UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES
BUILDING USE
NON-CiRCULATING
TO ALL
BORROWERS M
BUILDING USE
NON-CIRCULATING
TO ALL
BORROWERS
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
OF
MEDALLISTS
VOLUME IV.
PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTERS, MACON (FRANCE)
PISANELLO.
(Antonio Pisano).
1397-1455.
BENEDETTO PISTRUCCI.
1784-1855.
BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
OF
MEDALLISTS
COIN-, GEM-, AND SEAL-ENGRAVERS
MINT-MASTERS, &c.
ANCIENT AND MODERN
WITH REFERENCES TO THEIR WORKS
B.C. 5OO -- A.D. I9OO
COMPILED
BY
L. FORRER
FELLOW OF THK ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY, &C.
VOLUME IV
EDITION LIMITED TO 300 COPIES.
LONDON
SPINK & SON L
17 & l8 PICCADILLY \V.
1909
5*535"
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES
MEDALLISTS
Coin-, Gem-, and Seal-Engravers, Ancient and Modern,
with References to their Works.
B.C. 5OO A.D. I9OO
VOLUME IV
M
(Continuation),
M. B. Vide MATTHIAS BESINGER. Mint-master at Augsburg, 1472-
1494.
M. B. Vide MARCO BOLLANI. Podesta at Padua, 1498.
M. B. Vide MARCO BARBO. Mint-master at Cattaro, 1527-1528.
M. B. Vide MATTEO BEMBO. Mint-master at Cattaro, 1538-1540.
M. B. Vide MUNZMEISTER BUSSENHOVEN, in the service of the
Abbey of Thoren, 1569-1575. Vide also M. PB.
M. B. or Mi. Vide MORITZ BERGMANN. Mint-master at Hanover,
1628-1666.
M. B. or M. Vide MARTIN BRUNNER. Medallist at Nuremberg,
born in 1659, died in 1725.
M. B. or M* or MB. I. Vide A. MEYBUSCH. Mint-engraver and
Medallist at Stockholm and Copenhagen, 1676-1701.
L. FOIREK. Biographical Notices of Medallists . IV I
~~~ 4
MEBES, DANIEL (Germ.). Mint-master at Gerbstadt (Mansfeld)
1621-1623. His initials M. D. occur on coins of that mint and those
dates.
MEDALLISTS, of Italian origin, whose names are unrecorded,
but whose works, ranging from the fifteenth to the seventeenth
centuries, have been grouped, according to some special sign or
symbol, or also reverse type, recurring on several of them, have
been designated, by French authorities, under certain appellations,
which have now been generally adopted. These are :
MEDALLIST, on the Reverse of whose medals appears a Spread
EAGLE (MEDAILLEUR or MAITRE A L'AIGLE). (Vide Vol. II,
p. 4.) These medals are now ascribed by Prof. Bode to Niccolo
Spinelli of Florence (</. i\).
MEDALLIST, on the Reverse of whose medals appears a figure of
FORTUNE (MfiDAILLEUR or MAITRE A LA FORTUNE).
Vide Vol. II, p. 126 and infra, LORENZO GIGLIAMOCCHI. The
author of these medals is Niccolo Spinelli (q. v.).
MEDALLIST, on the Reverse of whose medals appears a figure of
HOPE (MfiDAILLEUR or MAITRE A L'ESPERANCE). (Vide
Vol. II, p. 552). Also attributed to Niccolo Spinelli, by Prof. Bode.
MEDALLIST, on the Reverse of whose medals appears a figure of
CAPTIVE EROS (M&DAILLEUR or MAITRE A L' AMOUR
CAPTIF). Vide GIAN CRISTOFORO ROMANO, circa 1465-1512, infra.
MEDALLIST, who executed large medallions of ROMAN
EMPERORS (MEDAILLEUR or MAITRE AUX EMPEREURS
ROMAINS). This artist flourished towards the end of the fifteenth
century, and probably did a whole series of Portrait-medallions of
Roman Emperors. Armand however only knew the three follow-
ing : Nero (diam. 114 mill.); - - Trajan (diam. in mill.); -
Antoninus Pius and Faustina Senior (diam. 109 mill.); Obv.
Bust of Faustina to r. ; tyL. Antoninus and Faustina, seated, facing
each other and clasping hands.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit., I, 100.
MEDALLIST with the signature 0. F. (MEDAILLEUR or MAITRE
A LA MARQUE O). The first letter of this signature, says Armand,
is not the Greek letter <t>, but an I forming a monogram with an
0, and the name of the Medallist may have been : JOHANNES
The medal on which this signature occurs belongs to the period
between 1509 and 1523 and has on obv. a Portrait of the Doge
of Venice, Andrea Gritti, under the bust of whom is : 0. F., while
the I^d. represents the Doge on horseback near the gates of a sea-
side town, the entrance of which seems to be shown to him by a nude
male figure (Diam. : 65 mill.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit. Heiss, op. cit., Venise, p. 132. Tresor,
I, xxxv, 5.
MEDALLIST with the signature ^ (MEDAILLEUR or MAITRE
A LA MARQUE ^). According to Armand, this Medallist was
working circa 1538, and is the author of the following medals :
Ottavio Farnese and Margaret of Austria, with their busts, and
artist's signature on either side (diam. : 38 mill.); Uniface medal,
with portrait of a young Lady (diam. : 39 mill.) ; Pietro Bembo ;
uniface; obv. PETRI BEMBI' CAR. (diam. 144 mill.); Vincenzo
Caraffa, obv. Bust to 1. ; I. FATA VIAM INVENIENT. Alexander
the Great cutting the Gordian knot (diam. 148 mill.); Maria de
Roias; uniface; D.MAR.DE.ROIAS. (diam. : 36 mill.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit. I, 152 ; III, 60.
MEDALLIST with the signature HV (M^DAILLEUR or MAITRE
A LA MARQUE HV). This monogram may possibly represent the
signature of the Cremonese Goldsmith ORAZIO NAZARO, who was
working at Rome towards the end of the sixteenth century. It
occurs on a Portrait-medal of Benedetto Lomellini, a Genoese,
created cardinal in 1565,7 1579; obv. BENEDICTVS CARDINA-
LIS-LOMELLINVS-AN-D-,i569'^T-SVE-52. Bust to 1.;
fyL MANSVETVDO ' HV. Draped female figure holding and caress-
ing a dove, and trampling on a serpent (diam. 45 mill.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit., I, 255 ; III, 121.
MEDALLIST with the signature W (M^DAILLEUR or MAITRE A
LA MARQUE W). The two medals ascribed to this artist by
Armand have been restored to ADRIANO FIORENTINO (Vide
Vol. I, N. E., p. 26). They both portray Ferdinand II. of Aragon,
king of Naples. The border of the king's hat shows a W which is
repeated in the field of the f$L. ; Fabriczy interprets the W into a
" Motto " of the Prince (Fabriczy, op. cit., p. 68).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit., I, 101.
MEDALLIST, whose medals are marked with the SIGN OF
MARS (MEDAILLEUR or MAITRE AU SIGNE DE MARS).
Milanesi has identified this artist with DOMENICO DI POLO (q.v. injrd)
and Fabriczy, as well as other authorities, have adopted his
attribution.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, of. cit., I, 151 ; III, 9. C. Von Fabriczy, op. cit.
MEDALLIST, whose medals are marked with a pair of PINCERS
(MEDAILLEUR or MAITRE A LA TENAILLE). A uniface
Portrait-medallion of Lorenzo de' Medici (diam. 90 mill.) bears
under the bust a pair of pincers, which may represent the name of
the artist, perhaps a member of the Tanagli (tanaglia = pair of
Lorenzo de' Medici.
pincers) family of Goldsmiths at Florence, which is still in
existence. Vide TANAGLI infra.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit. I, 51 ; 111,9. Fabriczy, op. cit. p. 59.
MEDALLIST, who worked for Charles VIII. of France and his
Court (MEDAILLEUR ITALIEN DE LA COUR DE CHARLES
VIII). (FYcfcVol.n, p. 96.)Rondot (Les Medailleurs et les Gravenrs de
monnaies en France, 1904, p. 8r) states that in 1494, at the time
when Charles VIII. was preparing for his expedition to the other
side ot the Alps, several medals were modelled and cast in bronze,
with the King's ertigy and those of some of his councillors, amongst
others, Jean du Mas, seigneur de Lisle, and Beraud Stuart, seigneur
d'Aubigny. These medals are ot Italian workmanship and bear
much analogy with those executed at about the same time by
Niccolo Spinelli. It is therefore probable, that if they are not by the
hand of this Medallist, they were nevertheless modelled by an
Italian who came to Lyons to take advantage of the king's presence,
and whose influence made itself felt on the works of contemporary
Goldsmiths and "Tailleurs d'images" of that city.
Rondot further states that there were three NICOLAS DE FLORENCE
who worked during the second half of the fifteenth century: NICCOLO
SPINELLI, Engraver and Seal-cutter to the Duke of Burgundy, circ.
1469; NICCOLO SPINELLI or NICCOLO DI FORZORE (also' NICCOLO DI
FORZORE SPINELLl), author of the Portrait-medallion of Alfonso
d'Este (..1485-7 1514); and NICOLAS DE FLORENCE, of Lyons
(...i493-*j' 1499). But Herr von Fabriczy has, to my mind, success-
fully proved that the NICOLAS DE SPINEL, who executed the great
seal of Charles the Bold, and Portrait-medallion of Anthony of
Burgundy (in Berlin Museum) is the same as NICCOLO SPINELLl,
and there is nothing impossible in the suggestion that the artist
may have made a short stay at Lyons in 1494, on the occasion of
Charles VIII. 's residence there, to which period of his activity
Anthony of Burgundy.
would belong the following works enumerated in Armand :
Charles Vlll.tdiam. 9 5 mill.); ^. VICTORIAM.PAX.SEQVETVR.
Victory in biga preceded by Peace holding olive-sprig; Another
(diam. : 40 mill.), uniface;-- Jean Du Mas, seigneur de Lisle
(diam. : 88 mill.) obv. Bust to 1.; 1$L. Dumas, in cuirass, on horse-
back, caparisoned; Jean Matharon de Salignac, French ambas-
sador at Rome (diam. : 88 mill.); tyL. Matharon standing, facing; -
Beraud Stuart, seigneur d'Aubigny, Scot in the service of
Charles VIII., uniface (diam. : 89 mill.) ; Anthony of Burgundy,
surnamed the grand Batard, obv. and 1$L. legend: NVLI.NE.SI.
FROTA (diam. : 87 mill. ; in the Berlin Museum, and attributed
by von Fabriczy to Niccolo Fioremino) ; Gilbert de Bourbon,
comte de Montpensier, dauphin d'Auvergne(diam. : 73 mill.), uni-
face; Antoinede Gimel (diam. : 88 mill.) ; I. PRESIT .DECVS
and type as that on IfyL. of Du Mas's medal.
Vide Prof. Bode's monograph of Niccolo Spinelli, and my notice
of this medallist, infra.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit. Von Fabriczy, op. cit. Friedlander,
op. cit.
8
MEDALLIST, Venetian, of 1523 (MEDAILLEUR or MAITRE
VENIT1EN DE 1523). Under that appellation, Annand has described
several medals : Jacopo Loredano; IfyL. Mucius Scaevola holding his
hand in a burning brazier (diam. : 63 mill.); Vincenzo Malipieri;
obv. VINCENTIVS. MARIPETRO. AND . F. AN. AET. XLVII ;
%L. REGALIS.CONSTANTIA. MDXXIII crowned spread-eagle
(diam. : 63 mill ); Francesco Malipieri; f. FIRME.ET.PER-
PETViE.CARITATI. MDXXIII. Pelican (diam. : 63 mill.);
Sebastiano Renieri; %L. MEMORIAE. ORIGINIS. VENET.
Nude female figure holding standard of St. Mark; Roberto Maggi;
!. LAHORE JNGENIOTET.PROBIT. MDXXII. Nude female
figure holding spear and shield (diam. : 80 mill.); Leonardo
Zantani; I. PERPETVITATI.D. Phoenix, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit. Friedlander, op. cit. Heiss, op. cit.
Keary, op. cit.
MEDINA, V. (Msx&.). Medallist and Mint-engraver at Guadalaxara
(Mexico), circ. 1822. By him are several medals: Proclamation of
Emperor Augustine I., at Guadalaxara, 1822 (illustrated'); Another,
Guadalaxara Proclamation medal of Augustine I.
issued by the Cathedral authorities of Guadalaxara; Another,
issued by the National Consulate, or Civic authorities of Guada-
laxara; - - The Academy of Guadalaxara to the chief ruler ot
Anahuac (Mexico), etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Benjamin Betts, Mexican Imperial Coinage, 1899.
MEEHOFER, FRANZ (Austr.). Mint-master at Salzburg, 1761-
1770.
MEER, JEAN VAN DER (Dutch). Mint-engraver at Vroenhoven,
1500-1502, replaced by Ulric Peeters, on 6. August 1502. His wages
amounted to 12 Flemish livres per annum (Janne Van der Meer,
ysersnydere der munten van der Vroenhove tot Tricht, etc. ; Royal
Archives).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges, Revue de la num.
beige, 1853, p. 284.
MEGHEROEDE, BRICE VAN (Dutch). Brnssy Tulmans^oon Van
Megheroe.de 3 Mint-engraver at The Hague or Dordrecht, at the
beginning of the fifteenth century, appointed on 15. May 1401.
Philip the Good named Nicholas Van Bylande, who died in 1438,
to succeed him, but the extent of Van Megheroede's activity as
Engraver of the coins of Holland is unrecorded.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Pinchart, Joe. cit., 1858, p. 42.
MEGRET, LOUIS NICOLAS ADOLPHE (French}. Sculptor of the nine-
teenth century, born at Paris, I. November 1829 ; pupil of Jouffroy
and Duret. By him are numerous Portrait-medallions in bronze,
some of which were exhibited at the Paris Salon : 1868. M" e E. T.
G***; -- 1869. Alphonse Karr; Nice, bronze medal; -- 1873.
Young Girl ; Portrait of a Lady, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.
MEHL, FRANZ (Germ.'}. Burgomaster at Glogau, etc., imprisoned
in 1633 on suspicion of counterfeiting coins of Saxony and Bran-
denburg, but released on his proving that the dies found at his
house had been left him by a former Engraver.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Friedensburg, op. cit.
MEIBUS Vide MEYBUSCH, ANTON. Father and Son ; Medallists in
Sweden and Denmark, circ. 1660-1720.
MEIDINGER, HEINRICH (Germ.). Director of the Mint at Fulda,
1765-1770.
MEIDINGER, JOHANN FERDINAND (Germ.). Mint-master at Treves;
then Director of the Mint at Wiirzburg, 1762; and in 1766 at
Vienna.
MEIER, BARTHOLD (Dan.). Mint-engraver and Court-medallist at
Copenhagen, 1680-1688; Warden of the Mint at Domitz, 1689;
and Mint-master at Schwerin, 1696-1702.
Meier was Chief Medallist to Christian V. of whom he cut several
Portrait-medals; he is also the author of the following commemo-
rative medals : Fortitude and Prudence of William and Mary of
Great Britain, 1689 (probably issued to celebrate their Coronation);
- Danish auxiliaries for England ; obv. A fleet at sea ; beneath :
B. M. ; I. Inscription : A CHRISTIANO V. MISSVM WILHELMO
IO
III. etc. MDCLXXXIX | B. M.; - - Johan Lassenius; - - Birthday
of King Christian V., 1694; -- Medal on the Peace of Celle in
Ratzeburg, 29. September 1693, & c -
This Medallist's productions, says Bolzenthal, do not leave upon
one a favourable impression.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Franks & Grueber, op. cit. Grueber,
Guide frc. Hildebrand,q/>. cit.
MEIGER or MEYER, GLAUS (Germ.}. Mint-master at Rostock, 1562.
MEIJER, H. DE (Dutch'). This Artist's signature occurs on a Por-
trait-medal of William V., commemorating his appointment to the
Stadholderate, 1766.
MEIJBUCH. Vide ANTON MEYBUSCH.
MEIL, JOHANN HEINRICH (Germ.}. Medallist of the second half
of the eighteenth century, born at Berlin in 1729. He is the author
of a Portrait-medal of the poet Gellert, and of a Jeton of the Berlin
Academy of Fine Arts, which are not of great merit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit., p. 276.
MEILLER, JEAN LOUIS (French}. Mint-engraver at Lyons in the
early months of 1678, and was nominated on 18. May of the same
year Mint- engraver at Montpellier, in succession to Francois
Brondes. Later he was appointed an official at the Cour des Mon-
naies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit. Ibid., Les Gravetirsde Lyon.
MEILLINGER, JAKOB (Germ.}. Moneyer at Ratisbon, 1391.
MEINDL, CHRISTIAN (Austr.}. Mint-warden at Salzburg, 1647-
1692.
MEINECKE, JOACHIM (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Riga, 1652-1663 ;
Mint-master there, 1663-1668. The currency issued under him
usually bears his initials.
MEINERT, or MAYNERT, JOSEPH (Austr.}. Mint-engraver at War-
saw, 1836-1856, and a famous Counterfeiter of Polish coins. So far,
104 dies, intended for the production of imitations, are known as by
him. Count Czapsky of Stankow collected these dies and published
a catalogue of them. "DieSammler moderner Miinzen glaubten sich
in Folge des erwahnten Senkverfahrens vollig gegen Betrug
gesichert, auch das aber ist nur noch ein schoner Traum
(Kirmis, Daheim, Feb. 1902, p. 24). There is a Portrait-medal of
him bv his son.
II
MEINGOS or MOINGUS, THOMAS (Aiistr.). Mint-master at Vienna,
circ. 1442 (?)-i)O2.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Von Ebengreuth, Wierfs Mun^wesen, 1902.
MEINHARDT, BARTHOLD (Germ.). Mint-master at Blankenburg
(County of Regenstein), circ. 1564-66. He styled himself " Silber-
kremer aus Goslar", and was commissioned to strike currency of
the weight and standard of that ofMansfeld. We find him later as
Mint-master at Eisleben, Friedeborn, etc., circ. 1582-1595, during
which period he signed coins of Count Peter Ernest (reigning in
conjunction with Johann Albert, Johann Hover, Bruno II. and
Hoyer Christoph ; and afterwards, with Bruno II., Gebhard VIII.
and Johann Georg).
MEINHARDT, HANS GEORG (Germ.}. Possibly the same as (HANS)
GEORG MAINHART. Mint-master at Eisleben, Halle and Stolberg,
circ. 1595-1615 ; later (probably the same person) at Winsen,i6i9~
1621; appointed i. January 1622 at Moisburg, from where he
went to Poland. We next find him as Mint-master at Lobsenz,
where in 1637 he was still in office. Bahrfeldt (Beitrdge %ur Miln^-
geschichte der Lilnebnrgischen Lande, Wien, 1893) surmises that this
same HANS GEORG MEINHARDT was also connected with the epis-
M ^
copal Mint ofRatzeburg at Schonberg. The signature G, MG I have
noticed on currency of Mansfeld (Peter Ernest, in conjunction with
Bruno II., Wilhelm and Johann Georg, 1601-1604; and David
1628).
Nagler states that this Mint-master was also in the service of the
Archbishop of Magdeburg, and Christian I. of Anhalt, but the
medal he ascribes to him (Monog. III., 177) is by Christian Maler.
MEINHARDT or MAINERT, JOSEPH (Germ.). Mint-engraver at
Warsaw, 1640-1655.
MEINHOLT, GEORG (Germ.). Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1595-1623
(Schlickeysen).
MEINTZ, BALTHASAR (Germ.). Engraver of Fulda, who is said to
have engraved imitations of coins for Count Christoph von Barby
at Wildungen Castle in 1570. Among these were Spanish Philipps-
gulden and other currency.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D^Otio Grotefend, Ueber Mun^fdlscJjung in Wildungen, 1570.
MEISSNER, CARL (Germ.). Mint-engraver and Medallist at St.
Petersburg, circ. 1801-1809. He was born in 1774; entered in 1789
the "Medailleur" School ; and disappeared in 1814, probably
losing his life on the Neva. By him are several medals. His signa-
ture : C. MEISNER. F : occurs on the }$L. of a medal commemorating
12
the Centenary of the Battle of Poltawa, 1809, the obv. of which is
by the artist C. Leberecht. A Presentation medal of the Emperor
Paul to Herman Nowgorodoff, 1798, is signed : C. M. F.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Iversen, op. cit. Ammon, op. cit. Iversen, Beiirag ^ur
mssiscbtn Medaillenkiinde, St. Petersburg, 1870.
MEISSNER, GEORG (Germ.}. According to Ammon, Mint-master
in the service of the Counts of Mansfeld, 1595-1601. This is
evidently an incorrect interpretation of GEORG MEINHARDT's signa-
ture.
MEISSONNIER, JEAN LOUIS ERNEST (French}. A famous Painter
of the nineteenth century, born at Lyons in 1811, died at Paris
in 1891. He began as a book illustrator of "Paul et Virginie"
amongst other works, practising the while and perfecting his art
as a figure painter, in which he achieved signal success, from his
"Chess-player" series to his designs for the decoration of the
Pantheon, "The Apotheosis of France". He was also a successful
modeller in wax and clay, and by him are some Portrait-medallions
and Plaquettes, one of these in repousse gold for the binding of the
Address presented to President Carnot to commemorate the Uni-
versal Exhibition of 1889.
MEISSONNIER, JUSTE AURELE (French}. Architect, Painter, Sculp-
tor, and Goldsmith, born at Turin in 1675, died at Paris in 1750.
He was one of the artists, says Rondot, who gave a new impulse
to the decorative art, created under Louis XIV. by Lepautre, Marot,
and others. As chief of a school he is one of the originators of the
style (so-called) of Louis XV.
This artist engraved a few medals ; one of them, described by
Rondot, and executed in 1715, commemorates the Naval Engage-
ment off Malaga, 1704 ; the legend is : OR^ HISPANICE SECV-
RITAS ; it is signed M on the ^L. but the puncheon bears the signa-
ture : J. A. MEISONIE. F. Mint documents record a payment of
420 livres made to him in 1716 for some dies of medals. By him
are perhaps two medals signed, M. M. representing the "Premier
lit de justice" held in 1661, and the Establishment of the General
Hospital.
Meissonnier is famous as a Goldsmith, and he was " Dessinateur
ordinaire du Cabinet du roi. "
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit., p. 355. J. J. Guiffrey, La Monnaie des
niedailles, Revue numismatique, 1889, p. 309.
MEIT, CONRAD (Germ.}. Sculptor to the Archduchess Margarethe,
a friend of Albrecht Durer, who worked some time at Wittenberg,
in the early part of the sixteenth century. He appears to have been
also a Medallist, as shown by the Portrait-medal of the young
Nuremberg patrician Peter Harsdorffer, signed : CONTRFET VON
CONRAT MIT. A model of this medal in alabaster was published by
Imhoff, but the inscription could no longer be read. By the same
artist is a statuette of Judith in alabaster in the Bavarian National
Museum.
Similar work to that of the HarsdorfFer medal is exhibited on a
Portrait-medal in painted terra-cotta of the Archduchess Margarethe,
1528, and this model has a great analogy to the bust of the
Archduchess, which Bode ascribes on other grounds to Conrad
Meit. It is probable that some of the medals given to Hans Schwarz
will have to be restored to Meit, who may also be the author of
the Profile Portraits hitherto given to Diirer. On a document he is
named " Meister Conrad Schnitzer".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D^ B. Pick, Deutsche Medailkn, 1906.
MELCHIOR (Hung.}. Treasurer of State and Superintendent of the
Mints in Hungary, arc. 1470-1490.
MELCHIOR, CHRISTOPH (Germ.'). Mint-master at Koenigsberg in
Prussia, 1646-1656.
MELCHIOR, JOHANN PETER (Germ.}. Sculptor and Modeller in
wax, terra-cotta, etc., born in 1742, died in 1825. Between 1770
and 1779 he was Court Sculptor at Hochst-am-Main ; later he
worked at Frankenthal, Mannheim, and Nuremberg, and in 1796
he was appointed Inspector of the Porcelain Manufactory of
Nymphenburg. There he executed numerous Portrait-medallions
of the Bavarian Royal family; Samuel Thomas von Soemmering,
a distinguished physician, and others. From an earlier date are the
artist's Portrait-medallions of Goethe, 1775; Goethe's father;
- Frau Rat, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D. F. Heynemann, Die Medaillen-Sainmlung der Senckenberg-
iscben Naturjorschenden Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 1900.
MELEUN, BARTHELEMY DE (French}. Mint-master at Bayonne,
1527-1535.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Faivre, op. cit., p. 47.
MELDE, CORNELIUS (Germ.). Mint-master at Dresden, 1635. His
Thalers of John George I. of that date are signed C-M, and exist
only in four varieties. They are rare, as Melde was in office but a
few months.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, up. cit. Erbstein, Erorterungen &c.
MELIODON (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at Paris; pupil
of Falguiere, A. Millet, Gauthier, Carlus and Barrau. He has exhib-
ited since 1894 at tne Salon de la Societe" des Artistes francais,
14 -
and obtained no less than fourteen medals. By him are Portrait-
medallions in bronze, articles of plate, objects of decorative art, etc.
He is an " Officier d'Acadcmie.
MELIOLUS or MELIOLI, BARTOLOMEO (//<//.). Goldsmith and
Medallist of Mantua, born in 1448, died in 1514. About 1492, he
was entrusted with the direction ot the Mantuan mint, and remained
apparently in office until 1514, the year of his death. We learn
from a document in the Gonzaga archives that in 1493 the artist
cut the dies for a gold Ducat with the portrait of the Marquis Gian-
francesco II. The other coins of that reign, which rank amongst the
best monetary productions of the Italian Renaissance, are no doubt
due to Melioli,and have been described under his name by Armand
(III, p. 18). Amongst these are the following: Francesco II. (1484-
1519). AT. Zecchino; obv. FRANCISCVS. MAR.MANTVE.
QVART. Bust to 1. ; #.. D . PROBASTI . M . T . COGNO VISTI . ME.
Crucible (sev. var.) ; Af . | Zecchino; - | Zecchino; obv.
CHRIST!. IHESV. SANG VIN. Monstrance; I. PARVN.DESIR.
Sun (Gnecchi Sale Cat., 1901, n 2078); -- ^R. Medallic Half
Scudo; obv. FRANCISCVS.MAR.MANTVE.ini. Bust to 1. ;
I. NON . IGNARA . MALI . MISERIS . SVCVRRERE . DISCO.
The Marquis standing to r. with three other persons; -- Medallic
Half Scudo; obv. as last; #.. DIVINVM.DARE.HVMANVM.
ACCIP. The Duke between three figures; ex: LIBERALI : TAS.
(illustrated}; - Testone; obv. FR . M . MANTVAE. Bust to 1.
Medallic Half Scudo of Francesco II. of Mantua.
$L S.R.E. CONF. Shield of arms (illustrated)-, Testone;
obv. FRANCISCVS . MAR . MANTVE . IIII. Bust to 1. ; fy. D . PRO-
BASTI. ME. ET.COGNOVISTI. ME. Crucible (sev. var.): -
Testone; obv. FR. MAR.M ANT. IIII. VENE.CAPI.GE. Marquis
on horseback to r. ; %L. XPI >& IHESV )& SANG VINIS Monstrance ;
Testone; obv. FRANCISCVS . MAR . MANT . IIII. Bust to 1.
with long hair brushed over the forehead ; I^C. -}- XPI-[-IHESV-|-
SANG VINIS. Monstrance ; Testone ; obv. FR ANCISCVS . MAR .
MAN. IIII. Bust to 1. with long hair in flat beretta ; I$L. -j- XPI.
IHESV.SANGVINIS. Monstrance, and other varieties; --Half
Testone; obv. FRANCISCVS. MAR MANX. IIII. Bust to 1. ; I. As
s^
Testone of Francesco II. of Mantua.
last; --Half Testone; with obv. legend: FR ANCISCVS. MAR-
CHIO MANTV.IIII. ; - - Grosso (sev. varieties); and smaller
values, in silver, billon, and copper. (Vide Bellini, op. cit.; -
Armand, op. cit., Ill, 18.)
Only five medals are known by Bartolomeo Melioli; with the
exception of a commemorative piece of King Christian of Denmark's
visit to Mantua on his journey to Rome in 1474, they all represent
Obv. of Medal of Gianfrancesco II. Gonzaga.
members of the Gonzaga family : Marquis Luigi, and his son of
the same name, who was Bishop of Mantua (both of 1475); Gian-
francesco II. (medal executed before his accession in 1484); and
Maddalena Gonzaga, consort of Giovanni Sforza : Christian /.
of Denmark (^m. 62 mill.) ; obv. Bust to 1.; ty. TALIS.ROMAM.
16
PETIIT.SISTI.QVARTI. PONT. MAX. ANNO III. - MELIO-
LVS . SACRAVIT. King on horseback; - - Ludovico III., second
Marquis of Mantua (diam. 80 mill.); obv. Bust to r. ; }$L. FIDO.
ET SAPIENTI . PRINCIPI . FIDES . ET . PALLAS . ASSISTVNT.
MELIOLVS. SACRAVIT. - ANNO . MCCCCLXXV. Fides and
Pallas standing in front of Ludovico seated to r.; --Ludovico
Gonzaga, fourth son of Ludovico III., bishop of Mantua, 1483-
1511 (diam. 50 mill); obv. Bust to 1.; ^L. ANNO. CHRIST!.
MCCCCLXXV. - - M. S.; - - Gianfrancesco II., fourth Marquis
(diam. 72 mil.); obv. Bust to r. ; I. ADOLESCENTIAE .
AVGVSTAE. - MELIOLVS DICAVIT. - - CAVTIVS Draped
female figure standing to r., r. hand resting on spear, and support-
ing a basket in 1. ; at her feet, water and fire (obv. illustrated) ; -
Maddalena Gon^aga, consort of Giovanni Sforza (diam. 55 mill.);
obv. Bust tol. ; 6. NIL . RECTA . FIDE . SANCTIVS. MELIO-
LVS. DICAVIT. Open book, above which are two laurel-branches ;
in the centre, a bird.
Hunter and Bacchante.
" The portraits on these pieces, " says Von Fabriczy, "in external
respects already differ from those of Pisano and his followers, in
that they are no longer cut off in a more or less straight line at
the bottom, but that in imitation of antique portrait busts they
show a deep bust, clad in armour with a slanting truncation. This
ought not to surprise us when we remember the reverence, border-
ing on worship, with which in the home of Virgil men honoured
the antique, and how eagerly its remains were collected. We may
also give credit to the goldsmith's art of Melioli for the excessively
detailed ornamental work covering the armour, although it too
much exalts the subordinate at the expense of the essential. But
unfortunately his capacity for such externalities is not counter-
balanced by vigorous characterisation of the personality or signifi-
cant working out of allegories. "
By Melioli are also some Plaques; amongst these a circular one,
representing a Hunter and Bacchante (illustrated) ; Female bust;
- Horsemen and foot soldiers ; Orpheus charming the beasts ;
- Samson rending the lion's ja\v ; - The head of St John the
Baptist brought to Herod ; Youthful Warrior and Bacchante;
Sacrificial scene; -- Mucius Scaevola ; Three armed Men; -
Two figures fighting; -- The judgment ot Solomon; Mars and
Vulcan, cvc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit., I, 79; III, 18. C. von Fabriczy, op. cit.
Bolzenthal,o/>. cit. I. B. Supino, op. cit. Friedlander, op cit. Blanche:,
op. cit. Ris-Paquot, op. cit. Keary, British Museum Guide of Italian \tt-dah.
Gazette des B< \nt\-Arts, 1894, II, 15,118. Bode, Die italieniscben Broti^en,
Berlin, 1904.
MELLANVILLE, GERMAIN DE (French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Paris; pupil of Falguiere. At the Salon of 1897 he exhib-
ited seven Portrait-medallions of M. and M me D*** and their chil-
dren.
MELLER (Anstr.). Moneyer at Vienna, 1347.
MELLER (Genii.). Modeller in wax of the eighteenth century;
most probably PHILIPP HEINRICH MULLER, 1650-1718.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. The Connoisseur, VIII, 1 54.
MELLGREN, CARL MAGNUS (Su>ed.~). Medallist of the second
quarter of the nineteenth century, who resided at Stockholm.
I have noticed his signature (C. M. M.) on the following medals:
Bernhard Henrik Crusell, Swedish clarinetist (undated); Erik
Gustaf Geijer, professor ot history at Upsala (undated); -
Gustavus II. Adolphus; ty.. PEPIGIT NOBIS etc., 1832 ; Gus-
tavus III., Swedish Academy, 1836; Carl Michael Bellman,
; - - J- J- Berzelius, 1834, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. Hildebrand, op. cit.
Tbomsen Catalogue.
MELLINGER, JOSEPH (Genii.). Mint-master at Zweibriicken, 1758-
1769, or 1757-1767 (Kull). He concurrently filled the post of
Mint-engraver. I have met with his initials J. M. on a Thaler of
Christian IV., Count Palatine, dated 1759.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Kull, op. cit. Ammon, op. cit. Schlickeysen-Pallmann,
op. cit.
