,  1868. 
He  renounced  the 
study  of  theology 
for  music ;  studied 
in  Leipzig,  and  set- 
tled in  Chnstiania 
as  a  music-teacher 
Jenny  Lind,  Nils- 
son,  and  Sontag 
brought  his  songs 
into  vogue,  and  on 
them  his  reputation 
chiefly  rests ;  but 
he  also  publ.  much 
beautiful  pf. -music 
of  a  strongly  Scan- 
dinavian  cast 
(Spring  Song,  Shepherd's  Song,  Cradle-song, 
Album-leaf,  Elfin  Dance,  Capriccio,  Scherzo, 
Scherzino,  Intermezzo,  Berceuse,  Rondino,  Po- 
lonaise, 6  Sketches,  40  "Norske  Folkeviser" 
[Norse  Folk-songs],  etc.).  In  1874  a  monu- 
ment was  erected  to  him  in  Christiania. 

KlaTsky  [Lohse-Klafsky],  Katnarina, 
dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  St.  Johann,  Hungary,  Sept. 
19,  1855  ;  d.  Hamburg,  Sept.  22,  1896.  She  sang 
in  church  when  8  ;  studied  with  Mme.  Marches! 
at  Vienna  when  16  ;  sang  in  comic-opera  chorus, 
then  (1875)  as  soloist  at  Salzburg,  m  minor  parts ; 
married  in  1876,  left  the  stage,  and  went  to 
Leipzig,  where  she  recommenced  her  theatrical 
career  in  iSSr,  soon  took  leading  roles,  succeeded 
the  Reicher  -  Kindermann  in  A.  Neumann's 
troupe,  making  the  European  tour  as  Sieglinde 
and  Brunnhilde  {Siegfried)  \  1883,  Bremen  City 
Th.;  1885,  Hamburg  City  Th.;  sang  in  London 
in  German  opera,  1892,  1894 ;  at  the  Munich 
Festival  of  1894  she  sang  the  role  of  Isolde ; 
created  role  of  La  Navarraise,  in  German,  at 
Hamburg,  Jan.  2,  1895,  and  married  OttoLohse, 
the  Th.-Aff/W/w.  there,  on  Jan.  31.  With  him, 
in  the  Damrosch  Opera  Company,  she  made  an 
American  tour  in  1895-6. 

Klau'ser,  Karl,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Russia, 
Aug.  24,  1823,  of  Swiss  parents.  Studied  music 
in  Germany,  but  was  chiefly  self-taught.  Went 
to  New  York  in  1850,  and  thence  to  Farmington, 
Conn.,  in  1856,  where  he  was  Musical  Director 
for  many  years  in  Miss  Porter's  School.  He  is 
well  known  as  an  editor  and  arranger  of  classic 
and  modern  compositions  (Beethoven,  Mozart, 
Schumann,  Field,  Wagner) ;  edited  "Half-hours 
with  the  Best  Composers,"  and  also  (with  Th. 
Thomas  and  J.  K.  Paine)  "  Famous  Composers." 

Klau'ser,  Julius,  b.  New  York,  Julys,  l854- 
Pupil  of  Wenzel  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  1871-4 ;  lives 
at  Milwaukee  as  a  music-teacher.  Author  of 
14  The  Septonate  and  the  Centralization  of  the 
Tonal  System  "  (1890),  a  modem  manual  of  har- 
mony. 


Klau'well,  Adolf,  b.  Langensalza,  Thurin- 
gia,  Dec.  31,  1818  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  21,  i3*g. 
Teacher  in  the  Third  and  Fourth  "  Burgerschu- 
len  "  (Municipal  Schools)  at  Leipzig.  Publ.  ele- 
mentary class-books,  and  instructive  pf  -pieces 
("Goldnes  Melodien- Album  "). 

Klau'well,  Otto,  nephew  of  Adolf  ;  b.  Lang- 
ensalza,  Apr.  7,  1851.  Pupil  at  Schulpforta, 
1865-70 ;  served  in  the  Franco-German  war ; 
studied  mathematics  and  natural  science  at  Leip- 
zig Univ.,  1871,  but  1872-4  devoted  himself  to 
music  at  the  Cons,  under  Richter  and  Reinecke, 
continuing  the  study  of  music  at  the  Univ.. 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  Z?r.  phil.  with  the 
dissertation  **  Die  historische  Entw  ickelung  des 
musikahschen  Kanons"  (1874).  In  1875,  prof, 
of  pf.,  theory,  and  history  at  Cologne  Cons  ;  since 
1885,  director  of  the  Teachers'  Seminary  (classes 
in  pf. -playing  established  by  Wullner)  connected 
with  the  Cons. — Publ.  "Der  Vortrag  in  der 
Musik  "  (1883  f  Engl.  transl.  New  York,  1890)  ; 
"  Musikahsche  Gesichtspunkte"  fiSSi ;  apho- 
risms on  music  and  musicians);  "Der  Finger- 
satz  des  Klavierspiels"  (1885);  "  Musikahsche  Be- 
kenntnisse  "  (1891) ;  "  Formen  der  Instrumental- 
Musik  "  (1896).  Among  his  compositions  are  a 
romantic  opera,  Da s  Sfadchen  vom  See  (Cologne, 
1889;  succ.);  overtures,  chamber-music,  pf.- 
pieces,  and  songs. 

Klee,  Ludwig1,  pianist  and  pedagogue ;  b. 
Schwerin,  Apr.  13,  1846 ;  pupil  of  Th.  Kullak, 
1864-8,  and  teacher  in  Kullak's  Acad.  until  1875  ; 
since  then,  director  of  a  school  of  his  own.  Title 
of  "  Musik-Direktor  "  from  King  of  Saxony. — 
Publ.  4*  Die  Ornamentik  der  klassischen  Klav- 
iermusik"  (the  pf.-graces  from  Bach  to  Beetho- 
ven, incl.);  and  edited  3  vol.s  of  "Klassische 
Vortragsstucke." 

Klee'berg,  Clotilde,  distinguished  pianist ; 
b.  Paris,  June  27,  1866.  Pupil  of  Mmes.  Retz 
and  Massart  at  the  Cons. ,  winning  1st  pnze  in 
the  latter's  class.  Sensational  debut,  at  the  age 
of  12,  in  a  Pasdeloup  Concert,  with  Beethoven's 
concerto  in  C  minor ;  since  1881  she  has  toured 
Denmark,  Russia,  Austria,  Holland,  and  Eng- 
land with  uniform  success.  In  1894  she  was 
elected  "  Officier  de  1' Academic.'*  Her  reper- 
tory embraces  works  from  Bach  to  Liszt.  Bril- 
liant tournee  in  England  in  1898. 

Klee'mann,  Karl,  composer ;  b  Rudolstadt, 
Sept.  9,  1842.  Pupil  of  Ifofkapellm.  Muller. 
Studied  several  years  further,  from  1878,  in  Italy, 
and  was  then  app.  2nd  opera,  cond.  and  Ducal 
Music- Director  at  Dessau. — Works:  Music  to 
Grillparzer's  Der  Traum  em  Leben;  a  symphonic 
fantasia,  "  Des  Meeres  und  der  Liebe  Wellen"; 
2  symphonies ;  choral  works  ;  songs  ;  pf.-pcs. 

Kief  fd,  Arno,  b.  Pbssneck,  Thuringia,  Sept. 
4,  1840.  Studied  in  the  Leipzig  Cons  ,  and  pri- 
vately with  M.  Hauptmann.  1863-7,  Dir.  of 
the  Mus.  Soc.  at  Riga  ;  then  Kapsllm.  at  theatres 
in  Cologne,  Amsterdam,  Gbrlitz,  Breslau,  Stet- 
tin, and  1873-80  at  the  Friedricli  Wflhelmstadt 


3*5 


KLEIN— KLIEBERT 


Th.  m  P*erlin  ;  then  at  Augsburg  and  Majjue- 
burjr  ;  from  i 5 86-92  at  Cologne  .  since  that  time 
teacher  of  theory  at  Stern's  Con*.,  Berlin  In 
1895  he  receive'tl  the  title  of  "  Professor." — 
Works  Opera  Dts  Mcermanns  I/arfe  (Riffa, 
1865);  music  to  the  Christmas  legend  Dieiru/i- 
ttlmdnnchcn  and  to  Goethe's  Faust;  o\ertures, 
a  string-quartet,  pf.-pieces  I  Ritornelles,  op.  26  ; 
Petite  Suite,  op.  29  ;  Impromptu,  op  27  ;  "Jung- 
brunnen,"  op.  41,  30  short  didactic  pieces ; — 
44  Fete  d'enfants,"  and  "Xuits  italiennes/'  for 
4  hands;,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Klein,  Johann  Joseph,  b.  Arnstadt,  Aug. 
24,  1740 ,  d.  Kahla,  n.  Jena,  June  25,  1823. 
Lawyer  at  Eisenburg  in  Altenburg. — Works: 
14  Le'hrbuch  der  practischen  Musik"  (1783); 
"  Lehrbuch  der  theoretischen  Musik"  (iSoi); 
"  Neues,  vollstandiges  Choralbuch"  (1785  ;  w. 
Introd.  on  Chorals). 

Klein,  Bernhard,  church-composer;  b.  Co- 
logne, Mar.  6,  1793  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  9,  1832. 
Went  to  Pans  in  1812  to  study  under  Cherubini 
and  in  the  Cons.  Library ;  was  mus.  director  at 
Cologne  cathedral  for  some  years,  and  in  1818 
settled  in  Berlin,  where  (1820)  he  was  app.  teacher 
of  comp.  at  the  R.  Inst.  for  Church-music,  and 
mus.  director  and  singing-teacher  at  the  Univ. 
— Works  :  3  oratorios,  Jephtka,  David,  and  Hiob 
(Job) ;  the  cantata  IVorte  des  Glaubens  (Schiller)  ; 
an  S-p.  Paternoster,  a  6-p.  Magnificat,  6-p.  re- 
sponses, 8  books  of  psalms,  hymns,  and  motets 
f.  male  voices  (deservedly  popular) ;  2  operas, 
Did*  (1823)  and  Ariadne  (1825),  and  2  acts  of  a 
third,  Irene ;  music  to  Raupach's  Erdennacht ; 
sonatas  and  variations  f.  pf. ;  etc. — His  younger 
brother,  Joseph  (1802-62),  lived  in  Berlin  and 
Cologne  as  a  composer. 

Klein,  Bruno  Oscar,  b.  Osnabruck,  Han- 
over, June  6,  1858  [not  1856].  Studied  pf.  and 
comp.  under  his  fa- 
ther, Carl  K.,  or- 
ganist of  Osna- 
bruck cathedral ; 
then  for  2  years  at 
Munich  Cons,  un- 
der Rheinberger 
(cpt.),  Wiiilner 
(score-reading), 
and  C.  Baennann 
(pf.).  Went  to 
America  in  1878 ; 
spent  several  years 
in  travelling  and 
concertizing,  and 
settled  in  New  York 
in  1883.  Since  1884 

he  has  been  head  of  the  pf. -department  at  the 
Convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart ;  also,  1884-94,  or- 
ganist at  St.  Francis  Xavier,  and  (1887-92)  prof, 
of  cpt.  and  composition  at  the  National  Cons. 
In  the  season  of  1894-5  he  gave  several  concerts 
in  Germany. — Works :  Kenil'wortk,  grand  opera 
in  3  acts  and  an  Introduction  (Hamburg,  Feb. 


13,  1895),    many  pf. -works  of  high  character, 
sonata  for  ^  iolin  and  pf  ,  and  songs. 

Klein'michel,  Richard,  pianist  and  com- 
poser ,  b.  Posen,  Dec.  31,  1846.  Pupil  of  his 
father  (Hermann  K.,  b.  1816 ;  d.  Hamburg, 
May  29,  1894 ;  bandmaster  and  music-director 
at  Posen  and  Potsdam) ;  studied  in  Hamburg  and 
(1863-66)  at  Leipzig  Cons. ;  taught  music  in  Ham- 
burg, returned  to  Leipzig  in  1876,  and  in  1882 
became  mus.  director  of  the  City  Th.  He  mar- 
ried Clara  Monhaupt,  a  dramatic  soprano  at 
Leipzig. — Works .  2  operas,  Manon  [Schloss  de 
Lorme]  (Hamburg,  1883),  and  the  3-act  roman- 
tic opera  Der  Pfeiffer  von  Ditsenhach  (ibid., 
1891) ;  2 symphonies;  chamber-music  ;  pf  -music 
("  Dorfmusik,"  16  characteristic  pieces,  is  op. 
56  ;  4  books  of  pf. -etudes  "  fur  kleine  undgrosse 
Leute,"  op.  60  ;  and  other  valuable  studies) ;  and 
songs. 

Kleng'el,  August  Alexander  ("Kanon- 
Klengel"),  b.  Dresden,  Jan.  29,  1784;  d.  there 
Nov.  22, 1852.  Pupil  of  Milchmeyer  ;  from  1803, 
of  Clementi,  with  whom  he  tra\elled  through 
Germany,  and  in  1805  to  St.  Petersburg,  where 
K.  remained,  studying  and  lesson-giving,  until 
1811.  After  2  years  in  Paris  he  went  to  Italy, 
Dresden,  England  (1815),  and  returned  to  Dres- 
den in  1816,  when  he  was  app.  organist  of  the 
R.  C.  Court  Church.  A  master  of  the  legato  pf.- 
style  and  a  fine  organist,  K.  was  also  a  remark- 
able composer  m  the  strict  contrapuntal  forms 
(whence  the  above  sobriquet),  works  of  this  kind 
being  "Les  Avant-coureurs "  (24  pf. -canons; 
publ.  before  1840),  and  48  canons  and  48  fugues 
(an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  outdo  Bach's  "Well- 
tempered  Clavichord  "  ;  publ.  1854  by  M.  Haupt- 
mann).  Other  publ  pf.-comp.s.  2  concertos,  a 
trio,  a  4-hand  fantasia,  a  rondo,  a  * '  Promenade 
sur  mer,  interrompue  par  une  tempete  "  (op.  19), 
and  other  -ra/ra-music. 

Kleng'el,  Paul  K.,  pianist  and  violinist ;  b. 
Leipzig,  May  13,  1854.  Took  degree  of  Dr. 
phiLi  Leipzig,  with  dissertation  "Zur  Aesihetik 
der  Tonkunst";  1881-6,  cond.  of  the  Leipzig 
"  Euterpe"  concerts ;  1888-93,  2nd  ffofkapellm. 
at  Stuttgart ;  then  cond  the  student  -  chorus 
"Arion"  at  Leipzig  until  1898,  when  he  went 
to  New  York. 

Kleng'el,  Julius,  brother  of  Paul,  and  a  gifted 
'cellist ;  b.  Leipzig,  Sept.  24, 1859 ;  pupil  of  Emil 
Hegar  ('cello)  and  Jadassohn  (comp.) ;  ist  'cello 
in  Gewandhaus  Orch.,  and  teacher  at  the  Cons. 
— Publ.  comp.s  .  3  'cello-concertos  (op.  4,  in  A 
min. ;  op.  20,  in  D  min.,  w.  pf. ;  op.  31,  in  A 
min.)  ;  a  concertino  f.  'cello  w.  pf,,  op.  7,  in  C  ; 
a  Concertsttick  f.  do.,  op  10,  in  D  min.  ;  a  Suite 
f.  2  'celli,  op.  22,  in  D  min. ;  a  Suite  f.  'cello  and 
pf.,  op  i,  in  E  min. ;  about  40  soli  f.  'cello  w. 
pf. ;  also  a  Serenade  f.  string-orch.,  2  string- 
quartets  (op.  21  and  34),  a  pf.-tno  in  D  (op.  25), 
etc. 

Klie'bert,  Karl,  b.  Prague,  Dec.  13,  1840. 
Pupil  of  Rheinberger  and  Wullner  at  Munich  ; 


316 


KLINDWORTH— KNABE 


fCapellm.  at  Augsburg  theatre  ;  since  1876, 
Kirchner's  successor  as  Director  of  the  R.  School 
of  Music  at  Wurzburg. 

Klind'worth  [klint'vort],  Karl,  pianist  and 
pedagogue ;  b.  Hanover,  Sept.  25,  1830  A 
precocious  self-taught  pianist,  at  6  he  played  a 
pf  .-arrangement  of  Boieldieu's  Calif e  de  Bagdad; 
but  the  violin  was  his  chief  instr.  At  15  he 
wished  to  go  to  Spohr,  but  lack  of  money  pre- 
vented ;  at  1 7,  obliged  to  earn  his  own  livelihood, 
he  became  cond.  of  a  travelling  opera-troupe 
(Bilse  played  under  him  as  ist  violin).  In  1849, 
on  his  way  to  Amsterdam  to  conduct  the  German 
opera,  a  telegram  apprised  him  that  the  venture 
had  failed  ;  so  he  went  back  to  Hanover,  and 
gave  lessons.  While  on  a  piamstic  tour  he  met 
Libzt,  and  in  1852,  aided  pecuniarily  by  a  Jew- 
ish lady,  went  to  Weimar  for  2  years'  study.  He 
made  rapid  progress,  and  in  1854,  armed  with 
letters  of  introduction,  went  to  London  ;  his  first 
concert,  on  Mar.  30,  appears  to  have  made  an 
unfavorable  impression,  but  Wagner  next  year 
heard  and  admired  him,  and  became  his  firm 
friend.  K.  gradually  made  his  way  in  London, 
and  remained  there  1854-68  as  a  pf.-teacher  and 
concert-pianist.  A  Rubinstein  then  called  him 
to  Moscow  as  pf  -prof,  at  the  Imp.  Cons.  While 
here,  he  completed  two  4t  monumental  "  works, 
his  pf. -scores  of  Wagner's  Ringder  Nibelungen, 
and  a  complete  revised  edition  of  Chopin's  com- 
positions (1878).  After  N.  Rubinstein's  death 
in  1882,  K.  settled  in  Berlin,  conducting  for  ten 
years  all  the  concerts  of  the  Wagnerverein  and 
(with  Joachim  and  Wullner)  the  Philharm.  Con- 
certs. He  also  establ.d  a  "  Klavierschule " 
(School  of  Pf. -playing),  von  Bulow  cooperating 
one  month  each  year;  this  was  united  with  the 
Scharwenka  Cons,  when  K.  retired  to  Potsdam 
in  1893. — As  a  "  finishing"  teacher,  K.  is  in  the 
front  rank  to-day.  His  masterly  arr.sof  Wag- 
ner's music-dramas,  Schubert's  C-maj.  Sym- 
phony (f .  2  pf  .s),  Tchaikovsky's  symphonic  poem 
**  Francesca  da  Rimini,"  etc.,  are  world-re- 
nowned, like  his  revised  edition  of  Beethoven's 
Sonatas,  etc.  Among  his  original  (publ.)  comp.s 
f.  pf.,  a  difficult  and  effective  Polonaise-Fantai- 
sie,  and  24  grand  pf. -etudes  in  all  keys,  may  be 
mentioned. 

Kling,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  Feb.  17,  1842 ;  prof, 
in  Geneva  Cons.,  and  teacher  of  music  in  the 
city  schools. — Works  :  Operas,  and  other  medi- 
ocre instr.  1  and  vocal  music  ;  a  Method  and  40 
characteristic  Studies  f.  horn  ;  Method  f.  drum  ; 
a  treatise  (in  German)  on  Instrumentation  (sev- 
eral editions) ;  "  Der  vollkommene  Musikdiri- 
gent"(i89i);  etc. 

Kling'enberg,  Friedricti  Wilhelm,  born 
Sulau,  Silesia,  June  6,  1809.  Director  of  the 
Breslau  "Academischer  Musikverein,"  1830-7; 
then  of  the  Kunstlerverem  ;  1840-85,  cantor  at 
the  Peterskirche,  Gbrlitz.— Works :  A  sym- 
phony, overtures,  pf. -pieces,  part-songs,  vocal 
church-music. 


Klitzsch,  Karl  Emanuel,  b  Schonhaide, 
Saxony,  Oct.  30,  1812  ;  d  Zwickau,  Mar.  5, 
1889.  Teacher  in  Zwickau  Gymnasium  ;  pen- 
sioned 1886.  Self-taught  musician  ;  co-founder 
and  conductor  of  the  Muisikverein,  cond.  of  the 
concerts  of  the  mus.  society,  cantor  of  the  Ma- 
rien-  and  Katharinenkirche  at  Zwickau.  Con- 
tributor to  the  "Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik" 
since  Schumann's  time.  Under  the  pen-name  of 
"  Emanuel  Kronach  "  he  publ.  the  96th  Psalm  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  also  songs;  his  opera, 
Jitana^  oder  em  Tag  auf  St.  Domingo  ^  was 
given  in  Zwickau  (1850?). 

Klose",  Hyacinthe-£leonore,  clarinettist;  b. 
Isle  of  Corfu,  Oct.  n,  1808;  d.  Pans,  Aug.  29, 
iSSo.  From  1839-65,  prof,  of  clarinet  at  the 
Paris  Cons.,  succeeding  Berr,  his  teacher.  He 
improved  the  fingering  of  the  clarinet  by  apply- 
ing Boehm's  system  of  ring-keys  in  1843. — 
Works  l*  Grande  methode  pour  la  clarinette  & 
anneaux  mobiles  ";  solo  pieces,  e'tudes,  and  other 
instructive  music  f.  clar  ;  marches,  etc  ,  f .  mili- 
tary band  ;  and  3  methods  f .  saxophone  (one  for 
each  group). 

Klotz  (or  Clotz),  family  of  Bavarian  violin- 
makers  at  Mitten wald.  The  instr. s  were  brought 
into  repute  by  Matthias  (abt.  1660*96),  the  son 
of  Aegidms,  sen. ;  Matthias*  sons,  Sebastian 
and  Joseph,  were  followed,  in  the  iSth  century, 
by  Georg,  Carl,  Michael,  and  Aegidius,  jr. 
Many  of  their  violins  are  mistaken  for  Stainer's 
make. 

Klug'hardt,  August  (Friedrich  Martin), 

b.  Kothen,  Nov.  30,  1847.  Pupil  of  Blassmann 
and  Reichel,  at  Dresden.  Theatre-Art/*//;?/,  at 
Posen  (1867),  Lubeck  (1868),  and  Weimar  (1869- 
73),  where  he  was  also  mus.  director  to  the  Grand 
Duke ;  then  court  Kapellm.  at  Neustrelitz,  and 
finally  at  Dessau.  This  career,  and  the  influ- 
ence of  Liszt,  awakened  his  talent  for  dramatic 
composition ;  the  3-act  opera  Jtfirjam  (Weimar, 
1871)  was  followed  by  Iwein  (Neustrehtz,  1879), 
Gudrun  (ibid.,  1882),  Die  Hochzeit  des  Monchs 
(Dessau,  1886 ;  at  Prague,  1 888,  as  Astorre). 
Other  works :  The  great  symphonic  poem 
"Leonore";  3  symphonies  (r.  "Waldweben"; 
2.  op  37,  in  D  ;  3.  m  C  min.) ;  overtures  "  Im 
Fruhling,"  "  Sophonisbe,"  "SiegesouvertUre," 
and  "  Festouverture  ";  an  orch.l  suite  in  6  move- 
ments, op.  40,  in  A  min.;  a  vln. -concerto,  op. 
68,  in  D  ;  a  string-sextet ;  a  pf. -quintet ;  a 
string-quartet;  a  string-trio;  "Schilflieder" 
(after  Lenau),  5  Phantasiestlicke  f.  pf.,  oboe,  and 
'cello ;  pf  -music ;  8  books  of  songs  ;  etc. 

KnaT>e,  William,  founder  of  the  celebrated 
pf. -manufactory  at  Baltimore,  Md. ;  was  tyorn  at 
Kreuzburg,  n.  Oppeln,  Prussia,  in  1803';  died 
Baltimore,  1864.  Began  business  in  1899  with 
Henry  Gaehle  ;  in  1854  the  partnership  ms  dis- 
solved. His  successors  were  his  sons  William 
(1841-89)  and  Ernest,  joined  later  by  Charles 
Keidel.  The  present  (1899)  hpads  of  lie  firm 


317 


KNECHT— KXYVETT 


are  Ernest  J.  Knabe,  jr.  (b.  July  5,  16691,  and 
William  Knabe  (b.  Mar.  23,  1672). 

Knecht,  Justin  Heinrich  (Abbe  Vogler's 
rival  at  the  organ,  and  surpassing  him  as  a  com- 
poser and  theorist) ;  b.  Eiberach,  \Vurttemberg, 
Sept.  30,  1752  ;  d.  there  Dec.  I,  1817.  From 
1771-1807,  organist  and  music-director  at  Liber- 
ach  ,  then  for  2  years  Hojkaptllm.  at  Stuttgart, 
but  resigned  on  account  of  intrigues,  and  re- 
turned to  Biberach. — As  a  harmonist,  K.  taught 
chord-building  by  thirds  up  to  chords  of  the 
eleventh  on  all  'degrees  of  the  scale.  Publ. 
"  Erklarung  emiger  .  .  .  missverstandenen 
Grundtsatze  aus  der  Yogler'schen  Theorie " 
(Ulm,  1785)  ;  *  *  Gemeinnutzliches  Elemen- 
tanverk  der  Harmonic  und  des  Generalbasses  " 
(4  parts,  1792-98) ;  fcl  Kleines  alphabetisches 
Worterbuch  der  ^ornehmsten  und  mteressantes- 
tenArtikelausdermus.  Theorie  "U795)  ,  "  Voll- 
standige  Orgelschule  fur  A nf anger  und  Geub- 
tere"  (3  parts,  1795-8);  "  Theoretisch-prak- 
tische  Generalbass  -  Schule  "  (n.d.) ;  "  Kleine 
Clavierschule  fur  dieersten  Anfanger"  [n.d.;  re- 
publ.  as  **  Bewahrtes  Methodenbuch  beim  ersten 
Clavierunterricht  ") ;  "  Allgem.  musikalischer 
Catechismus "  (Biberach,  1803);  "Luther's 
Yerdienstum  Musik  und  Poesie"  (1817)  His 
compositions  are  obsolete  ;  but  the  "  Tonge- 
malde  der  Natur*'  is  interesting  as  a  symphony 
identical  in  subject ^vith  Beethoven's  "  Pastoral5' 
symphony. 

Knei'sel,  Franz,  violin-virtuoso ;  b.  in  Ru- 
mania, of  German  parentage,  in  1865.  A  pre- 
cocious pupil  of  Grim  and  Hellmesberger  at 
Vienna,  he  early  became  Concci  tmcister  of  the 
Hofburg  Theatre-orch. ;  then  in  Bilse's  Orch. 
at  Berlin ;  and  in  1885  was  called  to  Boston, 
Mass.,  by  Gericke,  as  leader  and  soloist  in  the 
Symphony  Orch.,  succeeding  Bernhard  Liste- 
mann.  lv.  made  his  Boston  debut  in  the  Bee- 
thoven concerto  on  Oct.  31,  1885.  Next  year 
he  organized  the  now  world -renowned  "  Kneisel 
Quartet"  (ist  violin,  K.;  2nd  violin,  Otto  Roth 
[tall  1899];  viola,  Louis  Svecnski ;  'cello,  Alwin 
Schroeder),  which  has  not  only  played  in  leading 
American  towns,  but  also  in  London,  and  is  in 
the  front  rank  of  similar  organizations  to-day. 
K.  is  equally  at  home  in  classic  and  romantic 
violin-literature,  interpreting  the  concertos  of 
Beethoven,  Spohr,  and  Mendelssohn,  or  of 
Joachim,  Goldmark,  and  Brahms,  with  masterly 
insight.  He  is  admirable  in  ensemble  *  and  has 
done  and  is  doing  important  service  to  the 
cause  of  chamber-music  in  America.  • 

Knie'se,  Julius,  b.  Roda,  n.  Jena,  Dec.  21, 
1848.  Pianist  and  organist ;  taught  by  W. 
Stade  in  Altenburg,  and  (1868-70)  Brendel  and 
C.  Riedel  in  Leipzig.  Director  of  the  Sing- 
akademieat  Glogau,  1871-6  ;  then  cond.  of  the 
Ruhl  Singing-society  and  the  Wagnerverein  at 
Frankfort ;  from  1884-9,  Breunung's  successor 
as  mus.  director  at  Aix ;  since  1882  he  has  also 
been  chorusmabter  for  the  festival -plays  at  Bay- 
reuth,  where  he  has  lived  since  1889,  becoming 


Director  of  the  Preparatory  School  for  Stage- 
singers  establ.  in  the  following  year. — Works: 
Opera,  £omg  irtttichis,  and  a  symphonic  poem, 
"Frithjof "  ^Doth  MS.)  ,  has  publ.  4  books  of 
songs. 

Knight,  Joseph  Philip,  English  song-com- 
poser; b.  Bradford-on-Avon,  July  26,  1812,  d. 
Great  Yarmouth,  June  1, 1887.  Organ-pupil  of 
Corfe  at  Bristol.  While  m  the  United  States, 
1839-41,  he  brought  out  his  songs  "  Rocked  in 
the  cradle  of  the  deep "  (sung  by  Braham  with 
great  success)  and  "  Why  chime  the  bells  so 
merrily  ?  "  After  2  years  as  vicar  and  organist 
at  St.  Agnes,  Scilly  Islands,  he  married,  lived 
abroad  for  a  time,  and  then  returned  to  Eng- 
land.— Works  :  About  200  songs  ("  All  on  the 
summer  sea,"  "  She  wore  a  wreath  of  roses," 
44  Say,  what  shall  my  song  be  to-night?,"  "  Of 
what  is  the  old  man  thinking  ?,"  etc),  and  the 
oratorio  Jephtka. 

Knorr,  Julius,  b.  Leipzig,  Sept.  2,  1805  ;  d. 
there  June  17,  1861.  Eminent  pf.-teacher. 
Pianistic  debut  at  the  Gewandhaus,  1831.  An 
intimate  friend  of  Schumann,  and  editor  of  the 
"Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik  "  during  the  first 
year.  As  a  technician,  K.  introduced  the  pre- 
paratory technical  exercises  which  have  become 
the  groundwork  of  technical  study  on  the  piano. 
His  publ.  works  are  "  Neue  Pianoforteschule  in 
184  Uebungen"(  1835;  2nd  ed.  1841  as  "Die 
Pianoforteschule  der  neuesten  Zeit ;  ein  Supple- 
ment zu  den  Werken  von  Cramer,  Czerny,  Herz, 
Hummel,  Hunten,  Kalkbrenner,  Moscheles 
.  .  .") ;  4l  Das  Clavierspiel  in  280  Uebungen  "; 
lt  Materialien  fur  das  mechanische  Clavierspiel " 
(1844) ;  "  Methodischer  Leitfaden  fur  Clavier- 
lehrer"  (1849;  oft -republ.) ,  "  Wegweiser  fur 
den  Clavierspieler  im  ersten  Stadium  "  (n.  d.)  ; 
"  Ausfflhrliche  Claviermethode "  in  2  parts, 
14  Methode"  (1859)  and  "  Schule  der  Mechanik" 
(1860)  ;  "  Ftihrer  auf  dem  Felde  der  Clavierun- 
terrichts-Litteratur  "  (n.  d.) ;  "  Erklarendes  Ver- 
zeichniss  der  hauptsachlichsten  Musikkunstwor- 
ter"(i854). 

Knorr,  Ivan,  b.  Mewe,  West  Prussia,  Jan.  3, 
1853  J  lived  from  1856  in  Russia  ;  entered  Leip- 
zig Cons.  1869  (Richter,  Reinecke)  ;  1874, 
teacher  of  music  in  the  Ladies'  Institute  and  the 
Cons,  at  Charkov,  Russia ;  1883,  prof,  of  mus. 
theory  at  the  Hoch  Cons,  at  Frankfort-on-Main. 
— Works  :  2  suites  f.  orch. ;  variations  (op.  7)  f . 
orch.  on  a  folk-song  of  the  Ukraine  ;  var.s  f. 
pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello,  op.  i ;  pf. -quartet,  op.  3  , 
var.s  f .  pf .  and  'cello,  op.  4 ;  var.s  and  fugue  f . 
pf.  on  a  Russian  folk-song,  op.  8  ;  and  "  Love- 
songs  of  the  Ukraine/'  f.  mixed  ch.  and  pf. 

KnyVett,  Charles,  English  organist  and 
tenor  singer ;  b.  Feb.  22,  1752  ;  d.  London, 
Jan.  19,  1822.  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
1786  ;  with  S.  Harrison  he  establ.  the  Vocal  Con- 
certs (1791-4) ;  organist  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
1796. — His  son,  Charles,  b.  1773,  d.  Nov.  2, 
1852,  revived  the  Vocal  Concerts  in  1801  with 


KOBBE— KOFLER 


Greatorex,  Bartleman,  and  his  brother  William. 
He  was  organist  of  St  George's,  Hanover 
Square,  and  a  much-sought  teacher  of  pf.  and 
harmony. — A  younger  son,  William,  b.  Apr. 
21,  1779 ;  d  Ryde,  Nov  17,  1856,  was  the 
principal  alto  at  the  Concerts  of  Antient  Music 
in  1795,  Gentleman  of  the  ChapeURoyal  in  1797, 
hay-vicar  of  \VestminsterAbbey,  ancl  succeeded 
Arnold  as  composer  to  the  Chapel  Royal.  He 
conducted  the  Concerts  of  Antient  Music,  1832— 
40,  and  the  Birmingham  Festivals,  1834-43. 

Kob'bg,  Gustav,  b  New  York,  Mar  4,  1857. 
Studied  pf  and  composition  1867-72,  with  Adolf 
Hagen  at  Wiesbaden  ,  later  with  Joseph  Mosen- 
thal  at  New  York  Graduate  of  "Columbia  Col- 
lege (School  of  Arts,  1877  ;  School  of  Law,  1879). 
Resides  (1899)  in  Mornstown,  N.  J.;  is  a  fre- 
quent contributor,  on  musical  and  other  subjects, 
to  the  daily  press  and  the  magazines  (Century, 
Scribner's,  Foruml  Publ.  "  Wagner's  Life  and 
Works"  (New  York,  1890;  2  vol  s ,  contains 
analyses,  with  the  Leitmotiv*  in  notes,  of  the 
music-dramas) ;  "The  Ring  of  the  Nibelung" 
(1889  ;  part  of  preceding,  printed  separately)  ; 
41  Plays  for  Amateurs"  (1892);  "My  Rosary, 
and  Other  Poems"  (1896)  ;  "  New  York  and  its 
Environs"  (1891)  ;  also  a  few  songs. 

Kobe'lius,  Johann  Augustin,  b.  Wahhtz, 
n.  Halle,  Feb.  21,  1674;  d.  Weissenfels,  Aug. 
T7»  I731*  as  KapeUm.  to  the  Duke  of  W  For 
the  ducal  court  he  wrote  20  operas  (1716-29). 

Koch,  Heinrich  Christoph,  noted  theorist ; 
b.  Rudolstadt,  Oct.  10,  1749 ;  d.  there  Mar.  12, 
1816.  Pupil  of  Gopfert  at  Weimar ;  1768  violin- 
ist, 1777  fCammerninsiker,  in  the  Rudolstadt 
orch. — Comp  s  •  "  Choralbuch  "  for  wind-band  , 
cantatas. — Writings  :  "  Musikalisches  Lexikon  " 
(1802 ;  republ  in  epitome,  1807  and  1828 ;  revised 
ed.  by  A.  von  Dommer,  1865) ;  4t  Versuch  emer 
Anleitung  zur  Composition  "  (3  parts,  1782-93) ; 
"  Handbuch  bei  dem  Studium  der  Harmonic" 
(1811);  a  manual  of  enharmonic  modulation 
(1812) ;  and  essays  and  reviews  in  periodicals. 
His  "Journal  der  Tonkunst,"  started  in  1795, 
was  short-lived. 

Koch,  Eduard  Emil,  b.  Schloss  Solitude,  n. 
Stuttgart,  Jan.  20,  1809 ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Apr.  27, 
1871.  Pastor  at  Gross- Anspach,  1837  ;  *rt  Heil- 
bronn,  1847 ;  superintendent  there  1853-64. 
Author  of  the  valuable  work  "  Geschichte  des 
Kirchenliedes  und  Kirchengesanges,  insbeson- 
dere  der  deutschen  evangelischen  Kirche" 
(1847 ;  3rd  ed.,  in  8  vol.s,  1866-76,  vol.  viii 
edited  by  R.  Lauxmann). 

Koch'el,  Ludwig,  Ritter  von,  b.  Stein-on- 
Danube,  Lower  Austria,  Jan.  14, 1 800 ;  d.  Vienna, 
June  3,  1877.  A  musical  dilettante  of  rare  gifts 
and  learning.  Doctor  of  Laws,  teacher  of  the 
Austrian  princes,  and  (1832)  Imp.  councillor; 
ennobled  in  1842. — Writings  :  "Ueberden  Um- 
fang  der  musikalischen  Product! vitat  W.  A. 
Mozarts"  (1862),  preceding  his  uniquely  valua- 
ble "  Chronologisch-systematisches  Verzeichniss 


bammtlicher  Tonwerke  W.  A.  Mozarts "  (Leip- 
zig, 1862  ;  K.  publ  supplementary  matter  in  the 
"Allgem.  mus  Zeitung,"  1864);  "Die  kaiser- 
liche  Hofmusikkapelle  zu  Wien  von  1543-1867" 
(1868) ;  and  "  Johann  Joseph  Fux"  (1872) 

Koch'er,  Conrad,  b.  Ditzingen,  n.  Stuttgart, 
Dec  16,  1786  ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Mar.  12,  1872  In 
1803  he  went  to  St.  Petersburg  as  a  private 
tutor ;  studied  the  pf  ,  by  dementi's  advice, 
under  Klengel  and  Berger,  comp.  under  J.  H. 
Muller.  Travelled  in  Italy  (1819),  returned  to 
Stuttgart  1820,  founded  a  church  choral  society, 
and  devoted  himself  to  composition.  Became 
mus.  director  of  the  Stiftskirche  in  1827  ;  Dr. 
phil.  /ion.  causa  of  Tubingen  Univ.,  1852  — Publ. 
a  pf. -method  ;  a  manual  of  composition,  "Die 
Tonkunst  in  der  Kirche"  (1823);  and  "  Zions- 
harfe  "  (ancient  and  modern  chorals) ;  comp.  2 
operas,  an  oratorio,  etc. 

Koczal'ski,  Raoul  (Armand  Georg),  boy- 
pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Warsaw,  Jan.  3,  1885. 
First  lessons  in  pf.-playing  from  his  mother; 
then  trained  by  Gadowski  (Warsaw).  When 
only  4,  he  played  at  a  charity-concert  in  Warsaw, 
and  at  once  became  famous  as  an  "  infant  phe- 
nomenon"; played  at  Vienna  (1892),  St.  Peters- 
burg, Moscow,  Pans,  London  (1893),  and  other 
European  cities.  Court  pianist  to  the  Shah  of 
Persia,  with  yearly  stipend  of  3,000  francs. 
Is  said  to  have  played  in  about  600  concerts 
up  to  1892. — Compositions :  The  r-act  opera 
Hagar  ;  and,  f .  pf  ,  a  Scherzo-Fantasia,  a  Fan- 
tasia in  F  min.,  a  Grand  Fantasia  in  D,  a 
Gavotte,  Waltzes,  etc. 

Koem'menicb,  Louis,  b.  Elberfeld,  Ger- 
many, Oct  4,  1866 ,  pupil  of  Anton  Krause  at 
Barmen,  and  of  Franz  Kullak,  W.  Pfeiffer,  A. 
Hollander,  and  W.  Tappert  at  Kullak's  Acad., 
Berlin  (1885-87)  Going  to  New  York  in  1890,  he 
has  been  active  as  a  conductor  of  singing-socie- 
ties, and  teacher  of  pf.  and  singing  ;  since  1894, 
cond.  of  the  Brooklyn  Sangerbund  (performance 
of  novelties  a  specialty) ;  in  1898  he  organized 
an  Oratorio  Soc.  for  the  production  of  modern 
works  — Publ.  comp.s  .  Consist  chiefly  of  part- 
songs  for  male  ch. ,  a  cantata,  and  songs. 

Koe'nen,  Friedrich,  b.  Rheinbach,  n.  Bonn, 
Apr  30,  1829  ;  d.  Cologne,  July  6,  1887.  Pupil 
of  his  father  (pf.  and  org.),  and  Biermann 
('cello).  Ordained  priest,  1854  ;  studied  church- 
music  at  Ratisbon  (1862-3)  under  Haberl, 
Schrems,  and  Witt,  then  returned  to  Cologne, 
and  was  app.  cathedral  Kapcllm^  and  music- 
teacher  at  the  Seminary  for  Priests.  He  founded 
the  Cacihenverein  in  1869,  and  was  its  president 
until  death.  His  58  compositions  include  2 
masses  f.  male  choir  and  5  f.  mixed  choir; 
2  church-cantatas ;  a  Te  Deum,  motets,  psalms, 
etc. ;  also  organ-preludes,  and  25  songs  w.  pf. 

Ko'fier,  Leo,  b.  Brixen,  Austrian  Tyrol,  Mar. 
13,  1837.  Well-known  writer,  critic,  and  sing- 
ing-teacher; since  1877,  organist  and  choirmas- 
ter of  St.  Paul's  Chapel,  Trinity  Parish,  New 


319 


KOGEL— KOLLMANN 


York. — Works  •  "  The  Art  of  Breathing  as  the 
Basis  of  Tone-production"  (Xew  York,  5  fidi- 
tions ;  Leipzig1  [in  German],  1897);  "Take 
Care  of  Your  Voice,  or  The  Golden  Rule  of 
Health",  ''Selected  Hymn-tunes  and  Hymn- 
Anthems." 

Ko'gel,  Gustav  Friedrich,  b.  Leipzig,  Jan. 
16,  1849.  l'uptt  of  the  Gons.  (1863-7) ;  then  in 
Alsatia  till  1870  ;  worked  for  C.  F.  Peters  until 
1874,  was  then  theatre-A'tf/V//;//.  in  various  cities, 
and  at  Leipzig  (1883-6) ;  from  1891  cond.  of  the 
Museum  Concerts  at  Frankfort.  Editor  of  full 
scores  and  pf. -scores  of  several  operas  (notably 
fessonda,  Die  litstigen  U\ihcr  von  Windsor, 
and  Hans  Heihng).  Comp  a  few  pf. -pieces  f.  2 
and  4  hands. 

Koh'ler,  Ernst,  b.  Langenbielau,  Silesia, 
May  28,  1799 ,  d.  Breslau,  May  26,  1847,  where 
he  was  ist  organist  of  the  Elisabethkirche 
from  1827.  Excellent  organist  and  pianist,  and 
publ.  fine  works  for  both  instr.s;  also  comp.  2 
symphonies,  9  overtures,  12  church-cantatas, 
and  12  large  vocal  works  w.  orch. 

KSh'ler,  (Christian)  Louis  (Heinrich),  dis- 
tinguished pianist,  teacher,  and  composer  of  in- 
structive pf. -music ;  b.  Brunswick,  Sept.  5, 
1820;  d.  Konigsberg,  Feb.  16,  1886.  Pupil,  at 
Brunswick,  of  Sonnemann  (pf.),  Zinkeisen  se- 
nior and  Leibrock  (theory),  and  Zinkeisen  junior 
(violin) ;  at  Vienna  (1839-43)  of  Sechter  and  v. 
Seyfried  (comp. ),  and  v.  Booklet  (pf.).  Then 
Kapdlm.  at  theatres  in  Marienburg,  Elbing, 
and  (1845-6)  Kbnigsberg,  where  he  finally  set- 
tled in  1847  as  teacher,  founding  an  eminently 
successful  school  for  pf. -playing  and  theory. 
He  received  the  title  of  "  Royal  Professor"  in 
1880.  He  was  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of 
the  "Allgem.  deutscher  Tonkunstlerverein," 
founded  in  1859  at  Leipzig.  His  reviews  of 
new  compositions,  in  the  Leipzig  "Signale," 
were  models  of  impartiality  and  acumen.  He 
was  a  zealous  teacher  (Hermann  Goetz  was  his 
pupil),  and  his  didactic  writings  and  composi- 
tions obtained  great  vogue,  the  Studies  being 
used  in  most  Conservatories ;  he  was  called 
"the  heir  of  Czerny"  as  a  pf. -instructor. — 
\Vorks.  "Systematische  Lehrmethode  far  Cla- 
vierspiel  und  Musik,"  in  2  vol.s:  Vol.  i,  "Die 
Mechanik  als  Grundlage  der  Technik"  (1856; 
3rd  ed..  rev.  by  Kiemann,  1888);  Vol.  ii, 
"  Tonschriftwesen,  Harmonifc,  Metrik"  (1858); 
"Fuhrer  durch  den  Claviemnterricht"  (6th  ed. 
1879)  is  °f  value,  but  not  free  from  bias ;  fur- 
ther "Der  Clavierfingersatz"  (1862);  "Der 
Clavierunterricht,  oder  Studien,  Erfahrungen 
und  Rathschlage"  (4th  ed.  1877);  "Die  neue 
Richtung  in  der  Musik  "  (1864)  J  "  Leichtfass- 
liche  Harmonic-  und  Generalbass-Lehre  "  (3rd 
ed.  1880) ;  "  Brahms  und  seine  Stellung  in  der 
neuern  Clavierlitteratur  "  (1880) ;  "  Der  Clavier- 
pedalzug"  (1882);  "Allgemeine  Musiklehre" 
(1883). — K.  composed  3  operas :  Prins  und 
JMaler  (Vienna,  1844?),  Maria  Dolores  (Bruns- 
wick, 1844),  and  Gil  Bias;  a  ballet,  Der  Zau- 


berccmpomst  (Brunswick,  1846)  ;  music  to  Eu- 
ripides' Helena  (Vienna,  1843) ;  overture  to 
Phttrmto  (Terence) ,  a  cantata  ;  a  Vaterunser  f. 
4  female  and  4  male  voices  (op.  100)  ;  a  sym- 
phony, a  quartet,  songs,  and  some  300  pf.- 
works,  chiefly  didactic. 

Kohut,  A^olf,  b.  Mindszent,  Hungary, 
Nov  10,  1847.  Living  in  Berlin  Author  of 
"  Weber-Gedenkbuch,"  "  Fnedrich  Wieck," 
"  Leuchtende  Fackeln,"  a  biography  of  Rossini 
(1892),  etc. 

Kohout,  Franz,  b.  Hostin,  Bohemia,  May 
5,  1858.  Pupil,  1873-6,  of  Skuhersky  in  the 
Prague  Organ-School.  Now  (1899)  conductor 
of  orch  in  the  " Deutsches  Theater"  at  Prague, 
and  organist  of  the  Weinberger  synagogue. — 
Works  Besides  incidental  music  to  various 
plays,  he  has  comp.  the  i-act  (Bohemian)  roman- 
tico-comic  opera  Babinsky  (Smichov  summer 
theatre,  near  Prague,  1892  ;  Pilsen,  1893) ,  the 
i -act  (German)  dramatic  opera  Stella  (Prague, 
German  Landestheater,  1896  ;  v.  succ.) ;  and  a 
4-act  opera  Juan  de  Marana  (not  perf .) ;  organ- 
pieces,  and  pf. -pieces  (many  still  in  MS  ). 

Kol'be,  Oskar,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  10,  1836  ;  d 
there  Jan.  2,  1878.  Pupil  (1852-4)  of  Grell, 
Loschhorn,  and  A.  W.  Bach,  at  the  R.  Inst.  for 
Church-music  ;  then  at  the  R.  Acad  until  1856. 
Teacher  of  theory  at  Stern's  Cons.,  1859-75, 
with  the  title  of  "Royal  Music- Director"  in 
1872  (on  the  production  of  his  oratorio  Johannes 
der  Taitfer).  Publ.  pf.-music,  songs,  a  "  Kurz- 
gefasstes  Handbuch  der  General basslehre " 
(1862 ;  2nd  ed.  1872),  and  a  "  Handbuch  der 
Harmonielehre  "  (1873). 

Kolff,  J.  van  Santen,  essayist ;  b.  Rotter- 
dam, Holland,  Apr.  19,  1848  ;  d.  Berlin,  Nov. 
29,  1896.  Wrote  hundreds  of  mus.  articles  for 
the  German,  French,  and  Dutch  press  ;  among 
them  "  Geschichtliches  und  Asthetisches  uber 
das  Erinnerungsmotiv "  [a  history  of  the  Leit- 
motiv before  "Wagner]  (in  vol.s  viii  and  ix  of  the 
"Bayreuther  Blatter  *') ;  on  the  "  Werdeschick- 
sale"  of  Parsifal  ("  Bayreuther  Taschenbuch," 
1892);  "Werden  und  Wachsen  der  Faust-Ou- 
verture"  ("  Bayr.  Blatter,"  1894)  ;  on  the  utili- 
zation of  the  Faust-idea  in  music  ('*  Bayr.  Ta- 
schenbuch,'* 1894)  ;  on  "  Zola  und  die  Musik  " 
("  Berliner  Signale,"  1896,  Nos.  5,  7,  8,  13)  ; 
and  many  others  in  the  **  Revue  Wagnerienne," 
the  Leipzig  "  Musikalisches  Wochenblatt,"  the 
Amsterdam  "  Weekblad  voor  muziek,"  etc. 

KoKHng,  Karl  W.  P.,  composer  and  music- 
teacher  in  Hamburg,  where  he  was  born  Feb. 
28, 1831.  His  works  are  chiefly  attractive  salon- 
pieces  for  piano  ;  he  brought  out  a  very  success- 
ful operetta,  Schmetterlingt  (1891,  Karl  Schulze- 
Theater,  Hamburg). 

Koirmann,  August  Friedrich  Karl,  b. 
Engelbostel,  Hanover,  1756;  d.  London,  Nov., 
1824,  as  organist  and  choirmaster  in  the  German 
Chapel,  St.  James's  He  was  a  somewhat  ec- 
centric theorist  and  composer. — Works  :  "  The 


320 


KOMPEL— KORXER 


Shipwreck  "  (a  program-symphony) ;  100  Psalms 
harmonized  in  100  wajs  ;  Rondo  f  pf.  on  the 
chord  of  the  diminished  7th ,  etc  Publ. 
"  Essay  on  Practical  Harmony"  (1796) ;  "  First 
Beginning  on  the  Pianoforte  "  (op  5  ;  n  d  ) ; 
"  Essay  on  Practical  Musical  Composition11 
(1799);  "Practical  Guide  to  Thorough-IJass" 
(1801) ;  "Vindication  of  a  Passage  in  do" 
(1802);  "New  Theory  of  Musical  Harmony" 
(1806) ;  "  Second  Practical  Guide  to  Thorough- 
Bass  "  (1807);  "Remarks  on  what  Mr.  J  IJ. 
Logier  calls  his  New  System"  (in  the  "Quar- 
terly Mus.  Mag  and  Review,"  iSiS) ;  "  Introd. 
to  the  Art  of  Preluding  and  Extemporizing  in 
Six  Lessons  for  the  Harpsichord  or  Harp  "  (n. 
d.).  Only  2  numbers  of  his  own  "Quarterly 
Mus.  Register"  appeared  (1812). 

Koxn'pel,  August,  violinist,  called  Spohr's 
best  pupil  ;  b.  IJruckenau,  Aug.  15,  1831  ;  d. 
"Weimar,  Apr.  7,  1891.  Studied  at  the  Wurz- 
burg  Music-School,  later  with  Spohr,  David,  and 
Joachim.  From  1844-52  he  played  in  the  Kassel 
court  orch.,  1852-61  in  that  at  Hanover;  after 
long  concert-tours  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Weimar  orch.  in  1863,  and  leader  in  1867,  being 
pensioned  in  1884. 

Ko'nigslow,  Johann  Wilhelm  Cornelius 
von,  b  Hamburg,  Mar.  16,  1745 ;  d.  May  14, 
1833,  at  Lubeck,  where  he  had  been  organist  of 
the  Marienkirche  since  1773.  He  composed 
many  "  Abendmusiken,"  following  Buxtehude's 
example. 

Ko'nigslow,  Otto  Friedrich  von,  b.  Ham- 
burg, Nov.  13,  1824.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Pacius  and 
Karl  Ilafner,  and  from  1844-6  of  David  (vln.) 
and  Hauptmann  (theory)  in  the  Leipzig  Cons. 
After  concert-tours  for  12  years  (many  in  com- 
pany with  Carl  Reinecke),  he  was  leader  (1858- 
Si)  of  the  Gurzenich  Oich.  at  Cologne,  also  vio- 
lin-teacher in,  and  vice-director  of,  the  Cons., 
with  the  title  of  "  Royal  Prof."  Retired  to 
Bonn. 

Ko'ning1,  David,  b.  Rotterdam,  Man  19, 
1820;  d.  Amsterdam,  Nov  6,  1876.  Pianist 
and  comp.;  pupil  of  Aloys  Schmittin  Frankfort. 
From  1840,  conductor  of  the  "Felix  mentis" 
choral  soc.  at  Amsterdam;  also  for  ten  years  sec- 
retary, then  president,  of  the  Cecilia  Soc. ;  hon. 
member  of  the  Cecilia  Soc.,  Rome,  and  the 
Amsterdam  Soc.  for  the  Promotion  of  Music. 
Excellent  teacher,  and  talented  composer. — 
Works  :  Op.  I,  "  Domine,  salvum  fac  regem,"  w. 
orch.  ;  comic  opera,  The  Fiskermaidcn  ;"'$\vgf 
on  the  death  of  an  Artist,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. 
(op.  22) ;  string-quartets  ;  a  great  variety  of  vocal 
music ;  7  pf. -etudes  in  the  style  of  Schmitt, 
dementi,  Cramer,  etc.;  sonatas  and  a  "Vrede- 
marsch  "  f .  pf . ;  etc. 

Kon'radin,  Karl  Ferdinand,  operetta-com- 
poser ;  b.  St.  Helenenthal,  n.  Baden,  L.  Austna, 
Sept.  i,  1833  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  31, 1884,  where 
he  prod,  n  operettas. 

Kont'ski,  Antoine  de,  eminent  pianist ;  b. 


Cracow,  Oct.  27,  1817.  Pupil  of  Joh.  Marken- 
dorf  at  Wars>a\\ ,  and  (1830)  of  Field  at  Mobcow. 
On  numerous  concert-tours  he  created  a  furore 
by  the  brilliancy,  suaveness,  and  delicacy  of  his 
technique;  lived  in  Pans  till  1851,  in  Berlin  for 
about  2  years  (app.  court  pianist),  in  St.  Peters- 
burg 185*4-67,  also  concertizing  m  various  cities, 
then  in  London  as  a  teacher  of  advanced  pf.- 
playing  He  traversed  the  United  States  in 
iS.C!5-6,  and  later  lived  for  a  time  in  Buffalo, 
N.  V  In  1896-8  (at  the  age  of  So  ')  he  made  a 
grand  pianistic  tour  around  the  world,  ending  at 
Warsaw  ;  in  January,  1899,  ne  was  £lvmff  con~ 
certs  in  St.  Petersburg  — Works  (technically  diffi- 
cult, but  generally  of  mediocre  quality)  *  *  Le 
reveil  du  lion  "  (op.  115),  very  popular  both  f, 
pf.  and  as  arr.  f .  orch. ;  2  pf. -concertos  ;  the 
waltzes  " La victoneuse  "  (op.  89)  and  "Souvenir 
de  Biarritz  "  (op  278) ,  "  Grande  Polonaise  "  (op. 
271) ;  "  La  nuit  sur  la  mer  "  (op.  259)  ;  also  an 
opera,  Lts  deux  distraits  (London,  1872)  ;  an 
oratorio  ;  symphonies,  overtures,  masses,  etc. — 
His  brother, 

Kont'ski,  Apollinaire  de,  b.  Warsaw,  Oct. 

23,  1825  ;  d.  there  June  29,  1879.  Violinist, 
pupil  of  his  brother  Charles  (b.  Sept.  6,  1815  ; 
d.  Paris,  Aug.  27,  1867) ;  when  but  4,  he  could 
play  concertos  by  Rode,  and  later  became  Paga- 
nini's  favorite  pupil  in  Paris. — Toured  France 
and  Germany  (1847),  made  a  sensation  in  St. 
Petersburg  (1851),  and  from  1853-61  was  Imp. 
chamber- virtuoso  there  ;  then  settled  in  Warsaw, 
and  in  1861  founded  the  Cons.,  of  which  he  was 
Director  till  death. — Violin-music  of  slight  value. 
—A  fourth  brother,  Stanislas  (b.  Cracow,  Oct. 
8,  1820),  a  violin-teacher  in  Paris,  has  publ. 
light  violin-pieces. 

Kopecky,  Ottokar,  violinibt,  b.  Chotebor, 
Bohemia,  Apr.  29,  1850.  Pupil  (1864-70)  of 
Prague  Cons. ;  now  leader  of  the  Philharm. 
Orch.,  Hamburg,  cond.  of  the  "Schaeffer" 
Orch.,  and  teacher  in  the  Cons. 

Kopylow,  Alexander,  b.  St.  Petersburg, 
1854 ;  studied  in  tbe  Imp.  Chapel,  where  he  is 
now  (1899)  vocal  instructor. — Works  .  Orchestral 
numbers  (scherzo,  op.  10) ;  pf. -pieces  ;  choruses; 
songs. 

Korbay,  Francis  Alexander,  b.  Pesth, 
Hungary,  May  8,  1846.  Tenor  singer  (pupil  of 
Roger)  and  pianist  (pupil  of  Liszt).  Sang  at 
the  Hungarian  Opera,  Pesth,  1865-8 ;  toured 
Germany,  England,  and  America  as  a  concert- 
pianist  ;  settled  in  New  York,  1871,  as  teacher 
of  voice  and  pf.  His  many  vocal  recitals  have 
been  very  successful. — Works:  "Nuptiale,"  f. 
orch.  (often  perf.) ;  '  *  Le  matin,"  f .  solo  voice 
and  pf  (arr.  by  Liszt  f.  orch.);  settings  f.  vocal 
solo  of  Lenau's  "Schilflieder  ";  Hungarian  Folk- 
songs transcr.  f .  pf.  ;  pf.-pieces  ;  etc. 

KSr'ner,  Christian  Gottfried,  b.  Leipzig, 
July  2,  1756  ;  d.  Berlin,  May  13, 1831.  He  was 
the  father  of  Theodor  K.,  the  poet.  Composed 
songs,  etc.;  and  publ.  (in the  "  Horen,"  1775) an 


21 


321 


KORXER— KOTHE 


essay  4fc  Ueber  den  Charakter  der  Tone  oder  uber 
Charakterdarstellung  in  der  Musik." 

Keener,  Gotthilf  Wilhelm,  b.  Teicha,  n. 
Halle,  June  3,  1809 ;  d.  Erfurt,  Jan.  13  (4?), 
1865,  as  a  music-publisher.  He  founded  his 
business  in  1838,  and  publ.  many  organ-works  ; 
in  ISS6  the  firm  w:.s  united  with  that  of  C.  F. 
Peters.  He  also  founded  the  "  Urania,"  a  pen- 
odical  for  organists,  in  1844  (the  editor  is  A.  \V. 
Gottschalg  since  1865). 

Koschat,  Thomas,  composer  and  bass  singer ; 
b.  Viktring,  near  Klagenfurt,  Aug.  S,  1845. 
While  a  student  of  natural  science  at  Vienna, 
Esser  induced  him  to  join  the  court-opera  chorus, 
in  which  he  soon  became  the  leader.  In  1874 
he  also  joined  the  cathedral-choir ;  in  1878,  the 
Hvfkapelh\  In  1871  he  publ.  his  first  Carin- 
thian  quartets  for  men's  voices ;  they  attained 
immense  popularity,  and  are  his  specialty  (over 
loo  have  appeared).  lie  writes  the  poems  (in 
the  Carinthian  dialect)  as  well  as  the  music. 
With  four  other  solo  singers,  he  organized  the 
famous  "  Karnthner  Qumtett  "  in  1875.  His 
"  Liederspiel"  Am  U'ortJiersee,  containing 
many  of  his  favorite  vocal  numbers,  has  had 
great  vogue  in  Vienna  and  elsewhere ;  he  has 
also  prod,  a  4-act  "Volksstuck  mit  Gesang," 
Die  Rosenthaler  Xachtigal^  and  the  "  Smgspiel " 
Der  Burgcrmeister  von  S/.  Anna  (Prague,  1893  ; 
succ.)  [given  in  Italian  as  I'n  cotpo  di  fuoco\* 

Ko'selitz,  Heinrich,  b.  Annaberg,  Saxony, 
1854;  pupil  of  Richter  (Leipzig  Cons.),  and 
Nietzsche  (Basel).  Lives  in  Italy.  Under  the 
pen-name  of  *  *  Peter  Cast "  he  prod,  an  opera, 
Die  heimiichc  Ehc^  at  Danzig,  1891. 

Kos'leck,  Julius,  b.  Neugard,  Pomerania, 
Dec.  3,  1835.  Virtuoso  on  the  trumpet  and 
cornet  &  pistons;  member  of  the  royal  band, 
Berlin,  and  teacher  of  trumpet  end  trombone  at 
the  Hochschule.  Founder  (1871)  and  leader  of 
the  famous  *  *  Kaiser-Cornett-Quartett."  Publ.  a 
method  f.  trumpet  and  cornet. 

Kos'sak,  Ernst,  b.  Marienwerder,  Aug.  4, 
1814;  d.  Berlin,  Jan  3,  1880.  Writer,  living 
since  1834  in  Berlin,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  Dr.  phiL  His  mus.  Jettilktons,  and  many 
contributions  to  the  "Neue  Berliner  Musik- 
zeitung,"  to  the  *l  Echo  "  (which  he  founded,  and 
edited  for  years),  and  other  papers,  have  won 
him  an  assured  position  among  living  mus. 
journalists. 

Kossmaly,  Carl,  July  27,  1812 ;  d.  Stettin, 
Dec.  i,  1893.  Pupil  (1828-30)  of  Berger,  Zel- 
ter,  and  Klein  at  Berlin  ;  theatre-A'ff/t-//w.  at 
Wiesbaden,  Mayence,  Amsterdam,  Bremen, 
Detmold,  and  (1846-9)  Stettin,  where  he  settled 
as  teacher  and  concert  -  conductor. — Works  : 
"  Schlesisches  Tonkunstler-Lexikon  "  (1846-7)  ; 
"  Mozarts  Opern  "  (1848,  after  Ulibishev's  "  Mo- 
zart"); "  Ueber  die  Anwendung  des  Pro- 
gramms  zur  Erklarung  musikalischer  Composi- 
tionen"  (1858);  "Ueber  Richard  Wagner" 
(1874,  anti-Wagnerian) ;  contributions  to  mus. 


periodicals ;  symphonies,  overtures,  instr.l  and 
vocal  works,  songs,  etc. 

Kdstlin,  Karl  Reinhold,  b.  Urach,  Wurt- 
temberg,  Sept.  28,  1819  ;  d.  Apr.  12,  1894,  at 
Tubingen,  as  prof,  of  aesthetics  and  art-history. 
— Publ.  tl  Aesthetik"  (2  vol  b,  1863-1869),  treat- 
ing incidentally  of  music  ,  an  essay  on  mus.  aes- 
thetics in  Vischer's  kt  Aesthetik,"  vol  iii.;  and 
a  pamphlet  on  Wagner. 

Kost'lin,  Heinrich  Adolf,  b.  Tubingen, 
Oct.  4,  1846.  Student  of  theology,  tutor,  chap- 
lain, etc.;  in  1875  he  united  the  choirs  of  three 
towns  (Sul/,  Kalw,  Xagold)  for  church-music 
performances  the  germ  of  the  Wurttemberg 
Evangelical  "  Kirchengesangverein,"  organized 
by  him  in  1877,  the  festivals  of  which  he  also 
conducted  for  years.  While  preacher  in  Fried- 
richshafen  (1878),  he  also  cond.  the  Oratorio 
Soc.  there  ;  went  to  Stuttgart  in  iSSi,  to  Fned- 
berg  in  1883,  and  finally  (1891)  to  Darmstadt  — 
Publ.  "  Geschichte  der  Musik  im  Umriss  "  (1873  ; 
3rd  enlarged  ed.  1883) ;  "  Die  Tonkunst : 
Einfuhrung  in  die  Aesthetik  der  Musik  "  (1878)  ; 
a  biographical  sketch  of  his  mother,  "  Josephine 
Lang-Kostlin  "  (the  song-comp.) ;  also  book- 
reviews  in  the  "  Deutsches  Litteraturblatt "  and 
the  Augsburg  *'  Allgemeine  Zeitung." 

Ko'tek,  Joseph,  b.  Kamenez-Podolsk,  Govt. 
of  Moscow,  Oct.  25,  1855 ;  d.  Davos,  Switz., 
Jan.  4,  1885.  Violinist ;  pupil  of  Moscow 
Cons.,  later  of  Joachim  ;  from  1882,  teacher  at 
the  Hochschule,  Berlin. — Duets,  soli,  and  etudes, 
f.  vln. 

Ko'the,  Bernhard,  b.  Grobnig,  Silesia, 
May  12,  1821  ;  d.  Breslau,  in  Aug.,  1897. 
Pupil  of  the  R.  Inst.  for  Church-music,  Berlin, 
and  of  A.  B.  Marx  ;  1851,  church  mus.  director 
and  teacher  at  Oppeln  ,  1869,  teacher  of  music 
at  the  Teachers'  Seminar}',  Breslau,  succeeding 
his  brother  Aloys.  Here  he  founded  the  Ca- 
cilien-Verein  for  Catholic  church-music. — Publ. 
*'  Musica  sacra"  (sacred  songs  f.  men's  voices) ; 
a  book  of  organ-preludes  ;  organ-pieces  ;  motets ; 
and  2  pamphlets,  "Die  Musik  in  der  katholi- 
schen  Kirche"  (1862)  and  "  Abriss  der  Musik- 
geschichte  fur  Lehrersemmare  und  Dilettanten  " 
(1874);  edited  the  4th  ed.  of  Seidel's  "Die 
Orgel  und  ihr  Bau 7'  (1887) ;  and,  with  Forch- 
hamraer,  a  "  Fuhrer  durch  die  Orgellitteratur  " 
(1890). 

Ko'the,  Aloys,  brother  of  preceding;  b. 
Grobnig,  Oct.  3,  1828  ;  d.  Breslau,  Nov.  13, 
1868,  as  teacher  of  music  at  the  Teachers'  Semi- 
nary. He  was  a  pupil  of  Grell  and  Bach  in 
Berlin. — Publ.  a  mass  f.  men's  voices ;  songs, 
pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Ko'the,  Wilhelm,  brother  of  preceding ;  b. 
Grobnig,  Jan.  8,  1831  ;  pupil  of  the  R.  Orgel- 
Institut  at  Berlin,  has  been  since  1871  music- 
teacher  at  the  Teachers'  Seminary  in  Habel- 
schwerdt,  Silesia.  He  publ.  a  pamphlet  on 
"Friedrich  der  Grosse  als  Musiker";  methods 
for  violin  and  voice  ;  songs,  and  pf. -music. 


322 


KOTTHOFF— KRAFT 


Kott'hoff,  Lawrence,  b.  Eversberg,  Ger- 
many, Dec.  n,  1862.  Pupil,  in  Berlin,  of  Emil 
Breslaur  (pf.),  Fr  Grunike  (org.),  and  A.  Btich- 
holz  (cpt  and  orchestration).  Settled  in  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  in  1886.  Is  a  Bach  specialist ;  a 
critic,  and  a  successful  teacher.  Has  a  ' '  Scripto- 
Analysis  of  Music"  in  MS  ,  and  is  a  frequent 
contributor  to  scientific  periodicals. 

Kott'litz,  Adolf,  b.  Trier,  Sept.  27,  1820 ; 
killed  while  hunting  in  Uralsk,  Siberia,  Oct.  26, 
1860.  Precocious  violinist,  playing  concertos  by 
Rode  and  Mayseder  in  his  seventh  year,  and 
giving  public  concerts  at  ten  years  of  age  He 
lived  for  3  years  under  Lizst's  protection  in  Paris  , 
was  leader  in  the  Konigsberg  Th  1848-56,  then 
made  a  long  concert-tour  through  Russia  and 
Siberia,  and  settled  at  Uralsk  as  mus.  director. 
Publ.  2  fine  string-quartets. — His  wife  Clo- 
thilde,  n&  Ellendt  (1822-67),  was  a'n  excellent 
singing-teacher  in  Konigsberg. 

Kofzeluch,  Johann  Anton,  (recte  Jan  An- 
tonin  Kozelucn,)  b.  \Vellwarn,  Bohemia,  Dec. 
I3»  1738  ,  d  Prague,  Feb.  3,  1814.  He  was  a 
chorister  at  St  Veit's  ch. ,  and  a  pupil  of  Seegert, 
at  Prague  ;  studied  later  under  Gluck  and  Gass- 
mann,  Vienna.  Church  mus.  director  at  Vienna 
and  Prague  ;  then  Kapdlm.  at  the  Metropolitan- 
kirche  at  Prague  His  operas,  oratorios,  masses, 
and  other  church-music  remained  in  MS. — His 
cousin, 

Kot'zeluch  [Koz'eluch],  Leopold  Anton, 

b.  Wellwarn,  Dec.  9,  1752  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  7, 
i Sir  [GROVE].  Law-student  at  Prague,  1765  ; 
his  teacher  in  music  was  the  above  cousin,  and 
the  success  of  a  ballet  of  his  own  at  the  Na- 
tional Th.,  Prague,  in  1771,  caused  him  to  adopt 
the  profession  of  music.  Within  six  years  he 
wrote  24  more  ballets,  3  pantomimes,  and  inci- 
dental music  ;  became  music-master  to  the  Arch- 
duchess Elisabeth  at  Vienna  in  1778,  and  fol- 
lowed Mozart  as  court  composer  in  1792,  which 
proves  the  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  as  a 
composer.  He  was  a  brilliant  pianist,  and  in 
high  favor  as  a  teacher  among  the  aristocracy. 
His  compositions  are  of  little  interest  to-day. 
They  include  the  operas  LeMaset  (Vienna,  1780), 
Didone  abbandonata  (1795?),  Giuditta,  o  la  libe- 
razione  di  Betulia;  Deborah  und  Sisara ,  the 
oratorio  Most  in  JEgitto  (1787) ;  several  can- 
tatas ;  30  symphonies ;  nearly  50  concertos  f . 
pf . ;  a  quantity  of  other  pf  .-music  ;  chamber- 
music;  etc. 

Kot'zolt,  Heinrich,  noted  vocal  teacher  and 
chorus-conductor ;  b.  Schnellewalde,  Upper  Si- 
lesia, Aug.  26,  1814,  d.  Berlin,  July  3,  1881. 
Student  of  philology  at  Breslau,  but  preferred 
music,  studying  under  Dehn  and  Rungenhagen 
at  Berlin,  1836-8.  Bass  singer  at  the  Danzig 
opera,  1838-42  ;  then  rst  solo  bass  in  the  Berlin 
cathedral-choir,  of  which  he  became  2nd  con- 
ductor in  1862.  In  1849  he  founded  the  "  Kot- 
zolt  Gesangverein  "  (a  cappelty,  which  he  cond. 
until  he  died.  He  received  the  titles  of  "R. 


Musikdirektor "  in  1866,  and  "Professor"  in 
1876.  Publ.  a  Method  for  a  cappella  singing  (six 
editions) ;  the  54th  Psalm,  f.  double  ch.  a  cafp  > 
"  Lobet  den  Herm,  alle  Heiden,"  f.  S-p.  ch., 
etc. 

Kotzsch'mar,  Hermann,  b.  Fmsterwalde, 
Germany,  July  4,  1829.  His  father  taught  him 
to  play  the  orchestral  instr  s  (vln.,  flute,  clar., 
French  horn,  trombone,  etc  )  and  the  organ  ,  he 
studied  further  in  Dresden  under  his  uncle 
Hayne  (pf.)  and  Jul.  Otto  (comp.),  after  1839. 
He'plajed  in  the  R.  Body  Guards'  band,  and  in 
the  opera-orch. ;  went  to  America  with  the  Sax- 
onia  Band  in  1848,  and  settled  in  Portland,  Me., 
in  1849.  Here,  besides  displaying  noteworthy 
actnity  as  a  teacher,  he  was  organist  at  the 
First  Parish  Ch.  for  47  years,  and  is  at  present 
(1899)  org  of  the  State  St.  Ch.;  has  cond.  the 
"Haydn  Association"  for  over  30  years,  also 
other  choral  societies  in  the  State  of  Maine. 
Has  publ.  numerous  vocal  quartets  (Te  Deum, 
Deus  misereatur,  Benedictus,  4t  Oh  Land,  oh 
Lord,"  "Rejoice  in  the  Lord,"  "Barcarole," 
etc.) ;  songs ;  and  pf. -pieces  (Romance,  3  Ma- 
zurkas, "  Fairy's  Evening  Song,"  Arcturus, 
Aurora  Boreahs,  Magic  Top  Galop,  etc.). 

Kowal'ski,  Henri,  talented  pianist,  and 
comp.  of  light  pf.-pieceb  ;  b.  Paris,  i§4i ;  pupil 
of  Marmontel  (pf.)  and  Reber  (comp.).  Fre- 
quently visits  London. — Op.  9,  Barcarolle ;  op. 
10,  Polonaise  de  concert ;  op.  13,  Marche  hon- 
groise;  op.  16,  12  Caprices  en  forme  d'etudes 
(the  "Danse  des  Dryades"  is  much  played); 
op.  68,  Barcarolle  chinoise ;  op.  79,  Serenade 
japonaise  ;  "  Sur  1'Adriatique  ";  "  Sur  le  fleuve 
jaune";  etc. 

Koz'eluch.    See  KOTZELUCH. 

Kraft,  Anton,  b.  Rokitzan,  n.  Pilsen,  Dec. 
30,  1752 ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  28,  1820.  'Cello- 
virtuoso  ;  pupil  of  Werner  at  Prague,  and  of 
Haydn  (comp.)  at  Vienna.  Played  in  the  or- 
chestras of  Prince  Esterhazy  (1778-90),  Prince 
Grassalkovics  (1790-5),  and  Prince  Lobkowitz 
(until  his  death)  — Works :  'Cello-concerto ;  6 
sonatas  f.  'cello  w.  bass ;  Divertissement  f.  do.; 
3  duos  concertants  f.  vln.  and  'cello ;  2  'cello- 
duos  ;  also  trios  f .  2  barytones  (which  he  played 
with  Prince  Esterhazy). — His  son  and  pupil, 

Kraft,  Nicolaus,  also  a  'cellist  of  renown ; 
b.  Esterhaz,  Hungary,  Dec.  14,  1778 ;  d.  Stutt- 
gart, May  18,  1853.  \Vent  on  concert-tours 
with  his  father  while  quite  young  t  played  in 
Dresden  with  Mozart  (1789) ;  went  to  Vienna  in 
1790,  and  became  a  member  of  Prince  Karl 
Lichnowsky's  quartet  (the  "  Schuppanzigh  Quar- 
tett "),  famous  for  its  production  of  Beethoven's 
works;  was  chamber-musician  to  Prince  Lob- 
kowitz, who  sent  him  to  Berlin  in  1791  to  study 
for  a  year  with  Duport.  After  concerts  in  Ber- 
lin, Leipzig,  Dresden,  and  Prague,  he  returned 
to  Vienna  and  joined  the  court  orch.  (1809) »  fi- 
nally, he  entered  the  Stuttgart  court  orch.  in 
1814.  Pensioned,  after  an  accident  to  his  hand, 


323 


RAUSHAAR 


in  1834. — Works  •  5  'cello-concertos  ;  6  duos 
and  3  Divertissements  f.  2  'celli ;  a  'cello-fan- 
tasia w.  string-quartet ;  Polonaise  (op.  2)  and 
Bolero  (op.  6),  f.  'cello  w.  orch. ;  and  other  valu- 
able 'cello-music.-— His  son,  Friedrich,  b.  Feb. 
12,  1807,  was  for  years  'cellist  in  the  Stuttgart 
court  orch. 

Krai,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  1826  ;  d.  Tulln, 
near  Vienna,  1895  (?).  Viennese  bandmaster ; 
comp.  popular  marches  ("  Habsburg  hoch!") 
and  dance-music  (especially  waltzes). 

Krantz,  Etzgen,  b.  Dresden,  Sept.  13,  1844  ; 
d.  there  May  26,  1898.  Pianist ;  pupil,  in  the 
Dresden  Cons.,  of  Donng,  Leonhard,  Ad. 
Reichel,  Rietz,  Furstenau ;  then  taught  in  Dres- 
den, was  chorusmaster  at  the  court  opera  1869- 
84,  and  began  teaching  at  the  Cons. ,  taking  the 
highest  choral  class  in  1884,  and  assuming  the 
directorship  in  1890  after  acquiring  the  institu- 
tion by  purchase.  An  excellent  accompanist  and 
Bach  player  ;  he  publ.  some  songs,  and  a ' '  Lehr- 
gang  im  Klavierunterricht "  (1882).  Recei\Ted 
the  title  of  "  Professor  "  in  1882.  From  1874-6 
he  was  critic  for  the  Dresden  "Presse  ";  1886-7, 
for  the  "  Nachrichten." 

Krau'se,  Christian  Gottfried,  b.  \Vinzig, 
1719 ;  d.  Berlin,  July  21,  1770,  where  he  was  a 
lawyer  from  1753.  Publ.  a  collection  of  "  Lieder 
der  Deutschen";  a  well-considered  treatise, 
41  Von  der  musikalischen  Poesie  "  (1753) ;  "  Ver- 
mischte  Gedanken  liber  Musik  "  (in  vol.s  ii  and 
iii  of  Marpurg's  *'  Critische  Beitrage  ")  ;  etc. 

Krau'se,  Carl  Christian  Friedrich,  b. 
Eisenberg,  Altenberg,  May  6,  1781  ;  d.  Munich, 
Sept.  27,  1832.  He  publ.  many  important  pfcilo- 
sophical  works ;  also  **  Darstellungen  aus  der 
Geschichte  der  Musik"  (1827),  a  "  Vollstandige 
Anweisung"  for  pf. -technics  (1808),  and  "An- 
fangsgrunde  der  allgemeinen  Theorie  der  Musik" 
(1838). 

Krau'se,  Theodor,  b.  Halle,  May  i,  1833, 
theological  student  and  now  rector  at  Berlin ; 
studied  music  under  Naue,  Hentschel,  Haupt- 
mann, and  Grell  (theory),  and  Mantius  and 
Blumner  (voice).  He  organized  the  choirs  of 
the  Nikolaikirche  and  the  Marienkirche,  Berlin, 
and  was  conductor  of  the  Seiffert  a  cappella 
society.  Created  R.  Music-Director  in  1887. 
Has  comp.  church-music,  part-songs,  and  songs ; 
and  has  been  mus.  critic  for  several  Berlin 
papers. 

Krau'se,  Anton,  pianist,  conductor,  com- 
poser ;  b.  Geithain,  Saxony,  Nov.  9,  1834. 
Taught  from  his  sixth  year  by  cantor  Dietrich  ; 
then,  at  Dresden,  by  Fr.  Wieck,  Reissiger,  and 
Spindler.  Debut  as  pianist  at  Geithain,  1846. 
Studied  1850-3  in  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Wenzel, 
Moscheles,  Hauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz,  and 
David.  1853-9,  music-teacher,  from  1856  also 
conductor  of  the  Leipzig  Liedertafcl ;  in  1859 
succeeded  Reinecke  at  Barmen  as  director  of  the 


Singverein  and  the  Concertgeselhchaft  (retired 
1897,  his  successor  being  Richard  Stronck  of 


Miihlheim-on-Ruhr) ;  1877,  Royal  Music-Direc- 
tor; 1894,  Professor. — Works  Op.  32,  Pnn- 
ct'sstn  Use,  *"  Rubezahl  Legend"  f.  soli,  female 
ch.,  pf ,  and  declamation  ,  op.  16,  Kyne,  Sanctus, 
and  Benedictus  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  29,  4 
Gesange  f.  mixed  ch.;  a  score  of  songs  ,  a  large 
number  of  instructive  pf.  pieces  (18  solo  sonatas, 
13  sonatas  for  4  hands,  a  sonata  f .  2  pf  s  [op.  17], 
technical  studies,  10  melodious  studies  for  ad- 
vanced players  [op.  28],  12  studies  for  young  per- 
formers [op.  31],  10  studies  for  the  left  hand  [op. 
15],  sonatinas,  etc.)  Also  edited  Czerny's  op. 
139,  299,  636,  740 ;  publ.  a  coll.  of  classical  sona- 
tinas, and  a  "Library  for  Two  Pianofortes" 
(18  books). 

Krau'se,  (Prof.  Dr.)Eduard,  b.  Swinemunde, 
Mar.  15,  1837 ;  d.  Berlin,  Mar.  28,  1892.  Pupil 
of  Kroll  at  Berlin  and  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig. 
Since  1862  in  Stettin,  as  pianist,  teacher,  and 
composer. 

Krau'se,  (Dr.)  Emil,  b.  bchassburg  in  Tran- 
sylvania, 1840,  d.  Hamburg,  Sept.  I,  1889,  as 
dramatic  baritone  at  the  City  Th. 

Krau'se,  Emil,  b.  Hamburg,  July  30,  1840. 
Pupil  of  Hauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz,  Moscheles, 
and  Plaidy  at  Leipzig  Cons.  Since  1860,  teacher 
of  pf.  and  theory  at  Hamburg  (since  1885  at 
the  Cons,).  Publ.  "Beitrage  zur  Technik  des 
Klavierspiels  "  (op.  38  and  57),  with  supplemen- 
tary matter  in  op.  75  ("  Erganzungen  ") ;  "  Auf- 
gabenbuch  fur  die  Harmonielehre,"  and  "  Prak- 
tische  Klavierschule "  (op.  70  ;  1892).  His 
comp.s  include  3  cantatas,  an  Ave  Maria  a  6, 
songs,  chamber-music,  etc. ;  studies,  variations, 
sonatas,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Krau'se,  Martin,  b.  Lobstedt,  n.  Leipzig, 
June  17, 1853.  Eminent  pianist  and  pedagogue  ; 
pupil  of  his  father,  a  cantor,  of  Fuchs  at  the 
Borna  Teachers'  Seminary  (where  he  graduated 
as  first  in  his  class),  and  of  Wenzel  and  Reinecke 
at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1873-6,  also  attending  Uni- 
versity lectures.  He  taught  six  months  in  Mon- 
treux,  then  was  private  tutor  in  Detmold  with 
unlimited  opportunity  to  practise  the  pf . ;  after 
successful  tours  in  Holland  and  Germany  (1878- 
80),  he  was  prostrated  by  nervous  exhaustion  for 
two  years,  made  Liszt's  acquaintance  in  1882, 
played  before  him  in  1883,  and  for  three  years 
was  in  constant  communication  with  the  master 
and  his  pupils,  learning  every  detail  which  could 
throw  light  on  Liszt's  marvellous  facility.  In  1885 
K.,  Siloti,  Frau  Moran-Olden,  and  others  gave 
two  grand  concerts  in  Leipzig,  which  led  to  the 
foundation  in  that  year  of  the  "  Lisztverein,"  of 
which  K.  was  the  chief  promoter  and  is  still 
chairman  and  manager.  Since  then,  teacher  and 
writer  in  Leipzig ;  his  thorough  scientific  and 
practical  education  affords  a  firm  foundation  for 
a  growing  reputation.  The  Duke  of  Anhalt 
bestowed  on  K.,  in  1892,  the  title  of  "Professor." 

Krausliaar,  Otto,  b.  Kassel,  May  31, 1812  ; 
d.  there  Nov.  23,  1866.  Pupil  of  Hauptmann, 
whose  idea  of  the  opposition  of  the  major  and 


324 


KRAUSS— KREIPL 


minor  modes  he  dc\  eloped  in  a  treatise  on  "Der 
accordhche  Gegensate  und  die  Eegrundung  der 
Scala"  (1852),  prior  to  Hauptmann's  "  Natur  der 
Harmonik."  Also  publ. k  k  Die  Conbtruktion  der 
gleichschwebenden  Temperatur  ohne  Scheib- 
ler'sche  Stimmgabeln  "  (1838) ;  essays  in  periodi- 
cals ;  "  Songs  without  Words"  ;  and  songs. 

Krauss,  Gabriele,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  24, 1842. 
Brilliant  dramatic  soprano ,  pupil  of  Vienna 
Cons,  and  Mme.  Marchesi.  Sang  at  Vienna 
court  opera,  1860-7;  at  the  Theatre  Itahen, 
Paris,  1867-71  ,  then  in  Baden  and  Milan  ;  re- 
appeared for  a  short  season  in  1873  a*  the  Th. 
Ital  ;  eng  1875-86  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris. 
Gave  leading  roles  in  some  40  operas,  e.g.,  Re- 
becca (Templario),  Donna  Anna,  Semiramide, 
Desdemona,  Gilda  (Ri^oktto),  Fidelio,  Rachel 
(Zrf  7//;rv),  Mathilde  (fhtguenots}^  Norma,  Alice 
\Rolerf)>  Agathe  (Freisc/ntto\  Sehka  (VAfn- 
faiue),  Aida,  Marguerite  (Faitst),  Lucrezia  Itor- 
gia,  etc. — Hon.  member  of  the  Soc.  of  the  Cons. 
Concerts,  iSSo  ,  officer  of  the  Academic. 

Krebs,  Johann  Ludwig,  whom  liach  thought 
his  best  organ-pupil ,  b  Buttelstadt,  Thuringia, 
Oct.  10,  1713  ;  d.  Altenburg,  Jan.,  1780.  While 
at  the  Leipzig  Thomasschule,  1726-35,  he  was 
J.  S.  Bach's  private  pupil.  Later  organist  at 
Zeitz,  Zwickau,  and  Altenburg. — Publ.  comp.s 
(in  strict  style)  •  "Clavierubungen"  (Nuremberg, 
1743-9);  clavichord-concerto;  sonatas  f.  clav. 
and  flute  ;  suites  and  preludes  f .  clav. ;  flute-trios  ; 
organ-pieces.  (A  complete  edition  is  publ.  by 
Heinrichshofen,  Magdeburg ) 

Krebs,  Carl  August  (real  family-name,  Mied- 
cke,  changed  to  K.  after  his  adoption  by  the 
opera-singer  J.  B.  Krebs) ;  b.  Nuremberg,  Jan. 
16,  1804;  d.  Dresden,  May  16,  1880.  Taught 
by  J.  B.  Krebs  and,  at  Vienna,  by  Seyfried ; 
after  a  brilliant  pianistic  season  in  Vienna  (1825), 
he  was  app.  (1826)  3rd  Kapdlm.  at  the  Vienna 
court  opera  ;  1827,  do.  at  Hamburg  ;  1850,  Hof- 
kapellm.  at  Dresden  opera,  retiring  in  1872.  He 
prod.  2  operas,  Silva^  oder  die  Mac/it  des  Gt- 
sanges  (Hamburg,  1830),  and  Agnes,  der  Engel 
von  Augsburg  (ibid.,  1834  ;  rewritten,  and  given 
at  Dresden,  1858,  as  Agnes  Bernauer) ;  of  the 
opfera  Feodorc^  comp.  in  his  7th  year  ('),  some 
numbers  were  publ.  His  songs  were  immensely 
popular ;  his  pf  .-music  much  less  so.  His  daugh- 
ter, 

Krebs,  Mary  (Frau  Brenning),  accomplished 
pianist ;  b.  Dresden,  Dec.  5,  1851.  Taught  by 
her  mother  and  father,  her  talent  matured  with 
astonishing  rapidity  ;  de'but  at  Meissen,  Oct.  15, 
1863  ;  shortly  thereafter  she  gave  a  concert  in 
Dresden ;  was  then  invited  to  play  at  Leipzig 
(Gewandhaus ;  Euterpe),  Hamburg,  Prague,  Vi- 
enna, Paris,  and  London  (where  she  gave  over 
170  concerts  from  1864-6).  Returning  to  Dres- 
den, she  received  the  appointment  of  R.  Saxon 
Chamber-virtuoso,  After  further  European  jour- 
neys, she  toured  America  from  1870-2,  giving 


more  than  200  concerts  She  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing pianists  of  the  day,  and  an  excellent  teacher 
Resides  in  Dresden. 

Krebs,  Karl,  b.  Hanseberg,  Wurttemberg, 
Feb.  5,  1857.  Student  of  music  in  the  R.  Hoch- 
schule,  Berlin,  likewise  hearing  Spitta's  lectures 
in  the  University.  Took  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  at 
Rostock  -with  dissertation  on  "  II  Transilvano" 
of  G.  Diruta  Living  in  Berlin  as  mus.  critic 
for  the  "  Vossische  Zeitung,"  "  Moderne  Kunst," 
the  "Deutsche  Rundschau,"  etc.  Has  publ. 
valuable  musico-historical  essays  in  the  ' '  Viertel- 
jahrsschrift  fur  Musikwissenschaft,"  the  supple- 
ment of  the  u  Vossische  Zeitung,'1  the  "  Preuss- 
ische  Jahrbucher,"  etc. 

Kreh'biel  [kra-],  Henry  Edward,  writer  and 
cntic  ,  b.  Ann  Arbor,  ^Iich,,  Mar.  10,  1854 
Studied  law  at  Cin- 
cinnati, but  pre- 
ferred journalism, 
and  devoted  himself 
especially  to  music ; 
1874-8,  mus.  critic 
of  the  Cincinnati 
"Gazette";  then 
editor  of  the  New 
York  "Musical  Re- 
view," and  critic  for 
the  "Tribune," 
which  latter  position 
he  still  (1899)  holds. 
—Works:  "An  Ac- 
count of  the  Fourth 
Cincm.  Mus  Festi- 
val" (1880) ;  "  Notes  on  the  Cultivation  oi  Cho- 
ral Music,  and  the  Oratorio  Soc.  of  New  York  " 
(1884);  "Review  of  the  N.  Y.  Mus.  Seasons 
1885-90"  (5  vol.s) ;  "  Studies  in  the  Wagnerian 
Drama"  (1891);  "The  Philharm.  Soc.  of  New 
York  :  A  Memorial "  (1892) ;  "  How  to  Listen  to 
Music"  (1896);  "Annotated  Bibliography  of 
Fine  Art,"  with  R.  Sturgis  (1897) ;  '*  Music  and 
Manners  in  the  iSth  Century"  (1898);  transl. 
Courvoisier's  "  Technics  of  Violin-playing " 
(New  York,  1880 ;  and  ed.  1896) ;  consulting 
editor  of  "The  Music  of  the  Modern  World" 
(1895-7). 

Krehl,  Stephan,  b.  Leipzig,  July  5,  1864. 
Studied  at  the  Conservatories  m  Leipzig  and 
Dresden ;  1889,  app.  teacher  of  pf.  and  theory 
at  Karlsruhe  Cons.  Very  talented  composer. — 
Works :  Op.  I,  7  Lieder  (Baumbach) ;  op.  2,  6 
Charakterstucke  f.  pf. ;  op.  3,  2  "  Erzahlungen" 
f.  pf.;  op  4,  Romanzero  f.  pf.;  op.  5,  3  Lieder; 
op.  6,  5  Lieder;  op.  7,  16  "  Phantastische  Skiz- 
zen  "  f.  pf . ;  op.  8,  sonata  in  A,  f.  pf .  and  vln. ; 
op.  9,  Slovenische  Tanze  f.  pf.  4  hands ;  op.  10, 
3  Lieder  ;  op.  n,  14  •*  Kinderstucke  "  f.  pf. 

Krei'pl  [kri-],  Joseph,  b.  1805  ;  d.  Vienna, 
June,  1866.  For  years  the  favorite  tenor  in  Linz- 
on-Danube ;  a  composer  of  beautiful  songs, 
among  which  "  Das  Mailttfterl "  (poem  by  Klees- 
heim)  attained  extraordinary  vogue. 


325 


KREISLER— KREUBfi 


Krcisler,  Johannes,    tiee  E.  T.  A  Ilnn- 

MANN. 

Kreiss'le  von  Hellbora,  Heinrich,  Schu- 
bert's biographer  ;  b.  Vienna,  1803  (1812',  1821  ?, 
1824?),  d.  there  Apr.  6,  1869.  He  was  Dr. 
juris,  and  secretary  in  the  Ministry  of  Finance, 
Vienna.  A  passionate  admirer  of  Schubert,  he 
publ.  '•  F.  Schubert,  eine  biographische  Skizze, 
von  Heinrich  \on  Kreissle"  (1861),  followed  in 
1865  by  the  exhaustive  biography  "  Franz  Schu- 
bert" (condensed  Engl.  transl  'by  Wilberforce, 
1 366  ;  full  transl.,  with  an  Appendix  by  Sir 
George  Grove,  by  A.  D.  Coleridge,  1869,  in  2 
vol.s). 

Krejci,  Josef,  b.  Milostin,  Bohemia,  Feb.  6, 
1822  ;  d.  Prague,  Oct.  19,  iSSi.  Pupil  of 
\Vitassek  and  Jos.  Proksch  in  Prague  ;  from 
1844,  organist  in  -various  churches  there,  1858 
Director  of  the  Organ-School,  1865  Dir.  of  the 
Cons.  Distinguished  organist  and  composer. — 
Works  •  An  oratono,  masses,  overtures,  organ- 
pieces,  songs. 

Krem'pelsetzer,  Georg,  b.  Vilsbiburg,  Ba- 
vana,  Apr.  20,  1827  \  d-  there  June  6,  1871. 
By  trade  a  cloth-weaver,  he  became  the  pupil  of 
Fr.  Lachner  in  Munich,  and  brought  out  suc- 
cessful operettas  (Der  Onkel  aus  der  Lombardei, 
Das  Orakelin  Delphi,  Aschenbrodel,  Rothmantel, 
Die  Geister  des  IVeins,  Die  Franzosen  in  GotJia, 
Der  retter  aitfBesuch,  etc.).  He  was  Kafellm. 
at  the  "  Volkstheater,"  Munich,  in  1865  ;  at 
Gurlitz,  1 868  ;  and  at  Konigsberg,  1870 

Krem'ser,  Eduard,  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  19, 
1838  ;  since  1869,  chonismaster  of  the  Viennese 
"  Mannergesangverein." — Words  •  The  operet- 
tas Eine  Operate  (1875)  and  Der  Sehlosserkonig  ; 
a  u  Singspiel,"  Der  kntische  Tag  (Th.  an  der 
Wien,  1891) ;  the  cantata  Balkanbildcr,  f.  soli, 
male  ch.,  and  orch.  (1895)  ;  many  part-songs 
(his  settings  of  "  6  altniederlandische  Volks- 
lieder"  are  famed  far  and  wide)  ;  "  Das  Herz- 
klopfen,"  "  Erinnerungen,"  and  *'  Fr6hliche 
Armuth,"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  songs  ("  Jagd- 
lied,"  w.  accomp.  of  4  horns  ;  2  songs  from 
"  Der  Trompeter  von  SSkkingen,"  w.  solo  cor- 
net) ;  excellent  pf. -music  (op.  i,  2,  4-6,  8-10, 
12,  16,  17) ;  etc. 

Krenn,  Franz,  b.  Dross,  Lower  Austria, 
Feb.  26,  1816 ;  d.  St.  AndrfL  vorm  Hagenthal, 
June  19,  1897.  Pupil  pf  Seyfried  at  Vienna. 
Organist  in  several  Vienna  churches ;  1862, 
Kapellm.  at  St  Michael's  (the  court  church)  ; 
1869,  prof,  of  harmony  at  the  Cons.  He  was 
an  eminent  organist  and  conductor,  and  did 
much  to  popularize  the  liturgical  music  of  the 
old  Italian  and  Flemish  schools  in  Vienna. — 
Works:  The  oratorios  Bonifaciits^  and  Die 
vicr  leteten  Dinge ;  cantatas  ;  15  masses  ;  3  re- 
quiems ;  other  sacred  music ;  a  symphony,  quar- 
tets, pieces  f.  org.  and  pf.;  part-songs;  a 
Method  f .  organ  ;  a  vocal  method ;  etc. 

Kretsch'mann  (reck  Krecman),  Theobald, 
b.  Vinos,  n.  Prague,  1850.  Is  solo  'cellist  at 


the  court  opera,  Vienna,  and  conductor  of  the 
chamber-concerts. 

Kretsch'mer,  Edmund,  b.  Ostritz,  Saxony, 
Aug.  31,  1830.  Ihipil  of  Jul.  Otto  and  Job. 
Schneider  in  Dresden.  In  1854,  organist  of  the 
court  church  ;  m  1863,  court  organist,  retiring 
in  1897.  Founded  the  Cacilia  Singing-soc., 
and  conducted  it  and  other  like  societies.  Was 
also  instructor  in  the  R.  *  *  Kapellknaben-Insti- 
tut"  until  1897,  when  his  son  Franz  succeeded 
him.  He  is  an  eminent  composer  ;  his  "  Geis- 
terschlacht"  won  a  prize  in  Dresden  (1865)  ;  a 
3-part  mass  f.  male  ch.  won  the  Brussels  Acad- 
emy's prize  in  1 868  ;  his  operas,  Die  Folkitnger 
(Dresden,  1874)  an<^  Heinrich  der  Lowe  (Leip- 
zig, 1877),  are  among  the  most  important  dra- 
matic works  of  the  post-Wagnerian  epoch  (K. 
wrote  the  libretti,  as  well) ;  he  has  also  prod,  an 
operetta,  Der  Fhtchtling  (Ulm,  iSSi),  and  a 
romantic  opera,  Schon  Rohtraut  (Dresden,  1887)  ; 
2  large  works  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch  ,  "  Pilger- 
fahrt "  and  "  Sieg  in  Gesang";  a  "  Festgesang  " 
f.  ch.  and  orch.;  *l  Musikalische  Dorfgeschich- 
ten"  f.  orch.;  an  orchestral  suite,  "  Hochzeits- 
musik  "  (op.  54,  1896) ;  three  other  masses  ;  etc. 

Kretzsch'mar,  (August  Ferdinand)  Her- 
mann, b.  Olbernhau,  Saxony,  Jan.  19,  1848. 
Pupil  of  J.  Otto  at  the  Kreuzschule,  Dresden, 
and  of  Richter,  Reinecke,  Paul,  and  Papperitz  at 
Leipzig  Cons.  Took  degree  of  Dr.  J>/nl.  at 
Leipzig  with  a  thesis  on  ancient  notation  prior 
to  Guido  d'Arezzo,  in  1871,  then  becoming 
teacher  of  organ  and  harmony  at  the  Cons. ,  and 
conducting  several  societies  ;  1876,  Kaptllm  at 
Metz  Th.;  1877,  mus.  dir.  at  Rostock  Univ.; 
1880,  town  mus.  dir.  there  ;  1887,  Langer's  suc- 
cessor as  mns.  dir  of  Leipzig  Univ.,  and  cond. 
of  the  academic  male  chorus  "  Paulus."  From 
1888-97,  Riedel's  successor  as  cond.  of  the 
11  Riedel-Verein,"  then  retiring  on  account  oi 
ill-health  (present  cond.,  Dr.  Georg  Gohler  of 
Zwickau).  Received  the  title  of  "Professor" 
in  1890,  in  which  year  he  organized  the  lt  Aka- 
demische  Orchesterconcerte,"  giving  historical 
programs  A  fine  organist,  he  has  publ.  sacred 
and  secular  part-songs,  and  some  organ-music. 
He  is  likewise  a  well-known  mus.  critic  (in  the 
"  Musikalisches  Wochenblatt,"  "  Grenzbote  ")  ; 
has  publ.  lectures  on  *  *  Chorgesang,  Sanger- 
chbre,  etc.,"  and  tl  Peter  Cornelius"  (1880,  in 
Waldersee's  tlSammlung  mus.  Vortrage*');  a 
"  Fuhrer  durch  den  Concertsaal "  (3  vol.s,  1887  ; 
2nd  ed.  1890) ;  also  essays  in  the  "  Grenzbote  " 
("Das  deutsche  Lied  seit  Schumann"  [1881]  ; 
"Die  deutsche  Klaviermusik  seit  Schumann" 
[1882];  "Brahms"  [1884]);  and  a  paper  on 
"Venetian  Opera"  in  the  " Vierteljahrsschrift 
far  Musikwissenschaft "  (1892),  part  of  a  mono- 
graph on  the  Opera  (in  preparation). 

Kreube~,  Charles-Frederic,  b.  Luneville, 
Nov.  5,  1777  ;  d.  at  his  villa,  n.  St.-Denis,  in 
1846.  Pupil  of  R.  Kreutzer;  1816-28,  ist 
cond.  at  the  Ope"ra-Comique.  —Works :  16 
comic  operas  (1813-28). 


KREUTZER— KRIEGER 


Kreut'zer  (or  Kreuzer),  Conradin,  b.  Mbss- 
kirch,  Baden,  Nov.  22,  1780 ;  d  Riga,  Dec.  14, 
1849.  Pupil  of  J.B. 
Rieger  and  (1792-6, 
at  Zwiefalten  Abbey) 
of  Ernst  Weihrauch. 
Medical  student  at 
Freiburg,  1799-1800; 
then  devoted  himself 
to  music,  bringing  out 
his  first  operetta,  Die 
lackerhche  IVerbung, 
at  Freiburg  in  iSoo. 
He  lived  5  years  in 
Constance,  and  then 
sojourned  in  Vienna 
till  1811,  studying 
counterpoint  two 
years  under  Albrechtsberger.  He  prod  Aesop 
in  Phrygien( Vienna,  iSoS)'andy<?rv  itnd Bately 
(1810) ;  not  being  able  to  bring  out  two  grand 
operas,  Conradin  von  Sc/iwabtn  xb&DerTaucher, 
in  Vienna,  he  went,  after  a  pianistic  tour  of  a 
year,  to  Stuttgart,  where,  after  the  production 
of  the  former  m  1812,  he  was  appointed  court 
Kapdlm.  In  Stuttgart  he  produced  8  dramatic 
works ,  and  then  went  to  Donaueschingen  in 
1817  as  Kapellm.  to  the  Prince  von  Furstenberg. 
Returning  to  Vienna,  he  brought  out  Libussa 
(1822),  and  acted  as  Kaprttm  at  the  Karnthner- 
thor  Th.  (1825,  1829-32,  1837-40),  and  the 
Josephstadter  Th.  (1833-37)  ;  in  1834  his  best 
work,  Das  Nachtlager  von  Granada,  appeared, 
which,  with  the  Verschwender  (1836)  and  Jery 
mid  Bately  i  are  the  only  operas  of  his  still  played. 
From  1 840-46,  Kapellm  at  the  City  Th. ,  Cologne ; 
was  in  Vienna  again  1847-9;  and  then  accom- 
panied his  daughter  Cacilie,  a  stage-singer,  to 
Riga. — Works :  30  operas ;  an  oratorio,  Die 
Sendung  JMosis  (Stuttgart,  1814);  church-music, 
chamber-music,  and  pf. -pieces  ;  songs,  and  some 
very  beautiful  male  choruses  (<l  Die  Capelle," 
"  Sonntagsmorgen  "  [Uhland],  "  Der  Tag  des 
Herrn,"  etc.). 

Kreut'zer,  Rodolphe,  famous  violinist ;  b. 
Versailles,  Nov.  16,  1766  ;  d.  Geneva,  Jan.  6, 
1831.  His  father, 
a  German  violinist 
in  the  Chapelle  du 
Roi,  and  Anton 
Stamitz  were  his 
teachers.  At  13  he 
played  a  violin-con- 
certo of  his  own  '. 
composition  at  one  f 
of  the  Concerts  ' 
Spirituals ;  in  1872 
he  was  app.  1st 
violin  in  the  Ch.  du 
Roi,  and  in  1790 
solo  violin  in  the 
Theatre  Italian, 

bringing    out  his   first    opera,    Jeanne   d'Arc 
A  OrUans,  the  same  year.     It  was  followed  by 


over  40  others,  given  at  the  Opera,'the  Opera- 
Comique,  or  the  Th.  Italien.  Lodotska  was  per- 
haps the  best ,  but  all  have  passed  into  oblivion 
A  year  after  his  appointment  as  teacher  of  violin 
at  the  Cons  ,  he  made  a  triumphant  concert-tour 
through  Italy,  Germany,  and  Holland.  In  1801 
he  succeeded  Rode  as  solo  violin  at  the  Opera, 
of  which  he  became  2nd  cond.  in  1816,  and  ist 
cond.  in  1817.  From  1802  he  was  also  chamber- 
musician  to  Napoleon  ;  from  1815,  to  Louis 
XVIII  ,  retired  1826,  and  so  far  lost  influence 
that  his  last  opera,  Mathildc^  was  contemptuously 
rejected  by  the  direction  of  the  Grand  Opera  To 
him  Beethoven  inscribed  the  celebrated  "Kreut- 
zer  Sonata."  —  Works.  43  operas;  19  violin- 
concertos  ;  2  double  concertos ;  a  * '  symphonic 
concertante"  f.  vln.  and  'cello,  w.  orch.;  15 
string-quartets ;  15  string-tnos  ;  also  duets,  so- 
natas, variations,  etc.,  f  vln  ;  but  his  master- 
work,  wherein  his  worthiness  to  rank  with  the 
great  masters  of  the  classic  Parisian  school  of 
violin-playing  is  convincingly  proved,  is  the  "40 
Etudes  ou  Caprices  "  f  .\  In.  solo,  republ.  in  count- 
less editions,  revised  by  Vieuxtemps  and  others. 
K.  was  joint  author,  with  Rode  and  Baillot,  of 
the  great  Violin-Method  used  in  the  Paris  Cons. 

Kreut'zer,  Auguste,  brother  of  Rodolphe,  b 
Versailles,  1781  ,  d.  Pans,,  Au«>.  31,  1832.  Vio- 
linist ;  played  in  orch.  of  the  Opera-Comique 
and  Grand  Opera,  also  in  the  court  orchestras  ; 
succeeded  Rodolphe  as  teacher  of  violin  in  the 
Cons  ,  1826  — Publ.  2  vln. -concertos  ;  2  duets ; 
3  sonatas ;  etc. — His  son, 

Kreut'zer,  L  60  n  (-Charles-Francois),  com- 
poser and  nius.  critic  ;  b.  Paris,  Sept.  23,  1817  ; 
d.  Vichy,  Oct.  6,  1868.  Pupil  of  Fleche  (pf.) 
and  Benoist  (comp.).  Wrote  for  the  l<  Revue 
et  Gazette  musicale"  ("  L'OpeYa  en  Europe, " 
1841),  the  "Revue  contemporame  "  (on  Meyer- 
beer), *'  La  Quotidienne,"  "  L'Union,"  etc.;  also 
an  "  Essai  sur  Tart  lyrique  au  theatre"  (1845  J 
down  to  Meyerbeer) ;  orchestral  prelude  to  The 
Tempest;  string-quartets,  pf. -sonatas,  etc. ;  and 
a  treatise  on  modulation. — Biographical  sketch 
by  Pougin  (1868). 

Kreu'zer,  Conradin.     See  KREUTZER. 

Krie'ger,  Adam,  b  Driesen,  Neumark,  Jan. 
7,  1634 ;  d.  June  30, 1666,  as  court  organist  at 
Dresden  — Publ.  '*  Arien  "  a  1-5,  w.  instr.l  ritor- 
nelii  (i  in  1656  ;  16  in  1667). 

Krie'ger,  (Johann)  Philipp,  b.  Nuremberg! 
Feb.  26,  1649 ;  d.  Weissenfels,  Feb.  6,  1725. 
Pupil  of  J.  Drechsel  and  Gabriel  Schutz,  also  of 
G.  Forster  at  Copenhagen,  where  he  was  assist- 
ant and  pupil  of  the  court  organist  Schroter  for 
5  years.  Court  organist  and  chamber-comp.  at 
Bayreuth,  with  an  interval  of  study  in  Italy  (1672) ; 
Kaptttm,  at  Kassel,  court  organist  at  Halle,  and 
from  1675  court  A'ape/tm.  to  the  Duke  of  Saxe- 
Weissenfels.  On  a  concert-tour  to  Vienna,  he 
was  ennobled  by  Emperor  Leopold  I.  He  prod, 
several  operas  at  different  courts,  and  at  Ham. 
burg  ;  publ.  24  Sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  and  bass  (op. 


327 


KRIEGER— KRUG 


I,  1687  ;  op  2,  1693')  ;  "Musikalischer  Seelen- 
fnede."  20  sacred  anas  f.  vln.  \v  bass  (1697  . 
1717) ,  lfc  Lustige  Feldmusik  "  i  4  \\ind-mstr.s  , 
etc. 

Krie'ger,  Johann,  famous  contrapuntist, 
brother  and  pupil  of  preceding  ,  b.  Nuremberg, 
Jan.  i,  1652,  d.  Zittau,  July  iS,  1736.  He  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  at  Bayreuth  ,  was  then  court 
AV/t7/w.  at  Greiz  and  Eisenberjf  ,  from  1681, 
organist  and  mus.  director  at  Zittau. — Works 
*fc  Musikahsche  Ergetzlichkeiten,"  anas  f.  5-9 
voices  (1664) ;  "Musikalische  Parthien,"  dance- 
music  f.  clavichord  (1697);  "Anmuthige  Cla- 
viembungen,"  preludes,  fugues,  etc.  (1699);  also 
sacred  \ocal  music  (MS.  masses  and  motets  in 
Berlin  Library;. 

Krie'ger,  Ferdinand,  b.  AValdershof,  Fran- 
conia,  Jan.  S,  1843.  Studied  at  Eichstatt 
Teachers'  Seminar}-  and  Munich  Cons.;  from 
1667,  music-teacher  in  the  Normal  School  at 
Ratisbon. — Publ.  "  Die  Elemente  des  Musikun- 
ternchts"  (1^69);  a  "  Lehre  der  Harmonic" 
(1870);  "Der  rationelle  Musikuntemcht  .  .  ." 
(1870);  and  technical  studies  f.  \ln.  and  f.  pf. 

Kries'stein,  Melchior,  music  -  printer  at 
Augsburg.  Publ.  2  coll.s  of  S.  Salblmger's 
works-  * 4  Selectissimae  nee  non  familiarissimae 
cantiones  ultra  centum"  (1540)  and  ''Cantiones 
7,  6et  5  vocum"  (1545). 

Kri'gar,  (Julius)  Hermann,  b.  Berlin,  Apr. 
3,  1819;  d.  there  Sept.  5,  iSSo  Pianist;  pupil 
at  Leipzig  of  Schumann,  Mendelssohn,  Haupt- 
mann,  etc.,  1843-5  ;  then  organised  a  singing - 
societyat  Berlin,  where  he  also  cond.  the  "  Neue 
Berliner  Liedertafel "  for  some  years  ;  1857,  "  R. 
Mus.  Director  ";  1874,  "  Professor."  Comp.  in- 
cidental music,  motets,  psalms,  pf. -pieces,  and 
songs. 

Kris'per,  Dr.  Anton,  of  Graz,  publ.  (1882)  an 
interesting  essay  on  *'  Die  Kunstmusik  in  ihrem 
Prinzipe,  ihrer  Entwickelung  und  ihrer  Konse- 
quenz." 

Kxizkow'sky,  Paul,  noteworthy  Czechish 
composer  of  national  and  sacred  music  ;  b.  Jan. 
9,  1820;  d.  Briinn,  May  S,  1885.  Augustine 
monk,  and  councillor  in  the  archiepiscopal  con- 
sistory. 

Kroll,  Franz,  b.  Bromberg,  June  22,  1820 ; 
d.  Berlin,  May  28,  1877.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Liszt 
at  Paris  and  \Veimar;  from  1849  in  Berlin, 
teaching  1863-4  at  Stern's  Cons.  Editor  of  the 
Peters  Ed.  pf  the  "Well-tempered  Clavichord," 
and  the  "  Bibliothek  altererund  neuerer  Klavier- 
musik";  also  publ.  a  few  original  pf. -pieces. 

Krolop,  Franz,  dramatic  bass ;  b.  Troja, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  5,  1839 ;  d.  (from  an  operation) 
at  Berlin,  May  30,  1897.  A  pupil  of  Richard 
Levy  at  Vienna,  his  deout  as  Ernani  at  Troppau 
in  1863  was  very  successful ;  after  engagements 
at  Troppau,  Linz-on-Danube,  Bremen  and  Leip- 
zig, he  was  permanently  engaged  for  the  Berlin 
court  opera  in  1872.  In  1868  he  married  Vilma 
von  Voggenhuber.  Of  fine  and  versatile  talent, 


he  sang,  for  instance,  in  Den  Giovanni  the  i  files 
ot  the  Commandant,  Leporello,  and  Masetto 

Krom'mer,  Franz,  b  Kamenitz,  ]VIora\ia, 
Ma}  17,  1760  ;  d  Vienna,  Jan.  S,  1831.  Vio- 
linist ,  his  uncle,  choirmaster  at  Turas,  Hungary, 
taught  him  organ-playing,  and  he  held  a  position 
as  organist  there  from  1776-84  ;  then  joined 
Count  Ayrum's  orch  at  Simontorm  a  as  violinist, 
later  conducting  it ;  was  choir-director  at  Funf- 
kirchen,  bandmaster  of  the  Karoly  regiment, 
\\ent  to  Vienna  i&Kapellm,  to  Prince  Grassal- 
kovics,  and  followed  Kotzeluch  as  Imp.  Kapellm. 
in  1814.  He  comp  a  mass  f  4-p  ch  w  orch.; 
5  symphonies  ;  5  violin-concertos  ;  much  excel- 
lent chamber-music  (iS  string-quintets  ;  69 
string-quartets,  a  string-trio,  etc.),  quintets  and 
quartets  for  wind-instr  s,  and  music  f .  \\  ind- 
band  ,  symphonies  conceitantes  ,  etc 

Kro'nach,  Emanuel.    See  KLITZSCII. 

Kron'ke,  Emil,  pianist  and  composer ;  born 
Danzig,  Nov.  29,  1865.  Pupil  of  Remecke  and 
Paul  in  Leipzig,  1883-4 ;  later  of  Nicodc  and 
Th.  Kirchner  in  Dresden.  In  1886  he  won  the 
prize  of  the  Dresden  Cons  for  piano-playing  ;  in 
1887,  the  diploma  of  honor  An  indefatigable 
student  of  Liszt's  works,  of  which  he  is  preparing 
a  complete  edition. — Publ.  a  Gavotte,  a  Valse- 
Impromptu,  a  Bagatelle  (for  left  hand),  a 
Scherzo,  2  Intermezzi,  an  Hungarian  Sketch,  a 
Valse  favorite,  etc.  ;  all  f.  pf 

Kriickl  (or  Kriikl),  Franz,  celebrated  bari- 
tone stage-singer ;  b  Edlspitz,  Moravia,  Nov. 
10,  1841  ;  d.  Strassburg,  Jan.  13,  1899.  Pupil 
of  Dessoff  ;  debut  at  Brunn,  1868  ;  sang  there- 
after at  Kassel,  Augsburg,  Hamburg  (1874), 
Cologne  (1875),  and  Hamburg  again  (1876-85) ; 
then  became  teacher  at  the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frank- 
fort ,  and  from  1892  was  director  of  the  Mu- 
nicipal Th.,  Strassburg.— Publ.  "  Der  Vertrag 
zwischen  Director  und  Mitglied  der  <ftiitschen 
Buhne"(i889).  >rofeL 

Krug,  Friedrich,  b.  Kassel,  July  ie  "  /I2 ; 
d.  Karlsruhe,  Nov.  3,  1892.  Bantorhistpera- 
singer,  later  court  mus.  director,  at  Karl)I  uhe  — 
Operas  Die  Marytnse  (Kassel,  1843) ;  Aleister 
Martin  derKdfer  und  sane  Gesetten  (Karlsruhe, 
1845);  Der  Kachtwhctiter  (Mannheim,  1846). 

Krug-,  Dietrich,  music-teacher  at  Hamburg, 
where  he  was  born  May  25,  1821,  and  died  Apr. 
7,  1880.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Melchert  and  (nomi- 
nally) of  J.  Schmitt.  Composer  of  excellent 
melodious  studies  forpf.;  also  publ.  a  Method. — 
His  son, 

Krug,  Arnold,  b.  Hamburg,  Oct.  16,  1849, 
was  taught  by  his  father,  and  later  by  Gurhtt ; 
also  by  Reinecke  at  Leipzig  (1868),  winning  the 
Mozart  scholarship  in  1869.  Studied  further 
with  Kiel  and  Eduard  Frank,  in  Berlin;  was 
pf. -teacher  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  1872-7  ;  then,  as 
winner  of  the  Meyerbeer  scholarship,  devoted  a 
year  to  study  in  France  and  Italy.  In  1878  he 
organized  a  "  Gesangverein "  in  Hamburg, 
where,  since  1885,  he  has  taught  at  the  Cons., 


328 


KRUG— KtJCKEN 


and  cond.  the  Alton.!  "  Smgakademie  "  A  tal- 
ented composer,  he  has  publ.  a  s>mphony,  a 
symphonic  prologue  to  Otdlo,  a  suite,  "~R<>- 
mische  Tanze"  f  orch  ,  a  "  Liebesnovelle  "  and 
41  Itahemsche  Reiseskizzen  "  f.  string-orch.,  a 
violin-concerto,  a  pf  -quartet,  fine  pf  -music, 
songs,  etc.;  also  several  large  choral  works, 
Sig  itrd,  f  ch . ,  soli,  and  orch. ,  A n  die  Hofftntn^, 
f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch.,  Herr  Oluf,  a  ballade  f. 
male  ch.  and  orch  (op.  57),  and  Womadenzug 
f.  do 

Krug?  (Wenzel)  Joseph  (called  Krug- 
Waldsee),  b.  Waldsee,  Upper  Swabia,  Nov.  S, 
1858  Precocious  talent,  mostly  self-taught 
until  sent  (1872-80)  to  Stuttgart  Cons  ,  where  he 
studied  violin,  pf  ,  singing,  and  composition 
(Fai&zt).  Taught  for  a  short  time  at  Hofwyl, 
near  Bern  ,  1882-9,  cond.  of  the  "  Neuer  Siny- 
verein,"  Stuttgart ;  1889,  chorusmaster  and  mu- 
sic-director at  the  Municipal  Th  ,  Hamburg  ; 
1892-3,  Kapelbn.  at  Erunn  Th.  ;  1894,  do  at 
Nuremberg  ;  1896,  do.  at  Augsburg.  A  com- 
poser of  individuality  and  power  ;  grand  concert- 
cantatas  aie  his  specialty  — \Vorks  •  i-act  comic 
opera,  Der  Piotitrador  von  San  Juan  (Mann- 
heim, 1893);  a  dramatic  "Christmas  tale," 
Heinzelmannchcn  (Hamburg,  1889) ;  a  i-act 
ballet,  Das  A/arc  hen  (MS  ) ;  the  3-act  opera 
Astorre  (Stuttgart,  Feb  25,  1896  ;  mod.  succ.) ; 
the  "secular  oratorio"  A'onig  Rother,  f.  soli, 
mixed  ch.,  and  orch.  (op.  25) ,  concert-cantata 
Stv&tMtHi  f.  bantone  solo,  male  ch.,  and  orch  ; 
the  ballade  Hatalit  [Uhland],  f.  baritone  solo, 
mixed  ch  ,  and  orch.  (op  6) ,  the  concert-cantatas 
Dflrnrosi  hen,  Hochzeitsticd^  and  Geigcr  zu  Gmitnd 
(op.  27)  ;  a  concert-overture  in  E,  f.  full  orch.  , 
pf  -trio  in  D  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Krii'ger,  Eduard,  writer ;  b.  Luneburg,  Dec 
9,  1807  ;  d.  Gottingen,  Nov.  9,  1885.  Philolog- 
ical student  at  Berlin  and  Gottingen,  also  de- 
voting much  time  to  musical  studies  ;  from  1861, 
prof,  of  music  at  Gottingen.  Besides  thought- 
ful and  erudite  critiques  and  reviews  in  various 
papers,  he  publ.  "  De  musicis  Graecorum  organis 
circa  Pindari  tempora "  (1830  ;  his  doctor-dis- 
sertation);  a  "Grundriss  der  Metrik"  (1838); 
"  Beitrage  fur  Leben  und  Wissenschaft  der  Ton- 
kunst"  (1847);  and  "System  der  Tonkunst" 
(1866). 

Krii'ger,  Wilhelm,  b.  Stuttgart,  Aug.  5, 
1820  ;  d.  there  June  16, 1883.  Pupil  of  Ziegele 
(pf.)  and  Lindpaintner  (comp  ).  Excellent  pian- 
ist and  teacher ;  lived  in  Pans  1845-70,  when  the 
outbreak  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war  caused  his 
withdrawal  to  Germany ;  then  court  pianist,  and 
teacher  at  the  Cons.,  in  Stuttgart.  His  works 
for  piano,  168  in  number,  include  caprices,  noc- 
turnes, genre  pieces  ("  Harpe  eolienne,"  "  Gui- 
tare  "),  a  Polonaise- Bolero  (op.  97),  etudes  (es- 
pecially op.  32,  "  Les  six  jours  de  la  semaine  "), 
and  transcriptions,  fantasias,  etc.,  of  and  on  ope- 
ratic airs.  He  edited  an  excellent  2-vol.  edition 
of  Handel's  clavichord-works. — His  brother, 

Krii'ger,  Gottlieb,  b.  Stuttgart,  May  4, 1824; 


d.  there  Oct.  12,  1895  ;  fine  harpist ;  member  of 
Stuttgart  court  orch 

Kmis,  M.  H.  van,  b.  Oudewater,  Holland 
Mar.  8,  iS6i.  Pupil  of  Nikolai  at  The  Hague,  1877 
organist  and  mus.  director  at  \Ymters\vyk,  1881 
org  and  teacher  at  the  Rotterdam  School  of 
Music,  1^84  ;  in  iSS6  he  founded  a  mus.  monthly, 
"  Het  Orgel  "  Publ.  a  "  Beknopt  overzicht  der 
muziekgeschiedems "  (1892);  comp.  an  opera, 
De  bloem  van  Island  ;  3  symphonies,  8  over- 
tures, organ-music,  pf.-pieces,  etc. 

Krump'holtz,  Johann  Baptist,  famous 
harpist ;  b.  Zlomtz,  n.  Prague,  about  1745  ,  d. 
Paris,  Feb.  19,  1790.  Taught  by  his  father,  a 
bandmaster  in  a  Pans  regiment.  Gave  concerts 
in  Vienna,  1772  ;  took  lessons  in  comp.  of  Haydn, 
and  belonged  to  Prince  Esterhazy's  orch.  1773-6. 
Returning  to  France  after  a  long  concert-tour  in 
Germany,  he  met  a  Fraulein  Meyer  at  Metz,  who 
became  his  pupil  (said  even  to  surpass  him  as  a 
player),  and,  at  the  age  of  16,  his  wife.  In  Pans 
they  gave  brilliant  concerts,  and  K.  added  to  hi*> 
fame  by  inventing  a  harp  with  2  pedals,  loud 
and  soft  (the  former  still  used  in  the  modern 
harp) ,  he  also  stimulated  Erard  to  the  experi- 
ments which  led  to  the  invention  of  the  pedal- 
mechanism  now  employed  He  drowned  himself 
in  the  Seine  on  account  of  his  wife's  elopement 
to  England  with  a  young  man.  His  comp  s  f. 
harp  are  still  \\  orthy  of  attention  ;  they  include 
6  concertos  w.  orch.,  a  quartet  w.  strings,  a  duo 
f.  2  harps,  52  sonatas,  and  others  entitled  "  So- 
nates  pathetiques"  ;  a  "symphonic"  f.  harp,  2 
vlns.,  flute,  2  horns,  and  bass  ;  variations,  prel- 
udes, etc  — His  brother, 

Krump'holtz,  Wenzel,  violinist,  b  about 
1750 ;  d.  Vienna,  May  2,  1817,  was  a  player  in 
the  Vienna  opera-orch.,  and  a  friend  of  Beet- 
hoven, \\ho  inscribed  to  him  the  '*Gesang  der 
Monche." — Publ.  an  *  *  Abendunterhaltung  "  f. 
vin.  solo,  and  "  Eine  Viertelstunde  fur  eineVio- 
line." 

Kru'se,  Johann  S.,  violinist ;  b.  Melbourne, 
Australia,  Mar.  31,  1859.  Pupil  of  Joachim  at 
Berlin  in  1876  ;  leader  of  the  Philharm.  Orch.  ; 
in  1892,  leader  of  the  Bremen  orch. 

Kucharz,  Johann  Baptist,  b.  Chotecz, 
Bohemia,  Mar.  5,  1751 ;  d.  Prague,  Feb.  18, 
1829.  Studied  in  the  Jesuit  College,  Konig- 
gratz,  the  Jesuit  Seminary,  Gitschin,  and  with 
Seegert,  Prague ;  organist  at  the  Heinrichs- 
kirche,  then  at  Strahow  monastery,  and  finally 
conductor  (1791-1800)  of  the  Prague  opera.  A 
finished  player  on  the  organ,  pf.,  mandolin,  and 
harmonica.  Compositions  in  MS. 

Kiick/en,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  popular  song- 
composer;  b.  Bleckede,  Hanover,  Nov.  16, 1810; 
d.  Schwerin,  Apr.  3, 1882.  The  son  of  a  peasant, 
he  was  taught  by  his  uncle  Luhrss,  court  organist 
at  Schwerin,  and  played  various  instr.s  ia  the 
court  orch.;  his  simple  songs  in  the  popular 
vein  already  attracted  attention,  and  he  was  app. 


329 


KUDELSKI— KUHLAU 


tutor  to  the  princes.  Studied  further  (1832)  in 
Berlin  under  Birnbach,  and  brought  out  a  suc- 
cessful opera  there.  Die  Fhicktnach  far  SchiMiz 
(1839) ,  after  studying  with  Sechter  at  Vienna 
(1541)  and  Halevy'and  Bordogni  at  Pans  (1843), 
he  was  KapeUm.  at  Stuttgart  from  1851-61,  then 
retiring  to  Schwerin.  In  Stuttgart  he  prod,  a 
second  opera,  Der  Pratendent  ( 1847) ;  he  also 
wrote  violin-sonatas,  'cello-sonatas,  and  quartets 
for  male  voices ;  but  these,  and  even  the  majority 
of  his  very  numerous  songs,  found  little  favor 
with  fastidious  musicians,  although  the  songs 
have  had  immense  success  with  the  multitude, 
and  many  are  very  beautiful ;  the  Thunngian 
folk-song",  4l  Ach,  wie  ist's  muglich  dann  "  (1827), 
4fcAch,  wenn  du  warst  mein  eigen,"  "Du 
schones,  bhtzendes  Sternelein,"  "Gretelem,"  are 
among  his  best  Meyerbeer  said  of  K.-  "I 
have  never  met  \\  ith  a  conductor  who  rehearsed 
more  carefully  than,  and  penetrated  the  musical 
intentions  of  others  so  readily  and  correctly  as, 
Kapellmeister  Kucken." 

Kudelski,  Karl  Matthias,  b.  Berlin,  Nov. 
17,  1805;  d.  Baden-Baden,  Oct.  3,  1877. 
Viulmist,  pupil  of  Lafont,  ist  violin  in  theorch. 
of  the  Kunigstadtisches  Th.,  Berlin  ;  quartet- 
player  at  Dorpat,  1830  ;  Kafellm*  to  a  Russian 
prince,  1839 ;  and  1841-51,  leader  and  director 
in  the  Imp.  Theatre,  Moscow  — Publ.  a  "Kurzge- 
fasste  Harmonielehre  "  (1865)  ;  concertos  f .  vln. 
and  f.  'cello ;  violin-sonatas  ;  pf. -trios  ;  etc. 

Kufferath,  Johann  Hermann,  b.  Muhlheim- 
on-Ruhr,  May  12,  1797  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  July 
28,  1864.  Pupil,  at  Kassel,  of  Spohr  (vln.)  and 
Hauptmann  (comp  ) ;  1823,  mus.  dir.  at  Biele- 
feld, 1830  at  Utrecht,  where  he  taught  singing 
at  the  School  of  Music  and  cond.  various  socie- 
ties ;  retired  to  "Wiesbaden  in  1862.  Excellent 
violinist  and  composer  (4t  Jubelcantate,"  and 
other  cantatas ;  overtures ;  motets) ;  his  "  Manuel 
de  chant,"  for  schools,  won  the  prize  of  the 
Netherland  Music  Soc.  in  1836. 

Kufferath,  Louis,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Muhlheim,  Nov.  10,  1811  ;  d.  near  Brussels, 
Mar.  2,  1 882.  Pupil  of  his  brother,  and  of  Fr. 
Schneider  at  Dessau.  From  1836-50,  director 
of  the  Cons,  at  Leeuwarden,  Holland ;  after 
that  in  Ghent  and  Brussels.  Fine  pianist  and 
successful  teacher. — Publ.  a  4-part  mass  w.  org. 
and  orch.;  250  canons;  a  cantata,  Artevehie ; 
tnos,  morceaux  de  salon,  and  variations,  f .  pf . ; 
part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Kufferath,  Hubert  Ferdinand,  noted  pian- 
ist and  organist ;  b.  Muhlheim,  June  II,  1818  ; 
d.  Brussels,  June  23,  1896.  Brother  and  pupil 
of  the  two  preceding  ;  then  pupil  of  Hartmann 
at  Cologne  (vln.),  and  of  David  and  Mendelssohn 
at  Leipzig.  Conductor  of  the  Mannergesang- 
verein  of  Cologne,  1841-4  ;  then  settled  in  Brus- 
sels, where  he  was  the  teacher  of  Princess 
Charlotte  (the  future  Empress  of  Mexico)  and 
other  members  of  the  royal  family ;  from  1872, 
prof,  of  cpt.  and  fugue  at  the  Cons. — Works : 
Symphonies;  pf. -concertos ;  pf. -music  (op.  i, 


Capriccio  ;  op.  2,  8,  35,  £tudes  de  concert ,  op 
9,  pf.-trio ;  op.  12,  pf. -quartet ,  op.  30,  Charak- 
terstucke ;  op.  40,  4-hand  waltzes)  Wrote  a 
"  Praktische  Chorschule  fur  4  Vocal-  oder  In- 
strumentalstimmen  zum  Studium  der  Harmonic, 
des  Kontrapunktes  und  der  Orgel "  (1896 , 
French  and  German") 

Kuf  ferath,  Maurice,  son  and  pupil  of  H.  F. 
K.;  b.  Brussels,  Jan  S,  1852.  'Cello-pupil  of 
Servais  {/<!w  and  Jils) ,  student  of  law  and  phi- 
losophy at  the  Univ.  In  1873,  editor  of  the 
*'  Guide  musicale,"  later  becoming  proprietor. 
A  writer  of  thoroughly  modern  spirit,  he  has 
publ  essays*  on  "  R.  Wagner  und  die  Neunte 
Symphome,"  "Berlioz  und  Schumann,"  "  Le 
theatre  de  Wagner  de  Tannhauser  i  Parsifal" 
"L'artde  diriger  1'orchestre"  (2  editions),  and 
a  sketch  of  Vieuxtemps  ;  under  the  pen-name  of 
11  Maurice  Reymont"  he  has  transl.  texts  com- 
posed by  Wagner,  Brahms,  etc.  He  wrote  the 
report  on  the  mus.  instr.s  at  the  Brussels  Expo- 
sition of  1880. 

KiifFner,  Joseph,  composer;  b.  Wurzbuig, 
Mar.  31,  1776;  d  there  Sept.  S,  1856  — Works: 
2  operas,  Sforn  ttnd  Scharpt,  and  Der  Cornttt, 
both  prod,  at  Wurzbuig ;  7  symphonies,  10 
overtures,  music  for  military  band  and  wind- 
instr  s,  a  Fantasia  f.  vln.  w.  orch  ,  a  quintet  f. 
flute  and  strings,  string-quartets,  trios  and  duets 
f.  flutes,  clannet-duets,  guitar-music,  sonatas  f. 
pf.  and  vln  ,  etc. 

Ku'gelmann,  Hans,  who  died  at  Konigs- 
berg,  1542,  was  ist  trumpeter  to  Duke  Albrecht 
of  Prussia,  and  publ  a  volume  of  church-songs, 
a  3,  with  a  supplement  of  secular  songs  a  2-8. 
(Cf.  Wmterfeld,  "  Evangehscher  Kirchenge- 
sang,"  vol.  i,  p  265;  also  the  "  Monatshefte 
fur  Musikgeschichte,"  viii,  pp.  65  etseg.) 

Kuh'e,  Wilhelm,  pianist;  b.  Prague,  Dec.  10, 
1823.  Pupil  of  Proksch,  Tomaschek,  and  Thai- 
berg.  Went  to  London  with  the  singer  Pischek 
in  1845,  and  settled  there  ,  since  1886  prof  at 
the  R.  A.  M. — Works-  Graceful  saJon-m\isic 
(Feu  follet,  Gondola,  Rosee  du  soir,  3£tude  de 
concert),  operatic  fantasias,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Kuh'lau,  Friedrich,  b.  Uelzen,  Hanover, 
Sept.  n,  1786 ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Mar.  13  (18?), 
1832.  Harmony- 
pupil  of  Schwenke 
at  Hamburg.  Go- 
ing to  Copenhagen 
in  1810,  to  escape 
the  French  con- 
scription, he  sup- 
ported himself  there 
by  teaching  the  pi- 
ano and  theory ;  in  $ ' 
1813  he  became  un-  '< 
salaried  chamber- 
musician  (flutist)  in 
the  royal  orch. ;  and 
brought  out  a  senes 
of  operas  which  were  well  received  and  elevated 


330 


KtJHMSTEDT— KULLAK 


the  public  taste  (The  Robbers'  Castle,  1814; 
Ehsa  ;  Lulu  ;  7Vie  Magic  Harp ;  Hugo  ami 
Adelaide).  In  1818  he  was  app.  salaried  court 
composer,  and  received  the  title  of  "  Professor" 
in  1828  He  also  prod,  a  dram,  scene,  Eu- 
udice^  and  music  to  Heiberg's  Elvethoe  j  comp. 

3  flute-quartets  ;    trios  concertants,  duets,  etc. , 
f.  flute ;  S   violin-sonatas  ;  2  pf  -concertos,  and 
many  pf  -sonatas  and  sonatinas  for  piano  2  and 

4  hands,  which  are  valuable,  albeit  dry,  instruc- 
tive works  (sonatas  op.  5,  8,  52,  60 ;  sonatinas 
op.  20,  55,   59  ;   f    4  hands  op.  8,  17,  44,  66) ; 
also  songs  and  male  quartets,  then  in  great  vogue. 
—Sketch  by  Thrane  (Leipzig,  1886) 

Kiihm'stedt,  Friedrich,b.  Oldisleben,  Saxe- 
Weimar,  Dec.  20,  1809 ;  d.  Eisenach,  Jan.  10, 
1858.  Noteworthy  theorist ,  taught  by  Rinck 
at  Darmstadt  for  3  years  (1828-31) ;  was  music- 
teacher  there  until  1836,  and  then  teacher  m  the 
Eisenach  Seminary  ;  later  "  Musikdirector  "  and 
14  Professor." — Wrote  a  "Gradus  ad  Parnas- 
sum  "  (preludes  and  fugues  preparatory  to 
Bach's)  ,  "  Kunst  des  Vorspiels  fur  Orgel  "  , 
**  Theoretisch-praktische  Harmonic-  und  Aus- 
weichungslehre  "  (1838) ;  comp.  valuable  organ- 
music  (a  double  concert-fugue,  a  "Fantasia 
eroica,"  fugues,  preludes,  and  postludes) ;  his 
other  compositions  (oratorios,  a  mass  w.  orch., 
motets,  pf  -concertos,  etc.),  are  of  minor  impor- 
tance. 

Kuh'nau,  Johann,  erudite  musician,  excellent 
organist  and  harpsichordist ;  b.  in  April,  1667  (?), 
at  Geysing,  Saxony ;  d.  Leipzig,  June  5,  1722. 
Pupil  of  Hering  and  Albrici  at  the  Dresden 
Kreuzschule  ;  then  of  Edelmann  at  Zittau,  where 
he  became  cantor ;  attended  Leipzig  Univ. 
1662-4,  then  succeeding  Kuhnel  as  organist  at  the 
Thomaskirche,  where  he  became  cantor  (Bach's 
predecessor)  in  1700,  and  also  mus.  director  of 
the  Univ.  The  first  harpsichord-sonata  imitated 
from  the  instrumental  sonata  in  several  move- 
ments was  publ.  by  K.  in  "Joh.  Kuhnau's 
neuer  Clavier-Uebung  anderer  Theil,  das  ist : 
Sieben  Partien  aus  dem  Re,  Mi,  Fa  oder  Tertia 
mmore  eines  jedweden  Toni,  benebenst  einer 
Sonata  aus  dem  B,  denen  Liebhabem  zu  gar 
besonderem  Vergnugen  aufgesetzt.  Leipzig,  in 
Verlegung  des  Autors,  1695."  This  sonata  has 
3  movements  (Allegro,  Adagio,  Allegro  [Rondo]), 
in  the  form  of  monotonous  imitations  and  se- 
quences;  the  7  sonatas  in  his  "  Frische  Cla- 
vierf rtichte "  (1696)  show  a  marked  advance 
in  freedom.  The  first  part  of  his  "  Neue 
Clavier-Uebung  "  was  publ.  in  1689.  Six  more 
harps. -sonatas  appeared  in  his  '  *  Musikalische 
Vorstellung  einiger  biblischer  Historien  "  (set- 
ting forth  the  fight  between  David  and  Goliath  ; 
David's  cure  of  Saul ;  Jacob's  Wedding ;  etc.). 
K.  wrote  an  essay  "  Jura  circa  musicos  ecclesia- 
sticos"  .(1688),  and  a  satire  on  Italian  music, 
"  Der  Quacksalber"  (1700). 

Kilh'ner,  Konrad,  pianist,  teacher  at  Bruns- 
wick ;  b.  Marktstreufdorf,  Meinmgen,  Mar.  2, 
1851.  Studied  in  Stuttgart  Cons.— Works  :  The 


bymphonic  poem    "  Maria  Stuart "  ,  pf  -music  , 
and  a  **  Technik  des  K  lavierspiels  " 

Ku'lenkampf,  Gustav,  b  Bremen,  Aug.  n, 
1849  Embraced  a  mercantile  career,  but  studied 
composition  with  Reinthaler  and,  from  1879-82, 
at  the  Berlin  Hochschule,  under  Barth  (pf.)  and 
BargieHcomp.).  Organized  the  41  Kulenkampf- 
'scher  Frauenchor,"  giving  5  or  6  successful  con- 
certs annually  ;  became  director  of  the  Schwan- 
tzer  Cons,  at  Berlin,  but  resigned  in  a  few  3  ears 
to  devote  himself  to  composing  and  teaching. 
Up  to  1890  he  frequently  appeared  as  a  concert- 
pianist. — Works  A  2-act  comic  opera,  Der  Page 
(Bremen,  1890  ;  succ.) ;  3-act  comic  opera,  Der 
Mohrenfurst  (Magdeburg,  1892  ;  mod.  succ  )  , 
3-act  opera,  Die  .Brant  zvn  Cyfetn  (Schwerm, 
1897  ;  succ.),  also  female  choruses,  duets,  songs, 
and  a  pf  .-sonata 

Kul'lak,  Theodor,  pianist  and  pedagogue  of 
exceptional  attainments  ;  b.  Krotoschin,  Posen, 
Sept.  12,  rSiS  ;  d. 
Berlin, Mar.  1, 1 882. 
His  musical  gifts 
attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  Prince  Kad- 
ziwill,  who  had  him 
trained  by  the  pian- 
ist  Agthe,  and 
brought  him  out  at 
a  court  concert  in 
1829.  K.  neverthe- 
less, at  his  father's 
desire,  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine 
at  Berlin  in  1837  ; 
but  met  Agthe 
there,  practised  and 
gave  lessons,  studied  harmony  under  Dehn,  and 
finally  devoted  himself  wholly  to  music.  In 
1842  he  studied  with  Czerny,  Sechter,  and  Nicolai 
in  Vienna  ;  and  after  a  brilliant  Austrian  pian- 
istic  tour,  settled  in  Berlin,  became  teacher  to 
the  royal  family,  and,  in  1846,  court  pianist. 
In  1850  he  founded,  with  Julius  Stem  and  Bern- 
hard  Marx,  the  Berlin  (later  Stern)  Cons.,  from 
which  he  resigned,  in  1855,  to  establish  his  own 
"  Neue  Akademie  der  Tonkuust,"  one  of  the 
most  successful  of  German  music-schools  (cf, 
below,  Franz  Kullak).  Besides  numerous  high 
orders,  he  received  the  title  of  "Royal  Professor" 
in  1 86 1.  Among  his  pupils  were  the  two  Schar- 
wenkas,  A.  Grttnfeld,  Sherwood,  Arthur  Mees, 
Hans  Bischoff,  O.  Neitzel,  C.  Sternberg,  Moritz 
Moszkowski,  Erica  Lie,  Martha  Remmert,  and 
Helene  Geissler.  His  instructive  works  for 
piano  are  classics  in  their  line,  particularly  the 
"School  of  Octave-playing "  (op.  8),  with  its 
sequel,  "  Seven  Studies  in  Octave-playing  "  (op. 
48),  employed  by  all  teachers,  and  three  books 
of  "Materialien  furdenElementar-Unterricht", 
also  the  practical  part  of  the  Moscheles  and 
Fetis  Method  (2  books).  Other  works  :  Op.  5, 
La  danse  des  sylphides  ;  op.  7,  sonata ;  op.  27, 
Symphonic  de  piano  ;  op.  54,  Ballade ;  op.  55, 


331 


KULLAK-KUNZEN 


concerto,  op.  57,  three  duos  vs,  vln.  ( with 
Wuerstt.  op.  i&  and  Si, lfc  Kinderleben"  (delight- 
ful sketches,  universally  admired) ,  op  70,  An- 
dante w.  vln.  or  clar  ,  op  75,  Pastorales  ;  op. 
77,  trios  ;  op  85,  Hymn  ,  op.  97,  Impromptu- 
Caprice  ;  op.  103,  two  Polonaises  caractens- 
tiques  ;  op.  104,  four  solo  pieces ;  op.  100,  Airs 
natiunaux  russes  (transcr.) ,  op  m,  Romances 
dti  vieux  temps  ;  Arpeges,  and  La  Gazelle  (op. 
221  (effective  salon-pieces  much  played) ,  difficult 
and  brilliant  paraphrases  and  fantasias  f.  pf.; 
songs  ;  etc.;  about  130  in  all  — His  brother, 

Kul'lak,  Adolf,  b,  Meseritz,  Feb  23,  1823  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Dec.  25,  1862  Dr.  p/nl.  of  Berlin 
Univ.;  then  studied  music  under  Agthe  and 
Marx  ;  teacher  at  his  brother's  Acad.,  and 
contributor  to  mus  periodicals  Publ.  some 
pf. -pieces  and  songs;  wrote  4l  Das  Musikalisch- 
Schone  "  (1858),  and  an  "  Aesthetik  des  Klavier- 
spiels"  (1861,  2nd  ed.  1876;  Engl.  ed.  New 
York,  iSg2),  a  very  valuable  and  instructive 
rcsiewt?  of  pf. -methods. 

Kullak,  Franz,  son  of  Theodor  K.;  b. 
Berlin,  Apr.  12,  1042.  Pupil  of  his  father  and 
of  \Vieprecht  (instrumentation) ;  also  of  Liszt 
for  a  «hort  time;  in  1867,  teacher  of  pf.,  and 
director  of  the  orchestra-class,  in  his  father's 
Academy,  of  \vhich  he  assumed  the  directorship 
on  the  latter's  death,  dissolving  the  institution 
in  1890. — Works  An  opera,  Ines  cte  Castro 
(Berlin,  1877);  pf -music,  songs,  and  an  essay 
on  "  Der  Vortrag  in  der  Musik  am  Ende  des 
19.  Jahrhunderts  "  (Leipzig,  1898). 

Kum'xner,  Kaspar,  b.  Erlau,  Province  of 
Saxony,  Dec  10,  1795  ;  d.  Koburg,  May  21, 
1870.  Flute-virtuoso  and  composer ;  from  1813 
member  of  the  court  orch.,  Koburg,  later  Mit- 
sikdirector  there. — Works:  Quintets  and  quar- 
tets f.  flute  and  strings ;  flute-concertos,  trios, 
duos,  etc. ;  and  a  Method  f .  flute. 

Kum'mer,  Friedrich  August,  b.  Meiningen, 
-^ug-  5. 1797 ;  d-  Dresden,  May  22, 1879.  'Cello- 
pupil  of  Dotzauer  in  Dresden,  also  studying 
the  oboe,  becoming  oboist  in  the  court  orch., 
1814,  and  'cellist  in  1817,  retiring  1864  For 
many  years  teacher  of  'cello  in  Dresden  Cons. ; 
Goltermann,  Cossmann,  and  Hausmann  were 
among  his  distinguished  pupils.  He  was  a  vir- 
tuoso of  the  first  rank,  and  a  fine  writer  for  his 
instr.  (concertos,  a  concertino,  divertissements, 
fantasias,  variations,  etc.) ;  likewise  about  200 
pieces  of  entr'acte-music  for  the  court  theatre, 
and  concert-pieces  f .  oboe,  clar. ,  horn,  trumpet ; 
and  a  method  f.  'cello. — His  son,  Alexander, 
b.  Dresden,  July  10,  1850,  and  a  pupil  of  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  is  a  violin-virtuoso,  now  living  in 
England. 

Kiim'merle,  Salomon,  b.  Malmsheim,  n. 
Stuttgart,  Feb.  8,  1838  ;  d.  Samaden,  Sept.  28, 
1896.  From  1875-90,  professor  at  the  Lower 
School  in  Samaden.  Has  publ.  several  collec- 
tions of  vocal  music,  among  them  "Musica 
sacra"  f.  2-part  male  ch.;  " Grabgesange," 


"  Zionsharfe,"  'kChoralbuch  fin  cvangelische 
Kirchenchore,"  and  an  v' Encyklppadie  der 
e\angehschen  Kirchenmusik  "  (vol.  i,  1888  ;  ii, 
1890 ;  iii,  1896;. 

Kiin'dinger,  Georg  Wilhelm,  b.  Konigs- 
hofen,  Bavana,  Nov.  28,  iSoo  ,  Stadtcantor  at 
Nordlingen  (1831)  and  Nuremberg  (1838) ;  com- 
poser of  church-music  — His  sons  are  (i)  Alex- 
ander, b  Kitzingen,  Feb.  13,  1827 ;  violinist 
in  the  court  orch  ,  St  Petersburg  ;  comp.  mu&ic 
f  vln  , — (2)  Kanut,  b  Kitzingen,  Nov.  n, 
1830 ,  'cellist,  since  1849,  *n  ^e  Munich  court 
orch.,— and  (3)  Rudolf,  pianist ;  b.  Nordlingen, 
May  2,  1832  ;  pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Blum- 
roder  (theory) ;  since  1850  in  St.  Petersburg, 
in  1860  tutor  to  Grandduke  Constantin's  chil- 
dren ;  teacher  at  the  court,  and  to  the  reign- 
ing Empress.  For  one  year  (1879)  prof,  at  the 
Cons. — Publ.  a  trio  and  a*  few  pf. -pieces. 

Kun'kel,  Franz  Joseph,  theorist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Drieburg,  Hesse,  Aug  20,  1804 ;  d 
Frankfoit-on-Main,  Dec.  31,  1880.  From  1828, 
rector  of  and  music-teacher  in  Bensheim  Teach- 
ers' Seminary  ;  pensioned  1854. — Works  A 
cantata,  psalms,  motets,  etc.;  wrote  a  "Kleine 
Musiklehre";  "Die  Verurtheilung  der  Conser- 
vatorien  zu  Pflanzschulen  des  musikahschen 
Proletariats"  (1855);  "  Kritische  Beleuchtung. 
des  C.  F.  Weitzmann'schen  Harmonic-Sys- 
tems", "  Die  neue  Harmonielehre  im  Streit  mit 
der  alten"  (1863)  ;  etc. 

Kun'tze,  Carl,  b.  Trier,  May  17,  1817  ;  d. 
Delitzsch,  Saxony,  Sept  7,  1883.  Pupil  of 
A.  W  Bach,  Marx,  and  Rungenhagen,  at  Berlin  ; 
cantor  and  organist  at  Pntzwalk,  "  R.  Music- 
director"  in  1852;  1858,  organist  at  Aschers- 
leben ;  1873,  music-teacher  at  the  Delitzsch 
Seminar)'.  Best  known  as  a  composer  of 
humorous  male  choruses  ("Adam  und  Eva," 
"  Der  Hechtim  Karpfenteich,"  "  Weingalopp," 
**  Der  neue  Burgermeister,"  '*  Die  Schwieger- 
mutter  ") ;  also  wrote  an  operetta,  Im  Gebirge 
(Dessau,  1875),  motets  and  songs  f.  mixed  ch., 
organ-pieces,  etc.  Edited  the  3rd  ed.  (1875)  °f 
Seidel's  "  Die  Orgel  undihr  Bau." 

Kunz,  Konrad  Max,  b.  Schwandorf,  Bav. 
Palatinate,  Dec.  30,  1812  ;  d.  Munich,  Aug.  3, 
1875.  Pupil  of  Hartmann  Stuntz  at  Munich  ; 
was  a  co-founder,  and  the  conductor,  of  the 
Munich  Liedertafd;  composed  many  very  pop- 
ular male  quartets  ("Elstein,"  "  O'din,  der 
Schlachtengott "),  though  his  best-known  work 
(op.  14)  is  "200  Canons  for  Piano,"  warmly 
recommended  by  von  Bulow,  a  series  of  most 
excellent  short  technical  studies ;  he  also  publ. 
the  satirical  pamphlet,  "  Die  GrUndung  der 
Moosgau-BrUderschaft  Moosgrillia." 

Kun'zen,  Johann  Paul,  b.  Leisnig,  Saxony, 
Aug.  30,  1696 ;  d.  1770  at  Ltibeck  as  organist. 
His  works  (several  operas  for  Hamburg,  an  ora- 
torio, a  Passion,  cantatas,  etc  )  were  praised  by 
Mattheson. — His  son, 

Kun'zen,  Adolf  Carl,  b.  Wittenberg,  Sept 


332 


KUNZEN— LABITZKY 


22,  1720;  d.  Lubeck,  in  July,  1781,  as  his 
father's  successor  as  organist  of  the  Marien- 
kirche.  He  was  a  very  precocious  pianist,  mak- 
ing tours  in  Holland  and  England  at  the  age  of 
8.  Only  a  few  of  his  pf. -sonatas  were  publ. ,  he 
also  wrote  an  oratorio,  a  Passion,  symphonies, 
21  violin-concertos,  etc.  (many  MSS.  are  in  the 
library  of  the  Brussels  Cons.). — His  son  and 
pupil, 

Kun'zen,  Friednch  Ludwig  Aemilius,  b. 
Lubeck,  Sept.  24,  1761  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Jan. 
28,  1817.  He  attended  Kiel  Umv  ,  1784-7 ; 
then  settled  in  Copenhagen  as  a  teacher  of 
music,  producing  the  successful  opera  Holder 
Danske  in  1789.  After  spending  a  few  years  in 
Berlin,  and  as  Kapellmeister  at  Frankfort  and 
Prague,  where  his  opera  Das  Fest  der  Winzcr, 
oder  Die  Weinlese  made  a  sensation  in  1795,  he 
succeeded  Schulz  as  court  conductor  at  Copen- 
hagen (1795).  Here  he  brought  out  numerous 
Danish  operas ,  also  oratorios,  cantatas,  over- 
tures, choruses,  pf. -sonatas,  etc. 

Kup'fer-Ber'ger,  LudmiUa,  dramatic  so- 
prano ,  b.  Vienna,  1850,  and  a  pupil  of  the  Cons, 
there.  Debut  as  Marguerite  (Faust]  at  Linz-on- 
Danube,  1868,  then  succeeding  the  Harriers- 
Wippern  at  the  Berlin  court  opera.  After  marry- 
ing the  Berlin  merchant  Kupfer,  she  was  en- 
gaged at  the  Vienna  court  opera  as  Materna's 
alternate. 

Kurpin'ski,  Karl  (Kasimir),  b.  Luschwitz, 
Posen,  Mar.  5,  1785  ,  d.  Warsaw,  Sept.  18, 
1857.  At  first  2nd  conductor,  from  1825-41 
Eisner's  successor  as  ist  conductor,  of  the  War- 
saw National  Th.,  he  brought  out  some  24 
Polish  operas,  and  several  ballets  between 
1811-26. 

Kursch'xnann.    See  CURSCHMANN. 

Kurth,  (Martin  Alexander)  Otto,  b.  Trie- 
bel,  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  Nov.  n,  1846. 
Pupil  of  Haupt,  Loschhorn,  and  Jul.  Schneider, 
at  Berlin.  Since  1871,  teacher  of  music  in  the 
Teachers'  Seminary  at  Liineburg ;  received  the 
title  of  "  R.  Music-director"  in  1885.— Works  : 
The  3-act  opera  Komgin  Bertha  (Berlin,  1892) ; 
I -act  opera  Das  Glitck  von  Hohenstem  (MS.)  ; 
3-act  opera  Wittekmd;  oratorio,  Isaaks  Opfe- 
rung  ;  Advent  Cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  2 
Hungarian  Dances  f.  orch.;  pieces  f.  string- 
prch.;  three  symphonies  (in  C  min.,  in  D,  and 
in  F) ;  pf.-quartet  in  E[j  ;  pf.-trio  in  C  min.; 
"  Old  German  Warsongs,"  and  "  Prussian  War- 
songs  of  Frederick  the  Great's  time,"  f .  soli,  male 
ch.,  and  orch.;  2  sonatas  f.  pf  and  vln.;  etc. 

Kus'ser  (or  Cousser),  Johann  Siegmund, 
b.  Pressburg,  about  1657 ;  d.  Dublin,  1727.  He 
is  best  known  as  the  conductor  (1693-5)  who 
raised  the  Hamburg  opera  to  renown ;  in  this 
capacity  Mattheson,  in  his  "  Vollkommener 
Capellmeister,"  holds  him  up  as  a  model.  Before 
this  period  he  had  lived  5  years  in  Paris  as 
Lully's  intimate  ;  from  1698-1704  he  conducted 
the  Stuttgart  opera ;  then  became  cond.  of  the 


Viceroy's  orchestra  at  Dublin. — Works:  The 
operas  Etindo  (1693),  Pot  us  (1694),  Pyramus 
und  77«j3t'(i694),  bcipio  Ajruanus  (1695),  and 
Jason  (1697),  all  prod,  at  Hamburg;  "Apollon 
enjoue","  6  operatic  overtures  and  several  arias 
(1700) ;  **  Helicomsche  Musenlust"  (1700) ,  etc. 

Kiis'ter,  Hermann,  b  Templin,  Branden- 
burg, July  14,  1817  ;  d.  Herford,  Westphalia, 
Mar.  17,  1878.  After  study  under  A.  W.  Bach, 
Ludwig  Berger,  Marx,  and  Rungenhagen  at 
Berlin,  he  was  mus.  director  at  Saarbrucken 
1845-52,  then  settling  in  Berlin  as  a  muisic- 
teacher.  Here  he  founded  the  *'  Berliner  Ton- 
kunstler-Verein,"  succeeded  Grell  as  court  and 
cathedral-organist  in  1857,  with  the  title  of  "  R. 
Music-director  " ;  was  made  * '  Professor  "  in 
1874  — Publ  t4  Ueber  Handel's  Israel  in  Agyp- 
ten"'  (1854) ;  "  Populare  Vortrage  uber  Bildung 
und  Begninclung  ernes  musikalischen  Urtheils  " 
(4  vol.s,  1870-7) ,  "  Methode  fur  den  Unterncht 
im  Gesang  auf  hoheren  Schulanstalten  "  (1872) ; 
41  Ober  die  Formen  in  der  Musik  "  (1872) ;  etc. 
He  composed  7  oratorios ;  also  orchestral  and 
church-music,  songs,  etc. 

Kwast,  James,  pianist;  b.  Nijkerk,  Holland, 
Nov  23,  1852.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  Ferd. 
Bohme  ;  later  of  Reinecke  and  Richter  at  Leip- 
zig Cons. ,  of  Th.  Kullak  and  Wuer&t  at  Berlin, 
and  of  Brassin  and  Gevaert  at  Brussels.  1874, 
teacher  at  Cologne  Cons. ;  since  1883,  pf. -teacher 
at  the  Iloch  Cons.,  Frankfort  — Works  :  A  pf  - 
concerto  in  F  ;  a  pf.-trio;  a  Romanze  in  Fjf; 
and  other  pf. -music. 


Labarre,  Theodore,  famous  harpist;  b. 
Paris,  Mar.  5,  1805  ;  d.  there  Alar.  9,  1870. 
Private  pupil  of  Cousineau,  Bochsa,  and^  Nader- 
man  ;  at  the  Cons,  of  Dourlen,  Eler,  Fetis,  and 
Boieldieu.  From  1824  he  lived  alternately  in 
London  and  Paris  till  1847  ;  was  then  chef  d'or- 
ehestre  at  the  Ope"ra-Comique  for  2  years,  lived 
2  years  longer  in  London,  and  in  1851  was  app. 
conductor  of  Louis  Napoleon's  private  orchestra  : 
succeeded  Prumier  as  harp-prof,  at  the  Cons,  in 
1867. — Works  :  4  operas,  5  ballets  ;  all  sorts  of 
soli  and  duets  f.  harp  ;  a  "  Methode  complete  " 
f.  harp  ;  elegant  romances  ;  etc. 

Labatf,  Leonard,  celebrated  dramatic  tenor; 
b.  Stockholm,  1838  ;  d.  there  March  7,  1897. 
Pupil  of  the  Stockholm  Acad.  of  Music,  and  of 
Masset  at  Paris  ;  de'but  as  Tamino  at  Stockholm 
m  1866  ;  from  1869-83,  member  of  the  court 
opera,  Vienna. 

Labitz/ky,  Joseph,  dance-composer ;  b. 
Schonfeld,  n.  Eger,July4,  1802;  d.  Karlsbad, 
Aug.  19,  1881.  Taught  by  Veit  of  Petschau, 
in  1820  he  joined  the  orch.  at  Marienbad  as  ist 
violin,  in  1821  the  Karlsbad  orch.  ;  in  1834  he 
organized  an  orch.  of-  his  own,  making  concert- 
tours  from  Russia  to  England.  His  waltzes, 
galops,  quadrilles,  etc.,  are  still  favorites. — His 


333 


LABLACHE— LACUNER 


sons  are  (i)  August,  b.  Petschau,  Saxony,  Oct. 
22,  1832,  pupil  of  Prague  Cons.,  also  of  David 
and  Hauptmann  in  Leipzig,  became  in  1853 
cond.  of  the  Karlsbad  Kurorchester ;  he  com- 
poses pf.-pieces,  etc  —and  (2)  Wilhelm,  a 
violinist,  settled  in  Toronto,  Canada. 

Lablache,  Luigi,  bass  opera  -  singer ;  b. 
Naples,  Dec.  6,  1794 ;  d.  there  Jan.  23,  1858. 
His  voice,  of  great  compass  (E  b-^b)  and  won- 
derful volume  and  flexibility,  was  trained  by 
Valesi  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta  de'  Turchim,  in 
\\hich  L.  spent  6  years.  At  18  he  commenced 
his  career,  as  a  basso  buffo  at  the  San  Carlino 
Th  ;  married  soon  after,  and  followed  his  young 
wife's  advice  to  leave  that  theatre,  and  begin 
higher  studies.  In  a  year  he  was  eng.  at  the 
Palermo  theatre  as  pnmo  basso  cantante,  and 
sang  there  with  growing  applause  for  5  years  ; 
then  at  Milan,  Venice,  Vienna,  and  in  1830  at 
Pans,  \\here  his  Geronimo  in  the  Matnmomo 
segrdo  won  him  the  reputation  of  the  first  dra- 
matic bass  of  his  day.  He  sang  thereafter,  till 
his  retirement  in  1852,  at  Paris,  St.  Petersburg, 
and  London.  His  impersonation  of  Leporello, 
in  Don  Giovanni,  was  considered  the  finest  ever 
seen  on  the  stage. 

La'bor,  Josef,  b.  Horowitz,  Bohemia,  June 
29,  1842.  A  blind  pianist,  pupil  of  Sechter 
and  Pirkhert  at  the  Vienna  Cons. ;  after  a  suc- 
cessful debut  at  Vienna,  he  made  a  long  concert- 
tour  in  Germany,  remaining  2  years  in  Hanover 
as  chamber-pianist  and  teacher  of  the  princess. 
In  Brussels  and  London,  1865  ;  Leipzig,  1866  ; 
then  at  Paris,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Moscow ;  now 
living  in  Vienna.  He  is  also  an  excellent  organ- 
ist.— \Vorks  :  Pf.-quintet,  pf.-quartet,  other  pf.- 
music,  songs,  etc.  (publ.),  a  Paternoster  f.  ch. 
and  orch.,  and  an  Ave  Maria  in  canon-form  f. 
female  voices,  have  been  perf.  in  the  Court 
Chapel. 

Laborde,  Jean-Benjamin  de,  b.  Paris,  Sept. 
5,  1734  ;  d.  there  July  22,  1794.  Pupil  of  Dau- 
vergne  (vm.)  and  Rameau  (comp.).  He  was 
chamberlain  to  Louis  XV.,  and  a  member  of  the 
Compagnie  des  Fermiers-Generaux  ;  after  the 
king's  death  he  withdrew  from  the  court,  and 
devoted  himself  to  composition.  — Works  :  u 
comic  operas;  chansons;  etc.;  an  "Essai  sur 
la  musique  ancienne  et  moderne  "  (1780  ;  four 
vol.s) ;  a  "  Memoire  sur  les  proportions  musicales 
.  .  ."  (1781 ;  a  suppl.  to  the  "Essai");  and 
**  Memoires  historiques  sur  Raoul  de  Coucy" 
(1781). 

Lach'ner,  Franz,  eminent  composer  and 
contrapuntist ;  b  Rain,  Upper  Bavaria,  April  2, 
1804 ;  d.  Munich,  Jan.  20,  1890.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  a  poor  organist ;  then ,  for  6  years,  of  Eisen- 
hofer,  the  rector  of  the  Gymnasium  at  Neuburg- 
on-Danube,  in  composition.  Going  to  Munich, 
he  earned  his  livelihood  by  teaching,  and  playing 
in  an  orchestra,  also  studying  under  Kapellm. 
Ett.  In  1822  he  proceeded  to  Vienna,  became 
organist  of  the  Protestant  church,  and  took 
further  lessons  from  Stadler,  Sechter,  and  Weigl ; 


was  an  intimate  friend  of  Schubert's,  and  was 
also  strongly  influenced  by  intercourse  with 
Beethoven.  "Through  Duport's  good  offices  he 
was  app.,  in  1826, 
Kapellm.  at  the 
Karnthnerthor  Th., 
remaining  there 
until  called  in  like 
capacity  to  Mann- 
heim in  1834 ;  he 
also  established  the 
Philharm.  Concerts 
in  Vienna.  Passing 
through  Munich,  the 
production  of  his  D 
minor  symphony 
procured  him  the 
appointment  of 
court  Kapellm^ 
taking  effect  at  the  expiration  of  his  engage- 
ment at  Mannheim  in  1836.  In  Munich  he 
assumed  a  very  prominent  position  as  cond.  of 
the  court  opera,  the  court  performances  of  sacred 
music,  and,  from  1852,  as  General  Mus.  Direc- 
tor; he  retired  on  pension  in  1868,  the  growing 
predominance  of  \Vagnenal  tendencies  at  court 
being  distasteful  to  him.  From  Munich  Univ. 
he  received  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil.  hon.  catna 
in  1872.  His  eight  orchestral  suites  are  the  hap- 
piest inventions  of  his  decidedly  original  talent ; 
in  them  his  gifts  for  imitative  and  contrapuntal 
work,  in  an  individual  development  of  the  Bach 
tradition,  find  widest  scope.  He  brought  out  4 
operas .  Die  Bin-gschaft  (Pesth,  1828,  Munich, 
1834) ;  Ahdia  (Munich,  1839)  '•>  Catanna  Cor- 
naro  (Munich,  1841) ;  and  Benvenuto  Cclhni 
(Munich,  1849) ;  music  to  Latiassa  (Vienna, 
1832);  the  oratorios  Moses  and  Die  vierMensc hen- 
alter;  a  Requiem  (op.  146) ;  a  solemn  mass  (op. 
52) ;  2  Stabat  Maters  ;  other  masses,  motets,  and 
Psalms;  8  symphonies  (the  " appassionata "  is 
op.  72) ;  concert-overtures  ;  festival  march  f. 
brass  ;  nonet  f.  wind ;  sextets,  quintets,  quartets, 
trios,  and  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  strings  ,  serenade  f. 
4  'celli ;  elegy  f.  5  'celli ;  2  harp-concertos  ; 
organ-music  (sonatas,  fugues,  etc ) ;  songs  w. 
orch.  or  pf .  ;  part-songs  ;  male  quartets  ;  female 
trios  ;  etc. — He  had  two  brothers  . 

Lach'ner,  Ignaz,  b.  Rain,  Sept.  n,  1807  ;  d. 
Hanover,  Feb.  24,  1895.  Pupil  of  his  father ; 
then,  at  Augsburg,  where  he  attended  the  Gym- 
nasium, of  Neugebauer  (vln.),  Keller  (pf.),  and 
\Vitschka  (comp.).  He  joined  his  brother  Franz 
in  the  orch.  of  the  Isarthal  Th.,  Munich,  and 
followed  him  to  Vienna  in  1824,  succeeding  him 
as  organist  in  the  Protestant  church  ,  he  entered 
the  orch.  of  the  Karnthnerthor  ThM  and  in  1825 
became  2nd  Kapellm.  at  the  court  opera.  In 
1831,  court  mus.  director  at  Stuttgart ;  in  1842, 
2nd  Kapelbn. ,  under  his  brother,  at  Munich  ;  in 
1853,  Kapellm.  of  the  Hamburg  City  Th.;  in 
1858,  court  conductor  at  Stockholm  ;  from  1861- 
75,  ist  Kapellm.  at  Frankfort,  then  retiring. — 
Works :  The  operas  Der  Ceisterthurm  (Stutt- 


334 


LACHNER— LAFAGE 


t,    1837);    Die  Rcgenbriider  (ibid.,    1839); 

oreley  (Munich,  1846) ,  several  "  Smgspiele," 
among  them  the  popular  'j  ktste  Fensterk; 
ballets,  melodramas,  entr'actes,  symphonies, 
string-quartets  and  trios  ;  masses  ;  pf. -pieces  ; 
etc. ,  his  last  work  (op.  108)  being  4  duos  f.  vln. 
and  pf. 

Lach'ner,  Vincenz,  b.  Rain,  July  19,  iSn  ; 
d.  Karlsruhe,  Jan.  22, 1893.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
and,  in  Vienna,  of  his  brothers  ,  he  succeeded 
Ignaz  as  organist  in  1831,  and  Franz  as  court 
Kapellm.  at  Mannheim  in  1836,  being  pensioned 
in  1873.  In  1842  he  cond.  the  German  opera 
in  London,  and  in  Frankfort  the  municipal 
opera  in  1848.  Lived  from  1873  in  Karlsruhe, 
teaching  in  the  Cons,  there  after  1884.  His  4- 
part  male  choruses  are  celebrated,  particularly 
his  settings  of  nearly  all  of  V.  Scheffel's  songs, 
among  the  best  being  "Alt  Heidelberg,  du 
feine,"  "  Im  schwarzen  Wallfisch,"  "Nun 
gruss'  dich  Gott,  Alt  Heidelberg";  he  also 
wrote  music  to  Schiller's  Turandot^  and  Denie- 
tnus;  symphonies,  overtures,  string-quartets,  a 
pf. -quartet,  numerous  songs,  etc. 

Lack,  Theodore,  pianist  and  composer ;  b. 
Quimper,  Finisterre,  France,  Sept.  3,  1846. 
Pupil,  at  Paris  Cons.,  of  Mannontel  (pf.)  and 
Bazin  (harm.) ;  living  since  1863  as  a  teacher 
and  composer  at  Pans.  Officer  of  the  Acade- 
mic, 1 88 1 ;  Officier  de  1' Instruction  pubhque, 
1887. — Works :  A  great  quantity  of  elegant 
jffAw-music  for  f  piano  (Tarentelle,  op.  20 ; 
Bolero,  op.  27  ;  ^Etudes  elegantes,  op.  30  ;  Valse 
espagnole,  op.  40  ;  Scenes  enfantmes,  op  61  ; 
Etudes  de  Mile.  Didi,  op.  85  ;  Souvenir  d' Al- 
sace, op.  106  ;  Polonaise  de  concert,  for  2  pf.s  ; 
etc.). 

Laci/owitz,  Wilhelm,  b.  Trebbin,  n.  Ber- 
lin, Jan.  13,  1837  Pupil  of  Erk,  Th.  Kullak, 
and  Dehn  ;  editor,  since,  1877,  of  the  "  Deutsche 
Musikerzeitung."  Publ.  "  Musikalische  Skiz- 
zenblatter  "  (2nd  ed.  1876). 

Lacorabe,  Louis,  [Broiullon-Lacombe,]  b. 
Bourges,  France,  Nov.  26,  1818  ;  d.  St.-Vaast- 
la-Hougue,  Sept.  30,  1884.  From  1829,  Zim- 
merman's pupil  at  the  Psris  Cons.,  taking  first 
prize  for  pf. -playing  in  $831.  After  a  pianistic 
tour  through  France,  Belgium,  and  Germany, 
he  resided  in  Vienna  for  8  months  (1834),  study- 
ing with  Czerny,  Fischhof,  Seyfried,  and  Sech- 
ter.  After  a  second  tour  in  Germany,  he  took 
lessons  in  composition  from  Barbireau,  and  set- 
tled in  Paris  as  a  much-sought  teacher,  a  suc- 
cessful concert-giver,  and  industrious  composer. 
— Works:  A  l-act  comic  opera  La  Madone 
(1861) ;  a  2-act  comic  opera  Le  Tonneher  (given 
as  Meistcr  Martin  ttnd  seine  Gesellcn  at  Ko- 
blenz, 1897) ;  a  4-act  grand  opera  Winkelried 
(Geneva,  1892)  ;  a  melodrama  I1  Amour  (1859) ; 
the  prize-cantata  Sap/to  (1878)  ;  a  grand  "Epo- 
pee lyrique"  f.  orch.;  2  dramatic  symphonies  w. 
soli  and  ch.  ("  Manfred,"  1847,  and  lt  Arva,  ou 
les  Hongrois"  1850);  a  pf. -quintet  w.  vln., 


'cello,  oboe,  and  bassoon,  op.  26 ;  2  pf.-trios ; 
numerous  pf.  -  pieces  (4  Nocturnes  ;  grand 
"  Etudes  en  octaves,"  op.  40  ;  "  Choral,  grande 
etude  de  concert,"  op  45  ,  Six  romances  sans 
paroles,  op  52)  ;  also  choruses  a  cappclla  and  w. 
organ  ;  etc.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  **  Philoso- 
phic et  musique"  (Pans,  1895). 

Lacombe,  Paul,  pianist  and  composer ;  b. 
Carcassonne,  Oude,  France,  July  n,  1837,  and 
taught  there  by  Teysseyre,  but  chiefly  self- 
trained.  His  chamber-music  (sonatas  f  pf.  and 
vln  ,  a  pf.-trio,  a  serenade  f.  flute,  oboe,  and 
strings,  etc  )  and  pf. -music  (divertissement  f. 
pf.  and  orch.,  suite  f.  ditto,  etudes,  "Ara- 
besques," '"  Aubade  aux  maries,"  etc.)  are  his 
most  famous  productions  (he  received  the  Prix 
Chartier  in  1889  for  chamber-music)  ;  his  other 
works  include  3  symphonies,  a  symphonic  over- 
ture, a  Suite  pastorale  f.  orch.,  a  serenade  and 
11  Scene  au  camp  "  f,  ditto,  a  mass,  a  requiem, 
songs,  etc. 

Lacome,  Paul,  [Paul-Jean-Jacques  La- 
come  de  1'Estaleiuc,]  b.  Houga,  Gers,  France, 
Mar.  4,  1838.  Since  1860  in  Paris.  He  con- 
tributed to  various  mus.  reviews,  and  is  a  com- 
poser of  light  operas  and  operettas,  having  pro- 
duced a  score  of  stage-pieces,  the  latest  being 
Le  Cadeait  de  notes  (1893),  LeJBain-  de  Monsieur 
(1895),  and  Le  Marshal  Chaudron  (1898).  His 
Jeanne ',  Jcannette  et  Jeanneton  (1876)  was  also 
quite  successful  in  Germany.  Other  works- 
Orchestral  suites  ;  quartets  ;  trios ;  over  200 
songs  ("  1'Estudiantina  ") ;  psalms  f.  I  or  more 
voices,  w.  org.  or  pf.;  pf. -music  (**  Les  succes 
de  famille,"  30  progr.  pcs.  f.  little  pianists). 

La'degast,  Friedrich,  b.  Hochhermsdorf, 
n  Leipzig,  Aug.  30,  1818  ;  worked  for  his 
brother,  an  organ-builder  at  Genngswalde,  and 
set  up  for  himself  at  \Veissenfels  in  1846.  One 
of  the  best  of  modern  German  organ-builders  , 
renovated  the  great  Merseburg  organ  (1855), 
and  built  the  organ  in  the  Nikolaikircne  at 
Leipzig  (1859-62  ;  4  manuals  and  85  stops). 

Ladur'ner,  Ignaz  Anton  Franz  Xaver,  b. 
Aldein,  Tyrol,  Aug.  1, 1766  ;  d.  Villain  (Massy), 
Seine-et-Oise,  Mar.  4,  1839.  From  1777-82  he 
studied  in  the  monastery  at  Benediktbeuern  ; 
then  became  organist  at  Algund,  near  Meran, 
and  afterwards  studied  at  Munich  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  Countess  Hainhausen,  herself  an  ex- 
cellent pianist,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Bar-le- 
Duc.  From  1788  to  his  retirement  in  1836  he 
lived  in  Paris,  renowned  as  a  teacher  and  pian- 
ist. Auber  was  his  pupil. — Works  :  Nine  pf  .- 
sonatas  (op.  i,  2,  4)  ;  3  more,  followed  by  a  ca- 
price (op.  u) ;  3  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (op.  5), 
and  3  more  (op  7)  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  4  hands  (op. 
6) ;  also  variations  and  divertissements.  He 
brought  out  2  operas  at  the  Opera-Comique. 

Lafage,  Juste-Adrien-Lenoir  de,  eminent 
writer  ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  28,  1801 ;  d.  at  the  Cha- 
renton  Insane  Asylum,  Mar.  8,  1862.  Pupil  of 
Perne  and  Choron  ;  then  taught  singing ;  went  to 


335 


LAFOXT— LALO 


Rome  in  1828,  on  a  government  stipend,  to  study 
under  Baini ;  1829,  maitre  de  chapelle  at  St.- 
£tienne-du-Mont,  Paris ;  visited  Italy  1833-6, 
and  1848,  and  also  travelled  to  Germany,  Spam, 
and  England.  He  died  of  brain -disorders  due 
to  overwork.  In  1859  he  founded  the  periodical 
"  Le  Plain-chant."  Important  writings  4l  Ma- 
nuel complet  de  musique  vocale  et  instrumental  " 
(1836-8  ;  6  voLs) ;  "  Semeiologie  musicale  "  (ele- 
ments of  music  after  Choron  ;  1837  ; — an  eoit- 
ome  was  also  publ.,  1837,  as  4t  Principes  ele- 
mentaires  de  musique  ") ;  *'  De  la  chanson  con- 
sideree  sous  le  rapport  musical"  (1840) ;  "  His- 
toire  generate  de  la  musique  et  de  la  danse" 
(1844  ;  2vol.s);  "  Miscellanees  musicales  "  (1844, 
sketches  of  Bellini,  Haydn,  and  others) ;  sketches 
of  Zingaielli,  S.  Mattel  (1839),  Choron,  Bocquil- 
lon-\Vilhem,  Baini  (all  1844),  Donizetti;  "Es- 
sais  de  diphterographie  musicale"  ;  "  De  1'umte 
tonique  et  de  la  fixation  d'un  diapason  univer- 
sel  "  (1859) ;  kt  Nicolai  Capuani  presbyteri  com- 
pendium musicale  "  ;  many  works  on  plain  song 
"De  la  reproduction  des'hvres  de  plain-chant 
remain  "(1853) ;  "  Cours  complet  de  pUiin-chant" 
(1855-6;  2  vol.s) ;  "Nouveau  traite  de  plain- 
chant"  (iBsg) :  "  Routine  pour  accompagner  le 
plain-chant";  etc.  —  He  comp.  motets,  etc.; 
duets,  fantasias,  and  variations  for  flute ;  and 
songs. 

Lafont,  Charles-Philippe,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  i, 
1781 ;  d.  on  the  way  from  Bagni£res-de-Bigorre 
to  Tarbes,  Aug.  14,  1839.  Violin-virtuoso,  the 
nephew  and  a  pupil  of  Bertheaume ;  studied  later 
with  Kreutzer  and  Rode.  Made  a  concert-tour 
in  Germany  with  his  uncle  while  very  young,  and 
continued  travelling  until  appointed  chamber- 
virtuoso  at  St.  Petersburg  as  Rode's  successor. 
From  1815  he  lived  mostly  in  Paris  as  court  vio- 
linist ;  but  still  made  tours,  and  met  his  death  on 
one  of  them. — 7  violin-concertos  ;  rondos,  fan- 
tasias, variations,  etc.,  either  f.  orch.,  or  string- 
quartet,  harp,  pf.,  etc. ;  about  200  romances  for 
voice ;  and  2  comic  operas,  prod,  at  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Paris. 

La  Grange,  Mme.  Anna  (Caroline)  de,  b. 
Paris,  July  24, 1825.  Soprano  coloratura-singer, 
with  a  voice  remarkable  for  range  and  flexibility ; 
pupil  of  Bordogni  and  Lamperti  ;  debut  1842,  at 
Varese ;  she  sang  in  Italy  until  1848  ;  then  in 
Vienna,  where  she  married  the  wealthy  Russian 
Stankowich,  and  Paris ;  from  i84gr-69,  long  ar- 
tistic tours  in  Europe  and  America  (in  New  York, 
1855). 

La  Harpe,  Jean-Francois  de,  poet  and 
critic  ;  b.  Paris,  Nov.  20, 1739  J  d.  there  Feb.  u, 
1803.  An  opponent  of  Gluck's  music,  which  he 
attacked  in  the  "  Journal  de  politique  et  de  lit- 
terature"(i777). 

Lahee,  Henry,  b.  Chelsea,  England,  Apr.  ri, 
1826.  Pupil  of  Bennett  and  C.  Potter  (pf.),  and 
J.  Goss  (comp.)  ;  organist  1847-74  of  Holy  Trin- 
ity Ch.;  Brompton.  Concert-pianist ;  member  of 
the  Philharm  Soc.  j  living  in  Croydon  as  teacher 


and  composer. — "Works  .  Cantatas  The  Bin/ding 
of  the  Skip  (1869)  ;  The  Blessing  of  the  Childi  en 
(1870),  The  Jolly  Beqgars  (MS.)  \m&  2  others 
for  female  voices,  The  Sleeping  Beauty,  and  The 
Blind  Girl  of  Cvstel  CmlU ;  several  anthems  , 
numerous  very  popular  glees,  madrigals,  and 
part-songs. 

Lahire,  Philippe  de,  b.  Paris,  1640  ;  d.  there 
Apr.  21,  1719.  Prof,  of  mathematics  at  Pans 
Univ. ,  wrote  l<  Explications  de  differences  des 
sons  de  la  corde  tendue  sur  la  trompette  marine," 
and  4l  Experiences  sur  le  son." 

Laidlaw,  Anna  Robena,  [Mrs.  Thomson,] 
pianist ;  b.  Bretton,  Yorkshire,  Apr.  30,  1819. 
Pupil  of  Robert  Muller  at  Edinburgh  ;  then  stud- 
ied in  Konigsberg,  Prussia,  and  in  1834  with 
Henri  Herz  at  London.  In  Berlin,  1836,  she 
met  Ludwig  Berger ;  played  in  the  Gewandhaus, 
Leipzig,  in  1837,  and  made  Schumann's  acquaint- 
ance ;  he  inscribed  his  Phantasiestucke,  op.  12, 
to  her.  Her  eminently  successful  career  as  a 
concert-pianist  continued  until  her  marriage  in 
1852. 

Lajarte,  Th6odore-Edouard  Dufaure  de, 
b.  Bordeaux,  July  10,  1826  ;  d.  Paris,  June  20, 
1890.  Writer  and  composer ;  pupil  of  Leborne 
at  the  Paris  Cons  ,  and  prod,  numerous  operas 
and  operettas ;  also  marches  and  dances  for  mili- 
tary band,  etc.  From  1873  he  was  archivist  of 
the  Grand  Opera,  and  wrote  a  "  Bibliotheque 
musicale  du  theatre  de  1'Opera  "  (1876,  etc. ;  2 
vol.s);  "Instruments  Sax  et  fanfares  civiles" 
(1867) ;  and,  with  Bisson,  a  "  Traite  de  compo- 
sition musicale"  (1880) ;  publ.  a  coll.  of  "Airs 
a  danser  de  Lulli  i  Mehul,"  and  "  Chefs  d'ocuvre 
classiques  de  I'ope'ra  francais,"  including  vocal 
scores  of  Lully's  Armide,  Psyche,  and  T/uWt:, 
besides  operas  by  Campra,  Rameau,  et  al, 

Lajeunesse,  Marie  Louise  Cecilia  Emma. 

See  ALBANI. 

Lalande,  Michel-Richard  de,  b.  Paris,  Dec. 
X5»  1657 ;  d.  there  June  18,  1726.  Pupil  of 
Chaperon ;  organist  of  four  churches  in  Paris, 
music-master  to  the  princesses,  and  from  1683 
chef  de  musiqttf  to  Louis  XIV.  A  very  eminent 
church-composer  (works  MS.),  and  also  wrote 
many  ballets,  the  music  to  Moliere's  Mekcerte, 
etc.  60  motets  f  ch.  and  orch.  were  publ.  in  an 
Edition  de  luxe  in  20  parts. 

Lalande  [Meric- Lalande],  Henriette- 
Cl&nentine,  brilliant  stage-soprano ;  b.  Dun- 
kirk, 1798 ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  7,  1867.  At  first  a 
"  natural"  singer  in  comedy-opera,  she  received 
stricter  training  from  Garcia,  and  at  Milan  from 
Bonfichi  and  Banderali  ;  was  highly  successful 
in  Italy,  Vienna,  and  Paris,  but  less  fortunate  in 
London. 

Lalo,  lidouard  (-Victor-  Antoine),  distin- 
guished French  composer  ;  b.  Lille,  Jan.  27, 
1823;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  22,  1892.  Pupil  of  Bau- 
mann  at  the  branch  of  the  Paris  Cons,  in  Lille  ; 
excellent  player  on  the  violin  and  viola,  which 


336 


LA  JMARA— LAMON'D 


latter  he  played  in  the  Armingaud  and  Jacquard 
soirees ;  he  lived  in  Pans  as  a  composer  and 
teacher. — Works  •  The  opera  Ficsqitc  (never  perf . , 
although  accepted  in  Paris  and  Brussels) ;  the 
spectacle  Nfron  (Pans,  rSgi)  ,  the  4-act  opera 
La  Jacquerie  (L. 
set  to  music  only 
the  first  act,  and 
did  not  even  or- 
chestrate that ;  fin- 
ished by  Coquard, 
and  successfully 
prod,  in  Monte 
Carlo,  1895);  a  bal- 
let, Namouna;  the 
4-act  opera  Le  Roi 
d'Ys  (iSSS);  a 
"Rhapsodic  nor- 
vegienne"f.  orch. ; 
a  pf .  concerto ;  2 
violin-concertos 
(No.  I  dedicated  to 

Sarasate;No.  2  is  the ' '  Symphonic  espagnolt:"; ,  a 
Divertissement,  and  an  "  Allegro  symphonique," 
f.  orch.;  a  string-quartet;  2  pf.- trios;  a  sere- 
nade f.  vln.;  a  Duo  concertant  f.  pf.  and  vln.; 
a  violin-sonata,  and  a  'cello-sonata,  \v.  pf.; 
characteristic  pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  for  i In., 
'cello,  and  pf.,  and  for  'cello  and  pf  ;  and  "  Melo- 
dies vocales. " 

La  Mara.     See  LIPSILS,  MARIE. 

Lambert,  Michel,  b.  Vivonne,  Poitou,  1610 ; 
d.  Paris,  1696.  From  about  1650  he  was  master 
of  chamber-music  to  Louis  XIV.  Celebrated 
singing-teacher  :  father-in-law  of  Lully.  Publ. 
44  Airs  et  brunettes  "  (1666  ;  and  ed.  1689)  I  andi 
posthumously,  "  Airs  et  dialogues  "  (1698). 

Lam'bert,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Muhlhausen, 
Alsatia,  Aug.  29,  1728 ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  25, 
1778.  A  building-inspector  ("  Oberbaurath  "), 
and  a  member  of  the  Berlin  Academy. — Works . 
44  Surquelques  instruments  acoustiques"  (1763  ; 
German  ed.  1796) ;  u  Sur  la  vitesse  du  son " 
(1768);  "Remarques  sur  le  temperament  en 
musique"  (1774;  German  in  Marpurg's  "His- 
torisch-kritische  Beitrage,"  vol  v);  and  4<  Obser- 
vations sur  les  sons  des  flutes  "  (1775).  All  the 
above  are  printed  in  the  reports  of  the  Academy. 

Lambert,  Lucien,  b.  Paris,  Jan.,  1861.  Pu- 
pil of  Barbereau,  Dubois,  and  Massenet,  at  the 
Cons.  ;  took  the  Prix  Rossmi  in  1883  with  hia 
cantata  JPromfthtty  enchain*!;  since  then  he  has 
brought  out  the  2-act  ' '  fantaisie-vaudeville " 
Sin  0/«/(Paris,  Th.-Lyrique,  1888 ;  unsucc.);  the 
"fairy-opera"  Brocdliande  (Rouen,  1893);  the 
4-act  lyric  drama  Le  Spa  At  (OpeYa-Com,,  1897); 
his  opera  LaPenticosa  was  not  yet  perf.  in  1897. 
Also  an  overture,  and  a  symphonic  poem,  f.  orch.; 
and  a  *L  Fantaisie  teigane"  f.  pf. 

Lam'bert,  Alexander,  b.  Warsaw,  Poland, 
Nov.  I,  1862.  Instructed  in  pf. -playing  by  his 
father,  Henry  L.>  from  the  age  of  ten  ;  at  12  he 
was  sent,  by  Rubinstein's  advice,  to  the  Vienna 


Cons  ,  where  he  was  graduated  (from  Jul  Ep- 
stein's class)  at  16.  After  studying  two  years 
longer  (pf  alone  ;  comp.  with  Urban  of  Berlin), 
he  went  in  iSSr  to  New  York,  and  gave  con- 
certs at  Stein  way  Hall ,  then  made  a  concert- 
tour  through  Germany  and  Russia,  worked  several 
months  at  Weimar  under  Liszt  (his  classmates 
being  Rosenthal,  Siloti,  Friedheim,  and  Reisen- 
auer),  and  in  1884  returned  to  America.  Played 
in  concerts  at  New  York,  Boston,  Chicago,  etc., 
and  in  iSSS  became  ^Director  of  the  N.  Y.  Coll. 
of  Music,  which  position  he  still  (i3gg)  holds. 
He  retired  from  jthe  concert-platform  in  1892. — 
Publ.  works :  3£tucle  and  Bourree,  Tarantella, 
Mazurka,  Yalse-Impromptu,  and  Canzonetta,  f. 
pf . ;  a  Romanze  f .  'cello  ;  and  an  Ave  Maria  f. 
soprano. 

Lamber'ti,  Giuseppe,  b.  Cuneo,  Italy,  1820 
(?),  d.  Turin,  April,  1894  Comp.  of  sacred 
and  secular  music  — Operas,  J/t7/t'£-//</t7(Turin, 
1851) ;  Leila  di  Granata  (Cuneo,  1857)  ;  both 
quite  successful. 

Lambillotte,  Pere  Louis,  writer  and  church 
composer ;  b  Charleroi,  Hainault,  Mar  27, 
1797  ;  d.  Vaugirard,  Feb.  27,  1855.  Organist 
at  Charleroi ,  then  at  Dmant ;  in  1822  Mattre  de 
thajiclle  at  the  Jesuit  Seminar}' at  St.-Acheul, 
joining  the  order  in  1825,  and  residing  in  various 
monasteries,  lastly  at  Vaugirard. — Works :  4  grand 
masses,  one  m  the  Lydian  Church-mode ;  other 
sacred  music,  organ-pieces,  fugues,  etc,,  he  publ. 
an  "  Antiphonaire  de  saint  Gregoire,  fac-simile 
du  manuscrit  de  Saint-Gall"  (1851),  with 'histori- 
cal and  explanatory  essays  ;  "Quelquesmots  sur 
la  restauration  du  chant  hturgique  ..."  (1855), 
44  Esthe'tique,  Theorieet  Pratique  du  chant  gre- 
gorien  ..."  (1855).  Pere  Dufour,  editor  of 
these  labt  two,  publ.  a  4t  Gradual "  and  4tVes- 
pe'ral"  after  L.'s  ideas  about  choral  notes;  Fetis 
and  others  are  unsparing  in  their  criticisms  of 
his  (L.'s)  stu-thsant  reforms. 

Lam^mers,  Julius,  b,  Leipzig,  Apr.  20, 
1829 ;  d.  there  Sept.  20,  iSSS.  Composer ; 
teacher  in  the  Conservatory. 

Lamond',  Frederic  A.,  concert-pianist;  b. 
Glasgow,  Jan  28, 1868.  His  brother  David  was 
his  first  teacher ;  in  iSSo  he  became  organist  of 
Laurieston  Parish  Ch.  He  had  violin-lessons 
of  II.  C.  Cooper  in  Glasgow ;  went  in  1882  to 
Frankfort,  studied  at  the  Raff  Cons,  under  Max 
Schwarz  (pf.),  A.  Urspruch  (comp.),  and  Heer- 
mann  (vln.) ;  later  with  v.  Bttlow  (1884-5)  and 
Liszt  (1885-6)  at  \*/eimar  and  Rome.  Pianistic 
debut  at  Berlin,  Nov.  17,  1885,  was  highly  suc- 
cessful ;  after  concerts  in  Vienna,  Glasgow,  and 
London,  he  spent  several  years  in  Germany,  and 
gives  frequent  concerts  in  that  country  ahd 
Britain,  visited  Russia  in  1896,  and  Paris  in 
1899,  with  brilliant  success. — Works:  Sym- 
phony in  A  (1889) ;  overture  <4Aus  dem  schot- 
tischen  Hochlande"  (1895);  a  pf.-trio ;  8  pf.- 
pieces,  op.  I ;  sonata  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op.  2 ; 
other  chamber-music  in  MS. 


337 


LAMOTIIE— LANG 


Laxnothe,  Georges,  French  composer  of 
dance-music  ,  b.  1837  ;  d.  Courbevoie,  Oct.  15, 
1894. 

Lamoureux,  Charles,  conductor  and  violin- 
ist; b.  Bordeaux,  Sept.  28,  1334.  Pupil  of 
Girard,  Paris  Cons.,  violinist  in  the  Gymnase 
orch. ,  then  at  the  Opera  ;  studied  further  under 
Tolbecque,  Leborne,  and  Chauvet,  and  founded 
(w.  Colonne,  Adam,  and  Rignault)  a  society  for 
chamber-music  ;  in  1872  he  organized  a  u  Soci- 
ete  de  musique  sacree";  became  widely  famed 
as  a  conductor  (cond  the  Eoieldieu  Jubilee  Con- 
cert at  Rouen  in  1875) ;  1876,  asst.-cond.  to 
Deldevez  at  the  Opera,  succeeding  him  as  first 
conductor  in  1878  ;  1872-8  -%as  also  asst.-cond. 
of  the  Cons.  Concerts  ;  resigned  from  the  Opera 
in  1 88 1,  and  established  the  ll  Concerts  Lamou- 
reux"  (Nouveaux  Concerts),  justly  celebrated 
for  theii  excellence. 

Lampada'rius,  Johannes,  chapel-singer  at 
St.  Sophia,  Constantinople,  in  the  I4th  century ; 
wrote  a  work  on  Grecian  church-music  (in  the 
Imp.  Library,  Vienna). 

Lampada'rius,  Petms,  b.  Tripolitza,  Morea, 
about  1730  ;  composed  the  music  for  a  volume 
of  Lenten  songs,  tlTriodia,"  publ.  Pans,  1821, 
in  the  new  Greek  liturgical  notations  reformed 
by  his  brother  Gregorius,  and  Chrysanthus  of 
Madytos  (q.  v.). 

Lampa'diiis,  Wilhelm  Adolf,  Lutheran 
pastor;  b.  1812;  d  Leipzig,  Apr.  7,  1892; 
author  of  "  Felix  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy  em 
Denkmal  fur  seine  Freunde,"  and  several  mus. 
essays. 

Lam'peren,  Michel  van,  b.  Brussels,  Dec. 
6,  1826.  Since  1859,  librarian  of  the  Brussels 
Cons. ;  has  published  church-music. 

Lam'pert,  Ernst,  b.  Gotha,  July  3,  1818 ; 
d.  there  June  17,  1879.  Pianist  and  violinist ; 
pupil  of  Hummel,  Spohr,  and  Hauptmann. 
1844  Concertmeister,  1855  Kapettm.,  to  the 
court  at  Gotha.  He  prod,  operas  at  Gotha  and 
Koburg,  and  publ.  string-quartets,  pf. -pieces, 
music  for  pf.  and  violin,  etc.,  all  of  which  is 
praised. 

Lamper'ti,  Francesco,  celebrated  singing- 
teacher ;  b.  Savona,  Italy,  Mar.  n,  1813 ;  d. 
Como,  May  r,  1892.  Pupil  of  the  Milan  Cons  , 
where  from  1850-76  he  gave  vocal  instruction, 
giving  private  lessons  after  retiring.  Among 
his  most  famous  pupils  were  Albani,  Mme. 
Artdt,  both  Cruvelhs,  Campanini,  Collini,  and 
Mme.  Lagrange. — Publ.  "  Guida  teorico-pratica- 
elementare  per  lo  studio  del  canto  ";  *'  Studt  di 
bravura  per  soprano  ";  "  Esercizi  giornalieri  per 
soprano  o mezzo-soprano  " ;  4*  L'Arte  del  canto  "; 
"  Osservazioni  e  consigli  sul  trillo";  Solfeggi; 
etc. — Not  to  be  confounded  with  M.  G.  B. 
Lamperti. 

Lampugna'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  teacher 
and  dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Milan,  1706 ;  d. 
there  about  1780.  From  1743-66  he  wrote  for 


Milan,  Venice,  London,  etc.,  some  15  serious 
operas  in  the  style  of  Hasse.  In  1743  he  suc- 
ceeded Galuppi  as  cond.  of  the  Ital.  Opera, 
London  ;  in  1779  he  was  maestro  al  cembalo  at 
La  Scala,  Milan. 

Land,  Dr.  Jan  Pieter  Nicolaas,  b.  Delft, 
Apr.  23,  1834  ;  d  Arnhem,  Apr.  30,  1897  In 
1864,  prof  of  Oriental  tongues  and  philos  at 
Amsterdam ,  1872-94,  prof,  of  philos  at  Ley- 
den  Univ.  An  accomplished  linguist,  deeply 
interested  in  musico-historical  research,  to  which 
he  made  most  valuable  contributions: — "Mu- 
sique et  musiciens  au  17*  siecle.  Correspondance 
et  ceuvres  musicales  de  Constantin  Huygers" 
(Leyden,  1882) ;  "  Recherche  sur  1'histoire  de 
la  gamme  arabe"  (Leyden,  1884) ;  "  Tonschrift- 
versuche  und  Melodieproben  aus  dem  muham- 
medanischen  Mittelalter"  (in  the  "  Vierteljahrs- 
schrift  fur  Musikwissenschaft,"  Sept.,  1886) ; 
"  Het  Luitboek  van  Thysms"  (Amsterdam, 
1889) ;  "  Over  onze  kennis  der  javaansche 
muziek"  (ibid.,  1891);  "Remarks  on  the  ear- 
liest development  of  Arabic  Music  "  (Proceed- 
ings of  the  London  Oriental  Congress,  Sept., 
1892). 

Land'graf,  J.  Fr.  Bernhard,  b.  Dielsdorf, 
Weimar,  June  25,  1816 ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  25, 
1885.  From  1840,  ist  clarinet  in  the  Gewand- 
haus  Orch. 

Lan'di,  Stefano,  b.  Rome,  about  1590 ;  d 
there  about  1655.  Jlf.  di  eapp.  at  Padua  ;  from 
1629,  singer  (inusico)  in  the  Papal  Chapel,  Rome. 
Noted  church-composer;  pupil  of  Nanini. — 
Publ.  Madrigals  a  4-5  ;  "  Poesie  diverse  in 
musica "  (1628) ;  "  Missa  in  benedictione  nup- 
tiarum"  (1628);  "Arie  da  una  e  due  voci" 
(1627-39  ;  8  books)  ,  Psalms  a  4  (1629) ;  a  reli- 
gious drama  5.  Alessio  (1634)  ;  4t  Messe  a  cap- 
pella "  a  4-5  ;  and  the  pastorale  La  morte  di 
Orfeo  (1639). 

Landi'no,  Francesco,  called  Francesco 
cieco  (the  blind),  and  also  Francesco  degli 
organi,  being  a  notable  organist ;  b.  Florence, 
about  1325  ;  d.  there  1390.  His  excellent  record 
is  reviewed  in  Ritter's  **  Geschichte  des  Orgel- 
spiels'*;  only  a  few  Canzoni  are  preserved  in 
MS.  in  the  Paris  library. 

LandoKfi  (or  Landul'phus),  Carlo  Fer- 
nandino,  noteworthy  maker  of  stringed  instr.s  ; 
lived  at  Milan,  1750-60.  An  imitator  of  Giu- 
seppe Guarneri,  he  made  good  violins,  but  much 
better  'celli. — Pietro  L.,  also  an  instr.-maker  at 
Milan  about  1760,  was  probably  his  son  or 
brother. 

Lang  [Lang-Kostlin],  Josephine,  b. 
Munich,  Mar.  14,  1815  ;  d.  Tubingen,  Dec.  2, 
1880.  Song-composer;  pupil  of  Frau  Berling- 
hof-Wagner  and  Mendelssohn.  Her  son,  H.  A. 
K.,  publ.  a  sketch  of  her  life  in  the  "  Samm- 
lung  musikalischer  VortrSge"  (Leipzig,  1881). 

Lang,  Benjamin  Johnson,  b.  Salem,  Mass., 
Dec.  28,  1837.  A  piano-pupil  of  his  father,  of 


338 


LANG— LANCER 


F.  G.  Hill  at  Boston,  and  of  Alfred  Jaell  and 
Gustav  Satter  ;  in  1855  he  studied  comp.  in  I'er- 
lin,  and  pf.-playing  under  Lis/t  Since  1852, 
organist  successively 
at  Dr.  N  e  a  1  e1  s 
church  ,  the  Old 
South,  the  South 
Congr.  Ch.  (20  years), 
and  King's  Chapel, 
Boston.  Also  for 
about  25  years  organ- 
ist of  the  Handel  and 
Haydn  Society,  Los- 
ton,  of  which  he  be- 
came conductor  in 
1895,  succeeding  Zer- 
rahn.  Besides  con- 
ducting the  Apollo 
Club  and  the  Cecilia  since  their  organi2ation, 
he  has  given  very  numerous  concerts  (orches- 
tral, choral,  chamber  -  music)  on  his  own  ac- 
count. As  a  pianist,  teacher,  conductor,  and 
organizer  he  has  been  in  the  first  rank  of  Bos- 
ton's musicians  for  a  third  of  a  century,  and  has 
brought  out  a  long  list  of  important  works  by 
foreign  and  native  composers.  His  own  comp.s 
include  the  oratorio  David ;  symphonies  and 
overtures ;  much  chamber-  and  pf  .-music ;  a  great 
many  church  -  compositions  ,  also  songs,  etc. ; 
mostly  still  in  MS  — His  daughter, 

Lang,  Margaret  Ruthven,  b.  Boston,  Nov. 
27,  1867,  a  pupil  of  her  father  (pf.),  Schmidt  of 
Boston,  Drechsler  and  Abel  in  Munich  (vln.), 
and  Gluth  in  Munich  (comp.),  is  a  talented  song- 
composer,  several  of  whose  compositions  have 
been  published  and  publicly  performed.  Other 
works  in  MS. 

Lang^becker,  Emanuel  Christian  Gott- 
lieb, b.  Berlin,  Aug.  31,  1792  ;  d.  there  Oct.  24, 
1843.  He  was  secretary  to  Prince  Waldemar  of 
Prussia ;  his  researches  on  the  origin  of  the  Prot- 
estant choral  are  embodied  in  *  *  Das  deutsch- 
evangelische  Kirchenlied"  (1830);  "Johann 
Cnigers  .  .  .  Choral-Melodien "  (1835);  "Ge- 
sangblatter  aus  dem  16.  Jahrhundert"  (1838) ; 
and  Cl  Paul  Gerhardts  Leben  und  Lieder  "  (1841). 

Lang'don,  Richard,  b.  Exeter,  England, 
about  1729  ;  d.  there  Sept.  8,  1803.  Organist  of 
Exeter  cathedral,  1753-77;  Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon., 
1761 ;  org.  of  Bristol  cath.,  1777-81 ;  of  Armagh 
cath.,  1782-94. — Works  12  songs  and  2  canta- 
tas, op.  4;  "  Divine  Harmony"  1774  (a  coll.  of 
psalms  and  anthems) ;  and  12  glees  a  3-4  (1770). 

Lang'e,  Otto,  b.  Graudenz,  1815 ;  d.  Kas- 
selt  Feb.  13, 1879.  A  school-teacher,  and  teacher 
of  singing  in  schools  at  Berlin  ;  publ.  ' 4  Die 
Musik  als  Unterrichtsgegenstand  in  Schulen*' 
(1841) ;  mus.  reporter  for  the  "  Vossische  Zei- 
tung,"  and  editor  (1846-58)  of  the  ll  Neue  Ber- 
liner Musikzeitung." 

Lang'e,  Samuel  de,  noted  Dutch  organ- 
virtuoso  and  composer;  b.  Rotterdam ,  Feb.  22, 
1840.  Pupil  of  his  father,  the  organist  S.  de  L. 


[1811-1384],  then  of  A.  Winterberger,  Vienna, 
and  Damcke  and  Mikuh,  Lcmbcrg.  After  con- 
cert-tours in  Galicia  (1850-9),  he  lived  in  Lem- 
berg  until  1863,  then  became  organist  and  teacher 
at  the  Rotterdam  Music-School,  though  still 
making  tours  to  Switzerland,  Vienna,  Leipzig, 
Pans,  etc.  Taught  in  the  Music-School  at  Basel 
1874-6  ;  lived  a  few  months  in  Paris,  and  toward 
the  end  of  1876  was  app.  teacher  at  the  Cologne 
Cons.,  also  cond.  the  Mannergesangverem  and 
the  Gnrzemchchor.  From  1885 -93  he  conducted 
the  Oratorio  Soc.  at  The  Hague ;  was  then  teacher 
and  vice-director  at  the  Stuttgart  Cons.,  and  since 
1895  Zumpe's  successor  as  cond  of  the  Stuttgart 
Soc.  for  Classical  Church-music. — "Works  .  Ora- 
torio Moses  (The  Hague,  iSSg);  a  symphony 
(1379") ;  a  pf. -concerto ;  3  string-quartets  (the 
third,  in  G,  is  op.  67) ;  a  quintet,  a  trio,  a  violin- 
sonata,  5  fine  organ-sonatas,  part-songs  f.  men's 
voices,  etc  — His  brother, 

Lang'e,  Daniel  de,  b.  Rotterdam,  July  11, 
1841 ;  studied  'cello  under  Ganz  and  Servais, 
comp.  under  Verhulst  and  Damcke ;  taught  at  the 
Lemberg  Cons.  1860-3,  then  took  pf  -lessons  of 
Mme.  Dubois  at  Paris  ;  chiefly  self-taught  as  an 
organist,  he  obtained  two  positions  at  Montrouge, 
also  conducting  the  il  Liedertafel "  ;  taught  from 
1870  at  the  school  of  the  "  Maatschappij  tot  be- 
vordering  der  Toonkunst,"  of  which  he  was  made 
secretary  ;  acted  for  years  as  Coenen's  assistant 
as  the  cond.  of  "  Amstels  Mannenkoor,"and  suc- 
ceeded him  in  1895  as  Director  of  the  Amsterdam 
Cons,  (formerly  Music-School).  As  the  cond.  of 
the  Amsterdam  a  cappdla  chorus,  he  has  made  a 
successful  specialty  of  the  production  (in  Lon- 
don, 1888  and  '94 ;  in  Germany,  1892)  of  old 
Dutch  a  cappella  music.  He  is  mus.  critic  for 
the  "Nieuwsvan  den  Dag" — Works:  An  op- 
era, DC  val  va/i  Kuilenburg;  music  to  Ernani; 
an  a  t,appella  mass  ;  a  requiem  ;  the  22nd  Psalm, 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  pf. ;  several  cantatas  ;  two  sym- 
phonies (in  C  and  D) ;  an  overture,  "  Willera  van 
Holland  "  ;  a  'cello-concerto  ;  3  sonatas  f.  vln. 
and  pf. ;  sonata  f.  'cello  and  pf. ;  a  pf. -sonata  ;  a 
pf.-quintet ;  a  pf.-trio  t  songs  ;  etc. 

Lang'e,  Gustav,  b.  Schwerstedt,  n.  Erfurt, 
Aug.  13,  1830  ;  d.  Wernigerode,  July  19,  1889 
Pianist  and  composer;  pupil  of  A.  W.  Bach, 
Grell,  and  Loschhorn.  Lived  in  Berlin,  and 
publ.  upwards  of  400  pf. -pieces,  generally  facile, 
elegant,  and  effective,  many  having  gained  great 
vogue. 

Lang'er,  Hermann,  b.  liockendorf,  n. 
Tharandt,  Saxony,  July  6,  1819;  d.  Dresden, 
Sept.  8,  1889.  Pupil,  from  1840,  of  K.  F. 
Becker  in  Leipzig,  also  studying  philosophy  at 
the  Univ.;  in  1843  he  was  app.  organist  of  the 
Univ.  church,  and  cond.  of  the  Cl  Paulus  "  stu- 
dent-chorus ;  1845,  Univ.  teacher  of  liturgical 
song;  1857,  Mus.  Director  of  the  Univ.,  and 
Lector  f  Miens  ;  i%$^&r.fkiI.&ott.e&VM.  He 
likewise  cond.  the  Euterpe  Concerts  for  several 
years  (from  1855),  and  various  singing-societies  ; 


339 


LANGER— LANS 


and  in  1882  received  the  title  of  "  Professor." 
— Publ.  a  "  Repertorium  fur  Mannergesang  "  ; 
"  Der  erste  Unterricht  im  Gesang"  (3  courses  ; 
1876-7);  also  edited  the  '*  Musikalische  Garten- 
laube."  Was  called  to  Dresden  in  1887  as  Royal 
Inspector  of  Organ-building. 

Lang'er,  Ferdinand,  b.  Leimen,  n.  Heidel- 
berg, Jan.  21,1839.  By  dint  of  strenuous  appli- 
cation he  became  an  excellent  'cellist,  joined  the 
orch.  of  the  Mannheim  court  th.,  and  later  was 
app.  2nd  Kapellm.  there.  Has  prod,  several 
locally  successful  operas  :  Die  gejahrhche  NaJi- 
barsckaft  (1868),  Dornroschen  (1873),  Aschen- 
brodel  (1878),  Munllo  (1887  ;  "  romantic  "),  and 
the  "  romantische  Volksoper  "  Der  Pfeifer  von 
Hardt  (1894),  all  at  Mannheim. 

Lang'er,  Victor,  b.  Pesth,  Oct.  14,  1842  ; 
studied  there  under  R.  Volkmann,  and  later  at 
the  Leipzig  Cons.  He  then  returned  to  Pesth, 
and  lived  there  as  a  teacher,  theatre-conductor, 
and  editor  of  an  Hungarian  mus.  paper.  His 
songs, ' *  Ogyek  dalai "  [Ogyek 's  songs],  and  Hun- 
garian dances,  songs,  choruses,  arrangements, 
and  the  like,  publ.  under  the  pen-name  of  "  Ala- 
darTisza,"  and  in  the  genuine  national  vein, 
have  enjoyed  great  popularity ;  H.  Hermann's 
"  Ungarische  Suite  "  and  "  Ungarische  Tanze  " 
owe  many  themes  to  "  Tisza's  "  works. 

Lang'ert,  (Johann)  August  (Adolf),  b. 
Koburg,  Nov.  26,  1836.  Dramatic  composer ; 
Kapellm.  at  the  theatres  in  Koburg  (1860), 
Mannheim  (1865),  Basel  (1867),  Trieste  (1868) ; 
lived  without  appointment  at  Koburg  and  Paris 
(1869)  and  Berlin  (1871) ;  became  teacher  of 
composition  at  Geneva  Cons,  in  1872,  and  in 
1873  was  called  to  Gotha  as  court  conductor ; 
after  an  interval  of  retirement,  he  was  reappointed 
to  this  last  post  in  1893. — Operas  Die  Jitng- 
frau  i>on  Orleans  (Koburg,  1861),  Des  Sangers 
Flitch  (ibid.,  1863),  Dona  Maria,  Infantin  von 
Spanien  (Darmstadt,  1866),  Die  Fabier  (Koburg, 
1866;  Berlin,  1868),  Dornrbschen  (Leipzig, 
1871),  and  Jean  Cavalier  (Koburg,  1880 ;  re- 
written, and  perf .  as  Die  Camisarden  at  Koburg 
in  1887). 

LangTians,  (Friedrich)  Wilhelm,  b.  Ham- 
burg, Sept.  21,  1832 ;  d.  Berlin,  June  9,  1892. 
Trained  in  Leipzig  Cons,  by  David  (vln.),  and 
Richter  (comp.),  1849-52;  played  there  in  the 
Gewandhaus  and  theatre-orchestras ;  studied 
under  Alard  in  Paris ;  was  Concertmeister  at 
DUsseldorf  1857-60,  then  lived  in  Hamburg 
(1860),  Paris  (1863),  and  Heidelberg  (1869),  giv- 
ing conceits,  teaching,  and  studying ;  took  the 
degree  of  Dr.pkil.  at  Heidelberg  in  1870,  set- 
tled in  Berlin  1871,  and  became  teacher  of  the 
history  of  music  at  Kullak's  Acad.  in  1874,  going 
over  to  Scharwenka's  new  Cons,  in  1881. — Publ. 
a  Concert-Allegro  f.  vln.  w.  orch.,  a  violin- 
sonata,  and  studies  f.  vln.;  other  comp.s  in  MS. 
Wrote  "Das  musikalische  Uitheil" (1872  ;  2nd 
ed.  1886);  ••  Die  kGnigliche  Hochschule  fttr 
Musik  in  Berlin  "  (1873) ;  "  Musikgeschichte  in 


12  Yortragen"  (1878;  Dutch  transl.  1885); 
"  Die  Geschichte  der  Musik  des  17  ,  18.  und  ig. 
Jahrhunderts"  (2  vol  s ;  1882-1886;  a  well- 
written  continuation  of  Ambros's  great  work). 

Langle",  Honore"-Fran£ois-Marie,  theorist 
and  composer  ;  b  Monaco,  1741 ;  d.  Vilhers-le- 
Bel,  n.  Paris,  Sept.  20,  1807  Pupil  of  Caffaro 
at  Naples  ,  music-director  at  Genoa  ;  in  Paris 
from  1768,  he  taught  in  the  "  Ecole  royalede 
chant  et  de  declamation  "  1784-91;  was  librarian 
and  prof,  of  harmony  at  the  reorganized  "  Con- 
servatoire," 1795-1802,  and  thereafter  librarian 
only.  Wrote  an  important  "Traite  d'harmo- 
nie  et  de  modulation "  (1797  ;  chord-building 
by  thirds);  "  Traite  de  la  basse  sous  le  chant" 
(1798) ;  "  Nouvelle  methode  pour  chiffrer  les 
accords  "  (1801) ;  "  Traite  de  la  fugue  "  (1805) ; 
and  a  "  Methode  de  chant."  Compositions  un- 
important. 

Laniere  (or  Lanier,  Lanieri),  Nicholas,  b. 
Italy  (?),  about  1588  ;  d.  London,  1665  (1668?). 
He  is  important  as  the  first  to  introduce  the 
recitative  style  into  England  (in  his  masques). 
He  was  Master  of  the  King's  Musick  under 
Charles  I.  and  II.  Besides  a  Pastoral  on  the 
birth  of  Pnnce  Charles,  a  Funeral  Hymn  for 
Charles  I.,  and  some  New  Year's  Songs,  there 
are  songs,  etc.,  in  the  British  Museum  (MS.), 
also  in  the  collections  "Select  Musicall  Ayres 
and  Dialogues  "  (1653,  '59),  "  The  Musical  Com- 
panion "  (1667),  "  The  Treasury  of  Mu&ick " 
(1669),  and  *"  Choice  Ayres  and  Songs  "  (1685). 

Lan'ner,  Joseph  (Franz  Karl),  b.  Ober- 
dobling,  near  Vienna,  Apr.  12,  1801  ,  d.  there 
Apr.  14,  1843.  A  self-taught  violinist  and  com- 
poser, he  became  the  leader  of  an  amateur  quar- 
tet, in  which  Johann  Strauss  played  the  viola ; 
the  quartet  developed  into  an  orchestra,  for 
which  L.  wrote  the  dance-music  which  is  so 
famous,  and  which  soon  caused  a  great  demand 
for  his  orch.  to  furnish  ball-music  and  the  like  ; 
he  also  gave  concerts  in  provincial  Austrian 
towns.  L.  was  made  bandmaster  to  the  2nd 
Biirgerregiment ;  and  later  alternated  with 
Strauss  in  conducting  the  court  ball-music.  He 
is  the  creator  of  the  modern  Viennese  waltz. — 
Works.  Op.  i,  the  "  Neue  Wiener  Landler"; 
106  Waltzes  (the  first  being  op.  7,  "  Aufforde- 
rung  zum  Tanz";  op.  205,  "  Almacks-Tanze," 
is  No.  101,  and  there  are  5  unnamed  waltzes) ; 
25  Landler,  3  Polkas,  8  Mazurkas,  25  Galops, 
10  Quadrilles,  3  Marches,  6  Cotillons  ;  overture 
to  **Der  Preis  einer  Lebensstunde  "  (op.  130) ; 
Banquet-Polonaise  (op.  135) ;  Tarantella  (op. 
187) ;  and  a  Bolero  (his  last  work),  H.  Sachs 
wrote  a  sketch  of  L.,  **  Joseph  Lanner  "  (1889). 

Lan'ner,  August  (Joseph),  son  of  the 
above,  and  a  promising  violinist,  dance-com- 
poser, and  conductor;  b.  Jan.  23,  1834;  died 
in  his  22nd  year,  Sept.  27,  1855. 

Lans,  Michael  J:  A.,  b.  July  18,  1845,  at 
Haarlem  ;  a  R.  C.  priest,  from  1869  teacher  in 


340 


LAPICIDA— LASSO 


the  Voorhoul  Seminary,  from  1887  pastor  at 
Schiedam.  He  started  the  "  Gregoriuhblad," 
a  Catholic  church-music  periodical,  in  1876, 
and  organized  the  Gregorian  Soc.  in  1878.— 
Works  :  A  mass,  cantatas,  and  a  Manual  of 
Strict  Counterpoint  (1889). 

Lapici'da,  Erasmus,  a  16th-century  com- 
poser of  whom  nothing  is  known  but  his  Vorks, 
to  be  found  in  Petrucci's  "  Mottetti  I>  "  (1503), 
"  Frottole  "  (1507),  "Mottetti  a  4  voci"  (1507), 
and  "  Lamentazioni  "(r5o6) ;  and  also  in  Rhaw's 
44  Symphoniae  jucundae"  (1538),  Petrejus's 
"  Auszug  .  .  .",  etc. 

Laporte,  Joseph  de,  Jesuit  abbe  and  writer  ; 
b.  Befort,  1713 ;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  19,  1779 
Wrote  "Anecdotes  dramatiques"  (1775,  4 
vol.s,  including  all  varieties  of  theatrical  works) ; 
"  Dictionnaire  dramatique"  (1/76;  3  vol. fa)  ; 
41  Almanach  des  spectacles  de  Paris,  ou  Calen- 
drier  historique  des  theatres  de  1'Opera,  des 
Comedies  fra^aise  et  italienne  et  des  foires" 
(48  volumes  in  all ;  those  from  1750-79  by  L. 
himself,  the  rest  by  Duchesne  and  others). 

Laroche,  Hermann  August  ovitch,  b.  St. 
Petersburg,  1845  ;  studied  in  the  Cons.,  1862, 
and  since  1866  has  taught  theory  and  mus  his- 
tory at  Moscow  Cons  Composer  of  instr.l  and 
\ocal  music  ;  also  critic  (papers  on  Glinka). 

La  Rue,  Pierre  de  (Latinized  Petrus  Pla- 
tensis  ;  also  called  Pierchon,  Pierson,  Pier- 
zon,  Perisone,  or  Pierazon  de  la  Ruellien). 
Eminent  Netherland  contrapuntist,  pupil  of 
Okeghem  together  with  Josquin  ,  1492-1510, 
chapel-singer  at  the  court  of  Burgundy ;  also, 
from  1501,  prebend  at  Courtrai,  later  at  Namur. 
— PubL  works :  a  book  of  5  masses  (Beatae 
Virginis  ;  Puer  nobis  est ;  Sexti  tpni,  ut,  fa  ; 
L'homme  arme  ,  and  Nunquam  fuit  poena  ma- 
jor), printed  by  Petrucci,  1513 ;  De  Sancto  An- 
tonio, in  Petrucci's  "  Missae  div.  auct.";  O  Sa- 
lutaris  hostia,  in  "Liber  quindecim  missarum 
..."  (Rome,  1516 ;  Cum  jucunditate,  0  Glo- 
riosa,  and  De  Sancto  Antonio,  in  '  *  Missae  tre- 
decim"  (Nuremberg,  1539);  Tous  les  regrets, 
in  "Lib.  quind.  miss."  (ibid.,  1538);  also  a 
mass  in  the  4th  tone,  in  Petrucci's  "  Missae  An- 
lonii  de  Fevin  "  (1515) ,  numerous  others,  mak- 
ing 29  in  all,  in  MS.  (2  magnificent  volumes, 
containing  7  and  5  masses  respectively,  are  in 
the  Brussels  Library,  the  latter  having  been 
prepared  at  the  express  command  of  Margaret 
of  Austria,  whose  favorite  the  composer  was). 
Printed  motets  and  madrigals  are  likewise  ex- 
tant in  collections  of  the  time. 

Laruette,  Jean-Louis,  an  actor  in  the  Ope'ra- 
Comique ;  b.  Toulouse,  Mar.  27,  1731 ;  d. 
there  Jan,,  1792.  An  early  vaudeville-com- 
poser ;  his  works  were  soon  forgotten. 

La  Salette,  Joubert  de,  French  brigadier- 
general  ;  b.  Grenoble,  1762 ;  d.  there  1832. 
Author  of  "  Stenographic  musicale  .  .  ."  (1805  ; 
an  unsuccessful  invention  on  the  lines  of  Ger- 
man tablature) ;  "  Considerations  sur  les  divers 


fl  " 


systeraes  de  la  musique  ancienne  et  moderne* 
.  .  ."  (iSio  ,  his  best  work)  ,  **  De  la  notation 
musicale  en  general,  et  en  particulier  de  celle 
du  systeme  ^rec  "  (1817)  ,  "De  la  fixite  et  de 
I'lnvariabilite  des  sons  musicaux"  (1824)  ;  and 
other  essays 

Las'ner,  Ignaz,  'cellist  ;  b.  Drosau,  Bohe- 
mia, Aug.  8,  1815  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  18,  1883. 
Pupil  of  Goltermann  (Prague),  and  Merk  and 
Servais  (Vienna).  Orchestra-player  at  Vienna 
and  Arad  ;  comp.  excellent  'cello-music  —  Plis 
son  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  Sept.  n,  1865,  studied  m 
the  Cons,  there,  and  is  'cellist  in  the  Laibach 
Philharm.  orch. 

Las'sen,  Eduard,  b.  Copenhagen,  Apr.  13, 
1830.  His  parents  took  him  to  Brussels  in  1832  , 
from  1842  he  stud- 
ied  in  the  Cons. 
there,  winning  1st 
prize  for  pf.  in 
1844,  and  for  har- 
mony in  1  847  ,  then 
the  2nd  pnze  in 
composition,  and 
in  1851  the  Prix  de 
Rome.  After  trav- 
els in  Germanyand 
Italy,  and  a  long 
stay  in  Rome,  he 
was  app.  court 
music  -director  at 
Weimar  in  1858, 
Liszt  having  pro- 
cured the  production  of  his  opera  Landgraf  Litd- 
imgs  Brant  fahrt  at  Weimar  in  1857.  From  1861 
to  1895  he  held  the  position  of  court  Kagellm. 
at  Weimar  as  Liszt's  successor,  being  himself 
succeeded  by  d1  Albert  and  Stavenhagen.  As  a 
grand  feat  of  conductor-ship  may  be  mentioned 
his  bringing-out  of  Wagners  Tristan  vntl  Isolde 
in  1874,  its  first  production  after  the  initial  per- 
formances at  Munich.  —  Other  operas  :  Frattenlob 
(Weimar,  1860)  ;  Le  captif  (Brussels,  1865  ;  in 
German  at  Weimar,  1868)  ;  a  ballet,  Diana  (Vi- 
enna, 18  ?)  ;  music  to  Oedipus  in  A'oJeuivs  (1874), 
to  Faust  (1876),  to  Pandora,  to  Hebbel's  Nibt- 
htngen  (il  characteristic  pieces  f.  orch.),  and  to 
Calderon's  Circe  (in  the  German  version,  Uebcr 
alien  Zaitbern  Liebe^  by  Devrient)  ,  a  Te  Deum 
f.  ch.  and  orch.;  vocal  Bible-scenes,  w.  orch.; 
cantatas  (Die  Kitnstler  is  op.  56)  ;  a  soprano 
scene  w.  orch.,  Der  Schafer  putzte  sick  stem 
Tans/  2  symphonies,  and  several  overtures  ;  very 
popular  songs. 

Las'so,  Orlando  di  (recte  Roland  de  Lat- 
tre,  Lat.  Orlandus  Lassus),  the  greatest  of  the 
Netherland  composers,  and,  after  Palestrina, 
the  foremost  composer  of  the  i6th  century,  was 
born  at  Mons  (Hainault),  in  1520;  died  at 
Munich,  June  14,  i$94[dates  ace.  to  F#ns].  A 
choir-boy  in  the  church  of  St.  -Nicholas,  Mons, 
it  is  said  that  he  was  thrice  kidnapped  on  ac- 
count of  his  beautiful  voice.  In  1532  he  was 
taken  by  Ferdinand  de  Gonzaga,  Viceroy  of 


341 


LASSO— LAURENCIN 


Sicily,  to  Milan  and  Sicily ;  from  1538  he  at- 
tached himself  for  three  /ears  to  the  Marches 
della  Terza  in  Naples  ;  spent  6  months,  in  1541, 
at  Rome  with  the  Cardinal  Archbishop  of  Flor- 
ence, thereafter  being  appointed  m.  di  capp.  at 
San  Giovanni  in  Laterano,  retaining  this  posi- 
tion until  1548.    His  movements  during  the  next 
5  years  are  uncertain  ,  it  appears  that  he  visited 
Mons,  and  thereafter  England  ,  in  15  54  he  set- 
tled in  Antwerp,  where  he  lived  m  the  society  of 
the  most  distinguished  and  learned  men  of  noble 
family  till  called  to  Munich  in  1557,  together 
with  other  Belgians,  by  Duke  Albert  V.  of  Ba- 
varia, entering  the  court  Kapdle,  and  assuming 
its  conductorship  in  1562,  remaining  there  in 
this  capacity  until  his  death. — L.  represents  the 
culmination  of  the  era  of  strict  single  counter- 
point ;  in  sacred  music  (masses,  motets,  etc.)  or 
secular  composition 
(madrigals,    villa- 
nelle,  Lieder,  chan- 
sons) he  shows  equal 
clarity  of   harmony 
and  fluency  of  pro- 
gression and  melo- 
dic invention,  quali- 
ties which  render  his 
works  still  admira- 
ble to  modern  taste; 
contemporaries 
called  him  the  "Bel- 
gian Orpheus,"  the 
44  Prince  of  Music," 
etc.   He  wrote  about 
2,500  compositions  ; 
Prof.  Adolf  Sandberger  and  Fr.  X.  Haberl  are 
preparing   a    complete  edition   for    Breitkopf 
und  Hartel  of  Leipzig,  expected  to  fill  60  vol- 
umes, 7  of  which  have  appeared.   Vol.s  i,  iii,  v, 
and  viiT  containing  part  of  the  "  Magnum  opus 
musicum,"  comprise  336  Latin  motets  a  2-12  ; 
vol.s  ii,  iv,  and  vi  are  devoted  to  4-  and  5-part 
madrigals  in  Italian  (57  numbers).     The  same 
firm  also  publish  several  popular  numbers  sepa- 
rately.    Lasso's  most  celebrated  work,  "  Psalmi 
Davidis  poenitentiales "  (Penitential  Psalms  of 
David),  was  publ.  in  modern  scoring  by  Dehn 
(1838) ;  collections  of  Proske,  Rochlitz,  Commer, 
and  others,  contain  several  more  detached  pieces. 
A  fine  5-volume  edition  was  got  up  for  the  Duke 
of  Bavaria  of  the  "  Patrocinium  musices  "  (1573- 
76),  containing  (vol.  i)  21  motets,  (ii)  5  masses, 
(iii)  offices,  (iv)  a  Passion,  vigils,  etc.,  (v)  10 
Magnificats. — Biographical  sketches  of  L.  have 
been  written   by  Dehnotte  (1836 ;  German  by 
Dehn,  1837),  Matthieu(i838),  Kist  (1841),  BSum- 
ker  (1878),  and  last  and  best  by  Dr.  Sandberger : 
"  Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  der  bayerischen  Hof- 
kapelle  unter  Orlando  di  Lasso"  (in  3  vol.s  ;  vol. 
i,  Life  ;  vol.  iii,  Documents ;  vol.  ii  has  not  yet 
appeared). 

Las'so,  Ferdinand  di,  eldest  son  of  Orlando ; 
d.  Munich,  Aug.  27,  1609,  as  court  JCapeHm.— 
Publ.  "Cantiones  sacrae  suavissimae "  (1587; 


motets) ;  with  his  brother  Rudolf  he  edited  their 
father's  '*  Magnum  opus  musicum." 

Las'so,  Rudolf  di,  second  son  of  Orlando  , 
d.  Munich,  1625.  Organist  to  the  Duke,  and  a 
composer  of  merit  and  repute  ;  various  works 
were  publ.,  and  3  masses  and  3  Magnificats  are 
in  MS.  at  Munich. 

Las'so,  Ferdinand  di,  son  of  Ferdinand 
above  ;  d.  1636.  He  was  for  some  years  ducal 
Kapellm. ;  from  1629  he  was  judge  and  treasurer 
at  Reispach.  Many  comp.s  in  MS. 

Latil'la,  Gaetano,  b.  Bari,  Naples,  1713  ;  d. 
Naples,  1789.  Pupil  of  Domenico  Gizzi  at  Na- 
ples, and  a  successful  opera-composer,  bringing 
out  his  first  opera,  Li  Mante  a  forza^  in  1732. 
The  success  of  Demofoonte  (Venice,  1738)  re- 
sulted in  his  being  called  to  Rome  to  wnte  Ora- 
sio  (1738),  which  was  so  well  received  that  he 
was  app.  vice-maestro  at  S.  Maria  Maggiore. 
Forced  to  resign  by  ill-health  (1741),  he  lived  as 
a  composer  in  Naples  until  his  appointment  as 
teacher  of  choral  singing  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieta 
in  Venice,  1756.  He  was  also  second  maestro  at 
San  Marco  1762-72,  then  returning  to  Naples. 
He  was  considered  an  excellent  contrapuntist 
and  teacher ;  his  operas,  about  30  in  number, 
were  written  in  the  style  of  Scarlatti's  school, 
and  are  obsolete. 

Laub  [lowp],  Ferdinand,  famous  violin-vir- 
tuoso ;  b.  Prague,  Jan.  19,  1832  ;  d.  Gries,  Ty- 
rol, Mar.  17,  1875  A  pupil  of  Mildner  at  the 
Prague  Cons.,  from  1840.  At  the  age  of  ii  he 
appeared  in  concerts  ;  in  1847  he  went  to  Vienna 
for  further  study ;  made  a  German  tour  in  1850  ; 
visited  Paris  and  (1851)  London,  playing  at  the 
Musical  Union  ;  and  in  1853  succeeded  Joachim 
as  Concertmeister  at  Weimar.  From  1855-7  he 
taught  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin;  in  1856  he 
was  app.  leader  of  the  royal  orch. ,  and  Royal 
Chamber-virtuoso  ;  he  also  organized  a  quartet- 
party,  one  of  the  most  admirable  of  its  kind,  giv- 
ing classic  performances  of  the  great  Beethoven 
quartets.  From  1862-5  he  lived  chiefly  in  Vi- 
enna ;  made  a  grand  tour  with  Carlotta  Patti, 
Jaell,  and  Kellermann  in  1864 ;  after  a  brilliant 
Russian  tournee  in  1865,  he  was  app,  prof,  of 
violin  at  the  Moscow  Cons,  in  1866.  Failing 
health  forced  bis  retirement ;  his  last  years  were 
spent  in  Karlsbad  (1874)  and  the  Tyrol. — Works: 
An  opera,  Die  Griesbacker  (Prague  ?,  1864  ') ;  an 
Elegie,  a  Polonaise,  2  coll.s  of  Czech  melodies, 
and  other  solo  pieces  for  violin. 

Laub'ner,  Julius ;  in  1896  Kapettm.  at  the 
Municipal  Th.,  Stettin,  prod,  the  successful 
l-act  opera  Gunare  there  in  1896. 

Laurencin,  Graf  Ferdinand  Peter,  b.  Krem- 
sier,  Moravia,  Oct.  15, 1819  ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb.  5, 
1890.  Pupil  of  Tomaschek  and  Pitsch  at  Prague, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  Dr.  phil;  lived  in 
Vienna  as  a  writer,  and  publ.  the  essays  "Zur 
Geschichte  der  Kirchenmusik  bei  den  Italienern 
und  Deutschen  "  (1856);  "  Das  Paradies  und  die 
Peri  von  R.  Schumann "  (1859)  ;  "Dr.  Ilans- 


342 


LAURENS— LAVOIX 


licks  Lehre  vom  Musikalisch-Schonen.  Eine 
Abwehr"  (1859),  and  "Die  Harmomk  der 
Neuzeit"  (1861  ,  a  pnze  was  awarded  him  for 
this  last),  also  contributions  to  the  i4  Neue  Zeit- 
schrift  fur  Musik,"  in  which  a  biographical 
sketch  of  L.,  by  Schuch,  appeared  after  his 
death  (1890). 

Lau'rens,  Edmond,  noted  composer;  b 
Bergerac,  France,  Sept.  2,  1851.  Pupil  of  E. 
Guiraud  in  the  Pans  Cons. — Dramatic  works 
La  harpe  et  le  glaive ,  4  acts  ;  Soldats  de plomb^ 
3-act  pantomime  ;  La  Xeuvaine^  2  acts  — Also  a 
Suite  japonaise,  and  other  orch  1  works  ;  * k  Sil- 
houettes" f  pf.  and  orch  "  Pieces  en  trio"  f 
pf  ,  vln.,  and  'cello  ,  pf  -pieces  ,  30  vocal  melo- 
dies. 

Laurent  de  Rille,  Frangois-Anatole,  b. 
Orleans,  France,  1828.  Pupil  of  C6moghio  and 
Elwart ,  inspector  of  \  ocal  instruction  in  Pans 
public  schools.  Besides  many  male  choruses 
(ch<eurs  orphtkmiques),  he  brought  out  5  operettas 
in  1857,  followed  by  nearly  a  score  of  others  up 
to  1895.  President  of  the  "  Socie*t£  des  auteurs, 
compositeurs  et  editeurs  demusique";  officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor ;  etc.  He  has  written  a 
Vocal  Method ;  a  mus.  novel,  "  Olivier  1'or- 
phe'oniste";  short  masses  and  other  church- 
music  ;  etc. 

Lauren'ti,  Bartolomeo  Girolamo,  b.  Bo- 
logna, 1644 ;  d.  there  Jan.  18,  1726.  First 
violin  in  the  Basilica  S.  Petronio ;  one  of  the 
earliest  members  of  the  Philharm.  Acad.  (establ. 
1666).— Works:  "  Sonate  per  camera  a  violino  e 
violoncello  "  (1691),  and  "  Sei  concert!  a  3,  cio£ 
violino,  violoncello  ed  organo"  (1720). — His  son, 

Lauren'ti,  Girolamo  Nicolo,  d.  Bologna, 
Dec.  26,  1752  ;  pupil  of  Torelli  and  Vitali  ;  first 
violin  at  S.  Petronio;  publ.  ** concert! "  f.  3 
vlns.,  via.,  'cello,  and  organ. 

Lau'ska,  Franz  (Seraphinus  Ignatius), 
noted  pianist  and  teacher ;  b  Brttnn,  Moravia, 
Jan.  13,  1764 ;  d  Berlin,  Apr.  18,  1825.  Pupil 
of  Albrechtsberger  at  Vienna  from  1784;  accom- 
panied the  Duke  of  Serbelloni  to  Rome  ;  became 
chamber-musician  at  Munich.  In  1794  he  jour- 
neyed ma  Frankfort  and  Hamburg  to  Copen- 
hagen, where  he  taught  4  years  ;  went  to  Berlin 
in  1798,  was  engaged  at  court  as  a  teacher,  and 
formed  many  excellent  pupils,  among^  them  Mey- 
erbeer. A  refined  and  brilliant  pianist,  qualities 
reflected  in  his  compositions  :  24  sonatas  (op.  I, 
in  C  mm. ;  op.  4,  Grande  senate  ;  op.  43,  Sonate 
pathetique) ;  op.  28,  sonata  w.  'cello ;  4-hand 
pieces  (op.  31,  sonata  in  B|?  ;  Polonaise  in  C ; 
0  Easy  and  Agreeable  Pieces) ;  also  Rondos,  a 
Polonaise,  and  Variations,  f .  2  hands.  Publ.  a 
pf. -method  (with  Beczwarsowsky). 

Lau'terbach,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Culm- 
bach,  Bavaria,  July  24,  1832.  Pupil  of  the 
Wurzburg  Music-School,  and  of  Fe*tis  and  de 
Beriot  at  Brussels  (1850),  winning  the  gold  medal 
for  violin-playing  in  1851,  and  in  1852  acting  as 
Leonard's  substitute.  In  1853  he  became  Con- 


tertmetitcr  and  violin-teacher  in  Munich  Cons.  ; 
Concertmeister  in  Dresden,  1860,  also  teaching 
in  the  Cons  ,  played  in  England  1864-5,  and  m 
Pans  just  before  the  war  in  1870.  He  resigned 
from  the  Dresden  Cons,  m  1877,  and  was  pen- 
sioned as  orchestra-player  in  1889  —  "\Vorks  . 
Polonaise  and  other  concert-pieces  ;  Tarentelle  ; 
Reverie  ,  etc. 


e,  Calixa,  b.  Vercheres,  Canada, 
Dec  28,  1842  ;  d.  1891  in  Boston,  Mass  ,  where 
he  was  instructor  at  the  Petersilea  Acad.  Con- 
cert-pianist ;  at  first  taught  by  his  father,  then 
(1857)  at  the  Paris  Cons,  by  Marmontel  (of.), 
Bazin  and  Boieldieuy?/r(comp  )  Piamstic  debut 
at  10  ,  in  iSSi  he  was  solo  pianist  of  Mme.  Ger- 
ster's  first  tour  m  the  United  States  ;  gave  many 
concerts  and  recitals  in  chief  American  cities 
(notably  in  Cleveland,  1884,  and  Boston),  of 
American  composers'  works.  President  of  M  T. 
N.  A.,  1886-7  —  Works  ;  2  operas  ;  an  oratorio  ; 
a  cantata  (1878)  ;  an  offertory  f  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.  ;  a  symphony  ;  2  orch.  I  suites  ;  several 
overtures  ;  suite  f.  pf.  and  'cello  ,  2  slnng-quar- 
tets  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  30  pf.- 
etudes  ;  etc. 

Lavi'gna,  Vincenzo,  b.  Naples,  1777;  d- 
Milan,  about  1837.  Pupil  of  the  Cons,  della 
Pieta,  Naples.  Accompanist  and  instructor  of 
singing  at  La  Scala  from  1809  ;  vocal  teacher  at 
Milan  Cons,  from  1823.  Besides  his  first,  and 
perhaps  best,  opera,  La  Jfuta  per  amore^  o±sia 
n  Medico  per  forztt  (Milan,  1802),  he  comp.  8 
other  operas,  and  2  ballets.  He  was  the  teacher 
of  Verdi,  whom  Easily  had  refused  to  admit  into 
the  Cons  on  the  ground  that  he  found  him 
wanting  in  musical  talent  ! 

Lavignac,  Albert,  prof  of  harmony  at  the 
Paris  Cons.,  publ.  in  1882  a  "Cours  complet 
theorique  et  pratique  de  dictee  musicale,"  which 
caused  the  adoption  of  courses  in  musical  dicta- 
tion in  leading  music-schools  throughout  the 
world;  also  "La  musique  et  les  musicians" 
(Paris,  1895). 

Lavigne,  Jacques-Smile,  dramatic  tenor; 
b.  Pau,  1782  ,  d.  there  1855.  He  sang  at  the 
Grand  Opera,  Paris,  1809-25.  Though  over- 
shadowed and  kept  in  the  background  by  Nour- 
rit,  who  assumed  most  of  the  leading  tenor 
r61es,  he  was  a  popular  favorite,  known  as 
"I'Hercule  du  chant"  on  account  of  his  im- 
mensely powerful  voice. 

Lavigne,  Antoine-Joseph,  oboist;  b.  Be- 
sancou,  France,  Mar.  23,  1816.  Pupil  of  the 
Pans  Cons  ;  from  1841  in  England,  playing  at 
first  in  the  Drury  Lane  Promenade  Concerts, 
later  in  Halle's  Manchester  orch.  He  partially 
applied  Boehm's  ring-key  system  to  the  oboe. 

Lavoix,  Henri-Maxie-Fran£ois,  b.  Paris, 
Apr.  26,  1846  ;  d.  there  Dec.  27,  1897.  Called 
44  Lavoix  fils  "  to  distinguish  him  from  his  father, 
custodian  of  the  numismatic  collection  in  the 
Pans  National  Library.  Graduate  of  the  Paris 
Univ.;  then  a  pupil  of  H.  Cohen  (barm,  and 


343 


LAW— LEAGUE 


cpt.) ;  from  1865,  librarian  in  the  Nat  ^ 

Contributor  to  the  lc  Re\ue  et  (lazettemusicalc," 
etc.,  mus  feuilletonists  to  the  "Globe." — 
Works  The  monographs  * '  Les  traducteurs  de 
Shakespeare  en  musique  "  fifr6*}) ;  il  Lamusique 
dans  la  nature"  (1^73);  "  La  musique  dans 
Timagerie  du  moyen  age  "  (1875) ;  "  Histoire  de 
rinsrramentation""(iS7S  ;  his  chief  work,  which 
received  honorable  mention  from  the  Academie 
in  1875) ;  "  Les  pnncipes  etl'histoire  du  chant" 
(with  Th.  Lemaire) ;  *k  La  musique  au  siecle  de 
Saint-Louis  " 

Law,  Andrew,  pioneer  singing-teacher  in 
New  England;  b.  Cheshire,  Conn.,  1748,  d 
there  in  July,  rSsi.  Self-tuuglit;  composer  of 
some  hymn-tunes,  of  which  "Archdale"  had 
considerable  vogue.  Compiler  of  a  '  *  Collection 
of  the  best  and  most  approved  Tunes  and  An- 
thems" (1782) ,  wrote  "  Rudiments  of  Musick" 
(1783  ;  4  editions  up  to  1794):  tl  Musical  Primer 
on  a  New  Plan,  with  the  Four  Characters" 
(1803  ;  an  original,  but  unsuccessful,  attempt  to 
dispense  with  the  staff);  **  Musical  Magazine" 
(1804)  ;  "  Harmonic  Companion  and  Guide  to 
Social  Worship*1  (Philadelphia  ,  no  date). 

Lawes,  William,  English  composer,  b. 
Salisbury,  Wiltshire,  1582  ;  killed  at  the  siege 
of  Chester,  1645.  Pupil  of  Coperario  ;  member 
of  Chichester  cathedral-choir  ;  1602,  Gentleman 
of  the  Chapel  Royal ;  musician  in  ordinary  to 
Charles  I. — Works :  Music  to  Shirley's  "  Peace  " ; 
"  The  Royal  Consort  for  Viols",  anthems,  and 
other  sacred  and  secular  pieces,  in  various  col- 
lections of  the  time. — His  brother, 

Lawes,  Henry,  b.  Dinton,  near  Salisbury, 
Dec.,  1595 ;  d.  London,  Oct.  21,  1662.  Pupil 
of  Coperario.  In  1625,  Epistler  and  Gentleman 
of  Chapel  Royal ;  later  clerk  in  same,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  King's  private  band,  also  music-mas- 
ter to  the  Earl  of  Bridgewater.  Lost  appoint- 
ments during  Protectorate,  but  was  reinstated  in 
1660.  Tomb  in  cloisters  of  Westminster  Abbey. 
— Works  .  3  masques  (The  Triumphs  of  Peace, 
CV/K/H  tntanmcum,  and  Comiu>) ;  "A  Para- 
phrase upon  the  Psalmes  of  David  ..."  (1637) ; 
11  Choice  Psalmes  put  into  Musick  for  3  Voices  " 
(1648);  *lAyres  and  Dialogues  for  1,3  and  3 
Voices "  (3  books :  1653,  '55,  '58) ;  songs  and 
anthems  in  contemporary  coll.s  ;  music  to  poems 
by  Milton,  Herrick,  W.  Cartwright,  Davenant, 
etc. 

Lawrowska'ja  [Lavrovska'ja],  Elizabeth 
Andrejevna  (Princess  Zeretelev),  dramatic  so- 
prano; b.  Kaschin,  Gov.t  of  Tver,  Russia, 
Oct.  I2T  1845  ;  pupil  ^  Fenzi  at  the  Elizabeth 
Inst.,  then  of  Mme.  Nissen-Saloman  at  St, 
Petersburg  Cons.  After  d^but  as  Orpheus 
(Gluck)  in  1867,  she  studied  in  London  and 
Paris,  and  was  then  engaged  for  the  Imp. 
Oper#,  St.  Petersburg,  for  4  years,  and  again, 
after  an  interval  of  European  touring,  in  1878 
to  the  present  time.  Chief  roles  :  Vania  (A 
Lije  for  the  Csar),  Ratmir  (Jtusslan  and  Lud~ 
mtJ/a),  Grania  ( Fratsyia  Silo),  etc. 


Layolle  (or  Layole,  delPAiole,  Ajolla), 
Francois,  Florentine  composer  ,  publ.  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  madrigals,  etc.,  in  the  coll  s  of 
J.  Modernus  (1532-43),  Petreius  (1538-42),  Gar- 
dano  (1538-60),  and  Rhaw  d545). 

Lazare,  Martin,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Brussels,  Oct.  27,  1829;  d  there  Aug  6,  1897. 
Pupil  of  van  der  Does  (The  Hague)  and  Zim- 
merman (Pans  Cons,).  After  visiting  Pans  and 
London,  he  travelled  in  Germany,  the  United 
States,  and  Canada,  then  settling  in  Brussels. — 
Works :  One  opera,  /*  rot  tfr  Bohtwie  (The 
Hague,  1852) ;  an  operetta,  Les  (feux  Mandarins 
(Brussels,  1878  ;  private  perf.)  ;  chamber-music  ; 
piano-music  (Sicilienne,  pp.  16  ,  Valses  de  salon  ; 
6  etudes  de  concert ;  6  etudes  de  genre). 

Lazarus,  Henry,  clarinettist ;  b.  London, 
Jan.  i,  1815  ,  d.  there  Mar.  6,  1895.  Pupil  of 
Chas.  Godfrey,  Sr.;  debut  1838,  at  Mme.  Dttlck- 
en's  concert ;  then  app.  second  to  Willman  at 
the  Sacred  Harmonic  Concerts,  succeeding  him 
in  1840  as  1st  clarinet  at  the  opera,  etc  ,  and 
playing  in  the  Birmingham  Festivals  1840-85. 
Retired  1891. 

Laz'zari,  Sylvio,  b.  Bozen,  1858.  Renounc- 
ing the  study  of  jurisprudence  for  music,  he 
studied  from  1882  at  the  Paris  Cons.  (Cesar 
Franck).  Residing  in  Paris  as  a  teacher  and 
composer.  His  opera  Armor  is  still  unper- 
formed; better  fortune  has  attended  his  panto- 
mimic ballets,  symphonic  poems,  chamber-music, 
and  particularly  his  songs,  all  of  a  pronouncedly 
modern  cast. 

Le  Be",  Guillaume,  an  early  French  type- 
founder. IJis  1540  types  printed  notes  and  lines 
simultaneously  ;  those  of  1555,  printing  notes 
and  staff-lines  separately,  necessitated  two  im- 
pressions, like  Petrucci's.  lie  also  made  tabla- 
ture-type.  Ballard  acquired  his  punches. 

Le  Beau,  Louise  Adolpha,  composer-pian- 
ist ;  b  Rastatt,  Baden,  Apr.  25,  1850.  Piano- 
pupil  of  Kalliwoda  (Karlsruhe)  and  Frau  Schu- 
mann; for  cpt.  andcomp.,  of  Sachs  and  Rhein- 
berger  (Munich) ;  for  instrumentation,  of  Fr, 
Lachner.  Her  concerts  at  Munich,  Berlin,  Leip- 
zig, Vienna,  etc.,  have  won  well-earned  applause ; 
she  has  also  shown  eminent  talent  as  a  composer. 
Residing  since  1890  at  Berlin. — Works  .  Grand 
choral  work  Ifadvmoth  (1894) ;  pf  -quartet,  op. 
28;  pf.-tno,  op.  15  ;  Fantasia  f.  pf.  w.  orch., 
op.  25  ;  violin-sonata  w.  pf.,  op.  10;  'cello-sonata 
w.  pf.,  op.  15  ;  pf, -sonata,  op.  8  ;  Var.s  on  an 
ong.  theme,  f.  pf.,  op.  3  ;  Improwisata  for  left 
hand,  op.  30;  Gavotte  f.  pf.  (very  popular),  op. 
32. 

Lebeau,  Francois,  b.  Liege,  Aug.  4,  1827. 
Amateur  composer  ;  pupil  of  Michelot  (pf.)  and 
Bosselet  (harm ).  Secretary  of  the  administra- 
tive commission  of  Brussels  Cons. — Opera  £s- 
mfralda  [book  by  Victor  Hugo]  (Liege,  1856). 

Lebegne,  Nicolas>Antoinel  b.  Laon,  1630 ; 
d.  Paris,  July  6,  1702,  as  court  organist. — I*ubl. 


344 


LEBERT— LEBRUN 


organ-  and  clavecin-music,  and  "Airs"  f  2-3 
voices  w.  continue. 

Le'bert  (rutius  Levy),  Siegmund,  b.  Lud- 
wigsburg,  n.  Stuttgart,  Dec.  12,  1822  ,  d.  Stutt- 
gart, Dec.  8,  1884 
Pupil,  at  Prague,  of 
Tomaschek,  D. 
Weber,  Tedesco,  and 
P  r  o  k  s  c  h  .  After 
teaching  successfully 
in  Munich,  he 
founded  (  1856-7), 
with  Faiszt,  Stark, 
Brachmann,  and 
Speidel,  the  Stutt- 
gart Conservatory. 
It  is  possible  that 
L.'s  attainments, 
both  as  pianist  and 
pedagogue,  have 

been  somewhat  overrated  ;  his  "  Grosse  Klavier- 
schule,"  publ.  in  cobperation  with  Stark,  has 
run  through  several  editions  and  has  been  transl. 
into  English,  French,  Italian,  and  Russian,  but 
is  hardly  increasing  in  professional  favor  ;  neither 
is  his  Instructive  Edition  of  classic  pf  .  works  a 
model  in  every  respect  ;  his  edition  of  dementi's 
"Gradus  ad  Parnassum"  is  far  outclassed  by 
Vogrich's.  He  was  DJ  .  phiL  fwn.  cama  (Tu- 
bingen), and  "  Royal  Wurttemberg  Professor." 
Numerous  studies  in  the  "  Klavierschule  "  were 
devised  by  him. 

Lebeuf,  abbe  Jean,  b.  Auxerre,  Mar.  6,  1687  ; 
d.  there  Apr.  10,  1760,  as  canon  and  sub-cantor 
at  tlje  cathedral.  In  1740  he  succeeded  to  Lance- 
lot's chair  in  the  Academic.  Of  his  ana  180 
essays  on  all  manner  of  subjects,  we  note  a  series 
publ.  1725-8  in  the  "  Mercure  de  France'*  on 
plain-song,  combating  Motz's  newly  invented 
style  of  notation  ;  a  "Leltre  surles  orgues  ..." 
(**  M.  de  Fr.,"  1737);  and  a  ^  Traite  historique 
et  pratique  sur  le  chant  ecclesiastique,  avec  le 
directoire  qui  en  contient  les  principes  et  les 
regies,  suivant  1'usage  present  du  diocese  de 
Paris,  et  autres.  Precede  d'une  nouvelle  methode 
pour  1'enseigner  et  1'apprendre  facilement" 


Leborne,  Aimel-Ambroise  -Simon,  noted 
pedagogue  ;  b.  Brussels,  Dec.  29,  1797  ;  d. 
Paris,  Apr.  i,  1866.  Pupil  of  the  Paris  Cons. 
1811-20  (Dourlen  and  Cherubini)  ;  won  the 
Grand  prix  de  Rome.  In  1816  he  \vas  already 
a  rtp&iteur  in  a  solfeggio-class,  becoming  full 
teacher  in  1820  ;  succeeded  Reicha  as  prof,  of 
comp.  in  1836  ;  also  becoming  librarian  at  the 
Ope'ra  in  1829,  and  to  the  royal  chape  fie  in  1834. 
He  edited  a  new  edition  of  Catel's  "Traite* 
d'harmonie,"  making  numerous  additions  to  the 
practical  part. 

Leborne  (or  Le  Borne),  Fernand,  b.  Paris, 
Mar.  10,  1862.  Pupil,  in  Paris  Cons.,  of  Mas- 
senet, Saint-Sae"ns,  and  C.  Franck.  Now  (1899) 
living  in  Paris  as  critic  for  "  Le  Monde  artiste," 
and  composer.  —  Works  :  Pastoral  drama  Daphms 


et  C4/<v' (Brussels,  1885) ;  4-act  lyric  drama  Mu- 
darta  (not  perf.j  ;  Temps  de  giicue^  "tableaux 
symphoniques"  (Or  -Opera,  1896) ;  Jfcddn,  a 
3-act  symphonic  legende  (received  at  the  Op  - 
Com.) .  symphonies,  orch.l  suites,  concertos, 
quartets,  sonatas,  etc. ;  a  Solemn  Mass  in  A ; 
motets. 

Lebouc,  Charles- Joseph,  b.  Besan9on,  Dec. 
22,1822;  d.  Hyeres,  Mar.,  1893.  *Cello-vir- 
tuoso ;  pupil,  in  Paris  Cons.,  of  Franchomme, 
and  of  Halevy  and  Colet  (comp.).  \Von  1st 
'cello-prize  (1842)  and  1st  harmony-prize  (1844) ; 
played  in  the  Opera  orch.  1 844-8, 'was  a  member 
of  the  Societe  des  Concerts  from  1842,  and  its 
secretary  1856-60.  L  founded  the  kt  Soirees  de 
musique  classique." — Works  :  Trio  de  concert  f. 
pf  ,  vln  ,  and  'cello  ;  Ave  verum,  f.  voice  w. 
'cello  and  org.;  "La  vision  de  Ste.-Cecile"  f. 
voice  w.  pf .  and  'cello ;  duos  f .  'cello  w.  pf . ; 
'cello-pieces  ;  Method  f.  'cello. 

Lebrun,  Ludwig1  August,  often  called  the 
greatest  oboist  of  the  iSth  century;  b.  Mann- 
heim, 1746;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  16,  1790.  From 
1767,  member  of  the  electoral  orch.,  Munich, 
concert-tours  from  1775  in  Germany,  Italy, 
France,  and  England,  creating  a  sensation  in 
London  (1781)  and  Paris  (1784)  — Publ.  7  oboe- 
concertos  ;  12  trios  f.  oboe,  vln.,  and  'cello ; 
e*asy  duos  f.  flutes. — His  Mife, 

Lebrun  (n&  Danzi),  Franciska,  b.  Mann- 
heim, 1756 ;  d.  Berlin,  May  14,  1791  ;  a  dis- 
tinguished high  soprano  concert-singer,  accom- 
panied him  on  his  tours,  and  died  of  grief  soon 
after  his  decease. — Their  two  daughters,  Sophie 
and  Rosine,  distinguished  themselves  as fc  pianist 
and  a  vocalist  respectively. 

Lebrun,  Jean,  horn-virtuoso ;  b.  Lyons, 
Apr.  6,  1759 ;  d.  Paris,  1809.  Chiefly  self- 
taught,  excepting  some  lessons  from  Punto,  he 
was  remarkable  for  sonority  and  punty  of  tone, 
and  for  the  ease  with  which  he  took  ^  the  high 
notes.  He  was  ist  horn  in  the  Opera  orch., 
1786-92  ;  after  a  visit  to  England,  he  entered 
the  royal  orch.  at  Berlin ;  after  extended  tours  he 
returned  to  Pans  in  1806,  but  found  no  employ- 
ment, and  in  despair  committed  suicide  by  suf- 
focation. 

Lebrun,  Louis-Se*bastien,  tenor  singer  and 
vocal  teacher;  b.  Paris,  Dec.  10,  1764;  d.  there 
June  27,  1829.  Unsuccessful  as  a  singer  in  the 
Opera  and  the  OpeVa-Comique,  he  became  one 
of  the  4  mattres  de  chant  at  the  Opera,  in  1807 
tenor  in  Napoleon's  chapdle^  and  in  1810  chef 
de  chant  in  the  same.  He  brought  out  several 
operas,  of  which  Le  Rossignol,  in  one  act  (Opera, 
1816),  remained  on  the  repertory  for  a  long  time, 
although  rather  mediocre.  13  more  operas,  a 
Te  Deum  (1809),  a  Solemn  Mass  (1815),  a  mass 
with  stnng-orch.,  and  a  coll.  of  romances,  are 
also  known. 

Lebrun,  Paul -Henri -Joseph,  b.  Ghent, 
Apr.  21,  1861,  and  a  pupil  of  the  Cons,  there, 
won  the  Prix  de  Rome  in  1891  for  composition, 


345 


LE  CARPEXTIER— LEDUC 


and  ist  prize  of  the  Belgian  Academic  for  a 
&\  mphony. 

Le  Carpentier,  Adolphe-Clair,  b.  1'arU, 
Feb.  17,  1809;  d.  there  July  14,  1869  Pianist , 
pupil  of  Lesueur  and  Fetis  at  the  Cons  (1818), 
winning  several  prizes,  and  settling  in  Pans  as 
a  teacher  in  1833.  \Vrote  an  excellent  "  Mtjthode 
de  piano  pour  les  enfants,"  also  25  "Etudes 
elementaires  "  (op.  59),  and  a  coll.  of  24  etudes, 
'"  Le  Progres."  Also  nearly  300  fantasias,  etc  , 
on  operatic  and  national  airs,  well-arranged,  and 
of  moderate  difficulty 

Lech'ner,  Leonhard,  a  native  of  the  Etsch- 
thal,  Switzerland;  noted  16th-century  composer, 
who  died  in  Stuttgart,  Sept.  6,  1604,  as  court 
Kapcllm  A  list  of  his  works  is  in  the  "  Monats- 
hefte  fur  Musikgeschichte,"  i,  179,  and  x,  137 ; 
it  includes  masses,  canticles,  psalms,  etc.,  "  Bi- 
cinia  und  dreystimmige  deutsche  Villanellen", 
motets,  sacred  songs,  and  the  like. 

Leclair,  Jean-Marie,  celebrated  violinist , 
b.  Lyons,  1697 ;  assassinated  in  Paris,  Oct.  22, 
1764.  At  first  a  ballet-dancer  at  Rouen,  then 
ballet-master  at  Turin,  where  Somis  took  his 
education  in  hand,  being  attracted  by  dance- 
music  written  by  L.  From  1/29-31  he  was 
ripieno-violinist  at  the  Opera,  Paris  ;  then  joined 
the  royal  orch.,  but  soon  left  it  to  pursue  the 
vocation  of  composer  and  private  teacher. — 
Works :  The  opera  Glaucus  et  Scylla  (Paris, 
1747) ;  opera-ballet  Apollon  et  Climene  (1750) ; 
Concert!  grossi,  f.  3  vlns.,  via.,  'cello,  and  organ; 
6  trios,  and  2  easy  trips,  f .  2  violins  w.  bass ; 
duos  f.  violins  ;  and  (his  finest  comp.s)  48  sona- 
tas f.  violin  w.  continuo. 

Leclerq,  Louis.    See  CELLER. 

Lecocq,  (Alexandra-)  Charles,  famous 
composer  of  operettas ;  b.  Paris,  June  3,  1832. 
He  studied  at  the  Cons,  under  Bazin  (harm  ), 
Halevy  (comp.),  and  Benoist  (organ) ;  won  1st 
prize  for  harmony  in  1850,  and  2nd  prize  for 
fugue  in  1852.  ftis  first  stage-work,  Lc  docttur 
Miracle,  written  with  Bizet,  and  prod,  in  1857, 
won  a  prize  offered  by  Offenbach  for  the  best 
opera  buffa ;  but  his  first  real  hit,  after  several 
transient  successes,  was  made  with  Fkur-de-  TM 
(1868),  which  had  a  run  of  a  hundred  nights 
in  Paris  within  three  or  four  months,  and  was 
well  received  in  England,  Germany,  etc.  Another 
sensational  hit  was  made  by  La  Jitte  de  JMme* 
Angot^  brought  out  in  Brussels,  Dec.  4,  1872, 
and  in  Paris,  Feb.  21, 1873,  where  it  was  played 
uninterruptedly  until  April  8,  1874.  It  was 
closely  followed  by  its  rival  in  popularity,  Girojlt- 
Gtrojta  (1874).  Up  to  date  (1899)  he  has  prod, 
over  40  operettas,  comedy-operas,  and  especially 
comic  operas  (operas  bouffes),  which,  in  finish  of 
instrumentation  and  carefulness  of  writing,  are 
superior,  on  the  whole,  to  the  productions  of 
Offenbach  and  Herve*.  L.  was  made  Chevalier 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1894.  He  has  publ., 
for  piano,  a  ballet-pantomime, '  *  Les  Fantoccini " ; 
24  morceaux  de  genre,  "  Les  Miettes  ";  and  a 


Gavotte  ,  also  an  A u bade  ;  iiu'lothcs  and  chan- 
sons f  \oicc  \v.  pt.,  sacred  songs  f  female 
voices  (e  g  ,  "La,  chapellc  au  couvcnt ") ,  and 
Rameau's  Castor  et  Pollux  in  piano-score.  A 
list  of  his  dramatic  works  is  appended  : 

Le  docteur  Mitacle  (1857) ,  two  i-act  operettas,  Le 
Baiser  a  la.  forte  and  Lihne  et  Valentin  (1864) ,  La 
Ondines  au  Champagne  (i-act,  1865),  Le  Mysotu 
(i-act,  1866) ,  Le  Cabaret  du  Ramponneait  U-act,  1867) , 
I' Amour  et  son  carfu0xs(2-3LCi),  Flew-de-Tke  (s-act ) 
and  Lesjumeattx  de  Bergame  (i-act,  1868) ;  Gandolfo 
(i-actt  and  Le  Rajah  de  Mysore  (i-act,  1869)  ,  Le  bean 
Dunois  (i-act,  1870) ;  Le  Testament  de  M  de  Crac 
(i-act),  Le  Barbier  de  Trouville  (i-act),  and  Salmons  la 
caisse  (i-act,  1871);  Les  cent  Vierges  (s-act)  and  La 


fittedeMme  A  ngot  (->&&.,  1872) ,  GiroJle-Girofla  (. 
and  Les  Prcs  Saint-Gervai*  (s-act,  1874) ,  Le  Pompon 
(3-act)  and  La  petite  Marine (s-act,  1875) ;  Kosiki  (s-act, 
1876) ;  La  Marjolaine  (3-act,  1877) ;  Le  petit  Due  (s-act) 
and  La  Camatgo  ( 3-act,  1878);  Le  Grand  Caszmir 
(s-act),  La  petite  Mademoiselle  (s-act),  and  La  jolie 
Persane  (3-act,  1879) ,  Janot  (s-act),  La  Rouswtte 
(3-act),  and  Le  Jour  et  la  Nuit  (3-act,  1881) ,  Le  Cantr 
et  la  Main  (a-act,  1882);  La  Princesse  des  Canaries 
(3-act,  1883),  rOiseau  bleu  (3  act,  1884),  La  Vie  mon- 
daine  (4-act,  1885) ;  Plutus  (2-act,  1886) ,  Les  Grena- 
diers de  Mont-Cornette  (s-act,  i8jB7) ;  La  Volicre  (s-act, 
1888)  ;  Ali-Baba  (^^tct,  i88q) ;  rSgyptfenne ($-*&,  1890) ; 
Nos  bans  Chasseurs  (s-act,  1894) ;  Ninette  (i&cfi) ;  not  per- 
formed are  Renza^  Cyrano  de  Bergerac^  Don  Japhet^ 
and  Mimosa. 

Le  Couppey,  Felix,  b.  Paris,  Apr.  14, 1814 ; 
d  there  July  5,  1887.  Pupil  of  Dourlen  in  the 
Cons.,  where  he  was  asst  -teacher  of  an  element- 
ary harmony-class  in  1828,  full  teacher  in  1837, 
Dourlen's  successor  as  prof,  of  harmony  in  1843, 
and  substitute  piano-teacher  for  Ilenn  Ilerz  in 
1848,  when  the  latter  started  on  his  American 
tour.  Later  a  special  pf. -class  for  ladies  was 
organized  for  him. — Publ.  "  Ecole  du  mecanisme 
du  piano,  24  etudes  primaires "  (op.  10)  ; 
"Cours  de  piano  elementaire  et  progiessif  "; 
41  L'art  du  piano"  (50  etudes  with  annotations) ; 
a  pamphlet,  "  De  Tenseignement  du  piano; 
conseils  aux  jeunes  professeurs"  (1865) ;  a  few 
pf. -pieces,  and  songs. 

Ledebur,  Karl,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Schildesche, 
n.  Bielefeld,  Apr.  20,  1806.  Prussian  cavalry 
officer.  Publ.  a  "  Tonkunstlerlexikon  Berlins 
von  den  altesten  Zeiten  bis  auf  die  Gegen- 
wart  "(1860-1). 

Ledent,  F^lix-^tienne,  b.  Liege,  Nov.  17, 
1816 ;  d.  there  Aug.  23,  1886.  Pianist,  pupil 
of  J.  Jalheau  at  the  Lie'ge  Cons,  and  of  I.)aus- 
soigne-Mehul  at  Paris,  taking  the  2nd  prix  de 
Rome  in  1843,  and  becoming  prof,  of  piano  in 
Liege  Cons,  in  1844. — Publ.  Adagio  and  Rondo 
f .  pf .  w.  orch. ;  pf  .-pieces  ;  and  songs. 

Leduc,  Alphonse,  b.  Nantes,  Mar.  9,  1804 ; 
d.  Paris,  June  17, 1868.  Pianist  and  bassoonist. 
Pupil  of  his  father;  also  of  Reicha  in  Paris 
Cons,  and  of  Rhein  (pf.)  in  Nantes  (1826).  He 
founded  a  music-business  in  Paris  in  1841, 
which  is  still  carried  on  by  his  son. — Works : 
632  dances ;  328  piano-pieces ;  13  pieces  f.  bas- 
soon, 52  f.  guitar,  38  f.  flute,  26  f.  organ  ;  94 
romances  and  melodies  f.  1-3  voices  ;  nine  col- 
lections of  Etudes ;  "  Me'thode  elementaire  de 


346 


LEE— LEGRENZI 


piano,  a  1'usage  des  pensions"  (some  20  edi- 
tions published) 

Lee,  Louis,  b.  Hamburg,  Oct  19,  1819 , 
brilliant  'cellist  and  composer  of  merit ;  pupil 
of  J.  N.  Prell,  and  gave  concerts  at  12  in  Ger- 
man cities  and  Copenhagen.  He  became  'cel- 
list in  the  Hamburg  Th.;  then  lived  several 
years  in  Paris,  returned  to  Hamburg,  organized 
chamber-music  soirees  (with  Hafner,  later  with 
Boie),  was  teacher  m  the  Cons,  until  1884,  and 
ist  'cello  of  the  Philh.  Soc. — Publ.  a  pf  -quartet, 
a  pf  -trio,  a  'cello-sonata,  a  'cello-sonatina,  a 
sonata  and  a  sonatina  f.  vln.,  pieces  f.  pf.  and 
'cello,  soli  f.  pf  ;  also  wrote  music  to  Schiller's 
Jungfrau  von  Oi  leans  xn&  Wilhelm  Tell;  sym- 
phonies, overtures,  2  string-quartets,  pf.-duets, 
etc. — His  brother, 

Lee,  Sebastian,  b.  Hamburg,  Dec.  24, 
1805  ;  d.  there  Jan.  4,  1887  ;  \vas  also  a  pupil  of 
Prell,  and  a  distinguished  'cellist ;  from  1837- 
68,  solo 'cellist  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris  ;  lived 
thereafter  in  Hamburg  — Publ.  an  excellent 
Method  f .  'cello ;  variations,  divertissements, 
and  fantasias,  f.  'cello  w.  orch.;  Var.s  f.  'cello 
w.  string-quartet ;  'cello-duos. 

Lee,  Maurice,  brother  of  the  two  preceding ; 
b.  Hamburg,  Feb  ,  1821 ;  d.  London,  June  23, 
1895,  where  he  had  long  resided  as  a  pf.-teacher 
and  composer  of  popular  safon-music. 

Lefgbure,  Louis-Francois-Henri,  b.  Paris, 
Feb.  18,  1754;  d.  there  Nov  ,  1840.  A  Gov- 
ernment official  until  his  retirement  in  1814. — 
Works:  "  Nouveau  Solfege,"  a  23-page  pam- 
phlet publ.  1780,  containing  ideas  put  into  prac- 
tice by  Gossec  in  the  **  £cole  royale  de  chant "; 
and  44  Revues,  erreurs  et  meprises  de  differents 
auteurs  celebres  en  matiere  musicale"  (1789). 
lie  also  comp.  2  oratorios,  several  cantatas, 
and  scenas. 

Lefe'bure-We'ly,  Louis-James-Alfred,  b. 
Paris,  Nov.  13,  1817 ;  d.  there  Dec.  31,  1869. 
A  pupil  of  his  father  from  his  fourth  year,  at  8 
he  took  the  latter's  place  as  organist  of  the 
church  of  Saint-Roch,  becoming  regular  organ- 
ist at  14.  Entering  the  Paris  Cons,  in  1832,  he 
was  taught  by  Benoist  (org.)  and  Laurent  and 
Zimmerman  (pf.)»  taking  first  pri2es  for  both 
instr.s  in  1835  ;  his  teachers  in  composition  were 
Berton  and  Halevy,  and  he  had  private  instruc- 
tion from  Adam  (comp  )  and  Se'jan  (org.).  1847- 
58,  organist  of  la  Madeleine  ;  after  5  years  de- 
voted to  composition,  he  succeeded  Sejan  as 
organist  at  St.-Sulpice.  L.  was  a  thorough 
musician,  a  skilful  player  on  the  organ,  piano, 
and  harmonium,  and  a  versatile  composer. — 
Works :  a  3-act  opera,  Les  Recrutenrs  (1861)  ; 
a  cantata,  Aprts  la  victoirc  (1863)  ;  I  mass  w. 
orch.  and  2  masses  w.  organ  ;  3  symphonies  ;  a 
string-quintet  and  a  string-quartet ;  sacred  vo- 
cal music  ;  much  elegant  W<w-music  f.  pf.  (his 
most  celebrated  piece  is  "  The  Monastery- 
bells  ") ;  50  pf  .-etudes  ;  harmonium-music  ;  etc, 

Lefebvre   [Le    Febvre],   Jacques,  called 


Jacobus  Faber,  and  also  surnamtd  Stapu- 
lensis  because  born  at  Etaplcs,  n  Amiens, 
(date  uncertain);  d  Xc'rac,  1537  ('47"'),  as 
tutor  in  the  royal  famih  of  Navarre  Wrote 
"Elenienta  musicalia"  (1496;  republ.  1510, 
1514,  and  1528  as  "  Musica  hbris  IV  demon- 
strata,"  and  1552  as  "  I)e  musica  quatuor  hbns 
demonstrata  ").  The  edition  of  1528  also  includes 
"  Quaestiuncula  praevia  in  musicam  speculativam 
Boetii  " 

Lefebvre,  Charles-^ douard,  son  of  the  his- 
torical painter  L.,  b.  Paris,  June  19, 1843  En- 
tered Pans  Cons.,  1863;  pupil  of  Ambr.  Thomas; 
Grand  pnx  de  Rome,  1870,  for  the  cantata  Le 
Jvgemeut  de  Dien.  While  in  Rome  he  com- 
posed the  23rd  Psalm  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  the  first 
two  parts  of  a  biblical  drama,  Judith /  and 
several  symphonic  pieces.  In  1873,  a^ter  tours 
in  Greece  and  the  Orient,  he  settled  in  Paris  — 
Works  •  A  3-act  opera,  Djdma  (Paris,  1894 , 
mod.  succ  ) ,  the  opera  Zaire  (1887),  and  the  i-act 
opera  Le  TrSs0r(not  perf. );  *  *  legende  fantastique" 
JMelka  ;  "  poeme  •  lyrique  "  Ste  -Cecik  (1896) ; 
grand  choral  work  Efca  ,  chamber-music  ,  etc. 

Lefevre,  Jean-Xavier,  famous  clarinettist , 
b  Lausanne,  Mar.  6,  1763  ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  9, 
1829.  Pupil  of  Michel  Yost  in  Pans  ;  played 
in  concerts  from  1787  ;  member  of  the  Opera 
orch.  1791-1817,  prof,  m  Cons.  1795-1825;  and 
joined  the  Impenal  Orch.  in  1807  Chev.  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  Wrote  the  Clarinet-method 
adopted  (1802)  at  the  Cons  ;  6  clarinet-con- 
certos ,  concertantes  f .  clar.  w.  other  instr.s ; 
also  trios,  duos,  and  soli  (sonatas).  He  added  a 
sixth  key  to  the  clarinet. 

Legouix,  Isidore-fidouard,  b.  Paris,  Apr. 
I,  1834;  pupil  of  Reber  and  Ambr.  Thomas  at 
the  Cons. ;  has  brought  out  4  operas  and  about 
10  operettas  without  marked  popular  success. 

Legren'zi,  Giovanni,  celebrated  composer  of 
sacred  and  secular  music ;  b.  Clusone,  n.  Ber- 
gamo, about  1625  ;  d.  Venice,  May  26,  1690 
Pupil  of  Pallavicino ,  organist  at  Bergamo ; 
maestro  di  tappella  to  the  Duke  of  Ferrara,  and 
prod,  his  first  opera,  Achilk  in  Sdro^  at  Ferrara 
in  1663;  from  1664  in  Venice,  becoming  director 
of  the  Cons,  de1  Mendicant!  in  1672,  and  in  1685 
succeeding  Natale  Monferrato  as  maestro  at  San 
Marco,  where  he  enlarged  the  orch.  to  34  pieces 
(8  violins,  ii  violette  [small  viols],  2  tenor  viols, 
3  viole  da  gamba  and  bass  viols,  4  theorbos,  2 
cornette,  I  bassoon,  and  3  trombones).  His  18 
operas  show  a  noteworthy  advance  over  those  of 
his  predecessors  in  the  orchestral  support  of  the 
vocal  parts,  and  he  treats  the  recitative  and  the 
melodic  phrase  with  greater  freedom.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  to  wnte  for  2  violins  and  violon- 
cello. Publ.  Concerto  di  messe  e  salmi  a  3-4 
con  violini  (1654)  ;  Mottetti  da  2-4  voci  (1655)  ; 
Mottetti  a  5  voci  (1660);  Sacri  e  festivi  con- 
certi,  messe  e  salmi  a  due  cori  (1657)  j  Senti- 
menti  devoti  (203  voci,  1660 ;  2  vol.s) ;  Com- 
piete  con  litanie  ed  antifona  della  Beata  Vergine 


347 


LEHMAN X—  LE  MAISTRE 


(a  5  ;  1662) ;  Cantate  a  voce  sola  (1674);  Idee 
armomche  (a  2  and  3  ,  167?);  Eclu  di  ruerenza 
(14  cantatas  for  solo  voice  ,  i(»7«J>.  Mottetti  sacri 
con  \oce  sula  con  3  stnimeiiu  1 16921,  Suonate 
per  chiesa  ( 1655),  Suonate  da  thiesa  e  da  camera 
a  tre  ( 1656) ;  Una muta  di  ^uonate  (1664);  Suonate 
a  2  \iolini  e  violone  (\v.  org.  continue ,  1667)  ,  La 
Cetra  (sonatas  for  2-4  instr.s  ;  1673)  »  Suonate  a 
2  violini  e  violoncello  (1677) ;  Suonate  da  chiesa 
e  da  camera  (1693). — Among  his  pupils  were 
Gasparini,  Lotti,  and  Caldara. 

Leh'mann,  George,  violinist ,  b.  New  York, 
July  31,  1865.  Pupil  at  Leipzig  Cons  ,  1880-3, 
of  "Schradieck  and  Hermann  (vln.),  Lammers 
(harm.),  and  Jadassohn  (cpt.  and  fugue).  Also 
one  season  with  Joachim  at  Berlin.  Won  the 
Ilelbig  prize  for  playing,  at  the  Gewandhaus, 
i £83,  Joachim's  Hungarian  concerto.  Tnu elled 
till  1893  as  a  soloist  and  with  his  quartet-party, 
the  '*  Lehmann  Quartet";  1886-9,  leader  of  the 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  Symphony  Orch.  (now  dis- 
banded) ;  1889-92  in  Europe  ;  in  the  season  of 
1892-3  his  quartet  gave  20  c'oncerts  at  Denver, 
Colorado  Now  (1899)  living  in  New  York  as  a 
soloist,  teacher,  editorial  writer,  and  cntic  on  the 
staff  of  "  Musical  America." — Has  publ.  "True 
Principles  of  the  Art  of  Violin-playing"  (New 
York,  1899),  valuable  for  students  and  teachers. 

Leh'mann,  Lilli,  dramatic  soprano,  b.  Wurz- 
burg,  May  15,  1848.  Taught  by  her  mother, 
Marie  L.,  prima  donna  at  Kassel  under  Spohr  ; 
debut  at  Prague  in  the  Zauberflote  ("  First 
Boy") ,  engaged  at  Danzig  (iSGS)  and  Leipzig 
(1870),  but  in  the  same  year  went  to  Berlin,  ob- 
taining a  life-engagement  at  the  Royal  Opera, 
with  the  title  of  Imp.  Chamber-singer,  in  1876. 
At  the  first  Wagner  Festival  at  Bayreuth,  1876, 
she  sang  Woglinde,  Heimwige,  and  the  **  Bird  " 
She  appeared  in  London  1880, 1884,  and  1885  ; 
then  breaking  her  contract  with  the  Berlin  Opera, 
and  singing  for  three  seasons  in  German  opera 
in  the  United  States.  She  sang  Fidelio,  in  Ital- 
ian, at  H.  M.'s  Th.,  London,  in  June,  1887  ;  re- 
turned to  Germany,  1890,  and  has  sung  there 
occasionally  since. 

Leh'mann,  Liza,  (Mrs.  Herbert  Bedford,) 
concert-soprano  ;  b.  in  London.  Pupil  of  Ran- 
degger  (voice)  and  Raunkilde  at  Kome,  and  in 
composition  of  Freudenberg  (Wiesbaden),  and 
Ilamish  MacCunn.  Debut  Nov.  23,  1885,  at  a 
Monday  Popular  Concert  ;  sang  at  the  Norwich 
Festival,  1887  ;  and  was  frequently  heard  in 
Britain  and  Germany.  Married  and  retired  in 
1894.  She  is  also  a  song-composer.  Her  song- 
cycle,  *'  In  a  Persian  Garden,"  has  obtained 
great  popularity  in  England  and  the  United 
1  States. 

Leib'rock,  Joseph  Adolf,  b.  Brunswick, 
Jan.  8, 1808;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  8, 1886.  Dr.phiL, 
Berlin;  'cellist  and  harpist  in  the  Brunswick 
court  orch. — Works  •  Music  to  Schiller's  jtbuber; 
part-songs;  songs ;  arrangements  f.  pf .  and  'cello; 
a  "Musikalische  Akkordenlehre";  and  a  history 


of  the  Brunswick  Hofkapelk  (4  *  Braunschweiger 
Magazin,"  1865-6) 

Leighton,  Sir  William,  English  musician, 
"gentleman-pensioner";  publ.  "  TheTeares  or 
Lamentacions  of  a  Sorrowfull  Soule  ;  Composed 
with  Musicall  Ayres  and  Songs  both  for  Voyces 
and  Divers  Instruments"  (1614),  containing  54 
metrical  psalms  and  h\mns,  17  being  for  4  voices 
w.  accomp.s  in  tablature  for  the  lute,  bandora, 
and  cittern,  and  13  for  4  voices  and  24  for  5 
voices  without  accomp.  The  first  8  are  by  L. 
himself,  the  others  by  Bull,  Byrd,  Dowland, 
Gibbons,  etc. 

Lei'singer,  Elisabeth,  dramatic  soprano; 
b.  May  17,  1864,  in  Stuttgart;  studied  at  the 
Cons,  there,  and  later  with  Viardot-Garcia,  Paris. 
Member  of  the  Berlin  court  opera  since  1884. 

Leite,  Antonio  da  Silva,  conductor  at  the 
Oporto  Cathedral  about  1787-1826  Publ.  "  Re- 
sumo  de  todas  as  regras  e  preceitos  de  cantoria 
assim  da  musica  metrica  como  da  cantochao" 
(1787),  a  guitar-method  (1796);  6  sonatas  f. 
guitar  w.  violin  (rebec)  and  2  trumpets;  etc. 

Lei'tert,  Johann  Georg,  excellent  pianist ; 
b.  Dresden,  Sept.  29,  1852.  Pupil  of  Kragen 
and  Reichel  (pf  ),  and  Rischbieter  (harm.).  Con- 
cert-debut 1865  at  Dresden  ,  then  played  in  Leip- 
zig, Berlin,  Prague,  etc.,  and  made  a  brilliantly 
successful  tour  to  England  in  1867.  Visited 
Liszt  in  Weimar  in  1869 ;  then,  after  concerts 
(he  played  Beethoven's  sonata  op.  106  at  Vienna), 
spent  2  winters  with  Liszt  in  Rome.  Since  that 
time  his  concerts  in  Germany,  Austria,  Russia, 
etc.,  have  been  attended  with  remarkable  suc- 
cess. From  1879-81  he  taught  at  the  Horak 
Music-school  in  Vienna.  Many  fine  character- 
istic pieces  for  piano  *  Op.  12,  Esquisses ;  op. 
24,  Chants  du  crepuscule ,  op.  30,  Herbstblat- 
ter;  op.  31,  Strahlen  und  Schatten  ;  op.  33, 
Aus  schonern  Stunden;  op.  37,  Feuillesd'amour; 
op.  38,  Lose  Blatter ;  op  43,  Valse-Capnce ;  etc. 

Le  Jeune,  Claudin,  b.  Valenciennes,  about 
1530 ;  d.  1598-1603.  French  contrapuntist. 
Chief  -works,  40  Psalms  of  David  (1601);  chan- 
sons, madrigals,  etc.,  were  printed  1585-1610. 

Lemaire  (or  Le  Maire),  a  French  musician 
of  the  i6th-i7th  centuries,  is  said  to  have  urged 
the  adoption  of  a  seventh  solnaisation-syllable 
("si,"  ace.  to  Rousseau;  "za,"  ace.  to  Mer- 
senne) ;  an  invention  tantamount  to  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  old  system  of  mutation. 

Lemaire,  Th£ophile,  b.  Essigny-le-Grand, 
Aisne,  Mar.  22,  1820.  Pupil  of  Garcia,  Miche- 
lot,  and  Moreau-Sainti  at  the  Paris  Cons.  He 
became  a  singing-teacher,  and  a  student  of  vocal 
methods  ,  publ.  (with  Lavoix)  "  Les  principes  et 
1'histpire  du  chant"  ;  transl.  into  French  Tosi's 
"Opinion!  dei  canton  antichiemoderni "  (uL'art 
du  chant  ..."  1874). 

Le  Maistre  (or  Le  Maitre),  Mattheus, 
Netherland  contrapuntist ;  court  Kapellm.  at 
Dresden,  1554-^8;  died  1577.— Publ.  **Mag- 


343 


LEMfelRE— LEO 


nificat  octo^tonorum"  (1557) ;  "Catechesis  nu- 
mens  musicis  inclusa  et  ad  puerorum  captum  ac- 
commodata  tnbus  vocibus  composita  "  (1563;  for 
the  Dresden  Choir-boys)  ;  "  Geisthche  und  \\elt- 
liche  teutsche  Gesange  "  a  4-5  (1566) ;  a  book  of 
5-part  motets  (1570) ,  "  Officia  de  nativitate  et 
ascensione  Chnsti"  a  5(1574),  "  Schone  und 
auserlesene  teutsche  und  latemische  geistliche 
Lieder  "  (1577)  — 3  masses,  24  offices,  and  4  ^er- 
sicles  are  in  MS.  in  the  Munich  Library*  Mono- 
graph on  L  by  O.  Kade  (1862). 

Lemiere  de  Corvey,  Jean-Fr6d6ric-Au- 
guste,  French  officer,  b.  Hermes,  1770 ;d.  Paris, 
Apr.  19,  1832.  He  prod  several  vaudevilles  at 
Kennes  ;  studied  in  Paris  under  Berton  (1792), 
and  brought  out  a  series  of  successful  comic 
operas.  Also  publ.  miscellaneous  comp.s  and 
arrangements. 

Lem'mens,  Jacques-Nicolas,  remarkable 
organist ;  b.  Zoerle-Parwys,  lielgmm,  Jan.  3, 
1823  ;  d  at  Castle  Linterport,  n.  Malmes,  Jan 
30,  1 88 1.  Pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  van  der 
Broeck  at  Diest ,  of  Godineau  at  the  Brussels 
Cons  (1839;  pf);  after  playing  the  organ  at 
Diest  for  some  months,  he  took  further  lessons 
(1841)  with  Michelot  (pianoforte),  Girschner 
(org.),  and  Fetis  (cpt.)  In  1846  he  went  to 
Breslau,  with  a  government  stipend,  to  study 
under  Hesse  ,  in  1849  ^e  was  aPP-  Pr°f-  °f  organ- 
playing  at  the  Brussels  Cons. ;  married  the  singer 
Miss  Sherrington  in  1857,  and  thenceforth  spent 
much  time  in  England.  In  1879  he  opened  a 
seminary  for  Catholic  organists  and  choirmasters 
at  Malines. — Organ-works :  Excellent  sonatas, 
improvisations,  studies,  etc.  (over  60  in  all) ;  a 
great  "  ficole  d'orgue,"  adopted  in  the  Paris  and 
Brussels  Conservatories  ;  —  also  2  symphonies, 
pf. -music,  a  Te  Deum,  motets,  songs,  etc 

Lemoine,  Antoine-Marcel,  guitar-player,  b. 
Paris,  Nov.  3,  1763  ;  d.  there  in  April,  1817. 
Self-taught,  he  played  the  viola  at  the  Th.  de 
Monsieur,  conducted  at  minor  Parisian  theatres, 
and  finally  founded  a  music-publishing  business. 
Wrote  and  publ.  a  Guitar-method. — His  fourth 
son, 

Lemoine,  Henri,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  21,  1786  ,  d. 
there  May  18, 1854.  Studied  in  the  Cons.  1798- 
1809 ,  in  1821  he  also  had  harmony-lessons  of 
Reicha  ;  taught  the  piano ;  and  at  his  father's 
death  succeeded  to  the  business. — Works  •  Meth- 
ods f.  harmony,  pf.,  and  solfeggio ;  "  Tablettes 
du  piano,  Memento  du  professeur  de  piano" 
(1844) ;  and  sonatas,  variations,  dances,  etc., 

tpf. 

Lemoine,  Aime",  b.  1795  ;  d.  (?) ;  a  pupil  of 
Galin,  taught  his  method,  and  publ.  2  editions 
of  the  4l  Methode  du  Meloplaste"  (1824,  1838). 
Later  he  resumed  the  usual  method  of  instruc- 
tion. 

Lemoyne  (rede  Moyne),  Jean-Baptist e,  b. 
Eymet,  Perigord,  Apr.  3,  1751 ;  d.  Paris,  Dec. 
30,  1796.  Conductor  at  provincial  French  the- 
atres before  studying  composition  with  Graun 


and  Kirnberger  at  Berlin,  where  he  became  2nd 
A'rf/W/w.  to  Frederick  the  Great.  Returning  to 
Paris,  he  brought  out  an  opera,  £lectre  (1782), 
pretending  to  be  a  pupil  of  Gluck  ;  an  imposture 
which  the  latter  did  not  see  fit  to  expose  until 
the  failure  of  the  piece  '  In  revenge,  L.  copied 
the  style  of  Piccinni  and  Sacchmi,  and  prod, 
nearly  a  score  of  quite  successful  operas  ;  at  the 
end  o"f  the  representation  of  Xtphtt '(1789,  Grand 
Opera),  the  author  was  called  out  by  the  enthu- 
siastic audience,  an  honor  never  before  accorded 
an  author  in  a  French  theatre. 

Lenaerts,  Constant,  b.  Antwerp,  Mar.  9, 
1852.  Pupil  of  Benoit ;  at  iS,  director  of  the 
Flemish  National  Th.;  now,  teacher  at  the  Ant- 
werp Cons. 

Lenepveu,  Charles-Ferdinand,  b.  Rouen, 
Nov.  4,  1840.  As  a  law-student  he  took  music- 
lessons  of  Servais  ;  won  1st  prize  at  Caen  in  1861 
for  a  cantata  ;  entered  Ambr.  Thomas's  class  at 
the  Cons,  in  1863,  and  in  1865  took  the  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  with  the  cantata  Itenaud  et  Armide 
(perf.  1 866).  Returning  from  Rome,  his  comic 
opera  Le  Fkrentin  also  won  a  prize  offered  by 
the  ministry'  of  Fine  Arts  (1869),  and  was  perf. 
at  the  Opera-Comique  in  1874.  The  4-act  grand 
opera  J'M'ttt?  was  prod,  at  Co\ent  Garden,  Lon- 
don, in  1882.  In  1891  L.  succeeded  Guiraud 
as  harmony-prof,  in  the  Cons.,  and  in  1893  again 
succeeded  him  as  prof  of  composition,  taking 
an  advanced  class  in  1894.  In  1896  he  was 
elected  to  Ambr.  Thomas's  chair  in  the  Acade- 
mie  des  Beaux-Arts  ;  is  Chev.  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor,  and  officer  of  public  instruction. — Other 
works*  feainit'  of* Art,  lync  drama  in  3  parts 
(Rouen  "Cathedral,  1886);  a  Requiem;  "Ode 
triomphale  a  Jeanne  d'Arc"  ;  "  Hymne  funebre 
et  triomphal "  [V.  Hugo]  (Rouen,  1889);  etc. 

Lenz,  Wilhelm  von,  b.  Russia,  1804 ;  d. 
St.  Petersburg,  Jan.  31,  1883.  A  pf. -pupil,  in 
Paris,  of  Liszt  (1828)  and  Chopin  (1842).  Later 
Russian  councillor  in  St.  Petersburg.  His 
charmingly  written  works  are  interesting  and 
valuable  partly  by  reason  of  his  intimate  per- 
sonal experience,  partly  from  the  enthusiastic 
admiration  which  he  expresses  and  imparts. 
He  wrote  "Beethoven  et  ses  trois  styles"  (2 
vol  s  ;  1852-1865) ;  "  Beethoven  :  eine  Kunst- 
studie"(5  vol.s  ;  1855-60  ;  vol.s  in-v  separately 
publ.  as  4t  Kritischer  Katalog  der  sammthchen 
Werke  nebst  Analysen  derselben  .  .  ."  [1860], 
and  vol.  i  as  "Beethoven:  eine  Biographic" 
[2nd  ed.  1879])  I  an.d  "  ^ie  grossen  Pianoforte- 
virtuosen  unsrer  Zeit "  (brief  character-sketches 
of  Liszt,  Chopin,  Tausig,  and  Henselt ;  1872  ; 
Engl.  transl.  New  York,  1898). 

Leo,  Leonardo,  with  Scarlatti,  Durante,  and 
Feo  one  of  the  founders,  and  an  eminent  teacher, 
of  the  1 1  Neapolitan  "  school  of  composition  ;  b. 
San  Vito  degli  Schiavi,  Brindisi,  1694;  d.  Na. 
pies,  1746.  Pupil  of  Aless.  Scarlatti  and  N. 
Fago  at  the  Cons,  della  Pieti  de'  Turchini, 
Naples,  and  of  Pitoni,  Rome ,  1716,  2nd  mat* 


349 


LEONARD— LEON! 


stro  in  the  above  Cons.,  and  mac\ho  at  the 
cathedral;  1717,  maestiv  at  Santa  Maria  della 
Sohtaria.  After  the  success  of  some  cantatas 
which  he  produced,  he  was  app.  organist  to  the 
court ;  and  later  became  instructor  in  the  Cons, 
di  Sant1  Onofrio,  where  he  trained  many  illus- 
trious pupils ,  Pergolebi,  Jommelli,  Ficcmni, 
Sacchim,  Traetta.  In  1713  he  brought  out  a 
dramatic  oratorio,  //  tuonfo  della  castittl  di 
SanfAlasw,  at  the  Cons.  His  first  opera  was 
Svfomsbc  (Naples,  1718) ;  it  was  followed  by 
nearly  60  others,  //  autnv  Don  Chisciotte  (hn- 
ished  1748  by  Pietro  Gomez)  being  the  last. 
His  career  was  abruptly  ended  by  a  stroke  of 
apoplexy  while  he  was  sitting  at  the  harpsichord. 
— Work's  Besides  operas,  3  more  oratorios, 
5  masses,  magnificats,  Misereres,  Credos,  Dixits, 
motets,  hymns,  responses,  etc.  (most  celebrated 
of  all  is  a  giand  Miserere  for  double  [S-part] 
choir  a  cappella,  ranking  with  Pergolesi's  famous 
Stabat  Mater) ;  also  6  'cello-concertos  w.  string- 
quartet  ;  2  books  of  organ-fugues ;  several 
clavichord-toccatas  ;  etc.  Most  are  in  MS.  at 
Naples,  Rome,  Berlin,  and  Paris  A  few  have 
been  publ.  in  modern  collections,  etc  :  A  duet 
from  Demofoonte,  and  an  aria  from  La  ckmenza 
di  Tito,  in  Gevaert's  "  Gloires  d'ltalie";  the 
above  Miserere  in  Cotnmer's  **  Musica  sacra," 
vol  viii, — also  separately  by  Choron,  Paris,  and 
Schlesinger,  Berlin  ;  one  Dixit  dominus  a  8  by 
Stanford,  London,  and  another  a  5  by  Kummel 
in  his  "Sammlung,  etc.";  a  Credidi  propter,  a 
Tu  es  sacerdos,  and  a  Miserere  a  4,  in  Braune's 
**  Caciha  "  ;  a  Di  quanta  pena  and  an  Et  incar- 
natus  est,  in  Rochlitz's  "Sammlung  vorzug- 
licher  Gesangstucke";  many  solfeggi  w.  bass, 
in  Levesque  and  Beche's  "  Solfeges  d'ltalie." 

Leonard,  Hubert,  eminent  violinist  and 
teacher ;  b.  Bellaire,  n.  Liege,  Belgium,  Apr.  7, 
1819 ;  d  Paris, 
May  6,  1890.  His 
first  violin-teacher 
was  Rouma,  at 
Lie'ge ;  he  then 
became  a  pupil  of 
Habeneck  at  the 
Paris  Cons.  (1836-  jj 
9),  also  playing  in 
the  orchestras  of 
the  Th.  des  Yan- 
etes,  Opera-Co- 
mique,  and  Grand 
Ope"ra.  From 
1844-8,  extended 
and  successful  concert-tours ;  then  succeeded 
de  Beriot  as  first  prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the 
Brussels  Cons.  On  account  of  ill-health  he 
gave  up  his  position  in  1867,  thenceforward 
living  in  Paris  as  a  teacher. — Publ.  works  •  "Pe- 
tite gymnastique  du  jeune  violoniste";  u  Gym- 
nastique  du^  violoniste";  "24  Etudes  clas- 
siques  ";  "  Etudes  harmoniques  "  ;  a  method  for 
\iolin,  "licole  Leonard";  **  L'ancienne  ecole 
italienne,"  a  coll.  of  special  studies  in  double- 


stopping,  incl.  works  by  Corelli,  Tartini,  Gc- 
mmiani,  and  Nardini ;  also  5  -violin-concertos, 
6  concert-pieces  w.  pf . ;  a  serenade  f.  3  violins, 
a  concert-duo  f.  2  \iolins,  fantasias  and  mor- 
ceaux  de  genre  ;  many  duos  w.  pf . 

Leoncavallo,  Ruggiero,  Italian  diamatic 
composert  fine  pianist,  man  of  letters  ,  b.  Na- 
ples, Mar.  8,  1858. 
He  attended  the  Na- 
ples Cons  ,  and  at 
16  made  a  piamstic 
tour.  His  first 
opera,  To  mm  a  so 
Chattet  ton,  was  a 
failure  at  its  initial 
production,  though 
very  successful  when  ; 
revived  in  Rome, 
1896.  An  enthusi- 
astic admirer  of  ' 
Wagner's  works, 
their  study,  and  the 
master's  personal  encouragement,  inspired  him 
to  write  and  set  to  music  an  "historic  play," 
the  trilogy  Crepuscidutn  (I.  /  Medici  ;  II.  Ge- 
rolamo  Savonarola  ;  III.  Cesar e  Borgia},  depict- 
ing the  Italian  Renascence.  Basic  historical 
researches  for  this  work  occupied  6  years.  He 
then  travelled  as  a  concert-pianist,  to  earn  his 
living,  through  Egypt,  Greece,  Turkey,  Ger- 
many, Belgium,  Holland,  etc.,  to  Paris,  where^ 
he  sojourned  several  years.  Here  an  opera, 
Songe  d'une  nuit  d\{tt,  was  privately  performed," 
and  many  songs  published.  His  first  stage- 
success,  the  2-act  opera  seria  /jPqp/rtfu/ (Milan, 
Dal  Verme  Th.,  1892),  has  also  been  given  in 
Germany  (1893,  as  Der  Bajazso),  Paris,  Lon- 
don, etc.;  it  is  of  the  Cavailena  ruslicana 
(blood-and-thunder)  variety.  The  first  part  of 
the  trilogy,  the  4-act  /  Medici,  was  coolly  re- 
ceived at  La  Scala  in  Milan,  1893.  Then  came 
the  successful  revival  of  Tommaso  Chattertou 
(Rome,  Mar.  10, 1896) ;  and  his  latest,  the  4-act 
opera  La  Bohtme  (Venice,  La  Fenice  Th.,  1897), 
has  done  well  in  Italy.  He  has  also  prod,  a 
symphonic  poem,  "  Serafitus-Serafita." 

Le'onhard,  Julius  Emil,  b.  Lauban,  June 
13,  1810 ;  d.  Dresden,  June  23,  1883.  Prof,  of 
pf.  at  Munich  Cons.,  1852 ;  at  Dresden  Cons., 
1859. — Works  .  Oratorio  Johannes  der  Taitfer  ; 
3  cantatas  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  symphony  in 
E  min. ;  overture  to  Oehlenschlager's  Axel  und 
Walpitrg;  a  pf.- sonata;  2  violin -sonatas,  3 
string-trios,  a  pf. -quartet,  etc. 

Leo'ni,  Leone,  church-composer  and  ;;/.  di 
capp.  at  Vicenza  Cathedral.— Publ.  5  books  of 
5-part  madrigals  (1588-1602) ;  2"  books  of  mo- 
tets, a  6  and  8  (1603,  1608) ;  2  ditto  a  2-4,  w. 
organ-bass  (1606,  1608 ;  2nd  ed.  1609-10,  as 
"Sacri  fiori");  2  ditto  a  1-3,  w.  organ-bass 
(1609-11);  "Omnis  psalmodia  solemnitatum  8 
vocum"  (1613);  "  Prima  parte  dell'Aurea  co- 
rona, mgemmata  di  armonici  concerti  a  10,  eon 


350 


LEONI— LE  SUEUR 


4  voci  c  6  istromenti "  (1615) ;  and  "  Salmi  a  S 
voci  "  (1623)  Detached  pieces  in  collections. 

Leo'ni,  Carlo,  contemporary  Italian  com- 
poser, has  prod  the  3-act  operetta  Per  un  baao 
(Siena,  1894),  and  text  and  music  of  the  3-act 
comic  opera  Urbane,  ossia  k  avvwture  Ji  una 
nottc  (Pienza,  iSgG  ;  succ.) 

Leo'ni,  Franco,  contemporary  composer, 
has  prod,  the  cantata  SarJanaj/wlus  (London, 
180,6),  and  the  romantic  comic  opera  AY/  i*ati 
jnnMf(U.  M.'s  Th  ,  London,  1897,  succ.) ; 
also  songs. 

Leono'wa  [Leono'va],  Dapya  Mikai- 
lovna,  distinguished  dramatic  contralto ,  b 
Govt.  Tver,  Russia,  1825  ;  d  St  Petersburg, 
Feb  10,  1896.'  Studied  5  years  with  Ghnka  at 
the  Imp.  Opera-School,  St.  Petersburg ;  debut, 
at  1 8,  as  Vania  in  A  Life  for  the  Czar ;  she 
also  sang  Ratmir  in  Russian  and  Ludmilla, 
and  leading  roles  in  AVgvfcY/0,  William  Ratchff^ 
Boris  Goditnoiv,  The  Maiden  of  Pskoi^  etc. 
Triumphant  tour  through  Siberia,  China,  Japan, 
America,  and  western  Europe,  in  1879. 

Leroux,  Xavier-Henri-Napole*on,  b.  Vel- 
letri,  Papal  States,  Oct.  n,  1863.  Pupil  of 
Dubois  and  Massenet  at  Paris  Cons. ;  ist  Grand 
prix  de  Rome,  1885  — Works  •  Cantata  Mndy- 
miau  ;  5-act  opera  Clfop&tre  (1890) ;  lyric  drama 
&vangttinc  (Brussels,  1895);  music  to  *Eschy- 
lus'  Persians;  a  mass  w.  orch.;  a  dram,  over- 
ture "Ilarald";  and  the  unperf.  operas  77x7- 
liam  Ratctiff  vend.  r£pave.  Also  motets,  songs, 
etc. 

Le  Roy,  Adrien.  Partner  of  Ballard.  See 
BALLARP. 

Lesage  de  Richee,  Philipp  Franz,  lutenist 
and  comp.;  pupil  of  Mouton ;  publ.  "Cabinet 
der  Lauten"  (1685),  98  pieces,  in  12  suites, 
noteworthy  exemplars  of  the  French  clavecin- 
style. 

Leschetiz'ky  [IS-she-tit'ske],  Theodor,  pi- 
anist and  famous  pedagogue ;  b.  Langert,  Aus- 
trian Poland,  in  1830. 
Pupil  of  his  father,  an 
eminent  teacher  in  Vi- 
enna ;  then  of  Czerny 
(pf.)  and  Sechter 
(comp  ).  In  his  fif- 
teenth year  he  began 
teaching ;  also  at- 
tended the  Univ.  as 
a  student  pf  philos- 
ophy until  its  closure 
in  1848  (the  revolu- 
tionary year) ;  made 
highly  successful  pro- 
fessional  tours 
1842-8,  and  1852, 
and  then  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  becoming  a 
teacher  in  the  Cons. ,  giving  many  private  les- 
sons, playing,  composing,  and  acting  as  con- 
ductor to  the  Grand  Duchess  Helen  during 
Rubinstein's  absences.  Ill-health  compelled 


him  to  leave  Russia  in  1878  ;  he  played  in  Lon- 
don, Holland,  Germany,  and  Vienna  t  here  he 
married  (iSSo)  hit>  former  pupil,  Annette  Essi- 
poff,  and  settled  as  a  teacher.  His  eftectue  pf.- 
compositions  include:  the  tfc  Souvenirs  d'ltalie" 
(6  pieces),  "  Suite  a  la  campagne,"  Menuetto 
capnccioso,  the  second  Nocturne  and  "  La  pe- 
tite coquette"  in  op.  12,  *4  Souvenir  de  St.- 
Peteisbourg"  (op.  15),  '*  Les  deux  alouettes" 
(op.  22),  Valse  chromatique,  Mazurkas  (op.  24), 
etc  He  also  prod,  an  opera,  Die  crstc  Falte 
(Prague,  1867  ;  Wiesbaden,  1881  ;  succ.) 

Leslie,  Ernest.  Pen-name  of  O.  I). 
LROWN. 

Leslie,  Henry  David,  noted  conductor  and 
composer,  b.  London,  June  18,  1822;  d.  in 
Wales,  Feb.  4,  1896.  Pupil  of  Charles  Lucas  , 
amateur 'cellist  in  the  Sacred  Harmonic  Soc.; 
Hon.  Secretary,  1847,  of  the  Amateur  Mus. 
Soc  ,  and  its  conductor  1853-61,  when  it  was 
dissolved.  In  1855  he  organized  (\vith  Hem- 
ing)  an  a  tappella  singing-society,  which  he 
cond.  1856-80,  it  won  the  1st  prize  at  Paris, 
1878,  in  the  International  Competition  ;  was 
disbanded  in  iSSo,  but  reorganized  1882  with 
Randegger  as  conductor  and  L.  as  president ; 
the  latter  resumed  the  conductorship  m  1885. — 
Works .  The  operas  Romance^  or  Bold  Did 
Turpin  (1857) ,  Ida  (1864) ;  the  oratorios  Im- 
mannel  (1853)  and  Judith  (1858  ;  Birmingham 
Mus.  Fe&t.);  the  cantatas  Holy  rood  (1860), 
Daughter  of  the  Isles  (1861),  and  a  u  biblical 
pastoral,"  The  frst  Christian  Morn  (1880; 
Brighton  Fest ) ,  festival  anthem,  *  *  Let  God 
arise "  ;  Te  Deum  and  Jubilate ;  a  symphony ; 
and  an  overture,  '*  The  Templar." 

Les'sel,  Franz,  b.  Warsaw,  about  1780 ;  d. 
Fetnkow,  in  March,  1839.  A  pupil  and  de- 
voted friend  of  Haydn  in  Vienna,  after  whose 
death  L.  returned  to  Poland  in  1810.  Sonatas 
a  -d  fantasias  f .  pf .  were  printed. 

Lessmann,  (W.  J.)  Otto,  b.  Rudersdorf,  n. 
Berlin,  Jan.  30,  1844.  Pupil  of  A  G.  Ritter  at 
Magdeburg  (org.  and  theory),  and,  at  Berlin,  of 
v.  Bulow  (pf.),  Kiel  (comp.),  and  Teschner 
(voice).  For  2  years  private  tutor  in  Count 
Bruhl's  family ;  teacher  at  Stern's  Cons. ;  then 
at  Tausig's  academy  until  the  latter's  death  in 
1871.  After  a  brief  interval  as  head  of  a 
piano-school  of  his  own,  he  became  (1872)  head 
of  the  mus.  department  at  the  "  Kaiserin  Au- 
gusta-Stiftung,"  Charlottenburg.  Since  1882, 
proprietor  and  editor  of  the  "  Allgem.  Musik- 
Zeitung."  He  is  a  well-known  mus.  critic ; 
has  publ.  several  songs ;  and  edited  the  and  ed. 
of  Weitzmann's  "  Geschichte  des  Klavier- 
spiels." 

Le  Sueur  (or  Lesueur),  Jean-Frangois,  b. 
Drucat-Plessiel,  near  Abbeville,  France,  Jan.  15, 
1764  ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  6,  1837.  At  7,  choir-boy 
in  the  mattrise  at  Abbeville  ;  a  few  months  later, 
in  the  cathedral  at  Amiens,  where  he  remained 
7  years.  1 1  is  college-course  was  broken  off  2 


351 


LEUCKART— LEVEY 


jears  after  by  his  acceptance  of  the  post  of 
maftr?  de  musique  at  Seez  Cath  ;  in  6  months  he 
became  under-master  of  music  at  the  Saints- 
Innocents,  Pans.  AbbeRoze  ga\e  him  slight 
aid  m  harmony  ,  he  was  really  self-taught  as  a 
composer.  In  turn  ///<z//;v  </V  musiqitt!  at  Dijon 
and  Le  Mans,  he  was  called  to  Paris  in  1784  as 
maitre  de  chctpellc  at  the  Innocents,  recommended 
by  Gretry  and  others.  In  the  competition  of 
1786,  L/won  the  post  of  M.  de  chap,  at  Notre- 
Dame,  Paris ;  here  he  organized  an  orchestra 
for  the  chief  church-festivals,  and  brought  out 
masses,  motets,  services,  etc  ,  w.  orch  ,  quite 
transforming  the  character  of  the  church-music, 
but  attracting  crowds  by  his  novel  and  brilliant 
effects,  in  the  nature  of  descriptive  music  (he 
was  Berlioz's  forerunner  in  France).  His  most 
bitter  opponents  (and  they  were  many)  dubbed 
his  music  "  TOpera  des  gueux  "  [Beggars'  Opera]. 
In  self-defence  he  publ.  an  "  Essai  de  musique 
sacree,  ou  musique  motivee  et  methodique,  pour  la 
fete  de  Noel,  i  la  messe  du  jour  "  (1787) ,  to  a  vio- 
lent anonymous  attack  he  replied  in  an  * l  Expose 
d'une  musique  unie,  imitative,  et  particuliere  i 
chaque  solennitt? .  .  ."(1787).  In  the  Preface  he 
avows  his  intent  of  making  church-music  4  4  dra- 
matic and  descriptive."  During  his  temporary 
absence,  the  music  was  reduced  to  the  old  footing; 
\\hereupon  he  retired  to  the  country,  and  spent 
4  happy  years  in  composing  ;  in  1793  he  brought 
out  a  3-act  opera,  La  Cavernf^  which  had  a  pop- 
ular success,  and  was  followed  in  1794  by  Paul  et 
n/27*ff,and  TtUmaque  (all  at  the  Th.  Feydeau). 
On  the  organization  of  the  Cons,  in  1795,  L.  was 
app.  inspector,  and  a  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Instruction ;  with  Mehul,  Langle,  Gossec 
and  Catul  he  wrote  the  "  Principes  elementaire 
de  la  musiquc,"  and  the  tl  Solfeges,"  used  in  the 
institution.  L.  was  dismissed  in  1802  on  account 
of  a  violent  altercation  ensuing  after  the  rejection, 
by  the  Opera,  of  two  of  his  operas  for  Semiramu^ 
written  by  Catel.  For  two  years  he  lived  in 
poverty  and  suffering,  when  Napoleon,  in  1804, 
raised  him  to  the  highest  position  attainable  by 
a  musician  in  Paris,  by  appointing  him  his  math  e 
de  iJiapdlt,  succeeding  Paisiello.  His  rejected 
opera,  Les  Bardes,  was  now  produced  uith  great 
<W«z/,  and  even  La  mort  d'Adam^  the  other  re- 
j'ected  work,  came  out  in  1809,  but  met  with  a 
cool  reception.  At  the  Restoration,  in  1814,  he 
was  made  superintendent  and  composer  to  the 
chapelle  du  roi,  holding  these  positions  till  1830. 
From  1817  he  also  acted  as  prof,  of  composi- 
tion in  the  Cons.;  and  from  1806-24  was  on  the 
mus.  jury  for  the  Opera.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Institut  in  1813 I  and  other  honors 
were  showered  upon  him.  L.  wrote  3  other  ope- 
ras, which  were  received  at  the  Grand  QpeVa,  but 
never  performed  ;  also  2  divertissements,  I' In- 
auguration du  temple  de  la  Vtctoire  (1807,  with 
Persuis),  and  Le  triomphe  de  Trajan  (1807); 
several  oratorios  (Deborah,  Rachel^  Ruth  et 
JToe'mi,  Ruth  et  Boaz)  ;  a  solemn  mass  f.  4  voices, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  a  cantata,  V Ombre  de  Sauhim; 
u  Christmas  oratorio  ;  3  Te  Deums ;  2  Passions; 


a  Stabat  Mater;  these,  and  some  other  works, 
\\ere  published;  he  left  many  more  (over  30 
masses)  in  MS.  He  also  publ.  a  *'  Notice  sur 
la  melopee,  la  rythmopee,  et  les  grands  carac- 
teres  de  la  musique  ancienne"  (Pans,  1793), 
and  a  sketch  of  Paisiello  (1816) ,  besides  numer- 
ous polemical  pamphlets  — Biographical  Raoul- 
Rochette,  "  Notice  historique  ..."  (Paris, 
1837),  Stephen  de  la  Madeleine,  **  Biographic  de 
J.-F.  Le  Sueur"  (1841);  and  Fouque,  "  L. 
comme  predecesseur  de  Berlioz." 

Leu'ckart ,  F.  Ernst  Christoph,  established  a 
music-business  at  IJresIau  m  1782,  it  was  acquired 
by  Constantine  Sander  in  1856,  who  removed  it 
to  Leipzig  in  1870,  and  added  to  it  by  buying 
out  the  firms  of  Weinhold  it  Forster  (Breslau), 
Damkohler  (Berlin),  and  Witzendorf  (Vienna). 
The  firm,  now  "  Constantin  Sander,  vormals 
F.  E.  C.  Leuckart,"  has  publ.  many  learned 
works  (e.  g.,  Ambros1  "  History"),  and  compo- 
sitions (those  of  Franz). 

Levasseur,  Pierre  -  Frangois,  'cellist ;  b. 
Abbeville,  France,  Mar.  u,  1753,  d.  soon  after 
serving  in  the  Grand  Opera  orch.  from  1785- 
1815.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Dupont,  and  publ.  12 
'cello-duets. 

Levasseur,  Jean-Henri,  also  a  "cellist,  and 
pupil  of  Dupont,  Jr.,  and  Cupis  ;  b  Paris,  1765  , 
d.  (?).  Member  of  the  Opera  orch.  1789-1823; 
prof,  of  'cello  in  the  Cons.,  and  belonged  to  the 
Imperial  (from  1814,  Ro>al)  chapelk  1795-1823. 
Publ.  sonatas,  etudes,  and  duets,  f.  'cello  ;  co- 
editor  of  the  'cello-method  used  in  the  Cons. 

Levasseur,  Rosalie,  soprano  at  the  Paris 
Opera  1766-85  ;  famous  in  leading  roles  of 
Gluck's  operas  until  supplanted  by  Mme.  Samt- 
Huberty. 

Levasseur,  Nicolas  -  Prosper,  celebrated 
dramatic  bass  ;  b.  in  Picardy,  Mar.  9,  1781 
Admitted  to  the  Cons,  in  1807,  he  entered 
Garat's  class  in  1811.  Debut  at  the  Opera, 
1813 ;  sang  during  season  of  1816  in  London ; 
rejoined  the  Ope"ra  in  that  year,  and  sang  sub- 
ordinate roles  until  1822,  when  his  success  at 
Milan,  in  Meyerbeer's  Marguerite  d*Anjou,  at- 
tracted attention,  and  he  was  engaged  for  5 
years  at  the  Theatre  Italien,  Paris,  and  from 
1828-45  took  leading  bass  r6les  at  the  OptJra. 
From  1841,  prof,  of  lyric  declamation  at  the 
Cons. 

Levens,  ,  maitre  de  imtsiqite  in  a  Bor- 
deaux church,  publ.  (1743)  an  <it  Abre"g^  des 
regies  de  THarmonie,  pour  apprendre  la  com- 
position, avec  un  nouveau  projet  sur  un  sys- 
teme  de  musique  sans  temperament  ni  cordes 
mobiles,"  in  which  he  ingeniously  (but  futilely) 
contrasts  the  ascending  harmonic  progression 
(overtones)  with  the  descending  arithmetic  pro- 
gression (undertones),  thereby  obtaining  a  dual 
harmonic  basis. 

Levey,  William  Charles,  b.  I')ublin>  Apr. 
25,  1837 ;  d.  London,  Aug.  18,  1894.  Pupil, 
from  1852,  of  Auber,  Thalberg,  and  Prudent,  at 


352 


LEVI— LICHTENSTEIN 


Paris.  I le  became  conductor  at  Covent  Garden, 
Drury  Lane  (1868-74,  and  later),  the  Haymarket, 
etc.,  and  brought  out  several  operas  and  ope- 
rettas (the  first  was  Fanchette,  1864) ,  also  music 
to  Anthony  and  Cleopatra  ;  various  pantomimes  , 
3  cantatas  ;  many  songs  ;  pf.-pieces,  etc 

Levi,  Hermann,  noted  conductor;  b.  Giessen, 
Nov.  7,  1839.  Pupil  of  V.  Lachner  at  Mann- 
heim 1852-5,  and  of  the  Leipzig  Cons  1855-8  ; 
mus.  dir.  at  Saarbrucken  1859-61;  conductor  of 
the  German  Opera  at  Rotterdam  1861-4  '»  court 
Kafellm.  at  Karlsruhe  1864-72  ;  from  1872, 
court  KapeUm.  at  Munich.  App.  "General- 
musikdirector  "  at  Munich  in  1894  ;  resigned  on 
account  of  ill-health,  and  pensioned,  in  1896 

Levi  (or  Levy,   Lewy),  Jacob.     See  L*- 

LERT. 

Lewandow'ski  [-dov1-],  Louis,b.  Wreschen, 
Posen,  Apr.  3,  1823  ,  d.  Berlin,  Feb.  4,  1894. 
Pupil  of  the  School  of  Composition  of  the  Berlin 
Akademie ;  mus.  dir.  of  the  Berlin  Synagogue 
from  1840.  Co-founder  of  the  Inst.  'for  Aged 
and  Indigent  Musicians,  which  owes  its  flourish- 
ing condition  in  great  part  to  him.  His  main 
work  was  as  a  singing -teacher  ;  he  comp.  orches- 
tral, vocal,  and  chamber-music. 

Lewy,  Eduard  Constantin,  horn-virtuoso  ; 
b.  Saint-Avoid,  Moselle,  Mar.  3, 1796  ;  d. Vienna, 
June  3,  1846.  Pupil  of  Domnich  in  the  Paris 
Cons. ;  from  1822,  ist  horn  at  the  Vienna  Court 
Opera,  and  prof,  in  the  Cons  — Joseph-Ro- 
dolphe,  his  brother  and  pupil  (b.  Nancy,  1804, 
d.  Oberlbssnitz,  n.  Dresden,  Feb.  9,  1881),  was 
ist  horn  in  "the  royal  orch.  at  Dresden. 

Lewy,  Charles,  son  of  Ed.  C.  L. ;  pianist 
and  jdJbw-composer ;  b.  Lausanne,  1823 ;  d. 
Vienna,  Apr.  30,  1883  —His  brother,  Richard 
Levy,  b.  Vienna,  1827,  d.  there  Dec.  31,  1883, 
was  a  player  on  the  French  horn,  and  a.  member 
of  the  court  orch.  at  13  ;  later,  Inspector-in- 
Chief,  and  stage-manager,  of  the  court  opera- 
Noted  singing-teacher  (Mallinger,  Sembrich, 
and  Lucca  were  among  his  pupils). 

Ley'bach,  Ignace,  b.  Gambsheim,  Alsatia, 
July  17, 1817  ;  d.  Toulouse,  May  23, 1891.  Pupil, 
in  Paris,  of  Pixis,  Kalkbrenner,  and  Chopin  ;  in 
1 844,  organist  at  Toulouse  Cathedral.  Excellent 
pianist  and  teacher.  His  pf.-pieces  (225  num- 
bers) are  "  easy,  pretentious,  and  pleasing"  (e.  g.. 
Nocturnes  op.  3  and  4  ;  "  Aux  bords  du  Ganges  " 
[Mendelssohn],  op.  42  ;  Bolero  bnllant,  op.  61; 
Ballade,  op.  19 ;  Valse  poe'tique,  op.  216 ;  "  Les 
batelieres  de  Naples  ") ;  he  also  publ.  an  exten- 
sive Organ-method  in  3  vot.s  (350  pieces) ;  con- 
cert-pieces f .  harmonium ;  motets  and  songs  w. 
org  ;  etc. 

Li'adoff(or  Liadow),Anatole,  b.  St.  Peters- 
burg, Apr.  29,  1855.  Studied  at  the  Cons, 
under  Johansen  (cpt.  and  fugue)  and  Rimsky- 
Korsakov  (raus.  form  and  instrumentation). 
Since  1878,  prof,  of  harmony  and  theory  at  the 
St.  P.  Cons.;  also  to  the  Imp.  Chapel,  Since 


1894,  conductor  of  the  concerts  of  the  Mus.  Soc. 
His  works,  chiefly  f.  pf.,are  technically  difficult, 
and  of  elegant  and 
distinguished  origi- 
nality Op.  3,  Six 
morceaux ;  op.  4,  four 
Arabesques ,  op.  7 
and  8,  Intermezzi ; 
op.  n,  Prelude  and  // 
Mazurka;  op  13,  '  ' 
four  preludes ;  op. 

20,  Novellette ;  op. 

21,  Ballade,  op.  28, 
three  Preludes  ,  op. 
31,  Deux  morceaux ; 
further,      mazurkas, 
waltzes,  impromptus, 
bagatelles,  idyls,  sketches,  etc. 

Lia'punov  (or  Liapounow),  Serge  Michail- 
ovitch,  b.  Jaroslavl,  Russia,  Nov.  18,  1859. 
Student  1878-83  at  Moscow  Cons,  under  Klind- 
worth  and  Pabst  (pf.),  and  Hubert  (comp.).  He 
is  sub-director  of  the  Imperial  Choir  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  a  member  of  the  Imp.  Geographical 
Soc.,  in  which  latter  capacity  he  was  commis- 
sioned in  1893  to  collect  the  folk-songs  in  the 
Governments  of  Vologda,  Viatna,  and  Kostroma 
(publ.  w  pf  -accomp.  .in  1897) ;  since  1894,  he 
is  also  music-master  to  Grand  Duke  Michel 
Alexandrovitch. — Publ.  works :  Op.  i,  £tude, 
Intermezzo,  and  Valse,  f.  pf.;  op.  4,  pf. -con- 
certo ;  op  5,  Impromptu  f.  pf  ;  op.  6,  7  Pre- 
ludes f.  pf. — Unpubl.:  A  Ballade,  anOuverture 
solennelle,  and  a  symphony,  f.  orch. 

Libe'lius.    Incorrect  spelling  of  SIBELIUS. 

Lich'ner,  Heinrich,  b.  Harpersdorf,  Silesia, 
Mar.  6,  1829 ;  d.  Breslau,  Jan.  S,  1898.  Pupil 
of  Karow,  at  Bunzlau ;  Dehn,  at  Berlin  ;  and 
Mosewius,  Baumgart,  and  Ad.  Hesse,  at  Bres- 
lau,  where  he  became  cantor  and  organist  of  the 
Church  of  the  11,000  Virgins,  and  cond.  of  the 
S&ngfrbumL — Works :  Popular  pf.-pieces  (rather 
commonplace  sonatinas,  etc.)  ;  psalms,  choral 
music,  and  songs. 

Lich'tenberg,  Leopold,  violin-virtuoso  ;  b. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Nov.  22,  1861.  Taught 
by  Beaujardin,  he  played  in  a  concert  at  S  ;  at 
12,  Wieniawski  took  him  as  his  pupil  and  aid 
on  a  tour  through  the  United  States.  Later, 
after  6  months  under  Lambert  at  Paris,  L.  re- 
joined Wieniawski  at  Brussels,  and  studied  hard 
for  3  years,  then  winning  the  first  prize  of  honor 
at  the  national  "concours."  A  successful  tour 
in  Holland  was  followed  by  a  season  in  New 
York,  etc.,  with  Th.  Thomas,  when  L.  made  a 
3-year  European  tournfa^  another  successful 
American  trip,  lived  in  Boston  for  some  time  as 
a  member  of  the  Symphony  Orch.,  and  is  now 
(1899)  head  of  the  violin-department  in  the  Na- 
tional Cons,  at  New  York.  Both  in  technical 
finish  and  emotional  power,  L.  ranks  high  among 
living  virtuosi. 

Lich'tenstein,  Karl  August,  Freiherr  von, 


353 


LICHTENTHAL— LILLO 


b.  Lahm,  Franconia,  Sept.  S,  1767  ;  d  Berlin, 
Sept.  10,  1845.  Intendant  of  court  theatres  at 
Dessau  dygSj,  Vienna  (1800),  Bamberg  (iSn), 
and  Berlin  (1823  ;  director  of  the  opera,  1825). 
Composed  1 1  operas,  and  numerous  vaudevilles. 

Lich'tenthal,  Peter,  cump.  and  \\riter,  b 
Pressburg,  1780  ;  d.  Milan,  Aug  18,  1853, 
\\here  he  had  settled  in  iSio.  Trod.  3  operas 
and  4  ballets  at  La  Scala  ,  publ.  a  string-quar- 
tet, 2  pf. -trios,  and  pf. -pieces  Wrote  "  Har- 
monik  fur  Damen"  (1806) ;  "  Der  musikalische 
Arzt "  (1807  ;  on  the  healing  power  of  music  ; 
Ttal.  ed.  1811) ;  "  Orpheik,  oder  Anweisung, 
die  Regeln  der  Composition  auf  erne  leichte  und 
fassliche  Art  211  erlernen  "  (1807) ;  "  Cenni  bio- 
graphici  intorno  al  celebre  maestro  \V.  A.  Mo- 
zart" (1814),  '*  Mozart  e  le  sue  creazioni " 
(1842)  ;  "  Estetica,  ossiadottrina  del  hello  e  delle 
belle  arti"  (1831);  uDizionario  e  bibhografia 
della  musica"  (1826  ;  4  vol.s,  the  last  two  con- 
taining bibliography  ;  his  magnum  of  its). 

Lie,  Erica,  [Mme.  Nissen,]  b.  Kongsvinger, 
n.  Christiania,  Jan.  17,  1845.  Pianist,  pupil  of 
Kjerulf  (1860),  and,  at  Berlin,  of  Th.  Kullak 
(1861-6) ;  the  latter  engaged  her  as  a  teacher 
in  his  Acad.,  and  persuaded  her  to  give  a  con- 
cert, the  success  of  which  encouraged  her  to 
make  a  tour  in  Germany,  and  to  Copenhagen 
and  Stockholm  (elected  member  of  the  Royal 
Acad.J.  Gave  concerts  in  Germany  in  1871, 
then  returning  to  Christiania,  where  she  is  now 
living  as  a  teacher  and  concert-pianist  of  high 
reputation. 

Lie'be,  Eduard  Ludwig,  b.  Magdeburg, 
Nov.  19,  1819.  Pupil  of  Spohr  and  Baldewein 
at  Kassel  ;  raus.  dir.  at  Koblenz,  Mayence,  and 
Worms ;  taught  for  some  years  in  Strassburg ; 
now  in  London. — Works :  Opera  Die  Brautvon 
Asola  (Karlsruhe,  1868) ;  has  publ.  popular 
songs,  and  pf. -pieces  ;  other  comp.s  MS. 

Lie'bich,  Ernst  (Johann  Gottlob),  b.  Bres- 
lau,  Apr.  13,  1830;  d.  there  Sept.  23,  1884. 
Eminent  violin-maker,  the  successor  of  his  fa- 
ther and  grandfather,  and  trained  in  the  work- 
shops of  Vuillaume  (Paris),  Hart  (London),  and 
Bausch  (Leipzig).  His  instr.s  have  taken  sev- 
eral first  prizes. 

Lie'biff,  Karl,  b.  Schwedt,  July  25,  1808  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Oct.  6, 1872.  At  first  "Stabsoboist" 
in  the  Alexander  Grenadier  Regt.,  Berlin,  he 
established  in  1843  an  independent  orchestra, 
the  Berlin  "  Symphoniekapelle,"  which  attained 
such  a  high  standard  that  it  was  employed  for 
the  concerts  of  the  Singakademie^  for  the  Kunst- 
ler-Coticerte,  etc.  In  1860  he  was  made  R. 
Music-Director.  In  1867  his  orchestra  deserted 
him,  and  elected  Prof.  Stern  conductor ;  L.  did 
his  best  to  organize  another  orch.,  but  the  new 
one  never  became  as  good  as  the  old. — Julius 
L.,  his  son  (1838-1885),  was  Kapettm.  at  Ems 
for  many  years. 

Lieb'ling,  Exnil,  fine  concert-pianist;  b. 
Pless,  Silesia,  Apr.  12, 1851.  Studied  the  piano 


with  Ehrlich  and  Th.  Kullak  at  Berlin,  Dachs 
in  Vienna,  and  Liszt  at  Weimar ;  composition 
with  H.  Dorn,  Berlin.  Has  been  in  America 
since  1867,  and  in  Chicago  since  1872,  actively 
engaged  as  a  concert-pianist,  teacher,  and  con- 
tributor to  several  papers. — Chief  publ.  works 
(i)  Forpf  ,  Gavotte  moderne,  op.  ir  ;  Florence 
Valse,  op.  12  ;  Feu  foliet,  op.  17  ;  Albumblatt, 
op.  1 8  ;  two  Romances,  op.  20  and  21  ;  Cradle- 
song,  op.  23 ;  Canzonetta,  op.  26 ;  Menuetto 
scherzoso,  op.  28  ;  Mazurka  de  concert,  op  30 ; 
Spring  Song,  op.  335(2)  Songs,  "  Adieu," 
*'  Dost  thou  remember,"  and  others. 

Lieblifig,  Georg,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  22,  1865. 
Piano-pupil  of  Th.  and  Fr.  Kullak,  and  later  of 
Liszt ;  studied  comp  with  H.  Urban  and  H. 
Dorn.  i8Sp-5,  teacher  in  Kullak's  Acad  ;  1881, 
first  professional  tour  in  Germany  and  Austria. 
First  Berlin  concert  in  Oct.,  1884,  was  very 
successful.  European  tours  1885-9  Court 
pianist  to  Duke  of  Koburg  (1890).  Among  his 
elegant  jar/tfw-comp.s  may  be  noted  op.  15,  Suite 
&  la  Watteau  ;  his  op.  5,  the  vocal  "  Lieblings- 
walzer,"  has  been  sung  by  Nikita  at  over  100 
concerts.  He  has  publ.  over  a  score  of  works. 

Lie'nau,  Robert,  music-publisher  in  Berlin  ; 
b.  Neustadt,  Holstein,  Dec.  28,  1838.  Pur- 
chased Schlesinger's  business  (Berlin)  in  1864, 
and  Haslinger's  (Vienna)  in  1875 ;  with  the 
latter  he  acquired  the  most  important  works  of 
Weber,  Meyerbeer,  Liszt,  Spohr,  etc. 

Li'liencron,  Rochus,  Freiherr  von,  eminent 
writer  on  music  ;  b.  Plon,  Holstein,  Dec.  8, 
1820.  Studied  jurisprudence  and  philology  at 
Kiel,  Berlin,  and  Copenhagen  ,  was  prof,  of 
the  German  language  and  literature  at  Jena 
1852-5,  then  privy  councillor  at  Saxe-Mein- 
ingen ;  in  1858  he  accepted  the  invitation  of 
the  newly  organized  Historical  Commission  at 
Munich  to  collect  and  annotate  the  historical 
German  folk-songs  of  the  middle  ages  (publ.  as 
"Historische  Volkslieder  der  Deulschen  vom 
I3.-I6.  Jahrhundert "  in  4  vol.s  ;  Leipzig,  1865- 
9).  In  1869  he  settled  in  Munich,  and  was 
ejected  foreign  member  in  ordinary  of  the  Bava- 
rian Acad.  of  Sciences. —Other  works  :  4l  C.  E. 
F.  Weyse  und  die  danische  Musik  seit  dem 
vongen  Jahrhundert"  (8th  annual  series,  1878) ; 
"Ober  den  Chorgesang  in  der  evangelischen 
Kirche"  (1881,  in  "  Zeit-  und  Streitfragen," 
No.  144) ;  biography  of  J.  B.  Cramer  in  the 
"Allgem.  deutsche  Biographic";  "Deutsches 
Leben  im  Volkslied  urn  1530"  (the  finest  Ger- 
man folk-songs  of  the  i6th  century,  with  melo- 
dies ;  in  volume  ii  of  Kurschner-Spemann's 
"Deutsche  Nationallitteratur ")  ;  "Ober  Kir- 
chenmusik  und  Kirchenconcert "  (in  the  2nd 
annual  report  of  the  "Verem  fur  evang.  Kir- 
chenmusik");  "Cber  Entstehung  der  Chor- 
musik  innerhalb  der  Liturgie  "  (in  the  Magde- 
burg "Evang.  Kirchen-Zeitung ") ;  etc. 

LiTlo,  Giuseppe,  pianist  and  dram.  comp. ; 
b.  Galatma,  Lecce,  Italy,  Feb.  26,  1814  ;  d.  Na- 


354 


LIMNANDER— LINDER 


pies,  Feb.  4,  1863.  Pupil  of  Furno,  Lanza,  and 
Zingarelli  in  the  Naples  Cons.  Having  good 
luck  with  his  dramatic  firstling,  Una  meghe  per 
24  ore  (Cons,  theatre,  1834),  he  launched  out  as 
an  opera-composer,  and  up  to  1842  prod.  9  more 
operas,  Vosteriad"Andujar(Rz$\iis>,  1840)  being 
the  best  and  most  successful.  Much  ill-success 
having  disgusted  him,  he  turned  to  teaching, 
and  m  1846  was  app  teacher  of  harmony,  etc., 
in  Naples  Cons.,  where,  in  1859,  he  succeeded 
C.  Conti  as  teacher  of  cpt.  and  comp.  From 
1849-53  he  prod  6  more  operas,  generally  with 
slight  success.  A  disorder  of  the  brain  put  an 
end  to  his  career  in  1861. — Other  works  Sym- 
phonies ;  a  pf. -quartet ,  much  good  piano-music; 
also  church-music. 

Limnan'der  de  Nieuw'enhove,  Armand 
Marie  Ghislain,  b.  Ghent,  May  22,  1814 ;  d. 
Moignanville,  Aug.  15,  1892.  Pupil  of  Lambil- 
lotte  at  Freiburg,  and  of  Fetis  at  Paris  ,  founded 
a  singing-society,  "Reunion  lyrique,"at  Malines; 
lived  thereafter  at  Paris. — Works .  The  comic 
operas  Les  Montenegrins  (Op. -Com.,  1849),  L* 
chateau  de  la  Barbe-Bleu  (1851) ;  and  Yvonne 
(1859)  I  a  grand  opera,  Le  mattre-chanteiir(^^ 
ra,  1853),  another,  La  Messe  de  minmt  (MS  ) ; 
Scenes  druidiques,  f.  orch.  ;  church-music,  a 
'cello-sonata,  a  string-quartet,  songs,  etc. 

Lin'cke,  Joseph,  b.  Trachenberg,  Silesia, 
June  8,  1783  ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar  26,  1837.  'Cel- 
list in  the  famous  Rasumovski  Quartet ;  played 
in  Schuppanzigh's  soire'es  ;  was  1st  'cello  in  the 
Th.  an  der  Wien,  finally  at  the  Vienna  Court 
Opera.  Comp.  Variations  f .  'cello. 

Lind,  Jenny,  famous  soprano,  called  "the 
Swedish  Nightingale";  b.  Stockholm,  Oct.  6, 
1820 ;  d.  at  her  villa,  Wynds  Point,  Malvern 
\Vells,  Nov.  2,  1887.  Admitted  to  the  school  of 
singing  connected  with  the  Court  Th.,  she  stud- 
ied under  Berg  and  Lindblad,  making  her  debut 
in  March,  1838,  as  Agathe  in  Der  Freischutz, 
afterwards  singing  Euryanthe,  Alice  (Robert  le 
Diable),  and  Giulia  (La  Vestale).  Although  emi- 
nently successful,  she.was  not  satisfied  with  the 
quality  of  her  voice,  and  in  June,  1841,  went  to 
Manuel  Garcia  in  Paris,  who  gave  her  lessons 
for  nine  months.  Meyerbeer,  on  hearing  her  then, 
predicted  a  brilliant  future.  Though  she  sang 
at  the  Ope'ra  in  1842,  she  was  not  engaged.  In 
1844  she  went  to  Berlin,  studied  German,  and 
sang  the  r61e  of  Vielka,  in  Meyerbeer's  Feldlager 
in  Schlesien^  with  great  applause.  Then  began 
a  triumphal  progress  through  Hamburg,  Co- 
logne, and  Koblenz  (April,  1845),  and  ma  Copen- 
hagen to  her  native  city ;  sang  in  the  Leipzig 
Gewandhaus  Dec.  6,  1845,  was  engaged  for  the 
Vienna  Opera,  and  appeared  there  Apr.  18, 1846. 
Her  London  ddbut,  put  off  by  all  sorts  of  excuses 
and  advertised  in  every  way  in  order  to  inflame 
public  curiosity,  was  on  May  4, 1847,  at  H.  M/s 
Th.,  as  Alice  in  Robert.  She  leaped  at  once  to 
the  pinnacle  of  fame;  u  the  town,  sacred  and 
profane,  went  mad  about  the  Swedish  nightin- 
gale," says  Chorley.  Her  voice,  with  a  compass 


from  d^es,  was  "a soprano  of  bright,  thrilling, 
and  remarkably  sympathetic  quality  "  ;  she  was 
an  unrivalled  coloratura  singer,  \\onderfully  long- 
breathed,  and  showed  exquisite  taste  in  her  ca- 
denze,  which  she  usually  invented  Her  imper- 
sonations of  La  Sonnambula,  Lucia,  Giuha  (La 
Vestale)^  created  a  furore.  Nevertheless,  she  left 
the  operatic  stage  in  1849  (her  last  appearance 
was  in  Robert,  May  iS),  to  become  the  chief  or- 
nament of  the  concert-stage,  a  position  which 
she  held  undisputed  until  1870  From  1850-2 
she  toured  the  United  States,  reaping  a  golden 
harvest  (§120,000) ;  she  married  Otto  Gold- 
schmidt  in  Boston,  Feb.  5,  1852  ;  went  by  way 
of  Holland  to  Dresden,  where  she  remained  a 
long  time  ;  and  returned  to  London  in  1856,  fre- 
quently appearing  in  public  Goldschmidt  con- 
ducted the  *"  Bach  Choir"  for  a  time,  and  she 
sang  both  at  rehearsals  and  performances.  Her 
final  public  appearance  was  at  Dusseldorf  in  her 
husband's  oratorio  Ruth  (Rhenish  Mus.  Fest., 
1870).  Her  private  life  was  as  admirable  as  her 
public  repute  ;  her  generosity  was  unbounded  ; 
her  modesty  and  nobility  of  soul  have  been  the 
theme  of  enthusiastic  eulogy. — Biographical  • 
"Jenny  Lmd,  die  schwedische  Nachtigall" 
1845  (also  in  Swedish)  ;  "Jenny  Lind,  eine  Skizze 
ihres  Lebens"  (by  A.  J.  Becher,  1847) ;"  G. 
Meyerbeer  and  Jenny  Lind"  (by  J.  B.  Lyser, 
1847) ;  "  Memoirs  of  Madame  Jenny Lind-Gold- 
schmidt,  1820-51  "(by  Holland  and  Rockstro  ;  2 
vol.s,  1891). — A  bust  of  Jenny  Lind  \vas  unveiled 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  Apr.  20,  1894. 

Lind'blad,  Adolf  Fredrik,  b.  Lofvingsborg, 
n.  Stockholm,  Feb.  i,  1801 ;  d.  there  Aug.  23, 
1878.  Pupil  of  Zelter  in  Berlin  ;  lived  in  Stock- 
holm from  1835.  His  numerous  songs,  tinged 
with  national  (Swedish)  color,  won  deserved 
popularity,  especially  after  Jenny  Lind,  his  pu- 
pil, sang  them  in  public. — Works :  An  opera, 
Frondenrerna;  symphony  in  C  (Gewandhaus, 
1839)  ;  duo  f.  pf.  and  vln  ;  vocal  duets,  terzets, 
and  quartets  ;  his  songs  w.  pf.  earned  him  the 
title  of  "the  Schubert  of  the  North.*' 

Lia'den,  Karl  van  der,  b.  Dordrecht,  Apr. 
24,  1839.  Pupil  of  Kwast  (pf.)  and  F.  Bohme 
(theory).  1860,  cond.  of  the  Harmonic  at  Dor- 
drecht, later  also  of  the  Liedertajel^  "  Ido's 
Mannenkoor";  bandmaster  of  the  Nat.  Guard, 
and  (1875)  cond.  of  the  grand  concerts  of  the 
Netherland  Musicians'  Assoc.  He  occupies  a 
high  place  among  Dutch  conductors  and  com- 
posers.— Works:  2  cantatas  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.,  De  starrenhemel  and  Kunstsin  (both 
publ.);  many  songs.  In  MS.  are  2  operas,  7 
overtures,  part-songs,  pf. -sonatas,  etc. 

Lin'der,  Gottfried,  b.  Ehingen,  July  22, 
1842.  Pupil,  and  from  1868  teacher,  in  Stutt- 
gart Cons.;  "Professor"  in  1879. — Works:  2 
operas,  Dotnrdsihen  (1872)  and  Conradin  von 
Schwaben  (1879);  " Waldlegende "  f.  orch.; 
overture  "Aus  nordischer  Heldenzeit";  trios; 
songs. 


355 


LINDLEY— LIPSIUS 


Lind'ley,  Robert,  English  'cellist ;  b.  Roth- 
erham,  Yorkshire,  Mar.  4,  1777;  d.  London, 
June  13,  1855.  'Cellist  in  Brighton  Th.;  1st 
'cello  at  the  R.  Opera,  London,  1794-1851, 
succeeding  Sperati.  Compositions  unimportant. 

Lind'ner,  Friedrich,  b.  Liegnitz,  about 
1540 ;  d.  as  cantor  of  the  Aegidienkirche,  Nu- 
remberg — Publ.  "  Canlionae  sacrae  "  (2  books, 
1585-88);  masses  a  5  (1591),  "Gemma  musi- 
calis  "  (3  books,  1588,  '89,  '90 ,  coll.  of  madri- 
gals, part  by  himself) ;  *"  Corollarium  cantionum 
sacrarum  "  (3  parts,  1590  ;  motets). 

Lind'ner,  horn-player  ;  b.  Lobenstem,  1808 ; 
d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  20,  1867,  as  a  member  of  the 
Gewandhaus  Orch. 

Lind'ner,  Ernst  Otto  Timotheus,  b. 
Breslau,  1820  ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug  7,  1867.  Editor 
of  the  "Vossische  Zeitung";  musical  writer 
and  lecturer ;  cond.  the  Berlin  Bach-Verein  for 
some  years. — Fubl.  "  Meyerbeers  Prophet  als 
Kunstwerk  beurtheilt"  (1850);  "Die  erste 
stehende  deutsche  Oper"  (1855;  2  vol  s) ; 
"Zur  Tonkunst.  Abhandlungen "  (1864); 
41  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Liedes  im  18. 
Jahrhundert"  (1871 ;  edited  by  Erk). 

Lind'ner,  August,  b.  Dessau,  Oct.  29, 
1820;  d.  Hanover,  June  15,  1878.  Fine  'cell- 
ist ;  ibt  'cello  in  the  court  orch.  at  Hanover 
from  1837.  A  pupil  of  Drechsler.  Comp.  a 
'cello-concerto  ;  FantasiestU eke  f  'cello  and  pf . ; 
and  numerous  vocal  pieces. 

Lind'paintner,  Peter  Joseph  von,  b  Ko- 
blenz, Dec.  S,  1791 ;  d  Nonnenhorn,  Lake  of 
Constance,  Aug.  21,  1856.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Winter  at  Munich,  and  brought  out  his  first 
opera,  Demophoon^  at  Munich  in  1811 ;  from 
1812-19,  Kapettm.  at  the  new  Isarthor  Th.,  still 
taking  lessons  in  cpt.  of  Gratz.  From  1819, 
court  Kapettm.  at  Stuttgart,  where  his  great 
talent  as  a  conductor  made  the  orchestra  famous. 
— Works  :  21  operas  (the  best  are  JDer  rampyr 
and  Lichtenstein)  ;  5  ballets  and  5  melodramas  ; 
music  to  Goethe's  Faust;  2  oratorios  ;  6  masses  ; 
symphonies,  overtures,  concertantes,  chamber- 
music,  songs  (*'  Die  Fahnenwacht "). 

Lindsay,  Miss  M.,  (now  Mrs.  J.  Wor thing- 
ton  Bliss,)  contemporary  English  song-com- 
poser. Some  of  her  most  popular  songs  are 
44  Airy,  fairy  Lilian,"  u  Alone,"  "The  Bridge," 
"Excelsior,"  "Far  away,"  "  Home  they 
brought  her  warrior  dead." 

Linley,  Thomas,  Sr.,  b.  Bath,  England, 
1725  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  19,  1795.  Pupil  of 
Chilcot  and  Paradies  ;  cond.  oratorios  and  con- 
certs at  Bath  ;  then  acquired  Garrick's  share  in 
the  Drury  Lane  Th.,  with  Sheridan,  m  1776, 
bringing  out  the  operas  The  Duenna,  The 
Camp,  Carnival  of  Venice i  Triumph  of  Ahrth^ 
Spanish  Maidj  Selima  and  Azor^  Spanish 
Jtivals,  Tom  Jones \  7*he  Strangets  at  Jfome% 
Love  in  the  East,  Robinson  Crusoe,  etc. — Publ. 
Six  Elegies  f.  3  voices  and  pf.  (1770)  ;  12  Bal- 


lads ;  canzonets;  "The  Posthumous  Vocal 
Works  of  Thomas  and  T.  Linley,  jtrar."  (1800  ; 
5  vol.s  of  songs,  madrigals,  etc.). 

Linley,  Thomas,  Jr  ,  eldest  son  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Bath,  1756 ,  d.  by  drowning  at  Gnms- 
thorpe,  Lincolnshire,  Aug.  7,  1778.  Violinist ; 
pupil  of  Boyce  and  (at  Florence)  of  Nardmi. 
Leader  of  Bath  concerts,  and  at  Drury  Lane. — 
Works :  Music  to  Shakespeare's  Tempest ;  an 
"Ode  on  the  witches  and  fairies  in  Shake- 
speare "  ;  an  oratorio,  The  Song  of  Moses  ;  an 
orchestral  anthem,  Let  Godatise;  etc. 

Linley,  George,  poet  and  comp.;  b.  Leeds, 
England,  1798  ;  d.  London,  Sept.  10,  1865. — 
Operas  and  operettas .  Francesca  Dona,  1849  I 
La  PonpJe  de  Nuremberg  (Covent  Garden, 
1861) ;  The  Toy-makers  (1861)  ,  Law  vs.  Love 
(1862).  Also  'a  cantata,  The  Jolly  Beggars 
[Burns] ;  part-songs,  Inos,  duets,  hymns',  and 
many  songs  A  satirical  poem,  "The  Musical 
Cynics  of  London,"  was  aimed  at  the  critic 
Chorley. 

Linnarz,  Robert,  b  Potsdam,  Sept.  29, 
1851.  Pupil  of  Haupt,  Berlin  ,  teacher  in 
seminaries  at  Bederkesa  and  (iSSS)  Alfeld. — 
Works .  All-Deutschland^  a  festival  cantata  ; 
male  choruses  ;  songs  ;  methods  f.  vln.,  organ, 
and  on  vocal  instruction. 

Lin'termans,  Francis-Joseph,  b.  Brussels, 
Aug.  18,  1808  ;  d.  Ixelles,  May  14,  1895.  Emi- 
nent Belgian  singing-teacher.  Director  of  the 
Brussels  choral  society  "  Les  Artisans  reunis." 

Lipin'ski,  Karl  Joseph,  celebrated  violinist ; 
b.  Radzyn,  Poland,  Nov.  4  (Oct.  30?),  1790; 
d.  Urlow,  n.  Lemberg,  Dec.  16,  1861.  Self- 
taught,  excepting  some  lessons  from  his  father, 
an  amateur.  Leader  at  Lemberg  th.  in  1810, 
Kapellm.  1812-14,  resigning  in  order  to  study  m 
Vienna ;  went  to  Italy  in  1817,  where  Paganini 
favored  him,  and  played  with  him  daily ;  L. 
then  made  long  concert-tours,  and  in  1829  met 
Paganini  again  in  Warsaw,  where  rivalry  undid 
their  friendship.  In  1839  L.  became  Concert- 
meister  in  Dresden  ;  he  was  pensioned  in  1859. 
His  playing  was  noted  for  great  breadth,  and 
skill  in  double-stopping. — Works  :  4  violin-con- 
certos (incl  the  "  Military  Concerto,"  still 
heard) ;  a  string-trio :  rondos,  polonaises,  varia- 
tions, caprices,  fantasias.  With  Zalewski,  the 
poet,  he  publ.  a  collection  of  Galician  folk-songs 
(1834 ;  2  vol.s). 

Lip'sius,  Marie,  (pen-name  "  La  Mara,") 
a  gifted  writer ;  b.  Leipzig,  Dec.  30,  1837. — 
Works:  *'  Musikalische  Studienkopf  e  "  (1873- 
80  ;  5  vol.s,  often  republ.) ;  **  Gedanken  berithm- 
ter  Musiker  ilber  ihre  Kunst"  (1877);  "Das 
Bahnenfestspiel  in  Bayreuth"  (1877);  German 
transl.  of  Liszt's  "Chopin"  (1880);  "Musiker- 
bnefe  aus  frtnf  Jahrhunderten  "  (1886  ;  2  vol.s)  ; 
"  Klassisches  und  Romantisches  aus  der  Ton- 
welt"  (1892);  Liszt's  "Briefe  an  eine  Freundin" 
(1893-4 ;  three  vol.s) ;  "  Briefe  an  August 
Roeckel,  von  Richard  Wagner  "  (Leipzig,  1895). 


356 


LIROU— LISZT 


Lirou,  Jean-Francois-Espic,  chevalier  de, 
b.  Paris,  1740 ;  d  there  1806.  Musical  ama- 
teur ;  officer  in  the  A/ottsquetaires  du  rot,  for 
whom  he  comp.  a  *4  Marche  des  mousquetaires  " 
played  until  the  Revolution.  He  wrote  several 
opera-books,  and  publ  an  "Explication  du 
systeme  de  1'harmonie  ..."  (1785),  being  the 
first  French  author  to  give  up  Rameau's  system, 
and  to  seek  the  laws  of  chord-progiession  in  the 
affinities  of  tonality ;  though  his  ideas  lack  clear- 
ness. 

Lischin,  Grigory  Andreevitch,  Russian 
composer ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  June  27  (N.S  ), 
iSSS,  aged  35.  His  last  opera,  Don  Cesar  de 
Bazan  (Kiev,  iSSS),  was  very  successful. 

Liss'mann,  Heinrich  Fritz,  dramatic  bari- 
tone ;  b.  Berlin,  May  26,  1847 ;  d.  Hamburg, 
Jan  5,  1894.  Pupil  of  Hillmer  and  Stockhau- 
sen  ;  sang  at  the  theatres  in  Zurich,  Lubeck, 
Leipzig,  Bremen,  and  from  1883  at  the  Ham- 
burg City  Th.  as  Gura's  successor. — He  married 
the  well-known  soprano  Anna  Marie  Gutzsch- 
bach  in  Leipzig,  where  she  was  a  popular 
favorite  ;  she  sang  later  \\  ith  him  in  Bremen  and, 
until  1892,  at  Hamburg. 

Lis'temann,  Fritz,  b.  Schlotheim,  Thurin- 
gia,  Mar.  25,  1839.  Violinist;  pupil  of  his 
uncle,  Cancer tm.  Ullrich  of  Sondershausen,  and 
of  David  (1856-7)  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  In 
1858,  '*  chamber-virtuoso"  to  the  Prince  of 
Rudolstadt,  of  whose  concert-orch.  he  was  a 
member  until  1867,  when  he  went  lo  New  York, 
where,  after  a  few  years  in  Boston,  he  joined 
the  Thomas  Orch.  as  1st  violin  in  1871.  Re- 
turning to  Boston  in  1874,  he  ]oined  the  "Phil- 
harm.  Club  "  (sextet),  with  which  he  toured  the 
United  States.  From  1878,  ist  violin  in  the 
Philharm.  Orch.;  1881-5,  ditto  in  the  Sym- 
phony Orch. ;  since  then  has  devoted  his  time 
to  teaching,  and  occasional  tours  with  the  tl  Lis- 
temann  Concert  Co." — Works  :  Grand  Concerto 
and  Second  Concerto  f.  violin  (both  MS.) ; 
publ.  *4  Grosse  Polonaise,"  and  '*  Idylle";  also 
songs. 

Lis'temann,  Bernhard,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Schlotheim,  Aug.  28,  1841.  Likewise 
a  pupil  of  Ullrich,  and  (1856-7)  of  David  at 
Leipzig ;  then  of  Vieuxtemps  (1861)  and  Joachim 
(1862,  at  Hanover).  Concertmeistcr  in  Rudol- 
stadt court  orch.  1859-67,  with  the  title  of  solo 
violinist  and  chamber-virtuoso ;  then  went  with 
his  brother  to  America,  travelled  with  Leopold 
de  Meyer,  lived  in  Boston,  and  from  1871-4  was 
leader  in  the  Thomas  Orch  ,  New  York.  In 
1874  he  founded  the  Boston  "  Philharmonic 
Club,"  toured  the  country  until  1878,  then  or- 
ganized the  Boston  "  Philharm.  Orch.,"  and 
conducted  it  till  1881,  when  Mr.  Higginson 
established  the  "  Symphony  Orch.,"  whose 
leader  Bernhard  L.  was  for  4  years.  Meantime 
he  also  started  the  "Listemann  Quartet,"  an 
organization  still  intact  and  doing  fine  work, 
despite  changes  in  the  membership.  From 
1885-93,  soloist  and  director  of  the  4*  L.  Con- 


cert Co.,"  also  teaching  in  Boston.  Since  1893, 
head  of  the  violin-department  in  the  Chicago 
College  of  Music.  Has  publ.  a  Method  for 
Violin.  L.  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  violin- 
ists and  teachers  in  America. 

Lis'temann,  Paul,  son  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Boston,  Oct.  24,  1871.  Violinist.  Taught  by 
his  uncle  Fritz,  and  his  Tather,  he  entered  the 
"L.  Quartet"  and  the  "  L.  Concert  Co."  in 
iSSS,  and  travelled  with  these  organizations  for 
2  years  ;  then  studied  at  Leipzig  under  Brodsky 
and  Hilf  (1890-3),  and  at  Berlin  under  Joachim 
(1893-5).  For  one  year,  leader  of  the  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  Orch.;  1896,"  leader  of  the  "American 
Orch."  of  New  York  ;  since  then  he  has  toured 
America  as  soloist  of  the  "  Redpath  Grand  Con- 
cert Co.,"  with  Mme.  de  Vere,  Miss  Clara 
Murray,  and  Charles  Beresford. 

Lis'temann,  Franz,  brother  of  preceding ; 
b.  New  York,  Dec.  17,  1873.  'Cello-virtuoso ; 
from  1887-90,  pupil  of  Fries  and  Giese  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass  ;  from  1890-3,  of  Julius  Klengel,  at 
Leipzig,  and  1893-5  of  Ilausmann,  at  Berlin. 
After  a  year  as  ist  'cello  in  the  Pittsburg  Orch., 
he  settled  in  New  York,  where  he  is  now  (1899) 
living  as  a  teacher,  soloist,  and  quartet-player. 
His  Stradivarius  'cello  formerly  belonged  to 
Hollmann,  the  noted  Dutch  'cellist. 

Liszt,  Franz  [Hungarian  Ferencz],  the 
creator  of  the  art  of  orchestral  pianoforte-play- 
ing, and  of  the  sym- 
phonic poem,  was 
born  at  Raiding,  near 
Odenburg,  Hungary, 
Oct.  22,  iSn;  died  at 
Bayreuth,  July  31, 
1886.  His  father,  an 
excellent  amateur,  be- 
gan his  instruction  on 
the  piano  at  the  age  of 
six ;  progress  was  so 
rapid  that  at  nine 
Franz  played,  at  a 
public  concert  in 
Odenburg,  Ries's  diffi- 
cult E  (7  concerto  with 
so  great  artistic  success  that  his  father  de- 
cided on  further  concerts  at  Pressburg.  After 
the  second,  several  Hungarian  counts  offered 
to  provide  600  florins  annually,  for  6  years,  for 
the  boy's  musical  education.  The  offer  was 
joyfully  accepted,  and  the  family  removed  in 
1821  to  Vienna.  Here  Franz  took  piano-les- 
sons from  Czerny  for  18  months,  and  studied 
theory  with  Salieri,  composing  under  the  lat- 
ter's  supervision  a  considerable  number  of  short 
church-pieces.  Beethoven,  hearing  of  the  tal- 
ented boy,  asked  to  see  him  ;  at  their  memorable 
meeting  the  delighted  master  embraced  Liszt 
after  the  latter's  execution  (without  notes  and 
accompaniment)  of  his  trio,  op.  97.  L.'s  first 
public  concerts  in  Vienna  were  given  in  1823, 
with  such  flattering  results  that  the  father  de- 
termined to  take  his  son  to  the  Paris  Cons.  On 


357 


LISZT 


the  way,  concerts  were  given  at  Munich  and 
Stuttgart.  Fraiu  passed  his  examinations  ad- 
mirably ;  but  Cherubim,  then  Director  of  the 
Conservatoire,  was  opposed  on  principle  to  "  in- 
fant phenomena,"  and  refused  him  admission, 
using  as  an  excuse  a  rule  forbidding  the  entrance 
of  foreigners.  As  a  consequence,  Franz  took  no 
more  piano-lessons,  developing  his  genius  in  his 
own  way ;  but  still  studied  composition,  for  a 
short  time  under  Paer,  but  chiefly  under  Reicha, 
eagerly  profiting  by  the  latter's  teachings,  and 
bringing  out  a  one-act  operetta,  Don  Sancho, 
on  Ic  Ch&tcau  tie  V Amour,  performed  five  times 
at  the  Acad.  royale  de  Musique  in  1825.  Al- 
ready a  well-known  pianist,  he  now  spent  two 
years  in  concert-tours  ;  his  father  died  in  1827, 
and  L.  settled  in  Paris  to  support  his  mother 
and  himself.  lie  was  in  great  demand  as  a 
teacher,  and  moved  in  the  highest  circles  of  let- 
ters and  art  ;  in  aristocratic  salons,  which  had 
always  been  open  to  "le  petit  Li tz,"  homage 
was  soon  paid  to  the  great  artist.  His  impres- 
sionable spirit  was  strongly  moved  by  the  influ- 
ences of  the  period  :  the  romanticism  of  Chopin 
and  Weber,  St.  Simomsm,  the  revolutionary  era 
of  1830  ;  he  even  dreamt  of  entering  the  priest- 
hood, but  in  the  end  a  love  of  art  conquered. 
Paganini's  advent  in  1831  inspired  him  to  here- 
tofore unheard-of  feats  in  piano-technique  and 
expression  ;  the  music  of  Berlioz  ripened  his 
conviction  of  the  poetic  possibilities  of  his  art ; 
he  became  one  of  the  most  ardent  champions 
and  potent  promoters  of  realism  in  music  For 
the  present,  however,  these  ideas  found  public 
utterance  only  in  his  pianistic  achievements. 
These  were  interrupted  for  a  time  by  his  liaison 
with  the  Countess  d'Agoult  (known  as  an  au- 
thoress under  the  nom  de  plume  of  "Daniel 
Stern");  with  her  he  retired  to  Geneva  (1835- 
9).  Three  children  were  born  to  them ;  Cosima, 
the  younger  of  two  daughters,  became  the  wife 
of  Richard  Wagner.  During  these  four  years, 
L.  t\vice  emerged  from  retirement  to  vanquish 
his  only  serious  pianistic  rival,  Thalberg  (1836). 
Finally,  in  1839,  he  set  out  on  a  triumphal  prog- 
ress through  Europe,  signalizing  this  step  by 
generously  assuming  the  responsibility  for  the 
completion  of  the  Beethoven  monument  at  Bonn, 
for  which  a  large  sum  was  still  required,  and 
subscriptions  scanty.  For  the  ensuing  decade 
the  world  rang-  with  the  fame  of  the  greatest 
pianist  who  has  ever  lived.  In  1849  he  ac~ 
cepted  the  position  of  court  Kapellmeister  at 
Weimar,  with  the  understanding  that  he  was  to 
further,  by  all  means  at  his  command,  the  prog- 
ress of  modern  musical  art.  An  adherent  of  the 
New  German  School  (free  tonality,  romantic 
realism,  program-music),  he  extended  generous 
aid  to  struggling  brother-artists.  When  the 
exiled  Wagner,  in  despair  over  the  dumb  score 
of  Lohengrin,  sent  it  to  Liszt,  the  answer  came 
back  that  the  work  was  preparing  for  its  first 
performance  (Weimar,  Aug.  28,  1850;.  It  was 
followed  by  Raffs  Konig Alfred 'in  1851.  Here 
Der  jftiegende  Hollander  and  Tannhauser  were 


revived,  like  Schumann's  Genoveva,  and  Berlioz's 
Benvenuto  Cellini  Naturally,  Weimar  became 
a  centre  of  attraction  for  artists  of  modern  ten- 
dency, reinforced  by  a  multitude  of  pupils  of  the 
great  pianist.  Here  Liszt  himself  ended  his 
first,  or  virtuoso  period  (to  which  most  of  his 
transcriptions  and  original  compositions  for  pf . 
belong),  and  entered  upon  a  second  period  of 
more  serious  composition,  appearing  in  public 
as  a  pianist  only  at  rare  intervals.  From  Wei- 
mar, too,  he  sent  into  the  world  a  new  orches- 
tral conception, — the  symphonic  poem,  in  which 
he  makes  free  and  original  use  of  the  leading, 
motive,  * '  local  color  "  of  most  varied  hues,  and 
all  arts  and  devices  of  orchestration,  to  plasti- 
cally foHow  and  interpret  the  inner  meaning  of 
the  given  poem  or  "program."  In  1859 he  left 
Weimar,  on  account  of  the  opposition  displayed 
to  the  production  of  Cornelius'  Barlner  von  Hag- 
dad)  and  the  consequent  failure  of  that  opera. 
Until  1870  he  lived  for  the  most  part  in  Rome  ; 
in  1866  the  Pope,  Pius  IX.,  conferred  on  him 
the  dignity  of  Abbe.  In  1870,  being  invited  to 
conduct  the  Beethoven  Festival  at  Weimar,  cor- 
dial relations  with  the  court  were  reestablished  ; 
and  thereafter  L.  spent  some  months  of  each 
summer  at  Weimar.  In  1875  he  was  made 
President  of  the  new  Hungarian  Academy  of 
Music  at  Pesth ;  and  between  Weimar,  Pesth, 
and  Rome  the  last  years  of  his  life  were  divided, 
a  throng  of  pupils  and  admirers  following  him 
from  place  to  place.  His  death  at  Bayreuth,  in 
1886,  occurred  in  the  midst  of  the  Wagner 
Festival. 