MELON or MILON (also MELONE and MILLON), GIOVANNI V.(//fl/.).
Medallist of the second half of the sixteenth century; possibly
a native of Cremona, and as suggested by Milanesi, a nephew
of the painter Altobello Melone or Milone. His productions, which
date from circ. 1571 to 1589, are variously signed : IO.V.MILON.F.;
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallist!. IV. 2
18
- IO.V.MELON.F. ; -- IO.V.MILON : MELON F. : -- MILLON.F. etc.
Amongst these are: Don Juan of Austria, 1571 ; }$L. CLASSE.TVR-
CICA . AD . NAVPACTAM . DELETA . DIE . 7. OCTOBR. 1571.
Rostral column surmounted by statue of Don Juan; in the background,
the Christian and Turkish fleets at Lepanto (commemorative
medal of the battle of Lepanto); Another;!^,. VENI ET VICI.
- TVNIS. Neptune striking Turks with his trident; in the back-
ground, the town of Tunis (commemorative medal of the Expe-
dition of Don Juan to Tunis, in 1574); - - Alessandro Farnese,
cardinal, 1534-! 1589; obv. Bust to r. ; tyL. FECIT. ANNO. SAL.
MDLXXV.ROMAE. Facade of the Gesu Church at Rome;
Inigo Lope^ deMendo^a, marquis of Mondejar, { 1 577 ; obv. Bust to
r. ; }$L. Engagement on a bridge; Gregory XIII. , Pope, 1572
fi585; obv. Bust to 1. ; I. IVSTITIA . PACEM . COPIAM . PAX .
ATTVLIT. Justice seated ; to r. Abundance ; to 1. Peace ; Others,
Antoine Perrenot, cardinal Granvella.
with same obv. without the signature; Rs (a) S.P.Q. R. The
Capitol; (b) S.P Q.R. OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. Campanile;
- (c) VTRVNQVE PRAESTAT. Dragon between caduceus and
cornucopiae; (d) OPTIME.REGITVR. S.P.Q.R. Papal
shield of arms; (e) OPTIME REGITVR. AN.D.MDLXXIX
Rudder on which papal arms; Others, with bust of Pontiff to 1.,
somewhat different, and not showing hand raised in blessing;
legend, ending in ANN. VII. Rs (a) VIGILAT Dragon keeping
custody at a gate; (b) S.P.Q. R.OPTIMO. PRINCIPI. within
laurel-wreath; - (c) VIATORVM.SALVTI. ANN.DNI.
MDLXXIX. Bridge on a river; Sixtus V., Pope; obv. SIXTVS.
V.P.F.MAX.AD.BENEDICTIONES.A.V. MILLON.F. 1589
Bust of Pontiff to r. with r. hand raised in blessing (unitace); -
Antoine Perrenot, cardinal Granvella, 1561 -J- 1586 ; obv. Bust to r. ;
signed : IO.V.MELONF.; tyL. IN. HOC. VINCESDon Juan of Austria
19
receiving a standard from the cardinal for the war against the Turks
(in two sizes; 43 and 32 mill.); Others; obv. Bust to 1. ; signed :
MELON F. Rs (a) As preceding medal; -- (b) DVRATE The ship
of Aeneas storm-tossed on the sea (several varieties, one with bust
to r. and signature: IO.V.MELON.F. on obv., illustrated'), etc.
To the above list by Armand may be added a few medals, unsign-
ed, which are very much in the manner of Melon : Emperor
Matthias, as Archduke of Austria; obv. Bust to r. ; ty,. AMAT
VICTORIA CVRAM Perseus and Andromeda ; Others, similar,
dated 1579 and 1581.
The work on some of these medals is very good. Van Loon
remarks that the commemorative piece of Don Juan's expedition to
Tunis in 1573 was issued by the inhabitants of the Netherlands in
honour of this hero; and Bolzenthal is of opinion that this fact does
not prevent Melon having been an Italian artist, as perhaps he, like
many of his countrymen, endeavoured to make his fortune on this
side of the Alps. Pinchart believes Melon to have been an Italian
artist, who, during a sojourn in Spain, may have executed the
medal in question. More modern authorities express no doubt as to
Melon's Italian nationality, and Milanesi, as we have seen, makes
him a native of Cremona.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit., I, 264; III, 125. Domanig, of), cit.
Bolzenthal, op. cit. Rondot &De La Tour, op. cit. Mazerolle, op. cit. Von
Fabriczy, op. cit. D r Eug. Merzbacher, Medaillen Katalog, Mai 1900. Ham-
burger, Raritdten-Catalog, IV, n 373. I. B. Supino, op. cit. Ammon, op. cit.
Catalogus &c. Kohler, op. cit. Van Loon, op. cit.
MELTZNER, ANDREAS (Danish). Mint-master at Copenhagen,
1593. Also METZNER.
MELWER, CONRAD (Brit.). Master of the Mint and coinage within
the duchy of Normandy, under Henry V. of England, appointed
on 17. March, 1417. " He had full power to make and coin, either
by himself or his deputies, new money called blanks (Gros Blancs),
half blanks (Petits or Demi-Blancs), and black pence (Deniers), of
the same metal and assay as they had been made in that duchy.
He was to hold the said office during pleasure, and to take for him-
self and servants such wages as should be agreed upon between the
king and him; and in the exercise of his office he was not to be
hindered by any of the king's servants ". Rot. Norm. 5.H. V. m. 9.
March 17).
These coins were probably imitated from those of the King of
France (FidePoey d'Avant, Monnaies feodales de France, II, p. 135).
Apparently none have been identified.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ruding, op. cit.
20
MEMMIG (Germ.}. This signature is said to occur on a medal
commemorating the sixth centenary of Swiss Independence, 1291-
1891, and to have been engraved at Brussels (Bulletin suisse de
numismatique, 1892, p. 246).
MEMMIUS or MEMMIES, JOHANN (Germ.}. Mint-master and
Engraver at Gustrow, 1673-1678; Rostock, 1679-1711; Stade,
1696; and Stettin, 1705-1710. His coin-issues, especially those of
Rostock, bear his initials : I. M. He also executed several medals,
amongst which Hildebrand describes the following: Charles XI.
tyL. Bust of Charles XII. ; - - Charles XII. , Peace of Alt-Ranstadt
1706 (2 var.); Victories of Charles XII., 1706 (sev. var.). These
were all engraved by Memmius at Stettin.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. --Hildebrand, op. cit. Ad. Hess Nachf., Reimmann Catalogue.
MENA OF DIODOROS. King mentions that this inscription is found
on an ancient gem, in onyx, of the De Thorns collection, representing
a female head with diadem, and adds that " it probably is the
name of the lady herself ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, Antique Gems, 1860.
MENAGER, FRANQOIS LE (French}. Mint-engraver at Rennes, circ.
1698-1719.
MENARD, COSME (French}. Goldsmith of Nantes, appointed
Engraver at the Mint there on 6. July 1570 and remained in office
until 15. March, 1593, when he was received Mint-engraver at
Dinan by the Cour des Monnaies, on the condition that he should
resign his similar post at Nantes.
MENARD, FLORENT or FLEURENT (French}. Son of the preceding,
and also a Goldsmith by trade. On the 14. July 1604, he succeeded
to his father as Mint-engraver at Nantes, an office which was made
hereditary by the king, 20. September of that same year. He died
in 1641.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. N. Rondot & H. de La Tour, op. cit.
MENARD, LOUIS HENRI AUGUSTIN (French}. Contemporary
Sculptor, born at Bercy, and author of some Portrait-medallions cast
in bronze : 1883. Female head; Child's head; - 1897.
M iie j M ***
MENDES, ANTONIO (Portug.}. Mint-master and Engraver at Goa
(India), 1529.
MENEGOZ, PIERRE GUSTAVE (French}. Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Dijon (Cote-d'Or); pupil of Jouffroy. By him are various
Portrait-medallions, cast in bronze.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.
21
MENESES (Chilian). Engraver of a Medal on the Inauguration of
the Viaduct of Malleco, 1890.
MENESTORFFER, MICHAEL (Austr."). Mint-master in Austria (at
Vienna) and Councillor of State, 1474-1476.
MENESTRELLE (Bril.). Mint-engraver at London, under Queen
Elizabeth, mentioned by Ruding, who states that a certain ELOY
MENSTRELL was hanged for false coining in 1568? but adds that
this person does not appear to have been engraver to the mint (from
Mr. West's Note Book).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ruding, op. oil. I, 44.
MENESTRIER, EDMOND (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Langres (Haute-Marne) ; pupil of Gerome. By him are numerous
Portrait-medallions cast in bronze, some of which were exhibited at
the Paris Salon : 1880, M. B***; - - 1881. M 1Ie Edmee; 1883.
A Lady, &c.
MENETRIER, FERDINAND LEON (French}. Contemporary Gem-
engraver and Medallist, born at Paris; pupil of Bouvet and Fauvel.
He has exhibited at the Paris Salon since 1878, and amongst his
best productions are : 1878. Theseus, cameo in agate; - - 1879.
Roman Warrior, bas-relief in hematite ; - - Demosthenes, intaglio
in sardonyx.
MENESTRIER, GUILLAUME (French). Mint-engraver at Dijon circ.
1688-1690. His successor was Simon Roger, who was appointed in
May 1690.
MENGANTI, ALESSANDRO (Ital.}. Mint-engraver at Bologna,
appointed on 18. January 1573, in succession to Gerolamo Faccioli;
he was still in office in 1585, and he cut the dies of all the
Heavy Bolognese Testone of Sixtus V.
Bolognese coins of Gregory XIII. (1,572-1585) and possibly some
of Sixtus V. By Menganti, who was also a famous Sculptor, is the
statue of Pope Gregory XIII. in the public square of Bologna; and
22
other works in marble and bronze. He was a pupil of Michel Angelo,
and is said to have avoided the exaggerations of this great master's
other disciples.
Among Menganti's medallic productions I may mention :
Gregory XIII. AT. Scudo d'oro del sole (sev. var.) ; ^R.. Bianco
(sev. var.); Giulio (sev. var.); Sesino (sev. var.);
Gregorio (sev. var.), &c. Sixtus V. (1585-90). AT. Doppia d'oro
del sole ; ScuJo d'oro; - ^R. Mezzo Scudo; Testone
(illustrated) ; Bianco ; Giulio ; Sesino, &c. How many of
the Coins of Sixtus V. for Bologna were cut by Menganti, and what
denominations, it is impossible to ascertain. Some were probably
executed by his successor, Gambaro (Fide Malaguzzi Valeri, Le Monete
di Bologna, Rivista italiana di numismatica, 1898, p. 94 sqq.).
MENGER, JOHAN PHILIP (Dutch}. Medallist and Coin-engraver,
born at Utrecht in 1818, died there on 20. September 1895. He
was a pupil of David van der Kellen and studied also sculpture
under Louis Royer at the Royal Academy of Sculpture at Amster-
dam. At the age of eighteen or nineteen, he engraved his first
medals, in commemoration of P. C. Hooft, and Prince William
George Frederick of Nassau, who died at Padua in 1799. In 1839
the young artist obtained a silver medal, and in 1845 ne was
appointed assistant Mint-engraver. Eight years later he became
Chief-engraver (1853) and remained in office until 1891 when he
resigned on account of failing health, his son J. P. M. Menger
being promoted to his post.
The following list of Menger's medallic productions is compiled
from L. W. A. Besier's article in "Tijdschrift van het nederlandsch
Genootschap voor Munt-en- Penningkunde", II, 1894 DeStem-
pelsnijders vans Rijks Munt te Utrecht in de laatste 50 Jaren :
1836. Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, 1581-1647; - 1837. Prince
Willem George Frederik of Orange, 1724-1799 ; 1845. Opening
of the new Exchange at Amsterdam; - - 1849. Prize Medal of
William III. ; 1852. Commemorative medal of the Unveiling of
a statue of Rembrandt; - - 1853. Marriage of Prince Hendrik of
Holland with Amalia, Princess of Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach ; 1854.
Commemorative medal of the Unveiling of a statue of King
William II. at The Hague; 1856. W. Hutschenruyter, composer;
- 1857. Jubilee of the Lodge " La Vertu "of Leyden; 1859.
Memorial Medal of Stephen Hoogendijk, of Rotterdam; -- 1860.
Draining of the lake of Haarlem; 285 th Anniversary of Leyden
University (sev. var.); 1861 225 th Anniversary of Utrecht
University; Prize iMedal of the city of Utrecht; 1863. Jubilee
of the Independence of the Netherlands; 1865. Cornelis Broere,
professor at the seminary of Warmond; - - 1866. Prize Medal of
the Society of Experimental Philosophy of Rotterdam; 1867.
Jacob Baart de la Faille (obv. by Van der Kellen) ; - - 1869.
Stephan Hoogendijk, centenary of the Society of Experimental
Philosophy; Medal granted by Prince Frederick to the members
of the Committee for the Erection of the National Monument at The
Hague; - - 1871. Death of Queen Sophie of Sweden; -- Prize
Medal ot the Competition at The Hague for the promotion of
industry; 1872. Second Centenary of the Relief of Groningen
(2 var., one with obv. Monument of General Van Rabenhaupt,
engraved by J. P. M. Menger) ; - - National Festive Day of
i. April 1872 ; 1873. Visit of King William III. to Alkmaar; -
1874. 2 5 th Anniversary of William III. 's reign ;-- 1875. Anthonij
van Leeuwenhoek, discoverer of the animalculae, 1875; 1876.
Jubilee of G. H. A. van Bijlevelt, priest; 1877. Jubilee of
the Dutch Society for the promotion of Industry ; Prize Medals
of the International Horticultural Show at Amsterdam ($L by
J. P. M. Menger; 1878. Marriage of Prince Henry of Holland
with Princess Marie of Prussia; Building of Amsterdam Univer-
sity;!^, byj. P. M. Menger; -- 1879. Second Centenary of the
foundation ot the Artillery-works at Delft ; Death ot Prince
Henry of the Netherlands at Walferdanga ; -- Prize Medal of the
University of Amsterdam; - - 1881. Lieut. General Karel van der
Heijden, governor of Achin ; - - 245 th Anniversary of Utrecht
University (fyL. by J. P. M. Menger); 1882. Prize Medal of
Amsterdam University; - - 1885. Peter Joseph Hubert Cuypers,
architect of the Amsterdam Royal Museum (^L. by W. Schammer);
- 1887. Marriage of J. R. H. Neervoort van de Poll with M. J.E.
G. P. Zuble (tyL. by Schammer); - - J. H. Hoeufft (fyL by
Schammer); 1890. Jubilee of H. Poppen, pastor at Amsterdam.
By him are some turther medals, not enumerated in D r Besier's
list, but which have come under my notice : Typhus fever at
Maasluis, 1865; - D r G. Swaving, of Batavia; L. Rover,
sculptor of Amsterdam ; -- Inauguration of a Monument to Piet
Hein,at Delfshaven, 1870: -Prince Frederick of the Netherlands,
as Patron of the St. Hubertsgilde, 1870; \Vilhelmina Jacoba van
Zuijlen, 1872; -- David van der Kellen, 1874; ~ ~ Prize Medal of
the Royal Academy of Sciences, of Amsterdam, 1875; ' The
Amsterdam University transferred to the buildings of the 'Athenaeum
Illustre ', 1877 ; Prize Medal of the City of Amsterdam, 1877 ;
Third Jubilee of the *' Unie " of Utrecht (obv. by J. P. M. Men-
ger) ; Prize Medal with portraits of King William III. and Queen
Emma, 1879; -- 50''' Anniversary of the Choral Society " Zang
en Vriendschap '', of Haarlem, 1880; -- Medal of the Groningen
Exhibition, 1880 ; Third Centenary of the birth of P. C. Hooft,
1581-1881 ; Prize Medal otthe University of Amsterdam, 1881,
Johann Philip Menger was entrusted with the cutting of dies for
the various coinages of William III., and by him and his son are
the bronze coins of 2 f, i, and \ cents, struck in 1877 and since.
The obv. side of the 1875 coinage of William III. is by J. P. Men-
ger, whilst the T$L. is by J. Ph. van der Kellen.
There is a Portrait-medal of Johan Philip Menger by his son
J. P. M. Menger, 1867.
This artist's works are usually signed : J. P. M. F., but his signa-
ture occurs also in full, and as P. MENGER F.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Immerzeel and Kramm, De Lcvens en Werken der Hollandscbe
en Vlaamsche Kunstscbilders, Beeldhomuers , Graveurs en Bouwmetsters, Amsterdam,
1842-1857. Tidjschrift van bet NederJamiscb Genootschap voor M unt-en Penning-
kunde, 1893-1904. -- Bolzenthal, op. oil. - Menadier, op. cit. DC Historie-
penningen en Munlen belrekking hebbende op bet Stambiiis van Oranje-Niissau,
Haarlem, n. d.
MENGER, JOHAN PHILIP MATHIAS (Dutch.). Medallist and Coin-
engraver, born at Utrecht, 21. April 1845, studied sculpture under
his father, and G. Crayevanger, and was taken as apprentice at the
Royal Mint, 2, March 1862. In 1864 he received a government
grant to study sculpture and medal-engraving at the Royal Academy
of Arts of Munich, where he worked under Prof. Wiedmann; Riez,
Chief-engraver at the Bavarian Mint; and Birnbock, Court-medallist
to the Czar Alexander II. He returned to his native country in 1867,
and soon after, in October 1868, he obtained the appointment of
second assistant Engraver at the Royal Mint of Utrecht. In June
1875 he was promoted to the rank of first assistant, in 1877 to that
of second Engraver, and on his father's resignation in January 1891,
he became Chief-engraver, a post which he retained until 1904,
when he retired for reasons of health, his successor being J. C.
Wienecke.
Among J. P. M. Menger's principal medallic productions, I am
able to mention the following : J. J. Putnam, of Utrecht, 1871 ;
H. A. van den Wall Bake, Mint-master at Utrecht, 1846-1871 ; -
William, Prince of Orange ; third centenary, 1872; -- Exhibition
at The Hague, Prize Medal of the States of South-Holland, 1872;
Badge of the Dutch Society of Sharpshooters, 1872; D r J. L.
H. Haerten, 1873 ; -- D r J. A. C. Rovers, 1873 ; -- Prize Medal
of the Sharpshooters of Utrecht, with portrait of William the Silent,
1865; - - Fourth Jubilee of the Gymnasium of Utrecht, 1874
(1^,. only); -- 28 th Anniversary of William III. 's reign (obv. by
J. P. Menger), 1874; ' Life-saving medal, with portrait of
William III., 1875 5 Prize Medal of William III. for distinguish-
ed services to the State, 1876; H. W. Baron van Aylva van
Pallandtvan Waardenburg en Neer-ijnen, 1876; Prince Frederick
of the Netherlands, 60 years' Grand Master of Dutch Free Masons,
1876; Prize Medal for minor employes and workmen in the
State works for the draining ot the Zuyderzee, 1877; C. L. W.
Gardiner, 1877; Utrecht Choral Festival, 1877 ; Prize Medal
of the Agricultural Society of Guelders, 1877; Medal presented
by William III. to A. Meijer, of Oploo, 1878; 12 \ years'
Anniversary of the Marriage ot C. }. Begeer and M. J. Straver, of
Utrecht, 1878; Marriage of William III. with Princess Emma ot
Waldeck-Pyrmont, 1879; Third Jubilee of the " Unie " of
Utrecht, 1879 (I^L. by J. P. Menger); Second Centenary of the
Royal Artillery State Works, 1879 ; -- Presentation Medal of the
King to H. L. Drucker, of Leyden, 1879 ; 8o th Anniversary of
D. Yeegens, 1880; -- Prize Medal of the Groningen Exhibition of
1880 ; Lieut. General K. van der Heijden, 1881 ; Presentation
Medal of William III. to Henri Conscience, 1881 ; Presentation
Medal of William III. to Murad Effendi, Turkish ambassador at
The Hague, 1881; Prize Medal of the Amsterdam University,
1881 ; Golden Wedding of L. N. Graaf van Randwijck and C.
J. H. Ph. van Vredenburgh, of the Hague, 1885 ; - - Prize Medal
Portrait-medalet of Queen Wilhelmina of Holland.
of the Society of Arts l< Pictura " of Zutphen, 1881 ; 7O th Anni-
versary of the Drawing &c., School " Kunstliefde " of Utrecht,
1882 ; Prize Medal for the Training of Carrier Pigeons, 1882 ; -
Inauguration of a Monument to Count Jan van Nassau, at Utrecht,
1883 ; Johan Philip Menger, 1867; Fourth Centenary of the
Gymnasium of Utrecht, 1874; - - D r F. C. Donders, of Utrecht,
1888; - - Second Centenary of the Relief of Groningen, 1872
($L. only); Agricultural Show at Amsterdam, 1877 (I^.only);
Medal on the Erection of Amsterdam University, 1878 (j$L. only);
- Prize Medal of the University of Amsterdam, 1882 ; W. Put-
nam, 65 years' organist, at Oudewater, 1864; Silver Wedding
of H. R. W. de Bruijn and C. J. M. Serruijs, 1864 ; Silver
Wedding of C. J. J. M. Serruijs and A. L. M. de Bruijn, 1864 ;
Antinous (Pattern for the coinage), 1865 ; obv. Bust of Antinous
to r.; beneath : J. P. M. MENGER | APRIL 1865; ^L. Laurel-
wreath ; Foundation of the Dutch " Weerbaarheidsbond ",
1866; -- Th. M. Roest, numismatist ($L. by J. P. R. Menger),
26
1898; - - Opening of the Delagoa Bay Railway, with bust of
President Kruger, 1895 ; J. A. Alberdingk-Thijm, of Amsterdam,
1890; - - Death of William III., 1890 (fyL. by Schammer); -
Coronation of Queen Wilhelmina, 1898 (modelled by Baars,
engraved by J. P. M. Menger) ; Opening of the Royal Museum,
at Amsterdam, 1885; -- 4O th Anniversary of William III.'s reign,
1889; Visit of the two Queens to Amsterdam, 1891 ; Prize
Medals with bust of Queen Emma, 1892; Prize Medals with
bust of Queen Wilhelmina, 1892 and later dates; J. B. A. J. M.
Verheyen, 1896; Th. M. Roest, 1898; Henricus van de
Wetering, 1899, &c.
In conjunction with L. Junger and W. Schammer this Engraver
has also cut the following medals : Opening of the Royal Museum
at Amsterdam, 1885; D r P. J. H. Cuypers, 1885; - - Prize
Medal of the Agricultural Society of Geldern-Overyssel, 1885 ; -
25 th Anniversary of the Society ot Rhetoricians Jan van Beers ot
Utrecht, 1886.
In 1875 J. P. M. Menger was entrusted with the cutting of the
obv. dies of the gold coinage of 10 Gulden of William III., while
the tyL. was given to Johan Philip van der Kellern Jun r . The latest
coinage of Queen Wilhelmina was modelled by P. Pander, and the
models reduced by J. P. Menger and C. Wienecke. The bronze
coinage, decreed by law of 28. March 1877, and consisting of 2 |,
i, and | Cents, was engraved by J. P. M. Menger and his father
J. P. Menger.
Johan Philip Mathias Menger's medals are usually signed :
J. P. M. MENGER F.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. L. W. A. Besier, De Stempelsnijders van's Ri/ks Munt te
Utrecht in de laatste /o jaren, Tijdschrift &c., 1894. Revue de la numismatique
beige, 1889-1891. -- Gazette numisttiatique Diiprie^, III, 115. D r H. J. de Dom-
pierre de Chaufepie, Les Medailles et Plaquettes modernes, Harlem. De Oranje-
Penningen in de Koninglijke Bibliotbek.
MENGER, JOHAN PHILIP R. (Dutch}. Son of J. P. M. Menger, and
at the present time Assistant-engraver at the Royal Mint of
Utrecht, under J. C. Wienecke. His signature occurs on the fyL.
of a Portrait-medal of Th. M. Roest, the Obv. of which is by
J. P. M. Menger, 1898; Silver Wedding of J. P. M. Menger and
J. M. van Haagen (obv. by Junger), 1896, &c.
MENGIN, ANTONIO (Portug.). Medallist, and Mint-engraver at
Lisbon, 1721-1772.1^6 was born in 1690, and died in 1772. On a
document, dated i. April 1727, he is styled Abridor geraldas medalhas
e cunhos de moedos.
Amongst his productions are commemorative medals ol the
Portuguese Campaign and participation in the War against the
Turks, and Miraculous escape from an Ambush of King Don Jose,
1758.
Mengin's artistic merit is unquestionable, says Aragao. He had
two assistants at the Mint : Bernardo Jorge, and Joao Gomes
Baptista.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. C. Teixeira de Aragao, Descrifif do feral e historica das
Moedas cunhadas em Kcnic dos Keis, Regentes e Grnvmaderes dc Fcttueal, Lisboa,
1874.
MENGIN, PAUL EUGENE (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris; pupil of A. Dumont and A. Millet. I have seen nis signature
on a Portrait-medallion of M" e Jeanne V***, which was exhibited at
the Salon in 1889.
MENGIN, PAULO AURELIANO (Poring.}. Son and pupil of Antonio
Mengin, was appointed Assistant Mint-engraver at Lisbon, 24. July
1748, and remained in office until his death, 26. May 1788, when
he was succeeded by Francisco Xavier de Figueiredo.
MENGIN, PEDRO ANTONIO (Portug.). Son and pupil of Antonio
Mengin, appointed Assistant-engraver at the Mint of Lisbon,
24. July 1848; was granted permission to go to Paris in 1756 to
perfect himself in the art of die-sinking, and was nominated
Engraver, 12. January 1758. He died on 6. May, 1795.
MENGUE, JEAN MARIE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Bagneres-de-Luchon. At the Salon of 1889 he exhibited a Portrait-
medallion of M. Jammy.
MENIN, PIERRE I. DE (French). Mint-engraver at Saint-Quentin,
circ. 1398-1400; then at Tournai, 1400-1416, appointed in succes-
sion to Pierre de Croissembien, on the 25. September 1400.
MENIN, PIERRE II. DE (French). Mint-engraver at Amiens, circ.
1424-1426.
MENNTNER, ULRICH (Siviss) of Basle, Mint-master at Hals(Leuch-
tenberg), 1436.
MENS, ADRIEN (Belg.). Seal-engraver of Antwerp, who in 1538
was condemned to perpetual banishment for having accepted money
to engrave matrices or puncheons intended to strike coins without
the consent of the sovereign.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Pinchart, Biographies des graveurs beiges, Rtvre. &c.,
1851, 315.
MENSDORF, NICOLAS DE (Belg.). Mint-master at Luxemburg,
1391.
MENSEL, JEAN (French). Mint-engraver at Saint-L6, appointed
on 17. October 1488 to engrave the coins during his father
Pierre Mensel's illness.
28
MENSEL, PIERRE (French}. Mint-engraver at Saint-L6, circ.
1484-1488.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. N. Rondot and H. De La Tour, Les Medaillenrs et les Gra-
veitrs de Monnaies, Jetons et Medailles en France, Paris, 1904.
MENTHONAY, GUILLAUME DE (Swiss}. Mint-contractor for the
Bishop of Lausanne, in 1396.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Morel-Fatio, Histoire monetaire de Lausanne.
MENSTREL. Vide ELOYE MESTRELL.
MENTOR (Roman). Sculptor and Chaser of the first century of
our era, mentioned by Pliny. He worked in bronze and silver.
His works obtained enormous prices from Roman amateurs,
100.000 sestertii (nearly 900) having ben paid for two silver
goblets made by him. Vide F or tnum, Bronzes in the South Kensington
Museum.
MENTZEL, OTTO (Germ.}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at Dres-
den in 1848, resides at Prague. He is the author of numerous Busts
and Portrait-medallions.
MENUDET, JEHAN (French}. Mint-master at Saint-Pourc.ain,
2i. March 1517 to 1529.
MENZEL, A. (Germ.}. Designer of various medals of Frederick
William III. of Prussia. Prof. Menadier, in Schaumiin^en des Hauses
Hohen^pllern, p. 105, reproduces two, both with King's bust on
obv. and I. FELICITAS PUBLICA, and Portraits of the Royal
Family, repectively.
MERCADIER (French}. Engraver, mentioned by Bolzenthal and
Rondot as having worked circ. 1792-1793. His medals are
connected with events of the French Revolution (1/89-1793).
MERCADIER, GUILLAUME (French}. Mint-engraver at Toulouse,
circ. 1507-1521. His name occurs also as MARCADIER.
MERCADIER, JEAN (French}. Mint-engraver and Warden, at Tou-
louse, circ. 1478-79.
MERCANDETTI, PIETRO (Ilal.}. Mint-engraver at Rome, died in
1767. Father of the celebrated Medallist, Tommaso Mercandetti.
MERCANDETTI, TOMMASO (Ital.}. Medallist, and Engraver of
coins, gems and seals, born at Rome, 2. December 1758, died there
ii. May 1821. His father, Pietro Mercandetti, who filled the post of
Engraver at the Papal Mint, died at an early age, in 1767, leaving his
family in poor circumstances, so that the young Tommaso, who had
29
been placed in the seminary of Albano, had to be withdrawn from
his studies and put to apprenticeship, when only nine years' old,
with the gem-engraver, Girolamo Rossi. After three years the
youth was already able to support his mother and brothers and
sisters. Two years later he took a small shop in the Via de' Coro-
nari, under Pope Ganganelli Clement XIV. On his accession to the
Papal see, 1773, Cardinal Angelo Braschi, now Pius VI., who
had employed Tommaso in various occasions, recommended him
to the Master (or Chief Engraver) of the Zecca, Baldassare Cortini,
and under his benevolent patronage, the young artist secured a
position at the Mint.
Cortini entrusted Mercandetti with the execution of a Medal of
Cremona, with a view of the seminary, also of another for the
"Societa del volto Santo di Venezia ", two works which brought
their author well-merited praise, and the interest of the famous
Brass founder, Luigi Vallardi, who transferred over to him orders
for the medals of Conte Castiglione (later Pope Pius VIII. ), cardi-
nal Andrea Corsini (later Pope Clement XII.), and of King Ferdi-
nand IV. of Naples and Queen Caroline, which were all engraved
by the artist in his twenty-second year.
Soon after he had the sorrow of losing his friend and patron Val-
lardi, who had been to him a second father. This death almost
crushed him, and only his wonderful energy and passionate love
for work helped him to overcome his grief.
In 1796, Cardinal della Porta appointed Mercandetti Chief-
engraver at the Zecca, but out of consideration tor Gioacchimo
Hamerani, the descendant of a famous line of artists, and no doubt
also to smooth the jealous feelings of other colleagues, Pasinati,
Passamonti, and others, he entered, with the Pope's sanction into
a kind of partnership with Hamerani to carry out the work at the
Mint.
Serious differences having supervened between Hamerani's family,
- after Gioacchimo's death, and Mercandetti, leading to law-
suits, which lasted years, the latter retired to the small Umbrian
village of Belmonte, where however his sufferings were not at an
end. Owing to the political troubles, the Pope was unable to pay
him his arrears, amounting to 8114 scudi, and all he could do was
to grant him a pension of 120 scudi.
After some years of privations, the artist returned to Rome, in
1810, through the intervention of a lady of Rieti, who pleaded on
his behalf before the French Intendant Daru. One of his first com-
missions was the Portrait-medallion of Napoleon I. as Emperor of
the French and King of Italy, which was followed in 1811 by the
medal commemorating the Birth of the King of Rome.
Mercandetti died at the age of 63, six days after Napoleon,
li. May 1821, soon after having completed his last medal of
Pius VII., with a representation on the tyL. of the Finding of the
body of St. Francis of Assisi.
This artist's signature, fa ; -- T. M. ; - - T. M. F. ; T. MER-
CANDETTI; orT. MERCANDETTI F. occurs on numerous medals, some
of which are of exceptional merit, as well as on coins ot Popes
Pius VI. and VII. and the Repubblica Romana (1796-8).
COINS. Pius VI. ^R. Mezzo Scudo, 1796 (2 var.) ; Testone,
*796; Due Giulii, 1796; 60 Baiocchi, 1796 (3 var.); -
25 Baiocchi, 1796 (3 var.); - - Due Carlini, 1796 (2 var.);
Carlino, 1796; -- JE. Madonnina of 5 Baiocchi, 1797 and 1798
(numerous varieties, for Ascoli, Civita Vecchia, Fermo, Fuligno,
Gubbio, Macerata, Matelica, Mont' Alto, Pergola, Perugia, Rome,
San Severino, Spoleto, Terni, Tivoli, Viterbo); Sampietrino of
Scudo of the Roman Republic, 1798.
2 | Baiocchi, 1796-98 (numerous varieties, for Ancona, Ascoli,
Civita Vecchia, Fano, Fermo, Fuligno, Gubbio, Matelica, Mont'
Alto, Pergola, Perugia, Rome, San Severino, and Viterbo); 2 Baioc-
chi, sev. var.); Baiocco (sev. var.); Half Baiocco (sev. var.),
1796-7; Quattrino, 1796-7 (sev. var.). Repubblica Romana
(1798-1799). >R. Scudo (signed : T. MERCANDETTI; illustrated};
Another, obv. GIORNO CHE VALE DI TANTI ANNI IL
PIANTO Cap of Liberty, beneath which : LIBERTA ROMANA
XXVII PIOVOSO AN VII; & between two stars ;#.. Spread
eagle within wreath; behind, altar, two flags, &c., beneath : T. M. ;
- IE. 2 Baiocchi (several varieties, four of which are signed /J\) ;
- others (signed : T. M-). Other issues, and those of the Sede
Vacante of 1799-1800, are either unsigned, or bear the signature of
the engravers Gioacchimo Hamerani, Andronico Perpenti, and
Carlo Antonio Garofolini. Pius VII. A r . Doppia (of year XVI);
JR.. Scudi of 1807, 1816, 1817 and 1818 (the last three struck
31 -
at Bologna); Mezzo Scudo, 1816 ; Due Giulii, 1816-1818;
Giulio, 1817, &c.
MEDALS, &c. Period I, 1768-73, while Mercandetti was in appren-
ticeship. Puncheons for various ornaments; Christ on the cross;
- Head of Madonna; Male figure, in Roman costume, seated ;
- The Porta Santa; Pyramid of ten bullets; leg. : ARTI-
GLIER PONTIFICIA; Is. for Jetons (some signed M. T.) ; -
Kneeling Amazon; Phryxus after the fall of Helle; -- Buttons,
&c. Period II. IVorks executed at the workshop of the Via de' Coro-
nari. Many pendants for rosaries, and ornaments of a devotional
character; - - Madonna; leg. : MATER SALVTIS; -- Seated
Madonna; leg.: JESUS, MARIA, ST. ANNA, ROMA;
Seated Madonna with Child, and standing St. Anna; -- St. Barto-
lomaeus ; - - Santa Trinita; St. Paul; - The Archangel
Michael ; St. Cyrus ; Sanaa Angela Merigi ; - - St. Venan-
tius; Four Saints; St. Isidor; St. Dominicus ;
St. Barbara; --Santa Giovanna Franziscana; St. Ursula;
Mater Dolorosa ; -- St. Johanna Valesia ; Beata Virgo Maria;
Christ; Madonna accompanied by Saints; -- St. Emidius
(2 var.); Madonna and Child; leg. : ORTO; -- Madonna,
enthroned on clouds; St. Julianus; -- Christ (two other varie-
ties); Christ on the cross (2 var.); St. Fidemius and Ter-
rentius; Youthful Jesus; Maria; In hoc signum (sic).
Period III. Later Works. Puncheons for Medallions, Medals, Jet-
ons, &c. : Laokoon; -- Musa comica; Portraits of Pius VII.
(9 var.); Maria Vergine ; Small female bust; -- Roman
warrior; - - Bust of Galvani; - - Bust of Luigi Gonzaga; -- The
Washing of the feet ; - Arms of Pius VII. ; Antique figure
standing; Pius VII., standing; Jeton of the Museo Capitolino
(wolf and twins). Dated and signed Medals : Archbishop Zaluski
of Warsaw; - - Ferdinand IV., Prize Medal for Tragedy and
Comedy, 1771; Portrait-medal of Ferdinand IV.;
Henry IX., cardinal, and duke of York (presumably the one signed
by Gioacchirno Hamerani); - - Jeton, Linceis restitutis; Medal
ot the RepubblicaRomana, commemorating the 15. February 1799
(described above as a Scudo); Pietro Metastasio, poet, 1805 ;
J. Vincentius Gravina, 1805 ; Pius VII., tyL. View of the Colos-
seum, 1806; - - Ludovico Ant. Muratori, historian, 1806;
Johann Baptista Pergolese, composer, 1806; Pius VII. Annual
Medal of 1807 (tyL EGO SUM, &c. Our Lord amongst his
disciples); -- Pius VII. fy.. View of the church planned by Bra-
mante, 1807; -- Charles Goldoni, actor (signed: THOMAS MER-
CANDETTI FECIT ROMA ANNO D. MDCCCVIIl) ; - D r Joh. Bapt.
Morgagni, of Padua, 1808 (sev. var.); Industrial Exhibition at
Rome, 1810; -- Portrait-medallion of Napoleon I., 1811;
32 -
Prize Medal of Citta di Castello (2 var.); -- Birth of the King of
Rome, 181 1 (sev. var.); Lodge of Triumphant Virtue to the King
of Rome, 181 1 ; Laying of the Foundation stone of Bologne ceme-
tery, 1811 ; Prize Medal of Napoleon I., distributed at Rome on
the 15. August 1810, the Emperor's fete day and anniversary of his
birth, 1810; Return of Pope Pius VII. to Rome, 1814 (3 var. of
!},.); -- Interior View of the Vatican Museum, 1814; Vittorio
Alfieri, poet, 1815 ; -- Francesco Marchi, architect, 1815; Giu-
seppe Origo ; Paolo Manzi, 1817; The Vatican Museum , 1819;
- Pius VIL, Restoration of the ancient monuments; ^i,. Group of the
Laokoon, ann. XVIII; Nicole Spedalieri, philosopher, 1820; -
D r Aloysio Galvani, 1820 (sev. var.); - - Jacopo Mazzoni, actor,
1820; Cardinal Hyacint. Gerdilius; -- Restoration oftheCapi-
tole; -- Michael Angelo; -- Raphael; Christoforo Columbus;
-Pius VIL, Mausoleum of St. Francis of Assisi, 1821; Santo
Spirito Hospital at Rome; Baldassare Castillon, Italian savant ; -
Visit of Francis I. of Austria to Pope Pius VIL, 1819, &c. -- Later
works : Pius VIL, various heads for medals and jetons ; Bust of
Cardinal Consalvi; Seal for a School; Jeton of the Bishop of
Tuscany; St. Theodore, 1805; - - The Archangel Michael kill-
ing the Dragon ; Carolus Philesius, bishop of Perugia, a seal ;
- View of a Castle and Garden ; Praemium Virtutis; Prize
Medal of the Seminary of Perugia; - The Roman Republic (sev.
var.); Chamber of Commerce; - The Muse Thalia and her
attributes (tyL. of Goldoni medal), &c.
At the Auction Sale of Monsignore Cesare Taggiasco of Rome's
collection (E. Hirschler and C, Vienna, 13. December 1886),
figured underlet 330 of the Catalogue from the estate of Mercandet-
tis, 126 matrices, puncheons, dies, c. of medallions, medals,
jetons, pendants, c., and 2500 letters, figures, ornaments, &c.,
such as are used by engravers and die-sinkers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hennin, Histoire numisniatique de la Revolution franfaise.
Cinagli, Le Monete de' Papi. Edwards, The Napoleon Medals, 1837. Nagler,
Allgemeines Kunstler-Lexikon and Monogrammisten. Ad. Hess Nachf, Reimmann
Sale Catalogue, 1892. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Krohn, Thoinsen Bronce-Medailler.
L'ltalia nei cento anni del Secolo XIX, Milan, 1901. - Various Catalogues.
MERCATOR, MICHAEL (Dutch*). Mercator, says D r Cahn (German
Renaissance Medals in the British Museum, London, 1904, pp. 12-13)
(translation of the German name " Kauffmann ") came from Venlo
(Duchy of Gueldres), and was in the service of Floris von Egmont,
count of Buren, for whom he acted as a diplomat and worked as
an artist ". In consequence of the relations between the Count
and King Henry VIII. he was, on various occasions, sent to England
as an ambassador. A letter from his prince to the king, dated
15 th October, 1538, has been preserved, in which Mercator is
33
highly praised as an artist. On the occasion of his visit to England,
the king conferred upon him the honour of knighthood, 28 th Febru-
1539. This advancement in rank is commemorated bv a medal
arv
the obv. of which is reproduced here. "
This medal" continues D r Cahn,
together with two similar
ones of Michael Mercator and one of his wife, Elizabeth Mercator,
Portrait-medal of Michael Mercator.
have hitherto been regarded as English medals. On the authority
of Putaneus (Genealogia Pntanaea, 1630) they are given as the work
of Michael Mercator himself. These conclusions are, however,
entirely erroneous. We have here to do, beyond a doubt, with
medals from the hand of the German master, Friedrich Hagenauer.
Not only are both figures and lettering quite in his style, but they
bear also the master's sign of his later years, a trefoil. We know
that Hagenauer lived in the Lower Rhine district, Mercator's
country, in the years 1539 and 1540, where he modelled portraits
ot various other important men. The information given by Putaneus
100 years later that Mercator was himself a medallist, is without
any proof. "
Putaneus further states that Mercator executed medals ot
Henry VIII., and on the strength of his statement a Portrait-medal in
opaque blue glass of this King has been ascribed to him, but I fear
also erroneously.
D r Simonis, who has been writing on the subject since D r Cahn
(L'Art (lit Medailleur en ~Bclgiqiu\ 1904) still clings to the attribution
of the Mercator medal to Mercator himself (p. 222) and he further
adds that the medals of Floris d'Egmont, count van Buren (van
Mieris, t. II, p. 37), and Charles V. (Van Mieris, t. II, pp. 103, 142)
may be considered to be by him also.
L. FORRER. Biographical Xolicts of Medallists. IV. 3
34
From a contemporary document, it would appear that Mercator
engraved and signed one of the Silver Maps issued in Holland, and
sometimes attributed to Hondius (Vide Vol. II, p. 549).
For Mercator's biography, cfr. M. Alvin's article in Biographic
rationale de Belgique.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Franks and Grueber, op. cit. - Revue de la num. beige,
1850, 113 ; 1892, 237. Pinchart, oft. cit.
MERGER (Scotch.}. Engraver of the second half of the eighteenth
century, by whom are several portraits of Prince Charles Edward
Stuart, reproduced in the enamel paste of the Tassies.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. John M. Gray, James and William Tassie, Edinburgh, 189.).
Raspe, op. cit.
MERCER, MISS ELEANOR (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and
Modeller; a member of the Society of Medallists. By her are several
plaquettes, which were exhibited at the Dutch Gallery, Hanover
Square, in 1900.
MERCEVAL, JUSTIN (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris; pupil of J. Moigniez. At the Salon of 1883 he exhibited a
Portrait-medallion cast in bronze of a Lady.
MERCIE, MATHIEU & MOUTERDE (French). Issuers of various
monetary Patterns at Lyons, 1792: Pattern; obv. Lion rampant;
Another; obv. shield; Mirabeau (sev. var.) ; Liberte fran-
goise, 1792; Head of Minerva ; tyL 14. juillet 1790, etc.
MERCIE, ANTONIN (French). Sculptor and Painter, born at Toulouse
in 1845 ; pupil of Jouffroy and Falguiere; first grand Prix de Rome
in 1868; O* in 1879. By him are various Portrait-medallions :
1868. M lle C***; -- The wolf, the mother and the child, bronze
plaque; -- 1877. The Genius of Arts; 1882. Medal of theLigue
des Patriotes (engraved by Henri Dubois); 1883. M elles Gabrielle
et William, etc.
- 35
His works in Sculpture and Painting are numerous and some
have attained great tame.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvr.iy, op. cit.. II, 73. Catalogues du
Salon, 1882-1901.
MERCIE, CLAUDE ANTOINE (French.). Engraver, born at Gray,
28. December 1751, died at Lyons, 10. April 1812. He was one of
the founders of the " Societe des artistes reunis" of Lyons, which
undertook in 1791 and 1792 the coinage of pure bell-metal, for
which he cut the dies. His signature: MERCIE. F. LUG. occurs on a
medal of Bonaparte, obv. BONAPARTE R^EDIFICATEUR DE
LYON ; ty.. Inscription within oak-wreath, 1800 (illustrated}. He
engraved other medals and jetons, but was really a manufacturer
of buttons.
Medal of Bonaparte, by Mercie.
By him is also a consular medal signed: MERCIE A LYON, dated
on obv. XVIII BRUMAIRE AN VIII.; ^L. AUX CITOYENS DU
CARD MORTS POUR LA PATRIE&c.; and Jetons : Law and
Justice, 1805 ; Friends of Commerce and Arts of Lyons, i8o>
(MERCIE FECIT); -- Pharmaceutical Society of Lyons, 1806; -
Literary Club of Lyons, 1809 ; Marriage of Napoleon and Marie
Louise, 1810 (MERCIE SCULP T ); Preliminaries of the Peace with
England, 1801 ; Bonaparte, First Consul for life, 1802 ; -- The
Minerva of Lyons, 1805, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Rondot, op. cit. Hennin, op. cit.
MERCIE, FRANgOIS JOSEPH (French). Engraver, born at Paris in
1751, died at Lyons, 24. September 1805. He is the author of
some medals, which are signed : J. MERCIE.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit.
MERCIER, GERARD (French). Mint-master at Chalon and Dijon,
1409.
MERCIER, JEHAN (French). Mint-master at Limoges, 1519.
MERCIER, MARTINET (French) of Chieri, Mint-master at Turin,
1418-1419, and 15. June, 1419 to 5. January, 1422, under Duke
Amadeus VIII. of Savoy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D r Lade, Contribution a la numismatiqite des dues de Savoie,
Revue suisse de numismatique, 1896.
MERCIER, RICHARD LE (French}. Mint-master at Angers, 26.
September 1620 to 1629.
MERENDE, CLEMENT DE (Belg.). Mint-master at Louvain, in con-
junction with Lisson Victor, from 23. June, 1466 to 7. July 1467.
MERENDE, HENRI DE (Belg.}. Warden of the Mint of Brabant,
1467-1469.
MERENDE, JOSSE DE (Belg.). Son of the last, and Mint-official in
Brabant, third quarter of the fifteenth century. It is not impossible
that Jean Marende, the author of the Portrait-medallion of Phili-
bert the Fair of Savoy and Margaret of Austria, may have been a
relative of the two Merendes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Mazerolle, op. oil.
MERGENTHAL, CASPAR VON (Bobem.). Mint-master at Joachimsthal,
1526, in the service of the counts of Schlick; distinctive mark, a
lily, occurring on Thalers, Half Thalers, etc. dated 1526.
MERGENTHEIMER, CLAS (Germ.). Mint-master at Neustadt a.
Haardt, 1383-85 and 91.
MERGENTHEIMER, HANS (Germ.). Mint- master at Heidelberg,
1391, 1428 ; Neustadt a. Haardt, 1404; and Oppenheim, 1420.
MERICY. Vide MERLEY, LOUIS. Sculptor and Medallist, 1815-
1883.
MERIGNAC, M me ERNESTA ROBERT (French}. Contemporary
Sculptor, born at Saint-Omer; pupil of M elle Genevieve Granger,
M elle Darbefeuille, and Re*cipon.
At the Salon of 1905 this artist exhibited four Plaquettes: Louis
Merignac; Lucien Merignac; Vendeenne; Olonnaise, and
in 1906, several medals: Dsire Andre; E. de Forcade; -
M. Kirchoffer ; Francois Merignac; M clle Germaine Maury;
Study; Georges Robert, etc.
MERIGOT, ETIENNE (French). Jeton-engraver at Paris, circ. 1555-
1558. Mazerolle gives his date as 1588 and ascribes to him Jetons
of Louis Picot, baron deDampierre.
37
MtRIGOT, GUILLAUME (French). Mint-engraver at Bourges, circ.
1678-1588. Perhaps a relative of the last, and Jacques and Pierre
Merigot.
MERIGOT, JACQUES (French). Gilder and Damaskeener (compa-
gnon doreur et damasquineur), established at Paris, circ. 1684.
MERIGOT, NICOLAS (French). Engraver to the King, at Paris, circ.
1582-1588. By him are various jetons.
MERIGOT, PIERRE (French). " Master" Engraver to the King,
circ. 1569-1590. In 1590 he took part in the competition for the
engraving of the Franc with portrait of Charles X., but appears to
have died soon after that date. Mazerolle places his birth to circ. 1538.
In 1572 he repaired a coining-press for an Italian forger, Geronimo
Zoucha, whom he later caused to be arrested. By him are : 1569-1573.
Jetons for the Cour des Monnaies; 1570. Jetons for Paris
Hesselin, maitre des Comptes ; 1582. Jetons for Louis d'Anquoy
and Suzanne de Fors, his wife;. Jetons for Clemence Grolier,
wife of Humbert de Masson, King's treasurer; 1588. Mereaux for
the church ot Notre Dame of Puy.
A jeton of the Chambre des Comptes of Vendome (1571) bears
the initials P. M., but Mazerolle does not accept its attribution by
Blanchet to Pierre Merigot.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Mazerolle, op. cit. N. Rondot & De La Tour, op. cit.
Blanchet, Hisloire mone'taire du Beam. A. Barre, of), cit. E. Faivre, op. cit.
MERKEL, JAKOB (Germ.). Mint-engraver and Medallist at Bam-
berg, i 68 i.
MERKEL, JOHANN (Germ.). In conjunction with others he con-
tracted to work the Mint of Sorau (Saxony), 1622.
MERKER, PAUL (Germ.). Sculptor, Medallist and Gem-engraver
of the end of the eighteenth century, and first two decades of the
nineteenth, who worked at Brunswick, where he died in 1823.
His productions are signed : P.M. or P. MERKER F. One of his best
known works commemorates the peace of Luneville, i8oi,and his
Portrait-medals of Ebert, and others, are praised very highly by Nagler.
In 1795 Merker was already a nored artist, and in 1806 he became
a member of the Academy of Berlin.
His gems, says Nagler, display uncommon talent in the mechanical
part of the art ; this is strikingly shown on a carnelian representing
the Pantheon. His Portrait-cameos and intaglios will always raise
admiration.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Krohn, Tlxtmsen Catalogue of MeJals.
Nagler, Allgenieines K'instltr-Lexikon.
340002
- 38 -
MERKHENBACH, HANS (Gmn.). Mint-master at Freising, 1621.
MERLEN, JOHANN BAPTIST (Dutch). Medallist and Coin-engraver,
of Flemish origin, but who apparently came over to this country
from France, where he had been engaged in medal-work under the
First Empire. His earliest productions, known to me, are jetons of
the Academy of Medicine of Brussels, dated an XII., from which
might be inferred that he learned die-sinking, and first practised the
art, at Brussels (Vide Revue beige de numismatique, 1874, P- 39)-
Very little is known of his lite, except that during the reigns of
George IV. (from about 1820), and William IV., he filled the post
of Assistant-engraver at the Royal Mint under William Wyon,
Pistrucci being Chief Medallist. His connection with the British
coinage ceased with the accession of Queen Victoria, and I
presume that the Engraver, who by then must have been of an
advanced age, died about 1837, or at least retired from his office.
The following productions are by Merlen, whose name is spelt
erroneously Merlin by Kenyon, and Hawkins. They are signed
variously : MERLEN F. ; J. B. MERLEN F. ; J. B. M. ;" and M.
MEDALS. Medical Society of Brussels, dated Messidor an XII
(Jeton : Obv. Bust of Andreas Vesalius; signed : MERLEN F.) ; -
Another, with bust three-quarter face; -- Coronation of Napo-
leon I., 1804 (Obv. BONT DE TITUS SAGESSE DE
M. AURICLE, &c. Napoleon, crowned, borne upon a shield by four
warriors; signed : MERLEN F.); Medal of the Administration of
the Registration and State Lands, 1805 (octagonal Jeton, signed on
obv. MERLEN F.); Jeton of the Lodge of St. Victor of the Friends
ot Victory, at Paris, 1806 (this medalet is struck like a coin, with a
milled edge; the signature is : MERLEN F. ; on two columns, the
initials J and B); Jeton of the Foundries of Vaucluse, 1808
($L. only, signed ; MERLEN) ; Another octagonal ($L. similarly
signed) ; - - Jeton of the Lodge of Isis, installed at Paris, July i I th
1808 (fyL. signed : MERLEN F.); Jeton of the Societe galvanique
et de Rech. physique, Paris, 26 Mess, (an XII?) (signed :
MERLEN F.); March of Napoleon I. to Paris after his return from
Elba, 1815 (2 var.).
Merlen, who had worked for many years at the Paris Medal
Mint, was engaged at the Royal Mint in London, on the recom-
mendation of Pistrucci, who had probably made his acquaintance in
France. The first coin-dies he engraved in England, of which we
have an official record, are those of the Reverse of a Half-crown of
George IV., 1820 (executed by an order in council, dated October
10, 1820). In 1823. he was commissioned to engrave the obv. of
the Double Sovereign, from a model by the sculptor Sir Francis
Chan trey,. Pistrucci having declined to copy another artist's work,
on the ground that it was beneath his dignity to do so, and the
Mint-master would not employ Wyon to carry out an order which
39
had been refused by Pistrucci. " But" says Ruding, " this head of
the King does not much resemble the model ".
Merlen was more clever in the engraving of armorial bearings,
as shown on the reverses of the Pattern Crowns, 1825-1829, which
are by him.
The appended list fairly represents Merlen's work at the Royal
Mint :
George IV. Al. Five Pound piece, 1826 (sev. var.) and 1829
(only the fyls) ; both are Patterns, and are really only pattern
Obv. ol George IV., Two Pound piece, 1825, by J. B. Merlen.
crowns struck in gold. That of 1829, is unique 1 , only one specimen
having been struck in gold from this die, and that by special
permission; from the lateM r W.Webster it passed into the J. Marshall,
Reverse of Pattern Crown of George IV., 1825.
Brice, Montagu, and Murdoch collections; it is now owned by a
French collector; - Double Sovereign, 1823 (Obv. only, illustrat-
ed; signed : J. B. M.), 1824, 1825, 1826 ($..); all three dates are
Patterns; Sovereign, Second issue (fyL) 1825, 26, 27 and 30;
- Half Sovereign (fyl.) 1826, 27 and 28; ^R. Pattern Crown
(tyL.) 1825, as the Half Crown (Obv. by Wyon, I. by Merlen),
1816, 1828 and 1829 (Hawkins observes : "This reverse is beau-
tifully executed by Merlen. This type occurs with the dates 1825,
I. Struck on the original flan of the 1825 5 Pound piece.
- 40 -
plain edge, 1826, SEPTIMO, edge inscribed as usual, with raised
letters, but much smaller, Ruding 2 R. 6, where colour is improp-
erly introduced into the shield. These pieces are exceedingly beau-
tiful, but, though dies were prepared also in 1828 and 1829, none
were actually issued for currency"); -- Half-Crown, First issue
(f^L.) 1820 (a pattern), 1821, 1823 ; Second issue (fyL.) 1823-1825 ;
Third issue (I.) 1824 (a pattern) 1825-1826, 1828-1829; -
Shilling, First issue (^-.) 1820 (a pattern), 1821 ; Second issue
(fyL.) 1 82 3-1 82 5 ; Third issue 1824 (a pattern), 1825 (a pattern with
FID : DEF : 1825-1 829 (I. ). These pieces are known as " Lion "
Shillings; Sixpence; First issue (1^.) 1820 (a pattern), 1821 ;
Second issue (fyL.) 1824-1826 ; Third issue (I^L. "Lion" type, by
Merlen) 1825 (a pattern, with FID : DEF : illustrated), 1826-1829;
-Groat (fyL.) 1823; -- Maundy Money (f.) 1821-1830 inclu-
sive. Possibly Merlen cut also the }$L. dies for the Farthing, first
issue, by Pistrucci, 1821-1823 and 1825-1826, and Penny,
1825-1827, Halfpenny, 1825-1827, and Farthing, 1826-1830,
second issue, by Wyon; although, under William IV., Wyon cut
Trial piece for the Reverse of Wyon's Pattern Crown.
both Obv. and ^6. dies of the copper coinage. If Merlen did the
reverses of George IV. 's copper currency, it would include the Half
Farthings (for Ceylon) and One-third Farthings (for Malta) with
Obv. bust of George IV. by William Wyon.
William IV. N. Double Sovereign (R.) 1831 (a pattern); -
Sovereign (fyL.) 1831-1837; -- Half Sovereign (fyl.) 1834-1837;
- JSt. Crown (^6.) 1831 and 1834 (both dates struck as patterns
only, and not for circulation); Half Crown (tyl.) 1831
(a pattern), 1834-1837; Shilling (fyL.) 1831 (a pattern), 1834-
1837- (" This reverse ", says Hawkins " is very nearly and elegant-
ly executed by Merlen, but it is impossible to refrain from express-
ing dissatisfaction at the type; there was not much opportunity for
an artist to exhibit his talents in the engraving of armorial bearings,
but there is still less in the barbarous device introduced upon this
coin"); Sixpence (f^.) 1831, 1834-1857; Maundy Money
(EL.) 1831-1837; -- Groat (&,,) 1836-1837. The head on all
these coins was modelled by Sir Francis Chantrey, and engraved by
William Wyon ; and the reverses of the gold and silver coins, by
J. B. Merlen. The head and reverses of the copper were engraved
by William Wyon (Kuding, II, 131).
Hawkins, describing the reverse of the Half-Crowns of 1820,
remarks : " It was engraved by Merlin (sic) a native of France (?),
and eminent for the neatness, elegance, and minuteness of detail
with which he executed all works of this description ; the letters
also upon these and other pieces were put in by him, and are very
neatly decorated with frost work. "
The cliche, reproduced above, is a trial for the reverse of
Wyon's Pattern Crown, and formerly belonged to the late
Mr. J. G. Murdoch.
I possess a letter of Merlen, dated 5. March 1835, which is
signed : /. B. Merlen Engraver at the R* 1 Mint.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Kenyon, Gold Coins oj England, 1884. Hawkins, Silver
Coins of England, 1887. H. A. Grueber, Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain
and Ireland, 1899. Ruding, Annals of the Coinage of Great Britain and Ireland,
1840. S. M. Spink, Catalogue o/ Mr. Montagu's Collection of Coins from George /.
to Victoria, 1891. Marvin, Masonic Medals, 1880. Nagler, Allgetneines
Kiinstler-Lexikon. Tresor Je \utnistnatiqne et ae Givptiqne, 1840. Edwards,
Napoleon Medals, 1837. Weber, Medals of the XIX. Cent., &c.
MERLEY, LOUIS (French'). Sculptor, Medallist and Gem-engraver,
born at St. Etienne (Loire) on 7 th January 1815, died at Paris on
17 th September 1883. He studied sculpture under Pradier and
David d'Angers, and medal-engraving under Galle. In 1838 he
became a pupil at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts ; then went to Rome,
where he obtained in 1843 the first Grand Prix de Rome for
gem-engraving ; subject : Arion saved from the waters. During his
residence in Italy, Merley executed various medals modelled after
the antique, amongst them one representing Mercury. After his
return to Paris, he devoted himself almost exclusively to medallic
art. In 1848 he gained the First Prize from the Monetary Commis-
sion of the Second Republic in competition with other engravers for
the Twenty-Franc piece. Later, in 1866, he became an Officer of
the Legion of Honour.
Amongst the artist's principal medallic productions are : 1840.
The Genius of Industry of the town of St. Etienne; -- 1848. A T .
Pattern 20 Francs (illustrated); AT. Pattern 10 Francs; yfC.
Pattern 5 Francs; JE. Pattern 10 Centimes; 1851. The cities
of Algeria, Bone, Algiers, and Constantine making their submission
to France ; Medal with head of the French Republic; Pattern
20 and 10 Francs of Switzerland, 1851 ; -- Pattern 10 Francs; -
Medal with head ot Mercury (copied from an antique statue, and
sent to the Salon from Rome); Portrait-medallions; 1853. Com-
memorative medal of the Discovery of Niniveh ; Marshal Bugeaud,
duke of Isly; Pacification of Algeria; -- 1854. Inauguration of
the Paris Ceinture Railway (in conjunction with Bovy); 1855.
Portrait-medallion of M me Merley ; Commemorative medal of the
Inauguration of a statue of Napoleon I. at Lyons; The Paris
Ceinture Railway; The Railway from Paris to the Mediterra-
nean; Queen Victoria orders 20000 rifles from the St. Etienne
Works, 1855; - - Visit of Queen Victoria to Napoleon III.;
Agricultural Prize Medal; -- 18)7. Commemorative medal of the
Loan of 500 millions (commissioned by the Ministry ot Finance);
Marriage Medal; 1859. Inauguration of an equestrian statue
of Napoleon I. at Cherbourg; - - Inauguration of the Church of
Sainte-Clotilde, at Paris; Security (medal commissioned by the
Fire Insurance Company of Le Mans); -- Fame; France and
England (medal executed for M. F. Escoffier, director of the
manufactory of arms at St. Etienne); Portrait-medal of M. de
Pattern 20 Franc piece, 1848.
Grimaldi, ofSalins (Jura); -- 1860. Treaty of Commerce between
France and England; 1 86 1. Portrait-medallion of M. Clerot, keeper
of the Mint Museum, at Paris ; Portrait-medallion of M. Marcotte
de Quivieres, commissaire general des monnaies et medailles; -
Portrait-cameo of M. Conte-Grandchamp, sardonyx of three
strata; -- Portrait-cameo of M. Marcotte de Quivieres, sardonyx
of three strata ; 1863. Commemorative medal of Queen Victo-
ria's visit to France (dated 185 5) ; -- 1864. Prize Medal of the Aca-
demy of the Balearic Isles; - - 1865. Acts of bravery of general
Naglee, an episode of the American war; -- 1866. The Palace of
Longchamps, at Marseilles; 1867. Commemorative medal on the
completion of the Tribunal of Commerce, of Paris; Cameo,
representing the same subject; -- Portrait-cameo ofM" c I.emoine,
onyx of two strata ; 1868. Commemorative medal of the journey
of Napoleon III. to Algeria, in 1865 ; Medal on the Inauguration
- 43 -
of the Railway-bridge at Auteuil, Paris; 1872. Prize Medal of
the Societe de 1'Industrie minerale of St. Etienne; - - Laureate
Head, cameo, agate onyx; - - 1874. Prize Medal of the Section
of architecture at the Salon, representing a fragment of the Court
of the Louvre by Pierre Lescot ; Portait-medal of Louis Napo-
leon, Prince Imperial (issued when a cadet at Woolwich); Pre-
voyance administrative, the Cattle Market, and Public Slaughter-
houses of La Villette; 1877. Prize Medal for Rifle Shooting; -
Portrait-medallions of M me A***; - - Judith Sorge ; -- M me L***;
- G. FredeYica Sorge; 1881. Commemorative Medal of the
Fete of the 14 th July 1880, and Distribution of Standards; -
Portrait-medal of Labrousteand de Lanneau, directors of the Sainte-
Barbe College, CYC.
I have seen his signature : L. MERLEY F. on other medals not
enumerated above : Prize Medal of the Second Republic; Ano-
ther of the Third Republic (reproduced in Brichaut-Peteghem,
Souvenirs nuniismatiques de la Revolution franfciise, 1870-1871};
Prize Medal of Exhibitions (Revue beige, 1874, 399).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit., II, 75. Xonvelle Biogra-
pbie general?, 1861. Grand Dictio-'inure Larousse. Nonveau Larousse illustre.
D r F. P. Weber, Medals and Medallions, &c. De Saulcy, Souvenirs numis-
niatiques de la Revolution de 1848. J. Florange, op. cit.
MERLIN, JEAN BAPTISTE. ride JOHAN BAPTIST MERLEN supra.
MERLIN, MATHIEU (French). Contemporary Sculptor and Medal-
list, born at Nevers; pupil of Cabanel, Rollard and R. Collin. He
is the author of the following Portrait-medallions which were
exhibited at the Salon : 1885. M rae F. B*** ; 1897. Yvonne G***;
- 1898. M. E. V***; 1899. M me Merlen, &c.
MERLINI (Ital.}. Sculptor and Medallist of the early part of the
nineteenth century. Domanig (Portrdt-medaillen &c.) reproduces
and describes a medal, signed : MERLINI F-, with portrait of the
Archduke Ferdinand III. of Tuscany, on the Return of Peace,
1824, and I have seen a Portrait-medal by him of Giovanni
Fabroni, 1823.
MEROT, JULIEN LOUIS (French). Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born at Tanville (Orne) on the 14 th of June 1876; pupil
of Daniel Dupuis, H. Lemaire, Chaplain and Barrias. At the Salon
of 1897 he obtained a Mention, and in 1902 the first Second Grand
Prix for a medal representing St. Sebastian pierced with arrows.
One of his latest productions is a Portrait-medallion, which was
exhibited at the Salon of 1904.
MEROU, LOUIS GABRIEL GEORGE (French). Contemporary Sculp-
tor, born at Montpellier ; pupil of Beaussan. At the Salon of 1894 he
exhibited a Portrait-medaillon, cast in bronze, of M me Th. Merou.
44
MERRIAM, JOSEPH H. (Amer.). Die-sinker and Medallist at
Boston (U.S. A.), second half of the nineteenth century. He is the
author of a medal struck in commemoration of the Dedication of
the New Masonic Temple in Boston, 1867, and several other mason-
ic medallions with bust of George Washington; - Benjamin
Franklin, &c. ; also commemorative medals of the Soldiers' Fair
at Springfield and Boston, 1864; Medalets issued for the Cam-
paign of 1860; Medalets with portraits of U. S. A. Presi-
dents, &c. ; -- Webster; -- The Prince of Wales, &c. The name
of Merrian appears for the last time in 1869 and 1870.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Marvin, op. cit. Snowden, The Medals of Washington,
1 86 1. A. R. Frey, Tokens and Medals relating to Numismatists and Coin Dealers,
1905.