Liszt,  the  artist  and  the  man,  is  one  of  the 
grand  figu res  in  the  history  of  music .  Generou s , 
kindly,  and  liberal-minded,  whole-souled  in  his 
devotion  to  art,  superbly  equipped  as  an  inter- 
preter of  classic  and  romantic  works  alike,  a 
composer  of  original  conception  and  daring  exe- 
cution, a  conductor  of  marvellous  insigl^,  wor- 
shipped as  teacher  and  friend  by  a  cs#t  of 
disciples,  reverenced  and  admired  by  his  riellow- 
musicians,  honored  by  institutions  of  learning 
and  by  potentates  as  no  other  artist  before  or 
since,  his  influence,  spread  by  those  whom  he 
personally  taught  and  swayed,  will  probably  in- 
crease rather  than  dimmish  as  time  goes  on.  He 
is  the  absolute  founder  of  "transcendental" 
pianoforte-playing,  in  which  the  instrument  is 
made  to  display  all  resources  of  an  orchestra. 
His  "  symphonische  Dichtungen"  (symphonic 
poems)  show  an  equally  absolute  departure  from 
earlier  formalism,  marking  an  epoch  in  orches- 
tral music  as  decisively  as  Wagner's  music- 
dramas  in  dramatic. 

During  his  virtuoso-period,  L.'s  compositions 
were  chiefly  for  pf.,  including  a  great  number  of 
brilliant  paraphrases  and  transcriptions,  in  which 
he  is  unique  ;  later,  orchestral  and  sacred  comp.s 
predominate,  the  latter  toward  the  close  of  his 
career.  A  thematic  catalogue  is  published  by 
Breitkopf  &  Hartel. 

Works :  For  orcfiestra  :  The  symphonic  poems 
"  Dante"  (after the  "  Divina  Commedia,"  f.  orch. 


358 


LISZT— LITOLFF 


and  female  ch  ),  "  Eine  Faustsymphonie  "  (in  3 
pictures  :  Faust,  Gretchen,  Mephistopheles  ;  f 
orch.  and  male  ch.),  "  Ce  qu'on  entend  sur  la 
montagne  "  [Victor  Hugo],  "  Tasso,  lamento  e 
trionfo,"  "  Les  Preludes,"  "Orpheus,"  '•  Pro- 
metheus," "Mazeppa,"  "Festklange,"  "Heroide 
funebre,"  "  Hungana,"  "  Hamlet,"  "  Hunnen- 
schlacht "  [after  Kaulbach],  "  Die  Ideale  "  [after 
Schiller],  and  "  Von  der  Wiege  bis  zum  Grabe  " 
[after  Michael  Zichy]  ; — "  Zwei  Episoden  aus 
Lenaus^wj/"  (Der  nachthche  Zug ;  2  Mephisto- 
walzer)  ;  "  Kunstler-Festzug"  (Schiller  Fest., 
1859) ;  "  Gaudeamus  igitur,"  w  soli  and  choruses ; 
"  Festmarsch,"  "  Festvorspiel,"  "  Huldigungs- 
marsch,"  "  Vom  Fels  zum  Meer !  Deutscher 
Siegesmarsch,"  "  Rakoczy-Marsch  "  (f.  symph. 
orch.) ;  grand  arr  s  of  Schubert  marches,  of  the 
"  Divertissement  i  1'hongroise,"  etc. 

For  pianoforte  .  2  concertos,  in  E  b  and  A  ; 
"  Danse  macabre  "  f.  pf.  and  orch. ;  "  Concerto 
pathetique  "  (concert-solo)  ;  15  Hungarian  Rhap- 
sodies ;  a  "  Rhapsodic  espagnole  "  ;  Sonata  in  I) 
min. ;  Fantasia  and  Fugue  on  B-A-C-H  ;  Varia- 
tions [theme  from  Bach's  B-min.  mass];  6  Pre- 
ludes and  Fugues  [Bach],  10^"  Harmonies  poe'- 
tiques  et  religieuses  "  ;  "  Annees  de  pe'lerinage  "; 
3  *'  Appantions "  ;  2  Ballades,  6  "Consola- 
tions "  ;  Berceuse  ;  "  Weinen,  Klagen,  Sorgen, 
Zagen "  (prelude  after  Bach) ;  Fantasia  and 
Fugue  ;  Scherzo  and  March  ;  2  Polonaises  ; 
Mazurka  brillante  ;  3  Caprices-Valses  ;  Feuilles 
d' Album  ;  2  ditto  ,  Grand  Galop  chromatique  , 
Valse-Irapromptu  ;  "  Mosonyi's  Grabgeleit "  ;  2 
Elegies  ;  2  Legendes  (Sf  -Francois  tTAssise  and 
St.-Fran$ois  de  Paul) ;  "  L'hymne  du  Pape  "  , 
li  Via  crucis  "  ;  "  Liebestraume  "  (3  Notturnos) ; 
"  L'idee  fixe"  (after  melody  by  Berlioz)  ;  Im- 
promptu inF# ;  "  Etudes  d'execution  transcen- 
dante";  3  Grandes  etudes  de  concert;  "  Ab 
irato,"  etude  de  perfectionnement ;  2  concert- 
etudes,  "  Waldesrauschen  "  and  "  Gnomenrei- 
gen  "  ;  "  Technische  Studien  "  (1889 ;  12  books) ; 
transcriptions  of  Beethoven's  symphonies,  of 
Berlioz's  "  Symphonic  fantastique  "  and  over- 
tures to  Les  francs-juges  and  La  damnation  de 
Faust,  of  Wagner's  overture  to  Tannhauser,  of 
more  than5osongs  by  Schubert  (and  many  others), 
etc.,  etc. ;— -paraphrases  on  operatic  themes  by 
Meyerbeer,  Wagoner,  Verdi,  Auber,  Gounod,  etc. 
Vocal:  Missa  solennis  (the  "  Graner"  Festi- 
val Mass)  in  D  ;  Hungarian  Coronation  Mass  ; 
Mass  in  C  min.,  w.  organ  ;  Missa  choralis  In 
A  min.,  w.  organ;  Requiem  ;  3  oratorios,  Die 
Legende  von  der  Jieiligen  Elisabeth,  Stanislaus, 
and  Christus ;  9  choruses  w.  org.;  "  Die  Selig- 
keiten,"  f.  bar.  solo,  ch.,  and  org.;  Paternoster, 
f.  mixed  ch.  w.  org. ;  Paternoster  and  Ave  Maria, 
f.  male  voices  w.  org.;  Psalm  13,  f.  tenor  solo, 
ch.,  and  orch.,  Psalm  18,  f.  male  ch.,  orch  ,  and 
org. ;  Psalm  23,  f.  tenor  (or  sopr.)  solo,  w.  harp 
(or  pf.)  and  org.  (or  harmonium) ;  Psalm  137,  f. 
solo,  female  ch.,  violin,  harp,  pf.,  and  org.; 
"  Christus  ist  geboren,"  f.  ch.  w.  org. :  "  An  den 
heiligen  Franziskus,"  f.  men's  voices,  org.,  trom- 
bones, and  drums ;  numerous  minor  church- 


comp  s  , — the  cantatas  Die  Glocken  des  Strass- 
burger  ^funsters,  Die  heilige  Caiiha,  An  die 
Kunstler  (f  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch  ) ; — "Zur 
Sacular-Feier  Beethovens  "  ,  "  Festalbum  "  (for 
Goethe's  looth  birthday);  "Festchor"  (for  the 
unveiling  of  the  Herder  monument,  "Weimar, 
1850) ;  numerous  4-part  male  choruses  ('*  Das 
Lied  der  Begeisterung,"  "AVeimar's  Volkslied," 
"Was  ist  des  Deutschen  Vaterland"  [w.  pf.], 
"  Festgesang  "  [\v  org.]} ;  about  60  songs  w  pf. , 
many  strikingly  beautiful  (llDu  bist  wie  eine 
Blume,"  "  Es  muss  em  vrunderbares  sein," 
"  Die  Macht  der  Musik,"  "  Jeanne  d'Arc  au 
bucher"). 

Writings  •  "  De  la  fondation  Goethe  (Goethe- 
stiftung)  d  Weimar"  (1851);  "  Lohengprin  et 
Tannhauser  de  Richard  Wagner"  (1851  ,  also 
German);  "  FredeYic  Chopin  "  (1852  ;  2nd  ed., 
in  French,  Leipzig,  1879 ;  in  German,  1880) ; 
"  LTeber  Field's  Xotturnos"  (1859  i  French  and 
German) ;  "  Die  Zigeuner  und  ihre  Musik  in 
Ungarn  "  (French,  1861 ;  also  Hungarian  and 
German);  "Robert  Franz"  (1872),  "  Keine 
Zwischenaktsmusik  mehr"  (1879).  His  "  Ge- 
sammelte  Schriften  "  were  transl.  by  L.  Ramann 
and  publ.  in  6  vol.  5(1880-83). 

Comprehensive  biography  of  Liszt  by  L.  Ra- 
mann "  Franz  Liszt  als  Kunstler  und  Mensch" 
(Vol.  i,  1880  [from  1811-1840]  ;  Vol.  ii,  Part  i 
[1841-1847],  and  Part  ii,  1894  [to  the  end]). — 2 
volumes  of  "  Brief  e  hervorragender  Zeitge- 
nossen  an  Franz  Liszt "  were  publ.  at  Leipzig, 
1897. — An  interesting  character-sketch  i$  in 
von  Lenz's  "Great  Piano- Virtuosos "  (New 
York,  1899). 

Li'tolff,  Henry  Charles,  b.  London,  Feb. 
6,  1818 ;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  5,  1891.  A  pupil  of 
Moscheles,  he 
played  at  12  in 
public.  An  early 
marriage  (at  17) 
forced  him  to  seek 
a  livelihood  in 
Paris ;  unsuccess- 
ful there,  he  sup- 
ported himself  in 
Melun  by  teach- 
ing ;  and  in  1840 
attracted  the  at- 
tention of  Paris 
by  a  brilliant  con- 
cert. His  reputa- 
tion now  grew  rap- 
idly, though  the  unhappy  course  of  his  private 
affairs  led  to  a  separation  from  his  wife.  He 
made  tours,  beginning  in  Belgium  ;  from  1841- 
4  was  conductor  at  Warsaw ;  toured  Germany 
and  Holland,  visited  London  in  1846,  and  Vi- 
enna during  the  Revolution  of  1848,  in  which 
he  participated,  but  escaped  to  Brunswick. 
Here  he  married  the  widow  of  the  music-pub- 
lisher Meyer,  changing  the  firm-name  in  1851 
to  "  H.  Litolff  ";  he  was  one  pf  the  pioneers  in 
the  publication  of  cheap  editions  ("Collection 


359 


LITTA— LOCATELLI 


Litolff ").  In  iS6o  he  turned  the  business  over  to 
his  adopted  son,  Theodor,  and  returned  to  Pans 
For  ten  }ears  the  state  of  his  health  had  pre- 
\ented  concert-giving  ,  he  devoted  himself  to 
composition,  and  brought  out  3  operas  and  ope- 
rettas in  Paris,  Baden-Baden,  and  Brussels,  of 
which  the  operetta  Hfloise  et  Abt'lard  was  the 
most  successful.  Of  4  operas,  Die  Brant  win 
Kynast  (Brunswick,  1847)  and  Lcs  Templiers 
(Brussels,  iSS6)  were  performed  ;  Rodngite  de 
TWtVt-,  and  Lc  jRoi  Lear  (finished  1890),  have 
not  been  prod. — Other  works  •  An  oratorio, 
Ruth  et  Booz  (1869) ;  orchestral  overtures  ;  the 
"Eroica"  violin-concerto ;  a  Funeral  March 
for  Meyerbeer;  2  il  Concerto-symphonies'1  f. 
pf.  w.  orch.,  op.  22,  and  the  "  Concert  national 
hollandais  ";  2  pf  -trios  ;  3  duets  f.  pf  and  vln. 
(with  Leonard) ,  6  etudes  de  concert,  f  pf  ; 
Opuscules,  op.  25  ,  Invitation  a  la  Tarentelle, 
op.  36  ;  Nocturne,  op.  62  ,  Characteristic  Pieces, 
op.  65  ;  a  Spinnlied  ;  etc  ,  all  f  pf .— His  music 
is  characterized  by  striking  and  brilliant  effects. 
Lit'ta,  Duca  Giulio,  Visconte  Arese,  b. 
Milan,  1822 ;  d.  Vedano,  n.  Monza,  May  29, 
1891.  Composer  of  precocious  talent  and  excel- 
lent training  ;  prod,  an  opera  at  20,  Bianco,  di 
Santafiora  ^lilan,  1843),  followed  by  nine 
others,  the  last  being-  //  riahno  di  Cremona  (La  • 
Scala,  Milan,  1882).  Also  an  oratorio,  La  Pas- 
siont\  at  Turin  ;  and  songs. 

Lit'zau,  Johannes  Barend,  b.  Rotterdam, 
Sept.  9,  1822  ;  d  there  July  17,  1893.  Pupil 
of  J.  B.  Bremer  and  B.  Tours  (pf.  and  organ) ; 
self-taught  in  theory  and  composition.  1842, 
organist  of  the  Presb.  Ch.;  1855,  succeeded 
Bremer  as  organist  of  the  Lutheran  Ch.  He 
founded  an  organ-school,  and  wrote  organ- 
music  in  the  classic  style. 

Livera'ti,  Giovanni,  b.  Bologna,  1772  ;  d. 
after  1817.  Noted  tenor  singer  and  opera-com- 
poser; pupil  of  Mattei  (comp.)  and  Gibelli 
(singing).  Brought  out  an  opera  at  Bologna  in 
1790,  in  1792,  first  tenor  in  the  Ital.  th.  at 
Barcelona,  later  in  Madrid,  and  conducted  the 
Royal  Opera  at  Potsdam  until  1 800  ;  then  cond. 
the  theatre-orch.,  Prague,  went  to  Trieste  in 
1804,  and  Vienna  in  1805,  living  there  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher till  1814,  when  he  was  app.  com- 
poser to  the  Royal  Th.,  London. — Works :  14 
operas ;  2  oratorios ,  cantatas,  minor  vocal 
pieces  ;  string-quartets ;  'cello-music  ;  etc. 

Lloyd,  Charles  Harford,  b.  Thorn  bury, 
Gloucestershire,  England,  Oct.  16,  1849.  Mus. 
Bac.  1871,  Mus.  Doc.  1891  (Oxford).  1876, 
organist  of  Gloucester  Cath.;  1882,  of  Christ 
Church  Cath.,  Oxford;  1892,  precentor  and 
mus.  instructor  at  Eton  College,  succeeding 
Barnby.  Founder  and  first  president  of  the 
Oxford  Univ.  Mus.  Club ;  conductor  of 
Gloucester  Festivals,  1877,  1880 ;  at  present, 
cond.  of  the  Oxford  Symphony  Concerts. — 
Works :  The  cantatas  Hero  and  Leander  (1884), 
The  Song  of  Baldur  (1885),  Andromeda  (1886), 
A  Song  of  Judgment  (1891),  and  Sir  Ogic  and 


the  Latir  /j/j/V  (1894) ;  and  (for  female  voices) 
The  Gleaner's  Harvest ,  music  to  Alcettis  (Ox- 
ford, 1887),  Full  Cathedral  Service  in  Kb;  a 
pastoral,  "The  rosv  dawn"  (1889);  S-part 
chorus  "  To  Mornincj  "  (i3<p)  ;  part-songs  and 
songs ;  organ-sonata  ,  etc. 

Lloyd,  Edward,  b  London,  Mar  7,  1845. 
Noted  tenor  singer ,  choir-boy  under  James 
Turle  at  Westminster  Abbey  till  1860.  He 
sang  in  churches  and  concerts,  coming  promi- 
nently into  notice  at  the  Gloucester  Fest  ,  1871, 
in  Bach's  St.  Matthew  Passion.  Since  1874, 
first  tenor  at  the  Leeds  Festi\als.  He  ap- 
peared at  the  Cincinnati  Festival  in  iSSS,  and 
at  other  times  in  the  United  States. 

Lo'be,  Johann  Christian,  b.  Weimar,  May 
30,  1797  ;  d.  Leipzig,  July  27,  iSSi.  His  first 
teacher  was  A.  Riemann  (flute  and  violin)  ;  he 
was  then  taught  by  E.  A.  Muller,  and  played  a 
flute  solo  in  the  Gewandhaus,  1811.  He  \\as 
flutist,  later  viola-player,  in  the  Weimar  court 
orch  until  1842 ;  then  received  the  title  of 
"  Professor,"  and  founded  a  music-school,  but 
gave  it  up  in  1846  to  go  to  Leipzig,  where  he 
edited  the  tl  Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung  "  till  1848, 
and  was  diligent  in  composing  and  teaching. — 
Works  .  5  operas,  prod,  at  Weimar ;  2  sym- 
phonies ;  overtures  ;  concertos,  variations,  and 
solo-numbers  f.  flute ;  pf.-quartets,  etc. — lie 
wrote  4l  Die  Lehre  von  der  thematischen  Ar- 
beit "  (1846),  u  Lehrbuch  der  musikalischen 
Composition "  (Vol.  i,  "Harmony,"  1850;  rev. 
by  Kretzschmar,  5th  ed.,  1884;  Vol.  ii,  "In- 
strumentation," 3d  ed.  1879  ;  Vol.  in,  "  Canon, 
Fugue,  etc.,"  1860 ;  Vol.  iv,  "  Opera,'*  1867  ;  as 
rev.  by  Kretzschmar,  1884-7) ;  "  Katechismus 
der  Musik"  (1851;  2ist  ed  ,  1881  ;  Engl. 
transl.,  New  York);  "  Musikalische  Brief  e 
ernes  WTohlbekannten  "  (1852;  2nd  ed.  1860) ; 
"  Fliegende  Blatter  fur  Musik"  (1853-57,  three 
vol.s) ;  "Ausdem  Leben  eines  Musikers  "  (1859)  I 
" Vereinfachte  Harmonielehre "  (1861);  "Ka- 
techismus der  Kompositionslehre  "  (1872,  3rd  ed. 
1876) ;  "  Consonanzen  und  Dissonanzen  "  (1869). 

Lob'kowitz.     See  CARAMUEL  DE  LonKo- 

WITZ. 

Lo'bo  (or  Lopez,  Lupus),  Duarte,  important 
Portuguese  composer,  and  a  pupil  of  Manoel 
Mendes,  was  (about  1600)  choirmaster  of  the 
Hospital  Church,  later  of  the  Cathedral,  at  Lis- 
bon ;  he  died  as  Rector  of  the  Seminary  for 
priests. — Publ.  works:  3  books  of  Magnificats  a 
4  (1605,  1611) ;  a  book  of  masses  a  4-8  (1621), 
and  another  a  4-6  (1639) ;  "  Oflicium  defunc- 
torum  (choraKter) "  (1603);  "Liber  processionum 
et  stationum  ecclesiae  Oiyssiponensis  "  (1607). 

Located,  Pietro,  violinist ;  b.  Bergamo, 
1693  ;  d.  Amsterdam,  1764.  Pupil  of  Corelli  at 
Rome;  after  long  professional  tours,  he  settled 
in  Amsterdam,  establishing  regular  public  con- 
certs there.  His  technical  feats,  particularly  in 
double-stops,  were  considered  marvellous  at  the 
time  ;  by  changing  the  accordatura  of  his  violin, 


360 


LOCKE— LOGROSCINO 


he  prod,  apparently  impossible  effects;  Paganini 
is  said  to  ha\e  profited  by  L.'&  innovations  — 
Works  Op.  I,  12  Concert!  grossi ,  op  2,  flute- 
sonatas  w.  bass  ;  op.  3,  **  L'arte  del  viohno," 
containing  12  concertos  and  24  capnces  f  2  vio- 
lins, viola,  'cello,  and  continue  ,  op.  4,  6  concer- 
tos ;  op  5,6  stnng-tnos  ;  op.  6,  12  sonatas  f. 
solo  violin  ,  op  7,  six  Concert!  a  quattro  ,  op.  8, 
string-trios  ,  op  g,  "  L'Arte  di  nuova  modula- 
7ione"(Fr.  **  Caprices  e'nigmatiques  ") ;  op.  10, 
"Contrast©  armomco,"  4-part  Concerti. — In 
new  editions  The  sonatas,  op.  6  ;  also  a  few 
pieces  in  Alard's  and  David's  methods. 

Locke,  Matthew,  b.  Exeter,  England,  1632 
('33');  d.  London,  Aug.,  1677.  Chorister  in 
Exeter  Cathedral,  studying  under  Edward  Gib- 
bons and  \V.  Wake.  Composer  to  Charles  II., 
1661;  became  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  was  app. 
organist  to  Queen  Catherine.  Prominent  among 
early  English  composers,  he  wrote  music  to  The 
Tempest  and  Macbeth,  and  to  Shad  well's  Psythe 
(this  last,  and  The  Tempest,  were  publ  167*5  as 
'*  The  English  Opera*'),  to  Shirley's  masque 
Cupid  and  Death,  and'Stapleton's  comedy  The 
Stepmother;  also  6  suites,  "Consort  of  ffoure 
Parts,"  for  viols ;  a  "  Little  Consort  of  Three 
Parts,1  f.  viols  or  violins  (publ.  1656) ;  anthems, 
etc.  (some  pieces  are  in  17th-century  collections); 
the  first  English  work  on  thorough-bass, ll  Mela- 
thesia,  or  Certain  General  Rules  for  Playing 
upon  a  Continued  Lass  "  (1673);  an-d  pamphlets 
versus  Salmon's  attempt  at  reducing  mus.  nota- 
tion to  one  unhersal  character. 

Lo'der,  Edward  James,  b.  Bath,  England, 
1813 ;  d.  London,  Apr.  5,  1865.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  also  of  Ferd.  Ries  at  Frankfort.  Com- 
posed operas  for  I  )rury  Lane  and  Covent  Gar- 
den ;  was  conductor  of  the  Princess's  Th.,  and 
later  at  Manchester. — Operas-  JfonrjahatJC&^fi, 
The  Night  Dancers  (1846)  ;  Pmk  [a  ballad- 
opera],  Raymond  and  Agnes  (1855);  additions  to 
various  others  ;  music  to  Oxenford'sZteo/Av*/// 
(1835)  ;  masque  The  Island  of  Calypso  (1851); 
string-quartets ;  songs  ("  The  lirave  Old  Oak  "). 

Loeb,  Jules,  b.  Strassburg,  1857.  A  leader 
among  French  'cellists  ;  was  a  pupil  of  Chevil- 
lard  at  Paris  Cons,  and  won  1st  prize.  Is  solo- 
'cellist  at  the  Opera,  and  at  the  Cons.  Concerts  ; 
also  a  member  of  the  Marsick  Quartet,  and  of 
I.  Philipp's  "  Societe  pour  instr.s  a  vent  et  i 
cordes." 

Loeffler,  Charles  Martin  Tornov,  b. 
Muhlhausen,  Al&atia,  in  1861.  Violinist  and 
composer  ;  studied  the  violin  under  Massart  and 
Leonard,  in  Paris,  later  under  Joachim  in  Ber- 
lin; comp.  under  Guiraud,  Paris.  Began  public 
career  by  playing  in  Pasdeloup's  orch.;  after- 
wards joined  Prince  Dervier's  orch.  in  Nice  and 
Lugano.  Is  at  present  (1899)  2nd  leader  in  the 
Boston,  Mass.,  Symphony  Orch.,  also  appearing 
as  a  soloist  every  season. — Works  (in  MS.)  : 
Symphonic  poem  "  La  mort  de  Tintagiles"  (after 
Maeterlinck),  f.  full  orch.  and  2  viole  d'amore 
obbligate  ;  suite  in  4  movements  "  Les  veillees 


de  rUkraine  "  (after  Gogol),  f.  violin  and  full 
orch.  ,  concerto  in  imo\em  f. 'cello  and  full  orch 
fpla}ed  by  Schroeder) ;  Dnertimentof.  violin  w. 
orch  ;  octet  f.  2clar  s,  2  \  Ins.,  viola, 'cello,  double- 
bass  and  harp  ;  string-sextet ;  quintet  d  movem  ) 
f.  3  vlns  ,  viola,  and  'cello.  All  these  have  been 
repeatedly  performed  in  public. — Also  songs  f. 
mezzo-sopr. ,  viola  obbl.,  and  pf.  (poems  byVer- 
laine  and  Baudelaire) 

Loeillet,  Jean-Baptiste,  celebrated  flutist 
and  harpsichordist ;  b.  Ghent ;  d.  London,  1728. 
Studied  in  Ghent,  and  from  1702  in  Paris;  went 
to  London  in  1705,  and  from  1710  gave  weekly 
amateur  concerts  at  his  own  house.  Excellent 
teacher.  Publ.  sonatas  f  flute,  oboe,  and  violin ; 
also  flute-trios,  and  12  suites  of  lessons  f.  harpsi- 
chord. 

Loewe.    See  LG\VE. 

Logier,  Johann  Bernhard,  b.  Kassel,  Feb 
9i  J777  1  d-  Dublin,  July  27,  1846.  Finding 
piano-practice  distasteful,  he  fled  from  home  at 
the  age  of  ten,  and  was  taken  to  England  by  an 
Englishman  enamoured  of  his  flute-playing  (L. 
\\as  a  most  precocious  pupil  of  Weidner).  In 
1805  he  joined  a  regimental  band  as  flutist,  and 
accompanied  it  to  Ireland,  some  years  later  be- 
coming organist  at  Westport,  where  he  perfected 
the  invention  of  the  "chiroplast,"  an  apparatus 
for  holding  the  hands  in  correct  position  during 

E>practice.  It  was  patented  in  1814,  and 
er  travelled  through  the  United  Kingdom 
troduce  it.  It  obtained  great  vogue,  and 
brought  him  fame  and  wealth.  Stopel  was  sent 
by  the  Prussian  Government  to  examine  and  re- 
port on  the  chiroplast,  and  L.  was  invited  to 
Berlin  to  introduce  his  system.  He  remained 
there  3  years,  and  then  returned  to  Dublin  (1826). 
This  system,  which  soon  spread  over  Great 
Britain  and  Germany,  and  was  even  adopted  in 
the  Paris  Cons  ,  was  reinforced  by  L.'s  original 
idea  of  the  simultaneous  practice  of  several  pu- 
pils on  different  pianos,  which  became  the  most 
important  part  of  this  method  of  instruction. 
The  system  was  not  received  without  protest. 
L.  published  in  1816  a  work  entitled  "  An  Ex- 
planation and  Description  of  the  Royal  Patent 
Chiroplast,  or  Hand  -  director  for  P'ianoforte, 
etc.";  bitterattacks  were  met  by  "  An  Authentic 
Account  of  the  Examination  of  Pupils  instructed 
on  the  New  System  of  Musical  Education,  by 
J.  B.  Logier"  (1818),  which  was  greeted  by  yet 
more  violent  diatribes,  all  which  served  as  ex- 
cellent advertisements  of  the  invention.  In 
"The  First  Companion  to  the  Royal  Patent 
Chiroplast/'  L.  explains  his  method  of  simul- 
taneous teaching;  he  also  publ.  "  Logier's  Prac- 
tical Thorough-bass,"  and  (in German)  a  "System 
der  Musikwissenschaft  und  der  musikalischen 
Composition lr  (Berlin,  1827).  His  compositions 
include  a  pf. -concerto ;  sonatas,  etc.,  f.  pf.;  pf.- 
trios  w.  flute  and  'cello ;  and  a  Method  for 
Buglehom. 
Logrosci'no,  Nicola,  b.  Naples,  about  1800; 


361 


LOHMANN— LORTZING 


d.  there  1763.  Eminent  dramatic  composer, 
pupil  of  Durante.  In  1747  he  became  first  prof, 
of  counterpoint  at  the  Cons,  dei  Fighuoli  di- 
spersi  in  Palermo,  but  spent  his  last  years  in  Na- 
ples, where  he  prod,  over  a  score  of  operas, 
chiefly  in  opera- buffa  style,  in  which  he  surpassed 
his  predecessors  Leo,  Pergolesi,  and  Hasse,  and 
introduced  the  (then)  new  and  brilliant  effect  of 
the  act-close  in  fustrnMe.  His  operas  held  the 
stage  till  Piccinni's  star  gained  the  ascendant. 
Among  his  works  were  Inganno  fer  tngnnno 
(1738),  La  nW<7tf/e7(i74i),//  £07v>v/tf/tvv(i747), 
Tamo  bene,  tanto  male,  II  1'eccJno  matito,  La 
Furba  bnrlata  (1760  ;  written  with  Piccinni), 
and  his  one  opera  seria,  Gut  mo  Britto  (1750) 

Loh'mann,  Peter,  German  poet ;  b.  Schwelm, 
Westphalia,  Apr  24,  1833.  Since  1856  he  has 
lived  in  Leipzig,  and  wrote  1858-61  for  the 
41  Xeue  Zeitschnft  fur  Musik."  His  dramatic 
ideal  is  the  art-work  free  from  conventionalism, 
nationalism,  religious  conflict,  or  mythic  influ- 
ence— a  universal  drama  appealing  equally  to  all 
mankind ;  in  music  his  principles  coincide  in 
great  part  with  Wagner's  polyphony.  Several 
of  his  vocal  dramas  have  been  set  to  music  •  Die 
JKose  "com  Lioanon,  and  Irene,  by  Joseph  Huber ; 
Fnthjof  by  Goebel ;  Durch  Dunkel  zum  Licht 
by  Freudenberg ;  ralmoda  and  Fnthjof\rf  Dre- 
szer;  etc.  These  and  other  poems  have  been 
publ.  in  4  vol.s  (3rd  ed.  1886).  Other  works 
are  "  Ueber  R.  Schumanns  Faustmusik  "  (1860), 
and  '*  Ueber  die  dramatische  Dichtung  mit  Mu- 
sik  "  (1861 ;  2nd  ed.  1864). 

Lohr,  Johann,  organ-virtuoso  ;  b.  Eger,  May 
S,  1828.  Pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Pitsch  in 
Prague  ;  1858,  organist  in  Szegedin,  Hungary  ; 
later  settled  in  Pesth.  In  London,  1871,  he  di- 
vided the  honors  in  organ-playing  with  Bruck- 
ner. Excellent  teacher.  Compositions  unim- 
portant. 

Lohr,  George  Augustus,  b.  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, Apr.  23, 1821 ;  d.  Leicester,  Aug.  25, 1897. 
Chorister  at  Magdalen  Coll. ,  Oxford  ;  asst.-or- 
ganist  to  Dr.  2.  Buck,  Norwich  Cath.T  for  10 
years ;  1845-85,  organist  at  St.  Margaret's, 
Leicester.  For  many  years  also  cond.  the  Ama- 
teur Harm.  Soc. 

Loh'se,  Otto,  excellent  conductor ;  for  some 
years  JFapellm.  at  the  Hamburg  City  Th. ,  mar- 
ried Fraulein  Klafsky  in  1895,  who  sang  in  the 
Damrosch  Opera  Company  in  New  Vork,  1895-6, 
of  which  L.  was  conductor.  They  returned  in 
1896  to  Hamburg,  where  she  died.  L.  is  at 
present  (1899)  Kapellm*  at  the  Strassburg  City 
Th:  On  Jan.  if  1898,  he  brought  put  the  suc- 
cessful opera,  Der  Prinz  ivider  Witten,  at  Co- 
logne. 

Lolli,  Antonio,  distinguished  violinist ;  b. 
Bergamo,  about  1730  ('40?);  d.  Palermo,  1802. 
Leader  at  Stuttgart,  1762-73  ;  spent  5  years  in 
St.  Petersburg,  the  special  favorite  of  Empress 
Catherine  II. ;  was  in  Paris  m  1779,  traversed 
Spain,  Austria,  Germany,  and  Denmark,  and 


came  to  London  in  1785,  \\here,  in  striking  con- 
trast with  other  towns,  his  reception  was  cool. 
He  then  went  to  Naples,  and  finally  to  Palermo. 
A  player  of  the  Corelli  "school,"  he  had  great 
technique  but  no  emotional  power,  and  his  per- 
formances were  unequal  — Works  .  S  concertos  ; 
3  sets  of  sonatas  (6  in  each)  w.  bass  ;  6  sonatas 
w  2nd  violin  ;  and  a  Violin-method  ,  all  of  slight 
value. 

Lomagne,  B.  de;  pen-name  of  ALBERT 
SOUBIES  (in  the  Pans  "  Le  Soir") 

Longhurst,  William  Henry,  b  Lambeth, 
England,  Oct.  6,  1819.  1828-36,  chorister  in 
Canterbury  Cath  ,  then  asst.-or»anist,  master  of 
the  choristers,  and  lay -clerk  ,  1873,  first  organ- 
ist, succeeding  T.  E.  Jones.  Mus.  Doc  1875  ? 
mus.  lecturer  at  St.  Augustine's  Coll.,  Canter- 
bun-. — Works  The  oratorio  Dawd  and  Afaa- 
Aw/(iS72) ;  il  The  Village  Fair,  an  Alpine  Tdyll " 
(1882) ;  cathedral-service  in  E  ;  other  church- 
music  ;  etc  —His  brother,  John  Alex.  (1809- 
1855),  sang  in  opera  and  concert. 

Lopez.     See  Lono. 

Lo'renz,  Franz,  b.  Stem,  Lower  Austria, 
Apr.  4,  1805  ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  S,  1883.  Physi- 
cian and  litterateur.— Works  •  *'  In  Sachen 
Mozarts"  (1851);  t£  Haydns,  Mozarts  und 
Beethovens  Kirchenmusik";  "W.  A.  Mozart 
als  Claviercompouist "  (1866) ;  newspaper  arti- 
cles. 

Lo'renz,  Carl  Adolf,  b.  Koslin,  Pomera- 
nia,  Aug.  13,  1837.  As  a  school-boy  he  com- 
posed trios,  quartets,  etc.;  studied  music  in 
Berlin  under  Dehn,  Kiel  and  Gehrig,  also  at 
Berlin  Univ.  (Dr.  //«/.,  1861).  Became  cond. 
of  Meixner  Gtsangverein  ;  1864,  of  the  Stettin 
Musi  herein ;  1 866,  Municipal  Director  of 
music  in  Stettin,  succeeding  Lowe.  He  is  also 
an  organist ;  cond.  of  the  Symphony  Concerts 
and  of  the  Lehrer-Gesangivrein ;  music-teacher 
m  two  gymnasiums ;  and  founded  the  "  Stet- 
tiner  Musikverein"  (for  oratorio).  Created 
"Professor"  in  1885.— Works :  A  Stabat 
Mater ;  3  grand  concert-cantatas,  Otto  der 
Grosse,  Win  fried,  and  Krtisus  (1852) ;  2 
operas,  Die  JCombdie  der  Irrungen,  and  Harald 
und  Theano  (4  acts ;  Hanover,  1893),  both  succ. ; 
overtures,  etc. 

Lo'renz,  Julius,  b.  Hanover,  Oct.  i,  1862. 
From  1884,  cond.  of  the  Singakademie  at 
Glogau;  since  1895,  of  the  "Arion,"  New 
York. — Works:  An  opera,  Die  Rekruten  ; 
overtures,  pf.-music,  choruses,  and  songs. 

Lo'ris;  Lori'tus.    See  GLAREANUS. 

Lort'zing,  (Gustav)  Albert,  an  eminently 
popular  opera-composer;  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  23, 
1803  ;  d.  there  Jan.  21,  1851.  His  parents  were 
actors ;  the  boy  had  lessons  for  a  time  with 
Rungenhagen,  but  the  wandering  life  led  by  the 
family  cut  them  short.  He  himself  took  chil- 
dren's r61es  on  the  stage,  and  had  some  training 
as  an  actor  and  singer ;  as  an  instrumental  player, 


362 


LOSCHHORN— LOTTO 


and  in  composition,  he  was  almost  wholly  self- 
taught,  lie  married  an  actress,  Regma  Ahles, 
in  1823  ;  in  1824  brought  out  a  short  opera,  Ah 
Pascha  von  Jam  na^ 
at  Cologne  ;  joined 
the  company  of  the 
Court  Th.,  Det- 
mold,  in  1826  as  an 
actor,  and  in  1832 
produced  a  vaude- 
villes, DerPole  itnd  //(«M  "^  ff  '-dBBj  JL 
sein  Kind ^  Scene  ''fcm^fy  /W»''  \ 
aus Mounts  Leben,  "iv™  ~~**  '.aJM*  •-> 
which  were  well  re- 
ceived on  several 
German  stages. 
From  1833-44  he 
was  engaged  at  the 
Leipzig  Theatre  as 
a  tenor  singer  ;  here 
he  launched  Die  bei-  ' 

den  •Sr^/lfavr  (1837  ;  instantly  popular),  and  Czar 
itnd  Zimmcrmann  (1839 ;  not  appreciated  at 
Leipzig,  but  warmly  greeted  at  Berlin,  and  still 
a  general  favorite) ;  Die  SthatskaMiner  des  Inka 
(not  perf  ),  Das  l^ischcrstechen  (1839  ;  a  local 
skit,  but  a  failure),  Hans  Sachs  (1840),  and 
Casanova  (1841)  were  followed  by  his  best 
work,  Der  IVildscJiute  (1842  ;  only  a  moderate 
success  at  first).  Promoted  to  the  conductor- 
ship  of  the  Leipzig  opera  in  1844,  he  resigned 
in  a  short  time  on  account  of  differences  with 
the  management.  Reduced  to  poverty,  which 
the  successes  of  his  operas  mitigated  but  tran- 
siently, he  went  from  town  to  town,  bringing 
out  Undine  at  Hamburg  (1845),  Der  Waffen- 
schmied  at  Vienna  (Th.  an  der  Wien,  1846), 
Zuin  Grossadmiral  at  Leipzig  (1847),  and  Die 
JKolandsknappen  (Leipzig,  1848).  After  a  sec- 
ond brief  appointment  at  Leipzig,  which  again 
ended  in  a  quarrel,  he  went  to  Berlin,  and  be- 
came Kapellm.  of  the  new  Fricdrich  Wilhelm- 
stadtisches  Th.  in  1850,  spending  the  last  year 
of  his  life  as  a  conductor  of  farces  and  similar 
trivialities.  The  sum  of  15,000  Thaler  (about 
$11,000)  was  raised  by  theatrical  benefits  for  the 
support  of  his  destitute  family.  In  1850  he 
still  brought  out  an  operetta,  Die  Opcrnpiobe^ 
and  a  farce,  Die  Berliner  Grisctte.  He  left 
two  other  dramatic  works,  Der  Weihnachtsabend 
(not  perf.),  and  a  3-act  romantic  opera  Rcgina^ 
oder  die  Marodcure  (comp.  1848 ;  carefully 
edited  by  Richard  Kleinmichel,  with  text-re- 
vision by  L'Arronge,  it  was  prod,  at  the  Royal 
Opera,  Berlin,  Mar.  21,  1899,  with  great  ap- 
plause). The  delightful  humor  and  never-fail- 
ing flow  of  melody  in  L.'s  operas  make  them 
fresh  as  ever,  after  the  lapse  of  half  a  century. 
He  also  wrote  music  to  Benedix's  drama 
Drei  Edelsteine  ;  an  oratorio,  Die  ffimmelfahrt 
Christi;  overtures,  songs,  etc.  —  Duringer 
wrote  "  A.  Lortzing,  sein  Leben  und  Wirken" 
(Leipzig,  1851). 

Losch'horn,   Albert,  b.   Berlin,  June  27, 
1819.     Pupil  of    L.   Berger,   1837-9,   and  of 


Kollitschgy  (likewise  a  pupil  of  Berger),  Grell, 
and  A.  W.  Bach  at  the  R.  Inst.  for  Church- 
music,  succeeding  Kollitschgy  there  as  pf.- 
teacher  in  1851,  "Professor"  in  1859.  -^ 
pianist  and  teacher  of  deservedly  high  reputa- 
tion, he  has  publ.  many  elegant  and  effective 
jfl/0«-pieces  f.  pf.,  also  suites,  sonatas,  sona- 
tinas, and  the  like  ,  and  a  long  seiies  of  excel- 
lent pf. -studies  (Studies  for  Beginners,  op.  65  ; 
for  more  advanced  pupils,  op  66  ;  for  Advanced 
Students,  op.  67 ;  Melodious  Studies,  op.  38, 
193,  194,  195,  196  ,  La  Ve'locite,  op.  136  ;  Uni- 
versal Studies,  op  185 ;  Le  Tnlle,  op.  165  ; 
School  of  Octaves,  op.  176 ;  etc.).  Favorite 
pf.-soli  are  op.  25,  La  belle  Amazone  ;  op.  109, 
4  Pieces  elegantes ;  op.  133,  Tarentelle  ;  op. 
162,  the  barcarolle  "A  Venise",  op.  161,  Deux 
Valses ;  op.  163,  Trois  Mazurkas. — AVith  J. 
Weiss  he  publ.  a  "  Wegweiser  in  die  Pianoforte- 
Litteratur"  (1862;  2nd  ed.  1885  as  "Fuhier 
durch  die  Klavierlitteratur  "). 

Los'sius,  Lucas,  rector  at  Luneburg,  where 
he  died  July  8,  1852.  Publ.  the  oft-iepnnted 
works  "Erotemata  musicae  practicae"  (1563), 
and  l  *  Psalmodia,  hoc  est  cantica  sacra  vetens 
ecclesiae  selecta"  (1552). 

Lot'ti,  Antonio,  famous  organist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Hanover  (?),  where  his  father  was 
court- Kapellw.i  about  1667  ;  d.  Venice,  Jan.  5, 
1740.  Pupil  of  Legrenzi  at  Venice,  where  he 
prod,  an  opera,  Giustino,  at  the  age  of  16 ;  in 
1687,  chorister  at  San  Marco ;  in  1692,  2nd 
organist  there ;  from  1704-36,  1st  organist ; 
finally,  maestro  di  cappella.  He  absented  him- 
self but  once,  1717-19,  two  years  spent  in 
Dresden  at  the  Crown  Prince's  invitation,  L. 
taking  a  company  of  singers  with  him,  and  suc- 
cessfully producing  several  operas. — A  foremost 
representative  of  the  Venetian  school,  Lotti 
stands  midway  between  the  old  contrapuntists 
and  the  freer  style  of  A.  Scarlatti,  Handel,  etc. 
During  his  dramatic  period  (1683-1719)  he 
brought  out  16  operas  in  Venice,  I  in  Vienna, 
and  3  in  Dresden  (only  in  these  last  did  he  employ 
wind-instr.s,  so  fearful  was  he  of  overpowering 
the  voices).  His  sacred  music  forms  the  most 
important  part  of  his  works,  and  includes  4 
oratorios,  many  masses,  motets,  Misereres,  etc., 
none  of  which  were  publ.  by  him  (Luck's 
"  Saramlung  ausgez.  Compositionen  "  contains 
4  masses,  and  other  numbers  ;  Rochlitz,  Proske, 
Trautwein,  Commer,  Schlesmger,  and  others, 
have  also  printed  Misereres,  and  other  music, 
in  their  collections).  His  MSS.  are  in  various 
libraries.  He  publ.  only  "Duetti,  terzetti  e 
raadngali"  (1705;  includes  the  madrigal  "In 
una  siepe  ombrosa,"  the  appropriation  of  which 
caused  Bononcini's  downfall).  His  most  famous 
work  is  a  Miserere  a  4  with  Crucifixus  a  12. 
Alberti,  Gasparini,  Galuppi,  and  Marcello  were 
his  pupils. 

Lof to,  Isidor,  b.  Warsaw,  Dec.  2,  1840. 
Pupil  of  Massart  (vln.)  and  Reber  (comp.)  at 
Paris  Cons.  In  1862,  after  long  tours,  solo  vio- 


363 


LOTZE— T.OnECK 


linist  at  Weimar  ;  1^72,  violin-teacher  at  Strass- 
Imrg  Cons.;  now  (1899)  at  the  Warsaw  Cons. 

Lot' ze,  Rudolf  Hermann,  physiologist  and 
writer;  b.  Bautzen,  May  21,  1817  ,  d.  Berlin, 
July  I,  iSSi.  In  1842,  prof,  of  philosophy  at 
Leipzig  ;  1844,  prof,  in  ordinary,  and  court 
councillor,  at  Gottingen  ;  called  to  Berlin  in 
iSSi.  His  *'  Geschichte  der  Aesthetik  in 
Deutschland"  (1868)  contains  sound  criticism 
of  Helmholtz,  Hauptmann,  and  others  ;  also 
interesting  ideas  on  mus  aesthetics. 

Louis  Ferdinand,  Prince  of  Prussia,  nephew 
of  Frederick  II, ;  b  Friednchsfelde,  n  Berlin, 
Nov.  iS,  1772  ;  fell  at  Saalfeld,  Oct  19,  1806. 
Excellent  amateur  musician  ;  publ.  considerable 
agreeable  chamber-music. 

Loulie",  Iitienne,  inventor  of  the  "chrono- 
metre,"  the  precursor  of  the  metronome  ,  also 
of  a  "  sonometre."  He  was  music-master  to 
Mile,  de  Guise  about  1700,  and  publ.  "Ele- 
ments de  musique"  (1696,  describing  the 
41  chronomtrtre  ") ;  and  a  "  Nouveau  systeme  de 
musique  "  (1698,  describing  the  "  sonometre," 
which  was  a  monochord  to  aid  piano-tuners). 

Lover,  Samuel,  the  novelist  and  poet,  also 
a  painter  and  composer ;  b.  Dublin,  Feb.  24, 
1797  ;  d.  Jersey,  July  6,  rS6S.  He  wrote  the 
music  to  several  Irish  plays,  and  to  many  songs  ; 
publ.  "Songs  and  Ballads"  (London,  1859). 

Low,  Joseph,  b.  Prague,  Jan.  23,  1834 ,  d. 
there  Oct.,  ISS6.  Pianist ,  successful  tour 
through  Moravia,  Silesia,  Galicia,  and  the  Bu- 
kowina  in  1854  ;  from  1856,  concert-player  and 
composer  in  Prague.  Publ.  over  450  numbers 
of  light  pf.-music  (op.  142,  Jugend-Album  ;  op. 
187,  Deux  Impromptus  romantiques ;  op.  325, 
Allegro  brillant  f  2  pf.s  ;  op.  326,  Soir  de 
printemps  ;  op.  413,  Maiengruss). 

Lowe,  Edward,  b.  Salisbury,  England, 
1615  (?) ;  d  Oxford,  July  ir,  1682.  Chorister  in 
Salisbury  Cath.  under  Holmes ;  organist  of 
Christ  Ch.,  Oxford,  1630  ;  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
1660 ;  Choragus,  and  prof,  of  music,  at  Oxford, 
1661. — Publ.  "  A  Short  Direction  for  the  Per- 
formance of  Cathedrall  Service  "  (Oxford.  1661) ; 
comp.  anthems. 

Lowe,  (Johann)  Carl  (Gottfried),  the  per- 
fecter  of  the  "  ballade  "  for  solo  voice  w.  pf.- 
accomp,;  b.  Nov.  30,  1796,  at  Lobejun,  n. 
Ilalle ;  d.  Kiel,  Apr.  20,  1869.  His  father,  a 
school-master  and  cantor,  taught  him  at  first ;  in 
1809  he  was  sent  to  the  Francke  Institut,  Halle, 
where  his  beautiful  soprano  voice  and  clever  at- 
tempts at  composition  attracted  attention.  He 
received  a  yearly  stipend  of  300  Thaler  from 
King  Jerome  until  1812  ;  Turk  was  his  teacher 
in  music  until  1814,  after  which  L.  joined  the 
Singakademie  founded  by  Naue.  He  studied 
theology  at  the  Univ.,  1817-19,  also  produc- 
ing some  vocal  works  ("  Treuroschen,"  "  Wall- 
haide,"  "  Erlkdnig ") ;  was  app.  cantor  at  St. 
Jacob's,  and  teacher  at  the  gymnasium,  at  Stet- 
tin in  1820,  and  town  mus.  dir.  in  1821,  remain- 


until 1866,  when  he  settled  in  Kiel 
From  Greifswald  Univ.  he  recehed  the  title  of 
Dr.  phil  hon.  causa.  On  journeys  to  German 
cities,  Vienna  (1844),  London  (1847),  Sweden 
and  Norway  (1851),  and  Pans  (1857),  Lowe, 
being  an  excellent  vocalist,  introduced  his  bal- 
lades to  public  notice.  His  publ.  works,  145  in 
all,  include  I  opera, 
Die  drri  irnusche 
(Berlin,  1834;  pf.- 
score  publ.);  17 
oratorios  (Die  Fest- 
zetten^  Die  Zer- 
stoning  Jerusalems^ 
Die  Siehenichlafer, 
Johann  Huss,  Die 
eh  erne  Schlenge 
[a  cappella],  Der 
Apostel  von  Phi- 
hppi  [a  cappella], 
Gutenberg  Pale- 
stnna  [MS.],  Ihob 
[MS.],  Dcr  Master  ; 

von    Avis  [MS.], 

Das  Siihnopfer  des  ncuen  Bundes  [MS.],  Das 
Hohe  Lied  Salomon  is  [MS.],  Polits  von  Atella 
[MS.],  Die  Heilnng  des  Bhndgebornen  [a.  capp.], 
Johannes  der  Taujer  [MS.],  Die  A itjerweckitng 
des  Lazarus,  Der  Segen  von  Assisi  [unfinished]) ; 
a  cantata,  Die  Hochzeit  der  Thetis  ;  a  ballade  f . 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  "  J)ie  erste  \Valpurgisnacht " 
[Goethe]  ;  his  most  important  and  characteris- 
tic works,  the  ballades  f.  voice  w.  pf.,  are  publ. 
by  Peters  and  Schlesmger  in  "  Lowe-Albums  " 
containing  20  and  16  numbers  respectively 
(among  the  finest  are  "Edward,"  "  Erlkonijr," 
"Der  \Virthin  Tochterlein,"  "Der  Nock," 
"  Archibald  Douglass,"  "  Tom  der  Reimer," 
"Heinrich  der  Vogler,"  "Oluf,"  and  "Die 
verfiillene  Muhle")  ;  3  string-quartets,  a  pf - 
trio,  several  pf. -sonatas.  4  other  operas  (not 
peif.),  symphonies,  overtures,  etc.,  were  left  in 
MS. — Writings  :  "  Gesanglehre  fur  Gymnasien, 
Seminarien  und  Burgerschulen "  (1826,  3rd 
ed.  1834) ;  "  Musikahscher  Gottesdienst ;  me- 
thodische  Anweisung  zum  Kirchengesang  und 
Orgelspiel"  (1851 ;  3  further  editions)  ;  "Cla- 
vier-und  Generalbass-Schule "  (2nd  ed.  1851). 
—Biographical :  '  *  Selbstbiographie  "  (1870  ; 
edited  by  Bitter)  ;  by  Runge,  "  Karl  L."  (1884), 
and  "Lowe  redivivus"  (1888)  ;  by  Wellmer, 
"  Karl  L."  (r.886) ;  sketches  by  Ambros  in 
"  Culturhistorische  Bilder"  (1860),  and  Gum- 
precht  in  "  Neue  musikalische  Characlerbilder  " 
(1876).  In  English  by  A.  B.  Bach,  * '  Locwe  and 
Schubert  "(1890). 

Lowthian,  Caroline,  [Mrs.  Cyril  A.  Pres- 
cott,]  contemporary  English  composer  of  songs 
("Sunshine,"  "The  Reign  of  the  Roses")  and 
pf.-pieces  (Bourre*e,  Danse  de  ballet,  etc.)- 

LtiTjeck,  Vincentius,  celebrated  organist  of 
the  North  German  school ;  b.  Paddingbttttel,  n. 
Bremen,  1654;  d.  Hamburg,  Feb.  9,  1740,  as 
organist  of  the  Nicolaikirche  (since  1702). 


304 


LOBECK— LULLY 


LiiObeck,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Alphen, 
Holland,  Feb.  n,  1799,  d.  The  Hague,  Feb. 
7,  1865.  After  passing  through  the  war  of  1813- 
15  as  a  Prussian  regimental  musician,  he  studied 
in  Potsdam,  played  in  theatre-orchestras  at  Riga 
and  Stettin,  and  gave  violin-concerts,  from  1823 
in  Holland.  1827,  Director  of  the  new  Cons, 
at  The  Hague;  cond.  of  the  "  Diligentia "  con- 
certs ,  1829,  court  conductor. — He  had  two  sons . 

Lii'beck,  Ernst,  b.  The  Hague,  Aug.  24, 
1829  ,  d.  Paris,  Sept.  17,  1876.  Pianist ;  toured 
America  1850-4  with  Franz  Coenen ;  then  settled 
in  Paris,  and  gave  excellent  chamber-music  con- 
certs with  Lalo,  Armingaud,  and  Jacquard  ; — 
and 

Lii'beck,  Louis,  b.  The  Hague,  1838  ;  'cel- 
list, pupil  of  Jacquard  in  Paris  ;  1863-70,  'cello- 
teacher  in  the  Leipzig  Cons.;  then  settled  in 
Frankfort. 

Lii'benau,  L.  Pseudonym  of  SALOMON 
JADASSOHN. 

Lu'brich,  Fritz,  b.  Barsdorf,  Posen,  July  29, 
1862.  Cantor  at  Peilau,  Silesia,  since  1890. 
Editor  of  "Die  Orgel";  has  publ.  a  "Chorge- 
sangschule"  for  men's  singing -societies ;  also 
male  choruses  and  songs. 

Lucanto'ni,  Giovanni,  b.  Rieti,  Italy,  Jan. 
18,  1825.  Pupil  of  G.  Pacini  at  Lucca,  and  N. 
Vaccai  at  Milan  Cons.  In  1845  he  prod.,  at  La 
Scala,  a  2-act  ballet,  Don  Chisdotte  ;  in  1850,  a 
4-part  mass,  and  the  opera  Elisa  (Milan).  De- 
voted himself  to  vocal  instruction;  settled  in  Paris 
1857 ;  has  lived  in  London  for  several  years. 
His  songs,  duets,  etc. ,  are  well  liked  ;  he  has 
also  written  a  cantata,  a  symphony,  and  various 
"ballabili"f.  pf. 

Lucas,  Charles,  b.  Salisbury,  July  28, 1808; 
d.  London,  Mar.  23,  1869.  Chorister  in  Salis- 
bury Cath.  under  Corfe,  1815-23;  pupil  of  Lind- 
ley  and  Crotch  at  R.  A.  M.,  1823-30,  and  cond. 
there  in  1832;  he  succeeded  Lindleyas  principal 
'cello  at  the  opera,  etc. — Works:  Opera  The 
Regitide /  3  symphonies,  overtures,  a  'cello-con- 
certo, etc. ;  anthems  and  songs. 

Lucas,  Stanley,  son  of  preceding,  has  been 
secretary  to  the  R.  Soc.  of  Musicians  since  1861, 
and  bf  the  Philharm.  Soc.  1866-80. 

Luc/ca,  Pauline,  charming  dramatic  so- 
prano; b.  Vienna,  Apr  25,  1841.  Sang  as  a 
child  in  the  choir  of  the  Karlskirche,  and  was 
taught  by  Uschmann  and  Lewy ;  joined  the 
chorus  of  the  Vienna  Opera,  and  in  1859  created 
quite  a  stir  in  the  r&le  of  First  Bridesmaid,  in 
Der  Freisehitfa^  her  final  appearance  before 
going  to  Olmutz,  where  she  was  already  engaged 
for  leading  roles.  Her  debut  at  Olmtitz  as 
Elvira  in  Ernani  (Sept.  4,  1859)  won  all  hearts. 
Her  appearance  in  Prague  (1860)  as  Norma  and 
Valentine  (Huguenots)  gave  her  fame  such  an 
impetus  that  Meyerbeer  caused  her  engagement 
at  Berlin,  so  that  she  might  create  the  role  of 
Selika  in  his  /  JAfricaine ;  here  she  was  en- 


gaged as  court  singer  for  life.  At  London  her 
impersonations  of  Valentine  and  Margherita 
(Faust),  in  1863  and  1864,  excited  unbounded 
enthusiasm  ,  she  sang  there  every  se.is.on  up  to 
1872  (excepting  1869) ;  then  severed  her  connec- 
tion with  Berlin,  sang  in  the  United  States  for 
two  years,  and,  returning  to  Europe,  at  German 
capitals  (Berlin  excepted),  at  Pans,  Brussels 
(1876),  St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow  (1877),  and 
Madrid  (1878).  In  1869  she  had  married  Baron 
von  Rhaden  (divorced  1872) ;  while  in  America 
she  espoused  Ilerr  von  \Vallhofen.  She  resides 
at  Vienna  as  an  honorary  member  of  the  Court 
Opera  Among  her  favorite  roles  (she  has  some 
60  prepared)  are  Carmen,  Zerlma  (Fra  Diavolo)^ 
Elsa,  Cherubino,  La  Sonnambula,  and  those 
mentioned  above. 

Luck,  Stephan,  b.  Linz-on-Rhine,  Jan.  9, 
1806 ;  d.  Trier,  Nov.  3,  1883,  as  a  member  of 
the  cathedral-chapter.  Distinguished  for  insti- 
tuting reforms  in  Catholic  church-music. — 
Works  :  *'  Gesang-  und  Gebetbuch  fur  die  Dio- 
cese Trier"  (1846);  "  Theoretisch-praktische 
Anleitung  zur  Iler|tellung  eines  wurdigen  Kir- 
chengesanges"  (1856);  "Sammlung  ausgezeich- 
neter  Cornpositionen  fur  die  Kirche"  (1859; 
2nd  ed  ,  in  4  vol.s,  1884,  1885). 

Lud'wig,  Otto,  b.  Eisfeld,  Thuringia,  Feb. 
II,  1813  ;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  25,  1865.  A  poet 
who  also  composed  songs  and  an  opera,  Die 
Kohlerin. 

Liihrsz,  Karl,  b.  Schwcrin,  Apr.  27,  1834 ; 
d.  Berlin,  Nov.  n,  1882.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
an  organist,  and  of  Mendelssohn  at  the  Berlin 
Akademie  /  wrote  orchestral  and  chamber-music. 

Lully  (or  Lulli),  Jean  -  Baptiste  de,  the 
founder  of  French  grand  opera ;  b.  Florence, 
1633 ;  d.  Paris, 
Mar.  22, 1687.  He 
was  taught  the  ele- 
ments of  music, 
and  to  play  the 
violin  and  guitar, 
by  a  Franciscan 
monk.  Though  of 
noble  family,  his 
parents  were  poor, 
and  made  no  diffi- 
culties when  the 
Chevalier  de  Guise 
proposed  to  take 
their  son,  then  13, 
to  France  to  amuse  the  leisure  of  Mile,  de  Mont- 
pensier,  4 1  la  grande  demoiselle."  Whether  she 
tired  of  his  music-making-,  and  sent  him  down 
to  the  scullery,  or  whether  he  was  put  there  at 
first,  is  uncertain ;  but  one  day,  while  he  was  edi- 
fying the  kitchen  with  his  violin,  the  Count  de 
Nogent  overheard  him,  and  secured  him  the 
position  due  to  his  talents  in  the  private  band  of 
Mile,  herself.  But  the  mischievous  boy  set  to 
music  a  satirical  poem  reflecting  on  the  lady, 
who  thereupon  expelled  him  from  her  house. 


365 


LYRA— MACCUNN 


riffia  Choral  Class."— Works:  Op.  2,  Ga- 
votte f.  pf.  and  vln.;  op  4,  Roman/a  f.  vln., 
'cello,  erg.,  and  pf.;  op.  S,  Te  Deura ,  op  9, 
four  pf  -pieces  ;  op  14,  ten  Bagatelles  f .  pf. ; 
studies,  and  other  pf. -music  ;  about  50  songs  , 
and  several  part-songs,  sacred  and  secular. 

Ly'ra,  Justus  W.,  b.  Osnabnick,  Mar  23, 
1822  ;  d.  Gehrden,  n.  Hanover,  Dec.  30,  1882. 
Student  of  philos.  and  theol  at  Berlin  and 
Bonn ;  filled  various  church-offices  at  Lingen, 
Langensalza,  Wittingen,  Bevensen,  and  (1877- 
82)  that  of  "  Ortsgeistlicher  "  (/ wstor  pnmarms] 
at  Gehrden  and  Hanover. — Many  of  his  stu- 
dent-songs were  written  as  a  student ;  they 
were,  and  still  are,  extremely  popular,  e  g  , 
"Der  Mai  ist  gekommen,"  "Durch  Feld  und 
Buchenhallen,"  "Zwischen  Frankreich  und 
dem  Bohmerwald,"  **  Mein'  Mus'  ist  gegang- 
en  ").  He  also  wrote  church-music  (Christmas 
cantata,  1872). — Five  books  of  songs  were  publ 
in  1896 .  I.  Nine  Sacred  songs  f.  solo  voice ; 
II.  Six  mibcel.  songs  f.  one  voice;  III.  Four- 
teen Student-songs,  f.  one  voice  ;  IV.  Five  2- 
and  3-part  songs ,  V.  Four  songs  f .  mixed  ch. , 
and  eight  songs  f.  male  ch. 

Lyslserg-  (real  family-name  Bovy),  Charles- 
Samuel,  b  Lysberg,  n.  Geneva,  Mar.  I,  1821  , 
d.  Genera,  Feb.  15,  1873.  Pianist  and  com- 
poser ,  pupil  of  Chopin  (pf )  and  Delaire 
(harm  ),  in  Paris  ;  teacher  in  the '  Geneva  Cons. 
— Some  favorite  pieces  are  op.  26,  La  Napoli- 
taine ;  op.  29,  Deux  Nocturnes ;  Le  reveil  des 
oiseaux,  and  Le  chant  du  rouet ;  op.  64,  Idylle  ; 
qp.  90,  Les  Ondines ;  op.  94,  Sur  1'onde ,  the 
romantic  sonata,  I1  Absence ;  etc.  (about  150 
numbers  for  piano) ;  also  a  comic  opera,  Lajille 
dii  canlbnneur  (Geneva,  1854). 

M 

Maas,  Louis  (Philipp  Otto),  b  Wiesbaden, 
Germany,  June  21,  1852;  d.  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  18,  1889.  Pianist;  pupil  1867-71  of 
Reinecke  and  Papperitz  at  Leipzig  Cons. ;  also 
of  Liszt  during  3  summers.  From  1875-80, 
pf.-teacher  in  Leipzig  Cons.  Settled  in  Boston 
1880;  cond.  the  Philharm.  Concerts  1881-2. 
He  gave  concerts  in  many  cities  of  the  United 
States ;  and  had  many  private  pupils.— Works  : 
14  On  the  Prairies,  an  Amer.  Symphony"  (1883) ; 
overtures,  suites,  marches,  fantasias,  etc  ,  f. 
orch.;  string-quartet,  op.  3;  pf. -concerto  in  C 
min.,  op.  12 ;  3  sonatas,  3  Impromptus,  and  12 
Phantasiestucke  f.  pf. ;  violin-sonatas  ;  songs. 

Mabelli'ni,  Teodulo,  b.  Pistoia,  Italy,  Apr 
2,  1817;  d.  Florence,  Mar.  10,  1897.  Pupil  of 
G.  Pilotti,  Pistoia,  and  of  the  R.  Istituto  Mu- 
sicale,  Florence;  the  successful  prod,  of  his 
opera  Matilda  di  Toledo  (Florence,  1836)  inter- 
ested Grand  Duke  Leopold  II.,  whose  bounty 
permitted  further  study  under  Mercadante  at 
Novara.  A  second  opera,  Rolla  (Turin,  1840), 
was  highly  successful.  Settled  in  Florence 
1843 ;  became  cond.  of  the  Filarmonica,  and 


dir.  of  the  grand  annual  concerts  ;  court  m  tfi 
capp.  1847  ,  cond  in  Pergola  Th.  1848  ,  1859- 
87,  prof,  of  composition  m  the  R.  Tbtituto  Mu- 
sicale — Works  7  other  well-recened  operas, 
Ginevra  ifegh  Alwieu  (Turin,  1841),  II tonte  di 
Lavagna  (Florence,  1843),  /  rewstam  a  Co- 
sfantmapoh  (Rome,  1844),  Jfarfn  di  Francw 
(Florence,  1846),  //  1'enttniMo  [with  L.  Gior- 
dani]  (Leghorn,  1851),  Baldassctre  (Florence, 
1852),  Fiammetta  (ibid.,  1857) ;  an  oratorio, 
Eudossia  e  Paolo ,  a  sacred  drama,  1} ultimo 
ffWt'iw  di  Gentsa  few  me  ;  the  cantatas  Z^  Garcia  ^ 
II  Ritorno,  Ekgiaca,  Rafaek  Sa/izw,  Lo  Spin  to 
di  Dante  ;  masses,  responses,  hymns,  motets, 
etc.;  chamber-music,  pf.-pieces. 

Mabillon,  Jean,  Benedictine  monk ;  b.  St  - 
Pierremont,  n.  Rheims,  Nov  23,  1632 ;  d  St  - 
Germain-des-Prcs,  Dec.  27,  1707.  — Publ.  "  I)u 
liturgia  galhcana  libri  3  "  (1685  ;  2nd  cd.  1720)  , 
some  information  on  mus.  history  is  also  found 
in  other  works 

Macbeth7,  Allan,  b.  Greenock,  Scotland, 
Mar.  13,  1856.  Pupil  1875-6,  at  Leipzig  Cons  , 
of  Richter,  Reinecke,  and  Jadassohn.  Organist 
in  several  Glasgow  churches  ;  choirmaster  of  the 
Choral  Union  1880-7  \  cond.  of  Greenock  Select 
Choir  iSSt  ;  of  Glasgow  Kyile  Choir  1884.  Since 
1890,  Principal  of  the  School  of  Music  at  the 
Glasgow  Athenaeum. — Works  .  An  operetta  T/u* 
Duke's  Doctor  (MS.) ;  2  cantatas,  The  Land  of 
Glory  (1890)  and  Si/wr  Belli;  a  "Jubilee 
Chorus  "  (1896)  ;  "  In  Memoriam,"  f  orch.;  In- 
termezzo, f.  strings  ;  Serenata,  Danze  piz/icate, 
and  Ballet,  f.  orch.;  string-trios  ;  pf. -trios  ;  Miite 
f.  cello  and  pf. ;  pf. -music  ;  songs. 

MacCunn',  Hamish,  Scotch  composer ;  b- 
Greenock,  Mar.  22,  1868.  Student  in  R.A.M.t 
1883-6,  under  Hu- 
bert Parry,  having 
won  a  scholarship  for 
composition.  Au 
gust  Manns  brought 
out  several  of  his 
pieces  in  1887;  in 
1888  he  was  com 
missioned  to  com- 
pose a  cantata  for 
the  Glasgow  Choral 
Union  ;  also  gave  a 
series  of  orchestral 
concertsatthe  studio 
of  John  Pettie,  whose 
daughter  he  married  in  1889.  1888-94,  prof  of 
harm,  at  R.  A.  M.;  1892,  cond.  of  the  Hamp- 
stead  Conserv.  Orch.l  Soc.;  1898,  of  the  Carl 
Rosa  opera-company.— Works  :  The  4-act  opera 
Jennie  Deans  (Edinburgh,  1894)  ;  4-act  opera 
Diannidand  Ghrint  (London,  Coven t  Garden, 
Oct.  23,  1897  ;  succ.) ;  the  cantatas  Bonnie 
Kilmeny  (1888),  Lord  Ulhris  Daughter  (1888), 
The  Lay  oftfo  Last  Minstrel  (1888),  The  Caw- 
fj  oniatfs  Dream  (1890),  Qusen  Hynde  oj  Qaledon 
(1893),  and  The  Death  of  Parry  Reed(t.  male 
ch.  and  orch.);  3  overtures,  liCior  Mhor," 


A 


368 


MACDOWELL— MACFARREN 


"  The  Land  of  the  Mountain  and  the  Flood," 
and  "Ballad  Overture,  The  Do\\ie  Dens  o' 
Yarrow";  orch.l  ballade,  "The  Ship  o'  the 
Fiend  "  ;  songs  and  part-songs ;  pieces  f .  vln 
and  pf. ,  and  'cello  and  pf . ,  the  8th  Psalm,  f.  ch. 
and  orch. ;  etc 

MacDowell,  Edward  Alexander,  pianist 
and  composer ;  b.  New  York,  Dec.  18,  1861 ; 
pupil  there  of  J. 
Buitrago,  P.  Des- 
vernine, and  Teresa 
Carrefio  Studied 
from  1876,  at  Paris 
Cons.,  under  Mar- 
montel  (pf )  and 
Savard  (theory) ; 
and  in  1879,  at 
Frankfort,  under 
Ileymann  (pf.)  and 
Raff(comp.).  From 
i88i-2hewashead 
teacher  of  pf.  at 
Darmstadt  Cons. ; 
in  1882  the  sup- 
port of  Raff  and 
Liszt  gained  a  hearing  for  his  works  at  the  an- 
nual festival  of  the  * 4  Allgemeiner  deutscher  Mu- 
sikverein "  ;  he  then  lived  in  Wiesbaden  and 
(from  iSSS)  in  Boston,  Mass. ;  and  in  1896  was 
app.  prof,  of  music  in  Columbia  Univ  ,  New 
York.  Princeton  Univ.  has  conferred  on  him 
the  hon.  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  He  is  a  concert- 
pianist  of  marked  ability,  and  a  composer  of 
strong  individuality.— Works-  Op.  i-S  all  MS.; 
SONGS  F.  ONE  VOICE,  op.  9  (2  songs),  op.  n  (3 
Ger.  songs  f.  tenor),  op.  12  (3  do.  do ),  op.  26 
("  From  an  old  Garden,"  6  songs),  op.  33  (3 ; 
Ger.  and  Engl.),  op.  34  (2;  Engl.),  op.  40 (6 love- 
songs),  op.  47  (8  ;  Engl.) ; — FOR  PIANO,  op.  13 
(Prelude  and  Fugue),  op.  10  (ist  Modern  Suite), 
op.  14  (2nd  Mod.  Suite),  op.  15  (ist  concerto,  in 
A  min.),  op.  16  (Serenata),  op.  17  (2  Fantastic 
PCS.),  op.  18  (Barcarolle  and  Humoresque),  op.  19 
(Forest  Idylles),  op.  20  (3  Poems,  4  hands),  op. 
21  (Moon- Pictures,  4  hands),  op.  23  (2nd  con- 
certo, in  D  min.),  op.  24  (Humoreske,  March, 
Cradle-song,  Czardas),  op.  28  (6  Idyls),  op.  31 
(6  Poems  after  Heine),  op.  32  (4  Little  Poems), 
op.  36  (fitude  de  concert,  in  F  #),  op.  37  (Les  Ori- 
entales,  3  pcs.),  op.  38  (Marionettes,  6  little  pcs.), 
op.  39  (12  Studies),  op.  45  (Sonata  tragica),  op. 
46  (i 2  Virtuoso-Studies),  op.  49  (Air  and  Rigau- 
don),  op.  50  (Sonata  eroica),  op.  51  (Woodland 
Sketches) ; — FOR  ORCHESTRA,  op.  22  ("  Hamlet 
and  Ophelia,"  2  pcpms  f  full  orch.),  op.  25 
("  Lancelot  and  Elalie,"  2nd  symphonic  poem), 
op.  29  ("Lamia,"  3rd  symph.  poem),  op.  30  ("Ro- 
land "  symphony),  op.  35  (Romance  f.  'cello  w. 
orch.),  op.  42  (ist  Suite  f.  full  orch.),  op.  42a 
("  In  October,"  suppl.  to  Suite  i),  op  48  (2nd 
["  Indian"]  Suite) ;— CHORUSES,  op.  27  (3  songs, 
Engl.  and  Ger.,  f.  male  ch.),  op.  41  (2  songs  f. 
male  ch.),  op.  43  (2  Northern  Songs,  f.  mixed 
ch.),  op.  44  (Barcarolle,  f.  mixed  ch.)T  op.  52  (2 


Choruses  f.  men's  voices)  —  inthoitt  opus-num- 
ber .  2  songs  from  the  I3th  century,  f.  male  ch. , 
6  Little  Pieces  f.  pf.,  after  sketches  by  J.  S. 
Bach  ;  Technical  Exercises  f.  pf.  (3  books). 

Macfarren,  Sir  George  Alexander,  impor- 
tant English  composer ;  b.  London,  Mar  2,1813, 
d.  there  Oct.  31,  1887.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
George  Macfarren  (the  dramatist) ;  and  of  Ch 
Lucas  (1827)  andC.  Potter  (1829)  at  the  R.  A.  M., 
where  he  became  prof,  in  1834.  In  1875  he  suc- 
ceeded Bennett  as  Prof,  of  Music  at  Cambridge 
Univ  ;  M  us.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc.,  Cantab.,  1876, 
in  which  year  he  became  Principal  of  theR.  A.  M. 
He  was  knighted  in  1883. — Works  The  operas 
The  Demi's  Opera  (1838) ;  Don  Quixote  (1846) ; 
King  Charles  II.  ( 1 849) ;  The  Sleeper  A  wakened 
(1850) ;  Robin  Hood  (1860)  ;  Jessy  Lea  (1863)  ; 
She  Stoops  to  Conquer  (1864)  ;  The  Soldier's 
Legacy  (1864) ;  Hehwllyn  (1864) ;  4  others  not 
perf.  \  2  masques,  and  'several  farces  and  melo- 
dramas ;  the  oratorios  Si  John  the  Baptist 
(1873),  Tlie  Resurrection  (1876),  Joseph  (1877), 
and  King  David  (1883)  ;  the  cantatas  Leonora, 
May  Day,  Christmas,  Songs  in  a  Cornfield,  Out- 
ward Bound,  and  The  Lady  of  the  Lake ; — 
CHURCH-MUSIC:  Choral  Service  in  Eb;  Unison 
Sen  ice  in  G  ;  52  Introits  or  Short  Anthems,  and 
many  other  anthems  ;  hymns,  chants,  etc. — 8 
Symphonies  $n.  C,  D  min.,  F  min.,  A  min.,  Bf), 
Cjf  min.,  D,  and  E  min.) ;  Overtures  (m  Ep  ; 
"  Merchant  of  Venice  "  ;  "Romeo  and  Juliet "  ; 
11  Chevy  Chase";  * '  Don  Carlos  ";  "Hamlet"; 
"  Festival") ;  an  Idyll  in  memory  of  Bennett ;  a 
pf  -concerto,  a  flute-concerto,  and  a  violm-con- 
certo  ;  a  pf. -quintet ;  a  quintet  f.  concertina  and 
strings;  6  string-quartets  (G  min.,  C,  A,  F,  G 
mm.,  andG) ;  apf.-trio  ;  a  trio  f.  pf.,  flute,  and 
'cello ;  2  sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf.  ;  sonata  f  flute 
and  pf. ;  several  pf.-sonatas  ;  an  organ-sonata  , 
5  Romances  f.  violin  ;  2  4-part  songs ;  trios, 
duets,  songs,  etc. — His  chief  writings  are  "  Ru- 
diments of  Harmony  "  (1860  ;  14 editions);  and 
"Six  Lectures  on  Harmony"  (1867;  3rd  ed 
iS8o);also  valued  contributions  to  Grove's  "Dic- 
tionary of  Music,"  the  **  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,"  and  the  "  Imperial  Diet,  of  Biography." 
He  edited  "  Old  English  Ditties"  (avol.s)/'OId 
Scottish  Ditties,"  "  Moore's  Irish  Melodies," 
11  Songs  of  England,"  u  British  Vocal  Album  "; 
also  Purcell's  Dido  find  sRneas,  HsLndel's  Bel- 


fluence"  (London,  1891)  — His  wife, 

Macfarren,  Natalia,  a  native  of  Lubeck,  is 
well  known  for  her  excellent  translations  into 
English  of  many  German  songs,  cantatas,  opera- 
libretti,  etc.;  she  has  also* written  a  "Vocal 
Method,"  and  an  *'  Elementary  Course  of  Vocal- 
ising and  Pronouncing  the  English  Language." 
Macfarren,  Walter  Cecil,  brother  of  Sir 
George  ;  b.  London,  Aug.  28, 1826.  Chorister  at 
Westminster  Abbey,  1836-41,  under  Turle ;  from 
6,  pupil,  at  the  R,  A.  M,,  of  Holmes  (pf.), 


369 


MACHAULT— MAGGINI 


I 


C.  Potter,  and  his  brother  (comp.).  From  1846, 
pf.-prof.  at  the  R.  A.  M. ,  of  which  inst.  he  is 
a  Fellow.  From  1873-80 he  conducted  the  Acad- 
emy Concerts  ;  has  also  acted  as  director  and 
treasurer  of  the  Philharm.  Soc.  He  has  given 
many  pf  .-recitals  and  lectures  in  London,  Bris- 
tol, "and  elsewhere  ;  also  a  series  of  orch.l  con- 
certs in  1882.  Works:  A  symphony  in  Bfr;  7 
overtures;  a  Concertstuck  in  E,  f.  pf.  and  orch.; 
,  pf.-tnos;  2  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin ;  I  sonata 
:.  pf.  and  'cello ;  4  Romances  f.  pf.  and  violin 
a  great  variety  of  pf. -music  (3  Suites  de  pieces 
6  "Illustrations  of  Tennyson's  Heroines" 
Allegro  appassionato  ;  Allegro  cantabile  ;  Ron- 
dinos,  Caprices,  Tarantellas,  Scherzos,  Impromp- 
tus, Gavottes,  Mazurkas,  Waltzes,  etc.) ;  a  can- 
tata, The  Song  cf  the  Sunbeam  /  services  and 
anthems,  songs  and  part-songs. — Has  edited  Mo- 
zart's pf  -works,  Beethoven's  Sonatas;  "  Popular 
Classics  "  ,  * 4  Morceaux  classiques  "  ;  etc. 

Machault  (or  Machau,  Machaud,  Ma- 
chaut),  Guillaume  f  Guillelmus]  de  Mascandio, 
probably  a  native  of  Machau  in  the  Champagne, 
lived  about  1284-1370 ;  troubadour  in  the  service 
of  Joanna  of  Navarre,  Johann  of  Luxembourg, 
and  Charles  V.  of  France.  A  mass,  motets, 
rondos,  chansons  and  ballads  are  preserved,  be- 
sides many  poems. 

Mach'tig,  Karl,  b.  Breslau,  Jan.  10,  1836  ; 
d.  there  May  2,  iSSr.  Taught  by  Brosig  and 
Ltistner,  he  succeeded  Ad.  Hesse  as  1st  organ- 
ist at  the  Berhardinerkirche. — Publ.  pf  -music 
and  songs. 

Maciro'ne,  Clara  Angela, composer, pianist, 
and  teacher ;  b.  London,  Jan.  20,  1821.  Pupil, 
at  the  R.  A.  M.,  of  Potter  and  Holmes  (pf  ), 
Lucas  (comp.),  and  Negri  (voice)  Associate  of 
the  Philharm.  Soc.;  teacher  of  pf.  at  the  R.  A. 
M.;  then  head  music-mistress  (1872-8) of  Aske's 
School  for  Girls,  Hatcham,  later  at  the  Ch.  of 
England  High  School  for  Girls,  in  Baker  St.; 
success  as  a  teacher  remarkable.  Now  (1899) 
living  in  retirement. — Works :  Te  Deum  and 
Jubilate,  sung  at  Hanover  Chapel  (first  service 
by  a  woman  ever  sung  in  the  church) ;  anthem 
"By  the  waters  of  Babylon"  (sung  at  Canter- 
bury, Ely,  and  other  cathedrals);  numerous  part- 
songs  (her  most  popular  and  successful  comp.s), 
and  songs  ;  "  Suite  de  pieces  "  in  E  min.,  f.  vln. 
and  pf . ;  Rondino  in  G,  and  other  pf  -music. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  Alexander  Campbell,  b. 
Edinburgh,  Aug.  22, 1847.  PupU  of  Ulrich(pf.) 
and  Stein  (comp.)  at  Sondershausen  Cons.,  1857- 
61,  when  he  entered  the  Ducal  orch. ;  won  the 
King's  scholarship  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  1862,  and 
studied  under  Sain  ton,  Jewson,  and  Lucas  ;  from 
1865  in  Edinburgh  as  a  teacher  and  conductor, 
concert-violinist,  and  quartet-player.  Hon.  Mus. 
Doc.,  Univ.  of  St.  Andrews,  1886,  of  Cam- 
bridge, 1888;  of  Edinburgh,  1896.  Knighted  in 
1894.  He  is  a  distinguished  and  active  member 
of  various  societies  and  musical  associations. 
Since  1888,  Principal  of  the  R.  A.  M.,  succeed- 


The 


ing  Macfarren  ;  since  1892,  cond  of  the  Phil- 
harm.  Concerts.  —  Works  :  3  operas,  Colombo, 
(1883^  The  Trou- 
badour (1  886),  and 
His  Majesty,  or  The 
Court  of  ringoha 
(1897  ;  comic),  the 
oratorios  The  Rose  of  f 
Sharon  (1884),  and  ' 
Bethlehem  (1894);  '/., 
the  cantatas  The  ' 
Bride,  Jason, 
Story  of  D 
The  Xeiv  Covenant, 
The  Dream  of 
Jubal,  The  Cotters 
Saturday  flight  ^  and 
/*<?«/,  creator  spirt- 
tits  y  incidental  music  to  Ravenswood  and  Mar- 
tnion  •  also  to  Barrie's  The  Little  Afinister(i&qi)m 
—  FOR  ORCHESTRA:  A  Scherzo;  2  Scottish 
Rhapsodies;  a  ballad,  "La  belle  dame  sans 
merci";  overtures  ("Cervantes,"  "To  a  Com- 
edy," "Tempo  di  ballo,"  "Twelfth  Night," 
11  Britannia")  ;  a  concerto,  and  a  "  Pibroch,"  f. 
violin  and  orch  ;  "Scottish  Concerto"  f  pf. 
and  orch  ;—  also  a  pf.  -quartet  (op.  n,  in  E(5)  ; 
"From  the  North"  (9  pieces  f.  violin  w.  pf.- 
acc.)  ;  other  music  f  .  violin  and  for  pf  .  ,  an- 
thems, songs,  and  part-songs. 

McLean,  Alick,  composer  ;  b.  Eton,  Eng- 
land, July  20,  1872.  —  Works  .  The  3-act  opera 
Quenttn  Durward  (London,  1895);  the  i-act 
opera  Petrucao  (Covent  Garden,  June  29,  1895  ; 
won  the  Moody-Manners  prize  of  j£ioo)  ;  songs. 

Ma'der,  Raoul  (Maria),  b.  Pressburg,  Hun- 
gary, June  25,  1856.  Law-student  at  Vienna 
Univ.  1874-8  ,  studied  in  the  Vienna  Cons., 
1879-82,  under  Schmitt  and  Schenner  (pf.), 
iJruckner  (harm.),  and  Krenn  (comp.),  taking 
first  prizes  for  pf.  -playing  and  pf.  -composition, 
and  (1880)  the  great  silver  medal  and  the  Liszt 
prize  as  best  pianist  in  the  Cons.  From  1882- 
95,  ist  "  Sologesangscorrepetitor  "  (u  coach  "  for 
solo  singers  )  at  the  Vienna  court  opera,  also  con- 
ducting ballets  and  minor  operas  ;  1891-5  also 
chorus-master  of  the  Academical  Gesangverein. 
Since  1895,  chief  conductor  at  the  Royal  Opera, 
Pesth.  —  Works  :  The  3-act  comic  opera  Die 
Fluihtlinge  (Court  Opera,  Vienna,  1891)  j  i-act 
fantastic  ballet  Die  Sircneninsel  (ibid.,  1892; 
v.  succ.)  ;  i-act  ballet  Die  Hoihzeit  im  Frisir- 
salon  (ibid.,  1893)  ;  3-act  operetta  Cffur  d'ange 
(Carltheater,  Vienna,  1894)  ;  fant.  ballet  Die 
rothen  Schuhc  (Pesth,  1897)  ,  fant.  ballet  She 
[after  Rider  Haggard]  (Pesth,  1898);  a  parody 
on  Mascagni's  Cav,  rttstica  (Th.  an  der  Wien, 
1892)  ;  and  the  ballet  Tansblut  (Lindentheater, 
Berlin,  1898)  ;  choruses,  songs,  etc. 

Maggi'ni,  Giovanni  Paolo,  (also  Magini, 
Magino,)  b.  Botticino-Marino,  Italy,  1580  ;  d. 
Brescia,  about  1631.  Famous  violin-maker  at 
Brescia.  His  violins,  violas,  'celli,  and  double- 
basses  are  prized  almost  equally  with  Stradivari's 


370 


MAGNUS— MAITLAND 


and  Guarnen's  ;  the  double-basses  are  especially 
valued.  The  violins  have  a  soft,  viola-like  tone. 
The  label  reads  .  Gio.  Paolo  Maggini,  Brescia. 

Magnus,  Desire",  (rede  Magnus  Deutz,) 
b.  Brussels,  June  13,  1828  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.,  1884. 
Studied  with  Vollweiler,  Heidelberg,  and  at  the 
Brussels  Cons. ,  after  successful  pianistic  tours 
in  England,  Spain,  Russia,  etc.,  he  settled  in 
Pans  as  a  concert-pianist,  teacher,  composer, 
and  critic  — Publ.  a  well-known  "  Methode  e'lc- 
rnentaire  de  piano"  (1879)  \  a  Grande  senate, 
op.  140  ;  24  etudes  for  velocity  and  melody,  op. 
190  t  many  jtf/cw-pieces  ;  etc. 

Mahillon,  Charles-Victor,  born  Brussels, 
Mar.  10,  1841.  Since  1877,  custodian  of  the 
museum  of  mus,  instr.s.  at  Brussels  Cons. ,  also 
editor,  1869-86,  of  '*  L'ficho  musical,"  and  man- 
ager of  his  father's  wind-instr.  factor}'. — Publ. 
"Tableau  synoptique  des  voix,  et  de  tous  les 
instr.s  de  musique";  "  Tabl.  syn.  de  la  science 
de  Tharmonie  ";  "  Elements  d'acoustique  mu- 
sicale  et  instrumentale "  (1874;  silver  medal, 
Paris);  "  £tude  sur  le  doigte  de  la  flute  Bohm" 
(1885). 

Mah'ler,  Gustav,  b.  Kalescht,  Bohemia, 
July  7,  1860.  Studied  in  Iglau  Gymnasium ; 
then  (1877)  philosophy  at  Vienna  Univ.,  and 
also  at  the  Cons.  (pf.  with  Epstein,  comp.  and 
cpt.  with  Bruckner).  1883-5,  A'rf/W/w.  in  court 
th.  at  Kassel  (directed  the  grand  mus.  festi- 
val as  a  leave-taking);  1885-6  in  Prague  with 
Attgelo  Neumann,  as  Anton  Seidl's  successor 
(directed  Nibehmgen^  Meister -singer ,  Tristan 
unJ  Iwlde,  etc.);  1886-8  in  City  Th  ,  Leipzig; 
1888-91,  Director  of  the  Royal  Opera  at  Pesth, 
thoroughly  reorganizing  the  opera ;  1891-7, 
Kapellm.  at  Hamburg  City  Th.;  in  May,  1897, 
called  to  the  Vienna  Court  Opera  as  Plofkapdlm.; 
in  Oct.,  1897,  succeeded  Wilhelm  Jahn  as 
Director  of  the  Court  Opera. — Publ,  works  : 
Opera  Die  drei  Pintos  [after  Weber's  sketches] 
(Leipzig,  1888);  symphony  No.  2,  in  C  min.;  3 
books  of  songs. 

Mahu,  Stephan,  German  contrapuntist, 
chapel-singer  to  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.  Some 
cornp.s  are  in  Petrejus's  "  Modulationes  "  (1538) 
and  "  Newe  teutsche  Liedlein  "  (1539) ;  in  Kries- 
stein's  "  Selectissimae  cantiones  "  (1540) ;  in 
Rhaw's  "Newe  geistliche  Gesange"  (1544); 
Walther's  "  Gesangbuch"  (1551;  choral-melo- 
dies) ;  Montan-Neuber's  "Thesaurus  musicus" 
(1564  ;  a  "  Da  pacem  "  a  8) ;  and  in  Joannelli's 
"  Novus  thesaurus  musicae"  (1568;  Lamenta- 
tions). Commer  publ.  2  Magnificats  a  4  in 
4 '  Musica  sacra,"  vol.  xviii. 

Mailer  [ml-],  Joseph  Friedrich  Bernhard 
Caspar,  cantor  at  Schwabisch-Hall.  Publ. 
"Hodegus  musicus"  (1718),  and  "Museum 
musicum  theoretico-practicum  "  (1732,  2nd  ed. 
174.1  as  "  Neu  eroffneter  theoretisch-practischer 
Musiksaal ;"  a  method  for  several  now  obsolete 
instr.s). 

Mai'er,  Julius  Joseph,  b.  Freiburg,  Baden, 


Dec.  29,  1821 ;  d.  Munich,  Nov.  21, 1889  lie 
studied  for  a  governmental  career,  but  from  1849 
took  up  music  under  Haussmann  in  Leipzig  ; 
1850,  teacher  of  counterpoint  at  the  Munich  R. 
School  of  Music  ,  1857-87,  custodian  of  the  im- 
portant musical  department  of  the  Munich  Li- 
brary.— Publ.  "Classische  Kirchenwerke  alter 
Meister"  (1845  ;  arr.  f.  male  ch  ) ;  an  "  Auswahl 
enghscher  Madrigale  "  (1863)  ;  and  the  valuable 
catalogue  *  "  Die  musikalischen  Handschriften 
der  Kgl.  Hof-  und  Staatsbibliothek  in  Mun- 
chen"(i879;  Part  I,  "  Die  Handschriften  bis 
zum  Ende  des  17.  Jahrhunderts  "). 

Mai'erl,  Anton  von.    See  MAYERL. 

Maillart,  Louis  (called  Aime*),  b.  Montpel- 
lier,  Herault,  France,  Mar.  24,  1817 ;  d.  Mou- 
lins,  Alher,  May  26,  1871.  Pupil,  at  Paris 
Cons.,  of  Gue'nn  (vln.),  Elwart  (harm.),  and  Le- 
borne  (cpt.  and  comp.) ;  won  the  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  1841,  and  spent  2  years  in  Italy,  then 
visiting  Vienna  and  German  cities.  He  wrote 
six  operas ;  the  first,  Gastibelza  (1847),  was  well 
received  ;  £es  dragons  de  Villars  (1856)  has  also 
been  successful  in  Germany  as  Das  Gkckchen 
des  Eremitm. 

Mailly,  A  Ip  ho  nse- Jean -Ernest,  b.  Brus- 
sels, Nov.  27,  1833.  Pianist  and  organist ;  pupil 
of  Girschner  at  Brussels  Cons  ,  where  he  was 
app.  piano-teacher  in  1861,  and  organ-teacher 
in  1868.  A  fine  organ-virtuoso,  he  has  given 
concerts  in  Paris,  Amsterdam,  London,  etc. — 
Works  :  Sonatas,  fantaisies,  morceaux  de  genre, 
etc.,  f  org.;  Serenade  f.  flute,  violin,  'cello,  org., 
andpf.;  pf.-trio  ;  pf  -pieces ;  motets w.  org.;  etc. 

Main'zer,  Abbe  Joseph,  b.  Trier,  May  7, 
1807 ;  d.  Manchester,  England,  Nov.  10,  1851. 
Studied  music  in  Trier,  and  became  singing- 
teacher  at  the  seminary.  Exiled  during  the 
Polish  Revolution,  he  went  to  Brussels,  Paris 
(where  he  started  the  short-lived  "Chronique 
musicale  de  Paris"  in  1838),  London (1841),  and 
finally  to  Manchester,  where  he  established  suc- 
cessful singing-classes  on  Wilhem's  system.  His 
journal,  **  Mainzer's  Musical  Times,"  is  now 
the  "  Musical  Times."— Publ.  a  "  Singschule" 
(1831);  "Methode  de  chant  pour  lesenfants" 
(1835;  1838);  "Methode  de  chant  pour  voix 
d'hommes  "  (1836) ;  "  Bibliotheque  dlementaire 
du  chant "  (1836) ;  "  Methode  pratique  de  piano 
pour  les  enfants"  (1837) ;  "  Abe'ce'daire  de 
chant "  (1837)  ;  "  Ecole  chorale  "  (1838) ;  "  Cent 
melodies  enfantines"  (1840) ;  "Singing  for  the 
Million"  (1842) ;  "  Esquisses  musicales,  ou  sou- 
venirs de  voyage  M  (1838-39) ;  "Musical  Athe- 
nceum,  or,  Nature  and  Art,  Music  and  Musi- 
cians, in  Germany,  France,  Italy,  etc."  (1842). 
— 2  operas  were  unsuccessful. 

Maitland,  John  Alexander  Fuller,  musical 
author  and  critic ;  b.  London,  Apr.  7,  1856. 
Took  degree  of  M.A.  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, in  1882.  He  wrote  for  the  "  Pall  Mall 
Gazette"  1882-4  ;  for  the  "  Guardian  "  1884-9  I 
in  1890  succeeded  IIuefTer  as  mus.  critic  of 


371 


MA!TRE— MALLIXGER 


'The  Times."  Contributor  to  Grove's  Dic- 
tionary (of  which  he  edited  the  Appendix).  Has 
lectured  on  English  musical  history,  and  on  Pur- 
cell  ;  and  has  appeared  as  pianist  at  concerts  of 
the  Bach  Choir. — Works  .  **  Schumann  "  (in 
"  Great  Musicians"  series,  1884) ;  Catalogue  of 
music  in  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum  (1893)  ; 
"  Masters  of  German  Music"  (1894) ;  transl  , 
with  Clara  Bell,  Spitta's  Life  of  J.  S.  Bach  (1884, 
3  vol.s) ;  edited  "  English  County  Songs " 
(1893),  also  Purcell's  12  Sonatas  for  3  parts  and 
the  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day  (for  the  Purcell 
Soc.)  ,  and  the  Fitzwilliam  Virginal  Book  (with 
Barclay  Squire ;  1898). 

Maitre  Jehan.    See  CALLUS. 

Ma'jo,  Francesco  di  (called  Ciccio  di 
Majo),  b  Naples,  1745  (') ;  d  Rome,  1770.  Dis- 
tinguished composer,  pupil  of  the  Cons  di  S 
Onofrio.  For  a  number  of  years,  organist  of 
the  Royal  Chapel,  for  which  he  wrote  5  masses 
(one  f  double  choir  and  2  orchestras)  and  other 
sacred  music.  He  brought  out  13  operas,  Astrea 
placata  (1760)  being  the  first.  * 

Majora'no.    See  CAFFARELLI. 

Mal'der,  Pierre  van,  early  symphonist  and 
comp.  of  string-quartets ;  b,  Brussels,  May  13, 
1724;  d.  there  Nov.  3,  1768.  Solo  violinist  at 
the  court  opera ;  chamber-musician  to  Prince 
Charles  of  Lorraine. — Chief  works  :  18  sympho- 
nies f.  strings,  2  oboes,  and  2  horns  (the  first  6 
publ.  1769),  6  string-quartets  (1757),  6  sonatas 
f.  2  violins  and  bass  ;  violin -pieces.  Also  operas. 

Malherbe,  Charles-Theodore,  comp.  and 
musicograph;  b.  Paris,  Apr.  21,  1863.  Though 
musically  gifted,  he  studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar ;  but  then  took  up  music  in 
earnest,  under  A.  Danhauser,  A.  \Vormser,  and 
J.  Massenet;  also  publ.  some  original  comp.s, 
and  transcriptions.  After  a  tour  (as  Danhauser's 
secretary)  through  Belgium,  Holland,  and  Swit- 
zerland in  1880-1,  to  inspect  the  music  in  the 
public  schools,  he  settled  in  Paris ;  in  1896  was 
app.  asst.-archivist  to  the  Grand  Opera.  He 
edits  "Le  Menestrel,"  and  contributes  to  many 
leading  reviews  and  mus.  journals.  His  collec- 
tion of  mus.  autographs  is  probably  the  finest 
private  coll.  in  the  world. — Compositions  :  liEn 
route!"  quickstep  f.  orch.;  "Cendnllon,"  and  a 
Duo  concertant,  f.  pf.  4  hands ;  "  Menuet  de 
Lucette,"  and  other  pf.-pieces ;  2  offertories  f . 
org.,  one  in  canon-form,  the  other  w.  vln.,  'cello, 
and  harp ;  vln. -music,  songs,  and  many  tran- 
scriptions.— Writings :  "  L'ceuvre  dramatique  de 
Richard  Wagner"  (1886) ;  ct  Precis  d'histoire  de 
l'Ope'ia-Comique"(i887);  *«  Notice  sur  Ascanio" 
(1890);  "  Melanges  sur  R.  Wagner"  (1891); 
"  Histoire  de  la  seconde  Salle  Favart"  [Ope'ra- 
Comique]  (2  vol.s,  1892-3,  "  couronne*e  par  Tln- 
stitut ") ;  "  Catalogue  des  ceuvres  de  Donizetti " 
(1897) ;  "  Programmes  et  concerts"  (1898).  M. 
is  also  secretary  of  the  edition  of  Rameau's  com- 
plete works  now  publishing  by  Durand,  editing 
the  historical  and  biographical  notices  therein. 


He  is  Officer  of  the  Acad  ,  and  of  Public  In- 
struction ,  and  chevalier  of  several  orders. 

Malibran,  Maria  Felicita  (u&  Garcia),  b 
Paris,  Mar.  24,  iSoS  ;  d.  Manchester,  Sept.  23, 
1836.  Daughter  of  Manuel  Garcia,  and  a  most 
eminent  dramatic  contralto.  Taken  to  Naples 
at  3,  at  5  she  played  a  child's  part  in  Paei's  op- 
era Agntst.  Two  years  later  she  studied  sol- 
f egg t  with  Panseron  ;  from  the  age  of  15,  how- 
ever, she  was  her  father's  pupil  in  singing.  Her 
debut  at  H.  M.'s  Th.,  London,  June  7,  1825,  as 
Rosine  in  thtJ$arfiit:rt',  procured  her  engagement 
for  the  season  The  family  then  vo}aged  to 
New  York,  where  for  two  years  she  was  the  pop- 
ular favorite,  singing  in  Qttlfo^  RoiuA\  Don  Gio- 
vanni, Tancrcdo,  Cenerentola,  and  the  2  operas 
which  her  father  wrote  for  her,  1}  A  manic  astuto 
and  La  FigKa  dtWana  Here  she  married  the 
French  merchant  Malibran ;  he  soon  became 
bankrupt,  and  they  separated  Returning  to 
Paris,  her  immense  success  led  to  an  engage- 
ment at  a  salar)  of  50,000  francs  ;  after  1829  she 
sang  every  season  at  London  ,  also  appeared  at 
Rome,  Naples,  Bologna,  and  Milan  ;  at  her  last 
Naples  engagement  she  received  8o,or»o  francs 
for  40  nights,  \\ith  2)4  benefits;  at  London, 
1835,  she  had  .£2,775  (or  24  nights.  She  mar- 
ried the  violinist  de  Beriot  in  1836,  only  a  few 
months  before  her  death,  which  \vas  caused  by 
overexertion  in  singing  after  a  severe  fall  from 
her  horse.  As  a  singer  and  actress  she  exercised 
the  fascination  of  a  highly  endowed  personality 
over  her  audiences.  Her  voice  was  of  extraor- 
dinary compass,  but  the  medium  register  had 
several  "  dead  "  tones.  She  composed  numerous 
nocturnes,  romances,  and  chansonncttcs,  publ. 
in  album-form  as  "  Derniercs  pensces,  etc  " — 
Biographical.  **  Life  of  Mme.  Maria  M  alibi  an 
de  Beriot,"  by  J.  Nathan  (London,  1846), 
"Cenni  biografici,  etc."  (Venice,  1835);  "  No- 
tizie  biografici,  etc."  by  G.  Barbieri  (Milan, 
1836) ;  "  Loisirs  d?une  femme  du  mondc,"  by 
Countess  Merlin  (Paris,  1838 ;  Ger.  transl.  as 
"  Maria  M.  als  Weib  und  Kunstlerin,  etc." 
Leipzig,  1839  J  more  romantic  than  trustworthy). 

Malibran,  Alexandre,  violinist ;  b.  Paris, 
Nov.  10, 1823  ;  d.  there  May  13,  1867.  Spohr's 
pupil  at  Kassel,  where  he  settled.  At  Paris 
(1860)  he  started  the  short-lived  "  L'union  in- 
stnimentale,"  a  mus.  paper ;  at  Brussels,  1864, 
the  "Le  Monde  musical."  Publ.  "  Ludwig 
Spohr  ;  sein  Leben  und  Wirken  "  (1860) ;  comp. 
a  mass  for  male  ch.  (for  the  Legion  of  Honor; ; 
also  orch.l  and  chamber-music. 

Mal'linger,  Mr/thilde,  («<&  Lichlenegger,) 
dramatic  soprano;  b.  Agram,  Feb.  17,  1847. 
Pupil  (1863-6)  of  Giordigiani  and  Vogl  at 
Prague  Cons.,  and  Lewy  at  Vienna  ;  debut  at 
Munich,  1866,  as  Norma ;  created  the  r6le  of 
Eva  in  the  Meistersinger  in  i8f>8  ;  in  1869  was 
eng.  at  Berlin  Court  Opera,  and  married  Baron 
v.  Schimmelpfennig.  Since  1890,  .singing- 
teacher  in  Prague  Cons, 


372 


MALTEN— MANN 


Mal'ten,  Therese,  dramatic  soprano ,  b.  In- 
sterburg,  E.  Prussia,  June  21,  1855.  Trained 
by  Gubtav  Engel,  Berlin ,  debut  at  Dresden, 
1873,  as  Pamina  and  Agathe,  secured  her  a  life- 
engagement  there  for  leading  roles  (Armide, 
Fidelio,  Senta,  Elisabeth,  Elsa,  Eva,  Isolde). 
Created  role  of  Kundry  (Parsifal)  at  Bayreuth 
in  1882. 

Mal'zel,  Johann  Nepomuk,  mechanical  in- 
ventor ;  b.  Ratisbon,  Aug.  15,  1772 ;  d.  on 
board  the  brig  Otis,  bound  for  America,  July 
31,  1838.  Settled  in  Vienna,  1792,  as  a  music- 
teacher  ;  attracted  wide  attention  by  his  *  *  Pan- 
harmonion  "  (a  sort  of  orchestrion),  an  automa- 
ton-trumpeter, and  an  automatic  chess-player ; 
he  was  created  "Court  Mechanician "  in  1808. 
lie  constructed  the  '*  Metronome "  in  1816 ; 
Winkel,  of  Amsterdam,  was,  however,  the  in- 
ventor. M.  also  made  ear-trumpets  (Beetho- 
ven's, among  others).  He  undertook  long  jour- 
neys to  exhibit  his  inventions. 

Mancinelli,  Luigi,  distinguished  dram, 
comp.  and  cond.;  b.  Orvieto,  Papal  States,  Feb 
5,  1848.  Intended  for  a  mercantile  career,  he 
learned  to  play  the  pf.  by  himself,  and  finally 
ran  away  from  home  in  pursuit  of  mus.  teach- 
ing. Though  caught  half-way  to  Florence,  and 
made  to  return,  he  vanquished  parental  resist- 
ance, and  at  14  was  sent  to  Sbolci,  at  Florence, 
to  learn  the  'cello  Becoming  3rd  'cellist  at  the 
Pergola  Th.,  next  year,  he  earned  his  living  for 
8  years  by  'cello-playing,  teaching,  and  song- 
writing.  He  had  a  few  theoretical  lessons  from 
Mabellini.  In  1870  he  joined  the  orch.  of  the 
Opera  at  Rome,  cond.  by  Terziani ;  became  2nd 
cond.  in  1874,  and  ist  cond.  in  1875.  In  1881, 
Director  of  the  Bologna  Cons.,  which  he  re- 
formed completely,  making  it  one  of  the  best 
music-schools  in  Italy.  From  1886-8,  he  cond. 
the  opera-seasons  at  Drury  Lane,  London ; 
1888-95,  cond.  of  the  Royal  Th.,  Madrid,  also 
of  the  Concert  Soc.  (for  3  years).  Since  then 
he  vibrates  between  Covent  Garden,  London, 
and  the  Metropolitan  Opera,  New  York.  He  is 
famous  as  a  conductor,  both  of  Italian  and  Ger- 
man (Wagner)  opera ;  in  Italy  he  is  called  "il 
Wagnerista  "  by  reason  of  his  enthusiastic  work 
for  Wagner.  —  Compositions :  Overture  and 
entr'acte-music  to  Cossa's  Cleopatra;  the  3-act 
opera  Isora  di  Provenza  (Bologna,  1884),  and  the 
3-act  opera  seria  JSro  e  Leandro  (first  perf.  in 
Italian  at  the  Royal  Th.,  Madrid,  Nov.  30, 
1897 ;  v.  succ.)  ;  an  oratorio,  several  works  for 
orchestra,  songs,  etc. 

Manci'ni,  Francesco,  comp.  of  some  20 
operas  for  Naples,  where  he  was  b.  1674 ;  stud- 
ied and  taught  at  the  Cons,  di  S.  Loreto,  was 
app.  2nd  maestro  of  the  R.  Chapel  in  1709,  and 
ist  maestro  in  1720.  He  died  in  Naples,  1739. 

Manci'ni,  Giambattista,  vocal  teacher;  b. 
Ascoli,  1716  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  9,  1800,  where  he 
was  singing-master  to  the  Archduchesses. — 
Publ.  "  Pensieri  e  riflessioni  practiche  sopra  il 


canto  figurato"  (1774;  2nd  ed  1777;  French 
editions  as  "  L'art  du  chant  figure,"  1776,  and 
4 'Reflexions  pratiques  sur  le  chant  figure," 
1796). 

Man'cio,  Felice,  b.  Turin,  Dec.  19,  1840; 
d.  Vienna,  Feb.  4,  1897.  Stage-  and  concert- 
singer,  a  pupil  of  Mercadante  and  Hassel- 
Barth.  Debut  1870.  For  some  years  prof,  of 
singing  at  Vienna  Cons. 

Mangeot,  Edouard- Joseph,  b  Nantes, 
France,  1834 ;  d.  Paris,  May  31,  1898.  A  prac- 
tical pf.-maker,  he  invented  a  pf.  with  double 
key-board  ("a  double  clavier  renverse"),  which 
created  a  sensation  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1878,  and  at  London  under  the  hands  of  de 
Kontski.  M.  founded,  in  1889,  **  Le  Monde 
musical,"  a  periodical  which  he  himself  edited. 

Man'gold,  (Johann)  Wilhelm,  b.  Darm- 
stadt, Nov.  19,  1796 ;  d.  there  May  23,  1875. 
Son  and  pupil  of  Geo'rg  M.  [1767-1835]  in  vio- 
lin-playing ;  later  of  Rinck  and  Abbe  Vogler, 
and  of  Cherubim  at  Paris  Cons  ;  chamber-mu- 
sician at  Darmstadt,  from  1825  court  Kapellm., 
pensioned  1858. — Works  An  opera,  J/myV, 
(1823),  and  2  minor  ones  ;  incidental  and  cham- 
ber-music, overtures,  and  melodies  f.  horn  or 
clar.  w,  pf.,  which  are  popular. 

Man'gold,  Karl  (Ludwig  Amand),  brother 
of  preceding ;  b.  Darmstadt,  Oct.  8,  1813 ;  d. 
Ober&tdorf,  Algau,  Aug.  5,  1889.  Pupil  of 
Berton  and  Bordogni  at  Paris  Cons.,  1836-9; 
violinist  in  Darmstadt  court  orch. ;  from  1848-69, 
court  mus.  dir  ;  also  cond.  of  the  jMusikvcrein 
(1839),  the  Sangerkranz^  the  Caciha^  and  1869- 
75  of  the  Mosartverein. — Operas  Das  JKohler- 
mddchen^  Tannhauser  (Darmstadt,  1846 ;  re- 
vived there  in  1892  as  Der  getreue  Eckart\ 
Gitdrttn,  Dornroschen  / — oratorios  Abraham ', 
Wittekind)  Israel  in  der  Wrists? — concert- 
dramas  Frithjofi  Hermanns  7W,  Ein  Alorgen 
am  JRJieiHt  Barbarossas  Mrumchen  t — a  sym- 
phony-cantata, Elysium  /  a  dramatic  scene,  Des 
Madchens  Klage ;  a  prize-cantata  f.  male  ch., 
soli,  and  orch.,  Die  WeisJieit  d^s  Alirsa  Schaffy  ; 
2  symphonies  ;  chamber-music  ;  extremely  pop- 
ular male  quartets ;  JDie  Hermannsschlacht^ 
"  paean  "  f.  soli,  mixed  ch.,  and  orch. ;  choruses, 
part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Man'gold,  Karl  Georg,  d.  London,  Nov.  i, 
1887,  aged  75.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Hummel ; 
also  composer  and  teacher. 

Mann,  Arthur  Henry,  b.  Norwich,  Eng- 
land, May  1 6,  1850 ;  chorister  at  the  cathedral 
under  Dr.  Buck.  Organist  at  various  churches, 
and  since  1876  organist  and  choir-director, 
King's  College,  Cambridge.  F.  C.  O.,  1871  ; 
Mus.  Bac.  (1874),  and  Mus.  Doc.  (1882),  Ox- 
ford ;  hon.  member  of  R.  A.  M.,  1896.  Noted 
Handel  scholar  ;  with  E.  Prout  he  discovered  in 
1894,  at  the  Foundling:  Hospital,  the  orig.  wind- 
parts  of  the  Messiah  (perf.  that  year,  with  the 
reconstructed  score,  at  King's  Coll.).  Co&Jitor, 


373 


MANN— MARA 


with  Maitland,  of  the  Fit/william  Catalogue ; 
edited  Talhs's  motet  for  .10  voices  (iSSS) ;  mus. 
editor  of  The  Church  of  England  Hymnal 
(1895). — Comp.s  An  Ecce  homo  f.  soli,  ch  ,  and 
orch.;  Te  Deum  f.  ch.,  orch.,  and  org.,  Evening 
Sen-ice  in  E,  f.  do.;  Eve.  Serv.  in  E,  f.  double 
choir  a  capp.;  anthems,  organ-pieces,  part- 
songs. 

Mann,  Johann  Gottfried,  Hendrik,  military 
bandmaster  at  Leyden  ;  b.  The  Hague,  July  15, 
1858  ;  st.  in  the  R.  School  of  Music  there.— 
Orchestral  and  vocal  works. 

Manns,  August  (Friedrich),  b.  Stolzenberg, 
n.  Stettin,  Mar.  12,  1825.  The  son  of  a  poor 
glass-blower,  his  talent  was  fostered  by  a  rude 
quintet  (2  vlns.,  'cello,  horn,  and  flute)  formed 
by  his  father,  brothers,  and  himself ;  the  village 
musician  of  a  near-by  hamlet  taught  him  the 
violin,  clarinet,  and  flute.  At  15  he  was  ap- 
prenticed to  Urban,  town-musician  of  Elbing, 
Later  he  became  ist  clar.  of  a  regimental  band 
at  Dantzig ;  transferred  in  1848  to  Posen,  M. 
came  under  Wieprecht's  eye,  who  got  him  a 
place  as  ist  violin  in  Gungl's  orch.  at  Berlin. 
1849-51,  conductor  at  Kroll's  Garden ;  band- 
master of  a  regimental  Kdnigsberg  and  Cologne 
(1854),  when  Schallehn  eng.  him  as  sub-cond. 
of  the  Crystal  Palace  band,  London,  also  to 
play  the  E [7  clar.,  copy  music,  etc.  Having  ar- 
ranged a  set  of  National  Quadrilles  at  S.'s  ic- 
quest,  the  latter  publ.  them  as  his  own  work ; 
M.  promptly  resigned  his  position,  and  published 
the  reason,  which  Schallehn  did  not  refute.  M. 
now  appeared  as  a  violinist  at  Leamington,  and 
1854-5  in  Wood's  opera-orch.,  Scotland  ;  cond. 
the  Amsterdam  summer  concerts  of  1855,  and 
in  that  autumn  succeeded  Schallehn  as  director 
of  the  music  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  a  position 
still  (1899)  occupied.  The  original  wind-band 
was  changed  at  his  instigation  into  a  full  orch. 
The  renowned  Saturday  Concerts  were  inaugu- 
rated in  1856 ;  39  series,  numbering  1550  con- 
certs, had  been  given  up  to  May,  1895.  During 
his  43  years*  sway  M.  has  given  some  12,000  con- 
certs ;  also  cond.  6  Triennial  Handel  Festivals  ; 
the  Promenade  Concerts  at  Drury  Lane  in  1859  ; 
and  the  orch.l  concerts  of  the  Glasgow  Choral 
Union,  1879-92.  Has  introduced  many  new 
works  by  English  and  foreign  composers.  Nu- 
merous decorations  have  rewarded  his  intelli- 
gent, conscientious,  and  eminently  popular 
labors. 

Manns'feldt,  Hermann,  b.  Erfurt,  Jan.  21, 
1833  ;  d.  Ems,  Feb.  3, 1892.  Noted  conductor ; 
long  in  Dresden  ;  finally  Kapellm.  of  the  Kur- 
kapclle,  Ems. 

Mann'stadt,  Franz,  b.  Hagen,  Westphalia, 
July  8, 1852.  Pupil  of  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin  ; 
1874,  Kapelfa*  at  Mayence  ;  1876,  of  the  Ber- 
lin Symphony  Orch.;  1879,  pf. -teacher  at  Stem 
Cons.  Was  for  a  time  Billow's  asst.-cond.  at 
Meiningen,  and  cond.  the  Berlin  Philharm.; 
then  (1887-93)  Kapellm.  at  the  R.  Th.,  Wies- 


baden, and  pf. -teacher  at  the  Cons.;  again  cond. 
the  Berlin  Philharm.  (1893-7),  and  then  resumed 
his  former  post  at  Wiesbaden,  succeeding  J. 
Rebicek.— His  brother, 

Mannstadt,  Wilhelra,  b.  Bielefeld,  May  20, 
1837,  cond.  of  singing-societies  and  stage  man- 
ager in  small  Berlin  theatres,  wrote  words  and 
music  of  many  farces  and  operettas,  and  publ.  a 
paper,  "  Der  Kunstfreund,"  in  1874. 

Mans'feldt,  Edgar.  See  PIERSON,  HENRY 
HUGO. 

Man'tius,  Eduard,  dramatic  tenor ;  born 
Schwerin,  Jan.  18,  1806 ;  d  Bad  Ilmenau,  July 
4,  1874.  Pupil  of  Pohlenz  at  Leip2ig  ;  debut 
1830  at  the  Berlin  court  opera  as  Tammo,  and 
sang  there  until  1857. 

Mantova'no,  Alberto.    See  RIPA. 

Manzuo'li,  Giovanni,  famous  stage-soprano 
(mitsico) ;  b.  Florence,  about  1725.  Sang  in 
Italy,  then  in  Madrid  (1753),  and  London  (1764- 
5)  ;  in  1771  he  was  singer  to  the  Grand  Duke  at 
Florence.  Date  of  death  unknown. 

Mapleson,  Col.  James  Henry,  the  well- 
known  English  impresario,  studied  at  the  R.  A. 
M. ,  London  ;  appeared  as  a  singer,  and  also 
played  the  viola  in  an  orchestra.  In  1861  his 
career  as  an  operatic  manager  began  at  the  Ly- 
ceum, with  Italian  opera ;  he  was  at  H.  M.'s 
Th.  1862-8  ;  in  Drury  Lane,  1869  ,  in  partner- 
ship with  Gye,  1869-71,  then  returning  to  Drury 
Lane  ;  in  1877  he  reopened  Her  Majesty's  Th. 
His  seasons  in  the  New  York  Acad.  of  Music 
fluctuated  between  success  and  disaster. 

Ma'ra,  Gertnid  Elisabeth  (n&  Schmeling), 
wonderful  soprano,  with  the  phenomenal  com- 
pass g-e* ,  b.  Kassel,  Feb.  23,  1749  I  d.  Reval, 
Jan.  20,  1833.  Daughter  of  a  poor  musician, 
and  crippled  by  a  fall  in  infancy,  she  took  to  the 
violin  by  instinct ;  she  was  trained  by  charitable 
aid,  and  taken  as  a  prodigy  (at  9)  to  Vienna,  and 
thence  to  London,  by  her  father.  She  was  a 
natural  singer,  and  was  taught  in  London  by 
Paradisi ;  her  health  also  greatly  improved,  and 
she  returned  to  Kassel  hoping  to  be  engaged  for 
the  court  opera ;  failing  here,  J.  A.  Hiller  en- 
gaged her  at  600  Thaler  per  annum  for  the 
" Grosses  Concert"  at  Leipzig.  She  sang  here 
from  1766-71,  also  appearing  several  times  at 
the  Dresden  Opera  with  great  success  ;  and  in 
1771  obtained  a  life-engagement  at  the  Berlin 
Court  Opera,  at  3,000  Thaler.  The  caprices  of 
a  vicious  husband  (the  'cellist  Mara,  whom  she 
married  in  1773),  and  the  incredible  tyranny  of 
King  Frederick  II.,  rendered  this  period  of  the 
great  singer's  life  wretched ;  in  1780  she  fled  to 
Vienna  with  her  husband,  and  proceeded  thence, 
armed  with  letters  of  recommendation  from 
Marie  Antoinette,  to  Paris,  where  the  artistic 
rivalry  between  M.  and  the  Todi  set  the  town  by 
the  ears.  From  1784-1802  she  made  London 
her  abode,  singing  chiefly  in  concerts,  and 
twice  visited  Italy ;  obtained  a  decree  of  separa- 


374 


MARA— MARCHESI 


tion  from  her  husband  in  1799  ;  left  London  to 
make  a  long  European  tour,  and  settled  in  Mos- 
cow, but  lost  all  her  property  in  the  conflagra- 
tion of  1812.  She  taught  singing  in  Reval, 
tempted  Fortune  once  more,  with  ill  success,  in 
London,  and  died  poor  at  the  age  of  84  — Bio- 
graphical :  Autobiography  publ  by  Riesemann 
in  the  "  Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung"  (1875),  after 
which  Niggli  wrote  a  biogr  sketch  (iSSi)  ; 
Grosheim  (1823)  and  Rochlitz  (in  "  Far  Freunde 
der  Tonkunst,"  vol.  i)  have  also  written  about 
her. 

Ma'ra,  La.    See  LIPSIUS,  MARIE. 

Marais,  Marin,  b.  Paris,  Mar.  31, 1656  [F& 
Tis],  d.  there  Aug.  15,  1728  ;  the  greatest  viola- 
da-gamba  virtuoso  of  his  time.  Choir-boy  in  the 
Sainte-Chapelle,  taught  by  Chaperon ;  studied 
the  gamba  under  Hottemann,  then  under  Sainte- 
Colombe  ;  joined  the  Opera  orch  ,  and  is  said  to 
have  studied  comp.  with  Lully.  In  1685  he  en- 
tered the  royal  orch.  as  soloist ;  pensioned  1725. 
— Publ.  works:  5  books  of  pieces  f.  gamba  (1686, 
1701, 'n,  '17/25);  book  of  trios  ("symphonies") 
f  vm.,  flute,  and  gamba  (1692) ;  book  of  tnos 
("  La  Gamme  ")  f.  vln.,  gamba,  and  clavichord 
(1723) ;  4  operas  (Alcide,  Anane  et  Bacchus, 
Alcyone,  and  Semete) ;  etc. — His  son  Roland 
followed  him  as  solo  gambist ;  publ.  2  books  of 
pieces  f.  gamba  with  continue ,  also  a  "  Nouvelle 
Methode  de  musique  pour  servir  d'introduction 
aux  acteurs  modernes  (1711). 

Marbeck,  John  (or  Merbecke),  English  com- 
poser and  organist,  b.  1523  ;  d.  about  1581 
Chorister  in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor,  1531 ; 
narrowly  escaped  burning  as  a  heretic,  1 544 ;  Mus. 
Bac.,Oxon.,  1550 ;  lay-clerk,  and  organist,  of  St. 
George's  Chapel.  Chief  work,  "  The  Booke  of 
Common  Praier  noted,"  an  adaptation  of  the 
plain  chant  of  earlier  rituals  to  the  first  ritual  of 
Edward  IV.;  reprinted  in  facsimile,  1844;  re- 
publ.  in  Jebb's  "Choral  Responses  and  Lita- 
nies "  (1857  ;  vol.  ii). 

Marceau,  James  Herbert,  b.  Napierville, 
Canada,  Oct.  31,  1859.  Graduate  in  Arts  of 
McGill  College ;  vocal  pupil  of  Paul  Wiallard, 
New  York,  and  of  Mariano  de  Padilla  and  Ch. 
Douallier,  Paris.  Now  (1899)  head  of  vocal 
dept.  at  Quincy  Mansion  School,  Wollaston, 
Mass. 

Marcel'lo,  Benedetto,  famous  comp.  and 
poet ;  b.  Venice,  Aug.  I,  1686 ;  d.  Brescia,  July 
24,  1739-  Music-pupil  of  Gasparini  and  Lotti. 
He  studied  jurisprudence,  filled  various  govern- 
ment positions,  was  a  member  of  the  Council  of 
Forty  for  14  years,  then  Prwveditore  at  Pola 
for  8  years,  and  finally  Camerlengo  at  Brescia. 
His  masterwork  is  the  settings  of  Giustiniani's 
paraphrases  of  the  first  50  Psalms  ("  Estro  poe- 
tico-armonico  ;  Parafrasi  sopra  i  cinquanta  primi 
Salmi";  Venice,  publ.  by  D.  Lovisa,  1724,  '26, 
'27,  in  6  vol.s  folio) ,  they  are  for  from  1-4 
voices,  w.  basso  continue  for  organ-  or  clavi- 
cembalo-accomp.  ;  a  few  w.  'cello  obbligato,  or  2 


violas  ;  and  have  been  often  republ.  (recently  by 
Carli  in  Paris).  He  also  publ.  5-p.  "Concert! 
grossi  "  (1701),  "  Senate  per  cembalo,"  "  Senate 
a  cinque,  e  flauto  solo  con  basso  continue"  (1712), 
"Canzoni  madngaleschi  ed  Arie  per  camera  a 
2-4  "  (1717) ,  a  biting  satire  on  operatic  abuses, 
"  II  teatro  alia  moda,  o  sia  Metodo  sicuro  e  facile 
per  ben  comporre  ed  esegmre  opere  itahane  in 
musica"  (1720?;  oft-reprinted);  the  pamphlet 
"  Lettera  famigliare  .  ,  ."  (1705)  is  a  not  wholly 
just  critique  of  madrigals  by  Lotti.  2  oratorios, 
3  dramatic  works,  and  several  cantatas  remained 
in  MS.  Some  of  M.'s  sonnets,  libretti,  etc. ,  were 
composed  by  other  musicians. 

Marchand,  Louis,  French  organist  at  Nevers, 
Auxerre,  and  Paris  ;  b.  Lyons,  Feb.  2,  1669 ;  d. 
in  poverty  at  Paris,  Feb.  17,  1732 ;  a  virtuoso 
known  to  fame  chiefly  by  his  failure  to  meet  J  S. 
Bach  at  Dresden,  1717,  in  open  competition.  He 
taught  in  Paris,  and  publ.  3  books  of  clavecin- 
music  and  one  of  organ-pieces. 

Mar  chant,  Arthur  William,  erg.  and  comp. ; 
b  London,  Oct.  18,  1850.  Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon., 
1879.  Organist,  1871-80,  in  several  English 
churches ;  1880-2,  org.  and  choirmaster  of  St. 
John's  Cath.,  Denver,  Colorado ;  returned  to 
Britain,  and  since  1895  has  been  org.  of  St. 
John's  Episc.  Ch.,  Dumfries.— -Works :  Psalm 
48,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  ;  A  Morning  and  an 
Evening  Service ;  anthems,  songs,  duets,  trios, 
etc. ;  "  Suite  de  pieces  "  f.  vln.  and  pf. ;  pf. -mu- 
sic ;  organ-music  ;  "  500  Fugue  Subjects  and 
Answers,  Ancient  and  Modern  "  (a  Pnmer ;  No- 
vello) ;  and  a  pamphlet  on  "Voice  Culture." 

Marche'si,  Luigi,  ("  Marchesi'ni,")  cele- 
brated soprano  (?nusico)\  b.  Milan,  1755;  d. 
Inzago*  Dec.  14,  1829.  Sang  in  principal  Italian 
cities  from  1773,  and  was  considered  the  greatest 
singer  in  Italy  in  1780 ;  1785-88  in  St.  Peters- 
burg with  the  Todi ;  then  several  years  in  Lon- 
don ;  retired  1806. 

Marche'si  de  Castrone,  Salvatore,  (recte 
Cavaliere  Salv.  de  Castrone,  Marchese  della 
Rajata,)  baritone  stage-singer  and  famous 
teacher;  b.  Palermo,  Jan.  15,  1822.  Studied 
law  and  music  together  at  Palermo  and  Milan, 
music  under  Raimondi,  Lamperti,  and  Fontana ; 
exiled  after  participation  in  the  Revolution  of 
1848,  he  went  to  New  York,  where  his  stage-de*- 
but  took  place  (Ernani).  Going  to  London,  he 
studied  with  Garcia,  was  successful  as  a  concert- 
singer,  and  married  (1852)  Mathilde  Graumann, 
with  whom  he  sang  in  opera  at  Berlin,  Brussels, 
London,  and  Italy,  and  gave  vocal  instruction 
(1854)  at  the  Vienna  Cons.  After  this  they  lived 
for  some  years  in  Paris  ;  taught  in  the  Colojgne 
Cons.  1865-9,  and  again  at  Vienna  1869-8 1,  since 
which  date  they  have  resided  in  Paris. — Works  : 
Beautiful  songs  on  German,  French,  and  Italian 
texts  ;  "  20  Vocalizzi  elementari  e  progressivi," 
and  others ;  a  Vocal  Method  ;  Italian  transla- 
tions of  modern  French  and  German  opera-li- 
bretti, etc. 


375 


MARCHESI— MARINI 


Marche'si  de  Castrone,  Mathilde  (u& 
Graumann),  famous  vocal  teacher ,  b.  P  rankfort- 
on-M. ,  Mar.  26, 1826.  Pupil  of  Nicola!  in  Vienna, 
and  Garcia  in  Paris  (1845)  Excellent  concert- 
singer  ,  married  Salvatore  M.  (see  above).  Be- 
sides a  vocal  method,  and  24  books  of  Vocalises, 
she  has  publ.  "  Marches!  and  Music.  Passages 
from  the  Life  of  a  Famous  Singing-teacher" 
(New  York,  1897),  her  Memoirs  in  English,  being 
an  enlargement  of  a  previous  work,  "Aus 
meinem  Leben  "  ( Dusseldorf ,  1887  ?),  which  was 
preceded  by tl  Erinnerungen  aus  meinem  Leben" 
(Vienna,  1877). 

Marches!'!!!.    See  MARCHESI,  LUIC.I. 
Marchet'ti,  Filippo,  opera-composer ;  b.  Bo- 
lognola,  Italy,  Feb.   26,  1835.     Pupil  of  Lillo 
and  Conti  at  "the  Royal  Cons.,  Naples,  1850-4, 
his  maiden-opera,  Gentile  da  Varano  (Turin, 
teatro  Nazionale,  1856),  was  extremely  well  re- 
ceived ;  La  Demente  (1857)  less  so  ;  he  lived  in 
Rome  1860-3  as  a  singing-teacher,  and,  failing 
to  bring  out  //  Paria,  he  went  to  Milan,  and 
wrote  his  Giulietta  e  Romeo  (text  by  M.  M.  Mar- 
cello),  which  was  a  brilliant  success  at  Trieste 
(1865)  and  at  La  Scala,  Milan.     Ruy-Blas  (La 
'Scala,  Apr.  3,  1869),  a  sensational  success  in 
^Italian   towns,   was  less  fortunate  in  Dresden 
XT  8  79).     Later  works  :  L* A  more  alia  pr ova  (Tu- 
crin,   1873),  Gustavo   H'asa  (ib.,  '75),  and  Don 
Giovanni  If  A  nstria  (Turin,  'So)— show  a  falling- 
off.     M.  has  publ.  much  vocal  chamber-music, 
and    has  written    symphonies,    choruses,    and 
church-music ;  since  iSSi,  Director  of  the  R. 
Accad.  di  Santa  Cecilia,  Rome. 

Marchet'tus  of  Padua  [Marchetto  da  Pa- 
dova ;  Marchetto  is  the  dimin.  of  Marco],  learned 
theorist,  living  in  Cesena  about  1270,  then  at 
Verona  and  Naples  ;  died  about  1320  Wrote  2 
important  essays  :  "  Lucidarium  inaite  musicae 
planae,"  and  "  Pomerium  in  arte  musicae  men- 
suratae  "  ;  both  publ.  by  Gerberin  "  Scriptores," 
vol.  iii. 

Mare*chal,  Henri-Charles,  b.  Paris,  Jan.  22, 
1842.  Pupil  of  Cons.;  Grand  prix  de  Rome 
1870.  Debut  as  dram.  comp.  with  the  i-act 
opera  comique  Lesamoureux  de  Catherine  (Op.- 
Com,,  1876)  ;  has  also  prod.  La  Taverns  des 
Trabans,  3-act  opera  com.  (Op.-Com.,  '81) ; 
f£toilti  I-act  do.  (Th.-d'AppI.,  '89) ;  DAdamie, 
2-act  opera  (Gr  Opera,  '93) ;  Calendal,  4-act 
opera  (Rouen,  '94) ;  2  others  await  performance. 
— Further,  musty ue  de  scene  for  the  stage-pieces 
FAmi  Frits  ('76),  Les£antzau(!%2),  SOTI'/IJ  ('84), 
Crime  et  chdtiment  ('88) ;  the  sacred  drama  Le 
miracle  de  Nairn  ('91)  ;  orchestral  and  sacred 
music,  children's  choruses,  pf. -pieces,  songs. 

Maren'co,  Romualdo,  b.  Novi  Ligure,  Italy, 
Mar.  I,  1841.  Violinist ;  then  2nd  bassoon  in 
the  Doria  Th.t  Genoa,  for  which  he  wrote  his 
first  ballet,  Lo  sbarco  di  Garibaldi  a  Marsala. 
He  now  studied  counterpoint  under  Fenaroli 
and  Mattei ;  travelled ;  and  became  in  1873 
Director  of  Ballet  at  La  Scala,  Milan.  He  has 


prod,  over  20  ballets  (Siebct,  Excelsior,  tyort 
[i.Nj6]),  also  the  operas  farensiiw  de*  Media 
(Lodi,  1874),  IMoniada  (Milan,  1880),  Le  Diable 
au  corps  (Pans,  1884),  and  the  "  idilio  giojoso  " 
Strategia  d\wiore  (Milan,  1896). 

Maren'zio,  Luca,  famous  madrigal-composer; 
b.  Coccagho,  n.  Brescia,  about  1550  ;  d.  Rome, 
Aug.  22,  1599.  Pupil  of  Contim  ;  until  1591  in 
the  service  of  Sigismund  III.  of  Poland  ;  then 
maestro,  in  Rome,  to  the  Cardinals  d'Este  and 
Aldobrandmi ;  cantor  of  the  Papal  Chapel,  1595. 
It  is  said  that  he  died  broken-hearted  from  love. 
He  was  called  **  il  piu  dolce  cigno  d'ltaha,"  and 
14  il  diuno  compositore,"  by  his  contemporaries. 
His  madrigals,  in  which  he  is  unsurpassed,  were 
publ.  as  follows  •  9  books  a  5  (1580-89)  ;  6 
books  a  6  (1582-91) ;  I  book  a  4-6  (1588) ;  i 
book  of  5-p.  Madrigali  spiritual!  (1584)  ;  2  books 
of  Mottetti  a  4  (1588,  '92) ;  I  book  of  Mottettirt 
12  (1614) ;  a  book  of  Sacri  concenti  a  5-7  (1616) ; 
6  books  of  Villanelle  ed  Arie  alia  napoletana 
(1584-1605)  ;  also  antiphones  and  other  church- 
music.  Some  pieces  in  modern  notation  are  in 
Proske's  "  Mu&icadwna,"  Choron's  "  Principes 
de  composition,"  Padre  Martini'swork  on  Coun- 
terpoint, etc. 

Mares',  Johann  Anton,  inventor  of  the 
Russian  "  hunting-horn  music,"  in  which  each 
player  has  a  horn  producing  a  single  tone  ;  b. 
Chotebor,  Bohemia,  1719  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg, 
May  30,  1794.  Pupil  of  Hampel  in  Dresden, 
and  of  Zika  (vln.)  in  Berlin  ;  went  to  Russia  in 
1748,  where  he  became  Imp.  chamber-musician. 

Ma'retzek,  Max,  opera-impresario,  and  sing- 
ing-teacher ;  b.  Brunn,  Moravia,  June  28,  1821; 
d.  Pleasant  Plains,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  May 
14,  1897.  Pupil  of  Seyfried  in  Vienna  ;  orch.- 
conductor  in  Germany,  France,  and  London  (II. 
M.'s  Th.,  1844) ;  went  to  New  York  in  1848 ; 
from  1849-78,  manager  of  opera  in  New  York, 
Mexico,  and  Havana.  —  Works:  3-act  opera 
Hamlet  (Brunn,  1843) ;  3-act  opera  Sleepy  J fol- 
low (New  York,  Acad.  of  Music,  1879)  J  orch.I 
and  chamber-music,  pf, -pieces,  and  songs. 

Maria'ni,  Angelo,  noted  conductor  ;  b.  Ra- 
venna, Oct.  n,  1822  ;  d.  Genoa,  June  13,  1873. 
Pupil  of  Rossini  at  the  Bologna  Liceo ;  opera- 
conductor  at  Messina,  1844;  then  at  Milan  and 
Vicenza ;  1845-8,  court  cond.  at  Copenhagen  ; 
volunteer  in  Italy  during  the  Revolution  ;  1852, 
cond.  in  La  Fenice  Th.,  Venice  ;  later  at  Bo- 
logna ;  finally  (1873)  again  in  Genoa. 

Marin,  Marie  -  Martin  -  Marcelle  de,  re- 
nowned harpist ;  b,  Bayonne,  France,  Sept.  8, 
1769 ;  d.  (?).  He  had  a  few  lessons  of  Hoch- 
brucker,  but  was  principally  self-taught ;  made 
long  artistic  tours,  and  settled  in  Toulouse.  His 
41  truly  classic  "  comp.s  f.  harp  include  6  sonatas, 
4  sets  of  variations  f .  solo  harp,  i  duo  w.  pf. ;  i 
duo  w.  vln. ;  a  quintet  f .  harp  and  strings  ;  songs 
w.  harp-accomp. ,  etc. 

Mari'm,  Biagio,  b.  Brescia  ;  d.  Padua  about 
1660 ;  composer  and  i&t  violin  to  the  Duke  of 


376 


MARINI— MARPURG 


Parma  from  1623  ;  publ  a  considerable  amount 
of  vocal  and  instrumental  chamber-music  note- 
worthy for  the  then  unusual  demands  made  on 
the  performers. 

Mari'ni,  Carlo  Antonio,  a  native  of  Ber- 
gamo ;  violinist  and  composer  of  instrumental 
chamber-music,  publ.  1696,  '98,  etc. 

Ma'rio,  Giuseppe,  Conte  di  Candia,  dis- 
tinguished dramatic  tenor;  b.  Cagliari,  Sard., 
Oct.  17,  1810;  d.  Rome,  Dec.  u,  1883.  After 
tenyearsin  the  Tunn  Military  Academy,  he  joined 
the  regiment  of  which  his  father  was  the  colonel ; 
but  fled  to  Paris  in  1836  with  a  ballet-dancer, 
studied  with  liordogni  and  Poncharde  in  the 
Cons.,  and  made  his  debut  at  the  Opera  in  J?o- 
bcrt  le  Diable  (Nov.  30,  1838)  ;  went  over  to  the 
Italian  Opera  in  1840,  and  won  triumphs  by  the 
freshness  and  power  of  his  voice,  united  with 
the  charm  of  a  fine  presence  and  finished  vocal 
style.  He  sang  also  in  London  and  St.  Peters- 
burg ;  for  many  years  as  the  constant  partner  of 
CJiulia  Gnsi,  whom  he  married.  Retired  1867. 

Marius,  maker  of  clavecins  in  Paris  at  the 
beginning  of  the  I7th  century,  invented  a  ham- 
mer-action (never  practically  employed),  draw- 
ings of  which  are  in  vol  iii  of  "  Machines  et 
inventions  approuvees  par  1' Academic  des  sci- 
ences" (1713-19)  Cf  CRISTOFORI. 

Mark,  Paula,  dramatic  soprana ;  b.  about 
1870.  A  pupil  of  the  Vienna  Cons  ,  she  was 
immediately  engaged  at  Leipzig  after  her  debut 
(1890)  in  the  City  Th.,  and  sang  there  with 
growing  success  until  1893,  when  she  accepted 
a  flattering  call  to  the  Vienna  Court  Opera.  In 
1897,  after  an  obstinate  throat-disorder  had  been 
finally  cured,  she  cancelled  her  contract,  and  mar- 
ried her  physician,  "Hofrath"  Neusser.  Her 
retirement  nom  the  stage  was  universally  re- 
gretted. 

Markull',  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Reichen- 
bach,  n.  Elbing,  Feb.  17,  1816 ;  d.  Danzig, 
Apr.  30,  1887.  Trained  at  Elbing  by  his  father 
and  Kloss,  both  organists,  and  Schneider  at 
Dessau  (1833-5) ;  from  1836,  first  organist  at 
the  Manenkirche,  Danzig.  He  also  conducted 
the  Gesangvcrcin,  appeared  as  a  concert-pianist 
and  organist,  and  was  a  most  successful  teacher. 
In  1847,  Royal  Music-Director.  Critic  for  the 
Danzig  •"  Zeitung."  —  Works  :  The  operas 
Maja  und  Alpine,  oder  die  deaauberte  Rose 
(1843)  I  &*r  Konig  von  Zion  (1848) ;  Das  Wal- 
purgisfest  (1855) ;  2  oratorios,  Johannes  der 
Taiifer,  and  Das  Geddchtniss  der  Entschlafenen 
(prod,  by  Spohr  at  Ivassel,  1856 ;  pubi.) ;  the 
86th  Psalm,  f.  soli,  ch  ,  and  orch.;  symphonies  ; 
—he  publ.  numerous  pieces  f.  pf.  and  f.  org.; 
songs ;  a  "  Choralbuch  "  cont.  136  chorals  (Dan- 
zig, 1845) ;  arrangements  of  classical  works  ;  etc. 

Mark'wort,  Johann  Christian,  writer ;  b 
Riesling,  n.  Brunswick,  Dec.  13,  1778  ;  d.  Bes- 
sungen,  n.  Darmstadt,  Jan.  13,  1866.  A  theo- 
logical student,  he  adopted  the  career  of  a  tenor 


on  the  stages  at  Feldsberg,  Trieste,  Munich, 
and  Darmstadt,  where  he  was  chorus-director 
1810-30,  then  pensioned. — Publ.  lc  Umrisseiner 
Gesammttonwissenschaft  uberhaupt  wie  auch 
einer  Sprach-  und  Tonsatzlehre  und  emer  Ge- 
sang-,  Ton-  und  Rede-Vortraglehre "  (1826); 
44  tJber  Klangveredelung  der  Stimme  ..." 
(1847) ,  and  an  elementary  pf. -method.  Shorter 
essays  in  mus.  papers. 

Marraontel,  Antoine  -  Francis,  b.  Cler- 
mont-Ferrand, Puy-de-D6me,  July  18,  1816; 
d.  Paris,  Jan.  17,  1898.  Studied  in  Paris  Cons, 
under  Zimmerman  (pf.),  Dourlen  (harm.), 
Halevy  (fugue),  and  Lesueur  (comp.) ;  won  1st 
prize  for  pf.-playing  in  1832.  In  1837  he  left 
Lesueur's  class  to  accept  the  direction  of  a  class 
in  solfeggio ;  in  1848  he  succeeded  Zimmer- 
man as  head  of  a  pf. -class,  and  won  endur- 
ing fame  in  this  capacity ;  among  his  pupils 
were  Bizet,  Jos.  AVieniawsky,  V.  d'Indy,  Th. 
Dubois,  E.  Guiraud,  H.  Fissot,  Paladilhe,  Th 
Lack,  A.  and  E.  Duvernoy,  L.  Diemer,  F. 
Thomti,  F  Plante,  etc.  M.  gave  up  his  class  in 
1887.  He  publ.  much  piano-music,  chiefly  di- 
dactic "L'art  de  dechiffrer"  (100  easy  stud- 
ies);  "£cole  elementaire  de^  mecanisme  et  de 
style  "  (24  studies  ;  op.  6) ;  Etudes  (op.  9,  45, 
62,  So,  85);  "]£cole  de  mecanisme"  (op.  105- 
7);  5  £tudes  de  salon  (op.  108) ;  "  L'art  de 
dechiffrer  a  4  mains"  (op.  in) ;  also  sonatas, 
serenades,  characteristic  pieces,  salon-music, 
dances,  etc — His  writings  include  a  "Petite 
grammaire  populaire";  "L'art  classique  et 
moderne  du  piano"  (1876,  in  2  vol  s  vol.  i, 
44  Conseils  d'un  professeur  sur  1'enseignement 
technique  et  1'esthetique  du  piano";  vol.  ii, 
44  Vade-mecum  du  professeur  de  piano  ") ;  4(  Les 
pianistes  celebres"  (1878);  "  Symphonistes  et 
virtuoses  (1880);  *4Virtuoses  contemporains " 
(1882);  "Elements  d'esthetique  musicale,  et 
considerations  sur  le  beau  dans  les  arts" 
(1884);  *4Hibtoire  du  piano  et  de  ses  engines 
.  .  ."  (1885). 

Mar'purg,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  important 
theorist ;  b.  Seehausen  in  the  Altmark,  Oct.  i, 
1718  ,  d.  Berlin,  May  22,  1795.  While  secre- 
tary to  Gen.  v.  Rothenburg  at  Paris  (1746-9), 
he  made  acquaintance  with  Rameau  and  his 
theories  ;  after  a  short  stay  in  Berlin,  and  a  pro- 
longed sojourn  in  Hamburg,  he  was  app.  (1763) 
Director  of  the  Prussian  lottery  at  Berlin. — 
Writings  :  44  Die  Kunst,  das  Clavier  zu  spielen" 
(1750-1;  2  vol.s,  often  republ.) ;  "Anleitung 
zum  Clavierspielen,  der  schonen  Ausubung  der 
heutigen  Zeit  gemass  entworfen "  (1755  ;  2nd 
ed.  1765  :  also  in  French  [by  M.  himself|,  and 
Dutch);  "Abhandlung  von  der  Fuge"  (his 
magnum  opus ;  1753-4,  in  2  parts  :  French  ed. 
by  M.,  1756;  modern  revision  by  Sechter); 
44  Handbuch  beim  Generalbass  und  der  Compo- 
sition" (1755-8  ;  3  parts;  supplem.  1760;  2nd 
ed.  1762 :  French  by  Choron  and  Lafage, 
1836-8  ;  Swedish,  1782) ;  a  German  transl.  of 


377 


MARPURG— MARTIN 


d'Alembert's  "  Elements  de  la  rnusique"  (Cl  Sys- 
tematische  Emltntung  in  die  mus  Set/kunst" 
ace.  to  Rameau  ;  1757) ;  "  Anleitung  zur  Musik 
Uberhaupt  und  zur  Singkunst  insbesondere " 
(1763);  "Neue  Methode,  allerlei  Arten  von 
Temperaturen  dem  Claviere  aufs  bequemste 
mitzutheilen  "  (1779)  I  aild  others. — He  comp. 
6  clavichord-sonatas,  some  books  of  pf. -pieces 
and  organ-music,  songs  (sacred  and  secular), 
and  an  unfinished  4-p  mass.  (See  APPENDIX  ) 

Mar'purg,  Friedrich,  great-grandson  of  pre- 
ceding ;  b.  Paderborn,  Apr.  4,  1825  ;  d.  Wies- 
baden, Dec.  2,  1884.  Early  developed  violinist 
and  pianist ;  studied  comp  later  under  Men- 
delssohn and  Hauptmann  at  Leipzig,  became 
Kapdlm.  at  the  Konigsberg  Th.,  afterwards  at 
Mayence,  1864  at  Sondershausen,  and  in  1868 
succeeded  Mangold  as  court  mus.  dir.  at  Darm- 
stadt ;  Kapellm.  at  Freiburg  1873,  and  Laybach 
1875,  then  going  to  Wiesbaden,  and  becoming 
cond.  of  the  Cdcihenverem. — Operas  •  Jlfttsa, 
der  letzte  Maurenkonig  (Konigsberg,  1855), 
Agnes  von  Hohenstattffen  (Freiburg,  1874),  and 
Die  Lichtensteiner  (not  perf.). 

Marsch'ner,  Heinrich  (August),  remark- 
able opera-composer;  b.  Zittau,  Saxony,  Aug.  16, 
I795  {.no*  JTQfcJ I  d. 
Hanover,  Dec.  14, 
1861.  He  had 
piano-lessons  from 
his  sixth  year,  and 
surpassed  three  suc- 
cessive teachers ; 
also  sang,  until  his 
voice  broke,  in  a 
church-choir  at 
Bautzen,  where 
he  was  taught  by 
Bergt,  the  organist, 
while  studying  at 
the  Gymnasium. 
He  entered  Leipzig 

Univ.  in  1813  as  a  law-student ;  but  his  passion 
for  music,  and  Rochlitz's  advice,  decided  his 
vocation.  "Now  a  pupil  of  cantor  Schicht,  he  be- 
gan composing  minor  pieces ;  in  1817  he  was 
invited  to  Vienna  by  Count  Thadddus  von  Ama- 
dee,  and  met  Beethoven.  Obtaining,  through 
the  count's  aid,  a  place  as  music-teacher  in 
Pressburg,  he  wrote  his  first  (i-act)  opera,  Der 
Kyffhaitserbcrg  (not  perf.) ;  Saidor  (3  acts  ; 
Pressburg,  1819)  and  Heinrich  IV.  und  d'Au- 
oigne*  followed  ;  the  latter,  brought  out  at  Dres- 
den, 1820,  by  Weber,  caused  him  to  invite  M. 
thither,  and  1821  found  the  latter  in  the  Saxon 
capital,  where,  in  1823,  he  was  made  director  of 
the  German  and  Italian  operas,  jointly  with 
Weber  and  Morlacchi.  After  Weber's  death 
(1826),  M.  became  Kapellm.  of  the  Leipzig  the- 
atre, where  he  prod.  Der  Vampyr  (1828)  and 
Der  Templer  ttnd*  die  Jiidm  (1829),  the  latter 
carrying  his  fame  throughout  Germany  ;  in  1831 
he  was  app.  court  Kapcttm.  at  Hanover,  and 
retained  this  post  28  years ;  his  liberal  opinions, 


freely  expressed,  caused  his  retirement  on  pen- 
sion in  iSsy  In  Hanover  his  greatest  woik, 
Hans  Heiling,  was  written;  it  uas  first  per- 
formed on  May  24,  1833,  at  Berlin,  with  tumul- 
tuous applause;  \\ith  Der  I'ainpyi ,  and  Tem- 
pler und  Judin,  it  is  still  on  the  repertory  of 
most  German  theatres.  In  these  romantic 
operas  Marschner  stands  between  Weber  on  the 
one  hand,  and  Wagner  on  the  other,  though 
nearer  to  the  former.  His  is  one  of  the  great 
names  in  the  annals  of  German  opera.  His 
other  dramatic  works  (Der  JHolsdieb^  Dresden, 
1825  ;  Litcretia,  Danzig,  1826  ;  Des  Falkners 
Braut^  Leipzig,  1832  ,  Das  &MMS  am  A£tta, 
Berlin,  1838  ,  Der  Baku*  Hanover,  1837  ,  Adolf 
von  iVaswu,  Hanover,  1843  ;  and  Austin,  Han- 
over, 1851)  have  disappeared  from  the  stage.  A 
posthumous  opera,  ffjaj  ne  der  Sangerkomg^  was 
prod,  at  Frankfort,  1863 ;  also  in  1883,  at 
Munich,  as  Komg  ffjarne  und  das  Tyrfng- 
schwert.  Pie  also  wrote  music  to  KleistW;  ins 
Friedrith  von  Hamburg  ^  Hall's  Ah  Bala, 
Kind's  Schon  Ellen^  Rodenberg's  iraldmullers 
Margaret^  etc. ,  he  publ.  some  20  sets  of  songs, 
and  jo  sets  of  4-part  male  choruses  ("  Zigeuner- 
leben,"  and  others,  are  very  fine) ;  his  pf.- 
comp.s  were  popular  at  the  time,  but,  with  his 
chamber-music,  are  now  hardly  played. 

Marsch'ner,  Franz,  b.  Leitmeritz,  Bohemia, 
Mar.  26,  1855.  Pupil  of  Lugert  and  Skuhersky 
at  Prague  Cons. ,  and  of  Bruckner  at  Vienna ; 
since  1886,  teacher  in  the  Female  Teachers' 
Seminary,  Vienna. — Publ.  an"Entwurf  einer 
Neugestaltung  der  Theorie  und  Praxis  des  kunst- 
gemassen  Anschlags  "  (on  piano-touch  ;  Vienna, 
1888),  etc. 

Marsick,  Martin -Pierre -Joseph,  distin- 
guished violinist ;  b.  Jupille,  n.  Liege,  Bel- 
gium, Mar.  9,  1848.  Pupil,  at  Lie'ge  Cons.,  of 
Desire-Heynberg  ;  at  12,  organist  of  the  cathe- 
dral, and  a  fine  vocalist ;  1865-7,  pupil  of  Leo- 
nard at  Brussels  Cons.;  1868-9  °f  Massenet  at 
Pans  Cons. ,  taking  1st  prize  for  violin-playing  ; 
1870-1  of  Joachim  at  Berlin.  After  a  brilliant 
debut  at  Paris  in  the  "Concerts  populaires" 
(1873),  he  undertook  long  artistic  tours  in  Eu- 
rope and  (1895-6)  to  the  United  States.  In 
1892  he  succeeded  Massart  as  violin-prof,  at 
the  Paris  Cons. — Works  :  3  violin-concertos  ; 
Adagio  scherzando  ;  Adagio  in  G  min. ;  2  Re- 
veries ;  Songe ;  Romance  ;  Tarentelle  ;  Agitato  ; 
Intermezzo  ;  Berceuse  ;  and  other  concert-pieces 
for  violin. 

Marteau,  Henri,  excellent  violinist,  a  native 
of  Rheims,  studied  in  the  Paris  Cons  ,  taking 
1st  prize  in  1892  for  violin-playing.  American 
tours,  1893,  1898 ;  Russian  tour,  spring  of 
1899. 

Marterii,  Eutalindo.     Pen-name  of  TEO- 

DORO  COTTRAU. 

Martia'aus  Capella.    See  CAPELLA. 
Martin,  Jean-Blaise,  famous  dramatic  bari- 
tone ;  b.  Paris,  Oct.  14,  1769 ;  d.  there  Oct.  18, 


378 


MARTIN— MARTUCCI 


1837.  Debut  Th.  de  Monsieur,  1788  ;  sang  at 
the  Th.  Feydeau  and  Th.  Favart  until  they 
were  united  as  the  Opera-Comique  in  iSoi,  then 
at  this  last  till  1823. 

Martin,  Pierre- Alexandra,  inventor  of  the 
"percussion"  action  in  the  harmonium  (little 
hammer  striking  the  reed  to  insure  prompt 
speaking),  was  an  organ-builder  at  Paris,  where 
he  died  in  Dec.,  1879. 

Martin  y  Solar,  Vicente,  b.  Valencia, 
Spain,  1754 ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  May,  1810. 
Organist  at  Alicante  ;  going  to  Madrid,  he  wrote 
some  airs  for  an  Italian  singer,  who  advised  him 
to  try  his  fortune  in  Italy.  Here  his  operas 
speedily  won  popularity,  although  Cimarosa  and 
Paisiello  were  his  rivals  ;  in  Vienna,  La  cosa  rai  a 
(1785,  his  masterwork)  was  greeted  with  enthu- 
siasm ;  even  in  rivalry  with  Mozart,  he  held  his 
own  at  the  time.  From  1788-1801  he  directed 
the  Italian  opera  at  St.  Petersburg ,  on  the  in- 
troduction of  French  opera,  he  fell  from  favor, 
and  supported  himself  by  teaching.  His  10 
operas,  several  ballets,  etc.,  are  forgotten. 

Martinez,  Marianne  di,  b  Vienna,  May  4, 
1744;  d.  there  Dec.  13,  1812.  Vocalist  and 
pianist,  pupil  of  Metastasio  and  Haydn. — 
Works  :  Oratorios,  motets,  psalms,  symphonies, 
pf. -concertos,  etc.  (all  MS.,  in  poss.  of  the  Ge- 
sellschaft  der  Musi&freunde). 

Marti'm,  Giambattista,  best  known  as 
Padre  Martini  j  b.  Bologna,  Apr.  25,  1706; 
d.  there  Aug.  3,  1784  His  mus.  education  was 
conducted  by  his  father,  a  violinist ;  by  Padre 
Predieri  (clavichord  and  voice)  ;  and  Riccieri 
(cpt ).  In  1725  he  became  m.  di  capp.  at  the 
church  of  San  Francesco,  and  took  holy  orders 
in  1729.  In  his  eager  study  of  mathematics 
and  counterpoint  he  was  seconded  by  Zanotti 
and  Perti,  m.  di  capp.  at  San  Petronio ;  his 
masses  and  oratorios  rendered  him  famous 
throughout  Europe  as  a  composer,  and  his  re- 
nown as  a  learned  theorist  was  still  greater. 
Students  of  all  nationalities  sought  his  instruc- 
tion (among  them  Cluck,  Mozart,  Gre*try,  Jom- 
melli,  Mattei),  and  recognized  authorities  in 
musical  science  and  history  submitted  knotty 
questions  to  him  for  settlement.  The  greater 
part  of  his  magnificent  musical  library  went  to 
the  Liceo  Musicale  of  Bologna ;  the  rest  to  the 
Vienna  Library.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Ac- 
cademia  Filarmonica  of  Bologna  ;  also  of  the 
Accad.  Arcadica  of  Rome,  in  which  his  u  Arca- 
dian "title  was  "  Aristosseno  Anfioneo"  (Aris- 
toxenos  Amphion).  Of  his  compositions,  in  the 
style  of  the  Roman  school  (of  which  he  was 
a  warm  partisan),  the  following  were  publ.; 
41  Litaniae  atque  antiphoniae  finales  .  .  .,"  i 
a  4,  w.  org.  and  instr.s  (1734) ;  12  "  Senate 
d'intavolatura  per  1'organo  e  cembalo  "  (1742) ; 
6  ditto  (1747) ;  "  Duetti  da  camera  a  diversi 
voci"  (1763).  In  MS.  are  2  oratorios,  masses, 
a  "  farsetta,"  3  intermezzi,  etc. — His  principal 
work  is  a  '*  Storia  della  musica"  (3  vol.s  ;  Bo- 


logna, 1757,  '70,  'Si),  treating  only  of  ancient 
music  ,  the  "  Esemplare  ossia  sajj^io  fondamen- 
tale  pratico  di  conliappunto"  (2  vol.s  ;  1774, 
*75)  is  a  coll.  of  contrapuntal  models ,  he  also 
wrote  **  Regole  per  gh  organist!  per  accompa- 
gnare  il  canto  fermo"  (1756  '),  other  learned  dis- 
sertations and  essays,  etc. — Della  Valle  wrote 
an  "Elogiodel  P.  Giamb.  Martini"  (Bologna, 
1784),  and  "Memone  storiche  del  P  M.  Giov. 
Batt.  Martini"  (1785). 

Marti'ni  (recte  Schwar'zendorf),  Jean 
Paul  fegide,  b.  Freistadt  in  the  Palatinate, 
Sept.  I,  1741  ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  19,  1816.  In 
1760  he  settled  in  Nancy,  and  Italianized  his 
name ;  went  to  Paris  in  1764,  and,  by  winning 
a  prize  for  a  military  march,  gained  favor  in 
high  circles,  was  app.  officer  A  la  suite  of  an 
Hussar  regiment,  and  wrote  more  band-music, 
also  bringing  out  in  1771  an  opera,  rAmoureu* 
de  quinze  am,  with  triumphant  success  at  the 
Italian  Opera.  Leaving  the  army,  he  became 
mus.  dir.  to  the  Prince  of  Conde,  later  to  the 
Comte  d'Artois.  He  purchased  the  reversion 
of  the  office  of  First  Intendant  of  the  king's 
music,  a  speculation  brought  to  naught  by  the 
Revolution,  which  caused  him  to  resign  in  haste 
his  position  as  conductor  at  the  Th.  Feydeau, 
and  flee  to  Lyons  in  1792.  App.  Cons.  Inspec- 
tor in  1794,  he  lost  this  place,  too,  at  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  number  of  teachers  in  1802  ;  but  at 
the  Restoration  in  1814  he  claimed  and  received 
the  post  of  Royal  Intendant.  He  wrote  12 
operas ;  2  cantatas  ;  masses,  requiems,  psalms, 
and  other  church-music ,  also  chamber-music, 
military  music,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

MartiK/ci,  Giuseppe,  noteworthy  composer ; 
b.  Capua,  Jan.  6, 1856.  A  pupil  of  his  father 
(a  trumpet-player),  he 
made  his  pianistic 
debut  at  Naples, 
1867,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Cons., 
studying  under  Cesi, 
Costa,  Serrao,  and  L. 
Rossi,  till  1872.  In 
1874  he  was  aPP-  Pr°- 
fessor  in  the  Cons. 
He  cond.  the  orches- 
tral concerts  establ.  by 
Prince  d'Ardore,  and 
was  also  the  director 
of  the  Neapolitan  So- 
cieta  del  Quartette. 
From  1875  he  travelled  as  a  successful  concert- 
pianist  in  Italy,  Germany,  France,  and  Eng- 
land. Since  1886,  Director  of  the  Bologna 
Cons. — Works  :  Symphony  in  D  min.,  pp.  75  ; 
pf. -concerto  in  B  mm.,  op,  66;  pf. -quintet  in 
C,  op.  45  ;  string-quartets  ;  pf.-trio  in  E|?,  op. 
62  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello  in  F ft  min.,  op.  52  ; 
3  pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  op.  67  ;  3  pieces  f. 
'cello  and  pf.,  op.  69;  many  interesting  pf.- 
pieces  (caprices,  romances,  etudes,  etc.;  e.g  , 


379 


MARTY—  MASCAGXI 


"  Trois  morceaux  pour  piano,"  op.  76),  an 
orgtin-sonata  ;  songs  ,  etc. 

Marty,  Georges-Eugfene,  b.  Tans,  May  16, 
1860.  Attended  the  Cons.  1872-82,  winning 
the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  \\ith  the  cantata 
£ditk  ;  since  1894,  prof,  for  ensemble-singing 
in  the  Cons  ;  1895-6,  chorusmaster  and  con- 
ductor of  the  Concerts  de  1'Opera.— Works  • 
For  orch.,  Ballade  d'hiver ;  Ouverture  de  Bal- 
thazar ,  Matinee  de  pnntemps ; — Lysic^  i-act 
pantomime  (iSSS);  Le  Due  tie  Fer'rare,  3-act 
opera  (fragments  perf.  in  the  Cone,  de  1'Opera, 
1896)  ;  La  grande  Mademoiselle  (not  perf  ) ;  the 
dram,  poem  Merlin  enchanti ;  several  orches- 
tral suites,  much  pf.-music,  choruses,  songs, 
etc. 

Marx,  Adolf  Bernnard,  celebrated  theorist 
and  writer ;  b.  Halle,  May  15,  1799  ;  d.  Berlin, 
May  17,  1866.  Intended  for  the  law,  he  ma- 
triculated at  the  Univ.  of  Halle,  but  likewise 
studied  music  with  Turk,  and  gave  up  a  subse- 
quent legal  appointment  at  Naumburg  to  gratify 
his  love  for  art.  lie  continued  the  study  of 
composition  in  Berlin  under  Zelter  while  gain- 
ing a  livelihood  by  teaching ;  founded,  with 
Schlesinyer,  the  "Berliner  allgemeine  musika- 
lische  Zeitung  "  in  1824,  which  he  edited  with 
conspicuous  talent,  as  a  warm  advocate  of  Ger- 
man masters,  until  its  cessation  in  1830.  Took 
the  degree  of  JDr.pkil.  at  Marburg,  1827  ;  lec- 
tured on  music  at  the  Berlin  Univ.,  and  was 
app.  prof,  in  1830,  and  mus.  dir.  in  1832. 
With  Kullak  and  Stern  he  founded  the  Berlin 
Cons,  in  1850,  retiring  from  it  in  1856  to  devote 
himself  to  literary  and  University  work,  and  the 
teaching  of  composition.  His  intimate  friend- 
ship with  Mendelssohn  was  dissolved  by  the 
latter's  disparagement  of  his  (Marx's)  composi- 
tions, which  have,  in  fact,  not  stood  the  test  of 
time  (an  opera,  a  melodrama,  2  oratorios,  sym- 
phonies, etc.) ;  his  writings  on  musical  theory 
and  esthetics  are  valuable:  "Die  Lehre  von 
der  musikalischen  Komposition  "  (4  vol.s,  sev- 
eral times  reprinted,  new  edition  by  Hugo  Rie- 
mann) ;  "Allgemeine  Musiklehre"  (1839;  gth 
ed.  1875  ;  transl.  into  English) ;  Cber  Malerei 
in  der  Tonkunst "  (1828);  "  tJber  die  Geltung 
Handei'scher  Sologesange  fur  unsre  Zeit" 
(1829);  "Die  alte  Musiklehre  in  Streit  mit 
unsrer  Zeit"  (1842);  "Die  Musik  des  19. 
Jahrhunderts  und  ihre  Pflege  "  (1855)  ;  "  Lud- 
wig  van  Beethovens  Leben  und  Schaffen" 
(1858  ;  3rd  ed.  1875)  I  "  Gluck  und  die  Oper" 
(1863 ;  2  vol.s) ;  "  Anleitung  zum  Vortrag  Bee- 
thoven'scher  Klavierwerke  (1863) ;  "Erinne- 
rungen  aus  meinem  Leben  "  (1865  ;  2  vol.s). 

Marx'sen,  Eduard,  b.  NienstSdten,  n.  Al- 
tona,  July  23, 1806;  d.  Altona,  Nov.  18, 1887  (8  ?). 
Pupil  of  his  father,  an  organist,  and  Clasing ; 
later  of  Seyfriedand  Bocklet,  Vienna.  Music- 
teacher  in  Hamburg  (the  teacher  of  Brahms) ; 
1875,  "  Royal  Music-director." 

Marzials,  Theodor,  noted  song-composer ; 


b.  Brussels,  Dec.  21,  1850.  Studied  with  TV r.  I,. 
Lawson  in  London  ;  later  in  Kins  and  Milan. 
Since  1870,  superintendent  of  the  mus.  dept  in 
the  British  Museum.  He  is  an  excellent  bari- 
tone singer,  a  circumstance  \\hich  has  been  con- 
ducive to  the  introduction  and  popularization  of 
his  songs  :  ("  A  Summer  Shower,"  "  Twicken- 
ham Ferry,"  "The  Garland,"  "Ask  nothing 
more,"  "  The  Buttercup  Queen,"  "  Three  Sailor- 
boys,"  "  The  Miller  and  the  Maid,"  "  Leaving, 
yet  loving,"  "  Come  back  in  dreams,"  "  Never 
to  know,"  "Thai-  sweet  story  of  old,"  etc.). 

Mar'zo,  Eduardo,  b.  Naples,  Italy  ;  studied 
there  under  Nacciarone,  Miceli,  and  Pappalardo. 
He  went  to  New  York 
in  1 867  as  a  boy-pian- 
ist ,  conducted  opera- 
and  concert-compa- 
nies for  many  years, 
and  was  accompanist 
to  numerous  j^reat 
artists  (Carlotta  Patti, 
Mario,  Titjens, 
Sauret,  Sarasale)  on 
tours  in  America. 
Org.  at  St.  Agnes' 
(R.  C  )  church  ;  then 
at  All  Saints'. 
Knighted  by  the  King 
of  Italy  in  1884; 
elected  member  of  the  R.  Acad.  of  S.  Cecilia, 
Rome,  in  1892.  Residing  (1899)  in  New  York 
as  a  teacher  of  singing,  composer,  and  per- 
former — Pubi.  works :  6  masses  (3  w.  orch.) ; 
3  Vespers  ;  3  Tc  Deums  (Engl.) ;  2  anthems 
(do  ) ;  5  anthems  (Latin)  ;  23  sacred  songs  (Engl. 
and  Lat.) ;  26  songs  ;  a  Collection  containing  i 
mass  and  12  motets  (orig.)  ;  4  collections  of 
sacred  motets  ;  7  pf. -pieces  ;  etc. 

Masca'gni,  Pietro,  b.  Leghorn,  Dec.  7, 
1863.  His  father,  a  baker  by  trade,  wished  him 
to  study  jurispru- 
dence; but  he  learned 
piano-playing  by 
stealth,  later  attend- 
ingSoffredini'smusic- 
school,  where  he 
studied  pf . ,  harm. , 
cpt.  t  and  comp.  His 
father,  discovering  / 
this,  confined  him  to 
the  house,  whence  he  ! 
was  freed  by  an  uncle, 
who  promised  to  take 
care  of  the  14-year- 
old  boy.  He  comp. 
a  2 -act  opera,  // 
Filanda,  and  Schiller's  "  Hymn  to  Joy."  Upon 
his  uncle's  death,  Count  Klorestan  supported 
him  while  studying  at  Milan  Cons,  under  Pon- 
chielli  and  Salad  ino.  After  a  long  struggle  as 
cond.  of  various  small  opera-troupes,  he  became 
cond.  of  the  musical  society  at  Cerignola.  When 
the  music-publisher  Sonzogno  offered  a  prize 


380 


MASCHEK— MASON 


for  a  i -act  opera,  M.  sent  in  Cava/kriit  rusticaua, 
which  created  a  veritable  sensation  at  its  first 
performance  (Costanzi  Th.,  Rome,  May  17, 
1890),  and  has  since  been  heard  the  \\orld  over. 
The  general  enthusiasm  which  the  work  pro- 
duced at  first  hearing  has  been  termed  "an 
acute  attack  of  Mascagnitis,"and  notable  critics 
have  unmercifully  condemned  the  music,  while 
admitting  the  dramatic  force  of  the  libretto. 
Music  and  text  certainly  work  in  wonderful 
harmony  in  the  swift  and  gloomy  tragedy.  So 
far,  it  has  remained  M.'s  masterpiece.  He 
brought  out  L'Amico  Fritz  (Rome  and  Berlin, 
1891),  and  I  Rantzau  (Florence,  1892),  neither 
of  which  met  expectations  ;  there  followed  the 
4-act  opera  seria  Giighelmo  JRatchf( Milan,  La 
Scala,  Feb.  17,  1895  ;  mod.  succ.),  the  2-act 
opera  seria  Sifoauo  (ibid,  1895  ;  fiasco),  and 
in  the  same  year  M.  was  app.  Director  of  the 
Rossini  Cons,  at  Pesaro  ;  then  came  the  i- 
act  "bozzetto"  Zanetto  (Pesaro,  1896;  siicch 
tft'stime),  and  the  3-act  opera  Ins  (Rome,  Co- 
stanzi Th  ,  Nov.  22,  1898  ;  success  not  brilliant , 
its  prod,  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  Jan.  19,  1899, 
partly  revised,  met  with  only  fair  success). 
Among  various  * l  occasional "  comp.s,  a  Hymn 
in  honor  of  Admiral  Dewey  (July,  1899)  may  be 
noticed. — The  vogue  of  Ceiv.  rustuana  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  seemingly  endless  crop  of  i-act 
"realistic"  music-dramas  which  has  sprung  up 
on  every  side. 

Maschek,  Vincenz,  b.  Zwikovecz,  Bohemia, 
Apr.  5,  1755  ;  d.  Prague,  Nov.  15,  1831.  Pupil 
of  Seegert  and  Dussek  ;  virtuoso  on  the  pf .  and 
harmonica  ;  after  long  tours,  he  settled  in  Prague 
as  an  organist  and  music-dealer. — Works  .  Bo- 
hemian operas,  masses,  symphonies,  chamber- 
music,  pieces  f.  pf.  and  harmonica,  etc  — His 
brother  Paul  (1761-1826)  was  a  good  pianist, 
and  died  as  a  teacher  in  Vienna. 

Maset'ti,  Umberto,  b.  Bologna,  Feb.  18, 
1869;  studied  at  the  Cons,  there  under  dal- 
rOlio,  Busi,  and  Martucci,  graduating  in  1890. 
Since  1895,  prof,  of  singing  in  the  above  Cons.; 
is  also  a  member  of  the  R.  Philhann.  Acad. — 
Works :  The  3-act  opera  Vindice  (Bologna, 
1891  ;  succ.) ;  a  Messa  di  gloria  for  solo  voices ; 
a  Requiem  f  4  voices  and  orch. ;  a  Scherzo  sin- 
fonico  f .  orch. ;  and  numerous  songs. 

Masi'ni,  Francesco,  b.  Florence,  July  16, 
1804 ;  d.  Paris,  in  extreme  poverty,  Aug.  20, 
1863.  Since  1830  he  had  lived  in  Paris  as  a 
composer  of  very  popular  songs. 

Mason,  Lowell,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  24, 
1792  ;  d.  Orange,  N.  J.,  Aug.  II,  1872.  A  self- 
taught  musician,  at  i6he  directed  the  church-choir 
at  Medfield;  1812-27,  bank-clerk  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  still  teaching  and  conducting ;  1827,  went  to 
Boston,  becoming  president  of  the  Handel  and 
Haydn  Soc.,  and  establishing  classes  on  Pesta- 
lozzi's  system,  teaching  it  from  1828  in  the  pub- 
lic schools.  Founded  the  Boston  Acad.  of  Mu- 
sic in  1832,  with  G.  J.  Webb ;  in  1835,  hon. 


Mus.  Doc.  (N.  Y.  Univ.).  Studied  mus.  peda- 
gogic methods  in  Germany,  etc.,  in  1837,  pub- 
lishing his  experiences  in  *  *  Musical  Letters  from 
Abroad  "  (New  York,  1853).  He  became  \\  ealthy 
through  the  sale  of  his  popular  collections  of 
music*  "Boston  Handel  and  Haydn  Coil,  of 
Church  Music"  (1822);  "Juvenile  Psalmist" 
(1829);  "Juvenile  Lyre"  (1830);  "Sabbath 
School  Songs  "  (1836) ,  "  Boston  Academy  Coll. 
of  Church  Music  "  (1836) ;  "  Lyra  sacra  "  (1837) , 
"Boston  Anthem  Book "(1839);  "The  Psal- 
tery" (1845) ,  "  Cantica  Laudis"  (1850) ;  "  New 
Carmina  sacra"  (1852) ;  "The  Song  Garden" 
(1866) ;  etc. 

Mason,  William,  distinguished  Amer.  pian- 
ist and  pedagogue;  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  24, 
1829.  The  son  of 
Lowell  Mason,  his 
opportunities  for 
study  were  excel- 
lent ;  after  pf. -les- 
sons from  Henry 
Schmidt  in  Bos- 
ton, and  frequent 
public  appearances 
(first  in  Boston, 
Mar.  7,  1846,  at 
an  Acad.  of  Music 
concert),  he  stud- 
ied in  Leipzig 
(1849)  under  Mo- 
scheles,  Haupt- 
mann,  and  Rich- 
ter,  in  Prague  under  Dreyschock,  and  under 
Liszt  at  Weimar.  (In  1877  Liszt  wrote  him  • 
**  24  years  ago,  as  a  student,  you  already  shone 
brightly  as  a  virtuoso,  and  often  surprised  me 
most  agreeably  by  your  talent.  I  am  delighted 
that  the  latter  is  now  firmly  established,  assuring 

rthe  fame  of  an  excellent  artist.")  He  played 
Weimar,  Prague,  and  Frankfort ;  1853,  m 
London ;  1854-5,  as  a  ripe  concert-pianist,  in 
various  American  towns,  settling  1855  in  New 
York.  With  Th.  Thomas,  Bergmann,  Mosen- 
thal,  and  Matzka,  he  founded  the  "  Mason  and 
Thomas  Soire'es  of  Chamber-music,"  a  series  of 
classic  concerts  continued  until  1868  ;  since  then 
he  has  won  wide  celebrity  as  a  composer  and 
teacher.  In  1872  Yale  College  conferred  on  him 
the  hon.  degree  of  Mus.  Doc. — His  principal 
text-book  for  piano-playing  is  ' l  Touch  and 
Technic,  a  Method  for  Artistic  Piano-playing  " 
(op.  44);  others  are  "A  Method  for  the  Pf." 
with  E.  S.  Hoadley  (1867) ;  "  System  for  Begin- 
ners" (1871);  and  "Mason's  Pianoforte-Tech- 
nics "  1878.  His  comp.s,  classical  in  form  and 
refined  in  style  and  treatment,  incl.  a  Serenata  f. 
'cello  and  pf.;  among  some  40  ^numbers  f.  pf. 
solo  may  be  named  op.  4,  Amitie  pour  moi ;  op. 
6,  Silver  Spring ;  op.  12,  Ballade  in  B ;  op.  13, 
Monody  in  B|?;  op  20,  Spring  Dawn,  mazurka- 
caprice  ;  op.  24,  Reverie  poetique ;  op.  34,  Ber- 
ceuse; op.  39,  Serenata;  op.  41,  Scherzo;  op. 
50,  Capriccio  fantaslico. 


381 


MASON— MASZKOWSKY 


Mason,  Luther  Whiting,  b.  Turner,  Maine. 
Apr.  3,  1828  ;  d.  Buckfield,  Me.,  July  14,  1896. 
Chiefly  self-taught ;  1853,  supt.  of  music  in  Lou- 
isville" (Ivy  )  schools,  later  in  Cincinnati,  where 
he  invented  the  "National  System  "of  music- 
charts  and  books  (Ginn  &  Co.,  Boston),  which 
had  instant  success,  and  made  him  famous  Set- 
tled in  Boston  1865,  and  reformed  mus.  instruc- 
tion in  the  primary  schools ,  in  1879  he  was  in~ 
vited  by  the  Japanese  government  to  superintend 
music  in  the  schools  of  Japan,  where  he  labored 
3  years  with  notable  results  (school-music  in 
Japan  is  termed  "Mason-song").  Spent  some 
time  in  Germany  perfecting  his  principal  work, 
"The  National  Music-Course"  (in  German  as 
41  Die  neue  Gesangsschule  "). 

Mas'sa,  Nicolo,  b.  Calice  Ligure,  Italy, 
1854  ;  d.  Genoa,  Jan.  24, 1894.  Pupil  of  Milan 
Cons.  Successful  opera-composer. — Works .  // 
Conte  di  Chatillon  (Parma,  Regio  Th.,  1882) ; 
Salammbb  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1884?);  4-act 
opera  senaffrw  (Florence,  Pagliano  Th.,  1895). 

Massaini,  Tiburzio,  16th-century  contra- 
puntist ,  b.  Cremona.  Augustine  monk  ;  m.  di 
capp  at  Santa  Maria  del  Popolo,  Rome  ;  then  to 
Emperor  Rudolph  II.  at  Prague  (1380);  was 
living  in  Rome  in  1605.  Madrigals,  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  etc. ,  are  preserved  in  collections 
of  the  time,  also  in  MS.  at  Rome. 

Massart,  Lambert-Joseph,  eminent  violin- 
ist ;  b.  Liege,  July  IQ,  1811 ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  13, 
1892.  Pupil  of  R.  Kreutzer  at  Paris,  where  he 
was  refused  admission  to  the  Cons.,  as  a  for- 
eigner, by  Cherabini,  but  became  so  famous  a 
teacher  that  he  was  app.  prof,  of  violin  there 
(1843-90).  H.  AVieniawski,  Marsick,  Sarasate, 
and  Teresina  Tua  were  his  pupils, — His  wife, 
Louis e-Aglae  M.  (n&  Masson),  pianist,  and 
(1875)  Farrenc's  successor  as  Cons.-teacher ;  b. 
Paris,  June  10,  1827  ;  d.  there  July  26,  1887. 

Masse",  Felix-Marie,  called  Victor,  opeia- 
comp. ,  b.  Lorient,  Morbihan,  France,  Mar.  7, 
1822  ;  d.  Paris,  July  5,  1884.  From  1834-44, 
pupil  of  Zimmerman  (pf.)  and  Halevy  (theory) 
at  the  Paris  Cons.,  winning  the  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  with  his  cantata,  Le  Khifyat  de  Tanger 
(perf.  3  times  at  the  Opera,  1845)  While  in 
Rome  he  prod,  a  solemn  mass,  and  sent  home 
an  Italian  opera,  La  Favorita  e  la  schiavta.  After 
his  return,  his  lomances  had  great  vogue,  and 
his  first  French  opera,  La  Chambre  gothigue 
(Op. -Com.,  1849),  was  verv  successful.  His 
greatest  hit  was  Les  noces  de  Jeannette  (Op.- 
Com.,  1853  ;  i  act)  ;  others  well-received,  but 
short-lived  (La  Chaniettse  voilte,  1850 ,  Galathte, 
1852 ;  La  Fiancee  du  diable,  1855  ;  Miss 
Fauwtte,  1855  ;  Les  Saisons,  1855  ;  La  reine 
Topaze,  1856 ;  Le  cousin  de  Marivaux,  1857  ; 
Les  Chaises  a.  porteurs,  1858  ;  La  f/e  Carabosse, 
1859 ;  Manette  la  promise \  1862 ;  7>  mule  de 
Ptdro,  1863;  Pier  tfAliw,  1866 ;  Le  Fils  du 
brigadier,  1867;  Paul  et  Virginie,  1876,  Une 
nuit  de  Cttop&tre,  1877  ;  5  not  perf.). — 1860, 


chorusmaster  at  the  Opera ;  i860,  Leborne'b 
successor  as  prof,  of  counterpoint  at  the  Cons  , 
1872,  Auber's  successor  in  the  Academic.  He 
retired  in  iSSo. 

Massenet,  Jules  (-Emile-Fre'de'ric)^  gifted 
French  composer ;  b.  Monteaux,  n.  St  -Etienne 
(Loire),  France,  May 
12,  1842.  Pupil  of 
Laurent  (pf.),  Reber 
(harm.),  tSavard  and 
Ambr.  Thomas 
(comp  ) ;  after  taking 
first  prizes  for  piano- 
playing,  and  fugue, 
he  carried  off  the 
Grand  prix  de  Rome 
with  the  cantata 
David  jRizzio  (1863) 
Prof,  of  composition 
at  the  Cons.,  from 
1878  until  his  resig- 
nation in  1896 ;  in 
1878  he  succeeded  to  the  chair  in  the  Academic 
vacated  by  Bazin ;  he  is  a  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor,  and  Vice-President  of  the  Soc. 
of  Dramatic  Authors  — Works  :  The  i-act  comic 
opera  La  Grand'  Tante  (1867)  ;  the  3-act  do. 
Don  Ctfsar  de  Bazan  (1872) ;  the  5-act  opera  Le 
Roi  de  Lahore  (1877) ;  Hfrodiade,  4  acts  (1884) ; 
Le  Cid,  4  acts  (1885) ;  Esclarmonde,  4-act  fairy- 
opera  (1889) ;  Le  Mage,  5  acts  (1891)  :  Werther, 
3-act  lyric  drama  (1892) ;  Than,  3-act  lyric  com- 
edy (1894) ;  Le  portrait  de  Alanon,  i-act  comic 
opera  (1894) ;  La  Navarraise,  2-act  lyric  episode 
(London,  1894;  Paris,  1895);  5-act  opera  Sapho 
(Op.-Com.,  Nov.  27,  1897,  Calve  as  Sapho); 
opera  Cendnllon  (MS.).  He  has  also  written  the 
music  to  de  Lisle's  Erinnyes  (1873),  and  to  Sar- 
dou's  Crocodile  (1886)  and  Thtodora  (1884) ;  the 
4-act  sacred  drama  Marie-Magdeleine  (Odeon 
Th.,  1873) ;  few,  a  mystery  in  3  parts  (1875); 
La  Vierge,  oratorio  (1880) ,  5  orchestral  suites 
(Poeme  d'avril ;  Suite  d'orchestre ;  Poeme  de 
souvenir;  Scenes  hongroises ;  Sc6nes  pitto- 
resques);  an  orch.l  overture  *'  Phedre,"  and 
others ;  orchestral  fantaisies  (Scenes  napohtaines, 
Scenes  alsaciennes) ;  pf. -pieces,  romances,  etc. 

Masut'to,  Giovanni,  b.  Treviso,  July  -30, 
1830  ;  d.  Venice,  Jan.  i,  1894.  Mus.  critic  for 
several  Venetian  papers  ;  publ.  * '  I  maestri  di 
musica  italiani  del  secolo  XIX  "  (Venice,  3rd  ed. 
1884),  and  u  Delia  Musica  sacra  in  Italia." — 
His  son, 

Masut'to,  Renzo,  b.  Treviso,  Apr.  25, 1858, 
is  bandmaster  of  the  27th  Italian  infantry  regi- 
ment, also  a  concert-pianist  and  violinist,  and  a 
noteworthy  composer  (2  operas  ;  overtures ;  pf  .- 
pieces;  songs). 

Maszkow'sky  [-kov'-],  Raphael,  b.  Lem- 
berg,  1838.  Pupil  of  the  Conservatories  at 
Vienna  and  Leipzig ;  1885,  cond.  of  the  "  Im- 
thurneum  "  at  Schaffhausen  ;  1889,  mus.  dir.  at 


382 


MATERNA— MATTHAI 


Koblenz ;  in  1890  succeeded  Bruch  as  cond.  of 
the  Breslau  Orchestral  Soc 

Mater'na,  Amalie,  great  dramatic  soprano  ; 
b.  St  Georgen,  Styna,  July  10,  1847.  On  the 
death  of  her  father,  a  schoolmaster,  she  sang  in 
churches  and  concerts  at  Graz ;  also  made  her 
debut  in  opera  as  a  soubrette.  After  her  mar- 
riage to  Karl  Friednch,  an  actor,  they  were  en- 
gaged at  the  Carl  Theatre,  Vienna,  where  she 
sang  in  operettas ;  she  was  engaged  at  the  Vienna 
Court  Opera  from  1869-96  as  prima  donna,  then 
retiring  (she  has,  however,  sung  in  New  York 
since  then).  Her  impersonation  of  Wagner 
roles  was  particularly  fine ;  she  created  Brunn- 
hilde  at  Bayreuth  in  1876. 

Mathews,  William  Smythe  Babcock,  b. 
New  London,  N.  H.,  May  S,  1837.  He  studied 
with  local  teachers  ;  later  at  Lowell  and  Boston  ; 
taught  pf.  at  Macon,  Ga  ,  1860-3,  then  at  Green- 
boro,  N.  C.,  and  Manon,  Ala. ;  organist  of  Cen- 
tenary M.  E  Ch  ,  Chicago,  1867-93 ;  corre- 
spondent for  "D wight's  Journal  of  Music" 
1866-72  ;  editor  of  the  "  Musical  Independent" 
1868-72  ;  mus  critic  of  Chicago  "  Times," 
"Morning  News,"  and  "Tribune"  (1878-86) ; 
founder  (1891)  and  editor  of  the  monthly  maga- 
zine "  Music ." — Publ.  works •  "Outlines of  Mus. 
Form  "  (1867);  "Emerson Organ-Method,"  with 
L.  O.  Emerson  (1870) ,  "  Mason's  Pf.-Tech- 
nics,"  with  Dr.  Win.  Mason  (1876)  ;  "How  to 
Understand  Music"  (vol.  i,  1880  ;  vol.  ii,  iSSS); 
"  zoo  Years  of  Music  in  America"  (1889) ;  "Pop- 
ular History  of  Music  "  (1889) ;  "  Pronouncing 
Dictionary  of  Mus.  Terms"  (1896);  "Music, 
Its  Ideals  and  Methods  "  (1897) ;  and  half  a  score 
of  instructive  works  of  various  descriptions. 

Mathias,  Georges  (-Am£dge-Saint-Clair), 
b.  Paris,  Oct.  14,  1826.  Pupil  of  Savard,  Bazin, 
Barbereau,  and  Hale\y  (in  comp  )  at  the  Cons., 
and  of  Kalkbrenner  and  Chopin  (pf.).  Prof,  of 
pf.  at  the  Cons.,  1862  ;  of  late  years  has  lived  in 
retirement  as  a  composer. — Works  :  Symphony, 
op.  22  ;  overtures  to  Hamlet  and  Mazeppa;  2 
pf. -concertos  ;  6  pf. -trios  ;  5  morceaux  syrnpho- 
niques  f.  pf.  and  strings ;  pf. -etudes  ^"Etudes 
de  style  et  de  me*canisme,"  op.  28  ;  '*  Etudes  de 
genre, "  op.  10) ;  ' *  CEuvres  choisis  pour  le  piano," 
a  coll.  of  excellent  pieces  for  2  and  4  hands  ;  etc. 

Mathieu,  Adolphe- Charles -Ghislain,  b 
Mons,  Belgium,  June  22,  1804 ;  custodian  of 
MSS.  in  the  Brussels  Library ;  publ.  the  mono- 
graph "Roland  de  Lattre"  (1838,  2nd  ed. 
1840). 

Mathieu,  6mile  (-Louis-Victor),  b.  Lille, 
France,  of  Belgian  parentage,  Oct.  18,  1844. 
After  preliminary  study  at  the  Louvain  Music- 
school,  he  entered  Brussels  Cons.  (Bosselet, 
harmony  ;  Fetis,  cpt.  and  fugue ;  Aug.  Dupont, 
pf.),  taking  1st  harmony-prize  in  1861,  and  ist 
pf. -prize  in  1863 ;  from  1867-73,  prof,  of  pf. 
and  harmony  at  Louvain  Music-school ;  1873-4, 
chef  d'orchestre  at  the  Chatelet  Th  ,  Paris; 
1881-98,  Director  of  the  Louvain  Music-school ; 


since  Nov.,  1898,  Dir.  of  the  R.  Cons,  at 
Ghent.  In  1869,  and  again  in  1871,  he  won  the 
2nd  Grand  prix  de  Rome  at  Brussels ,  he  is  a 
Chevalier  of  the  Order  of  Leopold  (1885),  and 
Officer  since  1896 ;  corr.  member  of  the  R. 
Belgian  Acad  since  1897. — Works  •  i-act  com 
opera  r£change  (Liege,  1863) ,  com.  opera 
Bathylc  (Brussels,  1893) ;  2-act  com.  opera 
Georges  Dandin  (Brussels,  1877) ;  i-act  com 
opera  La  Bcrnoise  (Brussels,  iSSo) ,  4-act  lyric 
tragedy  Richilde  (Brussels,  1 888) ,  3-act  opera 
VEnJantede  Roland  (Brussels,  1895;;  music  to 
Sejour's  Cromwell  (Paris,  1874) ;  a  ballet,  Fit- 
mews  de  Kiff(  Brussels,  1876) ;  the  cantatas  La 
dernikre  mntde  Faust,  Le  songede  Colomb,  Tor- 
quato  Tasso't  dood,  Debont,  penple  /  and  2  chil- 
dren's cantatas,  Les  Bois  and  l'£cole  frater- 
nulls;  3  grand  "  poemes  lyriques  et  sympho- 
niques,"  Le  Hoyoux,  Freyhir,  and  Le  Sorbier ; 
3  orch  1  symphonic  poems  ;  a  violin-concerto  ;  a 
Te  Deum  ,  male  choruses ;  French  and  Flemish 
songs  All  are  publ  ,  excepting  the  large  can- 
tatas, the  first  two  operas,  the  orch.l  symphonic 
poems,  Cromwell,  and  the  Te  Deum.  M.  also 
wrote  the  texts  of  Richilde,  VEnfance  de  Ro- 
fane/ (both  transl.  into  German  by  Fremery),  and 
the  3  "  Poemes  lyr.  et  symph." 

Matte'i,  Abbate  Stanislao,  b.  Bologna, 
Feb.  10,  1750;  d.  there  May  12,  1825.  He 
succeeded  his  teacher,  Padre  Martini,  as  m.  di 
capp.  at  San  Francesco  ;  was  later  maestro  at 
S  Petronio,  and  prof,  of  counterpoint  at  the 
Liceo  Filarmonico  from  its  organization  (1804). 
Among  his  pupils  were  Rossini,  Donizetti,  Pa- 
cini,  Tadolini,  etc.  Eminent  comp  of  sacred 
music;  publ  "  Pratica  d'accompagnamento 
sopra  bassi  numerati  .  .  ."  (3  parts  ;  Bologna, 
1825-30  ;  new  ed.  by  Ricordi). 

Matte'i,  Tito,  b.  Campobasso,  n.  Naples, 
May  24,  1841.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Maggom, 
Parisi,  Ruta,  Conti,  and  Thalberg  ;  at  n  (!) 
created  '  *  Professore "  of  the  Accad  di  Santa 
Cecilia,  Rome ;  received  a  special  gold  medal 
for  playing  before  Pope  Pius  IX  ,  and  was  app. 
pianist  to  the  King  of  Italy.  After  Continental 
tours,  he  settled  about  1865  in  London,  becom- 
ing cond.  at  Her  Majesty's  Th. — Works: 
Opera  Maria  di  Cant/ (H.  M.'s  Th.,  London, 
1880) ;  comic  opera  La  Prima  Donna  (1889) ; 
ballet  The  Spider  and  the  Fly  (1893) ;  all  suc- 
cessful ;  much  brilliant  pf. -music  ;  very  popular 
songs. 

Matte'is,  Nicola,  Italian  violinist  who  set- 
tled 1672  in  London.  Publ.  4  books  of  "  Ayres, 
Preludes,  Fugues  and  Allemands"  f.  violin; 
and  a  "  Guide  to  Playing  a  true  Base  upon  the 
Guittare." — His  son,  Nicola  (d.  1749),  \v*t&  in 
Vienna,  and  in  Shrewsbury,  England.  He  was 
Burney's  teacher. 

Matthai,  Heinrich  August,  b.  Dresden, 
Oct.  30,  1781 ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  4,  1835.  Ex- 
cellent violinist,  Campagnoh's  successor  (1817) 
as  first  Concertmeisier  at  the  Gewandhaus. 


383 


MATTIIESOX— MAYER 


Mat'theson,  Johann,  b.  Hamburg,  Sept.  28, 
1681  ,  d.  there  Apr.  17,  1764  Of  thorough 
general  education,  a  student  of  law,  and  master 
of  several  languages,  his  decided  mus  talent 
was  developed  by  Braunmuller,  Pratonus,  and 
Kellner,  at  9  he  sang,  composed,  and  played 
the  organ  and  harpsichord  ,  entered  the  opera- 
chorus  1690,  and  1697-1705  sang  operatic  tenor 
roles,  also  bringing  out  5  operas ;  he  befriended 
Handel  in  1703,  but  afterwards  broke  with  him  ; 
and  1705  became  tutor  in  the  English  ambassa- 
dor's family  ;  1706,  secretary  of  legation  ;  later, 
ambassador  ait  interim.  From  1715-28,  mus. 
dir.,  and  cantor,  at  the  Hamburg  Cathedral ; 
deafness  then  obliged  him  to  resign  the  former 
post.  His  comp.s  include  8  operas,  24  oratorios 
and  cantatas,  a  Passion,  a  mass,  suites  f.  clavi- 
chord, 12  flute-sonatas  w.  violin  ;  etc  (88  publ. 
works  ;  some  in  Pauer's  ' '  Old  German  Com- 
posers ").  A  partial  list  of  his  writings,  impor- 
tant for  their  promulgation  of  advanced  views, 
brushing  aside  traditional  prejudices,  follows : 
"  Das  neu-eroffnete  Orchester,  oder  gnmdhche 
Anleitung,  wie  ein  galant  homme  einen  vollkom- 
menen  Begriff  von  der  Hoheit  und  Wurde  der 
edlen  Musik  erlangen  mbge"  (1713);  "Das 
beschutzte  Orchester"  [versus  Buttstedt's  "  Ut, 
re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la,  tota  musica  "1  (1717)  ,  "Die 
exemplansche  Organistenprobe  (1719 ;  2nd 
ed.  as  **  Grosse  Generalbass-Schule,"  (1731) , 
"Critica  musica"  (2  vol.s ;  1722);  "Der 
brauchbare  Yirtuos"  (1720);  "Das  forschende 
Orchester"  (1721),  "  De  eruditione  musica" 
(J732) ;  "Der  vollkommene  Capellmeister " 
(i739) »  "Grundlagen  einer  Ehrenpforte,  worin 
der  tuchtigsten  Capellmeister,  Componisten, 
etc ,  Leben,  \Verke,  etc.,  erscheinen  sollen " 
(1740);  "Dieneueste  Untersuchung  der  Sing- 
spiele"  (1744);  "Mithridat,  wider  den  Gift 
einer  welschen  Satyre  des  Salvator  Rosa,  ge- 
nannt :  La  Musica ',  uebersetzt  und  rait  Anmer- 
kungen,  etc."  (1749) ;  "  Georg  Friedrich  Han- 
dels  Lebensbeschreibung "  (1761) ;  and  many 
others,  both  publ.  and  in  MS. 

Matthias  (or  Mattheus)  Le  Maitre.  See 
LE  MAISTRE. 

Matthias  Hermann.  See  HERMANN,  MAT- 
THIAS. 

Mat'thieux,  Johanna.    See  KINKEL. 

Mat'thison-Han'sen,  Hans.  Danish  or- 
ganist and  composer ;  b.  Flensburg,  Feb.  6, 
1807;  d.  Roeskilde,  Jan.  7,  1890.  Pupil  of 
Weyse  at  Copenhagen ;  in  1832,  organist  of 
Roeskilde  Cathedral,  a  very  important  position. 
— Works  Oratorio  Johannes .  church-cantatas, 
psalms  w.  orch.,  chorals  w.  variations,  organ- 
symphonies  (sonatas),  preludes,  postludes,  fan- 
tasias, etc.,  f.  organ. — His  son, 

Mat'thison-Han'sen,  Gotfred,  b.  Roes- 
kilde, Nov.  30,  1832  ;  organist  in  1859  of  the 
German  Friedrichskirche  at  Copenhagen.  Win- 
ning the  Ancker  scholarship,  he  studied  at  Leip- 
zig during  the  winter  of  1862-3.  Founded,  with 


Grieg,  Nordraak,  and  llorncman,  the  concert- 
society  "  Kuterpe"  ;  1867,  organist  at  St.  John's, 
and  organ-teacher  at  Copenhagen  Cons.;  from 
1877,  ass t. -organist  to  his  father.  Successful 
Geiman  tours  (Tonkunstlei-1~crsammlwig  at 
Hanover,  1877).  Now  organist  of  Trinity  Ch., 
Copenhagen  — Works  •  Op.  5,  pf.-trio  ;  op.  n, 
violin-sonata  ;  op.  14,  pf. -ballade  ,  op.  15,  fan- 
tasia f  org. ;  op.  16,  'cello-sonata  ,  op.  19,  con- 
cert-pieces f.  org. 

Mattic/li,  Lino,  'cellist  and  vocal  teacher  ,  b. 
Parma,  Italv,  1853  ,  graduated  from  the  Cons, 
therewith  high  honors.  Now  living  in  Cincin- 
nati lias  written  many  songs. 

Mau'rer,  Ludwig  Wilhelm,  distinguished 
violinist  ;  b.  Potsdam,  Feb  8,  1789 ;  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  Oct.  25,  1878.  Played  in  public  at 
Berlin  when  only  13  ;  entered  the  Royal  Orch  ; 
from  1806-18,  in  Russia,  giving  concerts,  etc.; 
visited  Berlin  and  Paris,  and  then  became  Con- 
certmeister  in  Hanover ,  revisited  St.  Peters- 
burg in  1832,  and,  after  travelling  in  1845, 
settled  in  Dresden.  His  most  famous  comp.s 
are  the  Symphonic  concertantc  for  4  violins  w. 
orch.,  and  the  A  major  violin-concerto  ;  also 
wrote  7  other  concertos,  a  double  concerto,  2 
concertinos,  2  string-quartets,  duos  concertants 
for  violins,  airs  varies,  fantasias,  etc.;  and  3 
operas. 

Maurin,  Jean-Pierre,  b.  Avignon,  Feb.  14, 
1822 ,  d.  Paris,  Mar.  16,  1894.  Violin-pupil  of 
Baillot  and  Habeneck  at  Paris  Cons.,  where  he 
succeeded  Alard  as  teacher  in  1875.  Co-founder 
of  the  "  Societe  des  dernieis  quatuors  de  Bee- 
thoven." 

May,  Edward  Collett,  celebrated  organist 
and  singing-teacher  ;  b.  Greenwich,  England, 
Oct.  29,  1806  ;  d.  London,  Jan.  2,  1887.  Pupil 
of  Th.  Adams,  C.  Potter,  and  Crivelli ;  organist 
of  Greenwich  Hospital,  1837-69  ;  prof,  of  vocal 
music  at  Queen's  College,  London.  A  disciple 
of  Hullah,  he  taught  in  numerous  schools  and 
private  classes,  doing  much  to  popularize  singing 
among  the  masses. — Publ.  "  Progressive  Vocal 
Exercises  for  Daily  Practice"  (1853)  ;  songs. 

Maybrick,  Michael,  (pseudonym  Stephen 
Adams,)  baritone  singer  in  opera  and  concert ; 
b.  Liverpool,  1844.  Organ-pupil  of  Best ;  1866- 
8  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  (Plaidy,  Moscheles,  Rich- 
ter),  and  vocal  pupil  of  Nava  at  Milan,  lie  has 
sung  at  the  principal  concerts  in  London  and 
the  provinces,  and  toured  the  United  States  and 
Canada  in  1884  Many  of  his  songs  (sung  by 
himself)  have  great  vogue  ("  Nancy  Lee  "). 

May'er,  Charles,  pianist,  b.  Konigsberg, 
Mar,  21,  1799  ;  d.  Dresden,  July  2,  1862.  Pupil 
of  Field  in  St.  Petersburg,  and  in  1814,  a  finished 
player,  accompanied  his  father  on  a  tour  to  Paris 
via  Warsaw,  Germany,  and  Holland  ;  lived  1819 
in  St.  Petersburg,  then  making  a  tour  to  Stock- 
holm, Copenhagen  (where  he  was  app.  court 
pianist),  Hamburg,  Leipzig,  and  Vienna,  settling 
in  Dresden,  1846.  His  pf.-music  (about  350 


384 


MAYER— MAZZOCCIII 


opus-numbers)  is  well-written  and  effective.  He 
was  a  fascinating  player  and  an  excellent  teacher. 
— Works  Man}  valuable  studies  and  educational 
pieces  ,  Grand  Concerto,  op.  70,  Concerto  sym- 
phonique,  op.  89  ;  Concert- Polonaise,  op.  23$  ; 
Grande  Fantaisie  dramatique,  op.  54 ,  Toccata 
in  E  ;  Valses-Etudes  (op.  69,  71,  83,  116,  122, 
131,  133, 157)  ,  brilliant  concert-pieces,  fantasias, 
variations,  etc. 

May'er,  Emilie,  composer  ,  b.  Friedland, 
Mecklenburg,  May  14,  1821.  Pupil  of  Lowe, 
Marx,  and  \Vieprecht ;  settled  in  Berlin  — 
Works  7  symphonies  and  12  grand  overtures  ; 
an  operetta,  Die  Fischenn  ;  pf  -concerto  ,  the 
uSth  Psalm,  w.  orch.;  14  string-quartets  ,  2  pf  - 
quartets  ;  12  sonatas  f  pf.  and  violin  ;  n  pf  - 
trios  ;  other  pf. -music  ,  o\er  150  songs  ;  etc. 
(about  50  numbers  were  publ  ). 

May'er,  Wilhelm  (pseudonym  W.  A.  Remy), 
b.  Prague,  June  10,  1831 ;  d.  Graz,  -Jan.  23, 
1898.  Music-pupil  of  C.F  Pietsch  ;  law-student, 
graduated  as  Dr.jitr  in  1856,  and  held  a  govern- 
ment appointment  till  1861.  Gave  up  the  law 
in  1862,  and  became  conductor  of  the  Graz  Mus. 
Society,  resigning  in  1870  to  apply  himself  to 
teaching  and  composing.  As  a  teacher  of  piano, 
and  more  especially  of  counterpoint  and  compo- 
sition, he  was  very  eminent  ;  among  his  pupils 
were  F.  Busoni,  W.  Kienzl,  Reznicek,  F.Wein- 
gartner,  R.  Sahla,  etc  — Works  :  3  symphonies  ; 
symphonic  poem  *'  Ilelene  "  ;  overture  V.Sarda- 
napel"  ,  "  Slavisches  Liederspiel "  and  "Ostliche 
Rosen  "  (fantasias  f.  2  pf  s  w  orch  ) ;  and  a 
concert-opera  H  Writer #/<.?;*  (Graz,  1876) ;  songs, 
part-songs,  etc. 

May'erhoff,  Franz,  b.  Chemnitz,  Jan.  17, 
1864  ;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons  ;  theatre- fCapellm. 
at  Labeck(iSS3),  Memel,  and  Tilsit ;  since  1885 
in  Chemnitz ;  1888  cantor  of  the  Petrikirche  ; 
cond.  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  Has  comp.  sacred 
choruses,  songs,  etc. 

May'erl  (or  Maierl),  Anton  von,  b.  Bozen  ; 
d.  Innsbruck,  1839  I  pupil  of  Ladurner  and  Ett ; 
church-comp.  (publ.  a  Stabat  Mater). 

May'lath,  Heinrich,  b.  Vienna,  Dec.  4, 
1833,  Pupil  of  his  father  in  pf. -playing;  on 
tours  1863-5  ;  in  Russia  till  1867  ;  then  settled 
as  a  teacher  in  New  York.  Classical  pianist  and 
thorough  musician  ;  wrote  excellent  instructive 
pf  -music,  and  concert-pieces  of  depth  and  some 
difficulty. 

Maynard,  Walter.  Pen-name  of  TH.  W. 
BE  ALE. 

Mayr,  (Johann)  Simon,  famous  teacher  and 
dramatic  composer  ;  b.  Mendorf,  Bavaria,  June 
14,  1763  ;  d.  Bergamo,  Dec.  2,  1845.  Pupil  of 
the  Jesuit  Seminary,  Ingolstadt ;  then  of  Lenzi 
at  Bergamo,  whither  he  had  gone  as  the  tutor 
of  a  Swiss  nobleman,  De  Bessus  ;  later  of  Ber- 
toni  at  Venice,  settling  here  as  a  composer,  and 
bringing  out  oratorios,  a  Passion,  a  requiem,  and 
other  masses  and  church-music,  until,  by  Pic- 
cinni's  advice,  he  wrote  the  very  successful  opera 


o^  ossia  i  riti  d* Apollo  Lwtcadio^^jf),  after 
which  he  brought  out,  in  30  )-ears,  about  70 
others  These  \\  orks,  in  which  the  more  elaborate 
harmonization  and  orchestration  of  German  type 
influenced  contemporary  Italian  production  (to 
its  benefit),  he'i  the  Italian  stage  between  Ci- 
marosa  and  Rossini  (circa  1800-1815).  In  1802 
Mayr  became  in.  di  capp.  at  Santa  Maria  Mag- 
giore,  in  Bergamo,  and,  at  the  foundation  of  the 
Mus.  Inst.  there  in  1805,  its  Director.  His 
most  eminent  pupil  was  Donizetti.  He  publ. 
11  Breve  notizie  istoriche  della  vita  e  delle  opere 
di  Giuseppe  Haydn  "  (1809) ;  theoretical  works 
in  MS — Alborghetti  and  Galli  wrote  4 '  I >om- 
zetti  e  Mayr,  notizie  e  document!"  (Bergamo, 
IS75) 

Mayr'berger,  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  June  9, 1828  ; 
d  Pressburg,  Sept  23,1881.  Pupil  of  Preyer ; 
from  1864,  Kapdlm.  of  Pressburg  Cathedral. — 
Works-  Opera  Mtlusina  (Pressburg,  1876) ; 
burlesque  opera  Die  Entjuhritn§ dcr  Prinzessin 
Eur&pa  (1868),  music  to  Oehlschlagel's  drama 
Yrsa ;  male  choruses,  songs,  etc. 

May'seder,  Joseph,  celebrated  violinist  and 
comp.;  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  26, 1789  ;  d.  there  Nov. 
21,  1863.  Pupil  of  Suche  and  Wranitzky ;  de- 
but as  -violinist  in  1800  ;  studied  pf.  and  comp. 
with  E.  Forster  in  1802  ,  played  in  the  famous 
Schuppanzigh  Quartet  (2nd  violin) ;  entered  the 
court  orch  in  1816,  became  solo  violinist  at  the 
court  opera  in  1820,  and  Imperial  chamber-vir- 
tuoso in  1835,  also  playing  in  the  Cathedral 
(Stephankiiche).  He  never  went  on  tours,  and 
rarely  gave  concerts  ;  yet  he  was  a  finished  vir- 
tuoso admired  even  by  Paganini.  An  eminently 
successful  teacher,  and  a  composer  of  well-writ- 
ten and  effective  soli  and  concerted  pieces  (3 
violin-concertos,  2  concertinos,  3  string-quintets, 
7  string-quartets,  4  pf.-trios,  a  fantasia  f .  pf. 
and  vln  ;  also  variations,  polonaises,  rondos, 
duets,  studies,  etc.,  f.  violin  ;  many  published  ; 
others  MS.). 

Mazas,  Jacques-Fe"re"ol,  violinist ;  b.  Be- 
ziers,  France,  Sept.  23,  1782  ;  d.  1849.  Pupil 
at  Paris  Cons,  of  Baillot,  1802-5,  winning  1st 
prize ;  joined  the  orch  of  tlie  Italian  Opera ; 
toured  Europe  1811-29,  taught  in  Orleans,  and 
from  1837-41  was  Director  of  the  town  Music- 
School  at  Cambrai.  His  tone  was  powerful  and 
mellow,  his  compositions  very  effective ;  he 
wrote  a  Method  for  Violin,  and  numerous  valu- 
able studies  ;  a  Meth.  f.  Viola  ;  concertos,  string- 
quartets,  trios,  violin-duets,  fantasias,  variations, 
romances,  etc.;  also  3  operas. 

Mazzin'ghi,  Joseph,  b.  London,  Dec.  25, 
1765  ;  d.  Bath,  Jan.  15,  1844.  Of  noble  Cor- 
sican  parentage ;  pupil  of  J,  C.  Bach,  Anfossi, 
and  Sacchini ,  1784,  mus.  dir.  of  King's  Th.; 
music-teacher  to  Princess  of  Wales.  He  wrote 
(mostly  with  Reeve)  several  operas,  melodramas, 
etc.;  also  comp.  many  songs,  glees,  trios,  etc., 
and  sonatas  and  other  pf-music. 

Mazzocychi,  Domemco,  b.  Civita  Castel- 


385 


MAZZUCATO— MEHUL 


lana,  Rome,  about  1590 ;  d.  about  1650.  A 
learned  Roman  lawyer,  he  was  a  music-pupil  of 
Nanini,  and  publ.  a  book  of  **  Madrigah  a  5 
voci  in  partitura  "  (1640)  in  which  appear,  for  the 
first  time,  the  conventional  mus.  signs  for  the 
crescendo  and  decresc.  (  — ==^  ^=~  ),  piano 
(/>),  forte  (/),  and  tnllo  (?/•),  which  he  explains 
in  a  Preface.  Also  comp.  madrigals  and  motets, 
an  opera,  an  oratorio,  etc. 

Mazzuca'to,  Alberto,  b.  Udine,  July  28, 
1813  ;  d.  Milan,  Dec  31,  1877.  He  renounced 
the  study  of  mathematics  for  music,  his  teacher 
being  Bresciano  at  Padua,  where  his  first  opera, 
La  Fidanzata  di  Lammei  moor,  was  successfully 
performed  in  1834  ;  six  others  had  similar  tem- 
porary success,  but  were  thrown  into  the  shade 
by  Verdi's  fresher  style  ;  his  other  comp.s  have 
also  left  no  lasting  impression  ;  but  he  was  really 
eminent  as  a  -*  iolinist  (leader  at  La  Scala,  Milan, 
1859-69),  and  still  more  so  as  a  teacher.  From 
1839-51  he  taught  a  girls'  vocal  class  at  the 
Cons.;  1851,  teacher  of  composition ;  1852, 
lecturer  on  history  and  aesthetics ;  1872,  suc- 
ceeded Lauro  Rossi  as  Director.  For  several 
years  he  was  editor  of  the  Milanese  "  Gazzetta 
Musicale"  (founded  1845);  wrote  "_Pnncipi 
elementari  di  musica  di  Asioli,  riformati  ed  am- 
pliati"  (Milan  ;  Ricordi)  ;  also  publ.  an  Atlas 
of  Ancient  Music  ("  Atlante  della  musica  antica 
.  .  .")  with  an  historical  preface  ;  a  "  Trattato 
d'estetica  musicale " ;  and  Italian  translations 
of  Garcia's  Singing-Method,  Berlioz's  Instru- 
mentation, Fetis's  Harmony,  Segond's  "  Hygi- 
ene for  Singers,"  and  Panofka's  "  Vocal  Abe." 

Mead,  Olive,  b.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  Nov.  22, 
1874.  Began  study  of  violin  at  7  ;  pupil  of  Jul. 
Eichberg,  and  later  of  Fr.  Kneisel.  Talented 
concert-violinist ;  has  played  in  many  concerts 
in  New  England  cities,  New  York,  etc. 

Me'deritsch,  Johann,  called  Gallus,  Bohe- 
mian pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Nimburg,  about 
1765 ;  was  living  at  Lember^  in  1830.  Mus. 
director  at  Ofen  1794-6  ;  resided  chiefly  in  Vi- 
enna, where  he  prod,  several  Singspiele  and  ope- 
rettas, music  to  Matbeth  and  other  dramas,  and 
publ.  considerable  chamber-music,  sonatas  and 
variations  f.  pf.,  etc. 

Meerens,  Charles,  b.  Bruges,  Dec.  16,  1831. 
Studied  'cello-playing  under  Bessems,  Dumont, 
and  Servais  ;  then  became  a  tuner  in  his  fathers 
piano-factory,  and  devoted  himself  later  to  acous- 
tical researches  — Writings  :  '*  Le  Me*tro-metre, 
ou  moyen  simple  de  connaftre  le  degre  de  Vitesse 
d'un  mouvement  indique"  (1859);  "Instruc- 
tion e*le*mentaire  de  calcul  musical "  (1864) ; 
"Phenomenes  musico-physiologiques  "  (1868); 
**  Hommage  a  la  memoire  de  M.  Delezenne  " 
(1869);  "Examen  analytique  des  experiences 
d'acoustique  musicale  de  M.  A.  Cornu  et  E. 
Mercadier"  (1869)  ;  "  Le  Diapason  et  la  nota- 
tion musicale  simplifie'es"  (1873);  "  Me'moire 
sur  le  diapason  "  (1877) ;  "  Petite  nxfthode  pour 
apprendre  la  musique  et  le  piano  "  (1878) ;  and 


"  La  Gamme  majeuie  et  mineure  "  (1890  ;  2nd 
ed.  3892). 

Meerts,  Lambert  (-Joseph),  b.  Brussels, 
Jan.  6,  1 800  ,  d.  there  May  12,  1863.  Violin- 
ist ,  pupil  of  Lafont  and  Habeneck  at  Paris  ; 
from  1835,  prof,  at  Brussels  Cons.  Among 
his  important  instructive  \\orks  for  the  violin  are 
"  fitudes  pour  violon  avecaccompagnement  d'un 
second  violon  ",  "Mecanisme  du  violon"  (ad- 
vanced studies),  "12  etudes  "on  double-stop- 
ping ;  3  books  on  the  2nd,  4th,  and  6th  positions  ; 
12  books  of  studies  on  ihythm,  on  motives  by 
Beethoven  ;  3  studies  on  the  f ugued  and  staccato 
styles  ;  12  studies, on  bowing  ;  6  2-part  fugues 
for  solo  violin  ;  3  Etudes  brillantes. 

Mees,  Arthur,  b.  Columbus,  Ohio,  Feb.  13, 
1850.  Pupil  at  Berlin,  1873-6,  of  Th.  Kullak 
(pf  ),  Weitzmann  (theory),  and  II.  Dorn  (score- 
reading  and  conducting).  He  was  for  6  years 
cond  of  the  Cincinnati  May  Festival  chorus  ; 
asst.-cond.  of  American  Opera  ;  cond.  of  sing- 
ing-societies in  New  York,  Albany,  etc.;  since 
1896,  chorus-conductor,  and  asst.-cond.  of  the 
Thomas  Orch.,  in  Chicago.  Has  publ.  "  Piano 
Studies"  (based  on  passages  from  important 
pf.- works)  ,  wrote  analytical  programs  for  the 
New  York  Philharm  Soc.  (1887-96),  and  since 
then  for  the  Thomas  Orch. 

Mehlig,  Anna,  pianist ;  b.  Stuttgart,  June 
IT,  1843,  where  she  studied  with  Lebert,  and 
later  at  Weimar  with  Liszt  (1869) ;  was  long 
considered  the  principal  exponent  of  the  "  Stutt- 
gart "  school  of  pf.-playing,  but  since  her  mar- 
riage with  the  merchant  Falk  of  Antwerp  has 
been  less  before  the  public.  Her  tours  on  the 
Continent,  also  to  England  and  (1869-70)  in 
America,  have  been  successful. 

Mehr'kens,  Friedrich  Adolf,  b.  Neuen- 
kirchen,  n.  Otterndorf-on-Elbe,  Apr.  22,  1840  ; 
pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  1861-2  ;  settled  in  Ham- 
burg as  pianist,  teacher  and  conductor  of  sing- 
ing-societies ;  since  1871,  cond.  of  the  Bath- 
Gesellschaft.  Has  written  a  symphony,  a  Te 
Deum,  and  minor  works. 

M£hul,  fitienne-Nicolas,  French  opera- 
composer  ;  b.  Givet,  Ardennes,  June  22,  1763 ; 
d.  Paris,  Oct.  18,  1817.  By  dint  of  hard  work, 
and  with  the  friendly  aid  of  a  blind  old  organist, 
he  learned  to  play  the  organ,  and  at  ten  was  or- 
ganist of  the  Couvent  des  Recollets  at  Givet. 
The  fame  of  Wilhelm  Hanser,  organist  at  Laval- 
dieu  monastery,  attracted  the  boy  ;  the  abbot  ad- 
mitted him  as  a  novice,  so  that  he  might  be  taught 
by  Hanser,  whose  assistant  he  became  in  1777. 
Next  year  he  went  to  Edelmann  in  Paris  for  les- 
sons in  piano-playing  and  composition,  support- 
ing himself  by  teaching.  Hearing  Gluck's 
Ip/iigfaie  en  Tauride,  he  was  moved  to  seek  an 
introduction  to  the  master,  by  whose  advice  he 
turned  from  sacred  to  dramatic  composition.  For 
the  sake  of  practice  he  wrote  three  operas  (Psych^ 
Anacrton,  Laustis  etLydie)  ;  a  fourth,  Alonso  et 
Cora,  though  accepted  by  the  Acade'mie  de  mu- 


386 


MEIBOM— MEINERS 


sique,  was  not  perf  until  1791  ;  meanwhile 
Ruphrosyne  et  Coradin,  on  le  tyran 
came  out  at  the  Th. 
Itahen  in  1/90  with 
great  success ,  good 
fortune  likewise  at- 
tended the  produc- 
tion of  Stratonue 
(1792),  Le  congrls 
des  rots  (1793,  writ- 
ten with  1 1  others), 
Le  jugement  de 
Pdns  (ballet  ,-1793), 
Le  jeune  sage  et  le 
vieux  foil  (1793), 
Horatius  Codes 
(1794),  Phrosine  et 
JMe'hdore  (1794),  and 
La  caverne  (1795) ,  in  th.s  year  M  was  app.  one 
of  the  four  Inspectors  of  the  newly  established 
Conservatoire,  and  also  elected  a  member  of  the 
Academic  In  1797  3  operas,  Doria,  La  toupie 
et  lepapillon^  and  Le  jeune  Henri,  were  produced; 
the  last  was  hissed  off  the  stage,  after  the  over- 
ture had  been  twice  repeated  in  response  to  clam- 
orous applause,  because  of  the  reverence  still  felt 
by  republican  France  for  the  hero,  Henri  IV.  ; 
this  overture  still  survives  Now  followed  Le 
pont  de  Lodi  (1797),  Adrien  (1798),  Ariodant 
(1799),  &pw*re  (1800),  Bion  (iSoi),  VIrato,  ott 
Vemporte1  (iSor  ;  a  vain  attempt  to  imitate  the 
Italian  opera-buffa  style,  but  so  successful  with 
the  public  that  M.  employed  this  lighter  vein  in 
several  subsequent  works),  Une  Folie  (1802),  Le 
Trt'sor  suppose"  (i%Q2.)t  Joanna  (1802),  rffeureux 
malgre*  lin  (1802),  Helena  (1803),  Le  oaiser  et  la 
quittance  (1803,  with  Boieldieu,  Isouard,  and 
Kreutzer),  Uthal,  Gabrielled'EstrJes^&h  1806), 
and  on  Feb.  17, 1807,  at  the  Theatre  Fevdeau,  his 
greatest  work,  the  3-act  opera  Joseph,  which 
at  first  obtained  only  a  succcs  tTeshme  in  Paris, 
though  much  better  received  in  the  French  prov- 
inces and  Germany.  For  four  years,  M.  wrote 
only  the  ballets  Le  retour  d'  Ulysse,  and  Perste 
et  Andromede  ;  Les  Amazones,  ou  la  fondation 
de  TAeoes  (i%n),  Le  Prince  troubadour  (1813), 
rOriflamme  (1814  ;  with  Berton,  Kreutzer,  and 
Paer),  and  La  Joiirnde  anx  avenfures  (1816), 
were  still  performed  before  his  death  ;  Valentine 
de  Milan  was  completed  by  Daussoigne-Mehul, 
and  brought  out  in  1822  ;  several  other  operas 
have  never  been  performed.  Me*hul's  fame  rests 
wholly  upon  his  operas,  in  which  he  develops  a 
robust  dramatic  style  and  fine  orchestral  effects. 
His  overtures  are  often  masterly ;  his  sympho- 
nies were  correctly  written,  but  uninspired,  and 
his  pf. -sonatas  were  insignificant ;  some  choral 
works  ("  Chant  du  depart,"  "  Chant  de  victoire," 
"  Chant  de  retour,"  etc.)  attained  a  certain 
vogue.  He  fell  a  victim  to  consumption,  and 
his  death  was  probably  hastened  by  chagrin  at 
the  comparatively  slight  success  of  the  last 
operas,  due  in  part  to  Spontim's  increasing  celeb- 
rity.— Biographies  by  Vieillard  (1859),  and  A. 
Pougin  (1889). 


Mei'bom  (or  Meibo'mius),  Marcus,  b.  Ton- 
ning,  Schleswig,  in  1626  ,  d  Utrecht,  1711.  An 
erudite  philologian,  for  some  years  prof,  and 
librarian  at  Upsala  University  ,  lived  thereafter 
principally  in  Utrecht,  ending  m  such  poverty 
that  he  had  to  sell  part  of  his  library  His  chief 
work  is  "Antiquae  musicae  auctbres  septem, 
graece  et  latine,  Marcus  Meiboraius  restituit  ac 
notis  explicavit"  (Amsterdam,  1652  ,  2  vol  s)  ;  it 
contains  treatises  on  music  by  Anstoxenos,  Eu- 
clid (lt  Introductio  harmonica"),  Nicomachos, 
Gaudentius  Philosophos,  Bacchms  Senior,  Aris- 
tides  Quintilianus,  and  M.  Capella  (Book  ix  of 
the  "Satyncon"). 

Mei'fred,  Joseph-Jean-Pierre-Iimile,  horn- 
virtuoso  ;  b.  Colmars,  Basses-Alpes,  Nov.  22, 
1791  ;  d  Pans,  Aug  29,  1867.  Pupil  of  Dau- 
prat  at  Paris  Cons.,  where  he  was  prof.  1833-65. 
Wrote  * '  De  I'etendue,  de  1'emploi  et  des  res- 
sources  du  cor  en  general,  et  de  ses  corps  de 
rechange  en  particulier  .  .  "  (1829) ;  "  Me- 
thode  pour  le  cor  a  deux  pistons";  *'  Methode 
de  cor  chromatique "  (avec  3  pistons) ;  horn- 
duets,  etc. 

Mei'land,  Jakob,  b  Senftenberg,  Upper  Lu- 
satia,  in  1542  ;  d.  Celle,  1577.  Notable  German 
contrapuntist,  who  publ  1564-77  several  books 
of  sacred  songs,  motets,  etc. 

Meinar'dus,  Ludwig  (Siegfried),  composer 
and  writer;  b  Hooksiel,  Oldenburg,  Sept.  17, 
1827 ;  d.  Bielefeld,  July  12,  1896.  Pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons  1846-7  ;  then  until  1849  private 
pupil  of  F.  A.  Riccius  ;  also  studied  a  short  time 
in  Berlin,  in  Weimar  with  Liszt,  and,  after  act- 
ing as  theatre-cond.  at  Erfurt  and  Nordhausen, 
with  Marx  at  Berlin.  1853-65,  cond.  of  the 
Singakademie  at  Glogau  ;  then  teacher  in  Dres- 
den Cons.;  from  1874  till  1887  he  lived  in  Ham- 
buig  as  a  composer  and  critic,  then  going  to 
Bielefeld.  From  the  Grand  Duke  of  Oldenburg 
he  received  the  title  of  "  Musikdirector"  in  1862. 
— Principal  compositions  :  Opera  Bahncsa^  (not 
perf.) ;  the  oratorios  Simon  Petrus,  Gideon, 
Kbnig  Salomo,  Luther  in  IVorms^  and  Odi  un  / 
the  choral  ballades  Rolands  Schivanenlied,  Frau 
ffitt,  Die  Nonne,  Jung  Baldurs  Sieg;  "  Deutsche 
Messgesange,"  f.  chorus  and  org.  ,  "  Wander- 
lied,"  f.  ch.  and  wind-instr.s ;  *4Passionslied," 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. ; — 2  symphonies,  a  pf. -quin- 
tet, 3  pf.-trios,  string-quartets,  an  octet  f.  wind, 
sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf.,  a  sonata  f.  'cello  and  pf., 
pf. -pieces,  songs. — Writings: '  *  Kulturgeschicht- 
liche  Bnefe  tiber  deutsche  Tonkunst "  (2nd  ed. 
1872),  "Ein  Jugendleben"  (1874,  2  vol.s  ;  a 
sort  of  autobiography) ;  "  Ruckblick  auf  die 
Anfangeder  deutschen  Oper"  (1878) ;  "Matthe- 
son  und  seine  Verdienste  um  die  deutsche  Ton- 
kunst" (1879);  "Mozart:  ein  Kunstlerleben  " 
(1882);  klDie  deutsche  Tonkunst  im  iS.-ig. 
Jahrhundert"  (1887). 

Mei'ners,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Milan, 
1826 ;  d.  Cortenova,  Como,  Aug.  6,  1897.  Pupil 
1833-43  of  Milan  Cons.,  where  he  wrote  the 
operas  Francesco,  da  Rimini  (not  perf.)  and  // 


387 


MEISTER— MENDELSSOHN 


Disertore  svizzero  (1842).  Studied  further  with 
Donizetti,  and  at  Vienna  with  Sechter ,  then  be- 
came /;/.  di  capp.  al  the  basilica  in  Veicelli,  writ- 
ing sacred  music.  He  was  for  a  time  theatre- 
cond.  at  Turin,  and  later  prof,  at  the  Guildhall 
School  of  Music,  London,  for  some  years  — 
Other  operas  .  Elodia  di  San  Jfauro  (Milan, 
1855) \Jtiecardo ///(Milan,  1857)  ,  Veronica  Cybo 
(Florence,  1866) ;  and  Gabndla  di  Thetschen 
not  prod  ). 

Mei'ster,  Karl  Severin,  b.  Kunigstein  (Tau- 
nus),  Oct.  23,  1818 ;  d.  Sept.  30,  iSSi,  at  Mon- 
tabaur  (Westerwald),  where  from  1851  he  had 
been  head-teacher  at  the  Seminary  and  town 
musical  director.  Wrote  the  valuable  work ' '  Das 
katholische  deutsche  Kirchenlied  in  semen  Sing- 
weisen  von  den  fruhesten  Zeiten  bis  gegen  Ende 
des  17.  Jahrhunderts"  (1862);  continued  by 
Baumker  (2nd  vol.  1883) ;  vol.  i,  revised  ed  , 
1 836  Also  publ  organ-accompaniments  to  the 
hymns  in  the  "  Gesangbuch  "  of  the  Limburg 
diocese ;  a  Method  of  Modulation ;  hymns  for 
male  choir ;  cadenzas  and  preludes  for  organ  ; 
etc. 

Mela,  Vincenzo,  opera-composer  and  singer ; 
b.  Isola  della  Scala,  Verona,  in  1821 ;  d  Co- 
logna  Veneta,  Nov.,  1897. — Works:  II  Feuda- 
torio  (Verona,  1853)  \  EAHoggw  military  (1855  ; 
farce)  ;  //  Convento  di  San  iVicola  (1858) ;  La 
Testa  di  bronso  (1855)  \  Cristoforo  Colombo 
(1857) ;  II  Casino  di  campagna  (Milan,  1865  ; 
Paris,  1866,  in  which  the  principal  role  was 
sung  by  his  own  daughter,  called  "la  teno- 
ressa,"  her  voice  being  said  to  resemble  that  of 
a  tenor  in  quality). 

Mel'ba,  Nellie,  operatic  soprano  and  colora- 
tura singer ;  b.  Melbourne,  Australia,  in  1865. 
(Her  real  name  is  Mitchell,  "Melba"  being  a 
stage-name  imitated  from  Melbourne  )  Studied 
in  Paris  under  Mme.  Marchesi ,  brilliant  debut 
at  the  Theatre  de  la  Monnaie,  Brussels,  in  Oct., 
1887,  as  Gilda  in  Rigoletto,  followed  by  appear- 
ances in  London  (Covent  Garden,  May,  1888), 
Paris  (Grand  Opera,  May,  1889),  St.  Petersburg 
(May,  1890),  Nice  (1892),  Milan  (La  Scala, 
March,  1893),  Stockholm  and  Copenhagen  (Oct., 
1893),  New  York  (Metropolitan  Opera,  Dec.  4, 
1893) ;  etc. — Favorite  roles  are  Lucia,  Ophe'lie, 
Juliette,  Nedda. 

Mercer,  Heinrich  von,  b.  Warsaw,  Oct.  25, 
1869.  Pianist  and  composer ;  his  Concertshick 
in  E  min.,  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  took  the  Rubinstein 
prize  in  1895  ;  he  has  also  written  a  pf.-trio  in 
G  mm.,  and  other  pf. -music. 

Mel'chior,  Edward  A.,  b.  Rotterdam,  Nov. 
6,  1860;  music-teacher  there.  PubL  a  "We- 
tenschappelyk  en  biografisch  woordenboek  der 
Toonkunst*  (1889),  in  which  contemporary 
Dutch  musicians  are  well  represented. 

Melchic/ri,  Antonio,  b.  Parma,  Nov.  25, 
1827,  d.  Milan,  July,  1897.  Violinist  and 
teacher;  composed  "  balli  teatrali"  for  La 


Scala    and    La    Canobbiana    (theatres) ;    also 
"pezzi  "  for  violin,  and  "  ballabili  "  for  piano. 

Mel'gunow,  Julius  von,  b  Govt.  of  Kos- 
troma, Russia,  in  1846.  Pupil  of  Henselt  and 
the  Rubinsteins  ;  also  of  Moscow  Cons  and  R. 
Westphal,  whose  system  of  rhythmic  articula- 
tion he  applied  to  Bach's  preludes  and  fugues. 
Publ.  a  coll.  of  Russian  folk-songs,  harmon- 
ized. 

Melo'ne,  Annibale  (imperfect  anagram  Ale- 
manno  Benelli  or  Bonelli).  See  BOTTKIOARI, 
ERCOLE. 

Meluz'zi,  Salvatore,  distinguished  church- " 
comp  ;  b.  Rome,  July  22,  1813  ;  d.  there  Apr. 
17,  1897.  He  was  /;/  di  capp  at  the  basilica  of 
St  Peter's  in  the  Vatican,  and  for  45  years  had 
been  director  of  the  Cappella  Giuha.  Thor- 
oughly versed  in  the  old  Italian  masters,  a  fine 
organist  and  eminent  composer,  his  works  in- 
clude masses,  requiems,  antiphones,  motets, 
hymns,  psalms,  a  fine  Stabat  Mater,  and  a  beau- 
tiful Miserere. 

Membre'e,  Edmond,  b.  Valenciennes,  Nov  . 
14,  1820 ;  d.  chateau  Damont,  n.   Paris,  Sept. 
10,  1882.     Pupil,  at  Pans  Cons.,  of  Alkan  and 
Zimmerman  (pf  ),  and  Carafa  (comp.) — Woiks 
The    operas    Francois    Villon   (Grand    Opera, 
1857),  rEsclave  (ibid.,  1875),  £™  Parias  (Op.- 
Popul.,  1876),  and  La  toitite  frhelle  (Op:-Com  , 
1879)  I  music  to  choruses  of  OLdipc  rot ;  cantata 
Fingal;  chansons,  ballads,  etc.     Two  operas, 
Colombo,  and  Freyghor^  were  not  perf. 

Men'del,  Hermann,  writer ;  b.  Halle,  Aug 
6,  1834 ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct  26,  1876.  Pupil  of 
Mendelssohn  and  Moscheles  in  Leipzig,  and  of 
Wieprecht  (1853)  in  Berlin.  Active  contributor 
to  the  "Echo,"  "Dcr  Tonhalle,"  the  "  Thca- 
terdiener,"  and  the  "  Berliner  Montagszcitung "  ; 
founder  (1870)  and  editor  of  the  "Deutsche 
Musiker-Zeitung,"  in  which  appeared  his  inter- 
esting biographical  sketch  of  Nicolai.  He  also 
publ.  lt  G.  Meyerbeer,  eine  Biographic "  (1868), 
and  "  G.  Meyerbeer,  sein  Leben  und  seine 
Werke"  (1869);  edited  "Mode's  Opernbiblio- 
thek  "  (about  90  opera-libretti  with  preface,  short 
review,  biography,  etc,),  and  a  "  Volkslieder- 
buch."  His  great  work  was  the  "  Musikalisches 
Conversations-Lexikon "  (1870-83,  written  by 
M.  to  letter  M  ;  completed  by  Reissmann). 

Men'delssohn,  Felix,  (full  name  Jacob 
Ludwig  Felix  Mendelssohn-Barthol'dy,)  b. 
Hamburg,  Keb.  3,  1809  >  d-  Leipzig,  Nov.  4, 
1847.  Grandson  of  the  philosopher  Moses  Men- 
delssohn ;  son  of  the  banker  Abraham  M.,  who 
removed  to  Berlin  in  1812,  during  the  French  oc- 
cupation of  Hamburg;  his  mother  was  Lea  Sa- 
lomon-Bartholdy,  of  Berlin,  and  from  her  he  re- 
ceived his  first  piano-lessons,  in  company  with 
his  elder  sister  Fanny  [1805-47].  These  lessons 
were  continued  by  L.  Berger;  M.'s  other  teachers 
were  Zelter  (theory),  and  Hennings  (violin) ;  also 
Mme.  Bigot  for  a  short  time  in  1816  at  Paris, 
whither  M.  had  accompanied  his  father  on  a 


388 


MENDELSSOHN 


business  trip.  On  Apr  IT,  1819,  he  entered  the 
bingakademic  (cond.  by  Zelter)  as  an  alto ;  on 
Sept.  1 8  a  composition  by  M  ,  the  igth  Psalm, 
was  performed  by  the  Akademie,  of  which,  after 
the  change  of  his 
voice  to  a  tenor  in 
his  1 6th  year,  he  still 
remained  a  favorite 
m ember  M .  's  talent 
for  composition  was 
likewise  fostered  by 
.  the  Sunday  perform- 
ances of  a  small 
orchestra  at  his  fa- 
ther's house,  his  own 
works  finding  speedy 
production.  In  1825 
his  father  again  took 
him  to  Pans,  to  ask 
Cherubim's  opinion 
on  the  adoption  of  a  musical  career  by  Felix;  this 
opinion  was  strongly  affirmative,  and  the  master 
even  offered  to  undertake  the  boy's  further  train- 
"  ing,  but  the  elder  Mendelssohn  considered  the 
home  atmosphere  preferable.  Indeed,  M.'s 
genius  could  nowhere  have  been  more  health- 
fully stimulated  ;  as  early  as  1820  he  was  regu- 
larly engaged  in  composition,  producing  in  that 
year  between  50  and  60  movements  (a  cantata, 
Inruhreml  feicrhchen  Town;  a  little  musical 
comedy  for  voices  and  pf. ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  2  pf  -so- 
natas ;  a  sonata  for  violin  and  pf. ;  2  songs  for  4 
men's  voices  ;  songs,  etc.) ;  this  many-sided  ac- 
tivity is  characteristic  of  ^  his  work  through  life. 
As  a  piano-player,  his  debut  was  even  earliei — 
on  Oct.  24,  1818,  he  played  at  a  public  concert 
the  piano-part  of  a  trio  with  2  horns7  by  Wolfll. 
In  1821  his  talent  for  extemporizing  was  already 
noteworthy  ;  being  presented  to  Goethe  in  that 
year,  and  requested  to  execute  a  Bach  fugue, 
his  memory  played  him  false,  but  not  his  quick 
wit,  for  he  extemporized  the  foi gotten  develop- 
ment !  The  overture  to  A  Midsummer  tfight  's 
Dream  was  written  in  1826,  and  is  a  most  aston- 
ishing proof  of  the  young  composer's  mental 
maturity,  showing  no  less  master}*  and  finish  of 
form  than  the  remaining  numbers  composed  fif- 
teen years  later.  In  1827  his  opera,  Die  Hoch- 
zeit  dt's  Camacho,  was  performed  with  much  ap- 
plause at  the  Berlin  Opera,  but  was  nevertheless 
soon  withdrawn  by  Spontini,  then  general  mu- 
sical director  with  almost  unlimited  powers,  who 
had  a  dislike  to  M.  In  no  single  instance  is  the 
thoroughness  of  M.'s  musical  training  more  ap- 
parent than  in  his  determination  to  bring  out 
Bach's  "Passion  ace.  to  St.  Matthew "  in  the 
Singakademit ;  in  spite  of  Zelter's  opposition, 
grudgingly  withdrawn,  the  performance  (the 
first  anywhere  since  Bach's  death)  took  place 
on  March  II,  1829,  and  gave  the  initial  im- 
pulse to  the  successful  Bach  propaganda  in 
which  M.  was  long  the  leading  figure.  In 
1830,  M.  declined  the  proffered  chair  of  music 
at  the  Berlin  University  in  favor  of  Marx. 
His  first  journey  to  England,  undertaken  at 


Moscheles1  suggestion,   had  been  made  in  the 
preceding  year  ;  on  May  25  (1829)  he  conducted 
his  symphony  in  C  minor  seated,  after  the  fash- 
ion of   the  time,  at  the  piano ,   some  months 
after  this  performance  the  London  Philharmonic 
Society,  to  which  he  dedicated  the  symphony, 
elected  him  an  honorary  member.     Later  he 
played  the  Concertstuck  by  Weber,  and  (for  the 
first  time  in  England)  Beethoven's  concerto  in 
Efi.     Here  it  should  be  remarked,  that  M.  was 
not  only  a  pianist  of  the  highest  rank,  but  also 
a  finished  organist.     Following  this  active  con- 
cert-season, a  long  pleasure-tour  through  Scot- 
land stimulated  his  teeming  imagination.     This 
was  followed,  1830-32,  by  travels  through  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Italy  and  Switzerland  to  Paris , 
he  then  made  his  second  visit  to  London,  where 
he  conducted  the   "Hebrides"  overture,   and 
played  his  G  min.  concerto  and  B  min.  Capnc- 
cio"  brilliant.     Here,  too,   his   first   book  of   6 
"  Songs  without  Words,"  finished   in  Venice, 
1830,  was  published.     In  England,  now  and 
later,  he  found  the  musical  environment  far  more 
genial  than  in  Berlin,  where,  for  some  reason, 
he  was  not  generally  popular — witness  his  fail- 
ure, in  competition  with  Rungenhagen,  to  obtain 
the  conductorship  of  the  SwgaJsat/emie  on  his 
return  in  1833.     And  this  after  he  had  arranged 
a  series  of  concerts  for  the  benefit  of  the  Or- 
chestral Pension-Fund,  himself  conducting  his 
"  Reformation  "  symphony,  the  three  overtures 
u  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,"  "  Hebrides,"  and 
"  Calm  Sea  and  Prosperous  Voyage,"  etc.     He 
was  called  to  conduct  the  Lower  Rhine  Musical 
Festival  at  Dusseldorf  in  May,  1833;  after  a  short 
visit  to  London,  he  returned  to  Dusseldorf  to  take 
charge,  as  Town  Musical  Director,  of  the  church- 
music,  the  opera,  and  two  singing-societies,  all 
for  the  annual  salary  of  600  Thaler  (about  $450)' 
He  gave  most  of  the  theatrical  work  into  the 
hands  of  Julius  Rietz  within  six,  months ;  after 
conducting  the  Lower  Rhine  Festival  at  Co- 
logne, June  7-9,  1835,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
conductorship  of  the  Gewandhaus  Orchestra  in 
Leipzig — an  epoch-making  point,  not  only  in  his 
personal  career,  but  for  the  musical  life  of  Leip- 
zig and  the  world.     Leipzig  was  not  slow  to  re- 
spond to  his  masterly  activity  as  a  conductor, 
composer,  and  player;   the  University  created 
him,  in  1836,  Dr.  phil,  honoris  causa;  he  in- 
fused new  life  into  the  orchestra,  and,  by  calling 
Ferdinand  David  to  his  aid,  gave  it  a  leader  who 
not  merely  (and  most  ably)  seconded  his  own  ef- 
forts, but  who,  by  native  force  of  character  and 
rmisicianly  ability,  gave  a  tone  of  precision  and 
pliability  to  this  body  of  players  which  is  still  a 
tradition  of  vital  force  in  the  Gewandhaus.    M.'s 
oratorio  Pattlus  was  brought  out  at  the  Lower 
Rhine  Festival  in  DUsseldorf,  May  22-24, 1836, 
he  himself  conducting.     On  March  28,  1837,  he 
married  Ce"cile  Charlotte  Sophie  Jeanrenaud  of 
Frankfort,  the  daughter  of  a  French  Protestant 
clergyman.     Five  children,  Carl,  Marie,  Paul, 
Felix  and  "Lili"    (Elisabeth)  were    born   to 
them,  and  their  union  was  happy.     During  four 


389 


MENDELSSOHN 


weeks  of  this  year  M.  was  in  England,  and  con- 
ducted Puulus  (St.  Paul)  at  the  Birmingham 
Festival.  In  1841  Friedrich  AVilhelm  IV.  in- 
vited M.  to  Berlin  to  take  charge  of  the  grand 
orchestral  and  choral  concerts ;  but  M.  found 
the  attitude  of  the  court,  the  musicians,  and 
even  the  public,  more  or  less  openly  hostile,  and 
wished  to  resign  in  October,  1842,  but,  at  the 
King's  especial  request,  remained  to  organize 
the  music  in  the  cathedral ;  the  chosen  body  of 
singers  later  became  famous  as  the  "  Domchor" 
(cathedral-choir)  M.  also  received  the  title  of 
Royal  General  Musical  Director,  residence  in 
Berlin  was  not  required.  Late  in  1842,  with 
von  Falkenstein,  Keil,  Kistner,  Schleinitz,  and 
Seeburg  as  directors,  and  Schumann,  Haupt- 
mann,  David,  Becker,  and  Pohlenz  as  teachers, 
Mendelssohn  organized  the  Conservatorium  of 
Music  at  Leipzig  (from  the  beginning  under  the 
patronage  of  the  King  of  Saxony,  and  since 
1876  the  "Royal"  Cons.),  it  was  opened  on 
Jan.  1 6,  1843.  M.  himself  taught  when  his 
other  manifold  duties  permitted  The  financial 
nucleus  of  the  foundation  was  a  legacy  from 
Blumner  of  20,000  Thaler  ($15,000),  left  at  the 
disposal  of  the  King  of  Saxony  for  the  promotion 
of  art ;  M.  had  made  a  special  journey  to  Dres- 
den to  interest  the  King  in  the  conservatpry- 
project.  During  his  frequent  absences,  Hiller 
conducted  the  Gewandhaus  Concerts  1843-4, 
and  Gade  1844-5  ;  in  the  autumn  of  1845,  M. 
resumed  the  baton.  During  the  summer  of 
1844  he  conducted  the  Philharmonic  Concerts  in 
London,  and  took  part,  as  a  pianist,  in  numerous 
other  concerts,  everywhere  receiving  a  most  en- 
thusiastic welcome.  This  was  his  eighth  visit 
to  Britain ;  his  ninth  was  made  memorable  by 
his  conducting  the  first  performance  of  Elijah 
(at  Birmingham,  August,  1846).  Returning  to 
Leipzig,  he  resigned  the  Gewandhaus  conduc- 
torship  to  Gade;  and  the  superintendency  of  the 
piano-department  to  Moscheles,  whom  he  in- 
vited from  London  to  accept  the  position.  For 
several  years  he  had  been  jaded  by  overwork ; 
the  sudden  death  of  his  favorite  sister,  Fanny, 
was  a  shock  which  his  overwrought  nervous  sys- 
tem could  not  withstand,  and  in  a  few  months 
he  followed  her. — Mendelssohn  left  no  mark  as 
a  dramatic  composer,  although  he  long  and 
eagerly  sought  after  a  suitable  libretto.  Besides 
Die  H&chxeit  des  Camacho  he  left  fragments  of 
the  opera  Lorelei  (an  Ave  Maria,  a  vintage 
chorus,  and  the  beautiful  finale  to  Act  I) ;  the 
operetta  Son  and  Stranger \  op.  89  ;  and  5  small 
unpubl.  operas.  His  grandest  productions  are 
the  oratorios  Panlus  (St.  Paul)  and  Elias  (Elijah), 
op.  36  and  70  respectively,  the  greatest  works  of 
their  kind  since  the  time  of  Handel  and  Haydn  ; 
Christtts^  op  97,  is  unfinished.  Other  important 
vocal  works  with  orch.  are  the  symphony-cantata 
Lobgesang^  op.  52 ;  the  ballade  Die  erste  Wal- 
purgisnacht^  op.  60,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  2 
"Festgesange,"  An  die  Kunstler  (f.  male  ch. 
and  brass),  and  Zitr  Sdciilarfeier  der  Buih- 
druckerkunst  ("  Gutenberg  Cantata,"  f.  male 


ch.  and  orch.) ;  music  to  the  choruses,  etc  ,  of 
Antigone  (op.  55),  Athahe  (op  74),  (Edifni  in 
Cvlonos  (op.  93),  and  A  Mid\itwmer  A'igJifs 
Dream  (op.  61) ,  Hymn  f.  alto  solo,  ch.,  and 
orch  (op.  96)  ;  Lauda  Sion  f.  ch.  and  orch  (op. 
73) ,  Tu  es  Petrus,  f.  5-p.  ch  w.  orch.  (op 
in) ,  Psalms  115  (op.  31)  and  95  (op.  46)  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.,  Psalms  114  (op.  51)  and  98  (op 
91),  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  prayer  "  Verleih'  uns 
Frieden,"  f.  ch.  and  orch.;  soprano  concert-aria 
"  Infelice  ' ",  w.  orch.  (op.  94). — VOCAL  WORKS 
WITHOUT  ORCH.  are  Psalm  42,  f  ch.  and  organ  ; 
Psalms  2,  22,  and  43,  a  8,  a  cappella  ;  Funeral 
Song  f.  mixed  ch.  (op.  116) ;  Kyne  eleison  f. 
double  ch.;  6  anthems  ("  Spruche")  f  8-p.  ch. 
(op.  79);  3  motets  f .  soli,  ch  ,  and  organ  (op.  23) , 
3  motets  f  female  ch.  and  organ  (op.  39)  ;  3 
motets  f.  solo  and  ch.  a  cappella  (op  69) ;  21 
quartets  for  men's  voices,  and  28  quartets  for 
mixed  voices  (among  these  vocal  quartets  are 
some  of  his  finest  and  most  popular  composi- 
tions) ;  13  vocal  duets ;  and  83  songs  for  solo 
voice  w.  pf.  ("Es  ist  bestimmt  in  Gottes  Rath," 
"  \Ver  hat  dich,  du  schoner  Wald,"  "  O  Thaler 
weit,  o  Hohen,"  and  many  others,  have  become 
genuine  folk-songs  in  Germany), — ORCHESTRAL 
WORKS.  4  symphonies  (op.  n,  in  C  min.;  op. 
56,  in  A  min.,  ll  Scotch"  ,  op.  90,  in  A,  "  Ital- 
ian" ;  op.  107,  in  D,  "  Reformation") ;  the  con- 
cert-overtures "A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  " 
(Sommernachtstraum ;  op.  21),  "Hebrides" 
(Die  Fingalshohk  ;  op.  26),  "Calm  Sea  and 
Prosperous  Voyage  "  (Meeresstille  und  glue khche 
Fahrt;  op.  27),  "The  lovely  Melusine"  (Die 
schone  Melusine  ;  op.  32),  "  Ruy  Bias  "  (op.  95), 
and  the  "Trumpet"  overture  (op.  ror) ;  also  an 
overture  for  wind-band  (op.  24) ;  Andante, 
Scherzo,  Capriccio,  and  Fugue,  f.  strmg-orch. 
(op.  81) ;  Funeral  March  (op.  103)  and  March 
(op.  108);  pf.-concerto  No.  I,  in  G  min.  (op. 
25),  and  No.  2,  in  D  min.  (op.  40) ;  Capriccio 
brilliant  f.  pf.  w.  orch.  (op.  22);  Rondo  bril- 
lant,  f .  do.  (op.  29) ;  Serenade  and  Allegro  gio- 
joso,  f.  do.  (op.  43) ;  I  violin-concerto  in  E  min. 
(op.  64 ;  a  classic,  and  one  of  the  finest  of  its 
class  ;  while  writing  it,  M.  constantly  consulted 
and  often  deferred  to  David's  judgment.) — 
CHAMBER-MUSIC*  An  octet  f.  strings,  op.  20; 
2  string-quintets,  op.  1 8,  87 ;  a  pf. -sextet,  op. 
no ;  7  string-quartets,  op.  12,  13,  44  [3],  80, 
81 ;  3 pf. -quartets,  op.  i,  2, 3  ;  2  pf.-trios,  op.  49, 
66;  2  trios  f.  clar.,  basset-hom,  and  pf.,  op. 
113,  1x4 ;  2  sonatas  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op.  45, 
58;  a  sonata  f.  violin  and  pf.,  op.  4;  Varia- 
tions concertantes  (op.  17)  and  Lied  ohne 
Worte  (op.  109),  f.  'cello  w.  pf. — PIANOFORTE- 
MUSIC  :  3  sonatas,  op.  6,  105,  106 ;  Capriccio, 
op.  5  ;  Charakterstiicke,  op.  7  ;  Rondo  capric- 
cioso,  op.  14;  Fantasia  on  "The  last  rose 
of  summer,"  op.  15  ;  3  Fantasias,  op.  16 ;  the 
original  and  popular  "Songs  without  Words " 
(Liederohne  Worte),  in  8  books  (op.  igb,  30,  38, 
53,  62,  67,  85,  102) ;  Fantasia  in  F  ft  min.,  "  Se- 
nate ecossaise,"  op.  28 ;  3  Caprices,  op.  33  ;  6 
preludes  and  fugues,  op.  35  ;  Variations  seri- 


390 


MEND&S— MERCADANTE 


euses,  op.  54 ;  6  Kinderstucke,  op.  72  ;  Varia- 
tions in  Ep,  op  82  ;  do  in  Bft,  op  83  ;  3  pre- 
ludes and  3  studies,  op  104  ,  Albumblatt,  op. 
117 ;  Capnccio  in  E,  op.  uS ;  Perpetuum 
mobile,  op  IIQ  ,  etc  , — 4-hand  Variations  in  Bp, 
op.  8sa  ,  4-hancl  Allegro  bnllant,  op  92  ;  Duo 
concertant  (with  Moscheles)  f  2  pf  s,  on  the 
march-theme  in  Preeiosa. — ORGAN-MUSIC  3 
Preludes  and  Fugues,  op.  37  ,  6  Sonatas,  op  65  , 
Preludes  in  C  mm 

Biographies:  "Felix  M.-B.  ein  Denkmal," 
by  Lampadius  (1848  ;  Engl.  transl.  by  Gage, 
Phila.,  1865,  London,  1878)  ;  the  same  enlarged 
as  "F.  M.-B.,  em  Gesammtbild  seines  Lebens 
und  Schaffens"  (1886);  "Sketch  of  the  Life 
and  Works  of  the  late  F.  M.",  by  Benedict  (2nd 
ed.  1853) ,  "  Reminiscences  of  *F.  M.",  by  J. 
Schubring  (1866) ;  "Meine  Erinnerungen  an 
F.  M.",  by  E.  Devrient  (1869  ,  also  in  Engl  )  ; 
"Goethe  und  F.  M.",  by  Carl,  M.'s  eldest  son 
(1871;  also  in  Engl.,  1872;  2nd  ed.  1874);  by 
Ililler  (1874,  German  and  Engl  ,  the  latter  as 
'4  Mendelssohn,  Letters  and  Recollections ")  , 
"Die  Famihe  M  ",  by  S.  Ilensel  (1879;  3 
vol.s) ;  "  Ferdinand  David  und  die  Familie 
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,"  by  J.  Eckardt  (iSSS) ; 
an  excellent  57-page  sketch  in  Grove's  Diction- 
ary ;  many  compilations  and  essays  (by  Reiss- 
mann,  Ehse  Polko,  La  Mara,  Ferd  Gleich,  J. 
Sittard,  etc.).  His  letters  are  scattered  : 
"  Reisebriefe "  from  1830-32,  edited  by  his 
brother  Paul  (1861  ;  2  vol  s),  and  4i  Brief e"  by 
the  same,  from  1833-47  (1863,  also  in  Engl.) ; 
"  Briefe  von  F.  M.-B.  an  I.  und  C.  Moscheles" 
(1888;  Ger.  and  Engl.);  "  Brief  wechsel  zwi- 
schen  F.  M.-B.  und  Julius  Schubring,"  edited  by 
Schubring  (1892) ;  some  in  L.  Nohl's  "  Musiker- 
briefe "  (1867) ;  and  8  letters  to  Frau  Voigt 
(1871). 

Mendes,  Catulle,  poet,  dramatist,  novelist ; 
b.  Bordeaux,  May  22,  1841,  has  written  the  li- 
bretti of  several  popular  operas  and  operettas, 
e.  g.,  Le  Capitaine  Pracasse  (music  by  Pessard), 
Gwendoline  (Chabrier),  La  Femme  de  Tabarin 
(Chabrier),  Isohne  (Messager),  Le  docteur  Blanc 
(Pierne). 

Mengal,  Martin-Joseph,  horn-virtuoso  ;  b. 
Ghent,  Jan.  27,  1784 ;  d.  there  July  3,  1851. 
Pupil  of  Duvernoy  (horn),  Catel  (harm.),  and 
Reicha  (comp.)  in  Paris  Cons. ;  belonged  to  the 
Imperial  Guard,  the  orch.  of  the  Ode'on,  and 
that  of  the  Th.  Feydeau ;  after  failure  as  a 
theatre- manager  in  Ghent,  he  became  conductor 
there  and  in  Antwerp,  and  in  The  Hague  ;  from 
1835,  Director  of  Ghent  Cons  — Brought  out  5 
operas,  and  wrote  2  horn-concertos,  chamber- 
music  f.  wind  and  strings,  duos  f.  horn  and 
harp,  fantasias  f.  horn  and  pf.,  etc. 

Men'gewein,  Karl,  b.  Zaunroda,  Thuringia, 
Sept.  9,  1852  ;  from  1881-6  teacher  at  Freuden- 
berg's  Cons.,  Wiesbaden,  and  with  the  latter 
founded  a  Cons,  at  Berlin  in  1886. — Works  : 
Oratorio  Johannes  dtr  Taufer  (1892) ;  festival 
cantata  Martin  Luther ;  operetta  Schulmeisters 


Brautfakrt  (Wiesbaden,  1884) ;  overture  "Dorn- 
roschen  "  ;  a  requiem,  female  choruses,  etc. 

Mengoz'zi,  Bernardo,  b  Florence,  1758  , 
d  Paris,  March,  1800  Pupil  of  P.  Potenza  at 
Venice  ;  sang  on  Italian  stages,  and  at  concerts 
in  London  and  Pans,  also  for  years  at  the  Th. 
de  Monsieur.  He  brought  out  13  operas  and  a 
ballet  in  Paris  ,  from  1795  was  prof,  of  singing 
in  the  Cons. ;  and  wrote  the  greater  part  of  the 
"  Methode  de  chant  du  Cons."  publ.  by  Langle. 

Men'ter,  Joseph,  b.  Deutenkofen,  Bavaria, 
Jan  19,  1808  ;  d  Munich,  Apr.  18,  1856. 
'Cello-pupil  of  Moralt  at  Munich,  where  he 
entered  the  court  orch.  in  1833  Won  fame  by 
tours  in  Germany,  Austria,  Belgium,  Holland, 
and  England.  Wrote  fantasias,  etc.,  f  'cello  w. 
orch. — His  daughter, 

Men'ter  [Menter-Popper],  Sophie,  dis- 
tinguished pianist ;  b.  Munich,  July  29,  1848  ; 
pupil  there  of  Schonchen,  later  of  Lebert  and 
Niest  Debut  1863  ;  in  1867,  after  sensational 
successes  at  Frankfort,  Tausig  persuaded  her  to 
study  with  him  ;  she  met  Liszt  in  1869,  who 
recognized  and  zealously  promoted  her  wonder- 
ful talent.  Married  the  'cellist  Popper  in  1872 
(divorced  1886).  Court  pianist  to  the  Prince  of 
Hohenzollern  and  the  Emperor  of  Austria.  Pro- 
fessor at  St.  Petersburg  Cons  ,  1878-87  (?). 
Both  in  technique  and  style  her  playing  ap- 
proaches perfection.  Wassily  Sapellnikoff  was 
her  pupil.  Resides  at  her  country-seat,  Castle 
Itter,  in  the  Tyrol. 

Mer'becke,  John.    See  MARBECK. 

Mercadan'te,   Francesco  Saverio,  b.  Al- 

tamura,  Sept.  17,  1795  ;  d.  Naples,  Dec.  17, 
1870.  Favorite 
pupil  of  Zmgarelii 
in  the  R.  Collegia 
di  Musica,  Naples  ; 
after  having  comp.  2 
symphonies  (praised 
by  Rossini),  concer- 
tos, quartets,  a  4-p. 
mass  w.  orch.,  and 
a  cantata,  his  career 
as  a  dramatic  com- 
poser began  with 
IJapoteosi  d' Mr  cole 
(San Carlo  Th.,  Na- 
ples, Jan.  4,  1819), 
a  grand  success.  Up  to  1866  he  produced  about 
60  operas  with  fluctuating  fortune,  the  last  being 
Virginia  (Naples,  Apr.  7,  1866).  His  greatest 
triumphs  were  won  with  Elisa  e  Claudia  (Milan, 
La  Scala,  Oct.  30, 1821  ;  the  work  which  secured 
his  fame),  /  Briganti  (Paris,  Th.  Italien,  Mar. 
22,  1836),  //  Giuramento  (Milan,  La  Scala,  Mar. 
ii,  1837 ;  considered  his  best),  and  //  Bravo 
(ibid.,  Mar.  9,  1839).  He  composed  operas  for 
different  cities,  residing,  after  the  manner  of 
Italian  opera-composers,  in  the  city  for  which 
he  was  writing  ;  thus  he  lived  in  Rome,  Bologna, 
Turin,  Milan,  Venice,  Madrid  (1827-8),  Lisbon 


391 


MERCADIER— MERTKE 


(1827-8-9),  Paris,  and  Vienna  (where  he  prod.  3 
operas  in  1824).  In  1833  he  succeeded  Pietro  ( le- 
nerah  as  m  di  capp.  at  Novara  Cathedral ;  here  he 
lost  the  sight  of  one  eye,  and  in  1862  total  blind- 
ness ensued.  In  1839  he  became  /;/.  Jt  capp  at 
Lanliano  ;  and  in  1840  succeeded  Zingarelli  as 
director  of  the  Naples  Cons. — Other  works  -  .V 
Messa  solenne,  and  some  20  other  masses  ;  Le  7 
parole  di  Xostro  Signore,  f  4  voices  w  stnng- 
quartet ;  a  Salve  Regina,  a  De  profundis,  2  Tan- 
turn  ergo,  litanies,  vespers,  psalms  ;  cantatas, 
hymns  (one  to  Garibaldi  in  1861 ;  to  Rossini  in 
I  §66) ;  funeral  symphonies  to  Rossini,  Doni- 
zetti, Bellini,  Pacim ;  orchestral  fantasias  ("  L'au- 
rora,"  "La  rimembranza,"  "  II  lamento  dell' 
Arabo,"  "  II  lamento  del  Bardo  "  (written  after 
he  had  become  blind) ;  pieces  for  various  instr.s  , 
many  songs  ;  solfeggi  for  the  Conservatory ;  etc 

Mercadier,  Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Belesta, 
Anege,  France,  Apr.  18,  1750 ;  d  Foix,  Jan. 
14, 1815.  Wrote  ll  Xouveau  systeme  de  musique 
theorique  et  pratique"  (1776),  a  critique  of  Tar- 
tim's  and  Rameau's  sj-stems,  favoring  Rameau. 

Mereaux,  Jean-Nicolas- Ame'de'e  Lefroid 
de,  b.  Paris,  1745  ;  d.  there  1797.  Organist ; 
prod.  7  operas,  etc.;  also  oratorios  and  can- 
tatas —  His  son,  Joseph-Nicolas  Lefroid  de 
M.,  b.  Paris,  1767,  was  an  organist  and  pianibt, 
and  wrote  pf. -sonatas  ;  his  son,  Jean-Ame'de'e 
Lefroid  de  M.,  b.  Paris,  1803,  d.  Rouen,  Apr. 
25,  1874 ;  pianist,  pupil  of  Reicha ;  publ.  an 
interesting  coll.  of  clavecin-music,  "  Les  clave- 
cmistes  de  1637  i  1790 "  (1867)  ;  comp.  pf.- 
music,  etc. 

Muriel,  Paul,  b.  Mondoubleau,  Loire-et- 
Cher,  Jan.  3,  1818  ;  d.  Toulouse,  March,  1897. 
As  a  boy  he  earned  his  living  as  violinist  in  an 
orch.;  taught  later  by  Aless.  Nepoleano  and 
Somma.  Became  ckefd*orckestre  of  a  travelling 
orch.;  prod,  a  comic  opera,  Cornelius  Var gen- 
tier  ^  at  Amiens;  then  settled  in  Toulouse, 
bringing-  out  a  symphony,  "Le  Tasse" 
("Tasso"),  a  dramatic  oratorio,  Cain,  chamber- 
music,  and  a  4-act  grand  opera  rArmonque,  of 
which  he  wrote  text  and  music.  Then  app. 
Director  of  the  Toulouse  Cons.;  later  chev.  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor.  Afterwards  prod,  the 
i-act  comic  opera  Les  pr&ieuses  ridicules,  and 
the  comic  operas  Le  Retour  ait  pays,  rOrphfon 
en  voyage,  and  Les  Pdqiu's  tie  la  Reine  (1886). 

Merk,  Joseph,  'cello-virtuoso;  b.  Vienna, 
Mar.  15,  1795  ,  d.  Ober-Dobling,  June  16, 
1852.  Trained  by  Schindlocker  ;  in  1818,  ist 
'cello  at  the  court  opera;  1823,  teacher  at  the 
Cons.;  1834,  Imp.  chamber-virtuoso.  Many 
successful  tours  in  Germany  and  Italy. — Works 
(f.  'cello) .  Concerto,  concertino,  fantasias, 
polonaises,  etc.;  his  'cello-etudes,  op.  it  and 
20,  are  excellent. 

Mer'kel,  Gustav  (Adolf),  b.  Oberoderwitz, 
Saxony,  Nov.  12,  1827  ;  d.  Dresden,  Oct  30, 
1885.  Pupil  of  Joh.  Schneider  (org.)  and  Jul. 
Otto  (cpt.) ;  also  aided  by  Schumann  and  Reis- 


siger  Oig.  of  the  \Vaisenhauskirche,  Dresden, 
1858  ,  of  the  Kreuzkirche,  1860  ,  of  the  Catholic 
Court  Ch.,  1864. 
Taught  in  the  Cons, 
from  1 86 1 ,  cond.  the 
Dreyssig  Singakade- 
mie  1867-73  — Val- 
uable organ-works  (9 
sonatas,  op.  30  [f.  4 
hands,  w.  double 
pedal],  op.  42,  80, 
115,  118,  137,  140, 
183  ,  3  fantasias; 
30  pedal-studies; 
chorals  and  fugues , 
an  Organ  -  method  ; 
etc.),  alsopf  -pieces, 
motets,  songs. 

Mer'kel,  Karl  Ludwig,  medical  prof,  at 
Leipzig  Univ. ;  publ.  "  Anatomic  und  Physiolo- 
gic des  menschlichen  Stimm-  und  Sprachor- 
gans"  (1856  ;  2nd  ed.  1876) ,  and  "  Die  Funk- 
tionen  des  menschlichen  Schlund-  und  Kehl- 
kopfes"(iS62). 

Merklin',  Joseph,  famous  organ-builder  ;  b. 
Oberhausen,  Baden,  Jan.  17,  1819.  Trained  in 
the  workshops  of  his  father,  organ-builder  at 
Freiburg,  and  Walcker ;  established  himself  in 
Brussels,  1843  ;  won  a  medal  at  the  National 
Exposition  of  1847  ;  took  his  brother-in-law,  F. 
Schlttze,  into  partnership,  changing  the  firm- 
name  to  "  Merklin,  Schutze  etCie."  in  1853,  and 
to  "Merklin-Schutze"  in  1858.  In  1855  they 
bought  out  Ducroquet  of  Paris,  and  established 
a  branch-establishment  in  that  city. 

Mersenne,  Marie,  b.  Oize  (Maine),  France, 
Sept.  8,  1588;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  I,  1648.  Fran- 
ciscan monk,  living  in  Paris  — Wrote  "  Traite 
de  Tharmonie  universelle  "  (1627),  later  expanded 
to  "Harmonic  universelle"  (1636-7;  2  large 
folio  vol.s  with  illustrations  and  musical  exam- 
ples ;  includes  a  "  Trait^  des  instruments,"  de- 
picting and  describing  all  instr.s  of  the  I7th 
century  ;  his  most  important  work) ;  "  Quaes- 
tiones  celeberrimae  in  Genesin  "  (1623  ;  chiefly 
on  Hebrew  music) ;  * c  Questions  harmoniques 
(1634);  "Les  preludes  de  rharmonie  univer- 
selle" (1634);  "Harmonicorum  libri  XII" 
(1635  ;  enlarged  ed.  1648)  ;  etc. 

Mertens,  Joseph,  b.  Antwerp,  Feb.  17, 
1834.  ist  violin  at  the  Opera  there ;  violin- 
teacher  at  the  Cons.;  cond.  the  Flemish  Opera, 
Brussels,  1878-9.  Brought  out  a  number  of 
Flemish  and  French  operettas  and  operas  with 
local  success  ;  De  swat  te  Kapitei n  (The  Hague, 
1877)  was  also  prod,  in  Germany. 

Mert'ke,  Eduard,  pianist;  b.  Riga,  June 
17.  1833;  d.  Cologne,  Sept.  25,  1895.  Pupil  of 
S.  von  Lutzau  (pf .)  and  Agthe  (theory).  Played 
in  public  at  ten  ;  succ  concerts  in  St.  Peters- 
burg and  Moscow,  1850;  from  1853-9,  1st  vio- 
lin in  the  Gewandhaus,  Leipzig ;  pianistic  tour 
in  Norway  and  Sweden,  1859 »'  after  living  at 


3Q2 


MERULA— M£TRA 


Wesserhng  (Alsatia),  Lucerne,  Freiburg,  and 
Mannheim,  he  \\as  app  (1869)  teacher  of  pf. 
at  the  Cologne  Cons  — \Voiks  Lua,  odci  die 
Sprache  des  Hetzeus^  opera  (Mannheim,  1872)  , 
the  posth.  opera  A'yriH  von  Thessalonna ,  2 
cantatas,  Des  Liedes  Verklantng  and  fthuntn- 
geister  (f.  sopr  and  alto  soli,  fern,  chorus,  and  2 
pf.s) ;  pf  -suite  in  G  min  ,  op  S ,  4  pf  -pieces,  op. 
7  ;  Nocturne  and  Valse,  op  23  ,  technical  exer- 
cises and  School  of  Octaves  f  pf  ;  arr.s  of  Men- 
delssohn's, "Weber's,  and  Hummers  concerted 
pieces,  f .  pf.  w.  2nd  pf  ,  edited  Chopin's  works  ; 
publ  a  coll  of  "  Melodies  of  the  Ukraine." 

Me'rula,  Tarquinio,  early  composer  for  vio- 
lin, and  a  native  of  Bergamo  ;  publ.  "Canzoni 
ovvero  senate  per  chiesa  e  camera  a  2  e  3  "  (4 
books;  1623-51!,  other  sonatas  in  his  "Con- 
certi  spirituali  "  (1628)  and  u  Pegaso  musicale" 
(1640) 

Me'rulo  (reel?  Merlotti),  Claudio,  called 
"da  Coreggio"  because  born  in  Coreggio, 
Apr.  S,  1533  ,  d.  Parma,  May  4,  1604.  A  pupil 
of  Menon  and  G.  I  )onati ,  organist  at  IJrescia ; 
from  July  2,  1557,  organist  of  the  2nd  organ  at 
San  Marco,  Venice,  and  from  1566-86  Pado- 
vano's  successor  as  1st  organist  there.  There- 
after court  organist  to  the  Uuke  of  Parma.  One 
of  the  greatest  organists  of  the  time,  he  stands 
at  the  head  of  the  Venetian  School,  and  his 
works  open  a  new  era  of  independent  composi- 
tion for  the  king  of  instruments:  "  Toccate 
d'mtavolatura  d'organo  "  (1604  ;  2  books),  and 
"  Kicercan  d'intavolatura  d'organo"  (1605). 
Among  his  pupils  were  Angleria,  Uonizzi,  and 
Conforti  He  also  prod,  an  opera  in  madrigal- 
style,  La  Tragtdia  (Venice,  1574),  and  publ.  4 
vol  s  of  madrigals  a  3-5  (1566-1604),  2  vol.s  of 
motets  a  5  (1578),  "  Ricercari  da  can  tare"  a  4 
(1607,  1608),  and  "Canzoni  alia  francese" 
(1620). — "  Memorie"  by  Catelani  (1860). 

Merz,  Karl,  b.  Bensheim,  n.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  Sept.  19,  1836  ;  d.  Wooster,  Ohio,  Jan. 
30,  1890.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  F.  J.  Kunkel. 
Went  to  the  United  States  in  1854,  and  lived  in 
Philadelphia  and  other  cities  as  a  teacher.  Con- 
tributed mus.  articles  to  "Music  and  Culture" 
and  other  periodicals. 

Messager,  Andre"  (-Charles-Prosper),  b. 

Montlucon,  Allier,  France,  Dec.  30,  1855. 
Pupil  of  the  Niedermeyer  School ;  then  of  Samt- 
Saens  Org.  of  the  choir  at  St.-Sulpice,  1874 ; 
chef  d'orcheshe  at  Brussels  ;  org.  at  Saint- Paul- 
Saint-Louis  ;  then  mattrt  de  chaptlle  at  Sainte- 
Marie  des  Batignolles  ;  in  1898  app.  by  Carre 
orchestral  conductor  of  the  OpeVa-Comique. — 
After  bringing  out  seveial  ballets  at  the  Folies- 
Bergere,  he  prod,  the  3-act  comic  opera  Francois 
les  bas  bletts  at  the  Folies-Dramatiques,  1883 
(completing  Bernicat's  unfinished  score) ;  since 
then  about  20  more  similar  stage-pieces  have 
appeared,  the  latest  being  the  operetta  La  Fian- 
i&  en  loterie  (1896  ;  mod.  succ.;,  the  5-act  comic 


opera  Le  Chevalier  d^  Hat-mental  (Op. -Com., 
1896),  the  operetta  Lts  f  tiles  Michit  (1897, 
succ  ),  and  the  operetta  /  criw/f//e.'(i5g8  ,  succ  ). 
La  Bawthe,  3-act  comic  opera  (Op  -Com  ,  1890), 
was  prod,  at  IJremen,  1892,  as  Zwei  J£0m»e. — 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Mes'serschmidt-Grun'ner  (Frau),  b  Vi- 
enna, about  1847  ,  d  there  Oct  15,  1895  ;  cele- 
brated for  organizing  at  Vienna,  in  1870,  the 
first  Ladies'  Orchestra,  a  successful  and  \\idely 
imitated  enterprise. 

Mestri'no,  Niccolo,  b.  Milan,  1748 ;  d 
Paris,  Sept  ,  1790.  Solo  \iolin  in  the  orches- 
tras of  Prince  Esterhazy  and  Count  Erdodj  , 
successful  concerts  in "  Italy,  Germany,  and 
(1786)  Pans,  where  he  settled  as  a  teacher , 
1789,  cond  of  the  Th.  de  Monsieur. — Publ  12 
violin-concertos,  duets,  etudes  and  caprices^  f. 
vln  ,  and  sonatas  f .  do.  w.  figured  bass. 

Metasta'sio,  Pietro  Antonio  Domenico 
Bonaventura  (son  of  the  Papal  soldier  Tra- 
passi,  but  changed  his  name  at  the  instance  of 
Gravina,  his  patron) ;  b.  Rome,  Jan.  3,  1698  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Apr  12,  1782  Celebrated  poet  and 
diamatist ;  from  1730  until  his  death  he  was 
court  poet  at  Vienna.  Of  34  opera-texts  writ- 
ten by  him,  and  set  to  mu&ic  by  Gluck,  Hasse, 
Porpora,  Handel,  Jommelli,  Caldara,  Galuppi, 
and  others,  Mozart's  La  Clemenza  di  Tito  (1791) 
alone  still  holds  the  stage.  His  libretti  were 
less  remarkable  for  dramatic  power  than  for 
graceful  and  melodious  verse  ;  some  have  been 
composed  30  or  40  times. 

Meth'fessel  [mat'-],  Albert  Gottlieb,  b. 
Stadtilm,  Thurmgia,  Oct.  6,  1785 ;  d  Hecken- 
beck,  n  Gandeisheim,  Mar.  23,  1869.  1832- 
42,  court  composer  at  Brunswick,  then  retiring 
on  pension. — Works  :  Opera  Der  Prinz  von 
Basra;  oratorio  Das  befrnte  Jerusalem  ,  sona- 
tas and  sonatinas  f.  pf. ;  and  s'till  popular  songs 
and  part-songs,  publ.  in  his  "  Liederbuch," 
'*  Liederkranz,"  and  other  collections — His 
brother,  Methfessel,  Friedrich,  b.  Stadtilm, 
Aug.  27,  1771 ;  d.  there  May,  1807 ;  publ. 
songs  w.  guitar-accomp. — Ernst  Methfessel, 
a  relative ;  b.  Mulhausen,  1802 ;  d.  Bern,  Nov. 
19,  1878,  as  mus.  cond.  [Not  the  same  as 
Ernst  M.  (1811-1886),  conductor  at  Winter- 
thur.] 

Me"tra,  (Jules-Louis-)  Olivier,  b.  Rheims, 
June  2,  1830 ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  22,  1889."  An  ac- 
tor's son,  and  himself  a  boy-actor,  he  was  taught 
music  by  Ed.  Roche,  and  was  in  turn  violinist, 
'cellist,  and  double-bass  player  in  minor  Parisian 
theatres.  Pupil  in  Paris  Cons,  of  Elwart  (1849- 
54),  then  of  Ambr.  Thomas  for  a  short  time, 
then  conducting  the  orch.  at  the  Th.  Beau- 
marchais,  and  successively  at  the  dance-halls 
Robert,  Mabille,  Chateau  des  Fleurs,  Athenee 
musicale,  £lysee  -  Montmartre,  Casino  -  Cadet, 
Krascati ;  the  masked  balls  at  the  Ope'ra-Co- 
mique  (1871) ;  the  orch.  at  the  Folies-Bergere 


393 


METTENLEITER— MEYERBEER 


(1872-7) ;  the  balls  at  the  Th.  de  la  Monnaie, 
Brussels  (1874-6;  ,  finally  the  Opera  balls.  His 
\valtzes  (lfc  Le  tour  du  monde,"  "La  vague," 
"  Les  roses"),  mazurkas,  polkas,  quadrilles, 
etc.,  are  extremely  popular;  at  the  Fohes-Ber- 
gere  he  prod.  iS  operettas  and  ballet-divertisse- 
ments ;  and  at  the  Opera  the  3-act  ballet  Vedda 
(1879  J  mod.  succ  ). 

Met'tenleiter,  Johann  Georg,  b  St  UI- 
rich,  n  Ulm,  Apr.  6,  1812  ;  d.  Ratisbon,  Oct 
6,  1858,  as  choirmaster  and  organist  at  the  ca- 
thedraL  An  erudite  church-composer,  he  publ. 
"  Manuale  breve  cantionum  ac  precum  "  (1852), 
and  an  "Enchiridion  chorale  .  .  ."  (1855), 
both  with  added  organ-accompaniments  ;  also 
Psalm  95,  for  6  male  voices  (1854) ;  other  \\orks 
in  MS.  (masses  ;  a  Stabat  Mater  ,  2  Misereres  ; 
Ave  Maria  f.  double  chorus,  etc.). — Biography, 
"  J:  G.  M  ,  ein  Kunstlerbild,"  publ.  1866  by  his 
brother, 

Met'tenleiter,  Dominicus,  b  Tannenhau- 
sen,  Wurttemberg,  May  20,  1822  ;  d.  Ratisbon, 
May  2,  iS6S  ;  Dr.  tkcoL  and //«/..,  wrote  "  Mu- 
sikgeschichte  der  Stadt  Regensburg"  (1866), 
"  Musikgeschichte  der  Oberpfalz"  (1867) ,  and 
contributed  to  his  brother's  "Enchiridion." 
His  fine  mus  library  was  united  with  Proske's 
in  the  Bishop's  Library,  Ratisbon. 

Metz'dorff,  Richard,  b.  Danzig,  June  28, 
1844.  Pupil  at  Berlin  of  Fl.  Geyer,  Dehn,  and 
Kiel ;  Kapellmeister  successively  at  Dusseldorf 
(1865),  Berlin,  Nuremberg,  Brunswick,  and 
Hanover.  In  1875  Be  prod,  the  grand  opera 
Rosamunde  at  "Weimar  ;  in  1893  the  opera  Hag- 
bart  und  Sign?,  also  at  Weimar,  with  great  suc- 
cess. Has  also  written  3  symphonies  (in  F,  D 
min.  ["tragic"],  and  Ej>);  overture  " Jfing 
Lear  ;  Frau  A  lice ,  ballade  f .  contralto,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  Phantasiestuck  f.  orch.;  a  s}Tnphonic  con- 
certo f  violin  w.  orch.,  op.  48  ;  a  pf. -quintet ,  a 
string-quartet ;  pf.-trios  ;  sonatas  and  other  pf.- 
pieces ;  songs. 

Metz'ler  &  Co.,  music-publishers  in  Lon- 
don. Valentine  M.  founded  the  firm  about  1790 
as  a  business  for  selling  instr.s  ;  the  publishing 
department  was  added  in  1816. 

Metz'ler-Lowy,  Pauline,  alto  stage-singer ; 
b.  Theresienstadt,  1850  {?).  Eng.  at  Leipzig 
City  Th.  1875-87.  Married  the  piano-teacher 
Ferdinand  Metzlerin  1881.  Is  now  an  admired 
concert-singer. 

Meur'sius,  Johannes,  b.  Loozduinen,  near 
The  Hague,  Feb.  9,  1579 ;  d.  as  prof,  at  Sorci 
Acad.,  Denmark,  Sept.  20,  1639.  Learned  phi- 
lologist ;  publ.  the  Greek  text,  with  Latin  notes, 
of  "  Aristoxenos,  Nikomachos,  Alypius"  (1616); 
and  "  Orchestra,  sive  de  saltationibus  veterum" 
(1618). 

Meu'sel,  Johan  Georg,  b.  Eyrichshof,  Mar 
17,  1743  ;  <*•  Erlangen,  Sept.  19,  1820,  as  prof, 
of  history  in  the  Univ. —  Publ.  "Deutsches 
Kunstler- Lexicon"  (1778, 1789  ;  2  vols ;  2nd  ed. 


1808-9  I  suppl.  1814)  .  "  r)as  gelehrte  Deutsch- 
land  "  (as  the  4th  ed  of  Ilambuiger's  work,  ed- 
ited by  M  ;  1783-4,  4  vol  s,  and  3  supplemen- 
tary vol.s  1786-8  ,  5th  ed  1802-20,  in  17  vol.s), 
* '  Deutsches  Museum  fur  Kunstler  und  Lieb- 
haber"  (a  periodical ,  1772-89) ;  "  Miscellaneen 
artistischen  Inhalts"  (1779-83) 

Mey'er,  Joachim,  b.  Perleberg,  Branden- 
burg, Aug.  10,  1661  ;  d.  Gottingen,  Apr.  2, 
1732,  as  prof,  of  music.  Publ.  "  Unvorgreif- 
liche  Gedanlcen  uber  die  neulich  eingerissene 
theatrahsche  Kirchenmusik"  (1726;  attacking 
the  new-fangled  church-cantatas) ,  to  Matthe- 
son's  reply,  "  (lOttingischer  Ephorus,"  Meyer 
responded  with  4'Der  anmaassliche  hambur- 
gische  Cnticus  sine  crisi  .  .  "  (1728). 

Me/er,  Leopold  von  (called  "  de  Meyer11), 

b.  Baden,  n.  Vienna,  Dec  20,  1816  ,  d.  Dres- 
den, Mar  6,  1883.  Piano-virtuoso  of  great 
technical  ability  ,  pupiU>f  Czerny  and  Fischhof . 
From  1835,  after  his  debut,  he  spent  most  of  his 
life  on  extended  pianistic  tours  throughout  Eu- 
rope and  America  (1845-7),  sojourning  1867-8 
in  Vienna.  He  abjured  classical  music  in  favor 
of  his  own  shallow  compositions,  chiefly  light 
jtfAw-pieces  and  dances,  which  he  played,  how- 
ever, in  peculiarly  effective  style,  somewhat 
marred  by  his  extravagant  contortions  His  valse, 
"Souvenir  de  Vienne,"  is  op.  iSo.— Cf.  "The 
Biography  of  L.  de  M."  (London,  1845) 

Mey'er,  Julius  Eduard,  b.  Altenburg,  Ger- 
many, Sept  5,  1822  ;  pupil  of  Schumann,  Mo- 
scheles,  Hauptmann,  and  David  at  Leipzig ; 
became  a  vocal  teacher  at  Mendelssohn's  sug- 
gestion, taught  successfully,  and  settled  in 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1852,  remaining  here  till 
his  death  on  Sept  20,  1899,  despite  two  offers 
of  a  vocal  professorship  at  the  Leipzig  Cons. 

Mey'er,  Jenny,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  26,  1834 ;  d. 
there  July  20,  1894.  Excellent  concert-singer, 
taught  singing  from  1865  at  the  Stern  Cons,,  of 
which  she  became  owner  and  directress  in  iSSS. 

Mey'er,  Waldemar,  b.  Berlin,  Feb.  4, 1853. 
Violinist;  pupil  of  Joachim;  from  1873-81, 
member  of  the  Berlin  Court  Orch  ;  since  then, 
concert-player  of  repute. 

Mey'er,  Gustav,  b.  Konigsberg,  Prussia, 
June  14, 1859.  Pupil  thereof  Robert  Schwalm  ; 
from  1880-4,  of  Reinecke  and  Jadassohn  in 
Leipzig  Cons.  Held  positions  as  Kapellm.  in 
Liegnitz,  Gorlitz,  Eisenach,  porpat,  Breslau 
(5  years),  Stettin,  and  finally,  since  1895,  at  the 
Leipzig  City  Theatre.— Works  •  The  4-act  farce 
with  songs,  A  us  bewcgtcr  &V  (Bremen) ;  ballet- 
pantomme  Jftitorf/ir/ta/lBrtslau);  3-act  operetta 
Der  flochstapler  (Leipzig,  Old  Th  ,  1897  ;  prod, 
since  then  in  Munich,  Prague,  Stettin,  Magde- 
burg, Nuremberg,  and  Liverpool  [in  English]) ; 
the  ballet  £lektra  (Leipzig);  and  upwards  of  30 
melodious  songs. 

Mey^erbeer,  Giacomo,  the  famous  dramatic 
composer,  born  Berlin,  Sept.  5,  1791,  died  Paris, 


394 


MEYERBEER 


May  2,  1864      Of  Jewish  family,  his  real  name 
was  Jakob  Liebmann  Beer;  a  wealthy  rel- 
ative made  him  hu,  heir  on  condition  that  he 
should  prefix  the  name  "  Mejer  "   to  his  patro- 
nymic ;  and  "  Giacomo  "  (Jacob  Italianized  }  was 
later   assumed  as   an    artist-name.     He   was  a 
piano-pupil  of  Lauska  and  Clement! ,  and  played 
m  public  at  7  ;  began  the  study  of  theory  under 
Zelter,  but  soon  left  this  strict  master  for  Anselm 
Weber,  and  from   1810-12   lived    and  studied 
with   Abbe   Vogler  at   Darmstadt,   C.  M.  von 
Weber  and  Gansbacher  being  his  fellow  pupils. 
Here  he  wrote  an  oratorio,  Gott  und  die  Xatitr 
(Singakademie,  Berlin,  1811),  and  2  operas,  /i'//<- 
thas  Gelubde  (Court   Opera,  Munich,  1813)  and 
Abimelek,  oder  die  beiden  Kahfen  (Munich,  1813), 
the  first  two  were 
failures,    but   Abi- 
melek  was  accepted 
for  Vienna,  and 
thither  M.  repaired. 
Already  a  brilliant 
pianist,    Hummel's 
suave  style  so   im- 
pressed him  that  he 
deferred    his    own 
debut  at  Vienna  for 
several  months,  suc- 
cessfully    working 
to  acquire  the  same 
fluent  ease  and  fin- 
ish.   His  opera  was 
rather     coolly     re- 
ceived   in    Vienna 
(and  later,  as  IVirth  imd  Gasf,  in  Prague  and 
Dresden)  ;    still,    despite  pianistic  triumphs,  he 
felt  dramatic  composition  to  be  his  real  vocation. 
Acting  on  Saheri's  suggestion  that  Italian  melody 
would  prove  a  corrective  for  his  heavy  contra- 
puntal style,  M.  went  to  Venice  in  1815;  the  vogue 
of  Rossini's  operas  indicated  the  path  to  popu- 
larity, and  M.  entered  it  with  a  senes  of  operas 
in  the  Italian  vein — Rornilda  e  Costa nza  (Padua, 
1815),  Semiramide  nconoscitita  (Turin,    1819), 
Emma  di  Resburgo  (Venice,  1819  ;  in  Germany 
as  Emma  von  Leicester),  Afargherita  d'Angiti 
(La    Scala,  Milan,    1820),   Eesule  di   Granata 
(Milan,  1822),  and  //  crociato  in  Egitio  (Venice, 
1824),   this  last  with  immense  success.     While 
writing  it,  he  had  visited  Berlin  with  the  vain  hope 
of  bringing  out  a  3-act  German  opera,  JDas  Bran- 
denburger  Thor,  and  embraced  the  opportunity  to 
call  on  his  old  friend  Weber,  in  Prague,  whose 
strong  remonstrances  against  M.'s  Italian  trans- 
formation of  himself  seem  to  have  borne  fruit. 
Certain  it  is,  that  for  six  years  M.  produced  no 
more  operas.    In  1826  he  went  to  Paris  to  prepare 
the   first  representation   of  11  crociato.     After 
this,  his  father's  death,  his  own  marriage,  and 
the  death  of  two  of  his  children,  also  serve  to  ex- 
plain his  silence.     But  at  this  time  he  was  also, 
on  Mendel's  authority,  immersed  in  the  study  of 
French  opera,  from  Lully  onward ;    the  result 
being  Meyerbeer's  third  style  of  operatic  com- 
position, in  which  "he  united   to  the   flowing 


melody  of  the  Italians  and  the  solid  harmony  of 
the  Germans  the  pathetic  declamation  and  the  va- 
ried, piquant  rhythm  of  the  trench  "  Combin- 
ing \\ith  these  M  's  undeniable  fecundity  and 
originality  of  orchestral  effect,  and  the  theatrical 
ability  and  routine  of  his  librettist,  Scnbe,  it  is 
no  wonder  that  M.'s  first  French  "  grand  opera," 
Robert  le  Diablc  (Grand  Opera,  Nov.  21,  1831), 
fairly  electrified^  the  Parisians,  and  (incidentally) 
caused  the  Opera  to  prosper  financially.  Lc* 
Huguenots  followed  on  Feb.  20,  1836,  and  was 
recognized  by  cultured  critics  as  vastly  superior 
to  Robei  t ;  though  the  general  public,  enjoying 
the  flamboyant  unrealities  of  the  latter,  was  dis- 
appointed at  first  Two  years  later  M.  began 
the  composition  of  fAfrn.aine,  \\hich  was  des- 
tined to  occupy  him  through  life  ;  irritated  by 
the  composer's  continual  demand  for  changes, 
bcribe  after  a  while  testily  withdrew  the  libretto, 
but  was  mollified  by  M'.'s  entering-  heart  and 
soul  into  the  composition  of  another  of  his 
texts,  Lc  Prcfhete,  hnished  in  the  year  1842-3 
After  the  production  of  Lcs  Huguenots  at  Ber- 
lin, 1842,  M  was  called  to  that  city  by  King 
Fnednch  Wilhelm  IV.  as  General  Mus.  Direc- 
tor. Here  his  opera,  Das  Feldlnger  in  Schk- 
sien  (1843),  achieved  only  moderate  success  until 
Jenny  Lind  assumed  the  role  of  Vielka  in  1844. 
lie  \isited  Vienna  and  London  in  1847  ;  on  his 
return  to  Berlin,  he  brought  out  Wagner's  Jtietjzi. 
In  1849  Le  Propkete  was  at  last  produced  at  the 
Grand  Opera,  Pans,  on  April  16 ,  in  1854  it  was 
followed  by  VEtoife  du  A'ord  at  the  Opera-Co- 
mique  (much  of  the  music  taken  from  Da*  Ff Id- 
lager  in  Sthlesien),  where  Dinwah,  cu  le  Par- 
don de  P kennel,  was  brought  out  in  1859.  Last 
in  the  series>  was  rAfmaine  (Grand  Opera,  Apr. 
28,  1865),  just  a  year  after  his  death ;  he  had 
returned  to  Paris  to  take  charge  of  the  rehear- 
sals in  the  spring  of  1864. — M.'s  fame  is  insep- 
arably knit  \\  ith  his  dramatic  music,  the  popu- 
larity of  which  has  long  been  on  the  wane. — 
Other  works :  Incidental  music  to  Sfritensee 
(tragedy  by  Michael  Beer,  his  brother ;  Berlin, 
1846),  one  of  his  finest  works ;  choruses  to 
-dLschylus'  Etimenides;  festival-play  Da  s  Hoffest 
fon  Ferrara  ;  monodrama  Thevehndens  Litfa,  f . 
sopr.  solo,  ch.,  with  clar.  obbligato  (Vienna,  1813), 
' '  Gutenberg  "  cantata  ;  cantata  Jlfaria  und  ihr 
Genius,  for  the  silver  wedding  of  Prince  and 
Princess  Carl  of  Prussia  ,  Serenade  "  Brautge- 
leite  aus  der  Heimath,"  for  the  wedding  of 
Princess  Luise  of  Prussia ;  cantata  Der  Genius 
dcr  Musik  am  Grabe  Beethovens  ;  ode  to  Kauch 
(the  sculptor),  f  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  7  sacred 
odes  by  Rlopstock,  f  4  voice-parts  a  cappetta; 
Festhymnus  for  the  King  of  Prussia's  silver  wed- 
ding, f.  4  voices  and  chorus;  "  Freundschaft,"  f. 
4-part  male  ch.;  Psalm  91,  a  8 ;  Pater  noster  a 
4  w.  organ  ;  in  MS.  are  12  Psalms  f.  double 
choir,  a  Te  Deum,  a  Stabat  Mater,  and  a  Mise- 
rere *'  Quarante  melodies  a  une  et  plusieurs 
voix  "  were  publ.  in  Paris  (Brandus) ,  others  are 
"Neben  dir,"  f.  tenor  w.  f cello  obbl.;  "Des 
Jagers  Lied,"  f.  bass  w.  horns  obbl.;  "  Des 


395 


MEYER-HELMUND— MICHAELIS 


Schafcrs  Lied,"  f  tenor  w.  clar.  obbl. ,  "  A  Vene- 
cia," barcarolle;  "Dichters Wahlspruch,"  canon 
f.  3  voices. — INSTRUMENTAL  3  "  Fackeltanze" 
for  wind-band,  also  scored  f.  orch.,  for  the 
weddings  of  the  King  of  Bavaria,  and  the  Prin- 
cesses Charlotte  and  Anna  of  Prussia  ;  Grand 
Maich  for  the  Schiller  Centenary  (1859) ;  over- 
ture in  march-form  (for  opening  of  London  Ex- 
hibition, 1862) ;  Coronation  March  for  King 
\Vilhelm  I.  (1863);  pf. -music  in  MS.  — Bio- 
graphical •  A  de  Lasalle,  "  M.,  sa  vie  et  le  cata- 
logue deses  neuvres"(iSG4)  ;  A.  Pougin,  '4  Mey- 
erbeer" (1864),  H.  Blaze  de  Bury,  "M  ,  sa 
vie,  ses  ceuvresetson  temps  "  1865) ;  Ella,  "  Per- 
sonal Memoir  of  M.,  with  an  analysis  of  Les 
I/ugueiwts"  (iS6S)  ;  H.  Mendel,  "G.  M." 
(IS6S) ,  the  same  in  epitome,  ttp  M  ,  sein  Leben 
und  seine  Werke"  (1869) ;  J.  Schucht  (1869); 
etc. — M.  left  by  will  10,000  Thaler  (§7,500)  for 
the  foundation  of  a  Meyerbeer  Scholarship ; 
only  Germans  under  28,  and  pupils  of  the  Ber- 
lin"14 IIochschule,"the  Stern  Cons.,  and  the  Co- 
lug  ne  Cons.,  may  compete.  Competitors  must 
submit  a  vocal  fugue  a  S  (for  double  chorus),  an 
overture  f.  lull  orch.,  and  a  dram,  cantata  //  3, 
w.  orch.  (text  of  cantata,  and  text  and  theme  of 
fugue,  are  «i\ en).  Six  months  in  Italy,  six  in 
Paris,  and  six  more  in  Vienna,  Munich,  and 
Dresden  together,  is  the  plan  of  study  mapped 
out  for  the  winner  of  the  scholarship. 

Me/cr-Hel'mimd,  Erik,  b.  St.  Petersburg, 
April  13  (25,  N.  S  ),  1861.  His  first  instruc- 
tion was  received  from  his  father ,  subsequently 
he  studied  in  Berlin  under  Kiel  and  Stockhausen. 
lie  is  best  known  to  the  general  public  as  a  song- 
composer,  and  three  score  or  more  of  his  light 
and  graceful,  but  highly  effective  vocal  numbers 
have  been  published,  to  the  majority  of  which 
he  himself  has  written  the  words.  As  an 
opera-composer  he  has  also  been  in  evidence 
since  the  production  of  his  comic  opera  Mar- 
gitta  at  Magdeburg,  in  1889  ;  it  has  been  fol- 
lowed by  Die  benkn  Khngsberg  (?),  Der  Liebes- 
kamfif  (2  acts  ;  Dresden,  1892  ;  succ.),  the  bal- 
let Jtubesahl  [or  Der  Berggsist\  (Leipzig,  1893  ; 
v.  succ.),  and  the  i-act  burlesque  opera  Tischka 
(Riga,  1894). 

Mey'er-Lutz,  Wilhelm,  b.  Munnerstadt,  n. 
Kissingen,  1829.  Pupil  of  Eisenhof er  and  Kel- 
ler, Wtirzburg ;  since  1848  in  England  (org.  at 
Birmingham,  Leeds,  and  St.  George's  R.  C.  Ch., 
London),  also  1851-5  cond  at  Surrey  Th.,  and 
since  1869  at  Gaiety  Th  Has  brought  out  8 
operas,  and  several  masses;  also  chamber-music. 

Mey'er-Orbersleben,  Max,  b.  Olberslehen, 
n.  Weimar,  Apr.  5,  1850.  Pupil  of  his  father; 
then  of  Muller-Hartung  and  Liszt  at  Weimar. 
On  Liszt's  recommendation  he  received  a  liberal 
allowance  from  the  Duke  for  further  study; 
passed  two  years  at  Munich  under  Cornelius, 
Rheinberger,  and  Wullner  ;  a  year  at  Brussels ; 
then  another  at  Munich.  In  1876,  teacher  of 
pf.  and  theory  at  Mttller-IIartung's  Orchestra- 


School,  Weimar ;  in  1877,  teacher  of  cpt.  and 
comp.atthe  R.  Cons  of  Music, Wurzburg;  cond. 
of  the  famoui/' \YurzburgerLiedertafel"  111x879; 
"  Royal  Prof  "  in  1685 ;  in  iSc/>,  elected  member 
of  Board  of  Directors  of  the  "  Deutscher  Sanger- 
bund,"  and  directed,  with  Kremser,  the  Fifth 
National  Sangcrfeit  at  Stuttgart. — As  a  com- 
poser, his  talent  was  early  shown  by  chamber- 
music,  pf  -pieces,  and  songs,  his  numerous  cho- 
ruses take  high  rank ;  a  3-act  romantic  opera 
Clare  Dettin  (Wurzburg,  1896)  has  been  suc- 
cessful, and  a  new  3-act  comic  opera,  Der  Haitian 
JTrieff,  has  been  accepted  for  the  Munich  Opera. 
— Other  works.  2  o\ertures,  * l  Feierklange  "  and 
"Festouvertlire",  pf.-tno,  op.  7;  3  pcs  f  pf. 
and  'cello,  op.  10 ;  sonata  f.  -\la.  and  pf.,  op  14, 
sonata  f.  flute  and  pf  ,  op.  17  ;  22  male  choiuses 
(of  which  op  52,  "  Komadm,"op.  45,  **  Gothen- 
treue,"  and  op.  56,  "  Dance  Kingdoms,"  arew. 
orch.) ;  7  mixed  choruses  (op.  40,  **  Das  begra- 
bene  Lied,"  and  op.  54,  "Der  Hlumen  Rache," 
\v.  orch.);  9  3-part  female  choruses  (op.  51,  "The 
Blind  Elf,"  is  a  cantatina  f.  sopr.  and  alto  soli, 
female  ch.,  w.  pf.  or  orch  )  ;  about  30  character- 
istic pf. -pieces  m  modern  and  original  style  ;  and 
40  or  50  songs  for  one  voice  (ll  Loreley"  is  a 
dramatic  scene  w.  orch.  or  pf  ). 

Mezeray,  Louis-Charles-Lazare-Costard 
de,  b.  Brunswick,  Nov.  5,  iSio  ;  d.  Asnieres,  n. 
Paris,  April,  1887.  At  15,  2nd  leader  in  the 
Strassburg  Th  -orch.  ;  studied  under  Talhe?  and 
Wachethal,  and  brought  out  a  little  opera,  Le 
Siaheti;  at  17,  maltrc  de  thafclle  at  the  Lic{ge 
Th.,  also  cond.  of  the  Cons,  concerts  and  the 
Concerts  Gretry.  In  1830,  1st  cond.  at  the 
Court  Th.,  The  Hague  ;  in  1832  he  prod,  the 
heroic  opera  Giullaume  tie  A'assau  /  studied 
under  Reicha  in  Paris  (1833),  was  cond.  at  Ghent, 
Rouen,  and  Marseilles,  and  baritone  singer  at 
Bordeaux,  Montpellier,  Antwerp,  and  Nantes  ; 
finally  (1843)  ist  m  de  chap,  at  the  Grand  The'a*- 
tre,  Bordeaux,  which  under  his  30  years*  sway 
won  a  high  reputation.  He  founded  the  Societe 
Sainte-Cecile  in  1843. 

Mice'li,  Giorgio,  b.  Reggio  di  Calabria, 
Italy,  Oct.  21,  1836  ;  d  Naples,  Dec.  2,  1895. 
Studied  in  Naples  under  N.  Gallo  and  G.  Lillo ; 
his  first  opera,  Zoe,  was  successful  (1852).  In 
1872,  Director  of  the  R.  Educandati  Femmenili, 
Naples;  1887-94,  Dir.  of  Palermo  Cons. — 
Works :  Operas  (all  first  given  in  Naples)  : 
Zoe  (1852),  Gh  aMcinti  sessagenari  (1853),  // 
conte  di  jRos  rig  hone  (1854 ;  v.  succ,),  La  Scwt- 
nambule  (French  operetta,  1869 ;  reprod.  in 
Italian,  1871,  as  UOmbra,  bianco),  La  Fata 
(1875),  //  Conmto  di  Baldassare  (1878),  and  2 
biblical  operas,  La  Uggenda  di  Pisa  (1885)  and 
La  Figha  di  Jefte  (1886).  Also  church-  and 
chamber-music. 

Michaelis,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Leip- 
zig,  I77o;  d  there  as  "  Docent"  (reader)  at  the 
University,  Aug.  I,  1834.— Publ.  "  Ueber  den 
Geist  der  Tonkunst  mit  RUcksicht  auf  Kants 


396 


MICHAELIS— MILILOTTI 


Kritik  der  aesthetischen  Urtheilbkraft  "  (2  vol.s, 
1795,  1800)  ;  "  Entwurf  der  Aesthetik,  als  Leit- 
faden  bei  akademischen  Yorlesungen  "  (1796)  , 
"  Catechismus  uber  J  B.  Logiers  System  der 
Musik\vissenschaft"  (1828) ,  short  essa}s  ,  trans- 
lation of  Busby's  "  Hist  of  Music  "  (1820) ,  etc. 

Michae'lis,  Gustav,  b  Ballenstedt,  Tan  23, 
1828  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  20,  1887. — Kapettm.  at 
the  Wallner  Th.,  Berlin  ;  prod.  mus.  farces  and 
operettas. 

Michae'lis,  Theodor,  brother  of  preceding, 
b.  Ballenstedt,  Mar.  15,  1831 ;  d.  Hambuig, 
Nov.  18,  1887  Orchestral  player.  Comp  "Die 
turkische  Schaarwache,"  "Die  Schmiede  im 
Walde, "  and  other  popular  open-air  pieces. 

Michel  (the  clarinettist)      See  YOST. 

Micheli,  Romano,  Roman  contrapuntist ;  b. 
about  1575 ;  d  about  1660.  Pupil  of  Soriano  and 
Mannini  ;  from  1625  ;;/.  di  capp  at  the  church  S. 
Luigi  de'  Francesi.  Remarkable  canon-wnter. 
Publ.  "  Musica  vaga  ed  artificiosa"  (1615  ;  50 
41  motets  and  artistic  canons  ") ;  "  Madrigah  a  sei 
voci  in  canoni "  (1621) ,  "Canom  musicah  com- 
posti  sopra  le  vocali  di  piu  parole  ,  .  .  "(1645); 
and  masses,  complines,  psalms,  responses,  etc.  , 
also  "Lettere  di  Romano  Micheli  romano  alii 
musici  della  Cappella  di  N.  S.  ed  altn  musici 
romani  "  (1618  ;  explaining  canons  of  a  kind  in- 
vented by  himself). 

Mick'witz,  Harald  von,  pianist ;  b.  Hel- 
singfors,  May  22,  1859.  *  Pupil  of  Brassin  and 
Rimsky-Korsakov  at  St.  Petersburg  Cons. ,  and 
of  Leschetizky  at  Vienna  (1880-3).  1886,  teacher 
of  advanced  piano-classes  at  the  Karlsruhe  Cons  ; 
1893  ditto  at  Wiesbaden  Cons.  Has  publ.  ele- 
gant pf,-music. 

Mieksch.    See  MIKSCII. 

Mierzwin'ski,  Ladislas,  tenor  singer ;  b. 
Warsaw,  Oct.  21,  1850.  Natural  singer  of 
short-lived  celebrity. 

Miha'lovich,  Edmund  von,  b.  Fericsancze, 
Slavonia,  Sept.  13,  1842.  Pupil  (1865)  of  Ilaupt- 
mann  at  Leipzig  ;  later  at  Munich  of  v.  Bulow 
(pf .) ;  living  as  a  composer  in  Pesth  A  disciple 
of  the  neo-German  school. — Works  :  The  roman- 
tic opera  Hagbarth  wid  Signe  (Dresden,  1882); 
the  3-act  opera  Tohii  (Pesth,  1893  ;  succ  ") ;  bal- 
lads f  fullorch.  ("Das  Geisterschiff,"  "Hero 
und  Leander,"  "La  ronde  du  sabbat"  [V. 
Hugo],  "  Die  Nixe  ") ;  a  symphony,  pf. -music, 
etc. 

Miksch,  Johann  Aloys,  b.  Georgenthal, 
Bohemia,  July  19,  1765  ;  d.  Dresden,  Sept.  24, 
1845.  Choir-boy  in  Dresden,  1777;  "Cere- 
moniensanger  "  at  the  Court  Church,  1786  ;  bari- 
tone singer  in  the  Italian  Opera,  1797  ;  chorus- 
master  of  the  German  Opera,  1820,  pensioned 
1831^  Acelebratedsinging-teacher;  theSchroder- 
Devrient,  A.  Mitterwurzer,  and  Agnes  Schebest, 
were  his  pupils. 

Mi'kuli,  Karl, 'b.  Czeraowitz,  Bukowina, 
Oct  22,  1821  ;  d.  Lemberg,  May  21,  1897.  A 


student  of  medicine  at  Vienna  (1839),  his  pro- 
nounced talent  for  music  won  him  01  er  ,  in  1844 
he  \\ent  to  Pans,  and  studied  under  Chopin  (pf.) 
and  Reicha  (comp  ),  returning  home  on  the  out- 
break of  the  re\olution  of  1848  After  highly 
successful  piamstic  tours  through  Russia,  Ruma- 
nia, and  Galicia,  hewasapp  Artistic  Director  of 
the  Lemberg  Cons  m  1858  ;  in  iSSS  he  founded  a 
music-school  of  his  o\\  n,  \\  hich  was  w  ell  attended. 
His  edition  of  Chopin's  works,  containing  numer- 
ous emendations  made  by  Chopin  as  marginal 
notes  in  M.'s  student-copies,  is  regarded  as  a 
standard.  He  has  publ  a  number  of  pf. -pieces 
generally  influenced  by  Chopin's  stjle. 

Milanol'lo,  Teresa  and  Maria,  sisters ;  b. 
Savigliano,  n.  Turin,  Aug.  28,  1827,  and  July 
19,  1832,  respectively.  Teresa,  a  pupil  of 
Caldera  and  Morra  at  Turin,  became  a  celebrated 
•violinist,  travelling  in  Italy,  France,  Belgium, 
Holland,  and  England  from  1836  ;  from  1838 
with  her  sister  Maria  (also  a  violinist),  who  died 
of  consumption  in  Paris,  Oct.  21, 1848.  Teiesa, 
after  her  marriage  in  1857  to  the  military  engi- 
neer Parmentier,  ceased  to  appear  in  public. 
She  lives  in  Toulouse. 

Milch'meyer,  Philipp  Jakob,  b.  Frankfort- 
on-Main,  1750;  d.  as  a  pf.-teacher  in  Strass- 
butg,  Mar.  15, 1813.  From  1780,  court  mechani- 
cian at  Mayence.  Invented  a  3-manual  piano- 
forte ,  publ.  "  Anfangsgrunde  der  Musik  .  .  ." 
(a  pf. -method  ;  1797). 

Mirde,  Hans  Feodor  von,  stage  baiitone, 
the  creator  of  Telramund  in  Lohcngnn  at 
Weimar,  1850,  and  a  life-member  of  the  Weimar 
Court  Opera,  was  born  on  the  estate  Petronek, 
near  Vienna,  Apr.  13,  1821,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Hauser  and  Manuel  Garcia. — His  wife  Rosa 
(tiife  Agthe),  b  Weimar,  June  25,  1827,  created 
the  r6le  of  El&a,  and  sang  at  Weimar  till  1876. 

Mirder-Haupt'mann,  Pauline  Anna,  dra- 
matic soprana ;  b.  Constantinople,  Dec.  13, 1785  ; 
d.  Berlin,  May  29, 1838.  She  was  "  discovered  " 
by  Schikaneder,  and  taught  by  Tomaschelli  and 
Salieri  at  Vienna.  Debut  1803 ;  sang  in  the 
Vienna  Court  Opera  ;  Beethoven  wrote  the  role 
of  Fidelio  for  her.  Prima  donna  in  Berlin,  1816- 
29,  leaving  on  account  of  difficulties  with  Spon- 
tim.  Toured  Russia,  Sweden,  etc.;  farewell 
appearance  Vienna,  1836.  Her  voice  was  so 
powerful  that  Haydn  said  to  her  "  Liebes  Kind, 
Sie  haben  eine  Stimme  wie  ein  Haus"  [Dear 
child,  you  have  a  voice  like  a  house]. 

Mild'ner,  Moritz,  b.  Turnitz,  Bohemia,  Nov. 
7, 1812  ;  d.  Dec.  4, 1865,  at  Prague,  where  he  had 
been  a  violin-pupil  of  Pixis  in  the  Cons. ,  teach- 
ing there  from  1842.  He  was  a  leader  in  the 
theatre-orch  ;  among  his  pupils  were  Laub, 
Hrimaly,  and  Zajic. 

Mililot'ti,  Leopoldo,  b.  Ravenna,  Aug.  6, 
1835.  Settled  in  Rome,  where  he  had  studied 
music,  as  a  singing-teacher.  Publ  many  beauti- 
ful songs,  and  wrote  (with  his  brother  Giuseppe 
[1833-1883]),  2  operettas,  La  vendetta  d'unfol- 


397 


MILLARD— MINGOTTI 


let  to,  and    L"u  sttgno  nelhi   Inna   (both   Rome, 

Mil'lard,  Harrison,  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov. 
27,  1830.  Sang  in  a  church-choir,  and  at  10  in 
the  chorus  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Soc. 
Studied  1851-4  in  Italy  ,  tenor  concert-singer ; 
toured  Great  Britain  with  Catherine  Hayes.  Re- 
turned to  Boston  1854  ;  settled  in  New  York, 
1856,  as  a  singer,  composer,  and  vocal  instructor. 
— Works  :  The  4-act  Italian  opera  Deboi  ah  (not 
perf.)  ,  Grand  Mass  ;  Church-services  ,  4  Te 
Deums ;  he  is  a  noted  song-composer,  having 
publ.  over  350  songs,  besides  adaptations  from 
the  French,  Italian,  and  German. 

Miller,  Edward,  English  composer  and 
theorist ;  b.  Norwich,  1735  ;  d.  Doncaster, 
Sept.  12,  1807.  Apprenticed  to  a  street-paver, 
he  ran  away  and  studied  music  under  Burney  at 
Lynn.  Organist  at  Doncaster,  1756-1807;  Mus. 
Doc.,  Cambridge,  1786 — Publ.  6  solos  f.  Ger- 
man flute  (with  remarks  on  double-tonguing ; 
1752)  ;  6  harpsichord-sonatas  ;  elegies,  songs, 
and  an  ode,  w.  instr.l  parts  ;  psalms  and  hymns  ; 
etc.;  also  *'  Institutes  of  Music,  or  Easy  Instruc- 
tions for  the  Harpsichord*'  (1771),  "Elements 
of  Thorough-bass  and  composition  "  (1787) ;  etc. 

Milleville,  Francesco,  b.  about  1565  at 
Ferrara;  pupil  of  his  father,  Alessandro  M., 
organist  and  composer  to  the  Ducal  court.  Was 
for  a  time  in  the  service  of  the  King  of  Poland, 
then  of  the  Emperor  Rudolf  II.;  returned  to  Italy 
in  1614,  and  acted  as  ;//.  di  capp.  at  Milan,  Vol- 
terra,  and  Chioggia.  He  was  the  teacher  of 
Frescobaldi. — Publ.  6  books  of  Madrigals  a  3 
( 1614-24)  ;.7  of  motets  a  2-4  (up  to  1626);  i  mass 
a  4  and  258(1617);  masses  and  psalms  a  3  ( 1 620) ; 
I  mass  a  8,  a  Dixit,  a  Magnificat  and  a  motet  a  9 
(1626)  ;  etc. 

Millocker,  Karl,  operetta-composer;  b. 
Vienna,  May  29,  1842.  Studied  in  the  Cons, 
there  ;  theatre-AV 
pellm.  at  Graz,  1864 ; 
at  the  Harmonic 
Th.  in  Vienna,  1866; 
since  1869,  at  the 
Th.  an  der  Wien. 
—  Works:  Der 
todte  Cast  and  Die 
beiden  Binder  (both  / 
Pesth, _i86s);  ™ 
Diana  (V  i  e  n  n  a  , 
1867)  ;  Die  Frau- 
eninsel  (Pesth, 
1878)  ;  and  the  fol- 
lowing (all  at  Vi- 
enna) •  Der  Regi- 
me nt  s tambour 
(1869),  Drei  Paar  SchuJie  (1870),  Die  Musik 
des  Teufels  (1870),  £in  Abentener  in  Wien 
(1873),  Das  verwitnschene  Schlois  (1878,  with 
songs  in  Upper  Austrian  dialect),  Grajin  Du- 
barry  (1879),  Apajune  der  Wassennann  (1880), 
Diejungfrau  von  Belleville  (1881),  Der  JBettel- 


student  (Dec  6,  1 88 1  ;  popular  everywhere  ,  in 
Italian  as  //  Guitar  mo),  Gasparone  (1884),  Dei 
Feldprediger  (1884),  Der  Viceadmiral  (1886), 
Der  Dieb  (1886  [Berlin]),  Die  Sieben  Sthwabcn 
(1887),  Der  arme  Jonathan  (1890),  Das  Svnn- 
toffs&inJ  (i%q$i  Der  Probekuss  (1895),  and  Das 
Kordlicht  (1897)  M  's  music  is  melodious  and 
sprightly,  and,  like  the  instrumentation,  \\ell 
suited  to  the  situations  He  has  also  brought 
out  a  number  of  mus  farces,  and  for  years  con- 
tributed piano-pieces  to  the  monthly  4*  Musika- 
lische  Presse." 

Mills,  Sebastian  Bach,  noted  pianist ;  b. 
Cirencester,  England,  Mar.  I,  1838  ;  d.  Wies- 
baden, Dec.  21,  1898. 
Taught  by  his  father, 
by  C.  Potter,  and  by 
Sterndale  Bennett,  he 
played  before  Queen 
Victoria  at  the  age  of 
7  ;  studied  later  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons.  (Mo- 
scheles,  Plaidy,  Karl 
Mayer,  Julius  Rietz, 
and  Hauptmann);  later 
the  pf  with  Liszt. 
Was  organist  of  the  R. 
C.  Cath.,  Sheffield,  in 
1855  ;  played  in  a  Ge- 

wandhaus"  Concert  on  Dec.  2,  1858,  and  went  to 
New  York  in  1859,  where  he  was  so  well  received 
at  his  debut  in  Schumann's  ComertstiUk  (with 
the  Philharm.  Soc  ),  that  he  settled  there.  In 
1859,  '67>  and  '7S»  he  made  brilliant  tours  in 
Germany  ;  he  also  toured  America,  and  up  to 
1877  played  in  New  York  in  every  season.  He 
did  yeoman  service  in  the  cause  of  good  music  in 
the  United  States ;  and  was  a  most  successful 
teacher. — Works:  Pf. -music  (Barcarolle  veni- 
tienne,  op.  12;  2  Tarantellas,  op.  13,  20;  Mur- 
muring Fountain,  op.  22;  Recollections  of  Home, 
op.  23  ;  Fairy  Fingers,  op.  24  ;  polka  "  Tou jours 
gai,"  op.  25  ;  etc.). 

Mills,  Watkin,  b.  Painswick,  Gloucester- 
shire, England,  about  1861.  Bass-baritone 
singer  (basso  cantante)  in  oratorio  and  concert, 
with  a  compass  from  E[?  to  f1.  Pupil  of  Edwin 
Holland  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  and  of  F.  Blasco, 
Milan  ;  later  of  Sir  J.  Barnby,  Randegger,  and 
Blume.  Very  succ.  de'but  at  the  Crystal  Palace, 
May  17,  1884.  Has  filled  many  engagements 
in  oratorio,  in  which  his  popularity  is  great.  In 
America  1894-5. 

Milton,  John,  father  of  the  English  poet ;  d. 
1646  (7  ?).  A  scrivener  in  Bread  Street,  Cheap- 
side,  London,  he  was  an  excellent  musician  ; 
his  fine  6-part  madrigal  "  Fayre  Oriana  in  the 
Morne"  was  published  in  the  "  Triumphes  of 
Onana"  (1601) ,  4  motets  were  publ.  in  ll  Teares 
and  Lamentacions"  (1614)  ;  also  psalm-tunes  in 
Ravenscroft's  "  Whole  Booke  of  Psalms " 
(1621). 

Mingot'ti,  Regina,  tuft  Valentini,  famous 


398 


MINOJA— MOLIQUE 


soprano ;  b  Naples,  1728 ;  d  (?).  Pupil  of 
Porpora,  and  the  rival  at  Dresden  of  Faustina 
Hasse  ;  they  left  the  Dresden  stage  in  the  same 
year  (1751),  and  M  then  sang  for  two  years  at 
Madrid  under  Fannelli ,  later  in  London,  Italy, 
Munich  (1763),  and  Neuberg-on- Danube  (1787"). 

Mino'ja,  Ambrosio,  b.  Ospedaletto,  n  Lodi, 
Oct.  21,  1752  ;  d.  Milan,  Aug.  3,  1825  From 
1814-24,  prof  of  comp.  at  the  R  Cons.,  Milan  , 
from  1789-1809  also  ntaestto  al  cembalo  at  La 
Scala,  \\here  his  opera  Tito  mile  Gallic  was 
prod,  in  1787. — Works  A  symphony  ,  cantatas  ; 
hymns  ;  a  De  Profundis  a  3  ;  celebrated  Sol- 
feggi (M.  was  an  excellent  singing-teacher) ;  and 
41  Lettere  sopra  il  canto  "  (Milan,  1812  ;  publ.  m 
German  as  "  Ueber  den  Gesang  "). 

Miolan-Carvalho.  See  CARVALHO-MIOLAN. 

Mirande,  Hippolyte,  born  Lyons,  May  4, 
1862.  Pupil  of  Dubois  and  Guiraud  in  Paris 
Cons  ;  1886-90,  prof,  in  the  Acad.  of  Music 
and  the  Cons.,  at  Geneva  ;  since  1890,  Secre- 
tary-General of  the  Grand  Th  ,  Lyons,  and  prof, 
of  mus.  history  at  the  Lyons  Cons.  He  is  also 
critic  for  the  Lyons  "  Progres,"  and  organist  at 
the  synagogue  — Works  •  Une  f$tt>  Directors^ 
ballet  (Lyons,  1895  ;  45  representations  up  to 
1898) ;  overtures  "  Rodogune,"  "  Frithjof," 
"Macbeth,"  ll  Prome'thee,"  and  "La  mort  de 
Roland";  Suite  de  ballet  f.  pf.  4  hands;  pf.- 
music  ;  songs. 

Mi'rus,  Eduard,  b.  Klagenfurt,  1856.  At- 
tended Hanslick's  lectures  in  Vienna  Univ  ; 
studied  singing  in  Italy  ,  after  some  experience 
as  a  baritone  stage-singer,  he  settled  in  Vienna 
(1891).  Has  publ.  some  songs. 

Mi'ry,  Karel,  b.  Ghent,  Aug  14,  1823  ;  d. 
there  Oct.  5,  1889.  Pupil  of  Mengal  and  Ge- 
vaert.  He  wrote  18  Flemish  operas  and  ope- 
rettas for  Brussels,  Antwerp,  and  Ghent,  where 
he  was  prof,  of  harm,  and  Vice-Director  of  the 
Cons. 

Mis'sa,  Edmond- Jean-Louis, dram,  comp.; 
b.  Rheims,  Marne,  June  12,  1861.  Pupil  of 
Massenet  at  Paris  Cons. ;  won  the  Prix  Cressent. 
Residing  (1899)  in  Paris  as  a  comp.  and 
teacher. — Works  :  Jttg*  et  Par  tie  ^  2-act  opera 
comique  (Op.-Com.,  1886) ;  Lydia^  i-act  do. 
(Dieppe,  1887) ;  Le  Chevalier  timide^  i-act  do. 
(Paris,  Menus-Plaisirs,  1887) ;  La  belle  Sophie, 
3-act  opera  (ibid.,  1888);  Doetoresse^  i-act  pan- 
tomime (1888) ;  La  Princesse  Nangara,  3-act 
opera  (Rheims,  1892);  Manage  galant,  3-act 
opera  (Paris,  1892) ;  Tararafaum-rffvue  (1892) ; 
VHtite,  3-act  pant.  (1893) ;  lyric  comedy  Dinah 
(3  acts,  1894);  Le  dernier  des  Maiigny,  4-act 
revue  (1896) ;  Les  deux  Pcuples,  i-act  (1896} ; 
Ninon  de  Lenclos^  4-act  lyric  episode  (1895); 
also  orch.l  music,  pf.-pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Mif  terwurzer,  Anton,  baritone  stage- 
singer;  b.  Sterzing,  Tyrol,  Apr.  12,  1818  ;  d. 
Dcibling,  n,  Vienna,  Apr.  2,  1872.  Pupil  of 
GSnsbacher,  his  uncle  ;  choir-boy  at  St  Ste- 
phen's, Vienna ;  stage-de*but  Innsbruck,  as  the 


Jager  in  Das  XacJitlager  von  Granada  Sang 
in  Austrian  pro\mcial  theaties  ,  eng.  1839  a^ 
Dresden  Court-Opera ,  pensioned  1870  Fa- 
vorite roles  •  Flying  Dutchman,  Hans  I  lei  ling, 
Don  Giovanni,  Hans  Sachs,  etc. 

Miz'ler,  Lorenz  Christoph,  (later  ennobled 
as  Mizler  von  Kolof,)  b  Heidenheim,  \Vurttem- 
berg,  July  25,  1711;  d.  Warsaw,  March,  1778. 
Pupil  of  J.  S.  Bach  on  the  clavichord  and  in 
comp.;  graduate  of  Leipzig  Umv.  (tk  Disserta- 
tio,  quod  musica  ars  sit  pars  eruditioms  musi- 
cae,"  1734  ;  2nd  ed.  1736) ;  lecturer  at  the  Univ., 
1736  ;  establ.  the  tl  Societat  der  musikahschen 
Wissenschaften,"  1738  ;  from  1743,  private  tutor 
in  Warsaw.  His  '*  Neu  eroffnete  musikalische 
Bibhothek  .  .  ."  (1736—54)  was  one  of  the  earli- 
est mus.  periodicals.  Publ.  "Die  Anfangs- 
grUnde  des  Generalbasses,  nach  mathematischer 
Lehrart  abgehandelt  "  (1739)  I  a  transl.  of  Fux's 
Gradus  as  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum,  oder  An- 
fuhrung  zur  regelmassigen  mus.  Composition  " 
(1742);  etc. 

Mode'na,  Giulio  di.     See  SEGNI. 

Moder'nus,  Jacobus  (recte  Jacques  Mo- 
derne ;  also  called  Grand  Jacques,  or  J.  M.  de 
Pinguento,  by  reason  of  his  stoutness) ;  maltrc 
de  chap  at  Notre- Dame,  Lyons  ;  music-printer 
there  1732-58,  publishing  chiefly  works  by 
French  contrapuntists.  Also  comp  4-part  chan- 
sons, and  5-  or  6-p  motets,  all  probably  lost. 

Mohr,  Hermann,  b  Nienstedt,  Oct.  9, 
1830 ;  d.  Philadelphia,  May  26,  1896  Pupil 
of  the  Teachers'  Seminary,"  Eisleben  ;  went  to 
Berlin  in  1850  ;  founded  the  Luisenstadt  Cons, 
there;  taught  in  Zeckwer's  Cons.,  Phila.,  from 
1 886 — Works  CsLUta.ta,J$erjrtuanHsgrusfjm  male 
choruses  (e.g ,  "Jauchzend  erhebt  sich  die 
Schopfung,"  "Am  Altare  der  Wahrheit"); 
songs  ,  instructive  pf.-pieces  ;  etc. 

MBh'ring,  Ferdinand,  b.  Alt-Ruppin,  Jan. 
18,  1816 ;  d  Wiesbaden,  May  i,  1887.  Pupil 
for  composition  of  the  Berlin  Akademie ;  in 
1840,  org.  and  mus.  dir.  at  Saarbrucken  ;  1844, 
"Royal  Music-Director";  1845,  org.  and  sing- 
ing-teacher at  Neu-Ruppin. — Works  :  2  unsucc 
operas,  Das  Pfarrhaus>  and  Schloss  Warren  ; 
many  male  choruses  (e.g.,  "  Normannenzug  "), 
widely  known  and  appreciated  ;  other  music  in 
MS. 

Moir,  Frank  Lewis,  b.  Market  Harborough, 
Engl.,  Apr.  22,  1852,  While  a  student  of  paint- 
ing at  S.  Kensington,  he  also  learned  music ; 
won  scholarship  in  the  Nat.  Training  School 
(1876),  and  has  made  a  name  as  a  song-com- 
poser.—Works  Acomicopera,  T he  Royal  Wahh- 
man;  church-services;  madrigal  "When  at 
Chloe's  eyes  I  gaze"  (Madr.  Soc.  prize,  1881) ; 
duets;  many  songs;  "Melody"  in  A,  f.  vln. 
and  pf . ;  etc. 

Molique,  Wilhelm  Bernhard,  famous  vio- 
linist and  comp.;  b.  Nuremberg,  Oct.  7,  1802  ; 
d.  Kannstadt,  May  10,  1869.  His  first  teacher 
was  his  father,  a  town-musician ;  King  Maxi- 


399 


MOLLENIIAUER— MONK 


milian  I  ,  hearing  of  his  extraordinary  talent,  had 
him  trained  (1816)  by  Rovelli  at  Munich  A 
member  of  the  court 
orch.  at  Vienna  in 
iSiS,  in  1820  he  suc- 
ceeded Rovelli  as 
leader  in  the  Munich 
orch.  After  finish- 
ing-lessons from 
Spohr,  he  made  his 
first  artistic  tour  in 
1822  ;  in  1826  Lind- 
paintner  called  him 
to  Stuttgart  as  lead- 
er, with  the  title  of 
"Musikdirector." 
He  won  celebrity 
abroad  by  extended 
tours  in  Holland,  Russia,  England,  and  France 
The  political  crisis  of  1849  caused  him  to  settle 
in  London,  where  he  remained  (excepting  a 
visit  to  Stuttgart,  Munich,  and  Frankfort,  in 
1859)  until  1866,  enjoying  deserved  success  as  a 
soloist,  quartet-player,  and  teacher.  He  retired 
to  Kannstadt  in  1866.-— Works  •  The  oratorio 
Abraham  (Norwich  Festival,  1860  ;  comp.  in  3 
months) ;  2  masses,  a  symphony,  2  pf. -trios ; 
his  highly  prized  compositions  for  violin  include 
the  6  concertos  (real  classics),  a  concertino,  8 
string-quartets ;  concertantes  f .  violin  and  pf  , 
and  f.  violin  and  flute  ;  violin-duets  ;  fantasias, 
rondos,  etc.,  f.  solo  vln.,  besides  a 'cello-con- 
certo, concertantes  f.  flute  and  pf  ;  etc. 

Mol'lenhauer,  three  brothers,  born  in  Erfurt : 
(r)  Friedrich  (iSiS),  violinist  and  comp  ;  (2) 
Heinrich  (1825),  fine  'cellist ,  and  (3)  Eduard 
(Apr.  12,  1827),  violinist,  1841  pupil  of  Ernst, 
1843  of  Spohr  ;  went  to  New  York  in  1853, 
establ.  a  violin-school  for  advanced  students, 
and  was  one  of  the  originators  of  the  "  Conser- 
vatory system  "  in  America. — Works  :  Opera 
The  Corsica n  Btide  (New  York,  1861) ;  comic 
operas  Bi  caket  $  $$ .  Y.,  1881)  and  The  Masked 
Ball ,  3  symphonies,  one  being  the  "  Passion"; 
string-quartets,  violin-pieces ;  songs. 

Moller  (or  Moller),  Joachim.    See  BURGK. 

Molloy,  James  Lyman,  b.  Cornolore,  King's 
County,  Ireland,  1837.  An  amateur  comp.  and 
writer,  \vhose  operettas  (Students*  Frolic,  My 
Aunts  Secret*  Very  Catching]*  numerous  songs, 
and  Irish  melodies  with  new  accompaniments, 
have  enjoyed  considerable  vogue. 

Momigny,  J6rome-Joseph  de,  b.  Philippe- 
ville,  Jan.  20,  1762  ;  d.  (?).  At  12,  org.  at 
St.-Omer,  later  at  Ste.-Colombe,  and  1785  at 
Lyons  ;  establ  a  music-business  in  Pans,  1 800 ; 
lived  later  in  Tours. — Comp.  string-quartets, 
string-trios,  pf. -sonatas,  vln. -sonatas,  an  opera, 
Arleqwn-Cendrillon*  cantatas,  etc.  Wrote 
"  Cours  complet  d'harmonie  et  de  composition 
d'apres  une  theorie  neuve"  (1806;  bases  the 
scales  on  the  overtone-series  up  to  13);  and 
other  books  supporting  his  theories. 


Momolet'to.    See  ALIJERTINI,  MICHAEL. 

Monaste'rio,  Gesti,  b  Potes,  Spain,  Alar 
21,  1836.  Distinguished  \iolmist;  debut  1845 
as  "infant  prodigy";  studied  Ihussels  Cons, 
1849-51,  under  de  Beriot ,  after  lonjj  and  bril- 
liant tours,  he  founded  the  Quartet  Soc  at  Ma- 
drid in  1861.  Influential  m  forming  ta&te  for 
classical  music  in  Spam  Court  \  iolinist ;  prof 
in,  and  (1894)  Director  of,  Madrid  Cons.,  suc- 
ceeding Arrieta.  Has  publ.  various  violin- 
pieces,  some  of  which  (eg.,  "Adieus  i  1'Al- 
hambra  ")  are  very  popular. 

Monbel'li,  Marie,  famous  stage-soprano  ;  b. 
Cadiz,  Feb  13,  1843  Pupil  of  Mme.  Eugenie 
Garcia  in  Paris  ;  from  1869,  prima  donna  at 
Covent  Garden,  London,  after  sensational  tours 
with  Ullmann. 

Mondonville,  Jean-Joseph  Cassanea  dc 

de  Mondonville  was  his  mile's  maiden  name], 
D.  Narbonne,  Dec.  25,  1711;  d.  Itelleville,  n. 
Paris,  Oct.  8,  1772.  A  \iolimst  in  the  Conceits 
spirituels,  Paris,  he  prod,  successful  motets,  and 
succeeded  Gervais  in  1744  as  Intendant  of  the 
"musique  de  la  chapelle"  at  Versailles  ;  1755- 
72,  cond.  of  the  Concerts  spirituels,  succeeding 
Royer. — Also  comp.  operas  and  oratorios 

Moniusz'ko,  Stanislaw,  b  Ubicl,  (Iovt.  of 
Minsk,  Lithuania,  May  5,  1813  ;  cl  Warsa\\, 
June  4,  1872.  Pu- 
pil of  the  organist 
A.  Freyer  in  War- 
saw, and  of  Run- 
genhagen  in  Berlin 
1837-^9,  earning 
his  living  there  as 
an  organist  and  mu- 
sic-teacher. Then 
settled  in  Wilna. 
His  career  as  a 
composer  began 
with  songs,  of 
which,  after  long 
waiting,  he  publ. 

6  books  in  Wilna ;  he  also  wrote  many 
with  accomp.  of  org.  or  orch.,  several  cantatas 
w.  orch.,  the  "  Ostrobramer  Litany  "  f.  ch.  and 
orch.,  and  other  church-music;  but  his  most 
famous  works  are  his  15  national  (Polish)  operas, 
written  in  melodious  and  graceful  style  (The 
Lottery,  Ideal  [1846],  The  New  Don  Quixote* 
Night-camp  in  the  Apennines*  Idylle*  Betly* 
The  Gypsies*  Halka*Jawnnta  [The  Paria],  The 
Raftsman*  Verbuw  nobile*  Rokitsehana*  The 
Countess*  The  Haunted  Castle*  Beata*  and  Tea 
[unfinished]).  In  1858  he  was  app.  Director  of 
the  Warsaw  Opera ;  later  prof,  at  the  Cons. — 
Biography  in  Polish  by  A.  Walicki  (Warsaw, 
1873). 

Monk,  Edwin  George,  b.  Frome,  Somerset- 
shire, Engl.,  Dec.  13,1819.  Organist  and  comp., 
pupil  of  G.  A.  Macfarren;  Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon., 
1848  ;  Mus.  Doc.,  1856.  1859-83,  Camidge's 
successor  as  organist  of  York  Minster. — Works: 


40Q 


MONK— MONTEVERDE 


Ode  to  the  Nativity  [Milton]  ,  ode  "The  Bard  " ; 
unison  sen  ice  in  A  ;  other  comp  s  ,  edited  "An- 
glican Chant  Book"  ;  "Anglican  Choral  Service 
Book  "  ;  "  Anglican  Hymn  Book  "  (with  Single- 
ton) ,  "  The  Psalter  and  Canticles  pointed  for 
chanting"  (with  Ouseley),  and  "Anglican 
Walter  Chants  "  (v\ilh  Ouseley) 

Monk,  William  Henry,  b  London, Mar  16, 
1823  ,  d.  Stoke  Newington,  London.  Mar.  18, 
1889.  Pupil  of  T.  Adams,  j.  A.  Hamilton,  and 
G  A  Gnesbach  Org,  in  various  London 
churches  ;  1847  choirmaster,  1849  organist,  and 
1874  prof,  of  vocal  music  in  King's  College, 
London  ;  prof,  of  music  at  the  School  for  the 
Indigent  Blind,  1851  ;  prof,  in  Nat  1  Training 
College,  1876  ,  in  Bedford  Coll.,  London,  1878; 
Mus  Doc.  hon  causa  (Durham),  1882.  He  ed- 
ited for  the  Church  of  Scotland  "  The  Book  of 
Psalms  in  Metre,"  "  Scottish  Hymnal,"  "The 
Psalter,"  and  "Book  of  Anthems";  was  the 
mus.  editor  of  "  Hymns,  Ancient  and  Modern," 
and  comp  many  popular  hymn-tunes  ("  Even- 
tide "),  also  anthems,  chants,  etc. ;  he  edited 
"The  Parish  Choir,"  and  lectured  in  London, 
Edinburgh,  etc. 

Monpou,  (Francois-Louis-)  Hippolyte,  b. 
Paris,  Jan.  12,  1804,  d.  Orleans,  Aug.  10,  1841. 
At  nine  a  choir-boy  in  Notre-Dame,  he  was  a 
pupil  of  Choron's  school  in  1817,  becoming  later 
accompanist  and  "  coach  "  in  the  institution  un- 
til 1830,  when  he  obtained  a  certain  vogue  as  a 
song-composer  and  writer  of  light  operas,  which 
his  defects  in  mus.  training  and  temperament 
.rendered  short-lived. 

Monsigny,  Pierre- Alexandre,  b.  Fauquem- 
bergue,  n.  St.-Omer,  Oct.  17,  1729;  d.  Paris, 
Jan.  14,  1817  Forced  at  an  early  age,  by  his 
father's  death,  to  support  his  family,  he  obtained 
a  clerkship  in  1740,  and  later  the  post  of  matlre 
d' hotel  to  the  Duke  of  Orleans ;  renouncing 
former  musical  studies  until,  in  1754,  a  perform- 
ance of  Pergolesi's  Serva  path  ona  so  fired  his 
imagination,  that  he,  after  a  five-months'  course 
of  harmony  under  Gianotti,  succeeded  in  scor- 
ing a  i-act  comic  opera,  Les  Aveiuc  indiscrets^ 
most  successfully  prod,  at  the  Th  de  la  Foire  in 
1759.  The  same  theatre  having  brought  out  in 
quick  succession  and  with  increasing  success  3 
more  operas  of  his,  Le  Mattre  en  droit  and  Le 
Cadi  ditpf  (1760),  and  On  ne  s'ni'ise  jamais  de 
tout  (1761),  the  Comedie  Italienne,  jealous  of  its 
rival's  good  fortune,  closed  it  by  exercise  of  a 
vested  privilege,  and  look  over  its  best  actors. 
M  thenceforward  wrote  exclusively  for  the 
Comedie  Italienne  :  Le  Roi  ct  le  fermier  (1762), 
Rose  et  Colas  (1764),  Aline,  retne  de  Golconde 
(1766),  Vile  sonnante  (i768),Z*  jPtfor&tf^^g), 
Le  Faucon  (1772),  La  belle  Arsene  (1773),  Le 
rendezvous  bien  employ^  (1774),  were  a  series  of 
triumphs  culminating  in  Ftttix,  on  renfajittrotwtf 
(1777).  Here  M.  stopped  abruptly  ;  either  fear- 
ful that  he  had  done  his  best,  or  (as  he  himself  . 
modestly  explained  it)  for  lack  of  ideas  If e  " 
lost  a  government  position,  and  the  stewardship 


of  the  Duke  of  Orleans'  estates,  in  the  Revolu- 
tion, but  the  Opera-Comique  allowed  him  a  pen- 
sion of  2400  francs,  and  he  \\  as»  made  Inspector 
of  Instruction  at  the  Cons  (resigning  in  1802). 
In  1813  he  was  elected  to  Gretry's  chair  in  the 
Academic  He  had  a  wonderful  gift  of  melody, 
and  rare  sensibility  in  dramatic  expression,  but 
his  theoretical  training  was  deficient ;  still,  he 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  creators  of  French 
comic  opera. — Biographies  by  Quatremere  de 
Quincy  (iSiS),  Alexandre  (1819),  and  He'douin 
(1820). 

Monte,  Filippo  de  [Philippe  de  Mons,  or 
Philippus  de  Morite],  b  Mons  (or  Malines), 
1521 ;  d  Vienna,  July  4,  1603.  Kapellmeister 
to  Emperor  Maximilian  II  ;  later  to  Rudolf  II. 
Celebrated  contrapuntist ,  works  still  extant  are 
masses  a  5-8  (1557),  mass  a  6,  Benedicta  es  (1580), 
masses  a  4-5  (1588),  6  books  of  motets,  a  5-6 
(1569-84),  2  of  motets  a  6  and  12  (1585,  '87),  19 
of  madrigals  a  5  (1561-88),  8  of  madrigals  a  6 
(1565-92),  canzonets  and  madrigals  a  7,  "La 
fiarametta"(i59S),  "  Madrigali  spiritual! "  a  5 
(1581),  and  French  chansons  and  "  Sonnets  de 
Pierre  de  Ronsard  "  (1576,  a  5-7).  Some  of  these 
are  also  in  collections  ;  a  few  others  are  found  in 
modern  works  (Hawkins*  "History  "  has  a  mad- 
rigal a  4;  Dehn's  "Sammlung"  and  Commer's 
"  Collectio,"  each  contains  a  motet). 

Monte"clair,  Michel  Pignolet  de,  b.  Chau- 
mont,  1666 ;  d. Saint-Dems,  n.  Paris,  Sept.,  1737. 
One  of  the  earliest  players  on  the  modern  double- 
bass,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Opera  orch.,  Paris, 
1707-37.  He  prod,  at  the  Opera  Les  Fttes  de 
/'<///,  ballet-opera  (1716),  and/^/j/t',  3-act  grand 
opera  (1732);  also  comp.  cantatas,  a  requiem 
(1736),  6  trios  (sonatas)  for  2  violins  and  bass, 
**  Brunettes  "  for  flute  and  \iolin,  flute-duos,  etc. 
— \Vrote  "  Methodepourapprendre  la  musique  " 
(1700;  revised  ed.s  1709,  1736),  and  a"Me'- 
thode  pour  apprendre  i  jouer  du  violon  "  (1720  ; 
a  pioneer  violin-method  ,  2nd  ed.  1736). 

Montever'de  [signed  his  name  Monte- 
verdi], Claudio  (Giovanni  Antonio),  b.  Cre- 
mona [bapt.  May  15],  1567 ;  d.  Venice,  Nov. 
29,  1643.  He  began  his  career  as  a  viola-player 
in  the  orch.  of  Duke  Gonzaga  of  Mantua,  and 
studied  counterpoint  under  the  Duke's  maestro^ 
Ingegneri.  His  first  published  works,  Canzo- 
nette  a  3  (1584)  and  5  books  of  madrigals  a  5 
(1587-99),  foreshadowed  his  course  as  a  com- 
poser ;  the  harmonic  progressions  show  a  strong 
feeling  for  modern  tonality,  and  the  dominant 
seventh  and  other  dissonances  enter  without 
preparation.  M.  was  one  of  the  reformers  at- 
tacked by  Artusi  in  the  pamphlet  "L'Artusi, 
owero  delle  imperfettioni  della  modema  musica  " 
(1600) ;  he  was,  indeed,  heartily  in  sympathy 
with  the  efforts  of  the  Florentines  Caccini  and 
Peri  to  establish  a  modern  musical  drama.  In 
1603,  he  succeeded  Ingegneri  as  maestro  to  the 
Duke,  and  wrote,  for  the  wedding  of  the  latter's 
son  with  Margherita  of  Savoy,  his  first  dramatic 
work,  OrftOi  received  with  unbounded  enthu- 


401 


MOORE— MORELLI 


siasm.     In   1608  he  set  to  music  Rinuccini's 
Ananna^  and   a  ballet,    Ballo   deUe   ingtate 
Meantime  he  had  not  only  continued  secular 
composition  in  the  smaller  forms  (Scherzi  musi- 
cah  a  tre  voci "  m  the  French  chanson-st}  le 
[1607]),  but  had  also  won  fame  as  a  sacred  com- 
poser (vespers  and  motets  were  publ  1610)  ,  and 
in  1613  was  elected  to  succeed  Martinengo  as 
maestro  di  cappella  at  San  Marco,  Venice,  at  a 
salary  of  300  ducats  (raised  to  500  in  1616),  and 
a  house,  besides  travelling  expenses      For  sev- 
eral years  his  duties  as  composer  for  the  church, 
and  "chorusmaster,  absorbed  his  attention ;  in 
1624    his    epico-dramatic   //  combattimenio  di 
Tancredi   e    Clorinda^    in    which    a    narrator 
(* 1  testo  ")  connects  the  dialogue,   was  brought 
out  at  the  palace  of  Senator  Mocenigo ;  in  1627 
he  wrote  5  dramatic  intermezzi  in  episodes  from 
"  Bradamante "  and  "Dido"  for  the  court  of 
Parma,  and  in  1630 an  opera,  Proserpine  rapita^ 
was  performed  at  the  wedding  of  Mocenigo's 
daughter.     In  1637  the  first  opera-house  was 
opened  at  Venice,  the  Teatro  di  S.  Cassiano, 
followed  by  a  dozen  more  within  sixty  years  ;  up 
to  this  time  operas  had  been  performed  at  the 
palaces   of  the  nobility.      M.    now  produced 
the    operas   Adonc    (Teatro    SS     Giovanni    e 
Paolo,  Venice,    1639),  Le  ^Yosse  di  Enea  con 
Lcminia    (ibid.,   1641),    //    ritorno    di   Ulisse 
in p wtria  (T.  S.  Cassiano,  1641),  and  Ulncorona- 
stone  di  Popped  (SS.  Giovanni  e  Paolo,  1642). 
His  dramatic  works  have  earned  for  M.  the  title 
of  l*  the  father  of  the  art  of  instrumentation"; 
he  enlarged  the  orchestra,  selected    and  com- 
bined with  skill  the  instruments  accompanying 
the  voices,  and  first  employed  the  tremolo  of 
strings  (Orpheus1  lament,  in  //  combaltimento  di 
Tancredo^  is  accomp.  by  bass  viols  tremolo) ; 
besides  this,  his  recitative  is  far  freer  and  more 
dramatic,   sometimes  expanding  to  an  arioso, 
and  of  a  sentiment  and  force  greatly  surpassing 
the  monotonous  first-fruits  of  the  stile  rappresen- 
tatiuo.     Orfeo  (publ.  1609),  and  Ulisse  (MS.  in 
the  Vienna  Library),  are  his  sole  extant  music- 
dramas;  the  former  was  republ.   1881  by  the 
*c  Gesellschaft  fur    Musikf orschung "  (vol.  x). 
3  more  books  of  madrigals  were  publ.;  Book  vi, 
a  5,  with  a  "dialogue*  a  7  (1614),    Book  vii, 
"  II  concerto,"  a  1-6,  and  some  songs  (1619), 
and  Book  viii,  "  Madrigali  guerrieri  ed  amorosi 
con  alcuni  opuscoli  in  genere  rappresentativo " 
(1638).    A  few  detached  madrigals  and  other 
numbers  have  been  reprinted  m  modern  works. 
Besides  the  vespers  and  motets  (1610),  a  mass 
a  6,  masses  a  4,  psalms  a  1-8,  with  litanies  to 
the  Virgin  (1650),  and  "Selva  morale  e  spiritu- 
ale"  (a  collection  of  masses,   psalms,  hymns, 
Magnificats,   motets,   Salves,  and  a  Lamento 
from  Arianna;  in  MS.  in  the  Vienna  Library), 
have  been  preserved. 

Moore,  Thomas,  the  famous  poet,  was  born 
in  Dublin,  May  28,  1779  "»  dieci  Sloperton  Cot- 
tage, near  Devizes,  Feb.  25,  1852.  He  had  no 
regular  musical  training,  but  picked  up  an  ama- 


teurish knowledge  of  piano-playing  with  the 
aid  of  the  organist,  William  Warren,  and  pos- 
sessed a  naturally  pleasing  voice.  lie  set  to 
music  many  of  his  125  Irish  songs;  and  sang 
them  uith  great  effect  to  his  own  accompani- 
ment, m  the  home-circle  Some  of  his  original 
melodies  are  *'Love  thee,  dearest,"  "When 
'midst  the  gay,"  "One  dear  smile,"  and  "The 
Canadian  JJoat-song."  He  also  composed  short 
concerted  vocal  pieces;  the  terzetto  "O  lady 
fair,"  and  the  3-part  glee  "  The  Watchman," 
won  wide  popularity. 

Morales,  Cristofano  [Cristofero],  a  na- 
tive of  Sevilla,  entered  the  Papal  chapel  about 
1540  Compositions  by  this  eminent  Spanish 
contrapuntist  are  still  sung  at  Rome.  Modern 
reprints  of  motets  and  parts  of  masses,  etc.,  are 
in  coll.s  by  Eslava,  Choron,  Martini,  Pro&ke,  and 
Rochlitz  ;  2  books  of  masses  (Book  i  at  Paris, 
n.d.,  2nd  ed.  1546  ;  Book  ii  1544,  oft  republ.), 
Magnificats  a  4  (1541,  etc),  motets  a  4  (2 
books,  1543,  '46),  motets  a  5(i543),  and  Lamen- 
tations  a  4-6  (1564),  appeared  during  his  life- 
time. 

Mo'ralt,  Joseph,  the  eldest  in  a  famous  Mu- 
nich quartet-party  of  brothers,  and  1st  violin  ; 
b.  Schwetzingen,  n.  Mannheim,  Aug.  5,  1775  ; 
d.  1828  at  Munich  as  orchestral  leader , — Jo- 
hann  Baptist,  the  2nd  violin  ;  b.  Mannheim, 
Tan.  10,  1777  ;  d.  Munich,  Oct.  7,  1825  ;  also 
comp.  symphonies,  quartets,  and  concertantes 
and  duos  f.  violin; — Philipp,  the  'cellist,  b. 
Munich,  1780 ;  d.  there  1829  ; — and  Georg,  the 
tenor,  b.  Munich,  1781 ;  d.  there  1818. 

Mo'ran-Orden,  Fanny,  distinguished  dra- 
matic soprano ;  b.  Oldenburg,  Sept.  28,  1855. 
Taught  by  Haas  at  Hanover,  and  Anguste 
Gotze  at  Dresden,  she  marie  her  debut  as 
"Fanny  Olden"  (her  real  name  was  Tappen- 
horn)  at  a  Gewandhaus  concert  in  1877  \  sang 
the  r61e  of  Norma  at  Dresden  a  few  months 
later,  and  was  eng.  as  leading  soprano  at  Frank- 
fort in  the  autumn  of  1878.  From  1884  she 
sang  in  opera  at  Leipzig  (City  Th.).  Sang  in 
New  York  in  1888-9.  Twice  married :  in  1879 
to  the  tenor  Karl  Moran,  and  in  1897  to  Herr 
Bertram,  court  singer  at  Munich. 

More,  FeUicite.    See  PRADHER. 

Morel,  Auguste-Fran^pis,  self-taught  dra- 
matic composer;  b.  Marseilles,  Nov.  26,  1809; 
d  Paris,  Apr.  22,  1881.  From  1836-50  in 
Paris  as  a  song-composer  and  writer  ;  also  set 
to  music  Autran's  La  file  d'Eschyle  (1848),  and 
a  ballet,  rjltnle  du  w<in/*(i85o);  then  returned 
to  Marseilles,  becoming  director  of  the  Cons, 
there  in  1852.  Prod,  a  grand  opera,  Le  Jttge- 
went  de  Dieu  (Grand  Th.,  1860) ;  wrote  much 
fine  chamber-music  (a  string-quintet,  5  string- 
quartets,  and  a  pf  .-trio),  for  which  he  twice  won 
the  Prix  Chartier ;  also  2  symphonies,  over- 
tures,  cantatas,  etc. 

Morel'U,  Giacomo,  b.  Venice,  Apr.  14, 1745  J 
d.  there  May  5, 1819.  Librarian  at  San  Marco, 


402 


MORELOT— MORNJNGTON 


and  the  discoverer  of  the  fragments  of  Ans- 
toxenos1  "Art  of  Rhythm,"  which  he  publ.  in 
1785- 

Morelot,  Stephen,  b.  Dijon,  Jan.  12,  1820  ; 
Dean  of  the  Faculty  of  Jurisprudence  there,  and 
a  connoisseur  of  sacred  music.  Co-editor  from 
1845  of  Danjou's  "  Revue  de  la  musique  reh- 
gieuse,  populaire  et  classique",  sent  to  Italy  m 
1847  by  the  Ministry  of  Pub.  Instruction  to 
study  church-music  and  sacred  song.  Publ. 
numerous  essays,  among  them  "  De  la  musique 
au  XVe  siecle  ..."  (1856 ;  pp.  28,  and  24 
music-pages  containing  several  motets  and  chan- 
sons by  Dunstable,  Ilaynes,  and  Binchois  in 
modern  notation),  "  Elements  de  1'harmonie  ap- 
pliques a  l'accompagnement  du  plain-chant, 
d'apres  les  traditions  des  anciennes  e*coles  "  (1861 ; 
pp.  196  ;  an  excellent  work).  His  **  Manuel  de 
Psalmodie  en  faux-bourdons  a  4  voix  ..." 
(1855)  is  an  ingenious  attempt  to  revive  the 
ancient  style  of  harmonization 

Moret'ti,  Giovanni,  b.  Naples,  1807;  d. 
Ceglie,  n.  Naples,  Oct.,  1884  Pupil  of  Casella, 
Furno,  Tritto,  Zmgarelli,  etc.,  at  Naples  Cons.; 
was  leader  at  several  theatres,  and  m.  di  capp. 
at  the  San  Carlo  From  1829-57  he  wrote  22 
operas  ;  also  comp.  12  masses,  a  Requiem,  lita- 
nies, and  other  church-music. 

Morgan,  George  Washbourne,  b.  Glouces- 
ter, Engl.,  Apr.  9,  1822  ;  d.  Tacoma,  Washing- 
ton, in  July,  1892.  Sang  in  the  Philh.  Glouces- 
ter chorus,  1834  ;  articled  to  John  Amott ;  org. 
in  several  churches,  and  cond.  of  the  Gloucester 
Philh.  about  1845  ;  went  to  New  York  in  1853  ; 
org.  at  St.  Thomas's  (1854-5),  Grace  Ch.  (1855- 
68),  St.  Ann's  R.  C.  Ch.  (1868-9),  St.  Stephen's 
R.  C.  Ch.  (1869-70),  Brooklyn  Tabernacle  (1870- 
82),  and  the  Dutch  Ref.  Ch.  at  Madison  Av. 
and  29th  St.  (r 886- 8). —Works  :  A  Morning  Ser- 
vice, and  anthem  f .  quartet,  ch.  and  orch. ;  bal- 
lads and  songs  ;  organ-  and  pf. -music. 

Morgan,  John  Paul,  b.  Oberlin,  Ohio,  Feb. 

13,  1841  ;  d.  Oakland,  Cal.,  in  Jan.,  1879.    Tal- 
ented organist,  for  many  years  in  New  York. 
Composed  church-music,  chamber-music,  organ- 
pieces,  songs.     Made  the  best  English  transla- 
tion of  Richter's  "  Manual  of  Harmony"  (New 
York,  1867). 

Morja.     Pen-name  of  MORIZ  JAFFE. 

Morlac/chi,   Francesco,  b.  Perugia,  June 

14,  1784 ;  d.  Innsbruck,  Oct.  28,  1841.     Pupil 
of  Mazzetti  and  Caruso  in  Perugia,  of  Zingarelli 
at  Loreto,  and  of  Padre  Martini  at  Bologna, 
where  he  received   the   diploma  pf   "maestro 
coinpositore "  from   the   Liceo   Filarmonico  in 
1805      Besides  a  coronation-cantata  for  Napo- 
leon (as  King  of  Italy),  he  prod,  a  Te  Deum,  a 
Miserere  a  16,  a  Pater  noster,  a  cantata,  and 
other  church-music.     1 1  is  dramatic  firstling  was 
a  farce,   //  Simoncino  (Parma,  1803) ;  an  ope- 
retta, //  Pofta  spiantatQ)  o  il  Potta  in  eanifagtia, 
(Florence,  1807),  and  a  comic 


ossia  la  Forza  deli 'astt azione  (Verona,  1807), 
aided  his  gro\\mg  reputation;  7  more  \\ere 
prod,  up  to  1810,  when  he  \\as  eng  as  A'a- 
pellm  for  the  Italian  Opera  at  Dresden,  his 
tenure  for  life  being  confirmed  in  1811.  Here, 
according  to  Chilesotti  in  "  I  nostri  maestri  del 
passato,"  M.  formed  a  classic  style  blending 
Italian  vivacity  with  German  philosophical  pro- 
fundity ;  he  brought  out  II  more  operas  in 
Dresden  and  Italy,  and  wrote  much  sacred  mu- 
sic Requiem  for  the  King  of  Saxony,  10  grand 
masses  \v.  orch.,  a  Passion-oratorio* (1812),  the 
oratorios  Isatco  (1817)  and  La  morte  di  Ahele 
(1821),  cantatas,  hymns,  etc.;  besides  organ- 
pieces  and  songs. 

Morley,  Thomas,  English  contrapuntist ; 
b.  about  1557  ,  d.  1604.  A  pupil  of  Byrd  ; 
Mus.  Bac.,  Oxford,  1588  ;  Gentleman  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  1592,  also  Epistler  and  Gospel- 
ler.— Publ.  compositions:  " Canzonets,  or  Lit- 
tle Short  Songs  to  three  voyces  "  (1593) ;  "  Mad- 
ri galls  to  foure  Yoyces"  (1594);  "  The  First 
Booke  of  Ballets  to  five  voyces"  (1595  ;  re- 
printed 1842  in  score  by  the  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.) ; 
* '  The  First  Booke  of  Canzonets  to  Two  Yoyces  " 
(1595);  "Canzonets,  or  Little  Short  Aers  to 
live  and  sixe  voices  "  (1597) ;  **  The  First  Booke 
of  Aires  or  Little  Short  Songes  to  sing  and  play 
to  the  Lute  with  the  Base-Yiol "  (1600 ;  con- 
tains the  song  "  It  was  a  lover  and  his  lass" 
from  As  you  like  zV,  reprinted  in  Knight's 
"  Shakspere,"  and  Chappell's  "Popular  Music 
of  the  Olden  Time"). — M.'s  works  are  unu- 
sually melodious  for  the  period,  and  many  of 
the  madrigals  and  ballets  are  still  popular  ;  the 
canzonets  a  3-4,  and  madrigals,  were  publ.  in 
modern  score  by  Holland  and  Cooke  ;  5  sets  of 
harpsichord-lessons  are  in  "  Queen  Elizabeth's 
Virginal  Book";  services  and  anthems  are  in 
Barnard's  and  Boyce's  coll.s. — M.  edited  "  Can- 
zonets or  Little  Short  Songs  to  Foure  Voyces, 
selected  out  of  the  best  approved  Italian  au- 
thors" (1598);  "Madrigals  to  five  voyces, 
[ditto]"  (1598);  and  "The  Triumphes  of  Ori- 
ana,  to  five  and  sixe  voyces,  composed  by  divers 
several  authors  "  (1601 ;  reprinted  in  score  by 
Wm.  Hawes). — He  wrote  the  first  regular  trea- 
tise on  music  publ.  in  England:  "A  Plaine 
and  Easie  Introduction  to  Practicall  Musicke 
.  ,  ."  (1597  ;  an  excellent  work ;  publ.  in  Ger- 
man as  "Musica  practica");  and  edited  the 
curious  treatise,  "  The  First  Booke  of  Consort 
Lessons,  made  by  divers  exquisite  Authors  for 
sixe  Instruments  to  play  together,  viz.  the 
Treble  Lute,  the  Pandora,  the  Citterne,  the 
Base  Violl,  the  Flute,  and  the  Treble  Violl " 
(1599;  rev.  ed.  1611). 

Mornington,  Garret  Colley  Wellesley, 
Earl  of  ;  the  father  of  Wellington  ;  b.  Dangan, 
Ireland,  July  19,  1735  ;  d  May  22,  1781.  He 
excelled  as  a  glee-composer.  In  1776  and  '77 
the  Catch  Club  awarded  him  prizes  for  catches  ; 
and  in  1779  for  the  glee  "  Here  in  a  cool  grot." 
Sir  II.  R.  Bishop  edited  a  complete  coll.  of  his 


403 


MORSE— MOSCHELES 


glees  and  madrigals  (1846).  lie  \\as  Mus. 
Doc.,  Dublin,  and  prof.  1764-74  at  Dublin 
Univ. 