MERRY (Brit.). Manufacturer of Tokens, end of the eighteenth
century. Amongst his issues are Halfpennies of Bury, engraved by
Dixon, and others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pye, Provincial Copper Coins.
MERT or MERIT, APHEL (Austr.). Mint-engraver at Vienna, 1443.
In a document of 29 th April 1443, he is referred to as "Mert Aphel
der Goldschmied, Eisengraber in der Miinze ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Luschin von Ebengreuth, Wiens Mun^iuesen, Handel and
Verkchr im spdteren Mittelalter, Wien, 1902.
MERTENS, A. (Germ.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
who resided at Berlin from about 1851 to 1871, and worked for
the Loos Die-sinking Works. He died sometime before 1894. By
this Engraver are some medals of special interest to English collec-
tors as they commemorate, the one, the Silver Wedding of the
Crown Prince Frederick and Victoria, Princess Royal of England,
1883 ; and the other, the Women's Industrial Exhibition at Berlin,
1885 (Prize Medal with bust of the Crown Princess of Prussia).
MERTENS, C. (Germ.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
who, according to Schlickeysen-Pallmann, was working at Berlin,
circ. 1870. I have come across his signature on a Portrait-medal of
Schiller.
MERTT (Anstr.). Moneyer at Vienna, 1348 (Merit der Miinsser).
MERTZ, JAKOB (Germ.). Mint-master at Simmern, 1572-1577.
MERWE, .WALTER (Brit.). Mint-master at London, under
Henry IV., from the 3 rd to the 14 th year of his reign, 1402-1413. In
contemporary documents, he is called Magister Monete Lond., and
Magister Monetarum. Under Richard II. he had previously held the
office of Assayer and Mint-warden (anni 20-21).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ruding, op. cit., I, 33, 39, 57, 252.
- 45 -
MERZBACH, IOHANN (Germ.} of Augsburg; Mint-master at Schrat-
tenhofen, 1623, in the service of the Counts ofOettingen.
MESCHERJAKOFF, PETER (Russ.}. Medallist of the third quarter of
the nineteenth century, who resided at St. Petersburg, and was still
living in 1872, when Iversen wrote his Medaillen auf die Thaten
Peter des Grossen. This Engraver studied the art at the Mining
School of the St. Petersburg Technicological Institute. Most of his
works, usually signed : II. M. P., are copies. Amongst these is a
commemorative medal on the Birth of Peter the Great, signed :
K.n.M., and copied irom that by Samuel Judin.
MESCHKLER, JOHANN JAKOB (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Nuremberg,
1634.
MESCHKER, MELCHIOR (Germ}. Mint-warden at Nuremberg,
1612; Kreiswarden in 1620. Vide. Gebert, Gescbicbte der Miin^stdtte
Nurnbcrg.
MESCINIUS RUFUS, L. (Rom.}. Mint-master (Triunvir monetalis) at
Rome, circ. B.C. 16-15.
MESDACH, LOUIS (Dutch}. One of the Directors of the important
Die-sinking establishments of OESCHGER, MESDACH & C (q. v.} later
(iSSi) ESCHGER, GHESQUIERE & C ie , at Ter Kiele (Holland) and
Biache (Pas-de-Calais, France). At one time, this firm owned private
mints in Spain, and between circ. 1865-1890, issued medals as
well as various coinages in commission for foreign governments. In
1868 the artist Alphe^e Dubois was in their employ, and during a
year's residence at Barcelona, modelled for them the Spanish bronze
coinage of the Provisional government (1868- 1 870), the dies for which
were engraved by Luiz Marchionni. The 10, 5,2 and i Centimes
bear on one side the monogram OM for Oescher, Mesdach & C ie
(1868, 69 and 1070). In 1870, the same firm supplied the flans for
the Brazilian bronze coinage of Pedro II., struck at the Brussels
Mint; in 1879, they issued the bronze coinage of 10 and 5 Paras of
Servia, engraved by Paulin Tasset, and in the same year, a silver
coinage of 5, 2 and i Denara and 50 Paras.
From the firm's illustrated Catalogue, published some time after
1889, I append the following list of their productions : Jetons of
the " Fonderies et Laminoirs " of Biache St. Vaast, 1867, by Barre ;
Others, with Sun on Obv. ; Coinage of Tunis, Dollar and
Half Dollar, dated A.H. ITAI (1271); - - French Republic, IE.
Centime, 1848, by Dupre; -- Papal States, ^5 Baiocchi, 1853;
2 Baiocchi, 1853; -- i Baiocco, 1853; ' Ticket of Buenos-
Ayres Central Tramway, F. and J. Lacroze; Piastre and Halt
Piastre of Egypt, dated A. H. 1288; Brazil, JE. 20 and 10 Reis,
- 4 6 -
of Don Pedro III, by C. Luster; Grand Duchy of Luxemburg,
;E. 10, 5 and 2 \ Centimes, 1870, by Barth ; - - Italy, Victor
Emmanuel II., IE. 10 Centesimi, 1867, by Ferraris; - - Spain,
Isabel II., IE. 5, 2^, i and ^Centimes, 1868; Brazil, Nickel 200
and 100 Reis, 1871 ; Spain, Republic, AL. 10, 5, 2 and I Centi-
mes, 1870, by L. Marchionni; Belgium, Leopold II., JE. 2 and
i Centimes, 1873 ; Cambodge, Norodom \., JE. 10 and 5 Cen-
times, 1860; - - Germany, nickel 10 and 5 Pfennig, 1874; -
Mines of Trelys, " Fonderies et Forges d'Al.us, " Tokens for 5, 2
and i Francs, and 50 Centimes; -- Servia, Milan, JE. 10 and
5 Paras, 1879; Argentine Republic, 2 and i Centavos, 1874,
by C. T***; Servia, Milan, yR. 5, 2, and i Dinars and 50 Paras,
1879, by Tasset; Badges with 25, 5, and i on I^Ls. ; Colom-
bia, JE. 2 | Centavos, 1881 ; - - Haiti, JE. 2 and i Centimes,
iSSi, by Roty ; Ticket of the Creusot Gun Works at the " Con-
tinental Exposition" of Buenos-Aires, 1882; - - Tickets of the
Societe metallurgique de Corey for 5, and i Francs, 1882, 50, 25,
and 5 Centimes, 1882 and one with HOTEL in field on either side;
-Tickets of the "Acieriesde Longwy"for 5 and i Francs, 50, 20
and 5 Centimes, 1883 ; -- Medal of the Amsterdam Exhibition of
1883, by A. Fisch ; -- Tickets of the " Filatures de 1'Abbaye" for
50, 20, 10 and 5 Centimes, 1884; - - Tickets of the " Etablisse-
ments metallurgiques " of Ounaing (Nord) tor 5 and i Francs, 50,
25 and 5 Centimes; Ticket " remboursable aux commercants
autoriseV' for i Franc, Forges and Workshops of St. Denis; -
Spain, Alfonso XHf, JE. 10 and 5 Centimes, by G.S***, 1878; -
Colombia, 2 \ Centavos, 1886; Ticket, for 2 Francs, of the
" Forges-Laminoirs de Champigneulles, 1885; Bolivia, JE. 2
and i Centavos, nickel 10 and 5 Centavos, 1883; - - Jetons,
Amanda R. de Sanchez (2 var.); Token of the " Societe generate
des Forges et Ateliers de S' Denis"; -- Ticket of the "Pharmncie
Belleroche"; Tickets of the" Fonderies Delille" for i Franc, 50,
10 and 5 Centimes ; Medal of the ' ' Asile St. Charles", founded at
Biache St. Vaast, by Louis Mesdach, by Charles Wiener; Cen-
tenary of the U.S. A. Independence, medal designed by Brichaut,and
engraved by Veyrat, 1876; International Art Exhibition of Lille,
1882; Bulgaria, Alexander L, Pattern 10 Centimes, 1880;-
Jeton de voeux de Kin-You-Man-Tang ; - Ticket ot Bourgeois
jeune for i Franc, Ivry s/Seine; Ticket for i Franc, " Forges
et Ateliers" of St. Denis; - - Ticket of the "Usine Daven and
Mexme""; - - Medal of the Vichy "Societe de Secours mutuels",
1870; - - Tickets for the Works of Hellemmes, 50 and 10 Cen-
times; i Franc Ticket of E. Launoy, Paris; Gaming Counter
of the Mesdach family ; Bulgaria, Proclamation Medalet of Ferdi-
nand I. , 1887; Bulgaria, Ferdinand!., Pattern 10 Centimes, 1887;
- 47 '
Cambodge, JE. i Centime; Dominica, JE. 2 f, and i | Centa-
vos, 1888; Colombia, yE. 2 f Cemavos, 1881 (2 types); Tic-
kets of Nicolas Stchensniewitch ot KichinerF, Universal Exhibition
of 1889, 18, 15 and 20, &c. ; Hexagonal Jeton, with TOUT
POUR LA PATRIE on Obv. and JF on $L; -- Inauguration of
the Waterworks ofNamur, 1890; Tickets of the Societe coope-
rative des Forges de Flize for 5 and i Francs, 50 and 5 Centimes ;
Ticket of the Pharmacie F. Lamy; - Tickets of the "Socie'te
metallurgique de Champigneulles " for 5, 2, and i Francs, 1889, and
50, 10 and 5 Centimes; -- Ticket of A Espingarda Ingleza, Rio de
Janeiro ; - - Tickets of the " Ateliers Diedericks " ; - - Ticket of the
Pharmacie Charriez; - Tickets of the " Minieres de la Cote-
d'Or" for 5, 2 and i Francs, 50 and 25 Centimes, 1889; Haiti,
^R. Gourde, 50, 20 and 10 Centimes, by Laforesterie and Roty,
1880-1882; Patronage St. Joseph, Montreuil-sur-Mer ;
Medal of the Hai'ti Exhibition at Amsterdam, 1883, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Flans et prices de utonnaies de nickel, de citivre et de bronze fabri-
que's par \f\f. Oescbger, Mesdach et C ie , rue Saint-Paul, 28, a Paris. O\f. Usiius a
Biiiche-Saiitt-Waast, dtpartement dii Pas-de-Calais (France), et a Ougte'e, province, de
Liege (Belgique), 1886. Revue de la Xiuntsinatiqiie beige, 1869, 1872, 1880-81,
1886.
MESERLEIN, NICLAS DER (Anslr.}. Mint-master at Vienna, 1320.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Josef Nentwich, Regeilen ;itr Gescbichte der Mun^taLte Wien.
MESMAY, MESMEY or MESME, PIERRE or PERRIN DES (French}.
Mint-engraver at Saint-L6, circ. 1373-1375; then at Troyes,
10. September 1376-1384. He was paid 50 Livres tournois per
annum. At Troyes he succeeded Mathieu deLuchieu.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot and De La Tour, op. cit. Rondot, Les Graveurs
de Troyes, 1897.
MESNARD, COSME {French}. Mint-engraver at Nantes, 1575-
1604.
MESNARD, FLORENT (French}. Mint-engraver at Nantes, circ. 1604-
1655.
MESNIE, PIERRE DE. Vide PIERRE DES MESMAY supra.
MESSARA or MASSARA, MARCHESE (///.). Superintendent of the
Mint at Naples, circ. 1756. His initials MM occur on currency of that
date.
MESSERSCHMIDT, HANS CHRISTOPH (Germ.}. Mint-master at Hall
in Tyrol, 1610-1611.
MESSERSCHMIDT, PHILIBERT LUDWIG (Germ.}. Mint-master at
Meisenhem, circ. 1625. His initials occur on currency of Count Pala-
tine John II. of Zweibriicken.
- 4 8-
MESTRELL, PHILIPPE (French}. Engraver, who in 1568
(iy th January), was " quartered " for having coined gold counterfeit
money (Vide Ruding op. cit , I, p. 344). Probably the same person
as Eloye Mestrell, who introduced the mill and screw at the Lon-
don Mint in 1561.
MESTRELL, ELOYE (French). Also MENSTRELL or MASTRELLE.
" The new process of coining by means of the mill and screw, as
distinguished from the simple one of striking with the hammer was
Mill and Press (From a woodcut in Boizard's, Traite des Montwies, Paris, 1692).
introduced in 1561 into England from France by Eloye Mestrell. It
met with little favour from the authorities of the mint, and but few
49
coins were struck by this process after 1572, and it was not gener-
ally adopted till the reign of Charles II. " (Grueber, Handbook, &C.,
p. "96).
'The method of coining by the mill and press was naturally
more efficient and quicker than by the hammer. The metal having
been prepared in much the same way as formerly, the flan was
placed between the puncheons, the bar of the press turned, and the
impression given at once " (Cochran Patrick, Record of the Coinage of
Scotland, I, LII).
Eloye Mestrell is said to have been detected in counterfeiting and
making milled money, also out of the Mint, and to have been
executed as a traitor. But Folkes states that this Frenchman's name
was Philip Mestrell, executed in 1569.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ruding, op. cit. - Vertue, Coin* and Medals, &c., p. 24.
METEILLER, ARMAND FRANgOIS (French}. Contemporary Sculp-
tor, residing at Paris; pupil of Joutfroy and Roubaud. I have seen
his signature on a Portrait-medallion (cast in bronze) of a Lady.
METELLES, GOTTFRIED WILHELM (Germ.}. Mint-engraver and
Medallist, at Minden, circ. 1690-1711; then at Koenigsberg
(Prussia), 1711-1724. His coins are usually signed : M; G. M. ;
or G. W. M. The Berlin Mint-engraver Friedrich Marl also signed
M or , /^, but I suppose that the M on Koenigsberg issues, of the
period 1711-1724, always represents the Engraver Metelles. By him
are : Minden Gulden of Frederick I., 1705-6; Half Gulden, 1705;
Thalers, 1705-1706; Koenigsberg Coronation Ducats, 1701 ;
Ducats of Frederick William I, 1713-1722 (even 7 year), &c.
The artist's initials G. M. occur on a Half Batzen of Frederick I. for
Neuchatel, dated 1712.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Von Schrdtter, Das Preussische Munywesen , Berlin, 1902.
Die Mun^prdgung in Neuenburg in den Jabren ijij, 14 und //, Berlin, 1900.
METRAL (French}. This signature _ occurs on a medal of Louis
Napoleon Bonaparte, on the coup d'Etat of 2 nd December 1851.
METZYS, QUENTIN. Vide QUINTIN MASSYS.
METZNER, ANDREAS (Genii.}. Mint- master at Hamburg, 1576.
METZGER, GEORG (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Sch^abach, 1693.
METZGER, JOHANN GEORG VON (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Nurem-
berg, 1761.
METZGER, PETER PAUL (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Nuremberg, died
in 1700.
L. FORRER. Biographical Not iff s of Medillists IV. 4
50
METZNER or MELTZNER, ANDREAS (Danish}. Mini-master at
Copenhagen, circ. 1593.
MEUER, GEORG (Germ.}. Mint-engraver at Breslau, 1586, and
1598-1604.
MEUFAIX, GERMAIN (French}. Mint-engraver at Nantes, 1557.
MEULENBROEK, JAN VAN (Dutch}. Goldsmith and Seal-engraver
at Oudenarde, circ. 1407.
MEULEMANS, PIERRE (Belg.). Mint-engraver at Brussels, circ.
1660-1671. By him are coin-dies of Philip IV., for Brabant, as well
as jetons.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. de Witte, Lejetondans hs Camples dcs MnitresJe monnaies
du dtichede Brabant aux XVII* el XVIII* siecles, Tijdschrift &c., V.
MEUNIER, CONSTANTIN (Belg.}. Painter and Sculptor, born at
Etterbeek, 12. April 1831, died in 1905. His first teacher was the
engraver J. B. Meunier. He has obtained numerous distinctions at
International Exhibitions. He was an Officer of the Order 01
Leopold.
Many of his bas-reliefs are in the style of Plaques, and some have
even been reduced to that size, as La Glebe, Monument au
Travail, and others. The Plaquette of the Societ royale beige des
Aquarellistes' is by this artist, and \vas struck by Wolfers Brothers at
Brussels.
M. Tristan Leclerc, in Revue nniversclle, 1905, p. 263, writes :
"A cote de Rodin, a cote de Dalou, Constantin Meunier a con-
tinue la tradition forte et genereuse qui nous est venue de Rude
et de Barye, et sa place sera marque'e au premier rang non seule-
ment des sculpteurs beiges, des Jef Lambeaux et des Georges
Minne, mais encore des sculpteurs de tous les pays, Troubetzkoy,
Trentacoste, Cifariello ou Benlliure. En meme temps, il a enrichi
le domaine de son art de toute une serie de sujets inusites, et il a,
comme toujours, innove en regardant simplement la realite. Son
Plaquette of the ' Sociere royale beige des Aquarellistes '.
exemple ne sera pas perdu. Beaucoup de jeunes sculpteurs out com-
pris que le mirage de la Grece et de Rome, si admirable qu'il soit,
est un leurre, et que le meilleur moyen de suivre les anciens est
de faire comme eux, c'est-a-dire de dresser les statues des contem-
porains. Ce ne sont pas les sujets qui manquent; ce sont les artistes
capables de les traduire. Ce choix des sujets a aussi fait qualifier
Meunier de sculpteur socialiste. II n'a pourtant jamais cherche a
introduire dans son oeuvre des idees litteraires. II a seulement vu
autour de lui la foule des humbles, et c'est parce qu'une inevitable
philosophic se degage de ce spectacle, parce que I'homme a ressenti
pour ces autres homines une profonde sympathie, parce qu'il a
anime ses oeuvres, qu'elles e'voquent fatalement et plus forternent,
en raison meme de leurordonnance et de leur caracteresynthetique,
les sentiments qu'evoque cet aspect de la vie. "
MEUNIER, JEAN (French'}. Contemporary Gem-engraver, born at
La Provenchere(Yonne); pupil of Gallot. At the Salon of 1890 he
exhibited two onyx camei : "Jean qui pleure"; and "Jean qui
rit. "
MEUNIER, LOUIS (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Solesmes (Nord); pupil of Belloc, Guillaume, and Viollet-le-Duc.
He is the author of various Portrait-medallions : 1868. Portrait of
a gentleman; -- 1879. D r Nicolas Lemery, &c.
MEUREIN, M' e VICTOR PAULIN MARIE (French}. Contemporary
Sculptor, born at Paris; pupil of Boulanger, and J. Lefebvre. By
this artist are various Portrait-medallions, some of which were
exhibited at the Salon : 1892. M lle Mara; 1893. M me V. B.***.
MEURIER, PIERRE DU (Swiss}. Mint-master at Geneva, from
14 th January 1633 to 1637. His monogram [^j occurs on the coins
of that period.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Demole, op. cit.
MEUSEL, VEIT (Germ.}. Mint-engraver at Crossen (Silesia), circ.
1623.
MEVIUS, ANDREAS (Russ}. Mint-master at Koliwan, 1821-1830.
MEY, BALTHASAR. Vide MEYEL.
MEY, JOHANN PHILIPP (Germ.}. Mint-master at Zweibriicken,
1612-1621.
MEYBUSCH, ANTON (Germ.}. Medallist, said to have been of Ger-
man origin, but I should suspect Dutch, as the Engraver some-
times signed himself Meijbus. He was probably born at Copenha-
gen, where he first studied, and learned the art of die-sinking.
Between 1667 and 1677, he was, according to Nagler, engaged in
medallic work for Christian V. of Denmark; after 1676 he went
over to Stockholm and produced there numerous medals ot
Charles XI. and Queen Ulrica Eleonora. In 1684 he was invited to
France and 400 livreswere sent to him from the Paris Medal Mint
to cover his journey and expenses. He took up his residence in the
French capital, in the early part of 1685, and remained there five
years (not eight, as mentioned by Guiffrey, loc. cit., p. 310),
returning in 1690 to Copenhagen, where he died in 1701. There
are a few medals of the series of Louis XIV. by him, which appear
53
to have been executed from models and designs of French artists.
The last ten years of his life he was principally engaged in the ser-
vice of the Danish court, and was held in high esteem.
This Engraver's signature occurs in various forms : A. M.; -
A. M. F. ; A. MB. F. ; A. MB. F. ; A.MEYBUSCH F. ; ANT. MEY-
The British Crown offered to William oi Orange, 1688.
BUSCH F. ; ANT. MEYBUSCH FECIT ; A. MEIJBUS ; MEYBUS ; -
MAIBUS; MEIBUS; and MEIJB : FEC.
By Meybusch are the following medallic productions : Marriage
of Christian V. of Denmark with Princess Charlotte Amalia,
54
25 June 1667; Charles X. Gustavus of Sweden and Queen
Hedwig Eleonora (sev. var.) ; - Charles XL ; }$L. QVAE'
NON-POSTVLASTI-DEDI-TIBI- (signed : A. MEIJBUS ; sev.
varieties); 1 5 th Birthday of Charles XL, 24. November 1669; -
Accession of Charles XL, 16. December 1672 (2 var.); -
Louis XIV., Campaign of 1672 ; Journeys of Charles XL, 1673
(sev. var.); -- Coronation of Charles XL, 28. September 1675
(many varieties; one signed : MEIJB : FEC.); -- Defeat of the Dutch
Fleet in Sicilian waters, and death of Admiral de Ruyter, 1676; -
Swedish Victories over the Danes at Halmstad, Lund, and Land-
skrona, 1676-1677 (sev. var. ; one signed : MEIJBUSCH FECIT) ;
Peace of St.-Germain-en-Laye and Fontainebleau, 1679; Peace
between France and Denmark, 1679; -- Peace of Lund between
Sweden and Denmark, 26. September 1679, and Betrothal of King
Charles with Princess Ulrica Eleonora; -- Marriage of Charles XL
and Ulrica Eleonora, 1680 (sev. var. ; one signed : ANTON MEYBUSCH
FECIT); - - Birth of Prince Charles, 17. June 1682; -- Concord
between the King and the States of the realm, 1682; Charles XL 's
three children, Hedwig Sophia, Charles, and Gustavus, 1683 ; -
(1684-1689). Several portraits of Louis XIV. ; Battle of Agosta;
Illness of Louis XIV., 1686 (2 var.) ; tyL. of medal on Defeat of
the Tripolitan pirates ; - The Dutch fleet burnt at Tobago, 1677
(2 var.); Birth of the Dauphin (1687); Vota Galliae; -
Bust of Michel Le Tellier, &c. In 1686 Meybusch received
3300 Livres from the Paris Medal Mint for new coining-presses
of his invention which he had brought over from Stockholm ;
The British Crown offered to William of Orange, 1688
(illustrated)-, William III. and Mary, 1689; Portrait-medal-
lion of Frederick the Great, 1689 ; Swedish Armaments against
Denmark, 1689; - - Death cf Charles XI,, 5. April 1697; '
Charles XL and Eleonora Ulrica (signed : MB.F.); Another, also
with their busts on either side (signed : A.MB.F.); Coronation of
Qneen Ulrica Eleonora at Stockholm, 25. November 1680 (sev.
var.); -- Death of Ulrica, 26. July 1693 ; - - Charles XII. (as
Prince Charles) ; fy. TALEM'PRIMIS'MIRAMVR- AB" ANNIS,
1989; Danish Auxiliaries in Ireland, 1691 ; Frederick Charles,
Duke of Wurtemberg (1692) ; - - Medal on the Peace between
Denmark and Brunswick-Liineburg, 1693.
Presumably Meybusch was also employed to cut coin-dies for
the Mint of Copenhagen, and is mentioned in Jorgensen's list ol
Mint-engravers, 1692, 3.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. oil. Nagler, Allgemeines Kitnstler Lexikon.
Ibid., Monogrammisten. J, J. Guiffrey, La Monnaie des Medailles. Histoire
metallique de Louis XIV et. Louis XV, Revue numismatique, 1889. Hildebrand,
op. cit. Jorgensen, ot>. cit. Belts, of. cit. Various Sale Catalogues. Cata-
logns der Nederlandsche, &c.
- 55 -
MEYBUSCH, ANTON (Germ.}. Son of the last, described by Schlick-
eysen-Pallmann as a Medallist, who worked in Sweden, circ. 1720.
MEYE, LUDWIG (Germ.). Mint-warden at Munich, 1812 ; Director
of the Mint, 1837-1839.
MEYEL, BALTHASAR (Germ.). Mint-master at Zweibriicken, circ.
1600. Aminon gives the date of 1584 and mentions that he was in
the service of John, Count Palatine.
MEYER (Germ.). Mint-master at Danzig, 1808-1812. Some of his
issues are signed, M .
MEYER (Germ.). Medallist of the second half of the eighteenth
century, who worked in England, and is mentioned by Bolzenthal
with T. Holloway, Ward, and others of the same school.
MEYER. Vide DAUBENMEYER & MEYER. Vol. I, N. E. A firm of
tool makers, and Editors of medals, at Zurich. One of their medals
commemorates the Fourth Centenary of Schafthausen's Entry into
the Swiss Confederation, 1501-1901.
MEYER, ARNOLD (Siciss). Contemporary Numismatist of Geneva
(7 1904), who designed a medal, engraved by Hugues Bovy, of
the Swiss National Exhibition at Geneva, 1896.
MEYER, GLAUS (Germ.). Mint-master at Rostock, 1562.
MEYER, CONRAD (Siviss). Line-engraver of Zurich, circ. 1640, by
whom there is a Portrait-medal of Prof. Joh. Peter Thomann
(1583-1651) with inscription on the edge : GEORG PFRVNDT
FINXIT FLAVIT FVDIT. CONR. MEYER SCVLPSIT
EXCVDIT. Vide TobL-r Meyer, Catalogue of the Wunderly-von-
Muralt Collection, I, p. 326, 11 1022.
MEYER, ERASMUS (Germ.). Mint-warden at Pfedelbach, 1623, in
the service of the Princes of Hohenlohe.
MEYER, ETIENNE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris; pupil of Hiolin. At the Salon of 1894 ne exhibited Portrait-
medallions (4), cast in bronze, of various peisonages.
MEYER, F. (Germ.). Modeller at the Royal Porcelain Manufactory
of Charlottenburg, circ. 1773. Of that date is a Portrait-medallion
by him of the Stadholderess, Frederica Sophia Wilhelmina,
consort of William V. of Nassau-Orange. This work is signed :
F. MEYER. FEC : BERL : 1773. Vide Menadier, Schaumiin^en, &c.,
n 362.
MEYER, GEORG (Germ.'}. Seal-and Armorial-engraver at Breslau,
1640.
MEYER or MEUER, GEORG (Germ.}. Mint-engraver at Breslau,
1586 and 1598-1604.
MEYER, HEINRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at Barby, 1611-1615,
Magdeburg, 1617, and Konigssee, 1620. He was a native of Halle.
Fide E. Fischer, DieMiin^en des Hauses Schwar^burg, 1904, p. 199.
MEYER, H. (Germ.). Medallist of the third quarter of the seven-
teenth century, who resided at Halle. His signature : H. MEYER
occurs on a Proclamation Medal of the Great Elector Frederick
William, at Halle, 1681 ; }$L The city of Halle beneath crowned eagle.
MEYER, H. DE (Dutch). Medallist of the second half of the eigh-
teenth century, by whom are : Medal on the Solemn Installation of
Prince William V. of Orange-Nassau as hereditary Stadholder of
the province of Utrecht, 1766; - - Prize Medal of the Amsterdam
Rifle Club, 1779 (signed : D. MEYER P.); -- Badges of the Utrecht
Association "Pro Patria et Libertate"; Silver Wedding of N. Kien
and M. Buck, 1786; The Treaty with France solemnly feted at
Zierikzee, 1786; Medal of the Society "'tFortuyn ", 1766; -
Prize Medal of the Rifle Association of Amsterdam, 1779; -
150 th Anniversary of the University of Utrecht, 1786; Memorial
medal of Johannes Hendrik Bachiene, minister of Utrecht, 1789,60:.
MEYER, HENNING CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Warden of the Mint at
Miihlhausen, 1676; Mint-master and Engraver at Kongsberg
(Denmark), 1686-1716, under Christian V. and Frederick IV. His
coins are signed H. C. M.
MEYER, HENNING CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Son of the last, and his
successor as Master of the Mint and Engraver, at Kongsberg, 1716-
1727, under Frederick IV. The currency he issued bears usually
the letters : H. C. M.
MEYER, J. (Germ.). Designer of a Pistole, 1767, engraved by
Lewis Pingo, for the Electorate of Brunswick-Liineburg.
Pistole of George III., 1767.
MEYER, J. (Germ.). Medallist of Mannheim, arc. 1742. By him
is a Masonic medal of the " Lodge zur Einigkeit " of Frankfort-on-M.
MEYER, JOHANN (Swiss?). Goldsmith and Engraver of Sursee
(canton Lucerne), end of the eighteenth and beginning of the
nineteenth century. His signature I. M. or Job. M. occurs on Bero-
munster Gulden and Half Gulden, as well as medalets (Michaels-
pfenninge). He also cut dies for the government of Lucerne, as those
for the Batzen of 1807, 1810, cvc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Imvyler, Die M ichelspfennige des Collegiatstifles Beromuns-
ter, Revue suisse de numismatique, 1898.
MEYER, LUDWIG. (Swiss.). A native of Schauensee, born 1768,
died 18. April 1820. He filled the post of Mint-master at Lucerne
1812-1814, and 1816-1820. In 1819 he coined money for canton
Ticino.
MEYER, S. P. (Germ.). Medallist of the second half of the eigh-
teenth century, mentioned by Bolzenthal.
MEYER, WOLF (Germ.). Mint- warden at Stuttgart, 1606.
MEYERS, MARKUS (Dutch}. Painter of Friesland, first half of the
eighteenth century, who modelled a Portrait-medal of the Nuremberg
painter, Markus Tuscher.
MEYNAERTS, CLAES (Dutch.). Mint-master at Deventer, 1617-
1626; distinctive symbol, a trefoil.
MEYNIER, CHARLES (French}. Painter, born at Paris, 25. Novem-
ber 1768, died there 6. September 1832. He is mentioned, with
Prudhon, Chaudet, Fragonard, Heim, Guersant, Bergeret, and Zix
in the list of artists who supplied designs to the medallists of the
Napoleonic series. Vide Blanchet, op, cit. II, 389 and J. J. GuifTrey,
Rev. num. 1886, 92.
MEYNIER, SAMUEL (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Uzes (Card). By him are various Portrait-medallions, some ot
which were exhibited at the Paris Salon : 1870. M me M. F***; 1877.
A. Monod; 1879. M. R***.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.
MEYSSBERGER, CHRISTIAN (Swiss). A native of Schwarzenberg
im Bregenzerland; Mint-master to the three cantons of Uri, Schwytz
and Unterwalden, previous to 1594; then at Lucerne, which post
he had to resign in 1598 on account of mismanagement, but was
reinstated in 1599.
MEZIERES, ANTHOINE DE (French). Mint-engraver at Villeneuve-
Saint-AnJre-lez-Avignon, 1523-1543.
- 5 8-
MEZIERES, BERNARDIN DE (French}. Mint-engraver at Villeneuve-
Saint-Andre-lez-Avignon, 1543-15 50.
MEZZARA, M me FLORENCE (French'}. Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born at Miihlhausen; pupil of Joseph Mezzara. By this
artist are numerous Portrait-medallions, many ot which were
exhibited at the Paris Salon between 1883 and 1895 : 1883.
M lle van Bommel; A star; - - St. Cecilia, after Gauthier ; *
Portrait, after Fragonard ; M. Thorens ; - - M me J. Koechlin-
Dollfus; 1884. M me Marthe Devoyod; Winter, after Aubert;
- M lle Pauline Vaillant; - The barge, after C. Meyer;
*M lle de Z***; M me Koechlin-Schwartz ; - Mater dolorosa,
after Bouguereau ; Charles Mezzara ; Chloe, after
J. Lefebvre , A. Mezzara; The Holy Family, after Raphael;
1885. Love conquered, after Chaplin; Dawn, after Hamon; -
Love, after Rubens; 1893. The Adoration of the Wise Men ; -
Alexandre Mezzara; M" e Ines Mezzara; Antony Mezzara;
M lle Mireille Mezzara ; 1895. Alfred Koechli n ; M lle Ines Mezzara;
M lle Genevieve Jourdan; M lle Marguerite Bollard, &c.
M. F. Vide MATHIAS FISCHER. Mint-master at Mayence, 1652-
1682.
M. F. Vide MODESTINUS FACHS. Anhalt Mint-master, 1567-1595.
Also M 1 .
M. F. Vide MARTIN FRITSCH. Mint-master at Olmiitz, 1631.
M. F. Vide MATTHIAS FREUNDT. Mint-master at Hamburg, 1635-
1637.
M. F. Vide MATHIAS FREUDE. Mint-master at Rostock, 1630, and
Hamburg, 1637-1668. His son, of the same name, was Mint-master
at Hamburg, from 1668 to 1673.
M. F. Vide MICHAEL FABER. Mint-master at Frankfort-on--Main,
1667-1679. Also 1VF.
M. F. Vide JAKOB MERKEL. Mint-engraver at Bamberg, 1681.
M. F. Vide MICHAEL FEDERER. Mint-master and Engraver at
Ratisbon, 1674-1700. Also BF.