Morse,  Charles  Henry,  b.  Bradford,  Mass., 
Jan.  5,  1853.  Graduate  (a)  of  the  New  Engl. 
Cons.,  Boston,  1873,  under  J.  C.  D.  Parker 
(pf.),  S.  A.  Emery  (harm  ),  and  Geo.  E  Whit- 
ing (org ) ;  (b)  of  the  Boston  Univ.  College  of 
Music,  1876,  under  Parker,  J.  K.  Paine,  and 
"Whiting.  Then  st.  pf.  I  3*ear  with  Perabo,  and 
3  years  w.  Baermann.  Mus  Bac. ,  Boston  Univ. , 
1879.  Teacher  of  pf.  and  org.  at  N.  E.  Cons., 
1873-8  ;  Mus.  Dir.  at  Wellesley  College,  1875- 
84 ;  founder  and  director  of  the  Northwestern 
Cons,  of  Music,  Minneapolis,  1885-91  ,  since 
1891,  org.  and  choirmaster  at  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn.  Pres.  of  N.  Y.  State  M.  T.  A., 
1874-6 ;  Pres.  of  Alumni,  and  Trustee,  of  N. 
E  Cons.;  co-founder,  and  first  "  Sub- Warden," 
of  A.  G.  0.  Excellent  organist  and  chorus- 
cond.;  teacher  of  organ-playing  and  voice- 
building. — Publ.  a  Choral  Song,  Agnus  Dei, 
anthems,  Christmas  Carols  ;  many  arr.s  f .  org. , 
and  several  valuable  compilations  ("  The  Con- 
temporary Organist,"  "A  March-Album," 
"  The  Church-Organist,"  "  The  Junior  Church- 
Organist")- 

Mortier  de  Fontaine,  Henri-Louis-Sta- 
nislas,  pianist ;  b.  May  13,  1816,  Wismewiec, 
Volhynia,  Russia  ;  d.  Balham,  London,  May  10, 
1883.  Debut  Danzig,  1832 ;  1833  in  Pans  ; 
1837,  Italy  ;  1842,  again  in  Paris,  going  to  Rus- 
sia in  1850,  and  settling  in  St.  Petersburg  1853- 
60  as  a  teacher ;  taught  iS6o-8  in  Munich  ; 
travelled  ;  and  spent  his  last  years  in  London. 
Noted  as  the  first  to  play  in  public  one  of  the  5 
last  Beethoven  sonatas  (op.  106). 

Mortimer,  Peter,  a  Moravian  brother;  b. 
Putenham,  Surrey,  Dec.  5,  1750 ;  d.  Dresden, 
Jan.  8,  1828.  Wrote  a  valuable  treatise  on  the 
old  church-modes,  "  Der  Choralgesang  zur  Zeit 
der  Reformation  "  (1821). 

Mosca,  Giuseppe,  b.  Naples,  1772;  d. 
Messina,  Sept.  14,  1839.  Pupil  of  Fenaroli , 
accompanist  at  the  Th.  Italien,  Paris,  1803-9 ; 
///.  di  capp.  at  Palermo  Th.,  1817-21 ;  mus.  dir. 
of  Messina  Th.,  from  1823.  Very  prolific 
opera-composer;  44  operas  (comic  or  senous), 
and  2  ballets,  were  prod,  on  leading  Italian 
stages. — His  brother, 

Mosca,  Luigi,  b.  Naples,  1775  ;  d.  there 
Nov.  30,  1824-  Likewise  a  pupil  of  Fenaroli, 
and  a  dramatic  comp.,  having  prod.  16  operas. 
He  was  maestro  al  cembalo  at  the  San  Carlo  Th., 
and  later  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Cons,  di  San 
Sebastiano.  Also  comp.  an  oratorio,  Joas,  a 
festival  mass,  etc 

Mo'scheles  [mS'-shS-less],  Ignaz,  eminent 
pianist,  pedagogue,  and  composer ;  b.  Prague, 
May  30,  1794  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  10,  1870.  His 
father  was  a  Jewish  merchant.  From  1804  he 
was  trained  by  Dionys  Weber  at  the  Prague 
Cons.,  and  at  14  played  publicly  a  concerto  of 


his  own  composition.  On  his  father's  death, 
shortly  after,hc  went  to  Vienna  to  study  under  Al- 
brechtsberger  (cpt ) 
and  Sahen  (comp.), 
earning  his  Ining  as 
a  pianist  and  teacher. 
His  conspicuous  tal- 
ents won  him  access 
to  the  best  circles  ; 
he  prepared  the  pf.- 
score  of  P»eethoven's 
Fideho  under  the 
composer's  supervis-  ' 
ion,  and  entered  into 
friendly  rivalry  \\  ith 
Meyerbeer,  then  a 
brilliant  pianist,  and 
Hummel.  On  tours 
to  Munich,  Dresden  and  Leipzig  (1816),  and  to 
Pans  (1820),  his  remarkable  playing  was  much 
applauded  ;  he  was  the  pioneer  in  developing 
the  various  modifications  of  tone  by  touch,  after- 
wards exploited  by  Liszt  and  his  following  of  the 
"orchestral"  school.  In  1821  M.  settled  in 
London  ;  though  he  made  fiequent  tiips  to  the 
Continent,  and  gave  MendeLssohn  piano-lessons 
at  Berlin  in  1824.  He  had  increasing  success  in 
London  both  as  a  teacher  and  compoj-er,  and  his 
concerts  were  thronged.  His  friendship  with 
Mendelssohn  was  cemented  by  the  latter's  re- 
peated visits  to  London ;  and  in  1846  he  was 
persuaded  to  join  Mendelssohn's  staff  ol  teachers 
in  the  newly  founded  Leipzig  Consenatonum. 
Here  he  contributed  in  no  small  measure  to  the 
fame  of  the  institution,  and  trained  a  host  of 
pupils  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe.  He  was 
noted  for  his  sympathetic  interpretation  of  com- 
positions of  the  most  various  schools,  and  for 
fine  flights  of  free  improvisation  ;  his  playing  was 
energetic,  brilliant,  and  strongly  rhythmical — 
features  equally  characteristic  of  his  composi- 
tions, in  which  a  sustained  loftiness  of  st>  le  is 
blended  with  no  mean  emotional  power. — 
Works  (142  opus-numbers ;  those  up  to  op.  So 
appeared  before  1830)  •  8  pf, -concertos :  —  No. 
i,  op.  45  ;  No.  2,  op.  56  in  E|?  ;  No.  3,  op.  60 
in  G  min.;  No.  4,  op.  64 ;  No  5,  op.  87  m  C ; 
No.  6,  op  90  in  Up  ("  fantastique  ") ;  No.  7, 
op.  93  ("  pathetique  ") ;  No.  8,  op.  96  ("pas- 
toral ") ;  Nos.  3,  5,  and  6,  are  favorites  ; — also 
f.  pf.  and  orch.,  Marche  d'Alexandre,  op.  32; 
Souvenirs  d'Irlande,  op.  62 ;  Ankla'nge  aus 
Schottland,  op.  75  ;  Sou  venire  de  I  >anemark, 
op.  72  ; — f.  pf.  w.  other  instr  s,  Grand  septuor 
(pf.,  vln.,  via.,  clar.,  horn,  'cello,  d.-bass),  op. 
88  ;  Grand  sextuor  (pf ,  vln.,  flute,  2  horns, 
'cello),  op.  35  ;  Var.s  on  an  Austrian  melody 
(pf.,  2  vln.s,  via.,  'cello,  d.-bass),  op.  42;  pf.- 
trio,  op.  84 ;  duos  w.  violin,  w.  horn,  and  w. 
guitar;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  121 ;  etc. — 
f.  2  pf.s,  Hommage  a  Handel,  op.  92  (very  ef- 
fective) ;  Duo  concertant  on  Prechsa^  op.  87b ; 
Les  Conlrastes,  op.  115  (2  pf.s,  8  bands) ; — f. 
pf.  4  hands,  Sonata  in  E|j,  op.  47,  and  Senate 
symphonique  in  B  min.,  op.  112 ; — f.  pf.  solo, 


404 


MOSEL— MOSZKOWSKI 


Senate  caractt'ristique,  op.  27  ,  Senate  melanco- 
liquc,  op.  4Q  ,  Allegro  di  bravura,  op.  51  ,  La 
Tenere/.zj.  (rondu),  op.  52 ,  Les  Charmus  de 
Paris,  op.  54  ;  also  excellent  studies  (24  Charac- 
teristic St.,  op.  70  ;  12  ditto,  op  95  ;  54  fitudes 
de  concert,  op.^in  ;  "I'Ambition,"  and  "  1'En- 
jouement "  [2  etudes] ;  etc  )  — His  wife,  Char- 
lotte M.,  H&  Embden,  (d.  Detraold,  Dec.  13, 
1889,)  wrote  "Aus  Moscheles'  Leben.  Nach 
Briefen  und  Tagebuchern  herausgegeben  " 
(1872 ;  2  vol.s ,  Engl.  transl.  by  Coleridge). 
His  correspondence  with  Mendelssohn  was 
publ.  iSSS  (Ger.  and  Engl.). 

Mo'sel,  Ignaz  Franz,  Edler  von,  b.  Vienna, 
Apr.  I,  1772  ;  d.  there  Apr.  8,  1844.  Composer 
(operas,  overtures,  etc.),  conductor,  vice-director 
of  the  court  theatres  (1820),  and  from  1829  cus- 
todian of  the  Imperial  Library  — Wrote  "  Ver- 
such  emer  Aesthetik  des  dramatischen  Tonsaztes" 
(1813) ;  "  Ueber  das  Leben  und  die  Werke  des 
Antonio  Salieri  "  (1827)  ,  "  Ueber  die  Original- 
partitur  des  Requiems  von  W.  A.  Mozart" 
(1829)  ,  "  GeschichtederHofbibliothek''(iS35); 
and  'k  Die  Tonkunst  in  Wien  wahrend  der  letzten 
funf  Decennien"  (1818,  in  the  Vienna  "  Allgem. 
musikal.  Zeitung  "  ,  separate  reprint  1840). 

Mo'senthal,  Joseph,  b.  Kassel,  Nov.  30, 
1834  ;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  6,  1896  Pupil  of  his 
father  and  Spohr  ;  for  4  years  leader  of  2nd  violins 
in  the  court  orch.  cond.  by  Spohr.  Went  to 
America  1853  ;  became  organist  and  choirmaster 
in  Calvary  Ch.,  New  York,  in  1860,  resigning 
in  1887.  From  1867  to  the  day  of  his  death,  he 
was  cond  of  the  N.  Y  Mendelssohn  Glee  Club  ; 
played  for  forty  years  with  the  first  violins  in  the 
Philharm.  Orch.,  and  was  2nd  violin  in  the 
Mason  and  Thomas  Quartet  during  the  12  years 
of  its  existence. — Publ.  works  :  Anthems,  hymns, 
etc.,  for  the  Episcopal  church  ;  part-songs  f. 
malech.  ("  Thanatopsis,"  "  Blest  pair  of  Sirens," 
"  Music  of  the  Sea,"  etc.) ;  ''Sunday  Lyrics" 
(6  songs) ;  psalm  "  The  earth  is  the  Lord's  "  ; 
numerous  songs. 

Mo'ser,  Karl,  violinist ;  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  24, 
1774  ;  d.  there  Jan.  27,  1851.  Pupil  of  Bottcher 
and  Haacke.  Joined  the  royal  orch.;  then 
travelled  for  several  years,  and  rejoined  it  in 
1811.  Received  the  title  of  "  Royal  A'aftHm." 
His  son  August,  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  20,  1825,  died 
while  touring  America  in  1859  J  ne  publ.  a  few 
violin-pieces. 

Mose'wius,  Johann  Theodor,  b.  Konigs- 
berg,  Sept.  25,  1788  ;  d.  Schaffhausen,  Sept.  15, 
1858.  Opera-singer  in  Konigsberg  and  Breslau  ; 
in  1829,  Univ.  Mus.  Dir.  in  Breslau,  and  1831 
Dir.  of  the  Acad.  Inst.  for  Church-music.  By 
establishing  the  Singa&ademie{i%*$i  and  giving 
masterly  performances  of  the  finest  classical 
works  from  Bach  to  Beethoven,  he  exercised  a 
mighty  influence  on  the  musical  life  of  Breslau. 
— Publ.  "  J.  S.  Bach  in  seinen  Kirchencantaten 
und  Choralgesangen  "  (1845),  and  "  J.  S.  Bachs 
Matthauspassion  "  (1852). 


Moson'yi,  (real  name  Michael  Brandt,)  b. 
Boldog-Aszony,  Hungary,  Sept  31,  1814,  d. 
1'esth,  Oct  31,  1870.  At  first  a  piano-teacher, 
and,  as  a  composer,  a  disciple  of  the  classic 
school,  he  became  enamoured  of  the  national 
music.  Liszt  (who  later  regarded  him  as  the 
noblest  representative  of  Hungarian  music)  pro- 
posed in  1857  to  bring  out  M.'s  German  opera 
Maximilian,  but  ventured  to  suggest  some 
changes,  whereupon  the  composer  threw  the 
MS.  into  the  fire  From  1842  he  lived  in  Festh  ; 
the  transformation  of  his  style  took  place  about 
1860,  and  in  1861  he  prod,  an  Hungarian  opera, 
Szep  Ilonka ;  a  second,  Almos^  was  not  perf. 
His  other  works  are  a  funeral  symphony  for 
Count  Szechenyi ;  a  symphonic  poem,  *'  Triumph 
and  Mourning  of  the  lionved  "  ;  an  overture  with 
the  national  song  "  Szozat "  ;  piano-pieces 
(''Studies  for  the  improvement  of  Hungarian 
music "  ;  "Childhood's  Realm") ;  etc. 

Mosz'kva,  Prince  of  the  [Joseph  Napoleon 
Ney,  eldest  son  of  Marshal  Ney]  ;  b.  Paris, 
May  8,  1803  ;  d.  St  -Germain-en- Laye,  July  25, 
1857.  A  senator,  and  Brigadier-Gen,  under 
Napoleon  III.,  he  was  a  thorough  and  talented 
musician.  In  1843  he  establ.  the  "  Soc.  de 
musique  vocale,  religieuse  et  classique"  (for 
prod  works  of  the  i6th-i7th  centuries),  himself 
conducting  the  concerts  in  his  palace ;  the 
society  publ.  II  vol.s  of  these  works  lie 
brought  out  2  successful  operas  at  the  Opera- 
Corn  ique,  Le  Cent-suisse  11840),  and  Yvonne 
(1855) ;  also  prod,  a  solemn  orch.l  mass  in  1831. 

Moszkow'ski  [-kov-],  Moritz,  concert- 
pianist  and  composer ,  b.  IJreslau,  Aug.  23, 
1854.  His  father,  a 
Polish  gentleman  of 
independent  means, 
early  recognized  his 
son's  mus.  talent.  M. 
was  trained  at  home, 
in  the  Dresden  Cons., 
and  at  the  Conserva- 
tories of  Stern  and 
Kullak  in  Berlin,  in  , 
which  latter  he  taught  i 
for  several  years.  His 
first  public  concert,  at 
Berlin,  1873,  was 
highly  successful,  and, 
followed  by  tours  to 
other  German  cities, 
and  to  Warsaw  and  P*ms,  establ.  his  fame  as  a 
pianist.  Until  1897,  M.  made  Berlin  his  head- 
quarters ;  he  then  removed  to  Paris. — As  a  com- 
poser he  is  most  widely  known  by  his  elegant 
and  dainty  jrt/0«-music  for  piano  ;  the  "  Spanish 
Dances  "  brought  his  pieces  into  vogue,  and  the 
concert-studies,  concert- waltzes,  gavottes,  "Skiz- 
zen,"  a  Tarantella,  a  Humoresque,  etc.,  have 
also  won  favor  among  pianists.  In  larger  forms 
he  has  successfully  produced  an  opera,  JBoabdil, 
der  Maurenkonig  (Berlin,  1892),  the  music  to 
Grabbers  Don  Juan  and  Faust  (1896),  a  sym- 


405 


— A1U/,AK  1 


phonic  poem  "  Jeanne  d'Arc,"  a  "  Phantastischer 
Zug  "  f.  nrch.,  2  orch.l  suites,  and  a  \iolm-con- 
certo.  About  60  opus-numbers  ha\e  appeared 

Moszkow'ski,  Alexander,  brother  of  Mo- 
ritz;  b.  Pilica,  Poland,  Jan.  15,  1851.  Living 
in  Berlin  as  mus  critic  for  the  "  Deutsches  Mon- 
tagsblatt"  and  joint-editor  of  the  "Berliner 
"Wespen."  Has  publ.  the  humorous  booklets 
"Anton  Notenquetschers  Neue  Humoresken" 
(1893),  and  "Anton  Notenquetschers  heitere 
Dichtungen  "  (1894). 

Mottl,  Felix,  born  at  Unter-St.  Veit,  near 
Vienna,  Aug.  24  [correct  date],  1856.  His  fine 
boy-soprano  voice  gained  him  admission  to  the 
Lowenberg  "Konvikt",  he  studied  thereof ter  at 
the  Vienna  Cons,  under  Hellmesberger  (con- 
ducting), Dessoff  (comp.),  Bruckner  (theory), 
and  Scheuer  and  Door  (pf  ),  graduating  with 
high  honors.  He  cond  the  Academical  Wag- 
nerzvrein  for  some  time,  and  in  1880  [correct 
date]  succeeded  Dessoff  as  court  Kafellm.  at 
Karlsruhe,  where  he  also  cond.  the  Philharxn. 
Concerts  until  1892 ;  in  1893  the  Grand  Duke 
app.  him  General  Musical  Director  In  1886 
he  acted  as  conductor-in-chief  at  Bayreuth,  and 
his  distinguished  success  in  that  capacity  won 
the  flattering  offer  of  an  appointment  as  court 
Kapellm.  of  the  Berlin  Opera,  which  he  de- 
clined. In  1898  he  was  also  obliged  to  decline 
a  similar  call  to  Munich.  As  a  "  travelling  con- 
ductor" M.  has  given  successful  concerts  in 
London  (1893,  '94)  and  Paris.  In  1892  he  mar- 
ried Henriette  Standhartner,  "  k.  k.  Hofopern- 
sangerin  "  in  Vienna,  now  Grand  Ducal  u  Kam- 
mer-  und  Hofopernsangerin "  at  Karlsruhe. — 
His  operas,  Agnes  Ber  natter  (Weimar,  iSSo), 
and  the  i-act  Fttrst  und  Sanger  (Karlsruhe, 
1893),  were  well  received ;  he  has  also  prod. 
a  "  Festspiel,"  Eberstfin  (Karlsruhe,  iSSi), 
songs,  etc.  In  1890  he  brought  out  Berlioz's 
Les  Troy  ens  (Parts  I  and  II ;  Karlsruhe).  M. 
is  one  of  the  most  enterprising  and  energetic 
among  contemporary  baton-wielders. 

Mount-Edgcumbe,  Richard,  Earl  of,  Eng- 
lish amateur  composer ;  b.  Sept.  13,  1764 ;  d. 
Richmond,  Surrey,  Sept.  26,  1839.  Prod,  an 
opera,  Zenobia^  at  the  King's  Th.,  London, 
1 800.  Wrote  "  Mus.  Reminiscences  of  an  Ama- 
teur ..."  chiefly  on  Ital.  opera  from  1773- 
1823  (London,  1823  ;  4th  ed.  1834). 

Mouret,  Jean-Joseph,  b.  Avignon,  1682 ;  d. 
in  Charenton  insane  asylum,  Dec.  12,  1738. 
Cond.  of  the  Concerts  spirituels,  and  comp.  to 
the  Come'die  Italienne.  He  prod,  ephemeral 
operas  and  ballets. 

Moussorgsky.    See  MUSSORGSKI. 

Mouton,  (Jean  de  Hollingne,  called  Mou- 
ton,)  important  contrapuntist ;  b.  Holling  (?),  n. 
Metz ;  d.  St.-Quentm,  Oct.  30,  1522.  A  pupil 
and  follower  of  Josquin  ;  chapel-singer  to  Louis 
XII.  and  Francis  I.;  canon  at  The'rouanne  and 
St.-Quentin.  He  was  Willaert's  teacher.— Ex- 


tant comp  s  .  Nine  masses  •  5  printed  by  Pe- 
trucci  (1508  ,  2nd  ed.  1515),  2  "sine  nomine," 
"Alleluia,"  "Alma  redcmptons,"and  "  Kegina 
mearum";  this  last  also  m  Attaignant's  coll. 
(1532)  as  "  Mi&sa  d'Allemaigne,"  with  another, 
"  Tu  es  potentia";  "Alma  redemploris,"  and 
one  of  the  above  unnamed  masses  as  "Dites 
moy  touttes  vos  pensees,"  are  in  Antiquis'  "XV 
Missae"(i5i6),  and  J.  Moderne  printed  "Quern 
dicunt  homines"  in  his  "Liber  X  missarum " 
(1540) ;  finally  2  in  MS.,  "  Missa  de  sanctatrim- 
tate"  (Ambras  Coll.,  Vienna),  and  "M.  sine 
cadentia"  (Cambrai).  (MSS.  of  most  of  these 
are  m  the  Munich  Library.) — Many  motets  Pe- 
trucci  printed  21  in  the  "  Mottetti  della  corona" 
(1514-19) ;  Le  Roy  and  Dallard  printed  22  in 
1555  ,  some  are  in  Books  vii-xi  of  Atlaigmmt's 
collection  (1534),  also  in  his  "XII  Motetz" 
(1529),  and  in  Ott's  "Novem  et  insigne  opus" 
(1537) ;  etc.  Montan-Neuber  printed  a  Clospel 
narrative  in  "  Evangehadominicarum  "  (1554-6); 
Petrejus  publ.  psalms,  and  T.  Susato  chansons. 
Glarean's  u  Dodekachordon  "  contains  some  mo- 
tets, etc  ;  3  motets  and  a  hymn  arc  m  the  histo- 
ries of  Burney,  Forkel,  Hawkins,  and  Jjusby ; 
also  in  Commer's  "  Collectio." 

Mouzin,  Pierre-Nicolas  (called  Iidouard), 
b.  July  13,  1822,  at  Metz,  where  he  studied  in 
the  branch  of  the  Paris  Cons.,  becoming  a 
teacher  there  in  1842,  and  Director  in  1854; 
from  1871  (after  the  Franco-German  war),  teacher 
in  the  Paris  Cons. — Works  :  2  operas  ;  cantatas, 
symphonies,  church-music,  songs  ;  historical 
sketches  of  the  Metz  Music-school  and  the  "  So- 
ciete  chorale  de  TOrpheon  "  there  ;  also  a  **  Pe- 
tite grammaire  musicale  "  (1864). 

Mo'zart,  (Johann  Georg)  Leopold,  the 
father  of  Wolfgang  Amadeus ;  b.  Augsburg, 
Nov.  14, 1719 ;  d.  Salzburg,  May  28,  1787.  A 
poor  bookbinder's  son,  he  learned  music  as  a 
choir-boy  in  Augsburg  and  at  Salzburg,  whither 
he  went  to  study  law,  supporting  himself  by 
giving  music-lessons.  An  excellent  violinist,  he 
entered  the  Prince-Bishop's  orch.  in  1743,  was 
app.  court  composer  in  1762,  and  vice-AV/r///;/. 
He  married  Anna  Maria  Pertlin  of  Salzburg  in 
1747  ;  of  their  7  children  only  two,  "  Nannerl " 
and  Wolfgang,  passed  the  age  of  one  year.  The 
parents  devoted  their  lives  to  the  musical  edu- 
cation of  these  two  (cf.  MOZART,  \V.  A  ).  Leo- 
pold M.  was  a  noteworthy  composer  :  12  orato- 
rios, other  sacred  music,  operas  (probably  writ- 
ten by  his  son),  pantomimes,  etc.;  many  sym- 
phonies (18  pubL;,  serenades,  divcrtimenti  (the 
"Musikahsche  Schhttenfahrt "  was  publ.),  con- 
certos, chamber-music  (6  trio-sonatas  f.  2  vio- 
lins w.  basso  continue  were  publ.),  organ-music, 
pf.-music  (12  pieces,  "Per  Morgen  und  der 
Abend,"  were  publ ).  His  celebrated  violin- 
method,  "Versuch  einer  grtindlichen  Violin- 
schule"  (1756;  2nd  rev.  ed.  1770;  then  often 
republ.  up  to  1804  ;  in  French  1770  and  1801 ; 
also  in  Dutch),  is  thought  to  be  the  earliest  after 
Gemimani's  (1740). 


406 


MOZART 


Mo'zart,  (Maria)  Anna  ["Nannerl"], 
daughter  of  Leopold  ;  b.  Salzburg,  July  30, 1751  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  2i),  1829.  Taught  by  her  father 
from  1759,  shequicklydeveloped  into  an  excellent 
pianist,  at  first  the  equal  of  hei  giited  brother ; 
but  after  their  Vienna  trip  in  1768  she  lemamed 
at  home,  aided  in  supporting  the  family  by 
teaching,  and  in  1784  man  led  IJaron  von  lleidi- 
thold  zu  Sonncnburg.  After  his  death  she  re- 
sumed lesson-giving  ;  in  1820  her  eyesight  failed. 

Mo'zart  [mo'tsait],  Wolfgang  Amadeus, 
(baptismal  names  Johannes  Chrysostoraus 
Wol  f  gang  u  s 
Theophilus,)  was 
born  in  Salzburg, 
Jan  27,  1756;  died 
in  Vienna,  Dec.  5, 
1791.  In  his  fouith 
year  he  manifested 
such  eager  and  in- 
telligent inteiest  in 
his  sister's  clavi- 
chord-lessons, that 
his  father  began 
teaching  him,  as 
well ;  he  also 'com- 
posed little  pieces. 
His  process  was  so 
rapid  that  in  Janu- 
ary, 1762,  the  father  ventured  to  introduce  his 
children  to  the  public  on  a  concert-It  ip  to  Munich, 
and  in  September  to  Vienna;  the  Kmperor, 
Krancis  I.,  frequently  invited  the  children  to  the 
palace,  where  Wolfgang  was  wholly  at  his  ease 
amid  the  brilliant  assemblage,  caring  only  for 
the  approval  of  <v;////r;/.t,ivwr.  Some  of  the  pieces 
which  he  played  were  sonatas  by  I).  Pnnulicsund 
J.  C,  Bach,  and  a  concerto  by  Luochesi.  While 
in  Vienna,  a  small  violin  was  given  him,  on  which 
he  learned  to  play  without  instruction ;  he  learned 
the  organ  in  the  same  manner,  after  the  use  of 
the  pedals  had  been  explained,  A  longer  jour- 
ney, to  Paris,  was  undertaken  in  1703;  the 
brother  ami  sister  gave  private  and  public  con- 
certs on  the  way,  and  in  Krankfort  "Wolfgang 
played  concertos  both  on  the  harpsichord*  and 
the  violin ;  accompanied  symphonies  on  the 
harpsichord;  and  finished  by  long  improvisations 
**  out  of  his  head.'*  In  Paris  the  pair  played  before 
the  royal  family,  and  gave  two  brilliant  public 
concerts.  I  lere  Wolfgang's  first  publ,  composi- 
tions appeared,  op.  i  and  2,  each  comprising  '*  II 
Somites  pour  le  clavecin"  [2  harpsichord-so- 
natas] with  violin  #*///£.  The  travellers' recep- 
tion in  Kngland  (1764)  was  so  cordial,  that  they 
remained  there  alwmt  15  months  ;  the  King  tried 
M.'s  faculty  for  sight-reading  with  works  by 
Ifach,  Ilfindel,  Abel,  etc.,  and  greatly  admired 
his  playing.  I  lere  Wolfgang  composed  six  so- 

*The  clavichord  and  harpsichord  were  bin  instru- 
ments up  to  1777,  when  he  visited  Augahurg  and  trial 
the  new  pianofortes  conutructcd  by  Stdn ;  with  which 
he  wan  BO  cleHglitod  that  n<-  thenceforward  played  on, 
and  wrote  for,  the  pianoforte. 


natas  for  violin  and  harpsichord,  and  his  first 
symphonies,  which  were  performed  repeatedly. 
Of  his  marvellous  progress  his  lather  wiote  home : 
"  Our  high  and  mighty  Wolfgang  knows  every- 
thing in  this,  his  eighth  year,  that  one  can  re- 
quire of  a  man  ot  foity."  On  the  return-journey 
they  passed  through  Lille,  The  Hague,  Paris, 
Dijon,  Bern,  Zurich,  I  )onaueschingcn,  Ulm, 
Munich,  etc  ;  and  arrived  in  Salzburg  in  No- 
vember, 1766,  having  been  absent  three  years. 
After  an  interval  of  rest  and  senous  study,  dur- 
ing which  M.  composed  his  first  oratorio  (1767), 
they  icvisited  Vienna  in  1768,  and  M.  wrote,  at 
the  Emperor's  request,  his  first  opera,  La  finta 
scmplue ;  Us  production  was  prevented  by  in- 
trigues, although  llasse  and  Melastasio  declared 
that  thirty  operas,  in  no  way  equal  to  the  boy's, 
had  been  given  there  (it  was  brought  out  at  Salz- 
buig  in  1769)  However,  the  "  Licderspiel " 
Kastieii  iind  Jtiisticnne  was  privately  performed  ; 
and  M  made  his  first  appearance  at  a  large  pub- 
lic concert  as  a  conductor,  directing  his  own 
Solemn  Mass  (Dec  7, 1768).  Returning  toSalx- 
burg,  he  was  appointed  Cwncrtonfister  to  the 
Archbishop.  For  the  purpose  of  broadening  his 
son's  education,  Leopold  Mo/art  decided  on  an 
Italian  tour,  leaving  home  in  Dec,,  1769.  The 
program  of  a  concert  at  Mantua,  Jan.  16,  1770, 
exhibits  M.'s  versatility  at  the  age  of  14: — A 
Symphony  of  his  own  composition  ;  a  Clavichord- 
concerto,  which  will  be  handed  to  him,  and  which 
he  will  immediately  play  printet  vista;  a  Sonata 
handed  him  in  like  manner,  which  he  will  pro- 
vide with  variations,  and  afterwards  repeat  in 
another  key  ;  an  Aria,  the  words  for  which  will 
be  handed  to  him,  and  which  he  will  immediately 
set  to  music  and  sing  himself,  accompanying 
himself  on  the  clavichoid;  a  Sonata  for  clavi- 
chord on  a  subject  given  him  by  the  leader  of  the 
violins  :  a  Sttiet  Fugue  on  a  theme  to  be  selected, 
which  he  will  improvise  on  the  davichord  [harp- 
sidiord?|;  a  Trio,  in  which  he  will  execute  a 
violin-part  tttruNprwviso;  and  finally,  the  latest 
Symphony  composed  by  himself. — It  was  in 
Rome  that  M.,  after  twice  hearing  Allegri's 
famous  Miserere,  wiote  out  the  entire  score  from 
memory,  without  a  mistake.  This  journey  was 
a  veritable  triumphal  progress ;  his  concerts 
were  crowded,  his  genius  rccognixed  by  the 
highest  musical  authorities  ;  the  Pope  conferred 
on  him  the  order  of  the  Golden  Spur,  and  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Hologna  Philharmonic 
Academy,  after  passing  the  required  examina- 
tions, At  M ilun  his  3-act  opera  seria  AJitritfate, 
;v  t/i/\wfot  was  enthusiastically  received  on  Dec. 
16,  1770,  and  had  20  consecutive  performances 
under  M . 'a  own  direct i< m .  He  returned  to  Salz- 
burg in  March,  1771  ;  but  in  August  again 
visited  Milan  to  bring  out  a  dramatic  serenade, 
Ascanio  in  Albti^  written  for  the  wedding  festivi- 
ties of  Archduke  Ferdinand  ;  it  quite  eclipsed 
Ilasse's  festival  opera  Ruggiero.  Next  year  his 
friendly  protector,  the  Archbishop  of  Salzburg:, 
died ;  his  unmusical  succesHor,  IHeronymus, 
Count  of  Colloredo,  cared  little  for  M/s  genius, 


407 


MOZART 


and  in  the  end  heaped  indignities  upon  him.  It 
was  for  his  installation  that  M  's  dramatic  // 
sogno  di  Scipionc  was  penned  Liitio  Si  Ha 
(1772)  and  La  Jinta  giardimera  (1775)  weie  the 
occasion  of  trips  to  Milan  for  their  production. 
In  April,  1775,  //  re  pasto?  t>  was  brought  out  at 
Salzburg  during  Archduke  Maximilian's  visit. 
M.'s  insufficient  income  caused  him  to  resign 
his  position  in  1777  ;  accompanied  by  his  mother, 
he  repaired  to  Munich,  in  hopes  of  obtaining  an 
appointment  commensurate  with  his  abilities , 
disappointed  here,  and  also  in  Augsburg  and 
Mannheim,  they  journeyed  to  Pans,  where  a 
symphony  of  M.'s  was  performed  at  a  Concert 
spintitel  But  the  war  between  the  (Jluckists  and 
Piccinnists  was  at  its  height,  and  little  attention 
was  paid  to  the  young  composer.  He  had  the 
further  misfortune  to  lose  his  mother,  \\  ho  died 
Julys,  1778.  His  expectations  unrealized,  M. 
resumed  his  function  of  Concertmeister  at  Salz- 
burg, also  succeeding  Adlgasser  as  court  organ- 
ist in  1779,  with  a  salary  of  400  florins.  The 
opera  Idomeneo  (Munich,  Jan.,  1781)  was  the 
first  dramatic  work  in  his  mature  (classic)  style. 
In  the  summer  of  that  year  M.  definitively  left 
the  service  of  the  Archbishop,  whose  treatment 
had  grown  unbearable ;  and  settled  in  Vienna 
(Kozeluch  declined  the  Archbishop's  offer  of 
Mozart's  place,  at  a  salary  of  1,000  florins,  with 
the  remark,  "If  he  lets  such  a  man  go,  how 
would  he  treat  me!")  Commissioned  by  the 
Emperor  to  write  an  opera,  M.  composed  Bel- 
monte  nnd  Constance,  oderDie  Entjuhrung  aits 
dem  Serai/,  which  was  most  successfully  pro- 
duced, despite  the  machinations  of  the  theatrical 
clique,  in  July,  1782  ;  a  month  later  he  married 
Constance  Weber,  the  sister  of  his  youthful  flame 
Aloysia,  whom  he  had  met  in  Mannheim.  A 
period  of  real  poverty  set  in.  His  wife  was  a 
careless  housekeeper,  and  he  himself  an  improvi- 
dent liver,  fond  of  pleasant  company  and  fine 
dress,  of  dancing,  bowling,  billiards,  and  kindred 
pleasures  (but,  despite  allegations  to  the  con- 
trary, never  dissipated  or  dissolute)  ;  the  meagre 
receipts  for  compositions  and  concerts  were 
quickly  spent,  and,  though  an  indefatigable 
worker,  he  was  never  free  from  pecuniary  anxie- 
ties. A  musical  comedy,  Der  Schauspiehhrec- 
tor,  was  produced  at  SchOnbrunn  in  February, 
1786 ;  on  May  I  his  admirable  opera  buffa  Le 
nozze  di  Figaro  (Marriage  of  Figaro)  came  near 
failing  in  Vienna  through  the  intentional  lapses 
of  the  jealous  Italian  singers  (at  that  time  Paisi- 
ello,  Sarti,  and  Cimarosa,  were  the  supreme 
arbiters  of  musico-dramatic  taste  in  Vienna),  But 
the  hearty  and  spontaneous  welcome  accorded  to 
this  masterpiece  and  its  author  in  Prague,  par- 
tially made  up  for  this  rebuff  ;  he  was  invited  to 
lodge  in  the  palace  of  Count  Thun,  and  every 
attention  was  bestowed  on  him.  Next  year,  the 
unexampled  success  of  his  grandest  work,  Don 
Giovanni  [Don  Juan]  at  Prague,  coupled  with 
the  fear  that  M.  might  accept  favorable  offers 
to  go  to  England,  moved  the  Emperor  to  show 
tardy  and  scanty  recognition  of  his  genius  by 


appointing  him  "chamber-composer"  at  800 
flonns  annually  (Gluck,  just  deceased  as  couit 
composer,  had  2,000  florins).  In  this  year  (1788) 
M.  ceased  giving  public  concerts  at  Vienna, 
appearing  there  but  once  more,  in  1791.  In 
1 789  he  accompanied  Prince  Carl  Lichnowski  to 
Berlin,  on  the  way  playing  before  the  Dresden 
court,  and  in  the  Thomaskirche  at  Leipzig.  King 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  II.,  after  hearing  him  at 
Potsdam,  offered  him  the  post  of  ist  Royal  Kapcll- 
Mttsfer,vrith  3,000  Thaler  ($2,250)  a  >ear;  but 
M.,  with  simple  trust  in  and  loyalty  to  his  "good 
Kaiser,"  refused  the  benevolent  offer — his  last 
opportunity,  as  it  proved,  of  ridding  himself  of 
money-troubles.  For  the  Emperor's  only  re- 
sponse to  the  news  of  the  King's  offer,  was  an 
order  for  a  new  opera  (Cod  Jan  titttc  ;  Vienna, 
Jan.  26,  1790),  which  seems  to  have  made  little 
impression  beside  the  fashionable  Italian  works 
In  October  M.  attended  the  coronation  of  Em- 
peror Leopold  II.  at  Frankfort,  full  of  joyful 
anticipations  which,  as  usual,  were  not  leali/ed. 
He  came  back  to  Vienna  in  time  to  bid  faiewell 
to  his  fatherly  friend  Haydn,  then  about  to  set 
out  for  London.  For  the  coronation  of  Leopold 
II.  at  Prague,  as  King  of  Bohemia,  M.  was  in- 
vited to  write  a  festival  opera  ;  and  La  t  lemenza 
di  Tito  was  performed  on  Sept.  6,  1791,  the  eve 
of  the  ceremony.  Already  suffering  from  ill- 
ness, overwork,  and  the  excitement  and  fatigue 
of  the  journey,  he  returned  to  Vienna,  and  still, 
at  Schikaneder's  entreaty,  composed  DieZtiu&er- 
flote  [Magic  Flute]  (Vienna,  Sept.  30,  1791). 
The  writing  of  his  last  work,  the  Requiem,  was 
interrupted  by  fainting  fits,  and  in  his  morbid 
depression  of  spirits  he  imagined  that  he  had 
been  poisoned.  The  Requiem  was  just  com- 
pleted when  he  died  (v.  Engl's  pamphlet  on  the 
Mozart  Centenary,  1891).  The  immediate  cause 
of  his  death  was  malignant  typhus  ;  the  funeral 
was  in  the  open  air,  near  St.  Stephen's  Cathedral, 
and  the  coffin  was  accompanied  by  a  few  friends 
only  part  way  to  the  cemetery  of  St.  Marx,  where 
he  was  buried  in  the  ground  allotted  to  paupers. 
Thus  even  his  last  resting-place  is  not  exactly 
known.  A  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory 
in  the  above  cemetery  in  1859 ;  Salzburg  had 
honored  him  with  a  grand  monument  in  1841. 

Mozart  is  one  of  the  brightest  stais  in  the 
musical  firmament.  In  his  music  breathes  the 
warm-hearted,  laughter-loving  aitist,  living  in 
and  for  art,  whose  genial  nature  all  the  slings 
and  arrows  of  outrageous  fortune  might  wound, 
but  could  not  embitter.  Joy  is  the  keynote  of 
his  compositions  ;  the  rare  note  of  tragedy  or 
mourning  is  but  a  brief  minor  episode.  From 
an  instinctive  repugnance  to  demonstrative  ex- 
cess of  feeling,  flowed  plastic  serenity  of  form  ; 
in  his  heartfelt  melody  German  depth  of  emotion 
is  expressed  with  Italian  frankness,  making  his 
great  dramatic  works  perennially  fresh.  That 
his  piano-works  are  less  so,  is  due  chiefly  to  a 
century  of  progress  in  technical  means  of  ex- 
pression ;  yet  his  D-major  concerto  of  1788  (for 
example)  still  charms  by  suave  euphony,  like 


408 


MOZART 


many  lesser  pieces.  Among1  his  symphonies  the 
"  jupitei,"  in  C,  and  those  in  (i  minor  (1789) 
and  Kh»  ale  prominent.  In  finish  of  form, 
Cherubim  and  Mendelssohn  are  most  akin  to 
M.,  in  soulful  melody,  Schubeit  is  his  lineal  suc- 
cessor. Like  Schubert  and  Mendelssohn,  his 
productivity  was  astounding,  and  embraced  all 
depailments  of  musical  composition. — The  cata- 
logue of  IlreitkopI  &  I  hut  el's  complete  edition 
(1876-86)  of  M.'s  works  gives  a  detailed  list ;  it 
contains,  (i)  Cmmm-Music'  [Seiies  1-4]:  15 
masses,  4  litanies,  i  Dixit,  t  Magnificat,  4 
Kynes,  a  madrigal,  a  Voni  Sancte,  a  Miserere, 
an  Antiphone,  3  Regina  eoeli,  a  Te  Deum,  2 
Tantuin  ergo,  2  (lei man  church-songs,  9  oner- 
lories,  a  DC  profundis,  an  aria,  a  motet  f.  sopr. 
solo,  a  4-p.  motet,  a  (Jraduale,  2  hymns,  a  Pas- 
sion cantata,  and  the  cantatas  /lavithte  /<v//- 
/<•////•,  and  (masonic)  Mamer/reude  and  Kkine 
A;  eiitMNrermntate. — (2)  STACK-WOKKS  [Series 
5]  :  Die  ,S<  /i Misfit  i/t'jr  ersten  (/etwfs  (only  par- 
tially by  M  ),  -•//<>//<>  et  Hyminthus  (Latin 
comedy  w.  music),  ftastocn  ct  Ihutit'nne,  J<a 
Jlnto  sew/iliee,  Afitritfttte^  si  scan  fa  in  Alba,  Jl 
wg/M  tti  S(f/>itwt\  J.itrio  Si /la,  JM  fuita  gianti- 
uit'rat  /I  restore,  Ztritfr((  lei  man  operetta;  un- 
finished), T/MIHOS,  /\V///;»  In  Agy/*ten  (heroic 
drama;  choruses  and  entr'actes;  "iJcilin,  1786), 
lifomene&i  re  t/i  Ctc/d*  tijtshi  Ilia  ed  ldantanU\ 
ttelmtwle  und  Ctwstt  ///«',  Av  ScnaitspteMi  rector  i 
/,/•  /way  t/i  /fyttnt,  Aw  (tiwauttf,  (W  fan. 
titUc,  IM  elemen'Mi  <ti  ?'//<>,  AV  XaitberJtSlc. — 

(3)  VOCAL  CONCKRT- MUSIC:  [Series  6] :  27  arias, 
and  r  rondo,  1.  sopi,  w.  orch.;  i  alto  aria;  8 
tenor  arias;  5  anas  ami  an  aiiclla  f .  bass ;  a 
(iermau  warsong  ;  a  duet  f.  2  soprani ;  a  comic 
duet  f.  sopr.  and  bass;  6  lerxcts ;  i  quartet. — 

(4)  SONCS,    K'i'c.    [Series  7] :   34  songs  f.  solo 
voice  w.  pf. ;  a  song  w.  oh.  and  org.;  a  3-pnit 
chorus  w.  org.;  a comic  tcrxel  w.  pf. ;  20 canons 
a  2-12. — (5)  <  )KCUK.STKAL  WORKS  [Series  8-1 1 1 : 
41    symphonies,    2   symphonic  movements,   31 
div<M'titiKMili,     serenades,     ami     cassations,     9 
marches,  25  dances,  "  Masonic  Kuncnil-music," 
14 A  muHical  jest  "  f.  string-ordu  and  2  horns; 
further  (f.  various  inslr.s)  a  sonata  f.  bassoon 
and  'cello,  an  Adagi'o  f.  2  basset -horns  w.  bas- 
soon, an  Adagio  f.  2  clarinets  and   3  basset- 
horns,  an  Adagio  f,  harmonica,  Adagio  and  Al- 
legretto f*   harmonica,    (lute,  oboe,  viola,  and 
'cello,    Phnntasie   f.   (llookenspiel,   AiuhuUe  f. 
barrel-organ. — (U)('ONCKKTOS  AND  sou>  MKCKK 
W.   ORCH,   [Series    12  and  io'|  :   6  violin-con- 
certos, 6  soli   f.   violin,   a   "C'oncertone"  f.  2 
violins,  a  cl  Concertante"  f.  violin  and  viola,  a 
bassoon-concerto,  a  concerto  f.  flute  and  harp, 
2  flute-concertos,  an  Andante  f.  ilute,  4  liorn- 
conciirtos,   a  clarinet-concerto,   25    pitmoforte- 
concertos,  a  Concert    Rondo  f.  pf,,  a  double 
concerto  f.  2  pf.s,  a  triple  concerto  f,  3  pf.s. — 
(7)  CiiAMUKR-Mirsic  [Series  13-15,  17>  i«]:  7 
strlng-cnuntets  (\v.  2  violas) ;  a  quintet  f.  violin, 
2  violas,  horn  [or 'cello],  and  Velio;  a  quintet 
f.  clar.    and    strings;    26    string-quartets;    a 
"Nachtmusik"  f,  string-quintet  (Inch  double- 


bass)  ;  Adagio  and  Fugue  f.  string-quartet ,  a 
qu.utet  f.  oboe  w.  stimg-tno ,  a  dueitissenient 
f.  string  tuo,  2  duos  I  vln.  and  via  ,  i  duo  I. 
2  vln  s  ,  a  quintet  I  pf  ,  horn,  oboe,  clar.,  and 
bassoon;  2  pf.-qurutets  ,  7  pi. -trios  ,  i  pf.-tiio 
w.  clai.  and  viol.i  ;  42  violin-sonatas  ;  an  Al- 
legro I  pf.  and  vln.,  2  sets  of  \aiiations  f.  pf. 
and  vln. — (S)  PiANOM>KTivMiihic  [Series  ro- 
22"!  (a) ./  /ninth)  5  sonatas,  and  an  AndanLe  w. 
variations  ;  (h)/.  ^//.J, a  Fugue, and  a  Sonata; 
(c)  Wo  //«VIM,  17  sonatas  ;  a  Fantasia  and 
fugue;  3  Fantasias;  15  sets  of  variations;  35 
cadences  to  pf. -concertos  ;  several  minuets  ;  3 
icndos,  a  suite,  a  fugue,  2  Allegros,  an  Allegro 
and  And.mte,  Andantino,  Adagio,  (Jigue — (<)) 
FOR  GROAN  [Series  23]  :  17  sonatas,  mostly  w. 
2  violins  and  'cello  ; — Sdi'i'i.KMKNT  [Series  24]  : 
Unfinished  works,  doubtful  works,  and  arrange- 
ments. 

IJicxiKAi'HiCAL.  Otto  J  aim's  "W.  A.  Mo- 
zart" (1856-9,  4  vol.s;  2nd  ed.  1867,  2  vol  s  ; 
3id  ed.  iti()i-3,  rev.  by  I  takers;  Kngl.  transla- 
tion by  I'auliue  I).  Townsend,  3  vol.s,  London, 
1882)  is  an  exhaustive  and  reliable  work,  quite 
leplacing  the  earlier  Lives  by  Niemtschek 
(1798),  Nissen  (1828),  UlibischcfT  (1844), 
Holmes  (1845),  etc.  Other  publications  of  value 
are  Ludwig  Nohl's  "  Die  /auberflotc"  (1862), 
"  Mozart's  Lcben"  (2nd  od.  1876,  Kngl.  trans], 
by  Mrs.  Wallace,  1877),  "Mo/art's  Uncle" 
(Salxburg,  1865  ;  2nd  ed.  1877),  and  "  M.  nach 
Schilderungen  seiner  /eitgenossen "  (1880); — 
1'ohl's  "  Moswirt  und  Haydn  in  London  "  (1867, 
2  vol.s)  ;  FreUicrr  von  I'rochoxka's  "  Mozart  in 
IVag  "  (Prague,  1892);  and  von  Kochul's  excel- 
lent **  rinonologisch-thcmatisches  Verxeiclmiss 
siimmtlicher  Tonwerke  \V.  A.  MoxartV  (1862  ; 
Suppl.  i88ij). 

There  should  be  mentioned,  finally,  (j)  the 
Mozart  Scholarship,  based  on  the  surplus  re- 
ceipts of  a  Musical  Festival  given  by  the  Kiank- 
fort  "  Liederkninx "  on  June  25,  1838.  The 
tnteiest  of  the  fund,  amounting  in  i8()6to  1500 
marks,  is  applied  quadrennially  to  the  aid  of 
talented  young  composers  of  limited  means  ;  and 
(2)  the  Mozarteum  at  Sal/.burg,  a  celebiated 
municipal  musical  institute  founded  in  memory 
of  Salxlwrg's  greatest  son  ;  it  consists  of  «n  or- 
chestral society,  pledged  toperfoim  M.'s  church- 
musicin  the  14  cluuches  of  the  town,  and  togive 
r2  philharm.  concerts  yearly;  a  music  school, 
in  which  the  musicians  of  the  ore.hestni  give  in- 
struction ;  and  an  interesting  museum  of  Mo/nrt 
relics,  etc. 

Mo'zart,  Wolfgang  Amadeus,  son  of  the 
great  coni])osor;  b.  Vienna,  July  26,  17*) I ;  d. 
Karlsbad,  July  30,  1844.  Talented  pianist  and 
composer,  pupil  of  A.  Streicher,  Albrechtsberger, 
and  Neukomm.  Founded  the  Cecilia  Society  at 
Lemberg,  where  he  lived  many  years  as  a  music- 
teacher,  then  going  to  Vienna  and  Karlsbad.-— 
Works  ;  2  pf,-conc«rtos,  a  string-quartet,  a  pf.- 
trio,  a  violin-sonata,  a  pf,-sonata,  variations, 
polonaises,  etc.,  f.  pf. 


MUCK— M0LLER 


Muck,  Karl,  b  Darmstadt,  Oct.  22,  1859. 
Student  of  philosophj  at  Heidelberg  and  Leip- 
zig (Dr.  fin  I ) ;  pupil  of  the  Leipzig  Cons  for 
3  jears  ;  then  cond.  at  Zurich,  Salzburg  (irfSi), 
Erunn  (1882),  Graz  (1884;  Stjnan  Mus.  Soc.), 
and  Prague  (iSS6  ;  German  Opera).  Since  1892, 
court  A'afellm.  of  the  Royal  Opera,  Berlin 

Mudie,  Thomas  Molleson,  b.  Chelsea, 
Engl.,  Nov.  30,  1809,  d.  London,  July  24, 
1876.  Pupil  of  Crotch  and  Potter  at  the  R.  A. 
M  ,  1823-32  ;  prof,  of  pf.  there,  1832-44 ;  or- 
ganist at  Gal  ton,  Surrey,  1834-44  ;  then  taught 
in  Edinburgh,  and  returned  to  London  in  1863. 
— Works  Symphonies  in  C,  IJb,  F,  and  D; 
string-quintets,  -quartets,  -trios,  etc  ;  pf. -music; 
anthems,  sacred  duets  and  songs,  songs,  etc. 
Macfarren  praises  3  symphonies,  a  quintet,  and 
a  trio,  prod,  by  the  Soc.  of  Brit  Mus. 

Muffat,  Georg,  noteworthy  comp.;  b.  (?); 
d.  Passau,  Feb.  23,  1704.  He  studied  Lully's 
style  in  Pans  for  6  years,  was  org.  of  Strassburg 
Cath.  till  1675,  to' the  Bishop  of  Salzburg  till 
1687,  then  org.  and  (1695)  Kapellm  to  the 
Bishop  of  Passau. — Publ.  tc  Armonico  tnbuto" 
(1682;  instr.l  sonatas),  "  Suavioris  harmoniae 
instrumentalis  hyporchematicae  florilegium " 
(1685  ;  50  dance-pieces  f.  4  and  8  violins) ; 
ditto,  Part  ii  (1698  ;  f.  do  ,  62  pieces)  ;  lt  Ap- 
paratus musico-organisticus"  (1690  ;  12  toccatas, 
a  chaconne,  and  a  passagaclia) ;  and  "Auser- 
lesener  .  .  .  Instrumentalwerke  erste  Samm- 
lung"  (1701;  12  concertos  f.  strings). — His  son, 

MuTfat,  August  Gottlieb,  b.  Apr.  17,  1683; 
d.  Vienna,  Dec.  10,  1770.  Pupil  of  Fux;  Imp. 
court  org.  at  Vienna,  1717  ;  pensioned  1764. — 
Publ.  "72  Versetten  oder  Fugen,  sammt  12 
Toccaten  ..."  (1726  ;  f.  organ) ;  and  "Com- 
ponimenti  musicali"  (1727;  f.  harpsichord,  w. 
treatise  on  graces). 

Miihl'dorfer,  Wilhelm  Karl,  b.  Graz,  Styria, 
Mar.  6,  1837  [son  of  \Vilhelm  M.,  court  In- 
spector of  Theatres  at  Mannheim  ;  b.  1803  ;  d. 
Mannheim,  Apr.  22,  1897].  Studied  at  Linz- 
on-Danube,  and  Mannheim ;  began  his  stage- 
career  as  an  actor  at  Mannheim;  1855,  Kapdlm. 
at  the  City  Th.,  Ulm ;  1867-81,  2nd  Kapettm. 
at  Leipzig;  since  then,  1st  Kapdlm.  at  Cologne. 
— Operas  Im  Kyffhduser  (1855);  Der  Comman- 
dant von  Konigstein  ;  Prmzessin  Rebenbtiithe  ; 
Der  Goldmacher  von  Strassbnrg  (Hamburg, 
1886) ;  lyric-romantic  opera  lolanthc  (Cologne, 
1890  ;  succ.);  the  ballet  Waldeinsamkeit  (1869) ; 
incid.  music  to  several  dramas  ;  overtures ;  part- 
songs  ;  songs. 

Miih'ling,  August,  b.  Raguhne,  Sept.  26, 
1786 ;  d.  Magdeburg,  Feb.  3,  1847,  as  R.  Mus. 
Dir.  and  cathedral-organist. — Works  :  Oratorios 
Abbadona  and  Bomfasius ;  orch.l  pieces;  publ. 
sacred  duets  and  songs  (e.  g.,  40  poems  from 
Spitta's  "  Psalter  und  Harfe  "). 

Mullet  (recte  Schmidt),  Adolf,  Sr ,  b 
Tolna,  Hungary,  Oct.  7,  1801 ;  d.  Vienna,  July 
29,  1886.  In  1826,  singer  in  the  Kdrnthner 


court  theatre  ;  1828,  Kapclltn.  and  composer  at 
the  Th.  an  dor  Wien,  Vienna  Brought  out 
sixty  or  more  "  Smgspiele,"  mus.  farces,  etc.,  2 
operas,  and  man\  mstiumental  and  \ocal  pieces, 
all  of  mediocre  q'uahty. — I  Us  son, 

Miil'ler,  Adolf,  Jr.,  b  Vienna,  Oct.  15, 
1839  ;  since  1875  cond.  of  the  German  Opera  at 
Rotterdam.  lias  prod,  the  operas  IJeimuh  tier 
GoldsJimidt^  Waidmeistfi*  Brautjalu  /,  ran 
Dytk  ;  and  the  operettas  Das  Geipenst  in  der 
Spinnstitbe,  Der  kleine  Pnnz^  Der  Hojnair, 
Der  Liebeshoj\  DCS  Teitfels  IVeib,  Die  Kammer- 
jungjer  (1890),  Der  Milhotien-Qnkel  (iPg2), 
Lady  Charlatan  (1894),  and  Der  Blondin  von 
Xamur  (Vienna,  1898  ,  succ  ). 

Miil'ler,  August,  eminent  double-bass 
player;  b  1810  ;  d.  Nov.  (Dec.  ?)  25,  1867,  as 
CottCt'rtmeuttt  in  Darmstadt  — Publ.  variations, 
etc.,  f.  double-bass 

Miil'ler,  August  Eberhard,  b  Noidheim, 
Hanover,  Dec.  13,  1767  ;  d.  Weimar,  Dec.  3, 
1817.  In  1789,  organist  of  St  U Inch's,  Magde- 
burg ;  in  1794,  of  the  JShkolaikirche,  Leipzig  , 
in  1800,  asst.  to  Joh.  Adam  Ililler,  \ihom  he 
succeeded  in  1804  as  cantor  of  the  Thonuis- 
schule,  and  mus  dir.  of  the  Thomas-  and  Niko- 
laikirche.  In  1810,  court  JK'apeflm.  at  \Veimar. 
— Publ.  3  concertos  and  18  sonatas  f.  pf.,  and 
many  lesser  pieces ;  cadenzas  to  Mozart's  con- 
certos ;  suites,  choral  variations,  and  a  sonata  for 
organ  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  2  violin-sonatas  ;  n  couceitos 
and  one  fantasia  f.  flute  and  orch  ;  flute-duos ; 
vocal  pieces  ;  ir  church-cantatas  ;  motets  ;  an 
operetta,  Der  P alter  abend ;  etc.  Also  an  ex- 
cellent pf.-method  (1805  ;  really  the  6th  eel  of 
Lohlein's  "Pianoforte-Sdmle,"  rev.  by  M.;  on 
it  Kalkbrenner's  method  is  based  ;  Czerny  publ 
the  Sth  ed.  in  1825) ;  a  Guide  to  the  interpi  ela- 
tion of  Mozart's  concertos  ;  n.  flute-method  ;  etc. 

MuTler,  Bernhard,  b.  Sonnebcrg,  Jan.  25, 
1824 ;  d.  Meiningen,  Dec.  5,  1883.  Pupil  of 
Bogenhardt  and  Mahr  in  the  Ilildburghausen 
Seminary.  1850,  cantor  in  Salzungen,  where  he 
organized  a  celebrated  church-choir,  the  per- 
formances of  which  in  various  cities  were  looked 
upon  as  events  in  mus.  circles.  lie  was  made 
superintendent  of  church-music,  and  music  m 
the  public  schools,  for  the  Duchy  of  Saxe-Memin- 
gen. 

Muller,  Carl  Christian,  b.  Saxe- Meiningen, 
July  3, 1831.  F.  W.  and  Heinnch  PfeifTerwere 
his  teachers  for  pf.  and  organ,  Andreas  Zollncr 
for  comp.  Went  to  New  York  in  1854 1  waR  at 
first  eng.  in  a  pf. -manufactory,  then  as  leader  of 
the  Barnum's  Museum  orch.  Since  1879,  prof, 
of  harmony  at  the  N.  V.  College  of  Music. 
Transl.  Sechter's  "  Grundsatze  der  musika- 
lischen  Composition "  (as  "Fundamental  Har- 
mony"; New  York,  1871,  and  9  subsequent 
editions) ;  also  supplemented  it  by  4  sets  of 
Tables,  on  primary  instruction,  modulation, 
chord-succession,  and  harmonization,  (1882-93). 
—Publ,  works:  For  pf.,  "  Pleasant  Recollec- 


410 


M0LLER 


tions,"  and  "  (lolden  Hours";  2  organ-sonatas, 
op.  47  ,  sonata  f.  violin  and  pf.,  op.  fii,  in  A  ; 
string-qiuutet  in  A  nun  ,  op  63;  4-ptut  male 
choruses  ;  songs  ;  and  toi  oigan,  2  P.istnniles,  a 
Scherzo,  **  March  of  the  Ciusaders,"  and  "  Res- 
ignation."— In  MS  ,  symphony  in  1)  min  ; 
orch  1  suite  in  (1  nun  ;  Idyl  f.  orch.  (on  an  ex- 
cerpt fiom  **  Hiawatha"),  ovcrtiuc  to  ATtif/ian 
tier  //V/JU'/  Rotnan/e  f  horn,  haip,  and  orch  ; 
Schiller's  Die  fCnwit //«•  tfrs  Jbittn,  f.  soli,  ch. 
and  orch  ;  etc  (in  all,  Gy  works). 

MuTler,  Christian,  organ-builder  at  Am- 
sterdam tina  1720-70.  lUiilt  the  great  organ 
at  Haarlem  in  1738  (sixty  registers). 

MuTler,  Franz  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Weimai, 
Nov.  30,  1806  ;  tl,  there  Sept.  2,  1876,  as  govern- 
ment councillor.  One  of  the  liist  to  recognise 
Wagner's  real  impoitance. — Publ.  the  treatises 
"  Tannhiiuser  "  (1853),  "  R.  Wagner  und  das 
Musikdrama"  (iHOi),  "Der  King  des  Nibe- 
lungcn  :  cine  Stiulie"  (i80a),  "Tristan  und 
Isolde"  (1805),  "  I,oliengiin"(L8f>7),  und  **  Die 
Mcislcisingcr  von  NUrnbeig"  (1869),  the  last 
three  at  the  desire  of  King  Ludwig  II.  of  Ita- 
varia ;  also  "  Im  Koyer"  (1868  ;  on  theatrical 
affairs  in  Weimar). 

Mill'ler,  Friedrich,  b.  Orlamttnde,  Dec.  10, 
1786;  d.  Rudolsladl,  Dec.  12,  1871.  Kino 
clarinettist;  1803,  in  the  royal  orch.  at  Rudol- 
stadt,  succeeding  Kbvrwuin  in  1831  as  AVyV/////.  ; 
pensioned  1854. — Works:  2  symphonies  ;  over- 
tures ;  a  hymn  f.  soli  and  mixed  ch.  w.  oich.;  2 
concertos,  2  concertinos,  and  other  clar.-music  ; 
vans  f.  clar.  ami  strings  ;  dar.-ctudes ;  quartets 
and  terxcls  f.  horns;  var.s  f.  bassoon  w.  orch.; 
a  prixe-quartct  f.  clar.  and  strings ;  4-part  male 
choruses  ;  etc. 

Miil'ler,  Gustav.    See  UKAii-MOu.KR. 

Miirier,  Hans,  writer  on  nuis.  history ;  b.  Co- 
logne, Sept.  18,  1854;  d.  lierlin,  Apr.  n,  1897, 
Son  of  the  poet  Wolfgang  Mttllcr  von  Konigs- 
winler.  /)>:  /////.,  Leipzig;  1888  teacher,  1889 
Royal  Prof,  of  hist,  of  music,  at  the  1/ocJtxchuli' 
fflr  Afttsi&i  Merlin ;  also  Kirst  Permanent  Sec- 
rotary,  and  Senator,  of  the  Acad.  of  Kinc  Aits, 
— rrincipal  works:  "  Die  Musik  Wilhelms 
von  Hirsehau"  (1884);  "  IJucbalds  cchte  und 
uncchtc  Sch rif ten  ttber  Musik"  (1884) ;  and  an 
"Abhandluntf  Uber  Mensunilmusik "  (Leipzig, 
1886). 

MilKler,  Ivan  [Iwan],  clarinettist ;  b.  Roval, 
Dec.  23,  1786;  d.  Hackeburg,  Feb.  4,  1854. 
Inventor  of  the  clarinet  with  13  keys;  also  of 
the  "AUclarinet"  (superseded  by  the  basset- 
horn).  Went  to  Paris  iu  1809,  and  establ.  a 
clarinet-factory,  which  failed  on  account  of  the 
prejudiced  opposition  of  the  Academy,  despite 
which  the  improved  instr.s  s<xm  won  general 
popularity.  M.  died  as  court  musician  at  ItUckc- 
burg. — I'ubl.  a  Method  for  his  new  instr.s  ;  3 
quartets  f.  clar.  and  strings ;  a  concertante  f . 
2dar,.s;  pieces  for  clar.  and  pf.;  6  flute-con- 
certos ;  etc. 


Miil'ler,  Johannes,  b.  Koblenz,  July  14, 
iSor  ;  d  llcihn,  Apr.  28,  1858.  Oidmaiy  piol 
of  physiology  at  llonn,  1830-3^  — \Viole  "  Un- 
teisuchungcMi  uber  die  menschliche  Stimnie " 
(1^37)1  "  0"be'  tlie  Compensation  der  physischen 
ICrdlte  am  menschlichen  Summoigan"  (1839), 
and  valuable  articles  on  the  organs  of  speech 
and  hearing  in  his  "Ilandlmch  dor  Physiologic 
des  Menschen"  (1833,  '40  ;  2  \ol.s). 

MuTler,  Joseph,  b.  1839  ;  d  IJeilin,  June 
ifi,  1880,  as  seer  of  the  Floihsihnk  Jnr  Afitsik. 
Editor  (1871-4)  of  the  "Allg.  mus.  Zeilunei." 
Publ.  a  valuable  catalogue,  "Die  musikalischon 
Schtitze  der  koni^lichen  und  IFniversitritsbiblio- 
thek  xu  Konigsbeig"  (1870). 

Miil'ler,  Karl,  conductor ;  b.  Weissensee,  n. 
Krfiut,  Oct.  2r,  3818;  d  Fninkfoit,  July  19, 
iSo,.j.  Pupil  of  (lotxe  at  Weimar,  and  violinist 
there  under  Hummel  ;  1840-00,  mus.  dir.  at 
Munster,  i86o-()2,  cond.  of  the  Cecilia  Soc., 
Krankfoil. — Comp.  successful  cantatas  (Tti.\w 
iu  Son-cni  ;  Kintildit);  ovei lines  ;  etc. 

MuTler,  Peter,  b.  Kesselstadt,  n.  Manau, 
June  9,  17<)I  ;  d.  Langcn,  Aug.  29,  1877. 
While  a  teacher  in  the  Knedberg  Seminary,  he 
wrote  his  renowned  "  Jugendlieder,"  also  male 
choiuses,  organ-preludes,  and  2  string-quintets  ; 
in  rS39  he  became  pastor  at  Staden,  writing  5 
moie  quintets  (olten  perf.  at  Darmstntlt),  His 
opeui  Die  /fhten  Tag?  wit  Fompcii  [after  Uul- 
wei  1  was  piod.  at  Darmstadt,  Dec.  25,  1853. 
Another  opera,  a  string-quartet,  etc.,  are  in  MS. 

Miil'ler  (Quartets.  Two  famous  (lennan 
quartet-parties,  their  members  being 

(1)  The  brothers  Karl  (1797-1873) ;  Gustav 
(i799-iiS55)  ;  Theodor(i8»2-i875) ;  amlGeorg 
(1808-1855);  they  were  all  born  in  Uumswick, 
and  belonged  to  the  oichestia  (here,    Karl  as 
CoHf?rfinttht?f\  ThtKKlorah  ist  'cello,  (lustav  as 
symphony-director,    and    (leorg    as    h'tifrllm. 
Their  artistic  tours  included  not  only  all  large 
(icrman  cities,  but  also  Vienna  and  Paris  (1833), 
Copenhagen  (1838),  Si.  Petersburg  in  1845,  and 
Holland  in  1852. 

(2)  The  four  sons  of  Karl ;  this  quartet-party 
organi/.ing  in  1855,  after  the  death  of  two  mem- 
bers of  the  first  one):  Karl,  1st  violin,  b.  Apr. 
14,  1829;  Hugo,  2nd  violin,  b.  Sept.  21,  1833; 
d.  June  2(>,  T880;  Bernhard,  viola,  b.  Keb/24, 
1825  ;  and  Wilhelm,  Vdlo,  b.  June  x,  1834. 
Kor  ten  years  they  held  the  position  of  court 
quartet    at   Meiningon ;    then,    after  extended 
and  successful  travels,  they  settled  in  Rostock  as 
members  of  the  orch.,  Karl  being  appointed 
Municipal  Mus.  Dir.     The  party  was  broken  up 
by  the  appointment  of  Wilhelm  (1873)  to  8w;eeed 
Sweerts  as  1st  'cello  in  the  R.  Orch.  at  Merlin, 
and  prof,  in  the  J/wAscfiitk,     Karl  has  isinre 
lived  at  Stuttgart  and  I  lambing;  he  i«  also  a 
noted  composer  (MUUer-Berghaus,  tterghaus 
being  the  maiden-name  of  his  wife  Klvira),  his 
works  including;  an  operetta,  a  cantata  ./f/^M/rj 
Tof/ifer,  an  overture  to  /'/Vwtf,  a  symphony,  con- 
cert-pieces f,  violin  and  f.  'cello,  Hongs,  etc. 


4tt 


MflLLER— MUSIN 


MuTler,  Richard,  h.  Leipzig:,  Feb.  25,  1630 
Pupil  of  Zollner,  Hauptmann,  and  Kietz  ,  cond. 
of  the  blArion"  until  1893,  of  the  "Hellas," 
and  the  "  Liedertafel "  ;  teacher  of  singing  in 
the  Nikolai  Gymnasium. — \Vorks  •  Die  Lotsen^ 
for  chorus  with  connecting1  declamation  ;  motets, 
part-songs,  and  songs. 

MfcTler,  Wenzel,  b.  Tyrnau,  Moravia,  Sept. 
26,  1767  ;  d.  Baden,  n.  Vienna,  Aug.  3,  1835. 
Kapellm  at  the  Leopoldstadt  Th.,  Vienna,  from 
1813.  His  200  operas,  "  Singspiele,"  etc  ,  were 
extremely  popular  in  their  day,  e  g.,  Das  A.~ett- 
sontitasftixd  (1/93),  Die  Schwestern  von  Frag 
(1794),  etc. 

MuTler,  Wilhelm  Christian,  b.  AVasungen, 
n.  Meiningen,  Mar.  7,  1752  ;  d.  Bremen,  July 
6,  1831,  as  mus.  director  — Wrote  "  Versuch 
einer  Geschichte  derTonkunst  in  Bremen"  (1799, 
in  the  "  Hanseatisches  Magazin"),  and  "Ver- 
such einer  Aesthetik  der  Tonkunst "  (1830). 

Mtiller,  William,  b.  Hanover,  Feb.  4,  1845. 
The  son  of  a  shoemaker,  and  by  trade  a  thatcher, 
he  was  trained  in  singing  by  II.  Dorn,  Lind- 
huldt,  and  Fischer,  and  made  his  de*but  at  Han- 
over in  iSGS  in  the  opera  Joseph  ;  sang  tenor 
roles  there,  and  1874-6  at  Leipzig ;  since  then 
at  the  court  opera,  Berlin. 

Mul'ler-Berg'haus.  See  KARL  MILLER  in 
the  Junior  Muller  Quartet. 

Miil'ler-Har'tung,  Karl  (Wilhelm),  b. 
Suiza,  May  19, 1834.  Pupil  of  Kuhmstedt  at  Ei- 
senach, succeeding  him  in  1859  as  mus.  director 
and  teacher  at  the  Seminary;  1864,  "  Professor"  ; 
1865,  dir.  of  church-music  in  Weimar;  1869 
opera-A~<7/W/w.,  1872  Director  of  the  Grand 
Ducal  "  Orchester-  und  Musikschule,"  which  he 
founded.  He  resigned  other  positions  in  1889. 
— Works :  Organ-sonatas  ;  part-songs  f  male 
ch. ;  church-music  ;  also  a  system  of  mus.  theory, 
of  which  vol.  i,  "  Harmonielehre,"  appeared  in 
1879. 

MiiTler-Reu'ter,  Theodor,b.  Dresden,  Sept. 
I,  1858.  Pupil  of  Fr.  and  Alwin  Wieck  (pf.) ; 
J.  Otto  and  Meinardus  (comp.)  ;  and  the  Iloch 
Cons.,  Frankfort  (1878-9).  Teacher  of  pf.  and 
theory  at  Strassburg  Cons.,  1879-87;  went  to 
Dresden  1887,  becoming  cond.  of  the  male 
chorus  **  Orpheus"  in  1888  ;  also  1889  of  the 
Dreyssig  Singakademit*  1892,  teacher  in  the 
Cons. — Works  :  The  operas  Ondohna  (Strasb- 
ourg, 1883),  and  Der  idle  Graf  (Nuremberg, 
1887);  Paternoster  f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch.;  female 
choruses  w.  pf . ;  male  choruses  with  and  without 
accomp.;  songs ;  pf. -pieces  and  studies. 

Miil'ler  von  der  Wer'ra,  artist-name  of 
Friedrich  Konrad  Muller,  b.  Ummerstadt, 
Meiningen,  Nov.  14,  1823  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Apr.  26, 
1 88 1.  Popular  poet ;  founder  of  the  "  Deutscher 
Sangerbund";  editor  of  the  "Neue  Sanger- 
halle"  1861-71,  and  of  the  "  Allgemeines 
Reichskommersbuch  "  for  students. 

Munck,  Ernest  de.    See  DEMUNCK. 


Mu'ris,  Johannes  de,  eminent  mus  theorist, 
a  disciple  of  Franco.  Authoi  <>t  a  tieatise 
"Speculum  musicae,"  written  (piobably)  about 
1325,  m  7  books  (I.  Miscellaneous  ,  II.  On 
Intenals  ,  III.  Mus.  Ratios  ,  IV  Consonance 
and  Dissonance  ,  V  Theory  of  Ancient  Music, 
after  Boetius  ;  VI.  Church-modes,  and  Solmisa- 
tion ;  VII.  Measured  Music,  and  Discant) ; 
printed  by  Coussemaker  in  "  Scnptores,"  vol.  li ; 
2  MSS.  are  in  the  Paris  Library.  Q'.  Dr  Robert 
Hirschf  eld's  dissertation  "Johannes  de  Muns  " 
(1884). 

Mursch'hauser,  Franz  Xaver  Anton,  b. 
Zabern,  n.  Stras&burg,  about  1670;  d.  Munich, 
1724,  as  Kaptllm.  at  the  Frauenkirche.  Publ. 
organ-pieces,  violin-music,  and  theoretical  works 
of  minor  importance. 

Mur'ska,  lima  di,  famous  dram,  soprano  ;  b. 
in  Croatia,  1836 ;  d.  Munich,  Jan.  16,  1889. 
Pupil  of  the  Marchesis  in  Vienna  ;  debut  at  the 
Pergola  Th.,  Florence,  1862  ;  after  singing  at 
Pesth,  Berlin,  and  Hamburg,  she  was  eng.  at 
Vienna.  London  debut  May  n,  1865,  at  II. 
M.'s  Th.,  as  Lucia;  also  sang  Linda,  Amina, 
and  Astrifiammante ;  and  at  the  Philharm.  on 
May  29.  Up  to  1873  she  was  repeatedly  eng. 
at  H.  M.'s  Th.,  Covent  Garden,  and  Drury 
Lane ;  sang  in  Paris  and  other  Continental 
cities  ;  visited  America,  Australia,  etc.,  1873-6  ; 
and  England  again  in  1879.  With  a,  voice  of 
nearly  3  octaves'  compass,  great  in  coloratura, 
she  united  brilliancy  and  originality  of  acting. — 
Other  roles:  Dinorah,  Isabella,  Martha,  Ophelia, 
Marguerite  de  Valois,  Gilda,  etc. 

Musard,  Philippe,  b.  Paris,  1793 ;  d.  there 
Mar.  31,  1859.  Famous  dance-composer,  pri- 
vate pupil  of  Reicha ;  first  came  into  public 
view  at  the  promenade  concerts  begun  Nov., 
1833,  in  a  bazaar  of  the  Rue  St.  Ilonnru,  at 
which  Dufresne's  soli  on  the  cornet  a  pistons 
were  a  novel  feature  ;  M.  also  cond.  the  Opera 
balls  1835-6,  his  orch.  of  70  pieces  winning 
great  applause.  Up  to  1852  he  held  first  plricc 
in  France  as  a  conductor  of  promenade  concerts 
and  dance-composer.  I  I  is  quadrilles  and  galops 
enjoyed  immense  popularity  ;  he  was  called  the 
il  king  of  quadrilles.  In  London  he  cond.  the 
promenade  concerts  at  Drury  Lane  from  Oct. 
12,  1840  (his  English  dc'but),  till  March,  1841, 
and  reappeared  at  the  Lyceum  the  following 
autumn. — His  son  Alfred  (1828-81),  was  like- 
wise an  orch.-cond.  nnd  quaclrille-comp.,  but  of 
mediocre  talent. 

Musin,  Bonaventura.    See  FUULANKTTO. 

Musin,  Ovide,  distinguished  violinist;  b. 
Nandrin,  n.  Liege,  Sept.  22,  185-4.  Pupil  of 
Ileynberg  and  Leonard  at  Liege  Cons.,  enter- 
ing at  7  and  taking  1st  violin-prize  at  n.  Fol- 
lowing Leonard  <o  the  Paris  Cons.,  he  won,  at 
14,  the  gold  medal  for  solo  and  quartet-playing. 
After  teaching  a  year  at  the  Cons.,  he  com- 
menced a  series  of  triumphal '  tours  throughout 
Europe.  Later  he  went  to  America,  and  or- 


412 


MUSTOL— NAC1KLT 


gantzcd  a  conccrt-tioupe  of  his  own  ;  finally,  he 
made  a  tour  of  the  woild,  returned  to  Liege  in 
180,7,  and  was  app.  head  of  the  advanced  class 
for  violin  at  the  Cons.  In  jSo.8  he  succeeded 
Cesar  Thomson  as  violin-prof  ;  also  made  ai- 
rangcments  to  spend  half  his  time  in  New 
York.  I  le  is  a  brill iant  player,  and  an  excellent 
teacher. 

Mu'siol,  Robert  Paul  Johann,  b.  Dicslau, 
Jan.  14,  1846.  Attended  the  Seminaiy  at  Lie- 
benthal,  Silesia  .  fiom  1873  teacher  and  cantor 
at  Rohrsdoil,  n.  Kiaustaclt,  Posen  ;  pensioned 
i Syr. — Pti hi.  "  Musikahsches  Krcnidwoitei- 
biith",  **  C'atechismus  der  Musikgeschichtc"; 
edited  Tourer's  "  Conveisntions-Le\ikon  der 
Tonkunst"  (1888) and  "  Musikeilc\ikon"(iSuo), 
also  the  loth  ed.  ol  J  Sehuberth's  u  Musika- 
hsches Conversations-  Lexikon  "  (1877);  and 
wrote  "  Wilhelm  Koislcr,"  and  "  Thcodor  Kor- 
ner  untl  seme  Bexioliung  xur  Musik"  (1893). 
Wrote  for  num.  periodicals  ;  comp.  male  pait- 
songs,  pieces  f.  pf.  and  f.  organ,  songs,  etc. 

Mussorg'ski,  Modest  Petrovitch,  1>.  Toro- 
petx,  (lov.t  ol  Pskov,  Russia,  Mar.  28  (N.  S.), 
1839  ;  d.  St.  Pcteisburg,  Mar.  28,  1881.  He 
entered  a  regiment  at  the  age  of  17;  but  was 
drawn  to  music,  and  became  a  pupil  of  Bala- 
kircv,  intimacy  with  whom  and  with  ('til  ren- 
dering him  a  disciple  of  the  neo-Russian  school. 
— Operas:  /tow  litolnnvff  (Imp.  Opera,  St. 
Petersburg,  1^74);  Chwanshtchina  ["Adhe- 
rents of  Chovanski"!  (St.  Petersburg,  180,3); 
also,  f.  pf.,  **  Danse  macabre  lusse,"  "Scenes 
d'enfants,"  etc.;  and  songs, 

Mu'zio,  Emanuelc,  b.  Xibello,  n.  Parma, 
Aug.  25,  1825,  Pupil  of  Proves!  and  Verdi,  and 
(for  pi.)  of  the  hitler's  lirst  wife,  Marghciila 
Harc/xL  In  1852  he  cond.  the  Italian  Opera  at 
Brussels;  was  later  in  London  and  New  Voik 
(Acad.  of  Music),  and  settled  in  Paris  (1875)  as 
a  singing-teacher  (Adelina  and  Carlotla  Patli, 
iiiul  Clam  Louise  Kellogg,  were  his  pupils). — 
Works :  The  operas  Cti wanna*  hi  pa&w  (Hrus- 
sels,  1852),  C/<ti/(tia  (Milan,  1853),  Lc  tfitc  /\V- 
gittf  (Milan,  1856),  and  La  .Stow;///;/*/  (Bologna* 
1857) ;  also  many  songs  and  pf. -pieces. 

Mysliweczek,  Joseph,  called  "  II  Bocmo," 
or  **  Vcimlorini,"  m  Italy;  b,  in  a  village  n. 
Prague,  Mar.  9,  1737;  d.  Koine,  Keb,  4,  1781. 
Pupil  of  Habonnann  and  Sejjert  at  Prague,  and 
in  1760  publ.  it  symphonies  named  after  the 
months  Jmi.-Juna.  Studied  dramatic  music 
with  Pcscelti  at  Venice,  1763  ;  brought  out  a 
successful  opera  at  Parma,  170.1 ;  ami  was  com- 
missioned  to  writes  ttel/ewfonte  for  Naples.  1 1  is 
operas,  about  30  altogether,  were  extraordinarily 
popular  with  the,  public  and  singers  alike ;  but 
M.  was  poorly  remunerated,  and  of  extravagant 
habits,  consequently  always  in  financial  difficul- 
ties, Moxnrt  greatly  admired  Ills  pf.-soimtas. 
He  also  wrote  2  oratorios,  and  publ.  12  t*tring- 
(juurtttts  anU  6  string-trios, 


N 

Naaff,  Anton  E.  August,  poet  and  writer ; 
b.  \VeitenlrebeliUsch,  llohemia,  Nov.  28,  1850. 
Kditoi,  1881,  of  the  Vienna  **  Musikalische 
Welt";  since  1882,  of  the  '*  Lyi.i."  Abt,  Spei- 
del,  Tschirsch,  ct  a/.^  have  composed  many  of 
his  jioems  ("  Ks  rauscht  ein  stf>I/er  Strom  7.11111 
Mecr";  "  Deutsche  sind  wir  und  wollen's  blei- 
ben";  etc.). 

Nach^aur,  Franz,  famous  diamatic  tenor ; 
b.  Schloss  (liessen,  n.  Fiiedrichshafcn,  Mar. 
25,  1835.  While  attending  the  Polytechnic 
School  at  Stuttgart,  1'ischuk  noticed  his  line 
voice,  and  instructed  him  in  sinj»inj>.  lie  sanj; 
at  liasel  as  a  chorister,  and  then  at  theattes  in 
Luncville,  IMannheim,  Hanover,  Prague,  Darm- 
stadt, and  Vienna;  engaged  at  Munich  1866- 
90,  with  tne  title  of  '*  KammerSiinger";  then 
pensioned.  He  also  sang  in  Italy,  creating 
Lohengrin  at  Rome,  1878.  Kavorite  roles  weie 
Raoul,  Prophet,  Arnold. 

Na'chez,  Tivadar  fTheodor  Na'schitz],  b. 
Pcsth,  May  I,  1859.  Utilliant  violin-virtuoso,  a 
pupil  of  Sabntil  at  Pesth,  Joachim  at  Heilin  (3 
years),  and  Leonard  at  Pans  (i  yeai).  Kstab- 
lished  himself  at  Paris,  making  tout  son  the  Con- 
tinent, and  finally  went  to  London,  wheiehewas 
eminently  successful.  A  fter  further  Continental 
tours,  he  settled  (1889)  in  London  as  concert- 
player  and  composer. — Works:  2  concertos  f. 
violin  and  orch.;  2  Hungarian  Rhapsodies,  and 
4  Hung,  dances  ;  2  Romances  and  unions  minor 
pieces  f.  vln.  w.  orch. ;  Suite  in  6  movem.,  I.  vln. 
and  pf. ;  Requiem  Mass  f.  soli,  oh,,  and  orch.; 
atrangements ;  songs. 

Nadaud,  Gustave,  b.  Roubaix,  Krance,  Keb. 
20,  1820;  d.  Pans,  Apr.  ic),  1893.  Celebrated 
tJntiiMHith'r  (poet-com])oseO ;  15  vol. s  of  his 
works,  each  containing  20  chansons,  have  been 
publ.;  also  a  vol,  of  "Chansons  legcres." 
Klonument  in  Koubaix.*—  Ho  prod.  3  operettas  : 
/,<•  tfocfeitr  I'it'iwtt'Mfa*  La  w/ifov,  and  J*wtt  ef 
finftrt. 

Na^dermann,  Frangois-Joseph,  harpist ;  b. 
Paris,  1773;  d.  there  Apr.  2,  1835.  Pupil  of 
KrumphoU;  r8rf)  court  harpist  at  Paris,  and 
1825  harp-prof,  at  the  Cons.  In  his  father's 
harp-factory,  continued  by  him  and  his  brother 
Henry  [b.  1780,  as,sl. -harpist  in  the  King's  mu- 
sic, and  assl.-prof.  in  the  Cons,  till  1835],  the 
old-fashioned  mstr.swith  crooks  were  made  until 
wholly  driven  out  by  tfranPs  inventions.  N. 
publ.  a  great  deal  of  music  for  harp. 

Na'gel,  Julius,  'cellist;  b.  (Jotha,  1837;  d. 
St.  Petersburg,  Sept.  15,  1893.  Composer; 
teacher  in  St«  P.,  from  1805,  at  the  Alexander 
Lyceum. 

Na'gcl,  Dr.  Willibald,  contemporary  (ic.r- 
mun  writer;  publ.  "  (Jeschichte  der  Musik  in 
Knglawl "  down  to  Purcell's  dentil,  In  2  parts 
(Strassburg,  i«<)  |?|,  iS<)7). 

Nageli,  Johann  Hans  Georg,  b,  WeUikout 


NAGILLER— XARES 


n.  Zurich,  May  16,  1773  ;  d.  there  Dec.  26, 
1836.  Music-publisher  at  Wetzikon  (establ. 
1792) ;  founder  and  president  of  the  Swiss  As- 
sec,  for  the  Cultivation  of  Music,  singing- 
teacher  at  a  primary  school,  applying  the  Pesta- 
lozzian  system.  As  a  song-composer  he  is  best 
kno\\n  by  "  Freut  euch  des  Lebens"  (Life  let 
us  cherish).  He  wrote  "  Gesangbbildungslehre 
nach  Pestaloz^ischen  Grundsatzen  "  (w.  M  G. 
Tfeiffer  ,  1812) ;  "  Christhches  Gesangbuch" 
[an  "Auszug"  of  the  same]  (iSiS);  "Vorle- 
sungen  liber  Musik  mit  Berucksich tigging  der 
Dilettanten  "  (1826) ; "  Musikalisches  Tabellwerk 
fur  Volksschulen  zur  Herausbildung  fur  den 
Figuralgesang"  (1838);  and  a  polemical  pam- 
phlet against  Thibaut,  "  Der  Streit  zwischen  der 
alten  und  neuen  Musik"  (1827);  etc.  Monu- 
ment at  Zurich,  1848. — Biographies  by  Bierer 
(1844),  Keller  (1848),  and  Schnabeh  (1873) 

Nagiller,  Matthaus,  b.  Munster,  Tyrol, 
Oct.  24,  1815  ;  d.  July  8,  1874,  at  Innsbruck,  as 
cond.  of  the  kl  Musikverein  " — Works:  An  op- 
era, Herzog  Friedrich  von  Tirol  (Munich,  1854), 
successful  orch.l  and  choral  comp  s. 

Nani'ni,  Giovanni  Maria,  b.  Vallerano, 
Italy,  about  1540;  d.  Rome,  Mar.  II,  1607. 
Pupil  of  Goudimel ;  after  completing  his  studies, 
he  officiated  in  Vallerano  as  /;/.  di  cap/*.;  but  on 
Palestnna's  resignation  as  maestro  at  Santa 
Maria  Maggiore,  Rome,  he  was  called  thither 
in  1571  Resigning  in  1575,  he  founded  the 
first  public  school  of  music  opened  in  Rome  by 
an  Italian,  in  which  his  nephew,  Giovanni  Ber- 
nardino, and  Palestrina,  were  active  instructors. 
N.'s  compositions  were  performed  at  the  Sistine 
Chapel;  in  1577  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Papal  choir,  and,  in  1604,  M.  tfi  capp.  of  the  Sis- 
tine  Chapel.  His  \\orks  are  among  the  best  of 
the  Palestrina  epoch  ,  the  6-part  motet  "  Hodie 
nobis  coelorum  rex"  is  still  sung  annually  on 
Christmas  morning  in  the  Sistine  Chapel.  Ha- 
berl  publ.  a  sketch  of  N.  in  the  "Kirchenmu- 
sikalisches  Jahrbuch"  for  1891,  with  5  hitherto 
unpubl.  Lamentations  a  4.  Other  printed  works 
are  motets  a  3-5  in  canon-form  \\ith  cantus 
firmus  (1586) ;  4  books  of  madrigals  a  5  (1578- 
86);  canzonets  a  3  (1587);  psalms  in  Constan- 
tini's  "Psalnii  a  8  voci"(i6i4),  other  motets 
and  madrigals  in  coll.s  of  the  time.  3  motets 
a  3,  one  a  4,  and  a  Miserere,  are  in  Proske's 
*"  Musica  divma  ";  detached  numbers  in  the  col- 
lections of  Rochlitz,  Tucher,  Luck,  and  Prince 
yon  der  Moszkva.  An  admirable  work  in  MS. 
is  the  "Cento  cinquanta  sette  contrappunti  e 
canoni  a  2-11  voci,  sopra  del  canto  fermo  intito- 
lato  la  base  di  Costanzo  Festa";  also  a  "Trat- 
tato  di  contrappunto." 

Nani'ni,  Giovanni  Bernardino,  nephew  of 
Giov.  Maria ;  b.  Vallerano,  about  1560  ;  d.  Rome, 
1624.  From  1577  ;//.  di  capp.  at  the  French 
church  of  St. -Louis ;  later  at  San  Lorenzo  in 
Damaso.  Proske  printed  4  psalms  tt  4  in  "Mu- 
sica divina." — Publ.  3  books  of  madrigals  a  5 
(1598-1612) ,  4  of  motets  a  1-5,  w.  organ-bass 


(1608-18) ,  Psalms  a  4  and  8  (1620) ,  and  a  "  Ve- 
nite  exultemus  "  a  3,  w.  org.  (1620). 

Napoleon,  Arthur,  pianist ;  b.  Oporto,  Mar. 
6,  1843.  After  sensational  concerts  at  the  courts 
of  Lisbon  and  London  (1852),  and  Berlin  (1854), 
he  studied  under  Halle  at  Manchester,  made 
tours  throughout  Europe,  and  N.  and  S.  Amer- 
ica. Settled  m  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1868  (1871  ?) 
as  a  dealer  in  music  and  instr.s.  lias  publ. 
comp.s  f.  pf  and  orch  ,  solo  pieces  for  pf.,  etc. ; 
has  also  acted  as  a  conductor 

Napra'vnik  [Naprawnik]  Eduard,  b.  P>ejst, 
n.  Koniggratz,  Aug.  24,  1839.  Pupil  of  the 
Prague  Organ-School  1853-4,  fiom  1856,  teacher 
m  the  Maydl  Inst.  for  Music  in  Prague  ;  1861, 
Kapellm.  to  Prince  Yussupoff  at  St  Petersburg  ; 
then  organist,  and  2nd  conductor  at  the  Russian 
Opera,  and  from  1869  1st  cond.  From  1870-82 
he  was  Balakirev's  successor  as  cond.  of  the  sym- 
phony conceits  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  lie  is  a  dis- 
tinguished pianist,  conductor,  and  composer. — 
Works:  The  operas  The  Temp  f  it ;  The  Inhab- 
itants of  Nishmi  Novgorod  (St.  Peteisbuij*, 
1869) ;  //<z/W</(St.  P.,  1886) ;  Dnbroffsky,  in  4 
acts  (St.  P  ,  1895  ;  Leipzig,  1897  ;  succ  )  ;  sym- 
phonic poem  "  The  Demon  "  (after  Lermnn  toy's 
poem),  the  overture"  Vlasta"  (1861),  and  others; 
fantasia  f .  pf .  w,  orch. ,  op.  39  ;  a  quai  tct ;  a 
trio  ;  Bohemian  and  Russian  songs  ;  pf. -music  ; 
etc. 

Nardi'ni,  Pietro,  fine  violinist ;  b.  Fibiana, 
Tuscany,  1722;  d.  Florence,  May  7,  1793.  Pu- 
pil of  Tartini  at  Padua  ;  from  1753-67,  solo-vio- 
linist in  the  court  orch.,  Stuttgart ;  lived  with 
Tartini  until  the  hitter's  death  in  1770;  then 
maestro  of  the  court  music  at  Florence.  Both 
Leopold  Mozart  and  Schubert  praised  his  play- 
ing.— Publ.  6  violin-concertos ;  6  sonatas  f.  via. 
and  bass ;  6  violin  solos ,  6  violin-ducts ;  6 
string-quartets ;  6  flute- trios.  Sonatas  arc  in 
Alard's  "  Les  maftres  classiques"  and  David's 
"  Ilohe  Schule  des  Violinspiels  "  ;  others  in  Jen- 
sen's "  Classische  Violinmusik." 

Nares,  James,  English  comp.  and  organist ; 
b.  Stanwell,  Middlesex,  1715  ;  d.  London,  Fcb, 
10,  1783.  Chorister  in  the  Chapel  Royal  under 
Gates  ;  also  studied  with  Pepusch.  Deputy-org. 
of  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor  ;  org.  of  York 
Cath.,  1734  ;  in  1756  he  succeeded  Greene  as 
org.  and  comp.  to  the  Chapel  Royal ;  Mus.  Doc., 
Cantab.,  1757;  Master  of  the  Children,  at  the 
Ch.  Royal,  1757-80.— Publ.  "  8  Setts  of  Les- 
sons" f.  harpsichord  (1747);  5  Lessons  f.  do. 
(1758);  "3  Kasy  do.",  "II  Principle,  or  A 
Regular  Introduction  to  Playing  on  the  Harpsi- 
chord or  Organ"  (n.  d.) ;  2  Treatises  on  Singing  ; 
a  dramatic  ode,  "  The  Royal  Pastoral "  ;  20  an- 
thems in  score  (1778) ;  Morning  and  K veiling 
Service,  with  6  anthems  inscoie  (1788) ;  a  coll.  of 
catches,  canons,  and  glees  (1772) ;  etc.  I  taUichecl 
pieces  are  in  Arnold's  "Cathedral  Music, "Page's 
"  Ilarmonia  Sacra,"  and  Stevens'  "Sacred  Mu- 
sic." 


414 


NARKT-KONiNc;— NAUMANN 


Naret-Koning,  Johann  Joseph  David,  b. 
Amsterdam,  Feb.  25,  1838  Violinist ;  pupil  ot 
David  Jil  Lcip/ig  ;  1859-70  leader  of  the  Mann- 
heim orch  ,  also  cond  <  I  the  Mus  Soc.  and  the 
Stnwifiuuit  until  187*1.  Since  then,  leader  at 
the  City  Th  ,  Kianklort,  and  member  of  the 
Ileermann  Quintet.  Ilaspubl.  songs,  etc. 

Nasoli'ni,  Sebastiano,  b.  Piacen/a,  about 
1768  ;  (L  (?).  Prolific  opera-composer,  produc- 
ing some  30  operas  from  1788-1816  at  Venice, 
Miltin,  Florence,  Naples,  Vicen/a,  etc. 

Nata'le,  Pompeo,  choh -singer  at  S.  Maria 
Maf>giorc,  K()nu'>  aml  lne  teacher  of  Pitoni ; 
publ  "  Madiigali  e  c.mxoni  spirituali  a  2,  3  e  4 
voci  col  basso  per  rorgano"  (1662). 

Nathan,  Isaac,  b.  C'anlerlnny,  1792;  d.  Syd- 
ney, Australia,  Jan.  15, 1864  Pupil  ol  I).  C'oni. 
— Works  :  M  usic  to  the  comedy  fiwivf/feat  /s  and 
Wives  (1823,  very  popular)  ;  an  opera,  The  At- 
ff//r/(i824);  an  operetta,  77it'  /llu&tritws  Stranger 
(1827) ,  "  Musurgia  Vocalis,  an  essay  on  the  His- 
tory and  Theory  of  Music,  and  on  the  Qualities, 
Capabilities,  and  Management  of  the  Human 
Voice"  (1823,  2nd  etl.  1820)  ;  ll  Ufe  of  Madame 
Malibtande  Ueriot  .  .  .  "  (1830) tl  I  k-biew  Melo- 
dies" [  Hyron|,  \v.  I»raham(i822  ;  1861);  songs. 

Na'torp,  Bern  hard  Christian  Ludwig,  b. 
\Vciden-on-Kuhi,  Nov.  is,  1774;  d.  Minister, 
Feb.  8,  1840.  Studied  theology  and  pedagogics 
at  Halle  Univ.;  pastor  at  Kssen,  1798;  Coun- 
sellor of  the  Consistory  at  Potsdam,  1808  ;  Gen- 
eral Supt.  at  Milnster,  i8i<).  —  Publ.  "  Anlcitung 
zui  Unlmvoisung  im  Singeu  flir  LehreranVolks- 
scluik'ii "  (2  courses,  1813,  1820;  often  republ.); 
14  Lvhrhuchlisin  der  Singekunst"  (a  courses, 181 6, 
1820),  **  Ueber  den  (Jcsang  in  dcr  Kirchc  der 
Proteslunlen  "  (1817);  "  Ucber  den  /week,  die 
Kinrichtung  und  den  (icbrauch  des  Melodien- 
buchs  flir  den  ( lemcindcgosang  in  den  evange- 
lisehcn  Kirc.hcn  "  (1822),  followed  by  the  tl  Me- 
lodicnbuch"  (1822);  "Oioralbuch  fttr  cvang. 
Kirchen"  (1820,;  hanwmixed  in  4  parts,  w. 
preludes  and  interludes  by  Rinck) ;  and  "  Ucber 
Rincks  Pra'ludU'ii  "  (1834).— Ily  his  labors  the 
singing  in  churches  and  schools  was  greatly  im- 
proved. 

Nau,  Maria  Dolores  Benedicta  Josefina, 
noted  soprano  stagcssinger ;  born  of  Spanish 
parents  at  New  York,  Mar,  18,  1818,  Pupil  of 
Mine.  Dumoruuu-Cinti  at  the  Paris  Cons,  from 
1832,  talking  1st  prixe  in  1834;  debut  at  the 
Opera,  1836,  as  Page  in  the  l/ugtwwls;  sang  in 
minor  roles  here  for  6  years ;  then  with  much 
success  in  Brussels,  London,  etc*,  and  was  reen- 
gaged at  the  Opera  for  leading  roles  (1844-8). 
In  1848  she  went  to  London,  and  thence  to 
America  ;  returning  to  London,  she  sang  for  18 
months  at  the  Princess's  Th,  ;  then  again  at  the 
Opt'ra  in  Paris  from  1851-3,  Shi1  revisited 
America  in  1854,  and  was  welcomed  with  ex- 
travagant enthusiasm  ;  she  retired  in  1856. 

Nau'bert,  Friedrich  August,  celebrated 
song-composer;  b.  Schkeuditz,  Saxony,  Mar. 


23,  1839 ;  d.  Neubrandenburg,  Aug.  26,  1897, 
where  he  was  organist  and  singing-teacher  at  the 
Gymnasium. 

Naudin,  Emilio,  operatic  tenor ;  b.  Parma, 
Get  23,  1823.  Pupil  of  Panixxa  at  Milan; 
debut  at  Cremona  ,  sang  in  several  Italian  thea- 
tres, toured  Kurope,  and  was  eng.  ifi(>2  at  the 
Th.  Ilahcn,  Pat  is.  At  Meyet  beer's  testament- 
ary desire  he  created  the  role  of  Vasco  on  the 
production  of  FAfuunne  (Opera,  1865),  b^ 
soon  returned  to  the  Th.  Italien. 

Nau'e,  Johann  Friedrich,  b  Hallo,  Nov. 
17.  1787;  d  there  May  19,  1868.  Pupil  of 
Tuik;  in  1813,  mus.  dir.  of  the  Univ.,  and  or- 
ganist, lie  spent  an  inherited  fortune  in  col- 
lecting a  fine  mus.  library,  and  on  preparations 
for  the  Halle  Mus.  Festivals  oi  1829  and  1835  ; 
and  died  poor — Works.  "  Versuch  einer  mu- 
sikalischen  Amende"  (i 8 1 8) ;  "All&em  evang. 
Choralbuch  mit  Melodien,  grosstentheils  aus 
den  Urquellcn  benchtigt,  mit  vierstimmijien 
Ilaimonion"  (1829,  \v.  histor.  Jntiod.);  he 
comp  a  triumphal  march  f.  chorus  and  wind- 
orch.,  church-music,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Nau'enburg,  Gustav,  baritone  concert-hinder 
and  excellent  binding-teacher;  b.  Halle,  May 
20,  1803.  lie  wrote  valuable  studies  ("  Triu- 
liclie  (Jesangstudien,"  '*  Ta'^lichc  Coloniturstu- 
dicn  ") ;  wrote  forv«irious  mus.  papers ;  and  publ. 
"  Ideen  x,u  einer  Reform  der  christlichen  Kirch- 
enmusik"  (1854). 

Nau^mann,  Johann  Gottlieb,  b.  ItlascwiU, 
n.  Diesden,  Apr.  17,  1741 ;  d.  Dresden,  Oct.  23, 
1801.  Intended  for  a  school-teaclier,  he  was 
trained  in  the  Dresden  Kreuxschtile,  wheio  he 
learned  singing.  In  1757  a  Swedish  musician 
named  Wecstrom  offered  to  take  him  to  Italy; 
they  travelled  thither  via  Hamburg,  and  \Vee- 
stnmi  studied  at  Padua  under  Tartini,  not  al- 
lowing N.,  however,  to  share  the  master's  in- 
struction. <  )n  account  of  this  slight,  and  geneinl 
ill-treatment,  N,  left  his  former  patron  ;  Tartini 
taught  him  gratuitously;  in  1701  he  went  to 
Rome  and  Naples  with  the  violinist  Pitschcr  to 
study  dramatic  composition  ;  studied  counter- 
point later  with  Padre  Martini  at  JJologna ; 
brought  out  his  first  opera  at  the  Sun  Samucle 
Th.,  Venice;  and  returned  to  Dresden  in  1763, 
receiving  next  year  the  appointment  of  court 
composer  of  sacred  music,  and  of  u  chamber- 
comp."  in  17^5.  (hi  a  second  Italian  tour  he 
brought  out  several  operas  ;  then,  after  refusing 
an  offer  from  Frederick  the  (Ireat,  hewasapp. 
Kape/lm.  at  I  )rt*sden  (1776),  advancing  in  1786  to 
Atf/V/////. -in-chief.  In  1777  he  was  also  invited 
to  Stockholm  to  reorganise  the  orchestra,  and 
brought  out  operas  then  and  in  1780.  In  all  ho 
prod.  23  operas ;  also  a  ballet,  TO  oratorios, 
sacred  music  (Incl.  the  line  *'  Valor  unser,"  after 
Klopstock);  an  elegy,  "  KlopHlocks  drab";  18 
symphonies;  sonatas  f.  pf.,  violin,  and  har- 
monica; songs  (new  complete  ed.  by  Ureitkopf 
&  Hfirtcl) ;  etc,  (MunnsUiin  publ.  a  catalogue  of 
N.'s  comp.s). — liiogmphicat :  Meissner  wrote 


415 


NAUMANN— NEEFE 


"  TSruchstucke  aus  Naumanns  Lebensgeschichte  " 
(2  vol.s  ;  Prague,  1803-4) ,  biographies  also  b}  G. 
H.  von  Schubert  (Dresden,  1844),  and  Emil  Nau- 
mann  (in  the  **  Allgem.  deutsche  Uiographie  "). 

Nau'mann,  Emil,  grandson  of  the  preced- 
ing; b.  Berlin,  Sept.  S,  1827,  d.  Dresden,  June 
23,  iSSS.  Pupil  of  Schnyder  von  Wartensee  at 
Frankfort ;  of  Mendelssohn,  1842  ;  and  of  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  1843-4  ,  then  attended  Uonn  Univ. 
In  1848  his  first  great  work,  the  oratorio  Christ  us 
der  Friedenshotc^  was  prod,  at  Dresden  ;  also 
the  opera  Judith.  In  1856  his  treatise  on  "Die 
Einfuhrung  des  Psalmengesanges  in  die  evang. 
Kirche  "  procured  his  appointment  as  mus.  dir. 
in  the  court  church,  Berlin,  for  which  he  comp. 
motets,  psalms,  etc.,  publishing  "Psalmen  auf 
alle  Sonn-  und  Feiertage  des  evang.  Kirchen- 
jahres"  [\ol.s  viii-x  of  Commer's  "Musica 
sacra"].  The  Univ.  of  Berlin  conferred  on 
him  the  title  of  Dr.  f/ril.  for  "Das  Alter  des 
Psalmengesanges";  his  masterwork,  "Die 
Tonkunst  in  der  Culturgeschichte "  (2  vol  s  ; 
1869,  1870)  brought  him  that  of  "  Professor." 
He  went  to  Dresden  in  1873,  and  lectured  on 
mus.  history  at  the  Cons. — Other  writings: 
"Deutsche  Tondichter  von  Seb.  Bach  bis  auf 
die  Gegenwart"  (1871;  often  republ.) ;  "Ital. 
Tondichter  von  Palestrina  bis  auf  die  Gegen- 
wart"  (1876);  "Illustrirte  Musikgeschichte  " 
(1880-85) ;— these  three  consist  largely  of  ex- 
tracts from  other  authors;  —  "Nachklange- 
(Jedenkblatter  aus  dem  Musik-,  Kunst-  und 
Geistesleben  unsrer  Tage"  (1872);  "Deutsch- 
lands  musik.  Heroen  und  ihre  Ruckwirkung 
auf  die  Nation "  (1873)  T*  "  Musikdrama  oder 
Oper"  (1876;  contra  Wagner);  "Zukunfts- 
musik  und  die  Musik  der  Zukunft"  (1877); 
4  *  tJber  ein  bisher  unbekanntes  Gesetz  in  Aufbau 
klassischer  Fugenthemen"  (1878);  "Dermo- 
derne  musikalische  Zopf  "  (iSSo);  etc. 

Nau'mann,  Karl  Ernst,  (grandson  of  J.  G. 
N.,)  b.  Freiberg,  Saxony,  Aug.  15,  1832.  St. 
in  Leipzig  (1850)  under  Hauptmann,  Kichter, 
\Venzel  and  Langer;  took  degree  of  Dr.phiL 
at  the  Univ.  in  1858  for  his  dissertation  "  Ueber 
die  verschiedenen  Bestimmungen  der  Tonver- 
haltnisse  und  die  Bedeutung  des  pythagorei- 
schen  und  reinen  Quintensystems  fur  unsre 
Musik";  then  studied  for  2  years  an  Dresden 
under  Joh.  Schneider  (org.),  soon  afterward 
being  called  to  Jena  as  academical  music-director 
and  organist ;  "  Professor"  in  1877.  Composed 
chiefly  chamber-music  (wrote  the  first  sonata  f. 
viola  and  pf.) ;  publ.  many  valuable  revisions 
and  arrangements  of  classical  works,  especially 
for  the  Bach-Gesellschaft.— Works :  Salvum  fac 
regem,  f.  male  ch.,  op.  14  ;  Ehre  sei  Gott  in  der 
Hohe,  f.  4-p.  mixed  ch.;  Pastorale  in  F,  f.  small 
orch.,  op.  16 ;  Serenade  in  A  (nonet  f.  strings, 
flute,  oboe,  bassoon,  and  horn),  op  10  ;  2  string- 
quintets,  op.  6  and  13  ;  string-trio,  op.  12  ;  pf.- 
trio,  op.  7  ;  string-quartet  in  G  min.,  op.  9  ;  etc. 

Na'va,  Gaetano,  singing-master ;  b.  Milan, 
Mar.  16,  1802 ;  d.  there  Mar.  31,  1875.  Taught 


by  his. father  (Ant.  Maria  N  ,  1775-1826),  and 
I'oilmi  ,  then  at  Milan  Cons  1817-24  by  Or- 
landi,  Ray,  Piantanida,  and  Ficdenci.  App. 
1837  prof,  of  solfeggio  at  the  Cons  ,  in  1848, 
maestro  of  choral  singing  and  harmony  for  the 
alumni.  Wrote  a  great  number  of  excellent  sol- 
feggi and  vocalizzi  ,  also  a  "  Mclodn  pnitico  di 
vocal  izzazione",  church-music,  sontfs,  pf.- 
pieces,  a  "Notturino"  f.  harp  and  harmoni- 
flfite,  etc. 

Nawra'til  [-vrah'-],  Karl,  b.  Vienna,  Oct.  7, 
1836.  Pupil  of  Nottebohm  (q>t.).  Excellent 
teacher;  Essipoff,  Schutt,  and  A.  Kuckauf  arc 
his  pupils. — Publ.  works  :  Pwilm  xxx,  f.  soli,  ch. 
and  orch  ;  an  overture  ;  chamber-mubic  (a  string- 
quartet,  pf. -quintets,  trios). 

Naylor,  John,  Engl  comp  ;  b  Stanninglcy, 
n.  Leeds,  June  S,  1838  ;  d  at  sen,  Alny  14,  1897. 
Choir-boy  at  Leeds  Parish  Ch.,  while  S.  S.  Wes- 
ley and  R.  S.  Bunton  were  organists  Org.  of 
Scarborough  Ch.,  1856;  Mus.  J>ac.,  Oxon., 
1863  ;  Mus.  Doc.,  1872.  Org.  of  All  Saints', 
Scarb.,  1873  .'  m  1883,  org.  and  choii  master 
of  York  Minster,  and  also  (1892)  concl.  of  York 
Mus.  Soc.,  succeeding  llurton. — Works  :  4  can- 
tatas, Jeremiah^  77u'  Brawn  &•;/«•;//,  JMw  ifia/i, 
and  Manna  /  church-services,  anthems,  hymns, 
part-songs,  organ-pieces,  and  a  well-known  book 
of  chants. 

Naylor,  Sidney,  b.  London,  July  24,  1841  ; 
d.  Shepherd's  Bush,  Mar.  4,  1893.  Chorister  at 
the  Temple  Ch. ;  pupil  of  Dr.  Hopkins  (or^. 
and  harm.).  Organist,  successively,  at  4  Lon- 
don churches  ;  a  skilful  accompanist,  often  tour- 
ing with  Sims  Reeves.  In  1868  he  married 
Miss  Blanche  Cole,  the  well-known  soprano  con- 
cert-singer [d.  London,  Aug.  31,  i888j. 

Ned'bal,  Oscar,  viola-player  in  the  "Bo- 
hemian" String-quartet;  b.  Tabor,  Dohcmiu, 
Mar.  25,  1874.  St.  in  Prague  (Ions,  (comp, 
under  Dvorak).  Wrote  a  Scherzo-Caprice  f. 
orch.;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  etc. 

Neebj  Heinrich,  b.  Lich,  Upper  Hesse, 
1807  ;  d.  Frankfort,  Jan.  iS,  1878.  Pupil  of 
Peter  Muller  at  Kriedbcrg,  and  Aloys  Schmilt 
at  Frankfort,  where  he  coud.  the  "(Jernianm," 
"Neeb's  Quartet,"  the  "  Tcutonia,"  and  the 
14  Neeb'scher  Mannerchor." — Works  :  3  opetas, 
Domenico  Baldi^  Der  CM,  and  Die  jrrJtwntrzt'ti 
Jagt'j);  popular  ballads  ('*Die  Xobeljagd," 
"Andreas  Ilofer";  "Dcr  todte  Soldut,"  *4l>er 
sterbende  Trompeter,"  etc.);  a  cantata,  jDns 
deutsche  Lied  und  sein  Sdnger.  Other  comp.s 
MS. 

Nee'fe,  Christian  Gottlob,  b.  ChcmnitK, 
Feb.  5,  1748  ;  d.  Dessau,  Jan.  26,  1798.  While 
a  law-stud  en  t  at  Leip2ig,  he  had  lessons  in  music 
with  A.  Ihller ;  acted  as  a  conductor  at  Leipzig 
and  Dresden,  then  of  Seller's  travelling-  opem- 
troupe,  and  (1779)  of  the  (Jrassmann-ilellnuitU 
company  at  Uonn,  where  he  was  app.  deputy- 
oiganist,  and  succeeded  van  den  Keden  as  Kleo- 
toral  mus.  dir,  in  1782,  also  as  Jiccthovvn's 


416 


NEK— NKSSLKR 


teacher.  In  1796  he  became  cond.  of  the  Des- 
sau opera. — Works:  8  vaudevilles  and  opei as 
for  Leipzig  *'in<l  P>onn  ;  Klopslock'sode  "  J)em 
Unendhchen,"  f.  4  voices  and  orch.;  double 
concerto  i.  pi.,  viohu,  and  orch  ;  sonatas,  vana- 
tions,  and  fantasias  f.  pf  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Nef,  [Di  1  Karl,  contemporaiy  Swiss  writer  ; 
ptibl.  "  I>ie  Mkgia  tmiAicti  in  der  deutsch- 
reformirten  Schwei/  von  iluer  Kntstehung  bis 
zum  JJeginn  des  19.  Jahrhundeils"  (St  Gallon, 
1897).  [The  **  Collegia  musica"  were  associa- 
tions of  dilettantes  for  the  cultivation  of  music, 
and  flourished  more  especially  in  the  xytli  ami 
1 8th  centuries  ] 

Nehraich,  Christian  Gottfried,  b.  Ruh- 
land,  Upper  Lusatia,  Apr.  22,  1802  ;  d.  lierlin, 
Jan.  8,  1868.  A  vocal  teacher,  who  establ  a 
school  ior  singing  at  Leip/.ig,  later  &oing  to 
]5eilin.  1 1  is  work  **  Die  C  lesangskunst  ..." 
(r84T),  followed  by  a  **  Gcsangschule  fur  gebil- 
dete  Suinde"  (1844),  though  twice  republ.,  had 
no  lasting  success. 

Neid'hardt,  Johann  Georg,  d.  as  Kapdlnt. 
at  Kimigsberg,  Jan.  I,  1739.  His  twowoikson 
temperament  have  a  certain  historical  interest. 

Neid'linger,  William  Harold,  talented  com- 
poser; b.  Hiooklyn,  N.  V.,  July  20,  1863.  Pu- 
pil of  Oudley  Duck.  IIis  compositions  include 
a  mass,  other  church-music,  mixed  and  male 
choruses,  and  numerous  delightful  songs. 

Neit'hardt,  August  Heinrich,  b.  Schlei/,, 
Aug.  io,  1793;  d.  Merlin,  Apr.  18,  1861.  Pupil 
of  Kbhaidl  and  (Iraner  in  Schlcu  ;  oboist  in  the 
Gardejager  Corps  in  the  War  of  Liberation  ; 
app.  bandmaster  in  iHrO,  and  bandmaster  of  the 
Kaiser  Kranx  Grenadier  Kegl.  in  1822-40;  in 
1843,  teacher  of  singing  for  the  /hmc/ior  ( I !er- 
lin  cathedral  choir),  and  in  1845  its  conductor. 
Kor  its  improvement  he  inspected  the  Imp.  Choir 
at  St.  Petersburg  in  1846,  and  the  Sisline  Chapel 
at  Rome  in  1857;  under  his  conductorship  the 
Aw/fAv  became  famous-— Works :  An  opera, 
Julie  fie  (1834);  line  music  for  military  baud; 
male  choruses  ;  songs  (he  set  to  music  Thiersch's 
'*  Ichbinein  Preusso");  horn -quartets  find -trios, 
pf. -music  ;  his  chief  work  is  "  Musica  sacra  : 
Sammlung  religiOscr  Gesftnge  ftlterer  und  nnie- 
rer  Xeit";  vol.s  v,  vii  and  xii  arc  by  N.  him- 
self. 

Nei'tzel,  Otto,  b.  Kalkenburg,  Pomerunia, 
July  6,  1852.  Pupil  of  Kullak's  Acad.,  Iterlin, 
and  studied  also  at  the  Univ.  (Dr.  //f/7.,  1875) ; 
then  made  a  concert- tour,  ns  pianist,  witli  Pauline 
Lucca  and  Sarusate  ;  and  in  1878  became  cond. 
of  the  u  Musikvcrein M  at  Strassburtf,  where 
(r87g-8i)  he  likewise  conducted  in  the  City  Th. 
Until  1885  he  laxight  at  the  Moscow  Cons.;  then 
at  the  Cologne  Cons.;  since  1887  also  critic  for 
the  "Kttlnische  Zcitunff.11  His  operas  Angffa 
(Halle,  1887),  Ditto  (Weimar,  1888  ;  N.  wrote 
both  text  arid  music),  and  J)tr  <tlte  JJrssauer 
(Wiesbaden,  1889),  have  had  fair  success.  Publ. 
a  "  KUhrer  durch  die  Oper,"  in  3  vol.3. 


Nen'na,  Pomponio,  a  native  of  Ban,  Naples, 
publ.  detached  madrigals  in  1585  and  1594 
(Phalese's  "  Melodia  Olympica  ") ;  8  books  of  5- 
p.  madngals  i6oo,-24,  and  i  book  of  4-p  madri- 
j>als  in  1631  ,  all  now  very  raie. 

Ne'ri,  Filippo,  b.  Florence,  July  2T,  rsis  , 
d.  Rome,  May  26,  1595.  lie  took  holy  orders 
in  1551,  and  began  giving  lectures  in  the  oratory 
of  San  (iiiolamo  (later  at  Santa  Maria,  Valh- 
cella),  for  which  Anmmccia,  and  after  his  death 
Palestrina,  composed  the  "haudi  spintuali  "  as 
a  kind  of  musical  illustration  of  the  lectures, 
growing  after  many  yeais  into  the  ait-form  oi 
tlie  oiatorio,  which  denvcs  its  name  from  the 
"oratory"  (Ital.  "oratorio")  in  which  the 
lectures  were  held.  The  attendance  on  these 
lectures  increased,  and  in  1575  N.  organized  a 
seminary  for  secular  priests,  recognized  in  1575 
by  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  as  the  ' '  Congrcgazione 
dell1  Oratorio." 

Neru'da  [Nor'mann-Neru'dal,  Wilma 
Maria  Francisca,  celebrated  violinist ;  b. 
Itrltnn,  Mar.  29,  1839.  Jler  father  was  an  or- 
ganist She  studied  under  Jansa,  and  first  played 
in  public  at  Vienna,  1846,  with  her  sister  A  malic, 
a  pianist ;  thence  making  a  tour  with  hei  father, 
sister,  and  brother  Franz  (a  'cellist)  through 
Germany.  In  1849  she  played  at  a  Philharm. 
concert  m  London  ;  after  prolonged  travels  on 
the  Continent,  chiefly  in  Russia,  she  gave  sensa- 
tional concerts  at  Paris  in  1864,  and  theie 
married  Ludwig  Normann.  She  icturned  to 
London  in  iSfx),  and  has  since  then  played  in 
every  winter  and  spiing  season  (at  the  Popular 
Concerts,  the  Philharm.,  the  Crystal  Palace, 
Halle's  lecitals  and  the  Manchester  Concerts, 
etc.)  She  nmnied  Halle  in  1888,  and  visited 
Australia  with  him  in  1890  and  1891.  In  I<Vb., 
1899,  she  commenced  an  American  tour.  Ad- 
mirers call  her  a  rival  of  Joachim. 

Ness'ler,  Victor  EM  b.  Ualdenhcini,  Alsatia, 
Jan.  28,  1841  ;  d.  Strussburg,  Mava8,  1890.  A 
student  of  theology  and  music  (Th.  Stern)  at 
Strassburg,  he  prod,  a  successful  opera,  /''/«•//; v/A1, 
in  1864,  and  threw  himself  into  the  arms  of  art. 
Studied  furtlmriu  Leipzig,  where  he  became  very 
popular  as  chorusmasler  at  the  City  Th.,  coiuf. 
of  the  **  Sangerkreis,"  and  a  composer  of  operas 
which  strongly  appealed  to  popular  taste  ;  the 
above  theatre  brought  out  his  romantic  lairy 
opera  A>;vm/A*//<vtf  firattt/aArt  (1867),  and  the 
operettas  /?/<•  J/tickwifsreisf  (1867),  Mac  hi- 
wftchfrr  utttf  Mutfrut  (t8()8),  and  Am  AUxan- 
ttcrtag  (i8(>9) ;  then  followed  the  operas  frmen- 
flan/  (i87<)),  D?r  Katleu f&nger  wn  Ifameln 
(1879),  Dtr  wihftjitgfr  (1881),  and  Der  Trom- 
pdtr  wn  Sftkkingeni  (1884);  the  Jtttttenfangtr 
and  the  Tromfeicr  have  achieved  more  than 
passing  success ;  Otto  dtr  Xc/iiite  (1886),  and  J)ie 
AV.w  vtm  Strtwbitrg  (Munich,  1890),  closed  the 
series, —  Other  works  :  Der  /Hitmen  Racks, 
ballade  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  double  chorus 
"  Sangers  Frtlhlingsgrtiss,"  f.  men's  voices ;  a 
part-song  cycle,  w,  soli  and  pf.-accomp.,  u  Von 


NESVADBA— NEUMARK 


der  Wiege  bis  zum  Grabe "  ;  male  quartets  ; 
popular  songs,  also  comic  (<l  Drei  Schneider," 
**  Frater  Kellermeister,"  etc.) 

Nesvad'ba,  Joseph,  b.  Vysker,  Bohemia, 
Jan.  19,  1824 ;  d.  Darmstadt,  June  20,  1876. 
While  studying  philosophy  at  Prague,  he  brought 
out  an  opera,  Bhmbart,  at  the  Bohemian  Th.  in 
1844 ;  then  acted  as  theatre-cond.  at  Karlsbad 
(1848),  Olmtitz,  Brunn,  Graz,  the  Bohemian  Th. 
in  Prague  (1857-8,  as  1st  Kapellm  ),  the  Italian 
Opera,  Berlin  (1859-60),  the  City  Th.,  Hamburg 
(1861-3) ;  and  from  1864  as  court  Kapettm.  at 
Darmstadt,  where  he  prod,  several  ballets.  His 
Bohemian  songs  and  choruses  are  prized  in 
Bohemia. 

NeSvera,  Joseph,  b.  Proskoles,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  24,  1842.  From  1878,  mus.  dir.  of  the 
Episcopal  Ch.  in  Koniggratz  ;  now  Kapcllm.  at 
Olmutz  Cath. — Works  .  Opera  Pcrdita  (Prague, 
1897  ,  succ.)  ;  masses  ;  a  De  profundis  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  male  and  mixed  choruses  ;  Bo- 
hemian songs ;  Idyll  f.  3  \iolins,  2  violas,  'cello 
and  bass  ,  violin -music  and  pf.  -pieces. 

Net'zer,  Joseph,  b.  Imst,  Tyrol,  Mar.  18, 
1 808  ;  d.  Graz,  May  28,  1864.  After  studies 
with  local  teachers,  he  went  to  Vienna,  becoming 
a  pupil  of  Gansbacher  and  Sechter.  Brought 
out  the  operas  Die  Belagerung  z-oit  Gothenburg 
(1839),  Mara  (1841),  and  Die  JEroberung  von 
Granada  (1844)  ;  was  Lortzing's  asst-A'a/^///;*. 
at  Leipzig,  1844-5  ;  in  1846  JCapellm.  at  the 
Th.  an  der  \Vien,  Vienna,  producing  there  the 
opera  Die  seltene  Hochzeit ;  in  1849,  Kapellm. 
at  Mayence,  1853  at  Graz.  Besides  over  100 
songs,  he  also  wrote  symphonies,  overtures,  and 
string-quartets. 

Nei/bauer,  Franz  Christian,  b.  Horzin, 
Bohemia,  I76o;d.  BQckeburg,  Oct.  rr,  1795. 
A  violinist,  taught  by  the  village  schoolmaster, 
he  led  a  wandering  life  ;  prod,  an  operetta, 
Ferdinand  tend  Yanko^  at  Vienna  in  1786  (?), 
where  he  met  Mozart  and  Haydn ;  in  1789, 
Kapellm.  to  Prince  \Veilburg  ;  later  court  com- 
poser and  Chr.  Fr.  Bach's  successor  as  court 
Kapellm.  at  Biickeburg. — Publ.  12  symphonies  ; 
10  string-quartets ;  concertos  f.  pf,,  f.  flute,  and 
f.  'cello ;  other  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. 

Neu'endorfF,  Adolf,  b.  Hamburg,  June  13, 
1843 ;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  4,  1897.  Went  to 
America  in  1855  J  Pupil  of  G.  Matzka  and  J. 
Weinlich  (vln.),  and  Dr.  Schilling  (pf ).  Ddbut 
as  pianist  1859  ;  also  ist  violin  in  the  old  Stadt 
Theatre,  New  York  ;  1861,  tour  of  Brazil  as  vio- 
linist ;  1863,  mus.  dir.  of  German  theatre,  Mil- 
waukee ;  1864-7,  cond.  of  German  opera,  N.  Y.; 
1867-71,  cond.  of  Stadt  Theatre  (Lohengrin 
— ven  for  first  time  in  America).  In  1871  he 
ght  Wachtel  over ;  1872,  cond.  opera  in 
I.  of  Music,  N.  Y. ;  1872-4,  manager  of 
Germania  Th.;  1875,  brought  over  Wachtel  and 
Pappenheim ;  1877,  director  and  conductor  of 
Wagner  Festival  at  N.  Y.  ( Walkure  given  first 
time) ;  1878,  cond.  of  N.  Y.  Philharm.;  1884-9, 


concert  director  in  Boston  ;  1889-91,  cond  of 
the  Juch  Engl.  Opera  Co.;  1892,  of  English 
grand  opera,  N.  Y.;  1893-5  in  Vienna,  his  wife, 
Georgine  v.  Januschowsky,  being  prima  donna 
at  the  Imp.  Opera ;  then  returned  to  N.  Y.,  be- 
coming (1896)  dir  of  music  in  the  Temple 
Emanu-El ;  1897,  cond.  of  the  Metropolitan 
Permanent  Orch.,  succeeding  Seidl  — Works  .  4- 
act  comic  opera  The  JKat-cAarmer  of  Hamelin 
(1880)  ;  do.  Don  Quixote  (1882)  ;  3-act  rom.  com. 
opera  Prince  iroodruff'(i§§7) ,  comic  opera  The 
Minstrel  (1892) ;  2  symphonies,  overtures,  can- 
tatas, male  quartets,  many  songs,  etc. 

Neu'komm,  Sigismund,  (Ritter  von,)  b. 
Salzburg,  July  10,  1778  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr  3,  1858. 
Pupil  of  the  organist  Wcissauer,  and  of  M. 
Haydn  forcomp.;  at  15,  Univ.  organist ;  at  18, 
chorusmaster  at  the  opera.  From  1798  he  stud- 
ied at  Vienna  under  J.  Ilaydn,  who  showed  him 
fatherly  care.  In  1807  he  passed  through  Stock- 
holm, where  lie  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Acad.,  to  St.  Petersburg,  there  becoming  cond. 
of  the  German  opera.  1809  found  him  in  Paris, 
an  intimate  of  Gre'try  and  Cherubmi,  and  pianist 
to  Talleyrand  after  Du&sek.  For  his  requiem 
in  memory  of  Louis  XVI.  (Vienna,  1814),  Louis 
XVII.  ennobled  him  in  1815,  decorating  him 
with  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  In  1 816 
he  went  to  Kio  de  Janeiro,  and  was  app.  court 
mus  dir.  by  Emperor  Pom  Pedro,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Lisbon  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
revolution  in  1821.  lie  was  in  Talleyrand's  ser- 
vice until  1826  ;  then  travelled  for  many  years  ; 
and  finally  resided  alternately  in  London  and 
Paris.  He  was  extremely  popular  in  Rutland 
before  Mendelssohn's  advent  in  1837.  Despite 
his  active  life,  he  was  a  most  industrious  com- 
poser of  fluent  and  interesting  works,  now  mostly 
consigned  to  oblivion.  Besides  much  church- 
music  (5  German  and  2  Engl.  oratorios  \A/ount 
Sinai  and  David],  a  complete  Morning  and 
Evening  Service  [for  London],  15  masses,  5  can- 
tatas, psalms  in  Gcr.,  Engl.,  Ital.,  and  Latin, 
etc  ),  he  prod.  10  German  operas  [Alexander  am 
Indu$\,  3  Ital.  dram,  scenas,  a  symphony,  5 
overtures  and  7  fantasias  f.  orch.,  military 
marches,  chamber-music  (about  20  numbers),  a 
pf. -concerto  and  many  pf  -pieces,  57  organ- 
pieces,  about  200  French,  English,  Italian  and 
German  songs ;  etc. 

Neu'mann,  Angelo,  b,  Vienna,  Aug.  18, 
1838.  Began  a  mercantile  caieer,  but  deserted 
it  after  vocal  lessons  from  Stilke-Sessi,  and 
after  his  de'but  as  a  .lyric  lenor  in  1869 ;  sang  at 
theatres  in  Cracow,  Odenburg,  Pressburg ,  1  )an- 
zig,  and  the  Vienna  court  opera  (1862-76) ;  from 
1876-82  he  was  manager  of  the  Leipzig  opera 
under  Forster ;  then  gathered  together  a  travel- 
ling company  for  prod.  Wagner  operas,  journey- 
ing as  far  as  Italy ;  from  the  end  of  1882  to  1885 
he  was  manager  of  the  Bremen  opera ;  then  of 
the  German  opera  in  Prague. 

Neu'mark,  Georg,  poet  and  musician  ;  b. 
Langensaiza,  Mar.  6,  1621;  died  July  8,  1681, 


418 


NKUSIKDLKR— NTCUOLL 


as  librarian  at  Weimar.  Publ.  poems  (with 
melodies).  "  Keuscher  I  Jebesspiegel  "  (1649), 
14  Poetusch  uncl  musikalischcs  Luslwaldchcn  " 
(1652,  Partii,rf>57),  "  Poetisches  despnichspicl" 
(1662).  Wrote  the  words  of  "\Vcr  nur  den 
lieben  Gott  lasst  walten." 

Neu'siedler  (01  Newsidler),  Hans,  a  Nu- 
remberg lute-maker;  b  Piessburg  ;  d.  Nuiem- 
bergjan.,  1563.  Publ."  Kinnewgeordnetkunst- 
hch  Lautenbuch,  in  Hwen  They!  gctheylt"  (1536  , 
Part  i,  expl.  ol  lute  and  lablature  ,  P.  ii,  u  Kan- 
taseyen,  Pre.imbeln,  Psalmen  und  Muteten  "  in 
tablature) ;  valuable,  like  other  tablaturc-books, 
in  showing  exactly  wheie  the  semitones  were 
employed. 

Neu'siedler  (or  Neysidler),  Melchior,  an 
Augsburg  lulenist,  who  publ.  in  Venice,  1506,  2 
books  of  lute-music  (reprinted  by  Phalcse  and 
Jobin  in  1571)  ;  also  a  "  Deutsch  Lnulenbuch, 
darinnen  kunslieiehc  Molctten  "  (£574  ;  and  ed. 
150;  also  in  Italian);  in  1587  he  publ.  0 
motels  by  Josquiu  in  lule-lablalure.  Died  Nu- 
remberg, 1*50,0 

Neva'da,  Emma,  stage- name  of  Emma 
Wixon,  sopninn  stage-singer;  b.  in  Nevada, 
United  Slates,  about  i80o.  St.  from  1877  with 
the  Marches!  in  Vienna.  Debut  London,  May, 
1880,  in  f.a  Sonna  mbnla ;  sang  at  Trieste  in 
the  autumn  ;  then  in  Florence,  Leghorn,  Na- 
ples, Rome  and  Clenoa,  and  obtained  an  engage- 
ment for  21  nights  at  La  Scala,  Milan.  Parisian 
debut  at  the  Opera-Comiqiie,  1^83.  Sang  in 
Chicago  at  the  Openi  festival,  1885,  and  again 
in  1881).  Sang  at  the  Op.-Com.,  Pans,  in  .spring 
of  i8<)8;  and  in  Oct.  at  Floienoe.  She  married 
Dr.  Palmer.  Leading  i  files  in  //  /farMw,  Tra- 
viattti  Soiwamlnt/ai  jKigt*tettt>i  Shu  Fasquate 
("Spanish  Widow"),  Laknti*,  Faust +  A/igmw 
(sang  M  ignon  a  whole,  year  in  Paris),  //am/ft, 
Mirfffa,  ferlt  tfti  //M-//("  fcora  "),  /  JPuritoni, 
etc. 

Nev'in,  Ethelbert  Woodbridge,  pianist 
and  comp.;  b.  Kdgeworth,  Penn,,  Nov.  25, 
1862.  Pupil  of  von 
der  I  Icicle  ami  W. 
(lUnther  (pf.)  at 
Pittsburg ;  of  von 
Hoehme  (voiee)  at 
Dresden  (1877-8); 
of  Pearce  (N,  Y.) 
and  Lang  and 
Kmery  (Itoslon) ; 
and  of  Billow, 
Klinclwnrth,  and 
K.  IHnl  nt  Itarlin 
(1884-6).  Living 
)  as  a  teacher 


and  comp.  in  New 
York.— Works :   A 
pf. -suite  ;  waltxes,  etc.,   f.  pf.;   numerous  at- 
tractive songs. 

Newsidler;  Neysidler.    See  NKUMKDLKK. 

Ney,  Joseph  Napoleon.    See  MOSZKVA. 


Niccolini,  Giuseppe.    See  NICOUNI. 

Niccold  de  Malta.     See  ISOUAKU. 

Nich'elmann,  Christoph,  b  Trcuenbriclzcn, 
"Biandenburg,  Aug.  13,  1717;  d.  Uerlin,  July 
20,  1762  Pupil  of  Uach  at  the  Leipzig  Thomas- 
schulc,  and  of  Quantx  at  1  lambing  ;  from  1744- 
56,  2nd  cembalist  to  Fredeiick  tlie  (ircat 
Kno\\u  as  the  author  of  "  Die  Melodic,  nach 
ihrem  Wescn  sowohl  als  nach  ihren  Kigen- 
Sichiiftcn  "  (1755),  which  he  successfully  defended 
against  a  pseudonymous  "  Dunkclfuiml."  He 
comp.  (w  (Jiaun  and  Quantz)  a  pastoial  play, 
Galatea  ;  a  serenade,  flwgnodi  Sttfioue  (1756) ; 
clavichoid-picces  ;  and  songs. 

Nich'oll,  Horace  Wadham,  composer;  b. 
Tipton,  n.  Hiimingham,  Kngl.,  Mar.  17,  1848. 
Son  of  an  excellent  musician,  John  N.,  his  fust 
teacher  ;  studied  from  16  to  18  with  the  01  gainst 
Samuel  Piincc.  Organist  at  Dudley,  n.  Bir- 
mingham, 1867-70  ;  at  Stukc-on-Tient,  1870-1  ; 
in  the  latter  year  he  was  induced  by  an  Ameii- 
can  gentleman  to  accompany  him  to  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  where  he  became  oig.  at  St.  Paul's  Cath. 
(4  or  5  years),  later  at  the  Thitd  Picsb.  Ch., 
and  also  teacher  at  the  Kcnialu  College.  Dur- 
ing this  time  N.  gave  many  recitals  at  Pitls- 
buig,  Indianapolis,  and  elsewhere.  Removing 
to  New  York  in  1878,  he  became  editor  of  the 
organ-depl.  in  Kicund's  "Music  Trades'  Re- 
view,'1 his  "Church  Ai tides"  attracting  wide 
attention.  1879-80,  org.  at  St.  Mark's.  From 
iH8tt-<)5,  N.  was  associated  with  11.  liockelman 
as  prof,  of  harmony  and  ensemble-playing  at 
Miss  Porter's  school,  Faimington,  Conn.  Reg- 
ular contiibulor  to  the  **  Musical  Courier"; 
writes  analyses  of  symphonies  for  the  "  Amei. 
Musician"  and  the'*  Ait  Journal,"  with  type- 
illustrations;  since  1883,  regular  render  of  mu- 
sic-proofs for  (1.  Suhirmei.  N.  is  also  noted  as 
a  teacher. — As  a  composer,  he  wrote  "  thousands 
of  pages  "  of  contrapuntal  works,  etc.,  as  a  mere 
lad;  an  organ-fantasia  was  publ  in  the  "Or- 
ganists' (juur.  Journal "  in  1872  ;  in  1877  a  suite 
f,  full  orch.  (op.  3)  was  given  by  I  lamerik  at 
Baltimore  with  pronounced  success  ;  in  7874  the 
"Cloister  Scene  "  (op  °»  ^  c'u  and  orch.)  was 
prod,  at  PiltsbuvR  by  the  (lounod  Sac.;  in  1888, 
Seidl  brought  out  at  New  York  the  symphonic 
noem  *'  Tartarus,"  the  March  from  "  Klsie,  or 
The  (lolden  Legend,"  and  the  isLmovcm.  of  the 
Second  Symphony.  The  4  oratorios,  a  colossal 
work,  were  completed  iKSo-yo. — Works:  A 
cycle  of  4  oratorios:  Adam  (op.  16),  Abraham 
(op.  17),  Isaac  (op.  r8),  and  Jacob  (op,  xcj)  [ail 
MS.  ];  AV.P/V,  <;/•  The  6Wr/iV//^W,  op.  4,  f. 
eh.  and  orch.  [MS,];  Chlster  *SVv//«*f  op.  6,  f. 
do.  [publ.  | ;  Mass  No.  r,  in  Kb  [publ.  I ;— KOR 
ORCH.:  Suite,  op.  3  ;  symphonic  fantasia,  op. 
5  ;  do.,  op.  7;  1st  symphony,  in  (i  min.,  "  The 
Nation's  Mourning,"  op.  8;  symphonic  poem 
"Tartarus,"  on.  11  ;  and  symphony,  in  C,  op. 
12;  "  Hamlet,  psychic  sketch  in  C  nuij.,  op. 
14  | publ.  |;  Schor/.o- Fugue  f.  small  orch.,  op. 
15; — FOR  MM  Conccrlo  in  D  miuM  op,  10; 


419 


NICOD£— NICOLINI 


numerous  studies  and  charact  pieces  [several 
are  publ.]  ;  16  pcs.  f.  pf.  4  hands  [9  publ.]  , — 
FOR  ORGAN  [all  publ.]  .  Fantasia,  12  symph. 
Preludes  and  Fugues  (masterpieces  of  contr 
ingenuity ,  6  single,  4  double,  I  triple,  I  quad- 
ruple) ;  3  melodic  pieces ; — a  sonata,  op.  13, 
f.  pf.  w  'cello  [publ.]  ,  sonata,  op  21,  f.  pf. 
and  violin,  '*  Salve  regina,"  w.  vln.  and  org 
ad  hb.;  several  songs  and  anthems,  also  a 
44  Text-book  on  Harmony"  (New  York) 

Nicode",  Jean-Louis,  gifted  pianist  and 
comp.;  b.  Jerczik,  n.  Posen,  Aug.  12,  1853. 
Taught  by  his  father,  and  the  organist  Hartkas  , 
ent.  Kullak's  Acad.  der  Tonkunst,  Berlin,  1869 
(Kullak,  pf.;  \Vuerst,  harm.;  Kiel,  cpt.  and 
comp.).  Dwelt  for  some  years  in  Berlin  as  a 
teacher  and  pianist ;  won  renown  on  a  concert- 
tour  (1878)  with  Mme.  Artot  through  Galicia 
and  Rumania ;  1878-85,  pf. -teacher  at  Dresden 
Cons-;  till  iSSS,  cond.  of  the  Philharm.  Con- 
certs ,  then  devoted  himself  to  composition.  In 
1897,  temporary  cond.  of  the  Leipzig  4t  Riedel- 
Verein,"  succeeding  Kretzschmar.  —  Works  • 
Symphonic  poem  "  Maria  Stuart,"  op.  4  ;  "  Fa- 
schingsbilder  "  f .  full  orch. ,  op.  24  ;  Smfonische 
Variationen  f.  do.,  op.  27;  "Das  Meer,"  sym- 
phonic ode  f.  solo,  male  ch.,  full  orch  ,  and  or- 
gan, op  31 ,  2  pieces  f.  string-orch.  w.  2  oboes 
and  2  horns,  op.  32  ;  symphonic  suite  f.  small 
orch  ,  op.  17 ;  "  Erbarmen,"  hymn  f.  alto  w. 
orch.,  op.  33 ;  2  sonatas  f.  'cello  and  pf.,  op. 
23,  25 ;  a  number  of  interesting  pieces  f.  pf. 
solo  and  4  hands  ;  songs. 

Ni'colai,  Otto,  gifted  opera-comp. ;  b.  Ko- 
nigsberg,  June  9,  1810 ;  d.  Berlin,  May  n, 
1849.  A  pf. -pupil 
of  his  father,  a 
singing-teacher,  he 
escaped  from  pa- 
rental tyranny  at 
the  age  of  16,  and 
found  a  protector 
in  Justizrath  Adler 
of  Stargard,  who 
sent  him  to  Beilin 
in  1827  to  study 
under  Zelter  and 
Klein.  He  had 
developed  excellent 
ability  as  a  teacher, 
when  the  Prussian 

ambassador  at  Rome,  von  Bunsen,  app.  him 
organist  of  the  embassy  chapel  at  Rome,  where 
he  also  studied  the  old  Italian  masters  under 
Baini.  Going  to  Vienna  in  1837,  he  was  A"a- 
pellM.  at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.  till  Oct.,  1838, 
when  he  returned  to  Rome,  and  launched  out 
on  the  smooth  sea  of  Italian  opera-composition. 
He  had  great  vogue,  partly  in  consequence  of 
his  Italian-looking  patronymic,  bringing  out 
Rosmonda  d*  htghilterra  (Turin,  1838  ;  at  Tri- 
es'e,  1839,  as  -Enrico  //),  //  Templano  [after 
"Ivanhoe"]  (Turin,  1840;  often  at  Vienna  as 
tier  Tcmpler),  Qdoardo  e  Gildippe  (Turin,  1841), 


and  //  Proscntto  (Milan,  1842  ;  in  Vienna  as 
Die  Heimkehr  des  I'ei  bannteti).  Succeeding 

Kreutzer  as  court  Kapellm  at  Vienna,  1841-7, 
he  founded  the  Philharmonic  Soc.  in  1842  ,  also 
brought  out  his  Tempter  and  Die  I/eimAeJir 
(see  above)  He  began  to  compose  Die  /ustigeu 

IVeiber  von  Windsor  ^  the  opera  on  which  his 
fame  rests,  in  Vienna  ,  but  was  called  to  licilin 
(1847)  as  Kapellm.  of  the  opera  and  of  the  newly 
establ.  Domchor.  His  last-mentioned  opeia, 
(in  English  The  Merry  IFizv*  of  Wimhor,) 
came  out  at  Berlin,  Mar.  9,  1849,  only  two 
months  before  hts  death  by  a  stiokc  of  apoplexy 
— H.  Mendel  wiote  u  Otto  Nicolai  eine  Bio- 
graphic" (Berlin,  1868).  N.'s  4I  Tagcbucher" 
(Diar}\  edited  by  B  Schroeder,  \uth  added 
biogr.  notes,  was  publ  at  Leipzig,  1893. — N.'s 
other  works  were  a  mass  (ded'cated  1843  to  Fr 
Wilhelm  IV,),  a  Festival  Overture  on  "Kin' 
feste  Burg"  (i  844),  a  pf. -concerto,  and  otlicrpf.- 
pieces  ;  a  symphony,  a  requiem,  and  a  Te  Deum 
(these  3  MS.,  perf.  at  Berlin) ;  songs  (op  (>,  16), 
and  part-songs. 

Ni'colai,  Willem  Frederik  Gerard,  b.  Ley- 
den,  Nov  20,  1829  ;  d.  The  Hague,  Apr.  25, 
1896.  Pupil  (1849) of  Leipzig  Cons.  (Moschclcs, 
Hauptmann,  Richter,  Rieta),  and  of  Joh. 
Schneider  at  Dresden  (org.)  ;  1852,  pi  of.  of  org  , 
pf.,  and  harm,  at  the  R.  Music-school  at  The 
Hague,  becoming  Dhcctor  on  Lubeck's  death 
(1865).  A  musician  of  modem  tendency,  he  made 
his  mark  as  a  conductor  and  composer.  For  25 
years  he  was  editor-in-chief  of  the  4<  Cicilia."  In 
1892  he  was  created  officer  of  the  Paris  Acade- 
mic.— Works.  Oratorio  fionifaeius;  Sdiil lei's 
41  Song  of  the  Bell,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  ;  can- 
tata The  Swedu/i  IWfl/ttittgale  (prod  Dec.  i, 
1880,  on  the  25th  anniversary  of  Jenny  Lind's 
endowment  of  the  Musicians'  Pension-Fund  at 
The  Hague);  cantatay«//7W/V  U'raafi  (Ulrcvht, 
1892);  cantata  J/anske  van  Miter  f  a  symphony, 
and  several  overtures,  songs,  etc. 

Nicoli'ni  (or  Niccolini),  Giuseppe,  b*  Pisi- 
cenza,  Jan.  29,  1762  ;  d.  there  Dec.  18,  1842. 
Pupil  of  Insanguine  at  the  Cons,  di  San  Onofrio, 
Naples,  which  he  left  in  1792,  and  in  1793  prod, 
his  first  opera,  La  fawigli'ti  $ttavagtitttt\  at 
Parma,  which  was  followed  by  some  60  others, 
written  for  Venice,  Milan,  Bergamo,  Piacenxa, 
Genoa,  Rome,  etc.  Even  after  his  appointment 
as  maestro  of  Piacenza  Oath,  in  1819,  he  brought 
out  half  a  dozen  dramatic  works,  but  not  so  suc- 
cessfully as  before ;  he  devoted  himself  princi- 
pally, however,  to  sacred  composition  (7  orato- 
rios, 40  masses,  2  reqtiiems,  3  Miserere,  2  DC 
profundis,  6  litanies,  100  psalms,  cantatas).  Also 
wrote  sonatas  f.  pf. ;  string-quartets  ;  arias  and 
canzonets  (3  coll.s). 

Nicoli'ni,  stage-name  of  Ernest  Nicholas, 
dramatic  tenor ;  b.  Tours,  France,  Feb.  23, 
1834 ,  d.  Pau,  Jan.  19,  1898.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons.,  taking  a  second  atcessit  for  comic  opera 
in  1855,  when  he  was  eng*  at  the  OpeVa-Comique 


420 


NK'OLO— NIKISCH 


till  1859  J  then  went  to  Ilal) ,  and  sang  as  "  Nico- 
lnu"  with  lair  success.  Kiom  1862-70  he  sang 
at  the  Salic  Ventadour,  Pans,  visiting  London  in 
i860  (St  James's  Hall,  May  26)  In  1871  he 
sang  in  opera  at  1  >i  my  1  ,ane  ,  from  1872  for  sev- 
eral yea  is  at  Covcnt  (innlen.  After  staning 
touts  with  Adelina  Patti,  he  married  her  in  1886. 
His  best  loles  were  Lohengrin,  Faust,  and 
Radames. 

Nicole'.    See  ISOUAUD. 

Niecks,  Frederick  [Friedrich"|,  b.  Dussel- 
dorf,  Mar  3,  1845.  St.  the  violin  under  Lang- 
hans,  (Irunewald,  and  Auei  ;  debut  at  12.  In 
1868,  oiganist  at  Dumfries,  Scotland,  and  viola- 
pl.iyerin  a  quartet  with  A.  C.  Mackenzie.  After 
2  UMIIIS  in  I«oip/.ig  Univ.  (1877),  and  travels  in 
Italy,  he  won  a  position  in  London  as  critic 
for  the  "Monthly  Mus.  Kccoid"  and  '*  Mus. 
Times";  in  180,1,  app.  Ricd  Pi  of.  of  music  in 
Edinburgh  Univ.  (his  inaugmal  lecture  on 
41  Mus.  Kducation  and  Culture  "  was  publ.).  )Iy 
his  lectures  and  liteiaiy  woik  he  has  risen  to  a 
high  place  in  musical  rirdes. — \Voiks:  "Dic- 
tionary of  Musical  Teims"  (and  ed.  1884); 
"  Kredc'rie  Chopin  as  a  Man  and  a  Musician" 
(1888;  Ciernwn  ed.  i88y;  an  impnitial  and  valu- 
able work)  ;  and  a  monograph  on  the  history  of 
the  accidentals,  "The  Klat,  Sharp, and  Natural" 
(i8yo;  in  Proceedings  of  the  Mus.  Assoc.). 

Nie'den,  zur.    See  /UK.  NIKIWN'. 

Nie'dermeyer,  Louis,  b.  Nyon,  Switzerland, 
Apr,  27,  1802;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  14,  1861.  Pupil 
in  Vienna  of  Moscheles  (pf.)  awl  Krirster  (comp.) ; 
in  i8t<j,  of  Kioravanli  in  Rome,  and  /ingarclli 
in  Naples,  where  he  was  intimate  with  Rossini, 
and  prod,  the  opera  //AVtf/«Vtf///wv(i82i);  lived 
in  ( loneva  as  an  admired  song-composer ;  and 
.settled  iu  Paris  in  1823.  Drought  out  4  unsuc- 
cessful operas  (/.a  Ctwi  net  /'<w<>,  Th.  Ilalien, 
1828;  Stratfrlltit  Opera,  1837;  Maria  Muarf, 
Opera,  1844;  and  La  fnnntt\  Opera,  1853).  lie 
then  bent  his  umirgies  to  Hucred  composition,  and 
reorganised  Choron's  institute  for  church-music 
as  the  li  licole  Niisdermcyer,"  now  a  flourishing 
institution  with  government  subvention  ;  he  also 
founded  (with  d'Ortigue,)  a  journal  for  church- 
music,  "  La  Maftrise";  and  publ.  with  him  a 
"  Muthode  d'accompagncment  du  plain-chant" 
(1855  ;  and  ed.  1870),  His  masses,  motets, 
hymns,  etc.,  were  well  received ;  his  romances 
(Le  lac;  Le  soir;  La  mer ;  I/automne ;  etc.) 
are  widely  known ;  he  also  publ.  organ-preludes, 
pf. -pieces,  etc.  His  bust  in  bronze  is  in  the 
foyer  of  the  Grand  Ope*ra, 

Niedt,  Friedrich  Erhardt,  writer  on  music, 
was  a  notary  at  Jena,  and  died  at  Copenhagen  in 
1717.— Works:  **  Musiknlische  HamlleiUing" 
(method  of  comp.,  in  3 'parts,  1700-1717,  the 
last  edited  by  Matthcson) ;  and  "  Musikalisches 
ABC  scum  Nutssen  der  Lehrer  und  Lernenden" 
(1708). 

Nie'mann,  Albert,  renowned  dram,  tenor  ; 
b.  Krxleben,  n.  Magdeburg,  Jan,  15,  1831.  En- 


dowed with  a  good  natural  voice,  he  appealed 
at  Dessau  (1840.,)  in  minor  ioles,  and  sang  in  the 
chorus  ;  he  was  then  taken  in  hand  by  F.  Schnei- 
der and  the  baiitone  Nusch  ,  after  this  training, 
he  sang  at  Hanover,  then  \\ent  to  study  under 
Duprcz  at  Paris,  sang  \vith  good  fortune  at 
ITalle  and  other  towns,  and  was  eng.  at  Hanover 
as  dram,  tenor  1800-6,  since  then  at  the  court 
opera  in  Berlin.  Wagner  eng.  him  to  create 
the  ioles  of  Tannhauscf  at  Paris,  1861,  and  Sieg- 
mund  at  Unyreuth,  1876.  A  grand  actor,  and 
an  admirable  interpreter  of  dramatic  roles  (Tann- 
hftuscr,  Lohengrin,  Siegmund,  Tristan,  Prophet, 
etc  )  lie  retncd  in  1889. 

Nie'mann,  Rudolf  (Friedrich),  b.  Wessel- 
buren,  Ilolstein,  Dec  4,  1838;  d.  Wiesbaden, 
May  3,  1898.  Pupil  at  Leipzig  Cons.  (1853-6) 
of  Mohcheles,  Plaidy,  and  Rietz ;  then  at  the 
Paris  Cons,  of  Marmontel  (pf.),  and  Ilalevy 
(comp.) ;  later  of  Dulow  and  Kiel  at  Uerlin.  As 
accompanist  to  Wilhelmj,  he  toured  Germany, 
Russia,  and  Kngland  (1873-7);  lived  for  yeais 
in  Ilambtir,}.*  ;  since  1883  at  \V  iesbaden.  Piano- 
pieces  ((lavotte,  op.  ro),  a  violin-sonata,  op.  18, 
and  songs,  arc  his  chief  works. 

Nie'tzsche,  Friedrich,  the  philosopher ;  b. 
Retaken,  n.  Llitxen,  Oct.  15,  18^4.  Prof,  of 
classical  philology  at  the  Univ.  of  ISascl  1869-79, 
retiring  on  account  of  impaii  ed  eyesight.  At  first 
a  warm  partisan  of  Wagner,  he  publ.  u  Die 
Geburt  der  Tragodie  ausdem  (leiste  dei  Musik  " 
(1872  ;  and  ed.  1874),  and  "  Richard  Wagner  in 
JJayreutli "  (1876) ;  the  iirst,  especially,  is  fantas- 
tic in  its  enthusiasm.  In  ul)cr  Kail  Wagner" 
(1888)  he  as  sharply  opposes  the  former  demi- 
god ;  later  his  intellect  became  wholly  unbal- 
anced. His  unique  philosophical  writings  con- 
tain much  to  interest  musicians. 

Nig'gli,  Arnold,  b.  Aarburg,  Switzerland, 
Dec.  20,  18*13.  Studied  law  at  Heidelberg, 
Xurich,  and  Uerlin.  Since  1875,  secretary  to  the 
town  council  at  Aarau.  A  diligent  student  of 
mus.  history,  he  publ.,  as  a  "Sammlung  nuisi- 
kalischer  VortKige"  (l.eipxig),  monographs  on 
Chopin,  Schubert,  Faustina  Hasse,  (iertrud 
Klisabeth  Mara,  Paganini,  and  Mcy6rbeer ;  also 
on  Schumann  and  I  laydn  in  a  coll.  of  lectures 
given  in  Switzerland  (Hasel) ;  a  biography  of 
Jensen  ;  a  valuable  work,  **  I  )ie  Schweixerische 
Musikgesellschaft :  eine  musik-  und  kulturge- 
schichllichc Studio"  (1886) ;  and  a  "  (Jeschichte 
des  KidgcnrissiKcheii  Sitngervereins,  l842-<;2.') 
He  is  an  esteemed  contributor  to  various  mus. 
periodicals. 

Nik'isch,  Arthur,  b.  Szent  Miklos,  Hungary, 
Oct.  1 2 , 1 8 5 5 .  His  father  was  head-bookkeeper 
to  Trince  Liechtenstein.  N.  attended  the  Vi- 
enna Cons.,  studying  with  Dcssoff  (comp.),  and 
Hollmesberger  (violin),  graduating  in  1874  with 

?risses  for  violin-playing,  and  for  a  string-sextet. 
I e  WAS  at  first  eng.  as  a  violinist  in  the  court 
orch, ;  then  by  Angela  Neumann  as  2nd  cond.  in 
the  Leipzig  Th.  (he  began  bv  conducting  ope- 
rettas in  the  Old  Theatre,  without  score),  later 


NIKITxY— NISSEN 


being  placed  on  an  equality-it  ith  Seidl  and  Sucher, 
From  1882-9  he  was  ist  Kaptllm.  under  Sta- 
gemann's  manage- 
ment ;  then  (1889- 
93)  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  as 
cond.  of  the  Boston 
(Mass.)  Symphony 
Orch.  From  1893- 
95  he  was  Director 
of  the  Royal  Opera 
in  Pesth,  and  con- 
ducted the  Philhar- 
monic  Concerts 
there,  since  1895, 
cond.  of  the  Ge- 
wandhaus  Con- 
certs, Leipzig,  succeeding  Remecke,  and  of  the 
Philharm.  Concerts,  Berlin.  He  conducts  the 
most  intricate  orch.l  music  without  score. 

Niki'ta,  stage-name  of  Louisa  Margaret 
Nicholson,  dramatic  soprano  and  coloratura 
singer  ,  b.  Philadelphia,  Aug.  18,  1872.  Pupil 
for  a  time  of  M.  Le  Roy  in  Washington  ;  sang 
in  various  cities  (Boston,  New  York)  with  a 
travelling  opera-troupe,  then  studied  with  Mau- 
rice Strakosch  in  Paris,  and  sang  in  concerts 
(also  in  Berlin,  Oct.  12  ;  Leipzig,  Nov.  25, 1887  , 
and  again  in  Germany,  1890)  with  much  success. 
In  1894  she  was  eng.  at  the  Pans  Opera  as 
"prima  donna  soprano." — Sings  leading  r&les 
in  La  km /i  Fill*  dit  rSgunent,  Manon,  Bar  bier e> 
Traviafa,  PScheurs  de  perles,  JPag&arcf  (Ntddsi). 

Niko'machus,  called  Gerasenus  after  Gerasa 
in  Syria,  his  birthplace.  Greek  writer  on  music 
of  the  2nd  century  A.  D.  ;  treatise  cl  Harmonices 
Enchiridion,"  printed  1616  by  Meursius,  and 
1652  by  Meibom. 

Nil'sson,  Christine,  brilliant  stage-soprano  ; 
b.  on  the  estate  Sjoabel,  n.  Wexio,  Sweden, 
Aug.  20,  1843.  Her  teachers  were  Baroness 
Leuhausen,  and  F.  Berwald  at  Stockholm  ;  with 
him  she  continued  study  in  Pans,  and  in  1864 
made  her  debut  (as  Violetta  in  La  Traviafa)  at 
the  Th.-Lyrique,  where  she  was  eng.  for  3  years. 
After  successful  visits  to  London,  she  was  eng. 
1868-70  at  the  Paris  Opera ;  then  made  long 
tours  with  Strakosch  in  America  (1870-2),  and 
sang  in  the  principal  Continental  cities.  In 
1872  she  married  Auguste  Rouzaud  (d.  1882) ; 
her  second  husband  (1887)  is  Count  Casa  di 
Miranda.  N.  is  still  a  welcome  guest  at  the 
European  capitals.  She  revisited  America  in 
the  winters  of  1873,  '74.  and  '84.  At  London  she 
created  Edith  inJBalfe's  Talismano (1874),  and 
Elsa  in  LoJiengrin  (1875).  Her  voice  is  not 
powerful,  but  sweet,  brilliant,  and  even ;  com- 
pass about  2i  octaves.  She  excels  as  Marguerite 
and  Mignon. 

Ni'ni,  Alessandro,  b.  Fano,  Romagna,  Nov. 
r,  1805 ;  d.  Bergamo,  Dec.  27,  1880.  Pupil  of 
Palmerini  at  Bologna ;  from  1830-7,  Director  of 
the  School  of  Singing  at  St.  Petersburg ;  from 


1843,  m.  di  capp.  at  Bcigamo  Cath. — Works  • 
The  operas  Ida  del/a  Tone  (1837),  La  Matc- 
stialta  d* Ancre  (\&**ft\  Cnstina  di  tevzia  (1840), 
Margherita  di  \  ork  ([841),  Odah\a  (1842), 
Virginia  (1843),  and  //  Corsaio  (iK47)  J  also 
church-music  (masses,  requiems,  psalms,  a  fine 
Miserere  a  cappella,  etc.). 

Nisard,  Theodore,  pen-name  of  Abbe 
The"odule-I±16azar  -  Xavier  Normand,  b 
Quaregnon,  n.  Mons,  Jan  27,  1812.  lie  was  a 
chorister  at  Cambrai,  and  also  studied  music  in 
Douay  ;  attended  the  priests'  seminary  at  Tour- 
nay  ;  and  in  1839  was  app.  director  of  Knghien 
(Ijmnasium,  occupying  his  leisure  with  the 
study  of  church-music  In  1842  he  became 
2nd  chef  de  chant  and  organist  at  St  -(lei mam, 
Pans  ;  but  soon  devoted  himself  wholly  to  litci- 
ary  work. — Publ.  "  Manuel  des  organist cs  de  la 
campagne  "  (1840) ;  l*  Le  bon  Mcnestrcl "  (1840  ; 
songs  for  church-seminaries);  "  Le  plain-chant 
Pansien"  (1846);  a  rev.  ed  of  Jumilhac's  "La 
science  et  la  pratique  du  plain-chant "  (1847  ;  w. 
Le  Clercq) ;  "  De  la  notation  pioporliondle  au 
moyen age "(1847);  "Diet,  lituxgiquejiistoiiquo 
ct  pratique  du  plain-chant  et  de  musiquc  d'cghhc 
au  moyen  £ge  et  dans  les  temps  modernes " 
(1854 ;  w.  d'Ortigue)  ;  "  Mcthode  tic  pjuin-chant 
pour  les  ecoles  primaires"  (1855),  "  fixities  stir 
la  restauration  du  chant  grcgorier-au  ?>XIXe 
siecle"  (1856);  **  Du  rhythme  dai'i:-,1'1.^  ^Iain- 
chant"  (1856);  "Methode  populaire  de  plain- 


1'accompagnement  du  plain-chant  stir  Torgue 
d'aprcs  dcs  maitres  du  XV*  et  XVI«  skVIcs" 
(1860)  ;  monographs  on  Franco  of  Cologne 
(1856,  in  the  u  Revue  do  mus.  tine,  et  mod."), 


Odo  de  Clugny,  Pulcsirinu,  Iiiilly, 
Abbt;  Vogler,  Pergolesi,  ct  a/.  —  N.  discovered 
the  Antiphonary  of  Montpellicr  (neunus  and 
Latin  letter-notation  from  A  to  I1). 

Nis'sen,  Georg-  Nicolaus  von,  Dnnish 
Councillor  of  State;  b.  Ilardensleben,  Den- 
mark, Jan.  22,  1761  ;  d.  Salisbury,  Mar.  24, 
1826.  lie  married  the  widow  -of  Moxart  in 
1809,  and  collected  materials  for  a  biography  of 
M.,  publ.  by  his  widow  in  1828  us  <l  Uiographie 
\V.  A.  Mozarts  nach  Originalbriefcn.'* 

Nis'sen  [Nissen-Saloman],  Henriette,  b. 
Gothenburg,  Sweden,  Mar.  12,  1819;  d.  Jlara- 
burg,  Aug.  27,  1879.  l>upil  (^39)  of  Chopin 
(pf.)  and  Manuel  Garcia  (singing)  at  Paris. 
Debut  at  the  Italian  Opera  as  Adalgisa  (A*i>;  ma), 
1843,  led  to  immediate  engagement.  Toured 
Italy,  Russia,  Norway,  Sweden,  and  England 
(1845-8);  in  Leipzig  (1849-50  and  1853)  sh« 
sang  at  most  of  the  Gewandhaus  Concerts,  and 
at  Berlin  rivalled  Jenny  Lind  in  popularity, 
Married  Siegfried  Salonwn  in  1850  ;  after  fur- 
ther tours,  became  teacher  of  singing  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  Cons.  (1859).—  Her  Vocal  Method 
was  publ.  in  German,  French,  and  Russian,  in 
1881. 


422 


NISSEN— NOSZLER 


Nis'sen,  Erica.    Sec  LIE. 

Nivers,  Guillaume  -  Gabriel,  born  near 
Melun,  1617,  still  living  in  1701.  In  1640, 
org.  ot  St  -Sulpiee  ;  1642,  singer  in  the  Ko)al 
Chapel,  rof>7,  org.  to  the  Mng,  later  music- 
teacher  to  the  <v)uccn. —  I'ubl.  "  La  damme  du 
si ;  Noiuelle  iMuthode  pom  .ippiendrc  A  chantei 
sans  muanccs"  (1646  ;  4th  eel.  K>y(> ;  inlluenti.il 
against  solmisation) ;  "  Methode  pour  apprendie 
le  pl.un-ch,mt  de  lY-gliso"  (10(17) ;  "  Traitc  de 
la  composition  de  musi<]uc  "  (1067) ;  "  DissciU- 
tion  sur  le  chant  gicgonon"  (1683) ;  a  "  (Iradu- 
ale  ronunum"  and  an  **  Antiplionarium  ronia- 
num"(l)oth  1058)  ;  a  book  of  loo  original  organ- 
pieces  (i()t)5),  iollowed  by  two  others (1671,  '75) ; 
etc. 

Nob,  Victorine.    See  STDI.TX. 

Nohl,  (Karl  Friedrich)  Ludwig,  b.  Iser- 
lohn,  Dec.  5,  1831  ;  d.  Heidelberg,  Dec.  H>, 
1885.  Studied  juiisprudence  at  Honn  (1850), 
Heidelberg,  and  Ucrhn  ;  and  entered  the  legal 
career  against  his  own  desire,  to  please  his  father. 
In  music  he  was  instructed  by  Dehn,  later 
(1857)  by  Kiel,  in  Ileilin,  then  having  embraced 
music  as  his  profession.  Lecturer  at  Heidel- 
berg, 1800;  honorary  i>rof.  at  Munich,  1805-8; 
retired  to  Uadenweiler  till  1872,  when  he  settled 
in  Heidelberg  as  a  private  lectuier,  becoming 
prof,  in  1880  (the  Univ.  had  cieated  him  /V. 
/////.  in  i8(x>). — Works  (most  also  in  Knglish) : 
u  Ileethovens  Lit  hen "  (in  3  vol.s,  18(^-77); 
11  Hriofe  »wthe»viMiH"(i«f>5)f 4I  MowirH  Uricle" 
(1865;  and  ed.  1877);  "  Nfiie  Hriele  IJectho- 
vens"  (1807);  "  MusikctbnYfc"  (1807);  "  Mo- 
zarls  Leben"  ('2nd  ed.  187(1);  "  Hce'thovem, 
Us/I1,  Wagner"  (1874) ;  "  Deelhoven  nach  den 
SehildtTiingcn  seiner  Xt'ilgcnossen "  (1880); 
etc. 

Nohr,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Langensal/.a, 
Thuringia,  Oct.  7,  i8<x>;  d.  Mt'iningcn,  Oct.  5, 
1^75.  Pupil  of  Spohr,  Hauptmann,  and  Um- 
breit.  After  successful  tours,  L\wwrtM?ht?r 
(1830)  to  the  1  >uke  of  Suxc-Meiningen. — Works : 
The  operas  /^r  Alfrnhlrt*  IMeswuber^  J)i? 
wutttfa  faitYM  McJitrr,  and  Ar  wtrj&Mg?  J\>s- 
tcn  (Meiningen,  1851) ;  oratorios  Martin  A//////V, 
J'YaNfNto&i  and  /ff/wtitt ;  orchcstntl  pieces, 
qtiintcU,  quartets,  violin-pieces  (many  publ)i 
songs. 

Norblin,  Louis-Pierre-Martin,  noted  'cell- 
ist; b.  Warsaw,  Dec.  2,  1781 ;  d.  (Hiilteau  <*on- 
nantre,  Mimic,  July  14,  1854.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons,;  i8it-4r,  1  si  Velio  at  the  Opera;  1820- 
46,  'cello-prof,  at  Cons.— His  son  firailc  (1821- 
1880)  was  also  a  line  'cellist. 

Nordica,  Lillian  (s taw-name  of  Mine,  Lil- 
lian Norton  [-Cower)  -Doeme),  distinguished 
oj)cratic  Kopnino ;  b.  Karmington,  Me.,  1859. 
St.  with  John  O'Neill  ami  in  N.  K.  Cons., 
Boston ;  nuuto  her  concert-dtSbut  in  Morton, 
1876.  In  1878  «he  travelled  in  Kurope  with 
(Mlmore's  lionet,  as  soloist.  She  then  st.  ope- 
ratic rOletj  with  San  Giovanni  iu  Milan,  making 


her  operatic  debut  at  Brescia  in  La  Traviata^ 
and  sang  with  success  in  Clcnoa,  St.  1'etersburjj 
(where  the  abhassiniition  ol  the  Czar  in  1881  cut 
shoit  her  engagement),  Danzig,  Konijfsbergf,  and 
Uerlm.  In  1881  she  made  her  first  appearance 
in  Pans  as  Marguerite  at  the  Cir.  Opera.  In 
1882  she  married  Frederick  A.  Gower  ;  in  1885 
proceedings  begun  by  hei  foi  a  separation  weie 
suspended  on  account  of  his  mysterious  disap- 
peai  ance  in  a  balloon.  She  did  not  sing  in  public 
again  till  1887,  then  appearing  at  Covent  Garden 
Tli  ,  London.  She  first  sang  in  opera  in  America 
at  the  Metropolitan  Opera  House,  New  York, 
^93.  Since  then  she  has  appeared  frequently 
in  opera,  oratorio,  and  concert  in  the  U.  S.  and 
England.  In  1806  Mme.  Nordica  married  Zol- 
tan  K.  Doeme,  a  Hungarian  singer.  Ilcsides 
the  roles  mentioned  she  has  had  great  success  in 
A /</</,  Les  HitguMotSi  and  in  Wagneiian  parts, 
especially  Klsa,  Isolde,  and  Hrunnhildc. 

Normand.    See  NISAKD,  Tirtini>oRK. 

Nor'nian(n),  Ludwig,  b.  Stockholm,  Aug. 
28,  1831  ;  d.  theie  Mar.  25,  1884.  Under  the 
paticmage  of  Prince  (now  King)  Oscar,  Jenny 
Linel,  and  Undblad,  he  was  sent  to  Leipzig 
Cons.  (Moscheles,  Hauptmann,  Kietz)  1848-52, 
ivturning  to  Stockholm,  he  became  (1859)  cond. 
of  the  new  Philharm  Soc.,  in  1861  prof,  of 
coinp.  in  the  R.  Sweetish  Acad.,  and  cond.  of 
the  Opera  ;  also  Prcs.  oi  the  Mus.  Acad.;  re- 
tired in  1870.  Married  the  violinist  \Vilma 
Nenula  in  1804. — Works:  A  CwrtertstJlcft  f.  pf. 
w.  orch,,  op.  54;  pf.-quaitot,  op.  TO;  pf.-trio, 
op.  4 ;  violin-sonata,  t>p.  3 ;  Velio-sonata,  op. 
28  ;  viola-sonata,  op.  32  ;  pf. -pieces  f.  2  and  4 
hands;  30  well-written  arrangements  of  Swedish 
melodies,  f.  pf,;  etc. 

Norton,  Lillian  B.    See  NORDICA. 

NoszkoVski  [-kov-],  Sigisraund,  [Zyg^- 
munt  von,]  b.  Warsaw,  May  2,  1848.  Pupil  of 
the  Warsaw  Mus.  hist.,  1804-7.  After  his  in- 
vention of  a  nuis.  notation  for  the  blind,  the 
MUH.  Soc,  sent  him  (1873)  to  study  under  Kiel 
and  Raif  at  Berlin.  1876,  cond.  of  the  Uodau 
Society,  Constance;  i88r,  diiector  e>f  the  Mus. 
Soc.  at  Warsaw,  and  (1888)  prof,  at  the  Cons, 
there. — Works:  The  opera  IMa  (Lemberg, 
iSejH;  HUCC.) ;  symphonies;  ballet-music;  over- 
ture "  Das  Meemuge  ";  string-euiartetjpf. -music 
(op,  24,  Impicssions ;  op.  27,  Images;  op.  31, 
C-hansons  et  danses  cracoviennes ;  op.  36,  Mo- 
ments nu'lodiejues  ;— for  4  hands,  op.  33,  Melo- 
dies ruthcnieniK'S ;  e>p.  38,  Danses  masoviennes) ; 
etc. 

Nosz'ler,  Karl  Eduard,  b.  Kcichenbach, 
Saxony,  Mar.  26,  1863.  J'upil  1882-5  of  Kei- 
necke,  Pappcritx,  Vuul,  Tiutti,  etc.,  at  Leipzig 
Cons.;  1885-7,  Kaftllm*  at  Urcmen  C'ityTh.; 
1888-93,  organist  at  the  Fraucnkirche  there,  and 
since  1887  cond.  of  the  Male  Choral  Union;  also, 
since  1893,  successor  of  Keinthalcr  as  org.  and 
dir.  at  Bremen  Cath.,  and  cond.  since  I8c)6  of 
the  New  Singa&adamie. — Works;  A  "Mfcrchen- 


423 


NOTKER— OAKELEY 


spiel"  DoiiiOAchen  (Bremen);  symphony  in  A 
mm;  "  Lustspiel-Ou\  erture  "  ,  il  Des  Rhem- 
stroms  Schirmherr,"  patnotic  hymn  for  Janizary 
music  ;  male  and  mixed  choruses ;  a  score  of 
songs ;  also  pf.-music. 

Not'ker  (called  Balbulus,  "the  stammerer"), 
monk  at  St.  Gallen ;  b.  840,  d.  912;  known 
from  his  sequences,  some  (e  g.,  "  Media  in  vita 
in  morte  sumus  ")  still  extant,  and  reproduced 
in  Schubiger's  "Die  Sangerschule  von  St  Gal- 
len" (1858).  Gerbert  gives  (in  "Scriptores," 
vol.  i)  4  treatises  by  N.  (or  by  Notker  Labeo  ?) 
"  De  octo  toms,"  "  De  tetrachordis  "  „  "  De  octo 
modis,"  and  "  De  mensura  fistularum  organica- 
rum";  Riemann  (in  "Studien  z.  Gesch.  d.  No- 
tenschrift ")  prints  another,  on  the  division  of 
the  monochord,  and  also  Nos.  I  and  4  above. 

Not'tebohm,  Martin  Gustav,  b.  Luden- 
scheid,  Westphalia,  Nov.  12,  1817  ;  d.  Graz, 
Oct.  31,  1882.  Pupil  of  Berger  and  Dehn  at 
Berlin,  1828-9  ;  of  Schumann  and  Mendelssohn 
at  Leipzig,  1840;  and  1846  of  Sechter  at  Vienna, 
where  he  settled  as  a  music-teacher  and  writer 
(a  Beethoven  specialist). — Works .  "Ein  Skizzen- 
buch  von  Beethoven  "  (i  865) ,  * 4  Th  ematisches  Ver- 
zeichniss  der  im  Druck  erschienenen  Werke  von 
Beethoven"  (1868);  "  Beethoveniana"  (2  vol.s, 
1872,  1887);  "  BeethovensStudien"  (vol.  i,  1873; 
B,'s  exercises,  etc.,  under  Haydn,  Albrechts- 
berger,  and  Salieri,  after  the  orig.  MSS.) , 
4  *  Thematisches  Verzeichniss  der  im  Druck  er- 
schienenen Werke  Franz  Schuberts "  (1874) ; 
"Neue  Beethoveniana"  (in  the  "  Musikal. 
Wochenblatt"  for  1875,  etc.);  *  *  Mozartiana  " 
(1880) ;  "Ein  Skizzenbuch  von  Beethoven  aus 
dem  Jahre  1803  "  (1880). — Comp  s  unimportant. 

Nourrit,  Adolphe,  celebrated  dramatic  tenor ; 
b.  Paris,  Mar.  3,  1802 ;  d.  Naples,  Mar.  8, 
1839.  Trained  by  Garcia,  who  persuaded  his 
father  to  let  him  become  a  singer,  his  debut  at 
the  Grand  Opera  (1821),  as  Pylades  in  G luck's 
Ipkig^me  en  Taitride^  was  successful.  In  1825 
he  succeeded  his  father  (Louis  N.,  1780-1831) 
as  leading  tenor ;  he  resigned  in  1837  because 
Duprez  was  associated  with  him  for  the  inteipre- 
tation  of  principal  r6les.  This  fancied  slight  so 
preyed  upon  his  spirits  that,  in  spite  of  warm 
receptions  on  a  tour  through  Belgium,  southern 
France,  and  Italy,  he  threw  himself  out  of  a 
window  after  singing  at  a  benefit-concert  in 
Naples.  He  was  an  exceptionally  endowed 
singer,  an  excellent  teacher  (in  the  Paris  Cons, 
for  ten  years),  and  a  comp.  of  talent  (ballets  fa 
Sylphide^  La  Temptie,  Le  diable  boiteux,  Vile 
des  pirates \  etc.,  written  for  the  Taglioni  and 
Fanny  Elssler).  The  r6Ies  of  Robert,  Mas- 
saniello,  Arnold,  Eldazar,  Raoul,  and  many 
others,  were  written  expressly  for  Nourrit. 

Novakov'ski  [Nowakowski],  Jozef,  b. 
Mniszck,  Poland,  1805 ;  d.  Warsaw,  1865.  Dis- 
tinguished pianist,  pupil  of  Wurfel  and  Eisner 
at  the  Warsaw  Cons. ;  after  long  pianistic  travels, 
prof,  at  the  Alexandra  Inst.,  Warsaw.— Works 
(about  60  publ.) :  An  overture,  quintets,  quar- 


tets, etc.,  and,  for  pf.,  12  g  ramies  etudes,  op. 
25 ;  Grande  Polonaise  patht'tique,  op.  14  ; 
Ma/urkab,  op.  icj  and  26  ,  a  Method  f.  pi.,  etc 

Novel'lo,  Vincent,  b.  London,  Sept  6,  1781  , 
d.  Nice,  Oct  9,  1861  He  was  chorister  in  the 
Sardinian  Chapel,  Duke  St  ,  under  \Vebbe  ;  later 
deputy-organist  to  Webbe  and  Danby,  and  1797- 
1822  organist  at  the  chapel  of  the  Portuguese 
Embassy  Pianist  to  the  Italian  Opera,  1812, 
co-founder  of  the  Philharm.  Soc.,  sometimes 
conducting  its  concerts  ;  1840-3,  organist  at  the 
R.  C.  Chapel,  Moorfields  Ketiicd  to  Nice  in 
1849.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  great  London 
music-publishing  firm  of  Novello  &  C'o.  (now 
Novello,  Ewer  &  Co  )  in  1811.  Himself  a  com- 
poser of  sacred  music  (masses,  motets,  anthems, 
Kynes,  etc.),  he  also  gathered  together  and  publ. 
excellent  collections.  "A  Collection  of  Saciecl 
Music  "  (1811,  2  vol  s) ;  "  PurceU's  Sacied  Mu- 
sic "  (1829;  5  vol.s);  "Croft's  Anthems"; 
"Greene's  Anthems";  "Boycc's  Anthems"; 
masses  by  Haydn,  Mozart,  Beethoven  ;  etc  — 
His  daughter  Clara  Anastasia,  b  London, 
June  19,  1818,  was  an  excellent  sopiano  singer 
in  oratorio  and  concert  (retired  1860).  She  mar- 
ried Count  Gigliucci  in  1843. 

Novel'lo,  Joseph  Alfred,  son  of  Vincent  N. ; 
b.  London,  1810;  d.  Genoa,  July  17,  jB(/>. 
Bass  singer,  organist,  composer;  choirmaster  at 
Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel.  Kntercd  his  lather's 
business  at  19,  Inaugurated  an  important  in- 
novation, the  printing  of  sepaiate  vocal  parts 
for  choir  use;  did  much  to  popiilarixu  classic 
music  in  England  by  publ.  cheap  oratorio-scores. 
Retired  in  1856. 

Noverre,  Jean-Georges,  the  introducer  of 
dramatic  action  into  the  ballet  (ballet-panto- 
mime) ;  b.  Paris,  April  29,  1727  ;  d.  St.  (Jer- 
main,  Nov  19,  1810.  Solo  dancer  at  Beilin  ; 
ballet-master  at  the  Opera-Corn.,  Paris,  1749; 
at  London,  1755  ;  at  Lyons,  Stuttgart,  Vienna, 
Milan,  and  (1776-80)  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris, 
— Publ.  "Lettres  sur  la  danse  ct  les  ballots" 
(1760,  several  editions). 

Nowakowsfci.    Sec  NOVAKOVSKI. 

Nuceus.    See  GAUCQUIKR. 

Nux,  Paul  VSronge  de  la,  b.  Kontainebloau, 
June  29,  1853.  Pupil  of  F.  Baxin  In  Paris 
Cons.;  2nd  "Premier  grand  pnV  in  1^76. — 
Works :  The  2-act  grand  opera  Zaire  (( )pc'ra, 
1889;  mod.  succ.;  Stuttjpirl,  1895;  suoc.) ; 
music-drama  La&ttacidfs  (not  perf.) ;  inoid.  mu- 
sic to  Isora  (drama  by  Aderer) ;  pf.-music  ;  etc. 


Oakeley,  Sir  Herbert  Stanley,  Knglish  com- 
poser; b.  Ealing,  Middlesex,  July  22,  1830. 
While  at  Oxford,  he  studied  harmony  under  Kl- 
vey;  later  attended  the  Leipzig  Tons.  (Mo- 
scheles,  Plaidy,  Pappcrite) ;  and  look  orgun- 
lessons  of  Schneider  in  Dresden  ;  finishing  with 


424 


OBERTIlOR— OEGLIN 


liicit least cin  al  IJonn  1865-0,1,  Ricd  Prof,  of 
Music  :it  Kdinhutgh  Umv  ,  succeeding  Donald- 
son. He  soon  became  a  powci  in  musical  cir- 
cles ,  the  annual  Kicd  Concert  developed  into  a 
3-d.iys1  Keslival  ;  the  concerts  of  the  Univ.  Mus 
S»c  ,  and  his  own  regular  01  gun-recitals,  had  a 
\vide-spiead  educational  inlluence  ;  and  his  suc- 
cessful e\ei lions  were  acknowledged  by  the  be- 
stowal oi  numerous  high  distinctions  ,  he  was 
knighted  in  1870;  Mus.  Doc  ,  Cantuar.,  1871  , 
Mus.  Doe.,  Cantab  ,  1871  ;  Mus.  Doc.,  Oxon., 
i87<j;  LL  D,  Aberdeen,  1881  ;  I).  C.  L.,  To- 
ronto, 1880;  Mus.  Doc,,  Dublin,  1887;  of  St. 
Andrews,  i«HH  ,  of  Adelaide,  1880.;  LL.I)., 
Edinburgh,  i8()i,and  Kmerilus  "Professor,  180.2. 
lie  is  Composer  to  the  <v)uecn,  in  Scotland,  and, 
since  1887,  Pies,  of  the  Cheltenham  Mus.  Festi- 
val — Publ.  works  .  A  canlatii  "Jubilee  Lyric," 
lor  the  C.helt.  Kest.;  a  Festival  "Match,  and  a 
Funeral  March  (op.  23),  f.  orch.;  a  Morning  and 
K vemn£  SLM  vice,  and  various  anthems  ;  a  sonata 
(op.  20),  a  Kondo  capriccioso,  a  Romance  (op. 
21),  3  oilier  lomances,  1.  pf.;  and  12  Scottish 
Nat.l  Melodies,  air.  for  chorus  (op.  18);  12 
part -songs  f.  mixed  ch.  (op.  25)  ;  6  pail-songs 
f.  male  voices  (op.  17) ;  an  Album  of  26  songs 
(dedicated  to  the  (Juccn) ;  3  duets  w.  (lerman 
woids  (op.  8);  etc.  His  orch.l  u Suite  in  the 
olden  style"  was  proci.  j,t  the  Click.  Kcsl.  in 
1893  ;  and  a  "  I'nstomle"  f.  orch.  at  Manches- 
ter, !&()]. 

O'berthiir,  Karl,  b.  Munich,  Mar.  4,  1819; 
d.  London,  Nov.  8,  180.5.  Harpist;  pupil  of 
Klise  Brauchle  and  (1.  V.  Roder,  at  Munich  ; 
harp-player  in  theatres  at  Zurich  (1837-0),  Wies- 
baden, Mannheim,  II.  M.'s  Th.  in  London 
(1844).  Composer,  teacher,  and  player  of  Ku- 
ropeau  celebrity  ;  many  tours  on  the  Continent, 
— -Works  :  2  operas,  /'/cm  twt  A'tiwttr  (Wies- 
baden, 1840?),  and  /V/*  />V;#X'wV/  J?&  }/arsfs 
(ibid.,  1850?);  3  cantatas,  The  Mlgriw  (>//«•<•// 
(f.  treble  voices),  The  Red  O<w  A'night  (female 
voices),  and  Ltuly  fatte  OVvv;  2  overtures, 
'*  Macbeth,"  and  *' Uttbmhl";*  symphonic  le- 
gend  "  Loreley";  grand  mass  "St.  I'hilipdi  Neri" 
(w.  harp) ;  concertino  f.  harp  find  orch.,  op.  175  ; 
orch.l  prelude  **  Shakespeare";  nocturne  f.  3 
harps;  2  trios  f,  harp,  vln.,  and  Velio;  very 
many  elegant  soli  f.  harp  (Klegy  ;  Pensees  musi- 
cales;  Reveil  des elfes  ;  "  Miranda";  Lesylphe  ; 
etc,) ;  also  pf. -pieces,  part-songs,  and  songs. 

Obin,  Louis-Henri,  dram,  basso  cantanle ; 
b.  Ascq,  n,  Lille,  Aug.  4,  1820;  d.  Paris,  Nov. 
rr,  1895.  Debut  Paris  (Opera,  1844);  sang  in 
provinces  till  1850  ;  then  at  the  Opera  till  1869. 
Retired  1871.  Succeeded  Levassc.ur  as  prof,  of 
singing  at  the  Cons.  (1871-91),— Roles;  Motac, 
Leporello,  etc. 

O'brecht,    See  JIoimKnrr. 

O'Carolan,  Turloeh,  one  of  the  last  Irish 
bards ;  b.  Newtown,  Meath,  1670  ;  d.  Roscom- 
mon,  Mar.  25,  1738.  Hlind  from  16,^  he  wan- 
dered through  Ireland  after  1691,  singing  to  the 
harp  national  ballads  of  his  own  conception  (a 


coll.   was    ptibl.    1747;    rcpubl      1785   as   "A 
Kavounle  Collection     .     .     ."). 

Ochs,  Traugott,  b.  Alien  fold,  Schw.-Son- 
deish.,  Oct.  19,  1854,  Tupdoi  Stade,  Krdmanns- 
doifer,  Kiel,  and  the  R.  Inst.  f  Chuich-music  ; 
1883,  org.  at  Wismai,  1889  also  cond.  of  the 
Sinsakcidemie  \  later  in  Guben  ;  from  autumn  of 
1899,  artistic  directoi  of  the  Mus.  Union  and  the 
Music-School  at  lirunn. — Works:  "  Deutsches 
Aufgebot "  f.  male  ch.  and  orch  ;  requiem,  pait- 
songs,  Method  f  mnle  voices,  organ-music. 

Ochs,  Siegfried,  b  Krankfort-on-Main,  Api 
19,  1858.  Student  of  medicine  and  chemistry, 
but  finally  devoted  himself  to  music ;  attended 
the  R.  llihhnlnilc  Jur  A/usifc  at  IJeihn,  then 
studied  with  Kiel  and  Urban,  and  profited  chiefly 
by  long  personal  intercourse  with  von  liulow. 
O.  was  at  this  tune  cond.  ol  a  comparatnely  ol>- 
scuie  choral  union,  the  **  Philh.irniomscher 
Chor,"  \vhich  Uulow  utilized  in  numeious  per- 
foimances,  thus  attracting  public  attention.  It 
is  now  (i8()9)  the  laigest  sing  ing -society  in 
Uerlin  ;  doe.s  good  work  by  piotl.  unknown 
comp.s  by  contemporaiy  composeis  (IJruckner, 
Tinel,  Hugo  Wolf,  Hans  Koessler,  Arnold 
Mendelssohn,  etc  ).  O.  also  gives  .singing-les- 
sons, and  contributes  to  nuts,  papers. — Works  : 
Text  and  music  of  the  3-act  comic  opeia  Jm 
A'artit'ti  t/t'f  Ctwtei's  (Hamburg,  1888  ;  succ.)  ;  2 
operettas  ;  duets  f.  sopr.  and  alto ;  male  cho- 
ruses, vocal  canons,  and  several  books  of  songs. 

Och'senkuhn  [ok-],  Sebastian,  lutenist ;  d. 
Heidelberg,  Aug.  2,  1574.  1'ubl.  a  *'Tabula- 
turbuoh  auf  die  Lauten  "  (1558), 

Ock'enheim.    See  OKKCIIKM. 

O'denwald,  Robert  Theodor,  b.  Kiankcn- 
thal,  n.  (iera,  May  3,  1838.  A  very  successful 
teacher  of  singing  and  cond.  of  choral  societies  ; 
since  1882  teacher  at  the  **  Realgymnasium  "  and 
1  *  Wilhelnigynmasium  "  at  Hamburg,  where  he 
organized  a  flourishing  church-choir.  Has  publ. 
psalms  and  part-songs. 

O'dington,  Walter,  "  Monk  of  Kvesham," 
d.  about  3316.  His  treatise  "  Do  speculalione 
musicae  **  (printed  by  Cousscmaker  in  *' Scrip- 
tores,"  i ;  MS.  in  the  Cambridge  Library),  is  im- 
portant in  the  history  of  mensural  music  and 
discant. 

Odo  de  Clugny  (Saint),  in  927  abbot  of 
Clugny,  where  he  died  in  942,  wrote  **  Dialogue 
de  musica  "  (printed  by  (ierbert,  uScriptores," 
i).  He  was  aj^Mircntly  the  first  to  employ  the 
letter-notation  A  H  C  D  K  1?  G  in  the  nuxlern 
sense  of  a  minor  series  (the  succession  C,  D, 
etc.,  formerly  represented  our  A,  H,  etcM  and 
was,  therefore,  a  minor  scries  instead  of  the 
present  major  scale). 

Oeglin,  Erhard,  the  first  German  printer 
(Augsburg)  to  print  figured  music  with  types ; 
(j)  with  wooden  type,  I*.  Tritonius's  *'Melopome 
sive  harmoniae  letracenticae  (1507,  publ.  by 
Riman) ;  and  (2)  with  metal  type,  the  **  I)eutsches 
Liederbuch "  (1512;  new  score  eel.,  w.  pf.- 


425 


OELSCHLAGEL— OGINSKI 


score  by  Eitner,  is  in  vol.  is.  of  the  tc  Gesell- 
schaft  fur  Musikforschung  ") 

Oerschlagel,  Alfred,  b.  Anscha,  Bohemia, 
Feb  25,  1847.  Pupil  of  Prague  Organ-School ; 
theatre- Kapettm.  at  Hamburg,  Tephtz,  Wuiz- 
burg,  Karlsbad,  and  Vienna  (Karltheater) ;  later 
bandmaster  at  Klagenfurt. — Operettas  Pnns 
nnd  Maurer  (Klagenfurt,  1884),  Die  Raitbnt- 
tei\  oder  Der  Schelm  von  Bergen  (Vienna,  iSSS  ; 
succ.),  and  Der  Landstreichtr  (3  acts,  Magde- 
burg, 1893  ;  succ.). 

Oels'ner,  (Friedrich)  Bruno,  b.  Neudorf,  n. 
Annaberg,  Saxony,  July  29,  1861.  Pupil  at 
Leipzig  Cons.  (1877-80)  of  Schradieck  and 
Hermann  (vln  ),  and  Grill  (theory).  Eng.  as 
solo  viola  for  court  orch.,  Darmstadt,  and  st. 
comp  with  deHaan.  Since  1882,  \iohn-teacher 
at  Darmstadt  Cons.,  \vith  title  of  Grand  Ducal 
Chamber-musician.  Has  prod.  2  one-act  operas 
at  Darmstadt,  rardhamana  (1893),  and  Der 
Brautgang  (1894  ;  succ.) ;  also  a  cantata  f.  ten. 
and  bar.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  a  pf.-trio  ;  songs  ; 
etc. 

Oes'ten,  Theodor,  pianist  and  comp  ;  b 
Derlm,  Dec.  31,  1813  ;  d.  there  Mar.  16,  1870. 
Pupil  of  Dreschker  (pf.),  A.  \V.  Bach,  Rungen- 
hagen,  and  Schneider.  A  successful  teacher, 
\\  hose  studies  f.  pf.  are  of  value ;  as  a  safon-cam- 
poser  he  is  light  and  graceful,  but  often  shallow. 
Oe'sterle,  Otto,  brilliant  flutist ;  b.  St.  Louis, 
Mo  ,  Nov.  22,  1861 ;  d.  Darien,  Conn.,  July  22, 
1894.  Was  ist  flute  in  the  Thomas  Orch  ,  the 
Philharm.  Societies  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn, 
and  the  Seidl  Orch.  Taught  in  the  National 
Cons  ,  N.  Y. 

Oe'sterlein,  Nikolaus,  the  indefatigable  col- 
lector of  "Wagneriana ;  b.  1840 ;  d.  Vienna, 
Sept.  8,  1898.  His  perusal  of  Wagner's  "  Oper 
und  Drama  "  awakened  such  enthusiasm,  that  he 
set  about  collecting  everything  relating  to  the 
master.  His  coll.,  known  as  the  "  Wagner 
Museum,"  was  subsequently  given  to  the  town 
of  Eisenach  ;  the  catalogue,  publ.  by  Breitkopf 
&  Hartel,  fills  4  vol.s.  O.  also  publ.  a  vol.  on. 
the  inauguration  of  the  Festival  Plajs  in  1876, 
entitled  "  Bayreuth." 

Oef tingen,  Arthur  Joachim  von,  b.  Dor- 
pat,  Mar.  28,  1836.  He  studied  physics,  physi- 
ology, and  mathematics  at  the  Universities  of 
Dorpat,  Paris,  and  Berlin ;  qualifying  in  1863 
as  lecturer  on  physics  at  Dorpat,  and  becoming 
prof,  in  ordinary  in  1866.  Since  1877,  corr. 
member  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Acad.  of  Sciences. 
Likewise  a  well-trained  musician,  he  is  pres.  of 
the  Dorpat  Mus.  Soc.,and  cond.  of  an  ama- 
teur orch.  Besides  numerous  other  scientific 
works,  he  publ.  "  Das  Harmoniesystem  in  du- 
aler  Entwickelung "  (1866),  reconciling  and  de- 
veloping the  systems  of  Helmholtz  and  Haupt- 
mann.  Thtirlmgs,  Hostinsky,  and  Hugo  Rie- 
mann,  are  among  his  followers. 

Offenbach,  Jacques,  the  creator  of  French 
burlesque  opera ;  b.  Cologne,  June  21,  1819  ;  d. 


Paris,  Oct  5,  iSSo.  The  son  of  a  Jewish  cantor, 
he  came  early  to  Paris  ,  attended  Vashn's  'cello- 
class  for  a  year  (1833-4)  in  the  Cons  ,  then  join- 
ing the  Opcra-Co- 
mique  orch  ,  playing 
beside  Seliymann 
Soon  appeared 
chansonnettes  ( on 
parodies  of  La  Fon- 
taine)  ;  h  e  also 
played  the  'cello  in  ,  (/ , 
concerts,  and  wrote  '//  i^ 
'cell  o-d  u  e  ts  and 
pieces  for  pf.  and 
'cello.  In  1849  he 
became  cond.  at  the 
Theatre  Frangais, 
where  his  really  fine 
41  Chanson  de  For- 
tunio"  (m  de  Mus- 
set's  Chandelier)  made  a  hit.  His  r-act  operetta 
Fepito  (Op. -Com  ,  1853)  made  slight  impres- 
sion ;  but  he  prod,  one  operetta  after  another, 
and  in  1855  ventured  to  open  a  tlieatie  of  his 
own,  the  llouifes-Pansiens  (the  old  Theatre 
Comte,  m  the  Passage  Choiseul),  \\hich  he  cat- 
ried  on  until  1866,  pi  educing  many  ot  his  most 
popular  pieces  From  1872-6  he  was  manager 
of  the  The'atre  de  la  Claite  ;  turned  it  ovei  to 
Vicentmi,  and  in  1877  undcttook  a  not  wholly 
successful  tour  in  America  (described  in  Ins 
"  Notes  d'un  musicien  en  voyage,"  1877).  Re- 
turning, he  continued  composing  industriously 
until  death.  In  the  intervals  of  theatrical  man- 
agement, he  brought  out  operettas  on  other 
stages—the  Varietcs,  Palais  Royal,  and  even 
the  Opera-ConiKjue  ;  his  ballet -pantomime  /<• 
FapillonwA  prod,  at  the  Opeiti  in  iHOo  with 
some  success.  In  his  best  woiks  (Orf/iti  attx 
enfcts,  1858  ;  La  bclk  J/Mhie,  1804  ;  fiarbe- 
Jtleite  and  La  vie  feirhieniiCi  i860;  La  grande 
ditthesse  de  M&lstein%  1807 ;  Madame  /<\watt, 
1879),  the  music  happily  follows  the  extravagant 
burlesque  of  the  situations ;  the  orchestration  is 
clever,  and  the  melodic  vein  inexhaustible 
(though  his  melody  is  often  trivial  and  vulgar) ; 
the  whole  is  seasoned  with  a  sprightly  and  ironic 
humor  wholly  in  keeping  with  the  subjects  mu- 
sically illustrated.  lie  certainly  '  *  knew  his  pub- 
lic"; his  stage-works  (102  in  number)  were  all 
the  rage  at  the  time,  and  many  are  still  played 
in  Paris  and  elsewhere. 

Ogin'ski,  Prince  Michael  Cleophas,  b. 
Guron,  n.  Warsaw,  Sept.  25, 1765  ;  cl.  Florence, 
Oct.  31,  1833.  Grand  treasurer  of  Lithuania; 
in  music  a  pupil  of  Koxlowski.  "Wrote  cele- 
brated polonaises  f.  pf.,  14  of  which  are  publ.; 
the  so-called  *4  Death  Polonaise  "  was  popularly 
named  from  its  supposed  connection  with  a 
tragically  romantic  incident.  His  uncle, 

Ogin'ski,  Michael  Casirair,  b,  Warsaw, 
1731;  d.  there  1803.  He  is  said  to  have  in- 
vented the  pedals  of  the  harp.  He  was  (Jrmul 
Commander  of  Lithuania. 


426 


OKEGHKM  — ORGENT 


O'keghem  (or  Okekem,  Okenghem,  Ock- 
enheim),  Jean  de  (or  Joannes),  the  foundci  of 
the  Second  (01  New)  Nelheiland  School  (which 
includes  JoMKiin,  dc  la  Rue,  Compete,  etc  ,  to 
the  Kiist,  or  Old,  School  belonged  Dufay,  Uin- 
chois,  l»i:is;ut,  Kloy,  etc.) ;  b  probably  at  Tcr- 
monde,  Kasl  Inlanders,  about  1430  ;  died  Tours 
(?),  1495-1513  [dates  clilTei]  C'honster  in  Ant- 
werp Cathedial  1443-4  J  pupil  of  Dufay  at  Cam- 
brai  about  1450  ;  mentioned  in  1454  as  composer 
and /;r/;//Vr  chapMnn  to  King  Charles  VI T.  at 
Paris,  made  tieasuier  of  the  Abbey  of  Saint- 
Mai  tin  at  Tours  by  Louis  XI  ;  icyal  tnaitn-  //<• 
thapelle  at  Paris  in  1405  ;  tiavelled  1409  in  Spain, 
and  1484  to  Flanders  (IJruges),  at  the  King's 
expense;  ptobably  retited  fiom.  actixe  life  soon 
after  \  190.  dreat  as  a  composer  and  teacher, 
Josquin  and  Pierre  de  la  Rue  being  his  most 
"famous  disciples  in  the  art  of  imilatne  counter- 
point, which  O.  elevated  from  thecompaiatively 
crude  and  ungainly  efforts  of  the  older  school 
to  the  rank  of  a  beautiful  science.  —  Kxtant 
woiks  :  17  masses  ;  7  motets  ;  a  ninefold  canon 
41  Deo  gratia  "  in  ;$(>  parts  ;  19  chansons  and  sev- 
eral canons  (detailed  inioimation  in  M.  Hienet's 
ujean  de  Okeghem,"  180,3).  Korkel,  Kiese- 
wettcr,  Rochlitx,  and  Ambros,  gave  fragments 
of  the  mass  **  Cujtisyis  loni  "  (ad  omnem  tonum), 
a  MS.  copy  of  which  is  in  Munich  ;  Ambros 
prints  an  enigmatical  canon  ;  in  He-Hermann's 
"Contrapimkt  "  is  a  fragment  of  the  **  AUssa 
prolatiunum." 

Oli'brio,  Flavio  Anicio.  See  J.F.  Ar.Kicoi.A. 

Oliphant,  Thomas,  1).  Condic,  Perthshiie, 
Dec.  25,  1709;  d.  London,  Mar,  9,  1873.  Kor 
40  years  Imu.  secretary,  later  pros.,  of  the  Lon- 
don Madrigal  Sotv  -Wrote  "  Hricf  Account  of 
the  Madr.  Soc."  (1835);  l4  Short  Account  of  Mad- 
rigals ..."  (1836) ;  **  La  Miisa  Madrigalesca" 
(1837  ;  the  words  of  400  madrigals,  chiellyof  the 
Elizabethan  period).  Also  publ.  several  coll.s  of 
madrigals,  of  glees,  catches,  rounds,  etc, 

Oliver,  Henry  Kemble,  b.  Itcverly,  Mass., 
Nov.  24,  iKoo;  d.  IJoston,  Aug.  10,  1885.  Hoy- 
soprano  in  Park  St.  Ch.,  i8u>;  giaduale  Dart- 
mouth Coll.,  r8i8;  taught  in  Salem  till  1844, 
then  going  to  Lawrence,  where  he  was  mayor 
in  1859;  1861-5,  treasurer  of  State  of  Mass.; 
later  mayor  of  Salem.  ( )rganist  and  mus.  clir.  at 
Lawrence  and  also  in  Salem,  where  he  founded 
a  glee  club  (1833)  and  a  Moxart  Assoo,  (1820). 
1883,  MUH.  Doc,  (Dartmouth).  Com  posed  many 
well-known  hymn-tunes  (Federal  Street,  Morn- 
ing, Harmony  drove,  IJeaeon  Street,  Hudson, 
Merlon),  motets,  cliants,  and  a  Te  Deum  ;  publ. 
"The  National  Lyre*'  (1848;  w.  Tuekcnnan 
ami  Bancroft);  "Coll.  of  Church  Music "(1860); 
4 'Original  Hymn  Tunes"  (1875). 

Ol'sen,  Die,  b.  Hammerfest,  Norway,  July  4, 
1851,  Orchestral  comp.  in  modern  style;  his 
works  (the  symphonic  poem  "  Asgaanlsreien," 
1891;  a  suite  f.  pf*  am!  string-orch. ;  etc,)  are 
played  in  Norway. 


On'driczek,  Franz,  violinist  ;  b  Prague,  Apr 
29,  1859.  Tnuftht  by  his  fathei,  and  pla\ed  in 
tlie  hitter's  small  orch.  for  d.ince-music  till  14  , 
then  attended  the  Pi  ague  Cons  for  3  years, 
studied  further  under  A  I  assart  at  Pans  Com*., 
winning  ist  prize  for  violin-playing  after  2  years. 
On  many  concert-tours  he  has  gained  a  high 
reputation 

Onslow,  George,  giandson  of  the  first  Lord 
Onslow  ;  b  Cleimont-Fcrrand,  France,  July  27, 
1784  ;  d.  there  (  )et 
3,  1852.  PL-pupil 
in  London  of  llull- 
mandel,  I  Hissek, 
and  Cramer  ;  st. 
comp  with  Keicha 
in  Paris,  to  fit  him- 
self for  opera-writ- 
mg  (his  3  comic  op- 


I't^a  1  1  82.1  1,  le 
CotyMttur  1  1827], 
and  /Jt/itt  tkUuiw 
[1837],  had  tem- 
porary success). 
He  passed  his  win- 
ters in  Paris,  and 
the  summers  on  his  estate  near  Clermont.  His 
passion  was  clumhei  -music,  of  winch  he  comp. 
much,  playing  with  other  amaleuis,  the  'cello 
being  his  inslr.;  his  musiewas  prized  in  Parisian 
mus.  circles;  in  1842  the  Academic  elected  him 
to  succeed  Chenibini,  Only  his  slring-(|iiintels 
still  survive;  he  publ.  34  of  them  (either  1.  2 
vlns.,  via.,  and  2  'celli  ;  or  f.  2  vlns.,  2  violas, 
and  'cello  ;  or  f.  2  vlns.,  via.,  'cello,  and  double- 
bass,—  the  excessively  dillicult  double-bass  parts 
were  written  for  Dragonelti).  Other  woiks:  4 
symphonies  ;  a  nonet  f.  wind  and  string-<{unr- 
tet  ;  septet  f.  pf.,  flute,  oboe,  and  strings  ;  sextet 
f.  do.;  36  string-quartets  ;  10  pf.  -trios;  (>  so- 
natas f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  3  sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
'cello;  p  f,  -music  ;  and  a  solo  scena  f.  bass  w. 
orch.,  "  Abel's  Death," 

O'pelt,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Kochlitx, 
Saxony,  July  <j,  I7<;4;  d.  Sept.  22,  18(13,  at 
Dresden,  as  privy  councillor  for  finance.  —  Publ, 
**  Ueber  die  Natur  tier  Musik"  (1834),  and 
14  Allgem.  Theorie  tier  Musik,  uuf  den  Kytlnnus 
der  Klangwcllenpulse  gegrtlndet  .  .  ."(1852); 
treatises  of  a  malhematico-physic.al  character. 

Or'denstein,  Heinrich,  b.  Worms,  Jan,  7, 
1856.  Pupil  1871-5  at  Leipzig  (  'ons.  of  Wenxcl, 
Keinecke,  Jadassohn,  etc.;  also  private  pupil  of 
Paul  (pf.).  After  concert-tour  with  the  Pesehka- 
Leuluer  and  ClrUtxmacher,  he  studied  in  Paris  ; 
from  1878  gave  successful  concerts  in  Leipzig, 
etc.  ;  music-teacher  at  the  Countess  Rehbinder's 
school  at  Karlsruhe,  1879-81  ;  at  Kullak's 
Acad.,  Uerlin,  1881-2  ;  in  1884  founded  the 
Karlsruhe  Const.  ,  a  flourishing  institution.  Title 
of  '*  Professor"  from  Grand  Duke  of  Baden. 

Orge/ni  [OrgenyiJ,  Aglaia,  stage-soprano 


437 


ORLANDUS   LASSUS— OTHMAYER 


(fine  coloratura  singer) ;  b  Tismenice,  Galicia, 
Dec.  17,  1843.  Pupil  of  Mme.  Viardot-Garcia 
at  Baden-Baden ;  debut  Sept  28,  1865,  as 
Amina,  at  Berlin  Opera,  where  she  T\as  eng. 
for  a  year.  First  appearance  in  London,  Apr. 
7,  1866,  as  Violetta,  at  Covent  Garden  ,  sang 
later  at  Vienna,  Dresden,  Berlin,  Copenhagen, 
etc.;  since  1 886,  vocal  teacher  at  the  Dresden 
Cons. 

Orlan'dus  Lassus.  See  LASSO,  ORLANDO 
DI. 

Or'low,  Count  Gregor  Vladimir,  b.  1777  j 
d.  St.  Petersburg,  July  4,  1826.  Wrote  "Essai 
sur  1'histoire  de  la  musique  en  Itahe "  (1822 ; 
2  vol.s ;  in  German  as  "  Entwurf  einer  Ge- 
schichte  der  ital.  Musik  "  (1824). 

Oraithopar'cus,  (Greek  form  of  his  real 
name,  Vogelsang,)  Andreas,  a  native  of 
Memmingen  ;  led  a  wandering  life  ;  about  1516, 
Magister  artium  at  Tubingen.  Author  of  a 
rare  and  valuable  theoretical  treatise,  "  Musicae 
activae  micrologus"  (Leipzig,  1516;  6th  ed. 
1540;  Engl.  transl.  by  Dowland,  London, 
1609). 

Orpheus,  the  fabled  son  of  Apollo,  and 
sweetest  of  singers  to  the  lyre,  or  seven-stringed 
kithara,  is  said  to  have  accompanied  the  Argo- 
nauts on  their  expedition  in  1350  u  c.,  and 
founded  the  mystic  sect  worshipping  Dionysos 
Zagraeus  for  many  centuries.  p3ee  the  '  *  Or- 
phica"  by  Gottfried  Hermann  (1805)  ] 

Ortigue,  Joseph-Louis  d',  b.  Cavaillon, 
Vaucluse,  May  22,  1802 ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  20, 
1866.  \Vriter  on  church-music,  frequently  by 
commission  of  the  French  government.  Founded 
1857  (w.  Niedermeyer)  **  La  Maitrise,"  a  pe- 
riodical for  church -music,  and  was  sole  editor 
1858-60 ;  contributed  to  other  papers. — Princi- 
pal writings:  "De  la  guerre  des  dilettanti,  ou 
de  la  revolution  operee  par  M.  Rossini  dans 
1'opera  francais"  (1820);  "Le  Balcon  de 
1' Opera"  (1833;  a  coll.  of  newspaper  feuille- 
ton$)\  "Del'ecole  italienne  et  de  radministra- 
tion  de  1'Acad.  roy.  de  Mus.  .  .  ."  (1839  >  on 
Berlioz's  Benvemtto  CeUim;  republ.  1840  as 
"Du Theatre  Italienetde son  influence  .  .  .") ; 
"Abe*cedaire  du  plain-chant"  (1841);  "Palin- 
ge*nesie  musicale,  and  "  De  la  me'moire  chez 
les  musiciens"  (pamphlet  reprints  from  the 
"Revue  et  Gazette  mus.") ;  "Dictionnaire  li- 
turgique,  etc."  (1854;  </•  NISARD)  ;  "  Introd.  i. 
1'etude  compare'e  des  tonalite's  et  principalement 
du  chant  gregorien  et  de  la  musique  moderne  " 
(1853);  "La  musique  a  I'e'glise  "  (1861),  "Traite 
theorique  et  pratique  de  I'accompagnement  du 
plain-chant "  (1856 ;  cf.  NIEDERMEYER). 

OKto,  Giovanni  de,  (recte  Jean  Dujardin; 
Lat.  de  Horto,)  called  "  Marbriano  "  ;  contra- 
puntist  of  the  I5th-i6th  centuries.  In  Petrucci's 
"  Odhecaton  "  (1500-1503)  are  several  "Misse 
de  Orto,"  an  Ave  Maria  a  4,  and  chansons  ;  P. 
also  printed  a  Lamentation  in  his  "  Lamenta- 
tionum  Jeremie"  (1506).  Masses  in  MS.  at 


Rome,    Library    of    the    Papal  Chapel ;    mass 
"  Mi-Mi,"  and  other  pieces,  in  Vienna  Libiary. 

Osborne,  George  Alexander,  a  tine  pianist 
and  popular  teacher  and  composer;  b.  Limerick, 
Ireland,  Sept.  24,  1806  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  16, 
1893.  Said  to  have  been  self-taught  until  18 
years  of  age,  then  studied  al  Paris  under  Kalk- 
brenner  and  Pixis  (pf  ),  and  Fctis  (comp.).  Set- 
tled in  London,  1848  — Works  Sextet  f.  pf., 
flute,  oboe,  horn,  'cello,  and  d  -bass ;  famous 
duets  f.  pf  and  violin  (43  \v.  de  Beriot,  2  w. 
Ernst,  i  each  w.  Artot  and  Lafont) ;  3  pf. -trios; 
a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello ,  a  pf  -quartet ;  much 
brilliant  and  graceful  salon-music  f.  pf  ("  Pluie 
de  perles,"  '*  Nouvelle  pluie  de  perles,"  *'  Marche 
militaire,"  "Summer's  Eve,"  etc.). 

Osborne  (real  name  Eisbein),  Adrienne, 
dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Buffalo,  N.  V.  Pupil  ot 
Auguste  Gotze  and  Max  Stagemann  in  Leipzig  ; 
advised  by  Rubinstein  to  adopt  a  stage-career. 
Debut  as  Mignon.  For  her  interpretation  of 
Carmen  she  received  gold  medals  from  the  Prince 
of  Sondershausen  and  Duke  of  Allunbuig.  At 
present  (1899)  engaged  at  Leipzig  C'ity  Th.  ; 
also  sings  in  concerts  (Gewandhaus,  1  Jcilin,  I  ires- 
den,  Amsterdam,  etc.). 

Osgood,  George  Laurie,  b.  Chelsea,  Mass., 
April  3, 1844.  At  ITarvuid,  where  he  graduated 
in  1 866,  he  was  for  3 
years  dir.  of  the  Glee 
Club,  and  the  college 
orch.  He  now  spent  ,/ 
3  years  in  Germany  ;  - 
studied  singing  un- " 
derSieberandllaupt,  ' 
and  German  songand 
choral  works  under 
R.  Franz.  After  3 
years1  further  vocal 
study  with  the  elder 
Lamperti  in  Italy,  0. 
made  a  very  success- 
ful concert-tour  in  Germany ;  at  once  eng .  by 
Th.  Thomas  for  a  winter  tour  in  America.  Since 
1872  he  has  lived  in  Boston  as  a  much-sought 
vocal  teacher ;  since  1875,  cond.  of  the  Boylston 
Club  (200  voices),  famed  for  the  brilliancy  of  its 
performances  (since  1890,  the  "  Boston  Singers' 
Soc,").  For  many  years  O.  gave  concerts  of 
classical  music.  Publ.  "Guide  in  the  Art  of 
Singing  "  (pp.  200 ;  8  editions) ;  anthems,  cho- 
ruses, part-songs,  and  over  50  songs. 

Osiander,  Lucas,  Protestant  Abbot  at  Adel- 
berg  in  WUrttemberg  ;  b.  Nuremberg,  J)cc.  16, 
1534;  d.  Stuttgart,  Sept.  17,  1604.  — Publ. 
"  Geistliche  Lieder  und  Psalmcn  mit  vier  Stim- 
men  auf  contrapunctische  Weise  "  (1586). 

6sxten.    See  OESTEN. 

Oth'mayer  [6t-],  Caspar,  b.  Amberg,  Mar. 
12,  1515  I  d.  Nuremberg,  Feb.  4,  1553.  From 
1548,  rector  at  Ansbach.  Esteemed  as  a  vocal 
composer.— Works :  i  book  of  "Tricinia";  I 


428 


OTIIO— OWST 


of  "  Dicinia  sacra  "  ;  2  Latin  motets  ;  Ode  on  the 
death  of  Luther  ;  songs  (in  G.  Furster's  coll.s). 

Otho.     See  ODO. 

Ott  (or  Ottl,  Otto),  Hans,  publisher  in  Nu- 
remberg about  1533-50.  lie  printed  "115  gute 
und  nuwc  Lieder"  (1544). 

Ottani,  Abbate  Bernardino,  b.  IJologna, 
1735  .  d-  Turin,  Oct.  26,  1827.  Pupil  of  Padre 
Martini  ;  at  22,  churc1i-//wcv//  o  inltalogna  ;  from 
1779,  at  Tin  in.  —  Works:  12  operas  ;  much  ex- 
cellent chinch-music  (2  oratorios,  40  masses,  mo- 
tets, psalms,  etc,). 

Ot'tingen.    See  O  KTI  i  NCIKN. 

Ot'to,  (Ernst)  Julius,  b.  Konigstem,  Saxony, 
Sept.  I,  1804  ;  d.  Dresden,  Mai.  5,  1877.  From 
1814-22  he  attended  the  Kreu/schule  at  Dres- 
den, Weinlij*  being  his  music-teacher;  as  a  pu- 
pil in  **  Ober-Secunda  "  lie  comp.  a  cantata,  soon 
followed  by  others.  While  a  student  at  heiprig 
Univ.  1822-5,  he  continued  musical  work  under 
Schicht  and  WemliK,  and  bi  ought  out  cantatas 
and  motets  in  the  churches.  Returning  to  Dres- 
den, he  taught  at  the  Itlochmann  lust.,  and  from 
1830-75  was  cantor  at  the  Kreuzkhche,  where 
his  choir  became  one  of  the  finest  in  (iermany  ; 
was  also  for  years  nuis.  dir.  at  the  piincipal  Lu- 
thenm  churches,  andcond.  of  the  **  Liederlafel." 
—  Works  ;  Admirable  male  choruses  in  his  col- 
lection 4t  Krnstuml  Schens"  ;  he  created  the  im- 
mensely popular  "cycles"  for  male  voices 
("  Htirsehenfahrlcn,1'  '•  (iesellenfahrten,"  "Sol- 
datuulcbiMi,"  *4  Dcr  Spinnabend,"*4  DcrSftnger- 
saal,"  etc.)  ;  also  wrote  4  comic  operas  for  ama- 
teur-performance (f)h'  AlMtfyntuifl>iitt&  bci 
is  the  best)  ;  settings  of  1  1  of  maim  's 


14  KinclurftiHtun  ;"  many  line  songs  for  solo  voice 
("  In  die  Kerne,"  and  "  Desdeutsehen  Kheines 
brant,"  took  prixos)  ;  his  pf.-sonatas,  rondos, 
etudes,  etc,,  are  likewise  excellent.  O.  prod.  2 
operas,  Aw  Sc/iloss  am  Rhdn  (Dresden,  1838), 
and  D?r  Sckfaner  row  Augihurg  (Augslnnjj)  ; 
3  oratorios,  A',r  Jfrilantts  khte  /HvA',  J)i? 
Fder  tfer  Kr  fasten  am  Unito  Jtstt*  and  lliob  / 
also  masses,  festival  cantatas,  a  To  Deum,  etc. 

Ot'to,  Franz,  b.  Kfmigstein,  Saxony,  1809; 
d.  Mnyence,  i84T.  His  songs  for  male  voices, 
"In  clem  Himmd  ruht  die  Krde,"  "Waiter 
Montag,"  etc.,  have  had  some  vogue. 

Ot'to,  Rudolf  Karl  Julius,  b.  Derlin,  Apr. 
27,  1829.  Solo  boy-soprano  in  the  Uerlin  Jhm- 
chor  ;  from  1848,  tenor  singer  in  the  same.  In 
1852,  teacher  of  singing  in  the  Stern  Cons.  ; 
1873,  in  the  R.  Ihchschulc  ftlr  jRlusik*  I  le  was 
an  eminent  singer  in  oratorio. 

Ot^to-Alvs'leben,  Melitta  (nfr  Alvslcben), 
dramatic  soprano;  b,  Dresden,  Dec.  16,  1842; 
d.  there  Jan.  13,  1803.  ftipil  of  Thiele  at  the 
Dresden  Cons*.  iSso-Q  ;  eng,  at  the  court  the- 
atre for  coloratura  (later  dramatic)  roles  from 
1860-73  ;  sang  in  concerts  1873-5  to  England, 
Scotland,  and  Clermany;  j)nnui  donna  at  Ham- 
City  Th.  1875-6)  at  Dresden  court  the- 


atre 1877-83.  Married  (1866)  Commissioner  of 
Customs  Otto.  Sang-  at  the  Cincinnati  Mus. 
Festival  in  1879. 

Oudin,  Eugene  (Espe*rance),  b.  New  York, 
Feb.  24, 1858  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  4, 1894.  IJari- 
tone  dramatic  ai*l  concert-singer  ,  song-compo- 
ser ;  accomplished  pianist  Sang  with  gieat 
success  in  London,  1886,  '89,  etc.;  and  as  the 
Templar  in  Sullivan's  Ivan  hoe ,  1891  ;  also  sang 
at  St  Petersburg,  1893. 

Oudrid  y  Segura,  Cristobal,  Spanish  sar- 
fiw<'/<7-composcr ;  b.  Ttodajoz,  Feb.  7,  1829;  d. 
Madrid,  Mar  15,  1877.  In  1867,  chorusmaster 
of  the  Italian  Opera,  Madrid;  1872,  cond.  at 
the  Zarzucla  Th.;  later  at  the  Thealre  dc  1'Ori- 
ente.  From  1850  he  prod,  over  30  operettas 
(aarzue/tu)  in  Madiid  (some  w.  Gaztambide, 
Caballero,  etc.). 

Oulibichef.    See  ULIUISIIKV. 

Oury.    See  UKLLBVILLK-OITRY. 

Ouse'ley,  Sir  Frederick  Arthur  Gore, 
Knglish  composer  and  theorist;  b.  London, 
Aug.  13,  1825  ;  d.  Hereford.  Apr.  6,  iSSy. 
Son  of  the  Orientalist  Sir  William  O.,  ambassa- 
dor to  Russia  and  Persia.  Graduate  of  Oxford 
(IJ.  A.,  1846  ;  M.  A  ,  1840).  lie  was  ordained 
in  1849,  and  curate  of  St.  Paul's,  Knights- 
biidge,  1849-50,  then  taking  the  degree  of  Mus. 
Bac.,  and  that  of  Mus.  Doc.,  Oxon.,  in  1854. 
In  1855  he  succeeded  Sir  Henry  Uishopas  Prof, 
of  Music  at  Oxford  Univ.,  and  also  became  pre- 
centor of  Hereford  Cath.  The  degtee  of  Mus. 
Doc.  was  conferred  on  him  by  Durham  (1^56), 
and  Cambridge  (1862) ;  that  of  LL.D.  by  Cam- 
bridge (1883),  and  Kdinburgh  (r8R5).  A  fine 
pianist  and  organist,  he  excelled  in  fuj»al  impro- 
visation.— Sacred  compositions  :  2  oratorios,  77ttr 
Martyrdom  of  »SV.  JWycarf  (1855),  and  lln^ir 
(Hereford  Fest.,  1873);  n  church-services;  70 
anthems;  "The  Psalter,  arr.  for  Chanting, 
with  Appropiiate  Knglish  <  'bunts  "  (sevemled.s); 
4 *  Anglican  Psalter  Chan ts  "  (1872) ;  "  Cathedral 
Services  by  Knglish  Masters  "(i  ^53)  J  **ColL  of 
Anthems"  (2  vol. s,  1861, '66);— Other comp.s:  An 

Era,  L'lwhi  tiisafrnata  (oomp.  at  the  age  of 
18  preludes  and  fugues  for  organ  ;  other  do., 
3  Andantes,  and  a  sonata,  f.  org.;  a  string- 
sextet,  2  string-quartets,  a  pf. -quartet,  2  pf.- 
trios,  and  .sonatas,  nocturnes,  etc.,  f.  pf, ;  glees, 
part-songs,  and  .songs. — Writings ;  "Treatise 
on  Harmony"  (i808,  3rd  ed.  1882) ;  "Counter- 
point, Canon  and  Fugue"  [after  Cherubim] 
(1868;  2nd  ed.  1884);  "  Musical  Form  and 
General  Composition"  (1875;  and  ed.  1886); 
articles  for  Grove's  **  Dictionary."  He  left  his 
fine  mus.  library  to  St.  Michael  s  College,  Ten- 
bury.—  I Hographical :  "Memorials,"  by  Haver- 
gal  (1889);  "Life  of  Rev.  Sir  K  A.  (i.  Ouse- 
Icy,  Hurt.,  etc,",  by  Joyce  (London,  1896), 

Owst,  Wilberfoss  George,  b.  London, 
Kngl.,  June  13,  1861.  Pupil  of  Katon  leaning 
and  II,  (Jadsby;  studied  1886-93  at  Stuttgart 
Cons,  under  Faiszt,  Goetschius,  Paul  Klengel, 


429 


PABST— PACINI 


Karl  Doppler,  and  H.  Zumpe.  From  1893-5, 
organist  ut  P.  E.  Ch.  of  St.  Michael  and  All 
Angels,  Baltimore,  Maryland  ;  now  (1899)  org. 
and  choirmaster  at  St.  John's,  Waverley,  Balti- 
more.— Publ.  works  .  Communion  Service  in  A  ; 
6  anthems ;  male  quartets ;  quartet  f.  mixed 
voices ;  7  songs. 


Pabst,  August,  b.  Elberfeld,  May  30, 1811  ; 
d.  Riga,  July  21,  1885,  as  Dir.  of  the  Cons, 
there. — Operas :  Der  JCastelian  von  Krakau 
(1846),  Unser  Johann  (1848),  Die  leteten  Tage 
von  Ponipcji  (1851),  and  Di£  Longobarden  (not 
perf.) — His  son  Louis,  b  Konigsberg,  July  18, 
1846,  is  a  pianist  and  composer.  From  autumn, 
iSgg,  head-teacher  f or  pf. -playing  at  the  Moscow 
Philhann.  School. 

Pabst,  Paul,  talented  pianist,  son  of  August 
P.;  b.  Konigsberg,  May  27,  1854;  d.  Moscow, 
May  28,  1897.  Gave  concerts  at  9 ;  studied 
some  years  with  Liszt.  N.  Rubinstein  invited 
him  to  Moscow  in  1878  aspf.-prof.  at  the  Cons.; 
he  succeeded  Rubinstein  as  Director,  and  was 
also  director  of  the  Imp.  Soc.  of  Music.  His 
pf. -compositions,  and  transcriptions  fiom  A. 
Rubinstein's  Demon  and  Tchaikovski's  Eugen 
Qncgin^  are  popular  in  Russia. 

Pacchiarot'ti,  Gasparo,  celebrated  nntsico; 
b.  Fabriano,  Ancona,  1744  ;  d.  Padua,  Oct.  28, 
1821.  Choir-boy  at  Forli  Cath.;  trained  in 
Venice  by  a  sopranist  of  San  Marco;  debut 
there  about  1770  ;  soon  became  famous  in  Italy ; 
lived  in  London  1778-85,  where  he  was  idolized, 
and  settled  again,  after  a  stay  in  Italy,  from 
1790-1800.  He  gained  wealth,  and  was  noted 
for  his  charities. 

Pachelbel,  Johann,  influential  organist ;  b. 
Nuremberg,  Sept.  I,  1653  ;  d.  there  Mar.  3, 
1706  A  pupil  of  Schwemmer,  studying  further 
at  Altdorf  and  Ratisbon  ,  organist  at  Vienna, 
1674 ;  court  org.  at  Eisenach,  1675 ;  of  the 
Predigerkirche  at  Erfurt,  1678 ;  court  org.  at 
Stuttgart,  1690 ;  at  Gotha,  1692.  Org.  at  St. 
Sebald's,  Nuremberg,  1695.  This  varied  ex- 
perience is  reflected  in  his  organ-works;  his 
chaconnes,  toccatas,  and  arr.s  of  chorals,  are 
fluently  and  easily  written,  much  in  J.  S.  Bach's 
style. — Works:  *  *  Musikalische  Sterbensgedan- 
ken,  aus  4  variirten  Chorfilen  bestehend  "  (1683) ; 
"Musikalische  Ergotzung,  aus  6  verstimmeten 
Parthien  von  2  Violmen  und  Generalbass"  (1691) ; 
"78  Chorale  zum  Praam buliren "  (1693); 
11  Ifexachordum  Apollinis"  (1699 ;  6  themes  w. 
var.s). — Several  organ-pieces  are  printed  by 
Commer  in  "  Musica  sacra,"  vol.  i ;  others  by 
G.  W.  KOrner  in  "  Der  Orgel virtuose,"  and  in 
vol.  i  of  a  projected,  but  unfinished,  complete 
ed.  of  P.'s  works  ;  by  Winterfeld  in  "  Evang. 
Kirchengesang ; "  and  a  chaconne  w.  13  var.s, 
a  fugue,  and  a  fughetta  (all  f.  pf.,  i.e.,  clavi- 
chord), by  Trautwein  (Berlin,  1860), — P.'s  son, 
Wilhelm  Hieronymus,  b.  Erfurt,  1685,  from 


1725  org.  at  St.  Sebald's,  Nuremberg,  pubJ  a 
"  Musikal.  Vergnugen  "  (1725  ;  prelude,  fugue, 
and  fantasia  f.  org.  or  clavichord) ;  also  a  clav.- 
fugue. 

Pach'er,  Joseph  Adalbert,  b.  Paubrawitz, 
Moravia,  Mar.  29,  1816  ;  d.  Gmunden,  Sept.  3, 
1871.  Pupil  of  G.  Preyer  and  A.  TIalm  ,  lived 
in  Vienna  as  a  comp.  of  favorite  scrfo/i-picccs  f. 
pianoforte. 

Pach'mann,  Vladimir  de,  brilliant  pianist ; 
b.  Odessa,  July  27,  1848.  Pupil  of  his  father 
[prof,  at  Vienna  Univ  ,  and  a  good  violinist], 
and  from  1866  of  Dachs  at  the  Cons.  Success- 
ful concert-tour  in  Russia,  1869 ,  played  later 
in  Vienna,  Paris,  London  (1882),  Germany,  Den- 
mark (where  he  received  the  Order  of  the  Danc- 
brog  from  the  King)  ,  also  in  America  (1892  and 
subsequently).  His  specialty  is  Chopin.  In 
1896  he  settled  in  Berlin.  He  began  an  Ameri- 
can tour  at  New  York,  Oct.,  1899. 

Paci'ni,  Antonio  Francesco  Gaetano  Sa- 
verio;  b.  Naples,  July  7,  1778 ;  d.  Paris,  Mar. 
10,  1866.  Pupil  of  the  Cons,  dclla  Pieti,  Na- 
ples ;  singing-teacher  in  that  city,  then  for  a 
time  m.  de  chap,  at  Nimes  ;  went  to  Paris  in 
1804,  prod,  some  comic  operas,  and  finally 
founded  a  music-publishing  business,  a  specially 
of  which  was  contemporaiy  Italian  operas. 

Paci'ni,  Giovanni,  opera-composer ;  1>.  Cata- 
nia, Feb.  17,  1796;  d.  Pesciu,  Dec.  6,  1867. 
Pupil  of  Marches! 
and  Padre  Mattei  at 
Bologna,  and  of 
Furlanetto  at  Ven- 
ice ;  first  opera  was 
Annetta  e  Luanda  ['t 
(Th.  of  Santa  Uacle-  v/ 
gonda,  Venice, 
1813);  up  to  1835 
he  had  prod,  over 
40  operas  on  vari- 
ous Italian  stages, 
when  the  failure  of 
Carlo  di  Borgogna 

at  Venice  temporarily  checked  the  flow  of  dra- 
matic composition  ;  he  went  to  Viart'ggio,  near 
Lucca,  and  established  a  very  successful  school 
of  music  there,  for  which  he  wrote  several  short 
treatises  :  "  Corso  teoretico-piatico  di  Iczioni  di 
armonia,"  u  Princip!  elementari  col  meloclo  pel 
meloplasto,"  "  Memoria  sul  migliore  indiri/xo 
degli  stud!  musical! "  (1863), "  Ccnni  storici  sulla 
musica  e  trattalo  di  contrappunto  "  (3864),  and 
built  a  private  theatre.  Later  ho  removed  the 
school  to  Lucca.  In  1840  P,,  who  prided  him- 
self on  rapid  work,  wrote  his  diamatic  master- 
piece, Sttfffft  in  28  days  ;  its  reception  at  Naples 
on  Nov.  29  -was  enthusiastic.  Forty  more  opeias 
followed  up  to  1867  ;  the  best  were  Medea  (Pa- 
lermo, 1843),  La  reginadi  Cipro  (Turin,  1846), 
and  Nicolb  de1  Lapi  (Rio  de  Janeiro,  1855). 
This  indefatigable  composer  also  prod,  numer- 
ous oratorios,  cantatas,  masses,  etc.;  lt  Dante" 
symphony ;  an  octet ;  6  string-quartets ;  other 


430 


PACIUS— PAGANINI 


chamber-music  ;  vocal  ducts  and  anas  ;  he  was 
an  active  contubutor  to  several  mus.  papers  ; 
and  publ.  memoirs,"  Lc  mie  memorie  artistiche  " 
(Morencc,  1865  ;  enlarged  by  Cicconetti,  1872; 
rev  by  K.  Magnani,  1875).— Saffo  still  remains 
on  the  Italian  dramatic  repertoiy  — His  brother, 
Emilio  Pacini,  b.  rSio  ;  d.  Neuilly,  n.  Pans, 
Dec.  2,  1898,  was  a  distinguished  librettist:  // 
Trovatore  was  Irom  his  pen. 

Pa'cius,  Friedrich,  fine  violinist,  pupil  of 
Spohr ;  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  39,  1809,  d.  Ilel- 
singfors,  Jan.  9,  180,1,  where  he  had  been  mus. 
dir.  at  the  Univ.  since  1834.  Piod.  2  operas 
at  Ilelsingfors  :  A'ttt/s  -Y//.  Jagd  (1854),  and 
Unelcy  (1857). 

Paderew'ski  |"-relf'-|,  Ignace  Jan,  b.  Podo- 
lia,  Poland,  Nov.  6,  1859.  Admirable  pianist ; 
pupil,  at  Warsaw 
Cons.,  of  Raguski 
(harm,  and  opt.)  ;  at 
lieilin,  of  Urban  and 
Wueist ;  at  Vienna, 
of  Leschetlt/ki. 
1878-83,  teacher  of 
pf.  at  Warsaw  Cons.; 
since  then  his  con- 
ccrt-toins  through 
Kurope  and  America 
have  assured  his  fame 
as  one  of  the  fore- 
most pianists  of  the 
time.  In  the  United 
States  and  Kngland, 
especially,  he  is 
everywhere  received  with  enthusiasm.  In  Jan. 
and  Feb.,  1899,  he  was  concerti/ing  in  Russia. 


— Woiks  :  Op.  I,  Pi  elude  and  Minuet  f.  pf.;  op. 
4,  Klegic  f.  pf.;  op.  5,  Danses polonaises,  f.  pf.; 
op.  ft,  Introd.  et  toccata  f.  pf.;  op.  7,  4  songs 


(German  and  Polish)  ;  op.  8,  ('hunts  clu  voya- 
geur  f.  pf,;  op.  9,  Danses  polonaises  f.  pf,;  op. 
10,  Album  de  ami,  scenes  polon.  f.  pf.;  op.  n, 
Var.s  and  fugue  on  orig.  theme,  f.  pf.;  op.  13, 
sonata  f.  vlu,  and  pf. ;  op.  14,  llumorcsques  de 
concert  f.  pf.  (I)(x>k  i:  Menuet,  Sarabamlc,  Ca- 
l>rice;  Book  it,  Hurlcsqw*,  Inlermczxo  polacco, 
Cracovienne  fantasticme) ;  op.  15,  Dans  le  de- 
sert, toccata  f.  pf.;  on.  10,  Miscellanea  f.  pf. 
(Le*gende,  Mt'lodie,  Thenuj  varie,  Nocturne) ; 
op,  17,  pf. -concerto ;  on.  18,  6  songs  w.  pf. 
("  My  tears  were  flowing  ;  "  Wand'ring  along"; 
"My  sweetest  darling";  "Over  the  waters"; 
4 'Ah  what  tortures";  "Were  I  the  ribbon"); 
op.  10,  Polish  fantasia  on  orig.  themes,  f.  pf. 
w.  orch.;  op.  20,  Lc'gende  No.  2,  f.  pf. — Pade- 
rewski  Fund.  After  liis  American  tour  of 
1895-6,  P.  established  a  cash  fund  of  $10,000 
(orig.  trustees  were  Wm.  Steinway,  Major  II.  L. 
Iligginson,  and  J)r.  Wm,  Mason),  the  interest 
to  be  devoted  to  triennial  prices  "to  composers 
of  American  birth  without  distinction  as  to  age 
or  religion":  i.  $500  for  best  orch. I  work  Tn 
symphonic  form ;  a.  $300  for  best  composition 
for  solo  instr.  w.  orch. ;  3.  $200  for  best  cham- 


ber-music work.  Mr.  Steinway  added  $1500 
for  pn/es,  to  institute  the  first  competition  in 
1897. 

Padi'lla  y  Ra'mos  [pah-dil'-yah],  baritone 
opera-singer;  b.  Murcia,  Spain,  1842.  Pupil 
of  Mabellini  at  Florence  ;  sang  at  Messina, 
Turin,  etc.,  St.  Petersburg,  Vienna,  and  l>eihn 
Married  Desiree  Artot  in  1869. 

Paer,  Ferdlnando,  dramatic  comp. ;  b.  Parma, 
June  i,  1771  ,  d.  Paris,  May  3,  1839.  After 
lessons  from  the  -violinist  (Jhiretti,  he  gave  up 
study  for  operatic  composition,  bunging  out 
La  louinda  d?i  Taqahondi  at  Parma  in  1789,  and 
I  ptttemknti  bmlah  (1790),  after  which  he  was 
called  to  Venice  as  theaj.re-cond.,  and  wrote 
several  operas  in  the  light  and  melodious  style 
of  Cimarosa,  Paisiello,  etc.  In  Vienna,  1797— 
1802,  his  style,  doubtless  influenced  by  Momit'.s 
mastei  pieces,  undciwent  a  change,  both  har- 
mony and  oichcstration  showing  increased  variety 
and  fullness  ;  Camilla,  osnia  it  sottcj  ranco  (1799) 
is  considered  his  best  opera.  P.  succeeded  Nau- 
niann  as  court  Ktipfflm.  at  Diesden  in  rSoa  ; 
Kleanortii  ossia  L\wwrc  ^v//^'<7/t'(i8o5)  is  iden- 
tical in  subject  with  Ileethovcn's  Fidclio.  In 
1807  he  went  to  Paris,  becoming  matt™  de 
(hapflle  to  Napoleon,  and  conductor  of  thcOpc'ia- 
(?omiquc  ;  later  (1812)  he  succeeded  Spontiui  at 
the  Th.  Halien,  wheie  he  remained,  through  the 
vicissitudes  of  the  Catnlini's  domination,  and 
the  joint-conductorship  of  Rossini  (i824-C>),  his 
successful  lival  on  the  stage,  until  his  forced 
lesignation  in  rS27  (he  was  held  to  blame  for 
the  poor  financial  condition  of  the  theatre).  In 
JH28  he  icceivcd  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor;  was  elected  to  the  Acadc'mio  in  1831  ; 
and  in  1832  was  app.  cond,  of  the  royal  chamber- 
music.  His  43  operas  have  disappeared  from 
public  view  ;  he  also  wrote  2  oratorios  and  a 
Passion,  10  cantatas,  and  much  other  vocal  music; 
a  "  Symphonic  bacchante,"  and  var.s  on  "  Vivo 
Henri  IV,"  f.  full  orch.  ;  4  grand  military 
marches ;  6  waltues  f.  wind-band  ;  3  grand  so- 
natas f,  pf.,  violin  obbl.,  and  'cello  ad  lib.;  a 
fantasia  f.  pf.,  2  flutes,  2  horns,  and  bassoon ; 
many  pf. -variations. 

Paesiel'lo,    Sec  PAISIKU.O. 

Pagam'm,  Niccol6,  most  famous  of  violin- 
virtuosi  ;  b.  Genoa,  Oct.  27,  1782;  d.  Nice, 
May  27,  1840.  His  father,  a  poor  shopkeeper 
witlx  little  musical  knowledge,  but  loving  the  art, 
taught  him  to  play  on  the  mandolin,  and  then 
procured  abler  teachers  for  his  gifted  son  ;  un- 
der G.  Servctto,  and  after  him  the  rmwsfro  di 
cappelfa  G.  Costa,  Niccolo's  progress  in  violin - 
playing  was  rapid ;  at  8  he  comp.  a  sonata  for 
violin  ;  in  1703  he  appeared  in  public  ;  and  from 
1795  he  studied  with  Ghiretti  and  A  less.  Kolla 
at  Parma,  but  soon  surpassed  his  instructors. 
Ilis  career  as  an  independent  virtuoso  dates 
from  1798,  when  he  ran  away  from  his  father 
after  a  concert  at  Lucca,  and  made  a  tour  by 
himself  to  Pisa  and  other  places.  Though  only 


431 


PAGE-PAINE 


16,  he  was  passionately  fond  of  gambling,  and 
addicted  to  all  forms  of  dissipation;  at  Leg- 
horn he  had  to  part 
with  his  violin  to 
pay  a  gambling  debt, 
but  a  M.  Levron 
lent  him  a  tine 
Joseph  Guarnenus, 
and  was  so  charmed 
with  his  playing  that 
he  made  him  a  pres- 
ent of  it.  (P.  left  it 
by  \\ill  to  the  city 
of  Genoa ;  it  may 
be  seen  in  the  Mu- 
nicipal Building, 
where  it  is  kept  un- 
der glass.)  In  1804  he  went  home,  and  spent  a 
year  in  assiduous  practice  ;  set  out  again  on  his 
travels  in  1805,  arousing  unbounded  enthusiasm  ; 
was  soon  app.  court  solo  violinist  at  Lucca, 
(where  his  novel  performances  on  the  G-stnng 
began),  and  stayed  there  until  1808 ;  then  up 
to  1827  travelled  throughout  Italy,  his  renown 
spreading  from  year  to  year,  and  his  vast  techni- 
cal resources  maturing  and  augmenting  so  that 
victor}7  over  would-be  rivals  (Lafont  at  Milan, 
1816,  and  Lipinski  at  Piacenza,  1817)  was  easy. 
Leaving  Italy  for  the  first  time  in  1828,  his  open- 
ing concert  at  Vienna  was  an  unparalleled 
triumph ;  from  the  municipality  he  received  the 
great  gold  medal  of  St.  Sahrator ;  from  the 
Emperor  the  (honorary)  title  of  court  virtuoso 
He  reached  Berlin  in  March,  1829,  Paris  in 
March,  1831 ;  and  played  for  the  first  time  in 
London  on  June  3,  1831.  Within  a  year  he 
accumulated  a  fortune  in  Britain.  The  winter 
of  1833-4  was  passed  in  Paris  ;  he  then  retired 
for  a  time  to  his  villa  at  Parma,  though  often 
visiting  Paris  ;  his  health  had  already  begun  to 
fail  seriously,  as  a  result  of  life-long  dissipation 
and  excitement.  He  spent  the  winter  of  1838  in 
Paris,  where  his  chief  disorder,  laryngeal  phthisis, 
was  aggravated  by  the  climate  and  by  chagrin 
at  financial  losses ;  he  lived  for  several  months 
at  Marseilles  with  a  friend,  but  finding  no  relief, 
repaired  to  Nice  for  the  winter,  and  died  there 
the  following  spring. — As  a  soloist,  P.  was  the 
most  wonderful  and  original  of  violin-players. 
His  stupendous  technique  (in  double-stops,  left- 
hand  pizzicato,  staccato,  harmonics),  great  power 
and  perfect  control  of  tone,  the  romantic  passion 
and  intense  energy  of  his  style,  quite  apart  from 
his  personal  eccentricities  (which  were  number- 
less) and  mere  tricks  of  virtuosity  (such  as  tuning 
up  the  A-string  by  a  semitone),  made  him  the 
marvel  of  his  time.  He  never  controlled  his  in- 
dividuality so  far  as  to  become  even  a  good 
quartet-player ;  he  was  an  artist  quite  sui generis t 
whose  dazzling  genius  held  his  audiences  spell- 
bound, and  impressed  musicians  and  amateurs 
alike.  That  such  gifts  could  be  united  with  the 
most  sordid  avarice  and  unbridled  sensuality,  is 
a  fact  requiring  no  further  comment  here  ;  it  aids 
in  explaining  the  small  number  and  ephemeral 


character  of  his  compositions. — Works  •  24  Ca- 
price! per  viohno  solo  (op  i;  pf. -transcriptions 
by  Schumann  and  Liszt) ;  6  Senate  per  violmo 
e  chitarra  (op.  2) ;  do  (op.  3) ;  3  gran  quartetli 
a  viohno,  viola,  chitarra  e  uoloncello  (op.  4,  5), 
Concerto  in  E  b  (^olo  part  written  in  I ),  for  a 
violin  tuned  a  semitone  higher)  (op  6) ;  Con- 
certo in  B  mm  ,  "La  Campanella,  '  \\.  Rondo 
a  la  clochette  (op.  7),  "  Le  Streghe,"  var  s  on 
theme  by  S.  Mayr  (op.  8) ;  Var  &  on  "  CJod  fcave 
the  King"  (op.  9) ;  "  II  Carnevale  di  Venezia," 
20  variations  (op.  10);  the  concert  Allegio 
41  Moto  perpetuo  "  (op.  u) ;  Var  s  on  "  Non  pi  to 
mesta"  (op.  12) ;  do.  on  "  Di  tanti  palpiti"  (op. 
13) ;  "Variazioni  di  bravura  "  on  airs  f  mm  Jlfo^; 
60  Studies  in  60  progressive  var  s  on  the  air 
"  Barucaba,"  and  a  Sonata  w.  accomp.  of  violin 
and  'cello,  or  pf. — Biographical .  Schottky, 
11  Paganini's  Leben  und  Treiben  als  Kunstlcr 
und  als  Mensch "  (Prague,  1830);  Fctis,  "No- 
tice biographique  sur  N.  P."  (Pans,  1851 ;  Engl. 
transl.  London,  1852);  A  Niggli,  "Paganim" 
(1882);  Conestabile,  "Vila  di  N.  P."  (Perugia, 
1851);  O.  Bruni,  "N.  P.,  racconto  storico" 
(Florence,  1873). 

Page,  John,  b.  England,  about  1750;  <1. 
London,  Aug.,  1812.  Tenor  singer  ;  lay-dcik 
at  St.  George's,  Windsor,  1790 ;  Gentleman  ol 
Chapel  Royal;  Vicar-choral  at  St.  Paul's,  T8oi. 
— Publ.  "Ilarmonia  sacra"  (1800;  3  vol.s;  a 
coll.  of  74  anthems  in  score,  by  eminent  Engl. 
composers  of  the  i6th-i7th  centuries  ;  new  ed. 
by  Rimbault) ;  "  Festive  Harmony  ..."  (1804 ; 
4  vol.s;  madrigals,  glees,  and  elegies);  "Col- 
lection of  Hymns  .  .  ."  (1804);  "The  Burial 
Service,  Chant,  Evening  Service,  Dirge,  and 
Anthems  App.  to  be  Perf.  at  the  Funeral  of  Lonl 
Nelson"  (1806);  anthems,  psalms,  etc. 

Paine,  John  Knowles,  b.  Portland,  Me., 
Jan.  9, 1839.  Pupil  of  Kotzschmar  at  roitland, 
and  of  Ilaupt  (cpt.), 
Fischer  (singing), 
and  Wieprecht  (in- 
strumentation) at 
Berlin,  1858-61.  Af- 
ter organ-concerts  in 
Berlin  and  various 
American  cities,  he 
settled  in  Boston  as 
organist  of  the  West 
Church,  Cambridge 
St.  In  1862  he  be- 
came teacher  of  mu- 
sic at  I larvard  Univ. , 
and  organist  at  Ap- 
pleton  Chapel,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. ;  since  1876  he  has  occupied  the 
newly  created  professorship  of  music  at  Har- 
vard, the  first  in  any  American  University.  A 
fine  concert-organist.  As  a  composer  his  first, 
classic,  period  has  been  followed  by  a  turn  to 
romanticism,  and  he  is  one  of  the  loaders  in 
American  musical  development. — Works  [those 
with  *  are  publ.]  :  Domine  salvuin  fac,  Jf.  male 


432 


ALA1HLTIE 


ch.  and  orch.,  op.  8  (1863) ;  *  Mass  in  I),  f.  soli, 
ch  ,  and  orch  ,$  op.  10;  K  oratorio  »SV.  Peter,  op. 
20;  *  Centennial  Hymn  in  I),  f.  ch  and  orch., 


solo,  ch.,  and  orch,,  op.  36  ;  *  "  Phmbus,  arise  " ; 

*  The  A"rf//W/i',  cantata  f.  soli,  ch  ,  and  orch  , 
op.  38  ;  *»SVwA'  °J  Promise,  cantata  f.  sopr.,  ch., 
and  orch.,  op.  43  ; — 2  symphonies,  op   23  in  C 
min.,  and  op.  34  in  A  (*  Spring  S)mphon));  2 
symphonic  poems,  op    31  in  I)  min.,  on   Tfie 
TcMprvti  and  op.  44  in  (Jfl  min.  and  A  [>,  "An 
Island   Fantasy"  ;  overtuie  to  As  you  like  if; 
Duo  conccrtanlo  f.  vln.  and  'cello  w.  orch.,  in  A, 
op.  33',  Stnng-quaitel,  op.  5  ;  pf.-tno,  op.  22; 
Larghctto  and  Schcrxo  f.  pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello,  op. 
32  ;   Roman/a  and  Scher/o  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op, 
30;  Sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  24  ;  a  variety  of 

*  characteristic  pieces   f.  pf.;   *  variations  and 
fantasias  f.  organ  ;  motets,  part-songs,  and  songs. 

Paisiel'lo,  Giovanni,  famous  dram,  comp.; 
b.  Taranto,  Italy,  May  9,  1741  ;  d.  Naples,  June 
3,  iSio.  Krom  the 
age  of  5  he  studied 
at  the  Jesuit  school 
in  Taranto,  where 
he  was  taught  by  a 
priest,  Kesta,  and 
where  his  Hinging 
so  delighted  (Juu- 
dueci,  marsfw  at  the 
Capuchin  church, 
that  he  advised  his 
father  to  place  him 
in  the  Cons,  di  S, 
Ouofrio  at  Naples 
Here  he  studied  un- 
der Duruntc,  Cotumaw,  and  Abos,  from  1754- 
59,  remaining  4  years  longer  as  a  teacher,  and 
occupying  himself  with  sacred  composition 
(masses,  oratorios,  etc.),  liut  a  comic  inter- 
mujSKO,  perf.  at  tho  Cons,  theatre  in  1763,  dis- 
covered such  dramatic  talent,  that  he  was  com- 
missioned to  write  an  opera  for  the  Marsigli  Th. 
.  at  Bologna;  here  his  first  comic  opera  wus  prod., 
/x*  Pupil  hi,  rtw/df  It  Ahmfo  a  Mr  rmvtfia  (1764), 
For  12  years,  during  which  he  brought  out  no 
less  than  50  operas,  his  successes  were  many, 
and  reverses  few,  even  in  rivalry  with  Piceinni 
and  Cimurosa  ;  though  he  did  not  scruple  to  win 
his  triumphs  by  the  aid  of  low  trickery  and  in- 
trigues prompted  by  artistic  jealousy.  Impor- 
tant works  ot  this*  period  are  // nmn'hesf  di  Tit* 
lipan&  (Rome,  1706),  tUtl&to  riww  (Naples, 
1767  ;  Paris,  Acad,  K,  de  Mus.,  X77<)),  ana  f*a 
Servtr  padrona  (Naples,  X76y).  Invited  to  St. 
Petersburg  by  Kmpress  Catherine  in  1776,  he 
lived  there  8  years  on  a  princely  salary;  ///tor- 
tovv  di  Swiglht)  given  at  St.  I*,  in  1776,  was  the 
first  opera  with  that  title,  and  so  charmed  the 
Romans  that  Rossini's  masterpiece  WOK  not  even 
allowed  a  hearing  at  its  initial  performance. 
Paring  the  next  tj  years  he  acted  as  ttwwtrv  M 


cappclla  to  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Naples  (1784-90)  J 
LOlimpiadf  (1786),  and  Nina,  o  La  J'assa  per 
amore  (1789,  a  charming  "opera  semiseria,  a 
genre  in  which  Paisiello  excelled),  La  Mohnara, 
and  /  Zingari  in  Jifia,  are  especially  note- 
worthy. During  the  revolutionary  peiiod  of 
1799-1801  T.  stood  well  with  the  republican  gov- 
ernment, but  lost  the  favor  of  the  King,  together 
with  his  place  and  salary.  From  18(33-3  he  was 
Napoleon's  mattre  d?  chafoUc  at  Paris,  and  a 
favorite  of  the  First  Consul,  who  preferred  his 
music  to  Cherubim's.  From  1803  to  the  ISour- 
bon  restoration  of  1815,  he  held  his  former  po- 
sition at  Naples,  and  other  places  of  importance, 
all  of  which  latter  he  lost  on  Ferdinand's  return  in 


1815,  being  retained  solely  as  maestro  di 
in  recognition  of  his  eminent  abilities.  —  P.  was 
an  extraordinarily  productive  composer,  and  one 
of  the  most  popular  of  his  time  ;  yet  of  his  TOO 
or  more  operas  only  La  Scrva  padrona  and  pos- 
sibly one  or  two  others  arc  ever  played  nowa- 
days. His  vein  of  melody  was  original,  fresh, 
and  natural  ;  id  though  he  introduced  instru- 
mental effects  that  were  novel  in  Italy,  he  care- 
fully avoided  the  over-elaborate  vocal  numbers 
common  to  the  period,  obtaining  his  effect  by 
the  grace,  beauty,  and  dramatic  truthfulness  of 
his  melody.  Seven  operas  wei  e  printed  .  //  ntar- 
chese  di  Tulipano,  La  *SVm/  fatt/0/ia,  II  Jiar- 
0iV;v,  //  ;v  Teoitor^  La  Alvhnara,  ,AV/M,  and 
Pioserpinf.  —  Church-music  :  A  Passion  ora- 
torio (Wai-saw,  1784);  3  solemn  mashes  f.  double 
choir  and  2  orchestias  ;  Te  I>eum  f.  do.;  Re- 
quiem f.  4  voices  and  orch.  (perf.  at  his  own 
funeral)  ;  30  masses  f.  do.  ;  2  5-part  masses  ; 
Dixit,  Magnificat,  Miscrcie,  about  40  motets  w. 
orch.  ;  etc.  —  12  symphonies  ;  funeral  march  for 
(Jen.  Hoche;  6  pf.  -concertos  ;  32  pf.  -quartets  ; 
u  string-quartets  ;  sonata  and  conceito  f,  harp  ; 
S  vol.8  of  sonatas,  caprices,  etc.,  f.  pf..— 
ISiogr.  sketches  by  Arnold  (in  German,  1810), 
(lugliardo  (i8rf>),  Le  Sueur  (181(1),  Quatremcro 
de  (juincy  (1817),  Schtexi  (Milan,  1833),  Villa- 
rosa  (Naples,  liS^o,  in  *'  Memone  dei  composi- 
tore  .  .  .  ")• 

Paix,  Jacob,  b.  Augsburg,  1550  ;  d.  after 
1590  as  organist  at  Lauingen.  —  Publ.  "Kin 
schon  nutas-  uml  gebrcuchlich  Orgel-Tabulatur- 
buch  "  (1583  ;  motets  a  4-r2,  songs,  passamex^i, 
etc.)  ;  "  Selectae,  aitiUciosae  et  elegantes  fugtie  " 
(1587,  1590);  2  orig,  masses,  "Missa  parodia 
Mutetae"  (1587),  and  "  Misaa  Helvcta" 


**  Thesaunis  motet  tarum"  (1589  ;  sa  motets  by 
various  comp.s)  ;  "  Kurjer  Hericht  aus  Crottes 
Wort  und  bewahrte  Kirclicnhistorie  von  der 


Paladilhe,  Emile,  b.  Montpellicr,  June  3, 
1844*  Entered  Paris  Cons,  in  1853  ;  studied 
under  Marmontel  (pf.),  Benoist  (org.),  and  lla- 
levy  (cpt.)  ;  ist  prize  for  pf.  and  organ,  1857  ; 
won  the  Grand  prix  de  Home  in  1860  with  the 
cantata  f.e  csar  /van  /r(Ope*ra,  1860).  While 
in  Rome,  he  sent  to  the  Academic  an  Italian 
opera  bufTa,  an  overture,  and  a  symphony  ;  re- 


433 


PALESTRINA 


turning  to  Paris,  he  brought  out  a  number  of 

songs,   and  in  1872  the  i-act  comic  opera  Le 

Passant,  at  the  Op.- 

Comique,  followed 

by   the    2-act  ditto, 

V  Am  our  afncain 

(1875),  the  3-act  do., 

Suzanne  (1878),   the 

3-act    do.,    Diana 

(i8Ss),the  5-act  opera 

fa  trie!      (Opera, 

1886;   in  Hamburg, 

1889,  as   Vaierlatid; 

at  La  Scala,  Milan, 

1 895,  as  Patria) ;  and 

JLes   Samtes  diaries 

tig    la    mer,   a  lyric 

drama  (Montpelher,  1892).     Has  also  prod.  2 

masses,  a  symphony,  some  sacred  music,  and 

numerous  songs,  among  which  the  **  Mando- 

linata,"  "Premieres  pense'es,"  and   "Melodies 

ecossaises,"  are  popular. 

Palestri'na,  [Giovanni  Pierluigi  Sante, 
called  da  PalestrinaJ  the  greatest  composer  of 
the  Catholic 
Church  and  of  the 
Roman  School, 
was  born  at  Pale- 
strina,  near  Rome, 
probably  1514  or 
1515;  died  at 
Rome,  Feb.  2, 
1 594.  Born  of 
poor  parents,  his 
early  life  is  ob- 
scure ;  it  is  said 
that  he  earned  his 
living  at  first  as  a 
church-singer;  he 
was  probably  a 
pupil  in  Cl.  Goudimel's  famous  school  in  1540, 
and  organist  at  his  native  town  1544-51,  in 
which  year  he  succeeded  Kosseli  as  magister 
puerorum  (master  of  the  boys)  in  the  Cappella 
Giulia,  with  the  title  of  "  maestro  della  cappella 
della  Basilica  Vaticana."  His  first  published 
work  was  a  book  of  masses  a  4,  dedicated  to 
Pope  Julius  III.,  who,  recognizing  his  genius, 
caused  him  to  be  admitted  to  the  Pontifical 
Chapel  as  a  singer  (a  gross  infraction  of  the 
rules,  P.  being  married,  and  a  poor  singer)  in 
Jan.,  1554.  Paul  IV.,  on  his  accession  to  the 
Holy  See,  dismissed  P.  with  a  pension  of  6 
scudi  per  month  (July  30,  1555) ;  however,  on 
the  letter's  recovery  from  a  severe  illness  caused 
by  this  blow,  the  Pope  appointed  him  maestro  di 
cappella  at  the  Lateran  (Oct.  i,  1555).  In  1560 
his  famous  Improperia  for  Holy  Week  attracted 
such  attention,  that  the  Pope  (Pius  IV.)  secured 
them  for  the  Sistine  Chapel,  where  they  have 
since  been  performed  on  every  Good  Friday. 
In  1561  he  exchanged  his  post  for  the  better- 
salaried  one  of  maestro  at  Santa  Maria  Mag- 
giore.  He  remained  in  this  church  for  a  decade, 


during  which  his  fame  was  firmly  established. 
The  scheme  of  Pope  Paul  IV.  for  the  reform  of 
church-music,  laid  before  the  Council  of  Trent 
(1545-63),  had  resulted  in  the  determination  by 
that  august  body  to  suppress  all  distinctly  secu- 
lar elements,  and  more   particularly   the   tanti 
fcrihi  borrowed   by  even  eminent   composers 
from  the  melodies  of  indecent  songs ,  but  they 
hesitated  to  adopt  the  more  radical  features  in 
the  Pope's  program,  especially  the  abolition  of 
iigural  song.     During  further  discussion  of  this 
matter  by  the  College  of  Caidmals  in  1564,  Pu- 
lestrina  was  requested  to  wiite  a  mass  which, 
without  banishing  the  beauties  of  florid  melody 
and  polyphonic  art,  should  be  in  every  way  ap- 
propriate for   church-performance.     He  wrote 
not  one,   but  three,   of   which  the   third,  the 
"  Missa  papae  Marcelh,"  was  so  wholly  satis- 
factory that  the  idea  of  banishing  polyphonic 
music  from  the  church-service  was  definitively 
abandoned,  and  P.  ("the  saviour  of  music") 
was   appointed    composer    to    the     Pontifical 
Chapel,  a  post  of  honor  held  only  by  himsell 
and  Anerio.     In  1571  he  succeeded  Animucciu 
as  maestro  of  St.  Peter's,  an  oflice  which  he  re- 
tained until  his  death.     I  le  was  also  interested 
in  Nen's  "  Congreg.izione  del  Oratorio"  as  a 
composer   (v.    NERI),  taught   occasionally   in 
Nanmi's  school,  and  was  maestt o  tanccrtatore  to 
Prince  Buoncompagni  fiom  1581.     The  clcsiie 
of  Pope  Sixtus  V.  to  make  P.  maestro  of  the 
Sistine  Chapel,  was  frustrated  by  the  opposition 
of  the  singers,  who  refused  to  serve  under  a 
layman.     The  revision  of  the  Roman  Gradual 
and  Antiphonal,  entrusted  to  1*.  by  Pope  Greg- 
ory XIII.,   remained  unfinished;    there  were 
published  the  *  *  Directorium  chori"  (1582),  the 
Passion  songs  after  the  4  Evangelists  (1586), 
the  Offices  of  Holy  Week  (1587),  and  the  J'rae- 
fationfs  (1588).     On  the  death  of  his  pupil  and 
assistant,  Giudetti,  P.  was  obliged  to  suspend 
the  work. — Palestrina's  works  mark    the  cul- 
mination of  the  era  of  strict  simple  contra- 
puntal composition  in  the  Gregorian  modes  ; 
the  perfection  of  a  cappellti  church-music  within 
these  limits.     Orlandus  Lassus  and   Giovanni 
Gabrieli  approach,  but  hardly  equal   him.     A 
monumental  edition  of  his  complete  composi- 
tions has  been  publ  by  Breitkopf  and  1 1  artel  in 
33  volumes  (1862-94);   vol.s  i-iii    edited    by 
Theodor  de  Witt  and  J.  N.  Kauch ;  vol.s  iv~ 
viii  by  Franz  Espagne  ;  vol.  ix  by  Kr.  Commer  ; 
and  vol.s  x-xxxhi  by  Kr.  X.  Ilaberl.     The  con- 
tents of  these  volumes  is  as  follows  :  Vol.  I,  24 
Motets  a  5,  7  do.  a  6,  2  do.  a  7  ;  Vol.  II,  17 
Motets  a  5,  8  do.  a  6,  4  do,  a  8  ;  Vol.  Ill,  18 
Motets  a  5,  o  do.  a  6,  6  do.  a  8  ;  Vol.  IV,  40 
Motets  a  5  ;  Vol.  V,  57  Motets  a  4 ;  Vol.  VI, 
2  Motets  a  5,  8  do.  a  6,  2$  do.  a  8  ;  Vol.  VII,  7 
Motets  tf  4,  2  do.  a  6,  22  do.  a  8,  4  do.  a  12 ; 
Vol.  VIII,  45  llymns  a  4 ;  Vol.  IX,  68  Offer- 
tories a  5  ;  Vol.s  X-XXIV,  92  Masses  a  4,  5, 
6,  and  8  ;  Vol.  XXV,  9  Lamentations,  each  in  • 
several  different  arrangements  a  3,  4,  5,  6,  or  8  ; 
Vol.  XXVI,  17  Litanies,  Motets  and  Psalms  a 


434 


PALLAVICINI— PANOFKA 


3-T2,  Vol.  XXVII,  35  Mnj>nilic.its  a  4,  5,  6, 
and  8  ;  Vol.  XXVIII,  about  90  Italian  (secu- 
lar) Madrigals  a  3,  4,  5,  and  6  ;  Vol.  XXIX, 
56  Church-  Madrigals  (Latin);  Sufplementoiy 


56 

volumes  :  Vol.  XXX  (from  publ.  collections  of 
the  1  6th  and  I7th  centuries),  12  Canliones  gacrac 
a  3-8,  12  Cantioucs  piofunac  a  3-5,  and  14 
Cant,  sacrae  a  4-ra  ,  Vol.  XXXI  (from  ar- 
chives of  Pontifical  Chapel,  etc.),  56  miscel- 
laneous numbers,  many  doubtful;  includes  IT 
"Kseidzi  sopra  la  scala";  Vol.  XXXII,  60 
miscellaneous,  incl.  8  Ricercari  a  4,  also  Re- 
sponses, Antiphones,  etc  ;  Vol.  XXXIII, 
Documents,  Index,  Hibliography,  etc.—  Several 
especially  fine  works  arc  publ  separately  ;  — 
Masses:  "  Aeloina  Christ  i  nnmera"  f.  A.  T, 
IJar.  U.;  "  Dies  Hanctilicatus  "  f.  S.  A.  T.  B  ; 
11  O  sacrum  convivium  "  f.  S.  A.  T  (I.  II.)  ]J.; 
an  8-part  mass;  "Asstunpta  est  Maria  in 
coelum"  a  6  ;  u  Dilcxi  quoniam"  f.  S.  A.  T.  (I. 
II.)  11  ;  "  Kcce  ego  Joannes"  f.  S.  A.T.  (\t  IT.) 
I!.;  "  Papac  Marcdli  "«r  6  ;  "  Tu  es  Pctrus  "  a  6  ; 


—the  Motet  "  Kxattdi  Domino"  a  4; 
lion  a  3,  and  2  a  4  (male  voices)  ;  also  selected 
Afatlrigaki  CauMttrfs,  etc.  In  Waldersee's 
"Sammlung  inusikalischer  VortrJij»e,"  No,  52, 
will  be  found  full  information;  Ilr.  &  H.  also 
publ.  a  special  catalogue.  As  this  new  edition 
supersedes  and  includes  all  previous  ones,  a  list 
of  original  editions  is  omitted.  —  Diographical  : 
Baini,  "  Memoric  storio-critiche  dclla  vita  c 
delte  opens  di  (1.  P.  da  P."  (Rome,  1828,  a 
vol.s  ;  an  excellent  monograph;  (Jerman  eil. 
1834);  JS'isard,  "(S.  P.  da  P."  (Paris,  date?)  ; 
A.'  Hartolim,  "  Klogio  di  (1.  P.  da  P."  (Rome, 
1870);  Jlaumker  (sketch;  1877);  A.  Cametti, 
"Cenni  biografid  di  (I.  P.  da  P."  (Milan, 
1895). 

Pallavici'ni  (or  Pallavicino),  Benedetto, 
b.  Cremona  ;  d.  Mantua  (?)  after  1616,  where  he 
was  /Hacffw  to  the  Duke.  He  publ.  i  book  of 
madrigals  a.  4  (1570),  7  books  a  5  (1581,  '93,  '</», 
'97,  1612,  '13),  i  book  a  6  (1587),  and  other  mad- 
rigals in  coll.s  ;  also  a  book  of  motets  tf  8,  12,  and 


Pallavici'ni  (or  Pallavicino),  Carlo,  b. 
Brescia,  1630  ;  d.  Dresden,  Jan.  27,  K)88.  Vice- 
Kapelhn.  in  1607,  and  Arf/V/////.  in  1672,  to  the 
Dresden  court  ;  after  a  Htay  in  Italy,  he  became 
A"fr/f//0i,  of  the  now  Italian  Openi  at  Dresden. 
Composed  over  20  operas  for  Italian  theatres  and 
Dresden  ;  /-«*  (frriMt/eMMe  ft  fora  fa  (r688),  and 
Anthpe  (finished  by  Strungk,  and  protl.  at  Dres- 
den, 1089),  were  the  last. 

Pallo'ni,  Gaetano,  b.  Camerino,  Italy,  Aug. 
4,  183  r  ;  a  pupil  of  Cellini  at  Kermo,  where  he 
became  the  favorite  organist  in  1854  ;  studied 
further  with  Mntxallini  at  Florence,  where  he 
still  (i8f)<j)  lives  an  a  much-sought  sin^inj^- 
teacher.  I  las  publ,  many  graceful  songs,  duets, 
etc. 

P*lxrae,  Rudolf,  l>.  Uarby-on-Klbe,  Oct.  23, 
1834.  OrgnniKt;  pupil  of  A,  (i.  Ritter.  Royal 
Mus.  Dir.,  and  org.  o£  the  Ch.  of  the  Holy  Ghost 


at  Magdcbuigr. — \Voiks.  Much  oi(jan-music 
(concert-fantasias  \v.  male  chorus,  sonatas,  cho- 
rale-preludes) ,  male  choruses,  songs,  school- 
songs,  etc 

Palmer,  Horatio  Richmond,  b.  Sherburne, 
N.  Y.,  Apr.  26,  1834.  Taught  by  his  father 
and  sistei,  later  by  various  teachers  in  New 
York,  Uerlin,  and  Florence.  P>egan  composing 
at  1 8,  and  chorus-conducting  at  20.  In  i&$7, 
head  of  mus.  dcpt.,  Rushford  Acad. ,  settled  in 
Chicago  after  the  Civil  War  ;  edited  the  *'  Con- 
coidia";  cond.  associations  in  the  Northern 
States  and  Canada  ;  from  1873  ne  nad  charge, 
for  many  years,  of  the  New  Church  Chotal 
Union,  giving  concerts  with  as  many  as  4,000 
singers.  Since  1877,  Dean  of  the  Summer 
School  of  Music  at  Chautauqua,  conducting  from 
2  to  4  concerts  weekly.  Active  popular  teacher  ; 
of  his  coll.s  "The  Song  Queen,"  "The  Song 
King,"  "The  Song  Herald,"  and  "Concert 
Choruses,"  have  had  great  success  ;also  "  Theory 
of  Music,"  "  Class  Method  "  (of  clem,  teaching), 
"Manual  for  Teachers"  (in  public  schools), 
"  Urief  Statements,"  "  Mus.  Catechism,"  etc. — 
Mus.  Doc.  (Chicago  Univ.  and  Alfred  Univ.). 

Palo'schi,  Giovanni,  of  the  publishing- 
house  of  Kicordi,  Milan;  b.  1824;  d.  Jan.  2, 
ittya  ;  publ.  1876  (and  ed.  1^78),  a  valuable 
u  General  Musical  Calendar"  ("Annnurio  mu- 
sicalc  universale ") ;  also  contributed  to  the 
*'  Gaxjietta  Musicalc." 

Palot'ta,  Matteo,  b.  ralermo,  1680;  d. 
Vienna,  Mar.  28,  1758.  Court  comp.  at  Vienna, 
I733~4i»  and  again  from  1749  Wrote  "Clre- 
goriani  canlus  enucleata  ]iiaxis  et  cognitio." 
Motets  and  masses  in  MS.,  Vienna. 

Pa^inger  (or  Pamrai'gerus,  Panni'gerus), 
Leonhardt,  b,  Aschau,  upper  Austria,  1484 ; 
d.  Passau,  May  3,  1567,  sus  school-rector  and 
seer,  of  the  St.  Nicolaus  monastery. — Works : 
4  books  of  motets,  u  Kcclcsiasticaruin  cantiomim 
4,  5,  6  et  i)lurimum  vocum  .  .  ."  (Nuremberg, 
1573),  remarkable  for  skilful  polyphony. 

Pan'ny,  Joseph,  b.  Kolmiteberg,  Lower 
Austria,  Oct.  23,  1794;  d.  Sept.  7,  1838,  at 
Maycncc,  where  he  had  founded  a  music-school. 
Violinist ;  comp,  a  scena  f .  violin  and  orch.  for 
Paganini ;  publ.  easy  string-(martets  (oj).  15),  a 
sonata  for  the  (1-string,  trios  and  solos  f.  violin, 
masses,  a  Requiem,  male  chotuses,  etc. 

Panofka,  Heinrich,  1).  Ureslau,  Oct.  2, 1807 ; 
d.  Florence,  Nov.  18,  1887.  Violinist,  a  pupil 
of  the  cantors  Strauch  and  Funster,  at  ten  he 
played  in  a  concert,  and  from  1824-7  studied  at 
Vienna  under  Maysedcr  and  Hoffmann ;  then 
gave  concerts,  went  to  Munich  in  1829,  thenco  to 
Hcrlin,  and  settled  in  Paris  (1834),  playing  at 
the  Cons,  concerts,  and  studying  the  art  of  sing- 
ing and  vocal  instruction  under  Hordogni,  with 
whom  he  founded,  in  1842,  an  "Academic  de 
chant/'  which  failed  in  competition  with  the 
Prince  of  Moszkva's  **  Soc.  de  concerts."  Uvecl 


435 


PANSERON— PARADIS 


1844-52  at  London,  becoming  famous  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher ;  was  also  Lumley's  asst.-cond.  at  H. 
M.'s  Th.  in  1847,  during  Jenny  Lind's  appear- 
returned  to 

&£*-'*• 


ances 

Paris, '1852;  settled 
in  Florence,  1866. 
— He  wrote  consid- 
erable violin-music 
during  his  virtuoso- 
period  (variations, 
rondos,  a  sonata, 
studies,  charact. 
pieces,  duos  con- 
certantsw.  pf.),  and 
transl.  Baillot's 
Method  f.  Violin  in- 
to German ;  but  his 
instructive  vocal 
works  are  more  im- 
portant: "The  Practical 


V 


Sin 


ngmg 
"L'artde  chanter"  (op.   81);   an  "A 


,    Tutor;" 
Abe'cedaiie 

vocal "  ;  "24  Vocalises  progressives  "  (op  85)  ; 
**  12  Vocalises  d'artiste"  (op.  86);  "Erholung 
tmd  Studiura"  (op.  87) ;  "  86  nouveaux  exer- 
cices"  (op,  SS) ;  "  12  Vocalises  pour  contralto" 
(op.  89) ;  "  12  Vokalisen  fur  Bass  "  (op.  90). 

Panseron,  Augnste-Mathieu,  b.  Paris, 
Apr.  26,  1796  ;  d.  there  July  29,  1859.  His  fa- 
ther, who  instru- 
mented many  operas 
for  Gre'try,  taught 
him  until  he  entered 
the  Paris  Cons,  in 
1804 ;  he  studied 
under  Gossec,  Le- 
vasseur,  and  Bertini, 
winning  the  Grand 
prix  de  Rome  in 
1813  with  his  can- 
tata  Herminie. 
After  study  in  Bp- 
logna  (with  Mattei), 
Rome,  Naples, 
Vienna  (Salieri), 
and  Munich,  he 
returned  to  Paris  in  1818,  taught  singing,  was 
accompanist  at  the  Ope'ra-Comique,  and  prod.  3 
l-act  operas ;  became  prof,  of  solfeggio  at  the 
Cons,  in  1826,  prof,  of  vocalisation  in  1831,  and 
prof,  of  singing  in  1836.  From  1825-40  he 
brought  out  some  200  charming  romances ;  he 
also  comp.  church-music  (2  masses  f .  3  soprani, 
and  motets  a  3-4,  "  Mois  de  Marie,"  werepubl.), 
etc. ;  but  attained  real  eminence  as  a  vocal  teacher 
and  as  a  writer  of  instructive  works  on  singing : 
"ABC  musical"  (solfeggi  written  for  his 
daughter,  aged  8) ;  "Solfeges  d'artiste "  (50 
solfeggi  w.  change  of  clefs) ;  36  do.T  of  advanced 
difficulty ;  "  Solfege  d'ensemble  a  2,  3  et  4  voix," 
3  books  ,  "  Solfege  du  pianiste  "  ;  4<  Solfege  'du 
violoniste,"  "  Methode  de  vocalisation,"  followed 
by  a  "  M&hode  complete  de  vocalisation"  in 
three  books,  and  another  series  of  special  studies 
and  exercises  for  the  different  voices  and  grades 


of  difficulty  ;  also  a  "  Traitd  de  Tharmonic  pra- 
tique et  de  modulation." 

Paoluc'ci,  Giuseppe,  b.  Siena,  1727;  d. 
1777  as  maestro  of  the  Assisi  Monastery  Pupil 
of  Padri  Martini.  —  Publ.  "Preces  piae"  f. 
double  choir  (1767)  ;  and  "  Arte  pratica  di  con- 
trappunto  dimostrato  con  escmpj  di  vari  auton  " 
(3  vol.s;  1765-72). 

Pa'pe,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Sarsledt,  n 
Hanover,  July  I,  1789 ;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  2,  1875. 
A  piano-maker ;  worked  1811-15  for  Pleyel  m 
Paris,  later  for  himself.  He  built  an  8-octave 
piano ;  introduced  padded  hammers ,  and  in- 
vented (?)  overstringmg. 

Papier,  Louis,  b.  Leipzig,  Feb.  26,  1829; 
d.  there  Feb.  13,  1878  ;  org.  at  the  Thomas- 
kirche  from  1869 ;  singing-teacher  in  public- 
schools,  Publ.  pieces  f.  org.  and  pf.  ;  also 
songs. 

Papier,  Rosa,  b.  Baden,  n.  Vienna,  1858. 
Fine  mezzo-soprano ;  eng.  at  the  Imp.  Opera, 
Vienna.  Married  Dr.  Hans  Paumgaitner  in 
1881. 

Papillon  de  la  Ferte",  Intendant  of  the 
41  menus  plaisirs"  of  Louis  XVI.  (1777),  Inspec- 
tor of  the  t4$cole  royalede  chant,"  director  of 
the  Opera,  was  guillotined  in  1793. — His  son 
was  Mus.  Intendant-in-chief  after  the  Restora- 
tion (1814). 

Pap'peritz,  Benjamin  Robert,  b.  Pirna, 
Saxony,  Dec.  4,  1826.  Studied  undcrllaupl- 
mann,  Richtcr,  and  Moscheles,  at  the  Leipzig 
Cons.,  where  he  became  teacher  of  harmony 
and  counterpoint  in  1851.  From  1868-99  he 
was  also  organist  of  the  Nikolaikircho,  then  re- 
tiring. Excellent  instructor ;  "Royal  Professor" 
in  1882.  Publ.  organ-music,  choral  works,  and 
songs. 

Paque,  Guillaume,  'cello-virtuoso,  pupil  of 
Deraunck  ;  b.  Brussels,  July  24,  1825  ;  U.  Lon- 
don, Mar.  2, 1876.  Teacher  in  Uarcelona  Cons.; 
soloist  at  the  Royal  Th.,  Madrid  ;  member  of 
the  R.  Orch.,  London,  from  1863,  and  teacher 
in  Dr.  Wylde's  London  Acad.  of  Mus. 

Paradi'es  (or  Paradi'si),  Pietro  Domenico, 

dram.  comp.  and  harpsichord-player  ;  b,  Naples, 
1710;  d.  Venice,  1792.  Pupil  of  Porpora; 
brought  out  operas  in  Italy,  went  to  London  in 
1847,  and  lived  there  many  years  as  a  harpsi- 
chord-teacher.— Publ.  "  12  Senate  di  graviccm- 
balo"  (London,  1746).  Some  pieces  are  in 
Pauer's  "Old  Ital.  Masters";  many  in  MS.  in 
the  Fitzwilliam  Coll. 

Paradis',  Maria  Theresia  von,  b.  Vienna, 
May  15,  1759;  d.  there  Feb.  i,  1824.  Blind 
from  her  fifth  year,  she  was  taught  by  Kichter 
and  Kozeluch  (pf  ),  Salieri  and  Righini  (sing- 
ing), and  Friberth  and  Abbe*  Vogler  (comp.), 
becoming  an  excellent  pianist  and  organist ; 
played  in  Paris  in  1784,  and  made  a  tour  to  Lon- 
don, Brussels,  and  German  capitals  in  1786.  Ity 
the  aid  of  a  system  of  notation  invented  by  u 


436 


PARADTSI— PARKER 


friend,  she  became  a  skilful  composer,  her  chief 
woiks  l>cin{>  a  melodiaina,  Aiiadnc  ttnd  Hauhns 
(Vienna,  J79>);  im  operetta,  Dei  ^hiiUandidat 
(170.2),  the  faiiy  opeia  ftuialdo  nnd  Alcina 
(Prague,  1797),  a  iuneial  cantata  on  the  death  of 
Louis  XVI.  (I794)i  &  pf.-tiio,  sonatas  and  var  s 
f.  pf ,  sonjjs,  etc.  In  her  last  yeais  she  taught 
singing  and  piano-playing. 

Paradi'si.    See  PAR  A  OIKS. 
Pare'ja.    See  RAMOS  ni  PAKKJA. 

Parent,  Charlotte-Frances-Hortense,  b. 
London,  Mar  22, 1837.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Mme. 
Farrenc  (Paris  Cons.,  1853-7),  foundress  of  an 
11  Kcole  pi  epaiatoiieaupiofessoiat"  (pf.-teacheis' 
seminal y)  at  Paris  ;  authoress  of  a  Method  f.  pf. 
(1872)  with  supplementary  exercises  ;  etc. 

Pare'pa-Ro'sa  (///«•  Parepa  de  Boyescu'), 
Euphrosyne,  famous  soprano;  b.  Edinburgh, 
May  7,  1^36;  d.  London,  Jan.  21,  187^.  ilei 
father  was  a  native  of  Pmcharest,  her  mother, 
Khxabeth  'Scguin,  was  a  well-known  singer,  un- 
dertaking her  daughter's  mus.  education  at  iirst. 
After  the  father's  death  she  was  trained  for  the 
stage  ;  made  her  debut  at  16,  as  Amiiia,  in  Malta ; 
then  sang  in  Naples,  (icnoa,  Rome,  Florence, 
Madrid,  and  Lisbon,  appealing  in  London  as 
Klvira  in  /  /*itriftnii  on  May  21,  1857.  She  be- 
came a  great  iavorite  there,  singing  frequently  in 
opera  and  oratorio  up  to  her  American  tour  in 
1865  with  Carl  Rosa,  whom  shemanied  on  their 
second  American  tour  in  1867,  when  they  organ- 
ixed  an  opera-company,  with  4t  Parepa"  as  lend- 
ing Indy,  and  gained  great  success.  On  her 
third  visit  to  America,  in  1871,  Parepa  sang 
with  Santley  and  Wachtel  in  Italian  opeia;  re- 
turned to  Kngland  in  1873,  intending  to  give 
/A/iengrin  iu  Knglish  at  Drury  Lane  the  follow- 
ing March;  a  project  defeated  by  Purepa's  sudden 
illness.— I  lor  voice,  sweet  and  powerful,  had  a 
compass  of  2j  octaves  (to  </a).  She  was  even 
more  successful  in  oratorio  than  in  opera. 

Parish-Alvars,  Elias,  noted  player  on  and 
romp,  for  the  harp ;  b.  Tcignmoulh,  KngU, 
Keb.  28,  1810;  d.  Vienna,  Jan,  25,  1849.  Of 
Jewish  parentage;  pupil  of  Dixi,  Labarre,  and 
Hoe.hsa.  Tours  in  (Jermany,  1831,  and  Italy, 
1834  J  concerts  in  London  1830-7  ;  Oriental  tour 
1838-42,  succeeded  by  further  tours  in  (Jermany 
and  Italy.  Settled  in  Vienna,  1847,  as  cham- 
ber-harpist to  the  Kmperor.  Many  fine  works 
for  harp:  Op.  63,  **  Voyage  d'un  harpiste  en 
Orient'  (Turkish,  (Ireek,  and  other  melodies 
f»  solo  harp) ;  op.  f>7,  March  f.  harp ;  op.  8t, 
concerto  f.  harp  w.  orch.,  in  G  niiu,;  op.  98, 
do.  in  K[>  ;  op.  gr,  concertino  f.  2  harps  w, 
orch.;  fantasias,  romances,  characteristic  pieces, 
transcriptions,  etc.,  f.  harp  w.  orch.  or  pf. 

Parisi'ni,  Federico,  b,  Bologna,  Dec.  4, 
1825  ;  d.  there  Jixn,  4,  1891.  Pupil  of  Knbbri 
at  the  Liceo  Municnle,  Bologna,  becoming 
teacher  of  harmony,  etc.,  in  that  mat.,  sxicceod- 
ing  Gaspari  OB  librarian  of  the  Acad.  Filanno- 


nica,  of  which  he  was  twice  president.  Wrote 
theoretical  tieatiseson  choral  singing,  haimony, 
etc.;  comp  5  \\dl-ieceived  operettas  lor  stu- 
dents ;  and  lectined  on  mus.  esthetics  and 
history. 

Parker,  Henry,  b.  London,  Aug.  4,  1845. 
Pupil,  in  Leip7ig  Cons.,  of  Tlaidy,  Moscheles, 
and  Richtcr  ;  at  Paris,  of  Lefort.  Residing 
(1899)  as  a  composer,  singing-teacher,  and  cond. 
in  London.  —  Works  •  Rom.  -comic  opera  J/y«//0- 
nefte(  London,  1889);  Jet  itsakm,  f.  biiss  solo  and 
chorus  (Albeit  Hall,  1884)  ;  gavottes,  etc.,  f. 
orch.;  pf.  -music  ;  songs.  —  Wrote  "  The  Voice, 
its  Production  and  Improvement,  with  Piactical 
Kxercises." 

Parker,  Horatio  William,  b.  Auburndale, 
Mass.,  Sept.  15,  1863  Pupil,  in  Jioston,  of 
Emery  (theory),  J. 
Oith  (pf.),  and  Chad- 
wick  (comp.)  Organ- 
ist at  Dcdham  and 
Huston  ;  studied  in 
Munich  1882-5  with 
Rheinbcrger  (org.  and 
comp.)  and  L.  Abel 
(conducting),  bringing 
out  a  cantata,  King 
Trojan,  in  1885.  Re- 
turning to  America,  he 
became  organist  and 
prof,  of  music  at  the 
Cathedra  1  Schools, 
Garden  City,  L.  J.; 
1886,  oig.  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Andrew's, 
Harlem  ;  1888,  do.  at  <1h.  of  the  Holy  Trinity, 
Madison  Av.  In  1894  he  was  called  tothechaii 
of  music  at  Yale  Univ.  —  Works  prod,  in  Mu- 
nich: Cantata  AV;/,v  Trojan;  Psalm  23,  L 
female  eh.,  oigan,  and  harp;  Romance  f.  eh. 
and  orch.;  symphony  iu  C;  Concert-overture 
in  K[>;  "  Re^ulus,"  heroic  overture.  —  Later 
works  :  /)er  A,rWMaHnenzHg\  f,  male  ch.  rnd 
orch.  (1889);  cantata  The  Jloty  Child  ;  motet 
Adshint  antfefai  UM  ihon  ;  op.  21,  Tht  AWw/</, 
f.  ch,  and  orch.  (1891);  op.  26,  IJarM  llat- 
/tijfur,  f.  do.;  op.  29,  overture  to  Count  AW'<r/ 
4/y*tf;/,f/op.  30,  oratorio  J/wa  tiwis$iwu(\&)$  ; 
Worcester,  Mass.,  1897  ;  festival  of  *l  The  3 
Choirs,"  Worcester,  Kngl.,  Sept.  14,  1899,  cond. 
by  the  composer)  ;  op,  31,  prixe-canlata  J)ream 
(1893)  ;  op.  40,  CoJial  Jl/aAr,  f.  bar.  solo 


and  orch.  (1893)  ;  op.  42,  Commencement  Ode, 
Yale  Univ.,  f.  male  voices  (1895)  ;  op,  43,  ora- 
torio *SV.  Christopher  (1896)  ;op.  45,  prixe-comp. 
f.  chorus  a  capfclla  (1898)  ;  op.  46,*  '  A  Northern 
Ballad,"  f,  oich.  (1899)  ;—  chonises  f.  female 
voices  ;  anthems  ;'  many  songs,  sacred  and  secular  ; 
pf.  -pieces  ;  4  sets  of  or^an-pieces  (op.  17,  20, 
28,  36),  each  comprising  4  numbers;  a  Collection 
f.  orffan  of  30  arr.s  and  transcriptions  of  master- 
works  ;  etc, 

Parker,  James  Cutler  Dunn,  b.  Boston, 
Mass.,  June  s,  1828,    Studied  Law  in  Boston 


437 


PARRATT— PARRV 


1848-51,  and  music  in  Leipzig  1851-4  under 
Moscheles and  Plaidy  (pf.),  llauptmann  (harm.), 
and  Richterand  Rietz  (comp.).  Has  lived  since 
then  in  Boston  and  the  suburban  Brookline  In 
1863  he  organized  the  "  Parker  Club,"  an  ama- 
teur vocal  society ;  organist  and  choir-director 
of  Trinity  Ch.  1864-91,  and  for  many  years  org. 
of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Soc  ;  was  prof,  at 
the  Boston  Univ.  College  of  Music,  and  is  Ex- 
aminer for  the  New  Engl.  Cons. — "Works  f  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.:  "Redemption  Hymn "(1877); 
cantata  The  Blind  A'trtg  (1886) ;  "St.  John"; 
The  Life  of  Man  (oratorio) ;  several  church- 
services,  and  other  church-music.  Translated 
Richter's  "  Manual  of  Harmony  ";  publ.  an  orig- 
inal "  Man.  of  Harm."  (iS55),and  lt  Theoretical 
and  Practical  Harmony  "  (1870). 

Parratt,  Sir  Walter,  b.  Huddersfield,  Feb. 
ro,  1841.  At  7  sang  regularly  in  church  ;  at  ten, 
knew  the  "  Well-temp.  Clavichord"  by  heart ; 
at  n,  organist  at  Armitage  Bridge,  and  passed 
through  successive  similar  positions  to  Magdalen 
Coll.,  Oxford  (1872),  and  St.  George's  Chapel, 
Windsor  (1892),  succeeding  Elvey.  Mus.  Bac., 
Oxon.,  1873;  organ-prof,  at  R  C.  M.,  1883; 
knighted  in  1892  ;  Alaster  of  Music  in  Ord.  to 
the  Queen,  1893. — Works :  Music  to  ^schylus' 
Agamemnon  and  Orestes ;  Elegy  to  Patroclus 
(1883)  ;  anthems,  songs,  music  f.  organ  and  pf. 
Contributor  to  Grove's  Dictionary. 

Parry,  John,  Welsh  bard ;  b.  Ruabon,  N. 
Wales ;  d.  as  harper  to  Sir  W.  W.  Wynne  at 
Wynnstay,  Oct.  7,  1782.— Publ.  "Antient  Brit- 
ish Music  ..."  (tunes  of  the  Cambro-Britons, 
1742) ;  "  Coll.  of  Antient  Welsh  Airs  .  .  ." 
(1781) ;  "  Coll.  of  Welsh,  English  and  Scotch 
Airs  "(1761). 

Parry,  John  (called  "  Bardd  Alaw,"  master 
of  song),  b.  Denbigh,  Feb.  18, 1776  ;  d.  London, 
Apr.  8,  1851.  Clarinettist  in  a  band,  then  band- 
master ;  teacher  of  flageolet ;  comp.  to  Vaux- 
hall,  1809;  cond.  of  "Eisteddfodau"  in  Wales 
for  years  ;  was  critic  for  the  "  Morning  Post," 
and  treasurer  of  the  R.  Soc.  of  Musicians  (1831- 
49).— Works  :  "  The  Welsh  Harper"  (1839-48  ; 
coll.  of  Welsh  music,  with  historical  introd.); 
*' Cambrian  Harmony"  (coll.  of  Welsh  airs, 
1810) ;  various  other  collections ;  also  much 
original  music  (incid.  music  to  several  plays, 
harp-sonatas,  glees,  songs,  part-songs,  etc.). 

Parry,  John  Orlando,  son  of  preceding ; 
pianist,  harpist,  and  singer ;  b.  London,  Jan.  3, 
1810 ;  d.  E.  Molesey,  Feb.  20,  1879.  Appeared 
at  the  German  Reed  Entertainments  1860-9. 
Wrote  songs,  comic  and  sentimental. 

Parry,  Joseph,  b.  Merthyr  Tydvil,  Wales, 
May  21,  1841.^  The  son  of  a  laborer,  and  put 
to  work  at  10  in  a  puddling  furnace  ;  his  parents 
emigrated  to  America,  but  he  returned  to  Britain, 
won  Eisteddfod  pri2es  for  songs,  and  through 
Brinley  Richards*  influence  entered  the  R.  A. 
M.  in  1868,  studying  under  Bennett,  Garcia,  and 


Steggall.  Mus.  Bac  ,  Cambr.,  1871  ;  then  app. 
piof.  of  mubic  at  the  Univ.  Coll.,  Aberystwith  ; 
Mus.  Doc  ,  1878  ;  in 
1888,  Mus.  Lecturer 
at  Univ.  Coll.  of  S. 
Wales,  Cardiff.  Also 
F.R.  A.M.— Works: 
4  operas,  Blodwen, 
1878  ;  Aria H wen, 
1890;  Sylvia,  1895;  •< 
King  Arthur  (tin- 
ished  1897);  the  or- 
atorios Emmanuel, 
1880,  and  Saul  of 
Tarsus,  1892  ;  the 
cantatas  The^  Prodi- 
gal Son,  Nebuchadnezzar,  and  Cambria  ;  "  Dru- 
ids' Chorus";  an  orchestral  ballade,  ovcrluics, 
a  string-quartet,  pf  .-music,  anthems,  songs. 

Parry,  Sir  Charles  Hubert  Hastings,  b. 

Bournemouth,  Engl.,  Feb.  27,  1848.  While  at 
Eton,  from  1861, 
he  studied  composi- 
tion with  G.  Elvey ; 
took  part  in  the  con- 
certs of  the  Musical 
Soc.  as  a  pianist, 
organist,  vocalist, 
and  composer.  At 
18,  still  a  lad  at 
Eton,  he  took  the 
degree  of  Mus.  Bac. 
at  Oxford,  his  ex- 
ercise being  a  can- 
tata, "  0  Lord, 
Thou  hast  cast  us 
out."  Entered  Exeter  Coll.,  Oxford,  in  1867  I 
was  a  founder  of  the  "  Univ.  Mus.  (Uul>,"  and 
took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1874.  Here  he  be- 
gan to  study  music  in  earnest  under  Hcnnett 
and  Macfarren,  also  taking  pf. -lessons  of  Dnnn- 
reuther  1872-9,  and  a  2-months'  vacation-course 
with  Pierson  at  Stuttgart.  His  public  career  us 
a  composer  began  with  the  prod,  of  an  "  Inter- 
mezzo religioso  "  f .  strings  at  the  Gloucester  Fes- 
tival of  1868 ;  in  1880,  his  settings  of  scenes 
from  Shelley's  Prometheus  Unbound t  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.  (Glouc.  Fest.),  opened  a  scries  of 
works  on  a  large  scale :  The  Symphony  No.  r, 
in  G  (Birmingham,  1882),  "The  glories  of  our 
blood  and  state"  (Glouc.,  1883),  "Suite  nu>- 
derne,"  in  A  min.  (ibid.,  1886),  the  oratorio 
Judith  (Birm.,  1888),  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day 
(Leeds,  1889)  L' Allegro  ed  il  I'ensieroso  (Nor- 
wich, 1890),  De  profundis,  f.  sopr.  solo,  3  choirs, 
and  orch.  (Hereford,  1891),  oratorio/^ (Glouc., 
1892),  symphonic  overture  "to  an  unwritten 
tragedy  (Worcester,  1893),  oratorio  King  Saul 
(Birm  ,  1894),  "Invocation  to  Music"  (Leeds, 
1895),  Magnificat,  in  Latin  (Hereford,  1897); 
also  "  Blest  Pair  of  Sirens"  (1887) ;  choral  song 
"The  Lotos-eaters"  (1892);  music  to  Aristo- 
phanes' Birds  (1883)  and  Frogs  (1892),  and  to 
Hypatia  (1893).  In  1883  P.  was  app.  Choragus 


438 


PARSONS-PASQUTNI 


of  Oxfoid  Unix*  ;  in  that  year  Cambridge  con- 
fened  on  him  the  lion,  decree  ot  Mus.  Doc.,  fol- 
lowed by  Oxford  (1884),  and  Dublin  (rSyi).  In 
1894110  succeeded  Sir  (iuorgc  CJiove  :is  Director 
of  the  Royal  College  oi  Music  ;  and  \\as  knighted 
in  1898.  P.  isi  a  distinguished  lecturei  and 
writer;  he  contributed  numeious  excellent  arti- 
cles to  drove's  Dictionary,  and  linspubl.  "Stu- 
dies of  (5rc.it  Composers^'  (iflHG),  "The  Ait  of 
Music"  (1893  ;  enlarged  as  "  The  Evolution  of 
the  Art  of  Music,"  iSo/i),  "  Summary  of  Mus. 
History"  (1893) ;  etc  — Publ.  compositions  (incl 
all  noted  above)  ;  3  further  symphonies  (No.  2 
in  K,  No.  3  in  t',  No.  4  in  K  min  ) ;  oveiture 
"(hiillem  de  C'abestanh";  symphonic  var.s 
f.  orch.,  in  K  min.  (ify)7);  a  string-quintet; 
a  &tring-<iiwrtcl  ;  a  pf. -quartet;  3  pf. -trios;  a 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello ;  a  Fanlaisie-Konuta,  a 
Partita,  and  a  Sonata  (all  3  f.  pf.  and  violin) ;  12 
Short  Pieces  f,  pf.  and  violin,  a  pf.-concerto  in 
FJP  min.,  a  Duo  in  1C  min.  f.  2  pf.s,  pf. -sonatas 
in  K  and  A,  other  pf. -music,  a  Fantasia  and 
Fugue  f.  organ,  4  sets  of  "English  Lyrics,"  3 
Odes  of  Anacreon,  6  Shakespearian  songs,  other 
songs,  20  part-songs,  a  Service  in  D,  anthems, 
etc. 

Parsons,  Albert  Ross,  b.  Sandusky,  O., 
Sept.  if),  i«47.  Pupil  18(13-6  of  F.  1,.  Hitter, 
New  York  ;  1807-9,  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  of  Mo- 
scheles,  Reinecke,  \\Vnxol,  and  Papperitx  (pf.), 
and  Richter  and  Paul  (cpt.  and  fugue) ;  later  of 
Tausig,  Kullak,  \Voitxiuann  and  Wtterst  at  Ber- 
lin. Settled  in  New  York  iSyr,  holding  various 
positions  as  organist,  finally  (since  1885)  at  the 
Fifth  Av.  Presb.  Hi.  In  1889,  Pros,  of  the 
M.T.  N.  A.  Translated  Wagner's  "  Ifoelhown" 
and  ().  Lossmann's  **  Lisxl "  into  Knj»lish  ; 
edited  Kullak's  "  Complete  Works  of  (Chopin11; 
etc.  Clomp,  vocal  quartets,  songs,  etc. 

Parsons,  E.  A.,  pianist,  organist,  teacher, 
composer  ;  since  1894,  organist  and  choir-direc- 
tor of  the  C'h.  of  the  Divine  Paternity,  New- 
York.— Works  :  For  pFM  a  concerto,  a  ^Iaxurka- 
Arabesque,  "  Legend  of  the  Fountain,"  3  Im- 
promptus, (iiivotle  sicilicnno,  Yalse  styricnne, 
Polka-transcription,  Pcnsce  migncmne,  a  Ca- 
price rm  "  Home,  sweet  home,"  etc. — Vocal, 
Jt  The  Conqueror,"  u  A  Prince  of  Peace,"  etc, 

Pasch,  Oskar,  b.  Frankfort-on-Odcr,  Mar. 
28,  1844.  Pupil  of  tlu»  K.  Inst.  for  Church- 
nuisic  and  the  Acud,  for  (Composition,  JJcrlin, 
winning  tlie  Michael  Jiccr  pris&o  in  3874  with 
Psalm  130  f.  soli,  clu,  and  orch.;  "  Royal  Mus. 
Dir."  in  1884.  He  is  an  organist,  and  sing- 
ing-teacher at  Hohools,  in  Berlin,— Works :  A 
symphony;  vaudevilles;  oratorios,  motets, 
psalms,  etc*  t 

Pascuc'ci,  Giovanni  Cesare,  b.  Rome, 
Feb.  38,  1841*  Composer  of  comic  operas  and 
many  operettas  in  Roman  dialect ;  also  2  orato- 
rios, other  church-music,  songs,  etc. 

Pasdeloup,  Jules-£tienne,  distinguished 
conductor ;  b.  Paris,  Sept.  15,  1819  ;  d.  Fon- 


tainebleau,  Aug.  13,  1887.  Pf. -pupil,  at  the 
Conservatoire,  of  Laurent  and  Zimmerman ; 
1^41,  itpttiteurQt  a  solfeggio-class;  1847-50, 
teacher  of  a  pf.-class,  which  he  gave  up  to  or- 
gan ixe  the  celebrated  symphony-concerts  of  the 
"Societc  dcs  jeunes  cloves  du  Cons."  (1851), 
developing  (1861)  into  the  "  Concerts  populaires 
de  musique  classique  "  at  the  "  Cirque  d'hiver," 
a  pioneer  series  of  good  cheap  popular  concerts 
\\hicliwcicasuccess  from  the  start.  Not  only 
classic  music,  but  the  best  modern  French  and 
foieign  authors,  had  a  hearing.  P.  also  taught 
a  vocal  ensemble-class  at  the  Cons.,  1855-68, 
and  likewise  cond.  a  section  of  theOrpheons  for 
a  time  ;  he  unsuccessfully  attempted  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Th.-Lyrique,  1868—9,  ant^  ^s  popu- 
lar concerts  gradually  lost  ground  in  competition 
with  Colonnc  and  Lamourcux,  ceasing  in  1884. 
A  grand  popular  mus.  festival  at  the  Trocadero, 
instituted  for  his  benefit,  netted  him  nearly 
100,000  francs. 

Pashaloff,  Victor  Nikandrovitch,  very 
popular  Russian  song-composer;  b.  Saratorf, 
Apr.  18,  1841 ;  d.  Kasun,  Feb.  28,  1885. 

Pasmore,  Henry  Bickford,  b.  Jackson, 
\Vis.,  June  27,  1857.  Pupil  of  J.  P.  Morgan 
(oigan  and  harm.) ;  in  Leipzig,  1882,  of  Jadas- 
sohn,  Keineoke,  and  Frau  linger- llaupt (voice); 
further  vocal  studies  at  London  under  W.  Shake- 
speare and  K.  II.  Cummings.  Settled  in  San 
Francisco ;  organist  of  St.  John's  TCpisc.  Ch., 
and  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Univ.  of  the  Pacific, 
San  Jose. — Works-  "Conclave"  march,  and 
11  Miles  Standish  "  overture,  f.  orch.;  suite  f.1  or- 
gan and  string-orch. ;  a.  Tarentclle  f.  pf.;  masses, 
part-songs,  and  songs. 

Pasqua'li,  Nicolo,  Ttul.  comp.  at  Edinburgh 
174(^-57,  when  he  died.— Publ.  "Thorough- 
bass made  easy"  (1757);  "Dirge  on  Romeo  and 
Juliet";  12  overtures  if.  horns;  2  sets  of  violin- 
sonatas  w.  bass,  and  T  set  f.  2  vln.s,  via.,  and 
continue, 

Pasque*,  Ernst,  b.  Cologne,  Sept.  3,  1821  ; 
d,  Alsbacli,  Mar.  20,  iSps,  Baritone  singer, 
pupil  of  Paris  Cons. ;  debut  Mayence,  1844 ; 
sang  at  Darmstadt  till  1855;  operatic  stage- 
manager  at  Weimar  1856-72 ;  theatre-director  at 
Darmstadt  till  1874,  then  pensioned.— Wrote 
opera-books  ("Otto  der  Schntx,"  "  Melusine," 
"Van  Dyck,"etc.);  a  "  (Jeschichtedes  Theaters 
zu  Darmstadt  1559-1710'*  (1852),  "Frankfurter 
Musik-  und  Tlieatergescluchte "  (1872),  "Aus 
dem  Reich  der  Tone,  novels,  etc, 

Pasqui'ni,  Bernardo,  b.  Masna  di  Valdine- 
volc,  Tuscany,  Dec.  8,  1637 ;  d.  Rome,  Nov. 
22,  1710.  Famous  organist;  pupil  in  Rome  of 
Vittori  and  Cesti.  Long  the  organist  of  S, 
Maria  Muggiore;  chamber-musician  to  Prince 
CJiambattista  Borghcse.  Dunmte  and  Qasparini 
were  his  pupils.— Works :  2  operas,  an  oratorio, 
etc.;  clavichord-pieces  wore  publ.  in  "  Toccates 
tit  suites  pour  le  ckvccin  de  MM.  P&squmi, 


439 


PASTA— PAUER 


Paglietti  et  Gaspard  de  Kerle  "  (Paris,  1704)  ;  a 
sonata  is  in  Pauer's  "  Old  Ital  Composers." 

Pa'sta  (irA  Negri),  Giuditta,  celebrated 
soprano  stage-singer;  b  Como,  Apr.  9,  I79§  ! 
d.  at  her  villa  on  Lake  Como,  April  I,  1865. 
At  first  a  pupil  of  Asioli  at  Milan  Cons.,  she 
sang  without  success,  after  her  debut  in  1815,  in 
Italy,  London,  and  Paris ;  returned  to  Italy  for 
further  serious  study  under  Scappa,  and  reap- 
peared at  Paris  in  1822  as  a  vocal  phenomenon  ; 
the  compass  of  her  voice  was  from  a  to  ^3, 
and  in  power,  dramatic  intensity,  and  truth  of 
expression  she  had  then  no  rival,  though  her 
voice,  even  in  her  best  days,  was  not  perfectly 
equalized.  In  1829  she  had  acquired  a  fortune 
in  London  and  Paris,  and  sang  but  little  there- 
after (in  London  1837  and  1850 ;  in  St.  Peters- 
burg 1840 ;  etc.),  as  her  singing  rapidly  deterio- 
rated. For  the  Pasta,  Bellini  wrote  La  Sonnam- 
bula  and  Norma,  Donizetti  his  Anna  Bolena^ 
Pacini  his  Xi&le ;  she  excelled  in  the  leading 
roles  of  the  Italian  operas  then  in  vogue. 

Pastou,  fitienne-Jean-Baptiste,  b.  Vigan, 
Card,  France,  May  26,  1784;  d.  Ternes,  n. 
Paris,  Oct.  8,  1851.  Founded  a  singing-school  at 
Paris  in  1819 ;  publ.  a  method  for  ensemble- 
singing,  "ficole  de  la  lyre  harmonique,"  and 
was  made  prof,  at  the  Cons,  in  1836. 

Patey,  Janet  Monach,  n&  Whytock,  alto 
singer  in  oratorio  and  concert ;  b.  London,  May 
I,  1842 ;  d.  Sheffield,  Feb.  28,  1894.  Pupil  of 
J.  Wass,  Pinsuti,  and  Mrs.  Sims  Reeves.  She 
sang  at  the  festivals  in  Worcester  (1866 ;  in  this 
year  she  mamed  John  Patey,  the  bass  vocalist), 
Birmingham  (1867),  Norwich  (1869),  and  Leeds 
(1874) ;  American  tour,  1871  (sang  in  Elijah  at 
New  York,  Oct.  31) ;  in  Paris,  1875  ;  Australian 
tour,  1890.  After  Mme.  Sainton-Dolby's  retire- 
ment in  1870,  she  was  considered  the  foremost 
English  contralto,  singing  at  all  the  principal 
concerts  and  the  great  festival  competitions. 

Paton,  Mary  Ann,  [Mrs.  Wood,]  soprano 
stage-singer;  b.  Edinburgh,  Oct.,  1802 ;  d.  Bu- 
chffe  Hall,  n.  Wakefield,  July  21,  1864.  Of 
mus.  family,  she  sang  in  concerts  as  a  child  of  8  ; 
after  further  appearances  at  London,  (whither 
the  family  had  removed,)  in  1811,  she  retired 
temporarily  to  complete  her  education  (under 
what  teachers  does  not  appear),  and  in  1820-21 
sang  at  Bath.  In  1822  she  appeared  as  Susanna 
in  Figaro  at  Covent  Garden  ;  and  till  her  retire- 
ment in  1844  was  a  prominent  figure  on  the 
English  dramatic  and  concert-stage.  She  created 
the  rfile  of  Rezia  in  Weber's  Oberon  (Drury  Lane, 
Apr.  12,  1826).  Married  Jos.  Wood,  the  tenor, 
in  1831.  Toured  the  United  States  1834-6. 

Pat'ti,  Carlotta,  b.  Florence,  1840;  d.  Paris, 
June  27,  1889.  Her  father,  Salvatore  P.,  a 
tenor  singer,  and  her  mother,  Caterina,  n4e 
Chiesa,  a  stage-soprano,  were  her  first  teachers 
in  singing ;  she  had  piano-lessons  with  Henri 
Here,  at  Paris.  Her  early  youth  was  spent  in 
New  York.  Lameness  prevented  success  on  the 


stage,  but  she  was  more  fortunate  as  a  coneci  l- 
singer,  making  her  dtibut  in  New  Voik,  iS6i, 
followed  by  an  American  tour  with  the  im- 
presario Ullmann.  Ileie,  and  in  Europe,  she 
became  a  favorite  on  the  concert-stage,  more 
especially  as  a  coloratura  tocahst  of  exquisite 
technique  united  with  great  sentiment.  In  1871 
she  married  the  violoncellist  Demunck,  with 
whom  her  artistic  tours  weie  continued. 

Pat'ti,  Adelina  (Adela  Juana  Maria),  sis- 
ter of  Carlotta,  and  one  of  the  greatest  singers 
of  the  century  in  coloratura  inles,  both  in  opera 
and  concert  ;  b.  Madrid,  Feb.  10,  1843.  Taught 
at  first  by  her  parents,  and  later  by  Max  Stra- 
kosch(the  husband  of  her  sister  Amelia),  her  de- 
but was  made  at  New  York  on  Nov.  24,  1859, 
as  Lucia  (under  the  sta&e-name  of  "the  little  Flo- 
rinda  ").  In  London  she  first  appeared  in  La  Soti- 
nambitla  on  May  14,  1861,  at  Covent  Guidon, 
her  success  rivalling  that  of  the  Cliisi  ;  her  Pari- 
sian debut  was  in  the  same  lole,  at  the  Th. 
Italien,  on  Nov.  19,  1862.  Here  she  married 
the  Marquis  deCaux  in  1868.  She  .sang  lor  the 
first  time  in  Italy  at  La  Scalii,  Milan,  Nov.  3, 
1877,  Violetta  in  La  Ttawata  being  the  role  se- 
lected. She  has  sung  in  all  the  chief  towns  of 
Europe,  and  has  everywhere  been  received  with 
enthusiasm.  Her  voice  is  of  wide  compass,  and 
matchless  sweetness  ;  wonderfully  flexible,  and 
perfectly  even  throughout.  She  now  (1899) 
appears  only  in  concerts,  and  but  rnivly,  resid- 
ing for  the  greater  part  of  the  year  at  her  villa 
Craig  y  nos,  in  Wales,  Her  second  husband, 
the  tenor  Nicolini,  died  in  1898  ;  she  married 
a  Swedish  nobleman,  Baron  Ceclerstrom,  in  j 


Pat'tison,  John  Nelson,  b.  Niagara  Kails, 
N.  Y.,  Oct.  22,  1845.  1'f  -pupil  of  Liszt,  Thai- 
berg,  Henselt,  and  von  Iltilow  ;  si.  harmony 
with  Ilaupt  at  Derlin.  In  the  United  States  he 
is  well  known  as  a  successful  concert-pianist,  and 
has  made  tours  with  Varepa-Kosa,  Kellogg,  Al- 
bani,  Lucca,  and  others.  —  Woiks:  "Niagara" 
symphony  f.  orch.  and  military  band  ;  concert- 
overture  ;  a  romantic  concerto-fantasia  f  ,  pf  ,  and 
orch.  ;  many  compositions  f  .  pf.  solo  (ovei  200  in 
all). 

Pat'zold,  Hermann,  b.  Neudorf,  Silesia, 
Aug.  15,  1822  ;  d.  Feb.  6,  1861,  al  Konigsborg, 
as  cond.  of  the  Singahtdi'mie.  Wrote  music  to 
K&thchen  von  Heilbronn  ;  also  pf.  -pieces  and 
vocal  numbers. 

Pauper,  Ernst,  b.  Vienna,  Dec.  21,  1826. 
Pupil  of  Theodor  Diraka  until  1839  ;  1  839-44, 
of  W.  A.  Mozart,  Jr.  (pf.),  and  Sechter  (comp.); 
1845-7,  of  Fr.  Lachner,  Munich.  1847-51,  dir. 
of  the  mus.  societies  at  Mayence  ;  visited  Lon- 
don, and  played  at  the  Philharm.  and  Mus.  Union 
Concerts,  and  settled  in  London,  1851.  Suc- 
ceeded^C.  Totter  as  nrof.  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in 
1859  ;  in  i86i,  began  his  historical  performances 
of  clavecin-  and  pf.  -music  in  chronological  order 
(3  series)  ;  in  1862,  juror  of  the  Internal.  Kxhib. 
for  Austria  and  Germany,  writing  the  official 


440 


PAUER— PAUR 


repoit  for  the  (lerman  governments.  1867, 
principal  pi  of.  at  the  Nat.  Training  School, 
1883,  do.  at  the  R  C  M.  (resigned  1896).  In 
1878,  member  of  the  Hoard  of  Mus.  Studies  at 
Cambridge  Univ.,  and  Kxammer  in  1879.  lie 
was  app.  pianist  to  the  Austrian  couit  in  1866 ; 
many  other  high  distinctions  have  been  conferred 
upon  him.  Ilis  lectures  (from  1870)  on  the  his- 
tory of  pf. -music  have  received  conspicuous  ap- 
piobation  ;  his  publications  of  classic  music  for 
harpsichord  and  pianoforte  are  interesting  and 
valuable— Publ.  Primeis  on  "The  Art  of  Pf.- 
playing,"  "Mus  Forms,"  and  "The  Beautiful 
in  Music"  (all  popular);  "  Alte  Claviermusik," 
12  books,  and  "  Alte  Meister,"  65  numbers,  con- 
tain clavier-wot  ks  of  old  English,  Italian,  French, 
and  (lerman  masters;  "Old  Kngl.  Composers 
for  the  Virginals  and  Harpsichord,"  "  Old 
Kronen  Composois,"  "  Old  ( lei  man  Composci  s, " 
"Old  Italian  Composers,"  etc.,  etc. — Educa- 
tional •  "  The  New  Clnidus  ad  Parnassum  "(roo 
selected  studies);  "Classical  Companion "  (TOO 
pieces);  "Celebrated  Concert-studies "  (50); 
4 *  Culture  of  the  1  .eft  I  land  "  (4  books).  lie  has 
also  publ.  many  original  studies  and  educational 
pieces  for  piano,  a  quintet  f.  pf.  and  wind,  a 
violin-sonata!  a  Vello-sonnta,  solo  sonatas  f.  pf., 
characteristic  pieces,  etc.;  and  excellent  ar- 
rangements of  Beethoven's  and  Schumann's 
symphonies,  for  solo  pf.,  4  and  8  hands  ;  42 
overtures;  and  Mendelssohn's  orch.l  works  (4 
and  8  hands). 

Pau'er,  Max,  son  of  the  preceding ;  distin- 
guished pianist  and  teacher;  b.  London,  Oct. 
31,  1800.  Pupil  of  his  father  till  iH8i  ;  then 
of  V.  Lachner  at  Karlsruhe  (theory)  till  1885; 
made  conceit-tours,  settled  in  London,  and  in 
1887  was  called  to  the  Cologne  (.'.cms.  as  pf.- 
prof.  In  1893,  chamber- virtuoso  to  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Hesse.  Since  1897,  I 'nieknor's  succes- 
sor as  prof,  at  Stuttgart  Cons.,  with  title  of 
"  Professor"  (r8<)8)  from  the  King  of  Wttrttem- 
bcrg.  lias  publ.  pf-pieccs,  and  arr.s  of  Mo- 
zart's and  Haydn's  symphonies  for  2 and  4  hands. 

Paul,  Oscar,  b.  Frciwaltlau,  Apr.  8,  1836  ; 
d,  Leipzig,  Apr.  18, 180,8,  Student  of  theology 
at  Leipzig  Univ.,  1858,  but  chose  music  for  a 
profession,  studying  at  the  Cons.,  with  private 
lessons  from  Plaidy  (nf.),  and  Hauptmaim  and 
Kichter  (theory).  After  taking  the.  degree  of 
Dr.  pJriL  in  1860,  he  lived  in  Cologne  and 
elsewhere,  and  in  1866  qualified  as  lecturer  at 
Leipzig  Univ.  with  the  treatise  "Die  absolute 
Harmonik  der  Clriecheu"  (Leipxig,  1866). 
Teacher  in  the  Cons,,  1869 ;  after  publishing 
his  translation  of  Hoetitis'  **  DC  Musica,"  1872, 
he  was  app.  Prof,  extraordinarius  at  the  Univ. 
A  disciple  of  IlaupLmann,  he  publ.  the  letter's 
"Lehre  von  der  Harmonik"  (1868),  of  which 
his  own  "  Lchrbuch  der  Harmonik  '*  (t88o)  is  a 
practical  exemplification  (Kngl.  trtmsl,  New 
York,  1885).  He  also  wrote  a  "  Gcschichte  dea 
Claviers"  (1869),  and  Wfw  considered  an  expert 
on  questions  relative  to  pianoforte-making 


(elected  expert  to  the  Imp.  Patent  Office,  Uer- 
lin,  1878).  At  the  Vienna  Exhibition  of  1873, 
he  icpresented  the  German  Empire  as  juror  and 
reporter  in  the  musical  section.  Ilis  "Jland- 
lexikon  der  Tonkunst"  was  publ  in  1873.  He 
founded  and  edited  2  mus.  periodicals,  "  Die 
Tonhalle"  (1869),  and  after  its  decease  "Das 
musikalische  Wochenblatt "  (1870),  which  he 
edited  3  months. 

Paumann,  Conrad,  born  blind  at  Nurem- 
berg, about  1410  ;  d.  Munich,  Jan.  25,  1473.  Au- 
thor of  the  oldest  extant  organ-book,  "  Funda- 
mentum  oigamsandi,"  containing  exercises,  pre- 
ludes, and  other  pieces  (not  all  ly  P.)  ;  it  was 
publ.  by  Arnold  in  Chrysander's  "  Jahrbucher" 
(2nd  year,  1867).  Arnold  also  publ.  some  other 
compositions  (MSS.  at  Wernigeiode)  ;  the  MS. 
of  a  3-part  song,  "  Weiblich  Figur,"  is  in  the 
"Munchener  Liederbuch";  organ-studies  in 
MS.  are  in  the  Munich  Library. 

Paumgartner,  Dr.  Hans,  d.  Vienna,  May 
23,  1890,  aged  52.  Fine  pianist;  comp.;  cho- 
rusmastcr  at  the  Court  Opera.  For  20  years  the 
mus  critic  for  the  "  Kaiseil.  Wiener  Zeitung." 
Married  Rosa  Papier  in  1881. — Works:  Cham- 
bei-music,  many  songs,  interesting  pf.-pieccs. 

Paur,  Emil,  noted  conductor  ;  b.  Caernowitz, 
Bukovma,  Aug.  29, 1 855.  Taught  by  his  lather, 
at  8  he  played  the  vio- 
lin and  piano  in  pub- 
lic ;  in  1 866  he  entered 
the  Vienna  Cons., 
studying  under  I  )essoll 
(comp.),  and  Ilellmes- 
borger  (vln.).  Among 
his  fellow-pupils  weie 
Nikisch,  Mottl,  and 
Ktigcne  Gmenberg. 
In  1870,  after  gradu- 
ating with  first  pri/es, 
he  joined  the  court 
opera-orch.  as  first  vio- 
lin and  asst.  -soloist. 
Ilecame  A7r/V//w.  at 

K asset  (1876),  KOnigsberg,  and  1st  court  AV 
/*•///;/.  and  contl.  of  the  Subscription  Concerts  at 
Mannheim  (1880) ;  AtyMn.  at  Leipzig  City  Th., 
1891 ;  and  from  1893-8  of  the  Iloston  (Mass.) 
Symphony  ( )rch. ,  succeeding  Nikisch.  In  1898 
he  was  elected  cond.  of  the  New  York  Phil- 
harm.  Concerts  by  a  vote  of  55  to  5,  succeeding 
Anton  ScidL  In  1899  he  succeeded  Dvorak  as 
Director  of  the  NaU  Cons.,  N.  Y.— Works  :  A 
violin-concerto ;  string-quartet ;  violin-sonata ; 
pf, -pieces  ;  songs. — His  wife, 

Paur,  Marie,  nde  BUrger,  b.  Gengenbnch  in 
the  lUack  Forest,  1862  ;  d.  New  York,  Apr.  27, 
1899 ;  a  pupil  of  Stuttgart  Cons.  (Lel>crt,  Pruck- 
ner),  finishing  pf. -study  under  Leschetijsky  and 
Kssipoff  at  Vienna,  Was  an  excellent  pianist, 
cultivating  modern  romanticism  by  preference. 


441 


PAUWELS-PEDROTTI 


Pau'wels,  Jean  Engelbert,  b.  Brussels, 
Nov.  26,  1768  ;  d.  there  June  3, 1804.  Violinist, 
pupil  of  Le  Sueur  at  Paris,  where  he  played  in 
the  Ital.  Opera  ,  1790-1,  JCaftfhn.  at  Strass- 
burg  ;  then  soloist  at  the  Brussels  opera,  becom- 
ing cond.  in  1794  He  founded  a  series  of  con- 
certs remarkable  for  technical  precision.  Prod. 
3  operas  at  Brussels.  Publ.  a  violin-concerto,  a 
horn-concerto,  3  string-quartets,  6  violin-duets, 
etc. 

Pave'si,  Stefano,  prolific  opera-comp  ;  b. 
Casaletto  Vaprio  (Crema),  Jan.  22,  1779  ;  d. 
Crema,  July  28,  1850,  as  maestro  at  the  cathe- 
dral (from  1818).  For  6  months  in  each  year 
from  1826-30  he  also  acted  as  cond.  in  the 
44  Teatro  di  Corte  "  at  Venice.  Among  his  60- 
odd  operas,  Ser  Marcantomo  (Milan,  1810)  was 
thought  the  best.  Also  comp.  much  sacred  mu- 
sic, symphonies,  etc  — Biography  by  Sanseverino 
(Milan:  Ricordi). 

Pa'yer,  Hieronymus,  b.  Meidling,  n.  Vi- 
enna, Feb.  15,  1787;  d.  "Wiedburg,  n.  Vienna, 
Sept  ,  1845.  Chiefly  self-taught,  he  was  organ- 
ist at  Wiedburg,  Kapellm.  at  the  Th.  an  der 
\Vien,  Vienna,  and  cond.  at  Amsterdam  in  1824, 
settling  in  Pans  1825  as  teacher  of  voice  and 
piano,  from  1831-2  also  conducting  the  newly 
founded  German  Opeia.  1832-8,  Kapellm.  at 
the  Josephstadt  Th.,  Vienna.  He  prod,  operas 
and  operettas  in  Amsterdam,  Paris,  and  Vienna  ; 
comp.  masses,  motets,  chamber-music,  pf.- 
pieces  ;  concertos  and  fugues  f.  organ  ;  etc. 

Peace,  Albert  Lister,  fine  organist ;  b.  Ilud- 
dersfield,  Engl.,  Jan,  26,  1844.  Precocious 
pupil  of  Henry  Horn  and  H.  Parratt,  he  became 
at  9  organist  of  Holm  firth  Parish  Ch. ;  1865, 
org.  of  Trinity  Congr.  Ch.,  Glasgow;  1870, 
to  the  Univ.  of  Glasgow,  in  that  year  graduat- 
ing Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon.,  and  Mus.  Doc.  in  1875. 
In  1873,  organist  of  Glasgow  Cathedral ;  and  in 
1897  succeeded  Best  as  org.  of  St.  George's 
Hall,  Liverpool,  the  highest  position  in  the 
kingdom.— Works :  Psalm  138,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch. ;  cantata  St.  John  the  Baptist ;  church- 
services  ;  anthems ;  organ-music  [Sonata  da 
camera  No.  I  (D  min.),  No.  2  (C  min.),  No.  3 
(G  min  ) ;  Concert-fantasia  on  Scotch  melodies  ; 
Fantasia  in  B  [7  ;  two  Andantes]  ;  etc. 

Pearce,  Stephen  Austen,  b.  London,  Engl., 
Nov.  7,  1836.  Pupil  of  J.  L.  Hopkins ;  grad- 
uate of  Oxford  Univ.  (Nliis.  Bac.,  1859;  Mus. 
Doc.,  1864).  Visited  the  United  States  and 
Canada  in  1864 ;  became  organist  and  mus.  dir. 
of  2  London  churches  ;  returned  to  America  in 
1872,  and  was  app.  instructor  of  vocal  music  at 
Columbia  College,  New  York,  lecturer  on  har- 
mony, etc,,  at  the  Gen.  Theol.  Seminary,  on 
"  Music  of  all  nations'1  at  the  Peabody  Inst, 
Baltimore,  and  on  classical  orch.l  music  at  Johns 
Hopkins  Univ.  Organist  of  the  Collegiate 
Church,  Fifth  Av.  and  48th  St.,  New  York, 
1879-85.  Contributor  to  the  "Encyclopaedia 
Americana," and  to  "  TheN.  Y.  Evening  Post," 


"The  Mus.  Courier,"  and  other  penodicals 
Has  given  many  recitals  (pf.  and  or;;  )  At 
present  (1899}  hung  in  New  Yoik.— \\oiks  • 
3-act  opera,  La  belle  AwJncauit' ;  a  child] en's 
opera;  dram,  oratorio,  C?lf \1ial  /'/j/Vwr,  and  a 
church-cantata,  77u'  J'M/M  oj  Praise  (the  last 
2  in  strict  fugal  style,  f.  soli,  8-p.  ch.,  full  orch  , 
and  org.;  perf.  at  Oxford  Univ.) ;  overture  in  K 
min.  (Crystal  Palace) ;  orch  1  "Allegro  agitato" 
in  I)  min  (Thomas  Orch.) ;  several  char.  pcs.  f, 
pf.,  vocal  trio  in  canon- form,  "  Bright  be  thy 
dreams",  songs  ,  "  I hclionary  of  Mus.  Terms" 
in  21  languages  (New  York) ;  complete  ed  s  of 
celebrated  pf  -methods  ;  etc 

Pearsall,  Robert  Lucas  de,  English  comp  ; 
b.  Clifton,  Mar.  14,  1795  ;  d.  Aug.  5,  1856,  at 
Schloss  Wartensee,  Lake  of  Constance,  where  he 
had  resided  since  1832.  Piactiscd  law  till  1825  ; 
then  studied  composition  tinder  1'annyat  May- 
ence.  In  London,  1829  ;  Kailsruhc,  1830. — 
Publ.  Madrigals  a  4-8  (London,  1840)  ;  S  (llecs 
and  Madr.s  (1863) ,  24  Choi.il  Songs  (1863  ;  ed. 
by  Hullah) ;  a  Catholic  Hymn-book  (1863); 
part-songs  a  4  ("Sir  Patrick  Spcns,"  a  10) ; 
"  Essay  on  Consecutive  Fifths  and  Octaves  in 
Counterpoint"  (London,  no  date) ;  etc*. 

Pearson.    See  PIKRSON. 

Pease,  Alfred  Humphries,  b.  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  May  6,  1838;  d.  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  July  13, 
1882.  Pupil  for  3  years,  at  llcilin,  of  Th.  K.ul- 
lak  and  v.  Billow  (pf.),  WUeist  (comp.),  and  \Vie- 
precht  (instrumentation) ;  visited  the  United 
States,  studied  3  years  longer  in  (icrmany,  and 
made  long  pianistic  tours  to  chief  Anier.  cities. 
— Works  (f.  orch. ;  pcrf.  by  Thomas  ( >rrli.) :  A 
pf. -concerto  ;  Reverie  and  Andante  ;  Andante 
and  Scherzo  ;  Romance  ; — also  many  pieces  and 
arr.s,  etc.,  f.  pf,;  and  songs. 

Pedrell',  Felipe,  eminent  contemporary 
Spanish  musician  and  writer  ;  b.  about  1835; 
living  in  Madrid.  Chief  editor  of  the  liauvlona 
41  Illuslracion  "  ;  critic  for  the  "  I  Mario";  has 
publ.  a  valuable  "  IMccionario  Tecnico  cle  la  Mu- 
sica "  (Barcelona,  1894  ;  pp.  xix  and  539) ;  an 
important  compilation,  "  Ilispania  schola  mu- 
sica  sacra.  Opera  varia  moral,  XV,  XVI,  XVII 
et  XVIII  "  (1894  ? ) ;  a  Span,  tnmsl.  of  Kkhter's 
"Harmony";  a  study  in  folk-lore,  u  Mttsicos 
an6nimos  "  ;  and  an  essay  *'  Por  nucHiru  nu'isioa  " 
(his  chief  aim  is  the  establishment  of  a  Spanish 
national  school  of  music : — u  every  country  should 
establ.  its  system  of  music  on  the  l>asis  of  na- 
tional song: "). — Compositions:  2 opcnus,  AV «/#/- 
mo  Abentfrrajo,  and  Quasi wetfoj  a  dram,  trilogy, 
Los  Pirintos  ;  a  symphonic  "  Scene  "  ;  a  mass  ; 
songs,  etc.  In  1894  P.  was  npp.  prof,  of  Mus. 
History  and  Esthetics  at  the  Koyal  C*ons,f 
Madrid. 

Pedrot'ti,  Carlo,  b  Verona,  Nov.  ra,  1817; 
committed  suicide  there,  Oct.  16,  1893,  by 
drowning  in  the  Adige,  Pupil  of  Dom.  Koroni ; 
the  great  success  of  his  first  opera,  Linn*  caused 
his  appointment  as  cond.  of  the  Hal.  Th.  at 


443 


PELLEGRINI— PEPUSCII 


Amsterdam.  Returned  1846  to  Verona.  1868, 
Dir.  of  the  Cons  at  Tunn,  and  coml.  at  the 
Roy.il  Th.;  cslabl.  and  cond.  the  eminently  suc- 
cessful popular  conceits  at  Turin.  1882,  Dir.  of 
the  Licco  Rossini,  Pesaro,  holding  this  position 
till  shortly  before  death — Operas:  Lnia  and 
Clara  del  Mainland  (Verona,  1840)  ;  Mathilde 
(Amsterdam,  1844)  ;  La  Figlia  del  arciere  (ibid., 
1844) ;  Romea  di  Monjott  (Verona,  1846) ;  Fio- 
rina (ib.,  1851);  II Parnuifncre  delta  reggensa 
(ib.,  1852)  ;  Gelmina^  o  lol  fiwco  non  u  sikerza 
(Milan,  1:853)  ;  Genoveffa  del  Rrahante  (Milan, 
La  Scala,  1854);  Tutti  in  maschera  (Verona, 
1856 ;  Paris,  as  Lc*  Masques^  Th.  Alhcnee, 
1869) ;  Isabella  d'Arragona  (Turin,  1859) ;  La 
Gnerra  in  qitatho  (Milan,  1861)  ;  Afascppa  (JJo- 
logna,  1861)  ;  Marion  Delorme  (Trieste,  1865); 
//  Favonto  (Turin,  1870) ;  O/i'j/w  la  schiava 
(Modena,  1872). — Also  church-music  (a  Salve 
Regina),  romances,  etc. 

Pellegri'ni,  Felice,  basso  bufTo ;  b.  Turin, 
1774  ;  d.  Paris,  Sept.  20,  1832.  Stage-singer  in 
Italy,  then  (1826-0)  at  London ;  from  1829, 
prof,  of  singing  at  Paris  Cons.— Publ.  solfeggi, 
terxets,  duets,  etc. 

Pellegri'ni,  Giulio,  basso  scrio;  b,  Milan, 
Jan.  t,  1806 ;  d.  Munich,  July  12,  1858,  after 
"long  engagement  at  the  Coml  ( )pera.  JIc  stud- 
ied in  Milan  Cons. 

Pelletan,  Fanny,  b.  Paris  (7),  1830 ;  d.  there 
1876.  Daughter  ol  a  French  army-surgeon  ; 
pupil  of  liiusille  (pf.)  and  H.  Dnmckc  (theory). 
An  enthusiastic  and  thoroughly  trained  amateur, 
she  was  inspired  by^  llerlior/s  essay  on  "  Lcs 
grotesques  tie  la  musicuic11  (1850,)  to  institute  an 
absolutely  con  eel  edition  of  (ihtck's  operas  ;  with 
Damcke's  editorial  aid  she  publ.,  at  great  ex- 
pense, the  2  "  Iphigenies";  also,  with  Saint- 
Saens,  dlivft?.  Death  interrupted  her  unfin- 
ished lask. 

Pem'baur,  Joseph,  b.  Innsbruck,  May  23, 
1848.  lie  gave  up  a  university-course  to  study 
at  the  Vienna  Cons.  ,t  later  at  the  Munich  R.  Sch. 
of  Music  (Huonamiei,  I  ley,  Wtlllner,  Rhein- 
berger).  Since  1875,  Dir,  and  headmaster  in 
the  Innsbruck  Music-School. — Works  :  Masses  ; 
Gott  der  IVeltensehQpfer,  f .  male  ch.  and  orch. ; 
Die  Wetter  tonne  i  f.  do. ;  HiMer  aits  don  Lebcn 
WaWiers  von  for  /fyWiwvVi»t  f,  soli,  mixed  ch., 
and  orch.;  part-songs;  songs  (popular) ;  sym- 
phony u  In  Tirol" ;  technical  studies  f,  pf.;  Im- 
provvisalaf,  organ;  essay  "  Oberdas  Dirigiren." 
fn  1898  he  prod,  the  opera  XigfunerMen^  in  3 
acts  with  Prologue  (May  2;  v.  succ.). 

Pefia  y  Goni,  Antonio,  comp.t  writer,  and 
critic ;  b.  San  Sebastian,  Spain,  1846 ;  d.  Madrid, 
Nov.  13,  1896.  Pupil  of  Manic-rota, ;  friend  of 
Wagner  and  Gounod.  Mus,  critic  for  over  30 
years  of  the  Madrid  4i  Tmpurcial"  ;  a  successful 
champion  of  Wagner  and  of  advanced  ideas  in 
music.  Wrote  a  "  History  of  Opera  in  Spain.'* 
Conm.  Ihe  Hasquc  national  hymn  "Viva  II er- 
nani  ;  a  mass  ;  pf, -music,  etc, 


Penfield,  Smith  Newell,  b.  Obcrlin,  Ohio, 
Apr.  4,  1837.  Pupil  of  Jas.  Flint  in  New  York, 
of  Mosclicles,  Reineckc,  Plaidy  and  P.ipperili! 
(pf.),  Kichter  (org.),  and  Ilauptmann  (theoiy), 
at  Leipzig.  Founder,  at  Savannah,  Cla.,  of  the 
Cons,  and  the  Mozart  (Hub  ;  also  of  the  "Arion  " 
Cons.,  Urooklyn,  N.  V.  Since  1882  in  New 
York ;  1884,  Mus.  Doc.  of  the  Univ.  of  the 
City  of  N.  Y.  ;  1885,  pres.  of  the  M.  T.  N.  A. 
Organist  of  the  Uroadway  Tabernacle. — Works: 
Psalm  18,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch,;  overture  ,  string- 
quintet  ;  anthem  ;  pf. -music ;  songs. 

Pen'na,  Lorenzo,  b.  Bologna,  1613 ;  d. 
Imola,  Oct.  20,  1693.  Maestro  at  the  Carmelite 
Monastery,  Parma  ,  later  at  Imola  Calh  — Puhl. 
2  books  of  masses  a  4,\v.  insti  .s  ad  lib.  (160?, 
1670);  2  books  of  Psalms  ditto;  "  Psalmi  per 
tutto  1'anno  .  .  .  ",  w.  a  fauxbourdon  Mass, 
Antiphoncs,  and  Litanies  (1669) ;  and  treatises  : 
ul,i  primi  albori  musicali  per  li  principianti 
dclla  musica  figurata  ..."  (1^56);  "Albori 
musicali  per  li  studiosi  della  mus.  fig."  (1678) , 
"  Direttorio  del  canto  fermo"  (1689). 

Pen'tenrieder,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Kaufbcu- 
rcn,  Bavaria,  Feb.  6, 1813  \  &•  Munich,  July  17, 
1867.  Pupil  of  Xalchcr  and  Slunx  ;  became 
court  A"rf/<'//!w.,  chorusniasterat  the  court  opera, 
com  I  oiganist,  and  choirmaster  at  St.  Lucl  wig's. 
— Works :  2  operas,  JDtf  NachtattfPalitssi  (pc»i  f. 
thioughout  Germany),  and  J)ns  Ha  us  i.\f  sit  7W- 
kauftn  (r^cipxig,  1846) ;  masses,  cantatas,  and 
motets. 

Pe'pusch  fpa-1,  John  Christopher  fjohann 
Christoph],  b.  Jterlin,  1667 ;  d.  London,  July 
20,  1752.  For  a  year  he  was  taught  by  Klin- 
gcnberg  (theory),  and  (Jrosse  (organ)*  l>ut  was 
obliged  to  complete  his  mus.  education  bv  private 
study.  lie  had  a  position  at  the  Prussian  court 
1681-97;  then  went  to  Holland,  and  lhc*ncc 
(1700)  to  London,  joining  the  Drury  Lane  orch. 
as  violinist,  later  as  cembalist  and  composer ; 
from  1707  adapting  Italian  airs  to  English  operas, 
adding  tecitalives  and  songs,  Tn  1710  he  founded 
(with  Needier,  dales,  (Jalliard,  and  others)  the 
"Academy  of  Antient  Music,"  famous  for  the 
revival  of  iCth-centuiy  compositions  (P.  was 
deeply  versed  in  mus,  lore) ;  1712,  org.  and 
comp.  to  the  Duke  of  ChandoH,  preceding  Han- 
del;  1713,  Mus.  Doc.,  Oxon. ;  for  many  years 
director  of  Lincoln's  Inn  Theatre,  for  which  he 
wrote  the  masque*  7V////J  and  Adonis  (1715), 
Apollo  and  Daphne  (1716),  The  Death  of  Dido 
(1716),  The  Union  of  the  three  &i5ter-arls(yiyj^ 
and  music  to  Ihe  ballad-operas  The  Btggars 
Oftrra  [day],  /W/v,  and  The  WttMin$  In  1724 
his  scheme  for  founding  a  college  in  the  lier- 
mudas  with  Dr.  Jlerkeley  vros  fruslraled  by 
shipwreck.  In  1730  a  fortune  of  j£  10,000 
brought  him  by  marriage  with  the  singer  Mar- 
guerite dc  rfipine,  rendered  him  independent. 
From  1737  till  death  he  was  organist  of  the  Char- 
terhouse. P,  was  a  learned,  though  conservative, 
musician,  and  a  high  authority  in  Kngland  be* 


443 


PERABO— PERGOLESI 


fore  Handel  He  publ.  a  "Treatise  on  Har- 
mony" (1731),  the  final  attempt  of  the  kind  to 
revive  solmisation  ;  an  essay  on  the  3  genera  of 
the  Greeks  is  in  the  "  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions" of  1746.  His  odes  and  cantatas,  and  the 
concertos  and  sonatas  for  strings  and  wind,  are 
of  slight  importance. 

Per'abo,  (Johann)  Ernst,  b.  \Viesbaden, 
Germany,  Nov.  14,  1845  ;  the  family  removed 
to  New  York  in  1853.  Pupil  of  his  father 
from  the  age  of  5  ;  then,  in  Leipzig  Cons. 
(1862-5,  and  1878-9),  of  Moscheles  and  Wenzel 
(pf.),  Papperitz,  Richter  and  Hauptmann  (harm  ), 
and  Remecke  (comp.).  Returning  to  America 
in  1865,  he  gave  concerts  in  the  West,  and  at 
Boston,  1866,  established  his  reputation  as  a 
concert-pianist.  He  has  resided  there  till  now 
(1899)  as  a  well-known  and  influential  teacher 
(nearly  r,ooo  pupils,  one  of  whom  is  Mrs.  H.  H. 
A.  Beach)  and  pianist. — Works  :  Various  ori- 
ginal pf. -compositions  (Moment  musical,  op.  i ; 
Scherzo,  op.  2 ;  Prelude,  op.  3  ;  Waltz,  op.  4 ; 
3  Studies,  op.  9;  Pensees,  op  n  ;  "Circum- 
stance, or  Fate  of  a  Human  Life,"  op  13) ;  his 
arrangements  and  transcriptions  f.  pf.  include 
the  ist  movem.  of  Rubinstein's  "Ocean"  sym- 
phony, ditto  of  Schumann's  unfinished  symphony, 
ten  selections  from  lohmthe,  and  several  of 
Lowe's  ballades. 

Pere'ira,  Marcos  Scares,  Portuguese  comp. ; 
b.  Ciminha ;  d.  Lisbon,  Jan.  7,  1655. — Works : 
A  mass  a  12,  Te  Deum  a  12,  Vesper-Psalms  a 
12,  psalms  a  8,  motets,  responses,  etc. 

Pere'ira,  Domingos  NuHes,  b.  Lisbon ;  d. 
Camarate,  n.  Lisbon,  Mar.  29,  1729.  Maestro 
at  Lisbon  Cath.;  comp.  Requiems,  Responses  a 
S  for  Holy  Week,  villancicos,  etc. 

Perepelitzin,  Polycarp  de,  Russian  colonel 
of  hussars ;  b.  Odessa,  Dec.  14,  1818.  Violin- 
pupil  of  Lipinski  ;  a  student  of  mus.  history., — 
Publ.  a  "Dictionary  of  Music"  (1884);  "  Illus- 
trated History  of  Music  in  Russia  "  (1885-6) ; 
"Album  of  Mus.  History"  (illustrations  of 
ancient  and  modern  mus.  instr.s.).  — Instr.l 
adaptations. 

Pe'rez,  Davide,  b.  Naples,  of  Spanish  par- 
ents, in  1711 ;  d.  Lisbon,  1778.  Pupil,  at  the 
Cons,  di  Loreto,  of  A.  Galli  (violin),  and  Fr. 
Mancini  (cpt).  1739,  maestro  at  Palermo  Cath.T 
and  in  1741  brought  out  his  first  opera,  Stroe, 
re  di  Persia^  at  Naples.  His  first  dram,  work 
was  a  mus.  comedy,  /  Trawstimenti  amorosi 
(Naples,  1740) ;  then  followed  the  opera L'Amor 
fittore  (2  weeks  later),  when  he  was  app.  2nd 
maestro  of  the  court  orch.  at  Palermo,  remain- 
ing there  and  bringing  out  operas  until  1748. 
He  now  lived  the  life  of  a  travelling  opera- 
composer  (at  Naples,  Vienna,  Rome,  etc.)  till 
1752,  then  receiving  an  appointment  as  maestro 
at  the  court  theatre,  Lisbon.  Among  his  30 
operas  Siroe,  re  di  Persia^  and  Demofoonte, 
rank  high  •  he  was  contemporary  with,  and  a 
rival  of,  Jommelli. — Church-comp.s  important : 


Masses  </  4  and  8,  w.  orch.;  Miseicrc  a  5,  \\. 
bassoons  obbhgati  and  org.ui  ;  "  MaUutim  tic' 
morti"  (London,  1774) ,  etc. 

Perfall',  Karl,  Freiheir  von,  b.  Munich, 
Jan.  29,  1824.  Law-student  and  government 
official,  but  studied  music  1848-9  with  Haupt- 
mann at  Leipzig,  and  became  cond.  of  the 
Munich  Liedtrtajel  in  1850  ,  founded  the  still 
vigorous  "  Oratorio  Soc."  m  1854,  conducting 
it  till  1864,  and  composing  fine  songs,  pait- 
songs,  and  the  cantata  DM  WOK  hen.  In  1864 
he  was  app,  Intendant  of  the  court  music,  and 
in  1867  Intendant  of  the  court  theatie  (rethed 
1893). — Operas  (prod,  at  Munich)  •  Sa&iiufata 
(1853),  Das  Conterfei  (1863),  JRaimonthn  [01 
Melusine]  (iSSi),  and  Junker  Hems  (1886)  ; 
the  fairy  cantatas  DornroicJieH,  Undine ,  ami 
Rubezahl;  and  the  melodramas  Pnns  JCarn?- 
2'tf/,  Baibarossa^  and  Dcr  Fnede.. — Publ.  a  ll  (Je- 
schichte  der  Munchener  Theater  "  from  1867-92. 

Per'ger,  Richard  von,  composer  and  con- 
ductor, b.  Vienna/  Jan.  10,  1854.  Pupil  of 
Brahms.  1890-5,  Director  of  Rotterdam  Cons., 
and  cond.  of  the  conceits,  succeeding  (lerns- 
heim  ;  in  1895,  cond.  of  the  *'  (iesellschaftseon- 
certe  "  at  Vienna. — P.  wrote  text  and  music  of 
the  3-act  comic  opera  Der  Richter  Ton  tiranada 
(Cologne,  1889 ;  succ.),  prod,  the  vaudeville 
Die  3  Nothhelfer  (Vienna,  1891);  also  a  violin- 
concerto  in  C-minor  (1894),  a  serenade  in  Hfr  f. 
'cello  and  strings,  a  string-quartet  in  A,  a  trio- 
serenade  in  G,  etc. 

Pergole'si,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Jcsi, 
Papal  States,  Jan.  4, 1710  ;  d.  Mar.  16,  1730,  at 
Pozzuoli,  near  Na- 
ples. In  1726  he 
entered  the  Cons, 
dei  Poveri  di  Gesu 
Cristo  at  Naples, 
studying  the  violin 
with  de  Matteis, 
and  counterpoint 
with  Greco,  J)«- 
rante,  and  Feo.  His 
(harmonically) 
novel  improvisa- 
tions attracted  at- 
tention ;  though 
his  last  student- 
work,  the  biblical 
drama  Sun  Gitglicl- 
mo  d*Aquitania  (prod,  with  comic  intermmi  at 
the  convent  of  S.  Agncllo  Maggiorc,  Naples, 
1731),  and  the  opera  &/////£//«,  the  intermexxo 
Amor  fa  r*omo  cieco,  and  the  opera  serin,  A'/Vi- 
mero  (all  Naples,  1731),  made  little  impression. 
For  his  patron,  the  Prince  of  Stitfliuno,  lie 
wrote  30  terzets  for  violin  with  bass  ;  probably 
through  the  Prince's  influence,  he  was  commis- 
sioned to  write  a  solemn  mass  for  Naples, 
which,  performed  after  the  terrible  earthquake 
of  1731  as  a  votive  offering  to  the  patron  saint 
of  Naples,  rendered  the  young  maestro  at  onoe 


444 


PERI— PERKINS 


famous  in  that  city.  For  two  years  he  con- 
tinued sacred  composition,  though  four  stage- 
works  prod,  in  1732  showed  his  leaning  toward 
dramatic  writing  ;  with  the  opera  buffa  ("  inter- 
mezzo") La  St'n'a  padrotia  (Naples,  1733, 
teatro  San  IJartolomeo)  he  won  immediate  and 
lasting  distinction  ;  it  is  his  finest  work,  and  has 
served  as  a  model  for  succeeding  Italian  com- 
posers in  that  geure.  P.  obtained  his  effects 
with  the  simplest  means  ;  the  string-orcli  is  his 
main  dependence  throughout,  being  supported 
in  only  a  few  numbers  by  the  horns,  and  at  the 
(male  by  the  entrance  of  the  trumpet ,  even  the 
sti  ing-accompaniment  is  sometimes  leduced  to 
two  parts,  the  violins  playing  in  octaves,  and 
the  viola  being  reinforced  by  the  'cello  an  octa\e 
lower.  This  was  his  sole  real  success  on  the 
stage;  none  of  the  operas  \\iittcn  for  Naples 
(//  /utjfstrit  di  wuAha,  Jl  grfaso  ichermto,  f,o 
Frate  'nnamorato,  II  frigfanero  sujitt  bo,  di/ri- 
tino  in  Siriti)  received  popular  approbation  ; 
UOlimpiiuk  (Rome,  1735)  did  no  better;  only 
the  inturmcisxo  to  slthitino^  given  at  first  as 
Lh'tctla  f  Tnnollo,  and  later,  independently,  as 
La  Contadina  astute  ^  had  a  fair  measine  of 
success.  /%/////;//<>,  written  in  1735,  was  first 
perf.  at  Naples  in  1740..  Musicians,  far  more 
than  the  general  public,  admired  P.'s  works ; 
while  /St)/tM/>ititfe  was  reheai.sing,  J)uni,  the 
composer  of  the  successful  opera  Ncrone,  is 
said  to  have*  told  1*.  that  his  music  was  too  deli- 
cately beautiful  for  appreciation  by  the  vulgar — 
and  so  it  proved :  /.'Olimfiatk  failed  utterly, 
and  Ntronc  was  applauded.  After  IVs  death, 
his  compatriots  recognized  his  genius,  and  a  re- 
vival of  his  operas  was  enthusiastically  welcomed. 
They  were,  indeed,  new,  as  faiily  beginning  the 
modern  era  of  harmonically  (in  contradistinc- 
tion to  cnnlKipuntally)  accompanied  melody. — 
Repeated  disappointments,  and  irregular  habits, 
undermined  his  constitution  ;  consumption  set 
in,  and  he  died  at  the  baths  of  Pomioli,  woi Ic- 
ing to  the  last,  finishing  the  pathetically  beauti- 
ful Stabat  Mater  live  days  before  the  end.  It  is 
his  best-known  sacred  work,  written  for  soprano 
and  alto  with  string-oreli.  and  organ;  he  also 
composed  a  mass  for  5-part  chorus  w.  orch.,  a 
mass  a  5  w.  orch, ,  a  mass  a  4  w.  orch. ,  a  mass 
ti  %  w.  organ,  a  Kyrie  cum  gloria  w.  orch.,  a 
I)ixit  a  4  w.  strings  and  org.,  a  Dixit  f.  double 
ch.  and  orch,,  a  Miserere  ti  4  w.  orch.,  a  Dies 
irae  f.  sopr.  and  alto  w.  strings,  a  Contitebor  it 
4,  2  Domme  ad  adjuvuwhnn  a  4  and  5,  a  Lau- 
date  ti  5  w.  orch.,  a  Laudato  for  solo  voice  w. 
instr.s,  a  Luc  tut  us  sum  a  5,  and  one  do.  f.  2  so- 
prani and  2  busses,  a  Salva  Kegina  f.  solo 
voice,  strings  and  organ,  and  an  oratorio,  La 
Natwitb.  He  also  wrote  a  cantata,  Orfeo,  f. 
solo  voice  and  orch.;  a  cantata <z  5,  C/iasonc ,'  6 
cantatas  w.  string-nccomp. ;  and  the  30  trios 
mentioned  above  ;  a  violin-concerto  with  string- 
accomp.;  and  a  "sinfonia"  f.  'cello  and  bass. — 
niogrnphieul ;  By  Carlo  Hlasis  (r8i7);  by  the 
Marquis  of  Villiirofui:  "  Lettero  biografica  in- 
torno  alia  patria  ed  alia  viU  di  G.  B.  IV1  (1831) ; 


and  a  sketch  by  TI.  M.  Schletterer  (in  Waldcr- 
see's  "  Musikahsche  Vortrdge,"  No.  17). 

Pe'ri,  Jacopo,  called  "II  Zazzerino"  from 
his  abundant  hair;  b.  Florence,  about  1560; 
d.  there  about  1630.  Of  noble  family,  he  stud- 
ied at  Lucca  under  Cnstoforo  Malvczzi  ;  was 
maestro  at  the  court  of  Feidmando  I.  and  Cosi- 
mo  II.  de1  Medici,  and  from  1601  at  the  court 
of  Ferrara.  A  member  of  the  distinguished  cir- 
cle at  the  houses  of  Count  Bardi  and  Corsi,  wheie 
the  revival  of  ancient  Greek  musical  declamation 
was  planned,  P.,  with  Caccini  and  Coisi,  set  to 
music  Rinuccini's  text  of  J)afii?  (1594).  En- 
couraged by  its  success,  he  composed  alone 
Rinuccini's  JSitt  idut'  for  the  wedding  of  Maria 
de'  Medici  with  Henri  IV.  of  France(prod.  Oct. 
6,  1600).  Dajne  was  the  first  "  opera,"  or 
drama  set  to  music  in  monodic  style  (i.e.,  vocal 
soli  supported  by  instr  s) ;  this  style  was  teinied 
"stile  rappresentativo."  Peri  publ.  in  1600 
41 1-e  varie  musiche  del  Signor  Jacopo  Peri  ... 
in  1-3  parts,  some  to  be  sung  with  harpsichord 
or  chitarrone,  others  to  be  played  on  the  organ. 
Kiesewetter  printed  3  madrigals  a  4  in  "  Schick- 
sale  und  UeschafTenheit  des  weltlichen  (!e- 
sanges  "  (1841).  Fnigments  from  Euridice  are  in 
several  histories  of  music. 

Pe'ri,  Achilla,  b.  Reggio  d'Rmilia,  Italy, 
Dec.  20,  1812  ;  d.  there  Mar.  28,  1880.  Opera- 
cond.  in  Reggio ;  piod.  half  a  score  of  operas, 
among  them  Circe  (1843),  Tantietla  (1848),  / 
Indanzati  (1856),  JRienti  (1867),  and  Or  Jam*  e 
J)iawfo  (1862);  also  a  biblical  drama  (Jinttifta 
(Milan,  1860). 

Perkins,  Henry  Southwick,  b.  Stock- 
bridge,  Vt.,  Mar.  20,  1833.  Graduate,  1861,  of 
Uoston  Music  School  (vocal  teachers  Baker, 
\Vetheibee,  and  Ouilmette);  Pres.  1867-71  of 
the  Iowa  Normal  Acad.  of  Music  ;  1867-8,  prof, 
music  at  the  State  Univ.,  Iowa;  1870-4,  Pres. 
of  Kansas  Normal  Acad.  of  Music,  Leaven- 
worth ;  1887-8,  of  the  Illinois  M.  T.  A.;  1888, 
seer,  and  treas.  of  the  M.  T.  N.  A.;  in  1890  he 
founded  the  Chicago  Nat.  Coll.  of  Music,  now 
a  flourishing  institution.  For  over  20  years  he 
also  concl.  mtis.  festivals  and  conventions,  from 
Maine  to  California  ;  active  mus.  critic  ;  one  of 
the  oiganixcrs  of  the  M.  T.  N.  A.  in  1876.  The 
year  1875  he  spent  in  study  under  Warlel  at 
Paris,  and  Vannuccini  at  Florence.  Has  edited 
30  song-books,  hymn-books,  class-books,  etc., 
and  comp.  numerous  vocal  quartets  and  songs. 
— His  brother, 

Perkins,  William  Oscar,  b.  Stockbridge, 
May  23, 1831.  Pupil  of  Wetherbce,  and  of  G. 
Perini,  Milan.  Mus.  I)ocM  Hamilton  Coll., 
1879.  Living  in  Ttaston  as  a  teacher,  cond,, 
and  composer.  Has  publ  some  40  books  of 
songs,  anthems,  etc.,  which  contain  many  of  his 
own  comp.s. 

Perkins,  Julius  Edson,  brother  of  preced- 
ing ;  b.  Stockbrltlge,  1 845 ;  d.  Manchester, 
Kngl.,  Feb.  24,  1875.  Uass  singer;  studied  in 


445 


PERNE— PERTI 


Paris  and  Italy ;  debut  1868  ;  joined  Mapleson 
Opera  Co.  in  1873,  and  was  primo  basso  m  the 
R.  Ital.  Opera,  London.  In  1874  he  married 
Marie  Roze  (later  Col.  Mapleson'b  wife). 

Perne,  Francois-Louis,  b.  Paris,  1772 ;  d. 
there  May  26,  1832.  He  studied  harm,  and  cpt 
under  Abbe  d'Haudimont  at  the  mattuse  of  St.- 
Jacques-de-la-Bouchene  ;  chorus-singer  at  the 
Opera,  1792;  double-bass  player  in  the  orch. 
there,  1799.  In  1801  he  brought  out  a  grand 
festival  mass.  His  theoretical  knowledge  was 
illustrated  by  a  triple  fugue,  to  be  sung  back- 
wards on  reversing  the  page.  Continued  study 
of  mus.  theoryand  history  won  him  the  position 
of  Catel's  successor  as  prof,  of  harmony  at  the 
Cons.;  he  became  Inspector-General  in  1816, 
and  also  librarian  in  iSiq.  In  1822  he  retired 
to  an  estate  near  Laon  ;  he  returned  to  Paris  a 
few  weeks  before  his  death.  The  few  printed 
works  of  this  learned  and  voluminous  wnter  (on 
Greek  notation,  the  songs  of  the  troubadours, 
etc.)  appeared  in  vol.s  i-ix  of  Fetis'  "  Revue 
musicale,"  excepting  his  essay  on  the  Chatelain 
de  Coucy  (in  Michel's  monograph,  1830).  His 
publ.  comp  s  include  a  lt  Cours  d'harmonie  et 
d'accompagnement"  (1822),  2  pf. -methods,  varia- 
tidns  and  easy  sonatas  f.  pf.,  and  the  famous  triple 
fugue. 

Pero'si,  Don  Lorenzo,  b.  Tortona,  Italy, 
Dec.  23,  1872.  Pupil,  1891,  of  Saladino  ;  1893, 
of  Milan  Cons.;  1894,  of  Haberl's  Domchor- 
schule  (School  for  Church-music)  at  Ratisbon. 
1895,  maestro  di  cappdln  at  Imola ;  from  1897, 
at  San  Marco,  Venice.  He  is  a  young  priest, 
whose  sacred  trilogy  La  Passions  di  Crtsto  (I. 
La  csna  del  Signer e  ;  II.  L'orazjone  al  monte  ; 
III.  La  morte  del  Redentore),  prod,  in  Milan, 
1897,  at  the  Ital.  Congress  for  Sacred  Music, 
created  a  sensation  (not  equalled  at  later  per- 
formances in  Germany,  London,  New  York, 
etc.).  Other  oratorios  are  La  Trasfigitraxiont 
del  frost* Q  Signore  Gesb  Cmfr  (1898),  La  Jtisur- 
resionedi  Lasaro  (Venice,  July  27,  1898,  in  La 
Fenice  theatre,  by  special  permission),  and  // 
Natale del  Jtedentore  (Come*,  I%Q$.  Toward  the 
end  of  2898  the  success  of  his  oratorios  was  so 
emphatic  in  Italy  that  Pope  Leo  XIII.  app.  him 
honorary  maestro  of  the  Papal  Choir. — P.  has 
also  written  15  masses,  and  is  an  excellent  organ- 
ist. (Oratorios  publ.  in  pf.-score.) 

Peroti'nus,  Magnus,  Magister,  mattrt  de 
ehapclle  at  Notre-Dame,  Pans.  Celebrated  com- 
poser of  the  I2th  century.  Some  comp.s  publ, 
in  Coussemaker's  "  L'art  harmonique  au  XII*  et 
XIII*  siecles." 

Perot'ti,  Giovanni  Agostino,  b.  Vercelli, 
Apr.  12,  1760;  d.  Venice,  June  28,  1855. 
Pupil  of  Mattel  in  Bologna ;  in  1817  he  suc- 
ceeded Furlanetto  as  maestro  at  San  Marco, 
Venice.  Besides  excellent  church-music,  an 
opera  (La  Contadina  nobile,  1795),  etc,,  he  wrote 
essays  "Sullo  stato  attuale  della  musica  in 
Italia"  (Venice,  1812),  and  "  II  buon  gusto  della 
musica  "(1808). 


Perrin,  Pierre,  b.  Lyons,  about  1620;  d. 
Pans,  Apr.  25,  1675.  Author  of  the  libretti  for 
the  first  French  operas  (so  called)  Cambeit's 
La  Pastorale  (1659),  Pottione  (1671),  and  Auaue 
(1672).  The  privilege  obtained  of  Louis  XIV. 
by  P.  and  Cambert,  to  oiganize  an  '*  Academic 
demusique  "  (1668),  was  re\oked  in  Lully's  favor 
(1669). 