M. F. Vide MARTIN FISCHER. Mint-master and Engraver at Bre-
men, 1743-1747.
M. F. Vide MANN (Warden) and FORSTER (Master) of the Nurem
berg mint, 1755-1760.
M. F. Vide MARCHIO FOSCARINI. Mint-master at Venice, 1764.
59
M. F. Vide MAURISSET. Medallist at Paris, circ. 1790- 71825.
M. F. Vide MICHAEL FLOR. Mint-master at Altona, 1787-1818. .
M. F. Vide C. M. FRUMERIE. Swedish Medallist, circ. 1801-1843.
M. F. Vide LUIGI MANFREDINI. Medallist and Mint-engraver at
Milan, 1800-1840.
M. F. S. S. Vide MICHAEL FEDERER. Mint-master and Engraver at
Ratisbon, 1674-1700.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. oil.
M. F. Signature, mentioned by Erman (Joe. cit., p. 66) as occur-
ring on a medal of 1554, in the Felix Collection.
M. & F. Signature occurring on a medal of George III., and on one
of John William Fletcher (really De La Flechiere), 1729-1785,^6
great friend of the two brothers Wesley (in U r F. P. Weber's
collection).
M. G. Vide MICHEL GROBERT. Mint-master at Chambery, circ.
1583.
M. G. Vide MICHELE GUARDINI. Mint-master at Pavia, 1594-1596.
M. G. A. Vide MAGNUS GUSTAV ARBIEN. Danish Medallist, circ.
1782-71760.
M. G. A. Vide MARINO E. SEPULVEDA. Spanish Medallist, circ.
1800.
M. G. or M. OT Vide Vol. II, pp. 182 and 232.
M. H. Vide MELCHIOR HOFFMANN. Warden, 1589, then Master of
the Berlin Mint, 1602; died in 1620. Alsol/H.
M. H. Vide MICHAEL HODERMANN. Mint-warden , at Bromberg
1671-1678.
M. H. Vide MARTIN HOLTZHEY. 1697-1764. Medallist at Amster-
dam.
M. H. Vide MARTIN HANNIBAL. Mint-master at Clausthal, 1741-
1748.
M. H.O. Vide MARTIN HEINRICH OME1S. 1650-1703. Medallist at
Dresden.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
M. H. or Mi. Vide. Vol. II, p. 366.
60
M. H. Signature of a Die-sinker at Amsterdam, arc. 1784. It
occurs on a medal of that date, commemorating the arming of
cadets in that city.
M. H. Signature of a North German Medallist of the second half
of the sixteenth century. VideVol. II, p. 367.
MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI. Fide Vol. I, p. 172. This famous
Artist was also familiar with the art of modelling in wax.
MICHAELIS, GEORG FRIEDRICH (Germ.}. Mint-master at Clausthal,
1802-1807, and Burg Friedberg i. d. W. His signature M. or G. F. M.
occurs on currency of Brunswick-Liineburg of George III. of Great
Britain.
MICHAILOFF, MICHAEL (Russ.). Mint-master at St. Petersburg,
1783-1784.
MICHAUD, CLAUDE (French). Sculptor of the nineteenth century,
born at Paris, 29. October, 1822 ; pupil of Rude. By him are various
Portrait-medallions, some of which were exhibited at the Salon in
the forties and fifties of last century.
MICHAUT, AUGUSTE FRANCOIS (French). Sculptor, Medallist, and
Engraver of coins, born at Paris, 29. September 1786, died there
in December 1879, at the age of ninety-six. He was a pupil of Moitte,
Lemot, and Galle, and in 1812 he obtained at the Salon the " Second
Grand Prix pour Rome ", for medal-engraving, the subject being:
The French Hercules.
This artist will better be remembered as a Coin-engraver than as
a Medallist. His dies of Louis XVIII. and Charles X. are undoubt-
edly his best productions. He also worked for William I. of Holland,
who by Royal decree of 4. October 1815 appointed him Medallist
to the Court; and later, 9. December 1816, entrusted him with
the engraving of the dies for the 10, 3, i and f Gulden pieces, with
the King's bust, while a commission was given to the Utrecht Mint-
engravers, D. van der Kellen and A. J. van der Monde to cut the
subsidiary coinage in silver and copper, as well as gold Ducats (the
"Trade" ducats of the old type). Michaut's signature occurs on
the following Dutch coins : 1817. 10, 3, i and .* Gulden pieces; -
1817. 3 Gulden, new type; 1818. 10 Gulden. In 1819. D. van
der Kellen was appointed Chief-engraver at the Mint of Utrecht,
and henceforth Michaut's name does no longer occur in connection
with William L's coinage.
Michaut was employed by the French Mint as early as 1814.
Tiolier Sen r wns then Chief-engraver (1803-1816), his son,Tiolier
Jun r succeeding him (1816-1843). On his first restoration,
Louis XVIII. signed on 10. May 1814 a decree, ordering d
coinage of .V. 20 Franc and JR.. 5 Franc pieces, the dies for which
were executed by Tiolier, but on the 2. August following, a
competition was opened for the engraving ot new coin-types.
Michaut took part in the competition and produced a Pattern
40 Francs, which exists in various metals, and four types of Pattern
5 Franc pieces (reproduced in Dewamin, Cent ans de numismatiqiie,
1900, PI. XL 6, 7, 8, 9).
Michaut's patterns were adopted, and on the second restoration
of Louis XVIIL, the king ordered, 9. December 1815, that the new
types should substitue the older ones from the i. January of the
following year. Michaut's coin-dies comprize : Louis XVIII (1816-
1824). 1815. Pattern 5 and 2 Franc pieces (sev. var.); -- 1816.
AT. 40 and 20 Francs; JR.. 5, 2, i and | Francs ; JE. Pattern
10 Centimes; - - 1817. AT. 20 Francs; -- JR., 5 (illustrated), 2,
,, | and \ Francs; -- 1818. AT. 40 and 20 Francs; -- JR^. 5, 2,
Louis XVIII., 5 Francs, 1817.
and | Francs; N. 20 Francs; Pattern 5 Francs in gold;
5, jR. 5, 2, i, | and i\ Francs; -- 1820. A/". 20 Francs; -- ^R.
1,2, i,| and | Francs; 1821. A/". 40, and 20 Francs; JR^. 5 ,
2 i, |and | Francs; -- 1822-4. Jff. 20 Francs; - - JR*. 5, 2,
i, | and \ Francs. - - Unofficial &c. : Pattern 2 Sols, 1817 (sev.
var.); Pattern i Sol, 1817 (sev. var.); Pattern Half Sol, 1817
(sev. var.) ; The Duke and Duchess of Berry visit the Paris Mint,
1817 (module of 2 Francs) ; The Prince and Princess of Denmark
visit the Paris Mint, 1822 (module of 2 Francs); - - The Duke
of Berry visits the Mint of Lille, 1814 (module of 5 Francs ; several
varieties); The Count of Artois visits the Mint of Marseilles,
1814; - - The Duke of Orleans visits the Mint of Lille, 1815
(module of 5 Francs); - - The Duchess of Angouleme visits the
Paris Mint, 1817 (module of 5 Francs); - - Dedicatory Medal in
honour of Count Corvette, minister of finance, 1817 (mod.
62 -
of 5 Francs) ; The Duke and Duchess of Berry visit the Paris
Mint, 1817 (mod. ot 5 Francs, sev. var.) ; Monsieur (Charles X.)
visits the Paris Mint, 1818 (mod. of 5 Francs, sev. var.); To
M. Roy, secretary of finance, 1820 (mod. of 5 Francs), &c. -
Charles X. (1824-1830). In the competition for the engraving of
the coins of this reign, Michaut was again successful ; on this
occasion he executed Pattern 40 and 5 Franc pieces, 1824 and
undated. The current species I have come across with the Engraver's
signature, which is invariably : MICHAUT, F. comprize : 1824.
AT. 40 and 20 Francs; - - ^R. 5, 2, i, and | Francs; 1825-
1829. AT. 40 and 20 Francs; -- ^R. 5, 2, i, | and | Francs; -
1830. N. Pattern 100 Francs; Ordinary 40 and 20 Francs ; -
.#C. 5,2, i, | and ~ Francs; Unofficial Patterns &c. ThePrince of
Salerno and Duchess of Berry visit the Paris Mint, 1825 (module
of 5 Francs); The King's visit to Lille, 1827 (module of 5 Francs);
The Duke of Bordeaux visits the Paris Mint, 1828 (Mod.
Pattern Five Franc piece, 1815 (4 th type), by Michaut.
of 5 Francs) ; - - The King and Queen of the Two-Sicilies visit
the Paris Mint, 1830, &c.
Dewamin reproduces the following French Patterns by Michaut :
Louis XVIII. 1815. 5 Francs (4 types) ; - - 1816. 40 Francs
(2 var.); -- 181* 20 Francs; -- i Franc; -- \ Franc;-- 1816.
40 Francs ; - - 20 Francs; 1816. 5, 2, i and \ Francs; 1817.
| Franc; 10 Centimes ; 1822. 5 Francs; | Franc; 1817.
2 Sous; I Sou ; | Sou; 1821. 10 Centimes; 5 Centimes
(3 var.); -- 1819. 5 Francs. Charles X. 1824. 40 Francs; -
5 Francs (2 var.); No date. 100 Francs; 40 Francs; -
20 Francs ; 10 Francs. Many of these pieces are marked : ESSAL
Amongst Michaut's medallic productions, I may mention the
following, under the years in which they were exhibited at the
Paris Salon : 1827. Patterns of Coins of Louis XVIII., and
Charles X.; Patterns of Coins of William I., King of the
Netherlands; -- Bust of Louis XVIII.; Bust of Charles X.;
Full-length portrait of Charles X. granting a colonial Charter;
The " French " Hercules ; -- Theseus ; Herakles ; Large State
Seals of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; -- Sketches of medals
executed for William I. of Holland ; tyL. of Medal commemorating
The French Eagle on the Banks of the Volga, 1812.
the erection of the French standards on the banks of the Volga,
1812 (illustrated) ; Marriage of the Duke and Duchess of Angou-
leme ; - - Restoration of the statues of French Kings; Comme-
morative Medal of the Duke of Berry, after Pradier; Comme-
morative Medal of the vow of the inhabitants of Versailles ;
Charles X. granting a Charter to the Colonies; Justice;
Louis David.
Portrait-medals of Jean Francois Ducis, poet; 1816. Louis David,
painter; - - 1822. D r Broussais; Alexander I., Czar of Russia;
Medal on the Reunion of Holland and Belgium; -- Medal of
the Dutch Royal Family; -- Jetons of Paris Notaries; -- 1831.
Birth of the King of Rome, 1811; - - The French Eagle on the
banks of the Volga; -- Accession of Louis-Philippe I. ; Stamp
of the Head Quarters' Staff of the Paris National Guard ; 1843.
Medal, with tyL C.M. de 1'Epee, signed : MICHAUT DBS MONNAIES.
By the same Medallist are also : Union of the Southern and
Northern States of the Netherlands, 1815; Medal of Merit, with
bust of William I. of Holland, 1819 (3 var.); 1820. The Dutch
Royal Family ; William I. and his Queen ; Portrait-medallion
of King William I. ; Another, of the Queen; -- The Queen of
Holland and Prince of Orange; The Prince of Orange, Prince
Frederick, and Princess Marianne; -- 1821. Conquest of Palem-
bang; also, Charles X.'s arrival at Versailles, 1824; Octagonal
Jeton of the Company of Notaries of Paris, undated; D r Francois
Joseph Victor Broussais, 1814 ; and another of 1836 ; -- Botanical
Prize Medal, of Belgium, 1829; - Creche of Namur, 1843.
Michaut was a Member of the Dutch Institute, and on his return to
Paris in 1819 Louis XVIII. appointed him Medallist to the Dau-
phin.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cil. Tbornsen Catalogue of Medals. Cata-
logue Deivamin. Various Sale Catalogues.
MICHAUX, ALPHONSE (Belg.). Coin-engraver and Medallist, born
at Brussels, 15. December 1860; pupil of the Academy of Fine Arts
of that city. In 1895 he was appointed Chief-engraver (Chefde la
fabrication des coins monetaires) at the Brussels Mint, but had
been connected with the Mint since 1878.
By him are the dies of a certain number of Belgian coins, amongst
which I may mention the new Nickel 10 and 5 Centimes pieces of
Nickel 10 Centimes, 1904.
Belgium, with holes in centre (one illustrated}', also the Nickel 10
and 5 Centime pieces with the effigy of the Grand Duke of Luxem-
burg, etc.; -- Roumanian 20, 10 and 5 Bani pieces; --2 and i
Shahi pieces of Persia, etc.
The best known medals by this artist are : Commemorative
medal of the Shah's Visit to the Mint of Brussels, 1900; -- 5O th
Anniversary of the Marriage of the Grand Duke of Luxemburg,
1901 ; Centenary of the College of Luxemburg, 1903 ; Ticket
(Jeton de presence) of the Royal Numismatic Society of Belgium,
65
with portrait of Renier Chalon ; Death of King Charles XV.
of Sweden, 1873 (signed : R. MICHAUX, and probably the work ot
Michaux's father); -- Birth of the XX. Century, 1902 (for \vhich
medal the artist obtained the first Award); J. S. Stas, 1891 (after
L. Wiener); - - Medal of the Universal Exhibition at Antwerp,
1894; Centenary of the Republic of Haiti; - - Prize Medal,
1905 ; - - 4O th Anniversary ot the Reign of Carol I. of Roumania,
100 Lei pice, 1866-1906.
Laureate of the Competition for Medal-engraving, which was
opened in 1902 by the Royal Academy of Belgium, Michaux has
been entrusted by his government with the engraving of the Jeton
struck on the occasion of the Opening of the Universal Exhibition
at Liege in 1905.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Information kindly supplied by M. AlpJmtse de Witte. Revue
beige de niimisinatique.
MICHAUX, ROBERT (&/?.) Engraver and Medallist, born at
Brussels, 30. June 1824, died there 6. June 1901. Pupil of Hart.
He is the father of Alphonse Michaux, the present Mint-engraver
at Brussels. This Die-sinker's signature occurs on a medal commem-
orating the Death of King Charles XV. of Sweden, and struck at
Brussels in 1873, on commission for a Swedish firm of publishers.
By the same artist is a Portrait-medal of Lagerberg, the well-known
Swedish numismatist, dated 1872, and the Inauguration of the
Railway from Warsaw to Bromberg, 1862, c\:c.
MICHE. M. Signature mentioned by Ammon. It is that of the Flo-
rentine Medallist, MICHELE MAZZAFIRRI (</. :'.).
MICHEL (French). Gem-engraver of the second halt of the
eighteenth century. His signature : MICHEL occurs on a gem,
described by Raspe, Silenus in a car led by three Cupids. He was
a pupil of Jacques Guay.
MICHEL (Germ.). Mint-master at Wiirzburg, 1496.
MICHEL (Germ.). Goldsmith, and Warden of the Mint at
Xeuotting, 1458.
MICHEL (probably MICHEL CHUNTER). (Austr.). Moneyer at
Vienna, 28. August 1369 to 27. May 1379. On a Mint document
of 1376, mentioned by Luschin von Ebengreuth, we find the
following entry : " Oswaldus et Michel, fratres monetarii dicti
Chunter. "
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Luschin von Ebengreuth, Wiens Mun^wesen, &c.
MICHEL, CLAUDE (French). Appointed Mint-engraver at Mont-
pellier on 19. January 1541 (1542) 1547.
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists. IV. >
- 66
MICHEL DER GEWCHRAMER (Austr.}. Mint master at Vienna,
1384-1395.
MICHEL, GEORGES CHARLES PROSPER (French}. Contemporary
Gem-engraver, born at Rouen; pupil of Amable Simon. By him are
the following works : 1879. St. George spearing the Dragon, sard;
Ariadne, sard; 1880. The Archangel Michael crushing Satan,
amethyst; -- 1881. Oedipus divining the secret of the Sphinx,
sard cameo; The Secret from on high, after Moulin, sard
cameo; Head of Ariadne, sard cameo ; 1882. Portrait ot Jules
Grevy, sard intaglio; 1883. Zephyr, after Proud'hon, cameo-
intaglio ; Herakles infant crushing serpents, cameo-intaglio in
sard, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. Catalogues du Salon, &c.
MICHEL, GUSTAVE (French}. Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
born at Paris ; pupil of Jouffroy. I have noted the following medallic
productions by this artist : 1893. Portrait-medallion of Victor
Hugo; - - 1896. Various models intended for medals; 1898.
Medal of the " Societe historique d'Auteuil et de Passy ", 59 mill,
(reproduced in Medailleurs contemporains, PL 30); 1902. Medal
of the "Societe populaire des Beaux-Arts"; 1904. Various
Portrait-medallions &c. (amongst others, those of M. & M me Henri
Brisson-Landois) .
MICHEL, JEAN MARIE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris; pupil of J. Casin. By him are also various Portrait-medallions
and Medals, some of which have been exhibited at the Salon,
since 1883. One of the best known is the Medal of the "Orphe-
linat des Arts ".
MICHEL-LANGELIER, M uie LOUISE (French). Contemporary Sculp-
tor, born at Paris; pupil of G. Michel, and author of various
Portrait-medallions. One of these "Ma petite Madeleine" was
exhibited at the Salon in 1883.
MICHELASSI, ENRICO (Ital.}. Contemporary Sculptor of Florence,
who modelled a Portrait-medal of Verdi, cast in bronze by the
founder Niccoli Giulio, 1905 . The originator of this medal is Arturo
Spigardi, the well-known numismatist.
MICHELE, ANDREA CIONE DI, surnamed VERROCCHIO, q. v. infrd .
MICHELET, FIRMIN MARCELIN (French}. Contemporary Sculptor
and Medallist, born at Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrenees) ; pupil of
Falguiere, Merci, Henri Dubois, and Th. Riviere.
By him are the following medallic productions : 1903. Official
Medal of the Exhibition of the Republic of Ecuador, 1900;
Portrait-medallion of M. V. M. Rendon, Commissioner-general ot
the Republic of Ecuador; Various medals (6); 1904. Frame
containing seven Portrait-medallions and Medals.
MICHELFELDER, CONRAD (Austr.}. Mint-engraver at the " small
Mint " of Hall in Tyrol, 1482-1484, under the Archduke Sigismund
(1475-1496). By him is a Tyrolian Pfundner (RL. * GROSSVS
:: COMITIS :-:TIROUS).
MICHELIN, THEODORE (French}. Issuer of Patterns for the subsid-
iary coinage of France, 1888-89. They consisted in perforated
nickel pieces ot the values of 20, 10 and 5 centimes, representing
Commerce and Industry, and are illustrated in Dewamin, Cent ans
de numismatiquefranfaise, I, p. 95.
MICHELINO (Ital.}. Gem-engraver of the sixteenth century, who
resided at Rome, was a contemporary of Pier Maria da Pescia, and
worked for Pope Leo X. (1513-1523). Mariette says : "Ilmettait,
a ce qu'on assure, beaucoup de delicatesse dans son travail ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, Antique Gems and Rings, 1872.
MICHELINO, L. (French}. Sculptor, and Gem-engraver of the
nineteenth century, born at Rome, but naturalized a Frenchman ;
pupil of Giuseppe Girometti. At the Salon of 1855 he exhibited
seven cameos : Force conquered by Cleverness; Jupiter and
Leda; Portrait of M. Michelini ; Four other portraits.
MICHELL, GEORG (Germ.}. Mint-master at Michelstadt (Erbach),
1570.
MICHELOZZO, MICHELOZZI (Ital.}. Florentine Sculptor and Archi-
tect, born in 1391, died in 1462. Vasari in his description of the
pictures in the Palazzo Vecchio, says, speaking of the portrait of
Santi Bentivoglio : "I have made it after the medal from the hand
of Michelozzo Michelozzi. This medal has not come down to us.
But Armand, and after him, Heiss have ascribed to Michelozzo, a
medal of Cosimo the Elder (illustrated}, formerly attributed to
Pisanello, and now given to Niccolo Fiorentino, by C. von Fabriczy,
and according to the more recent authorities, Michelozzo's name
should thus be erased from the list of Italian medallists.
" Vasari speaks not in the biography of the master, but else-
where incidentally of Michelozzo, the celebrated Director ot Works
at the Court of the Medici and Sculptor in bronze and marble, as
the author of a medal, no longer extant, of Santi Bentivoglio of
the year 1445. Three pages further on (Vol. VIII, p. 99), however,
where he enumerates the works done by the artist for Cosimo de'
Medici, he mentions no medal of the latter among them, although
had a work of the kind been forthcoming the passage would have
demanded its notice. Nevertheless, on the strength of Vasari's vague
Medal of Cosimo de' Medici,
statements, and in consideration of the close relations that existed
- 6 9 -
between Michelozzo and Cosimo the Elder, it is believed that the
medal of Cosimo, which has come down to us in four slightly
different variants, is to be attributed to him. The attribution dates
back to the Weimar dilettanti, who ascribed the fourth variant to
Michelozzo, while for the first they actually adduce the name
of Donatello. From them it would appear Armand and Heiss
inherited the attribution (which they extend to all the four replicas)
while Friedlander explains them as works ot Niccolo Florentine.
In any case, this view has more probability in its favour than that
of the French savants. The delicate individualisation in the portrait
does not correspond to the rude provincial manner of Michelozzo,
nor even does the Florentia on the reverse reveal anything of the
conspicuous manner in which in his statues he strove to imitate
the antique; but apart from this the latter theory is opposed by
chronological considerations. Since Cosimo died on August I st ,
1464, and only received the title P(ater) P(atriae) accorded him
on the medal after his death, /. c. on March i6 th , 1465 (Friedlander
incorrectly gives March i6 th , 1464), it follows that the medal cannot
have been produced previous to this date. On the other hand the
accurate reproduction of it in a miniature in the title of a Codex of
the Laurentiana, dedicated to Piero Medici, shows that it must
have existed as early as 1469, the year of Piero's death. " We
know however, that Michelozzo was absent in Milan, Ragusa, and
Schio from 1462 onwards, and it appears improbable that even had
they waited until the return of the master (in 1466 at the earliest)
the Medici would have entrusted the commission to a man of
seventy, when Florence already possessed a series of approved
medallists. As regards the medal itself, however, we cannot better,
characterise its aitistic value than in Goethe's words: "The work is
quite extraordinarily masterly and bold; at the first glance,
it is true, the portrait seems sketchy and hastily designed; on closer
inspection, however, it is wondertully ingenious, full of meaning
and complete in every part ". (Cornelius von Fabriczy, Italian
Medals; translation by iMrs Gustavus W. Hamilton, 1904, p. 115
sqq.).
Michelozzo assisted Donate in the execution of the noble monu-
ment in the Florentine Baptistry to Pope John XXIII, who died in
1415.
To Michelozzo D r W. Bode ascribes two Plaques in high relief:
Madonna, half-length; 8,8x5, 6; Madonna between worshipping
Genii ; 18, 5X 10,2 (Die italienischcn Bron~?n, Berlin, 1904).
MICHIEL, PIERRE (Belg.). Mint-master at Bruges in conjunction
with Mathieu de Tilly, from 20. November 1493 to 14. May 1496.
MICHIELS, JEAN (Bel*.'). Mint-master at Macstricht, circ.
under John IV. of Luxembourg.
MICHL (Bohem.}. Mint-master at Eger, 1492.
MIDDELTHUN (Norw.}. Mint-engraver and Medallist at Kongsberg
(Norway), under Charles XIV. John of Sweden, 1818-1844. His
signature : M occurs on the following medals, &c. : Coronation ol
King Charles XIV. John at Throndhjem, 7. September 1818;
Medal of Merit, with King's bust (100 specimens struck at the
Kongsberg mint in 1821); Medal for Cadets, with King's bust
(signed : MIDDELTHUN F.).
A Thaler of Charles XIV. John, dated 1819, bears also his initial.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hildebrand, op. cit.
MIDDLEMASS, W. (Brit.'). Mint-master at Madras, from March
1839 to February 1840, and again from January to February 1842.
MIDDLETON, SIR HUGH (Brit.}. Owner of silver mines in Wales,
in the neighbourhood of Aberystwith, circ. 1621. The silver
extracted there was sent to the Tower to be coined, where it was
distinguished by being marked with the Prince of Wales' plumes
over the shield on the reverse. There are Crowns, Half-crowns and
Shillings of James I. of this issue.
. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hawkins, op. cit.
MIDIAS. Fictitious signature, which King mentions as occurring
on a cameo of the Caylus collection, representing a Griffin and
Serpent.
MIEDAN, LOUIS LEOPOLD AMEDEE (French}. Contemporary
Sculptor, born at Chatillon-sur-Seine (Cote-d'Or) ; pupil of the
cole des Arts decoratifs, Paris.
At the Salon of 1883 he exhibited two bronze Portrait-medallions :
M. Boissy d'Anglas, deputy ; M. P***.
MIEDEMA (Dutch.}. Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist, who
has worked occasionally for the Die-sinking establishment of Begeer
at Utrecht. His signature occurs amongst others on a Prize Medal,
inscribed : HONOR, reproduced in R. Marx, Medailkurs modernes en
France et a I'Etranger, PI. 31.
MIER.H. (Germ.}. According to Ammon, this signature occurs on
a Portrait-medal of the celebrated physician Balthasar Bekker, 1692
(TwfcKohlers Munzbel, P. VIII, 345).
MIGNOT, PHILIPPE or PHILIBERT (French}. Goldsmith, and
Engraver, at Paris, circ. 1674-1683.
MIJAREZ, ALBERTO PAREJA DE (Chilian}. Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Limn, pupil of Falguiere. At the Universal Exposition of
1900 he exhibited some Portrait-medallions, Busts of Francisco
Pizarro, and Isabel la Catolica; also a Bas-relief with two medallions,
&c.
MILANO, PIETRO DA (/to/.). Milanese Sculptor and Medallist, wlio
flourished arc. 1450-1473. H. de La Tour has established that this
artist is the same person as PIETRO DI GIOVANNI DA VARESE or
DA COMO, nephew of Baltra.no di Martino da Varese, sculptor and
architect.
Cameo of king Rene of Naples.
(British Museum.)
Pietro da Milano, whose name occurs also as PIETRO DE MARTINO
DA MILANO, or PETRUS DE MEDIOLANO, was engaged in the service
of king Rene of Anjou, at about the same time as Francesco Lau-
rana (1430-1501). He modelled and cast six Portrait-medals of his
Patron and members of the Royal family; these are all signed:
OPVS.PETRI.DE. MEDIOLANO. - - Rene of Anjou, king of Naples,
and Jeanne de Laval, his consort, 1462; obv. Jugate busts to r.
tyL. King Rene seated amidst various personages in front of a public
building ; diam. 104 mill, (illustrated); Rene of Anjou, 1461;
obv. RENATVS.DEI.GRACIA etc.; #,. MCCCCLXI.OPVS.
PETRVS.DE. MEDIOLANO. --R.L EN.VN. Within laurel-
wreath, a purse suspended from four strings; diam. 84 mill.
(illustrated) ; Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Rene, and consort
of Henry VI. of England ; obv. SAGAX.IMBVTA etc. Bust to r.;
%L. PRVDENTIA EST.SVPER.ONIA. VIRTVS. OPVS.
PETRI.DE MEDIOLANO Prudence standing to r., holding stick
around which a serpent is entwined, and in the left a mirror; diam.
86 mill, (illustrated) ; - - Ferry II. of Lorraine, count of Vaude-
mont, and son-in-law of king Rene ; obv. FEDERICVS.D. LOTO-
RINGIA . COMES. VAULDEMONTIS . SENESCALLVS. PRO-
VINCIE. OPVS . PETRI . DE . MEDIOLANO. Bust to r. ; I. The
Count on horseback; diam. 80 mill. ; -- Rene of Anjou, Portrait-
medallion, uniface, with bust to 1., and legend : HIC. RENATS.
LI VS . REGVM . SCICILIE . AVDIACIOR . AVO ET . CETERA ;
diam. 86 mill. ; Another, Portrait-medallion, uniface, with bust
tor., and legend: RENATVS.DEI.GRACIA.IHERVSALEM.ET.
SICILIE. REX. ET. CETERA; diam. 90 mill.
Medal of Rene of Anjou and his consort, 1462.
Bolzenthal adds to the above a Portrait-medal of Pope Sixtus IV.,
dated 1472, of which however no specimen has come down to us,
and Friedlander doubts the accuracy of the statement.
Medal of Rene of Anjou, 1461.
Margaret of Anjou.
Pietro da Milano, says Maxe-Werly, followed king Rene in the
Barrois, and made a stay in 1463 at Bar-le-Duc, where he was
engaged in sculpture work for the church of Saint-Maxe and for the
castle.
This artist is the author of the triumphal arch of Castel Nuovo,
one of the noblest monuments of the Renaissance at Naples, which
was begun in 1455 by king Alfonso to commemorate his capture
of the city, and completed under his successor.
All Pietro da Milano's medals are modelled and cast. They do
not rank amongst the best Renaissance works of the kind, butthey
have assuredly their distinct merit. Friedlander has accused the
artist of servile imitation and, commenting on the reverses of his
medals, he sums up by the statement that " they likewise lack in
Plaquette attributed to Piet.ro da Milano.
beauty and show a departure from the noble simplicity of Italian
medals. " M. de la Tour in his monograph, " Pietro da Milano",
1893, has endeavoured and succeeded to prove that the artist had a
style of his own and that he is worthy ot a better notice. " Les
medailles de Pierre de Milan, " says he, " furent executees
probablement a la Cour du roi Rene, les unes en Provence et les
autres en Touraine. Elles sont, avec quelques-unes de celles de
Laurana, les premieres pieces a portrait modelees en France, et
certainement les premiers monuments a date certaine executes dans
notre pays pardes sculpteursitaliens, a ce moment oula gravure en
medaille se confine chez nous dans la servile imitation des monnaies.
A la male beaute de Poeuvre et a sa nouveaute, on peut juger de
1'influence que Pierre de Milan a pu exercer dans notre pays. " In
another place the same writer comments further : " Pierre de Milan,
cela est certain, ne cherche pas a embellir son modele, et il voit la
nature telle quelle ; mais il la rend largement, puissamment, et il
salt animer son oeuvre d'un souffle de vie. II veut etre exact et son
ebauchoir va jusqu'a preciser un petit detail, une verrue, sur cette
face courtaude du bon roi Rene ; mais il salt admirablement subor-
donner le detail a 1'ensemble ; cet esprit penetrant s'entend mer-
veilleusement a degager les traits individuals et les plus caracteris-
tiques. Passionne de la verite, amoureux de la vie, il ne tombera
jamais dans la mievrerie, et si la facture parait parfois d'une energie
un peu farouche, elle reste toujours aisee, souple, vibrante et fiere.
Et quelle habilete dans la disposition des silhouettes et des lignes,
dans ['arrangement des details du costume ! "
" Un autre monument d'orfevrerie dont nous voulons parler nous
transporte a plus de trois siecles, en pleine Renaissance italienne.
C'est une plaquette d'argent cisele, don genereux de M. Alfred Andre,
1'eminent restaurateur d'objets d'art. Elle represente sur une place
entoureede palais, d'edifices a coupoles, un Miracle du Christ debout
devant un paralytique. Nous connaissons de cette plaquette d'ar-
gent, un double en plaquette de bronze (collection Gustave Dreyfus),
dont s'occuperent, en ignorant la premiere, MM. Eugene Muntz et
Emile Molinier. Le premier 1'attribuait a Caradosso, le second a
Pietro da Milano, dont il citait la medaille du roi Rene d'Anjou, au
revers de laquelle est represente un edifice religieux assez analogue
a celui de la plaquette. II est vrai que, dans une medaille de Cara-
dosso, celle de Bramante, un edifice du meme genre est represente,
qui est peut-etre, comme dans la plaquette, Saint-Pierre, de Rome;
mais il apparait surmonte d'une coupole qui n'existe pas dans la
plaquette. On en pourrait deduire que Caradosso connut 1'edifice
dans un etat d'achevementque n'aurait pas connu 1'artiste de la pla-
quette. L'attribution qu'en fit a Pietro da Milano M. Emile Moli-
nier me parait done des plus plausibles. L'etat dans lequel se trouve
cette plaquette d'argent, si finement et si delicatement ciselee me
semble provisoire. Etait-elle preparee pour recevoir une application
d'email translucide qu'elle n'a jamais re^ue, et pour prendre place
ensuite dans un encadrement tres riche en or, peut-etre plaque de
reliure, ou des medaillons d'emaux translucides auraient augmente
encore la beaute de 1'objet?" (Gaston Migeon, Les Aris, Mars 1906).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzemhal, op. cit. N. Rondot et H. De La Tour, op. cit.
Armand, op. cit. Heiss, op. cit. - Friedlander, op. cit. C. von Fabriczy,
op. cit. E. Muntz, Les Arts a la Cour des Papes (1498-1503). H. de la Tour,
Pietro da Milano, Revue numismatique, 1893, pp. 85-110. I. B. Supino, op. cit.
Maxe-Werly, Un sculptenr ilalien a Bar-le-Duc, en 1463.
MILANO, AMADEO DA (ltd.). Goldsmith, and Medallist, who died
in 1483 ; probably the same perron as AMADIO D'ANTONIO AMADIO DA
M*
CASTRONAGO, and the father of Pietro da Milano. Citadella states
that he was Engraver of coins to the Este family at Ferrara.
Two medals are preserved of this artist; the one bears a Portrait
of Lionello d'Este ; }$L. Lynx; and the other that of Borso d'Este;
T$L. Leda and the swan. They are both signed : AMAD. MEDIOLAN.
ARIFEX. FECIT. The obverses of these two medals were used in the
sixteenth century with reverses by various artists.
Heiss reproduces two youthful portraits of Borso, from the
Vallardi collection, which appear to be studies made by Amadeo for
his medal of the young Prince.
" Amadeo da Milano ", says C. von Fabriczy, " who was
especially esteemed as a goldsmith, betrays himself as such by a
strong relief, by the elegant, almost timid, treatment and careful
chasing in the medals which he made of Lionello and Borso d'Este
in the forties. On the reverse of one of the Lionello medals, like Baron-
celli, he copies Pisanello; while the reverse of his second medal,
with the Leda and the swan, is a naively conceived, but skilfully
composed circular design ". This Reverse is however considered to
be of later date than the obverse by most authorities (Vide. Note
of G. F. Hill).
Mr Max Rosenheim possesses information which might lead to
the attribution of the well-known Niccolo d'Este medal, formerly
ascribed to Pisanello, and other artists, to Amadeo da Milano.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit. Heiss, op. cit. C. von Fabriczy, op.
cit.
MILANO, LEONARDO DA. Vide LEONARDO DA VINCI.
MILAN, PIERRE. Vide MILLAN.
MILANESE, AMEDEO Vide MILANO, AMADEO DA.
MILESIUS. Probably a fictitious signature on a gem of the Bracci
collection representing Apollo seated before a tripod. Vide King,
op. cit., p. 221.
MILIANO. Vide EMILIANO ORSINI infra. Engraver of coins at
Fuligno, circ. 1460-1487.
MILIC, NIKL (Bobem.). Goldsmith, and Mint-engraver at Joachims-
thai, 1545-1573; he also engraved coin-dies for the Mint of Prague,
circ. 1568. The first mention of his name occurs in 1540 when he
is named amongst the town councillors of Thai. His medallic pro-
ductions are numerous and remind one of the later works of the
artist who signs G.W. The Vienna Mint Museum preserves several
dies by this Master. By him is a Portrait-medal of the Mint-master
Sebastian von Weitmiihle, executed in 1542-43, and various reli-
gious medals with obv. SALVATOR MVNDI CHRISTI MISERER.
Bust of Christ, and ty. AGNVS DEI QVI TOLLIT PCTA MVNDI
Paschal Lamb; one is dated 1569; - - Christmas Presentation
Medal, obv. PAR WL.NATVS.EST.NOBIS. NOMINE. IESVS.
Birth of Christ ;t. AGNVS. DEI. &c. Paschal Lamb; Another,
with legends in German: EIN. KIND. 1ST. VNS.GEBORN,&c.
Bust of the prophet Isaiah ; ty. HIE . FRID . HEIL . VND . SELIKEIT
(sic) Infant Christ and serpent; - - Medal on the Creation and
Redemption, obv. GOT SCHAFT DIE WELT &c. ; ty. DASITS
(sic} GOTTES LAMB c. Other religious medals of the same
period may be by Nikl Milic, but it is impossible to identify them.
The Quarter Thalers of Ferdinand, 1560, struck at Joachimsthal,
were no doubt engraved by him.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fiala, op. cit. Katalog der Mun^en- und Medailltn-Stempel
Sammlung des K. K. Haiiptmun^amtes in Wien, 1902. D r Merzbacher, Kunst-
Medaillen-Katdog, 1900.
MILIC, WOLF (Bohem.}. Goldsmith, and Mint engraver at
Joachimsthal, circ. 1 539-1 545. He was the father of Nikl (or Niklaus)
Milic (Militz).
MILLAN, PIERRE (French}. Engraver at the Nesle Mint, Paris,
1551; assistant to Marc Bechot.
MILLAUER, GEORG {Germ.}. Mint-master at Munich, 1849-1871.
MILLE, LAMBERT (Belg.}. Mint-master at Bruges, circ. 1750;
again from 10. November 1752 to 28. February 1753.
MILLEMERCES, MOISE (French}. Mint-master at Bourg St. Mau-
rice, 1278.
MILLER (Brit.}. Die-sinker of the latter end of the eighteenth
century. I have noticed his signature on a silver Portrait-Jeton of
George III., 1794.
MILLER (Germ.}. Mint-master at Schrattenhofen (Oettingen),
1622.
MILLER, CHRISTIAN ERNEST. F/W<>MULLER; C.E. infra.
MILLER, CONSTANTIN (Austr.} " Kunstmeister " at the Mint of
Hall, circ. 1554.
MILLER, FRANZ (Auslr.}. Pupil at the School of Engraving of the
Vienna Mint, 1784-1789.
MILLER, JAMES (Brit.}. Mint- master at Calcutta, 20. August
1792 to 1799.
- 79 -
MILLER, JOHANN. Vide JOACHIM MULLER infra.
MILLER, MICHAEL (Austr.). Mint-engraver at Gratz, end of the
seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth century, circ. 1686-
1729. He also cut dies for the Mint of St. Veit. On 16. April 1712,
when his petition for a rise of salary was dismissed, he was still in
office.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. C. Oesterreicher, Regesten &c.
MILLER, PHILIPP HEINRICH. Vide MULLER, P. H. infra.
MILLER, ULRICH (Germ.). Mint-warden to the Suabian circle,
1677.
MILLET (French'). Mint-engraver at Bayonne, 1670-1672; he was
nominated, in succession to Leon Boisnet, by the officers of that
Mint, but the Cour des monnaies did not confirm his nomination.
MILLET, JEAN LOUIS (French). Mint-engraver at Montpellier,
'775-
MILLET, LOUIS (French). Mint-engraver at Bayonne, circ. 1599-
1648.
MILLET DE MARCILLY, EDOUARD FRANCOIS (French). Sculptor
and Medallist, born at Paris; pupil of Edouard Gustave Louis Millet,
his father, and J. Lequien. By him are various Portrait-medallions,
some of which have been exhibited at the Paris Salon: 1870.
M me P***, plaquctte in bronze; 1873. M lle Jeanne P***,
IE medallion; 1870. Commemorative medal of the Universal
Exhibition of 1878 ; Agricultural Prize Medal (Minerva distri-
buting rewards); -- 1891. Th. S***; -- 1894. Adolphe Sax, etc.
MILLON, MARCEL VAN (Belg.). Mint-master at Bruges, from
Easter 1472 to Easter 1474, and at Antwerp, 10. December 1474
to i. January 1476, in conjunction with Ypol Tarrax.
MILLS, GEORGE (Brit.). Medallist, born in 1792 or before
28. January 1793, died at Birmingham on 28. January 1824, aged
31. "He exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1816 to 1823, and
gained three gold medals from the Society of Arts. His first patron
was Benjamin West, P.R.A., who pronounced him the first
Medallist in England, and to whose memory Mills dedicated a por-
trait-medal. He was never employed at the Royal Mint, but engraved
for James Mudie a silver pattern Crown of George III., and a
pattern Crown (in gold and silver) of George IV., published by
Whi leaves (illustrated). These patterns show little decorative taste. '
(W. Wroth, George Mills, Diet, of National Biography, XXXVII,
444)-
80
The following are the best known productions by this artist:
COINS. George III., Pattern Crown, undated; obv. Laur. bust to r. ;
initials: J.M.D. and F.W.F. below; ]$L. Four shields arranged
crosswise (Spink's Catalogue of the Montagu Collection, n 604) ;
Pattern Hanoverian Pistole, undated, JE (formerly in the Murdoch
George IV., Pattern Crown, by Mills.
collection) ; Pattern Guinea (obv. only), undated ; Laur. bust to-
r. ; MILLS on truncation (Mont., n 811); - - Pattern Guinea,
undated; obv. as last, with a large C beneath bust; fyL. MAGNvE
BRITANNLE REX FIDIE (sic) DEFENSOR. Crowned square-
toppedshield (Mont., n 812); George IV., Pattern Crown, known
as the Whiteaves Crown, 1820; signed: MILLS F. beneath bust
(Mont. n 948); -- Another, a variety, with G MILLS F. on trun-
cation, and neck of George IV. bare; -- Pattern Crown or Half
Crown, undated, with ^L. copied from that of Mills' crown of
1820, etc.
MEDALS. The medals enumerated here are described in chrono-
logical order, but several of them, especially the earlier ones, were
engraved at a later period, and belong to Mudie's series of National
medals. 1797. Admiral Earl St. Vincent (fyL. by Brenet); -- 1799.
Admiral Sir S. Smith (fyL. Acre defended, by Brenet); 1804.
Settlement of the British at Bombay (obv. by Droz);-- 1809.
Death of Lieut. General Sir John Moore, at Corunna; -- Arthur,
Duke of Wellington (fyL. Battle of Talavera, by Lafitte); 1812.
Rowland, Viscount Hill, Capture of the Forts of Almarez, 15. May
1812; Lieut. General Sir Thomas Picton;fyL. Badajoz; 1813.
Wellington (fyi. Battle of Vittoria, by Lefevre); Lieut. General
Lord Lynedoch (obv. by Rouw ; I^L. Reduction of San Sebastian,
by Mills); 1814. George, Prince Regent (obv. signed : G MILLS F.
RL. England gives peace to the world, by Dubois); - - Another
(T$L. Treaties of Paris, by Brenet); 1815. Lord Hill, his Victories
- 8r
in Spain commemorated ; Henry William, Marquis of Anglesey
($.. Charge of the Second Brigade at Waterloo, by Depaulis) ;
Napoleon I. at St. Helena; -- 1817. Death of Princess Charlotte,
6. November 1817 (obv. by Webb); - - Admiral Sir J. T. Duck-
Battle of Talavera, 1809.
worth, Bart. G. C. B. ; -- 1818. Lord Brougham, Westmoreland
County election; - - 1819. Death of James Watt; -- Memorial
Medal of Sir Henry Englefield (in two sizes ; struck in imitation of
Queen Caroline.
a Greek coin); 1822. Medal of the Astronomical Society, with
bust of Sir Isaac Newton ; Queen Caroline (modelled from life,
by P. Rouw).
L. t'oRREk. Biographical Notices of Medallists. IV.
By Mills are also : ~fyL. of Wyon's medal on the Visit of George IV.
to Ireland, 1821 ; -- Benjamin West (1820 ?) ; Lismore School
Medal; Prize Medal of the Cardiganshire Agricultural Society
(signed: G. MILLS G), with portrait of Thomas Johnes of Hafod.
Mills was employed at the Soho Mint after Kiichler's departure,
and it was while there that he executed the large Portrait-medallion
of James Watt.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Redgrave, Dictionary of Artists. -
Crowther, English Pattern Coins. Cochran Patrick, Catalogue of Scottish Medals.
Grueber, English Personal Medals. Grueber, Brit. Museum Guide to English
Medals. Hawkins, Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustrations &c. W. Frazer,
Medallists of Ireland. Gentleman's Magazine, 1824. Catalogue of Mudie's Series
of National Medals. Numismatic Chronicle, 1887-1892. Revue Je la numisma-
tique beige, 1891, p. 586. Information kindly supplied by Mr. R.D. Roberts of
Cardigan.
MILON, 10. V. Fide GIOVANNI V. MELONE supra. Medallist of the
second half of the sixteenth century.
MILTON, JOHN (Brit.). Medallist and Gem-engraver of the second
half of the eighteenth century, who worked from about 1760 to
1802, and died on 10. February 1805. From 1789 to 1798 he was
an assistant Engraver at the Royal Mint, and was also Medallist to
the Prince of Wales (George IV.). He was elected a fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries, 24. May 1792, and exhibited at the Royal
Academy from 1785 to 1802. His coins and medals were sold by
Leigh and Sotheby, 30. May 1805 (cfr. Sale Catalogue).
" At the close of the eighteenth century", says Mr. Wroth,
:< Milton executed dies of provincial tokens, all of which are credit-
able works of their kind. " His usual signature is J. MILTON. One
of his pupils was George Valentin Bauert, of Altona; a Portrait-
medal of Robert Walpole was executed by the two in conjunction.
The following are Milton's best known productions :
COINS. Anglesey, Penny, undated (Pye, PI. I, i, with Druid's
head); Barbadoes, Penny, and Halfpenny, 1788 (some varieties
signed: J. MILTON F. ; or M. ; others unsigned), and 1792;-
Cambridge, Penny, undated ($L. DAVID HOOD, etc.); --
Hackney, Halfpenny, 1795 (with View of Hackney Church) and
Penny, 1796 (signed: /. Milton F. on obv. and I M on ^d..; this
piece was not intended for a token, but for a medal) [The issuer ot
these Hackney tokens, D. A. Rebello, was a coin collector]; -
Hereford, Penny, 1796 (2 var., Pye, PL 22, 9 and 10); Ipswich,
Conder's Penny Tokens, 1795 and 1796(3 var., all three with head
of Cardinal Wolsey), 1797 (View of Ipswich Town-Hall on obv.,
by Jacobs); - - Isle ot Man, Penny and Halfpenny, 1786;
London, Penny, 1803 (issued by Robert Orchard, and signed
MILTON F.); and Farthing, 1804; Richardson's Halfpenny, 1795 ;
- 8 3 -
Young's Penny and Halfpenny, 1798; --Unfinished Token,
with inscription on ex. of $L. : MILTON MEDALLIST | SEALS
COINS &c. | 1799 (known as Milton's Token) ; -- Richardson's
Lottery Tokens, London; Swanage, Twopence, 1785;
Scottish Pattern coins with head of Prince George, executed for
Colonel Fullerton, 1799, and comprizing: Two Shillings and Six-
pence (AT, JR~, & and white metal, signed : Milton), One Shilling
and Sixpence (4 var., N, /K, AL and white metal, signed : Milton
F. or M.), Shilling (AT, ^R, fiL and white metal), Sixpence (AT, JR.,
^Eand white metal, signed M under the bust) [Sharp says : "The
dies for this rare token were made for Colonel Fullerton (Vide.
Vol, II, p. 170) afterwards Governor of Trinidad, under the direc-
tion of Mr. Young; the object not being mentioned at the time by
Colonel Fullerton, but it afterwards appeared the coins were
intended for circulation as shilling tokens in Scotland, the sanction
of the Prince of Wales having been previously obtained. The late
Sir Joseph Banks happening to see the dies, whilst in the possession
Barbadocs Penny, 1788, signed : J. MILTON F.
of Milton, was so struck by the resemblance of the design to the
national silver coin, and the illegality of the Royal Arms being
thus assumed by the Prince upon a piece intended to be current,
that he cautioned the artist against further proceeding, since he might
be liable to a charge little short of High Treason. In consequence,
the project was abandoned, only a few proofs being struck, and
those in copper, " and Sir George Chetwynd, quoting this, states :
:c for the same purpose dies were prepared for the striking of
shillings smaller than those for the halfpenny, which they resemble
in every other respect, except the legend of the reverses. A few
pieces were struck in silver for presents. Dies were also prepared
tor Halfcrowns and Sixpences exactly like the Halfpenny, size only
excepted. It does not appear that any impressions, except a very few
in soft metal, were taken off at the time; but afterwards there were
some struck in silver from the dies which were in Mr. Young's
possession. "
- 8 4 --
The specimens in gold, and many of those in other metals
which are in the market, are restrikes]; Wroxham (Norfolk),
Threepence, 1797, etc. There is also a Pattern Guinea of
George III., dated 1798.
MEDALS. Prize Medal of Winchester College, with bust of
William of Wykeham; -- Sir Edmund Godfrey, 1678 (a copy of
Bower's medal); -- Matthew Prior, f 18. September 1721 (one of
George III., Thanksgiving Service at St. Paul's, 1797.
the earliest of Milton's works) ; Robert Walpole, Earl of Oxford,
1744 (signed : I. M. F. MINT on $L. ; obv. by Georg Valentin Bauert^
The " Hu Gadaru " Welsh Medal.
pupil of Milton); -- Prize Medal of the London Medical Lyceum
(with busts of John Hunter and George Fordyce), 1785 ; Prize
Medal of the Glasgow University; George III., Thanksgiving
Service at St. Paul's, for the Victory off Camperdown, 19. December
-85 -
1797 (illustrated) ; Commemorative medal of the Battle of Ger-
mantown, Pennsylvania, 1777 (Reward of Merit,; a rare medal repro-
duced in Betts, American Medals) ; Death of the Duke ot Bedford,
1802; Successes of 1814, with bust of Bliicher (signed: M.) ;
- The Colgate Medal, 1795; - - Thomas Howard, third Earl of
Effingham, 1791 (2 var.) ; Thomas Erskine and Vicary Gibbs
(Trial of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall), 1794; George III.,
Thanksgiving Service at St. Paul's for the Victory of i. June 1794
(signed: MILTON);-- Masonic medal for Membership (Marvin,
P- T 97); Welsh Medal (legend: Hii Gadaru yn arwam y
Cymru i Ynus Prydain); Insanity of George III., 1789 (3 var.);
- Anthony Morris Storer, 1799; - - City Badge of London;
Gaming Tickets for Half-a-Crown, One Shilling, and Sixpence;
- Presentation Medal of the Royal Society of London to Benjamin
A. Rumford; Medalet with bust of King and Royal arms (erro-
neously believed to have been intended fora Pattern Half Crown);
- Royal Military Club instituted at Jamaica, by William, Duke
of Clarence (afterwards William IV.), 1788 (AT Badge and JE);
Another, similar, with legend showing it to have been struck as a
Ticket for the Strand Theatre of Varieties, etc.
On some of the medals the signature of the artist is : I. M. F. TOWER ;
or IMF. MINT.
GEMS & SEALS, &c. Eagle tearing a serpent, yellow carnelian ;
Horse galloping, the background blazoned ; Seal of the
United States of America (engraved in London ; St. George
fighting the Dragon ; legend : LET MERCY BE OVR BOAST,
AND SHAME OVR ONLY FEAR; signature: I. MILTON F.) ;
- Comedy holding a shield bearing the inscription : MILTON
ENGRAVER, N 6 QUEEN STR T . GOLDEN SQ,; -- Hetman
Platoff, undated; I. ACRI MILITIA | VEXAVIT GALLOS |
EQVES METUENDUS | HASTA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. W. Wroth, John Milton, Diet. Nat. Biog. xxxvin, 41. -
Hawkins &c., Medallic Illustrations &c. Pye, Provincial Copper Coins. Redgrave,
Dictionary of Artists. James Conder, Arrangement oj Provincial Coins, Tokens,
and Medalets. J. Atkins, Tradesmen's Tokens of the eighteenth century. Sharp,
Chetwynd Collection. Crowther, English Pattern Coins. Spink, Catalogue of
the Montagu Collection from George I. to Victoria. Cochran-Patrick, Catalogue of
Scottish Medals, p. no, pi. xxi, 3 ; cp. p. 115, n 46 ; p. 1 51. Betts, Historical
Medals of America. Tancred, War Medal Record, &c. Numismatic Chronicle,
1887-1892. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
MILNE, L T COL. A. (Brit.}. Officiating Mint-master at Bombay
under Major B. Scott, 1895.
MILWARD, E. M. (Brit.}. Sculptor of the second half of the nine-
teenth century. At the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Ken-
sington, there is a copper Panel, inlaid in silver, representing a vase of
86
flowers with two birds, which the artist exhibited at the Competi-
tion of the Society of Arts, 1864.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fortnum, Bronzes in the South Kensington Museum.
MIMEREL, JACQUES (French). Sculptor and Architect ot Lyons,
circ. 1639-1669; born at Amiens and christened, 2. March 1614. He
executed numerous works of sculpture, and was Engraver to the
city of Lyons. He is the author of several Portrait-medallions and
cast Medals, which are signed : MIMEREL. F. or M. F. One of these,
with portrait of Louis XIV., and commemorating the Peace of the
Pyrenees (signed : M. F.) is reproduced in A. Steyert, Histoire de
Lyon, III, 287. The work on this medal is poor. Another, with por-
trait of Charles Grolier, provost of merchants at Lyons, and dated
1658, was formerly in the late Baron Pichon's collection.
As an architect, Mimerel directed the building of the Church of
St. Antoine at Lyons.
By this Engraver is also a Jubilee Medal of 1666, portraying
St. John the Baptist standing on obv. and Censor on altar on I^L.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. N. Rondot, Lalyame, Hendricy el Mimerel, sculpteurs et
me'dailleurs a Lyon au XFlh siecle, 1888. Rondot et De La Tour, op. oil.
Rondot, Medailleurs lyonnAis, 1897. S. Lami, Dictionnaire des sculpteurs.
MINDEL, HANS (Dan.). Mint-master at Malmoe, 1449.
MINERS' BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO. Issuers of a i o Dollar piece,
obv. Eagle; fyL Inscription.
MINEDR, FRANQOIS EDOUARD (French). Sculptor and Medallist of
the second half of the nineteenth century, bom at Paris; pupil of
Simon Jun, and Fauginet. Chavignerie et Auvray mention two
medallic works by this artist, which were exhibited at the Salon :
1863. Model of a Portrait-medal of Beaumarchais ; 1868. Por-
trait-medallion of Colonel Vivien.
MINGANTI, ALESSANDRO (ltd.}. Goldsmith and Sculptor of
Bologna, second half of the sixteenth century. He collaborated in
the execution of the bronze statue of Pope Gregory XIII. in the
Palace at Bologna, and is named amongst medallists by Zani, Enci-
clopedia metodica critico-ragionata delle belle arti, etc., Parma, 1819-
1824.
MINIEL, POLET (French). Engraver of Jetons at Tournay, fifteenth
century. One of his jetons bears the inscription : MINIEL. POLET.
LA.FET. | EST.FET.A TOVRNAI. Only very few of these early
jetons bear the Engravers' names.
MINING CO. OF CINCINNATI (Amer.). Really : CINCINNATI MINING
& TRADING CO. Issuers of 5 and 10 Dollar pieces, dated 1849,
-8 7 -
with Head of Liberty on obv. and an Eagle on T$L. Vide Scott's
Catalogue, 1890.
MINHEYMER, JAN (Hung.}. Medallist of the third quarter of the
nineteenth century. About 1850 he was established at Warsaw.
/m; JiAU' OK 7 01' 1 y-j li U3 J ,2.
iiiij a yM>tr.,ii' J iJ-
/ACA-D.''!.
u-nawwai
.a > | '
// . Li
- . -, \\A
^ - \\i-aJiiii) aaya-j ju.f.i.u .ilb'JVVL/Sl \ jf^
y
_L
^
Medal of the Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Warsaw.
I have only seen two medals by him, that of the Polish composer Josef
Stefani, with his portrait on obv., dated 1864, and signed: J. M.on
obv. and JAN MINHEIJMER F. on fyL. size : 37 mill., and another of
the Academy of Medicine and Surgery of Warsaw, 1857, with por-
trait of Alexander III.
By him is also a medal on the Inauguration of the Railway from
Warsaw to Terespol, 1866.
MINT-MASTERS. From an early period, which Mommsen dates
between 104 and 89 B.C., the coinage of the Roman Republic was
entrusted to three officers, who bore the title III VIR A. A. A.F-F.
Triumviri Auro Argento Acre Flando Feriundo. These magistrates
(Mint-masiers) were invested with the supreme authority in all
things that related to the fabrication of money, and superintended
the work of the Monetarii (Mint-engravers), who formed, with
their wives and their children, a large body exclusively employed
N
Coiner at work. From the capital of a pillar at S 1 Georges de Bocherville,
Normandy.
as workmen, and whose position, in society, differed little from
that of slaves. The Tresviri monetales had the privilege, in early
times, of recording, by means of legends and types, facts connected
with their family history. Julius Caesar added one more person to
this Monetary triumvirate, who thus became IIII VIR(Quatuorviri),
but Augustus again reduced the number to three, after a period of
fourteen years (B.C. 47-21) during which no coins signed by
regular monetary magistrates were issued. After B.C. 15, the names
of the triumvirs no longer appeared on the gold and silver currency,
but maintained themselves for about ten years on the bronze coin-
- 89 -
age, which was instituted in this year '. The names of Engravers
are not recorded, with very few exceptions. Under Aurelian, the
ptvg /funfHtcT) Ati
nt) gtif af( ^urnfa/ alff rmenn i^
^u guf/m recTjt gueer ^anl>erorruna/
senatorial right of issuing money was suppressed, and presumably
at the same time the board of triumvirs ceased to exist, a change
I. Hill, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins, 1899.
90
which appears to be connected with the revolt of the moneyers
in 274 A.D. The coinage ot the gold and silver, under the Emperors,
was entrusted to officials of the imperial treasury, some private
slaves, or freedmen, as Jnnius Thallus, of Caligula's household,
who was superpositus ami monetae nnmmulariorum under Claudius.
Trajan placed the general management of the coinage in the hands
of a Procurator monetae Augusti, under whose orders were Dispensa-
tores. The workmen employed at the mint were divided into three
classes : the signatores who engraved the coins; the suppostores who
Monetary Workshop under Louis XII of France.
were charged with the placing of the piece of metal between the
dies; and the malleatores who struck the dies with the hammer.
Little is known of the social position of the moneyers after the
fall of the Eastern Empire. A distinction must however be drawn
between the MONEYERS (Vide Vol. II, pp. 372-4) of the Anglo-
Saxons, Merovingians, &c. and the MONNAYEURS, MUNTZMEISTER,
MINT-MASTERS of the same and subsequent periods in various
European countries. The moneyers enjoyed many ot the privileges
ofthefamilia monetalis ol the Empire. In England and France, these
officers of the mint were persons of rank, often of considerable
wealth and importance, or selected tor their integrity, but not usually
possessed of technical knowledge. Some however may have been
the engravers of the coins, as well as the issuers, thus the clever
goldsmith Abbo of Limoges, who was moneyer at that locality.
"In the earliest Saxon times", says Mr. W. J. Andrew, "the
moneyer was perhaps an officer of the Crown, attendant on the
King's person, and the designer of his own dies; but, as the demand
for coin increased, and the mints became gradually extended
throughout the country, the respective offices of designer of the
coinage and of the local moneyer became separate of necessity. " In
the time of Edward the Confessor there were three of four hundred
of them coining at one time or another in the seventy mints or so
ot that reign." From the time of Aethelred II., when fresh types
were issued, throughout England, from time to time, their designs
and types emanated from one central place, first at Winchester, and
probably soon after the conquest, at London. On very few of the
coins the name of the moneyer is followed by ME FECIT which
might lead one to suppose that in such cases he was also the
engraver.
We are very much in the dark concerning the status ot the
moneyers and engravers in later mediaeval times. Ruding
(I, pp. 15-50) supplies us with much information in connection
with the respective attributions of the Wardens and Masters of the
Mint and the Cuneators or engravers, in this country. Their offices
were quite distinct. The two first were responsible for the coinage,
under the direct supervision of the King or Government ; the
Cuneator in chief was usually the king's goldsmith ; thus Otto (or
Otho) Aurifaber was the engraver of William I'.s coins, and his
successors held the same office under subsequent reigns as late as
Edward I.
In France, Germany, Spain, and other countries, the workmen
employed at the mints formed a corporation, under the jurisdiction
of the mint-masters, and enjoyed many privileges, being exempt
from all kinds of taxes and from serving in time of war.
In Germany, the moneyers formed powerful corporations, the
Hansgenossen, with the sole right of striking money and exchange.
The Miint~meister \vere responsible for the coinage under their
direct control. At a later period, we find in every well-constituted
Mint a Mini-warden, the Prince's officer entrusted with the issue of
the coinage, and a Mint-master, who undertook to strike the coins,
often at his own risk and peril, on certain conditions and subject
to a royalty. In some mints, the Mint-master was a Dit-sinker
himself, usually a goldsmith, and acted also as Engraver of the
dies.
92
Blanchet : , Babelon 2 , and more recently Sir John Evans 5 , have
reproduced the annexed woodcut, taken from Amman's book on
Stdnde und Handwerkcr 4 , showing a Mint-master at work striking
coins with a hammer.
Sir John Evans gives the following translation of the rhymes
attached to the cut :
" Good coins in my mint I strike
In weight and metal good alike,
Batzen, dollars, gulden, crowns
I can strike for any towns,
Half-batzen, kreutzers, counters small,
Old Tournois groats I make them all,
So good and right that through the land
There's no one suffers at my hand ".
In the kingdom of France, the officials of every mint consisted
in the Mint-master (Maitre particnlier), two Wardens (Gardes'), a
Counter- warden (Contre-garde), an Assayer (Essayeur), and an
Engraver (Tailleur des fers). The Monnayeurs were the workmen
occupied with the striking of the coins. The Mint-masters-general
(Generaux maitres}, who belonged to the Chambre des Comptes,
had the superintendence over the various mints. The woodcut
reproduced here from Babelon (pp. cit., I, 820), depicts the inte-
rior of a mint workshop at the time of Louis XII. , with the fur-
nace to left, and three w r orkmen engaged in preparing the flans and
striking the coins; in the background, the Mint-master, seated at a
table, is exchanging currency for a personage standing at his side.
The organisation of mints in most European countries, England
included, did not very much differ from that in France. At Vienna,
the staff consisted of the Muri^meister or Master, Anwalt or Warden,
both of which were appointed by the Archdukes, the Giesser,
Founders, F'ersucher, Assayers, Zaimneister, Workmen engaged in
rolling the metal, Beschaumeister , Foremen, Scbrotmeister, Cutters,
Set^meister, Coiners, Ysengraber, Engravers (who were generally
goldsmiths by trade), and Ysenhutter, Keepers of the dies.
At the smaller mints, the number of officials was very much
reduced, and in some of them, even up to our present times, the
Mint-master combined the offices of Issuer and Engraver of the coins.
MINTON, J. W. (Brit.}. Sculptor of the second half of the nine-
teenth century, by whom there is a series of Portrait-medals of
1. Blanche!, Eludes de numismatique, 1901.
2. Babelon, Traite des monnaies g recques et romaines, 1901.
3. Sir John Evans, Num. Cbr., 1904, p. 360.
4. Eigentlicbe Beschreibung aller Stdnde auf Erden, boher und nidriger, etc.,
Frankfort-on-M., 1568.
- 93 -
distinguished Englishmen. I have only come across the following
medauic productions by him : Queen Victoria, Pattern Penny in
bronze, 1873 (?); - - Charles Dickens, Memorial, 1885 (signed
on obv. J. W. MINTON SC.) ; Robert Browning, &c.
MINVIELLE (French). Mint-engraver at Morlaas, circ. 1661.
MINVIELLE, HELENE (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Orleans; pupil of Lancon. At the Salon of 1890 she exhibited a
Portrait-medallion, which is not the only medallic production of
this artist.
MIRETTO, JEAN (Ital.). Mint-master at Chambery, 1577-1580
(Perrin, op. cit., p. 151).
MIRON (MIPHN). This inscription, which occurs on a gem in
the Berlin Museum, representing Ajax, kneeling on an altar, and
plunging his sword into his body, has been added in the
eighteenth century.
MIROSOWSKY VON MIROSOWIC, ULRICH SIGMUND(5ofew.). Mint-
master at Plan, 1650-1654, under Count Francis Ernest of Schlick.
His privy-mark occurs on Thalers, Groschen, &c.
MIROWICZ, LOWE (Germ.) A Jew, who in 1652, was entrusted
with the working of the Mint of Opeln (Silesia).
MISEREY, ALBERT ERNEST (French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Menilles (Eure); pupil of A. Gauthier and Thomas. By
him are various Portrait-medallions, one of which, that of
M' m ' Louis T*** was exhibited at the Salon of 1903.
MISERON Vide MISSERONI.
MISHARWY Vide MISSERWY.
MISSERONI. A family of Gem-engravers of the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries. Girolamo and Gasparo Misseroni were con-
temporaries of Jacopo da Trezzo, and were called from Milan to
Prague in the service of the emperor Rudolph II. Their descendants
Ambrogio, Alessandro, Ottavio, Dionis, and Giulio all worked for
the Imperial court, and, according to Nagler, produced very fine
work.
The family was originary of Milan.
The name occurs in various forms : MISERON; ~ MISSERONI;
MISURONNI, c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Nagler, Allgcmeines Kunstler-Lexikon. Babelon, op. cit.
Mariette, op. cit.
- 94 -
MISSERONI, ALESSANDRO (Ital.}. Gem-engraver at Prague, circ.
1605.
MISSERONI, AMBROGIO (Ital.}. A brother of Dionis, and Otta-
vio; worked in the service of the emperor Rudolph II., in the early
years of the seventeenth century.
MISSERONI, DIONISIO (DIONIS, or DENIS) (ltd.). Gem-engraver
to the emperor Rudolph II. at Prague, end of the sixteenth and
beginning of the seventeenth century.