Perry,  Edward  Baxter,  pianist ;  b.  Ilaver- 
hill,  Mass  ,  Feb.  14,  1855.  lie  early  lost  his 
sight;  was  taught  byj  W.  II ill  at  Boston; 
studied  later  in  Germany  under  Kulhik,  Clara 
Schumann,  Pruckncr,  and  Liszt.  Played  before 
the  German  Emperor.  Returning  to  America, 
he  gave  1,200  concerts  in  TO  years.  lie  ori- 
ginated the  "  lecture-recital."  Has  composed  a 
"Loreley"  fantasia,  "The  lost  Island,"  and 
other  pf. -works. 

Perry,  George,  English  comp. ;  b.  Noiwich, 
1793 ;  d.  London,  Mar.  4,  1862.  Director  of 
music  at  Haymarket  Th.,  1822 ;  organist  of 
Quebec  Chapel ;  1832-47,  lender,  from  1848 
conductor,  of  Sacred  Harmonic  Soc.  oich. ;  in 
1846,  also  org.  of  Trinity  Ch.,  Gray's  Inn  Road. 
—Oratorios,  Elijah  and  the  priests  of  /tort/(i8i8), 
The  Fall  of  Jerusalem  (1830),  The  Death  of 
Abel  (1846),  'Iltstkiah  (1847) ;  a  cnnlnla,  -#<•/- 
shazzar's  Feast  (1836) ;  2  operas,  Family  Quar- 
rels (1830)  and  Alormnft*  Aww,  andAright(ifa2) ; 
overture  to  "The  Persian  Hunters";  anthems, 
songs,  and  pf. -pieces. 

Persia'ni  (nfr  Tacchmardi),  Fanny,  famed 
soprano  (coloratura)  stage-sing  or;  b.  Rome,  Oct. 
4,  1812;  d.  Passy,  n.  Paris,  May  3,  1867.  Her 
father,  the  lenor  singer  Nicola  T.t  was  her 
teacher.  After  a  successful  debut  al  Leghorn 
in  1832,  she  sang  in  the  principal  cities  of  the 
peninsula;  at  Milan  she  was  called  "lapiccola 
Pasta";  from  1837-48  she  shone  in  London  nntl 
Paris  ns  one  of  the  greatest  singers  ever  heard, 
also  visited  Holland  and  Russia,  but  relumed 
to  Paris  in  1838. — In  1830  she  married  (liuseppe 
Persian!  [1804-1869],  a  composer  of  n  operas. 

Persuis,  Louis-LuoLoiseau  de,  b.  Mela, 
July  4,  1769;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  so,  1819.  A  vio- 
linist, he  went  to  Paris  in  1787  ;  prod,  an  orato- 
rio, Le  passage  de  la  mtr  A'/u/^r,  al  a.  Concert 
spiriiuel ;  became  ist  violin  al  the  Th.  Montim- 
sier  (1790),  and  at  the  Opera,  (1793);  cfu*f  de 
chant  at  the  Opera  (1804),  and  chej  if*orcheslre 
in  1810,  succeeding  Key.  Was  also  prof,  of 
violin  at  the  Cons,  1795-1802.  In  1814,  In- 
spector-General of  the  Opera,  superset! ingChoron 
as  Director  in  1817.  Under  his  management 
the  Opera  prospered  ;  and  this  is  his  chief  claim 
to  fame.  He  was  likewise  asst.-cond.  of  Napo- 
leon's court  oreh.,  and  succeeded  Le  Sueur  as 
Intendanl-in-chief  of  ihc  Royal  Orch.  in  18x6, 

Perti,  Jacopo  Antonio,  b.  Hologna,  June 
6,  1661 ;  d.  there  Apr.  10,  1756.  A  celebrated 
dram,  and  sacred  composer,  pupil  of  Padre  Pe- 
tronio  Franceschini.  As  early  as  1680  he 
brought  out  a  solemn  mass,  and  next  year  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Accademia  Filarmonica, 


PESCETTI— PETRINT 


of  which  he  was  five  times  the  picsidcnt.  After 
spending  several  years  as  an  opera-composer  at 
I 'anna,  he  became  intwstio  at  San  1'ictro  in 
I>nlogna(i6go),  and  in  iG<j6  maestro  at  San  Pe- 
tromo.  lie  wiotc  21  operas,  and  4  oratorios; 
publ.  "Cant  ate  monili  e  spiritual"  (rGSS)  and 
11  Messe  e  salmi  concertati "  (1735) ;  in  Novel- 
lo's  "Sacred  Music"  are  2  fine  choruses.  I  Ms 
MSS  were  dispersed  ;  Abbate  Santini  has  made 
u  valuable  collection. 

Pescet'ti,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Venice, 
1704;  d.  Iheie  (piobably)  3766.  A  pupil  of 
l,otti,  he  prod,  several  operas  in  Venice  1725- 
37;  lived  in  London  till  1740,  writing  operas 
ol  which  the  overtures  and  sonic  arias  were  publ. 
by  Walsh  ;  fiom  1762  he  was  second  organist 
at  San  Mmco,  Venice. 

Pesch'ka  -  Leut'ner,  Minna,  celebrated 
stage-soprano  (coloratuia) ;  b.  Vienna,  Oct. 
25,  1830;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Jan.  J2,  1890.  Pupil 
of  I'roch ;  debut  IJrcslau,  1846;  after  singing 
there  :i  year,  she  retired  temporarily,  married 
Dr.  Peschkzi  of  Vienna  in  1861,  then  sang  in 
Dessau.  After  several  appearances  at  the  Vi- 
enna Court  Opera,  and  further  study  under  Fratt 
NochkolU-Kalconi,  she  was  eng.  as  prima  donna 
at  Darmstadt  in  1865,  From  iSOS-yft,  at  the 
height  of  IUT  powers  and  fame,  she  was  cng.  at 
1  <eip&itf  under  I  Hrcclor  House  ;  in  1 872  she  sang 
at  the  I'hilharm.  and  Crystal  Palace,  London, 
and  in  that  autumn  at  the  Peace  Jubilee  at  Bos- 
ton, U.  S. ;  it  is  said  thai  over-exertion  there 
seriously  impaiied  her  voice.  Pollini  cng.  her 
for  the  Hamburg  opera  in  1876;  in  1883  she 
went  to  Cologne. 

Pessard,  Iimile-Louis~Fortun€,  b.  Mont- 
martre,  Seine,  May  28,  1843.  Pupil,  in  the 
Paris  Cons.,  of  lUmn  (harm.),  Laurent  (pf.), 
Henoist  (org.),  and  Ctinifa  (romp.) ;  won  the  ist 
luumony-pme  in  1862,  and  the  Grand  prix  de 
Rome  in  i860  with  the  cantata  /ia/ila  (Opera, 
1867).  From  1878-80,  inspector  of  singing  in 
the  Paris  schools  ;  succeeded  Savant  as  pi  of.  of 
harmony  at  the  Cons,  in  1881.  He  is  director 
of  mus.  instruction  in  the  educational  department 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  Since  180.5,  mus.  critic 
for  **  r£venemenl.fl  ( >flicer«f  \ -egicm  of  Honor 
and  of  Pub.  Instruction. — Works:  La  fiuche 
cdssA'  (Op. -Com.,  1870);  Lf  Char  (ib,,  1878); 
fofafituttif  AjrrfrtM.v(Th.-Lyr.,  1878) ;  Ta&aiin 
(Opera,  1885) ;  Tartar! n  sur  tcs  .'///VJ  (Gatte, 
1888);  Don  Qitif/iotte  (Memus-Plaisirs,  1889); 
Les  Folks  aiutHtrtfmes  (Op. -Com.,  1891);  lhm 
nit  it  de  Nott  (Anibigu,  1803);  jlffo.  Canitin 
(Bouffes,  1893);  U  Mitft  (1894);  I<a  l)twi(it<! 
tr^Jlfs  (1898) ;  all  comic  operas  or  operettas. 
Also  masses,  orch.l  suites,  a  pf.-trio,  pf. -pieces, 
songs. 

Peters,  Carl  Friedrich,  Lcipxig  music- 
publishing  firm,  founded  in  1814,  C.  F,  Peters 
then  purchasing  Kdhnel  &  Hoffmeister'w  "  Hu- 
reau  (fe  Musicme  "  (establ,  1800).  Gained  celeb- 
rity by  the  critical  complete  ed.  of  J.  S.  Bach's 


works  ;  bince  iSGS,  by  the  issue  of  classical  woiks 
in  the  cheap  and  icliable  "  Edition  Peters."  Its 
large  and  important  musical  library  \vas  opened 
to  the  public  in  1893  as  the  "  Kibliothek  T'ctcrs." 
Dr.  Max  Abraham  is  at  present  (1899)  sole 
proprietor  (since  1863). 

Petersi'lea,  Carlyle,  b.  lioston,  Mass  ,  Jan. 
18,  1844.  Distinguished  pianist  and  teacher; 
pupil  of  his  father,  and  (1862-5)  of  Moscheles, 
Reinecke,  Richtcr,  Ilauptmann,  etc.,  at  Lcip/ig 
Cons.,  winning  the  Ilelbig  prixe  for  pf.  -play  ing. 
After  a  successful  tour  in  Germany,  he  returned 
to  Boston;  establ.  "The  Petersilea  Acad.  of 
Music"  in  1871,  closing  it  in  1886  to  become  a 
teacher  in  the  New  Kngl.  Cons.  lie  spent  the 
Sprinj*  of  1884  with  Lisjst  at  Weimar,  and  gave 
a  concert  at  the  Berlin  Singafaitfeitrie.  —  lias 
publ.  technical  studies,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Petit,  Adrien.    See  COCLICUS. 

Petre'jus,  Johannes,  a  native  of  Langen- 
dorf,  Franconia,  and  music-printer  at  Nurem- 
berg, where  he  died  Mar.  18,  1550.  Uejjan  as  a 
book-printer  in  1526  ;  commenced  music-printing 
in  1536. 

Petrel'la,  Enrico,  b.  Palermo,  Dec.  10,  1813  ; 
d.  Genoa,  Apr.  7,  1877.  An  opera-composer; 
\iolin-pupil  of  Saverio  del  (liudice  ;  then  at  the 
Naples  Cons.  (Colle^io  di  S.  Sebastiano)  from 
1825-30  of  Costa,  lielhni,  Fumo,  Kuggi,  and 
Xingarelli.  His  iirst  theatrical  attempt  was  the 
2-act  opera  bufla  II  Diawh  color  di  n>sa  (Naples, 
1839).  Being  successful,  it  was  followed  up  to 
1874  by  over  20  more  operas,  both  comic  and 
serious  ;  LfAfiuierfdi  FreibttrgA  (Naples,  1  839) 
was  his  finest  buffo  work  ;  K/nava^  o  FAsscttw  tti 


the  best  in  the  serious  $eHre.  Marco 
rise  0/1  ti  (Naples,  1854)  immediately  obtained 
immense  popularity  in  Italy,  and  Ln  Contfssa 
iFAinalJi  (Turin,  1  864)  also  had  noteworthy  suc- 
cess. l)uring  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  vied  with 
Verdi  in  Italian  favor  :  but  he  belonged  to  the 
"old"  school,  and  his  operas  have  disappeared 
before  the  influence  of  (  icrinnnism.  Despite  his 
many  successes,  he  died  in  extreme  poverty. 

Pe'tri,  Johann  Samuel,  b.  Sonui,  Sept.  i, 
1738;  d.  as  cantor  at  llautaen,  Apr.  32,  1808. 
Publ.  "Anlcitung  zur  pniktischen  Musik" 
(1767;  and  ed.  1782),  and  "Anweisung  stum 
regelmissigen  und  g'cschmackvollen  Orgelspiel  " 
(1802). 

Pe'tri,  Henri,  b.  Xeyst,  n.  Utrecht,  Apr.  5, 
1856.  Fine  violinist,  pupil  of  David  at  Leipzig. 
Leader  of  the  Oewandhaus  Orch,  1882-9  (with 
lirodsky),  then  succeeding  Lauterboch  as  leader 
of  the  Dresden  court  orch.  lias  publ.  studies 
and  pieces  f,  violin, 

Petri'ni,  Franz,  harpist;  b.  Berlin,  1744; 
d.  Paris,  1819.  Court  musician  at  Schwerin, 
1765  ;  haq>-teacher  in  Taris,  1770.  —  Publ,  4 
concertos,  8  sonatas,  variations,  duels,  etc.,  f. 
harp  ;  also  a  harp-method,  and  a  manual  of  har- 
mony. 


447 


PETRUCCI— PFEIFFER 


Petmc'ci,  Ottaviano  (de),  the  inventor  of 
music-printing  with  movable  types  ;  b.  Fossom- 
brone,  June  18,  1466  ;  d.  May  7,  1539  In  1498 
he  received  from  the  Council  of  the  Republic  of 
Venice  the  privilege  of  printing  music  by  his 
new  method  for  20  years,  and  worked  there  in- 
dustriously 1501-11,  then  ceding  the  business  to 
A.  Scotti  and  N.  da  Rafael,  and  removing  to 
Fossombrone,  with  a  1 5-year  privilege  for  print- 
ing within  the  Papal  States.  His  editions, 
printed  with  great  neatness,  are  rare  and  highly 
prized  specimens  of  early  press-work.  ^  In  Fos- 
sombrone  he  worked  from  1513-23.  His  inven- 
tion appeared  at  the  most  flourishing  epoch  of 
the  Netherland  School,  and  his  first  work, 
"Harmonica;  musices  Odhecaton.  A"  (1501)* 
contains  94  chansons  a  3,  222*7  4,  and  15  motets, 
by  famous  composers  before  1 501.  Further  pub- 
lications •  1502,  "Canti.  B"  (dated  Feb.  15, 
1501  ;  but  as  the  Venetian  New  Year's  Day  was 
Easter  Sunday,  the  date  ace.  to  modern  style  is 
1502;  and  ed.  Aug.  4,  1503);  "  Misse  Jos- 
quin" (also  a  2nd  ed.) ;  "  Missamm  Josquin, 
Lib.  I";— 1503,  "Canti.  C",  "  Mottctti .  B  ", 
"Missarum  Josquin,  Lib.  11-111";  "Misse 
Brumel";  "Misse  Ghiselin";  "Misse  Pierre 
de  la  Rue  "  ;  "  Misse  Obrecht "  5—1504,  "  Misse 
Alexandri  Agricolae  " ;  ' '  Mottetti .  C  " ;  "  Frot- 
tole,  Lib.  I-I V  "  (Book  IV  as  "  Strambotti,  Ode, 
Frottole,  Sonetti  et  modo  de  cantar  versi  Latini 
ecapituli")  1—1505,  "Froltole,"  Lib  V-VI  ; 
"  Missede  Orto  " ;  "  Mottetti/'  Lib.  IV;— 1506, 
"  Lamentationum  Jeremie  prophetae,"  Lib.  I- 
II ;  "  Misse  lienrici  Izac"  ;— 1507,  "Frottole," 
Lib.  VII-VIII ;  "  Missarum  diversorum  aucto- 
rum,"  Lib.  I ;— 1508,  "Frottole,  Lib.  IX"; 
"  Intabolatura  de  lauto,"  Lib.  I-IV  (contains 
"Padoane,  Calate,  Frottole,"  etc.);  "Misse 
diversorum  auctorum  "  ; — 1509,  "  Tenon  e  con- 
trabassi  intabolati  col  soprano  in  canto  figu- 
rato  .  .  .  FrancisciBossoniensisopus";— -printed 
at  Fossombrone  :  1513,  a  vol.  of  Masses  ; — 1514, 
"Mottetti  della  Corona"; — 1515,  "Missarum 
Joannis  Mouton,  Lib.  I "  ;  "  Slisse  Antonii  de 
Fevin  "  ; — 1516,  "  Missarum  X  a  clanssimi  mu- 
sicis,  .  .  .  Libri  II";  1519,  "Mottetti  della 
Corona,"  Lib.  II-IV.— Of  the  "  Missarum  Jos- 
quin," Book  II  was  reprinted  in  1515,  and 
Books  I  and  III  in  1516;  there  is  an  undated 
reprint  of  Book  I  of  "  Motetti  della  Corona"  ; 
and  2  books  of  Laudi  were  publ.  without  date. 
P.'s  last  publications  were  3  books  of  masses 
(1520-3)  printed  in  folio  as  chorus-books. — An- 
ton Schmid's  monograph  on  P.  (1845)  is  valu- 
able, but  not  up  to  date. 

Pe'tms  de  Cm'ce  [Pierre  de  la  Croix],  of 
Amiens,  was  a  13th-century  writer  on  mensural 
music  ;  treatise  printed  in  Coussexnaker's  "  Scrip- 
tores." 

Pe'trus  Platen'sis.    See  LA  RUE, 

Petsch'ke,  Dr.  Hermann  Theobald,  b. 
Bautzen,  Mar.  21,  1806  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  28, 
1888.  On  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Gewand- 


haus  Concerts.     Comp    excellent  choruses  for 
men's  -voices. 

Petch'nikoff,  Alexander,  b.  Moscow  (?), 
about  1873.  Violinist ;  pupil  of  Moscow  Cons., 
his  precocious  talent  gained  influential  protec- 
tion. Very  successful  (lerman  tour  1895-6 
His  Stradivarius  formerly  belonged  to  Ferdinand 
Laub. 

Pet'zold,  Christian,  b.  Konigstein,  1677  ;  tl. 
Dresden,  July  2,  1733,  as  court  org.  and  cham- 
ber-comp. — Harpsichord-concertos  and  cham- 
ber-music in  MS.  at  Dresden. 

Pet'zold  (or  Petzhold),  Wilhelm  Lebe- 
recht,  b.  Lichtenhain,  Saxony,  July  2,  1784; 
d.  (?).  Piano-maker,  with  J.  Vf  eider  in  Paris, 
1806-14,  later  independent.  His  squares  were 
favored  before  Pape's  time,  as  his  strings  were 
longer  and  thicker,  and  his  instr.s  more  solidly 
built,  than  the  generality. 

Pet'zold,  Eugen  Karl,  b.  Ronneburg,  AI- 
tenburg,  Nov.  7, 1813  ;  d.  Zofmgen,  Swiu  ,  Jan. 
22,  1889,  as  mus.  dir.  and  organist  (since  1844). 
Active  promoter  of  mus.  art  in  Zofmgen,  estab- 
lishing subscription  and  sacred  concerts,  anil 
composing  music  to  Goethe's  Faust,  Schiller's 
WUkelm  Tell,  etc. 

Pevemage,  Andre)  [Andreas],  b.  Courlruy, 
Belgium,  1543  ;  d.  Anlweip,  July  30,  150,1,  as 
choirmaster  at  Notre-Damc. — "Publ.  chansons  a 
5  and  a  6-8,  motets  a  6-8,  masses  a  5-7,  and 
"Laudes  vesperlinae  Mariae  ..."  (1604  ;  a  4-6). 
Other  music  in  collections. 

Pe'zel  [Pezelius],  Johann,  town-musician 
at  Bautzen  and  Leipzig;  an  industrious  17th- 
century  instrumental  composer.  Among-  some 
13  publ.  sets  of  pieces,  the  following  exhibit  his 
instr.l  combinations.  **  IJicinia  variorum  inslru- 
menlorum,  ut  a  Violinis,  Cornellis,  Klaulis, 
Clarinis  et  Fagoltis  cum  append  ice  a  2  Bonibar- 
dinis  vulgo  Schalmey  "  (1674) ;  "  Deliciae  musi- 
cales  odcr  Lustmusik,  bcstchcml  in  Sonclten, 
Allemanden,  Balletlen,  (Javotten,  C'ouniuten, 
Sarabanden  und  (lignen  von  5  Stimmen,  nLs  ft 
Violinen,  2  Violen  nebst  dcm  IJ  C"  (r67«) ; 
"  Intraten  a  4,  nehmlich  mit  cinem  Cornell  iiml 
drei  Tromboncn  "  (1683) ;  "  Opus  musieum  sono- 
tarum  praestantissimarum  6  instrumentis  in- 
structum,  ut  2  Violinis,  3  Violis  et  Fagotto  ad- 
juncto  B  C  "  (1686).  lie  printed  essays :  Obscr- 
vationes  musicae '*  (1678-83),  "Tnfelix  musicus" 
(1678),  and  **  Musica  politico-pnicticji "  (1678). 

PfeiTfer,  Karl,  b.  1833  (?) ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb. 
17,  1897.  For  30  years  chorus-director  at  the 
Vienna  Imp.  Opera.  Wrote  2  operas,  J)as 
Nordlicht  and  Harold  (both  unsuce.  prod,  at 
the  Vienna  Opera) ;  r  mass,  several  part-songs, 
and  songs* 

Pfeiffer,  Jean-Georges,  b.  Versailles,  Dec- 
12,  1835.  I'ianist  and  comp.,  pupil  of  the  Male- 
den  and  Damcke.  Successful  clolmt  at  the  Cons, 
concerts,  1862.  Has  received  the  Prix  Chartfar 
for  chamber-music ;  has  also  prod,  a  symphony  ; 


448 


PFEIL— PIIILIDOR 


a  symphonic  poem,  "Jeanne  d'Arc";  pf.-con- 
ceitos,  a  pi. -quintet,  Inos,  etc.;  the  operetta 
Capilaine  Roihe  (1862),  I -act  opera,  rEnchune 
(1884),  3-act  comic  opera,  Lt  fdgutaire  universal 
(?),  and  an  oratorio,  JJagar. — Mus  critic  for  the 
* '  Voltaire  "  ,  Vice-prcs.  of  the  Soc.  of  Compos- 
ers. Member  of  the  firm  Pleyel,  Wolff  et  Cie., 
pf. -makers  at  Paris. 

Pfeil,  Heinnch,  b.  Leipzig,  Dec.  r8,  1835. 
Editor,  since  1862,  of  the  u  Sangerhalle  "  (organ 
oi  the  German  SangerbuHtt) ;  lias  composed 
numerous  male  choruses. 

Pfifzer,  Hans  Erich,  b.  Moscow,  May  5, 
1869.  Pupil  at  the  I  loch  Cons.,  Knmkfoit, 
1886-90,  of  Kwast  (pf.),  and  Iwan  Knorr 
(comp  ).  Teacher  of  pf.  and  theory  at  Koblenz 
Cons  ,  winter  of  1 80,2-3  ;  asst  -concl.  of  City 
Th.f  Mayence,  winter  of  1894-5,  and  prod  his 
s-act  music-drama  Dcr  annc  Ucinru  h  (Mayence, 
1895  ;  slice  ),  also  incid.  music  to  Ibsen's  Fe\ti- 
ral&n  M/ittt^.  1895-0,  3rd  JCapMn.  at  Mann- 
heim ;  1897-8,  teacher  in  Stern  Cons.,  Merlin. — 
Publ.  woiks  :  Pf  -score  of  Der  arme  Heinrich  ; 
Scherxo  f  orch. ;  pf  ,-tno,  op.  8  ;  sonata  f.  'cello 
and  pf.,  op.  r  ;  over  30  songs.  Other  comp.s 
MS. 

Pflug'haupt,  Robert,  b.  Uerlin,  Aug.  4, 
1833  ;  d.  Aix-U-Ch.'ipelle,  June  12,  1871.  Pian- 
ist ;  pupil  of  Delm  (Berlin),  Ilenselt  (St.  Peters- 
burg), and  Liszt  (Weimar),  where  he  lived  1857- 
62,  then  settling  in  Aix.  I  Us  fortune,  left  to  the 
"  Allgem.  cloiitseher  Musikverein,"  was  employed 
to  found  a  Beethoven  scholarship. — Pf. -works  : 
Op.  i,  orig  Theme  and  Var.s ;  op.  3,  Petite 
valse  ;  op.  f>,  Maxurka  ;  op.  9,  Galop  cle  con- 
ceit ;  op.  ir,  Invitation  &  la  Polka;  etc. 

Pflug'haupt,  Sophie  (ntfc  Stschepin),  ex- 
cellent pianist,  pupil  of  Ilenselt  and  Liszt,  was 
b.  Dllnaburg,  Russia,  Mar.  15,  1837;  d.  Aix-la- 
Chapellc,  Nov.  TO,  1867. 

Pfohl,  Ferdinand,  b.  KIbogen,  Jtohemin, 
Oct.  12, 1863,  La\v-stiuU'iit  at  Prague  ;  student 
of  philosophy  and  music  at  Leipzig  (1885) ;  be- 
came a  mus.  critic.  1891,  mus.  editor  of  the 
11  Hamburger  Nachrichton,"  succeeding  Paul 
Mirsch.— Publ.  "  I  lollenbreughcl  als  Kmeher" ; 
11  Bayretither  Fanfriren  "  ;  "guides"  to  7 \iuu- 
Jifiuser  and  Die  Mthtcrtinger  ;  an  orch.l  suite 
(f.  pf.,  4  hands) ;  songs. 

Pfundt,  Ernst  Gotthold  Benjamin,  famous 
tympanist ;  b.  DommUxKch,  n.  Torgau,  June  17, 
1800  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Dee.  7,  1871,  as  drummer  in 
the  Gewandhaus  Orch.  (since  1835).  I  to  invented 
the  "  machine-head,"  and  publ.  a  Method,  for 
the  kettledrum. 

Phalese,  Pierre,  [Petrus  Phalesius,]  b. 
about  1510  at  Louvain,  where  he  cstabl.  a  music- 
publishing  business  in  1545  (?),  which  was  re- 
moved to  Antwerp  in  1579  as  *'  Pierre  Phaleae 
et  Jean  Bcllere."  His  heirs  still  published  in 
1669. 

Phelps,  Ellsworth  C.,  b.  Middletown,  Coun, , 


Aug.  ii,  1827.  Self-taught  in  music,  he  became 
organist  in  New  London  at  the  age  of  19  ; 
taught  successfully  there,  in  Syracuse,  and  New 
York,  and  settled  in  .Brooklyn  in  1857,  where  he 
still  (1899)  resides.  Has  held  various  important 
positions  as  organist,  and  has  taught  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  for  more  than  30  years  — Works 
(MS  )•  2  comic  operas  ,  sacred  operetta  David 
(perf.  twice  m  Brooklyn);  "  Hiawatha"  sym- 
phony (1878) ;  "  Emancipation  "  symph.  (1880); 
2  concert-overtures  (1860,  '97)  ;  "  Klegie,"  cho- 
ral work  infimovem.  (perf.  in  New  York,  PhHa., 
etc.)  ;  4  symphonic  poems  ;  Psalm  145,  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  pieces  f.  military  band  (perf.  by 
(lilmore  and  Sousa);  etc. — in  all  over  200 
comp.s  in  every  style. 

Philidor,  rette  Danican,  famous  family  of 
French  musicians.— (i)  Jean  Danican-Phili- 
dor,  d.  Pans,  Sept.  8,  1679,  as  "  Phiphre  de  la 
(Jrande  E curie  "  (piper  in  the  Kind's  military 
band). — (2)  Andre"  Danican-Philidor(/W//tO, 
b.  Aug.  it,  1730.  In  1659  he  became  cromorne- 
player  in  the  above  band,  later  of  the  King's 
private  band  (oboe,  croniornc,  trompette  maiine, 
and  bassoon).  As  asst. -librarian  of  the  R.  Mus. 
Library  at  Versailles,  he  made  a  line  collection 
of  old  instr.l  pieces  performed  at  court  since  the 
time  of  Kraneois  1.  lie  composed  masques, 
ballets,  etc.,  for  the  court,  and  military  music 
(marches,  etc.). — Publ. works  .  "  Mascaradc  des 
Savoyards  "  (1700)  ,  *'  Muse,  du  roi  de  la  Chine  " 
(r7rx>) ;  "  Suite  tie  danses  pour  les  violons  et 
hautbois  .  ,  ."  (i(>99) ;"  Pieces  a  deux  basses 
de  viole,  basse  de  violon  ct  basson  .  .  ." 
(r7Of>) ;  '*  Marches  et  batteries  de  tambour 

.  .  .  avcc  les  airs  de  lifre  et  de  haulbois." 
— (3)  Anne  Danican-Philidor,  Andre's  eldest 
'son;  b.  Paiis,  Apr.  IT,  1681 ;  d.  Oct.  8,  1728. 
Klutc-playcr ;  composed  pastoral  operns(/'.*//;/0//;* 
iminquturi  1697 ;  Diatif  ct  Kndywuw,  1698  ; 
J)antu\  1701),  and  publ.  music  f.  flutes,  violins, 
and  oboes.  1  le  founded  the  Concerts  spirituals. 
— (4)  Pierre  Danican-Philidor,  flute-player; 
b.  Aujr.  22,  iC8i ;  d.  Sept.  r,  7731.  Publ.  3 
books  of  suites  f.  2  cross-llules  ^717,  '18),  and 
flute-trios.  —  (5)  Francois -Andre*  Danican- 
Philidor,  last  and  greatest  of  the  family,  the 
youngest  son  of  Andre  ;  b.  Dreux,  Sept.  7,  1726  ; 
cl.  London,  Aug.  31,  1795.  Campra  was  his 
teacher  in  music,  but  chess  was  for  a  long  time 
his  master-passion,  and  after  vanquishing  many 
celebrated  Continental  players,  he  wrote  an 
"Analyse  du  jeu  d'echccs,  which  he  publ.  in 
London  in  1749,  when  uc  commenced  a  series  of 
victories  at  the  London  Chess  Club,  later  receiv- 
ing a  pension  from  the  Club.  From  1756  lie 
appeared  in  the  novel  and  unexpected  r61c  of  a 
successful  composer  of  comic  operas,  producing 
at  Paris  the  4-act  opera  Le  dlabU  h  qitaire  (Op.- 
Com.)  and  the  openx-ballet  Le  retour  du  fnn- 
temps ;  these  were  followed  by  several  one-act 
pieces  (Rfaiw  ft  savetier,  1759 ;  riluitre  et  les 
ptaiiltun^  1759  F  t*f  (JHiflrMfuO)  oti  Le 
Jixtf,  1760  ;  /-/  soldat  magicie^  1760 ; 


449 


PHILIPP— PHILPOT 


dinier  et  son  seignetir,  1761)  ;  then  one  of  his 
best,  in  2  acts,  Le  mareckal  (1761),  perf  over 
200  times ;  followed  by  more  one-act  pieces 
(Sancho  Panfa,  1762  ;  Le  bficheron,  ou  Les  trots 
souhaits,  1763).  Le  sorcier,  2  acts  (1764),  and 
Tom  Jones,  3  acts  (1764),  were  only  8  weeks 
apart ;  the  latter  had,  finally,  great  vogue,  and 
contained  a  noteworthy  novelty,  a  quartet  a  cap- 
pella.  In  1767  appeared  his  finest  effort,  the 
grand  opera  Ernelinde^  pnncesse  de  Kontye 
(revised  in  1769  as  Sandonnr,  prince  de  Dane- 
mark).  Le  jardinier  de  Sidon  (1768),  V  A  want 
dtguise*  (1769),  La  nouwlle  tcole  dcs  Jemmes 
(1770),  Le  bon  Jils  (1773),  Z/mire  et  Kft'Rde 
(1773),  Berth*  (Brussels,  1775,  with  Gossec  and 
Botson),  Les  femmes  veng&s  (1775),  Le  pmts 
d'amour  (1779),  Perste  (Grand  Opera,  1780),  La 
belle  esclave  (1787),  and  Le  man  comme  il  Ics 
faitdrait  tons  (1788)  close  the  long  list.  Belt- 
saire^  finished  by  Berton,  was  prod,  in  1796. 
P.  surpassed  his  rivals  Gre'try  and  Mon&igny 
both  in  skilfulness  of  orchestration  and  richness 
and  correctness  of  harmony,  though  their  infe- 
rior in  dramatic  expression  and  melodic  charm. 
He  was  adored  by  the  Parisians;  but  his  love 
for  chess  caused  him  to  forsake  them  at  frequent 
intervals  for  their  neighbors  across  the  Channel. 
— P.  also  wrote  church-music  ;  a  set  of  12  "  Ari- 
ettes  pe*riodiques  "  (in  alternation  with  Trial) 
f.  vocal  solo  w.  violin,  bass,  oboe,  and  horn  ; 
"L'Artde  la  modulation,"  quartets  f.  2  violins, 
oboe,  and  bass ;  etc. — George  Allen  wrote  a 
"Life  of  Philidor"  (Philadelphia,  1863). 

PbiHpp,  Isidor  (-Edmond),  fine  pianist ;  b 
Pesth,  Sept,  2,  1863  [name  and  date  are  cor- 
rect]. He  is  a  natu- 
ralized French  citi- 
zen ;  came  to  Paris 
very  young,  entering 
the  Cons,  at  16  as  a 
pupil  of  Georges 
Mathias,  and  win- 
ning ist  pf. -prize  in 
1883  ;  taught  later  by 
Saint-Saens,  Stephen 
Heller,  and  Ritter  (4 
years).  Has  played 
at  the  concerts  of 
Lamoureux,  the 
Cons.,  and  Le  Cha- 
telet ;  in  all  large 
French  towns ;  also 
in  Brussels,  London,  Geneva,  Barcelona,  etc. 
An  enthusiastic  admirer  of  chamber-music,  P. 
establ.  concerts  in  the  Salle  iJrard,  with  Loeb 
and  Berthelier,  performing  many  of  the  finest 
among  modern  French  chamber-compositions 
for  the  first  time.  Also  reorganized  the  "  So- 
cie'te  des  instr.s  a  vent";  and  was  a  co-founder 
of  the  "Soc.  d' Art,"  of  which  he  is  the  presi- 
dent. Has  publ.  pf. -works  marked  by  breadth 
and  refinement  of  style  ;  his  exercises  and  etudes, 
also  his  editions  of  classic  studies,  are  esteemed. 
For  orch.  P.  has  publ.  a  Suite  fantastique,  a 


Reverie  melancolique,  and  a  Serenade  humoris- 
tique. 

Philippe  de  Caserte.    See  CASERTA. 

Philippe  de  Mons.    See  MONTE. 

Philippe  de  Vitry.    See  VITRV. 

Philipps,  Peters  (or  Petms  Philippus,  Pie- 
tro  Fiuppo,)  English  contrapuntist ,  b.  about 
1560  ;  d.  April,  1625.  Canon  at  Itelhune,  Flan- 
ders ;  organist  of  the  vice-royal  chapel,  Ant- 
werp ;  and,  finally,  canon  at  Soi#nies.  The 
earliest  regular  fugue  on  one  subject,  discovera- 
ble by  Burney,  was  one  by  1*.  in  "Queen  Eliza- 
beth's Virginall-Booke  "—Publ.  "MelodiaOlym- 
pica  di  diversi  eccelmi.  musici"  a  4-8  (1591)  f  3 
books  of  madrigals  (1596  and  1603,  a  6  ;  1598, 
a  8) ;  motets  a  5  (1612)  and  a  8  (1613)  ;  "de- 
mulae  sacrae "  a  2-3  w.  continue  (1613)  ;  Lit- 
anies a  4-6  (1623) ;  "  Paradisus  sacris  cantionibus 
conditus"  (1628). 

Phillipps,  Adelaide,  alto  dramatic  singer ,  b. 
Stratford-on-Avon,  Engl.,  1833  ;  d.  Karlsbad, 
Oct.  3,  1882.  The  family  emigrated  to  Amer- 
ica in  1840,  settling  in  Boston  Taught  by  her 
mother,  Adelaide  appeared  as  a  child-dancer  at 
the  Tremont  Th.,  Jan.  12,  1842,  and  was  eng. 
at  the  Museum  Th.  1843-50,  as  a  dancer  and 
actress.  Jenny  Lind  then  started  a  subscription 
to  enable  her  to  study  singing ;  at  first  under 
Garcia  in  London,  and  then  in  Italy,  Her  do- 
but  was  at  the  Teatro  Carcano,  Milan,  Dec.  17, 
1854,  as  Rosina.  Returning  to  Boston  in  1855, 
she  sang  in  concerts  and  English  opera ;  her 
first  American  appearance  in  Italian  opera  being  , 
at  the  Acad.  of  Music,  New  York,  Mar.  17, 1856, 
as  Azucena.  Her  great  success  won  her  an  en- 
gagement for  five  seasons.  She  next  went  to 
Havana,  and  thence  to  Pans  (1861),  Madrid, 
Barcelona,  Hungary,  and  Holland,  singing  lead- 
ing contralto  parts  in  ail  the  Italian  operas  then 
in  vogue.  Joining  the  "Boston  Ideal  Opera 
Company"  in  1879,  sne  niade  her  last  Boston 
appearance  at  the  Museum  on  Nov.  30,  1880 ; 
and  her  final  stage-appearance  at  Cincinnati  in 
December,  1881.  Miss  Phillipps  also  excelled  in 
oratorio,  and  on  the  concert-stage. 

Philomathes,  Wenzeslaus,  called  "de 
Nova  domo  "  because  b.  at  Neuhaus,  ttohcmia ; 
publ  in  1512  a  treatise  on  plain  song  and  men- 
sural music,  "  Musicorum  libri  quatuor "  (re- 
publ.  1518,  '34,  '43). 

Philp,  Elizabeth,  English  singer  and  vocal 
comp  ;  t>.  Falmouth,  1827 ;  d.  London,  Nov. 
26,  1885.  Pupil  of  Garcia,  Marches!,  and  Ferd. 
Hiller.  Publ.  many  songs;  also  part-songs, 
and  a  pamphlet  "How  to  Sing  an  English 
Ballad. 'r 

Philpot,  Stephen  Rowland,  contemporary 
English  composer;  pupil  of  Macfarren  in  the 
R.  A.  M. — Works;  Operas  Dante  and  Beatrice 
(1889),  Zelica  (1890,  concert-perf.),  and  La  Gi» 
tana,  i  act  (1896) ;  also  pieces  f.  pf.  and  strings, 
songs,  etc. 


450 


PIATTI— PICCINNI 


Piat'ti,  Carlo  Alfredo,  'cello-virtuoso;  b. 
Bergamo,  Jan.  8,  1822.  Son  of  the  violinist 
Antonio  P.  fd.  Feb.  27,  1878]  ;  pupil  at  first  of 
Zanetti,  and  1832-7  of  Merighi  at  Milan  Cons 
Concert-debut  at  Milan,  1834  ;  in  1838  his  con- 
cert-tours began  ;  he  played  (1843)  with  Liszt 
at  Munich,  and  next  year  in  Paris.  Again  in 
Milan,  1846,  and  in  the  same  year  in  London, 
where  from  1  849  he  was  ist  'cello  at  the  Italian 
opera,  and  since  1859  a  leading  figure  in  the 
Monday  and  Saturday  Popular  Concerts  of  cham- 
ber-music. —  Publ.  2  'cello-concertos,  a  concer- 
tino, vocal  music  w.  'cello  obbligato,  fantasias, 
capricci,  and  other  orig.  pieces  for  'cello  solo  ; 
also  edited  6  string-sonatas  by  Itoccherini  and 
JLocatelli,  a  sonata  (op.  2)  by  B.  Marcello,  etc.; 
and  a  Method  f.  'cello 

Piccin'ni  [Piccini,  Picinni],  Nicola,  pro- 
lific and  celebrated  opera-composer  ;  b.  Bari, 
Jan.  16,  1728  ;  d.  Passy,  n.  Paris,  May  7,  1800. 
His  father,  though  a  musician,  gave  him  no  mu- 
sic-lessons, intending  him  for  the  church  ;  but 
the  Bishop  of  IJari,  recognizing  the  boy's  talent, 
overcame  paternal  opposition,  and  at  14  years  of 
age  P.  entered  the  Cons,  di  vSan  Onofrio,  Naples, 
where  he  studied  for  12  years,  becoming  the  fa- 
vorite pupil  of  Leo  and  Dunmte.  His  student- 
compositions  were  a  mass  and  other  church- 
music.  At  this  time  Logroscino's  buffo  operas 
ruled  the  Neapolitan  stage  ;  young  P.  boldly  in- 
vaded the  popular  favorite's  field,  a  few  months 
after  leaving  the  Cons.,  with  the  opera,  Ledannc 
disptttose  (Tcatro  de'Fiprentini,  1754),  which  was 
received  with  acclamation.  There  followed,  in 
1755,  Oelosla  per  gflositi  and  //  cunoso  dtl  suo 
pro/trio  datinti;  the  latter  had  a  run  of  four  years, 
a  thing  then  unheard  of  in  Italy.  His  first 
Roman  venture,  Akssandro  netk  Indie  (1758), 
was  also  successful,  and  Cccchiua  c*VW/tf,  o  IM 
Intona  Jigliuofa  (Rome,  1760)  was  lauded  to  the 
skies  as  the  most  perfect  of  opcre  bufTe  ;  P,  wrote 
it  in  3  weeks,  and  it  extorted  praise  even  from 
Jomnielli.  Logroscino,  who  died  in  1763,  was 
already  outri  vailed  ;  the  freshness  of  P.  's  melody, 
the  increased  dramatic  vigor  of  his  duets,  and 
his  effective  finales  (extended  to  several  scenes 
with  corresponding  changes  in  tempo  and  key) 
made  him  the  idol  of  the  hour.  His  productive- 
ness was  astounding  ;  in  1762  he  brought  out  no 
less  than  six  operas,  and  in  the  course  of  his 
career  wrote  (on  the  authority  of  his  friend  and 
biographer  Ginguene1)  133  dramatic  works.  This 
period  of  triumphant  success,  to  which  //  re  pa- 
store  (1760),  /}QHmpiade  (1761  ;  revised,  1771), 

(1765), 


(1764),  IM  CecMna  tnaritota 
Did&nt  abbandonata  (1767),  Antigone  (1771),  and 
many  others  contributed,  was  rudely  interrupted 
in  1773,  when  the  fickle  Roman  public  turned  to 
the  far  inferior  Anfossi,  and  hissed  one  of  P.'s 
operas  off  the  stage.  I  Ie  fell  seriously  ill  on  his 
return  to  Naples  ;  on  recovering,  he  wrote  J 
I  'iaggiafori  for  Naples,  and  its  enthusiastic  re- 
ception in  some  measure  consoled  him  for  the 
previous  undeserved  failure.  Negotiations  begun 


about  this  time  by  La  Borde,  valet  de  chambt  e 
to  Louis  XV.,  and  author  of  the  "  Essai  sur 
la  musique,"  to  induce  P.  to  visit  Paris,  were 
continued  in  1775  by  the  Marquis  of  Caraccioh 
by  special  desire  of  Mane  Antoinette.  In  con- 
sequence of  flattering  offers,  P  removed  with  his 
family  to  Paris  in  December,  1776.  lie  required 
an  entire  year  to  obtain  sufficient  mastery  of  the 
language  to  write  his  first  French  opera,  Roland 
(Opdra,  Paris,  Jan.  27,  1778),  a  mediocre  work 
which  probably  owed  its  temporary  success  as 
much  to  partisan  intrigue  as  to  its  intrm&ic  value 
For  as  soon  as  the  celebrated  Italian  maestro 
reached  Pans,  the  opponents  of  the  innovator 
Gluck  rallied  around  P  as  the  standard-bearer 
of  Italian  musical  taste  [melody  simply  accom- 
panied, in  contradistinction  to  the  dramatic 
declamation  and  heavier  scoring  of  Gluck's 
operas]  ;  the  controversy  between  the  "  Gluck- 
ists"  and  "  Piccinnists  "  rose  to  a  pitch  of  acri- 
mony and  animosity  inconceivable  to  the  present 
generation,  even  after  the  long  (but  chiefly  "aca- 
demical ")  warfare  against  Wagner.  It  is  pleas- 
ant to  note  that  P.  took  no  part  whatever  in  this 
quarrel,  which  his  frank  and  generous  nature 
abhorred.  When  Gluck  died  (1787)  he  endcav- 
oied,  though  vainly,  to  raise  a  fund  for  annual 
memorial  concerts.  Ilis  own  successes  were 
great.  In  1778  he  was  appointed  director  of  the 
newly  engaged  Italian  opera-troupe,  whose  per- 
formances alternated  with  those  of  the  French 
company  at  the  Opera,  and  was  thus  enabled  to 
produce  his  best  Italian  scores,  meeting  his  rival 
on  less  unequal  terms.  Unfortunately  the  man- 
agement of  the  Opera  commissioned  both  Gluck 
and  P.  to  compose  the  opera  IphigMten  Ttwridt 
at  the  same  ,timc  ;  P.  was  dissatisfied  with  his 
text,  and  lost  tune  by  having  it  rewritten  by 
Ginguenc,  so  that  his  version  appeared  in  1781, 
the  year  after  Gluck  left  Paris,  and  failed  utterly 
in  comparison  with  the  German  composer's  mas- 
terpiece. [His  successful  French  operas  were 
Le  Jat  mJprisi?  (1779),  Atys  (1780),  Didon,  Le 
dor  incur  foeillt^  and  the  Lt  Jaitx  Lord  (these  last 
3  in  1783) ;  half  a  doxen  others  either  failed,  or 
were  never  performed.]  To  add  to  his  discom- 
fiture, a  new  rival,  Sacchini,  now  began  success- 
fully to  dispute  the  field  of  Italian  opera ;  al- 
though P.'s  French  opera  Dhiott  (1783)  renewed 
his  earlier  triumphs.  In  1784  he  was  appointed 
mattrc  de  chant  at  the  new  "Jicolc  roynle  de  mu- 
sique et  declamation  "  ;  2  years  thereafter,  his 
opera  Roland  was  represented  by  his  pupils 
there.  I  Us  Last  operatic  attempts  in  French  were 
unfortunate.  In  t78g,  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Revolution,  ho  lost  his  positions,  and  retired  to 
Naples,  where  the  King  granted  him  a  pension. 
But  because  of  his  daughter's  marriage  with  a 
young  French  radical,  P.  was  suspected  of  re- 
publicanism ;  he  was  kept  a  prisoner  in  his  own 
house  for  four  years,  with  the  added  misfortune 
of  extreme  poverty,  which  he  alleviated  as  best 
he  might  by  the  composition  and  sale  of  church- 
music.  After  the  treaty  of  peace  with  the  French 
republic  (1798),  he  returned  to  France,  was  ffited 


43 1 


PICCINNI— PINELLI 


at  the  Conservatoire,  and  received  a  present  of 
5,000  francs  and  a  small  pension,  which  was  not 
regularly  paid,  however.  He  was  prostrated  for 
some  months  by  paralysis  ;  after  his  recovery,  a 
sixth  Inspectorship  was  created  at  the  Cons,  for 
his  benefit,  but  he  soon  became  ill  again,  and  re- 
tired to  Passy  to  die. 

Piccin'ni,  Luigi,  son  of  Nicola  ;  b.  Naples, 
1766 ;  d.  Passy,  July  31,  1827.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  with  whom  he  lived  in  Pans  and  Naples  , 
1796-1801,  R.  conductor  at  Stockholm.  Wrote 
some  15  French  and  Italian  operas  of  no  special 
merit  for  Pans,  Naples,  etc 

Piccin'ni,  Louis-Alexandre,  grandson  of 
Nicola ;  b.  Paris,  Sept  10,  1779 ;  d.  there  Apr. 
24,  1850.  Pupil  of  Hausmann,  Le  Sueur,  and 
his  grandfather  ;  cond  and  accompanist  at  sev- 
eral minor  Parisian  theatres  ;  chef  de  chant  at 
the  Opera  1816-26.  His  more  than  200  operas, 
melodramas,  ballets,  etc.,  require  only  casual 
mention. 

Piccolo'mini,  Maria,  soprano  stage-singer ; 
b.  Sienna,  1836.  Pupil  of  Mazzarelli  and  Kai- 
mondi,  Florence ;  debut  there  in  1852  as  Lu- 
crezia  Borgia,  with  pronounced  success ;  sang 
in  Italian  cities,  London  (H.  M.'s  Th.),  Paris 
(Th.  Italien,  1856),  and  New  York  (1858).  Mar- 
ried the  Marquis  Gaetani  in  1863,  and  retired 
from  the  stage. 

Pich'el  (or  Pichl),  Wenzel,  b.  Bechin, 
Bohemia,  Sept.  15,  1741  ;  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  23, 
1805.  A  violinist,  pupil  of  Pokorny,  and  of 
Segert  in  composition,  he  was  chamber-com- 
poser to  Archduke  Ferdinand  at  Milan  1775- 
96 ;  then  violinist  at  the  Court  Th.,  Vienna. 
His  compositions  (about  700)  include  88  sym- 
phonies (28  publ.),  13  serenades  (3  publ.),  violin- 
concertos,  clarinet-concertos,  a  concertante  f.  2 
violins  w.  orch.,  12  string-quintets,  12  string- 
quartets,  6  octets  and  7  septets  f.  barytone,  flute, 
and  strings  ;  6  sextets,  6  quintets,  and  3  quartets 
f.  barytone  w.  strings ;  much  other  chamber- 
music  ;  besides  4  masses,  6  motets,  10  psalms, 
2  graduals,  and  I  Miserere  (all  publ.),  and  other 
sacred  music  (MS.)  ;  a  score  of  operas  (i  Ger- 
man, 4  Latin,  8  French,  7  Italian) ;  etc. 

Picinni.    See  PICCINNI. 

Piel,  Peter,  b.  Kessenich,  n.  Bonn,  Aug.  12, 
1835.  Since  l868t  music-teacher  at  the  Seminary 
in  Itoppard-on-Rhine,  with  title  (1887)  of  "  Royal 
Music-Director." — Works  :  Many  masses  a  2-4 
(f.  equal  or  mixed  voices,  with  or  without  organ) ; 
motets ;  8  Magnificats  (in  the  church-modes) ; 
antiphones  to  the  Virgin  a  4-8  (f.  male  choir) ; 
other  church-music  ;  organ-pieces ;  a  u  Har- 
inonielehre  " ;  etc. 

Pierne",  (Henri-Constant-)  Gabriel,  b.  Metz, 
Aug.  16,  1863.  Pupil  of  Marmontel,  C<fsar 
Franck,  and  Massenet,  at  Paris  Cons.,  taking 
ist  piano-prize  (1879),  do.  for  cpt.  and  fugue 
(1881),  do.  f.  organ  (1882),  and  the  Grand  prix 
de  Rome  (1882).  In  1890  he  succeeded  C<Jsar 
Franck  as  organist  at  Ste.-Clothilde.  Has  prod. 


the  5-act  spectacle  ft#utou  f/'w(r8(j3),  the4-sict 
opera  /a4/ (1894),  the  3-act  lyric  drama  I'ciiett'e 
(Lyons,  1897  ;  mod.  succ  ) ;  and  several  other 
sta'ge-pieces  ;  a  hymn  to  the  Russian  \isitors  in 
1893,  "La  Fratcrnellc "  ;  the  lyric  episode  f. 
orch.,  "  Nuit  de  Noel  "  ;  a  pi. -concerto  ;  etc. 

Pierre,  Constant,  b  Passy,  Aug.  24,  1855. 
Pupil  of  Paris  Cons  ;  orch  1  bassoon-player ; 
writer  for  mus.  journals,  and  (since  iSSi)  asst  - 
seer  at  the  Cons  Editor  of  "  Le  Monde  musi- 
cal."— Works  Kssays  on  "  Los  Noels  popu- 
lates "  (1886)  and  "La  Marseillaise"  (1887); 
"La  facture  instrumentale  a  TKxposition  de 
1889"  (1890) ;  and  (MS.)  a  history  ot  the  Opera 
orch.,  for  which  the  "Soc.  des  compositeurs  " 
awarded  him  a  prize  in  iSSg. 

Pierson.    See  LA  RUE. 

Pierson  (rette  Pearson),  Henry  Hugo 
[early  pen-name  "  Edgar  Mansfeldt  "J,  English 
composer;  b.  Oxford,  Apr.  12,  1815  ;  d.  Leip- 
zig, Jan.  28,  1873.  He  studied  medicine  at 
Cambridge,  also  music  under  Alt  wood  and  Corfc, 
and  from  1830  under  Rinck,  Tomaschek,  and 
Reissiger  in  Germany  In  1844  he  succeeded 
Bishop  as  prof,  of  music  at  Edinburgh  Univ., 
but  soon  resigned,  and  settled  in  Germany, 
changing  then  the  spelling  of  his  name  to  retain 
its  pronunciation.  lie  lived  in  Vienna,  Ham- 
burg, and  Leipzig. — Works  •  The  operas  J)er 
glfenswg  (Brunn,  1845),  Leila  (Hamburg,  1848), 
Contarini  (ib.,  1872),  and  Fmite(  Dessau,  1883) ; 
oratorios  fontsa Icm  (Norwich  Mus.  Fcst.,  1852) 
and  Ifeze&iah  (fragmentary  ;  Norwich,  1869) ; 
symphony  "Macbeth,"  op.  54;  4  overtures; 
Funeral  March  for  Hamlet ,-  Roman  dirge  "Salve 
aeternum,"  op.  30 ;  communion-service,  hymn- 
tunes,  Te  Dcums,  etc. ,  part-songs,  songs. 

Pie*ton,  Loyset,  a  French  contrapuntist 
whose  motets,  psalms,  and  chansons,  are  scat- 
tered in  collections  of  his  time  (1531-45). 

Pilger,  Karl.    See  SPASSIRR. 

Pilot'ti,  Giuseppe,  b.  Hologne,  1784;  d. 
there  June  12,  1838.  At  first  he  followed  his 
father's  trade,  that  of  an  organ-builder  ;  Inter 
studied  under  Mattei,  produced  an  opera,  I!  A  jo 
neirtmfairazso  ( Bologna,  about  i  t>  10),  and  adopted 
music  as  his  profession.  Was  maestro  at  a 
church  in  Pistoja,  in  1826  succeeded  Mattel  as 
maestro  of  San  Pelronio,  Itologim,  and  in  1829 
became  prof,  of  counterpoint  at  the  I  acco  Filar- 
monico.— Other  works  •  A  2-act  opera  bufla  Mw 
esssre  geloso  (Florence,  1816) ;  much  church- 
music  (Dies  irae  w.  orch.;  Psalms  a  8;  etc.); 
publ.  "  Breve  insegnamento  teorico  sulla  natura, 
cstensione,  proporzione  armonica  .  .  .  per  tuttl 
gli  stromenti." 

Pinel'li,  Ettore,  b.  Rome,  Oct.  18,  1843. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  Ramaciotti  in  Rome  and  (1864) 
of  Joachim  at  Hanover.  Returned  to  Rome  in 
1866,  and  founded,  with  Sgambati,  a  society  ior 
classical  chamber-music  ;  also  { r874)  the  "  Soci- 
eta  Orchestrale  Komana,"  which  he  still  con- 
ducts, and  which  has  prod.  »SV.  Paul>  Ths  Crea,» 


452 


PINNER— PISTOCCHI 


tioti,  The  Seasons,  and  other  important  works. 
From  a  school  for  violin  and  pf.,  organized  by 
him  at  the  Accad.  of  S.  Cecilia,  grew  the  Liceo 
Musicalc,  m  which  he  has  been  violin-teacher 
since  1877.  He  conducts  the  court  concerts  m 
alternation  with  Sgambati. — Works  A  "  Rap- 
sodia  italiana,"  and  an  oveiture,  f  orch  ;  a 
string-quartet  ,  etc.  Enthusiastic  admirer  of 
German  music  ;  his  orch  has  played,  for  exam- 
ple, all  nine  of  Ueethoven's  symphonies. 

Pin'ner,  Max,  pianist ;  b.  New  York,  Apr. 
14,  1851;  d.  Davos,  Swit/crlancl,  May  10,  1887. 
Pupil  (1865-7)  of  Leipzig  Cons  ;  and  at  Berlin 
(1867-9) of  Tausig  (pf.)  and  Weitzmann  (theory). 
After  long  pianistic  tours,  he  settled  in  New 
York,  1877  ;  he  was  a  player  and  teacher  of 
high  repute. 

Pinsu/ti,  Giro,  celebrated  sing  ing- teacher ;  b 
Sinalunga,  Florence,  May  9,  1829  ;  d.  Florence, 
Mar.  10,  1888.  His  talent  developed  so  rapidly, 
that  at  II  he  was  elected  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Accad.  Filarmonica,  Rome.  Taken  to 
England  soon  after  by  Henry  Drummond,  he 
st.  the  pf.  under  C.  Potter,  and  the  violin  un- 
der lilagrove  ;  returned  to  JJologna,  1845,  and 
studied  at  the  Liceo  Filarm.,  also  privately  with 
Rossini,  soon  becoming  asst. -teacher  of  a  pf.- 
class.  In  1848  he  went  back  lo  England, 
organized  a  mus.  society  at  Newcastle,  and 
speedily  became  famous  as  a  vocal  teacher,  being 
appointed  prof,  of  singing  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in 
1856.  He  divided  his  time  between  London 
and  Italy  ;  brought  out  an  opera,  //  mcrc&nti  di 
I't'/iezta,  at  IJologna  (1873),  another,  Jlfattfa 
C&n'im*!  at  Milan  (1877),  and  a  third,  Marghe- 
rila,  at  Venice  (1882).  In  1871  he  represented 
Italy  at  the  opening  of  the  London  Exhibition, 
for, which  he  comp.  the  hymn  u  O  people  of  this 
favoured  land."  As  a  recipient  of  the  order  of 
the  Italian  Crown,  he  was  styled  "Cavalierc" 
Pinsuti.  The  theatre  at  Sinalunga  was  named 
"Teatro  Ciro  Pinsuti." — Publ.  works:  Opera 
//  wercantctii  lrenti&ia  ;  over  acx)  English  and 
Italian  songs ;  part-songs,  terzcts,  duets,  and 
other  vocal  music. 

Pi'pegrop  (better  known  as  Baryphonus), 
Heinrich,  b.  Wernigerode,  Sept.  17,  1581  ;  d. 
Quedlinburg,  Jan.  3,  1655,  as  town-cantor,  lie 
was  held  in  high  esteem  by  contemporary  authori- 
ties. —  Works  :  "  Isagoge  musicn  "  ( 1609  ? )  ; 
11  Plcjades  musicae"  (1615);  "Ars  cancndi" 
(1630).  A  "  Weihnachtsgesang  "  a  6  was  publ. 
(1897?)  in  the  "  Vicrtcljahrsschrift  fllr  Musik- 
wisscnschaft." 

Pipela're,  Matthaeus,  Belgian  contrapuntist, 
whose  known  printed  works  arc  u  mans  a  4  (in 
Antiquis'  u  M  issue  XV "),  an  Ave  Maria  (in 
Petrucci's  "  Mottetti,"  Lib.  iv,  1505),  and  two 
2-part  numbers  (in  Khaw's  '*  Hicinia,"  1545) ;  in 
MS.  at  Munich  are  a  mass  and  a  Salve  regina, 
both  a  5. 

Pira'ni,  Eugeaio,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b. 
Hologna,  Sept.  8,  1852.  Pupil  of  Golinelli  at  the 


Bologna  Licco  Musicale,  graduating  in  1869  ; 
then  studied  in  Ueilm  \\ith  Th  Kullak  (pf )  «ind 
Kiel  (comp  ) ,  taught  in  Kullak's  Acacl  1870- 
80,  also  touring  Italy  (1873,  '76),  England,  and 
Germany,  France,  and  Russia.  lie  lived  in 
Heidelberg  till  1895,  and  then  settled  in  JJcrlin. 
Correspondent  for  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale"  of 
Milan,  and  other  papers.  In  1888,  chairman  of 
the  German  committee  for  the  Musical  Exhibi- 
tion at  Bologna.  A  member  of  numerous  socie- 
ties.— Works  A  i-act  ballet,  trn  sogno  tfarthta 
(MS.);  symphonic  poem  "  Heidelberg  ";  a  Bal- 
lata  f .  full  orch  ;  ' '  Venetian  Scenes  "  f .  pf .  w. 
orch  ;  pf. -trios  (op.  24,  48) ;  Concert-studies 
(op.  19,  41) ;  many  pieces  for  pf.  solo,  songs, 
duets,  etc. 

Pi'sa,  Agostino,  author  of  the  earliest 
known  treatise  on  the  details  of  conducting, 
44  Buttuta  della  musiea  dichiarata"  (2nd  cd. 
Rome,  1611 ;  ist  ed.  not  extant).  It  also  dis- 
cusses other  mus.  questions. 

Pisa'ri,  Pasquale,  called  byPadie  Martini 
the  "  Palestrina  ot  the  iSth  century";  b.  Rome, 
1725  ;  d.  theie  1778.  Pupil  of  Giovanni  liionh  ; 
in  1752  he  was  taken  into  the  Papal  Chapel,  be- 
ing a  fine  bass  singer.  Most  of  his  conip.s  are 
in  MS.  in  the  archives  of  the  Papal  Chapel  ;  they 
include  a  Dixit  in  16  real  parts,  for  4  choirs,  and 
a  series  of  motets  for  the  entire  year,  written  for 
the  Lisbon  court. 

Pisaro'ni,  Benedetta  Rosaxnonda,  b.  Pia- 
censKi,  Feb.  6,  1793;  d,  theie  Aug.  6,  1872. 
From  her  debut  at  Bergamo  (1811)  until  1813 
her  voice  was  a  high  soprano,  then  changing 
after  a  severe  illnc&s  to  a  magnificent  contralto. 
In  Italy  and  in  Paris  (1829)  she  won  great  ap- 
plause on  the  stage  ;  also  sang  1838-48  at  Cadiz. 
Her  failure  at  London  was  probably  clue  to  her 
unprepossessing  appearance,  her  face  being  dis- 
figured by  the  smallpox. 

Pi'schek,  Johann  Baptist,  stage-baritone ; 
b.  Mschcno,  Bohemia,  Oct.  14.,  1814;  d.  Sig- 
maringen,  Feb.  if>,  1873.  Debut  at  Prague; 
sang  in  Brttnn,  Pressburg,  Vienna,  Frankfort, 
and  lived  for  years  as  court  singer  in  Stuttgart. 

Pisendel,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Karlsburg,  Dec. 
26,  1687;  cl.  Dresden,  Nov.  25,  1755.  Excel- 
lent violinist,  pupil  of  TorelK  at  Ansbach,  and 
later  of  Vivaldi  at  Venice ;  succeeded  Volumler 
in  1728  as  leader  of  the  Electoral  orch.  at  Dres- 
den, lie  travelled  much,  and  assimilated  the 
characteristics  of  the  French  and  Italian  schools. 
A  symphony,  2  Concert!  grossi,  8  violin-con- 
certos, 3  concertos  f.  2  oboes  w.  strings,  and  2 
violin  soli  w,  bass,  are  in  MS.  at  Dresden. 

Pistoc'chi,  Francesco  Antonio,  founder  of 
the  famous  School  of  Singing  at  Italogna;  b. 
Palermo,  1659 ;  d.  Uologna,  after  1717.  Taken 
to  Uologna  very  young,  his  first  work  was  publ. 
there  in  1667 :  *'  Capricct  puerili  saviamente  com- 
posti  e  passcggiati  in  40  modi  sopra  un  Ilasso 
da  un,  balletto,  per  il  clavicembalo  cd  altri  istru- 


453 


PITONI— PIZZI 


menri,"  when  he  was  but  8  years  old !  His 
teacher  in  theory  \vas  G.  A.  I'erti ,  he  studied 
singing  under  Padre  Vabtamigli  and  B.  Monan. 
As  a  lad  he  became  maestro  at  the  church  of  San 
Giovanni  in  Monte ;  later  a  priest  in  the  Ora- 
torian  order ;  from  1697-9  was  Kapellm.  at  the 
court  of  Ansbach  ;  and  returned  to  Bologna, 
via  Vienna  and  Venice,  about  1700.  Here  he 
founded,  soon  after  his  return,  the  first  school 
of  music  in  which  vocal  instruction  was  given 
systematically  in  the  several  classes.  In  this 
school  were  trained  many  eminent  singers  (Ber- 
nacchi,  Bertolino  da  Faenza,  Minelli,  Pio  Fa- 
bri,  etc  ) ;  similar  institutions  soon  sprang  up  in 
other  Italian  cities.  P.  was  twice  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Accad.  Filarmonica,  in  1708  and 
1710  — "Works  :  The  operas  Karaso  (Ansbach, 
1697)  ;  Le  risa  di  Dtmocrito  (Vienna,  1700)  , 
and  two  early  works,  Leandro  (1679)  anc^  ^ 
Girello  (1681) ;— the  oratorios  //  wartirio  di  S. 
Adriano  (Venice,  1699),  Maria  Virgins  addo- 
lorata  (1698),  and  La  fitga  di  S  Teresia  (1717); 
"  Scherzi  musicali "  (French,  Italian,  and  Ger- 
man airs  ;  publ.  at  Amsterdam) ;  "  Duetti  e  ter- 
zetti"  (1707) ;  and  a  MS.  "Lauda  Jerusalem" 
(Psalm  147)  a  5  w.  basso  continue. 

Pito'ni,  Giuseppe  Ottavio,  b.  Rieti,  Italy, 
Mar.  18,  1657;  d.  Rome,  Feb.  I,  1743.  He 
began  mus.  studies  at  5,  under  Pompeo  Natale 
in  Rome  ;  at  8  was  chorister  at  S-  Giovanni  de* 
Fiorentmi,  later  at  the  SS.  Apostoh,  and  study- 
ing counterpoint  under  Foggia.  In  1673,  ttt.  di 
capp.  at  Terra  di  Rotondo ;  in  1674,  at  Assisi , 
in  1676,  at  Rieti ;  finally,  in  1677,  he  became 
maestro  di  tuppdla  of  the  Collegio  di  S.  Marco, 
Rome,  retaining  this  post  until  death,  though 
simultaneously  engaged  at  San  Apollinaie  (1686), 
San  Lorenzo  in  Damaso  (1686;,  San  Giovanni 
in  Laterano  (1708-19),  and  St.  Peter's  (1719), 
also  in  smaller  Roman  churches.  He  was  an 
excellent  teacher,  and  taught  after  the  same 
method  by  which  he  himself  rose  to  eminence 
as  a  composer,  i.e.,  the  writing  out  in  score  of 
Palestrina's  works  to  study  his  style ; — Durante, 
Leo,  and  Feo  -were  his  greatest  pupils.  As  a 
composer  he  cultivated  a  distinctive  feature  of 
the  Roman  school,  the  writing  in  many  parts ; 
his  finest  works  are  a  Dixit  a  16  (for  4  choirs), 
still  sung  yearly  at  St.  Peter's  during  Holy 
Week,  and  3  masses  based  on  popular  airs,  "  Li 
pastori  a  Maremme,"  ll  Li  pastori  a  Montagna," 
and  "  Mosca."  Of  masses  and  psalms  he  comp. 
over  40  a  12  (f.  3  choirs)  and  over  20  a  16  (f.  4 
choirs),  psalms  and  motets  a,  24  and  36  ;  and 
left  an  unfinished  mass  a  48.  He  also  wrote  for 
St.  Peter's  a  set  of  masses,  vespers,  etc,,  for  the 
entire  year,  besides  motets  a  3-8,  hymns,  etc. 
Only  one  book  of  motets  a  %  was  publ.  (Rome, 
1607)  during  his  lifetime,  probably  because  he 
insisted  that  music  written  for  one  church  should 
not  be  perf.  in  any  other.  Proske,  in  his 
'*Musica  divina"  (1855,  etc.)  has  printed  a 
mass,  a  Requiem,  6  motets,  a  psalm,  a  hymn, 
and  a  Christus  factus  est.  In  the  Vatican  Li- 


braryis a  MS.  work  by  P.,  t(  Notice  del  maestri 
di  cappella  &1  di  Roma  che  oltramontani  .  ." 
from  1500-1700;  and  a  fmgmentaiy  "Guida 
armonica"  (108  printed  pages.) . 

Pit'trich,  George  (Washington),  b.  Dres- 
den, Feb.  22,  1870  Studied  1884-00  in  the 
Dresden  Cons,  under  Iloppner,  Roth,  Kirchner, 
Bnumroth,  Draeseke,  and  llagen,  graduating 
with  high  honors.  From  1890,  chorusmaster 
("Correpetitor")  m  Dresden  Court  Opera ;  has 
also  cond.  operas,  ballets,  etc  ,  and  taught 
chorus-singing  in  the  Cons.  From  Sept.  i, 
1898,  Kapdlm*  of  Hamburg  opera  ;  from  Sept. 
i,  1899,  ist  KapMn.  of  the  Cologne  opera. — 
Works:  i-act  opera  Marga  (Dresden,  Feb.  8, 
1894);  complete  mcid.  music  to  fungftan  von. 
Orleans  i  As  you  like  it,  Blonde  Kathrein,  Mm- 
ter  von  Palmyra,  Das  Marchw  vow  Clt'u  k  /  n 
clarinet-concerto ;  a  fantasia  f.  pf.  w.  string- 
orch  ;  orchestral  pieces,  many  songs. 

Piu'tti,  Karl,  b.  Elgersburg,  Thurmgia,  Apr. 
30,  1846.  Studied  in  Leipzig  Cons.,  where  he 
has  taught  since  1875  ;  in  1880,  organist  of  the 
Thomas kirche,  succeeding  Rust.— -Organ-works : 
Op.  i,  6  fugal  fantasias ;  op.  2,  8  preludes ;  op. 
3,  3  interludes  ;  op.  4,  5  choral-preludes  ;  op.  5, 
5  charact.  pieces;  op.  9,  **  Wedding  Sonata"; 
op.  10  and  n,  12  pcs.;  op.  15,  10  improvisations 
on  chorals  ;  op.  16,  ll  Pfingstfcicr."  Also  publ. 
"Regelnund  Erldulerungen  zum  Studium  der 
Musiktheorie." 

Piu'tti,  Max,  b.  Lui.senhall,  n.  Erfurt,  Ger- 
many, Sept,  13,  1852;  d.  Jackson,  Mich.,  Aug. 
9,  1885.  Educated  ut  the  Krfurt  Gymnasium, 
and  (musically)  at  Leipzig-  and  Stuttgart.  Jn 
1874  he  went  to  America,  settling  in  Aurora, 
N.  Y.,  as  instructor  at  Wells  College.  lie  was 
director  of  music  there  for  9  years,  until  failing 
health  obliged  him  to  resign.  A  very  cultured 
and  successful  teacher  and  lecturer*  He  left  an 
unfinished  work  on  the  "  Kolk-songs  of  the  Nu- 
tions." 

Pix'is,  Friedrich  Wiihelm,  violinist;  b. 
Mannheim,  1786 ;  d.  Oct.  20,  1842,  in  Prague, 
where  he  was  J^apeltw.  at  die  City  Th.,  mul 
teacher  at  the  Cons. 

Pis/is,  Johana  Peter,  brother  of  preceding ; 
pianist  and  comp.  f.  pf.;  b.  Mannheim,  1788 ; 
d.  Ikukn-Baden,  Doc.  22,  1874.  A  good  player 
at  9,  and  travelled  with  his  brother  ;  lived  1825- 
33  in  Tans  as  a  fashionable  teudier,  fr<»m  1840 
i»  Baden-lladen. — Works  :  3  operas,  and  a  vau- 
deville ;  much  pf. -music  (concerto,  op,  100 ; 
quartet,  op.  4 ;  trios,  op.  75  and  87  ;  .sonatas  w, 
strings,  and  f.  pf.  solo ;  Kantoisic  mililniror  op. 
121 ;  salo /^pieces). 

Piz'afi,  Emilio,  b.  Verona,  Feb.  2,  1862. 
Pupil  of  Ponchielli  and  JJaxzini  at  Milan  Cons., 
graduating  1884.  Took  istprixe,  Milan,  1885, 
for  i-act  opera  Una;  ist  and  and  pri^e  at 
Florence,  1887-80,  for  2  string- quartets  ;  prisse 
of  5,000  francs,  Iwlogna,  1889,  for  4-act  grand 
opera  Gugliclmo  Jtatclijf  (liologna,  Oct.  31, 


454 


PLAIDY— PLATO 


1889  ;  succ.).  Also  the  i-act  opera  seria  Gain- 
clla  (written  for  Adelma  Patli,  who  created  title- 
role  in  Boston,  1893)  ;  the  comic  opera  Le  testa- 
ment de  bnc-a-brac  (London,  1895)  ;  and  the 
i  -act  opera  Rosalba  (written  for  Patti  in  1896). 
In  1897,  app.  Dir.  of  Music-School  at  IJergamo, 
and  m.  di  capp.  at  church  of  S.  Maria  Maggiorc, 
succeeding  Cagnoni. 

Plai'dy,  Louis,  b.  Ilubertsburg,  Saxony, 
Nov  28,  1810  ;  d.  Gnmma,  Mar  3,  1874. 
Pupil  of  Agthe(pf.) 
and  Haase  (vln  ). 
He  entered  the 
Wundcrlich  Orch. 
at  Leipzig,  1831,  as 
a  violinist;  later 
devoted  himself  to 
the  piano,  carefully 
studying  the  princi- 
ples of  technique,  , 
and  teaching  ;  in 
1843  Mendelssohn 
invited  him  to  join 
the  staff  of  instruc- 
tors at  the  Cons., 
and  he  taught  there  until  1865,  later  giving 
private  lessons  in  Leipzig.  lie  was  eminently 
successful  as  a  pedagogue  ;  and  publ.  the  still 
standard  text-book  "  Technische  Studien  fUrdas 
Pianofortespiel";  also  a  booklet,  "  Per  Clavier- 
lehrer"  (1874  ;  Engl.  by  Ritter  as  "  The  Piano- 
forte Teacher's  Guide,"  and  by  Dwight  as  "  The 
Piano-Teacher  "). 

Planquette,  (Jean-)  Robert,  b.  Paris,  July 
31,  1850.  St.  comp.  ut  Paris  Cons,  under  l)u- 
prato;  debut  as  composer  with  chansons  and 
saynttcs  for  "  cafes-concerts"  ;  first  stage-  work 


the  i-act  operetta  raille  d'avoitie  (1874);  his 
lust  hit  was  with  f.es  tfoches  tf?  Cornmift^  a 
3-act  comic  opera  (Kohes-Dramaticjucs,  1877), 
given  over  400  times  running,  and  popular  both 
in  England  and  Germany.  Some  of  his  latest 
are  *S"w«w/(i887),  Le  Taiisman  (ifya),  Panurge 
(1895),  and  a  spectacular  comic  opera  in  3  acts, 
Manfsette  Qttat  Vtf  its  ((  Jnttc,  1897).  For  London 
he  wrote  The  Old  Guard  '(1887),  and  Paul  Jones 
(1889). 

Plantade,  Charles-Henri,  b.  Ponloise,  Oct. 
19,  1764;  d.  Paris,  Dec.  IS,  1839.  From  8  he 
studied  singing  and  the  'cullo  in  the  royal  school 
for  the  '*  pages  do  musique  "  ;  afterwarcfs  Langle, 
Ilulhnandcl,  and  Petrini  were  his  teachers. 
From  1797,  he  was  singing-teacher  at  the  Cam- 
pan  Inst.  at  Saint-Denis,  where  Hortense  de 
lieauharnais,  the  future  queen  of  Holland,  was 
his  pupil.  From  1802  he  was  prof,  of  singing 
at  the  Cons.  ;  but  resigned  this  position,  Queen 
Hortense  calling  him  to  Holland  as  court  con- 
ductor, and  remained  in  her  service  at  Paris, 
after  the  King's  abdication  in  1810,  until  1815. 
From  1812-15,  P.  was  also  mattrt  de  chant  and 
stage-manager  at  the  Ope'ra  ;  1816-28,  again 


?rof.  of  singing  at  the  Cons.,  also  succeeding 
'ersuis  as  mattre  de  ehaptlk  to  Louis  XVIII. 


Losing  his  positions  in  the  revolutionary  year 
1830,  he  retired  to  Batignolles.  His  most  dis- 
tinguished pupil  was  Mme.  Cinti-Damoreau. 
Besides  halt-a-score  of  operas,  (Palma  and  Le 
mari  de  tir Constance  were  publ  ,)  he  comp. 
masses,  motets,  etc.,  for  the  Chapelle  royale ; 
publ.  20  sets  of  romances,  3  books  of  vocal 
duets  (nocturnes),  and  a  harp-sonata. — His  son, 

Plantade,  Charles-Fran§ois,  b.  Paris,  Apr. 
14,  1787 ,  d.  there  May  26,  1870.  He  comp. 
romances,  and  was  a  co-founder,  in  1828,  of  the 
41  Concerts  du  Conservatoire.'* 

Plants,  Francis,  celebrated  pianist;  b. 
Orthez,  Uasses- Pyrenees,  Mar.  2,  1839.  From 
1849,  pupil  of  Marmontel  at  Paris  Cons.;  won 
ist  pnze  after  7  months'  tuition,  and  was  in- 
stalled by  Alard  and  Franchomme  as  pianist  in 
their  tno  soire'es.  After  a  course  of  harmony 
and  reading  from  a  figured  bass,  in  Basin's  class 
faSss),  he  retired  for  private  study  during  ten 
years,  and  then  reappeared  as  a  pianist  of  finished 
technique  and  style,  lias  made  excellent  tran- 
scriptions of  classic  pieces  (Gluck,  Mozart),  but 
has  publ.  no  original  compositions. 

Platania,  Pietro,  b.  Catania,  Apr.  5,  1828. 
Pupil  of  P.  Raimondi  at  the  Cons  there  ;  1863, 
Dir.  of  Palermo  Cons.;  later  ;;/.  <//  cafp.  at 
Milan,  and  (1888)  Dir.  of  the  R.  College  of 
Music  at  Naples. — Operas  :  Afatihtt  Hentivoglio 
(Palermo,  1852);  JPictarda  Donati  (ib.,  1857); 
La.  vendetta  ifava  (ib.,  1865)  J  4-Jlct  opera  Spar- 
taco  (Milan,  1893) ;  Giuho  Sabino  (not  perf.). 
Also  a  Hymn  to  the  Queen  of  Italy,  a  symphony 
<4L' Italia";  funeral-symphony  in  memory  of 
Pacini ;  festival  symphony  w.  choruses  to  wel- 
come King  Humbert  in  1878;  "  1'onsiero  sin- 
fonico "  ;  a  Requiem ;  etc. ;  and  a  treatise  on 
canon  and  fugue. 

Platel,  Nicolas-Joseph,  famous  'cellist ;  b. 
Versailles,  1777;  d.  Brussels,  Aug.  25,  1835.  A 
pupil  of  Duport  and  Lumarc ;  considered  the 
best  'cellist  in  Paris  from  1801-5,  when  he  went 
on  a  long  lour,  became  ist  'cello  at  the  Antwerp 
opera  in  1813,  and  the  same  about  1819  at  Brus- 
sels, where  ho  was  app.  prof,  at  the  royal  school 
of  music  (reorganized  as  the  Cons,  in  1831). — 
Works:  5  'cello-conoei tos ;  3  'cello-sonatas,  w. 
bass  ;  8  airs  varies  f.  'cello  ;  caprices  or  preludes 
f .  'cello ;  3  string-trios ;  6  duos  f .  violin  and 
Velio  ;  6  romances  w.  pf.-uccomp.  (all  publ.). 

Plato,  the  eminent  (Jrcek  philosopher  (429- 
347,  iu;.),  formulated  in  his  Timaeus  a  system 
of  musical  harmony,  eruditely  interpreted  by 
Th.-IIenri  Martin  in  his  "  Etudes  sur  le  Tirade 
de  Plzxton"  (Paris,  1841).  R.  von  Westphal, 
in  his  **  Harmonik,"  and  von  Jan  in  "  Die  Har- 
monic der  Spharen,"  may  also  be  consulted, 
Plato's  thoughts  on  music  arc  collected  in  an 
essay  by  Dcyk  in  Weber's  "Cftcilia"  (1828). 
P.  likened  the  movements  of  music  to  those  of 
the  soul,  whose  development  may  therefore  be 
influenced  by  musical  art. 


455 


PLAYFORD— POHL 


Playford,  John,  London  music-publisher ;  b 
1623 ;  d.  1693.  He  was  in  business  from  1648-85. 
Publ.  Hilton's  "Catch  that  catch  can "(1652); 
14  Select  Musicall  Ayres  and  Dialogues  "  (1653) ; 
"Musick's  Recreation  on  the  Lyra  Viol!" 
(1652  ;  in  a  collection) ,  "  Breefe  Introduction  to 
the  Skill  of  Musick  for  Song  and  Viall "  (1654  ; 
2nd  enlarged  ed.  1655,  with  an  essay  on  "  The 
Art  of  Descant "  by  Dr.  Thos.  Campion,  which 
was  revised  by  Purcell  in  the  loth  ed.  of  1683  ; 
this  very  popular  work  ran  through  19  numbered 
ed.s  up  to  1730,  besides  6  or  more  unnumbered 
ed.s) ;  u  Psalms  and  Hymns  in  Solemn  Musick 
of  foure  parts  .  .  ."  (1671);  "The  Whole 
Book  of  Psalms,  with  the  usual  Spiritual  Songs  " 
a  3  (2nd  ed.  1695,  2Oth  ed  1757)  I  "  The  Mu- 
sical Companion "  (1673  ;  Book  i,  catches  and 
rounds  a  3  ;  Book  ii,  dialogues,  glees,  ayres  and 
songs  a  2-4)  ;  "Choice  Ayres,  Songs  and  Dia- 
logues to  be  sung  to  the  theorbo  .  .  ."(5  books; 
1676-84);  "Musick's  Delight  on  the  Cithern" 
(1666) ;  etc. — His  son  and  successor,  Henry 
Playford,  b.  May  5,  1657;  d.  about  1710; 
publ.  "The  Theatre  of  Musick"  (4  books; 
1685-7  ;  "  the  newest  and  best  songs  ") ;  "  Ban- 
quet of  Music"  (6  books;  1688-92;  ditto); 
Purceli's  "Orpheus  Britannicus"  (1698-1702) 
and  "Ten  Sonatas"  with  Te  Deum  and  Jubi- 
late for  St.  Cecilia's  Day  (1797) ;  Blow's  "  Ara- 
phion  Anglicus"  (1700)  and  Ode  on  Purcell's 
death;  etc. 

Pleyel,  Ignaz  Joseph,  b.  Ruppertsthal,  n. 
Vienna,  June  it  1757 ;  d.  on  his  estate  near 
Paris,  Nov.  14, 1831. 
His  pianoforte- 
teacher  till  his  I5th 
year  was  \Vanhal ; 
Count  ErdOdy,  his 
patron,  then  placed 
him  under  Haydn's 
care,  with  whom  he 
lived  5  years.  The 
Count  now  app.  him 
his  private  Kapellm. , 
but  granted  leave  of 
absence  for  further 
study  in  Rome,  to- 
gether with  means  of 
maintenance.  P.  re- 
mained in  this  congenial  atmosphere  until  1781, 
then  making  a  brief  visit  to  Vienna,  and  return- 
ing to  Rome,  departing  for  the  second  time,  in 
1781,  to  become  and  Kapellni.  at  the  Strassburg 
Minster.  He  was  advanced  to  1st  Kapellm.  in 
1789  ;  lost  his  position  through  the  mad  attacks 
of  the  Revolution  on  Church  and  State,  and 
went  to  London  in  the  winter  of  1791-2  on  an 
invitation  to  conduct  the  Professional  Concerts, 
arrival  enterprise  (though  P.  did  not  know  it)  to 
his  old  teacher  Haydn's  concerts  under  Salo- 
mon's management.  These  Professional  Con- 
certs  were  successful  in  themselves,  but  did  not 
overwhelm  the  rival  enterprise ;  P.,  after  con- 
ducting them  for  a  few  years,  returned  to  his 


property  near  Strassburg,  but  was  subjected  to 
such  annoyances  from  the  revolutionists  that  he 
sold  his  place  in  1795,  and  went  to  Pans,  Here 
he  began  business  iis>  a  music-seller,  and  in  1797 
founded  a  piano-factory,  the  growing  prosperity 
of  which  gradually  absorbed  his  attention,  and 
caused  him  to  give  up  composition  (The  firm- 
name  is  now  Pleyel,  \Yolft  &  Cie.;  the  100,- 
oooth  instrument  was  sold  in  1889.)  P.  was  an 
extremely  prolific  instrumental  composer;  he 
publ.  29  symphonies ;  a  septet  f  strings  w.  2 
horns ;  a  sextet  f.  2  violins,  2  violas,  'cello,  and 
d.-bass  ;  5  books  of  string -quintets  ;  45  string- 
quartets  ;  6  quartets  f.  flute  and  strings  (12 
more,  called  by  Onslow  the  best,  arc  still  MS.)  ; 
string-trios  ;  2  violin -concertos  ;  7  symphonies 
concertantes  f.  2  violins,  f.  strings,  f.  strings 
and  wind,  f.  wind,  or  pf.  and  violin  ;  4  'cello- 
concertos ;  2  pf. -concertos,  many  sonatas  f.  pi. 
and  violin,  6  grand  sonatas  f.  pf.  solo,  sonatas 
f.  pf.  4  hands,  and  other  pf. -music  ,  etc.,  etc. 

Pleyel,  Camille,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Strass- 
burg, Dec.  18,  1788,  d.  Tans,  May  4,  1855. 
Pupil  of  his  father,  and  an  excellent  piiuust ; 
had  some  success  as  a  composer  (op  I,  3  pf.- 
tnos ;  op.  3,  a  pf.-quiirlet ;  also  pu-ces  f,  pf. 
solo,  f  pf.  and  violin,  etc  ) ;  but  is  chiefly  note- 
worthy as  a  piano-manufacturer,  the  business 
prospering  greutly  under  his  skill ul  supervision. 
Kalkbrennerwas  his  partner  for  a  lime  ;  Auguste 
Wolff,  his  successor.— His  wife,  Marie-Fe"- 
licite-Denise,  a  distinguished  pupil  of  Ilemi 
Here,  Moschelcs,  and  Kalkbrenncr;  b.  Pans, 
Sept.  4,  1811 ;  d.  St.-Jossc-len-Noode,  Mar,  30, 
1875.  In  her  fifteenth  year,  as  Mile.  Moke,  her 
virtuosity  created  a  sensation  in  Uclgium,  Aus- 
tria, Germany,  and  Russia.  From  1848-72  she 
was  prof,  at  the  Ihussels  Cons. 

Pliid'demann,  Martin,  b.  Kolhcrg,  Sept. 
24,  1854;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  8,  1897.  Pupil  of 
Leipzig  Cons. ;  cond.  at  Hi.  Gallon;  then  stud- 
ied singing  under  Hey  at  Munich ;  in  1887, 
cpnd.  of  the  SiHgakatiewie  at  Rnlibcir ;  1889, 
singing-teacher  at  the  Styrian  Music-School, 
Graz. — Very  popular  male  choruses  ;  as  a  comp. 
of  '*  ballades"  he  approaches  Lttwe  ;  silso  publ, 
songs,  and  pamphlets  of  Wugncritin  tendency, 

Plutarch  [Plutarchosl,  h-  Chwroncn,  Uuko- 
tia,  about  50  A.D. ;  d.  there  120  (131  ?).  Greek 
biographer  and  essayist,  among  whose  minor 
treatises  ("  Moralia  ")  one,  "l)e  musica,"  con- 
tains important  historical  data  concerning  music 
(Lat.  transl.  by  R.  Volkniann  ;  German  trnnsl., 
with  parallel  Greek  text,  by  K.  Westphal 
[1865])  ' 

Pohl,  Karl  Ferdinand,  b.  Darmstadt,  Sept. 
6,  1819 ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  28,  1887,  where  he 
had  been  archivist  and  librarian  to  the  u  Gesell- 
schaft  der  Musikfreunde  "  since  1866.  During  3 
years'  residence  in  London  (1863-6)  he  gathered 
all  attainable  facts  concerning  the  residence 


there  of  Mozart  and  Haydn,  embodying  them 
in  his  "  Mozart  und  Haydn  in  London  "  (1867  ; 


456 


POHL— rOLKO 


2  vol.s).  P.  also  began  an  extended  biography 
of  Haydn,  but  publ.  only  one  vol.  (in  2  parts  : 
1875,  '82  ,  to  be  continued  by  E  von  Mandy- 
czewski) ,  *'  Zur  Geschichte  der  C JLisharmomka  " 
(1862);  and  an  interesting  hLstoncal  review, 
41  Die  Gesellschaft  der  Musikfreunde  .  .  .  und 
ihr  Conservatorium  "  (1871). 

Pohl,  Richard,  (pen-name  "  Hoplil,")  b. 
Leipzig,  Sept.  12,  1826,  d.  Dec.  17,  1896,  at 
Baden-Baden,  where  he  had  lived  since  1864. 
Study  at  (Joltmgen  and  Leipzig,  and  long  inter- 
course with  Liszt  at  "Weimar,  showed  their  in- 
fluence in  P.'s  sturdy  advocacy  of  neo-Gcrman 
tendencies,  both  in  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  tur 
Musik,"  ot  which  he  was  joint-editor  for  some 
years,  and  in  his  writings  :  **  Akustische  Briefe 
iur  Musiker  und  Musiklreunde  "  (1853) ;  "  Bay- 
tcuther  Krinnerungen "  (1877);  "  Autobiogra- 
phisches  "  (1881) ;  "  Richard  Wagner  "  (1883  ;  in 
Waldersee's  "Vorlnige")  ;  "Richard  Wagnei, 
Studien  und  Kritiken  "  (1883) ;  "  Franz  Liszt" 
(1883);  "Hector  Uerlioz,  Sliulion  und  Eiin- 
nerungen"  (1884);  "Die  Ilohenzuge  der  mu- 
sikalisehen  Entwickelungen  "  (1888).  Also 
publ.  "Ciedichte"  (1859;  2nd  ed.  1883);  a 
comedy,  "  JMusikalischc  Leiden  "  (1856) ;  a  Ger- 
man tninsl.  of  Berlioz's  Collected  Writings; 
wrote  connecting  text  for  Schumann's  Manjred 
and  Liszt's  /'/w//< •///<•// j  /  and  com  p.  the  melo- 
drama Die  M'alljahrt  nat/i  AVw/iw/%  an 
"Abendlied"  f.  siring-orch.,  a  "  Wicgenlied " 
f.  violin  w.  pf.,  ballads,  songs,  male  choruses,  etc. 

Poh'lenz,  Christian  August,  b.  Saalgasl, 
Niedcrlttusitss,  July  3,  3799;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar. 
ip,  1843.  Organist  of  the  Thomaskirche,  Leip- 
zig, and  cond.  of  the  (Jewandhaus  Concerts 
1827-35,  when  he  was  replaced  by  Mendels- 
sohn.— Choruses  f.  male  voices  are  in  the  "Oi- 
pheus"  coll.;  his  songs  wore  popular  ("Der 
kleine  Tambour  Veil,"  "Auf,  Matrosen,  die 
Anker  gclichlel,"  etc.). 

Poise,  Jean  -  Alexandra  <-  Ferdinand,  b. 
Nimes,  June  3,  1828 ;  d.  Paris,  May  13,  1892. 
Pupil  (1850-3)  of  A.  Adam  and  Zimmerman  at 
the  Paris  Cons.,  taking  2nd  (Irand  prix  de  Rome 
in  1852.  His  first  opera,  Jttnwir  (Th.-Lyr., 
1853),  had  a  run  of  loo  nights,  and  was  fol- 
lowed by  13  other  comic  operas  and  operettas ; 
J<e  wtdecin  malgn*  hti  (1887)  was  the  last ;  Car- 
moisine  is  not  yet  performed. 

Poisot,  Charles-^ mile,  b.  Dijon,  France, 
July  8,  1822.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Senart,  JL 
Adam,  Stamaty  ancl  Thalberg ;  of  I  ,ebornc  in 
opt.;  and  of  Hale'vy  (at  the  Cons.,  1844-8)111 
comp.  Co-founder  of  the  *'Soc.  des  Composi- 
teurs."  Founder  and  Director  of  Dijon  Cons., 
also  conducting  the  Soc.  for  Sacred  and  Classi- 
cal Music  from  1872.  lie  comp.  3  operas  and 
several  "parlor"  operas;  the  cantata  Jfatme 
f/'/Z/r,  church-  and  chamber-music,  etc,;  and 
wrote  historical  essays  for  mus.  journals. 

Poiszl,  Johann  Nepoxnuk,  Freiherr  von, 
b.  Ilxuikcnxell,  Bavaria,  Feb.  15,  1783;  d.  Mu- 


nich, Aug.  17,  rSGs,  as  royal  Intcndant  of  Mu- 
sic, and  chamberlain.  A  pupil  of  Dun/i,  he 
prod  14  serious  and  comic  operas  at  Munich 
1806-43  ;  an  oratorio,  Der  E)  mite  lag  ;  Psalm 
95,  f.  soli  and  chorus;  a  Stabat  Mater,  2  Mi- 
sereres, etc. 

Pol'chau,  Georg,  b.  Cremon,  Livonia,  July 
5,  1773  ;  d.  Berlin,  Aug.  12,  1836.  From  1833, 
librarian  of  the  SiHgtikattemie  at  Ilerlin.  Ilis 
fine  mus.  library,  including  autographs  by  C. 
Ph  E.  Bach  and  operas  by  Keiser,  was  divided 
between  the  SingaAatkt/m'saul  the  Royal  Library. 


Pole,  William,  b  Birmingham,  En^l.,  Apr. 
22,  1814.  Prof,  of  Civil  Engineering  at  Uni- 
versity College,  London  ;  also  a  student  of  mu- 
sic (Mus.  Doc.,  Oxon  ,  1864),  and  Examiner  in 
Music  for  London  Univ.,  1876-90.  .Besides  re- 
ports and  scattered  essays,  his  works  "  Philoso- 
phy ot  Music  "  (1879  ;  republ.  1895)  and  4l  The 
Story  of  Mozart's  Requiem"  (1869,  in  "Mus. 
Times";  republ  in  pamphlet-form,  1879)  are 
valuable.  Comp.s  •  I'salm  roo  in  cantata-form 
(1861)  ;  organ-music,  arrangements,  etc. 

Polido'ro,  Federico,  b.  Naples,  Oct.  20, 
1845.  Pupil  for  pf.  and  singing  of  his  father, 
Giuseppe  P.  [vocal  teacher  in  the  Cons,  at 
Naples,  whvie  he  died  Mar.  2r,  1873]  ;  later, 
in  comp  ,  of  Lillo,  Conti,  and  d'Arienzo.  Well- 
known  musical  lecturer;  active  contributor  to 
the  Milan  "  Gazzetta  Musicale"  (pen-name 
l*Acuti")  and  the  "(liornalc  napoletano  di 
filosofia  e  lettere."  Among  his  valuable  studies 
are  sketches  of  Ueethoven,  Mozart,  Mendels- 
sohn, Wagner  ("  musician,  philosopher,  poet"), 
("imarosa,  Rossini,  Verdi,  Gounod,  Jlerold 
("  Lc  pui  aux  clercs"),  etc.,  the  majority  publ. 
in  the  "Arehivio  Musicale";  a  course  of  lec- 
tures on  mus.  swindles  ;  studies  in  mus.  history, 
11  Deipretesi  portenti  della  musica  antica";  "  II 
Pianoforte,  ilsuastoria  .  .  ."  ;  etc. 

Pol'ko  (nfr  Vogel),  Elise,  b.  Wackerbarths- 
ruhe,  n.  Drcs.den,  Jan.  31,  1826;  d.  Munich, 
May  15,  1899.  Gifted  with  a  fine  mexzo-so- 
prano  voice,  she  studied  under  (larcia  at  I*aris 
for  the  stage  ;  but  after  a  few  appearances  at 
Frankfort,  she  married  the  railway  engineer 
Eduard  Polko,  and  thenceforward  sang  only 
occasionally  on  the  concert-stage.  She  lived  at 
Minden,  WeUlar,  and  Wiesbaden  until  her  hus- 
band's death  (1887);  since  then  in  Hanover, 
Frankfort,  ancl  latterly  in  Munich.  Her  musi- 
cal proclivities  are  strongly  displayed  in  many 
novels  and  romances  of  sentimental  tendency 
("Kin  Kraucnleben,"  u  Unsere  Pilgerfahrt/' 
etc.)  ;  in  mus.  circles  she  became  widely  known 
by  the  "  M  usikalischc  Marchen  "  (publ.  in  the 
"Signale";  later  in  book-form,  3  vol.s,  1852, 
and  other  ed.s  ;  also  in  English)  ;  then  followed 
"Kuuslina  llasse"  (a  novel  in  2  vol.s,  i860, 
2nd  ed.  1870);  "Die  UcUleroper  "  (3  vol.s, 
1864)  ;  "Alte  Herren"  (1866;  Bach's  6  prede- 
cessors at  the  Thoitiaskirche,  I^cipzig)  ;  "Ver- 
klungene  Accorde  "  (1868  ;  3rd  ed.  1873)  ; 


457 


POLLAROLO— PONCHIELLI 


11  Erinnerungen  an  F.  Mendelssohn-Bartholdy  " 
(1868) ;  "  NiccoI6  Paganim  und  die  Geigen- 
bauer"  (1876;  also  Ital.  transl) ;  "Vom  Ge- 
sang  "  (1876) ;  "  Aus  der  Kunstlenvelt "  (1878) , 
"Die  Classiker  der  Musik"  (iSSo;  Handel, 
Bach,  Gluck,  Haydn,  Mozart,  Beethoven) ;  etc. 
Pollaro'Io,  Carlo  Francesco,  b  Urescia, 
1653  ;  d-  Venice,  1722.  Pupil  of  Legrenzi  ; 
1665,  singer  at  San  Marco,  Venice ;  1690,  or- 
ganist of  the  2nd  organ,  and  from  1692  vice- 
maestro  At  Venice  alone  he  prod.  64  operas 
from  1686-1721 ;  at  least  3  others  are  known. 
They  were  very  popular  in  their  day  — His  son, 

Pollaro'lo,  Antonio,  b.  Venice,  1680 ;  d. 
there  1750 ;  succeeded  his  father  in  1733,  and 
was  Lotti's  successor  (1740)  as  1st  maestro  at 
San  Marco.  Comp.  S  operas  for  Venice,  also 
church-music. 

Polle'dro,  Giovanni  Battista,  noteworthy 
violinist ;  b.  Piova,  n.  Turin,  June  10,  1781  ; 
d.  there  Aug.  15,  1853.  A  pupil  of  Piignani, 
he  joined  the  court  orch.  at  Turin,  gave  his 
first  concert  in  1797,  travelled  1799-1801,  lived 
in  Milan  and  Moscow,  toured  Germany  and 
France,  was  Kapcllm.  at  Dresden  1814-24,  and 
maestro  Qi  the  court  orch.  at  Tunn  1824-44. — 
Publ.  Sinfonia  pastorale  f .  full  orch. ;  a  mass  ; 
a  Miserere  a  4  w.  orch.;  5  violin-concertos;  i 
bassoon-concerto ;  duets  and  trios  for  strings  ; 
pieces  f.  violin  w.  orch. ;  studies  f.  violin  ;  etc. 

Polli'ni,  Francesco  (Giuseppe),  pianist ;  b. 
Laibach,  Carniola,  1763  ;  d.  Milan,  Sept  17, 
1846  Pupil  of  Mozart  (who  dedicated  a  violin- 
rondo  to  him)  at  Vienna,  later  of  Zingarelh  at 
Milan,  where  he  was  app.  prof,  of  pf.  shortly 
after  the  opening  of  the  Cons.  (1809).  The 
first  (?)  to  write  pf. -music  on  3  staves,  imitated 
therein  by  Liszt,  Thalberg,  and  others  ;  a  speci- 
men of  this  style  being  one  of  his  "32  Ezercizi 
in  forma  di  toccata"  (op.  42),  a  central  melody 
surrounded  by  passage-work  for  both  hands. — 
Publ.  (f.  pf.)  Toccatas,  op.  31,  50,  67  ;  Tocca- 
tina  in  G ;  3  Sonatas,  op.  26  ;  Caprices,  op.  28, 
29 ;  Rondo,  op.  43  ;  6  books  of  Variations ; 
Divertimento  pastorale,  op.  34  ;  a  Method  f.  pf. 
(2  editions) ;  a  Stabat  Mater  in  Ital.  f.  sopr.  and 
alto,  w.  2  violins,  2  'celli,  and  organ  ,  etc. 

Polirni,  Bernhard,  (real  family-name  Pohl,) 
famous  impresario  ;  b.  Cologne,  Dec.  16, 1838  ; 
d.  Hamburg,  ^ Nov.  27,  1897.  A  tenor  singer, 
he  made  his  debut  at  Cologne,  1858,  as  Arturo  in 
Bellini's  /  Puritani  /  later  sang  baritone  r61es  in 
an  Italian  opera-troupe,  of  which  he  subsequently 
became  manager  and  artistic  director.  He  thea 
undertook  the  management  of  the  Lemberg  Th., 
later  of  the  Italian  opera  at  St.  Petersburg  and 
Moscow.  His  fame  dates  from  his  assumption, 
in  1874,  of  the  directorship  of  the  Hamburg 
City  Th. ;  in  1876  he  also  became  manager  of 
the  Altona  Th.,  and  in  1894  (?)  of  the  Thalia 
Th.  in  Hamburg.  All  these  enterprises  were 
in  a  highly  prosperous  condition  at  his  death.— 
In  1897  he  married  the  singer  Bianca  Bianchi 


(his  second  wife).  He  had  received  the  title  of 
"  Hofrath  "  in  recognition  of  his  services.  \  I  is 
successor  are  Franz  JJittong  and  Max  Uachur. 

Polli'ni,  Cesare,  Cavalieie  de1,  b.  Padua, 
July  13,  1858.  After  legal  studies  at  the  Univ. 
there,  he  took  a  2-}  ear  course  in  music  with 
Bazzini  in  Milan  (1881-3)  ,  was  from  1883-5 
Director  of  the  chief  Cons  at  Padua  ;  resigned 
to  devote  himself  to  \\ritmg  and  composition. 
Has  publ.  a  t4  Terminologiu  musicale  tedesco- 
itahana";  a  "Teoria  genemle  della  musica"  ; 
1 '  La  musica  italiana  nclle  sue  principale  fasi 
storiche  "  ,  also,  in  the  journal  *'  11  Teatro  illu- 
strato"  of  Milan,  translations  and  analyses  of 
works  by  Ambros,  Hirschfeld,  Langhans,  and 
Riemann  (he  is  an  advocate  of  the  theories  of  the 
last-named). 

Pol'litzer,  Adolf,  b.  Pesth,  1832.  Pupil,  at 
Vienna,  of  I3ohm  (vln )  and  Preyer  (comp  ) ; 
then,  after  a  European  tour,  of  A  lard  nt  Paris. 
In  1851,  leader  of  oich.  at  II.  M.'s  Th.,  Lon- 
don ;  later,  to  the  New  Philharm.  Society.  Prof, 
of  violin  at  the  London  Acrid,  of  Mimic,  of  which 
he  has  been  a  director  since  1890,  succeeding  Dr. 
Wylde. 

Ponchard,  Louis- Ant  oine-£le~onore,  b. 
Pans,  Aug.  31,  1787  ;  d  thcic  Juno  6,  1866. 
Tenor  singer,  pupil  of  C Jurat  at  the  Cons.;  de- 
but 1812  at  the  Opera-Comique  in  (Jnhry's  Tab. 
lean  parlant,  singing  thereuntil  1817;  in  1819 
he  became  prof,  ot  singing  at  the  Cons,  lie 
was  the  first  stu&e-singer  accepted  into  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor. — 1 1  is  son  Charles,  b.  Paris,  Nov. 
17,  1824,  d.  Iheie  in  May,  i8cji,  had  a  class  in 
comedy-opera  at  the  Cons. 

PonchieKH,  Amilcare,  a  modern  opera-com- 
poser who  stands  next  to  Verdi  in  Italian  esti- 
mation ;  b.  Puderno 
Fasolaro,  Cremona, 
Aug.  31,  1834;  d. 
Milan,  Jan.  16,1886. 
Studied  1843-54  at 
the  Milan  Cons.;  his 
first  dramatic  work 
(written  with  3  other 
students)  was  the  op- 
eretta 11  Sindaco 
Babbeo(\&$-\).  Leav- 
ing the  Cons.,  he  at 
first  took  the  organ 
at  S.  Ilario  in  Cre- 
mona ;  then  became 
bandmaster  ;  but  in  1856  brought  out  the  opera 
1 '  promessi  sposi  at  Cremona,  followed  by  //* 
Savojarda  (&bi ;  revised  as  /,///«,  Milan,  1877), 
Roderico^  re  df  Gotl  (I'iacenza,  1864),  and  La 
Stella  del  monte  (1867) ;  his  first  striking  success 
was  achieved  with  a  revised  version  of  1  pro- 
messi  sposi  (Milan,  1872),  whereupon  he  was 
commissioned  to  write  a  ballet  for  La  Scala, 
Milan,  where  Le  due  gemellt,  in  7  acts,  was 
prod,  in  1873.  Continuous  good  "fortune  at- 
tended the  production  of  the  operas  /  Litttani 


458 


PONIATOWSKI— PORPORA 


(La  Scala,  1874  ;  revised  and  revived  in  1884  as 
Alditna),  La  Gioconda  (ibid.,  1876),  II  fighnol 
prodigo  (1880),  and  Alanon  Delonne  (1885) 
Bertrando  del  Bornio,  and  the  unfinished  / 
Mori  di  Venezia,  have  not  been  perf  He  also 
brought  out  a  mus.  farce,  //  parlatore  eterno 
(1873),  and  the  ballet  Clanna  (1873) ,  a  cantata 
A  Gaetano  Donizetti  ;  a  funeral  march,  4I  II  29 
Maggie, "for  Manzoni ;  a  fine  "Garibaldi  Hymn" 
(1881)  ;  etc. — In  iSSi  he  became  maestro  of 
Piacenza  Cath. ,  for  which  he  wrote  sacred  mu- 
sic. Gioconda  has  made  its  way  abroad. 

Poniatow'ski,  J6zef  (Michal  Xawery 
Franciszek  Jan),  Piince  of  Monte  Rotondo, 
b.  Rome,  Feb.  20,  1816 ;  d.  Chiselhurst,  Engl., 
Juty  3, 1873.  Tenor  singer  and  opera-composer ; 
pupil  of  Ceccherini  at  Florence,  where  he  made 
his  stage-debut,  and  also  brought  out  his  first 
opera,  Giovanni  da  Procida  (1838).  In  Italy 
he  also  prod.  Don  Desiderio,  Rny  Bias,  Bomfa- 
a;/*?,  /  Lambertazii,  Malek  Add,  Kimeralda,  La 
Sposa  d'Alndo  ;  in  Paris  (r 860-8)  Pierre  de.  Mtf- 
Jicis,  AM  trtwers  dn  mitr,  r  Aventitner,  and 
La  Contestina  ;  and  in  London  (1872)  Gelmina. 
After  Sedan,  he  followed  Napoleon  III.  into 
exile. 

PS'nitz,  Franz,  fine  harpist;  b.  Bischofs- 
werda,  W.  Prussia,  Aug.  17,  1850.  Pupil  of  L. 
Grimm  ;  since  1866,  member  of  the  Berlin  royal 
orch  ,  from  iSyi  with  title  of  "chamber-virtu- 
oso."— Works  :  Opera  Cleopatra  ;  sinfonietta  f. 
violin,  'cello,  and  harmonium  ;  a  string-quar- 
tet ;  pieces  f .  harp  ;  etc. 

Pon'te,  Lorenzo  da,  b.  Ceneda,  Venice, 
Mar.  10,  1749;  d.  New  York,  Aug.  17,  1838. 
He  lived  at  Venice  as  a  writer,  and  at  Trcviso 
as  pi  of.  of  rhetoric  ;  then  at  Vienna  as  court 
poet  to  Joseph  II.  (following  Metastasio),  and 
in  intimacy  with  Moxurt,  for  whom  he  wrote  the 
libietti  of  Le  nosse  di  Figaro,  Don  Giovanni, 
and  Cosl  fan  tutte.  After  the  Kmpcror's  death 
in  1790,  da  P.  led  a  wandering  life,  settling  in 
New  York  in  1803,  at  first  as  an  unsuccessful 
dealer  in  tea,  tobacco,  and  drugs.  Tic  did  fairly 
well  as  a  teacher  of  Italian,  but  lost  money  by 
imprudent  speculation,  and  died  in  destitution. 

Pontgcoulant,  Louis-Adolphe  le  Doulcet, 

Marquis  de,  b.  Paris,  1794;  d.  liois  Colombe,  n. 
Paris,  Feb.  20,  1882.  After  a  stirring  and  ad- 
venturous career,  he  began  the  study  of  mus. 
history  and  the  construction  of  instr.s  about 
1837  ;  contributed  to  periodicals ;  and  publ.  the 
works  "  Kssal  sur  la  fact  are  musicalc  considered 
dans  ses  rapports  avec  Tart,  1'industrie,  et  le 
commerce"  (1857  ;  and  augm.  ed.  as  '*  Organo- 
graphie :  essai,  etc./'  in  2  parts,  1861) ;  "  Douze 
jours  d  Londres  ,  .  .  "  (on  the  World's  Fair, 
1862);  "  Mustfe  instrumental  du  Cons,  de  mu- 
sique .  .  ."(1864);  "J-a  musique  a  1'Exposi- 
tion  univorselle  de  1867"  (1868);  and  uLes 
phenomenes  de  la  musique"  (1868). 

Ponto'glio,  Cipriano,  b.  Grumello  del  Piano, 
Italy  Dec.  25,  1831 ;  d.  Milan,  Feb.  23,  1892. 


Pupil  of  Ant  Cagnoni  Director  of  a  music- 
school  in  Milan.  Prod  5  fairly  successful  op- 
eras ( Tebaldo  Br  nsa  to,  1865;  fidoanh  Stuart, 
1887),  and  a  ballet,  Jtolla. 

Pop'per,  David,  famous  'cellist ;  b  Prague, 
June  18, 1845  ;  pupil  of  Gollcrmann  in  the  Cons, 
there.  lie  was  at  first 
a  member  of  Prince 
von  Hechingen's  orch. 
at  Lowenburg  ;  since 
1863  he  has  toured  Eu- 
rope, visiting  all  im- 
portant capitals,  and 
everywhere  winning 
enthusiastic  applause 
as  one  of  the  finest  of 
living  'cellists.  From 
1868-73  he  was  ist 
'cello  in  the  Vienna 
court  orch.,  and  in  1872 
married  Sophie  M en- 
ter (divorced  1886). 
His  works  for  'cello, 
which  are  favorites 

with  musicians,  include  a  concerto,  a  serenade, 
polonaise,  mazurka,  gavotte,  etc.;  a  Suite  f. 
cello  and  pf.,  in  A,  is  op.  69. 

Por'ges,  Heinrich,  b.  Prague,  Nov.  25, 
1837.  Pupil  of  Colestin  Muller  (pf.),  Rummul 
(harm  ),  and  Zwonar  (cpt.).  In  1863  he  became 
co-editor  with  Brendel  of  the  **  Ncue  Zeitschrift 
fur  Musik,"  and  was  in  close  intercourse  with 
Wagner  and  Cornelius ;  lived  for  a  time  in  Vi- 
enna, and  in  1867  was  called  to  Munich  by  King 
Ludwig  II.,  for  whom  hu  had  written  a  study 
on  Tristan  und  IsMe.  Here  he  was  htciary 
editor  of  the*'  Sttddeutsche  Presse,"  pf. -teacher 
at  the  R.  School  of  Music,  and,  since  1871,  Koyal 
Afu&ikdircchr.  Organised  the  "  Porgcs'Hchcn 
CJcsangverein"  in  1886,  giving  modern  programs 
(Liszt,  lierliox,  Cornelius),  together  with  classic 
works.  P.  is  among  the  foremost  champions  of 
Wagner. — Writings :  "Die  Aufftthrung von  IJce- 
thovens  9.  Symphonic  unter  R.  Wagner  in  Bay- 
reuth  am  22.  Mai  1872,"  "Die  ttnhnenprobcn 
zu  den  i876cr  Festspielen,"  and  many  essays  in 
periodicals  ;  has  comp.  songs. 

Porpora,  Niccolo  Antonio,  (signed  his  name 
"  Niccola,"  but  in  his  pub!  works  it  is  spelled 
"  Niccolo,")  b.  Naples,  Aug.  19,  r686;  d.  there 
in  1766  or  1767.  Until  I7<xj  he  .studied  at  the 
Cons,  dt  San  Loreto  under  Greco,  Padre  (Jae- 
tano  of  Perugia,  and  Mandni.  His  first  opera, 
JiasilfO)  re  di  Orient?,  was  prod,  at  the  Teatro 
de' Fiorentini,  Naples,  in  1709,  in  which  year 
he  became  maestro  to  the  Portuguese  ambassa- 
dor. Berenice^  written  to  order  for  the  Teatro 
Capranica,  Rome,  and  prod,  in  1710,  was  praised 
by  Handel.  About  1712  he  opened  a  vocal 
school  in  Naples,  which  soon  attained  celebrity 
through  its  illustrious  pupils  (Farinelli,  Cafla- 
relli,  Senesino,  il  Porporino,  Tosi,  and  others). 
In  1719  he  was  app.  singing-teacher  at  the  Cons, 
di  San  Onofrio,  for  which  he  wrote  an  oratorio, 


459 


PORrORINO— PORTUGAL 


//  mar  tine  (ft  Santa  Eugenia,  in  1722.  Mean- 
time he  had  brought  out  6  more  operas,  among 
them  Faramondo  (Naples,  1719),  and  had  been 
made  *' chamber-virtuoso"  about  1721  to  the 
Prince  of  Hesse-Darmstadt.  Hasse  came  in 
1724  to  study  under  P  ,  but  left  him  for  Aless. 
Scarlatti ;  P.  never  forgot  or  forgave  the  slight. 
In  1725  he  was  called  to  the  Cons,  degli  Incu- 
rabili  at  Venice  as  singing-teacher,  staying  there 
till  1728,  with  the  brief  interruption  of  a  rather 
unsuccessful  trip  to  Vienna  ;  then  went  to  Dres- 
den as  singing-master  to  the  Electoral  princess, 
and  maestro  of  the  opera,  but  in  1729  obtained 
leave  of  absence  to  go  to  London,  whither  he 
was  invited  by  the  opposition  to  Handel.  Here 
he  prod,  several  operas  (Ariadne,  1733  ;  Agrip- 
pina^  1735  ;  etc.),  and  two  others  on  intermedi- 
ate visits  to  Venice  (Anmbale,  1731 ;  Alitri- 
date,  1733) ;  although  be  resigned  his  Dresden 
posts,  he  was  unable  to  make  head  as  a  compo- 
ser against  Handel,  and  left  London  in  1736, 
settling  in  Venice,  and  becoming  Dir.  of  the 
Cons,  dell'  Ospedaletto.  About  1745  he  returned 
to  Vienna  with  the  Venetian  ambassador,  and 
stayed  there  3  years :  Haydn  was  his  pupil 
part  of  the  time.  From  1748-51  he  was  court 
Kapellm.  at  Dresden  with  Hasse,  who  was  made 
ist  Kapellm.  in  1750  ;  the  old  grudge  which  P. 
bore  his  successful  rival,  and  which  had  caused 
bitter  competition  during  P.'s  former  sojourn  in 
Dresden,  very  probably  influenced  the  latter  to 
leave  the  Saxon  capital  again,  and  forever.  He 
returned  to  Naples  in  1755  (?),  and  in  1760  suc- 
ceeded Abosas7/Mw/r0  at  the  cathedral  and  Dir. 
of  the  Cons,  di  San  Onofrio.  As  a  dramatic 
composer,  however,  he  had  already  outlived  his 
popularity ;  his  last  stage-work,  //  trion/o  di 
Camillo  (Naples,  1760),  was  unsuccessful ;  and 
he  is  said  to  have  died  in  such  poverty  that  his 
friends  had  to  raise  a  sum  to  secure  his  decent 
burial.  He  wrote  about  50  operas,  and  6  ora- 
torios, none  of  which  have  survived ;  many 
masses,  and  other  church-music ;  numerous  ex- 
cellent cantatas  f.  vocal  solo  w.  harpsichord  (12 
publ.  in  London,  1735) ;  also  publ.  6  "  Sinfonie 
da  camera,"  f.  2  violins,  'cello,  and  bass  (Lon- 
don, 1736) ;  is  violin-sonatas  w.  bass  (Vienna, 
1754) ;  6  fugues  f.  harpsichord  (in  dementi's 
4 'Practical  Harmony";  2  are  in  Pauer's  "Old 
ItaL  Comp.s.") — Marchese  Villarosa  (in  "  Me- 
morie  dei  compositore,  etc.,"  1840)  and  Cle'ment 
(in  *  *  Musicians  celebres ")  have  written  bio- 
graphical-sketches of  P.  His  posthumous  fame 
rests  wholly  on  his  wonderful  ability  as  a  teacher 
of  singing,  as  which  he  was  unique  and  unex- 
celled. 

Porpori'no.    See  UBERTI. 

Por/ta,  Padre  Costaazo,  b.  Cremona  about 
1530  ;  d.  Padua,  May  26,  1601.  Contrapuntist ; 
pupil  of  Willaert  at  Venice  ;  maestro  successively 
at  Padua,  Osimo,  Ravenna,  and  Loreto.— Publ  5 
books  of  motets  a  5-8  (1555-85) ;  i  of  masses  a 
4-6  (1578)  J  2  books  of  Introits  a  5  (1566,  '88) ; 
4  of  madrigals  a  4-5  (1555-88) ;  hymns  a  4 


(1602);  vesper  psalms  and  cantica  a  8  (1605). 
Lamentations,  madrigals,  and  a.  tieatibc  on 
counterpoint,  are  in  MS. 

Por'ta,  Francesco  della,  b  Milan,  about 
1590  ;  d.  there  1666,  as  maerttort.  S.  Antonio. — 
Publ.  "Villanelle  a  1-3  voci "  (1619);  "Salmi 
da  cappella"  a  3-5  (1637),  "  Motetli  a  2-5" 
(1645 ;  also  Antwerp,  1654) ;  Ricercari  a  4 
(Milan) ;  other  motets  ;  etc. 

Por'ta,  Giovanni,  b.  Venice,  about  1690  ;  d. 
Munich,  1755,  as  court  JCapellni.  and  composer 
(since  1737).  For  20  years  previously  he  had 
been  choru&master  at  the  Cons  delhi  Pieta  in 
Venice,  where  he  brought  out  a  score  of  operas. 

Porter,  Frank  Addison,  b.  Dixmont,  Maine, 
Sept.  3,  1859.  Graduate  of  the  New  England 
Cons,  of  Music,  Boston,  in  1884,  after  a  5-year 
course  under  Turner,  Emery,  Chadwick,  and 
others ;  st.  later  in  Leipzig  under  Hofmann, 
Freitag,  etc.  Eng.  as  piano-prof,  at  the  N.  E. 
Cons,  in  Sept.,  1884;  app.  superintendent  of 
Normal  Course  f.  pf.,  in  1892  ;  still  (1899)  occu- 
pies both  positions. — Publ.  works  :  Prelude  ami 
Fugue,  Nocturnes,  Muxmka,  instructive  pieces, 
"System  of  Finger-Technique,"  and  a  Method, 
for  pf.  ;  also  songs. 

Port'mann,  Johann  Gottlieb,  b.  Oberlich- 
tenau,  Saxony,  Dec.  4,  1739 ;  d.  Sept.  27,  1798, 
at  Darmstadt,  as  cantor  at  the  PattttgoghtM  and 
court  singer. — Publ.  "Leichlcs  Lehrbuch  cler 
Harmonie,  Composition  und  des  Generalbasses  " 
(1789);  "  Kuraer  musik.  Untcrricht  fur  Anfan^er 
und  Liebhaber"  (1785;  augm.  cd.  1802,  by  J. 
K.  Wagner);  "Die  neucslen  und  wichligslon 
Entdeckungen  in  der  Harmonic,  Mcloclie  und 
dem  doppelten  Contrapunkt"  (1798) ;  a  **  Ncues 
Hessen-Darmsta'dtisches  Gesangbuch"  (1786); 
also  a  "  Musik  auf  dns  Pfingstfest." 

Portugal  [Portogallo],  Marcos  Antonio, 
[real  name,  ace.  to  Vasconcellos,  was  "  Portugal 
da  Fonseca,"]  the  greatest  composer  of  Por- 
tugal ;  b.  Lisbon,  Mar.  24,  1762  ;  cl.  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Feb.  7,  1830.  A  pupil  of  the  priests' 
seminary  at  Lisbon,  his  mus.  education  was  con- 
tinued under  the  opera-singer  liorselli  (singing 
and  composition),  by  whose  influence  he  was 
app.  cembalist  at  the  Madrid  opera  in  1782. 
The  Portuguese  ambassador  aided  him  to  study 
in  Italy  from  1787;  his  first  opcru,  HRrw 
einese,  had  slight  success  at  Turin,  1788  ;  but 
La  Bacchetta  portentosa  (Genoa,  1788),  Jl  A/pli- 
naro  (Venice,  1790),  and  L'Astuto  (Florence, 
1790)  made  him  famous.  He  was  appointed 
court  conductor  at  Lisbon  in  1790,  but  returned 
to  Italy,  and  up  lo  1799  brought  out  24  more 
operas.  From  179(^-1810  he  acted  as  cond.  at 
the  San  Carlos  Th.,  Lisbon,  producing  a  score 
of  Italian  and  Portuguese  operas.  II is  Iljllosop 
seduccntt,  ossia  Non  irntctr  le  donna  (Venice, 
1798),  was  selected  by  Napoleon  for  opening 
the  Theltre  Italien  at  Paris  in  1801.  In  1807 
the  royal  family  fled  to  Brazil  before  the  French 
invasion  ;  P.  remained  until  the  San  Curios  Th. 


460 


POTHIER— PRAGER 


was  dosed  in  1810,  and  then  followed  the  court 
to  Rio  do  Janeiro,  where  he  was  made  geneial 
musical  director  The  royal  theatre  of  Sao  Joao, 
after  its  inauguration  in  1813,  prod,  scvcialnew 
operas  by  P.  In  that  year  he  became  Director 
of  the  new  Cons,  at  Vcra  Cruz,  jointly  with  his 
brother  Simao  ;  visited  Italy  in  1815,  returned  to 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  passed  his  last  years  there 
as  an  invalid.  Of  his  40  operas,  2  were  also 
pla>ed  in  German,  Zt'  donne  camlnate  (Der 
Tettjel  ist  los  :  Dresden,  1799),  and  La  confu- 
vttwt'  nata  delta samightinsa ( Vermin  ung  dutch 
A  hn lit  hkeit)  odcrDie  beidtn  Bitckeligen  •  Vienna, 
1794) ;  others  were  given  in  Italian  in  Germany, 
London,  and  St.  Petersburg.  P.  also  prod,  sev- 
eral occasional  pieces,  operettas,  etc.,  5  grand 
masses,  5  masses  with  oigan,  2  Te  Deums  w. 
orch.,  psalms  w.  orch  ,  and  other  church-music. 

Pothier,  Dom  Joseph,  mus.  historiographer; 
b.  ISouzcmont,  n.  Saint-Die,  Dec.  7, 1835.  Itene- 
dictine.  monk  ;  1862,  sub-prior,  1866,  prof,  of 
theology,  at  the  Solcsmes  monastery.  II  is  im- 
portant publications,  based  on  the  study  of  ori- 
ginal MSS.,  are  "I-.es  melodies  grcgoriennes  " 
(Tournai,  1880) ;  "  Liber  gradualis"  (Tournai, 
1883) ; **  Palcographie musicalc" (Solesmes,  1889 1 
phototype  facsimiles  of  neume-notation  of  the 
yth-iGth  centuries). 

Potter,  Philip  Cipriani  Hambly,  pianist 
and  composer  ;  b.  London,  Oct.  2,  1792 ;  d. 
there  Sept.  26, 1871.  Pupil  of  his  father,  and  of 
Callcott,  Attwood,  and  Crotch  (theory)  and 
\Voclfll  (pf.) ;  during  subsequent  study  at  Vienna, 
under  Kflrster  (1817-18),  Ueethoven  gave  him 
good  advice.  In  1822,  pf. -teacher  at  the  R.  A. 
M.,  succeeding  Crotch  as  Principal  in  1832,  ami 
lesigning  in  1859,  his  successor  being  Ch.  Lucas. 
— ^/»Y.  works:  y  symphonies,  4 overtures,  3 pf.- 
concertos,  string-quartets,  a  conccrtanto  f.  pf. 
w.  'cello;  etc. — PubL  works:  Op.  i,  2,  3,  so- 
natas f.  pf. ;  op.  6,  Grand  duo  f.  2  pf.s ;  op.  7, 
duet  f.  2  pf.s;  op.  TJL,  sextet  f.  pf.,  ilute,  and 
strings  ;  op.  12,  3  pf. -trios ;  op.  13,  Sonata  di 
bravura  f.  pf.  w.  horn  (or  bassoon) ;  op.  19,  pf.- 
studics  in  all  keys ;  op.  20,  Tntrod.  and  Rondo 
f.  pf.;  op.  21,  2nd  Rondo  brillant  f.  pf.;  also 
rondos,  toccatas,  6  sets  of  variations,  4-hand 
pieces,  and  transcriptions  of  2  symphonies  and 
an  overture  ;  a  Fantasia  and  Fugue  f.  2  pf.s  ;  a 
trio  f.  3  pf.s,  6  hands ;  etc. 

Pougin,  Arthur,  (pen-name  of  Francois- 
Augustc-Arthur  Paroisse-Pougin,)  distinguished 
writer  and  critic  ;  b.  Chfiteauroux,  Indre,  France, 
Aug.  6,  1834.  Pupil  of  Alard  (vln.)  and  Rebcr 
(harm.)  at  the  Paris  Cons.;  1855,  cond.  of  the 
Th.  Beaumarchais ;  later,  leader  at  Musard's 
Concerts  ;  1856-9,  asst.-cond.  of  the  Folies-Nou- 
veilcs;  till  1863,  violinist  in  the  Op.-Comique 
orch. ;  since  then  has  devoted  himself  to  letters. 
Active  contributor  to  leading  French  mus.  papers 
("Le  Menestrcl,"  "France  musieale,"  ''1'Art 
musical,"  etc,),  and  mus.  /{uittefoniste  to  "  Lo 
Soir,"  "  La  Tribune,"  "  nCvunement/*  and  the 
"  Journal  Ofliciel."  lie  started  the  "  Revue  de 


la  musiquc  "  in  1876,  but  it  appeared  only  6 
months.  Has  publ.  many  biographical  sketches 
and  essays  .  **  Andre  Campra  "  (iS6i),  "  Ores- 
nick"  ('62),  "Dezedes"  ('62),  "Floquct"  ('63), 
"Martini"  ('64),  "Devienne"  (1864)  [all  six- 
collected  as  "  Musicicns  frangais  du  XVnic 
siecle"],  l '  Meyerbeer "  ('64),  "F  IFalevy,  ecri- 
vain"('65).  "William  Vincent  Wallace'1  ('66), 
"Leon  Kreuzer"  ('68),  "P.ellini"  ('68),  "A. 
Grisar  "  ('70),  "  Rossini  "  ('71),  "  Auber"  ('73), 
'Notice  sur  Rode"  ('74),  "  Uoicldieu"  ('75), 
•Raracau"  ('76),  "Adolphe  Adam"  ('76), 
'Verdi"  ('Si),  and  otheisin  mus.  periodicals; 
urther,  an  "Almanach  de  la  musique"  (1866, 
67,  '68  ;  the  last  two  with  necrological  suppl.s)  ; 
"*  DC  la  htterature  musicalc  en  France"  (1867) ; 
1  De  la  situation  des  compositeurs  de  musique  ct 
del'avcnirdel'art  musical  en  France"  (1867);  "A 
propos  dc  1'execution  du  Afef\ie  dc  Uaendel" 
(1873);  "  Figures  de  1'opcra  comique  :  Klleviou, 
Mxuc.  I)ugazon,  la  tiibu  dos  Gavatidan  "  (1875)  \ 
"  Question  de  la  libertc  des  theatres"  (1879); 
tc  Question  du  theatre  lyrique  "  (1879)  I  "  Kfasai 
historique  sur  la  musique  en  Russic "  (1896) ; 
"Acteuis  ct  actrices  d'autrefois  "  (1897);  etc. 
lie  likewise  edited  the  supplement  to  Fctis' 
'*  IHographie  universelle"  (2  vol.s,  1878-80), 
and  the  new  edition  of  the  "Diet,  lyrique,  ou 
histoire  des  operas "  of  Felix  Clement  and  1*. 
Larousse  (Paris,  i8c)8  ;  pp.  1200),  but  lelt  it  very 
incomplete,  and  with  many  errors. 

Pradher  (r«r////j  Pradere),  Louis-Barth6- 
lemy,  pianist  and  composer  ;  b.  Paris,  Dec.  18, 
1781;  d.  Gray,  I lautc-Sanne,  in  Oct.,  1843. 
Pf. -pupil  of  Ciobcrt  in  the  licolc  royale  tie  mu- 
sique and  Conservatoire,  studying  theory  with 
Herton  in  the  latter ;  succeeded  Jaclin  as  pf.- 
prof.  in  1802.  Eminent  teacher;  Ilenii  and 
Jacques  Ilerx,  Dtiboi.s,  Lambert  and  Rosellen, 
were  some  of  his  pupils.  lie  also  gave  lessons 
to  the  daughters  of  King  Louis- Philippe,  and 
was  accompanist  in  his  chapcllc,  and  in  the  pri- 
vate orchestras  of  Louis  XVII I.  and  Charles X. 
In  1827  he  retired  on  pension  to  Toulouse.  lie 
prod.  7  comic  operas,  and  publ.  considerable 
pf.-music  (a  concerto;  a  grande  senate  f.  ph, 
vln.,  ami  Velio;  an  Adagio  and  Rondo  f.  do.; 
a  Rondo  f.  2  pf.s ;  several  solo  sonatas ;  Ron- 
dos, Fantaisies,  Variations,  etc.) ;  and  22  sets  of 
songs. 

Pni'ger,  Ferdinand  Christian  Wilhelm,  b. 
Leipzig,  Jan.  22,  1815  ;  d,  London,  Sept.  i, 
1891.  Son  of  the  violinist  and  cond.  Heinrich 
Aloys  P.  Lb.  Amsterdam,  1783  ;  d.  Magdeburg, 
1854).  On  Hummers  advice  he  renounced 
'cello-playing  for  the  piano,  studying  under 
Hummel  (Weimar)  and  Pape  (Lttbock) ;  was 
music-teacher  in  the  Hague  1831-4,  and  then 
settled  in  London,  becoming  a  most  successful 
teacher.  He  was  the  Knglish  correspondent 
for  Schumann's  "Neue  Zeitschrifl  fur  Mufiik," 
and  an  early  and  staunch  supporter  of  Wagner. 
—Works  :  The  symphonic  poem  "  Life  and 
love,  battle  and  victory "  (1885)  J  M  overttue 


PRATORIUS— PREITZ 


11  Abellino  "  ;  symph.  prelude  to  Manfred;  pf  - 
trio ;  pf.-pieces  (Caprice,  Crepuscule,  Flexions  de 
neige,  Elfenmarchen  ;  etc  ;  a  selection  was  publ. 
in  the  "  Prager  Album,"  Leipzig);  "  Wagner  as 
I  knew  him  "  (1892). 

Prato'rius  [the  German  name  Schulz  or 
Schulze  Latinized],  Gottschalk,  b.  Salzwedel, 
Mar.  28,  1528  ;  d.  Wittenberg,  July  8,  1573,  as 
prof,  of  philos.  Publ.  (with  M.  Agricola)  "  Me- 
lodiae  scholasticae  .  .  .  in  usum  scholae  Magde- 
burgensis  "  (1556). 

Prato'rius,  Christoph,  published  "Froh- 
liche  und  liebhche  Ehrenlieder,  von  zlichtiger 
Lieb  und  ehehcher  Treue  "  a  4  (1581)  ;  a  funeral 
song  on  Melanchthon  (1560) ;  and  comp.  other 
church-music. 

Prato'rius,  Hieronymus,  b.  Hamburg,  Aug. 
10,  1560;  d.  there  Jan.  27,  1629.  Organist, 
pupil  of  his  father  (org.  of  the  Jacobikirche), 
studied  further  at  Cologne,  became  town  cantor 
at  Erfurt  in  1580,  and  asst.-org.  in  1582  to  his 
father,  whom  he  succeeded  in  1586.— Publ. 
"Cantiones  sacrae"  a  5-8  (1599  ;  augm.  ed.,  a 
2-12,  1607,  '22) ;  Magnificat  a  8  (1602,  '22)  ; 
"Liber  missarum"  a  5-8  (1616) ;  "Cantiones 
sacrae  variae  "  a  5-20  (1618,  '23) ;  all  the  above 
coll.  as  *'  Opus  musicum  novum  et  perfectum  "  ; 
*'Cantiones  novae  officiosae"  a  5-15  (1618,  '25) ; 
and  a  "Choralbuch"  (Hamburg,  1604;  with 
his  son  Jacob  [d.  1651],  J.  Decker,  and  D. 
Scheidemann). 

Prato'rius  [Praetorius],  Michael,  a  musi- 
cian of  high  attainments  both  as  a  composer  and 
writer;  b.  Kreuzberg,  Thuringia,  Feb.  15,  1571 
(27)  ;  d.  Wolfenblittel,  Feb.  15,  1621.  Few 
facts  are  known  concerning  his  career ,  he  was 
Kapettm.  at  Luneburg;  later  organist,  and 
finally  Kapellm.  and  secretary,  to  the  Duke  of 
Brunswick. —Compositions  :  "Musae  Sioniae," 
a  coll.  of  1244  vocal  numbers,  in  9  Parts  (P. 
i-iv,  "  Concertgesange  "  a  8-12  on  German 
psalms  and  church-songs  ;  P.v,  songs  and  psalms 
a  2-8 ;  P.  vi-ix,  church-songs  a  4,  in  note- 
against-note  counterpoint.  Part  ix  was  publ. 
1605-10;  2nd  ed.,  as  "  Bicinia  et  tricima," 
1611) ;  "  Musarum  Sionarum  motetae  et  psalmi 
4-16  voc."  (Parti,  1607);  "Eulogodia  Sionia" 
1611 ;  60  motets  a  2-8  for  "the  close  of  the 
Divine  Service");  "  Missodia  Sionia"  (1611), 
"Hymnodia  Sionia"  (1611 ;  hymns  a  2-8); 
44  Megalynodia"  (1611  ,  madrigals  and  motets  a 
5-8) ;  "  Terpsichore  "  (1612  ;  dance-pieces  a  4-6, 
by  P.  and  some  French  composers) ;  "  Poly- 
hymnia caduceatrix  et  panegyrica"  (1619;  songs 
of  peace  and  rejoicing  a  1-21) ;  "  Polyhymnia 
exercitatnx"(i6i9;  a  2-8);  l-  Uranodia  "  [Ura- 
nochordia]  (1613  ;  19  songs  a  4) ;  "  Kleine  und 
grosse  Litaney  .  .  ."(1606);  "Epithalamium" 
(1614);  "Puericinium"  (1621 ;  14  church-songs  a 
3-12) ; — Writings :  "  Syntagma  musicum  .  .  .", 
his  magnum  opus,  of  which  three  volumes  were 
printed :  Vol.  i  (1615),  in  2  parts,  is  an  historical 
and  descriptive  treatise  in  Latin  on  ancient  and 


ecclesiastical  music,  and  ancient  secular  instr.s  ; 
— Vol.  ii  (1618),  written  in  German,  in  5  parts 
and  an  Appendix  (1620),  is  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant extant  source  for  musical  instr.s  of  the 
period,  describing  their  form,  compass,  tone- 
quality,  etc.,  the  organ,  in  particular,  being 
treated  at  great  length  ,  the  Appendix  contains 
42  woodcuts  of  the  principal  instr.s  enumerated 
[Vol.  ii  has  been  reprinted  as  vol.  xiii  of  the 
publications  of  the  "  Gesellschaft  fur  Musik- 
forschung  "]  ; — Vol.  iii  contains  a  valuable  and 
interesting  account  of  secular  composition  at 
that  time,  and  a  treatise  on  solmisation,  nota- 
tion, etc.,  etc. 

Pratt,  Silas  Gamaliel,  b.  Addison,  Vt.,  Aug. 
4,  1846.  Studied  pf  -playing  in  1868  under 
Bendel  and  Kullak,  Berlin,  and  comp.  under 
Wuerst  and  Kiel.  In  1871  he  organiml  the 
Apollo  Club  in  Chicago  ;  returned  to  I  Scrim  in 
1875,  and  studied  score-reading  under  II.  Dorn  ; 
his  "Anniversary  Overture"  was  perf.  on  July 
4, 1876.  In  1877  he  went  back  to  Chicago,  giv- 
ing symphony  concerts  in  1878,  and  bringing 
out  his  first  opera,  Zejiobia^  in  1882.  Jn  1885 
he  gave  concerts  of  his  own  works  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  London  ;  returned  to  Chicago  in  1886, 
and  since  1890  has  been  pf.-prof.  at  the  New 
York  Metropolitan  Cons. — Works :  The  above 
opera  and  overture ;  5-act  lyric  opera,  Lneillt 
(Chicago,  1887)  ;  The  Last  Jtica,  cantata  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.  ;  2  symphonies  (No.  2  is  "  The 
Prodigal  Son  ") ; "  Magdalena's  Lament,"  f.  orch. ; 
symphonic  suite  on  The  Tempest;  Scicnadc  f. 
string-orch. ;  dance-suite  f .  orch.  ;  '  *  Cente- 
nary Hymn  to  Washington";  pf. -music  ;  part- 
songs,  songs,  etc. 

Predie'ri,  Giacomo  Cesare,  maestro  at  Bo- 
logna Cath.  from  1696,  and  pres.  of  the  Aeead. 
Filarmonica;  drafter  1711.  Publ.  "Canssonl 
morali  e  spiritual! "  a  3,  with  buss  (1696)  ;  wrote 
9  oratorios. 

Predie'ri,  Luca  Antonio,  b.  Bologna,  Sept. 
13,  1688  ;  d.  there  1769.  In  1723,  pres.  of  the 
Accad.  Filarmonica  ;4  became  maeslro  at  the  ca- 
thedral;  from  1739-46,  vice-aTrfjW/w.,  then  till 
1751  ist  Kapettm^  of  the  court  Jtapelle,  Vienna. 
Prod,  ii  operas,  2  serenades,  an  oratorio,  etc. 

Preindl,  Joseph,  b.  Marbach,  Lower  Austria, 
Jan.  30,  1756 ;  d.  Vienna,  Oct.  26,  1823.  Pupil 
of  Albrechtsbergcr  ;  in  1780,  choirmaster  at  St. 
Peter's,  Vienna ;  in  1809,  Kapdlm*  at  St,  Ste- 
phen's,— Publ.  masses,  a  Requiem,  a  Te  Dcmn, 
etc.;  2  pf. -concertos,  pf. -sonatas,  etc.;  a  *4Gc- 
sanglehre  "  ;  the  "  Wiener  Tonschule  "  for  strict 
composition,  edited  by  Scyfried  (1827 ;  2nd  ed. 
1832) ;  also  "MelodienallerdeutschenKirchen- 
lieder,  welche  im  St.  Stephansdom  in  Wien 
gesungen  werden,"  w,  preludes  and  cadenzas. 

Preitz,  Franz,  b.  Zcrbst,  Aug.  12, 1856.  Pu- 
pil of  Leipzig  Cons.  1873-6  ;  is  a  concert-organ- 
ist, and  now  teacher  of  singing  at  Zerbst  Gym- 
nasium, and  cantor  at  the  court  church. — Publ. 


462 


PRELL— PROCHASKA 


an  a  cappella  Requiem,  motets,  songs,  organ- 
preludes,  etc. 

Prell,  Johann  Nicolaus,  b  Hamburg,  Nov.- 
9,  1773  •  d.  there  Mar  18,  1849  Fine  'cellist, 
pupil  of  Romberg  ;  eminent  in  quartet-playing, 
and  an  excellent  teacher  — His  son  and  pupil, 
August  Christian  P.,  b  Hamburg,  Aug.  i, 
1805,  was  2nd  'cello  at  Meiningen  from  1822,  1st 
'cello  at  Hamburg  from  1825  ;  pensioned  1869. 
He  was  a  distinguished  teacher. 

Prentice,  Thomas,  English  pianist ;  b.  Pas- 
low  Hall,  Ongar,  Essex,  July  6,  1842,  d.  Hamp- 
stead,  July  15,  1895.  Pupil,  from  1861,  of  G.  A. 
and  Walter  Maclarren  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  winnifcg 
silver  medal  and  Potter  Exhibition  (1863). 
Founded  a  series  of  Monthly  Popular  Concerts 
at  Brixton  in  1869  ;  became  org  at  Christ  Ch., 
Lee,  in  1872  ;  gave  up  both  on  account  of  ill- 
health,  but  in  1 880  started  the  Kensington 
41  Two-penny  Concerts"  (successful  attempts  to 
popularize  high-class  music),  and  was  app.  prof, 
of  pf.  at  the  Guildhall  School  of  Music ;  from 
1883,  also  Principal  of  the  new  Beckenham  Sch. 
pf  Mus  — P.  was  eminently  successful  in  teach- 
ing; he  publ.  "  The  Musician,  a  Guide  for  Piano- 
forte Students"  in  6  grades  (1883-6),  a  treatise 
on  "  Hand-gymnastics  "  (Novellp),  and  several 
solos  f.  pf.  ;  also  the  cantata  Linda,  f.  female 
voices,  ti  los  f .  do. ,  anthems,  part-songs,  etc. 

Pres'sel,  Gustav  Adolf,  b.  Tubingen,  Tune 
II,  1827;  d.  Berlin,  July  30,  1890,  Pupil  of 
Silchcr,  and  (1850,  at  Vienna)  of  Sechter.  Prod, 
the  operas  Din  St.  Johnnnisnacht  (i8f>o)  and 
Der  ScfuifMer  wu  Him  (1866)  at  Stuttgart; 
from  1868  he  lived  at  Steglitx,  near  Berlin.  His 
researches  proved  that  Mozart  wrote  the  Re- 
quiem in  its  entiiely.  P.  comp.  the  ballad 
lfc  Biirbarossa,"  and  songs. 

Presser,  Theodore,  b.Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Julys, 
1848.  Studied  music  at  Boston  and  Leipzig,  and 
established  himself  at  Philadelphia  as  a  publisher 
of  music  and  mus.  literature.  In  1883  he  founded 
44  The  Ktude,"  a  well-known  mus.  monthly  of 
which  he  is  the  editor,  and  which  is  chiefly  de- 
voted to  the  interests  of  teachers  and  students 
of  the  pianoforte.  He  has  written  instructive 
pieces  and  studies  f.  pf.,  and  ininsl,  several  for- 
eign text-books  on  music.  Co-founder  of  the 
Music  Teachers'  Nat.  Association. 

Provost,  Eugene-Prosper,  b,  Paris,  Aug. 
23,  1 809  ;  d.  New  Orleans,  Aug.  30,  1872.  I*u- 

?il,  at  Paris  Cons.,  of  Jofcsns»perger,  Scuriot,  and 
xs  Sueur,  winning  the  Grand  prix  do  Rome  in 
1831  with  the  cantata  Itianca  Capclh*  Cond.  at 
Havre  theatre  1835-8  ;  was  then  cond.  ami  sing- 
ing-teacher in  New  Orleans  until  1862,  except- 
ing one  year's  conductorship  at  Niblo's  Garden, 
New  York,  in  1842  ;  1862,  thefitorchtstre  at  the 
Boufles-Parisiens,  later  of  the  Champs  Elysdcs 
concerts,  Paris ;  returned  to  New  Orleans  in 
1867.  He  prod,  several  operas  in  Paris,  and  one 
(ftfaiicA*  ft  AV;/^)  at  New  Orleans ;  also  comp. 
oratorios  and  masses. 


Prefer,  Gottfried,  b  Hausbrunn,  Lower 
Austria,  May  15,  1809  A  pupil  of  Sechter, 
1828-34  ;  in  1835,  organist  of  the  Lutheran  ch., 
Vienna ;  1838,  prof,  of  harm,  and  cpt.  at  the 
Cons.,  of  which  he  was  Director  1844-8  ;  1844, 
vice  -  court  -  conductor  ;  1846,  court  oiganist ; 
1853,  KapeHjti  at  St.  Stephen's  ;  pensioned  as 
"  Vice-Hofkapellm  "mi876. — Heprod.3  operas, 
and  the  oratorio  Noah  (often  perf.  by  the  "  Ton- 
kunstler-Verem  ") ;  publ  a  symphony,  masses 
(i  f.  male  voices),  other  church-music,  and 
"  Ilymnen  der  griechisch-katolischen  Kiiche" 
(1847) ;  a  string-quartet ;  music  f  pf .  and  org. ; 
songs. 

Preyer,  William  Thierry,  b.  Manchester, 
Engl  ,  July  4,  1841  ;  studied  at  Bonn  Univ.  ; 
1869,  prof,  of  physiology  at  Jena ;  retired  to 
Wiesbaden  in  1894. — Wrote  "  (Jbcr  die  Grenzcn 
der  Tonwahrnehmung  "  (1876). 

Prill,  Karl,  b.  Berlin,  Oct.  22,  1864.  Pupil 
of  his  father  (a  mus.  director),  and  of  Helmich, 
Wirth,  and  Joachim  (at  the  Ifoihschnk},  also 
playing  as  solo  violinist  in  Brenner's  and  Laube's 
orchestras;  1883-5,  leader  in  Bilse'sorch. ;  1885, 
at  Magdeburg  ;  since  1891,  of  the  Gewandhaus 
Orch.,  Leipzig.  He  is  an  excellent  soloist  and 
quartet-player. 

Prints,  Wolfgang  Caspar,  b.  Waldthurn, 
Upper  Palatinate,  Oct.  10,  1641  ;  d.  Sorau,  Oct. 
*3i  1717.  Originally  a  theological  student,  he 
later  led  a  roving  Hie,  and  then  was  cantor  suc- 
cessively at  Promnilx,  Tziebel,  and  (1665)  Sorau. 
Autobiography  in  his  "  I  listoiischc  Ueschreibung 
der  cclcln  Sing-  und  Kling-Kunst"  (1690)  ;  also 
publ.  "Compendium  musicae  signatoriae  et  mo- 
dulatorinc"  (1668);  "  Phrynis  Mylilenaeus,  oder 
satirischer  Componist "  (1676,  '77,  2  parts  ;  2nd 
cd.  1694,  w.  3rd  part);  "Musiea  modulatoria 
vocalis  "  (1678) ;  **  Kxcrcitationcs  musicae  then- 
retico-praclicae  de  consonantiis  singulis  "  (frag- 
mentary, 1687-89);  three  novels,  "Musicus  vex- 
atus"  (1690),  "Musicus  magnanimus"  (1691), 
and  "  Musicus  curiosus"  (1691),  are  also  as- 
cribed to  him. 

Proch,  Heinrich,  an  excellent  conductor, 
and  once  popular  song-composer ;  b.  Uflhmisch- 
Leipa,  June  22,  1809  ;  cl.  Vienna,  Dec.  18, 1878. 
He  studied  the  law  and  violin-playing  together ; 
became  Kapellm.  at  the  Josephstadt  Th.,  Vi- 
enna, in  1837,  and  of  the  Court  Opera  1840-70, 
when  he  was  pensioned.  Among  his  pupils 
were  Matcrna,  Dustmann,  C.sillag,  Tictjens, 
and  Peschka-Leutncr ;  the  last-named  made  P.'s 
coloratura  variations  with  flauto  concertante 
famous,  and  many  of  his  simpler  songs  were 
favorites.  He  prod,  a  >act  comic  opera,  Ring 
und  Jl/asfo,  at  Vienna,  in  1844  ;  also  3  one-act 
operas,  1846-8. 

Prochas'ka,  Ludwig,  noted  comp.  of  Bo- 
hemian songs  and  duets  ;  b,  Prague,  1835  (?) ; 
d.  there  July  18,  1888.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Prague  City  Council ;  also  lived  for  a  long 
time  in  1  Hamburg  as  a  singing-teacher. 


463 


PROKSCIl-PRUCKNER 


Proksch,  Josef,  b.  Reichenberg,  Bohemia, 
Aug.  4,  1794 ;  d.  Prague,  Dec.  20,  1864.  A 
piano-pupil  of  Kozeluch,  he  became  blind  in 
iSn.  but  still  learned  Logier's  system,  and  in 
1830  founded  a  "  Musikbildungsanstalt "  (school 
of  pf  .-playing)  in  Prague.  An  excellent  teacher, 
he  wrote  a  "  Versuch  einer  rationellen  'Lehrrae- 
thode  im  Pianofortespiel "  accepted  by  numer- 
ous teachers  ;  a  "  Musikalisches  Vademecum"; 
"Aphorisrnen  uber  katholische  Kirchenmu- 
sik1*;  "  Allgemeine  Musiklehre"  (1857),  made 
for  his  pupils  transcriptions  (for  4-8  pianos)  of 
orch  1  works ;  and  comp.  a  concerto  f.  3  pf.s, 
sonatas,  etc  ,  masses  and  cantatas,  and  other 
vocal  music.— His  son,  Theodor  (1843-1876) 
and  a  daughter,  Marie,  managed  the  inst.  after 
his  death. 

Pro'ny,  Gaspard-Claire-Frangois-Marie- 
Riche,  Baron  de,  b.  Chamelot,  Rh&ne,  France, 
July  12,  1755  ;  d.  Paris,  July  29,  1839.  Ex" 
aminer  at  the  Polytechnique,  and  member  of  the 
Academic,  for  which  he  wrote  a  "  Rapport  sur 
la  nouvelle  harpe  a  double  mouvement  (1815), 
firard's  double-pedal  harp  ;  "  Note  sur  les  avan- 
tages  du  nouvel  etablissement  d'un  professorat 
d'harpe  a  1't'cole  royale  de  musique  ..."  (1825) ; 
"  Instruction  e'le'mentaire  sur  les  moyens  de  cal- 
culer  les  intenTalles  xnusicaux"  (1822 ;  employ- 
ing Euler's  system  of  logarithms). 

Proslce,  Karl,  b.  Grbbnig,  Upper  Silesia, 
Feb.  ii,  1794;  d.  Ratisbon,  Dec.  20,  1861. 
Medical  student ;  regimental  physician  during 
the  war  of  1813-15  ;  took  degree  of  M.D.  at 
Halle  in  1817,  and  practised  at  Obeiglogau  and 
Oppeln.  In  1823  he  renounced  medicine  for 
theology,  and  studied  at  Ratisbon ;  was  or- 
dained in  1826,  became  Vicar-choral  in  1827, 
and  canon  and  Kajellm.  of  the  Church  of  Our 
Lady  at  Ratisbon  in  1830.  After  diligent  re- 
search in  Germany  and  Italy,  he  began  his  life- 
work,  the  publication  of  sacred  classics,  the  first 
being  Palestrina's  "  Mzssa  Papae  Marcelli" 
(Palestrina's  original  version,  and  arrangements 
by  Anerio  a  4,  and  Suriano  a  8),  followed  by  the 
famous  collection  "  Musica  divina,"  containing 
chiefly  Italian  masterworks  of  the  i6th-i7th 
centuries :  Vol.  i,  12  masses  a  4  (1853) ;  Vol. 
ii,  motets  for  the  entire  church-year  (1855) ; 
Vol.  iii,  Fauxbourdons,  Psalms,  Magnificats, 
hymns  and  antiphohes(i859) ;  Vol.  iv,  Passions, 
Lamentations,  Responses,  Te  Deums,  Litanies 
(1863  ;  edited  by  Wesselack) ;  publication  con- 
tinued by  Schrems  and  Haberl  ;  also  a  "  Selec- 
tus  novus  missarum  "  a  4-8  (1835-9).  ^s  valu- 
able library  was  purchased  for  the  Episcopal 
Library  at  Ratisbon. 

Prout,  Ebenezer,  eminent  English  com- 
poser and  theorist ;  b.  Oundle,  Northampton- 
shire, Mar.  i,  1835.  Excepting  some  piano- 
lessons  as  a  boy,  and  a  later  course  with  Charles 
Salaman,  he  was  wholly  self-taught.  His  father 
had  him  trained  for  a  school-teacher,  and  he  took 
the  degree  of  Ii  A.  at  London  Univ.  in  1854 ; 
but  in  1859  went  over  definitively  to  music ;  was 


organist  at  Union  Chapel,  Islington,  1861-73; 
prof,  of  pf.  at  the  Ciystal  P.iliu-e  School  of  Ail, 
1861-85  ,  prof,  oi  harm,  and  comp.  at  the  Nat 
Training  School  from  1870,  and  took  Sullivan's 
class  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in  1879  ;  also  conducted 
the  Hackney  Choral 
Assoc  1876-90, 
bringing  it  to  a  high 
state  of  efficiency ; 
edited  the  **  Month- 
ly Mus.  Record" 
1871-4,  was  critic 
on  the  "Academy" 
1874-9,  and  on  the 
*' Athenaeum"  1879- 
89.  To  Grove's 
"  Dictionary  "  he 
contributed  53  ai  ti- 
des. In  1894  he 
was  called  to  1  >ublin 
Univ.  as  prof,  of  l 

music,  succeeding 

vSir  R.  Stevvait ;  in  1895  both  Dublin  and 
Edinburgh  Universities  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  hon.  caina.  His  valua- 
ble theoretical  works  aie  the  following:  "In- 
strumentation" (Novello  primer,  1876);  "Har- 
mony, its  Theory  and  Practice"  (1889;  t) 
editions  to  1896) ;  "  Counterpoint,  Strict  and 
Free"  (1890);  "Double  Counterpoint  and 
Canon"  (1891);  "Fugue"  (1891);  "  Kuj»al 
Analysis"  (1892);  "Musical  Form "  (1893); 
"Applied  Forms"  (1895);  all  of  which  have 
passed  through  two  or  moie  editions ;  and  "  The 
Orchestra"  (2  vol.s,  1898). — CompoMtions : 
4  symphonies,  in  C,  (r  min.,  F,  and  I) ;  2  over- 
tures, "Twelfth  Night"  and  "  Kokeby";  Suite 
de  ballet  f.  orch.,  op.  28  ;  Suite  in  1> ;  2  or^an- 
concertos,  in  K  min.  and  K|?  ;  a  pf. -quintet, 
op.  3  ;  2  string-quartets,  op.  I  (nrixc)  and  op. 
15  ;  2  pf.-quartets,  op.  2  (prixc),  and  op.  18  ; 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  clar.,  op.  26  ;  organ-sonata, 
op.  4 ;  Duo  concertante  f.  pf.  and  harmonium, 
op,  6;  the  cantatas  Ilereivani,  op.  12  (1878), 
Alfred,  op.  16  (1882),  The  fad  Cross  A>/W//, 
op.  24  (Iluddersfield,  1887),  Damtm  and  J*/iiti- 
ttas,  op.  25,  f,  male  ch.  (Oxford,  1889),  and 
Queen  AitnJe,  f.  female  ch.,  op.  21  (1885) ;  a 
Magnificat,  op.  7,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Kvon- 
ing  Service,  op.  8,  w.  orch.;  I^alm  126,  f.  soli, 
ch.,  and  orch.  (St.  Paul's;  1891);  Psalm  100, 
op.  23,  f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1886); 
'f  The  Song  of  Judith,"  contralto  solo  w.  oreh. 
(Norwich,  1867) ;  "  freedom,"  op.  20,  ode  f. 
bar.  solo  and  orch.  (1885)  I  anthems,  organ- 
arrangements,  etc. 

Prout,  Louis  Beethoven,  son  of  preced- 
ing; b.  London,  Sept.  14,  1864.  Since  1888, 
prof,  of  harm,  at  Crystal  Palace  School  of 
Art.— Publ.  "  Harmonic  Analysis ";  "Time, 
Rhythm,  and  Expression";  and  set  Psalm  93 
for  voices  and  organ. 

Pruck'ner,  Dionys,  distinguished  pianis'l ; 
b.  Munich,  May  12,  1834 ;  d.  Heidelberg,  De*". 


464 


PRUCKNER— PUDOR 


i,  1896  Taught  by  Nicst,  he  played  in  the 
Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  at  17  ;  studied  with  Liszt 
at  Weimar,  1852-6  ,  lived  3  years  in  Vienna, 
making  concert-tours  ;  from  1859,  teacher  at 
Stuttgart  Cons  ;  from  1864,  court  pianist,  and 
m  1868,  "  Royal  Professor."  With  Singei  (vio- 
lin) and  Goltermann  ('cello)  he  organized  cham- 
ber-music soirees  in  1861.  His  reputation  as  a 
teacher  was  high. 

Pruck'ner,  Caroline,  b.  Vienna,  Nov  4, 
1832.  Soprano  stage-singer,  from  1850  at  Han- 
over, from  1852  at  Mannheim,  having  striking 
success  as  Martha,  Elvira,  Leonora  (Sfmi/f//a), 
and  Valentine  ;  suddenly  lost  her  voice  in  1855, 
seriously  studied  voice-production  in  all  its 
branches,  and  in  1870  opened  a  School  of  Opera 
in  Vienna.  Publ.  a  valuable  treatise,  "  Theoiie 
und  Praxis  der  Gesangskunst"  (1872 ;  2nd  ed 
1883,  for  which  the  Grand  Duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwcrin  bestowed  on  her  a  gold  medal 
and  the  title  of  Professor). 

Prudent,  [Beunie-PrudentJ,fimile, pianist ; 
b.  Angoulemc,  Feb.  3,  1817  ;  d.  Paris,  May  14, 
1863.  Early  orphaned,  he  was  adopted  by  a 
piano-tuner;  studied  under  Lecouppey  and  Zim- 
merman (pf.)  and  I^aurent  (harm.)  at  Paris  Cons., 
taking  ist  prize  in  1833.  He  modelled  his  style 
on  Thai  berg's,  between  whom  and  Dbhler,  ac- 
cording to  o< mtomporai y  critics,  he  ranked.  Suc- 
cessful tours  in  France,  I  Belgium,  England,  and 
Germany  ;  highly  esteemed  in  Paris  as  a  teacher  ; 
compositions  well  written,  but  neither  warmly 
inspired  nor  original. — Concert  symphonique  w. 
orch.;  J*f.-ivor&s  :  pf.-trio ;  concerto  No.  2,  in 
15 [>  ;  6  etudes  de  salon,  op.  60  ;  much  elegant 
salon-music  (L'hirondellc,  op.  xr  ;  La  IJerceuse 
and  Chanson  sicilienne,  op.  30  ;  Lc  rcveil  des 
fees,  op.  41 ;  etc.), 

Prume,  Francois-Hubert,  b.  Stuvelol,  n. 
Liege,  June  3,  1816  ;  d.  there  July  14,  1849. 
Violin-virtuoso;  pupil  of  Liege  Cons.  1827-30, 
then  of  Ihibcneck  at  Paris  Cons.;  from  1833-9, 
prof,  at  the  Liege  Cons.,  then  jtndei taking  a 
tour  through  Germany,  Scandinavia,  and  Russia, 
returning  in  1842,  and  becoming  ist  prof,  of 
violin  at  Liege  in  1844. — ^P-  *i  "  l'a  niclan- 
colie  "  f.  violin  w.  pf.  or  orch.  (very  popular) ; 
op.  3,  6  Gnmdes  etudes  ;  a  concertino  and  a 
morceau  de  concert,  f.  vln«  w.  oich.;  Grande 
Polonaise,  f.  do.;  etc. 

Prume,  Frantz  Henry,  nephew  of  the  above. 
See  JfcuiN-PRirMK. 

Prumier,  Antoine,  b.  Paris,  July  2,  1794 ; 
d.  there  Jan.  20,  1868,  Harp-player,  pupil  at 
the  Cons.;  harpist  at  the  Th.  Iialien,  and  at  the 
Opcra-Comique  in  1835,  then  also  succeeding 
Nadermann  as  harp-prof,  at  the  Cons. — •  Works  : 
About  100  fantaisics,  rondos,  and  airs  w.  varia- 
tions, for  harp. — His  son  and  pupil, 

Prumier,  Ange-Conrad,  b.  1821  (?) ;  d. 
Paris,  Apr.  3,  1884.  His  father's  successor  at 
the  OpcMa-Comique ;  played  lator  at  the  Opera  ; 
and  succeeded  Labarre  as  prof,  of  the  harp  at 


the  Cons,  in  1870. — Works  :  Solos  and  etudes  f. 
harp  ;  nocturnes  f  harp  and  horn  ;  sacred  songs. 

Psellos,  Michael,  writer  at  Constantinople 
about  1050.  Wrote  a  treati.se  on  music,  printed 
by  Arsemus  in  "  Opus  in  quatuor  mathematicas 
disciplmas"  (1532,  1535),  in  German  by  Mitzler 
(Vol.  in  of  his  "  Mus.  Ihbliothek ")  ,  another 
treatise,  on  rhythm,  was  publ.  by  Morelli(i785). 

Ptolemy,  Claudius,  the  celebrated  Alexan- 
drian astronomer,  geographer,  and  mathemati- 
cian, early  m  the  2nd  century  wrote  a  very  im- 
portant treatise  on  music,  a  poor  Latin  version 
of  which  was  made  by  Gogavmus  (1562) ;  Wal- 
hs  publ.  the  orig.  Greek  text  in  1688 ;  O.  Paul 
gives  a  fragment  in  Greek,  with  German  transl., 
in  his  "  Boetius." 

Pucci'ni,  Giacomo,  b.  Lucca,  Italy,  in  1858. 
At  fust  private  pupil  of  Angeloni  at  Lucca  ;  then 
studied  at  the  R. 
Cons. ,  Milan,  under 

A.  Ponchiclli,  grad-  iflBBfflKT''^  fi  / 
uating  with  a  fine  «___^^_, 
Capriccio  sinfonico  -  ll^MH^BFl»^CJ%j$A 
f  orch.  Ife  has  , 
since  won  promi-  ' 
nencc  as  a  diamatic 
composer,  having  '•»<% 
prod,  the  i-act  op- 
era /,<•  /'////'  (Milan, 
Dal  Vcrrae  Th., 
1884;  extended  later 
to  2  acts,  and  given 
at  La  Srala  and  else- 
where) ;  JMgar  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1889;  succ.); 
4-act  lyric  drama  AFantw  Lcscaitt  (Turin,  1893  ; 
succ.) ;  and  the  4-act  opera  seria  La  tfohbme 
(Turin,  1896;  London,  Covenl  Garden,  1897; 
succ.).  Venli  is  said  to  have  called  him  the 
most  promising  of  his  successors,  In  1893  he 
succeeded  Catalani  as  prof,  of  comp.  at  Milan 
Cons. 

Pucit'ta,  Vincenzo,  b.  Civitavecchia,  1778  ; 
d.  Milan,  Dec.  20,  1861.  Prod,  some  30  opeias 
at  Rome,  Venice,  Milan,  London,  and  Paris, 
where  he  was  cembalist  at  the  Italian  Opera. 

Puchat,  Max,  b.  ttreslau,  1859.  Composer 
and  pianist ;  pupil  of  Kiel  at  Merlin,  and  winner 
of  the  Mendelssohn  prixe  in  1884.  —  Works . 
Symphonic  poems  u  Kuphorion"  (1888), 'and 
41  Tragcidie  eincs  ICUnstlers  "  (1894  ;  5  movcm.); 
an  overture ;  a  pf. -concerto  in  C  minor;  and 
numerous  songs. 

Puch'tler,  Wilhelm  Maria,  b.Holzkirchen, 
Franconia,  Dec.  24,  1848;  d,  Nice,  Feb.  ir, 
1881.  Pupil  of  Faisal,  Lebort,  and  Stark,  at 
Stuttgart  Cons.  ([868-73)  J  teacher  and  cond.  at 
Gottingcn  till  1879.— Works :  ci  Der  Gcigervon 
Gmund,"  a  choral  comp.  (1881) ;  pf. -pieces  in 
virtuoso-style. 

Pu'dor,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Delitzsch, 
Saxony,  1835  ;  d,  Dresden,  Oct.  10, 1887,  where 
he  had  been  manager  and  proprietor  of  the 
Cons,  since  1859. — fiis  sou, 


3Q 


465 


PUDOR— PURCELL 


Pu'dor,  Dr.  Heinrich,  b.  about  1860,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  the  Consfc,  which  he  disposed 
of,  in  1890,  to  E.  Krantz.  He  is  a  voluminous 
and  eccentric  writer  on  mus.  subjects. — Works  : 
11  Wiedergeburt  in  der  Musik  "  (1892,  9  collected 
essays) ;  * '  Die  alten  und  die  neuen  Wege  in  der 
Musik"  (1892)  ;  etc. 

Puget,  Paul -Charles -Marie,  b.  Nantes, 
June  25,  1848.  Pupil,  at  Paris  Cons  ,  of  Mar- 
montel  (pf .),  Bazin  (harm.),  and  Masse  (comp.); 
ist  Grand  prix  de  Rome  in  1875.— Prod,  the 
comic  opera  Le  Signal  (Op. -Com.,  1886),  and 
the  4-act  opera  Beaitcoup  de  bruit  pour  run 
(ibid.,  Mar.  24,  1899  ;  mod.  succ  ) ;  incid.  music 
to  de  Musset's  Lorensaccio ;  a  setting  of  P.  Col- 
lin's  "  Ulisse  et  les  Sirenes"  ;  and  songs. 

Pugna'ni,  Gaetano,  famous  violinist ;  b. 
Turin,  Nov.  27,  1731  ;  d.  there  July  15,  I798- 
Studied  under  Somis ;  later  in  Tartini's  school 
at  Padua.  In  1752,  leader  in  the  court  orch., 
Turin  ;  from  1754  he  made  concert-tours,  spent 
some  years  in  London  as  leader  at  the  Ital.  Opera, 
and  played  at  Paris  in  the  Concerts  spirituels. 
From  1770  ;;/.  di  capp.  at  the  court  theatre, 
Turin  ;  also  opened  a  school  for  violinists,  among 
whose  alumni  were  Viotti,  Conforti,  Buini,  and 
Polledro.— -Publ  a  violin-concerto  (he  wrote  9), 
and  14  violin-sonatas  ;  6  quintets  f.  2  violins,  2 
flutes,  and  'cello ;  6  string-quartets ;  12  octets 
\sinfome)  f.  strings,  2  oboes,  and  2  horns ;  3 
sets  of  trios  f .  2  violins  and  'cello  ;  and  2  sets  of 
violin-duets.  One  sonata  is  in  Jensen's  "  Clas- 
sische  Violinmusik."  He  prod,  several  operas, 
a  ballet,  and  2  cantatas. 

Pu'gni,  Cesare,  b.  Milan,  1805  ;  d.  St. 
Petersburg,  Jan  26,  1870,  where  he  had  resided 
since  1840.  Prod.  5  operas  and  21  ballets  of 
little  importance. 

Pugno,  Raoul,  brilliant  pianist,  b.  Mont- 
rouge,  Seine,  France,  June  23,  1852.  Studied 
in  the  Paris  Cons.,  taking  ist  pf. -prize  in  1866, 
ist  harmony-prize  in  1867,  and  1st  organ-prize 
1869.  Organist  and  mattre  de  chapelle  in  Paris  ; 
since  1896,  prof,  of  piano  at  the  Conservatoire, 
as  Henri  Fissot's  successor.  In  1897-8  he  made 
a  conspicuously  successful  tour  of  the  United 
States  with  Ysaye.  Officer  of  the  Academic. 
He  has  prod,  an  oratorio,  La  resurrection  de  La- 
xare  (Concert  Pasdeloup,  1879),  and  a  number 
of  light  stage-pieces,  among  them  the  3-act 
comic  opera  Ninetta  (1882),  the  3-act  opera- 
bouffe  Le  Sosie  (1887),  the  3-act  do.  Le  retoitr 
d' Ulisse  (1889),  the  3-act  vaudev. -operetta  La 
petite  Poucette  (1891 ;  in  Berlin,  1893,  as  Der 
Talisman),  the  pantomime  Pour  le  drapeau 
(1895),  etc.  Has  also  written  pf. -pieces  and 
vocal  music. 

Puli'ti,  Leto,  b.  Florence,  June  29, 1818  j  d. 
there  Nov.  15,  1875.  A  student  of  music  and 
natural  science ;  publ.  songs,  and  music  f.  pf. 
and  orch. ;  also  valuable  essays  in  the  Proceed- 
ings of  the  R.  Inst.  of  Music  at  Florence,  espe- 
cially "  Cenni  storici  della  vita  del  serenissimo 


466 


Ferdinando  de'  Medici  "  (1884,  printed  sepa- 
rately), with  information  concerning  Cristofori, 
the  inventor  of  the  pf. 

Pun'to,  Giovanni.    See  STICH. 

Pup'po,  Giuseppe,  an  eccentric  violinist;  b. 
Lucca,  June  12, 1749;  d.  in  po\erty  at  Florence, 
Apr.  19,  1827.  Lived  for  years  in  London  (till 
1784),  then  in  Pans  as  cond.  at  the  Th.  de 
Monsieur,  and  as  fashionable  accompanist  and 
teacher  till  1811,  and  in  Naples  1811-17  as 
maestro  at  the  San  Carlo  Th  —  Publ  3  con- 
certos, 3  violin-duets,  8  violin-etudes  and  6  pf.- 
fantasias. 

Purcell',  Henry  (called  "  the  younger,"  be- 
cause the  son  of  Henry  P.,  Gentleman  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  and  Master  of  the  Choristers  at 
Westminster  Abbey),  b.  in  St.  Ann's  Lane,  Old 
Pye  St.,  Westminster,  London,  in  1658  ;  d. 
Dean's  Yard,  Westminster,  Nov.  21,  1695. 
From  1664,  the  year  of  his  father's  death,  he 
studied  as  a  chorister  of  the  Chapel  Royal  under 
Cooke  and  Humfrey,  also  receiving  instruction 
from  Dr.  Blow.  As  early  as  1676  he  wrote  the 
music  for  Dryden's  tragedy  A  urenge-Zebt\  and 
Shadwell's  comedy  Epsom  Wells  ;  he  also  publ, 
a  song  in  Playford's  "Choice  Ayres,  etc.," 
Book  i.  In  1677  he  wrote  the  overture,  act- 
tunes,  etc.,  to  Mrs.  Behn's  tragedy  Abdelazor, 
and  an  elegy  on 
Matthew  Locke  (in 
Book  li  of  "  Choice 
Ayres").  Next  year 
he  composed  the 
overture,  instr.l  mu- 
sic, and  the  masque, 
in  Shadwell's  ver-  | 
sion  of  Tim  on  of 
Athens  ;  to  1680  be- 
long the  incid.  music 
to  Lee's,  tragedy  Tkt- 
odosiits  and  D'Ur- 
fey's  comedy  The 
Virtuous  Wife,  and 
a  little  opera,  Dido  and  sRncas,  written  to  the 
order  of  Josias  Priest  for  his  "boarding-school  for 
young  gentlewomen";  also  the  "Ode  or  Wel- 
come Song  for  his  Royal  Highness"  the  J)uke 
of  York,  and  "A  Song  to  welcome  home  II  is 
Majesty  from  Windsor."  Appointed  organist  at 
Westminster  Abbey,  he  wrote  no  more  theatrical 
music  for  six  years,  presumably  turning  his  atten- 
tion to  church-music.  In  1682  he  became  organ- 
ist of  the  Chapel  Royal  as  Lowe's  successor ;  in 
1683,  composer-in-ordinary  to  the  King.  His 
first  publ.  chamber-music  dates  from  1683, 
"  Sonatas  of  III  parts,  two  Viollins  and  Basse  to 
the  Organ  or  Harpsichord  "  (with  engraved  por- 
trait), 12  numbers,  based  on  Italian  models, 
each  having  an  Adagio,  a  Can/one  (fugue),  a 
slow  movem.,  and  an  air  (3  recently  reprinted  by 
Augener).  More  "Odes"  appeared  at  this 
time  ;  the  last  one  to  King  Charles  in  1684,  and 
the  greeting  to  King  James  in  1685  ;  in  all,  I*, 
wrote  28  of  these.  Dramatic  composition  re* 


PURCELL— PYNE 


commenced  in  1686,  with  Dryden's  Tyrannic 
Love;  D'Urfey's  A  Fool's  FJ e ferment  followed 
in  1688,  and  Shadwell's  version  of  The  Tempest 
in  1690.  "The  Yorkshire  Feast  Song,"  called 
by  D'Urfey,  the  author,  "  one  of  the  finest  com- 
positions he  ever  made,"  was  composed  and  pro- 
duced in  1690 ;  also  his  first  real  opera,  Diode- 
sian.  During  the  next  five  years  he  developed 
extraordinary  activity  in  theatrical  composition, 
as  the  list  below  proves.  It  is  probable  that  he 
died  after  a  lingering  illness  (consumption) ;  he 
lies  in  the  north  aisle  of  Westminster  Abbey, 
and  his  burial-tablet  well  expresses  contemporary 
estimation  of  his  worth  "  Here  lyes  Henry 
Purcell,  Esq  ;  who  left  this  life,  and  is  gone  to 
that  blessed  place  where  only  his  harmony  can 
be  exceeded."  His  church-music  shows  the 
original  melodist,  and  a  master  of  form,  har- 
mony, and  all  contrapuntal  devices  ;  his  dramatic 
music  is  equally  original  in  invention,  dramatic 
instinct,  and  power  of  characterization ;  his 
chamber-works  surpass  those  of  his  predecessors 
and  contemporaries.  "We  see  in  him  the  im- 
prover of  our  cathedral  music  ;  the  originator  of 
English  melody,  as  the  term  is  now  understood  ; 
the  establisher  of  a  form  of  English  opera  which 
was  almost  universally  adopted  lor  upwards  of  a 
century  and  a  half  ;  the  introducer  of  a  new  and 
more  effective  employment  of  the  orchestra  in 
accompaniment ;  the  man  who  excelled  all  others 
in  his  accurate,  vigorous,  and  energetic  setting 
of  English  words ;  and  the  most  original  and 
extraordinary  musical  genius  that  our  country 
has  produced."  [GROVK.]  1 1  is  stage-music  is 
as  dramatic  as  and  more  melodious  than  that  of 
his  model,  Lully  ;  his  sacred  compositions  were 
eagerly  and  profitably  studied  by  I  landcl.  —The 
41  Purcell  Society,"  organized  in  1876  to  publish 
and  perform  his  works,  has  issued  the  12  sona- 
tas, The  Yorkshire  Feast  Song,  Timoti  of  Athens, 
and  the  Birthday  Ode  to  the  \  )uke  of  Gloucester. 
Other  publ.  works  :  The  Prophetess,  or  the  SJis- 
tory  of  Dioclesian,  by  Bettcrton,  after  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  (in  score,  1891);  Dido  and  sfbicas, 
byNahum  Tate  [1675!  (?n  scor<*t  1840,  by  the 
Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.);  A'toff  Arthur  \  1691],  by 
Dryden  (in  score,  1843,  by  lhe  Mus.  Ant.  Soc.) ; 
tfonduca  [1695],  by  Powell,  after  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  (in  score,  by  ditto) ;  his  widow  publ. 
in  1697  '*  A  Collection  of  Ayres  Composed  for 
the  Theatre  and  upon  other  Occasions " ;  also 
songs  for  1-3  voices,  from  his  theatrical  works 
and  odes;  and  the  u Orpheus  Britannicus"  in 
2  parts  (Parti,  1698,  2nd  ed.  1706 ;  Tart  ii,  1702, 
2nd  ed.  1711  ;  3d  ed.,  of  both  parts,  1721). 
Playford's  "  Theatre  of  Musick"  (1687),  and  the 
coll.s  of  Boyce,  Arnold,  Tudway,  and  Page, 
contain  many  of  P.'s  works  ;  many  sacred  songs 
were  printed  in  the  "  Ilarmonia  sacra"  (1688) ; 
Novello's  "Purcell's  Sacred  Music  "  contains  a 
Te  Deum  and  Jubilate  (for  St.  Cecilia's  Day),  3 
services,  20  anthems  w.  orch. ,  32  do.  w.  organ, 
19  songs  (some  w.  chorus),  2  duets,  one  terzet, 
ii  hymns  a  3-4,  2  Latin  Psalms,  and  5  canons 
(1829-32  ;  six  vol.s,  with  portrait  and  biography) ; 


in  1697,  10  more  sonatas  (similar  to  the  former 
12)  were  printed,  No.  9  being  the  celebrated 
and  oft-republ.  "Golden  Sonata";  fuither, 
44  Lessons  for  the  Harpsichord  or  Spinet "  (1696) ; 
and  catches  in  the  coll.  "The  Catch  Club,  or 
Merry  Companion."  Novello's  catalogue  names 
the  anthems  most  used  in  English  churches. — 
In  addition  to  the  pieces  mentioned  above,  Pur- 
cell  set  to  music  the  following  dramatic  works  : 
The  Libertine,  by  Shad  well  (1676),  Massacre  of 
Paris,  Lee  (1690),  Amphitryon  (1690),  Dis- 
tressed Innocence,  Settle  (1691),  The  Gonhan 
Knotttntyed^bqi),  Sir  Anthony  Low,  Southerne 
(1691),  The  Fairy  Queen  [Shakespeare's  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream]  (1693),  The  Wije's 
Excuse ',  Southerne  (1692),  The  Indian  Queen, 
Dryden  (1692),  The  Indian  Mmperour,  Dryden 
(1692),  (Edipus  (1692),  Cleomenes  (1692),  The 
Mairiage  Hater  AlatcVd,  D'Urfey  (1692),  The 
Old  Bachelor,  Congreve  (1693),  The  Richmond 
Heiress,  D'Urfey  (1693),  The  Maid's  Last 
Prayer,  Southerne  (1693),  Henry  IL,  Bancroft 
(1693),  Don  Quixote,  D'Urfey  (1694-5,  in  2 
paits);  The  Married  Beau,  Crowne  (1694),  The 
Double  Dealer,  Congreve  (1694),  The  Fatal 
Marriage,  Southerne  (1 694),  Love  Triumphant, 
Dryden  (1694),  The  Canterbury  Guests,  Ravens- 
croft  (1695),  The  Mock  Marriage,  Scott  (1695), 
The  Jtwal  Sister*,  Gould  (1695),  Qroonoko, 
Southerne  (1695),  The  Knight  of  Malta,  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher  (1695). 

Purcell',  Daniel,  brother  of  Henry ;  b.  Lon- 
don, 1660;  d.  there  Dec.  12,  1718.  Also  an 
excellent  musician,  he  became  org.  of  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford,  in  1688;  took  his  brother's  plucc 
as  dramatic  composer  in  1695,  and  was  org.  of 
St.  Andrew's,  Ilolborn,  from  1713. — Works: 
Tncid.  niu&ic  to  ten  dramas  ;  several  odes  (c.  g., 
funeral  ode  for  his  brother);  publ.  "The  Psalm 
Tunes  set  full  for  the  Organ  or  Harpsichord 
.  .  ."(n.cl.);  songs  in  collections. — Six  anthems 
are  in  the  choir-books  of  Magdalen  Coll.  chapel. 

Puteanus,  Ericius  (Latinized  from  Heinrich 
van  de  Putte ;  also  Gallicized  Dupuy) ;  b. 
Venloo,  Holland,  Nov.  4,  1574;  d.  Louvuin, 
Sept.  17,  1646,  as  prof,  of  literature,  having  suc- 
ceeded J.  Lipsius  in  1606.  Kurly  opponent  of 
solmisation;  pub.  "  Modulata  Pallas  sive  septum 
cliscrimina  vocum"  (1599 ;  2nd  ed,  as  "Musa- 
thena  sive  notarum  hcptas,"  1602) ;  and  other 
essays. 

Pyne,  Louisa  Fanny,  soprano  stage-singer ; 
b,  Kngland,  1832 ;  pupil  of  Sir  George  Smart. 
Debut  at  Boulogne,  1049,  as  Amina  in  La  *SVw- 
nambula y  from  Oct.  T,  eng.  at  the  Princess's 
Th.,  London;  sang  here,  at  the  Ilayraarket,  the 
Italian  Opera,  and  in  oratorio  and  concert,  till 
1854,  when  she  set  out  on  a  American  tour  last- 
ing 3  years.  In  1858  she  organized  an  English 
opera-troupe  in  London  (with  Harrison),  which 
played  in  the  Lyceum,  Drury  Lane,  and  Covent 
Garden,  until  1862.  She  sane  later  at  H.  M.'s 
Th.;  in  1868,  married  Frank  Bodda,  a  baritone 
vocalist. 


467 


PYTHAGORAS—  QUERCU 


Pytha'goras,  famous  philosopher  and  mathe- 
matician; b.  Samos,  Greece,  about  582  B.C.; 
d.  Metapontum,  about  500  B.C.  His  doctrines 
on  the  musical  ratios  are  preserved  in  the  writ- 
ing of  his  followers,  as  P.  himself  wrote  no 
books.  The  Pythagoreans  (Archytas,  Didymos, 
Eratosthenes,  Euclid,  Ptolemy,  etc.)  reckoned 
only  the  fifth  and  octave  as  pure  consonances 
(the  fourth  being  the  fifth  below) ;  their  system 
recognized  only  intervals  reached  by  successive 
skips  of  pure  fifths,  their  major  third  being  the 
4th  fifth  above  (ratio  64  :  81,  instead  of  the 
modern  64  :  80,  or  4  :  5),  their  minor  third  the 
3rd  fifth  below;  etc.  Their  thirds  and  sixths 
were,  consequently,  dissonant  intervals. 


Qua'dri,  Domenico,  b.  Vicenza,  1801 ;  d. 
Milan,  Apr.  29,  1843.  Pupil  of  Marchesi  and 
Pilotti.  Devoted  himself  to  teaching  and  theo- 
retical research.  An  advocate  of  the  theory  of 
chord-building  by  thirds,  he  pub.  in  1830  two 
fascicles  of  a  work,  "La  ragione  armonica, 
dimostrata  sui  partimenti  del  Padre  Mattei"; 
opened  a  school  in  Naples  (1831)  for  teaching 
harmony,  and  next  year  publ.  "Lezioni  di  ar- 
monia  per  facilitare  lo  studio  del  la  composizione 
musicale";  but  could  make  no  headway  against 
the  opposition  of  powerful  musicians,  and  died 
in  poverty. 

Qua'drio,  Francesco  Saverio,  b.  Ponte, 
Valtellina,  Dec.  I,  1695  ;  d.  Milan,  Nov.  II, 
1756.  Wrote  "Delia  storia  e  della  ragione 
d'ogni  poesia"  (7  vol.s,  1739-46  ;  vol.s  ii  and  iii 
treat  of  the  opera,  oratorio,  and  cantata). 

Quaglia'ti,  Paolo,  comp.  and  excellent  cem- 
balist; d.  Rome,  about  1660.  Publ.  Carro  tti 
fedeltk  d^amore^  one  of  the  earliest  mus.  dramas, 
containing  not  only  monodies,  but  ensemble- 
numbers  up  to  5  voices  (Rome,  1611);  also  Mot- 
tetti  and  Dialoghi  a  2-8  (1620),  Canzonette  a  3, 
etc. 

Quandt,  Christian  Friedrich,  b.  Herrnhut, 
Saxony,  Sept  17,  1766 ;  d.  Niesky,  n.  Gorlitz, 
Jan.  30,  1806.  Publ.  papers  on  the  ^Eolian 
harp,  the  harmonica,  etc.,  in  the  "Lausitzische 
Monatsschrif t "  (1795,  '97),  and  the  "  Allgem. 
mus.  Zeitung"  (1798-1800). 

Quantz,  Jobann  Joachim,  flute-teacher  of 
Frederick  the  Great ;  b.  (according  to  his  auto- 
biography in  Marpurg's  "  Beitrage  zur  Auf- 
nahme  der  Musik  ")  at  Oberscheden,  Hanover, 
Jan,  30,  1697 ;  d.  Potsdam,  July  12,  1773. 
Naturally  musical,  at  8  he  played  the  double- 
bass  at  village  festivals.  His  father  died  when 
he  was  but  10,  and  Q.  was  apprenticed  to  an 
uncle,  the  Stadtmusikus  at  Merseburg,  in  1708, 
learning  various  instr.s,  among  them  the  clavi- 
chord with  Kiesewetter.  1 1  is  apprenticeship 
ended,  he  went  to  Radeburg,  Pirna,  and  in  1716 
joined  the  town-orch.  of  Dresden,  under  Heine. 
In  1717,  during  3  months'  leave  of  absence,  he 


studied  counterpoint  with  Zelenka  and  Fux  at 
Vienna  ;  in  1718  he  became  oboist  in  the  Royal 
Polish  orch.  of  Warsaw  and  Dresden,  but  soon 
took  up  the  flute,  which  he  studied  under  IJuiTar- 
din.  In  1724  he  was  sent  to  Italy  in  the  suite 
of  the  Polish  ambassador ,  studied  counterpoint 
under  Gasparini  at  Rome  ;  went  to  London  via 
Paris  in  1726  ;  and  returned  to  Dresden  in  1727, 
resuming  his  position  as  orchestral  flute-player 
in  1728.  In  this  year  he  played  before  Frederick 
the  Great  (then  Crown  Prince)  at  Beilin,  and  so 
pleased  him  that  he  engaged  Q.  to  teach  him 
the  flute,  and  to  make  two  long  yearly  visits  to 
Berlin  for  that  purpose.  Frederick  ascended  the 
throne  in  1740,  and  next  year  called  Q.  to  Berlin 
(Potsdam)  as  chamber-musician  and  court  com- 
poser at  a  salary  of  2000  Thaler,  besides  an  hono- 
rarium for  each  composition  furnished,  and  100 
ducats  for  each  flute  supplied  by  Q.  IIoic  he 
remained  until  his  death.  He  Icit  in  MS.  300 
concertos  for  one  and  two  flutes,  and  some  200 
other  flute-pieces  (soli,  ducts,  trios,  and  quatuors). 
Publ.  "  Sei  sonate  "  w.  bass  (1734)  \  "  Sei  ductti " 
(i759)j  '*  Neue  Kirchenmelodien  "  (1760  ;  set- 
tings of  22  odes  by  Gellert  as  chorals) ;  "  Versnch 
einer  Anweisung,  die  Flote  traversierc  zu  spielen" 
(1752;  flute-method;  2nd  and  3rd  ed.si78o,  'Kg; 
French,  1752  ;  Dutch,  1755) ;  and  "Application 
pour  la  flute  traversiere  a  deux  clefs  "  (n.  d. ;  (,). 
invented  the  second  key  for  the  flute  ;  also  the 
sliding  top  for  tuning  the  instr.). — Biography  by 
his  grandnephew  Albert  Quanlz  (Uerlin,  1877). 

Quaran'ta,  Francesco,  b.  Naples,  Apr.  4, 
1848 ;  d.  Milan,  Mar.  26,  1897.  Pupil  of 
Naples  Cons.,  settled  in  Milan  as  a  popular  sing- 
ing-teacher.— Works  :  The  opera  111  tore  /<»;  a- 
mosco;  grand  mass  w.  orch.;  a  groat  number  of 
songs. 

Quaren'ghi,  Guglielmo,  b.  Casalmaggiore, 
Oct.  22, 1826 ;  d.  Milan,  Feb.  4,  1882.  Pupil  at 
Milan  Cons.,  1839-42 ;  from  1850,  xst  'cello  at 
La  Scala  Th. ;  1851,  prof,  of  'cello-playing  at  the 
Cons. ;  from  1879,  m.  di  capp.  al  Milan  Calh.— 
Works  :  Excellent  'cello  mckthod,  and  original 
pieces  and  transcriptions  f .  'cello ;  church-music  ; 
and  an  opera,  //  dl  di  S.  Michele  (Milan,  1863). 

Quatremere  de  Quincy,  Antoine-Chrysos- 
tome,  b.  Paris,  Oct.  28,  1755  ;  d.  there  Dec.  28, 
1849.  Secretary  of  the  Academic  des  Arts, 
Publ.  "  De  la  nature  des  opdras  buttons  "  (Paris, 
1789;  pamphlet);  and  eulogies  of  Catel,  Hoiel- 
dieu,  Gossec,  Mehul,  Monsiguy,  Paisidlo,  and 
other  deceased  members  of  the  Academic  (in 
'  *Recueilde  notices  historiques  .  .  ,  "(1834-7, 
2  vol.s ;  also  printed  separately). 

Quercu,  Simon  de  (Latinized  from  Van 
Eycken  or  Du  Chesne),  b,  in  Brabant,  became 
first  chapel-singer  to  Ludovico  Sforxa,  at  Milan, 
about  1500 ;  about  1508  he  accompanied  Massi- 
miliano  and  Francesco  Sforza  to  Vienna. — Publ. 
an  "Opusculum  musices"  treating  of  Gregorian 
and  figurate  song  (Vienna,  1500,),  and  "  Vigiliae 
cum  vesperis  et  oxequiis  mortuorvm"  (1513). 


468 


QUTDANT— RAFF 


Quidant,  Alfred  (rftte  Joseph),  b  Lyons, 
Franco,  Dec.  7,  1815  ,  d  Pans,  Oct.  9,  1893. 
St.  1831  tiH'aris  Cons.,  but  left  it  to  exhibit  the 
pianos  in  Krard's  wareiooms,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed for  some  30  years.  Good  pianist ;  comp. 
light  pf. -music  of  considerable  vogue. 

Quinault,  Jean-Baptiste-Maurice,  singer 
and  actor  at  the  Theatre  Fran9ais,  Paris,  1712- 
33,  then  retiring  to  Gien,  where  he  died  1744.  He 
set  to  music  over  2O?;/terwtV&j,  ballets,  etc. ;  also 
a  grand  4-act  ballet,  Les  amows  des  dfosses 
(Grand  Opera,  1729). 

Quinault,  Philippe,  b.  Paris,  1635  ;  d.  there 
Nov.  26,  1688  ;  was  Lully's  librettist,  as  which 
he  exhibited  unusual  dramatic  instinct. 


Raafif  (or  Raff),  Anton,  b.  ITolzem,  n.  Bonn, 
1714  ;  d  Munich,  May  27,  1797.  Stage-tenor, 
pupil  of  Ferrandi  at  Munich  and  Bernacchi  at 
.Bologna;  sang  1742-52  at  Bonn,  Vienna,  and 
other  German  courts  ;  then  in  Lisbon  1753-5, 
Madrid  I755~9,  and  Naples,  returning  to  Ger- 
many in  1770,  where  was  attached  to  the  court 
of  Carl  Theodor  at  Mannheim  and  (1779)  Mu- 
nich, In  1778  he  went  to  Paris  with  RIozart, 
who  wrote  the  role  pf  Itttweneo,  and  also  the 
aria  "  Se  al  labbro  mio,"  for  R. 

Rachma'ninoff,  Sergei  Vassilievitch,  b. 
Novgorod,  Russia,  1873.  Pianist  and  com- 
poser ;  pupil,  at  Moscow  Cons.,  of  Siloli  (pf.) 
and  Arensky  (theory),  winning  the  great  gold 
medal  in  1891. — Works:  i-act  opera  Aleko 
(Moscow,  1893;  succ.);  pf. -concerto,  op.  i; 
Morceaux  de  fantai.sie  f.  pf.,  op.  3  ;  Kantaisie  f. 
2  pf  .s,  op.  5  ;  Trio  elegiaque,  op.  9 ;  etc. 

Ra'decke,  Rudolf,  b.  Dittmann&dorf,  Silesia, 
Sept.  6,  1829  ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  15, 1893.  Pupil 
of  Haumgurt  in  the  Acad.  lust,  for  Church-mu- 
sic, Breslau,  and  (1851-3)  of  Leipzig  Cons.; 
from  1859  in  Berlin,  teaching  1864-71  at  the 
Stern  Cons.;  cond.  1864-8  of  the  "Cficilien- 
Verein  "  j  founded  the  Radecke  Choral  Soc.  in 
1868,  and  a  music-school  in  1869. — Publ.  part- 
songs  and  songs. — I  Us  brother, 

Ra'decke,  (Albert  Martin)  Robert,  b.  IMtt- 
mannsdorf,  Oct.  31,  1830.  Pupil  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  1848-50,  then  ist  violin  in  Gewandhaus  ; 
in  1852,  2nd  coml.  of  the  Singakade mi t^ ;  in  1853, 
mus.  dir.  of  the  City  Th.  for  a  short  time  ;  later 
pianist,  organist,  and  quartet-player  in  Berlin, 
givinggrandchor.il  and  orch.l  concerts  1858-63, 
then  becoming  mus.  dir.  of  the  court  theatre,  and 
court  Kapellm*  in  1871.  From  1883-88  he  suc- 
ceeded Stern  as  artistic  dir.  of  the  Stern  Cons.; 
resigned  his  opera-directorship  in  1887  ;  and  in 
1892  succeeded  Ilaupt  as  dir.  of  the  R.  Inst.  for 
Church-music,  Berlin,— Works  :  i-act  "  Lieder- 
spiel,"  J)it  Mdnkgutcr  (Berlin,  1874) ;  a  sym- 
phony, 2  overtures,  2  Schcm,  a  Capriccio,  and 
a  "  Nachtstttck  "  f.  orch. ;  2  pf. -trios;  many  ex- 
cellent part-songs  and  songs. 


Ra'decke,  Luise,  stage-soprano  ;  b.  Celle, 
I  Linovcr,  June  27,  1847.  Pupil  of  the  Marchesi 
at  Cologne  Cons.,  1866-7,  then  making  debut  at 
Cologne  as  Agathe  in  Der  Freischute;  eng. 
there  till  1869,  then  at  Weimar  till  1871,  at  Riga 
till  1873,  and  then  as  prima  donna  at  Munich 
till  her  marriage,  in  1876,  with  Baron  von  Brum- 
mer,  when  she  retired. 

Ra'decke,  Ernst,  son  of  Robert  R, ;  b.  Ber- 
lin, Dec.  8,  1866.  Took  degree  of  Dr.  phil. 
at  Berlin,  1891,  with  a  dissertation  on  tkD:is 
deutsche  wclthche  Lied  in  der  Lautenmusik  des 
16.  Jahrhunderts  "  (publ.  in  the  "  Vierteljahrs- 
schnft  lur  Musikwisscnschaft,"  1891).  Became 
"Correpetitor"  at  the  Leipzig  City  Th. ;  from 
1893,  town  mus.  director,  and  director  of  the 
Music-school,  at  Winterthur,  Switzerland. 

Radoux,  Jean-Theodore,  b^  Liege,  Nov.  9, 
1835.  Pupil  of  Daussoigne-Mchul  and  Bacha 
(bassoon)  at  the  Cons. ,  where  he  became  teacher 
of  bassoon  in  1856  ;  won  the  Prix  de  Rome  with 
the  cantata  Le  Jitif  errant  (1859) ;  St.  with 
Ilalevy  at  Paris  ;  and  in  1872  was  app.  Director 
of  Liege  Cons. — Works:  Operas  Le  Bfatnais 
(comic  ;  Liege,  1866),  and  La  coupe  enchants 
(comic ;  Brussels,  1872)  ;  oratorio  Cain  (1877) ; 
cantata  La  fille  de  Jephtt^  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. ; 
chorus  f.  female  voices,  w.  orch.,2>  Printemps; 
the  symphonic  tone-pictures  "Ahasvere"  and 
"Le  festin  de  Ballhasar";  symph.  overture 
"Epopee nationale"  ;  Te  Deum  ;  church-music, 
male  choiuses,  songs,  etc. — Also  thework  "Henri 
Vieuxtemps,  sa  vie  et  ses  aiuvrcs  "  (1891). 

Radziwill,  Prince  Anton  Heinrich,  b. 
Wilna,  June  13,  1775;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  8,  1833. 
Stadthaltcr  of  Posen ;  mus.  amateur,  an  excellent 
singer,  and  a  patron  of  art. — Works :  Jncid. 
music  to  Goethe's  Faust  (often  perf.  at  Berlin, 
Leip/ig,  etc.;  publ.  1835);  u  Complainte  de 
Maria  Stuart,"  w.  'cello  and  pf.;  French  ro- 
mances (1802),  vocal  duets  (1804),  male  quartets 
(for  Zcltner's  "  Liederlafel"),  etc.  To  him 
Beethoven  dedicated  the  "  Namensfeier "  over- 
ture, op.  115;  he  was  also  Chopin's  patron. 

Raff,  Joseph  Joachim,  important  composer ; 
b.  Lachen,  Lake  of  Zurich,  May  27,  1822 ;  d. 
Frankf  ort-on-Main , 
June  25, 1882.  The 
son  of  an  organist, 
he  was  educated  at 
Wiesenstctten, 
Wttrttemberg,  and 
at  the  Jesuit  Ly- 
ceum in  Schwyz; 
being  too  poor  to 
take  a  University  /* 
course,  he  then  be-  /;-1 
came  a  school- 
teacher, but  con- 
tinued the  study  of 
composition,  and  of 
the  piano  and  violin, 
by  himself.  In  1843  he  sent  some  MS. 


469 


RAFF 


works  to  Mendelssohn  ;  he  recommended  him 
to  Breitkopf  &  Hartel,  who  publ.  R.'s  op.  2-14, 
all  pf. -pieces.  Thus  encouraged,  he  gave  up 
school-teaching  for  the  career  of  a  composer, 
and  worked  hard,  though  without  improving  his 
material  condition  for  some  time.  Liszt  invited 
him  to  accompany  him  on  a  concert-tour ;  R. 
went  as  far  as  Cologne  (1846),  and  then  intended 
to  go  to  Mendelssohn  at  Leipzig,  but  Mendels- 
sohn died  in  1847,  and  R.  remained  in  Cologne 
for  a  time,  writing  reviews  for  Dehn's  "  Cacilia," 
and  composing  industriously  His  hopes  of  re- 
munerative employment  by  the  Viennese  pub- 
lisher, Mechetti,  were  dashed  by  the  latter's 
death  ;  R.  returned  to  \Viesenstetten,  but  often 
visited  Stuttgart,  and  there  met  von  Bulow,  who 
greatly  aided  his  reputation  by  publicly  playing 
his  Concertstiuk ;  R.'s  opera,  Komg  Alfred, 
was  also  accepted  for  performance  at  the  court 
theatre;  but  the  Revolution  of  1848  again  frus- 
trated his  hopes-  In  1850  he  joined  Liszt  at 
Weimar;  entered  heart  and  soul  into  the  neo- 
German  movement,  which  he  championed  in  the 
"Neue  Zeitschnft  fur  Musik,"  and  had  the 
satisfaction  of  seeing  his  opera,  Konig  Alfred, 
brought  out  in  a  revised  form  at  Weimar  by 
Liszt ;  though  it  never  got  any  further.  He 
publ.  (1854)  a  pamphlet,  "Die  Wagnerf rage." 
In  1856  he  followed  the  actress  Doris  Genast  to 
Wiesbaden,  and  married  her  in  1859.  In  Wies- 
baden he  was  in  great  demand  as  a  pf. -teacher. 
In  1863  his  first  symphony ,  "AndasVaterland," 
won  the  prize  of  the  Viennese  ' '  Gesellschaft  der 
Musikfreunde  "  over  32  competitors;  in  1870  a 
second  opera,  Dame  Jfobold  (comic),  was  prod, 
at  Weimar  ;  and  in  1877  he  was  app.  Director 
of  the  Hoch  Cons,  at  Frankfort.— Raff  was  a 
composer  of  prodigious  fertility  of  invention, 
an  inexhaustible  vein  of  melody,  and  thorough 
mastery  over  the  technical  and  formal  require- 
ments of  composition.  He  wrote  over  230  works 
of  very  unequal  value  ;  poverty,  the  demands  of 
publishers  and  "  popularity,"  and  his  own  native 
facility,  conspired  to  induce  rapidity  of  writing  ; 
yet  his  masterpieces,  like  the  3rd  and  sth  sym- 
phonies, the  orch.l  overtures  op.  101  and  194, 
the  pf.-concerto  op.  185,  the  'cello-concerto  op. 
193,  etc.,  won  him,  both  with  regard  to  origi- 
nality and  fine  workmanship,  a  leading  place 
among  contemporary  composers.  The  Raff 
Memorial  Soc.  publ.  (Frankfort,  1886)  a  com- 
plete list  of  his  works.  It  includes  in  sym- 
phonies: No.  i,  op.  96,  "An  das  Vaterland"; 
No.  2,  op.  140  in  C;  No.  3,  op.  153  in  F,  "Im 
Walde  "  (1869);  No.  4,  op.  167  in  G  min.;  No. 
5,  oj).  177  in  E,  "Lenore'';  No.  6,  op.  189  in 
D  min.,  "  Gelebt,  gestrebt — gelitten,  gestritten 
— gestorben,  umworben";  No.  7,  op.  201  in  Bb, 
"In  den  Alpen  ";  No.  8,  op.  205  in  A,  "Fruh- 
lingsklange*;  No.  9,  op.  208  in  E  min.,  "Im 
Sommer";  No.  10,  op.  213  in  F  min.,  "Zur 
Herbstzeit";  No.  n,  op.  214  in  A  min.,  "Der 
Winter "  (posth. ;  ed.  by  Erdraannsdorfer) ; — 
sinfonietta,  op.  188,  f.  8  wood- wind  instr.s  and 
2  horns  ;  4  suites  (No.  i,  op.  101,  in  C  ;  No.  2, 


op.  194  in  F,  "  In  ungarischer  Weise  ",  No  3, 

...M.     Mniin   .-in  rviKjat-       i«      T?      min          "  Tta1i*»rnc/'»V»  "• 


Festouverture,"  op.  117,  in  A;  "Concert- 
ouverture,"  op.  123,  in  F;  "  Festouverture," 
op.  124,  f.  wind;  on  "  Em'  feste  ttuig,"  op. 
127  ;  4  others,  in  MS.,  to  Romeo  and  Juliet, 
Othello,  Macbelh,  and  The  Tempe&t)\  "  Fcst- 
marsch,"  op.  139  ;  orch.l  rhapsody  "  Abends," 
op.  163  in  B|7  ;  orch  1  "  Elegie  "  (MS.),  orch  1 
fugue  (MS,  unfinished) ;— /or //.  w.  on/i.- 
"Ode  au  printemps,"  op  76;  concerto  in  C 
min.,  op.  135  ;  suite  in  E[?,  op.  200,— Jor  inoltn 
iv.  orch.  •  "  La  fete  d' Amour,"  op.  67  ;  conceito 
No.  I,  op  161,  in  B  min.;  suite,  op.  180 ;  con- 
certo No.  2,  op.  206,  in  A  min.; — Jor  \elfa  w. 
orch.:  Concerto  No.  I,  in  I)  min.,  op.  193; 
No.  2  (MS.)  in  G; — Chambei  -;////j/V  /  Stnn&- 
octet,  op.  176,  m  C ;  string -sextet,  op.  178  ; 
pf.-quintet,  op.  107  in  A  min.;  10  sti ing-quar- 
tets (op.  77,  D  mm.;  op.  90,  A  ;  op.  136,  K 
min.;  op.  137,  A  min.;  op.  138,  G  ;  op.  192  [3 
nos.,  "  Suite  alterer  Form,"  "Die  scheme  Mttl- 
lerin,"  "wSuite  in  canon-foim "]  ;  op.  202  [2 
nos.,  in  G,  and  in  C  min.]);  4  pf.-trios  (op.  102, 
112,  155,  158),  5  sonatas  f.  pi  and  violin  (op. 
73,  78,  128,  129,  145);  suite  f.  pf.  and  violin, 
op.  210 ;  other  pieces  f.  pf.  and  vln.  (op.  58,  63 
[3  books,  on  Wagner  operas],  67  ["La  fee 
d'amour,"  w.  orch  ],  85,  203,  duo  in  G  [MS.]); 
2  Fantasiestucke  f,  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  86 ;  duo 
f.  do.,  op.  59;  'cello-sonata,  op.  183 ;  2  ro- 
mances f.  horn  or  'cello  w.  pf,,  op.  182;  very 
numerous  solo  pieces  /.  //.  (op.  1-46  were  ex- 
clusively such)  ;  2  sonatas,  op.  14,  i6S  ;  7 
suites,  op.  69,  71,  72,  91,  162,  763,  204  ;  3 
sonatinas,  op.  99  ,  "  iromma&o  au  nco-roman- 
tisme,"  op.  10 ;  suite  of  12  pieces  without  oc- 


taves, op.  75  ;  Capriccio,  op.    64  ;  Klegy,  Ro- 
mance, Valse,  op.  22  ;  Tanz-Capricen,  op.  54 ; 
1  Messagers  du  printemps,"  op.   55 ;  "  Chant 


d'Ondine  "  (arpeggio  tremolo  c*tude),  op.  84  ; 
Airs  suisses,  op;6o  ;  Introcl.  and  Allegro  scherz- 
ando,  op.  87  ;  iJtude  de  salon,  op.  88  ;  Valsc  in 
C,  op.  in  ;  Fantaisie-Polonaise,  op.  106  ;  Un- 
garische  Rhapsodic,  op.  113  ;  Spanische  Khap- 
sodie,  op.  1  20  ;  Gavotte,  lierccu.se,  Ksniegle, 
op.  125  ;  2  etudes  melodiques,  op.  130  ;  Taran- 
tella, op,  144;  Scherzo,  op  148;  Allegro  agi- 
tato, op.  151  ;  Cavatina,  and  La  Kilcusc,  op. 
157  ;  Reisebilder,  op.  160  ;  La  Cicenerella,  op. 
165  ;  Polka  glissante,  op.  170;  Polka  de  la  reine, 
op.  95  ;  Var.s  on  an  orig.  theme,  op.  179  ;  Im- 
promptu, op.  196  ;  30  c'tudes  (without  opus- 
number)  ;  many  paraphrases  (e.  g.,  "Die  Oper 
im  Salon,"  in  12  books);—/.  //.  4  hands:  12 


without  octaves,  op.  82  ;  Marche 
brillante,  op.  132  ;  Chaconne,  op.  50  ;  Ilumo- 
resken  in  waltz-form,  op.  159  ;  Reisebildcr,  op. 
1  60  ;  Aus  dem  Tanzsalon,  op.  174  ;  irumoreske 
"  Todtentanz,"  op,  181  ;—  f,  a  ff.s  \  The  Cha- 
conne,  op.  150,  and  a  Fantasia,  op.  207a  ;  —  Vo- 
cal: "Wachet  auf  "  [Geibel],  f.  male  ch.  w. 
orch.,  op.  80;  festival  cantata  "  Deutschlands 


470 


RAFF— RAMEAU 


Auferstehung,"  f.  ditto,  op.  TOO  ;  De  profundis 
a  8,  w  orch.,  op.  141  ;  other  church-music  in 
MS  ;  "  Im  Kahn  "  and  "  Der  Tanz,"  f.  mixed 
ch.  w  orch.,  op.  171;  "Morgenhed"  and 
"Einer  Entschlafenen,"  f.  sopr.  solo,  mixed 
ch.  and  orch.,  op.  186  ;  "  Die  Tageszeiten,"  f. 
chorus,  pf.  and  orch  ,  op.  209  ;  "Die  Ja§er- 
braut  und  die  Hirtin,"  2  scenes  f.  solo  voice  w. 
orch.,  op.  199  ;  the  oratorio  Wdtende,  Gencht, 
ncne  Welt  [Revelations],  op.  212  (prod,  at 
Leeds,  1882)  ;  also  "Die  Sterne"  and  "  Dorn- 
roschen  "  (both  MS.),  and  4  unperformed  operas 
(Die  Eifersilchtigen  [book  also  by  R.],  Die  Pa- 
role,  Benedetto  Alarccllo,  and  Samson)  ;  also 
music  to  Genast's  llern/iarttvonirt'iHiar(i%$%). 
Many  songs,  op.  47-53,  op.  66  (Traumkonig 
und  sein  Lieb),  op.  88(Sangesfruhling,  30  num- 
bers, several  of  which  are  favorites),  op.  172 
(Maria  Stuart,  cycle  of  TI  songs),  173,  191,  21 1 
(Ulondcl  de  Nesle  ;  cycle) ;  also  "  Fruhlings- 
lied"  and  "  Stindchen,"  without  opus-number  ; 
12  duets,  op.  114  ;  6  tercets  f.  female  voices  w. 
pf.,  op.  184  ;  2  songs  f.  mixed  ch  ,  op.  171 ;  10 
ditto,  op.  198  ;  30  male  quartets,  op.  97,  122, 
195. — R.'s  arrangements  include  Itach's  D-mmor 
Chaconne  f.  orch. ;  Bach's  6  'cello-sonatas,  3  orch.l 
suites,  and  movements  from  the  violin-sonatas, 
f.  pf.  2  hands  ;  one  march  from  Handel's  Saul, 
and  another  from  Jephtha* 

Raff,  Anton.    See  RAAFF. 

Ragghian'ti,  Ippolito,  b.Viareggio,  n.  Pisa, 
1866 ;  d.  there  Nov.  21,  1894.  Fine  violinist. 
Comp.  the  one-act  lyric  drama  Jean-AIaru^ 
which  was  edited  by  Paul  Gilson  and  prod,  at 
Brussels,  Jan.  15,  1896. 

Raif,  Oscar,  b.  The  Hague,  July  31, 1847  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Aug.  i,  1899.  1>uPil  °f  llis  father, 
Carl  Raif,  and  Tuusig ;  from  1875,  teacher  of 
piano-playing  at  the  Berlin  2foch$chuh\  with  title 
"Royal  Professor."  Excellent  pianist;  he 
comp.  a  pf. -concerto,  and  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and 
violin. 

Raillard,  Abbe  F.,  b.  Montormentier,  France, 
1804;  teacher  of  science  at  the  colleges  of  Nimes 
and  Juilly;  publ.  "Explication  des  neumes  ou 
anciens  signes  de  notation  musicale  ..." 
(Paris ;  n.  d.) ;  u  Le  chant  grrfgorien  restaure" 
(1861) ;  "  Sur  1'emploi  du  quart  de  ton  dans  le 
chant  gregorien  "  and  "  Sur  les  quarts  de  ton  du 
graduel  Tibi  Domine"  (both  in  the  "Revue 
arche'ologique,"  1861) ;  and  "  Me*moire  sur  la 
restauration  du  chant  gregorien"  (1862). 

Raimoa'di,  Ignazio,  b.  Naples,  1733 ;  d. 
1802.  Violinist ;  founded  and  conducted  con- 
certs in  Amsterdam  from  1762-80.  producing  a 
symphony,  "Les  aventures  de  Telemaque,"  in 
1777,  and  (in  Paris,  1791)  the  ope'ra-bouffe  La 
tnuette ;  also  publ.  3  violin-concertos,  6  string- 
quartets,  and  3  string-trios. 

Raimon'di,  Pietro,  b.  Rome,  Dec.  20,  1786 ; 
d.  there  Oct.  30,  1853.  For  six  years  he  stud- 
ied under  La  Barbara  and  Tritto  at  the  Cons 


della  Pieta  def  Turchini,  Naples  ;  lived  for  a  time 
at  Rome  and  Florence,  and  in  1807  brought 
out  an  opera  buffa,  La  Biszarna  d*amore,  at 
Genoa,  where  he  had  estab.  himself  as  a  teacher 
and  composer.  It  was  followed  by  about  60 
other  dramatic  works,  which  were  generally  suc- 
cessful, and  21  ballets,  for  whose  production  he 
went  from  place  to  place  (Florence,  Naples, 
Rome,  Messina,  Milan,  etc  );  from  1824-32  he 
was  director  of  the  royal  theatres  at  Naples,  also, 
from  1825,  prof,  of  counterpoint  at  the  R.  Cons. ; 
from  1832-52,  prof,  of  cpt.  at  Palermo  Cons.; 
on  Dec.  12,  1852,  he  succeeded  Basili  as  m.  di 
capp.  at  St.  Peter's,  Rome. — R.  was  a  contra- 
puntist of  remarkable  originality,  and  of  a  skill 
in  combination  rivalling  that  of  the  masters  of 
the  contrapuntal  epoch  ;  he  publ.  4  fugues  a  4, 
which  might  be  combined  as  a  quadruple  fugue 
a  1 6  ;  6  fugues  a  4,  to  be  combined  as  a  sextuple 
fugue  a  24;  in  the  "  24  Fug  he  a  4,  5,  6  e  8 
voci "  publ.  by  Ricordi,  there  is  one  such  quad- 
ruple fugue  a  1 6,  and  a  quintuple  fugue  a  20 ; 
further,  6  fugues  a  4,  pcrformable  as  a  sextuple 
fugue  a  24  ;  and  a  fugue  a  64,  for  16  choirs  a  4. 
His  most  astounding  feat  in  combination,  how- 
ever, was  the  sacred  trilogy  Giuseppe  (Joseph), 
comprising  3  oratorios,  Potifar^  Giuseppe,  Gia- 
tobbe,  performed  at  the  Teatro  Argentine,  Rome, 
1852,  at  first  separately,  and  then  simultaneously, 
the  ensemble  of  400  musicians  on  the  stage  and 
in  the  orchestra  presenting  a  most  striking  effect, 
and  evoking  indescribable  enthusiasm. — lie  also 
comp.  5  other  oratorios,  4  masses  w.  orch.,  2 
masses  a  8  a  cappella,  2  Requiems  a  4  w.  orch., 
a  third  a  8,  and  a  fourth  a  16  ;  the  150  Psalms 
of  David  a  4-8,  in  Palestrina-style  (15  volumes) ; 
2  "Sinfonie  religiose,"  to  be  executed  together 
or  separately  ;  a.  Credo  a  16  ;  much  other  church- 
music  ;  and  publ.  several  essays  designed  to 
elucidate  the  composer's  system  of  contrapuntal 
combination. 

Ra'mann,  Lina,  b.  Mainstockheim,  n.  Kit- 
zingen,  June  24, 1833.  Pupil  of  Fran/,  Ilrendel 
and  Frau  Brendel,  al  Leipzig.  Founded  (1858) 
a  mus.  seminary  for  female  teachers,  at  Glttck- 
stadt,  Hoistein  ;  in  1865,  with  Ida  Volkmann,  a 
music-school  at  Nuremberg. — Publ.  "  Die  Musik 
als  Gcgenstand  der  Krziehung  "  (r868) ;  "  Allge- 
meine  Emeh-und  UnterrichtHlehre  derjugend" 
(1869;  2nd  ed.  1873);  "Aus  der  Gcgenwart" 
(1868) ;  "  Bach  und  Handel " ;  "  Fr.  Liszt's  Ora- 
torium  Christits :  eine  Studie  zur  zeit-  und  mu- 
sikgeschichtliche  Stellung  dessclben"  (1880); 
biography  of  Liszt,  in  3  vol.s  (1880-1893);  edited 
a  complete  edition  of  Liszt's  writings ;  also  wrote 
a  "Grundriss  der  Technik  des  Klavierspiels," 
in  12  books.  Comp.  4  sonatinas  (op.  9),  and 
other  pf. -music. 

Rameau,  Jean-Philippe,  the  creator  of  the 
modern  science  of  harmony,  and  an  original  and 
distinguished  dramatic  composer,  was  born  at 
Dijon,  Sept,  25, 1683  ;  died  Paris,  Sept,  12, 1764. 
Of  a  musical  family,  at  7  he  could  play  at  sight, 
on  the  harpsichord,  any  music  given  him ;  from 


471 


RAMEAU— RANDEGGER 


10  to  14  he  attended  the  Jesuit  College  at  Dijon  ; 
then  devoted  himself  to  music,  and  in  1701  was 
sent  to  Italy,  but 
found  the  prevail- 
ing style  not  at  all 
to  his  liking,  and 
joined  the  orches- 
tra of  a  travelling 
French  opera- 
troupe  as  violinist, 
wandering  through 
France  for  several 
years,  winning  rep- 
utation as  an  excel- 
lent organist,  and 
finally  going  to 
Paris  in  1717.  He 
at  first  took  organ- 
lessons  of  Louis  Marchand,  who  found  that  his 
pupil  was  fast  becoming  a  dangerous  rival,  and 
favored  his  competitor,  Daquin,  for  organist  of 
St.-Paul ;  so  that  R.  had  to  content  himself  with 
a  post  as  organist  at  Lille.  After  four  years  de- 
voted to  theoretical  study  and  composition,  R. 
returned  to  Paris  with  matured  talents,  and  publ. 
a  treatise  on  harmony  which,  though  not  under- 
stood, attracted  general  attention ;  also,  some 
cantatas  and  clavecin-sonatas.  He  became  or- 
ganist at  Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie  ;  and 
began  stage-writing  with  songs  and  dances  for 
pieces  by  Piron,  given  at  the  Opera-Comique. 
In  1726  appeared  his  uNouveau  systeme  de 
musique  theorique."  The  leading  ideas  of  his 
system  of  harmony  are  (i)  chord-building  by 
thirds  ;  (2)  the  classification  of  a  chord  and  all 
its  inversions  as  one  and  the  same,  thus  reducing 
the  multiplicity  of  consonant  and  dissonant  com- 
binations to  a  fixed  and  limited  number  of  root- 
chords  ;  (3)  his  invention  of  a  fundamental  bass 
("basse  fondamentale "),  which  does  not  cor- 
respond to  our  thorough-bass,  but  is  an  imaginary  • 
series  of  the  root-tones  forming  the  real  basis  of 
the  varied  chord-progessions  employed  in  a 
composition.  The  stir  which  these  novel  theories 
occasioned,  and  his  reputation  as  the  foremost 
French  organist,  by  no  means  satisfied  Rameau's 
ambition  ;  his  ardent  desire  was  to  bring  out  a 
dramatic  work  at  the  Ope'ra.  Having  become 
music-master  to  the  wife  of  \h&fermier-g4ne'ral, 
M.  la  Popeliniere,  the  latter  obtained  of  Voltaire 
a  libretto  on  Samson,  which  R.  set  to  music  ;  but 
it  was  rejected  on  account  of  its  biblical  subject. 
Asecond  libretto,  by  Abbs'  Pelegrin,  was  accepted, 
and  Hippolyte  et  Aricie  was  produced  at  the 
Opera  in  1733 ;  its  reception  was  cool,  despite 
undeniable  superiority  (over  the  operas  of  Lully 
and  his  following)  in  the  rich  and  varied  har- 
mony and  instrumentation ;  and  Rameau  almost 
renounced  dramatic  composition ;  but  the  per- 
suasions of  his  friends,  who  also  influenced  pub- 
lic opinion  in  his  favor,  were  effective ;  in  1735 
he  brought  out  the  successful  opera-ballet  Les 
Indes  galantes,  and  in  1737  his  masterpiece, 
Castor  ft  Pollux,  a  work  which  for  years  held  its 
own  beside  the  operas  of  Gluck.  A  career  of 


umntenupled  prosperity  commenced  ;  he  was 
recognized  as  the  leading  theorist  of  the  time, 
and  his  instruction  was  eagerly  sought ;  for  the 
next  30  years  his  operas  dominated  the  Kicnch 
stage ;  the  King  created  for  him  the  office  of 
cabinet-composer,  and  Inter  raised  him  to  the 
nobility. — Writings  "Traited'harmome  . 
(1722);  "  Nouveau  systeme  de  musique  theo- 
rique" (1726);  "Plan  abrdge  d'une  methoclc 
jiouvelle  d'accompagnement "  (1730) ;  "  Les  dif- 


harmonique"  (1737)  ;  "  Demonstration  clu  prir 
cipe  de  1'harmonie  "  (1750) ;  "  Noiivelles  reflex- 
ions sur  la  demonstration  .  .  ."(1752);  "Re- 
flexions .  .  .  sur  la  manierc  de  former  la  voix 
..."  (1752) ;  "  Observations  sur  notre  instinct 
pour  la  musique  "  (1754) ;  "  <-'ode  de  musique 
pratique  ..."  (1760) ;  also  numerous  pamph- 
lets, polemical  or  otherwise,  and  3  works  in  MS. 
— Operas  (besides  the  4  named) ;  Les  Jftes 
d'ffttbtf,  on  les  talents  lyrigues(l^^  ;  Dardanut 
(1739) ;  La  princesse  de  Navarre,  J.es  JtHes  tie 
Polhymnie,  and  Le  temple  de  la  glohe  (1745)  ; 
Les  fites  de  r Hymen  et  de  r Amour,  on  It's 
dieux<r£$ypte(im)\  #MJ  (1748) ;  Pygmalion 
(1748) ;  JPlatAf,  oit  Junon  jalonse,  Ar?is,  and 
Zoroastre  [the  Samson  music  to  a  new  libretto] 
(1749) ;  Acanthe  et  Cfy/iist',  on  la  sympathie, 
La  guirlande,  on  les  Jleurs  enehantJes,  and  La 
tiaisiance  it'Osfrir,  on  hi  file  de  Jamilte  (1751) ; 
Daphms  et  £glJ,  Lycis  et  DJlte,  and  Le  t  efottr 
d'Astrtfe  (1753);  Anacn'tm,  Les  sut  prises  df 
V amour,  and  Les  Sybarites  (1757) ;  Les  Paladins 
(1760);  several  others  not  perf.  Most  of  the 
above  were  publ.  in  short  scoie  (voice-parts, 
violin,  and  bass,  with  the  riturnelli  in  full) ;  Les 
Indesgalantes,  Castor  et  J\tllitx,  Les  talent* 
lyriquts,^  and  Dardanits,  have  been  publ.  in  a 
new  edition  by  IJreitkopf  &  llftrtel. — Other 
publ.  music :  "  Premier  livrc  clc  pieces  <le  cla- 
vecin" (1706);  "  Pieces  de  clavecin  avec  une 
methode  pour  la  mecanique  des  doi$>  ts  "  (n,  d. ; 
with  important  notes)  ;  "Pieces  de  clavecin  a vec 
une  table  pour  les  agreements"  (1731)?  tm(l 
"  Kpuvelles  suites  de  pieces  your  clavecin  avec 
des  remarques  sur  les  different  genres  de 
musique "  (n.  d.;  Farrenc  puhl.  these  last  two 
inhis"Tresor  des  pianistcs/1  1861);  "Pieces 
de  clavecin  en  concerts"  (1741 ;  w.  accomp.  of 
violin,  flute,  and  viola  [or  and  vln.] ) ;  detached 
numbers  of  the  above  are  in  Paucr's  "  Old  French 
Composers  "  and  "  Popular  Pieces  by  Kameau  " ; 
Hugo  Riemann  edited  a  complete  ed.  of  the 
clavecin-compositions  (publ.  by  Steingraber). — 
Biographical :  "  R<!flexions  sur  divers  ouvragcs 
de  M.  Rameau,"  by du Charger (1761) ;  "Mono- 
graphic de  J.-P.  R.,"  by  Nisard  (1867) ;  "  Ra- 
meau, sa  vie  et  scs  oeuvres,"  by  Pougin  (1876) ; 
41  Rameau,  sa  vie,  ses  ouvrages,"  by  II,  Grique 
(1876), 

Ran'degger,  Alberto,  b.  Trieste,  April  13, 
1832.  Pupil  of  Lafont  (pf.)  and  Ricci  (comp.) ; 
prod.  2  ballets,  and  an  opera  (IL  lamaronc,i$>$i . 


472 


RANDHARTINGER— RAUCHENECKER 


written  with  3  others),  at  Trieste,  was  theatre- 
cond  at  Fiumc,  Zara,  Smigaglia,  ttrescia,  and 
Venice  (grand  opera  JSianca  Capello,  1854),  and 
about  1854  settled  in  London,  where  he  has 
become  famous  as  a 
sing  ing- teacher.  In 
1868  he  was  app. 
prof,  of  singing  at 
the  R.  A.  M.,  subse- 
quently becoming  a 
director,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Committee 
of  Management ;  is 
likewise  prof,  of  sing- 
ing1 in  the  R.  C.  M. 
In  1857  he  cond. 
Italian  opera  at  the 
St.  James's  Th. ;  from 
1879-85,  the  Carl 
Rosa  company ;  also 
the  Norwich  Triennial  Festival  since  the  resig- 
nation of  Benedict  in  1881. — Other  works:  A 
comic  opera,  The  JRivalJIeauties  (London,  1864)  ; 
the  isoth  Psalm  f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,  orch.,  and  org. 
(for  the  Boston  Jubilee,  1872)  ;  the  dram,  cantata 
Frhtolifr  (1873,  Birmingham) ;  2  dram,  scenes, 
Maita  (Leipzig,  1869)  and  Sajfo (London,  1875) ; 
Funeral  Anthem  in  memory  of  the  Prince  Con- 
sort; sccna  f.  tiuor  w.  orch.,  from  Byron's 
44  Prayer  of  Nature"  (1887) ;  much  other  vocal 
music;  and  a  valuable  "Primer  of  Singing" 
(Novello).— -The  London  "  Mus.  Times"  for 
Oct.,  1899,  contains  an  excellent  sketch. 

Randhart'inger,  Benedict,  b.  Ruprcchts- 
hofen,  Lower  Austiia,  July  27,  1802  ;  d.  Vienna, 
Jan.  23,  1894.  Solo  soprano,  in  his  tenth  year, 
m  the  court  choir,  Vienna  (fellow-pupil  of  Schu- 
bert under  Salieii) ;  studied  law  and  music,  was 
Count  Sxedienyi's  secretary  for  10  years,  and  in 
1832  entered  the  court  choir  as  a  tenor  singer. 
In  1844,  l*ice-M0fka/>flhn. ;  in  1862  succeeded 
Aszmaycr  as  tst  Air/*1///;*,  ;  retired  i860. — 
Works :  The  opera  JCtnig  flash ;  20  masses  ; 
60  motets  ;  hundreds  of  songs  and  part-songs  ; 
2  symphonies  ;  a  string-quintet,  2  string-quartets, 
a  pf,-trio,  pf. -music,  etc.  (over  600  works,  of 
which  about  125  have  been  publ.). 

Raoul  dc  Coucy.    See  Coucv. 

Rappol'di,  Edouard,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  2T, 
1839;  pupil  in  the  Cons,  of  L.  Jansa  and  J. 
liohm  (violin)  and  Sechter  (comp.) ;  1854-61, 
violinist  in  the  court-opera  orch, ;  then  leader  at 
Rotterdam,  cond.  at  Lttbeck,  Stettin,  and  Prague, 
teacher  at  the  Berlin  Itochschule,  and  leader  in 
the  opera-orch.,  at  Dresden,  where  he  has  been 
head-teacher  of  violin  at  the  Cons,  since  1893. — 
Publ.  chamber-music.— His  wife,  Laura  Rap- 
poldi-Kahrer,  b.  Mistelbach,  n.  Vienna,  Jan. 
14,  1853,  pupil  of  the  Vienna  Cons,  and  Liszt,  is 
a  distinguished  pianist. 

Rastrel'H,  Joseph,  (son  of  Vincenzo  R., 
1760-1839,')  b.  Dresden,  Apr.  13,  1799  ;  d.  there 
Nov.  14,  1842,  Pupil  of  his  father  and  Padre 


Mattei ;  in  1829,  2nd  A'a/v/J///.  of  the  Court 
Opera,  Dresden  ;  in  1830,  com  I  AVyV/////.— 
Works:  Operas  prod,  at  Dresden,  Milan,  etc. 
(Safoator  Jtosa  ;  Dresden,  1826) ;  masses,  motets, 
vespers,  etc. 

Rasumov'ski,  Count  (from  1815  Prince) 
Andrei  Kyrillovitch,  Russian  ambassador  at 
Vienna  1793-1809 ; 
b.  Nov.  2,  1752  ;  d. 
Sept.  23,  1836. 
From  1 808-16  he 
maintained  thecele- 
brated  "Ra.su- 
movski  Quartett "  !\ 

(ist  violin,  schup-  ' 

panzigh ;  2nd  vio- 
lin, R.;  viola, 
Weiss;  'cello, 
Lincke),  later 
knownastheSchup- 
panzigh  Quartett, 
with  Sina  as  and 
violin.  To  R.  Beethoven  inscribed  the  3  quar- 
tets, op.  59.  He  was  a  munificent  patron  of  art, 
and  in  every  way  prodigal  of  expenditure ;  but 
after  the  burning-down  of  his  Vienna  palace  in 
1815,  he  gave  up  the  quartet,  and  disappeared 
from  musical  history. 

Ratez,  6mtte-Pierre,  b.  IJesaneon,  Nov.  5, 
1851.  Pupil  1872-81  of  Uiizin  and  Massenet  at 
Paris  Cons.;  viola-player  in  the  Opera-Comique 
orch.;  chorusmaster  under  Colunne  ;  1891,  Dir. 
of  the  Lille  branch  of  the  Paris  Cons. — Works  : 
2  opeias,  A* use  (Vamoitr  (JJesancon,  1886)  and 
Lydtfnc  (Lille,  1895  ;  HUCC.)  ;  a  symphonic  poem, 
14  Scenes herofques,"  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (1899); 
publ.  I  pf. -quartet,  3  pf. -trios,  music  f.  violin 
and  pf.,  oboe  and  pf.,  and  horn  and  pf. ;  a  'cello- 
sonata;  etc. 

Rath'geber,  Valentin,  Benedictine  monk  at 
Bang,  Franconia  ;  b,  about  1690  ;  d.  after  1744.— 
Publ.  uChelys  sonora:  constans  24  concerta- 
tionibus"  (1728);  "  Musikalischer  Xeitvertreib 
auf  clem  Clavier"  (1743) ;  and  many  masses  and 
other  church-comp.s. 

Ra'tzenberger,  Theodor,  pianist ;  b.  Oross- 
brcitcnbach,  Thuringia,  Apr.  14, 1840;  d.  Wies- 
baden, Mar.  8,  1879.  1>upil  of  Liszt  (pf.)  and 
Cornelius  (comp.)  ;  court  pianist  at  Schwarzburg- 
Sondershausen  ;  teacher  at  Lausanne  (1864)  and 
DUsseldorf  (1868). — Publ.  a  few  jw£w-pieccs 
and  songs. 

Rau'chenecker,  Georg  Wilhelm,  b.  Mu- 
nich, Mar.  8, 1844.  I'upil  of  Th.  Lachner  (pf., 
org,),  Haumgartner  (cpt.),  and  Jos.  Walter  (vio- 
lin) ;  1860-2,  violinist  at  the  Grand  Th.,  Lyons  ; 
w.  de.  chap,  at  Aix  and  Carpentras  until  1868, 
then  dir.  of  Avignon  Cons.;  in  1873,  mus.  dir. 
at  Winterthur,  and  in  1874  prod,  a  prize-cantata, 
Niklaus  wn  tier  Fltle,  at  the  Zurich  Music  Fes- 
tival ;  cond.  the  Berlin  Philharm.  Concerts  for 
one  season  ;  and  has  been,  since  1889,  mus.  dir. 
at  Elberfeld,  where  he  has  prod.  3  successful 


473 


RAUSCHER— READING 


operas  The  romantic  opera  Die  leteen  Tage  von 
Thitle  (1889),  Ingo  (1893),  and  Sauna  (i  act, 
1893).  Has  another  opera,  Le  Florentin,  and  a 
symphony,  in  MS.;  of  his  3  string-quartets,  the 
FlorenUner  Quartett  has  repeatedly  played  2 

Rau'scher,  Max,  b.  Wettstetten,  Bavaria, 
Jan.  20,  i860.  Took  holy  orders  in  1884  ;  since 
1885  Kapellm.  and  inspector  at  Ratisbon  Cath. 

Rauzzi'ni,  Venanzio  (Matteo),  dramatic 
comp.  and  tenor  singer ,  b.  Rome,  1747  ;  d. 
Bath,  Engl.,  Apr.  8,  1810.  Pupil  of  a  singer  in 
the  Papal  Chapel ;  debut  at  the  Teatro  Valle  at 
Rome,  1765,  in  a  female  role,  -which  his  beauty 
enabled  him  to  play  to  perfection  ;  was  eng  at 
Munich  in  1767,  and  sang  at  London  1774-8, 
living  thereuntil  1787  as  a  much-sought  singing- 
teacher  ,  he  retired  to  Bath. — Works  •  8  operas, 
written  for  Munich  and  London  ;  3  string-quar- 
tets, I  pf.-quartet,  3  violin-sonatas,  2  sonatas  f. 
pf.  4  hands,  etc. 

Ravenscroft,  Thomas,  Engl.  comp  and  ed- 
itor, b.  1582  (?)  ;  d.  London,  1635.  Chorister 
at  St.  Paul's  under  E.  Pearce  ;  Mus.  Bac.,  Can- 
tab., 1607. — Publ.  '*  Pammelia.  Musickes  Mis- 
cellanie  or  Mixed  Varietie  of  pleasant  Rounde- 
layes  and  delightful  Catches  of  3-10  Parts  in 
one"  (1609;  the  first  coll.  of  rounds,  catches 
and  canons  printed  in  England  ;  2nd  ed.  1618) ; 
"  Deuteromelia :  or  the  Second  Part  of  Mustek's 
Melodie,  or  melodious  Musicke  of  Pleasant 
Roundelays  .  .  ."  (1609  ;  with  the  catch  in 
Twelfth  Night,  "  Hold  thy  peace,  thou  knave  ") ; 
11  Melismata.  Musicall  Phansies,  fitting  the 
Court,  Citie,  and  Countrey  Humours,  to  3,  4  and 
5  Voyces"  (1611);  "  A  Briefe  Discourse  of  the 
true  (but  neglected)  use  of  Charact'ring  the  De- 
grees by  their  Perfection,  Imperfection,  and 
Diminution  in  Mensurable  Musicke  .  .  ." 
(1614) ;  and  *'  The  Whole  Booke  of  Psalmcs  : 
With  the  Hymnes  Evangelicall  and  Spintuall. 
Composed  into  4  parts  by  Sundry  Authours 
.  .  ."(1621;  2nd  ed.,  "newly  corrected  and 
enlarged,"  1633  ;  his  best-known  and  most  valu- 
able work,  containing  numbers  by  15  leading 
British  composers,  and  some  by  R.  himself .)— A 
set  of  sonatas  by  R. ,  for  2  violins  and  violone,  was 
publ.  in  Rome,  1695. 

Rave'ra,  Niccolo  Teresio,  b.  Alessandria, 
Italy,  Feb.  24,  1851.  Pupil  of  Milan  Cons., 
winning  ist  prizes  for  pf.,  organ,  and  comp.  At 
present  (1899)  chef  d'orchestre  at  the  Th.- 
Lyrique  de  la  Gale'rie-Vivienne,  Paris, — Works : 
Opera-comique  Lucette  et  Cohn  (1888) ;  4-act 
opera  Fiamma  (Alessandria,  1890) ;  i-act  op. 
com.  Le  divorce  de  Pierrot  (Paris,  1892) ;  3-act 
11  pastorale  lyrique  "  La  Mare  au  Diable  (1895) ; 
3-act  opera  Estelle  (not  perf.). 

Ravina,  Jean-Henri,  b.  Bordeaux,  May  20, 
1818.  Pianist ;  pupil  at  Paris  Cons,  of  Zimmer- 
man (pf.)  and  Laurent  (theory) ;  won  1st  pf.- 
prize  in  1834,  and  was  app.  asst.-teacher  ;  stud- 
ied further  under  Reicha  and  Leborne  ;  won  ist 
harmony-prize  in  1836,  resigned  his  position  at 


the  Cons  in  1837,  and  made  long  concert-tours 
(to  Russia,  1858  ,  to  Spain,  1871)  Chevalier  ol 
the  Legion  of  Honor,  1861.  Resides  in  Pans. — 
Works  Finished  and  elegant  jw/iw-picccs  f.  pf. 
(op  41,  Douce  pense'e  ;  op.  55,  Jour  cle  honheur  ; 
op.  62,  Petit  bolero,  Confidence,  Nocturne  ;  op. 
13,  Nocturne  in/) (7;  op.  86,  Cahncrie ;  also 
etudes — op.  14,  Etudes  de  style  jet  de  pcrfec- 
tionnement ;  op.  50,  twenty-five  Etudes  liarmo- 
nieuses  ;  etc  )  ;  also  a  pf  -concerto.  R.  has 
publ.  4-hand  arrangements  of  all  Beethoven's 
sets  of  variations. 

Raymond,  Georges-Marie,  b.  Chambcry, 
1769  ;  d.  there  Apr.  24,  1839,  as  director  of  the 
Gymnasium, — Wrote  "Essiu  sur  la  determina- 
tion des  bases  physico-mathcmatiques  de  Tart 
musical "  (1813) ;  4I  DCS  pnncipaux  systcmes  de 
notation  musicale  .  .  ."(1824);  "  Lellre  AM. 
Villoteau,  touchant  scs  vues  sur  la  possibihlc  et 
1'utilite  d'une  theorie  exaote  clcs  principcs  nalu- 
rels  de  la  musiquc"  (iSu) ;  etc. 

Raymond-Ritter,  Fanny.     See  Hitler. 

Rea,  William,  b.  London,  Mar  25,  1827. 
Articled  pupil  of  Jusiah  I'iltmunn ;  in  1843, 
oiganist  of  Christ  Ch.,  \Valney  St.,  studying 
further  under  Slerndale  Bennett  (pf.,  comp.,  and 
instrumentation).  In  1849  he  s»t.  at  Loipxig 
under  Moscheles  and  Kichtur  ;  then  tit  Prague 
under  Dreyschock.  Returning  to  London,  ho 
gave  chamber-concerts  at  the  Ueelhoven  Rooms  ; 
became  org.  to  the  Harmonic  Union  in  1853; 
founded  the  London  Polyhymnian  C'hoir  in  1856, 
proving  an  excellent  drillmastcr ;  also  concl.  an 
amateur  orchestral  society.  In  1858,  org.  at  St. 
Michael's,  Stockwcll ;  in  1860,  org.  to  the  Cor- 
poration of  Newcastle-on-Tync ;  also  org.  at 
North  Shields  1864-78,  and  since  then  at  St. 
Hilda's,  South  Shields. 

Read,  Daniel,  b.  Rehoboth,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 
1757;  d.  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  4,  1836; 
combined  the  occupations  of  comb-maker,  com- 
poser, and  music-teacher.  Publ.  "The  Amer. 
Singing  Book,  or  a  New  and  Kasy  Guide  lo  the 
art  of  Psalmody,  devised  for  the  use  of  Singing 
Schools  in  America  "  (1785) ;  **  Columbian  I  lur- 
monist"  (1793;  4th  ed.  1810);  and  "New 
Haven  Collection  "  (1818).  Some  of  his  hymn- 
tunes  are  still  sung  (Sherburne,  Windham,  Lis- 
bon). 

Reading,  John,  English  organist ;  b.  in  first 
half  of  1 7th  century;  d.  Winchester,  Kngl.,  in 
1692.  Lay-vicar  of  Lincoln  Cath.,  1667,  and 
Master  of  the  Choristers,  1670 ;  org.  of  Win- 
chester Cath.,  1675-81 ;  then  of  Winchester 
College.  The  u  Portuguese  Hymn,"  Adrstf 
fidfles,  is  ascribed  to  him.  In  the  Ilarmonia 
Wiccamica  is  a  hymn,  "  Dulce  domum," 

Reading,  John,  son  of  preceding ;  b.  1677  ; 
d.  London,  Sept.  2,  1764.  Chorister  of  the 
Chapel  Royal  under  Blow ;  org.  of  Dulwich 
College,  1700-1702;  lay-vicar  at  Lincoln  Cath., 
1702,  and  Master  of  the  Choristers,  1703  ;  later 
org.  in  several  London  churches.— I'ubl.  "A 


474 


READING— REDHEAD 


Book  of  New  Anthems  .  .  .  with  thorough 
Bass  figur'd  for  the  Organ  or  Harpsichord" 
(1715) ;  "A  Look  of  New  Songs  .  .  ,"  (1720). 

Reading,  John,  organist  of  Chichester  Cath. 
1674-1720. 

Reading,  Rev.  John;  Prebendary  of  Can- 
terbury Cath. — Publ.  "  A  Sermon  lately  de- 
livered in  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Canterbury, 
concerning  Church  Musick  "  (London,  1663) 

Reay,  Samuel,  b.  Hexham,  Engl.,Mar.  17, 
1822.  Chorister  of  Durham  Cath,  in  1830,  and 
a  pupil  of  the  organist,  W  Ilenshaw ;  later  of 
J.  Stunpson,  Newcastle,  whom  he  succeeded  in 
1841  as  organist  of  St.  Andrew's.  After  hold- 
ing several  similar  posts,  he  succeeded  Dr. 
Dearie  as  Song  Schoolmaster  of  Newark  Par- 
ish Ch.,  an  honorable  and  important  position 
still  held  (1899).  Also  conducts  the  Newark 
rhilharm.  Soc.—  Mus.  Uac.,  Oxon.,  1851. — 
Works  Psalm  102,  f.  solo,  ch.,  and  string- 
orch. ;  Morning,  Evening,  and  Communion  Ser- 
vice in  F  ;  anthems,  part-songs,  etc.  Editor  of 
J.  Stokes's  "Songs  and  Ballads  of  Northern 
England  "  (1892). 

Rebel,  Jean-Ferry,  b.  Paris,  1669 ;  d.  there 
1747.  Chef  d* orihesti e  of  the  Grand  Opera, 
1707  ;  member  of  the  24  **  violons  du  roi,  and 
royal  chamber-composer. — Piod.  an  unsuccess- 
ful 5-act  lyric  tragedy,  Ulvssc,  at  the  Opera  in 
1703  ;  publ.  a  book  of  violin-sonatas  w.  bass, 
anil  another  of  trios  f.  2  violins  w.  bass. — His 
son, 

Rebel,  Francois,  b.  Paris,  June  19,  1701 ; 
d.  there  Nov.  7,  1755.  Violinist,  pupil  of  his 
father ;  entered  the  Opcia-orch.  at  13,  and  be- 
came the  intimate  friend  of  his  fellow-player 
Francccur  ;  both  were  leaders  in  the  orch.  1733- 
44,  then  Inspectors  of  the  Opera,  Directors 
1753-7,  then  managers  of  private  theatrical  en- 
terprises for  TO  years.  R.  also  was  npp.  In- 
tendant-in-chief  of  the  King's  music,  and  was 
Administrator-general  of  the  Opera  1772-5. 
With  Francuiur  he  wrote  ten  operas ;  he  also 
comp.  a  Te  Deum,  a  De  profundis,  cantatas, 
etc. 

Rebello,  Joao  Lourenco  Qoao  Scares], 
eminent  Portuguese  composer;  b.  Caminha, 
1609 ,  cl.  San  Amaro,  Nov.  16,  1661.  Psalms 
a  x6,  Magnificats,  Lamentations,  and  Misereres 
were  publ.  at  Rome  (1657) ;  musses,  and  many 
other  sacred  works,  arc  in  M  S.  at  I  .isbon.  To  U. 
his  pupil,  King  John  IV.,  dedicated  his  "I>e- 
fensa  de  la  musica  moderna." 

Reber,  Napoleon-Henri,  b.  Muhlhausen, 
Alsatia,  Oct.  ai,  1807 ;  d.  Paris,  Nov.  24, 1880. 
Pupil  of  Reicha  and  Le  Sueur  at  the  Paris 
Cons.;  became  prof,  of  harmony  in  1851,  suc- 
ceeded IlaltVy  as  prof,  of  comp.  in  1862  (being 
succeeded  in  turn  by  Saint-Safins,  in  1880),  and 
was  also  Inspector  of  the  branch-conservatories 
from  1871.  Elected  to  Onslow's  chair  in  the 
Academic,  1 853.-* Works :  A  ballet,  Le  diable 
amoureux  (1840) ;  the  comic  operas  La  nttit  de 


Noel  (1848),  Le  plre  Gaillard  (1852),  Les  pa- 
pillottes  de  M.  Benoist  (1853),  and  Lcs  dames  ca- 
pitaines  (1857),  all  at  the  Opera-Comique ;  Le 
mtnJtner  &  la  tour  and  Kaun  (grand  opera) 
were  not  perf.  II  is  instrumental  works,  in  the 
classic  German  style  and  spirit,  are  very  fine  ; 
they  include  4  symphonies,  an  overture,  a  suite, 
and  the  scenes  lynques  "  Roland,"  f  orch.; 
I  string-quintet,  3  string-quartets,  i  pf  -quartet, 
7  pf. -trios,  pieces  f.  violin  and  pf.,  and  pf.- 
music  for  2  and  4  hands  ;  he  also  wrote  an  Ave 
Maria  and  Agnus  Dei  f  2  soprani,  tenoi,  bass, 
and  organ  ;  "  Le  soir,"  f.  4-p  male  ch.  and  pf.; 
"Chccur  de  pirates,"  f.  3-p.  do.  w.  do.;  33 
songs  w.  pf.-accomp.;  vocalises  f  sopr.  or  tenor 
(op.  16) ;  and  a  **  Traite  d'hnrmonie  "  (1862,  and 
several  later  ed.s ;  one  of  the  best  modern 
manuals) 

Rebicek,  Josef,  b.  Prague,  Feb.  7,  1844. 
Studied  6  years  in  Prague  Cons.;  in  1861,  uo- 
linist  in  Weimar  court  orch.;  1863,  leader  of 
orch.  at  the  Uohemian  National  Th  ,  Prague ; 
1868,  leader  at  the  royul  theatre,  Wiesbaden, 
and  (1875)  Royal  Music-Director;  1882,  leader 
and  opera-director  at  the  Imp  theatre,  Warsaw  ; 
1891,  conductor  at  the  National  Th.,  Pesih  ; 
1893,  cond.  at  Wiesbaden ;  and  in  1897, 
Kaptllm*  of  the  Uerlin  Philharm.  Orch.,  suc- 
ceeding Kr.  Mannstadt. 

Reb'ling,  Gustav,  organist ;  b  Uarby  (Mag- 
deburg), July  10,  1821.  Pupil  of  Fr.  Schneider 
at  Dessau,  1836-9  ;  then  oiganist  of  the  French 
church,  Magdeburg,  and  teacher  in  the  seminary 
in  1847  ;  1853,  cond.  of  the  cathedral-choir, 
and  singing-teacher  at  the  Gymnasium  ;  1856, 
14  Royal  Music-Director";  1858,  nrg.  of  the 
Johnuniskiichc.  Founded  a  church  choral  soci- 
ety in  1846,  which  he  conducted  until  his  retire- 
ment in  1897. — Works :  Psalms  a  4-8  a  cappella  ; 
motets  ;  pieces  f .  org.  and  pf . ;  choruses  and 
songs  ;  a  'cello-sonata  ;  etc. 

Reb'ling,  Friedrich,  b.  IJarby,  Aug.  14, 
1835.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.,  taking  private 
singing-lessons  of  Gbte.  Lyric  tenor  til  theatres 
in  Rostock,  Kttnigsberg,  llresluu,  and  Leipzig 
(1865-78) ;  since  1877,  teacher  of  singing  at 
Leipzig  Cons. 

Reck'endorf,  Alois,  b.  Trebitsch,  Moravia, 
June  10,  1841.  Student  of  science  at  Vienna 
and  Heidelberg,  and  of  music  at  Leipzig  Cons. 
(1865-7),  where  he  has  been  teacher  of  pf.  and 
theory  since  1877.  lias  publ.  pf. -pieces  and 
vocal  works. 

Redan,  Karl.  Pen-name  of  CHARLES  C. 
CONVKRSK. 

Redhead,  Richard,  b.  Harrow,  Engl.,  1820. 
Educated  at  Magdalen  Coll.,  Oxford;  organist 
of  St.  Mary  Magdalene's  Ch.,  Padding-ton,  Lon- 
don.— Works:  Masses,  and  much  vocal  church- 
music  ;  edited  the  collections  ll  Cathedral  and 
Church  Choir  Book,"  "  Parochial  Church  Tune 
Book,"  and  "The  Universal  Organist." 


475 


REE— REHBERG 


Ree,  Anton,  pianist,  b.  Aarhus,  Jutland, 
Oct.  5,  1820  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  Dec.  20, 1886.  In 
1835,  pupil  of  Jacques  Schmitt  and  Carl  Krebs 
in  Hamburg  ;  went  to  Vienna,  1839,  anc^  I>aris» 
1841,  giving  successful  concerts ;  also  had  les- 
sons of  Chopin.  Settled  in  Copenhagen,  1842, 
as  a  teacher  and  writer,  contributing  also  to 
German  papers.  Comp.s  chiefly  instructive. 
Publ."  MusikhistoriskeMomenter/'  andabopk  of 
exercises,  "  Bitrag  ti  Klavierspildets  Teknik"  ; 
a  sonatina,  op.  9,  3  Danses  caracteristiques,  op. 
17  ;  etc. 

Reed,  Thomas  German,  b.  Bristol,  June 
27,  1817  ;  d.  Upper  East  Sheen,  Surrey,  Mar. 
21,  iSSS.  At  ten  he  appeared  as  a  pianist  and 
singer  in  Bath;  soon  afterwards  at  the  Hay- 
market  Th.,  London,  where  his  father  was  cond., 
and  where,  in  1838,  he  himself  became  mus. 
director  (until  1851).  ^  He  greatly  improved  the 
quality  of  the  music  given  there,  and  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  mus.  life  of  London.  In  1844 
he  married  Miss  Priscilla  Horton  [b.  1818;  d. 
1895  ;  a  fine  actress  and  contralto  singer],  and 
with  her  aid  started  the  celebrated  "  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  German  Reed's  Entertainment "  in  1855,  to 
provide  unobjectionable  dramatic  amusement  for 
persons  opposed  to  theatre-going.  The  enter- 
tainments began  in  St.  Martin's  Hall  as  lt  Miss 
P.  Horton's  Illustrative  Gatherings,"  with  small 
dialogue- plays  ;  were  at  the  **  Gallery  of  Illus- 
tration," Regent  Street,  from  1856,  gradually  in- 
creasing the  little  company  until  it  numbered  7 
members,  and  adding  "opere  da  camera"  for  four 
characters  to  the  repertory.  These  entertain- 
ments were  uniformly  successful,  and  were  con- 
tinued by  his  son,  Alfred  German  Reed,  who 
died  in  London,  Mar.  10,  1895. 

Reeve,  William,  b.  London,  1757  ;  d.  there 
June  22,  1815.  Pupil  of  Richardson  ;  organist 
at  Totness,  Devon,  1781-3;  returned  to  London, 
and  comp.  operettas,  pantomimes,  vand  incid. 
music  for  plays,  for  Astley's  Circus  and  Covent 
Garden  (1791) ;  in  1792,  org.  of  St.  Martin's, 
Ludgate  Hill ;  from  1802,  part-proprietor  of 
Sadler's  Wells  Th.  Besides  music  to  some  40 
plays,  he  comp.  glees  and  songs  ;  the  song  "  I 
am  a  friar  in  orders  grey,"  in  the  play  of  Jl/erry 
Sherwood^  was  very  popular. 

Reeves,  John  Sims,  celebrated  tenor;  b. 
Woolwich ;  Sept.  26,  1818.  At  14,  organist  of 
North  Cray  Ch. ;  learned  to  play  the  violin, 
'cello,  oboe,  and  bassoon  ;  and  had  lessons  with 
J.  B.  Cramer  (pf.)  and  W.  H.  Callcott  (harm.). 
Debut  (as  a  baritone)  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  in 
the  r&le  of  Rodolfo  (Sonnambula),  in  1839. 
Studied  further  under  Hobbs  and  Cooke,  and 
sang  minor  tenor  parts  in  Der  FreisckUt^  etc. , 
at  firury  Lane,  1842-3  ;  studied  in  Paris  under 
Bordogni,  and  in  Milan  under  Mazzucato,  ap- 
pearing at  La  Scala,  in  1846,  as  Edgardo  (Lucia), 
reappearing  at  Drury  Lane,  1847,  in  the  same 
r6le,  with  great  success.  De*but  in  Italian  opera, 
1848,  at  H.  M.'s  Th.,  as  Carlo  in  Linda;  also 
in  oratorio  at  the  Worcester  and  Norwich  Festi- 


vals. Till  his  retirement  in  iSyi  ho  was  the 
leading  English  concert-  and  oiatono-singcr.  On 
account  of  reverses,  he  reappeared  in  1893  I  *l"d 
even  made  a  successful  lour  in  South  Africa  in 
jSQC  —  Publ.  ll  Life  and  Recollections  "(Lon- 
don, iSSS). 

Re'gan,  Anna.    See  SCHIMON-RKGAN. 

Re'g"er,  Max,  b.  Brand  (Kemnnth),  Bavaria, 
Mar.  19,  1873.  Pupil  of  Lindner  (Wciden)  and 
H.  Riemann  (Sondershnuscn  and  Wiesbaden). 
Promising  composer  .  op.  I  and  3,  violin-sonatas; 
op  2,  trio  w  viola  ;  op.  4,  8,  12,  15,  songs  ,  op. 
5,  'cello-sonata  ;  op  0,  4  choruses  w.  pf.;  op.  7, 
3  organ-pieces  ;  op.  9,  \Yalzer-Capriccn,  and  op. 

10,  Deutsche  Tanze  (both  f.  pf.  4  hands)  ;  op. 

11,  Walzer,  and  op.  13,  Lose  Blatter  (f.  pf.)  , 
op.  14,  vocal  duets. 

Regino  (Prumiensis),  abbot  of  Prum  mon- 
astery, n.  Tner,  892  ;  later  of  St.  MriM'min, 
Trier;  died  915.  Wrote  '*  Kpislola  di*  harmo- 
nica institutione  ad  Rathbodum  Kpisoopum  Tre- 
virensem,  nc  tonarius  sivc  octo  torn  cum  stiis 
differentiis"  (autograph  in  Leipyij>  Mimic.  Li- 
brary, in  very  neat  ncumc-notation  ;  copies  at 
Ulm  and  Brussels;  the  "Tonarius"  publ.  by 
Gerbert  in  lt  Scriptores,"  vol.  i). 

Regis,  Johannes,  Belgian  contrapuntist,  con- 
temporary of  O  keghem.  Petrucd  printed  u  (  Irctlo 
and  several  motets  ;  masses  are  in  MS.  at  Rome. 


Re*gnal,  Fre"d6ric.    Pen-name  of 
D'ERLANOKR. 

Regnart  (or  Regnard),  Jacob,  Nelherlaml 
composer  ;  b.  1540  ;  d,  as  Imperial  /  Y<v-AV/v//w. 
at  Prague,  about  1600.  Publ.  1  574-16  n  a  j»ieat 
number  of  masses,  motets,  canzone,  villanelle, 
and  German  songs  (many  books  of  those  last 
went  through  7  editions  ;  in  a  coll.  of  1590  are 
some  songs  by  his  brothers,  Franz,  Karl,  and 
Pascasius).  In  the  '*  Mcmatshefte  fttr  Musikge- 
schichte"  (vol.  xii,  p.  97)  is  a  full  list  of  his 
works. 

Reh'baura,  Theobald,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  7, 
1835.  Hoy-chorister  in  the  cathedral  ;  Inter  a 
pupil  of  II.  Rics  (violin)  and  Kiel  (comp.). 
Now  (1899)  living  in  Wiesbaden.  Wrote  text 
and  music  of  the  following  operas  :  Dun  J*abfa> 
comic,  3  acts  (Dresden,  1880)  ;  J)as  sttiiww 
I/era  (Magdeburg,  1885)  ;  Tttrandet,  comic,  3 
acts  (Berlin,  1888);  Q&erst  Luntpus,  i  act, 
comic  (Wiesbaden,  1892)  ;  3  more  not  porf  .  (J)w 
Wsib  t/t'S  Una  ;  Die  Konskrilnrttn  /  Av  fold- 
schniidt  von  Paris]  ;  has  publ.  instructive  pieces 
f.  violin,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Reh'berg,  Willy,  fine  pianist  ;  b.  Merges, 
Swite.,  Sept  2,  1863.  Pupil  of  his  father, 
Friedrich  R.,  a  music-teacher  ;  later,  at  the 
Zurich  Music-School,  of  Ilegar,  Weber,  and 
Freund  ;  and  1882-5  of  Leipzig  Cons.,  where  he 
was  eng.  as  pf.-teacher  until  1890,  From  1888- 
90  he  also  successfully  cond.  the  subscription- 
concerts  of  the  court  orch.  and  the  Sinmkafamie 
at  Altenburg.  Since  1890,  head  teacher  of  pf. 


476 


REIIFELD— REICHARPT 


at  Geneva  Cons.;  since  1892,  also  Kapellm.  of 
the  Geneva  Munic.  Orch. — Works :  Op.  2, 
Menuet,  Chanson  d'amour,  and  Gavotte,  f.  pf. ; 
op.  3,  Sonata  in  G  min.;  op.  4,  2  Etudes  de  con- 
cert ,  op.  10,  Sonata  f.  pf .  and  violin,  in  D  ;  etc. 

Reh'feld,  Fabian,  violinist  and  comp  ;  b. 
Tuchcl,  W.  Prussia,  Jan.  23,  1842.  Pupil  of 
Zimmermann  and  Grunwald,  Berlin  ;  1868,  royal 
chamber-musician ;  1873,  leader  in  the  court 
orch. 

Rei'cha,  Anton,  eminent  theorist  and  in- 
strumental composer  ;  b.  Prague,  Feb.  27,  1770  ; 
d.  Paris,  May  28,  1836.  Nephew  and  pupil  of 
Joseph  Rcicha  \rette  Kejcha ;  comp.  and  violinist, 
leader,  and  later  A*rf/V//w.,  of  the  Electoral  orch. 
at  Bonn].  From  1788,  flutist  in  the  Bonn  orch., 
in  which  Beethoven  was  a  viola-player  ;  1794-9, 
piano-teacher  in  Hamburg,  writing  an  opera,  and 
going  to  Paris  in  hopes  of  producing  it ;  but  had 
to  content  himself  with  the  successful  perform- 
ance of  two  symphonies  From  i8or-8  he  lived 
in  Vienna,  intimate  with  Beethoven,  and  associa- 
ting with  Haydn,  Albrcchtsbcrger,  and  Salieri. 
On  the  French  invasion  he  returned  to  Paris ; 
brought  out  the  moderately  successful  comic 
operas  Cagliostro  (1810)  and  Natalie  (1816) ; 
but  gained  a  high  reputation  as  a  theorist  and 
teacher  (some  of  his  pupils  were  Jclensperger, 
Klwart,  Lefebvre,  and  Dancla),  also  as  an  in- 
strumental composer.  In  1818  he  succeeded 
Mehul  as  prof,  of  counterpoint  and  fugue  at  the 
Cons.;  was  naturalized  in  1829  ;  and  succeeded 
to  Boieldieu's  chair  in  the  Academic  in  1835. — 
Publ.  comp.s :  2  symphonies ;  an  overture ;  decet  f. 
5  stringed  and  5  wind  instr  s  ;  octet  f.  4  stringed 
and  4  wind  instr  s  ;  a  dar. -quintet ;  6  string-quin- 
tets ;  20  string-quartets  ;  24  quintets  f.  flute,  oboe, 
clar. ,  horn,  and  bassoon  ;  6  quartets  f .  flute  and 
strings;  a  quartet  f.  pf.,  flute,  'cello,  and  bas- 
soon ;  a  quartet  f .  4  flutes ;  6  string-trios ;  24 
trios  f .  3  horns  ;  a  trio  f .  3  'celli ;  6  violin-duets ; 
22  flute-duets ;  12  violin-sonatas ;  and,  f.  pf,,  so- 
natas, Etudes,  fugues  (e  g.  "36  fugues  pour  le 
piano  d'aprcs  un  nouveau  systeme,"  comp,  in 
Vienna),  variations  {"  I /art  de  varier"  has  57), 
etc, — Writings  :  "  Etudes  ou  theories  pour  le 
pianoforte,  dirigces  d'une  maniere  nouvelle" 
(1800) ;  '*  Traite  de  melodic,  abstraction  faite  dc 
ses  rapports  avcc  1'harmonie  "  (1814 ;  2nd  ed. 
1832);  "Cours  de  composition  musicale  ..." 
(1818) ;  "  Traite  de  haute  composition  musicale  " 
(1824,  '26 ;  2  vol.s ;  edited  1834  by  Czerny  in 
French  and  German  as  "  Vollstandiges  Lehr- 
buch  .  .  .  ,"  4  vol.s) ;  "  L'art  du  compositeur 
dramatique  .  .  ."  (1833);  "Petit  traile  d'har- 
monie  pratique  "  (n,  d,). 

Rei'chardt,  Johann  Fricdrich,  b.  KOnigs- 
berg,  Nov.  25,  1752;  d.  Giebichenstein,  n. 
Halle,  June  27,  1814.  A  pupil  of  C.  G.  Richter 
(pf.  and  comp.)  and  Veichtner  (violin),  he  later 
studied  philosophy  at  the  Universities  of  Konigs- 
berg  and  Leipzig  ;  travelled,  a  keen  observer, 
through  Germany  (1771-4) ;  and  on  Agricola's 


death  in  1775  applied  for,  and  obtained,  the  post 
of  Kapellm.  to  Frederick  the  Great.  After  a 
visit  to  Italy  in  1782  he  founded  (1783)  the 
Concerts  spintuels  for  the  performance  of  new 
works,  for  which  he  wrote  shoi  t  analytical  pro- 
grams. During  a  long  leave  of  absence  in  Lon- 
don and  Pans  (1785-6)  he  brought  out  his  Pas- 
sion music  (after  Metastasio)  in  both  cities,  and 
was  commissioned  to  write  two  operas,  Tamer/an 
and  Panthtfc^  for  the  Grand  Opera  ;  Frederick's 
death  necessitated  his  hasty  return  to  Berlin,  and 
the  operas  were  not  produced.  Friednch  \ViU 
helm  II,  allowed  him  to  cnlaige  the  orchestra, 
and  to  obtain  new  singers  from  Italy  ;  but  later, 
hearing  of  R  's  sympathy  with  the  Fiench  Rev- 
olution, suspended  him  for  3  years,  and  dis- 
missed him  in  1794.  R.  lived  in  Altona  till 
1797  ;  was  then  app.  Inspector  of  the  salt  works 
at  Giebichenstein,  and  held  the  appointment 
after  his  return  to  Berlin  on  the  King's  decease 
in  the  same  year.  Fricdrich  Wilhclm  III.  in- 
creased his  salary ;  but  the  French  invasion 
drove  him  to  Konigsberg  in  1806,  and  on  Jerome 
Napoleon's  threat  to  confiscate  his  property  R. 
joined  him  at  Kasscl,  and  became  his  court  con- 
ductor. On  account  of  disagreements  with  the 
authorities,  R.  was  soon  granted  leave  oi  absence, 
which  he  impioved  by  visiting  Vienna  to  produce 
his  operas  and  Singspiek  •  the  trip  was  unsuc- 
cesful,  and  he  returned  to  Giebichenstein,  where 
he  remained  until  his  death. — For  Berlin  and 
Potsdam  R.  composed  numerous  Italian  and 
German  operas,  incid.  music  to  plays,  and  Ger- 
man Singspielt'i  the  latter  exercising  considerable 
influence  on  the  development  of  German  opera, 
lie  also  wrote  a  Passion  ;  cantatas  (sacred  aud 
secular) ;  psalms,  2  Te  Deums  ;  etc  ;  as  a  song- 
composer  [cf.  Lindner,  '*  Geschichle  ties  deut- 
schen  Licdcs"]  he  ranks  high  (he  set  about  60 
of  Goethe's  lyrics  to  music) ;  his  instr.l  music 
includes  7  symphonies  (the  "  Schlachtsymphonie" 
celebrates  the  battle  of  Leipzig),  a  u Victory" 
overture,  14  pf. -concertos,  a  conccrtante  f. 
string-quartet  and  orch.,  a  quintet  f.  pf.  w.  2 
flutes  and  2  horns,  2  pf. -quartets,  6  string-trios, 
a  violin-concerto,  1 1  violin-sonatas,  17  pf.-sona- 
tas,  a  flute-sonata.  An  extremely  diligent  writer, 
lie  edited  a  number  of  mus.  periodicals ;  and 
publ.  "  Ueber  die  deutsdie  komische  Oper" 
(1774),  "  Ueber  die  I'flichlcn  des  Ripicnviolini*- 
sten"  (1776),  '*  Briefe •  cines  aufmerksamen 
Reisendcn,  die  Musik  betreffcnd "  (2  parts ; 
1774,  '7C)>  "Schreiben  ttber  die  Berlinische 
Musik"  (1775),  "Vertraute  Briefe  aus  Paris" 
(1804,  1805;  3  parts),  "Vertraute  Briefe,  ge- 
schricben  auf  einer  Keise  nach  Wien  "  (2  vol.s  ; 
1810).  Autobiography  in  the  *'  Berlinische  rau- 
sikalischc  Zcitung*  (1805;  Nos.  55-80).  Of 
Schletterer's  biography,  vol.  i  was  publ,  in  1865. 

Rei'chardt,  Luise,  daughter  of  preceding ; 
b.  Berlin,  1788  ;  d.  Hamburg  (where  she  had 
lived  from  1814  as  a  singing-teacher),  Nov.  17, 
1826.  She  composed  a  number  of  beautiful 
songs  (**  Ks  singt  em  VOglcin,"  etc.). 


477 


REICHARDT— REINECKE 


Rei'chardt,  Gustav,  composer  of  "Was  ist 
des  Deutschen  Vaterland  ?  "  ;  b.  Schmarsow,  n. 
Demmin,  Nov.  13,  1797 ;  d.  Berlin,  Oct.  19, 
1884.  A  pupil  of  Bernhard  Klein;  lived  in 
Berlin  as  a  music-teacher,  publishing  36  works 
(chiefly  popular  songs) ;  also  cond.  of  the  junior 
Berlin  Liedertafel /  and  was  the  late  Emperor 
Friedrich's  music-teacher. 

Rei'chardt,  Alexander,  tenor  opera-singer ; 
b.  Packs,  Hungary,  Apr.  17,  1825  ;  d  Boulogne- 
sur-Mer,  Mar.  14, 1885.  Debut  Lemberg,  1845, 
as  Otello  in  Rossini's  opera ;  sang  at  the  court 
opera,  Vienna;  also  yearly,  from  1851-7,  at 
London  in  opera  and  concert.  At  Boulogne, 
where  he  settled  in  1860,  he  organized  a  singing- 
society,  and  was  president  of  a  music-school. — 
Composed  songs. 

Rei'chel,  Adolf  Heinrich  Johann,  b.  Tursz- 
nitz,  \V.  Prussia,  1816.  Pupil  of  Dehn  and 
L.  Berger  in  Berlin  ;  lived  14  years  in  Paris  as  a 
pf  -teacher  and  composer  (pf. -concertos,  2  pf.- 
trios,  4  preludes  and  fugues,  also  mazurkas  and 
sonatas,  f .  pf . ;  masses  ;  many  songs) ;  1857-67, 
teacher  of  comp.  at  Dresden  Cons.,  and  cond. 
of  Dreyssig's  Singakadettne  y  from  1867,  munici- 
pal Mus.  Dir.  at  Bern,  Switzerland. 

Rei'chel,  Friedrich,  b.  Oberodjerwitz,  Lusa- 
tia,  Jan.  27,  1833  ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  29, 1889,  as 
cantor  and  org.  at  the  Johanniskirche.  Pupil  of 
\Vieck,  Otto,  and  Rietz,  at  Dresden.  Chief 
among  32  publ.  works  are  a  u  Fruhlingssym- 
phonie,"  op.  25  ;  part  songs  f.  men's  voices,  op. 
4,  5,  7 ;  and  some  motets.  He  prod,  an  ope- 
retta, Die  geangsteten  Diplomaten^  at  Dresden 
in  1875. 

Rei'cher  -  Kin'dermann,  Hedwig,  gifted 
dram,  soprano ;  b.  Munich,  July  15,  1853 ;  d. 
Trieste,  June  2,  1883.  Daughter  of  the  baritone 
A.  Kmdermann ;  sang  in  the  Court  Th.,  then 
in  the  Gartnerplatz  Th  ,  at  Munich ;  later  at 
Hamburg ;  from  1880-82  at  Leipzig ;  then  in 
A .  Neumann's  Wagner  troupe .  She  married  the 
opera-singer  Reicher. 

Rei'chert,  Mathieu-Andre",  b.  Maestricht, 
1830.  Flute-virtuoso ;  pupil  from  1844  of  the 
Brussels  Cons.,  taking  ist  prize  in  1847.  Made 
long  tours  in  Europe  and  America.  Comp.  dif- 
ficult music  for  flute. 

Reich'mann,  Theodor,  celebrated  dram, 
baritone  ;  b.  Rostock,  Mar.  18,  1849.  Pupil  of 
Mantius  and  Elsler  (Berlin),  Ress  (Prague),  and 
Lamperti  (Milan).  Sang  in  theatres  at  Magde- 
burg, Berlin,  Rotterdam,  Strassburg,  Cologne, 
Hamburg,  and  Munich  (1874) ;  1882-9  at  the 
Court  Opera,  Vienna  ;  in  1882  he  created  the 
rSIe  of  Amfortas  at  Bayreuth.  Sang  in  German 
opera  at  New  York,  1889-90 ;  made  extended 
tours  ;  and  was  re-engaged  at  Vienna. 

Ried,  General  John,  b.  Straloch,  Perthshire, 
Feb.  13,  1721  (?)  J  d.  London,  Feb.  6,  1807.  A 
musical  amateur,  he  left  ^"52,000  to  found  a 
chair  of  music  in  Edinburgh  Univ.,  also  provid- 
ing that  an  annual  concert  of  his  own  composi- 


tions should  be  given.  The  "  Ried  "  professors 
since  thefoundation(i839)  have  been  John  Thom- 
son ;  Sir  Henry  Bishop,  1842  ;  Henry  Hugo  Pier- 
son,  1844  ;  John  Donaldson,  1845  ;  Sir  Herbert 
Stanley  Oakeley,  1865  ;  and  Frederick  Niecks, 
1889. 

Reijnvaan  (or  Reynwaen),  Jean  Ver- 
schuere,  LL.D.;  b  Middelburg,  Holland,  1743; 
d.  Flushing,  May  12,  1809.  Organist  and  ami- 
lonneur  at  Flushing.  Compiled  the  lirst  Dutch 
mus.  dictionary:  "Musikaal  konstwooiden- 
boek"  (1789;  one  vol.,  A-E,  and  part  of  vol. 
ii ;  and  ed.,  1795,  only  to  letter  M),  Also  publ. 
a  "  Catechismus  dcr  Munjk"  (1788)  ;  comp.  6 
violin-sonatas,  psalms,  motets,  and  songs. 

Rei'mann,  Mathieu  [Matthias  Reyman- 
nus],  b.  Lowcnberg,  1544  ;  d.  Oct.  21,  1597. 
Publ.  "  Noctes  musicae"  (1598)  and  "Cithara 
sacra  Psalmodiae  Davidis  "  (1603),  in  lute-tabla- 
ture. 

Rei'mann,  Ignaz,  t>.  Albendorf,  Silesia,  Dec. 
27,  1820  ;  d.  Rengersdorf,  June  17,  1885.  Pro- 
lific church-composer  ;  publ.  18  musses,  4  Re- 
quiems, 3  Te  Deums,  48  offertories,  40  graduals  ; 
many  others,  also  instrumental  works,  in  MS. — 
His  son, 

Rei'mann,  Heinrich,  b.  Kengersdorf,  Sile- 
sia, Mar.  14,  1850.  Taught  by  his  father  ;  at- 
tended the  Cilaias  Gymnasium,  and  studied  phi- 
lology at  Bre&lau  Univ.  (1870-4),  also  conduct- 
ing the  academical  Gfsangwrein  **  Ijcopnklmn." 
lie  taught  at  several  Gymnasia,  ami  bucpmc  di- 
rector of  that  at  GlciwiU  in  1885  ;  but  sc*on  re- 
signed to  devote  himself  to  music.  Since  1887 
he  has  lived  in  Merlin,  where  lie  is  as,st.-lij>rarian 
at  the  R.  Library,  organist  to  the  1'hillmrm. 
Soc.,  teacher  of  organ  and  theory  at  the  Schar- 
wcnka-Klindworth  Cons.,  and  (since  1895)  orj>. 
at  the  < inadenkirche.  lie  is  an  eminent  mus. 
critic  (on  the  **  Allgem.  musikalischc  Zcitung  "), 
an  excellent  organist,  a  composer  of  organ-sona- 
tas and -studies,  etc.,  and  a  writer  of  distinction  : 
Biography  of  Schumann  (1887)  ;  "Xur  Tin-o- 
ne und  Geschichte  der  byzantinischen  Musik" 
(in  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  fttr  Musikwisscn- 
schaft,"  1889) ;  he  revised  vol.  ii  of  Ambros's 
"  History"  for  a  new  edition ;  and  publ.  a  coll. 
of  old  songs,  arr.  for  concert-performance,  "  J)as 
deutsche  Lied." 

Rei'necke,  Leopold  Carl,  b.  Dessau,  1774 ; 
d.  Gtisten,  Oct.  22,  1820.  Pupil  of  Rust  (vln.) 
and  Naumann  (comp.) ;  from  1798,  leader  and 
music-director  at  Dessau.  Prod,  operas  at  Des- 
sau, also  symphonies  and  chamber-music. 

Rei'necke,  Carl  (Heinrich  Carsten),  b.  Al- 
tona,  June  23, 1824.  Pianist,  pupil  of  his  father, 
a  music-teacher.  His  first  concert-tour  was  to 
Denmark  and  Sweden  in  1843  ;  he  then  went 
to  Leipzig,  learned  much  through  intercourse 
with  Mendelssohn  and  Schumann,  made  a  second 
tour  through  North  Germany,  and  was  from 
1846-8  court  pianist  to  Christian  VIII.  at  Co- 


478 


REINER— REINSDORF 


penhagen.  Then,  after  spending  some  years  in 
Paris,  he  became  teacherat  Cologne  Cons.  10x851, 
mus.  director  at  Barmen 
1854-9,  academical 
mus.  dir.  and  cond.  of 
the  St/iffaAat/emte  at 
Ureslau  1859-60,  and 
from  1860-95  cond. 
(following  J.  Riet/-)  of 
the  Gewandhaus  Con- 
certs at  Leipzig,  his 
successor  being  N  i  kisch . 

At  the  same  time  he  -,,  'TJJJUJE^A'  MiWt/j*< 
was  app.  prof,  of  pf.-  '*  SfMEi.  MmW  >> 
playing  and  fiee  com- 
position at  the  Leipzig 
Cons.,  a  position  still 
held ;  and  in  1897  he  was  made  "  Studiendi- 
rektor"  at  that  institution.  From  Leipzig  Univ. 
he  has  the  title  of  l)rtphil.  hon.  causa  ;  from  the 
King  of  Saxony,  that  of  "  Royal  Professor."  An 
eminent  pianist,  he  excels  as  an  interpreter  of  Mo- 
zart, has  made  concert-tours  almost  yearly,  and 
is  enthusiastically  welcomed  in  Kngland,  Hol- 
land, Scandinavia,  Switzerland,  and  throughout 
Germany ;  among  his  pupils  are  Maas,  Kwast, 
Winding,  JosefTy,  DoraSchiimachci,  and  Jeanne 
Becker  ;  his  works  for  piano  include  4  concertos, 
a  quintet,  a  quartet,  6  tiios,  2  sonatas  w.  'cello, 

4  sonatas  w.  violin,  a  sonata  w.  flute  (op.  167), 
a  fantasia,  w.  violin  (op.  160),  and  many  solo 
pieces  (Musical  Kindergarten,  op.  206  ;  fantasia 
in  sonala-foim,  op.  15;  sonatas  f.  2  and  4  hands  ; 
sonatinas,  op.  47,  98,  127.1,  136 ;  Serenade,  op. 
48  ;  to  JfantasicKluckc,  op.  17;  "Aus  der  Ju- 
g  end/oil,"  op.  ro6  ;  N  CHICS  Nolenbuch  fur  klcinc 
Leutc,  op.  107  ;  Nocturne,  op.  69  ;  24  Studies, 
op.    12  r  ;    Ballade,  op.  20;  4  Alte  und  neue 
Ta'nxc,  op.  57  ;  Ma'rehenvoispiele  f.  4  hands,  op. 
99;  Duos  f.  2  pianos,  op.  66  ;  etc.).    Asa  com- 
poser, and  teacher  of  composition,  R.  has  been 
the  leader  in  Leipxig  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  ; 
his  works,  classic  in  form  and  of  refined  work- 
manship, have  a  distinct  dash  of  romantic  tem- 
perament,    lie  has  prod,  the  5-act  grand  opera 
JCdniff  Manfred  (Wiesbaden,  1867) ;  the  ope- 
retta Min  Abtntetter  IlandeVs  (Schwerin,  187*1) ; 
2  3-act  comic  operas,  Auf  hohen  /fr/^S  (Ham- 
burg, 1886),  and  Der  Gomwntur  van  Tows 
(Schwerin,  1891 ;  text  by  K.  Bormann ;  Kngl. 
translation) ;    the  fairy  opera  Die    Ttufclchen 
an  f  der  Ittwnidsiviese  (Glarus,  1899) ;  Dtr  irier- 
jtihri$e  Posten  (not  perf.) ; — music  to  Schiller's 
Tell;  the  oratorio  Bdsazar ;  the  cantatas  Ma- 
kon  Jarl,  f.  male  ch.,  soli,  andorch.,  and  Die 
JPlucht  nach  Argyptfiii  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  5 
"  fairy  cantatas,"  ticfyiftioitteton,  DoriirSstJicn^ 
AschenbrSdel^  "  Pom  liaitmchen^  das  andrcMUt- 
ter  hat  gewollt"  and  Die  widen  Schwtftue  (all 

5  f.  female  eh.,  soli,  and  pf.);  song-cycle,  "  Von 
der  Wiege  bis  zum  Grabe,"  f.  vocal  solo  w.  pfM 
and  connecting  declamatory  text  [also  in  Eng- 
lish] ;  concert-arias  ("  Mirjams  Siegesgesang,  f. 
sopr. ;  u  Das  IHndumadchen,"  f .  alto ;  u  Alman- 
sor,"  f.  baritone);  20  canons  f.  3  female  voices 


w.  pf  ;  also  2  masses  ; — further,  3  symphonies 
(No.  3,  in  G  min.,  is  op  227)  ,  the  overtures 
41  Dame  Kobold,"  "  Aladin,"  "  Friedensfeier," 
11  Festouverlure,"  "  In  memonam  "  (to  the  mem- 
ory of  David) ;  Introd  and  Fugue  with  Choral 
(f.  orch  ),  "  Zenobia  "  ;  a  funeral  march  for  Em- 
peror William  I.;  a  violin-concerto,  a  'cello-con- 
certo, a  harp-concerto  (op.  182)  ;  4  string-quar- 
tets (No.  4  is  in  D). 

Rei'ner,  Jacob,  b.  Altdorf,  Wurttemberg, 
about  1560  ;  d.  Aug.  12,  1606,  as  choirmaster  of 
the  monastery  at  Weingarten.  Pupil  of  Orlando 
di  Lasso  at  Munich. — Publ.  u  Liber  cantionum 
sacrarum"  (1579  ;  22  motets  a  5-6  ;  in  score  by 
Diessler,  1872) ;  "  Schone  ncue  deutsche  Liedcr' 
(1581  ;  32  songs  a  4-5);  "Christhche  Gesang, 
leutsche  Psalmen"  (1589;  15  psalms  a  3); 
"  Seleclae  piaeque  cantiones"  (1591,  20  motets 
a  6) ;  **  Cantica  sive  mutetae"  ^595  :  29  s»ongs 
a  4-5)  J  "Liber  motettarum  "  (1603,  32  motets 
a  G  and  8) ;  "  Liber  motettarum  "  (18  a  6  ;  1603) ; 
"Sacrarum  mis&arum"  (1604,  5  masses  a  6); 
"  Gloriosissiniae  Virginis  .  .  .  Magnificat" 
(1604  ;  12  Mag.  a  8) ;  "  Missaelrescum  litaniis  " 
(1604  ;  a  8) ;  **  Messae  aliquot  sacine  cum  o{ficio 
B.  V.  M.  ct  Antiphonis  3-4  voc."  (iCoS).  Songs 
in  MS.  (</.  ct  MonatsheftefUr  Musikgeschichte," 
iii,  p.  97). 

Rei'ner,  Ambrosius,  son  of  preceding ;  b. 
Altdorf- Weingarten,  Dec.  7,  1604;  d.  Julys, 
1762,  as  court  Kapellm.  at  Innsbruck.  Comp. 
masses,  motets,  psalms,  etc. 

Rein'hard,  B.  Francois,  music-printer  at 
Strassburg  in  1800,  and  the  fust  to  apply  the 
stereotype  process  to  music-printing. 

Rein'holdt,  Theodor  Christlieb,  d.  Dres- 
den, Mar.  24,  1755,  as  cantor  of  the  Kreu/- 
kirche ;  he  was  J.  A.  IJilicr's  teacher.  Comp. 
many  motets. 

Rein' ken  (or  Reinke,  Reinicke),  Johann 
Adam,  famous  organist ;  b.  Deventcr,  IJolUmd, 
Apr.  27,  1623;  d.  Hamburg,  Nov.  24,  1722. 
Pupil  of  Swceliuck  in  Amsterdam.  Fii  1658  he 
became  assistant,  and  in  1663  successor,  to 
Scheidemann,  organist  at  the  Katharinenkirche, 
Hamburg.  One  of  the  foremost  among  North 
German  organists ;  J.  S.  Uach  several  times 
walked  from  Lttneburg  to  Hamburg  to  hear 
him. — Works  :  "  Hortus  musicus"  f,  2  violins, 
viola,  and  bass  (1704),  and  '*  Partite  diverse" 
(both  rcpubl.  by  the  "  Maatschappij  lot  bevor- 
dering  der  Toonkunst") ;  in  MS.,  a  toccata  f. 
organ,  2  arr.s  of  chorals,  and  2  var.s  f.  clavi- 
chord. 

ReinsMorf,  Otto,  b.  Koselilz,  May  28, 1848  ; 
d.  Berlin,  Apr.  15,  1890.  Pupil  of  Kullak  and 
Wtterst.  Went  to  Leipzig  1870;  co-editor  of 
the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fUr  Musik,"  and  (1872)  of 
the  "Tonhalle";  founded  the  "  Musikalischc 
Central-Zeitung  "  (soon  defunct),  and  the  UAI1- 
gcmeine  deutsche  Musikzeitung  "  (1874  J  retired 
from  editorship,  1875) ;  went  to  Vienna,  1875, 
started  the  '*  Illustr.  Musik-  und  Theater-Jour- 


479 


REINTHALER— REISSMANN 


nal,"  resigned  the  editorship  in  1876,  and  went 
to  Berlin.  He  was  a  talented,  but  eiratic,  writer 
and  composer. 

Rein'thaler,  Karl  (Martin),  gifted  com. 
poser;  b.  Erfurt,  Oct.  13,  1832;  d.  Bremen, 
Feb.  13,  1896.  A  music-pupil  of  G  A.  Ritter, 
he  studied  theology,  at  his  father's  desire,  in 
Berlin  from  1871-6 ,  but  his  passion  for  music 
won  the  day,  and  he  took  private  lessons  with 
Marx.  The  King  then  granted  him  a  stipend 
for  btudy  at  Paris  in  1849  (6  months),  wheie  he 
had  singing-lessons  from  Geraldi  and  Bordogni, 
and  for  3  years  at  Rome.  He  then  (1853)  was 
called  to  the  Cologne  Cons,  as  teacher  of  sing- 
ing, in  1857  he  was  app.  municipal  mus.  dir., 
organist  and  Kapellm*  at  the  cathedral,  and 
cond.  of  the  Singakademie  in  Bremen  ;  later  also 
becoming  cond.  of  the  Liedertafd  there.  He 
received  the  title  of  R.  Prussian  Mus.  Dir. ;  was 
elected  full  member  of  the  Berlin  Akademie  in 
1882,  and  in  iSSSwas  made  "  Royal  Professor." 
He  prod.  2  operas,  Edda,  (Bremen,  1875)  and 
Kathchen  von  Hdlfaonn  (Frankfort,  iSSr);  an 
oratorio  Jephtha^  repeatedly  perf.  in  Germany 
and  elsewhere  ;  the  famous  "  Bismarck-IIymne  " 
(won  a  prize)  ;  th*  choral  woiks  In  der  /HAs/i, 
Das  Made  ken  von  Kolah  (both  w.  orch.),  and  Die 
Rosen  von  Hildeshdw  (f.  4  male  voices  w. 
orch.) ;  a  symphony  in  D  ;  male  choruses,  songs, 
psalms. 

Rei'senauer,  Alfred,  pianist;  b.  Konigs- 
berg,  Nov.  IT  1863.  Pupil  of  L,  Kohler  and 
Liszt.  Debut  at  Cardinal  Ilohenlohe's  palace, 
Rome,  with  Liszt  (1881)  ;  after  a  concert-tour 
(London,  Leipzig),  he  studied  law  at  I^eipzig 
Univ.  1881-2,  but  resumed  his  career  of  concert- 
pianist,  and  has  visited  Russia,  Siberia,  and 
Central  Asia.  His  only  publications  are  songs  : 
"  Wanderiieder." 

Rei'ser,  August  Friedrich,  b.  Gammer- 
tingen,  Wurttemberg,  Jan.  19,  1840.  From 
1880-86,  editor  of  the  Cologne  "Neue  Musik- 
zeitung "  ;  has  comp.  2  symphonies,  an  over- 
ture,  and  male  choruses  (e.g.,  "  Barbarossa,"  f. 
double  ch.), 

Reiset,  Marie-Fe'licie-Cle'mence  de.  See 
GRANDVAL»  Mme.  DK. 

Reiss,  Carl  Heiarich  Adolf,  b.  Frankfort- 
on-Main,  Apr.  24,  1829.  Pupil  of  Hauplmann 
at  Leipzig.  Chorus-master,  and  Kapellin^  at 
various  theatres ;  in  1854,  1st  Kapellm.  at  May- 
ence ;  in  1856  2nd,  and  on  Spohr's  death  1st, 
Kapfllm.  at  Kassel ;  1881-6,  at  the  court  theatre, 
Wiesbaden. — Prod,  I  opera,  Otto  der  Schilte^  at 
Mayence,  1856. 

Reis'siger,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b.  Belzig,  n. 
Wittenberg,  Jan.  31,  1798  ;  d.  Dresden,  Nov.  7, 
1859.  A  pupil  of  Schicht  at  the  Thomasschule, 
Leipzig,  from,  1811 ;  began  the  study  of  theology 
in  1818,  but  gave  it  up  for  music,  continuing  at 
first  under  Schicht,  then  going  to  Vienna  in 
1821  (where  he  wrote,  but  did  not  produce,  an 
opera,  Das  Rotkenwtibchm^  and  appeared  as  a 


vocalist  and  pianist),  and  thence  to  Munich 
(1822),  pursuing  the  study  of  dramatic  comp. 
under  Winter,  and  successfully  bringing  out  an 
overture  and  entr'actes  to  Net  o.  In  1824,  at  the 
expense  of  the  Prussian  government,  he  made  a 
tour  of  inspection  and  study  in  Italy,  and  sub- 
mitted a  plan  for  a  conservatory  ;  taught  at  the 
Berlin  R.  Inst.  for  Church-miiMc,  and  in  1826 
was  invited  to  The  Hague  to  organize  a  conser- 
vatory, which  still  flourishes.  In  the  same  year 
he  succeeded  Marschncr  as  mus.  dir.  of  the 
German  Opera  at  Dresden,  and  soon  after  \vas 
app.  court  fCapcllm  ,  as  Weber's  successor. — 
Works  :  The  operas  Didvne  Ma  u  Jo  Ha  la  (Dres- 
den, 1823);  Der  A/intiiw/Mto  (1824);  Yelra 
[melodr  ]  (1827) ;  LibeUa  (1828)  ,  Die  falser 
muJile  von  £  failures  (1829  ;  the  overture  is  still 
played  at  concerts) ;  Titnntdot  (1835) ;  *\dM?  tie 
Foix  (1841) ;  Der  Sthijfbriuh  der  Medusa 
(1846) ; — the  oratorio  David  ;  10  grand  masses  ; 
motets,  psalms,  etc.; — a  symphony,  an  overture, 
a  clar. -concerto,  a  flutc-concoi  to,  a  pf>~qumlel,  a 
string-quintet,  6  pf. -quartets,  8  Hiring -quartets, 
27  pf.-trios,  3  violin-sonatas,  2  'cello-sonatas,  i 
clar -sonata; — and,  f.  pf.,  3  solo  sonatas,  2 
4 -hand  sonatas,  rondos  (op.  27,  4  hands  ;  op.  37, 
30),  waltzes  (that  named  **  Weber's  last  thought " 
is  R.'s  most,  popular  piece),  24  "  Danses  moder- 
nes  et  brillantes,"  in  2  sets,  op.  38  and  op.  46  ; 
— also  songs,  many  of  which  became  popular.— 
His  brother, 

Reis'siger,  Friedrich  August,  b.  nelzitf, 
July  26,  1809;  d.  Kicderikshald,  Mar.  2,  1883, 
as  military  bandmaster.  Pupil  of  Weinlijr  and 
Schicht  (Leipzig)  and  Dehn  (Merlin) ;  prolific 
comp.  (many  songs);  from  1840-50,  cond.  at 
the  Christiania  theatre. 

Reiss'mann,  August,  b.  Frankenstein,  Si- 
lesia, Nov.  14,  1825;  pupil  there  of  Ileinrioh 
Jung,  and  in  Ureslau  of  Mosewiusancl  Huumgart 
'theory),  E.  L.  Richler  (pf.  and  org.),  Ulslner 
kvln.)  and  Kahl  ('cello).  His  first  compositions 
were  well  received  ;  but  two  years'  residence  in 
Weimar  with  Ltet  (iSstf-s)  developed  a  strong 
literary  vein.  1 1 e  lived  in  I  lalle,  and  from  1 803- 
80  in  Hcrlin,  lecturing  1 366-74  at  the  Slc-rn  Cons, 
on  the  history  of  music  ;  then  in  Leipxitf  (whore 
the  University  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
Dr.fhiL  in  1875),  in  Wiesbaden,  and  again  in 
Berlin. — Writings  :  "  Cfitechismus  <ler  (iCSiing'H- 
kunst"(i853;  after  Sieber) ;  "Von  Ilach  bis 
Wagner  "  (1861) ;  "  Das  deuischc  Lied  in  seiner 
historischen  Kntwickelung'*  (r8ni ;  rev.  od.  1874 
as  "Geschichle  des  deulschen  Liedes 


"Kobert  Schumann"  (1865;  3rd  cd,  1870); 
"Grundriss  der  Morikgeschichto "  (1865); 
"  Lehrbuch  der  musikalischen  Komposition  "  (3 
vol.9, 1866-73) ;  "Felix  Mendelssohn- 1  Jartholdy" 
(1867 ;  and  ed.  1872) ;  **  Kranz  Schulwrt "  (1873); 
"Die  koniglichc  Ilochschule  far  Musik  in  Bcr- 
UV  (1875);  "Klavier-  und  (JGHangncbuIe  Hlr 


480 


REITER— REMMERS 


den  ersten  Unterricht"  (2  parts,  1876) ;  "Lcicht- 
fasshche  Musikgeschichte  m  12  Vorlesungen" 
(1877);  "Joseph  Haydn"  (1879),  "  Zur  Aes- 
thetik  derTonkunst"  (1879);  "  Illustrirte  Ge- 
schichte  der  deutschen  Musik"  (1880) ;  "  J.  S. 
Rich"  (1881) ;"  O.K.  Handel" (1881),  "Cluck" 
(1882);  "Weber"  (1882);  "Die  Oper  in  ihrcr 
kunst-und  kulturhistorischen  Bedcutung  "(1885); 
1 '  Was  wird  aus  unserer  deutschen  Musik  ?  "  (Ber- 
lin, 1899) ;— edited  (lathy's  "  Musikalisches  Con- 
versationslexikon "  (1870),  and  vol.s  vii-xi  of 
Mendel's  ditto  (1876  ;  also  Supplement  of  rSSr, 
and  an  epitome,  "  Handlexikon  der  Tonkunst," 
in  1882) — Compositions  3  operas,  Gud)  im 
(Leipzig,  1874)1  <Df?  fturgermfistfun  von 
Sf/iorntforf(ib  ,  1 880),  and  Sirs  Grahpiel  (l)us- 
seldorf,  1895)  ;  a  ballet,  Der  B lumen  Raihe 
(1887) ;  A'ttHiji  Drostelbart,  f.  .soli,  ch.,  and  pf.T 
w  declamation  (1886)  ;  2  dram,  scenes,  Dritsits* 
7W,  and  Ltwky ;  an  oratorio,  Wittekind  ; 
choruses,  ballades,  vocal  terzets  and  duets,  and 
many  songs  ; — a  violin-concerto  ,  a  suite  f.  vln. 
w.  orch.;  2  violin-sonatas  ;  pf. -music. 

Rei'ter,  Ernst,  b.  Wertheim,  Baden,  1814 ; 
d.  Basel,  July  14,  1875.  Violin-prof.  atWurz- 
burgCons.  ;  in  1839,  musical  dir.  at  Strassburg, 
from  1841  at  Basel. — Works  :  J)ie  Fee  von  El- 
*  opera  (Wiesbaden,  1865) ;  Das  ncuc 
itS)  oratorio  (Basel,  1845)  J  3  slring-quar- 
tets ;  songs. 

Relfe,  John,  Knglish  theorist  and  composer  ; 
b.  Greenwich,  1763  ;  d  London,  about  1837,  as 
an  esteemed  teacher  of  pf.  and  harmony. — 
Works  :  Airs,  sonatas,  lessons,  divertimentos, 
etc.,  f.  harpsichord  or  pf .  ;  songs;  "  Guida  Ar- 
monica  .  .  .  "  (3  parts,  1798  ;  2nd  ed.  as  "  The 
Principles  of  I  lurmony  .  .  .",1817);"  Remarks 
on  the  Present  SUUc  of  Mus.  Instruction  "(i  Big); 
"  Lucidus  ordo  .  ,  ."(1821).  He  proposed  a 
reformed  thorough-bass  figuring,  marking  the 
root-choid  ^.,  and  the  inversions  '  and  ". 

Rell'stab,  Johann  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Ber- 
lin, Feb.  27,  1759 ;  d.  there  Aug.  19,  1813. 
Pupil  of  F.  Agricola  and  Fnsch  ;  succeeded  his 
father  as  head  of  a  printing-establishment,  add- 
ing a  music-printing  and  -publishing  department 
and  a  circulating  library  of  music ;  founded 
short-lived  amateur  concerts  in  1787  j  lost  his 
property  in  the  war  of  1806,  and  gave  music-les- 
sons, lectured  on  harmony,  and  wrote  criticisms 
for  the  u  Vossische  Zeitung."  Compositions 
unimportant.  lie  publ,  "Vcrsuch  ttber  die 
Vereinigung  der  musikalischen  und  oratorischen 
Declamation"  (Vienna,  1785) ;  "  Anleitung  fttr 
Clavierspielcr,  den  Gebrauch  der  Uach'schen 
Fingersetzung,  die  Maniercn  und  denVortrag 
betreffend"  (1790) ;  and  a  polemical  pamphlet, 
"  Ueber  die  Bemerkungen  eines  Reisenden 
[Reichardt],  die  Berlinischen  Kirchenmusiken, 
Concerto,  Opern  und  die  kBnigliche  Kammer- 
musik  betreffend  "  (1789). 

Rell'stab,  (Heinrich  Friedrich)  Ludwig, 

the  noted  novelist,  sou  of  the  preceding ;  b.  Ber- 


lin, Apr.  13,  1799 ;  d.  there  Nov.  27,  1860. 
Artillery  officer,  teacher  of  mathematics  and  his- 
tory in  the  Brigade  School,  Berlin,  retired  from 
the  army  in  1821,  and  lived  as  a  writer  in  Berlin 
fiom  1823.  Kditor  and  mus.  critic  of  the  4C  Voss- 
ische Zeitung "  from  1826.  Publ.  the  satirical 
pamphlets  *'IIenriette,oder  die  schone  Sangerin, 
eine  Ge&chichte  unsrer  Tage  von  Freimund  Zu- 
schauer  "(1826 ,  on  lienriette  Son  tag's  triumphs), 
and  tl  Ueber  mein  Verhaltniss  als  Cntiker  zu 
Ilerrn  Spontim  als  Componisten  und  General- 
Musikdirector  in  Berlin,  nebst  einem  vergnug- 
lichen  Anhang"  (1827  ;  directed  against  Spohr's 
truckling  to  virtuosity  in  Agnes  von  llohen- 
staii fen\  for  each  of  which  he  suffered  a  period 
of  imprisonment ;  though  his  opinions  were 
eventually  upheld  both  in  official  circles  and  by 
the  public.  From  1839-41  R.  edited  a  mus. 
periodical,  "  Ins  im  Gebiet  der  Tonkunst"  ;  he 
also  contributed  to  several  other  papers.  In  his 
'  *  Gesammelte  Werke  "  are  biographies  of  Liszt, 
Ludwig  Berger,  Bernhard  Klein,  Nanette 
Schechner,  and  others  ;  vol.  i  contains  criticisms, 
on  opera  and  concert,  which  came  out  in  the 
44  Vossische  Zeitung  "  1826-48. — II is  best-known 
novel  is  "  1812." 

Remenyi,  Eduard,  rcmaikable  violinist ;  b. 
Ueves,  Hungary,  1830;  d  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
May  15,  1898.  Pupil  of  Bohm  at  Vienna  Cons. 
1842-5  ;  banished  from  Austria  for  participation 
in  the  Hungarian  Revolution  of  1848,  he  began 
the  career  of  a  wandering  violinist  in  America  ; 
returned  to  Kuropc  in  1853,  profited  by  Liszt's 
counsels,  and  in  1854  became  solo  violinist  to 
Queen  Victoria,  hi  1860  he  was  amnestied,  and 
app.  solo  violinist  to  the  Kmperor  of  Austria  ;  in 
1865,  commenced  a  brilliant  tour,  visiting  Paris 
(1865),  Germany,  Belgium,  and  Holland;  stayed 
in  Paris  1875-7,  playing  in  many  Pasdeloup  con- 
certs ;  then  proceeded  to  London  (1877),  and  to 
America  in  r878,  travelling  in  the  United  States, 
Canada,  and  Mexico ;  in  1886  he  began  a  new 
concert-tour  around  the  world,  visiting  Japan, 
China,  Cochin-China,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
etc,  lie  died  of  apoplexy  on  his  last  American 
tour,  1897-8. — His  technique  was  prodigious ; 
in  vigor,  passion,  and  pathos  he  was  unex- 
celled ;  his  extravagances  were  forgotten  in 
admiration  for  his  puissant  genius.  Finding  in- 
sufficient scope  in  the  usual  violin-literature,  he 
made  skilful  transcriptions  of  Field's  Nocturnes, 
Chopin's  Waltzes,  Polonaises,  and  Mazurkas, 
and  pieces  by  Bach,  Schubert,  etc.;  these  are 
united  under  the  title  of  "Nouvelle  e*cole  du 
violon."  He  comp.  a  violin-concerto,  and  some 
soli  f.  vln. 

Remi  of  Auxerre,  [Rcmigius  Altisiodoren- 
sis,]  a  monk;  at  Rhcims,  893;  later  at  Paris. 
His  commentary  on  Martianus  Capclla  was 
printed  by  Gerbert  in  '*  Scriptores,"  vol.  i. 

Rem'mers,  Johann,  b.  Jever,  Jan.  12, 1805; 
d.  The  Hague,  Jan.  28, 1847.  Violinist,  pupil  of 
Ed.  Rietz  ;  chamber-musician  at  St.  Petersburg. 


481 


REMMERT— REY 


Rem'mert,  Martha,  excellent  pianist;  b. 
Gross-Schwein,  n.  Glogau,  Sept.  13,  1854. 
Pupil  of  Kullak,  Tausig,  and  Liszt.  Resides  in 
Berlin. 

R&nusat  [R&nuzat],  Jean,  flute-virtuoso, 
pupil  of  Tulou  ;  b.  Bordeaux,  May  n,  1815  ,  d. 
Shanghai,  Sept.  I,  iSSo.  After  successful  con- 
cert-giving, he  became  first  flute  at  the  Queen's 
Th.,  London  ;  from  1853  ditto  at  the  Th.-Ly- 
rique,  Pans.  He  preferred  the  old  cross-flute  to 
Bohm's.  —  Publ.  a  P"lute-method,  and  solo  pieces 
and  duets  f.  flute,  flute  and  violin,  etc. 

Remy,  W.  A.    See  MAYER,  WILHELM. 

Re"nard,  Marie,  operatic  soubrette  ,  b.  Graz, 
Jan.  18,  1864  ;  debut  there  1882.  Eng.  at  the 
Prague  Landestheater  /  1885-8  at  the  Berlin 
Court  Opera  ;  since  then  at  the  Vienna  Court 
Opera. 

Renaud,  Albert,  b.  Paris,  1855.  Pupil  of 
Cesar  Franck  and  Le*o  Delibes  ;  organist  at  St.- 
Franjois-Xavier  ;  mus.  critic  of  "La  Patrie."  — 
Works:  The  ^4-act  "feerie"  Aladin  (1891)  ; 
opera  comique  A  la  Hottzarde  ('91)  ;  ballet  The 
awakened  Shepherd  (London,  1892);  ballet  Rol- 
neddin  (Paris,  1892)  ;  piece  fantastique  Don 
Qidchotte  (1895);  folie-vaudeville  Un  voyage  & 
Vemse  (1896);  operetta  Le  soldi  de  minuit 
(1898);  etc. 

Renaud,  Maurice,  renowned  bass  singer  ;  b. 
Bordeaux,  1862.  Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.;  engaged 
at  R.  Opera,  Brussels,  1883-90  ;  at  the  Opera- 
Comique,  Paris,  1890-1  ;  at  the  Grand  Opera, 
since  1891.  Sings  bass  (or  baritone)  parts  in 
over  50  operas  ;  is  equally  successful  in  comic 
and  serious  works.  —  R61es  :  Huon  ;  Mercutio 
and  Capulet  ;  Escamillo  ;  Basilio  ;  Beckmesscr  ; 
Telramund  ;  Flying  Dutchman  ;  Kurwenal  ; 
Guillaume  (Tell)  ;  Fernando  (Fidetio)  ;  Nelusko 
',  etc. 


Renda'no,  Alfonso,  pianist  ;  b,  Carolei,  n. 
Cosenza,  Calabria,  Apr.  5,  1853.  -Pup}!  of 
Naples  Cons.,  of  Thalberg,  and  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  (1871).  Very  successful  at  the  Philharm. 
and  Mus.  Union  Concerts  in  London  ;  also  in 
Paris  and  Leipzig.  Highly  esteemed  in  Italy  ; 
has  publ.  j<7/0;z-pieces. 

Ren'ner,  Josef,  b.  Schmatzhausen,  n.  Lands- 
hut,  Bavaria,  Apr.  25,  1832;  d.  Ratisbon,  Aug. 
ir,  1895.  Taught  by  his  father  ;  later  by  Met- 
tenleiter  and  Proske.  From  1858-92,  choral 
cond.  and  teacher  at  the  Aula  Scholastica,  Ratis- 
bon ;  cond.  of  several  mus.  societies  ;  founder, 
about  1865,  and  until  1882  director,  of  a  Mus. 
Inst.  To  revive  the  German  madrigals  of  the 
i6th-i7th  centuries,  he  organized  the  Ralisbon 
Madrigal  Quartet,  and  edited  and  publ.  colls  of 
madrigals. 

Reszke",  Jean  de.    See  DE  RESZK& 

Re~ty,  Charles,  b,  about  1826;  d.  Paris,  July 
I,  1895.  Best  known  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"  Charles  Darcours,"  as  mus.  critic  for  the  Paris 
"  Figaro,"  a  post  occupied  with  distinction  for 


25  years  ;  he  was  formerly  Director  of  the  old 
Th.-Lyrique. 

Reub'ke,  Adolf,  oigan-buildei  .it  Ilausnein- 
dorf,  n.  Quedlinburg  ;  b  llalberstndl,  Dec.  6, 
1805  ;  d.  there  Mar  3,  1875.  limit  the  organs 
in  the  cathedral  (88  stops)  and  the  Jacobikirche 
(53&tops)at  Magdeburg.  —  His  sonEmil,b.  Ilaus- 
nemdorf,  Mar.,  1836  ,  d.  there  1885  ;  succeeded 
his  father,  and  introduced  various  improve- 
ments (pneumatic  tubes).  Present  head  of  the 
firm  is  Ernst  Rover.  —  Julius  R.,  son  of  Adolf, 
b.  Hausneindorf,  Mar.  23,  1834;  d.  1'illnitx, 
June  3,  1858.  Pupil  of  Kullak  and  Marx,  m 
Berlin,  and  later  of  1  ,iszt  ;  fine  pianist,  whose 
few  comp.s  show  great  talent  (a  pf.-sonala,  an 
organ-sonata  entitled  "  The  <j4th  Psalm,"  other 
pf.-pieces,  and  songs)  —  Otto  R.,  the  youngest 
son  of  Adolf,  b.  Nov.  2,  1842,  pupil  of  von 
Bulow  and  Mar*,  is  living  in  Hallo  as  a  music- 
teacher,  and  cond.  of  a  singing  -society  ;  since 
1892,  musical  director  at  the  Univ. 

Reu'ling,  (Ludwig)  Wilhelm,  b.  Darmstadt, 
Dec.  22,  1802  ;  d.  Munich,  Apr.  29,  1879.  I'u- 
pilof  Rinck,  Seyfned,  and  K.  Korstor.  A'aprlltn. 
of  the  Josephstadler  Th.,  Vienna,  in  1829  ;  of 
the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  1830-54.  His  woiks 
include  37  operettas  and  operas  (A/»/'}w/r/v  <////, 
Trieste,  1829  ;  Alfred  tier  (/Vvv.*1,  Vienna,  1840), 
and  17  ballets,  prod,  mostly  in  Vienna  ;  also 
pantomimes,  overtures,  chamber-music,  etc. 

Reuss,  Eduard,  b.  New  York,  Sept.  16,  1851; 
pupil  of  Kd.  Krttgcr  at  (JiHlingen,  1871-5  ;  later 
of  Liszt  ;  since  1880,  music-teacher  at  Karlsiuhe, 

Reuss,  Heinrich  XXIV.,  Prince  of  Reuss- 
Kostrilz  ;  b.  Trchschen,n.  Xllllichau,  lJrawlei»- 
burg,  Dec,  8,  1855.  Pupil  of  II  erxogenberg  ami 
Rust,  Leipxig.—-\Vc>rks  :  Amass;  2  symplionios; 
2  string-quintets  ;  2  string-quartets  ;  a  string-trio, 
a  violin-sonata,  etc. 

Reut'ter,  Georg  (senior),  b.  Vienna,  1656;  d. 
there  Aug.  29,  1738.  From  1697-1703,  theorbisl 
in  the  court  orch.;  in  1710,  court  organist  ;  in 
1712,  Kux's  successor  as  A'ajhel/ui*  at  the  "(Jna- 
dcnbild"  (St.  Stephen's);  in  1715,  cathedral- 
.  —  His  son, 


Reut'ter,  (Johann  Adam  Carl)  Georg  (ju- 
nior), b.  Vienna,  Apr.  6,  1708;  d.  there  Mar.  12, 
1772.  Succeeded  his  father  as  Ktipfllnt,  at  St. 
Stephen's  in  1738;  2nd  court  A't//*///;/.,  174(1; 
in  1731,  acting  chief  Kapfllni.  (with  Precltari), 
receiving  the  title  on  the  latter's  death  in  1769, 
His  works  (an  opera,  operettas,  oratorios,  masses, 
etc.)  are  unimportant.  Ft  was  he  who  engaged 
young  Haydn  for  the  choir,  and  treated  him 
so  badly,—  Stolbroek  publ.  an  essay  on  R.  in 
the  "  Vierteljahrsschrirtfttr  Musikwissenschaft," 
1892. 

Rey,  Jean-Baptiste  (I),  b,  Tjiuxcrte,  Tarn- 
ct-Garonne,  Dec.  18,  1734;  <l.  Paris,  July  15, 
1810.  In  1827,  m.  de  chap,  at  Auch  Oath,  ;  from 
*754,  opera-cond.  atToulou«c»  MontpclHer,  Mar- 
seilles, Bordeaux,  and  Nantes  ;  from  1776,  for 


482 


KEY— RHEINBERGER 


over  30  years,  at  the  Grand  Opera,  Paris,  as  as- 
sistant to  Francocur,  whom  he  succeeded  m  1781, 
also  conducting  the  Concerts  spintuels  1781-5. 
In  1779,  cond.  of  chamber-music  to  Louis  XVI.; 
1795-1802,  prof,  of  harmony  at  the  Cons.;  from 
1804,  Napoleon's  mattrc  de  thapellc.  A  most 
successful  conductor  ;  as  a  harmonist,  a  disciple 
ol  Rameau,  in  opposition  to  Catel ;  as  a  com- 
poser, he  prod.  2  operas;  ballets;  orch.l  masses, 
motets,  etc. 

Rey,  Jean-Baptiste  (II),  b.  Tarascon,  about 
1760 ;  from  1795-1822,  'cellist  atthe  Grand  Opera. 
— Publ.  "  Cours  clementaire  de  musique  el  de 
pianoforte "  and  u  Exposition  clementaire  de 
rharmonie  throne  generate  des  accords  d'apres 
la  basse  fondcimentale"  (1807). 

Rey,  V.-F.-S.,  b.  Lyons,  about  1762  ;  publ. 
11  Systome  hnrmonique  .  d'apres  les  principes 
du  ce'lcbre  Rameau"  (1795)  and  "L'art  de  la 
musique  theori-physico-pratique  "  (1806). 

Reyer  (;  ecte  Rey),  Louis-Etienne-Ernest, 
b.  Marseilles,  Dec.  i,  1823.  From  6  to  16  he 
studied  in  the  free 
municipal  school  of 
music ;  then  took 
a  place  in  the  gov- 
ernment financial 
bureau  at  Algiers, 
and  while  there 
composed  a  solemn 
mass  and  publ. 
several  songs ;  en- 
tered the  mus.  ca- 
reer in  1848,  study- 
ing  at  Paris  with 
his  aunt,  Mme. 
Karrenc,  and  pro- 
ducing in  1850,  at 
the  Th.  ItAlicn,  a  .symphonic  oclc  with  choruses, 
Le  ftffatn  (poem  by  Th.  Gautier),  followed  in 
1854  by  a  one-act  comedy-opera,  AlaHre  Woljram 
(Th.  -  LyriqueJ,  a  2-act  ballet  -  pantomime,  Sa- 
countala  (Opera,  1858),  a  3-act  comedy-opera, 
La  Statue  (Th.-Lyr.,  1861),  a  2-act  opera,  /sVtfj- 
trate  (Baden- Haden,  1862),  a  4-act  opera,  Sigunl 
(Brussels,  1884),  and  the  5-act  opera,  SalammbQ 
(Brussels,  1890).  R.  is  a  foremost  representa- 
tive of  the  modern  French  romantic  school  of 
opera ;  his  best  work  is  La  Statue.  Other  comp.s : 
A  cantata,  yictoire  (1859) ;  a  hymn,  V  Union  des 
arts  (1862);  male  choruses  ("1'IIymne  du 
Rhin,"  "  Le  chant  du  paysan,"  "Chrxiur  des 
buveurs,"  u  Chanir  des  assic'gc's  MJ ;  a  dram, 
scene,  La  Madelein?  au  dXw/(i874)  ;  also  some 
church-music.— He  succeeded  Berlioz  as  libra- 
rian at  the  Opera,  and  was  elected  to  David's 
chair  in  the  Academic  in  1876.  He  followed 
d'Ortigue  as  fenillftoniste  of  the  **  Journal  des 
Debats " ;  his  collected  essays  were  publ.  in 
1875  as  "  Notes  de  musique."  Chev.  of  the  Le- 
gion of  Honor,  1862  ;  Officer,  1886. 

Reznicek,  Emil  Nicolaus,  Kreihcrr  von, 
b.  Vienna,  May  4,  1861.  Law-student  at  Graz  ; 


music-student  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  then 
successively,  in  theatres  al  Graz,  Zurich,  May- 
ence,  Stettin,  and  Weimar ,  in  1896,  app.  1st 
Kapcllm.  at  Court  Th.,  Mannheim.  Gifted 
opera-composer  •  Die  Jitngfratt  von  Orleans 
(1887),  Satanella  (1888),  Emcnch  Fcrtunat 
(1889),  all  prod  at  Prague,  where  he  also 
brought  out  the  very  succ.  3-act  comic  opera 
Donna  Diana  (1894),  of  which  he  wrote  both 
text  and  music. — Further,  a  Requiem  (1894), 
and  a  symphonic  suite  f.  full  orch.,  in  D 
(1897). 

Rhaw  [Rhau],  Georg,  b.  Eisfeld,  Franco- 
nia,  1488  ,  d.  Wittenberg,  Aug.  6,  1548.  Cantor 
of  the  Thomasschule,  Leipzig,  until  1520.  bring- 
ing out  a  mass  a  12,  and  a  Te  Deum,  at  the  dis- 
putation of  Luther  and  Eck.  In  I524heestabl. 
a  music-printing  business  at  Wittenberg,  pub- 
lishing more  especially  Protestant  compositions 
(the  Cl  Biciniagallica,"  1544,  contains  the  eailiest 
known  version  of  the  "  Ranz  des  vaches"). 
Wrote  an  lt  Enchiridion  musices"  (Part  i,  1518, 
on  "  Musica  chorahs  "  ;  P.  ii,  1520,  on  "Mus. 
mensurahs  "). 

Rhein'berger,  Joseph  (Gabriel),  b.  Vaduz, 
Liechtenstein,  Mar.  17,  £837.  lie  played  the 
piano  at  5,  and  was 
a  good  organist  at  7  ; 
studied  at  the  K. 
School  of  Music, 
Munich,  under  ller- 
zog,  Leonhard,  and 
J.  J,  Mayer,  from 
1851-8,  and  w.'isapp. 
teacher  of  theory 
theie  in  1859  ;  also 
organist  at  the  court 
c  h  u  r  c  h  of  St. 
Michael,  and  concl. 
of  the  Oratorio  Soc. 
Tie  was  "  Repetitor"  at  the  Court  Opera,  1865- 
7  ;  then  received  the  title  of  Royal  Professor  (he 
teaches  composition  and  advanced  classes  in 
organ-playing;  G.  W.  Chadwick  and  II.  W. 
Parker  were  among  his  pupils),  and  was  made 
Inspector  of  the  School  of  Music;  since  1877, 
Court  Kapellm.  of  the  Royal  Chapcl-C'hoir,  cele- 
brated for  its  performances  of  early  vocal  music. 
— R.'s  works  take  high  rank  among  contempo- 
rary compositions,  both  vocal  and  instrumental ; 
they  include  the  romantic  opera  Die  7  JRaben, 
op.  20  (Munich,  1869),  the  comic  opera  Des 
Thilrmirs  TochUrlein^  op.  70  (Munich,  1873), 
the  vaudeville  Das  '/Mitberwort,  op.  153  ;  music 
to  Der  witnderthfttige  Magus  [Caldoron],  op. 
30 ;  music  to  Raimund's  Die  ttnheilbnngende 
Krone;  the  oratorio  Chrhtofhorus^  op.  120; 
a  mass  f.  double  choir,  dedicated  to  Leo  XII I. , 
op.  109;  mass  in  C,f.  soli,  ch,,and  orch.,  op.  169; 
other  masses ;  Requiem  for  soldiers  of  the 
Franco-Prussian  war,  op.  60;  a  Requiem 
pellti ;  2  Rtabat  Maters  ;  the  cantatas 
Waldmorgen^  Toggtnbnrg  (op.  76), 
auf  Eberslein)  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  Das  Thai 


483 


RICCATI— RICHARDS 


des  Espingo^  f.  male  ch.  w.  orch.;  Vomgoldenen 
fforn,  a  "  tuikisches  Liederspiel  "  f  soli,  mixed 
ch.,  and  pf.  (op.  182) ;  the  ballades  Knng 
Ench,  op.  71,  and  Wittekind,  op.  1 02,  f.  cho- 
rus w.  pf.f — the  symphonic  tone-picture  "  Wal- 
lenstem,"  op.  10  ;  the 4l  Florentine  "  symphony  ; 
a  symphonic  fantasia,  op.  79  ;  overtures  to 
Demetrius,  op.  no,  and  The  Taming  of  the 
Shrew,  op.  17  ;  a  "  Triumph-Ouverture  ";  or- 
gan-concerto w.  strings  and  3  horns  (1885)  ; 
organ-concerto  No  2,  in  G  mm.,  op.  177,  w. 
strings,  2  horns,  trumpets,  and  kettledrums  ; 
pf.-concerto  in  A  [7,  op.  94;  a  nonet  f.  flute, 
oboe,  clar.,  bassoon,  horn,  and  strings,  op.  139  ; 
theme  w.  50  var.s  f.  string-quartet,  op  61  ; 
string-quartet,  op.  147 ;  pf.-quartet,  op.  38  , 
i  string-trio ;  2  pf. -trios;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
violin;  pf.-sonatas  ("symphonique,"  op.  47; 
in  Dk  op.  99  ;  in  Kfr,  op.  135;  "romantic," 


in  FJfmin.,  op.  184);  fine  solo  pieces  f.  pf. 
("  Waldmarchen,"  op.  8;  Taientelle,  op.  13; 
Toccatas,  op.  12,  115  ;  4  Humoresques,  op.  28  ; 
"  Aus  Italien,"  op.  29  ;  Capriccio,  Minuet,  and 
Fugue  f.  left  hand  alone,  op.  113 ;  3  Studies, 
op.  6) ;  18  organ-sonatas  (No.  18  is  op.  188). 

Ricca'ti,  Count  Giordano,  b.  Castelfranco, 
Treviso,  Feb.  28,  1709  ;  d.  Treviso,  July  20, 
1790. — Writings  :  "  Saggio  sopra  le  leggi  del 
contrapunto  "  (1762) ;  "  Delle  corde  ovvero  fibre 
elastiche"  (1777);  a  series  of  essays,  in  the 
"  Nuovo  Giornale  de*  Letterati  d'ltalia,"  on  the 
mus.  systems  of  Rameau  (in  vol.  xxi),  Tartini 
(in  vol.  xxii),  and  Vallotti  (in  vol.  xxiii) ;  and 
several  dissertations  on  mus.  acoustics  in  Colo- 
a's  **  Raccolta  d'opuscoli  sientifichi "  (in  vol. 


Ric'ci,  Federico,  dram,  composer ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Oct  22,  1809 ;  d  Conegliano,  Dec.  10, 
1877.  Pupil  of  Furno,  Zingarelli,  and  Rai- 
mondi,  at  the  Royal  Cons,  di  San  Sebasiiano. 
He  prod.  19  operas,  at  least  4  of  which  were 
written  in  collaboration  with  his  elder  brother 
Luigi  [see  below]  ;  these  4  were  his  first,  // 
Colorullo  (Naples,  1835),  //  Disertorc  per  amore 
(Venice,  1835),  EAmante  di  richiama  (Turin, 
1846),  and  Crispino  e  la  comare  (Venice,  1850). 
In  1838  his  Lajrigione  d'Edimbnrgo  had  great 
success  in  Trieste;  Cor r ado  d*Altamura  was 
well  received  at  La  Scala,  Milan,  in  1841,  and 
was  prod,  at  the  Th.  Italien,  Paris,  in  1844. 
He  was  invited  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1853  as  mu- 
sical director  of  the  Imperial  theatres  ;  in  1866 
the  fine  comic  opera  Crispino  e  la  comare  had  a 
warm  welcome  at  the  Th.  Italien  ;  in  1869  Una 
follia  a  Roma($&  Une  folie  <t  Rome}  had  77  con- 
secutive representations  at  the  Fantaisies-Parisi- 
ennes,  and  was  followed  in  that  year  by  a  French 
version  (Le  docteur  Crispin)  of  Crisping  so  that 
R.  repaired  to  Paris  in  hopes  of  further  good 
fortune;  but  his  subsequent  dramatic  ventures 
failed,  and  in  1876  he  retired  to  Conegliano. 
6  masses,  a  cantata,  and  numerous  smaller  vocal 
works,  were  also  written  by  him. — See  the 
"  Notice  sur  Luigi  et  Federico  Ricci  .  .  .  ,"  by 


F.  de  Villars  (1866) ;  and  "  I  fratelli  Ricci,"  by 
L.  de  Rada  (1878). 

Ric'ci,  Luigi,  brother  of  the  preceding  ;  b. 
Naples,  JulyS,  1805  ;  d.  Prague,  Dec  31,  1859 
Eminent  dram,  composer  ,  pupil  ol  Kurno  and 
Zingarelli  at  the  Cons  di  S.  Scbastiano,  Na- 
ples, also  taking  private  lessons  of  (icncmli. 
His  first  stage-work  vuis  the  opera  bufTa  /,*//;/- 
presaiio  in  angustm  ((1ons.  theatre,  1823) ;  he 
wrote  in  all  about  30  operas,  scvcial  in  collabo- 
ration with  his  brother  [see  above] .  In  1836 
he  was  app.  ;//.  di  m/>j>.  of  the  cathedral  at  Tri- 
este, and  chorusmaster  at  the  theatre.  In  1844 
he  married  the  smj>er  Lina  StolU,  ol  Prague. 
Shortly  after  producing  his  last  opera,  //  t/ia- 
volo  a  quattio  (Trieste,  1859),  symptoms  of  in- 
sanity developed,  and  he  was  sent  to  an  asylum 
in  Prague,  where  he  died.  Among  his  operas 
may  be  mentioned  //  Colombo  (Paima,  1829), 
Amma  o  I'Qrfano  di  G'iuwra  (Rome,  1829), 
Chiara  di  Rostmberg  (La  Scala,  Milan,  1831), 
Chi  dura  vincc  (Rome,  1834),  //  Mirrajo  di 
Preston  (Florence,  1847),  Crispino  <•  hi  tomare 
(ttith  Federico;  Venice,  1850),  La  festa  di 
Piedi&otta  (Naples,  1852),  and  //  tfiawlo  a 
quattro. — Also  masses,  a  Kcquiuxn,  choruses, 
songs,  etc. 

Ric'cius,  August  Ferdinand,  b.  Herustadt, 
Saxony,  Feb.  26,  1819 ;  d.  Karlsbad,  July  5, 
1886.  In  1849,  dir.  of  the  Kuterpe  Concerts  al 
Leipzig  ;  1854-64,  A"tf/W//«.  at  the  City  Th. ;  then 
at  the  1  lamburg  Th. ;  also  mus.  critic  of  tho  1  Iain- 
burg  "  Nachrichtcn,"  and  sinj*ing-l«ielior. — 
Works :  Overture  to  Schiller's  Jit  tntf  von  JM?$- 
sina  ;  a  cantata,  Die  IVeihc  d?r  Krajt ;  ini'itl. 
music  lo  plays  ;  pf. -music: ;  choruses,  vocal  trios 
and  duets,  and  songs. 

Ric'cius,  Carl  August,  nvphewof  preceding; 
b.  DernsUult,  July  2ft,  rH3<> ;  d.  Urcsdt'u,  July 
8,  1893.  Pupil,  ia  Dtcscltii),  of  Wiwk,  ('arl 
Knigen,  and  Schubert  (pf.  and  violin) ;  then  at 
Leipzig  Cons,  of  Mendelssohn,  Schumann, 
David,  etc.,  1844-6;  in  1847,  violinist  in  Dres- 
den court  orch.,  rising  to  chorusmaster  in  1803, 
third  Kafellm.  in  1887,  and  succeeding  Ftlr- 
stenau  as  librarian  of  the  R.  Mus.  Library  in 
1889. — Works  :  The  2-act  comic  opera  /to  sjitjtt 
(Dresden,  1871);  music  lo  »SV///j<vw//'/V//<'/j, 
D&umlinfa  Aschenbi  to/,  Dcr  $e&titf?ltt  A'ater, 
Ella  [farce  by  Rttdcrl,  etc.;  ballets;  music  to 
Schiller's  "  Dithymmbe"  (1859).  l*ul>l.  only 
pf.-pieces  and  songs. 

Rice,  Fenelon  B,,  b.  Green,  Ohio,  Jan.  3, 
1841.  Studied  in  Boston,  Mass.,  under  J.  W. 
Tufts,  B.  F.  Baker,  and  Kdwin  Urucc  ;  later  in 
Leipzig  under  PapperiU,  Moscheles,  Kichter, 
and  Plaidy.  Organist  in  Boston  for  3  yearn; 
since  1871,  Director  of  Obcrlin,  Ohio,  Cona.  of 
Music. — Degree  of  A.M.  from  Obcrlin  College ; 
of  Mus.  Doc.  from  Ilillsdale  (Mich.)  Coll. 

Richards,  (Henry)  Brintey,  composer-pi- 
anist ;  b.  Carmarthen,  Wales,  Nov.  13,  18x7  ;  <l. 
London,  May  I,  1885.  Tupil  of  the  R.  A.  M., 


484 


RICHAULT— RICHTER 


winning  the  King's  Scholarship  in  1835  and 
1837  Member  of  the  RAM.  He  resided  in 
London,  highly  esteemed  as  a  concert -pianist 
and  teacher  — Works  :  Numerous  light  pieces  de 
genre  f.  pf.,  songs  and  part-songs  ;  the  popular 
'hymn  (l  Clod  bless  the  Prince  of  Wales"  (1862)  ; 
a  symphony,  2  overtures,  a  concerto  for  pf  and 
orch  ;  and  2  marches  f.  military  band,  "Albeit 
Edward,"  and  "  Carmarthen." 

Richault,  Charles-Simon,  b  Chartres,  May 
10,  1780,  d  Paiis,  Fob  20,  1866.  In  1805  he 
founded  the  well-known  music-publishing  house, 
the  first  issues  of  which  were  Mozart's  concertos, 
and  Beethoven's  symphonies,  in  score.  His 
sons  Guillaume-Simon  (1806-1877)  and  Le"on 
(1839-1895)  earned  on  the  business,  publishing 
works  by  eminent  French  composers,  and  also 
excellent  editions  of  German  classics. 

Riche,  Antoine  le.    See  DIVITIS. 

Riche*e.    See  LKKACK  DK  RICHER. 

Richter,  Alfred,  son  of  E.  Fr.  Richter ;  b. 
Leipzig,  Apr.  I,  1846.  Teacher  in  the  Cons., 
1872-83  ;  then  lived  in  London,  but  returned  to 
Leipzig  in  1897. — Publ  an  "  Auigabenbuch  " 
(Engl.  cd.  as  "Additional  Exercises,"  publ.  in 
New  York)  supplementary  to  his  father's 
"Manual  of  Harmony";  a  supplement  to  his 
father's  "Manual  of  Counterpoint"  (Engl. 
transl.  New  York) ;  also  "  Das  Klavicrspiel  fur 
M  usikstudiercnde  "  (Leipzig,  1898). 

Richter,  Ernst  Heinrich  Leopold,  b.  Thier- 
garten,  n.  Ohlau,  Prussian  Silesia,  Nov.  15, 
1805  ;  d.  Steinau-on-Oder,  Apr.  24,  1876.  Pupil 
of  Hienlzst'h,  Berner,  and  Siegcrt,  at  lircslau  ; 
and  of  Klein  and  Zelter  at  the  R.  Tn.st.  for 
Church-music,  Uerlin.  Instructor  at  the  Teach- 
ers' Seminary  in  Hreslau,  1827-47,  also  teaching 
in  it  after  its  removal  to  Steinau.  A  teacher  of 
high  reputation.  He  prod,  ti  comic  opeia,  Die 
Contrcltande^  at  Urcslau  ;  also  comp.  a  mass, 
motets,  cantatas,  part-songs  for  male  chorus, 
songs  (the  "  Schlesischc  Volkslieder"  are  op. 
27),  a  symphony,  organ-pieces,  etc. 

Richter,  Ernst  Friedrich  (Eduard),  distin- 
guished theorist  ^_^^ 
and  composer  ;  b. 
Gross  -  vSchttnau, 
Saxony,  Oct.  24, 
1808  ;  d,  Leipzig, 
Apr.  9,  1879.  Son 
ota  school-master, 
and  educated  in 
the  Zittau  Gymna- 
sium; matiicu- 
luted  1831  as  stu- 
dent of  theology 
at  I^eipzig  Univ., 
but  gave  his  chief 
attention  to  musi- 
cal study  under 
Weinlig,  and  on 
the  foundation  of  the  Cons.  (1843)  became  Haupt- 
xnann's  coadjutor  as  teacher  of  harmony  and 


composition  ;  from  1843-7,  cond.  of  the  Sing- 
akadenne  as  Pohlen?'s  successor;  1851,  organist 
of  the  Pctrikirche  ;  1862,  of  the  Neukirche,  going 
in  a  short  time  to  the  Nikolai kirche,  and  in  1868 
succeeding  Uauptmann  as  mus.  dir  ot  the  Ni- 
kolai- and  Thomaskirche,  and  cantor  of  the  last- 
named,  with  the  title  of  "  Professor"  ,  later,  the 
Univ.  conferred  on  him  the  title  (honorary)  of 
of  "  Univ.  Mus.  Dir." — He  is  best  known  by 
his  eminently  practical  and  very  popular  l '  Lehr- 
buch  der  Harmonic  "  (1853  ;  about  20  subse- 
quent German  editions  ;  best  Engl.  ed.,  "  Manual 
of  Ilaimony,"  is  that  by  J.  P.  Morgan,  New 
York  ;  also  in  Swedish,  Russian,  Polish,  Italian) ; 
its  continuations  are  the  "  Lehrbuch  des  einfachen 
und  doppelten  Kontraptinkts"  (1872  ,  Engl.  by 
J.  P.  Morgan,  New  York,  u  Manual  ol  Simple 
and  Double  Counterpoint");  and  "  Lehrbuch 
der  Fuge"  (1859;  also  Engl.),  all  have  run 
through  several  editions.  R.  \vas  a  skilful  con- 
trapuntist, and  his  vocal  music,  more  especially 
the  a  lappelh  motets,  psalms,  etc.,  is  pleasing; 
he  also  comp.  an  oratorio,  CJiristus  tier  Erkw 
(1849),  Schiller's  "  Dithyrambe"  (Schiller  Fes- 
tival, Gewandhaus,  1859),  masses,  string-quar- 
tets, oigan-music,  violin-sonatas,  pf.-sonatas,  etc. 

Richter,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Ilolloschau,  Mo- 
ravia, Dec  i,  1709 ,  d  Sept  12,  1789,  as  A'tr- 
pellm.  (since  1747)  of  Stnissburg  Cath.,  Pleyel 
having  been  his  assistant  since  1783. — Works  : 
Fine  church-music  (7  masses,  motets,  a  Te 
Deum,  etc.,  in  MS.  at  St  -Die  Cath.) ;  26  sym- 
phonies (6  publ ),  6  string-quartets,  3  trios  ;  in 
MS.  an  "  I  larmonische  Itelchrung  .  .  .  ," 
transl.  in  1804  by  Kalkbrenner  as  *(Trait<S 
d'harmonie  ct  de  composition." 

Richter,  Hans,  celebrated  conductor ;  b. 
Raab,  Hungary,  Apr.  4,  1843.  In  1853,  choir- 
boy in  the  Court 
Chapel,  Vienna; 
from  1860-5  he 
studied  composi- 
tion under  Scchter, 
piano-playing,  and 
the  French  horn,  at 
the  Cons.  From 
1866-7  *n  Lucerne 
(Triebschen)  with 
Wagner,  making  for 
him  a  fair  copy  of 
the  Afthtersiuger 
score,  and  recom- 
mended by  him  for 
the  position  of  cho- 

rusmasler  at  the  Munich  Opera  (Dec.,  1867); 
from  Aug.  25,  1868,  to  Sept.  I,  1869,  court 
cond.  under  v.  Uttlow,  Conducted  rehearsals 
and  initial  performance  of  Lohengrin  at  Brus- 
sels, 1870 ;  after  ten  months  more  at  Triebschen 
he  was  app,  Kapelhn.  at  the  Pesth  National  Th. 
1871-5,  then  succeeding  Dessoft  as  Kapellm.  at 
the  Imperial  Opera,  Vienna,  becoming  ist  /Ca- 
pellm*  on  Ilellmesberger's  death  in  1893.  Since 
1875  he  has  also  cond.  the  concerts  of  the ' '  Gesell- 


\^({i  n 


485 


RICHTER— RIEHL 


schaft  der  Musikfreunde,"  excepting:  the  season 
of  1882-3,  when  Jahn  was  his  deputy.  lie  was 
chosen  by  Wagner  to  conduct  the  J?tng  tks  A"i- 
belungen  at  Bayreuth  in  1876,  and  as  W.'s  alter- 
nate' m  conducting  the  Wagner  Concerts  in  the 
Albert  Hall  at  London,  1877  ;  has  been  conduc- 
tor-in-chief  of  the  Bayreuth  Festivals  ever  since, 
and  since  1879  has  given  an  annual  series  of 
concerts  at  London.  Has  cond.  several  of  the 
Lower  Rhenish  Festivals,  and  (since  1885)  the 
Birmingham  Festivals,  succeeding  Costa.  In 
1885  he  was  created  Mus.  Doc.  hon.  causa  by 
Oxford  Univ.  In  1898  the  freedom  of  the  city 
of  Vienna  was  bestowed  on  him.  (Cf.  London 
"  Musical  Times  "  for  July,  1899.) 

Richter,  Johann  Christian  Christoph, 
father  of  Jean  Paul  Friednch  Richter ;  b  Neu- 
stadt  am  Kulm,  Dec.  16,  1727;  d  Schwarzen- 
bach-on-Saale,  1779,  as  pastor.  From  1760  he 
was  organist  at  Wunsiedel  for  some  years,  and 
comp.  vocal  church-music  (left  in  MS.).  From 
him  his  son  inherited  his  musical  nature,  espe- 
cially his  fondness  for  improvising  on  the  piano. 

Ricie'ri,  Giovanni  Antonio,  the  teacher  of 
Tadre  Martini ;  b.  Venice,  May  12,  1679  ,  d. 
Bologna,  1746.  In  1701,  soprano  singer  at  S. 
Petronio,  Bologna ;  member  of  the  Philharm. 
Acad.  till  his  dismissal  in  1716.  lie  wrote  sev- 
eral oratorios ;  a  fugue  a  5  is  given  as  a  model 
in  Martini's  "Saggio  del  contrappunto." 

RicorMi,  Giovanni,  founder  of  the  great 
music-pubhshing  firm  in  Milan  ,  b.  Milan,  1785  ; 
d.  there  Mar.  15,  1853.  At  first  violinist  and 
cond.  at  the  old  Fiando  theatre,  he  also  earned 
small  sums  as  a  music-copyist,  and  in  1807  went 
to  Leip/ig  to  learn  music-engraving  in  Breit- 
kopf  &  Hand's  establishment.  Returning,  he 
opened  a  little  shop,  and  began  publishing  in 
1808,  the  first  works  being  engraved  by  him- 
self. He  was  an  intimate  of  Rossini,  whose  op- 
eras he  published  ;  also  recognized  Verdi's  genius 
when  the  latter  was  comparatively  unknown 
His  son  Tito  (1811-1888)  succeeded  to  the  busi- 
ness. The  present  head  of  the  firm  is  Giulio 
Ricordi  (b.  Dec,  19,  1840,  at  Milan) ;  he  is  edi- 
tor-in-chief of  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale,"  now 
(1899)  in  its  55th  year ;  and  is  a  composer  of 
elegant  sa Jon-music  f.  pf.,  under  the  pseudonym 
of  "  J.  Burgmein";  in  earlier  years  he  wrote  a 
string-quartet,  a  pf.-trio,  a  ballet,  Un  capricdo^ 
with  Marco  Sala  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1866),  etc. 
He  is  well  known  as  a  patron  of  art.  The  pub- 
lications of  the  firm  exceed  102,000  at  the  pres- 
ent writing. 

Rie'chers,  August,  b.  Mar.  8, 1836,  in  Han- 
over; d.  Berlin,  Jan.  4,  1893.  Skilful  maker 
and  repairer  of  violins,  trained  by  Bausch  of 
Leipzig ;  Joachim  entrusted  his  violins  to  R.'s 
hands.  He  publ.  a  valuable  pamphlet :  "  The 
Violin,  and  the  Art  of  its  Construction  ;  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Stradivarius  Violin  "  (Engl.  ed.  1895  ; 
pp.  35),  with  4  plates  of  full-size  diagrams  ex- 
hibiting the  structure  and  exact  dimensions  of 
the  model  "Strad." 


Rie'del,  Carl,  b.  Kronenberg,  n.  Elberfeld, 
Oct.  6,  1827;  d  Leipzig,  June  3,  1888.  A  silk- 
dyer  by  tiade,  the  Revolution  of  1848  up&et  his 
business,  and  turned  his  thoughts  to  the  serious 
study  of  music.  He  became  a  pupil  of  Carl 
Wilhelm  at  Krefeld,  and  entered  the  Leipzig 
Cons  in  1849.  In  1854  he  or&nnized  the  "  Rie- 
delverein,"  a  singing -society  winch  later  became 
famous,  for  the  performance  of  ancient  chuich- 
music.  The  first  public  concert  was  given  in 
1855  ;  in  1859  his  hne  mixed  chorus  successfully 
performed  Bach's  mass  in  11  minor.  On  I 'ren- 
ders death  in  1868,  R.  was  elected  president  of 
the  "  Allgemeiner  deutschcr  Musikverein,"  and 
founded  the  Leipzig  branch  (4I  Zweigveiein  "). 
A  powerful  advocate  of  the  Wagnei  Festivals, 
he  also  became  president  of  the  "  Wagnei- 
verein."  The  Duke  of  Altenburg  conferred  on  R. 
the  title  of  "  Professor"  in  1868  ;  Leipzig  Univ. 
created  him  Dr.  p/nl.  hon.  t  a  lisa  in  1883. — 1 1  is 
publ.  works  include  only  a  few  songs  and  part- 
songs.  His  collections,  "  Allbbhmisrhe  llussi- 
ten-  und  Weihnachtslieder,"  and  *'  12  nlulcutsche 
Lieder";  his  skilful  reduction  oi  Schlitz's  4 
Passions  to  one ;  and  his  editions  <>1  Selililx's 
"Sieben  Worte,"  J.  W.  Kranek's  4I  Geislliclio 
Melodien,"  Eccard's  "  Preussische  Kcslliecler," 
Praetorius's  **  Wcihnachlslieder,"  showthc  hand 
of  a  master. — As  his  successor,  the  "  Kiedol* 
verein  elected  Hermann  Kretzsehniar,  who  was 
succeeded,  in  1897,  by  Dr.  Collier. 

Rie'del,  Hermann,  b.  Burg,  n.  Magdeburg, 
Jan.  2,  1847.  Pupil  of  the  Vienna  Cons.;  court 
Kapellm.  at  Brunswick ;  noted  song-camp,  (the 
lyncsin  Scheffel's  "  Trompeter  von  Siikkingen"). 

Rie'del,  Furchtegott  Ernst  August,  b. 
Chemnitz,  May  22,  1855.  l*upH  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  1876-8  ;  since  1890,  town  cantor  at  I'luuen, 
Saxony,  where  he  also  conducts  the  '*  Musik- 
verein." — Works:  The  eantata  irin fried,  op. 
16  ;  Der  Sachsen  Fcsti&gssaNfa  op.  J  7 ;  songs 
and  parL-songs  ;  and  instructive  pf. -pieces. 

Riedt,  Friedrich  Wilhelra,  b.  Berlin,  Tan. 
24,  1712 ;  d.  there  Jan.  5,  1784.  Kluie-virlu- 
oso,  pupil  of  Gniun  and  Schaffrath  ;  in  1741, 
chamber-musician  to  Frederick  the  Great  ;  1750, 
director  of  the  "  Musikulisehe  (Jesellscluift  "  al 
Berlin. — Works :  Symphonies  ;  <iuartets;  6  trios 
f.  2  flutes  and  bass  ;  sonatas  f.  2  Outvs  ;  a  so- 
nata f.  flute  and  'cello  ;  also  a  **  Versuch  liber 
die  musikal.  Intervalle"  (1753)  ;  etc. 

Riehl,  Wilhelm  He  in  rich  von,  b.  Biebnoh- 
on-Rhine,  May  6,  1823  ;  d.  Munich,  Nov.  16, 
1897.  Writer  on  the  history  of  civilisation  ;* 
from  1854;  prof,  of  political  economy  at  Munich 
Univ. ;  for  a  time  director  of  the  court  theulre 
at  Wiesbaden  ;  from  1885,  director  of  the  Bava- 
rian National  Museum,  etc.,  at  Munich  ;  also 
lectured  on  mus.  history  at  the  R.  Music-School, 
—Publ.  "  Musikalische  ChaiakterkApfc "  (3 
vol.s :  1853,  '61,  '78  ;  vol.  iii,  containing  the 
essays  "  Die  Kriegsgeschichle  der  tletitschen 
Oper"  and  "Die  beiden  Beethoven/1  is  the 


486 


RIEM— RIES 


best) ;  and  2  vol.s  of  original  songs,  lc  Hausmu- 
sik"(i856,  '77) 

Riem,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Kolleda,  Thu- 
ringia,  Feb.  17,  1779 »  d  Bremen,  Apr.  20, 
1857,  as  cathedral-organist  and  cond.  of  the 
Siiigakatfeune.  lie  was  a  pupil  of  J  A.  Hiller, 
in  Leip/ig,  and  organist  at  the  Thomaskirche 
1814-22,  then  being  called  to  Bremen.  Rein- 
thaler  was  his  successor  — Works  •  Cantata  in 
commemoration  of  the  Augsburg  Confession 
(Bremen,  1830) ;  a  string-quintet,  3  string-quar- 
tets, violin-sonatas,  sonatas  and  other  pieces  f. 
pf. ;  also  publ.  (Korner  Krfurt)  a  coll.  of  organ- 
pieces  for  concert  and  church. 

Rie'mann,  Hugo,  distinguished  author, 
critic,  and  teacher  ;  b.  Grossmehlra,  n  Sonders- 
hausen,  J  uly  1 8 ,  1 849  1 1  e  was  trained  in  theory 
by  Frankenbcrger  at  Sondershausen,  studying  the 
piano  with  Bailhel  and  Ratzenbcrger ;  took  the 
gymnasial  course  in  the  Kosslubcn  "  Kloster- 
schule,"  1865-8,  and  studied  at  first  law,  then 
philosophy  and  history,  at  Berlin  and  Tubingen  ; 
and,  after  passing  ihiough  the  campaign  oi 
1870-1,  entered  the  Leipzig  Cons.  In  1873  he 
took  the  degree  of  Dr.  fhiL  at  (lottingen  with 
the  dissertation  "  Musikalische  Logik"  (publ.) ; 
was  active  as  a  cond.  and  teacher  at  Bielefeld 
until  1 878,  when  he  qualified  as  University  lecturer 
on  music  at  Leipzig  ;  taught  music  at  Bromberg 
1880-1,  then  at  the  Hamburg  Cons,  till  1890,  at 
the  Sondershausen  Cons,  for  a  short  time,  and  at 
the  Wiesbaden  Cons,  until  1 895, when  he  resumed 
his  lectures  at  Leipzig.  I Ic  is  an  hononuy mem- 
ber of  the  Cecilia  Acad.  at  Rome,  of  the  Royal 
Inst.  at  Florence,  and  of  the  Soc.  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Music  in  Amsterdam.  R.  has  composed 
many  pf.- pieces,  songs,  a  pf. -sonata,  6  sonatinas 
(op.  43),  a  4-hand  sonatina  (op.  49),  a  violin-so- 
nata, a  string-quartet,  a  trio  (op.  47),seveial  books 
of  pf. -studies  (op.  40, 41),  "  Systcmatische  Treff- 
ttbungeu  fttr  den  (lesang,"  etc.  His  writings, 
historical,  critical,  and  theoretical,  are  impor- 
tant ;  as  a  theorist,  particularly,  he  is  progres- 
sive, and  original.  Chiff  historical  works; 
"Studien  zur  Geschichte  cler  Notenschrift" 
(1878  ;  essay  for  habitation  as  Univ.  lecturer) ; 
"Die  KntwickclungunsrerNolenschrift"  (1881); 
"Die  NLaprvpiai  cler  byzantinisehen  liturgi- 
schen  Notation  "  (1882) ;  "  Gcschichte  cler  Mu- 
siktheorie  im  X.-XIX.  Jahrhundert "  (Leipzig, 
1898) ;  theoretical:  "SkizzeeincrneuenMethode 
der  llarmoniclehre"  (1880  ;  2nd  ed.,  enlarged, 
as  '*  Handbuch  dcr  llarmonielehre,"  1887) ; 
"  Neue  Schule  dcr  Mclodik"  (1883) ;  "  Verglei- 
chende  Klavierschule "  (1883);  "Musikalische 
Dynamik  und  Agogik  ;  Lehrbueh  dcr  musikali- 
schen  Phrasierung*5  (1884) ;  "  Praktische  Anlei- 
tung  zum  Phrasieren  "  (with  Dr.  Carl  Fuclis, 
1886 ;  Engl,  transl.  New  York,  1890,  as  "  Prac- 
tical Guide  to  the  Art  of  Phrasing ") ;  a  series 
of  musical  catechisms,  publ.  in  English  as  (i) 
"  History  of  Mus.  Instr.s,  etc.,"  (2)  "  History 
of  Mus.  Forms,  etc.,"  (3)  "Catechism  of  Mus. 
Instr.s  [Guide  to  Instrumentation],"  (4)  "  Cate- 


chism of  Pianoforte-Playing, "(5)  "Analysis  of 
J.  S.  Bach's  Well-tempered  Clavichord";  a 
14  Systematische  Modulationslehre  "  (  1887  ) ; 
"Lehrbuch  des  .  .  .  Kontrapunkts "  (i8b8)  ; 
a  "  Vereinfachte  Harmomelehre  "  (1893  ;  Engl. 
transl.  as  "Harmony  Simplified,"  1896);  and 
a  "Neue  Klavierschule"  ["New  Pianoforte 
School  "]  now  (1899)  publishing  in  parts.  His 
valuable  "phrasing  editions"  of  classical  pf.- 
works  include  hitherto  unpubl.  works  of  Friede- 
mann  Bach,  Rameau's  complete  clavecin-works, 
etc.  Also  edited  a  new  ed.  of  Marx's  "  Kom- 
positionslehre";  is  mus.  editor  of  Meyer's 
4  *  Konversationslexikon  "  ;  translated  Gevaert's 
4  *  Instrumentation "  and  "  Ongines  du  chant 
liturgique  "  into  German  ,  and  has  written  many 
critical  and  other  papers  for  various  periodicals. 
A  compilation  of  real  value,  containing  much 
original  matter,  is  his  "  Musik-Lexikon  "  (1882  ; 
5th  ed.  1899  ;  Engl.  ed.  1893-6). 

Rie'menschneider,  Georg,  b.  Stralsund, 
Apr.  i,  1848.  Pupil  of  Ilaupt  and  Kiel.  Theatre- 
cond.  in  LUbeck  (1875)  and  Danzig ;  now  cond. 
of  the  Breslau  concert-orch. — Works  •  A  i-act 
opera  Mtwdfusaiifor  (Danzig,  1887) ;  opera  Die 
tiisjitugjj  an  ;  orch.l  comp.s  *4  Julinacht "  (sym- 
phonic picture),*'  Nachtfahrt,"  "  Donna  Diana," 
14  Todtentanz,"  "  Festpraludien." 

Rie^pel,  Joseph,  b.  Tlorschlag,  Upper  Aus- 
tria, 1708  ;  d  Ratisbon,  Oct.  23,  1782,  as  cham- 
ber-musician to  the  Prince  of  Thurn  and  Taxis. 
Comp.s  mostly  MS.  Theoretical  writings  are  of 
interest:  "  Anfangsgrttnde  zur  musikalischen 
Setzkunst  ..."  (1752, 2nd  ed.  1754) ;  "  Grund- 
regeln  7,ur  Tonordnung "  (1755);  "  GrUndliche 
Krkla'nmg  der  Tonordnung  .  ,  .  "(1757) ;  *'Kr- 
Iduterung  der  betrUglichen  Tonordnung  ..." 
(l7f>5)  I  4t  Unentbehrliche  Anmerkung  zuni  Con^ 
trapunct  ..."  (1768) ;  "  Bassschllissel,  das  ist 
Anleitung  fttr  Anfa'nger  und  Liebhaber  der  Setz- 
kunst  ..."  (1786;  edited  by  his  pupil,  the 
cantor  Schubarth) ;  and  "  Ilarmonisches  Syl- 
benmaass  .  .  .  '*  (1776  ;  2  parts). 

Ries,  Ferdinand,  [eldest  son  of  Franz,  "der 
alteRies"  (1755-1846),   the  leader  and  mus. 
dir.   to  the  Elector 
Max  Vmnz  at  IJonn,] 
b.   Bonn,   Nov.  29, 
1784 ;  d.  Frankfort- 
on-Main,    Jan.    13, 
1838.     Piano  -  pupil 
of    Beethoven,    his 
father's  friend   at 
Bonn,  from  1801-5  , 
at  Vienna ;  st.  theory  * 
with  Albrechtsberg- 
er.    lie  lived  2  years 
in  Paris,  made  pian- 
istic  tours  in  North 
Germany,  Scandina- 
via, and  Russia,  and 
resided    in  London 

1813-24,  prominent  as  a  player,  teacher,  and 
composer.  He  then  retired  to  an  estate  at 


487 


RIES— RIGHINI 


Godesburg,  near  Bonn  ;  and  from  1830  resided 
in  Frankfort,  though  he  was  town  mus.  dir  at 
Aix  1834-6.  He  conducted  several  Lower  Rhine 
Festivals,  also  the  '"Cacilienverem"  in  1837-8. 
He  is  best  known  by  his  "  Biographische  Notizen 
uber  L.  van  Beethoven"  (1838),  which  his  inti- 
macy with  the  great  man  renders  extremely  valu- 
able. He  was  an  excellent  pianist,  and  a  prolific 
composer :  3  operas,  Die  Rauberbraitt  (Frank- 
fort, 1828),  Li  ska  (as  The  Sorcerer  at  London, 
1831),  and  Ei  tie  Nacht  aitf  dem  Libation  (not 
perf.)  ;  2  oratorios,  Der  Si  eg  des  Ghntbens,  and 
Die  Komge  Israels  ;  6  symphonies,  3  overtures, 
9  pf. -concertos,  I  violin-concerto,  6  quintets 
variously  combined;  an  octet,  a  septet,  2  sextets, 
a  quintet,  3  quartets  and  5  trios,  all  w.  pf.,  6 
stnng-quintets,  14  string-quartets,  20  violin-so- 
natas, i  'cello-sonata,  a  trio  f .  2  pf  s  and  harp, 
52  well-written  pf.-sonatas  (in  which  the  method, 
but  not  the  spirit,  of  Beethoven  is  apparent)  ; 
other  pf. -music. 

Ries,  Hubert,  brother  of  preceding ;  b.  Bonn, 
Apr.  i,  1802  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept.  14,  1886.  Studied 
at  Kassel  under  Spohr  (vln.)  and  Hauptmann 
(comp.);  in  1836,  leader  of  the  royal  orch.,  Ber- 
lin ;  in  1839,  full  member  of  the  R.  Acad.  of 
Arts ;  in  1851,  teacher  at  the  Royal  "Thjealer- 
instrumentalschule";  pensioned  1872.  Excellent 
instructive  works  for  violin :  A  Method  (also 
in  English);  "30  Elementary  Violin-Studies i"; 
"  15  Violinstudien  von  massiger  Schwierigkeit," 
op.  26  ;  ll  50  Intonationsubungen,"  u  12  Violin- 
studien in  Form  von  Concertstucken,"  op.  9  ; 
duets,  exercises,  etc. 

Ries,  Adolf,  son  of  Hubert ;  b  Berlin,  Dec. 
20,  1837.  Pf  .-teacher  in  London ;  has  publ. 
chamber-music,  songs,  and  pf.-music. 

Ries,  Franz,  brother  of  preceding ;  b.  Ber- 
lin, Apr.  7,  1846.  Violin-pupil  of  his  father, 
and  of  Massari  at  Paris  Cons.  (1866-8) ;  excellent 
concert- violinist,  but  gave  up  playing  in  1875  on 
account  of  nervousness,  and  entered  the  music- 
publishing  business  (Ries  &  Erler,  Berlin).— As 
a  composer  (pupil  of  Kiel),  he  has  written  fine 
orchestral  and  chamber-music  (string-quintet, 
string-quartets,  violin-suites),  pf. -pieces,  songs, 
etc. 

Ries,  Hugibert,  pseudonym  of  Dr.  HUGO 
RIEMANN,  affixed  to  some  early  journalistic 
productions. 

Rie'ter-Bie'dermann,  ].  Melchior,  b.  May 

14,  1811,  and  d.  Jan.  15,  1876,  at  Winterthur, 
Switzerland,  where  he  founded  the  well-known 
music-publishing  house  in  1849,  with  a  branch 
at  Leipzig  in  1862. 

Rietz,  Julius,  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  28,  1812 ;  d. 
Dresden,  Sept.  12,  1877.  His  father  was  the 
royal  chamber-musician  Johann  Friedrich  R. 
(d.  1828) ;  his  brother  Eduard  (1802-1832)  was 
Mendelssohn's  intimate  friend,  a  talented  violin- 
ist, and  the  founder  of  the  Berlin  Philharm.  Soc. 
— Julius  was  a  'cello-pupil  of  Schmidt,  Berahard 


Romberg,  and  M.  Can? ;  in  1828  he  joined  the 
orch.  of  the  Konij»stadtcr  Th.,  for  which  he 
wrote  the  mcid  music  to  Iloltei's  play,  Lot  beet- 
baum  iitid  Rettehlab  In  1834  he  became  2nd 
cond  at  thcDusseldorf  opera  under  M  cndolssohn, 
whom  he  succeeded  as  ist  in  1835,  next  year 
becoming  town  mus.  dir.  In  1847  he  was  called 
to  Leipzig  as  theatre- A 'apellm.  and  cond.  of  the 
SiHgaka<ifmit\  Ferd  Ililler  replacing  him  at 
Dusseldorf  ;  in  1848  also  cond.  of  the  Clcwand- 
haus  Concerts,  and  prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Cons. 
To  devote  himself  to  these  latter  duties  he  re- 
signed his  theatrc-conductorship  in  1854.  lie 
succeeded  Reissiger  as  couit  Kapelhu.  at  I  hesden 
in  1860,  conducting  the  opera,  and  the  music  at 
the  court  church  (R.  C.) ;  latei  he  was  made 
artistic  director  of  the  Cons.,  iincl  received  the 
title  of  " General- Musikdiiectnr"  in  1874.  A 
conductor  of  great  ability,  and  ;i  scholarly  musi- 
cian, R.'s  editorial  work  was  of  high  value;  his 
last  work  was  the  complete  edition  of  Mendels- 
sohn for  Bieitkopf  &  Ilaitel  ;  he  also  edited 
Mozart's  operas  and  symphonies,  Uecllioven's 
symphonies  and  overtuics,  etc.  As  a  composci 
he  belongs  to  the  Mendelssohn  school,  and  was 
quite  out  of  sympathy  with  the  nco-(  ionium 
movement, — Woiks:  4  operas,  J)a$  Althhhen 
ansderFrenidc,  "  Singspiel  "  (DlthseUlorf,  1833), 
Jcry  itnd  Hately  (Berlin,  1840?),  AT  (\nsar 
(Leipzig,  1850),  anil  (/fwg  AwtMarA  itnd  die 
Gambe  (Weimar,  i85<)\  the  hist  two  being  fail- 
ures ;  3  symphonies,  several  overtures  (the  best 
are  op.  7,  conceit-overture  in  A,  and  op.  iH,  the 
"  Lustspiclouvertttre  ") ;  music  to  plays  ;  2  'cello- 
concertos,  i  violin-concerto,  ^  clar.-amcorto,  a 
string-quintet,  a  Capriccio  f.  violin  w.  orch., 
Concerlstucke  f.  oboe  w.  orch.  (Adagio,  Intei- 
mezzo,  Kinale),  Conceitstttck  f.  orch.  (*'  Iclyl- 
lische  Scene") ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  a  violin-sonata, 
a  flute-sonata,  pf.-sonatas  and  other  pf.-imiHu*  ;— 
mosses,  motets,  psalms,  chorals,  and  much  other 
church-music  ;  "  AltdeutHcher  Schlachttfcsantf/' 
f.  male  ch.  and  orch. ;  Schiller's  l*  Dithyrumtio" 
f.  ditto  (often  perf,) ;  many  choruses,  songs, 
etc. 

Ri'ga,  Frantz  [Francois],  b.  1/ie^o,  Jan. 
21,  1831 ;  d.  Schacrbeek,  n.  llruHsols,  Jan.  18, 
1892.  Uelgian  conip.,  noted  for  hin  male  cho- 
ruses. 

Righi'ni,  Vincenzo,  b.  Uoloffna,  Jan.  22, 
1756;  d.  there  Aug.  ly,  1812.  Tupil  of  IJcr- 
nacchi  (singing)  and  Padre  Martini  (cpt,)* 
Stage-ddbut  as  a  tenor  singer  at  Parma,  1775  ; 
went  to  I*ratcue  in  1776,  where  he  :I!KO  began 
composing ;  in  1 780  he  became  shitf ing-waster 
to  the  Archduchess  Elisabeth  at  Vienna,  and 
cond.  at  the  Opera  Buffa ;  from  i788-c)S,  Elec- 
toral JFC&pellm.  at  Mayence ;  and  in  1793,  after 
the  successful  production  of  his  opera  finea  iifl 
Lazio  at  Uerlin,  he  was  app.  A'apeftiti.  at  the 
Court  Opera  with  a  salary  of  4CX)o  Thaler 
($3000),  Of  some  20  operas,  three  ( Tigrane, 
1799 »"  GerHsalemmf  liberate^  1802  ;  La  sehw  in- 
cantata,  1802)  were  publ.  in  pf. -score  at  Leipzig ; 


488 


RILL&-  RIMSKY-KORSAKOV 


the  overture  to  Tigrane  is  still  played  ;  also 
publ  a  Serenade  f.  2  horns  and  2  bassoons  ,  a 
flute-concerto ;  2  pf  -trios  ;  a  mass,  a  Requiem, 
a  Te  Deum,  cantatas,  duets,  anas,  etc.;  and  a 
series  of  very  fine  vocal  exercises  (1806). 

Rille".    See  LAURENT  DE  RILLE. 

Rimbault,  Edward  Francis,  distinguished 
writer  and  editor;  b.  London,  June  13,  1816  , 
d.  there  Sept.  26,  1876  Son  of  Stephen  Francis 
R  ,  organist  and  composer  (1773-1837)  ;  pupil 
of  his  father,  of  Samuel  Wesley,  and  Dr.  Crotch  ; 
organist  of  the  Swiss  Church,  Soho,  in  1832. 
From  youth  a  student  of  mus.  history  and  lit- 
erature, he  began  giving  lectures  on  English 
musical  history  in  1838  ;  in  1840  he  founded, 
with  E.  Taylor  and  \V.  Chappell,  the  Musical 
Antiquarian  Society,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
Percy  Soc.;  and  in  1841,  editor  to  the  Motet 
Soc.  He  was  elected  F.S.A.  in  1842,  also  a 
member  of  the  Stockholm  Academy,  and  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  7V.  /////.  fiom  Gottingen, 
and  (1848)  that  of  LL.D.,  Harvard,  where  he 
declined  the  pi  offered  appointment  of  Prof,  of 
Music.  lie  was  in  gieat  request  as  a  lecturer 
(ut  the  Royal  Inst.;  at  the  Collegiate  Inst., 
Liverpool;  the  Philosophic  Inst.,  Edinburgh; 
etc.) ;  between  lecturing  and  editorial  work,  his 
time  was  so  fully  occupied  that  he  had  little 
leisure  for  composition,  producing  only  2  small 
stage-pieces  (7 to  Fair  Maitt  of  filing  ton  [Lon- 
don, 1838]  and  The  Castk  Spectre  [ib.t  1839]), 
a  cantata,  Country  Life,  part-songs,  and  various 
songs,  of  which  "Happy  Land"  remains  the 
popular  favorite. — Writings:  "Who  was  Jack 
Wilson,  the  singer  of  Shakespeare's  stage?" 
(1846,  attempt  to  prove  him  identical  w.  John 
Wilson,  Mus.  Doc.);  "  IWbliolhcca  Madrigali- 
ana"(i847;  English  poetry  and  comp.s  publ. 
during  reigns  of  Kli/abeth  and  James  I.) ;  "  First 
liookof  the  Pianoforte "(1848);  "The  Organ, 
its  I listorjr  and  Construction"  (1855  and  other 
ed.s ;  it  is  the  first  part  of  the  Appendix  to 
Hopkins'  "  Hist,  of  the  Org.") ;  "  The  Piano- 
forte  ;  its  Origin,  Progress,  and  Construction  '* 
(tS6o) ;  "  The  early  English  Organ-builders  and 
their  Works"  (1864) ;  "  J.  8.  Bach"  [after  Ilil- 
gcnfeldt  and  Forkel]  (r86y) ;  an  "  Harmonium 
Tutor";  a  "Guide  to  the  Use  of  the  new 
Alexandra  Church  Harmonium";  "The  Har- 
monium "  (1857  ;  for  drawing-room  and  church) ; 
a  "  Singing  Tutor"  [after  Lablachc] ; — Editorial 
work  :  "  Cathedral  Chants  of  the  T6th-i8th  Cen- 
turies," w.  biogr.  notes  (1844) ;  "  Order  of  Daily 
Service  .  .  ,  in  the  Abbey  Ch.  of  St.  Peter, 
Westminster  "  (1844) ;  "  Coll.  of  Anthems  .  .  . 
of  the  Madrigalian  Era"  (1845);  "Cathedral 
Music"  (i  vol.);  "Coll.  of  Services  and  An- 
thems" adapted  from  Palestrina,  Orlando  di 
I^isso,  etc.  (3  vol.s);  "  Handbook  for  the  Parish 
Choir";  "Order  of  Morning  and  Evening 
Prayer"  a  4 ;  "Vocal  Part-music,  Sacred  and 
Secular"  ;  "  Christmas  Carols,  with  the  Ancient 
Melodies"  (1847);  "Old  English  Carols" 
(1865) ;  "  The  Full  Cathedral  Service,  with  the 


Mus.  Notation  as  Adapted  and  Composed  by 
Th.  Tallis,"  w.  biography  and  hist.  J'reface  , 
"Order  of  Daily  Service"  by  Talhs ,  Edward 
Lowe's  "  Order  of  Chanting  the  Cathedral 
Service";  Thomas  Este's  "Whole  Book  of 
Psalms"  a  4,  w,  hist,  and  biogr.  notice  ;  "  The 
Booke  of  Common  Prayer  with  Musical  Notes, 
as  used  in  the  Chapel  Royal  of  Edward  VI., 
1550.  Compiled  by  John  Merbecke"  (in  fac- 
simile ;  also  m  modern  score ) ;  "  The  Organist's 
Handbook,"  a  coll.  of  voluntaries,  chiefly  Ger- 
man ;  "Organist's  Portfolio";  Arnold's  "Ca- 
thedral Music,"  w.  biogr.  notes,  and  organ- 
accomp  written  out ;  a  5-p.irt  mass  by  Byid  (in 
score,  with  hist,  introd  ) ;  Morlcy's  "  First  IJook 
of  Uallets  for  5  Voices"  of  1595;  Ilato&on's 
"Fust  Set  of  Madrigals  for  3-5  Voices";  O. 
Gibhons's  "Fantasias  of  3  Parts  for  Viols"; 
Purcell's  opera  ftondiua  (w.  history  of  drum, 
music  in  England);  "Parthenia";  Purcell's 
Ode  for  St.  Cecilia's  Day;  "  The  Ancient  Vocal 
Music  of  England"  (2  vol.s,  1846-9);  "Little 
Book  of  Songs  and  Ballads,  gathered  from  An- 
cient Musick  Books"  (1840;  2nd  cd.  1851); 
"Little  Lays  for  Little  Learners";  "Nursery 
Rhymes,  with  the  Tunes  to  which  they  are  sung 
in  the  Nursery  of  England  "  (1847,  3rd  ed.  1857) ; 
"  Mus.  Illustrations  of  Bishop  Peicy's  Reliques 
of  English  Poetry"  (1850);  "The  Rounds, 
Catches  and  Canons  of  England  .  .  .  iCth-iSth 
centuries";  "The  Old  Cheque-book,  or  Book 
of  Remembrance  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  from 
1561-1744"  ;  "  Memoirs  of  Musick  by  the  Hon. 
Roger  North,  Attourney-General  to  James  TL" — 
R.  also  edited  Handel's  Samson,  Saul,  and  Jl/cs- 
siaht  for  the  London  "Handel  Soc.";  operas 
by  various  composers ;  many  works  for  the 
"Percy  Soc.";  edited  and  wrote  for  "The 
Choir  for  a  number  of  years ;  contributed 
many  ai tides  to  the  "  Imperial  Dictionary"  and 
Grove's  "  Dictionary"  ;  and  made  a  great  num- 
ber of  vocal  transcriptions,  arrangements,  selec- 
tions, etc. 

Rimsky-Kor'sakov,  Nikolas  Andreje- 
vitch,  Russian  composer ;  b.  Tikhvin,  Govt.  of 
Novgorod,  May  21 
(N.  S.),  1844.  In- 
tended for  the  navy, 
he  studied  at  the 
Naval  Inst.,  St. 
Petersburg ;  but  also 
took  pf. -lessons,  and 
in  1861  began  serious 
mus.  study  with  Bala- 
kircv.  xst  symphony 
prod.  1865  ;  in  1871, 
app.  prof,  of  comp. 
and  instrumentation 
at  St.  P.  Cons.,  also 
Inspector  of  Marine 
Bands  1873-84, 
Director  of  Free  School  of  Music,  1874-87,  and 
until  i88t  cond.  of  concerts  there  (in  place  of 
Balakirev) ;  1883,  asst.-cond.  (to  Balakirev)  of 


489 


RINALDI— HITTER 


the  Imperial  Orch  ;  since  1886,  cond.  of  the 
Russian  Symphony  Concerts.  In  1889  he  cond. 
2  Russian  concerts  at  the  Trocadero,  Paris  — 
Works:  Operas:  Pskomtjanka  [The  Maid  of 
Pskov]  (St.  Petersburg,  Imp.  Th.,  1873); 
A  May  Xight  (ibid.,  1880);  Sneg&r&tMa 
["  Schneewittchen  "]  (ibid.,  1882);  Mozart  and 
Saheri  (Moscow,  date  ?) ;  opera-ballet  J/laefa 
(St.  P.,  1892);  opera  Christmas  Eve  (ibid., 
1895). — Orchestral  works .  3  symphonies  (E 
min.;  "Antar"  [1881] ;  C  maj.) ;  smfonietta 
in  A  min.,  "Russian"  overture;  Servian  fan- 
tasia ;  Spanish  capriccio ;  the  mus.  tableau 
"Sadko"  (1876);  "  Fairy  Tales";  "  Shehera- 
zade";  "  Easter." — Other  works  :  Pf  -concerto 
in  CJf  min.;  concert-fantasia  f.  violin ;  string  - 
quartet ;  pf. -pieces;  a  cafpella  choruses,  church- 
music  ;  about  30  songs ;  and  a  coll,  of  100 
popular  Russian  Songs. — He  orchestrated  Dar- 
gomyzsky's  Commodore,  Mussorgsky's  Khovan- 
stchyna,  and  Borodin's  Prince  Igor  (all  posthu- 
mous operas) ;  and  publ.  a  treatise  on  Harmony. 

Rinal'di,  Giovanni,  b.  Reggiolo,  Emilia, 
Italy,  in  1840 ;  d.  Genoa,  Mar.  25, 1895.  Studied 
under  Asioli  at  Correggio ;  then  (1854-61)  at 
the  Milan  Cons.  Settled  in  Genoa.  Excellent 
pianist ;  comp.  for  pf.  of  the  romantic  school. — 
Works:  Spigliatezze,  Divagazioni  pianistiche, 
Pagine  d'Album,  Pifferate,  Sfumature,  Inter- 
mezzi, Fantasticherie,  Sorrisi  di  bimba,  Mondo 
piccino,  Frammenti,  Bozzetti  a  matita,  etc. 

Rinck,  Johann  Christian  Heinrich,  famous 
organist;  b.  Elgcrsburg,  Thuringia,  Feb.  18, 
1770 ;  d.  Darmstadt,  Aug.  7,  1846.  Studied 
under  several  Thuringian  organists,  then  under 
Bach's  pupil  Kittel,  in  Erfurt  (1786-9).  Town- 
organist  at  Giessen,  1790 ;  ditto  at  Darmstadt, 
1805,  also  teaching  in  the  Seminary  ;  became 
court  organist  there  in  1813,  and  chamber-musi- 
cian in  1817.  One  of  the  foremost  players  of 
the  time,  he  made  frequent  concert-tours.  Dr. 
phiL  hon.  cansa,  Giessen,  1840.  Many  organ* 
works:  "Orgelschule"  (op.  55;  new  ed.  by 
Otto  Dienel,  1881) ;  2  "Choralbucher";  many 
preludes  to  chorals  (op.  2,  25,  37,  47.  49,  52,  53. 
58,  63,  65,  74,  93,  95,  105,  «6) J  postludes  (op. 
48,  78,  107,  114) ;  variations  on  chorals  (op.  40, 
64,  77,  78,  109);  "  Der  Choralfreund  "  (7  annual 
issues-  Op.  104,  no,  115,  117,  119,  122;  also 
2  supplements) ;  variations  (op.  56,  57,  70,  84, 
89, 108);  pieces  (op.  8,  9,  29,  33,  37,  38,  66,  72, 
92,  94,  99,  zoo,  106) ;  hints  on  organ-playing 
(op.  124,  etc.)  ;—- also  a  Paternoster  a  4,  w. 
organ ;  a  mass,  motets,  hymns,  chorals,  sacred 
songs;  3  sonatas  f.  pf.,  violin,  and  'cello,  op. 
32  ;  another  do.  in  E  p  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  'cello 
(also  for  4  hands) ;  pf. -trios ;  preludes  and  exer- 
cises f.  pf.;  etc.— Biographical :  His  4 *  Auto- 
biography "  (Breslau,  1833);  biography  by  M. 
J.  Folsing  (1848) ;  sketch  by  Clement  in  "  Musi- 
ciens  ce'lebres." 

Ringfel,  Federico,    Pen-name  of  Baron  F. 
D'ERLANGKR. 


Ring'ler,  Eduard,  b.  Nuremberg,  Jan.  8, 
1838.  Intended  foi  a  school-teacher,  he  also 
had  music-lessons  ol  lleinr.  llohmuim,  adopted 
the  mus  profession  in  iH68,  studying  till  1871 
with  Giobe  and  Ihipnnl  at  Nuiembcrj;  Cond 
the  SingrfretH  for  5  >ears  ;  since  1883,  choii- 
director'  in  the  synagogue,  and  (since  1890)  cond. 
of  the  "  Verein  lur  klassischcn  Chorgcsang,  '  one 
of  the  best  mixed  choruses  in  S.  Germany.  Sing- 
ing-teacher for  advanced  students;  mus.  eiilie 
for  the  "  Frankischer  Kuncr."  His  comp.s  fol- 
low early  classic  models. — Works .  A  2-act 
14  Volksoper"-/!^//'/:1/;/  von  GailtugMi  (Nuiemk, 
1896;  Mice.;  also  in  Ham  berg,  Krlangen,  Filrth); 
4-act  grand  opera  FnthjoJ  ;  songs. 

Rinucci'ni,  Ottavio,  l>.  Violence,  1562;  d. 
there  1621.  The  lilnettist  of  Peri  anil  Caccini's 
opera  J)ajnf  (1504),  Peri's  Km  Mitt1  (1600),  aiul 
Monteveide's  Anattna  a  *\'a$w  (i(x>8); 
bein^  the  first  opera  evei  peifoniu'd. 
sketch  m  "  (laxx.etta  Masicale"of  Milan, 
Nos.  26,  29  ) 

Ri'pa,  Alberto  de,  called  Alberto  Manto- 
vano,  because  a  native  of  Mantua  ;  d.  about 
1580.  Celebrated  lutist,  in  the  scrvii'i-  (»f  Kran- 
9015  I.  of  France. — \Voiks:  "Tablatuie  de 
Lulh'Mn  6  books  (r553-K  ;  important);  pieces 
in  Phalcsu's  publications  of  1546  and  1574  ;  also 
in  Francesco  da  Korli's  u  Inlavolatura  di  liuto" 
(1536). 

Risch'bieter,  Wilhelm  Albert,  talented 
theorist;  l>.  Tiiims wick,  1834.  Pupil  of  Ilnupu 
mann;  violinist  in  Leipzig,  lire-men,  Nnrcni* 
berg,  and  Liegnit/;  since  1862,  teacher  of  Iinnn. 
and  opt,  at  Dresden  Cons. — Has  written  a 
symphony,  ovei hires,  ami  oilier  instrJ  works; 
publ.  "  Ueber  Modulation,  (^uartsextakkord, 
und  Orgelpunkt "  (1870);  l*  KrUutcruu^cu  uud 
Aufgaben  ssum  Studium  lies  Kontrajmnkts" 
(1885);  uJ)ie  Clesetxmiissijrki'it  der  Ilarmonik" 
(1888) ;  other  theoretical  essays  m  nuis,  periodi- 
cals. 

RistoM,  Giovanni  Alberto,  b.  Bologna, 
1692;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  7,  1753,  where  he  had 
been  successively  comp.  for  the  Ital.  Court 
Opera,  and  director  of  the  Polish  orch.  (1717), 
chamber-organist  (1733),  church-conip.  (1740), 
and  /7^-Arf/W/w.  (i75«)'  His  comic  operas 
Calamiro  (1726)  and  Don  CAisefatt?  (1727)  are 
amon^  the  earliest  of  their  kind  ;  he  also  wrote 
13  more  operas,  3  oratorios,  16  cantatas,  u 
masses,  and  much  other  sacred  and  instr.l 
music. 

Ritter,  Alexander,  b,  Narva  (or  Keval), 
Russia,  June  27  (N.  S.),  i«33  ;  <l.  Munich,  Apr. 
is,  1896.  Violinist ;  leader  at  Moinintfen,  Wei- 
mar,  btcttin,  and  Wttrabiirjc,  in  which  last  town 
he  est.  a  music-business. — Works  :  2  short  ope- 
ras, J)er  /anlf  Jlan^  and  //V/w  r/;V  Krone? 
(both  successfully  prod,  at  Weimar,  rHcjo,  under 
Rich.  Strauss);  "Seniphischo  Kanlasia"  f. 
orch.;  lt  Olaf's  llochzeitsreigen"  (a  '* symphonic 


490 


RITTER— ROCKSTRO 


waltz  ");  orch.l  fantasia  u  Sursum  corda";  etc  ; 
many  fine  songs. 

Ritter,  August  Gottfried,  organ-virtuoso  ; 
b  Erfurt,  Aug.  25,  1811  ;  d.  Magdeburg,  Aug. 
26,  1885.  Pupil  of  Fischer  at  Erfurt,  Hummel 
at  Weimar,  Berger,  A.  W.  Uach,  and  Rungen- 
hagen  at  "Merlin  ;  1837,  org.  at  Erfurt ;  1844, 
cathedral-org.  at  Merseburg  ;  1847,  ditto  at 
Magdeburg,  succeeding  Muhling.-  Edited  the 
"  Urania"  1844-8;  co-editor  of  the  "  Orgel- 
freund  "  and  "  Orgdarchiv  ";  publ.  an  excellent 
"Geschichtc  des  Orgelspiels  im  14  -1 8.  Jahr- 
hundert"  (1884),  and  the  "  Kunst  des  Orgel- 
spiels "  (2  vol.s  ;  9  editions) ;  4  fine  organ- 
sonatas  (op.  II,  19,  23,  31) ;  preludes  to  chorals 
(op.  4-9,  13,  25,  29,  38),  other  organ-pieces,  and 
4  choral-books  ;  also  wrote  a  pf .-concerto,  a  pf.- 
quartet,  2  symphonies,  3  overtures,  etc. 

Ritter  [Raymond-Ritter],  Fanny,  Ameri- 
can authoioss ;  b.  Philadelphia,  1840 ;  wife  of 
Dr.  F.  L.  Hitter.  She  has  publ.  "Woman  as 
a  Musician,  an  Art-historical  Study  "  (1877)  ; 
"Some  Famous  Songs,  an  Art-hisl.  Sketch"; 
and  various  other  sketches ;  also  good  transla- 
tions of  Schumann's  **  Music  and  Musicians," 
Ehlert's  "  Letteis  on  Music  to  a  Lady"  (1877). 

Ritter,  Fre'de'ric-Louis,  b.  Strassburg,  June 
22,  1834 ;  d.  Antwerp,  July  22,  1891.  Pupil 
of  Schlettcrer  and  Hatiser  at  Strassburg,  and  of 
J.  (J.  Kastner  in  Paris.  In  1852,  prof,  of  music 
at  Feneslrange  Protestant  Seminary,  Lorraine  ; 
went  with  his  parents  in  1856  to  Cincinnati,  and 
orgiuiixed  the  Cecilia  vocul  soc.  and  the  Phil- 
harm.  Orch.;  settled  in  New  York,  iSCi,  be- 
coming cond.  of  the  Sacred  Harmonic  Soc.,  and 
the  "Arion";  and  in  1867  was  app.  prof,  of 
music  at  Vassur  College,  Poughkeepsie,  re- 
moving thither  in  1874.  In  i87*S  the  Univ.  of 
New  York  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  Mus. 
Doc.— Writings  :  "  History  of  Music"  (Boston, 
1870-4,  2  vol.s;  London,  1878,  2nd  ed.  1880); 
41  Music  in  England"  (New  York,  1883) ;  "  Mu- 
sic in  America"  (N.  Y.,  1883) ;  "  Musical  Dic- 
tation,"— Compositions  :  5  symphonies  ;  over- 
tures ;  'cello-concerto;  pf. -concerto ;  trios,  etc., 
f.  pf.;  string-quartets  ;— Psalm  46,  f.  sopr.  solo, 
ch.,  and  orch.;  Psalm  4,  f.  bar.  solo,  ch.t  and 
orch.;  Psalm  95,  f.  female  voices  w.  organ; 
"  Ilafis,"  Persian  song-cycle  (op,  l) ;  over  100 
German  songs  ;  etc. 

Ritter,  Georg  Wenzel,  bassoonist  from 
1788  in  the  Herlin  court  orch.;  b,  Mannheim, 
Apr.  7,  1748  ;  d.  Berlin,  June  16,  1808. — Publ. 
2  bassoon-concertos,  and  6  quartets  f.  bassoon 
and  strings. 

Ritter,  Hermann,  b.  Wismar,  Sept.  16, 
1849.  Teacher  at  the  R.  School  of  Music, 
WUraburg. 

Ritter  (recte  Bennet),  Theodore,  pianist, 
b.  near  Paris,  Apr.  5,  1841 ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  6, 
1886.  Pupil  of  Liszt ;  made  successful  concert- 
tours  ;  also  publ.  numerous  solo  piceces  for  pf . 


("  Les  Courriers"  is  a  favorite).  He  prod,  the 
dram,  scenes  "  Lc  paradis  perdu"  and  "  Me- 
phistophe*les  " ,  2  unsuccessful  operas,  Marianne 
(Pans,  1861)  and  La  dta  risotia  (Florence, 
1865) ;  etc. 

Rive^King,  Julie,  talented  composer  and 
pianist ;  b.  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  Oct.  31,  1857. 
Her  piano-music  is  deservedly  popular  (Im- 
promptu in  A  [7). 

Robyn,  Alfred  G.,  composer ;  b.  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  Apr  29,  1860.  He  has  written  an 
opera,  some  sacred  music,  and  numerous  songs 
("  To  thee  alone";  "  Good  night"). 

Roch'litz,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Leipzig, 
Feb  12,  1769  ,  d.  there  Dec  16,  1842.  A  pupil 
of  Doles  in  the  Thomasschulc,  he  entered  the 
University  as  a  theological  student  ,  but  was 
obliged  lo  embrace  the  career  of  a  tutor  and 
writer.  He  first  publ.  some  novels  and  sketches ; 
"  Uhcke  in  das  (lebiet  der  Kunst  .  .  .  ,"  and 
11  Kimgc  Tdeen  uber  Amvendungdes  gutim  Ge- 
schmacks"  (both  1796),  treat  in  puit  of  music. 
In  1798  he  founded  the  "  Allgememe  musikali- 
sche  Zeitung,"  which  he  edited  till  1818,  still 
contributing  until  1835 — the  peiiod  of  Ilee-, 
thoven's  career  as  a  composer.  From  1805  he 
was  a  director  of  the  ( lewundhaus  Concerts.  1 1  e 
received  the  title  of  **  Ilofrath  "  from  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Weimar.  II is  best-known  work  is 
4 'Fur  Freunde  der  Tonkunst"  (4  vol.s,  1824- 
33 ;  3rd  ed,  1868),  which  contains  biographies, 
essays,  analyses  of  compositions,  etc. ;  vol.  iv  has 
an  outline  "Geschichte  der  Gesangsmusik," 
which  R.  supplemented  by  a  "Samnilung  vorzuR- 
licher  Gcsangstttcke  "  in  3  vol  s,  fiom  Dufay 
to  Vallotti.  He  com  p.  songs  for  male  chorus; 
also  the  23rd  Psalm  ;  and  wrote  many  books  ior 
operas,  oratorios,  cantatas,  etc. 

RocVel,  Joseph  Leopold,  b.  London,  Apr. 
IT,  1838.  Pupil  of  Kisenhofer  at  Wurzburg,  and 
Gotze  at  Weimar,  for  comp.,  and  of  his  father 
and  brother  Eduard  for  pf.  Lives  in  Clifton, 
Bristol,  as  teacher  and  pianist. — Works :  The 
cantatas  Fair  Jiosntnontf^  A'/////,  ircstwanWio, 
etc.;  many  characteristic  pieces  f.  pf.,  and  fan- 
tasias on  operatic  airs ,  songs. 

Rockstro  (recte  Rackstraw),  William 
Smyth,  b.  North  Cheam,  Surrey,  Jan.  5, 1823  ; 
d.  London,  July  2,  1895.  He  studied  1845-6 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Mendelssohn,  Plaidy, 
and  Ilauptmann.  Returning  to  London,  he 
taught  the  piano  and  singing,  also  appearing  oc- 
casionally as  a  pianist.  Lived  for  years  at  Tor- 
quay; from  1867,  organist  and  honorary  pre- 
centor at  All  Saints',  Itabbicombe ;  from  1891  in 
IxMidon,  giving  lectures  at  the  R.  A.  M.and  R.  C, 
M.,  taking  a  class  in  plain  Rong  at  the  latter.  A 
student  of  ecclesiastical  music,  he  was  one  of  the 
foremost  among  English  mus.  antiquaries. — 
Writings:  "  History  of  Music  for  Young  Stu- 
dents" (1879);  "  Practical  Harmony"  (1881) ; 
41  Rules  of  Counterpoint "  (1882)  ;  4t  Life  of  0.  F. 
Handel "(1883);  ^Mendelssohn"  (1884);  Gen- 


RODA— RODER 


eral  History  of  Music"  (1886) ;  "Jenny  Lmd, 
the  Artist"  (1891  ;  with  Canon  Scott  Holland) , 
"Jenny  Lind,  her  Vocal  Art  and  Culture" 
(1894  ;  w.  Otto  Goldschmidt) ,  important  con- 
tributions to  Grove's  "  Dictionary,"  and  to  the 
"Mus.  Times,"  "  Mus.  Society,"  etc. —He 
composed  a  sacred  cantata,  The  Good  Shepherd 
(Gloucester  Fest.,  1886),  a  5-p.  madrigal  "  O, 
too  cruel  fair"  (Bach  Choir,  1884),  a  ballet, 
Flora's  Path  (1891),  an  overture,  songs,  etc.: 
also  publ.  "  Festival  Psalter,  Adapted  to  the 
Gregorian  Tones  ";  "  Accompanying  Harmonies 
to  the  Ferial  Psalter";  and  "Harmonies  for 
Additional  Chants  and  the  Ambrosial  Te  Deum." 

Ro'da,  Ferdinand  von,  b.  Rudolstadt,  Mar. 
26, 1815  ,  died  on  the  Bulow  Estate,  n.  Kriwitz, 
Apr.  26,  1876.  Pupil  of  Hummel ;  from  1842 
in  Hamburg,  founding  the  Bach-Verein  in  1855  ; 
in  1857,  mus.  director  at  Rostock  Univ. — 
Works-  Oratorio  Der  Sunder;  cantata  T/IM- 
mela  ;  a  Passion  music  ;  "  Das  Siegesfest,"  and 
scenes  from  Faust,  for  chorus  ;  excellent  church- 
music  ;  symphonies,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Rode,  (Jacques-)  Pierre  (-Joseph),  famous 
violinist ;  b.  Bordeaux,  Feb.  16,  1774 ;  d.  Cha- 
teau -  Bourbon,  n. 
Damazon,  Nov.  25, 
1830.  Pupil  of  Fau- 
vel;  from  1787,  of 
Viotti  at  Paris.  De- 
but 1790  in  a  con- 
certo by  Viotti,  at 
the  Th.  Feydeau, 
where  he  was  leader 
of  the  2nd  violins 
1790-4;  then,  after 
tours  in  Holland  and 
Germany,  and  a 
short  visit  to  Lon- 
don, he  was  app. 
prof,  of  violin  at  the 
newly  opened  Cons. 

During  a  visit  to  Spain  in  1799  he  met 
cherini,  who  wrote  concertos  for  him.  In  1800, 
solo  violinist  to  Napoleon  ;  from  1803-8,  with 
Boieldieu  in  Russia,  becoming  1st  violinist  to 
Emperor  Alexander.  After  3  years  in  Paris,  he 
toured  Germany  and  Austria  (at  Vienna  Beetho- 
ven wrote  for  him  the  Romance,  op.  50) ;  lived 
for  a  time  in  Berlin,  where  he  married  in  1814, 
then  retiring  to  Bordeaux,  1 1  is  final  appearance 
in  Paris  (1828)  was  a  disheartening  failure. — 
Biography  by  A.  Pougin. — Works  •  13  violin- 
concertos  ;  Themes  varies,  w.  orch.;  ditto  w. 
string-quartet;  fantasia  w.  orch.;  Cavatine  et 
rondeau,  w.  quartet ;  the  famed  and  indispensa- 
ble "24  Caprices  en  forme  d'etudes,  dans  les  24 
tons  de  la  gararae " ;  12  eludes ;  3  books  of 
violin-duos  ;  Romances  fran$aises  ;  and  a  "  Me*- 
thode  du  violon  "  (with  Baillot  and  Kreutzer). 

Ro'de,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Kirchschei- 
dungen,  n.  Freiburg-on-Unstrut,  Feb  25,  1797  ; 
d.  Potsdam,  Jan.  8,  1857.  Horn-virtuoso  ;  from 
1827  bandmaster  of  the  "  Gardejftgerbataillon  " 


in  Berlin—  Works  "Die  Hubcrtusjagd,"  a 
tone-painting,  "Die  fretindlk-ho  Klange  der 
Jagd,"  ditto  ;  concertos  f  horn  ;  do  f.  trum- 
pet ,  various  pieces  and  arrangements  f  .  horn. 

Ro'de,  Theodor,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Pots- 
dam, May  30,  1821  ,  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  12,  1883 
Pupil  of  Merger,  Elsler,  and  Dehn  ;  singing- 
teacher  at  the  \Verder  Gymnasium,  HeiHn. 
Publ.  a  "  Theoretisch-pruktische  Schulgesang- 
bildungslehre  "  ;  essays  on  Prussian  military 
music,  and  Russian  hoin-music,  in  periodicals. 
Contr.  to  Mendel's  "Mus.  Konvcrsalionslexi- 
kon." 

Ro'der,  Johann  Michael,  Berlin  organ- 
builder,  d.  about  1740.  Built  the  j>ieat  oigan 
in  St.  Maria  Magdalena,  IJicslau  (s»S  slops). 

Rb'der,  Fructuosus,b  Simmershaiisen,  Mar. 
5,  1747;  d.  Naples,  I7«<j,  as  master  of  the 
novices  and  school-director  nt  the  monastery  of 
San  Lorenzo.  Fine  oiganist  ;  noted  elmreh- 
comp.  ("  Jesu  Tod  "). 

RS'der,  Georg  Vincent,  b.  Kamnuingcn, 
Franconiu,  1/80;  d.  AltcUting,  Bavaria,  Doc- 
30,  1848.  From  1805-24,  court  AV/V//W.  and 
opera-cond.  at  Wttrzburg  ;  1830,  mus.  dir.  at 
Augsburg;  1839,  K&/wllm>  at  Munich  to  King 
Ludwig  I.  —  Much  (Mini  ch-music  :  Oratorio  /.a 
ASessitttfc  ;  cantata  CfifiJia  ;  masses,  psalms, 
motets,  etc.;  a  symphony;  and  an  opera  /?/'«• 
(Prague,  1842). 


Ro'der,  Carl  Gottlieb,  b.  Stotleritx,  n. 
Leipzig,  June  22,  1812;  d.  (lohlis,  Oft,  2(), 
1883.  Founder  of  the  great  Leipzig  establish- 
ment for  engraving  and  printing  music.  He 
started  in  1846  with  one  engraver's  apprentice  ; 
to-day  the  business  is  probably  the  largest  of  its 
kind  in  the  world,  and  docs  work  for  musio- 
publishmg  firms  the  world  over.  A  book-printing 
department  has  also  been  added.  In  1872  R.'s 
sons-in-law  C.  L.  II.  Wolff  and  (\  K.  M. 
Kentsch  became  partners  in  the  (inn  ;  K.  himself 
retired  in  1876. 

Rb^er,  Martin,  b.  Berlin,  Apr.  7,  185:  ;  d. 
Boston,  Mass.,  June  7,  1895.  Pupil  of  the  R, 
Ilochschule,  Hcrlin,  1870-1  ;  ehorusnmster  at 
the  Teatro  dal  Verme,  Milan,  1873-80,  In  1875 
he  organized  the  "SocietA  del  Quartetto  Conde,'* 
which  gave  fine  performances  of  classical  music  ; 
also  conducted  opera  in  various  cities.  From 
1880-1  he  lived  in  Itcrlin  as  a  sinj^ing-leacher  ; 
then  taught  nt  Scharwenka's  Cons,  until  1887, 
when  he  went  to  Dublin  as  prof,  at  the  K.  Acad. 
of  Music  ;  a  position  exchanged,  in  1892,  for  tlio 
directorship  of  the  vocal  department  in  the  New 
Kngl.  Cons.,  Boston.  He  was  a  nuisicMan  of 
broad  scholarship  and  versatile  attainments,  and 
a  composer  of  marked  ability.—-  Works  :  3  operas, 
Pietro  Candiam  IV  (not  perf.),  tiiuditta  (not 
perf.),  and  Vera  (Hamburg,  1881)  ;  he  also 
wrote  the  books  for  the  lust  two  ;  2  mysteries, 
Santa  A  f  aria  apptidelhi  croce  [after  Tawo],  and 
Maria  Afagdakna  (libretto  by  K,  himself)  ;  2 
symphonic  poems,  "  Azorenfahrt  "  and  *'Leo- 


492 


RODIO— ROIIDE 


nore";  a  symphony,  an  orch.l  suite,  an  overture 
**  Attila,"  a  quintet  in  A,  a  quartet  in  P>|?  mm., 
a  trio  in  F  min  ,  pf.-music,  etc. — Also  publ. 
"Obcr  den  Stand  der  oiTenthchen  Musikpflege 
in  Italien"  (Leipzig,  iSSi)  ,  "  Stud!  cntici,  rac- 
colti "  (Milan,  1881 ;  he  was  an  esteemed  contrib- 
utor to  the  "Gazzetta  Musicale"  signing  his 
articles  "  Raro  Miedtner") ;  and  "Dal  taccuino 
di  un  direttore  di  orchestra"  (iSSi) ;  in  Ger.  as 
44  Aus  dem  Tagebuch  eines  wandernden  Kapell- 
meisters "  (1882). 

Ro'dio,  Rocco,  celebrated  contrapuntist  of 
the  early  'Neapolitan  school ;  b.  Calabna,  about 
1530;  d.  (?).  Publ.  "  Rcgole  per  far  contrap- 
punto  solo  e  accompagnato  nul  canto  fermo" 
(ist  ed.  abt.  1600 ;  3rd  ed.  1626) ,  also  a  coll. 
(Naples,  1580)  of  9  masses;  the  last,  "  Missa  de 
Beata  Virgine  "  (a  5)  is  remarkable,  as  it  can  be 
sung  by  4  or  3  voices  by  omitting  the  qmntus 
and  super iiis  (soprano),  and  also  by  the  3  highest 
voices  if  quint  its  and  bassus  are  omitted. 

Rodolphe  (or  Rudolph),  Jean-Joseph,  b. 
Strassburg,  Oct.  14,  1730;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  18, 
1812.  Pupil  of  his  father  for  horn  and  violin  ; 
later  of  Leclziir  (vln.)  al  Paris ;  1st  violin  in 
theatres  at  Bordeaux,  Montpellicr,  etc.;  about 
1754  in  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Parma,  study- 
ing under  Tiaetta;  r76o  in  Stuttgart,  under 
Jommclli,  also  bringing  out  several  "Ballets 
heroVques"  (MAM?  et  Jetton  ;  Piytht ;  La  mort 
d  'J/en  ulc /  Armidf).  From  1763  in  Pans ;  1765, 
1st  horn  in  the  Grund  Opera  orch.;  1770,  royal 
chamber-musician;  1784,  prof,  of  haimony  at  the 
"J&colc  royale  de  chant"  (later  the  Cons.),  los- 
ing the  place  during  the  Revolution,  but  rein- 
stated as  prof,  of  solfege  in  1799,  and  pensioned 
in  1802. — Works:  3  opcias  for  Paris;  2  horn- 
concertos  ;  fanfares  for  2  and  3  horns ;  duos  and 
studies  for  violin  ;  otc.;  also  2  text-books,  "  Sol- 
fege"  (1790)  and  "Thcoric  d'accompagnement 
et  de  composition"  (1799). 

Roeck'el.    See  ROCKKL. 

Roger,  Victor,  b.  MontpeHier,  France,  July 
21,  1854.  Studied  at  the  ficole  Niedermeycr. 
Composer  of  light  opera;  mus.  critic  of  "la 
France."  Has  prod,  about  20  operettas,  etc., 
the  latest  of  which  are  *SV:  Majestf  V Amour 
(1896),  VAuberg*  du  To/in- fio/nt  (1897),  Les 
Wtards  (1897),  VAgence  Crook  &  Co.,  4-act 
vaud. -operetta  (1898),  the  3-act  ditto  IAI  fetite 
Tdche  (1898),  and  the  4-act  operetta  Pottle 
blanche  (1899  ;  succ.). 

Roger,  Gustave-Hippolyte,  famous  operatic 
tenor;  b.  La  Chapelle  St. -Denis,  n.  Paris,  Dec. 
17,  1815  J  d.  Paris,  Sept.  12,  1879.  Pupil,  from 
1836,  of  Martin  and  Morin  in  the  Cons.;  de*but 
1838  at  the  Opcxn-Comique,  where  he  sang  till 
1848 ;  then  at  the  OpcVa,  creating  the  role  of  the 
Prophete  in  1849.  From  1850  he  also  toured 
Germany.  Was  app.  prof,  of  singing  at  the 
Cons,  in  1868. 

Rogers,  Clara  Kathleen,  nfo  Barnett ;  b. 
Cheltenham,  Engl.,  Jan.  14,  1844;  daughter  of 


John  Barnett,  "  the  father  of  English  opera" 
[GKOVK].  Taught  by  her  parents  till  1856  ;  then 
till  1860  at  Leipzig  Cons,  by  Moscheles  and 
Plaidy  (pf.),  Pappentz  and  Richter  (theory), 
David  and  Rietz  (ensemble-playing) ,  also  sing- 
ing (1859)  by  (ioetze  St.  in  Berlin  6  months  ; 
and  for  the  stage  at  Milan  with  Sangiovanni. 
Debut  Turin,  1863,  as  Isabella  in  Roberto  il 
Diavolo  (stage-name  *'  Clara  Dot  id");  sang  at 
Genoa,  Leghorn,  Florence,  and  Naples  (S.  Carlo 
Th,,  as  Amina  and  Lucia),  then  on  the  Lon- 
don conceit-stage  for  5  years.  Went  to  America 
1871  with  the  Parepa-Rosa  company  ;  debut  N. 
Y.  Acad.  of  Music  as  ll  Bohemian  Girl,"  Oct. 
4 ;  later  sang  Donna  Elvira  (Don  G ),  the 
Countess  (Figaro)  t  and  other  roles,  in  N.  Y., 
Boston,  Philadelphia,  etc.  In  1872-3,  sang 
with  the  Maretzek  company;  then  settled  in 
Boston  as  a  concert-singer,  singing-teacher,  and 
composer.  Married  a  Boston  lawyer,  Henry  M. 
Rogers,  in  1878.— Publ.  works :  Op.  10,  C  songs; 
op.  15,  Scherzo  in  A,  f.  pf.;  op.  16,  Aubacle, 
song  w.  vln.  and  pf.;  op.  17,  "ICiss  mine 
eyelids,  lovely  morn,"  w.  do.;  op.  20,  22,24, 
26,  28,  songs;  op.  25,  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin,  in 
D  min. ;  op.  29,  Album  of  6  songs  [Brownings]  ; 
op.  30,  2  songs;  others  publ.  lecently. — Also 
"The  Philosophy  of  Singing"  (New  Yoik, 
1893)- 

Rogers,  Delia,  operatic  soprano  ;  b.  Den- 
ver, Colorado,  about  1879.  Went  to  Paris  in 
1890;  studied  with  Mme.  de  la  Grange,  and 
(for  Ki'ench  diction)  with  Leon  Jancey.  Debut 
St.  Petersburg  ;  has  sung  in  Milan  (Ui  Scala), 
Rumania,  Turkey,  etc. 

Rogers,  Roland,  b.  Nov.  17,  1847,  West 
Bromwich,  Staflordshire,  Kngl.,  becoming  or- 
ganist at  St.  Peter's  there  at  n  ;  from  1871-91, 
organist  at  Bangor  Cathedral,  whore  he  gave  an- 
nual scries  of  recitals,  and  greatly  elevated  the 
character  of  the  mus.  services.  Also  gave  recitals 
at  St.  George's  Hall,  Liverpool,  and  elsewhere  ; 
and  coud.  the  Penrhyn  and  Arvonic  Choirs. 
Now  residing  in  Wales  as  a  teacher.  Mus, 
Bac.,  Oxon.,  1870;  Mus.  Doc.,  1875.— Works: 
Cantatas  Prayer  ami  Praise  (f.  soli,  double  ch., 
and  orch.),  The  Car  den  (prixe  at  Lhmduclno, 
1896),  and  Florahd  (f,  female  voices) ;  Psalm 
130,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  strings ;  a  symphony,  stiing- 
quintet,  organ-music,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Rogno'ne,  Francesco  (son  of  Riccardo  R.t 
a  Milanese  violinist),  publ.  an  "  Aggiunta  del 
scolaro  di  violino  "  (1614)  and  a  "  Selya  di  varii 
passaggt  sccondo  1'uso  moclerno"  (on  instr.l  and 
vocal  graces) ;  also  masses,  motets,  psalms, 
**  Correnti  e  Gagliardi "  a  4  and  5,  etc. 

Roh'de,  Eduard,  b.  Halle-on*Saale,  1828 ; 
d.  Berlin,  Mar.  25,  1883,  as  choirmaster  at 
the  St.  Georgenkirche  and  singing-teacher  at 
the  Sophien-Gymnasitim.  Comp.  excellent  mo- 
tets, part-songs,  etc.;  the  cantata  Schildhoifi / 
pf.-music ;  wrote  an  elementary  text-book  for 
piano. 


493 


ROHLEDER— ROMBERG 


Rohleder,  Johann,  pastor  at  Friedland, 
Pomerania.  Publ.  "  Erleichterung  des  Clavier- 
spiels  vermoge  einer  neuen  Einrichtung  der 
Claviatur"  (1792  ;  on  reforms  in  the  keyboard 
and  in  notation,  similar  to  those  advocated  by 
the  "  Chroma"  society) 

Roh'leder,  Friedrich  Traugott,  pastor  at 
Latin,  Silesia.  Fubl.  "Die  musikal.  Liturgie 
in  der  evang.-protestantische  Kirche  "  (1831) ; 
44  Vermischte  Aufsatze  zur  Eeforderung  wahrer 
Kirchenmusik  "  (1833) ;  and  like  articles  in  the 
"Eutoma"  (1829,  etc.). 

Rokitan'sky,  Victor,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Vi- 
enna, July  9,  1836  ;  d.  there  July  17,  1896. 
Wrote  "Uber  Sanger  und  Singen"  (Leipzig, 
1896  ;  rules  for  and  hints  on  the  art  and  practice 
of  singing). 

Ro'landt,  Hedwig  (stage-name  of  Hedwig 
Wachut'ta),  coloratura  singer ;  b.  Graz,  Sept. 
2,  1858.  Pupil  at  Graz  f  of  Frau  Weiniich- 
Tipka ;  very  successful  debut,  followed  by  en- 
gagement, at  Wiesbaden,  1877.  Sang  later  at 
other  towns,  also  at  Leipzig  in  the  Gewandhaus. 
Married  the  merchant  Carl  Schaaf  in  1883. 

Rolla,  Alessandro,  violinist,  raganini's 
teacher ;  b.  Pavia,  Apr.  22,  1757 ;  d.  Milan, 
Sept.  15,  1841.  Pupil  of  Renzi  and  Conti ;  in 
1782,  court  solo  violist  at  Parma,  later  leader  of 
the  Ducal  orch.  In  1802,  maestro  at  La  Scala, 
Milan ;  in  1805,  solo  violinist  to  the  Viceroy, 
Eugene  lieauharnais  ;  prof,  of  violin  and  viola 
at  Milan  Cons,  from  its  foundation  in  1807. — 
Works :  A  ballet,  Pizzarro^  ossia  La  Conquista 
del  Perh  (1807)  I  symphonies  ;  church-music ; 
3  violin-concertos  ;  4  viola-concertos  ;  6  string- 
quartets  ;  a  quintette  concertante  f.  strings ; 
trios  f.  vln.,  via".,  and  'cello,  also  f.  2  violins 
and  'cello  ;  duos  f.  violin,  also  f.  vln.  and  via.; 
etc. 

Rolle,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Quedlinburg, 
Dec.  23,  1718  ;  d.  Magdeburg,  Dec.  29,  1785. 
Student  of  law  and  philos.  at  Leipzig  1736-40  , 
viola-player  in  the  Berlin  court  orch.  1741-6 ; 
then  organist,  and  from  1752  his  father's  suc- 
cessor as  town  mus.  dir.,  at  Magdeburg. — 
Works :  4  Passions ;  20  oratorios  and  cantatas ; 
several  church-services  for  the  entire  year ;  the 
Odes  of  Anacreon  f.  solo  voice  w.  clavichord- 
accomp.;  etc. 

RbTligr,  Carl  Leopold,  b.  Vienna,  1761 ; 
d.  there  Mar.  4,  1804.  Harmonica-player,  and 
inventor  of  the  "  Orphika"  and  "  Xanorphika" 
(pianos  with  bows  instead  of  hammers) ;  travelled 
to  produce  his  instr.s,  and  obtained  a  position 
in  the  court  library,  Vienna,  in  1797. — -Works : 
A  comic  opera,  Clarissa  (Hamburg,  1782) ; 
pieces  f.  harmonica  and  Orphika  ;  wrote  "  Ueber 
die  Harmonica"  (1787)  and  "Ueber  die  Or- 
phika" (1795);  etc. 

Romaniel'lo,  Luigi,  pianist  and  comp.;  b. 
Naples,  Dec.  29,  1860.  Taught  by  his  father 
and  his  brother  Vincenzo  ;  then  at  Naples  Cons. , 
1876-80,  by  Coop  and  Cesi  (pf.),  and  Scarano 


and  Serrao  (comp  ),  graduating  with  highest 
honors.  For  a  time,  director  of  the  pf.  -depart- 
ment at  the  Cons.,  and  later  succeeded  Mar. 
tucci  and  Cesi  in  the  Soc  del  Quaitctto,  also 
becoming  the  regular  pianist  oi  the  I'erni  Quar- 
tet. Is  instructor  in  the  K.  "  Kducunduto  cli 
San  Marcellino",  critic  for  "  LcMcnesliel,"lhe 
*'  Nouvelle  musiquc,"  and  the  "Monde  nitis- 
tique";  and  a  chev  of  the  Italian  Crown.  Fre- 
quent successful  pianistic  town  A*  v  in  Italy  and 
elsewhere.  —  Publ.  works  •  The  4-act  opera 
seria  A  Ida  (Piacenza,  1896)  ;  a  vast  amount  of 
music  f.  pf.,  f.  violin  and  pf.,  and  for  voice; 
also  a  method  for  pf.  (won  prize  nt  Naples, 
(1886).  —  In  MS.:  2  operas,  7;</  /iiaiiuari  and 
Valentia  ;  2  symphonic  poems,  on  I5yron's 
"Corsair"  and  "  Manfred  ";  2  symphonies  ;  an 
overture  ;  "  morccaux  cle  genre  f.  orch.  ,  a  pf  .- 
concerto  ;  2  pf.-tnos  ;  and  many  others. 

Roraani'na.    See  ALHKRTINI,  GIOVANNI. 

Romani'ni,  Romano,  b.  Parma,  1864. 
Pupil,  at  the  Cons  there,  of  Ludovico  Mando- 
vani  (violin)  and  Giuslo  Dacci  (comp.),  graduat- 
ing in  1882.  Began  his  career  as  1st  violin  in 
the  Teatro  Regio  ;  was  then  called  to  Suvigliuno 
as  cond.  of  the  concert-  and  theatre-orcli.  ;  in 
1890,  prof,  of  violin  at  the  "  Istittito  Vcnluri" 
(conservatory),  Urescin,  of  which  ho  has  been 
the  Director  since  1897.—  Works  :  The  2-act 
opera  Al  Camfo  (Urescia,  i8t)5  ;  .succ.)  ;  a  sym- 
phony ;  a  Gavotte  and  Minuet  for  slring-orch.  ; 
etc. 

Roma'no,  Alessandro.    See  ALKSKANDKO 

ROMANO. 


Roma'no,  Giulio.    See 

Rom'berg,  Andreas  (Jacob),  b.  Vcchtn,  n. 
Mttnster,  Apr.  27,  1767  ;  d.  Gothn,  Nov.  10, 
1821.  Son  of  the  clarinettist  awl  runs.  <lir. 
Gerhard  Heinrich  R.  [1745-1819!.  Violin- 
virtuoso  ;  played  in  public  at  7  ;  in  1  784  ho 
made  a  concert-tour  with  his  cousin  Dornhanl 
through  Holland  and  France,  reaching  Paris  in 
1784,  where  he  was  engaged  as  soloist  for  the 
Concerts  spirituels  during  the  season.  From 
1790-3  he  played  in  the  Electoral  orch,  al  Hoim 
with  Bernhard;  toured  Italy  with  him,  then 
lived  in  Vienna  and  Hamburg,  and  followed 
him  to  Paris  in  1800  in  the  vain  hope  of  getling 
a  hearing  as  n  composer;  lived  in  Hamburg 
1801-15,  and  then  succeeded  Spohr  as  court 
Kapellm*  at  Gotha.  He  received  the  degree  of 
Dr,  pkil,  from  Kiel  Univ.—  Works  :  8  operas 
and  operettas  {&ipio  and  /?/>  Jtuinen  von  /'</- 
lu&si  are  publ.  in  pf.-score  ;  their  overtures,  and 
that  to  J}on  MendoM^  are  publ,  in  score)  ;  the 
choral  works  w.  orch.  **  Die  CJlockc"  (Schiller's 
uSong  of  the  Bell";  still  a  favorite,  also  in 
Britain  and  America),  "Die  Harmonic  der 
Spharen,"  "Ode"  (both  by  Kosegartcn)  ;  the 
vocal  soli  w.  orch,  "Die  Kindesmorderin," 
''Die  Macht  des  Gesangcs,"  l4Monolog  der 
ungfrau  von  Orleans,"  "Der  Graf  von  Habs- 

irg,"  "Sehnsucht"  (all  by  Schiller)  ;  an  orch.l 


bu; 


494 


ROMBERG— ROOT 


mass,  and  much  other  church-music ;  many 
instr.l  compositions — 10  symphonies  (4  publ.), 
23  violin-concertos  (4  publ.),  33  string-quartets 
(25  publ  ),  a  double  quartet  (2  movem.),  8  flute- 
quintets  w.  strings,  i  clar  -quintet,  2  string- 
quintets,  i  pf. -quartet,  3  violin-sonatas,  n 
rondos  and  caprices  f.  \iolin,  a  concertante  f. 
vln  and  'cello  w.  orch.,  etc — Biogr  sketch  in 
Vol.  i  of  Rouhlitz's  "Fur  Freunde  der  Ton- 
kunst." 

Rom'berg,  Bernhard,  b.  Dincklage,  n. 
Munster,  Nov.  n,  1767;  d.  Hamburg,  Aug 
13,  1841.  [Son  of  Anton  Romberg,  famous 
bassoonist,  1742-1814,  brother  of  Gerhard  Ilein- 
rich  R.  above  )  Excellent  'cellist,  the  com- 
panion of  his  cousin  Andreas  for  years.  Went 
to  Paris  m  1800,  after  a  tour  m  England  and 
Spain,  and  was  app.  prof,  of  'cello-playing  at 
the  Cons  ;  resigned  in  1803,  lived  2  years  in 
Hamburg,  became  solo  'cellist  in  the  Berlin 
court  orch.  in  1805,  and  court  Kapcllm*  1815-19  ; 
retired  to  Hamburg.  Also  made  numerous  ex- 
tended concert-tours,  the  last  (to  London  and 
Paris)  in  1839.  For  'cello  he  wrote  9  concertos 
(still  admired),  3  concertinos  and  a  fantasia  w. 
orch. ,  4  sets  of  Russian  nil  s  w.  orch. ,  caprices 
and  fantasias  on  Swedish,  Spanish,  and  Ruma- 
nian airs,  and  Polonaises  ; — also  several  operas, 
incid.  music  to  plays,  a  concertante  f.  2  horns 
w.  orch.,  11  string-quartets,  1  string-trio,  a  trio  f . 
viola,  'cello,  and  bass,  duos  f.  2  'celli,  and  &ona- 
tas  w.  bass  ;  etc. 

Rom'berg,  Cyprian,  .son  of  Andreas,  and 
pupil  of  Bernhaid ;  b.  Hamburg,  Oct.  28,  1807  ; 
d.  there  Oct.  14,  1805.  Made  long  tours,  and 
became  'cellist  in  the  St.  Petersburg  court  orch. 
— Publ.  concert-pieces  f.  'cello. 

Ronchet'ti-Montevi'ti,  Stefano,  b.  Asti, 
Sept.  18,  1814;  d.  Castile  Monferrato,  Oct.  16, 
1882.  Pupil  of  II.  Neri  at  Milan,  becoming 
prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Cons,  there  in  1850,  and 
.succeeding  Mamieato  as  Director  in  1877.  His 
one  opera,  Pergoltsi  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1857) 
was  a  failure ;  his  church-comp.s  (especially  a 
motet  ft  16,  4I  Sanctum  el  tcrribilc  nomen  Kjus  "), 
the  intermezzi  to  the  poem  Oss/au,  a  national 
hymn  4l  Per  hi  patria  il  scmguc  him  dato,"  etc., 
are  highly  esteemed. 

Ronco'ni,  Domenico,  stage-tenor ;  b.  Lcn- 
dinara,  Rovigo,  Julyn,  1772;  d.  Milan,  Apr. 
13,  1839.  Sang  in  St.  Petersburg  (1801-5), 
Vienna,  Paris,  and  the  chief  cities  of  Italy  (at 
La  Scala,  Milan,  in  1808);  director  of  the 
Italian  opera,  Vienna,  in  1809 ;  sang  in  Paris 
and  Italy,  and  1819-29  at  Munich,  where  he  was 
singing-master  to  the  princesses,  Founded  a 
singing-school  at  Milan  in  1829.  lie  was  a 
famous  teacher,  and  publ.  vocal  exercises. — His 
son  Giorgio,  b.  Milan,  1810,  d.  Jan.  8,  1890, 
was  a  well-known  baritone ;  he  opened  a  music* 
school  at  Cordova,  Spain,  in  1863,  and  from 
1867  taught  singing  in  New  York  for  some 
years  ;  also  publ.  songs  and  vocal  exercises. 


Rong,  Wilhelm  Ferdinand,  d.  Berlin  after 
1821  (?),  aged  loo  (?).  Chamber-musician  to 
Prince  Heinrich  of  Trussia  ,  music-teacher  in 
Berlin.  Besides  patriotic  songs,  etc.,  he  wrote 
"  Elemcntarlehre  am  Clavier"  (1786),  "  Theo- 
retisch-praktisches  Ilandbuch  der  Tonarten- 
kenntniss"  (1805) ;  etc. 

Ronger,  Florimond.     See  HFKVJ£.    • 

Ro'nisch,  Karl,  b.  Goldberg,  Silesia,  1814; 
d.  July  21,  1894,  at  Blasewitz,  n.  Dresden 
Piano-manufacturer  at  Dresden  since  1845  ; 
11  Kommerzienrat." 

Ronfgen,  Engelbert,  violinist ;  b  Deventer, 
Holland,  Sept  20,  1829 ;  d.  Leipzig,  Dec.  12, 
1897.  Pupil  of  F.  David  in  Leipxig  Cons.; 
played  1850-69  with  the  1st  violins  in  the  Ge- 
wandhausOrch  ;  then  succeeded  R.  Drcyschock 
as  2nd  CtwcertNit'isfer  /  and  on  David's  death  in 
1873  became  his  successor  as  ist  Concertmeistcr. 
Also  teacher  in  the  Cons. 

Rdnt'gen,  Julius,  pianist,  son  of  Engelbert ; 
b.  Leipzig,  May  9,  1855.  Had  private  lessons 
with  llauptmann  (1866),  later  of  E.  F.  Richter, 
Plaidy,  and  Reinccke  ;  even  before  1 866  he  be- 
gan to  compose.  In  1871  he  went  to  Munich 
to  study  comp.  under  Fr.  I  tenner;  soon  after 
his  return,  he  publ  a  violin-sonata  m  B  min. 
First  public  appearance  as  a  concert-player  at 
Stuttgart,  1875,  Jibing  a  sciies  of  concerts  with 
J.  Stockhauscn.  Settled  1878  in  Amsterdam  as 
teacher  in  the  Music-School  ;  succeeded  Vcr- 
hulst,  as  concert-conductor  to  the  Soc.  for  the 
Promotion  of  Music,  in  1886  (retired  from  this 
post  in  1898  ;  his  successor  is  Mengclberg) ;  has 
also  cond.  the  concerts  of  the  Felix  Mentis  Soc, 
for  several  seasons  ;  was  a  co-lounder  (1885)  of 
the  Cons,;  establ.  notices  for  chamber-music; 
and  is  one  of  the  most  popular  pianists  and 
teachers  in  his  adopted  home. — Works  :  Besides 
3  pf.-sonatas,  a  pf. -suite,  and  much  other  pf  - 
music,  he  has  publ.  Toskanisrhf  A'A?/f///,  an 
operetta  for  voices  and  pf.;  a  pf, -concerto  in  D 
maj.,  op.  18  ;  a  Serenade  f.  wind-intr.s,  op.  14; 
u  Sturmesmylhe "  [Lenau"]  f.  mixed  ch.  and 
orch.,  op.  31  ;  "  Gcbet"  f.  do  ,  op.  27 ;  a  pf.- 
trio  in  B[7,  op.  23 ;  3  sonatas  f.  violin  and  pf., 
op.  i,  3,  21 ;  u  Cud  Nederlandsche  anioreuse 
Liedekens"  [Old  Netherland  Love-ditties]  w. 
pf.,  op.  30 ;  songs,  etc. 

Root,  George  Frederick,  b.  Sheffield,  Mass., 
Aug.  30,  1820;  d.  Barley's  Island,  Aug.  6, 
1895.  1'upil  of  Geo.  J.  Webb,  Boston ;  assl.- 
organist  at  Boston  ;  removed  to  New  York  in 
1844,  becoming  organist  of  the  "  Church  of  the 
Strangers,"  Mercer  St.,  also  teaching  singing 
in  various  institutions,  and  conducting  conven- 
tions. Went  to  Paris  for  a  year's  study  in  1850  ; 
returning,  he  successfully  prod,  the  cantata  The 
M0wtr  Qutffti  his  first  large  work,  doing  to 
Chicago  in  1859,  he  founded  the  music-pub- 
lishing firm  of  Root  &  Cady  (dissolved  1871). 
Mus.  Doc.,  Univ.  of  Chicago,  1881. — Works: 
The  cantatas  The  Flower  Queen^  Daniel  (i%$ti)\ 


495 


ROOT-KOSELLEN 


The  Pilgrim  Fathers  (1854),  Belshazzars  Feast 
(1855),  The  Haymakers  (1857),  etc.— popular 
songs  ("Battle-cry  of  Fieedom,"  "Tramp, 
tramp,  tramp," ' l  Just  before  the  battle,  Mother"), 
part-songs,  etc.;  publ.  numerous  collections  of 
church-music  and  school-songs. 

Root,  Frederick  Woodman,  son  of  preced- 
ing; b.  Boston,  Mass.,  June  13,  1846.  Taught 
by  his  father,  then  by  Dr.  B.  C.  Blodgett,  and 
(from  16)  by  Dr.  William  Mason,  New  York. 
In  1863,  organist  of  the  Third  ^resb.  Ch.,  Chi- 
cago ;  in  1865,  of  the  Swedenborgian  Ch  In 
1869-70,  travelled  and  studied  in  Europe  for  18 
months.  Returning,  he  wrote  for  "  The  Song 
Messenger/'  which  he  edited  for  some  years  ; 
correspondence,  essays,  and  renews,  have  ever 
since  demanded  a  share  of  his  attention.  His 
20  years'  work  with  large  vocal  classes,  and  on  the 
lecture-platform,  has  been  very  successful ,  has 
publ.  numerous  interesting  papers  on  voice-cul- 
ture. Charter  member,  now  trustee,  of  the 
Amer.  Coll.  of  Musicians.  Is  well  known  as  a 
private  singing-teacher. 

Roquet.    See  THOINAN. 

Ro're,  Cipriano  de>  b.  Mechlin,  1516;  d. 
Parma,  1565.  This  distinguished  composer  was 
a  pupil  of  \Villaert,  maestro  at  San  Marco,  Ven- 
ice, and  in  1542  publ.  his  first  book  of  madrigals 
a  4  (often  republ.  and  long  in  favor).  About 
1550  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Fer- 
rara,  Ercole  IV.;  visited  Antwerp  in  1558,  and 
about  1559  was  app.  asst.-wdwfrv  to  Willaert, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  1563,  but  soon  resigned, 
becoming  c/ion  pi  acfccttts  to  Ottaviano  Karnese, 
then  Duke  of  Parma  — Publ.  a  second  book  of 
madrigals  in  1543  ;  5  books  of  "  Madrigali  cro- 
matici"  a  $  (1542-66  ;  oft  republ.) ;  "  Le  vivc 
fiamme,"  madrigals  a  4-5  (1565) ;  Book  i  of  mo- 
tets, a  4-8  (1544)  I  Book  ii,  do.,  a  4-5  (1547) ; 
Book  iii,  do.,  a  5  (1559) ;  others  in  "C.  de  R. 
et  aliorum  auctorum  motetta,  4  voc.  .  .  .  cum 
3  lectiombus  pro  mortuis  Josepho  Zarlino  auc- 
tore"(i563);  "Sacrae  cantiones  seu  motetta," 
a  4-6  (1573) ;  masses  a  4-6  (1566  ;  not  extant) ; 
psalms  (1554) ;  a  Passion  ace.  to  St.  John  (1557) ; 
41  Fantasie  e  ricercari  a  3  voci  ...  da  cantare 
e  suonare  .  .  .  comppsti  da  lo  eccelentissimo 
Adriano  Vuigliart  e  Cipriano  R.  suo  discepolo  " 
(i549);  "Fiamme  vaghe  e  dilettevoli"  (1569). 
Motets  and  madrigals  are  in  coll.s  by  Susato, 
Phalese,  and  others.— -In  MS.  (Munich  Library) 
are  3  masses  :  "  Vivat  Felix  Hercules "  a  5, 
"Praeter  rerum  seriem"  a  7,  and  a  "  Missa  a  note 
nere  "  a  5  ;  also  motets  and  madrigals. 

Ro'rich,  Carl,  b.  Nuremberg,  Feb.  27, 1869. 
Pupil  of  R.  School  of  Music,  Wttrzburg  ;  since 
1892,  teacher  at  the  Grand  Ducal  Sch.  of  Mus., 
Weimar.— Works  :  An  overture,  "  Marchen," 
and  a  suite,  "Waldleben,"  f.  orch.;  choruses, 
songs,  and  pf.  -pieces. 

Ro'sa,  Carlo  (recta  Carl  Rose),b.  Hamburg, 
Mar.  2t,  1843 ;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  30,  1889.  At  T2 
he  made  tours  as  a  violinist  to  England,  Den- 


mark, and  Germany  ,  studied  further  in  the  Con- 
servatories of  Leipzig  (1859)  ftnd  Paris;  was 
Concert meister  at  Hamburg  1863-5;  played  in 
the  Crystal  Palace,  London,  in  Mnnh,  1866, 
and  made  a  conceit-tour  in  the  United  States 
with  Mr.  Bateman,  meeting  Euphrosyne  Purepa, 
and  marrying  her  at  New  York  in  Feb.,  1867, 
They  organized  an  English  opera-company,  and 
toured  America  until  1871,  then  returning  to 
London.  After  his  wife's  death  in  1874,  he 
continued  English  opera  in  the  leading  London 
theatres. 

Ro'sa,  Salvatore,  famous  painter,  poet,  and 
musician;  b.  Aranella,  Naples,  June  20,  1615; 
d.  Rome,  Mar.  15,  1673  After  the  popular  in- 
surrection, led  by  Masaniello,  in  1647,  he  went 
to  Rome.  He  comp  line  madrigals  and  songs 
(coll.  by  llurney);  I)i.  Ciotch  publ.  a  "eant.ita" 
in  his  "  Specimens  ol  Various  Styles  .  .  .  ."  It 
was  R.  who  wrote  the  satire  ("Saliia")  on 
music  and  kindred  aits,  which  provoked  M italic- 
son's  reply  in  "  MIthridat." 

Rose*,  Arnold  Josef,  1>.  Jassy,  Oct.  24,  1863. 
Fine  violinist,  pupil  of  Ileissler  at  Vienna  Cons*.; 
ist  violin  in  the  Rose  (Quartet ;  leader  and  soloist 
in  the  Vienna  court  orch.  since  1881,  and  leader 
at  the  IJayreuth  Festivals  since  iSHH. 

Roselngrave,  Thomas,  b.  Dublin;  d.  Lon- 
don, 1750.  Organist  at  Si.  (Jeorge's,  Hanover 
Square,  1725-37. —  Publ.  "  Volunlaiys  ami 
Fugues,  made  on  Purpose  for  the  Organ  or 
Harpsichord"  (1730);  "Solos  for  the  (ieroum 
Flute,  with  a  Thorough  Hass  for  the  Ilaipsi- 
chord";  u  8  Suites  of  Lessons"  f.  harps.;  a 
concetto  f.  do.;  higucs  f.  org.  or  harps.  (1750) ; 
etc. 

Ro'sel,  Rudolf  Arthur,  b.  Mttnehenbunis- 
dorf,  (Jera,  Aug.  23,  1850,.  Studied  1873  7  at 
the  Weimar  Music-School  under  Walbrtll  (vio- 
lin), Sulxe  (harm.),  and  Mttlk»r-IIartung  (cpl.) ; 
later  under  Thomson.  1 877-9,  rst-  viciliu  at 
Hamburg  City  Th.;  1879-81,  do.  in  private 
orch.  of  von  Dcrwies  at  Lugano  and  Nice; 
1881,  at  Weimar;  1884,  leader  at  Rotterdam, 
and  teacher  at  the  Music-School ;  1888  till  the 
present  (1899)  leader  in  Weimar  Court  Orch.; 
also  teacher  of  violin  and  ensemble-playing  at 
the  Music-School. — Works:  The  2-aet  "lyHe 
stage-play"  JlaKmah  (Weimar,  1895,  mod. 
succ.);  opem  Tk&tre  I  'tiri<W  (not  perf.);  music 
to  JDer  gestiefeltf  h'atcr  ,•  symphonic  poem 
"FrtthUngssturme";  i  violin-concerto;  i  viola- 
concerto  ;  2  string-quartets  (all  in  MS,).— I'ubl. 
pieces  f.  vln.  and  pf.;  a  Notturno  f.  horn  w. 
orch.;  a  Nottunio  f,  oboe  w.  orch.;  songs. 
Tendency  modern  (Lisstt- Wagner-Strauss). 

Rosellen,  Henri,  b.  Varis,  Oct.  13,  i8n  ;  d, 
there  Mar.  20,  1876.  T'upil,  at  the  Cons.,  of 
I'radher  and  Zimmerman  (pf.),  and  Dourlon, 
Fetis,  and  Ilatevy  (comp.),  later  of  H.  Uerz. 
Successful  and  popular  teacher  of  pf.-playitJ^f» 
and  composer  f,  pf.— Publ.  a  Method  f,  pf.;  a 
4 'Manuel  des  pianistes";  a  trio  concerUnte  £. 


496 


ROSENIIAIN— ROSSI 


pf.,  vln.,  and  'cello,  op.  82;^  25  Etudes  de 
moycnnc  force,  op.  133,  and  12  Etudes  brillantes, 
op  60  ;  much  good  safo/t-music  (Reverie  in  G  ; 
Nocturne  et  Tarentelle,  op.  92) ,  76  fantasias  on 
operatic  airs  ;  variations  ;  etc. 

Ro'senhain,  Jacob  [Jacques],  b.  Mann- 
heim, Dec.  2,  1813  ;  (1.  Baden-Baden,  Mar.  21, 
1894.  Nolecl  pianist;  pupil  of  Schmitt  at  Mann- 
heim and  Schnyder  v.  Wartensee  at  Frankfort ; 
made  extended  tours,  and  lived  in  Frankfort, 
Tans  (1849),  antl  Baden-Baden. — Works  4 
operas,  Dcr  J?tfsitc/i  in  Irrenhans  ( Frankf. , 
1834),  Liswcnna  (not  perf  ),  Lc  Dtfmon  de  la 
nitit  (Opera,  Pans,  1851),  and  1rolage  et  jaloux 
(Baden-Baden,  1863) ;  3  symphonies,  a  pf. -con- 
certo, 3  string-quartets,  4  pf. -trios,  many  pf.- 
pieces  (sonata  in  F  min.,  op.  41 ;  Senate  sym- 
phonique  in  F  min  ,  op  74 ;  Melodies  caracte- 
ristiques ;  Historicttcs,  op.  97;  Reveries,  op. 
26)  ^sonatas  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  38  and  53; 
12  Etudes  caractcristiques  ;  etc. — Wrote  "  Erin- 
nerungen  an  NicolA  Paganini"  (1893). — His 
brother  Eduard,  b.  Mannheim,  Nov.  18,  1818, 
d.  Frankfort,  Sept.  6,  i8Gi,  also  a  noteworthy 
pianist  and  teacher,  publ.  a  serenade  f.  'cello 
and  pf.,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Ro'senratiller,  Johann,  b.  1615  ;  d.  1682  at 
Wolfenblittel  as  Kafcl'w.;  was  mus.  dir  at 
the  Thomuskirche,  JLeipy.ig,  1648-55. — Publ. 
* l  Kern.spnlche  mehrentheils  aus  heiliger  Schrift," 
a  3-7  w.  continuo  (1648);  "  Studentenmusik 
von  3  und  5  Instr.n"  [dance-music]  (1654) ;  "  12 
sonate  da  camera  a  5  stromcnti"  (1671). 

Ro'senthal,  Moriz,  b.  Lemberg,  1862. 
Pianist ;  at  8  his  precocity  attracted  the  atten- 
tion and  won  the  aid  of  Mikuli ;  at  10,  taught 
by  R.  Jose  fly ;  at  14,  gave  a  concert  at  Vienna 
(brilliant  comp.s  by  Weber,  Beethoven,  Chopin, 
J  jisxt).  On  concert-tour  in  Rumania,  app.  Royal 
Pianist.  From  1876-86,  pupil  of  Liszt,  follow- 
ing him  yearly  to  Weimar,  Pesth,  Vienna,  and 
Rome ;  1887,  first  concert-fr//;*///*  in  America, 
after  which  he  made  a  furore  in  European  capi- 
tals. Now  in  the  front  rank  of  living  pianists. 
Tour  of  1896-7  in  the  United  States  interrupted 
by  illness.— Publ.  (with  J,.  Schytte)  "  Technical 
Studies  for  the  Highest  Degree  of  Develop- 
ment." 

Reset' ti,  Francesco  Antonio  [Franz  An- 
ton Rossler],  b.  Leitmeritz,  Bohemia,  1750 ;  d. 
Ludwigslust,  June  30,  1792.  Kapcllm.  to  Prince 
Wullerstein ;  from  1789,  court  Jtapellm.  at 
Schwerin. — Works :  A  Requiem  ;  2  oratorios, 
jDcr  sterbende  Jesus  (p^ubl.),  and  Jssus  in  Geth- 
sfinanc;  19  symphonies,  9  string-quartets,  4 
flute-concertos,  4  clar. -concertos ;  a  sextet  f. 
flute,  2  horns,  and  strings ;  3  horn-concertos  ;  2 
concertantes  f.  2  horns  ;  etc. 

Rosier,  Gustav,  b.  Sept.  a,  1819 ;  d.  Des- 
sau, Feb.  24,  1882.  Teacher  and  comp.  (one 
opera,  Hfrniann  und  Dorothea,  often  perf.  at 
Dessau)* 


Rossa'ro,  Carlo,  b.  Crescentino,  Vercelli, 
1828  ;  d.  Turin,  Feb.  7,  1878.  Pianist  and 
comp.  (opera,  //  CasteUo  maladetto;  pf.-sonata, 
op.  23;  character-studies,  op.  10,  II,  15,  16 ; 
4-hand  sonata,  op.  23  ;  other  pieces,  op.  12-14  J 
fine  fantasia  f.  pf.  and  d.-bass) ;  etc. 

Ros'si,  Giovanni  Battista,  Genoese  monk. 
— Publ.  "  Organo  de'  canton  per  intendereda  se 
stesso  ogni  passo  difficile  che  si  trova  nella  mu- 
sica  "  (1618  ;  elucidates  certain  phases  of  men- 
sural notation). 

Ros'si,  Abbate  Francesco,  b.  Bari,  Italy, 
about  1645  ;  canon  there,  1680. — Works  .  The 
operas  //  Sejano  moderno  delta  Tracia  (Venice, 
1680) ;  La  Pena  degli  oichi,  and  LA  Cot  i  Ida 
(both  ibid.,  1688);  and  Mitrane  (ibid.,  1689); 
oratorio  La  caduta  degli  angeli  y  Requiem  a  5  ; 
psalms ,  etc. 

Ros'si,  Gaetano,  b.  Verona,  1780 ;  d.  there 
Jan.  27,  1855.  For  many  years  he  was  at- 
tached to  the  Fenice  Th.  at  Venice  as  dramatic 
poet.  He  wrote  over  100  libretti,  among  them 
Linda  di  Ckamonmx  and  Maria  PadUla^  for 
Donizetti;  La  prova  d'ttti1  opera  scria,  for 
Gnecco ;  //  Gittramento,  for  Mcrcadante ;  // 
Crociato  in  Egitto^  for  Meyerbeer ;  Tancr&ft  and 
Semiramidt)  for  Rossini ;  etc. 

Ros'si,  Luigi  Felice,  b.  Brandizzo,  Pied- 
mont, July  27,  1804 ;  d.  Turin,  June  20,  1863. 
Pupil  of  Raimondi  and  Zingarelli  at  Naples. 
Church-comp.  (masses.,  requiems,  Te  Deums, 
etc.).  Contributor  to  the  "  Gazzetta  Musicale"  of 
Milan,  etc.;  transl.  of  theoretical  works. 

Ros'si,  Lauro,  celebrated  dramatic  comp.; 
b.  Macerata,  Feb.  20,  1812 ;  d.  Cremona,  May 
6,  1885.  Pupil  of  Furno,  Zingarclli,  and  Cre- 
scentini  at  the  R.  Coll.  di  S.  Sebastiano,  Naples, 
graduating  1829,  bringing  out  a  buffo  opera,  Le 
Contesse  villa ue,  at  the  Fenice  Th.,  Naples,  with 
success.  He  became  maestro  at  the  Teatro 
Valle,  Rome,  in  1832  ;  with  his  tenth  opera,  La 
casa  dhafiitata  o  I  falsi  monetan,  prod,  at  La 
Scala,  Milan,  Aug.  16,  1835,  he  scored  his  first 
real  triumph— it  made  the  rounds  of  Italy,  and 
was  given  in  Paris.  Tn  1835  he  went  to  Mexico 
as  maestro  and  composer  to  an  Italian  opera- 
troupe,  becoming  its  director  in  1837,  and  going 
to  Havana  (1839)  and  New  Orleans  (1842),  re- 
turning to  Italy  in  1844.  In  1850,  Director  of 
the  Milan  Cons.;  succeeded  Mercadante  as  Dir. 
of  the  Naples  Cons,  in  1871,  resigning  in  1878, 
and  retiring  to  Cremona  in  1882.  lie  prod.  29 
operas,  I  falsi  inonetari  and  La  Confessa  di  Jlfons 
(Turin,  1874)  being  the  most  successful.  Other 
works:  The  oratorio  Saul  (1833);  elegies  on 
Bellini  and  Mercadante  ;  masses,  cantatas,  cho- 
ruses to  Plautus'  Captivi)  6  fugues  f.  atring- 
orch.,  8  vocalizzi  and  12  exercises  f.  soprano; 
songs ;  and  a  '*  Guida  ad  un  corso  di  annonia 
pratica  orale  "  for  Milan  Cons, 

Ros'si,  Giovanni  Gaetano,  b.  Borgo  S. 
Donino,  Parma,  Aug.  5,  1828 ;  d.  Genoa,  Mar. 
30,  1886.  From  1873-9,  matstrv  at  the  Carlo 


32 


497 


ROSSINI 


Felice  Th.,  Genoa;  then  Director  of  the  Liceo 
Musicale. — Works  :  4  operas  ;  an  oratorio  Le 
wtte  parole  j  overture  to  the  tragedy  Saitlo  (prize 
from  the  Soc.  del  Quartette,  Milan) ;  a  Requiem, 
3  masses,  etc. 

Rossi'ni,  Gioachino  Antonio,  a  classic 
representative  of  Italian  opera ;  called  the 
"  Swan  of  Pesaro," 
because  born  at  Pe- 
saro, Feb.  29,  1792; 
died  at  Ruelle,  near 
Paris,  Nov.  13, 
1868.  From  the 
age  of  4,  he  was  left 
at  Bologna  by  his 
parents,  who  were 
obliged  to  travel  to 
earn  a  subsistence ; 
the  father  as  horn- 
player  in  the  opera- 
troupes  in  which  the 
mother  sang  aspri- 
ma  donna  buff  a. 
Instructed  fiom  1799,  with  meagre  results,  by  a 
pedantic  piano-teacher  named  Prinetti,  in  1802 
he  was  turned  over  to  Angelo  Tesei,  under  whom 
he  made  rapid  progress  ;  he  sang  in  church,  and 
afterwards  followed  his  parents  as  a  singer  and 
accompanist  in  the  theatre.  In  1807  he  entered 
the  Conservatory  (Liceo)  at  Bologna,  studying 
composition  under  Padre  Mattel,  and  the  'cello 
under  Cavedagni.  In  a  year  he  brought  out  a 
cantata,  Ilpianto  d* Armenia  per  la  mortc  d'Or- 
feoi  \\  hich  won  a  prue  ;  he  soon  broke  off  the 
study  of  counterpoint,  being  told  by  Mattel  dhat 
he  knew  enough  to  write  operas — the  goal  of  his 
ambition.  His  first  was  a  one-act  opera  buffa, 
La  cambiak  di  matrimonio,  well  received  at  the 
San  Mose  Th.,  Venice,  in  1810 ;  returning  to 
Bologna,  he  produced  next  year  a  two-act  opera 
buffa,  L'eguwoto  siravagante,  with  applause. 
Fortunate  from  the  outset,  he  received  various 
commissions  to  furnish  light  operas,  writing  5 
during  1812.  In  1813  he  scored  his  first  grand 
success  with  Tancredi  at  the  FeniceTh.,  Venice, 
followed  up  by  Eltaliana  in  Algeri^  an  opera 
buffa  perf.  at  the  San  Benedetto  Th.  Encour- 
aged by  repeated  successes,  R.  ventured  to  set 
the  text  of  one  of  Paisiello's  operas,  Atmaviiia, 
ossia  V inutile  frecauzioue,  and  to  bring  it  out  at 
the  Argentina  Th.,  Rome,  in  1816  This  opera 
later  so  celebrated  under  the  tjjtle  of  //  Barbicre 
di  Swiglia,  and  certainly  one  of  the  finest  speci- 
mens of  Italian  opera  buffa,  was  hissed,  on  its 
first  production,  by  the  old  frequenters  of  the 
theatre,  indignant  at  the  young  master's  "pre- 
sumption "  ;  but  the  second  night  was  a  veritable 
triumph  for  R.'s  genius,  and  the  opera  speedily 
made  the  round  of  European  stages.  In  Elisa- 
betta^  given  at  Naples  in  1815,  R.  dispensed 
with  secco  recitative — a  great  innovation.  From 
1815-23  R.  was  under  contract  to  write  two 
operas  yearly  for  Barbaja,  manager  of  the  Nea- 
politan theatres,  La  Scala  at  Milan,  and  the 


Italian  opera  at  Vienna,  receiving  a  remuneration 
of  12,000  lire  (francs)  per  annum.  1  Hiring  these 
8  yean,  he  composed  no  less  than  20  operas.  In 
the  spring  of  1822  he  spent  a  most  successful 
season,  musically  and  socially,  in  Vienna  ;  but 
he  was  generally  engaged  in  travelling  liom 
town  to  town  in  Italy  ioi  the  put  pose  of  bringing 
out  his  increasingly  popular  dramatic  works.  In 
1823,  disappointment  at  the  cool  zeception  ol  his 
carefully  written  »S1v////  amide  by  the  Venetians, 
and  a  favoiable  offer  fiom  IJcnelli,  the  manager 
of  the  King's  Th  ,  induced  him  to  go  to  London. 
Although  IJenelh  did  not  fulfil  his  piomises,  R. 
met  with  flattering  attentions  fiom  the  court,  and 
by  means  of  grand  concerts,  etc.,  found  himself 
in  possession  of  ,£7000  when  he  left  Kngland  5 
months  later.  Now,  lor  18  months,  he  under- 
took the  management  of  the  Thcfttic  Itahen  at 
Paris,  and  produced  several  operas  with  much 
artistic  success  ;  but  his  managerial  caicer  was 
not  so  fortunate  financially.  Thereafter  he  was 
appointed  "  Premier  compositcur  du  101"  and 
"  Inspccteur-general  du  chant  en  France,"  two 
sinecures  to  which  a  salary  of  2n,cxx>  francs  was 
attached  ;  the  Revolution  of  1830  cost  him  these 
positions,  but  he  afterwards  received  a  pension 
of  6000  francs.  At  the  Opera  he  presented 
some  highly  successful  revisions,  in  Krench  vci- 
sions,  of  earlier  Italian  operas ;  these  may  be 
regarded  as  preliminary  studies  to  his  master- 
piece, Gitillaitmc  Tell,  first  given  at  the  Opc'ra 
on  Aug.  3,  1829,  with  a  magnificent  cast,  and 
winning  immense  applause.  With  this  grand 
work  Rossini  abruptly  closed  his  dramatic  catt-er 
at  the  age  of  37.  lie  made  a  flying  visit  to  his 
father  in  Bologna,  ami  shortly  alter  the  July 
Revolution  returned  to  Paris,  where,  under  the 
new  r$i/Mft  he  had  no  inducement  to  continue 
opera-writing.  In  1832  his  famous  Slabat  Mater 
was  written,  though  not  produced  in  its  entirety 
until  1842.  Meantime  Meyerbeer  en teiecl  upon 
the  scene  with  Les  Huguenots  (i*$h)t  in  order  to 
hear  which  R.  long  delayed  his  intended  return 
to  Bologna ;  after  the  performance  he  icsolved 
to  write  no  more  operas,  and  this  resolution  was 
not  shaken  even  by  the  sensational  revival  of 
Tell  in  1837,  with  Duprex  in  the  title-role,  lie 
lived  in  retirement  at  Uologiui  and  Florence  until 
1855,  thenceforward  making1  Paris  his  home,  but 
writing  little  now  music  (the  **  Petite  messc 
solcmnelle,"  f.  soli,  eh.,  and  orch. ;  a  cantata  lor 
the  Exposition  of  1867  ;  and  a  number  of  piano- 
pieces).  In  the  afterglow  of  his  prestige  as  an 
opera-composer,  amid  a  circle  of  devoted  ad- 
mirers  and  friends,  his  last  years  passed  hap- 
pily. 

Operas :  La  camlialt  di  w&trinionio  (1810) ; 
EeqttiwcQ  sfravagaHtff  (1811) ;  Jfingannojelife, 
L* occasions  fa  illadro,  oma  21  cambh  delta  w//- 
gia,  La  scala  di  seta,  tiemetrio  e  /Wi£/r>,  and  La 
pietra  del  paragon?  (1812) ;  Ttincrftti  (Venice, 
1813);  fil fatten*  in  Afari(&i$)\  II  folio  per 
a&zardo  (1813);  Attreliano  in  Palmira  (1814) ; 
//  Turco  in  Italia  (Milan,  I, a  Scala,  1814) ; 
Elisabetta,  regina  d*  Inghilterra  (Naples,  San 


498 


ROSSLER— ROUGET  DE   L'ISLE 


Carlo  Th,  1815),  Sigimondo  (1815) ;  //  Bar- 
here  di  Swigha  (Rome,  Argentina  Th.,  1816); 
Torvaldo  e  Dorluka  (1815)  ,  La  Gazzetta  (Na- 
ples, 1816) ;  Otello  (Naples,  del  Fondo  Th., 
1816) ;  La  Cenerenhda  (Rome,  teatro  Valle, 
1816) ,  La  gawa  ladra  (Milan,  La  Scala,  1817) ; 
Arnnda  (1817) ,  Adelaide  di  Borgogna  [or  Ot- 
tont\  re  iflfaha}  (Rome,  iSiS) ;  Adina^  o  II  ca- 
hffo  di  Bagdad  (Lisbon,  1818),  Mo^  in  Egitto 
(Naples,  1818  ;  Paris,  as  Moise  en  £gypte,  1827)  ; 
Ricciardo  e  Zoraide  (1818) ,  Ermione  (1819) ; 
Edoardo  e  Cristina  (Venice,  1819);  La  donna  del 
lago  [after  Scott]  (Naples,  San  Carlo  Th  ,  1819)  ; 
Biamae  Faliero  (1820),  JMaometto  //(Naples, 
San  Carlo,  1820  ;  Paris,  revised  as  Le  sit\i>e  de 
Corinthe,  Opera,  1826);  Matilda  di  Ciabrano 
(1821) ;  Zelmira  (1822) ;  Semiramide  (Venice, 
Fenice  Th.,  1823 ;  Paris,  Giand  Opera,  as 
Sfnnramis^  t86o) ;  //  vitijqtfio  a  fi/ieiws,  ossia 
L'albergo  d?l$igho  </W(Pans,  Th.  Ital.,  1825); 
Le  comte  Ory  (augm.  and  icvised  version  of  pre- 
ceding ;  Paris,  Opera,  1828);  Gml/aitme  Tell 
i  Opera,  1829). — Cantatas*  II pianto  d?  Armenia 
1808);  Didone  abbandonata  (iSli);  Giro  in 
Babilonia  (1810) ;  Egh  ed  Irene  (1814) ;  Teti  e 
Peleo  (1816) ;  Igea  (1819) ;  Partetiope  (1819) ; 
La  riconoscensa  (1821);  II  vtro  oniaggio  (1822); 
Uaitgitrio  f clue  (1823);  La  satia  alkanza 
(1823)  ;  //  ftartto  (1823) ;  fUiitonw  (1823) ;  // 
pianto  delle  Muse  (London,  1823) ;  /  Pastori 
(Naples,  1825) ;  1?  serto  votiw  (Bologna,  1829). 
His  first  publ.  comp.  was  the  canzonet  "  Sc  il 
vuol  la  molinani "  ;  lie  wrote  other  canzonets 
and  arias  (e.g.  "  Soirees  musicales,"  8  ariettas 
and  4  duets),  "  (iorghcggt  e  solfeggi  per  soprano 
per  rendere  la  voce  agile,"  hymns,  short  canta- 
tas, and  songs;  a  "Chant  des  Titans"  f.  4 
bosses  w.  orch. ;  Tan  turn  ergo  f .  3  male  voices 
w.  orch.;  (juoniam  f.  solo  bass  w.  orch.;  O 
salutaris,  f.  solo  quartet. 

Biographical:  "  Vic  de  Rossini,"  by  Sten- 
dhal (1823); 4I  Lc  Rossmianc,"  by  Carpani(i824); 
"  De  la  guerre  des  dilettanti  ou  de  la  revolution 
opere'e  par  M.  Rossini  dans  1'opcra  fmn9ais" 
(1829) ;  "  R.,  sa  vie  et  ses  cuuvres,"  by  Azvcdo 
(1865) ;  "  Life  of  R.,"  by  II.  S.  Edwards  (Lon- 
don, 1869) ;  "Biografiadi  (1.  R.,"  by  Zanolini 
(1875);  "Rossini,  notes,  impressions,  souve- 
nirs," by  Pougin  (1870) ;  "  Rossini,"  by  Sittard 
(1882);  "R.,  sein  Lebcn,  seine  Werke  und 
Charakterzttge,"  by  Struth  (Leipzig) ;  also  a 
sketch  by  Dr.  A.  Kohut  (Leipzig,  1892). 

R8ss'ler,  F.  A.    See  ROSUTTI,  F.  A. 

Rest,  Nicolas,  pastor  at  Kosmcnz,  Altcn- 
burg. — Publ.  "30  geistlichc  und  weltliche 
tcutsche  Lioder"  a  4-6  (1583) ;  "30  ncwe  lieb- 
liche  (Jalliarden "  a  4  (1594) ;  and  Cantiones 
selcctissimae,"  motets  a  6-8  (1614) ;  in  MS.,  a 
Passion  an. 

Rost,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Ehrenfried,  b. 
Bautzen,  Apr.  n,  1768  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Feb.  12, 
1835,  as  rector  of  the  Thomasschule. — PubL 
"I)e  insigni  utilitate  ex  artis  musicae  studio 
in  puerorum  educatione  redundante "  (1800) ; 


"Oratio  ad  renovandam  Sethi  Calvisii  memo- 
riam"  (1805)  ;  "De  necessitudme,  quae  httera- 
rum  studiis  cum  arte  musica  intercedit"  (1817) ; 
and  "  Wai  hat  die  Leipzi^er  Thomasschule  fur 
die  Reformation  gethan?"  (1817;  w.  biogr.  of 
Rhaw). 

Roth  [rot],  Philipp,  b.  Tarnowitz,  Silesia, 
Oct.  25,  1853  ;  d  Berlin,  June  9,  1898  'Cel- 
list, pupil  of  Wilhelm  Muller,  and  (1876-8)  of 
Hausmann  at  the  Hochschule^  Berlin.  Head- 
quarters Berlin,  whence  he  made  many  concert- 
tours  ;  founded  the  "  Freie  mus  Vereimgung" 
in  1890  — Publ.  a  "  Fuhrcr  durch  die  Violoncell- 
Litteratur." 

Roth,  Bertrand,  b.  Degersheim,  St  Gallen, 
Feb.  12,  1855.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons, 
and  Liszt ,  teacher  at  the  Hoch  Cons.,  Frank- 
fort ;  founded,  with  Schwarz  and  Fleisch,  the 
Raff  Cons,  in  1882 ;  from  1885-90,  taught  at 
the  Cons,  in  Dresden,  where  he  opened  a  pri- 
vate music-school  in  1890. 

Ro'toli,  Augusto,  b.  Rome,  Jan.  7,  1847. 
Pupil  of  Lucchesi  ;  choir-boy  at  St.  Peter's. 
Founded  the  "  Societa  corale  de'  concerti  sagri," 
which  he  conducted.  Singing-master  to  Princess 
Margherita,  1876  ;  maettroQi  the  Cappella  realc 
del  Sudario  in  1878.  Having  achieved  a  high 
reputation  as  a  cond. ,  singing-teacher,  and  song- 
composer,  he  was  called  to  Boston,  Mass.,  m 
1885  as  vocal  instructor  in  the  New  Engl.  Cons. 
— Chevalier  of  the  Ital.  Crown,  etc. — Works : 
Mass  a  4  (for  the  funeral  of  Victor  Emmanuel, 
1878);  "Salmo  elegiaco"on  the  same,  f.  bar. 
solo,  ch  ,  and  orch.  (1878)  ;  many  songs  w.  pf. 

Rot'ter,  Ludwig,  b.  Vienna,  Sept.  6,  1810 ; 
d.  there  Apr.  5,  1895.  Beginning  his  career  in 
1830  as  a  pianist  and  accompanist,  he  became 
organist  of  various  churches,  and  in  1867  suc- 
ceeded Sechter  as  court  organist,  with  the  title 
u  Imp.  Royal  Vice-Kapellmeister" — Sacred  cho- 
ral works  (masses,  requiems,  Te  Peums,  offer- 
tories, graduals,  etc.) ;  organ-music  ;  pf.-picces. 
Wrote  a  Thorough-bass  Method. 

Rotfmanner,  Eduard,  b.  Munich,  Sept.  2, 
1809 ;  d.  Speyer,  May  4,  1843,  as  cathedral- 
organist. — Many  MS.  works :  2  mosses  a  4,  w. 
org.;  l  mass  a  16  ;  a  Requiem  ;  a  Stabat  Mater 
w.  organ  and  strings  ;  etc.  (an  Ave  Maria  a  4, 
w.  strings,  organ,  and  2  horns  ad  lib.,  was  publ.). 

Rouget  de  1'Isle,  Claude-Joseph,  com- 
poser of  the  "Marseillaise";  b.  Lons-lc-Saul- 
nier,  Jura,  May  10,  1760;  d.  Choisy-le-Roy, 
June  27,  1836.  lie  wrote  the  famous  national 
hymn  in  1792,  while  a  military  engineer  at 
Strassburg.  Imprisoned  for  refusing  to  take 
the  oath  against  the  crown,  he  went  to  Paris 
after  Robespierre's  downfall,  and  comp.  a 
u  Ilymne  dithyrambique  sur  la  conjuration  de 
Robespierre  ..."  (1794),  "Chant  des  ven- 
geances" (1798),  and  a  " Chant  du  combat"  for 
the  army  in  Kgypt  (1800).  He  publ.  "  50 
Chants  francais"  in  1825;  and  wrote  several 
opera-libretti. 


499 


ROUSSEAU-RUBINI 


Rousseau,  Jean- Jacques,  b.  Geneva,  June 
28,  1712 ;  d.  Ermenonville,  n.  Tans,  July  3, 
1778.  Without  other  musical  training  than  des- 
ultory self -instruction,  this  great  philosopher  and 
author  made  his  de'but  in  Paris  at  the  age  of  29, 
as  a  reformer  of  mus.  notation,  reading  a  paper 
before  the  Academic,  in  1742,  which  was  revised 
and  publ.  as  a  "  Dissertation  sur  la  musique 
moderne"  (1743).  His  opera,  Les  Muses  ga- 
lantes^  had  only  one  private  representation,  at  the 
house  of  La  Popelimere  in  1745  ;  his  revision  ^of 
the  intermezzo  La  reins  de  Navarre  (by  Voltaire 
and  Rameau)  was  a  flat  failure  in  Paris^;  but  his 
opera  Le  Devin  dit  village  (Grand  Opera,  1752) 
was  very  successful,  and  was  on  the  repertory 
for  some  60  years.  In  the  meantime  his  hastily 
written  musical  articles  for  the  "  Encyclopedic" 
had  evoked  scathing  criticisms  from  Rameau  and 
others ;  improved  by  revision  and  augmentation, 
they  were  repubU  as  his  "  Dictionnaire  de  mu- 
sique "  (1768).  In  1752  commenced  the  hot  dis- 
pute, known  as  the  "  guerre  des  Bouffons," 
between  the  partisans  of  French  and  Italian 
opera ;  R.  sided  with  the  latter,  publishing  a 
"Lettre  a  M.  Grimm  au  sujet  des  remarques 
ajoute'es  a  sa  lettre  sur  Omphale  "  (1752),  fol- 
lowed by  the  caustic  "  Lettre  sur  la  musique 
fran9aise"  (1753,  to  which  the  members  of  the 
Opera  responded  by  burning  him  in  effigy  and 
excluding  him  from  the  theatre)  and  "  Lettre 
d'un  symphoniste  de  I'acad&nie  royale  dc  mu- 
sique a  ses  camarades  de  1'orchestre  "  (1753).  In 
Pygmalion  (1773)  he  created  the  melodrama  ;  the 
work  met  with  great  success.  Six  new  arias  for 
Le  Devin  du,  milage^  and  a  collection  of  about 
ico  romances  and  duets,  "Les  consolations  des 
miseres  de  ma  vie  "  (1781),  and  fragments  of  an 
opera,  Daphnis  et  C/t&J,  were  publ.  posthu- 
mously (1780).  All  his  writings  on  music  have 
been  often  republ.  in  editions  of  his  "  Collected 
Works."  Despite  his  deficiencies  as  a  musician, 
he  exercised  great  influence  on  contemporary 
French  art. 

Rousseau,  Samuel-Alexandre,  b.  Neuve- 
maison,  Aisne,  June  11,  1853.  Pupil  of  Paris 
Cons.;  won  the  Prix 
Cresscnt  in  1878,  also 
the  2nd  Grand  prix 
de  Rome.  Prod  the 
i-act  comedy-opera 
Dianorah  attheOpe*ra- 
Comique,  1879;  his 
opera  M/mwig  won 
the  Prize  of  the  City 
of  Paris  in  1891.  Since 
1892,  1st  chef  d'orch. 
at  the  Th.-Lyrique. ' 
On  June  8,  1898,  his 
3-act  lyric  drama  La 
cloche  du  JR/iin  had 
a  wcch  d'estime  at 
the  Ope'ra  (said  to  be  an  unsatisfactory  attempt 
to  imitate  Wagner's  dramatic  procedures).  Has 
also  written  a  solemn  mass,  many  songs,  etc. 


Rousseau,  Jean,  violinist  in  Paris  — Publ. 
"Traitede  hiviolc"  (1687,  w.  history  of  the 
instr);  *' Methode  ciairc  .  .  pour  apprendre 
a  chanter  la  musique  ..."  (1678,010,,  with  rlhcc- 
tions  for  playing  graces) ;  and  2  hooks  of  pieces 
f.  viola  w.  cxeicises,  and  directions  for  diflerent 
tunings  (no  date). 

Roussier,  Abbe  Pierre  7  Joseph,  b.  Mar- 
seilles, 1716  ;  d.  as  canon  at  Kcouis,  Normandy, 
about  1790. — Publ.  "  Sentiment  d'un  harmoni- 
phile  sur  differents  ouvragcs  dc  musique  "  (i  750); 
"  Traitc  des  accords  et  clc  leur  succession" 


des  ancicns  "  (1770) ;  "  Notes  ct  observations 
sur  le  memoirc  du  P.  Amiot  ccmccinant  la  mu- 
sique des  chinois"  (1779) ;  '*  Mem.  sur  In  nou- 
velle  harpe  de  M.  Cousincnii  "  (1782);  4I  Mem. 
sur  le  clavecin  chroma  tic  itie  "  (1782);  "  LeUre 
sur  1'acceptation  des  mols  fosse  fomlawentale 
-  -  ."(1783;  "Journal  encyclop/',  vol  i) ;  etc. 

Rovel'H,  Pietro,  b.  Hurgomo,  Feb.  6,  1793  ; 
d.  there  Sept.  8,  1838,  as  macstio  at  the  dun  eh 
of  S.  Maria  Maggiore,  and  isl  violin  in  the  theatre* 
orch.  Pupil  of  K.  Kreutxcr  ;  teacher  of  Molique 
while  leader  at  Munich  (1817-10.).  Publ.  excel- 
lent  etudes. 

Royet'ta,  Giovanni,  pupil  of  Monteverde, 
and  his  successor  in  1644  as  1st  waestnn\\  San 
Marco,  Venice,  where  he  died  in  Aug.,  i(>f>8. — 
Works:  2  operas,  JKrcafe  in  Lhtia  (rO^s)  and 
Argiofe  (1649 ;  finished  by  Leardini  d'Urbino) ; 
publ.  much  church-music  :  Salmi  concertati  per 
vespri  (1626) ;  Madrigali  conccrliiti  (1627 ;  othei-s 
in  1640  and  1645) ;  Moltetti  conccrtati  .  .  .  od 
una  messa  concciuita  (1635) ;  Salmi  a  1-4  voci 
con  una  messa  (1642) ;  Salmi  a  5-6  con  2  violiui ; 
Salmi  a  8  (1644);  Mottetti  concertali  a  2-3  con 
litanie  a  4  (1647);  Salmi  per  i  vespri  e  compiela 
a  8  (1662). 

Roze,  Abbe*  Nicolas,  b,  Kourg-Ncuf,  n. 
Chalons, -Jan.  17,  1745;  d.  St.-Mancle,n.  Paris, 
Sept.  30,  1819.  From  1807,  handle's  successor 
as  librarian  of  the  Conservatoire.— Publ.  a  **  Me- 
thode  de  plain-chant  '*;  also  vocal  church-music. 

Rozkol'itf  [-kftsh'-l  Josef  Richard,  b. 
Prague,  Sept.  21, 1833.  i>upN  <>*  Jiranek,  Toma- 
schek,  and  Fr.  Kittl.  In  1855  he  made  a  suc- 
cessful pianistic  tour  through  Austria,  Hungary, 
Rumania,  etc. ;  resides  in  Prague. — Works :  The 
Bohemian  operas  Aw  Afaria,  MifaM  [St. 
Nicholas](i87o),»SW/^«j^[St. John's  Rapids], 
Zdvih  Falkenstejna  [Zavish  of  KalkcnsteinJ,  /*>- 
tldci  [The  Poachers], Ptftlka  I  Cinderella  (1885), 
Mbba,  folbgmhl  (1889),  and  tixtanella  (1898) ;  all 
at  Prague;  also  overtures,  2  masses  f .  male  voices, 
many  songs  and  choruses,  and  pf. -music, 

Rubi'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  celebrated 
tenor ;  b.  Romano,  Itergumo,  Apr.  7, 1795 ;  d,  at 
his  castle  near  Romano,  March  2,  1854.  IHs 
teacher  was  Rosio  of  Bergamo  ;  cltJbul  at  I'avm, 
1814,  after  which  he  sang  for  a  time  at  Naples; 


500 


RUBINSTEIN 


became  famous  during  a  season  in  Vienna  (1824), 
was  in  Milan  1825,  and  went  thence  to  Pans, 
singing  with  triumphant  success  at  the  Theatre 
Itahcn  1825-6.  Alter  further  successes  in  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  the  impresario  Uarbaja  secured 
him  for  Italy,  paying  him  finally  60,000  francs 
From  1832-43  he  sang  alternately  at  London 
and  Pans  ;  accompanied  Liszt  to  Berlin  in  1843, 
visited  St.  Petersburg  twice  more,  and  in  1845 
returned  to  Italy  as  a  millionaire.  Mario  was  his 
pupil.  He  publ.  "  12  Lezioni  di  canto  moderno 
per  tenore  o  soprano  " ;  and  an  album  of  6  songs, 
"  L'Addio." 

Ru'binstein  [roo'bin-stTn],  Anton  Gregoro- 
vitch,  b.  Weehwotynec?,  Uessarabia,  Nov.  30, 
1830 ;  d.  Peterhof, 
n.  St.  Petersburg, 
Nov.  20,  1894. 
Soon  after  his  birth, 
the  family  went  to 
Moscow,  where  his 
father  established  a 
IDencil-factory.  His 
Jirst  teacher  was  his 
mother;  at  7  he 
began  the  study  of 
the  piano  under 
Alexander  Villoing, 
who  was  thereafter 
his  sole  instructor 
on  that  instr.  Vil- 
loing took  him  to  Paris  toward  the  end  of  1839, 
and  in  1840  R.  played  before  Chopin,  Lis/t,  ami 
others.  Liszt,  fully  recognizing  Ins  wonderful 
talent,  advised  him  to  complete  his  studies  in 
Germany.  From  Paris  master  and  pupil  pro- 
ceeded to  Holland,  Kngland,  Scandinavia,  and 
Germany,  giving  concerts  by  the  way ;  and  ar- 
rived at  Moscow  in  1843.  As  Anton's  brother, 
Nikolai  [Nicholas],  evinced  talent  fdr  composi- 
tion, both  boys  were  taken  to  JJerlin  in  1844, 
where,  on  Meyerbeer's  iccommcndation,  Anton 
studied  composition  under  I  >chn.  The  father's 
illness  (1846)  caused  the  mother  lo  icturn  to 
Moscow  with  her  younger  son  ;  Anton  remained 
in  Hcrlin,  whence  he  visited  Vienna,  and  made 
a  tour  through  Hungary  with  the  flutist  Ileindl. 
Returning  to  Russia  on  the  outbreak  of  the 
revolution  of  1848,  he  settled  in  St.  Petersburg. 
Here  he  enjoyed  the  liberal  patronage  of  the 
Grand  Duchess  Helen,  and  produced  2  Russian 
operas,  Dimitri  J)on$koi  (1852)  and  Sibirskije 
Ochotnlkie  [The  Siberian  llunlcrs]  (1853 ;  I 
act).  In  1854,  on  the  advice  and  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Count  Wielhorski  and  the  Grand 
Duchess,  R.  undertook  a  journey  for  the  purpose 
of  making  himself  and  Ins  works  better  known. 
He  found  publishers  in  Berlin,  and  gave  con- 
certs of  his  own  works  at  London  and  Paris, 
exciting  admiration  as  a  composer  and  pianist ; 
on  his  return  in  1858,  he  was  appointed  court 
pianist,  and  conductor  of  the  court  concerts.  He 
assumed  the  direction  of  the  Russian  Musical 
Society  in  1859  >  in  *86a  lie  founded  the  Imp. 


Cons,  at  St.  Petersburg,  remaining  its  director 
until  1867.  In  1865  he  married  Vcra  Tchekua- 
noff  For  20  years  he  held  no  ofhtial  position  ; 
from  1867-70  he  toured  Europe,  winning  fame 
as  a  pianist  hardly  second  to  that  of  Lis/t ;  1872-3 
he  extended  his  triumphs  over  the  American 
continent,  playing  in  215  concerts,  for  which  he 
was  paid  $40,000  ;  but  the  artistic  wretchedness 
then  endured  was  such  that  he  could  never 
again  be  persuaded  to  cross  the  ocean,  refusing 
even  an  offer  of  $125,000  for  fifty  concerts 
Otherwise  his  time  was  chiefly  devoted  to  com- 
posing, and  to  bringing  out  his  works  for  the 
stage.  On  DavidofF's  resignation  in  1887,  R.  re- 
sumed the  directorship  of  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons, 
for  3  years  ;  after  which  he  lived  principally  in 
IJerlin  and  (from  1892)  in  Dresden. — From  the 
Czar  Rubinstein  received  the  Order  of  Vladimir, 
carrying  with  it  nobility,  and  the  title  of  Imp. 
Russian  State  Councillor ;  he  was  an  Officer  of 
the  Legion  of  Honor,  a  Knight  of  the  Prussian 
Ordre  pour  le  merite,  etc.,  etc. 

It  was  R.'s  most  cherished  desire  to  be  recog- 
nized as  a  great  dramatic  composer ;  but,  al- 
though several  of  his  13  best-known  operas  (espe- 
cially JVt'ro*  The  Af at  cabers,  The  Demon}  have 
many  admirers, — though  his  chief  bid  for  im- 
mortality, the  "new  form"  of  the  so-culled 
Sacied  Opera,  (The  7\wer  of  Babel^  Paradise 
Lost,  Afosts,  Chrisfus,)  has  features  of  marked 
originality  and  powerful  ideality, — though  his 
"Ocean"  symphony,  his  piano-concertos  in  D 
minor  and  G,  and  many  beautiful  piano-compo- 
sitions in  the  most  diverse  styles,  have  been 
received  with  the  wannest  enthusiasm, — and 
though  he  was  feted  and  adored  as  few  musicians 
have  been, — nevertheless  he  died  disappointed, 
and  unhopeful  for  the  future  of  musical  composi- 
tion. Wagner,  his  successful  rival  in  dramatic 
composition,  he  never  appreciated.  For  him, 
musical  creation  died  with  Chopin ;  and  he 
thought  the  outlook  but  gloomy  for  its  resurrec- 
tion. 

OPKRAS  (including  the  ORATORIOS)  :  Dimitri 
Donskoi,  Russian  opera  (St.  P.,  1852);  Sibitskije 
Ochotnikic,  do.  (St.  P.,  1852) ;  Forna  Duratchok 
[Toms,  the  Fool),  do.  (St.  P.,  1858);  Mcst 
[Revenge],  do.  (St.  P.,  1858) ;  Die  Kinder  for 
ffa/t/t;  5-act  German  grand  opera  (Vienna, 
1861);  Fer amors,  odcr  Jjilla,  Kookh,  3-act  Ger. 
lyric  opera  (Dresden,  1863) ;  Dcr  Thurm  zu 
Rabel^  Ger.  sacred  opera  (KOnigsberg,  1870) ; 
The  Demon,  3-act  Russ.  fantastic  opera  (St.  P., 
1875) ;  Die  Makkabtier,  3-act  Ger.  opera  (Berlin, 
1875);  Das  veihrene  Paradies,  Ger.  sacred 
opera  (DUsseldorf,  1875);  Nero,  4-act  Ger. 
opera  (Hamburg,  1879);  Kalashnikojf  Moskowki 
Xttpets  [The  Merchant  of  Moscow],  3-act  Russ. 
opera  (St.  P.,  1880);  Sulamith,  Ger.  Biblical 
stage-play  (Hamburg,  1883);  unter  JRb-ubetti, 
i-act  Ger.  comic  opera  (Hamburg,  1883 ) ;  Der 
JPafagei,  do.  (ibid.,  1884) ;  Moses,  Ger.  sacred 
opera  (1887) ;  Gorjushka,  3-act  Russ.  opera  (St. 
P.,  1889);  Christ  us,  Ger.  sacred  opera  (Bremen, 
1895) ;  also  a  ballet,  La  rignc  [Die  Robe]. 


501 


RUBINSTEIN— RUDORFF 


VOCAL  w.  ORCH.  :  2  cantatas,  Die  Nixe  (op. 
63,  f.  alto  solo  and  female  ch.)  and  Der  Morgan 
(op.  74,  f.  male  ch.) ,  scene  and  aria  f.  sopr., 
41  fe  dunque  vero,"  op.  58  ;  2  scenes  f.  alto, 
11  Hecuba"  and  "  Hagar  in  der  Wuste,"op.  92, 
Nos.  i  and  2. 

FOR  ORCHESTRA  :  6  symphonies  (op.  40,  in  F ; 
op.  42  [*'  Ocean,"  inC,  ynioyem  ] ;  op.  56,  in  A  ; 
op  95,  in  D  min.  ["  dramatic"]  ;  op.  107,  in  G 
min.  [in  memory  of  Or.  Duch.  Helen] ;  op.  in, 
in  A  min.);  the  mus.  "character-pictures,' 
41  Faust"  (op.  68),  "Ivan  IV."  (op.  79).  and 
"Don  Quixote  "(op.  87);  3  concert-overtures, 
op.  43  ("triomphale"),  op.  60,  and  op.  116 
("  Anthony  and  Cleopatra  ") ;  a  Suite  in  6  move- 
ments, op  irg  (his  last  work) ;  symphonic  poem 
"LaRussie." 

INSTRUMENTAL  :  5  pf. -concertos  (op.  25,  in 
E ;  op.  35,  in  F ;  op.  45,  in  G ;  op.  70,  in  I) 


op  46 ;  Romance  and  Caprice  f.  vln.  w.  orch., 
op.  86  ;  2  'cello-concertos  (op.  65,  in  A  min.; 
op.  96)  ,  octet  f.  pf.,  strings,  and  wind,  op.  9  ; 
string-sextet,  op.  97 ;  quintet  f.  pf.  and  wind, 
op.  55  ;  pf. -quintet,  op  99 ;  pf. -quartet,  op. 
66 ;  5  pf.-trios,  op.  15  (Nos.  1-2),  52,  85, 108  ;  3 
violin-sonatas,  op.  13,  19,  28 ;  2  'cello-sonatas, 
op.  18,  39  ;  i  viola-sonata,  op.  49  (arr.  f.  violin 
by  David)  ; — for  piano  solo  :  Suite,  op.  38  ;  4 
sonatas,,  op.  12,  20,  41,  100 ;  6  Preludes,  op. 
24 ,  6  Etudes,  op.  23  ;  6  do.,  op.  81  ,  5  Barca- 
rolles; 44Kamenoi-Ostrow"  ["Isle  of  Kame- 
noi "  in  the  Neva,  w.  palace ;  a  series  of  24 


*  Album  de  Peterhof,"  op.  75  ;  etc.;— -for  fj. 
hands  :  Sonata,  op.  89  ;  "  JJal  costume,  op. 
103 ;  6  Charakterbilder,  op.  50  ;  Fantasia  f.  2 
pf.s,  op.  73- 

SONGS,  etc.:  Over  100  songs  w.  pf.,  op.  i,  8, 
27,  32  ("  Asra  "  is  No.  6),  33,  34  [Mirza  Schaffy], 
36,  57,  64  (5  Fables),  72  (one  is  "  Es  blinkt  der 
Thau"),  76,  78,  83,  91  [Wilhelm  Meister],  101, 
105,  115  ; — "  Songs  and  Requiem  for  Mignon" 
[Wiih.  Meister],  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  pf.,  op.  91 ;  18 
duets  w.  pf.,  op.  48,  67  ;  9  male  choruses,  op. 
31,  61 ;  6  mixed  choruses,  op.  62. 

Biographical:  "Memoirs"  (St.  Petersburg, 
.1889,  in  Russian  ;  Leipzig,  1803,  2nd  ed.  1895, 
in  German  as  "  Erinnerungeii  aus  50  Jahren, 
1839-89  ").  Also  a  "  Life  "  by  MacArthur  (Lon- 
don, 1889). 

As  a  writer,  besides  the  "  Memoirs,"  R.  publ. 
"  Die  Musik  und  ihre  Meister"  (1892),  followed 
by  "  Gedankenkorb "  as  a  sort  of  supplement 
(Leipzig,  1897) ;  in  both  he  shows  himself  a 
master  in  satire. 

RUBINSTEIN  PRIZE.  Competition  open  only 
to  young  men  between  20  and  26  years  of  age, 
of  any  nationality,  confession,  or  condition. 
Two  prizes  of  5,000  francs  each  are  offered, 
one  for  composition,  the  other  for  pf .^playing. 


Quinquennial  competitions:  1890  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1895  at  Berlin,  1900  at  Vienna,  1005  at 
Paris;  then  igioat  St.  Petersbuig,  and  so  louh. 

Ru'binstein,  Nikolai  [Nicholas],  brotlici  of 
Anton ;  b.  Moscow,  June  2,  1835  ;  d  Paris, 
Mar.  23,  1881.  Pupil,  1844-6,  of  Kullak  (pf.) 
and  Dchn  (comp  )  at  liuilin.  I  Us  brother  de- 
clared him  to  be  a  better  pianist  than  himself — an 
opinion  not  shared  by  the  general  public.  lie 
founded  the  Moscow  Mus.  Soc.  in  1851),  and 
this  Society  opened,  in  18(14,  the  Moscow  Cons  , 
of  which  R.  was  1  hrcctor  until  death.  He  gave 
annual  concerts  in  St.  Petersburg  ;  anil  in  1878 
cond.  4  Russian  concerts  at  the  Paiis  Kxposi- 
tion. — Publ.  tasteful  and  original  pf.-pieces, 
among  them  op,  IT,  Ma/uikas  r  and  2  ;  op.  13, 
Bolero  ;  op.  14,  Tarcntclk'  ;  op.  15,  Polka  ;  op. 
16,  Valse  de  salon;  op.  17,  Polonaise;  Scene 
de  bal ;  etc. 

Ru'binstein,  Joseph  [no  relation  lo  the  pre- 
ceding], b.  Slaro-Constanlinow,  Russia,  Keb. 
8,  1847  ;  d.  (by  suicide)  Lucerne,  Sept.  15,  1884. 
Pianist ;  pupil  of  Hellniesberg'er,  Dnchs,  and 
Liszt.  I1  lieml  and  admirer  of  Wagner  ;  in  1^74, 
etc.,  he  was  the  pianist  lor  the  piano-rehearsals 
of  the  JRing  d?s  Nib?tunge9i  at  l>ayri*uth  ;  also 
made  excellent  pf. -transcriptions  from  that  mu- 
sic-drama. 

Riib'ner,  Cornelius,  b.  Copenhagen,  Oct. 
26,  1853.  PianiM.,  pupil  of  (Jade  and  Kcineckc  ; 
since  i8y2,  cowl,  of  the  Karlsruhe  IMiilharm. 
Soc. — Works:  A  symphonic  poem,  a  "  Keslou- 
vertllte,"  a  pf.-trio,  pf.-imjsic,  songs,  etc. 

Ruckers.  Celebrated  family  of  clavecin- 
makers  at  Antwerp,  their  harpsichords  being 
the  finest  ever  made.  Hans  (senior),  member 
of  the  Guild  of  St,  Luke  in  157^,  d.  ahout  rO.jo  ; 
his  4  sons  were  Franz,  b.  1576  ;  Hans  (junior), 
b.  1578  ;  Andries  (senior),  b.  1570, ;  and  Anton, 
b.  1581 ;  the  last  manufacturer  was  Andries 
(junior)  [1607-67]. 

Ru'dersdorff,  Hermine,  famous  sta^e- so- 
prano; b.  Ivanowsky,  Ukraine,  Dec.  12,  1822; 
d.  Uoslon,  Mass.,  Kt'K  2ft,  J«82.  A  pupil  of 
Bordogni  at  Paris  and  of  cle  Micherout  at  Milan, 
she  sang-  at  first  in  concerts  in  (iwinnny  (1840) ; 
from  1841  she  san^f  in  opera  at  Karlsruhe,  then 
at  Krankfort  (where  she  married  Dr.  KUclu'n- 
meister  in  1844)  and  Hmslau  ;  1852-4,  at  the 
Friedrich  Wilhclmstadtisclics  Th.,  Herlin  ;  and 
in  London  1854-65^,  at  the  Dniry  Lauc  ThM  the 
Italian  Opera,  and  in  concerts.  Kngatft'd  at  the 
Boston  Jubilees  of  1871-72,  she  settled  in  I!os» 
ton,  becoming  renowned  us  a  teacher  (Kmma 
Thursby  was  her  pupil).  She  was  eminent 
both  in  opera  and  oratorio. 

Rudorff,  Ernst  Friedrich  Karl,  b.  Durlin, 
Jan.  18,  1840.  Pupil  of  ItargM  1852-7  (pf.) ; 
from  rSsg  of  the  lieipzijc  Cons,  (Moftchelcg, 
Pla%,  Rietx),  also  a  private  pupil  of  JUupt- 
mann  and  Reineckc.  1865,  pf.-tcaclu-r  in  Co- 
logne Cons.;  founded  the  Jtoch-Vereln  In  1807  ; 


502 


— RUSSELL 


became  head  pf.-lcacher  in  the  Berlin  Iloch- 
schule,  1869,  also  succeeding  IJruch  as  cond.  of 
the  Stern  (tfMingren'iti  in  i88t>  (resigned  1890). 
— Woiks:  Symphony  No.  I,  op.  31,  in  !)[>  ; 
No.  2  (rScji),  in  (1  mm.;  Scicnade  and  var.s  f. 
orcli.;  overtures  to  Of  to  der  Sc/iitfa^  and  to 
Tieck's  A  far  then  *vom  blonde  n  Ekba  t  ,*  Hal  lade 
in  3  movem.,  f.  orch  ;  Der  A  u/styj  thr  JtwnaHse 
[Tieck],  f.  solo,  ch.,  and  orch.;  ''(iesanjr  an 
die  Stetne"  [Ruckcrt],  f.  ft  voices  w.  orch.; 
string-sextet ;  many  pai  t-son«  s,  songs,  etc. 

Rii'fer,  Philippe  (-Barthe'lemy),  b.  Liege, 
June  7,  1844  [son  of  a  German  oigamsl,  Philipp 
R."|.  Pupil  ol  Liege  Cons  ;  ^09-71,  mus.  dir. 
at  Kssen  ;  since  then  he  has  lived  in  Heilin  as 
pf. -teacher  at  Stern's  C'ons.,  Kullak's  Cons  ,  and 
from  t88r  at  Schat wenka's. — Works:  Opera 
Jlfiv/i/i  (Berlin,  1887);  4-act  opera  /;/£*' (Itailin, 
r8(/> ;  fairly  succ.) ;  symphony  in  K,  op.  23  ;  3 
overtures;  2  string-quartets;  a  trio  ;  2  suites  f. 
pf.  and  'cello  ;  a  violin-sonata,  au  organ-sonata, 
pf. -music,  songs. 

Ruffo,  Vincenzo,  d.  as  maestro  of  the  cathe- 
dral at  Verona,  his  native  town. — Publ.  motets 
"  5  (i550»  masses  //  5  (1557),  motets  a  6  0555), 
4  books  of  nwdrigalstf  5  (1550-60;  often  republ.), 
41  Madrigali  cromatici  a  (>-8,  oon  la  gionta  di  5 
canzoni"  (1554),  4  books  of  chrom.  madrigals  a  5 
(1555-60),  3  other  books  of  madrigals  (1557-60) ; 
psalms  a  5  (1574-88),  Magnificats  a  5  (1578). 

Rufina'tscha,  Johann,  b.  in  the  Tyrol,  1812 ; 
d.  Vienna,  May  25,  1893.  Kxodlent  teacher 
(Uiull  was  his  pupil);  comp.  5  symphonies,  4 
overtures,  a  pf. -concerto,  songs,  etc. 

Rujge'ri  [Ruggieril,  Giovanni  Maria, 
Venetian  comp. ;  brought  out  ten  operas  1696- 
1712;  publ.  "Scherxi  genial  i  ridotti  a  rogoh 
armoniou  in  TO  Konate  da  camera  a  3,  doe  2  vio- 
lini  e  violine  o  cembalo"  (ifxjo);  M  Suounto  da 
chiesa  a  duo  violini  e  violone  o  tiorba,  con  il  stio 
basso  contimio  pc*r  Vorgano11  (1693) ;  i  book  of 
do.  w.  'cello  instead  of  violnne  (1697) ;  also  12 
Cantate  with  and  without  violin  (T7o(>). 

Rug'gi,  Francesco,  b,  Naples,  Oct.  at, 
7767  ;  d.  there  Jan.  23,  1845.  Pupil  of  Kcuaroli 
at  the  Cons,  di  S.  Lnreto.  Appointed  maestro 
di  cappMi  extraordinary  to  the  City  of  Naples  in 
1795  ;  succeeded  Trltto  UK  prof,  of  counterpoint 
and  comp.  at  the  K.  Cons,  in  1825.  He  prod. 
3  operas  ;  also  an  oratorio  and  other  church- 
music.  WUB  the  teacher  of  llellini  and  Carafa. 

Ruhl'nuum,  (Adolf)  Julius,  b.  Dresden,  Feb. 
28,  1817  (16?);  d.  there  Oct.  27,  1877.  Pupil 
of  Tillmann  and  Jul,  Otto  ;  in  1841,  tenor  trom- 
bone in  the  royal  orch.;  1873,  K.  Inspector  of 
Instr.s ;  co-founder,  and  from  1855  president, 
of  the  Dresden  T6nk8nistUrwrfin ;  from  1856, 
prof,  of  pf.  and  the  history  of  music  at  the  C'ons. 
A  series  of  valuable  historical  essays  appeared  in 
the  "Neue  Xeilschrift  fur  Musik";  his  illus- 
trated *'  Gcschichte  der  Hogenlnatrumente  "  was 
publ,  in  1882. 


Rum'mel,  Christian,  b.  TTCrichsenstadt,  Ba- 
varia, Nov.  27,  1787  ;  d.  Wiesbaden,  Feb.  13, 
1849,  where  he  was  J\apellm.  1815-41.  Per- 
former on  the  pf.,  violin,  and  clarinet;  publ.  a 
clar.  -concetto,  2  quintets,  etc.  —  His  son  Joseph, 
b.  Wiesbaden,  i8r8,  d.  London,  Mar,  25,  1880, 
was  court  pianist  to  the  Duke  of  Nassau.  Publ. 
pf.  -music.—  A  second  son,  August,  b.  Wies- 
baden, Jan.  14,  1824,  d.  London,  Dec.  14,  1886, 
was  also  a  good  pianist. 

Rum'mel,  Franz,  son  of  Joseph  R.;  b. 
London,  Jan.  Ti,  1853.  Distinguished  pianist, 
pupil  of  Louis  Urassin  at  Urussels  Cons.,  win- 
ning the  ist  prixe  in  1872.  1877-8,  tour  thiough 
Holland  with  Ole  Hull  and  Minnie  Hauck. 
.First  American  tour,  1878;  second,  1886. 
Taught  1884-5  at  Ktern's  Tons.,  then  at  Kul- 
lak's,  m  Ilerlin.  (lave  his  first  conceit  in  Urus- 
sels,  Nov.  24,  1872.  In  i8<)7  he  received  the 
title  of  "  I'rofessoi  "  from  the  Duke  of  Anhalt. 
His  third  tour  in  America  began  in  New  York, 
Feb.  i,  1898.  Up  to  that  time  he  had  played  in 
about  700  concerts. 

Rung,  Henrik,  b.  Copenhagen,  Mar.  3, 
1807;  d.  there  Dec.  13,  1871,  as  chorusmaster 
at  the  opera  and  com!,  of  the  Cecilia  Soc.  for 
old  church-music,  which  he  founded  in  1852.-— 
Works  :  7  operas  ;  incid.  music  to  plays  ;  popu- 
lar songs. 

Rungenha'gen,  Carl  Friedrich,  b.  Herlin, 
Sept.  27,  1778  ;  d.  there  Dec.  21,  1851.  Pupil 
of  Hernia;  in  1815,  vice-cond.  of  the  Xin$a&adf- 
Mtfy  succeeding  Xdter  in  1833  as  first  cond., 
also  being  elected  a  member  of  the 


Academy.  Soon  app.  teacher  in  the  School  of 
Composition  ;  in  1843,  "  Professor."  —  Works  : 
4  operas,  3  oratorios,  several  wicrvd  find  secular 
cantatas,  a  mass  f  .  male  voices,  a  To  I  >cum,  30 
motets,  30  4-j>art  songs  and  chorals,  over  loo 
sacred  and  low  secular  songs  ;  also  symphonies, 
quartets,  etc. 

Russell,  William,  b.  London,  Oct.  6,  1777  ; 
d.  there  Nov.  21,  1813.  Pupil  of  Arnold, 
Shrubsole,  and  others;  from  1789-93,  dcpuly- 
organi.st  at  St.  Mary's,  Altlermanbury  ;  finally, 
from  iBoi,  at  the  Foundling  Hospital.  Pianist 
at  Sadler's  Wells  ThM  iHoo  ;  at  Covent  (Jarden, 
l8oT.  Mus,  Itac.,  Oxon.,  1808.  —  Works:  Sev- 
eral operas  ;  3  oratorios  ;  a  mass  ;  psalms, 
hymns,  and  anthems  ;  a  morning  and  evening 
service  ;  various  odes,  glees,  and  songs  ;  12  Vol- 
imUries  f.  org,  or  pf.  ;  etc. 

Russell,  Louis  Arthur,  b,  Newark,  N.  T., 
Feb.  34,  1854.  Pupil  of  S.  V,  Warren,  0.  K. 
Dritew,  ami  C.  C.  MlUler,  New  York  ;  of  J. 
Uiggs,  H.  Tours,  W.  Shakespeare,  and  (i.  Ilen- 
Hchel,  London.  From  1878-95,  organist  and 
choirmaster  of  South  Park  Presb.  Oh.,  Newark  ; 
since  1879,  cond.  of  the  Schubert  Vocal  Soc.; 
since  1885,  of  the  Kaflton  (Pa.)  Choral  Soc, 
Founded  in  1885  the  College  of  Music  of 
Newark,  of  which  he  is  the  nms.  Director,  and 


5<>3 


RUST— RYDER 


in  which  he  teaches  singing,  pf. -playing,  and 
theory.  Organized  the  Newark  Symph.  Orch. 
in  1893.— Works:  "The  Embellishments  of 
Music",  "  How  to  read  Modern  Music"; 
"Problems  in  Time  and  Tune";  "Develop- 
ment of  Artistic  Pianoforte  Touch  "  ;  — the  can- 
tata A  Pastoral  Rhapsody,  f.  sopr.  solo,  ch.,and 
orch.;  orch.l  pieces,  anthems,  quartets,  songs, 
pf. -music,  etc. 

Rust,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Worlitz,  n. 
Dessau,  July  6,  1739  J  d-  Dessau,  Feb.  28, 1796. 
Student  of  law  at  Leipzig  until  1762  ;  then  a 
pupil  of  the  violinist  Hockh  at  Zerbst  and  (1763) 
of  Franz  Benda  at  Berlin,  under  the  patronage 
of  Prince  Leopold  III.  of  Anhalt-Dessau,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  Italy  (1765-6),  and  who  app. 
him  court  mus.  dir.  in  1775.  Eminent  violinist 
and  composer;  he  brought  out  several  stage- 
pieces,  wrote  incid.  music  to  plays,  and  consid- 
erable instr.l  music.  David,  Singer,  and  Wil- 
helm  Rust  have  publ.  several  of  his  violin- 
pieces.  A  list  of  works  is  in  Hosaus'  monograph 
on  Rust  and  music  in  Dessau  from  1766-99 
(1802) ;  another  list,  with  biogr.  notes,  is  in  E. 
Prieger's  pamphlet  "F.  W.  R.,  ein  Vorgang;er 
Beethoven  s  "  (Cologne,  1894). — His  son,  Wil- 
helm  Carl,  b.  1787,  d.  1855,  was  organist  at 
Vienna  1819-27  ;  then  teacher  in  Dessau.  Publ. 
pieces  f.  pf.  and  organ. 

Rust,  Wilhelm,  b.  Dessau,  Aug.  15,  1822 ; 
d.  Leipzig,  May  2,  1892.  Pupil  of  his  uncle, 
W.  C.  Rust  (pf.  and  org.) ;  later  of  Fr.  Schnei- 
der (1843-6).  From  1845-8  he  was  music- 
teacher  in  an  Hungarian  nobleman's  family. 
He  went  to  Berlin  in  1849,  taught  there,  entered 
the  Singakadcmie  in  1850,  joined  the  Leipzig 
Bach-Verein  in  1850,  played  in  numerous  con- 
certs, became  organist  of  St.  Luke's  in  x86x, 
cond.  of  the  Berlin  Bach-Verein  from  1862-74, 
"Royal  Mus.  Director"  in  1864,  and  received 
the  title  of  Dr.  phil.  /ton.  causa  from  the  Mar- 
burg Univ.  in  1868  ;  in  1870,  teacher  of  theory 
and  comp.  at  the  Stern  Cons.;  in  1878,  organist 
of  the  Thomaskirche  at  Leipzig,  and  teacher  in 
the  Cons,  there  ;  in  1880  he  succeeded  Richter 
as  cantor  of  the  Thomasschule. — As  editor  of 
several  volumes  of  the  Bach  edition  prepared  by 
the  Bach-Gesellschaft,  he  displayed  great  erudi- 
tion and  precision.  His  comp.s  include  motets, 
sacred  choruses,  part-songs  f.  male  or  mixed 
chorus,  vocal  soli  w.  orch.  or  organ,  songs ;  also 
some  pf. -music, 

Ru'ta,  Michele,  b.  Caserta,  1827 ;  d.  Naples, 
Jan.  24,  1896.  Pupil,  at  Naples  Cons.,  of 
Lanza  (pf.),  Crescentini  the  younger  and  Cima- 
rosa  (voice),  and  Conti  (comp.).  Eminent 
teacher,  prolific  composer,  and  writer  on  music  ; 
mus.  editor  of  the  "  Corriere  del  Mattino" ; 
founder  and  editor  of  "La  Musica."  He  prod, 
several  operas  at  Naples;  a  ballet;  entr'acte 
music  ;  many  masses,  a  Te  Deum,  motets  ;  pa- 
triotic songs  ;  vocal  chamber-music.  —  Wrote 
"Trattato  d' Armenia" ;  "  Corso  complete  di 


composixione";  do.  of  '*  Canto  corale"  ;  "ISreve 
metodo  di  canto  "  ,  etc. 

Ru'thardt  [roo'tart],  Friedrich,  b.  i8<x) ;  d. 
1862  as  oboist  in  the  Kluttgail  court  orch. — Publ. 
2  books  of  chorals  ;  comp  f.  oboe  and  f.  zither 
— His  sons  are  the  two  following  : 

Ru'thardt,  Julius,   b.    Stuttgart,   T)ec.    13, 
1841.    Violinist  in  the  couit  orch.,  1855  ;  AJ- 
pettm.  in  the  theatre  at  Riga  (1871),  at  Leipzig 
(1882),   and  since   1885  at    Bremen. — Works 
Incid.  music  to  Bjornson's  Hithla  y  songs. 

Ru'thardt,  Adolf,  b.  Stuttgart,  Feb.  9,  1849. 
Pupil  of  the  Cons. ;  was  a  music-teacher  in  ( le- 
neva  1868-1885,  then  ic'turnin^  to  Ceimany  , 
since  1886,  teacher  oi  pf.  at  the  Leipzig  Cons., 
as  which  he  enjoys  a  high  reputation. — Works  : 
Excellent  pf. -music  :  Op.  4,  Munnct  ;  op.  <>,  Ko- 
manze  ;  op.  rr,  six  Morceaux  <le  j>enie  ;  op.  14, 
six  Preludes  ;  op.  15,  two  Preludes  and  Fugues  ; 
op.  16,  Nordisches  Sla'mlchen  ;  op.  17,  3  Ron- 
dos ;  op.  18,  Deux  melodies  intimuH ;  op.  20, 
Soiree  clansante;  op.  21,  six  waltzes  ;  op.  24, 
Introd.  et  scene  de  bal ;  op.  27,  "Schritt  fllr 
Schritt"  (i 2  4-hancl  pieces) ;  op.  31,  sonata  f.  a 
pf.s ;  op.  34,  Trio  pastorale  f.  pf.,  oboe,  and 
viola. — Also  wrote  "  Das  K  Javier :  cin  geschiclit- 
licher  Abriss  " ;  a  "Chonncislerbttchlein"  of 
short  biographies  ;  and  prepared  the  3rd  and  4th 
ed.s  of  Eschmann's  "  Wegweiser." 

Ryan,  Thomas,  b.  Ireland,  1827.  Tie  went 
to  the  United  States  in  1844,  pursued  his  studies 
in  Boston,  and  in  Till*),  with  August  Fries  (ist 
violin),  Francis  Kxiha  (  Riha  |  (2nd  violin),  Kdunrd 
Lehmann  (violasmd  llute),  K.  (viola  and  clarinet), 
and  Wulf  Fries  (Velio),  the  newly  organized 
"Mendelssohn  Quintette  Club"  gave  its  first 
Boston  concert  on  Dec.  14,  at  the*  ('hickoring 
warerooms.  [  For  membership  of  the  <  'lab  as  an 
amateur  orguni  Katie  m ,  <•/.  Win.  v  F  K  I  KK.  '|  Fr<  >m 
this  lime  R,'s  fortunes  were  inseparably  bouwl 
up  with  those  of  the  Club,  of  which,  nfU-r  half 
a  century  of  pioneer  work  for  the  highest  class  of 
chamber-music,  he  is  the  sole  remaining  original 
member.  This  little  band  of  excellent  musicians 
has  visited  every  town  of  any  size  in  the  United 
States.  Details  will  be  round  in  R.'s  book, 
u  Recollections  of  an  Old  Musician  "  (Now  York, 
1899).  Ho  is  a  virtuoso  on  the  clarinet  wul 
viola ;  and  has  comp.  several  quintets!  quartets, 
numerous  songs,  etc. 

Ryba,  Jakob  Tan,  b.  Przcstilz,  Bohemia, 
Oct.  26,  1765  ;  d.  Roczmillal,  1815,  as  rector  of 
the  gymnasium. — Comp.s  :  Many  masses,  mo- 
tets, offertories,  and  other  church-nuisio  ;  0  comic 
operas  and  melodramas;  35  sympJirwifH ;  38 
concertos  f.  different  instr.s ;  a  vast  amount  of 
chamber-music  ;  etc.,  of  no  enduring  value, 

Ryder,  Thomas  Philander,  1).  Cohattet, 
Mass.,  June  29,  1836.  Pupil  of  (iiiKtav  Suiter. 
For  many  years  organist  at  Tremont  Temple, 
Boston.  Composer  of  light  and  popular  piano- 
music. 


504 


SAAR—  SACIISE-IIOFMKISTKK 


Saar,  Louis  Victor  Franz,  b.  Rotterdam, 
Dec.  10,  1868.  Pupil  iS8o-«j  of  Khcinhcigei 
and  Abel,  at  Munich  Cons.;  spent  one  winter 
with  Itiahms  in  Vienna;  lived  in  Lcipxig  and 
Ueilin;  was  eng.  1802-5  by  Abbey  &  (Jtau  as 
opera-accompanist  in  NewVoik  ;  180,0-8, teacher 
ot  cpt  .ind  comp.,  at  the  National  Cons.,  N.  V.; 
from  1898,  do.  at  the  College  of  Music.  Critic 
for  the  "  Staals-Zcitung  "  and  the  "  New  Voik 
Review."  In  180,1  he  took  the  Mendelssohn  com- 
position-pi i/e  for  a  pf. -suite  and  songs.  Works  : 
Many  songs  (op.  1-5,  lo-iO,  tq,  21,  24);  pf.- 
musta  (op.  o,  Suite  ;  op.  (),  "  Tajjebuchhlattcr"; 
op.  17,  Can/onetla  w.  vln.;  op.  18,  2  llallades , 
op.  20,  5  4-hand  pieces  ;  op.  22,  4  Klavierstl'tcke  ; 
op.  23,  10  do.);  op.  8,  four  4-part  songs  (Vienna 
<l  TonkUnstlerpreis  "). 

Sabbati'ni,  Galeazzo,  b.  Pesaro;  maestro 
to  the  Duke  of  Mirandola. —  Publ.  2  books  of 
madrij»als  a  2-5  0"-7i  if  no)  J  2  of  "  Sacrae 
laudes"  a  2-5  (1037,  1041);  i  do.  w,  oigan 
(1042) ;  3  of  l4  Madrigal!  eoneertali"  a  2-5,  w. 
instr.s  (1630,  1030);  Litanies  //  3-6  (1(138); 
"Saeri  laudi  e  motet  I  i  a  voe«  sola  "  (1030,). 

Sabbati'ni,  Luigi  Antonio,  b.  Albano  Li- 
aialc,  n.  Rome,  1730;  cl.  Padua,  Jan.  2i),  1800,. 
Pupil  of  Padre  Mai  tin!  at  Hologna,  and  Vallotti 
at  Padua,  succeeding  the  latter  as  t//tti'fftv  at  the 
Antonius  Basilica  in  1780. — Publ.  **  (Hi  ele- 
menti  leorici  della  musica  colla  praetica  de' 
medesimi  in  duelti  e  lerxetli  a  cmionc"  d78<j ; 
part  transl.  into  French  by  Choron) ;  **  I,a  vera 
idea  delle  musiealt  numenehe  signature"  (170,9  ; 
gives  nn  epitome,  of  Vallotli's  system);  "Trat- 
tato  sopra  le  fughe  musicali"  (1802;  w.  fine 
examples  by  Vallotli) ;  and  *'  Noiwe  sopra  la 
vita  e  le  opens  del  R.  P.  Fr.  A.  Vallotti  "  (1780). 

Sac'chi,  Don  Giovenale,  learned  nuiHico- 
graph;  b,  Htirfio,  Ctmio,  Nt»v.  22,  1726;  d. 
Milan,  Sept.  37, 1789.  A  Harnabito  monk, and 
excellent  musician. — Publ.  *'  Delnumeroe  delle 
misure  delle  cortle  musichc  e  low  coirispon- 


deiiKa1'  (1761);  u  Delia  divisione  del  tempo  nclltt 
musioa,  mil  ballot*  nellapoesia  "  (1770) ;  ll  Delia 
natum  e  porfexlone  dell1  antica  musica  d«*  (Jreci 
.  .  ."(1778);  **  Del lr  c|uinte  successive  nel  con- 
tmppunto,  e  civile  regole  degli  acconipugnn- 
menti"  (1780);  u  Don  Placldo,  dialog)  dove 
cercnHi  se  lo  studio  delta  mitMica  ul  rcllgioso  con- 
venga  o  disconvcngu "  (1786);  "Vita  di  Ilcue- 
detto  Marcello"  (1789) ;  etc, 

Sacchi'ni,  Antonio  Maria  Gaspare,  noted 
dnui),  composer  of  the  Ncnixditan  HCluK>l ;  b. 
Poftumli,  n.  NimleH,  June  23,  1734;  d.  Paris, 
Oct.  8,  1786.  The  «on  of  a  nfx>r  liHhernuin, 
I  >urante  was  churmed  with  hi»  mnfflng,  und  had 
him  admitted  to  the  Conn,  di  Sunt  Ouofrio, 
where  he  studied  untlfr  Fiorenasu  (vln.),  Mtuma 
(Hinging),  and  Duratite(harpH.,  org,,  arid  comp.)- 


Ile  prod,  an  inteime/xo  at  the  C'ons.  theatie  in 
1750,  /»></  J)(>initt>,  with  j^ood  success  ;  then  sev- 
eial  small  opeias  in  Neapolitan  dialect  al  minor 
theaties  ,  in  1702  his  Sewn  a  with  met  with  so 
warm  a  leceplion  at  the  Argentina  Th.,  Rome, 
that  he  remained  in  that  city  for  4  ye.irs  in  com- 
petition with  Picemni.  The  gieat  success  of 
Att'siamiro  ///•//'  Indie  at  Naples  nnd  Venice 
(1768),  caused  his  appointment  as  director  of  the 
Cons,  dell'  (Xspedaletto  (lot  girls)  in  Venice.  In 
1771,  having  wiitten  over  50  dramatic  woiks, 
he  went  via  Munich  and  Stultgait  (where  he 
prod.  2  operas)  to  London,  where  he  lived  ten 
years  (1772-82)  as  a  successful  opera-composer, 
but  ran  into  debt,  and  lied  liom  his  creditois  to 
Paiis.  His  fame  had  preceded  him,  and  some 
of  his  opeias,  in  French  versions,  were  pioclueed 
at  the  ( )pera  (Arttiitfa  f  A'tHtrltfa  as  AV/w//*/, 
1783;  fl ffnui  Cht  as  C'///AV<W,  1784);  he  also 
wrote  two  new  operas,  the  "tragodie  lyrique" 
Dardanus  (178^),  and  <7Miff  t}  Cv/twt'  (i78(>, 
his  masterpiece,  and  stiH  pla)cd  in  1844);  and 
left  a  third,  Annrc  ?t  /liv/iun,  unfinished  (Key 
added  Act  iii,  and  it  was  successfully  prod,  in 
1788).  Hesicles  operas,  he  wrote  6  oratorios, 
masses,  and  much  other  church-music  ;  2  sym- 
phonies, chamber-music  (6  string-quartets,  6 
trios  f.  2  violins  and  Velio) ;  12  sonatas  f.  harpsi- 
chord, violin-sonatas,  etc, 

Sachs  [xahksl,  Hans,  foremost  poet  of  the 
Mcistersinger ;  b,  Nuremberg,  Nov.  5,  1404; 
d.  there  Jan,  i<),  J576.  lie  wrote  over  4,000 
poems ("Mcislersehulgedichlc"),  l,7tx> tales, etc., 
and  200  dramatic  poems  ;  also  invented  numer- 
ous "Weisen"  (melodies)  [<;/".  (lenee,  "  Hans 
Sachs  und  seine  Xeit  "|.  lie' is  the  central  fig- 
ure in  Wagner's  opera,  /tie  Meistershtgtr  t^tt 


Sachs,  Melchior  Ernst, b.  Mittelsiun,  Lower 
Franconia,  Feb.  28,  1843.  Pupil  of  the  Munich 
Cons.  r8(»3-5,  and  of  the  reorgani/ed  K.  School 
of  Music,  under  Kheinbergei's  special  tuition, 
1867-9.  Coml.  of  the  /.Mrrfowis  1808-72  ; 
in  1871,  teacher  of  harm,  at  the  Sell,  of  Music, 
also  founded  and  still  conducts  the  concerts  of 
the  '/ \wfifl  ttst/i'tivwitt. — Works  :  ( )pcra  /'<//<•- 
strhM  (Katisbon,  1880) ;  ballade  J>as  Thai  dcs 
A>////^'<»,  f.  ch,  and  orelu;  a  Paternoster;  has 
publ,  pf.-music  and  songs. 

Sachs,  Julius,  b.  Waldhof,  Meiuingen,  Dec, 
12,  1830;  d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Dec.  30,  1888, 
( Jifted  pianist  and  comp.;  mtpil  of  Fcrd.  Keller 
and  Kd.  Uosenhain  ut  ^ninkfort.  SiurcHHful 
lours. — Publ.  pf. -music  (op.  4,  three  pieces  ;  op, 
40,  Kuite. ;  op,  51,  Ueretiuse) ;  etc. 

Sachxae-Hofraclster,  Anna,  dramatic  HO- 
prano;b,  (Jumt)old«kirchen,  n.  Vienna,  July 
fi(>,  r853,  Pupil  of  Krau  Patwy-C'ornet  at  Vi- 
enna C'ons.;  Ht tidied  privntely  with  Prodi ;  dtUmt 
WttrKburjr,  1870,  tus  Vulontinti  in  fas  //ngiteutits  ,• 
sunjr  at  Fwnlcfort  r87a-(),  then  in  Berlin,  where 
she  married  (1878)  thu  touor  vSacliHc,  Ititg,  at 


5«5 


SAFFIEDDIN— SAINT-SAENS 


•Leipzig  1880-82  ;  then  at  the  Berlin  Court 
Opera  as  piima  donna 

Saffieddm,  Abdolmumin,  Ben  Fachir  el 
Ormeve  el  Bagdadi,  the  greatest  Arabico-I'ei- 
sian  mus.  theorist  of  the  I3th-i4th  centuries  ; 
called  "  the  Zarlino  of  the  East  "  Arabian  by 
birth,  but  founder  of  the  Persian  school.  He 
wrote  for  Sherefeddm  Harun,  son  of  the  Mon- 
golian vizier  Shemseddin,  a  great  musico-thco- 
retical  work,  the  "Shereffie,"  quoted  as  an  au- 
thority by  all  succeeding  Arabico-Persian  theo- 
rists. 

Sagh,  Joseph,  b  Fesrh,  Mar  13,  .1852.  I*«W- 
an  Hungarian  dictionary  of  musicians  (1877). 
Founder  (1885)  and  editor  of  the  mus.  paper 
"  Zenelap." 

Sagitta'rius.    See  ScntJTZ. 

Sah'la,  Richard,  b.  Graz,  Sept.  17,  1855. 
Violinist ;  pupil  of  David  at  Leipzig  Cons. ,  1868- 
72 ;  debut  at  a  Gewandhaus  concert  in  1873 ; 
since  1888,  court  Kapdlm.  at  Buckebuig,  where 
he  organized  an  oratorio-society.  Has  publ.  a 
Rumanian  Rhapsody,  concert-pieces  f.  violin, 
songs,  etc. 

Saint-Amans,  Louis-Joseph,  b.  Marseilles, 
June  26,  1749;  d.  Paris,  1820.  Composer  of 
comic  operas  in  Paris,  1769  ;  cond.  of  the  Brussels 
opera  1778-9 ;  from  1784-1802,  teacher  in  the 
Paris  Cons.  \Vrote  24  operas  and  ballets,  also 
oratorios,  cantatas,  and  chamber-music. 

Saint-Georges, ,  Chevalier  de,  b.  Guade- 
loupe, Dec.  25,  1745  ;  d.  Paris,  June  12, 1799. 
Eccentric  violinist ;  pupil  of  Leclair.  —  Publ. 
violin-sonatas  w.  bass  (op.  i),  2  books  of  trio- 
sonatas  f.  2  violins  and  bass,  5  violin-concertos, 
and  6  concertantes  f.  2  violins  w.  orch. 

Saint-Huberty,  (Antoinette-Ce*cile  Cla- 
vel,  called  St.-Huberty,)  b.  Toul,,  about  1756. 
Celebrated  soprano  singer  at  the  Grand  Opera, 
Paris,  1777-89.  In  1790  she  married  the  Count 
d'Entraigues ;  they  were  assassinated  at  their 
country-seat,  near  London,  July  22,  1812,  prob- 
ably from  political  motives. 

Saint-Lambert,  Michel  de,  harpsichord- 
teacher  at  Paris.  Publ.  a  *'  Traitd  de  1'accom- 
pagnement  du  clavecin,  de  1'orgue  et  de  quelques 
autres  instr.s  "  (1680  ;  2nd  ed.  1707),  and  "  Prin- 
cipes  du  clavecin  "  (1697  ;  2nd  ed.  1702). 

Saint-Lubin,L6on  de,b.  Turin, Julys,  *8o5 ; 
d.  Berlin,  Feb.  13,  1850.  Violinist,  playing  at 
Berlin  and  Dresden  in  1817;  then  studied  with 
Polledro  (Dresden)  and  Spohr  ;  in  1827,  leader  at 
the  Josephstadter  Th.,  Vienna.  From  1830-47, 
leader  at  the  K6nigst£dter  Th. ,  Berlin,— Works : 
2  operas,  Konig  Branors  Schwert  (Berlin,  1830), 
and  Der  Vetter  des  Doctor  Faiist  /  a  melodrama, 
ballets,  and  pantomimes ;  5  violin-concertos,  19 
string-quartets,  an  octet,  etc. 

Sainton,  Prosper  (-Philippe-Catherine), 
b.  Toulouse,  June  5, 1813  '»  d.  London,  Oct.  17, 
1890.  Pupil  of  Habeneck  at  Paris  Cons,  from 
1 832,  winning  1st  prize  for  violin-playing  in  1834; 


orch  -plajcr  at  the  Opera  and  the  Cons  concerts 
for  two  years  ;  aftci  extended  continental  touis, 
piof.  at  Toulouse  Cons.  1840-4.  Visited  Kug- 
land  m  1844  ,  app  prot.  at  the  R.  A.M.  in  1845  ! 
leader  of  the  Philharm.  1846-54;  also  of  other 
societies;  at  CovcnUiarden  1847-71 ;  at  1 1.  M.'s 
Th.  1871-80.  Among  his  pupils  are  \Veist  Hill 
and  A.  C.  Mackenzie.  Tie  married  Charlotte 
Helen  Dolby  [see  below]  — Works  •  2  violin- 
concertos  ;  a  conceit-solo  f,  violin  w.  orch.,  op. 
16  ;  solos  f.  violin  w.  pf.  (3  Romances,  op.  18; 
Tarantella,  op.  20  ;  aiis  w.  variations,  fantasias, 
etc.). 

Sainton -Dolby,  Charlotte  Helen,  (ufc 
Dolby,)  b.  London,  May  17,  1821;  d.  there 
Feb.  18,  1885.  Distinguished  contralto  singer 
in  oratorio  and  concert ;  pupil  of  Mis.  Montague, 
and  of  J.  Uennelt,  Klliott,  and  Crivelli  at  the  K. 
A.  M.  from  1832,  winning  Hie  King's  scholar- 
ship in  1837.  Debut  at  a  I'hilhaiin.  conceit, 
1841 ;  sang  in  oratorio,  etc.,  till  1846,  then  ap- 
pearing in  the  ( Jewandhaus  I  <eipxig,  and  making 
concert-tours  in  Holland  and  France.  Man  led 
Prosper  Sainton  in  i860.  For  ten  years  a  leader 
in  Knglish  concerts,  retiring  in  1870.  Kstabl.  a 
Vocal  Academy  at  London  in  1872. — Works: 
Cantatas,  Legend  of  .SV.  Avv/Mr  (187(0,  M'/;i' 
of  the  Faithful  *S<w/(i87o),  /''/<•;•////<•/,  I.  female 
voices  (1885);  songs;  a  "Tutor  for  Knglish 
Singers  ..."  (n.  <!.). 

Saint-Saens,  Charles-CamiUc,  one  of  the 
first,  if  not  the  foremost,  of  living  French  com- 
posers ;  b.  Paris, 
Oct.  9,  1835.  At 
the  age  of  2j  years 
he  began  the  study 
of  the  piano ;  at  5 
he  could  easily 
play  a  Ore  try  v 
opera  from  the  nji^ 
score  ;  at  7  he  en- 
tered the  Conser- 
vatoire, being 
taught  by  Stumaty 
(pf.).  Maleden  and 
llalevy  (comp.), 
and  Uenoist  (or- 
gan), taking  ist 
organ-prize  in  1851.  Organist  of  Sainl-Mvry, 
1853  ;  at  the  Madeleine,  in  1858  ;  also  piano- 
teacher  at  the  Niedermeyer  School  for  sonic*  time ; 
in  1870  he  resigned  his  position,  in  order  to  devote 
himself  wholly  to  composition  and  concert-giving. 
A  remarkable  pianist,  he  frequently  visits  (Icr- 
tmmy,  Austria,  and  Knglawl,  and  has  played  in 
Russia,  Spain,  and  Portugal ;  lie  has  produced 
his  compositions  in  many  Kuropean  cities,  acting 
cither  as  executant  or  conductor.  I  le  brought 
out  his  first  symphony  at  16,  As  a  composer, 
more  particularly  in  his  orchestral  and  grand 
choral  works,  he  shows  marked  originality  ;  his 
instrumentation  (he  is  a  disciple  of  Iterfiox)  is 
peculiarly  brilliant  and  effective.  JIi«  operas 
have  not  met  with  really  striking  success.  In 


506 


SALA— SALIERI 


1894,  Commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, — 
Works:  The  opei as  /</ /;•///«, \.\c  ;<;////«•,  i  net 
(Op. -Com.,  1872);  /,/'  tunbte  r/'tf/^v//,  4  acts 
(Th.-Lyr.,  1877);  Sumson  ct  J)a/l/n,  4  acts 
(Weimar,  1877 ;  Rouen,  1890;  Paris,  Opcia, 
iSgs);  fitwnne  Mattel,  4  acts  (Lyons,  1879); 
Henri  /'///(Paris,  Opera,  1883;  very  succ.  at 
London,  1898);  /V<tf«r//;/«r,  4  acts  (Op.-C'om., 
1887);  Astamo,  5  acts  (Opera,  1890);  P/uym',  2 
acts,  comic  (Op  -Com.,  1893),  /<>  ('c/c^owfr,  5  acts 
[left  unfinished  by  (luiraud;  Saint -Saens  wrote 
the  last  2  acts  |  (( )pera,  \  895);  the  bullets  Ah  bin  on 
(1895)  and  Javott?  (1896);  also  the  music  to 
Antique  (Oomcdie-Ki.mcaise);  and  the  music1 
to  Louis  (lallet's  drama  Wjanhf  (first  peii.  at 
Hcxiers,  Oct.  28,  1898,  in  the  open  air,  with  orch. 
of  250,  chorus  of  200,  and  ballet-corps  of  (>o). — 
Fiuthcr,  a  Christmas  oiatoiio,  op.  12  ;  the  *4  IJib- 
lieal  opera"  Lc  />tf/w,  op.  45;  2  masses;  ode 
(by  V.  Hugo)  /.<?  lyre  et  hi  harpe  (llirmingham 
Kesl.,  1879) ;  "  ( >de  aSainle-Cccile,"  f.  solo,  eh., 
and  orch. ;  Aiv  nwes  dc  PnwitthJe  (1807  ;  can- 
lata);  Hymn  to  Victor  Hugo  (1884) ;  Psalm  19, 
f.  solo,  eh.,  and  orch.  (London,  1885); — 5  sym- 
phonies ;  4  symphonic  poems  ("  Lenmet  d'<  )m- 
phale,"  l4  Phaeton,"  u  Danse  macabre,"  "  La 
jeunesse  d'Hcrcule");  **  La  jola  aragoncse "  f . 
oreh,;  5  p f. -concert os  ;  3  violin-conceilos ;  r 
'cello •  concerto ;  septet  f.  tiumpel,  pf.,  and 
strings;  pf. -quintet ;  pf. -quartet ;  2  orch. 1  suites 
(No.  I,  "algcriennc'');  pf.-lrio  ;  4I>  Rhapsodic 
d'Auvergne."  f.  pf.  w.  orch.;  "  Moreeau  do  con- 
cert"  f,  violin,  pf.,  and  orch.  (op.  62);  much 
other  chamber-music;  pf,-inusic  (march  f.  »j 
hands,  op.  25  ;  var.sf.  2  pf.s,  op.  35  ;  Polonaise 
f.  2  pf.s,  op.  77  ;  2  (luvottes,  3  Maxurkas,  a 
Berceuse,  a  Keuillc.l  d'album,  a  M  arche  heroYquc, 
6 'etudes,  au  Allegro  appassionato,  etc.). 

Sa'la,  Nicola,  b.  near  Ucnevcnto,  Italy,  in 
1701 ;  d.  Naples,  1800.  A  pupil  of  Kago,  A  bos, 
and  L.  Leo  at  the  Cons,  della  Piclftde'Turehini, 
Naples ;  teacher  of  coinp.  there  for  some  Oo 
years,  succeeding  Kago  as  second  maestro,  and 
Cafaro  as  first  (in  1787).  His  most  celebrated 
work  is  the  "  Kegoledel  conlrappunlo  nratlieo" 
(3  vol.s,  1794;  reprinted  by  C.horon  in  Paris, 
1 808).  1 1  o  prod,  several  < >peras :  /  W<^f*,w  (Rome, 
I737)»  ZtwMa  (Naples,  1761),  and  Mrtvff  (Na- 
ples, 1709) ;  an  oratorio  GntMtta  (1780) ;  masses 
and  litanies  ;  solfeggi,  uriuH,  etc. 

Sal'araan,  Charles  Kensington,  b.  London, 
Mar.  3,  1814.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Khnbault  and 
Charles  Ncate.  1  >L{but  1 8a8,  after  which  he  went 
to  Paris,  and  tttudicd  with  Henri  Herx.  Settled 
in  London  as  a  teacher  In  1831,  Kivlnsf  annual 
orch. I  concerts ;  in  1835  he  founded,  with  Lucus, 
lilagrovc,  and  others,  the  Concert  i  da  camera, 
lie  played  in  Munich,  Vienna,  etc.,  in  1836; 
lived  in  Rome  1846-8  ;  founded  an  amuleur 
choral  society  in  London,  1849;  began  a  series 
of  mus.  lectures  in  1855  ;  was  n  founder  (1858) 
and  until  1865  lion*  Secretary  of  the  Mu*,  Soc. 
of  1  Condon;  also  of  the  Mug,  Assoc.  in  1874. 
Contributor  to  the  "Concordia,"  "The  Mus. 


Times,"  etc.;  critic  for  the  "  Circle." — Works  : 
Orchestial  and  vocal  music;  many  son^s  ;  pf.- 
picces,  several  ol  which  are  favorites. 

Sal'blinger  [Sal'mingerJ,  Sigismund, 
monk  ;  schoolmaster  at  Auj»sburj;  ;  publ.  the  in- 
teiestmg  coll  s  "Selectissimae  nee  non  i  ami  liar- 
issimue  cantiones  .  .  .  ";  ll  C^oncentus "  04-8 
(Augslnujj,  1545);  "C'antiones  7,  6  et  5  vocum 
lonjic  j»iavissimae"  (1545)  ;  and  "  Cantiones  se- 
lectissimae"  a  4  (2  books;  1548,  '49). 

Saldo'ni,  Don  Baltasar,  eminent  sin^inj;- 
teachei,  composer,  and  wnter;  b.  ]taiceloita,jan. 
4,  1807  ;  d.  Jan.,  j8(^>.  Choir-boy,  and  pujJil  of 
Audi  CM,  at  Santii  Maiia  del  Mai  ;  then  studied 
(1818-22)  at  Monserrat  monastery,  brouj^lil  out 
some  sacred  music,  and  was  app.  organist  at  S. 
M.  del  Mai.  (Joing  to  Madiitl  in  iKac),  he  was 
app. ,011  the  opening  of  the  Cons,  in  1830,  teacher 
ol  solfeg  j>io  and  vocal  ixat  ion.  In  1839  he  stud  led 
the  vocal  method  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  where  he 
was  well  icccivcd  by  Cherubim,  Hordoj^ni,  anil 
others.  The  ne\t  year  he  was  made  1st  prof,  of 
sinking  at  the  Madtid  Cotis, —  Publ.  u  Rcseila 
historiea  de  la  .  .  .  coletfio  ili  nu'isica  .  .  .  de 
Monserrat  "  from  1456  (1850),  "  MlTemeritles  de 
musicos  espaftoles  "  (i8(x) ;  biographical  notes), 
and  his  singing-method,  **  Nuevo  metodo  desol- 
feo  y  d«  canto,"  and  24  vocalises;— he  comi>. 
Italian  operas  and  Spanish  xar/.uelas  ;  a  sym- 
phony "  A  mi  pallia"  f.  oreh.,  military  band, 
and  oigan  ;  14  characl.  i>ieces  f.  oreh,;  a  can- 
tata, "  Hinino  nl  Dios  de  lasailes  "  (1843) ;  etc.; 
— also  excellent  church-music  with  anil  without 
orch.  and  organ  (masses,  motets,  hymns,  Stabat 
Maters,  Misereres);  organ-pieces,  part-songs, 
songs,  pf.-inusie,  etc. 

Sale,  Fran$ois,  'Belgian  composer;  in  1589 
in  the  service,  of  tho  Austrian  princess  Magda- 
lena  at  Hall,  Tyrol ;  in  3  594,  tenor  chapel-singer 
to  Kmpcror  Rudolf  H.  at  Prague,  under  Kilippo 
de  Monte.-— Publ.  masses  (as  Vol.  i  of  the  u  Pa- 
trocuiium  musiccs  "  printed  for  the  Kleelw  of 
Havarin,  is8<));  motets  (150,3) ;  3  books  of  Introits 
(1504,  '(jd);  a  Christmas  motet,  and  a  mass  (in 
44  Palroe,  mus.,"  150,8) ;  and  "( )rali»  ad  Sjiuelnm 
H.  V.  Mariarn,  \Vinceslaum,  Adalbertum,  etc." 
(pnvyers  ti  6  to  the  Virgin  and  the  patron  saints 
of  Hungary  and  P»ohemia;  1598). 

Sal€za,  Albert, b.  Itruges,  Ilearn,i867.  Kine 
dmmatic  tenor  ;  sttulied  at  Paris  Cons.  1886-8, 
taking  ist  prize  in  singing,  and  in  opera.  Debut 
at  the  Opcru-Comiquo,  1888,  as  Mylio  in  /.e  ;•<»/ 
r/1  J/;  sang  1 889-91  at  Nice,  creating  »he  roles 
of  Knc'aA  in  P»erliox'H  Prise  <fc  Trolt\  and  Rich- 
mond in  Salvayre's  Kb  bard  ///.  P'rom  1893, 
cnjf.  at  the  (Jnuul  OpcVa,  Paris.— Holes :  Kaust, 
Mnsaniello,  Don  Josc{  ((Vrr///*1//),  Komt{o,  Jean 
(/V^///M'),  Siegmund  (tt'aMw),  Otello,  etc. 

Salie'ri,  Antonio,  noted  dramatic  composer; 
b.  Legnago( Verona),  Aug.  TO,  *7$e>;  <1,  Vienna, 
May  7  (12?),  1825*  Pupil  of  his  brother  Fran- 
cesco (violin)  and  t  he  organist  Simon  1.  1 1  is  father 
died  about  1765,  leaving  the  family  destitute ; 


507 


SALIMBENI— SALVAYRE 


S.  went  to  Venice,  and  was  received  into  the  San 
Marco  singing -school,  studying  harmony  under 
Pescetti,  and  singing  under  Pacini.  On  the 
recommendation  of  Giovanni  Mocemgo,  Gass- 
mann,  who  had  come  to  Venice  to  bring  out  an 
opera,  took  S.  back  with  him  to  Vienna,  and 
provided  there  for  his  education.  During  Gass- 
mann's  absence  in  Rome,  1770,  S.  took  his  place 
as  conductor,  and  produced  his  first  opera,  Le 
donne  letterate,  at  the  Burg  Th.,  with  marked 
success.  From  1770-74,  he  brought  out  9  operas 
in  the  Italian  style,  the  last  being  La  calamitb 
dj  citon;  on  Gassmann's  death  he  succeeded 
him  as  chamber-composer  and  cond.  of  the  Italian 
opera  ;  he  began  a  serious  study  of  Gluck's  style 
under  the  master's  own  direction,  the  latter  aid- 
ing him  to  bring  out  at  Paris  an  opera,  Les 
Danaidcs^  as  their  joint  work,  and  giving  S.  full 
credit  after  the  twelfth  successful  representation. 
S.  then  returned  to  Vienna,  brought  out  five  operas 
within  a  year,  and  in  1786  made  a  second  venture 
in  Paris  with  Las  Horaces^  which  failed ;  Tarare, 
however,  made  a  sensation  in  1787  (it  was  given 
at  Vienna  in  a  revised  version  as  Axnr^  re  d*0r- 
unts}.  In  1788  he  succeeded  Bonno  as  court 
Kapellmeister  at  Vienna,  retaining  this  post  until 
1824.  lie  was  an  excellent  teacher ;  Fr.  Schu- 
bert was  his  pupil.  His  40  operas  were  very 
popular  at  the  time,  and  his  style  was  extensively 
imitated  in  Germany  ;  but  he  soon  disappeared 
from  the  stage,  although  he  was  a  master  of 
melody  and  dramatic  effect,  and  treated  the  vocal 
parts  admirably.  Besides  operas  he  wrote  a  dozen 
oratorios  and  cantatas,  5  masses,  a  Requiem, 
several  Te  Deums,  motets,  psalms,  offertories, 
graduals,  vespers  ;  numerous  vocal  canons,  etc., 
etc. ; — also  a  symphony,  an  organ-concerto,  2  pf.- 
concertos,aconcerto  f .  flute  and  oboe,  asymphonie 
concertante f.  violin, oboe,  and  'cello;  etc. — J.von 
Mosel  wrote  "  Ueber  das  Leben  und  die  Werke 
des  Anton  Salieri  "  (Vienna,  1827). 

Salimbe'ni,  Felice,  celebrated  stage-soprano 
(/vonV*);  b.  Milan,  about  1712;  d.  Laibach, 
Aug.,  1751.  A  pupil  of  Porpora,  he  sang  at 
first  in  Italy,  from  1733-7  in  the  Vienna  court 
chapel,  again  m  Italy,  and  from  1743-50  at  the 
Italian  Opera,  Berlin  ;  then  in  I  >resden  for  about 
a  year. 

Sali'nas,  Francisco,  b.  Burgos,  Spain, 
about  1512;  d.  1590  as  prof,  of  music  at  the 
Univ.  of  Salamanca.— Publ.  '*  I)e  musica  hbri 
VII  .  .  ."(1577). 

Sallantin,  Antoine,  oboe-virtuoso ;  b.  Paris, 
1754.  Member  of  the  Opera  orch.  1773-1813  ; 
oboe-teacher  at  the  Cons.  1794-1813,  then  re- 
tiring, lie  died  a  few  years  later.— Publ.  a 
flute-concerto. 

Sate,  Gasparo  da.    See  GASPARO. 

Sa'loman,  Siegfried,  b.  Tondern,  Schles- 
wig,  in  1818  ;  d.  Stockholm,  in  Aug.,  1899. 
Pupil  in  conap.  of  Siboni,  Copenhagen,  and  Fr. 
Schneider,  Dessau  ;  in  violin-playing  of  Lipin- 
ski,  Dresden  (1841).  Lectured  on  music  in 


Copenhagen,  and  produced  several  operas  (The 
Diamond  CJMS,  1847),  toured  Russia,  (Jer- 
many,  and  Holland  1847-50,  then  manying  the 
singer  Ilemiette  Nissen,  travelling  \vith  her,  and 
settling  in  St.  Petcrsbuig  in  1859.  ^c  wrote 
overtures,  also  pieces  f  viohn,  and  songs,  a  few 
of  winch  have  been  publ. 

Salome",  The*odore-Ce*sar,  b.  Paris,  Jan  20, 
1834;  d.  St. -Germain,  July,  1896.  Pupil  of 
Ambr.  Thomas  and  P>asdn  at  the  Paris  Cons., 
winning  2nd  Grand  prix  dc  Rome  in  1861. 
Second  oiganist  at  La  Trinite.  "Wrote  a.  sym- 
phony and  many  organ-pieces. 

Salomon,  Johann  Peter,  b.  Bonn,  Jan  , 
1745  ;  d.  London,  Nov.  28,  1815.  Violin-vir- 
tuoso ;  member  of  the  Klecloral  orch.  at  llonn, 
1758-65  ;  after  a  .successful  concert-tour,  Cvncei  t- 
meiiter  lo  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia  at  Rheins- 
berg;  settled  in  London,  1781,  as  a  conceit- 
player  (he  had  hardly  a  rival  in  quartet-playinj*) 
and  leader  in  various  orchestras.  In  17«<>  he 
gave  a  series  of  concerts  (symphonies  by  Mown  I 
and  Haydn,  etc.).  "While  on  the  Continent,  in 
1790  to  engage  singers  for  the  Italian  opera,  he 
persuaded  Haydn  to  make  his  Jirsl  visit  to  Lon- 
don ;  the  latter  wrote  his  last  quartets  expressly 
for  S.  lie  founded  the  London  Philhaim.  Soc. 
in  1813. 

Salomon,  Moritz,  mus.  dir.  al  Wernigcrode, 
Ilarz ;  publ.  u  Ueber  Natorp's  Aulcilung  xur 
Unterwcisung  im  Kiugcn"  (1820;  unfavorable 
to  N.'s  system);  and  a  mus.  novel,  u  Kcluanls 
letzte  Jahre  "  (1826  ;  2  vol.s). 

Salomon,  M.,  b.  Jtasan^'on,  1786;  d.  there 
Feb.  19,  1831.  Guitar-player ;  invented  the 
3-necked  "  Ifarpolyre,"  the  middle  neck  with 
fretted  fingerboard  strung  like  the  ordinary 
guitar,  the  other  necks  with  free  strings.  He 
publ.  pieces  for  guitar. 

Salomon,  Hector,  b.  Strassburg,  May  29, 
1838.  Pupil  of  Jonas  and  Marmoutel  (pf.), 
Bazin  (harm.),  and  Ilalevy  (comp.).  Accom- 
panist at  the  ItouJTes-Parisiens ;  from  1860  at 
the  Th.-Lyrique ;  in  1870,  find  chorusnuistcr, 
now  (1899)  chef  de  chant,  at  the  Grand  Opcnu 
lias  prod,  a  few  short  operas,  etc.,  ami  publ, 
many  songs,  pf.-picces  with  ami  without  violin 
or  'cello,  etc. 

Salter,  Sumner,  b.  Ikirlinglon,  Iowa,  June 
24, 1856.  Studied  at  Anihcrst  College,  and  wmler 
prominent  .Boston  teachers.  Organist  and  mu- 
sical director. — Works  :  Church-music,  songs, 
etc. 

Salvayre,  (Gervais-Bernard-)  Gaaton,  b. 
Toulouse,  June  24,  1847.  Pupil  of  the  cnlhe- 
dral-/w*#rw,  then  of  Toulouse  Cons.,  and  fi- 
nally of  Paris  Cons.  (Bcnoist,  org.;  HazSn,  opt.; 
Thomas,  comp.),  taking  the  (iraml  prix  de  Rome 
in  1872  with  the  cantata  Calypso.  ChorusmaKter 
at  the  OpeYa-Populaire,  1877,  since  then  pro- 
ducing several  operas  ;  went  to  Serbia  in  1894  to 
reorganize  military  music  ;  i»  mus.  critic  to  the 
"Gil  Bias";  Chev.  of  the  Legion  of  Honor; 


508 


SAMARA— SANTLKV 


etc. — Wor  ks  •  The  4-act  comic  opera  Le  Bravo 
(1877) ;  ballet  /./•  /to nifaugfi  (( )peia,  1877) ;  4-act 
openi  Rhhard  ///(St.  Petctsburjj,  1883)  ;  4-act 
lyric  (Inn-nil  Kgmont  (Op -Com  ,  1886);  5-act 
opera  f.a  Jhwie  tfr  MoutsMeaH  (Opera,  1888); 
others  in  preparation.  Also  the  Biblical  sym- 
phony "La  Resurrection";  a  symphonic  ovcr- 
tuic;  the  ir3th  Psalm  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch. ;  a 
Stabat  Mater  (<•;/?  w  de  Rome) ;  songs  ,  etc. 

Samara,  Spiro,  chum,  comp.;  1>.  Coifu,  Nov. 
29,  iSOr.  Pupil  of  Kniico  Stancumpiuno  in 
Athens  ;  later  of  Leo  Dehhcs  at  the  Paris  Cons. 
— First  opera,  /*/<»; rr  urirabilis  (Milan,  iRSG;  in 
other  Hal.  cities,  ami  in  Corfu,  with  much  suc- 
cess);  Afetfge  (Rome,  1888);  Lwuclla  (Milan, 
1891) ;  3-jict  opeia  seria  J,a  Afar  tire  (Naples, 
1894 ;  Paris,  r8y8) ;  lyric  comedy  /.//  JFunA 
domaUi  (Milan,  1895). — Worn  mirabiUs,  also 
numerous  songs  anil  pf.-pieces,  have  been  publ. 

Sammarti'ni,  Pietro,  court  musician  at  Flor- 
ence ;  publ.  3  books  of  motets  (1635-43),  and 
"Salmi  cnnccTtnti "  a  8  (1643),  nnd  u  Salmi  bievi 
concertati"  a  4  (1644). 

Samraarti'ni,  Giovanni  Battista,  b.  Milan, 
about  1705;  d.  alum!  1775.  Organist  in  2 
Milanese  churches  ;  ///.  tti  iw//.  1730-70  at  the 
convent  of  Santa  Maria  Maddalena.  Precursor 
of  Haydn  in  symphonic  composition  and  cham- 
ber-music ;  prod,  his  first  symphony  in  1734. 
Most  prolific  comp.;  he' publ.  24  symphonies,  12 
tiios  f.  2  violins  w.  bass,  and  some  nocturnes  f. 
llute  and  violin,  (illicit  was  his  pupil. — His 
brother  Giuseppe  d.  1740  in  London  as  cham- 
ber-musician (oboist)  to  the  I  Vinci*  of  Wales  j  he 
publ.  i  a  sonatas  (trios)  f.  2  oboes  and  bass ;  6 
flute- sonatas;  6  ( Concert i  grossi;  and  8  overtures. 

Samuel,  Adolphe,  b.  Lie^c,  July  n,  1824; 
d,  ( Jhenl,  SepL  1 1 ,  i  Ht)8,  Pui«l  of  (,  'observatories 
at  Liege  and  Brussels,  winning  at  the  latter  the 
( i  rand  ]>rix  de  Rome  in  1845,  and  becoming  prof . 
of  harmony  in  1860;  from  1871,  Director  of 
Ghent  (Ions.  He  founded  the  Brussels  Popular 
Concerts  in  1865;  nnd  in  1869  organized  the 
first  of  the  annual  grand  mus.  festivals  (orch.  of 
450,  chorus  of  law). — Works :  5  operas  (//  a 
/•w[  '45  ;  Giwiinni  rfa  /VwiVrf,  '48;  MatMehit) 
'49;  /.?s  ttruje  frfltUf/twb,  '51 ;  I'lleurt  de  to 
retrtiitt)  '52) ;  music  to  Potviu's  L?s  (httux ; 
choruses  w,  oroh.  to  Kudne'a  I'Mcr ;  several 
couutan ;  etc. — 7  symphonies  (No.  6  in  D  min.t 
i8yt ;  No.  7,  **('hri8t,"  in  iHys) ;  u  symphonic 
fragment,  '*I<olsmd  A  Koncwuux ";  overtures; 
striitp;-quftrtc(N ;  pf. -pieces  ;^uCoure  (Vtuinnonie 
pniti(|ite  et  d'uccompagiivnumt  de  lit  basse  chif- 
free";  report  on  the  mus.  instr.s  at  the  Paris 
Kxpositian,  7878  (in  "  La  Uclgique  &  I1  Expo  sit  ion 
univcrseUe  de  1878  ") ;  etc. 

Sanctia,  Ceaare  de.    See  I>K  SANCTIS. 

Sand'berg-er,  Adolf,  b.  Wnrxbur^,  Dec.  19, 
1864.  From  1881-7  he  studied  comp.  at  the  K. 
Heh(x)l  of  Music  there,  nnd  at  Munich;  also 
mu»,  acience  at  the  UniveraltieH  of  WQrxburj; 
and  JJcrlin  (under  SpitU) ;  Dr.fhil^  1887,  In 


1889  provisional,  18^2  rcguku,  custodian  of  the 
mus.  department  of  the  Munich  Library,  also 
lecturer  at  the  Univ.  from  180,3;  in  i8o"S,  suc- 
ceeded Adler  as  prof,  oi  music  at  Prague-  LTniv. 
—  Works1  3-act  opeia  /*/tt/wi£  dcr  Sfiiinger 
(Koburjf,  i8<js;  v,  succ  )  ;  oveituie  (op.  8); 
chorus  w.  01  ch.  (op.  5)  ;  choruses  i,  mixed 
voices;  sonj>s  ;  a  violin-sonata  (op.  10)  ;  — 
clLchcn  uml  Wcrke  cles  Dichtermtisikers  P. 
Cornelius"  (1887);  "  K.  Clubrieis  {JvwmMiw" 
(1892);  t4T.  Cornelius'  CV"  (1893);  ll  Ueitrrl^e 
7iir  (Jeschichteder  bayerischen  Hofkapolle  unter 
Orlando  di  Lasso"  (3  vol.s  :  Vol.  i,  Lite,  180.3  ; 
Vol.  Hi,  Documents,  1894;  Vol.  ii  not  yet  publ,)  ; 
many  essays  and  ai  tides  in  papcis.  —  S.  is  the 
editor  of  the  complete  cd.  of  Orl.  di  Lasso's 
woiks. 
San'der,  Constantin.  See  LKUCKART. 

Sanderson,  Lillian,  inexzo-soprano  ;  b.  Mil- 
waukee, Oct.  13,  1867.  At  14  her  .singing  in 
church  attracted  attention  ;  she  studied  with 
Slockhau^en  in  Kranklort-on-Main  ,  debut,  as 
concert-singer  at  Ilerlin,  tHcjo;  since  then,  suc- 
cessful tours  to  the  chief  cities  of  Kuropc.  Mar- 
ried Herr  Runimel.  Living  in  Hurlin. 

Sanderson,  Sibyl,  so])niiio  opera-singer  ;  b. 
Saenimenlo,  ("al.,  in  1805.  vStudied  in  Paris. 
Very  successful  debut  at  tlie  Opt'm-C  1omiquc, 
1889. 

Sando^ni,    See 


Sandt,  Max  van  de,  b.  Rotterdam,  Oct.  18, 
1863.  Pianist  ;  pupil  of  his  lather,  and  of  Lis/1 
(1884-0).  Toureil  Oermany,  Austria,  Switxor- 
land,  Krance,  etc.,  with  eonspieuous  success  ;  in 
iSH()  succeeded  HisehoflF  as  pf.-tcacher  at  the 
Stern  Cons.,  Merlin. 

Sangiovan'ni,     Antonio,    noted    sinking. 
teacher;  b,  Hergamo,  llnty,  Sej>t.  14,  JH:u  ;  d.  ' 
Milan,  Jim.,    rS<)2,      IHipU   of    Milan  C'onsM 
r84S-()  ;  from  1854,  prof,  of  singing  (here. 

Santi'ni,  Abbate  Fortunato,  b.  Rome,  Jan. 
5i  *77^>  d.  (?).  Noted  a.s  the  collector  of  one 
of  the  finest  mus.  libraries  ever  formed,  of  which 
he  publ,  a  catalogue  in  1820;  a  Russian  amateur, 
Vladimer  Stassow,  publ.  in  1^54  "  L'abbc  San- 
tini  ct  Ha  collection  tmisicale  a  Rome." 

Sant^ley,  Charles,  baritone  singer  in  opera 
and  concert;  b.  Liverpool,  l«Vl>.  28,  1834.  A 
chorister  and  amateur  singer,  he  studied  with 
Nava  in  Milan,  1855-7,  t'^*n  with  (inrda  at 
London,  and  made  his  professional  tit'  but  an 
Adam  in  IIaydn'8  r/v<r//ci/r,  Nov.  tO,  1857. 
Since  then  he  has  been  the  foremost  concert- 
baritone  of  Kuglaml,  taking  part  in  most  promi- 
nent fvstivaU  (e,g,,  theme  of  the  Three  Ohoirn, 
1863-0,4),  His  stage-debut  was  at  Covimt  Gar- 
den, Oct.  i,  1859,  as  Hod  in  A'wn///  ,*  he 
joined  the  ('arl  Rosa  Company  In  1875,  and 
toured  with  it  for  Hvveral  years  with  great  HUC- 
cttBH.  He  visited  America  in  1871  and  :H<jt  ; 
Australia  In  i88<H^>«  He  has  romp,  a  mass  f. 
soli,  ch,,  and  orch.;  an  offertory,  an  Avy  Maria, 


509 


SANTUCCI— SARRETTE 


etc.;  a  Berceuse  f.  orch.  (1890) ;  a  madrigal  and 
some  songs  have  been  publ.  under  the  pseudo- 
nym "Ralph  Betterton." — His  wife  was  the 
soprano  vocalist  Gertrude  Kemble  (Charles 
Kemble's  granddaughter) ;  she  died  Sept  i, 
1882.  Their  daughter  Edith  is  also  a  soprano 
of  some  note  ;  she  retired  after  her  marriage  in 
1884. 

Santuc'ci,  Marco,  b.Camajore,  July  4, 1762  ; 
d.  Lucca,  1843,  as  maestro  and  canon  at  the 
cathedral.  He  was  Anfossi's  successor  (1797- 
1808)  as  maestro  at  S.  Giovanni  in  Laterano, 
Rome.  A  motet  a  16,  for  4  choirs,  received  a 
prize  from  the  Accad.  Napoleone  in  1806.  lie 
also  wrote  masses,  motets,  psalms,  canons  up  to 
7  parts,  symphonies,  organ-sonatas,  etc. 

Sapell'nikoff,  Wassily,  b.  Odessa,  Oct.  21, 
1868.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Franz  Kesslcr,  and 
then  (with  a  stipend  from  the  city  of  Odessa, 
given  on  A.  Rubinstein's  recommendation)  of 
L.  Brassin  and  Sophie  Menter  at  the  St,  Peters- 
burg Cons.,  for  5  years.  In  1888  he  made  his 
debut  at  Hamburg  with  the  Tschaikowski  con- 
certo in  B  {>,  played  under  the  composer's  direc- 
tion. Since  then  he  has  made  tours ;  also  to 
England. 

Saran,  August  (Friedrich),  b  Altenpla- 
thow,  Province  of  Saxony,  Feb.  28, 1836.  Pupil 
of  Friednch  Ehrlich  at  Magdeburg,  and  (1854) 
of  R  Franz  in  Halle,  where  he  went  to  study 
theology;  became  a  teacher,  army-chaplain, 
and  (1873)  Superintendent  at  Zchdcnick,  Bran- 
denburg ;  since  1885,  at  Bromberg,  where  he 
conducts  the  church  choral  society.  Has  comp. 
pf. -pieces  and  songs ;  wrote  a  pamphlet,  "Robert 
Franz";  has  made  excellent  arr.s  of  Old  Ger- 
man songs. 

Sarasa'te,  Pablo  de  [Pablo  Martin  Meli- 
tpn  Sarasate  y  Navascuez],  remarkable  vio- 
lin-virtuoso ;  b. 
Pamplona,  Spain, 
Mar.  to,  1844.  At 
the  age  of  ten  he 
played  before  Queen 
Isabella,  who  pre- 
sented him  with  a 
fine  Stradivarius. 
After  successful 
concerts  in  Spain 
he  studied  1856-9 
at  the  Paris  Cons, 
under  Alard,  taking 
the  ist  prize  in  the 
violin-class  in  1857, 
and  a  premier  ac- 
cessit  in  1859.  ^e 
soon  renounced  the  study  of  composition  (under 
Reber)  for  the  career  of  a  virtuoso ;  he  is  unex- 
celled in  purity  and  beauty  of  tone,  and  perfec- 
tion of  technique.  He  has  played  in  all  Euro- 
pean countries,  visiting  London  in  1874,  ^877- 
8,  and  1885-6 ;  went  to  America  in  1889  (his 


second  visit)  with  d'Albert.  Lalo  wrote  foi  him 
his  ist  violin-concerto  and  the  "Symphonic 
espagnole";  Bmch,  the  and  concerto  and  the 
Scotch  Fantasia ,  A.  C.  Mackenzie,  the  "Pi- 
broch "  Suite.  Besides  many  fantasias  on  ope- 
ratic airs,  S.  has  publ.  **  Zigeunerweiscn "  f. 
violin  and  orch. ,  op.  20 ,  Spanische  Tanzc  f . 
vln.  and  pf.,  6  books,  op.  26  ,  a  Serenade  anda- 
louse  f .  vln.  and  pf . ;  several  solo  pieces  for  vio- 
lin ;  etc. 

Sarmien'to,  Salvatore,  b.  Palermo,  1817  ; 
d  Naples,  May  13,  1869.  St.  at  Naples  Cons, 
under  Furno,  Zmgarelli,  and  Donizetti.  From 
1854,  f/i.  di  capp.  to  the  King  — Operas  (1837- 
52) :  Valeria  la  dcca  ;  11  Corsaio  ;  HTranwnte 
del  sole ;  Cottansa  t/\l/nt£twtt ;  Guilhtlry  lc 
trompette  (Paris,  1852). — A  cantata,  Le  ire  ore 
dell9  agonia  /  a  Requiem  ;  songs. 

Sa'ro,  J.  Heinrich,  b.  Jessen,  Prov.  of  Sax- 
ony, Jan.  4,  1827;  d.  Bcilin,  Nov.  27,  1891. 
In  1859,  bandmaster  of  the  Kmperoi  Franz 
Regiment  in  Berlin;  in  1867  his  band  won  the 
victory  in  the  international  contest  at  the  Paris 
Exposition ;  in  1872  he  was  awarded  a  gold 
medal  at  the  Boston  Jubilee,  fie  was  "  Royal 
Music- Director." — Works-  J)ie  beiden  /hv,v- 
knappen,  opera  ;  a  symphony  ;  overtures ;  slring- 
quartets  ;  military  music ;  rind  a  ll  Lehre  vom 
musikahschen  Wohlklang  und  Tonsatx.  " 

Sarrette,  Bernard,  the  founder  of  the  Paris 
Conservatoire ;  b.  Bordeaux,  Nov.  27,  1765; 
d.  Paris,  Apr.  13,  1858.  A  captain  in  the  na- 
tional guard  at  Paris,  he  brought  together,  after 
the  I4th  of  July,  1789,  45  musicians  lo  form  the 
nucleus  of  the  Parisian  band  of  the  national 
guard.  In  j  790  the  City  of  Paris  assumed  the 
expenses  of  this  band,  which  was  increased  to 
70  members,  among  them  artists  of  distinction. 
In  1792  the  financial  embarrassments  of  the* 
commune  led  to  a  suspension  of  payment ;  but 
S.  held  the  band  together,  and,  with  Ihc  aid  of 
the  municipality,  established  a  free  school  of 
music  employing  all  the  members  as  teachers. 
From  this  school  came  the  musicians  employed 
in  the  fourteen  armies  of  the  Republic.  Its 
energetic  principal  soon  had  it  converted  into  a 
national  Institute  of  Music;  and  in  Sept.,  1795, 
it  was  definitively  organised  as  a  Conservatory. 
Sarrette,  having  attained  his  end,  assumed  the 
captaincy  of  the  iO3rd  Regiment ;  but  the  board 
of  directors  (5  Inspectors  and  4  professors) 
proved  so  incompetent,  that  he  was  recalled  to 
the  Directorship  of  the  Conservatoire  in  1706. 
By  introducing  advanced  methods  of  instruction, 
establishing  the  school  of  declamation,  the  con- 
cert-hall, the  grand  library,  etc.,  he  raised  the 
Cons,  to  an  institution  of  the  first  rank.  At  the 
Restoration  in  1814  he  was  deprived  of  his  posi- 
tion ;  nor  would  he  accept  it  after  the  revolution 
of  1830,  not  wishing  to  oust  hi«  friend  Cheru- 
bim.—Pierre  Constant  wrote  "  I!,  Sarretle  et  les 
origines  clu  Conservatoire  national  do  musique 
et  de  declamation"  (Paris,  1895). 


510 


SARRI— SAURET 


Sai<ri,  Domenico,  b.  Trani,  Nnples,  1678  ; 
d.  after  1741.  Pupil  (1088-97)  ol  Sal\atou  and 
Proven/ale  m  the  Cons,  della  Picla  ;  in  1706  2nd, 
m  1713  1st  wacAlio  at  the  N.iples  n>urt.  He 
prod,  a  score  of  operas,  scvci.il  oiatorios;  u 
cantata;  3  serenades  ,  a  concetto  f.  2  violins, 
flute,  viola,  'cello,  and  d.-bass;  etc. 

Sar'ti,  Giuseppe,  called  il  Domenichi'no, 
b.  Kaenxa,  Dec.  r,  1720,  ;  d.  Derlin,  July  28, 
1802.  A  pupil  of  P.ulie  Martini  at  IJologna,  he 
was  organist  at  Kaenxa  Calh.  1748-50,  in  this 
town  his  first  oper.i,  /  W/W  /;/ .  /;  nifina^  was  suc- 
cessfully produced  ( 1 75 1).  //  re  fitv/M  t'  (Venice, 
1753)7  and  otheis,  made  him  so  famous,  that  in 
1753  he  xvas  called  to  Copenhagen  as  director  of 
the  Italian  opera  and  conductoi  to  the  Crown 
Prince.  On  the  closing  ol  the  opeia  2  years 
later,  S.  was  made  coiut  cond.;  in  1705  he  was 
commissioned  to  engage  singers  in  Italy  lor  a 
new  company,  but  the  king's  death,  and  other 
matters,  kept  him  there  for  three  years ;  he  re- 
turned to  Copenhagen  in  1768,  conducted  the 
court  opera  I77()~5i  Jind  was  then  dismissed  for 
political  reasons.  For  4  yeais  lie  was  director  of 
the  Cons,  dell'  Ospeduletlo  at  Venice.  In  a 
competition  with  the  leading  musicians  of  Italy, 
held  at  the  Nnples  Cons,  in  1770,,  he  obtained  the 
position  of  nnwstrtnfi ntfifrlta  at  Milan Calhedial, 
vacated  by  Fioroni's  decease,  This  victory  so 
increased  his  reputation,  that  many  students  of 
distinction  sought  his  instruction,  among  them 
Cherubim.  This  was  also  the  period  of  his 
greatest  dramatic  success;  of  some  15  operas 
prod,  from  1770-84,  the  finest  were  /«*•  ^f/rwV 
w7/*///»p  and  /'ttrtttne  (Venice,  1770),  jlihilk  in 
Sflro  (Florence,  I77<j),  C/W/V*  Sttbhw  (Venice, 
1 78 1 ),  and  />  wow  <//  Avv/w  ( Venice,  1 782).  I n 
Milan  he  also  wrote  several  grandcantatas,  and  ,for 
the  cathedral,  several  masses,  a  M  iserere  a  4,  and 
some  important  motets  (most  arc  in  MS.  at  the 
cathedral).  Invited  toSt,  Petersburg  by  Catherine 
II,,  he  passed  through  Vienna,  where  he  was 
royally  received  by  the  Kmperor,  and  met  Moxart; 
his  pedantic,  strictures  on  the  hitter's  music;  (quar- 
tets) go  far  to  explain  the  compaiatively  short 
life  of  most  of  his  own  works,  In  St.  Petersburg 
he  lived  for  r8  years,  excepting  a  brief  period 
of  disgrace  owing  to  the  machinations  of  the 
Todi,  then  a  prime  favorite  with  the  Kmpress, 
He  raised  the  Italian  opera  to  an  unexampled 
stale  of  crflidency,  and  composed  valuable  works 
for  the  court  choir,  among  them  a  Tc  I  >eum  (on 
the  taking  of  Otohakow  by  Potcmkiu)  in  which 
the  martial  effect  of  the  music  was  reinforced 
by  cannon-shots.  I  UK  opera  Armiito  ( 1 786)  ob- 
tained sweeping  success.  In  1793  he  was  app. 
director  of  the  Cons,  at  Jekaterinoslav,  organized 
on  the  Italian  plan.  lie  WUK  ennobled  in  1795. 
He  died  on  the  homeward  journey,  undertaken 
because  of  failing  health. —Of  his  40  operas,  not 
one  is  now  played  ;  some  of  his  masses  are  still 
performed,  but  all  the  rest  of  his  music  is 
practically  forgotten,  and  very  little  was  ever 
printed. 


Sarto'rio,  Antonio,  b.  Venice,  about  1620  ; 
d.  theie  ahoul  i(>8i.  brain  comp  ;  from  1676 
asst.  /;/.  iti  m/>/>  at  San  Maico  From  1652-81 
he  prod  14  operas  in  Venice  ;  also  publ.  .Psalms 
IF  8(1680). 

Sass  [Sax],  Marie -Constance,  French 
operatic sopiano  ;  b.  Ghent,  Jan.  20,  1838.  "I Ms- 
covered,"  while  a  chansonette-singer  in  a  Pan's 
cafe,  by  Mine  Ugaltle,  who  taught  her,  and 
lecom mended  her  to  Carvnlho ;  debut  as  the 
Countess  in  Jtfgaro  at  the  Th.-I*yii({iie,  1851); 
sang  with  gtcat success  at  the  Opera  fiom  THOo- 
71  ,  then  in  Italy.  MarriedC-astelmary  in  1864; 
divoiced  1867. 

Sat'ter,  Gustav,  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  12,  1832. 
Pianist ;  tiained  as  an  amateur  in  Vienna,  then 
in  Paris,  whither  he  had  gone  to  study  medicine. 
Hethicwover  the  latter  profession,  toured  the 
United  Slates  and  Drax.il  with  much  success  in 
1854-60,  and  uiturned  to  Paiis,  where  Uerliox 
wannly  piaised  his  compositions  ;  he  resided 
successively  in  Vienna,  Dicsdcn,  Hanover, 
(Jolhenbuig,  and  Stockholm,  later  revisiting 
America. — Works:  An  opera,  Olanthc ;  over- 
lines  "Lorelei,"  "Julius  Cesai,"  "An  die 
Ficudc";  2  symphonies;  a  symphonic:  lone- 
pictuie,  "Washington";  pf.-quailets ;  trios; 
many  pf. -pieces  (sonatas  op.  104,  107,  157;  Six 
(Irand  Studies,  op.  158  ;  4  Valses  de  concert,  op. 
J 1 1,  1 13,  114,  117  ;  a  Saltarello,  op.  147  ;  etc.). 

Sat' tier,  Heinrich,  b.  (Jucdlinlmrg,  Apr.  3, 
j8n  ;  d.  ISrunswick,  Oct.  17,  iHoj.  From  1801, 
inusie-leaelier  at  Oldenburg  Seminary. —  Publ. 
an  Organ-Method;  methods  for  harmony  and 
for  school-singing ;  a  work  on  "  Die  Orgcl"  (5 
editions) ;— eomp.an  oratorio,  AV  .S>rr-//j<v//V////iv 
a  cantata,  7V////////  tfcjt  Itttintn'us  ,•  Schiller's 
<c  Der  Tauchcr";  a  mass  f.  3  female  voices; 
chamber-music  ;  organ-pieces  ;  etc. 

Sau'er,  Wilhelm,  famous  (iennan  organ- 
builder,  establ.  since  1857  at  Fninkfort-on-Oder ; 
b,  Friedhuul,  Mecklenberg,  Man  23,  1831. 

Sau'er,  Emil,  piano-virtuoso;  b.  Hamburg, 
Oct.  8,  1802.  Pupil  of  his  mother;  the.n  of  N. 
Uubinstein  at  Moscow,  1870-81,  and  of  I.iszt  at 
"Weimar,  1884-5.  Since  1882  on  lour — CSermany, 
Austria,  Kumania,  Russia  (3  times),  Sweden, 
Denmark,  Spain,  Italy,  ami  Knglaml ;  in  the 
United  Stittes  i8o,K--t).  Both  in  te.clmi(iuearul 
expression  he  vies  with  the  best  pianists  of 
the  time,— Works :  Suite  moderne  (5  movem,) ; 
'*  Aus  lichtcn  Tagen,'*  5  pieces  ;  Conoert-chude  ; 
Romance  sans  paroles  ;  Valse  de  cojicert ;  etc. 
(all  f.  pf.). 

Saurel,  Emma,  b.  Palermo,  1850^  Opera- 
singer  ;  brilliant  dc'but  at  Pisa ;  sang  in  Italy, 
then  in  South  America  and  Mexico  with  Tam- 
bcrlik,  and  at  New  York  with  Nllsson  ;  later 
in  Portugal  and  Russia,  and  1878-0,  at  Merlin. 

Sauret,  fimile,  superb  violinist;  b,  Dim-lu- 
Koi,  Cher,  Knmce,  May  33,  1852,  Studied  in 


SAUVEU  R— SCACCH I 


the  Conservatories  at  Paris  and  Brussels  (he 
was  de  Beriot's  last  pupil).  From  the  age  of  8 
he  travelled  in 
France,  Italy,  and 
Austria  with  suc- 
cess ;  his  London 
debut  was  at  Cov- 
ent  Garden,  1866 ; 
he  made  American 
tours  in  1872, 1874- 
6,  1877,  and  1895. 
Teacher  in  Kul- 
lak's  Acad  ,  Ber- 
lin, iSSc-i ;  Kved 
ten  years  in  Berlin, 
and  in  1890  was 
app.  violin-prof,  at 
the  R.  A,  M., 
London,  to  succeed  Sainton.  His  concert- 
repertory  embraces  70  concertos,  and  about  400 
other  works. — Works :  "  Gradus  ad  Parnassum 
du  violoniste"  (Leipzig,  1894);  2  violin-con- 
certos (E  maj.  and  G  min.) ;  about  130  other 
pieces  f.  violin,  w.  or  without  orch.  ;  about  25 
transcriptions  ;  20  Grandes  e'tudes ;  12  Etudes 
artistiques. 

Sauveur,  Joseph,  b.  La  Fleche,  Mar.  24, 
1653;  d.  Pans,  July  9,  1716.  A  deaf-mute, 
learning  to  speak  in  his  7th  year,  he  became  n 
remarkable  investigator  in  the  realm  of  ^  acous- 
tics ;  in  1696,  member  of  the  Academic. — 
Works  :  '  *  Principes  d'acoustique  et  dc  musique  " 
(1700-1);  "Application  dcs  sons  hanrionicjues 
i  la  composition  des  jeux  d'orgue"  (1702) ; 
*'  M  Abode  generale  pour  former  dcs  systemus 
temperas  ..."  (1707),  "Table  generate  des 
systemestempercs  "  (1711) ;  "  Rapports  des  sons 
des  cordes  d'instr.s  de  musique  aux.  flOches 
des  cordes  ..."  (1713)  [all  publ.  in  the  Me- 
moires  of  the  Academic].  lie  was  the  first  to 
calculate  absolute  vibration-numbers,  and  to  ex- 
plain scientifically  the  phenomena  of  overtones. 

Sauzay,  (Charles-)  Eugene,  violinist;  b. 
Paris,  July  14,  1809.  Private  pupil  of  Vidal ; 
studied  later  under  Baillot  in  the  Conservatoire, 
playing  2nd  violin,  and  afterwards  viola,  in  the 
latter's  quartet.  With  Norblin  he  organized 
chamber-music  soirees  ;  in  1840,  solo  violinist  to 
Louis  Philippe,  later  leader  of  second  violins  in 
the  orch.  of  Napoleon  JJI  ;  in  1860,  Girard's 
successor  as  violin-prof,  at  the  Cons, — Publ,  a 
string-trio ;  pieces  f.  pf. ,  violin,  and  'cello ; 
41  Etudes  harmoniques "  f.  violin ;  fantasias, 
etc.,  f.  violin  and  pf.;  pf.-pieces  ;— also  "Haydn, 
Mosart,  Beethoven,  e'tudesur  le  quatuor  "  (1861) ; 
and  "  I/dcole  de  raccompagnernent "  (1869), 

Savard,  Marie-Gabriel- Augustin,  b.  Paris, 
Aug.  21,  1814;  d.  there  June,  1881.  Prof,  of 
harmony  and  thorough-bass  at  Paris  Cons.- — 
Works :  u  Cours  complet  d'harmonie  ..." 
(1853)  J  "  Manuel  d'harmonie  "  ;  "  Principcs  de 
la  musique"  (1861 ;  4th  ed,  1875);  "  Kscueil 
de  plain-chant  d'eglise'1  a  3-4;  "Premieres 


notions  de  musique"  (r866  ;  5th  cd.  T8o8)  ;  and 
"fitudes  d'harmonie  pratique,"  2  vol.s. 

Savart,  F&iac,  b.  Mezicres,  June  30,  1791 ; 
d.  Paris,  March,  1841.  JW.  of  acoustics  at  the 
College  de  France ;  in  1827,  member  of  the 
Academic  — Works  [publ.  in  the  ^  Ammlch  de 
physique  ct  de  chimie"J:  **  Memoire  sur  la 
construction  des  inhtr  s  A  coules  el  Aaichel" 
(1819  ,  separate  reprint)  ;  "  Sur  In  communica- 
tion des  mouvemcnls  vibraioires  cntre  Ics  corps 
solides"  (1820);  "Sur  Ics  vibrations  de  1'air" 
(1823);  "Sur  la  voix  humaine"  (rSss) ;  "Sur 
la  communication  dcs  moiivcments  vilirnioircs 
par  les  hquidcs"  (1826);  "Sur  la  voix  dcs 
oiseaux"  (1826);  etc. 

Saac,  Charles- Joseph,  b.  Dinant-sur-Mcusc, 
Belgium,  Feb.  i,  1791  ;  d.  I'aris,  Apr.  26,  1805. 
Established  an  instrument-factory  at  Brussels  in 
1815,  making  wind-iiwtr.s^aud  also  pianos,  vio- 
lins, harps,  and  guitars  ;  his  specialty,  howcvci, 
was  brass  inhlr.s,  of  which  he  materially  im- 
proved the  scale.  lie  joined  his  son  Ailolphc  in 
Paris,  1853. 

Saac,  (Antoine- Joseph-)  Adolphe,  famous 
instniment-maker,  son  of  prccwling  ;  b,  I  )inanl, 
Nov.  6,  1814;  cl.  Paris,  Kcb.  9,  180.4.  At  the 
Brussels  Cons,  he  studied  th«  /Into  ami  clarinet  ; 
Bender  called  him  his  t>est  pii]>il.  A  skilful 
workman  from  early  youth,  ho  made  improve- 
ments in  the  clarinet  1^35-40,  and  in  1842  wont 
to  Paris  with  a  new  inslr.  invented  by  himself, 
the  "Saxophone"  (a  metal  wiml-instr.  with 
single-reed  mouthpiece  and  conical  bore).  Her- 
lio»  and  other  prominent,  musicians  speedily 
rccognixed  the  importanee  of  H.'s  invention,  awl 
warmly  advocated  its  adoption.  S.,  aided  by  his 
father,  continued  his  experiments,  and  evolved 
two  other  groups  of  wiiuUinstr.s,  the  siixliorns 
(improved  from  the  bugle-horn  and  opliicleide 
by  replacing  the  keys  by  a  valve-meolumism), 
and  the  soxotromha,  midway  in  tone  between 
the  bugle  and  the  horn.  His  instr.s  were  grad- 
ually adopted  by  French  military  bands  ;  the 
saxophone  is  sometimes  employed  in  orchestral 
and  chamber-music.  S,  was  app.  teacher  of  the 
saxophone  at  the  Paris  Cons,  in  1857  ;  he  publ. 
a  method  for  that  inslr.  Wieprecht,  Cerveny, 
and  others,  have  disputed  the  originality  of  Ins 
inventions ;  but  legal  decisions  have  been  uni- 
formly in  his  favor. 

Sax,  Marie.  Karly  sluge-name  of  MARIK 
SASS, 

Sbol'ci,  Jefte,  b.  Florence,  Sept.  5,  1833 ; 
d,  there  Dec.  7,  1895.  Fine  'cellist,  from  1865 
prof,  at  the  Istituto  Mueticnto.  Founder  and 
director  of  the  Florentine  Hwletfc  Orchestrale ; 
member  of  the  first  famous  Florentine  Quartet 
(Buonamici,  Hruni,  Vannnecini,  Sbolci), 

Scac^chi,  Marco,  a  native  of  Home,  and 
pupil  of  1<\  Anerio;  t16iH-4«,  royal  cowl,  at 
Warsaw,— Publ.  3  books  of  madrigals  a  5 
(1634-7);  i  of  masses  a  4-6  (1638);  a  funeral 


SCALC  HI— SCARLATTI 


ode  (1647);  "Cribrum  musicum  ad  inticum 
Syfertmum  "  (critici/ing  Paul  Syferl's  suitings  of 
psalms;  also  contains  masses,  motels,  etc.,  by 
other  musicians) ;  and  **  IJrevu  discorso  sopra  la 
musica  moderna  "  (1647) 

Scal'chi,  Sofia,  dram,  mc/.zo-soprano ;  b. 
Turin,  Nov.  2y,  1^50.  A  pupil  of  l.oecabadati, 
her  debuts  at  Mantua  (i8b(>)  and  London  (iS68) 
were  very  successful.  She  h:is  sung  in  (lieat 
Hritain,  St.  Peletsbuig,  Moscow,  Warsaw, 
Vienna,  and  Madrid  ;  also  in  Rio  de  Janeiio 
and  New  Yoi  k  ( I SS3).  She  takes  mex/o-soprano 
or  alto  roles  in  operas  by  Verdi,  Dontactti,  Cima- 
rosa,  Meyerbeer,  Nicolai,  Masse,  etc.  Married 
Signor  Lolli  in  1875. 

Scalet'ta,  Orazio,  a  native  of  Ciema ;  d.  at 
Padua,  1030,  as  tuttrsfw  at  S.  Antonio. — Publ. 
41  Villanelle  ;ill.i  roinana"  ti  3  (i5<)o) ;  madrigals 
a  6  ;  a  short  Requiem  mass  ;  and  2  text-books, 

11  Scala  di  musica  molto  necessaria  per  i  prinei- 
pianti"  (6  editions  up  to    loaf)),  nml  "  Primo 
scalino  della  scala  di  contrappunto '*  (1022) 

Scandelli,  Antonio,  b.  Brescia,  1517;  d. 
Jan.  1 8,  1580,  at  Dresden,  where  he  was  2nd 
A1?/i'/////.  from  1500,  and  tst  AV/V/////.  fiom 
1568. — Publ.  2  books  of  "  Cunxuni  napolilane," 
each  of  24  numbcis  (1506,  <M  ;  '577i  "  *|-5)  I 

12  "  Newe  teutsche  gcistliche  Kiedlcin"  a  4-5 
(1568);  20  "  Noweuml  lusligc  weltlichedeulsche 
Liedlein,"  tt  4~t>  (1570;    republ.  ns   "Sellout* 
weltl.  ii.  geistl.  n.  d.  Liedlein"  in  1578,  '70);  23 
u  NeweschoueausstM'lescnegeisll,  deulKuhe  Lie- 
der"f/5  -6(1575).  —  In  MS.:  Passions  (at  (Jrimnu; 
air.  ami  publ.  by  other  composers);   a  mold, 
11  Christ  us  vere  l.mguores/1  is  at  Zwickau  (his  last 
work). --(/.   "Die  Inslrumcntislen  und  Malcr 
[trllder  de,  T<»la  and  der  Kapellmeister  Antonius 
Scandcllus"  (iKM ;  In  the  '*  Archiv  fUr  die  stlchsi- 
sohe  Clcschuihte"), 

Sca'ria,  Emil,  highly  ^iftotl  dramatic  bass  ; 
b.  (Jrax,  Sept,  18,  ivS^o;  d,  IMasewitx,  n.  Dres- 
den, July  22,  r8H<>.  Pupil  of  Nelxi'r  at  (Jrax, 
and  of  (lentiluomo  and  I»tfcwy  at  Vienna;  sue- 
russftil  tUMnil  iu  1800,  tit  Pi'«tn,  tut  Snlnl-Uris  in 
/,/'.?  ItHgitMwts.  \  n  i  H6u  he  sttuliud  some  months 
with  OuK'iuut  London;  was  then  eng.  at  I>ckft- 
sau,  U'ip/ijc  (rHO;j),  I)rtksd«n  (r8(>4\  and  lastly 
at  the  Court  Opurn,  Vienna,  from  1873,  llcox- 
cclkul  in  Wagner  vftles  (created  Wotan  at  Itoy- 
rcuth  in  1876^  and  ( luniwunnx  [P«rsifal\\\\  1882). 

Scarlatti,  Alessandro^  founder  of  the 
"Neapolitan  School*'  of  musics;  b.  Tmpaui, 
Sicily,  1659;  d.  Naples,  Oct.  24,  1725,  There 
is  no  authentic  record  of  his  early  life  and  train- 
ing; in  1680  lie  conducted  his  first  known  opera, 
fSOntstb  nelV  ttMtv'?,  at  the  palace  of  (v)ueen 
Christina  of  Sweden  in  Rome ;  on  the  score  of 
another,  /Vwjto>,  perform  eel  there  in  1684,  he  is 
styled  /nwstrv  di  ctipftlkt  to  the  Queen.  In 
1094  he  was  mdfstro  to  the  Viceroy  at  Naples. 
In  1703  he,  became  aRftt-MMrrfw  to  Koggui  at 
S.  Murin,  Magjflore,  Rome,  and  succeeded  him 
03  phief  mat'stro  in  1707,  resigning  in  1709  and 


returning  to  Naples,  where  he  subsequently  be- 
came wnfAtrti  ol  the  loyal  chapel.  He  also 
taught  successively  at 
the  Conservatories  of 
San  Onolrio,  dc1  Po- 
veri  di  Gesa  Cristo, 
and  the  Lorcto ; 
among  his  distin- 
guished pupils  were 
Durante,  Leo,  Feo, 
Logroscino,  Ilasse, 
and  I'orpora.  S.  pro- 
duced no  less  than  115 
opeias(4i  still  extant); 
La  Jf Maura  (Rome, 
about  t6oo),  edited 
by  Kitner,  was  printed 
by  the  "  (lesellschaft  fllr  Musikforschnng,"  Vol. 
xiv;  in  y'tvtfwa  (Rome,  1693)  occurs  the  first 
orch.l  litoincllo,  and  an  incipient  rfdtatlw  ofi- 
Migafo  accompanied  hy  the  entire  orchestra;  also 
several  arias  with  the  first  part  sung  Jd  <V7/f>,  a 
style  which  was  later  generally  adopted  by  opera- 
composers; — an  aria  and  a  duet  from  /.riWfYvir  e 
/?«•«•;//<•<•( Naples,  1701)  have  beeninibl.  byj.  J. 
C.  Maier,  also  a  tentet  and  (junrtet  from  (triAeMn 
(Rome,  1721),  with  tierman  transl,  by  v.  Wol/o- 
gen  ;  in  Tigrnne  (Venice,  1715  ;  marked  by  S. 
himself  ns  his  i  isth  opera)  the  oreh.  comprises 
violins,  violas,  Velli,  double-basses,  2  (lutes,  2 
oboes,  2  bassoons,  and  2  hums.  Kight  oratorios 
arc  also  known  ;  he  is  said  to  have  written  over 
200  musses  (up  to  ten  parts),  besides  much  other 
sacred  music  ('•  Concertisacri,"  motets  a  1-4, w. 
2  violins,  viola,  and  organ,  were  publ.  at  Am- 
sterdam as  op.  r  and  J;  a  few  separate  numbers 
arc  in  the  coll.s  of  ( 'horon,  the  Prince  of  Mosxkva, 
Cummer  |a  **  Tu  es  Petrus  "|,  Dehn,  Proskc,  mul 
Kochlitx ;  Chorou  also  publ.  a  Requiem,  and 
Proske  a  mass) ;  his  secular  vocal  music  includes 
madrigals  (one  a  4,  f,  SS.AA.f  is  in  P:ulre  Mar- 
tini's *'  Kseuipl.  dicontnipp.fugato")*  serenatas, 
duels,  and  a  vnst,  numl>er  of  cantatas  f.  solo 
voice  w.  basso  eonlinuo  (the  Conn.  Library  at 
Parts  has  8  vol.s  of  these  iu  MS,). 

Scarlat'ti,  Domenico,  son  of  preceding ; 
celebrated  composer  for  and  player  on  the  harp- 
sichord ;  b.  Maples, 
1083(5?);  d.  there 
1757.  II o  first  at- 
tracted attention  as 
an  arranger  (1704) 
and  composer  of 
opertis  (he  was 
taught  by  his  father 
mid  CuHparini);  lie 
also  early  made  a 
reputation  as  a  harp- 
sichord-player,  for 
when  Hfiudel  visited 
Rome  in  $709,  Car-1 
dinal  Ottoboni 
chose  S,,  as  the  foremost  Italian  harpsichordist 
and  organist,  to  compete  with  the  great  German, 


33 


513 


SCARLATTI— SCHAFFER 


who  proved  his  equal  on  the  harpsichord,  and 
his  superior  on  the  organ.  In  Jan  ,  i^iSi  S. 
was  app.  Bai's  successor  as  maestro  at  St.  Peter's, 
Rome,  resigning  in  1719  to  become  maestro  al 
cembalo  at  the  Italian  Opera,  London,  where  his 
opera  Jfardsavras  prod,  in  1720;  in  1721  he  be- 
came court  cembalist  atLisbon,  and  music-master 
to  the  princesses;  was  inNaples  1725-9,^  Madrid 
1729-54,  as  music-master  to  the  Princess  of  the 
Asturias,  and  then  returned  to  Naples.  _  Owing 
to  his  passion  for  gambling,  he  left  his  family 
in  destitution,  which  Farinelli  generously  re- 
lieved — Domenico  Scarlatti's  especial  claim  to 
renown  rests  upon  his  harpsichord-music ;  he 
studied  the  peculiarities  of  the  instrument,  and 
adapted  his  compositions  to  them,  being  the  first 
writer  in  the  '*  free  style "  (the  homophonic 
"  song-form  "  with  graceful  ornamentation,  in 
contrast  to  the  former — contrapuntal — vocal  or 
organ-style).  He  also  obtained  novel  effects  by 
the  frequent  crossing  of  the  hands ;  runs  in 
thirds  and  sixths  ;  leaps  wider  than  an  octave  ; 
broken  chords  in  contrary  motion ;  tones  re- 
peated by  rapidly  changing  fingers  ;  etc.  He 
has  been  called  the  founder  of  modern  piano- 
forte technique.  He  publ.  only  2  books  of 
u  Pieces  pour  le  clavecin  ..."  (32  numbers), 
and  "  Esercm  per  gravicembalo  .  .  . ".  Mod- 
ern editions  include  a  coll.,  by  Czerny,  of  200 
pieces;  Breitkopf,  60;  Pauer,  50  Harpsichord- 
lessons,  also  other  pieces  in  "Alte  Meister," 
"Alte  Claviermusik,"  "  Old  Italian  Composers," 
and  "Merry  Musicians";  Kbhler,  12  sonatas 
and  fugues  ;  Tausig,  3  sonatas ;  v.  liulow,  18 
pieces  in  suite-form  ;  Schletterer,  18  ;  Andre,  28  ; 
ttanck,  30,  Farrenc,  100  (in  "  Tre'sor  des  piu- 
nistes");.  Peters,  in  "  Alte  Claviermusik  "— A 
characteristic  of  S/s  pieces  is  their  brevity. 

Scarlat'ti,  Giuseppe,  grandson  of  Alessan- 
dro ;  b.  Naples,  1712  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  17, 1777, 
Opera-composer,  producing  his  works  on  Italian 
stages,  and  (from  1757)  in  Vienna. 

Schaab,  Robert,  b.  Rotha,  n.  Leipzig,  Feb. 
28,  1817 ;  d.  Mar.  18,  1887,  as  organist  of  the 
Johanniskirche,  Leipzig.  His  teachers  were  (*, 
F.  Becker  and  Mendelssohn  ;  his  organ-works 
are  of  value. 

Schach'ner,  Rudplf  Joseph,  b.  Munich, 
Dec.  31,  1821 ;  d.  Reichenhall,  Aug.  15,  1896. 
Pianist ;  pupil  of  Mme.  von  Kladt  and  (1837-8) 
of  J.  K.  Cramer.  Played  in  Vienna  (1842), 
Paris,  Leipzig  (Gewandhaus),  etc,  ;  settled  in 
London  1853  as  a  teacher ;  later  went  to  Vienna, 
often  visiting  Munich, — Works :  Oratorio  Israels 
R&ckkehr  von  Babylon;  2  pf. -concertos  (op,  6 
and  ?) ;  Poe'sies  musicales,  op.  8  and  9 ;  Ro- 
mance varied,  op.  ii ;  Ombres  et  rayons,  6  books, 
op.  13  and  17 ;  La  chasse,  op.  12 ;  Phantasie- 
stuck,  op.  15 ;  etc. 

Schacht,  Matthias  Heinrich,  b.  Viborg, 
Jutland,  Apr.  29,  1660 ;  d.  as  rector  at  Kiertc- 
minde,  Aug.  8,  1700.  Gerber  utilized  part  of 


his  MS.  mtis.  dictionary  "  liibliothcca  musica 
.  .  .  "  for  his  lexicon 

Schack  [Cziak],  Benedikt,  b.  Mirovritz, 
Bohemia,  1758,  d.  Munich,  Dec.  ir,  1826 
Tenor  stage-singer  at  1'rague,  Salzlmrjj,  Vienna, 
Graz,  and  Munich,  tolonginjt  to  Schikanecler's 
troupe  in  Salzbnrjj  and  Vienna  ;  Mozart  wiote 
for  S.  the  role  of  Tammo.  I  le  also  prod,  some 
operas,  a  mass,  etc. 

Schad,  Joseph,  b.  Stcinaeh,  Havana,  Mar.  6, 
1812  ;  d.  Mordeaux,  July  4,  1^79-  Pianist ;  pupil 
of  Wurzburjr  Cons  ,  then  of  Aloys  Schmitt  at 
Frankfort.  After  conccrt-louis  in  Swilxeilund, 
he  became  organist  and  mus  chr.  at  Motj>es 
(canton  Valid)  in  1834;  later  teacher  at  the 
Geneva  Cons.;  settled  in  Ilorcleaux  1847,  wheie 
he  was  in  high  repute  as  a  teacher. — Publ. 
much  melodious  and  popular  music  f.  pf.:  I  A: 
soupir,  op.  19;  La  # lack-use ,  op.  23  (waltz);  La 
Ro.se  des  Alpes,  op.  38;  Fleur  des  Alpcs,  op.  3<j; 
Tarentelle,  op.  55  ;  a  bullet  (f.  pf.)  *4  Franlxm"; 
fantasias,  tianscriptions,  etc. 

Scha'de  [Schadaus],  Abraham,  rector  in 
Meissen,  I  taut /en,  etc.;  publ.  a  valuable  coll. 
of  384  motets  a  5-8,  mostly  by  (lerman  conip.s  : 
tlPrompttuirium  musicum"  (1611-13,  1616,  in 
4  parts) 

Scha'de,  Carl,  singing-teacher  in  the  town 
school  at  Halberstadt,  publ.  a  series  of  books 
for  school-classes  ;  "  Rcihcnfolgc*  nieloclischer, 


"  (1831);  "Wic  dor  Ix'hrtT  N. 
seine  Schtilo  .  .  .  fttr  clcn  Gesanjif  suiHtiildelc  " 
(1831) ;  and  "  Zweck  des  ( icsjingsiiMtcrrichts  in 
Schulcn"(r83i). 

Scharfer,  August,  1>,  Kheinslwrg,  Auj^.  25, 
1814;  d.  IJerlin,  Aujy.  7,  1879.  I*upH,  from 
1833,  of  Mendelssohn  at  lierlin,  whore  ho  spent 
most  of  his  life.  1 1  is  humorous  ducts  and  quar- 
tets won  great  popularity;  he  also  conip.  sym- 
phonies, fltring-<Limrlcts,  pf,-picces,  et<\,  and 
prod,  a  few  operas :  Km  MO  rwi  FatfaHstein 
(Berlin,  tSj*)) ;  JttuAcr  llnlmkuk  /  otc. 

Schaffcr,  Julius,  b.  Ocvese  in  the  Altmark, 
Sept.  2vS,  1833.  Studied  theology  at  Halle, 
where  intercourse  with  b'run/,,  and  musicians  in 
the  near-by  city  of  Leipxig,  won  him  ov«r  to 
music.  In  1850  he  went  to  Ik'rlin  to  study  un- 
der Dchn ;  1855,  mus.  dlr.  to  the  (Jrand  Duke 
at  Schwerin,  where  he  founded  and  conducted 
the  "  Schlosskirchenchor,"  modelled  after  the 
lierlin  cathedral-choir.  In  1860  he  succeeded 
Rcinecke  as  mus,  dir.  at  the  Univ.,  and  cond. 
of  the  »SV//AW/p^w/fV,  Hreshtu,  with  the  title  of 
"R.  Mus,  Dir."  in  xByr,  and  "  Professor"  in 
1878  ;  /)r.  phi  I.  /urn.  wttsa  (Hresluit)  in  1872.— 
Works:  Excellent  chontl-books  (1866;  T8Ho) ; 
songs  and  part-sonjys ;  in  defence  of  Kranc'H 
'*  additional  accompaniments  "  to  scores  by  Itoch 
and  Iiandel,  S. wrote,  wrsus  C'hrysander, r*  Xwei 
Jieurtheiler  von  Dr.  K.  Franz/'  "  Fr.  Chrysan- 


5X4 


SCHAFIIAUTL— SCIIARWKNKA 


der  in  seincn  Clavici.iusx.tiji  en  zur  deutschcn 
IIiindel-Ausgabe,"  and  "  R.  Kranz  in  seincn 
Uearbeitungen  allerer  Vocalwerko." 

Schafhautl,  Karl  Franz  Emil  von,  b  In- 
golstadt,  Keb.  16,  1803  ;  d.  Munich,  Keb  25, 
r8(jo,  as  pi  of.  of  mining,  etc.,  custodian  of  the 
State  geological  coll.s,  etc.  lie  \sas  also  a  stu- 
dent of  acoustics,  and  intimate  with  Theobald 
IJohm,  whom  he  advised  and  aided  in  the  con- 
struction of  his  instr.s.—  Publ.  "  Theorie  ge- 
dackter  cylindrischer  und  conischcr  Pfcifcn  und 
der  Querlloten  "  (1833,  in  the  "  Neue  Annalen 
der  Chcmie  ")  ;  "  Ucber  Schall,  Ton,  Knall  und 
cinige  andcre  (iegenstande  der  Akuslik"  (1834, 
in  do.  ;  both  separately  printed)  ;  **  Ueber  die 
Kirchenmusik  des  kalholischen  C'ulttis  "  (1833, 
in  the  "  Allg.  mus.  Xeilung")  ;  a  report  on  the 
mus.  instr.s  in  the  Munich  Industr.  Kxhib. 
(1854);  u  Ueber  rhonomelrie"  (1854);  "  Der 
eehte  Gregorianische  Choial  in  seiner  Kntwi- 
ckelung"  (iHta));  "Kin  Spa/.icrgang  durch  die 
Hturgische  Musikgeschiehle  dcr  katholischen 
Kirche"(iM7;  continuation  of  preceding)  ;  Life 
of  Abbe  Voglcr  (1888)  ;  also,  in  the  "  Allg.  mus. 
Xeitung,"  iH7<),  investigations  into  the  phenom- 
ena of  clang-tints,  with  results  at  variance  with 
Ilelmholt/'s  theory. 

Scharfe,  Gustav,  b.  Cirimma,  Saxony,  Sept. 
n,  1835  ;  d.  Dresden,  June  25,  iHtja.  Distin- 
guished singing-teacher  ;  for  1  1  years  baritone 
in  the  Dresden  Court  Opera;  teacher  of  singing 
al  the  Cons.,  1874;  "Professor,"  ]H8o.—  Publ. 
*'  Die  methodische  Kntwickelung  dcr  Slimmc," 
a  standard  work, 

Schar'fexiberg)  William,  b.  Kassel,  (ier- 
many,  Keb.  22,  1810;  d,  Ouogtie,  I/mg  Island, 
N.<AuK.8,i895.  "  fc.  K 

A  pupil  of  Hummel 
at  Weimar  till  1837; 
ro  turned  to  Kassel, 
playing  and  violin 
in  Spohr's  (junrtet; 
went  to  New  York 
in  1838,  making  his 
debut  UN  a  pianist 
in  Hummel  s  sep- 
tet, and  at  once 
took  a  leading  po- 
sition in  the  city  OH 
a  teacher  and  con- 
cert-player, He 
was  successively  secretary,'  vice-president,  treas- 
urer, ami  (1863)  president,  of  the  old  u  1'hilharm. 
Soc."  For  many  years  ho  was  musical  editor 
and  adviser  to  the  firm  of  0*  Schirmer,  and  did 
excellent  editorial  work. 

Schftr'nack,  Luise,  dramatic  mcxxo-soprtmo; 
b,  Oldenburg,  about  1860.  Pupil  of  von  Uer- 
nulh  at  the  Hamburg  Cons.  ;  d«but  at  Weiumr, 
an  Ortnid  in  Loheugrin,  led  to  immtuliiito 


, 

Saiiff  successfully  J»  London 
iu  Stanford's 


Scharwen'ka,  (Ludwig)  Philipp,  b.  Sain- 
ter,  Posen,  Keb  10,  1847.  Alter  a  gymnasial 
course  at  Posen,  he 
cnteied  Kullak's 
Academy  at  P>ei  lin  in 
i865,studyingchicfly 
undcr  Wuerst;  also 
had  private  lessons 
with  H.  Dorn.  In 
1870,  teacher  of  the- 
ory and  conip.  at  the  ' 
Academy;  in  1880 
he  founded,  with  his 
biothci  Xaver,  the 
'*  S  c  h  a  r  we  n  k  a 
Cons."  ;  also  accom- 
panied his  brother  to 
New  York  in  i8yr,  but  returned  in  1892,  joining 
(loklschmidt  in  the  diiection  of  the  ( Ions.,  which 
was  amalgamated  with  the  Kliiuhvoith  Cons,  in 
1893.— Woiks  (full  list  in  lir  &  II.'s  l<  Mitthei- 
lungen,"  No.  40) :  J/wttstfeiw  and  *SWv/;//V//tf, 
both  f,  soli,  eh.,  and  orch.;  2  symphonies;  an 
"Arkadische  Suite  "  and  a  '*  Seienade,"  f.  orch.; 
festival  overture  '*  Dorper  Tanxweise,"  f .  chouis 
w.  pf. ;  3  morceaux  de  concert,  f.  'cello  and  pf.; 
Cavatine  f.  do.;  Komanxc  and  Scherzo  f.  violin 
and  pf, ;  many  interesting  pf.-pieccs  ;  songs. 

Scharwen'ka,  (Franz)  Xaver,  bi  other  of 
preceding;  b.  Samt'cr,  Jan.  6,  1850.  Distin- 
guished pianist  and 
composer ;  pupil  of 
Kullak  and  Wncist 
at  Ku  link's  A  cad,, 
graduating  in  1868, 
when  he  was  app. 
teacher  there.  Kirst 
public  concert  at 

1869,  very  success- 
ful ;  for  about  10 
years  he  gave  an 
annual  series  of  3 
chamber  -  concerts 
there  (with  Sauret 
and  II.  (Irnnfeld); 
also  arranged  and 
cond.  orch. I  subset  iption-ooueerts.  In  1874  h« 
gave  up  his  position  as  teacher,  and  made  piun- 
istic  tours  through  Kurope  and  America.  In 
[880  he  founded  the  Uenin  "  Scharw.  Cons.", 
of  which  he  was  director  till  1891,  then  establish- 
ing his  Cons,  in  New  York.  In  180,8  he  re- 
turned to  Berlin,  as  Director  of  the  KUmlworth- 
Scharwe-nka  Cons,,  and  head  of  the  pf. -classes. 
8.  is  court  pianist  It)  the  Kmperor  of  Austria, 
and  received  thw  title  of  "  Professor"  from  the 
Kins  of  Prussia  (Kmperor  Wilhclm  II,).— 
Works:  Opera  Mtitoswinlha  (Weimar,  1806; 
succ<) ;  symphony  in  C  min.,  op.  60  ;  3  pf, -con- 
certos (No.  i,  U|?  min.  ;  No.  s,  C  min, ;  Na;j, 
(Ijf  mm.);  a  pf,-(iuartel ;  2  pf, -trios  ;  2  pt,- 
somitas ;  many  brilliant  and  fascinating  pf.- 
piuccH  for  2  and  4  hands ;  a  'cello-acmatu ;  a 


515 


SCHAUENSEE— SCHEIDT 


violin-sonata ;  numerous  songs  ;  church-music 
(his  publ.  works  number  over  80).  Also  many 
arrangements .  Chopin's  B-min.  Scherzo,  f.  2 
pf.s  ,  Hummers  B-min.  concerto,  and  Chopin's 
Andante  and  Polonaise  op.  22,  newly  instru- 
mented ;  a  critical  edition  of  Schumann's  pf.- 
works. — S.  was  for  some  years  correspondent  of 
the  "Monthly  Mus.  Record/'  London. 

Schau'ensee,  (Franz  Joseph  Leonti) 
Meyer  von,  b.  Lucerne,  Aug.  10,  1720;  d. 
after  1790.  After  a  stirring  life,  he  took  holy 
orders  in  1752,  and  became  organist  at  the 
"Liudgardstift."— Publ.  works  ^  7  masses; 
much  church-music,  chamber-music,  and  sev- 
eral operas  (Fetis  gives  a  full  list). 

Schebek,  Edmund,  b.  Petersdorf,  Moravia, 
Oct.  22,  1819  ;  d.  Prague,  Feb.  ri,  1895,  as 
Imp.  councillor,  and  secretary  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce.  Wrote  the  official  (Austrian)  repoit 
on  the  mus.  instr.s  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1855  (separate  reprint,  1858)  ;  "  Der  Geigenbau 
in  Italien  und  sein  deutscher  Ursprung  "  (1874) ; 
and  "Zwei  Briefe  uber  J.  J.  Froberger"(iS74). 

Schebest,  Agnes,  noted  mezzo-soprano 
stage-singer;  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  15,  1813;  d. 
Stuttgart,  Dec.  22,  1869.  Studied  at  Dresden, 
and  sang  in  the  opera  there  1832-3,  then  in 
Pesth  till  1856 ;  again  in  Dresden,  at  Vienna, 
and  Karlsruhe,  etc.  Married  P.  F.  Strauss, 
author  of  "Pas  Leben  Jesu,"  in  1841,  and 
retired. — Autobiogr.  "Aus  dem  Leben  einer 
Klmstlerin  "  (1857). 

Schech'ner-Waa'gjen,  Nanette,  noted  ope- 
ratic soprano;  b.  Munich,  1806  ;  d.  theic  Apr. 
30,  1860.  Sang  at  first  in  Italian  opera  ;  fiom 
1827  in  German  opera  at  Berlin  and  Munich,  be- 
ing unrivalled  in  the  roles  of  Fidelio,  Iphigcnia 
(auf  Tattris))  and  Spontini's  Vcstahn.  Nerve- 
disorders  caused  her  retirement  in  1835. — Her 
husband  was  the  painter  Waagen. 

Scheme,  Johann,  celebrated  German  organ- 
builder  at  Leipzig ;  d.  Sept.  3,  1748.  Built  the 
organs  in  the  Paulinerkirche  and  Johannis- 
kirche  ;  Bach  considered  the  latter  faultless. 

Schei'be,  Johann  Adolf,  son  of  preceding  , 
b.  Leipzig,  1708  ;  d.  Copenhagen,  in  Apr.,  1776. 
Law-student  at  Leipzig,  but  on  his  father's 
death  had  recourse  to  his  mus.  training  to  sup- 
port himself ;  failing  to  obtain  the  post  of  or- 
ganist at  the  Thomaskirche  in  the  competition 
(adjudicated  by  Bach,  among  others)  with  Gor- 
ner,  he  travelled  for  a  time,  and  settled  in  Ham- 
burg, publishing  a  mus.  paper,  "  Der  critische 
Musicus,"  from  1737-40  (in  No.  6  is  a  sharp 
attack  on  Bach).  In  1740  he  became  Kaptllm. 
to  the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg-Culm  bach  ;  in 
1744,  court  cond.  at  Copenhagen,  where  he  was 
pensioned  in  1758.  He  had  continued  the  pub- 
lication of  "  Der  critische.  Musicus,"  issuing  an 
enlarged  edition  in  1745,  containing  discussions 
of  topics  broached  in  that  paper.— Publ.  "Ab- 
handlung  vom  Ursprung  und  Alter  der  Musik, 
insonderheit  der  Vocalmusik  "  (1754 ;  maintains 


that  pait-songs  originated  u  ith  Northern  peo- 
ples*); an  "  Abhandlung  ubei  das  Rccitativ  "  (m 
the  ''Mibliothek  der  Kunste  und  \Vissenschaf- 
ten,"  Vol  s  ii  and  iii) ,  "  Ucber  die  musicalische 
Composition  "  (only  Vol.  i,  of  the  4  projected, 
was  publ.  in  1773)  ;  etc. — His  publ.  comp  sin- 
elude  a  Danish  opera,  Thuinehla  ;  tragic  canta- 
tas a  2,  w.  clavichord;  songs;  "  Musicalische 
Erquickstunden  "  (6  sonatas  f .  llutc  w.  contmuo); 
3  sonatas  f.  flute  w.  clavichord.  Fn  MS.  he 
left  2  oratorios,  about  200  chinch-works,  150 
flute-concertos,  30  violin-concertos,  etc. 

Schei'bler,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Montjoie, 
n.  Aix-la-Chapclle,  Nov.  n,  1777  ;  d  Crefeld, 
Nov.  20, 1838.  A  silk-manufacturer  at  Crefeld, 
he  became  interested  in  acoustic  phenomena, 
and  invented  an  appaiatus  consisting  of  56  tun- 
ing-forks, for  tuning  fixed-tone  instr.s  according 
to  the  equally  tempered  scale.  I  Ic  publ.  several 
pamphlets  to  explain  his  invention  :  **  Pcrphysi- 
kalihche  und  musikalische  Tonmesser"  (1834) , 
41  Anleitung,  die  Oigel  veimiUclsl  del  Slosse 
(vittgo  Schwebungc'iijuncldes  Melronoms  coned 
gleichschwebend  xu  stimmcn  "  (1834)  ;  etc. — all 
united  as"  Schriftcn  Uber  physikahsehe  untl  mu- 
sikalische Tonmessung  .  .  ."(1838).  His  sys- 
tem is  more  clearly  explained  by  Tftpfer  (1842), 
Vincent  (1849),  and  Lecomte  (1856).  At  the 
Stuttgart  Congress  of  physicists  m  1 834 ,  S.  pro- 
posed the  pitch  of  ^=440  (vibrations)  ni  6<)" 
Kahr.,  which  was  adopted  (hence  called  the 
"  Stuttgart  pitch  "). 

Schei'demann,  Heinrich,  b.  'Hamburg, 
about  1596  ;  d.  there  10.03.  Organist;  pupil 
and  successor  of  his  father,  Hans  S.,  org.  of  the 
Katlicrinonkirclic  ;  also  stiutied  under  Sweelinek 
at  Amsterdam.  His  successor  \vas  Keinken. 
((/.  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  ftlr  Musikwisscn- 
schaft,"  1891.) 

Schei'demantel,  Karl,  distinguished  dram, 
baritone ;  b.  Weimar,  Jan.  2r,  1859,  where  lie 
was  a  private  pupil  of  Hodo  Unrulier**,  and  was 
cng.  at  the  court  theatre  1878-80;  also  studied 
with  Stockhausen  in  the  summers  of  1881-3  J  re- 
ceived title  of  **  KammersflngcT  "  in  1885, 
Member  of  the  Dresden  court  opera  since  1886, 
in  which  year  he  also  snng  the  role  of  Amfortas 
at  Kayrcuth. 

Scheldt,  Samuel,  b.  I  Tulle-on-Saule,  1587  ; 
d.  there  Mar,  14,  1654.  Famous  organist ;  pu- 
pil of  Sweelinck  in  Amsterdam  ;  organist  of  the 
Moritekirche,  and  Kafellm*  lo  Margrave  t'hris- 
tian  Wilhelm  of  Hrandenburg,  ut  Halle.  Note- 
worthy as  the  first  to  treat  the  working-out  of  the 
choral  artistically,  and  in  true  organ-style.  Prin- 
cipal work,  lf  Tabulatura  nova"  (1624,  3  vol.s ; 
republ.,  1893,  as  Vol.  i  of"  Denkm&ler  deutschcr 
Tonkunst";  contains  figured  chorals,  toccatas, 
fantasias,  ptussamcm,  a  muss,  Magnificats, 
psalms,  hymns);  further,  a  " TalnduUirbiieh " 
(1650  ;  100  psalms  a  4  ;  songs) ;  *'  Cantiones 
sacmc  "  a8  (1620) ;  M  Concert! «acri  2-ta  vocum, 
adjectis  symphoniis  et  choris  instrumentalibus  " 


516 


SCIIEIN— SCIIERZER 


(1621;  1622),  "  Ludi  rnusici"(2  parts,  1621, 
'22;  Paduanc,  dagliarde,  etc.);  "  Liebhche 
Kraft- JJlumlein  "(1025)  ;  "  Ncwegcisthchc  Con- 
certo"// 2-3  \\  fig.  bass  (1631),  ditto,  Part  n 
(1634);  Part  iii  (1635);  Pait  iv  (1640);  "70 
Symphomen  auf  Concertcn-Mamcr"  a  3  w.  fig. 
bass  (1044). 

Schein,  Johann  Hermann,  b  Grunhain, 
Saxony,  Jan.  2tj,  1586  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Nov.  19, 
1630  On  the  death  of  his  fathci,  the  pastor  at 
Meissen,  in  1599,  ne  cnteied  the  Electoral 
Chapel  at  Dresden  as  a  soprano ;  studied  at 
Schulpfoite  from  1603-7,  then  at  Leipzig  Univ. 
(jurisprudence);  became  "  Praeeeptor"  and 
4k  Ilausmusikmeister  "  to  Captain  von  WolfTers- 
doii  at  \Veissenfels  ;  court  AV/W////.  at  \Veimar 
in  1615  ;  and  succeeded  Calvisius  as  cantor  ol 
the  Thomasschule  at  Leipzig  in  i6i(>. — Works: 
11  Venus- Krtint/lein,  oder  neue  weltliche  Lieder" 
it  5  (1009);  "  Cymbalum  Siontum,"  sacied  songs 
a  5-12  (1015);  "  Hunchctlo  nutsico  newer  anmu- 
tlriger  Padoanen,duji  Harden  "<r  5(1617;  aosuites 
of  5  raovem. ;  interesting  early  (icnnnii  string- 
music)  ;  Te  Deum  a  24  (ifiiS) ;  u  Hallelto  pjisto- 
lale"  </ 3(1620);  u  Musicadivina''*/  8-24(1020); 
''Musicaboscareccia,  \Yald  liedcrlein  .  .  ."(1621, 
'26,  '28,  etc.) ;  **  Kont  amid'  Israel,  Israel  is  Urunn- 
lein  auserlcstmer  Kraflspiuehlcm"  (1623) ;  Mad- 
rigals a  5  (1023);  "Diletti  pastotali,  Jlirten- 
Lust,"  a  5  (1624,  '50);  Villanelle  a  3  (1625, 
'27);  "Opulki  nova,  geistlidie  Concerle"tf  3-5 
(1618,  '27);  "Studenlen-Sehmauss"  a  5  (1026, 
'34) ;  and  his  most  important  woik,  ll  Cantional 
oder  (Jesangbuch  Augspurgiseher  C  Confession 
.  .  ."  a  4-6  (1627 ;  a  2nd  eel.  of  that  year  has 
27  new  numbers,  making  in  all  313  (icrmunmul 
Latin  sacred  songs  and  psalms). — See  A.  Prue- 
fer's  biography,  4t  J.  II.  SeheJn"  (1895,  w.  bib- 
liography). 

Schel'ble,  Johann  Nepomuk,  b.  Uttfmgen, 
IJlack  Forest,  May  16,  1789;  d.  Krankfort-on- 
Maiu,  Aug.  7,  1^37.  Choir-boy  at  the  March- 
thai  monastery  ;  then  a  pupil  in  singing,  etc.,  of 
Weisse  at  DonatujKchingen,  and  of  ICrebs  in 
Stuttgart,  where  (1812)  he  was  court  singer,  and 
teacher  at  the  music-school.  From  1813-10  in 
Vienna  as  an  opera* tenor ;  intimate  with  Beet- 
hoven, Moseheles,  and  Spohr ;  then  in  Frank- 
fort, at  first  as  tenor  at  the  opera,  1817-18  cond. 
of  the  Akadtmiti  then  founded  the  GfrvV/V;/- 
/"m'zV*.  1 1  is  method  for  teaching  the  nuis. 
rudiments,  and  training  the  sense  of  absolute 
pitch,  is  still  successfully  employed. 

Schel'le,  Johann,  b.  (icisingen,  Saxony, 
Sept.  6,  1648 ;  d.  Leipzig,  Mar.  TO,  1701,  as 
cantor  at  the  Thonaaskirche,  having  succeeded 
Knttpfer  in  1676. 

Schel'le,  Karl  Eduard,  b.  UiesenthaJ,  n. 
Berlin,  May  31,  x8t6  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  16, 1882. 
From  1864,  llanslick's  successor  as  critic  for 
the  Vienna  "Pressc";  also  lectured  on  mus. 
history  at  the  Cons.,  and  at  Hor&k's  School.— 
Valuable  monograph,  "  Did  p&pstliche  Singer- 


schule  in   Rorn,  genannt  die   Sixtinische    Ka- 
pelle"  (1872). 

ScheHer,  Jacob,  b  Schcttal,  JJohemia,  May 
IUJ  J75(j;  d.  (?)  Violinist;  pupil  of  Abbe 
Vogler  at  Mannheim  ;  leader  in  the  .Duke  of 
Wurttcmbeig's  orch.  at  Monlbeliard.  Noted 
for  skill  in  harmonics  and  double-stops. 

Schel'per,  Otto,  distinguished  dram,  baii- 
tone  ;  b.  Rostock,  Apr.  10,  1844.  At  fust 
actor,  later  operatic  baritone  at  Hremen,  Co- 
logne (1872-0),  and  then  succeeded  Kngen  (lina 
at  Lcip/.ij>  City  Th. — Lending  roles:  Ilium 
Sachs,  Flying  Dutchman,  Hans  I  letting,  Don 
Ciiovanni,  etc. 

Schenck,  Jean  [Johanul,  gamba-  virtuoso  to 
the  Klcctui- Palatine,  lateral  Amsteidani,  where 
he  publ.,  towaid  the  end  of  the  171)1  century, 
u  Kunht-oefTenin^en  .  .  .",  15  sonatas  f.  giimluL 
w.  biisso  conlinuo  (16KB) ;  *'  11  giardino  aimon- 
ict),1'  sonatas  f.  2  violins,  gamba,  and  b.  cont. 
(100.2);  "Sclierxi  nuisicali "  i.  guinhu  ;  18  so- 
natas f.  violin  w.  b.  cont.  (ffutf) ;  "La  Ninfa 
del  Renn,"  12  sonatas  f.  gamba ;  "*  I/eVho  dti 
Danube,"  sonatas  f.  do.;  "  Les  Hiwirreties  lie  la 
goutte,"  12  sonatas  f.  do.;  also  "  Sang-Arien 
van  d'opera  Ceres  en  Itjicchiis." 

Schenk,  Johann,  b.  Wiener- Neustadt,  Lower 
Austria,  Nov.  30, 1701  (1753?)  \  d.  Vienna,  Dee. 
29,  '1836.  Pupil  of  Tomasclli  (singinj*) ;  of 
Stoll  at  Uaden,  and  of  Schnellur  and  YVfigciiKcil 
at  Vienna.  In  1778  he  prod,  a  mass,  which 
made  his  reputation  ;  it  was  followed  by  other 
clum'h-music,  and  then  by  a  series  of  operettas 
which  enjoyed  great  popularity,  especially  Av 
J)orfbarbi?r*  S,  was  Jieeth oven's  seciet  in- 
struetor  while  the  latter  wa«  taking  lessons  of 
Haydn. — Operettas  (all  at  Vienna) :  AV  //V/w- 
/iw  (1785),  />/<•  irtihmicht  at//  tkm  Land? 
(1786),  1m  Mnstorn  1st  mchtgnt  ta^cn  (17^7), 
J)ti$ttmwmutJiftt  •SV'^/Jv/t^Hy),  J)a$  tihigsjiitl 
ofius  7VV<'/(r7t)<>),  /V;-  AVv/Hvw//s(i7yi),  Ach- 
met  itnd  jllmanuM  (i7<)5)i  /A 
(i  796),  J)er  Rettelstudent{\  796),  / 
Der  Fassbintkr  (1802). — In  1819  he  wrote  2 
cantatas,  J)ie  jrithiiguugi  and  Der  AfaL 

Schenk,  Hugo,  b.  1852  (?);  d.  Vienna,  Feb. 
IT,  i8yfi.  Tuk'ntotl  comp,  (s<>ttK«i  cotiplelH, 
overtures) ;  cond.  of  the  orch.  at  thcj  Theater 
an  der  Wien. 

Sche'rer,  Sebastian  Anton,  2nd  organist  at 
Ulm  Minster  in  1664.— Publ.  "Musicn  sacra" 
(1655 ;  musses  a  3-5 ;  motets  and  psalms  w. 
instr.s) ;  "  Tabulatura  in  cymbalo  et  orgtwo  in- 
tonationum  brevium  per  8  tonos  "  (1664) ;  **  So- 
naten  f  Ur  a  Violinen  und  CJanibe  "  (1680)  j  and 
"  Suiten  far  die  Uute"  (n.  d.). 

Scher'zer,  Otto,  b.  Annbach,  Mar.  34, 1821 ; 
d.  Stuttgart,  Feb.  23,  1886,  Violinist  and  or- 
ganist; pupil  of  M clique  and  Fais/,t ;  MUH.  DIr, 
til  Tubingon  Univ.  1860-77  (/>.  /////.  faw. 
etiusa),  then  retiring  to  Stuttgart.-— Work« :  3 
books  of  6  songs  each,  op.  x,  3,  4 ;  Licdcrbuch, 


517 


SCHETKY— SCIIIMON 


25  songs,  op.  2  ;  pf  -pieces  in  Lebert  and  Stark's 
Method,  Vol.  iv. 

Schet'ky,  Christoph,  fine  'cellist;  b.  Darm- 
stadt, 1740;  d.  Edinburgh,  i773.--Publ.  6 
string -quartets  ,  6  string-trios  ;  6  duos  f .  'cello 
and  vln  ;  6  'cello-sonatas  w.  bass  ;  6  flute-duos  ; 
6  'cello-duos,  and  6  easy  do. ;  6  sonatas  f .  violin 
and  'cello. 

Schicht,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Reichenau, 
Saxony,  Sept.  29,  1753 ;  d.  Leipzig,  Feb  16, 
1823.  "  In  1776,  already  well-trained  as  an 
organist  and  pianist,  he  matriculated  at  Leipzig 
as  a  law-student,  but  became  pianist  at  Joh 
Adam  Killer's  4t  Liebhaber-Concerte,"  and  at 
the  "  Gewandhaus  Concerts  "  evolved  from  them 
in  1781,  succeeding  Hiller  as  cond.  in  1785.  In 
1 8 10  he  followed  A.  E.  Muller  as  cantor  at  the 
Thomaskirche.  His  works  comprise  the  ora- 
torios Die  Feier  der  Christen  auf  Golgotha, 
Moses  auf  Sinai,  and  Das  Endc  des  GerechUn  ; 
masses,  motets,  Te  Deums,  the  looth  Psalm 
(after  Moses  Mendelssohn) ;  several  choral-mo- 
tets ("Nach  einer  Prtlfung  kurzer  Tage," 
"Jesus  meine  Zuversicht,"  *'  Herzhch  lieb  hab* 
ich  dich,  o  Herr,"  etc.) ;  9  settings  of  Leo's 
Miserere  a  4-8  ;  an  excellent  book  of  Chorals 
(1819  ;  of  1285  melodies,  306  are  original) ;— a 
concerto,  sonatas,  caprices,  etc.,  f.  pf.;  and 
*' Gnindregeln  der  Harmonic"  (Leipzig,  1812). 
He  transl.  the  pf.-methods  of  dementi  and 
Pleyel,  and  the  Pellegrini-Celoni  singing-method. 

Schick  (n&  Hamel),  Margarete  Luise, 
noted  stage-soprano;  b.  Mayence,  Apr.  26, 
1773 ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  29, 1809.  Pupil  of  Sleffani 
at  Wurzburg,  later  of  Righini  at  Mayence,  where 
her  stage-debut  took  place  in  1791.  Favorite 
roles  were  Susanna  (Figaro)  and  Zerlina  (Don 
Giovanni).  From  1794  she  sang  at  the  Royal 
Opera,  Berlin,  having  great  success  in  operas  by 
Cluck. — See  Lewezow's  "  Leben  und  Kunst  der 
Frau  M.  S."  (Berlin,  1809). 

Schie'dennayer,  Joseph  Bernhardjd.  Linz- 
on-Danube,  Jan.  8,  1840,  as  cathedral-organist. 
— Works :  Much  sacred  music  ;  also  sympho- 
nies, string-trios,  organ-pieces,  etc.;  a  "Theo- 
retisch-practische  Chorallehre  zum  Gebrauch 
beim  kathohschen  Kirchenritus  "  (1828) ;  and  an 
abridged  ed.  of  L.  Mozart's  violin-method. 

Schied'mayer  &  S5hne,  Stuttgart  firm  of 
piano-makers,  founded  in  Erlangen,  1781,  by 
Joh.  David  S.  Removed  to  Stuttgart,  1806. 
Began  the  manufacture  of  uprights  (now  their 
specialty)  in  1842.  The  present  head  is  Adolf 
S.  (b.  1847),  a  great-grandson  of  the  founder. 

Schikane'der,  Emanuel  Johann,  the  libret- 
tist of  Mozart's  ZattberjftSte;  b.  Ratisbon,  1751  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Sept.  21,  1812.  A  member  of  a  band 
of  strolling  players,  he  met  Mozart  at  Salzburg, 
and  profited  by  the  acquaintance  later,  when 
manager  of  a  theatre  in  Vienna,  by  inducing  M. 
to  compose  the  Zauberjldte,  in  which  S.  himself 
played  the  part  of  Papageno,  and  which  rescued 
him  temporarily  from  ruin  ;  he  died  in  extreme 
poverty. 


Schildt,  Melchior,  b.  Hanover  (?),  1592,  d. 
there  May  22,  1667.  Pupil  of  Swcchnck ;  oij»an- 
ibt,  1623-6,  ot  the  principal  chinch  at  \VoUcn* 
buttel,  from  1629,  of  the  Marktkiiche,  Hanover. 
Extant  works  2  books  of  choials  xvoiked  out  f. 
organ  ;  2  sets  of  clavichord-variations. 

Schil'ler,  Madeline,  gifted  pianist ;  b.  in  I -on- 
don,  England  ;  the  daughter  of  an  English  citi- 
zen  of  German  descent.  Though  a  pupil  of  IJenj. 
R.  Isaacs  [excellent  pianist  and  teacher;  1818- 
1881],  and  lor  a  short  time  of  Benedict  and  Hallo, 
she  really  foimcd  her  own  style  ;  after  a  year  and 
a  quarter  at  Leipzig  with  Moschelcs  she  made  a 
brilliant  debut  at  the  Gewandhaus,  playing  Men- 
delssohn's G-miuor  concerto.  Of  her  J  ,ondon  de- 
but shortly  after,  the  critic  llogailh  wiote  :  u  She 
may  say,  *  I  rose  in  the  motning  and  iound  my- 
self famous.'  "  On  her  reluin  irom  a  successful 
Australian  tour,  MissS.  married  Mi.  Marcus  Kl- 
mer  Bennett  of  Boston,  Mass.  Mine.  Schiller 
made  that  city  her  headquarters  for  several  yeais, 
winning  renown  in  the  united  States  by  her  con- 
certs. A  second  tour  in  Australia  was  followed 
by  a  season  of  concerlmng  in  Kurope.  At  pies- 
ent  (1899)  Mme.  S.  is  in  Wew  York.  She  has  N\  on 
general  recognition  by  her  spirited  and  refined  in- 
terpretations of  classic  and  modern  pf. -literature, 
and  her  qualities  as  an  instructress. 

Schilling,  Gustav,  b.  Schwicgershaustin,  n. 
Hanover,  Nov.  3,  1803  ;  d.  Nebraska,  March, 
1881.  Theological  student  ut  <!Mtiug<m  ami 
Halle  (£>r,  fM.);  in  1830,  dir.  of  the  Stopel 
School  of  Music,  Stuttgart,  anil  until  1857  an 
industrious  writer ;  then  emigrated  to  New 
York,  went  later  to  Montreal,  and  finally  to 
Nebraska. — Works :  ' '  Musikalisches  1 1  andwor- 
terbuch"  (1830);  u  Kncyclopiidie  tier  gesamm- 
ten  musikal.  \Vissenschaflen  oder  XlniverHal- 
Lexicon  der  Tonkunsl"  (7  vol.s ;  1835*40); 
"  Versueli  einer  I'hilosophie  dcs  Schonen  in  der 
Musik"  (i83«) ;  "  Volyphonomos"  (1830 ;  plnjii- 
arized  from  Logicr's  '*  System  der  Musikwissen- 
schaft") ;  "  Generalbass-Lchre"  (1830);  "  Kehr- 
buch  der  allgem.  Musikwisscnschaft "  (1840); 
4tGeschichte  der  heutigen  Wusik'1  (1841); 
"Akustik"  (1842);  tvMus.  Dynamik  oder  die 
Lehre  vom  Vortrag  in  der  M usik "  (i 843) ; ' '  Fran y, 
Liszt"  (1844)  I  4<  Sichercr  Sehlttssel  7.ur  Clnvior- 
virluosita't"  (1:844)  \  %*  I^r  nuisikalische  Autodi- 
dact"  (1846  ;  on  harmony) ;  "  Die  schone  Kunst 
der  Tone"  (1847);  "  Mtwlkaltacho  I )Idiioiik " 
(1851);  uAllgem.  Volksmusiklchre"  (1852); 
"Der  Pianist"  (1854);  also  a  revised  ed.  of 
Em.  Bach's  "Vcrsueh  uber  die  wahre  Art, 
das  Clavier  zu  spielen"  (1857)! 

Schi"mon,  Adolf,  well-known  singing, 
teacher;  b.  Vienna,  Feb.  29,  1820;  <1.  I<eipzig, 
June  21,  1887.  Pupil  of  Iterton,  Ilaltlvy,  etc., 
at  the  Paris  Cons,  from  1836;  accompanist  in 
the  private  classes  of  Hordogni  and  Damlcrali, 
and  acquainted  with  the  leading  singers  of  the 
day.  Studied  the  Italian  method  in  Florence, 
bringing  out  an  opera,  Mra<fr//<t,  there  in  1846  ; 


518 


SCIIIMON-REGAN— SCIILAGER 


was  maestro  al  triubalo  at  TI.  M.'s  Th.,  London, 
1850-2,  then  at  the  Italian  Opera  in  Pans.  Tn 
1858  Flolow  hi  ought  out  S.'s  i-act  comic  opera 
Li\t  urn  Lnt  at  Schwerin.  S.  married  the 
sopiano  concert-singer  Anna  Regan  in  1872  ; 
in  1874,  teacher  of  sinking  at  Leipzig  Cons.; 
from  1877-86,  at  the  K.  School  of  Music  in 
Munich;  then  again  at  the  Leipzig  Cons., 
where  Frau  Schmion-kegan  also  took  classes  in 
singing ,  after  his  death,  she  returned  to  Munich. 
His  woiks  include  Italian  and  French  songs, 
German  //></«•;•,  some  sti  ing -quartets,  a  pf.-trio, 
a  violin-sonata,  pf. -music,  etc. 

Schi'mon-Re'gan,  Anna.  Celebiatecl  con- 
cert-singer; wife  of  Adolf  Schimon  (</.  7'.). 

Schin'delmeisser,  Ludwig,  b.  Konigsbeig, 
Dec.  8,  jSu  ;  died  Darmstadt,  Mar.  30,  iiSG4 
Theatre- A>/V///;/.  at  Sal/burg,  Innsbiuck,  (Irax, 
Uerlin(IConigstadterTh.,  1837),  Pesth  (German 
Th.,  for  about  9  years);  iinally  (1851)  court 
Kapellm.  at  Wiesbaden,  and  in  1853  at  Darm- 
stadt.— Prod  6  operas  (J /<•/// tine  at"  Darmstadt, 
lS6t),  a  ballet,  an  oratorio  (/iomfacim),  over- 
ture to  lfrie/  dcMftii  a  concerto  f.  4  clarinets 
andoreh.,  a clar.-conccrto  in  I'.xnin.,  pf. -pieces, 
songs. 

Schin'dler,  Anton,  Beethoven's  faithful 
fiiend  and  biographer;  b.  Modi,  Moravia,  1796; 
d.  Bockenheini,  n.  Frankfort,  Jan.  16,  1804.  A 
violinist,  he  became  A'tifctfm.  at  the  German 
Opera,  Vienna.  I  luring  the  last  ten  years  of 
Beethoven's  life,  S.  lived  in  the  same  house, 
doing  everything  in  his  power  for  the  master. 
He  was  later  cathedral- A V/V/////.  at  Mil  aster  and 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  1 1  is  intimacy  with  Hcethovon 
lends  peculiar  value  to  his  "  Iliographie  Ludwig 
van  Beethovens"  (MUnster,  1840).  He  also 
publ.  "  Beethoven  in  Paris"  (1842 ;  an  account 
of  the  prod,  of  B/s  com  positions  at  the  Concerts 
spirituels  ;  united  with  the  Biography  in  later 
cd.s). 

Schxnd'lScker,  Philipp,  b.  Mons,  TIainault, 
Oct.  25, 1733;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  16, 1827;  was  1st 
'cello  at  the  CourlOpcra  and  cathodraluntil  18 1 1 ; 
"Imp.  and  Chamber-virtuoso." — His  nephew, 
Wolfgang,  b.  Vienna,  1789,  d.  (?),  was  his  pupil ; 
from  1807  in  Wttnsburg  as  1st  'cello  and  cham- 
ber-musician. Made  a  concert -tour  in  N.  Amer- 
ica.—Publ.  chamber-music  f.  wind-inslr.s,  duos 
f.  'celli,  etc. 

Schi'ra,  Francesco,  b.  Malta,  Aug.  21,1809; 
d.  London,  Oct.  15,  1883,  Pupil  of  the  Milan 
Cons.  (Basili)  from  1818-1828;  prod,  his  first 
opera,  lllem  fJI/tt^ina.ni  La  Scala,  1832 ;  was 
eng.  next  year  as  cond.  of  the  San  Carlos  Th.  at 
Lisbon,  and  taught  at  the  Cons,  there ;  went  to 
London  in  1840,  and  was  eng.  for  the  English 
Opera  at  The  Princess's  Th.  in  1842  ;  in  1847  for 
prury  I*net  1848  for  Covent  Garden,  and  again 
in  1852  for  Drury  Lane,  but  soon  resigned  to  de- 
vote himself  to  vocal  teaching,  achieving  a  high 


reputation.-— Operas  :  //  fanatice  per  la  nntsmi 
(1855)  and  tctwalitri  di  Valsnfia  (1857),  both  at 


Lisbon;  Mina  (1849)  and  77/ivvwr,  ///<•  Orphan 
of  Geneva  (1850),  both  at  London,  in  Knghsh  ; 
Nmolb  i/tf1  Lapl  (IF.  M.'s  Th.,  London,  1X63) ; 
J.a  St'/vajgia  (Venice,  iH75);  Lia  (ibid.,  187^); 
an  operetta,  Th?  KM -ring;  a  cantata,  'ffic  J.ord 
of  fturkigh  (Dhmingham  Mus.  Fest.,  1873); 
vocal  chamber-music  ,  organ-music  ;  etc. 

Schir'macher,  Dora,  gifted  pianist ;  b.  Liv- 
erpool, Sept.  1, 1862,  Pupil,  1872-7,  of  \Venzel 
and  Reinecke  at  Leip/.ig  Cons.,  winning  the 
Mendelssohn  prize.  J  )c'but  at  the  ( lewandhaus, 
Feb.  T,  1877  ;  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  London,  on 
Mai.  31;  has  played  at  Liverpool,  Manchester, 
etc.,  at  Amsterdam,  and  in  several  German  cit- 
ies, lias  publ.  a  suite,  Valsc-Capiice,  sonata, 
Tone-pictures,  Serenade,  Kvening  Song,  etc., 

r.  Pf. 

Sdiir'mer,  G,  (incorporated),  noted  musk- 
publishing  house  at  New  Ymk.  Jt  fa  an  out- 
growth of  the  business  founded  in  1848  by  Kerk- 
sicg  &  Ureusing,  in  which  Gustav  Schirmer 
obtained  an  interest  in  iSfii  (linn-name  then 
liccr&  Schirmer),  and  complete  contiol  in  iH(>6. 
Since  1893  the  business  has  been  carried  on  as 
a  stock-company  under  the  management  of  Ru- 
dolph E.  Schirmer  and  Gustav  Schirmer,  sons 
of  the  founder. 

Schirmer,  Gustav,  founder  of  the  New  York 
music-publishing  house;  b.  Konigsee,  Saxony, 
Sept.  19,  1829;  d.  Kisenaoh,  Thuringia,  Aug.  6, 
1893,  on  a  journey  undertaken  with  the  hope  of 
restoring  his  health.  Both  his  father  and  grand- 
father were  piano-makers  to  the  court  of  Son- 
dershausen.  He.  went  to  New  York  in  1837; 
entered  the  music-store  of  Seharfenberg  &  Luis, 
and  in  1854  became  the  manager  of  llreusing's 
musw-business.  In  1861,  with  II.  Neer,  he  look 
over  this  business,  which  was  then  carried  on 
under  the  (inn-name  of  I  Jeer  &  Schirmer  until 
1866,  when  S.  obtained  complete  control.  Since 
then  the  house  has  becomes  one  of  the  most 
important  in  the  world,  both  for  the  publication 
of,  and  general  trade  in,  music.  S.  was  a  pub- 
Usher  with  an  artistic  conscience  j  it  was  his  life- 
work  to  elevate  the  public  taste,  not  to  win  mere 
commercial  success  by  catering  to  "popular" 
wants;  and  his  influence  for  good  is  fdt  through- 
out America. 

Schla'debach,  Julius,  a  Ciormnn  physician 
who  died  at  Kiel  in  3872,  publ.  vol.  i  of 
a  "Neues  Universal- Lexikon  dcr  Tonkunst" 
(1854),  completed  by  Bcrnsdorf ;  also  "  Die  Hil- 
dung  der  menschlichen  Stimme  sum  Gutting" 
(1860). 

SchliL'ger,  Hans,  b.  Wtekirahen,  Upper  ATM- 
tria,  Dec.  5,  1820;  d.  Salzburg,  May  17,  1885. 
Pupil  of  Prcyer,  at  Vienna ;  1844-61,  Charmeister 
of  the  M&nntvgeMttgwrein  ;  then  Kapellm* 
of  Salxburg  (!uth.,  and  Director  of  the  Mosfart- 
eum,  resigning  on  his  marriage  with  Countess 
^ichy  in  1867.— Operas :  tftinrich  uttti  //fi» 
(Salzburg,  1869),  and  l/ans  ffaidtkukvk  (ibid., 
1873) ;  the  symphonic  tone-picture  "  Waldmeis- 


519 


SCHLECIIT— SCHLOSSER 


ters  Brautfahrt " ,  a  prize  string-quartet ,  3 
masses  w.  orch.  ;  symphonies  ,  etc. 

Schlecht,  Raimund,  b  Eichstadt,  Mar.  n, 
iSil ;  d.  there  Mar.  24, 1891.  Priest ;  president 
of  Eichstadt  Seminar}',  and  ecclesiastical  coun- 
cillor.— Publ.  "Officium  in  nativitate  Domini" 
(1843);  "Vesperae  breviarii  romani "  (1852) , 
1  *  Gradualiaet  offertoria  de  communi  sanctorum  " ; 
"Auswahl  deutscher  Kirchengesange"  ;  a  "Ge- 
schichte  der  Kirch enmusik  "  (1871 ;  contains  lit- 
tle independent  research)  ;  contributions  to  the 
"  Monatshefte  fur  Musikgeschichte,"  Mendel's 
"Conversations-Lexicon,"  etc. 

Schlei'nitz,  Heinrich  Conrad,  b.  Zechanitz, 
n.  Dobeln,  Saxony,  Oct.  I,  1807  ;  d.  Leipzig, 
May  13,  iSSi.  Law-student, and  lawyer,  in  Leip- 
zig ;  as  a  pupil  of  the  Thomasschule  he  had  an 
excellent  mus.  education ;  was  a  member  of  the 
Gewandhaus  Board  of  Managers  when  they 
called  Mendelssohn  to  Leipzig,  and  became  a 
fast  friend  of  the  latter,  giving  up  his  legal  prac- 
tice on  M.'s  death  to  undertake  the  direction  of 
the  Conservatorium,  an  office  which  he  filled  with 
conservative  zeal  until  his  decease. 

Schle'singen  Two  well-known  music-pub- 
lishing firms:  (i)  The  "  Schlesinger'sche  Buch- 
und  Rfusikahenhandlung  "  at  Berlin,  founded  in 
1810  by  Adolf  Martin  S.;  carried  on  from  1858 
by  his  son  Heinrich  (d.  1879 ;  the  founder  of  the 
mus.  paper  "Echo");  since  1864  in  the  hands 
of  R.  Lienau;— and  (2)  "  M.  A  Schlesinger" 
in  Paris,  founded  in  1834  by  Moritz  Adolf,  son 
of  Adolf  Martin,  and  the  founder  of  the  "Ga- 
zette musicale"  (since  1835,  "Revue  et  gaz. 
mus.").  The  business  was  acquired  by  Louis 
Brandus  in  1846. 

Schle'singer,  Sebastian  Benson,  b.  Ham- 
burg, Sept.  24,  1837,  Went  to  the  United 
States  at  13  ;  studied  music  at  Boston,  chiefly 
under  Otto  Dresel.  Was  for  17  years  Imp. 
German  Consul  at  Boston.  At  present  (1899) 
residing  in  Paris.  Gifted  amateur  composer; 
has  publ.  over  120  songs,  which  have  received 
the  hearty  approval  of  U.  Franz,  M.  Bruch,  and 
other  eminent  musicians.  For  pf.  he  has  publ. 
an  Albumblatt ;  6  Melodic  Studies ;  Novcllette 
in  D  b  ;  fitude  in  C  min. ;  Nocturne  ;  5  Minia- 
tures; an  Improvisation ;  an  Impromptu-Caprice; 
and  a  Wedding-march. 

Schlet'terer,  Hans  Michel,  b.  Ansbach, 
May  29,  1824 ;  d.  Augsburg,  June  4,  1893. 
Pupil,  at  Ansbach,  of  Ott,  Durrncr,  and  Th. 
Mayer ;  later  of  Spohr  and  Kraushaar  at  Kas- 
sel,  and  David  and  Richter  at  Leipzig.  1845-7, 
teacher  at  Finstigen  (Lorraine)  Seminary ;  1847- 
53,  mus.  dir.  at  Zweibrticken,  1854-8  at  Heidel- 
berg- Univ.  ;  then  JCapellm.  at  the  Protestant 
Ch.,  Augsburg,  and  singing-teacher  at  Stetten's 
Institute.  He  founded  (1865)  and  cond.  the 
Oratorio  Soc.,  and  was  the  founder  and  Director 
of  the  Augsburg  School  of  Music.  In  1878,  Dr. 
phiL  hon.  causa,  Tubingen. — Works  14  operettas, 
Dornrdschcn,  op.  45  ;  Pharaos  Tochtcr>  op.  49 ; 


Der  ofulltt:  Traum,  op  52  ,  and  Vater  Bea- 
/uv , — cantatas  La\wt  tt'tr  h'imilcui  au  nnr 
kommen,  wn&Jephthas  Tochtet  , — QAteiMorgeu, 
and  ThArmerhed*  f.  male  ch.  and  orch  ;  "  Die 
kirchlichen  KcsUeilen,"  op.  28  ;  17  books  of 
choruses  a  cafpella,  f.  male,  female,  and  mixed 
voices ;  minor  vocal  conip.s  ;  a  "  Choigesang- 
schule"  for  schools  (op.  29  and  30);  ditto  f. 
male  voices,  op  20  ;  Violin- Method,  op,  7  ;  also 
edited  many  pf. -scores  of  classical  works,  etc. — 
Wrote  "Geschichte  der  jfcistlichcn  Dichtung 
und  kirchlichen  Tonkunst"  (\'ol  i,  1860.); 
"  Uebcrsichtliche  Darstellung  dor  (lesch."  ot 
the  same  ;  "  ZurCiesch.  der  cliamatischcn  Musik 
und  Poesie  in  Deutschland"  (Vol.  i,  "Das 
deutsche  Singspicl,"  1863);  "J.  Fi.  Rdchaidl" 
(1865);  "Studien  zur  Gcschichte  der  franxftsi- 
schen  Musik  "  (1884-5  ;  3  vol.s) ;  the  assays 
"G.  B.  Pergolcse,"  "J.  J.  Rousseau,"  "I,. 
Spohr,"  and  "Der  Urspiung  der  Oper"  (in 
Graf  Waldersee's  "  Sammlung  ")  ;  etc. 

Schlick,  Arnold,  couit  organist  to  the  Klec- 
tor  Palatine;  publ.  "Spiegel  tier  Orgelmachcr 
und  Organisten"  (1511),  and  " 'I'ahulaturen 
ctlicher  Lobgcsang  und  Lietllein  uIT  die  Orgdn 
und  Lauten"  (1512  ;  a  coll.  of  vocal  numbers 
arr.  in  part  for  organ,  in  part  for  lute,  \vilh  or 
without  voices,  in  tablature ; — raie  and  early 
prints  by  P.  SchOfler ;  republ.  by  Ur.  &  Hartel). 

Schlick,  Johann  Conrad,  b.  Minister  (?), 
Westphalia,  1759  »  *•'•  CJotha,  1^25,  as  'cellist  in 
the  Ducal  orch. — Publ.  a  concerto,  and  3  so- 
natas w,  bass,  f.  'cello ;  3  quintets  f.  (lute  and 
stiings;  6  string-quartets;  3  pf.-lnos  ;  and  a 
concertante  f.  violin  and  'cello. 

Schlim'bacb,  Geprg  Christian  Friedrich, 
b.  Ohrdnif,  Thuringia,  1760;  in  17^2,  organist 
at  I'rcnzlau ;  later  principal  of  a  nni,sic-school 
at  Berlin.  Organ-expert  ;  publ,  "  Ueber  die 
Structur,  Krhnltun^,  Stimnuinj;  und  IVUfunj» 
der  Orgel  "  (r8oi) ;  also  papers  in  the  "  Ilcrlin- 
ische  musikal.  Xoitunjy,"  1805-6. 

Schlos^er,  Louis,  b.  Ourmstudt,  r$<x>;  tl 
there  Nov.  17,  1886,  as  court  A"<//<*//w.  ('tun- 
poser;  pupil  of  Rinck  at  l)annslmlt,  Soyln'etl, 
Mayseder,  and  Salicri  at  Vienna,  and  I  x»  Sueur 
and  Kreutzer  at  the  Paris  Cons. — Works  (about 
70  opus-numbers  publ,) :  The  operas  f/Vw 
1835  (?),  Das  Leficn  dn  Tnwni  (1830), 
vetntto  Cellini,  Diejitgendh'arls  //.  wu  fyt 
(1847),  and  Die  Jim  tit  tbs  1/erwgs  (1847) ;  an 
operetta,  Kapit&n  Hector  ;  the  melodntma  AV 
Jahresxeiten;  music  lo  f<\rust;  ballets,  entr'actes, 
svmphonies,  overtures,  slrin^iunrtets,  concer- 
tino f.  hornw.  orch.,  pf, -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Schlos'ser,  (Carl  Wilhelm)  Adolf,  son 
and  pupil  of  Louis  S.;  b.  Darnifitndl,  Keb.  I, 
1830.  Pianist;  dtibut  Frankfort,  1847;  after 
concert-tours  in  Germany,  France,  and  Knglancl, 
he  settled  in  London  (1854).  Teacher  at,  awl 
Hon.  Member  of,  the  R.  A.  M.— Works  :  Pf,- 
quartet;  pf.-trio;  a  Suite  in  I)  min, ;  24  Studies; 
several  solo  pieces  f .  pf . 


520 


SCilLOTTMANN— fiCHMTTT 


Schlott'mann,  Louis,  b.  Ilcilin,  Nov.  12, 
iH2(>.  Fine  pi.uusl,  pupil  of  Tauberl  .UK]  Dchn; 
gave  successful  contcits  at  London  and  else- 
where, ami  sett  It'll  in  IJcihn  as  a  leachci.  Title 
<>1  "  R.  Mus.  I>ii."  in  i!  S75.  —\Voiks-  OveUine 
to  AW/tv  <///</  Juhrt  :  Tiaueimaisch  I.  orch.  ; 
I'oncertsUick  f  pf.  ,  chamhei  -music  ;  pf.  -pieces 
(op.  8,  3  <  \ipiicettes  ;  op.  ii,  Polonaise  tie.  con- 
ceit; op.  10,1  Andantino  \N.  var.s  ;  op.  22,  "Ju- 
j»emlspiej»el,"  0  numbers)  ;  etc. 


Schmeil,  teacher  at  Matfdehmn,  in  vented  the 
41  Noto<>raph,"  .in  appaiatus  which,  when  at- 
tarhetl  to  the  piano,  a<  ruralely  iccoids  \vhalevci 
is  i>layed,  in  notation  easy  to  lend. 

Schmerzcr,  Johann  Heinrich,  com  I  cham- 
ber-musician at  Vicmu,  Liter  (1(135)  a(  league, 
in  1078  eourt  A'f//V//w.  to  Keidinand  III.  ,  d. 
after  Kxtf.  Publ.  "  Sacro-piofanus  eoiieentus 
musicus  .  .  ."(tons;  M  .sonatas  I.  violin  w. 
violas  and  trombones)  ;  **  Arie  pei  il  ballello  a 
eavallo  .  .  .  "(K>(>7;  for  the  wedding  of  Leo- 
pold I.)  ;  and  M  Puodcnaselcetariimsonalarum  " 
tr  4 


Schmid  |  Schmidt  |,  Bernhard,  Strassburj* 
organist,  in  15(10  at  the  Thomaskhehe,  in  1504 
at  the  Minster.  1*111)1.  "  Kiner  iienen  mid  ktlnsl- 
liehcn  miff  Or^el  und  Instniment  TabulaUu 
Iweh"  (1577;  lantasins  on  motets  by  Lasso, 
t'requillon,  eti1.;  also  dance-pieces)  ;  ami  a 
**  Tabulatur-IJueh  von  allerhaml  auscrlcsenen 
sehonen  lYaludiis,  Toeealen,  Moletten,  Can/o- 
nelten,  etc."  it  ,j,-<>  (i(x>7).—  He  was  sueeeeded 
at  the  Thomasklrrhf  by  Menihard  Sehniitl  the 
younger. 

Schmid,  Anton,  b,  Pihl,  n.  Leipa,  IU>hemia, 
Jan.  30,  »7H7;  d.  July  ;i,  1^57,  as  eustotliaii  of 
the  mus.  Heeli«»n  in  the  Vienna  Library.  Publ. 
tin:  valuable  monographs  "Ottaviuno  dei  Pc- 
trueei  da  l(\^sotnln'one,der  KHinder  des  Muslk- 
nolemlmeks  mit  bewegliohea  Metalllynon,  und 
seine  Nachfol^er  tin  K».  Jahrhundert  (1^45); 
41  J,  Haydn  und  N,  Xin^arelli"  (1847  ;  to  prove 
that  Havibi  n»mp.  "Clott  orhaltu  Kranx  (U»n 
KnistT1');  "Oiristnph  Willibuld,  Killer  von 
<lluek"  (1854);  and  *'  IJcitriltfo  xur  Lilteratnr 
und  (iuschiehtt*  der  Ttmkimst"  (in  Delia's 


Schmidt,  Johftnu  Philipp  Samuel,  - 

inent  oflicial  ;  writer  and  anmtcrur  txnnposer  ;  b. 
Konitfsb«rn,  Svpt,  H,  I77<r,  tl.  Herlin,  May  cj, 
1^5.1*  Wroli'  half  n  st'(»rtt  of  operas  lor  K  fluids- 
berg  and  Berlin  ;  many  caulutas  ;  t)  oratorios 
and  mashes;  symphonittH  ;  <  nil  n  lets  and  (jtiartctn 
f.  strings,  etc.,  many  publ.;  also  contributed  to 
inusicat  periodicals  of  llerlin  and  Lemxij^,  and 
was  for  30  years  critit;  for  the  u  Spenor  Htihw  5C«i- 
tung°;  arr.  symphonies  by  Mozart  and  Haydn, 
/,  etc.,  f,  pf. 


Schmidt,  Joseph,  violinist  ;  b.  littckcUirg, 
Sept.   a6>  1:795;  (I.   there  Mar.  15,  1865,  us 


couit  A"f//»f//w. — Works:  Oratorio  AV  Gebnrl 
Christ  ;  vocal  (jnarlets,  ])sahns,  h^mns,  etc. 

Schmidt,  Hermann,  b  ISerlm,  Mai.  5,  iKio  ; 
tl  theic  Oct.  i<),  '845,  as  court  comp.  and  ballet- 
cond.  riq>il  oi  Ilohmer  and  (iabiiclski  (llute) ; 
piod.  operettas,  ballets,  etc  ,  also  oieh.l  antl 
chambet-niusie. 

Schmidt,  Guslav,  b.  Woimar,  Sept.  T,  rSif> ; 
tl.  Daimstadt,  Keb.  n,  1882,  as  eourt  AV/r7//// 
While  i heali e-cond.  at  Frankfort,  lit;  piod  thu 
vciy  successful  opeia  /';///s  /i/wu  (1845),  and 
Die  irrifavwH  //V/;/^/v;;;' (1858)  ;  olhei  opeias 
were  f.a  AM'  (Uicslau,  1863)  anil  AltH.  Also 
WIDU*  songs,  ballads,  ami  popular  male  choruses. 

Schmitt,  Joseph,  b.  1704;  d.  as  AV/V//W. 
at  Kiankforl  on- Main,  i8i,S.  A  monk  at  Kbeis- 
b;ich,  he  dolled  the  cowl  in  I7<)<),  establ.  himself 
at  Amsteulam  as  a  music-dealei  ;  married  ;  won 
imputation  as  a  violinist  mid  chinch-composer, 
and  was  liiudly  tCtifri/M.  of  the  Krankfoit  thea- 
tre.—Publ,  symphonies,  chamber-music,  and  a 
Method  1.  violin 

Schmitt,  Nikolaus,  (lei man  composer,  from 
1770  tJti'f  (/(•  wu$it/Ne  of  the  French  (luartls  at 
l*aiis,  later  1st  bassoon  at  the  Italian  Opeia. 
Publ.  ']  biissoon-coiuvrlos,  3  bassoon-(juartets, 
var  s  f.  bassoon  ;  quintets,  octets,  cniartets,  and 
tluos  f.  wiml-instr.s  ;  otc. 

Schmitt,  Aloys,  pianist  anil  eminent  teacher ; 
1).  Krlenbacli,  Havana,  Aug.  an,  1788  ;  d.  Kmnk- 
forl-on-Main,  July  25,  i8()0.  Son  and  pupil  of 
a  cantor,  and  at  14  a  line  player,  he  studied 
coin  p.  with  Andre  at  (Mfenbach  from  his  ssoth 
year,  and  settled  in  Frankfort  in  1816,  remain- 
ing there,  excepting  a  few  years  in  Merlin,  ami 
1 835-0  at  Hanover  as  organist  to  the  Duke  of 
Cambridge.  His  valuable  instructive  works  f, 
pf.  include  a  Method,  op.  114;  Studies,  op.  i(>, 
55,  02  (Rhapsodies),  67,  115;  Rondos,  op,  .1; 
Sonatinas,  op.  10,  n  ;  he  also  wrote  4  pf.-con- 
certos,  a  pf.-conecrlino  w,  oreh,,  rondos,  varia- 
tions, etc.,  f.  pf,  and  oroh.,  pf. -quartets  and 
-trios,  solo  pieces  (sonatas,  variations,  etc.)  f. 
pf,;  <J  operas;  a  oratorios  (Ahws  and  A*iff/t)\ 
masses;  orcli.l  overtures,  tktc,— Iliogr.  by  Hen- 
kel:  "Leben  und  Werkts  vt»n  Dr.  A.  S.'1 
(Frankfort,  1873). 

Schmitt,  Jacob  |  Jacques],  brother  ami  pupil 
of  preceding;  b.  Obernhurtf,  Uavaria,  Nov.  a, 
1803;  d,  Hamburg,  June,  1853,  Kxcellcnt 
piano-teacher ;  of  some  370  works,  his  sona- 
tinas f.  pf,  are  especially  prixcil  (op.  at),  83  [easy 
ami  progr,  |,  84,  307,  248,  340  ;  for  4  hands,  op. 
3it  4<)t  "5i  nK,  3o8);  the  "  Musikalisdics 
KchtttxkJbitlcin,"  op,  325,  i«  a  valuable  coll.  of 
133  short  pieces ;  his  Method,  op*  301,  and 
Studies  (op,  37,  371,  330),  are  also  nuich  lined, 
like  the  Rondos  (op.  88,  rrj,  250)  and  thw  u 
Nocturnes ;  he  also  wrote  sonatas,  variations, 
and  jw/0/Mnuflic  f.  pf.;  ami  the  opera  Alfred dtr 


521 


SCHMITT— SCHNEIDER 


Schmitt,  (Georg)  Aloys,  son  and  pupil  of 
Aloys;  b  Hanover,  Feb.  2,  1827;  studied  theory 
with  Vollweiler  at 
Heidelberg.  After 
pianistie  tours  in 
Germany,  France, 
Belgium,  and  Al- 
giers, he  visited  Lon- 
don, became  theatre- 
cond.  at  Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle,  Wurzburg, 
etc.,  and  1857-92 
court  cond.  at 
Schwenn;  from 
1893,  director  of  the 
'*  Dreyssig'sche 
Singakademie "  at 
Dresden.  Emma  Brandes  was  one  of  his  pu- 
pils. He  prod,  the  operas  Trilby  (Frankfort, 
1845),  Das  irumhvasser  (ibid.),  and  Afaicn- 
aw //&v/  also  incid.  music  to  plays;  overtures 
and  other  orch.l  works ;  string -quartets  ;  pf.- 
trios  ;  pf. -pieces  ;  songs. 

Schmitt,  Hans,  excellent  piano-teacher ;  b. 
Koben,  Bohemia,  Jan.  14,  1835.  At  first  an 
oboist  at  Bucharest  and  Vienna,  he  studied  the 
piano  under  Dachs  at  the  Vienna  Cons.,  1860-2, 
taking  the  silver  medal,  and  being  app.  teacher 
at  the  Cons. — His  important  instructive  works 
f.  pf.  include  "300  Studies  without  Octave- 
stretches";  "Vademecum";  "  Fundament  der 
Klaviertechnik",  "Zirkelubungen  in  Skalen 
und  Akkorden";  "  120  kleine  Vortragsstucke"; 
a  school-edition  of  dementi's  "  Gradus";  u  Re- 
pertoirestudien",  *lDas  Pedal  des  Klaviers" 
(1875  ;  after  L.  Kohler) ; — also  an  elementary 
vocal  method,  "Schule  des  GehOrs";  songs; 
charact.  pieces  f .  pf . ;  a  ConcertstUck  f .  violin ; 
etc. 

Schmol'zer,  Jakob  Eduard,  song-comp. ;  b. 
Graz,  Mar.  9,  1812 ;  d.  there  Jan.  9,  1886.  His 
chorus  * f  Allen  Deutschen  "  won  ist  prize  of  the 
"  ThUringcr  Sangerbund." 

Schna'bel,  Joseph  Ignaz,  b.  Naumburg-on- 
Queiss,  Silesia,  May  24, 1767 ;  d.  Breslau,  June 
1 6,  1831.  From  1804,  cathedral- Kapelbn.  at 
Breslau  ;  from  1812,  mus.  dir.  at  the  Univ., 
teacher  at  the  R.  C.  Seminary,  and  Director  of 
the  R,  Inst.  for  Church-music. — Many  sacred 
works ;  he  publ.  5  musses,  4  graduate,  2  offer- 
tories, antiphones,  hymns,  and  vespers ;  male 
quartets  ;  songs  ;  marches,  etc.,  f.  military  band  ; 
quintet  f.  guitar  and  strings  ;  and  a  clarinet- 
concerto. — -His  brother,  Michael,  b.  Naum- 
burg,  Sept.  23,  1775 ;  d.  Breslau,  Nov.  6,  1842, 
where  he  founded  (1814)  a  piano-factory,  which 
was  carried  on  by  his  son  Karl  (1809-1881),  who 
was  also  an  excellent  pianist,  and  a  composer  of 
some  note  (operas,  masses,  orch.l  works,  pf.- 
music,  etc.). 

Schneck'er,  Peter  August,  b.  in  Hessen- 
Darmstadt,  Aug.  26, 1850.  Pupil  of  Oscar  Paul 
at  Leipzig  ;  settled  in  America  as  a  teacher  and 


organist. — Works:  Church-music,  pf. -pieces,  and 
songs ;  has  compiled  several  coll.s  of  oij»an- 
compositions. 

Schnee'gass  [Snegassius],  Cyriak,  bom 
fiuschleben,  n.  (iotha,  Oct.  5,  1546;  d  Oct.  23, 
1597,  as  pastor  at  Fnednchioda. — Publ.  '*  Nova 
etexquisitamonochordidmicnsio"  (150,0)  ;  "Isa- 
goge  musicae  libii  II,  tarn  theoricae  quam  prac- 
ticae"  (1591,  2nd  ed.  150.6)  ,  "  Deutsche  Musica 
fur  die  Kinder  und  nmlre,  so  nicht  somlcrlich 
Latein  verstehen"  (1592;  2nd  ed.  15^4) ;  he 
comp.  psalms,  graduals,  and  motets  foi  Clmst- 
mas  and  New  Year. 

Schnei'der,  Johann,  b.  Lander,  n,  Kobiui*, 
July  17,  1702  ;  d.  Leipxi^,  jibout  1775,  \\hcre 
he  was  organist  (a  famous  impiovisei)  from  1730 
at  the  Nikolaikirche. 

Schnex'der,  Georg  Abraham,  hotn-virtu- 
oso;  b  Daimstadt,  Apr.  19,  1770;  U.  Ui-ilin, 
Jan.  ry,  1839,  Member  oi  the  Koynl  oirh,  at 
Berlin  ;  from  1820,  A'tifMn.  of  the  ( 'oui  t  ( )pcra, 
and  Mitsikmei >Av of  all  regiments  of  the  ( Junrcls. 
— Works  :  The  operettas  Ar  OniAf/jtfnti/t, 
Aitcassin  und  jfifolcttt^  Dif  7  Vnv  fatw  «w/v/, 
Der  Tniitui)  Der  Wtihrwolf ;  13  ballots  ;  music 
to  numerous  plays,  nielodiunms,  cklc.;  a  orato- 
rios;  cantatas;  orch.l  masses;  54  onli'aetcH  f. 
orch.;  symphonies  and  overtures;  concertos  f, 
horn,  flute,  oboe,  English  horn,  has\s<ion,  etc.; 
quintets,  quartets,  an<l  other  chamber  music  for 
wind-instr.s  (over  TOO  works  were  publ.). 

Schnei'der,  (Johann  Georg)  Wilhelm,  b. 
Rathenow,  Prussia,  Oct.  5,  1781  ;  <l.  Herliu, 
Oct.  17,  i Sir.  Pianist;  pupil  of  his  father,  ami 
of  Turk  at  Halle.  Concert- player  and  teacher 
in  Berlin. — Publ.  a  pf,~fantasia  \v.  orch.,  and 
variations,  fantasias,  marches,  and  dances  f.  pf. ; 
a  "  Commersbuch "  (1802);  and  a  44  Musika- 
lisches  Taschenbuch "  for  the  years  1803  and 
1805,  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Wcrclcr." 
Songs  publ.  posthumously. 

Schneider,  Wilhelm,  b.  Neudorf,  Saxony, 
July  21,  1783;  d.  Mcwelmrjr,  Oct.  <),  1843,  as 
organist  and  mus.  dir. — Publ.  "Was  hat  tier 
Orjrelspieler  beim  (Jottesdienstzu  beobachten  ?  " 
(1823) ;  "  I.ehrbuch,  das  Or^elwerk  kennen  ,  .  . 
zu  lernen"  (1823);  "(lesantflehre  fttr  Lantl- 
und  Bfligerschulen"  (1825);  "  M  usikalisehes 
llilfsbuchbcim  Kirchendicnst  "(1820) ;  "Aus- 
ftthrliche  Heschreibunjf  der  Domor^el  xu  Mtjrso- 
burjr'1  (1829);  "Anweisunjf  7(U  C'horalvorspic- 
len,"  w.  50  preludes  (1829);  "ChorolkenntnixM 
nebst  Regeln  und  Beispielcn  zn  xichti^om  Vor- 
trag  des  Altargesangs  "  (1833) ;  *'  Musiknlisehc 
(irammatik  .  .  ."  (183.1);  **  Historisch-tech- 
nische  Beschreibunff  der  mus.  Tnstr.e"  (1834) ; 
"  Die  Orjcelregister,  deren  Rntstelumg,  Itehand- 
lung,  etc."  (1835) ;  '*  Musikalischer  KQhrer  "  for 
teachers  (1855).  Also  ef.  '*  Tiemerkenswerthe 
Erfindungim  Orffelbau"in  the  "AUgem,  mus. 
Zeitung'  for  1832. 


522 


SCHNEIDER— SCIINITCJKR 


Schnei'der,  (Johann  Christian)  Friedrich, 
I)  Alt- Wallei sdorf,  Saxony,  Jan  3,  1780  ;  d. 
Dess.ni,  Nov.  23,  iH5t  Son  and  pupil  of  Johunn 
Cioltlob  S.  [1>  1753;  (1.  as  organist  at  (iein.s- 
dorf,  May  3,  1840];  attended  the  Zittau  (iyni- 
nasium  and  (1X05)  I,cipxij>  Univ.  As  the  pupil 
ol  linger  at  Ziltuu,  he  eaily  began  composing, 
and  ])iibl.  3  pf. -sonatas  in  1803;  wasapp.  organ- 
ist of  the  Piiulincikiichc.  at  Leipzig  in  1807,  be- 
came coiul.  of  the  Sccondaopeia-lioupe  in  ibio, 
org.  of  the  Thom.iskitclu:  in  1812,  and  in  1817 
Music-diiectorof  the.  Leip/ig  City  Th.  In  1820 
his  grand  oiatono,  J)tts  / /V//;»vv /<///,  miulo  him 
famous,  antl  he  was  called  to  Dessau  in  1821  as 
cotnt  A1r//V/////.  Ileie.  he  not  only  brought  the 
court  orchcsha  to  a  high  state  of  efficiency,  con- 
ducted the  .VitwtAtit/r/ttit'  with  the  best  results, 
and  organised  the  "  I.iederlafel,"  bin  built  up  a 
line  choir  ol  students  sit  the  (Jymnasmm  and 
Teachers'  Seminary,  and  founded  a  celebrated 
School  of  Music  in  1829,  which  was  not  closed 
until  1854,  alter  the  Leipzig  ( 'ons.  had  attracted 
so  many  pupils  of  distinction  ;  aiming  his  pupils 
weic  R.  Kran/.,  K.  SpindK-i,  and  Karl  AnsehlUz. 
Me  also  cond.  nearly  a  score  of  grand  mus. 
festival}*.  In  i. Soothe  degree  of  /V.  /////.  was 
confened  on  him  by  llalle  Univ. — I  Its  orato- 
rios (Ar.r  //WAv/vV/A  Die  Stimtjlttth  [in  Kngl. 
as  VVte  A'//<vv],  ANT  wfotvtie  A/;vf<//V.v,  Jesuf 
trti  C/trixftts  t/tr  J/f/j/rv,  /'/ww,  Cfitistus 
AYW,  (////ft*//,  ticthsfnMn?  und  OW^Mtf, 
(all  publ,  |,  --A/ar  fa/reife  /V;7Aw/rw, 
iJt  7  V/;//V//w//,  /tiwi/tifitfs,  Christ  us  </<r 
,  Hit  HMltnJ I/ Art  ikf  J/<v\m/,v  [unpubl.  |) 
were  formerly  often  pcj'fonnod,— ( )thc»r  woiks : 
K|  masses;  13  motets  and  psalms;  25  cantatas; 
5  hymns;— 7  operas;  23  symphonies ;  many 
overtures;  7  concertos  w,  orch.;  pf.-quartets ; 
trios ;  sonatas  f.  violin  (or  llutf) ;  4<x)  nude  cho- 
ruses ;  2<x>  songs  w.  pf.;  pf.-sonalus  f.  a  and  4 
Imnd.s,  ct«.  (compl.  ft  1.  of  his  pf.-works  publ.  at 
Ilalbersuult) ; — **  Klementiirlwdi  der  llarmonio 
und  Tonsf t/.kunst "  (tHao,  etc.;  in  Knglish, 
1828) ;  tl  Vorschule  d«r  Musik"  (1827) ;  "  Hand- 
burli  dcs  Organislon  "  (1820-30;  4  parts),— Bi- 
ography by  K.  Kcmpf :  u  I'Yiodrich  Schneider 
nls  Mttnsfh  uml  KUnstler"  (DcHstm,  1859  ;  and 
cd.  Berlin,  (864). 

Schnef  derr  Toh&nn  (Gottlob),  brother  of 
preceding;  b.  A lt-( Jcmlorf ,  n.  Xlttau,  Oct.  28, 
1789  ;  cl.  Drwwlfn,  Apr,  13,  1864.  Pupil  of  the 
Xittau  (iymnutium,  nnd  later  ;V^V//JP ekwl  thens ; 
matriculated  iHio  at  Lvipxig  UH  a  law-studcMtt, 
but  next  vcar  Huccmknl  II!H  brother  an  Univ. 
orgunint  (at  the  PaulincrkirchcO,  and  in  1812 
became  org,  of  tho  C'h.  of  SS.  Pftcr  and  Paul  at 
( Uirlilx,  also  founding  n  ninging-Hodcty  there, 
and  giving  organ-conccrtM  at  Dresden,  Lelpxig, 
Liegnitx,  etc.  In  rHss,  court orgnnist at  Drcmlen, 
from  1830  also  cond.  tho  Drfytsijfsefo  AV/I.V- 
tfAtHtrfftit.  Now  (according  to  Mendelssohn)  the 
finest  German  orgim-virtuoHo  of  the  period,  he 
extended  hi*  ooncctrt-tourn  to  Loiulou  (i«33), 
Kmnedawa  teacher  ;  nmonjf  \\l*  pupllK  were  Ber- 


thold  (his  successor  as  court  org.),  (1.  Mcrkel,  F. 
(!.  Jnnsen,  K.  K.  Naumann,  Willem  Nicolai,and 
van  Kycken  —  1'ubl.  woiks  Kuj^iies,  fantasias, 
and  pi  eludes,  f.  oigan  ,  songs  w.  oi};.  obbl. 

Schneider,  Johann  Gottlieb,  biother  of 
the  preceding  ;  h  Alt-(  Jersdorf  ,  July  K),  17^7; 
d  Hiischlxjrg,  Au^».  4,  J856,  as  organist  of  tho 
Kreu/.knche. 

Schneider,  Louis,  court  cotmcilloi  at  Berlin, 
where  he  was  bom  Apr.  29,  1805  ;  d.  Potsdam, 
Dec.  i(>,  1878  --Publ.  "Ceschichte  der  Oper 
und  des  kihiiglichfii  Opernhauses  /u  IJeilin" 


Schneider,  (Johann)  Julius,  b. 
July  (),  1805  ;  d.  llu'ie-  Apr.  3,  1885.  Excellent 
pianist  and  organist  ;  pupil  ol  A.  W.  Bach, 
TlUrsclnnidt,  and  L.  Betger  (pf.),  Ihnismann 
(organ),  and  B.  Klein  (comp.).  In  iiSu<>,  or- 
ganist and  cantor  ol  tin*  Kricdi  icluvcrder  Ch. 
(where  he  organimi  a  liturgical  choir  in  iHpa)  ; 
1^35-58,  Hinging-tcachfr  at  the  Munic.  Indus. 
tiial  School;  1837,  *'  R.  Mus.  Dir.";  1841), 
member  of  the  Akaclemie  (senator  in  1875); 
1854,  teacher  of  organ,  singing,  und  comp,  nt 
the  R.  Inst.  for  Church-music;  iSot),  R.  hi- 
spcctorol  OigaiiH.  In  1821)  he  founded  a  /./V- 
derhtjel)  and  in  1836  n  choral  society  foi  mixed 
voices,  then  also  becoming  nuts.  dir.  of  the 
Royal  York  (Jnuul  Lodge;  fiom  1844-7  he 
coml,  tho  Potsdam  society  for  classical  chamber- 
music.  —  Works  (few  publ.)  :  3  operas  ;  2  ora- 
torios ;  a  mass  ti  (>  ;  a  Paternoster  ti  12  ;  u  Te 
Dcum,  cantatas,  psalms,  etc.  ;  200  nude  cho- 
ruses, and  ot  hci^  w.  military  band  ;  organ-pieces  ; 
n  pf.-ccmcerlo  and  pf.-sonalas  ;  chamber-music  ; 
etc. 

Schnei'der,  Karl,  lyric  tenor;  b.  Strchlen, 
1822;  d.  Cologne,  Jan.  3,  1882.  Opera-singer 
tit  Leip/ig,  Krunkfort,  Wiesbaden,  Rotterdam; 
vocal  teacher  in  Cologne  Cons.,  from  1872. 

Schnei'der,  Theodor,  son  of  Fried  rich  S.  ; 
b.  JOesKHU,  May  14*  '^-7-  l*»l»il  <*f  Ids  father 
and  Drechsler  (*celh>)  I  in  1845,  'cellist  in  Des- 
sau court  orch.  ;  in  1854,  cantor  and  choir- 
director  of  the  court  and  city  churches  ;  from 
l8(H>~<)(),  cantor  ami  mus.  di  rector  at  the  Jakobi- 
kirche  in  Chemnitx  (his  successor  ta  Nlelnel)  ; 
also  cotul.  of  th«  .SV/i^'^'Aw/i*,  nnd  of  u  Mtin^ 
tttwftHtjfivwftt  which  he  founded  in  1870, 

Schnei'der,  Karl  Ernst,  b.  Aachcralchen, 
Dec.  so,  iftii);  il,  Dresden,  Oct.  agf  t««3,  »9 
teacher  at  a  music-school.  —  PubK  **  Das  musi- 
kallsche  Lied  in  geHchiohlUcher  Kntwiokclung  " 
OH63-7  ;  3  parts)  ;  "  Xur  PerimllHirting  dcr  Mu- 
sikgeschichte'XiH^);  and*'  Muaik,  Kluvierund 
Klavier«piel  "  (rfl72). 

Schnit'gfer,  Arp,  CJerman  organ-lmildcr  ; 
b,  CloclHwaitlen,  Oldenburg*  July  2,  i64»  »  U. 
Neuenfeldc,  nUmt  1720,  I  HH  organs  nre  in  the 
Nikolai-  and  Jakobikircho,  Hamburg;  the  (V 
thctlral  and  Stephannkirche  at  Hraraen  ;  tho 
Johann  iHkirchc  at  Magdeburg  ;  the  Nikolai* 


593 


SCHNORR— SCHOLTZ 


kirche  at  Berlin  ;  etc. — His  son,  Franz  Caspar 
(d.  1729),  worked  with  an  elder  brother  at 
Zwolle,  Holland,  building  the  organ  at  Zwolle 
(63  stops),  and  that  at  Alkmar  (56  stops). 

Schnorr  von  Ca'rolsfeld,  Ludwig,  dra- 
matic tenor ;  b.  Munich,  July  2,  1836 ;  d.  Dres- 
den, June  21,  1865.  Son  of  the  noted  painter ; 
pupil  of  Jul.  Otto  at  Dresden,  and  of  the  Leip- 
zig Cons. ;  then  of  Ed.  Devrient  at  Karlsruhe, 
making  his  debut  there,  followed  by  engage- 
ment in  1858.  From  1860,  leading  tenor  at 
Dresden.  He  created  the  r6le  of  Tristan  in 
"Wagner's  Tristan  tin  d  Isolde  at  Munich,  June 
ro,  1865,  his  wife  (Malwina,  «/<?  Garrigues) 
singing  Isolde  ;  a  chill  on  that  occasion  proved 
fatal.  He  was  renowned  as  an  interpreter  of 
"Wagner  rfiles. 

Schny'der  von  War'tensee,  Xaver,  excel- 
lent teacher  and  vocal  composer ;  b.  Lucerne, 
Apr.  16,  1786  ;  d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Aug.  27, 
1868,  A  pupil  at  Vienna  of  J.  C.  Kienlen  ; 
joined  the  campaign  against  the  French  in  1815  ; 
taught  at  the  Pestalozzian  Inst,  Vverdun;  and 
in  18 1 7  settled  in  Frankfort. — Works  :  The 
fairy-opera  Fortunat  wit  dim  Sackel  und 
IVnmMiutkin  (1829) ;  oratorio  Zeittind  Ewig - 
ktitj  cantatas  ;  sacred  and  secular  songs  ;  Swiss 
songs  f.  male  chorus  ;  2  symphonies  ; — a  "  Sys- 
tem der  Rhythmik"  (posth.  publ.  by  B.  \Vid- 
mann)  ;  articles  in  the  **  Caciha  "  (Mayence)  and 
the  *'  Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung  "  (Leipzig). — Biogr. : 
14  Lebcnserinnerungen  von  S.  v.  W.  nebst  mu- 
sikalischen  Beilagen  und  einem  Gesammtver- 
zeichniss  seiner  \Verke  "  (Zurich,  1888). 

Scho'berlechner,  Franz,  b.  Vienna,  July  21, 
1797;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  7,  1843.  Pianist;  pupil 
of  Hummel  and  Forster  at  Vienna,  and  at  10 
played  in  public  Hummers  2nd  Concerto,  writ- 
ten for  him.  On  a  pianistic  tour  to  Italy  in 
1814,  he  became  M.  di  capp*  to  the  Duchess  of 
Lucca  (1815),  prod,  the  opera  I  virtuosi  tetitratt 
at  Florence  in  1816,  and  Gli  Arabi  mile  Gallie 
at  Lucca  in  1819  (?) ;  returned  to  Vienna  in  1820, 
made  a  tour  to  St.  Petersburg  in  1823,  and  there 
married  the  singer  Sophie  dell*  Occa  [1807- 
1863],  with  whom  he  made  further  tours  to 
Northern  Italy  and  Vienna,  and  settled  in  St. 
Petersburg  1827-30,  during  her  engagement  at 
the  Italian  Opera  there.  He  purchased  a  villa 
in  Florence  in  1831,  and  retired  to  it  some  years 
later — Publ.  works:  Variations  f.  pf.  w.  orch., 
op.  46,  47  ;  an  overture  ;  string-quartets  ;  a  pf.- 
trio  ;  a  sonata  f.  violin  (or  flute) ;  a  pf. -rondo,  4 
hands ;  and  sonatas,  variations,  fantasias,  etc., 
f.  pf.  He  also  brought  out  3  more  operas. 

Scho'berlein,  Ludwig,  b.  Kolmberg,  Bava- 
ria, Sept.  6,  1813  ;  d.  Gottingen,  July  8,  1881, 
where  he  had  been  ordinary  prof,  of  theology 
1855-78.— Wrote  (with  Fr.  Riegel)-  "Schatz 
des  liturgischen  Chor-  und  Gemeindegesangs  " 
(1865-72  ;  3  vol.s  ;  important). 

SchoT>ert,  -,  b,  Strassburg,  1720 ;  d. 


Talented  comp.  and  pianist ;  from  1760,  cham- 
ber-musician to  the  Prince  do  Conti. — Publ. 
uorks  :  Op.  I,  2,  3,  sonatas  f.  clavecin  and  vio- 
lin ,  op  4,  5,  16,  17,  sonatas  f.  clavecin  solo; 
op.  6,  S,  clavecin-trios ;  op.  g,  10,  ir,  12,  18, 
clavecin-concertos ;  op.  13,  Concerto  pastoral  f. 
clavecin;  op.  14,  15,  6  "  symphonieb  "  f.  clave- 
cin, violin,  and  2  horns. 

Schoe'nefeld,  Henry,  b.  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
Oct  4,  1857.  Pianist;  pupil,  1874-7,  "t  Leip- 
zig Cons  ,  of  PappetiU  (pi.),  Ileininnn  (vln  ), 
Richter  (theory),  Keinecke  and  (hill  (comp.  ami 
instr.),  and  Schnidicck  (coml.).  In  1878-9  he 
studied  with  E.  Lasscn  at  Weimai  (com p.),  and 
settled  in  Chicago,  aitei  a  pianistic  tour  through 
Northern  Germany,  ns  a  teachei  and  composer  ; 
for  some  years  he  has  cond.  the  "(lermaiiia 
Mannerchor." — J'zM  WM&S;  Suite  cjirncleiis- 
tique  f.  string-orch.;  for  piano,  Impromptu  and 
Etude;  Liebeslied  ;  Polonaise  j>raeieuse ;  Little 
Soldiers'  March;  Kleinc  Tnnx-Suile ;  Danse 
araericaine ;  Children's  Festival ;  Value  cle- 
g«inte ;  Deutscher  Wulxer ;  Mystics  of  the 
Woods;  Rondo  elegante,  "In  the  rosy  month 
of  June." — UnpitbL  ww/v/  "The  Three  In- 
dians," ode  f.  solo,  male  ch.,  and  oich.; 
"  Rural "  symphony  ;  "  Springtime  "  symphony  ; 
2  overtures,  "In  the  Sunny  South"  and  "The 
American  Flag";  heroic  fantasy  "Liberty," 
Serenade  and  Intermezzo,  Air,  Gypsy  Melodies, 
and  minor  pieces,  all  f.  oich. ;  also  pf.-mu.su*, 
violin-music,  choruses,  songs. 

Schoffer,  Peter,  son  of  the  partner  of  Gu- 
tenberg and  Faust ;  early  German  music-printer 
(at  Mayence  and  Strasslwrg)  of  the  coll.s  "XX 
cantiunculue  gallicae  4  voeum"  05;i<>);  "  Mo- 
tetarum  4  vocum  a  diversis  musicis  lib.  I  " 
(1535);  and  "Cantiones  5  voc.  selectissimae  *' 
(1539). 

Schoelcher,  Victor,  b,  Paris,  July  21,  3804  ; 
d.  there  Dec.  26,  1893.  A  French  radical 
statesman,  from  1876  member  of  the  national 
Senate.  I)uring  the  Second  Empire  he  lived  in 
England,  became  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of 
Handel's  music,  and  in  1857  publ.  "The  Life 
of  IlSndel  "  in  an  inadequate  Kngl.  transl,  from 
the  original  French  MS.  I  le  later  presented  his 
fine  coll.  of  Ildmlcliana,  and  another  of  mus, 
instr.  s,  to  the  Paris  Cons. 

Scboltz,  Hermann,  b.  Ureslau,  June  g,  1845. 
Pupil  there  of  Hrosiff ;  1865-7,  of  C,  Kietlel 
and  Plaidy  at  Leipzig,  then  repairing,  on  I  ,i.s/.t's 
advice,  to  Munich,  studying  under  v.  JJUlow 
and  Rheinberger  at  the  K.  School  of  Music,  in 
which  he  taught  1870-5 ;  since  then  in  Dres- 
den, being app.  u  R.  Saxon  Chamber-virtuoso*' 
in  1880.  An  accomplished  pianist,  admirable 
teacher,  and  a  composer  of  merit. — Works : 


Scno^bert, -,  b.  Strassburg,  1720;  d.      lightful  lyrics ;  op.  22,  "Tmum Wider";  op.  44, 

Fans,  1768,  from  eating  poisonous  mushrooms,      sonata  in  G  min,;  op.  60,  c*Stimmuug»biWer"; 


524 


SCHOLZ— SCHRADIKCK 


op.  66,  Ualladc;  op.  73,  Passacaglia  in  I)  min. 
— A  pf. -concerto  is  MS. — Caret ul  edition  of 
Chopin's  works  lor  piano. 

Scholz,  Bernhard  E.,  b.  Mayencc,  Mar  30, 
1835.  I  )ramatie  composer  ;  pupil  of  Krnsl  Pauer 
at'Mayence,  and  (1855)  ol  Dehn  at  P.eilin.  In 
1850,  teacheratlhe  R.  School  of  Music,  Munich  ; 
iH5()"(>5,court-A'i//V'/////.  at  the  Ilanovei  theatre; 
i8o«;-(),  cond.  of  the  Cherubim  Soc.,  Florence; 
then  lived  in  Ueilin,  conducted  the  concerts  of  the 
Hresl.m  Orchestral  Society,  1871-83,  and  on  Apr. 
i,  1883,  succeeded  Kail  as  Director  of  the  I  loch 
Cons.,  Kr.mkfoit  ;  since  1884  also  contl.  of  the 
14  RuM'selier  (lesangverein."  lie  is  J)r  /////. 
/ion.  t'tutsn  (Hreslau  Univ.),  "Royal  Piussian 
Prolessor";  etc. — Works  :  The  operas  (</;/<»  Atotf 
( M  unidi,  1 858) ;  Zietheifst  he  J/uMren  ( \\\ eslau, 
i8(x));  J/tnytttttt*  (Munich,  1870);  (/W«»  [or 
(frtttwfii  |  (Nuremberg,  1^75);  her  Trwn/*eter 
wu  SAAJfiu$e9t  (Wiesbaden,  1877) ;  />/>  rw;/f//- 
men  ll'frf/if  (Leipxig,  1883);  and  /;#*',  4  acts 
(Krankfort,  i8<)8  ;  succ.) ;— Ar,r  tiiege\je*t  and 
Aw  /./V«/ ?'<>;/  tier  tihieiret  f.  soli,  ch.,  mid  orch.; 
I  hi*  symphonic  poem  "  Malinconia"  (t8t)i);  a 
symphony  in  Uji.op.  do;  overtures  to  Iphigcnia 
|(  Joethe]  and  *'  Im  Kreien  ";  a  Ue({uiem  ;  slring- 
quintet,  op.  47;  slring-ciuailets,  op.  46,48;  a 
pf.-quintet,  op.  as  ;  a  pf.-concerto,  op.  57  ;  Ca- 
pricdo  f.  pf.  w.  orch.,  op.  35  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and 
violin,  op.  3,  55  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  5  ; 
six  duos  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  31  ;  4  hand  pf.- 
waltx.es,  op.  24;  sonatinas  f.pf.,  op.  41  ;  songs; 
etc. --lias  publ.  a  coll.  of  essays,  "Wohin 
trcibcn  wir?"  (Krankfoit,  1897). 

Scnfci,  Moritz,  b.  Kronau,  Moravia,  1808; 
d.  Hreshut,  Apr.  S,  1885,  Violiuist ;  pupil  <»f 
Hubert  Kics,  Karl  MUller,  and  Spohr;  after 
louring  (Jcrmany  and  Holland,  he  settled  in 
Ureslau,  acting  as  theatre- AV//V/////.,  1835-41, 
and  founding  a  school  for  violin-playing. — 
Works:  "  Praktiseher  Lehrgang  filr  den  Vio- 
linuntcrricht ";  12  Lessons  for  liegintiers,  op, 
26  ;  violin-tluvts  (studi<4s) ;  **  Dcr  Opcrnfreund," 
"  Dcr  Sonntagsgciger";  M  Krholungsstutiden"; 
etc. 

SchBn'berger,  Bcnno,  b.  Vienna,  Sept.  12, 
1863,  Pianist,  pupilof  Anton  I  )oor(pf. ),  Hnickner 
(cpt.),  and  Volkmatm  (comp.)  at  Vienna  ( *onsM 
which  he  left  in  1874,  playing  that  autumn  with 


the  HellmrKlxTtfer Quartet,  giving  recitals,  etc.; 
thtMi  stiuHcd  with  Lis/t,  and  again  with  Door. 
Concert-lour  in  1878  through  Russia,  (Jermany, 
Austria,  and  Hclgium  ;  in  1879  played  at  Drcts- 
den,  I^ip/ig,  I^mnkfort,  etc.;  in  iHHo  gnvc  re- 
citals at  ItorHn  ;  taught  In  Vienna  till  1885 ; 
since  then  in  Sweden  (iHHo)  niul  London,  Ani- 
cricuntour,  iH«)4.-— Works:  3  sonattis,  3  Khapso- 
dioR,  3  SllhouetteH,  I'lmntasiestticki%  NovclletU»nt 
lioloro,  Polonaise,  Wultxin  Aj?,ctc.,  f*  pf. ;  also 
over  40  songH  (Stevens :  Boston). 

Schon'dorf,  Johannes,  b,  Kobd,  Mecklen- 
burg, 1833.     Pupil  1850-4  of  tho  Stern-Kullak 
H.,  Iterliu;  nincc  1864,  organist  of  the  i'fnrr- 


kirche  at  (lust row,  sinj>inR-teachcr  at  the  Calhc- 
chal  School,  and  cond  ol  the  (/evitujiiweiM. — 
Works:  "  Valerlandische  (lesan^e"  f.  mixed 
voices,  op.  18-20,  and  f.  nude  ch.,  op.  2i  ; 
**  Kaiscrhymne"  ,  school-solids;  pf.-pieces. 

Schon'feld,  Hermann,  b.  Itreslau,  Jan,  31, 
1829,  whete  he  is  cantor  ol  the  St.  Maiia  Maj»- 
clalcnakiiche,  and  R.  Mas  Dtr,  Has  publ. 
organ-music,  school-son^s,  and  42  choials  tr  4 
for  .sinking  in  schools  ;  his  cantatas,  motets, 
etc  ,  also  a  symphony,  3  oveituics,  a  pf.-tno, 
and  a  violin-sonata,  have  been  repeatedly  per- 
foimed. 

Schott,  Bernhard,  who  died  in  1817,  founded 
at  M  aye uce  in  1773  the  well-known  music-pub- 
lishing him  ol  IJ.  Schott,  earned  on  by  his  sons 
Andreas  (1781-1840)  ami  Joliann  Joseph  (1782- 
1855)  under  the  Inm-namc  of  %4  I).  Scholt's 
Sohne."  The  present  proprietor*  of  the  May- 
cnce  house  and  the  London  branch  are  Kiaiw 
von  Landwclirand  Dr.  L.Stivckcr.  The  branches 
at  Paris  anil  Iliussels,  "  Schotl  freics,"  are  under 
independent  management.  Among  their  valua- 
ble publications,  numbering  nearly  3o,ixx),  are 
some  of  Heel hovon's  later  works  (Ninth  Sym- 
phony, Missa  solemn  is),  Wagner's  J/*i/.r/lfW///^ivv, 
fit  iff  <frs  AY<W////(*,'V';/,  and  /Vf/w1/*//,  and  nearly 
all  this  operas  of  Donixetti,  Rossini,  Aubcr,  and 
Adam. 

Schott,  Anton,  famous  dramatic  tenor ;  b. 
SchlossStaufeneck,  Swabian  Alp,  June  25, 1846. 
lie  was  an  artillery  officer  in  a  Wltrttenibcrg 
regiment  1865-71  ;  after  the  French  campaign 
he  studied  with  Krau  Schebcst -Strauss,  at  tlie 
end  of  1871  was  wig.  at  the  Munich  opera,  sang 
lyric  roles  at  the  llorlin  opera  1872-5,  and  was 
cng.  as  leading  tenor  at  Sehwerin  and  Hanover, 
making  many  conceit-tours  (to  London  in  1871)) ; 
went  to  Italy  with  Neumann's  Wagner  troupe  in 
1882.  He  excels  in  Wagner  roles. 

Schra'dieck,  Henry,  noted  violinist ;  born 
Hamburg,  Apr.  a<j,  1840.  Taught  at  first  by 
his  father ;  from 
1857-8  by  Leonard 
at  the  Brussels 
Cons,;  from  iHst)- 
6r,  by  David  at 
Leipzig.  In  18^ 
he  bt»canu»  lender  of 
the  "  Privatoon- 
ccrte  "  at  Hremen  ; 
teacher  at  the  Mos- 
cow Cons.,  1864-8 ; 
then  leader  of  the 
Philharmonic  Con- 
certs at  Hamburg, 
and  from  1874-83 
leader  (with  Kttnt#tn)of  the  GewAndlmiiH  Orrh, 
ami  the  thoatrc-ordi,  nt  Lelpjiig,  nlKO  teaching 
for  a  time  at  tlu*  Cons.  Krom  iH83-<)  he  was 
prof,  of  violiti-j)laying  at  the  Cincinnati  Cons., 
run!  then  returned  to  (ierrtmnysus  leader  of  the 
Hamburg  Phillmrm.  Soc.;  hts  then  went  to  New 


$35 


SCHRAMM— SCHRODER-DEVRIENT 


York,  became  head  violin-prof,  at  the  National 
Cons  ,  and  now  (1899)  occupies  a  similar  posi- 
tion at  the  S.  Broad  St  Cons.,  Philadelphia.  He 
is  an  excellent  teacher,  and  has  publ.  valuable 
technical  studies  for  violin  .  "25  giosse  Studien 
fur  Geige  allein,"  "Scale-studies,"  "  Technical 
Studies  "  ;  "  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Chords"  ; 
**  Finger-exercises  "  and  "  The  First  Position." 

Schramm,  Melchior,  German  contrapuntist ; 
in  1595,  organist  at  Munsterberg,  later  atOflen- 
burg. — Publ.  '*Cantiones  sacrae,"  1572,  and 
11  Saciae  cantiones,"  1576  (motets  a  5-6);  "  Can- 
tiones  selectae,"  1606,  1614  (2  books  do.  a  5-8); 
and  **  Neue  auserlesene  deutsche  Gesange  "  a  4 
(1579). 

Schreck,  Gustav,  b.  Zeulenroda,  Sept.  8, 
1849.  Pupil  of  Plaicly,  Pappcritz,  and  Jadas- 
sohn  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  1868-70;  taught  for  3 
years  in  the  gymnasium  at  Wiborg,  5'inland ; 
then  settled  in  Leipzig  as  a  teacher  and  com- 
poser. App.  teacher  of  theory  and  camp,  at 
Leipzig  Cons  in  1885  ;  and  succeeded  \V.  Rust 
in  1892  as  mus.  dir.  and  cantor,  and  cond.  of  the 
"Thomanerchor."  Since  then  he  has  written 
considerable  church-music,  incl.  several  motets  ; 
he  had  previously  prod,  the  concert-cantatas 
Konig  Fjalar^  Bcgrttssung  ties  Mceres,  etc. ;  the 
oratorio  Christits  der  Auferstandene,  op.  26 
(Gewandhaus,  1892) ;  a  Phantasie  und  Doppel- 
fuge  f .  organ  and  orch. ;  an  oboe-concerto  ;  etc. 

Schrems,  Joseph,  b.  Warmensteinach,  Up- 
per Palatinate,  Oct.  5,  1815  ;  d.  Ratisbon,  Oct. 
25,  1872,  where  he  was  Kapellm.  of  the  cathe- 
dral 1839-71.  He  revived  the  performances  of 
early  church-music;  edited  **  Musica  divma" 
after  Proske's  death,  and  was  an  excellent 
teacher. 

Schro'der,  Hermann,  b,  QueUHnburg,  July 
28,  1843.  Violinist,  pupil  of  A.  Kilter  at  Mag- 
deburg ;  since  1885,  teacher  at  the  R.  lust,  for 
Church-music,  Berlin ;  also  has  a  music-school 
of  his  oxvn. — Works :  Orch.l  and  chamber-mu- 
sic ;  a  Method  f.  violin ;  and  "  Die  Kunst  des 
Violinspiels." 

SchrS'der,  Carl,  brother  of  preceding ;  b. 
Quedlinburg,  Dec.  18,  1848.  Distinguished 
'cellist  and  composer  ;  pupil  of  Drechsler  at 
Dessau,  and  Kiel  at  Berlin.  At  14  he  joined  the 
court  orch.  at  Sondershausen  as  1st  'cello ;  taught 
in  the  Cons.;  and  organized  the  "Schroder 
Quartett "  with  his  brothers  Hermann,  Franz, 
and  Alwin,  in  1871.  In  1873  he  became  ist 
'cello  in  the  Brunswick  court  orch.;  in  1874  he 
succeeded  Hegar  as  solo  'cellist  in  the  Gewand- 
haus  Orch.  and  the  theatre-orch.  at  Leipzig,  also 
teaching  at  the  Cons,  and  making  tours.  Going 
to  Sondershausen  in  1881  to  replace  Erdmanns- 
dorfer  as  court  fCapdlm^  he  founded  a  nourish- 
ing Cons.,  which  he  sold  in  1886  to  his  suc- 
cessor, Adolf  Schulze,  himself  conducting  the 
German  Opera  at  Amsterdam  for  one  season, 
then  the  Berlin  Court  Opera  until  1888,  the  Ham- 
burg Opera  (as  Sucher*s  successor)  till  1890, 


finally  leturning  to  Sondershausen  umler  n  moie 
favoi able  contract  as  court  conducloi  and  Di- 
rector of  the  *4  Furstlichcs  Conservatoiium  " — 
Works :  The  3-act  opera  Aipaua  (Sonders- 
hausen, 1892  ,  succ.)  ,  a  1-acL  opera  J)?r  Asket 
(Leipzig,  1893;  succ);  the  operetta  A/alajo 
(I!unxluu,  1887  ;  succ.) ;  a  concerto  (op.  32),  ca- 
pi ices  (op.  26),  a  Method  (op.  34),  and  etudes, 
etc. ,  f .  'cello ,  a  catechism  cm  conducting 


dien  "). — His  brother, 

Schro'der,  Alwin,  born  Neulialdcnslchcii 
(Magdeburg),  June  15,  1855  ;  eminent  'cellist, 
and,  as  such,  self-taught.  At  lirst  lie  had  piano- 
lessons  with  his  father  and  biolhei  Hcuuaim, 
later  with  J.  B.  Andrfc  at  liallenstedl  ;  then  look 
up  the  violin  under  1  )c  Ahmi  at  the  Herlin  //<><//- 
schule,  studying  theoiy  under  Tapperl,  and 
likewise  prosecuting  his  'cello-practice  so  suc- 
cessfully as  to  become  ist  'cello  in  Liebig's 
' l  Concert-Orchester  "  in  1875.  After  occupying 
similar  positions  under  Flicge  and  Laube  (Ham- 
burg), he  went  to  Leipzig  (1880)  as  his  hi  other 
Carl's  assistant,  succeeding  him  in  the  (lewnml- 
haus,  theatre  and  C'onservntoiy,  in  jSKi.  Later 
he  also  joined  the  Petri  (Quartet.  Since  iSHft  he 
has  lived  in  Boston  as  a  member  of  the  "  Kneisel 
Quartet,"  and  first  'cellist  Hoston  Syrnpli.  Oich. 

Schro'der,  Konrad  (Gustav  Ferdinand), 
b.  Marienwerdcr,  W.  Piussia,  July  7, 1850.  Pri- 
vate pupil  there  of  Krl.  A.  (lenxmer  (pf.)  a»<l  K, 
Leder  (theory) ;  studied  1871-4  iu  Ku link's 
Acad.,  Berlin  (pf.  under  Th.  Kullak),  also  ink- 
ing private  lessons  in  strict  comp.  of  ().  Kolhe, 
and  teaching  in  and  out  of  the  Academy.  Now 
composer  and  pf. -teacher  in  Ilerlin.— Works  : 
The  i-act  comic  opera  J)u  ttnig$$t  tic  f*tttttt  w//y 
(Schwerin  Court  Th.,  Mar.  15,  1897;  the  first 
*'Low  Oerman"  opera  [after  Kritx  Renter |,  and 
v.  succ.) ;  has  publ.  about  50  songs  (many  sung 
in  public),  and  2  **  (ilcistliche  Arien  "  (op.  3  mid 
26). 

Schroder  -  Devrient,  Wilhelmine,  famous 
dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  Hamburg,  Dec.  6,  r8(»4  ; 
d,  Koburg,  Jan.  26,  T86o.  Her  father,  Kriecl- 
rich  Schroder,  was  a  baritone  singer,  and  her 
mother  an  actress ;  she  herself  played  children's 
parts,  and  was  an  actress  imtil  htr  171)1  year. 
Her  father  died  in  1818,  and  her  mother  was 
eng.  at  the  Ilofburg  Th.,  Vienna,  where  I.  Ma- 
zatti  was  her  singing-teacher  ;  her  d<flwt  m  Thf 
Afogic  Mute  at  the  Hoflmrg  Th.,  1831,  was 
triumphantly  successful ;  as  Agathe  in  S>tr  />•«- 
scMfc  she  wholly  won  the  hearts  of  the  aueli*' 
ence;  but  her  grandest  achievement  was  as 
Leonore  on  the  revival  of  Mdelio  in  ifi32,  her 
wonderful  interpretation  of  the  part  disclosing 
its  beauties  to  the  most  doubtful  critics.  In  1833 
she  was  engaged  at  the  Court  Opera  in  Dres- 
den, and  married  the  actor  Karl  Devricnl  (di- 
vorced 1828) ;  until  her  retirement  in  1847  «he 


526 


SCTIRODKR-IIANKSTANcn.— SCMUnKKT 


was  always  connected  with  that  thcatio,  with 
brief  inteii  upturns  dining  seasons  in  I'm  is,  Lon- 
don (1832,  '33,  '37),  and  clsewheie.  Among  her 
finest  impersonations  weie  Preciosa,  Kuiyanlhe, 
and  Re/ia  (Weber),  and  Scuta  and  Venus (\Vag- 
nci) ;  she  created  t lie  role  of  Adriano  Colonna 
in  the  l.Uler.s  AW//-/. 

Schro'der-Hanf'stangl.  See  IL\Ni-'S'iAN<;i,. 

Schroder,  Leonhard,  eminent  contrapuntal ; 
I).  Toigati,  about  1540  ;  d.  Magdcbing,  alter 
1580,  as  cantor  of  the  Altstadl  school  — Kxtant 
woiks:  Motets  <r  4-S  ;  55  songs  for  Oeinun 
I'lotcstants  tf  4-7  (1502) ;  and  a 'IV  Deum  (15/0; 
reprinted  in  Vol.  v  ol  Aiuhios's  Ilistoi}). 

SchrS'ter,  Christoph  Gottlieb,  noted  01- 
ganisl  and  theonst  ;  b.  Ilohenstein,  Saxon}, 
Aug.  10,  I (>o.t);  d.  Nordluusen,  Nov.  i7Si>.  Chol- 
istcr  under  Schmidt,  and  pupil  of  the  Kreu/- 
schtde,  Dicsdcn.  In  1717  he  began  the  study  of 
theology  in  I,eipxig,  but  in  the  same  year  became 
I  ,olti's  music-copyist  at  I  hesdfii ;  tiavel  led  1720-4 
in  (iennany,  Holland,  and  Kiigland  with  a  Uer- 
man  baton  ;  lectured  on  music  at  Jena  Univ., 
became  organist  at  Mimlen  in  1726,  and  at  Nord- 
hausen  in  1732. — Works:  7  sets  of  chinch-can- 
tatas for  the  entire  church-year ;  a  Passion,  AV 
.wVAv/  H'oi  tt'Jt'&Mi  for  which  he  wrote  the  poem ; 
4  other  Passions;  secular  serenades  and  cantatas; 
symphonies,  overtures, concertos, sonatas;  fugues 
and  preludes  f.  organ  ;  etc. — "  Kpistola  gratu- 
latoria  tic  music; i  Davidica  ct  Salomonica" 
(1710);  '*  Umsta'ndliche  lieschrcibung  cines 
neuerfundenen  Clavierinslrumeiits,auf  welchem 
man  in  tinterschiVdenen  (Jiadcn  stark  und 
hchwach  spielen  kaim"  (1/03,  in  Marpurg's 
'*  Krilisehc  Kriefe"),  in  which  lie  claims  the  in- 
vention, in  1717,  ol  a  hammer-action  for  keyed 
stringed  instr.s,  a  model  of  which  (so  he  sa}s)h« 
laid  before  the  Saxon  coin  t  in  1721  ;  his  claim  of 
priority  in  the  invention  of  the  pianoforte-action 
rests,  however,  on  this  bare  assertion  (</.  CRN 
Hrni'nRi) ;  "  Detilliehe  Anweisuugxum  lieneral- 
bass  .  .  ,  "(1772;  the  first  book  to  represent 
the  major  and  minor  triads  as  the  sole  funda- 
mental chords);  "  lA'txtt*  Heschftfligungmil  urn- 
sikalisehen  Dingtm;  nebst  scch.s  Tempcratur- 
ph'inen  und  cincr  Notentafel"  (17^2);  critical 
and  polemical  letters  in  Mixler'.s  "  Itlbliothek" 
and  Mtirpurg'K  "  Kritischc  ilriefe," 

Schr^tcr,Corona(ElisabethWilhelmine), 
celebrated  soprano;  b,  (Juben,  Jan.  14,  1751 ;  d. 
IlmiMum,  Aug.  23,  rSou,  Trained  by  her  father, 
Joh,  Kr.  S.,  Mlie  sung  at  Kcipxig,  when  14,  in  a 
"  ( Jrossus  Concert,"  and  was  cng,  there  till  1771  ; 
from  1770  slio  WHS  KttmmtntitHwriu  V>  the 
Dowager  DuohcKS  of  Wcinuir,  and  a  chief  orna- 
ment of  that  brilliant  court  until  1786,  after 
which  she  wing  little  in  nubile.— See  Kcil,  *'  Vor 
i<x>Jahrcm"  (Lcipxip,  1875).—  Jhfr brother,  Joh. 
Samuel  (1750-1788),  was  pianist  to  the  Priuce 
of  Wai  en,  and  music-master  to  the  Queen  ;  publ. 
15  pf.-conct»rio«,  8  pf.-trloH,  3  pf.-cjuinttttH,  and 
6  pf. -sonatas. —Another  brother,  Joh.  Hftinrich 
(b,  1762),  a  violinist,  lived  from  1789  in 


later  in  Paris;  publ   pieces  f  2  \iolins  and  ilule, 
and  f  violin  and  Velio. 

Schu'bart,  (Christian  Friedrich)  Daniel, 
poet  and  musician,  b.  Sontlicini,  Svvabia,  Api. 
I3,i73<j;  d.Sluttgait,  Oct.  ID,  J7(jr.  Imprisoned 
1777-87011  the  llohcnasjierg  lor  political  lea- 
sons(his  *4  impudence"  in  his  paper,  4t  I  >eutschc 
Chronik");  then,  in  absurd  contrast,  created 
comt  poet  and  theatre-director  at  Sttillgait.  In 
thepiison  he  com  p.  an  opeietta,  A>  ghli  kin  hen 
AV/j/v///('//,zi  melodrama,  AVv/jr  A'tyf  Jirftfajf  JA'.»- 


7>'f/,  pi.  -pieces;  in  his  "Musicalische  Khap- 
sodien  "  (i7M)  are  2  cantalas,  Die  Sl/tn/i/  ikr 
Tonkitnst  and  /^/<-  //<•//;/<»  ,•  also  a  vocal  piece, 
"Palusund  Aiiiu"(poem  by  Anfossi),  songs, 
pf.-pieces,  etc.  (if.  the  autobiographical  **  Schu- 
baitsLebenund(lesiniiungen,"Stuttgait>  i7<)i-3, 
2  vol.s).  IIissonLudwigedite<l  S.'s  "  Ideen  xu 
einer  Ae-sthetik  der  Tonkunst"  (iSoo),  wiitlen 
in  the  extravagant  \ciii  characteristic  of  his  whole 
Hie. 

Schubert,  Joseph,  b.  AVarnsdoif,  Bohemia, 
I757;d.  Dresden,  iSici,  as  violinist  in  the  court 
orch.  Kxtrcmely  prolific  com  p.  <»(  instrunieiilal 
music,  mostly  MS.  (publ.  a  Velio-concerto,  duos 
f.  violins,  pf.  -sonatas,  violin-sonatas  w.  basso 
conl.);  also  prod.  5  or  0  operas,  15  masses,  etc. 

Schu'bert,  Johami  Friedrich,  b.  Kudol- 
stadl,  Deo.  17,  J77<>;  <'•  Cologne,  Oct.,  iSn. 
Violinist;  nuiK.dir.iii  theatres  at  Stettin,  (Ilogaii, 
Hallensledt,  etc.;  publ.  a  violin-concerto;  asym- 
phonie  cxmccrlanlti  f.  oboe  and  bassoon  ;  violin- 
duos  ;  pf.-music  ;  —  si  u  News  Singschule  .  .  .'* 
(1804)  ;  and  prod,  the  opera  Jilt  nffeJitlich?  A'r- 
sf/nfhnw^i\\.  Stettin,  !7<jS. 

Schu'bert,  Ferdinand,  brother  of  the  great 
composer;  b,  Lichtenthal,  n.  Vienna,  Oct.  18, 
*7(M  J  d.  Vienna,  Kelt.  26,  1859,  as  director  of 
the  Normal  School  of  St.  Anna,  lie  was  de- 
voted to  his  gifted  brother,  and  inherited  thelat- 
ler's  literary  remains*  —  Publ.  a  Timtum  ergo, 
a  Keginncotfli,  a  (Jenuan  R<*(|uiem  a  4  w.  organ, 
part-songs,  etc.  ;  wrote  much  other  church-music, 
a  Requiem  for  Itamx,  3  children's  operas  ;  etc. 
(all  MS.). 

Schu'bert,  Franz  (  Peter),  one  of  the  most 
original  and  prolific  vocal  and  instrumental  com- 
posers of  (icrmany;  b.  Lichlcntlml,  n.  Vienna, 
Jan.  ;jr,  J7«)7I  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  19,  1828.  Hy 
his  father,  the  schoolmaster  at  Lichtenthal, 
the  gifted  boy  was  taught  ^violin-phiyhiff,  and  by 
choirmaster  Holxer,  in  addition,  the  piano,  organ, 
singing,  and  thoroughbass,  becoming  first  so- 
prano in  tho  church-choir  iu  his  tenth  year  ;  he 
also  composed  songs  and  little  instrumental 
pieces.  In  iHoS  he  was  admitted  into  the  Vicunn 
court  choir  as  u  Hinder,  and  also  entered  tho 
uC'onvict,H  the  training-school  for  the  court 
singers.  1  Us  touchers  in  theory  were  Kiitizlxkn 
und  Sfilleri.  Ho  nlso  playml  iu  the  Hch(K»l- 
orchestra,  finally  as  tst  violin.  I  Us  earliest  ex- 
tant song,  u  UagnrK  Khigo1*  (dated  Mar.  30, 
iKn),  and  several  others  of  the  period, 


527 


SCHUBERT 


that  Zumsteeg  was  his  model  at  this  time ;  he 
also  continued  instrumental  composition,  his 
first  symphony  being  written  in  1813.  In  this 
year,  his  voice  breaking,  he  left  the  ll  Convict," 
but  still  studied 
hard  under  Sa- 
lieri,  as  numerous 
Italian  arias  tes- 
tify; his  first  ;''?JBB?  3Mf;'f, 
mass  was  com-  '^'iulKm  **&fiatf*$ 
pleted  in  1814.  -""'  '•"••!  -MBWar/Ut 
Meantime,  to  es-  ' 
cape  military  con- 
scription, he  hur- 
riedly fitted  for  the 
post  of  elemen- 
tary teacher  in  his 
father's  school, 
and  taught  there 
until  1816.  Dur- 
ing these  three  years,  the  future  grand  master  of 
the  German  Lied  devoted  his  leisure  to  obtaining 
a  thorough  mastery  of  vocal  expression.  His 
usual  method  of  composition  was  to  jot  down  the 
melody  with  a  sketch  of  the  harmony,  and  then 
to  write  out  the  piece  in  full,  following  this  first 
version  by  a  second  for  the  elimination  of  faults ; 
when  the  second  failed  to  satisfy  him,  the  song- 
was  subjected  to  a  third,  or  even  a  fourth,  icvi- 
sion  (e.  g.,  "Erlkonig,"  and  "Die  Forelle"). 
Such  masterworks  as  "  Gretchen  am  Spinnrad  " 
(Oct.  19,  1814)  and  "Erlkonig"  (1815)  mark 
the  swift  and  unique  development  of  his  genius. 
In  the  latter  year  he  composed  no  less  than  144 
lyrics — in  one  day  (Oct.  13)  he  wiote  eight.  This 
"peiiod  of  experimentation,"  as  it  has  been 
called,  ceases  in  the  conscious  mastery  attained 
in  1816-17.  From  1814-16  he  also  composed  2 
operettas,  3  Singspiete^  and  3  other  (fragmentary) 
stage-pieces,  none  of  which  were  then  performed ; 
4  masses,  other  church-music,  etc.  In  1816  his 
application  for  the  directorship  of  the  new  State 
music-school  at  Laybach  was  rejected.  Uc  left 
his  place  in  the  Lichtenthal  school,  and  thence- 
forward made  Vienna  his  home,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  two  summers  (1818  and  1824)  spent  at 
Zelesz,  Hungary,  as  music-teacher  in  Count  Es- 
terhfoy's  family.  From  1817  his  friend  Kran2 
von  Schober  [1798-1883]  generously  aided  him, 
often  sharing  lodgings  and  purse  with  the  strug- 
gling artist.  Through  him,  S.  became  acquainted 
with  the  famous  tenor  Michael  Vogl,  one  of  the 
first  and  greatest  interpreters  of  his  songs ; 
through  his  influence  S.'s  mus.  farce,  Die  Zivil- 
fings&r&t/er,  was  brought  out  at  the  Kdrnthner- 
thor  Th.  in  1820,  but  made  little  impression.  In 
1821,  however,  when  he  had  already  written 
over  600  compositions,  his  '  *  Erlkonig  was  sung 
at  a  public  concert  of  the  '*  Musikverein  "  with 
great  applause,  and  others  followed  at  other  con- 
certs ;  so  that  Cappi  and  Diabelli  were  induced 
to  publish  on  commission  20  songs  ("Erlkonig" 
was  the  first)  which  were  so  successful  that  Di- 
abelli assumed  the  risk  of  further  publications  ; 
from  1826  his  songs  and  piano-music  had  good 


sales.  In  1822  he  refused  the  proffered  position 
of  organist  at  the  court  chapel  ;  but  all  subse- 
quent efforts  to  obtain  a  salaried  post  \\  ere  un- 
successful; that  of  J'ie?-A'ti/ti'//M.  to  the  com  I, 
for  which  he  applied  in  1826,  was  given  to  \Vcij»l  ; 
his  friends  failed  to  obtain  a  sinulai  position  lor 
him  in  Hamburg  ;  and  the  conductor-ship  of  the 
Kainthnerthor  Th.  was  also  refused  in  1827. 
Not  until  March  26,  1828,  did  he  give  a  public 
conceit  of  his  own  woiks  (the  K|->  tuo,  a  move- 
ment fiom  the  D  min.  quintet,  songs,  etc-.), which 
was  an  artistic  and  pecuniaiy  success.  Except- 
ing1 such  occasional  and  momentaiy  good  lor- 
tune,  his  life  was  a  continual  battle  f  01  the  daily 
means  of  subsistence ;  although  his  genius  was 
fully  recognized  by  musicians  like  Salien',\Vfi^l, 
and  the  singer  Vogl,  and  his  songs  were  highly 
praised  by  Beethoven,  he  was  \\ietchedly  umlci- 
paid  by  his  publishers,  and  his  greatest  works 
were  almost  totally  neglected.  I  lis  wonderful 
gifts,  and  genial  and  buoyant,  disposition,  won 
many  friends  ;  chief  among  them  the  poet  Mayr- 
hofer,  the  family  von  Sonnleitner  (at  \s  hose  house 
S.'s  compositions  were  olten  performed  long  be- 
fore their  introduction  to  the  public),  Uaron  von 
Schonstcin  (whose singing  aided  infringing  S.'s 
lyrical  songs  into  vogue),  Moritz  Schvviml,  and 
Anselm  ILlUtenbrenner.  Two  visits  which  S. 
paid  to  Beethoven  aie  recorded  ;  but  Iliey  wore 
never  intimate.  Kor  months  previous  to  his 
death,  S.  had  been  failing  ;  his  final  illness  was 
brought  to  a  fatal  termination  by  an  attack  of 
typhus,  lie  was  buried,  at  his  own  desire,  in 
the  "  Ostfriedhof "  at  V/ahriug,  his  giave  being 
the  third  from  Beethoven's. 

Schubert  was  the  least  lt  schooled  "  of  all  great 
German  musicians.  Kor  this  lack  of  training,  his 
keen  musical  intuition  ami  inexhaustible  resources 
of  melody  amply  compensated.  lie  is  one  of 
the  grandest  "impressionists"  of  all  time.  The 
spontaneity  and  iecundity  of  his  song-composi- 
tion are  not  more  astounding  than  the  perfection 
with  which  the  music — melody  and  accompani- 
ment—lit  the  poem.  lie  is  regarded  as  the 
creator  of  the  modern  German  /./<v/.  1 1  is  known 
songs  for  solo  voice  with  pf.-aceomp.  number  (103. 
As  to  his  alleged  carelessness  in  choice  of  sub- 
jects formusical  setting,  the  fact  is  that  he  took  72 
poems  by  Goethe,  46  by  Schiller,  44  Iiy  Williclm 
Midler,  28  by  Matthison,  23  by  J lofty,  23  by 
Kosegartcn,  13  by  Kilmer,  etc.— that  is,  the  best 
at  his  command.  1  lo  also  sot  47  poems  by  Mayr- 
hofcr,  and  12  by  v.  Hchober,  both  his  warm 
personal  friends.  Of  Heine  (then  a  newcomer) 
he  composed  only  6  numbers  (in  the  "Hehwa- 
ncngesang  ").  Kqually  genial  is  his  transference 
of  the  "  Lied-form "  lo  the  pianoforte  in  the 
41  Moments  musicals  "  and  Impromptus—  a  min- 
iature form  of  piano -composition  extensively 
copied.  In  larger  forms,  his  symphony  in  C , 
and  the  unfinished  symphony  in  II  minor,  arc 
equal  to  the  best  after  lleethoven-— and  S.  was 
but  31  when  he  died. 

A  complete  critical  edition  of  Schubert's  works 
has  been  publ,  by  Breitkopf  &  Ilftrtel,  in  whose 


528 


SCHUBERT— SCHUBERT 


11  Mitthcdungcn,"  Nos.  28,  36,  and  43,  may  be 
found  full  lists  of  his  instr.l  and  vocal  music, 
and  sonj»s  lor  one  voice,  respectively.  Notte- 
bolnn's  "Thematic  Catalogue,"  and  drove's 
Dictionary,  may  also  be  consulted.  Among 
mmicious  editions  ol  S.'s  lavoiite  sonj»s  with 
Knglish  lianslations,  that  publ.  by  (J.  Schirmcr, 
New  Voik,  is  decidedly  the  best.  A  list  of  his 
principal  works  follows. 

DkAMvnr.  AM  Trufeh  Lustschfais,  3-act 
operetta;  Av  vierja/n  /;"'  /  W<w,  I  -act  King  .spiel  ; 
/flvv/ff  //</«',  i  -act  do.;  Clainfinf  ?w/  f'illaMla^ 
3-act  do.  (fragm  )  ;  Ar  »S//^v/j  /'Mr,  3-act  ope- 
retta ;  *l<fnist,  opcia(fiaj!m.)  ;  Die  Frcitndc  von 
SahiNitintti)  2-act  Smgspiel  ,  Ar  Jifinm'tlhi^cr^ 
Singspicl  ;  all  the  above  written  1814-1816; 
none  pciifotmed  ;  Die  XwiHttigsfandcri  i-act 
faice  (June  14,  1820);  /)/«'  Kauberhtirje^  3-act 
melodrama  (Aug.  19,  1820)  ;  Sak&ntala,  3-act 
opera  ((ragm.;  coinp,  1820;  not  pcrf.)  ;  Al- 
tun/  AV;v//tf,  3-act  opeia  (first  prod.  Wei- 


mar,  185,1,  by  l,isxl  ;  at  Vienna  1880,  rev,  by 
Fiielis)  ;  /)ft'  /  Vnr/Aw/w/f//,  infor  tfar 


V/V/,',  I  -act  operetta  (Vienna,  1861); 
3-act  opcia  (Vienna,  1861);  incid.  music,  to  the 
drama  KtMMttHth*  (overt  lire  from  Die  y.anbcr- 
/Mr/I-  1  (Vienna,  1823);  />/<•  /MrgM  /w//,  3-act 
opera  (written  in  i.Si(>;  prod,  by  Fraiix  Lach- 
ner  at  Peslh,  1827);  Av  tinij  iwi  (Mr/wit, 
3-act  opera  (1827;  not  pcrf,)  ;  />/<•  NafaAerg- 
•jw/'/v,  opera  (not  neif,). 

CHOKAI.  YVoitks:  (>  masses  (N  OK.  5  and  6 
publ.  in  full  score)  ;  **  hetilsc.he  Messe"  (f.  4-p. 
mixed  eh.  vv.  organ);  oratorio  A//W//.T  (fragm.); 
Psalm  i)2  (f.  bar.  solo  and  mited  eh.);  2  Tan- 
tum  ergo  (f,  .J-p.  mixed  eh.  w.  orch.)  ;  2  Stabat 
Mater  (,|  voices  \v.  orcli.);  several  Salve  retina; 
**  Miiiams  Sicgrsgcsang  "  (f,  sopr.  solo,  eh.,  and 
orch.);  prayer  "  Vor  tier  Schlaeht"  (f.  soli, 
mixed  eh.,  and  pf.)  ;  hymn  "  II  err  unsi'r  dolt" 
(f.  8-p.  mnltt  eh.  w.  wind);  "  Hymnc  nn  den 
Ileili^en  dolst"  (f.  8.p.  male  ch.  w.  orch.); 
14  Mortftwtfesnmjf  ini  \Valdc"  (f,  4-p.  male  ch.  w. 
orcli.);  "  Nnchlffi'win^  im  Waldo"  uml  "Nachl- 
hvlIuM(f.  4-p.  nuilccli.  w,  horns);  ''ScMuchUieU" 
(8-p.  male  ch.  w.  pf.)  ;  "dluulw,  HolTming  und 
lik'bo"  (f.  mixed  ch.  ami  wind);  several  occa- 
sional cantatas  ;  numerous  part-son#s. 

SONUS  WITH  PIANO:  Krlkrtniff,  op.  i;  (Jret- 
chtin  am  Spinnrade,  op,  2  ;  1  U'idenroslcin,  op. 
3;  Der  Wanderer,  and  De,r  dti  von  dem  Uini- 
mol  bistr  in  op.  4;  3  (Icsa'n^e  dcs  Ilarfncrs 
[W.  Meisterl,  op*  la  ;  Krster  Verlust,  Der 
Kischer,  and  r)s  war  ein  Koni^  In  Thulc,  in  op. 
5  ;  the  Sulelkn  son^s,  op.  14,  31;  An  Hchwuger 
Kronos,  in  op,  19;  Mitfuon'n  sonj^H  [\V.  Mein- 
tor|,  op.  6a;  0  ber  alien  (  Sinfuln  ist  Kith1,  in  op, 
96  (nil  the  above  byGoc.lhc);  further:  tlie^rand 
Hon«;-cycles  by  Wilhelm  Mllller,  uDie  Schmie 
Mullerin,"  op.  C85,  and  4<  Die  VVintcrtvise,"  op. 
89,  containing  30  nml  24  mi  tubers  rt'«pectivt;ly  ; 
7  Honpfs  from  Scott's  "Latly  of  the  Lake" 
(Frdulein  vom  See),  op,  52,  and  o  sonjfs  from 
•'Oiwtafi1';  Der  Tod  uml  dun  Mlclchea  ;  Nilhe 
den  deliebten  ;  DCS  M&dchens  Klagc  ;  (iruppc 


aus  dem  Tartarus ;  Nur  wcr  die  Selinsucht  kcnnt ; 
Frulihm>sj»laube ;  Die  Foielle;  Du  bist  die 
Ruh';  the  Harcaiollc  "  Aui  clem  Wasser  zu  sing- 
en",  ft  songs  by  Heine,  in  the  "Schwanenge- 
sang";  and  many  more  of  sui passing  beauty. 

FOR  OKCIIKSTKA  :  io  symphonies,  of  which 
No.  8  (the  "unfinished,"  in  U  min.),  and  No. 
10,  in  C,  were  mentioned  above  ;  7  overtures 
(Nos.  2  and  5  u  in  tho  Italian  stylo");  violin- 
concetto  in  D ;  Rondo  f.  violin  w.  oicli  ; 

CiiAMiiKK-Musir:  Octet  f.  strings,  horn,  bas- 
soon, and  clar.,  op,  166;  pf.-quintot  in  A,  op. 
iT4  (the  "  Foii'llcmjuintett,"  \v,  double-bass); 
sti ing-quintet  m  C,  op.  163  (w.  2  Vclli) ;  20 
string-quartets;  2  pi. -trios;  2  stiing-ttios; — 
•/'""//•  &nd  w""//;/,  a  Rondo  biillant  in  II  min., 
op.  70;  a  Phantasie  in  C,  op.  159 ;  a  sonata  in 
A,  op,  162;  3  sonatinas,  op.  137  ; — Nocturne  f. 
'cello  and  pf.,  in  K|>,  op.  il|8  ;  Intnxl.aml  Var.s 
f.  flute  and  pf.,  op.  loo. 

FOR  PIANO  (2  hands):  ( )ver  20  sonatas  (incl. 
op.  42,  in  A  min.;  op.  53,  D  ;  op.  78  | fantasia], 
(J  ;  op.  120,  A  ;  op.  J22,  K[> ;  op,  143,  A  min.; 
op.  147,  B;  op,  164,  A  min.;  and  3  grand 
posth.  sonatas  in  C  min.,  A,  and  B[?);  I|  Im- 
promptus, op.  go,  and  4  ditto,  op.  142  ;  6  Mo- 
ments musicals,  op.  <H  I  Adagio  and  Rondo,  op. 
145;  Fantasia,  op.  15,  in  C;  sets  of  variations 
(op.  io,  K  min.,  on  a  Fiench  aii  ;  op.  35,  in 
A[> ;  on  a  Diabelli  wall/,  in  C  min.;  op.  82,  in 
C,  on  llerold's  J/!r//v>;  etc.);  many  walt/es  (op. 
33t  5°  |34uVals«s  sentiment  ales  |,  67 
aux  belles  Viennoises  "|,  77  [io 
r'ValHC»  noises"),  cjj  [12  "(Jrat/er  Walxi-r  "J, 
etc.);  "  \Vamlcrer-Fantasie"  in  C.,  op.  15  ;  2 
Scherx.i;  5  Klavierstiicke  ;  etc.—  /r!w/y".  /f.  hands: 
2  sonatas  (op.  30,  \\\> ;  op.  140,  C) ;  'Divertisse- 
ment i\  I'hongroise,  op.  54  ;  1  >ivertissement  in  K 
min.,  op,  63;  Fantasia  in  1*'  min.,  op,  lojj ; 
(Irand  rondo  in  A,  dp.  107;  "Notre  amilie," 
rondo  in  D,  op.  138  ;  Andantino  and  rondo,  op. 
84 ;  "LebensstUnne,"  allegro  <'aracterisli(mo,  op. 
1,^4;  Fugue  in  K  min,,  op.  52;  Polonaises,  op, 
6l,  75 ;  Variations,  on.  io,  35,  H2 ;  3  Wallsses, 
op  33 1  4  LflmllcT  ;  Klarches  (op,  27  [3  num- 
borKl,  40  |()|,  51  hi  55  l"Tram;nnarsch"|,  66 
["henrfciuc1'],  121). 

Biographical:  Hy  II.  Kreissle  von  IIe.llborn, 
"  F.  S.,  eino  biographische  Skixzc"  (Vienna, 
1861  ;  aitgm,  cd.  iK(>5  ;  ICngl.  transl,  by  Colo- 
ridge,  Iiomloii,  1809);  by  Keissmann,  "  F.  S., 
sein  Leben  uml  Heine  Werkc"  (Hwlin,  1873); 
by  A.  Niggli  (i8Ho) ;  by  Uarbedeltc,  "  F.  S.,  sa 
vfe,  scs  ti'uvres,  son  tvmps"  (PariH,  iftoft);  by 
Max  Kriedlftmlcr  (in  preparation). 

Schu'bert,  Franz,  violiniKt,  HOU  and  pupil  of 
the  K.  Cwtfrtwtisttr  Franz  Anton  S.  [1768- 
1834);  b.  Drtwlen,  July  22,  iHoH  ;  d,  there  Apr* 
I  a,  1878.  Also  taught  by  Kottnuner  and  L, 
Ilmisc;  then,  with  a  stipend  from  the  King,  by 
Lafont  at  Paris,  Kntered  the  K.  orch,  at  Dres- 
den in  1823  ;  succeeded  Lipinfiki  aft  JHt  Concert" 
wisttr  in  1861  ;  retired  1873.— Publ.  <Hude8  f. 
violin,  op.  3 ;  JL)uo  f,  pf,  and  violin,  op.  8 ;  a 


34 


529 


SCHUBERT— SCIiULHOFF 


fantasia  f.  violin  w.  orch.;  aconcertanti  f.  \iolin 
and  'cello  (w.  Kummer) ;  etc. 

Schut>ert,  Maschinka  (n&  Schneider),  wife 
of  preceding,  and  the  daughter  of  Georg  Abra- 
ham Schneider ,  b.  Reval,  Aug.  25,  1815  ;  d, 
Dresden,  Sept.  20,  1882.  Stage-soprano  (colora- 
tura) ;  pupil  of  Bordogni  at  Paris ;  debut  Lon- 
don, 1832;  then  studied  with  Bianchi  at  Milan, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Dresden  Opera  till 
1860.  Their  daughter,  Georgine,  b.  Dresden, 
Oct.  28,  1840;  d.  Potsdam,  Dec.  26,  1878. 
Pupil  of  her  mother  and  Jenny  Lind,  and  of 
Garcia  at  London  1857-9;  debut  in  La  Son- 
nambula  at  Hamburg,  1859;  sang  at  Prague, 
Florence,  Berlin,  Frankfort,  and  Paris  (Th.- 
Lyrique) ;  eng.  1865  at  Hanover,  1868  at  Strelitz. 
Much  applauded  at  a  Mozart  concert  in  London, 
1875- 

Schubert,  Louis,  violinist;  b.  Dessau,  Jan. 
27,  1828;  d.  Dresden,  Sept.  17,  1884.  Went  to 
St.  Petersburg  at  17 ;  was  then  for  6  years  Concert- 
welster  at  Konigsberg  City  Th. ;  then  taught 
and  gave  concerts  at  Konigsberg  till  1872, 
when  he  settled  in  Dresden,  making  a  name  as  a 
singing-teacher. — Prod.  4  successful  operettas  ; 
publ.  a  method  f.  violin,  a  **  Gesangschulc  in 
Liedern,"  songs,  and  violin-duos  (transcr.s  from 
Bach). 

Schu'berth,  Gottlob,  b.  Karsdorf,  Aug.  it, 
1778;  d.  Hamburg,  Feb.  18,  1846.  Oboist  and 
clarinettist  at  Magdeburg ;  settled  in  Hamburg, 
1833. — Publ.  pf. -music. — His  sons  were  the  two 
following : 

Schu'berth,  Julius  (Ferdinand  Georg), 
founder  of  the  firm  of  "  J.  Schuberlh  &  Co."  of 
Leipzig  and  New  York ;  b.  Magdeburg,  July  14, 
1804;  d.  Leipzig,  June  9,  1875.  Established 
the  Hamburg  business  in  1^26;  opened  a  branch 
at  Leipzig,  1833,  and  at  New  York,  1850.  His 
brother  Friedrich  Wilhelm  (b.  1817)  took  over 
the  Hamburg  house  in  1853  (firm-name  "Fritz 
Schuberth  ").  S.  publ.  the  "  Kleine  Hamburger 
Musikzeitung "  (1840-50),  the  "New-Yorker 
Musikzeitung"  (from  1867),  and  "S.'s  kleine 
Musikzeitung"  (1871-2).  In  1872  he  founded 
the  fine  mus.  library  at  Weimar  known  as  the 
"  Liszt-Schuberth-Stiftung/'— In  1891  the  busi- 
ness was  purchased  by  Felix  Siegel,  the  orig- 
inator of  the  "  Musikalische  Universalbiblio- 
thek." 

Schu'berth,  Carl,  eminent  'cellist ;  b.  Mag- 
deburg, Sept.  25,  1811 ;  d.  Zurich,  July  22, 
1863.  Pupil  of  Hesse  at  Magdeburg,  and 
(1825-8)  of  Dotzauer  at  Dessau;  then  'cellist 
and  concert-giver  in  Magdeburg,  later  making 
long  tours  to  Holland,  Belgium,  Paris,  and  Lon- 
don (1835,  vying  with  Knoop  and  Servais) ;  in 
the  autumn  of  1835  he  repaired  via  Konigs- 
berg, Riga,  and  Dorpat  to  St.  Petersburg,  where 
his  playing  created  such  a  sensation  that  he  was 
immediately  eng.  as  soloist  to  the  Czar,  and  was 
for  20  years  Mus.  Dir.  at  the  Univ.,  cond.  of 
the  court  orch.,  and  Inspector  of  the  training- 


school  connected  with  the  couit  theatre.  Tic 
died  on  a  journey  umlerl«iken  for  the  sake  of  his 
health — Publ  2  'cello-concertos;  \arious  fan- 
tasias and  variations  i.  'cello  w  orch.;  i  octet,  3 
quintets,  and  4  quartets  f.  strings  ;  and  a  'cello- 
sonata  (op.  42). 

Schu'biger,  Anselm,  b.  Uxnach,  Canton  of 
St.  Gallen,  Mar.  5,  1815  ;  &  M*"*-  U.  i88«.  at 
the  Monastery  of  Einsicdcln,  \\here  he  had  taken 
holy  orders  in  1835.  Learned  writer  on  the 
music  of  the  Middle  Ages. — 1'ubl.  "  Die  Song- 
erschule  von  St.  (Jallcn"  (1858);  "Die  JMIcge 
dcs  Kirchcngcsangs  und  der  Kirchenmusik  in 
der  deutschen  kutholischen  Schweiz"  (1^73); 
"  Musikalische  Spicilegien  "  (1876;  essays  on 
"  Das  liturgischc  Drama  dcs  MiUelallers,"  "  Or- 
gelbau  und  Orgelspiel  im  Mittelaller,"  "Die 
ausserliturgischen  Lieder,"  and  "Xur  mittclal- 
terlichen  Instrumentalmusik  ") ;  also  pupeis  in 
the  "Monatshefte  ii\r  Musikgcschichte." 