MISSERONI, FERDINAND EUSEBIDS (Ital.}. Son of Dionis M. ;
Gem-engraver of the seventeenth century. He was raised to the
nobility by the emperor Leopold I., who created him Lord of
Lisom, and confirmed in his favour the privileges of his ancestors,
as Engraver to the Imperial court. He was also nominated Keeper
of the Imperial Cabinet of curiosities.
MISSERONI, GASPARO (Ital.}. Gem-engraver of the second half ot
the sixteenth century, who with his brother Girolamo M. worked
at Milan. He was a pupil of Jacopo da Trezzo, and was engaged at
the Imperial court at Prague towards the latter part of his life. His
name occurs in Cellini's memoirs, and a document, dated 5. May
1557, records a payment made to him for a cup in crystal.
MISSERONI, GIROLAMO (or HIERONYMO) (Ital.}. Milanese Gem-
engraver, who also distinguished himself in the cutting of vases in
crystal, agate, and lapis-lazuli. Several of his fine works, and ot
those of his brother Girolamo, are preserved at the Florence
Museum and in various collections at Vienna and Prague. Towards
the end of the sixteenth century he settled in the Bohemian capi-
tal, and worked tor the emperor Rudolph II. In the Vienna
" Kunstkammer " is preserved a Beaker, four feet high, in rock-
crystal, by this engraver. It has been valued at 3000.
MISSERONI, GIULIO (ltd.}. Gem-engraver at Prague, seventeenth
century; he was called to Spain and worked there for the court of
the Escurial.
MISSERONI, OTTAVIO (Ital.}. A brother of Ambrogio and Dionis,
&c. ; Gem-engraver at Prague, early part of the seventeenth cen-
tury; later at Madrid.
MISSERWY or MISHARWY, JOHN (Brit.}. Engraver of the dies of
the Testoon, second issue, 1555, of Mar}', Queen of Scots; obv.
* MARIA DEI G SCOTOI^-REGINA- 1555. Crown above the
letter M; on either side, crowned thistle; ty.. DILICIE'DNI'COR'
HVMILE. Shield on cross potent. Another variety reads DILICI.
- 95 -
The coin was current for 5 shillings. By Misserwy is also the Hard-
head or Lion, of the same date.
In a document of 1555, we read : " JOHNE MISSARUY
INGLISCHMANE. Schort thairefter thair come hame ane Inglisch-
mane quha vpone fair promisis be moyen of cowrte was appointit
maister Coinyeour and David Forrest placit to be generall (quhair
of thair wes never ane befoir) quha be command of the quein
regent and counsale coinyeit the peces efter following To win
Testoon of Mary, 1555, by Misserwy.
" Thair wes coinyeit be the said Inglischman fra the xxvj ot
Januar 1554 to the xiiij of Februar 1555 as the buikis beiris in tes-
tanis of ix <J fyne and of wecht sex denneiris having cowrse of V s
the pece j c xxx stane xij punde vij ounce xij denneiris. The fre
proffitt of Ilk stain Thair wes lykwyse coinyeit be him in lyounis
of a denyer fyne xxviij in the ounce of iij half pennyis Ilk pece fra
the viij of Marche 1555, to the last of August immediatlie follow-
ing Ixxxxiij stane vj pund v once xij deneyris The fre proffitt of Ilk
stane" (Cochran Patrick, Records of the Coinage of Scotland, I,
98).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. H. A Grueber, Handbook of tlx Coins of Great Britain and
Ireland, 1899.
MISSET, M'" e AUGUSTINE (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born
at Paris ; pupil of Jouffroy. By her are various Portrait-medallions,
amongst others, one of a Lady, which was exhibited at the Paris
Salon, 1885.
MITCHELL, F. N. (Amer.). Sculptor, and Medallist, of the middle
years of the nineteenth century; worked at Boston. By him are the
following medals : General D r Joseph Warren, of Boston (4 var.) ;
United States Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, Va (or Portsmouth
Yellow Fever medal); -- Medal of the United States Agricultural
Society, 1852; Medal of the Maine Agricultural Society
(signed on J$L. F. N. & H. MITCHELL) ; - - Medal of the Sandwich
Islands Agricultural Society ; Medal of the Massachusetts Chari-
- 9 6-
table Mechanics' Association ; Medal of the Worcester County
Mechanics' Association, 1841; - - The Sargent Medal; The
W. H. Harrison Medal, 1840; Commemorative medal of the
Bunker Hill Jubilee, 1850; -- International Exhibition at Philadel-
phia, 1876.
MITCHELL, H. (Amer.). Son of F. N. Mitchell, the Boston Medal-
list, and also a Die-sinker, whose signature I have however only
seen on one medal, in conjunction with that of his father's :
Prize medal of the Maine State Agricultural Society.
MITCHELL, J. (Brit.). Publisher of Medals, mostly engraved by
Pinches. He resided in Bond. St., London. His name occurs on a
Memorial medal of Wellington, 1852.
MITH. This signature occurs on the two following gems : Head
of a horse, sard (Berlin); Head of an eagle, sard (Poniatowski).
Gems with those letters are usually assigned to the dactyliotheca
of King Mithridates, says King, but on no sufficient grounds.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, op. cit.
MITLETA (Bohi'in.). Mint-master or Moneyer at Prague, under
Duke Boleslaus, circ. 1005. His name occurs on deniers of that mint
and period.
MITROWSKY, JOHANN NEPOMUK, BARON VON (Bohem.). Mint-
master general of Bohemia, 1740-1749, and re-elected again, 1749-
1755-
MITTELBACH, CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Mint-master at Reinfeld
(Schleswig-Holstein), 1620.
MITTERMAYER, JOSEF FRANZ VON WAFFENBERG (Austr.}. Son
of Matthias Mittermayer; appointed Mint-master at Vienna,
i. June 1709.
MITTERMAYER, MATTHIAS VON WAFFENBERG (Austr.). Mint-
master at Vienna, circ. 1679-1705 (?); died. 22. December 1708.
His initials occur on the coins issued by him, which were all
engraved by the Mint-engraver, Johann Michael Hoffmann. Among
these are the two commemorative Thalers of the Siege of Vienna,
1683, Double Ducat of 1682, Ducats of 1683-84, Quarter Ducat,
1694, Thalers and Sechsers, c. A Thaler of Prince Ferdinand
Wilhelm Euseb of Schwarzenberg, and consort Maria Anna, 1696,
of which several varieties exist, is also signed : MM. ; and likewise
a Thaler in gold (10 Ducats) and one in silver of Prince Ferdinand
von Dietrichstein Hollenburg zu Nikolsburg.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. C. Oesterreicher, op. cit. Fiala, op. cit. - - Tobler-
Meyer, op. cit.
97
MIVELT, GEORGES (Belg.). Goldsmith, and Mint-engraver at Liege,
appointed on 28. July 1557, by Bishop Robert de Berghes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pinchart, Graveurs beiges, Revue de la num. beige, 1861.
p. 174-
M.K. Vide MARTIN KUNE. Mint-master at Eisleben, 1560-1573.
M.K. Vide MAX KIENLEN. Mint-master at Ulm, 1635-1639.
M.K. Vide MARTIN KRAFFT. 1738-1781. Mint-engraver at Vienna,
1769; later at Milan.
MK. Vide F. MATZENKOPF. Mint-engraver and Medallist at Salz-
burg, circ. 1727-1754.
M.K. Vide MARTIN KESSEL. Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1594-1614.
M.K. Vide MARCUS KOCH. Mint-master at Koenigsberg in Prussia,
1624-1625.
M.K. Vide MARCUS KOCH. Swedish Mint-master, 1628-1663.
MK. or MK. F. Vide J. C. MORIKOFER. Swiss Medallist, died at
Berne, 1790.
M.K. Vide MICHAEL KLEINER. Mint-master at St. Petersburg,
1808-1809, Kolpin, 1818 and Ischora, 1810-1811.
M.K. Vide MICHAEL KUTSCHKIN. Mint-engraver and Medallist at
St. Petersburg, 1845-1872.
M.K.P. Vide MICHAEL KUTSCHKIN (FECIT) (P on Russian signatures
signifies Fecit).
M.L. Vide MAGNO LIPPI. Mint-master at Parma, 1618.
M.L. Vide MATTHIAS LAUFFER. Counter-manufacturer at Nurem-
berg, 1623.
M.L. Vide MATTHIAS LONGERICH. Mint-master at Idstein (Nassau),
1692.
MNESARCHOS, MNHIAPXOS (Greek'). Son of Euphron or
Euthyphron, and named as the father of Pythagoras. He is said to
have been an Engraver of rings (oay.r/MsvXuso?). According to some
accounts, he was not of purely Greek origin, and may have belong-
ed to the Tyrrhenians of Lemnos and Imbros. He died at the
beginning of the tyranny of Polycrates, towards the middle of the
sixth century B.C. (Diog. Lae'rt., VIII, i). He cultivated the art of
gem-engraving more for glory than for gain.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Babelon, op. cit. King, op. cit.
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists. IV. 7
- 9 8 -
M. 0. Vide MARTIN OMEIS. Medallist at Dresden; died in 1703.
MO. B. (/to/.). Medallist's signature, which occurs on a Portrait-
piece of Pope Sixtus V.; 6. PVBLICAE COMMODITATI
Bridge ; struck in the sixth year of his pontificate, 1590. Vide M., M-B.,
MOB. (Armand, I, 293, 6. Ill, 141).
MOCCHI, LORENZO CIGLIA (/to/.). Sculptor and Medallist, of the
end of the fifteenth century, who, according to the noteworthy
Portrait-medal of Lorenzo Ciglia Mocchi, by himself,
conjecture of G. Milanesi may be identified with the so-called
MDAILLEUR A LA FORTUNE (</. v. vol. n, 127).
- 99
Hern von Fabriczy does not pronounce against this attribution,
which appears quite reasonable, as the medal of Lorenzo Ciglia
Mocchi (illustrated) is signed on fyL. L.C.M., which initials can only
represent the name of Mocchi. All the eight medals bearing on fyL.
a nude Fortune holding inflated sail above her head would there-
fore be the work of that artist, about whom however nothing is
known. ' ' His works ", says von Fabriczy, " betray a more mechanic-
al capacity, not only by the lack of inspiration in the portrait, but
also by the style of the figure on the reverse, which reminds us of
an engraving. "
Medal of Alessandro di Gino Vecchietti.
The medals attributed to Mocchi would .comprize : His own
Portrait-medal, dated 1495; - - Ludovico Lucio, of Siena) ;-
Gianozzo Salviati, of Florence; Alessandro di Gino Vecchietti
(obv. illustrated) ; Unknown Personage, obv. Youthful bust
to 1.;$.. POCHE-FORTVNA-VOLE-CHECOSI-ISTENSI. For-
tune, &c. ; Francesco Barbolano; Giuliano Daniele Nico-
lai, &c.
Since this was written, Prof. Bode's remarkable monograph on
Niccolo Spinelli has established beyond any doubt that the latter
artist is the author of the above medals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. C. von Fabriczy, op. cit. Armand, op. oil. Heiss,
de la Renaissance. Florence '/, XIV. I. B. Supino, op. cil.
TOO
MOCCHI, FRANCESCO (Hal.}. Sculptor and Medallist of the first
half of the seventeenth century, who resided at Florence, and died
there in 1646. One of his best known medallic productions is a
Portrait-piece of Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, with a repre-
sentation on 1^,. of his equestrian statue.
Heiss ascribes to this artist a Portrait-medal of Pope Clement VIII.,
signed F. M. F. on obv. ; I. GREGEM . NE . DESERAS. Pope kneeling
to r. (Vide vol. II, p. 116.)
Isolated medals, says von Fabriczy, have been ascribed to this
artist, by recent research, with more or less justification.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Heiss, op. cit., Florence, II, p. 93.
C. von Fabriczv, op. cit.
MOCCHI, STEFANO (Ital.}. A Florentine Gem-engraver of the end
of the seventeenth century. He was a contemporary of Andrea
Borgogne.
MOCK, HANS (Germ.}. Mint-master at Strassburg, 1498-1501.
MOCKE, HEINRICH (Auslr.}. Mint-master at Landshut, circ. 1457.
MOCKS (MOCK or MOCKH), HANS KASPAR (Germ.}. Mint-master at
Hechingen, circ. 1 606 ; also at Hagenau, under John George ot
.Hohenzollern, 1605-1623.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bahrfeldt, Mun^en der Fiirstentbumer Hoben%ollern.
MODERNO (/to/.). Sculptor and Medallist of the end of the fifteenth
century and first half of the sixteenth. Eug. Muntz has suggested
his identification with GIOVANNI GUERINO, Mint-engraver at
Rome, 1 548-1549 (Vide Vol. II, p. 336), but Molinier seems nearer
the truth in naming CAMELIO (Vittore Gambello), a Venetian
artist, 1460-1539, with whose works Moderno's productions bear
great analogy.
It is quite clear that MODERNO is only a cognomen, as L'ANTICO
which designated the Medallist Pier Giacomo Ilario. The signatures
OPVS MODERNI ; M. F. ; MODERNVS ; MODERNO ; 0. MODERNI ;
HOC. OPVS. MODERNI. CC. ; OPVS MODERNI and goldsmith's stamp :
CA occur on Plaques which belong to the latter end of the fifteenth
century, and connected in style with the Paduan and Venetian
schools. Molinier states that on the della Rana gate of Como
cathedral, which gate was chased in 1507 by Tommaso and Jacopo
Rodari, we find the exact reproductions of two of Moderno's
plaques : Hercules contemplating Antaeus lying dead at his feet,
and Hercules fighting Geryon.
In Francis of Holland's Treatise (1549) Moderno is mentioned as
an Engraver of leaden seals (papal bullae), which proves that the
artist also worked at Rome.
101
From the evidence of Moderno's productions, we conjecture
that the artist was a native of Northern Italy (Camelio was a Vene-
tian), that he was engaged in pontifical service (Camelio was
Zecchiere under Leo X., circ. 1515), and that his signature OPVS
MODERNI C. C. or CA might be interpreted into OPVS MODERNI
Cognomine Camelii or Cameli. Molinier's hypothesis has not, so far
as I am aware, been refuted by more recent commentators.
The Adoration of the Magi.
The list of Moderno's works is an extensive one, and many of
his unsigned plaques have probably not yet been identified : David
slaying Goliath, circular; diam. 105 mill. ; Another; circular;
d. 70 mill. ; -- Another, circular ; 30 mill. ; Another; 71X55
mill.; - - Virgin and Child and two Angels; 38 X 32 mill.
(Victoria and Albert Museum) ; Virgin and Child between Saint
Jerome and Saint Anthony ; signed : HOC OPVS MO; 110X63 mill.
DERNI
C. C.
IO2
(Louvre); - - Virgin and Child; no X 65 mill.; -- Another,
dated MCDXCVII ; no X 65 mill, (an imitation of the middle of
the sixteenth century); --Virgin and Child, and several Saints;
67 X 54 mill. ; Virgin and Child, and two Angels ; inscr. AVE
REGINA CELORVM ; 86 X 66 mill. ; Virgin and Child, and
several Saints; stamped : CA; 132 X 101 mill. (Vienna Museum);
- The Holy Family ; circular; 42 mill. (Berlin Museum); The
Adoration of the Magi; 106 X 50 mill, (a specimen in the Louvre
has a long inscription on the back : IHESVS GLORIA IN EXCEL-
SIS, etc. showing it to have been used as a Baiser de paix) ; Our
Lord's presentation in the Temple; 98 X 64 mill. ; The Scourg-
ing of Christ; signed : OP. MODERNI and stamped : CA ; 137
X 100 mill. (Museums of Vienna and Berlin) ; The Crucifixion ;
Mars and Victory.
(reduced)
127 X 88 mill.; - The Entombment; 100 x 65 mill.; -
Another, on the same subject, but differently depicted, 105 X 68
mill.; -- Another, 69 X 79 mill.; - - Another; 100 X 70;
view of Jerusalem in the background (Berlin Museum) ; Another ;
94 X 90 mill. ; Half-length figure of Christ supported by St. John
and the Virgin (Victoria and Albert Museum) ; - - Another, 94
X 90 mill. ; similar to the last, without the Genius accompanying
the Virgin; Another; a variety of the last ; Another; 118
X 101 mill. ; in background, view of Mount Calvary on which
three crosses (Molinier 179) ; The Resurrection ; 100 X 63 mill. ;
- Martyrdom of St. Sebastian; 130 X 92 mill. (Fortnum was
inclined to ascribe this plaque to Bartolomeo Montagna, vide
Bronzes &c., p. 46); St. Sebastian; 77 X 5$ mill. (Piot gave
this St. Sebastian to Daniele Arcioni, but nothing justifies this
attribution); -- St. Hieronymus ; 75 X 60 mill.; -- Another;
57 X 44 mill.; Augustus and the Sibyl; circular; 57 mill. ;
- io 3
Mars and Victory; circular; 105 mill. ; Another; 71X55 mill.
(illustrated); Mars seated on trophies of war; circular; 69 mill.
(Mol. 187); Another, a variety; circular; 64 mill, (both these
plaques are signed : M. F. = Modernus Fecit) ; - - Vulcan, Venus
and Cupid ; hat badge; 40 mill. ; Venus and Cupid ; hat badge;
Hercules and Cacus.
(reduced)
50 mill. ; The Fall of Phaeton ; circular ; 104 mill. ; Another,
a variety; circular; 96 mill.; The infant Hercules strangling
two serpents; circular; Another; 88 X 75 mill.; Hercules
Hercules and the Nemean Lion.
(reduced)
and Cacus; signed : 0. MODERNI ; 70 X 53 mill, (illustrated); -
Another; circular; d. 69 mill. ; Hercules and Geryon ; signed
IO4
0. MODER. 68 x ^ m iii.. _ Hercules and the Lernaean Hydra;
96 XJ2 mill. ; Another ; circular; Hercules and the Nemean
Lion; 77 X 66 mill, (illustrated) ; Another, circular; diam. :
105 mill, (at the sale of the His de La Salle's collection (1880) a
specimen brought 475 francs) ; Another, a variety, with different
background; 57 X 65 mill.; Another, similar, circular; diam.
52 mill, (illustrated) ; Another, divided in three compartments,
two of which depict the Judgment of Solomon, and Hercules and
Acheloiis; 91 X 41 mill.; - - Hercules cleansing the stables oi
Augeas; 71 X 53 mill.; Hercules and Antaeus; 73 X 57 mill.;
- Another, a variety; 100 X 77 mill.; -- Another, signed :
0. MODERNI ; 69 X 54 mill. (Victoria and Albert Museum) ; The
Hercules and the Nemean Lion.
(reduced)
Rape of Dejaneira; 93 X 42 mill.; Arion, prisoner of the
pirates; circular; 105 mill.; -- Descent of Orpheus to the lower
world; circular; no mill.; Orpheus claiming Eurydice from
Pluto; circular; no mill.; Orpheus and Eurydice; circ. ; 105
mill, (the His de la Salle specimen brought 513 francs) ; Orpheus
charming the animals; circ.; 105 mill.; - - Death ot Orpheus;
circ. ; 60 mill. ; Head of Medusa; circ.; 44 mill.; Lucretia
stabbing herself; circ.; 53 mill.; -- Another, shell cameo (in the
Paris Medal Cabinet; probably an imitation from Moderno's plaque) ;
Two females, one behind the other; circular; 54 mill.; -- A
Fight between horsemen; legend : DVBIA' FORTY >A; circular;
53 mill. (Louvre; Victoria and Albert Museum; this plaquette was
used as a prototype for various medals by Ruberto, P. P. Galeotti,
etc.); - - Another, a variety; 50 X 55 mill.; - - Lion chase;
circular; 82 mill.; Hercules strangling the Nemean lion, his
club at his feet, and on a tree behind are suspended a bow and
quiver of arrows, to left is the entrance to a cave with rocks and
trees above (Molinier, ^, a rectangular variety of thesi^e, 56 by 49);
- 10)
Adam and Eve; 86 X 60 mill. ; Madonna and t\vo children;
127 X 82 mill. (Berlin Museum); The Entombment of Christ;
71 X 56 mill. (Berlin); Another, oval (Berlin); Resurrection
of Christ; 27 X 22 (Berlin); Hercules strangling Antaeus
(Berlin); Head of Medusa; circular; 58 mill. (Berlin); Aeneas
crossing the Styx; circular; 61 mill.; Expulsion of Coriolanus;
42 X 50 mill. (Berlin); Bust of Lucretia, 23 X 85 mill. (Ber-
The Virgin, by Moderno (in the Gamier Coll", Paris).
lin); Engagement before the walls of Rome; 42 X 50 mill.
(Berlin); Coriolanus and the Roman Ladies; 41 X 50 mill.
(Molinier, n 140); Fight before the walls ot a city; 42 X 50
mill. (Mol., n 148); Triumph of a Hero; 42 X 48 mill. (Mol.
n 144); Self Sacrifice of Marcus Curtius; circular; 33 mill.
(Berlin); -- Engagement between Horsemen; circular; 39 mill.
(Berlin); An Engagement; }$L. Female bust; 71 mill. (Berlin);
Triumphator and retinue; circular; 39 mill. (Berlin);
106
Triumph, surrounded by Hunting scenes; circular; 74 mill.; -
Triumph; rev. Bust of Faustina; circular; 37 mill.; Allegory
of Sculpture (Mol., n 36) ; Science, War and Peace ; 66 X 38
mill. (Berlin).
Bode describes the following Plaquettes as in the Art of Moderno:
Madonna, half-length, with two Genii ; -- Pieta; St. Barbara;
- St. Agatha; Mars; Vulcan, Venus and Amor; -- Venus
in Vulcan's forge; -- Triumph; -- Hercules strangling Antaeus;
- An Engagement; Martyrdom of St. Sebastian. These are all
reproduced in Bode's work, and preserved in the Berlin Museum.
Lucrezia, by Moderno.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Molinier, Les Plaquettes, Paris, 1886. Armand, op. cit.
- E. Miintz, L 'atelier monetaire de Rome, \ 884. Raczynski, Les Arts en Por-
tugal. D r Julius Cahn, Die Medaillen unJ Plaketlen der Sammlung W . P. Metier,
1898. Fortnum, Bronzes in the South Kensington Museum, 1861. Bode, Die
italieniscben Bron^en, Berlin, 1904.
MODIXHEM, BERNARD VAN (Bclg.). Goldsmith at Malines, and
Die-cutter at the Mint there under the Mint-master Hubert Bouwens,
circ. I473~*{- 1488. Between 1485 and 1488, when Modixhem was
employed as Engraver at the Mint of Malines, the following
currency was struck there : Double and Single Griffons, Four, One,
and One-half Gros pieces.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Pinchart, Biog. des graveurs beiges.
MOEGLICH, TOBIAS FRIEDRICH (Germ.}. Modeller in wax, of the
eighteenth century, born at Nuremberg in 1747, and who worked
later on at Rome and other places, circ. 1773, 1783.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Meusel, Kunstlerlexikon, II, 57.
107
MOEHSEN, R. C. (Germ.}. A Nuremberg Engraver, by whom is a
Portrait-medal of D r Gottfried Thomasius, of Nuremberg (signed :
R. C. M.).
MOELEN, HEINDRICK VAN DER (Eelg.}. Goldsmith, and Seal-
engraver, mentioned in 1524, as having engraved the seals of the
Netherlands, in 1524, for the emperor Charles V. He was paid
257 livres 18 escalins 6 deniers of Artois for that work.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pinchart, op. cit.
MOELINGEN, GYSBERT VAN (Dutch}. Medallist and Line-engraver
of the second half of the eighteenth century. He rilled the post of
Mint-engraver for Guelders, at Utrecht, in which capacity he is
mentioned in a document of 15. August 1760.
By him are the following medals, which are all reproduced in
Van Loon, Suppl., VI, VII :
Visit of Princess Anne with her children to Princess Maria
Louisaat Oranjewoud in Friesland, 1754 ; Jubilee of the Reformed
Orphanage at Amsterdam, 1757; iMedal of the Mint of Guel-
ders, 1762; Another, 1764; Installation of Prince Wil-
liam V. as General Stadholder, 1766; - - Marriage at Berlin ot
Prince William V. of Orange and Princess Frederica Sophia
Wilhelmina of Prussia, 1767; -- Inauguration of William V. as
Markgrave of Veere and Flushing, 1766; Silver Wedding of
Hendrik van der Graaf de Vapour and Adriana de Labarre, 23. July
1768; Birth of the Hereditary Prince of Orange, 1770; -
"Friendship" Medal of Delft (signed: G. B. V. M. F.) ; Prize
Medal of the Batavian Society of Sciences at Rotterdam, 1770; -
Golden Wedding of Jacob van der Lely and Maria Magdalena van
Assendelft, 26. November 1770; -- Birth of the hereditary Prince
William VI., later William I., King of the Netherlands, 24. August
1772; -- Death of Jan Isaak Rauwertz, minister at The Hague,
10. May 1773 (signed : GYSB. VAN MOELINGEN F.) ; - - 50 years'
Jubilee of Everhardus van Kampen, 1777; ioo th Birthday of
Pietertje Breedveld, widow of Jan Puts, 2 5. November 1778 ; and
also : Birth of the Prince of Orange, 1748 ; Medal in honour of
Prince Willem IV., 1750; Princess Anna, consort of Willem IV.,
1750; -~ Princess Carolina, 1750; - - Prince Willem, 1750 ; -
Memorial medal of Willem Muilman, minister at The Hague, 1759;
- Memorial Medal of Frederick Carel Engels, minister at The
Hague, 1765 ; Silver Wedding of Johan Verstolk Schepen of
Rotterdam, and Magdalena van Royen, 1768; -- Silver Wedding
of Johannis de Haas and Margaretha Cruyder, 1771, etc.
His work is not of great merit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Kramm, De Levens en IVerken der Hollandsche en Vlaamsche
Kunstsclrilders , Beeldhouwers, Graveurs en Bouwmeesters, Amsterdam, 1860.
io8 -
Nagler, Allgemeines Kfmstler-Lexikon, 1904. Nagler, Monogrammistcn, 1881
Menadier, Schaumun^en des Hauses Hoben^ollern. 1901. D r F. P. Weber, Medals
of Centenarians, Num. Chron., 1895, 309. Revue beige de numismatique, IV,
104. Catalogues, &c.
MOELLER, CHRISTIAN. Vide MULLER infra. Schlickeysen, Schult-
hess-Rechberg, and more recently Herr Jos. Hamburger (in Wil-
mersdorffer Catalogue III) have mentioned a Christian Maler Junior,
who however does not exist, the Nuremberg medals of that time
(1673), signed C. M. being by Christian Moeller. A Thaler of Julius
Franz of Lauenburg, 1673, is thus signed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Information kindly supplied by Herr C. F. Gebert.
MOELLER, C. A. (Dan.}. Medallist and Mint-engraver at Copenha-
gen, after 1813.
MOELLER, MICHAEL (Germ.}. Mint-master at Gottorp (Holstein),
under the Duke Frederick III. (1616-1659). His initials M. M. occur
amongst others on a Sterbethaler of 1659.
MOERIKOFER, JOHANN KASPAR (Swiss). Medallist and Coin-
engraver, born at Frauenfeld, 7. November 1738, died at Berne,
circa 1800. He was a nephew of Johann Melchior Morikofer, with
whom he was first apprenticed. Later he visited Paris and for some
years practised gem-engraving and die-sinking there, until he was
called back to Berne, on the death of his uncle, Easter 1761, to fill
the vacant post of Engraver of the coins of the Republic (1761-
1790).
By this clever artist were probably cut the following coins of
Berne : AT. 4 Ducats, undated (signed : MK); 3 Ducats, 1772; -
2 Ducats, 1771, 1788-89; Ducats, 1788-89 ; Quarter Ducats,
1766, 1771, 1777-78, 1781; - - yR. 10 Batzen, 1773-74; " 5
Batzen 1764, 1766, 1768, 1776-77, 1786-87; 2 | Batzen, 1764-
65, 1776-78, 1787, 1790; Batzen, 1765-66, 1776, 1772, 1774-
76, 1778-79, 1784-85, 1788-90; -- Half Batzen, 1770-72, 1774-
78, 1784-85, 1788 ; Kreuzers, 1765, 1772, 1774-77* i779~ 8l >
1785, 1789; - - Half Kreuzers, 1762-66, 1769, 1771, 1774-75,
1777-78, 1780-81, 1785-86, 1788-90.
Among the medals I have come across by him are : Prize Medals
of the State of Zurich (several varieties, said to have been designed
by Salomon Gessner, and signed on obv. and }$L. J. C. MK. F.);
Medal of the Corporation " zur Safran " at Zurich, 1774 (illustrated};
" Sechzehnerpfenning ' of the City and Republic of
Berne, undated (a Medal of Reward for services); "Sech-
zehnerpfenning" of Berne, 1765 (ex. : SENAT'ET XVI'VIRI
STAT. | EXTER-BERN. | 1765.); -- Another, dated 1766; -
Various School Prize Medals ; School Prize Medal of Burgdorf
109
(Psalmenpfenning), undated (circ. 1772, sev. var.) ; Prize Medal
of the Bernese Agricultural Society, founded by TschifFeli, 1759
(signed : Morikofer F.) ; Portrait-medal of Johann Melchior
Morikofer, 1757, reproduced in Domanig, Die Deutsche Medaille,
n 380 (signed : I. GASP. MORIKOFER.); Portrait-medal of
Catherine II. the Great (the best of all the Portrait-medals of that
famous Czarina); School Prize Medals of Mellingen and Brem-
Medal on the 1( Saffron-Mongers " Festival at Zurich, 1774.
garten, undated (signed : M); Portrait-medal of King Stanislaus
Augustus of Poland; Count Caylus; Christian Gellert (1715-
T ?69); Portrait-medal of Joseph L, King of Portugal ;$L. DEUS
VLTOR ET TVTOR. Allegorical figure of Portugal crushing loe
under her feet (1750).
J. C. Morikofer was a distinguished, consciencious and modest
artist.
no
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Haller, Sclnvei^er Miin% und Medailhn
Cabinet, Bern, 1780. -- J. A. Pupikofer, Der Kanton Tburgau, 1835. J. C.
Fuessiin, Geschichte der fasten Kiinstler der Schwei^, Zurich, 1774. Nagler, op. cit.
C. Brun, Scfnuei^. Kfmstlerlexikon. Bulletin & Revue suisses de numisma-
tique. Tobler-Meyer, op. cit. Franks & Crueber, op. cit. Jenner, Mnn^en
der Schivei^, 1901. Poole, Swiss Coins in the South Kensington Museum, 1878.
Raczynski, Dictionnaire historico-artistique du Portugal. Demanig, Die Deutsche
Medaille, 1907.
MOERIKOFER, JOHANN MELCHIOR (Swiss). Medallist and Coin-
engraver, born at Frauenfeld, 17 November 1706, died at Berne,
7. April 1761. His father was in the medical profession. He learned
die-sinking with his step-brother J. H. Koch of Thun, and first
copied models from works of his predecessors, principally Hedlin-
ger. From 1755 until his death he was Mint-engraver at Berne.
Among the coins which he executed are : Al. 4 Ducats, undated ;
- 3 Ducats, 1757; Ducats, 1759; ^R. 10 Batzen, 1757-60;
- 5 Batzen, 1755-56, 1758-59; 2 | Batzen, 1755-56, I759J-
Batzen, 1754 (7 var.); Half Batzen, 1755 (4 var.), 1759; -
Kreuzers, 1755, 1758.
Morikofer engraved seals and also some medals, which are of
fine execution : Prize Medal of the Royal Society of Sciences of
Gottingen, with bust of George II., 1751 (signed : MORIKOFER);
- Portrait-medal (1754) of Albrecht von Haller, physician, natu-
ralist and poet of Berne, 1708-^ 1777 (2 var.; one signed : .IM.
MK. F.); - - Third Centenary of the University of Basle, 1760 ; -
Portrait-medal of Voltaire; -- Portrait-medal of Frederick II. the
Great, 1759; Large Seal of the State of Berne, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. As above. Franks & Grueber, op. cit. F. Krohn,
Thomsen Bronce Medailler, 1867. - Die von Johann Melchior Morikofer gestochene
Haller tnedaille, Revue suisse, 1904, 32.
MOFFATT & CO (Amer.}. Issuers ot California!! private currency,
1849-1853 : (San Francisco) A T . 5 Dollars, 1849-50. Head ot
Liberty; E&. Eagle; $9-43, oblong; 10 Dollars, 1849-52. Head;
f$L. Eagle; 16 Dollars, oblong (illustrated'); 20 Dollars, 1853.
Head ; fyL. Eagle.
v'<
" <TO"
MOGENOT or MOUGENOT (French). Goldsmith of Nancy, and
Engraver at the Mint there, circ. 1698-1712. He also executed some
medals.
Ill
MOGG, JOHANN (Germ.'). Mint-warden at Langenargen, 1733.