Schuch,  Ernst,  b.  Giaz,  Styria,  Nov.  23, 
1847.  Pupil  of  E-  st<)lt>!  imtl  °-  Itessoff  ;  from 
1867,  mus.  dir.  at  Lobe's  Th.,  Ureslau,  later  at 
Wteburgf,  Clfiiss,  Uasel  (1871) ;  eond.  Pollini's 
Italian  Opera  for  a  time  in  1872,  and  then  went 
to  Dicsclen,  where  he  became  court  cond.  in  1873, 
afterwards  R.  Court  Councillor,  and  general 
mus.  director. — His  wife,  Clementine  Proska 
(b.  Vienna,  Feb.  12,  1853),  has  been  eng.  since 
1873  at  the  Dresden  Court  Th.  as  coloratura 
singer. 

Schucht,  Jean  F.,  b.  HoMiulleben,  Tlui- 
ringia,  Nov.  17,  1832;  d.  Lcipxig,  Mar.  30, 
1894.  Pupil  of  Hauptmann  and  Spohrat  Kas- 
sel,  and  of  Schnyder  von  Wrirtensee  at  Frank- 
fort ;  from  1868  in  Luipxig  fts  a  writer,  and  critic 
for  the  "Ncue  7-cilbchrift  fur  Musik."—  I»ubl. 
a  "Wegweiser  in  der  Tonkunst"  (iH5<)); 
"Kleincs  Lcxikon  der  TonkuuRt";  4*  Meyer- 
beers  Leben  und  IHldunjyHjrang "  (iHOt;); 
"  Grundriss  eincr  praklischcn  llarmoniclohro" 
(1876) ;  and  a  Life  of  Chopin  (1880)  ;  also  pf.. 
pieces  and  songs. 

Sdm'ecker,  Edmund,  brilliant  harpist ;  b. 
Vienna,  about  1850 ;  pupil  of  Xumcira  at  the 
Vienna  Cons,  until  1877.  I  Ms  growing  renown 
caused  his  appointment,  in  1884,  as  harp-teacher 
in  Leipzig  Cons.,  and  harpist  in  the  (lewmul- 
haus  Orch.;  in  1890,  court  harpist  to  the  I  Hike 
of  Saxe-Altcnburg ;  in  1891  he  was  called  to 
Chicago  to  join  the  newly  founded  Chicago 
Orch.  (Th,  Thomas,  cond.). 

Schul'hoff,  Julius,  noteworthy  pianist  and 
comp.;  b.  Prague,  Aug.  2,  1825;  d.  Merlin, 
Mar.  15,  1898.  He  was  taught  in  Prague  by 
Kisch  and  Tedesco  (pf.)  and  Tomaschek  (theory). 
DtSbut  in  Dresden  in  1842 ;  he  then  played  in 
the  Gewandhaus,  and  proceeded  lo  Paris,  giv- 
ing most  successful  concerts  under  the  patron- 
age of  Chopin.  He  lived  for  some  yvars  in 
Paris,  then  made  a  long  tour  through  France, 
Austria  (1849-50),  England,  Spain  (1851),  and 


530 


SCIIULTESIUS— SCI1ULZ 


to  South  Russia  and  the  Crimea  (1853).     Later 

he  settled   in   1*111  is  as  a  favorite  teacher  until 

1870 ;  then  made 

I )  r  e  s  d  e  n      his 

home,     receiving 

in  1807  the  title         /' 

of  "Royal  Prof.",         '  '• 

and  went    finally 

to    licilin.       He 

publ.    excellent 

salon-music    f. 

pf.;  Impromptus, 

Caprices,  Ma/ur- 

kas,    \vall/,es, 

etc. ;    a    grand 

sonata  in  K  min.; 

12  etudes. 

Schulte'sius,  Johann  Paul,  1>.  Kechheim, 
Sax«-Kobuig,  Sept.    14,  1748  ;   d.  in   i8if>  at 
Lcghom  as  pastor  of  the  Dutch  and  (ierman 
Protestant  Church. — Publ.  "Mcmorisi  sopra  la 
musica  di  chiesa"  (iHio);  2  quartets  f.  pf.  and  f 
strings;    variations  f.  do.;  var.s  f.  pf.,  violin" 
and  'cello ;  7  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  varia- 
tions f.  do. ;  etc, 

Schult'heiss,  Benedict,  organist,  of  the 
Aegidimikirehc,  Nuremberg;  d.  Mar.  r,  160.3. 
— Publ.  *4  Muth  uiul  (leisl  ennunternde  Clavier- 
lust"  (1079;  clavichord-pieces). 

Schultz,  Edwin,  b.  Dan/ig,  Apr.  30,  1827, 
Ilaritone  concert -singer,  taught  by  nmiulstiitler 
at  Ucrlin  ;  living  there  as  a  singing-teacher. 
Has  also  cond.  the  "  Meloilin"  choral  society, 
rind  others ;  and  (with  Wicpreehl)  the,  "  Moh- 
stre-Concerte  "  given  in  1864,  1866,  and  1870- 
71,  for  the  benefit  of  wounded  soldiers.—- Publ. 
many  male  choruses  (7  won  prixes),  songs, 
duets,  nncl  ti  coll,,  "  Melstcrsttteke  fttr  Piano- 
forte." In  1880  the  Prussian  Ministry  of  War 
commissioned  him  to  compile  a  book  of  soldiers' 
songs. 

Schultze,  Johann,  organist  at  Dannenbcrg, 
Itrunswick ;  publ.  "40  news  auscrlesene  srhOne 
(fUgliardc.n  und  Intnulen"  </  4(1612),  and 
"  Musikallsche  Jugendlust"  (1627 ;  motets), 

Schultze,  Christoph,  cantor  at  Ddilxsch, 
Saxony;  publ.  u Collegium  nmsicum  delicii 
chnritrttlvum  "  (1647  ;  to  IJible-scmtenccs  a  5  in 
madrigal-style,  w.  contlmio);  "  Denarius  inu- 
sicus"  tt  1-3,  w,  ** symphonies"  and  figured 
bass;  and  melodies  to  Henj.  Prfttorius1  "Jaueh- 
xender  Libanon"  (1659,  i6(>8). 

Schul'tae,  Adolf,  b,  Schwerin,  Nov.  3, 1853. 
Pianist;  pupil  of  Kullak's  A  end.,  Berlin,  1872- 
5  ;  taught  there ;  replaced  Carl  Schroder  iK86- 
gout  Sonderslmusen  as  court  cond,  and  Director 
of  the  Cons.  ;  now  in  Uerlin.— (!onip.«;  Orch.l 
works ;  a  pf. -concerto ;  pf.-mtmic. 

Schurtzc,  Dr.  Wilhelm  Heinrlch,  b,  Cclle, 
Itiiuoviir,  1827;  d,  Syracuse,  N.  Y,,  in  Sept., 
iSHH.  For  several  years  int  violin  of  the  Men- 
delssohn Quintette  (Hub,  Boston;  prof,  of  mu- 
KIC  at  Syracuse  Univ.  from  1880  (?). 


Schulz,  Bartholomaus,  Gottschalk,  Hie- 
ronymus,  Jacob,  and  Michael :  See  PuA'ro- 
KIUS. 

Schulz,  Johann  Abraham  Peter,  b.  Lunc- 
buig,  Mar.  30(31  ?),  17^7  ;  d.  Schwedt,  June  10, 
i8(K),  Pupil  ol  Kinibergcr  at  Berlin ;  fiom 
17(18-73,  music-master  to  a  Polish  princess ;  then 
a  popular  teacher  in  Heilin,  and  1776-8  nuts, 
dir.  at  the  K  tench  Theatre' ;  JCajvlhn.  to  Prince 
lieinrich  at  Kheinsbeig,  1780-7;  then  couit 
conductor  at  Copenhagen  till  170)4  ;  returned  ill 
to  (lei many,  became  director  ol  the  Seconda 
opota-tioupe,  then  lived  in  Rhcinsbeig.  A  song* 
composer  oi  m:u  ked  originality  and  influence,  he 
publ.  in  T77<>  "  (iestinge  am  Clavier,"  in  1782 
14  Liecler  ira  Volkston,"  both  piintcd  together, 
with  augmentations,  as  '*  Lieder  imVolkstou" 
in  i7iSs  ;  a  thiid  book  was  publ.  in  t7o/>,  11  is 
sacred  songs  aie  "  Uxens  lyrische  (Jedichte" 
(i 784)  and  "  KeligibsoOdenund  I,ieder"(i78()). 
44  Chansons  idiliunnes  "  (1782),  4  Lhtkr  w.  ])f., 
and  a  Ruudgcsixng  (round)  for  S,  S.  T.  !>.,  were 
also  publ. — Dranulic  works  (also  populai)  : 
Operetta  /*i  JA*  f  'rgMt1  (1782  ;  in  (Jer.  as  Hat 
Jen  Datum  gfjfttlft  ;  do.  Clari^e^  #Jer  this  //;/- 
bc&atint?  Dwmttn&iit/ifn  (1783) ;  tragic  melodr. 


publ.);  /•<*  tfarbitr  de  KM  Ik  (1786);  opera 
Aline,  Queen  of  Mwnda  (Copenhagen,  1789; 
puhl.) ;  opera  JJostgildet \ The  Harvest  Festival] 
(ibid.,  I7<)<>);  Ittdtoxwt  [The  Kntiy|  (ibid,)  I 
Offer af  A'lW/^vv/r1 1  Sucrili<!«  of  the  Nymphs) 
(ibid.)  ;  music  to  (/ftta  vou  /terlie/iin#e9i  and 
Racine's  Athalic ;  —the  oratorio  Johannes  nnd 
Marie  and  the  Passion  cantata  <//m//  '/W,- 
also  pf, -music  :  6  Sllleke  (i77<)) ;  sonata  (1782) ; 
14  Musikalische  Helustigung,"  "  Masikalische 
badinage,"  "  Musikaiischer  Luflball,"  —  He, 
wrote  "  Knlwurf  einer  neuenuiul  lfiehl\ersta'nd- 
lichcn  Musiktalmlatur  .  .  ."  (178*) ;  ineivly 
the  old  organ-tablature) ;  the  nuis.  articles  from 
S-/  in  Sulxer'it "  Tlu-orie  derselioneii  Kttnste  ; " 
u(i«dank«n  Uber  tlen  Kinlluss  der  Muslkauf 
die  Hihhmg  eines  Volks"  (I7<)<)) ;  and  claimed 
the  authorship  of  "  Wahre  ( irundsittxe  xum  <  !e- 
brauch  der  Harmonic"  ('773 »  Im^l-  iw  Kim- 
berger's). 

Schulz,  Johann  Philipp  Christian,  b. 
Langensalita,  Thuringia,  Sept*  I,  1773 ;  d. 
Leipzig,  Jan.  30,  1827,  Pupil  of  Angler  and 
Schieht  at  Leipzig,  and  from  1800  cond,  of  the 
Seco nda  openi-t rou pc  ;  from  tH to,  cond.  of  the 
Cicwamlhaus  C Concerts.-- Publ.  overture's  to 


,  /J/>  Jun$fnitt  wn  Orleans;  dances 
interpolated  info  /'Jti«/  (air.  f.  pf.) ;  a  Snlvttm 
fac  regem  a  4,  w.  brass ;  marches,  etc, ;  songs 
w,  pf. 

Schulz,  Carl,  tnibrector  at  KUrntcnwuldc ; 
publ.  tl  Leitfnden  bei  der  C/esanglehre  nach  der 
Elementunnetliode"  (1812)  ami  ll  Schulgowtng- 
buch"  (1816),  both  often  repulil. 

Schulz,  Otto  Carl  FriedHch  Wilhelm,  b. 
Clortii,  Brandenburg,  Mar.  25, 1805.  Pupil  of 


SCHULZ— SCHUMANN 


Klein  and  Zelter  at  Berlin  ;  organist  at  Prenz- 
lau,  and  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."— Publ.  "  Theore- 
tisch  -  praktische  Gesangschule "  (1831;  for 
schools)  ;  "  Darstellung  einer  leichten  Methode 
des  Pianoforte  "  (1839) ;  comp.  sacied  and  secu- 
lar vocal  music,  pf. -pieces,  etc. 

Schulz,  Adolf,  b.  Berlin,  July  7,  1817 ;  d. 
there  Mar.  16,  1884 ;  pupil  of  Bohmer ;  violin- 
ist in  the  Court  Opera.  Comp.  music  to  Euri- 
pides' HippolytoS)  a  symphony,  and  a  pf. -sonata 
(publ.). 

Schulz,  Ferdinand,  b.  Kossar,  n.  Krossen, 
Oct.  21,  1821 ;  d.  Berlin,  May  27,  1897.  Pupil 
of  A.  \V.  Bach,  Crell,  Kollitschgy,  and  Dehn, 
at  Berlin ;  joined  the  cathedral-choir  in  1843 ; 
became  cond.  of  the  Ctuilienverein  in  1856, 
mus.  dir.  of  the  Marcuskirche  in  1858,  later 
organist  of  the  Sophienkirche.  Singing-teacher ; 
comp  the  68th  Psalm  f.  double  choir,  motets, 
and  other  church-music  ,  many  male  choruses, 
songs,  and  pf. -pieces. 

Schulz,  August,  b.  June  15,  1837,  at  Bruns- 
wick, where  he  is  leader  of  the  Ducal  orch. 
Pupil  of  Zinkeisen,  Leibrock,  and  Joachim; 
composer  of  favorite  male  quartets. 

Schulz  -  Beuthen,  Heinrich,  b.  Deuthen, 
Upper  Silesia,  June  19,  1838.  Pupil  of  Leip- 
zig Cons.,  and  of  Carl  Riedel;  settled  1867  in 
Zurich  as  a  teacher  and  composer;  since  1881 
in  Dresden  as  pf. -teacher  at  the  Cons. — Woiks  : 
Operetta.  Fridolin  (Breslau,  1862) ;  opera  Ast  hen- 
brodcl  (Zurich,  1879) ;  comic  opera  £$  ist  nUht 
gut,  dass  far  Alensth  allehi  set;  fine  insti.l  and 
choral  music  of  distinctly  modern  tendency  :  6 
symphonies  (fc*  Haydn  "  ;  "  Frtihlingsfcier"  ; 
Ej?  ;  "  Schon  Elisabeth  "  ;  "  Reformations-S.," 
w.  organ,  ltKdnigI^ar");au  Kinder-Sin fonie"; 
symph.  poem,  "Die  Todteninsel "  ;  overtures 
"  Kriemhildens  Leid  und  Rachc,"  "  Bac^ 
chantenzug  des  Dionysos";  "Pan  und  die 
Waldnymphen  "  j  the  orch.l  pieces  "  BaUfcstc- 
pisoden,"  "  Mittelalterliche  Volkssccne,"  "Am 
Rabenstein,"  "  Indianischer  Kriegstanz  "  ;  the 
cantatas  Befreiungsgesang  dtr  Teibannten  Is- 
raels (f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.),  and  Ifarald  (f.  bar. 
solo,  male  en.,  and  orch.)  ;  Requiem  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch. ;  Psalms  42  and  125,  f.  ditto  ;  Psalm 
43  f.  do.  (publ.) ;  Psalm  13  a  cappelhi ;  male 
choruses;  songs;  pf. -pieces  (*'  lleroische  So- 
nate  "  [publ.]  ,  "  Alhambra-Sonate  "  ;  "  Un- 
garisches  Stindchen  " ;  "  Stimmungsbild  "  ; 
etc.). 

Schulz-Schwerin,  Carl,  b.  Schwerin,  Jan. 
3,  1845.  Pianist ;  pupil  at  the  Stern  Cons., 
Berlin,  1862-5,  of  von  Bttlow,  Geyer,  Stern,  and 
Weitzmann.  Court  pianist  to  the  Grand  Duke 
of  Mecklenburg ;  has  lived  since  1885  in  Berlin. 
— Works:  A  symphony;  overtures  to  "Torquato 
Tasso,"  "Die  Braut  von  Messina,"  and  the 
"Ouverture  triomphale";  Sanctus,  Osanna, 
Benedictus,  Ave  Maria,  etc.;  f.  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.;  orch.l  transcriptions  of  Mendelssohn's 


"  Rondo  capriccioso,  "  and  other  pf.  -works;  solo 
pieces  for  piano. 

Schul'ze,  Johann  Friedrich,  German  organ- 
builder;  b.  Milbitz,  Thuringiu,  Jan  27,  1793; 
d.  Paulinzellc,  Thuringu,  Jan  9,  1858,  whither 
he  had  removed  his  business  fiom  Muhlliaubcn. 
Firm-name  "  Schulze  &  Sohn." 

Schul'ze,  Adolf,  excellent  concert  -singer 
(bass)  and  singing  -teacher  ;  b.  Mannha^en,  n. 
Molln,  Apr.  13,  1835.  Pupil  of  C'ail  Voigt  at 
Hamburg,  and  Garcia  at  London  (1863).  At 
present  head-prof,  of  singing  at  the  R.  1/oeh- 
schule,  Berlin. 

Schu'macher,  (Peter)  Paul  (Heinrich),  b. 
Mayence,  Nov.  6,  1848  ;  d.  there  Apr.  25,  1891. 
Pupil  of  Kr.  Lux  (pf.  and  theoiy)  ;  later  pf 
Richter,  Reinecke,  and  Iluuptmann  at  I-eipzig 
Cons.  Served  in  the  Pranco-(icrman  war,  and 
then  settled  in  Mnyencc  as  oond.,  teacher,  and 
critic  (for  the  "Fninkfurter/dliintf,"  the  "  Main- 
zer  Anzciger,"  and  nuis.  periodicals).  J  Ic  cond. 
several  mule  Mnging-societies  ;  and  in  1881 
founded  the  ^Taycncc  Cons,  of  Music  (carried 
on  by  his  \vitlow,  Krau  lAii.se  S.,  as  the  "  Paul 
Schumacher'schesC'ons.").—  Publ.  woiks  :  Many 
songs  (Wolff's  "  Ratlenfanjrcr,11  '*  Wilder  Jsifror/1 
etc.)  and  male  choruses  ("  Miihikanlenlietler  "  w. 
violin  and  pf.,  op.  4)  ;  much  pf.  -music  (op.  6, 
Albiimbliitter  ;  op.  11,  4  Concert-studies;  op,  12, 
Sonatiuen  ;  op.  19,  **Aus  <ler  Jujfc'iidxcil,"  i±\ 
pcs.;  op.  24,  3  Nottunios  ;  op.  40,  *'  Keuilletons 
musicaux"  ;  —  f.  4  hands,  op.  20,  *'  Am  Khein," 
waltz;  op.  29,  Dances  and  Wedding-march;  op. 
52,  J'rekulc  and  Fugue  ;  etc.);  op,  10,  Kuneral 
maich  f.  orch.  in  ('min.;  aSym])Ii(>iiie-Sereiia(le 
f.  orch.;  a  Concert-suite  f.  violin  and  pf.,  op. 
34  ;  —  unpubl.  me  a  cantata,  Ar  Jalmmfa  S<hil- 
3lv,  f.  bar.,  mule  ch.,  and  orch.  (1890,  v.  succ.)  ; 
an  opera,  Die  7  Kabcn  ;  a  violin-cxmccrto,  op. 
9  (often  played)  ;  etc. 

Schu'mann,  Robert  (Alexander),  a  leader 
in  (iernian  lomanticism;  b.  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
June  8,  1810;  U. 
Kndenich,  near 
Bonn,  July  29, 
1856,  The 
youngest  sou  of 
his  father,  a 
bookseller,  his  /,'», 
s-  'r.R 


first  music-les- 

sons  were  on  the 

piano   from    the 

organist   of    the 

Marienkirchc, 

Kuntzsch.     His 

attempts  at  com- 

position  date 

from  his  seventh  year  ;  in  his  eleventh,  without 

instruction,    he    wrote   choral    and    orchestral 

works,  and  at  this  time  his  father  wished  him  to 

study  under  Carl  M.  von  Weber,  bin  negotia- 

tions to  that  effect  came  to  naught.     Instead,  he 

attended  the  Zwickau  Gymnasium  from 


53* 


SCHUMANN 


townnl  the  end  of  this  tcim  developing  a  marked 
predilection  for  the  lom.'intic  works  o(  Hymn 
and  Jean  Paul  Kichler  In  1826  his  ialhei 
died,  and  in  1828  S  matriculated  at  Leipzig 
Univ  as  StMttio&itt  ///m,  though  he  gave  moie 
attention  to  the  philosophical  lectures.  Tn  1820. 
he  iep.il rod  to  Heidelberg,  drawn  thither  chiefly 
by  the  fame  of  Thibaut  (prof,  of  law,  but  a  pro- 
found student  of  music),  and  now  began  to 
apply  himself  seiiouslyto  musical  study,  aided 
by  his  dexterity  as  a  pianist.  In  the  autumn 
o(  1830  he  obtained  his  mothei's  permission  to 
return  to  Leip/ig  in  ouler  to  devote  himself  to 
music.  lie  lived  with  Kriedrich  Wieck,  under 
whom  he  studied  the  piano ;  and  also  took  a 
course  in  composition  under  II  Porn,  though 
his  industry  was  principally  concentrated  on 
piano-practice.  An  unfortunate  experiment  (the 
endeavor  to  obtain  independence  of  the  lingers 
by  suspending  the  fomth  linger  of  the  right 
hand  in  a  sling  while  practising  with  the  others) 
ended  his  bright  prospects  as  a  piano-virtuoso. 
Thenceforward  he  gave  himseU  up  to  composi- 
tion ami  literary  woik.  As  a  composer,  his  pub- 
lished works  (op.  1-23)  up  to  the  beginning  of 
1840  (an  important  dale)  are  exclusively  for  the 
piano;  Us/.t,  1 1  ousel  t,  and  Clara  \Vieck  (the 
daughter  of  his  instructor  and  host)  played 
them  in  public.  In  1834  S.  founded,  with  J. 
Knorr,  L.  Sehunlvc,  and  Wieck,  the  "  Netie 
Xeitschrift  fllr  Musik,"  which  S.  edited  alone 
from  1 83 3--.]. (,.  U  entered  the  Held  as  an  ex- 
ponent of  liberal  and  progressive  musical  art, 
in  opposition  to  the:  vapid  productions  of  the 
Italian  stage,  to  the  then  fashionable  pianists, 
and  to  all  shallow  or  retrograde  tendencies. 
Schumann's  numerous  essays  and  criticisms 
(signed  Klorestun,  Kusebius,  Meister  Karo,  or 
with  the  numerals  "a"  and  *'  12")  show  what 
musical  journalism  can  be  when  actuated  by 
the  loftiest  motives,  and  based  on  real  and  in- 
timate knowledge  of  the  subjects  treated.  Pur- 
ing  the  succeeding  decades  it  exorcised  a  potent 
in  Hun  tee  for  good;  S.  was  among  the  iirst  to 
lujruld  Chopin's  genius  (1834);  nn(l  ono  °f  hfo 
last  papers  was  the  fnmoiiH  "  Neue  liahncn " 
(1853)  on  Brahms,  In  the  meantime  he  hud 
fallen  in  love  with  Hani  Wieek;  owing  tcMhe 
father's  determined  opposition  their  marriage 
did  not  take  place  until  1840,  the  year  in  which 
the  degree  of  /?;*.  /M  was  conferred  upon  S. 
by  the  University  of  Jena,  lie  had  spent  one 
year,  1838-*;,  in  Vienna,  hoping  to  better  his 
fortunes  by  establishing  himself  and  his  paper 
in  that  city —an  Attempt  which  failed.  From 
his  marriage-year,  too,  dates  tho  beginning  of 
his  career  as  n  song-composer,  and  some  of  his 
most  perfect  lyrical  gems  were  then  produced, 
numbering  nearly  a  score  of  books,  among 
them  op.  25,  31,  36,  and  40.  In  1841  he  wrote 
his  first  symphony,  speedily  followed  by  three 
string-quartets,  op.  41,  the  pf.-miintet,  op.  44, 
and  the  pf. -quartet,  op.  47;  also  his  most  beau- 
tiful choral  work,  /to*  rarattift  wut  (tit  Pfri 
(1843).  In  this  last-named  year  he  was  invited 


by  Mendelssohn  to  accept  the  position  of  teacher 
(of  playing  from  scoio)  at  the  newly  founded 
<  'onservatorium ;  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that 
S.  intioduccd  the  pedal-piano,  for  preparatory 
01  «>  an-practice,  into  tlic  Cons.,  which  possessed 
no  organ  lor  ten  years.  In  January,  1844,  he 
undertook  a  concert-tour  to  Russia  with  his 
wife;  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  he  re- 
moved to  Dresden;  his  duties  in  the  Cons,  were 
uncongenial,  and  it  is  probable  that  Mendels- 
sohn, whom  S.  greatly  admired,  did  not  fully 
appieciate  the  latter's  genius.  S.  likewise  rt1- 
tiied  fiom  the  cditoiship  of  the  **Noue  Zeil- 
sclii  if t,"  being  succeeded  in  1845  by  Dr.  Urendel. 
In  Diesden  he  lived  until  1850,  giving  piivatc 
lessons  and  composing  industriously;  to  this 
period  belong  the  great  C '-major  symphony  op. 
6 1  (ifi^o),  the  opera  ttfttwwa  (1848),  and  the 
pf.-tno  op.  80  (1847;  one  of  the  finest  of  its 
class).  In  1847  he  became  the  conductor  of  the 
lAedertaJel)  and  in  1848  organized  the  C//<>;,^'- 
sang-l*erein.  Me  was  called  to  Dilsseldorl  in 
1850  to  succeed  Foul.  Ililler  as  town  musical 
director  (cond.  of  the  Subscription  Conceits  and 
the  Musical  Society).  lie  held  this  position 
until  the  autumn  of  1853,  when  signs  of  insanity, 
which  had  appeared  as  far  back  as  1833,  and 
still  more  alarmingly  in  1845,  compelled  him  to 
resign;  lor  some  time  his  assistant  (and  suc- 
cessor) Tausch  had  relieved  him  of  much  of  the 
work.  On  Feb.  6,  1854,  the  disorder  reached  a 
climax;  he  abruptly  left  the  room  in  which  some 
friends  were  assembled,  and  threw  himself  into 
the  Rhine  ;  rescued  from  drowning,  he  had  to  ho 
conveyed  to  an  asylum  at  Kndcnich,  near  Ilonn, 
remaining  here,  with  but  few  lucid  intervals, 
until  the  end.  In  1880  a  monument  by  I'rof* 
Donmlorf  was  erected  on  his  grave  in  the 
churchyard  at  Itomt,  opposite  the  Slornenthor; 
a  statue  was  unveiled  at  Xwiekuu  in  iHHt;;  a 
modest  memorial  also  stands,  since  1875,  near 
the  Kirst  IHlrgerschule  in  I<eipxig. 

S.  was  a  founder  of  the  noo-ronumtie  school, 
and  perhaps  its  most  powerful  promoter  lioih  as 
a  composer  and  writer.  At  the  very  outset,  his 
individuality  found  full  expression.  His  mas- 
tery of  detail,  Ills  concentrated  passion  and  pro- 
found emotion,  are  displayed  to  best  advantage 
in  the  smaller  forms,  the  piano-pitiees  and  songs 
-—the  most  suitable}  mediums  for  presenting  the 
subtle  shadings  and  artistic  refinements  charac- 
teristic of  his  lyrical  genius.  In  them  ho  attains 
perfection  of  expression  and  artistic  finish.  Yet 
—to  name  but  a  few— the  first  two  symphonies, 
and  the  pf,-eom:erto  op.  54,  are  unsurpassed  to 
the  post-Hoothovcn  epoch ;  the  pf, -quintet  and 
the  (J-mlnor  pf. -sonata  rank  with  the  grandest 
works  of  their  kind.— A  complete  edition  of  his 
compositions,  edited  by  Clara  Schumann,  is 
publ.  by  Ureitkopf  &  1 1  Artel. 

VOCAL  WORKS  WITH  okcir,:  The  4-act 
opera  f/Viwrvmr,  op.  8r  (Ldpxig,  June  35, 
1850);  music  to  Hyron's  Manfrtd^  op.  115; 
scenes  from  (loothe*  /few/ (no  opus-number) ; 
cantata  J)as  l*aradie$  und  die  TV;-/,  op,  50,  f. 


533 


SCHUMANN 


solo,  ch.,  and  orch  ;  Adt'wllicd,  op.  71,  f.  sopr  , 
ch  ,  and  oich.;  Abschirdshcd,  op.  84,  f.  ch.  \v 
wood-wind  or  pf. ;  Requiem  for  Mignon,  op. 
98^  y  Nach tiled,  op.  108,  f.  ch  and  orch/, 
cantata  Der  Rose  Pilgcrfahrt*  op.  112,  f  soli, 
ch. ,  and  orch. ;  ballade  Der  JCotngsso/in^  op  1 16, 
f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  ballade  ZVr  Sattgeis 
Fluent,  op.  139,  f .  do. ;  four  ballades  Vow  Pagfii 
und  der  Komgstochter ,  op  140,  f.  do  ;  ballade 
Das  Cluck  von  Edenhall^  op.  143,  f.  do,;  Av//- 
jahrslied^  op.  144,  f.  ch.  and  orch  ;  Missa  sacia, 
op.  147,  w.  orch.;  Requiem  mass,  op.  148,  w. 
orch. 

CHORUSES  a  cappella  :  6  4-part  songs  f.  men's 
voices,  op.  33  ;  5  songs  [Burns]  f.  mixed  ch., 
op  55  J  4  songs  f.  do.,  op.  59  ;  3  songs  f  male 
ch.,  op.  62  ;  7  Ritornelle  in  canon-form,  f.  male 
voices,  op.  65  ;  5  Romances  and  Ballades  f. 
chorus  (2  sets),  op.  67  and  75  ;  6  Romances  f. 
female  voices,  w  pf.  ad  lib,  (2  sets),  op.  69  and 
gi ;  motet  [Ruckert]  "  Verzweifle  nicht  im 
Schmerzensthal,"  f.  double  male  ch.,  organ  ad 
lib.,  op.  93 ;  5  Jagdhedcr  [Laube]  f.  male  ch., 
4  horns  ad  lib  ^  op.  137  ;  4  songs  f.  double  ch,, 
op.  141. 

VOCAL  \VITII  PIANO  :  3  poems  by  Geibel,  op. 
29  (No.  i,  f.  2  sopranos  ;  No.  2,  f.  3  do, ;  No.  3, 
f.  small  chorus) ;  4  duets  f.  sopr.  and  ten.,  op. 
34,  and  4  do.,  op.  78  ;  3  2-part  songs,  op.  43  ; 
Spanisches  Liederspiel  f.  one  voice  or  S.A.T.13., 
op.  74;  Minnespiel  from  Rttckert's  "Liebes- 
fruhling,"  f.  one  or  several  voices,  op  IOT  ; 
Madchenhedcr,  by  EHs.  Kulmann,  f.  2  so- 
pranos, op.  103  ;  3  songs  f.  3  female  voices,  op. 
1 14 ;  ten  Spanische  JLiebeslieder,  f .  one  or  sev- 
eral voices,  w.  4-hand  accomp.,  op.  138  ;  the 
ballads  "Belsazar"  (op.  51),  "I>er  Hand- 
schuh  "  (op.  87),  "  Schdn  Iledwig  "  (op.  106  ;  f. 
declamation  w.  pf.),  and  "  Zwci  Balkden,"  op. 
122  (No.  i,  tl  Ballade  vom  Ilaideknabon  ,• 
No.  3,  "Die  Fluchtimge";  both  f.  declamation 
w.  pf.)$  Liederkreis  [UeineJ,  song-cycle,  op. 
24,  and  Liederkreis  12  poems  by  EichendoriT, 
op.  39;  "Myrthen,"  op,  25;  Lieder  und  (5e- 
sange,  5  sets  (op.  27,  51,  77,  96,  127) ;  3  poems 
by  Geibel,  op.  30 ;  3  songs,,  op.  31 ;  12  poems 
[Kerner],  op.  35  ;  6  poems  [Rlickertl,  op.  36 ; 
12  do.  [do.],  comp.  w.  Clara  S.,  op.  37  ;  5  songs 
f.  low  voice,  op.  40  ;  "Frauenliebe  uncl  -Lcben," 
op.  42  ;  "  Dichterlicbe, "  op.  48  ;  Rom.inzen  und 
Jialladen,  4  sets  (op.  45,  49,  53,  64) ;  *'  Licdcr- 
album  fur  die  Jugend/'op.  79 ;  G  songs,  op.  89  ; 
6  poems  by  Lenau,  and  Requiem,  op.  90 ;  0  songs 
from  Byron's  *'  Hebrew  Melodies,  op,  95  (w. 
pf.  or  harp) ;  nine  Liedcr  und  Gcsfinge  from 
Wilhelm  Meistcr,"  op.  980  /  7  songs,  op,  104 ; 
6  songs,  op.  107;  four  "  Ilusarenliedcr  "  f. 
bar,,  op.  117;  3  "  Waldlieder,"  op.  119;  5 
heitere  Gesdnge,  op.  125  ;  "Godichte  der  Kfl- 
nigin.  Maria  Stuart/' op.  135  ;  4  songs,  op.  142  ; 
"  Der  deutsche  Rhein*'  (no  opus-number). 

ORCHESTRAL:  4.  symphonies  (No.  i,  op.  38, 
in  Bb  ;  No.  2,  op.  61,  in  C  ;  No.  3,  op.  97,  in 
E[?  ["  Rheinische,"  or  "Cologne"  symphony]  ; 
No.  4,  op.  120,  in  D  min.) ;  "Ouvertttre, 


Scherzo  uncl  Finale,"  op.  52  ;  4  concert-ovci  tin  e-s 
("  Die  Hraut  von  Messina/1  op.  100  ;  <l  Fvstou- 
verture,"  op  123;  "  [ulius  Cjirwir,"  op  128; 
"Hermann  und  Dorothea,"  op.  [36);  pf  -con- 
certo in  A  nun  ,  op.  54  ,  C'onccrlsluck  (introd. 
and  Allegro  appassionato)  in  G,  f.  pf.  and  oich., 
op.  92;  Concert-  A  lk'j»ro  f  do  ,  in  I)  min.,  op. 
134  ;  Concertstuck  f.  4  horns,  op.  86  ;  'cello- 
concerto,  op.  129;  K'intasi.'i  f.  violin  w.  oich., 
op.  131. 

CUAMHER-MUSIC  :  I'f.-qintitet  in  K[>,  op.  44  ; 
3  string-quartets,  in  A  min.,  K  ;mtl  A,  op.  41  ; 
pf.-quartet  in  K  [7,  op.  47  ;  3  pf.-tnos  (No  i,  in 
D  min.,  op.  63  ;  No  2,  in  K,  op  80  ;  No.  3,  in 
G  min.,  op.  110)  ;  4  I'hant.'isiustuckc1  f  pf.,  vio- 
lin, and  'cello,  op.  88  ;  Adagio  and  Allegro  1.  pf. 
and  horn,  op,  70;  3  Fantasies!  Ucke  f.  pf.  and 
clar.,  op.  73J,  3  Roman  seen  f.  pf.  and  oboe,  op. 
94  ;  5  Stucke  im  Volkston,  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op. 
102  ;  2  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  (No.  I,  in  A 
min.,  op.  105;  No.  2,  in  I)  min.,  op.  121);  4 
Murchenbilder  f.  pf.  and  viola,  op.  113;  4 
Marchcnerssahlungcn  f.  pf,  and  clar.,  op.  132. 

FOR  ORGAN  (or  pedal-piimo)  :  <>  studios  in 
canon-form,  op.  56;  u  Skixxcn  fllr  den  IVdal- 
flUgcl,"  op.  58  ;  six  fugues  on  1S-A-C-H,  op.  60. 

FOR  PIANOFORTK  :  Op.  i,  Variations  on  A- 
B-E-G-Cr  ;  op.  2,  Papillons  ;  op.  3,  Studies  after 
raganini's  Caprices;  op.  4,  Intcrnu-m  ;  op.  5, 
Impromptus  on  theme  by  CU.  \Vieck  ;  op  6, 
lJavidsbttndk*rtan^e  ;  op.  7,  Tooeata  ;  op.  H, 
Allegro  ;  op.  9,  Carncivul  ;  op.  TO,  six  StiulicH 
on  Vttifanini's  Capric«s  ;  op.  n,  Sonata  No.  i, 
in  Fflmin.;  op.  12,  FanlJi.siesllU'kt'  (2  books); 
op.  13,  fttudes  RyinphonUjucf;  ;  op,  14,  Sonata 
No.  2,  in  K  min.;  op.  15,  thirteen  KiiioVr- 
scenen  ;  op.  16,  Kreisleriana;  op.  17,  Faiitusie 
in  C  ;  op,  18,  Ambeskc  ;  op.  it),  IMtunenstttek  ; 
op.  20,  JIumoreske;  <>i>.  ST,  NovelU'ttcn  (  4 
books)  ;  op.  22,  Sonata  No.  3,  in  (J  min.  (u  Con- 
cert sans  orchcstre  ")  ;  op.  23,  NaohtstUrko  ;  op. 
26,  FaschingKflchwstnk  aus  Wion  ;  op.  28,  three 
Romanxcn  ;  op.  32,  Seherxo,  (lif^ur,  Kmnanxe 


und  Kughcttc  ;  op.  68,  Album  fttr  dt«  Ju^iul  ; 
op.  72,  four  Fugues  ;  op.  76,  four  Marches  ;  op, 
82,  Waldscenen  ;  op.  99,  Uuutct  Ulfttlcr  ;  op.  rr, 
three  FanttwiuHlOcke  ;  op.  nK,  ttu-cci  Sonatas  for 
the  Younjf  ;  op,  124,  AllmmbUUter  ;  op.  iii(>, 
seven  pieces  in  fughctta-form  ;  op.  133,  (le- 
s&ngQ  der  Frtlhe  ;  also  a  Se.herxo  («>rijf*.  ii\  So- 
nata op.  14),  a  Presto  passionalo  (orljr.  finale  of 
Sonata  op.  22);  and  a  canon  on  **An  Alexis." 
—FOR  PF.  4  HANDS:  Op.  6f>,  4l  IliltltM-  aus 
Osten,'*  ftftor  Rllckert's  "Mnkamen  <les  Ha- 
riri"; op.  85,  l4  J2  viorhftndijfc  ('IttvlcirnHlckcfOr 
kleine  und  grosse  Kinder";  op.  ioc),  **  Uall- 
sccncn  "  ("  9  charukteriatischc  Tonstfiekc  ")  ;  op. 
130,  Kinderbiill  ;  op,  46,  Andante  ami  Varia- 
tions in  Kb  (for  2  pf,«,  4  hands). 

WRITINGS  :  "(Scwunmclte  Schrifum  ttber 
Musik  und  Musiker,"  a  coll.  of  his  nrticIcH  in 
the  u  Neue  ^eitachrift  >}  (rfi$4  ;  4  vol.*  ;  4th  od., 
1891,  rev.  by  F.  (J,  Jansen;  Eiypl.  transl.  by 
Fanny  Raymond  Kitter,  London,  1873)  ;  "  Robert 
Schumann's  Jugendbriefe"  (1885;  «d.  by  Clara 


534 


SCHUMANN— SCITU??ANZTGTT 


S.;  EnRl.  transl.  by  M.  Herbert);  "  R.  Schu- 
mann's IJncfe,  none  Koljje,"  covering  period 
1828-54;  (r88f>;  ed.  by  Jansen). 

IJKxJKAiMiic'AM  P>y  J  von  \Vasielewski (r 85! R; 
3rd  oil  1880;  Knj»l  "transl.  by  A.  L.  Al^er, 
Boston,  1 871);  by  A.  Keissniann  (1805;  3rd  ed 
1879;  Kngl.  titmsl.  by  A.  L.  Alger,  London, 
1886);  by  Ambios  (1860;  in  "Culturliistoiisclic 
Wilder");  by  L.  Mesnard,  "  Un  sucoosseur  do 
Beethoven"  (Paris,  1876);  by  If.  Reimann 
(i8«7)l  by  H.  Krlcr  ("  R  S.'s  Leben  aus  seinen 
Uriefen,  1887;  a  vol.s);  by  S.  UaggeC1  R.  S 
und  seine  Kau.stscencn,"  1879);  by  Waldersec 
("Obcr  Schumann's  Miu/ttt/,"  rS8o);  l>y 
Jansen  ("l)ie  Dnvidsimncller,"  1883);  by  Wasie- 
lewski  (ctSc'humanni.'iiia,"  pm  potting  to  lectify 
errors  in  Jansen;  1884);  by  I!.  Voj>el  ("  R.  S  's 
Clavierlonpoesie,"  1887);  and  by  Ph.  Spitta 
("Kin  Lebensbild  R.  S.'s,"  iH8a,  oiig.  jn 
(Irove.'s  Diet.). 

Schumann,  Clara  (Josephine),  «/<-Wieck, 
b.  Leipy.ig,  Sept.  13,  rKio,;  d.  Krankfort-un- 
Main,  May  20,  iS<)0.  An  exceptionally  Billed 
pianist,  the  daughter  and  pupil  of  Kricdrich 
Wicek,  and  the  wife  of  Robert  Schumann. 
Tiained  front  her  fifth  year,  she  played  in  public 
for  the  lirst  time  on  Oct.  20,  iKaS;  at  the 
(Jewandhaus  in  1830;  made  tours  from  1832; 
and  during  a  sojourn  in  Vienna  (iK^u)  received 
the  title  of  Imp.  ( 'hamhcr-virUiosn.  At  Paris 
she  had  great  success  in  1830,,  On  Sept.  12, 
1840,  she  was  married  to  Schumann  (//.?'.).  After 
his  death  she  went  with  her  children  to  Herlin; 
and  in  1863  to  Wiesbaden,  being  obliged  to 
resume  her  public,  career  as  a  concert -pianist. 
From  t878-<)2  slus  was  teacher  of  pf. -playing  in 
the  Uocli  Cons.,  Krankfort.  At  first  n  Ileei- 
hoven  player,  I('rau  Scluuuaun  became,  under 
her  husband's  influence  a  masterly  and  authori- 
tative interpreter  of  the  hitler's  compositions 
and  Chopin's  works,—  Besides  editing  the  IJr. 
&  Iltirlel  cd.  of  Schumann's  works,  his  early 
fattens,  ami  finger-exorcises  from  C/eruy's  Pf.- 
Method,  she  publ.  a  number  of  original  com- 
positions (nil  f,  pf,,  except  the  A/«v/«r):  Op.  i, 
4  Polonaises  ;  op.  2,  Caprices  in  wallx-form  ;  op. 
3,  Romance,  varice ;  op.  4,  Valses  romantiqucs ; 
op.  5,  (»,  Soirees  musicales,  in  pieces  camel.; 
Concerto  in  A  nun,;  op*  8,  Var.H  on  the  eava- 
tinu  in  ///'m//rtr;  op,  9,  Impromptu,  n  Souvenir 


do  Viennts;'*  op,  10.  IK!  Srhcrao;  op.  n,  3 
Romances  [Mcchettij;  op»  ia,  3  /,/iv/«r  in  R, 
Sohumnnn'K  op.  37  (No«,  a,  4,  and  11);  op.  13, 
6  /,/«/*-/•/  op.  14,  ami  Seherao;  oj).  15, 4  flttchtigc 
StUckc;  op.  ifl,  3  Preludes  and  Fugues;  op.  J7i 
pf.-trio  in  (»  mln. ;  op.  20,  Var.s  on  A  theme  by 
Schumann;  op,  ar,  3  Ronwnze,n;  op.  23,  3  Ro- 
man/on f.  j>f.  and  violin  ;  op.  23,  6  IMer  from 
Rollet'n  * '  Jucunclo ;  "—without  opus-number : 
**  Uebosasnuher,"  /„/*•</ by  Oeibel ;  Andante  and 
Allegro ;  Cuclcnuns  to  Heethoven's  concertos  in  C 
min.  and  (}.— Hiuer.  by  La  Mara  in  "  Mu»i- 
kalische  Studltmfcftpfe,"  Vol.  v. ;  in  "  Frieclrieh 
Wieck"  by  Adolf  Kohut,  and  "  Ftiecirich 


U'ieck  und  seine  bcidcn  Tbchtcr,"  by  A.  von 
Mcichsner. 

Schu'mann,  Georg  (Alfred),  concert-pianist 
and  composei  ;  b.  Konigstein,  Saxony,  Oct.  25, 
i860.  Pupil  of  his  lather,  the  city  Mus.  l)ir., 
and  his  grandfather,  a  cantor  ;  from  i877-»ST,  of 
K.  A.  1'ischer,  JJ.  Rollfuss,  and  Kr.  Uauraf elder, 
at  Dresden  ;  then  at  the  Leipzig  Cons,  till  t88S. 
of  Rcineekc,  Jadassohn,  and  Zwintscher  ,  com- 
posing 2  symphonies  and  a  seienade  f.  orch,,  a 
pf. -quintet,  2  pf.-lrios,  a  violin-sonata,  etc., and 
taking  the  Ileelhoven  pii/e  in  1887.  Trod,  his 
first  ambitious  choral  work,  A ///<>;  und  A  jr//*1, 
at  Leipzig  in  i88H  ;  then  lived  2  years  in  IJerlin; 
IK  mi  1892-6,  concl.  of  the  Danzig  (.h'MHjtven'iuf 
since  then,  of  the  Dreiuen  Philhann.  orch,  and 
chorus. — Other  works:  Many  pf. -pieces  and 
songs  ;  Jin  orch.l  suite  "  Zur  Karnuvalsxeil ; "  a 
string-trio,  a  'cello-sonata,  etc. 

Schu'mann-Heink,  Ernestine,  ufr  Roess- 
ler,  dramatic  contralto;  b.  Lieben,  n.  Prague, 
June  1 5,  iSfti.  .Pupil,  in  Clrax,  of  Marietta  von 
I  .eclair ;  debut  I  >rcsdcn,  ( )ct.  13, 1 878, us  A/.ucena 
in  //  Tnwatwe;  sang  ^  years  in  Diesden,  from 
1883  in  the  HambmgCily  Th,  At  Uayreuth  in 
i8</>  she  look  the  roles  ol  Krda,  \Valtraute,  and 
the  Kirst  Norn,  in  /)?r  JRhig  ties  jh'ibf/ungMi.— 
Twice  married  •  to  1 1  err  Heinle  in  1883  ;  to  Paul 
Schumann  in  i8<)3. —  In  Chicago,  New  York, 
etc.,  with  the  (Iran  opera-troupe,  iHo,8-i9<x),  as 
Ortrud,  Krda,  etc. 

Schun'ke,  Carl,  pianist ;  b,  Magdeburg, 
1801  ;  d.  (by  suii:i<le)  in  Paris,  Dec,  i(>,  i#$(). 
Pupil  of  his  father,  the  horn-virtuoso  Michael  S.; 
later  of  Ries,  whom  ho  accompanied  to  London. 
In  1828  he  settled  in  Paris,  becoming  pianist  to 
the  (Jueen.  After  an  atlaek  of  apoplexy,  which 
deprived  him  of  speech,  he  took  his  life  in 
despair.— About  60  comp,s,  chiclly  brilliant 
transcriptions  of  operatic  and  popular  airs. 

Schua'ke,  Ludwig,  pianist ;  pupil  of  his 
father,  the  horn-virtuoso  Cott fried  S,;  h.  Kassel, 
Dec.  21,  i8io;d.  Leipzig,  Dec,  7, 1834.  Studied 
further  under  Kalkbrenner  and  Reic.lw  nt  Paris, 
playing  successfully  there  and  in  Vienna,  Stutt- 
gart, and  Prague;  settled  in  Leipzig,  1833, 
became  the  intimate  friend  of  Schumann,  and  a 
co-founder  of  the  '*  Neue  Xeitschrift  fUr  Musik," 
His  few  works  were  full  of  promise :  Op,  3, 
Variations;  op.  t),  Caprice;  op.  10,  2nd  Caprice; 
op,  13,  OmrakterhlUeke;  op,  14,  Variations, 

Schuppan'zigh,  Ignaz,  b.  Vienna,  1776;  d. 
there  March  2,  1830.  A  violinist,  he  organised 
and  oond.  the  Augarten  C'oncert.s;  then  joined 
Prince  Rasumovskl'H  private  (juartet  (S,  May- 
seder,  Linke,  and  Weiss),  interpreting  the  Heet- 
hoven  quartets  under  the  master's  eye,  and 
also  playing  those  by  Huydn  and  Moxart.  After 
1816  they  concertixecl  in  CJermnny,  Poland  and 
Russia  on  their  own  account ;  also  after  return- 
ing to  Vienna  in  1833.  lie  joined  the  court 
orch.  in  1894,  and  became  I  Mr.  of  the  German 
Opera  in  1828,— Works:  Solo  brillant  f.  violin 


535 


SCHtJRER— SCIlOTZ 


w.  quartet ;  solo  var.s  on  a  Russian  theme  ;  9 
var.s  f.  2  violins. 

Schii'rer,  Johann  Ge<K*g,  b.  Raudnitz,  Bo- 
hemia, about  1732;  d.  Dresden,  Feb.  16,  1786, 
where  he  had  been  comp.  since  1748. — Works  : 
4  Italian  operas,  Astrea  (1746),  Galatea  (1746), 
Ereole  (1747),  Calandro  (1748)  ;  a  German 
"Smgspiel,"  Doris  (1747);  3  oratorios;  40 
masses ;  3  Requiems  ;  140  Psalms ;  and  other 
church-music. 

Schu'rig,  (Volkmar)  Julius  (Wilhelm),  b. 
Aue-on-the-Mulde,  Saxony,  Mar.  24,  1802 ;  d. 
Dresden,  Jan.  31,  1899.  Pupil  of  Schneider,  J. 
Otto,  and  Uhlig,  at  Dresden  ;  1842-52,  choir- 
master at  the  synagogue,  and  1844-56  organist 
of  the  English  Ch.  ;  1856-61,  cantor  and  org. 
at  Pesth  ;  thereafter  lived  in  Dresden  as  sing- 
ing-teacher, cantor,  and  (from  1876)  teacher  of 
theory  at  the  Rollfuss  Acad. — Publ.  organ-fan- 
tasias, op.  I  and  31;  organ-preludes,  op.  46; 
sacred  songs  f.  one  voice,  op.  14,  33 ;  English 
4-part  do. ;  sacred  duets,  many  motets  and 
choruses  ;  children's  songs  w.  pf . ,  op.  48  ;  etc  ; 
also  an  excellent  collection,  "  Liederpcrlen 
deutscher  Tonkunst." 

Schu'ster,  Joseph,  b.  Dresden,  Aug.  11, 
1748  ;  d.  there  July  24, 1812.  Dramatic  comp. ; 
taught  by  Schilrer.  Spent  4  years,  1765-9,  in 
Italy,  returned  to  Dresden,  and  became  court 
and  chamber-comp,  in  1772  ;  spent  2  years  more 
in  Italy  for  study  under  Padre  Martini  at  Bo- 
logna, prod.  Italian  operas,  and  was  made  hon- 
orary maestro  to  the  King  of  Naples ;  after  a 
stay  of  2  years  in  Dresden,  and  a  third  visit  to 
Italy  1778-81,  he  settled  in  Dresden,  conduct- 
ing at  church  and  theatre  alternately  with  Nau- 
mann,  Schurer,  and  Seydelmann,  and  from  1787 
associated  with  Seydelmann  as  court  A'aft'llm* 
Of  24  operas,  20  were  in  Italian  (1770-1800) ; 
the  4  in  German  (Der  gleiekgflltige  Mhemawi, 
Doctor  Jlfttrt2frt  Sfqr  dcrLiebe  ilbrr  die  Zaubcrfi, 
and  Das  Laternenjest)  were  popular.  His  best 
work  was  a  cantata,  Das  Lob  der  JlfusiJk;  he 
also  wrote  other  cantatas,  oratorios,  a  mass,  etc. ; 
publ.  pf  -pieces  f.  2  and  4  hands,  divertisse- 
ments f.  pf.  and  viohn,  etc.  Symphonies,  a 
concerto  f.  2  pf.s.,  etc.,  are  in  MS. 

Schtitt,  Eduard,  b.  St.  Petersburg,  Oct.  22, 
1856.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Peterson  and  Stein  at 
the  St.  P.  Cons. ;  studied  1876-8  at  the  Leipzig 
Cons. ;  now  conducts  the  Akademischer  Wag- 
nerverein  at  Vienna. — Works  :  Pf. -concerto  in 
Gmin.,  op,  7;  Serenade  f.  string-orch,  ;  Var.s 
f .  2  pf.s  ;  songs,  many  pf.-pieces,  etc. ;  and  a.  3- 
act  comic  opera,  Sigttor  Formica  (Vienna,  1892  ; 
mod.  succ.). 

Schtitz  [Sagitta'rius],  Heinrich,  the  most 
influential  German  composer  of  the  I7th  ccn- 
tury^in  developing  and  promoting  good  church- 
music,  and  a  worthy  forerunner  of  Bach ;  b. 
Kostritz,  Saxony,  Oct.  8,  1585  ;  d.  Dresden, 
Nov.  6,  1672.  In  1599  h«  became  a  choir-boy 
in  the  court  chapel  at  Kassel,  also  taking  the 


gymnasial  course,  and  entering  Marburg  Univ. 
in  1607,  at  Ins  parents'  desire,  to  study  law  ;  hut 
was  sent  to  Venice  in  1609,  by  Landgrave  JMo- 
ritz  of  Ilcsse- Kassel,  to  study  under  (iiov  (la 
brieli,  remaining  here  till  after  the  liittoi's  death 
in  1612.  Returning  to  Kassel,  he  became  court 
organist ;  in  1617  he  was  app.  Kapcllw  to  the 
Elector  of  Saxony  at  Dresden,  after  having 
acted  in  that  capacity  since  1615.  I'1-1  repeat- 
edly revisited  Italy;  from  1631,  amid  the  dis- 
tractions of  the  30  Ycais'  Wai,  he  ninclu  pio- 
Iracted  visits  to  Copenhagen  (in  1633-5,  1637-9, 
and  1642-5),  whcie  he  officiated  as  couil  con- 
ductor, the  Dresden  couit  oich.  having  been 
wholly  dissolved  during  fi  years  (1633-9),  and 
then  reorgani/ed  with  only  ten  instiunientalists 
and  singers;  after  1645  it  attained  the  foimcr 
standard  of  efficiency. — Standing  at  the  palling 
of  the  ways  between  Palcstiina  and  I>ach, 
SchuU  was  of  peculiar  importance  in  (icnnan 
art  tlnough  having  applied  the  grand  Italian 
choral  style,  and  the  new  dnimatico-monodic 
style  (of  Monteverde  and  his  predecessor),  to 
the  development  of  a  semi-dramatic  church-music 
which  is  not  merely  of  histoiicul  interest  as  pie- 
paring  the  mightier  Bach  epoch,  but  of  pleasing- 
and  powerful  effect  at  the  present  day.  S.  was 
also  the  composer  of  the  first  (Icnnan  opera, 
Dajue,  .set  lo  Opilx's  tiaiislalion  of  Kimuvini's 
libretto  (prod.  Schloss  Ilarteniels,  n.  Toi'gau, 
1627,  at  the  wedding  of  Princess  Sophie  of  Sax- 
ony), and  of  :i  ballet,  Oiphcus  inn/  Kitrvdicc 
(1638,  on  the  wedding  of  Johaim  llcorg  II.  of 
Saxony);  the  music  of  bofh  is  lost.  The  late 
Carl  Riedel  did  much  to  awaken  appreciation  o( 
S.'s  merits  by  publishing  and  producing  "  Die 
7  Worte  t'hristi  urn  Kreu/,"aiul  hy  bringing  out 
other  of  his  works,  notably  a  "  Passion"  eon* 
sisting  of  selections  from  S.'s  "Historin  den 
I/iidens  .  .  .  Jesu  C'hrisli"  |seo  below). 
IJreitkopf  &  llitrtel  have  ]ml>1,  Ji  eompleUt  edi- 
tion of  S.'s  works  in  i6vo!.K;  Vol.s  i-xiv  edited 
by  Vhilipp  Sjntta,  Vol.s  xv  and  xvi  by  his 
bi  other  Vnedrich  Spilta.  Their  contents  follow : 
Vol.  I,  Die  ovangelischcn  Ilistorien  und  die 
SicbenWorle  Jesu  ('hrisl i  am  Kwix  ;  the  "IUs- 
lorien"  being  (r)  "Die  IHslona  des  LeideiiK 
und  Sterhens  misers  Ileylaiulcs  Jesti  Christ!" 
(4  Passions  after  the  Kvangclists ;  MS,  in  Iho 
Dresden  Library),  and  (a)  *'  llistoriu  der  froh- 
lichen  und  siegwiohen  Auferstehnng  misers 
einigcn  Krlosersund  Selignmchers  J«su  Christi'* 
(first  publ.  1623 ;  similar  to  the  Passions) ; 
Vol.s  II-TIT,  Ntalirdiorigc  Psalmen  itiit  Instill- 
mcnten,  containing  the 4I  Psulmen  Davids  sampt 
ctlichcn  Mototten  und  C'oTicerten  mil  H  und 
mehr  Stimmen  nebcnst  andcrcn  y,weycn  Cu- 
pellen,  dass  clero  etlicho  auf  3  und  4  C'hor  nach 
Belicbung  gcbracht  werden  konncMi/'  w.  eon- 
tinuo  (first  publ.  1619);  Vol.  IV,  Canliones 
sacrac  a  4  w.  contimio ;  Vol.  V,  Symphoniae 
sacrac,  Part  I ;  Vol.  VI,  Kleino  gelstlichc  Koa- 
ccrte  a  1-5;  Vol.  VII,  Symphoniae  saorae, 
Part  II;  Vol.  VIII,  sacred  choral  music,  con- 
taining  4t  Musicalia  ad  chorum  sacrum »  <lttH  Ut 


536 


SCHWAB— SCHWENCKE 


l>cislhcho  Chormusik  mil  5-7  Stimmen,  hcidcs 
instuinuMil.ditc.1  et  \ocal  itci,"w.  10111111110(1048); 
Vol.  IX,  It.diunisclie  Madiigalc,  containing  Ins 
iusL  puhl.  wotk,  sent  homo  fiom  Italy,  ami 
dedicated  to  the1  Landjjijue,  "  11  primo  libro 
dci  Madrigalc"  (161 1  ;  iS  madii^aK  a  5  and  a 
Dialog  (f  S)  ;  Vol.  X-XI,  Symphoniae  sacrnc, 
Kirt  III  ,  Vol.  Xir-\V,  (Icsammelle  Motelten, 
IConceite,  Madrigalc  and  Alien;  Vol.  XVI, 
"  Psidmcn  I)avids  deutsch  (lurch  Cornelium 
Meckein  in  vier  Slimmen  jjestellt "  ;  also  Index, 
etc.  -Mio«»inphy  oi  S  by  1'h.  Spitta  in  the  "All- 
tfcmeinc  dctitscho  Uioj»i.iphie" ;  memorial  oia- 
tion  by  Kr.  Spitta  (iHK(>)  ,  and  "  Die  Passionen 
nach  dc'ii  4  Kvan^clicn  von  Ileinr.  Schubs"  by 
Kr.  Spilta  (iH8<>). 

Schwab,  Fran§ois-Marie-Loiiis,  b.  Strass- 
Imrg,  Apr.  18,  iKtto,;  d.  theie  Sept.  dt  1882. 
Cond.  of  l hi1  1'nfan  Hiu&ita/t\  1871-4;  nius.  cd. 
of  the  "Journal  d1  Alsace." — Woiks:  3  comic 
operas  (I'Yench) ;  mass  w,  full  oivh.  (i^5<));  a 
cantata ;  a  Velio-concerto ;  other  inslr.l  and 
vocal  conip.s. 

Schwalm,  Robert,  b.  Krhirt,  Dec.  ft,  1845. 
Pupil  of  P(hij»h.iiipl,  .ind  of  the  Leip/ij;  Cons. 
Conduetoi  of  nius.  societies  at  Konij»sbertf, — 
Woiks:  Opeia  /'>v/ ncn /W(Leip/itf,  1885);  male 
choiuses  \v.  orch.,  Av  (ivt/wn  'J 'thtt'sgesa //,,<,'•, 
Afontfatilfa  ttw  A/MY  ,•  oratorio  Der  Jtlngling 
ye//  AV/// ;  orch.l  serenade,  op.  50;  stiinji- 
quarlel, ;  etc. — His  brother, 

Schwalm,  Oscar,  b,  Krfurt,  Sept.  IIT  1850. 
Pupil  iHyg-Hs  at  Iit'ipxi^  Cons,  of  \Vcnxel, 
Keine<'ke,  Paul,  and  Jadassohn.  Manager  oi 
nilHhner's  branclMstablislunenl  at  Merlin  ;  fiom 
iS,S()  S,  j)ioprietor  of  Kuhnt's  publishing-house 
in  Lcipxi^,  selling  out  to  Dr.  I'aul  Simon,  and 
was  also  crltio  for  tins  '*  Tngi'blntt"  and  other 
Leipzig  ]>apers.  lias  coiup.  an  overture  to  Kit- 
jeer's  Muff  DMswlhtrt ;  pf.-music,  songs, 
school-son^s,  etc. 

Schwan'berg,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Wol. 
fenblHte.l,  Deo.  aK,  1740;  d.  Brunswick,  Apr,  5 
(Mar.  2()?),  [Ho<|»  Pupil  of  Latilla  and  Sara- 
lelli  at  Venice,  and  aidetl  by  Ilasse,  whom  he 
look  for  his  model.  Court  fCnfr/tni*  at  Hruns- 
wick. — Works  :  ta  Ktilian  cmcras  in  imitation  of 
Masse 's  stylo;  cantatas;  pf , -concertos  ;  violin- 
concertos  ;  3  sonatas  f.  pf. 

Schwan'tzer,  Hugo,  b.  Obcr^Io^au,  Apr. 
31,  iH3<>;  d.  Merlin,  Sept,  15,  jHH<>.  Pupil  of 
the  ftist.  for  Church-music:  at  Berlin;  1852,  or- 
ganist of  the  Rcf.  Synagogue,  and  in  tK6(>  of 
Iho  new  Synagogue ;  iHs^Mu),  teacher  of  oig, 
and  pf.  at  the  Stern  Cons,  founder  of  the 
Sehwnntxcr'sehes  Cons.—  Publ.  pieces  f.  org., 
pfM  and  voice  ;  also  a  Met  hex  I  f.  pf. 

Schwarz,  Andreas  Gottlob,  b.  Loipxig, 
1743;  *!•  Iterlin,  Dec.  26,  1804.  Bassoonist, 
from  1787,  in  the  Merlin  court  orch.;  previously 
in  London,  at  Lord  Abington's  concerts. — His 
son,  Christoph  Gottlieb,  l>.  Sept.  iat  1768,  was 
also  a  fine  bassoonist ;  chamber-musicum  to  the 


Prince  of  Wales,  and  1788-1826  in  the  Ueilin 
court  orch. 

Schwarz,  Wilhehn,  b.  Stuttjjait,  May  n, 
1825  ;  d.  Uerhn,  Jan.  ^,  187^.  A  thcoIo^Lin 
and  teacher  who  became  a  singer  and  teacher  of 
singing  at  ILinover  and  Merlin,  introducing  a 
new,  but  unsuccessful  method. — Publ.  u  System 
tier  (icsaiigskunst  nach  physioloi»ischcn  (Jrund- 
sa'txcn"  (1857),  and  u  Die  Musik  als  (iefuhls- 
sprache  im  Veihultniss  xur  Stimme  und  (ie.sangs- 
bildimg  "  (rHfto). — Ihs  son,  Max,  b.  Hanover, 
Doc.  r,  1856;  pupil  of  Mendel,  Mlilow,  and 
Liszt.  Kxcellent  pi.mist ;  from  1880-3  teacher 
at  the  I  loch  Cons.,  Frankfort,  then  founding, 
with  other  tcacheis  leaving  that  in  si1,  altei  Raff's 
death,  the  "  Rail  "  Cons.,  of  which  he  has  been 
the  Director  since  1885. 

Schwarz,  Bianca.    Sec  JIiANcui. 

SchweMler,  (Otto)  Maximilian,  b.  Ilirsch- 
berg,  Silesia,  Mar.  31,  1853.  Kxcellent  lluti.st, 
pii]>il  i8f><)-72  of  Ki.  Mi'inul  at  Dresden. 
Played  in  oichestnis  at  Warmbrunn,  Meissen, 
Kftnigsberg,  and  Dllsseldorf ;  called  in  1881  to 
the  Leip/i^i  municipal  and  (lewamlhaus  Orch., 
in  which,  since  Maige's  icthcment  (iH<)5)  he  is 
rst  flute.  InviMitoi  of  the  "Scliwedler  flute" 
(1885),  fully  descr.  in  his  "  Kalechismtis  tier 
Klbte  und  des  Klotcnspiels"  (Leip/ig,  i8cj7); 
the  manulactnrcr,  Curl  Kruspe,  won  a  gold 
medal  at  the  Leipzig  Industrial  Kxliib.  of  J8()7. 
— Works:  Tianscjiptions  f.  flute. 

Schweitzer,  Anton,  b.  Koburg,  1737  ;  d. 
(lotha,  Nov«  23,  1787,  as  A'aftf/M.  Of  his  30 
Singspielo,  etc.,  AViw'//;//,  --//(VM1,  //Vr/r/;/*/, 
and  /)ft'  />«';;/#///*/,  were  pnbl. 

Schweitzer,  Otto,  b.  Xurioh,  May  26,  1846. 
Pianist ;  pupil  of  Moscheles  and  Wenxel  at 
Lcinxig  (  ons. ;  .sinco  1870  in  Kdinburgh,  also 
teaching  the  pf.  at  the  Atheiiivum  School  of 
Music,  Glasgow. — Works:  2  pf,-suiles;  a  pf,- 
soimta;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  Velio,  op.  28;  Mor- 
ceaux  populains,  op.  37;  Polonaise  brillante ; 
Romantic.  Studies ;  etc. 

Schweu'ckc,  Christian  Fricdrich  Gott- 
lieb, sou  of  the  bassoonist  Johann  Gottlieb  S. 
1 1 744-1 823 1 ;  b.  Wachenhauseii,  Marx,  Aug.  31, 
1707;  d.  Hamburg,  Oct.  27,  1822,  being  V, 
Ph.  K,  Mach's  siuutessoras  town  cantor  and  mus, 
dir.  at  lh«  KalharincMikirche.  Pupil  of  Mur- 
purg  and  Kinihcrgcr.— W(»rk»:  Many  cantatas, 
sacred  mid  secular ;  2  oratorios ;  clutr(*h-music  ; 
6  organ-fugues ;  3  violin-sonatas ;  pf.-sonatus. 
lie  rcseored  Iljimlel's  JlffssfaA  at\d  Mach's 
mass  in  M  minor;  wrote  much  for  the  Leipzig 
"AUgtsm.  /-filling," 

Schwen^cke,  Johann  Friedrich,  son  and 
pupil  of  preceding;  b.  Hamburg,  Apr.  30, 
1792 ;  d,  there  Sept.  fl8,  1852,  Krom  1829,  or- 
ganist at  the  Nikolaikirehc. — Comn,  numerous 
cantatas;  over  5<x)  preludus  and  })ostlud(:s  f. 
organ  ;  n  septet  f.  5  Vclli,  double-brow,  and  kut- 
tledrums;  harmonised  about  t,ocx>  chorals,  and 
73  Hussion  folk-songs;  puhl,  the  popular 


537 


SCHWENCKK— SECIITER 


"  Ilamburgisches  Choralbuch";  many  arrange- 
ments f.  pf  of  classic  works ;  etc.— His 
brother, 

Schwen'cke,  Karl,  b.  Hamburg,  Mai.  7, 
1797  ,  d.  0.  Fine  pianist,  making  tours  to  St. 
Petersburg,  Stockholm,  and  Pans.  Settled  in 
Nussdorf,  near  Vienna.  Memoirs  publ.  (par- 
tially) in  the  "Hamburger  ^Correspondent " 
(1884-5)  —Works:  Solemn  mass  (Paris);  a  sym- 
phony (Paris  Cons.,  1843;  also  at  Hamburg)  ; 
publ.  a  violin-sonata,  a  pf.-sonata  f.  4  hands, 
etc. 

Schwen'cke,  Friedrich  Gottlieb,  son  and 
pupil  of  Joh.  Friednch  S.;  b.  Hamburg,  Dec. 
15,  1823;  d.  thete  June  IT,  1896.  Virtuoso  on 
the  pf.  and  organ,  giving  organ-conceits  in 
Paris,  1855  ;  succeeded  his  father  in  1852  as 
organist  of  the  Nikolaikirche,  Hamburg.— 
Works:  3  fantasias  f  org.,  trumpet,  trombone, 
and  kettledrums  ,  sacred  songs  f.  female  ch.  w. 
org.;  in  iSSG  he  publ.  a  new  and  augmented  cd. 
of  his  father's  choral  preludes. 

Schyt'te  [shut'te],  Ludwig  (Theodor),  b. 
Aarhus,  Jutland,  Denmark,  Apr.  28,  1850  [cor- 
rect date].  Originally  a  druggist,  he  embiacctl 
music  in  1870,  studying  pf.  with  Anton  Ree  and 
later  with  Edmund  Neupert ;  comp.  with  T»e- 
bauer  and  Gade ;  finishing  under  Taubert  at 
Berlin  and  Liszt  at  Weimar.  From  1887-8  he 
jtaught  the  advanced  pf. -classes  at  Ilorak's  In- 
stitute, Vienna;  is  now  (1899)  residing  in  Vienna 
as  a  concert-pianist,  teacher,  and  composer. — 
Works  (about  no  publ.,  nearly  all  f.  pf.):  Op. 
13,  Charakterstucke ;  op.  22,  Nalurstimmiingcn ; 
op.  28,  pf  -concerto ,  op.  30,  Pantomimes  f.  4 
hands;  op.  35,  Danish  melodies;  op.  52,  Swedish 
songs  and  dances  f,  4  hands ;  op.  53,  sonata ; 
op.  61,  Bojarentanze  f.  4  hands;  op.  63,  Luunen 
und  Fantosien ;  pf. -studies,  etc, ;  about  60  .songs ; 
and  many  works  without  opus-number,  among 
them  the  comic  opera  Fahrendes  J  V/'  (not  pcrf  ,)> 
and  the  i-act  opera  Hero  (Copenhagen,  1898). 

Scontri'no,  Antonio,  b.  Trapani,  1851 .  Pupil 
of  Platania  at  Palermo;  lived  several  years  in 
Milan  as  teacher  and  composer;  since  1897, 
prof,  of  counterpoint  at  Florence  Cons. — Operas : 
MateMa  (Milan,  1871;);  //  2*>  ogettista,  farce, 
(Rome,  1882);  21  Sertihyb  (Turin,  1883);  Grin- 
got  re,  i-act  (1890;  v.  succ.  at  Padua,  1892);  and 
the  succ.  4-act  opera  seria  La  Cerligiana  (Milan, 
180.6).  A  "Sinfoma  marinaresca "  was  porf.  at 
Naples,  1897,  with  success. 

Scot'to,  Ottaviano,  and  his  son  Girolamo, 
music-printers  at  Venice  from  1536-9  and  1539- 
73,  respectively.  The  latter  publ.  in  1551  a  book 
of  his  own  madrigals. 

Scria'bine,  Alexander,  promising  neo-Kus- 
sian  comp.;  b.  Moscow,  Jan.  6  (N.  S.),  1872; 
pupil,  at  the  Cons,  there,  of  Safonoff  (pf.),  and 
Taneiev  (comp.).  Talented  pf.- virtuoso,  win- 
ning triumphs  on  journeys  through  Switzerland 
(1895),  and  Paris,  Belgium,  and  Holland  (tSflG), 
also  introducing  his  own  compositions  f.  pf.: 


Op  I,  3  Moiccaux;  op.  4,^  Allegro  appassionato  , 
op.  6,  bonutn,  op.  8,  12  etudes,  op.  <),  Pieliule 
and  Nocturne  1  IdL  hand  alone  ,  op.  m,  3 
Impromptus,  op.  11,  24,  Preludes  ;  <>p.  r8, 
Allcgio  dc  concert  ,  op.  it),  Senate-  Kantaisie 
No.  2  ;  etc. 

Scribe,  Eugene,  most  piolilic  ol  French 
dramatists,  and  the  wiitcr  ol  over  r<x>  opera- 
hbietti;  b  Pmis,  l>ec.  25,  1791  ;  d.  theie  Keb. 
21,  1861.  Kiom  his  pen  weie  the  finest  libretti 
composed  by  Auber  and  Mcycibeer:  ///  Mitctte, 
2na  J)iiu'o/o}  Le  Domino  ;/»'/;,  /,<•?  2)uunant$ 
f/t'  hi  tonronne  ;  —  AWv;/,  ten  ///<;'  //<'//<»/.*',  Le 
Piopldte,  rAfimiiue.  l('or  Hoieklieu  he  wmte 
La  Dame  blanche;  tor  Ihilcvy,  tWntwii  l^uutt 
and  La  Jitiw.  Those  aie  a  low  of  the  best. 

Scude'ri,  Salvatore,  1>.  Terrano\n,  C'nl- 
tanisetta,  Italy,  Jan.  3,  iS.|5.  Populai  sonjj- 
composer;  his  serenata  "  Dormi  ]>iuv"  has  had 
great  vogue 

Scu'do,  Paolo,  writer;  1),  Veniee,  June  8, 
1806;  d.  Ulois,  Oct.  14,  1864.—  Puhl,  "('rititiue 
et  litternture  niusicnle"  (a  njuts,  1850,  '5^); 
tll/artancienetmodeine.  .  ."(^5»l)l  "  lA-uuiee 
musicale,  <>u  Kevue  annuellc  des  thriities  lyri- 
ques  et  ties  concerts"  (3  vol.s,  l.Soo-a);  '*  I,a 
inusi<jue  en  1862"  (iH(>3);  a  mus.  novel  *'  Le 


chevalier  Sarti"  (1^57;  the  se(juol,  ll  Krt'ilt'- 
rique,"  in  the  "  Kevue  des  I  >eux  Mondes  ");  and 
articles  in  periodicals,  eti\ 

Sebastia'ni,  Johann,  1>.  \Vciniar,  Kiiis.  In 
1661,  A'apMn.  to  the  Kleclor  of  Hnin(lenlnir>y 
at  Konijyslwrjf.  His  passion,  Aw  /  Mfti  .  .  . 
/<•«/  C7/m//(io72),  is  noteworthy  from  the  devo- 
"tional  chorals  theit-in  introduced,  as  in  ISad^s 
Passions.  He  also  publ.  '*  (leisthVlu*  und  wolt- 
liehc  Lie<ler"  (1075). 

Sebor,  Karl  [Karel  |,  b.  Urumleis,  Uohemia, 
July  18  (Auff.  13  ?),  1843,  Studied  «t  Pmj«uc 
C'ons.;  private  pupil  of  Kitll.  I''rom  18(14  7, 
eond.  of  the  National  Opera;  since  1871  ,  military 
bandmaster  in  Vienna.—  Works  ;  The  C/crh 
operas  Th?  Templars  /;/  ftfartwht  (iNO.j),  /->///- 
howi**  (i«67),  The  IfussW*  Jlntfr  (t«dS), 
JMauJta  (1870),  Tk?  frustrated  \\'?ddin$  (1878), 
nil  at  Prague;  cantatas,  syiuphonit'S,  ovtM-tun'H,  a 
atrin^iuinlct,  afitring;.<iiuu'lttt,  pf.-jiiec^^  KU^S, 
etc. 

SecVter,  Simon,  celebrated  teacher  of  coun- 
terpoint; b.  Fried  barg,  Huheiniu,  Oct.  u,  1788; 
d.  Vienna,  Sept.  10,  1867.  Pupil  <»f  Koxcluch 
and  Ilartmimn  at  Vienna;  in  J8n,  toachcr  at 
the  Inst.  for  the  Hlind  ;  in  1824  aMKlslnitt,  in 
1825  ist,  court  organwt;  from  1851,  prof,  of 
harmony  and  comp.  at  the  Vienna  <  'ons.  Among 
his  pupils  were  1  mhler,  Ilcnsclt,  Bruckner,  Not- 
tcbohm,  Otto  Uach»  liercns,  Vieuxtemm,  Uuf'nui- 
tscha,  ThnllHsrg,  and  Paucr,  One  <*f  the  f«>re- 
ttiost  contrapunlintH  of  the  Kjih  century,  he  was 
an  indefatigable  composer,  writing  a  vast  amount 
of  church-music  (very  little  printed),  iiwl  pub- 
lishing many  fugues,  preludes,  ctcM  f.  orgitn  (op. 
1-5,  8,  9,  T3-I5,  !7,  SJCH23,  ,I«,  gO»  58,  56,  6l), 


538 


SEETJNCJ— SET  FRIZ 


several  intiir.ite  pf.-pieces  (op.  13,  Dana's  in 
<  nimlci  point  ;  op.  ()2,  12  Contrapuntal  pieces, 
op  70,  Prose  and  Music;  op  55,  4  books  [24 
numbeis]  of  amusing  Fugues  i.  4  hands  on 
national  ami  opcr.Uic  uiis,  etc.)  ;  2  string- 
<iuaitets  (No.  2  is  "  Die  4  Tempeiamente")  ; 
the  builesque  opeia  -///  llitseh-/latsth  (184-4); 
songs,  etc  Jlis  ///  ttg  nuin  of  in  is  the  valuable 
treatise  "  Hie  (liundsat/.e  tier  musikalischcn 
Composition  "  (3  vol  s,  1853,  '54),  on  the  lines  of 
Rameau's  fat  AW  fondntucntalc.  lie  also  publ.  a 
tl(!encndbass-Schule,"  and  anew  ed.  of  Mar- 
purg's  ll  Abhandhmg  von  dcr  Ku<»c." 

Seeding,  Hans  [Hanu£|,  b.  Piague,  1828  ; 
d.  theie  iMay  26,  i8(>2.  Pianist  of  great  techni- 
cal ability  anil  admirable  style;  went  to  Italy  in 
1852,  wheie  he  made  his  debut;  thence  to  the 
Kast,  again  to  Italy,  in  Paris  (185*)),  then  making 
(ionnunv  Ids  home.  Many  brilliant  pieces  (op. 
io,  12,  Concert  -studies;  op.  a,  Loreley;  etc,). 

Se'ger(t),  Joseph,  b.  Kepin,  Uohemia,  Mar. 
21,  1716;  d.  Apr.  22,  1782,  at  Pi  ague,  as  or- 
ganist of  tho  Kumherrcnkiiche.  Excellent 
organist  and  teacher;  taught  by  C/ernohorsky 
and  Kr.  Hernia  at  Prague;  among  his  pupils  were 
Koxeluch,  Maschek,  Mysliweexck,  etc.  —  Publ. 
8  Toccatas  and  Fugues  f.  org.;  many  masses, 
psalms,  etc,,  aie  in  MS. 

Seghcrs,  Frangois-Jcan-Baptiste,  b.  IJriis- 
sels,  Jan.  17,  iHoi  ;  d.  Margeney,  n.  Paris,  Keb. 
2,  iSKi.  Violinist,  pupil  of  (icnsse  ami  P>aillot 
(Paris  Cons.);  founded  the  Socictc'  Ste.-Cecile  in 
1848,  and  cond.  it  till  1854. 

Scgond,  L,  A.,  a  physician  at  Paris;  took 
singing-lessons  of  Manuel  (iarcia,  and  publ. 
"  llygit^nc  du  chanteur.  Influence  du  chant 
sur  iVcontunie  animale.  <*auses  piincipalo.s  de 
ruiTuiblissement  do  la  voix  et  du  dcveloppe- 
de  certaines  nudatlies  ehex.  le»  chanteurs. 


Moyens  df  jMTvenir  ces  nialmlies"  (i8,|o);  and 
44  Nltimolros  pour  servir  &  rhistoiro  analonnqiui 
«'t  physiologHiue  dc  la  plumation"  (1850;  let:- 
lures  at  the  Academic). 

Sci'bert,  Louis,  b.  Cleeberg,  tu  Wiesbaden, 
May  22,  1833,  Teacher  of  pf,  at  \Viesbaden 
Cons.;  eomp.  of  orch.l  ami  chamber-nuisi<\  male 
choruses,  etc. 

Sei'del,  Friedrich  Ludwig,  1).  Treuen- 
bricljten,  IJrandcnlmrg,  June  I,  1705;  d.  Clwr- 
lollenburg,  May  5»  1831.  Pupil  of  Itemhi  tit 
Berlin,  and  organfat  of  th»  Manenkirche;  i8or, 
us«t,"fioiul.  at  the  Nnllonal-Thcater;  iHoH,  mus. 
dir.  of  the  Uoyal  orch.;  1833,  cou 


Works  :  The  operas  ffty  utnt  tttitely, 
Jfa 


(i8i7)»  f.ffff  (1818);  incid,  music  to 
dramas ;  an  oratorio,  J)i?  (hntcrhtichktit  (1797); 
masses,  motets,  songs,  pf. -music. 

Sei'del,  Johann  Julius,  b,  KrcHlau,  July  14, 
1810;  d.  there  Feb.  13,  18156.  Org.  at  St. 
Christopher's  (Mi,— Publ.  "Die  Orgel  uncl  ihr 
Htm  "  (1843 ;  now  cd.«  '75,  '87),  a  clear  and  cou- 


Seidl,  Anton,  eminent  conductor;  b.  Pesth, 
May  7,  1850,  d.  JMew  York,  Mar.  28,  i.S<j8. 
Pupil  ol  Leip/ig 
Cons.  1870-2,  then 
eng.  by  Hans  Richlei 
as  chorusmasler  at 
the  Vienna  Opeia. 
R  i  e  h  t  c  r  i  e  e  o  m  - 
mended  him  to  Wag- 
ner, to  assist  in  pre- 
paring the  score  and 
parts  of  the  Nibehmg 
Trilogy ;  S.  worked 
in  R'lyrcuth  till  1879, 
when  he  acted  for  a 
short  time  as 
/.  at  the  Leip- 

^  City  Th.;  but  in  the  same  year  Angclo  Neu- 
mann eng,  him  for  his  great  \Vagnei  touincV, 
continuing  until  1883.  From  1883-5  S,  cond. 
the  Bremen  Opeia;  here  he  met  ami  married  the 
soprano  singer  Fil.  Krauss.  In  1885  he  was 
eng.  at  New  York  by  Walter  Damrosch  and  1C. 
C.  Stan  ton  to  cond,  opera  in  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House,  a  post  occupied  until  the  reaction 
(1891-2)  to  Italian  opeia.  In  1895  he  again 
cond,  a  supplementary  season  of  (iurman  opera, 
and  was  regulaily  eng.  for  180,0-7;  also  cond. 
the  Philliann.  Orch.  and  the  Sunday  Night  Con- 
certs, and  made  tours  with  his  oich.  In  1897  he 
conducted  at  Covcnt  (larden,  London.  Tofoic- 
slall  often*  from  the  Continent  a  movement  was 
started,  shortly  before  S.'s  death,  to  raise  a  fund 
fora  permanent  concert- and openi-orch.  in  New 
York.—  S.  was  par  ewlfanw  a  Wagner  con- 
ductor, and,  as  such,  enjoyed  great  authority; 
he  was  one  of  the  cond, sat  the  Hayreuth  Festival 
in  1886  and  1897. 

Seidl,  Arthur,  b.  Munich,  June  8,  1863. 
Pupil  of  the  R.  School  of  Music  at  Ratisbon ; 
studied  with  Paul,  Sladu,  Spilta,  and  Heller- 
mann  ;  />r.  /////.,  Lcipxig,  1887  (valuable  dis- 
sertation 4l  Vom,.Musikaliseh-F«rhabenen.  Pro- 
legomena xur  Asthetik  der  Tonkunst ");  also 
publ.  "Xur  Cicschichle  des  KrhabenheitHbegrifts 
seit  Kant"  (1889).  Living  in  Dresden. 

Sei'fert,  Uso,  b.  Romhild,  Thuringla,  Feb. 
9,  1852.  Pupil  of  W  Miner,  IHassmann,  Merkel, 
Nicodc,  and  Rischbieter,  at  Dresden  Cons,; 
now  teacher  there,  and  organist  of  the  Reformed 
Church.— Works :  A  popular  Method  f.  pf.; 
numerous  pf.-pieces  (Capriceietto,  Vnlse- Im- 
promptu, Polacca  gnwiosa,  Polonaise,  ft  grand 
tfludc  * '  Ohno  Rast,  oluie  RuhM';  etc.);  songs. 
I  las  edited  classic  instructive  works. 

Sei'friz,  Maac,  b.  Rottweil,  Wllrttcmberg, 
Oct.  9,  1827;  (I.  Stuttgart,  Dec.  so,  1885. 
Violinist;  pupil  of  Taglichsbeck;  1854-69,  court 
K&p?llm.  to  Prince  HphonxoUern  at  L^wen- 
berg;  from  1871,  num.  dir.  at  Stuttgart, — \Vorks: 
Tncid.  music  to  Dif  Jungfratt  tw/  Or  tews; 
conc«rt-cantnta  Aritttfnf  auf  Mixes;  a  sym- 
phony ;  choniHCH  f.  mala  and  mixed  voices, 


539 


SEILER— SENFF 


Seller,  Joseph,  b.  Lugde,  n.  Pyrmont,  Jan. 
15,  1823  ;  d.  May  29,  1877,  as  organist  of  the  Mo- 
ntzkirche  at  Munster.  Pupil  of  Reissiger  and 
Job.  Schneider  at  Dresden  Masses,  etc.,  in 
MS.  ;  articles  in  mus  periodicals. 

Seiss,  Isidor  (Wilhelm),  b.  Dresden,  Dec. 
23,  1840.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Fr.  \Vieck  and  J. 
Otto,  also  1858-60  of 
Hauptmann  at  Leip- 
zig. Since  1871,  pf.- 
teacher  at  Cologne 
Cons.;  title  of  "Pro- 
fessor," 1878.  Con- 
ducts the  concerts  of 
the  "Musikahsche 
Gesellschaft."  Excel- 
lent pianist  of  classi- 
cal leanings,  admira- 
ble interpreter  of 
Mozart  ;  successful 
teacher  and  com- 
poser. —  Works  Op. 
7  and  9,  Clavier- 

stucke  ;  op.  8,  sonatinas  ;  op.  10,  Studies  in 
bravura;  op.  12,  Preludes;  fine  nn.sof  Ueet- 
hoven's  Contredanses  and  Danses  allemandes  ; 
revision  of  Weber's  E  \)  Concerto  ;  also  a 
**  Feierliche  Scene  und  Marsch"  f.  oich.  (orig.). 

Seitz,  Robert,  b.  Leipzig,  Apr.  8,  1837  ;  d. 
there  Sept.  26,  1889.  Music-publisher,  1866- 
78,  then  selling  out,  and  establishing  a  piano- 
factory,  which  failed  in  1884,  when  his  interest- 
ing paper,  ul)as  musikahsche  Centralblatt," 
ceased  to  appear. 

Seitz,  Friedrich  [Fritz],  b.  CJUnthersleben, 
n.  Gotha,  June  12,  1848.  Violinist,  pupil  of  Uhl- 
lich  ;  since  1884,  leader  of  the  Dessau  court  orch. 

Sejan,  Nicolas,  b.  Paris,  Mar.  19,  1745  ;  d. 
there  Mar.  16,  1819.  Famous  organist,  pupil  of 
Forqueray.  Org.  of  St.-Andre-dcs-Arts  in  1760, 
of  Notre-Dame  in  1772  (w.  Daquin,  Coupcrin, 
and  llalb&tre),  of  St.-Sulpice  in  1783  ;  in  1789, 
of  the  royal  chapel,  and  teacher  at  the  **  licole 
royale  de  chant."  Lost  his  posts  in  the  Revo- 
lution, but  in  1807  became  org.  at  the  Invalidcs, 
and  in  1814  of  the  royal  chapel.  —  Publ.  (>  vio- 
lin-sonatas, pf.  -sonatas,  3  pf.-trios,  and  music  f. 
pf.  and  organ. 

Selby,  Bertram  Luard,  b.  in  Kent,  Kngl., 
Feb.  12,  1853.  Organist  of  Salisbury  Cath., 
1881-3;  now  (1899)  of  Si.  Barnabas,  Pimlico, 
London.  —  Works  :  2  operas,  The  Ring  (1886) 
and  Adfla  (Nottingham,  1888)  ;  music  to  Jhlena 
in  Troas  (London,  1886);  a  i-act  operetta 
("  duologue  ")  Weather  or  no  (London,  Aug.  10, 
1896;  in  Berlin  as  £>as  Welterh&uschen^  Nov., 
1896  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  a  school-cantata,  The  Waits  of 
Bremen  /  church-music  ;  part-songs  ;  songs  ; 
Idyl  f.  orch.;  a  pf.  -quintets  ;  Sonata  and  Suite 
f.  violin  and  pf.;  Suite  f.  pf.;  sonatas,  etc.,  f. 
organ. 


Seliginann,  Hippolyte-Prosper,  b.  Paris, 
July  28,  1817;  d.  Monte  Carlo,  Feb. 


5,  1882. 


Fine  'cellist,  pupil  of  Norblin  at  the  Cons.,  tak- 
ing 1st  pri/c  in  1836.  Long  conceit -ton  is  — 
Publ  6  etudes  c.iractcnstiqiics,  dixeilissemcnls, 
fantaisies,  caprices,  etc  ,  f.  Velio  \v.  pi.;  and  2 
albums  of  songs. 

Sel'le,  Thomas,  b  Zoibij>,  Saxony,  Mar. 
23,  1599;  d.  Hamburg,  Julys,  1663,  as  cathc- 
dial-cantor,  and  mus.  dir.  of  the  5  principal 
churches — Publ.  "ConcetUitio  ('aslalidum  " 
(1624,  church-conccitos  a  3);  "Deliciau  pas- 
torum  Arcadiae"  (1624,  secular  songs  a  3); 
"  Ilagio-dccamelydria,  otlcr  10  guistliclic  Con- 
certlein"  a  1-4(1631),  "  Monophoniti  harmo- 
nica latma,"  15  "concentus  ecclesiastic!  M  a  2-3 
(1633);  "Concentus"  a  2,  w.  b.  cont.  (1634); 
**  Decas  prima  amorum  nuisicalium  "  a  3  (1^35) ; 
"  Concentuum  trivocalium  gcnnaniro-SiUTorum 
pcntas "  (1635) ;  "Concentuum  lalino-sjicroium " 
a  2,  4,  and  5,  w.  b.  cont.  (1646,  '51) ;  etc. 

Sell'ner,  Joseph,  b.  Landau,  Havana,  Mar. 
13,  1787;  d.  Vienna,  May  17,  iiS^3.  Oboe-vir- 
tuoso in  an  Austrian  regiment,  and  fiom  iKi  i  at 
Prague  in  Weber's  orch.;  fiom  181751!  the  Court 
Opera,  Vienna,  teaching  al  the  Cons,  from  1821, 
and  cond.  the  student-concerts.  IIis"TIukn* 
rctisch-praktischc  Oboen-Schule"  is  still  consul- 
cred  the  best  method  for  oboe ;  he  also  puhl.  a 
concetto  and  3  concertinos  f.  oboe  w.  orch,;  a 
concerto  I.  2  oboes  ;  a  quartet  f.  oboe  and  strings  ; 
an  Jntiod.  and  Polonaise  f.  oboe  and  orch.; 
etc. 

Sem'brich,  Marcella  (real  name  Praxede 
Marcellinc  Kochanska;  Seinbrich  was  her 
mother's  n\aiden-naine|,  lemarkable  soprano 
(coloratura};  b.  Wisnewe/.yk,  (Inlicia,  I«V1».  15, 
1858.  Piano-pupil  (later  the  wife)  of  Wilhelm 
Stengel  at  the  Lcmberg  Cons. ;  then  a  pupil  of 
Kpstein  at  Vienna;  studied  singing1  one  year 
(1875-6)  under  Victor  Kokitansky,  and  8  mouths 
with  C».  11.  Lampeiti,  Jr.,  at  Milan,  making  her 
debut  in  May,  1677,  ^  Athens,  in  /  riinhuti. 
She  now  studied  (lerman  opera  at  Herltn  with 
the  horn-player  Richard  Le\vy,  was  eng.  for  18 
months  at  the  Dresden  Court  Th,,  ami  from 
June,  1880,  for  5  seasons  at  London,  also  mak- 
ing lours  of  the  Continent  and  (xHH^^)  in 
America.  Dining  the  summer  of  1884  she  had 
further  lessons  with  Francesco  Lamperti,  Sr. 
She  has  made  Dresden  her  home  since  iHH<j. 
In  i&)8~icjoo  she  revisited  the  United  Stales 
with  the  (Iran  opera-troupe. 

Semet,  Th^ophile  (-Aim^mile),  b.  Lille, 
Sept.  6,  1824;  d.  Corbeil,  n.  Paris,  Apr.  15, 
1888.  Pupil  of  I  lalevy ;  drummer  at  the  ( )pe*ra. 
—Operas :  Lcs  units  d* Ksfwg)u\  La  tiewtl 
d^/toinifttr^  (til  /?/(7J,  Onaitn\  Lft 
(1869) ;  generally  successful. 

Senesino.    Sec  DKKNAKDI, 

Scnff,  Bartholf,  b.  Krieclrichshall,  n.  Ko- 
burg,  Sept.  2,  i8r8  ;  d.  Leipxig,  Sept.  25,  i8<)g. 
Founder  of  the  1  <eipxig  nuiHic^publiHhlng  house 
(1850),  also  of  the  weekly  "  Signale  fttr  die  mu- 


$40 


SENFL— SERVATS 


bikalischu  \Velt,"  edited  by  himself  with  great 
tact  and  acumen. 

Senfl  (or  Senffl,  Senfel),  Ludwig,  eminent 
conlriipuntisl  ,  b.  Ilasel-Augst,  1492  ;  <1.  Mu- 
nich about  1555.  Pupil  and  successor  of  Ilein- 
rich  Isaak,  the  AV/V//W.  ("  symphonisla  regis") 
of  the  Imperial  Chapel.  Some  time  alter  the 
death  of  Maximilian  I.  he  became  com  I  cond 
;it  Munich. — 1*111)1  works:  "5  Salutaliones 
I  )ommi  noslri  1 1  lesu  Christi,"  motets  a  4  (i  526) ; 
"  Magnificat  K  lonouim  "  a  4-5  (1532) ,  u  Vaiia 
cai  minimi  genera,  (jin'lms  turn  Iloialius  turn 
alii,"  a  4  (1534).  8  Odes  aie  in  1*.  Ilofhaimer's 
"  Hnrmoniac  poeticae  "  (1539);  single  comp  s 
in  coll.s  of  the  peiiod  (t /  Kitncr's  "  lliliho- 
graphic,"  also  Vol.  iv  of  the  "(icsellsvhalt  flir 
Musikforschung  ").  Many  MSS.  in  the  Munich 
Library. 

Sen'krah,  rcctc  Hark'nes,  Arraa  Leoretta, 
b.  New  York,  June  (>,  i.S(>4.  Kxccllenl  violin, 
ist,  pupil  of  Aino  Ililf  at  U'ip/ig,  Wieniawski 
at  llrussels,  and  of  Massart  at  the  Paris  Cons., 
1881,  winning  ist  pii/c  ;  very  successful  concert- 
tours  since  1882.  M allied  Ilerr  Iloflniann,  a 
Weimar  lawyer,  in  1888. 

Serafi'no,  Santo,  celebrated  violin-maker  at 
Venice,  1730-45.  Ilisinslr.s,  after  models  by 
Slainer  and  Amati,  aie  very  valuable  ;  they  bear 
the  label  "  Smictus  Seiaphin  Ulinensis  fecit 
Ve.netijs,  Anno  17-".— His  nephew  Gregorio 
worked  about  the  same  period. 

Seras'si,  celebrated  Italian  family  of  org.in- 
builders  at  Uergamo.  The  founder  of  the  busi- 
ness was  Giuseppe  (//  rvvr///<>)»  1>-  tloidano, 
i(x)4 ;  d.  Crema,  i7<K>.  His  son  Andrea  Luigji, 
b.  1725,  rnrricd  on  the  work  till  his  death  in 
17<)<);  he  built  the  cathedral-oigans  at  Crema, 
Parma,  and  KOHSHMO.  ••  Giuseppe  {// tf/tow//<')» 
b.  Bergamo,  Nov.  10,  1750;  d.  there  May  13, 
1817,  upheld  ilio  fame  of  the  lirm,  and  built 
many  organs  iu  Lombardy;  his  catalogue  of 
1815  enumerates  345  instr.s.  He  also  publ.  a 
description  of  the  new  organ  at  Como  (1808), 
with  a  sborUiistory  of  the  orpin,  and  good  rules 
for  registration,  and  a  pamphlet  "Sugli  organi* 
Letlcrc"(iHi()).  The  catalogue  publ.  in  1852 
by  his  sons,  Carlo  and  (iwseppe,  shows  a  total 
of  654  organs  constructed. 

Se'ring,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Kurslen- 
walde,  n,  Knmkfort-on-Odcr,  Nov.  20,  1832 ; 
from  1871  head-teacher  in  the  Seminary  at 
Htrassburg,  where  he  organixecl  a  C/V.w/^tvvv/;/. 
— Publ.  works:  Oratorio  C/trfati  AV//aw^  /;/ 
Jerusalem  ;  Advent  cantata ;  Tsahu  7 a  f.  mixed 
'ch.  w»  pf,  ;  male  choruses  (the  *'  Uohenssolleni- 
lied")!  a  4t(Jcsangldire  for  Volksschukn " ; 
*'  Die  ( UioraUigurtttion,  th«oretisdi.pr«iktiHcli "  ; 
and  an  elementary  violin-method. 

Sermisy,  Claude  de,  willed  Claudin  \not 
CI.AUDIN  I.KJKUNK],  from  about  rs^o-^x)  ///,  tit' 
t'/tttfi.  to  Krancois  I.  and  Henri  H.  of  Krance. 
-hibl.  "Missae  HI  4  voo."  (1583) ;  other 
H,  motets,  and  chansons  are  in  the  coll.s 


of  AUnignanl,  Ducheniin,  of  I>ei£j  and  Neubcr 
("  Thesauuih  musk  us  "),  and  of  (  uiulane  ("  Mo- 
tetti  del  frutto  "  and  "  Can/oni  Irancesi  "). 

Se'rov  [Sje^off],  Alexander  Nikolaje- 
vitch,  b.  St.  1'eleisbuig,  May  u,  iiS2o,  d. 
there  Jan.  2o(().  S  ),  1871  He  bad  lessons  in 
'cello-playing  from  Cail  Schubeith,  but  was  a 
lawyei  by  pioicssion,  and  held  a  govcTiinient 
office  in  the  Crimea  when,  in  1850,  he  turned 
wholly  to  music,  beginning  as  a  ciitic  of  ad- 
vanced views,  and  an  adheient  of  Wagner  ,  he 
twice  attempted  to  establish  a  paper  ;  and  publ, 
essays  on  Russian  Folk-song  in  the  *'  Mos/kva" 
and  the  4C  Musical  Season."  Aftei  his  debut  as 
adiamatic  composer,  m  1863,  with  the  grand 
opeja^yW////,  the  Cxar  gianled  him  a  pension  ; 
hisgiand  opera  Rttgiifda  (1865)  had  ck(jual  grxxl 
foitune,  and  he  commenced  the  composition  of 
two  other  dramatic  woiks,  7\tttts  /{ft/fai  and 
ll'tiAx/a,  th?  .V///////,  both  oi  which,  however,  he 
left  unfinished  in  his  zeal  to  complete  the  opeia 
U'iasyiti  j/V//*  (u  The  power  of  t  lie  enemy")  in 
5  acts;  death  oveilook  him  while  the  iilth 
act  was  still  incomplete  (it  was  scored  by  Solo- 
viev,  and  piod.  Apr.  K>,  1^71,  becoming  ex- 
tremely popular).  S.  followed  Wagner's  exam- 
ple in  writing  his  own  libretti  ;  as  a  national 
composer  lie  ranks  next  to  (ilinka  in  Russian 
estimation.  He  also  comp.  Schiller's  f/'/fv/v, 
an  Ave  Maria  (written  1868  for  Adelina  1'alti), 
and  a  Slabat  Mater.  In  1805  he  lectuied  at  the 
Univ.  of  Moscow  on  nius,  history;  and  in  rH5<j 
ami  1804  at  the  Univ.  oi  St.  Petersburg  on  inns. 
theory  and  dramatic  composition. 

Serpette,  (Henri-Charles-Antoinc-)  Gas- 
ton,  b.  Nantes,  Nov.  ^,  1840.  Pupil  oi  Ambr. 
Thomas  at  the  Paiis  Cons.  iS(>8  71,  taking  the 
ist  (iraml  prix  de.  Komewilh  his  mi\ii\\;\m/iwitif 
if  Arc*  Since  1874,  when  his  Ih'st  stag  impure, 
the  3-nct  opem-boulfe  A«  JittineJn*  twst1?,  was 
prod,  at  the  HouiTcs-Parisicns,  he  has  brought 
out  some  30  operettas  aixl  .similar  light  diamatic 
work's,  among  them  CMdrilhwrtlf  (180,0),  La 
</<>/  d?  ftrisillt  (I8y5),  and  I.?  Cnrithw  (i8(;6). 


Serrano,  Paolo,  l».  KilailoUin,  Culanxaro,  in 
1830.  Pupil,  at  the  Naples  Cons.,  of  hanxa, 
PaVisi,  C'onti,  and  Mcreadunto,  aiul  wrote  his 
first,  opera,  ///////Vw/c/r,  for  the  Tealro  del 
Kondo  in  1852,  but  political  troubles  pre  vented 
its  production,  and  also  that  of  a  second;  not 
until  7857  did  he  succeed  iu  bringing  out  /Vr- 
jfiiltd  (at  the  same  theatre),  followed  by  l,a 
/)uc/tt'SJttr  ttt  (tttisa  (1865)  and  //  FigtiiiM  /;v- 
ithv  (iH6H).  1  lo  has  also  composed  an  oratorio, 
(/ft  OHtwm  in  *SV/<*;  a  Kequiem  ;  a  funeral 
symphony,  ll  Omaggio  a  Mervadanle  "  ;  a  mans, 
Magnilicat,  Te  Deum,  and  **  I*e  tre  ore  d'ago* 
nia,"  for  chorus  and  orch,  ;  an  overture,  pf.- 
pieces,  etc,  Since  1803,  prof,  of  composition  at 
the  Naples  (  'ons, 

Servaia,  Adden-Fran^ois,  b.  Hal,  nvttr 
nrusseis,  Juno  6,  1807;  d.  there  Nov.  so,  t866, 
Remarkable  violoncellist;  pupil  of  his  father, 


SEYDELMANN— SHARPK 


and  later,  at  the  Brussels  Cons. ,  of  PUtel.  After 
playing  3  years  in  the  theatre-orch  ,  he  made  his 
debut  as  a  concert-player  at  Fans,  1834,  with 
brilliant  success ,  played  at  the  Thilharni.  Con- 
certs in  London,  studied  another  year  at  home, 
and  then  tomed  the  Continent  for  12  years,  even 
reaching  Siberia.  I  le  was  app.  prof,  at  the  Brus- 
sels Cons,  in  1848,  and  formed  many  distinguished 
pupils.  Was  also  soloist  to  the  King. — Works  . 
3  concertos  and  16  fantasias  f  'cello  w.  orch  ,  6 
etudes  f  'cello  w.  pf  (with  Gregoir) ;  14  duos 
f .  do. ;  3  duos  f .  violin  and  'cello  (w.  Leonard) ; 
i  do.  f.  do.  (w.  VieuMiemps). — His  son,  Joseph, 
b.  Hal,  Nov.  23,  1850,  d.  there  Aug  29,  1885, 
was  his  father's  pupil  on  the  'cello,  and  a  fine 
pei  former ;  from  1869-70  a  member  of  the  Wei- 
mar orch.;  later  prof,  at  the  Brussels  Cons. 

Sey'delmann,  Franz,  b.  Dresden,  Oct.  8, 
1748  ;  d.  there  Oct.  23,  1806.  Son  and  pupil  of 
a  player  in  the  court  orch.,  which  he  joined  as  a 
youth  ;  studied  in  Italy  1765-70  at  the  Elector's 
expense,  with  Schuster  and  Naumann.  In  1772 
both  he  and  his  father  were  app.  composers  of 
church-music  to  the  Elector,  later  both  became 
conductors  at  the  court  church  (with  Naumann 
and  Schlirer),  cembalists  at  the  Ital.  opera,  and 
(1787)  JL'atellw.— Works  (in  MS.  at  Dresden): 
7  Ital.  operas,  36  masses,  a  Requiem,  40  psalms, 
37  offertories,  cantatas,  duets,  songs,  etc.— 
Fubl.:  The  opera  JDle  schone  Arsene  (in  pf.- 
score)  ,  some  numbers  from  the  operas  f/Cafrie- 
cio  corretto  and  La  mttancUa  di  A/isnia  ,'  C  pf.- 
sonatas  f.  4  hands ;  3  f.  pf.  solo ;  3  flute-sona- 
tas ;  3  violin-sonatas. 

Sey'ffarth,  Ernst  Hermann,  b.  Krefcld, 
May  6,  1859.  Pupil  of  the  Cologne  Cons,  and 
the  Berlin  Hochschttle  (Kiel) ;  since  1892,  cond. 
of  the  Neuer  Shij^verein^  Stuttgart  — Works  • 
Dram,  scene  Tlmsnelda;  "  Trauerfeicr  beim 
Tode  emer  Jungfrau";  symphony  in  1);  vans 
f.  orch.;  violin-sonata;  a  pf. -sonata  (op.  i)  ;  a 
song-cycle  "Vom  Schwarzwald  zum  Khein" 
(op.  2)  j  a  patriotic  conceit-cantata  (op.  25)  Ans 
Dnttschlamis  grosser  Zeit,  f.  4  solo  voices, 
mixed  ch.,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  (organ  mt  lib.) ; 
etc. 

Sey'fried,  Ignaz  Xaver,  Ritlcr  von,  b.  Vi- 
enna, Aug.  15,  1776;  d.  there  Aug.  27,  1841. 
After  piano-lessons  with  Mozart  and  Kojselueh, 
he  renounced  the  study  of  law,  and  took  up 
composition  under  Albrechtsberger  and  von 
Winter.  From  1797,  Kaptllm.  at  Schikanedtsr's 
theatre,  then  at  the  new  Theater  an  dcr  Wien 
until  1828.  A  prolific,  but  not  original,  com- 
poser (about  60  operas,  melodramas,  ballets, 
etc.;  oratorios,  masses,  Requiems,  motels,  etc,; 
symphonies,  quartets,  pf  -music).  He  published 
Keethoven's  exercises  in  thorough-bass,  cpt,, 
and  comp.  (1832) ;  edited  a  complete  edition 
of  Albrechtsberger's  theoretical  works,  also 
Preindl's  ditto  as  "Wiener  Tonschule"  (1832; 
from  thorough-bass  to  fugue). 

Sgamba'ti,  Giovanni,  b.  Rome,  May  18, 


1843.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Alclcya,  HurhiVri,  and 
Natalucci ,  played  in  public  at  6,  hang  in  chinch 
and  conducted  small 
orchestras.  Hispia- 
nistic  education  was 
finished  under  Lis/t 
at  Rome.  S.  now 
gaveoich  1  concerts, 
producing  ( lei  man 
masterpieces,  con- 
ducting Liszt's 
"Dante"  symphony 
and  Ueelhoven's 
"  Eroica  "  in  1866, 
also  successfully 
bunging  out  a  pf.- 
quartet  of  his  own. 
Later  he  made  con- 
cert-tours in  Italy  and  (Jeimany;  was  app.  in 
1 877  head-teacher  of  pf.  at  the  new  music-school 
annexed  to  the  Accacl.  di  S.  Cecilia  in  Rome. 
S.  is  a  fine  conductor,  and  founded  in  iHo/»  the 
"Nuova  SocietA  Musicale  Koninna."  lie  was 
an  ardent  admirer  of  Wagner,  who  reciprocated 
the  feeling,  and  reconmie.mled  S.'.s  works  lo 
the  publishers  Scholt  at  Mnyenee.  Thuy  arc 
strongly  influenced  l>y  (leimunic  tendencies. — 
Works:  Requiem  mass  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  oich. 
(1896) ;  3  symphonies  ;  overtures  ;  pf. -concerto 
in  G  min.  (op.  15) ;  an  octet ;  2  pf.-qiuntols  (op. 
4,  5) ;  a  string-quartet  (op.  17) ;  Suite  f.  pf.  (op. 
21) ;  many  pf. -pieces  (5  Nocturnes  [  No,  5  is  op, 
31] ;  Trelucle  and  Fugue,  op.  () ;  a  eludes,  op. 
10;  8  tl  Kogli  volnnti,"  op.  is  ;  (iavotta,  op.  14 ; 
Pieces  lyiiques  ;  Vecchio  Minuet  to  ;  etc.). 

Shakespeare,  William,  tenor  singer  and 
celebrated  vocal  teacher;  b.  Croydon,  ICngl., 
June  16,  iH4C).  Choir-boy,  and  at  13  organist, 
in  a  church;  pupil  1^02-5  in  composition  of 
Moli(]uc  ;  in  1806  he  won  the  King's  scholarship 
at  the  R.  A.  M.,  studying  there  under  HenneU. 
Elected  Mendelssohn  Scholar  in  (871  for  pf.. 
playing  and  com])osition(n  j)f,  -concerto,  pf,-(rio, 
pf, -sonata,  Caprice  f.  pf.  w.  orcli,) ;  went  to 
Leipzig  for  Htudy  under  Keinecke,  and  in  1872 
repaired  to  Milan  for  the  cultivation  of  his  fine 
tenor  voice.  From  1875,  concert- and  oratorio- 
singer  in  Knglaml;  in  1878,  prof,  of  sinning  at 
the  R.  A.  M,;  in  T 880,  cond.  of  the  concerts 
theie  (resigned  1886).  Has  won  hif»li  n^putaliou 
as  a  sinjfiiiir-teacher.  lllscomp.s  show  the  in- 
fluence of  Mendelssohn  and  BemuMt ;  Ix'sidcs 
the  above,  hollas  •written  a  '*  dramatic  "  ove.rturo 
(1874),  other  overtures,  a  .symphony,  a  string- 
quartets, 

Sharpe,  Herbert  Francis,  b.  Ufiliftu,  York- 
shire, Mar.  I,  J86r.  (Jucwn*H  Hcsholur  nt  the 
N.  T.  S,  M.,  succeeding  Kiifjen  d'AJbert.  CJavc 
many  pf.-conccrts  in  Knglnnd ;  «pj>.  prof,  at 
R.  C.  M.,  1884;  Kxamincr,  rH<jc>.-Av<>rkM: 
ParUson^s,  KOU^H,  many  pf.-pieccH ;  chambcr- 
nuisic;  "Pianoforte  School"  (w.  Stanley 
Lucas).  In  MS.,  a  3-act  comic  opera,  <tn  over- 
ture, Romance  f,  2  pf.s ;  etc. 


542 


SHAW— SHERWOOD 


Shaw,  Oliver,  a  blind  singer ,  I).  Middle- 
boro',  Mass  ;  d.  j8^S.  lie  was  a  siiiging- 
teachcr,  and  a  composer  ol  popular  psalm-tunes 
and  ballads,  which  he  sang  in  public  ,  sonic  fa- 
vorites were  "Mary's  Teais,"  "The  Inspira- 
tion," "  Sweet  little  Ann,"  and  "  The  Death  of 
Terry." 

Shedlock,  John  South,  b.  Reading,  Kng- 
land,  18.13  (Jraduate,  Pi.  A.,  of  London  Univ., 
1804.  Pupil  of  K.  Llil)eck(j)f.)uml  Lalo(oomp.; 
at  Paris).  Teacher  and  com-eil-givei  in  London 
till  1870.,  when  he  bee.mie  entic  foi  the  "Acad- 
emy," since  then  devoting  himsell  chiefly  to  writ- 
ing. Has  also  lectured  at  the  K.  A.  M.  Has 
publ.  ailicles  on  IJeclhovcii's  sketch-books  in  the 
"  Mus.  Times"  (181)2) ;  an  account  ol  a  copy  ol 
Cramet's  studies,  with  notes  by  Ueelhoven,  dis- 
coveied  byS.  in  IJcilin,  iS<)3  ;  "  The  Pianoforte 
Sonata,  ItsOiigin  and  Development"  (London, 
1895)  ;  edited  Kuhnan's  "  Uiblieal  Sonatas"  in 
i8<)5,  playing1  them  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in  i8()0  to  il- 
lustrative lecluics  by  K.  K.  Jacques;  tranHl.  Kie- 
mann's  "  Lex  ikon  "  into  Knglish  ;  lias  eomp.  a 
si  ring -quart  el,  a  Romance  ami  Seherxino  f.  pf., 
etc. 

Shelley,  Harry  Rowc,  b.  New  1 1  iiven ,  ( 'onn. , 
June  8,  1858.  St.  at  Yale  College  under  ( lustav 
|.  Stoeckel ;  in 
'New  York  with 
Dudley  lluek, 
Vogneh,  and 
Dvorak — 17  years 
in  all.  lias  been 
organist,  sueccs- 
si  vely,  i  n  the 
Kirst  Vh  urch, 
New  Haven,  Dr, 
Storrs*  Ch., 
Hrooklvn,  and  the 
Kiflh  Av.  llapl; 
Oh.,  New  York, 
Is  at  present 
( i  Htjo,)  in  charge 
of  elusw'B  in  theory  and  composition  at  the  Met- 
ropolitan College,  N.  Y.~ Publ.  works:  Songs, 
ballads,  duets,  mixed  and  male  choruses;  The 
Inhtritunw  MW//*1,  sacred  cantata  f.  soli,  eh,, 
and  organ;  To  Dennis,  and  much  other  ehurcli- 
musie;  oroh.lsuite,  "Souvenir  de  Uaden-Haden" 
(publ,  in  4-hand  pf.-ju-r,);— f.  pf.  solo,  a  Dsitice 
of  Kgyptlan  Maidens,  K  veiling  Prayer,  Ko- 
manoe,  M  arch  of  the  f'ent  urien,  Melodic  Moment 
(set  of  8  pieces) ;— f,  organ,  the  coll, s  u(Jems 
for  theorem,*'  "The  Modern  Organist/1  "lor 
lutorlmlcM  for  Orjfan,"  also  or^iin-pieces  and 
transcriptions.  1  Ian  also  written  2  symphonies 
(the Tirol,  Kb,  perf.  N.  YM  181)7), vinlin-cctncerto 
(perf.  1891),  cantata  ^Vexlliw  Regis''  (perf. 
N.  Y.,  1894),  and  orchofitrai  piecew. 

Shepard,  Thomas  Griffin,!).  Madison,  Conn., 
Apr,  23, 1848,  Punllof  (1.  W,  and  J.  P.  Morgan. 
Organist,  in  New  Haven,  of  Christ  C'h.  (3  years), 
Centre  Conjyr.  (%h,  (14  yearn),  Trinity  1\  K.  (Mi. 
(6  years),  and  Church  of  the  Redeemer  (from 


iSSS  till  date,  iSycj);  since  1873,  mils,  instructor 
of  the  Vale  (Jlee  Club  ;  was  lor  some  years  cond. 
of  the  New  Ilaven()raton<)Sc)C.,achoiusol  about 
600,  j{ivinj;  many  standard  woiks  w.  Urj;e  oich.; 
is  also  diiectoi  of  the  Apollo  Club  (male  voices) 
Teacher  of  theoiy,  oij»an,  and  vocal  style  ;  mus. 
culic  and  coi respondent. — Works  (all  publ.): 
Fenni&ffjtfi  t*r  CMIHH?  and  Cupid,  comic  opera 
(pf. -score  publ.);  a  Christmas  cantata,  Th?  U'unt 
math  /'Vf'v//;  numeious  anthems,  offeitoiies, 
sacied  sou^s,  etc. 

Shepaid,  Frank  Hartson,  b.  Uclhcl,  Conn., 
Sept.  20,  1803.  Pupil  ol  Kujiene  Thayei, 
Hoslon,  in  oigan,  pi.  and  theoiy.  1881-6  or- 
ganist in  various  towns  (1885  of  Trinity  Ch., 
Cleveland,  ()  ,  where  he  orj>ani/ed  a  boy-chon); 
hoin  iHSfj-yoat  I  <eipxig,  studying  uiulci  Zwint- 
schei,  Sihreck,  Ilomeyer,  Jjulassohn,  Reinecke, 
Paul,  and  TorslefT,  also  ori*anist  of  the  Kn^lish 
('hapel  in  1888.  .  Kstribl.  the  "Shepaid  Sch.  of 
Music"  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  in  iH<)t;  is  organist 
and  mus.  dir.  at  (iraeeVh.,  Orange. — Works: 
11  Piano  Touch  ant  I  Scales",  "Church  Music  and 
Choir  Training  ";  u  I  low  to  Modulate";  "  Har- 
mony Simplihed";  "ChiJilren's  Harmony"; 
Method  f.  pf.— S.'s  theory  of  the  "Attendant 
Chords,"  developed  in  *'  How  to  Modulate*' 
nnd  "  Maun.  Simpl./'  is  original  and  interesting. 

Sherwood,  Edgar  Harmon,  pianist  and 
comp.;  b.  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  fly,  itS.jej.  in. 
tended  lor  ti  medical  caieer,  he  served  in  the 
Union  Army  1862-5,  and  then  chose  music  as 
his  profession.  After  teaching  ami  writing  in 
Dansville,  N.  V.,  Chicago,  and  New  York,  he 
settled  in  Rochester,  N.  V.,  as  pianist  rind 
teacher.  In  1895,  Nat.l  Mus.  l)ir.  of  the  "  Union 
Veterans'  Union."  lias  publ.  over  lot)  eomp.s 
f.  pf.  and  f*  voice  ;  best-known  are  a  descriptive 
fantasia,  "The  Nun  and  the  Fountain";  (Jnuul 
Minuet  in  A[>;  "The  I h earner"  (march-elegy 
on  (Joltschalk);  "  Souvenir  de  Montmorcwi  , 
"  Footstqw  in  the  Snow";  "  Anenionc;  '*;  "  I/hcu* 
reux  retour"  (grand  concert-duet) ;  songs. 

Sherwood,  William  Hall,  distinguished 
pianist  and  teacher;  b.  Lyons,  N,  V.,  Jan.  31, 
1854.  Son  and  pupil 
of  Kev.  I*.  H.  Sher- 
wood, the  founder  of 
J,yon,s  Mus.  AeatK; 
«t.  further  with 
Uciniburgcr,  Py- 
chowski,  and  Dr. 
W.  Mason ;  then  5 
years  In  Kurope 
under  Th.  KuUak, 
Weitxmann,  WlUirst, 
and  Deimc  (Hcrtiu), 
Richuwr  (UlpjrfK). 
Karl  Doppler  ami 
Scolwm  Clark  (Stuttgart),  and  I.isxt  (Weinmr); 
gave  successful  concerts  at  Heilin,e,tc. ;  returned 
irtyft  to  the  Unitenl  StnU'B,  and  pbyetl  in  New 
York,  Ituhton,  Philadelphia,  Chicago,  tuul  eise- 
wheru,  .settling  in  UoHton  UH  teacher  at  the  New 


543 


SHERWOOD— SIEGEL 


Engl.  Cons.  Some  years  later  he  went  to  New 
York,  and  in  1889  to  Chicago,  where  he  was 
head  of  the  pf.-section  of  the  Cons  until  he 
founded,  in  1897,  the  independent  "Sherwood 
Piano  School."  Eminent  concert-pianist ;  has 
played  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  Mem- 
ber of  the  A.  C.  M. ,  and  Examiner  for  pf  — In 
1887  he  married  his  pupil,  Miss  Estella  F. 
Adams,  who  is  also  a  fine  pianist. — Publ.  works 
f.  pf.:  Op.  1-4,  Pieces  ;  op.  5,  Suite  of  5  pieces  ; 
op.  6,  2  Mazurkas ;  op.  7,  Scherzo  in  E ;  op.  8, 
Romanza  appassionata ;  op.  9,  Scherzo-Caprice ; 
op.  10,  Gypsy  Dance;  op.  12,  Allegro  patetico; 
op.  13,  Medea;  op.  14,  Suite  of  5  pieces. 

Sherwood,  Percy,  b.  Dresden  (of  English 
parentage),  May  23,  1866.  Pupil  of  Hermann 
Scholtz  (pf.);  later,  at  Dresden  Cons.,  of  B. 
Roth  (pf )  and  Draeseke  (comp.).  lie  is  a 
concert-pianist  and,  since  1890,  teacher  of  pf. 
and  score-reading  at  the  Dresden  Cons.  Was 
for  a  time  cond.  of  the  "NeustadterChorgesang- 
verem." — Works:  Op.  i,  ten  Miniatures  f.  pf.; 
op.  2,  6  Lieder ;  op.  3,  8  Waltzes  f.  pf.  4  hands; 
op.  4,  Kleine  Skizzen  f.  pf.;  op.  5,  Kleine 
Poesienf.  pf.;  op.  6,  Barcarole  ;  op.  7,  Memiett; 
op.  8,  "Miscellen,"  4  little  pf.-pieces;  and  a 
Minuetto  in  G. 

Shield,  William,  b.  Whickhnm,  Durham, 
Mar.  5,  1748 ;  d.  London,  Jan.  25,  1829. 
Taught  by  his  father,  a  singing-master,  on 
whose  death  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  shipbuilder, 
but  studied  thorough-bass  under  Avison,  and 
led  the  subscription-concerts  at  Newcastle.  IHs> 
apprenticeship  ended,  he  became  leader  at  the 
theatre  and  concerts  in  Scarborough.  In  1772, 
violinist  in  the  opera-orch.,  London;  1773,  prin- 
cipal viola-player,  both  in  the  theatre  and  chief 
concerts.  After  producing  his  first  comic  opera, 
A  Flitch  of  Bacon^  at  the  Ilaymarket  in  1778, 
he  was  app.  composer  to  Covent  Garden  (1778- 
i,  1792-7).  He  visited  Italy  in  1791.  In  1817 
,,e  succeeded  Parsons  as  Master  of  the  Royal 
Music.  Buried  in  Westminster  Abbey,  lie 
wrote  about  40  operas,  pantomimes,  mus.  farces, 
and  the  like;  detached  numbers  were  pubL; 
also  6  string-trios,  6  violin-duets,  "  An  Introd. 
to  Harmony"  (1794);  and  "Rudiments  of 
Thorough-bass*1  (n.  d.).  He  especially  excelled 
as  a  song-composer;  Grove  says  he  "was  per- 
haps tlie»inost  original  English  composer  since 
Purcell." 

Shore,  John,  [son  of  Matthias  S.  trumpeter- 
in-ordinary  to  James  II;  d.  1700,]  the  most 
famous  English  trumpeter  of  his  time,  and  the 
reputed  inventor  of  the  tuning-fork,  d.  Nor.  20, 
1750,  aged  80  (90?). 

Shudi.    See  BROAD  WOOD. 

Sibelius,  Jean,  b.  Tavastehus,  Finland, 
Dec.  8,  1865.  Studied  law  at  first,  but  Utter 
devoted  himself  to  music ;  pupil  of  the  Mus. 
Inst.  at  Helsingfors  1885-8  ;  of  Albert  Becker, 
Berlin  (cpt.),  1889-90,  of  Goldraark,  Vienna, 


I 


1891.  Since  1893,  teacher  of  theory  at  the  Mus. 
Inst.  and  the  Orchestra  School,  llclsinj;fois. — 
Works1  The  first  Finnish  opera,  Twmswolija 
impi  [The  Maid  in  the  Tower]   (Ilelsingfors, 
1896) ;  orch.l  works  ;  pf. -pieces 

Sibo'ni,  Erik  (Anton  Waldemar),  b.  Co- 
penhagen,   Aug.   26,   1828  ;  d.  llicic  Feb.  22, 

1892.  Son  of  the  tenor  Giuseppe  S.  |1>.  Forli, 
Jan.  27,  1780;  d.  Copenhagen,  Mar.  2y,   iS^c), 
as  Dir.  of  the  opera  and  Cnns.J.     Fine1  pianist, 
pupil  of  J.  P.  E,  Uartmann,  and  of  Moschelos 
and  Ilauplruann  at  Lcip/.ig,   18^7  ;  «t.    1851-3 
with  Sechler  at  Vienna,  leturnctl  to  Copenhagen, 
and  in  1864  became  organist  and  pC.-prof.  at  the 
R.  Acad.  of   Music  at   Son'). — Works  :  Opera 
Flight  of   Charles  //.   (Copenhagen,    1802); 
"Tragic"  overture,  op.   74;  2  symphonies;  a 
pf. -quartet ;   other  chamber -musie  ;    the  giaiul 
choral  works  "Battle  of  Murleii,"  "Storming 
of  Copenhagen,"  and  the  inih  I'salm  ;  etc. 

Sieger,  Ferdinand,  famous  singing-teacher 
after  the  traditions  of  the  old  Italian  method  ; 
b.  Vienna,  Dec.  5,  1822;  il.  Ucrliti,  Feb.  i<), 
1895.  "Pupil  of  J.  Micksdi  and  Giorgio  Ron- 
coni ;  sang  in  opera,  taught  in  Diesclen  1848-54, 
and  then  settled  in  Ueilin,  receiving  the  title  of 
"Professor"  in  i86.|.  Valuable  instructive 
works:  "  100  Vocaliscn  und  Solfeggieii "  (op. 
30-35,  6  books  f.  sopr.,  in. -sopr.,  nlto,  tenoi, 
bar,,  and  bass) ;  "  Schule  der  ( Jeluuligkeil  "  (op. 
42*  43) »  U6°  Iciehle  Vocaliscn  xnul  Solfcggicn  " 
for  the  6  classes  of  voice  (op.  *I4~4<)) ;  **  (x>  a-, 
3-  und  4stimmige  Voralisen "  (op.  52,  f.  2 
soprani ;  op.  53,  f.  sopr.  and  alto ;  op.  5,1,  sopr, 
and  ten. ;  op.  55,  ten.  and  bass  ;  op.  50,  sopr., 
m.-sopr.,  and  alto ;  op.  57,  sopr.,  alto,  ten.,  atul 


"  Co  Vocalisen  filr  vorgerUektere 
Cicsangschtller "  (op.  78-83);  "24  idtaktig-e 
Vocalisen"  in  all  keys  (op,  85) ;  "  Acbttaklige 
Vocalisen  fttr  den  crsten  <  iesangunterrit-hl  "  (op. 
02-97);  "Die  Kunst  des  (JeHungs"  in  S  parts 
(op.  no,  "  Theoretische  Prindpien  "  ;  op.  m, 
"  Traktischc  Studien  "),  with  a  supplement,  "  («o 
Vocalisen  untl  Solfeggicn  "  (op.  112-117) ;  "  60 
Vocalises"  (op.  X2<j-J34 ;  leu  for  each  class  ol 
voice);  "Vorschule  dos  (lesiings  .  .  .  vor 
dem  Stimmwechsel "  (op.  121) ;  u  VollstKndiges 
Lehrbuch  der  (icsangskunsl  fttr  l,clm*r  und 
SchUlcr"  (1858  ;  3rd  eel,  1878);  "  <*atecbisnuis 
der  Cicsangskunst"  (1862  and  many  later  cd.s) ; 
"  Die  Aussprache  <les  Italienlschen  im  dewing  " 
(r86o;  2nd  etl.  1880);  "  Aphorism?)!  aus  <U*m 
CJesangsleben'1  (1865) ;  "  Kury,c  Anlcitttnj;  /um 
grttndlichen  Studium  dcs  CicsungA  "  (1852  ;  and 
ed.  1865);  and  a  '*  llandbudi  <lcH  deutschen 
Liederschat7,cs.  Kin  (Catalog  von  io,<xx>  nacb 
dem  Slimmumfang  ^cordncten  Liudcrn,  nelmt 
cinerreichen  Auswahi  von  Ducitten  uml  Ter- 
ssetten  M  (1875). 

Sie'gel,  E.  F.  W.,  founder  in  1846  of  the 
I^ipzig-  music-publishing  ilrni ;  d,  Mnr,  3t), 
1 869.^— Richard  Linncmann  now  owns  the  busi- 
ness. 


544 


SIKCEL— SILCTFER 


Sie'gel,  Felix.    Sec  SmuuERTir,  JULIUS. 

Siehr,  Gustav,  dirtmatic  bass;  <1.  Munich, 
"May  18,  iHo,(>,  in  Ins  5<)th)car.  lie  created  the 
lole  of  linden  in  AT  A'tag  tfcs  NiMitn^n 
at  llayrcuth,  1870.  Mass  singer  at  the  Royal 
Opeia,  Mtinirh  ;  best  in  Wanner  roles:  King 
Ilemy,  Pogner,  IIundinj>,  etc 

Sie'veking,  Martinus,  b.  Amsterdam,  Mar 
24,  18(17.  Talented  pianist,  pupil  of  his  fathei, 
then  of  J.  Kont^en  at  Lcip/.ijj  (!ons.,  ami  Krunx 
Council  (harm.).  Then  went  to  Paris,  where  a 
suite  of  his  composition  was  played  by  the  I,a- 
motireux  Oich.;  played  in  London,  iH<)o;  made 
conceit-tours;  played  with  j>real  success  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  iH<)5  ;  American  tour  180,6-7. 

Sifa/ce  (>*•/»•  Grossi),  Giovanni  Fran- 
cesco, famous  Mujfitv;  member  of  the  Papal 
Chapel  about  167^,  later  sinking  at  Venice  and 
London;  assassinated  in  Northern  Italy  about 


Sighicel'li,  family  of  distinguished  violinists  : 
(i)  FlilppO,  b.  San  Cesarin,  Modena,  loSft;  d. 
Modena,  Apr.  14,  1773.  Was  ist  violin  to 
Prince  Hercules  of  Kste.  —  His  son,  (2)  Giu- 
seppe, b.  Modena,  1737,  d.  there  Nov.  8,  1826. 
Violinist  and  tutifstto  to  Krcole  Rinaldo  III. 
d'Kste,  until  Napoleon's  advent.—  His  son,  (3) 
Carlo,  b.  Modena,  1772,  d.  there  Apr.  7,  1800, 
was  also  attached  to  the  court.  —  II  is  son,  (4) 
Antonio,  b.  Modena,  July  i,  1802,  d.  there 
Oct.  20,  1883.  ICminent  violinist  and  oond., 
pupil  of  his  grandfather,  and  of  (liovanni  Man  ; 
eond.  of  orchestras  at  Cento,  Itolngim,  and  Ker- 
rani  ;  from  1835  leader  at  the  Modena  theatre 
mid  eond.  of  the  Ducal  oirh.--JIis  son,  (5)  Vin- 
cenzo,  b.  Cento,  July  30,  1830.  Taught  by  his 
father;  then  by  llellmesbcrger,  Mnyscder,  and 
Seehler  til  Vienna,  Returned  to  Modcna  in 
1841),  acting  as  solo  violinist  and  nsst.-cond.  to 
the  court;  mnee  1855  in  Paris,  UH  a  teacher  of 
dinlitiction.  I  Ian  j>ul)l,  original  pieces,  and  fan- 
tusinH  on  operatic;  airs,  for  violin  and  pf, 

Sigiamon'di.  Giuseppe,  b,  Naples,  Nov.  13, 
I739I  d.  there  May  u>,  iHa(>.  Singing-teacher, 
opvnt-comp.,  and  (from  1808)  librarian  at  the 
(.oni!.,  in  Naples.  Wrote  vocal  music,  and 
pieces  f.  pf,  and  organ  ;  few  were  publ. 

Silas,  Eduard,  noted  Dutch  pianist  ;  b,  Am- 
sterdam, A  tig,  22,  1827,  Pianlstic  debut  Ain- 
flterdam,  1837.  Pupil  in  harmony  of  CJrua, 
Mannheim;  in  pf,  -playing  of  LOUIH  Lacombe 
(Frankfort,  1839)  and  Kalkbrcnner  (Paris, 
);  studied  later  at  the  Paris  C'ons,  under 


Hunoist  (org.)  and  IIak(vy  (fugue  and  opera), 
winning  ist  priae  for  organ-playing  in  competi- 
tion with  Haint-Kfttfn*  and  Cohen  (1849),  ^ct" 
tied  in  England,  1850,  as  an  organist,  and  made 
hi*  way  as  a  compcmer  despite  much  adverse 
criticism.  In  iH6(>  the  Asnemble'c  g<fo<Jrale  dc» 
(talhcillqucN  en  Helgiqtie  awarded  him  iHt  prlxe 
(gol<l  medal  and  T,OOO  francs)  for  a  maHB ;  there 
wore  76  competitors  of  ra  nationalities.  He  is 

35  545 


prof,  of  harmony  at  the  (iuildhall  School,  and 
the  London  Aead.  of  Music  — Woiks:  Oratorio 
Joa$/i  (Norwich  J^cst.,  1863);  Kyric  clcihon  a 
4  w.  orch.  ;  Ave  verum,  Tuntiim  ergo,  Avc 
Kegina,  O  sulutaris,  and  Magnificat,  w.  orj»un 
and  orch.;  cantatas;  Knj>lish  and  (Jcrinan 
songs;  3  symphonies,  3  o\  CM  lures;  3  pf.-con- 
certos  ;  Fantasia  f.  pf.  and  orch.  ;  Klegyf,  do.  ; 
Nonet  f.  strings  and  wind  ;  3  string-quintets ; 
pl.-quailels  ;  4  pf.-trios  ;  a  trio  f.  pf.,clarMand 
cello  ;  much  pf  -music  (op.  10,  sonata  ;  op.  44, 
Persian  Serenade  ;  "Amaranth1*;  Gavotte,  Pas- 
sepied,  and  Couinnle;  ten  Romances  sans  pa- 
loles,  2  books  ;  op.  23,  6  ducts  f.  4  hands;  etc.), 
also  oigan-pieces. 

Sil'bermann,  Andreas,  b.  Klein-IJobritzsch, 
Saxony,  May  r6,  1678;  d.  Strassburg,  May  i()f 
1734,  whcic  he  had  been  established  as  an 
orgau-buildei  for  about  30  ycais. 

SiKbermann,  Gottfried,  brother  of  preced- 
ing; b.  Klein- Hobritzsch,  Jan.  14,  1683;  d. 
Dresden,  Aug  4,  1753.  Apprenticed  to  a  book- 
binder, he  ran  away  to  his  brother  at  Strassburg, 
worked  as  his  apprentice,  returned  to  Dresden 
in  1712,  and  settled  in  Kreiberg  as  an  organ- 
builder.  He  built  47  organs,  the  finest  of  which 
is  that  in  Kreiberg  Cathedral  (3  manuals  and  45 
stops;  1714).  He  is  yet  more  famous  as  the 
first  to  manufacture  pianofortes  success! xilly,  his 
hamniei -action  being  practically  identical  with 
that  of  (!riHlofori,  the  inventor  of  the  pianoforte, 
lie  invented  the  Crmbal  </'<r///<w,  a  clavichoid 
with  strings  of  double  length  struck  in  the  mid- 
dle by  the  tangents,  thus  yielding  the  redupli- 
cated octavo  of  the  tone  of  the  entire  string. 

Sil'bermann,  Johann  Andreas,  eldest  son 
of  Andreas;  b.  Strassburg,  June  26,  1712;  d. 
there  Keb.  n,  1783.  Also  a  celebrated  organ- 
builder.  Wrote  "(lesohiehte  der  Stadt  Strass- 
bttrg"  (1775). — His  brother  Johann  Daniel,  b. 
Mxir.  £r,  1717,  d.  Leipxig,  May  6, 1766,  worked 
with  his  uncle  <  lot  I  fried  at  Kreiberg,  and  con- 
tinued the  manufacture  of  pianofortes  after  the 
hitter's  death, — A  third  brother,  Johann  Hein- 
rich,  b.  Sept.  24,  1727,  d.  Jan.  15,  i7()<),  made 
pianofortes  at  Stvusshurg  similar  to  those  of 
his  uncle  Gottfried,  and  introduced  thtMU  into 
France.  His  son,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  June 
at,  1762,  d,  Mar.  8,  1817,  wa«  an  excellent 
organ-builder  and  organtat,  officiating  at  the 
Thomaskirche,  Strasslmrg.  Comp.  a  *'  Hymnc 
&  la  Paix,"  (lermnn  songs,  etc. 

Sil'cher,  Friedrich,  b.  Schmiith,  Warttem- 
berg,  Juno  37,  1789 ;  d,  Tubingen,  Aug.  26, 
irtoo,  FamouH  8ong-.com porter,  pumPof  his  fa- 
ther and  Auberlen  (organist  at  Kellbach).  He 
lived  UH  a  music-teacher  in  Stuttgart,  and  in 
1817  was  app.  mus,  dir,  at  the  Univ.  of  Tu- 
bingen, receiving  the  degree  of  Dr.  fhil  /ion, 
fiittw  in  1859.  lie  was  au  influential  promoter 
of  (lernum  popular  Hinging;  his  "Sammlung 
deuttcher  VolkHlicclor"  containR  many  of  his 
own  aongs,  which  are  favorites  ("  Aonnohen  von 


SILOTI— SINGEL^E 


Tharau";  "Morgen  muss  ich  fort  von  hier," 
"Ich  weiss  nicht,  was  soil  es  bedeuten,"  "Zu 
Strassburg  auf  der  Schanz  "),  publ.  for  one  or  two 
voices  w.  pf.-accomp  ,  or  for  4-part  male  chorus. 
Other  works :  Choralbuch  a  3  ;  three  books  of 
hymns  a  4;  "  Tubinger  Liedertafel"  (male 
choruses);  4*  Harmonic- und  Compositionslehre  " 
(1851). — See  biogr.  by  A.  Kostlin,  lcFriedrich 
Silcher"  (1877). 

Silo'ti,  Alexander,  b,  Charkov,  Russia,  Oct. 
10, 1863.  Remarkable  pianist ;  pupil  of  Zwereff 
(1873),  N.  Rubinstein,  and  Tchaikovsky  (1876- 
81),  at  the  Moscow  Cons.,  winning  a  gold  medal 
Pianistic  de'but  at  Moscow,  1880  ,  great  success 
at  the  Leipzig  "Tonkunstlerversammlung"  of 
1883  ;  studied  3  years  with  Liszt  at  Weimar,  and 
from  1887-90  was  prof,  at  the  Moscow  Cons.; 
since  then  he  has  made  Paris  his  headquarters. 
American  tour  1898-9.  He  is  one  of  Liszt's 
most  talented  pupils,  and  has  made  tours  in 
Germany,  Belgium,  France,  and  England. 

Sil'va,  Andreas  de,  16th-century  contra- 
puntist ;  comp.s  in  collections  from  1514-1540 
(Petrucci's  "  Motetti  della  corona,"  and  Kries- 
stein's  "  Selectissimae  cantiones  "). 

Silva,  David  Poll  da,  b.  St.-Esprit,  n.  Bay- 
onne,  Mar.  28, 1834  ;  d.  Clermont,  Oise,  May  9, 
1875.  Pupil  of  his  mother  and  grandmothei, 
who  had  studied  under  Parisian  masters ;  later 
of  Funck  at  Bordeaux.  He  went  to  Paris  in 
1854,  and  HaleVjr  advised  him  to  enter  the 
Cons.,  which  failure  of  his  eyesight  prevented  ; 
when  he  became  quite  blind,  his  mother  wrote 
out  his  comp.s  from  dictation.  An  original  and 
prolific  composer,  he  wrote  3  operas,  a  ballet,  3 
oratorios,  cantatas  and  other  choral  works  (a 
Stabat  Mater  won  a  prize  at  Bordeaux  in  1871) ; 
also  2  symphonies,  and  much  chamber-music. 
He  publ.  pf.-music,  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 


in  Chrisliania  as 
organist  and  teacher, 
(lifted  composer:  3 
pf. -quintets  (op.  4,  5, 
and?);  a pf. -quartet; 


Silver,  Charles,  b.  Paris,  Apr.  16,  1868, 
Pupil  of  Dubois  and  Massenet  at  the  Cons., 
winning  the  Grand  prix  de  Rome  with  the  can- 
tata rtnterdit.— Works :  A  i-act  operetta,  /'/&- 
carpolettt;  i-act  elegiac  poem  Rais  (Rome, 

1894) ;  a  fantaisie,  Conte  du  MoMmien  (1895) ;      ft   ,.- -     -  ^   - .      -  - 
4-act  fairy  opera  L&Belhau  boisdormant (Paris,      a  ^ring-quartet ;  pf.- 
1895) ;  oratorio  Tobie;  2  orch.l  suites,  "  Pocme     concerto  m  (_*  mm» 
carnavalesque  "  and  "  Le  Ballet  de  la  Rcine"; 
dram,  overture  "Be're'mce";  songs. 

Simandl,  Franz,  ist  double-bass  in  the 
Vienna  court  orch.;  since  1869,  teacher  at  the 
Cons. ;  publ.  "  Neueste  Methode  des  Kontrabass- 
Spiels,'rin  3  parts:  I.  Preparation  for  orch.l 
playing,  w.  30  studies ;  II.  Prep,  for  concert- 


ten  fur  die  Orgel  .  .  ."  (1754)  I   «™d   "  Krster 
Versuch  emiger  vanirten  und  lugirlen  Chorale." 

Simon,  Jean-Henri,  b.  Antwerp,  April, 
1783 ,  d,  there  Feb.  10,  1861.  Violinist ;  pupil 
of  Lahoussaye  and  Rode,  and  in  conip.  of  (Jos- 
sec  and  Catel,  in  Paris  hived  in  Antwerp  as 
teacher  and  concert-player  (Viouxtemps,  Jans- 
sens,  and  Mcerts  were  his  pupils) — Woiks:  7 
violin-concertos ,  trio  f  2  violins  and  bass  ;  an 
oratorio,  cantatas,  etc. 

Si'xnon,  Christian,  line  double-buss  pluyer ; 
b.  Schernberg,  Apr.  3,  1809 ;  d.  Sondershnusen, 
May  29,  1872,  a  life-long  member  of  the  court 
orch. 

Si'mon,  Dr.  Paul.    Sec  KAIINT. 
1   Simons-Candeille.    Sec  CANDKII.LK. 

Simpson  (or  Sympson),  Christopher,  Eng- 
lish pluyer  on  the  viola  da  gnmha  ;  d.  London, 
about  1677. — Publ.  "The  J)ivision-Violi.sl,  or, 
an  Introd.  to  the  Playing  upon  u  (inmncl  ,  .  ." 
(1659;  2nd  ed.  as*'Chelys  Miiuuitiomim  urti- 
iicio  exoniata  .  .  .,  or  the  Division-Viol,  clc.," 
1667;  3rd  <jd.,  w.  portrait,  1712);  "The  Princi- 
ples of  Practical  Musick"  (i6(>5  ;  2nd  ed.  as 
"A  Compendium,  etc.,"  1667;  several  other 
ed.s);  "Art  of  Discant,  or  Composing  Musick 
in  Parts,  by  Dr.  Thomas  Campion,  with  Anilo- 
tations  thereon  by  Mr.  t'hr.  Simpson"  (1655). 

Sim'rock,  Nicolaus,b.  Bonn,  1755*  Founder, 
in  1790,  of  the  important  music-publishing 
house  establ.  since  1870  in  Jtorlin  under  the 
management  of  Fritz  Simrock. 

Shading,  Christian,  b.  Kongherg,  Norway, 
Jan.  IT,  1856;  pupil  of  Reinecke  at  Leipzig 
Cons.,  1874-7; 
studied  later,  with 
Royal  Scholarship, 
at  Dresden,  Munich, 
and  licrlin.  Settled 


playing,  w.  studies  and  sonatas  by  Kreuteer, 
etc. ;  III.  Advanced  school,  in  10  parts. 

Sim£b.    See  PORTUGAL. 

Si'mon,  Johann  Kaspar,  cantor  and  org.  at 
NOrdlingen.  Publ.  preludes  and  fugues  f.  org. 
(i75o);  "  Gemuthsvergnttgende  musikaliscbe 
Nebenstunden  in  Galanteriestttcken  auf  dera 
Clavier";  "  Musikal.  A  B  C  in  kleinen  Fughet- 


op.  15;  symphony  in 
I)  min.  (1890);  2 
violin-sonatas ;  Ro- 
manze  f.  violin  w, 
p  f . ,  op.  30;  12 
Z/W<r,  "Winclro«e,"op.28;: 
op.  26 ;  Variations  f.  a  pf.s  in  K  b  min,;  much 
pf.-music  (op.  6,  Prelude  and  Fugue ;  op.  io»  2 
etudes  de  concert ;  op.  12,  8  Fogll  volant! ;  op. 
14,  Gavolto ;  op.  18,  4  piecc$ ;  op,  so,  3  Noc- 
turnes; op.  21,  Suite  in  1) ;  op.  34,  6  Charak- 
terstucke.) 

Singelle,  Jean-Baptiste,  b,  BruH«el«,  Sept, 
25,  1812 ;  d.  Ostend,  Sept.  29,  1875.  Violinist 
and  comrj.;  publ.  144  works  (2  concertOB,  many 
solos  f.  violin,  fantasias  on  operatic  airs,  etc.)- 


546 


SINGER— SJOCiKKN 


Sing'er,  Peter,  b.  irafel«chr(Lechthal),  July 
18,  1810;  d.  Sdlx-bur^,  Jjm.  26,  1882,  as  a 
Franciscan  monk.  Invented  (1839)  the  "  Pansym- 
phonikon,"  a  kind  of  orchestrion  with  reeds; 
publ.  "  Metaphysische  Hhcke  in  die  Tonwelt, 
nebst  einuiu  .  .  .  neuen  System  dcr  Tonwisscn- 
schaft"  (1847).  Prolific  comp.,  publ.  "  Cantus 
chondis  in  provincia  Tirolcnsi  consuetus" 
(1862),  2  M.irienlieder,  2  Tnnturn  crj»o,  etc.;  and 
composed  lot  masses,  (xx>  offertories,  etc. 

Sing'er,  Edmund,  celebrated  violinist  ;  b. 
Totis,  Hungary,  Oct.  14,  1831;  pupil  of  El- 
linger  at  I'cslh,  then  of  Ridley  Kohnc  ;  made 
tours,  studied  further  for  a  year  with  Joseph 
Hohm  at  Vienna,  and  finally  at  Paris  Cons.  In 
1840,  solo  violinist  at  the  I'esth  theatre;  1853-61, 
leader  at  Weimar  ;  since  then,  leader  at  Stutt- 
gart, also  prof,  at  the  Cons.  Brilliant  concert- 
violinist,  and  an  excellent  teacher.  Has  comp. 
Moieeaux  de  salon,  Airs  varies,  Nocturnes, 
Fantasias,  etc. 

Sing'er,  Otto,  noted  pianist;  b.  Horn,  Saxony, 
July  20,  lH;$3;  d.  New  York,  Jan.  3,  180,4.  He 
studied  at  the  Kreu/.schulc,  Dresden,  and  1851-5 
at  the  Ijcipxltf  Cons.  (Mosehcles,  llauptmann, 
and  Kichter),  later  under  I,isxt;  taught  in  Leip- 
zig, Dresden  (1860),  and  in  1  8(>7  went  to  New 
York,  leaching  in  the  Mason  &  Thomas  Cons. 
until  1873,  In  1873  he  cowl,  the  first  May 
Festival  ul  Cincinnati,  ami  then  accepted  a  posi- 
tion as  teacher  (for  pf.  and  theory)  in  the  Cin. 
College  of  Music.  About  a  year  before  his 
death,  li«  returned  to  New  York.—  Works:  2 
cantatas!  The  Ltwtthig  of  ///<•  Pilgrim  fi\if/tfrs 
(1876)  and  /'M/VW  (M'frHyS);  symphonies  nncl 
ti  syni]>honic  fantasia,  f.  orch.;  2  pf,  -concert  OK  ; 
a  violin-sonata,  a  pf,-sonata,  and  ot  her  pf.  -music. 

Sing'er,   Otto,  Jr.,  b.   Dresden,  Sept.  14, 
8  - 


Violinist  ;  .studied  in  Paris,  also  in  Her- 
lin  under  Kiel,  and  in  Munich  under  Khein- 
Ixirgcr.  In  1888,  eond.  of  the  1  leiddberg  J.Mfr- 
kmnz  /  1890,  succeeded  II.  /ollncr  as  teacher 
in  Cologne  Cons.,  and  eoml.  of  the  MSnntrge- 
MUfftifrehi;  since  180,2,  in  I  x»ipsdg,-—  1'ubl!  a 
(  loncertatttck  f  .  violin  and  orch.  ;  also  male  cho- 
ruses. 

Sinn,  Christoph  Albert,  civil  engineer  to 
the  Puke  of  nnuiMwick,  wrote  "  Die  aus  malhe- 
matischen  (Jrumlen  richtig  geslellto  Tempera* 
tura  practice"  (Wernitf  erode,  1717), 

Sitt,  Hans,  b.  Prague,  Sept*  at,  1850.  Vio- 
linist; studied  at  the  Prague  Cons.  (Hennewitz, 
Mildner,  KHtl,  and  Krejii).  In  1867,  leader  of 
theatre-orch.,  Hratlau;  1860,  AV/V/////.  there, 
later  in  Tnigue;  1873-80,  in  Chemuitx;  then 
ctmcl.,  for  I  year,  of  Itartm  I*,  von  I)erwie»' 
private  orch.  at  Nice.  In  i88t  he  founded  a 
series  of  popular  co»icert»  in  Leipzig;  1883, 
teacher  of  violin  at  Leipzig  Cons,,  and  viola- 
player  in  the  Hroclsky  Quartet  ;  1885,  cond.  of 
the  ftatAwrfin,  succeeding  von  !ler«o^enberg. 
He  also  conducts  the  IxHpzig  I^brfrgesang- 
verein  and  Si*ffftktifa»tie>  and  the  Subscription 


Concerts  at  Altenburg, — Works  :  3  violin-con- 
certos (in  I)  mm.,  A  min.,  and  K  min.);  a  viohi- 
concerto  inG  min.  (also  publ.  as  a  violin-concerto 
in  I)  min.);  a  'cello-concerto  in  A  mm  ,  op.  34. 
a  Notturno  f.  violin  and  orch.;  pieces  f  violin 
and  f.  pf.  ("  Namcnlosc  Ulatter,"  ten  pf.-pieccs, 
op.  10) ;  and  songs. 

Sittard,  Josef,  b.  Aix-la-Chapclle,  Juno  4, 
1846.  Pupil  1868-72,  later  teacher  (lor  "hinging 
and  pf.),  at  the  Stuttgart  Cons  ;  Icctuier  on 
music;  since  1885,  inns,  critic  for  the  I  lambing 
4 '  Koi  respondent,"  succeeding  I,.  Meinardus. 
Title  of  "Professor"  in  i8<ji  from  the  Duke 
of  Koburg. — Publ.  *'  Studien  und  Churakteris- 
tiken"  (rhatj,  collucted  essays);  "Compendium 
derdeschichtcder  Kirchcnnmsik"  (1881);  **  Zur 
Kinfuhrung  in  dieOoschichle  und  Acsthetik  der 
Musik"(i885);  '*  Kine  kiilische  Rundhchau  auf 
das  erste  Stuttgarter  Musikfest"  (r««5);  "  Jonji- 
leurs  und  Menesti els"  (1885);  "  (ieschichto  des 
Musik-  und  Concert wesens  in  I  lamburg  "  (i  Ht;<0; 
"Cleschichte  der  Oper  am  Uofe  m  Stuttgart" 
(avol.s,  T8(p,  '91);  and  sketches  of  Mendelssohn 
and  Rossini  (in  Waldersee's  u  Vortra'go");— also 
some  songs  and  sacted  choruses. 

Sivo'ri,  Ernesto  Camillo,  b.  Genoa,  Oct.  25, 
1815 ;  d.  there  Feb.  18,  1894.  Famous  violinist ; 
taught  at  5^  by 
Restano ;  deltut 
at  6;  then  a  pupil 
of  Costa  and  Pa- 
ganini,  l)cinj>  a 
favorite  of  the 
latter,  whose 
hlyle  he  copied, 
and  who  com- 
posed for  him  a 
concertino,  and  6 
sonatas  wit  h 
guitar,  viola,  and 
cello.  From 
1827  his  concert- 
tours  continued 
almost  uninterruptedly ;  he  visited  Kngland  often, 
and  made  a  tour  through  the  United  Slates, 
Mexico,  and  S.  America  in  1846  8.  He  wan 
not  only  a  remarkable  interpreter  of  Paganint's 
works,  but  an  excellent  quartet-player.  II is 
compositions  include  a  violin-concertos,  a  Fan- 
taiMlc-CtapHco,  a  Neapolitan  Tarantella,  and  thcs 
fantasia  "  Fleurs  de  Naples,"  f.  violin  w.  orch,; 
2  duos  concortunts  w.  pf.;  3  Romances  sans  pa- 
roles w.  pf.;  "  Souvenir  de  Norma  "  w.  (juarlet ; 
duet  f,  violin  and  double-bass  (with  Itottesini); 
and  numerous  noil  f.  vln, 

Sjtt'gren,  (Johann  Gustav)  Emil,  b.  Stock- 
holm, June  15,  1853.  JPupH  <»'  ^ltj  ^°nB.  there 
till  1879;  in  1879-80,  fttlterlln,  of  Kiel  (cpt,), 
and  Hnupt  (organ).  Since  1890,  organist  at  the 
Tohankirke,  Stockholm,— Works:  On.  15,  Novel- 
lettcn  f.  pf.;  op.  20,  SUmninger  (u  mood-pic- 
tures M) ;  op.  19  and  34,  sonatas  f.  pf,  and  violin; 
,  a  FantasiestUcke  f.  do.;  "Krottkon,"  5 


op.  27,  a 

pf. -pieces;  etc. 


547 


SKROUP— SMART 


Skroup  (or  Skraup),  Franz  [FrantiSek], 
b.  Vosic,  near  Pardubitz,  Bohemia,  June  3, 
1801,  d.  Rotterdam,  Feb.  7,  1862.  While  a 
law-student  at  Prague,  he  successfully  prose- 
cuted musical  studies;  became  2nd  conductor 
at  the  subsidized  Bohemian  Th  ,  Prague,  in 
1827,  and  ist  cond.  in  1837;  from  l86ohe  cond. 
the  German  Opera  at  Rotterdam.  He  was  the 
first  comp.  of  Bohemian  operas  (several  prod,  in 
Prague),  also  wrote  incid.  music  to  dramas,  and 
overtures,  chamber-music,  and  many  popular 
Bohemian  songs.— His  brother,  Jan  Neporauk, 
b.  Vosic,  Sept.  15,  1811;  d.  Prague,  May  5, 
1892,  was  chorus-master  and  then  2nd  cond.  at 
the  theatre  in  Prague,  also,  from  1838-45,  choir- 
master at  the  Kreuzherrenkirche,  and  then 
Kapettm.  at  the  cathedral  of  St.  Veit;  in  1846, 
singing-teacher  at  the  Theological  Seminary. 
— Works:  Bohemian  operas;  church-music;  a 
"Manuale  pro  sacris  functionibus,"  "  Musica 
sacra  pro  populo,"  and  a  vocal  method. 

Skuhersk^,  Franz  [Frantilek]  Sdenko,  b. 
Opocno,  Bohemia,  July  31,  1830;  d.  ttudweis, 
Aug.  19,  1892.  A  student  of  medicine,  he  also 
had  lessons  from  Pietsch  and  Kittl  at  the  Prague 
Organ-School;  cond.  the  Innsbruck  Mitsik- 
verem  1854-66,  then  succeeding  KrejSi  as 
Director  of  the  Organ-School  at  Prague;  in 
1 868  also  choirdirector  at  St  Castulus,  and 
"  Ilofkapelldirector."  University  lecturer  on 
music  from  1879.  Among  his  operas,  Vladimir, 
Lora^  and  General  were  successful ;  he  likewise 
•wrote  masses;  and  publ.  the  Bohemian  text- 
books "Treatise  on  Mus.  Form"  (1879;  also  in 
German),  " Composition"  (1881),  "The  Organ 
and  its  Structure"  (1882),  " Theoretical  and 
Practical  Organ-School"  (1882),  and  "Method 
of  Harmony"  (1885;  also  German). 

Sla'tinn,  Ilja  Ilitch,  b.  Belgorod,  Russia, 
July  7,  1845.  Pupil  of  Dreyschock  and  Zaremba 
at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons.,  and  of  Th.  Kullak 
and  Wilerst  at  Berlin.  Is  Director  of  the 
Charkow  section  of  the  Imp.  Russian  Mus.  Soc. 

Slaughter,  A.  Walter,  London  composer ; 
chorister  at  St.  Andrews,  Wells  St. ;  pupil  of  A. 
Cellier  and  Jacobi.  Cond.,  successively,  of  the 
Royal  Th.,  the  Olympic,  Drury  Lane,  and  St. 
James's  Th.  Has  prod,  a  number  of  mus. 
stage-works,  among  them  the  3-act  comic  opera 
Marjorie  (1889),  The  JKose  and  the  JRing  [Thack- 
eray] (1890),  and  a  mus.  comedy,  The  French 
Maid  (1897). 

Slavik,  Joseph,  b.  Jince,  Bohemia,  Mar.  26, 
1806  ;  d.  Pesth,  May  30, 1833.  Violinist ;  pupil 
of  Pixis  at  Prague  Cons.;  from  1829,  member  of 
the  Vienna  Court  Opera  orch. — Works :  2  vio- 
lin-concertos ;  double  concerto  f.  2  violins ;  a 
string-quartet;  etc, 

Slivin'ski,  Joseph  von,  pianist ;  b.  Warsaw, 
Dec.  15,  1865.  Pupil  of  Strobl  at  the  Warsaw 
Cons. ;  later,  for  4  years,  of  Leschelijski  in  Vi- 
enna ;  finished  under  Anton  Rubinstein  in  St, 
Petersburg.  First  public  performance,  1890; 


first  pronounced  success  London,  May,  1893. 
First  recital  in  America  at  New  York,  Nov.  30, 
1893. 

Sloper,  (Edward  Hugh)  Lindsay,  I>.  Lon- 
don, June  14,  1826  ;  d.  there  July  3,  1887.  Pian- 
ist ;  pupil  of  Moscheles  at  London,  A.  Sdimilt  at 
Frankfort,  Vollwciler  at  Heidelberg,  ami  Uous- 
selot at  Paris.  Debut  London,  at  Musical  Union, 
1846  ;  he  became  a  very  popular  concert-pianist 
and  teacher  ;  also  gave  lectures.  In  1880,  pi  of. 
of  pf. -playing  nt  the  Ciuildlmll  School  of  Music. 
— Works  :  Suite  f,  oich.  (1879)  ?  many  elegant 
and  well-written  pf.-pieces ;  studies  ami  teM- 
books  f .  pf. ;  songs ;  etc. 

Smallwood,  William,  b.  Keiulal,  Knj>I., 
Dec.  31,  1831 ;  d.  there  Aug.  6,  1897.  Pupil  of 
Dr.  Cartridge  and  II.  Phillips  ;  organist  o(  Ken- 
dal  Parish  Ch.  from  1847  till  death.  Comp.  di- 
dactic pf.-pieces  and  j/r/tw-imisiti  ;  also  anthems, 
hymns,  songs,  etc.  I  Us  "Pianoforte  Tutor" 
had  an  immense  sale. 

Smare'glia,  Antonio,  b.  Pola,  I  stria,  May 
5,  1854.  Studied  at  Vienna  and  (1^74-7)  at  the 
Milan  Cons.,  graduating  with  a  symphonic  work, 
"  Kleonora."  1 1  as  prod,  the  following  operas : 
Prexiosa  (Milan,  1870.);  llitwca  tht  Cciria 
(Milan,  La  Scaln,  1882);  /vV  A'a/a  (Venice, 
1887);  //  Tatta/to  tfi  S&ig?t/i  (at  Vienna,  iSHo., 
as  Der  I'tisall  w/t  &/$•{//  /  in  New  York, 
1890);  the  opera  seria  Cornitf  Sc/tnt  (Vienna, 
1892) ;  the  3-uct  opera  seria  y\V,'-v  is  Irian? 
(Trieste,  1895) ;  and  the  3-act  fantastic  opera 
La  JWena  (Venice,  lH<j7), 

Smart,  Sir  George  (Thomas),  b,  London, 
May  TO,  1776;  d.  there  Kcb.  23,  1807.  Chor- 
ister in  the  Chapel  Royal  under  Ayrlon  ;  pupil 
of  Dupuis  (ortf.)  and  Arnold  (romp.).  K  flighted 
l8ir  at  Dublin  by  the  Lord  Liwiteiwnt,  after 
conducting  a  scries  of  concerts.  Original  mem- 
ber of  the  Philharm.Soo,,  and  cond.  of  its  concerts 
1813-44,  introducing  the  works  of  Hectlmven 
and  Schumann.  Also  cond.  the  Lenten  Orato- 
rios, 1813-25,  and  the  music  at  (lies  coronations  of 
William  IV.  and  Victoria.— Puhl.  a  collection  of 
glees  and  canons  (1863),  3  vol.s  of  sacral  music, 
2  pf.-sonatinas,  etc.;  edited  Orlando  (libbons's 
madrigals,  and  Handel's  l>eltin#on  Te  Ikuiui, 

Smart,  Henry,  son  of  Sir  George's  brother 
Henry  [1778-1823] ;  b,  London,  Ocl.  a<>,  1813  ; 
d.  there  July  6,  1879.  Organist  Ami  coitip.; 
pupil  of  his  father  and  W.  II.  Kwum  Organ- 
ist  at  several  London  churches,  finally  nt  St. 
Tancras,  Kuston  Road,  in  1864,  his  sight  failing 
in  that  year ;  he  received  a  government  pension 
in  1879.  lie  prod,  an  opera,  tor/fat,  t>r  iht 
Gnome  of  Jfarti&tr^  in  1855;  the  cantatas 
The  Bride  of  Dunkerron  (1864),  AVvy  AV//A 
Daughter  (187*),  The  /'y/A/rwaMwfityi),  and 
Jacob  (1873)  appeared  after  he  was  blind.  He 
wrote  many  songs,  part-songs,  and  anthems;  a 
full  Morning  and  Kvtmitig  Service;  organ- 


548 


music  ;  etc.    Jit  was  an  esteemed  orjran-expert. 
—Biographies  by  Wm,  Spark  (mi)  and  W.  D. 


SMETANA— SMITH 


Seymour  (1881)  ;  J.  Hroadhou&c  publ   .in  analy- 
sis of  his  organ-works  (1880). 

Sme'tana,  Friedrich  [Bedrich],  b.  Leito- 
mischl,  Hohemia,  Mar.  2,  1824;  d.  insane  at 
Prague,  May  12, 
1884.  Kinc  pianist ; 
pupil  of  Pioksch  in 
Praj»ue,  and  of 
Li.s/1.  In  1848  he 
opened  a  music- 
school  at  Prague , 
in  1856,  concl.  of 
tlic  Philharm.  Soc., 
Gothenburg,  Swe- 
den ;  in  i8()i,  0011- 
cei  t-tour  in  Sweden 
and  (lei  many;  in 
1866,  cond.  of  the 
National  P»ohemian 
Th.  at  Prague,  le- 
sitfiiiiitf  in  1874011  account  of  deafness.  The 
most  prominent  among  the  national  Hohemian 
(Cxoch)  dramatic  composers,  and  a  strong  advo- 
cate of  the  Herlio/.-hisxt-Wajjner  jjevelopment. 
— Works:  Operas  Hranihiri  v  CrMffi  [The 
Kramleiiburgers  in  Hohemia]  (1865);  Prottamt 
neiftto  [The  Uarteretl  llricle]  (i«66);  Dalibor 
(1808);  '/;?r  /Vw  [Two  Widows |  (1874); 
lluima  [The  Kiss]  (1870);  TaJMtsM  [The 
Secret)  (1878);  Uftttssa  (1881) ;  frrtwa  Meria 
[The  Devil's  Wall)  (1882) ;  cycle  of  symphonic 
poems  "  Ma  Vlast  *'  [My  Country!  (K  Vysegrad ; 
2.  Vltava ;  3.  Sdrka  ;'4.  X  Ceskyeh  Uthua  Ilaju; 
5.  Tabor;  6.  Itlanlk);  the  symphonic  poems 
"  WalleiMlein'H  Utfer,"  "  Richard  III./1  and 
"  Ilakon  Jtirl";  "Triumph"  symphony;  the 
M  Prague.  Cnrueval,"  f.  orch.;  2  string-quartets; 
a  pf.-trio ;  many  pf.-picces,  including  **  Ilohe- 
inimi  Nat.  Dunces";  parl -songs ;  etc. 

Smith,  Bernard  [  Bernhard  Schmidt  ],  culled 
11  Father  Smith,"  a  London  organ-builder,  b. 
in  Germany  about  1030,  who  came  to  London  in 
1660  with  two  nephews,  became  organ-builder 
in  ordinary  to  the  King,  court  organ-builder  to 
Queen  Anne,  and  died  in  1708.  He  built  or- 
gans for  the  Royal  Chapel,  Whitehall  (tfi6«), 
Westminster  Abbey,  St.  (JHes's-in-the-Kields 
(1671),  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster  (1675),  the 
Temple  (1684),  Durham  Cathedral  (1683),  and 
St.  Paul's  (1697). 

Smith,  Robert,  b.  Cambridge,  K>8y ;  d.  there 
1768,  Prof,  of  aatronomy;  from  1745,  Master 
of  Trinity  College,— Publ.  **  Harmonics,  or  The 
Philosophy  of  Musical  Sounds  "  (1749,  and  ed. 
1759),  an  interesting  and  valuable  work. 

Smithy  John  Christopher  [Job.  Chr. 
Schmidt],  b.  Anabach,  1712;  d.  Bath,  Oct.  3, 
1795.  His  father,  u  school- friend  of  Handel's, 
followed  the  latter  to  London,  where  the  son  be- 
came Ilftudd's  pupil.  When  the  composer's 
eyesight  failed,  S,  took  down  hin  compositions 
from  dictation,  and  played  the  organ  and  harp- 
sichord in  his  stead  at  the  oratorio  performances*, 


which  he  carried  on  for  a  time  after  the  death  of 
Handel,  who  bequeathed  to  him  his  MS  scores, 
his  harpsichord,  and  other  objects.  S.  wrote  ten 
English  and  Italian  operas  (  7  'he  Fairies  t  1754, 
and  The  Temperf,  1756,  were  publ.),  as  many 
oratorios  (Paradise  f.ost,  1758),  and  2  cantatas. 
Cf.  "  Anecdotes  of  (3.  F.  Handel  and  J.  C.  S." 


Smith,  John  Stafford,  b.  Gloucester,  KngL, 
about  1750  ,  d.  London,  Sept.  21,  1836.  In 
1802  he  succeeded  Dr.  Arnold  as  organist  of  the 
Chapel  Royal.  —  Works  :  A  coll.  of  j>lees  f.  3-6 
voices  ;  "  A  Coll.  of  Songs  of  Various  kinds  for 
Different  Voices  "  (1785)  ;  chants,  anthems  ;  etc. 

—  Kdiled  'k  Musica  antiqua"  (tSra;  selections 
of  music  from  the  isth-iRth  centuries). 

Smith,  Alice  Mary  [Mrs.  Meadows  White], 
b,  London,  May  19,  1839;  <!•  there  Dec.  4,  1884. 
Pupil  of  Sterndale  Bennett  and  G.  A,  Macfar- 
rcn.  Married  1867.  —  Works:  The  cantatas 
Rudesheim  (1865),  Otfr  to  the  Northeast  1  1'  hut 
(1878),  Ode  /u  the  Passions  (1882),  .SV>;^-  of  thf 
Liltk  /ia//uug(iW&  and  The  R*t  ^V/yr(  1*884)  ; 
also  a  symphony  in  ('  min.;  4  overtures,  uKn- 
dymion,"  l*Lalla  Rookh,"  "Masque  of  Pan- 
dora," and  "Jason";  2  pf.  -quartets  ;  a  strinjj- 
quartets  ;  u  pf.-trio  ;  n  clarinet-concerto  ;  Introd. 
and  Allegro  f.  pi.  and  orch.;  part-songs  , 
songs,  etc. 

Smith,  Sydney,  b  Dorchester,  Kn^l.,  July 
14,  i83<j;  d.  London,  Mar.  3,  1889.  Pianist; 
pupil  of  Leipzig;  Cons.  (Moscheles,  Plaidy,  etc.)  ; 
settled  in  London,  1859,  {W  a  teacher.  Wrote 
many  ]>opular  jr<i/<;//-pi(Tes  f.  pf.  (La  Imrpo  6)11- 
ennc,  I  .e  jt't  d*eau,  The  Spinning-wheel,  etc,)  ; 
also  arr.s  from  operas. 

Smith,  Wilson  George,  b.  Klyrin,  Ohio, 
Aug.  lo,,  1855.  Composer-pianist;  pupil  of 
Otto  Singer  at  Cincinnati,  1876-80;  at  IJerlin, 
1880-2,  of  Kiel,  the  Schurwenkas,  Neumann, 
Moszknwski,  and  Kaif.  Settled  in  Cleveland  in 
1882,  where  he  still  (t8<j(j)  resides  as  a  Leucherof 
pf.,  voice,  and  comp.  —  Publ.  works:  (a)  Salon- 
pieces  f.  pf.:  Serenade  in  B[},  op.  15  ;  Hominage 
a  Cirie^*,  5  pieces,  op,  18;  Swedish  Dance,  op. 
23  ;  Concert  (Javotte  and  Mazurka-Caprice,  op. 
25  ;  Pocme  d'umour,  op.  25  ;  llumoresque,  Schu- 
manncstiuc,  and  Babbling  Brook,  op.  28;  etc.; 

—  (b)  Studies  f.  pf,:  Op.  55,  57,  60,  63,  67-71, 
75  1  7<>  ;—  "(c)  About  40  songs;  —  (d)  200  miscel- 
luneouH  comp.s  edited  or  arranged. 

Smith,  Gerrit,  b.  Hagerstown,  Maryland, 
Dec,  II,  1859.  Graduate  (M.A.  and  MUH.  Doc.) 
of  I  lobrut  (*ollejye,  Cleneva,  N,  Y.,  where  he  was 
boy-chorister  and  (for  2  years)  organist,  Pupil 
of  Stuttgart  Cons.;  then  of  S.  P.  Warren,  the 
New  York  orgtiniHt.  Began  professional  career 
as  orjr,  and  choirmaster  of  St,  Paul's,  Buffalo, 
still  studying  with  Kugene  Thayer  (org.)  and  W. 
II.  Sherwood  (pf.)*  Ht.  one  year  in  Berlin  under 
Haupt  and  Hohdo;  then  eng.  at  St.  Peter's, 
Albany  ;  since  1885  in  Now  York  as  or?,  and 
choirm,  of  the  South  Ch.  Is  prof,  in  the  union 


549 


SMOLIAN— SOMIS 


Theol.  Seminary  ;  Pres  of  the  Manuscript  Soc  , 
\Vaiden  of  the  A.G.O.,  etc  Noted  concert- 
organist,  and  has  given  some  250  recitals. — 
"Works.  Over  50  songs;  pf. -pieces  ;  a  cantata, 
King  David ;  carols,  Te  Deums,  anthems,  male 
and  female  choruses,  part-songs,  and  25  "Song- 
Vignettes." 

Smolian,  Arthur,  b.  Riga,  Dec.  3,  1856. 
Pupil  of  Rheinberger,  \Vullner,  and  Barmann, 
at  Munich  Cons  ;  Jtapcllm.  at  various  theaties  ; 
succeeded  Langer  in  1884  as  cond.  of  the  Leip- 
zig Alannej geiangwrem  ;  taught  in  Wiesbaden  ; 
since  1890,  teacher  in  the  Karlsruhe  Cons.,  and 
mus.  critic  for  the  tl  Karlsruher  Zeitung  ";  also 
writes  for  the  "  Mus.  Wochenblatt."  Strong 
advocate  of  Wagner  and  Kayreuth  ;  xvrote  an 
"EinfUhrung  in  die  Musik  des  Tannhauser" 
(1891).  Has  publ.  songs 

Snel,  Joseph-Francois,  b.  Brussels,  July  30, 
1793  ;  d.  K-oekelberg,  n.  Brussels,  Mar.  10, 1861. 
Violinist;  pupil  of  liaillot  at  the  Paris  Cons., 
1811-13 ;  solo  violinist  at  the  Grand  Theatre, 
Brussels,  becoming  t  /icf  d  'on  hestt  e  in  1 830.  In 
1818  he  founded  the  "  Academic  de  musique  et 
de  chant "  (with  Mees) ;  did  good  work  in  popu- 
lar music-teaching  by  introducing  the  methods 
of  Galm  and  \Vilhem;  in  1828,  Uir.  of  the 
training-school  for  military  bandmasters,  and  in 
1829  Inspector-General  of  the  schools  for  army- 
music;  1831,  cond.  of  the  "Soc.  de  la  Grande 
Harmonic";  1835,  ///.  tte  chap,  at  HS.  Michel  et 
Gudule ;  1837,  chef  <&  unmtjiie  of  the  Civic 
Guard. — Works  :  Operas,  cantatas,  masses,  mo- 
tets, symphonies,  military  marches,  concertos  f. 
violin,  clar.,  horn,  cornet;  duos  f.  violin  and 
pf.;  etc.  lie  was  soloist  to  the  King. 

Scares,  JoSo.    See  RBBKLLO. 

Sobolewsky,  ,  contemporary  prof. 

in  St.  Petersburg ;  editor  of  a  coll.  of  Russian 
folk-songs,  Vol.  i  of  which  appeared  in  1895, 

Sb'dermann,  August  Johan,  b.  Stockholm, 
July  17, 1832 ;  d.  there  Feb.  10, 1876.  Theatre- 
cond.  in  Stockholm  from  1862.  Noted  Swedish 
comp  ;  pupil  of  Hauptmann  and  Richtcr  at 
Leipzig  Cons.,  1857-8.  Works :  Swedish  ope- 
rettas (The  Wedding  at  Uljasa  [Hrftllopet  pa 
Ulfasa]  contains  a  well-known  vocnl  quartet); 
music  to  Schiller's  Jungfrau  von  Orleans;  a 
solemn  mass  f.  soli,  ch.  and  orch.  (his  finest 
work) ;  a  concert-overture ;  vocal  pieces. 

Soffredi'ni,  Alfredo,  since  1896  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  Milan  "Gazzetta  Musicale,"  and  a 
writer  of  distinction,  has  brought  out  the  follow- 
ing dramatic  works :  The  2-act  children's  opera 
11  piccolo  Haydn  (Pa via,  1803;  Vienna,  1897; 
S  wrote  both  text  and  music);  the  3-act  opera 
Salvatoretto  (Pavia,  1894);  a  "mus.  sketch" 
Tarcisw  (Milan,  1895);  the  opera  Aurora  (7); 
and  the  opera  La  Copfa  d'oro  (accepted  for 
Milan). 

Sokolow,  Nicholas,  b,  St.  Petersburg,  1858; 
pupil  of  Johansen  and  Rimsky-Korsakov  at  the 


Cons,  till  1885;  harmony-teacher  to  the  Imperial 
Chapel. — Works  .  An  Klegy  (op.  4)  and  Intci- 
mez/,o,  f.  orch  ;  Pastorale  i :incl  Serenade  I.  stiing- 
oich.,  Serenade  on  IMa-f  lor  stimj>-qiiintet,  op 
3,  3  string-quartets ;  Variations  1.  pf  ;  2  choruses 
w.  orch  f.  female  voices;  I  do.  do.  f  male 
voices;  10  a  cttppella  choruses;  ovei  30  songs. 

Soldat,  Marie  [Krnu  Soldat- Roger"),  b.  GUI?, 
Mar.  25,  1864.  Fine  violinist,  pupil  ol  IMcincr 
and  Pott  at  Grass,  and  ol  Joachim  at  Merlin. 
Married  II err  Roger  (Vienna)  in  i88y. 

Solie*(;vr/fSoulier),  Jean- Pierre,  b.  Nfmes, 
1755;  d.  Paris,  Aug.  6,  liSia.  Tcnoi  singer  at 
Nimes  and  Paris  (Opcra-<  'omi(iue) ;  his  voice 
changed  to  a  fine  baritone,  quite  a  novelty  at  the 
Op.-Com.,  and  rdlc-s  were  written  expressly  lor 
him  by  several  composers.  Fiom  170,0-181 1  he 
prod,  over  30  comic  opcias;  /f  ,/<V/VT,  /.<• 
Chapitr?  secontf,  I.e  J)itM*  A  t]itatn\  and  J///<-. 
de  (Jidse  were  publ. 

Sol'le,  Friedrich,  b.  Xeulenroda,  Tlmringia, 
1806;  d.  there  Dee.  5,  1884,  us  eiuitor.  Publ.  a 
violin-method  which  has  run  through  8  editions. 

Soloviev  |  Solowiew  |,  Nicolai  Pheopcnto- 
vitch,  b,  Petrosuvodsk,  Govl.  of  Oloiictst. 
Russia,  Apr.  27  (May  9),  1846  [luiiiu1  and  dat% 
cortect|.  Course  of  nuis.  study  at  the  ImjC 
Cons,  ut  St.  PctcrabuiK,  in  the  theory-class  of- 
N.  J.  /jircmba.  Since  187,1,  prof,  of  harmony,, 
cpL,  and  mus.  history  at  the  St.  P.  Cons.;  lie  is 
a  composer  and  mus.  critic,  mus.  editor  of. 
the  Hroc.khnus-Kfron  " KonverKatio^-I.oxikoti " 
(in  Russian);  also  Councillor  of  St,  — Works  : 
The  comic  opera  1 'a  Ait  fa  t  the  *SV^  .'*  (St.  P., 
1875);  grand  opera  CtwM/n  (St.8^J !;  ^3:  in 
CJenwan  at  Prague,  i8(jo);  "SymiJ1. ^ 'picture" 
Russia  and  the  Mtwjptfs  (Moscow  (\Y)ri<l's  Fair, 
1882);  T2  charming  diaruc,  pen.  f,  pf.;  cliorus 
**  Prayer  for  Russia "  (won  pri/e  of  Imp,  RUSH. 
Mus.  Soc.,  1876);  is  Hongs, — His  first  venture, 
the  cantata  The  Death  of  &IMMH  (1870),  was 
enthusiastically  received;  Scroll,  after  htmrinyit, 
insisted  on  his  death-bed  that  Soloviov  should 
finish  his  opera,  The  ,Aw<wV  /^ww,  which  wat* 
done  most  acceptably. 

Somerset,  Lord  Henry  (Richard  Charles), 
b.  Dec.  7,  1849.  Amateur  musician  ;  has  writ- 
ten polkas  f.  orch,,  pf.»pfarot,  anthems,  and 
numerous  son#H. 

Somervell,  Arthur,  b.  Winclermcrc,  KnifU; 
pupil  of  the  Iterlin  llochschuk\  and  of  Stanford 
and  Parry  at  the  R.  C.  M.— WorkB:  Mass  f. 
soli,  ch,  and  orch,  (Bach  Choir,  x8oi);  **  A  Hong 
of  Praise"  (i89i);y7/r  &?**&>»  A/trman  (M. 
Arnold]  (Leeds  Fest.,  1895);  The  yw<f  of 
*Vtf«W(rH95);  Rh$y  [R.  Hri(lftft'«J  f.  alto  «olo, 
ch.  and  orch,  (1896);  Ode  to  the  Sea  (Hlrmlng- 
liam  Feat.,  1897);  orch.l  Italliulc*,  u  Helen  of 
Kirkconncl"  (r8cj3);  Suite  f.  small  orch,,  4I  In 
Arcady"  (1897);  concert-study  inC  min.,  f.  pf.; 
pieces  and  Htudies  f .  pf . ;  «on#H. 

Somis,  Giovanni  Battista,  famous  vlolhuKt- 
b.  Piedmont,  ^676;  d,  Turio,  Aujf,  14,  1763,  as 


550 


SOM  MKR— SORT  ANO-FUERTES 


court  soloist  and  conductor.  Pupil  of  Corelli, 
ami  the  toucher  of  (iitirdini  and  Cluibrun. — Publ. 
41  Opera  prima  di  sonatc  a  violino  c  violoncello 
o  cembalo"  (Rome,  1722). 

Somraer,  Hans  !/•<•«•/<•  Hans  Friedrich 
August  Zincke],  b.  Ihimsxurk,  July  20,  1837. 
Pupil  of  Moves  and  J.  O.  (liimm,  (Jnuluale  of, 
and  pi  of.  at,  (iottingcn  ;  living-  since  1888  in 
Wdmui. — Works:  Opera  Lotclci  (ttiunswick, 
1 80,1;  v.  sure.);  i-act  "heitercs  JHihne.nspie.1 " 
Saint  /'W.r  (Munich,  180,4);  i-uct  "  nordische 
Legende"  Ar  Mtvr/uttuu,  op.  28  (Weimar, 
1896);  songs  (sung  by  dura). 

Sonn'leitner,  Joseph,  son  of  the  amateur 
comp.  Christoph  S.  f  1734*1786);  b.  Vienna, 
1765;  d.  there  Dec.  25,  1835.  A  government 
councillor,  and  ;i  founder  of  the  4l  ( Jcsellschaf  t 
der  Musikfteunde,"  to  which  he  bequeathed  his 
books  and  nuis.  instr.s.  Publ.  an  interesting 
14  Wiener  Thcateralmanach "  (i 704,  '0,5,  'u,<>).  In 
1827  he  discovered  the  famous  Antiphonary  of 
St.  (Jallen  of  the  <jth  century,  iti  neume-nola- 
lion  ;  probably  a  copy  of  the  <me  sent  thither  by 
Charlemagne  in  7<)0.—  I  Ms  nephew,  Leopold 
von,  b.  Vienna,  Nov.  15,  1797;  died  theio  Mar. 
4,  1873.  The  Blsmncli  friend  of  Schubert,  lie 
proe.urcd  the  publication  of  the  "  Krlkonig"  (tho 
first  publ.  work  of  Schu ben's);  at  his  father's 
house  the.  /VrWf'///<v/.v,  the  "(iesang  der  (leister 
liber  den  Wassern/'  the  23nl  Psalm,  and  other 
important  works  by  S.,  were  performed  from 
the  MS. 

Son'tag,  Henrietta  (Gertrude  Walpur- 
gis),  celebrated  dramatic  soprano  and  colora- 
tura singer;  b.  Kohlcnx,  Jan.  3,  iHoj ;  cl. 
Mexico,  June  17,  1854.  She  played  children's 
parts  on  the  stage;  .studied  from  1815  at  the 
Prague  Cons,  with  Trieln'nsee,  Pixis,  Hayer,  and 
Krau  C/exka;  in  1820  she  Hang  in  Italian  and 
(ieriuan  opera  at  Vienna,  and  in  1833  created 
the  title-role  in  fiuryiititAe  (  made  a  sensation 
at  Leipzig  in  1824,  being  then  cng,  for  the 
Konigstftdter  Tlu,  Berlin.  Triumphed  over  the 
Catalina  at  Paris  us  Kosinii  Ju  //  /tarfa'tre  (1826); 
breaking  her  Iterlin  contract  in  1827,  she  wing 
at  the  Italian  Opera  in  Paris  ;  went  to  London 
in  ifia8>  and  secretly  married  the  Sardinian 
ambassador  to  the  I  Httch  court,  Count  Ross.1 ; 
was  ennobled  by  the  King  of  Prussia,  (us  "  Kritu- 
leiu  Ilenricitte  von  C^lureiiKtcin,")  and  in  1830 
bode  farewell  to  the  stage.  As  a  concert-singer, 
however,  she  utill  continued  to  arouse  an  enthu- 
siasm which  wan  literally  unbounded.  Their 
fortune  being  impaired  by  the  revolution  of 
1848,  she  resumed  her  stage-career,  Hinging  with 
increased  aucceHsin  London  and  Paris  (x 849-5 1)» 
also  in  concerts  in  Germany.  She  went  to  New 
York  in  x&5flt  and  to  Mexico  in  1854,  where  the 
cholera  ended  her  most  fortunate  career,— tin nd- 
Itoff'*  work  **  Henrietta  Sontnjf "  (1861)  is  a  ft- 
volume  novel. 

Sor  (recte  Sors),  Fernando,  guitar-vir- 
tuoso; b.  Barcelona,  Fob.  14,  1778;  cl,  Paris, 


July  S,  1839.  He  fled  to  Paris  with  other  ad- 
herents of  Joseph  Uonapartc  ;  was  persuaded  by 
Mehul  rmd  Cherubini  to  give  concerts;  and 
after  living  for  a  time  in  London  and  Moscow, 
settled  in  Paris  (1828).  —  Woiks:  Opera  7V/«f- 
macco  (IJarcelona,  1798);  La  J  flirt1  ek  Stay  nit 
(London;  comic),  several  ballets,  symphonies, 
and  quartets;  divertissements,  fanUiisics,  etc., 
for  guitar;  also  a  Method  f.  guitar. 

Sor'ge,  Georg  Andreas,  b.  Mellenbach, 
Schwnrxburg,  Mar.  29,  1703;  d.  Lobenstein, 
Apr.  4,  1778.  J«'rom  his  igth  year,  court  oiganist 
at  Lobenstein  for  life.  —  Comp.s:  6  Claviersona- 
ten;  '*  24  Pralndien  mil  untcnniscliten  Doppel- 
fugen";  "Clavierllbung  in  6  nach  Hal.  gusto 
gesctztcn  Sonatinen  ";  **  Wohlgewlirxle  Klang- 
speisen  in  6  Parthien";  u  Kleine  Orgelsonaten  "; 
**24  kurxe  Prilludia";  u  Netie  Orgelsonaten"; 
44  0  Symphonien  furs  Clavier";  "  12  Menuetten 
fUrs  Clavier"  w.  violin;  "Toccata  per  omnem 
c-irculum  XXIV.  modoruni  fllrs  Clavier";  "2 
Parthien  fllr  2  (jiieiflhten'';—  cluiich-iniisic  and 
organ-piec'cs  in  MS.  —  Theoretical  works:  "<!c- 
ncnilogia  allegorica  intervallorum  octavae  dia- 
tonioo-chromaticae,  d.  h.  (Seschlechtsregislerder 
Intervallen  nach  Anlcitung  der  K  hinge  des 
jrrossen  Waldhorns"  (1741);  "Amveisung  zur 
Stinimung  un<  I  Tempenitur"  (1744),  "Vorge- 
mach  der  inns.  <  Composition"  1113  parts  (1745-7; 
his  chief  work,  in  which  he  publ.  his  discovery 
of  the  combinational  tones  earlier  than  Tartini); 
44  (Jespra'oh  von  der  Pratoriunisehen,  Printyi- 
schcn,  Wcrkmclstenschen,  Neidhardtischen, 
Nivcltischen  un<l  Silbermannischcn  Tcniperatur, 
wie  tttich  vomneucn  System  Telemanns  (174^); 
**  Ausftthrliche  uml  deutliche  Anweisung  «ur 
Kational-Rechnung"  (r74y);  "(lrl\ndliche  Un- 
tersuohung,  ob  <litt  Schniterischen  Claviertczn- 
peraturen  vor  gleichschwebend  passiren  konncn 
odcr  mcht"(t754);  "ZuverlitaHige  Anweisung, 
C'lavicrc  und  Orgeln  gehorig  zu  teniperlren  und 
KU  Htimtucn"  ('758);  "Compendium  harmoni- 
cum"  (X7M;  "  Kurssc  KrkUlnmg1  dor  canonis 
harnionlei"  (1763);  *'Die  Natur  des  Orgel- 
klangs"  (1771);  **  l>cr  inder  Kcchcn-und  Mc«s- 
kunst  wohlerfalirene  Orgelbaumeister"  (1773); 
*4  Aumcrkungen  liber  (v)uantzens  Dis-  und  K«n- 
Klappe7'  (in  Marj>urg'«  "Ueitrflge);  "Annier- 
kuiitfcn  ttbcr  Hitlers  Jntervallcmy.stem"  (in 
I  tiller's  4tNachrichtei\M);  ll  Anleitimg  mr  Fan- 


Soria^no,  Francesco.    See  SURIANO. 

Soria^no-Fuei^tes,  Don  Mariano,  b.  Murcia, 
r8T7;d.  Madrid,  Apr,,  1880,  Pupil  ofhis  father, 
the  director  of  the  royal  chamber-munic;  founded 
the  short-lived  paper  "Iberia  musical  y  lite- 
raria"  (184*)  J  I)r°d*  several  Zar&Mfas  in  the 
endeavor  to  estabL  a  national  opera  ;  wan  app. 
t«ichcr  at  the  Madrid  ConiM  1843;  became 
ilircctor  of  the  Lyceums  at  C'ordovn,  Sevllla,  and 
Cadiz  (1844),  also  cond.  the  opera  at  Hevilla, 
CJadiz,  and  (1852)  Barcelona,  where  he  founded 
the  "GuccU  Muftical"  in  1860,  Publ,  the 
important  works  "Muslca  Arabo-Espaftola  " 


551 


SORMANN— SPARK 


(1853);  "  Hist6ria  de  la  miisica  Espanola  desde 
la  venida  de  los  Fenicios  hasta  el  ailo  de  1850  " 
(4  vol  s;  1855-9),  "  Memoria  sobre  Us  sociedades 
corales  en  Espaiia";  and  "  Espana  artistica  y  in- 
dustrial en  la  esposicion  de  1867." 

Sor'mann,  Alfred  (Richard  Gotthilf),  b. 
Danzig,  May  16,  1861.  Pianist;  pupil  at  the 
Ilochschttle  in  Berlin  of  Rudorff,  Barth,  SpiLta, 
and  Bargiel;  in  1885,  of  Liszt.  Debut  1886, 
giving  successful  concerts  in  chief  German 
towns;  in  1889,  court  pianist  to  the  Grand  Duke 
of  Mecklenburg-Strehtz.  Has  publ.  a  pf.-con- 
certo  in  C  min.,  a  pf.-trio,  and  other  pf. -music 

Soubies,  Albert,  mus.  historiographer  and 
critic;  b.  Paris,  May  10,  1846.  After  admit- 
tance to  the  bar,  he  studied  at  the  Cons,  under 
Savard  and  Bazin  (harm,  and  comp.) ;  in  1874 
he  revived  the  famous  old  "Almanach  des 
spectacles"  (known  as  the  u  Aim.  Puchesne  "), 
and  up  to  1898  had  publ.  26  volumes ;  for  this 
the  Academic  awarded  him  the  Prix  J'oirac  in 
1893.  Since  1876,  mus.  critic  for  "  Le  Soir"; 
also  contributes  to  "Le  Menestrel"  and  other 
mus.  papers.  Officer  of  Public  Instruction ; 
Officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  also  of  the 
Russian  Stanislas  order. — Writings  :  "  Histoire 
de  la  musiquc:  La  Russie  et  TAllemagne  [2 
vol  s],  le  Portugal,  la  Hongric,  et  la  Uohcme  " 
1*3  vol.s] ;  "La  Comedie-Francaise  depuis 


I'^poque  romantique"  [1825-1894];  "67  ans 
rOpera—Og  ans  4  1'Opora-Comiquc  "  [3  vol  si ; 
"PnJcis  de  1'histoire  de  la  musique  russe" 
(1893),  **  Musique  russe  et  musique  espagnole," 
and  "  Un  probleme  de  1'histoiic  musicale"  (2 
pamphlets,  1896);  "Une  Premiere  par  jour"; 
4 *  Deux  Bilans  musicaux";  "  Ilistoire  de 
1'Opera-Comique "  [la  scconde  Salic  Kavart, 
1840-1887!  (3  voLs;  1892);  "Melanges  sur 
Richard  Wagner";  "Precis  de  1'histoire  de 
rOpera-Cotnique";  "  L'u'uvre  dramatique  de 
Richard  Wagner11;  "  Histoire  du  ThotUre- 
Lyrique  "  (1809) ;  and  "  Ilistoirc  dc  la  musicjue 
en  Boheme '*(i8c;g),  the  first  comprehensive 
monograph  on  this  interesting  subject. 

Soubre,  foienne- Joseph,  b.  Liege,  Dec. 
30,  1813;  d.  there  Sept.  8,  1871,  Pupil,  and 
from  1862  till  death  DJiector,  of  the  Li6ge 
Cons.,  succeeding  Daussoigne-Mdhul. — Works : 
Opera  Isolmc  (Brussels,  1855);  "symphonic 
tnomphalc"  (1854;  prize);  2  cantatas;  a  Re- 
quiem w.  orch.;  Stabat  Mater  and  Ave  Verum, 
w.  orch.;  "  Hymne  k  Godefroid  de  Bouillon  "  f. 
male  ch.  and  orch,;  church-music,  choruses, 
overtures,  symphonies,  etc. 

Souhaitty,  Jean-Jacques,  Franciscan  monk 
at  Paris,  the  first  to  employ  figure-notation  for 
popular  vocal  teaching;  publ.  **Nouvelle  m<i- 
Ihode  pour  apprendre  le  plain-chant  et  In  mu- 
sique" (1665  ;  and  ed.  as  "  Nouveaux  Elements 
du  chant  .  .  .",  1667);  and  an  ''Kssai  du 
chant  de  l'<*gli$e  par  la  nouvelle  me'thode  des 
chiffres  "  (1679). 

Soulier.    See 


Sou'sa,  John  Philip,  bandmaster  and  popu- 
lar composer,  b.  \Vahhington,  D.  C1.,  Nov.  6, 
1856;  pupil  thcic  ot  J<jhn  K  sputa,  and  (icorgc 
Felix  JJenkert  (harm,  and  comp.).  From  llic 
age  of  17,  orch.l  cond  of  liavellinj,;  tlicatncal 
troupes;  played  the  \iolin  in  Ollonhadi's  orc'li. 
(1877)  ;  w:is  mus.  dir.  of  the  Philadelphia  chuich- 
choir  "Pinafore  Company";  and  in  1880  was 
app.  leader  of  the  band  of  the  United  States 
Marine  Corps,  serving  until  AUJJ  I,  1892,  when 
he  resigned,  and  organised  a  band  of  hit.  own, 
which  has  given  concerts  thioiii>hotit  the  II.  S. 
and  Canada.  Tlis  publ.  compositions  numbei 
several  hundred,  ind.  the  comic  operas  '1'he 
Swu£#/frs,  AA/Vi',  The  Qittvit  of  //<v/;/.v,  El 
Capital^  The  jf/itf?  A7<v/,  77tr  C/nu  latan,  and 
Chni  ami  tht  \rontki  ful  Lamp.  Anumj*  his 
popular  military  marches  are  "  The  Washington 
Post,"  "The  High  School  Cadets,"  "  Thun- 
derer,1'  "Semper  fulelis,"  "  Liberty  liell,"  "Man- 
hattau  Beach,"  "  Kinjy  Cotton,"  "  Hands  acioss 
the  Sea,"  etc.  Other  woiks-  A  symphonic  poem 
on  "TheChariot-iace"(fiom  "  hen  Ilur1);  3 
suites,  "The  last  days  of  Pompeii,"  "  Three 
Quotations,"  and  "Sheridan's  Kiile";  many 
waltxes,  songs,  etc.;  also  an  instruction-hook  loi 
trumpet  and  drum;  ditto  f.  violin;  the  libretto 
of  The  ttnde  Kkct  ;  ami  a  compilation  of  the 
"  National  Patriotic  ami  Typical  Airs  of  all 
Countries." 

Sowinsky,  Albert  (Czyli  Wojech),  b. 
Ladyxyn,  Ukraine,  1803  (?)  ;  d.  Paris,  Mar.  5, 
1880.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Csseruy,  I  ^iilersilorf, 
and  von  Seyfricd  at  Vienna;  toured  Italy,  and 
settled  in  Paris  in  1830  as  a  successful  concert- 
giver  and  pf.-teaeher.  Played  in  London,  1842, 
—Publ.  "  Les  musiciens  polonais  et  slaves  un- 
ciens  cl  modernes,  dictionnairc  ,  ,  .  prtrt'tle 
d'un  resume  de  Thistoire  tic  la  nuisitjno  "  (1857)  ; 
also  orchestral  and  chamber-music,  and  pf.- 
pieces,  etc.  He  comp,  2  operas,  find  much 
church-music. 

Spadarius;  Spadaro.    So«  SPATAHCK 

Span^enberg,  Johann,  b.  Hurdeiscn,  n. 
Gottin^cn,  1484;  d.  Kislebcn,  Jnnc  13,  r  550,  as 
church-supcrintcntlent.—  Publ.  I  ,utheran  sacred 
songs  (1545;  in  I«ftlm  1550);  and  a  pamphlet, 
"  Quaestiones  musicac  in  usuni  scholao  Nor- 


**  (1536;  often  rcnubl,).—  His  «on, 
Cyriak,  b.  Nordhuusen,  Jan.  17,  1528;  d. 
Stnuwburgf,  Veh.  10,  1604.  —  Wrote  "  Vou  <l«r 
edlen  .  .  .  Kunst  der  Musiua  .  ,  .  aueh  wic 
die  Mcistersingcr  Aufgckominen  .  .  ."  (1508  ; 
MS.  [publ.  in  r86i  by  Prof.  Keuwr  us  •'  Cyriukus 
wS.  von  dcr  Musica  und  den  Meister«anif«rn  f>|). 

Spark,  Dr.  William,  b.  Kxeter,  Kn«K,  Ocu 
2^,1823;  d.  Leeds,  June  16,  1897,  Chorister 
in  Kxeter  Cath.;  articled  1840  to  f>r.  S,  S,  Wes- 
ley, whom  he  followed  to  Leeds  in  1842.  Or- 
gantat  at  Tiverton  ;  at  Daventry';  from  x  850-80, 
at  St.  George's,  Leeds.  Founder,  1851,  of  the 
Leeds  Madrigal  and  Motet  Society.  Borough* 
organist  of  Leeds,  *86o;  MUK,  Doe,,  Dublin, 


552 


SPATARO— SPIESS 


T86r.  Editor  of  "The  Organist's  Qunrteily 
Journal." — \Voiks  •  Otntorio  /;s/;//ff//w/(  Leeds, 
1887);  cantatas;  anthems  and  other  church- 
music;  glees,  pait-son»s,  ami  songs;  excellent 
organ-pieces; — also  a  "Memoir  oi  Dr.  S,  S. 
Wesley";  "  Henry  Smart,  his  Life  and  Works" 
(London,  iS8r  ;  an  exhaustive,  but  ill-arranged, 
biograph}') ;  "Musical  Memories"  (1888);  and 
'*  Mus.  Reminisceni'es  "  (1892). 

Spataro  (or  Spatarus,  Spadaro,  Spada- 
rius),  Giovanni,  b.  Jtologna,  alxmt  1460 ;  d. 
there  i$4r  as  /;/<!<* j/;v  at  S.  Pctronio  (since  1512). 
Pupil  of  Ramos  do  I 'are  j  a,  defending  him  in 
the  pamphlets  "  Iloncsta  defensio  in  Nicolai 
Hurtii  Panuensis  opusculum"  (141)1)  and"Kr- 
rori  di  Kruwliino  (iafurio"  (1521),  Publ,  a 
learned  "  Trac-talo  di  musica,  nel  qiialc  si  tracla 
de  In  pcrfci'tione  du  la  sesqui  altera  products  in 
la  musica  mensurata"  (1531). 

Spazier',  Johann  Gottlieb  Karl,  b.  Merlin, 
Apr.  so,  1701  ;  d.  Leipzig,  Jan.  9,  1805.  Stu- 
dent of  philosophy  at  I  lalle  and  (If  it  tinmen ;  prof, 
at  (i  lessen ;  settled  in  Leipzig,  1800*  Comp. 
many  hongs,  numbers  of  which  became  great 
favorites.  Publ.  the  autobiographical  "  Karl 
1'ilgors  Roman  seines  Lebens"  (3  vol.s,  1792-6); 
"  Kreie  Ciodanken  Uber  die  (iollesvcrclinuig 
dor  Proteslanten  "  (i7jW);  "  Kini«e  (iedanken 
.  .  .  xur  Kin f aiming  ernes  ncuen  <  lesangbuehs  " 
(1790) ;  "  Ktwas  ttber  ( iliutkiselu*  Musik  und  die 
Opur  /fAftft'uia  in  7>w/jr"(i7*)5)»  "  Keehtfer- 
tigung  Marptirgs  .  .  ."(i8cx>,  in  the  *'  Allgem. 
mils.  Xeitung  ") ;  "  I  Ichor  Vfilksjyesanjf  "  (in  do,). 
Mdilwl  Diltemlorfu  atitobioKniphy ;  translated 
the  first,  part  of  (Jrwiry'K  nu-moirh :  "Oretry's 
Versuohe  Uber  dits  Miwik"  (r8(x>). 

Speer,  Daniel,  cantor  at  Waibltnjfen,  1693. 
I*abl.  **  KwingcINtihu  Soelen^edankeu "  (roHi; 
sacred  son^s  a  S  w,  vlns,  and  eontiwio);  uju- 
bilum  codcHtun  (ifxja  ;  aruis  f.  2  soprani  and  5 
insir.s) ;  "  IMiilomcle  an^licu  "  (1693  ;  motets  f. 
do,);  a  Choral  I  moh  (i6t)2);  a  book  of  secular 
som(»»  u  KecenH  fubricattw  labor  odor  die  luKtifr,e 
Tafelmusik  mit  3  Vootil-  und  ^  Instrumental- 
stimmeu  **  (iftftO) ;  and  the  interesting  pamphlet, 
"<inindrichtijr«r  ,  .  ,  Unterricht  hi  der  niu- 
KikuliHchen  Kunst"  (1687;  augm.  ed,  1697). 

Speidel,  Wilhelm,  b.  Ulm,  Sept.  3,  1826 ; 
d.  Slultipirt,  Oct.  28,  i8wj.  Ilantht;  punil  at 
Munich  of  Wfluner  and  w.  Kuhc,  mid  of  I^iuus 
Luchnor  (comp,).  1846-8,  teacher  at  Thann, 
Alsntia ;  1848-54,  at  Munich ;  1854,  WUH.  di- 
rector at  Ulm ;  1857,  crmd,  of  the  JJederkraws 
at  Stuttgart;  co-founder  of  the  Cons,t  ami 
<liatitijfuiHhcd  teacher  of  the  piano  there  until 
he  founded  his  "  KUnstlw-  und  IHlcttuutcn- 
«chulc  fllr  Kla^fier  "  in  1874.  On  1  -ebert'a  death 
(1884)  S.  rejoined  the  Con».,  uniting  with  it 
his  own  school.— Work»  :  "Chorui  of  Spirits" 
in  /iryj/,  f.  mule  ch,  and  orch,;  "Wi kinder 
Ausfahrt"  f.  tenor  «olo,  male  ch,,  and  orch, 
**Volkckrfl  Schwanuuliucl M  f.  male  ch,  w,  orch, 
other  male  choruses;  symphony  in  Dmaj. 


ovciturc  and  intermezxo  to  JCouig  Jftlge;  pf,- 
trios,  a  'cello-sonata  w.  pi,;  do.  f.  violin  ;  2  pf.- 
sonatas  ;  inteiestmjj  pf. -pieces,  songs. 

Spengel,  Julius  Heinrich,  h.  Hamburg, 
June  12,  1853.  Pupil  ul  Cologne  Cons.;  later  of 
the  Berlin  J/acJucfntle  (Rudorlf,  Joachim,  Kiel, 
and  Ad.  Schul/e) ;  settled  as  a  teacher  in  Ham- 
burg, still  studying  with  (Iradener  (cpt.)  and 
Armbrust  (or^.)-  ^n  1878,  cond.  of  the  tiictli- 
envcrein  ;  1884,  singing-teacher  at  the  female 
seminary  lor  the  convent-school ;  tH86,  oifjanist 
of  the  Gertrudenkhrhe. — Works  :  Symphony  in 
D  min.;  'cello-sonata  ;  a  pf. -quintet,  sonjts,  and 
part-songs,  are  publ. 

Spenser,  Willard,  b.  Coopeistown,  N.V., 
July  7,  1856.  Self-taught  comp.  of  light  pf.- 
mtihic ;  publ.  in  1882  the  full  score  <>t  a  comic 
operetta,  The  Little  Tytwtt  (Philadelphia,  iiS8(>, 
later  in  most  cities  of  the  United  Stales), 

Spick'er,  Max,  b.  Koiii^l)cr^,  Prussia, 
Aug.  i(>,  iKsS.  Studied  with  Louis  K^hler  foi 
5  years  (pf.);  then,  1877-9,  at  the  Leipxitf  ( 'ous. 
under  Wenxel,  Remeeke,  Richter,  and  Paul. 
Till  rB8s,  cond.  in  turn  of  theatre-ordiestnw  at 
Heidelberg,  Cologne,  (rhent,  Aix-la-Chapclle, 
and  Potsdam  (Royal  Th.);  1882-8,  cond.  of  the 
"Iteethoveu  MiimuMThor,"  New  York;  1888-95, 
J)lr.  of  the  Brooklyn  Cons,;  since  then,  teacher 
of  harm,  and  counterpoint  at  the  National  Cons., 
New  York.  —Works  :  Suite  f.  orch, ;  incid.  music 
to  Schiller's  Dtmftrhu;  cantata  The  /V/r>/*,  I. 
nude  ch.  and  orch.;  choral  comp.s;  many  songs. 

Spi«r/in£,  Theodor,  b.  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
i87r.  Violinist;  pupil  1880-8  of  Ilcmry  Schni- 
dieck  at  CiaHnnati;  then  for  4  years  of  Joachim 
at  Berlin.  Kounder  of,  and  isi  violin  in,  the 
41  Spicring  (Quartet "  of  Chicago  (S.,  <  )lto  Koehr- 
born,  Adolf  Weidig,  and  Hermann  Dieslel). 

Spies,  Her  mine,  distinguished  concert-con* 
tmlto;  b»  Lohuberger  Foundry,  n.  Weillmrg, 
Keb.  25,  1857;  cl.  Wiesbaden,  Feb.  26,  181)3. 
Pupil  of  Sicbcr  and  Stockhausen ;  debut  1882; 
excelled  as  a  Itrahms  singer.  Married  Dr, 
Uurdtmuth  of  Wiesbaden  in  1892. 

Spies*.  Johann  Martin,  organist  at  Heidel- 
berg ami  ItarUn,— -Publ.  '•  Davids  ilarftmsplcl 
ia  150  1'ritilnutu  auf  342  Licdcrmel(Kllen " 
(1745;  also  as  "(icistlidic  Liubesposaunen, 
etc.");  and  "  26  geiKtlichc  Aricn  "  (1701). 

Spiess,  Meinrad,  bt  Honsolgcn,  Swubia, 
Aug,  24,  1683;  d.  us  prior  of  Yrsee  Monastery, 
July  ra,  1761,— "Publ.  "  Anliphemari»m  Ma- 
riamim,"  34  numlwrsfor  soprano  or  alto  solo  w. 
2  violins  and  organ  (1713);  "  Clthara  Davidis," 
vesper  pnalms  a  4  w.  strings  and  or;»  (1717); 
11 1'hilomclti  cccloHiostica,"  motets  for  solo 
voices,  4  violins,  and  org,  (1718);  "Cultus 


litanies  to  the  Virgin,  f,  do.  (1736);  12 

f.  d  violins,  violono  and  org,  (1734);  and  a 

"  Mu»ikati»ohor  Tracut'1  (1745). 


553 


SPINDLER— SPITTA 


Spin'dler,  Fritz,  b.  Wurzbach,  n.  Loben- 
stem,  Nov.  24, 1817.  Pianist,  giving  up  theology 
for  music  ,  studied 
from  1835  with  Fr. 
Schneider  at  Des- 
sau; settled  in 
Dresden,  1841, 
where  he  has  had 
great  success  as  a 
teacher.  His  com- 
positions include 
several  serious 
works  on  a  large 
scale,  as  the  2  sym- 
phonies op  50  and 
160  (a  third  is  in 
MS.);  the  quintet 
op.  sGof.pf  ,oboe, 
clar.,  horn  and  bas- 
soon ;  the  pf. -quartet  op.  108  ;  the  P-minor  pf.- 
concerto  op.  260 ;  the  pf.-trio  op.  54 ;  and  the 
3  easy  pf. -trios  op  305  ;  most  of  his  works  me 
safa //-pieces  and  characteristic  pieces  in  excel- 
lent piano-style,  well  written,  nnd  not  very  dif- 
ficult. The  instructive  sonatinas  op.  157,  290, 
294,  and  the  4-hand  sonatinas  op.  136,  also  a 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  horn,  op.  347,  should  also  be 
mentioned 

Spinel'li,  Nicola,  b.  Turin,  1865. ^  Son  of  a 
jurist ;  studied  at  Naples  Cons  ,  especially  under 
Serrao.  In  1890  his  i-act  opera  Ca&ilia  took 
2nd  prize  in  the  competition  instituted  by  Sou- 
zogno  (Moscagni's  Ctwattfria  rustnana  won  1st 
prize).  His  next  opera,  the  3-act  lyric  dnimn  „•/ 
basso  porto^  has  been  perf.  in  several  Italian 
towns,  also  in  Cologne  (1894;  in  German)  and 
Leipzig  (1898  ;  do.)  with  considerable  success. 

Spinney,  English  family  of  musicians.  (T) 
Thomas  Edward  S.,  b.  June  24,  1824 ;  pupil 
of  Sir  Henry  Bishop,  Organist  and  choirmaster 
of  St.  Edmund's,  Salisbury,  and  concl.  of  the  Sal- 
isbury Orpheus  Soc.—AVorks :  Cantata  I'f/Itr^v 
JicIIes  ;  church-music  ;"  songs ;  9  organ-volunta- 
ries ;  "  The  Organist's  Assistant "  ;  pf. -pieces. — 
(a)  His  daughter,  MattieS.  [Mrs.  Heesley],  pi- 
anist, pupil  of  Benedict,  Bennett,  and  von  IJttlow  ; 
London  de'but  May  8, 1875,  at  a  New  Philharm. 
conceit ;  has  also  beenorganist  at  St.  Paul's,  Salis- 
bury, and  at  the  Parish  Ch,,  IJanbury. — Also  his 
four  sons  :  (3)  Eugene  S.,  b.  1845  ;  d.  Dec.  4, 
1867.  Organist  of  Banbury  Parish  Ch.,  1862 ; 
Mus.  Bac.,  Oxon.,  1865. — (4)FrankS.,b.  Mar. 
20, 1850;  d.  June  5, 1888.  Articled  to  Dr.  Ilayne, 
Oxford ;  organist  at  St.  Dcnys,  Warminstcr, 
1869  ;  at  All  Saints',  Krascote,  Warwick,  1873  ; 
at  Leamington  Parish  Ch.,  1878  ;  also  conducted 
the  orch.l,  choral,  and  chamber  concerts  of  the 
Leamington  Mus.  Soc.,  and  gave  organ-recitals. 
Comp.  a  Harvest  Anthem,  hymn-tunes,  and  or- 
gan-pieces.—(5)  Walter  S.,  b.  Mar.  26,  1852  ; 
d.  June  2tT  1894.  Articled  to  J.  K,  Richardson, 
organist  of  Salisbury  Cath. ;  was  organist  at  St. 
Edmund's,  Salisbury,  Dudley  Parish  Ch,,  Christ 
Ch.,  Doncaster,  and  in  1888  succeeded  Msbrothcr 


Frank  at  Leamington  Comp  church-services, 
anthems,  other  vocal  works,  and  oignn-picccs  in 
hiscoll.s  "  The  Organ  Ubiaiy  "  and  "  The  Ves- 
per IteU."—  («)  Kcv  T.  Herbert  S.,  b  Jan  13, 
1857.  Pupil  of  Arnold  and  Budge;  Harmony 
Prizeman,  Trinity  College,  London,  1876  ,  I<\  K. 
C.  O.  Kiom  10,  organist  at  Salisbury,  lalci  al 
Exeter  College,  Oxford.  Ordained  Priest  in  1882  , 
since  1885,  vicar  of  Newboioiijih,  liurlon-on- 
Trent.  I  Ic  still  gives  oigun-iccilals  ;  has  com  p. 
six  hymns,  anthems,  organ-music,  etc. 

Spiridio,  Berthold,  monk  ami  oiganisl  at 
the  monastery  oi  St.  Teodor,  n.  liaiiibciu  ,  publ. 
a  coll.,  **  Musica,  Romana,"  o!  church-musie,  ti 
3  w.  2  violins  (1665)  ;  "  Musica  Theoliturgica" 
a  5  \v.  do.  (i068)  ;  n  curious  instiuction-hook  for 
organ-  and  clavier-playing,  "  Neue  uiul  bis  ilato 
unbekannte  ITnlenveisiinjj  .  .  ."  (1070),  with 
many  mus.  examples,  from  which  his  "  Toccatc, 
liceicuri  e  canxoni  fiances!"  (iO<)i)  was  a  .selec- 
tion. 

Spiridion.    See  X  v  N  i  >  AS. 

Spit'ta,  (Johann  August)  Philipp,  learned 
mus.  histoiiogiapher  ;  li.  Wedioltl,  n.  Iloyn, 
Hanover,  Dec.  27,  iH*jr;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  "13, 
1894,  Student  of  philology  at  (Joitinj>en  ; 
teacher  at  the  l<  Killer-  und  Domsohule,"  Keval, 
1864-6  ;  at  SonclurMinuHiMi  (  Jymnasium  till  187,4  J 
and  one  year  at  the  NikolaM  Jymnasium,  I,eip. 
zig,  wheic  lie  was  a  co-lounder  of  the 


rerein  (1^74)  ;  in  1875,  prof,  of  mus.  history  at 
Berlin  Univ.,  Life-Sen-ctary  to  the  K.  Aeml.  ol 
Arts,  and  teaclu'r  at,  and  vice-  Director  of,  tl»e 
Jlochschttk  fflr  AtmiL  Title  of  "  (ieheiairath  *' 
in  i8yr.-—  \Vritinj;s:  A  eomnrehensive  Ufeof  J, 
S.  Bach  (2  vol.s,  1873,  'Ho),  carefully  and  learu- 
edly  written,  with  valuable  discussions  of  princi- 
pal works  ;  also  u  short  sketch  of  Bach  in  Wal- 
dersee's  "Vortrilftc11  (i«»o);  a  short  bio^r.  of 
Schumann  for  Grove's  Dictionary,  afterwards 
published  separately  In  (  ierman  (tSHu)  ;  2  colKs  of 
articles,  "Xur  Miwlk"  (1892);  iss  essjiys),  and 
"  Musikjre,schielitli«he  Aufsiilx-e  "  (Uerlin,  1804); 
an  essay,  "  Die  I'assionsnuisik  von  Sebastian 
Uachund  HeinritihSchatK"  0«<j3);  many  paper's1 
in  the  tlAlljrem.  musikalische  Xeltuii^,"  the 
**  Muaaishefte  fttr  MusikgcKohichte,"  and  iwor« 
particularlv  in  his  own  periodical,  the  u  Viertel- 
jahraschrut  fUr  Musikwissenschaft,"  founded  in 
1884  with  C-hrysander  and  1*.  Adler.«-S.  also 
edited  a  critical  ctl.  of  Huxtohude's  organ-works 
(a  folio  vol.s,  1875,  '76),  with  valuable  historical 
notes;  Vol.s  1-xiv  t>f  the  complete  ed,  of  SrhOt/'n 
works  (16  vol.s  ;  fintohcd  by  Fr.  Spilta  in  iHrjO)  \ 
and  Vol.  i  <if  the  u  Denktuftler  dcnlHcrluT  Ton- 
kunst"  (iSoa;  contains  Scheldt's  "  Tnbutoturii 
nova"  of  1634).—  -I  Ms  Ijrother, 

Spit'ta,  Fricdrich,  b.  Witting  Ham»v<jr, 
Jan.  ro,  1852;  prof,  of  theology  at  Straiwlnirjf 
Univ.;  has  publ.  '*  MtuiviMcho  Andacbt  mm 
Lulher-Jubilftum"  (1883)  ;  '«  Uftndelun<l  IJoch," 
festival  orations  (1885)  ;  "  IT.  SchOti,"  do,  (tHHfi); 
^Die  Pas«ioneu  von  II.  Schtttz;  ntid  "  Obcr 


554 


SPOHR 


Chorgcsang  im  evangclischen.  Gottesdienst " 
([889).  Edited  Vol.s  xv-xvi  of  Sclultz's  com- 
plete works. 

Spohr,  Ludwig  [Louis],  genial  violinist  and 
composer  ol  the  lomantlc  school,  and  a  renowned 
teacher;  1).  Uruns- 
wiek,  Apr.  5,  1784; 
d  ICimsul,  Nov.  22, 
1850..  II is  father,  a 
physician,  removed 
toSeesenin  1786;  he 
was  (in  amateur  flule- 
]>layet,  the  mot  her  a 
sim>ci  and  pianist. 
S  early  sang  duels 
with  his  mother,  and 
at  about  5  began  on 
the  violin  with  Rec- 
tor Kiemensehnei- 
der.  He  also  had  les- 
sons from  Duftmr,  a 
Kronen  /////X'/V,  who 
persuaded  his  parents  to  send  him  to 
wheie  he  was  Uughl  at  first  by  Kimiseh,  and  then 
by  the  leader  of  thy  orch.,  Maucourt;  he  nlsoeom- 
posed  diligently,  and  at  14  pluycd  a  concerto  of 
hisown  before  the  court.  The  I  hike  admitted  him 
into  I  he  orch.,  and  in  iSoa  requested  Kranx  Kck, 
then  touring  (Germany,  to  t.'iko  S,  as  a  pupil.  The 
latter  accompanied  Kck  to  St.  Petersburg,  re- 
maining with  him  iH  months;  practised  assidu- 
ously, and  publ.  n  violin-comierlo  (op.  i),  etc. 
In  1803  he  ree'ntcred  the  Ducal  orch. ;  in  1804  he 
made  his  first  tour  (to  llerlin,  Leipxig,  Diesden, 
etc.),  and  aroused  genuine  enthusiasm  both  as  a 
virtuoso  and  composer.  AL  (Jolha  he  was  app, 
in  1805  to  succeed  Krnsl  as  leader;  here  he  met 
and  married  Dorette  Schculler,  the  harp-player, 
making  further  tours  with  her  m  1807 and  i8o<). 
In  the  latter  year  hit  cond,  thu  first  musical  fes- 
tival in  <  fonuany,  held  at  Krankcnhausen.  After 
brilliantly  successful  concerts  at  Vienna  in  tSis, 
he  became  leader  at  the  Thodltsr  an  der  Wien. 
Resigning  in  1815,  he  coml.  a  second  Festival  at 
Fraukenhaiisen ;  madeagmmltourin  Italy  (play- 
ing a  coiicurtanie  of  his  own  with  Pagaiifai  at 
Rome),  then  in  Holland,  and  in  1817  became 
opcTO-cond.  at  Frankfort.  Here  Ins  opera  /f\nts^ 
written  for  Vienna,  but  not  prod,  there  by  reason 
of  disagreements  with  the  Director,  was  perf. 
in  iBrS  with  success.  This  position  he  gave  up 
in  1810;  in  1820  he  visited  Kngland  with  hta 
wife,  played  in  several  Philhurm,  Concerts,  and 
brought  out  two  symphonies,  conducting  the 
Philharm,  Orch.  with  a  bitton— an  entirely  novel 
method  in  Kngland,  Concerts  given  at  Paris,  on 
the  home-journey,  found  leas  appreciative  audi- 
ences. S.  now  settled  in  Dresden;  but  in  1821 
he  was  offered  a  life-appointment  as  court  con- 
ductor at  Kaftsel,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
the  position  on  Jan.  i,  1822,  I  Fere  he  won  last- 
ing renown  as  a  conductor,  find  reached  his  zenith 
a&  a  composer  in  the  opera ym0»«k  (1823),  the 
oratorio  JHf  tetttsn  JtiiHtfc  (1836),  and  his  gnuul 


symphony,  u  Die  Weihe  dcr  Tone "  (1832). 
Though  his  powers  were  on  the  w.ine,  it  wns 
chiclly  for  political  reasons  (S.  was  a  staunch  radi- 
cal) that  he  was  lutired  in  1857  on  a  pension  con- 
siderably less  than  had  been  uxpiussly  agiccd 
upon.  In  the  following  year  he  broke  hi.s  left 
arm  by  falling,  and  thenccJorward  could  play  no 
moic  in  jniblic. — S.  \vius  a  composer  oi  niaikud 
individuality,  with  a  romantic  waimth  of  tem- 
perament alcin  to  Schubert,  «nd  in  lino  regard  for 
formal  finish  resembling  M  endclssohn.  1 1  e  ninks 
just  below  the  greatest  representatives  of  new 
(leiman  ;ut;  some  of  whom  (»*//".,  ^Vobor  and 
Deethoven)  he  failed  to  appreciate ;  though,  cuii- 
ously  enough, he  did  rucognixCiXYagnei'ssiipreme 
diamutic  genius,  brought  out  /)cr  ///»•/•*'«//(•  M'A 
/r>;/i/tv*  [1^42]  and  7\?uuiiiiuser  [^53]  despite 
strenuous  opposition  by  the  court,  and  Hied  haul 
lo  produce  Lo/^n^t  in.  As  a  virtuoso  he  was  dis- 
tinrlly  one  oi  the  greatest,  mote  especially  in  the 
t  trufafa'fe.  His  success  as  Ji  teacher  was  conspicu- 
ous; St.  1-uhin,  Kertl.  l>a\id,  Iluuptnunn,  Knm- 
pcl,  Ilott,  Mohm,  roll,  IFenry  IHngrove,  K.  L. 
Harglieer,  and  Adolph  Uargheer  (his  last  pupil) 
were  trained  by  him.  lie  was  also  one  of  the 
Ixst  conductors  in  <  lennany,  and  often  officiated 
at  the  great  Musical  Festivals  (at  I HissoJdorf ( 
TiSflfl;  Nordhauscn,  iSac);  Noiwich,  iS3<);  U(*nn, 
18^5  ;ctc.),  Mis  publ.  compositions  nuinbcT over 
rrx).  lie  wrote  2 1  operas :  /^/V  Frftfitug  (i tfoo), 
dint  mi  (i.SoH),  and  Pi?  fluff  ultfuigiu  ( i  SoiS),  all 
3  not  perf. ;  Av  %wtikawl*f  nut  d?r  (irffattM 
(Hamburg,  iHn) ;  /v/7/,r/(Krankfort,  iSiK) ;  /*•- 
w/Vr  f///f/-'/v;v(Kfiinkf 011,1819;  Jforu  lime  ri- 
valling Jt'SMWthx  in  popularity);  Jesswittti  (Kas- 
scl,  1823);  Ar  y^/xaw/  (»bid/,  1825);  J9ftfn> 
MM  Al&aiw  {ibid.,  1827) ;  Ar  Alchyiiiht  (ibid., 
1830);  antl/^V  tovusfa&rfr  (ibid.,'  KS45);— ihu 
oralorioH  Awy^-^o'wiVA/CKrfurt.iaia);  AV 
Ifhien  /P///,^'*(KasHel,  i8sO;  m  Kuglandas  7Vfo* 
Last  Jut/ifMMft  ;  /kt  tltihwth  /'/»/<•  AY^/ir/rVi 
(Kassel,  1835;  as  Cafawy  at  the  Norwich  Kest.t 
l83<));  anil  Ar  /*<///  /JtrMwt  (Kassel,  1841; 
Norwich  Kest,,  iH.p); — uclmm.cnntatn,  AwA1- 
freitf  Ikttttchfatut ;  a  mass,  i)Hiilms,  hymns, etc., 
f.  soli,  ch.,  an*l  oreh. ;  also  parUst)ngs  t.  mixed  or 
male  ch, ;  duels;  many  songs. —  Nine  sympho- 
nies; i.  op,  so,  Kb;  s.  op.  40,  I)  nun.;  3,  op, 
78,  C  min.;  4.  op.  HO,  F  ("  Weihe  der  Tone"); 
5.  op.  too,  C!  min.;  6,  op.  116,  (*  ("  I listoriral "  ; 
dedicate<l  to  the  London  Philharm.  Sot:,);  7.  op. 
rat,  C("  IrdlschoH  untl  Ciottlicbes  itn  MeuHehen- 
lel)en,n  f.  2  orch.M);  8.  op.  137,  (/  min.  (ded.  to 
the  London  I'hilhnrm.);  9<  op.  143,  Hmin.  (b*  Die 
JrthreaKci ten  ");— eight  overtures,  hid.  those  to 
J>1?  rr#/Mifo  Ah funa \  f)as  btfrtitt  Jbntscti- 
l&ud)  to  the  ptiy  /^  Afatwfti  And  the  fnntaflfa 
on  Kaupaeh'w  *'  Tochtcr  der  Luft"  (plavecl  as  1st 
movem.  to  Symphony  No.  5),  a  littideth  over- 
ture, and  an  overture  <l  Im  ernsten  Styl"; — fif- 
teen violin-concertos,  classics  of  violin-literature, 
among  the  finest  being  No.  8  (op.  47111  A  min., 
4i  in  mcnlo d'una  wena  cantante  "),  and  No.  9  (op. 
55,  in  i)  min.),  all  edited  by  Ferd.  David;  a  re- 
markable "  quartet-concerto  "  for  9  violins,  viola, 


555 


SPONTINI 


and  'cello,  w.  orch.,  op  131;  2  concertantes  f. 
2  violins  w.  orch.  ;  Grande  Polonaise  f.  violin  w. 
orch.;  2  clar. -concertos; — much  fine  chamber- 
music,  in  which  the  leading  violin  is  particularly 
favored  (a  nonet  f.  vln.,  via. /cello,  d.-bass,  wood- 
wind, and  horn;  an  octet  f.  vln.,  2  violas,  'cello, 
d.-bass,  clar.,  and  2  horns;  4  double  quartets  f. 
strings;  septet  f.  pf.,  flute,  clar.,  horn,  bassoon, 
violin,  and  'cello;  string-sextet;  7  string-quin- 
tets; quintet  f.  pf.,  flute,  clar.,  horn,  and  bas- 
soon; pf. -quintet;  34  string-quartets;  5  pf.- 
trios;  14  duos  concertants  f.  2  violins;  3  do.  f. 
pf .  and  \  iolin ;  3  senates  concertantes  f .  harp  and 
violin;  etc.,  etc.  Finally,  his  great  "Violin- 
School"  in  3  parts  (1831). 

Biographical :  Autobiography  (Kassel,  1860, 
'61;  2vol.s;  Engl.  transl.  London,  1865);  "  L. 
Spohr,  sein  Leben  und  Wirken,"  by  Malibran 
(Frankfort,  1860);  "Louis  Spohr,"  by  IT.  M. 
Schletterer  (in  Waldersee's  "  Sammlung,"  1881). 

Sponti'ni,  Gaspare  (Luigi  Pacifico),  very 
prominent  Italian  dramatic  composer ;  b.  Majo- 
lati,  Ancona,  Nov.  14, 
1774 ;  d.  there  Jan.  24, 
1851,      His   parents, 
poor  peasants,  in- 
tended   him   for   the 
church,  and  gave  him 
in  charge  of  an  uncle, 
a  priest  at  Jesi,  who 
attemped  to  stifle,  his 
musical    aspirations. 
The  result  was,  that 
the  boy  ran  away  to 
another  uncle,  at  San 
Vito,  who    not   only 
procured  him  suitable 
instruction,    but    ef- 
fected a  reconciliation,  so  that  in  a  year  he  re- 
turned to  Jcsi,  was  taught  by  good  masters,  and 
in  1791  entered  the  Cons,  della  I'ieti-  de'  Tur- 
chini  at  Naples,  studying  under  Sala  and  Trilto. 
In  1796  he  was  invited  to  write  an  opera  for  the 
Teatro  Argentina  at  Rome,  its  director  having 
been  pleased  by  some  of  S.'s  music  heard  in 
Naples  ;  though  S.,  to  this  end,  absented  him- 
self from  the  Cons,  without  leave,  Piccinni,  after 
the  success  of  the  opera,  /  puntigli  delle  donne, 
persuaded  the  management  to  take  him  back, 
and  also  gave  him  valuable  advice  concerning 
the  composition  of  other  operas  written  for  Rome, 
Florence,  and  Naples.    As  concl.  to  the  Nea- 
politan court,  which  had  fled  to  Palermo  before 
the  French  invasion,  S.  brought  out  3  operas 
there  in  1800 ;  wrote  others  for  Rome  (1801)  and 
Venice  (1802),  and  then  proceeded  via  Marseilles 
to  Paris  (1803).     Up  to  this  time  he  had  prod.  16 
operas  in  the  prevalent  light  Italian  style  ;  while 
supporting  himself  in  Paris  by  lesson-giving,  the 
ill-success  attending  the  production  of  3  operas 
in  1804— La  fata  jfilosojfa,  an  earlier  work,  and 
two  imitations  of  French  opera  comiquc,  Jutie 
and  f^t  petite  maison  (the  latter  was  hissed  off  the 
stage)~-and  his  fortunate  acquaintance  with  the 


poet  fitienne  Jotiy,  influenced  him  to  change  his 
style  completely  His  great  admiration  for,  and 
careful  study  of,  Mozart  also  operated  to  ell  cot 
this  change.  The  i-uct  opera  Milton  ('I'h.  Key. 
deau,  Nov.  27,  1804)  differed  markedly,  in  waimth 
and  depth  of  sentiment  and  loiiincss  of  expres- 
sion, from  its  i  mined  in  tu  predecessors;  La  7V.t- 
iale,  on  which  S.  labored  lor  more  than  ihiee 
years,  retouching  and  rewriting  passage  ,'iftoi 
passage,  page  after  page,  shows  the  new  Sponlim 
at  his  best.  Meantime  the  Knipress  Josephine, 
to  whom  he  had  dedicated  the  scoie  of  ;)////<>//, 
had  appointed  him  her  "chambei-composer," 
and  her  favor  increased  after  the  production  of 
S.'s  cantata,  lleicclsa  tftua,  celebrating  the  vic- 
tory of  AusterliU.  Her  powerful  patronage  sc- 
cui  ed  a  hearing  for  La  I  'fstatt\  which  was  l>i  ought 
out  at  the  Academic  Impt'iiale  (Orarni  Opt'ra), 
despite  virulent  open  and  secicl  opposition  on 
the  part  of  influential  musicians,  on  Dec.  15, 
1807,  and  with  triumphant  success.  N'ol  only 
did  the  public  receive  it  with  acclamation  ;  by  a 
unanimous  verdict  of  the  judges,  Mt'hul,  (losscc, 
and  (Iretry,  the  prixe  offered  by  Napoleon  for  the 
best  dramatic  work  was  awarded  to  Spomini. 
Shortly  after  the  equal  success  of  his  grand  opera 
Ffruantt  Corfri,  iiyKcxj,  S.  married  the  daughter 
of  Jcan-lJapliste  Krard  ;  aud  in  iH  to  became  di- 
rector of  the  Italian  Opera,  in  which  capacity  he 
staged  Mozart's  Don  (liowitttt  in  its  original  form 
for  the  first  time  in  Paris.  I  Ic  was  dismissed  In 
1812,  on  charges  of  financial  irregularity  ;  hut  in 
1814  Louis  XVIII,  appointed  him  court  com- 
poser,  S.  having  refused  reinstatement  as  opera- 
director  in  favor  of  ('alalani,  lie  now  wrote 
stage-pieces  m  glorification  of  the  Restoration 
(/V%>?,  (>u  k  nn  et  la  yW.v,  1814  ;  />,v  rft'rw 
rivaitx,  1810),  followed  in  rHnj  by  the  opera 
c,  which  had  only  a  stifth  f/V.v//w. 


had  already  accepted  the  appointment,  by  King- 
Krieclrich  Wilhelra  III.,  «>f  court  -com  poser  and 
general  musical  director  at  Fieri  in  ;  he  made  his 
debut  there,  in  the  Spring  of  iHgo,  with  his  opera 
Ftrtwnd  Curb's,  Tajrly  electrifying  his  autliences, 
although,  llkcy////V,  Aft/fan^  an<i  L<t  rMtitfat  it 
had  been  heard  before  In  Ilerlin.  Here  S.'H 
wonderful  talents  as  u  conductor  had  f  iee«l  Ncope; 
besides  repoaling1  his  earlier  works,  he  wiote  for 
Berlin  the  festival  play  Lalfa  AW//  (tKai),  re- 
modeled  astthe  ojwra  A'urMttfai/)#<frr<fitit  A'<w;i- 
fest  von  A"(wr  /////<>(  i  Haa):  AkMw  (1*3$)  ;  and 
dgnts  von  /MMstaitjfifn  (iHat;)  ;  none  of  these, 
however,  found  currency  in  other  (tarnmn  cities, 
In  spite  of  hi.s  successes,  nnd  the  King's  eon- 
tinned  favor,  S.'B  position  in  llerllu  jtrudimlly 
grew  untenable;  he  had  been  placed  ott  an 
equality  with  the  Intemtanl  of  the  K«ya!  'I'hcn- 
tre,  and  there  were  frequent  mlKumlcnuumllng* 
and  sharp  clashes  of  authority,  not  tempered  by 
S,'»  jealousies  and  diftliken,  his  overweening  «elf. 
conceit  and  despotic  temper.  Partly  through 
intrigue,  partly  by  reason  of  his  own  lack  of  self- 
control,  he  narrowly  e»cnj>ed  iniTMriHtwment  for 
&se-niqjest/  1  and  wa«  finally  fairly  driven  wit  of 
the  theatre  by  the  hostile  demonatratUm*  of  the 


556 


SQUIRE— STADTFKLHT 


audience.  He  retired  m  1841,  retaining  his 
titles  aiul  lull  pay  ,  the  next  year  ho  went  to 
Paris,  a  broken  man,  unfitted  tor  composition  or 
any  regular  occupation  by  the  sting inj;  memory 
of  his  degradation.  He  sought  to  improve  his 
shatteicd  health  by  returning  to  Italy  ;  but  died 
not  long  after  reaching  his  native  place.  In 
1844  the  Pope  had  given  him  the  rank  and  title 
of  "  I'onle  tb  Sant'  Andiea  "  ;  he  was  a  knight 
oi  the  Pjussian  "  Ordtepour  le  mcrite,"  member 
of  the  Merlin  Akademic  (1833),  and  the  Paris 
Academic  (1839),  and  had  received  from  Halle 
Univ.  the  degiee  of  /)i ,  phi?. — lliographical : 
\*.  de  Iiomcnie,  "M.  Spontini,  par  un  homme 
de  lien"  (i«4r);  K  M.  Oettinger,  "Spontini" 
(1843);  Montanaii,  "  Klogio  .  .  .  ^'(*85l); 
RnouI-Roelu'Ue,  "  Notice  historique  ..." 
(1852);  R.  Wagnor,  '*  Krinnerungen  an  Spon- 
tini" (in  his  "Collected  Writings,"  Vol.  v.). 

Squire,  William  Henry,  Knglish  'cellist ;  h. 
Ross,  Ilerefordshiie,  Aug.  H,  1871,  Pupil  of  his 
father,  an  amateur  violinist;  debut  at  7;  won 
scholarship  at  the  R.  C\  M.,  studied  under  Kd- 
ward  Powell  and  Hubert  Parry,  and  came  out  at 
the  Albenix Concerts,  Si,  James's  Hall,  Feb.  12, 
i  «S<)  r .  Favorite  coucert-'ccllist  in  I  ,ondon  ;  Asso- 
ciate of  R.  C.  M.,  i88t).— Works  :  A  'cello-con. 
certo ;  a  serenade,  pastorale,  gavotte,  tareutelle 
(°P-  33)»  4  sclrt  °f  pieces,  ta easy  exercises,  etc., 
f.  Velio  ;  violin-music  ;  pf, -pieces  ;  songs, 

Ssaffieddin.    See  SAKKIEOOIN. 

Sseroff.    See  SKROV* 

Ssolowiew.    See  SOL<  >vrov, 

Stabile,  Annibale,  pupil  of  Palestriiw  and 
a  com]),  of  the  Roman  school,  d.  about  1595  as 
w/r/v/w  at  S.  Maria  Mnggioro,  Rome. — Publ.  3 
books  of  motels  a  5-8  (1584,  '85,  'Ho),  3  of 
madrigals  a  5  (1572,  often  republ.),  2  of  Sacrae 


"Harmoniu   celeste,1'   **  I-aurco   vercle,"   and 
11  raradiso  luusicale." 

Sta'de,  Heinrich  Bernhard,  b.  Kttisohleben, 
n,  Arnsladl,  Maya,  1816;  d.  Arnstudt,  May  39, 
1883,  us  town  -cantor  and  organist.  Restored 
the  organ  in  the  St,  Itonifaduskirehe,  on  which 
Hach  played  1703-7.—  Publ.  "  Der  wohlvorbe- 
reitete  Organist,  oiu  Praludien-,  Choral-  und 
Pofiiludicnbuch  "  in  2  parts  ;  find  other  orgnn- 


SU'de,  Friedrich  Wilhelm.  b.  Halle,  Aug. 
35,1817*  Organist;  pupil  of  Fr.  Schneider  at 
Deusau  ;  miiK.  dir,  and  Dr.  phlL  h&n.  causa,  of 
Jena  Univ»;  from  1860,  court  organist  and  Ka- 
pellm.  at  Aiteutwrg,  retiring  in  1891.  —  Works  : 
3  symphonies;  Kostou  vert  Ore;  music  to  lioss- 
mann's  tragedy  Orestes;  violin-duos;  a  violin- 
aonnta;  7  books  of  organ-pieces  ;  8  Charakter- 
stUcke,  n  ?uito,  a  charming  uKinderBonate"  (4 
hands),  etc.,  f,  pf.;  Kanter  and  Chri»tm*H  CAH- 
tatufl  f.  «oli,  ch.,  and  orch,;  numerous  other 
choral  works,  sacred  and  secular  ;  songs,  among1 


them  the  celebrated  "  Vor  Jena,"  beginning 
**  Auf  den  JJergen — die  linden,"  which  made 
him  famous,  and  is  a  favorite  student-song.  His 
arrangements  of  liach's  and  Handel's  sonatas, 
and  of  "  Die  hicder  unil  Spruche  ausder  letzAen 
Zeit  des  Minnegesangs,"  have  added  greatly  to 
his  reputation. 

Staxde,  Dr.  Fritz  (Ludwig  Rudolf),  b 
Sonderhhausen,  Jan.  8,  18^4  ;  student  and  teacher 
in  Leipzig,  pupil  of  Riedel  and  Richter  ;  writer 
for  the  "  Neue  /citschrift  filr  IVIusik."  Publ. 
"  Vom  Musikalisch-Schonon"  (tontra  Hanslick), 
and  edited  the  6th  ed.  of  Urendel'H  "  Geschichte 
der  Muaik," 

Sta'dcn,  Johann,  b.  Nuremberg,  about 
* 579  J  d.  there  Nov.,  1634,  as  oigrinist  of  the 
Scbalduskirchc.  Publ.  many  motets,  Ma^niii- 
cat8,  etc.,  and  secular  music  (dances),  from 
1606-43  (<y."MonatshcfUi  Ilir  Musikgeschichle," 
Vol.  xv.). — Itissonand  successor,  Sigismund 
Gottlieb,  wrote  the  earliest  extant  ( Ionium  opera, 
&vftitiiff  (publ.in  Ilarsdorlfer's  "Kiatienximmer- 
gcsprrichspielc,"  rf>44  ;  new  score  ed.  in  "  Mo- 
natsh.  f.  Musifcgesch.,"  Vol.  xiii) ;  also  publ.  in 
do.  "Seelcn-Musik  trostreicher  Licxicr"  (1644) 
and  *'  I  XT  7  Tugeiiden  Plfineten-Tone  oiler 
Stimmen"  (1645);  some  melodies  in  Kist's 
44  Neue  himmlische  Licdcr"  (1651) ;  and  edited 
1I.1-.  HoKRler's  "  Kirchengesftnge"  (1637  ;  with 
18  additional  songs  by  the  two  Stadens  and  a 
other  comp.s).  [(./.  II,  ScirtJrx,  open  J )a/w.  ] 

Stabler,  Maximilian,  b.  Melk,  Lower 
Austria,  Aug,  4,  I7*|K  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  K,  1^33. 
Priest,  from  iyM*-<)  abbot  at  Ulienfeld ;  held 
other  church-positions,  and  settled  in  Vicuna 
1815.  Publ.  many  masses,  Requiems,  psalms, 
etc.;  also  organ-fugues,  pf. -sonatas,  songs  w, 
pf.,  etc.  Noted  for  his  defense  of  the  genuine- 
ness of  Mozart's  Requiem  against  (I  oil  fried 
Wclxsr  and  others  :  "  Vertheidigung  der  Kcht- 
heit  ties  Moxart'schcn  Requiems"  (1836  ;  suppl. 
1827). 

Sta'dlraayer,  Johann,  b.  Kreising,  Havana, 
1560 ;  A'aptltM.  lo  the  Archduchess  Claudia  at 
Innsbruck,  where  he  was  still  living  in  1646.— 
Publ.  manses  <t  8  (1593,  f<jO) ;  do.  w.  continue 
(1610) ;  masses  a  6  w.  coutmuo  (1612) ;  masses 
a  10-12',  f.  2  choir*  (1616) ;  vesper  hymns  tf  5, 
w.  instr.s  (1617) ;  "  Appamtus  musictiH,"  sacred 
songs  a  6-24,  w.  in«tr.s  (1619) ;  Misereres  a  4-8 
(iCai) ;  "Odfte  «acrae"  a  5  (1638 ;  Xnms  and 
Kostcr  cantatas,  w.  in.ttr.s  at/ lifr.)\  psnlms^ 2-3, 
w.  3  violiiiH  or  cornets  (i<4o);  *'  M  issue  breves" 
a  4-5,  with  A  Requiem  (1641) ;  and  d  books  of 
pfialms  (1641,  '46). 

Stadt'feldt,  Alexander,  b.  Wiesbaden, 
Apr.  37,  1826 ;  d.  Brussels,  Nov.  4,  ift$3.  Pu- 
pil of  Fe'tis  in  Urusflols  Cons,,  winning  (irancl 
prix  de  Rome  in  184*).— •  Works  :  Operas  Nainkt 
(Darmstadt,  1857:  Weimar,  1883);  Abu  Jftis- 
MH,  miimotii  anei  I<a  Ptdriiw  (MS.)  J  a  cantata, 
vocal  scenes  w,  orch,,  4  symphonies,  overtures, 
2  concertinos  f.  pf.  and  orch.,  string-quartet, 


557 


STAGEMANN— STAMITZ 


pf.-trio ;  a  mass,  a  Te  Deum  and  a  hymn,  w. 
orch. ;  etc. 

Sta'gemann,  Max,  b.  Freienwalde-on-Odei, 
May  10,  1843.  Pupil  of  Dresden  Cons.;  actor 
at  Bremen,  1862 ;  2nd  baritone  at  Hanover, 
1865,  later  singing  leading  roles,  and  becoming 
"chamber-singer";  dir.  of  Konigsberg  Th., 
1877  I  lived  in  Berlin  1879-82  as  a  concert-singer 
and  singing-teacher ;  since  then  director  (man- 
ager) of  the  Leipzig  City  Th. 

Sta'gno,  Alberto,  dramatic  tenor;  b.  Pa- 
lermo, 1836  ;  d.  Genoa,  Apr.  26,  1897.  Pupil  of 
Mariot  and  Gius.  Lamperti.  Sang  with  great 
applause  in  Italy,  Prague  (1872),  London  (1876), 
Russia,  Spain,  and  America.  Married  his  pupil, 
Gemma  Bellincioni,  in  1881. 

StaWknecht,  two  brothers :  (i)  Adolf,  vio- 
linist ;  b.  Warsaw,  June  18, 1813  ;  d.  Berlin,  June 
24,  1887,  as  chamber-musician ; — and  Julius, 
b.  Posen,  Mar.  17,  1817 ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  16, 
1892,  as  ibt  'cello  in  the  royal  orch.  They  made 
concert-tours  together,  and  establ  trio-soirees  in 
Berlin,  1844.  Adolf  comp.  an  opera,  2  masses, 
7  symphonies,  36  entr'actes,  and  much  chamber- 
music  (nearly  all  MS.) ;  Julius  publ.  concert- 
pieces  f.  'cello. 

Stai'ner  (or  Steiner),  Jakob,  b.  Absam, 
Tyrol,  July  14, 1621 ;  d.  there  1683.  The  son  of 
poor  peasants,  as  a  shepherd-boy  he  already  at- 
tracted attention  by  his  skilfully  made  '*  Schwe- 
gelpfeifen"  and  other  wood-wind  instr.s ;  as  a 
youth  he  began  making  violins,  and  became  so 
famous  in  1658  that  Archduke  Ferdinand  Karl 
made  him  "erzftustlicher  Diener,"  with  the 
title  l '  ehrsamer  und  f  Urnehmcr  1 1  err. "  Though 
his  violins  found  ready  sale  at  fair  prices  (for 
those  times),  his  income  did  not  keep  pace  with 
his  expenditures,  and  he  fell  into  the  hands  of 
usurers.  His  patron's  death  left  him  without 
resources;  his  mind  gave  way,  and  he  died  in 
an  insane  asylum. — Genuine  Steiincr  violins  arc 
highly  prized,  and  command  good  prices  ;  it  is 
supposed  that  S.  served  an  apprenticeship  at 
Cremona. — Biography  by  Sebastian  Ruf  (Inns- 
bruck, 1872). — His  brother  Markus  made  ex- 
cellent violas. 

Stainer,  Sir  John,  eminent  English  com- 
poser and  organist ;  b.  London,  June  6,  1840. 
Chorister  at  St.  Paul's  1847-56,  studying  under 
Bayley  (harm.)  and  Steggall  (cpt.),  and  later 
under  Cooper  (org.).  From  1854-60  be  held  3 
positions  as  organist ,  being  then  app.  University 
organist  at  Oxford,  graduating  there  Mus.  Bac. 
(1859)  and  Mus.  Doc.  (1865).  App,  Examiner  for 
rnus.  degrees  1866.  From  1872-88,  successor  to 
Sir  John  Goss  as  organist  of  St.  Paul's,  resigning 
on  account  of  failing  eyesight ;  he  was  knighted 
in  1888,  and  in  1889  assumed  the  position  of  prof, 
of  music  at  Oxford  Unfr.  In  1876,  prof,  of  or- 
gan and  harmony  at  the  Nat.  Training  School 
for  Music,  succeeding  Sullivan  as  Principal  in 
1881,  and,  after  its  reconstruction  as  the  R,  Col- 
lege of  Music  in  1883,  again  prof.  Also  suc- 


ceeded Ilullah,  in  1882,  as  Government  Inspec- 
tor of  Music  in  the  Traimng-Schcxris  Among 
many  high  distine- 
tions,  he  was  made 
a  Chevalier  of  the 
Legion  ol  Ilonni 
in  1878.— Works: 


the    cantatas    The 

(Wore.  Ves'l.'l 
1878);    .S'/.    Mat  y 

Alagdtilftlf     ((JloU- 

eester,  1883) ;  and 

(Komlon,  iH»7) ;  4 
ehurcli-ser  vices; 
eantieles,  anthems, 
songs  ;— Primers  on  the  Organ,  Harmony,  Com- 
position, Choi ul  Soeiety  Vocalisation  ;  a  Treatise 
on  Harmony  (often  republ.);  "Dictionary  of 
Mus.  Terms"  with  W.  A.  Uairclt  (1870;  3rd 
ed.  1888) ;  also  ediled  church-music  works. 

Staxnaty,  Camille-Maric,  b.  Rome,  Mar. 
23,1811;  d.  Paris,  Apr.  19,  1870.  Piunist, 
pupil  of  Kalkbrenner ;  his  first  concert,  in  1835, 
was  very  successful.  lie  was  ono  of  the  fore- 
most teachers  \\\  Paris ;  among  his  pupils  were 
Saint-Saens  and  (JoUsehulk.-  -Publ.  a  pf.-eon- 
certo,  op.  2  ;  2  sonatas,  op.  S,  14  ;  a  pf.-trio,  op. 
13 ;  Variations,  op.  5,  r<) ;  excellent  cduentiounl 
pieces :  12  etudes  pitloresqties,  op.  21  ;  6  eludes 
camel,  stir  Ofonw,  op.  33 ;  I«u  rylhmv  des  doigts 
j\  1'aide  du  metronome,  op,  3(> ;  etudes  jjrogres- 
sives,  op.  37  ;  25  etudes  pour  pet  it  rs  inains,  op, 
38  ;  20  etudes,  "Chant  el  meeanisme,'* 


per- 


op, 

"12  do.,  snniti  litle,  f.  4  hands  ;  24  t'ludes  tie 
feelionnetnenl,  op.  46  ;  etc. 

Sta'mitz,  Johann  Karl,  famous  self-taught 
violinisl;  b,  f)oulscli-lirod,  Uohemia,June  n>, 
1717  ;  d.  Mannheim,  1761,  us  Klecloral  <'('//**•;•/<• 
ineistcr  and  chamber-music  director.—  -I'lil)].  o 
Konntawf.  hurpsichortl  und  violin  ;  ttt  do.  f,  violin 
and  bass  ;  etudes  (duets)  f,  2  violins  ;  6  trios  f,  a 
violin  H  und  buss;  6  violin-concertos;  ia  sym- 
phonies. Many  works  in  MS. 

Sta'mitz,  Karl,  son  of  preceding  ;  b.  Mann- 
heim, May  7,  1746;  d.  Jcmi,  1801.  Renowned 
player  on  the  violin  And  vlolc  (lfumour  ;  pupil  of 
his  father  umH'imnubich  ;  1767,  member  of  tint 
Klecloral  orch.  ;  ^70-85  in  Paris  as  leutler  lo  llu* 
Due  do  NouillcH  ;  toured  Ciermany  and  Austria, 
lived  in  Nuremberg,  Kassel,  etc.,  loured  Rus- 
sia  (1790),  lived  for  some  yeurs  in  St,  PeterHl)ur«:  ; 
from  1800,  cond.  of  the  academical  concerts  nt 
Jenii.—  Publ.  3  symnhonies  w,  8,  und  6  w,  10, 
instrumeutnl  purtn  (  l^a  chaKHo  "  IK  ncort'd  f  . 
string,  flulc,  2  oboes,  a  buKHoonn,  a  hornn,  a 
trumpets)  ;  4  concertuntei  f.  a  violins  ;  7  violin- 
concertos  ;  strinjjf-quarlets  (op,  4,  7,  to,  13,  15)  ; 
6  trios  f.  2  violins  w.  bun»  ;  dium  f.  2  vlnti,,  f. 
vln.  and  'cello,  and  viola,  and  'cello  ;  a  viola-con- 
certo j  a  pf.-coneerto  ;  etc.—  Prod.  2  w>t*m»  :  Ar 
vsrliefa  Vermuth  comic  (Frankfort),  and  iho 


STAMITZ— STARK 


V 


grand  opera  fianhinin  (St.  Petersburg)  — (/. 
Jean  Paul,  "  Hesperus." 

Sta'mitz,  Anton,  brother  of  preceding ;  b. 
Mannheim,  T753  \  d.  Palis  (?),  whither  he  went 
with  his  brother  in  1770.  Violinist  —Ptibl. 
quaitcts,  ttios,  and  duets  f.  strings;  a  violin- 
eonceito;  6  sonatas  f.  violin,  flute,  and  bass; 
Nocturnes  f.  vln.  and  'cello;  concertos  f.  pf.,  f. 
'cello,  f  bassoon  ;  etc. 

Stanford,  Charles  Villiers,  distinguished 
composer  and  eonducloi  ;  b.  Dublin,  Sept.  30, 
1852.  His  family  was 
musical,  and  their 
house  a  rallying-point 
for  musicians  ;  at  an 
e.'uly  age  he  was  a 
good  pianist  and  an 
ambitious  composer, 
one  of  his  teachers 
being  Sir  Robert 
Stewart*  From  1802 
he  studied  with  Arthur 
O'Leary  (comp.)  and 
Krnst  Paucr  (j)f.)  in 
London ;  obtained  in 
1870  an  Organ 
Seholarshipnt<4>iieen's 
College,  Cambridge;  in  1873  he  succeeded  Or, 
Hopkins  as  org,  of  Trinity  Coll.  (resigned 
l8()2) ;  also  becoming  concl.  of  the.  Cambiidge 
Univ.  MUH,  Soc.  (resigned  180,3).  Kor  2  years 
(1875-0)  he  sliuUed  comp.  under  Reinecke  at 
Leipxig,  going  in  1877  to  Kiel,  Berlin.  Took 
degree  of  M.A.,  Cantab.,  in  1878  ;  in  1883  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1888  Cambridge,  bestowed  on  him 
the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc,;  in  1883  he  was  app. 
Prof,  of  Comp.,  and  cond.  of  the  orch.,  at  the 
K.  C,  M.,  on  the  opening  of  that  institution. 
He  succeeded  Goldsdimidt  as  cond.  of  the  Bach 
Choir  In  1885  ;  ami  (J.  A.  Mnofurnm  as  Prof,  of 
Music  at  Cambridge  in  1887,  In  1897  he  be- 
came cond.  of  the  Leeds  Philharm,  Soc. — Works: 
The  operas  Ths  Veikd  /Vv///<7  of  h'honwsan 
(Ilanovor,  1881  ;  German  libretto  by  JKrank); 
Savonarola  (Hamburg,  1884);  The  Cantfrlwry 
Pilgrims  (London,  Covcnl  Garden,  1884);  Sho- 
rn us  C? Rrien  (London,  180,6;  v.  sticc,) ; — incid. 
music  to  Tennyson's  (?MV/J  ^/<w;i/aitd  /frr/Cv/,  to 
/tfschylus1  flumfnitfas,  an<l  to  Sophocles'  (Kdi- 
pus  /—many  grand  choral  works :  The  AVj//r- 
*vr//f/j,  oratorio  (1875),  Psalm  0,6  ( 1877),  Klegiac 
Ode  (Norwich,  1884),  The  Tkm  t/oty  Chil- 
dren ^  oratorio  (Birmingham,  1885),  The  ftetvitjM 
(Le.«ds,  :886),  "Jubilee  Odo"  (1887),  7Vfc 
Myqp  of  MaeMuHt  (Leeds,  1880,),  77/<-  fiattlt 
of  the  ttaltic  (Hurcfoixl,  1891),  tidtn  (Birm., 
1891),  Installation  Ode  (1892),  4(  Kust  to  West," 
ode  (1893),  Tht  /^W(Cflrdi(T,  1895),  Wewtrlif 
Crohwrt  (Norwich,  1896),  **  Awaken  my  heart," 
choral  hymn  (1881),  Psalm  oo  (1887),  Mans  in 
K  (^893),  Kequiom  (1897),  To  Deum  (Leeds, 
1898) ;— 3  Morning  and  Kveniiig  Swrvicos ;  a 
Communion  Service; 
D  min.,  "  Elegiac >r 


<l  Thro'  youth  to  stiife,  thro'  death  to  life"  ,  and 
1),  "  L'allegro  cd  il  pcnsieroso  ")  ;  2  oveitures 
and  a  seienade,  i  orch.;  a  pi.  -concerto,  a  'cello- 
concerto,  and  a  suite  f.  \iolin  and  orcli.;  a  'cello- 
sonata,  op.  g  ;  a  violin-sonata,  op.  I  r  ;  2  pf.- 
quartelb,  op.  15,  25  ;  3  string-quartets,  op.  4^, 
54,  65  ;  a  pf.-trio  ;  pf.  -sonatas  ,  etc.  —  Excellent 
sketch  of  Life  and  Works  is  in  the  "Mus. 
Times"  for  Dec  ,  1898. 

Stan'ge,  Hermann,  b.  Kiel,  Dec.  19,  1835 
St.  at  Leipzig  Cons.;  private  tuloi  to  Count 
Hernstorfl  and  the  Piince  ol  \Vied  ;  organist  at 
Kossal  College,  Kngl  ,  1860-4;  hince  1878  mtis. 
dir  ,  and  since  1887  prof.,  at  Kiel  Univ. 

Stanhope,  Charles,  Thiicl  Karl  of,  b  Aug. 
3i  I753J  <l-  London,  Sept.  13,  1816.  Wiole 
41  Principles  of  Tuning  Instr.s  with  Fixed 
Tones  "(iHofc). 

Stanley,  (Charles)  John,  b.  London,  Jan.  17, 
1713  ;  el.  theie  May  19,  1780.  Ulind  from  early 
youth,  he  st,  under  J.  Reading  and  M.  (Sreene, 
became  organist  in  several  churches,  and  in  1779 
.succeeded  lloycu  as  Master  of  the  Royal  Hand. 
He  enjoyed  the  esteem  of  I  Itlndel,  after  whose 
death  he  cond.  the  oratoiio  perfoi  manees  with 
Smith.  —  Works  :  Oratorios  Jephthti  (1757), 
Xifuri  (1700),  Th?  ftill  vj  /to'/'('774)  ;  dram. 
pastoral  Arwdia  (for  (leorge  IJL's  wedding); 
songs  ;—  Op.  i,  8  solos  f,  (icrman  Ilnte,  vln.,  or 
harpsichord;  op.  4,  ft  ditto  ;  op.  a,  6  concertos 
f.  4  ylns.,  viola,  'cello,  and  thorough-bass  f. 
harpsich.;  op.  5-7,  ten  voluntaries!  f.  org.  or  pf.; 
and  6  concertos  f.  harpsidi.  or  organ  (C76o). 

Stanley,  Albert  Augustus,  b.  Munvillc, 
Rhode  Island,  May  25,  1851.  St.  iu  Provi- 
dence, and  in  1871-5  at  Leipxig  (privately  and 
in  Cons,)  under  Reinecke,  Richler,  Wenxel, 
Paul,  and  Pupperilz.  Org.  of  Clrace  Ch.,  Provi- 
dence, 1876-88  ;  prof,  of  music  at  the  Univ.  of 
Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  .since  1888.  Pras.  of 
M,  T.  N.  A.,  1883-05  ;  Kxamiuer  for  Amer, 
Coll.  of  Musicians,  i8<j3.—  Works:  T/tc  City  t\f 
JfrwtfoiHt  ode  f.  soli,  ch.  ,  and  orch.  (Hoston,  1883); 
Psalm  si,  f.  do,  (Providence,  1892)  ;  Commemo- 
ration Ode  u  Chorus  triumpheilto,"  f.  ch.  and 
orch.  ;  sym])hony  '*  The  awakening:  of  ihc  soul  "  ; 
symph.  poem  "Altis"  (all  these  perf.  at  Ann 
Arbor)  ;  part-songs,  songs,  etc. 

Starck,  Ingeborg.    See  BKONHART. 

Stark,  Ludwig,  b.  Munich,  June  10,  1831  ; 
d.  Stuttgart,  Mar.  23,  1884.  Student  of  philos. 
at  Munich  Univ.,  and  of  music  under  Ignar.  and 
Kranx  Lachner,  1857  co-founder  of  Stuttgart 
Cons,,  teaching  harmony,  playing  from  score, 
the  history  of  music,  and  (chiefly)  singing,  until 
1873,  when  he  was  compelled  to  rest  on  account 
of  overwork  ;  returning  after  R  trip  to  Italy,  he 
confined  liU  teaching  to  theory  mid  history. 
Together  with  Lebert,  he  received  the  hon.  de- 
gree of  Dr.  phil  from  Tttbingen  Univ.  (1873)  \ 
also  the  title  of  •'  Royal  Professor  "  (1868).  Ho 


founded  and  cond.  the  Stuttgart 

Eminent  pedagogue  ;  joint-editor,  with  Lebert, 


559 


STARKE-STEFFANI 


of  the  "  Grosse  Klavierschule  "  ;  with  Faiszt,  of 
an  elementary  and  choral  singing-method,  a 
*'  Liederschule,"  etc  ;  edited  several  coll.s  of  clas- 
sical transcriptions  f .  pf . — Comp.  sacred  and  sec- 
ular choral  works  (  Volkers  Ntuhtgesang  received 
the  golden  prize-medal  from  the  Amsterdam 
4 '  Euterpe") ;  instr.l  music,  pf. -pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Star'ke,  Friedrich,  b.  Elsterwerda,  1774  ;  d. 
Dobling,  n.  Vienna,  Dec.  8,  1835.  Bandmaster 
of  an  Austrian  regiment.  Publ.  4t  Journal  fUr 
Militarmusik"  (300  parts),  "Journal  flir  Trom- 
peterchOre"  (50  Nos.),  and  other  instr.l  music  ; 
3  orch.l  masses,  a  Tantum  ergo,  etc.;  "Wiener 
Pianoforte-Schule  "  (1819-20). 

Stasny,  Ludwig,  b.  Prague,  Feb.  26,  1823  ; 
d.  Frankfort-on-Main,  Oct.  30,  1883,  as  cond. 
(from  1871)  at  the  '4  Palmengarten."  Prod,  the 
operas  JLisme  (Mayence,  1851)  and  Die  heiden 
6;  enadiere  (ibid  ,  1879).  Noted  for  his  popular 
dances  and  skilful  orch.l  arrangements  of  Waft- 
ner's  later  music-dramas. 

Stau'digl,  Josef,  famous  dram,  bass ;  b.  Wtil- 
lersdorf,  Lower  Austria,  Apr.  14, 1807  ;  d.  insane 
at  Michaelbeuerngrund,  n  Vienna,  Mar.  18, 1861. 
He  gave  up  the  study  of  medicine  to  join  the 
court  opera-chorus  at  Vienna,  later  becoming 
leading  bass,  and,  in  1831,  court  cond. — His  son, 
Josef,  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  18,  1850,  and  a  pupil  of 
RokitanskyattheCons.,  is  chamber-singer  (bari- 
tone) to  the  Grand  Duke  at  Karlsruhe,  and  a 
member  of  the  court  opera. 

Stavenha'gen,  Berahard,  distinguished  pi- 
anist ;  b.  Greiz,  Reuss,  Nov.  24,  1862.  Pupil  in 
Berlin  of  Kiel,  at  the  ATcisttr^ihulf^  and  of  Ku- 
dorff  at  the  IIochschule>  where  he  won  the  Men- 
delssohn prize  for  pf. -playing  in  1880.  Studied 
with  Liszt  1885-6.  Has  made  a  succession  of 
brilliantly  successful  pianistic  tours  through  Ger- 
many, Austria,  Hungary,  France,  Holland,  Eng- 
land, and  the  United  Stales  (1894-5).  Court  pi- 
anist to  the  Grand  Duke  of  Saxe- Weimar,  1890  ; 
in  1892,  Knight  of  the  White  Falcon  order.  In 
1895  he  succeeded  Lassen  and  d' Albert  as  court 
cond.  at  Weimar ;  since  Oct.  1, 1898,  he  has  been 
court  cond.  at  Munich.  lias  publ.  a  few  pf.- 
pieces. 

Stcherbatcheff,  Nicolas  de,  b.  Russia,  Aug. 
24,  1853,  Composer  of  the  nco-Kussian  group ; 
has  written  about  60 
comp.s,    chiefly  f. 
pf.,  but  also  some 
orch.l    pieces    and 
songs.  Among  them 
may  be  mentioned 
"Deux  Idylles 
pour  orchestra'1; 
6  Lieder  on  poems 
by  Heine ;  and,  for 
piano,  "Fe'eries  et  ••' 
pantomimes,"  op.  8  I 
(i 6  numbers),  "Mo- 
sai'que,  album  pitto- 
resque,"  op.  15  (7 
numbers),    Grande 


etude,  op.  19,  3  Tdyllcs,  op.  23,  Fnntutsfos- 
£  tildes,  op.  26,  ImpionipUi-l'apiice,  op.  2<j, 
"  Au  soil  tombant,"  w.iltz,  op.  3y,  t4  Nouvelles 
Marionnettes,"  op,  41,  Mu/uiku,  op.  42,  etc. 

Steck'er,  Carl,  b.  Ivosmanos,  llohemia, 
Jan.  22,  i8(>i.  Pupil  of  Prague  Organ-School, 
1885-9,  teacher  of  oigan  theie,  then  pi  of.  oi 
cpt.  and  hist,  of  music  at  the  ('ons.,  and  fiom 
1  888  also  lecluteroii  mus.  science  at  the  Univ. 
—  I'ubl.  **  Kritische  llcitrage  xu  eini^en  Slivil- 
frajjen  in  der  Musikwissensrliaft  "  (iH<)<>,  in  the 
"  Vierteliahihschrifl  flir  MiisikwtascnKcliaft  "  ; 
oiig.  in  Bohemian,  ifiHo,).  Uus  eomp.  a  Mmsa 
solemnis,  an  Ave  Marin,  motets  a  4-5,  an  oi^jan- 
sonata,  etc. 

Stefla'ni,  Abbate  Agostino,  h.  Caslel  franco, 
Vcnetia,  1^55  ;  d.  Krank  foil  -on  -Main,  1730,  A 
choir-l)oy  at  Han  Marco,  Venice,  his  hniutUul  so- 
prano voice  so  charmed  Count  Tallenhach  that 
he  obtained  permission  to  take  the  boy  to  Munich, 
where  ho  was  trained  from  i(>(>7  by  KIM  I  nt  (lie 
Kleclor's  expense,  becoming  couit  and  chain  IXM- 
musician  in  1670.  Afte.r  study  in  Rome  (1673-4), 
he  became  court  organist  in  1075  ;  took  holy  or 
clers  in  1680;  and  prod,  liis  lit  si  opera,  Alain* 
Aitrelio,  in  l68r,  about  this  tiiiu*  being  made 
director  of  the  Kleclor's  cliamher-imtsic  (with 
Bernabei).  Other  operas  (//  .SW*w«',  tluthifw  /' 
rispetto,  .SVvWtf  Tultii**  .*//rf//Vv,  and  AVWv)  fol- 
lowed ;  in  1088,  ayenrafter  Hernnbei's  <leath,  he 
went  to  Hanover  as  court  AV/W/w.  Here  he 
brought  out  t  ho  opera  AV////V  t/t'/fa  II  l,wu?  \\\ 
1689,  the  orchestration  of  uhiHi  is  nolewoithy 
(besides  th<j  si  ring-quartet,  there  are  (lutes,  ohoes, 
bassoons,  3  trumpets,  and  drums  ;  all  the  wind* 
instr.s  have  ^W/X'tf  /<>  passages)  ;  further,  /.</ 
cti  Abide  cm  AchtlM\Aihtlrf$\  (KtHg), 
pcrhia  tfAfcssamft'o  (r6(ji),  Of  fir  tn  fa 
(if>c)i),  Leriiwli  wuwrdi  (ifx)fl),  A*/  //M7«>  rw/* 
ccnta  (1693),  /  trfottjt  <M  /ttfo  (io()5  ;  at  Ham- 
burg, 1699,  in  (iorman,  as  /hw  w&t'Afffit*  (M*M  hick 
bd  iMwnia  ttmt  Mto)  ;  firiwltfc  ;  Alt  Mi  tufa  ; 
Atalanto  ;  Artniith  (i)l\«seldorf,  1707);  '//w- 
sifone  (ibid.,  1709),  and  /s'/i*v/  (HanovtM1,  (7<u))f 
Long  before  this,  however,  his  services  had  been 
more  in  requisition  UH  a  diplomatist  than  as  a  mu- 
sician ;  in  1696  lie  hml  brought  to  a  tmiwplwnt 
conclusion  tho  delicate  negotiations  for  the  crea- 
tion of  a  ninth  Kl«ctor  of  Hrunswiek,  l>eing  re- 
warded  by  the  appointment  us  Hishop  of  Splga 
(hi  ptirtibttf)  \  from  loc^huwiw  privy  councillor 
and  Papal  Protonotary  nt  1  JUHMcldorf,  though  still 
holding  his  position  a«  Jt&ptttmt  «l  Hanover  till 


1710,  when  he  joyfully  relinqutohed  it  l 
Some  works  of  the  Inter  epoch  were  prod,  under 
the  name  of  hi*  copyist,  (iregorio  Hvn.-  I*ulil. 
works:  "  hwlmodfn  veHjwrtlna"  <i  H  (1(174); 
41  Janus  Quuddfrona  3  vocihiiH  vel  it  <nudilwt  pnit*. 
tcrnmsa  modulandiiH  "  (1685  ;  motets  a  3,  w.  con. 
tinuo  ;  any  voice  may  l>e  omitted  at  pleaMure)  ; 
"Sonate  da  camera  a  2  violini,  alto  e  continue)  " 
9);  "UuettidacameraaHopnmo  v  coniralto 


560 


con  u  basso  continuo'*  (1683;  hlHtoricnlly  im- 
portant and  intrinsically  valuable) ;  and  the  pam* 


STEFFENS— STEIBELT 


phlct  ll  Quanta  certczza  habbia  da'  suoi  principj 
la  musica"  (Amsterdam,  1695;  German  by 
Werckmeister,  1699,  and  Albrecht,  1760).— Cf. 
"  Aufiden  Papierendeskurpfalzischen  Ministers 
Agostino  Steitani"  (1885). 

Steffens,  Julius,  b.  Stargard,  Pomerania, 
July  T2,  1831  ,  d.  Wiesbaden,  Mar.  4, 1882.  Kine 
'cellist ;  pupil  of  (Sanss  at  Berlin,  and  Schuberth 
at  St  Petersburg,  where  he  joined  the  Imp.  orch. 
Tours  with  Jaell  and  Vicuxlcmps. — Publ.  2  'cello- 
concertos  ;  also  pieces  f.  'cello. 

Steggall,  Charles,  b.  London,  Junes,  1826. 
In  1847,  pupil  of  Bennett  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  be- 
coming prof,  of  orjjan  and  harmony  there  in  1851, 
and  taking  degrees  of  Mus.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc. 
at  Cambridge.  Since  1864,  organist  of  Lincoln's 
Inn  ('Impel.  Hon.  Sec*,  to  the  Bach  Soc.  from 
1849  till  its  dissolution  in  1870. — Works  :  Psalm 
105,  f.  soli,  double  chorus,  and  oroh.  ;  Psalm  33  ; 
Magnificat,  Nunc  dimittis,  Caiitale  Domino,  and 
Deus  misereatur,  w.  oivh,  ;  Morning  and  Kven- 
ing  service  in  K  ;  anthems  ;  an  Instruction- Book 
f.  organ;  oigan-imisu1.  Edited  "Church  Psal- 
mody" (1848) ;  *l  Hymns,  Ancient  and  Modern" 
(1889);  etc. — His  son,  Reginald,  b.  London, 
Apr.  7,  1867,  st.  at  the  K.  A,  M.,  where  (since 
1895)  he  is  prof,  of  organ-playing ;  is  also  asst,- 
org.  at  Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel. — Works :  Mass  w. 
oroh.  and  organ  ;  festival  Kvening  Service  w. 
orch,  ;  dram,  st'ene,  "  Alccstis" ;  a  symphony, 
3  overtures,  a  concert -piece  f.  org.  w.  orch.  ;  or- 
gan-music, etc. 

Steg'mann,  Karl  David,  b.  Dresden,  1751 ; 
d.  Bonn,  May  37,  i«2<).  Pupil  of  Zillieh,  Ilomi- 
lius  and  Weisse  (vln.);  del mt  as  tenor  at  Bres- 
lau,  1772  ;  sang  at  Konigsbcrg,  and  became  COM* 
ctrtwrister  to  the  Priwe- Bishop  of  Krmeland. 
In  1778  AV/W////.,  in  1798  a  Director,  of  the 
Hamburg  opera,  lie  wrote  some  ten  operas; 
ballets;  12  symphonies;  etc.;  publ.  pf. -music 
and  songs. 

Steg^raayer,  Ferdinand,  b.  Vienna,  Aug. 
ag,  1803 »  d,  there  May  6, 1863.  Son  and  pupil 
of  the  actor-pet  S.  ("  Kochus  Pumpernickel tj) ; 
also  taught  by  Triebensec  and  Sey fried ;  was 
ehorusnuister  at  Urns  and  Vienna,  then  (r»25) 
music -director  at  the  Kouigstadter  Th.,  Ber- 
lin ;  cond.  of  the  Kocckel  (Jernwn  opera-troupe 
in  Paris  (i8a()»3o),  ihcatre-coml.  at  Leipxig, 
Bremen,  and  Prague  ;  from  1848  at  the  Josenn- 
stttdlcr  Th.,  Vienna,  where  he  WOK  also  teacher 
of  dramatic  and  choral  Hinging  at  the  (tons. 
(1835-7),  and  co-founder,  with  Aug.  Schmidt,  in 
1858,  of  the  Singtikatfewlf. — I*ubl.  a  graduals 
and  an  offertory  f.  male  voices ;  pf. -pieces,  songs, 
etc. 

Steh'le,  Gustav  Eduard,  b.  Stcinhnusen, 
Wurttemberg,  Feb.  17,  1839.  JCaptllm*  at  St. 
(fallen  Oath.;  wrote  ar  symphonic  tone-picture, 
"Saul/'f.  organ. 

Stefbelt,  Daniel,  noted  pf.-virtuOHo;  b.  Ber- 
lin, r?6s  ;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  Sept  »o.  1823.  A 
pupil  of  Kirnberger  for  theory  and  pf  .-playing,  he 


came  out  early  ;  publ.  sonatas  for  pf.  and  violin 
as  op.  I  and  2  at  Munich,  1788  ;  and  in  1789  was 
giving  concerts  inSax- 
ony,  J  lanovcr,  and 
Mannheim,  proceed- 
ing to  Paris  in  1790. 
After  vanquishing 
Johann  David  Her- 
mann and  Ignaz 
Pleycl,  lie  became  the 
reigning  pianist  and 
favorite  teacher  in 
1'aiis;  his  composi- 
tions found  ready  sale ; 
and  the  triumph  ot 
his  iirst  opera,  Rom  So 
et  Juliette  (Th.  Fey- 
deau,  1793),  would 
have  rendered  his  position  impregnable,  despite 
his  arrogance  and  bad  manners,  had  he  not  sold 
to  his  publisher,  Boycr,  the  above-named  sona- 
tas as  something  new.  This  was  temporarily 
smoothed  over ;  but  further  questionable  trans- 
actions, and  increasing  debts,  obliged  S.  to  leave 
Paris  in  1797.  \  Te  stayed  some  time  in  I  Condon, 
winning  plaudits  as  player  and  composer;  the 
fmale  of  his  3rd  concerto,  "  1'Orage,  pnScctk'  d'un 
rondeau  pastoral,"  became  as  fashionably  popu- 
lar as  Koczwara's  "  Battle  of  Prague,"  for  half 
a  century  the  show-piece  of  drawing -rooms.  In 
I7<)Q  he  began  a  ( Jerman  tour  in  I  lamburg,  going 
thence  to  Dresden,  Prague,  Berlin,  and  Vienna, 
where  his  challenge  to  Beethoven  ended  in  sad 
discomfiture,  In  r8oo  ho  brought  out  Haydn's 
Creation  at  Paris,  for  the  first  time,  with  great 
success,  he  himself  acting  as  cembalist ;  but  soon 
had  to  take  flight,  and  settled  in  London  until 
1805,  when  he  revisited  Paris  for  the  last  time, 
remained  there  3  years,  and  in  1808  suddenly 
started  on  a  concert-tour,  playing  in  Frankfort, 
Leipzig,  Breslnu,  and  Warsaw,  and  settling  in 
St,  Petersburg,  where  he  succeeded  BoieJdieu, 
in  1810,  as  cond.  of  the  French  Opera  and  Imp, 
court  cond.;  here  he  prod.  2  now  operas,  and 
some  earlier  ones.— S.'s  music  IM  hardly  played 
now-a-days,  and  the  greater  part  probably  merits 
oblivion  ;  but  Fetis  bestows  warm  praise  on  the 
sonatas  and  concertos  (works  of  his  first  period, 
before  pressing  need  had  forced  him  to  write 
hastily  and  carelessly),  lie  publ.  5  pf.. con- 
certos, 37  Honntns  w,  violin,  29  solo  sonataa 
and  sonatinas,  15  rondos,  18  fantasias,  etc,; 
among  the  best  are  50  titudes,  op.  78 ;  a  sonata 
in  K  fr,  op.  45  ;  t,  rondo  in  B  |?,  "  Le  Berger  et 
son  trouipeau  " ;  the  rHe'gie  on  the  death  of  Prince 
Soltykoft ;  and  a  duo  for  2  pf.s.  Pieces  which 
created  a  seiwation  in  their  day  are  "Combat 
naval,1'  op.  41,  the  Sonate  martwle,  op.  83,  the 
"  Bataille  de  Gemnppe  et  de  Neerwinde,1'  "  Die 
Zerstftrung  von  Moskwa,"  and  the  "Storm" 
rondo  mentioned  Alx>ve— *I1  trashy  "  prograra- 
mu&ic."  Ilia  tiMc/thode  de  Piano"  had  con- 
siderable vogue.  His  cfafd'&uvrt  IB  probably 
the  opera  ROM  jo  et  Julittte  /  basides  which  he 
prod.  5  other  operas,  and  5  bAlleta.~~Germaa 


561 


STEIN— STENDHAL 


criticism  of  S.  is  unanimously  unfavorable ; 
Grove's  Diet,  contains  an  interesting  and  impar- 
tial sketch  of  his  life  and  works. 

Stein,  Johann  Andreas,  inventor  of  the 
"German  (Viennese)  pf -action  ;  b.  Heides- 
heim,  Palatinate,  1728  ;  d.  Augsburg,  Feb.  29, 
1792.  Trained  in  Silbermann's  workshops  at 
Strassburg,  he  was  a  noted  organ-builder  and 
famous  piano-maker  (tf.  "Mozart's  Biiefe"). 
The  business  was  carried  on  by  his  son,  M. 
Andreas,  and  daughter,  Nanette  Streicher 
[see  STREICHER],  who  removed  to  Vienna  in 
1802. 

Stein,  Eduard,  b.  Kleinschirma,  Saxony, 
1818  ;  d.  Sondershausen,  Mar.  16, 1864,  as  court 
cond.  (since  1853).  His  concerto  f .  double-bass, 
op.  9,  is  noted. 

Stein,  Theodor,  b.  Altona,  1819.  Concert- 
pianist,  appearing  at  12  ;  since  1872,  prof,  of 
pf. -playing  at  St.  Petersburg  Cons. 

Stein'bach,  Emil,  b.  Lengenrieden,  Baden, 
Nov.  14,  1849.  1>uptt  °f  Leipzig  Cons.;  since 
1877,  cond.  of  the  Mayence  town-orch.  Has 
comp.  orch  1  music,  chamber-music,  songs,  etc. 
— His  brother  and  pupil,  Fritz,  b.  Grllnsfeld, 
Baden,  June  17,  1855 ;  st.  at  Leipzig  Cons. 
(1873) ;  won  the  Mozart  Scholarship ;  1880-6, 
2nd  Kajellm.  at  Mayence ;  since  1886,  court 
cond.  at  Meiniugen. — PubL  a  septet,  op.  7 ;  a 
'cello-sonata;  songs. 

Stein'del,  Bruno  (I.),  b.  Zwickau,  Saxony, 
about  1864.  Excellent  'cellist,  for  3  years  ist 
'cello  in  the  Berlin  Philharm.  under  v.  Btilow  ; 
do.  in  the  Chicago  Orch.,  under  Th.  Thomas, 
since  its  establishment. — Bruno  (II.),  pianist ; 
b.  Munchen-Gladbach,  Germany,  1890.  I lis  fa- 
ther, mus.  dir.  in  that  town,  is  his  teacher.  S. 
gave  public  concerts  as  early  as  1896  ;  has  played 
since  in  many  German  cities,  also  in  London, 
etc.— Program  at  Leipzig  (Hotel  de  Prusse), 
Apr.  28,  1898 :  2  Preludes  (Ikch) ;  F-major  so- 
nata (Mozart);  Nocturne  in  Eh,  and  Fanlaisie- 
ImpromptuinCJmin.  (Chopin);  Song w.  Words 
(Mendelss.) ;  2  little  pieces  (Schumann) ;  "  Seil- 
springer"  (Mttller-Reuter)  ;  Impromptu  op.  90, 
No.  4  (Schubert) ;  Tarantella  (Heller) ;  Mazurka 
(Godard) ;  Elfentanz-6tude  (Sapellnikoff) ;  Vo- 
gel-Caprice  (Bla'ttennann). 

Stei^ner,  Jakob.    See  STAINER. 

Stein'graber,  Theodor,  b.  Neustadt-on-the- 
Orla,  Jan.  25,  1830.  Founder  and  head  of  the 
Hanover  music-publishing  firm,  since  1890  in 
Leipzig.  Author  (under  the  pseudonym  "  Gus- 
tav  Damm  ")  of  a  pf. -method. 

Steinway  &  Sons,  renowned  piano-manu- 
facturers in  New  York  and  Hamburg.  The 
founder  of  the  firm,  Heinrich  Engelhard 
Steinweg;  b.  Wolfshagen,  Harz,  Feb.  15, 
1797 ;  d.  New  York,  Feb.  7,  1871.  He  learned 
cabinet-making  and1  organ-building  at  Goslar, 
and  went  to  Seesen  about  1820,  beginning  as  a 
journeyman  organ-builder,  also  working  as  a 
joiner.  He  married  in  1835.  In  his  ambition  to 


establish  a  business  of  his  own,  ho  worked 
through  many  u  night  on  his  first  piano,  which 
combined  the  merits  of  old  Knglish  and  the 
(then)  new  tleimnn  insti.s.  It  iound  icadysale, 
and  S.  bent  his  eneigics  to  pf.-constiuction  ;  in 
1839  he  exhibited  i  gi,iwl,  r  3-stiingetl  s<iuare, 
and  I  2-stringed  squuie  at  the  Jlrunswick  Slate 
Fair.  The  Revolution  of  1848  caused  him  to 
emigialc  to  New  Yoik  in  1850  with  foiu  sons 
[Charles,  b.  Seesen,  Jan.  4,  1829;  <1.  tlieic 
Mar.  31,  1805  ; — Henry,  b.  Seesen,  Oct.,  i8a<) ; 
d.  New  Yoik,  Mai.  n,  i8f>s  ;— William,  b. 
Seesen,  Mar.  5,  1836 ;  d.  New  York,  Nov.  30, 
1896; — and  Albert,  b.  Sccsen,  June  TO,  1840; 
d.  New  Yoik,  May  14,  1877],  leaving  the  (lei- 
mun  business  at  Seesen  in  charge  of  the  eldest 
son,  Theodor  (b.  Seesen,  Nov.  6,  1825  ;  d. 
Brunswick,  Mar.  36,  1889).  Kor  3  years,  father 
and  sons  worked  in  different  New  York  fac- 
tories ;  in  1853  they  established  a  factoiy  of  their 
own  under  the  above  firm-name  ;  their  remark- 
able prosperity  dates  Jrom  1855,  when  they  look 
1st  prize  for  overstrung  pianos  (squares)  with 
cast-iron  frame  at  the  N.  Y.  Industrial  Kxhibi- 
tion.  Among  the  very  numerous  prixes,  medals, 
etc.,  since  awarded,  m:iy  be  mentioned  Jsl  prixe 
medal  at  London,'  1862  ;  rsl  grand  gold  medal  of 
honor  for  all  styles  at  Paris,  1807  (by  unanimous 
veidict) ;  and  diploma  for  "highest  degree  of 
excellence  in  all  styles"  at  Philadelphia,  1870.- 
In  1865  Theodore  S.  gave  up  the  Brunswick 
business  \sw  STKINWKC],  and  became  u  full 
partner  in  the  New  York  iirm,  which  is  now  the 
largest  cHtabl.  of  its  kind  iu  the  world.  At  pres- 
ent (1890)  the  officers  of  the  corporation  are 
Charles  1 1.  Steinway  (pres.)»  Frederick  T.  Stein- 
way (vice-pros,),  Charles  K.  Tretbar  (treat*.), 
Nahum  Stetson  (seer.),  all  of  whom,  with  Henry 
Zicgler,  constitute  the  board  of  directors.  His- 
tory of  the  iirm  is  in  "Contemporary  Amer, 
Biography " ;  also  in  a  reprint  from  the  «anie 
(New  York,  1895);  and  iu  the  "Illiwlmlcd 
Pamphlet "  publ,  by  the  iirm. 

Steinweg.  Original  name  of  the  Steinway 
family.  Theodor  S.  continued  the  Sctwen  busi- 
ness until  1859,  then  removing  to  Brunswick, 
and  carrying  it  on  there  till  1865,  when  it  was 
taken  over  by  Grotrian,  Uelfcrich  &  Schulis, 
Theodor  Steinweg  Nachfolger  [U.,  "(S.,  II,  & 
S,,  successors  to  T.  S."],  thte  firm-name  being 
registered  in  1869. 

Stei'zner,  Dr.  Alfred,  of  WieBbadcn,  now 
(1899)  living  in  Dresden,  is  the  inventor  of  the 
Violotta  and  Cellone,  etc.,  stringed  instr.H  con- 
structed on  a  new  system  (by  Weidemann  at 
Wiesbaden),  for  which  he  claim*  increased  so- 
nority. 

Stendhal,  pen-namo  of  Marie-Henri  Beyle, 
b.  Grenoble,  Jan.  33,  1783 ;  d.  farte,  Mar,  33, 
1842.  A  military  official  under  Napoleon,  A* 
"Stendhal"  he  publ.,  in  1823,  a  u  Vie  de  Ron* 
sinl"  plagiarized  in  great  part  from  Camanl'B 
"JLeRossiniane";  and  "Vies  de  Haydn,  Mo- 
zart et  Me'tastase  "  in  1817  (a  reprint  of  a  former 


STEPHENS— STEVENSON 


plagiarization,  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Ilom- 
bet,"  of  Carpani's  "  Le  Ilaydine").  The  latter 
was  publ.  in  lCnj>lish  (1817)  as  "Lives  of  Elaydn 
and  Mozart." 

Stephens,  Catherine,  soprano  singer  in 
opera  and  concert  ;  b.  London,  Dec.  18,  1791 
(Sept.  iS,  170,4?!  jd.theie  Feb.  22,  1882.  From 
1813-35  she  occupied  a  leading  position  in  Lon- 
don mus.  life  ;  married  the  octogenarian  Earl  of 
Ksst'x  in  1 838.  ( )n  the  stage  she  was  known  as 
14  Kitty  Stephens." — Her  nephew, 

Stephens,  Charles  Edward,  b.  London, 
Mar.  liS,  1821  ;  d.  there  July  13,  1892.  Pianist 
and  teacher,  also  organist  at  several  London 
churches  till  1875.  His  chief  insluictois  were 
0.  Potter  (pf.).  Wag  rove  (vln.),  and  Hamilton 
(theory).  In  1850,  Associate,  in  1857  full  mem- 
ber, of  the  Philharm.,  later  Diiector  and  Treas. ; 
1865,  l«\  C.  ().;  1870,  lion,  member  of  the  K. 
A.  Si,;  1874,  orig.  member  of  the  Mus.  Assoc. 
— Works :  Orch.l  and  chamber-music  (2  sym- 
phonies ;  2  string-quartets  ;  a  pf. -quartet ;  a  pf.- 
trio;  etc.) ;  pf. -pieces  (sonata  in  A (7 ;  Duo  bril- 
lant  in  K,  f.  pf.  4  hands ;  Duo  concertant  in  <i, 
and  another  in  (\  f.  2  pf.s) ;  organ-music,  glees, 
songs,  cluu  ch-music. 

Ster'kel,  Abbe  Johann  Franz  Xaver,  b. 
Wttrxburg,  Dec.  3,  1750;  d.  Mayenco,  Oct.  12, 
1817.  Distinguished  amateur  composer;  in 
1778  court  chaplain  and  organist  at  Mayence, 
from  1793  A'tf/W////.  and  canon.  Kounded  a 
singing-school  in  Ratisbon,  1807;  returned  to 
Muyence  in  1814, — Publ.  to  symphonies,  2 
overtures,  6  pf. -concertos,  a  string-quintet,  6 
trios  f.  violins  and  'cello,  6  duos  f,  vln,  and  viola, 
violin-sonatas,  pf. -sonatas  f.  2  and  4  hands, 
rondos  (the  u  Rondo  comiquc"  was  popular), 
canzcmeltus,  songs,  ducts,  etc. 

Sterling,  Antoinette,  ulto  singer  in  concert 
and  oratorio ;  b.  Stcrliugvilki,  N,  Y,,  Jan.  23, 
1850.  Pupil  of  Mme.  Marches!  (Cologne),  Mme. 
Viardot- Garcia  ( JJaden- Haden),  and  Manuel 
(xarciu  (London).  Returning  to  America,  she 
gave  successful  song-recitals,  and  f  or  u  time  sang 
in  Henry  Ward  Jteccher's  Ch.,  ut  Urooklyn  ;  then 
went  to  London,  making  very  successful  dtflml  at 
Covent  Garden,  Nov,  5, 1873,  in  one  of  KivitVe's 
Promenade  Concerts.  She  taken  high  rank  in  the 
mus,  world  of  Ixnulon,  her  permanent  home  ;  in 
1875  she  married  Mr.  MocMnlay. 

Sterling  Winthrop  S.,  b.  Cincinnati,  1850  J 
st  there  in  the  College  of  Music,  and  from  1883 
at  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Zwintacher,  ladfissohn, 
and  Reinecke  (privately  under  k,  Hoffmann, 
corap,,  and  Krau  Unger-IIaupt,  voice-training); 
later  in  London  tinder  Turpin,  Behnke,  and 
Shakespeare,  and  wo*  organist  of  the  W.  London 
Tabernacle.  Since  1887,  head  of  organ-depart- 
ment, and  teacher  of  (tinging  and  comp.,  at  the 
Cincin,  Coll,  of  MUH!C, 

Stern,  Georg  Frieddch  Theophile,  b* 
Stras«»burg,  July  &i,  1803 ;  d.  there  in  Dec.,  1886. 
From  1841,  organist  at  the  New  Temple  (Prot- 


estant).—  Publ  7  sets  of  oij»an-pieces  w.  pedal 
a^  hb.  ;  also  wrote  sncicd  cantatas,  pf,-music, 
and  songs. 

Stern,  Julius,  b.  1Jret.hu,  Aug.  8,  1820 ,  d. 
Iterlin,  Feb.  27,  1883.  Pupil  of  I>.  Llusluer 
(vln  ) ;  from  1832  of  Maurer,  Gauss,  and  St.  Lu- 
bin,  at  Herlin ;  later  of  Rungenhagcn  at  the  Aka- 
demie.  St.  1843-0  at  Dresden  and  Paris,  and  in 
1847  founded  the  famous  Stern  Gesangwrein  in 
Uorlin,  conducting  it  until  1874.  ^VitIJ  Kullak 
and  Maix  he  founded  the  Stern  Cons.,  in  1850  ; 
the  others  withdrew  in  1855  and  '57  respectively. 
He  received  the  title  of  "  R.  Music- Director  "in 
1849,  and  that  of  '*  Professor"  in  1860.  From 
1869-71  healsocond  the  Merlin  Symphony  Orch  ; 
from  1873-4,  the  concerts  in  the  '*  Ueichshallc." 
— Cf.  **  Krinneninjfsblatter  an  Julius  Stern" 
(1886),  by  Richard  Stern. 

Stern,  Margarethe,  u&  Herr,  b.  "Dresden, 
Nov.  25,  1857.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Karl  Krdgon, 
Liszt,  and  Krau  Schumann.  In  1881  she  mar- 
ried the  poet  and  literary  historian  Dr.  Adolph 
Stern  of  1  )resden. 

Stern,  Leo,  b.  HriglUon,  Kngl.,  1870,  'Cel- 
list; pupil  of  Piatti,  and  at  Leipzig  of  Klengcl 
and  DavidofT.  Kirst  conceit -tour  1 888,  with  Pi- 
atti ;  has  played  with  $»real  applause  in  Germany 
and  France.  American  tour,  1897,  II as  publ. 
solo  pieces  f.  'cello,  and  songs. 

Sternberg,  Constantin  (Ivaaovitch,  Kdlcr 


Ilnuptn 

and  David,  at  LcipxigCons.  ;  1872-4,  at  the  Itcr- 
lin  Akademie,  of  Th.  Kullak,  \Vttersl,  and  H. 
Dorn,  visiting  Ltaxt  in  summer.  1807-9,  cond. 
of  Hrtthl  Th,,  Leipxig,  and  asst.-chorasma.stcr  at 
City  Th.  ;  1870,  cond,  at  Wllrxburg  Th.,  and 
Kissingen  Summer  Th,  ;  1871,  of  court  opera  at 
Meeklenbtirg-Stwlit*  ;  1875-7,  Dir.  of  Acacl. 
Music-School,  mul  court  pianist,  at  Mecklenburg- 
Schworin;  1877-9,  concert-tours  in  Germany; 
1879-80,  tour  through  Russia,  Asia  Minor,  and 
Central  Asia;  1880-5,  concert-seasons  in  the 
United  States  ;  r88s-o,  Dir.  of  Coll.  of  Music  ut 
Atlanta,  (la.  ;  1890  till  now  (1809),  Dir.  of  the 
"SU'rnbertf  School  of  Music/  Philadelphia. 


Still  makes  occasional  short  pianistic  tours.— 
Publ.  works:  2  pf,  -trios  ;  u  Dunnes  cosaques" 
f.  violin  (op,  13);  Fantasia  f.  Velio  (op.  18); 
about  80  stdon-pieccs  f,  pf.  ;  8  songs  (79  pieces 
with  opus-number). 

Stevens,  Richard  John  Samuel,  b,  London, 
1757  ;  d,  there  Sept.  23,  1837.  One  of  the  most 
popular  of  KngHtth  glee-corap.  s  ;  from  1801,  prof. 
of  music  at  Greshuni  College,  Publ.  over  40 
glees,  among  them  "Sigh  no  more,  Ladies," 
**  Ye  spotted  snakes,"  "  The  cloud-capt  towers," 
"  (tabbed  Age  and  Youth,"  etc, 

Stevenson,  E.  Irenaus,  b.  Madison,  N.  J. 
An  indefatigable  nuiHieo-litemry  pilgrim  in  Eu- 
rope, he  early  began  his  career  as  a  writer*  Has 
been  mus.  editor  of  the  **  Independent0  (New 


563 


STEWART— STOBAUS 


York)  since  1881,  and  of  "Harper's  Weekly" 
since  1895.  As  such  he  is  a  widely-read  and  influ- 
ential musical  journalist,  inclining  towards  con- 
servatism, although  an  outspoken  admirer  of 
much  in  Wagner's  works.  Has  publ  2  mus. 
novels,  "A  Matter  of  Temperament"  and  "  Sil- 
vester Sard,  Teacher  of  Vocal  Music  "  ;  and  a 
dozen  carefully  finished  sketches,  collected  under 
the  title  *'  Some  Men;  and  Women;  and  Music." 

Stewart,  Sir  Robert  Prescott,  b.  Dublin, 
Dec.  r6,  1825 ;  d.  there  Mar.  25,  1894.  Choir- 
boy at,  and  at  18  organist  of,  Christ  Ch.  Cath., 
Dublin ;  in  1846,  cond.  of  the  Univ.  Choral  Soc. ; 
in  1851,  Mus.  Doc.,  Dublin;  in  1852,  Vicar- 
choral  at  St.  Patrick's;  knighted  in  1872,  and  be- 
came prof,  of  harmony,  etc.,  at  the  R.  Irish  Acad. 
of  Music;  in  1873,  cond.  of  the  Philhann. — 
Works:  Numerous  odes  and  cantatas;  church- 
services,  motets,  anthems;  glees,  songs,  etc. 

Stha'mer-Aadriessen,  Pelagic,  dramatic 
soprano ;  b.  Vienna,  June  20,  1862.  Pupil  of 
Vienna  Cons  ,  and  of  Frau  Dreyschock,  Berlin  ; 
sang  with  Neumann's  travelling  opera-troupe, 
from  1884-90  at  Leipzig  City  Th.,  later  at 
Cologne  and  Vienna.  Married  the  architect 
Ende  of  Wannsee,  n.  Berlin,  in  1890. 

Stiastny  [Stastny],  Bernhard  Wenzel,  b. 
Prague,  1760;  d.  there  1835 ;  'cellist  in  the  thea- 
tre-orch, ;  from  1810-12,  prof,  at  the  Cons. 
Wrote  sonatas  and  fugal  pieces  f.  2  'cclli,  and  a 
'cello-method. — His  brother,  Franz  Johann 
[Jan],  b.  Prague,  1764,  d.  about  1820;  'cello-vir- 
tuoso in  Prague,  Nuremberg,  and  Mannheim; 
publ.  a  concertino  f.  'cello,  'cello-duets,  a  diver- 
tissement f.  'cello,  viola,  and  bass,  'cello-sonatas 
w.  bass,  etc. 

Stich,  Jan  Vaclav  [Ger.  Johann  Wenzel; 

Italianized  his  German  name,  Johann  Stich,  as 
"Giovanni  Punto"],  famous  horn-player;  b.Zchu- 
zicz,n.  Czaslau,  Bohemia,  1748;  d.  Prague,  Feb. 
16, 1803.  After  brilliant  tours  in  Germany,  I  hm- 
gary,  and  Italy,  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
Prince-Bishop  of  Wttrzburg  in  1781 ;  in  1782  be- 
came chamber-musician  to  the  Comte  d'Artois 
(later  Charles  X.)at  Paris;  conducted  a  small  vau- 
deville-theatre during  the  Reign,  of  Terror;  and 
returned  to  Germany  in  ryyg,  enchanting  Bee- 
thoven at  Vienna,  who  wrote  a  sonata  (op.  17)  for 
him,  and  played  it  with  him  at  a  concert,  Apr. 
n,  1800.  lie  went  to  Prague  in  1801.— Publ. 
14  horn-concertos;  "Hymne  b  la  liberte1,"  w. 
orch. ;  sextet  f.  horn,  clar.,  bassoon,  and  strings; 
quintet  f.  horn,  flute,  and  strings;  24  quartets  f. 
horn  and  strings;  20  trios  f.  3  horns;  duets  f.  2 
horns,  and  f.  horn  and  d.-bass;  studies  f.  horn; 
a  Method  f.  horn  (1798;  revision  of  that  by  his 
teacher,  Hampel);  also  string-trios,  and  violin- 
duets. 

Stiehl,  Heinrich  (Franz  Daniel),  b.  Ltlbeck, 
Aug.  5,  1829 ;  d.  Reval,  May  X,  1886.  Organ- 
ist ;  pupil  of  Lobe,  and  of  Moscheles,  Gade,  and 
Hauptmann  at  Leipzig  Cons.  From  1853-66, 
organist  at  St  Peter's,  and  gontJ,  of  fee 


akatfemie,  at  .St.  Petersburg.  After  tours  in 
Germany,  Italy,  and  Knglaml,  he  was  cond.  of 
the  St.  Cecilia  Soc.  at  Helfnst  1874-8  I  taught  at 
Hastings  ;  and  from  1880  was  organist  at  Kuvul, 
and  cond.  of  the  SiugafatfoMtr. — Woiks:  2 
operettas,  7^v  Sf/iatr$rttfiti\  and  Jwy  itnd 
Bktcfy  jm  pantomimic  intermexzo  A/  hnffvwtfcfott  ; 
"Ouverture  triomphalc"  and  **  Die  Vision,"  f 
orch.;  the  choral  woik  Kfjt'nk&wgin  ;  a  st ring- 
quartet  (op.  172);  3  pf.  -trios;  a^  'cello-sonatu  , 
seveial  violin-sonatas ;  5  Kunta.sivstttrke  f.  pf. 
(op.  58) ;  4  pf. -pieces,  "  In  lonely  hours  "  (op. 
75) ,  4  "  Musical  Portraits,"  f.  pf.  (op.  106) ; 
songs  ("Psalter  und  Knife");  etc. —  His 
brother, 

Stiehl,  Karl  Johann  Christoph,  b,  Ulhcrk, 
July  12,  1826.  Organist;  since  1878  cond,  oj 
the  JUunfavrfiu  and  SiugaJfttikwif  at  I.tlU'dr ; 
is  also  mus.  critic  for  the  Lttbeck  "JCeinmjf,11 
and  custodian  of  the  mus.  section  in  the  Lttbcck 
Library.— Publ,  "Zur  ('xwhichtc  dor  Instni- 
mcntalmusikinUHwt'k"(rHS5);  "  LUherkisdies 
Tonkflnsllcr-lxsxikon"  (1887);  »nd  "Musik- 
gcschiclite  cler  Stadt  LnbcckM  (i«oO- 

Stieh^e,  Ludwig  Maximilian  Adolf,  b. 
Frankfort,  Aug.  19,  1850.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of 
Vicuxtcmps,  Hermann,  ami  Joachim;  1*111872 
ho  joined  A  lard's  Quartet  at  Paris  :  in  1873,  that 
of  the  Jlaron  von  Derwies,  at  Nice  ;  in  iH7g,  the 
Ilochberg  Quartet ;  now  living  at  iJtisd,  where 
he  gives  quartet- si nr&s  with  Hans  lluhcr. 

Stigel'U,  Giorgio,  \recte  Georg  Stie'gcle,) 
celebrated  (Jentmn  lenor;  b.  about  iSao  ;  d.  in 
his  villa  Hosehetti,  n.  Monxu,  Italy,  July  3,  iH68. 
Made  long  concert  -lours  in  ( Jenuany,  mid  I  Ho,|-  -5 
in  America.  Comp.  seveml  songs,  ftn 
the  popular  "  Die  sehonsten  Aujrfii." 

Stirling,  Elizabeth,  b.  (ireenwicb, 
Feb.  26,  1819;  cl.  London, 'Mur.  35, 
I»upil  of  \V.  B.  Wilson  and  K.  Holmes  (or#.  tuul 
pf.);  J.  A.  Hamilton  ami  (1.  A.  Mucftinvn 
(comp.\  In  1839,  oixnniHt  of  All  Saints',  Pop. 
lar,  and  1858-80  of  St.  Andrew's,  Uuek'rslw/t, 
In  1853  .she  passed  the  examination  for  the  de- 
gree of  MUK,  Hac.  at  Oxford  (her  cxercMMc  was 
Tsalm  130  a  5,  w.  orch.),  but  did  not  receive  the 
degree,  there  being  no  precedent  for  eonfi*rrin# 
it  upon  a  woman.  Married  F,  A.  Uricl^e  in 
1863.— Publ.  <i  "  Pedal-Fugues"  and  other  ex- 
cellent organ-pieces  ;  some  jwrt-Kon#H  won  great 
popularity  (e.g.,  "  AH  tunong  the  barley'*), 

Stoba/us,  Johann,  b.  (Jruudenx,  W.  1'ruM- 
sia,  July  6,  1580;  d,  Konig*bcr}r,  Sept.  rr, 
1646.  Important  church-compcwer ;  pupil  of 
Joh.  Kccard  at  Konigabtirg,  where  he  also  at* 
tended  the  Univ.;  1601,  hnns  Hinder  in  the 
Electoral  chapel ;  1603,  cantor  of  the  cnthetl mi- 
school ;  1627,  Ktoctoral  A77/^/////,  —  Work* : 
"Cantiones  sacrae  5-10  vocum  Item  Magnifi- 
cat" (1634) ;  many  BOn^H  for  special  occawmH ; 
and  contributed  to  Eccard's  4t  ('rcunslMc'Ue  K«wt- 
li«der  "  a  5-8  (a  parts,  1643,  '44 ;  now  «1.  1858); 
and  u  GeistlJchtJ  Lled«r'r  motets  // 


.564 


STOCKHAUSEN— STRADELLA 


Stock'hausen,  Julius,  son  of  t he  harpist  and 
comp.  Franz  S.  [  1792-1868 1 ,  eminent  baritone 
vocalist  and  leuchei  ,  b.  Paiis,  July  22,  1826. 
Pupil  of  Paris  Cons.,  und  of  Manuel  Garcia  in 
London,  soon  winning  renown  as  a  concert- 
singer.  From  1862-7,  cond.  the  Philharm. 
Concerts  and  the  Suigtikatkmie  at  Hamburg  ; 
1869-70,  chamber-singer  at  Stultgait ;  1874-8, 
cond.  of  the  Stern  ( icsungverem  at  tterlin ; 
1878-9,  teacher  of  singing  at  the  I  loch  Cons., 
Franklort-on-  Main  ;  "after  Raff's  death  in  1882 
he  resumed  the  professorship  at  the  Cons.,  le- 
tiring  in  1898,  since  when  he  has  given  private 
lessons  only,  lie  has  publ.  a  Method  of  Sing- 
ing, in  2  parts. — His  brother, 

Stockliausen,  Franz,  b.  Gebweiler,  Alsa- 
tia,  Jan.  30,  1839.  Pupil  of  Alkan  at  Paris, 
and  of  Moscheles,  Richter,  and  Ilauptmann  at 
Leipxig  Cons.,  1 860-2  ;  from  1868,  cond.  of  the 
"Sot-,  de  chant  sacre"  at  Stmsslmrg  (resigned 
1879),  and  mus.  dir.  at  the  cathedral ;  since  1871, 
Director  of  the  Strasslmrj>  Cons.  Received  the 
title  of  "R.  Professor  "  in  1892. 

Stojow'ski,  Sigisraund,  1),  Slrelce,  Poland, 
May  2,  1 870.  Pianist,  pupil  of  1 ,.  Xelenski  at 
Cracow,  and  of  Dinner  (pf,)  and  Dolibes 
(cotnp.)  at  the  Paris  Cons.  1887-9,  winning  rst 
prizes  for  pf. -playing  and  composition.  St.  later 
under  Paderewski.  At  an  orch.l  concert  of  his 
own  works,  given  in  Paris,  1891,  he  prod,  a  pf.- 
concerto  in  KJf  min.  At  present  (i8<)())  residing 
in  Paris. — Works:  Pf. -concerto ;  Suite  f.  orch. ; 
Variations  f.  orch.;  Var.s  and  Kngue  f.  string- 
quartet;  Romance,  op.  15,  f.  violin  and  orch.; 
graceful  and  effective  pf. -music, 

Stoltz,  Rosine,  \nrte  Victorine  Nob,]  b. 
Paris,  Keb.  13,  1815,  Kine  mexKO-Hoprano ; 
pupil  of  Choron's  school ;  sang  at  Brussels,  ami 
1837-47  at  the  Grand  Opt'ra,  Paris.  Other 
stage-names  were  "  Mme*  Ternaux  "  and  "  Mile. 

IldloiHC." 

Stol'tser,  Thomas,  b.  Silesia,  about  1490 ; 
d.  Of  en,  A.ug.  29, 1526,  as  R,  AV/W/w,— Comp.s 
in  Graphaw  "  Novum  et  innigne  opus,"  1537  ; 
Petrejus'  Coll.  of  Pnalms,  1538-9;  Khaw's 
41  Bicinia,"  1543  ;  etc, 

StBl'sei  [Stblzl],  Gottfried  Heinrich,  b. 
Grttnstftdtl,  Saxony,  Jan,  30,  1690 ;  d.  Gotha, 
Nov.  27,  1749.  l*upH  of  cftwtor  Umlauf  at 
Schneeberg,  and  Melchior  11  of  man  n  at  Leipzig  ; 
taught  at  Sreslau,  and  there  prod,  his  first  opera, 
,M*m,M/«',  in  1711,  followed  by  lfakria>  Artemi- 
sia and  Qnott  at  Naumburg  (all  1712).  After  a 
journey  to  Italy*  and  a  sojourn  in  Prague  (bring- 
ing out  Venus  und  Adonis,  17 14 ;  Am  vnd 
Gahitlua,,  1715  ;  and  Aw  tfureh  die  fMe  besitgtc 
Gl&ck,  1716),  lie  went  to  Hayreuth  (/>nwW*,r, 
1717)1  Gem,  and  in  1719  became  court  cond.  at 
(fotha  (Dtr  Mmtnberg,  I7»3).— Works :  22 
operas ;  the  pastoral  Rosen  und  Dorwn  ;  14  ora- 
torios ;  8  double  sets  of  cantata*  and  motetR  for 
the  church-year;  mmweu;  symphonies,  serenades, 
and  table-imutic ;  etc.  (all  MS.). 


StoKzenberg,  Benno,  stage-tenor;  b.  Ko- 
niftsbcig,  Feb.  25,  1829.  Pupil  of  Mantius  and 
II.  Dorn  ;  debut  at  Konigsberg,  1852,  as  Alma- 
viva  ;  sang  with  great  success  on  several  stages, 
notably  at  Kailsiuhe  ("chamber-singer*'),  and 
Leipzig  (from  1870);  Director  of  Danzig  City 
Th.  1878-82  ;  then  taught  singing  in  Berlin,  and 
in  1885  became  teacher  of  solo  singing  at  Cologne 
Cons  ;  since  1896,  Dir.  of  a  vocal  school  for 
opeia  and  concert,  at  Berlin, 

Std'pel,  Franz  (David  Christoph),  b.  Ober- 
heldrtiugen,  Saxony,  Nov.  14,  1794 ;  d.  Paris, 
Dec.  19,  1836.  Noteworthy  as  the  introducer 
(iH23)  of  Logier's  method  of  pf. -teaching  in 
Uei  lin ;  later  in  other  cities,  finally  in  Paris ; 
nowhere  with  striking  success. — Publ.  '*  System 
dor  llurmomehihre"  (after  Logier;  1825); 
"(Irundzltye  dor  Geschichte  dcr  modcrnen 
Musik"  (1821) ;  "  Ileitragc  xur  \VUidij»un};  der 
neuen  Mcthode  des  gleichxeitigen  Unturric'hts 
einer  Mehrxahl  Schiller  im  Pianoioitespiei  und 
der  Thcorie  der  Harmonic  "  (1823) ;  4*  lTel)cr  J. 
B.  Logiers  System  dcr  Musikwisscnschaft" 
(1827);  etc. 

Stbr,  Karl,  b.  Stolberg,  TIarx,  June  29,  1814; 
d.  Weimar,  Jan,  17,  3889.  Violinist;  pupil  of 
( Jtttxe  and  Lobe  at  Weimar  ;  in  1827,  court  musi- 
cian ;  in  1857  he  was  app.  court  cond.,  but  in  a 
few  years  failing  eyesight  compelled  his  resigna- 
tion.— Works :  Opera  AV  Mucht  (Weimar, 
1843);  "Tonbilder  ssn  Sohillers  Lied  von  <fcr 
(tfoto"  f.  orch. ;  overtures ;  ballets ;  a  Stiind- 
chcn  f.  'cello  w.  orch, ;  male  choruses ;  songs, 

Storace,  Stephen,  b.  London,  1763;  d. 
there  Mar.  19,  1796.  Pupil  of  his  father,  a 
noted  double-bass  player,  and  of  the  Cons,  di  S. 
Onofrio  at  Naples.  Brought  out  a  comic  Italian 
opera  at  Vienna ;  lived  in  London  as  composer 
tt>  the  principal  theatres.  Ho  prod.  18  staj»e- 
works,  besides  adaptations  of  1  HUersdorf H 
Dwtor  umi  Afiotheker  and  Salieri's  (>wt/a  tH 
Trofonio, — Ills  sister,  Anna  Selina  (1766- 
1817),  was  a  famous  Hinge-soprano  (coloratura), 
a  pupil  of  Sacchinl  in  Venice. 

Storch,  M.  Anton,  b.  Vienna,  Dec.  22, 
1813  ;  d.  there  Dec,  31,  1888.  AV/V//-W.  at  the 
Carl  and  Josephstftdlt'r  Theatres,  Wrote  many 
favorite  quartets  for  male  voices  (u  Letxte 
Treue,"  "Grttn");  also  music  to  burlesciues. 

Std'we,  Gustav,  b.  Potsdam,  July  4,  1835; 
d,  there  Apr.  30,  1891.  Pupil  of  the  Stern- 
Mnrx  Cons,  at  lierttn  ;  also  of  Marx  (comp.) 
and  Zech  (pf.).  Founder  (1875)  and  lifelong 
director  of  the  Potsdam  School  of  Music.— Publ, 
"  Die  Klaviertechmk,  dargestellt  als  muRikallsch- 
phyftiologiDche  HewegungKlehre "  (1886 ;  thor- 
ough analysis  of  the  elements  of  piano-touch) ; 
also  paper*  in  Brealaur's  "  Klavierlehre"  ;  pf.- 
pieces ;  songg. 

Stradella,  Akssandro,  famous  Italian  com* 
poser  of  the  iyth  century,  His  career  is  shrouded 
in  myatery,  not  even  place  or  date  of  his  birth  or 
death  being  known.  It  is  supposed  that  he  was 


5*5 


STRADIVARI— STRAUSS 


born  in  Naples  or  Venice  about  1645,  and  died 
in  Genoa  after  July  6,  lOSi  (the  date  bouie  by 
his  cantata  //  B(uche$gio).  lie  is  the  heto  of 
Flotow's  opera,  which  is  founded  on  a  story 
narrated  by  Bonnet-Bourdelot  in  il  Histoire  de 
la  musique  et  de  ses  effets  "  (Paris,  1715).— Ex- 
tant works  :  Oratorios  San  Giovanni  ftattista,  a  5 
w.  instr.s  (publ.  1676),  and  Susanna  (1681)  ;  the 
operas  Conspero  (1665  ?),  Orazio  Code  sitl  ponte 
(1666  ?),  Trespuk  tutor e  (1667),  La  forsa  del 
amotepaterno  (1678),  the  cantata  II  Urn  ihfggio 
(1681) ;— 148  MSS.  in  the  Modena  I,ibiarjj, 
inch  8  oratorios  and  IT  dramas  (if.  Catelani, 
*'  Delle  opera  di  A.  Stradelln"  in  the  above 
library  j  Modena,  1866) , — cantatas  in  the  Na- 
ples Cons.  Library  ;  21  cantatas  in  the  library  of 
San  Marco,  Venice  (10  publ.  by  L.  Escudier,  w. 
pf.-accomp.  by  Halevy) ; — others  in  the  Paris 
Nat  Library,  and  at  the  Cons.; — I  motet  and 
8  cantatas  at  Christchurch  Library,  Oxford ;  a 
number  of  cantatas,  madrigals,  anas,  duets,  etc., 
in  the  British  Museum  ;  etc  — The  church-aria 
"  Pieta,  Signore,"  and  the  arias  "  O  del  mio 
dolce  ardor"  and  "  Se  i  miei  sospiri  "  have  been 
wrongly  attributed  to  S. — See  Catelani's  work 
above,  and  the  monograph  by  P.  Richard,  "A. 
Stradella"(i866). 

Stradivari  [Stradiva'rius],  Antonio,  b. 
Cremona,  1649  (1650?),  d.  there  Dec.  17  (18?), 
1737,  divides  with  Guarneri  the  honor  of  being 
the  most  skilful  of  violin-makers.  It  is  probable 
that  he  worked  for  Niccol6  Amati  from  about 
1667-79.  lie  purchased  the  house  in  which,  for 
half  a  century,  his  workshop  was  situated,  in 
1680.  His  finest  instruments  were  made  in  the 
period  from  1700-1725  ;  but  he  still  worked  up 
to  1736.  Grove  says  of  him  :  "  8.  marks  the 
culminating  point  of  the  ait  of  making  btringcd 
instruments.  It  was  he  who  perfected  the  model 
of  the  violin  and  its  fittings.  No  improvement 
has  been  made  since  his  time,  and  subsequent 
makers  .  .  .  have  mostly  copied  him."  His 
label  reads :  "  Anlonius  Stradivarius  Cremoncn- 
sis.  Fecit  Anno  .  .  .  (AfS)."  His  violon- 
celli  command  even  higher  prices  than  the  vio- 
lins. Of  his  eleven  children,  2  sons,  Francesco 
(b.  Feb.  I,  1671  ;  d.  May  ir,  1743)  and  Omo- 
bpno  (b.  Nov.  14,  1679 ;  d.  July  8,  1742),  were 
his  co-workers.  S.  also  made  violas  (equally 
prized  with  the  violins),  viols  of  the  earlici  types, 
guitars,  lutes,  mandolins,  etc.  —  Monograph, 
with  genealogical  table,  by  P.  Lombardini: 
"Cenni  sulla  celebre  scuola  Cremonense  dcgli 
istrumenti  ad  arco  .  .  .  e  sulla  famiglia  del 
sommo  Antonio  Stradivari"  (1872) ;  Feus  wrote 
"Antoine  Stradivari"  (1856);  an  interesting 
article  is  in  Grove's  Diet.;  see  also  works  by 
Vidal,  Wasielewski,  and  August  Kiechers, 

Strae'ten,  van  der.    See  VANDRRSTRATSTRN. 

Stra'kosch,  Moritz,  b.  Lemberg,  Galicm, 
1825  (5830?) ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.  o,  1887.  Pianist; 
pupil  in  comp.  of  Sechter  at  Vienna ;  after  con- 
cert-tours,  he  lived  in  New  York  1845-60  as  a 
teacher  and  concert-pianist,  and  from  1856  as  an 


impresario  lie  was  the  teacher  and  In  other- 
in-law  oi  Adclina  I'atti  His  opera  (t'iwtiu/ur 
tii  A'tf/W/  was  piod.  in  New  Voik  ;  lie  also  wiote 
j/7/iv/-  pieces  and  othci  music  1.  pi.  —  Allci  Ins 
departure  fioni  New  Yoik,  his  bi  other  Max  cai- 
ricd  on  the  management  of  concert-  and  opeia- 
troupcs  ;  he  died  in  New  York  in  1892. 

Strauss,  Joseph,  b.  IJrunn,  1703;  d.  Karls- 
ruhe, Dec.  i  (2?),  1860.  Violinist  ;  pupil  of  his 
father,  Dlunienthal,  Ihbani,  and  Scluippanxigh, 
at  Vienna,  also  of  Albrechlsbcitfi'i.  Played  in 
the  court  opcni-otch.,  Vienna  ;  was*  enj».  in  rHio 
as  solo  violin  at  the  Peslh  Th.,  iHn  as  /W//V//AV. 
at  Temesvar,  1814  to  conduct  the  (Jeiman  opt-in 
at  Ilennannstadt.  In  rSi7  AV/V/Vw.  at  Mrlmn  ; 
in  1822,  of  (lernian  opem  al  Slra.ssluirj>  ;  in 
1823,  mus.  dir.  at  the  Mannheim  court  theatre; 
and  1824-63,  court  eoml.  at  Karlsruhe.  —  7 
operas:  Annitwtau  (1836),  /lei  t/tM  tier  /Mlt- 
ringer  (1838),  fler  WRhnwlJ  (i«4<>),  •/>/<• 
Sehlitfanftihrt  iitit/i  A'twtfM  ti/  (1846),  etc.  ; 
incid.  music  to  dramas;  the  oratorio  Judith  ,• 
sacred  and  orch.l  music  ;  he  puM.  a  string- 
quartet,  variations  f.  violin,  and  songs. 

Strauss,  Johanfc  (Si\),  u  The  Father  of  the 
Waltz";  b.  Vienna,  Mar.  14,  1804;  d.  there 
Sept.  25,  1849.  His  father,  \tho  kepi  a  beer- 
house and  dance-hall,  apprenticed  him  to  a 
bookbinder  ;  after  S.  had  run  away,  his  parents 
consented  to  his  becoming  a  musician.  He  st. 
the  violin  under  1'olysc.hansky,  suul  luintiony 
under  Seyfried  ;  at  15  joined  Panier's  on:h.  in 
the  "  Sperl"  dance-hall,  and  the  1/anner  (Quartet 
in  1823,  later  acting  a»  deputy  conductor  of 
Banner's  orch.  ;  organised  an  independent  oreh. 
of  14  in  1826,  playing  at  various  resorts,  and 
producing  his  first  walUuH  (op,  i  is  the  **T«u. 
berl-Walxer,"  for  the  garden-concerts  at  the 
"  Zwei  Taubcn  "  ),  I  Its  renown  spread,  and  bin 
orch.  increased  rapidly  in  sixe  and  cillciencv  ; 
from  1833  he  undertook  concert  -toura  in  Austria, 
and  in  1834  was^ipp.  bandmnHUT  <tf  the  tst 
Vienna  militia  regiment.  His  tours  extended  to 
licrlin  in  1834,  and  to  Holland  and  Iteltflum  in 
1836  ;  in  1837-8  he  invaded  Paris  with  a  picked 
corps  of  28,  and  had  immense  success  l»otn  here 
ana  in  London.  In  1845  lie  was  made  cond.  of 
the  court  balls  at  Vienna.  Among  tpii  pub- 
lished wnllftQH,  the  "  Lorelei-,"  "(inltric'kn.," 
"  Tofcltonl.,1'  '«  Ctoillott-/1  u  Victoria-,"  ••  Kt*t- 
tcnbrOckon-/'  and  "  IJajadercn-Walxcr/1  the 
"  Kleetrtochc  Funken,"  "  MephlstoH  IlolU-n- 
rufe/'  and  the  u  Donau-Medcr,"  are  prime  favor- 
ites; he  also  wrote  34  yalopii,  13  polkas*,  33 
quadrilles,  6  cotillons  and  contredanMCH,  iH 
marches,  and  6  potjitmrrin,  Both  UH  a  comp* 
and  conch  he  distinctly  ruiaecl  the  level  of  dance- 
munlc. 


Strauss,  Johann  (Jr.),  " 
b.  Vienna,  Oct.  35,  1825  \  <1*  there  June  3,  1899. 
II  33  father,  though  a  tender  parent,  could  not 
bear  the  idea  of  profesHional  rivalry  within  the 
family,  tnd  intended  all  3  of  hi*  «on«  for  busi- 
ness ;  but  the  mother  privately  procured  in«truc- 


566 


STRAUSS— STREET 


tion  on  the  violin  and  In  comp.  (Drechsler)  for 
Johnnn,  who  threw  off  paternal  control  in  1844, 
appearing  on  Oct. 
15  as  cond.  of  the 
orch.  at  Dommayer's 
restaurant  at  1  1  ietzing. 
1  1  is  success  was  in- 
stantaneous, and  his 
new  waltzes  won  wide 
popularity.  In  1849, 
after  his  father  s 
death,  he  united  the 
two  orchestras  ;  made 
a  tour  through  Austria, 
Poland,  and  Germany; 
and  in  1855  was  eng. 
for  ten  years  to  con- 
duct the  summer  con- 

certs at  the  INitiuiNiulovfiki  Park  in  Si.  Peters- 
burg, In  1862  he  married  the  singer  Henrietta 
TrolLs  ;  from  1803-70  he  was  cond.  of  the  court 
balls,  resigning  in  favor  ol  his  brother  Kchmrd 
to  obtain  more  leisure  for  composition  ;  now 
turning  from  dunce-music,  a  domain  in  which  he 
had  won  supreme  artistic  and  popular  success,  to 
operetta,  herein  rivalling  Leeoeq  and  Sunpe. 
lie  wrote  400-500  pieces  of  dance-music;  ot  the 
wallas  "  The  beautiful  blue  Danube,"  "  Roses 
from  the  South,"  "  Kllnstlerleben,"  "Wiener 
fflut,"  ll  The  l<x)E  Nights/'  "  Wine,  Woman  and 
Song,"  and  '  l  C  Jescluchten  aus  dem  Wiener  Wuhl  " 
may  be  mentioned,  '*  <  )nc  of  S.'s  waUy.es,  "  said 
Wagner,  "us  far  surpasses  in  charm,  finish  and 
real  musical  worth  hundreds  of  theartiliciul  com- 
positions of  his  contemporaries,  as  the  tower  of 
St.  Stephen's  surpasses  the  advertising  columns 
on  the  Paris  Boulevards.  "•-  -Operettas  :  /Mt/ftfv 
untl  tfit*  40  AWw&v  ('71)  ;  Av  Cartifvel  tu  &wt 
(*73)  t  SMf  /'Wtrwauf  ('74  ;  in  Paris  1877  us  /.a 
Tzigane)  ;  Cag/iostrt*  ('75)  ;  /*/•/««  Alft/t 
('77)  ;  //6W*to4('78)  ;  AM  SfitteatefA 
' 


in 

plieius  (Vienna,  1887,  uiuwcc.  ;  remodelled  and 
prod,  at  Prague,  'S8,  with  considerable  applause)  ; 
3-act  comic  opera  AWiv  J*d$Mdn  ('92  ;  mod, 
succ.)  ;  /Wrstin  Ninette  ('93  ;  y.  succ.)  ;  3-act  op- 
eretta fofiu&t,  otter  tfas  Apfrlfist  ('04  ;  succ,)  ;  3- 
act  do.  W&ldmeisbr  ('95  ;  v.  succ*)  ;  />iV  6W/I* 
der  rsrnuH/t  ('97  ;  succ.)  ;  and  a  ballet,  A  when. 
brSdel  (left  practically  complete  ;  will  be  finished 
by  Bayer),  —  Biographical  :  4I  J,  S.,  em  LebenS" 
bllcl,"  by  L.  Kisenberjr(  Leipzig,  1894)  ;  a  l(  Life  " 
Is  in  preparation  by  Frciherr  von  Prochaczka. 

Strauss,  Joseph,  brother  of  preceding  ;  b. 
Vienna,  Apr.  35.  1827  ;d.  Warnuw*  July  a»v  1870, 
During  Johann's  illness  in  1853,  he  cond.  the 
orch.,  and  later  formed  one  of  hf«  own.  Comp. 
283  dancci,  many  popular,—  A  third  brother, 
Eduard,b,  Vienna,  Feb.  14,  1835,  succeeded  Jo- 
hann  as  cond,  of  the  court  balls  and  the  orch.  ;  also 
composes  dance-music, 


London  as  soloist  in  the  court  orch.,  leaderof  the 
Philharm.,  and  also  of  Halle's  orch. ;  retired  1894. 
Strauss,  Richard,  b.  Munich,  June  n,  1864 ; 
son  of  Fianz  S.,  chamber-musician  (horn-player). 
A  pupil  of  Arf/V/////. 
W.  Meyer,  and  a  very 
precocious  com- 
poser, his  ist  sym- 
phony, prod.  byLevi 
in  1881,  being  op. 
1 2 ;  his  K  (?  Serenade 
for  wind-instr.s,  op. 
7,  was  also  made 
popular  by  the  Mei- 
uingen  orch.  under 
v.  lUUow,  who  pro- 
cured S.'s  appoint- 
ment as  court  mus. 
dir.  at  Meimngen  in 
1885.  In  1886  he 
was  made  3d  A'a- 
follm.  at  Munich;  in  1889,  court  Xaprllm.  at 
Weimar  under  Liisscn  ;  in  1894,  Kapfllm,  at  the 
Court  Opera,  Munich,  also  conducting  the  Her- 
lin  Philhurm.  Concerts  i8()4-5 ;  and  from  Oct., 
1898,  Atf/W/w.  at  the  Ucrlin  Royal  Opera.  He 
is  an  orchestral  composer  of  ultra-modern  ten- 
dency, and  of  undeniable  power  and  individu- 
ality; his  symphonic  poems  "Tod  und  VerklS- 
rung/'mid  especially  "  Alsospnich  Xrirathustra," 
arc  so  far  the  "  last  word  "  in  orchestral  j)rofl:mni- 
music.— Works :  ( )p.  2,  string-quartet  in  A  ;  op. 
3,  5  pf. -pieces ;  op,  5,  sonata  f.  pf.,  in  H  min.  ; 
op,  6,  do.  f.  'cello  anclpf.,  in  K  ;  op.  7,  Serenade 
f.  wind,  in  K|;  ;  op.  8,  violin-concerto;  op.  9, 
5  "  Slimmunp4bilcler"J[.  pf.;  op,  10,  8  songs  [II. 
v.Ciilm  Jw.  pf.-accomp.;  op,  n,  concerto  f.  Wald- 
horn  w.  orch.  or  pf. ;  op.  12,  symphony  in  K  min.; 
op.  13,  pf. -quartet  in  (J  win, ;  op.  14,  "  Wan- 
drcrs  Stunuucxl "  [Ooethel  f.  fi-parl  chorus  and 


full  orch.;  op,  16,  symph.  fantasy  *'  Aus  1  (alien /" 
in  <> ;  op.  i8f  sonata  f.  violin  and  pf.,  in  Kb  ? 
op.  19,  6  songs  [Kr.  v,  Kchuck] ;  op.  20,  "  Don 
|uan,"  Tondichtung  f.  full  orch, ;  op.  31, 
"Schlichtc  Weiscn,'*  58011^8  [Felix  Dalm] ;  op. 

23,  "Macbeth,"  Tondichtung  f.  full  orch. ;  op. 

24,  u  Tod  und  Verk Wrung,"  do. ;  op.  35,  Uiut- 


Strauss.  Ludwig,  b.  Pfeflfibur^,  Mar.  28, 
1835*  Violinist,  pupil  of  f 


Bohm  ;  from  1864  in 


ter-Rondo"  Till  Kulenspictfelslustfge  Strciche  " ; 
op.  ao,  three  song»  [0.  J,  Hicrbaum| ;  also  the 
symphonic  poems  ''Also  sprach  Znrathustra," 
''Kin  Hcl(leulcl)onM(op.  40),  and  "Don  Qui- 
xote"; and  (op.  38)  "Enoch  Arden,"  melodrama 
f.  pf.  and  recitottton.~~  Biographical:  uKine 
Charakterskizzc,"  by  Dr.  Arthur  Beidl  (Prague)* 

Streabbog.    See  GOIIHABJLTS. 

Street,  Georges-Ernest,  b.  Vienna,  1854* 
of  French  pnrentfl.  l*upilof  IHxet  and  B.  Damcke, 
at  Paris  ;  mus.  critic  of  "  I*e  Matin  "  for  8  yearn  ; 
since  1898,  of  "  I/AcWr."  Has  given  lectures 
on  Andre*  Messages— Works  t  The  operettas 
F  Amour  en  lwrte>  JLe  C/iarjntur,  La  Gillette  d* 


STREICHER— STUNTZ 


Plouhmec,  etc.  ;  ballet  Scaramouche  (w.  Mes- 
sager,  1891) ;  Lesdeux  Rtserwstes  (1891)  ,  i-act 
mimodrama  Fidh  (OpeVa-Comique,  1894) ;  3-act 
opera  Mignonette,  parody  of  Thomas's  Mtgnon 
(1896). 

Stretcher,  Johano  Andreas,  piano-maker, 
b.  Stuttgart,  Dec.  13,  1761  ;  d.  Vienna,  May  25, 
1833.  At  Augsburg-,  1793,  he  married  Joh.  An- 
dreas Stein's  daughter  Nanette,  succeeding  Stem 
in  the  business,  and  removing  to  Vienna.  Inv. 
the  pf  -action  in  which  the  hammer  strikes  from 
above. 

Strelez'ki,  Anton,  pen-name  of  an  English 
composer,  said  to  be  a  Mr.  Burnand  ;  b.  Croydon, 
Dec.  5, 1859 ;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons,  and  of  Frau 
Schumann.  Much  pf. -music,  some  very  popular : 
Tarentelle  in  D  min.  ,  Polonaise ;  Valse-Sou- 
venir ;  Eight  Pieces  (op.  47) ;  Three  Pieces  (op. 
146) ;  3  books  of  pieces^ (op.  191, 197, 204) ;  Jagd- 
stlick  ;  Valsette  ;  Serenade  espagnole  ;  Menuet 
a  1'antique  in  E  [7  ;  Barcarolle ;  Leichte  Klavier- 
stttcke  (op.  220) ; — also  songs. 

Streppo'ni,  Giuseppina,  the  wife  of  Verdi. 
See  VERDI. 

Strig'gio,  Alessandro,  lutenist  and  early 
comp.  of  Intermezzi ;  b  Mantua,  about  1535  ; 
d.  (?).  Lived  at  the  court  of  Cosimo  de'  Medici, 
Florence,  and  later  at  Mantua  as  court  conductor. 
— Intermezzi  Eamico  fido(pbw&  1565,  in  madri- 
gal-style) and  Psyche  (Florence,  1565,  for  the 
wedding  of  Francesco  de'  Medici)  ;  other  festival 
music  (particularly,  with  Merulo,  Caccini,  and 
Pietro  Strozzi,  a  festival-play  for  the  wedding  pf 
Francesco  de'  Medici  with  Bianca  Capcllo  in 
1579).— Publ.  3  books  of  madrigals  a  6  (1566, 
'69,  '82) ;  2  of  madr.  a  5  (1572  [2nd  ed.  '85]  and 
1583) ;  a  work  of ' '  characteristic  "  (program-)  mu- 
sic is  "  II  cicalamento  delle  donne  al  bucato  e  la 
caccia,  a  4,  5  e  7  voci,  con  il  giuoco  di  primeria 
a  5  voci"  (1567^84);  etc. 

Strong,  George  Templeton,  b.  New  York, 
about  1855.  Composer;  pupil  of  the  Ixsipzig 
Cons.,  and  resident  in  Germany. — Works :  Sym- 
phony " In  den  Bergen"  ;  symph.  poem  "  un- 
dine" (op.  14) ;  a  march  f.  orch.  w.  violin  obbli- 
gato,  u  Gestrebt — Gewonnen — Gescheitert"  (op. 
12) ;  "  Wie  ejn  fahrender  Hornistsich  cm  Land 
erblies,"f. soli, male  ch.,and  orch.  (op.  26);  "  Die 
verlassene  Mtlhle,"  f.  solo1male  ch.,and  orch»(op. 
30) ;  a  "  TonstUck  "  f.  English  horn  and  organ  ; 
numerous  charact.  pf.  -pieces  ;  etc. 

Stroz'zi,  Pietro,  Florentine  composer,  co- 
founder  of  the  stile  rapprcstntaiivo  ;  set  to  music, 
in  1595,  Caccini's  libretto  La  Mascarada  degli 
accecati*  (Also  cf.  STRIGOIO.) 

Stroz'zi,  Abbate  Gregorio,  apostolic  pro- 
tonotary  at  Naples. — Publ.  "  Elementarum  am- 
sicae  praxis"  (1683 ;  vocal  exercises  a  2,  in  canon- 
form)  and  "Capricci  da  suonare  sopra  cembali 
edorgani"(x687). 

StruO>c,  Gustav,  b.  Ballenstedt,  Harz,  Mar. 
3,  1867.  Violinist ;  taught  by  his  father,  and  at 


10  joined  the  Ballenstedt  orch.  ;  entered  Leipzig 
Cons,  at  16,  studying  under  lleimnnn  and  Ilioci- 
sky,  also  Keincuke  and  Jadsissolm  (comp  ). 
Played  in  the  (lewandhuus  Orch.;  later  became 
prof,  of  violin  at  Mannheim  Cons.  ;  went  to  Uos- 
ton,  Mass.,  in  3889,  and  joined  the  Symphony 
Orch.  —  His  symphony  in  C  minor  (iKyo)  is  op. 
ii. 

Struck,  Johann  Baptist  (usually  called  Ba- 
tistin),  b.  Floience,  about  1680  ;  <1.  Paris,  Dec. 
9,  1755-  "With  Labbe  he  introduced  the  vio- 
loncello into  the  oich.  of  the  Opeia  at  Paris, 
where  he  prod.  3  grand  operas  :  A/SMigre  (i  7<>y), 
Manlo  la  fie  (1711),  ami  yWiv/ivi1  (1720)  ;  many 
ballets  for  Versailles  ;  publ/4  books  of  cantatas 
(1706.  '8,  'ii,  '14),  and  a  coll.  of  aiis  (1709). 

Strungk  (or  Strunck),  Nicolaus  Adam,  b. 
Celle,  Hanover,  1640  ;  d.  I.eipxij;,  Sept.  23,  I7cx>. 
Violinist  ;  organ-j)Upil  of  his  father,  whose  asst. 
he  became  at  12  ;  studied  the  violin  under  Schmt- 
telbachat  Ulbeck,  andal  20  became  isl  violin  in 
the  Brunswick  orch.,  lateral  (Vile  and  Hanover. 
In  1678,  mus.  dir.  of  a  Hamburg  church  ;  then 
chamber-organist  to  the  Duke  of  Hanover,  who 
created  him  a  canon,  and  with  whom  he  visited 
Italy,  winning  Corelli's  admiration.  KcUtming, 
he  played  before  the  Kmperor  at  Vienna  ;  about 
1685  he  became  rife-Kafwt/M.  at  Dresden,  suc- 
ceeding llernhardt  as  1st  AV//W//;/.  in  ift()4  ;  hut 
organized  an  Italian  opera  at  Leipzig,  and  set- 
tled there  in  1696.  Wrote  several  operas  for  the 
first  German  Opera  at  Hamburg  1678-83,  and  16 
Italian  operas  for  Leipzig  (  100,3  -i7<x>),  I'uW. 
"  Musicalische  I  Joining  auf  tier  Violine  odcr  Vi- 
ola da  <«amba  in  etlichcn  Sonaten  Uher  (lie  I'Vst 
gesdnge»  ingleichcnellirhenCiaconennul  2  Vio- 
linen  besteheud  "  (i(*)t)< 

Struss,  Fritz,  b,  Hamburg,  Nov.  uH,  iH.|7. 
Violinist;  pupil  of  Uuruh,  Atior,  ami  Joachim  ; 
1870,  member  of  the  IJerlin  Court  Orel).  ;  1885, 
41  chamber-virtuoso  "  ;  1887,  K.  (  \>UM  twrister  ; 
teaches  in  the 


Stusnpf,  Johann  Christian,  1>,(] 
Paris  about  1785  ;  then  member  owi 
orch.;  from  1798,  Rttetitor  tit  the  Fiy,si1  jiort  City 
Th.  —  Works:  Orcn.l  entr'actes;  Circes  f.  a 
clarinets,  2  horns,  and  2  bassoons  ;  4  bassoon- 
concertos  ;  i  flute-concerto  ;  a  quartet  f.  bassoon 
and  strings  ;  duos  f.  bassoons  and  f,  olurimils  ; 
duos  f.  violin  nnd  'cello  ;  duos  f  .  'celli  ;  duos  and 
trios  f.  violins. 

Stumpff,  Karl,  b.  Wiesentheid,  Lower  Kmn- 
conia,  Apr.  21,  1848;  l)t\  phli  ((inttiugen); 
ordinary  prof,  nt  Wtiwburg,  1873  ;  since  iHHt;  in 
Munich.  Also  a  profound  student  of  mush:.— 
Publ.  "Tonpsychologic"  (a  voU,  1883,  V>). 
continuing  the  researches  of  HelmholU  ;  H  Obur 
Tonpsychologie  in  England  "  (in  the  4lViertd- 
jfthrsschrift  flir  Musikwissenschaft  M)  ;  and  "  HoU 
trage  zur  Akustik  und  Muuikwissennchafl  " 
(Leipzig,  !898). 

Stimtz,  Joseph  Hartmann,  b.  Arl^luiim, 
n.  Basel,  July  25,  1793;  d.  Munich,  June  18, 


568 


SUCCO— SULLIVAN 


1859.  Prod,  operas  at  Milan,  Venice,  'etc  ;  be- 
came choi  usmaslei  at  the  Munich  C'ouit  Opera 
in  1821;  and  in  182(1  succeeded  his  teacher, 
Peter  von  Winter,  as  court  cond.  In  Munich 
he  brought  out  3  (Jerman  operas  and  a  ballet; 
wrote  much  chuich-music  ;  and  publ.  2  ovcrtuies, 
a  string-quartet,  male  choruses,  and  vocal  Noc- 
turnes a  2. 

Suc'co,  Reinhold,  b.  Clorlitz,  May  29, 1837; 
d.  Brcslau,  Nov.  29,  1897.  Pupil  ot  the  Merlin 
Akatkinie  ,•  1863,  organist  of  the  Thomaskirche  ; 
1874,  teacher  of  theoiy  at  the  Hot  hit  hide ;  1888, 
Senator  of  the  R.  A  end.  of  Aits,  Berlin.  A 
writei  on  church-music ;  comp.  sacred  and  secu- 
lar vocal  works,  and  organ-pieces. 

Su'cher,  Joseph,  eminent  conductor ;  b. 
Dorbor,  Distnct  of  Kisenburg,  Iltingaiy,  Nov. 
23,  1844.  At  Vienna  he  studied  singing  rind  the 
violin,  and  became  a  choir-boy  in  the  court  chapel 
in  1854;  gave  up  later  legal  studies  for  music, 
taking  lessons  in  eomp.  of  Sechtcr  ;  became  viec- 
coml.  of  the  acad.  (n'M/igiw  «•/;/,  "coach"  fort»olo 
singers  at  the  Court  <  )pera,  and  afterwards  cond. 
of  the  Comic  Opera  ;  in  1876,  cond,  of  the  Leip- 
xig  C.ily  Th.,  marrying  the  soprano,  Rosa  Has- 
selbeck,  in  1877  ;  they  were  engaged  by  Pollini 
at  Hamburg  from  1878-88;  S.  then  became 
cond,  of  tho  Royal  Opera  at  Ueiliu(retiiud  1899), 
his  wife  being  eng.  there  as  prima  domia  (retired 
1898).  Knui  Suclier  (b.  Vclburg,  Upper  Pala- 
tiniite),  is  a  distinguished  Wagner  singer;  at 
Hnyreuth  she  has  taken  the  roles  of  Isolde  (1886) 
and  Sioglinde. 

Sudds,  William  F.,b.  London,  Kugl.,  Mar. 
5,  1843.  Ilis  parents  removed  in  1850  to  a  farm 
in  tiouvcnietir,  N,  V.;  S.  taught  himself  the 
violin,  'cello,  guitar,  and  cornel ;  was  a  band- 
master during  the  civil  war,  and  some  years 
afterward  entered  the  llonton  Cons,  of  ^Iusic1 
studying  under  Kugene  Tlmyer  (org.)  and  J. 
Kichberg  (violin  and  eomp.),  Now  (1899)  es- 
Ubl.  at  (Jouvcrnciur  as  a  composer,  teacher,  and 
music-publisher. — Works:  I*  or  orch.,  4  over- 
tures, "  Krom  ocean  to  ocean, "  '*  A  night  m 
Juno,"  "The  merry  Clmmor,"  and  "The  Vi- 
king's Daughter"  ;— f,  violin  and  pf.,  u  5  Tone- 
Vignettes,"  and  a  score  of  other  pieces;— for 
piano,  over  TOO  comp.s,  inch  dances,  marches, 
Ralcm-muaic,  and  instnictive  pieces ; — about  75 
numbers  of  church-music  (cantata  The  Star  of 
falhlehtw) ; — miiny  songs ;  etc. — Also  publ. 
"  National  School  for  Pinno"  ;  •'  Nat.  (Juiclc  for 
Reed  Organ  "  ;  "  Kasy  Method  "  f.  do. ;  "  Organ 
(Jems  "  (original) ;  "50  Organ- Voluntaries  " 
(original) ;  "  Modern  Guide  to  Violin-playing  "  ; 
etc. 

Suk,  Josef,  b.  KroSovic,  Itohomia,  Tan.  4, 
1874.  Pupil,  at  Vrague  Const.,  1885,  of  Benne- 
wit«  (vln.)  and  Dvorik  (compO ;  fine  violinist ; 
and  violin  in  the  uliohemian  Strinjf-C^uartet/* 
1896;  also  comp.  a  "Dramatic  overture/'  an 
overture  to  Shakeapeare'8  Wittttr's  Tab,  a  Sere- 
nade f.  string-orch.,  op.  6,  a  pf.-quintet,  a  pf,- 


quaitet,  a  string-quartet,  op.  11,  2  bonks  of  pf.- 
picces,  op.  12,  etc, 

Sullivan,  Sir  Arthur  Seymour,  b.  London, 
May  14,  1842.  In  1854  he  entered  the  Chapel 
Royal  as  a  choristei  , 
under  J  I  e  1  m  ore; 
publ.  a  song  in  1855; 
was  elected  (the  first) 
Mendelssohn  Schol- 
ar in  1856,  studying 
at  the  R.  A.M.  from 
1837  under  Ucnnett 
and  Cioss,  and  at  the 
Leipzig  Cons.  1858- 
Ci  under  Moscheles, 
Ilauptmann,  Rich- 
tcr,  PUidy,  etc., 
conducting  a  pei- 
formance  of  his 
overture  to  "  Lalla 
Rookh"  in  1860,  and  writing  sti  ing-quartets  and 
music  to  T/ie  Tvnptst  (Crystal  Palace,  1862). 
His  cantata  AV////WW  ///  (Hirmingham  Kest., 
1864)  stamped  him  as  a  composer  of  high  rank. 
lie  has  cond.  ntimeious  series  of  concerts,  more 
especially  those  of  the  London  Philharm. 
(1885-7)  and  the  Leeds  Festivals  (since  1880). 
lie  was  Principal  of,  and  j)rof.  of  eomp.  at,  the 
National  Training  School  for  Music  from  1876 
to  his  resignation  in  iSKi.  Received  the  degree 
of  Mils.  Doc.  /ton.  UIHM  fiom  Cambridge  (1876) 
and  Oxford  (1879)  ;  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of 
Honor,  1878  ;  grand  organist  to  the  Kreemasons, 
1887;  corr.  member  of  the  R.  Mus.  Inst., 
Florence,  1888;  etc,  He  was  knighted  by  the 
(,)ueen  in  1883.  IHs  opcictlas  have  had  un- 
exampled success  in  Hritain  and  America  ;  his 
orch.l  ami  choral  works  are  among  tlic  l>est  of 
the  period,—  Dramatic  works:  £<>,\'  und  ttox 
(1867);  Thf  Cwtrafiauttisto  (1867);  Tkf*fl* 
(1871)  ;  Trial  h  fnrv  (i«75)  ;  The  &w  (1875)  ; 
Tkt  .Vww/vr  (i"877);'//.  //.  .V.  /V^r/Jw([878); 
The  Mrafrs  of  Peuwnw  (1880);  Patitw? 
(1881);  Manthe  (1882);  JWum*  Mtt  (1884)  ; 
77m  MiMo  (1885);  AW<//>;v  (1887);  Tfo 
Yeomen  o£  the  Uuartt  (1888);  Tht  UwMltr^ 
or  Thf  A  ///,<*  of  flaratoria  (  1  889)  ;  grand  opera 
/wwfov  (iHcjii  J  IhMrn  lint!  (1892);  Vtofia 
(fimtitd))  or  The  Mowers  &f  Progwss  (1893); 
Thf  Ckifftein  [revision  of  Thf  Contrabandista] 
(1^94)  ;  Thf  tirand  Duke,  or  The  Statutory  Duel 
(1896)  ;  The  Martyr  of  Anlhch  (ICdinburgh, 
j  898  ;  a  stage-arr.  of  tho  cantata)  ;  Thf  Jteattty- 
MM*  (w.  Pinero;  May  28,  1898)  ;—  -a  ballets, 
r/le,fHthatttf(  1864)  and  Victorian  and  Merrie 
JVnf/au<t(i9n)i).  —  Inuid,  music  to  The  Tmpest* 
The  Merfh&nt  of  Vemce,  Merry  Wims  of 
Windsor,  Henry  VHL,  Macbeth,  and  Xing 
Arthur.  —  Oratorios  and  cantatas,  JKemfawtA 
(1864),  Tto  PniUgvl  &>»  (1869),  On  Short  and 
&«(x87T),  The  I.i#ht  of  thi  World  (i*n\  The 
Mnrtyr  of  Antioch  (1880),  The  Golden  7<e$ 


(1886);  a  festival  To  Dcum  (1872);  and  the 
ode,  u  I  wish  to  tune  nay  quiv'ring  lyre,"  f.  bar. 


SULZER— SURIANO 


solo  w.  orch.  (1880). — For  orcli.,  symphony  in  E 
(1866)  ;  overtures  "  In  memoriam,"  "  Mar- 
mion,1'  "di  ballo,"  "  Sapphire  Necklace'*;  and 
a  'cello-concerto  (1866)  Also  a  Te  Deum, 
Jubilate  and  Kyrie,  in  D  ;  anthems  and  hymn- 
tunes  ;  pf. -pieces;  songs. 

Sul'zer,  Johann  Georg,  b.  \Vinterthur,  1719; 
d.  Berlin,  Feb.  25,  1779,  where  he  had  been 
prof,  at  the  Joachimsthal  Gymnasium  and  the 
Ritterakadwne*  —  Publ  "Pense'es  sur  1'ori- 
gine  .  .  .  des  sciences  et  des  beaux-arts  "  (1757. 
in  Reports  of  the  Akad  ,  German  ed.,  1772,  as 
14  Die  schonen  Kun&te  in  ihiem  Ursprun"  .  . ") ; 
"Allgemeine  Theorie  dcr  schonen  Kunste" 
(1772,  4  vol.s ;  2nd  ed.  1792-4  ;  Blankenburj» 
added  3  vol.s  of  "Litternrische  Zusfctze,"  1796-8, 
Dyck  and  ttchatz  added  8  supplementary  vol.s, 
1792-1806  ;  the  musical  articles  are  mostly  by  J. 
A.  P.  Schulz) ;  and  a  report  on  Hohlfeld's  Melo- 
graph,  for  the  Akademie  (1771), 

Sul'zer,  Salomon,  b.  Ilohenems,  Vorarl- 
berg,  Mar.  30,  1804 ;  d  Vienna,  Jan.  18,  1890. 
He  studied  corap.  with  Seyfried  at  Vienna, 
where  he  was  cantor  at  the  chief  synagogue  fiom 
1825.  He  is  known  as  the  regenerator  of  the 
Jewish  service  of  song,  having  rhythmically  and 
harmonically  ordered  the  old  religious  melodies. 
Was  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Cons.  1844-7 ;  re- 
ceived the  gold  medal  for  science  and  art ;  also 
in  1868  the  Order  of  Franz  Joseph. — Woiks : 
"  Schir  Zion  "  (Hebrew  hymns) ;  "  Dudaim  " 
(songs  for  school  and  home) ;  Psalms ;  etc, — 
His  son  Julius,  b  Vienna,  1834  ;  d.  there  Feb. 
13,  1891,  was  a  fine  violinist ;  after  long  travels 
in  the  East,  he  became  K&pellm.  at  the  Ilof- 
burgtheatcr  at  Vienna  in  1875.  Prod,  several 
operas,  a  "  symphonic  tone-painting,"  pf. -music, 


Suppe",  Franz  von,  b.  Spalnto,  Dalmatia, 
Apr.  18,  1820;  d.  Vienna,  May  22,  1895,  [His 
real  name  was  Fran- 
cesco Kzechiele  Er- 
xnenegUdo  Cavaliere 
Suppe-J)emelli.]  At 
1 1  he  played  the  flute, 
and  at  15  prod,  a 
mass  at  Zara ;  sent 
by  his  father  to  study 
philosophy  at  Padua, 
he  pursued  a  course 
of  music  under  Cigala 
and  Ferrari,  and  on 
his  father's  death 
went  with  his  mother 
to  Vienna,  and  stud- 
ied  at  the  Cons,  under  Sechter  and  Seyfried. 
His  first  position  was  that  of  unpaid  conductor 
at  the  Josephstadter  Th.;  he  then  obtained 
more  profitable  engagements  at  Pressburg 
and  Baden,  and  again  at  Vienna  at  the  Th. 
an  der  Wien  (till  1862),  Girl  Th.  (till  1865), 
and  thereafter  at  the  Leopoldstfidter  Th. 
Among  three  score  or  more  comic  operas,  ope* 


rettas,  and  other  stage-pieces  of  all  degrees  of 
levity,  the  following  aie  most  important  /><r 
Apjcl (Zara,  1834;  private  peri.);  (/<•;  /> itttt  itnd 
rirguna  (eomp.  1838);  Das  A/ath/tc/i  wm 
Lande  (Vienna,  1847) ;  -Ar  Kami! I  (Vienna, 
1848;  in  Florence,  ify)4,  as  Ca*tintihe}\  Para- 
giaph  j  (1858);  Das  /V//j/«v/i7/  (1860);  J)i? 
A'arttnst/tMjqt'tiH  ;  Zchu  Atddiheu  und  kcitt 
Mann  (1862) ;  Motto  ft  in  $t  he  (rSo^) 
der  Rathe  (rS63) ;  l^it]uc-l\imt'  (184 ; 
Schitbat  (1804);  /?/<•  \tlwut  Galatea 
Lthhie  Ctiiwl/M  it1 ;  /'>'«v^vv.v/<';  (iS(»(>) ; 
tfi/en&treiflif  (1^67);  /'/«•  J^nut  Mrht 
Tautalmqitalcn  (i8()8) ;  ^  IsMfa  (iSdo)  ; 

tlt'/WS    (1870);       I>H'      /V  Ul'JAMH      '.'<!//      /)ft 

(Prague,  i^7<0  J  /'«//;///:*/  (X'icnnn,  187(1  ;  in 
London,  1878;  in  Paris,  iS7<>;  oxtivinoly  popu- 
lar);  JDt*r  Tfiijff  auf  ttrdtn  (i»7's);  Ntwatefa 
(Vienna,  1879  ;  London,  1882);  /hwita  JtMiiita 
(1880);  /?<•;•  (itustwuer  (iSHi);  ttwMtfrlictt 
(1882);  Die  Ajt  ikat  ?ixf  (iBSj);  /V.f  A/atnwn 
y/<'//;//v^/' (Hamburg,  1885) ;  Mtnuinn  (\  u'niia, 
1887);  /)i?Ja&tuac/ittfMtitat'&(\*M)\  ftnntt* 
jtigtt (\\vv\\\\ i  1894;  music  that  <>I  /Hejtigtt  ittteJi 
dcm  Mlhk  ;  text  new);  Das  Alnw/  (posth.  ; 
Vienna,  1895); — overtures  (that  to  />/W//<v  //;/</ 
Jiau?r  is  j>layed  everywhere),  a  symphony,  qtuir- 
tets,  son^s ;  also  (1807)  a  Missu  dalniiitiea  and 
(1860)  n.  Kociuiem,  **  LVstreino  gimli/io."  S. 
was  one  of  the  most  popular  of  Oerman  oix-retta- 
composers.  An  inlm'sling  skeloh  of  his  oaivcr 
i8  in  the  Leipxi^  "Sijfiwile1*  for  J8(jj5,  No.  34. 

Surette,  Thomas  Whitney,  1>.  Coneorcl, 
Massachusetts,  Sent.  7,  1863.  Pupil  of  Arthur 
Footc  (ft.)  and  J,  K«  Paine  (Haminl  Univ., 
class  of  1891);  oi-jr.  c»f  First  1'arish  <*h,,  Con- 
cord,  1883-93;  musicMimster  ut  tin*  I  Mil  Seluiol, 
Pottslown,  Pa.,  1893  4;  org.  and  rlioinn.  t>f 
Christ  C'h.,  IJaUiniore,  i8<)5*6;  sinew  then,  KtafT- 
Ittcturer  on  music  for  the  Anu*r.  Stio,  for  tlu-  Kx- 
tunsion  of  University  Teaching;  (1'hiln.,  Pn.)t 
as  which  he-  has  won  wide  recognition  /or  his 
lucid  and  interesting  presentation  of  the  subjects 
treated.— Publ. work:  /Vmv'M/,  rv  tftt  Pilgrim* s 
Praxyi  2-act  operetta  (jfiven  ctver  5(x>  limes  up 
to  date,  r8(j9);  CtwafoJ,  romantic  opera  (Pitts- 
burg,  1899);  Th?  A>v  r/  *SV,  .Itfttsjt  [Keats], 
dram,  ballade  f.  soli,  eh.,  and  orch.  (1898);  /.*'/ 
God  ftrhe^  thunkH^ivlng1  ftnthern  for  clow  of 
Span.-Amer.  war;  *'  PortraitH,"  5  pf, -pieces; — 
"What  part  should  inusie  have,  in  etlueutioji  ?" 
(in  "  The  Citfaon,"  June,  1896;  repr,  in  n-port 
of  U.  S.  Comni.  of  Ktlucatlon,  1895-6);  Mc\>m- 
mon-sen«eMusIc-study°(M  tlnlv.  Kxt,  J<»urnal,M 
March,  '94);  "What  constitutes  flood  Church- 
music?"  ("  I»Kit..Kptac,  Review/'  OelM  tyi); 
and  other  papers. 

Suria^no  (or  Soriano),  Francesco,  I>,  Home, 
1549;  d,  therein  Fan,,  1630,  Pupil  of  Nnnini 
and  Pale»trina;  In  158?  maestw  at  Luijfi  do* 
Francwi ;  in  1587,  nt  S,  Mnria  Mnjarion) ;  in 
I599i  at  S,  Giovanni  in  Latcrano;  next  year 
ftgam  at  H.  Maria  Magdore ;  finally,  in  t6c>^,  at 
St  Petor*H.— Work*:  Madrigato  a  5  (1581,  'qfy  9 


570 


S  USATO-SZ ARVApY 


books  do.  a  4  (roor,  1602) ;  masses  #4-6  (1609); 
motets  a  8  (1597),  masses  a  6-8  (1(109;  incl. 
Palestine's  JShssa  Papae  Marcclli  an.  a  8); 
"  Canoni  el  Obbhglu  di  CX  sortc,  sopia  I/Avc 
Mai  in  Stella "  a  3-8  (lOio;  a  scientific  master- 
woik);  2  vol.s  of  psalms  and  motets  <?  S,  12 
and  16  (ior4,  i6ro) ;  villnnellc  a  3  (1617);  and 
a  Magnificat  a  4,  with  a  Passion  (1619). 

Susa'to.    Sec  TYLMAN  SUSATO. 

Siiss'mayer,  Franz  Xaver,  b.  Steyr,  Upper 
Austii.i,  1760 ;  <1  Vienna,  Sept.  17,  1803.  Pupil 
of  Salieii  and  Mozait,  becoming  an  intimate 
friend  of  the  latter.  A'rt/W/w.  at  the  National- 
Theater,  1792;  2nd  A'rf/v//;;/.  at  the  Court 
Opera,  1794.  I 'rod.  an  opera  and  a  score  of 
operettas,  of  which  Dcr  U'ihtfang  (1798)  and 
tollman  //.  (1799)  were  published. 

Svend'sen,  Oluf,  b.  Clirisliania,  Apr,  19, 
1832  ;  d,  London,  May  15,  1888,  Flute-player; 
pupil  of  Urnssels  Cons.;  from  1855,  in  London  ; 
from  iM7,  teacher  at  the  R.  A.  M. 

Svend'sen,  Johan  (Severin),  violinist  and 
comp.;  b,  Chnsliunia,  Sept.  30,  1840.  From 
1863-7,  pupil  of  David,  llauptmann,  Kichter, 
and  Keineekc  at  the 
Itcipxitf  (Ions.;  toured 
Denmark,  Scotland, 
the  Faroe  Islands, 
Iceland,  Norway,  and 
Kntfland ;  lived  in 
Paris  1808-9,  playing 
in  MuMi'trd'H  orch.  and 
at  the'Odcou  ;  went  to 
Leipxig  in  iHof),  mar- 
ried an  American  lady 
in  New  York,  i87J, 
and  was 
fer  of  (lie 
"Kulerpe"  concerts 
the  following  winter ; 
coxul,  the  concerts  of  the  Chruttianfa  Mus. 
1872-7,  and  again  r 880-3  ftftc*r  visiting1  Rome, 
London,  find  Paris ;  in  1883,  court  concl.  at 
Copenhagen  ;  since  1896,  cond.  of  the  Royal 
Theatre  there. — Works:  Op.  raring-quartet; 
op.  a,  male  quartets ;  op,  3,  string-octet  in  A 
min,;  op.  4,  symphony  in  I) ;  op.  5,  string-quin- 
tet ;  op.  6,  violin-concerto  in  A ;  op,  7,  'cello- 
concerto  in  I)  min,;  op.  8,  overture  to  tijftrn- 
sou's  drama  Sigtint  »SV<vw^;  op.  (),  uCurnaval 
&  Paris"  £.  orch.;  op.  to,  Funeral  March  for 
CharlcK  XV,;  op.  ir,  **  Xoraluiydn,"  I^egencle  f, 
orch.;  op.  12,  PolonniHe  f.  orch.;  op,  13,  C-orona- 
tlon  March  (for  Oscar  I C.) ;  op.  14,  Wcdding- 
Cafttatu  f.  chorus  und  orch.;  op.  15,  symphony 
No*  2,  in  li[? ;  op.  16,  "Curimvsil  den  artistes 
norvdglens,"  humorous  march ;  *'  Norwegiftn 
RhapsodicH"  f.  orch.  (op.  17,  19,  21,  22);  op, 
1 8,  overture  to  Ronw  and  Juliet  f  op.  20,  Scan- 
dinavian airs  f ,  string-quartet ;  op.  33,  5  songs 
(French  and  German) ;  op.  24,  4  «on#H  (French 
ami  Norwegian) ;  op.  25,  Romance  by  Popper, 
arr,  f.  'cello  and  pf»;  op,  26,  Romance  in  G,  f. 
violin  and  orch* 


Swan,  Timothy,  b.  Worcester,  Mass.,  July 
23,  1758  ;  <1.  Northiicld,  July  23,  1842.  Teacher 
of  music  at  (irotmi  and  Northliuld  ,  pul>l.  l<  The 
New  Kugland  Il.irmony"  (rSoi),  nnd  "The 
Songster's  Museum"  (1^03);  co-cdilor  (?)  of 
"Federal  Harmony"  (1785).  Comp.  the  hymn- 
tunes  "Poland,"  "China,"  "Ocean,"  and 
"  Pownal." 

Swee^liack,  Jan  Pieter,  b.  Amsteidam, 
15^2  ;  d.  there  Oct.  16,  iCsr.  This  jjreatoi^an- 
ist,  composer,  find  teacher  was  the  pupil  of 
Jacob  Uuyck,  pastor  of  the  Old  Church  nt  Ams- 
terdam, and  piobably  of  his  father,  Pieter  S.,  the 
organist  at  that  church,  who  died  in  1573,  ^lc 
son  succeeding  to  the  position  between  1577-81. 
As  :i  player  nnd  teacher  he  was  celebrated  far 
and  wide ;  most  of  the  leading  organists  in 
Northern  Germany,  of  the  next  gcnunition,  were 
his  pupils.  During1  his  lifetime,  only  some  of 
his  vocal  music  was  publ.;  but  his  organ-music 
is  moie  icinarkablc  and  important:  S.  was  the 
first  to  employ  the  pedal  in  a  real  fugal  part,  and 
originated  the  organ-fugue  built  up  on  one  theme 
with  the  gradual  addition  of  counter-themes 
leading  up  to  a  highly  involved  and  ingenious 
finale,— a  form  perfected  by  liach.  In  rhythmic 
and  melcxlic  freedom,  his  vocal  compositions 
show  an  advance  over  the  earlier  polyphonic 
style,  though  replete  with  intricate  contrapuntal 
devices.  A  complete  ed.  of  S.'s  works,  edited 
by  Dr.  Max  Sciflert  for  the  "  Verecniging  voor 
Noord-Nederlands  Musiekgesclucdenis,"  and 
now  publishing  by  Urcitkopf  &  HaYU'l,  will  be 
linishud  in  1901,  and  will  comprise  12  Parts,  of 
which  7  had  appeared  down  to  180,8:  Part  I, 
Works  for  Organ  and  Clavichoid  ;  Part  II,  rut 
half  of  the  First  Book  of  Psalms  (i(xi4) ;  Part  III, 
2nd  half  of  do. ;  Part  IV,  isl  half  ol  the  Second 
Hook  of  PHiiInw  (1613) ;  Part  V,  2nd  half  of  do.; 
Part  VI,  Third  Hook  of  Psalms(K>i4) ;  Part  VII, 
Fourth  lik,  do*  (if>2i);  these  comprise  the  150 
Psalms  of  David  in  the  rhymed  French  version 
by  Marot  and  Ilcxa.  Ilcsidcs  the  early  French 
ed.s,  there  is  a  Gorman  oil.  publ.  sit  Ilerliu  1616, 
rfu8.  Other  old  ed.s  are  those  of  the  "  Kimcks 
franca^** ct  italicuucH  a  2-3  parties  avec  chan- 
sons A,  4  parties  "  (1612) ;  "  Cantioncs  sacmc  cum 
basso  cont.  ad  organum  6  vocum"  (cf>i(>) ;  other 
chansons,  and  \vedding-songs,  in  coll.H.  MSS. 
are  in  libraries  at  Berlin,  IlrusaelR,  Cambridge, 
Oxford,  and  London  (l)rit.  Mus.),— S.'s  bio- 
gnxphy  was  written  by  F.  II.  J.  Tiedeman : 
"  J .  P.  Swcelinck,  ccn  bio-biblio^rafische  Rchets  " 
(Amsterdamt  1876). 

Swert,  Jules  de.    Sec  DKHWKRT, 
Swobo'da,  August,  Viennese  muaic-teachor ; 
publ.    "Allgemeino   Theorle  cler  Tonkauut" 
(1826),  a  "  Ifarmonielehre"  (a  vol.s,  1828,  '29), 
and  "  InstrutnentirunifBlehre  "  (1833)* 

Sy'fert,  Pnul.    See  SCACCHI. 
Sympson*    See  SIMEON. 
SzarvaMy,    Wilhelmine.      See 


571 


SZ^KELY— TALLYS 


Sze"kely,  Imre  [Emeric],  b.  Malyfalva, 
Hungary,  May  8,  1823.  Pianist ;  st.  in  Pesth  ; 
concert-touis  in  1846  ,  visited  Paris  and  London, 
also  lived  in  Hamburg  and  other  German  towns, 
and  in  1852  settled  in  Pesth,  distinguishing  him- 
self as  a  teacher.  Has  publ.  30  Hungarian  Fan- 
tasias on  national  airs  ;  salon-pieces  (op.  20-27) ; 
concertos  and  Etudes  f.  pf. ;  orch.l  works  ;  ensem- 
bles for  strings  ;  etc. 

Szumow'ska,  Antoinette,  b.  Lublin,  Po- 
land, Feb.  22,  1868.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Strobel 
and  Michalowski  at  Warsaw,  later  of  Padercwski 
at  Paris.  Has  given  successful  concerts  at  Lon- 
don, Paris,  New  York,  Boston,  etc.  Married 
Joseph  Adamowski. 

Szymanow'ska,  Maria,  nfa  Wolowska,  b. 
Poland,  1790;  d.  St.  Petersburg,  1831.  Piano- 
virtuoso,  pupil  of  Field  at  Moscow ;  lived  in  War- 
saw 1815-30,  making  highly  successful  tours  in 
Germany,  also  giving  concerts  at  St.  Petersburg, 
where  she  was  app.  court  pianist. — Publ.  Studies, 
24  Mazurkas,  a  Nocturne  "  Lc  murmure,"  etc., 
which  received  Schumann's  approval. 


Tabourot,  Jean.    See  ARBKAXT. 

Tacchinar/di,  Nicola,  famousdramatictenor ; 
b.  Florence,  Sept.  3,  1772;  d.  there  Mar  14, 
1859.  After  singing  on  Italian  stages  (La  Scala, 
Milan,  1805),  hewaseng.  at  the  Theatre  Italien, 
Paris,  1811-14,  with  Crivelli ;  from  1822-31, 
41  primo  cantante  "  in  the  Grand  Ducal  chapel  at 
Florence,  also  appearing  repeatedly  on  the  stage ; 
then  lived  in  Florence  as  a  teacher,  one  of  his  pu- 
pils being  his  daughter,  Fanny  Tacchinardi-Per- 
siani  (see  PuitsiANl).  He  publ.  vocalizzi  and  ex- 
ercises ;  also  the  work  "  Dell*  opera  in  musica  sul 
teatro  italiano  e  de*  suoi  difetti." 

Tadoli'ni,  Giovanni,  b.  Bologna,  1793 ;  d. 
there  Nov.  29,  1872.  Pupil  of  Mattel  (comp.)  and 
Dabini  (singing) ;  1811-14,  accompanist  and  cho- 
rusmaster  at  the  Th.  des  Italians,  Pans,  under 
Spontini ;  then  prod,  a  succession  of  operas  in 
Italy(/,tf  Principessa  di  Navarra,  Bologna,  1816 ; 
La  fata  Alcina,  Venice,  1815  ;  //  Credufo  defaso^ 
Rome,  1817;  Tawerlano,  Bologna,  1818  \llfinto 
molinaro,  Rome,  1820;  Moctar,  Milan,  1824; 
AfitrMah'i  Venice,  1826;  A/manter,  Trieste, 
1827) ;  then  (1830-9)  resumed  his  post  in  Paris. 
Also  wrote  romances,  cantatas,  and  canzonets ;  a 
trio  f.  pf.,  oboe,  and  bassoon  ;  etc. 

Taffanel,  Claude-Paul,  b.  Bordeaux,  Sept.  16, 
1844 ;  excellent  flutist;  pupil  of  Dorus  (flute)  and 
Rebcr  (comp.).  3rd  chef  (f  orchestrt  at  the  Grand 
Ope'ra,  Paris  ;  director  (1892)  of  the  Paris  Cons, 
concerts ;  in  1893  succeeded  Altes  as  prof,  of  flute- 
playing  at  the  Cons. 

Tag,  Christian  Gotthilf,  b.  Bayerfeld,  Sax- 
ony,  173S I  d.  Niederzwonite,  July  rg, 1811.  Can- 
tor at  Hohenstem  for  53  years. — Publ.  6  Choral- 
preludes  w.  Trio  and  AHabreve  (1783) ;  12  Pre- 


ludes and  a  Symphony  f.  org.  (1795)  ;  songs  (i  783, 
'^5i  '<J3»  '98)  I  7°  var  s  J-  pl-i  «"  an  Andantiiio 
(1785)  ,  "  Dor  Glaube,"  melody  w.  org.  (I7y3)  I 
"  Uiians  Reiseumdie  \Vclt  "and  *'  Unans  Nach- 
richt  von  der  Aufklarung  "  (1797)  ,  "  Naumann, 
ein  Todtcnopfer  "  (1803  ;  voice  w.  pf.);  "  AU-lo- 
die  zum  Vatcrunser  und  den  Kinsetximgsworten  " 
(1803  ;  w.  org.)  ;  "  Worlil/.,"  an  <><le  (1803  ;  voice 
w.  pf.)  ;  many  sacred  and  instr.l  works  MS. 

Taglia'na,  Emilia,  operatic  sopnino  (colora- 
tura) ,  b.  Milan,  1854;  pupil  of  Hie  Cons,  thcie, 
also  of  Lumpcrti.  Sang  in  Naples,  Rome,  Flor- 
ence, Paris,  Odessa,  and  Vienna  (1873-7),  study- 
ing; there  under  1  lans  Kichtcr  ;  at  Berlin  i8Ki-2, 
being  app.  "  chamber-singer." 

Ta'glichsbeck,  Thomas,  b.  Ansbach,  Dec. 
31,  1799;  d.  Baden-  Hailcn,  Ocl.  5,  1807.  Vio- 
linist, pupil  of  Rovelliat  Munich  ;  member  of  the 
theatre-orch.  1817  ;  later  assl.  -conduct  or.  After 
long  concert-lours,  he  was  A'tf/V/////,  to  the  Prince 
of  nohtinKollcrn-lIvchingi'tt  iHa^H  j^lhen  thca- 
trc-cond.  at  Strassburj*  ;  then  lived  in  Lttwcn- 
beig  (Silesia),  Dresden,  and  Hadcn-Itaden.  — 
Works:  Opera  Webtrs  /tt'M  (Munich,  1823);  a 
mass  w.  orch.  ;  3  symphonies  ;  a  "  concerto  mili- 
taire"  f.  violin  w.  orch.  ;  coneeUino  f.  tin.;  Varia- 
tions f.  do.  ;  Polonaise  f.  do,  ;  apf.-trio;  violin- 
duos;  sonatas,  fantasias,  var.s,  etc.,  f,  violin  w. 
pf.  ;  part-songs  f.  mixed  ch,,  w,  \viiuUinst  r.s  ; 
male  <iuartets  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Tag-lio^ni,  Ferdinando,  son  of  the  famous 
ballet-master  Salvatore  T.  [  i7(;o-iK()S  |  ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Sept.  14,  1810.  Krom  iH^ii-  (),  cond.  at  Lan- 
ziano;  then  leader  at  the  San  t'ario  Th.,  Naples, 
until  1852.  Later  he  edited  the  Naples  *'  Oax- 
ssetta  Musictile";  in  1850  he  began  a  series  of 
historico-classicul  concerts,  the  iifst  of  the  kind  in 
Italy;  also  founded  a  school  for  choral  singing. 


—Publ.  several  pamphlets  on  vocal  instruction  in 
ols  ;  also  a  few  sacred  vocal 


the  schools  ; 

Taleacy,Adricn,b,  Paris,  iHiio;  <I.  there  I'Vb,, 
1881,  Teacher  and  composer  ft>r  piano.  Puhl. 
much  jw/rw-music,  also  studies  ("  Mcthodc  cle- 
mcntaire  et  progressive  "  ;  ao  c'tudcs  csprcsslves, 
op.  80;  "  Prierc  A  la  Mmlone";  etc.). 

Tallys  (or  Talys,  Tallis),  Thomas,  famous 
Knglish  composer  andorganist  ;  b.nlxmt  151*0  20; 
d.  Juondon,  Nov.  23,  1585.  Organist  of  Waltlwm 
Abbeyuntil  1540;  (Jentlemtinof  the  ('Impel  Royal 
during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.,  Kdwarcl  VI., 
Mnry,  and  Elizabeth,  and  joint-organist  with 
Byrd.  "With  the  hitler  he  obtained  in  1575  letters 
patent  for  the  exclusive  privilege  of  printing  mu- 
sic and  ruled  music-paper  for  31  years  ;  the  lirst 
work  issued  by  them  being  34  "Cuntioncft  tjutui 
ab  argumento  sacrae  vocantur,  5  et  6  partium," 
in  1575  (16  motets  by  T.  ami  :8  b 
this  time  he  comp.  a  remarkabl 


in  1575  (16  motets  by  T.  ami  :8  by  Uyrd).  About 
this  time  he  comp.  a  remarkable  *rSong  of  40 
Parts,"  for  8  s-part  choirs,  entitled  u  Spent  in 
alium  non  habuir>  ;  (specimen-page  in  drove,  Vol. 
iii,  p.  274).  In  Barnard's  "  First  Book  of  Se- 
lected Church  Music"  (1641)  ie  a  Kin*  Service, 
or  Short  Service  (Venite,  To  Deum,  Bonedictut, 


57* 


TAMAGNO— TARTIN1 


Kyrie,  Creed,  Sanctus,  Gloria,  Magnificat,  and 
Nunc  (limillis  ;  all  a  4),  Preces,  Responses,  etc., 
often  rcpublished  (by  Klmbuult,  Novello,  Jcbb, 
etc  ) ;  J.  J>ay's  '*  Morning  and  K  veiling  Prayer" 
(1500),  Noyce's  '*  Cathedral  Music,"  and  the  his- 
tories by  I  I.iwkins  and  Mm  ney,  contain  specimens 
of  his  music.  Kimbjiult  republ.  the  **  Order  of 
I  )aily Service,  with  the  Musical  Notation."  There 
are  many  winks  in  MS.  at  Oxford,  Cambridge, 
and  London. 

Tama'^no,  Francesco,,  celebrated  dramatic 
tenor;  b.  Turin,  1851.  Debut  Palermo,  in  lTn 
baUo  hi  ////MI  hera  /  excited  great  enthusiasmat  La 
Scala,  Milan,  in  1880,  as  Krnani,  etc.;  continued 
his  triumphs  in  Montevideo,  liucnos  Ayrcs,  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  Lisbon  (i 880-1),  Madrid  (1885-6), 
Paris,  London,  Now  York,  etc.;  he  created  the 
role  of  ( Hello,  in  Verdi's  opera,  at  La  Scala  in 
1887. 

Tam'berlik,  Enrico,  celebrated  drumtitio 
tenor;  b»  Koine,  Mar.  10,  1820;  d.  Pan's,  Mar. 
13,  1889.  Though  intended  for  the  law,  he  stud- 
ied singing  under  (Jugliolnu  and  llorgna  ut  Bo- 
logna, and  came  out  at  the  S.  Curio  Th.,  Naples, 
1840,  in  (iius.  Nicolini's  TJifnttwia.  After  sing- 
ing at  Lisbon,  Madrid,  and  Barcelona,  he  was 
eng.  1850-04  during  the  reason  at  the  K,  Ital. 
Opera,  1  Condon,  going  in  the  winters  to  Si.  Peters- 
burg, Paris,  Madrid,  North  and  South  America, 
etc.  lie.  reappeared  in  London  in  1870  and  iH77; 
settled  ill  Madrid  as  a  manufacturer  of  arms. 
Among  his  leading  roles  were  Arnold  ( 7V//),Man- 
vico,  Ote.llo,  (Mtavio,  Klorestan  (/''/*&//<>),  otc. 

Tamburi'm,  Antonio,  basso  cantante  (bass- 
liaritcme)  stage-singer  of  great  celebrity ;  b,  Ka- 
enxft,  Mar.  28,  1800  ;  d,  Nioo,  Nov.  9,  1876.  Pu- 
pil of  his  father,  also  of  Iloni  and  Asioli ;  debut 
at  (.'unto  in  iBrH;  thereafter  sung  on  the  chief 
stages  of  Italy,  being  engaged  by  llarbnjn,  from 
1824-32.  I  Hiring  1832-41  he  sang  at  the  Thcft- 
tre  IluIIttn,  Paris,  *' a  conspicuous  slur  in  the  bril- 
liant constellation  formed  bydrisi,  Persiani,  Viar- 
dot,  Kubini,  Labluehe,  and  himself,"  appearing 
in  London  in  the  alternate  seasons  ;  after  a  short 
Ktuy  in  1  tidy,  he  remained  for  ten  years  in  Rus- 
sia, He  retired  in  1859. 

Tanejeff,  Sergei,  b,  in  Russia,  Nov.  13, 1850; 
pupil  of  N.  Rubinstein  und  Tchaikovsky.  Prof, 
of  theory  and  romp,  at  the  Moscow  Cons.  His 
3-aet  opera  Ortsttia  had  a  sueeh  tfwtlmt  at  St. 
Petersburg  in  1895. 

Tans'ur,  William,  KngHsh  conip. ;  b.  Dun- 
church,  about  I7<jo;  d.  Si,  Neot»t  Oct.  7,  1783, 
Orgtmintand  teacher  of  music. —Publ,  u  A  Com- 
nlcttt  Melody,  or  the  Harmony  of  Sfon"  (1734?; 
later  ed.8  '30,  ^36,  '38,  '64,  etc.,  under  varying 
titles) ;  "  Heaven  onKarth,  orthelieauty  of  Holi- 
nesmfl  (1738) ;  "  Sacred  Mirth,  or  the  Pious  Soul's 
Dally  Delight  "(r739);  *4The  Universal  Har- 
mony*'(i743»  etc.) ;  * 4 The P8aIm*.8infcerrH Jewel" 
(1760,  etc.) ;  "  McJodia  nacra  "  (1771,  '72)  J  "  A 
New  Musical  Grammar1'  (1746;  7th  ed.  1829) ; 


an  epitome  of  this  last,  "  The  Elements  of  Mu- 
stek Displayed"  (1772). 

Tap'pert,  Wilhelm,  b.  Obcr-Thomaswaldau, 
Silesia,  Feb.  19,  1830.  Tiaincd  as  a  schoolmas- 
ter at  IJunzlau  Seminary,  and  taught  school  till 
1856,  when  he  entered  Kullak's  Academy  at  Uer- 
lin,  and  studied  theory  privately  with  Dchn. 

I  )wellin^  in  Ueilin  since  1 866  as  a  writer,  and  con- 
tributes to  various  papers  ;  edited  the  "  Allgem. 
deutsche  miusikalische  Zeitunj;  "  1876-80.     Ilis 
large  colleetion  ol  old  tablatuies  contains  unique 
specimens. — Publ.    "  Musik  und    musikalische 
Kmelumg"   (1866);    l(  Musikalische  Stndien" 
(1868);    "DasVerbol  dor  <^uintenparullelen" 
(i86<))  ;  "  \V!ij»nur-Lexikon-  Worterbuch dei  Un- 
hofhchkoit,  enthaltcml  grobc,  hohnende,  j>ehiis- 
sij^e  und  vcrlcumderischc  Au.sdrUckc,  welche  j»c- 
gen  den  Mcister  Richard  Wagner,  seine  Werke 
und  .seine  Anhdnger  von  den  Keinden  und  Spht- 
lerngebraucht  worden  sind  "  (1877) ;  AlKosongH, 
arr.s  of  old  German  songs,  "  50  Studios  for  the 
left  hand"  f.  pf.,  Alhumblitttcr  f.  pf.,  etc. 

Tar'chi,  Angelo,  b.  Naples,  1760;  d.  Paris, 
Aug.  19,  1814.  Pupil  of  Tarniitino  and  Sala  at 
the  Cons,  dclla  Pieta.  Up  to  1797  be  wrote  op- 
eras for  Italy  and  London ;  then  went  to  Paris, 
and  prod,  several  Krench  comic  operas,  one  of 
which,  trAuforftt  <v/  tinforgt; had  much  success  at 
the  Th.  Keydeau  in  1800,  and  waspubl.  at  Ham- 
burg as  \rwi  ttastlwf  tut  UaMofi  and  at  Vienna 
as  Die  vwei  /W*w. 

Tardi^ti,  Orazio,  church-composer  of  the  Ko- 
man  school ;  from  1648,  mifstrort.  Kaenxn  <'a- 
thednd,  where  he  was  still  living  in  167(1.— Publ. 
3  books  of  masses  a  3-5  (i63<>,  '48,  '50) ;  Messa 
c salmi conccrtatj ^4(1640);  dittos  2(1668);  15 
books  of  Moletti  concertuti  a  1-5  (r (125-03);  4 
books  of  motets  f.  solo  w.  violin  (Hook  iil,  1646) ; 
psalms  <r  8,  w.  bass  (1649)  I  Complines  and  Lil- 
anies  a  4,  w.  antiphones  ^3  (1647);  litanies  a 
3-5,  antiphones  and  motets  a  3,  Te  Duum  at  4 
(1644) ;  madrigt'ikrf  5  (1649) ;  a  books  of  "  Can- 
xonctte  amoroso"  a  2-3  (1642;  republ.  1647); 

II  Sacri  concent  us,"  a  2-3  (1655), 

Tarti'ni,  Giuseppe,  celebrated  violinist ;  b. 
Viruno,  I  stria,  Apr.  8  [not  13),  i(x)9 ;  d.  Padua, 
Feb.  r6,  1770. 
While  studying, 
At  his  parents'  de- 
sire, for  the  priest- 
hood, his  first  les- 
SCHIH  on  the  violin 
strengthened  his 
ardent  longings 
for  a  secular  ca- 
reer ;  his  father  fi- 
nally allowed  him 
to  study  law  At 
Padua  (1710),  but 
music,  especially 
the  violin,  and 
fencing,  were  MB 
psuwion .  A  charge  of  alxluction,  f  piloting1  on  his 
secret  marriage  to  a  niece  of  Cardinal  Cornaro's, 


TASKIN— TAUBERT 


obliged  him  to  take  refuge  in  the  Franciscan  mon- 
asteiy  at  Assisi ;  for  two  years  he  studied  the  vio- 
lin, also  composition  (under  the  organist  Padre 
Boemo  [Czernohor&ky]),  and  then  returned  to 
Padua,  a  reconciliation  having  been  effected  uith 
the  Cardinal.  Shortly  afterward  he  heard  the  vio- 
linist Veracini  at  Venice,  and  was  stimulated  to 
more  arduous  endeavor  ;  sending  his  wife  to  rela- 
tions at  Pirano,  he  retired  to  Ancona  for  further 
study  of  the  violin.  About  this  time  (1714)110 
discovered  the  combination-tones,  and  utilized 
them  in  perfecting  purity  of  intonation.  His  fame 
now  increasing,  in  1721  he  was  app.  solo  violin- 
ist and  cond.  of  the  orch.  at  S.  Antonio  in  Padua. 
lie  spent  the  years  1723-5  in  Prague  as  chamber- 
musician  to  Count  Kinsky,  having  been  invited 
thither  to  assist  at  the  coronation  of  Karl  VI. ;  -he 
then  resumed  his  duties  at  Padua,  and  in  1728 
founded  a  violin-school  there,  in  which  were 
formed  many  distinguished  violinists  (Nardini, 
Pasqualino,  Lahoussaye). — T.  was  one  of  the 
great  masters  of  the  violin  ,  his  style  of  bowing 
still  serves  as  a  model,  and  his  compositions  arc 
regarded  as  classics  ;  he  publ.  op.  I,  Six  Concer- 
tos (1734;  3  republ.  in  Paris;  3  others  republ. 
there  w.  2  viola-partsaddedby Blainville,  as  "  Con- 
certi  grossi ") ;  also  as  op,  1, 12  violin-sonatas  w. 
'cello  and  cembalo  ;  op.  2,  6  sonatas  f.  do. ;  op. 

3,  12  sonatas  [incl.  op.  2]  f.  violin  and  bass  ;  op. 

4,  "Sei  concert!  a  violino  solo,  2  violini,  viola  e 
violoncello  o  cembalo  di  concerto  "  ;  also  as  op.  4, 
6  sonatas  f.  violin  w.  basso  cent.  ;  op.  5,  6  do.  ; 
op.  6,  C  do  ;  op.  7,  6  do.;  op.  8,  "Sei  sonate  a 
3,  due  violini  col  basso "  ;  op.  9,  6  do. ;  and 
"  L'Artedell  'arco  "  (reprinted  in  French  by  Car- 
ti*»r  •  nltft  hv  Thnrnn  in  '*  Printtines  de  comnosi- 


>republ.  "  Trillo  del  diavolo  "  was  a  post- 
humous work ;  the  concertos  have  been  republ. 
in  various  editions,  and  in  varying  combinations  ; 
sonatas  have  been  republ.  by  Alard,  Leonard, 
David,  Jensen,  Wasielewski,  etc. — Theoretical 
works :  "  Trattato  di  musica  secondo  la  vcra  sci- 
cnza dell*  armonia  "  (1754) ; "  Risposta  alia critica 
del  di  lui  Trattato  di  rausica  di  Msgr.  JLe  Serre  di 
Ginevra"  (1767);  "  DC'  principj  dell*  armonia 
musicale  contenuta  nel  diatonico  gencre  "  (1767) ; 
11  Lettcra  allasignora  Maddalena  Lombtirdini,in- 
serviente  ad  una  iraportante  lezione  per  i  suonato- 
ri  di  violmo"  (1770;  English  by  TJurncy,  1771,  and 
Bremner,  1779  ;  German  in  1786) ;  and  another 
treatise,  only  in  a  French  trant.1.  by  P.  Denis, 
"  Traite*  des  agreements  de  la  musique"  (1782), 
As  a  theorist  he  follows  Ratneau,  and  derives  the 
minor  chord  from  an  undertone-series  opposed  to 
the  overtone-series  ;  like  Zarlino,  he  regards  the 
minor  chord  as  the  opposite  of  the  major. — Bio- 
graphical; By  Fanzago,  "OraziOne,etc,"  (Padua, 
1770) ;  Vallotti, t4  Elogi"  (Padua,  1792) ;  Forno, 
44  Elogio  "  (1792  ;  in  his  complete  works) ;  Ugoni 
(1802  ;in"  Delia  letteratura  itahana  .  .  .  /'Vol. 
i,  pp.  1-28) ;  J.  A.  littler,  "  Lebensbeschreibun- 
genberuhmter  Musikgelehrtenund  Tonktinstler" 
(1784);  Fayolle,  "  Notices  sur  Corelli,  Tartini, 
etc."  (1810). 


Taskin,  Pascal,  the  inventor  of  leaihcm 
tangents  for  the  clavichoid  ;  1).  Theux  (I, it-go), 
1733;  d.  Paris,  Feb.  9,  1795;  was  a  celebialed 
instrument-maker  in  Paris.  Also  introduced  the 
piano-pedal  worked  by  the  foot  instead  of  tin* 
knee.— II  is  nephew  Joseph-Pascal  T.,  b  1750, 
d.  1829,  was  Keeper  of  the  King's  Instruments, 
from  1772  to  the  Revolution  ;  his  second  son, 
Henri-Joseph,  b.  Versailles,  Auj»  24,  1779,  d. 
Patis,  May  4,  1852,  page  of  the  Chapel  Koyal, 
became  a  line  organist  and  compose.!,  publishing 
a  pi.-conccito,  pf.-liios,  a  t'apuce  1.  pi  and 
violin,  solo  pieces  f.  pi.,  and  songs. 

Taskin,  (fimile-)  Alexandre,  giamlson  of 
Henri-Joseph;  b.  Paris,  Mai.  i»,  1853  ;  d.  tlieie 
Oct.  5,  1897.  Operatic  baritone,  pupil  of  Pon- 
chard  and  Bussinc  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  taking  a 
ist  afu'ssif.  Debut  at  Amiens,  1875,  in  /.<v 
/ueiiStfMtairt's  <if  la  ;v/;jf».  Sang  in  Lille  and 
Geneva;  iclurncd  to  Paris  in  1878  ;  eng.  at  the 
Opera-Comiciue  in  1880,  and  created  important 
parts  in  many  new  operas  (Jtati  tfr  A'iwffas,  /.*'jr 
conies  tV Hoffmann,  Alantm,  /ir///'W/,  A'v/r//- 
Moiutt\  etc.)'.  He.  was  prof,  of  lyrical  declama- 
tion at  the  ( tons. 

Tau'bert,  (Karl  Gottfried)  Wilhelm,  b. 
Berlin,  Mar.  23,  i«n  I  d.  theie  Jan.  7i  iHyi. 
I»ianist ;  pupil  of 
Neithardt,  later 
of  L.  Heiger,  and 
for  com  p.  of 
Jicrnhard  Klein. 
Appeared  early 
as  a  concert-play- 
er ;  taught  music 
in  Berlin,  became 
accompanist  at 
the  court  concerts 
in  1831 ;  in  i&|2, 
cond.  of  the  opera 
and  the  sym- 
phony-concerts 
of  the  royal  orch., 
being  app.  //<>/- 
kapellmeister  in 
1845,  and  retiring  in  1870  with  the  title  of 
41  Oberkapellmeirtter."  President  of  the  mus. 
section  of  the  Akademie  from  1875,— -Operas  J)h 
Kirmess  (1832) ;  JDtr  Zigeuner  (1834) ;  Alary tth 
undtficb  (1842) ;  f&ffleli  (1853) ;  A/twfot/t  (1857) ; 
Cesar io  (1874).  Music  to  Shakespeare,')*  Tnnfest 
(l)armstudt,  1891 ;  very  smcct'Nsful  there  atid 
elsewhere) ;  to  Kuripides'  AMtti  t  lo  Ttack'H  Av 
gtsliefettt  Xater  (1844),  and  to  Mentor  t  (1845) ; 
the  overtures  "  Aus  1001  Nuc,ht,"  to  Oi/ictlt^  and 
to  the  play  Das  grant  Mfoinhhi  /  4  «ymph<mic«  ; 
A  concertino  f.  violin  w.  orch,  (op,  203) ;  cham- 
ber-music ;  pf.-pioces ;  song* ;  etc. 

Tau'bert,  Otto,  b.  Naumburtf-on-Saale,  Junti 
26,  1833.  Pupil  there  of  (>.  Claudius,  ami 
" prefect"  of  the  Cftthe<lraU:hoir ;  ntudent  ut 
Halle,  taking  degree  of  />>'.  phi  I*  tit  Doim  ITI 
1859 ;  taught  in  various  schools  ;  and  in  1863  wus 
app.  prof,  at  the  Gymnasium  at  Torguu,  where 


574 


TAUHERT— TAYLOR 


he  is  also  cantor  at  the  Stiultkirrlie  and  coml.  of 
the  si  ngin<;  -society.  —  \Voiks  :  Salvum  lac  rogem, 
i.  mixed  choiuh  ;  Skolion  of  A'aMiAfrafo$t  f  nude 
ch.  ;  other  male  choitibcs;  songs  ,—publ.  **  Die 
tier  Musik  in  Torgau"  (1868)  ;  "  Der 


(iymnusi,dsinj»chor  in  T."  (1870)  ;  ".A///W,  das 
eiste  deutsehe  Opurutextbuch  "  (1878). 

Tau'bert,  Ernst  Eduard,  b,  Kegcmvalde, 
Pomerama,  Sept.  25,  1838.  Studied  theology  at 
Noun,  and  music  there  under  Albert  Dietrich, 
later  under  Kiel  at  Merlin,  where  he  is  now 
(1899)  teacher  at  the  Stern  (Ions.  Received  the 
title  of  "  Professor"  in  1898.  Has  publ.  cham- 
ber-music, pf.  -pieces,  and  songs. 

Taudou,  Antoine  (-Antonin-Barthe'lemy), 
b.  Perpi^nan,  France,  Aug.  24,  1846.  Violinist; 
pupil  of  Paris  dons.,  winning  the  Grand  pnx  de 
Rome  in  iHoy  ;  member  of  the  <  )pcra-orch.;  since 
1883,  prof,  of  harmony  at  the  Cons.  —  Publ.  a 
11  Marche-ballet,"  a  "C.hant  d'aiitomne,"  and  a 
41  Murcho  nocturne,"  f.  oreh.  ;  u  violin-concetto; 
a  string-quartet  ;  a  pf,-trio  ;  a  trio  f,  flute,  viola, 
and  'cello  ;  etc. 

Tausch,  Franz,  celebrated  clarinettist;  b. 
Heidelberg,  Deo.  26,  1762;  d.  Herlin,  Kcb.  9, 
1817.  At  8  he  played  in  the  Klectoral  orch,  at 
Mannheim;  was  cng.  at  Munich  1777-89,  and 
then  in  the  court  oreh.  at  lierlin,  where  he 
founded  a  school  for  wiml-instr.s  in  1805. 
Ilcmrich  linrnmnn  was  his  pupil.  —  Publ,  2  clar.- 
coneertos,  3  roiu'ertanles  f.  a  clar.s,  Andante 
and  Polonaise  f,  clar.,  clar.-duns,  trios  f.  2  clar.s 
w.  bassoon,  o  quartets  f.  a  basset-horns  and  2 
bassoons  (w.  2  horns  ad  ///&.),  6  military  marches 
a  10,  etc. 

Tausch,  Julius,  b.  Dessau,  Apr.  15,  1827; 
d.  Bonn,  Nov.  n,  1895.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Kr. 
Schneider,  and  of  the  Uiipxig  Cons.  1844-6, 
then  settling  in  D  (\ssel  dorf  ;  succeeded  RieU  as 
coml.  of  the  fCflttstbrlitttfritiftl  /was  Schumann's 
deputy  from  1853,  mui  in  1855  his  successor,  as 
cond.  of  the  Mus.  Soc.  and  Subscription  Con- 
certs, retiring  in  rrtyo,  —  Works:  Music  to  At  you 
if  fa  it  ,•  "  Der  Hlimutii  Klage  nuf  clcu  T(xl  dea 
S&ngcirs,*'  f.  sopr.  solo,  female  voices,  and  orch,; 
"  Deia  Ixsbcn  sd»i«d,  deiti  Kuhm  bvgann,"  f. 
male  cli.  and  orch.;  Ave  Maria,  f.  sopr.  solo  and 
orch,;  KcslonverUlrc  f.  orch*;  duo  f.  pf,  and 
violin  ;  pf.«pieccs  ;  male  choruses  ;  etc. 

T&u'aig,  Cftrl^  b.  Warsaw,  Nov.  4,  1841  ;  d- 
zig,  July  X7,  1871.     Remarkable  pJtino-vir" 
;  tmiuecl  by  MR  father  Aloys  T,  [i8at>- 


1 88 jj],  who  was  a  pupil  of  Tluiiberg,  and  wrote 
brilliant  pf.-rausic ;  from  the  age  of  14  he  studied 
with  Uflzt,  ulniOKt  vying  with  him  in  grandeur 
of  interpretation,  and  nut-pawing  him  in  absolute 
flawieHsnesm  of  technique— the  latter  due,  in 
great  part,  to  his  ayateniattc  and  xealcHut  prac- 
tice of  bis  original  transposing  finger-exercise*, 
flin  public  tldbnt  wan  made  in  1858.  at  an  orches- 
tral concert  conducted  by  von  IHuow  at  Merlin, 
During  the  next  two  years  he  gave  concerts  in 
German  citioa,  making  Jbrwden  hwjhoadquarlera ; 


then  went  to  Vienna  in  1862,  giving  oich  1  con- 
certs with  ''advanced"  piograms  similar  to 
IJulow's  at  IJeihn.  He  settled  in  Ucrlin  m  1865, 
and  opened  a  "  fcichule  dcs  hoheren  Clavicrspiels. " 
Now  u'cogniy.ed  as  a 
virtuoso  of  the  iirst 
rank,  he  gave  con- 
certs in  the  puncipal 
towns  of  (icnnany, 
and  at  St.  Peters- 
burg and  other  Rus- 
sian centi  es.  1 1  e  died 
of  typhoid  fever. — 
Works  •  2  etudes  dc 
concert,  in  -Kjj:  and 
A  [7,  op.  i  (cancelling 
an  earlier  op  I,  apf.- 
transcription  of  his 
own  symphonic  bal- 
lade, "Das  tieisterschifT'');  "  Ungarische  %i- 
geunerwoisen "  f.  pf.;  "Nouvelles  soirees  de 
Vicnne,"  Valses-Caprices  on  themes  from  Strauss; 
**  Tdgliche  Studien  f.  pf.  (tninsi)osinj>  chromatic 
exeicises  of  hij^h  value ;  edited  by  Khrlich). — 
Complete  pf.-scoie  of  Wagner's  AJeistcrsiitgn  ; 
a  selection  of  studies  from  dementi's  "  (inulus 
ad  Parnassum,"  with  varumtes  and  changed 
a  tnmscr.  of  Unch's  Toccat:i  and 
for  Organ,  in  D  min.;  of  Weber's  "Auf- 
foriienmg  xuiu  Tanx"  ;  of  6  Ilcethovcn  quartets ; 
of  the  4I  Walkttrenritt "  and  Siegmund's  Liebcs- 
lied,  from  Wagner's  ll'Mih v;  etc. 

Tau'witz,  Eduard,  b.  (JLitx,  Silesia,  Jan. 


21,  1812;  d.  Prague,  July  26,  i«<)4. 

at  theatres  in  Wihm  (1837),  Riga  (1840),  Hresluu 
(1843),  and  Pragtui  (r&j/) ;  pensioned  1863);  at 
Prague  he  also  directed  the  Sophiun-Aknclemic, 
and  was  Chorwfhicr  of  the  German  A/Atuwr* 
tfrM/WftviM.  Wrote  upwards  of  KXX)  composi- 
tions: 3  operas,  Trilby  (Wilna,  1836),  Jirada- 
ttttw/t  (l<iga,  ^844),  an'd  »Mw/&  uud  Jfalrcl> 
comic  (Hrcslau,  1846);  church-music,  .songs, 
part-songs,  nnd  considerable  "occasional" 
music. 

Ta/ber,    Hoc  TKYIIKK. 

Taylor,  Edward,  b.  Norwich,  Kngl.,  Jan. 

22,  1784;  d.  Ilrentwood,  Mar.  12,  1863.     lie- 
came  buss  singer  (taught  by  ('has.  Smyth  and 
Dr.  Bcckwilh)  at  the  Norwich  Concerts,  and  in 
1834  tt  co-founder  of  the  Norwich  Mus.  Kest., 
which  he  coitd.  1839  and  1843.    Settled  in  Ix>u- 
don.  1825,  us  u  singer,  teacher,  and  IUUH.  critic 
for  the  **  Spectator  " ;  Kucceoded  Stevens  aw  prof, 
at  Cireshum  College  iix  1837,    Founder  of  the 
uPurce!l  Club";    also,    with    RImbaull   and 
Chappoll,   of  the   Mu«.  Antiq.   Soc.  — Tub!. 
**  Three  Inaugural  Lectures  "  (1838) ;  "  An  Ad- 
dreatt  from  the  CireHhara  Prof,  of  Music  to  the 
Patrons  and  I  /overs  of  Art "  (1838 ;  plcft  for 
founding  a  mus*  library  at  Gresham) ;   '*  The 
Kngl,  Cathedral  Service;  Itfl  (Jlory,  itft  I)ecline, 
anditji  DcHtined  Kxtincllou"  (1845) ;  "  People's 
Mu»ic  Hook"  (1844)  w«l  4<Art  of  Singing  at 

Sight "  (1840 ;  and  ed.  1855), 


TAYLOR— TCHAIKOVSKY 


edited  TurceH's  King  Arthur;  translated  libretti 
of  Mozart's  Requiem,  Graun's  Death  oj  Jesui^ 
Haydn's  Seasons,  Spohr's  Last  Judgment  and 
Fall  of  Babylon. 

Taylor,  Franklin,  pianist  and  teacher ;  b. 
Birmingham,  Engl.,  Keb  5,  1843.  Pupil  of  C. 
Flavell  (pf.)  and  T.  Bedsmoie  (org.) ;  also 
1859-61  of  Plaidy,  Moscheles,  Richter,  Ilaupt- 
mann,  and  Pappentz  at  Leipzig  Cons.  Return- 
ing to  London  via  Paris  in  1862,  he  settled 
there  as  a  highly  successful  concert-pianist  and 
teacher;  1876-82,  prof,  at  the  Nat.  Tiaining 
School,  and  since  1883  at  the  R.  C.  M.,  then 
ceasing  to  play  in  public  ;  1891-3,  a  director  of 
the  Philharm*  He  is  on  the  Assoc.  Hoard  of 
the  R.  A.  M.  and  the  R.  C.  M.  for  local  exami- 
nations ;  and  is  President  of  the  Acad.  for  the 
Higher  Development  of  Pf.-playing. — Works: 
"  Primer  of  Pf. -playing  "  (1877) ;  "  Pf.  Tutor," 
"Technique  and  Expression  in  Pf  .-playing " 
(1897) ;  numerous  articles  in  Grove  s  Diet. ; 
transl.  E.  F.  Richter's  works  on  Harmony, 
Counterpoint,  and  Canon  and  Fugue. 

TchaikcVsfcy,  Peter  Iljitch,  the  most  dis- 
tinguished representative  of  the  modern  Russian 
school  of  composition, 
and  one  of  the  most 
original,  powerful  and 
fertile  of  modern  com- 
posers, was  born  on 
Christmas  Day,  1840, 
in  Wotkinsk,  in  the 
Government  of  Wiat- 
ka.  Ite  died  Nov.  6, 
1893,  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, of  cholera.  Like 
many  others  who  have 
reached  the  highest 
places  in  music,  he 
was  not  intended  for 
such  a  career,  but  was 
put  to  the  study  of  law,  and  entered  the  govern- 
ment civil  service.  Soon  after  Rubinstein 
founded  the  St.  Petersburg  Conservatory  in  1862, 
young  Tchaikovsky  entered  it  as  a  student. 
The  intention  thus  shown  of  devoting  himself  to 
the  art  was  confirmed  in  i860,  when  he  became 
an  instructor  of  harmony  in  the  Conservatory. 
He  retained  the  post  till  1877.  After  that  time 
he  devoted  himself  entirely  to  composition,  with 
results  that  have  ever  since  wrought  steadily  to 
enhance  his  fame.  His  life  was  the  uneventful 
one  of  a  thoughtful  and  serious  devotee  of  art ; 
it  was  passed  partly  in  St.  Petersburg,  partly  in 
Italy,  partly  in  Switzerland.  In  the  spring  of 
1891  he  visited  New  York  for  the  dedication  of 
the  new  Carnegie  Music  Hall,  and  then  gave 
New  York  musicians  and  music-lovers  a  taste  of 
his  vigor,  power,  and  infectious  enthusiasm  as  a 
conductor  of  his  own  compositions .  In  1 803  the 
Univ.  of  Cambridge  conferred  on  him  thedlegrce 
of  Mus,  Doc.  honoris  caitsa.  Tchaikovsky 
was  a  zealous  cultivator  of  national  spirit  tad 
color  in  music.  His  own  is  full  of  Russian 


characteristics.  He  has  frequently  used  native 
folk-music  as  thematic  niatciial,  but,  moic  than 
this,  his  music  .shows  the  strange  and  violent 
contrasts  oi  mood  characlei  islic  oi  the  laco  ;  now 
full  of  a  wild  and  barbarous  energy  and  ficiy 
intensity  ;  now  of  an  almost  maiden  tenderness 
and  ingenuousness  ,  now  of  a  blaek  and  hopeless 
melancholy.  His  highest  qualities  aie  shown  in 
his  orchestral  works,  paiucularly  his  sympho- 
nies, symphonic  poems,  suites,  and  overtures,  of 
which  the  orchestration  is  of  the  richest  modern 
cast.  His  numerous  opeus,  mostly  on  Russian 
subjects,  aie  little  known  outside  of  his  native 
land  ;  but  a  casual  inspection  of  their  sooics  slum  s 
that  he  was  no  follower  of  Wagner,  and  con- 
structed them  closely  alter  old-time  models. 
His  songs  have  a  characteristic  and  poignant 
melancholy.  His  first  pianoforte-concerto  is 
one  of  the  best-known  and  most  effective  imxlotn 
works  of  its  claws,  ami  his  solo  pianof  oil  c-com- 
posilions,  though  chiefly  wiillcii  in  Die  VCMII  of 
salon-music,  bear  the  hall-mark  of  his  melodic 
freshness  and  originality  of  harmonic  treatment. 
—  Works:  The  Russian  operas  The  /'wm/f 
(Moscow,  1869),  Opritchnnyk  (St.  P.,  "1874), 
the  Smith  (St.  P.,  IH76), 


Qnfyin  (St.  P.,  i87<)  ;  Hamburg,  as  Kttgfn  One- 
gin,  1892);  The  1(1  aid  /*/  Orleans  (iHHi); 
stfpa  (1882);  Tek&ravihkM  (rSHO);  TtAti 
jei&a  [The  Sorceress  |  (1887);  riqw-D 
(1890)  ;  Jolanthc  (1893)  ;  the  lyric  drama  .S> 
rtttckka  [Snowdrop  ;  (Jer.  /iM;/*vw'/V/f£«v/|  ;  3 
ballets,  fo  lac  tfrs  fygws  (op.  20),  /,tt  /M/<*  au 
bois  dormant  (i8yo)^  and  L?  Casw~MMwtt?  (op. 
71);  —  a  Coronation  Cantata  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  oreh.; 
2  masses  (op.  41,  52)  ;  —  ft  symphonies  (op.  13, 
G  min.;  op.  17,  C  ;  op.  2<),  I)  ;  op.  36,  V  min.; 
op.  64,  K  min.;  op.  74,  11  niln.)  ;  7  symphonic 
poems  (u  The  Tempest,"  op.  18;  u  rramvsca 
da  Rimini,"  op,  32  ;  »•  Manfred,"  op.  58  ;  "  Ko- 
meo  and  Juliet  "  |  fantasy-overture]  ;  u  I  lamlet," 
op,  07;  "Katum,"  op.  77;  "  Lc  Voycvodc," 
op.  78  [symphonic  iHuhiclt'J  )  ;—  -4  oirh.l  xuitcK, 
op-  43»  53*  55i  «»<!  6'  (**  Moxsirtiana")  ;•• 
"  1812,  Ouvcrture  solonndlc'1  (ot>,  49),  "  Ouvcr- 
ture  triomphalc"  on  the*  l>*n*8h  nnt.l  hynui 
(op.  15);  overture  to  the  clranui  /'Oi^v 
(op.  76);  "Marche  slave"  (op,  31);  Corona- 
tion  March  (r883)  ;  Serenade  f.  «tring-^>rclj., 
op.  48  ;  3  pf.-concertoa  (op.  23,  44,  75)  ;  a  nf.- 
fantasia  w.  orch,  (op,  56)  ;  violin-ronccrto  (op. 
35)  ;  Capriccio  f,  'cello  w,  orch.  (op.  62)  :  string- 
sextet  '*  Souvenir  de  Vlorcnce,"  f.  3  violins*,  3 


(op.  26,  34);  many  pf.-piec«?»  ("Souvenir  do 
Hapaal,"  3  numbers,  op.  2  ;  Romance,  op*  5 ;  3 
morceaux,  op.  9 ;  2  morceaux,  op.  to ;  6  mor- 
ceaux, op.  ic; ;  sonata,  op,  37;  "The  SeaHonn," 
12  charact,  pieces,  op.  3711 ;  "  Kinder- Album," 
24  numborn,  op,  39;  la  mQroeaux,  op,  40?  6 
do.,  op.  51  ;  1 8  do.,  op,  72);  nl»o  OtIuHH,  and 
Russian  songs.  He  publ.  a  "  TrvutlKo  on  Hnr- 

DIOfiV  "   *1*"'    +*»Ap*ul*4{*iM«.    **t   tliM.it*. 


576 


TKIJALWNI— TEMPLKTON 


df  instrumentation  "  uiul  Lobe's  "  Catechismus 
der  Musik  "  ;  also  "  Musikalischc  Krinucrungcn 
und  fc'ctiilletons." 

Tebaldi'ni,  Giovanni,  b.  IJrescia,  1  864(2). 
Pupil  i)f  Paolo  ('hiineri  ;at  15,  organist  of  Itiescu 
Cath.,  und  chorusmaster  at  the  tiiullaunie  Th.  , 
enteied  the  Milan  Cons  a  few  years  later;  ex- 
pelled iS86  for  criticizing  a  mass  written  by  one 
oL  llu1  piofessors.  Aftei  a  wanduiing  life  us  or- 
ganist ami  journalist,  he  en  let  eel  the  school  for 
church-music  as  Katishon,  and  zealously  studied 
llicoiy,  comp  ,  and  mus.  history.  Was  app,  wae- 
s/rff  ol  the  "  Schola  cantouim  "  at  San  Marco, 
Venice  ;  In  iK()4,  tNtwstw  at  the  Padua  Cath.  ;  in 
i8()7,  Director  of  Parma  (Ions.  Is  a  xealous  re- 
foimer  of  church-music  in  Italy,  —  Works:  An 
opera,  /•'tiutitjtfti  arafla;  Messa  funchrc(w.  liossi); 
Messa  di  San  Antonio  04,  vv.  sti  ings  and  chorus; 
organ-music  (e.g.,  "  Trois  pieces,  "op.  36)  ;  and 
a  groat  (  )rguii-method  (see  IJossi). 


Tedes'ca,   Fernanda,  b.    near 
iS()o;  d.   JS«5.     Violinist;  pupil  of  WiJhclmj, 
ViuuUcmpM,  and  Leonard. 

Tedes'cp,  Igtiaz  (Amadeus),  pianist,  called 
the'*  Hannibal  of  octaves";  b,  Prague,  1817;  d. 
Odessa,  Nov.  13,  iSrts.  Pupil  of  Tiiebensec  and 
Tomasehck  ;  success!  ul  conccrl-tours,  cspocially 
in  Southern  Russia;  settled  in  Odessa,  Wiote 
light  und  brilliant  JM/C/MIUIHIC  :  Pf.  -concerto, 
Caprices  d<s  concert,  ma/urkas,  waltzes,  rhapso- 
dies, nocturnes,  transcriptions. 

Te'lemann,  Georg  Philipp,  inlluenliul  con- 
temporary  of  j.  S.  Uach  ;  b.  Magdeburg,  Mar. 
14,  i6Hi  ;  d.  llamburg,  July  25,  1707.  He  had 
only  an  ordinary  school-training  in  the  mus,  rudi- 
ments, owing  his  later  eminence  to  self-instiuc- 
tioft.  At  12  ho  wmle  an  oponi  t>  la  Lully  ;  at  14 
he  cond.  the  music  in  the  Catholic  clu  at  I  Hides- 
hcim;  iti  I7<x>  ho  entered  Lcipxig  Univ.  as  a  stu- 
dent of  law  ami  modern  languages,  and  in  3701 
became  organist  find  urns,  dir.  at  the  Ncukirdic, 
enlarging  his  choir  by  a  students'  singing-society 
(lt  Collegium  musicum  ")  organiscod  by  himself. 
IVom  1704-8  he  was  Rtifrtuin,  to  t*ount  Prom- 
nit?!  at  Sorati  ;  then  C&Hfertmfhtfn\\.  the  court  of 
Kisenuoh,  where  he  succeeded  Ilobenstreit  in 
I7<x)as  court  cowl.,  retaining  title  and  emolu- 
ments when  called(i7n)to  KrankforlasA"/(/V//w. 
at  the  churchoA  <>f  tho  **  Barefooted  l^rlarn  "  and 
St.  Catherine.  Vroin  1  721  till  denth  he  was  town 
raus,  dir.  at  Hamburg;  declining,  on  Kuhnau's 
death  in  1722,  the  proffered  positions  of  town  mua. 
dir,  and  cantor  of  the  ThomusHchulc  at  I  <eipzig. 
An  astonishingly  productive  compo.ncr,  ho  wrote 
with  ease  and  lluencv  in  any  desired  style  ;  ho  was 
far  better  known  in.  hia  day  than  1  toe  It,  whose  su- 
perior depth,  dignity,  and  thorough  workman- 
»hip  have  won  the  any  with  posterity,—  Work*  : 
12  series  of  cantatas  and  motets  for  the  church- 
year  (about  3000  numbers  with  orch.  or  organ)  ; 
44  Passions  ;  33  inHtallation-autuberft  for  preach** 
era;  33  *'  Hamburger  Capitftnwlxu»iken  "  (each 
l)€iug-  a  cantata  w,  instr.l  introduction)  ;  20  pieces 


for  jubilees,  consecrations,  or  coronations  ;  12 
fuucial  services  ;  14  numbers  of  wedding-music ; 
over  3ooovertures ;  manyseienadesund  nmtorios ; 
some  40  operas  (chiefly  tor  Hamburg).— Publ. 
woiks  (mostly  engraved  by  T.  himselt)  :  12  vio- 
lin-sonatas (1715,  'iS);  "Die  kleine  Kammer- 
musik"  (1716;  6  suites  f.  vln.,  llute,  oboe  and 
clavichord);  6  tiios  f  various  instr.s  (1718); 
11  Ilarmonischer  (lottcsdienstodei  ^eisthchct  \in- 
tatcn. "  (i  725)  ;  Airs  on  the  Evangels,  f.  vocal  solo 
w.  basso  oont.  (T727);  *'I)cr  gctrenc  Mnsik- 
meisler"(i72S;  songs,  sonatas,  fugues,  etc.);  so- 
natas f.  2  flutes  or  violins,  without  bass  ;  "  AII- 
gem.  cvang.  I -iedei biu'h  "  (1730) ;  3  tiios  and  3 
scherxi  f.  2  violins  or  iluU\s,  w  b.  conl.  (1731); 
humorous  songs  f.  sopr.  w.  strings  ;  6  new  sona- 
tinas f.  harpsichord  solo,  or  with  violin  (or  llule) 
and  b.  cont  ;  "  Sehcr/i  melodichi"  f  vln.,  via., 
and  bass  (1734) ;  50  minuets  f.  harpsiehoul,  and 
other  instr.s  ;  "  I  leldenmusik"  (i  3  marches) ;  2nd 
set  of  50  minuets  ;  overture  and  suite  f.  2  violins 
(or  oboes),  2  violas,  and  b.  cont. ;  6  qtiarU'ts  f. 
violin,  llute,  ganilui,  and  b.  eont  ,  "  riomhiiu.1, 
<m  le  manage  in  a  1  assoili,"intermexxof.  2  voices, 
2  violins,  and  b,  cont. ;  "  Sinj>-,  Spiel-  und  (Jeno 
uilbass-Uebungen"  (1740) ;  "  Jubel-Musik"  (2 
cantatas  w.  strings  ;  1733) ;  "  Kleine  Fugcn  fttr 
die  <  )rgel "  ;  *'  Tafel-Musik  "  (3  overtures,  3  sym- 
phonies, 3  concertos,  3  quartets,  3  tiios,  3 solos) ; 
quartets  (or  trios)  f.  2  llutes  (01  violins)  and  2 
'cellifor  i  'cello) ,  "  Kant aisies pour  le  clavecin" 
(3  sets  of  12  each)  ;  etc. 

Te'leraann,  Georg  Michael,  grandson  of 
preceding;  h. Plfm,  Ilolslein,  Apr,  20,  1748;  d. 
Kiga,  Mar.  4,  iSyi,  as  mils,  dir,  and  cantor. — 
Publ.,"  I  Interrichl  in ( Jenertilbass-Spielenatif  der 
Orgel  .  .  ."('773);  "  Beitra'j>exur  Kirchennm- 
sik,"  organ-pieces  (1785) ;  "  Kammlung  alter  und 
neuer  Kirchcnmelodieii"  (iHis);  and  "  Uebcr 
die  Wall  I  der  Melcxlic  dues  Kirchenlk'ds"  (1821). 

TcHe,  Carl,  b.  1826;  d.  Klosterneuburg, 
Jan.  6,  i&)$.  (lolinelli's  successor  1858-88  as 
ballet-master  at  the  Hofoperntheator,  Vienna* 
Wrote  over  20  ballets,  some  being  very  success- 
ful. 

Telford.    Pen-name  of  FRANCIS  HOOTT. 

Tellefsen,  Thomas  Dyke  Acland,  b. 
Trondhjem,  Norway,  Nov.  26,  1823  ;  d.  Paris, 
Oct.,  1874,  Pianist ;  pupil  (1^42)  of  Chopin  in 
Paris  ;  lived  there  as  a  teacher. — Works :  2  pf.* 
concertos,  a  pf.~trio,  a  sonata  f.  pf,  and  violin, 
do.  w.  'cello,  duos  f,  pf.  and  violin,  nocturnes, 
mazurkas,  waltxc.s,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Temple,  Hope,  b.  in  Dublin  of  English 
parents.  Pupil,  in  London,  of  J*  F.  Harnett 
and  1C.  Silas ;  in  Paris  of  A.  Messagcr.— Works : 
Operetta,  The  Wwdeu  Sftwt  /  numerous  aong*. 

Templeton,  John,  b.  Uiccarton,  n.  Kilmar- 
nock,  Scotland,  July  30,  1802 ;  d.  New  Hamp- 
ton, n.  London,  July  i,  1886.  Tenor  singer ; 
pupil  of  Blewitt,  Welih,  and  T.  Cooke,  Stage- 
ddbtit  at  Worthing,  1828  ;  in  London  in  1831, 
being  eng.  at  Drury  kane,  From  1833*5  h« 


37' 


577 


TENAGLIA-TITADEWALPT 


was  associated  with  Malibran.  Sang  on  the 
stage  till  1840.  Gave  lecture-recitals  in  the 
United  States  1845-6,  publishing  his.  lecture  as 
44 A  Musical  Entertainment"  (Boston,  1845). 
Retired  1852. 

Tena'glia,  Anton  Francesco,  b.  Floience  ; 
d.  (?).  Dwelt  principally  in  Rome,  where  he 
cond.  a  choir.  In  1661  he  comp.  the  opera 
Cleano^  which  contains  the  first  known  example 
of  the  aria  with  da  capo. 

Ten  Brink.    See  BRINK,  TEN. 

Ten  Ka'te.    See  KATE,  TEN. 

Terpander,  famous  Greek  musician  and 
lyricist ;  a  native  of  Antissa,  Lesbos,  who  lived 
in  the  7th  century  B.C.,  and  was  called  the 
"father  of  Greek  music,*'  probably  from  his 
development  of  the  forms  of  lyric  song. 

Terradellas  [Terrade'glias],  Domingo 
[Doxnenico],  b.  Barcelona,  Spain  (baptized 
Feb.  13,  1711);  d.  Rome,  1751.  Pupil  of  Du- 
rante  at  the  Cons.  S.  Onofrio,  Naples.  Prod, 
operas  in  Italy  and  London  (1746-7) ;  was  then 
maestro  at  S.  Giacomo  degli  Spagnuoli,  Rome. 
Having  had  success  with  the  operas  Astarte 
(1739)  and  L'intrigkc  delle  ctintarine  (1740)  at 
Naples,  Artemisia  ( 1740,  Rome),  Merofc  (1743, 
Florence),  and  Mztridate  and  BtUerofonte  at 
London,  he  took  the  failure  of  Sesostri  at  Rome, 
1741,  so  to  heart,  that  he  died. 

Terschak,  Adolf,  b.  Prague,  Apr.  21,  1832. 
Flutist ;  pupil  of  Zierer  at  the  Vienna  Cons. 
(1850-2).  Made  long  tours  ;  to  London  in  the 
west,  and  Siberia  in  the  east.  Publ.  many 
comp.s  for  his  instr. 

Terzia'ni,  Eugenio,  b.  Rome,  1835  ;  d. 
there  June  30,  1889.  Pupil  of  Mercadante  al 
the  R.  Cons. ,  Naples ;  prod,  an  oratorio,  La 
tadufa  di  Gcrico,  in  1844,  followed  by  the  operas 
Giovanna  di  Nopoli  and  Alfredo^  at  Rome, 
where  he  became  maestro  at  the  Teatro  Apollo 
about  1848  ;  from  1867-71,  maestro  at  La  Scala, 
Milan  ;  from  1877,  prof,  of  comp.  at  the  Liceo 
raubicale  of  the  Accad.  di  Sta.  Cecilia  at  Rome. 
Last  opera,  Niccolb  de'Lapi  \Hastfefio  di  Firen*c\ 
(Rome,  1883) ;  also  prod*  a  Requiem  mass,  an 
Inno  sinfonico,  etc. 

Tesch'ner,  Gustav  Wilhelm,  b.  Magde- 
burg, Dec.  26,  1800 ;  d.  Dresden,  May  7,  1883. 
Singing-teacher ;  pupil  of  Zelter  and  Klein  at 
Berlin,  and  of  Ronconi,  Bianchi,  and  Crescentini 
in  Italy  (1829);  later  of  Mieksch  in  Dresden. 
Settled  in  Berlin  as  a  vocal  teacher  after  Italian 
methods.  He  publ.  elementary  vocal  exercises, 
and  solfeggi  of  his  own  ;  also  many  by  Italian 
masters  (Clan,  8  books ;  Crescentini,  5 ;  Minoja, 
6;  ZingareUi,  10) ;  edited  much  early  vocal 
church-music. 

Te'si-Trajnonti'ni,  Vittoria,  celebrated 
singer ;  b.  Florence,  about  1695 ;  d,  Vienna, 
1775.  Her  singing-masters  were  Redi  at  Flo- 
rence and  Campeggi  at  Bologna,  where  she 
made  an  early  de'but.  She  sang  at  Venice  in 


1719,  and  in  Dresden  the  same  year,  at  the  wed- 
ding of  the  electoral  prince;  up  t<>  1738  hhe 
appeared  chiefly  at  Venice  and  Naples,  thru  had 
a  long  engagement  with  Knrinelli  at  Madrid, 
and  m  1749  was  singing  with  grcnl  success  at 
Vienna,  ending  her  clays  in  the  house  ol  the 
Piince  of  Hildhurghausen. 

Tessarm,  Francesco,  b.  Venice,  Dec.  3, 
1820.  Pianist;  pupil  of  A.  Fan  no  «iml  (I.  l>. 
Keirnti.  He  was  inlimale  with  Wngner.  De- 
voted himself  chiefly  to  lesson-giving  and  com- 
position.— Works  :  Opera  /.'ultimo.  I  firm  ermgw 
(Venice,  1858) ;  a.  cantata,  church-music,  pf.- 
fantasias,  etc. 

Tessari'ni.  Carlo,  lamous  violinist  of  the 
Corelli  school;  b.  Rimini,  lOyo;  <!.(?).  At- 
tained celebrity  as  early  as  1724;  was  isL  violin 
at  the  cathedral  in  U rhino.— "Publ.  "Sonale  per 
2  violini  e  basso,  cotHiucjiiionc  in  line";  "Somite 
a  2  violini"  (2  books) ;  "is  eoitccrUm  Ji  violino 
principale,  3  violini  <H  lipic-no,  violelto,  violon- 
cello, et  basso  conl.  per  oi"gnno  o  cembalo"; 
"  12  sonrite  a  violino  solo,  is  basso  j>er  orgnno"  ; 
"6  divertimenti  a  2  violini "  ;  "  1/arte  tli  nuovn 
modulazione,  ossia  concert!  grossi  n  violino  j)rin* 
cipalo,  a  violini  tli  concerto,  a  violini  di  ripieno, 
violetUi,  violoncello  et  b,  conl.  per  ortfano" 
(1762;  Amsterdam);  u('oi\l«isto  rtnnotiico, 
ossia  concerti  grossi "  |us  before]  ;  and  a  violin* 
method,  "Gnunmaticu  niusieale  ,  .  .'*  (MS.; 
French  and  Knglish  tnmslal  ions  were  printed; 
it  is  a  pmctical  method  consisting  of  exercises, 
etudes,  and  sonatinas,  wllh  only  a  few  letterpress 
directions). 

Testo'ri,  Carlo  Giuseppe;  Carlo  An- 
tonio; ruul  Paolo  Antonio:  fatluM-  and  two 
sons,  Milanese  violin*>m:ikers  from  aboul  1(187- 
1754- 

Tey^ber  (or  Tayber),  Anton,  1».  Vienna, 
Sept.  8,  1754;  (I.  there  Nov.  iH,  1822,  Pupil 
of  Padre  Martini  fit  Hologna,  Kroiu  I7<;tt,  cem- 
balist at  thts  Imp.  Opera,  Vienna,  and  assistant 
of  Sillier! ;  from  1793,  court  composer  awl  music- 
raster  to  the  Itnperiul  children. — Works:  Ati 
opera,  an  oratorio,  n  PUSHUM,  a  melodrama, 
many  musses,  a,  symphony,  string-quartets,  min- 
uets and  allemandes,  etc.— His  brother, 

TeyT>er  (or  Tayber),  Fraa*,  b.  Vienna, 
Nov.  15, 1756;  d.  there  Oct.  32,  *8m.  Pinutot, 
pupil  of  Wagcnscil ;  after  a  concert-tour  in  S. 
Germany  and  Switzerland,  he  cond,  Schikaaoder's 
itinerant  opera-troupe ;  WUH  then  £<imw'////<'/>/i'/* 
at  KarUruhe  and  Bern,  and  from  I7(j</-i8uj  com- 
poser to  Schikanetler's  Tlicater  an  dttr  \Vion, 
Two  months  before  his  dcmth  he  was  upp,  or- 
ganist of  the  Imp.  ('Impel  ItasiduH  several 
operas  and  *?//#j//W<r*,  he  wrote  an  oratorio,  a 
mass  and  other  church-music,  tion#s,  etc. 

Tha'dewaldt,  Hermann,  founder  (1872)111x1 
president  of  the  **  Allffcmeiucr  deutscher  MUM!- 
korverband";  b.  Bodeuhogc*n»  Pomorawla,  Apr* 
8,  1827,  From  1850-5*1  Inindmuflter  nt  DnHH«l- 
dorf ;  1853-5,  cond.  at  Dieppe ;  1857-69,  cond. 


578 


TIIALUKRC.—  TIIA.VKK 


of  his  mvn  orch.  at    ttcilui,  and  in  1871  of  the 
concerts  Jit  the  Zoological  (Jardcns, 

Thal'berg  [tahl-|,  Sigismund,  renowned 
piano-  virtuoso  and  composer;  1>.  ticneva,  Jan. 
7,  1812  ;  cl,  Naples, 
Apr.  27,  1871.  The. 
natural  MM  of  I  Vinci1 
Moritz  Diciiiehstein 
and  the  Haroncss 
von  We.t/.Iar,  his 
father  look  charge 
of  his  education,  at 
Vienna,  Irom  1822. 
Hummel  and  Sech- 
ler  were  nominally 
his  teachers  ;  1ml  he 
himself  gives  the 
credit  for  his  pian- 
istio  training  to  Mil- 
tag,  the  ist  bassiwm- 
1st  In  the  Vienna  Court  Opera.  At  14  he  already 
had  success  in  piivate  circles;  in  1828  1  UN  first 
three  works  (Kantaisie  and  variations  on  Htny- 
tw/fo  ;  do,  on  a  Scotch  theme;  Impromptu  cm 
Af'  Sitfct  t/f  (<»/•//////»')  appeared,  followed  in  1830 
hy  the  pf,  -concerto  in  K  minor,  op.  5.  In  1830 
he  also  made  a  concert  -tour  through  Southern 
Germany,  winning  great  applause.  In  1834  he 
was  app,  court  pianist  at  Vienna;  in  1835  he 
excited  intense  enthusiasm  in  Paris,  and  con- 
tinued his  triumphs  through  Hclglum,  Knglaml, 
I  lolland,  and  Russia.  In  1841  he  married  Mme. 
Houeher,  the  daughter  of  Luigi  Lablaclie,  in 
Paris  ;  in  1845  he  undertook  a  townee,  in  Spain  ; 
in  (Ksr  his  lirsl  operatic  venture, 


stitM 


fulled  completely  in  London,  mid  a  second,  (Vv- 
i//  .Svv-/Vt  met  a  similar  fate  in  Vienna, 


.-t  , 

1X55;  he  then  set  out  on  a  tour  through  Itraxil 
(1855)  and  the  United  States  (1850),  retiring  lu 
1858  to  MM  villa  at  I'ohillppo,  near  Naples.  In 
i80a  he  revisited  Paris  um  I  London;  nuule  a 
stwond  Bra/limn  tour  in  1803;  and  in  1804  with- 
drew permanently  to  Posilippo.-  T.  was  an  ex- 
ecutant of  the  highest  rank,  unexcelled  as  an 
interpreter  of  .frMw-mttsic,  with  ft  complete  com- 
mand of  tomu'ftVct,  ami  a  wonderful  legato, 
eliciting  from  MsxL  the  remark,  "ThulbvrgiH 
the  only  artist  who  can  play  the  violin  (in  the 
keyboard."  I  Us  technical  specialty,  since  widely 
imitated,  wan  to  play  a  central  melody  with  the 
thumb  of  wither  hand,  HumnmcUng  it  with  bril- 
liant firpcgtfioH  and  arabesques.  He  was  the 
lender  of  the  Vienna,  trchool  of  brilliant  pinno- 
plnying,  the  glittering  nuperfidality  of  which  has 
Hiiccumbed  tomotlern  Komatiticisin,— 


workH!  Op,  5.  (jmn  concttrto  f.  pf.;  op.  7,  di* 
v«rti»atttni'nt  j  «p.  15,  i«),  <'anrkv«;  op,  16,  at, 
38,  6  nocturnes  ;  op.  31  1  Scherxo  ;  op.  39,  An- 
dante; op.  35,  Gruntl  nocturne; 


°p> 

jeunen  pinnfote* ;  op.  36,  A  pieces 
(La  Cadence,  a  Htudy,  in  No*  i);  op.  38,  Ro- 
tttumw  el  cUude;  op.  41,  a  KomanceM  winn 
pwroloH  ;  op,  45,  Thm«  ori^,  ot  <Jtudc ;  op,  47, 
Gmadw  viltei  brUhiMM)  «».  5S, 


varic  en  foime  d'ctude  ;  op.  57,10  morceanx 
(ccolc  piupaiutoirc1)  ;  op.  50,  (Jiande  sonate  ;  op. 
50,,  Marclie  iuncbre  variee  ;  op.  Oo,  Iiarcaiollc  ; 
op.  02,  VaUe  mclodiqiu!  ;  op.  64,  Los  Clapri- 
cieuscs  ;  op.  05,  Tarentellc;  Souvenii  tie  IVsth  ; 
etc.  Among  many  brilliant  transcriptions  and 
fantasias  are  op.  2n(///ftjv/vw/,v),op.  33  (;I/<v.ir), 
op.  M>  (fSftijtirtt'tiMtitt1). 

Thallon,  Robert,  b.  Liverpool,  M«r.  18, 
1852  ;  was  taken  to  New  York  in  1854  ;  studied 
18(14-70  at  Stuttgart,  Lcipxig,  Paiis,  nnd  Klor- 
enco;  is  now  (iH()<j)  living  in  Hiooklyn,  N,  Y., 
as  a  well-known  organist  and  musie-tcacher. 

Thaycr,  Alexander  Wheclock,  b.  South 
Natiek,  Mass.,  Oct.  22,  1817  ;  tl.  Ti  taste,  July 
15,  i8<>7.  After  gnuhmtion  at  Harvard  tlniv. 
in  1843,  he  became  asst..  librarian  theiv  ;  during 
(>  yeais*  \voik  in  the  libraiy,  he  matured  a  plan 
for  wilting  a  detailed  and  trustworthy  biogiaphy 
of  Ileethovcn.  Kor^  preliminary  study,  anil  to 
collect  material,  he.  lirst  .spent  a  years  (1840,  -51) 
in  (Icrmany,  alsowiiting  letters  for  newspajiers  ; 
in  1852  he  joined  the  staff  of  the  New  York 
"Tribune,"  and  returned  to  ICuropo  in  1854, 
where,  excepting  2  years  (1850--8)  spent  in  llos- 
lon,  he  remained,  Ur,  Lowell  Mason,  und  Mrs. 
Mehetable  Adams  (of  Cambridge,  Mass,),  gave 
generous  and  disinterested  aid  at  this  juncture, 
In  i8(>a  T.  was  attached  to  the  American  em- 
bassy at  Vicuna;  in  1865,  Abraham  Lincoln 
appointed  him  consul  at  Trieste,  a  post  held 
during  life,  lie  now  publ.  a  **  C'hronologisehes 
Ver/cic.lmiss  der  \Vei'ke  Ltuhvig  van  Iteetho- 
vcns"  (Herlin,  iH(>5)  ;  in  t8(,o  Vol.  i  of  his  life- 
work,  "  Ludwig  van  HccLliovens  Leben,*'  ap- 
peareil  in  Ucrman,  translated  from  llie  Knglihh 
MS,  by  Dr.  Hermann  Deiiers,  followed  (1871!) 
bv  Vol.  ii,  and  (1878)  by  Vol.  ill.  In  1877  he 
also  publ.  "  Kin  kritisehcr  Ucitrag  xur  Itcctho- 
v<'ii-Littemt»r,"  Unhappily,  his  woruiprful  <•«- 
imclty  for  work  wa«  overlaKed,  and  Vol.  iv  «»f 
his  nobly  conceived  work,  executed  with  a  pains- 
taking thoroughness  and  scrupulous  fidelity  be- 
yond praise,  was  left  unfinished  [f/.  HKKTIICI- 
VKN|.  Tltough  he  lived  for  ywirs  in  straitened 
cSrcuniHtanccH,  he  resolutely  refuseii  offerK  from 
lirni.s  like  Novcllo  &  Co,,  and  (!.  Schinncr,  hop- 
ing to  recast  entirely  th«  Kuftli«h  version  of  his 


Thayer,  (Whitney)  Eugene,  b.  Mcndon, 
MAHH.,  Dec.  ix,  1838;  d.  IHirlington,  Vermont* 
Jim,  37,  i88(>  Distinguished  organist;  began 
study  at  14  ;  in  1863  assisted  nt  the  opening1  of 
the  great  organ  in  the  Music  Hall,  Ilostcm,  where 
he  became  regular  organiflt  nfter  study  (1865-6) 
Uttder  Ilatipt,  Wlepreelit,ete.,  in<ientiany  ;  also 
editor  of  the^OrgttiiiMt'HjournHl/'  nnd  theMC,thoir 
lournal,"  cond,  of  the  fkmtonChoml  Union,  the 
N.  K.  Church*  MuHit:  An«oc.,  etc.  Cruve  free  or- 
gan-recltftls  in  KnHttm  from  (ft(>c)  ;  played  in  the 
chief  citie*  uf  America  and  Kuromt;  ami  lec- 
tured. From  tKHi-8,  orgeniKt  of  the  Fifth  Av. 
Prenb.  dh,f  New  York,  >'or  a  KeHt£v«l  CdftUta 
(f,  toll  imcl  8-part  ch,  w,  orch.)  he  received  the 


579 


THAYER— THTERFELDER 


degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  from  Oxford  Univ.,  also 
comp.  organ-pieces,  pait-songs,  and  songs. 

Thayer,  Arthur  Wilder,  b.  Dedham,  Mass., 
Aug.  26,  1857.  Composer  and  cond.;  pupil  of 
Dr  C.  A.  Guilmette  and  C.  R.  Adams  (singing), 
Chadwick  (theory  and  instrumentation),  and 
Zcrrahn  (conducting).  Conducted  choral  so- 
cieties in  Lowell,  Salem,  Worcester,  Providence, 
etc.;  1882-5,  supt.  of  music  in  schools  at  Dcd- 
ham, 1885-8  at  Milton;  then  mus.  dir  at  Eliot 
Ch.,  Newton.  Since  iSSq,  member  of  the 
Harvard  Mus.  Assoc.  Has  publ.  numerous 
songs  and  part-songs  ;  also  a  few  church-pieces, 
and  some  pf. -music 

Thei'le,  Johann,  b.  Naumburg,  July  29, 
1646;  d.  there  June  24,  1724.  Tupil  of  11. 
Schulss  at  Weissenfels ;  in  1673,  Rapelhn.  to  the 
Duke  of  Ilolstein  at  Gottorp;  during  the  troub- 
lous war-times,  he  went  to  Itambuig,  and  wrote 
(for  the  opening  of  the  Opera  there  in  1678)  the 
Singspiele  A  dam  tind  JSva,  and  Oroiitas;  he  also 
prod,  a  Christmas  oratorio  in  1681.  In  1685, 
Kapettm.  to  the  Brunswick  comt  at  Wolfen- 
buttel;  then  JtapeUm  at  Merseburg.  lie  was 
called  by  contemporaries  "the  father  of  counter- 
point." Among  his  pupils  were  N.  Ilnssc, 
Buxtehude,  and  Zachau.— Extant  works:  A 
German  Passion  (publ.  Lttbeck,  1675);  "Noviter 
inventum  opus  musicalis  compositionis  4  et  5 
vocum,  pro  pleno  choro  "  (20  masses),  and  * '  Opus 
secundum,  novae  sonatae  rarissimae  artis  ct  sua- 
vitatis  musicae  "  (a  coll.  of  inslr.l  sonatas,  pre- 
ludes, counmtes,  airs,  and  sarabands  a  2-5,  in 
single,  double,  triple,  and  quadruple  counter- 
point). 

Theodericus,  Xistus.    See  DIETRICH. 

Them,  Carl  [KArolyl  b.  IgM,  Upper  Hun- 
gary, Aug.  18,  1817;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  13,  1886. 
In  1841,  ATafe/fa.  of  the  National  Th.,  Tcsth ; 
1853-4,  prof,  of  pf.  and  comp.  at  the  Cons., 
resigning  to  travel  with  his  sons ;  in  1868,  again 
in  Pesth ;  later  in  Vienna. — Works :  3  successful 
operas  (prod,  at  Pesth);  very  popular  Hungarian 
songs;  pf.-pieccs. — His  sons,  WilH  (b.  Ofcn, 
June  22,  1847),  and  Louis  (b.  Pesth,  Dec.  18, 
1848),  excellent  pianists,  taught  by  their  father 
and  (1864-5)  by  Moscheles  and  Keinecke  at 
I-eipssig,  have  won  fame  by  their  remarkable 
ensemble-playing  on  two  pianos.  They  are 
living  as  favorite  teachers  at  Vienna ;  have  made 
extended  concert-tours  in  Germany,  to  Brussels 
and  Paris  (i860),  to  Holland,  England,  etc, 

Thibaud,  Joseph,  b.  Bordeaux,  Jan.  25, 1875. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  L.  Dimmer  at  Paris  Cons., 
taking  isl  prize  for  pf.-playing  in  1892.  Has 
played  at  the  Concerts  Colonne,  also  in  the 
larger  French  towns.  Accompanied  the  vio- 
linist Marsick  on  his  American  tour,  1895-6. 

Thibaut  IV.,  King  of  Navarre;  b.  Troves, 
1201 ;  d.  Pamplona,  1253.  He  was  a  Trouvere; 
63  of  his  songs  were  publ.  by  liishop  La,  Ka- 
vailicre  in  1742  as  "  Poesies  du  roi  de  Navarre," 


in  2  vol.s;  the  melodies  aie  not  adequately  ic- 
produced. 

Thibaut,  Anton  Friediich  Justus,  b. 
Hameln,  Jan.  4,  1774,  d  Ilcidelheiji,  Mai.  28, 
1840,  as  pi  of.  <>1  jurispiiulenc'c. — Publ.  l4  Ueber 
Rcinlicit  clcr  Tonkunst"  (1825,  olten  repnhl.; 
Kngl  cd.  as  "  Puiity  in  Mus.  Art").— CJ.  "  A. 
F.  J,  T.,  1  HStlcr  dcr  Kiiniiciunj;  Itlr  seine 
Verehrei,"  by  Uaumstaik,  jfyi. 

Thie'le,  Eduard,  1>.  Dessau,  Nov.  21,  1812; 
mus.  dir.  at  Kothen,  oi^amst  at  the  piincipal 
chuich,  and  prof,  at  the  Seminary;  in  1855  he' 
succeeded  Ki.  Schneider  at  Dessau,  with  title  of 
Jlujkapellmrislcr  in  1800. — Woiks:  A  nuiSK 
(1840);  choruses  f.  mixed  and  male  voices; 
sonatas  f.  vln.  and  pf.;  do.  t.  pf. 

Thie'le,  Karl  Ludwig,  b.  Har/^etode,  n. 
Iternburft,  Nov.  18,  i8if>;  d.  llerlin,  Sept.  17, 
1848.  l^ipil  of  A.  \V.  Hach  at  the  K.  Insl,  lor 
Churcli-mu.su',  Merlin;  fiom  1834),  organist  of 
the  Parochial  kin-he.  An  excellent  orjjnn-vir- 
tuoso,  he  publ.  cxmcert-pieces,  variations,  pre- 
ludes, etc.,  for  organ. 

Thie'me  (called  Thito^),  Fricdrich,  CJciv 
man  music-teacher  at  Paris,  17^0-^2,  then,  hi 
Honn,  dyinjf  there  in  Jtmc,  iKcia.— •  I'uhl.  "file- 
ments  de  musiijue  jjratuiiu-"  (2nd  e<l.  1783,  w. 
new  method  of  fifturinif  ucc.  to  Abbe  Koussier); 
'*  I'riucrpes  abreges  tie  mtisitpte  M  for  he^iuneis 
on  the  violin;  do.  for  pf.;  "  Nouvellw  thvorie.  stir 
les  difTerents  mouvumoTtts  des  airs  .  .  .  aveo 
le  projet  d'un  iiouveau  ehronomelre "  (1801); 
and  several  books  of  violin-duos, 

ThierTelder,  I  >r.  Albert  (Wiihelm),  b.  M  ttlil- 
luwsen,  'riuirinjtia,  Apr.  30,  1840.  Studied  at 
Leipzig  Univ.  Iflog-g,  and  fit  the  smut*  lime 
with  Hnuptmrum,  Kichter,  and  Paul,  iSh<)~7(), 
director  of  a  sin^injf-society  at  Hiding;  1870- 
87,  gvmnnsial  singing-teachfr,  and  cuntor,  ut 
Brandenburg;  since  1887,  Mus.  Director  mul 
Prof*  at  Kostock  Univ.,  sueeeedinj,*1  Kretrseh- 
mar,  receiving  title  of  u  I^rofessor"  in  i8t)8,— • 
Works :  3-act  opera  Die  ftni^fnnt  WM  AVto/^w 
(Uromlcnburg,  1876;  'Kontciek,  1888);  3-act 
opera  Altmwstir  [  Heine  |  (Ilcrlin,  1 886) ;  4-nct 
opera  Ar  TrfnttySgw  (after  IhuiinlwcbVXIato. 
rogl  (Schwurin,  iH<)5);  3-act  opera  Mttt'MtitM, 
text  by  T.  himself  (Kostock,  i «()(>);  a-aet  opera 
Dcr  Ufiratksltin,  toxt  do.  (Uostock,  i8yK;  v, 
succ,);— also  or),  r-7,  pf.-piwH,  ncmgM,  and 
duets;  oj),  8,  /Jatowg*  f,  «<»H,  ch.,  ami  orch,; 
Frau  /Mb,  £,  do. ;  fi<Mwth$<  i ,  chorun ;  a 
symphonies  (C'  mm,,  1)  maj,);  the  ewsayiH :  "  DC 
Chnstiaiiorum  pHalmis  el  hymniit  imciue  ud 
Ambrosii  tcmpora"  (his  cloctotxHHhertatlon ; 
publ.  by  Teubner),  and  "  Sy»tczn  tier  #ric«hl- 
schen  Instrumentnlnoten  "  (Dietrich fHche  Buch- 
htwdlung) ;  and  an  cxtramely  interesting  M  Srmim- 
lunjf  von  (Jesftngen  nus  dom  klnHHJfirnon  Altor- 
thume  vom  5.  bis  T,  Inhrliundfrt  v,  C'nr.  n«ch 
den  ttbcrHeferten  Mtikxlicen  mil  grltrhlHche;m 
und  ddutschom  Texte  ncbst  einleuendcn  Vor- 


580 


T— •  THOMAS 


heraiisj»cjjcbcn  und  fiir  don  Con- 
ooi  t j>ebrauch  einjiciiehtet  "  (  Lcip/ijj,  TStj()). 

Thidriot,  Ferdinand,  I).  Hamburg,  Apr. 
7,  1838.  Pupil  <>l  K.  Marxsen  at  Altona,  and 
Khclnbcrj»er  s\\  Munich  ;  nuw.  dir.  al  Hamburg, 
Leipzig  (18(17),  and  (ilogau  (1808-70);  dh.  oi 
the  Styii-m  Vocal  Soo.  at  (Irax  till  1885;  since 
then  living  in  1  lambing.-—  Works  •  Symphonic 
fantasy  "Loch  Lomond";  Ant  Tnunisw,  f. 
bai.  solo,  female  eh,,  and  stiing-orrh.;  haspubl. 
a  violin-concerto  in  A,  a  pf.-qiiiiitct,  a  pf.-quar- 
tel,  a  violin-sonata,  pieces  f.  Velio  w.  pf.,  an 
octet  in  H^,  f.  strings,  clar.,  horn,  and  bassoon 
(op.  02) ;  elo. 

Thillon,  Anna  We  Hunt),  English  Mage- 
soprano ;  b.  London,  iHi<).  Pupilol  Ilordogni, 
Tadolini,  and  'I'hillon,  marrying  him  when  she 
was  but  lift  ecu  ;  debut  Th.  de  hi  Renaissance, 
Paris,  1838,  in  (Jrisar's  /.tn/v  J/VA-vV;  sang  in 
Paris,  and  appeared  in  London  at  tlu;  Prin- 
cess's 'Ph.,  May  2,  1844,  as  the  <t>ucon  in 
AuluT's  Ctvwtt  ftfiwwtitfjt.  In  America  1850-4. 
Last  appeal ance  in  opera  1855,  at  the  Lyceum 
Th,,  London.  Retired  some  years  later  to 
Torquay. 

Thi'mus,  Albert,  Kroihorr  von,  b,  Cologne, 
1800;  d,  there  Oct.  14,  184(1,  as  judge  of  the 
Appellate  Court,  and  "  Ilofrath."  Publ.  "  Die. 
harmonikale  Symbol ik  des  Alterthums  "  (2  vol.s, 
1868  -70),  n  work  containing  much  of  interest 
to  friends  of  harmonic  dualism.  [  KIKMANN.  | 

Thoiuan,  Erneste,  peu-name  of  Antoine- 
Erncstc  Roquet,  b,  Nantes,  Jan.  23,  1827 ; 
d.  Paris,  in  May,  l8t),j,  A  business-man  in 
Paris,  and  a  thoughtful  student  of  music,  lie 
collected  a  fine  num.  library,-  -Publ,  **  La  nui- 
sit|ue  a  Paris  en  iHOs"  (1863);  "  Lc»  oHgines 
de  la  ehapollc  •  muKique,  des  nouvemins  de 
France"  (i8(>4) ;  " I, 'opera  LCH  Troycns  a  Port' 
LaehaiKc"  (iHojj  n  satire);  "  LOH  originos  do 
I'opera  franyais p  ;  u  1 41  deplorntion  de  ( luHlaume 
Crt'Hlin  Hurfe  trvpns  tic  Jean  Ockcghem  "  ( 
11  Mattgars,  cc'UM»rc  jotumr  de  violc"  ( 
11  Anloim*  de  CotiHti  t»t  Jen  KingnlieroH 
de  sou  livre  rariMstmc  *  In  nuiKitnie  imiv 
(1 860);  uCuHosites  muslcalcH  el  autres  troti- 
vc4cs  dans  U«s  (ettvrt'H  du  Michel  Coyssurd" 
(1866);  »»Un  bisateiil  de  Molicrt; ;  roelxMvhcs 
sttr  lej*  Mtwut'l,  nuiKlrUmH  du  XVlret  XVII** 
wdeles1'  (1878)  j  "Louis  Constantin,  n»I  dcs 
violonK  "  (1878) ;  u  Notes  bibliographiimes  sur  la 
guerro  musicatc  ties  (HuckisU'H  ot  Piooiniwtt'H " 
(r«78), 

Tho^ma,  Rudolf,  t>,  LoIiHewltx,  n.  Steliiau- 
on-Oder,  Kc*b.  03,  1839.  Pupil  of  the  K,  Inst, 
for  Churoh-muHlc,  Herlln  ;  tu  1857,  oantc»r  of 
tho  GmutankliYhc,  HlrHchberg;  in  iH6d,  of  the* 
KliMfllKithklrcIie,  BrttHlau.  In  1870,  "  K.  MUM. 
Dir,1'  Koun<lccl  u  itfn#im*-*<>dikty,  And  ifl  direc- 
tor of  a  muHie-HdicK>l.— -Work* ;  The  romnntic 
opem //i*4r<ip'<r^j>/>ff((>ImQU1  tfi^);  i-actoiwm 
(Urenlatt,  1894) ;  3  onitorios,  Afwts>  And 


do     Ttiitfcr  ;  other    church-music  ; 
etc. 

Tho'raas,  Christian  Gottfried,  b.  Wehrs- 
dorf,  n.  Ilnutxcn,  Keb.  2,  i74H;d.  Sept.  12, 
iSoo,  at  Lcip/ijj,  where  he  lived  as  a  composer 
and  writei.  —  Publ.  "  Pi.iklische  lleilrii^e  xur 
(lesL'hicliteder  Musik,  musikal.  Lillciiilnr,  etc." 
(1778;  chielly  lor  the  music-tiade)  ;  '*  Unpar- 
tciische  Kritik  der  vorxi^liehslen  seit  3  Jahren 
in  I*eip/ij;  aufjieltibrl<'n  .  .  .  Kirehenmfisiken, 
Concerte  und  Op«rn  "  (Tyt>S,  'qrj)  ;  and  ll  Mu- 
sikalisrlie  krilische  Xeilschiill  "  (1805  ;  2  vol.s), 
I'Xlant  comp.s  :  A  (Jloria  f.  3  choirs,  w,  instr.s; 
u  cantata  ;  qtiarteK 

Thomas,  (Charles-Louis-)  Ambroise,  dis- 
tinguished (Irainatic  coinposcr  ;  b.  Mel/,  Any.  5, 
iHn;  d.  Paris,  Keb. 
12,  i8()o.  He  en- 
teied  the  Pen  is 
Cons,  in  1828  ;  his 
teachers  worts  Zim- 
merman and  Kiilk- 
brenncrfpf.);  Dtmr- 
len  (harm.)  ;  llar- 
bereau  (cpl.)  ;  and 
Lo  Surnr  (comp.)  ; 
in  iH2()  lie  won  the 
1st  prixc  f(»r  pf.- 
playin^,  in  18-10  for 
harmony,  and  in 


d«  Rome  with  the  dram,  cantata  Ifcrnninu  d 
AV/Yr.  After  3  years  in  Rome,,  Naples,  Florence, 
noJotfnn,  Venice,  and  Trieste,  and  «L  visit  to  Vi- 
enna in  1830,110  rcluntod  to  Pails,  and  up  to 
1843  prod,  nine  sta^e-piecos,  --/.//  tfanMe  MiM 
(1837),  /.t'  J>t'n'trtjitit*r  r/f  /d  AVjjpHtv  (1838), 
/,tf  (t/fivVi  ballet  (Oprm,  183^),  /*<*  /tt/th'r 


(  «  84  0  ,  /  1*  (tttfri/fav  (  1  842), 
*13),  and  Ml  tut,  <w  /<• 


At  //Wjr  (1843). 

by  tin*  p««r  sticcc*sH  of  th«  last 
,  T.  prod,  only  A«//i\  a  bullol  (1846),  dur- 
ing 5  yen  t'H  ;  but  then  made  ti  brilliant  reentry 
with  /.f1  (Wf/(iH.io,),  followed  by  Lf  jttwjft*  tFunt 
//H/Vf/y//(i85o),  which  won  him  jfiKxl  standing 
among  French  composers  of  the  time,  hi  1851 
luj  wan  elected  to  Spoutlui's  chair  in  the  Aca- 
demics The  next  5  operas,  ftttvtttMiit  (I^ST), 
I,  a  7  cvif1///  (1853),  J,a  ttwrtfa  (V/fwbif  (1855), 
J'swASi  1  857),  and  /.*«  t  'at  mmil  t/t1  /  V///.W  0  857), 
aciuevcd  only  moderate  suecesH,  und  l.c  wm«n 
t/'Kft'in  (1860)  had  Himilar  fortune  ;  but  with 
Mtjpntw  ((^n'm-Comique,  Nov.  17,  iRfjfi),  T. 
look  first  placet  nmotii;  rtventcomiM'wei'Htn'  Krendi 
eom«dy-op«ra  ;  Humkt  (Opera,  Mar.  (),  1868) 
Wiw  mniciKt  emmlly  muvcmtful  in  P«rl«;  but 
Alignim  han  Kiiluecl  we  trld-wkle  pojutlarity.  tiittt 
tt  (tllfalln  (1874),  FMnfrfM  tie  Jihniui  (i«Ha), 
and  the  talk*  /.<i  Ttmfttt  (Opc{ra,  t88<)),  com- 
plete the  lint  of  T.'H  Omnmtic  worku,  In  1871 
he  Huecwuted  Aulmr  (after  thw  ('ommtwfat 


(n  1845  hti  watt  erxmtod  a  Chevalier, 


58 1 


THOMAS-THOMAS 


in  1858  Officer,  and  in  1868  Commander  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor  Besides  operas  and  ballets, 
he  wrote  a  cantata  for  the  unveiling  of  Le  Sucur's 
statue  fit  Abbeville,  1852;  the  cantata  "  Ilom- 
mage  &  Uoieldieu,"  Rouen,  1875  ;  Mes>se  solen- 
nelle  (1857);  Requiem,  Marche  religieuse,  Nptrc- 
Dame,  1865  ;  3  motets  w.  organ  ;  Fantaisie  f. 
pf  .  and  orch.;  a  string-quintet;  a  string-quar- 
tet; a  pf.-trio  ,  6  Neapolitan  canzonets;  and  a 
series  of  "chccurs  orphconiques  "  (4-part  male 
choruses)  which  rank  with  the  best  of  their 
kind  :  fa  chant  des  amis,  La  J  «/<•//;•,  Le  sahtt 
aux  ckanteitrs,  France!  Frame!,  Le  Tvral, 
Lt>  car  naval  de  Jtome,  rAtlantnjite,  7>r  Tnrf- 
iwauxi  Le  Temple  tie  la  Pane,  J'aris,  La  writ 
dn  Sabbat  \  Les  Art  hers  de  ftoiwines,  and  Le 


Thomas,  John,  "  Pencerdd  Gwalia  "(==  Chief 
Bard  of  Wales,  a  title  conferred  upon  him  in 
1861),  b.  Bridgend,  Glamorganshire,  Mar.  i, 
1826.  Pupil  at  the  R.  A.  M.,  from  1840,  of  J. 
B.  Chatterton  (harp),  and  Lucas  and  Potter 
(comp.).  In  1851,  harpist  at  the  R.  Italian  Op- 
era ;  made  Continental  tours  from  1852-62,  play- 
ing at  the  Leipzig  Gewandhaus  (1852,  1861),  Vi- 
enna, Berlin,  St.  Petersburg,  Moscow,  etc.  Kirsl 
concert  of  Welsh  music  at  St.  James's  Hall,  July 
4,  1862,  with  a  chorus  of  400,  and  20  harps  ;  sim- 
ilar concerts  annually.  Jn  1871  he  succeeded 
Chatterton  as  harpist  to  the  Queen  .  1  1  c  has  been 
for  many  years  a  leader  in  the  Kisteddfodau  ;  is 
prof,  of  the  harp  at  the  R.  C.  M  .,  and  a  member 
of  the  R.  Soc.  of  Musicians,  the  Philharm.  Soc., 
and  various  foreign  societies.-  —  Works  :  UfWffyn^ 
dram,  cantata  (1863);  Th?  RrMe  of  Nuith  Val- 
ley,  a  Welsh  scene  (i  866)  ;  Welsh  patriotic  songs, 
f  .  chorus  and  harp  ;  other  songs  ;  2  harp-con- 
certos (in  Ej?  and  B|>)  ;  duos  f.  2  harps,  and  f. 
harp  and  pf.  ;  Romance  and  Rondo  piacevolo,  f. 
harp  and  violin  ;  pieces  f.  solo  harp  ;  2  sets  of  6 
studies  f.  harp  ;  transcriptions  f.  harp  of  Men- 
delssohn's Songs  without  Words,  Schubert's 
songs,  etc. 

Thomas,  Lewis  William,  bass  concert- 
singer;  b.  Bath,  England,  Apr.,  1826;  d.  Lon- 
don, June  13,  1896.  Pupil  of  J.  Bianchi  Taylor 
and  Randegger.  1850,  lay-clerk  at  Worcester 
Cath.  ;  1852,  master  of  choristers  there.  Sang  at 
provincial  festivals  ;  London  d^but  1854.  in  Mts- 
siah.  In  1855,  sang  at  Exeter  Hall  ;  1856,  in  St, 
Paul's  Cath.  ;  1857,  in  Temple  Church  ;  also  for 
a  short  time  in  opera.  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel 


'  for  some  years,-    

two  sons,  W.  Henry  T.  (b.  Bath,  May  8,  1848) 
is  prof,  of  singing  at  the  Guildhall  School  of 
Music  and  the  R.  A.  M  ;  and  Frank  L.  T.  is 
cond.  and  organist  at  Bromley. 

Thomas,  Theodore,  eminent  conductor ;  b, 
Esens,  East  Frieslancl,  Oct.  ix,  1835,  Taught 
by  his  father,  a  violinist,  he  played  in  public  at  6. 
In  1845  the  family  went  to  New  York,  where  T, 


soon  entered  an  orchestra;  in  1851  he  made  a 
concert-tour  as  a  soloist,  later  touring  the  counliy 
with  Jenny  Lmd,  (Irisi,  Soulug,  Mniio,  t'tc.  In 
1855  'began  the  Mason  and  Thomas  soiiccs  \tj. 
WILLIAM  MASON).  Up  to  iHOi  he  played  in 
various  opura-orchchtras,  sometimes  conducting. 
In  1864  he  organized  an  orch.  for  **  Symphony 
Soirees  "  at  Irving  Hall,  New  Voik  (discontinued 
1869  ;  resumed  at 
Stcinxvny  Hall  in 
1872)  ;  and  in  i860 
started  summer 
concerts  in  Terrace 
Garden,  removing 
in  1868  to  Central 
Park  Garden.  The/ 
influence  of  the.se  '' 
entei  prises  on  mu- 
sical culture  in  New 
York,  was  simply 
inotadablii  ;  T.'s 
programs  attained 
K  iiropcnn  cclvhi  ity. 
The  first  concert  - 

tour  with  the  orch.  was  made  in  iSn<),  with  5.} 
players.  After  the  disustious  season  of  1870  at 
the  Philadelphia  Centennial,  the  orch,  was  dis- 
banded. Krom  1878-80,  T.  wns  (he  president 
of  the  new  Cincinnati  College  of  Music.  In 
1880  he  was  elected  cond,  of  llic  New  York 
riiilharmonic  Orch.,  succeeding  NeuendorlT, 
and  holding  this  position  until  called  to  Chi 
cago  in  1888  as  Director  of  the  Conservatory. 
lie  is  also  cond.  of  the  Chicago  Orch.,  now  one 
of  the  most  efficient  organixnlioiiH  in  the  United 
States. 

Thomas,  Arthur  Goring,  Knglish  composer  ; 
b.  Kalton  Park,  n.  Kastbournc,  Sussex,  Nov.  ill, 


1850;  d.  London,  Mar.  20,  i^<)2,  Pupil  of  ftmllt* 
J)umml  nt  Paris,  1874-6  ;  later  of  Sullivnn  and 
Proutnt  the  K.  A.  M.,  London,  winning  the  Lu- 
cas Prize  in  1879.  Dwelt  in  London  as  a  com- 
poser.— Works  :  The  operas  Ksmertthhi  (Drtiry 
Lane,  T883)  ;  AWtv^/a(ilmU,  1885)  ;  Tht 


Wtb  (unfinished  ;  score  compl,  l>y  W 
prod,  nt  Liverpool,  1893)  ;—  -n  choral  ode,   Tht 
f 


Sun  }\fwslrippfrs  (Norwich, 


;  cnntiila  Th 


Swan  and  Me  SkyfarJt  (nimiingimtn,  iH<)4;  or- 
chestrated by  C.  V.  Stntiford);  psalm  f,  wopr.  solo, 
ch.,  and  orch.  (1878);  3  vocal  scene*,  "  Hero  ntul 


tl«  lutllct 


Leandcr"  (1880)  ;  duets  ; 

f.  orch.  (1687)  ;  a  violin-sonata;  etc, 

Thomas  Aquinas  [Thomn*  of  Aquino'], 
(Saint),  b.  Rocca  Hicca,  n.  Aquino,  ltulyt  ia-5 
(13^7?)  ;  d.  Kossa  Nuova,  n/Termdna,  Mar.  7, 


1274.  This  famed  theologian  and 
philosopher  entered  the  Dominican  order  in  1245, 
In  1263  Pope  Urban  IV.  commimiioned  him  to 
compose  a  communion  flersdco,  which  contains 
the  memorable  numbers  "  I^auda  Sion  "  ( 


Christi  sequence),  and  "  Pannfe  liujfim,"  '*  Sncm 
solwnnis,^4*  Verbum  supernum,"  and  **  Adhortor 
to  "  (hymns), 


582 


TTTOMti— THURSBY 


Thom£,  Francis  (w/<»  Francois-Luc- Jo- 
seph), b.  Port  Louis,  Mauiitius,  Oct.  ifl,  1850. 
Pupil  at  Paris  Cons.,  1800-70,  of  Murmontel 
(pf.)  and  Dupiato 
(theory) ;  resiiles  at 
Paris  as  a  tcachei, 
composer,  and  critic. 
Has  set  to  music  nu- 
merous lij»ht  slaj»e.-- 
pieces ;  also  AVwtb 
ef  Juliette  (alter 
Shakespeaic  by  (1 . 
Lcfcvrc  ;  iS<)o);  the 
mystery  /'A'// A/;//  fe'-  . , 
sits  (iS<)0  ;  the  syjn 
phonic  ode  "  I  lymne 
a  la  unit "  ;  has  publ. 
vocal  melodies,  ro- 
mances, etc,,  and 
miuuTousclej»anl  pf.-pieees  (Simple aveu,  op.  25; 
Les  Lut  ins,  op.  CM)}. 

Thomson,  George,  b.  Limekilns,  Kifc,  Mar. 

4,  1757;  d.  Leith,  Keb,  IS,  1851.     From  1780- 
1830,  Seer,  to  the  "  Hoard  of  Trustees  lor  the  Kn- 
eour.  of  Arts  and  Manufactures  in  Scotland."  An 
enthusiastic  and  indefatigable  collectorof  Scotch, 
Welsh,  and  Irish  melodies,  to  winch  he  had  spc~ 
citd  instr.l  accompaniments  written  (besides  the 
pf.-aeuomp.)  by  the  most  noted  musicians  of  the 
lime,    (Ueelhoven,    Haydn,    Pleycl,     Koxcluch). 
Ksieh  song  hud,  accordingly,  a  prelude,  coda,  and 
tttf  libitum  parts  throughout  (f.  violin,  or  flute,  t«- 
Vell<»).    J.  ('nthbert  lladden's  biography  of  T., 
"(!,  T.,  the  Kricml  of  Hums.     His  Life  and 
(lorrespondtMice  M  (Lomlon,  iS«)S),  contains  full 
and  inle,reHtintf  details,  notably  Ileethoven's  lckl- 
tt»rs."-"The  eollections  are:  M  A  Select  Coll.  of 
Orijf,  Scottish  Airs  .  ,  ."  (Loiulon,6  vol.s;  Vol. 

5,  1703:  Vol.  ii,   17^8;  Veil.  Ill,  i?w;  Vol.  iv. 
iHoa;  Veil,  v,  iHiH  sttt;  Vol.  vt,  1^41);  "Coll.  of 
theSontfsof  U.  Burns,  Sir  W,  Scotl,  etc."  (Lou- 
don,  iH83;6vnU);  "  Select  Coll.  of  Orig,  Welsh 
Airs  .  .  .  "(London,  tHn<);  3  vol.*) ;  ditto  of 
11  Irish  Airs"  (L<Mulon,  tHi4-i(»;  3  vol.s);  *'ao 
Scottinh  Melotlies"  (KdinburKh,  1831)). 

Thomson,  John,  b.  Sproutiton,  Roxburgh, 
Oct.  38,  1805  ;  d,  Kdinlmrtfh,  May  6,  1841, 
Pupil  of  Sehnvder  v.  WarU'iiseej  ut  Leipxltf,  and 
n  friend  of  Nlendelssohn,  Sohtimann,  und  Mo- 
schcles.  In  1839,  first  Kifd  Professor  of  Music 
at  l^liubur^h  Univ.— Works:  Sovcsrul  operas ; 
iiiMtr.l  musle;  Honijs.— At  the  third  concert  given 
by  th<?  **  Kdlnb,  lWe««ional  SCK*."  (Kd>M  1837), 
an  analytical  program  WUH  Issued  by  T.t  then 
conductor ;  thiM  is  the  first  rewmled  Inntanctt  of 
the  UM«  of  Hitch  program*, 

Thoraion,  Ctfsar»  line,  violinist ;  b.  Life 
Mar,  17,  r857.  K«>m  7*  pupil  of  Liegu  Conn., 
winning  trw  gold  mcdnl  at  n  ;  then  Htudled 
nnder  Vicuxtt*mp»v  I-^nnrtl,  Wtaninwftki,  and 
Maiwttt.  Tours  In  Spain  find  Italy  very  siu> 
cewfiji ;  from  r»73w-**3  ht>  vww  for  «>m«  time 
chitmI>er-rnujticUn  to  Uarcm  von  Dcjtwlcw  at 
Lug&no,  on  tour  la  lttlyt  *tc.,  and  a  member  of 


Hilsc's  orch.  at  Berlin;  from  iflfis-<)7,  teacher 
of  violin  at  Liege  (Ions.,  but  making  frequent 
tours  to  Kuropean  capitals  and  (18(^-5)  in  the 
United  States;  in  ifyfl  he  succeeded  Isaye  as 
prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the  l»nissels  Cons. 
His  lechnicnio  in  double-stops  is  peculiarly  re- 
maikahle. 

Thorne,  Edward  Henry,  b.  Cranborne, 
Dorset,  May  <),  1834.  Choiisler  at  St.  deorge's 
Chnpol  under  Klvey  ;  oijjfanisl  in  turn  at  Henley 
(1853),  Chichestet  Cath.  C(>$,  St.  Patrick's, 
llri}»hton  ('70),  St.  Peter's,  Cianley  ( lardens  ('73), 
St.  Michael's,  Cornhill  ('75),  and  St.  Anne's, 
Soho (since  iS<)i).  Iseontl.  ol  St.  -Vime's  Choral 
and  Orrh.l  Soc  ;  and  j»ivos  eouct-tts  and  pf.- 
recitals  in  London  and  elsewhere.  Works: 
Psalm  57,  f.  tenor  solo,  chorus,  anil  oreh,  (1884); 
Psalm  125;  Magnificat  and  N'unc  dimitlis,  f. 
st>li,  c'h.,  orch.,  and  orj»an  ;  sen  ices;  anthems; 
an  overture;  a  pf.-ttios;  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  vio- 
lin, uiid  pf.  and  Velio;  "Sonata  clejfia"  f.  pf.; 
suite  f.  pf.  and  clar.;  7  books  of  orpin  pieces;  etc. 

Thuillc,  Ludwig  (Wilhelm  Andreas 
Maria),  b.  Ho/en,  Tyrt»l,  Nov.  30,  iH(>i.  Pupil 
of  Jos.  Pcmbaur  at  Innsbruck  (pf.,  cpt,); 
i87«i  83  of  Carl  Itaennami  (pf.)  and  Khein- 
iH-i'Kcr  (comp.)  at  tlut  Munich  Music-School. 
Since  1883,  teacher  of  pf,  and  theory  there;  also 
conducts  the  male  choral  union  "  Ltedurhort." 
hi  iKc)i,  UK.  Professor  of  Music."— Works : 
The  3-act  openi  VAtwrt/aitA  (Munic.h,  r»S«j7  ;  v, 
slice  ;  won  the  Luitpold  Pri/.e) ;  opera  /.ohtfttuz 
(Karlsruhu  and  Ilerlin,  tKcjS) ;  op,  i,  sonata  f. 
violin  and  jjf.;  op,  2,  or^an- sonata  ;  op.  3,  three 
pf.-piocvs;  op.  4-js,  Lieder;  op.  0,  sextet  f.  pf. 
and  wind  ;  op,  7,  Liedercyclus  "  Von  Lust  und 
LcidM;  op.  8,  to,  n,  male  choruses. 

Thunder,  Henry  G.,  phuiist ;  b.  near  I>ul>- 
lin,  l'«b.  io,  1832 ;  d.  New  York,  Dec.  14, 
itoji.  Pupil  of  Thalbcrtf;  wittlcd  in  Now 
York,  whet'tt  lu1  was  in  turn  organist  of  St. 
Augustine's,  St.  Clement's,  and  St.  Stephen's 
R.  ('.  churches,  ('(imp.  ohurch-mtifiic,  SOII^H, 
He.. 

ThUr'lings,  Adolf,  Hince  1877  prof,  of  Old. 
Catholic*  thuolojfy  nt  Uonn.  /^%  ////.»  Munich  ; 
publ.  disswtJition  :  *  *  Hit*  beiden  Toujyeschltjch- 
ter  und  die  ncuciv  nuiKikulische  Theorie  "  (1877 ; 
favoring  harmonic  dualism.) 

Thur'ner,  Fiiodrich  Euwn,  f>lKw-virtuo«o ; 
b.  MontbtJllurd,  Dec.  t),  1785 ;  d.  Amxtortlam, 
Mar,  ar,  1837.-- Publ*  3  HymphoulM,  an  over- 
ture, 4  ol  we -concert  OH,  4  <juurtcts  f.  olioe  and 
string,  rondos  iind  divcrtiHStmenU  f.  oboe  w. 
Htrlti^-qunrtet,  trio  f,  obtw  w.  9  horn«,  duo*  f. 
oboe  and  pf,,  somtta  f.  horn  nnd  pf.,  pf.-munlc, 
etc. 

Thorn'mayer,    See  AVKNTINUM. 

Thunby,  Emm*,  famous  concert-soprano 
(coloratura)  i  b.  Urwklyn,  N.  YM  Nov.  17*  1857. 
Pupil  of  Julius  Meyur  (Brooklyn),  Achille  Errunl 
(N*w  York)»  and  Mmo,  Kudemdm'fl  (Ikmton) ; 
then  at  MiUu  (iS;3)  of  Umpertl  And  San  Gkv 


683 


TICIIATSCIIEK— TIMM 


vanni.  Gave  her  first  concert  in  Amciica  at 
I'ly  mouth  Church,  .Brooklyn,  in  1875  ;  sang  in 
concert  and  oratorio,  and  was  cng.  by  Gilmoie 
(1875)  for  his  summer-night  concerts,  and  then 
ior  a  tour  of  the  country.  She  then  sang  in  Dr. 
Taylor's  chuich,  New  York,  at  a  salaiy  of 
$3,000;  made  a  European  tour  with  Maurice 
Strakosch,  appearing  in  London,  Paris,  Cologne, 
etc.,  everywhere  with  great  applause.  Her 
second  Amer.  tour  (1879-80)  was  eminently  suc- 
cessful, and  has  been  followed  by  numerous 
others  in  the  United  States  and  Europe. — "  Her 
tone  possesses  that  captivating  timbre  character- 
istic of  celebrities  of  the  first  rank,  such  as  Ado 
Ima  Patti ;  her  style  is  exquisite,  though  her 
voice  is  not  especially  voluminous"  [RIKMANN, 
3rd  German  ed.] 

Tichatschek,  Joseph  Aloys,  famous  dra- 
matic tenor ;  b.  Obcr-Wcckclsdorf ,  Uohemia, 
July  n,  1807  ,  d.  Dresden,  Jan.  18,  1886.  Son 
of  a  pooi  weaver ;  studied  in  the  Uenedietine 
Gymnasium  at  ]>raunau,  and  went  to  Vienna  in 
1827  as  a  medical  student,  but  joined  the  chonis 
at  the  Karnthnerthor  Th.,  had  vocal  instruc- 
tion from  Cicimara,  and  became  churusmaster. 
He  Alien  went  to  Graz,  where  he  sang  minor 
and  second  roles  ;  made  starring  toms  to  Vienna 
and  Dresden,  his  debut  in  the  latter  city  as  Gus- 
tav  in  JDer  JMaskrnball^  Robert,  and  Tamino, 
leading  to  immediate  engagement  (1837)  at  the 
Court  Opera,  where  he  remained  until  pensioned 
in  1872.  In  1842  he  created  the  role  of  Kiunssi ; 
in  1845,  Tnnnhauscr. 

Tieffenbriicker.    See  Dunwoi'RUcxiAK. 

Tieh'sen,  Otto,  b.  Danzig,  Oct.  13,  1817; 
d.  Berlin,  May  15,  1849.  Pupil  of  the  R.  Aka- 
demie  at  Berlin,  where  he  settled  as  a  teacher. — • 
Works :  The  comic  opera  A  ntiette  (Berlin,  1 847) ; 
Christmas  cantata  ;  Kyric  and  Glorias  6 ;  Cnici- 
fixus  a  6  a  raffe/fa  ;  songs  of  high  merit. 

Tiersch,  Otto,  b.  Kalbsrieth,  Thuringizi, 
Sept.  i,  1838;  d.  Berlin,  Nov.  j,  18912,  Pupil 
of  J.  G.  Topfer  at  Weimar,  and  Dellermann,  A. 
li.  Marx,  and  L.  Erk  at  Berlin.  Teacher  of 
singing  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin.  As  a  theo- 
rist he  was  a  disciple  of  Hauptmann,  but  laid 
more  stress  on  the  relationship  by  the  Third  (of 
keys  and  chords)  than  the  latter. — Writings: 
"System  und  Methode  der  Ilarmonielehrc" 
(1868)  ;  "  Elementarbuch  der  musikalischen 
Harmonic-  und  Modulationslehre "  (1874); 
"Kurze  praktische  Gencralbass-,  Ilarmonie- 
imd  Modulationslehre  "  (1876) ;  *'  Kurxes  prak- 
tischcs  Lehrbtich  fttr  Kontrapunkt  und  Nach- 
ahmung"  (1879) ;  "Allgemeine  Musiklehre" 
(1885;  w.  Erk);  "Lehrbuch  fttr  Klaviersatss 
und  Akkompngnement "  (1881) ;  u  Notenfibel" 
(1882) ;  "  Die  Unzula'nglichkeit  der  heutigen 
Musikstudien  an  den  Konservatorien,  etc." 
(1883);  "Rhythmik,  Dynamik  und  Phrasie- 
rungslehre"  (1886);  articles  on  harmony,  etc., 
in  Mendel's  "Convcrsationslexikon." 


Tiersot ,  (Jean  -  Baptiste  -  Elise"e  -)  Julien, 
b.  HOUIJJ,  I>ressc,  Kiance  ,  pupil  of  Sa\aid, 
Massenet,  and  Cesar  Kraiick  :it  the  Pun's  Cons. 
(1876);  since  1883,  nsst.-hhiuimu  <»1  the  Cons. 
Contributor  to  "  Le  Alcnestrel"  <»1  inleiestinj; 
essays  (e.g.,  "  Mu.sique  antique  •  Los  nnuu'llcs 
decouvertes  de  Delphes,"  Jan.-Maich,  uS<)()) , 
also  piibl.  **  Ilistoire  do  la  chanson  populate'  en 
Fmnce"  (1885  ;  \\on  ISoidnn  I'n/c).  I  las  romp. 
Ht'lhu  f.  soli,  oh.,  and  oiclu;  also  orch.l  ihapso- 
dies  on  popular  niis  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Tiefjens  (/vi  fe  Titiens),  Theresc  Johanne 
Alexandra,  (amou.s  dinmntir  .sopiano;  b. 
Hamburg,  July  17,  \&$\  ;  d.  Ltnidon,  Oct.  3, 

1877.  Trained  in  Hamburg,  suavssful  dt'but 
there  in  rS4<) ;  sang  at   (''lankfort,  and  was  ong, 
foi  the  Vienna  Court  Opera  in  1850;   but  went 
to   London  in   1858,   and    remained   there  till 
death,  for  long  yeais  the  reigning  lavorite,  sing- 
ing at  II.  M  'sTh.,  l)mry  Lane,  Covent  Gartleu, 
and  the  Ilaymarket.     II er  greatest   roles  were 
Kidelio,  Donna  Anna,  Valentino,   I.uoruxin,  Se- 
mintmide,  and  Countess  Alniavi\:i.     She  visited 
Paris  in  1863,  and  Ameriea  in  1875. 

Tilborghs,  Joseph,  Klemi.sh  ilieoH.st  ;  1>. 
Nieuwmoer,  Sept.  28,  1830.  Pupil  of  Lem- 
mens  (oij>.)  anil  Ketis  (romp.)  at  the  Urussels 
Cons.;  since  1882,  prof,  of  organ-phiying  at  the 
Ghent  Cons.,  and  of  counterpoint  at  the  Antwerp 
Music-School. — Works  :  Organ-pieces  ;  motets 
w.  organ-nceomp. 

Tilman,  Alfred,  b.  Nnissols,  Fob.  ;^,  1848; 
d.  Iheio  Keb.  21,  180,5  ;  pupil  of  tlu«  Cons, 
1866-71,  winning  ist  i>ri/cs  f<»r  ])(, -playing, 
counteii)oinl,  ami  fugue.  -  Works  :  Ke<|uieni 
(for  (jut'cii  Louise  Marie);  To  Heum  .solennel ; 
"C'antatti  jxitriolicjue" ;  cantata  /tt  .SV'/iW; 
Chant  .saorc;  "  Mnruix,1'  scene  for  bass;  24 
vocal  fugues  a  2  ami  3  ;  etc. 

Tilmant,  Th^ophile-Alexandre,  b.  Valen- 
ciennes, July  8,  J7<)<);  <l.  Asnieres,  May  7, 

1878.  From  1 838-40,  and  M.  Jc  chap*  at  the 
Th.  Italien  ;  then  ist  do.  at  the  ()]u'ra-(\mii(|iu*. 
—His  brother,  Aleacandre,  1).  rHoH,  d,  Paris, 
June    13,    T88o;    'celliHl,    0,0  foamier    of,   ami 
player  in,  the  Cons.  Concerts  ;  also  in  the  Th. 
Italien. 

Timanoff,  Vera,  b.  Ufa,  Russia,  I'Vb.  18, 
1855.  Distinguished  pianist;  punil  of  L,  No- 
wiuky,  nt  Um;  played  in  public  in  her  cjth 
year;  studied  with  A.  Ruhinstein  (1866)  nml 
Tutisig  (for  24  years,  at  Itorlin).  Lived  in  St, 
l^lcrHburjf,  Prajytio  (1871),  and  Vienna  (1872), 
going  to  Lisst  nt  Weimar  for  Ǥvcjrul  Huninu*rK. 

Timra,  Henry  Christian,  I),  Hamburg 
Germany,  July  ir,  tftn  ;  d,  New  York*  Sent.  4, 
1803.  Vianlst ;  pupil  of  MetbfoHHt'l  and  Jacob 
Schmitt ;  ddbut  1828 ;  went  to  the  United 
Stateain  1835,  giving  concerts  at  UoHton,  etcs., 
and  in  the  Park  Th.,  Now  York,  Was  two. 
cessively  organist  at  Grace  Church,  man,  clir.  of 
the  Charleston,  S,  C.f  Th.,  choriwmttHter  at  the 


584 


TINCTOR1S— TOLBKCOUK 


<  'lunch  SI  Opera  I  louse,  New  York,  and  organ- 
ist at  \anoiis  Hunches  (for  10  years  at  All  Souls', 
on  Komth  Av  ).  Karly  member  ol  the  N.  Y. 
Philhaim.,  and  its  piesident  1847-04 — Woiks: 
(irund  mass,  f.  soli,  di.,  oieh.,  and  organ  ;  part- 
songs  ;  pi. -pieces  ;  tianseiiplions  f.  2  pf.s  of 
numerous  classical  works. 

Tinctoris,  Johannes  (called  John  Tinctor; 
;<•</*•  Jean  de  Vaerwere),  Belgian  writer  and 
composer;  b.  Poperinghe,  about  1440 ;  d  Ni- 
vclles,  1511.  About  1475, ///r/<\t/S(' to  Keidinand 
of  Anagon  at  Naples,  who  despatched  him  in 
<[uest  of  singers  foi  his  chapel  to  Kiance,  etc., 
in  1487  ;  but  T.  never  went  back,  and  became  a 
canon  at  Nivelles.  II is  chief  woiks  are  "  Liber 
<lcaite  eontrapuneti  "  (\\iittcn  in  1477;  printed 
bv  C.oussemaker  in  4t  Scriptores,"  iv),  and  the 
earliest  known  dictionary  of  music,  "Terini- 
nonnn  musicae  diliinitoriuni "  (Naples,  publ. 
about  1475) ;  others  aie  *'  Kxpositio  manus," 
"  Liber  de  natura  et  proprielate  tonorum,"  "  IV 
nolis  ac  pausis,"  "  I  >e  regular!  valore  notanim,11 
"Liber  iinperfeetiomtm  notanim,"  u  Tractalus 
alterationum,"  "Super  mmctis  musicaltbus," 
u  Pioportionale,  musiees,  and  **  Complexus 
efTectuum  musiees."  Kxtant  eomp.s  are  a 
11  Missa  Thomme  arme,"  and  some  chansons, 
in  MS.  ;  other  chansons  are  in  Pctrueei's 
44  Odheealon,"and  a  Lntnenlation  in  his  coll.  of 
1500. 

Tiwel,  Ed(far,  b.  Sinuy,  Belgium,  Mar.  27, 
1854.  Pianist  and  composer ;  taught  at  first  by 
his  father,  a  poor 
schoolteacher  and 
organist  ;  entered 
Brussels  Cons,  in 


63,  studying  un- 
der Brassin,  Dti- 
pont,  Cievaert, 
Kit  lie  rath,  ami 
Mailly;  in  1873 
took  ist  prixts  for 
pf.-playing,  and 
publ«t)'p,  i,  4  Noc. 
turnts  f.  Holo  voice 
w,  pf,;  won  the 
( i  rand  prlx  de 
Kome  in  1877  with 
thcc.antata  fCfototfe 
AVv/r/W  (op.  17).  In  l88t,  IHr.  of  tho  fnst. 
for  Sacred  Music  at  Mulines,  micceediug  Lem- 
mens  ;  in  1888  he  brought  out  un  oratorio,  /'Vv;//» 
f  ht-us  (op,  36),  which  made  him  famous  ;  in  1889, 
inspector  of  tho  Slate  nuisic«schools ;  in  iHt)6  ha 
Huceetuled  KufTcrnth  us  prof,  of  cpl,  utul  fugue 
ill  BruKsels  Conn,  I  To  him  tilsopnxi,  a  u  (Inuitl 
MaHH  of  the  Holy  Virgin  of  Lourclc»,"  f.  5  jwrtH 
(op,  41);  Tc  Dmtm  f.  4-pnrt  mixed  clu  w.  or- 
gan ;  Alleluia  f ,  4  equal  voice*  w.  organ  ;  H«veml 
mottttx  And  Kacred  mmgs  (u  Marienlicder") ; 


,ind  ]jubl.  "I.e  chant   giejiorien,  ihcorie  som- 
inaiie  dc  son  execution  "  (iHy^). 

Tirindel'li,  Pietro  Adolfo,  b.  Conegliano, 
Italy,  iKsR.  Violinist  ;  jnipil  of  Milan  Cons. 
iHot)-7o,  thun  lor  2  yea  is  of  Bnniforli  ;  con- 
ducted the  band  at  (loiixia  lot  3  years,  then 
studied  in  Vienna  under  (lulu,  and  in  iH8;j  un- 
der M  assart  at  Pan's.  Kiom  IS.S7,  prof,  oi  vio- 
lin tit  tho  I,iceo  Benedetto  Mai  cello,  Venice,  be- 
ing app.  Diiectorin  iH()j.  Ho  also  conducted 
the  "(liuseppe  Verdi  Otrheslra"  of  Venice. 
Knighted  ("  Cavidieie1')  in  iHcj|.  In  Boston, 
Mass.,  he  played  with  the  Symphony  Ordi.  on 
I>ec.  i(>,  iS()5.  His  l-acl  opera,  /*\  I  faiHt/ifa, 
was  prod,  at  Venice  in  iHt)2;  he  is  a  giilcd 
song-  com  poser,  and  has  publ.  pf.  -music,  and 
pieces  for  pf.  and  violin. 

Titl,  Anton  Emil,  b.  IVrnstein,  Moravia, 
Oct.  5,  jSo();  d.  Vienna,  Jan.  si,  iSSti,  wheie 
he  was  A'tt^Mir.  at  the  Burglheater  from  iSpo. 
Operas  /Vr  /iurgfrtw  (Brtlnn,  iK;rJ),  /W  //V»/- 
Av/XvW(\'iennn,'i»S^5),  and  others  ;  jilst»a  mass 
tt  8,  overtures,  etc, 

Titoff,  Nicolai  Aloxeijevitch,  b.  St.  I'eturs- 
burg,  Apr.  aS,  iKoi  ;  el.  thuro  Jan.  (»,  1X70, 
Noted  song-composor. 

Todi,  Luiza  Rosa  de  Aguiar,  famous  me/.- 
xo-soprano  slage.sing<kr  ;  b.  Setubal,  1'ortugal, 
Jan.  o,,  175;^;  d.  Lisbon,  Oct.  i,  1833.  At  15 
she  played  Dorine  in  Moliere's  '/*»;•/////<',  at  Lis- 
bon ;  then  studied  singing  with  David  IVrex  un- 
til 1772,  when  slut  appeared  in  London  (and 
again  in  1777)  without  striking  success.  In  1777, 
however,  sho  won  a  triumph  at  Madrid  in 
/StWnfpttitfr  (by  I'aisiollo);  also  In  1778-1)  and 
1781  sat  (ho  Concerts  spirituals,  Paris,  though 
falling  to  please  Frederick  the  tlrwt  at  Berlin  in 
1781.  After  singing  in  Southern  (icrmany  and 
Vienna,  she  was  eng,  for  a  short  time  (1782)  at 
Berlin;  in  1783  her  rivalry  with  Mara  fairly  con- 
vulsed nuiHicul  Paris,  two  bitterly  hostile  fac- 
tions (Todistcs  and  Maralistes)  being  formed. 
Next  year  she  was  enthusiastically  received  tit 
St,  Petersburg,  singing  in  Marti**  sttwMtt  (e/\ 
SARTI)J  In  1786  Knedrich  Wilhelm  II,  engaged 
her  at  a  high  salary  ft  tr  Berlin;  until  1781)  she 
sang  alternately  at  Berlin  niul  St.  Petersburg, 
then  paid  a  brief  visit  to  Paris,  and  after  a  vain 
attempt  to  have  her  salary  increased  to  6000 
Thaler  on  th«*  expiration  of  her  Berlin  contract, 
returned  to  Portugal, 

Toedt.  Theodore  T.,  b.  N«w  York,  l«Vb,  ,jt 
1853,,  Choir-boy  of  Trinity  Parish  1861-71  1 
music-pupil  of  Mrs.  Clmrltm  K,  Iforn-XluNt,  H« 
acquiml  sin  exctillcnt  rvputatlon  as  a  Hingor  in 
oratorio,  chtirrh,  and  concert;  at  preficwt  (tH<)<)) 
lie  in  living  in  New  Vork  ns  a  vocal  Instructor. 
In  18^5, 


,  f,  tenor  wolo,  ch,t  and  oroh.;  /V  t/ri? 
,  f.  kir,  m)Io,  cbM  and  oreh.;  p 


Tolbecque,  fourbrmherK,  T 
—  (i)  Isidore-Joseph,  b.  Hunzmne,  Apr.  17, 
1794  ;  d,  Victhy,  Muy  to,  1871  \  comp,  And  ctmd. 


585 


TOMASCHEK— TOPFER 


of  ball-music ;— (2)  Jean-Baptist e-Joseph,  b. 
Apr.  17,  1797 ;  d.  Paris,  Oct.:  23,  1869.  Violin- 
ist, pupil  of  Krcutzer  and  Reicha  at  the  Paris 
Cons  ,  1820-5,  orch.-player  at  the  Th.  Ualien, 
and  a  comp.  of  charming  quadrilles,  valses, 
galops,  etc.,  which  gained  great  vogue  ;  in  1825 
he  began  conducting  dance-music  at  the  Tivoli, 
etc.,  and  later  the  court  balls  ;  he  was  the  favor- 
ite ball-cond.  till  Alusard's  advent.  In  1851  he 
prod.  (w.  Deldevez)  the  3-act  ballet  K^rMVr/at 
the  Ope'ra. — (3)  Auguste-Joseph,  b,  Feb.  28, 
1801  ;  d.  Paris,  May  27,  1869 ;  violinist  at  the 
Opera  and  the  Cons.  Concerts,  and  for  some  sea- 
sons at  II.  M.'s  Th.,  London. — (4)  Charles- 
Joseph,  b.  Paris,  May  27,  1806  ;  d.  there  Dec. 
29,  1835;  violinist,  pupil  of  Kreulzer;  from 
1830,  cond.  at  the  Variete's. — Auguste,  son  of 
Auguste-Joseph  ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  30,  1830 ;  emi- 
nent 'cellist ;  took  1st  prize  at  the  Cons,  in  1849; 
teacher  at  Marseilles  Cons.  1865-7  r ;  later 'cellist 
at  the  Pans  Cons.  Concerts.  Publ.  "  La  Gym- 
nastique  du  Violoncello"  (op.  14;  excellent  ex- 
ercises and  mechanical  studies),  and  prod,  a  i- 
act  comic  opera,  Aftrh  la  vaht,  at  Niort  in 
1895,  with  success.— His  son,  Jean,  b.  Niort, 
Oct.  7,  1857,  took  ist  'cello-prize  at  the  Paris 
Cons,  in  1873  ;  is  a  fine  player. 

Tomaschek,  Johann  Wenzel  (rtcte  Jan 
Vaclav  TomaSek),  eminent  composer  and 
teacher;  b.  Skutsch,  Bohemia,  Apr.  17,  1774; 
d.  Prague,  Apr.  3,  1850.  lie  learned  the  rudi- 
ments of  singing  and  violin-playing  from  Wolf, 
rfgens  chon  at  Chrudim ;  studied  as  a  chorister 
at  the  Minorite  monastery,  Igluu  ;  took  the  law- 
course  at  L'rague  Univ.,  1790-3,  supporting  him- 
self by  giving  lessons,  and  also  studying  the 
chief  German  theoretical  works.  Vuwlly  he 
applied  himself  wholly  to  music ;  found  a  patron 
in  Count  Bucquoy  de  Longeval ;  and  became  the 
most  noted  teacher  in  Prague  (Ureyschock, 
Schulhoff,  v.  Bocklet,  Kittl,  Kuhe,  Demmucr, 
Tede&co,  and  Sig.  Goldschmidt,  were  his  pupils), 
He  was  an  admirable  pianist  and  organist,  and 
a  composer  of  high  merit,  though  unfortunate  in 
being  JJeethoven's  contemporary.  Among  rro 
works  with  opus-numbers  arc  an  orch.l  mass  in 
E|?,  cantatas,  hymns,  Bohemian  and  German 
songs,  a  symphony,  a  pf. -concerto,  a  string, 
quartet,  a  string-trio,  and  several  pf.-comp.s  (so- 
natas, op.  14, 15,  si,  48,  and  a  fifth  in  U;  6  sets 
of  Eclogues,  each  having  6  numbers,  op.  35,  47, 
51,  63,  66,  83;  6  Rhapsodies,  op.  40;  u  do.,  op, 
41 ;  3  IHtirambi,  op.  65  ;  3  Allcgri  capricciosi  di 
bravura,  op.  52;  and  3  do.,  op.  84).  His  opera 
Seraphine  (Prague,  i8n)  was  well  received. 

Tomasi'ni,  Luijri,  b.  Pesaro,  1741  j  d.  Erter- 
hdz,  Apr.  25,  1808,  where  he  had  lived  since 
1757  as  violinist  and  director  of  the  chftmber- 
xnusic,  on  intimate  terms  with  Haydn, — Publ*  2 
violin-concertos ;  duos  concertants  f .  violins ;  12 
string-quartets. 


Tombelle,  Fernandde  la,  b.  Paris,  Aug.  3, 
1854.    A  pupil  of  Guilmant  and  Th*  Itabofo  at 


the  Conservatoire;  won  ist  prize  of  the  "So- 
cMctc  dcs  compositcuis  "  lor  o;uailet  ami  sym- 
phony, lie  is  living 
in  Paris  as  n  com- 
poser, and  has  been 
app.  an  Officer  ol 
Public  Instruction. 
His  compositions  in- 
clude seveml  suites 
and  other  orchestral 
pieces ;  chambor-mu- 
sic  (quartets  and  trios 
for  strings,  or  for  pi. 
and  strings) ;  mmiei- 
ous  choral  scenes  and 
sets  of  songs ;  and 
many  aigau-works, 
which  have  been  pcrf. 
at  the  TroeudLTO,  and  have  vogue  holh  in  Kn#. 
land  and  America. 

Tomeo'ni,  Florido,  h.  Lneea,  1757;  <!•  1'aris, 
Aug.,  1820,  having  dwell  tlu-ie  as  a  teaHier 
since  1783, — I'uhl.  "  Mcthodc  <|iii  appivwl  la 
connaissance  de  rhurmonU?  et  la  pratique  de 
raccompagnemunt  selon  les  prineipes  de  I'ceolc 
de  Naples  "  («7gH)  ;  and  "  Tlu'-oriede  la  nuisi<inc 
voeale"  (1799).— His  mother,  Peltegrino,  b. 
Lucca,  about  1729,  a  music-U'aclK*r  in  Florence, 
publ.  M  Kcgolc  pratiche  per  nccompaj»nare  SI 
basso  continue)"  (t795). 

Tomlins,  William  Lawrence,  b,  London, 
Kcb.  4,  184^.  [»upil  of  (1,  A.  Macfam-n  and  K. 
Silas*  Settled  in  America,  iW»<);  Iroin  1875, 
cond.  of  the  Apollo  (!lee  Chili,  Chicago,  Mem- 
ber of  the  Amer.  Coll.  of  Musicians.  JIc  is  a 
vocal  teacher,  and  has  publ.  "Children's  Songs, 
and  How  to  Sing  Them"  (iHH,*;?),  At  Indian- 
upolis,  Kcb.,  1897,  he  read  n  paper  on  **  Music 
and  Kducation." 

Tomma'si,  Giuseppe  Maria,  Cartlinnl,  eru- 
dite historiographer  ol  church-music ;  b.  AH- 
cantc,  Sicily,  Sept.  14,  if>,[<) ;  d.  Koine,  Jim.  T, 
1713,  His  works,  vahittblc*  for  stiulenlH  of 
ancient  church-music,  were  publ.  in  a  complete! 
7- vol.  ed.  at  Home,  1748-54;  <<>*'  fcqwrnte 
original  ed.s,  from  iOHo-<)7.  His  wn^tntM  c/w 
is  "('odieew  Htieninientorum  mmgetiliK  aimiH 
vctusliorca,  nimirum  Librl  III  ftacninientorutn 
ccclesiae,  Missal t!  Ciothicum,  hive  CalUcanum 
vctus,  MiHHalc  Krancorum,  Mlnwilo  (iallframtm 
vetus"(c()8o). 

Topper,  Johann  Gottlob,  fauunis 
and  writer  on  organ-buildiug ;  U,  Nlvdv.. »*.*», 
Thuringia,  Dec.  4,  1791 ;  d.  \Vdnittf,  Juno  8, 
1870,  Pupil  of  cnntor  HctlilARiIlch  $  then,  nt 
Weimar,  of  Destouchw,  Kienumu,  und  A.  K, 
Mnller,  also  studying  at  the  (iymiWHium  nnd 
Seminary,  where  he  wan  upp.  teaeher  c»f  muHic  In 
1817.  From  1830,  town  organtot  of  Weimar.  An 
expert  on  organ-construction*  he  wrot«  *'l)ic 
Orgelbaukunst'*  (1833);  "Die  Orgel:  5Cw<«ek 
und  Nescmiffenhoit  ihwr  Tltellw"  (1843)  j  «4 1)J« 
Scheiblor'ttche  Stlmmethodc "  (1840);  "  Lehr- 


586 


TORCH  I— TOSI 


budi  dcr  Ot  jre-lbaukunst  "  (1856;  4  vol.s;  2ml 
cil.  by  Allihn,  iHHK);—  also  a  M  Theoietisch- 
piaktischo  Oigaiiisteiihchnk1"  (1845);  "  Allge- 
meincs  und  vollstnndij»cs  Chnrulbuch  "  (<t  4,  w. 
oijjan-inlcrludes);  :»  cantata,  AV  Ow/Ttvf/ifj 
Concerts!  tlc-k  for  organ;  .sonatas,  fantasias,  pie- 
ludes,  od'.,  for  org.;  a  pf.-lrio;  a  sonata 
and  vaiialions  for  llutc  and  pf.;  a  pf.  -sonata  ; 
etc. 

Tor'chi,  Luigi,  b.  Mordano,  llnlngna,  Nov, 
7,  1858.  (Iraduate  of  Hologtiii  Cons.,  1  87(1,  and 
elected  member  (comp.)  ol  the  I'hilharni.  Soc.  ; 
from  iS7<>-7,  studied  com]),  under  Scimo  at 
Naples  Cons.;  1878-83,  under  Kcineekc,  .[adas- 
sohn,  and  Paul,  at  l.cip/ij»  Cons,  (writing  a 
symphony,  an  ovcrtwe  to  Heine's  .-//wir/AW,  a 
string-quartet;  also  letters  to  the  "  (!a/x.  MUK." 
of  Milm)k  Krom  i885-t)i,  prof,  of  mus,  history 
at  the  Lieeo  Rossini,  I'esaro;  then  at  Ilnlogmi 
Cons,,  being  also  prof,  of  eomp,  since  l8t)5. 
Twic,«  elected  I'lvs.  of  the  K.  Aead,  of  Music 
at  Itologna,  a  position  still  hold  in  iHo,H,~"T.ls 
literary  career  has  been  one  of  yreat  and  useful 
jicttvily;  In  iN<jo  he  pitbl,  A  critical  study  on  K, 
Wanner  (Ilolognu;  pp.  <»o7);  in  iHi$,  a  transl. 
of  Wagner's  "Opcr  und  Drama"  (Turin);  in 
i8<H,  a  transl,  of  Hansliek's  "  Das  Mtisikaliseh- 
SdioiU!"  ("Del  bello  nella  muslea";  Milnn); 
later  other  transl.  s  from  Wanner  and  v.  Wol/o- 
(T«n  ;  has  written  many  essays  fur  the  ll  KiviMa 
Musieale  Italiana,"  e.  ^,,  tk  Italian  Opera  of  the 
jylh  Century,"  mid  "Itnlum  LyrftMind  Jnslr.l 
*Mitslc  of  the  i6lh-iHth  iVntiirli%"  ItesitUs  a 
coll.  of  "  Mlej^anli  eanxoni  e<l  nrie  itaJiune"  of 
tlut  i?th  eent.  (Milan),  and  •'  A  Toll,  of  Pieces 
for  the.  Violin  eomp.  Ity  Itulian  Masters  of  the 
Tylh  and  iHth  eenturies"  (London)  (both  with 
pf.»aeeomp.  by  T.|t  he  has  be^uit  publishing  u 
work,  to  compriMe  34  VC»|,H  s  **  I/arte  nuisicale 
in  Italia.  Pubblietuiono  luitioiude  dcllc  pHi 
imporlimll  ojntre  ituliun«  tlul  Ht'c.  XV  ul  XVI  1  1, 
trascrittt^  in  partlUtru,  armoni^/nte  vd  annotate 
da  I,.  T,'*  Vol.s  i  und  IN'cmmlu  *M<oiMp(mU 
«lc*ni  fBicrc"  «  profane  <i  pHt  voel.  Sec,  XIV* 


j  Giuseppe,  rcnownwl  viollnmt, 
nator  of  the  '*  concerto  grtMHo";  b,  Verona, 
about  tftfioj  d,  Ansbach,  1708.  Studied  in 
Itolognn,  where  ho  wan  m  violin  at  the  church 
of  S,  IVtrouJo  In  1685  ;  nwde  a  concert-tour  in 
(formally  in  I7<»tf  ami  Iwcanut  CvtiffrtMeiitter  to 
thu  Margrave  of  Urandcntiur^  ut  Annfmch  in 
1703,—  Pubt,  workn:  Op.  rt  linlltitll  rla  camera 
n  3  violin  i  Q  b.  cunt.;  op.  3,  Concerto  da  camera 
a  a  violinl  ft  baxtio  (i6ft(i);  op.  3*  Sinfonie  a  2-4 
iKtromcntl  (1687);  op.  4,  <V«u^rtim*  [«r  camera 
a  vlolino  e  violoncello;  op,  5,  6  ninfonic  a  3,  *  (» 
concetti  n  4  (1693);  op.  6,  Concert!  muaicat!  a  4 
(w.  orgnn);  on,  7,  Capricri  musical!  per  rftmem 
ft  violino  e  viola  ovvaro  nwriliuto;  op»  8,  Con- 
certi  growl  con  un  pAxtorala  p«r  il  Kantifwlmo 
Natal*  (ryocj;  rdpitbl  in  JCMW^'H  *'CIaHni«cho 
Vbiinmu«Jkft),  written  (w  *  vloltnl  ettncortunti, 
a  vtolini  dl  ripieno,  viola  ftnd  b.  cont, 


Torrance,  Kev.  George  William,  b.  Urith- 
mines,  n.  Dublin,  iH.v^.  t'horislerat  Cluist  ( 'h. 
C'ath.,  I  lublin  ;  oi^anist  at  St,  Audievv'saud  St. 
Anne's;  st  musical  I.eip*ij»,  185(1;  oidained  asa 
priest,  itS()(>;  emij»nite(l  to  Melbourne,  Austialia, 
in  iSfxj,  where  (since  iH«>5)  lu-  is  the  incumbent 
at  Si.  John's,  Honorary  decree  of  MUM,  Hoe,, 
Dublin",  iH7(j. — \Vt»ks;  Oratoiios  Ak)<\h<im 
(Dublin,  i«S5).  The  Ctifrtiritv  (1^04),  and  /'//*• 
Rnvfatwn  (Melbourne,  iHSa)  ;  'IV  Detim  and 
Jubilate;  services  and  anthems; — jin  opera,  //'//- 
Mam  tt/ A \*rmtimty  (»H5<j);  etc. 

Tor'ri,  Pietro,  b.  about  i(«i>5  ;  d.  Munich, 
July(),  1737,  as  com t  eoiul.  (since  i7;t«).  l'n»<l. 
i!<)  opetns  at  Munich  (ihcjo- 1737) ;  ;ind  an  ora- 
torio, /,?#  rtinitfjF  i/u  MitHtfri  at  Unissels  (171X1), 

Torrington,  Frederick  Herbert,  1>,  Dudley, 
Worcestershire,  KnjJ«'ind,  Oc(.  ao,  iS;^.  Arli- 
cleil  ])Upil  of  James  Fitx^er.dil,  Kiddcnninslct  ; 
in  1853,  organist  anil  choirmaster  at  Si,  Anne's, 
Hewdfey ;  Iroin  185^-08,  organist  of  (Ireat  St. 
James*s*rhurch,  Montreal,(l,ina«lalniviu^otv,!ui- 
lecilals,  and  act  ing  as  i solo  violinisl,  Te.uU'r,  orch.l 
cond.,  and  bandmaster.  With  a  picked  orch,,  lie 
represented  Canada  nt  the  H<islon  IVaee  Jubilee, 
iH(u) ;  \vasaj>i>,  organist  and  mus.  dir,  at"  Kind's 
('Impel,  Moslem,  and  held  (lie  position  until  187;^ 
teaching  at  the  New  Kn^I.  Cons.,  ami  playing  1st 
violin  in  concerts  of  the  Handel  ami  llaydn, 
Harvard  Sympluiny,  and  other  societies.  Since 
1 873,  organist  antl  choirmaster  at  the  Metropoli- 
tan Ch.,  Toi-onto,  Canada,  and  cotid,  of  the  To- 
ronto Phtlhanu.Soc,  ;t»rgani/csl  Ihe  lirst  ToronU* 
mus.  festival  (iSHn),  founded  the  Toronto  Col- 
lege of  Music  (i8HK),  and  is  in  every  way  active 
in  the  cause  of  good  music,  • -Winks;  Services, 
hymn-uuuw,  choruses,  songs,  oifiiin-miihiVf  ete. 

T^schijCurlo  Giuseppe>  b.  Uonmgnu,  172,1 ; 
d.  Munich,  Apr.  its,  T788,  an  court  ittus.  director. 
—Works  ;  Dallvts;  d  symphonies  f,  a  olnws,  » 
horns,  2  violins,  viola  atul  Velio ;  34  lltttc  <|Uai'' 
tets  ;  ;i  iltUe-tjulntelM  ;  3  sextets  f,  (hilt*,  ottoe,  luts- 


b.  Mannlu'im.ubt.  1745  ;  fitte  violinist  jsuereedcd 
hlsfatherut  Munich,  and  died  there,  May  t,  (800. 
I  MM  18  symphonies  (variously  instrumented*  but 
without  clarinet,  trumpet,  and  double-buss}  were 
favorites  in  hirtabt'foiv  Haydn's  udvent ;  hotdso 
publ.  to  hlrintf-quarUUH,  and  0  trios  f,  a  violins 
ami  Velio. 

To'*!,  Pier  Francesco,  wk'bntted  twttnt/. 
ttstti  (mmiw)  ntul  Minging^teaoher  ;  b,  Dolognu, 
1647;  d,  London*  1737.  Pupil  of  li!«  father,  the 
comp.  (iiuwppe  I^Vliet*  T. ;  twng  HuwcMHfutly  In 
Italy,  Drtwlen,  «ite»,  and  in  x6i)d  .settled  in  Lon- 
don, when*  ho  gavtt  regular  ctmcortn,  and  wtw 
hignly  ^teemed  aM  a  vocal  teacher*  He  owttn  his 
fame  chiefly  to  the  work  **  Opinion!  ties'  cuuitori 
antichj  <*.  nuxlenti  o  «I<mo  oKnervatticmi  ftopm  tf 

«*  *'  C)bnervat!on»  oti  th<s  Inorid  Song,  et«/';  In 
Carman  [Agcicutol  ttN  t4  Aitlcituujf  atur 
taw*,"  1757). 


387 


TOSTI— TRAETTA 


31, 


To'sti,  Francesco  Paolo,  celebrated  sing- 
ing-master and  vocal  composer;  b.  Ortona, 
Abruzzi,  Apr.  9,  1846. 
Pupil,  from  1858,  of 
theR.  Collegiodi  S. 
Tietro  a  Majella,  Na- 
ples, and  was  app. 
sub-teacher  (mac* 
strino]  by  Merca- 
dante,  resigning  on  ' 
account  of  ill-health 
in  1869.  After  this 
he  became  singing- 
teacher  to  the  court 
at  Rome  ;  visited  Lon- 
don in  1875,  had  great 
success  in  concerts, 
and  settled  there  as  n.  teacher,  becoming  singing- 
master  to  the  Koynl  Family  in  1880,  and  prof,  of 
singing  at  the  R.  A.  M.  in  1894.  Besides  many 
beautiful  original  songs,  both  English  and  Ital- 
ian, he  haspubl.  a  coll.  of  "  Canli  popolaii  abrux- 
zesi"  (Milan). 

Totl/mann,  Carl  Albert,  b.  Zittau,  July 
1837.  Studied  in  Dresden,  and  at  the  Lei 
Cons.  (Hauptmann)  ;  was  a  violinist  in  the  CJe- 
wandhaus  Orch.,  and  cond.  at  the  Old  Theatre 
1868-70.  Living  in  Leipzig  as  n.  teacher  of  mus. 
theory,  esthetics,  and  history  ;  also  lecturing.  — 
Publ.  *'  Kritisches  Repertoiium  der  gosammten 
Violin-  und  IJratschen-Litteralur  "  (rSys  ;  a  com- 
pendious and  valuable  work,  earning  him  the  title 
of  "  Professor"  from  the  Kmgof  Havana)  ;  lt  I  Me 
Schulgesang  und  seine  liedeulung  ftlr  die  Ver- 
standes-undHerxensbildungder  Jugond"  ;  many 
detached  essays  in  journals,  etc.  ;  also  a  melo- 
drama, Dornrbschw,  f.  soli,  ch,,  andorch.;  Ave 
Maria  f.  4-part  female  chorus  And  solo;  Hymn 
f.  3-part  male  ch.,  soli,  and  brass  ;  sacred  and 
secular  choruses,  songs,  etc. 

Toulmouche,  Fre*deric,  b.  Nantes,  Aug.  3, 
1850.  Pupil  of  Victor  Masse*  at  Paris.  Tn  1894, 
director  of  the  theatre  u  Menus-  Plaisirs.  "  Since 
1882  he  has  prod,  about  a  dozen  light  operettas  ; 
fa  willfa  de  noccs  (1888)  was  brought  out  in  J  Con- 
don, 1892,  as  The  Wedding  Rw. 

Tourjee,  Dr.  Eben,  b.  Warwick,  Rhode  Isl- 
and, June-  1,  1834  ;d.  Boston,  1890.  Chiefly  self- 
taught  in  youth,  at  17  he  opened  a  music-store 
and  began  class-teaching  at  Fall  River,  Mass,  ; 
became  organist  and  choirmaster  at  Newport  ; 
founded  a  Mus.  Inst.  at  E.  Greenwich  in  1859  ; 
visited  Europe  to  study  the  Conservatory  system 
there,  improving  the  opportunity  by  taking  les- 
sons from  August  I  laupt,  at  Iterlin,  and  others  ; 
eatabl.  the  "  Providence  (R.  I.)  Cons,  of  Music" 
on  his  return,  and,  in  1867,  the  "New  England 
Cons,  of  Music  "at  Boston.  lie  was  a  most 
successful  organizer,  and  the  creator  of  the 
class-system  of  mus.  instruction  in  the  United 
States. 

Tours,  Berthold,  violinist,  composer,  and 
musical  editor;  b,  Rotterdam,  Dec.  n,  1838; 


d    London,  Mar.  rr,  1897.   Pupil  of  Verlnilst, 

and  of  the  <  'onsci  valoncs  at  Urnsscls  und  Leip- 

zig ;  went  to  London 

in  1  86  1  as  an  orch.- 

playcr;  in  1872  be- 

came musicaladviser       / 

to  Novello  &   Co., 

and  editor  of  their 

publications.  — 

Works:     Services, 

anthems,    hymn- 

tunes;  pf.  -pieces;  a 

11  Primer  of  the  Vio- 

lin "  ;    also    m  a  n  y 

arrangements    f. 

pf.  of  classical  oroh.l 

works. 

Tourte,  Francois,  b.  Pans,  1747;  d.  thoiv 
Apr.,  1835.  This  famous  maker  of  \iolm-bo\vs 
was  the  creator  of  the  modern  bow,  the  model 
for  all  succeeding  bo\v-makeis.  The  shape  ami 
inward  curve  of  the  stick,  the  selection  and 
preparation  of  the  wood  (Penmmbuco),  the 
length  of  the  bow  and  all  its  modern  lilt  ings, 
arc  the  product  of  his  constructive  genius. 

Traet'ta,  Tommaso  (Michele  Francesco 
Saverio),  lamons  dramatic,  composer;  b.  Hi- 
tonto,  Naples,  Mar.  30,  1727;  <1,  Venice,  Apr. 
6,  1779.  l>llPiI  °f  Dtiranlc  at  the  Cons.  <H 
Loreto,  Naples,  where  ho  studied  17:^-  48  ;  after 
teaching,  and  writing  eluuvh-iwisic,  tor  two 
years,  he  prod,  an  opera,  ftinitiw  (Teatro  San 
Carlo,  3751),  the  success  of  which  procured  him 
commissions  for  others,  so  thai  in  ten  years  he 
brought  out  KJ  dramatic  works  in  Naples,  Koine, 
Florence,  Verona,  Venice,  Parma,  Vienna  (///- 
fpnia  in  •//////</<*,  t75<)),  etc.  hi  1758  lie  was 
app.  maestro  to  the  Duke  of  Parma,  and  .sij^iux- 
master  to  the  pritu'CHseH;  his  festival  opera 
Ippollto  cd  Aricnii  first  given  in  175*),  and  re- 
pealed at  the  wedding  of  a  princess  with  the 
Prince  of  the  Asturias  in  1765,  procured  him  n 
life-pension  from  the  King  of  Spain,  From 
1765-8  he  was  Director  of  the  C'OIIH.  dell*  <  )SJH*. 
dalctto  nt  Venice,  then  re-signing  in  favor  of 
Sacchi  in  order  to  succeed  (  Jaluppi  at  St.  PetePs- 
burg  as  court  componer  to  Cath«Hn«  II.  The 
uncongenial  climate  compelled  him  to  leave 
Russia  in  1775;  ho  repaired  to  London,  and 
produced  the  opera  (brMtwde  there  in  1770;  Its 
cool  reception  decided  him  to  return  to  Italy. 
Here  he  wrote  5  more  operas  (he  composed  37 
in  all);  hut  his  health  wn»  undermined,  und  he 
died  3  years  after  his  homecoming.  His  dra- 
matic acnse  was  keen,  hi*  elTetilK  natural  find 
striking,  his  harmonies  bold  and  vlgorou*.-  • 
Keaides  operas,  he  comp,  an  oratorio,  a  Passion, 
a  Stabat  Mater,  masses,  wolctH,  etc,;  tluctH, 
arias  f.  Boprano  w.  accomn.,  and  ll  Lt»4  Ntagiottl 
e  i  12  mesi  dell'  anno/1'  a  divertimento  f.  4 
orchestras  (St  Petersburg,  177(1).—  ^  t'apruxni, 
11  Tnwtta  c  la  mu«ica'»  (Maplen,  1878). 


TmcVU  [TrAjettft],  Filippo,  son  of  pre- 
ceding; b,  Venice,  Jan.  H,  1777;  d,  I'liilociri- 


588 


TRAUTMANN— TROUTHKCK 


phi:i,  Jan.  c>,  1854.  Pupil  of  Fenaroli  ami 
Perillo' at  Venice,  Inter  of  Piccinni  at  Naples. 
Becoming  :i  soldier  in  Ihu  patriot  ranks,  he  was 
capliued  ami  east  into  pi  hum  ;  escaped  0  months 
aflorwaid,  and  sailed  to  Hoston,  Mass.,  settling 
there  in  i/o<).  Here  he  wrote  his  "Vocal 
K\ercisc.s,"  and  "Washington's  Dead  March." 
Proceeding  to  New  Yoik,  he  wiote  the  cantatas 
The  Christian's  ,/<M'»  and  /'/<»///(•< y  ;  also  an 
opeia,  Thf  i*eneiian  Maskers  Was  manager 
of  atiavcllintf  tlieatrical  troupe,  lived  in  Virginia 
for  some  years,  ami  settled  in  Philadelphia  in 

1  Has,  founding  the  '*  American  Conservat  olio  " 
in  i«23  with  liis  pupil,  U.  C.  Hill,     lie  prod. 

2  oratorios,  Jet  it&aleut  in  AjffUithm  (iHaS)  and 
Daughter  i*j  /fan  (iSat));   later  2  cantatas,  '/'//<• 
AW/W/r,  ami  The  Air  c»/ /'*•.»/,•  also  instr.l  and 
vocal  quartets,  tiios,  and  duets;  sontfs  ;  etc;,; 
and  publ,   "  Rudiments  of  the.  Art  of  Kinging" 
for  his  Cons.   (T.  was  active  until  hi.s  death  as  a 
singing-teacher,) 

Traut'mann,  Marie.    See  JAUU.,  AI.PUKD. 

Traut'wein,  Traujjott,  founder  (tHao)  of  the 
musie.-publishinjr  business,  ("  Trautwein'sche, 
Much-  un<l  Musikalit'ii-I  landlutitf ")  at  Merlin, 
transferred  in  1840  to  J.  Ciuitentatf,  and  by  him 
in  i«5H  to  Martin  Halm. 

Trebel'li,  Zclia  (slatfe-namc  of  Xelia  Ciuille- 
berO,  brilliant  dramatic  mmo-sopnmo ;  b,  Paris, 
1838;  d.  J'Jlretat,  Aug.  jH,  iHt)2.  Studied  5 
years  with  Wartel ;  debut  Madrid,  1859,  as 
Knsfiui  5n  //  Art/'MvY,  a  complete  success,  fol- 
lowed by  triumphs  in  (iermany  and  (iW»2)  Lon- 
don. Married  Stfr.  Uc'llin!  in  1803;  they  were 
separated  a  few  years  later.  She  was  long  a 
favorite  in  London;  also  toured  the  United 
States  (1884), 

Trei'ber,  Wilhelm,  1>.  CSmx,  1838;  <t,  Kan- 
sol,  I'V-b,  i(>,  i8n(),  Piunist;  taught  by  his 
father;  made  successful  tour«  Iti  (J«nnany  and 
Austria,  became  ccitid,  of  the  Kutcrpc  (\mcorts 
at  Leipxig  in  1870,  and  in  r88i  court  AV/^//w. 
at  Kusscl. 

Tren'to,  Vittorlo,  b.  Venice,  \^i ;  d,  (?), 
Pupil  of  tU'rioui ;  prod,  Htsveral  bulletttat  Vtmici% 
Verona,  etc.,  and  in  I7(ji  an  opera,  7'ttwa 
wdova^  at  Venice,  I  te  was  cembalist  at  the1  S» 
Samuelo  Th.?  Venice*,  and  then  nt  la  Kouice; 
mus,  dir.  of  the1;  Italiuu  opera  ,at  AniHtcrdam 
(tHo6)?  and  Homo  ywirs  later  at  Mst)on  till  1818, 
when  he  vitilted  Italy,  but  returned  in  rSat  to 
Kinbou,  His  bent  work  (among  gome  15  btdlotti 
and  30  ojKTtts)  WUH  the  (ipcrti  buua  Quanfi  MM  //i 
UH  ,w/,f/(V7/r't  win  (tliaswmni  (Venice,  1819). 

Treu  (Itnlittniwd  Fedftle),  Daniel  Gottlieb, 
b.  Stuttgnrt,  1695  ;  d,  (?).  ViolinUt,  jnmil  of 
KuHHor,  and  (with  a  «tip«nd  front  the  J)UKO  of 
WttntomlKsrg)  of  Vivaldi  at  Venice.  After 
bringing  out  la  openut  At  Venice,  lie  took  an 
Italian  optjm-tnmixj  to  Hr&tlau,  wh«ro  from 
1735*7  ha  prod,  hw  otxiriut  (Asttit-tf,  Ctriofam^ 
Utisse  t  TrtemticcO)  lh*  Ghltthitt)  with  much 


success.  In  1727  A'tr/ffttw.  at  Prague  ;  in  1740 
to  Count  Schallj»otsch  at  lliischheitf, 

Trial,  Jean-Claude,  1>.  Avignon,  Dec.  13, 
1732;  d.  Pmis,  June  23,  ^1771.  Krom  1707  he 
was  co-di  lector  of  the  Opeia  at  Pans  with  Mer- 
lon, producing  the  <jpcras  AV/w  07<»5;  w, 
IJcrton),  A^A"  ^  Q'Mtif  (i7»»\  TMwijr  (1707  ; 
w.  Ikirton  and  (laniier),  and  /,<r  /'W*  <te  Wwe 
(1771).  —  His  nephew,  Armand-Emmanuel,  b, 
Paris,  Mar.  T,  1771  ;  d.  thcic  Sept.  y,  ittu?,. 
Also  wioto  seveial  successful  opcias. 

Trito^nius,  Pctrus,  (  Jerman  author  of  a  rare 
and  cut  ions  work,  "  Melopociae  sen  harmoniae 
telracenticae  super  XXII  jicncracatmimim  hero- 
iconim,  elej»iric<»nim,  lyricorum  et  ecclesiastico- 
iiini  hymnorum  .  .  ."(Augsburg,  1507;  printed 
by  Krhaul  Oeiclin);  the  music  is  wiitten  for  4 
parts,  and  confonns  to  the  rules  of  prosody,  thus 
sacrificing  the  mus.  ihylhm. 

Trit'to,  Giacomo,  b.  Allamura,  Naples, 
1735;  <!•  Naples,  Sept.  17,  iHa,f.  Pupil  of  Cu- 
faro  and  Sala  at  the,  t'ons.  clella  Pic'ta  ;  became 
sub-teacher  (/;•////»>  Mttestnuo))  and  C  'a  faro's  as- 
sistant in  leaching  harmony,  also  succeeding 
him  as  leader  at  the  San  Carlo  Th.  In  iHoo 
IK*  succeede<l  Sala  as  prof,  of  counterpoint  and 
n  ;  and  followed  Paisiello  in  iKiO  as 
the  Koyal  Chapel.  His  first  opera, 
)  in  attton\  was  perf.  ;it  Naples  in 
1764  ;  some  50  others  came  out  Milwuii'iitly  in 
Naples,  ttome,  Venice,  Milan,  etc.  He  like- 
wisu  prod.  3  cantatas,  a  mass  for  double  chorus 
w»  2  orchestras,  3  orch.I  masses  and  4  others, 
2  Passions  w,  orch,,  a  Te  Deiim  //  5  w.  orelu, 
molds,  etc,  (none  printed),  Kxtvllcnl  teacher  ; 
S|)onLinl,  Karinelli,  Raimondi,  and  Cnnti  were 
hut  pupils;  he  publ.  "  Pnrlinicnti  c  regolc  ge- 
norali  p«%r  conoscciv  <i»ial  numcrica  dar  si  dcvt*  ai 
vnri  movimeuti  del  bass<»"  (1821),  and  "Scuola 
di  conlnippunlo,  ossiu  Teuriu  nnistcule*1  (1823), 

Trom'Uta;.  Johann  Geor^  b.  <Jera,  Kcb.  t;, 
1720;  d.  I.tMpy,ig,  Kcb.  4,  1805.  Flutist  and 
flutcMiiakerat  I-fipxig,—  Publ,  *'  Kurac  Abhand- 
niele 


vom  Kloicnsnielen  "  (1780);  "Ausfflhr- 
lichcr  und  grttndliener  Unterricht  dlu  Klfltc  /.u 
st>i«len"(i7yt);  "IMwnlic  I'lftti-  mit  mohrc- 
reti  Klappcn"  (iH<x))  ;  and  articles  in  the 
11  Allgcm,  mus,  Xci  lung"  (»7<w)  ;•  -also  3  con- 
cvrtntt  f.  Hutu  and  string  ;  2  lKK»k«  of  Hoiuitas  f, 
pf,  and  Hutu  ;  0  Parlfan  f.  (lute  ;  songs* 

Trotter  [Trotfere],  Henry,  Kuglish  Hong. 
compoHcr;  b.  London,  Due.  94,  1^5,  Somefu- 
vc»rite  ntimlxint  arc  u  Once  for  all,11  "  LtVmorc," 
l'Kvcr  eteur,"  4*  Asthore,"  "Tiw  Itathlem 
Army/1  4t  l-(»ve  win  wait,"  «tc» 

Troutbeck,  Rev.  John,  b,  Blcncowe,  Cum- 
Nov.  ra,  1834  ;  d,  Lcmdun,  Oct.,  1899. 


Graduate  of  Oxford  (H.A.,  z«50;  M.A.,  x«5«)  ; 
from  i865-c),  precentor  of  Manchester  (lath.;  in 
i8(k;,  canon  of  \Ve»tminHtcr.«-  I'ubl.  '*  The 
MnnrheHtor  P»wilt«r"  (1868);  (t  Munch.  Chant 
Hook  *'<i«7*)  I  uCeitlKJdml  Paragraph  iWter'1; 
41  Ilynm  Ikwk  for  Une  in  Wwtmlnaua-  Abbey**; 


TRU1IN— TUDWAY 


" Music  Primer  for  Schools,"  w.  R.  F.  Dale 
(1873;  often  republ ) ;  "Church  Choir  Train- 
ing1" (1879);  excellent  translations  of  operatic 
and  other  texts,  e.g.,  Wagner's  Flying  Duhh- 
man,  Beethoven's  Mount  of  Olives^  Cade's  Cru- 
sadervr,  etc. 

Truhn,  Friedrich  Hieronymus,  b.  Elbing, 
W.  Prussia,  Oct.  14,  1811 ;  d.  Berlin,  Apr.  30, 
1886.  Pupil  of  Dehn,  B.  Klein,  and  Mendels- 
sohn ;  Kapdlm.  of  Danzig  theatre  1835-7 ; 
writer  for  the  Leipzig  "Neue  Zeitschnft  flir 
Musik "  during  Schumann's  editorship ;  mus. 
dir.  at  Elbing,  1848-52;  then  lived  chiefly  at 
Berlin. — Works  :  Marionette-opera,  Dfr  hu'fti- 
scht;  Iliesd  (Berlin,  1832) ;  Der  vifrjti/irige  7Vr- 
ten  (1833) ;  comic  opera  Tntby  (Berlin,  1835) ; 
melodrama  Klcopatra  (Berlin,  1853);  choral 
works,  songs,  etc. 

Tschaikowsky.    See  TCHAIKOVSKY. 

Tschirch,  six  brothers  :— (r)  Hermann,  l>. 
Lichtenau,  Silesia,  Oct.  16,  1808  ;  d.  as  organ- 
ist at  Schmiedeberg  in  1829.— (2)  Carl  Adolf, 
b.  Lichtenau,  Apr.  8,  1815  ;  d.  as  pastor  at 
Guben,  Silesia,  Aug.  27,  1875.  From  1845-55, 
wrote  for  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  far  Musik."— 
(3)  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  JLichtenau,  June  8, 
1818 ;  d.  Ciera,  Jan.  6,  1892 ;  pupil  of  the  K. 
Inst.  for  Church-music,  Berlin ;  mus.  dir.  at 
Liegnitz  1843-52 ;  then  court  cond.  at  (Sera. 
Uy  invitation  of  the  German-Am er.  chord  socie- 
ties, he  visited  the  United  Slates  in  1869,  and 
prod,  many  of  his  celebrated  male  choruses  at 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  Washing- 
ton, Chicago,  etc.— Other  works :  Opera  Mcisttr 
Martin  und  seine  (lew/fen  (Leipzig,  1 861); 
grand  works  for  soli,  male  chorus,  and  ordi.: 
Kine  NachtaufdcmJMeere  ;  Die  fait ;  lllfltktr 
in  Giessen;  Leben,  Lit'be,  Lust  ittitf  I,eid;  slt>- 
fc&iedfgruss  ans  Vaterland ;  Riiie  JS&NfprftiArt 
ait/  dem  Rhein; — others  with  wind-instr.fl  ;— 
also  salon-pieces  f.  pf.  (pseudonym  "Alexander 
Cssersky").— (4)  Ernst  Leberecht,  b.  Lichtc- 
nau, July  3,  1819,;  d.  Berlin,  Dec.  26,  1854; 
from  1849-51,  theatrc-cond.  at  Stettin.  Wrote 
overtures,  etc.,  and  2  operas. — (5)  Heinrich 
Julius,  b.  Lichtcnau,  June  3,  1820  ;  d.  llirHcli- 
berg,  Silesia,  Apr.  10,  1867,  as  organist  and  R. 
Mus.  Dir. — (6)  Rudolf,  b.  hichtenau,  Apr.  17, 
1825  ;  d.  Berlin,  Jan.  16, 1872,  as  K.  Mus.  Dir. 
Founded  the  "  Ma' rkischer  Central  -  Singer- 
bund";  comp.  works  for  wind-band  (e.g.,  *'  Die 
Ilubertusjagd,"  perf.  annually  for  the  Royal 
Chase  at  Grunewald  ;  "Das  Kest  der  Diana ft) ; 
music  to  Mine  jirautschau  (Berlin,  1858) ;  can- 
tata Sans  souci  (1855) ;  etc. 

Tschudi.    See  UROADWOOD, 

Tu'a,  Teresina,  b.  Turin,  May  aa,  1867. 
Exquisite  violinist;  pupil  of  Massart  at  the 
Paris  Cons.,  where  she  took  the  ist  prize  in 
1880.  Toured  the  Continent  with  brilliant  suc- 
cess :  English  djfbut  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  May 
5,  1083 ;  has  since  then  played  frequently  in 
~  *  tin;  in  America,  1887.  About  1891  aha 


married  Count  Frnnchi-Vcrney  delta,  Vnlctla, 
and  withdrew  from  the  concert-stage  lill  the 
autumn  of  1895,  when  she  sot  out  on  a  successful 
European  tour.  Was  playing  m  Italy  in  the 
Spring  ol  1  899. 

Tubbs,  Frank  Herbert,  b.  Brighton,  Mass., 
Nov.  16,  1853.  Mus.  studies  (harm,  and  pi  ) 
with  VV.  J.  I>."l,eiivit1,tC'.  releisilea,  :uul  \V.  K. 
Apthoip,  Boston  ;  special  studies  (urice-liuming;) 
under  W.  \V  Davis  and  Lymnn  Wheelei,  Bos- 
ton, Manuel  (liirn'a,  K.  Uelinke,  iirul  \\'.  Shake- 
speare,  London,  and  Saiidiovanniand  I^ianceHCo 
Lampcrti  in  Italy.  Then  choirmaster  in  vari- 
ous churches,  and  an  organizer  ol  lioy-clmiis 
(in  New  York,  Pittslield,  and  (Hen's  Kails). 
He  founded,  Jtiul  is  (i8<)())  musical  director  of, 
the  "  New  York  Vocal  Institute";  estahl.  **'Klic 
Vocalist";  is  assoc.-etlitor  of  "The  Musician" 
(Phila.)  ;  is  pres.  of  the  "  Clof  Hub,"  New  York, 
and  on  the  Kxec.  C'onim.  of  the  M.  'P.  N.  A.  — 
I*ubl.  "Hints  to  my  Pupils";  "  Kxprcssiun 
in  Singing";  "Seed  Thoughts  for  Singers"; 
"  Voice-culture  and  Kinging  "  ( 


Britain 


Tu'cher,  Gottlieb,  Krcihorr  von,  b,  Nurem- 
berg, May  14,  I7<)K;  <l.  Keb,  17,  1877.  Judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  at  Munich,  iS5<>-(>H.— 
Publ.  "  Kirchengesftng'ecler  liorUhintestcn  iiltern 
Halicnischen  Meislor  .  ,  ."  (1X37),  and  "Srluilx 
des  evangelischcn  Kirchengt'sangs"  (iH,|S;  3 
vol.s). 

Tuckerman,  Samuel  Parkman,  b*  Host  on, 
Muss.,  Feb.  ny  1819;  tl,  Newport,  Kbode  Isl- 
and, June  30,1890.  I'ttplI  t»f  Carl  %cum*r  in 
Boston;  orjpinisl  aiul  cholrmusler  of  St.  Paul's 
<'h.,  1^40  ;  stiuliVd  the  organ  in  various  English 
cathticlrnl  towns  from  1849,  and  took  the  tlcgtcc 
of  Mus.  Doc.,  Lambetb,  in  185;^;  returneil  to 
his  1  Jos  to  n  position,  and  gave  lectures  on  early 
cathedral-music  and  church-music  ;  resided  in 
England  1856-64,  mul  for  many  years  in  Switzer- 
land, Wrote  much  church-music  (4  services, 
anthems,  hymns,  etc,),  and  edited  collections 
"The  Hpbcopul  Harp";  "The  National  I.vre"; 
"Cathedral  Chants'1  (1858)  ;  "  Trinity  Coll.  of 
Church  Music  "(New  York,  1864),  1  1  is  mus. 
library  was  exceptionally  Titus 

Tuczek,  Franz,  b.  Prague,  about  1755;  d. 
Perth,  1820*  Tenor  singer  nncl  lheutr«Micconi- 
panist  at  Prague  ;  In  171)7,  AV/iV//;/»  to  the 
l)uke  of  Kurland  at  Sngnn  ;  in  iH<x),  cond.  of 
the  HrcHlau  theatre;  in  1802,  of  tho  Leopold- 
stftcltcr  Th.,  Viennft»-»\Vork«  \  Several  fipunut  ; 
music  to  the  tragedy  Lanassn  ,•  a  ortUoricm  ;  ctnn- 
tatas;  dances* 

Tudway,  Thomas,  Knfflixh  cump.;  b.  nlxntt 
1650;  d.  London,  1730.  Krom  i(»()0,  diorlnter 
in  tlio  Chapel  Royal,  under  Dr,  Blow  ;  luy-vicur 
at  St.  George's  (Ilunxsl,  WInd»or»  1664  ;  orjr*  of 
King's  Coll.,  Cambridge,  1670  \  teudier  of  cnor- 
wtera  there,  1679;  Prof,  of  Music,  Cttrnbrldjfp 
Univ.,  1704;  joiapcmled  r7()6«7i  mired  i?af). 
Mue,  Bac.,  cluntftb.,  i68j  ;  Mu»,  Doc,,  1705. 
He  comp.  services,  motet*,  and  anthems  ;  hte 


590 


TUIiOtJ— TURNIIOIFT 


"  Coll  of  ...  Services  and  Anthems  used  in 
the  Church  oi  Kiujl.ind  irom  the  Kclotmation  to 
the  Restoiationof  King  Chailes  II  .....  " 
in  6  MS.  vol.s,  is  in  the  lliitish  Museum. 

Tulou,  Jean-Louis,  celebrated  llutist  ;  b. 
Paris,  Sept.  12,  i7H<>;  d,  Nantes,  July  23,  1805. 
Krom  i7o.(>,  pupil  of  NVunderlich  nt  Paris  Cons., 
winning  2nd  pri/e  lor  ilute-playinj>  in  I7t)<),  and 
I  si  in  I  Soi  (in  iHoo  it  was  withheld  on  account 
oi  his  youth).  In  iKnj,  isl  llute  at  the  Italian 
opcia  ;  in  iHi3  ho  succeeded  Wundcrlieh  at  the 
Opera,  resin  nin^  in  1822,  but  resuming  the  posi- 
tion in  iHa(»  (with  the  title  of  lt  premise  little 
solo");  shortly  niter,  he  wasapp.  lluU'-ptof.  at  the 
Cons.  ;  retired  from  both  positions  in  1850.  lie 
won  his  brilliant  triumphs-  parlictil.vily  the  sig- 
nal victory  over  his  lival  Drouol,  when  the  role 
oi  the  Nightingale,  was  'assigned  to  T.  in  I,c- 
bnm's  opera  /.«•  A'cwj^  ;/«*/«  with  the  old-fash- 
ioned flute  ;  and  until  his  rcliiement  obstinately 
opposed  the  introduction  oi  Ilbhm's  improved 
instrument  into  the  Conservatoire.-—  Works:  2 
symphonies  eoncei  tanks,  No,  i  f.  (lute,  oboe,  and 
bassoon,  No.  2  f.  ilulc,  oboe,  horn,  and  bassoon  ; 
5  flute-concertos  ;  grand  solos,  fantutsies,  and 
airs  varies,  f.  flute  w.  oreh.;  airs  varies  w.  slring- 
quartcl,  etc.;  a  trio  f.  3  flutes;  flute-duos  ;  many 
solo  pieces  f.  flute* 

Tu'ma,  Franz,  b.  Kostelecx,  Bohemia,  Oct. 
2,  1704;  cl.  Vienna,  Keb.  .j,  177*},  y<  iamba-vir- 
tuoso  and  contrapuntist;  pupil  of  (Vrnohorsky 
ril  Prague  and  KUJC  at  Vienna;  from  17.}  i,  cham- 
ber-composer to  the  dowager  impress  Klisabelh. 
-  -Works  :  30  masses  (a  highly  praised  by  Am- 
bros)  ;  a  Miserere;  responses,  etc. 

Tun'der,  Fran*,  b.  1(114;  d.  Nov.  s,  1(1(17, 
as  organist  of  the  Marienkirelus  I.Ubeek,  Pupil 
of  Present  taldi,  Uuxtcluulc  succeeded  him. 

Tun'stede  (or  Tunsted,  Dunstcde),  Simon, 
a  native  of  Norwich  ;  <1,  as  prior  of  tho  Francis- 
can nunnery  at  Hruisyard,  Suffolk,  in  13(><)» 
Reputed  author  of  tlm  treatise  "J>«  quatuor 
principal  llnis,  in  quibus  tottus  musicae  radices 
eonsislunl,"  valuable1  ff»r  the  history  of  meusu- 
ml  music,  MS,  in  the  Hod  lei  an  Library;  the 
"Ounrtum  principals  "  was  printed  by  CoiiHse- 
maker  in  "  Kuriptom,"  Vol.  lii. 

Turi'ni,  Grcgorio,  b,  Urcscia,  about  1560  ; 
cl,  Prague,  about  r6tx>t  as  court  singer  and  cor- 
net-player —Publ.  u  C'tintioift*J*  mlnuKlum  ilcvn- 
tuc  cum  aliquot  psalmi*,"  f.  4  equal  voices 
(1589);  ll  Teutschu  JMctlenuich  Art  dcrwclschcn 
Villanellon,"  a  4  ;  and  a  book  of  canzonets  a  4 
(,i5()7),—  Ills  *cm»  Francesco,  b,  Drtweia,  akmt 
1590;  d.  th«ro  (656  UH  wtthedrul-orj<ttuiHt,— 
PubL  MCHW*  a  4  o  5  vrx*l  ;  Mottotti  a  voce  sola 


)  ;  MadrijfflH  n  3  e  5  vtx'I,  eon  a  violini  o 
chltarrontj  (1639)  ;  MudrltfftH  a  i  c  3  vocl,  con 
alcunc  ftnnatu  u  a  c  ;}  istrum^utl  (1634)  ;  Mlswe 
da  eap(Mlla  a  4  vocl  (1643)  ;  Mottctti  comodi  in 
o^nt  parte  (1040)* 

Tttrk,  Daniel  Gk)ttlobf  eminent  organint  and 
teacher;  b.  CiUuswuitz,  Saxony,  Aug*  to, 


d.  Hallo,  Aug.  26,  1813.  Pupil  in  harmony  and 
counlei point  of  Ilomilius  while  studying  at  the 
KrciiKselude,  Dresden;  he  had  Icained  to  play  thu 
violin  at  home,  and  alter  he  entered  Lcipxij> 
Univ.  Ililler  continual  his  instruction,  and 
enj».  him  as  a  violinist  at  the  theatre  and  the 
"(liosses  Conceit."  In  1770,  cantor  ol  the 
UliichsKirche,  Halle,  and  music-teacher  at  the 
Gymnasium;  177<;,  mus.  dir.  of  the  Univ.;  on 
becoming  organist  at  the  Iiiebdauenkirclie  in 
1787,  he  resigned  bis  positions  as  cantor  and 
teacher,  lie:  publ,  "Von  don  wichli^sien 
IMlichten  eines  ( )rganisten.  VA\\  Ueitra^  /ur 
Vorbesseruiijr  der  nuisikalisohen  I.ilurgie" 
(1787) ;  an  impoilanl  "  Clavieiscluile,"  with  ciit- 
ie'il  .inuotatioiiH  (1789) ;  4*  Kleines  Lehrbnch  fur 
Anlaiitfer  im  Clavicrspielen "  (i7<)'j);  '*  Kur/e 
Anweisunjjf  /.urn  (leneralbass-Spielen"  («7<)i  ; 
rev.  ed,  i.S<xi);  u  Aiilcitimg  xu  TemperaturlH1- 
reehnuaj*en "  (iKo(>) ;  -also  an  oratorio,  /V/» 
///;7f'w  M  f/<v  A'rtffr  hi  RtthkhMt  ;  iH  so- 
natas and  iH  sonatinas  f,  pf, ;  (K>  Ilandsttlcke 
(exurcisjes)  for  beginners  ;  120  easy  pf.-pieces  for 
4  hands  in  4  hooks;  son^s,  lie  left  church- 
music,  symphonies,  orj>Jin  pieces,  etc,.,  in  MS. 

Tilde,  James,  b.  Scmierton,  Somerset,  Kiitf!., 
Mar.  5,  iSon ;  d.  London,  Juno  28,  iHS'2,  Ilo 
was  asst. -organist  to  (in'atnrux  at  Weslmiimler 
Abbey  till  iH.v,  then  succeeding  him  as  organist 
and  master  of  the  choristers,  resigning  hi  1^75. 
IIu  cond.  the  '*  Antinit  <*oncertKM  iS.fo-^  ;  was 
music-master  at  the  School  for  the  Indigent  lllintl 
iHacj-5(».  Ilncomp,  services,  anthems,  chantn, 
and  hymn-tunes;  edited  several  coll. s of  ulmrch- 
nuisic  (c.g1,,  *'Th«  Westminster  Abbey  Chant 
Hook,"  w.  Or,  llridgc);  and  publ.  "The  Art  of 
Singinjc  at  Sight"  (1840 ;  w,  K,  Taylor).  1 1«  was 
a  noted  teacher. 

Turlcy,  Johann  Tobias,  (Jennan  organ- 
builder  at  Treuenbrietxe.n,  llmndenburg,  where 
ho  was  b.  Apr.  4,  1773,  andd.  Apr.  9,  1820. 

Turner,  Alfred  Dudley,!). St.  Albans,  Maine, 
Auff.  a.|,»  1854;  <!•  tlwre  May  7,  iH8H.  Pupil  of, 
and  tcuduT  in,  the  New  KngL  Cons,  of  Music; 
and  the  Boston  College  of  Music.  Con  cert -pi- 
anlsu— Works ;  Op.  n,  3  moreeaux  f,  pf,  an<l 
Velio ;  op.  17,  Atiitc  f.  do.;  op.  18,  Sonate  dra- 
mntlt[iie  f.  pf. ;  op.  27,  ;u»  3  snimUis  f.  pf.  and 
violin;  op.  34,  sonata  for  pf.  and  'ocllo;  pf.- 
pleces. 

Turnhout,  Gerard  d«  (/w/<*Ghe«rt  Jacques, 
culled  T  ),  b.  Turnhout,  Eteljfium,  about  tsao;d. 
Madrid,  Sept.  15,  i«;Hcn  In  1545  chorister,  in 
1563  matin  </*•  musitnw*  at  Antwerp  (lathed ml 
Itccame  nwttiro  to  Philip  El.  at  Madrid  in  1573. 
—Publ,  motets  a  4-5  (1568) ;  motets  and  chan- 
sons a  3  (1500.);  "  PraoAtantttwimorum  dlvhiac 
muttioen  auctorum  MisHue  X"  a  4*6  (1570),  the 
sixth  by  T.  hlrowtlf.  Other  oomp.w  in  coll.n  of 
Ptml^se  and  Tylm*nSu«ato,-— Hi«  HonJcan.wnH 
court  ccintl,  to  the  Duke  of  Parma  at  UruMHcituUl 
about  £595;  publ.  mAdrignlH  a  6  (1589)  a&d  *  5 
(1595),  and  motot*  tf  5*8  (1600). 


TUKPIN— UGOL1NO 


Turpin,  Edmund  Hart,  b.  Nottingham,  May 
4,  1835.  Pupil  of  Hullah  and  Pauer  at  London  ; 
organist  of  St.  Uamabas'  Ch.,  Nottingham,  1850; 
gave  hisiirst  organ-recital  at  the  Hyde  Park  Ex- 
hibition of  1851,  and  settled  in  London  in  1857. 
In  1869,  organist  of  St.  George's,  IHoomshuiy  ; 
since  1888,  at  St.  bride's,  Fleet  Street.  Since 
1875,  lion.  Seer,  of  the  College  of  Organists.  In 
1889  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  M  us.  I  >oc,  From  1880,  editor 
of  the 4 '  M  us.  Standard  "  for  several  years ;  in  i  8c>T , 
joint-editor  of  the  "Mus.  News";  is  a  writer 
and  lecturer  of  distinction,  and  celebrated  as  a 
concert-organist. — Works:  A  mass  a  cappelfa, 
and  a  mass  for  soli,  ch. ,  brass,  drums,  ami  organ ; 
a  motet  f.  do.  (without  drums) ;  Stabat  Mater  a 
cap  fella  ;  2  oratorios,  .57.  John  the  JiaftUt  and 
Ilcvekiah ; 3 cantatas,--/  &>//# ofJ<\iith  and Jeru- 
salem ;  services  and  anthems;  symphony  u  The 
Monastery  " ;  overtures ;  string-quartet ;  pf, -quar- 
tet; pf.-trio;  pf. -pieces  and  organ-music. 

Turtshaninoff,  Peter  Ivanovitch,  b.  St. 
Petersburg,  Nov.  20, 1779  I  d.  there  Mar.  4,  1850. 
High  Priest.  Important  MS.  comp.s  in  the  Im- 
perial Chapel. 

Tye,  Christopher,  English  oiganist  and  com- 
poser ;  b.  Westminster,  early  in  the  i6lh  century; 
was  organist  of  Ely  Cathedral  1541-61  ;  later  mo- 
tor at  several  Cambridgeshire  towns,  lie  died  in 
March,  1572.  Mus.  Doc.,  Cantab.,  1545.— Publ. 
"  The  Actes  of  the  Apostles,  translated  into  Kng- 
lyshe  Meter,  and  dedicated  to  the  Kynge's  Most 
Excellaunte  Maicstye  .  .  .  with  Notes  to  colic 
Chapter,  to  syngennd  also  to  play  upon  the  lute  " 
(London,  1553) ;  it  includes  the  lirst  14  chapters 
of  Acts  Alsopubl.  a&crviccancl  several  anthems  ; 
masses  aitd  anthems  are  in  M  S. 

Tylmaxi  Susato  (also  Tilman,  Tielman, 
Thieleman),  music-printer  and  musician  at  Ant- 
werp, beginning  to  print  music  there  in  1543. 
IT  is  14th  book  of  chansons  (1560)  was  his  last 
publication.  In  some  of  his  collections  arc  chan- 
sons and  motets  of  his  own  composition. 

Tyndall,  John,  the  eminent  physicist,  was  b. 
at  Lcighlin  Bridge,  Ireland,  Aug.  21,  3830;  d. 
Ilaslemere,  Surrey,  Kngl.,  Dec.  4,  1893.  His 
two  works  in  the  domain  of  acoustics  are  "  Sound: 
A  Course  of  8  Lectures  Delivered  at  the  Royal 
Institution  of  (ircatIJritainn(i867,  and  other  cd.s; 
in  CJerman  as  u  Der  Schall"),  a  lucid  and  simple 
explanation  of  acoustical  phenomena  ;  and  "On 
the  Transmission  of  Sound  by  the  Atmosphere  " 
(1874).  lie  was  prof,  of  natural  philosophy  at 
the  R.  Inst.  from  1853. 


U 
Ubaldus  (or  Ugbaldus,  Uchubaldus).    Sue 

HUCBALI). 

U'ber,  Christian  Benjainia,  b.  Brcalau,  Sept, 
20, 1746  ;  d.  there  1812  as  Public  Prosecutor,  etc. 
Excellent  amateur  musician.— Publ.  works ;  ( )p- 


cretta  Chinsse  ;  music  to  llicconuxly  Av  7  Wr»//- 
thr  ;  cantata  A'///v///Vv/  ninf  l\v>  t  /M  ;  sovcttil 
instr.l  diverlimentos,  ooneei  linos,"  ele.  ;  pi.  -sona- 
tas, a  serenade,  awl  :i  quintet.  —Two  sons  woie 
professional  musicians:  (0  Friedrich  Christian 
Hermann,  b.  Hreslmi,  Apr.  22,  1781  ;  d.  Dios- 
dun,  Mar.  2,  1822.  Law-student  at  Hulk-,  but 
studied  music:  under  Tllr  k,  and  boraiuc  rhamhoi- 
musiciaii  to  Prince  Louis  Kcidinand  ol  Prussia, 
istviolinal  P.ninswick  (iHi^Xopri.i-coml.ut  Kas- 
sul(i8oK)aml  M!iyc'ii(v(i8i.|),aml  liinn  iHiHnin- 
tor  and  mus.  clii.  ol  the  Krvuxkiirlu1,  Dirsdon.— 
t  Works  :  /.ex  Maihis^  ojHMn-c%«iiui«iiu»  (Kasst-l); 
/)?r  fofa  A?  //V/vr,  inli'rnicxyo  (Kassi'l,  iKoH); 
JJer  fro/ie  '//7,v,  t»pi'ia  (Maycntx-,  iM  1  5)  ;  music'  (o 
Klin#enittim's  clit'im.i  J/IMVM,  to  /V;*  <•"*"»  v)^'  //////', 
to  the  allegory  .VIM  (>///(/,  and  (oSc'liilk-r's  Taut/wr; 
oratorio,  Die  Ichtcn  \Vwte  dcs  AV/('.i«vr  /  c*anla 
las,  aviolin^conrorto,  etc.  IIc»  ptihl.  llu'ovn'tmvs 
to  J)ercwigeJ  /////'  anil  /.ex  Mttnns^\\w  violin-con- 
certo, aml(  icrnian  and  I''ivnch  son^s,  (B)  Alex- 
ander, b.  Hroslati,  I7«3;  d.  <'arolath,  Silesia, 
1824,  as  oond.  to  Princ'o  vo 


Kinc  'cellist  ;  publ.n  Vello-roiuTrlo,  varintions  f. 
'cello  with  full  orcli.  or  string*  ;  C'aprU'CH  atul 
other  'eel  lo-piccc's;  u  septet  f,  clar.»  horn,  and 
.slrin^s;  var.s  f.  wiml-iustr.s; 


Uber'ti  [Hubert),  Antonio,  hrilliant  stage 
oprano  (wiesift*)*,  b.  Verona,  H»)7(?);  d.  Merlin, 


soprano 

Jan.  20,  1783.     One*  of  Ptirpora's  best  jnipils,  he 

was  therefore  called  U  Porporino.     Prom  17,11 

he  was  in  the  service  of  Krculc'drk  the  (Jreat,  at 

Iterlin. 

UccelUxm,  Dgu  Marco,  rond,  (othe  Duke  of 
Modena,  protL  an  opera  at  Florence-  (1(173)  and 
another  at  Naples  (1077);  also  jmhl,  chanduT- 
miiHicOft^cj--.!^):  Sonale,  sinftinle,  c*oneerti,aiie, 
and  am/one,  (t  i~*|,  f.  strings  w.  nuilinuo, 

Ugalde,  Dclphine,  nh  Bcaucc,  sta^tt  so- 
pmno;  b,  Paris,  Hue.  3,  iHstyj  sandal  tlu*  Opera 
National,  Opera-Corn  it  [tie,  ant  t  Th,'Lynt|tte;iuitl 
in  iHOOasMumcdlhc'tnanagemcMit  of  t'lie  Htuiffe^ 
Parisiens,  taking  leading  rule's  iu  Oirenlmc'h's  oj)- 
crcttas,  Wrote  an  opera,  /•»/  fat/fr  <tu  Mtw/i/i  / 
was  a  good  vocal  teacher  (Marie;  Sass  uvts  her  pu- 
pil). 

U^oirni,  Vinceneo,  distliiKiiihlu'd  chttrelt- 
composer  in  Palest  Him-  style;  h.  Pcni^la,  nlitnit 
1570  ;  cL  there  May  0,  i()^8t  Pupil  of  Naiiini  «t 
Rome  ;  from  1620-36,  /tfr/iv/;v  At  Si,  Pcttr'N.  Ora- 
%io  Bencvoli  was  his  pu()il,  -  AVorks  ;  2  hooks  of 
madrigals  a  8  (1614);  2  do,  //  5  (1615);  4  of  mo- 
tuts  d  1-4,  w,  or#  itn«baHH  (1616^  H));  a  of  psalms 
a  8  (r6so);  a  of  masses  and  tuotfts  tt  8  and  ra 
(lOaa);  and  psalms  ami  motets  ti  ta  (1624). 

Ugoli^no,  Biagio,  VenetLiu  ttumk."  Puttl, 
11  ThwwuruHnntiquUtttum  «nrr«rum,<Tfimplwt<»ns 
aclcctittHlnui  darlssimorum  vlroruni  opiiHctila,  In 
<]utbuN  vottTum  Hebmeftrum  mores,  U^CIH,  hiuti- 
tutti,  rituH  «acri  ct  civilcn  iUuKtnmlur  ..." 
(i744-ft«)  J  In  34  f»Ho  vohs  ;  Vol.  33  trentM  wholly 
of  Mebrtiw  music,  and  contains  a  I*ntlu  trminU  of 
ten  chapters  of  tlw  •'  Sehilto  lia^KiUirim  ")• 


593 


uriL— UPTON 


Uhl,  Edmund,  1)  Pi  ague,  Oct.  25,  1853.  Pu- 
pil  of  Kichtei,  Keinecke,  Jadassohn  and  Weiuscl 
at  Leipzig  ferns.,  winning  the  Ilclhig  Prize  for 
pf.  -playing  in  iS7«S;  since  then  in  Wiesbaden  as 
teacher  at  the  Kicmlcnhcig  Cons,,  otganistat  the 
Synagogue,  niul  nuis.  on  lie  foi  the  "  Khcinischcr 
(Courier."  Has  publ.  pf.-tnos,  a  'cello-sonata,  a 
Romance  f.  violin  w»  oich.;  vai.sund  pieces  f. 
pf.,  songs,  etc. 

Uh'lig,  Theodor,  b.  \Vur/en,  Saxony,  1'Yb. 
15,  1822;  il.  Dresden,  Jan.  3,  1853.  Pupil  of  Kr. 
Schneider  at  Dessau;  in  iH.ji,  violinist  in  the 
Dresden  ordi.  I  Ms  symphonies,  operettas,  etc., 
were  not  publ.  lie  wiote  "  I  >ie  Wuhl  der  Takt- 
ailen";  "  Die  gcKundc  Yeiuunfl  und  elas  Vcr- 
bot  der  Kortsrhreitnng  in  (Clinton";  "Druck- 
fehlerinden  Symphonic-Paititmen  IJeetliowns." 
He  was  a  convert  to  Wagnerism;  the  "  Uncle 
Wagners  an  Uhlijr  "  were  publ.  iSSH  (Kngl.  ed. 
iKcjo). 

Ulibisheff  [French  Oulibischeff|,  Alexan- 
der d',  Russian  diplomat,  and  inns.  :imatein';  b. 
Dresden,  171)5;  d.  on  his  estate,  til  Nishnij  Nov- 
gorod, Jan.  34  (O.  S.J,  1858.^  Publ.  u  Nouvelle. 
iruigniplue  du  Mo/art,  sufvic  d'un  apcrc.ii  sur 
rhisloire.  gencrale  de  la  miisujw  "  (18.14;  3  vol.s  ; 
amUJermaned.  1^50,)  ;  to  von  I  AMI  //s  scathing;  at  - 
Lick  (in  u  Ucelhovcn  et  scs  li'ois  Mjles  ")  on  the 
opinions  therein  expressed  on  IJeethoven's  lust 
style,  he  replied  with  '*  Ilcethovcn,  scs  erilitjues 
el  scs  glossal  en  rs  "  (1857;  (Jcr.  ed.  in*;*;),  main- 
taining his  former  position,  and  conclusivelyprov- 
ing  his  own  inability  to  appreciate  Beethoven. 

Ul'rich,  Otto,  b.  Oppeln,  Silesia,  Nov.  Ji6, 
1827;  d.  nerlin»  May  23,  1872.  Pupil  of  Kot- 
xoldt  and  llrositf  at  Uivsluu  ;  from  1840,  while 
HtudyJntf  at  the  Itcrlin  Un!vM  of  Dehn,  From 
'rH5t)-()3,  teacher  at  tho  Slt»ru  <'<ms.  ;  otherwise 
cs'irncd'his  living  by  working  f(»r  publishers  ;  pov- 
erty  prevented  the  mil  devt'lopim'nt  of  hlHgiflwuH 
a  composer.—  Wi»rks  :  3  symphonies  (the  "sym- 
phonic triornphalc  "  won  the  pri/cof  isoofnincn 
<»fTertulby  the  hrussi'lrt  Acnd.iu  1853)  ;  n  pf,-trio, 
op.  i  ;  and  an  unfmlshodopcm,  fttrtrtittdaf 
lie  mat  lit  excellent  arr.H  of  Ik*<itliovcn*« 
phonics  f,  pf.,  4  huml*. 

Um'breit,  Karl  Gottlieb,  b,  KvlwtcNlt,  «. 
(Jotha,  Junrt),  1703;  d.  there  Apr*  27,  iftttg.  Or- 
^nn-virtuoso,  pujtil  of  Kittt*Ut  Krfurt^md  for  35 
years  organist  at  Sonnentxirtu—PuliI.  MA1I- 
pfe  nun  nes  Clionilburh  ftlr  dlt*  protcslantKschti 
Ktrchc  u  (C  Jotha,  iHr  r  ;  33^  rhorufs  a  4,  with  long 
Prafiicu  ;  Fn'nch  fd.  by  Choron)  ;  **  Die  wange* 
Use  1  urn  KirchctimwloclltMi  zttr  VcrlxiNwrunK  dctt 
hAusHchtm  and  kirchlUihen  (IttHiings"  (Cotha, 
1817)  ;  is  ortfMu-pircai  (*7«jK);  «5  ditto  j  t»  Che* 
ralnu'hxlien  for  orpjan  (1817)  i  4  do.  w.  vnr.» 


(1821);  50  Chornlmelodicm  for  Ht>lo  voice  ;  etc. 

Um^lftuf,  Ig^iaz,  t>,  Vltmnu,  1756;  d.  M«ld- 
Hntf,  June  H,  171)6.  MUH,  director  of  the  (Jernmn 
Oprm  nt  VU*ntut  j  from  r78<),  SiilicrrM  deputy  ft* 
XbprlliB.  of  the*  Imp,  ('httjwl.  HtoWH&tw  had 
groat  vogue:  ttit  Jhrgknapptn>  and  fitt  fffce/ar* 


bent  it  &  /i  it  ft  ?i  odcr  c//V  ,r«  //<'//*•  &hitstcnn  (1778)  ; 
Vtt'  -'//(;///<-Xv  (1778);  J)i<-  gfaMir/ifH  J&$er 
(1785);  Ar  AV/tff/fV  /./VA'(r78s);y;*w  Irrheht^ 
vviththesong,  **  XuStelleiisprach  in  Tranme  ;  " 
Aeneas  In  (.\itthago.—  His  son,  Michael,  b.  Vi- 
enna, Aug.  <),  1781  ;  d.  theie  June  20,  184:1  ;  fol- 
IOWIM!  \Veigl  as  Kt^cUtn.  of  lhe(!eim!in  Opera  ; 
prod,  an  opera,  Der  tire  mid  ici\(i  ballets,  and  sa- 
cied  music  ((or  the  CouiL  Chapel)  ;  publ,  a  violin- 
sonata,  a  t{-hand  pf.-sonala,  and  pf.-picccs. 

Um'lauft,  Paul,  b.  Meissen,  Oct.  27,  1853. 
Pupil  of  IiuipyigCons.,  holding  (he-  MoxarlSi'hol- 
arsliij)  187^-83.  —  Works  .  The  i  -act  opera  AVw//- 
t/ifa  ((lot  I  ui,  i8<)3;  succ.  ;  took  ]>rixe  offered  for 
best  i  -act  opera  by  the  1  Hike  of  Kohuig-(iothn)  ; 
has  publ.  thcdniniatic  poem  ^/^v/WrVrt/,  f.  .soli, 
male  ch,,  and  orch.  (i8<)2);  a  '*  Mittelhoch- 
dcutsches  Liedeispid"  f.  solo  vocal  <|uarU»l  w. 
pf.,  and  oilier  vocal  works  ;  also  a  Nocturne  and 
Tarentcllc  f.  pf,,  op.  4. 

Un'ger,  Johann  Friedrich,  b.  Urunswiek, 
1716;  d.  iherw  I'Vb.  (),  1781,  Noteworthy  as  the 
inventor  of  theilrst  apparatus  for  the  mechanical 
notation  of  music  played  on  the  pianoforte,  de- 
scribed in  his"  Kntwurf  cincr  Mnschme,  wodurch 
nlles,  wns  auf  dcm  (  'lavier  jifespielt  wird,  sirli  von 
sollwr  in  Noten  scl/t  "  (1774).  lie  claimed  pri- 
oiily  of  invention  over  llohlfcld  (1752). 

Un^er^n  Italy,  Un^her)>  Caroline,  cele- 
brated sla^i'-siiij>er  ;  b.  Stuhlwcissenbur|>;,  IIun< 
^ary,  Oct.  28,  1803;  d,  nt  her  villa  near  Klorenee, 
Mar.  «3,  1^77.  A  j>«pil  of  Kotuxmi  at  Milan,  her 
debut  was  at  Vienna  in  1821  ;  her  greatest  tri- 
umphs were  won  in  Italy,  her  reception  hi  Puris, 
1  833,  beimj  comparatively  cool.  A  jytval  actress, 
her  voice.1  was  powerful,  but  not  perfectly  equal- 
i/cd,  tuul  sharp  in  lh«  high  register.  Sotm  after 
her  marriage  (1840)  to  n  M.  Sabatier,  sh«  left  the 


Un'ger,  Georg1,  b.  Lcipxig;,  Mar.  6t  (837  ;  d, 
there.  Keb.  a,  1887.  I  tauuntie!  tenor  ;  originally 
a  wtudent  of  theology  nt  Le»ipxig  ;stagle-clt'but  there 
in  1867;  after  H«  verul  engagements,  HJUJH  Kich- 
tcr  heard  him  at  Mannheim,  and  recommended 
htm  to  Wagner  for  the  role  of  Siegfried  in  AT 
Ritiffifa  t\'iAf/ttnjfYM  &\  Unyreuth,  1^76.  Ifnger 
studied  the  ixtrtwith  I  ley,  ami  IUH  interpret  at  ion 
of  it  made  him  famous.  Krom  1877-81  he  wtw 
(*ng.  nt  heipxig. 

Ungher-Sabatier.    See  UNOKK,  C.AROMNK, 

Upton,  George  Putnam)  nuifl,  writer  and 
critic;  b.  Haston,  Mass,,  Oct.  25,  1835.  Oradu- 
ate  of  Brown  Unlv,,  1854  ;  in  1855,  reporter  for 
the  Chicago  "  Native  ntton,"  rHgs-M  for  the 


*4Jf>uniul/'and  from  1861-85  WUH  on  the  *»di- 
t^rial  utfttf  of  the  (  'hlcitfpo  "  Tribune."  Founder 
(1879)  and  first  president  of  the  "  Apollo  Club."— 
Writing:  u  l,encr«of  IVragrine  Pickle  "(  1^70)  j 
"  Woman  In  Music  "  (tfiftj)  ;  '•  SUndnnl  Owrns  '* 
(1800);  l*StantlftrrdOratori£w"(r«<)i);  *  'Stand- 
durcl  Symphcmiew  "  (*8<)a)  ;  numerous  corjtrll)u- 
tramtlatod  Kohl's  u  Life 


593 


URBAN—VACCAI 


of  Haydn,"  "  Life  of  Liszt," and  "Life  of  Wag- 
ner'*; also  Max  Muller's  "Deutsche  Liebe," 
with  the  Engl.  title  "  Memories." 

Ur'ban,  Christian,  b.  Elbing,  Oct.  16,  1778; 
d.  p).  From  1824,  town  mus.  dir.  at  Danzig  — 
Publ.  "  Ueber  die  Musik,  deren  Theorie  uncl  den 
Musik-Unterricht"  (Elbing,  1823);  "Theorie 
der  Musik  nachrein  naturgemassen  Grundsatzen" 
(Kbnigsberg,  1824 ;  anded.  Danzig,  1826) ;  and 
a  l6-page  prospectus,  "  Anklmdigung  mcincs 
allgememen  Musik- Untenichts-Systems,  und  der 
von  mir  beabsichtichten  normalen  Musikschule  " 
(Berlin,  1825).  He  comp.  an  opera,  Der  goldeue 
IVidder,  and  music  to  Schiller's  JSraut  von  Mes- 
sina. 

Ur'ban,  Heinrich,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  27,  1837. 
Studied  under  Ries  J«iub,  Hellmann,  and  others ; 
also  at  Pans.  Gifted  violinist  and  composer ;  since 
1 88 1,  teacher  at  Kullak's  Acad. ;  is  a  noted  theo- 
rist.—Works  :  "Frtthling,"  symphony;  3  over- 
tures—to  Schiller's  Fiesca,  "  Scheherazade/'  and 
11  zu  einem  Fastnachtsspiel " ;  a  violin-conoeito ; 
pieces  for  violin  ;  vocal  duets  and  terzets ;  songs. 
—His  brother,  Friedrich  Julius,  b.  Beilin,  Dec. 
23,  1838,  was  solo  boy-soprano  in  the  Dwnchor 
under  Neithardt,  and  a  private  pupil  of  II.  Ries 
and  Hellmann  (violin),  Grell  (theory),  and  Klsler 
and  Mantius  (singing).  He  teaches  singing  in 
Berlin  schools,  and  is  in  great  request  as  a  sing- 
ing-teacher. His  text-book,  "  Die  Kunst  des 
Gesangs,"  is  highly  spoken  of.  He  has  publ. 
some  songs. 

Urba'ni,  Valentino.    See  VAMRNTINI. 

Urfey,  Thomas  d',  b.  Exeter,  KngK,  about 
1649;  d.  London,  l''eb.  26, 1723.  A  playwright, 
producing  about  30  stage-pieces,  the  songs  in  some 
of  which  were  set  to  music  by  Purccll.  He  him- 
self wrote  and  sang  manysongs,  publ,  in  his  u  Wit 
and  Mirth ;  or,  Tills  to  purge  Melancholy  "  (4 
vol.s,  about  1706  ;  augmented  to  6  vol.s,  in  1719- 
20).  lie  also  publ.  (1683-5)  3  sets  of  his  songs, 
set  to  music  by  eminent  composers. 

Ur'han,  Chretien,  b,  Montjoie,  xu  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  Feb.  16,  1790 ;  d.  Tans,  Nov.  2,  1845. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  he  Sucur  in  composition ; 
revived  the  viole  d'amour,  playing  in  Maillot's 
(Juartet ;  from  1816  he  was  violinist  (later  solo- 
ist) in  the  Op<fra-orch.  In  the  Cons.  Concerts 
he  employee!  a  5 -stringed  violin  (vMon-alte, 
with  the  accordatura  tf-^w/'-aW),  producing 
charming  effects  (see  WOLDBMAR),  lie  was  for 
years  organist  at  St.-Vinccnt-de-Paul. — Works  : 
2  quintettes  romantiques  f.  2  violins,  2  violas, 
and  'cello ;  quintets  f.  3  violas,  'cello,  and  d.- 
bass,  w.  drums  ad  lib,;  3  duos  romantiqucs  f. 
pf.  4  hands ;  2  solo  pieces  f,  pf,;  songs. 

Urio,  Francesco  Antonio,  b.  Milan  (?), 
1660  (?).  A  Franciscan  monk,  about  1690  matstro 
at  the  Church  of  the  Twelve  Apostles,  Rome.— 
Publ.  "  Motetti  di  concerto  a  a,  3  e  4  voci,  con 
violini,  e  senza"  (1690) ;  "  Salmi  concettati  a  3 
voci  con  vioiini "  ;  an  oratorio,  Sansone  accecato 
aa*  Fitistrij  and  a  Te  D«um  from  which  Han- 


del honoured  numerous  themes  for  his  Detlingcn 
Te  Dcum,  Suit?,  Jsnift,  rind  /////AT  Cu\wr  (<•/. 
Prout's  paper,  M  Urio's  Te  I>ctim  and  I  landers 
use  ihcicof"  f"  Monthly  Mus.  Record,"  1871], 
and  C'hrysandcr's  essay  in  llie  "Allgom.  mus. 
Zeitung/'  1878-9). 

Ursil'lo,  Fabio  [or  merely  Fabio],  Roman 
viituoso  on  the  urchluto,  clc.,  toward  the  middle 
of  the  iStli  century. — Publ.  3  trios  f.  2  violins 
and  'cello,  and  flute-sonatas;  he  left  in  MS. 
Concord  gross!  f.  nrchlute,  other  pieces  f.  do., 
a  guitui -concerto,  etc. 

UVso,  Camilla,  b.  Nantes,  France,  1842. 
Distinguished  violin-virtuoso,  pupil  of  M assart 
in  Paris.  Accompanied  by  her  father,  sho  played 
in  New  York,  Hostoii,  Philadelphia,  etc.,  in 
1852,  with  great  suceess,  particularly  in  concerts 
of  Alboni  and  Soutag.  Shu  toured  C'anada,  re- 
turned to  France,  and  revisited  New  York  in 
i860;  since  which  lime  her*  numerous  concert- 
tours  have  been  a  succession  of  triumphs, 

Ur'spruch,  Anton,  pianist  and  romp,  of  dis- 
tinction ;  1).  Krankfnrt -on-Main,  Feb.*  17,  1^50. 
Pupil  of  Ignax  hachner  and  M.  \Vallenstein, 
later  of  Rail  and  Liszt.  Teacher  of  I >f. -playing 
at  the  HoehCons.;  since  1887,  at  the  Kali  Cons,, 
Fnmkfort. — Works:  Opera  -Av  Mwttt  [after 
Shakespeare's  7iv//jV.</]  (Kninkfort,  r8HH) ;  a 
comic  opera,  in  a  Prologue,  and  3  acts,  Aw  f<V/- 
mffff/iefoff  wit  AtffM  (Karlsruhe,  TH<)7;  U. 
wrote  both  text  and  music) ;  AV  /<rM//V<v«t/'V<v\ 
f.  ch,  and  orch.;  a  symphony  ;  a  p f. -con cert o ; 
a  pf.-qtiintcl ;  a  pf.-t"inartet  ;  a  pf.-trio;  Varia- 
tions and  Fugue  on  a  ilnch  theme,  f.  3  -pf.s ; 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op,  23;  pf.-sonatu  f.  4 
hands  ;  5  Fun tasiest tick c  f,  pf , ;  songs* 

Ui^sus.    Sec  BAuit. 

Utendal  (or  Utenthftl,  Uutcndal),  Alex- 
ander, Flemish  composer;  d.  Innsbruck,  May 
8,  1581,  as  AV/V///W.  to  Archduke  Kcrdinantu 
—Publ,  "7  Psalmi  poenilentialcM "  (1570);  3 
books  of  motets  a  5  and  more  parts  (1570-77) ; 
3  masses  a  4-5,  and  Magnificat  <*  4  (1573) ;  uncl 
44  PrAliche  netio  teutsche  uncl  fran/»Hi.sche  Lie- 
dcr  .  .  ,"  (1574  ;  often  repiibl.) ;  detached  num- 
bers are  in  JoannelliTH  "  NOVUH  IhowmruH,"  and 
"  Orgelbuch," 


Vaccai,  Niccolo,  b,  Tolcnlino,  Pupul  States, 
Mar.  15,  1700;  d.  Pe»ftro,  Aujf.  *•  1*48.  l*upll 
of  Jfannaconi  (cpt.)  at  Rome,  ami  from  rflraof 
Paisicllo  (dramatic  comp.)  at  Nttntos,  p«Kluc- 
ing  his  first  opera,  /  solitari  M  &&*/«,  ut  tho 
Teatro  Nuovo,  1815,  Ill-fortune  on  the  Htnge 
caused  him  to  adopt  the  vtKUition  of  a  Hintfing- 
teacher;  though  up  to  1845  ho  brought  out  16 
operafl,  one  of  which,  OtHliftta  f  AVw/v  (Milan, 
1825),  was  much  appkudud,  and  made  the 
roundfi  of  Italian  theatre*;  iti»  third  act  WOH 
generally  (ml)Ktituted  for  that  of  Ik'UinT* 
M  9  Me»toM,—V.  taughut  Venice 


594 


VAET— VAlsmERSTUAKTKN 


Trieste  (r  821-23),  Vienna  (1823),  Paris  (1820-31), 
and  London  (1832),  with  cvci -increasing  reputa- 
tion. Returning  to  Italy,  he  succeeded  liasili  in 
1838  us  jjiof.  of  comp.,  and  censor,  at  the  Milan 
Cons.,  letirintf  to  Pesaro  in  1844.  I tesides  op- 
eras, he  wrote  4  ballets,  cantatas,  and  church- 
music;  with  Coppoln,  Dnnixetli,  Meicadante, 
and  Pacini,  he  comp.  the  [uncial  cantata  for 
Malibran  ;  further,  vocal  duets,  arias,  and  ro- 
mances;  an  excellent  and  oft-republ.  "  Metodn 
pratico  di  canto  italiano  per  camera  "  ;  and  "12 
arietto  per  camera,  per  rinse^namento  del  bcl- 
canto  italiano." 

Vaet,  Jacques,  Flemish  contrapuntist ;  d. 
Vienna,  Jan,  H,  15(57,  as  AV/W/w,  to  Maximilian 
II. — Publ.  woiks:  **  Mtxlulatioiu's  5  vociini" 
(1562);  25  motets  in  Joannelli's  **  Novus  thesau- 
rus" ;  other  motets,  chansons,  etc.,  ure  in  Tyl- 
man  Susato's  "  Kcclesiasticae  cantione»"(i553)« 
Moutun  -  Neuber's  "  Kvanfjclien  •  Summlimg " 
(1554-6)  and  4t  Thesaurus  musieus"  (1564),  and 
other  eoll.s. 

Valenti'ni,  Giovanni,  comp.  of  the  Roman 
school;  about  1615,  organist  of  the  Court  Chapel, 
Vienna.— Publ.  motets  a  6  (K>n);  '*  Musiche 
concerlate  da  (>  a  10  voci,  ossia  istnmienti" 
(iftio,);  "Musicho  a' a  voct  col  basso  per  or- 
jrano"  (i(>22) ;  u  Sacri  ronntrii  "  a  2-5  (1625) ; 
14  Musiehtt  da  camera  da  a  a  0  voci,  pariu  con- 
eortatc  con  voci  sole,  <•  parte  con  von  ed  istro- 
numti "  (1621  ;  madrigals,  etc.);  u  I, a  inusiche 
da  camera  "  tt  t«2,  w.  b.  coul.  (1022).  In  MS., 
masses,  Magnificats,  and  psalms. 

Valenti'niy  Giovanni,  "Neapolitan  comp.; 
brought  out  from  1771)-! 788  eijjht  operas  at 
Venice,  Uresciu,  and  Cremona ;  one,  La  WAC  in 
ftwffttxto  (Venice,  1770,),  was  given  at  Milan, 
1780,  and  l<e!pxitf,  1784. 

Valenti'ni,  Pietro  Francesco,  b.  Rome, 
(tbout  i U70;  d.  there  1054.  A  pupil  of  Nanlni, 
and  an  eminent  comp.  of  the  Roman  Hchool,— 
Publ.  works:  "(!nnone  .  .  .  sopnt  le  pa- 
role del  Salve  Retina  ;  *  llloM  tuon  miHcrltrordctt 
ocuUw  nd  nos  convcrtts  etc,/ con  k1  risoluzioni  a 
3,  3,  4<J  5  voci,*'  (rOa<) ;  canon  with  over  sow 
possible  solutions) ;  u  Canonu  net  wxlo  di  Salo- 
moue  a  90  voci"  (1631 ;  the  themes  of  these  a 
nr«  printed  in  Kircsher's  uMu«unfia");  uC,a- 
none  a  6,  to  o  ao  vc»cln  (1^145)  J  **  I  A  Mltrn, 
fnvola  ^rcca  con  3  intermHH :  la  ucoUione  di 
Orfw),  (t  ritUijfnra,  cha  ritrova  la  nuisica" 
(1654);  t(I«A  traHfornKuicme  ell  Dtifnc,  ftivolu 
morale,  etc."  (1654) ;  3  books  of  madrigals  a  5 
(1654) ;  a  of  mot«t»  <i  I,  w*  instr.H  (i054>:  a  do, 
(t  3-4  (1655) »  *  ot  Canxonetti  Hpmtunli  a  r 
(1655)  I  ^  do,  a  a™3  (1056) ;  a  do.  a  2-4  (1650) ; 
"  Cinonl  muHlcali n  (1655) ;  9  lxK>kti  of  Muslcho 
splrituall  for  the  Nntivlty  a  i-3  (1657) ;  a  of 
Canzoni,  Son«tti  eel  Arfts  a  t  (tOsy) ;  (\nxonetti 
eel  Arie  t*  i«a  (1657) ;  a  of  Mtunfo*  and  mot«ts  a 


ValeatKnL  rtttt  Vaittttlno  Urba'ni,  A  ccU- 
tted  wHtrahlsta  OwufVi),  vho«*  voloo  chtngad 


later  to  a  hijjh  tenor  ;  he  came  to  London  Pec. 
(>,  1707,  and  siin^  there  till  1714  in  English  and 
I  talian  opera. 

Valenti^ni,  Giuseppe,  violinist  ;  b.  Florence 
about  i(x)o  ;  in  the  service  oC  the  court  about 
1735.  —  I'ubl.  la  Sinfonie  f.  2  vlns.  and  'cello  ; 
7  Iiixxnrrie  f.  2  vlns.  and  violone  ;  12  Kantiisie 
f.  a  vlns.  and  Velio;  la  Somite  f.  a  vlns.  and 
violone;  Concert!  1.  4  vlns.,  alto  viola,  Velio, 
and  b.  cout.;  10  other  turnout  tos;  and  violin- 
sonatas  w.  basso  continuo. 

Valentino,  Henri-Justin-Armand-Joseph> 
b.  Mile,  Oct.  14,  1785;  d.  Versailles,  Jan.  28, 
J.SI>5.  In  iSao  uiul,  in  r824  ist  coiid.'(w.  Ha- 
b<:neck)  at  the  (Irand  Opvia  ;  1831-7,  at  the 
<  )pem-Connque  ;  then  founded  the  iirst  popular 
concerts  of  classical  music,  as  a  rival  enterprise 
to  the  Conservatoiy  Concerts,  at  the  Salle  St.- 
Ilonorc*  (smcc  cal'lcil  the  "Salic  Valenlitio*1), 
but  discontinued  them  in  j&|i.  Retired  to  Ver- 
sailles. 

Valetxta,  Ippolito.  Pen-name  of  Count 
KRANCHI-VKRNKY. 

Vallot'ti,  Francesco  Antonio,  eminent 
theorist  and  composer;  b,  Vercclli,  June  n, 
K«;7;  d.  Padua,  Jan.  lO,  17^0.  Kranciscun 
monk;  pupil  of  Ciilegnri  at  Padua  ;  fnim  1728, 
wfft'f/rt)  at  the  church  of  S.  Antonio.—  Publ. 
works  :  Kesponsorta  in  parasceve,  Kesp.  iu  Sab- 
bato  Snncto,  and  Kcsp.  mCocna  Domini,  all  a  4 
(masses,  motets,  etc.,  in  MS.  at  Padua);  and 
**  Delia  sdonxn  tcorica  e  practice  elella  jmKlerna 
miisieu,"  Uook  i  (Paclim,  1770;  the  other  3 
hooks  tinpubl.),  a  learned  work  combatting  the 
systems  of  Knmcnii  and  Tartini  ;  V.'s  system  is 
explained  in  "  La  vcra  idea  (Idle  niusicalt  iiu- 
meriehe  signature,"  by  Sabbat  int,  who,  tike 
Abbt4  Vogler,  was  V.'s  pupil.—  V.  WUH  also  one 
of  the  foremost  organists  of  his  time, 

Van  Clevc,  John  Smith,  b.  MayMvillc,  Ky,» 
Oct.  30,  1851.  Pianist  nml  teacher,  pupil  of 
Notlmuffcl  (Columbus,  <>.),  Lnn^  and  Aptlun'p 
(Hoston),  and  W,  HUMnhrerhcr  (Cincintiati), 
Taught  at  the  TnKt,  for  the  lUind,  Columbus, 
1872-5;  at  Janesville,  W!H.,  t«7o  ;  lived  in  Cin- 
cinnati 1  879  -0,7  as  a  teacher,  critic  ("Cine.  Com- 
mercial,'1 etc,),  writer,  ami  tourer  (at  the  Cons. 
and  the  (loll,  of  Music)  ;  gave  many  ntono  Itv- 
ture-recitnlH.  Is  A,M»  of  the  Ohio  Wcsleyiin 
TJniv.  (tH74);  Ph.D.  of  Twin  Vwlley  Cloltee 
(i8ya),  Removed  to  Chicago,  1897,—  flnapubl. 
u  Cmvotte  humorexmic  f.  pf.;  nnd,  in  book- 
form,  M  AnnotRtions  "  on  C&mptLnuri'H  32  Quar- 
tet Concerto  given  1892-3. 

Van  den  Beden.    vSoc 


Vanderlin'deo,  Cn  b.  Dordwdit,  1839,  Pu- 
pil of  titthme  (Imrm.  nnd  ojH.)  and  Kwjwt  (pf,). 
i!ond.  of  the  Dordrecht  Philharm.  Soc,P  the 
National  Guard  band,  and  choral  societies,— 
Work*  :  a  opentoi,  7V«/fW,  and  /^  mariagr  au 
torn  four  f  overutrcm  dioruwH  w,  o«*h,;  «m#«, 

Vanderitrtd^en,  Edmotid,  b.  Oudentuirdan 
(Audenttrde),  Belgium,  Dee,  3,  1896  ;  d.  there 


595 


VAN  DER  STUCKEN— VARNEY 


Nov.  26,  1895.  Student  of  philosophy  at  Ghent; 
went  to  Brussels  in  1857,  and  studied  countci- 
point  under  F&is  (acting  as  his  secretary  for  2  or 
3  years),  and  comp.  under  Dosselot.  lie  held 
a  life-position  in  the  Royal  library,  interrupted 
only  by  journeys  to  Italy,  and  a  stay  of  some 
years  at  Dijon  ;  edited  the  paper  "  JLc  Nord  " 
for  a  short  time,  also  writing  (1859-72)  mus. 
criticisms.  He  comp.  a  3^act  opera,  Lc  J* ro- 
se rit;  but  his  fame  rests  upon  his  work  as  a 
mus.  historian  and  compiler,  embodied  in  the 
following  publications:  "Coup  d'akil  sur  la 
musique  actuelle  A  Audenarde"  (185 1) ;  "No- 
tice sur  Charles-Felix  de  Ilollandre"  (rfi54)j 
u  Notice  sur  les  carillons  d' Audenarde  "  (i855)  5 
"  Recherches  sur  la  musique  A  Audennrde  avant 
le  XIX«sieclc"  (1856);  "  Kxamen  des  chants 
populates  des  Flarnands  de  France,  publics  par 


ieXIX'  siccle"  (1867-85;  7vol.s;  a"nionu- 
mental "  work  of  reference)  ;  "  Ixs  nonrdsche 
Balck  du  mustie  communal  d'Yprcs"  (r868); 
"  Wagner  :  Vcrslag  aan  den  hcjer  minister  van 
binnenlandsche  Zaaken"  (1871);  u  Le  theiUre 


dnunatiques  < 

"  Voltaire  musicien  "(1878) ;  u  La  melodic  popii- 

lairc    dans  rope!ra  GmJAwwe    Tell  de    Ko«- 

plulosophie"'(i879);  "Turin  musical "  (i  880)  ; 
44  Jacques  de  Saint- Luc"  (1886) ;  "  La  musique 
congratulatoire  en  1454,  etc."  (1888) ;  "Cinque 
lettres  inttmes  de  Roland  de  Lasstm"  (xfyi) ; 
"  Les  billets  des  rois  en  Flanclre  ;  xylographie, 
musique,  couttimes,  etc."  (1892). 

Van  der  Stucken,  Frank  (Valentia),  b. 
Frederickfaburg,  Gillcspie  Co.,  Texas,  Oct  15, 
1858.  Taken  by  his 
parents  to  Antwerp, 
in  1866,  he  studied 
with  Uenott,  writing 
several  successful 
com  p  s  (aballet,  perf .  { 
at  the  Royal  Th.;  a  '•* 
Te  Deum,  a  Gloria, 
etc.).  Spent  1876-8 
at  Leipzig,  aided  in 
study  by  Remecke, 
Grieg,  and  J-anger; 
publ.  op.  2-5  ;  trav- 
elled in  southern  Eu- 
rope; 1881-3,  A'rt- 
pellm*  of  Breslau 

City  Th.  (prod,  music  to  Shakespeare's  -  »w«^«, 
1882).  During  1883,  in  Rudolstadt  with  Grieg, 
and  Weimar  with  Lis;st ;  prod,  the  opera  Vktsdn 
(Paris?,  1883) ;  in  1884,  mus.  din  of  the"  Arlon," 
New  York,  succeeding-  L.  Pararosch  ;  also  con- 
ducted several  other  scries  of  concerts  ;  1895,  Di- 
rector of  Cincinnati  Cons.,  and  XBt  cond.  of  the 
Cincinnati  Symphony  Orch.  He  has  publ.  sev- 


eral  series  of  .songs,  and  4  -pint  miNt-el  ,uid  male 
choruses  aca/ifoHa  ;  alsoanoich.I  opistKle,  "  I'a- 
gina  d'amore,"  w.  clionisus  and  stmjis,  and  sov- 
eial  pf.  -pieces;  for  tho  "  Ariou  "  he  wrote  tin  *'  In- 
nuguiation  March,"  and  a  **  Keslival  Hymn"; 
hris  also  prod,  a  "  I^e-slival  March  "  f.  orch., 
symphonic  prologue  **  William  Katcliil,"  church- 
music,  etc. 

Van  Duyze,  Florimond,  b.  Client,  Auj>,  4, 
1853.  Lawyer  and  <  amateur  eouijKwer  ;  pupil  of 
Ghent  Cons.,  winning  Grand  piix  <ki  Rome  in 
1873  with  the  cantata  TMquato  7i/.*.ri»'j  t/wt/. 
lias  prod.  7  operas  at  Antweipaiul  Glient  ;  also 
an  ode-symphonie,  A§  uacht. 

Van  Dyck,  Ernest  (Marie  Hubert),  fatuous 
dnimalio  tenor;  b.  Antwerp,  Apr.  2,  iWn.  At 
fh-st  alaw-studenl  ;  Kttnliedsinj>inj;  with  Hax  St.- 
Yves  at  Paris,  sang  at  the  Concerts  Laniouivux  ; 
l>eckaniu  famous  in  iH8(>  by  his  inlerprelationof  tlic 
r6le  of  I'arsifal,  at  Itaymith,  and  waseug*  fortlie 
Vienna  Court  (  )p«ni  in  iKHH.  Makes  frequent 
'*  starring  "  tours,  the  last  being  for  the  season  of 
i8t)9-nj(X)  at  Chicago  and  New  York,  etc. 

Van  Hah    Sec  WANIIAI- 

Vanneo,  Stefano,  b*  Kt-cunnti,  Aneona,  T,|()3; 
was  imifshv  at  the  mon.'istery  of  Ascoli.  Publ. 
14  Reciinc!  urn  de  musica  tuirca  .  .  ."  (Koine,  1553), 
an  excellent  treatise  oti  plain  chant,  mensural  mu- 
sic, and  counterpoint. 

Van  Rooy,  Anton,  dramatic  bass  ;  1>.  Koltcr- 
dam,  iflfxj.  Pupil  of  Stoeklmuscn  at  Kranklort  ; 
began  career  as  u  singer  of  /.m/rvniul  in  onUorio  ; 
later  enjjf.  for  I^iyrvnth  by  Krau  Winner  j  wuig 
with  success  in  London  (rHnH)  and  New  York 


Van  Wesxterhout,  Niccoli,  b.  of  I  >utch  par- 
cntagti  nt  Moladi  Ilarl,  Italy,  !n  Dec.,  tH(>a  ;  d, 
Naples,  Aug.  31,  iriyH.  A  pupil  of  Nicola  d*AH- 
enxo  at  the  R.  Cons,,  Nupk-H  ;  from  iH<)7,  huwus 
himself  ft  prof,  of  harmony  there,  —  \\  orktt  :  The 
3-act  opera  Tihtt  (not  perf,)  ;  ^.act  npcni  Meriu 
Ciutbflitw  (Rom«,  Tcntro  Argentina,  Apr.  7, 
iHga)  ;  3-act  opera  scrht  fortnufa  (  Milan,  Twitio 
larico,  May  ifi,  iHt;5)  ;  Nuct  opera  /kiflit  Hvr 
(Mol/i  di  Unrl,  Anr.  18,  i8(X'.  °"  the  opening  of 
the  Teatro  Van  Westerhemt,  named  after  the  nu» 
thor)  ;  4-act  opera  (V/r»w/v;  (not  perf,)  ;—  2  sym- 
phonies, a  violin-concerto,  several  oreh.l  comp.H, 
a  violin^onaiu,  ct«.  ;  pubL  nuiny  pf  .-pit'CtiH  of  real 
merit,  uaU  songs, 

Varney,  Picrre-Joseph-Alphont  e,  b.  Paris, 
Dec,  i,  tfitt  ;  d.  there  Feb.  7,  iK7t),  Pupil  of 
Rdcha  at  tho  Com*.  ;  theutrtseoiul.  at  (  Jht'tU,  The 
Hft^,  Rouen,  Paris,  and  Itortlcaux,  lie  set  to 
music  DumftS*  Chant  (tt&  (tirMit(htX)  **  Mcutrir 
pour  la  pjitrlc,"  the  popular  revolutiomiry  lyric  <»f 
1848  ;  prod.  7  i-flct  operettas, 

Varney,  Louis,  ncm  and  pupil  of  tlie  prececU 
ing  ;  b.  Paris,(?).  Since  1876  he  \\m  nrtnl.  <»wr 
30  operettas,  comic  operas,  "  nmiw,  etc*.,  at 
minor  Parlffian  theatresi  ;  the  3«net  <»Pt*rtittrt 


as  Olympic,  and  at  IJerlin,  1895,  tut  Di* 


596 


VASCONCELLOS— VKNTO 


II  is  l.ilcst  are  the  nnis.  faroo  I.?  Pompier  dt  .iw- 
),  and 


;  v.  ,suc.c.). 

Vascoucel'los,  Joaquim  de,  contemporary 
Portuguese  historiographer  ;  has  publ.  the  bit>- 
graphieal  dictionary  "()s  musicos  poitutfueaes 
.  .  ."  (1^70),  containing  much  new  matter,  and 
many  emendations  of  old  ;  a  monograph  on  "  Lu- 
\7.i\  Todi"  (1^73)  ;  an  **  Kim  jo  erilioo  sobre  o 
catalog)  del  rey  Don  Joao  J  V,"  (1873)  ;  also  con- 
tributed lo  Poujrin's  supplement  to  Ketis'  "  Mio- 
graphiu  universelle." 

Vasseur,  L^on(-F6Hx-Augustm-Joseph), 
b,  Uapaume,  Pas-de-('alais,  May  28,  1844.  Pu- 
pil of  the  Kcole  Niederineycr  ;  from  1X70,  organ- 
ist of  Veisailles  Cathedral  ;  ehfJ'tFw'tht's/n"^  the 
Kolius-HciKcrc  anil  Ihv  Concerts  do  Paris  (iKHjs)> 
Since  1^72  he  has  prod.  overdo  operettas,  comic 
operas,  and  the  like,  on  minor  Parisian  stages  ; 
La  tiinhiiU'  «/V;  £*»•///  (1^72)  was  veiy  success- 
ful ;  some  of  the  latest  are  /s  wi'd^v  tfa  tiitsfft? 
(i  Htjo),  /.it  fiitiriltf  I  "fa  us  (iHtji  ),  V>  fttyjt  tlf  for 
(iK()2),  /sftMMt?Httattt/*trififr(i&fl)\  Is  /W- 


in/A*  ttiutiwjr,  etc.  Publ,  "  L'ottke  di- 
vin',11  n  coll,  of  masses,  offertories,  antiphones, 
etc.;  a  method  f.  organ  and  harmonium;  tran- 
scriptions f,  harmonium  and  pf. 

Vaucorbeil,  Auguste-Emmanuel,  b,  Koucn, 
Dec.  15,  iHfli  ;  cK  Pads,  Nov.  2,  1884,  Pupil  of 
Nfannontelf  Oourlcn,  mul  (Miertihini,  at  Paris 
(  !OIIH.  ;  made  lumself  known  bysoujf.s  and  2,strin^- 
cmartcts  ;  pnul.  a  comic  opera,  ftaftii/ft1  tt'twwtr 
(iH()H),  and  a  very  suecesst  ul  lyric  scene,  /<a  un*rl 
tit  Did  ttt't  at  the  Concerts  spirituels,  In  1872, 
jrovernincnil  commissioner  forthe  subsidiy.ed  thca- 
iresof  Paris;  in  iHHo,  Diredorof  thttOptira.  lie 
also  [)nxl.  pf.  -pieces,  sacred  Kong'HT  cU:. 

Vavrinccz,  Mauritius,  b.  ('xvtftad,  Him- 
fjary,  July  iK,  tHgH  ;  pupil  of  the  Pesth  C«n«., 
later  of  R.  Volkmann.  Cathedral-conductor  at 
Penth,—  AVorks  :  The  4-uct  opera  Al<tMW(  Prague, 
1895;  .vitcth  tffxtiwt)  ;  T-act  opc»ni  JwMHitttufa 
(Krankfort-on-Muin,  i8t)g  ;  KUCC.)  ;  oratorio 
Chrhtus  ;  Stidtat  Muter  (iHHO);  5  nmssttH;  n 
a  symphony  ;  overture  to  llyron'a 
;  n  "I  >lthymmbe  "  f,  full  oreh.  ; 
etc. 

Ve^chi,  Orazio,  l>,  Mottenn,  1551(7)  ;<l,  there 
Koii,  ic),  1003,  1  >iKtmi£uiHhwl  composer  ; 
ut  M  odeum  C'utlu  from  I5<)().  Uin  moKt  i 
injf  work  IH  the  Awfiparttasst^  "oomodiu 
inonicai"  (publ.  Voitfc«,  1507)1  p^rf.  ut  MoiUma 
in  1504  ;  u  kind  of  municnl  farat  writtenk  not  in 
th«  moiuulic  Htylo  of  Perl'«  l>«faf  (prod,  in  tlio 
Kumo  year),  but  in  nmdri^al-Htyks  with  the  memo 
loguen,  duct*,  and  titrhe  (chorusen)  all  gung  by 
several  voicon  (i.e.,  a  choru«  a  4^5).  V.  WUK  an 
cxquintte  compoH^r  of  mud  rigid*  and  cwwutetH  ; 
of  ospacbil  note  ant  the  "vSdva  di  varte  ricrea- 
tlonl  fl  a  3-10  (Venice,  1500;  dnd  ad,  1505;  con- 
tain* "  NUdritffUi,  Ctipricci,  liHlli,  A  He,  Jiwtinl- 
ano,  Canwnolta,  KAntu»letSercsuAtot  Dialoglii,  un 


Lotto  amoroso,  con  una  ILittaRlia  a  TO  nel  fine  od 
accommodatavi  la  intavolnliini  di  liuloalle  Aric, 
:ii  Uallied  alle  Can/,(melte"),  and  *l  l«c  Vcj;Iioth 
Siena  da  3  a  6  voci,  ovvcio  i  varii  humori  <lella 
musiea  modeina"  (Venice,  i(x>4;  also  1605  as 
**  Nwles  ludiciac";  presents  musical  charactcri- 
yations  of  the  vaiioas  moods,  as  **  grave,  allegro, 
dolente,  lusinjifhiero,  nflcttuoso,"  etc.).  There 
wert1  also  jnibl.  (besides  detached  numbers  in  nu- 
murous  coll.s  from  1575-1615),  4  books  of  can- 
xoncttcrt  4(1580  1  2nd  cd,],  'So,  '85,  ty)  ;  often 
rcpubl.)  ;  selected  canzonitf  4  (Phulcsu  :  Antwerp, 
lOrr  ;  also,  with  (ierman  words,  at  Nuremberg, 
i()Oi,  and  (Icra,  1614)  ;  canxonetle  <i  0  (15^7)  ;  3 
books  of  canxonelte  tr  3  (1597,  '<)(>;  Hook  i  with 
(Her.  version  added,  1008)  ;  2  books  of  madrigals 
tr  o,  with  some  tr  7-10  (15^3  1  often  repul>l.),  I5<)i); 
one  of  mad  finals  a  5  (15-^0)  ;  a  "  (lonvito  niusi- 
cale"  t?  3-8  (  1  507)  ;  —  further,  various  sacred  com- 
positions^, was  a  noted  church-coin  p.)  :  Lamen- 
tations for  4  equal  voices  (1587);  a  book  of 
motets  <r4"H  (i$o°;  republ.  by  Phalt-sein  1507); 
one  //  5-H  (i5c)7)  ;  one  ti  ft  (1004)  ;  Hymns  for  this 
entire  chinch-year,  "partim  l>revi  stilo  super 
ennui  plant),  parlim  proprlumnrtt*"  (if)f»4  ;  a  4); 
masses  a  oand  H  (1007  ;  some  reprinted  by  Pha- 
1<''S«  in  10x2). 

Vec'chi,  Orfeo,  b.  Milan,  about  1540  ;  d, 
t  here  i  f>  1  3.  Noted  clutrch-comp.  ;  ffnnvfnt  at  the 
church  of  Santa  Maria  dclla  Scala,  where  most 
of  his  MSS.  arc  preservetl.  —  Kxtant  publ.  works: 
t  book  of  motets  a  ft  (ifto.'O  ;  another  04(1003); 
and  psalms  «r  5,  w.  2  Magnificats,  etc.  (  1(114). 

Veit,  Wenzel  Heinrich  (V&clav  Jindrich], 
b.  Kepnle,  n.  Leitmeritx,  Hohemia,  Jan.  K), 
t8of>;d,  LeitmtiHtx,  Kcb.  rft,  iH()4t  as  president 
of  the  district  court.  A  setf-taught  musician, 
and  excellent  composer,—  Works  :  A  solemn 
mass,  n,  Tts  Dcum,  jjmeluals  ;  a  festival  cantata  ; 
a  symphony,  a  concert-overture,  and  elwmber- 
musio  (5  string-quintets,  (>  sLring-t|uartets,  a 
trio)  ;  male  choruses  in  Ilohuiuian  and  C  ierman  ; 
songs, 

VeUu^ti,  Giovanni  Battista,  the  last  cele- 
brated M/*nwi$hi  (musiM)  ;  b.  Monteront1,  An- 
cona,  r7rti  ;  d.  San  llurson,  in  Keb., 
Pupil  of  ('alp!  at  Uavcmia  ;  «nn#  with 
success  iu  Italy,  also  in  London  (1^35), 

VenAtori'oi.    Sou 


Veno^sa,  Prince  of.    Sue  (i 


^  Ivo  de»  SpmilHh  nuinician,  or^unlstof 
the  Court  Ohupol  at  Munich,—  I  Ju  hi.  niotcta  a  4 
»  1574)  !  <l<>'  «  3  (»S7«)  »  ««voral  huok»  of 


>'  «  3  ( 

cue  loutiwho  Liedctr  "  a  3(i57fl»  '73,  "7ft/  90» 
and  o  4-6  (1570,  '71,  'Ha).  MS,  wafi8«a  tu 
Munich  Library, 

Vea'to,  MattU,b,  Kapltm,  1739  J  «L 
1777,    Pupil  of  the  Conn.  <H  I-orcto, 
prwl  a  operaH  in  NftplcH,  and  4  In  London  ; 
publ,  6  Htrinff-tHojf,  36  j)f,-triofi,  6 
13  carwanets  £.  i-s  voices* 


597 


VENTURELU— VERDI 


Venture!7!!,  Vinceazo,  dram,  com  p.  and 
song -wi  Her ;  b.  Mantua,  Apr.  19, 1851  ;  d.  there 
(by  suicide),  Aug.  22,  1895.  Contributor  to  the 
Milan  "  Gazsetta  Musicale." — Operas,  //  conte 
di  Lara  (Florence,  1876  ;  mod.  succ.) ,  Maria  di 
Xfrh  (not  perf.). 

Venza'no,  Luigi,  b.  Genoa,  about  1814 ;  d. 
there  Jan  26,  1878.  For  years  ist  'cello  in  the 
Carlo  Kelice  Th. ;  also  teacher  of  'cello-playing 
at  the  Cons. —Works  •  Many  songs  (his  u  Valser 
cantabile,"  often  sung  in  the  lesson-scene  of  the 
Barbieret  made  him  popular) ,  an  opera  /fcvi- 
venuto  Cellini  (Genoa,  1870  ?)  ;  an  operetta 
buffa  in  2  acts,  La  notte  degh  sMaffi  ((ienm, 
1873) ;  a  ballet,  Lidia  y  12  Solfeggt ;  pf. -music. 

Veraci'ni,  Antonio,  Florentine  violinist. — 
Publ.  op.  i ,  sonatas  f .  2  vlns.  and  bass,  w,  con- 
tinue (1692) ;  op.  2,  church-sonatas  f.  vln.  and 
bass ;  op.  3,  chamber-sonatas  f.  2  vlns.  w.  buss 
and  cont.  (1696).  One  sonata  from  op.  i,  and 
another  from  op.  2,  have  been  republ.  by  (J. 
Jensen. — His  nephew, 

Veraci'ni,  Francesco  Maria,  celebrated  vio- 
linist ;  b,  Florence,  about,  1685  ;  d.  near  Pisa, 
about  1750.  Appearing  at  Venice  after  successful 
tours,  he  had  great  influence  on  Tailini's  style  ; 
was  for  2  years  (1715-17)  soloist  at  the  Italian 
Opera  in  London  ;  for  5  years  chamber-virtuoso 
at  Uresden  ;  then  for  a  long  time  with  Count 
Kinskyut  Prague;  retired  to  Pisa  in  1747,  after 
unsuccessful  rivalry  (173(1)  with  Gcminiani  at 
London. — Publ.  24  violin-sonatas  w.  bass,  in  3 
books  (in  Jensen's  "Classische  Violmmuslk," 
may  bo  found  his  concert-sonata,  and  2  others) ; 
other  works  MS. 

Verdelot,  (Italianized  Verdelotto,)  Philippe, 
famous  lielgian  madrigal-composer ;  for  a  time 
a  singer  at  San  Marco,  Venice  ;  between  1530- 
40  in  Florence;  died  before  1567.  —  Kxtant 
printed  works :  u  Madrigali  .  .  .  da  cantare 
et  sonarc  ncl  liuto  "  (1536)  ;  3  books  of  madrigals 
«  4  (1537) ;  together  (1566) ;  i  do.  a  5  (1538) ; 
"Verdelot,  La  p!&  divina  e  pUi  bella  musica, 
che  se  udissc  giamai  dclli  present!  Madrigali  a 
sei  voci "  (1541; ;  also  colls,  of  madrigals  a  4-5 
(1540,  '41,  '46.  '66),  and  a  4  (1541) ;— a  book  of 
motets,  **  Philippi  Verdeloti  ckctiones  diver- 
sorum  motettorum  distinctae  4  vocum"  (1549) ; 
detached  motets  in  Uardane's  "  Motctti  del 
fratto,"  T.  ModernVs  "  Motetti  del  fiore/'Mon- 
tan-Neubcr's  "  Magnum  opus,"  Kriesstein's 
"Cantiones  selectissimae,"  Oraphaous'  "  Novum 
et  insigne  opus,"  Attaignant's  great  coll.,  etc.; 
a  mass  is  in  Scotto's  "  Missarum  quinque  liber 
primus  cum  4  voc."  (1544). 

Ver/di>  (Fortunio)  Giuseppe  (Francesco), 

most  eminent  among  contemporary  Italian  opera- 
composers  ;  b.  at  the  village  of  Le  Roncofc,  n, 
Busseto,  Duchy  of  Parma,  Oct.  9,  1813,  His 
father  was  an  innkeeper  and  grocer ;  the  sou1* 
precocious  talent  was  trained  for  a  year  by  the 
village  organist,  Baistrocchi,  whom  V.  succeeded 
at  the  age  of  ten,  and  for  three  more  by  Ferdl- 


nando  Provcsiat  Hussein;  in  1831,  with  pecuniary 
aid  fiom  his  lather's  friend  Antonio  Haicx/.i  of 
IJusscto,  he  icpaired 
to   Milan,    but    was 
refused  admission  to 
the  Conservatory  by 
Basili,   the  JJirccloi, 
on  the  score  of  lack 
of  musical  talent.    V. 
took  private    lessons  > 
in    composition   of 
Lavij>na,  cembalist  at 
La  Scala  ;  in  1833  he 
returned  to  Bussetoas 
conductor  of  the  Phil- 
harm.   See.,   and  or- 
ganist; and  in  1836 
married  Harem's  daughter  Marghon'ta.    In 
with  his  wife  and  two  children,  ho  returned  to 
Milan  with  the  finished  score  of  an  opera  <M<v/i>, 
conte  tit  San  /ttwfjafw,  which  was  accepted  by 
Murulli,  the  impawn  io  for  La  Scaln,  and  pwr- 
formccl  with  success  on  Nov.  1  7,  i  H.^c),  |  Ilefore  thivS 
time  he  ha<l  written,  between  i;j  and  IS,  marches 
for  brass  band,  short  symphonies,  ,sU  concertos 
and  variations  f,  pf.  (which  lu-  played  In'mself), 
many  serenate,  canlate,  nrie,  duett!,  ter/etti,  and 
church-works  (c.  g,,  a  St  filial  Mater)  ;  also,  dur- 
ing the  iirst  three,  years  nt  Milan,  u  symphonies 
ami  a  cantata  ;  then  in  Husseto,  u  "  MCMII,"  a 
"  Vesnro,"  3  TanUim  crgos,  other  chuivh"  music, 
and  choruses  to  A.  Man/oni's  tragedies,  and  "II 
ciiuiuc  Maggio."J    Mcrelli    innnedialely   coin- 
missioned  him  to  write  3  operas,  <»ne  every  eight 
months,  at  4<xx>  lire  apiece,  with  half  the  pro- 
cecils  of  thut  copyright.    The  first  w.is  n  comic 
opera,  Un  giwn*  <//  rqftttt.     In  the  midst  of  the 
work,  his  wife  and  both  children  died  in  swift 
succesKioii  ;  small  wonder  I  hut  an  opera  clistnsUf- 
ful  in  subject,  and  completed  uttder  such  con- 
ditions, should  have  proven!  a  "  dead  failure  " 
(Milan,  Sept.  5,  1840).    V.  wan  HO  dNcounwd 
and  despondent,  that  he  determined  to  give  up 
composition  for  good.      However,  some   time 
after,   McrclH  pcrauaded  hint  to  ht't   to  music 
Solera's  Mafiuffo  (Nebuchadne'xwir),  which  wan 
given  at  La  Scala  on  Mar,  <),  1843,  with  tretnen- 
douH  applause;  Si^norina  SlrepiKxd,  V.'H  future; 
fipouae,  taking  the  rote  of  Ahigaile.     The  succow 
of  /  /,0/tthirtti  alia  pri/fta  Cnvfa 


Cnvfato%  ulmi  nt 
Scala,  on  Feh*  n»  1843,  was  yet  mor«  emphatic, 
especially  as  voicing,  symbolically,  the?  national 
aspirations  of  the  patriotic  Milanese,  Thto  work 
has  survived  the  test  of  time  ;  it  IK  tttiU  played  in 
Italy,  and  wag  Hucccwful  In  UruxtmlM,  though  ICHW 
so  at  Paris  {p&  JfrusakiH  ;  inulttr  which  title  it  wmt 
revived  at  AmHtontam  in  iH<)5).  AV^iM/,  written 
for  I  A  Fenlco  Th.  at  Venice  after  Victor  Ilti^o'H 
Utrnam,  was  greeted  (Mar,  c),  (844)  with  enthu- 
siasm, and  prod,  on  15  different  «taj(<;«  within  9 
months.  In  thin  year  he  married  t«Iu»epplnn 
Strepponi  [sec  below].  Now  followed  a  Merits  of 
works  which  addec\  nothing  to  the 


tfut  JfttmH  (Rome,  Nov.  3,  1844), 
tt'Aree  (Milan,  Kob,  i$,  1845),  J&ira 


59? 


VKRI>I— VKRIIiri,ST 


Aiijf.  r2,  1845),  Atfih  (Venice,  Mai. 
17,  1846),  MtttfofA  (Morcncc,  Mar.  14,  1847), 
/  J/aMMttit'ti  [aftei  Schiller's  A'AMtw\  (London, 
II.  M.'s  ThM  July  22,  1*47),  JAitAakm  \f 
ftwttfittt't/j  icvised  and  atu,'(menu*d|  (Paris,  (irand 
Opeia,  Nov.  ssd,  1847),  //  <'n/\t(/;v  (Trieste, 
Oct.  »5,  ifyH),  and  Af  &;/%//</  t/i  lf$nnut* 
|  Inter  as  /'./.fW/t'  i/\/;/rv//|  (Kome,  Jan.  27, 
1841)).  /w/Arf  Miller  lud  teal  success  at  the 


Teatn)  Sun  Carlo,  Naples,  I  >ir,  S,  1840,  and 
still  holds  the  stajje  in  Ilaly.  MtJ/?tw  (Trieste, 
Nov.  lO,  1850;  prod,  later  as  </;/;;///'////<*  //'<•///<<;- 
;Wr-  ;  also,  with  another  libretto,  as  JtM)  was 
a  failure.  A'^'i'/f'/A',  writ  tea  in  40  days,  and 
brought  («tt  at  Venice,  La  1'Vnice  Th.,  M.ir.  n, 
1851  |  has  also  been  ^iven  as  /  VvfiWf'//i>|,  ushered 
In  Verdi's  most  brilliant  period  ;  it  was  followed 
by  //  '/'/'<»•  wA'/v  (Koine,  Apollo  Th.,  Jan.  i<), 
iHjtf),  ami  Air  /  >./.••/<//</  (Venice,  I,  a  KcniecTh,, 
Mar.  0,  1853  ;  also  niven  as  ^tt^/^'tt^r)^  works 
whieh  established  his  fame  as  the  HI  cutest  living 
Italian  composer  of  opera,  Kor  the  ensuing  iK 
years,  no  signal  triumph  was  recorded  ; 
nfa  v  f  MlifMMx  (Paris,  Opera,  June  13,  1 
in  Italian  /  m/*//  M/iiiui  ;  also  jjiven  as 
WHtttr  tti  tiu  Httttt))  iSVwiw  Jttn'tituttffif  (  Venice, 
Mar.  is,  1857  ;  Jeviscd.aml  sneeesshilly  revived 
at  Milan,  Apr.  13,  iHHi),  Jt'Mtt  {a  revision  of 
(Kiminl,  AUK.  id,  iKf.7),  fto  fo///«/>/ 
(Koine,  Keb.  17,  iH^l,  /.»/  ,/iWMf  */r«/ 
(St.  IVtersbut^t,  Nov.  to,  iK6fl),  J/«/*'- 

and  /'<•// 
were  re- 

,  ccivcd  eiiher  eoollv*  or  \\Jth  minlerate  applause. 
lu  l.a  /(i/'-f/  tfr/  1  fr.\  //'//<»,  linwrvcT,  iH'^un  a  tt.in 
Hition  to  a  lieher  and  mote  elaborate  style  of 
inslrtimentatloti  and  harmony,  which  attained 
very  marked  development  In  ,-/fi//f,  written  for 
the  Khedivr  <»f  Mftypl,  and  liist  jK*rf,  nt  Calrci, 
Dee,  2},  1871  ;  its  overwhelming  HU,m"w  then* 
was  IntrtMifird  w  Milan  (I,  a  Stviltt,  i'Vb,  8, 
1X73)*  and  good  fortune  IWN  attended  its  pro- 
<bkeii(mthr<»ughout  MHm|if  (Hrrlin,  1874  ;  Vienna, 
1875  ;  Paris  and  1  ondmt,  1870  ;  Itrtinwls,  1877  j 
etc:,),  (Us  Man/cud  Keqtifem,  prott.  in  1874, 
m.-ulM  a  fHrw?  in  Maty  ;  its  markedly  theatrical 
lityhi  UUH  prnventoti  an  equally  wjirm  reee,plion  In 
(Icrmuny  ami  Kn^!.»ml,  rlcspitc  its  undeniable 
musical  IwmticH,  ItU  la«t  *tuee-wovks  were 
Cl/Sf/Af  (Mltmi,  Keb.  j, 
Kt»b,  (>,  |8«)3){  the 

tinwl  for  u  lon«  mtd  prt^irnHts  c&rcer.  Un- 
doubtedly influenced  by  his  ettnuimporurieH 
M^yt»rl»e*^rt  (rtiumxi,  wnd  Wfttfnvr  to  hw  trtwt- 
mont  i>f  the  orrhrttra,  Vcrdrn  dr^mntJe  Ntyle 
ncverthelons  nhown  a  twtufjtl  and  indlviduwl  <U?- 
ntmahied  ^sentlally  Itttliun 


, 

iA*jr//V/f»  (St.    IVtersbut^t,   Nov.  to,  iK6fl), 
^»Y//  |tevise«l|  (Paris,   Apr,  it  1,   tHop),  an 
6r///»M  (Paris,  Opew,    Mar,  it,  jHt»7),  we 
ccivcd  eiiher  eoollv*  or  \\Jth  minlerate  app 
' 


A<t  un  orchttstral  wecontpuntment  of  voc'al  mekxly; 
hut  hit*  Inter  Instrumentation  Is  far  man*  careful 
In  tfatail  find  luxuriant  tfiun  that  c»f  the  curlier 
Italian  whwl,  and  hU  rmMy  more 


works  onumoRitctl  .il)ovo1  V.  has  "written  2  books 
of  Romances,  2  MmgK  fc»r  bass,  :i  Nolturno  tt  3 
(S.  'P.  I!.),  etc.;  an  "  Inuo  tlcllc  Na/.ioni,"  foi 
the  tendon  ICxhibtlion  (,1802)  ;  a  Pater  noster 
and  an  A  vc  Maria;  and  a  stiiiu»-cjimrlel  (1^73). 
—  Iliojjraphical  :  The  lalesl  and  best  biography  is 
that  by  <!ino  Monaldi  (publ.  only  in  a  (ierman 
translation  by  Lndwi)»>  Ilolthoi,  at  Leipxitf, 
jScjS),  u  (iiuseppu  Veidi  mid  .seine  Werke,"  a 
well-wiitlei^  interesting,  and  reliable  worlv. 
Knrlher,  by  Poiu»in,  "  N'erdi,  souvenirs  aneedo- 
ti(|iics"(l*aris,  i«7.S  ;  in  Knglisli,  1887;  also  h 
u  (itie  Italian  <kd.,  with  valuable  notes  and  addi- 
tions by  '*  Folchelto  ")  ;  by  Kuj^enio  Chccchi, 
tf<Jinseppti  Vertii,  il  j«enioe  leopcie  "(Florence, 
1887);  by  IManehe  Kooswll,  "  Verdi,  Milan, 
and  Otello"  (London,  1887)1  by  (J.  Pcrosio, 
44  c  Vnni  bio^ralici,0  and  II.  Herman!,  "  Schi//l  " 
(both  at  Mil.itt;  Kict»nli);  by  Basevi,  "Studio 
sn  JU1  ojjere  di<l.  V,"  (Klorenet',  1851))  ;  also  /;/'. 
1'V'tls,  tJrovi',  llansliek  ("  l)ic  inoderuc  <  )per\" 
p,  217),  etc. 


the  titles  of  "  Miirchewt  dt  ftui^m'1  from  the 
King  t»f  Imly,  He  H»  tivlng  In  rttlwment  at  hi* 
vlilt  Sttttt*  AjfkU,  Acmr  DttJweto.—  ikk?4d«H  th« 


luscppina,  ;//<*  Strepponi^lninuttlc 
soprano;  wife  of  <iius('pjK*  Verdi;  1».  l,odi,  Sc'pt. 
|K,  1815;  tl.  Itussftti,  Nov.  i.),  1807.  Daughter 
ttf  the  dramatic,  eoniponer  Keliciano  S,  |d.  Trieste, 
IK,TJ|.  Pui»il  of  Milan  Cons.  1830  5  J  debut 
Trieste,  18^5,  in  A/afihfa  di  Mittbnitt  ;  imimuli- 
ately  eng-  ^or  ln^*  Italian  <  Jporu  at  Viennu,  San^ 
later  ia  chief  Italian  towns;  at  La  Seala,  Milan, 
in  DcmlxfttiVi  fy/jittirw  f  cm  Mar.  i)  she  created 
the  nMe  of  Abijkjaile  in  Verdi's  A'tif'itew,  and 
shared  tlut  youa^  composer's  tiiumph.  After 
their  maril'i^!  in  1^4,4  she  rctinnl  from  the 


,  it  <j  ; 


e\  ut  Klorenee, ;  HWt:«HNful  iltfbut 
there  at  1 6,  us  Marguerite  do  VnlniM  in  IM 
Hutfttttwtxt  then  winx  with  etjual  fortune  nt 
lending;  theatres  in  Italy,  France,  Spain,  and 
Mexico;  won  alw»  welcomed  in  Hcrlin,  London, 
AuHtrulift,  and  the  UnltiM  Stnli'M  a«  a  highly  at1" 
eompllMhed  t*t)itcett-and  tirat(trit»-Kinjj;er,  At  New 
Vork,  in  tH^N  nlui  iiKMiniod  the  part  of  Mur- 
^ut'rlte  in  Uerllox/s  Ihimtwtfon  fa  Faust  t  In  ifif;7t 
us  14  mtitntKT  of  thtft  Abbey  ^  ( irnu  troupo,  »he 
intorpivtad  the  rfiU*M  <»f  Vlolctta,  (Hkln,  Micaola, 
rrlta  dc  Vftlols,  tho  tttfnntn  (f<*  C'/V/), 
rrite  ((rounmrH  /'i/iw/),  and  Chjhelift,  with 
iuc'co»iH.  !fer  voice*  U  a  woll-HchtX>lt?d, 
powerful,  and  Urilllunt  high  mmrano ;  «he  excdft 
In  eolttraitura.  Other  chief  rAh»  are  Lucta  and 
Dlrwrah. 

Verhttltt,  Johannes  (Tosephui  Herman), 
b.  Tht?  Hutfrn*,  Mar.  19,  i«i6 ;  d.  there  Jan,  17, 
tfe}i.  Htudtod  thcw,  at  the  Com,,  under  Volcke; 


Verdonck,  Corneliutt>  b,  Turnhoul,  Helium, 
1  564  ;  d.  Antwerp,  J  uiy  .j  ,  t  (125.  —XVorU  :  1'Veneh 
cimtwtmH  ;  2  l«H»ks  <if  ma<Irig 
ant  I  a  Mn^niiieat  it  5  (1585), 

Vcrc,  Clementine  Duchine  d«  |de  Vere- 
Sapio),  \\t  in  Paris,  Her  lather  was  a  IM^lan 
miblctuun  ;  her  mother,  an  Kiitfllsh  lady,  tier 
mus,  educnliot)  was  completed  under  Mine,  Al- 
' 


VERNIER— VTARDOT-GARCIA 


entered  the  orch.  as  a  violinist  ;  won  several 
prizes  for  comp.  ;  was  a  pupil  of  Joseph  Klein 
at  Cologne,  and  Mendelssohn  (1838)  at  Leipzig, 
where  he  conducted  the  "Euterpe"  Concerts 
till  1842  ;  then  became  Royal  Mus.  Dir.  at  The 
Hague,  and  in  1848  cond.  of  the  concerts  given 
by  the  *'  Maatschappij  tot  bevordermg  dei  toon- 
kunst  "  at  Rotterdam.  He  organized  all  the 
great  Dutch  mus.  festivals  since  1850.  lie  cond. 
the  "  Dihgentia"  Concerts  at  The  I  J  ague  iSGo- 
86,  then  retiring;  also  the  "Cicilia"  Concerts, 
etc.  He  was  a  leader  among  contemporary  J  Hitch 
composeis.—  Works  :  A  symphony,  3  overtures, 
and  an  Intermezzo,  f.  orch.  ;  7  festival  cantatas  ; 
a  Tantum  ergo  f.  ch.  and  orch.  ;  a  Clemens  est 
Dominus  f.  double-chorus  and  orch.  ;  a  mass  f. 
4  solo  voices,  ch.  and  orch.  ;  other  sacred  music  ; 
choruses,  songs  ;  and  3  string-quartets. 

Vernier,  Jean-Aim6,  b.  Paris,  Aug.  if>,  1769; 
d.  (?).  Harpist  at  the  Opera-Comique,  1795  ;  at 
the  Ope'ra  1813-38  ;  then  pensioned.  —  Publ. 
sonatas  f.  solo  harp,  and  f.  violin  and  harp  ;  a 
quartet  f  .  harp,  pf  .  ,  oboe,  and  hoi  n  ;  trios  f  .  harp, 
flute,  and  'cello;  harp-duos;  fantasias,  vai.s, 
etc.,  f.  harp. 

Vero'vio,  Simone,  the  first  copper-plate  nnisie- 
printcr,  working  at  Rome  about  1  586-1604.  1  1  is 
process  marked  a  long  step  beyond  Tctrucci's 
movable  types. 

Vesque  von  Pii  tt'lingen,  Johann  (pen-name 
"  J.  Ilovcn"),  b.  Opole,  Poland,  July  23,  1803  ; 
d.  Vienna,  Oct.  30,  1883.  Intended  for  a  govern- 
ment career,  he  took  the  degree  of  JDt\  jttris  at 
Vienna,  and  became  a  councillor  of  slate  ;  but 
studied  music  under  Moscheles  and  Sechter,  was 
an  excellent  pianist,  and  made  his  mark  as  a 
comp.  of  operas  ;  Tnrandof,  1838  ;  Johanna 
d'Arc^  i8*jo  ;  I.iebewaitber  \K8lhfhtn  twn  //<•//- 
&TWW],  1845;  JRinA&fHteitfrJCarls  //.,  1850; 
Der  hisllge  Rath,  1852  ;  and  Lips  Tellian,  1854. 
Also  publ.  "  Das  rnusikalische  Autorrccht  " 


Viada'na,  Ludovico  (da),  rtde  Ludovico 
Grossi,  b.  Viadana,  n.  Mantua,  1564  ;  d.  (Jtial- 
tieri,  May  a,  1645.  Al&tstw  at  Mantua  Cath., 
1594-1609  ;  later  at  Fano,  Papal  States,  at  Con- 
cnrdia  in  Venctia,  and  finally  nt  Mantua  in  1644. 
This  famous  church-composer  was  formerly  ac- 
credited with  the  invention  of  the  basso  continue) 
(thorough-bass)  ;  but  Peri's  Kivridiet  (publ.  1600) 
has  a  figured  bass  in  certain  numbers,  as  well  as 
Banchieri's  "Concert!  ecclesiastic!  "  (publ.  1595); 
whereas  V.'s  "  Cento  concert!  ...  con  il 
basso  continue  "  did  not  appear  till  1602,  Ap- 
parently, however,  he  was  the  first  to  write 
church-concertos  with  so  few  parts  that  the  organ- 
continuo  was  employed  as  a  necessary  harmonic 
support.  —  Works  :  Canzonets  a  4  (1590)  and  a  3 
(1594)  ;  madrigals  a  4  (1591)  and  <t  6  (1593)  ; 
masses  a  4  (1596  ;  often  republ.)  ;  a  books  of 
vesper-psalms  a  5  (1595,  1604),  and  a  8  (1602)  ; 
"Falsi  bordom"  a  5  (1596)  ;  2  books  "Com- 
pletorium  romanum  "  a  8  (1597,  1608)  ;  motets  ft 
3  (1597)  ;  psalms  and  Magnificats  a  4  (1598; 


oltcn  rcpubl  ) ;  "  Oflicium  del  iiiictomni  "  (1000)  ; 
the  celebrated  *4  ('onto  Conceit!  ecclesiastic!  if  it 
a  2,  a  3  et  a  4  voci  con  il  basso  continno  per 
sonar  nell'  oignno.  Nova  invent  ionc  comoda 
per  ogni  soile  <li  Canton  e  I>CM  j.>li  Organist? " 
(Venice,  I  look  i,  1002;  41)1  eel.  ion,  also  as 
"OpusmusinmihancMum  oona'ntuuin  .  .  .  ", 
Kiankfort,  1612;  Hook  ii,  if)(>7  ;  Hook  iii,  ion 
[and  ed.  | ;  complete  oil.  "  Opera  oniniinn  sa- 
cioium  conccntuuni  i,  2,  3  et  4  vontm  .  .  .  ", 
containing  i^O  motets  and  .snored  concerts,  Kinnk- 
fort,  1620);  Litanies  </  3-12  (1^)7  [2nd  etl.  | ) ; 
il  Ofllnum  ac  m issue  deiuwtoruiii  5  vo<\"  (lut^i) ; 
u Lament Jitiones  Ilieiemiae"  I.  4  e<|iml  voires 
(1609) ;  **  Syiuphoniemiisicali  "  a  8,  for  all  kinds 
of  inslr.s,  w.  /ig.  orgnn-lwuss  (1610);  4I  Kehpon- 
soria  ud  lamentationes  Ilieremiae.j  voe."  (ifnx)) ; 
"Compltitoiium  romanum  (juateniis  vocihns  <le 
cantiindum,  nnacttm  b.  cont,  [)ioorj»jinoM(i(K»(j); 
"  Salmi  a  4  voet  pan  col  basso  per  1'organo,  brevi, 
comodi  od  ariosi  con  2  Magnificat  "  (i(»ic») ;  'IV 
Deum  and  Salve  regina  a  8  (1611*) ;  "  &|  Credo 
a  canto  fermo  ..."  (I(>NJ);  and  (posthu- 
mous) *'  Missa  defuncloiiun"  //  3  (10(17), 

Vian^si,  Augustc-Charlcs-L(Sonard- 
Fran<jois,  b.  Leghorn,  Nov\  a,  1837.  He 
finished  his  mus.  education  in  I'aris,  \vhil her  he 
had  come  in  1857  with  a  letter  of  recommenda- 
tion to  Rossini ;  in  iH5c)  became  cond,  at  Drury 
Lime,  London ;  was  then  at  New  York,  Moscow, 
and  vSt.  Petersburg,  later  eowluctintf  Italian 
opera  for  12  years  at  Coveiit  (Jarden;  has  n  ISA 
cond.  Italian  opcni- troupes  in  many  other  cities. 
On  July  r,  1887,  he  was  chosen  to  succeed  Alles 
as  ist  fhef  //V;v/f*v/;v  nt  the  (inmd  Opera,  >' 
Paris;  conducted  typeru  in  New  York,  iS()i  a. 

Viardot-Garcla,  (Michelle-Ferdinand*-) 
Pauline,  famous  dnmmtic  Hinfjet,  (hui^hter  c>i 
Manuel  del  Popolo  Catcia;  1>.  Parlsf  July  18, 
1821.  She  was  taken  by  her  jmrcmtH  to  Knj[>  taiui 
and  America  ;  had  pf.- lessons  frcitn  Ve^a, 
organist  at  Mexico  c!alh.,  »lst»  (on  rctuiidnj;  u» 
PariHin  1828)  from  Meysenhcru  and  Lts/t.  Her 
father  and  mother  both  tfuve  her  vocal  instruction; 
Keidui  was  her  toucher  hi  hnnnony*  Her  con- 
cert debut  was  nt  Itrussels  in  1837  ;  after  shiKUiK 
in  (Jcrmanv  and  Paris,  she  came  out  in  opcta  at 
London,  1839,  as  Dewlemonu  In  Otto/fa*  MU\  was 
enjf.  by  Viardot*  lh«  director  of  the  ThetUre 
Itnlien,  Pari«.  She  snnjf  there  until  her  marriage 
with  M.  Vlardot  in  1841  ;  h«  then  acnimpunied 
her  on  lon^f  tours  throughout  Kurope,  In  184^ 
she  created  th«  role  of  KUlen  in  /,*•  /Vr»///^  nt 
the  Grand  Opelru,  Paris,  and  that  of  Sttpho  jn 
(JounocVa  opera,  1851 ;  «fter  another  HUtvr«Hi*m 
of  taunt,  she  took  the  «>lo  of  Orphee  in  Iterlioy/H 
revival  of  (Muck's  operu  ill  the  Th.-t,yrjqn<% 
iHs()t  Rindn^  the  part  r$o  ni^htn  to  crowded 
houscfl,  In  7861  Nlto  nNo  took  part  in  the  re- 
vival of  GlucVft  Alftstfi  most  mlinimbly  inter- 
pwtinjf  the  exccHHively  dlfUcult  title-rota,  Slw 
retired  to  Haden-ltadtm  In  1863  ;  ulneti  iKyt  wbc 
htiH  dwelt  in  PuriK  and  nougivid,  Her  voice  wan 
a  megzo-Hopruno  of  extruordliuiry  compawi  (from 


600 


VICKNTINO-VIKUXTKMPS 


luss  r  to  /  i),  and  while  neither  sweet  nor  even, 
lent  itsell  te.ulilv  to  ever)  form  of  diamatic  ex 
piession.  She  \\as  a  wonder!  ul  actress.  Kor 
some  years  she  taught  at  (he  I  'at  is  Cons.;  among, 
her  pupils  were  I>CMICC  Allot,  <  Jrgeni,  Antoinelle 
Sterling,  and  Marianne  Iltandt.  A  tlionm^hly 
tiained  musician,  she  h,  is  al-.n  romp.  operas,  one 
of  which,  /./'(/rvwV;M<>;//rT,  was  pci  I'  .  at  \\Vhnar, 
Karlsruhe,  and  Riga  as  Av  kf  fr/tiN/vtw;  this 
opcta,  /''iv*!  ;||1{1  XV«y*  i/i'/rw/tfiw,  were  given 
at  her  ptivate  the.it  re  in  Ha'dcn-Iiaden.  About 
(>o  vocal  melodies  lu\c  been  puhl.,  and  have  won 
wide  popnj.uily  ;  also  f>  pieces  f,  pf.  and  violin, 
and  an  "  Keolc  elassiquc  tie  chant."  A  biogr. 
sketch  of  Mine.  \  i.irdoM  Ian  i,i,  bj>  l.a  Mara,  is 
pnhl  l>y  Hiritkiipf  iSf  Ha-rtcl.-'l'ler  daughter, 
Mine.  Louise  Hcrittc-Viardot,  l».  Paris,  Dec. 
I,;,  iS.|i,  taught  Mugim;  .it  the  ttoeh  Cons., 
Km  nk  ft  n't,  lor  s«»ine  years  (till  iSHh),  and  then 
estahl.  a  vocal  school  at  Iteilin;  cmnp.  2  cotnie 
operas,  ////i/i»/i»  (\\eimar,  1^70)  and  A/.v  /////•- 
<Au\/i;\/  (Stockholm,  iMo)  ;  a  pf.-quaitet  ;  a 
tcivello  f,  iemule  voices,  etc,  Two  other  dangh- 
tcrs,  Mine.  Chamerot-V.,  aiul  Marianne  V., 
are  line  eoneett  -si  tigers  ;  her  son,  Paul  Viardot, 
I*,  Cowtavent,  July  tti»,  1*57,  ami  a  pupil  of 
Leonard,  is  an  excellent  violinist  ;  in  iHt$  he 
was  tempoiarily  tfof  »/V/  r  A',*//v  at  the  Op«Va. 

Viccnti'no,  Nicola,  h,  \  tcen/a,  1511;  d. 
Milan,  ahont  isyo,  Tnpil  of  NVill.ieil  nt  Venice; 
wttf\(ii*  and  mii'iif'HUMet  to  the  i'linees  d'Kste 
nt  I'errar.ii  then  for  sot»u*  years  in  the  service  of 
Cardinal  Ippolito  d*ttst«*  'nt  Uotne,  Here  his 
book  of  m,idtitf'*N  ^  *i»  an  attempt  to  revive  the 
chromatic  and  enharmonic  genera  «>f  the  (lict-ks, 
led  lit  an  acatietnic  cottlioNctsy  with  the  learned 
I'ortu^ue*i(*  fintsi*  la  it  l.ushauo;  defeated,  V. 
pnbl.  a  thcoictii.d  tttsitise,  Mt.'antica  nuisu-a 
ridotta  alia  mmtema  pt.tttlcu"  (15?  5),  which 
likewise  contains  a  drseiiptifin  of  his  invention, 
an  instr,  calleil  the*  a»'ldeeml»alit  (having  t*  key- 
hoards  with  separate  string  nml  keys  for 
distinj'.tiKhiuK  the  ancient  ^eneta*  diatonic, 
chiomatic,  and  enluu  niofdc),  tie  ahu^  Invented 
and  desenbi'd  (t.^it)  an  "  Arrlilorwanci."  In 
chromatic  t'oinpitsitioit  he  w*ti  followed  by 
<  'yprian  de  Uore  mid  <  JcNuahlo,  Hi**  work  paved 
the  way  for  Uie  nu»nodlc  style,  and  the  eventual 
disuse*  of  the  ehW'clMM«U'H, 

Victoria.    KIT  VitmtiiA* 

Vidal,  Loui»»Antoinet  t*.  Houen,  July  xo» 
lHao,  \viiter  and  musician;  Vello-pupit  of 
Frwnchomtiu\-*t'ubt,  "U^  inwtrtinuntthAarchet, 
IC*N  faiwur^  len  jiHteiu**  d'hist^s,  lettr  hlstolnt 
»ur  )r»  continent  ruro|n!unf  HttJvie  d'un  cntitlmtiw 
de  la  muNlfjuc  tie  chumbre"  (;\  VOJ.M  ; 
iH;^  H;  with  tao  illustrativu  plute«  <*n* 
by  I'VtMt'rie  Ulllemucltef)*  an  lntt*n*«thij( 
nn 


U«)ine,  iKrti.  In  iS»),j  he  suorceded  Mouxin  as 
teaehet  of  the  solte^e-class  at  the  Cons.;  beeanie 
eond.  ol  the  Sunday  Conceits  at  the  (irand 
(  )pt'ra  ;  and  in  iH<)(>i  succeeded  Madier  de  Mont- 
jati  as  t'//t'/'  t/'wt'Jti'jfw  at  the  (Jiand  ()]X'ia. 
Hesid(ks  3  pantomines  he  has  prod,  the  >nct 
lyn'c  fantasy  /w<».v  (iS«)2),  a  ballet,  /,<r  Mtifatfrfttr 
(iS<);0,  2  i-aet  ojien'ttas,  1  e  mttritifp  </'  JVv7/ir', 
and  f.a  ttt'wfhut  tit  .SV,-.  /;/«/;•/,  and  tlus  ;j-a<'t 
lyric  drama  (itwntii\t  ((  >pcra-Comi(iite1  iH<>5); 
ninnerons  ohnnil  crmjp.s  ;  an  orch.l  suite,  "  I.es 
mystcres  d'Kleusis,"  etc. 

Vicr'dauk,  Johann,  organist  of  the  Mnrien- 
kirciie,  Stralsnnd.  -Publ.  u  Ncne  Pavancn, 
(JajClianlen,  ItalU'tte  nnd  Conrerte"  f,  i»  vlns., 
violone,  and  b.  eont.  (K»4i);  and  "  (ieistlielic 
Concerte1'  tt  a-,j,  w.  basso  cont,  (f6,}2,  \\$)m 


Johantt  Gottfried,  b.  Met/els,  n. 
Meinin^en,  Jan.  20,  1750;  d.  as  organist  til 
SuhmalUaldcn,  Nov.  2'J,  iKi^,  having  succeeded 
his  teaeher,  Tischlcr.  Also  studied  with  (  '.  I'h, 
K,  Uai'ii,  and  KirnbtM^er,-  Ptibl.  "13  leiehte 
(  >rjvelsjl\eke  "  ;  **  Versuch  einer  Anlfitting  v\\ 
l'utludirenll\r  Un^elUttere"(i7<)4);  "SammlunK 
lelchter  Orjielstileke"  (i7»M);  ll.|H  leiehte  Or- 


..j[ullnn-dr<b-MAiArii»fHM 
lutlwrli*  rl  11 


VIdal,  Paut-Antonin,  U  T<ml«niHe,  him*  t6f 
.   l*ut»it  (*f  iMft  (Vmft.;  limt  Gmn4  prix  do 


ttj ;  "  AllgeiUftn  fasslieher 
Ifiiierrieht  im  C.pwralbass"  tiHoij);  *•  Leiehto 
Choralvorspicle  "  (1X07) ;  also  a  <  'horalbiieh  <r  4, 
w«  Inlrod.  lothoroiigh*l)ass(i7H<))  ;a  pf.»(|unrlet, 
3  pf,-lrlos,  antl  o  pi. -sonatas, 

Viewing,  Georg,k  Krankentlinl,  hdatinale, 
Sept.  5,  1830.  Pupil  of  his  father,  the  organist 
Jacob  V.  [  t7oo-iH(>7| ;  then  oi  Neeb  at  r'rank- 
fort  (pf.),  Uinck  at  UmuMadl  (org.),  Marx  at 
ilerlin  (eornp,;  1^42-5);  1847,  organist  of  the 
Obrrkit'che,  Knmkfoii.onX)der ;  i*$?,  5,  eoml. 
of  the  Mrtftrtttfr/ \\l  Majence;  then  settled  in 
Merlin,  when*  he  founded  nnd  for  some  \cars 
eon  d  tit1  led  the  /6/f/M'fVf/// ,'  received  the'  title 
of  UK,  MIIH,  Plr,"  in  iHfjij,  at»<l  shortly  «fu«r 
resigned  Ids  pttbllc  positions  to  devote  himself 
to  composition.-  -  Works:  The  secular  cantatas 
(oratorios)  /»<r  AW////  ^v  Stifriwrinwu  (op,  30), 
Afat'tfJix  */rir/C(tp,  $H),  and  Ctwif/titi/ift  (op,  <»t|) ; 
l»Malm  137,  f,  tenor  solo,  eh.,  and  oreli.,  o|i.  22  ; 
/ft'M  itttti  /,(V/;/r/rV',  f,  do,  op,  30  ;  /#;•  H  W///IW, 
f.  soil,  male  eh.,  nnd  orch.,  «tp.  ^u  ;  fatJwttnttttt^ 
f.  noli,  mal^du,  and  pf,,  op,  10;  1  Nairn  nx)  I1. 
xnix«d  ehoruH  */  faff  f /fit ;  many  other  c'hrtrnt 
works  with  nnd  without  mromp.;— it  nymphony 
in  C,  op.  ;^;< ;  overtures  to  '/'///'  7iv///r-*V,  /I/ri/vV 
iV/wrr/,  /)/«*  //MMttttttMrMtnAf  [Klt?htt|,  /Vi1 
7/lft*v  [Kltgrrji  nud  '*  Ini  KrUhllng";  Caprircio 
f,  pf.  w,  orch.;  ['haiitusltisttiek  f*  violin  w,  wmnll 
tirt'h, ;  VhantaKle  f,  pf,  ttnd  Velio;  3  I'liatttante- 
xtUeke  f.  da;  PhmitMlestlU'ke  lt  pf.  und  violin  ; 
tt  Mtri»jc^l«nttct,  <»p.  56;  n  pf,*tri<»,  op,  51  j  pf,« 
picceH  (Honattt,  op,  44 ;  ValwM  'ui^Hcts  op,  43 ;  u 
impromptu*,  op.  53 ;  etc.) ;  orKim-piurw,  op. 
«,1  { t^lc. 

Vi«uxtempi>  Henri,  U,  Vorvlum,  ltcl$(lumt 
'  *    80,  tttft) ;  d.  Mtifttnpha,  Alglen*,  Juno  6, 


VTEUXTEMPS— VILLOTEAU 


1881.  Famous  violinist ;  his  first  teacher  was  his 
father,  a  piano-tuner  and  instrument-maker,  who 
soon  turned  him  over 
to  Lccloux,  with 
whom  he  made  a 
concert-tour  at  8. 

From  i  829-30  he  

studied  with  dc  He-  '%M®*F&'.  WHf  "t 
riot  at  Brussels ; 
played  successfully 
at  concerts  in  Paris  ; 
Studied  harmony 
with  Sechter  at  Vi- 
enna in  1833,  while 
on  a  German  tour ; 
visited  London  in 

1834,  and    took    a 

course  in  composition  with  Reicha  at  Paris  in 

1835,  producing  some  original  woiks  next  year 
5n  Holland.     In  1837  he  revisited  Vienna,  and 
made  successful  Russian  tours  in  i838-<) ;  com- 
posed the  Conceito  No.  r,  in  E,  and  the  Fan- 
taisie-Caprice  in  A,  making  with  the  former, 
especially,  a  profound  impression  at  Antwerp 
(1840),  and  at  Paris  and  London  (1841).    From 
1844-5  he  toured  America  ;  from  1846-52  he  was 
solo  violinist  to  the  Czar,  and  prof,  at  the  St. 
Petersburg  Cons. ;  then  recommenced  his  wan- 
derings,    lie  twice  revisited  America ;  in  1857, 
with  Thalberg,  and  in  1870,   with    Christine 
Nilsson   and  Marie  Krebs.     From  ifl7J-3  he 
was  prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the  Brussels  Cons.; 
in  the  latter  year  a  stroke  of  paralysis,  affect- 
ing his  left  side,  cut  short  his  career  as  a  vir- 
tuobo ;  though  he  still  taught  for  a  time,  after 
partial  recovery.     With  de  Ueriot  he  stood  at 
the  head  of  the  modern  French  school  of  violin- 
playing  ;  many  of  his  compositions  still  grace  the 
repeitoryof  leading  violinists, — Works:  6  con- 
certos— No.  I,  op.  30,  in  K  ;  2.  op.  19,  in  F  # 
min,;  3.  op.  25,  in  A ;  4.  op.  31,  in  I)  min.;  5. 
op.  37,  in  A  min.;  6.  op.  47,  in  (J ; — several  con- 
certinos ;  Ffintfti.sie  w.  orch. ;  Uallade  and  Polo- 
naise, w.  orch.;    Fantnisie-Cnprice,  w.  orch.; 
fantaisies  on  Slavic  themes,  op,  21,  27  ;  Introd. 
et  Rondo,  op.  29 ;   "  Ilommage  a  Pugmiini," 
Caprice,  op.  9  ;  sonata,  op.  12  ;  vur.a  on  "  Yan- 
kee Doodle,"  op.  17  ;  Duo  concertrmt  f.  pf,  and 
violin,  on  Don  Gwrnxni,  op.  2o ;  Duo  brilliant 
f.  do.,  on  Hungarian  themes  (w.  Krkel);  suite, 
op.  43  ;  6  concert-studies  w.  pf.,  op.  1 6  ;  3  ca- 
denzas to  Beethoven's  violin-concerto  ;  fantaisiea, 
caprices,  etc. ;— also  2  'cello-concertos ;  an  TClegy, 
and  a  sonata,  f,  viola  or  'cello  ;  a  Grand  duo  f. 
violin  and  'cello  (w.  Servais) ;  an  overture  (op. 
41)  on  the  Helgian  national  hymn ;  etc.— Bio- 
gjaphy  by  Radoux:  "II.  V.,  sa  vie  et  scs 
ceuvres"  (1891). 

Vieuxteraps,  Jules-Joseph-Ernest,  brother 
of  preceding ;  b.  Brussels,  Mar.  x$,  1832 ;  d. 
Belfast,  Mar.  20, J  896.  Was  for  yean* solo  'cellist 
at  the  Italian  Opera,  London ;  also  in  Halll's 
orch.  at  Manchester. 


b.  Montpellier,  June  3,  [829  ;  cl.  Tan's,  Mar.  i<;, 
1884.  Pianist  and  organist^,  studied  at  the  Pans 
Cons,  imdc'i*  Lemoine,  Ilnlcxy,  and  llcnoisl,  win- 
ning thc(iinnd  i>m  <le  Rome  in  1^44;  from 
1850,  organist  at  Sl.-Kugrne,  Paris. — Prod.  2 
comic  operas,  -///  tlait  </<•  litne  (1^57),  and  *•//- 
manstir  (185^) ;  ft  nie.th<xl  f.  pf. ;  and  ininuMous 
well-written  pi. -pieces  (3  Morceaux  de  salon,  op. 
23  ;  3  ('nprieus,  op.  25  ;  Klisir  d'amoro,  op.  34 ; 
u  Les  AmasEoneH,"  j»ulop  ;  ete.) 

Villanis,  Luigi  Alberto,distinguished  writer 
ami  critic;  l>.  San  Maun),  n.  Turin,  June  20, 
1803.  Alter  taking  the  decree  of  LI,,  I),  at 
Turin  Univ.  in  1^87,  he*  gave  tip  the  law  for 
music,  studying  composition  under  Thernrignon 
at 'Purin,  and  ilnishinj;  uiwler  ('iiivero.  Apj>, 
prof,  of  mus.  ix'Sthctios  and  history  at  Turin 
Univ.,  i8(jo;  gave  well-attended  lecture's  on  the 
philosophy  of  music,  iH<)5-7;  .since  iHtjo,  con- 
tributor to  various  papcts,  nodil>ly  the  *Minx- 
xcttix  Musicale"of  Milan,-  PtihI.  "  II  ctJtitcnuto 
dclla  musica"  (rHgi) ;  "  Kslctica  del  lihretlo 
nella  musica"  (iH()2) ;  **  II  /fvV-///f»//v'nella  mu- 
sica moderna"  (iH<)i) ;  "  1/esteticji  c  In  Psyche 
moderna  nella  musica  contempornnea "  (iKi)s); 
"Come  si  ascoltn  la  musica,  e  come  si  clovrebbc 
ascoltare"  (iHcjo)  ;  many  essays  in  the  "(la//. 
Mus., "and  critical  studies  in  "  I/illuhtrution 
italienne."  Is  preparing  a  comprehensive  work 
on  the  development  of  the  several  Schools  of 
Music,  duo  to  the  clavichord  and  pianoforte. 

Villaro'sa,  Carlantonio  de  Rosa,  nmrchcsc 
di,  b.  Naples,  Jan.  i,  1703;  tl.  there  Jan.  30, 
I&17.  App.  Koyal  Historiographer  in  1823.-"  • 
Publ.  "  Mcmorte  del  conijxjsitorc  di  musica  del 
regno  di  Nupctli "  (1840),  now  superseded  by 
Klorimo's  "(Vnni  slorici"  ;  also  "  I.ettem  bio- 
graHca  intonio  alia  pat  Hit  cd  nllu  vita  di  (i,  U, 
Pergok'Hi,"  a  Hctcond  cd,  appearing  in  iH.n  as 
"UiograliadUi.  H.  P." 

Villars,  Frangois  de,  b.  f  let  Hotirbon,  Jan. 
26,  1825  ;  d.  Paris,  Apr,,  1870,  where  he  was 
mm  ftuilletottiste  of  "  L'Kurope/1  and  writer 
for  "I/Art  musical,"— Publ,  "A/  .SVvw  f*i~ 
drmM*  son  Apparition  A  Paris  1753,  son  analyse, 
son  influence"  (1803);  '•  Notices  stir  I.ulgi  e 
Kcclerico  Klcci,  miivies  tl'uwi  nnalysti  eriti<(iu*  tie 
Crispin*  f  In  Owa/v"  (t806);  nntl  "  Len  tletu 
4»^w>  dc  <;hirk  "(1868). 

Villebois,  Constintin  Petrovitch,  Russian 
song-composer;  b,  Wanuiw,  Mity  ac;,  1817;  d. 
there  July  ia,  iHHa, 

Villoing-,  Alexander,  b.  St.  Pot«r»lnir# ;  d. 
there  in  Sept.,  1878.  Known  to  fmwi  an  th« 
pf," teacher  of  Anton  mul  Nlcholn«  Rublrmteln, 
And  other  pupil*  of  note.  H«  UHslsttHi  «t  A, 
Hubin«teii/«  dtibut  at  PariH  In  1841.  His 
"Kcole  pratique clu  Piano"  embodies  hi«  Myntcm 
of  inutraction  ;  the  technical  **xerdKtfM  un»  v«ry 
ingenious  And  practicul.  Comp,  A  concerto,  ttwt 
Hmftllor  pieceH. 


w.  «  MHMMHr.  VUlotwu,  Gulllaume-ABdrt.  b.  IMUM, 

Vilbac,  (Alphonae-Chwrles-)  R«nud  de,     Otne,  Sept.  6,  1759  i  d.  Touts,  Apr.  as,  1839. 


VINCKNT— VIOLK 


Choir-boy,  then  tenor,  at  Le  Mans  C'alh.;  later 
at  Notic-P.nnc,  Paris;  choius-singer  at  the 
Ope'ia.  Having  studied  philosophy  at  the  Sor- 
honne,  lu1  was  qualilicd  inr  cltriion  as  ,i  member 
of  the  scientific  commission  which  accompanied 
Napoleon  to  Kgypt,  and  made  a  special  study  of 
Oriental  nwsic.-'-PuhL  4  cssajs  (in  the  jimii 

" 


work  issued  by  the  novernmrnt,  ""  Description  de 
rKjjyptt*  ")  entitled  "  Ihsseilal  ion  stir  U  musit|uc 
des  fmcicns  cj»yp1i«Mis"  ;  *'  tessellation  sur  les 
diverses  cspeces  d'inshtnnents  de  musi(|iie  quc 
Ton  rcmarquc  patnii  les  sculptures  qui  di'eoienl 
les  antiques  momnm-nts  de  I'Kgyplc  „  .  ." 
(Herman  tiansl.,  iHai);  "  I  »e  iVtat  acluel  de  1  art 
musical  en  Ky.ypt4'  ,  .  .";  and  "  Description 
idstoruiue,  ti'chmo,ue  ct  lit  tenure  des  inslrit- 
mentsdc  niUMquc  ties  (  MicntaUN  ";»  also  a  "Mc- 
moiie  sur  la  povabilitr  el  I'litllite  d'uue  theorie 
exacte  des  principes  nattuvls  de  la  niusiqut1  " 
(1870),  IMMIUJ  an  introduction  to  his  "  Keeher- 
ehes  stir  ranalojjie  dr  la  inUM'tjiie  avee  les  arts 
qui  out  puitrolijet  I'ttititatioii  (lu  !an^a^<e  .  ,  ,n 
(1807;  li  vnl.'i). 

*  Vincent,  AlcxandrMoRCph-HyduIpho,  1», 
Hesdiu,  I'jis-iiiM  \jlaK,  Nov.  tt<»,  t;t)7  ;  d.  I'aris, 
Nov.  uu,  iH(»K,  J'toL  of  niatitematies  at  the 
t'olUV.0  SI,  -Louis,  I'aiis;  meiuher  of  the  Acade- 
mic* nntl  of  the  Sot1,  of  AntitjUaites  ;  cnsinjiian 
of  the  tihuryof  IvanuMlsoeietu'sut  the  Minisuy 
of  i'uhiie  lustntt'tion,  An  investigator  of  an- 
('ient  (Ircekauil  K.itin  inusir,  he  championed  ilio 
itlea  that  the  Creeks  used  chords  (harmony)  ;  he 
likewise  sought  to  icu\c  the  einplovuii'tit  of  the 
quartet-  tone.  <  >n  these  subjects  he  puhl,  a  ijieat 
number  of  essays,  some  of  which  were  repimted 
in  pamphlet  '(mm,  ami  rcpotts  of  the  Academic, 
KctciUiiie  jntttnals,  etc,  His  rttus,  .icdvity  was 
scalhinnly  critici'U'd  by  W.n*j  also  //;  UIK- 
MANN, 

Vincent,  Htrinrkh  Joseph,  b,  Thdlhcim,  it, 
VVUr/hurjj;,  Kt  t»,  tf,i,  iHitj.   KenounciuK  tfuutlt^y 


and  law,  he  became  a  tenor  hinder  in  theatres  at 
Virniw(iH47)l  Haltc,  nml  \Vl\t  /Uut>jj  from  1 
-teacher,  and  ctnid.  »l  the 


cidy,  at  <'/ctm»wit/,  ttukowlita;  latt*r  removed 
tn  virnim.     Works;  <  >pt*ras  />;r  Ai*///r;'/^(  Unlit1, 


J  untl  AiW^  J/wtf/(Wbf/burttv  1^70);  j 
operettas,  and  popular  wmgtf*  As  a  writer  he  h 
:i  warm  (U'fritilcr  uj  \\w  **  Clmmia"  Scwlfty'n  ia- 
Imlf-tonc  system;  has  pttlil,  "  Kcin  (Jenetallm^H 
mehr"(iHCK*),  "  Dlw  Kinhrlt  In  dor  Ttww?U" 
(iH6a),  "  l)iii  Nruclaviatur1'  ({#74);  ;tml  Article 
rm  the  c.htowatie  keylK*»rtl  ami  ftoution  in 


Vincent,  Charles  Jfofm*  b. 
Sprln^,  Durham,  KnftUml,  Sc*]^.  It;,  1853, 
t'upll  <>t  hh  fdth«tr,  Clurli-*  Mm  V*  [orjfatdntat 
St.  Mit'lmd'sl;  from  iH(*.|,  chorister  at  1  )urimm 
<^th,  umltir  Or*  Anntn;  in  IK<«;,  <tr#mi*t  itt 
Monkwcarmouth ;  from  1876-8,  *t.  at 
Ctmn.;  then  org,  nt  TttvlHlmi  unt)  Kelly  < 
Miu.  lUi<*M  Hxon.,  1878;  Mtm, 
<>f  (UtrN  Ch.,  Hamiwtiwl,  Ix 
At  Examiner  to  Trinity  Calico  he 


has  xiMlccl  South  Aftica  (iKi)3)  ami  Australia 
(i,S<>7).  Joint-cdiloi  oi  the  "  Oi^anisl  and  Clioir- 
in.istei,'1  \Yniks;  (>iatoiii>  Kuth  (Ilniupstead, 
iS,'S<.);  /'.wii/;/  <>S,  /'//«•  /J,/i»  »»/  /v'i\s/,  and  XV/c 
f>vn  •///'///;  r|/  ///r  tr/tt'tr/,  cantatiis  f  soli,  ch.f  and 
oreh,;  />  cantatas  f.  fejnaie  voic«s  ;  "Honour 
and  pi  aiso  to  Music/1  choral  fuj»iu»  in  K  pails; 
vocal  duels;  over  im  st»nj;;.  ;•—  orch.l  overture 
"The  Sloitn"  (iKi).|);  pieees  f.  'cello  ami  pi., 
vii»lin  and  pf.,  and  pf.  solo;  or^'.ui-nuisie  ;  -the 
text-hooks  "A  Year's  Study  at  the  Piano," 
"Kirsl  Principles  of  Music,"  "Choral  Instructor 
for  Treble  Voices,"  "On  Scoring  for  an  <>i- 
ehestta"  (in  "The  ilritish  Musician,"  iH«j7); 
etc.  His  hrother,  George  Frederick  V«,  b. 
Mar.  27,  iHsp;  pupil  of  Lrip/ltf  Cons.  iK7,t  (>; 
since  iSHii  organist  and  choirmaster  at  St. 
Thomas's,  Sundcrland;  also  c<md,  the  Choial 
MocM  the  Ladh's'  Orch,l  SocM  and  the  Amateur 
Opera  Soe,,  at  Sunderland.  \Yell-ktuwn  con- 
cert -organist  .--Works  :  Operettas;  a  cantata, 
.S»  ////w/A/vi1  (//A1;1/,  f.  bar.  solo,  cli.,  aiul 
orch,  (i.S«;S);  fronts,  anthems,  etc,;  --it  l-'antasiaM 
ami  Ku^ites  f.  ii  pf.s  ;  pf.-picces;  a  \ol,s  of 
orj';an-  pieces;  ct<*, 

Vinxci,  Pietro,  b,  Nicosia,  Sicily,  i$.jo;  was 
//MfJttfti  at  llerj',amo  Callu>  •  I'uhl.  S  bcmks  of 
motels  (/  4  o(i57'4-K8);  "  14  Sonctti  Nphitualia 
pid  voei"  Or^oj;  masses  t/  ji  SClST^l;  and  l<» 
vol.s  <if  madrigals  »/  ;)  <>  <i5k[  Htj), 

Vin^ciy  Leonardo,  b.  Strong  oil,  Calabria, 
lltijn.  I'upil  of  (ii'eco  at  tliti  Cons,  de/  I'oseil, 
NaplcH,  where  he  died  in  17;VJ.  I  It*  W.H  wr/<'j//<* 
at  tht*  Koyal  Ciiapel,  Nnplcs.  Much  adiniied  in 
Italy  .is1  an  opera-composer,  producing  over  «,s 
c»i>cras,  of  which  ////*r7//i/  in  f'ttttt  i<fr  a  m  I  Jr//V- 
//*;//r*  (i»oih  at  Venice  in  1  7a«0  were  particularly 
sticeessfui*  Al>ir>  comp.  u  oratorios,  cantatas 
motets,  muNtittf,  hongs,  vie. 

Vining:,  HelenSherwood,  b.  HrooUyn,  N  .  Y,  , 
July  4*  ix$!v  Has  ptihl.  a  pf,  ^primer,  and  other 
Instruct!  v«  workn. 

Vio'la,  Alfonso  delta,  /'/<//'.v//v  to  Mrcok>  II. 
d'Ksto,  N  noteworthy  us  an  caily  compos<'r  of 
nustoralM  and  incidental  music  for  the  court  of 
rort'AKi  ;  -  A'cVAcft^^li  541),  Jl&nH/t  v'r'(  \W>\\ 
/,<*  WMtuutitodWj),  and  drttuM  (is^.0»  all  in 
nuutiijCfiUstyU',  the  dlulogtii*  Hiniif  by  si  churns', 
Hti  ptibl.  mudrl^tlw  (t  5  (!$$(;). 


Vio'Ia,  Francesco,  of  I'Vrntm;  wan/m  to 

l)uke  Alfonso  d'Kste,  and  pupil  of  Withtcrt, 


"  Mimicu  iiovu  **  (mcitetH  nml 
hu  pttbl,  lu  1558,   Al«o  publ.  3  Uutktt  of  original 
* 


Vio'le,  Rudolf,  lu  Schodiwlu, 
May  10,  1815;  d,  l^rlln,  XH«:,  7,  |H(*7,  I*l«nist 
und  ttfucht-r^  pupil  of  Uw.t,  who  rocommctulctl 
hln  etii»p,n;  lived  in  Berlin  UK  a  tcttcher,-*- 
Work»:  it  pf,*s*onaUm,  op.  i  untl  *  MO  I  "  DU% 
mttMkallMcrhft  Onrtenfmibc/1  too  *tudta*  f.  pf,; 
C'anrttxK  yruyqu^;  frxfoltm  lyrimiim;  a  Polts 
nttiHft  a  Ballad**,  ct«,j  all  of  distinctly  modern 


VIOTTA— VITAL! 


Viot'ta,  Henri,  b.  Amsterdam,  July  16, 1848. 
Pupil  of  the  Cologne  Cons  ;  but  also  studied 
law,  and  practiced  lor  a  time.  Tn  1883,  how- 
ever he  or&anizcd  and  became  cuncl.  oi  the 
Amsterdam  Wagner  Society ,  also  conducted  the 
"Excelsior"  and  the  "Ciciha,"  Since  1889, 
editor  of  the  "  Maandblad  voor  Muziek  ";  •writes 
for  other  papers;  and  publ.  a  "Lexicon  dcr 
Toonkunst"  (1889;  biographies  and  terms).  In 
1896  he  succeeded  Nicolai  as  Director  of  the 
Cons,  at  The  Hague. 

Viot'ti,   Giovanni  Battista,  eminent  vio- 
linist and  composer,  was  born  at  Fontaneto  da 
To,  Vercelli,  Italy, 
May  23,  1753;  he 
died  in  London, 
Mar.  10  (3?),  1824. 
His  father,  a  black- 
smith, gave  him  a 
little  violin,  which 
he  learned  to  play 
without   tuition, 
and  attracted   the 
attention   of   the 
Uishop   of   Strani- 
bino,  who  recom- 
mended  him   to 
Alfonso  Del  Tozzo, 
Prince  dclla  Cisterna.;  the  latter  confided  him  to 
the  teaching  of  I'ugnani  at  Turin.    V.   soou 
entered  the  court  orchestra;  in  1780  he  made  a 
grand  tour  to  (Icrmany,  Poland,  and  Russia  with 
I'ugnani,  and  was  feted  at  the  court  of  Catheiine 
IL     Repairing  to  London  in  1782,  he  won 
signal  triumphs;  later,  at  Paris,  he  played  re- 
peatedly at  the  Concerts  spirituals,  where  his  art 
was  acknowledged  as  unrivalled.    Jt  happened 
thai  one  of  his  concerts  in  1783  was  poorly  at- 
tended, while  in  the  next  concert  a  mediocre 
violinist   won   great   applause   from   a   large 
audience;  this  so  irritated  V.  that  he  abruptly 
closed  his  public  appearances,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  teaching  mid  composing,  at  the  same  time 
acting  as  accompanist   to  <,)ueoti    Marie  An- 
toinette, and  mallre  df  e/iaffllt  to  the  Prince  dc 
Soubise.     Failing  in  his  attempt  to  obtain  the 
directorship  of  the  Opera  in  1787,  he  joined 
Leonard,  the  Queen's  hairdresser,  in  establish- 
ing an  Italian  opera,  opened  at  the  Tuileries  in 
1789,  transferred  to  the  Theatre  de  la  Koirc  St.- 
Germain  in    1790,  and  in  1791  to  the  newly 
erected  Theatre  Ifeydcau,  where  the  Revolution 
ruined  their  enterprise.     V.,  obliged  to  recom- 
mence his  virtuoso-career,  went  to  London,  mid 
gave  a  series  of  most  successful  concerts  at  the 
Hanover  Square  Rooms;  but  a  rumor  gained 
credence  that  he  was  an  emissary  of  the  revolu- 
tionists, and  he  thought  it  advisable  to  leave 
England,  retiring  to  Hamburg  until  1794,  when 
he  resumed  concert-giving  in  London,  was  man- 
ager of  the  Italian  Opera  in  the  ensuing  winter, 
and  director  of  the  Opera  Concerts  In  1795.   111- 
SUCCCSB  canned  him  to  embark  in  the  winc-tnule, 
On  a  visit  to  Paris  in  rSos,  he  was  persuaded  to 


play  before  Cherubim  and  otlicis,  and,  in  their 
astonishment,  outnvalled  his  enrliei  pctloim- 
ancc-s.  lit'  finally  .settled  in  1'uris  as  Diurtor 
of  the  Oncr.i  Irom  )N  10-22,  when  lie  resij»m-il 
with  a  pension  of  (xxx)  fiancs;  lie  died  while  on 
a  pleasure-tup.  —  On  account  of  his  influence  as 
a  player  and  teacher  (especially  thiough  his  two 
pupils  Rode  and  Unillot),  and  the  biencllli  j»ul 
dignity  of  his  works,  V.  has  been  styled  "the 
father  of  modern  violin-phi}  inj»  ."  1  1  is  composi- 
tions, moie  particularly  oi  the  niaturcr  pciuxl, 
show  great  refinement  anil  skill  in  wotkman- 
ship,  and  are  classics  of  violin-IUcintuiv;  he  was 
the  first  lo  write  violin-concertos  in  the  broad 
modern  8nnala-fonn,  and  displaying  tlie  full 
resources  of  the  orchestra.  He  publ.  29  violin- 
concertos  (No.  22,  in  A  min.,  is  still  a  favorite)* 

2  Coucertantes  f.  2  violins,  21  slrhin-^uurU-ts,  21 
trios  f,  2  violins  and  viola,  51  violin-duos  (many 
interesting  and  valuable),  18  sonatas  with  bass, 

3  J  Jivcrtissements  (Nocturnes)  f.  pf.  and  violin, 
and  a  pf.  -sonata.—  Hicqimphirnl   sketches    by 
Kayolle,  "  Notices  sur  Torelli  .  .  .  ft  Viotli*' 
(Paris,  1810);  byUaillot,  uNoliocimrV."(iH3.0; 
by  Mid,  "Notice  Instoricnuj  "  (lHa?);  etc. 

Vir'dungy  Sebastian,  priest  and  organist  at 
llasel,  -wrote  the  historically  important  illustrated 
work  **  Mtisica  jfetutschtuud  ausx^xnj^Mi  dtirch 
Sebastianum  Vinlung,  I'rieKter  von  Ainberg,  uin 
:ille,s  (Jesang  atis  den  Nolen  in  die  Tnlmlatiircn 
diser  bensmuten  dreye  liistnuneute  der  Orjjeln, 
iler  Lauten  uiul  der'Kloten  transf<M'lri'u  xu  lerneti 
.  .  ."  (1511  ;  facsimile  reprint  by  Itivitkopf  *V 
llttrtel,  iHH2).  »|  of  V,'s  sotj^js  are  in  I1.  Sdiof- 
fcr's  *lTeut«clie  Lietler  mil  4  Stirnmen"  (tf»i;0» 

Visefti,  Alberto  Antonio,  l»,  S|tn1aUi, 
Dalmatia,  May  13,  1840,  Pupil  of  Mit/,/ucato 
at  Milan  Cons.,  JHsjMig.  C'onctMt-nMni.st  at 
Nice  ;  then  prcHTtuletl  lo  Piirfa,  became  Aiibei's 
friend,  and  was  npp,  conductor  to  Kmprcss 
Ku^ein'o.  On  the  fall  of  the  em|»iie  he  }tastene<l 
to  London,  where  he  Iwnnu1  director  of  lh<» 
vocal  dei)ai'tnu»nt  in  !he  N.  'I1,  S,  M.  I*»bl,  a 
41  History  of  the  Art  of  Sinking";  nlw»  Jtallau 
tmnslalions  of  llullah'.s  •'Mistory  <»f  Modem 
Music,"  and  Uueffer's  "  Musleal  SuutieV 


Vita^li,  Filippo,  KJorentiue  bv  bit  tit,  from 
1631  singer  in  the  I'tipal  Chaiu'l,  Kottie,  and 
chamber-Hintf«r  to  (*nnUiinl  Harlifrliii.  1'ulil. 
madrigal*  //  5  (1616)  ;  **  MiiNiche  a  2,  3  r  <i  voci  " 
(1617  ;  in  monodie  ntylc)  {  u  MiiHk'lm  a  I  f  «  vot'I 
eon  11  basso  per  rorj^ano"  (iniH);  "  Int«nnwlj 
.  .  .  fatti  i»cr  la  commedia  deiill  Acrmlcmici 
incoMtftial1*  (t033;  jiRKl.  in  Hint  yrar  tit  tlui 
palace  of  C'anlitml  tit1*  Mcdlt-I  at  KIcitf  ncv)  j  mo- 
tcUrf  3-5(1630)  ;  uAHc"  <i  fl  (i6iO  j  "  Hymn! 
Urbanl  VIirr'  (1636);  "  Ari«M  a  3,  w.  l»,  font. 
(1639)  ;  P™1"™  <f  5  (^4<0  1  u  Llhri  V  tti  «rl**  a  3 
voci  fl  (1647), 

Vita'12>  Giovanni  BattUta,  b,  C'reniona 
about  1644;  tU  Motleim,  Ort,  13,  itny^  as  and 
matstre  th  /w//.  to  tl»  Duke  (from  1674),  Im- 
portant insrtr.l  comp.,  prctjeding  CorolH.-^l 


604 


VITKV— vooicr. 


Itallctti,  cortcnti,  ywJw,  allcmandt',  etc. 
Somite  a  -  violin!  con  I),  rout,  pot  roi>*;ino(  10(17  ; 
anil  ed.  io*S);  Ualletti,  convnti  alia  tranccsc, 
£;ijrli:irdc  c  biando  per  ballarc  (iftH.5);  IJalletli, 
curt  on  ti  csinfonieda  cann-ru  114  stroiwnti  (1077  ; 
2nd  ed.  K»S5);t  lUllclii,  concuti,  etc.,  a  violino 
f  violonc  o  spinetU,  eon  il  secondo  violino  a 
beneplacito  (loyrtl;  SfMMte  a  a  5  Mromcnti 
(inSt);  Salmi  conecitatiu  i»  5,  v\,  instr.s  (1077)  ; 
Soaale  a  a  violini  o  b,  emit,  (op.  <))  ;  Inni  sacri 
.  .  .  avocc  sola  con  5  stiomenti  (lOSi)  ,  Vaiit* 
sonatc  alia  Iranccsc  ed  all1  italiana  a  o  stromcnti 
(toStf);  n.tlli  in  '-tilt1  franccsc  a  «;  stromenti 
(t(»)<>);  "  Artitiei  musicali  a  divcrsi  strnmeiiti" 
(tdSi))  ;  Sonate  tl.i  cameia  a  4  strowenti  (tU)ii). 
Others  in  MS.  at  Modena. 

Vitry,  Philippe  dc  |  Philippus  di  Vitriaco], 
1».  Vitry,  Pas.de  Calais  ;  d.  .is  bishop  of  Mcaiu, 
1310.  TheoriM  ;  writer  on  meuMttable  music 
(lYeatiscs  piinled  by  <  W.senuker  in  "Scrip- 
tores/1  5»0«  Hf  cst.ttilishfd  th<-  values  of  tlu»  .) 
pi'olations  ;  invented  inl  notes  and  Proportions 
(f'f\  AMIIKH'*),  prohahly  intivnlneed  the*  term 
twt/t'iifftn<  /u.\  in  lieu  of  I//W/////V,  and  adopted 
(hut  did  not  invent)  the  notes  culled  Mtnittnt  and 


Vilto^ri,  Lorcto,  1»,  Spoleto,  ul«utt  tRHH;  d. 
Rome,  Apr.  si;i,  toyo,  as  a  memlter  of  the  Papal 
Chapel  (iron*  Kun1),  I'ubl.  '*  Arie  .1  vwe  sola" 
(t<M<))  !  a  M«Miii*iU  a  v**v  M»la,"  //v//**  (»6,jS)  ;  a 
'Nlramma  in  nui'.ira,"  /</  tntftifM  (tt^tj)  ;  and  a 
**  dmmum  N.ieto,"  /.r/  /»/<//*;.;  /•///»/  n^fittt 

Vitto'ria,  Tomaso  Ludovlco  da 
Toman  LuU  de  Victoria  |t  etulnent 
poraiy  and  fiiend  of  P.destrinn  ;  b,  Avi)«i,  Spain, 
ubutit  t^|<»;d,  Madrid  {?),  about  KK»H,  Ptipll, 
in  youth,  of  Kscuhnlo  and  MowUis,  singers  in 
the  Pupal  (1  tape}  at  Kcmin  ;  in  tS 
the  Colle^iuni  (iemuudntm;  in 
A  poll  Inure,  ;  from  i$#n  it 
Unyal  ClmH,  Madrid,—  Puhl,  w«rU;  4M,Jlwr 
primus,  qul  nUt^ms,  ]ts.iInuNt  MH^nlticut,  ml 
Vlr^inem  I'el  Matirm  silututicinvs  alhu|ue  o»m- 
pIcK*tItur"'i  6  H  (1576);  Magnificats  <i  ,|,  w.  4 
an  tl  phone*  to  the  Virgin  ti  g-H  (ifiHi)  ;  "  Hymnl 
tntius  untd  "  «/  4,  w,  4  pMlimi  «  H  (tflhi  ;  tf«K>)  ; 


1575,  at  San 


. 

IielulrmmiU*  nant^r"  (1581;};  "  Mold  tit  ft*s- 
tontm  totius  antti  cittti  eotumnut  saw-tot  urn  "  tt 
5  H  (tf*Hii  :  often  rt*i»ulit,;  niuu!,t»<  t^HiibuHimi' 
UitH  ii  ta)  ;  ami  hin  Umnun  refiuU-m  fur  the  Km- 
jirrns  Mittia,  **  (  )fti<  him  tlefunctortim  nex  vtH-i^ 
IIIMI"  (crKis).—f»  t»rc^kA  "  Mimlrit  cilvlna"  an? 
V. 


Vival'dK  Ablwae  Antonio,  celehmtod  vicilln- 
Int  ;  It.  Vitnu'f  ,  ftlniut  t(»7«;  j  ci.  tht»ru  174;*.  The 
Mwuml  ptt>buUly  the  pupil,  of  u  violinist  ntSttu 
),  his  early  fWered  the  prltwthtxHi,  nnd  WA^ 
metl  **  U  jiret*!  ro^s**  '*  ott  awotmr  of  tiN  rrtl 
(uiir.  After  a  |i<?riofi  in  thn  Hi?rvice  of  thti  I'Uec- 
toral  court  At  Damntattt,  he  returtitnl  to  Vtmlee, 
)»  I7f.1*  Httil  U*e;tm»?  ijiret'tiw  for  Jifr  of  the 
Con*,  4«tk  i*i<?tl  Somw  cif  hi*  ftoimtai*  and  wm- 


ccilos  for  violin  are  still  prixcd.  lie  puhl.  12 
tiiosf.  2  violins  and  'cello,  op.  i;  IS  violin-so- 
n.itas  w.  bas,s,  op.  2  and  5  (tnie  is  in  Jensen's 
"(llassische  ViolinmusiU  ")  ;  "  K.stio  poetico," 
t  a  concn'ti  f,  4  violins,  a  violas,  Velio,  and  or- 
j».iu-liass,  op.  ;^  ;  "  a  j  Conceili  per  violino  prin 
cipale,  sviolint  di  ripieno,  viola  c  basso  per  Tor- 
j>ano,"  op.  4,  6,  and  7;  "  Lc<mattro,sta^ioni,"  la 
Concerti  it  5,  op.  H  ;  "  La  celra,"  <>  do.,  <tp.  o.  ; 
(><'oncctti  1,  lltite,  violin,  viola,  Velio,  and  or- 
^an-hass,  op.  in  ;  and  "  12  Conccrti  per  violino 
principale,  ii  violin!  cnmvrtanti,  viola,  violim- 
cclloc  lusso  d'orgauo,"  op.  taand  2a.--Ilealso 
prod.  a«  operas,  chiefly  in  Venice. 

Vlees'houwcr,  Albert  dc,  h.  Ant  \vt-rp,  func 
K,  18(13.  Pupil  of  Jan  P.locUx.  Mas  prod,  a 
operas,  rfiniir  «/i\r//'/v,v  (iHi^a),  ntul  /;  iv//  (Ant- 
werp, ihi),s)  ;  a  s}mi)honic  poem,  tl  De  wilde 
Jaj»erM;  an  oreli.l  Idylle;  etc. 

Vock'erodt,  Gottfried,  t>.  Miihlhauscn, 
'riiurinj.'ia,  Sept.  24,  !<<(»£,;  d.  <I<»tha,  (><it.  n», 
I7tt7,  as  ictMor  <»f  the  (  iynumsium.  U  was  his 
opinion,  that  excessive  enjoyment  of  music  in- 
juies  the  intellect,  and  that  Nero  ami  Caligula 
t»<rame  totally  depraved  through  their  passion 
ft»r  music,  I  ie  advocated  these  ideas  in  '*  <  \m« 
sultatio  .  .  .  dt>  eavenda  falsa  mentium  intern- 
peratarum  medieina"  0'M/n)i  **Missliraueh  tier 
h'eicn  Kunst,  in,si»nderheit  <ler  Mtisik  "  (  Jocr/)  ; 
anil"  \Viederholtes  Xeti^niss  der  Wuhrheit  K<*Keii 
die  venh'tble  Musik  und  Schauspicle,  Opcrn, 
etc."  (t<»)H).  |UiKM\NN.l 


Vo'fccl,  Johunn  Christoph,  h.  Nurenihetv;, 
1750  ;  d,  Paris,  Jtinv  at»,  I7KS.  Pupil  of  Uiepcl 
at  katlsticm  ;(  went  t*>  Pails  in  1770,  and  wrote- 
two  <i|M?rat<  in  (IliicVs  Myle  :  J*ti  A'/'.wv/  c/V/f 
(Paris,  17X0;  tfiven  later  as  ,1AW*  r)  (Wr///V), 
ami  AW///*'//  (i7Ht)),'  -Pttlil.  :\  symphonies  ; 
a  concert  antes  f.  3  horns,  and  i  f.  oboe  and  bas- 
soon ;  a  hassunn-cottct'tto;  $  rlarlnct-ronccrlos; 
6  sttin^'iptartets  ;  r*  (jtmitets  f.  horn  ami  strings; 
3  mmrtcth  f*  IUIHHOOII  and  string  ;  6  trios  f.  9 
violins  and  bans  ;  <>  duos  f.  3  clar.s  ;  and  6  duos 
f.  $  bas.smwM, 

Vo^cl,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Ferdinand,  b. 
Mavelbcr^,  Prus»U,  Sept,  (;,  1807  ;  oj#m.pupil 
of  lUrnbuch  At  Uerlln  ;  made  tours  as  an  ortfan- 
virtuoso,  taught  in  Hamburg  i  ^8-4  1  ,  uud  from 
lH$u  ut  the  st-htiol  for  organ-  play  intf  attd  coinpo- 
witiou  »t  !U*rgeti,  NtH'way.*  -Pulil,  a  rotteertint»  f, 
or((M  w,  twmlwncH;  <x>  chorabprpltuleH  and  10 
IHthtliultiH  ;  a  preludes  ntui  lugm***  ;  symphoay, 
overture,  and  fmite  in  canon-fonn,  f.  orch.; 
clmmlKT-miiHic,  cliorust««,  et«.  Alwi  prtxl,  a 
operettas. 

Vo'get,  (Charlei-Loui*-)  Adolph«,b,  Lilta, 
May  17*  iKoH  ;  d,  PurK  in  Au^.,  iHya.  Vhdin- 
ixt  ;  pujHl  of  A*  Kreuucr,  und  of  Kelrha  (cmm>.) 
at  Paris  Ctmn,  After  winning  popularity  by  nl« 
is  rnuUnirs,"  for  the  Jfuly  Uevolu- 
prml.  u 


llaguw,  ^47);  j.a 


VOGEL— VOGLER 


(Th.-Lyrique,  1853)  ;  Rompons  !  (Bouffes-Pari- 
siens,  1857) ;  Le  md  de  cigognes  (Baden-Baden, 
1858);  Gredins  de  Pigoche  (Folies-Marigny, 
1866) ;  La  filleiile  du  roi  (Brussels  and  Paris, 
1875).  Also  symphonies,  chamber-music, church- 
music,  pf.-pieces,  etc. 

Wgel,  (Wilhelm)  Merits,  h.  Sorgau,  n. 
Freiburg,  Silesia,  July  9,  1846.  Pianist ,  pupil 
of  Leipzig  Cons. ;  settled  in  Leipzig,  becoming 
prominent  as  a  teacher  and  mus.  cntic,  conduct- 
ing several  choral  societies,  and  publishing  a 
series  of  excellent  instructive  comp.s  f.  pf.,  in- 
cluding a  Method  (in  13  parts),  rondos,  sona- 
tinas, Etudes,  etc.;  besides  songs  (op.  24)  and 
duets  (op.  15,  21). 

Vo'gel,  (Adolf)  Bernhard,  b.  Plauen,  Sax- 
ony, Dec.  3,  1847 ;  d.  Leipzig,  May  12,  iSgS. 
After  studying  law  and  philosophy  at  Leipzig 
Univ.,  and  graduating  as  Dr.  phil^  he  took  the 
Conservatory  course,  and  embraced  a  musico- 
Hterary  career.  He  was  for  25  years  a  contribu- 
tor to  the  "Neue  Zeitschrift  fur  Musik"  and 
the  "Leipziger  Nachrichten " ;  also  for  many 
years  to  the  Leipzig  "Tageblatt"  ;  and  edited 
the  "  Deutsche  Liederhalle  "  in  1885.  His  mono- 
graphs on  R.  Volkmann,  Wagner,  von  Bulow, 
Brahms,  Rubinstein,  Liszt,  on  Schumann's 
11  Claviertonpoesie,"  etc.,  are  interesting  and 
valuable.  He  comp.  male  and  mixed  choruses, 
sacred  songs,  and  pf. -music. 

Vo'gel,  Emil,  b.  \Vriezen-on-Oder,  Jan.  21, 
1859.  Studied  at  Greifswald  and  Berlin,  taking 
the  degree  of  Dr.  fkiL  in  1887.  In  1883  he  was 
sent  by  the  Prussian  government  to  Italy,  as 
liaberl's  assistant.  Since  1893,  librarian  of  the 
Peters  Mus.  Library  at  Leipzig. — Has  publ.  a 
monograph  on  Monteverde  (1887),  and  on  Marco 
da  Gagliano  and  music  in  Florence  from  1570- 
1650  (1889),  both  in  the  "  Vierteljahrsschrift  fUr 
Musik wissenschaft ; "  also  a  catalogue  of  "  Die 
Handschriften  nebst  den  alteren  Druckwerken 
der  Musikabtheilung  der  herzoglichen  Bibhothek 
zu  Wolfenbnttel  (1890),  and  "  Bibliothek  der 
gedruckten  weltlichen  Vocalmusik  Italiens  aus 
den  Jahren  1500-1700"  (1892). 

Voggenhuber,  Vilma  von  (Frau  F.  Krolop), 
noted  dramatic  soprano ;  b  Pesth,  1845  ;  d, 
Berlin,  Jan.  II,  1888.  Pupil  of  Stoll  at  Berlin  ; 
debut  1862,  at  the  National  Th.,  Pesth,  as 
Romeo  in  Bellini's  opera;  sang  there  until 
1865,  then  visited  Germany  and  Holland,  and 
while  "starring"  at  the  Vienna  Court  Opera, 
was  eng.  for  Berlin  (1868) ;  marrying  *ranz 
Krolop  in  that  year,  and  remaining  a  member  of 
the  Court  Opera  till  her  death,  with  the  title  of 
" Chamber-singer"  after  her  interpretation  of 
Isolde.— Chief  r&Ies:  Isolde,  Elisabeth,  Fi- 
delio,  Iphigenia,  Annida^  Donna  Anna,  Norma, 
etc. 

VogI,  Johann  Michael,  tenor  singer,  and 
the  introducer  of  Schubert's  songs  to  the  pub- 
lic ;  h.  Steyr,  Aug.  10,  1768 ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov. 
19, ,  1840,  A  law-student  in  Vienna,  he  was 


persuaded  by  Sussmaycr,  then  Kapellm.  at  the 
Court  Th.t  to  join  the  opera-company  (1794- 
1822). 

Vogl,  Heinrich,  famous  dramatic  tenor ;  b. 
Au,  a  suburb  of  Munich,  Jan.  15,  1845.  While 
a  schoolmaster  at  Ebersburg,  x  862-5,  he  pur- 
sued musical  and  vocal  studies,  continued  at 
Munich  under  Fr.  Lachncr  and  Jenk  ;  since  his 
successful  debut  as  Max  in  Der  Ftetsihutz^  in 
Nov.,  1865,  he  has  been  a  member  of  the 
Munich  Court  Opera.  He  succeeded  Schnorr 
von  Carolsfeld  (d.  1865)  as  the  model  "  Tristan  " 
in  Wagner's  opera,  and  is  peculiarly  successful 
as  a  Wagner  singer.  In  1899  he  prod,  an 
opera,  Der  Preindling^  at  Munich. — 11  is  wife, 
Therese  (title  Thoma),  b.  Tutzing,  on  the 
Late  of  Starnberg,  Nov.  12,  1845,  is  a  distin- 
guished dramatic  soprano,  trained  in  the  Mu- 
nich Cons,  by  Mauser  and  Ilerger;  enj>.  at 
Karlsruhe,  1864,  at  Munich,  1865-92,  then 
retiring.  Also  a  remarkable  Wagner  singer ; 
her  interpretation  of  Isolde  was  one  of  her 
best  achievements.  She  married  V.  in  1868. 

Vo'gler,  Georg  Joseph,  best  known  as 
"Abb6  Vogler";  b.  Wurzburg,  June  15, 
1749 ;  d.  Darmstadt,  May  6,  1814.  Famous 
organist,  theorist,  and  composer ;  pupil  of 
Padre  Martini  at  Bologna  (for  a  very  short 
time),  and  of  Vallotti  at  Padua,  where  he  also 
studied  theology.  Going  to  Rome,  he  took 
holy  orders,  and  received  numerous  high  dis- 
tinctions ;  returning  to  Mannheim,  he  founded 
the  "Mannheimer  Tonschulc,"  and  was  app. 
court  chaplain  and  and  Kapellm.  lie  prod,  the 
operas  Der  Kaufmann  von  Smyrna  at  May- 
ence,  1780,  and  Albert  21L  von  Jiayern  at  Mu- 
nich, 1781 ;  from  1783-6  he  travelled  in  France 
(his  opera,  La  Alermftse,  failed  totally  at  Paris* 
in  1783),  Spain,  and  the  Kast ;  from  1786-99  he 
was  court  cond.  at  Stockholm,  where  he  founded 
a  music-school.  Having  invented  a  system  for 
the  simplification  of  the  organ,  he  travelled  as  a 
concert-organist,  with  a  portable  organ  called 
"  orchestrion,"  to  Copenhagen,  Hamburg,  Am- 
sterdam, London,  Paris,  etc.,  explaining  his 
system,  and  obtaining  various  orders  for  remod- 
eling organs  according  to  it.  Uy  uniting  an 
8-foot  pipe  with  a  5#  foot  ("quint")  pipe,  he 
obtained  a  i6-foot  tone  through  the  tones  of 
combination,  an  idea  still  put  in  practice  by 
combining  a  i6-foot  pipe  with  a  loj^-foot  pijxi 
to  £et  a  32-foot  tone ;  mostpf  his  other  "simplifi- 
cations," such  as  discarding  mixtures  and  dis- 
play-pipes, have  not  found  favor.  In  1807  he 
became  courUA"i#*//w.  at  Darmstadt,  where  he 
eslabl.  a  third  "Tonschule,"  in  which  Carl 
Maria  von  Weber  and  Meyerbeer  were  taught 
[at  Vienna  (1803-4)  Weber  had  also  been  his 
pupil] ;  both  were  doubtless  strongly  influenced 
by  the  liberal  and  aggressive  theories  of  their 
teacher,— Vogler's  writings  are  u  Ton  wissen- 
schaft und  Tonsetakunst"  (1776),  **Sti»»- 


bildungskunst"   (1776),   and    4 '  Churpfaizischc 
Tonschule"  (1778),  all  3  rcpubl.  together  as 


606 


VOGRICII  — VOLKLAND 


"Mannhcimcr  Tonschule";  a  monthly  paper, 
"Italrachlunj>cn  dcr  Mannhcimcr  Tonschule" 
(1778-81);  "  Inlcdning  til  harmoniens  konnc- 
dom"  (Stockholm,  3795) ;  Swedish  methods  for 
pf.,  organ,  and  thorough-bass  (i7<)7) ;  "  Choral- 
syslem  "  (Copenhagen,  iSoo) ;  "  Data  zurAkus- 
tik"  (rSoo);  "Ilandbuch  xur  Harmonielehre  " 
(1802);  "  Uebcr  die  liarnumische  Akustik" 
(1807);  "  Clrttndliche  Anm-isiing  yum  Clavier- 
stimmen"  (i8u7) ;  "Deutsche  Khehenmusik" 
(1807);  "  Ucbor  Choral-  und  Ivirchen$>esiingc  " 
(1814);  "System  fur  den  Kugenbaii." — Com- 
positions: Operas  (besides  3  mentioned  above) 
JfyJtf,  Krwin  und  Jitoini  (Darmstadt,  1781 ; 
Paris,  1782) ;  /.e  pa hhthm?  (wiitten  1788  for 
the  Paris  Opera ;  not  perl.) ;  Cantor  und  Pollux 
(in  Ital.  at  Munich,  1784;  in  (Jer.  at  Mann- 
heim, J7<)r) ;  Citstwits  Adolphus  (Swedish 
opera,  Stockholm,  1791);  Hermann  vf  Unna 
[also  as  //.  of  »SVr«//iv/|  (drama  by  Skjf>Ide- 
brand ;  Copenhagen,  a  Son);  tiawori  (Vienna, 
3804);  and  Av  A dtmra! (I )armsladt,  1810); — 
overture  and  entr'actes  to  Itawkt ;  choruses  to 
Atfta/ia ;  ballots,  etc.;— much  church-music 
(masses,  a  Requiem,  Miserere,  Te  I>eum, 
psalms,  motets,  etc.) ; — a  symphony,  overtures, 
a  pf. -concerto,  a  pf.-quartet  (called  **  The  ma- 
trimonial quarrel"),  '*  Polymelos,  on  caniclcrcs 
de  musique  dc  differcntes  nations "  (f.  pf.  and 
string) ;  a  concerto,  preludes,  chorals,  etc.,  f. 
organ,  etc. — A  full  list  of  his  works  is  in  Schaf- 
hautl's  biography  of  Abbe  V.  (1888). 

Vo'&ich,  Max  (Wilhelm  Carl),  pianist 
and  poet-composer;  b.  Sy,eben  (Ilermaunsladt), 
Transylvania,  Jan. 
24,  1852.  I  login- 
ning  the  study  of 
the  pianoforte  at  5, 
he  played  in  public 
at  7 ;  from  THCto-tj 
he  att  ended  the 

Eig  Cons*  as  a 
x>f  Wenjwl, 
uke,  and  Mo« 
schcleH(pf,),Haupt- 
raann  and  Kichtcr 
(theory),  and  Rei- 
nocke  (coinp.)- 
During  1870-8  he 
made  pianistic  tours  through  (Jcrmany,  Austria, 
Russia,  Franco,  Spain,  Italy,  Mexico,  and  South 
America ;  visited  New  York  in  1878,  toured  the 
United  States  with  Wllhelmj,  and  sojourned 
from  1882-6  in  Australia,  where  ho  married. 
Since  1886  he  bus  resided  in  New  York  AH  a 
composer,  making  frequent  trips  to  Kuropo  to 
produce  his  works.  Those  include  the  grand 
opera  lra?uta  (Florence,  1875) ;  the  opera  Art«- 
*tki  (tScjo) ;  the  3-act  grand  opera  KingArtkwr 
(Leipzig,  1803) ;  the  3-act  grand  opera  ttuddha 
(in  prep,  at  I^ipxjg-,  1890) ;  and  other  dramatic 
worlds  in  M^.;  an  oratorio,  77/rf  CaftMty 
(1:884;  Motr,  Opera  Houw,  New  Vork,  1891); 
the  cantatas  Tfo  Diw  [Sdhfltar]  (Detroit, 


1890),  and  The  young  A'lttg  and  the  Shepherd- 
t'*?j  Misj>a  solcmnis  ;  2  symphonies  (K  min  ,  A 
min.) ;  viohn-Lonceito  (1878;  often  played  by 
WilhclmjJ ;  pf.-concerto  (1886) ;  12  concert- 
studies  f.  pf.;  '*  Komanzero,"  cyele  f.  pf. ;  pf.- 
iuyue  ;  pf. -sonatinas  ;  many  other  pf. -pieces  ; — 
numerous  anthems,  teizets,  duets,  and  songs. — 
V.  writes  the  libretti  for  his  operas. 

Vogt,  Gustave,  b.  Strassbuig,  Mar.  18, 1781  ; 
d.  Paris,  May  30,  1879.  Oboist,  pupil  of  Sallan- 
tin  at  I'aris  Cons.;  1st  oboist  at  the  Opera-Co- 
mique  ;  1814-34  at  the  Opera ;  1828-44  in  the 
Cons.  Concei  ts,  tlicn  retiring .  Prof,  at  the  Cons. 
— Works :  4  oboe-concertos  ;  variations  f .  oboe 
xv.  orch.;  concert-piece  f.  English  horn  ;  duos  f.  2 
oboes  ;  pot-pourris  and  marches  f .  military  band  ; 
etc. 

Vogt,  Johann[Jean],b.  Gross-Tinz,n.  Ueg- 
nitz,  Jan.  17, 1823  ;d.  Kberswalde,  July  31,  1888. 
Pupil,  at  Derlin,  of  A.  W.  Itnch  and  (Irell ;  at 
lireslau  of  Hesse  and  S«idel.  Taught  pf.-play- 
in^  in  St.  Petersburg,  1850-55  ;  made  lorn?  pian- 
istic  toure  ;  lived  in  Dresden  1801-5,  then  in  JJer- 
lin,  becominjr  pr<>f.  at  the  Stern  Cons.  ;  went  to 
New  York  in  187 r,  but  returned  to  Ileilin  2  yeais 
later. — Works :  Die  Atifenwtkttu^  dcs  f^jssnnis 
(Lie^nitx,  1858) ;  chamber-music ;  instruct ivepf. - 
pieces  ;  also  Valsc  liiillanU'  (op.  39),  3  Impromp- 
tus (op.  69),  6  SalonstUeke  (op.  73),  etc.,  f.  pf.  (in 
all,  over  150  opus-numbers). 

Voigt,  Johann  Georg  Hermann,  b.  Ostcr- 
wieck,  Saxony,  May  14,  1709;  d.  Feb.  24,  i8rr, 
as  mgnnisl  of  theThomaskirche,  1  .eipzi^. — Publ. 
T2  minuets  f.  orch.,  aPolonai.se f.  'cellonnd  orch., 
a  viola-concerto,  7  string-quartets,  a  string-trio 
(w.  viola),  6  Scherxi  f.  pf.  4  hands,  and  3  pf.-so- 
natas. 

Voigt,  Carl.  b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  29,  1808 ; 
d.  there  Feb.  6,  1879.  In  1838  he  succeeded 
Schulblcas  cond*  of  the  Frankfort  CUcilinwerein ; 
sottlcd  ia  llamlmrg-,  1840,  where  he  organized 
and  conducted  the  6#r/7/<ywm';/,  famous  for  its 
line  a  capfella  performances. 

Volck'mar,  Wilhelm  (Valentin),  b.  Jlers- 
fcld,  KflNsel,  Dec.  26, 1812  ;d.  Uomberg,  n.  Kas- 
«ol,  Aug.  27,  1887.  Dr.  /////.,  Marburg  ;  from 
1835,  music-teacher  at  the  IJomberg  Seminary. 
A  gifted  organ-virtuoso,  he  wrote  several  otgan- 
concertos,  20  organ-sonatas,  an  organ-symphony, 
an  "  Orgelschule,"  a  "  Schule  der  Gelftufigkcit " 
f,  organ ;  pieces  f.  organ,  f.  pf.,  and  f.  violin ; 
hymns,  and  songs. 

Vol'kert,  Franz,  b.  Ilcimersdorf  (Bunzlau), 
Bohemia,  Fob,  2, 1767  ,'d,  Vienna,  Mar.  23, 1845, 
having  been  organist  at  the  Schottenstift,  and 
A'aftUm.  at  the  Leopoldstadter  Th.  (from  1821). 
—Works :  Over  xoo  comic  operas,  Singspiele, 
melodramas,  farces,  etc.,  many  very  popular ;  also 
church-music,  pf. -concertos,  pf, -trios,  organ-mu- 
sic, etc. 

Volk'land,  Alfre<),  b.  Brunswick,  Apr.  10, 
1841.  Pianlfit ;  pupil  of  Leipxig  (^ons.  1864-6 ; 
court  pianist  at  Sondershausen,  and  from  1867 , 


607 


VOLKMANN— VROYE 


court  JCapellm.  there  ;  from  1869-75,  cond  of  the 
Leipzig  *'  Euterpe,"  also  organizing,  with  von 
Holstem  and  Spitta,  the  "  Bach-Verem  "  ;  since 
1875  cond.,  at  Basel,  of  the  "  Allgememe  Musik- 
gesellschaft,"  the  **  Gesangverein,"  and  the 
"Liedertafel."  In  1889,  Dr.phiL  kon.  <.aitsa 
(Basel  Univ.). 

Volk^mann,  (Friedrich)  Robert,  distin- 
guished instrumental  composer ;  b.  Lommatzsch, 
ISaxony,  Apr.  6, 
1815  ;  d.  Pesth, 
Oct.  30, 1883.  Pu- 
pil of  his  father,  a 
cantor,  on  the  or- 
gan and  piano ;  of 
Friebel  on  the  vio- 
linand'cello;  stud- 
ied composition 
under  Anacker  at 
Freiberg  (whither 
he  had  gone  to  pre- 
pare himself  for 
school  -  teaching), 
and  K.  F.  Becker 
at  Leipzig,  where  Schumann  greatly  encouraged 
him.  After  teaching  music  at  Prague  1839-42, 
he  settled  in  Pesth,  where  he  remained  for  life, 
excepting  4  years  (1854-8)  in  Vienna ;  for  some 
years  he  was  prof,  of  harmony  and  counterpoint 
at  the  National  Academy  of  Music. — INSTRU- 
MENTAL WORKS  :  2  symphonies  (op.  44,  D  min. ; 
op.  53,  B  b) ;  3  Serenades  f .  strings,  op.  62,  63, 
69  (w.  'cello  obbl.)  ;  2  overtures,  op.  50  and  68 
("  Richard  III.") ;  6  string-quartets,  op.  p,  14, 
34r  35,  37,  43  ,'  2  pf. -trios,  op.  3  and  5  j  'cello- 
concerto,  op.  33  ;  Romanze  f.  'cello,  op.  7  ;  do. 
f.  violin,  op.  10 ;  Allegretto  capriccioso  f .  pf.  and 
violin,  op.  15 ;  Rhapsody  f.  do.,  op.  31 ;  2  so- 
natinas f.  do.,  op.  60, 61  ;  Concertstuck  f.  pf.  and 
orch.,  op.  42  ; — For  //.  solo  :  Phantasiebilder, 
op.  i ;  Dithyrambe  und  Toccate,  op.  4 ;  Souve- 
nir de  Mahrolh,  op.  6 ;  Nocturne,  op.  8  ;  pf.-so- 
nata,  op.  12 ;  Buch  der  Lieder,  op.  17  ;  Deutsche 
Tanze,  op.  18  ;  Cavatine  und  Barcarole,  op.  19  ; 
Visegrad,  op.  21  ;  4  marches,  op.  22 ;  Wander- 
skizzen,  op.  23  ;  Lieder  der  Grossmutter,  op.  27  ; 
3  Improvisations,  op.  36  ;  Am  Grab  des  Grafen 
Szechenyi,  op.  41 ;  Ballade  und  Scherzetto,  op. 
51 ;  transcriptions  of  songs  by  Mozart  and  Schu- 
bert, etc.; — For  pf.  4  hands:  Sonatina,  op.  57  ; 
Musikalisches  Liederbuch,  op.  11  ;  Ungarische 
Skizzen,  op.  24 ;  Die  Tageszeiten,  op.  39;  3 
marches,  op.  40;  Rondino  and  Marcia-Capriccio, 
op.  55;  sonatina,  op.  57;  also  transcriptions  of  his 
other  works,  and  Variations  f.  2  pf.s  on  a  Han- 
del theme,  op.  26 ; — VOCAL  WORKS  :  2  masses  f. 
male  chorus,  op.  28, 29  ;  3  sacred  songs  f.  mixed 
ch.,  op.  38  \  2  do.  for  do.,  op.  70  ;  offertories  f. 
soli,  ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  47  ;  songs  f.  malech.,  op. 
48,  58 ;  Christmas  Carol  of  the  I2th  century,  op. 
59  ;  old  German  hymns  f.  double  male  chorus,  op. 
64;  6  duets  on  old  German  poems,  op.  67 ;  2  wed- 
ding-songs f.  mixed  ch.,  op.  71 ;  alto  solo  w.  orch., 
14  An  die  Nacht/'op.  45  ;  dram,  scene  f,  soprano 


w.  orch.,  IC  Sappho,"  op.  49;  "  Kirchenaric  "  f. 
bass,  w.  flute  and  strings,  op.  65 ;  2  songs  f  mez- 
zo-soprano, w.  pf.  and  'cello ;  many  sonj»s. — Bio- 
graphical sketch  by  Bernhard  Vogcl  (Leipzig, 
1875)- 

Vollliardt,  Emil  Reinhard,  b.  Seifersdorf, 
Saxony,  Oct.  16,  1858 ;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons. , 
1883-6;  cantor  of  the  Marienkirche,  and  cond.  of 
singing-societies,  at  Zwickau.  Excellent  pianist 
ana  organist;  has  publ.  motets  and  songs. 

Voll'weiler,  Carl,  b.  Offenbach,  Nov.  27, 
1813 ;  d.  Heidelberg,  Jan.  2,7, 1848.  Pupil  of  his 
father,  a  Frankfort  music-teacher  (d.  Nov.  17, 
1847);  piano-teacher  in  St.  Petersburg,  then  at 
Heidelberg.— Publ.  2  pf.-trios,  op  2,  15;  a  pf.- 
sonata,  op.  3;  6  melodic  pf. -etudes,  op.  4  ;  lyric 
etudes,  op.  9  and  10 ;  other  pf  .-music  ;  Variations 
on  Russian  themes,  f.  string-quartet,  op.  14;  etc. 

Voa  der  Hei'de,  John  Frederic,  b.  Cincin- 
nati, Feb.  28,  1857.  Was  taught  singing  from 
early  childhood,  and  the  violin  at  7  ;  appeared  in 
public  as  a  vocalist  and  violinist  in  his  tenth  year. 
Choir-boy  for  5  years ;  before  the  age  of  1 7  ho  had 
practically  studied  nearly  all  orch.l  instr.s. 
Taught  3  years  in  a  Pittsburg  school^;  studied 
voice-culture  and  piano  for  2  years  in  Cincinnati, 
then  for  several  years  in  Europe.  Director  of  the 
Buffalo  School  of  Music  1882-4;  then  settled  in 
New  York,  teaching  1885-9:  at  the  N.  Y.  Cons., 
then  privately  till  1897.— 1891,  seer,  and  Ireas. 
of  the  N.  Y.  M.  T.  A. ;  reflected,  1892 ;  president, 
1893  ;  reflected,  1894. 

Vope'lius,  Gottfried,  b.  Tierwigsdorf,  n.  ZU- 
tau,  1645  ;  d.  Leipzig,  1715,  as  cantor  of  the 
Nicolaikirche. — Publ.  *'Neues  Leip/.iger  (le- 
sangbuch  "  (1682).  Some  of  his  choral-melodies 
are  still  sung. 

Voss [Vossius], Gerhard Johann, b.  II ciclel- 
berg,  1577;  d.  Amsterdam,  Mar.  19,  1649,  as 
prof,  of  history. — Publ.  "Do  artium  et  scientia- 
rum  musica"f  1650-5  8  ;  2nd  cd.  1660;  treats  in 
detail  of  music). — II is  son,  Isaak,  b.  Leydcn, 
1618;  d.  as  canon  at  Windsor,  England,  Feb.  21, 
1689.— Publ.  "  De  pocmatum  cantu  et  viribus 
rhythmi "  (1673). 

Voss,  Charles,  b.  Schmarsow,  n.  Demmin, 
Pomerania,  Sept.  20,  1815  ;  d.  Verona,  Aug. 
28/29,  1882.  Pianist;  studied  in  Uerliu,  and 
went  to  Paris  in  1846,  where  he  gained  a  high 
reputation  as  a  player  and  composer,  and  found 
ready  sale  for  a  great  number  of  brilliant,  and 
effective  pf  .-pieces  (.wz/0M-pieces,  fantasias,  tran- 
scriptions, paraphrases,  etc.,  for  piano,  together 
with  pf. -music  of  a  higher  order,  such  as  con- 
certos, and  eludes).  His  Concerto  No.  i,  op. 
52,  in  F  min.,  was  warmly  commended  by  Men- 
delssohn. 

Vroye,  Theodore-Joseph  de,  b.  Villers-la- 
Ville,  Belgium,  Aug.  19,  1804 ;  d.  Liege,  July 
19,  1873,  as  canon  and  grand  thantre  at  the 
Cathedral.  Erudite  reformer  of  plain  song.'-— 
Publ.  "Vesperal"  (1829);  "Gmduel"  (1831); 
"  Traite*  du  plain-chant  &  1'usage  des  Bcminaires? " 


608 


VUILLAUME— WAELRANT 


(1839) ;  "  Maniwlc  cantorum  "  (1849)  ;  Cl  Pro- 
cessionale"  (1^49);  "  Kiluale  Komanum " 
(1862);  "J>e  la  musique  rcligicuhc"  (1866; 
with  Klewyck). 

Vuillaume,  Jean-Bap  tiste,  famous  violin- 
maker ;  b.  Ah  recou 1 1,  Dcpt.  of  Vosges,  Krance, 
Oct.  7,  1798  ;  d.  J'aiis,  Mar.  19,  1879.  lie 
came  of  a  iamily  of  \iolm-niiikeis,  and  learned 
the  tiade  from  his  father,  Claude  V.  [tl  1834]. 
At  19  he  went  to  Pans,  and  worked  \\ith  t'hanot 
till  1821,  and  liom  1821-5  for  J^«i  with  whom 
he  then  cntciecl  into  pailneiship  After  Lote's 
retirement  in  1828,  V.  woiked  alpnc,  and  put 
his  own  name  on  several  instr  s  which  lie  had 
constiucted  with  the  greatest  care  ;  but  sales 
were  slow,  as  the  na/elorold  Italian  violins  had 
just  .set  in.  Unable  to  make  headway  against 
the  prevailing  fashion,  he  deftly  tuinccl  it  to  ac- 
count;  after  long  and  patient  labor  he  placed 
a  "Stiadivarius  "  violin  on  the  market  for  300 
francs,  bearing  the  master's  label,  and  possess- 
ing a  full,  sonorous  tone !  Thenceforward  he 
could  hardly  keep  p.'ice  with  the  ordeis  for  simi- 
lar instr.s  ;  hi1  also  built  'cell!  for  5(x>  francs. 
The  sight  ot  a  Duifiopruggar  viola  da  gamba 
inspired  him  with  the  idea  of  further  imitations  ; 
hence  the  hundreds  of  "  UuifTopniggar"  vio- 
lins and  'cc'lli  with  their  quaint  shape,  carved 
scrolls,  inlays,  and  the  motto  "viva  fui  in  sylvis, 
etc."  Hy  dint  of  indefatigable  researches  ami 
experiments,  V.  carried  the  construction  of  these 
various  instr.s  to  the  highest  perfection.  JHs 
own  inventions  were  numerous  : — in  1851  the 
huge  "  Octohasse,"  a  double-bass  4  metres  in 
length,  3-stringcd  (CX'-Od-C),  with  a  special 
lover-mechanism  to  aid  the  left  hand  (an  "oclo- 
basso"  is  in  the  Museum  of  the  Paris  Cons.); 
in  1855  a  viola  of  broader  and  higher  model, 
the  "coatrc-alto,"  with  double  strength  of  tone, 
but  clumsy  to  play  ;  in  1867  a  kind  of  mule,  the 
"p&lnlt"  sourdine";  also  a  machine  for  manu- 
facturing gut-strings  of  perfectly  equal  thick- 
ness. He  likewise*  formulated  the  laws  govern- 
ing the  tapering  of  the  stick  of  the  Tourto  bow. 

Vul'pius,  Mekhior,  b.  Wasungcn,  about 
1560;  d.  as  cantor  at  Weimar,  1616. — I»ubL  2 
l>ooks  of  "('.nntiomm  Macrae"  (1602;  1604); 
11  Kirchengesftnge  uncl  geistliche  Uecler  Dr. 
Luthers,  etc."  a  4-5  (1604) ;  "('anlicum  bcatis- 
simac  Virguris  Marine"  (1605)  ;  "  Lateinische 
IIoclusuilHittcke  "  (Tfx>8) ;  "Opusculum  novum 
selcctissimanim  cantfonum  sivcrarum"  a  5-6 
(1610);  "  SontHgHche  ovangelische  SprUche"0 
4  (3  parts;  Trt  19-31);  and  wilted  "Mualcac 
compendium  lalino-gernwnicum  M.  llcnrici 
Kabri  .  .  ."  (1610 ;  with  German  translations 
and  Additions). 

W 

Wach,  Karl  Gottfried  Wilhelm.  b.  I,obau, 
Sept.  i6»  1755  J  tl.  I/cipzlg,  Jan.  26,  1833,  as 
double-boss  player  in  the  theatre  and  Gewand- 
haus  since  1777. 


Wachs,  Paul,  pianist ;  b.  Paris,  Sept  rcj, 
3851.  J'unil,  at  Paris  Cons.,  of  Masse,  Mar- 
montcl,  Cesar  Franck,  and  Duprato ;  won  ist 
prize  for  01  gun-playing1  in  1872.  Has  writttcn 
a  large  number  of  jtf/cw-picces  f.  pf.,  many  of 
whicn  enjoy  popularity. 

Wachs^mann,  Johann  Jacob,  mus.  dir.  at 
Magdeburg  Cath. — I'ubl.  a  "  Pniktische  Sing- 
schule,"  a  "  (lesanglibel  flir  Klementarklassen  " 
(1822),  "  (iesanfffibel  in  ZiiTern"  (1827),  uVier- 
slimmige  Schtilgesange "  (1840),  "Klementai- 
schule  fur  Pianoforte,"  t4  Altargesange,"  and 
u  Choialmelodieu  zum  Magdeburgischen  Ge- 
sangbuch. " 

Wach'tel,  Theodor,  famous  stage-tenor; 
b.  Hamburg,  Mar.  10,  1823  ;  d.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  Nov.  14,  1893.  According  to  VVVs  own 
account,  his  father  was  a  "  Fuhrherr"  (livery- 
stable  keeper),  not  a  "  Droschkenkutscher" 
(cabman).  lie  carried  on  the  business  from  the 
age  of  17,  afte:  his  father's  death.  His  voice 
was*  "discovered"  by  some  customers  of  his, 
with  whom  he  happened  to  join  in  quartet-sing- 
ing1 ;  it  was  tiained  by  Kraulein  (Jramljcan  of 
Hamburg,  and  his  successful  debut  followed  in 
about  18  months.  After  singing  heroic  parts  in 
the  chief  (Serman  cities,  he  went  to  Vienna  for 
further  study.  In  r8(>2,  and  often  thereafter, 
he  appeared  in  London.  In  1865  he  was  cng. 
for  the  Heilin  Koyul  Opera.  In  1869  he  sang 
in  Paris ;  went  to  the  United  States  in  1871,  at 
first  as  a  concert-singer,  later  for  a  season  of 
opera  at  the  StatU  Theatre,  New  York  ;  and  re- 
appeared m  America  in  1875,  singing  in  Italian 
and  German  opera.  After  this,  having  accumu- 
lated quite  a  fortune,  he  accepted  no  fixed  en- 
gagement. His  voice  was  a  powerful  and  bril- 
liant lyric  tenor  of  delightful  timbre,  brought 
under  good  control  by  long  routine  ;  he  was  ad- 
mirable in  theatrical  roles  like  that  of  the  Pos- 
tillion in  Adam's  J*o$ti/ltw  d?  l^n^/uiHft'n^  which 
ho  sang  over  1,200  times,  George  IJrown  in  La 
Damf  ftta/ic/if,  Munrico  in  yVww/itvr,  Lyoncl  in 
Martha,  Arnold  in  7V//,  Knoul  in  fas  Hugue- 
nots, Slnulelfci,  and  Kleaxar ;  his  sole  attempt 
as  u  Wagner  singer,  in  f,o/i?tigrin  (I^cipstig, 
1876)  was  si  dismal  failure. 

Waelput,  Hendrik,  b.  Ghent,  Oct.  26, 1845  I 
d,  there  July  8,  1885.  Pupil  of  Brussels  Cons., 
winning  the  Prix  cle  Rome  with  the  cantata  llel 
Woud*  In  1869,  Director  of  Bruges  Cons.,  also 
acting  as  cond.  of  the  theatre  and  the  Popular 
Concerts.  Lived  3871-5  in  Dijon  ;  then  became 
cond.  at  the  Grand  Theatre,  Ghent ;  and,  finally, 
prof,  of  harmony  at  Antwerp  Cons. — Works : 
4  symphonies ;  the  cantatas  J>szegeitdef  waptn^ 
La  pacification  de  Gand^  AfaHhng;  a  festival 
march  ;  songs ;  an  opera  (not  pert.),  Berken  dt 
dianwntslyper ;  etc, 

Waelrant,  Hubert,  b.  Tongerloo,  Brabant, 
about  1517;'  d>  Antwerp,  Nov.  19,  1595.  Pupil 
of  Willaert  at  Venice ;  founded  a  music-school 
at  Antwerp  in  1547,  and  was  Jean  Laet's  partner 


39 


600 


WAGENSEIL— WAGNER 


in  music-publishing.  As  a  teacher  he  broke  \vith 
the  old  system  of  solmisation  by  hexachords, 
introducing  a  new  system  of  the  7  tone-names 
bo  cc  di  ga  lo  ma  m  (hence  called  * 4  L'ocedisa- 
tion";  also  "Voces  belgae  ").— Publ.  comp.s  • 
Motets  a  5-6  (1557) ;  chansons  and  madrigals  a 
5  (I55S);  "Canzoni  alia  napoletana"  a  3-5 
(1565)  ;  others  in  coll.s. 

Wa'genseil,  Johann  Christoph,  b.  Nurem- 
berg, Nov.  26,  1633  ;  d.  Altdorf,  Oct.  9,  1708, 
as  prof,  of  history  and  librarian — Publ.  "De 
sacri  Rom.  Imp.  libera  civitate  Norimbergensi 
commentatio.  Accedit  de  Germaniae  phona- 
scorum  origine  ..."  (1697 ;  w.  i4O-page 
treatise  on  the  Meistersinger,  and  melodies  by 
Frauenlob,  Muhlings,  Murner,  and  Regen- 
bogen). 

Wa'genseil,  Georg-  Christoph,  b.  Vienna, 
Jan.  15,  1715;  d.  there  Mar.  I,  1777.  Pupil  of 
J.  J.  Fux  ;  music-teacher  to  Maria  Theresia  and 
her  children,  and  chamber-comp.  to  the  latter. — 
Publ.  "Suavis  artificiose  elaboratus  concentus 
musicus  continens  VI  parthias  selectas  ad  cla- 
vicembalum  compositas"  (1740) ;  18  Divertimenti 
di  cembalo,  op.  1-3  ;  a  Divertimento  f.  2  harp- 
sichords, and  2  f.  harps.,  2  violins,  ^and  'cello, 
op.  5 ;  10  symphonies  f.  harps,,  2  violins,  and 
'cello,  op.  4,  7,  8  ;  six  violin-sonatas  w.  harps., 
op.  6. — Ten  operas,  30  grand  symphonies,  27 
harpsichord-concertos,  etc.,  in  MS. 

Wagoner,  Gotthard,  b.  Erding,  1697  ;  d.  at 
the  Benedictine  monastery,  Tegernsee,  in  1739. 
— Publ.  sacred  songs  f.  I  voice  w.  instr.l  accomp., 
in  the  coll  s .  "  Der  Marianische  Schwan"  (1710), 
"  Musikalischer  Hofgarten  "  (1717),  "  Der 
musikahsche  Springbrunnen"(i72o),  and  "  Das 
Marianische  Immelem  "  (1730). 

Wagoner,  Georg  Gottfried,  b.  MuMberg, 
Saxony,  Apr.  5,  1698  ;  d.  as  cantor  at  Plauen, 
1760.  Pupil  of  Kuhnau  and  Bach  at  the 
Thomasschule,  Leipzig. — Works  (MS.):  Con- 
certos and  soli  f.  violin,  oratorios,  cantatas, 
overtures,  trios,  etc. 

Wagoner,  the  brothers  Johann jand  Michael, 
organ-builders  at  Schmiedefeld*  m  the  i8th 
century ;  built  the  great  organ  at  Arnheim  (47 
stops). 

Wag'ner,  the  brothers  Christian  Salomon 
and  Johann  Gottlob,  harpsichord-makers  at 
Dresden,  turning  out  over  800  instr.s  ;  one,  the 
"Clavecin  royal"  (1774),  had  3  pedals  (Panta- 
lonzug,  Harfenzug,  Lautenzug);  another  (1786) 
had  3  keyboards. 

Wag'ner,  Karl  Jakob,  b.  Darmstadt,  Feb. 
22, 1772 ;  d.  there  Nov.  25, 1822.  Horn-virtuoso  ; 
pupil  of  Portmann  and  Abbe*  Vogler ;  in  1790 
1st  horn  in  the  Darmstadt  orch.,  making  many 
tours  ;  from  1808  Concertmeister^  later  court  con- 
ductor.—Prod,  the  operas  Pygmalion,  DcrZakn- 
artf  (1810),  Herodes  von  Bethtehti*  (1810), 
dArAfrA,r(x8xx),  and  Chimcne  (1821),  all  at  Darm- 
stadt ;  the  melodrama  Adorns  (i8xx) ;  dram, 
cantatas,  etc. ;— publ.  2  symphonies,  4  over- 


tures, trios  f.  violin,  flute,  and  'cello,  duos  f. 
flute  and  violin,  40  horn-duos,  3  violin-sonatas, 
variations  f.  pf.,  etc. ;  also  an  augm.  ed.  of 
Portmann's  **  Kur/er  musikal  Untemcht "  as 
il  Handbuch  zum  Unterncht  fur  die  Tonkunst " 
(1802). 

Wag'ner,  Ernst  David,  b.  Dramburg,  Po- 
merania,  Feb.  18,  1806  ;  d.  JJerlin,  ]\lay  4, 
1883.  Pupil,  in  Uerlin,  of  A  W.  liach  at  the  R. 
Inst.  for  Church-music,  and  of  Kungenhagen  at 
the  School  of  Comp  (R  Acad.) ,  in  3838,  cantoi 
of  the  Matthaikirche  ;  1848,  organist  of  the 
Trinitatiskirche  ;  1858,  R.  Mus.  Dir.— -Publ. 
motets,  psalms,  songs,  organ-pieces,  pf. -pieces, 
a  "  Choralbuch,"  and  an  assay,  "J)ie  musi- 
kalischeOrnamentik"  (rSGS),  comp.  an  oratorio, 
Johannes  der  Taiiftr. 

Wagner  [vahg'ner],  (Wilhelm)  Richard, 
the  grandest  and  mobt  original  dramatic  com- 
poser of  all  limes, 
was  born  at  Leipzig, 
(Bruhl,  No.  88,)  May 
22,  1813  ;  died  in 
Venice,  Feb.  13, 
1883.  His  father, 
clerk  in  the  city 
police-court,  died 
when  W.  was  but 
six  months  old ;  his 
mother,  Johanne 
Rosine,  life  Hertz, 
soon  after  married  the 
actor  and  playwright 
Ludwig  Gcyer  of 
Dresden.  In  that 
city  W.  attended  the 

Kreuzschule  until  1827  j  he  was  a  good  Greek 
scholar,  and  showed  special  aptitude  for  (icmum 
verse,  writing  a  grand  tragedy  in  Shake-spent  inn 
style  at  the  age  of  14 ;  but  evinced  no  particular 
talent  for  music.  II is  stepfather  died  in  1 821  ;  in 
1827  W.  entered  the  Nikolai  Gymnasium  in  Leip- 
zig, whither  the  family  had  returned  when  his 
sister  Rosalie  obtained  a  favorable  engagement 
at  the  City  Theatre  there.  In  I  )resden,  Weber's 
music  had  already  made  a  strong  impression  on 
Wagner;  at  Leipzig,  ns  he  himself  writes,  he 
was  4t overpowered"  on  hearing  A  IJeethoven 
symphony  at  the  Gewandhaus.  lie  studied 
LogierTs  Thoroughbass  by  himself,  and  then  had 
regular  lessons  in  theory  from  tlie  organist  Gott- 
lieb Mttller,  writing  a  string- quartet,  a  sonata, 
and  an  aria,  but  profited  little  from  this  teacher's 
pedantic  instructions.  Tn  1830,  after  matricula- 
tion as  a  student  of  philology  and  tvsthctics  at 
Leipzig  University,  he  took  a  six-month*'  course 
in  composition  under  Tbcodor  Weinlig,  then 
cantor  of  the  Thomasschule  ;  two  works  of  this 
period,  a  pf. -sonata  in  4  movements  (op.  i)  and 
a  4-hand  Polonaise  (op.  2),  were  printed  by 
Breitkopf  &  lUrtel,  and  show,  both  in  melody 
and  harmony,  indications  of  W.'s  later  individ- 
uality. He  also  gave  himself  up  to  a  thorough  and 
enthusiastic  study  of  Beethoven's  symphonies; 


610 


WAGNER 


and  in  1832  wrote  a  symphony  in  4  movements  in 
C  major,  which  he  offered  for  performance  at 
Vienna  and  Prague ;  it  was  produced  at  the 
dewandhnus,  Leipzig,  on  Jan.  10,  1833.  While 
in  Prague,  he  wrote  his  first  opeia-librctto,  Die 
Jftv/ist'if,  of  which  he  composed  an  introduction, 
a  septet,  and  a  chorus,  afterwards  abandoning 
the  work  on  account  of  objections  raised  by  his 
sister  Rosalie.  In  1833  lie  began  his  cat  corns 
a  professional  musician,  being*  invited  by  his 
brother  Albert,  stage-manager  and  singer  at  the 
WUrzbtug  Theatre,  to  take  the  position  of  chorus- 
master  there.  lie  found  leisure  to  compose  a 
romantic  opera  in  3  acts,  Die  /'iw/,  to  a  libretto 
of  his  own  after  "  Ln  Donnnseipcnte"  byOoxzi ; 
it  was  accepted,  but  never  perfoimcd,  by  the 
heipxig  theatre-diiector  Ringclbault  (first  given 
at  Munich,  1888).  In  1834  he  was  made  con- 
ductor of  the  Magdeburg  Th.;  he  brought  out 
two  overtures,  to/>/V  /'lr//awl  6W///;/i//,rTApelj, 
songs  to  the  fai  cc  Ay  />V/;w/X  etc. ;  ami  finished 
hook  and  score  of  a,  2-fict  opera  AM  1  .icbfswrlwl 
[after  Shakespeare's  A  ft  VMI//V  for  J/<vw//;r],  the 
performance  of  which,  on  March  29,  1836^  after 
hurried  rehearsals,  ended  in  chaos.  Vailing  to 
bring  it  out  at  IxMpxig  and  Kcrlin,  he  repaired 
to  K/migsbcrg,  became  conduct  or  of  the  theatre, 
and  married  (Nov.  24,  183(0  the  actress  Wilhel- 
mino  Planer.  II is  sole  new  work  here  was  the 
overture  "  Rule  liritunnin."  Next  year  he  was 
appointed  conductor  of  the  Riga  opera,  newly 
opened  under  HoUci ;  he  also  conducted  orches- 
tral  concerts,  mid  completed  the  libretto  of  A'/Vwc/, 
der  kht?  der  Tribflnw^  a  tragic  opera  in  live 
acts,  of  which  he  composed  the  first  two  in  Riga. 
Inspired  by  the  hope  of  equalling  Meyerbeer's 
triumphs  on  the  stage  of  the  Grand  Opera  at 
Paris,  W.  set  out  for  that  city  in  July,  1839,  his 
contract  at  Riga  having  expired  ;  the  events  of 
the  stormy  voyage,  heightened  by  his  previous 
perusal  of  the  legend  of  the  Flying  Dutchman, 
made  an  indelible  impression  on  his  mind.  He 
passed  4  weeks  at  Boulogne  in  Meyerbeer's  so- 
ciety, who  gave  him  letters  to  musicians  and 
publishers  in  Paris ;  he  arrived  there  with  his 
wife  in  September,  and  remained  there  until 
1842.  Unsuccessful  in  his  attempts  to  get  a 
hearing  for  A'/<v/0i,  he  found  himself  in  dire 
straits,  and  supported  himself  by  song-writing, 
arranging  dances  for  piano  and  cornet,  prepar- 
ing the  piano-score  of  I  UUeVy's  JKtine  tie  Chypre^ 
and  other  operas,  writing  articles  for  musical 
papers,  etc.  In  1 840,  in  the  midst  of  his  troubles, 
he  wrote  the  grand  **  Fauat-Ouvertttre,"  intended 
for  the  first  movement  of  a  '*  Faust  Symphony"  j 
in  November  of  that  year,  the  score  of  Rttnti 
was  finished,  and  sent  to  the  Tntendant  of  the 
Dresden  Court  Theatre.  Sketches  for  D*rJUe~ 

eende  Hollander  had  also  been  submitted  to  the 
Director  of  the  Op^ra,  who  viewed  them  with 

.approval,  but  ended  by  giving  the  libretto  to 
Foucher  for  versification,  ana  forcing  W.  to 

accept  400  francs  for  his  share  in  the  work.    W. 

loet  no  time  ia  setting  his  own  poem,  completing 

<thto  score  in  7  weeks;  on  Meyerbeer's  recom- 


mendation it  was  accepted  at  Uerlin,  but  not 
performed  ,  applications  to  other  German  theatres 
were  equally  unsuccessful.  [On  Nov.  9,  1842, 
the  French  version,  Le  J*ais*tMufanfdtiu\  set  to 
music  by  Dietsch,  ffiff  ef'ot  c/tcstre  a.li\\e  Opera, 
was  unsuccessfully  produced  ]  jRien&i,  however, 
had  final ly  been  accepted  at  Dresden,  and  in 
April,  1842,  W.  left  Paris  to  superintend  the 
rehearsals ,  it  was  produced  on  Oct.  20  with 
great  success,  which  induced  the  direction  to 
bring  out  Der  Jliegcndc  Hollander  on  Jan.  2, 
1843.  Nut  the  'step  from  the  grandiose  grand- 
opera  style  of  JRU'iizi  to  the  fervent  romanticism 
of  the  Hollander  was  too  long  for  the  average 
critic  and  musician  to  take  ;  the  protests  raised 
against  the  almost  crudely  realistic  instiumenta- 
tion,  the  pathetic  declamation,  the  suppression 
of  the  traditional  divisions  of  musical  numbers 
and  scenes,  etc. ,  started  the  opposition  to  Wag- 
ner which  grew  in  intensity  for  the  next  quarter 
of  a  century.  Nevertheless,  in  the  same  month 
W.  was  appointed  conductor  of  the  Dresden 
Opera,  succeeding  the  deceased  Morlaechi.  In 
this  position  he  developed  great  activity  for  the 
following  6  years,  bringing  "out  the  best  opcias 
(Der  Frcist  Mite,  F.uryantlic,  Don  Giovanni  t  Die 
'/.aulwjldh'i  Fidelia,  "etc.)  in  mastctly  fashion  ; 
he  also  conducted  the  Dresden  Uedertafel,  for 
which  he  wrote  a  "  biblical  scene,"  Das  Lifbes- 
mahl  der  Afosle^  for  3  choirs  of  male  voices 
singing  at  iirst  a  cappclla,  finally  with  full  orcb. 
The  3-act  opera  Tannh&ustr  ttntt  der  .Stf;/^'?-- 
krie$  anf  H'arfbnrg,  was  finished  in  1844  ;  the 
first  performance  took  place  at  Dresden,  Oct.  ly, 
1845,  arousing  more  strenuous  opposition  than 
the  I/ft/lftntler ;  now  the  critics  discoveied  that 
W.  had  neither  **  melody"  nor  "  form,"  a  phrase 
on  which  the  changes  have  been  rung  ad  naitstam 
ever  since  ;  still,  the  opera  made  its  way  slowly 
to  the  principal  German  stages  (Weimar,  1849'; 
Wiesbaden,  1852  ;  Kasscl,  1853  ;  Munich,  1855  J 
Berlin,  1856 ;  Vienna,  1857  ;  etc.).  It  was  Wag- 
ner's mibfortune  to  be  within  the  peculiar  sphere 
of  the  conservative  (not  to  say  narrow-minded) 
Dresden  critic  Schladebach,  whose  opinions  were 
echoed  by  the  press  of  other  German  capitals, 
and  created  a  strong  prejudice  among  theatre- 
managers  and  influential  musicians.  Liszt,  Schu- 
mann, and  Spohr  did,  however,  recognize  W.'s 
lofty  aims ;  the  first-named  later  became  his 
foremost  champion.  After  TannMitser,  W. 
began  work  on  the  3-act  romantic  opera  Lohen- 
grin ;  even  the  book  for  lXe  Meistfrsinger^  and 
tentative  sketches  for  J)er  JMng  dt$  JViMun£cfi> 
were  progressing  at  the  same  time.  Karly  in 
1848  JLohmgrin  was  finished  ;  but  the  direction 
of  tho  Opera  did  not  care  to  experiment  with  the 
work,  and  only  the  Finale  to  Act  I  was  per- 
formed at  the  300th  anniversary  of  the  court  or- 
chestra, on  Sept  22,  1848.  Studies  on  the 
Barbaroasa  legend  resulted  in  the  curious  essay 
14  Die  Wibclungen,WeltgeschichteauHder  Sage" ; 
W*  (iocs  not  appear  to  have  approached  the  sub- 
ject musically.  A  prose  study  on  "Der  Nifoe- 
lungen-Mythus  als  Entwurf  zu  eioem  Drama " 


6xx 


WAGNER 


(1848)  was  followed  by  Siegfrieds  Tod,  a  3-act 
drama  with  Prologue,  written  in  alliterative  verse, 
and  subsequently  utilized,  in  an  altered  form,  for 
Gotterdammerung ;  some  of  the  musical  themes 
were  also  conceived  at  this  time.  Full  of  these 
plans,  and  penetrated  by  the  conviction  of  the 
impossibility  of  carrying  them  out  under  the 
existing  theatrical  conditions,  Wagner  drew  up, 
and  sent  in  to  the  Saxon  Ministry,  a  "  Proposi- 
tion for  a  National  Theatre  of  ihe  Kingdom  of 
Saxony  " ;  it  remained  unnoticed,  and  W. ,  already 
chafing  under  secret  and  open  hostility,  and  the 
irksome  details  incident  to  his  position,  incau- 
tiously expressed  sympathy  with  the  revolution- 
ary tendencies  of  the  period,  and  had  to  leave 
Dresden  after  the  suppression  of  the  May  Revo- 
lution (1849),  in  order  to  escape  arrest.  For  a 
brief  space  he  found  asylum  at  Weimar  with 
Liszt,  who  was  rehearsing  TannJiknscr ;  but  was 
again  forced  to  flee,  Liszt  providing  him  with  a 
passport  and  accompanying  him  as  far  as  Eise- 
nach on  the  way  to  Paris.  This  second  visit  to 
the  French  capital  was  quite  barren  of  results, 
and  in  June,  1849,  W.  proceeded  to  Zurich. 
Here  followed  a  period  of  literary  activity.  The 
exiled  composer,  finding  his  music  slighted,  now 
took  up  the  pen  to  defend  himself  in  earnest 
against  the  attacks  of  prejudice,  malice,  and 
ignorance,  and  to  enlighten  the  public  with  re- 
gard to  his  own  aims  and  motives.  Within  3 
years  a  remarkable  series  of  essays  appeared : 
'*  Die  Kunst  und  die  Revolution  "  (1849) ;  "  Das 
Kunstwerk  der  Zukunft,"  **  Kunst  und  Klima," 
"Das  Judenthum  in  der  Musik"  (1850) ;  "Oper 
und  Drama,'*  c*Eine  Mittheilung  an  meine 
Freunde,"  "Ober  die  Goethe  Stiftung,"  "Ein 
Theater  in  Zurich, "  "  Erinnerungen  an  Spontini " 
(1851) ;"  iJber  die  Auffuhrung  des  Tannha'user," 
"  Bemerkungen  zur  Auffuhrung  der  Oper  Der 
fliegende  Hollander"  (1852).  He  also  com- 
pleted the  3-act  prose  drama  IVieland  der 
Sfhmiedt,  hoping  to  bring  it  out  in  Paris  as  an 
opera  in  French  verses  ;  in  1852  the  poems  of 
the  Nibelungen  trilogy  were  finished,  and  pri- 
vately printed  in  1853  ;  the  full  score  of  Das 
Rhdngold  was  finished  in  1854,  and  that  of  Die 
Walk&re  in  1856.  In  the  meantime  he  con- 
ducted orchestral  concerts,  lectured  on  the  musi- 
cal drama,  rehearsed  and  produced  Tannk&user 
at  Zurich,  1855  ;  in  the  spring  of  1855  he  like- 
wise conducted  eight  concerts  of  the  London 
Philharmonic  Society.  In  1857  he  laid  aside  the 
half-finished  score  of  Siegfried,  and  took  up 
Tristan  und  Isolde ,  the  poem  being  completed 
in  that  year,  with  the  full  score  of  Act  I ;  the 
score  of  Act  II  was  finished  in  Venice,  1859, 
and  of  Act  III  in  Lyons,  August,  1859.  He 
now  gave  concerts  of  his  own  works  at  Paris 
(1860),  making  many  enthusiastic  friends,  but 
also  stirring  up  active  opposition,  and  incurring 
heavy  debts.  Two  concerts  in  Brussels  were 
even  less  successful.  However,  powerful  in- 
terests in  Paris  were  enlisted  in  his  favor ;  the 
Emperor  ordered  that  Tannh&user  should  be 
put  in  rehearsal  at  the  Grand  Oprfra ;  and  it  was 


brought  out  on  March  13,  iSGi,  though  in  the 
face  of  such  tumultuous  opposition  by  a  hostile 
clique  that  it  i\as  withdrawn  after  the  third  per- 
formance. Upon  this  disaster  followed  a  gleam 
of  sunshine  ;  W.  was  amnestied,  and  returned 
to  his  native  country  in  hopes  ot  soon  pioducing 
Tristan  ;  the  work  was,  indeed,  received  at  the 
Vienna  Court  Opera,  but  given  up  as  **  imprac- 
ticable "  after  57  rehearsals  lie  was  partially 
consoled  by  hearing,  for  the  first  lime,  his  own 
opera  Lohengrin  (Vienna,  May  31,  1861);  and 
he  was  greeted  with  effusion  by  1  ,iszt  and  other 
leaders  of  German  music  at  the  Tonkunstler- 
Versammlung  at  Weimar  in  August.  The  de- 
sign of  a  comic  opera,  Die  Mmlersinger  ivn 
Kitrnberg,  sketched  as  fai  back  as  1845,  was 
now  taken  up  with  energy ,  he  finished  the 
poem  at  Paris,  1862,  though  the  score  was  not 
completed  until  1867.  Up  to  1864  he  supported 
himself  chicily  by  giving  concerts  of  his  compo- 
sitions, meeting  with  greatest  success  in  St. 
Petersburg  and  Moscow.  Despite  all  efforts, 
however,  his  situation  became  desperate ;  in 
1863  he  published  the  poems  of  the  Nibfhtng 
cycle,  having  lost  hope  of  finishing  the  musical 
setting.  At  this  crisis  King  Luclwi^  II.  of  Ba- 
varia, who  had  just  ascended  the  throne,  sent 
for  W.  in  1864,  inviting  him  to  Munich  with 
the  promise  of  the  amplest  aid  in  carrying  out 
his  projects.  Von  Uulow  was  summoned  us  court 
Kapellmeister ^  to  produce  Ti  is tau  «»*/  /so/tie 
(June  10,  1865).  Itut  court  cabals,  and  persis- 
tent opposition  on  the  part  of  leading  musicians, 
rendered  W.'s  position  so  unpleasant  that  he 
left  Munich  in  December,  and  settled  in  the 
village  of  Triebschen  on  Hie  Lake  of  Lucerne, 
busying  himself  with  the  completion  of  the  scores 
of  Die  A  teister singer  (prod.  Munich,  June  21, 
1868)  and  Der  Ring  des  Nibclwixcn,  Stt^/rM 
being  finished  in  1869,  and  GoMertt&MMenwj*  in 
1874.  King  Ltulwjg's  plan  for  a  special  Wag- 
ner Theatre  in  Munich  having  fallen  through, 
W,  fixed  upon  Itoyreulh,  in  1871,  as  the  place 
for  it ;  the  cornerstone  was  laid  in  1872,  on  W.'s 
Goth  birthday.  The  fund  required  for  erecting 
the  new  theatre,  which  was  built  according  to 
W.'s  original  plans,  was  raised  by  private  sub- 
scription, by  the  contributions  of  * '  Wagner  So- 
cieties" (  Wagner- Verei  no)  formed  all  over  the 
world,  and  by  a  series  of  concerts  arranged  by 
W.  in  various  German  cities.  At  length,  in 
August,  1876,  the  dream  of  his  life  was  realized  ; 
three  complete  performances  of  the  J)t*rJKinyfde3 
Nibelungen  were  given  at  the  Itoyiotilh  theatre, 
attended  by  musical  notabilities  from  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe,  and  honored  by  the  pres- 
ence of  Emperor  William  T,  and  King  Ludwig, 
Hans  Richter  conducted  the  orchestra,  in  which 
Wilhelmj  led  the  violins.  Musically  a  grand 
success,  the  undertaking  left  W.  again  heavily 
involved  in  debt ;  concerts  given  at  the  Albert 
Hall,  London,  in  1877,  gave  meagre  pecuniary 
returns  ;  but  he  was  finally  relieved  by  the  set- ' 
ting  asidfe  of  the  tantiemes  derived  from  perfor- 
mances of  the  cycle  at  Munich.  The  next  few 


612 


WAGNER 


years  were  occupied  with  literary  work,  and  with 
the  completion  of  his  lost  dramatic  composition, 
the  "  Huhnenweihfcstspiel "  Par&ijal,  iinished 
in  1882,  and  produced  tor  the  first  time  on  July 
26  of  that  year,  other  performances  following 
through  July  and  August,  all  under  the  master's 
personal  supervision.  Jle  also  made  arrange- 
ments for  the  performances  of  1883  ,  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1882  ill-health  compiled  him  to  seek 
ielie.1  in  Venice,  (  wheie  he  spent  the  winter, 
death  overtook  him  suddenly  on  Fob.  13,  1883. 
His  remains  were  mtciral  in  the  gulden  oi  his 
villa  lt  Wahn  fried"  at  Uayreuth. 

In  tBGi  Wagner  separated  fiom  his  fust -wife, 
who  went  to  Dtcsden,  and  died  theic  in  j8(>6. 
Jn  1870  lie  married  Cosima,  the  daughter  of 
Liszt,  alter  her  divorce  from  her  first  husband, 
Hans  von  I  In  low. 

In  comprehensiveness  and  grandeur  of  con- 
ception, and  originality  and  boldness  of  execu- 
tion, Wagner  is  Jttcih1  /*miu'f&  among  musical 
dramatists.  From  the  outset  he  penned  his  own 
poems  according  to  his  own  ideas.  He  wasted 
no  time  in  searching  for  libretti  fiom  which  to 
borrow  ideas,  or  for  a  librettist  to  cast  his  ideas 
in  the  conventional  mould.  When  he  wrote  a 
work,  he  was  so  filled  with  his  subject  that  it  was 
a  natural  necessity  for  him  to  put  it  into  concrete 
shape,  and  so  disburden  his  teeming  imagina- 
tion. I  lis  was  a  thoroughly  poetic  nature.  And 
in  true  dramatic  instinct  he  was  so  far  in  ad- 
vance of  his  musical  contemporaries,  that  many 
of  them  still  fail  to  appreciate  his  preeminence. 
Of  his  first  operas,  Dig  /'<•<•;/»  Ajjr  AfWvmvvW, 
and  AVtvJH,  it  may  be  said  briefly  that  they 
represent .  his  immature,  formative,  imitative 
period.  \Vith  /V/\///V^>vW<r  Jlolthndcr  the  in- 
dividual Wagner,  th'e  genius,  is  unveiled,  almost 
abruptly,  Tho  plain,  stiaighl forward  mythical 
tale,  a  conflict  of  stormy  emotions  and  the  apo- 
theosis of  love  ami  self-sacrifice,  appeals  to  every 
heart ;  the  nuisio,  radiating  from  the  central 
ballade  sung  by  Scntn,  of  an  elementary  power 
enhanced  by  the  (already)  original  employment 
of  leading-motives  [U»ilmotive|,  is  as  wildly 
romantic,  as  tenderly  pathetic,  and  as  sternly 
tragic,  as  the  successive  situations — and,  above 
all,  a  music  not  written  to  exhibit  the  beauty  and 
agility  of  the  singers'  voices,  but  to  follow  the 
drama  into  its  least  details  without  the  customary 
breaks  made  by  set  numbers  (arias,  duets,  en- 
sembles) ;  here  the  heroine  has  only  one  solo, 
the  Ballade,  and  the  hero  none,  in  the  customary 
sense.  And  all  these  innovations— the  deriva- 
tion of  the  dramatic  ami  musical  whole  from  a, 
central  source ;  the  preservation  of  dramatico* 
musical  unity  by  the  use  of  Jsitnwtive ;  the 
subordination  of  the  singers  to  dramatic  require- 
ments ;  and  the  absolute  melodic  and  harmonic 
freshness  and  vigor,  combined  with  daring  or- 
chestration— all  these  at  once  in  one  work  1  No 
wonder  that  there  was  a  rattling  of  dry  bones. — 
In  TannhZusw  and  fofangrin  (1848)  Wagner's 
second  period,  the  romantic,  closes.  In  these 
two  operas  he  employs  like  means,  in  sub- 


stantially the  same  manner,  though  with  grow- 
ing variety  and  lefinement. — The  third  period 
opens  six  years  later,  with  Dm  Rheingold  (1854). 
The  intermediate  time  has  been  one  of  profound 
self-searching  and  reflection.  W.'s  ideas  con- 
cerning the  union  of  the  arts  have  been  fully 
matured  and  formulated  (*/.  "  Operund  Drama 
and  "  Eine  Mitthcilung  an  meine  Freunde"); 
and  in  this  period  they  are  earned  out  to  their 
ultimate  logical  conclusion.  He  assumes  the 
role  ot  a  reformer  of  the  musico-dramalic  stage  ; 
unsparingly  criticizes  and  condemns  the  faulty 
and  illogical  plan  of  the  Italian  "  opcia  "  and 
the  French  "grand  opera,"  and  naturally  dis- 
cards these  titles,  calling  his  own  subsequent 
woiks  "music-dramas,"  adding  specific  titles 
('*  Ilandlung"  [ action J  for  Tihtan  ttnti  Jsahfc  ; 
"Hulincnfestspicl"  L-staye  festival-play]  for  the 
A'ifo/itnqen  ;  "  Huhnenwcihfestspiel  "  [stage- 
consecrating  festival-playj  for  Parsifaf)  To 
([note  his  own  words,  ll  the  mistake  in  the  art- 
ionn  of  the  opera  consists  in  this,  that  a  means 
of  expiession  (music)  was  made  the  end,  and  the 
end  to  be  expressed  (the  drama)  was  made  a 
means."  Only  in  a  cooidinated  cooperation  of 
musical  and  scenic  means  of  expression  with  the 
end  to  be  expressed,  the  dramatic  action,  could 
a  genuine  and  perfect  musical  drama  be  achieved. 
Wagner's  orchestra  now  became  an  exponent 
of  the  dramatic  action  ;  the  highly  individualized 
and  pregnant  leading-motives,  now  singly,  in 
bold  iclief,  now  subtly  inUn  twined  and  varied, 
plastically  present  the  ever-changing  soul-states 
of  the  characters  of  the  diama  and  form  the  con- 
necting-links for  the  diamatic  situations ;  the 
singing  of  the  actors  is  resolved  into  a  lofty 
declamation  ("  Sprechsingen,"  Wagner  calls  it) 
of  telling  dramatic  force. — A  natural  consequence 
is,  that  music  so  treated  generally  loses,  in  a 
varying  degree,  its  effectiveness  as  absolute 
music — i.e.,  when  performed  without  the  acces- 
sories of  acting  and  scenery.  So  long,  however, 
as  the  music  fulfils  the  end  intended  by  the  com- 
poser, this  cannot  be  regarded  as  an  (esthetic 
fault.  I  n  richness,  variety,  and  novelty  of  effect, 
W.'s  theatre-orchestra  stands  unrivalled  ;  in 
chromatic  and  enharmonic  modulation,  rhythmic 
variety,  and  fertility  and  originality  of  con- 
trapuntal combination  and  thematic  exploitation, 
he  is  wholly  mi  grneris.  The  music-dramas 
Die  JWthtfrrifiger  and  Tristan  itnd  Isolde  are 
twin  peaks  of  an  elevation  of  sustained  dramatic 
energy  undreamed  of  before  his  advent, 

It  will  be  seen  that  Wagner's  reform  was  in- 
comparably more  far-reaching  in  aim  and  import 
than  Gluck's.  The  latter's  chief  purpose  was 
to  overcome  the  arbitrary  predominance  of  the 
singers.  In  the  essential  form  of  the  Italian  op- 
era he  altered  nothing ;  recitatives,  scenes,  arias, 
and  ensembles  followed  each  other  much  as  be- 
fore. 

W.  spent  a  large  amount  of  his  enormous  pro- 
ductive activity  in  writing.  He  expounded  his 
theories  on  music  and  the  music-drama  at  great 
length  and  in  great  detail ;  in  his  later  years,  es- 


613 


WAGNER 


pecially,  he  also  touched  upon  a  large  number  of 
social  and  economic  subjects  in  essays  of  more 
or  less  value.  The  merits  of  his  dramatic  poems 
have  aroused  only  less  dispute  than  his  music, 
his  admirers  acclaiming  him  as  one  of  Germany's 
greatest  poets,  while  his  critics  allege  that  his 
later  works,  especially  Der  Ring  des  Xibclungen, 
in  which  he  adopts  the  alliterative  verse  of  the 
old  Teutonic  literature,  and  Tristan  itnd  Isolde, 
give  a  severe  wrench  to  the  purity  of  the  Ger- 
man language  and  literary  style.  His  works 
have  been  collected  and  published  in  several  edi- 
tions ;  the  first  ("Gesammelte  Schriften  und 
Dichtungen  von  R.  \V."),  in  1871-83  ;  a  second 
cheaper  edition  followed,  1887-8.  An  English 
translation  in  eight  volumes  (seven  already 
[1899]  published,  by  William  Ashton  Ellis,  be- 
gan to  appear  in  1892.  In  addition,  volumes  en- 
titled "Gedanken,  Fragmente,  Entwurfe  "  and 
"  Jesus  von  Nazareth,"  being  a  sketch  for  the 
drama  that  was  afterwards  relinquished  for  Par- 
si  fa!,  have  appeared.  Following  is  a  list  of  W.'s 
musical  works  : 

OPERAS  AND  MUSIC-DRAMAS:  Die  Hockzeit 
(fragment;  unpubl.;  comp.  1833).  Die  JFeen, 
romantic  opera  in  3  acts  (comp.  1833  ;  overture 
played  Magdeburg,  1834;  first  prod.  Munich, 
June  29,  1888.  Vocal  score  publ.  1888).  Das 
Lieftcsiwbot,  rom.  op.  in  2  acts  (comp.  1835-6  ; 
prod.  Magdeburg,  March  29,  1836,  as  Die 
Noznse  von  Palermo  ;  unpubl.).  Riensi,  der  letste 
der  Tribunen;  tragic  opera  in  5  acts  (comp. 
1838-40 ;  prod.  Dresden,  Oct.  20,  1842),  Dtr 
jliegende  Hollander,  romantic  opera  in  3  acts 
(comp.  1841 ;  prod.  Dresden,  Jan.  2,  1843). 
TannhSuser  wid  der  S&ngcrkrieg  attj  Wart- 
burg;  romantic  op.  in  3  acts  (comp.  1843-5 ; 
prod.  Dresden,  Oct.  19,  1845).  Lohengrin, 
romant.  op.  in  3  acts  (comp.  1845-8.  Prod.  Wei- 
mar, Aug.  28,  1850).  Das  Rhezngold,  Part  I 
of  Der  Ring  des  Nibelungen,  music-drama  in 
four  parts.  [Wagner  calls  Der  R.  des  IV.  a 
"Buhnenfestspiel,"  dramatic  trilogy  in  3  parts 
and  a  "  Vorabend"  (introductory  evening),  Das 
RheingoldJ\  (Comp.  1848-53 ;  prod.  Munich, 
Sept.  22,  1869.  Publ.  pf. -score,  1861 ;  full  do., 
1873.)  Die  Walkilre,  Part  II  of  Der  Ring  des 
Nibelungen.  (Comp.  1848-56 ;  prod.  Munich, 
June,  20,  1870-  Publ.  pf.-score,  1865  ;  full  do., 
1873,)  Tristan  und  Isolde,  "  Handlung"  in  3 
acts.  (Comp.  1857-9  ;  prod.  Munich,  June  10, 
1865.  Publ.  i860.)  Siegfried,  Part  III  of 
Der  Ring  des  tfibefangen.  (Comp.  1857-69  ; 
prod.  Bayreuth,  Aug.  16,  1876.  Publ.  pf.- 
score,  1871  ;  full  do.,  1876.)  Die  Meistersingtr 
von  Nnrnberg,  musical  comedy  in  3  acts. 
(Comp.  1861-67 ;  prod.  Munich,  June  21,  1868. 
Publ.  pf.-score,  1867;  full  do.,  1868.)  Gtitttr- 
ddmnierung,  Part  IV  of  Dtr  Ring  des  Nibe- 
lungen. (Comp  1870-4 ;  prod.  Bayreuth,  Aug. 
17,  1876.  Publ.  pf.-score,  1875,  full  do.,  1876*) 
Parsifal,  ein  Btthnenweihfestspiel  in  3  acts. 
(Comp.  1876-82;  prod.  Bayreuth,  July  26, 1882. 
Publ,  pf.-score,  1882;  full  do.,  i&$4.) 
ORCHESTRAL  ATO  CHORAL  WORKS  ;  Over- 


ture, Bb  (unpubl.;  prod.  Leipzig,  1830;  score 
lost).  Overture,  D  mm  (unpubl.,  prod.  Leip- 
zig, Dec.  25,  1831).  Overture,  C  {"  Konzert- 
ouverture,  ziemlich  fugirt " ;  unpubl.,  comp. 
1831 ;  prod.  Leipzig,  April  10,  1833).  Overture, 
C, tl  Polonia"  (unpubl. ,  comp.  1832).  Symphony 
in  C  (unpubl.,  comp.  1832  ,  piod.  Leipzig,  1833  ; 
in  Venice,  1882).  New  Year's  Cantata  (Intiod. 
and  two  choral-pieces;  unpubl,;  prod.  Magde- 
burg, 1834).  Overture,  4I  Columbus"  (unpubl.; 
comp.  1835  ;  prod.  Magdeburg,  1835 ;  score 
lost)  Incidental  music  to  Gleich's  farce  Der 
Berggeist  (unpubl.;  prod.  Magdeburg,  1836). 
Overtuie,  "  Rule  Britannia"  (unpubl  ;  comp. 
1836).  "  Huldigungsmarsch  "  (comp.  1864;  orig. 
score  for  military  band,  unpubl.;  publ.  version 
for  orchestra  begun  by  W.  and  finished  by  Kaff). 
"Siegfried  Idyll"  (comp.  1870;  publ  ;  1877). 
"  Kaisermarsch "  (comp.  and  publ.  1871), 
**  Festival  March  "  (for  the  Centennial  Expo- 
sition, Philadelphia,  1876 ;  comp.  and  publ. 
1876).  "  Das  Liebesmahl  der  Aposlel,"  for 
male  chorus  and  orch.  (comp.  1843).  "Gele- 
genheits-Cantata "  (for  unveiling  of  statue  of 
King  Friedrich  August,  1843  ;  unpubl.).  "  ( Jruss 
an  den  Konig"  (comp,  1843  ;  publ.  for  4  mule 
voices  and  as  a  song  with  pf.).  "  An  \Vebers 
Grabe"  (Funeral  March  for  wiml-instr.s  on 
motives  from  **  Euryanthc,"  and  double  quartet 
for  voices  ,  comp.  1844;  the  latlci  publ.  1871). 

PIANOFORTE-PIECES  :  Sonata,  IJ  |?  (comp. 
1831  ;  publ.  1832).  Polonaise,  J),  four  hands 
(comp.  1831;  publ.  1832).  Fantaisie,  KJfmin. 
(comp.  1831;  unpubl.).  "  Allnimsonntc,  fiir 
Frau  Mathilde  Wesendonck,"  K|i  (comp.  1853  ; 
publ.  1877).  "Ankunft  bci  don  Schwarxen 
Schwa'nen"  (comp.  1861  ;  publ.  18^7).  "Km 
Albumblatt  fttr  FUrstin  MettermVh/1  ('  (comp. 
1861 ;  publ.  1871).  "  Album blntt  fUr  Frau  Hetty 
Schott,"  E[?  (comp.  1875 ;  publ.  1876). 

SONGS:  " Carnavalslied  from  Das  //rfar- 
verbot  (comp.  1835-6;  publ.  1885).  "Dors, 
mon  enfant,"  "  Mignonne,"  *'Atlente"  (comp, 
1839-40;  publ.  1841-2;  reprinted  1871).  "  Lcs 
deux  Grenadiers"  (comp.  1839).  "  Dcr  Tan- 
nenbaum M  (comp.  1840;  publ.  1871).  "  Kraft- 
liedchen"  (comp.  1871).  Fdnf  Oedichlc :  I, 
DerEngcl;  2,  Stehc  Still;  3,  Im  Treibhaus  ; 
4,  Schmerzcn  ;  5,  Trfiume  (comp.  1862). 

ARRANGEMENTS,  ETC.:  Ciluck,  i/fhigtnie  en 
Aulide  (pf.-arr.  by  von  Billow,  publ.  i8s<)  ;  score 
of  close  to  overture  publ.  1859).  Mowxrt,  Dm 
Juan  (version  of  dialogues  and  recitatives  ;  un- 
publ.). Palestrina,  Slabat  Mater,  with  indications 
for  performance  (publ.  1877),  Allegro  to  the  air 
of  Aubrey,  in  Marschner's  Der  Vamfyr  (comp, 
1833  ;  unpubl.).  Beethoven's  Ninth  Symphony, 
pf.-arr.  (1830 ;  unpubl,).  Donizetti,  La  Fawrita 
and Elisird'amore^L -scores,  llak<vy,  L<t  Rfine 
de  Chypre  and  Le  Guittarero,  pf.-scores  (1841), 

BIOGRAPHIES:  C.  F.  Olascnapp,  UR.  W.'s 
Lebea  u.  Wirken"  (1876  ;  and  cd.  1882) ;  do., 
u  Das  Lebcn  K.  W.'s  "  (a  third  edition  of  the 
same,  revised  and  rewritten) ;  Ad.  Juilicn,  u  K. 
W.»  sa  vie  et  ses  ceuvres  "  (1886  ;  Kngl.  tmnsl 


614 


WAGNER— WALCKER 


in  Grove's  "  Dictionary  "  ;  F.  Prayer,  "  W.  as 
I  knew  him  "  (180,3  ;  the  (lerm.  ed  withdrawn) , 
K.  Pohl,  "  R.  W.,ein  Lebensbild"  (1883) ;  W. 
Tappcit,  "  R.  \V.,  sein  Leben  u.  seine  \Vcike" 
(1883)  ;  II.  v,  "Wol/ogen,  "  Kiinnerunjicn  an  R. 
W,"  (3883)  ;  K.  Huefk-r,  "  R.  W."  (iRSr),  Ci. 
Kobbo,  "  K.  W.'s  Liie  and  Woiks"  (2vol.s, 
New  York). 

ClirrirAL,    POLKMICAL,  AND    Kxi'l.ANATORY  ' 

II.  K.  Krchhiol,  "Studies  in  the  ^'a^nerian 
Drama"  (i8yi) ;  Krnest  Newman,  "  A  Study  of 
Wagner"  (1809);  NY.  II.  U ado\v,  "  Studios  in 
Modern  Music"  (Vol.  i.,  1806);  A  daspcrini, 
"  R.  W."  (i8<)C>)  ;  F.  Mueller,  "  K.  W.  and  the 
Music  of  the  Future"  (1874);  R.  Pohl,  "K 
W.,Studienu.  Kriliken"  (1883);  F.  MUIIer,  "  R. 
W.  u.  das  Musikdrama"  (1861) ;  do.  "  Der  King 
des  Nibehmgen"  (1802);  ('alullc  Mendcs,  "  K. 
W."  (1886)  ;  M.  KurTcruih,  "  Le  Thratre  de  K. 
W."  (four  parts,  T8<)2) ;  K.  Sohiue,  **  Lt;  Dnmie 
musical  "  (1880) ;  K.  ( Juruey,  "  Tertium  (^uid  " 
(1887);  L.  Nohl,  4I  Heethovni,  W.  und  Usxt " 
(1874);  do.,  "(Jltwk  u.  W."(iH7o);  A.  Uvi- 
gnac,  "The  Music  Diamas  of  K.  W."  (Kugl. 
tran.sl.,  i8<;8) ;  Alfred  Krnst,  **  I/<i'iivrc  de 
W.";  F.  NieUsche,  "  Die  (ielmrt  tier  Tnij»o<lio 
atis  dem  (Icist e  der  Musik"  (1873) ;  do,,  u  R.  W. 
in  Uayretith  "  (1866) ;  do,,  l*  Der  Kali  Wagner" 
(i88«);  F.  Mailer,  "  R.  W.  u.  tins  Musikdramu" 
(1861)  I  d<>.,"  !><?r  Ring  des  Nibehmgen"  (1862); 
"  Tristan  u.  Isolde"  (1865) ;  "  Lohengrin  u.  Die 
Mcistersinger'^rKoo);  Frida \Vlmvorlh,  "The 
Kpic  of  Sounds  "  (i8()8) ;  A.  R.  Parsons,  u  J'ar- 
sifal"  (i8(jo) ;  J.  Rail,  *M)ie  Wagnerfrage" 
(1854) ;  A.  V.  Schloinitx,  "W.'s  Tamihftuser" 
(t8<)i);  John  P.  Jackson,  "The  Uayreuth  <tf 
W."  (i8i)i);  J.  liennelt  '*  Letters  from  lluy- 
reulh"  (1877);  (2.  SaitU-SaCiw,  *' Ilarimmit*  et 
mt«lodi«"  (1885) ;  U.  v.  Billow,  "  Olwr  H.  W/s 
*  Kaustouvertttre ' "  (1860);  Karl  Muyrberger, 
11  Die  Itarmcmik  R,  W.'s"  (1882);  K.  Lfcwl, 
*'  Lohengrin  ft  Tunnhrtuscr  "  (1851);  do.,  *4  Der 
Hiegende  llollttnclcr"  (1854) ;  do.,  "  Das  Rhcin- 
gold"  (1855) ;  (J,  Noulllard,  '•  R.  W.  cl'nprf«lui- 
mfime";  II.  Llchtenberger,  UW.,  Poete  et 
PeiiKeur";  II.  Coutagne,  "Los  Dmmes  musi- 
caux  dc  R.  W.";  J.  d.  Freson,  "  L'estlu'tique 
de  R.  \V.M;  K.  II ippeuu,  t4  Parsifal  ct  1'ope™ 
Wagnerien"  (1882) ;  K*  Dannrouther,  "  R.  VV., 
His  Tendencies  and  Theories";  Judith  dan- 
tier,  "  R.  W.  et  son  truvre  txxKlciue  "  (r88a; 
Engl.  transl.  1883) ;  Ch.  Baudelaire, 4*  R.  W.  et 


Turis  "  (rHfii)  ;  J.  (Irnnd-Carterct, 
"K.  W.  on  cttrictitura"  (Paris,  1892).    Also, 


see  WJCISHKIMKK,  and 

CORRKSPONI>KMC;K  :  "  Brief  wechsol 
W,  u.  Lisat  "  (1888,  Kngl.  transl.  1889);  «•  W/s 
Briefe  an  Wcuendonqk"  (1898,  Kntl.  transl. 
1899)  ;  "  Briefe  R,  W.f«  anBrnll  FCeckcl  f  (Ikr- 
Ha,  1898  ;  KngL  tran»l  1899);  u  Briefe  an  Uhliff, 
Fischer  und  Heine"  (Bnffl,  transi.  7890)  ;  "R. 
W.,  Briefe  an  August  Koeckel  "  <Leiptig>  1895)  ; 


E.  Kastncr,  "  Briefe  R.  W.s  an  seine  Zcitge- 
nosson  "  (from  1830-83  ;  very  incomplete) 

Wag'ner,  Siegfried,  son  of  Richard  W., 
b.  Triebschen  ('),  June,  1869.  Intended  for  an 
architect,  he  attended  a  polytechnic  school,  but 
afterwards  took  up  music,  studying  under 
Kniesc  and  Ilumperdinck.  Since  1893,  as  a 
concert-conductor,  he  has  travelled  through  dei- 
many,  Austria,  Italy,  and  Krtgland,  meeting 
with  success ;  he  conducts  without  scoie,  and 
lett-handcd.  lie  cond  the  performances  of  Dei 
jKnig  t/t'A  A'lbfluiigwi  at  l^ayreuth  in  1896  and 
1899.  His  compositions  include  a  symphonic 
poem  "Sehnsuchl"  (based  on  Schiller  s  poem) , 
and  a  3-act  comic-romantic  opera,  Der  Baren- 
Jitintfj'i  text  written  by  W.  after  Grimm's  fairy- 
talc  ;  it  was  prod,  at  the  Munich  Com  I  Th., 
Jan.  22,  i8o,<),  \\ith  moderate  success;  since 
then  at  suveial  other  German  theatres. 

Wag'ner  IJachmana-Wagner],  Johanna, 
niece  of  Riclmid,  being  ( the  daughter  of  his 
brother  Albert  [1799-1874];  b.  near  Hanover, 
Oct.  13,  1828;  d.  Wtaburg,  Oct.  16,  1894. 
Dramatic  soprano;  at  first  took  children's  regies 
at  Wttrzburg  and  liernborg,  and  was  eng.  as 
leading  soprano  at  Dresden  in  1844,  creating 
the  lole  of  IClisabeth  in  1845  ;  studied  unctarthc 
Viardot-(inrcia  in  Paris,  1846-8  ;  en#.  at  Ilam- 
buii»;,  1849,  and  at  the  Couit  Opera,  Uerlin, 
1850-62,  with  the  title  of  "  Chamber-singer"  in 
1853.  hi  1859  s^e  married  the  district  judge1 
Jachmann.  Alter  1862  she  appeared  as  a.n  ac- 
tress, chiclly  in  tragedy  ;  though  at  Uayrcuth  in 
1876  she  still  assumed  the  part  of  one  of  the 
ira/£/lreu  and  of  First  Norn.  Taught  dra- 
matic singing  at  the  Munich  School  of  Music, 
1882-4 ;  thereafter  gave  private  lessons. 

Wais'sel  [Waisselius],  Matthias,  a 
Frankfort  lulenist ;  b.  JJartenstcjin,  I'russia, — 
I*ubl.  4<Tal)ulaturncontinen8  .  .  .  cantiones  4, 
5  ct  6  vocum,  testudini  aptatas,  ut  sunt :  Prae- 
ambula,  phuntasinc,  cantiones  germanicac,  itali- 
cac,  ^allicac  et  latinae,  Passnmcsiac,  ( Jn^lianlac 
ct  Chorcue"  (Frankfort,  1573)  ;  and  eel.  with 
Gentian  title  :  **  Tabulatura  odcr  Lautenbuch 
allcrley  kttnstlicher  TraeJimbula,  etc.,  auff  der 
I^xuten  zu  schlagcn  "  (1592). 

Wal'cker,  Eberhard  Friedrich,  b.  Kann- 
stadt,  Julys,  1794;  d.  Liulwi^sburjf,  Oct.  4, 
1872.  Trained  in  the  workshops  oi  his  father,  a 
skilled  organ-builder,  he  set  up  for  himself  in 
1820,  and  won  jjrent  renown  by  his  excellent 
work  und  numerous  inventions.  The  business 
is  now  in  the  hands  of  his  five  sons,  Heinrich 
[b.  Oct.  iot  1828],  Friedrich  f  b.  Sept  17,  1829] 


Karl  [b.  Mar.  6, 1845],  Paul  [b.  May  31,  t8 
and  Kbcrhard  [b.  Apr.  $,  1850!.  Of  more  than 
400  organs  turned  out  by  the  firm,  some  of  the 
largest  are  those  in  Ulm  Cathedral  (1850 ;  100 
speaking1  stops),  Music  Hall,  Boston  [now  re- 
moved] (1863  ;  86  stops),  Paulskirche,  Frankfort 
(1833  ;  74  »tops),  St.  Peter's,  St  Petersburg 
(1840 ;  6$  stops),  Olaikirche,  Reval  (1842 ;  65 
stops),  Votivkirche,  Vienna  (1878 ;  6r  stops). 


\VALDERSEE-WALMISLEY 


Wal'dersee,  Paul,  Count  von,  b.  Potsdam, 
Sept.  3,  1831.  A  Prussian  officer  from  1848-71, 
he  later  turned  to  music  ;  was  co-editor  of  Breit- 
kopf  &  Hartel's  complete  ed.s  of  Beethoven 
and  Mozart,  and  edits  a  valuable  k*  Sammlung 
musikalischer  Vortrage." 

Walker,  John,  the  English  lexicographer; 
b.  Colney  Hatch,  Middlesex,  Mar.  18,  1732  ;  d. 
London,  Aug.  r,  1807.  Wrote  "  The  Melody  of 
Speaking  Delineated"  (1787;  often  republ.), 
with  an  original  notation  for  representing  the 
musical  inflexions  of  the  speaking  voice. 

Walker,  Joseph  Cooper,  b  Dublin,  Nov., 
1760 ;  d.  St.-Valery,  France,  Apr.  12,  1810.— 
Publ.  "Historical  Memoirs  on  the  Irish  Bards," 
with  notes  on  Irish  music  (1786) ;  "  An  Histori- 
cal Account  and  Critical  Essay  on  the  Opera 
.  .  ."  (1805) ;  etc. 

Walker,  Frederick  Edward,  b.  Maryle- 
bone,  London,  Jan.  17,  1835.  Chorister  in  the 
Chapel  Royal ;  Vicar-choral  of  St.  Paul's,  1858  ; 
succeeded  H.  Buckland  as  Master  of  the  Boys 
in  1867 ;  cond.  of  the  Brixton  Philharm.  Soc  , 
1883;  prof,  of  singing  at  the  R.  A.  M. ;  also 
hon  member  of  the  London  Vocal  Union,  A 
noted  tenor  concert-singer,  and  a  good  organist, 
pianist,  and  violinist. 

Wallace,  William  Vincent,  b.  Waterford, 
Ireland,  June  i,  1814 ;  d.  Chateau  de  Bages, 
Haute  Garonne,  Oct.  12,  1865.  The  family  re- 
moved to  Dublin,  where  W.  played  with  the 
violins  in  the  orch.,  and  later  appeared  as  a  solo- 
ist. He  left  Ireland  in  1835,  and  for  some  years 
led  an  adventurous  life  in  Australia,  the  East 
Indies,  South  America,  Mexico,  and  the  United 
States,  giving  concerts  at  intervals  with  sensa- 
tional success  In  1845  he  was  in  London,  and 
prod,  the  opera  Alantana^ppxry  Lane,  Nov.  15), 
which  is  still  played  ;  Matilda  of  Ihtngary  fol- 
lowed in  1847.  He  soon  resumed  his  wander- 
ings, and  revisited  N.  and  S.  America.  From 
1853  he  lived  chiefly  in  London  and  Paris.  The 
opera  Lurline  (Covent  Garden,  Feb.  23,  1860) 
had  tremendous  success ;  his  others  are  The 
Amber  Witth  (1861),  Ltrvfs  Triitmph  (1862), 
and  The  Desert  Flower  (1863).  His  pf.-music 
had  great  vogue  ;  some  noted  numbers  are  *'  La 
Gondola,"  op  18 ;  2 Nocturnes,  op.  20  ;  "Chant 
d'amour,"  op,  26 ;  Nocturne  me"lodique,  op.  30 ; 
Me'lodie  irlandaise,  op.  53  ;  "  Music  murmuring 
an  the  trees";  Valse  brillante  de  salon  ;  Taren- 
telle;  etc.  Cf.  "W.  V.  W.,  tftude  biographique 
et  critique,"  by  Pougin  (Paris,  1866). 

Wallenstein,  Martin,  b.  Frankfort -on- 
Main,  July  22,  1843  ;  d.  there  Nov.  30,  1896. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Dreyschock  at  Prague,  and 
Hauptmann  and  Rietz  at  Leipzig.  Made  many 
concert-tours  ;  was  noted  as  a  master  of  phras- 
ing.— Prod,  a  2-act  comic  opera,  Das  Testament, 
at  Frankfort  (1870),  and  an  overture ;  publ.  a 
pf. -concerto  in  D  min.,  pf. -studies,  solo  pieces, 
etc. 


Wal'lerstein,  Anton,  b.  Dresden,  Sept.  28, 
1813  ,  d.  Geneva,  Mar.  26,  1892.  Violinist  and 
popular  dance-comp. ;  made  concert-tours  as  a 
child,  joined  the  Dresden  court  orch.  m  1829, 
was  a  member  of  the  Hanover  orch.  1832-41, 
lived  there  in  retirement  till  1858,  thereafter  in 
Dresden. — Publ.  about  300  pieces  of  dance- 
music  ;  variations  f.  violin  w.  orch.  (op.  2)  ; 
songs. 

Wallis,  John,  b.  Ashford,  Kent,  Nov.  23, 
1616  ;  d.  London,  Oct.  28,  1703.  Prof,  of  mathe- 
matics at  Oxford. — Publ.  "  Tractatus  clenchticus 
adversus  Marci  Meibomii  dialogum  de  propoi- 
tionibus"  (1657);  "Claudii  Plolemaei  harmoni- 
corum  libri  III  "(Greek,  1682,  \v.  supplem., 
"Deveterum  harmonia  ad  hodicrnam  compa- 
rata");  "  Porphyrii  in  harmonica  Ptolemnei 
commentarius "  ;  "  Manuelis  Itiyennii  harmo- 
nica"; all  the  above  are  in  his  complete  \voiks 
(1699,  3  vol.s).  Also  acoustical  investigations 
in  the  "  Philosophical  Transactions  "  (1672-98). 

Walli'ser,  Christoph  Thomas,  b.  Strass- 
burg,  1568 ;  d.  there  as  mus.  dir.  of  the  Cathe- 
dral, Thomaskirche,  and  Univ.,  Apr.  26,  1648. 
— Publ.  a  theoretical  work,  **  Musicau  (iguralis 
praecepta  .  .  .'  (ifal)  ;  further,  "  (\itcchelicae 
cantiones  odaeque  spirituals,  hymni  et  canlica 
.  .  .  et  madngalia"  (1611) ;  "Chorus  nubium 
ex  Aristophanis  comoedia  ad  aeqtiales  composi- 
tus,  et  Chori  musici  novi  Kliae  clnimali  sucro- 
tragico  accommoclati "  (1613) ;  u  Sacrae  modula- 
liones  in  festum  Nativilutis  Clhristi,"  a  5  (1613) ; 
"Ecclesiodiae,  das  ist  Kirchcngchonge  oiler 
Psalmen  Davids,  nicht  allcin  nmt  rwv,  sondcrn 
auch  mit  Instrumenten  von 4-6  Stimmcn"  (1014); 
4* Ecclesiodine  novae"/?  4-7  ([625);  "Ilerrn 
"Wilhelm  Salusten  von  Bartns  Triumph  clestJlnu- 
bens"  (1627)  ;  chonises  a  4-6  to  the  trngi-com- 
edy  Charicles  (1641). 

WalKner,  Leopold,  b.  Kiev,  Kussin,  Nov, 
27,  1847.  Writer  and  music-teacher  in  Urussels. 
Publ.  "  De  la  Mathesis  dans  la  musiqiie  "  (1891). 

WaU'nofer,  Adolf,  b.  Vienna,  Apr.  26, 1854. 
Pupil  of  Waldmttller,  Krenn,  and  Dessofi  for 
comp.;  of  Rokitansky  for  singing  Itnritcme 
concert-singer  in  Vienna ;  his  voice  developing 
into  a  tenor  in  1880,  he  sang  at  the  OlniQta  City 
Th.,  then  (1882)  joined  Neumann's  Wagner 
troupe,  went  later  to  the  lircmen  City  Th.,  and 
thence  to  the  German  Lemdesthcater  nt  1  Vague, 
Sang  in  opera  in  the  N.  Y.  season  of  1897-8. 
Works  :  The  opera  Eddystone  (Prague,  1889  ; 
Berlin,  1894  ;  succ.);  Die  Gremen  tier  Mensch* 
//«*/,  and  Der  filumcn  Rache  (both  f.  chorus 
w.  orch.) ;  also  ballads  and  songs  (some  in  the 
"Walln&ferAlbum"). 

Walmisley,  Thomas  Forbes,  b.  London, 
1783  ;  d.  there  July  33,  1866.  Pupil  of  Thomas 
Attwood  ;  in  1812,  organist  at  St,  Martin-in-the- 
Fields.  Popular  glee-composer ;  publ.  4  coli.8 
of  6  glees  each  ;  also  "  A  Coll.  of  Glees,  Trios,  ' 
Rounds  and  Canons"  (1826) ;  many  single  glees; 
church-music ;  songs. — His  son, 


616 


WALMIRLEY— WALTHER 


Walmisley,  Thomas  Attwood,  b.  London, 
Jan.  21,  1814,  d.  Hastings,  Jan.  17,  1856.  1'u- 
pil  of  Altwood  Organist  of  Ciuydon  Ch. ,  1830  ; 
of  Trinity  and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge, 
1833.  Mus.  J lac.,  Cantab.,  1833,  Mus.  Doc, 
1848  ;  Prof,  of  Music  at  Cambridge,  1836. — 
Works:  2  Installation-Odes;  a  4-part  choral 
hymn;  songs;  edited  roll.s,  e.  j>  ,  "Cathedral 
Mimic,  a  Coll.  of  Services  and  Anthems M('8S7)  I 
41  Coll.  of  Chants  with  the  Responses  in  use  at 
the  Chapels  of  King's,  Tiinity  and  St.  John's 
Colleges,  Cambridge"  (1845). 

Walsh,  John,  noted  music-publisher  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  died  Mar.  13,  1736.  Commenced 
business  about  160,0,  at  lirst  printing  from  plates 
engraved  by  hand,  but  irom  about  1710  using 
punches,  being  a  pioneer  in  this  latter  method  ol 
engraving  on  tin  plates. 

Wal'ter,  Ignaz,  b.  Kadowiu,  Bohemia, 
1759  ;  d.  Ratisbon,  about  1830.  Comp.  and 
tenor  singer  ;  pupil  of  Starxer  at  Vienna  ;  eng. 
at  the  Court  'Ph.  in  J77<) ;  «'it  I'rague,  1783  ;  at 
Mayence,  i7*S{j,  and  with  the  (Jtossmann  com- 
pany at  Halle  and  Itremcn,  undertaking1  its  man- 
agement after  (J.'s  death,  and  travelling  to 
Kninkfort  and  Katislxm.  For  this  troupe  he 
wrote  the  "  Singspiele"  Dertimtgefittftt'lt?  T?it- 
fel,  25,000  <V///r/<vf,  Die  MM  fa-ait,  J)H  Tnink 
tier  UnstfiMiehkrit^  Dm  for  /toi/j/,  etc.;  also 
comp.  n  cantata  for  the  coronation  of  Leopold 
II.,  a  Kriedcnsoantate,  a  \Veihi\achtscantate,  6 
masses,  ft  motets,  a  quartet  f.  harp,  flute,  violin 
and  'cello,  etc. 

Wal'ter,  August,  b.  Stuttgart,  i«2i  ;  d. 
Basel,  Jan.  22,  i Ho/>.  I'upil  of  Sechter  at 
Vienna  ;  mus.  dir.  at  Basel  from  1846,  where  his 
labors,  especially  in  the  cause  of  good  church- 
music,  have  borne  fruit. — Works  :  A  symphony, 
an  octet  f.  strings  and  wind,  and  3  string-quar- 
tets, male  choruses,  songs. 

Wal'ter,  William  Henry,  b,  Newark,  N.  J., 


July  I,  1825.  Organist,  as  a  boy,  at  the  First 
I'resb.  Ch.,  then  at  the  (Smce  Kpisc.  Church, 
Newark  ;  in  1842,  of  the  Ch.  of  the  Kpiphany, 
New  York  ;  then  of  St.  John's  Chapel,  St.  Paul's 
Chapel,  and  Trinity  Chupd  (till  1809) ;  from 
1856,  organist  at  Columbia  College,  New  York, 
receiving  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  kon*  causa  in 
1864. — Works:  2  masses  (in  <!  and  F) ;  services 
and  anthems  for  the  Kpisc*.  Ch.;  "Common 
Prayer  with  Ritual  Song"  ;  "  Manual  of  Church 
Music";  "  Chorals  find  Hymns";  "  Hymnal 
with  Tunes,  Old  and  New";  "  Psalms  with 
Chants  " ;  etc, 

Wal'ter,  George  William,  son  and  pupil  of 
preceding;  b.  New  York,  Hec.  16,185:.  At 
the  fige  of  5  he  played  the  organ  at  Trinity 
Chapel ;  HttuHed  further  under  J.  K.  Paine 
(Boston)  and  S.  P.  Warren  (New  York) ;  has 
lived  in  Washington  since  1869.  Ta  especially 
noted  for  his  Bkill  nu  an  improviser  and  in  regis- 
tration. Received  the  degree  of  Mus.  I)oc* 
from  Columbian  College,  Washington,  in  1882. 


His  mus    library  is  one  of  the  finest  in    the 
country. 

Wal'ter,  Joseph,  b.  Neuberg-on-Danube, 
Dec.  30,  1833  ;  d.  July  15,  1875,  at  Munich,  as 
violin-teacher  at  the  Cons.,  and  Concertmeister. 
De  Denot  was  his  teacher. — llisbiother,  Benno, 
b.  Munich,  June  17,  1847,  k  a  violinist,  pupil 
of  Munich  Cons.;  from  1863  member  of  the 
court  orch. ,  succeeded  his  brother  as  Concert- 
meistn\  also  as  teacher  at  the  Cons. ;  has  toured 
South  Germany,  Austria,  Switzerland,  and 
Ameiica. 

Wal'ter,  Gustav,  b.  JJilin,  Uohemia,  Feb.  TI, 
1836.  Stage-tenor,  pupil  ol  Prague  Cons  ,  sung 
at  liist  in  lirunn,  and  from  1856-87  at  the  Vienna 
Court  Opera  as  principal  lyric  tenor. 

Wal'ter,  Carl,  b.  Cransberg,  Taunus,  Oct. 
27,  1862.  Pupil  of  Master  and  Schmetz  at  the 
Teachers'  Seminary,  JV1  ontabaur ;  later  of  the 
Ratisbon  School  foi  Chinch-music  ;  then  became 
teacher,  organist,  and  choirmaster  at  Jtiebricb- 
on-Khinc  ;  from  1893,  music-teacher  at  Monta- 
baur  Scminniy.  Contributor  to  I  laberl's  "  Musica 
.s.icra,"  and  the  "  Kirchenmusikalisches  Jahr- 
buch  "  ;  writer  for  the  "  Monatshefte  ftir  Musik- 
geschichtc "  ;  has  comp.  motets  a  3-6,  organ- 
music,  and  a  triple  iu&ue  (prize). 

Wal'ter,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Mannheim, 
Sept.  3,  1870.  Dr.  phil,,  Heidelberg,  1892. 
Living  in  Mannheim  as  a  writer;  contributes  to 
various  periodicals,  and  is  mus.  critic  for  the 
**  Mannheimer  (ieneralanzeigcr."  lias  publ.  a 
scries  of  monographs  on  music  in  Mannheim : 
"  Die  Kntwiokelung  des  Mannheimer  Musik- 
und  Theaterlebens "  (1897);  "(Jesdiichte  des 
Tlieaturs  imd  der  Musik  am  Kurpffil/ischen 
IIofe"(I'eipxig,  1898);  and  u  Archivund  Iliblio- 
thek  des  (Jrossher/oglichen  Uof-  und  National- 
theaters  in  Mannheim  "  (2  vol. a  ;  Leipxig,  1899) ; 
also  the  chapters  on  mus.  history  in  Hans 
Kmemer's  '*  Das  19.  Jnhrhundcrt  in  WorL  und 
JHW  "  (3  v»l.H ;  Berlin,  1898). 

Wal'ther  von  der  Vogeliweide,  the  foremost 
Minnesinger,  and  the  greatest  lyric  poet  of 
mediivval  (icramny ;  b.  in  the  Tyrol  (?),  about 
1160;  d.  Wllr/.burg,  after  1227.  Tn  "Wagner's 
Tannh&itser  he  appears  as  one  of  the  rival  singers 
at  the  Wartbuig.  Among  e<litions  of  his  works 
cf,  lAchnumii  (5th  ed.  Iterlin,  1885);  High 
Oerman  translation  by  Simrock  (;th  ed.  f.eipxig, 
1883);  also  cf,  Wilnifinns,  *'  Lebenund  Dichten 
Walthers  v.  d.  V,"  (Itonn,  1882),  and  Leo, lt  Die 
gesammte  Litteratur  Walthers  v.  d.  V.*'  (Vienna, 
1880), 

Wal'ther,  Johann,  b.  Thuringia,  1496 ;  d. 
Torgau,  1570,  In  1524,  singer  in  the  Electoral 
chapel  at  Torgau,  and  was  summoned  to  Witten- 
berg by  Luther  to  zussist  in  the  composition  and 
regulation  of  the  German  Mass.  Court  tfaptllm. 
at  Torgau  1525-30  ;  from  1548-55,  fCapellm.  to 
Morit?:  of  Saxony  of  the  Dresden  Court  Chapel. 
— Vubi.  ''toystlich  (tewugk  Buchlcin  "  (Wit- 
tenberg, 1524 ;  the  first  Protestant  singing-book, 


617 


WALTHER— WARD 


a  4  ;  often  republ.)  ;  "Cantio  septem  vpcum  in 
laudem  Dei  omnipotentis  et  Evangelh  ejus" 
(ibid.,  1544) ;  "  Magnificat  8  tonorum  "  (1557) » 
"  Em  neweschristliches  Lied"  (1561) ;  "Em  gar 
schoner  geistlicher  und  christlicher  Bergkreyen  " 
(1561) ;  "  Lob  und  Preis  der  himmlischen  Kunst 
Musica"  (1564);  "Das  christhch  Kinderhed 
Dr.  Martin  Luthers  Erhalt  nns  Ihrr  bri  deinem 
Wort"  (1566).  Various  numbers  in  coll.s. 

Wal'ther,  Johann  Jakob,  b.  Witterda,  n. 
,  Erfurt,  1650.  Electoral  Saxon  chamber-musician; 
later  at  Mayence. — Publ.  "  Scherzi  di  violino 
solo"  w.  continue,  and  viol  or  lute  ad  lib. 
(1676);  and  "Hortus  chelicus,  uno  violino, 
duabus,  tnbus  et  quatuor  subinde  chordis  simul 
sonantibus  harmonice  modulanti"(i6SS;  cunous 
work  ;  No.  28  is  entitled  "  Serenate  a  un  core 
di  violini,  organo  tremolante,  chittarino,  piva, 
due  tromboni  e  timpani*  lira  tedesca,  ed  arpa 
smorzata  per  un  violino  solo  "). 

Wal'ther,  Johann  Gottfried,  b.  Erfurt,  Sept. 
(Nov.?)  18,  1684 ;  d.  Weimar,  Mar.  23,  1748- 
A  pupil  of  Adlung,  Kretschmar,  and  J.  B. 
Bach  at  Erfurt,  where  he  was  app.  organist  of 
theThomaskirche  in  1702  ;  in  1707,  town-organ- 
ist at  Weimar,  and  music-master  to  the  children 
of  the  Ducal  family  ;  from  1720,  court  musician. 
A  near  relative  and  close  friend  of  J.  S.  Bach's, 
he  nevertheless  hardly  more  than  mentions  him 
in  his  Lexicon.  lie  stands  next  to  Bach  as  a 
master  of  choral-variations  for  organ.  Mattheson 
called  him  a  second  Pachelbel,  His  greatest 
work  is  the  "  Musikalisches  Lexikonoder  Musi- 
kalische  Bibliothek,"  the  first  mus.  encyclopaedia 
of  biography,  bibliography,  and  terms  (1732) , 
he  had  previously  publ.  the  64-page  "  Alte  und 
neue  musikalische  Bibliothek  oder  xnusikalisches 
Lexikon  "  (1728). — Also  publ.  a  "Clavierconcert" 
(unaccompanied  ;  1741) ;  Prelude  and  Fugue 
(1741);  4  choral-variations  ("Jesu  meine  Freude," 
"  Meinen  Jesum  lass'  ich  nicht,"  "  Allein  CJott 
in  der  Hoh'  sei  Ehr',"  "  Wie  soil  ich  dich  em- 
pfangen  ") ;  many  choral-variations,  preludes, 
fugues,  and  toccatas,  in  MS  ;  also  5  coll.s  of 
"  Choralbearbeitungen  "  by  other  composers. 

Wal'zel,  Camillo  [pseudonym  F.  Zell],  b. 
Magdeburg,  1829 ;  d.  Vienna,  Mar.  17,  1895. 
At  first  intended  for  a  military  career,  he  became 
a  steamboat-captain  on  the  Danube  ;  at  the  end 
of  the  '50*8  he  began  literary  work  as  a  trans- 
lator of  French  comedies  and  writer  of  short 
stage-pieces  (e.  g.,  Die  B&ste)  \  later,  usually 
in  collaboration  with  Richard  Genee,  he  wrote 
libretti  for  Strauss,  Suppe*,  MillOcker,  Gen&, 
Max  Wolf,  Czibulka,  Dellinger,  etc.,  on  which 
not  only  his  fame,  but,  in  great  measure,  the 
success  of  German  operetta  in  the  igth  cen- 
tury, rests. 

Wambach,  Emile  (-Xavier),  b.  Arlon,  Lux- 
emburg, Nov.  26,  1854.     Pupil  of  Benoft,  Mer- 
tens,  and  Callaerts  at  the  Antwerp  Cons.   Com- 
poser of  the  young  Flemish  school. — Works : 
,  '*  AaoL  de  boorden  van  de  Schelde,"  symphonic 


poem  ;  orch.l  fantasias,  pf.  -pieces  ;  —  the  Flem- 
ish drama  Xathani  Parabcl  ;  2  oratorios,          * 


op  den  Xyl,  and  3  'olande  ;  cantata  J  "foamier- 
land,  f.  male  chorus;  DC  lent?  ("Spnng"),  f, 
female  ch  and  orch.;  cantata  for  the  Rubens 
Festival;  a  children's  cantata,  "Memorare," 
and  a  Hymn,  f.  ch  and  oich  ,  a  mass,  a  Te 
Deum,  and  other  church-music;  choruses  and 
songs. 

Wang'emann,  Otto,  b.  Loitz-on-the-Peenc, 
Jan  9,  1848.  Pupil  of  (J.  Flugel  at  Stettin,  and 
Fr.  Kiel  at  Berlin  ;  since  1878,  organist  and 
singing-teacher  at  the  Demmm  (iymnasium.  —  - 
Publ.  "Geschichte  der  Orgel"  (187*))  ,  "  Cle- 
schichte  des  Oratoriums"  (iSSo)  ;  "  Leitfaden 
fur  den  Singunterricht  an  Gymnasion  "  ;  also 
a  "  Weihnachtsmusik  "  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch., 
school  -songs  ,  pf.  -pieces.  Kditcd  "  I)ur  Oij»n- 
nist"  in  1870  ;  in  iSSo  he  succeeded  11  aim  as  ed- 
itor of  "Tonkunst." 

Wanhal  [van  HalJ,  Johann  Baptist,  1>. 

Neu-Nechamtz,  liohumia,  May  12,  1739  >  ^« 
Vienna,  Aug.  26,  1813.  Son  of  a  peasant,  and 
self-taught  until  sent  to  Vienna  by  Countess 
SchafTgotsch.  Studied  later  in  Italy,  and  settled 
in  Vienna  ;  he  was  a  favorite  composer,  especially 
for  amateur  pf.  -players,  beJoic  the  advent  of 
Mozart  and  Beethoven.  —  Publ.  12  symphonies 
for  strings,  2  oboes,  and  a  horns  ;  12  string- 
quartets  ;  12  trios  f.  2  violins  and  'cello  ;  quar- 
tets (concert!)  f.  pf.  and  strings  ;  quartets  f.  pf., 
flute,  violin,  and  'cello  ;  pf.  -trios  ;  5  pf.  -sonatas 
f.  4  hands,  and  6  f.  2  hands  ;  violin-duos  ;  6  vio- 
lin-sonatas w,  pf.;  characteristic  sonatas  ("  mili- 
taire,"  "  The  Battle  of  AVtebuifc,"  "  The  Itat- 
tle  of  Trafalgar")  ;  many  pf.-sonatinas,  attionj» 
them  an  interesting  set  of  12  ;  70  books  of  vari- 
ations f.  pf.;  fantasias,  dances,  and  other  pf.- 
pieces  ;  fugues,  preludes,  etc.,  f,  organ  ;  2  orch.l 
masses;  2  offertories  f.  high  soprano  w.  orch,; 
also  prod.  2  operas,  and  left  88  symphonies,  94 
string-quartets,  etc.,  in  MS. 

Wan'ski,  Johann  Nepomuk,  Polish  violin- 
ist, b.  about  1800  (?)  ;  son  of  Jan  W.,  a  popular 
Polish  song-composei  ;  studied  in  Wai  saw,  and 
later  under  Baillot  at  Paris.  Made  extended 
concert-tours  in  Southern  France,  Spain,  Italy, 
and  Switzerland  ;  then,  with  impaired  health, 
settled  in  Aix  in  Provence  as  a  teacher.—  Works  : 
A  method  for  viol  in  ;  method  for  viola  ;  4*()ym- 
nastique  des  doigts  et  de  ratchet,";  "P  Har- 
monic, ou  la  science  des  accords  "  ;  a  concertino, 
eludes,  variations,  fugues,  fantasias,  romances, 
etc.,  L  violin. 

Ward,  John  Charles,  b.  Upper  Clapton, 
London,  Mar.  27,  1835.  Began  his  public  ca- 
reer as  a  soloist  on  the  concertina,  in  1846  ;  was 
a  chorister  in  the  Temple  Ch.  until  1848  ;  since 
1852,  organist  successively  at  several  London 
churches,  last  at  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Primrose 
Hill  (since  1890).  Member  of  the  Leslie  Choir 
from  its  foundation  in  1855  ;  org.  and  asst- 
cond.  1856-85.—  Works  :  A  motet,  and  a  Sanc- 


618 


WARLAMOFF— WEBB 


tus,both  f. double  choir;  cantata  Thtirood ;  "A 
Psalm  of  Life"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  services, 
anthems,  hymn-tunes,  etc  ;  an  orch.l  fugue  on 
"  The  Sailor's  Hornpipe"  ,  organ-music  ,  can- 
tata TJu  Swedish  Si/wrs,  f.  female  voices  ;  a 
Polonaise  f.  pf.  and  concertina  ;  Minuet  f.  3  con- 
certinas ,  etc. 

Warla'moff,  Alexander  Jegorovitch, .  b. 
Moscow,  1810  ;  d.  1840,.  Sinking  -teacher,  and 
composer  of  <4  folk-songs,"  among  which  "  The 
red  Sarafan  "  became  known  everywhere. 

Warnots,  Henri,  b.  Hrussels,  July  11,1832; 
d.  Mar.  3,  [893.  Opera -sinj»ei  (lyric  tenor) ;  pu- 
pil of  his  tather  [Jean-Arnold  W.,  1801-61], 
and  the  Brussels  Cons.  Debut  at  Liege,  1856  ; 
Lheneng.  at  the  Opera-<  'omique,  Tarih;  at  Strass- 
burg  (producing  an  operetta,  t'ne  htine  dc  ma- 
r/flflV',  in  1865) ;  and  at  Brussels*  (1867),  there  be- 
coming singmg-teueher  at  the  Cons.,  and  cond. 
of  the  "Sodote  de  musique. "  In  1 870  he  founded 
a  music-school  in  a  suburb  of  Itrussels. — His 
daughter  and  pupil,  Elly,  ]>.  Liege,  1862,  is  an 
excellent  stfigc-Kopr.'ino  ;  debut  at  the  Th.  de  la 
Monnaie,  Brussels,  in  i87<j,  as  Anna  in  La  Dame 
blanth?;  .sang  there  for  two  years;  has  been  eng. 
since  then  at  the  Pergola  Th.,  Florence,  the 
Opora-Comiquti,  Paris,  etc.  On  Mayi7,i88i,  she 
sang  tne  i^l0  °f  Marguerite  de  Vnlois  at  the  K. 
Italian  Th.,  London;  since  that  time  she  has 
frequently  appeared  at  the  Promenade  Conceits, 
the  Crystal  Paliuv,  etc. 

Warren,  Samuel  Prowse,  b,  Montreal, 
Canada,  Keb.  18,  1841.  Noted  organist ;  from 
1861-4  pupil  of 
Haunt  at  Berlin, 
studying  the  pf.  un- 
der (lustnv  Schu- 
mann, and  instru- 
mentation under 
Wieprceht.  C  )rgun- 
iRt  of  All  Souls'  Ch., 
New  York,  1865-7; 
later  at  Trinity  ChM 
giving  several  series 
of  fine  orgun-reoU- 
als ;  afterwards  or- 
ganist and  mus.  dir. 
at  Grace  Church,— 
I'ubl.  works :  Church-music ;  transcriptions  f. 
organ;  songs. 

Warren,  George  William,  b.  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Aug.  17, 1828,  la  a  self-taught  organist,  holding 
a  position  from  1846-58  at  vSt.  Peter's,  Albany, 
later  at  Brooklyn;  since  1870,  organiM;  and  mus. 
dir  of  8t  Thotnas'a  Ch.,  New  York.— Works: 
Church-music  (To  Deum,  anthems,  hymns, etc.); 
"Warren's  Hymns  and  Tunes,  as  Sung  at  St. 
Thomas's  Church "  (1888);  pf, -pieces;  etc. 

Wartel,  Pierre-Francois,  b.  Versailles,  Apr. 

?,  t8o6 ;  d.  T>arte,  AugM  to6a.  Pupil  of  Choron's 
nst.  for  Churcb-muaic,  and  of  Banderali  at  the 
Cons.,  taking  tut  prijce  for  niaging  in  1829;  stud- 
ted  further  under  Nourrit  till  1831;  was  then 


cng.  as  a  tenor  at  the  OpeYa  (for  some  15  years); 
after  which  he  made  touis,  and  settled  in  Paris 
as  a  sintfing-teacher  (Trcbclli  was  his  pupil). 

Wasielew'ski,  Joseph  W.  von,  b.  Gross- 
Lecsen,  n.  Danzig,  June  17,  1822;  d  Sonders- 
hnusen,  Dec.  13,  1896.  Violinist;  private  pupil 
of  David  at  Leipzig,  also  studying  in  the  Cons. 
under  David,  llauptmann,  and  Mendelssohn 
(1843-6).  lie  joined  the  Ocwandhaus  Orch., 
was  critic  for  the  "  Sij»nale,"  and  wrote  for  the 
"Lcipssiger  Zeitung"  and  the  '*  Dresdner  Jour- 
nal" ;  was  Ctwct'rtMcisfer  under  Schumann  at 
Dusscklorf  1850-52,  then  conducted  the  new 
Choral  Society  at  IJonn,  and  other  sing  inj>  -soci- 
eties, till  1855;  settled  in  Dresden  as  a  writer,  in 
which  capacity  he  greatly  distinguished  himself. 
In  1869  he  became  town  nms.  dir.  at  Bonn,  re- 
ceiving- the  title  of  "  R.  Mus.  Dir  "  in  1873  ;  he 
ictired  to  Sondcrshausen  in  iKS-j.  —  Works  • 
14  Robert  Schumann's  IHographie"  (1858;  3rd 
ed.  1880),  with  important  supplementary  matter 
in  u  Sehumanniana  "  (1884);  fct  Die  Violine  und 
ihrc  Mcister"  (iSfxj;  2nd  augm.  ed.,  1883;  3rd 
ed.,  1893);  "J)ie  Violine  im  17.  Jahrhundert 
und  die  A  nf  tinge  der  Instnimentnlromposition  " 
(1874);  '  l  Oesehichte  der  Instrumentalmusik  im 
16.  Jahrhundert  "  (1878)  ;  '*  Ueethoven"  (1888  ; 
2  vol.s);  '*  DasVioloncell  und  seine  (Jeschichte" 
(1889);  "Carl  Reineeke,  sein  Leben,  Wiiken 
und  SchafTen"  (Luipxig,  1892);  and  "  Aus  70 
Jahren,"  memoirs  (Stuttgait,  1896).  Shorter  ar- 
lieles  in  the  "*  Musikalisches-  C'entralblatt  "  and 
the  4t  Vierlel  jnhrssohrift  f  Ur  Musikwissenschiif  I." 

—  Among  his  compositions  (over  30  opus-num- 
bers) are  "  I  let  bst  bin  men,"  :i  set  of  9  violin- 
pieces  (op.  30);  n.  Nocturne  f.  violin  v.  pf.;  the 
**  Kaisetticd  im  Volkston,"  and  other  patiiolic 
songs. 

Was/sermann,  Heinrich  Joseph,  b. 
Schwarxbadi,  n.  Kulda,  Apr.  3,  1791  ;  violinist, 
pupil  of  Spohr;  ctmd.  of  orchestras  at  (Jcnevu 
and  (feiKcl  ;  d.  Richen,  n.  Uiwcl,  in  Aug.,  1838. 

—  I'ubL  dances  f,  orch,,  chamber-music,  guitar- 
pieces,  etc. 

Watson,  William  Michael  (pen-name  Jules 
Kavre),  ICnglish  comp.  and  poet  ;  b.  Neweastle- 
on-Tyne,  July  31,  1840;  d.  K.  Dulwicli,  London, 
Oct.  3,  rfiHcj.  He  cHtabl.  the  "  West  Knd  School 
of  Music,"  London,  in  1883,—  Works:  Cantata 
Aladdin  (1885)  ;  part-songs,  songs,  and  pf.- 
piocos. 

Webb,  Daniel,  b.  Taunton,  Engknd,  1735  ; 
d.  liath,  Aug.  2,  1815.—  I'ubl.  "Observations 
on  the  Correspondence  between  Poetry  and 
Music"  (London,  1769  ;  reprinted  in  his  **  Mis- 
cellanies," 1803  ;  German  ed.  1771). 


George  James,  b.  Rushraore  I/odge, 
n.  Salisbury,  Kngl.,  June  24,  1803  J  d.  Orange, 
N.  J.,  Oct.  7,  1887.  Organist  at  Kalmouth  ;  in 
1830  he  settled  in  Boston,  Mass.,  becoming 
organist  of  the  Old  South  Church,  a  co-founder 
of  the  Boston  Acad.  of  Music  in  18316,  and  prefl. 
of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  in  1840,  In 


6x9 


WEBB— WEBER 


1870  he  went  to  Orange ;  taught  in  New  York 
from  1876-85,  and  then  retired  to  Orange.  He 
edited  2  periodicals  :  "  The  Mus.  Library " 
(1835-6)  with  L.  MasonT  and  "  The  Mus. 
Cabinet "  (1837-40)  with  W.  Hayward  ;  publ. 
lk  Vocal  Technics  "  (Boston,  n.  d.),  and  "  Voice 
Culture"  (w.  C.  G,  Allen);  edited  the  "Young 
Ladies' Vocal  Class  Book  "(Boston,  1853);  "The 
Glee  Hive"  and  "The  New  Odeon"  (both  w. 
L,  Mason) ;  and  "  Cantica  laudis  "  (New  York, 
1850 ;  w.  Mason). 

Webb,  Frank  Rush,  b.  Covington,  Indiana, 
Oct.  8, 1851.  St.  1871  in  the  New  Engl.  Cons., 
Boston,  later  in  Indianapolis,  where  he  was 
org.  at  St.  Paul's  Ch.  1874-6  ;  org.  and  choirm. 
of  Trinity  M.  E.  Ch.,  Lima,  0.,  1876-83  ;  and 
from  iSSi  head  of  the  pf.-dept.  at  the  N.  W. 
Ohio  Normal  School,  Ada ;  since  1883,  teacher 
of  pf.  and  dir.  of  School  of  Music  in  the  Virginia 
Female  Inst.,  Staunton,  Va.,  and  org.  and  mus. 
dir.  at  Trinity  Episc,  Ch. — Publ.  works :  Nearly 
200  pieces  for  military  band  ;  also  (reaching  op. 
85)  much  salon-music  f.  pf.  ;  church-music 
(* '  Morning  and  Evening  Service, "anthems,  etc.) ; 
and  songs. 

Webbe,  Samuel,  Sr.,  b.  Minorca,  1740 ;  d. 
London,  May  25,  1816.  He  became  Chapel- 
master  at  the  Portuguese  Chapel,  London,  in 
1776.— Works :  Many  glees  and  catches  in  coll.s  ; 
8  anthems ;  8  antiphones  f.  double  choir ;  a 
Cecilian  Ode  a  6  ;  a  concerto  f .  harpsichord ;  a 
Divertissement  f.  wind-band  ; — he  also  edited 
several  collections.— His  son,  Samuel  W., 
Jr.,  b.  London,  1770  ;  d.  there  Nov.  25, 
1843.  Pupil  of  his  father  and  dementi ;  org. 
at  various  churches,  and  at  St.  Patrick's  R.  C. 
Chapel,  Liverpool ;  later  organist  at  the  chapel 
of  the  Spanish  Embassy,  and  teacher  at  Kalfc- 
brenner  and  Logier's  School  of  Music.  Besides 
glees,  duets,  hymn-tunes,  etc.,  he  wrote 
**  L'Amico  del  principiante"  (28  short  solfeggi), 
and  "  Harmony  Epitomised,  or  Elements  of  the 
Thorough-bass"  (London,  n.  d.). 

We'ber,  Friedrich  August,  practising 
physician  and  amateur  musician  at  Heilbronn, 
where  he  was  b.  Jan.  24,  1753,  and  d.  Jan.  21, 
1806.— Works :  2  operettas,  2  oratorios,  many 
cantatas  f.  chorus  and  orch.,  symphonies,  cham- 
ber-music, pf. -sonatas  £.4  hands,  etc. ;  also  wrote 
for  mus.  journals. 

We'ber,  Bernhard  Anselm,  b.  Mannheim, 
Apr.  18, 1766,  d.  Berlin,  Mar.  23, 1821.  Pianist, 
pupil  of  Abbe  Vogler,  Einberger,  and  Holz- 
bauer.  Studied  law,  etc.,  at  Heidelberg,  then 
travelled  as  a  concert-performer  on  Rollig's 
Xanorphica ;  became  mus.  dir.  of  the  Grossmann 
opera-troupe  at  Hanover  in  1797,  travelled  with 
Abbe7  Vogler  to  Stockholm  in  1790,  and  in  1792 
was  app.  JCapellm.  of  the  Kdnigstadter  Th., 
Berlin,  remaining  as  Royal  Kapellm.  after  its 
union  with  the  Italian  Opera.  He  prod,  several 
operas,  operettas,  and  melodramas. 

We'ber,  (Friedrich)  Dionys,  b.  Welchau, 


Bohemia,  Oct.  9, 1766;  d.  Prague,  Dec.  25, 1842. 
Pupil  of  Abbe*  Vogler ;  a  founder  (iSfi)  and  the 
first  Director  of  the  Prague  Cons.  ;  Moscheles, 
Dessauer,  and  Kalliwoda  \\ere  his  pupils. — 
Works :  Operas,  18  cantatas,  masses,  military 
marches,  a  sextet  f.  6  trombones,  a  sextet  f.  6 
cornets  a  pistons,  quartets  f .  4  cornets,  variations 
f.  violin  and  'cello,  numerous  popular  quadrilles, 
Landler,  etc.,  f.  pf.  ;— also  an  "Allgemeine  the- 
oretische  Vorschule  der  Musik  "  (1828),  and  a 
" Theoretisch-praktisches  Lehrbuch  der  Ilarmo- 
nieund  des  Generalbasses  "  (1830-4  ;  fourpaits). 
Webber,  Gottfried,  theorist  and  composer  ; 
b.  Freinsheirn,  n.  Mannheim,  Mar.  I,  1779  I  d- 
Kreuznach,  Sept.  21,  1839.  He  studied  law  at 
Heidelberg  and  Gottingen,  practised  at  Mann- 
heim, Mayence,  and  Darmstadt,  where  he  was 
app.  Public  Prosecutor  (State  Attorney)  by  the 
Grand  Duke  in  1832.  An  excellent  amateur 
pianist,  flutist,  and  'cellist,  he  also  conducted 
a  raus.  society  at  Mannheim  and  founded  the 
Cons,  there,  and  was  opera-director  at  Mayence  ; 
studied  the  theories  of  Marpurg,  Kirnbergcr, 
Vogler,  Knecht,  etc.,  and  published  "Versuch 
einer  geordneten  Theonc  der  Tonsclsikunsl  " 
(3  vol.s  ;  1817-21 ;  3rd  cd.  1830-2),  introducing 
the  system  of  indicating  choi  ds  by  capitals  (major) 
and  small  letters  (minor),  seventh-choi  Us  by  add- 
ing a  small  7  (e.  g.,  C7),  etc.  Jt  was  trans],  into 
English  by  Warner  (Boston)  and  Bishop  (London, 
1851).  He  also  wrote  "  Uebcr  chionoraelrische 
Tempobezeichnung  "  (1817)  ;  "  Jicftchicibung 
und  Tonleiter  der  G.  Webcr'schen  Doppel- 
posaune"  (1817);  "Versuch  ciner  praktischen 
Akustik  der  Blasinstrumiinte "  (in  Krsch  and 
Gruber's  "  Encyclopatlic  "  ;  also  in  the  "Allg. 
mus.  Zeitung"  1816-17);  *' Allgomeine  Musik- 
lehre"  (1822);  "Ueber  Saitcninstrunientc  mit 
Bunden  "  (ll  Berliner  Musikwalunjr,"  1825)  ; 
"  Die  Generalbasslehre  zum  Sclbstunterricht " 
(1833) ;  and  raanv  essays  for  the  "Alltfem.  mu.s. 
Zeitung'*  and  his  own  paper,  the  4tC'acilia," 
founded  at  Mayence  in  1824.  lie  comp.  3 
masses,  a  Requiem,  and  a  To  Deum  (till  w. 
orch.) ;  part-songs  and  songs,  variations  f .  guitar 
and  'cello,  a  trio,  a  pf.-sonata,  etc. 

We'ber  [va'ber],  Carl  Maria  (Friedrich 
Ernst),  Frciherr  von,  the  founder  of  the  CJer- 
man  Romantic 
school ;  b.  Eutin, 
Oldenburg,  Dec.  18, 
1786 ;  d.  London, 
June  5,  1826.  His 
father,  Franz  Anton 
von  Weber  [b. 
1724],  formerly  an 
army -officer,  had 
taken  up  the  profes- 
sion of  music  when 
about  40,  and  at  the 
time  of  Carl  Maria's 
birth  was  cond.  of 
the  Eutin  town- 
orch. ;  he  came  of  a 


620 


WEDER 


musical  family,  and  it  was  his  darling  ambition 
that  one  of  his  children  should  become  a  great 
musician  like  Mozart,  the  husband  of  his  niece 
Constan/c  Weber  (Carl  Maria  was  Mozait's  first 
cousin  by  marriage).  ILis  mother  was  a  dra- 
matic singer  of  talent.  The  year  after  his  birth, 
his  father  left  Kutin  as  the  director  of  a  travel- 
ling dramatic  troupe  ;  and  for  years  the  family 
led  a  wandering1  Hie,  during  which  the  boy  ob- 
tained that  insight  into  the  technicalities  of  the 
stage  which  so  conspicuously  aided  him  in  his 
dramatic  career.  \V.'s  fust  teacher  was  his  step- 
brother Kntx,  a  pupil  of  Jos.  Haydn  ;  undei  his 
instruction  piogiess  was  slow.  At  Ilildbuig- 
hausen,  in  I7(j6,  W.  received  thorough  instruc- 
tion on  the  piano  irom  J.  1*.  Iteuschkel,  and 
heie  laid  the  foundation  foi  his  future  virtuosity. 
As  .1  chorister  in  the  cathedral  at  Sal/burg  m 
1797,  he  attracted  Michael  Haydn's  attention, 
from  whom  he  had  ginUiilous  lessons  in  compo- 
sition for  some  months,  and  to  whom  he  dedi- 
cated his  first  published  compositions,  six 
fughettas  (1708).  At  Munich  070,8-1800)  he 
was  taught  singing  by  Vulesi,  and  made  excel- 
lent pi  ogress  in  composition  under  Kalchcr, 
later  court  organist,  writing  his  fust  opera,  Die 
jlfatfif  tfcr  /,/<•&•  nmf  tfas  It 'fins,  in  1799  (never 
perf.;  the  MS.,  with  other  early  woiks,  was 
burned  by  accident  or  design),  lie  also  ap- 
peared as  sv  conceit-pianist.  Here,  too,  he  fell 
in  with  Aloys ^  Senefclder,  the  inventoi  of  litho- 
graphy ;  this  invention  interested  W.  deeply,  so 
that  ho  gave  much  time  ami  thought  to  its  im- 

ErovemeiU,  worked  at  it  practically  (he  engiaved 
is  op.  Q,  variations  f.  pf.,  himself  in  i8<x>),  and 
(apparently)  so  improved  the  process  that  his 
father  removed  to  Kreiherg  in  Saxony  in  1800 
for  the  purpose  of  exploiting  the  new  ideas. 
Here  W.'s  xeal  for  dramatic  composition  was 
reawakened  by  the  libretto  of  J)as  jra/tfw<M- 
chen  ;  the  opera  had  fair  success  nt  Freiberg 
(Nov.  24,  iH(x>),  and  much  better  fortune  at 
Chumnitx,  Prague,  Vienna,  and  St.  relersbtirg ; 
mean  lime  the  lithographic  venture  failed,  and 
in  i  So  i  they  were  all  in  SuMwrg  again,  where 
W.  studied  further  under  M.  Haydn,  and  com- 
posed a  third  opera,  /V/«r  SdmioU  ttnd  seine 
Nafhharn  (Augsburg,  1803?).  In  1802  they 
were  in  Hamburg;  in  Nov.  going  to  Augs- 
burg, ami  thence  to  Vienna  early  in  1803,  where 
W.  made  a  serious  study  of  the  works  of  the 
groat  masters  under  the  guidance  of  Abbe* 
Vogler,  In  18(4  the  latter  recommended  W. 
for  the  post  of  Kapellm*  of  the  Hreslau  City  Th. 
He  resigned  early  in  1806,  supported  himself 
for  .some  months  by  mumc-lesHons,  and  was  then 
Music- Into ndent  to  Duke  Kugen  of  Wttrttem- 
burg  at  SchloHS  Cnrlsruhe,  Silesia,  till  Feb., 
1807,  when  ho  became  private  secretary  to  Duke 
Ludwig  at  Stuttgart,  find  music-master  to  his 
children,  He  remained  here  until  his  banish- 
ment by  royal  edict  in  1810,  after  spending: 
two  weeks  in  prison  on  the  charge  of  having 
practised  a  deception  of  which  he  was  proved 
innocent.  The  preparations  for  bringing  out 


his  grand  opera  Silvan  a  were  nearing  comple- 
tion at  the  time,  and  were,  of  course,  aban- 
doned ,  W.  repaired  to  Mannheim,  meeting 
Gottfried  Weber,  and  bunging  out  his .  fust 
symphony ;  he  then  rejoined  his  old  teacher, 
Abbe  Vogler,  at  Darmstadt.  Sifoaua  was  given 
at  Frankfort-on-Main,  Sept.  16,  1810,  and  Abu 
Hassan,  a  comic  one-act  Singspicl,  at  Munich, 
June  4,  iSri.  In  February  of  that  year  W. 
had  left  Darmstadt,  making  a  concert-tour 
through  Frankfort,  Wurzburg,  Nuremberg, 
etc.,  to  Munich,  where  he  stayed  5  months. 
In  1812  Silramt  was  staged  at  Berlin,  with  ad- 
ditional numbers.  After  shoit  stays  heie,  in 
Leipzig,  Weimar,  and  Golha,  he  was  appointed 
(1813)  Kapcllm  of  the  National  ("  Landhtan- 
disches  ")  Theatre  at  Prague  ;  went  to  Vienna  to 
engage  a  company  (among  the  singers  \\os 
Caroline  lirandt,  his  future  wife),  thoioughly 
reorganized  the  opera,  and  became  a  conductor 
of  such  mark  that  in  1816  the  King  of  Saxony 
called  him  to  Dresden  to  icorganiscc  the  Royal 
Opera.  His  conductor's  debut  in  this  new  po- 
sition was  on  Jan.  14,  1817.  A  few  weeks  later 
he  suggested  to  Fiiedrich  Kind  (a  lawyer,  but 
then  living  as  a  writer  in  I  )resden)  the  idea  of 
wilting  him  a  libretto  ;  they  fixed  on  Apel's 
novel,  "Der  KieischlHz,"  and  on  Mar.  I  Kind 
handed  the  finished  libretto  to  W.  The  com- 
position of  this  work  occupied  3  years,  the  over- 
ture being  finished  in  May,  1820  ;  directly  after, 
he  wrote  the  music  to  Prcnosa  in  3  weeks,  and 
also  began  work  on  a  comic  opera,  Die  tfwi 
/V/i/rw,  Although  well  known  as  a  conductor, 
a  finished  pianist,  and  a  song-composer  (his  set- 
tings of  Korner's  "Leyer  imd  Schwcrt"  had 
won  him  the  hearts  of  the  students),  he  had  not 
yet  attained  to  national  renown.  Uut  with  the 
tremendous  success  of  Ar  Jf/risfAafs  at  Jierliu, 
June  1 8,  1821,  a  triumph  emphasized  by  the 
contrast  of  that  opera  with  the  Krunch  and 
Italian  woiks  then  dominating  the  (taimnn 
stage,  he  became  a  sort  of  national  hero ;  every- 
where in  Germany  Ar  Jtrdschtllz  won  triumph 
on  triumph,  culminating  in  a  grand  ovation  to 
the  composer  at  Vienna.  It  was  followed  in 
1823  by  KwyantkC)  which,  produced  at  the 
Kdrnthncrthor  Theatre,  Vienna,  on  Oct.  25, 
was  by  no  means  equally  successful  there,  in  ri- 
valry with  Rossini,  though  warmly  received  at 
Ilcrlin  and  elsewhere.  For  some  years  W.'s 
health  had  been  gradually  declining ;  in  1824  he 
was  obliged  to  take  a  vacation  at  Maricnbad, 
and  in  January,  1825,  had  recovered  sufficiently 
to  begin  the  composition  of  Qbtrott,,  a  new 
opera  which  Kemblc  had  commissioned  him  to 
write  for  Covent  Garden,  London,  But  his  ill- 
ness, consumption,  interrupted  the  progress  of 
the  work;  be  was  obliged  to  go  to  Ems  for 
treatment,  after  which  he  recommenced  his 
work,  finishing  the  score  in  London,  where 
Qbertn  was  brought  out  on  April  12,  1826. 
Worn  out  by  the  overexertion  incident  to  rehears- 
als, concert-giving,  and  social  life,  he  passed 
away  only  eight  weeks  afterward.  His  remains 


tot 


WEBER— WEBER 


were  removed  to  Dresden  in  1844,  where  a  statue 
to  his  memory,  by  Rietschel,  was  unveiled  in  1860. 

Weber's  fame  as  a  dramatic  composer  still 
shines  undimmed  in  his  two  masterworks,  Der 
Freischutz  and  JSwyantke.  In  subject  and 
conception  essentially  German,  the  vivid  me- 
lodic originality,  sustained  dramatic  \igor,  and 
tender  lyrical  charm  of  W.'s  music  have  in- 
vested them  with  a  poetic  glamour  fittingly 
styled  "  romantic."  His  influence  on  the  de- 
velopment of  German  music,  through  men  like 
Schumann,  Marschner,  and  Wagner,  cannot  be 
adequately  expressed  in  a  few  lines.  His  life 
has  been  written  by  Barbedette  (Paris,  1862); 
by  his  son,  Max  Maria  von  W.,  "  C.  M.  von 
W.,  em  Lebensbild  "  (3  vol.s  ;  Leip2ig,  1864-8  ; 
a  comprehensive  biography,  also  including  W.'s 
writings);  by  Jahns,  "C.  M.  von  W.,  eine 
Lebensskizze'"  (Leipzig,  1873) ;  by  Reisstnann, 
"C.  M.  von  W."  (1882).  Nohl  publ.  "  Briefe 
von  Gluck  und  Weber  "  (1870) ;  Carl  v  Weber 
(W.'s  grandson)  publ.  "  Reisebriefe  Weber's  an 
seine  Gattin  Caroline"  (1886) ;  Th.  Hell  publ. 
"  Hinterlassene  Schriften  von  C.  M.  von  W." 
(3  vol.s,  1828) ;  and  a  complete  thematic  cata- 
logue of  W/s  compositions,  in  chronological 
order,  was  publ.  by  jShns,  "C.  M.  von  W.  in 
seinen  Werken"  (Berlin,  1871). 

DRAMATIC  WORKS  .  Besides  the  operas  enu- 
merated above,  Ritbezahl,  begun  in  liiesku, 
1804,  was  not  completed  ;  the  revised  overture 
was  prod,  as  "Der  Beherrscher  der  Geister." 
Die  drei  Pintos,  the  libretto  rearranged  by  W.'s 
last  grandson,  Carl  von  Weber  [d.  Dresden, 
Dec.  16,  1897],  the  music  completed  by  G. 
Mahler  after  W.'s  sketches,  was  prod,  at  Leip- 
zig, Jan.  20,  1888.  The  music  to  Wolff's  Pre- 
ci&sa  consists  of  an  overture,  4  choruses,  I  song, 
3  melodramas,  and  dances ;  he  also  wrote 
music  to  Schiller's  Tvrandot,  Milliner's  Koni$ 
Yogurt*  Gehe's  Heinnch  IV.,  and  Ilouwald's 
Der  Lcuehttfnirm. 

OTHER  VOCAL  WORKS  :  The  cantata  Der  crste 
Ton,  f.  declamation,  chorus,  and  orch.  (1808) ; 
cantata  Kampfttnd  Stegfpa.  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo), f.  soli,  ch.r  and  orch.  (1815);  hymn  4lln 
seiner  Ordnung  schafft  der  Herr,"  f.  do.  (1812) ; 
Natur  nnd  Liebe,  cantata  f,  2  sopranos,  2  tenors, 
and  2  basses,  w.  pf.  (1818);  other  occasional 
cantatas;  2  masses, also  2  offertories,  f.  soli,  ch., 
and  orch.;  19  part-songs  for  male  voices,  espe- 
cially op.  42  (u  Leyerund  Schwert"),  op.  53,  op. 
63;  four  scenes  and  arias  f.  soprano  w.  orch. 
(v  Misera  me,"  Atalia,  1811 ;  "  Ah,  se  Edmondo 
fosse 1'uccisor,"  for  M&ul's ///&W,  1815 ;  "Non 
paventar,  mia  vita,"  for  Ints  de  Castro,  1816; 
and  "Was  sag*  ich?  Schaudern  macht  mich 
der  Gedanke,"  for  Cherubini's  Lodoiska)\  scena 
and  ana  f.  tenor,  male  ch.,  and  orch.,  "  Qual 
altro  attendi";  do.  f.  tenor,  double  ch.,  and 
orch.,  "  Signer,  se  padre  sei,"  for  fnes  de  Castro; 
many  songs  (op.  23,  25,  29,  30,  46,  47,  54,  64, 
66,  71,  80);  children's  songs,  pp.  22;  8  part- 
songs  f .  mixed  voices,  w.  and  without  accorap. ; 
6  canons  a  3-4;  duets  (op.  31). 


INSTRUMENTAL:  2  symphonies,  both  in  C; 
Jubel-Ouverture ;  2  clannet-concertos,  in  F  inin. 
and  E  |?  ;  concertino  f .  clar. ,  bassoon-concerto  ; 
Adagio  and  rondo  ungaiebe  f.  bassoon  w.  orch. ; 
concertino  f.  horn;  Romanza  siciliana,  f.  flute  w. 
orch. ;  var.s  f.  viola,  pot-pourri  f.  'cello,  etc.,  w. 
orch.; — quintet  f.  clar.  and  strings  ;  7  variations 
f.  clar.  and  pf. ;  Grand  duo  concertant  f .  do. ; — 
FOR  PIANOFORI  E  •  2  pf.-conceitos,  in  C  find  E  [•> ; 
Concertstuck  w.  orch.,  in  K  min  ;  6  sonatas  f.  pf. 
and  violin  (F ;  G ;  I)  mm  ,  E  b  ;  A;  C),  9  Varia- 
tions on  a  Norwegian  airf  f.  pf .  and  violin  ;  4 
solo  sonatas  (C ;  A  f) ;  D  min. ;  E  min.) ;  I  4-hand 
sonata;  trio  f  pf.,  flute, and  'cello,  op.  63;  pf.- 
quartet  in  E[>;  Memento  capnctioso  in  Jib; 
I'olonaise  in  E  b,  op.  21 ;  Rondo  brillant  in  E  p, 
op.  62 ;  Aufforderung  zum  Tanze  in  1)  \y ,  op.  65 ; 
Polacca  bnllante  in  E,  op.  72;  12  Allcmaiidesi, 
op.  4 ;  6  ]£cossaises ;  rS  Valses  favorites  do 
1'impuratrice  de  France;  several  sets  of  Varia- 
tions (6  on  an  original  theme  in  C',  op.  2 ;  8  on 
Castor  ttnd  Pollux,  in  K,  op.  5;  6  on  StiMMi,  in 
13  [7,  op.  61;  7  on  "  Vien  qua,  Dorina  bella,"  in 
C,  op.  7;  7  on  an  ong.  theme  in  F,  op.  9;  9  on 
a  Norwegian  theme  in  I)  min.,  w.  violin,  op.  22  ; 
7  on  Sifoatii,  in  IJ|?,  op.  33;  7  on/iw/>//,  in  C, 
op.  28;  9  on  "  Schone  Mmka,"  in  C,  op.  40;  7 
on  a  Gypsy  air,  in  C); — also,  f.  4  hands,/) peliles 
pi6ces  faciles,  op.  3;  6  pieces,  op.  10;  and  8 
pieces,  op.  Co.  Weber's  piano-works  have  been 
unduly  neglected.  He  was  a  player  and  com- 
poser of  fascinating  originality.  AK  on  executant, 
his  large  hands  gave  him  an  unusual  cnnirnnml 
of  the  keyboard  (he  could  stretch  a  twelfth), 
which  he  improved  for  novel  and  striking  effects 
in  chords  and  passage-work.  He  wrote  for  the 
piano  as  a  pianist,  thoroughly  conversant  with 
the  nature  and  resources  of  the  instrument ;  in 
these  pieces  he  is  not  only  the  lirst  "romanti- 
cist," but  also  distinctly  foreshadows  the  later 
"orchestral"  school. 

We1>er,  Edmund  von,  stepbrother  of  Carl 
Maria;  b.  Hildesheim,  1786 ;d.  "Wteburg,  1828. 
Clever  composer  and  experienced  musical  di- 
rector; lived  in  the  latter  capacity  at  Kassel, 
Bern,  Ltibeck,  Danzig1,  KOnigsberg,  Cologne, 
etc. 

We'be^ErnstHeinrichjb.WittcnbergJune 
24,  1795;  d.  Jan.  26,  1878,  as  prof,  of  physi- 
ology at  Leipzig  Univ. — Publ.  **  I)c  aurc  et 
auditu  hominis  et  animalium "  (1820);  "Die 
Wellenlehre"  (1825;  w.  his  brother  Wilhclm 
Eduard  [1804-1891],  prof,  at  Gttttingen);  also 
essays  on  acoustics  in  G.  Weber's  u  Cecilia," 
and  in  Schweizer  and  Poggendorff 's  "Annalen." 

We'bcr,  Franz,  b.  Cologne,  Aug.  26,  1805 ; 
d.  there  Sept.  18,  1876.  Tupil  of  U.  Klein  at 
Berlin,  and  from  1838  organist  of  the  Cologne 
Cath.;  later  also  cond.  of  the  AfUnnergesang- 
verein.—- Works :  Psalm  57,  a  4;  *'  Krieffsgesang 
der  Rheinpreussen,"  f.  male  ch.  and  orch.;  many 
male  choruses. 

We'ber,  Karl  Hdnrich,  son  of  Kduard  W., 
town-musician  at  Frankenberg ;  b.  there  Aug.  9, 


WEBER— WEELKES 


1834.  Pupil  of  Leipzig  form.  1846-9;  asst.- 
tcachcr  at  Moscow  Cons.  1806-70;  since  1877, 
director  ot  the  Imp.  Russian  Mus.  Soc.  at 
Saratow.— PuM.  a  method  f.  pf.  (Russian);  a 
" Short  Sketch  ol  the  I'lcsent  Stale  of  Mus. 
Culture  in  Russia"  (iSSs,  in  Russian);  etc. 

We'ber,  Georg  Victor,  b.  Ober-Krlcnbach, 
Upper  Hesse,  Feb.  25,  1838.  Pupil  of  Schrems, 
Ratisbon;  took  holy  ordeis  in  1863  ;  since  1866, 
Kapellni.  of  JMuyence  <'ath.,  j»ivm<rii ne  concerts 
of  a  mppclta  music  of  the  T5th-i(>th  centuries 
with  his  excellent  choir.  Expert  on  organ-build- 
ing1.— Woiks:  "  M.'inualc  cantus  ecclesiastic! 
juxta  i i twin  S.  Rom.  ecclesiae"  (1878);  "Or- 
gelbuch  xuiu  Mainxcr  Dioccsan-Cicsanghuch" 
(1880);  "Olier  SpradiKesantf"  (1883);  "fiber 
Oijjeldispositionen"  (iHqn.);  articles  in  Boekeler's 
"Greftorius-IJlatt"  ami  Ilabeil's  "  C'aeilien-Ka- 
lendcr";  — also  masses,  motets,  psalms,  etc. 

We'ber,  Gustav,  b.  MlmehenhuchKcc,  Swit- 
zerland, Oct.  30, 1845;  d.  Zurich,  June  12,  1887. 
Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons,  from  iSOi;  in  1865,  of 
Vincenx  Laclmeral  Mannheim.  Cnnd.  at  Anrau 
and  Zurich  ;  then  studied  1860-7°  with  Tausig 
at  Heilin  ;  his  symphonic  poem  "/ur  Iliadc" 
•was  prod,  by  Lis/.t  at  the  Ueethoven  Festival 
in  1870.  From  1872,  01  gainst  at  St.  Peter's, 
Zurich,  teacher  at  the  Cons.,  and  coml.  of  the 
"  Harmonic." — Publ.  op.  i,  p f, -sonata ;  op.  2, 
five  duets  f.  sopr.  and  alto ;  op.  3,  4-hand  pf.- 
walUes ;  op.  4,  pf. -quartet ;  op.  5,  pi. -trio  ;  op. 
6,  Elegies  f.  pf.;  op.  7,  live  Idyl  Ion  f.  pf.;  op.  K, 
violin-Honata ;  op.  o,,  two  books  of  pf.-pieces; 
**  Prinx  Ciirncval,"  little  pf. -pieces  for  small 
players;  many  choruses ;  choral  arrangements  of 
old  German  songs  ;  edited,  and  contributed  to, 
Vol.  ii  of  Ilcim's  coll.  of  male  choruses. 

We'ber,  Miroslaw,  b,  Prague,  Nov.  9, 
1854.  Violinist ;  taught  by  his  father,  and  al 
10  played  before  the  Kmperor  of  Austria,  and 
made  tours.  Pupil  of  Ulnae  k  at  the  Prague  Or- 
gait-School ;  also  of  the  Cons,  from  1870-3. 
Joined  the  Sondcrshansen  court  oroh.  in  1873  ; 
became  Cnwtfrttnth(?r  at  Darmstadt  in  1875, 
organising  a  quartet-party ;  succeeded  Rebicek 
as  1st  CMiwrtMiehfcr  of  the  roynl  orch.  at  Wies- 
baden T  and  and  concl.  at  the  opera  (resigned 
1893);  in  1880,  "R.  Mus,  Dir."— Works:  Mu- 
sic to  Hcls's  Olaf  (1884),  and  Schulte's  Print 
Mbu;$.  ballet,  /JiV  JR&einnixf  (Wiesbaden, 
1884) ;  a  orch. I  suites ;  septet  f.  violin,  viola, 
'cello,  clar.,  bassoon,  and  2  horns;  2  string- 
quartets  (No,  2  won  prize  al  St.  Petersburg, 
1891) ;  etc. 

Webster.  Joseph  Philbrick,  b.  Manchester, 
N.  H.,  Mar.  33,  1819;  d,  Klkhorn,  Wis.,  Jan. 
18,  1875,  For  years  a  member  of  the  lUndcl 
and  Haydn  Soc,,  and  other  mus.  associations, 
at  Boston,— Works :  Cantata  Tht  Jleatitttdcs / 
many  sonjrs ;  also  a  coll.  of  Sunday-school 
sonpj,  ^llie  Siffnet  Rjag"  (1868). 

Weckerlin,  Jean-Baptiste-Th^odore,  b. 

Gebwtiler,  Alsatia,    Nov.  9,  1821.    He  was 


trained  for,  and  entered  on,  his  father's  busi- 
ness of  cotton-dyeing" ,  but  went  over  to  music 
in  1844,  studying  under  Ponchaid  (singing)  and 
Halcvy  (comp.)  at  the  Paris  Cons.,  producing 
an  heroic  symphony,  Roland^  for  soli,  ch.,  and 
orch.,  in  1847,  on  leaving  the  Cons,  in  1849, 
he  gave  music-lessons,  took  part  with  Scghers 
in  the  direction  of  the  Socictu  Sainte-Cecile, 
which  brought  out  some  of  his  works  ;  and 
achieved  success  in  1853  with  a  i-act  comic 
opera,  rOrgamite  duns  l\'inbarni$  (TOO  per- 
formances at  the  Th.-Lyrique)  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  several  privately  performed  operettas, 
2  comic  operas  in  Alsatian  dialect,  Die  drnjach 
ffotfaitf  im  ft&sct/ial  (Colmar,  1863),  and  /» 
Fir//*/.!/1  Ilcrlst  (ibid.,  1879),  and  the  i-act 
opera  Aprh  Fonkiwy  (Th.-Lyri<]uc,  1877). 
Meantime  he  had  become  asst. -librarian  to  the 
Cons.  (rS6g),  in  1876  succeeded  Felicien  Davicl 
as  libiaiian,  and  in  1885  publ.  a  bibliographical 
catalogue  ;  was  also  chosen  librarian  of  the 
"  Soc.  des  compohiteurR,"  for  whose  Ihillctins 
he  has  written  important  articles.  lie  lias  won 
distinction  as  a  eomposer  of  grand  choral  works, 
e.g.,  an  oratorio,  1.?  }ugcment  thi  niir  ,•  the  can- 
tatas VAttrwc  and  /W.v,  char  I U^  grandeur 
(Openi,  ifiOf)) ;  the  "ode-symphonic"  /Af 
/W///I1*  tie  hi  MM,  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  (Th. 
Italien,  1860;  conducted  by  the  eomp.) ;  /' Imtf 
(1873),  La  Jttt>  d'AkAtwttre  (1873);  also  cho- 
nises  tt  tap/>ella  ('*  25  chciiurs  pour  voix  de  jeunes 
fdles";  "Soirees  parisienncs,"  f.  mixed  chorus  ; 
6  "  quatnors  de  salon,"  f.  do.),  and  songs  ;  and 
a  grand  "Symphonic  dc  la  foret,"  f.  orch. — His 
"  Ilistoire  de  rinstrumentation  depuis  le  sei- 
xieme  sleele  justju'  A.  l'epo(]iie  actuelle  "  won  the 
gold  medal  of  the  Aeademie  in  1875.  His 
"  ICchos  du  temps  passe"  (1853-5),  and  "  Sou- 
venirs du  temps  passe"  (1864),  are  coll.s  of 
chansons,  noels,  maclrignls,  etc.,  from  the  rath- 
i8th  century,  interesting  and  historically  valu- 
able,  with  biographical  note*  ;  the  "  Mnsicianii " 
(2  vols.;  1877,  '90)  is  a  coll.  from  rare  and  curi- 
ous works  on  music,  with  anecdotes,  etc.;  other 
coll.s  are  "  Les  tichos  d'AngJcterre"  (1877; 
folk-songs  w.  i)f.) ;  "  Chansons  et  rondcs  popu- 
lates" (children's  songs  w.  pf.) ;  "  I,es  poites 
francuis  iiiis  en  musi<|ue  "  (r868) ;  "Chansons 
populaires  cles  provinces  de  la  Krance";  "  L'an- 
cienne  chanson  populaire  en  France  "  (1887). 

Weelkes,  Thomas,  distinguished  English 
madrigal-writer ;  in  1600,  organist  of  Winches- 
ter College  ;  in  1602,  Mus.  Ihc.,  Oxon.;  in  1608, 
organist  of  Chich ester  Cathedral.  Pates  of 
birth  and  death  unknown. — Works:  "Madri- 
gals to  3-6  voyces"  (1597)  J  **  Ballets  and  MacU 
riffals  to  5  voycos,  with  one  to  6  voyces  "  (1508) ; 
"Madrigals  of  5  and 6  parts  apt  for  the  viols 
and  Voyces,"  and  **  Madrigals  of  6  parts"  do. 
(1600) ;  the  fine  madrigal  "As  Vesta  was  from 
Latinos  hill  descending,"  in  the  "  Triumphes  of 
Oriana"  (i<xn) ;  "  Ayeres  or  Phantasticke  Spir- 
ites  for  3  voices  "  (1608) ;  and  in  1614  contributed 
to  "Teares  or  Lamentacions."  His  5  publ. 


6*3 


WEGELER— WEINLIG 


works  contain  94  comp.s  distinguished  by  ori- 
ginality and  excellent  part-writing ;  many  still 
popular,  and  often  reprinted. 

We'geler,  Franz  Gerhard,  b.  Bonn,  Aug. 
22,  1765  ;  d  Koblenz,  May  7,  1848.  Physician 
in  Bonn  and  Koblenz,  knowing  Beethoven  as  a 
youth.  AVith  Ries  he  wrote  "  Biographische 
Kotizen  uber  L.  van  Beethoven"  (1838;  sup- 
plem.,  1845  ;  both  in  French,  1862). 

We'dekind,  Erica,  soprano  stage-singer ; 
b.  Hanover,  Nov  13,  1872.  Pupil  of  Dresden 
Cons.,  and  of  Fraulein  Orgeni ;  debut  Dresden 
Court  Opera,  Mar.  15,  1894,  as  Frau  Fluth  in 
Nicolai's  Lustige  Weiber  t^on  Windsor,  and  was 
immediately  eng.  there  for  5  years,  for  soubrette 
coloratura  roles.  On  July  10,  1898,  she  married 
Herr  Oschwald,  of  Basel. 

Wege'lius,  Martin,  b.  Helsingfors,  Nov. 
10,  1846.  Student  of  philosophy  and  Magister 
(1869) ;  cond.  of  the  academical  choral  society  ; 
pupil  1870-1  of  Rudolf  Bibl,  Vienna,  and 
Kichter  and  Paul,  Leipzig,  where  he  again 
studied  1877-8,  then  becoming  cond.  of  the 
Finnish  Opera  at  Helsingfors.  He  is  Director 
of  a  Cons,  there,  and  conducts  a  mus.  society. — 
\Vorks:  Overture  lt  Daniel  Hjort";  a  Rondo 
quasi  fantasia  f.  pf.  and  orch. ;  a  Christmas  can- 
tata ;  a  festival  cantata,  The  6th  of  May ;  a 
ballade  f .  tenor  solo  w.  orch. ;  Mignon*  f .  sopr. 
solo  w.  orch.;  has  publ.  a  Swedish  text-book  on 
harmony,  a  "  Course  in  Key-finding,"  a  brief 
history  of  music,  pieces  f.  pf.,  and  songs. 

Weh'le,  Carl,  b.  Prague,  Mar.  17,  1825 ;  d. 
Paris,  June  3,  1883.  Trained  for  a  mercantile 
career,  he  abandoned  it  for  music  ;  studied  pf.- 
playing  with  Moscheles  at  Leipzig,  and  Kullak  at 
Berlin,  made  extended  tours  to  Asia,  Africa, 
America,  and  Australia,  but  resided  chiefly  in 
Paris.  Among  his  brilliant  comp.s  f.  pf.  are  a 
suite,  op.  86 ;  2  sonatas,  op.  38  and  58 ;  a  Bal- 
lade, op.  ii ;  a  Serenade napolitaine,  op.  31 ;  an 
Allegro  a  la  hongroise,  op.  81 ;  3  Tarentelles,  op. 
5,  56  ;  Impromptus,  op.  10,  73  ;  Ballade  and  Noc- 
turne, op.  79  ,*  "Berceuse  javanaise " ;  " Marche 
cosaque  "  ;  "  Fete  bohe*mienne"  ;  "  Un  songe  a 
Vauclnse  " ;  etc. 

Weich'ler,  Maximilian,  flutist  in  the  Ge- 
wandhaus  Orch.,  Leipzig;  publ.  a  "  Katechis- 
mus  der  Flote  und  des  Flotenspiels  "  (Leipzig, 
1897). 

Wei'denbach,  Johannes,  b.  Dresden,  Nov. 
29, 1847  ;  pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons.  1869-71 ;  since 
1873,  teacher  of  pf.  in  that  inst. 

Wcidt,  Carl,  b.  Bern,  Mar.  7,  1857 ;  from 
1889,  cond.  of  the  Klagenfurt  Mdnnergaang- 
verdn.  Noted  comp,  of  male  choruses. 

Weigl,  Joseph, b.  Eisenstadt,  Hungary,  Mar. 
28,  1766  ;  d.  Vienna,  Feb.  3,  1846.  A  pupil  of 
Albrechtsberger  and  Salieri,  he  wrote  his  first 
opera,  Die  unn&txs  Vorsiiht,  at  the  age  of  16  ;  the 
first  to  be  performed,  Jl pc&*o  per  forxa  (1788), 
was  so  successful  that  np  to  1825  he  brought  out 


over  30 more,  German  and  Italian,  besides  nearly 
a  score  of  ballets.  Two  of  his  operas  were  writ- 
ten for  La  Scala,  Milan.  The  most  popular  of 
all,  Die  Schwei&rfaunhe  (Vienna,  1809),  is  still 
played.  He  also  wrote  two  oratorios,  and  a  great 
number  of  German  and  Italian  cantatas,  besides 
chamber-music  and  songs.  In  1825,  on  SaherTs 
death,  he  was  app.  2nd  court  cond, ,  and  thence- 
forward wrote  only  church-music  (masses,  gradu- 
ate, offertories). — His  brother  Taddaus,  b  Vi- 
enna, I774(?),  d.  there  Feb.  19,  1844,  prod.  4 
operettas  and  13  ballets  from  1799-1805;  was 
custodian  of  the  mus.  section  oi  the  Imperial 
Library,  and  carried  on  a  music-business. 

Wein'berger,  Carl,  contemporary  Viennese 
composer,  has  prod  the  operetta  J'agenstreic/ie 
(Vienna,  1888),  the  burlesque  opera  Augtkr  (?) 
(Troppau,  1890),  the  3-acl  operetta  Die  Ulaneu 
(Vienna,  1891),  the  3-acl  do.  tatheutfe  firbsn  (il>., 
1892),  the3-act  operetta  M flat  better  Kinrfl  (\\vr- 
lin,  1893),  the  operetta  Die  Kai  hscbulerin  (Vi- 
enna, 1895),  do.  Der  Sebmethn  ling  (ih.,  1896), 
do.  Die  Blumen-Mary  (ib.,  1X97),  und  do.  Adam 
und  Eva  (ib.,  1898) ;  all  with  success. 

Wein'gartner,  (Paul)  Felix,  b.  Zara,  Dal- 
matia,  June  2,  1863.  While  attending  the  Gym- 
nasium at  Graz,  he  studied  music  with  \V.  A. 
Remy;  his  op.  1-3  were  publ.  in  1880.  From 
1881-3  he  studied  in  the  Leip/.ijj  Cons. ;  won  the 
Mozart  Prize,  and  stayed  for  u  time  with  I  ,iszl  at 
Weimar,  where  hi&  opera  Sakuntah  wus  prod,  in 
1884.  Until  1889  he  was  cond  vsuccessivelyof  the 
theatres  at  Kfmigsbcrg,  Panzig,  and  Hamburg  ; 
then  for  a  years  at  Mannheim  ;  and  in  1891  was 
eng.  as  2nd  JKafeifm*  at  the  Heilin  Couit  Opera. 
In  the  autumn  of  1897  ill-health  compelled  his  re- 
tirement from  this  position,  but  he  retained  his 
post  as  cond.  of  the  symphony  concerts  of  the 
royal  orch.  From  1898  he  has  lived  in  Munich 
as  cond.  of  the  Kaim  Concerts.  1  fe  is  in  the  front 
rank  of  living  conductors. — Compositions  :  Op. 
1-5,  piano-pieces  ;  op.  6-7,  Lictlor;  op.  8,  Sere- 
nade f.  strin#-orch. ;  op.  9,  fJakuntnla^  opera  (Wei- 
mar, Mar.  23,  1884) ;  op.  10,  Jlfff/aiMa,  opera 
(Munich,  Junes,  1886);  op.  IT,  (n'tiesiuf,  3-nei 
opera  (Uerlin,  Nov.  15,  1892  ;  withdrawn  by  the 
author  after  the  2nd  perf.,  because  of  the  hostile 
attitude  of  the  press ;  since  given  willi  success  at 
Mannheim,  Hamburg,  and  Leipzig) ;  op.  12-19, 
Lieder;  op.  20,  "  Kflnig  Ix;ar,"  symphonic  poem  ; 
op.  21, l*  Gefilde  dcr  Scligen,"  do. ;  op.  22,  Lieder 
(10  poems  by  Gottfried  Keller).— Writings:  "Die 
LehrevonderWiedergeburtund  dtis  musikalischc 
Drama"  (Leipzig) ;  "  tJberdasI)irigieren"(^er- 
lin,  1896);  uBayreuth  1876-96 "(Berlin,  1876) ; 
"Die  Symphonic  nach  Beethoven"  (Iterlin),— 
The  tendency  of  W/s  writings  and  music  is/w 
de  sihlc. 

Wcinaig  [Weinlich],  Christian  Ehre- 
gott,  b.  Dresden,  Sept.  30,  1743  ;  d,  there  May 
I3»  I8i3-  Organist;  pupil  of  Homilius,  at  the 
Kreuzschule ;  in  1767,  organistof  the  Evangelical 
Church,  Leipzig;  in  1773,  at  Thorn;  in  1780, 
accompanist  at  the  Italian  Opera,  Dresden,  and 


624 


WEINLIG— WEITZMANN 


organist  of  the  Frauenkirche  ;  in  1785,  succeeded 
Ilomilius  as  cantor  of  the  Kreuzschulc.  —  Publ. 
sonatas  f  .  pf  .  w.  flute  and  'cello  ;  he  brought  out 
several  oratorios,  u  Passion,  a  cantata,  an  ope- 
retta, etc.  —  Ills  nephew  and  pupil, 

Wein'lig,  (Christian)  Theodor,  b.  Dresden, 
July  25,  i7So;  d.  Leipxij>,  Mar.  7,  1842.  Also 
studied  under  Padre  Mattel  at  Bologna;  from 
1814-17,  cantor  at  the  Dresden  Kreu/schulc  ;  in 
1823,  succeeded  Schicht  as  cantor  of  the  Thomas- 
khche,  Lcipxiji.  In  high  repute  as  a  teacher  of 
theory;  Richard  Wajjner  was  his  pupil.  —  Publ. 
a  "  I  Putsches  Magnificat  "  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.  ; 
vocalises  for  the  several  voices  ;  do.  f.  2  sopranos  ; 
and  a  practical  '*  Anlcitung  zur  Fuge  iur  den 
Sclbstunterrichl  "  (and  ed.  1852). 

Wein'wurm,  Rudolf,  b.  Schuidldoif-on-the- 
Thaja,  Lower  Austria,  Apr.  3,  1835.  Was  trained 
musically  as  a  chorister  in  the  Imperial  Chapel, 
Vienna;  in  3^58,  as  a  law-student  in  the  Univ., 
he  founded  the  academical  6VjM//A'ww7//,  con- 
ducting1 it  until  3  806  ;  in  1864  he  became  cond. 
of  the  Vienna  StngaMemie  ;  in  1866,  of  the 
MtiuMrgt'MiMgivreiiii  succeeding  Ilerbeck,  and 
director  of  mus.  instruction  in  the  Imp.  Teachers' 
Seminary.  In  1880,  mus.  dir.  of  the  Univ.  — 
Publ.  "Alitfemcine  Musiklehre";  "  Methodik 
des  (lesaugunterriclits"  ;  has  prod,  male  and 
mixed  choruses. 

Wein'zierl,  Max,  Ritler  von,  b.  liergstadtl, 
Bohemia,.  Sept.  16,  i84r  ;  d,  Mflcllintf,  n.  Vienna, 
July  10,  1898.  lie  was  A'tr/f  */////.  at  the  Comic 
Opera  and  the  Kinj»  theater,  Vienna;  from  1882, 
chorusmaster  of  the  Vienna  A/fluitfigfjiangvwehi. 
—  Works  :  The  operettas  Jhn  Qtn\wte  (Vienna, 
1879  J  w,  In  Kolh)  ;  /;/<•  wfiMifJwuJilipi  (1880)  ; 
,Mrr//<v;/rfjr(L«8o)  ;  Wwftto  (Prague,  1 
/>/Vsr  (Prague,  i88<j  ;  3  acts);  J)er 


a  (Herlin,  1893?);  also  many  choral  works 
)er  llerr  ist  (Jolt,"  psalm  f.  soli,  chorus,  and 
organ  ;  Mai  entwine,  op,  136,  f,  male  ch.  and 
orch.)  ;  the  oratorio  II  hb  (Vienna,  1870)  ;  songs. 

Weis'heimer,  Wendelin,  b.  Oslhofen,  Alsa- 
liti,  1836,  Pupil  of  Leipzig-  Cons.  1856-7; 
theatre-coud.  at  Wl\rabur£,  iH60,  later  at  May- 
cnce  ;  then  music-teacher  at  Stmssburg.  Com- 
poser of  strong  Wagnerite  leanings.  1  1  is  book, 
7t  Krlebnisse  uilt  R.  "Wagner,  K.  Usxtuncl  viclen 
andurcn  Zcltgenossun  nebst  dercn  Brief  en" 
(Stuttgart,  1898),  gives  full  information  about  his 
own  works  ;  many  of  the  letters  arc  valuable.  — 
Works  :  Thtoctor  AV/wr,  5-act  grand  oj>era  with 


Prologue    (Munich,    May  s8,   1873)  ; 
Martin  und  sehte  (Awf/tH,  3-act  opera  (Karls- 


ruhe, Kebt  32,  1879  ;  later  at  JJuden-Baden  and 
Leipzig). 

Weiss,  Amalie.    See  AMAUR  JOACHIM. 

Weiss,  Carl,  b,  Muhlhausen  (Thuringia?), 
about  2738  ;  d.  London,  1795.  Went  to  Home 
with  an  English  lord,  and  later  entered  George 
the  Third's  private  orch.  Works  :  6  symphonies  ; 
10  quartets  f.  flute  and  strings  ;  trios  f.  flutes.  — 
His  son  and  pupil,  Carl,  b,  1777,  was  taken  to 


England  by  his  father  in  1784;  he  studied  and 
travelled  on  the  Continent,  and  also  settled  in 
England.  Wrote  a  concerto  f  flute,  also  trios, 
duos,  and  solos,  and  a  "  New  Methodical  In- 
struction Book  for  the  Flute."— A  third  Carl 
Weiss,  contemporary  composer,  prod,  the  opera 
riohi  [after  Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Night\  at 
Prague  in  1892. 

Weiss,  Franz,  b.  Silesia,  Jan.  18,  1778  ;  d. 
Vienna,  Jan.  25,  1830.  Virtuoso  on  the  viola ; 
chamber-musician  to  Prince  Rasumovsky  at 
Vienna,  and  a  member  of  the  Schuppanxigh 
Quartet. — Woiks  :  Mubicto  ballets  ;  symphonies 
and  overtures  ;  symphonies  concertantes  f  flute, 
bassoon  and  trombone,  w.  orch.;  Variations bril- 
lantes  f .  violin  w.  orch. ;  I  quintet  and  6  quartets 
f.  strings ;  duos  f.  violins ;  duos  f.  flutes ;  pf.- 
sonatas. 

Weiss,  Julius,  b.  Iterlin,  July  TO,  1814. 
Violinist,  pupil  of  JIunning  ;  teacher,  writer,  and 
critic  ;  publ.  instructive  works  f.  violin.  On  his 
father's  death  in  1852  he  succeeded  to  the  music- 
business  establ.  by  the  latter. 

Weiss'beck,  Johann  Michael,  b.  Unterlaim- 
Imch,  Swabia,  May  10,  1756 ;  d.  May  I,  iSo8, 
as  cantor  and  org,  of  the  Liebfniucnkirche,  Nu- 
remberg.— Vubl.  "  Protcstationsschrift  odcr  ex- 
cmplarische  Widerlegung  einiger  Stellen  und 
Peiioden  dcr  Kapelhn.  Vogler'schen  Tonwfesen- 
achaft  und  TonscUkunst"  (1783);  an  "Ant- 
•woil"  to  Knccht's  subsequent  defence  of  Vogler 
(1802) ;  also  "  Ueber  Herrn  Abt  Voglers  Orgel- 
Orchestrion "  (1797);  "  Ktwas  ttber  llcrrn 
Daniel  (Jottlob  Turks  wichtigc  Organistenpflich- 
tcn"  (1798) ;  and  a  satirical  pamphlets  on  Uass- 
ler,  Kosler,  and  Voglcr. 

Weitz'mann,  Carl  Friedrich,  b.  Derlin, 
Aug.  10,  1808  ;  tl.  there  Nov.  7, 1880.  Pupil  of 
Ileunlng  (violin)  and  Klein  (theory);  later,  at 
Kasscl,  of  Spohr  and  Ilauptmann ;  in  1832, 
chorusmaster  and  violinist  in  the  Riga  theatre, 
and  founded  the  "  Liedcrtafel  "  with  Dornjin 
1836,  chonivsmaster  at  Heval ;  in  1836,  leader  of 
the  Imp.  orch.  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  mus.  dir. 
of  St.  Ann's  Church.  Studied  in  the  libraries 
of  Paris  and  London  1846-8 ;  then  settled  in 
IJerlin  as  a  teacher  of  composition.  Intimate 
friend  of  Liszt. — Works  :  The  operas  jRaufar- 
litbe,  IFalfurgi&iMcAti  and  Lorlter  nnd  Bettcl- 
$tob  (all  at  Reval) ;  2  books  of  canonic  '*  KAtlisel " 
f.  pf.  4  hands;  a  books  of  * ' Contrapunct-Slu- 
dien"f.  pf.;  1800  Preludes  and  Modulations  f. 
pf.  (Hook  i,  "  Classic  "  ;  Book  ii, 4i  Romantic  ") ; 
3  books  of  u  Valses  noblest"  f.  pf.;  sacred  songs 
f.  mixed  chorus ;  several  sets  of  son^s  f .  solo 
voice  w.  pf.;— also  uJ)er  Hbermissige  Drei- 
klany"  (1853) ;  *'  Per  venninderte  Septimenac- 
cord7'  (1854);  "Geschichte  des  .Septimenac- 
cords"  (1854);  "Gescliichte  der  griechjschen 
Muaifc"  (1855) ;  "  Geschichte  der  Harmonic  und 
i&rer  I^ehre"  (in  the  4<  Allgem.  mus.  Zeitung,'1 
1849) ;  "  Harmoniesystem"  (i860 ;  won  a  prize ; 
a  full  exposition  of  his  theories  may  be  found  ia 


40 


635 


WELCKER— WENZEL 


"  Bowman-Weitzmann's  Manual  of  Musical 
Theory"  [*/.  BOWMAN])  ;  "  Die  neue  Harmo- 
nielehre  im  Streit  mit  der  alten  "  ,  *l  Geschichte 
des  Clavierspiels  und  der  Clavierlitteratur " 
(1863,  as  Part  iii  of  the  Lebert-Stark  pf  .-method  ; 
2nd  ed.  printed  separately,  w.  added  "History 
of  the  Pianoforte "  [Engl.  transl.  New  York, 
1893]  ;  3rd  German  ed.  Leipzig,  1899,  as  *'  Ge; 
schichte  der  Claviermusik,"  in  2  vol.s:  Vol.  i 
edited  by  M.  Seiffert  [from  1450-1750] ;  Vol.  ii, 
ed.  by  Prof.  O.  Fleischer,  has  a  "  History  of  the 
Pf."  as  a  Supplement);  "Der  letzte  der  Vir- 
tuosen  "  [Tausig]  ;  many  essays  in  various  mus. 
periodicals. 

Wel'cker  von  Gontershausen,  Heinrich, 
b.  Gontershausen,  Hesse,  1811  ;  d.  Darmstadt, 
June  15,  1873.  Court  pf. -maker  to  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Hesse.— Publ.  "  Die  musikalischen 
TonwerkzeugeintechnischenZeichnungen  ..." 
(w.  160  illustrations);  "Der  Flugel,  oder  die 
Beschaffenheit  des  Pianos  in  alien  Formen" 
(1853  ;  augm.  ed.  1856) ;  "  Neueroffnetes  Maga- 
zin  musikalischer  Tonwerkzeuge,  dargestellt  in 
technischen  Zeichnungen  .  .  ."  (1855);  "  Der 
Rathgeber  fur  Ankauf,  Behandlung  und  Er- 
haltung  der  Pianoforte  "  (1857) ;  "  Der  Klavier- 
bau  und  seine  Theorie,  Technik  und  Geschichte  " 
(4th  ed.  1870) ;  "  Ueber  den  Bau  der  Saitenin- 
strumente  und  deren  Akustik,  nebst  Uebersicht 
der  Entstehung  und  Verbesserang  der  Orgel" 
(1876). 

Weldon,  John,  b.  Chichester,  England,  Jan. 
19,  1676 ;  d.  London,  May  7,  1736.  Pupil  of 
John  Wilton,  at  Eton  College ;  later  of  Purcell. 
In  1694,  organist  of  New  College*  Oxford ;  Gen- 
tleman Extraordinary  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  1701 ; 
succeeded  Blow  as  org.  of  the  Ch,  Royal,  1708  ; 
second  composer  to  do  ,  1715 ;  organist  of  Ht. 
Bnde's,  Fleet  St.,  and  (1726)  of  St.  Martin's-in- 
the-Fields.  A  few  anthems,  and  3  books  of 
songs,  were  publ.  ;  his  setting  of  Congreve's 
masque  The  Judgment  of  Paris  won  1st  prize 
in  1700. 

Wels,  Charles,  b.  Prague,  Aug.  24,  1825. 
Pupil  of  Tomaschek ;  in  1847,  court  pianist  in 
Poland  ;  in  1849,  settled  in  New  York  as  a  con- 
cert-pianist and  teacher.' — Works  :  Concert-over- 
ture and  suite  f.  orch. ;  3  masses,  op.  47,  m, 
167 ;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  fantasias,  pieces,  transcrip- 
tions, and  arrangements,  f.  pf.,  2  or  4  hands ; 
part-songs  ("  Stromfahrt,"  f.  male  quartet) ; 
songs. 

Welsh,  Thomas,  b.  Wells,  Somerset,  1770 ; 
d.  Brighton,  Jan.  31, 1848.  English  bass  singer ; 
chorister  in  Wells  CathM  and  pupil  of  J.  B. 
Cramer  and  Baumgarten,  London  d&ut  in 
opera,  1792  ;  eug.  for  oratorio  at  the  Haymarket, 
1796.  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel  Royal.  Noted 
teacher  of  singing ;  publ.  u  Vocal  Instructor,  or 
the  Art  of  Singing  Exemplified  in  15  Lessons 
leading  to  40  Progr.  Exercises"  (1825);  pf. -so- 
natas (1819) ;  glees,  duets,  and  part-songs  ;  prod, 
pieces.— rHis  wife  and  pupil,  Mary 


Anne,  »«&  Wilson  [1802-1867!,  was  a  noted 
soprano  singer  in  opera  and  concert ;  debut  at 
Drury  Lane,  Jan.  1 8, 1821,  in  Arne's  Artaxerz.es* 

Wenck,  August  Heinrich,  violinist,  pupil 
of  G.  Benda  ;  lived  in  Pans  (1786)  and  Amster- 
dam (1806).  Invented  (1798)  a  metronome, 
described  in  his  "  I3es>chreibunj»  eincs  Chrono- 
meters .  .  .  "  ;  publ.  pf  -sonatas,  etc. 

Wen'delstein.    See  CnniiAus,  JOHANNKS. 

Wen'dling,  Carl,  b.  Frankenthal,  Rhine 
Palatinate,  Nov.  14,  1857.  Pianist ,  pupil  of 
the  Leipzig  Cons  ;  has  made  a  specialty  of  the 
Janko  keyboard,  on  which  he  is  a  finished  per- 
former, and  the  technique  of  which  he  luis  taught 
since  1887  at  the  Leipzig  Cons.  Court  pianist 
to  the  Prince  of  Waldeck. 

Wendt,  Johann  Gottlieb  [Amadeus],  b. 
Leipzig,  Sept.  29,  1783;  (1.  as  piof.  of  philoso- 
phy at  Gottingen,  Oct.  15, 1836.— Publ.  "  Ros- 
sini's Leben  und  Arbeilcn"  (Lcipxig,  1824); 
14  Ueber  die  Hauptperioden  derschoncn  Ivunsl " 
(Leipzig,  1831);  and  essays  in  the  Leipzig  tl  All- 
gem,  mus.  Zeitung." 

Wendt,  Eduard,  b.  Berlin,  1807 ;  d.  Mag- 
deburg, Dec.  23,  1890,  Violinist,  and  excellent 
quartet-player  (publ. string-quartets);  from  1824- 
50  in  Magdeburg,  where  he  was  a  co-founder  of 
the  Tonkitnstler-Vcrein  /  thereafter  in  Berlin. 

Wendt,  Ernst  Adolf,  b.  Schwicbus,  Pnib- 
sia,  Jan.  6,  iSoC  ;  d.  Neuwied,  Feb.  5,  1850,  iis 
teacher  at  the  Teacher's  Seminary.  Pupil  of 
Zelter,  Klein,  and  A.  \V.  Bach,  At  Iterlin.— 
Publ.  Vans  f.  pf.  and  orch. ;  a  pf.-trio ;  a  4-hand 
pf. -sonata ;  organ-pieces, 

Wen'zel,  Ernst  Ferdinand,  b.  Walddorf,  n. 
L&bau,  Jan,  24  (25?),  1808;  d.  Bad  Kttsen, 
Au^g.  16,  1880.  A  student  ^  of  philosophy  at 
Leipzig  Univ.,  he  also  had  private  piano-lessons 
with  Fr.  Wieck,  became  the  fast  friend  of 
his  fellow-pupil  Schumann,  and  adopted  music 
as  his  profession,  being  a  frequent  contributor 
to  the  "  Neue  Zellschrift  far  Musik  "  during 
S.'s  editorship  (till  1844).  Also  an  intimate  of 
Mendelssohn's,  he  was  a  teacher  of  pf. -play ing 
at  the  Leipzig:  Cons,  from  its  foundation  in  1843 
until  his  death,  and  highly  distinguished  himself 
in  this  capacity ;  the  majority  of  Knglish-speak- 
ing1  students  there  were  in  his  classes,  or  had 
private  instruction  from  him. 

Wen'zel,  Leopold,  b.  Naples,  Jan,  33,  1847 ; 
pupil  of  the  Cons.  S.  Pietro  ft  Majclln,  leaving 
it  at  13,  travelling  as  a  violinist  to  Athens, 
Turkey,  Egypt,  and  France,  and  joining  Metra's 
orch.  at  Marseilles  in  1866  ;  became  cond.  of 
the  Alcazar  there  1111871,  later  of  the  Alcazar  nt 
Paris.  In  1883  he  settled  in.  London  ;  cond.  of 
the  orch.  at  the  Empire  Th.  since  1889. — Works  : 
3-act  operetta  Le  chevalier  Migtion  (Paris,  1884); 
3-act  ballet  La  cour  d' Amour  (do  t)\  4-act  ballet 
Blonfas  fvresffs  (Paris,  1887);  from  1889-0,3  he 
prod.  10  ballets  at  the  Empire  Th.  (Ktot  tie  For- 
turn,  &cik,  La  Pouptt,  Qrjhtc,  Brighton,  Wsito, 


626 


WERBECKE— WESLEY 


s,  Tonr  de  vilk,  Cathanna,  The  Girl 
t  behind  ;//<•) ;  3-act  opoictta,  r£tfae  dit 
<v*'tf  AM  ;v(  Paris,  1894);  ballet  Monte  Cj  isto 
(London,  i8yO) ;  also  many  songs. 

Wer'becke,  Caspar  van.    Sec  CASPAR. 

Werck'meister,  Andreas,  b.  Buncckcn- 
stcin,  Nov.  30,  1045  ;  U.  Ilalberstadl,  Oct.  26, 
1706,  as  organist  fiom  i(nyb  of  the  Martins- 
kirchc.— Kxiant  comp.s  :  "  Musiksilische  1'iivat- 
lust"(IU8(J»  violin-pieces  w.  coiUinuo). — Writ- 
ings: "Orgelprobe,  .  .  .  wic  man  die  Orgel- 
wurke  von  den  ( )r^clmachern  annulimun  .  .  . 
konnc"  (1681  ;  2ixl  ccl.  ido.8,  ns»  "  Krweitcrtc 
OiRclprobe  " ;  often  republ.);  "  Musionc  malhe- 
mnticac  hock»j»us  niriosus,  odor  richtiRcr  musii- 
kalischer  Wej>wciser  "  (1087) ;  "  Dor  cdlcn  Mu- 
sik-ICuust  Wunle,"  (iebnmoh  und  M  isbnmch  " 
(1691) ;  **  Musikalisdic  Tampcralur,  oder  dcut- 
licher  und  wahrer  mulhumulischcr  Unterricht, 
wie  man  durch  Anweisun^  dos  Monocliordi  ein 
Clavier,  sondcrlich  die  Or^elwerke,  Positive, 
Regale,  Sphu'Ucn  und  der^leiehen  wohltcmpcrirL 
stimmun  konnc  "  (lOyi ;  earliest  tientiso  on  equal 
temperament);  "  Ilypomnemata  nmsica  ocler 
musikaliseh  Memorial  "  (1697);  "  Cribrum  musi- 
eum  oder  xnusiknlischcs  Sicb"  (1700) ;  "  Jlar- 
monologin  nuiHicn,  oder  kurxe  Anleitimg  BW 
musikalischen  Composition"  U7(X>);  '*  Dienolh- 
wendigsleu  Anmerkiinjfen  und  Kejfeln,  wie  der 
ftassus  contimius  oder  Crenendbass  wohl  konnc 
traetirt  werdeii:r  (1698;  2nd  cd.  1715);  "Or- 
ganum  (Jruningenso  rcdivivum,  oder  IJeschrei- 
Ininjf  des  iu  dcr  CJrUnin^ischen  Schlosskircbe 
bcrlUmiien  Orgdwerks  ..."  (1705) ;  "  Musika- 
liscliu  raradoxaldiscurse,  oder  unjjenieine  Vor- 
sk'Uunjjcn,  wie  die  Musik  eincn  liohen  und  gr>U- 
licheu  Urspruiig  habe  ..."  (1707). 

WcrOcenthin,  Albert,  b,  Itcrlin,  Mar.  6, 
1842.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  von  UlUow,  Wcitxmanu, 
Ulridi,  and  Stern*  Has  publ.  pf. -pieces,  sonp^, 
and  "  Die  Ld»re  vom  Klavierspiel,  I-chrstoIT 
und  Methode"(3  vol.s). 

Wer^mann,  Friedrich,  Oskar,  b.  Kcichen, 
n,  Trobsen,  Saxony,  Apr.  30,  1840.  Pianist 
and  organirtt ;  pupil  of  J,  Otto,  K.  Krdjrcn,  Fr. 
Wieck,  and  Mcrkel ;  later  of  Leipzig  Cons. 
(Uuuptmann,  Richter,  Heinecke) ;  became  mus. 
dir,  and  organist  at  Wesserling,  Alsatia,  later 
at  Ncufch&tel,  where  he  was  also  prof,  at  the 
Muaic-School ;  in  1868,  teacher  at  the  R.  Semi- 
nary  in  Dresden ;  in  1876  he  succeeded  J.  Otto 
as  mus.  d!r,  of  the  3  principal  evanjr,  churches, 
and  cantor  of  tho  Kreuzachule.— Works :  /.V- 
fornuttions-Cantait,  op.  35  ;  muss  a  8,  w,  soli, 
op*  60 ;  motets ;  opera  Vintta  /  organ-sonata, 
op,  45 ;  do*  w.  'cello,  op,  58 ;  instructive  pf,- 
pleoes  (24  easy  mclod.  studien,  op.  6 ;  10  easy 
charact.  pieces,  op.  7 ;  6  do.,  op,  8 ;  3  uErin- 
nerungflbL^U.ter,n  op.  9) ;  etc. 

Wer'aeburg,  Johann  Frledrich  Christian, 
gyranafllal  teacher  at  Kaseel  (iotha,  nt\<l  Wei- 
mar.— l^abl.  p£.-»onaUs  (f7^6) ;  ami  an  "AiU 
gemelac  naue,  viel  eiofachere  Musikschulc  fur 


jeden  Dilcttanten  und  Musiker,  mit  einer  [simu- 
lated] Vorrede  von  J.  J.  Rousseau"  (1812, 
adopting  Rousseau's  figure-notation). 

Wer'ner,  Gregor  Joseph,  b.  1695 ;  d. 
Eisen&tadt,  Mar.  3,  1766 ;  was  Haydn's  pre- 
decessor as  A"tf/W/w.  to  Trince  Esterhazy.  — • 
Publ.  "Sex  symphoniae  senaeque  sonatae  ..." 
f  2  violins  and  clavichord  ;  and  "Neitcr  .  .  . 
Instrumental kalender,  parthien-weiss  mit  2  Vio- 
linen  und  liass  in  die  12  Jahrmonathe  einge- 
Iheilct "  ;  also  comp.  many  masses,  oratorios,  etc. 

Wer'ner,  Johann  Gottlob,  b.  (Jro&senhain, 
1777;  d.  Merscburg,  July  19,  1823,  as  catlic- 
chul-oijj*anist  and  mus  dir.  An  oiyan-puj)!!  of 
IIofTmmi,  and  an  excellent  teacher. —  Publ.  an 
"Orgelschulc"  (1805;  Part  ii  as  "  Lelubuch, 
das  Orgclwcrk  kcnncn,  etc.,  zu  lerncn  "  1823; 
both  often  lepubl.);  "  Musikalisches  A  I)  C" 
for  beginners  on  the  pf.  (1806  ;  often  rcpubl ) ; 
"Choralbuch  zum  hollandischcn  J'salm-  und 
(iesanjfbudi "  (1814);  *l  Chotalbuch  zu  den 
neuern  sachsisehen  (iesangblidiern  "  (Leipzig) ; 
"Versueh  einer  kurgen  und  doiitlichen  Dar- 
stellunjy  dcr  Harmomcldire  "  (2  parts,  1818,  "19) ; 
coll. s  of  chorals  ;  many  choral-preludes  ,  40  or- 
gan-pieces for  beginners ;  etc. 

Wer'ner,  Josef,  b.  Wlnxburg,  June  25, 1837. 
Violoncellist ;  studied  in  the  Cons,  there,  joined 
the  Munich  court  orch.,  and  became  a  teacher 
in  the  Munich  School  of  Music.  Has  publ.  a 
method  f.  'cello,  a  quartet  f.  4  'celli,  Klegie  f. 
'cello,  duos  f.  'celli,  and  various  solo  pieces  f. 
'cello. 

Werstow'ski,  Alexej  Nikolajevitch,  b. 
Moscow,  Keb.  iH,  1799;  d.  there  Nov.  17,  1802. 
State  councillor  and  theatre-inspector  at  Mos- 
cow. Comp.  7  operas:  AskM's  (/rave  (very 
.successful),  Pan  Tvardovski^  etc. 

Wert,  Jacob  van,  famous  Flemish  contra- 
puntist;  b.  1536;  d.  Mantua,  May  23,  1596. 
Went  to  Italy  when  a  youth ;  succeeded  (Jun- 
tinuo  as  maestro  to  the  Duke  of  Mantua  about 
1566  ;  was  vice~maestn>  at  Novellara,  X 56^-74  ; 
then  maestro  at  the  church  of  Santa  Barbara, 
Mantua.  Very  prolilic  composer,  —  Extant 
works :  IX  books  of  madrigals  a  5,  one  a  4,  and 
one  a  5-6 ;  I  book  of  canzonets  ;  3  of  motets  a 
5-6  ;  publ.  from  1558-1633,  and  often  reprinted. 

Wiry,  Nicolas-Lambert^.  Huy,  n.  Liege, 
May  9,  1789;  d,  liande,  Luxemburg,  Oct.  6, 
1867.  In  Paris  1822-3  as  cond.  at  "  Vauxhall" 
(amateur  concerts) ;  from  1823-60,  solo  violin  in 
the  royal  orch. ,  Brussels,  and  teacher  of  violin- 
playing  at  the  Conn. 
Wescmbcck,  Sao  BURBURE  DE  W* 
Wesley,  Charles,  b.  Bristol,  England,  Dec. 
it,  1757 ;  d.  London,  May  23,  1834.  Teacher 
in  London ;  organist  of  St.  C/eorge's,  Hanover 
Square ;  organist  in  ordinary  to  George  TV. 
•^I'ubU  "  A  Set  of  Eight  Sonp"  ^1784) ;  "  A 
Set  of  8ix  Concertos  for  the  Organ  or  Harpsi- 
chord"; anthems;  hymns. 


627 


WESLEY— WESTPHAL 


Wesley,  Samuel,  b,  Bristol,  England,  Feb. 
24,  1766;  d.  London,  Oct.  n,  1837.  Pupil  of 
his  brother  Charles,  and  became  the  foremost 
English  organist  of  his  time.  Deputy  org.  at 
the  Abbey  Church,  Bath ;  from  1824,  org.  of 
Camden  Chapel,  London.  He  is  especially 
noteworthy  as  a  warm  admirer  of  J.  S.  Bach, 
and  the  first  to  make  his  works  known  in  Eng- 
land. Biography  in  W.  \Vinters's  '*  Account 
.  .  .  of  the  Wesley  Family  "(London,  1874); 
also  cf.  ll  Letters  of  S.  W.  to  Mr.  Jacobs,  relat- 
ing to  the  introduction  into  this  country  of  the 
works  of  Bach"  (London,  1878),— For  pf. 
(harpsichord)  he  publ.  c '  8  Harpsichord  Les- 
sons" (1777) ;  ii  sonatas;  2  sonatinas  ;  16  ron- 
dos ;  4  marches;  a  trio  f.  3  pf.s ;  a  Polacca ,  a 
Grand  Fugue  ;  7  sets  of  Variations  ;  4  waltzes, 
etc.  ;  also  comp.  a  Church  Service  in  F  ;  nu- 
merous anthems,  motets,  and  hymns ;  fugues 
and  voluntaries  f.  organ  ;  many  glees,  choruses, 
and  songs  ;  4  symphonies,  3  overtures,  II  organ- 
concertos  ;  etc. 

Lesley,  Samuel  Sebastian,  son  of  pre- 
ffmg ;  distinguished  organist  and  composer  ; 
ft  London,  Aug.  14,  1810 ;  d.  Gloucester,  Apr. 
19,  1876.  Held  several  appointments  as  organ- 
ist in  London  churches  ;  then  at  Hereford  Cath., 
1832;  Exeter  Cath.,  1835;  Leeds  Parish  Ch., 
1842;  Winchester  Cath  ,1849;  Gloucester  Cath., 
1865.  Mus.  Bac.  and  Mus.  Doc.,  Oxon.,  1839. 
— Works  :  4  Church  Services  ;  many  anthems  ; 
glees,  songs,  and  part-songs ;  exercises  and  pieces 
f.  organ;  also  "A  Few  Words  on  Cathedral 
Music  and  the  Mus.  System  of  the  Church,  with 
a  Plan  of  Reform"  (1849). 

Wes'selack,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Sattelpeile- 
stein,  Upper  Palatinate,  Dec.  12, 1828  ;  d.  Ratis- 
bon,  Dec.  12,  1866,  as  Mettenleiter's  successor 
as  regens  chori  and  Inspector  of  Seminaries. 
Edited  Vol.  ivof  Proske's  "  Musicadivina,"  with 
biogr.  sketch  of  Proske, 

Wes'sely,  Johann,  b.  Frauenburg,  Bohemia, 
June  24  (27?),  1762;  d.  Ballenstedt,  1814,  as 
violinist  in  the  orch. — Works :  2  comic  operas  ; 
14  string-quartets  ;  3  string-trios  ;  3  quartets  f . 
clar.  and  strings  ;  10  var.s  f.  horn  and  violin  w, 
orch,;  6  do.  f.  clar.  w.  orch.;  etc. 

Wes'sely,  (Carl)  Bernhard,  b,  Beilin,  Sept. 
I,  1768 ;  d.  Potsdam,  July  n,  1826.  Pupil  of 
J.  A.  P.  Schulz ;  in  1788,  mus.  dir.  at  the  Na- 
tional-Theater ;  in  1796,  Kajtellm.  at  Rheinsbeck 
to  Prince  Heinrich  of  Prussia,  after  whose  death 
he  entered  the  government  service  at  Berlin,  then 
at  Potsdam,  where  he  organized  in  18143  society 
for  classical  music. — Prod.  4  operas  ;  wrote  music 
to  ballets  and  dramas  ;  numerous  "occasional" 
cantatas  ;  3  string-quartets ;  songs.  Also  con- 
tributed to  the  "  Archiv  der  Zeit  >?and  the  u  All- 
gem.  mtLs.  Zeitung." 

West,  John  Ebenezer,  b.  South  Hackney, 
Ixmdon,  Dec.  7,  1863.  Concert-organist  and 
pianist ;  pupil  of  Pr.  Bridge .  (org.)  and  E. 


Prout  (comp.)  at  the  R.  A.  M.;  from  1884-91, 
org.  and  choirm.  at  St  Mary's,  Berkeley  tSquare  ; 
since  1891,  at  S,  Hackney  Parish  Ch  — Wotks  : 
2  cantatas,  The  Healing  of  the  Canaamtis 
Daughter  (1882)  and  Seed-time  and  Hamest 
(1892);  Psalm  130(1891);  Evening  Sen  ices  in 
E|?  and  A ;  Te  Deum  in  1>\>  ;  anthems,  part- 


(sonata;  fugue  ;  maich  :  postlude  ,  etc.). 

Westbrook,  William  Joseph,  b.  London, 
Jan.  I,  1831  ,  d.  Sydenham,  Mar.  24,  1894. 
Org.  of  several  churches  ;  1865-78,  cond.  of  the 
S.  Norwood  Mus.t  Soc.;  Mus.  Jlac.,  Cantab., 
1876;  Mus.  Doc.,' 1878.  In  1862,  with  Ham- 
mond and  Ciowdy,  he  founded  the  "Musical 
Standard." — Works:  Oratorio  Jesus  (1877), 
cantata  The  Lord  is  my  S//#//m/(JS75) ;  services, 
anthems,  part-songs,  trios,  songs ;  sonatas  and 
voluntaries  f.  organ  ;  several  text-books  on  the 
organ,  etc.;  transl.  the  violin-methods  of  Aliud, 
Dancla,  and  de  Beriot. 

Westlake,  Frederick,  b.  Romsey,  Hamp- 
shire, Feb.  25,  1840  ;  d.  London,  Feb.  12,  1898. 
St.  at  the  R.A.M.  1855-62  under  \V.  JVlacfarrcn 
(pf.),  and  G.  A.  Macfanen  (harm.) ;  was  app. 
sub-prof,  of  pf.  in  1862,  and  full  prof,  in  1863. 
— Works  :  Several  masses,  a  Duo  conceitanle  f. 
pf.  and  'cello,  a  prelude  and  fugue  f.  organ,  9 
Episodes  f.  pf.,  a  pf. -fugue,  hymns,  parl-songs, 
songs,  etc. 

West'meyer,  Wilhelm,  b.  Iburg,  n.  Osna- 
bruck,  Feb.  ir,  1832 ;  d.  Bonn,  Sept.  4,  1880. 
Pupil  of  Leipzig  Cons. ,  and  of  J  ,obe  (in  dram, 
comp.  and  instrumentation).  Prod,  the  success- 
ful operas  Amanda,  oder  CrSjln  und  Jiffuerin 
(Koburg,  1856),  and  Der  WM  oei  llermann- 
stadt  (Leipzig,  1859);  a  "  Kmscr-Otiverlurc" 
perf.  annually  on  the  birthday  of  the  Kmporor 
of  Austria  (Aug.  18)  ;  an  octet  for  wind  and 
strings ;  symphonies  ;  quartets  ;  songs. 

Westmoreland,  John  Fane,  Karl  of  ["previ- 
ously Lord  Burghersh"],  b.  London,  Feb.  3, 
1784 ;  d.  Apthorpe  House,  Oct.  16, 1859.  After 
passing  through  the  Spanish  campaign,  he 
studied  composition  at  Lisbon  1809-12  under 
Portugal,  then  fought  in  the  Prussian  army, 
became  British  Envoy  at  Florence,  and  from 
1841-51  was  British  Minister  at  Berlin.  Founded 
the  R.A.M.  in  1822. — Works :  7  Italian  operas 
for  Florence  and  London:  fiajaset^  1821 ;  fJRroc 
di  Lancastre^  1826  ;  Lo  scoinpiglio  teatrale,  1836 
[publ,  1846];  Catari*a,  1830  [in  English  as 
Catherine,  the  Austrian  Capiwe]  ;  &dra,  1828 
[publ.  Berlin,  1848]  ;  //  Torneo,  1826  ;  //  ratio 
diProser$ina,  1845  ;•— also  3  symphonies ;  string- 
quartets  ;  pf  ,-pieces ;— Cathedral  Service ;  solemn 
mass ;  Requiem ;  6  cantatas,  by  Metastasio,  f. 
solo  voice  and  pf.  (1831) ;  madrigals,  glees, 
songs,  canzonets,  etc. 


Wesf  phal,  Rudolf  (Georg  Hermann),  b. 
OberHrchen,  Lippe-Schaumburg,  July  3,  1826  ; 


628 


WETZLER— WICHMANN 


d.  Stadthngcn,  July  TT,  1892.  Philologian  ; 
student  at  Marburg,  quuliliecl  as  lecturer  at 
Tubingen,  from  1858-62  was  pi  of.  cxtraoidmary 
at  Brcslau,  taught  in  Jena,  Livlaml,  and  Moscow, 
and  after  1880  lived  in  Leipzig,  Buckeburg,  and 
Stadthagen.  I  Us  exposition  of  C! reek  rhythms 
and  metres  is  clear  and  systematic  ;  in  his  treat- 
ment of  liicck  music  he  is  less  happy,  conclud- 
ing that  the  (Ireeks  employed  polyphony.  lie 
is  opinionated  and  aggressive. — Woiks :  "  Melrik 
der  griechischen  Ihnmatiker  und  Lyrikcr"  (w. 
Rossbach  ;  3  vol.s,  j  8 54-05  ;  and  ed.  1868; 
3rd  cd,  as  "  Theorie  tier  musischcn  Klmste  der 
Hellenen,"  1885)  ;  "  Die  Kragmente  und  Lchr- 
satze  der  griechisehen  Rliythmiker"  (1861)  ; 
'« System  der  ant  ikon  Rhythmik  "  (1865) ;  4t  Ge- 
schiehte  der  alien  und  mittclalterlichen  Musik  " 
(1865  ;  unfinished  ;  includes  "  Plutarch  Uber  die 
Musik,"  1864) ;  *'  Theorie  tier  nt'iihochdetitschen 
Metrik  "  (1870  ;  2nd  e.d.  1877) ;  "  Die  Klemente 
des  nmsikalischen  Uhythmus  nut  Kttcksichl  auf 
tinsre  Opernnuisik "  (1872);  "  Allgememe 
Theorie  tier  nmsikalischen  Rhythmik  seit  J.  S. 
Bach"  (1880);  "Die  Musik  des  griechischen 
Alterthums  "  (1883);  "  Allgcnieine  Metrik  der 
indo-gcrmanischen  und  sc.mil  isehen  Volker  auf 
(inmdkigc!  der  vergleiehenden  Sprachwissen- 
schaft "  (i8()3 ;  with  addendum  by  R.  Krusc, 
u  Der  gricehische  Hexameter  in  der  dculschen 
NaduUehtimg  ") ;  und  ••  Die  Melik  und  Rhyth- 
mik ties  griee.hischen  AUerthums"  (1893  ;  3 
vol.s). 

Wetz'ler,  Hermann  Hans,  b.  Knmkfort-on- 
Main,  Sepl.  8,  1870.  Pupil  1885-02  of  Knm 
Schumann  (pf.),  B,  Seholx  (conip.),  Ivan  Knorr 
(cpt.),  11.  ilecrmnnn  (vln.)i  mitl  Uuniperdinck 
(orchestration).  Settled  in  New  Vork  in  1893 
mi  a  teacher,  pianist,  and  organist;  is  nsst.-or- 
•ganist  at  Trinity  Ch.— Works:  Ancient  Kngl. 
ballad,  "The  Kairye  (,>ut'en  "  (publ.);  concert- 
ovcrturo  (playetl  by  Thomas  Orch,,  ('hica^o), 

We/se,  Christoph  Ernst  Fricdrich,  b, 
Altona,  Man  5,  1774;  d*  Copt'iilia^on,  Oct.  8, 
1842,  Pupil  of  his  grandfather,  a  cantor,  atid 
of  J.  A.  P,  Sclutlx  ut  Copenhagen.  Prod,  sev- 
eral operas  in  C'opcnhngen  ;  a  symphony,  over- 
tures, pf.-sonatas,  pf,-dtud«»  ;  many  sacred  and 
secular  cantatas. 

Whist/linfr  Carl  Friedrlch,  bookseller  in 
Leipzig.  In  r8r7  he  pitbl.  Vol,  i  of  the  *•  lland- 
bucli  cler  mustkalischcn  LitUtmtur,"  continued 
later  by  tfr.  Jlofmdster  stud  A,  Rothing. 


g^inlst  of  St.  Krancis  Xavier,  New  York,  for  3 
years ;  then  studied  comp,  with  Rhcinbcrgcr  at 
Munich,  gave  organ-concerts  in  various  German 
cities,  WAS  organist  and  choirm.  1887-96  of  the 
Ch.  of  tho  AJtamnion,  New  York,  untl  since  that 
time  KOH  lived  in  Munich,  fttudying  and  compos- 
ing.—Publ,  works:  MiwtfL  w>lt*mnis ;  0  aalu- 
Uris;  Adortte  dcvoto ;  Avo  verum, 
Nunc  diraittis ;  etc. 


White,  Maude  Valerie,  b.  Dieppe,  of  Eng- 
lish parents,  June  23,  1855.  Pupil  of  O.  May 
and  \V.  S.  Kockstro  ;  entered  R.  A.  M.  in  1876, 
was  elected  Mendelssohn  Scholar  in  1879,  and 
completed  her  studies  in  Vienna.  Now  (1899) 
living  in  London. — Works  •  Mass  (1888) ;  "  Pic- 
tuies  from  Abroad,"  14  pf. -pieces  ;  Scherzetto  f. 
pf.;  "Naissancc  d'amour,"  f.  pf.  and  'cello; 
other  pf. -music  ;  songs  ;  etc. 

Whiting,  George  Elbridge,  b.  Holliston, 
Mass.,  Sept.  14,  1842.  Organist;  played  at 
Worcester  when  13  ;  in  1858  succeeded  J).  Buck 
as  org.  of  the  North  Congr.  Ch.,  Hartford, 
Conn.,  where  he  founded  the  Beethoven  Soc. 
Went  to  Boston  in  1862  as  org1.  in  various 
churchcb  ;  studied  with  G.  W.  Morgan,  New 
Yoik,  and  Best,  Liverpool ;  was  org.  in  Albany 
and  ItoHlon  (King's  Chapel  and  Music  ITall), 
studied  \\  ith  I  lauptand  Radecke  in  llerlin,  taught 
at  the  New  England  Cons.,  Boston,  till  1879, 
then  at  the  Cincinnati  Coll.  of  Music  till  1882, 
since  then  at  the  New  Kngl.  Cons.— Works  :  2 
orch.l  masses  w.  organ  (1872) ;  Te  I>cum  ;  Ves- 
per services ;  the  cantatas  Tale  of  Mr  Viking 
J)  i  win  Mr  lures,  Isiwre,  Manh  of  the  Monks  of 
Jiaitgtn- ;  Midnight  Cantata,  f.  soli  and  pf. ; 
/'>*«r  Laiices,  f.  male  ch.  and  military  band  ; 
I/t'niy  fffA'avarre,  ballade  f.  male  eh.  and  orch. ; 
symphony  and  suite  f.  orch.;  p f. -concerto  ;  suite 
f.  'cello  and  arch.;  suite  f.  'cello  and  pf.;  many 
pieces  f.  organ  and  pf.;  songs  ; — '*  The  Organ- 
ist "(Boston,  1870);  and  "The  First 6  Months 
on  the  Organ  "  (1871). 

Whiting,  Arthur  Battelle,  b.  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  June  20,  iS6r.  Pf  .-pupil  of  W.  ll.Shci- 
wood;  pianistic  dtSbut  Mechanics'  Hall,  Boston, 
1880;  studied  with  Chadwick  and  J.  C.  13. 
Parker ;  then  in  Munich  Music-School  under 
Rheinbcrger.  I  ^ivcd  for  some  years  in  Boston ; 
at  present  (1899)  in  New  York  as  teacher  of  pf. 
and  comp. — Publ.:  Many  pf.-picces  (Bagatelle  ; 
Fantasy  w.  orch.;  Concert-elude ;  Valse-Capricc; 
etc.);  church-service  in  A;  anthems;  songs;  or- 
gan-music,— In  MS,, Concert-overture  f.  orch., 
pf.-concurto,  pf.-trio,  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin, 
etc. 

Whitney,  Samuel  Brenton,  b.  Woodstock, 
Vermont,  June  4,  1842.  Organist ;  pupil  of 
Chas.  Wels  in  New  York,  and  J.  K..  Paine  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  where  he  was  organist  at  Ap- 
ploton  C'hftpcl ;  since  1871,  organist  and  choir- 
director  of  the  Ch,  of  the  Advent,  Boston.  Or- 
ganizer and  cond.  of  many  church-choir  festivals; 
prof,  of  organ-playing,  and  lecturer,  at  the  Bos- 
ton Univ,  and  the  New  Engl.  Cons.;  excellent 
Bach-player.— Works :  Anthems  and  songs;  a 
pf«-trio ;  sonatas  and  transcr.s  f.  organ ;  pf.- 
music, 

Wich'aana,  Hermann,  b,  Berlin,  Oct.  24, 
1824.  Studied  at  the  R.  Akodcmie  ;  also  under 
Trubert,  Mendelssohn,  and  Spohr ;  from  1857 
for  a  short  time  cond.  of  the  Bielefeld  Mus,  Soc. ; 
settled  later  in  Berlin.— Works ;  Symphonies; 


WICHTL— WIECK 


quartets;  trios  ;  sonatas  f.  pf.,  and^  f  pf.  and 
violin;  psalms  and  songs  ;  also  **  Gesammelte 
Aufsatze"  (2  vol.s.  1884,  '87). 

Wichtl,  Georg,  b.  Trostberg,  Bavana,  Feb. 
3,  1805  ;  d.  Bunzlau,  Silesia,  Junes,  1877.  Vio- 
linist, studied  at  Munich,  and  played  in  the 
orch.  of  the  Isarthal  Th. ;  in  1826  he  joined  the 
orch.  of  Prince  of  Hohenzollern-Hechingen  at 
Lowenberg,  Silesia,  as  ist  violin  ;  from  1852,  R. 
Mus.  Dir.  and  2nd  Kapellm.  there  ;  lived  on 
pension  at  Breslau,  1870-6,  then  at  Bunzlau. — 
Works  :  An  opera,  a  melodrama,  and  an  orato- 
rio ;  a  mass ;  songs  ;  symphonies  and  overtures  ; 
a  string-quartet ;  violin-concertos  ;  many  instruc- 
tive pieces  for  violin  ;  etc. 

Wick'ede,  Friedrich  von,  b.  Domitz-on- 
Elbe,  July  28,  1834.  Army-officer,  then  post- 
office  official ;  music-pupil  of  J.  Vieth  (a  pupil 
of  Fr.  Schneider).  Living  in  Leipzigsince  1872, 
later  in  Munich,  employing  his  leisure  for  com- 
position.— Works  :  Opera  Ingo  ;  funeral-march 
for  Emperor  Wilhelm  I.;  overture  "  Per  aspera 
ad  astra"  (1875);  pf  .-pieces ;  songs  (highly 
praised). 

Wid'mann,  Erasmus,  poet-laureate  and 
Kapettm.  to  Graf  Hohenlohe  at  Weikersheim. 
— Publ.  "Tentsche  Gesanglein"  a  4  (1607); 
"  Musikalische  Kurtzweil  newer  teutscher  Ge- 
singlein,  Tantz  und  Curranten  "  (1611) ;  *'  Mu- 
sikalischer  Tugendspiegcl  mit  schonen  histon- 
schen  und  politischen  Texten  "  a  5  \ad  lib.  4] 
(1614) ;  motets  5-3-8(1619)  ;  "MusikalischerStu- 
dentenmuth"  a  4-5  (1622);  antiphones,  re- 
sponses, hymns,  etc.  (1627);  "  Musikalische 
Kurtzweil  in  Canzonen,  Intraden,  Balletten, 
etc."  a 4-5  (2  books;  1618,  '23). 

Wid'mann,  Benedict,  b.  Braunlingen,  n. 
Donaueschingen,  Mar.  5, 1820.  Rector  at  Frank- 
fort.— Publ.  "  Formenlehre  der  Instrumental- 
musik  M  (1862) ;  *'  Catechismus  der  allgemeinen 
Musiklehre  "  ;  "  Grundzflge  der  musikalischen 
Klanglehre  "  (1863) ;  "  Praktischer  Lehrgang 
filr  e  i  n  e  n  rationellen  Gesangunterricht "  ; 
"  Handbtichlein  der  Harmonic-,  Melodic-  und 
Formenlehre"  (4th  ed.  1880);  "Generallbass- 
tJbungen"(i872). 

Wid'mann,  Joseph  Victor,  b.  Nennowitz, 
Moravia,  Feb.  20,  1842;  came  as  a  child  (1845) 
to  Switzerland ;  is  a  distinguished  poet  and 
dramatist,  since  1880  literary  editor  of  the  Ber- 
nese "  Bund  " ;  wrote  the  libretto  of  Goetz's 
opera  Der  Widerspenstigen  Zdhmung^  and 
others;  also  "Johannes  Brahms  in  Erinne- 
rungen"  (Berlin,  1898). 

Widor,  Charles  (-Marie),  distinguished  or- 
ganist and  composer ;  b.  Lyons,  Feb.  22,  1845. 
His  father,  an  Alsatian  of  Hungarian  descent, 
was  organist  at  the  church  of  St. -Francois,  Lyons; 
as  a  boy,  W.  was  a  skilful  improviser  on  the 
organ,  and  studied  later  at  Brussels  under  Lem- 
mens  (organ)  and  Fctis  (coxnp.) ;  became  organist 
at  St.-Frangois,  Lyons,  in  1860,  gained  high 
repute  by  concerts  there  and  in  other  cities,  and 


since  1869  has  been  organist  at  St.-Sulpice,  Pai  is 
In  1890  he  succeeded  Cesar  Franck  ub  prof,  of 
organ-playing  at  the 
Paris  Cons.:  in  1896 
he  replaced  Dubois 
as  prof,  of  cpt., 
fugue,  and  comp. 
For  many  years  mus. 
critic  for  the  paper 
"1'Estafette"  (pen- 
name  "Auletes"), 
also  director  and 
cond.  of  the  society 
"La  Concordia.5' 
For  the  stage  he  has 
written  the  2-act 
ballet  La  Korriganf 
(Opera, Dec.  I,  1 880; 
ggth  performance  Mar.  30,  1896);  music  to  the 
play  Conte  d'Avnl  (Odeon,  1885),  do.  lo  y>j 
Jacobites  (Odcon,  1885) ;  the  4-act  lyiio  draniii 
Mattre  Ambros  (Op.-Com.,  May  6,  1896)  ;  the 
3-act  pantomime  Jeanne  d*  Arc  (\  S<)o);  the  opcni 
JLes  Jlfarzjts,  w.  11.  Cain  (in  preparation) ;  opera 
JLes  Phheurs  de  SI. -Jean  (not  perf.)  ; — fiuther, 
a  mass  f.  2  choirs  and  2  organs ;  Psalm  JIT 2  f. 
ch.,  orch.,  and  organ  ;  3  motels  n  5  ;  an  Avo 
Maria;  2  O  talutans,  one  f.  batitone,  the 
other  f.  tenor  w.  'cello  and  orgim  ;  "La  null 
de  Walpurgis,"  f.  choius  and  orch.  (which  he 
conducted  in  1888  at  a  London  Philharm.  Con- 
cert) ;  2  symphonies,  a  "  Choral,"  a  Suite  espa- 
gnole,  a  Serenade,  a  "Nuit  <lc  Sabbat,"  etc.,  f. 
orch.,  many  highly  interesting  and  original  or- 
gan-works (Symphonic  gotique,  and  9  other 
4  *  Symphonies"  [sonatas  |);  a  pf  .-concerto  (op.  39) ; 
a  violin-concerto  ;  a  'cello-concerto  ;  a  pf, -quin- 
tet, op.  7 ;  a  pf.-lrio,  op.  19  ;  a  pf. -quartet ;  3 
little  trios  f.  pf.,  violin,  and  'cello ;  a  sonata  f. 
do,;  a  Fantaisic  f.  pf.  and  orch.;  a  Romance  f. 
pf.  and  violin  ;  a  Suite  f.  flute  and  pf.;  much 
pf.-music  ;  part-songs,  duels,  sonj>s,  etc. 

Wieck,  Friedrich,  b.  Pretxsch,  n.  Torgau, 
Aug.  18,  1785  ;  d.  Loschwit?!,  n.  Dresden,  Oct. 
6,  1873.  Studied  theology  at  \ViUenberj>»  but 
became  a  private  tutor  in  order  to  obtain  leisure 
for  musical  study ;  cstabl.  a  pf.-factory  and  a 
mus.  circulating  library  nt  Leipzig,  but  gave  up 
both  to  devote  himself  lo  teaching1  the  piano,  in 
which  profession  he  had  extraordinary  success 
(among  his  pupils  were  his  daughters  Clara  and 
Marie,  also  K.  Schumann,  II .  von  Ulllow,  Anton 
Krause,  Fritz  Spindler,  I.  Seiss>  Jt,  KoUfuw, 
and  G,  Merkel),  He  removed  to  Dresden  in 
1840,  studied  Mieksch's  singing-method,  and 
taught  singing  also.  Besides  2  books  of  pf.- 
studies,  he  publ.  "  Clavier  and  Gesang"  (1853), 
and  "  Musikalische  liauernsprtiche "  (and  ed. 
1876,  by  Marie  Wieck).— -IHogniphy  by  A.  von 
Meichsner,  tlFr.  W.  und  seine  Tochtcr  Clnra 
und  Marie"  (1875),  and  by  A,  Kohut,  4tFr, 
W."  (1887).— His  daughter  Clara  married  R. 
Schumann  [see  SCIIITM ANN].— Another  daugh- 
ter, Marie,  b.  Leipzig,  Jan,  17,  1835, playedifl 


•630 


WTE  DEMANN— WIHTOL 


public  nt  S,  and  was  npp.  court  pianist  to  the 
Prince  of  Hohcnxollcin  in  1858  ;  made  concert- 
tours  to  Sweden  and  London ;  and  establ.  a 
school  foi  pf. -playing  in  Dresden. — His  son 
Alwin,  b.  Lcipssig,  Auj».  27,  i«2i  ;  d.  there 
Oct.  21,  1885.  Violinist,  pupil  of  David  ,  mem- 
ber  of  the  Italian  Opeia  orch.  at  St.  Petersburg 
1840-50,;  later  teacher  of  pf.  at  Dresden — I'ubl. 
44  Materiahen  zu  Fr.  Wiecks  Pianoforteme- 
thodik"  (ifi75). 

Wie'demann,  Ernst  Johann,  b.  Hohen- 
giersdorf,  Silesia,  Mar.  28,  1797;  d.  Potsdam, 
Dec.  7,  1873,  as  singing -teacher  to  the  cadets. 
Organist  1818-52  of  the  K.  C.  Chinch  ,  founder 
and  cond  of  a  singing-societies,  Comp.  masses, 
a  To  Deum,  hymns,  etc. 

Wie'derkehr,  Jacob  Christian  Michael,  b. 

Strassbtirg,  Apr,  28,  1739;  d.  Parts,  April,  1823. 
From  1783  in  Paris ;  Vellist  at  the  Concerts 
spirit  win,  bassoonist  at  the  Th.-Lyiique,  trom- 
bonist at  llu»  Opera;  from  I7c)5-i8oa,  singing - 
teacher  at  lhik('.ons. — Works:  J 2 ronucrtunU'h  f. 
wind;  a  ([iiintcts  and  TO  quartets  f.  strings;  6 
quintets  f.  pf.  ami  wind  ;  (>  pf.-tiios ;  6  violin- 
Nonut.'is  ;  etc. 

Wie'gand,  Josef  Anton  Heinrich,  dramatic 
bass  ;  b.  FrfttikiKcMVunilKidi  in  the  Odenwald, 
Sept.  y,  JH42;  d,  Krankfort,  May  28,  1899. 
While  engaged  in  commercial  put  suits  in  Paris, 
he  had  private  vocal  lessons,  and  in  1870  joined 
the  opera  ut  /urich  ;  then  «in#  in  Cologne,  and 
from  1873-7  was  lead  ing  bass  at  Krankfort,  tour- 
ing America  in  th«  Iattt»r  your  with  the  Atlams- 
Pappcnhcijtt  troupe.  At  I,iMp/,ig  1878-82;  jit 
the  Vienna  Court  Opera,  1882-4;  then  eng,  at 
Hamburg.  At  Hnyrvulh  in  1886  he  sang  the 
roles  of  (iurncmaiix  and  Kouig  Marke;  also 
appeared  in  the  A'ifoftttiff  cycle  at  Itcrlin,  1881, 
and  London,  1882. 

Wielhor'ski.    Sec  WIUIORSKI. 

Wieniaw'ski  |vyii-m'.iUiv'-sfeC'1,  Henri,  dis- 
tinguished violinist ;  b.  Lublin,  Poland,  July  10, 
1835 ;  d.  Moscow, 
Mar.  31,  1880,  At 
the  age  of  8  he 
entered  Cluvel'tt 
class  la  the  Paris 
Cons.,  and  the 
advanced  class  of 
Mnssart  in  1844, 
winning  ist  prizes  for 
violin-playing  in 
1846.  Ho  gave  his 
first  concerts  at  St. 
Petersburg  and 
Moscow  in  1848,  and 
from  r  849-50  wtudiod 
harmony  ut  the  Paris  Cons,  under  Colet,  He 
then  begun  a  series  of  concert-tours  with  his 
brother  Joseph,  the  pianist,  through  Poland, 
Russia,  Germany,  Scandinavia,  Belgium,  Hol- 
land, England,  etc. ;  in  1860  he  waa  named  solo 
violinist  to  the  Czar,  living  chiefly  in  St  -Peters- 


until 1872,  and  teaching  at  the  Cons,  there 
1862-7.  With  Anton  Rubinstein  he  toured  the 
United  States  in  1872,  then  extending  his  travels 
alone  to  California;  in  1874  he  succeeded  Vieux- 
tcmps  as  prof,  of  violin-playing  at  the  Brussels 
Cons.,  resigning  in  1877,  and  continuing  his 
tours,  with  rapidly  failing  health,  until  death. 
He  composed  2  concertos,  some  fantasias,  pieces 
de  salon,  and  studies*. — His  brother, 

Wieniaw'ski,  Joseph,  famous  pianist ;  b. 
Lublin,  May  23,  1837;  entered  the  Paris  Cons, 
in  1847,  studying  under  Zimmerman,  Mar- 
montel,  and  Alkan  (pf ),  and  Le  Cpuppey 
(comp.);  in  1850  he  went  on  tour  with  his 
jn other,  Henri;  studied  with  Liszt  at  Weimar 
in  1855-6,  then  taking  a  course  in  theory  under 
Marx  at  Itarlin,  and  returning  to  Paris  in  1857. 
In  1866  he  settled  in  Moscow  as  a  teacher  at  the 
Cons.;  but  soon  established  a  pf. -school  of  his 
own,  which  flourished.  lie  went  to  Warsaw 
Inter,  and  finally  settled  in  Brussels,  teaching  in 
the  Cons.  On  very  numerous  conceit-tours 
tluoughout  Europe,  he  has  won  fame  rivalling 
that  ol  his  gifted  brother.— Works :  2  overtures; 
Suite  icinniitiquu  f.  orch.;  pf.-concerto  in  (J 
min.,  op.  20;  string-quaitct;  pf.-lrio,  op.  40; 
( Jrnml  duo  polunais  f .  pf.  and  violin;  sonata  f. 
do.,  op.  24;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  26; 
Fantasia  f.  2  pf.s,  op,  42;  Polonaises  (op.  13,  21, 
27,  48);  Waltzes  (op.  3,  7,  18,  30,  46);  Mazurkas, 
op.  23;  Kantaisic  ct  fugue,  op.  25;  Idylles, 
morccfiux  de  concert,  etc  ; — a  Uomance-lttude, 
op.  K>;  lUudcs  de  concert,  op.  33,  36;  24  <Jtudes, 
op.  44;  etc. 

Wie'precht,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Asch- 
crnlcben,  Aug.  8,  1802;  d.  JJerlin,  Aug.  4,  1872. 
lie  studied  in  Dresden  and  Leipzig,  where  he 
was  already  famous  as  a  trombonist ;  lived  in 
Ucrlin  from  1824,  at  first  as  violinist  in  the  court 
orch.,  linally  as  Director-General  of  all  the 
Prussian  military  hands.  He  invented  the  Bass 
Tuba  (1835,  with  the  instrument-mttkcr  Moritx), 
the  Hathyphon,  a  sort  of  bass  clarinet  (1839,  with 
Skorra),  the  "  piangcndo  "  on  brass  inatr.s  with 
pistons,  and  an  improved  contrabass  bassoon ; 
his  claim  of  priority  over  Sax,  in  the  invention 
of  the  Saxhorns,  was  not  upheld  by  the  courts. 

Wihan,  Hans  [Hanu$],  b.  Politx,  n.  Brau- 
nau,  June  5,  1855.  Kxccllent  'cellist,  pupil  of 
Prague  Cons.;  1873,  Prof-  of  'cc^°  at  ^  M°- 
jKirteum,  Salzburg;  1877-80,  chamber-virtuoso 
to  the  Prince  of  Schwaraburg-Sondershausen ; 
1880,  ist  solo  'cellist  in  Court  Orch.,  Munich; 
t888,  prof,  of  'cello-playmfl:  at  Prague  Cons, ; 
also  n  member  of  the  "  Bohemian-String- 
Quartet." 

Wihtol,  Joseph,  b.  Wolnaar,  Livonia,  1863. 
St.  music  1880  at  Mitau;  from  1881-6  at  St 
Petersburg  Cons,  under  Johansen  (harm.),  and 
Rimsky-Korsakov  (corap*  and  instrumentation); 
alwce  i886»  prof*  of  harm,  there.— Works  :  u  J-a 
f^te.L^ho,  symphonic  picture  f.  orch,,  op.  4; 
" Dramatic,", overture  f.  orch.,  op.  ax ;  pieces  f. 


631 


WILBYE— WILHEM 


'cello  (op.  12,  14);  pf. -pieces  (sonatas,  varia- 
tions, etc.),  songs. 

Wilbyc,  John,  madrigal-writer ;  teacher  of 
music  m  Austin  Friars,  London,  1598. — Publ. 
"Madrigals  to  3-6  Voyces"  (1598 ;  reprinted 
1841  by  the  Mus.  Antiq.  Soc.)  ;  "  The  Second 
Set  of  Madrigals  to  3-6  Parts,  apt  both  for 
Voyals  and  Voyces  "  (1609  ;  repr.  1846  by  the 
Mus.  A.  S.) ;  one  madrigal  in  "  The  Triumphes 
of  Oriana  "  (1601),  and  2  in  *l  Teares  or  Lamen- 
tacions  "  (1614). 

Wild,  Franz,  b.  Niederhollabrunn,  Lower 
Austria,  Dec.  31,  1792 ;  d.  Oberdobling,  n. 
Vienna,  Jan.  I,  1860.  Chorister  at  Klosterneu- 
burg  and  later  in  the  court  chapel ;  sang  as 
tenor  soloist  at  Eisenstadt,  in  the  Theater  an 
der  Wien  (Vienna)  and  the  Court  Opera  (1813) ; 
then  at  Berlin,  Darmstadt,  Kassel,  and  finally, 
from  1830,  again  in  Vienna. 

Wilder,  Jerome  Albert  Victor  van,  b. 
Wettern,  n.  Ghent,  Aug.  21,  1835  ;  d.  Paris, 
Sept.  8,  1892.  Known  as  a  writer  for  "Le 
Menestrel,"etc.;  as  a  translator,  into  French, 
of  German  songs  and  opera-texts;  and  as  the 
author  of  "  Mozart,  I'homme  et  1'artiste"  (1880). 

Wilhelm,  Carl,  composer  of  "  Die  Wacht 
am  Rhein  "  [poem  by  Max  Schneckenberger]  ; 
b.  Schmalkalden,  Sept.  5,  1815  ;  d.  there  Aug. 
26,  1873.  Pupil  at  Kassel,  1834-6,  of^Bott, 
Baldewein,  and  Spohr;  later  of  Andre'  and 
Aloys  Schmitt  in  Frankfort;  from  1839-64, 
director  of  the  Crefeld  Liedertafel,  for  which  he 
composed  many  male  choruses,  among  them 
"  Die  Wacht  am  Rhein,"  now  a  national  song 
of  the  Germans,  first  publ.  in  the  "  Chorliedcr- 
sammlung,"  of  Erk  and  Greef  (Essen,  1854). 
In  1860  he  received  the  title  of  "  R.  Prussian 
Mus.  Dir.";  in  1870  Queen  (later  Empress)  Au- 
gusta presented  him  agold  medal, and  in  the  same 
year  he  was  granted  a  pension  of  3,000  marks. 

Wilhelm  von  Hirsau,  from  1068  until  his 
death  on  June  4,  1091,  Abbot  of  the  monastery 
at  Hirsau,  Schwarzwald,  wrote  a  treatise  on 
mus.  theory,  publ.  in  Vol.  ii  of  Gerbert's 
"Scriptores";  also,  with  German  transl.  and 
commentary,  by  Dr.  Hans  Muller  (Leipzig, 
1873).  The  treatise  "  De  musica  et  tonis," 
ascribed  to  W.,  is  mentioned  in  von  Murr's 
"  Notitia  duorum  codicum  musicorum"  (Nu- 
remberg, 1801). 

Wilhel'mj  [vil-hel'-me],  August  (Emil 
Daniel  Ferdinand),  eminent  violin-virtuoso; 
b.  Usingen,  Nassau,  Sept.  21,  1845.  Taught 
by  Concertmeister  Fischer  at  Wiesbaden,  he 
played  in  concerts  at  8 ;  in  1861  he  played  be- 
fore Liszt,  who  introduced  him  to  David  at  Leip- 
zig as  a  second  Paganini.  He  studied  1861-4 
at  the  Leipzig  Cons,  under  David  (violin), 
Hauptmann,  and  Richter  ;  in  1862  he  played  in 
the  Gewandhaus  ;  in  1864  he  went  for  further 
study  to  Raff  at  Frankfort,  and  in  1865  made  his 
first  concert-tour,  to  Switzerland  ;  he  then  visited 
Holland  and  England  (1866),  France  and  Italy 


(1867),  Russia,  Switzerland,  France,  and  Del- 
gium  (1869),  Kngland,  Scotland,  and  Ireland 
(1869-70)  ;  then  travelled  through  Holland, 
Scandinavia,  Germany,  and  Austria  (1871-4), 
to  England  (1875-7),  and  America  (1878),  mak- 
ing a  4-year  tour  oi  the  world  to  S.  America, 
Australia,  and  Asia  (1878-82).  In  1876  he  was 
leader  of  the  Bayreuth  orch.  at  the  production 
of  Der  Jttn^  ties  Jfiftchtngen.  For  scvcial  years 
he  lived  chiefly  at  Biebnch-on-Rhme,  whore  ho 
established,  with  R.  Niemann,  a  "  Ilochschule  " 
for  violin-playing.  In  1 886  he  removed  to  I  Jlase- 
witz,  near  Dresden  ;  and  in  1894  was  upp.  head- 
prof,  of  violin-playing  in  the  Guildhall  School 
of  Music,  London.  Jn  1895  he  married  the 
pianist,  Miss  Mausch.  Tie  is  one  of  the  great- 
est among  contempoiary  violinists. — \Voiks  • 
Hochzeits-Canlate  f.  soli,  ch.,  and  orch.;  a  vio- 
lin-concerto;  solo  pieces  and  ^inscriptions 
(Bach,  Chopin,  Wagner)  f.  violin  ;  Roman/e  f. 
pf. ;  songs. — His  son,  Anton,  an  excellent  x  io- 
linist,  was  app.  in  1898  violin-prof,  at  Uelfast 
Cons. — His  sister-in-law,  Maria  W.,  //<'<•  Gas- 
tell,  b.  Mayence,  July  27,  1856,  is  a  noted  con- 
cert soprano,  a  pupil  of  Mme.  Vianlot-Garcia. 

Wilhem,  rectt  Bocquillon,  Guillaume- 
Louis,  b.  Paris,  Dec.  18,  1771 ;  d.  there  Apr. 
26,  1842,  The  son  of  an  army-oilicer,  he  him- 
self en  teied  active  service  at  the  age  of  12  ;  but 
from  1795-1801  studied  at  the  school  of  I.ian- 
court  (founded  by  the  Ihtke  de  Laroclicfou- 
cauld),  and  then  for  2  years  in  the  Paris  Cons. 
He  taught  music  in  the  military  school  of  Hainl- 
Cyr  ;  and  in  1810  was  app.  teacher  of  music 
at  the  Lycee  Napoleon  (later  College  de  Henri 
IV),  occupying  this  position  until  clualh.  The 
system  of  tnseigiienwnt  miilncl  (mutual  instruc- 
tion) which  had  been  introduced  into  the  popu- 
lar schools  of  France,  attracted  W.'s  attention, 
and  in  1815  he  began  to  apply  it  in  nuts,  teach- 
ing, with  such  marked  success,  that  in  iKic) 
he  was  chosen  to  organise  a  system  of  mus. 
instruction  for  the  primary  schools  in  Paris, 
was  app.  singing-teacher  to  the  Polytech- 
nique  in  1820,  and  likewise  Director  of  a  Nor- 
mal  School  of  Music.  In  1830  lea  elementary 
schools  were  under  his  supervision  ;  in  1833  he 
conceived  the  happy  idea  of  instituting  regular 
reunions  of  the  pupils  in  one  grand  chorus,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  u  Orph<Jon,"  the 
performances  of  which  were  marked  by  wonder- 
ful confidence,  precision,  and  animation.  In 
1835  he  was  made  Director-General  of  mus,  in- 
struction in  all  primary  schools  of  Tnris,  and 
was  created  a  Chevalier  of  the  Leg  ion  of  Honor. 
Besides  his  school-classes,  he  formed  classes  of 
adults,  chiefly  workingmen,  in  which  the  suc- 
cess of  his  system  was  equally  conspicuous,  and 
which  now,  under  the  name  of  "  Orphans,"  in- 
clude scores  of  popular  singing-societies.  He 
publ.  numerous  songs  and  choruses;  also  a 
great  coll.  of  a  capptlfa  choruses,  "  OrphcSon,11  in 
5  (later  10)  vol.8.  His  first  exposui  of  hw  method, 
"  Guide  de  la  m&hode  <Sle*mentaire  ot  analy- 


632 


WILHORSKI— WILM 


tique  de  musiquc  et  dc  chant "  (1821-4),  was  fol- 
lowed by  "  Tableaux  dc  lecture  musicale  etd'cxe- 
cution  vocule"  (1827-32),  "Nouveaux  tableaux 
de  Icctuie  musicale  ct  dc  chant  clcmentahe" 
(1835),  u  Manuel  musical  a  1'usage  des  colleges, 
etc.,  comprcnant,  pour  tous  los  modes  d'enseignc- 
mcnt,  Ic  texte  ct  ^la  musiquc  en  partition  des 
tableaux  de  la  methodc  dc  lecture  musicale  et 
dc  chant  elemcntairc  "  (1836). — Ihographical : 
Jsouard  (1842);  K.  Niboyct  (1843);  Lafage 
(1844)- 

Wilhorski  [Wielhorski"!,  Count  Matvei 
Jurjevitch,  b.  Volhynia,  Oct.  ig,  1787  ;  d.  St. 
Petersburg  (?),  1863.  Kxcellent  'cellist,  pupil  of 
U.  Rombcrg ;  Director  of  the  Imp.  Russian  Mus. 
Soc.,  St.  Petersburg.  To  the  Cons,  he  left  his 
fine  library,  and  to  I  )avidn(T  his  Stradivari  'cello. 
—His  brother,  Count  Michail  Jurjevitch,  b. 
Volhynia,  Oct.  31,  17«S,  d.  Moscow,  Aug.  28, 
1850,  comp.  a  string-quartet,  variations  f.  'cello, 
songs,  etc, 

Wil'ke,  Christian  Friedrich  Gottlieb,  b. 
Spumlau,  Mar.  13,  r7fx)  ;  d.  Treucnbrietzen, 
July  31,  1848.  In  I7<jr,  organist  at  Spamlnu ; 
i8o(j,  at  Nou-Ruppiii;  in  1820,  "R.  Mus.  !>tr."  ; 
in  1821,  government  expert  on  organ-building  — 
Publ.  u  Heilnigc  xin  (leschichte  dor  nciUTn 
Orgelbaukunst  "  (1840)  ;  "  Uelwr  \Vichtigkcit 
und  Uncnlbehrlichkeil  der  Orgelmixtuien " 
(1839);  articles  in  the  "Allgem.  mus.  Zcitung" 
and  the  "COcilia"  ;  etc. 

Willaert  |  Wigliardus,  Vigliar,  VuigliartJ, 
Adrian,  called  Adriano;  b.  Klanders,  about 
1480;  d.  Venire,  Doc.  7,  1502.  A  pupil  of  Jean 
Moulon  and  JoHqum  Depros,  he  went  to  Rome 
in  1516,  thcncu  to  Kcrrara,  later  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  Ludovio  II.,  King  of  Bohemia  and  Hun- 
gary, and  was  app.  waes/w  at  San  Marco,  Venice, 
on  bee.  12,  I5&7.  I  lore  he  founded  a  music- 
school,  among  whose  distinguished  alumni  were 
Xtarlinn,  Cipriuno  d«  korc,  and  Andrea  (labridi ; 
W,,  as  the  teacher  of  these  fumou.s  pupils,  is  con- 
sidered the  founder  of  the  great  Venetian  school 
of  composition.  He  is  also  regarded  as  the 
creator  of  the  .style  of  writing  /or  2  choirs, 
prompted  thereto  by  the  2  opposed  organs  at 
San  Marco,  preceding  Agoatini  by  over  half  n 
century. — Kxtanl  works:  5  masses  a  4(1533); 
2  books  of  motets  <i  4  (15313,  '45) ;  motets  a  6 
(1543) ;  2  books  do,  a  4-7  (1561);  "Canzone 
villancsche  "  ft  4  (1545) ;  rattdrigalH  tr  5  (1548) ; 
"  KantaHie  o  Ricerctiri  n  4-5,  with  do  Rore 
(i549) »  vesper-psalms  a  4-8,  with  de  Ilerchem 
(£550;  rcpubl.  '57,  '63)  ;  BuulrignlK  a  6,  with 
Vcrclclot  (rsOi)  ;  hymn»  rt  4  (1550) ;  4*  Musica 
nova,"  motets  a  4-7,  and  madrigate  (1559) ; 
psalms  for  vespers  and  compline,  a  4  (1571). 
Detached  pieces  are  in  Scotto's,  retrucci's, 
Montan-Neuber's,  and  other  contemporary  coll. s. 
(C/.  Kitner'fl  monograph  on  W.  in  the  "  Monats- 
hcfte  far  Mufiikgcschichtc,"  7887.) 

WUlent-BordogpaiJean-Baptiste-Joseph, 
b.  Doual,  Doc.  8, 1809 ;  d.  Pads,  May  u,  1952. 


"Bassoon-virtuoso  ;  pupil  of  Delcambre  at  Paris 
Cons  ;  played  at  the  Italian  Opera,  London,  and 
the  Theatie  Itahen,  Paris  ;  in  1834  he  manicd 
IJordogni's  daughter  at  New  York,  travelled  with 
her,  was  app.  bassoon-teacher  at  the  Urussels 
Cons.,  and  in  1848  at  the  Paris  Cons.  —  Works 
Method  f.  bassoon  ;  4  Fantasias  f.  bassoon  w. 
orch.  (or  pf  )  ;  a  Concertante  f.  bassoon  and 
clarinet  ;  a  Duo  f.  bassoon  and  oboe  ;  he  prod. 
the  operas  Lc  woine  (Urussels,  1844),  and  Van 
Dyck  (ibid.,  1845). 

Wil'ling,  Johann  Ludwig,  b.  Kuhndorf,  n. 
Meiningen,  May  2,  1755  ;  d.  Nordhausen,  Sept., 
1805,  as  organist  ol  the  1  lauptkirche.—  Publ. 
sonatas  f.  pf  ,  f,  violin,  and  f.  'cello  ;  a  'cello- 
concerto,  a  violin-concerto,  duos  f.  violins,  24 
English  Dances  f  .  pf  .  ;  etc. 

Willis,  Richard  Storrs,  brother  of  N.  1>. 
Willis  ;  b.  Boston,  Mass.,  Keb.  10,  1819.  A 
student  (1837)  at  Yale,  he  was  elected  prcs.  of 
the  "  Beethoven  Soc.,  "for  which  he  wrote  oich.l 
pieces  and  choruses.  Studied  (i84r)  at  Frank- 
fort-on-Main  under  Schnydcr  von  Wartcnsec 
(harm,  and  form),  and  at  Leipzig  under  llaupt- 
mann  (cpt.  and  instrumentation).  Returning  to 
New  York,  W.  contributed  to  the  press,  and 
later  edited  "  The  Musical  Times,"  "  The  Mus. 
World,"  and  "  Once  a  Month"  ;  publ.  "Our 
Church  Music  "  ;  and  comp.  much  vocal  music 
("Church  Chorals,"  "Student  Songs,"  "Mis- 
cellaneous Lyrics,11  besides  many  patriotic  songs 
afterwards  collected  as  **  Waif  of  Hong,"  and 
publ.  by  (lalijfiiam,  Paris,  1870).  Now  (1890) 
resides  in  Detroit;  has  publ.  a  vol.  of  lyrics, 
"  Pen  and  Lute." 

WilKmers,  Heinrich  Rudolf,  b.  Ilcrlm,  Oct. 
31,  1821  ;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  24,  1878.  Fine 
pianist,  pupil  of  Hummel  at  Weimar  and  Fr. 
Schneider  at  1  >essau.  After  concert-tours  (1838- 
53),  he  lived  in  Vienna  until  called  to  .Berlin  in 
1864  as  prof,  at  the  Stem  Cons.  ;  resigned  1866, 
and  returned  to  Vienna.  1  1  is  technical  specialty 
was  the  trill  ;  in  the  performance  of  '*  chains  of 
trills"  he  was  unrivalled.  —  Works:  Pf,  -quartet  ; 
sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  brilliant  pf.-solos  ;  Op. 
X,  six  tHudes  ;  op.  5,  Serenade  urotique  (for  the 
left  hand)  ;  op.  8,  Sehnsucht  am  Mccre  ;  op.  27, 
Un  jour  (1*6*11*  en  Norvc-ge  ;  op.  28,  two  tHudes  de 
concert  (**  La  pompa  di  fcsta"  is  No.  i)  ;  op.  29, 
Northern  National  Airs  ;  op.  35,  Tarantella 
giocosa;  op.  49,  I  -a  Sylphide;  op.  69,  Triller- 
ketten;  also  fantasias,  etc. 

Wilra,  Nicolai  von,  b.  Riga,  Mar.  4,  1834. 
Pianist  and  composer  ;  pupil  1851-6  of  the  Lei]> 
(Ilauptmann,  Richter,  Rietz,  Plaidy, 


etc.)  ;  from  1857-8,  2nd  Ka&clltn*  at  the  Riga 
City  Th.  ;  then  went  to  St.  Petersburg,  becom- 
ing, in  iS6o,  on  Henselt's  recommendation, 
teacher  of  pf,  and  theory  at  the  Imp.  "  Nicolai  " 
In^t.,  retinng  1875  to  Dresden,  and  living  from 
1878  in  Wiesbaden.  —  WorkB  ;  Topular  string- 
sextet,  op.  27  ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  'cello,  op.  in  ; 
sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  83,  92  ;  suites  f. 


633 


WILMS— WINTER 


do.,  op.  SS,  95;— -for  pf.  4  hands  :  Suites,  op. 
25,  30,44,  53,  100  ;  suite  of  walt/es,  op  86,  go, 
93  ;  "  Reisebildei  aus  Schlesien,"  op.  18  ;  ik  Ca- 
lendanum,"  op.  39  ;  "  Die  schone  Magelone," 
op.  32  ;— ; -for  pf.  stjfo  :  Valse  brillante,  op.  13, 
No.  2  ;  10  Characterstucke,  op.  24  ;  "  Im  rus- 
sischen  Dorfe,"  op  37,  No.  2;  Valse-Impromptu, 
op.  45;  etc.; — male  choruses ;  motets  (op.  40), 
songs  ;  also  pieces  for  harp. 

Wilms,  Jan  Willem,  b.  Witzhelden,  Schwarz- 
burg-Sondershausen,  Mar.  30,  1772  ;  d.  Amster- 
dam, July  18, 1847.  Teacher  and  organist  in  Am- 
sterdam.— Publ.  2  pf. -concertos,  a  flute-concerto, 
a  string-quartet,  2  pf. -trios,  a  \  lolin-sonata,  etc. 

Wil'sing,  Daniel  Friedrich  Eduard,  b. 
Horde,  n.  Dortmund,  Oct.  21,  1809.  Organ- 
ist in  \Vesel  1829-34;  then  removed  to  Berlin. — 
Works:  Orator io/«u«.r  C/iristtts,in.  2  parts  (prod, 
lionn,  iSSg,by\V.'s  pupil,  Arnold  Mendelssohn); 
a  De  profundis  a  16  (won  the  gold  medal  for  Art 
at  Berlin);  sonatas  f.  pf.;  songs. 

Wilson,  John,  famous  English  lutenist ;  b. 
Faversham,  Kent,  April  5,  1594;  d.  London, 
Feb.  22, 1673.  Mus.  Doc.,Oxon.,  1644;  prof,  of 
music  at  Oxford  Univ.,  1656-62;  then  Gentle- 
man of  the  Chapel  Royal,  and  chamber-musician 
to  Charles  II.  (C/.  Kimbault:  "  Who  was  Jack 
Wilson?")— Publ.  "Psalterium  Carolinum.  The 
Devotions  of  His  Sacred  Majestic  in  his  soli- 
tudes and  sufferings,  Rendred  in  Verse,  Set  to 
Musick  for  3  Voices,  and  an  Organ  or  Theorbo" 
(1657);  "Cheerful  Ayres  or  Ballads"  a  I  or  3 
(1660) ,  also  glees  and  catches  in  Tlayford's 
4 'Musical Companion"  (1667), and  songs  in  "Se- 
lect Musicall  Ayres  and  Dialogues"  (1652,  '53, 
'69). 

Wilt,  Marie,  n/e  Liebenthaler,  dramatic  so- 
prano; b.  Vienna,  Jan.  30,  1833  ;  d.  there  (by 
suicide)  Sept.  24, 1891.  After  her  marriage  with 
the  civil  engineer  Franz  Wilt,  she  studied  sing- 
ing under  Gansbacher  and  Wolf ;  debut  Graz, 
1865,  as  Donna  Anna ;  in  1866  she  sang  in  Vi- 
enna and  Berlin ;  and  was  eng.  for  the  seasons 
of  1866  and  '67  at  Covent  Garden,  London,  first 
appearing  as  Norma  on  May  I,  1866.  She  then 
sang  in  opera  and  concert  at  Vienna  for  ten 
years  ;  also  at  London  (i  874,  '75) ;  on  account  of 
a  family  agreement  which  prevented  her  from 
singing  on  the  stage  at  Vienna,  she  went  to  Leip- 
zig in  1877,  and  Srter  to  Brunn,  Pesth,  etc.,  but 
afterwards  appeared  again  at  Vienna.  Her  voice 
was  rich,  voluminous,  and  of  great  compass ;  in 
bravura  singing  she  had  few  rivals. 

Win'derstein,  Hans  (Wilhelm  Gustav),  b. 
Luneburg,  Hanover,  Oct.  29,  1856.  St.  1877- 
80  at  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Henry  Schradieck  and 
Fr.  Hermann  (vln.),  E.  F.  Richter  and  W.  Rust 
(theory) ;  also  playing  in  the  Gewandhaus  ,Orch. 
From  1880-4,  leader  in  Baron  von  Derwies'  pri- 
vate orch.  at  Nice;  then  till  1887  violin-teacher 
at  the  Winterthur  (Switzerland)  Cons.,  after 
which  be  cond.  a  concert-orch.  at  Nuremberg 


for  3  years,  and  1890-3  the  concerts  of  the  I'hil- 
harra.  Societies  of  Nuremberg  and  Kmth.  1893- 
6,  director  of  the  newly  establ  Phil  harm.  Oich. 
at  Munich,  and  of  the  Kami  Concerts.  In  1896 
he  organized,  at  Leipzig,  the  "  Windcrstcm 
Orch."  of  Go  pieces  ,  founded  the  Philharm  con- 
certs at  Leipzig  and  Halle,  and  made  successful 
concert-tours  to  other  cities.  Succeeded  Klen- 
gel  m  1 898  as  cond  of  the  Leipzig  SingafatJctuie. 
— Works-  Trauerniarhch,  and  Valse-Capricc  and 
Standclien,  f.  orch.;  pieces  f.  violin  and  pf  ; — 
has  an  orch. I  suite,  etc  ,  in  MS. 

Win'ding,  August  (Henrik),  b.  Taaro(Laa- 
land),  Denmark,  Mar.  24,  1825.  Pianist ,  pu- 
pil of  Keinccke  and  Ree  at  Copenhagen,  I  hey* 
schock  at  Prague,  and  of  CSade.  Is  I  Mid-tor  of, 
and  prof,  in,  the  Copenhagen  Cons. — Works  for 
piano.  A  Concerto,  op.  lO ;  a  quartet,  op.  17; 
Reisebililer,  op.  3  ;  Genrebilder,  op  15  ;  Pieces 
in  the  form  of  studies,  op.  18  ;  PhantnsifstUcke 
f.  pf.  and  violin  (or  clar,),  op.  19 ;  Studies,  op. 
25  ;  Preludes  in  all  keys,  op.  26 ;  Toccata,  op. 
34 ;  Sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  5  and  35  ;  jo 
Landliche  Scenen  ;  3  walUos ;  a  I  himoreske  ;  2 
books  of  "Contrasts"  ;  4-lumd  duels,  op.  32  ; 
also  a  violin-concerto,  etc. 

Wingham,  Thomas,  b.  London,  Jan.  gi 
1846  ;  d.  there  Mar.  24,  1893.  At  ten,  organist 
of  St.  Michael's  Mission  Ch.,  South wark  ;  pupil 
of  Dr.  Wylde's  London  Aaul.  of  Music  1863; 
entered  the  R.  A,  M.  in  1^67,  studying  under 
JJennett  and  Harold  Thomas,  and  becoming 
prof,  of  pf.-playing  in  1871.  Krom  1864,  or- 
ganist at  All  Saints',  PacIdingLon.  Successful 
teacher  and  composer. — Works :  2  masses  (i  876, 
1887);  Te  Dcurn  w.  oicli.  and  organ  (18^4); 
motels,  offertories,  etc.;  4  symphonies,  (>  over- 
tures, a  serenade,  and  an  Kleyy  (on  Stenulalo 
Bennett),  f.  orch.;  ('uiiccrUC'apriccio  f.  pf,  awl 
orch,;  2  string-quartets;  a  pf.-soptvt ;  barca- 
rolle f .  pf . ,  songs. 

Win'kelmann,  Hermann,  dramatic  tenor; 
b.  Brunswick,  1845.  Pupil  of  Koch  at  Hanover; 
de'but  Sondcrshausen,  1875;  sang  nt  Altenlwrg, 
Darmstadt,  and  Hamburg;  then  eng.  at  Vienna 
for  the  Court  Opera,  Assumed  the  rcilo  of  Par- 
sifal at  JJayreuth  iu  1882, 

Wiaograd'sky,  Alexander,  noted  conductor; 
b.  Kiev,  Russia,  Aug.  3  (N,  «.},  1854,  Pupil 
of  Soloviev  at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons,;  from 
1884-6,  Director  of  the  Imp.  School  of  Music  at 
Saratov;  since  1888,  Pirn  And  Dir.  of  the  Imp. 
Soc,  of  Music  at  Kiev,  and  cond.  of  its  sym- 
phony-concerts. Has  ffiveu  coucertn,  by  invita- 
tion, in  the  chief  Russian  cite,  and  alao  in 
Paris,  where  he  cond.  Russian  programs  in  the 
4i  Concerts  d'Harcourt,"  3894,  and  the  "  Con- 
certs Colonne,"  1896, 

Win'ter,  Peter  von,  dramatic  composer ;  b, 
Mannheim,  1754;  d.  Munich,  Oct.  17,  1825, 
Violinist  in  the  Electoral  orch.,  and  a  pupil  of 
Afcbrf  Vogler  ;  In  1776,  OMB.  dir.  'at  the  court 
theatre ;  went  with  the  court  to  Munich  in  1778, 


WINTERBERGER— WITT 


and  from  1788  till  death  was  court 
with  frequent  leave  of  abbence,  which  he  im- 
proved to  bring  out  operas  in  Naples,  Venice, 
Prague,  Pans,  London,  Milan,  and  Genoa.  — 
Operas.  Annida  (Munich,  1778);  Cora  ed 
AtonsOi  and  Leonardo  e  filaiuiini  (ibid.,  1779)  , 
Helena  und  J\iris  (ibid  ,  1780);  Dei  Jteue/ii/?, 
tH/erefrr  Jlft/?/stue/e/it(ibid.i  1787);  Jielki  opium 
(Munich,  1782);  Das  J  lit  ten  tuathhen^  Sthers^ 
J.ivt  ant/  A'arJ/f,  and  Jery  und  Jiatofy  (ibid., 
1790);  Ca  tone  in  Utna  (Venice,  1791);  Anti- 
gffue  (Naples,  1  791)  ;  /  fra  iclli  rivali,  and  // 
stitn'jisio  tfi  Creta  (Venice,  1792);  Pscyhe,  and 
/?<•;•  Sturm  (Munich,  1793);  .Iraiitta  'und  A'I- 
naldo  (Vienna,  1793)  ;  A/A  Labyrinth  (Vienna, 
1794;  sequel  to  Mozart's  Zauforjfole}  ;  shianna 
(ibicl.,  rycjs)  ;  Ogits,  t*ss/a  il  ttionjo  del  bd  sesio 
(Prajiue,  1795)  I  /•)//'  SotNtiwrlit'lMstigungMi 
(Berlin,  17<)5);  AV  TJiomasnacht  (Ba'yreiith, 
17*)5)  ;  /  due  m/<>7'/,  tuul  his  most  celebrated 
opera,  AM  uuterbrmhene  0/>/e't'/<'s/  (Vienna, 
1796,  given  in  Hal.  as  //  sat  rjjfafo  hitfrrothi)\ 
/iV/M,  and  /titfy'/tw's  rvtatniden  (ibid.,  1797); 
Mane  von  MtntaUmn  (Munich,  1798)  ;  Tamer- 
Ian  (Paris,  1802);  Calypso  (London,  1803);  // 
ralto  di  Proseipinti  (ibid.,  181)4),  Zaira  (ibid., 
1805);  AT  /'><r  MM  bund  (Munich,  1805)  ;  Cas- 
tor et  /W///.V  (Pan's,  iSc>6);  Colmal  (Munich, 
1809)  ;  /->/<•  Mtfcti  /V//W/v/(ibid.,  1810)  ;  /fr/tar, 
drflfui  nw  Huldburg  (ibid.,  rHi2)  ;  ttic  Pan- 
toffclu  (Hamburg,  1816);  AfaoiNftfo  //,  nnd  / 
due  \raldonriri  (Milan,  1817);  Rldin&i  (ibid., 
1818)  ;  />«v  Sbuger  und  tier  tichneldei  (Munich, 
1820).  Of  these,  TtittwliiH)  and  parts  of  J)&$ 
unterbrochene  Opferfest,  were  publ.  in  full 
score;  /  Jralrfli  mw//,  Der  StNrM%  J)at 
chene  Dpferfest,  J)as  /.abyrinth,  Ojt>us, 
and  Jl/ar/f  von  MontallwH)  in  pf.» 
score.  lie  also  wrote,  3  oratorios  and  17  sacred 
cantatas  for  the.  court  chapel  ;  26  masses,  and  a 
vast  amount  of  other  church-music  ;  several 
secular  cantatas  with  orch.or  pf.;  cj  symphonies 
(incl.  the  grand  choral'  symphony  "Die 
Schluchl"),  overtures,  2  septets,  6  strmg-quar- 
tots,  2  string-quintets,  nn  octet  f.  strings  and 
wind,  a  sextet  f.  strings  and  2  horns,  concertos 
f.  clar.,  bassoon,  etc.;  ami  a  celebrated  "Voll- 
stilndigc  Singschule  "  hi  3  parts. 

Win'terberger,  Alexander,  b.  Weimar, 
Aug.  14,  1834,  Pianist,  pupil  of  Leipzig 
Cons.  1848*9,  later  of  Lmt.  In  iHCr  he  vent 
to  Vienna  ;  in  1869  he  followed  A,  Dreynchock 
as  pf.-prof.  at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons,;  in 
1872  he  settled  in  Leipzig.  1  1  us  publ.  inter- 
esting and  original  pf,  -pieces  (Allneft-Tftnge 
[waltzes,  magurka**,  minuets,  etc.],  op.  20;  3 

va 


Pieces,  op.  35  ;  Concert-eHucle,  and 
price,  op.  27;  Concert-  Adagio,  op.  63;  23  in- 
structive and  characteristic  pieces,  op,  72;  a 
sonatinas,  op.  93)  and  songs  ("Britotmias 
Ilarfe/1  op.  33  j  German  an4  Slavonic  duets, 
op.  59>  Wi  68). 

rfdd,  Cwl  Gtorir  August  Vivi- 
TOH,  b.  lierlin,  Jan.  28,  1784  ;  d, 


Feb.  19,  1852.  Law-student  al  Halle ;  in 
iSu,  "Assessor"  in  Berlin  ;  in,  1816,  judge  at 
Ureslau,  and  keeper  of  the  mus.  section  in  the 
Umv  library;  in  £832,  "(iehc'imer  Obertribu- 
nalrath"  at  Iterlin  ,  pensioned  1847.  He  left 
his  valuable  coll.  of  old  music  to  the  Berlin 
Library,  Learned  and  original  writer  on  mu- 
sical history.— Works  "Johannes  Picrluigi 
von  Talestrina"  (1832,  w.  critical  notes  on 
Bainfs  "  Paleslrina ") ;  "Johannes  Gabiieli 
und  sein  Zeitalter"  (1834;  2  vol.s  letterpress, 
i  vol.  mus.  illustrations  ,  of  high  interest  and 
importance) ;  "Der  evnngelische  Kirchenge- 
sang  und  sein  Verhdltniss  zur  Kunst  des  Ton- 
biitxes"  (T 843-7  ;  three  large  quarto  vol.s;  in- 
dispensable source  for  the  study  of  evangelical 
church-music  of  the  iGth-iyth  centuries) ; 
11  Ueber  C.  Fr.  Chr.  Fusch's  geistliche  (icsangs- 
werkc"  (1839) ;  lt  Dr.  Martin  Luthers  deutschc 
geistliche  Lieder"  (1840) ;  "  Ueber  Ilerstellunj; 
des  (lemcindc-  und  Chorgenangs  in  der  evange- 
lischcn  Kirche"  (1848);  and  4'7inr  (leschichte 
heiliger  Tonkunst  "  (2  parts  ;  1850,  '62). 

Wirth,  Emanuel,  b.  Luditx,  Bohemia,  Oct. 
18,  1842.  Violinist,  pupil  of  Kitll  and  Mild- 
ner  ut  Prague  Cons.,  1854-61.  Teacher  at  Kot- 
tenlum  t'ons.,  and  orchestra-leader,  1864-77; 
tlien  succeeded  Kappolcli  as  viola-player  in  tlie 
Joachim  <  jiuutet,  Jierlin,  and  violin-prof,  at  the 
Hvthschule. 

Wit,  Paul  de,  b.  Maestricht,  Jan.  4,  1852. 
Violoncellist;  in  3880  he  founded,  w.  <).  Laf- 
fert,  the  "  Zeitschrift  fltr  Tnstrumentenbau " 
(Leipzig).  Opened  a  Museum  of  mus.  instr.s 
in  1886,  selling  the  collection  to  the  lierlin 
Uochsckuk  in  1890 ;  has  since  made  a  second 
coll. 

Wita'sek,  Johaxm  Nepomuk  August,  b. 
Ilorxin,  Bohemia,  Feb.  20,  I77r ;  d.  Prague, 
Dec.  7, 1839.  ^n  T$  *4  nc  succeeded  his  teacher, 
Ko/eluch,  a«  Atf/W/w.  at  the  Pnigue  Dom- 
kirche ;  in  1826,  director  of  the  Organ-School. 
His  interpretation  of  Mozart's  concertos  was 
warmly  praised  by  the  composer  himself.  W.'s 
own  pf. -works  had  considerable  vogue  in 
Prague,  but  are  now  forgotten. 

Witt,  Friedrich,  b.  I  ralten-Bcrgstettcn, 
1773  ;  d.  Wttrssburg,  1837.  Violinist,  pupil  of 
Roselti  at  Wtvlierstein ;  at  19,  1st  violin,  in 
Prince  von  Oettingen's  orch.;  from  1802  he 
waa  Ktifitllm*  at  Wttrzburg,  at  first  to  the 
Prince- Uishop,  then  to  the  Grand  Duke,  finally 
to  the  city. — Works :  The  historical  opera 
7W///rt  (Frankfort,  1804) ;  the  comic  opera  !)&$ 
JFischerweib  (Wttreburg,  1806) ;  the  oratorios 
f)fr  Itidttule  Htiland  (WUrxburg,  1802)  and 
Die  Auferstekuftgjesu;  masses  and  cantatas; 
he  publ.  9  symphonies,  music  for  wind-band,  a 
septet  f.  clar.,  horn,  bassoon,  and  strings,  a 
quintet  f.  pf,  and  wind,  a  flute-concerto,  etc. 

Witt,  Witts,  b.  KOiygsberg,  Jan.  14,  1819; 
teacher  pf  Ringing  there,  and  composer  of  favor- 
ite male  choruses* 


WITT— WOLF 


Witt,  Theodor  de,  b.  Wesel,  Nov.  9,  1823  ; 
d.  Rome,  Dec.  r,  1855.  Pupil  of  his  father,  an 
organist,  until  Liszt  visited  Wesel  in  1839,  be~ 
came  warmly  interested  in  the  talented  boy,  and, 
by  giving  a  concert  for  his  benefit,  enabled  him  to 
study  in  Berlin  under  Dehn.  A  serious  disorder 
of  the  lungs  declared  itself  in  1846,  and  he  was 
sent  to  Italy,  with  a  government  stipend,  to  study 
old  church-music;  he  laid  the  foundations,  and 
edited  some  volumes,  of  Breitkopf  &  Hartel's  com- 
plete edition  of  Talestrina's  works.  His  own 
comp.s  comprisea  pf. -sonata  and  afew vocal  num- 
bers. 

Witt,  Franz,  b.  Walderbach,  Bavaria,  Feb. 
9,  1834;  d.  Schatzhofen,  n.  Landshut,  Dec.  2, 
iSSS.  A  pupil  of  Proske  and  Schrems  at  Ratis- 
bon,  he  took  holy  orders  in  1856  ;  was  parish  priest 
at  Schatzhofen  from  1873-5.  In  1867  he  founded 
the  "  Allgemeiner  deutscher  C&cilienverein  "  for 
the  improvement  of  Catholic  church-song ;  es- 
tablished and  edited  the  "Fliegende  Blatter 
fur  katholische  Kirchenmusik,"  and  "  Musica 
sacra";  publ.  "Der  Zustand  der  katholischen 
Kirchenmusik  "  (1865) ;  "  Cber  das  Dirigiren  der 
katholischen  Kirchenmusik  ;"  and  "  Das  bayer- 
ische  Kultusministerium"  (1886).  Cf.  the  biogr. 
sketch  by  Carl  Walter,  "  Franz  Witt." 

Witt,  Joseph  von,  dramatic  tenor ;  b.  Prague, 
Sept.  7, 1843  ;  d.  Berlin,  Sept  17, 1887.  An  Aus- 
trian officer,  he  retired  from  the  army,  studied 
singing  under  Uffmann  at  Vienna,  sang  at  Graz, 
was  then  eng.  at  Dresden,  and  from  1877  at 
Schwerm  as  leading  tenor. 

Wit'te,  Georg  Heinrich,  son  of  the  organ- 
builder  C.  G.  F.  Witte  ;  b.  Utrecht,  Nov.  16, 
1843;  pupil  of  the  R.  Music-School  at  The  Hague 
1859-62,  studying  under  van  der  Does  (pf.),  Lli- 
beck  (vln.),  and  Nicolai  (theory  and  organ) ;  from 
1862-5  of  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Moscheles  and 
Plaidy  (pf.),  Hauptmann  (cpt.),  and  Reinecke 
(comp.).  He  taught  in  Leipzig  till  1867,  then  till 
1870  in  Alsatia,  and  in  1871  was  app.  conductor 
of  the  Mus.  Soc.  at  Essen,  with  the  title  (since 
1882)  of  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."— Works:  Op.  I,  waltz 
f.  pf. ;  op.  3,  concert-waltz  f.  pf. ;  op.  4,  4  Im- 
promptus f .  pf. ;  op.  5, pf. -quartet  in  A  (took  prize 
at  Florence) ;  op.  6t  Grand  Elegy  f .  violin  and 
orch.;  op.  7,  waltzes  (particularly  fine)  f.  pf.  4 
hands  ;  op.  8,  arr.  of  the  "  Alia  polacca  "  in  Beet- 
hoven's Serenade,  f.  pf.  4  hands;  op.  n,  Inter- 
mezzo and  Impromptu  f.  pf.;  op.  12,  'cello-con- 
certo ;  op.  13,  two  Charakterstlicke f .  pf.;  op.  14, 
3  pieces  f.  pf.  and  'cello  (prize) ;  op.  15,  sonata  f. 
pf.  and  'cello;  a  grand  choral  work  "  An  die 
Sonne,"  f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch. ;  songs. 

Wohl'fahrt,  Heinrich,  noted  pedagogue ;  b. 
Kossnitz,  n.  Apolda,  Dec.  16,  1797;  d.  Conne- 
witz,  n.  Leipzig,  May  9,  1883.  Pupil  of  Hfiser 
at  Weimar ;  cantor  and  tutor  in  Thuringian  towns ; 
teacher  at  Jena  and  (from  1867)  Leipzig. — Publ. 
4 ' Kinder-Clavierschule  "  ^editions), ' '  Der  erste 
Clavierunterricht,"  "Der  Clavierfreund "  (36 
Children's  studies);  "Claviertibungen,"  "Gro- 
ssere  und  rein  praktische  Elemental- Clavier- 


schule,"  "Schule  der  Fingermechanik," 
"  Anthologische  Clavierschule,"  *'  Theorelisch- 
praktische  Modulationsschule,"  "  Vorschulc  der 
Harmonielehre,"  l'Wegweiser  zum  Componi- 
ren  " ;  also  Instructive  pieces  f.  pf  ,  op.  74  ;  3  chil- 
dren's sonatas  ;  ll  Kleine  Leute,"  op.  86  ;  etc. — 
His  sons,  Franz  and  Robert,  also  teachers  of 
repute  in  Leipzig,  publ.  other  educational  works. 

Wol'demar,  Michel,  b.  Orleans,  Sept.  15, 
1750;  d.  Clermont-Ferrand,  Jan.,  1816.  A  tiil- 
ented  and  eccentric  violinist,  pupil  of  Lolli.  For 
some  years  he  was  conductor  for  a  travelling  the- 
atrical troupe.  By  adding  a  fifth  string  (bass  c) 
to  the  violin,  he  obtained  an  instr.  which  he  called 
"violon-alto,"  as  it  included  the  viola-compasb, 
and  for  which  he  wrote  a  concerto  (this  inslr.  was 
adopted  by  Urhan).  lie  also  publ.  3  violin-con- 
certos, a  string-quartet,  duos  f.  2  violins  and  1. 
violin  and  viola;  "  Senates  fantomagiques"  f.  vio- 
lin ("  1'Ombre  de  Lolli,"  u  de  Meslrino,"  "dc  l>u- 
gnani,"  "  de  Tartim  ") ;  12  grand  solos  ;  f> "  rCves 
ou  caprices  "  ;  "  Caprices  cm  etudes  ";  "  J  ,c  nou- 
veau  Labyrinth  pour  violon,"  followed  by  studies 
in  double-stops  ;  "  Le  nouvcl  Art  tic  I'archel  "  ; 
41  fitude  clemen taire  de  1'archet  motlerne  "  ;  6  fu- 
gal  themes;  variations  on  u  Les  Kolics  tl'Ks- 
pagne,"  etc. ;  methods  for  violin,  viola,  and  clari- 
net ;  also  a  system  of  mus.  stenography  (4*  Tab- 
leau melotachigraphiquc  "),  and  a  method  of  mus. 
correspondence  ("  Nolographic  *'). 

Wolf,  Ernst  Wilhelm,  b.  Clrosshcringcn, 
1735!  d.  as  court  Kapellm.  at  Weimar,  Dec.  7, 
1792.  Prod,  about  20  operas,  dramatic  cantatas, 
etc.,  in  Weimar;  also  Passion  oratorios,  Raster 
cantatas,  etc.;  publ.  7  pf. -concertos,  4 quintets  f. 
pf.,  flute,  violin,  viola,  and  'cello  ;  6  string-qxmr- 
tets;  7  books  of  pf. -sonatas,  each  containing  6 
numbers  ;— 15  symphonies,  17  partitas,  and  much 
chamber-music,  are  MS. — Also  wrote  ** Kleine 
musikalische  Keise"(i782),  and  "  Mtisiknlischor 
Unterricht "  (1788). 

Wolf,  Georg  Friedrich,  b.  Ilninrotle,  1762  ; 
d.  Wernigcrotle,  in  Jan.,  1814,  as  A'tf/V///;/, — 
Works  :  "  Kuraer  Unterricht  im  riavierspielen  " 
(1783  ;  often  republ.) ;  "  Unterricht  in  tier  Singc- 
kunst"  (1784;  do.);  "Kur^gefasstcs  mumkali- 
sches  Lexicon  "  (1787  ;  do.). 

Wolf,  Ferdinand,  writer  on  early  Romanic 
literature;  b.  Vienna,  Dec.  8,  1796;  d.  there 
Feb.  18,  1866,  as  librarian  of  the  Imp.  Library. 
His  work  tl  Uber  die  Lais,  Scquenssen  und 
Leiche.  Ein  Beitrag  pr  (Jeschiohte  der  rhyth- 
mischen  Formen  und  Singwcisen  der  Volkslieder 
und  der  volksmfissigen  Kirchcn-  und  KUnstlcr- 
lieder  im  Mittelalter"  (Heidelberg,  1841)  is  the 
most  valuable  compendium  on  these  subjects. 

Wolf  [Wolffl,  Ludwig,  b.  Frankfort-on- 
Main,  1804;  d.  Vienna,  Aug.  6,  1859.  *>uPil 
of  Seyfried  in  composition,  and  a  skilful  pianist 
and  violinist. — Works:  3  string-quartets,  op. 
12 ;  a  pf. -quartet,  op.  15  ;  4  string-trios,  op.  6, 
13 »  x$  (prize  at  Mannheim),  18 ;  many  other 
•works  MS. 


WOLF— WOLFRUM 


Wolf,  Max,  b.  Moravia,  1840;  d.  Vienna, 
Mar.  23,  1886.  Operetta-composer,  pupil  of 
Marx  and  Dessoff. — Operettas  (successful  in 
Vienna  and  elsewhere)  :  Die  Sthuhe  dcr  Liebe, 
Im  Naniai  ties  Jtdnigs^  Die  blaite  Dame,  Rosa 
itnd  Rcsethi,  Der  Pilger,  Die  Portmtdame, 
Casarint,  Rafaclla  (188.4). 

Wolf,  William,  b.  Brcslau,  Apr.  22,  1838. 
Pianist,  pupil  of  Th.  Kullak  ;  teacher  of  mus. 
history  at  the  Ilumboldt  Academy  and  IJreslaur's 
Cons.,  IJerlin.  Writer  for  mus.  periodicals. 

Wolf,  &ugo,  Viennese  composer,  fellow-pupil 
of  GusUiv  Mahler  in  the  Vienna  Cons,  (about 
1878),  has  comp.  about  500  songs,  and  prod, 
his  first  stage-work,  the  4-act  comic  opera  Der 
Corridor*  at  Mannheim,  1896,  with  success. 

Wolff,  ^douard,  b.  Warsaw,  Sept.  15,  1816  ; 
d.  Paris,  Oct.  16,  1880.  Pupil  of  Zawadski 
(pf.)  and  Klsner  (comp.)  at  Warsaw,  and  of 
Wttrfel  (pf.)  at  Vienna;  lived  in  Paris  from  1835 
as  an  esteemed  concert-pianist,  composer,  and 
teacher.  His  style  resembles  that  of  Chopin, 
with  whom  he  was  intimate. — Works  (350  opus- 
numbers):  Valuable  crudes,  op.  20  (24  num- 


**  I  /art  de  I'exoeution,"  and  u  I/art  de  1'cxprcs- 
sion";  —  op.  63,  Valse  "La  favorite";  op.  139, 
Chansons  polonaises  originalus  ;  op.  148,  Taren- 
telle;  op.  164,  186,  Chansons  bacchiques;  a  pf.- 
concerto,  op.  3<)  ;  also  30  celebrated  duos  f.  pf. 
and  violin  (w.  de  Boriot),  and  8  more  (w.  Vieux- 
temps). 

Wolff,  Augpiste-D£sir6-Berflard,  b.  Paris, 
May  3,  1821  ;  d.  there  Keb.  p,  1887.  Pianist, 
pupil  of  Zimmerman  ami  Ilalcvyut  Paris  Cons., 
and  hiter  pf.  -teacher  there  ;  entered  Pleycl's 
pf.  -factory  in  1850,  became  a  partner  in  1852, 
and  head  of  the  Hrm  ("  Pleyel,  WolfT&  Cie.")  in 
1855.  Was  lion.  pros,  of  the  "  Soc.  dcs  com- 
positeurs  dc  musiqxie";  founded  the  "  Pleyei- 
WolfT  Prixe"  (annual)  for  the  best  pf.  -composi- 
tion with  or  without  orch, 

Wolff,  Hermann,  b.  Cologne,  Sept.  4,  1845. 
Pupil  of  Kranx  K  roll  and  Wllerst;  editor  of  the 
'*  Neue  Berliner  Musikxcitung  "  1878-9  ;  co- 
editor  of  the  *'  Musikwelt";  concert-agent  and 
concert-  manager  at  Jlerlin. 


Waifl  [WBlffl,  Woefl],  Joseph,  famous 
pianist;  b.  Salzburg,  1772;  d.  London,  May  21, 
1812.  A  pupil  in  pf,  -playing  and  composition 
of  L.  Mozart  and  M.  llaydn,  he  appeared  as  a 
concert-player  in  Warsaw,  1792-4,  but  left  Po- 
land in  the  throes  of  revolution,  and  settled  in 
Vienna.  lie  had  moderate  success  as  a  stage- 
composer,  bringing  out  3  light  pieces,  Dtr  MM- 
knberg  (1795),  Das  sehdne  MUch/u&dcken  (1797), 
and  Der  Kopf  ofine  Mann  (1798)  ;  as  a  pianist, 
on  the  other  hand,  he  held  hid  own  in  rivalry 
with  'Beethoven,  aided  by  his  enormous  hands 
and  great  contrapuntal  skill  ;  the  relations  be- 
tweett  the  two  rivals  were  friendly.  In  1798  tie 


set  out  on  a  long  tour,  playing  in  TJrunn,  Prague, 
Leipzig,  Dresden,  Berlin,  and  Hamburg  (1799); 
he  was  again  in  Leipzig  (Oct.,  1800),  and  Berlin 
(Dec),  in  1801  he  journeyed  to  Paris,  where 
his  success  as  a  pianist  was  immense  He  made 
that  city  his  home  until  1805  ;  prod  an  opera, 
I' Amour  romancsque^  at  the  Thealte  Foydcau 
(1804),  with  applause,  but  failed  next  year  with 
the  3-act  heroic  opera  Fernando^  oit  Ics  Jfaiurs, 
and  soon  after  repaired  to  London.  At  his  iirst 
concert,  on  May  27,  1805,  he  produced  a  pf  - 
concerto  and  a  symphony  of  his  own  composi- 
tion, and  played  other  concertos  on  June  i  and 
June  5.  He  was  received  with  the  greatest  ap- 
plause ;  and  everything  shows  that  he  retained 
his  popularity  throughout  his  7  years'  residence 
in  London.  Two  ballets  by  him  were  prod,  at 
the  King's  Th.,  La  surprise  dc  Diane  (Dec. 
21,  1805),  and  A  hire  (Jan.  27,  1807),  both  with 
considerable  success.  II is  compositions  were 
regularly  advertised  on  concert-programs  as 
special  attractions ;  as  late  as  May  16,  1812,  a 
new  concerto  was  played  at  a  Salomon  Concert 
by  Richard  Cudmore,  one  of  W.'s  pupils.  I  Us 
most  eminent  English  pupil  was  Cipriani  Potter. 
Of  his  stage-pieces,  the  comic  opera  Liebe  macht 
kttrseti  P  rot  ess  i  oder  Die  Heir  nth  attf  gewhst 
Art  (Vienna,  1801  ?;  W.  wrote  7  of  the  rg  mus. 
numbers)  still  remains  to  be  mentioned.  An 
extremely  prolific  composer,  he  publ.  69  works 
with  opus-numbers,  and  many  others  (chiefly  f. 
pf.)  without.  Though  very  fashionable  at  the 
time  in  Vienna,  Pans,  and  London,  few  of  his 
pf.-pieces  are  now  known.  The  best  of  the  7 
concertos  are  the  '*  Concerto  militaire,"  op.  43, 
and  "  Le  Calme,"  which  created  a  sensation  at 
London  in  1806,  The  grand  sonatas  **Non 
plus  ultra,"  op.  41,  and  "  Lc  (liable  a  quatrc,"  op. 
50,  likewise  deserve  mention,  Other  published 
comp. K  arc  2  symphonies,  9  striug-quartcts,  a 
dozen  pf. -trios,  2  trios  f.  2  clar.s  and  bassoon, 
many  violin-sonatas,  a  Uute-sonata,  a  'cello- 
sonnlzi,  about  40  pf. -sonatas,  duos  with  violin, 
a  duo  f.  2  pf.s,  a  "Mdthode  clc  piano'1  (with 
roo  studies,  op.  56),  24  prciucfus  f,  pf.,  sonatas 
f.  4  hands,  waltzes,  Polaccas,  Polonaises,  rondos, 
fantasias,  variations,  etc.,  f,  pf.;  other  instr.l 
pieces,  songs,  etc. 

Worfram,  Joseph  Maria,  b.  Dobraan,  IJo- 
hemia,  July  2i\  1789  ;  d.  Tcplitas,  Sept.  30, 
1839.  l*upif  of  KosKiluch  (harm.)  at  Prague,  and 
Drechsler  (pf.)  at  Vienna,  where  he  gave  music- 
lessons  from  1811-13;  obtained  a  government 
position  at  Thcusing,  and  became  mayor  of  Tcp- 
lit*  in  1824.  An  amateur  composer,  he  prod, 
an  opera  at  Teplitii  in  1820  (?),  and  several  others 
in  Dresden  from  1826-38,  one  of  them  (Alfred^ 
1826)  being  so  successful  that  W.  was  nearly 
called  to  succeed  Weber  as  Kaptlim.  A  "  Missa 
nuptiolis,"  some  pf. -pieces,  and  songs,  were 
publ. 

Wot'fnun,  Philipp,  b.  Schwarzenbich-  am 
Wsdd,  Bavaria,  Dec.  17,  1855 ;  pupil  i879-84of 
thci  Munich  School  of  Music ;  urns,  dir,  of  Het~ 


637 


WOLLANCK— WORMSER 


delberg  Univ.;  Dr.  fhil.  lion,  causa  (Leipzig, 
1891). —  Works:  the  "Grosses  Halleluja" 
[Klopstock],  and  other  choral  compositions  ;  pf  .- 
pieces  ;  songs. 

Wollanck,  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin,  Nov.  3, 
1782;  d.  there  Sept.  6,  1831,  as  counsellor  at 
the  city  court.  Amateur  composer. — Works 
Opera  Der  Alfenkirt  (Berlin,  1811);  "  Lieder- 
spiel"  Thibaut  von  Lewis;  music  to  Gubitz's 
drama  Licit!  und  Fneden  ;  monologues  from 
Maria  Stuart  and  Die  Braut  von  Messina;  2 
masses,  a  Requiem,  and  other  church-music ; 
over  100  songs,  33  part-songs  ,  the  cantata  Ilcd- 
717;'  von  jRungenhagen ;  2  overtures,  3  string- 
quartets  ;  2  sextets  ;  quintets ;  a  pf.-trio ;  pf.- 
sonatas ;  clarinet-concertos  ;  etc. 

Wollenhaupt,  Heinrich  Adolf,  b.  Schkeu- 
ditz,  n.  Leipzig,  Sept.  27,  1827  ;  d.  New  York, 
Sept.  18,  1863.  Pianist;  pupil,  at  Leipzig,  of 
J.  Knorr  (pf.)  and  M.  Ilauptmann  (comp.).  He 
went  to  New  York  in  1845  I  played  at  a  concert 
of  the  Philharm.  Soc.,  and  made  an  enviable 
reputation  as  a  concert-pianist  and  teacher ;  in 
1855  he  undertook  a  successful  concert-tour  in 
Europe.  Among  nearly  100  biilliant  pf. -pieces 
may  be  mentioned  op.  19  and  31,  military 
marches ;  op.  24,  Galop  di  bravura ;  op.^  27  and 
47,  Valses  styriennes ;  op.  30,  Improvisation  ; 
op.  32,  Nocturne;  op.  72,  Scherzo  brillante; 
besides  many  transcriptions  and  arrangements. 

Wollick[VoUicius;  BpUIcius],  Nicolas,  a 
native  of  Bar-le-Duc,  studied  at  Cologne,  and 
became  a  teacher  at  Metz. — Publ.  "Opus  aureum 
musices  castigatissimum,  de  gregoriana  et  figu- 
rativa  ..."  (Cologne,  1501 ;  2nd  ed.  1505  ,  3rd 
entirely  remodelled  ed.,  as  '*  Enchiridion  mu- 
sices  .  .  .  de  gregoriana,  etc.,"  1509;  4th  ed., 
like  the  3rd,  Paris,  1512 ;  and  gth,  1521). 

Wolzogen  [und  Neuhaus],  (Carl  August) 
Alfred,  Freiherr  von,  b.  Frankfort,  May  27, 
1833  ;  d.  San  Rerao,  Jan.  13, 1863.  From  1868 
Intendant  of  the  court  theatre  at  Schwerin.  Au- 
thor of  "ttber  Cheater  und  Musik"  (1860)  ; 
"*  fiber  die  szenische  Darstellung  von  Mozarts 
Don  Giovanni"  (1860) ;  "  Wilhelmine  Schroder- 
Devrient "  (1863)  ;  new  Gei-man  versions  of  Mo- 
zart's Don  Giovanni  and  Sckauspitldirector ; 
also  articles  in  periodicals. — His  son, 

Wolzogen  [und  Neuhaus],  Hans  (Paul), 
Freiherr  von,  Kichard  Wagner's  ardent  ad- 
mirer; b.  Potsdam,  Nov.  13,  1848.  Studied 
mythology  and  comparative  philology  at  Berlin 
1868-71 ;  then  devoted  himself  to  literature  in 
Potsdam  till  called  to  Bayreuth  in  1877  by  Wag- 
ner to  edit  the  "  Bairettther  Blotter."  Has  publ. 
44  Der  Nibelungenmythus  in  Sage  und  Littera- 
tur"  (1876) ;  "  ThematischerLeitfadendurch  die' 
Mtisikvon  R.Wagner's  Festspid  £>er  Xing  tits 
Nibflvngen"  (1876  ;  4th  ed.  as  " Erlauterungen 
zu  R.  W.'s  Nibelungendraraa,"  1878);  "tic 
Tragodie  in  Baireuth  und  ihr  Satyrtpiel "  (1876  ; 
$th  ed.  1881) ;  **  Grundlage  nnd  Aufgabe  des 
ailgemeinen  Fatronatvereins  zur  Pflege  und  Er- 


und  Isolde"  (1880),  "  Unsre  Zeit  und  unsre 
Kunst"  (1881) ;  "  Was  ist  Stil  ?  was  will  Wag- 
ner ?"  (1881) ;  "Die  Religion  des  Mitleidens  " 
(1882)  ;  "  R.  Wagners  llddengcslallen  crlau- 
tert"  (2nd  cd.  1886);  "  Wagncrmna"  (1888); 
R.  Wagner  und  die  Thierwcll ;  auch  cine 


Amer.  Review,"  under  Warner's  name);  **  Enn- 
nerungen  an  R.  Wagner  "  (1883) ;  many  :u  tides 
in  mus.  periodicals;  also  a  tiausl.  of  Schuro's 
"  Drame  musicale"  as  "l)a.s  nui.sikahhche 
Drama"  (1877;  2nded.  1879). 

Wood,  Mrs.  Mary  Ann.    Sec  PATON. 

Wood,  Mary  Knight,  b.  Kasthanipton, 
Mass.,  Apr.  7,  1857.  Pianist,  pupil  oj  1).  J. 
Lang  at  Boston,  and  A.  R.  Parsons,  J.  II,  Coi- 
nell,  and  II.  II.  IIuss  at  New  York.  I  las  publ. 
about  30  songs,  several  of  which  have  been 
brought  into  vogue  by  Uispham,  Julie  Wyman, 
and  other  noted  singers.  She  is  living  in  Nevfr 
York. 

Woodman,  Raymond  Huntingdon,  b. 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  18,  1861.  I1!. -pupil  of 
his  father;  studied  harm.,  cpt.,  and  orchestra- 
tion with  Dudley  Buck,  i&Sr~5,  and  with  Cesar 
Franck  at  Paris,  1888.  From  1875-9,  assl.-or- 
ganist  to  his  father  at  St.  George's  Ch.,  Flush- 
ing, L.  I.;  org.  of  Christ  Ch.,  Norwich,  Conn., 
1879-80  ;  mus.  editor  of  the  4I  New  York  Evan- 
gelist," 1894-7;  at  present  (1899)  orj>.  and 
choirm.  First  Presb.  ChM  Brooklyn  (since  iHHo); 
prof,  of  music  at  Packer  Collegiate  Insl.  (since 
1894) ;  head  of  organ-tlepl. ,  Mctr.  Coll.  of  Mu- 
sic, N.  Y.  (since  1889)  ;  etc.  His  church-choir 
of  mixed  voices  is  noted  for  excellent  perform- 
ances.— Publ.  works :  Romance,  The  Hrook, 
Spring  Song,  and  Three  Album-leaves,  f.  pf.; — 
Prayer  and  Cradle-son^,  and  Cantilenc,  f.  organ ; 
— numerous  popular  part-songs,  anthems,  and 
songs. 

Woolf,  Benjamin  Edward,  b.  London,  Feb. 
16,  1836.  Taken  to  America  in  1839  by  his 
father,  who  taught  him  the  mus.  elements,  and 
various  instr.s  ;  studied  under  \V.  K.  Nristow 
^organ)  at  New  York  ;  coud,  theatre-orchestras 
in  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  New  Orleans,  writ- 
ing overtures,  incidental  music,  etc.;  in  1870, 
mus.  and  dram,  critic  for  the  Boston  "  Globe," 
later  for  the  "  Sat.  Evening  Gazette,"  Ilesiclcs 
string-quartets,  pf. -trios,  etc.,  he  has  prod,  the 
"operatic  comedietta"  Law*  7>jr*/fr,  or  JDjakh 
and Djill  (Boston,  t88o) ;  the  2-act  comic  opera 
Pounce  &»  Co.  (ibid.,  1883) ;  overture  to  Shake- 
speare's Comedy\f  Errors  (1887) ;  the  3-act 
comic  opera  Westutard  ho  /  (Hoston,  1894 ; 
succ.) ;  etc. 

Wortnser,  Andv6  (Alphonse-Toussaint), 
b.  Paris,  Nov.  t,  i8$t.  Studied  at  Paris  Cons. 


WORK— WtJERST 


under  Murmontcl  (pf.)  and  Bazin  (harm,  and 
cpt.) ;  1st  prize  for  pf.-playing,  1872;  Grand 
pnx  de  Rome  in  1875.  Resides  in  Paris. — 
Works  :  The  3-act  opuia-comicme  At&k  de  Pon- 
tfueu  (Aix-lcs-Jiains,  1877) ;  3-act  pantomime 
/YsV//r/;///7vw'i'j/ii  (Paris,  1890;  London,  1891); 
*'  exotic  tantasy  "  m  3  acts  Le  Dragon  7^r/(I)arist 
1895)  ;  3-act  op. -com.  A'iW/( Paris,  1896)  ;  pan- 
tomime ritUal  (London,  1896);  ballet  VEtoik 
(Paris,  1897).  Also  several  symphonic  comp.s 
(u  Lupurcalc,"  * l Suite  tsigane,"  etc.);  pf. -pieces. 

Work,  Henry  Clay,  thecomposerof  "March- 
ing through  (icoiftia  ;  b.  Middletown,  Conn., 
Oct.  r,  1832  ;  d.  Ilaitford,  June  8,  1884.  A  sell- 
taught  composer  of  popular  songs.  1  lis  first  suc- 
cess was  '*  We  are  coming,  Sister  Mary"  ,  other 
well-known  ditties  are  u  Grandfather's  Clock," 
"  Father,  come  home,"  "Shadows  on  the  floor"; 
among  the  war-songs  (1861-5),  are  *'  Drafted 
into  the  army/1  "  tJod  save  the  Nation,'1 "  Song 
of  a  thousand  years,"  "Wake,  Nicodemus," 
"  Kingdom  coming,"  etc. 

Wouters,  (Francois-)  Adolphe,  b.  IJrussels, 
May  28,  1841  ;  studied  in  the  Cons,  there.  In 
1868,  organist  of  Notre-I>ame-cle-Kinistere,  and 
M.  tfa  f/i<i/>.  at  Saint-Nicolas;  since  1871,  pf.- 
prof.  at  the  Cons. — Works:  3  messes  solennelles; 
3  short  masses  ;  a  grand  Te  De-urn,  an  Ave  Ma- 
ria, a  **  Jcsu  refugium  nostrum  "  f.  bar.  solo,  etc. ; 
male  choruses  ;  a  symphonic*  overtine  ;  technical 
studies  and  transcriptions  I  pf.;  etc. 

Woy'cke,  Eugen  (Adalbert),  b.  Danzig, 
June  19, 1843.  Pianist ;  pupil  jit  Leipzig  Cons., 
i8(>4~7,  of  Moschcles,  IMaidy,  Hauptmann, 
Keiiwclce,  and  kichlcr.  Sottk'd  in  Kdinburgh 
as  a  ttiachvr.  lias  publ.  a  number  of  interest- 
ing pf. -pieces  :  7  Sonatas  (u  Diamatique,"  u  Ko- 
manticjiu',"  "  roolititio,"  "  ( 'ripriciuii.su,"  "  Ile- 
roYque,"  "  Fantuhtiejuo,"  antl'lSentiiueiitale,Mthe 
last  two  with  violin);  Andante,  op.  19;  "  Au 
rou»t,"op.  23;  "  L'oisilloix,"  op,  35;  8  Novel- 
Icttcs,  op.  41 ;  6  characteristic  pieces,  op.  42  ; 
etc.— I  Its  wile,  Emily  Drechsler  W.,  »<fc  I  lam- 
ilton,  daughter  of  Adam  Hamilton  of  Kdinburgh, 
in  a  concert-violinist,  playing  in  public  since  her 
nth  year,  ami  at  the  (lewaudhaus,  Leipzig,  Oct. 
31,  1869.  Married  in  1871, — Their  son,  Victor, 
b.  Kdinburgh,  1872,  taught  by  his  parents,  made 
his  dtSbut  AH  a  violinist  on  November  30,  1889  ; 
since  1892,  in  New  York,  whore  he  has  taught 
at  the  National  Cons. 

Woyrsch,  Felix  von,  b.  Troppau,  Austrian 
Silesia,  Oct.  8,  1860.  A  pupil  of  A.  Chevallicr 
at  Hamburg,  but  chiefly  self-taught ;  since  1895, 
coucl  of  the  Altona  SitigakatteMis  ;  also  organ- 
ist of  the  IMedeuakirche.  Composer  of  marked 
ability.— Works :  Comic  opera  J>er  Pfarrertton 
Mettdm  (Hamburg,  tSB6) ;  3-act  comic  opera 
Der  Weibtr&riM( Hamburg,  1890;  nerlin,t892); 
3-act  opem  Wikit^trfahrt  (Nuremberg,  1896  ; 
succ.) ;  opera  Donna  fiiana  /  mu.sic  to  S&kwtiala 
(Bmalau,  1885) ;  Dtutscher  liter bann,  f.  soli,  male 
ch-,  and  orck,}  op*  39 ;  ttis  Urfurt  Jesu^  f.  BOli, 


ch.,  and  orch.,  op.  rS  ;  "Sapphischc  Ode  an 
Aphrodite"  f.  sopr.  t.olo,  female  eh.,  and  orch.; 
i4  Edward,"  ballade  f.  bar.  and  orch.,  op.  12; 
"Deutsche  Volkslieder"  from  the  I4th-i6th  cen- 
tury, #4-7,  op.  33  ;  "  Persische  Lie<ler,"op.  6  ; 
*4Spanische  Lieder,"op.  14  ;  "  Kattenfangerlic- 
der,"  op.  16  ; — symphony  in  li[^  minor  (1892); 
symphonic  prologue  to  Dante's  "Divina  Corn- 
media"  ;  a  string-quartet,  a  pf.-qnartct,  a  violin- 
sonata,  etc. 

Wranifzky,  Paul,  b.  Neureusch,  Moravia, 
Dec.  30,  1756  ;  d.  Vienna,  Sept.  28, 1808.  Pu- 
pil of  J.  Kmuss  at  Vienna ;  violinist  in  the  Kster- 
luxy  orch.  under  Ihiydn  ;  in  1785,  JCaJ>elhn*  of 
the  Imp.  Opera,  Vienna,  lie  prod,  numeious 
opcias,  operetUis,  and  ballets  ;  wrote  music  to 
several  dramas  ;  composed  s 7  symphonies  (some 
equally  popular  with  Iladyn's)  ;  12  quintets,  45 
quartets,  and  9  trios  for  strings ;  3  tiios  f.  2 
llutes  und  'cello ;  divertissements  f .  pf.  andstnng s 
(op.  34) ;  pf.-trios  (op.  21) ;  and  3  pf.-sonatas, — 
Ihs  brother,  Anton,  b.  Neureusch,  1761,  d.  Vi- 
enna, 18 19 ;  violinist,  pupil  of  I'aul  W. ,  Al- 
brechtsberger,  Mozart,  and  Haydn.  A'aflt'Mtu. 
to  Prince  Lobkowitz ;  esteemed  as  a  teacher. — 
Woiks:  2  masses  (MS.),  a  violin-concerto,  6 
stri nji -cmintets,  15  string-quartets,  duos  and  va- 
riations f.  2  violins,  violin-bonatas,  and  a  method 
f.  violin. 

Wre'de,  Ferdinand,  b.  Hanover,  1828;  d. 
Fninkfort-ou-the-Oder,  Jun.  20,  1899.  Pian- 
ist, pupil  of  Maisehner,  MethfesHcl,  and  Litolff; 
at  Frankfort  he  was  cantor  of  the  Marienkirche, 
concl.  of  the  Sirtga£a<te//iiei  and  singing-teaehcr 
in  the  public  schools. — Works  :  Male  choruses, 
songs,  and  pf. -pieces. 

Wrighton,  W,  T.,  popular  English  song- 
compoHer ;  b.  1816  ;  d.  Tunbridge  Wells,  July 
13,  1880.  Some  well-known  numbers  are  '*  Kvcr 
with  thcc,"  u  My  mother's  name/'  "  Faded 
Rose,"  (C  I'ostmanLH  Knock,"  "  April  Showers." 
With  H.  W.  A.  Iteale  he  "•edited  "Congrega- 
tiontU  Psalmody  "  (London,  1858). 

Wti'erst,  Richard  (Ferdinand),  b.  Berlin, 
Feb.  22,  1824;  d.  there  Oct.  9,  1881.  Uesides 
instniction  from  Kungenha^cn  at  the  Akademic, 
he  wus  taujfht  violin-pkyin^  by  Hubert  Ries, 
and  later  by  David  at  Leipzig,  and  composition 
by  Mendelssohn.  In  1845-6  he  studied  in  Leip- 
zig, Frankfort,  Brussels,  and  Paris.  lie  then 
settled  in  Berlin,  teaching  composition  for  many 
years  at  Kullak's  Academy ;  titles  of  *4  R.  Mus. 
bin*1  (1856)  and  "  JVofessor  "  (1874) ;  elected  a 
member  of  the  Acad.  of  Arts  in  1877.  Editor  of 
the  "  Neue  Berliner  Musikiwitung  "  1874-5. 
Esteemed  critic  .for  the  "  tterliner  FreiBdcn- 
blatt,"  andformus-periodicals. — Works:  Operas 
Der  JKothntQntcl '/  Aer  Stern  v&t  Turan  j  Vinefa 
(Mannheim,  1864) ;  Sine  £# nttbrreise  (operetta, 
with  Winterfeld ;  Berlin,  1868)  ;  A«w-/o*M 
(Mannheim  and  Berlin,  1875) »  /fc**&*  (Kerlin, 
1876) ;  Dit  OJftdtre  tier  JCaiserin  (Berlin,  1878) ; 
tfce  lyric  cantat|t  £&  W&sserntck;  2  symphonies 


639 


— XANROF 


(No,  2,  op.  21,  won  prize  at  Cologne,  1849)  ; 
overtures  ;  a  violin-concerto  ;  string -quartets  ; 
songs  ;  etc. 

Wiill'ner,  Franz,  b.  Minister,  Westphalia, 
Jan.  28,  1832  ;  pupil  there  of  C.  Arnold  and  A. 
Schindler,  following  the  latter  to  Frankfort  in 
1848,  and  studying  there  under  him  and  F. 
Kessler  till  1852.  The  winter  of  1850-1  was 
spent  at  Berlin  with  Grell,  Dehn,  and  Rungen- 
hagen.  After  further  study  at  Brussels,  Cologne, 
Bremen,  Hanover,  and  Leipzig,  also  giving  piano- 
concerts  in  which  Beethoven's  last  sonatas  were 
prominent,  he  went  to  Munich,  1854,  andwasapp. 
pf. -teacher  at  the  Cons,  in  1856.  In  1858  he 
became  town  mus.  dir.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  with 
the  title  (1861)  of  "  R.  Mus.  Dir."  With  Rietz 
he  conducted  the  4ist  Lower  Rhine  Mus.  Fest. 
of  1864 ;  then  returned  to  Munich  to  conduct 
the  court  chapel,  and  in  1867  became  director 
of  the  choral  classes  in  the  reorganized  School 
of  Music,  writing  for  them  excellent  "Chorti- 
bungen  der  Munchener  Musikschule."  lie  suc- 
ceeded von  Bulow  in  1869  as  cond.  of  the  Court 
Opera  and  the  Academy  Concerts,  becoming  ist 
court  conductor  in  1870,  and  "R.  Professor" 
in  1875.  In  1877  he  succeeded  Rietz  as  court 
Kapelhu.  at  Dresden,  and  artistic  director  of  the 
Cons  ;  in  1882  Schuch  was  promoted  to  take 
W.'s  place  as  court  cond.  ;  the  latter  conducted 
the  Lower  Rhine  Festival  at  Aix-la-Chapelle 
that  year,  and  the  Berlin  Philharm.  Concerts 
in  the  winter  of  1883-4  ;  and  on  Oct.  I,  1884, 
succeeded  Hiller  as  Director  of  the  Cologne 
Cons.,  and  cond.  of  the  Gurzenich  Concerts.  A 
distinguished  conductor,  he  hasdirected  two  other 
Lower  Rhine  Festivals  (1886,  1890) ;  is  a  most 
successful  teacher ;  and  has  made  a  good  name 
as  a  composer. — Works :  Cantata  ffeinnch  der 
Finkler^  f.  soli,  male  ch.,  and  orch.  (ist  prize  at 
competition  of  the  Aix-la-Chapelle  Liedei-tafelt 
1864) ;  additional  recitatives  to  Weber's  Oberon 
(accepted  by  various  leading  theatres  in  Ger- 
many) ;  Psalm  125,  f.  ch.  and  orch.,  op.  40 ; 
Miserere  f.  double  choir,  op.  26  ;  Stabat  Mater 
f.  do.;  op.  45  ;  other  masses,  motets,  songs  f. 
mixed  chorus,  and  songs  ;  chamber-music ;  pf.- 
pieces. 

Wun'derlich,  Johann  Georg,  b.  Bayreuth, 
1755 ;  d.  Paris,  1819.  Flute-virtuoso,  pupil 
of  his  father,  and  of  Rault  at  Paris,  appearing 
at  a  Concert  spirituel  in  1779 ;  in  1782  and,  in 
1787  ist  flute  in  the  royal  orch.  and  at  the  OpeYa ; 
in  1794,  flute-prof,  at  the  Cons.,  where  he  taught 
till  death  ;  his  most  famous  pupil  was  Tulou. — 
Publ.  6  duos  f .  flutes ;  sonatas  f .  flute  and  bass ; 
3  do.  w.  bassoon  (or  'cello) ;  6  solos  f .  flute ;  9 
grand  do. ;  6  divertissements ;  caprices,  eludes, 
and  a  Method,  f.  flute. 

WurTel,  Wilhelm,  b.  Planisra,  Bohemia, 
1791 ;  d.  Vienna,  Apr.  22, 1852 ;  excellent  pianist 
and  teacher ;  after  tours  he  became  prof,  at  the 
Warsaw  Cons.  (1815) ;  from  1826,  sub-conductor 
at  the  Karnthnertfior  Th.,  Vienna.'— Works : 
3-act  opera  Rtibez&hl  ^Prague,  1824);  comic 


opera  Rothmantel  (Vienna,  1832  ?) ;  pf. -concerto, 
op.  28;  "Wellington's  Victory"  f.  pf.  4  hands, 
op.  13  ;  Fantaisie,  op.  45  ;  rondos,  polonaises, 
variations,  etc.,  f.  pf. 

Wurm,  Wilhelm,  b.  Brunswick,  1826.  Vir- 
tuoso on  the  lornei  & phions ;  since  1847  in  St. 
Petersburg,  from  1863  teacher  of  comet  at  the 
Cons.,  and  from  1869  bandmabtor-in-chicf  of  the 
Russian  Guards. — Comp.s  f.  cornet. 

Wurm,  Marie,  b.  Southampton,  Kngl.,  May 
18,  1860.  Pianist,  pupil  of  Piuckner  and  Stark 
at  the  Stuttgart  Cons.;  from  1878-80,  of  Anna 
Mehlig,  Mary  Krebs,  Jos.  WiemawsU  ;  in  1880, 
of  Raff  and  Frau  Schumann  ;  won  the  Mendels- 
sohn Scholarship  in  1884,  and  has  studied  since 
with  Stanford,  Sullivan,  Bridge,  and  Keinccke. 
As  a  concert-pianist  she  has  met  with  success  at 
the  Crystal  Palace  (1882)  and  numerous,  recitals 
in  London,  and  at  the  Monday  Popular  Concerts 
1(1884)  J  ak°  at  I'eipz*g»  Meinmgen,  Uerlin,  etc. 
*  —Works :  An  overture  ;  a  pf.-conceito ;  a  string  - 
quartet  (op.  40 ;  1894) ;  Prelude  and  Fugue  f.  2 
pf.s ;  sonata  f.  pf.  and  violin  ;  sonata  f .  pf.  and 
'cello;  pf. -sonata;  "TanzwcLsen,"  4  hands; 
Valse  de  concert ;  IJarcarollc ;  etc. 

Wylde,  Henry,  b.  liushey,  Hertfordshire, 
May  23,  1822;  d.  London,  Mar.  13,  i8cp. 
Pianist ;  a  pupil  of  Mo&ehek-s,  and  (1843)  of  Cip- 
riani Potter  at  the  R.  A.  M.;  in  1844,  organist 
of  St.  Ann's,  Aldcrsgnte  St.;  became  prof,  in 
the  R.  A.  M.;  founded  the  New  I'hilhann.  Soc. 
in  1852,  and  conducted  its  concerts  1858-79; 
took  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.,  Cambridge,  in  1851, 
and  succeeded  K.  Taylor  as  (Jreslwm  Prof,  of 
Music  in  1863.  lie  built  St.  George's  Hall,  and 
in  1871  established  the  "London  Academy  of 
Music,'*  remaining  its  principal  until  death. — 
Publ.  "Harmony  and  the  Science  of  Music" 
{1865  and  1872) ;  "Music  in  its  Art  Mysteries" 
(1867) ;  "  Modern  Counterpoint  hi  Major  Keys" 
(1873);  "Occult  Principles  of  Music"  (i 88 1) ; 
"  Music  as  an  Educator"  (1882) ;  "  Evolution  of 
the  IteautifuJ  in  Sound  "  (1887) ;  cantata  Praise 
and  Prayer,  op.  14;  a  pf. -concerto  ;  pf. -sonatas, 
op.  i,  7 ;  Rhapsody  f.  pf.,  op.  2  ;  etc. 

Wyman,  Addison  P.,  b.  Cornish,  N.  IT., 
June  23,  1832;  d.  Washington,  Penn.,  Apr.  15, 
1872.^  Teacher  of  violin,  etc.,  at  Wheeling,  W. 
Va.,  in  1859  I  founded  a  successful  music-school 
at  Claremont,  N.  II.,  in  1869.— IHihl.  popular 
pf.-pieces:  "  Silvery  Waves,"  "  Woodland 
Echoes,"  "Moonlight  Musings,"  "Music among: 
the  Pines,"  etc. 


X 

Xanrof,  [L£on  Fourneau,  called  Xanrof,]  b. 
Paris,  Dec.  9, 1867.  Amateur  comp. ;  lawyer  by 
profession.  His  first  essays  were  sonsjs  for 
Yvette  Guilberl ;  since  1890  he  has  prod,  light 
stage-pieces  in  minor  Parisian  theatres ;  writes 
for  several  papers. 


640 


XYJ-ANDEK— ZAJl£ 


Xylander  (tec ft-  Holtz'mann),  Wilhelm,  b. 
Augsburg,  Dec  26,  1532;  d,  Heidelberg,  Feb. 
jo,  1576,  as  prof,  of  Gieck  Wrote  a  Latin 
transl.  of  Psello's  "Compendium  mathem.  qua- 
drivium,  id  cst  arithmetica,  musica,  georaetria  et 
astronomia  "  (Leyden,  1647). 

Xyndas,  Spiridion,  Greek  composer ;  b. 
Corfu,  1812;  d.  in  poverty'at  Athens,  Nov.  25, 
1896.  Wiote  many  charming  and  popular  melo- 
dies to  new-Greek  songs  ;  also  successful  ballad- 
operas  (Count  Julian  ;  The  Two  JKivalsj  The 
Parh  amentary  Candidate), 


Yussupoff, fc  Prince  Nicolai,  b.  St.  Peters- 
burg, 1827.  Excellent  violinist,  pupil  of  Vieux- 
temps. — Works:  A  program-symphony  "Gon- 
zalvo  de  Cordova,"  with  violin  obbligato;  "  Con- 
certo symphonique"  f.  violin;  etc.;— also 
"Luthomonographie  historique  et  rajsonnee" 
(1856;  on  violin-making);  and  "Histoire  de  la 
musique  en  Russie.  .  .  .  Musique  sacree  suivie 
d'un  choix  de  morceaux  de  chants  d'eglise" 
(1862). 

Yzac.    See  ISAAC. 


Yost,  Michel,  celebrated  clarinettist;  b. 
Paris,  1754;  d.  there  July  5,  1786.  Pupil  of 
Beer.— Publ.  14  clar. -concertos ;  30  quartets  f. 
clar.  and  strings  ;  8  books  of  duos  f.  clarinets  ; 
Airs  varies  f .  clar.  w.  viola  and  bass. 

Young,  Rev.  Matthew,  b.  Roscommon, 
1750;  d.  Nov.  28,  1800.  Prof,  at  Dublin  Univ.; 
Bishop  of  Clonfert  and  Ivilmacduagh. — Publ. 
*'An  Inquiry  into  the  Principal  Phenomena  of 
Sounds  and  Mus.  Strings  "  (1784). 

Young,  John  Matthew  Wilson,  b.  Dur- 
ham, Kngl.,  Dec,  17,  1822;  d.  W,  Norwood, 
Mar.  4,  1897.  ist  boy-solo  at  Durham  Cath.; 
pupil  and  assistant  of  Dr.  Henshaw;  in  1850, 
organist  of  Lincoln  Cath.,  retiring  in  1895. — 
Works:  Sacred  cantata  The  Return  oj  Jsrael 
to  P&lestin?  (Lincoln  Festival,  1892);  Festival 
Service ;  Morning  Service ;  Te  Dcums,  anthems, 
etc. 

Yradier,  Sebastian, Spanish  song-composer; 
d.  Vittorin,  1865.  His  most  popular  song  is 
"Ay  Chiquita."  A  coll.  of  25  favorite  num- 
bers, to  words  by  Ttigliufico  and  Paul  Bernard, 
was  pubL  at  Paris. 

Yriar'te,  Don  Tomas  de,  Spanish  poet;  b. 
Teneriflfe,  about  1750;  d.  Santa  Maria,  n.  Cadis, 
1791.  His  didactic  poem  '*  La  Musica"  (1779) 
was  transl.  into  Italian  (1789),  French  (1800;, 
and  KngUsh(iBir). 

Ysaye,  Eugfene,  celebrated  violinist;  b. 
Liege,  Belgium,  July  16,  1858.  Pupil  of  his 
father  [a  cond.  and.  violinist] ;  then  of  Liege 
Cons,,  and  of  Wieniawski  and  Vieuxtemps  at 
Brussels;  the  latter's  influence  obtained  stale 
aid  for  the  prosecution  of  Y.'s  studies  in  Paris. 
He  was  leader  in  Bilse's  orch.t  Berlin,  till  1881 ; 
since  which  time  he  has  become  one  of  the 
foremost  among  contemporary  violinists  (tours 
throughout  Europe  and  N.  America).  Krom 
1886,  head  prof,  of  violin-playing-  at  the  Brus- 
sels Cons.,  and  leader  of  the  "  Ysaye  Quartet." 
In  1893,  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.— 
Works :  6  violin-concertos ;  variations  on  a  theme 
byPaganitti;  3  Maaurkas  f.  violin  (No.  3,  op. 
rr,  is  "tain tain  passe*");  op.  12,  Foeme  <$!<$- 
ff  violin  w.  orch.  (or  pf.);  etc*  , 


Zabal'za  y  Ola'so,  Don  Damaso,  b.  Iru- 
rita,  Navarra,  Dec.  n,  1833;  d.  Madrid,  Feb. 
25,  1894.  Pupil  of  Sagabeta,  Vidaola,  and 
Mariano  Garcia  ;  in  1858  he  settled  in  Madrid 
as  a  concert-pianist  and  teacher  ,  was  later  app. 
prof,  of  theory  and  declamation  at  the  National 
Cons.  Wrote  an  immense  number  of  pf.  -pieces, 
many  very  popular  ;  also  sonatinas,  and  studies 
used  in  the  Conservatories  of  Madrid,  Barce- 
lona, Paris,  and  Milan. 

ZaT>el,  Carl,  b.  Berlin,  Aug.  19,  1822  ;  d. 
"Brunswick,  Aug.  19,  1883,  as  2nd  Jtafellttt.  at 
the  court  theatre.  —  Comp.  ballets,  military  mu- 
sic, dances. 

Zacco'ni,  Ludovico,  b.  Pesaro,  1540;  d. 
about  1600.  Augustinian  monk,  cond.  of  a 
monastery-choir  at  Venice,  in  1593  a  member  of 
the  Vienna  court  orch.,  in  1595  do.  at  Munich, 
and  returned  to  Venice.  His  great  work  4  *  Prat- 
tica  di  Musica,"  in  two  parts  (Venice,  1592  ; 
1622),  is  a  valuable  treatise  on  mensural  theory 
and  counterpoint,  and  also  on  contemporary 
instr.s. 

Zachari'a,  Eduard,  b.  IIolzappeler-Htltte, 
Nassau,  June  2,  1828  ;  pastor  at  Mazsayn,  Un- 
ter-  Westerwald.  Inventor  of  the  *  '  Kunstpedal  " 
for  pianofortes,  a  set  of  4  pedals  lifting  the 
dampers  from  8  divisions  of  the  strings  : 
B,  c—t,  J—a, 


Zach'au,  Peter,  town  musician  at  Lttbeck, 
publ.  "  7  Branlen,  dazu  Gigen,  Gavotten  .  .  . 
mit  3  Couranten"  (1683),  and  "  Erster  Theil 
vierstimmieer  Viol  di  gonab  Lustspiele  solo" 
(1693  ;  preludes,  Allemandes,  etc.). 

Zach^au,  Friedrich  Wilhelm,  b.  Leipzig, 
Nov.  lo,  1663  ;  d.  Halle,  Aug.  14,  1712,  as  or- 
ganist (since  1684)  of  the  Liebfrauenkirche.  He 
was  Handel's  teacher.  Organ-pieces,  figurate 
chorals,  etc.,  were  publ.  in  Breitkopf  &  Hotel's 
"Sammlung  von  Ptfiludien,  Fugen,  etc.,1'  and 
other  colls. 


,  Florian,  excellent  violinist  ;  b.  Un- 
hoscht,  Bohemia,  May  4,  1853.  Studied  for  8' 
years  at  the  Prague  Cons,  under  M.  Mildner, 
Bennewitz,  etc.  ;  joined  the  theatre-orch.  at 
Augsburg,  became  leader  at  Mannheim  and  < 
(1881)  Strassburg,  succeeding  Lotto  ;  and  (i88g) 


641 


ZAMMINER— ZECKWER 


at  Hamburg ;  in  1891  he  succeeded  Sauret  as 
violin-teacher  at  the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin. 

Zammi'ner,  Friedrich,  b.  Darmstadt, 
1818  (?);  d.  Giessen,  Aug.  16,  1856,  as  prof  of 
physics ;  publ.  "  Die  Musik  und  die  musika- 
lischen  Instrumente  in  ihrer  Beziehung  zu  den 
Gesetzen  der  Akusfak  "  (2  vol.s ;  Giessen,  1855), 
an  important  contribution  to  acoustic  science. 

Zanardi'm,  Angelo,  b.  Venice,  Apr.  9, 1820; 
d.  Milan,  Mar.  7,  1893.  In  1854  he  prod,  at 
Venice  the  opera  Amleto,  of  which  he  also  wrote 
the  libretto  ;  he  also  wrote  the  texts  for  Ponchi- 
elli's  //  Jighuol  prodigo,  Massenet's  Htrodiade^ 
Mancinelli's  Isora  di  Provenza^  Catalani's  De- 
janice,  Domeniceti's  //  logo  delle  fate,  etc.; 
translated  many  foreign  libretti  (e.  g.,  Wagner's) 
into  Italian. 

Zanetti'nL    See  GIANETTINI. 

Zang,  Johann  Heinrich,  b.  Zella  St.  Blasii, 
n.  Gotha,  Apr.  13,  1733 :  d.  as  cantor  at  Main- 
stockheim,  Aug.  18,  1811.  Excellent  pianist 
and  organist ;  pupil  for  2  years  of  J.  S.  Bach  at 
Leipzig.  He  comp.  and  engraved  *4  Die  sin- 
gende  Muse  am  Main  "  (1776) ;  wrote  a  "  Kunst- 
und  Handwerksbuch,"  Part  ii  of  which  is  "  Der 
vollkommene  Orgelmacher,  oder  Lehre  von  der 
Orgel  und  Windprobe "  (1804).  In  MS.  are 
church-cantatas,  organ-trios,  pf. -sonatas. 

Zang'e  [Zangius],  Nicolaus,  d.  Berlin,  be- 
fore 1620,  as  Kapettm*  to  the  Elector  of  Brand- 
enburg.— Publ.  "  SchOne  teutsche  geistliche  und 
weltliche  Lieder" a  5  (1597),  and  "  AnderTheil 
deutscher  Lieder"  a  3  (1611 ;  both  in  Liegnitz 
Library) ;  "  Lustige  neue  deutsche  Lieder  und 
Quodlibete"«  5-6  (1620;  in  Berlin  Library); 
and  "Cantiones  sacrae"0  6  (1630;  Danzig 
Library).  Other  pieces  in  coll.s,  and  MS. 

Za'ni  de  Ferranti,  Marco  Aurelio,  b.  Bo- 
logna, July  6,  1800 ;  d.  Pisa,  Nov.  28,  1878. 
Eminent  guitar-virtuoso ;  gave  concerts  at  Paris 
(1820) ;  was  in  St.  Petersburg  1821-4  as  private 
secretary  ;  then  made  highly  successful  concert- 
tours  to  Hamburg,  Paris,  London,  and  Brussels, 
where  he  settled  in  1827  as  a  guitar-teacher,  be- 
coming prof,  of  Italian  at  the  Cons,  in  1846. 
Returned  to  Italy  in  1855. 
Zanolu.  See  GAGLIANO. 
Zara'te,  Eleodoro  Ortiz  de,  b.  Valparaiso, 
Dec.  29,  1865.  St.  there  in  the  Collegio  di  San 
Luis  ;  in  1885  won  ist  prize  offered  by  the 
Chilian  government,  and  studied  in  Milan  Cons, 
under  Saladino  ;  won  prize  in  1886  for  his  opera 
Giwanna  la  pazza  ;  graduated  1888 ;  travelled 
and  studied  in  Italy.  In  1895  he  brought  out 
the  first  Chilian  opera,  La  fioraia  de  Lugano,  at 
Santiago,  Chili,  Nov.  10,  with  success, 

Zarem1>a,  Nicolai  Ivanovitch  de,  b.  1824 ; 
d.  St.  Petersburg,  Apr.  8,  1879.  Pupil  of  Marx  ; 
teacher  at  the  St.  Petersburg  Cons,  from  its 
foundation  in  1862  ;  A.  Rubinstein's  successor 
as  Director,  1867-71. 

Zaremb'ski,  Jules  de,  b.  Shitomir,  Russian 


Poland,  Feb.  28,  1854,  d.  there  Sept.  15,  1885. 
Brilliant  pianist ;  pupil  of  Dachs  at  Vienna,  and 
Liszt  at  Weimar.  Succeeded  L.  IJrassin  in 
1879  as  pf.-prof.  at  Biussels  Cons. — Works : 
Op.  7,  3  concert-studies  ,  op.  18,  Ballade ;  op. 
20,  Serenade  burlesque ;  op.  22,  IJerceuse ; 
op.  23,  "A  travels  Tologne"  (6  pjeces)  ;  op 
26,  Serenade  espagnole ,  op.  27,  Etrennes  (6 
pieces). 

Zarli'no,  Gioseffo,  important  thcoi  i.st ;  b. 
Chioggia,  Mar.  22,  1517 ;  d.  Venice,  Feb.  14, 
1590.  He  entered  the  Franciscan  order  in 
1537,  and  in  1541  went  to  Venice,  completing 
his  musical  studies  there  under  Willaert.  In 
1565  he  succeeded  his  fellow-pupil  Cipriano  de 
Rore  as  maestro  di  cappeUa  at  San  Marco,  hold- 
ing this  position  until  his  death.  lie  likewise 
held  the  office  of  chaplain  at  San  Scvero.  To 
obtain  the  former  post,  Z.  must  have  been  a 
composer  of  eminence  ;  Fosearini,  indeed,  terms 
him  "  the  famous  regenerator  of  music  in  all 
Italy";  but  most  of  his  MSS.  have  been  either 
lost  or  stolen,  as  his  only  extant  compositions 
are  21  "  Modulations "  a  6  (Venice,  1566; 
edited  by  Z.'s  pupil,  Usbcrti) ;  3  4I  Lectiones 
pro  mortuis  "  (part  of  a  coll.  of  motets  a  4  by 
de  Rore  ct  #/.;  publ.  by  Scotto,  1563),  and  a 
mass  (MS.  in  library  of  the  Liceo  Filarmonico, 
Bologna).  II is  theoretical  works  arc  **  Tnslilu- 
zioni  harmoniche"  (Venice,  1558  ;  rvpubl.  1562, 
1573  ;  in  it  Z.  recognizes  the  natural  opposition 
of  the  major  and  minor  triads,  taken  up  later  by 
Tartmi,  and  with  more  success  by  Ilauplmann  ; 
he  also  gives  lucid  and  practical  demonstrations 
of  double  counterpoint  and  canon,  illustrated 
by  numerous  examples  in  notes);  "Diinostra- 
zioni  harmoniche"  (1571 ;  1573) ;  and  "Sonpli- 
menti  musicali,"  containing  explanations  of  the 
two  foregoing  works  (1588).  The  above,  to- 
gether with  several  non-musical  treatises,  arc  in 
his  collected  works  (1589 ;  4  vol.s). 

Zarzycki,  Alexander,  distinguished  pianist ; 
b.  Lemberg,  Austrian  Poland,  Feb.  21,  1831  ; 
d.  Warsaw,  Nov.  i,  1895.  Studied  in  Lcinberg, 
and  later  (1856-61)  at  Paris  (Reber,  theory); 
gave  brilliant  concerts  in  France>  Germany, 
Austria,  and  Poland ;  cond.  of  the  Warsaw 
Mus.  Soc.  in  1870 ;  Director  (1879)  of  the  Cons. 
there,  succeeding  di  Kontski. — Works :  KITec- 
tive  pf. -pieces  (op.  7,  Grande  Polonaise  w.  orch.; 
op.  10,  two  Nocturnes ;  op.  17,  pf. -concerto  ; 
op.  18,  Grand  Valse ;  op.  19,  20,  Mazurkas  ; 
op.  24,  Serenade  and  Val&e- Impromptu  ; 
34,  3  pieces ;  op.  37,  Suite  polonaise 

Zaytz,  Giovanni  von,  b.  Fiume,  1834. 
Pupil  of  Lauro  Rossi  at  Milan  Cons.  1850-0  ; 
since  1870  at  Agrara  as  cond.  at  the  theatre 
and  singing-teacher  at  the  Cons.— -Works  :  The 
first  Croatian  opera,  Nicola  Subie  Zrinjski 
(1876),  and  several  others ;  also  about  a  score 
of  i-act  German  operettas;  instr,!  pieces, 
masses,  choral  comp.s,  songs,  etc. 

Zeck'wer,  Richard,  b.    Stendal,  Prussia, 


iptu ;  op. 
w,  orch,). 


ZEISLER— ZERRAUN 


Apr.  30,  1850.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Moscheles 
and  Pappentz,  at  Leipzig  Cons.,  for  pf.  and 
organ;  of  Hauplmann,  Richter,  and  Remecke, 
for  comp.  From  1870-7,  organist  of  St.  Vin- 
cent dc  Paul,  Philadelphia,  of  Philadelphia 
Cath  ,  1878-80,  From  1870-6,  teacher  at  the 
Phila.  Mus.  Acnd.;  Director  of  same  since 
1876.  lias  prod,  scvcial  compositions  fororch., 
f  pf,,  and  f.  voice. 

Zeisler.     Sue  UI.OOMFJKLD-ZKISLER 

Zelen'ka,  Jan  Dismas,  b.  Lannowicz,  I  Bo- 
hemia, Oct.  16,  1679 ;  d.  Dresden,  Dec.  23, 
1745.  lie  was  asst.-cond.  to  Heinichen  at 
Dresden,  and  after  the  latter's  death  sole  cond., 
though  without  the  title  of  "  llof kapellmeister  " 
In  1735  he  was  app.  court  church-composer. — 
Works  20  masses,  3  Requiems,  2  Te  Deums, 
and  other  sacred  music  ;  also  3  oratorios,  Die 
ekerne  tif/i/aagf,  Jt'sus  aitf  Golgotha,  and  / 
pcnitenti  at  wfohroj  cantatas  and  arias  ;  and  a 
Latin  melodrama. 

Zelen'ski,  Ladislas,  b.  Galicia(on  the  family 
estate  Gradkowice),  July  6,  1837  ;  pupil  of  Mi- 
recki  at  Cracow,  Krejci  at  Prague,  and  Damcke 
at  Paris.  Prof,  of  composition  at  Warsaw  Cons. 
—Works:  "  Lm  Tatra-Gebiigc"  f.  full  orch., 
op  ,  27  ;  *'  TraueikUnge"  f.  orch.,  op.  36;  a 
symphony  ;  2  cantatas  w.  orch.;  Romanze  f. 
'cello  w.  ordi  t  op.  40  ;  3  string-quintets  ;  string- 
quaitet,  op.  28  ;  variations  f.  2  violins,  viola,  and 
'cello,  op.  21  ;  pi. -trio;  p f. -pieces  ;  also  a  mass 
w.  organ,  and  an  opera,  Goplana  (Cracow,  1896  ; 
succ.). 

Zell,  F.    See  WAi.scEL. 

Zell'ner,  Leopold  Alexander,  b.  Agram, 
Sept,  23,  1823  ;  d.  Vienna,  Nov.  24, 1894.  His 
father,  thu  cathedral-organist,  was  his  teacher ; 
as  a  child  he  played  the  organ,  'cello,  and  oboe ; 
at  15  he  became  organist  of  the  Katharinen- 
kirche,  and  played  the  kettledrums  in  the  theatrc- 
orch, ;  served  in  the  army  until  1849  ;  then  taught 
musie  in  Vienna,  founding  and  editing  the 
"Blatter  ftlr  Musik  "  (1855-68),  and  giving  a 
scries  of  well-attended  historical  concerts  (i  859- 
66) ;  and  succeeded  SechLcr  In  1868  as  prof,  of 
harmony  in  the  Cons,  and  Seer. -General  to  the 
'*  Geselfschuft  dor  Musikfreunde."  He  excelled 
as  an  harmonium-player ;  wrote  a  method  and 
transcriptions  for  the  instr.,  and  made  improve- 
ments in  it«  mechanism ;  he  also  publ.  instruc- 
tive 4-hand  pf. -pieces,  'cello-pieces,  and  choruses. 

Zell'ner,  Julius,  b.  Vienna,  1832.  lie  took 
up  serious  music-study  in  1851,  abandoning  a 
mercantile  career;  nnd  has  had  much  success  in 
Vienna  as  a  teacher  and  composer. — Works; 
2  symphonies,  in  K  and  E[?;  music  to  "Die 
sch&ne  MeluMine"  ;  "  Im  Ilochgebirge"  f,  »oii, 
ch.  and  orcjx. ;  chamber-music,  part-songs,  songs, 
and  pf. "pieces. 

Zel'ter,  Carl  Friedrich,  b.  Berlin,  Dec.  xx, 

1758  ;  d.  there  May-  15,  1833,    The  son  of  a 

•  master-mason,  and  brought  up  to  the  flame  trade, 

his  passion  for  music  wa&  irrepressible ;  he 


studied  under  Kirnberger  and  Fasch,  became 
leader  in  Rellstab's  "  Liebhaber-Concerte," 
brought  out  a  funeral-cantata  at  the  death  of 
Frederick  the  Great  in  1786,  and  in  1791  joined 
the  "  Singverein  "  (later  "  Singakademie  ")  con- 
ducted by  Fasch,  often  acting  as  the  latter's 
deputy,  and  succeeding  him  m  1800.  lie  was 
elected  associate  (**  Assessor  ")  of  the  Akademle 
in  rSof) ;  professor,  in  1809.  In  1807  he  organ- 
ized a  "  Ripienschulc  "  for  orchestral  practice  , 
and  in  1809,  the  Uerlin  lt  Liedertafel,"  the 
pioneer  male  choral  society  so  called  [the 
"  Dcutscher  Sangerbund  "  now  numbers  several 
hundred  such  associations,  with  over  50,000 
members],  for  which  Z.  composed  nearly  xoo 
male  choruses.  lie  also  founded  the  R.  Inst. 
for  church-music,  of  which  he  was  the  Director 
till  death,  in  1819.  The  friendship  between  Z. 
and  Goethe,  inspired  by  the  poet's  predilection 
for  Z.'s  songs,  and  the  latter's  admiration  for 
Goethe's  poetry,  found  expression  in  voluminous 
correspondence,  "  Brief wcchsel  zwischen  Goethe 
und  Zeltcr  "  (6  vol.  s  ;  1833-6).  In  his  songs  and 
male  choruses,  Z.  is  a  composer  of  national  im- 
portance ;  he  also  comp.  an  oratorio,  a  Te  Deum, 
a  Requiem,  and  many  pf. -pieces  ;  and  wrote  a 
Life  of  Carl  Fr.  Chr.  Fasch  (Berlin,  1801).— 
Dr.  W.  Rintel  wrote  "C.  F.  Z.,  eine  Lebens- 
beschreibung  "  (IJerlm,  1861). 

Zemlin'sky,  Alexander,  b.  Vienna,  1877, 
of  Polish  parentage.  Pupil  of  Director  Fuchs 
in  the  Vienna  Cons.  His  symphony  in  B(?  won 
prize  of  the  "  Gescllschaft  der  Musikfreundc  " 
at  Vienna,  1897  ;  his  opera  Sarema  (Munich, 
1897 ;  succ.)  took  2nd  prize  in  competition 
opened  by  Bavarian  Regent  in  1894  (libretto 
after  Gottschall's  "  Rose  vom  Kaukasus"). 

Zeng'er,  Max,  b.  Munich,  Feb.  2,  1837. 
Pupil  of  Stark  at  Munich,  and  of  the  Leipzig 
Cons.;  A'ageflm.  at  Ratisbon,  1860;  mus.  dir. 
of  the  Munich  Court  Opera,  1869 ;  court  cond. 
at  Karlsruhe,  1873 ;  resigned  on  account  of  ill- 
health,  and  became  cond.  of  the  Munich  Ora- 
torio Soc.  (1878-85),  the  Acad.  Gcsangvertin> 
and  the  choral  society  in  the  R.  School  of  Music, 
Degree  of  Dr.  phiL  hon.  cattsa  in  1897  from  the 
Univ.  of  Munich. — Works :  Opera  Die  Foscari 
(Munich,  1863) ;  opera  JKuy  -Bias  (Mannheim, 
1868) ;  4-act  opera  WielaiuitierSckwicd(M'Qmch.> 
1880;  revised,  1894);  oratorio  A"ain  [after  By- 
ron] (Munich,  1867;  often  perf.  elsewhere  in  Ger- 
many) ;  secular  cantata  Die  Hsinzelwdnnckeit, 
f.  mixed  ch.  and  orch.  (op.  79) ;  cantata  £ros 
und  Psych*;  a  ballets  [for  King  Ludwig  II.], 
Venus  und  Adonis,  and  Les  pltasirs  de  ViU  en~ 
<vfc»/*tt(both  1881,  in  private):  a  Gretchen  scenes 
from  Faust;  symphony  in  D ;  "tragic"  sym- 
phony ;  an  overture  (op.  43)  j  pf.-trio  ;  choruses  ; 
pf.-music;  songs, 

Zen'ta,  Hermann;  Fen-name  of  AUGUSTA 
HOLMES, 

Zeretele^.    See  LAWROWSKAJA.  ' 

Zerrahn^  Carl,  distingnaished  conductor ;  b. 


643 


ZEQGHEER— ZIMMERMANN 


Malchow,  Mecklenburg,  July  28,  1826.  He 
was  a  pupil  of  Fr.  Weber  at  Rostock  ;  studied 
further  in  Hanover  and  Berlin  ;  went  to  Amer- 
ica in  1848  as  a  member  of  the  GermaniaOrch., 
and  established  himself  in  Boston,  becoming:  a 
prominent  figure  in  musical  circles.  From  1854- 
95  he  was  conductor  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn 
Society,  being  succeeded  by  B.  J.  Lang  ;  for 
many  years  he  also  conducted  the  Harvard  Sym- 
phony Concerts ;  and  was  prof,  of  harmony,  in- 
strumentation, and  singing,  at  the  New  Eng- 
land Cons.,  Boston. 

Zeug'heer,  Jacob,  b.  Zurich,  1805  ;  d.  Liv- 
erpool, June  15,  1865.  Violinist,  pupil  of 
Wassermann  (Zurich)  and  Franzl  (Munich). 
In  1824  he  organized  the  Quartet  called  "  Ge- 
brflder  Herrmann  "  ("  Herrmann  Bros."  ;  ist 
violin  Z. ;  and,  J.  Wex ;  viola,  Baader ;  'cello, 
J.  Lidel),  making  successful  concert-tours  for  6 
years.  In  1831  he  became  cond.  of  the  "  Gen- 
tlemen's Concerts,"  Manchester ;  in  1838,  of 
the  Liverpool  Philharm.  Soc. 

Zeu'ner,  Carl  Traugott,  b.  Dresden,  Apr. 
28, 1775  ;  d.  Paris,  Jan.  24, 1841.  Pianist,  pupil 
of  Tttrk  at  Halle  and  dementi  at  St.  Peters- 
burg; lived  as  a  concert-giver  and  teacher  in 
Paris,  Vienna,  St.  Petersburg,  and  Dresden. — 
Works :  a  pf. -concertos ;  a  string-quartet ;  var.s 
on  a  Russian  theme,  f.  pf.,  violin  and  'cello ; 
Polonaises,  vans,  fantasias,  etc.,  f.  pf.,  much  in 
vogue  at  the  time. 

Zia'ni,  Pietro  Andrea,  b.  Venice,  about 
1630;  d.  Vienna,  1711.  In  1666  he  succeeded 
Cavalli  as  2nd  organist  at  San  Marco  ;  in  1677 
he  entered  the  service  of  Empress  Eleonora  at 
Vienna.  A  noted  composer  in  his  day,  he  wrote 
21  operas  for  Venice,  Bologna,  and  Vienna  ;  an 
oratorio,  Le  fagrime  della  Verging  (Venice, 
1662) ;  "  Sacrae  laudes  "  a  5  (op.  6,  1659 ;  with 
2  instr.s  obbL  or  ad  Kb.) ;  sonatas  for  3,  4,  5  or 
6  instr.s  (op.  7  ;  1691), 

Zia'ni,  Marco  Antonio,  nephew  of  preced- 
ing; b.  Venice,  1653;  d.  Vienna,  Jan,  22, 
1715.  About  1700,  Vict-Kapettm.  at  the  Vi- 
enna court ;  in  1712,  court  Kapcllm. — Comp. 
some  40  operas  and  serenades,  also  9  oratorios, 
for  Venice  and  Vienna. 

Zichy,  Geza,  Count,  b.  SztAra,  Hungary, 
July  22,  1849.  Son  of  an  Hungarian  noble, 
and  passionately  fond  of  music ;  he  unfortu- 
nately lost  his  right  arm  at  the  age  of  17,  but 
by  dint  of  unconquerable  energy  became  a  left- 
handed  piano-virtuoso  of  astonishing  and  bril- 
liant attainments,  under  the  guidance  of  Mayr- 
berger,  Volkmann,  and  Liszt  (Pesth).  A  mem- 
ber of  the  legal  profession,  and  an  incumbent 
of  high  positions,  he  has  found  time  to  give 
many  concerts,  and  even  to  undertake  extended 
pianistic  tours,  for  charitable  ends.  Until  1892 
he  was  president  of  the  Hungarian  National 
Acad.  of  Music;  Intendant  of  the  National 
Theatre  and  Opera  at  Pesth  from  1890-4. — 
Works  :  A  melodrama,  Die  Ge&MchU  einer 


•Burg  (Vienna,  1889?) ;  cantata  Dolores,  f.  soli, 
ch.  and  orch.  (1889) ;  4-act  romantic  opera  Aldr 
(Pesth,  1896 ;  succ.) ,  3-act  opera  Meister  Ro- 
land (Pesth,  1899  ;  v.  succ.) ;  a  collection  of 
studies  and  pf. -pieces  for  the  left  hand  aJone 
(publ.  Paris),  songs  and  part-songs. 

Zim'mer,  Friedrich  August,  b.  Herrengos- 
serstaoit,  Thuringia,  Feb.  26,  1826  ;  d.  Zehlen- 
dorf,  n.  Berlin,  Feb.  8,  1899.  Pupil  of  K. 
Hentschel  at  Weissenfels  ;  in  1854,  teacher  at 
Gardelegen  Seminary  ;  in  1859,  R  Mus.  Dir.  at 
Osterburg  in  the  Altmark. — Publ.  an  "Ele- 
mentarmusiklehre  " ;  a  "  Violinschule  " ;  a  "  Ge- 
sanglehre  "  ;  and  an  "  Evangelisches  Choral- 
buch." 

Zim'mer,  Otto,  b.  Priskorsine,  Silesia,  1827  ; 
d.  Breslau,  Apr.  2,  1896.  Pupil  of  Richter  and 
Mosewius  at  Breslau  ;  organist  and  K.  Mus.  Dir. 
atOels;  editor  of  the  "  Fliegende  Blatter  fur 
evangelische  Kirchenmusik." 

Zim'mer,  Robert,  b.  Berlin,  Jan.  17,  1828 ; 
d.  there  Dec.  5,  1857.  Pupil  of  Delm  ;  teacher 
in  Kullak's  Acad.  from  1856.— Publ.  "  Gedanken 
beim  Erscheinen  des  3.  Bandes  der  Bach-Gesell- 
schaft  in  Leipzig  "  (1854  ;  critique  of  Becker's 
ed.  of  Bach's  works  for  pf.). 

Zim'merman,  Pierre- Joseph- Guillaume, 
famous  pf. -teacher ;  b.  Paris,  Mar.  19, 1785  ;  d. 
there  Oct.  29,  1853.  The  son  of  a  Paris  pf.- 
maker,  he  entered  the  Cons,  in  1798,  studying 
under  Boieldieu,  Key,  Calel,  and  Cherubini ; 
won  ist  prize  for  pf. -playing  in  1800,  and  for 
harmony  in  1802  ;  became  nf.-prof.  at  the  Cons, 
in  1816,  and  retired  on  pension  in  1848.  Cheva- 
lier of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  1848.  Among 
his  many  pupils  were  Alkan,  Marmontcl,  Pru- 
dent, Ravina,  Lacombe,  Dejazet,  and  Lefcbvrc. 
— Works  :  3-act  comic  opera  VRnltoemtnt 
(Op&a-Cormque,  1830) ;  2  pf.-conccrtos ;  a  pf.- 
sonata,  op.  5  ;  24  Etudes,  op.  21 ;  "  I,es  ddhccs 
de  Paris,"  a  book  of  contredanses  w.  variations  ; 
rondos,  fantasias,  etc.,  f.  pf. ;  6  coll.s  of  vocal 
romances,  w.  pf.-^ccomp.  ;  and  his  chief  work, 
the  great  "Encyclopedic  du  Pianiste,"  a  com- 
plete method  for  piano,  Part  iii  of  which  is  a 
treatise  on  harmony  and  counterpoint. 

Zim/mermann,  Anton,  b.  Pressburg,  1741 ; 
d.  there  Oct.  8,  1781.  Kapelbn.  to  Prince 
Batthydny,  and  organist  at  1'ressburg  Cath. — 
Publ.  9  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin  (op.  i,  2) ;  pf.- 
concerto  (op.  3) ;  "  Die  Betogerung  von  Valen- 
ciennes" f.  pf.  and  violin;  6  string-quartets; 
6  violin-duos ;  and  the  Singspiel  Andromeda 
und  Perseus  (Vienna,  1781) ;— other  works  MS. 

Zim'mermann,  Agnes,  fine  pianist ;  b.  Co- 
logne, July  5, 1847.  Pupil,  at  the  London  R.  A. 
M. ,  of  Potter  and  Paucr  (pf .  ,)and  Steggall  andG. 
Macfarren  (comp.) ;  twice  won  the  King's  Schol- 
arship (1860,  '62),  and  also  the  silver  medal.  Pi- 
anistic de*but  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  1863  ;  at  the 
Gewandhaus,  Leipzig,  1864 ;  also  toured  Eng- 
land and  Germany,  and  has  high  repute  as  an  in- 
terpreter of  classic  compositions.— Works:  Apf.- 


644 


ZINGARELLI— ZOLLNER 


trio,  op.  19 ;  3  sonatas  f.  pf.  and  violin,  op.  16, 
21,  23  ;  a  pf. -suite,  op  22 ;  2  pieces,  op,  18 ;  other 
pf  -pieces ;  and  has  edited  the  sonatas  of  Mozart 
and  Beethoven,  and  pieces  by  Schumann. 

Zingarel'li,  Nicola  Antonio,  celebrated 
composer  of  dramatic  and  sacred  music  ;  b.  Na- 
ples, Apr.  4, 1752  ;d.  Torre  del  Greco,  n.  Naples, 
May  5,  1837.  A  student  at  the  Cons,  di  Loreto, 
where  Fenaroli  was  his  teacher  in  composition, 
from  1759-69,  he  completed  his  studies  under 
Speranza.  His  first  opera,  /  qttatfro pazzi,  prod, 
at  the  Cons,  in  1768,  was  followed  by  Montexuma 
(Teatro  San  Carlo,  1781) ;  neither  had  much  suc- 
cess, and  he  was  obliged  to  support  himself  by  les- 
son-giving until  Alsinda^  prod,  at  LaScala,  Milan, 
in  1785,  brought  him  fame  and  commissions  ;  up 
to  181 1  he  produced  27  more  operas,  among  which 
Giulietta  e  Romeo  (Milan,  La  Scala,  Jan.  30, 1796) 
is  considered  his  masterpiece.  He  spent  much  of 
his  time  in  journeying  from  place  to  place  for  the 
rehearsal  and  production  of  his  operas.  In  1792 
he  was  app.  maestro  di  cappeUa  at  Milan  Cathe- 
dral ;  in  1794,  at  the  "  Santa  Casa  "  in  Loreto  ; 
and  in  1804,  at  St.  Peter's,  Rome.  In  all  these 
positions  he  wrote  a  great  deal  of  church-music. 
In  1 8 1 1,  for  refusing  to  conduct  a  Te  Deum  to 
celebrate  the  birthday  of  Napoleon's  son,  the 
41  King  of  Rome,"  he  was  imprisoned  at  Civita- 
vecchia, and  later  transported  to  Paris  by  order 
of  Napoleon,  who  set  him  at  liberty  and  liberally 
paid  him  for  a  mass  written  in  Paris.  As  Fiora- 
vanti  had  meanwhile  become  maestro  at  St. 
Peter's,  Z.  repaired  to  Naples,  and  in  1813  be- 
came I  )ircctorof  the  royal*  lCollegio  di  Musica" ; 
in  1 8 1 6  he  succeeded  Paisiello  as  maestro  at  the 
Cathedral.  As  Director  he  was  very  conservative 
in  his  views,  and  displayed  little  energy;  but  as 
a  teacher  he  had  excellent  success,  among  his  pu- 
pils being  Bellini,  Mercadante,  Carlo  Conti, 
Lauro  Rossi,  Morlacchi,  etc.  His  operas,  in- 
terpreted by  the  finest  singers  of  the  time  (Cata- 
lam,  Crescentini,  Grassini,  Marchesi,  and  Ru- 
binelli),  had  immense  vogue.  lie  wrote  a  vast 
amount  of  church-music,  much  appreciated  in 
Italy,  more  particularly  the  collection  "  Annuale 
di  Zingarellf  "  (or  '*  Annuale  di  Loreto  "),  a  series 
of  masses  for  every  day  in  the  year  (there  are  38 
f.  male  ch.  and  orch.,  about  20  solemn  masses,  7 
f.  double  choir,  66  with  organ,  25  a  2-3  w.  orch., 
etc,);  also  ft  4-part  Miserere  alia  2*alestrin& 
(1827);  furthermore,  about  80  Magnificats,  28 
Stabat  Maters,  21  Credos,  many  Te  Deums,  mo- 
tets, hymns,  etc. ;  3  oratorios ;  also  solfeggi, 
arias, organ-sonatas,  a  string-quartet.etc. — Biog- 
raphy by  Klorimo  in  •'  La  scuola  musicale  ci 
Napoll/Vol.  ii. 

Zink'eisen,  Conrad  Ludwlg  Dietrich,  b. 
Hanover,  June  3,  1779  »  d.  Brunswick,  Nov.  28, 
1838.  Trained  by  his  father,  and  by  Rode  at 
Wolfenbttttel;  1801-3,  in  a  regimental  band  at 
Lttneburg;  then  leader,  under  Forkel,  of  the 
Academical  Concerts  at  Gottingen;  18x9,  cham- 
ber-musician in  the  Brunswick  court  orch. — 
Works  ;  4  overtures ;  6  violin-concertos ;  a  Duo 


concertante f .  violin  and  viola;  var.s  f.  violin  w. 
string-trio ;  2  duets  f .  violin  and  viola  ;  3  string- 
quartets;  var.s  f.  flute  w.  string-quartet ;  a  con- 
certo f .  oboe ;  do.  f .  clar  ;  do.  f .  basset-horn  ; 
do.  f.  bassoon;  pieces  f.  clar.  w.  orch.;  do.  f. 
oboe  w.  string-quartet ;  var.s  f .  2  horns  w.  orch. ; 
military  music;  part-songs  f.  mixed  and  male 
chorus. 

Zipoli,  Domenico,  organist  at  the  Jesuit 
Church,  Rome;  publ.  "Sonate  d'intavolatura 
per  organoo  cembalo"  (Rome,  1726  ;  Part  i  con- 
taining "Toccate,  versi,  canzone,  offertorio,  ele- 
vazione,  post-commumo  e  pastorale  "  ;  Part  ii : 
"  Preludi,  Allemande,  Correnti,  Sarabande, 
Gighe,  Gavotte,  e  Partite"). 

Zoeller,  Carli,  b.  Berlin,  Mar.  28,  1849; 
d.  London,  Aug.,  1889.  Pupil  of  H.  Ries 
(vln.),  W.  Ganch  (harm.),  and  Grell  (cot.),  at 
the  R.  Academy,  Berlin.  Travelled  with  Ger- 
man opera-troupes  ;  settled  in  London  1873  ;  in 
1879,  bandmaster  of  the  7th  (Queen's  Own)  Hus- 
sars. Distinguished  composer  ;  member  of  the 
R.  Accad.  di  S.  Cecilia,  Rome,  1884;  hon.  mem. 
R.  Istituto  Mus.,  Florence,  1885  ;  Fellow  of  the 
London  Soc.  of  Sciences,  Arts,  etc.,  1886. — 
Works:  Comic  operetta  7  he  Missing  Heir;  lyr- 
ical monodrama  Mary  Stuart  at  Fotheringay; 
scene  f .  sopr.  w,  orch. ,  The  Rliinc  Kings  Daugh- 
ter; 4  overtures ;  other  orch.  1  pieces;  **  Concerto 
dramatique  "  f .  violin ;  quintet  f .  flute,  oboe,  clar., 
horn,  and  pf.;  string-quartet ;  other  instr.l  mu- 
sic; church-music;  songs  ; — wrote  "The  Viole 
d'amour,  its  Origin,  History,  etc.  ";  edited  "  The 
United  Service  Military  Band  Journal." 

Zoilo,  Annibale,  maestro  at  S.  Giovanni  in 
Laterano,  Rome,  1561-70 ;  in  1571,  singer  in 
the  Pontifical  Chapel.  A  Salve  regina  is  in  Co- 
stautini's  "Selectae  cantiones"  (1614);  madri- 
gals and  canzoni  in  Lindner's  "  Gemma  musi- 
calis"  (Nuremberg,  1590),  and  other  coll.s  from 
1585-96 ;  in  MS.  in  the  Vatican  Library  are 
masses,  a  Salve  regina  a  12,  a  Tenebrae  a  16, 
etc. 

Zail'ner,  Karl  Heinrich,  b.  Oels,  Silesia, 
May5,  J79^ ;  d.  Wandsbeck,  n.  Hamburg,  July 
2,  1836.  He  toured  Germany  as  an  organ-vir- 
tuoso, etc.,  until  1833,  then  settling  in  Hamburg. 
— Works :  Kunx  undJCaufungen^  opera  (Vienna, 
1825?) ;  a  melodrama,  Em  Uhr;  publ.  masses, 
motets,  psalms,  part-songs,  organ-pieces,  a  pf.- 
sonata,  a  4-hand  do.,  other  pf. -music,  a  method 
f.  pf.,  a  violin-sonata,  etc. 

Zoll'ner,  Karl  Friedrich,  b.  Mittelhausen, 
Thuringia,  Mar.  17,  1800;  d.  Leipzig  Sept.  25, 
1860.  lie  studied  at  the  Thomasschule,  Leip- 
zig, under  Cantor  Schicht,  from  1814;  renounc- 
ing theology  for  music,  he  became,  a  vocal 
instructor  at  the  "  Rathsfreischule  "  in  1820, 814 
in  1822  organized  a  musical  institute  with  his 
friend  HenUeben,  with  choral  practice  every  Sun- 
day. In  1830  he 'began  writing  mak  choruses;  < 
in  1833  he  founded  a  tiedertafel  known  as  the 
"  Zolmer-Vorein  M  [see  Z&LTBK],  a  male-  dhoral 


645 


ZOLLNER— ZUR  NIEDEN 


society  whose  organization  was  soon  imitated 
elsewhere.  In  1859,  20  of  thei>e  societies  held  a 
grand  mus.  festival  at  Leipzig ;  after  his  death 
they  united  to  form  the  "  Zollner-lJund."  In 
1868  a  monument  to  his  memory  was  ei  ected  in 
the  Rosenthal,  Leipzig.  Z.  was  one  of  the 
most  famous  among  German  composers  of  part- 
songs  for  male  chorus ;  besides  these,  he  wrote 
motets,  songs  for  mixed  chorus,  and  songs  w. 
pf.-accomp. — His  son, 

Zoll'ner,  Heinrich,  b.  Leipzig,  July  4, 1854, 
was  intended  for  the  law,  but  studied  1875-7  at 
the  Leipzig  Cons,  under  Reinecke,  Jadassohn, 
Richter,  and  Wenzel;  in  1878,  Mus.  Dir.  at 
Dorpat  Univ.;  in  1885,  cond.  of  the  Cologne 
Alannergesaitgiweini  also  teaching  at  the  Cons. , 
and  conducting  the  Cologne  Gesangverrin  (mixed 
chorus),  the  Wagner-Ferein^  and  the  Musical 
Society.  In  1889,  with  a  picked  male  chorus, 
he  undertook  a  most  successful  tour  to  the  chief 
cities  of  Italy.  In  1890  he  became  the  con- 
ductor of  the  New  York  "Deutscher  Lieder- 
kranz";  in  1898  he  was  called  to  Leipzig  as 
Kretzschmar's  successor  as  University  Mus.  Dir. 
and  cond.  of  the  "Paulinerchor"  (Univ.  male 
choral  union). — Works:  The  operas  Frithjof 
(Cologne,  1884),  Faust  [after  Goethe]  (ibid., 
1887),  the  "  Kriegsduologie  "  //;/  Jahre  i&fo, 
consisting  of  two  2-act  operas,  (i)  Bei  Sedan 
(Leipzig,  1895),  and  Der  Uberfall  (Dresden, 
1895);  and  the  il musical  comedy"  Daslwlzerne 
5btavr/ (Kassel,  Nov.  24,  1897);— grand  choral 
works,  Die  Hunnenschlacht  (Leipzig,  1 880); 
Ktinig  Sigurd  Rings  Brautfahrt^  f.  male  ch. 
and  orch.,  op.  53;  Heldenregitiem  f.  sopr.  solo, 
male  ch.,  and  orch.;  cantata  Die  nette  Welt  (won 
the  international  prize  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  1892); 
also  an  oratorio,  male  choruses  (op.  I,  4,  5,  6), 
numerous  songs  (op.  2,  7,  8,  54  [5  numbers, 
poems  by  P.  Cornelius]);  a  symphony,  op.  20; 
an  orch.l  episode,  "  Sommerfahrt,"  op.  15;  6 
Little  Pieces  f.  violin  w.  pf.;  etc. 

Zoll'ner,  Andreas,  b.  Arnstadt,  Dec.  8, 
1804;  d.  Meiningen,  Mar.  2,  1862,  as  musical 
director.  Publ.  popular  part-songs  for  male 
voices. 

Zopff,  Hermann,  b.  Glogau,  June  i,  1826 ;  d. 
Leipzig,  July  12, 1883.  After  taking  the  degree 
of  Dr.  Phil.*  and  studying  agriculture,  he  en- 
tered the  Stern  Cons.,  Berlin,  in  1850;  later 
founded  an  "Opernakademie,"  an  "Orchester- 
verein,"  etc.,  in  Berlin  ;  went  to  Leipzig  in  1864, 
became  co-editor  of  the  "  Neue  Zeitschrift  fUr 
Musik,"  and  editor-in-chief  after  Brendel's  death 
in  1868.  For  his  activity  on  the  committee  of 
the  "Allgemeiner  deutscher  Musikverein"  he 
received  the  title  of  "Professor."  He  publ. 
some  large  choral  works,  etc.;  a  "Theorie  der 
Oper" ;  and  a  "  Gesangschule." 

Zschie'sche,  August,  b.  Berlin,  1800;  d. 
there  July  7, 1876.  Dramatic  bass ;  sang  1820-3 
at  Pesth  in  minor  rdles,  then  at  Temesvar,  and 
itt  1826  was  eng.  at  the  Konigstadter  Th.,  Berlin, 


and  from  1829-61  as  &as\o  smasfl  at  the  Couit 
Opera. 

Zschoch'er,  Johann,  b  Leipzig,  May  iG, 
1821  ;  d  there  Jan.  6,  iS<)7.  Kxcellcnl  pianist, 
pupil  of  J.  Knorr,  Th.  Kullak,  llen&dt,  and 
Liszt ;  noted  teacher ;  founder  (1846)  of  the 
"Zschocher'sches  Musik-Institut"  at  Leipzig. 

Zum'pe,  Hermann,  b.  Taubenheim,  Upper 
Lusatia,  Apr.  9,  1850  ,  after  graduating  fiom 
the  Seminary  at  Bautzen,  he  taught  for  a  year  at 
Weigsdorf,  and  from  1871  at  the  Third  IHirger- 
schule,  Leipzig,  also  playing  the  triangle  in  the 
City  Theatre,  and  studying  music  under  Tott- 
mann.  From  1873-6  he  was  with  Wagner  at 
Bayreuth,  aiding-  in  the  preparation  of  the  A'ifo- 
lung  scores  ;  was  thereafter  Kapcllni.  in  theatres 
at  Salzburg,  Wurzburg,  Magtlubuig,  .Frankfort, 
and  (1884-6)  Hamburg.  After  some  years  spent 
in  teaching,  coaching  opera-singers,  and  com- 
posing, he  was  app.  court  JCapMn,  at  Stuttgart 
in  1891  ;  in  1893  he  .succeeded  Faisxt  us  cond.  of 
the  u  Verein  fur  klassische  Kirehenmusik  "  ;  and 
in  1895  was  called  to  Munich  as  court  Kapellm. 
— Works  :  Opera^///?//™  (Uerlin,  1880) ;  roman- 
tic comic  opera  Jlie  I  'trwinisr/ifue  y'/vV/javj/// 
(not  perf.) ;  3-act  operetta  Far! will  (Vienna, 
iSSS  ;  v.  succ.)  ;  3-act  operetta  A'tirtfi  (Hamburg1, 
1888;  succ.);  operetta  Poltrisihf  Wirthschajt 
(Berlin,  1891 ;  succ,) ;  also  an  overture  to  Wal- 
knsteins  Tod;  songs. 

Zumsteeg',  Johann  Rudolf,  b.  Sachsenflur, 
Odenwald,  Jan.  10,  1760 ;  d.  Stuttgart,  Jan.  27, 
1802.  As  a  pupil  of  the  "  Carlsschule,"  he  was 
intimate  with  Schiller.  lie  intended  to  become 
a  sculptor,  but  developed  under  the  teach  ings  of 
Kapfllm.  Poll  and  others  into  an  excellent  'cellist 
and  composer;  in  1792  he  succeeded  I'oli  as 
court  Kapellm.  lie  prod.  8  operas  at  Stuttgart, 
4  of  which  are  publ.  in  pf. -score  (AV  ftotttMani) 
Die  Gtistfrinseli  Xtnitor,  and  Arj  ^fnrtcnfcst) ; 
choruses  to  Schiller's  Aflitfcr  ;  clutrch-ciin'talas  ; 
a  'cello-concerto,  duos  1.  'celli,  and  'cello-sona- 
tas. But  it  is  chiefly  as  a  ballade-composer,  the 
precursor  of  Lowe  and  Schubert,  that  he  will  be 
remembered ;  he  wrote  20  ballades  or  cantatas 
for  solo  voice  with  pf.-nccomp.,  including  Schil- 
ler's Maria  Stuart,  Burger's  J*tnoret  (ioethc's 
Colma^  flitter  TtyQffnlwrgi  and  J)f$  J*farrt)'jt 
Tochter  von  Taubenhayn. 

Zur  Miih'len,  Raimund  von,  tenor  concert- 
singer  ;  b.  Livonia,  on  his  father's  estate,  Nov. 
10,  1854.  Pupil  of  the  lUchschule  in  Berlin, 
of  Stockhausen  at  Frankfort,  and  of  Uussine  at 
Paris.  He  excels  as  a  singer  of  German  Liedsr, 
Visited  London  for  the  first  time  in  1882,  and 
several  times  since. 

Zur  Nie'de,n,  Albrecht,  composer ;  b.  Em- 
merich-on-Rhme,  Mar.  6,  1819;  d.  Duisburg, 
Apr.  9,  1872.  A  theological  student  at  Bonn, 
his  love  of  music  prevailed ;  he  studied  under 
Fr.  Schneider  at  Dessau,  then  taught  at  Itoim 
(where  Joseph  Brambach  was  liJs  pupil),  mid  in 


646 


ZVONAR— ZWINTSCHER 


1850  settled  in  Puisbiug  as  musical  director, 
conducting  many  grand  choral  woiks  with  great 
success. — lie  publ.  the  '*  lyiisch-dram.  desang" 
Die  Siig?  7>ou  t/t't  jMartiHswand ;  Der  bhmk 
Kouig  [Uhland]  ;  and  Das  Grab  anf  tiusento  ; 
all  for  soli,  chorus,  and  orch.;  (in  MS.  are  A"<>- 
nigiti  Ksthei ,  Die  schone  Magclotw,  etc.,  f.  do  ) ; 
also  a  "  Deutscher  Marsch"  f.  pf.  4  hands; 
songs ;  etc. 

Zvona?,  Joseph  Leopold,  b.  Kublov,  n. 
1'raj^uc,  Jan.  22,  1824 ;  d.  Prague,  Nov.  23, 
1865.  Pupil  of,  teacher  in,  and  finally  Director 
ol,  the  Prague  Organ-School.  In  1859,  Di- 
rector of  the  Sophien-Akademie ;  in  1863, 
choirmaster  ol  the  Trimtatiskirche,  and  music- 


teacher  in  the  "hohere  Tochterschule  "  [school 
for  young  ladies].  lie  publ.  the  first  treatise 
on  harmony  in  the  ttohemun  language ;  wrote 
an  opera,  Zafat/  (not  perf  ) ,  and  numerous  vocal 
works. 

Zwin'tscher,  Bruno,  b.  Ziegenhain,  Sax- 
ony, May  15,  1838.  Pianist;  pupil  of  Julius 
Otto  at  Dresden  for  two  years  ;  then  1856-9,  at 
the  Leipzig  Cons.,  of  Plaidy  and  Moschelcs 
(pf.)i  Kichter,  Ilauptmann,  and  Kietz  (harm, 
and  comp  ) ;  in  1875  he  was  app.  teacher  of  pf.- 
playing  there  (resigned  1898?}.  Has  publ.  a 
41  Technical  School "  in  continuation  of  Plaidy's, 
and  a  "School  of  Ornaments"  (also  in  Eng- 
lish ;  New  York). 


647 


APPENDIX 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS 


Agostini,  Paolo,  was  not  * '  the  pioneer  in 
the  employment  of  large  bodies  of  singers  in 
divided  choirs*';  \Villacrt  antedates  him  by  a 
century. 

Albani.  The  exact  date  of  her  birth  is  Nov. 
I,  1852,  Her  stage-name  was  not  assumed  "in 
grateful  memory  of  the  town  [Albany,  N.  V.) 
where  her  public  career  began,"  but  was  selected 
for  her  quite  by  chance,  for  her  Italian  debut, 
by  her  teacher  Lamperti. 

Anderton,  Thomas,  b.  Birmingham,  EngL, 
Apr.  35,  1836.  Was  teacher  there,  and  organist 
of  the  Parish  Ch.,  Solihull ;  mus.  critic  of  the 
Birmingham  "Daily  News,"— Works :  The 
ciinttitiu)  The  Song  of  Deborah  ami  Barak^ 
The  7JV.tr  ami  Foolish  rir&ins,  The  Wreck  oj 
the  //i'.yVrwr,  John  (.tilpin,  Th?  3  Jovial  Hunts- 
men, The  Nor  man  Jlanm  (1884),  and  Yitlt' 
Tide  (liirm.  Kent,,  1885) ;  an  Knglish  Requiem  ; 
many  songs  ;  prize  glee,  **  Mat  o'  the  Mill"; — a 
symphony,  overtures,  marches,  and  an  Allo 
mande,  f .  orch. ;  string-quartet ;  pf  .-pieces. 

Arnold,  Richard,  excellent  violinist;  b. 
Kilenburtf,  Prussia,  Jan.  10,  1845.  Went  to  tlu; 
United  States  in  1853;  returned  in  1864  to 
Europe  to  study  under  Ferd.  David  at  Leipzig  ; 
from  1869-76,  first  violin  in  Tli.  Thomas'^ 
orch.;  1878-91,  leader  and  solo  violinist  in  the 
New  York  1'hilharm.  Club ;  elected  member 
of  the  I'hilharm.  Sex:,  in  1879,  a  director  in 
1880,  leader  in  1885,  and  vice-president  in  7896. 
Organised  the  K,  Arnold  String  Sextet  in  1897. 
Living  in  New  York  as 
a  concert-violinist  and 
teacher. 

Aus  der  O'he. 
Adele,  accomplished 
contemporary  piuniHt ; 
b.  C  icrmany  ;  pupil  of 
Tlu  Kullak  and  U»zt. 
I  fas  played  with  much 
success  in  Germany, 
Kugland.and  the  Unit- 
ed States.— Publ. 
works :  2  pf.  -suites, 
op.  a,  8  ;  Conccrt-<Rude 
f.  pf.,  op.  3;  Three 
Pieces  f.  pf.,  op.  4; 
songB(op.  5,  6,  7,  etc.). 

Bach,  Albert  Berahard  [real  family-name 
BakJ,  was  b.  in  B.  Cyula,  Hungary,  Mar.  22, 


1844.  At  his  father's  wish  he  began  a  mercan- 
tile career  at  Vienna  in  1861,  but  went  over  to 
music,  studying  under  Marches*  at  the  Cons. 
1869-70,  also  with  Cunio,  Weiss,  and  fjans- 
bachcr.  In  1871  he  gave  his  first  concerts,  as  a 
bass-baritone  singer,  at  Vienna ;  from  1876-7 
studied  at  Milan  for  Italian  opera  under  Lam- 
perti,  Ronconi,  and  Varesi ;  was  eng  at  La  Scala 
1877-8,  and  in  1879  at  the  Court  Opera,  Peslh, 
wheic  he  was  reengaged  in  1885  for  leading 
bass-baritone  roles  ;  since  1886  has  sung  in  ora- 
torio and  concert  (at  I  Condon,  Manchester,  Edin- 
buigh,  Glasgow,  etc.,  also  in  Germany).  In 
Britain  he  has  had  great  success  as  a  concert- 
singer  ;  his  specialty  is  Lowe  (he  is  an  honorary 
member  of  die  Berlin  Ldwe-Vcrein).  His  lec- 
tures on  "Raphael,  Mozart  and  the  Renaissance" 
were  publ.  in  1883  (enlarged  ed.  in  preparation); 
a  booklet  on  "  Sound,  Light  and  Colour"  was 
publ.  in  1899.  Also  edited  3  vol.s  of  Lfiwe 
Ballades,  with  Kngl.  translations,  Preface,  and 
directions  for  proper  performance.  Resides  in 
Edinburgh.  [Also  cf.  the  article  in  body  of  this 
Dictionary.  ] 

Bache,  Constance,  sister  and  pupil  of  Walter 
It.;  b.  Kdgbaston,  Birmingham,  Kngl.  Pianist ; 
studied  further  at  the  Munich  Music-School,  and 
with  Klind worth  and  Ilartvigson ;  since  1883, 
music-teacher  and  writer  in  London.  Has 
transl.  the  libretti  of  Liszt's  St.  JMisafoffi,  Schu- 
mann's The  JRose's  Pilgrimage  and  JPaust-sctneti 
Mozart's  Jtostien  ft  Bast i tune ^  and  Humpcr- 
diuck's  ntinsfl  urtaf  Gretel ;  also  Li&st'i  Letters 
(2  vol.s  ;  1894),  Hans  von  Billow's  Letters  and 
Literary  Remains  (1896),  Ileintz's  analyses  of 
Wagner's  Tristantindlwldti  Die Meisttr 'singer , 
and  Parsifal,  and  other  works ;  has  also  com- 
posed the  songs  "  To  my  love"  and  "  The  rain 
is  falling." 

Badia,  Luigi,  died  Milan,  Oct.  30,  1899. 

Banister,  Charles  William,  English  com- 
poser ;  b.  1768  ;  d.  1831.  The  complete  ed.  of 
his  works,  edited  by  his  son  II.  J.  Banister,  con- 
tains 21  numbers,  including  "12  Psalm  and 
Hymn  Tunes,"  "4  Moral  Pieces,"  the  song 
41  The  Star  of  Bethlehem,"  etc. 

Bannelier,  Charles,  died  Paris,  Oct,  5, 1899. 

Beazley,  James  Charles,  b.  1850,  at  Ryde, 
Isle  of  Wight,  where  he  is  living  as  a  teacher 
and  composer.  Pupil  at  the  R.  A.  M.  of  II.  C. 
Banister,  SteggaU,  Sterndale  Bennett,  and  Jew- 


649 


BELLASIS— COBB 


son. — Works  :  Cantatas  Drttsilda,  Josiah,  The 
RcdDwaif^The  GohknJFlihh  ,  songs  and  pait- 
songs ;  pieces  f.  viohn  and  pf.  (Elegy,  3  sona- 
tinas, 6  Sketches,  6  IJagatelles,  6  Miniatures  , 
etc.);  pf. -pieces,  and  35  studies  f.  pf.;  other 
instr.l  music;  also  "Aids  to  the  Violinist ;  A 
Short  Treatise  in  Reference  to  Bow-marks." 

Bellasis,  Edward,  English  writer ;  b.  Jan. 
28,  1852.  Publ.  "Chenibini:  Memorials  Illus- 
trative of  his  Life"  (London,  1874) ;  also  pf.- 
music,  several  songs,  etc. 

Bellermann,  Heinrich,  ha;  publ.  (Berlin, 
1899)  a  biography  of  his  fnend  Ed.  Aug.  Grell. 

Bevan,  Frederick  Charles,  b.  London, 
July  3,  1856.  Chorister  and  solo  boy-soprano  at 
All  Saints*,  Margaret  St.,  London ;  organ-pupil 
of  Willing  and  Hoyte,  and  organist  in  several 
churches  ;  studied  singing  under  Schira,  Deacon, 
and  Walker,  became  Gentleman  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  Whitehall,  in  1877,  and  at  St.  James's  in 
1888.  Well-known  bass  concert-singer,  and 
composer  of  very  popular  songs :  The  Mighty 
River,  The  Flight  of  Ages,  My  Angel,  Watch- 
ing and  Waiting,  etc. 

Boedecker,  Louis,  died  Hamburg,  June  5, 
1899. 

Brandeis,  Frederic,  died  New  York,  May 
14,  1899. 

Breslaur,  Emil,  died  Berlin,  July  27,  1899 

Brooks,  Walter  William,  b.  Edgbaston, 
Birmingham,  Engl.,  Mar.  19,  1861.  Chorister 
in  St.  Martin's  Ch.;  pupil  of  King  Edward's 
School,  and  won  first  place  in  all  England  for 
theory  of  music  in  the  Oxford  local  exam.s ; 
pupil  of  Prout  at  the  R.  A.  MM  1879-81,  then 
settling  in  London.  Since  1889,  teacher  of  pf. 
and  voice  at  the  Wm.  Ellis  Endowed  School. 
Has  written  for  the  "Monthly  Mus.  Record" 
(which  he  edited  for  a  time) ;  u  Mus.  Opinion," 
and  the  London  "  Figaro." — Works  :  Allegro  f. 
orch.  (prize  at  Belfast,  1891);  pieces  f.  violin 
and  pf.  (op.  14,  48,  50) ;  pf. -pieces  (Prelude  and 
Fugue ; "  The  Family-circle,"  12  charact.  pieces ; 
6  progressive  studies) ;  songs  and  part-songs. 

Browne,  Lennox,  b.  London,  1841.  Eminent 
surgeon  and  throat-specialist.— Publ,  "The 
Throat  and  its  Diseases  "  (1878  ;  4th  ed.  1893) ; 
"  Voice,  Song  and  Speech  ;  a  Complete  Manual 
for  Singers  and  Speakers"  (1883;  isth  ed., 
1892 ;  with  E,  Behnke) ;  "  The  Child's  Voice ; 
Its  Treatment  with  Regard  to  After-develop- 
ment" (1885,  w.  Behnke);  "Voice,  Use,  and 
Stimulants"  (1885);  "Mechanism  of  Hearing" 
(1889)  I  "  Science  and  Singing"  (1884). 

Bullard,  Frederic  Field,  b.  Boston,  Mass., 
Sept.  21,  1864.  He  renounced  the  study  of 
chemistry  for  music,  taking  a  four-years'  course 
in  composition  under  Rheinberger  at  Munich 
(1888-92).  He  then  settled  in  Boston  as  a 
teacher  of  composition,  and  composer ;  he  was 
mus.  critic  for  "  Time  and  the  Hour,"  1897-8. 
Has  publ.  about  40  songs  ("  The  Sword  of  Fer- 


rara,"  "  Beam  from  yonder  star,"  "  The  Water- 
lily,"  "  'T  is  for  my  lady  fair,"  "A  June  Lulhiliy," 
11  The  Singer,"  **  The  I  lermU,"  "  1  >c  prolumlis," 
etc.);  also  church-songs,  hymn-anthems,  duels, 
and  a  score  of  four-part  songs  foi  male  voices, 
several  of  which  are  very  popular. 

Bunnett,  Edward,  b.  Shipdham,  Norfolk, 
Engl.,  June  26,  1834.  Chorister  at  Noiwich 
Cath.,  1842  ;  articled  to  Dr.  Duck,  1849,  and  his? 
assistant  1855-77  J  then  org.  of  St.  Peter's,  Man- 
croft  ,  Borough  Organist  in  1880  Mus.  Mac., 
Cantab.,  1857;  Mus.  Doc,  iSGg  ;  V  C.  O., 
1870,  From  1871-92,  cond.'  of  the  Norwich 
Mus.  Union;  organist  of  the  Norwich  Mus. 
Festivals  since  1872.—  Works  :  J>e  piofuntlis 
(Norwich,  1880);  services,  anthems,  etc.;  the 
cantata  Rhineland*  f.  sopr.  solo,  eh.,  and  orch. 
(Nonv.  Feat.,  1872)  ;  cantata  fora  (1876)  ;  come- 
dietta finoffnita  (1892)  ;  "Victoria,"  f.  sopr. 
solo  and  chorus  (1887)  ;  part-song  "The  Rhine 
Maiden  "  (1884)  ;  —  Andante  and  Rondo  f.  pf. 
and  orch.;  pf.-trio;  duo  f.  pf.  and  rlar.  ;  pf.- 
pieces  ;  "8  Organ-pieces"  ;  6  original  conip.s  f. 
organ  ;  12  Short  and  Easy  Pieces  f.  Organ  ; 
Largo,  and  Ave  Maria,  f.  organ  ;  etc. 

Burmeister,  Richard.  Tn  \  8<;8  he  succeeded 
Scharwenka  as  director  of  the  New  York  Selmrw. 
Cons. 

Cantor,  Otto,  contemporary  writer  of  vocal 
music,  now  (1899)  living  in  London.  No  details 
obtainable. 

Clarke,  James  Hamilton  Smce,  b.  Ilir- 
xmngham,  Engl.,  Jan.  25,  1640.  An  oijgunist  at 
12,  he  was  apprenticed  lo  a  land-surveyor  1855- 
61  ;  then  went  over  to  music,  lickl  various  posts 
in  Ireland,  and  in  1866  became  organist  of 
Queen's  College,  Oxford,  graduating  Mus.  I  lac. 
in  1867;  he  also  cond.  the  Queen's  Coll.  Mils, 
Soc.  In  1872  he  succeeded  Sullivan  a«  organist 
of  St.  Peter's,  S.  Kensington  ;  became  cond.  ,  in 
succession,  at  the  Opera-Comique,  Comedy, 
Toole's,  Gaiety,  etc.;  of  the  O'Oyly  Carte  Com- 
pany on  tour  (1878),  and  also  from  1^78  nms. 
dir.  at  the  Lyceum  Th.,  writing  music  for  dramas 
given  by  Irving.  From  1880-90,  eond.  of  the 
Victorian  National  Orch.  (Australia).  In  1893, 
first  cond.  of  the  Carl  Kosa  Company.  Has 
publ.  about  400  works,  inol.  inciu.  music  to 
//aw/I/,  Merc/Mitt  of  Venice,  A'fn/f  /<w,  Tfo 
Corsican  Brothers,  clc,;  operettas  and  corned  i* 
cttas  for  the  German  Kced  Company  Kntertaln- 
ments  ;  School-cantatas  and  -operettas  ;  sacred 
cantata  Praise  ;  8-part  aulheni  Th?  J,ont  h  my 


)  op.  44  (won  prtee  of  Coll.  of  Organists, 
1864)  ;  much  other  church-music  ;  songs  and 
part-songs  ;—2  symphonies,  6  overtures,  ti  pf.. 
concerto,  op.  78  ;  a  pf.  -quartet  ;  string-quartets  ; 
organ-music  (6  sonatas  ;  3  Andantes  ;  3  Offer- 
tories ;  3  Pieces,  op.  348)  ;  etc. 

Cobb,  Gerard  Francis,  b.  Nettlcstcacl,  Kent, 
Engl.,  Oct.  15,  1838,  Follow  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  1863  ;  studied  music  at  Dres- 
den. Pres.  of  Cambridge  Univ.  Mua.  Soc, 


650 


COWARD— HANDEL 


1874-84  ;  Chairman  of  the  Univ.  "Hoard  of  Mus. 
Studies,  [«77-()2  —  YVoiks-  Psalm  62,  f  .soli, 
cli  ,  and  urcli  (Kipnn  Cath.,  1892);  7  chuidi- 
svi  vices,  inrl  a  lull  Moininj*,  Kveiuiu>,  and 
(Communion  Sen  ice  f.  men's  voices,  comp.  by 
request,  lor  the  choir  of  St.  (Jeoij>e's  Chapel, 
Windsor;  motet  6'///#  e  illuminate  (1887);  pii/e 
madrij»al  "  Sleeping  IJeauty,"  a  6  ;  a  prize  j»lee 
"A  Message  to  Phyllis,"  #4;  numerous  songs 
and  ballads  (especially  Kipling's  "  llarrack-room 
Ballads") ;  tt  pf.-tjuinlet,  op.  22  ;  suite  f.  violin 
and  pf.;  pf. -suite,  "  Voices  of  the  Sea  "  ;  etc. 

Coward,  Henry,  1).  Liverpool,  Nov.  26, 
1849.  Graduate  ol  the  Tonic  Sol-la  College  ; 
Mus.  Uac.,  Oxon  ,  iSScj;  Mus.  Doc.,  1894; 
Lecturer  on  music,  Firth  Coll.;  singing-teacher 
at  the  Girls'  High  School,  Sheffield  ;  cond.  of 
the  Amateur  Instr.l  Soc.,  and  of  the  Mus. 
Union,  at  Sheffield  ;  chorus-master  of  the  Shef- 
field Festival,  i«<j6.— Works  ;  Cantatas  J fag/fa 
C/iarta,  1882  ;  Qium  Victoria^  1885  ;  The  Story 
of  ftt'l/wny,  1891  ;  The  A7//v'j  Jli  n>r,  1894; 
Jlfr of s  of  "Faith,  180,5  ;  and  The  Fairy  Mirror^ 
f.  female  voices,  with  tableaux  vifti/i/t ,'  also 
anthems,  songs,  Sunday-school  songs,  hymns, 
etc. 

Crowest,  Frederick  J.,  b.  London,  1850. 
Otganist  and  precentor  at  Christ  Church,  Kil- 
burn,  and  choii  master  of  St.  Mary's,  Sotncrs 
Town,  lias  comp.  chuich-niusic  and  songs. — 
Writings:  "The  <  treat  Tone- Poets"  (1874); 
"  Hook  oi  Musical  Anecdotes"  (1878  ;  2  vol  s) ; 
"  Phases  of  Musical  Kngland"  (rSHi) ;  **  Musi- 
cal History  and  lliography  in  the  Konnof  (Ques- 
tion and  Answer"  (1883) ;  "  Advice  to  Singers"; 
"Musical  (Sroundwoik  "  ;  "Chmibini"  (in 
"Great  Musicians  Series");  "Dictionary  of 
British  Musicians  "  (1895) ;  "  The  Story  of  Uril- 
ish  Music  "(Vol.  i,  1805). 

Cui,  Ce"sar.  His  last  opera,  Sartnin  (text 
after  Dumas'  "Charles  VII  chex  scs  grands 
vasseaus"),  was  prod,  at  St.  Petersburg,  Nov., 
1899,  with  decided  success. 

Curwen,  John  Spencer,  .son  of  the  Rev. 
JolinC;.;  b.  1'laistow,  1847.  Pupil  of  his  father 
and  (J.  Ozikcy  ;  later  of  (J.  A.  Mucfurren,  Sulli- 
van, and  Proul,  at  the  R.  A.  M.  Active  pro- 
moter of  the  Tonic  Sol-fu  system,  and  of  vocal 
teaching  in  the  sch<x>ls  ;  Pres.  of  the  Tonic  Sol- 
fa  College  in  r88o,  Active  conti  ibutor  to  the 
"Tonic  Sol-fa  Reporter"  (now  the  "Musical 
Herald").  Has  jmbl,  "Studies  in  Worship- 
Music"  (1880),  sind  a  2nd  series  of  do,  (1885) ; 
"Memorials  of  John  Curwen  "  (1882);  "Musi- 
cal Notes  in  Pans  "  (1882) ;  etc. 

Davies,  Ben,  was  born  at  Ponardawe,  n. 
Swansea,  Wales,  Jan.  6,  1858.  \Cf.  Ixmdon 
"  Mus.  Times"  for  August,  1899.] 

Davies,  David  Ffranffcon,  baritone,  b. 
Bethesda,  Carnarvonshire,  Dec.  11,1860.  Took 
degree  of  M.A,  at  Oxford  and  rec.  orders  in  the 
Cu.  of  England  ;  then  studied  at  Guildhall  Sch., 
Ixmdon,  and  under  W.  Shakespeare ;  debut  at 


Manchester  in  1890.  Was  for  borne  time  with 
Carl  Rosa  Co.  in  Ku&l.opeta;  h.is<ilsosung  much 
in  oratorio.  Several  visits  to  the  United  States. 

De  Mol,  Pierre,  died  Alosi,  liulgium,  July 
12,  1899,  as  director  of  thu  Music-Schuol,  and 
m.  dt  chaj>.  at  St.  Martin's  Church. 

Erdmannsdorffer,  Pauline  (nt'e  Oprawnik  ; 
called  Fichtner  after  her  adoptive  father),  b. 
Vienna,  June  2fi,  1847.  Excellent  pianist,  pupil 
of  Liszt  1870-1  ;  court  pianist  at  Weimar  and 
Darmstadt.  Married  Max  K.  in  1874. 

Errani,  Achille,  b.  Italy,  1823  P) ;  d.  New 
York,  Jan.,  1897.  Tenor  opera-singer,  pupil 
of  Vaccai  Tie  was  the  teacher  of  Minnie 
JJauck,  Kinma  Abbott,  Emma  Thursby,  etc. 

Foley  [  "  Foh  "  ],  Allan  James,  died  South- 
poit,  Kngl.,  Oct.  20,  1899. 

Fuchs,  Johann  Nepumuk,  died  Vienna, 
Oct.  5,  1899 

Gade,  N.  W.  In  list  of  works,  op.  43  should 
be  "  I/antasiestucke  f.  clar.  or  \iolin  w.  pf." ; 
and  op.  49,  Zton,  ''Conccrt&tuck"  f.  baritone 
solo,  ch. ,  and  orch. 

Garcia.  The  given  pronunciation  (gar'-shah) 
is  usual  in  Germany  and  Kngland  ;  the  correct 
Spanish  pronunciation  is  "  gar-th£'-ah."  The 
name  is  also  sometimes  pronounced  "gnr-se'-ah." 

Gibsone,  Guillaume-Ignace,  b.  London, 
about  1826.  Pianist ;  pupil  of  Moscheles  ;  con- 
cert-giver in  Brussels,  1845  ;  Geiman  tour  in 
1846  ;  settled  in  London  as  a  teacher  and  com- 
poser in  1850. — Works :  3  cantatas,  an  opera, 
and  2  symphonies  (MS.);  sonata  f.  pf.  and  vio- 
lin ;  numerous  pf. -pieces  (Polonaise ;  "  Medita- 
tions," 24  numbers  ;  Chanson  i  boirc  ;  Chanson 
d'amour;  4  Sketches;  etc.);  songs  ("Sweet 
hour  of  Kventide  "  ;  "My  lady  sleeps  "  ;  etc.). 

Grell,  Eduard  August.  Excellent  biogra- 
phy by  II.  Jlellermann  (Hcrlin,  1899). 

Gre"try.  Last  line  of  art.  (on  p.  234),  for 
Unmet  ;v0</l)rcnet. 

Hadow,  William  Henry,  b.  Kbrington, 
Gloucestershire,  Kngl.,  Dec.  27,  1859.  Studied 
pf. -playing  at  Darmstadt  (1882),  and  comp.  with 
Dr.  Lloyd  at  Oxford  (1884-5),  graduating  Mus. 
Uac.  1890 ;  Fellow  and  Tutor,  Worcester  Coll., 
1888  ;  lecturer  on  mus.  form  (for  Stainer)  1890- 
2  ;  editor  of  a  series  of  works  on  Mus,  History 
for  the  Clarendon  Press.  lias  publ.  "  Studies 
in  Modern  Music"  (1892),  2nd  series,  1894; 
also  a  hymn,  "Who  are  these?"  f.  soli,  ch., 
strings,  and  organ  ;  cantata  The  Soul's  Pilg)  im- 
*#*•'  prize-anthem  "When  I  was  in  trouble"; 
songs  ;  string-quartet ;  pf.-trio  ;  2  sonatas  f.  pf. 
and  violin  ;  a  sonata  f.  pf.  and  viola ;  2  pf. -so- 
natas ;  etc. 

Hallln,  Anders.  Ilis  last  opera  is  Wakle- 
mar  (Stockholm,  Apr.  8,  1899  ;  v.  succ.) 

Handel.  On  p.  249, 1.  5,  for  Christian  read 
Christopher. 


HAYDN— MOFFAT 


Haydn.  The  latest  biography  is  that  by  Dr. 
Leopold  Schmidt  (Berlin,  1899). 

Haynes,  Walter  Battison,  b.  Kcmosey, 
Worcester,  Engl.,  1859.  ^P11  of  Leipzig  Cons. 
Org.  of  St.  Philip's,  Sydenham,  1884  ;  do.  of  the 
Chapel  Royal,  Savoy,  in  1891,  succeeding  II.  F. 
Frost.  In  1890,  prof,  of  harm,  and  comp.  at  the 
R.A.M. — Works  :  Additional  accomp.s  to  Han- 
del's Chandos  Anthem ;  2  cantatas  f.  female 
voices,  The  Fairies*  Isle,  and  A  Sea  Dream  ;  a 
communion  service ,  other  church-music  ;  duets 
and  songs  ;  "  Idyl  "  f.  violin  and  orch.;  Prelude 
and  Fugue  f.  2pf.s,;  organ-sonata;  other  organ- 
music. 

Hellmesberger,  Georg,  Sr.  Line  9,  for  titu- 
lar prof.,  read  prof,  extraordinary. 

Hertel,  Peter.  Retired  in  1893  ;  d.  in  Ber- 
lin, June  14, 1899. 

Houdard,  Georges,  contemporary  French 
writer,  has  publ.  2  important  works  explanatory 
of  neume-notation  :  4 '  L'art  dit  gregorien  d'api  is 
la  notation  neumatique  "  (Paris,  1897),  and  "  Le 
Rythme  du  chant  dit  grdgorien  d'apres  la  nota- 
tion neumatique "  (1898  ;  with  an  Appendix, 
1899).  His  exposition  is  said  to  be  clear  and 
convincing. 

Jadassohn,  Salomon.  His  latest  book  is 
4 'Das  Tonbewusstsein.  Die  Lehre  vora  musi- 
kalischen  Horen"  (Leipzig,  1899). 

Joachim,  Joseph.  Biography  by  Andreas 
Moser :  "  J.  J.,  ein  Lebensbild  "  (rSgg), 

Kienzl,  Wilhelm.  His  opera  Don  Qidchote 
was  prod,  at  Berlin,  Nov.  18,  1898. 

La  Tombelle,  Fernand  de.  See  TOMBELLE, 
DE  LA,  in  body  of  Dictionary. 

Leschetitzky  [not  LeschetitzkiJ,  Theodor, 
is  now  (1899)  IrwBg1  in  Wiesbaden. 

Lohr,  Richard  Harvey,  b.  Leicester,  Engl., 
June  13,  1856.  Pupil  of  Prout,  Sullivan,  and 
Holmes,  at  the  R.A.M.,  winning  Lucas  medal 
twice  (1877,  '78);  also  Potter  Exhibitioner,  and 
Santley  Prizeholder  (1879).  Organist  at  St. 
James's,  Marylebone.  Has  also  appeared  as  a 
concert-pianist  since  1882. — Works.  Oratorio 
The  Queen  of  Sheba;  services,  anthems,  etc.; 
part-songs ;  songs ;  a  pf. -quartet ;  a  Ballade,  op. 
3,  f.  'cello  and  pf.;  Duo  concertante,  op.  13,  f. 
do.,  a  Caprice,  op.  n,  and  a  Cavatina,  op.  14, 
f.  violin  and  pf. ;  f*  The  Window,"  12  pf.-pieces ; 
etc.; — "Primer"  of  the  rudiments  of  music 
(1882) ;  "  Principia  of  Music  "  (1890) ;  etc. 

Lott,  Edwin  Matthew,  b.  St.  Helier,  Jer- 
sey, Jan.  31, 1836.  An  organist  at  10,  he  studied 
under  Best  1851-2  ;  was  organist  of  various  Lon- 
don churches,  and  lived  in  Jersey  1865-70 ;  has 
been  org.  at  St.  Sepulchre's,  Holborn,  since  1883. 
— Works :  A  church-cantata,  services,  anthems, 
etc.;  songs  ("Into  the  Silent  Land,"  "  The 
Fairy  Wedding,"  etc.) ;  about  300  pf.-pieces,  in- 
cluding a  sonata,  a  Bourree,  a  Minuet,  and  55 
Finger-inventions  in  all  keys;  organ-pieces; 


catechisms  f.  piano  and  harmony  ;  and  a  Dic- 
tionary of  Mus.  Terms. 

Lucas,  Clarence,  b  in  Canada,  1866.  Pupil 
of  Dubois  m  the  ftuibCon*.  —  Workb  :  2opcias, 
Anne  Ilat/iaiotiy,  and  The  flfoney  Spider  (Mati- 
nee Th.,  London,  1897);  "Iso  pf.-pieces,  and 
songs. 

Lussan,  Ze*He  de,  dramatic  soprano  ;  b.  New 
York,  1863.  Taught  by  her  mother,  an  opera- 
singer.  Concert-debut  at  1  6,  in  the  Academy  of 
Music  ;  stage-debut  with  the  Boston  Ideal  Opera 
Company,  1885  ;  she  sang  several  seasons  with 
that  troupe,  and  then  went  to  London,  where 
she  was  eng.  (1889)  for  the  Carl  Rosa  company. 
R61es  :  Arline  (Bohemian  ^  Girl),  Zerlina,  Car- 
men, Mignon,  Fille  du  regiment,  Marion  (La 
e},  etc. 


Marpurg,  Fr.  Wilh.  In  enumerating  his  writ- 
ings the  following  were  inadvertently  omitted  : 
44  Ilistonsch-kritische  IJeytrage  ssiir  Auinahme 
der  Musils  "  (5  vol.s  ;  1754-62  ;  1782  ;  appeared 
irregularly)  ;  "  Kritische  Einleitung  in  die  CJc- 
schichte  und  Lehrsdtze  der  alten  und  ncuen  Mu- 
sik"  (1759  »  onty  on  ancient  music)  ;  and  4t  Kri- 
tische  Briefe  liber  die  Tonkunst  "  (a  weekly  pub- 
lication appearing  1759-63,  covering  many  im- 
portant points  in  mus,  science  and  art). 

Massenet,  J.  E.  F.    Opera  Cendrilfan  prod. 
1899. 
Mertz,  Joseph  Kasper,  distinguished  guitar- 

§  layer;  b.  Trcssburg,  Hungary,  Aug.  17,  1806; 
.  Vienna,  Oct.  14,  1856,  His  parents  were 
poor,  and  he  was  early  obliged  to  #ive  music- 
lessons  to  support  himself.  In  1840110  took  part 
in  a  concert  at  Vienna  ;  then  made  a  tour  through 
Moravia,  Silesia,  Poland,  and  Prussia  (Royal 
Th.,  Merlin);  gave  concerts  in  1842  at  Dresden, 
where  he  met  und  married  the  piano-  virtuoso 
Josephine  1'lantin,  with  whom  he  played  in 
Chemnitz,  Leipzig,  Dresden,  and  Prague,  when 
ill  -health  compelled  his  return  to  Vienna  (Feb., 
1843).  There  they  played  before  the  Kmpress, 
and  settled  as  music-teachers  ;  gave  several  con- 
certs in  1851  ;  made  a  trip  to  Salzburg  in  1853, 
again  playing-  before  the  impress,  King  Ludwig 
of  l]avaria,  and  other  notabilities,  performing 
some  duos  for  guitar  and  pf  .  of  their  own  com- 
position, and  giving  two  more  successful  con- 
certs. After  this,  M.'s  health  failed  rapidly. 

Moffat,  Alfred  Edward,  b.  Kdmlmrgh,  Dec. 
4,  1866.  Pupil  of  L.  TiUHslerat  Berlin,  1882-88. 
Composer,  residing  in  London  and  (iermaaiy  in 
turn.  —  Works  :  Cantatas  (f.  female  or  children's 
voices)  Tk*  Passing  Year,  Th*  Drfssing  of  tlie 
Well,  The  CMMrtn  of  XamufJ,  A  Christmas 
Dream  ;  album  of  ten  trios  f  .  female  voices  ; 
many  duets  and  duettinos  ;  la  sacred  rounds  ;  8 
books  of  school-songs  ;  songs,  etc,  —  a  pf.  -quar- 
tet ;  pieces  f.  violin  and  pf.  (24  pieces  ;  Album 
of  12  pieces  ;  Album  of  6  pieces)  ;  pieces  f.  'cello 
and  pf.  (12  salon-pieces  ;  ra  pieces  ;  A  sonata)  ; 
many  vocal  arrangements  (*'  The  Minstrelsie  of 


652 


MOLLENIIAUEK—  WAGNER 


Scotland,"  "  Folk-songs  of  England,  "etc.) ;  also 
instr.l  arrangements,  chiefly  of  classical  pieces. 

Mol'lenhauer,  Emil,  son  of  Fnednch  M. ;  b 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Au£,  4,  1855.  A  violinist,  he 
appeared  at  the  old  Niblo's  Garden,  New  York, 
in  his  ninth  year ;  joined  the  orch.  of  Booth's 
Th.  a  little  later,  and  when  about  16  entered  Th. 
Thomas's  orch.  as  one  of  the  1st  violins,  remain- 
ing here  about  8  years.  lie  then  joined  the 
Oamrosch  Orch. ,  and  a  few  years  later  became 
a  member  of  the  Hijou  Th.  orch.  at  Boston ;  was 
ist  violin  in  the  Boston  Symphony  Orch.  1884-8, 
then  assuming  the  conductorship  of  the  Germania 
and  Boston  Festival  Orchestras,  touring  the 
country  every  year  with  the  latter  with  famous 
vocal  and  instrumental  soloists  (Calve',  Nordica, 
Mclba ;  Campanari,  Pla^on,  Ben  Davies  ;  Hum- 
mel, Joseffy,  Ysaye,  Marteau).  In  1899  he  was 
elected  conductor  of  the  Boston  Handel  and 
Haydn  Society,  succeeding  Mr.  Lang. 

Moszkowa.  The  preferable  spelling  of  the 
name  given  as  **  Moszkva  "  in  this  Dictionary. 

Mozart.    Cf.  PRKSSEL,  G.  A. 

Prentice,  Thomas.  Properly  THOMAS  RID- 
IJSY  PRENTICE. 

Rinck,  J.  C.  H.  Tn  list  of  works,  add  op. 
TOI  as  the  ist  annual  issue  of  the  "  Choral- 
f  round," — The  en  or  made  by  Fetis  (and  copied 
by  Riemann  and  Shcdlock),  of  assigning  op.  78 
to  *'  preludes"  and  also  to  "  vaiiations  on  cho- 
rals, was  discovered  too  late  for  correction, 

Rowbotham,  John  Frederick,  b.  Kdin- 
burgh,  Apr.  xB,  1854.  Took  the  Balliol  Schol- 


arship, Oxford,  at  the  age  of  18  ;  studied  music 
there,  and  at  the  Stem  Cons  ,  Berlin,  for  3 
years,  also  at  Dresden,  Paris,  and  Vienna.  lie 
travelled  on  the  Continent  to  collect  materials 
for  his  "  Histoiy  of  Music,"  publ.  in  3  vols. 
(London,  1885-7);  has  also  publ.  "How  to 
write  music  correctly  "  (1889);  *'  Private  Life  of 
Great  Composers  "  (1892)  ;  "  The  Troubadours, 
and  the  Courts  of  Love  "  (1895);  the  mus.  articles 
in  Chambcrs's  "  Encyclopedia,"  and  many  pa- 
pers in  leading  periodicals ;  has  corn  p.  a  mass  f. 
double  choir  w.  orch. ;  and  songs. 

Schmidt,  Arthur  P.,  music-publisher ;  b. 
Altona,  Germany,  Apr.  i,  1846.  He  went  to 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1866,  and  entered  the  music- 
business  of  Geo.  D.  Russell  £  Co.  In  1876  he 
established  a  business  of  his  own,  which  now 
has  branches  in  New  York  and  Leipzig,  and 
which  has  won  prominence  more  especially  by 
its  publication  of  the  works  of  American  com- 
posers. 

Schmidt,  Dr.  Leopold,  has  written  the  latest 
biography  of  "  Josef  Haydn"  (Berlin,  1899). 

Strauss,  Ludwig,  died  Cambridge,  Engl,, 
Oct.  23,  1899. 

Vannuccini.  The  preferable  spelling  of  this 
name  ,  which  is  also  written  lk  Vanuccini "  and 
"Vannucini." 

Wagner,  Richard.  To  the  list  of  explana- 
tory works  add  "  Ilandlung  und  Dichtung  der 
Buhnenwcrkc  R.  W.'s  nach  ihren  Grundlagen 
in  Sage  und  Geschichte  dargestellt,"  by  von  der 
Vfordtcn  (Berlin,  1899).  Also  cf.  art.  TAPPBRT, 
WiLiiifiUi  (4I  Wagner-Lexicon  ). 


653