MOGNETTI, SAMUEL (Swiss'). Sculptor and Medallist of the third
and fourth quarters of the nineteenth century, who resided at
Geneva. He is the author of the following medals : Independence
of Neuchatel and Entry into the Swiss Confederation, 1856;
Medal of the " Abbaye des Carabiniers" of Geneva, 1875
(fyL. only); 4 th Centenary of the "Societe de 1'Arquebuse et de
la Navigation ", 1875 (signed : S. Mognetti fecit) ; Medal of the
" Societe cantonale des Carabiniers genevois", 1877 ; - - Tir Can-
tonal vaudois at Payerne, 1884; 2o th Anniversary of the
Republic ot Neuchatel, 1876 ; - - Tir cantonal vaudois at Merges,
1891 ; 2 nd Centenary of the Foundation of the "Societe des
Carabiniers reunis de Satigny, Russin and Dardagny " (Geneva),
1897; -- Cardinal Gaspard Mermillod, 1883; Official medal
ot the Genevese cantonal Society of Carabineers, 1877; Eugene
Sue, 1857 (?), etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bulletin et Revue suisses de numismatique, 1882-1904.
MOIGNIEZ, JULES (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Senlis (Oise); pupil of Comolera. He is the author of some Por-
trait-medallions and Plaquettes, some of which were exhibited at
the Salon in 1881.
MOINE, ANTONIN MARIE (French). Sculptor and Painter, born at
St. Etienne, 30 June 1796, died at Paris, 18. March 1849; pupil
of Girodet, Gros, and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. By him are various
Plaquettes in bronze, Portrait-medallions, Panels in relief, etc.
M. Roger Marx draws attention to this artist's medallions, which he
calls " curieusement romantiques".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. oil. R. Marx, Me'daillettrs
fraufais.
MOINE, JEAN (French). Director of the Mint at Lyons, 1848-
1857 ; distinctive mark : a lion. The Mint was closed in 1857.
MOISE-KLINKNER C (Amer.). This signature occurs on Tokens of
the Longfeld Pharmacies, San Francisco ; E. N. MOISE on a Veteri-
nary Dentist's Token, of Ira Barker Dalziel ; L. H. MOISE on a
Apothecary's Token of W. F. Kremer, San Francisco. Specimens
of all these tokens are in the Boston Collection.
MOISET, JEAN (French). Mint-engraver at Valenciennes, circ. 1355.
MOISET, JACQUEMART (French). Mint-engraver at Valenciennes,
circ. 1355.
MOLA, GASPARE (Ital.). Goldsmith, Medallist, Coin-engraver, and
112
Chaser in metal, born during the last quarter of the sixteenth
century (arc. 1580) at Breglio, in the territory of Como. Nagler,
Schlickeysen, Bolzenthal and other writers state in error Lugano as
his native town. He was apprenticed to a goldsmith at Milan, where
he also learned die-sinking. His first work of note he executed in
commission for the celebrated founder Portigiani, who entrusted
him with sculptural work for the bronze gates of the Dome of Pisa,
circ. 1 60 1. A document of 1607 records a payment made to him
of 900 gold scudi for various acquisitions he made on behalf of
Duke Charles Emmanuel of Savoy. From this we learn that the
artist traded in works of art, especially pictures, bronzes, armoury,
etc., and later, when at Rome, he obtained a licence to deal in these.
During the early period of his activity, Ferdinand I. de'Medici,
favourably impressed by his rising talent, called him over to
Tallero of Cosimo II., 1610.
Florence, appointing him " Maestro delle stampe delle monete ",
a post which he retained but for a short time. Cosimo II, on his
accession in 1608, induced Mola to come back again to Florence,
where for two years, 1609-1611, he filled the post of Chief-engraver
at the Zecca. His adventurous journey to the Tuscan capital, and
the vexations he endured at the hands of the directors of the
Florentine mint, form a curious episode of his life, reminding one
of the frasques of Cellini, or Leone Leoni. The artist would not
submit to the humiliation of having to copy dies engraved by his
colleague, the German Kolb, whose work he and his friends consid-
ered far inferior to his own. Many of the coins of Cosimo II. of
that period are no doubt by him, but not being signed, it is impos-
sible to distinguish them. From Florence, he passed to the Mints of
Guastalla, and Mantua, where in 1613 and 1614 he cut dies for
various coins, which, especially the gold Zecchini and silver Scudi
of Ferdinando II. Gonzaga, are considered to be very good
productions.
Many of Mola's authenticated works are still extant at Florence.
To the Florentine period of the artist's activity belong the follow-
ing medals : Portrait-medal of St. Charles Borromaeus (one of
the earliest medallic productions of the artist, and said to have been
among the acquisitions made in 1607 by Duke Charles Emmanuel I.
of Savoy; -- Charles-Emmanuel of Savoy, 1606 (illustrated);
Ferdinand I. de' Medici, 1598; fyL Hercules slaying the centaur
Nessus (signed : GASP. M.) ; Portrait-medallion of Ferdinand I.,
uniface (signed : G. M.) ; - - Cosimo II., 1610; $L. PREMIA
VIRTVTIS (signed : GASP. M.) ; - - Another, with !. Cross of
S. Stefano ; Cosimo II. and Maria Magdalena of Austria, 1599
(signed : GASP. M.-MDIC) ; Cosimo II ; I. SIDERA'MEDICEA.
Portrait-badge of Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 1606.
Jupiter seated ; Maria Magdalena of Austria ; tyL. PREMIA VIRTV-
TIS ; Cosimo II. and Maria Magdalena, 1618 (signed : G. MOL.);
- Another, with their conjoined busts, uniface (signed : GASP. M.) ;
- Maria Magdalena ; tyL A peacock, AETHERA (signed : GASP. ;
obv. illustrated); Ferdinand II., 1623 ; I. PREMIA VIRTVTIS
(signed : GAS. MOL.) ; Another, a variety, etc.
A medal with busts on either side of Cosimo II. and Maria
Magdalena of Austria bears both signatures of G. MOL and G. DUPRfc,
and Domanig suggests that the portraits modelled by Dupre may
have been cast by Mola. The specimen illustrated inVon Fabriczy's
work (both English and German editions) is clearly signed by
Dupre.
Besides these medals are also cameos, works of decorative art and
jewellery. " Mola's skill as armourer and goldsmith ", says Von
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists. IV. S
u 4 -
Fabriczy, " is shown in the shield and parade helmet damascened
with gold in the Museo Nazionale, which was long believed to be
a work of Benvenuto Cellini. He appears before us as a medallist
in a series of thirteen medals of the Grand Dukes Ferdinand I.,
Cosimo II., his wife Maria Magdalena of Austria, and Ferdinand II.
In the conception of the physiognomy many of these are capable
and fresh, while in the pompous and stiff arrangement they already
sound the prelude to the excesses of the barocco in this respect.
The extraordinary delicacy of the technical elaboration constantly
demoralises the eye of the beholder whose taste is not quite assured.
In the portrait of the widowed Grand Duchess (illustrated),
executed after 1621, the master produced a piece, which, as far as
simplicity and expression are concerned, is worthy to rank beside
the best creations of the Cinquecento ".
Mola settled at Rome in 1623, and in 1625 was appointed Mint-
engraver at the Papal Zecca, in succession to Jacobo Antonio Moro,
Maria Magdalena of Austria (obv.)
who died in January 1625. The Mint archives preserve a record ot
the first payment made to him in February 1625 of 15 scudi for
work done. According to the most authentic documents, he
remained in office until the end of 1639, died on the 26. January
1640, and was buried at Santa Maria Traspontine, although his
friend Petrecini mentions his name in 1642 among living artists.
Von Fabriczy places his death after 1649, ascribing to him the
medals of Innocent X., signed : G. M. This signature, however,
occurs on several medals of Alexander VII. (1655-1667), from
which fact Bolzenthal concluded that the artist was still living in
1667. The error arose from a confusion of names, as Mola was
succeeded at the Papal Mint by his nephew Gaspare Morone-Mola,
who signed also his productions : G. M. After 1640 no coins bear
Mola's signature, and the medals of Innocent X. and Alexander VII.
always bear only the initials G. M. Mola's last bill in the unfortunately
very incomplete accounts of the Papal Mint is of 1639. In 1640
Gaspare Morone appears in these accounts as " Incisore dei Ferri
della Zecca", and remains in this quality until 1669, when he is
replaced by Girolamo Lucenti.
By Mola are the following coins : Urban VIII. (1623-1644).
N. Scudo, 1625 ; ^. Scudo, An XII (The Holy Conception ;
several varieties, all signed : GAS. MOL. or GASP. MOLO) ; Same
date (TE MANE TE VESPERE.ROMA. The Pope kneeling
before the Archangel Michael; two varieties signed : GAS. MOL. and
GASP. MOLA); -- An XI (VIVIT DEVS ROMA. The Archangel
slaying the Dragon (some varieties unsigned, others with : GAS. M. F.
or GAS. MOL. F.); - - An XII (Same type; four varieties, signed :
GASP. MOLA F.; GASP. MOLA); An XV (Same type; two varieties,
signed : GASP. MOLl) ; &. Testone, An XIV (signed : G. MOL.
under Pope's bust; ]$L. VIVIT DEVS ; two varieties); An VIII
(several varieties ; AVCTA AD METAVRVM DITIONE.ROMAE
Roma seated; signed G. M.) ; and others of lower denominations, as
Portrait-Quattrini of year XIII., signed : G. M. ; -- G. MOLA, or
G. MOLL
Mola is also the author of various medals of Urban VIII., w r ho
gave him an order for a series of Pontifical medals, partly from
former portraits by earlier artists, and partly from his own models.
The first he apparently executed at Rome was that issued in 1625
for distribution at the feast of the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul to
commend cardinal Barberini on his journey to France. Mola
trained two pupils who assisted him in his work : Lazzaro del
Solaro, and Francesco Nicolini. In 1632, Mola was temporarily
replaced by Alessandro Astesano, but already reinstated in the next
year. Amongst his most noteworthy productions is an Agnus Dei 'set
with cameos, a crown of lapis-lazuli, which was presented by the
Pope to the Queen of Hungary, a shield, and the following medals :
Urban VIII. (1623-1644). The Transfiguration, 1623 ; Equity,
PAX IN VIRTUTETUA, 1624; -- Porta Santa of San Giovanni
in Lateran, 1626 (signed : GAS. MOLO); Another Jubilee Medal,
on the Canonization of Santa Maria Maddalena de'Pazzi; Another,
Porta Santa closed, 1625 (several varieties) ; Plan of Fort Urban,
SECURITAS PUBLICA, An IV (signed : GAS. MOLO) ; - - Conse-
cration of St. Peter's cathedral, An IV; View of the Confessione
Vaticana, 1626 (GASP. MOLO) ; Plan of the castle of Sant' Angelo,
1627; The Washing of the feet, An V (signed : GASP. MOLO
C. PRIV. S. PONT) ; Another, with bust of Christ ; Canoniza-
tion of S. Andrea Corsini, An VI (signed : GAS. MOLO) ; - - View
of the harbour of Civita Vecchia, An VI; - - The Washing of the
feet, An VII; Roma seated, AUCTA AD METAURUM
DITIONE ROM^E (medal commemorating the return of the duchy
of Urbino to the See on the extinction of the Della Rovere family);
- Coronation of the Pope on the feast day of the archangel
n6
St. Michael, An VIII; - The Pope consecrating the Basilica
Vaticana, An VIII; - - The Pope kneeling before the archangel
St. Michael, An IX (signed : GASP. MOLO) ; View of the Confes-
sione Vaticana, ORNATO SS. PETRI ET PAULI SEPULCHRO,
An X (signed : G. MOLO) ; Facade of the Church of S. Bibiana,
An XI (signed: GASP. MOL.); View of the Church of S. Caius near
the Terms of Diocletian, An XII (signed : GAS. MOL.) ; The
Washing of the feet, An XIII (this medal is very common ; I have
seen specimens in gold, silver and bronze) ; Facade of the Church
of St. Anastasia, 1636 (signed : GASP. MOLI); View of the
Baptistry of Constantine in St. John Lateran, An XIV ; View of
the Pontifical Palace of Castel Gandolfo, 1639 (signed : GAS. MOL.) ;
Charles of Lorraine, Prince of Vaudemont.
Christ and his disciples in the boat, 1639; The Church of
St. Caius, An XVI; Assaggium generale, 1639 (medal commem-
orating the recoinage begun in that year at the Papal Zecca);
View of the Pontifical Arsenal, An XVII (signed : GASP. MOLO.) ; -
First Centenary of the Society of Jesuits, An XVII; - The
Quirinal Palace, AD ^DIVM PONTIFICUM SECVRITATEM,
1640 (signed : G. M. F.) ; -- The Pope kneeling before the archangel
St. Michael, An XVII; The archangel St. Michael holding scales
appearing to the Pope, An XVII, &c.
The medal of 1632 with T$L. Port of Civita Vecchia was engraved
by Astesano during his short tenure of office ; but probably most of
the other annual medals issued at the Zecca between 1625 and 1639
were executed by Mola, who also cut some with likenesses of private
individuals,as those of Cassiano Dal Pozzo (mentioned by Berto-
lotto); Alessandro Gambalungo, of Rimini; Charles of Lor-
raine, prince of Vaudemont, 1621 (signed : GASP., illustrated};
- riy -
Louis XIII., as a youth ; and Popes : Leo X. ; Hadrian VI.;
- Clement VII. ; Paul III. ; Julius III.; Marcel II. ;
Paul IV. ; Pius V. ; Gregory XIII. ; - - Sixtus V. ;
Urban VII. ; Gregory XIV. ; Innocent IX. ; Clement VIII. ;
- Leo XL ; Paul V. ; - - Gregory XV., and possibly others.
Mola's signature on coins and medals occurs under various forms :
GAS. M.; "GAS. MOL. F. ; GASP.M; GASP.; GAS. M.; G. M.;
- G. M. F. ; MOLA ; MOLD ; GAS. MOLD ; GASP. MOLD F. ; -
GASPARO MOLD ; - G. MOL. ; GASP. MOLI, and G. MO. or
G. M. FECIT.
In a document of 1642, the artist is named : GASPRO MOLI.
Supino (p. 184) states : " L'abilita artistica del Mola e dimostrata
dal celebre scudo ed elmo, ora al Museo Nazionale, per tanto tempo
attribuiti a Benvenuto Cellini. Servi prima nellaZecca di Firenze e
fece le medaglie con 1'impronta di Ferdinando I., Cosimo II.,
Maria Maddalena d' Austria e Ferdinando II., nonche varj punzoni
per monete ; ando poi in quella del duca di Guastalla, e due
monete guastallesi da lui coniate portano le date 1613-1614. Fu
quindi a Roma e conio moltissime medaglie per i papi Urbano VIII. ,
Innocenzo X. e Alessandro VII. Sebbene la maggior pane dei suoi
lavori siano stati eseguiti nella prima meta del secolo xvn, non
risentono afFatto del carattere del tempo e si fanno ammirare per la
bellezza della modellatura, per 1'eleganza dell insieme e la finezza
dei particolari ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Cinagli, Le Monete de 1 Papi, 1846. Bolzenthal, op. cit.
Ammon, op. cit. -- Madai, Thaler Cabinet, 1766. Serie dei Conj di Medaglie
Pontificie da Martina V. Pio Vll.esistenti nella pontificia ^eccadi Roma, 1824.
A. Heiss, Florence et les Florentitis, II. Supino, op. cit. Krohn, Thomsen
Catalogue. -- Bulletin de la Societe <;uisse de numismatique, 1888, p. 66.
D r Julius Cahn, op. cit. E. Plon, Benvenuto Cellini. Domanig, op. cit.
Hildcbrand, op. cit. Monatsblatt der num. Geselhchaft in Wien, 1897, 77.
Keary, Guide to Italian Medals in the British Museum. D r Merzbacher, op. cil.
Rondot, op. cit. Stroehlin, Sale Catalogue, October 1898. Sclnilthess-Rech-
bergsche Mun^-u. Medaillen-Sammlung, Dresden, 1868. Nagler, op. cit. -
Bertolotto, Moro, Gaspare Mela e Gasp. Morone-Mola, Archivio storico lombardo,
1877. Information kindly supplied by Baron de Bildt, Swedish Minister at Rome.
MOLA, PAOLO ANTONIO (/to/.). Mint-master (^ecchieri) at Milan,
1681.
MOLARD or MOLART, MICHEL (French). Medallist of the second
half ot the seventeenth century, born at Dieppe, where he first
practised carving in ivory. Later he settled in Paris. The date of his
activity is comprised between 1643 and 1694. He worked on the
medallic series of Louis XIV., and had an apartment in the Louvre,
from about 1684 to 1703. According to Guiffrey, he probably died
in the early months of 1714.
This Engraver's signature occurs in various forms : MOLART. F.;
L signed
signed :
n8
MOLARD. F.; M. M. F.; A. MOLART F. (sic); MOLART;
M. MOLART F. ; MOLART. FECIT.
Among his most interesting medallic productions are : Battle of
Dunkirk, 1658 (reproduced in Rondot, PI. XXXVII, i
I. D.); Another, with obv. by H. Roussel, and *
MOLART. F. ; Battle of Fleurus, 1690 (obv. by Roussel, and also
by Mauger); Action off Beachy Head, 1690 (obv. by Roussel);
Capitulation of Mons, 1691; -- Battle of Steinkirk, 1692; -
Battle of Landen, 1693; The Dauphin; fyL. Marie Anne Christina
of Bavaria, 73 mill. (obv. illustrated); -- Peace with Spain, and
Marriage of Louis XIV., 1660; Victories of Louis XIV. in the
Netherlands, 1672; Portrait-medallion, 1672 ; Portrait-medal-
Portrait of the Grand Dauphin.
lion of Louis XIV., 1672 ; Battle of Senef, 1674 ; - - 20 years'
Truce, between France, Spain, and the Netherlands, 1684; -
Capture of Bergen, 1691; Establishment of the Academy of
Rome; Building of Churches for the neo-catholics ; Conquest
of Savoy ; Battle of Staffarde, legend : INFELIX ALLOBROX
PROFLIGATUS; -- Portrait of Louis XIV., 1693; Battle of
Rethel ; Battle of Lens ; Creation of Knights, 1662 ; Capture
of Lille, 1696; -- Victory of Rethel, 1697; -- The Grands Jours;
leg : PROVINCE AB INJURIIS; Illness of the King, &c. All
the above medals vary in size ; they occur in various combin-
ations with obverses or reverses by Roussel, Roettier, and other
contemporary medallists who were engaged on the same series.
The following medals by Molart are all of the module of 30
" lignes " : (1638). Facade of the Val-de-Grace ; -- 1643. Taking
of Thionville; - - Battle of Carthagena; 1644. Capture of
Philipsburg; - - 1645. Battle of Liorens and capture of Balaguier;
1648. Peace of Westphalia ; 1654. Consecration of the King;
-Relief of Arras; 1657. Montmedy taken; 1660. Interview
between Louis XIV. and Philip IV. ; Marriage of Louis XIV.
with the infanta Maria Theresia; 1661. The King taking in
hand the government of the State; - - The King accessible to all
his subjects; - - Birth of the Dauphin; 1666. Death of the
dowager Queen, Anne of Austria; - - The King's clemency;
1667. The Paris observatory; 1670. Embellishment of Paris;
1672. Holland subdued; - 1673. Maestricht taken ; 1674.
Second conquest of Franche Comte ; -- Battle of Senef; -- 1675.
Assistance rendered to Messina; Hotel des Invalides;
Limburg taken; 1677. Valenciennes taken (signed: A. MOLART F.);
- Battle of Cassel; - - Cambrai taken; 1678. Lewe taken; -
Peace of Nymwegen; -- 1680. Raising of sailors; 1681. Subjec-
tion of Strassburg and taking of Casale ; 1682. The King's self-
condemnation ; -- 1683. Strassburg fortified; 1684. Bombard-
ment of Genoa ; Peace with Algiers ; Twenty years' truce ;
Luxemburg taken; *- 1686. Illness of Louis XIV.; 1687.
Recovery of the King ; Festivities at the Hotel de Ville ; 1688.
Campaign of the Dauphin; 1689. Promotion of Knights ot
Saint-Esprit; - - 1690. Naval battle; 1691. Mons taken;
Engagement of Leuze; -- 1692. Namur taken; Engagement of
Steinkirk; Engagement of Pforzheim ; 150 towns fortified;
Institution of the Military Order of Saint-Louis; 1693 . Flourishing
state of the navy; Prosperity of the Royal Family (medal presented
to Canadian Indians) ; 1 694. Battle of Ter ; Givonne taken, &c.
Guiffrey mentions a few other medals by Molart, which occur in
various sizes : 1644. Battle of Fribourg ; 1673. Perrault's project
for the Louvre ; 1667. Bust of Louis XIV. ; Bust of the King,
crowned with laurel-wreath; 1681. Building of a canal to connect
the two seas; -- Head of Louis XIV.; 1683. Death of Queen
Maria Theresia; - - 1685. Head of Louis XIV.; The real
supporters of the throne ; Bust of the King ; Bust of Bouche-
rat (mentioned in Molart's widow's list of dies and puncheons,
presented to the Mint on 14. June 1714); - - The State apart-
ments (Mercury between two goddesses) ; Extinction of Heresy
(Religion blessing the King in armour) ; Portrait of the Dauphin ;
Liberality to authors; leg. : BONARUM ARTIUM REMUNE-
RATORI (signed : MOLART^FECIT) ; --The State granaries, 1672;
- Cuirassed bust of Louis XIV. (sev. var.); Laurel-wreathed
bust of the King; leg. : LUDOVICUS MAGNUS REX GALLIA-
120
RUM INVICTISSIMUS; Half-length portrait of Louis XIV.;
leg. : LOUIS LE GRAND ; Cuirassed bust of the Dauphin ; -
Bust of Louis XIV. with the cross of the order of the St. Esprit in
front of cuirass, &c.
Both artists, Mauger and Molart, were most prolific Engravers ;
Molart preceded his colleague at the Medal-mint, and like him, was
engaged in producing a series of reductions of earlier medals.
Guiffrey gives the following account of the expeditious process by
which these Medallists executed their medals so rapidly : " Dans
1'atelier de presque tous les artistes se trouvent des alphabets de
lettres ou d'ornements graves en relief et servant evidemment de
poincons pour ebaucher les legendes des coins. Le graveur ne prend
pas la peine de tailler la legende en relief sur le poincon, operation
tort longue, il se contented'executer le sujet qu'il imprimeencreux
dans le carre; puis, a 1'aide de ses alphabets ou de ses ornements
mobiles, il acheve son carre en y frappant successivement chaque
lettre de la legende ou les ornements qui restent a ajouter. Mais ce
precede expeclitif est quelquefois pousse plus loin. Lors de 1'inven-
taire apres deces de Molard, parmi les objets trouves dans son atelier,
figurent non seulement des alphabets de differentes grandeurs, non
seulement des fleurs de lys qui rentrent dans les ornements dont
nous parlions, faciles a ajouter apres coup ; mais meme des poincons
de tetes de face et de profil, de pied, de mains et autres, je copie
textuellement 1'inventaire, servant a former partie de la figure.
Grace a ces pieces de rapport, certains graveurs en arrivaient a
supprimer la gravure preparatoire du poincon. Us e"bauchaient
sommairement leurs carres en y imprimant les titres, les membres
et les attributs prepares pour servir a toute occasion et gravaient
directement en creux. On juge des resultats d'un pareil procede.
Les medailles perdent a cela toute originalite, toute delicatesse ; mais
on etait arrive a preferer la rapidite et 1'economie a la variete, a la
perfection. Quant aux graveurs qui se resignaient a subir de
pareilies exigences, ce n'etaient plus que des ouvriers condamnes a une
fabrication presque machinale ' (J. J. Guiffrey, Les graveurs de
medailles, Revue numismatique, 1885, P- J 59)-
A Michel Molard is mentioned as Mint-engraver at Amiens,
1692-1698, but according to Rondot, this artist is not the Medallist
of that name.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Rondot & De La Tour, op. cit.
Revue numismatique, 1885, 1889. Ammon, op. cit. -- Catalans, &c. -
Blanchet, op. cit., II, p. 398. Franks & Grueber, op. cit. Keary, Brit. Mus.
Guide lo English Medals, &c.
MOLART, MICHEL II (French}. Mint-engraver at Amiens, circ.
1692-1698.
121
MOLARINHO, JOSE ARNALDO NOGUEIRA (Poring.). A native of
Guimaraes, and a Medallist ot merit, who lived at Porto during
the second and third quarters of the nineteenth century. He was
employed at the Mint of that city as Engraver, and, says Aragao,
his numerous works in die-sinking are justly appreciated.
I have noticed his signature on medals ot the Inauguration of
the Minho Railway, 1875, and Douro Railway, 1879; -- Angola
Expedition, 1860; - - Prize Medal of the Braga Exhibition, 1863;
- Friendly Society of Typographists, 1864; Inauguration of the
Crystal Palace at Porto, 1861 ; Agricultural Show at Braga, 1863 ;
Medal of the Real Associacao central da Agricultura Portugueza,
1864; Horticultural Show at Porto, 1877; Capelloand Joens,
Portuguese explorers, 1855 ; Tercentenary of Camoes, 1880;
Centenary of the Marquis de Pombal, 1882; - - Jao de Deus, poet,
r ^93 5 Visit of the Emperor D. Pedro II. to Porto, 1872, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. C. Teixeira de Aragao, Descripfuo geral e bistortca das
Moedas cunbadas em name dos Reis, Regentes e Governadores de Portugal, Lisboa, 1874.
A. Moyaux, Les Cbemins de fer, 1905.
MOLIN, FEDERIGO (/to/.). Mint-inspector at Venice, circ. 1630.
His initials F. M. occur on coins.
MOLIN, J. P. (Swed.}. Sculptor of the second halt of the nineteenth
century, who modelled a medal, engraved by Ericsson, with bust of
Charles XV., and commemorating the Universal Industrial
Exhibition at Stockholm, 1866.
MOLINET, MICHEL (French}. Hereditary Mint-engraver at Mont-
pellier, circ. 1590-1593.
MOLINET, ROBERT, surnamed OLIVIER (French). Appointed Mint-
engraver at Montpellier, 2. December 1593; he resigned in 1598.
Barre, in his nomenclature of French engravers, gives the date of
his activity as from 1583-1593.
MOLINO, DOMENICO (7ta/.). Mint-inspectoi (ycchiere) at Venice,
1625.
MOLINO, JERONIMO (/to/.). Mint-inspector at Venice, 1610-1612
and 1634-1636.
MOLINO.ZUANO MARCO (Ital.). Mint-rector at Cattaro, 1602-1604.
MOLL, ANTON (Austr.}. Chief-engraver at the Mint of Vienna,
1754-1758. He had been Assistant-engraver from 1750-1754. His
signature : A. MOLL F. occurs abo on medals, as on that ot 1757,
commemorating the Victory of Count Daun over the Prussians at
Kolin, and a religious Badge with representation of Christ and the
Virgin.
122
Moll was the son of a Tyrolian sculptor; he married in 1757 a
sculptor's widow, Francesca Donner, but died in the following year.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Katalog der K. K. Mun^stempeJ Sammlung, &c. E. Fiala,
op. cit. Krohn, Tbomsen Bronce-Medaillier . - - Schlickevsen-Pallmann, op. cit.
MOLLER, CHRISTIAN (Germ.}. Mint-engraver at Nuremberg,
previous to 1674, and probably from 1669. He is the author of the
very rare Shooting medal of 1671 (Imhofll, p. in), signed C.M.,
which has often been ascribed to Christian Maler, who however had
been long dead at the time.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. C. F. Gebert-Nurnberg, Gescbichte der Mun^stdtte der
Reichstadt Number g, 1891.
MOLLER, C. A. (Dan.}. Mint-engraver at Copenhagen, 1813. His
initial M occurs on coins and medals. There is a commemorative
medal by him of the Return of the King of Denmark from the
Congress of Vienna, 1815.
MOLO Vide GASPARO MOLA supra.
MOLD or MOLA, PAOLO ANTONIO (ltd.}. Mint-master at Milan, 1 68 1 .
MOLOSSOS (Greek}. Mint-engraver at Thurium, circ. 404-388 B.C.
All scholars, Raoul Rochette, von Sallet, Brunn, D r Head, Evans,
Blanchet, etc., are agreed thatthe signature MOAO1ZO2 on Thurian
coins refers to the Engraver of the dies and not to a magistrate.
On a Didrachm in the British Museum collection, the artist's full
signature occurs on the exergual line of the ^L, and abbreviated to M
on the obv., a repetition of the same signature on both sides of
coins, which has already been observed on some of the works or
Aristoxenos, Euainetos and Kimon.
According to D r Evans, Molossos was a contemporary of the great
masters of Syracuse, but his coins, which belong to the period
comprised between B.C. 404 and 388, show a degradation of style
and drawing so much more marked and extraordinary seeing that the
issues of the same mint of the period immediately preceding rank
amongst the most exquisite productions of monetary art, such as
the beautiful tetradrachms signed I1TOPOZ, 0. W., etc.
In a find of Tarentine didrachms of Evans' II. Period (B.C. 420-
388) were several Thurian coins signed MOAOZ1OZ, which enables
one to determine the approximative date of the last. On the other
hand, the similarity of style and work with the coins signed
NIKANAPOZ and d>PY, which Molossos appears to have imitated,
proves that he did not work previous to about 404 B.C.
The following are some of the varieties of Molossos' dies.
i. ^K. Didrachm. Obv. Head of Pallas to r., wearing necklace
and crested Athenian helmet, on the side of which, Skylla, with
her hand to her head; on flap of helmet, M. ty. OOYPlhN. Bull,
123
with r. fore-leg raised, and tail erect, butting to r., standing on bar
on which : MOAOilOI ; in ex., tunny-fish to r. : border of dots.
Weight : 123.5 grs.
B. M. Cat., Italy, p. 292, n 59-. - Von Sallet, op. cit.,
p. 31. Num. Chron., 1896, PI. IX, n 10.
2. ^R. Didrachm. Similar to last, but without the signature on
obv.
Head, Hist, num., p. 72. Garrucci, op. cit., t. CVI,
n 12. Raoul-Rochette, op. cit., PI. Ill, 22. B. M. Cat.,
Italy, p. 293, n os 60-6 1. Brunn,o/>. cit., p. 296. Ward,
Greek Coins and their parent cities, p. 12, n os 77-78.
. Didrachm. Similar; but the signature in smaller characters.
Garrucci, op. cit., t. CVI, n 13. Num. Chron., 1896,
PL IX, n 1 1 . Von Sallet, op. cit., p. 31. Vienna Museum
Cat., n 4692.
4. JR.. Didrachm. Similar, but between the plumes and flag of
helmet, the inscription E.
Garrucci, op. cit., t. CVI, n 1 1. Vienna Museum Cat.,
^4693.
I2 4
On some specimens, the signature MOAOI2O or MOAOIIOI
appears in unusually large letters ; this must no doubt be ascribed
to a degradation of style. The coins thus signed may have been
copied by inferior artists.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Head, Historia Numorum, 1887. A. Evans, Horsemen oj
Tarenttim. Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies grecqnes. A. von Sallet, KnnstlerinscbriJ-
ten, &c. L. Forrer, op. cit.
MOLSDORF otherwise HANS WELLER (Germ.). Mint-master at
Friedberg (Saxony), I54i-^ 1545. His distinctive mark was a lime-
leaf.
MOLTEDO (/to/.). Sculptor and Medallist, who worked in Paris
about 1826, and was engaged on the Durand series of medals. I
have come across his signature, MOLTEDO F. only on two medals,
those of Thomas Sydenham, the "English Hippocrates",^ 1689,
and D r Thomas Bartholin, Copenhagen (Durand Series, 1844).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Weber, op. cit. Franks & Grueber, op. cit.
MOLVENTER, JOHANN (Austr.). Seal-engraver, Gem-cutter, and
Die-engraver at Freiburg inBrisgau, and Ensisheim, circ. 1594-1611.
MONACHY, GEORGES (Belg.). Mint-engraver at Liege, under
bishop Gerard de Groesbeck, 1567-1571, and afterwards at Cambrai
and Stavelot. His name occurs in various forms : Monachy,Monacy,
Monausie, Monicus, Munichs, Muenix, Munx, Munex, Munix,
Muniex and Muninex.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pinchart, op. cit. Renesse, Histoire numismatique de
Vt-viche et principaute de Ltige, Bruxelles, 1831. A. de Witte, op. cit.
MONACHY, PIERRE (French). Mint-master at Saint-Pourcain,
1529-1531. His privy mark is a Z at the end of legends. In January
1531 the Mint was transferred to Montferrand.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Faivre, op. cit.
MONAU, PAUL (Germ.). Mint-contractor at Schweidnitz, 1517-
1518. In 1546, he declined an offer to work the Royal Mint at
Breslau.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. Friedensburg, op. cit.
MONCAYO (Amer.). A South-American Engraver of the early part
of the nineteenth century, who signed a Royalist Badge of Fer-
dinand VII. of Spain granted for Valour, Buenos- Ayres, 1808. He
appears to have been Mint-engraver at Potosi, where this medal
was struck.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Prado y Rojas, Catdlogo de las motiedas y medallas, &c. Rosa,
Medullas y monedas de la Republica Argentina. J. T. Medina, Medallas coloniales
Hispano-americanas, Santiago de Chile, 1900.
MONCEAU, JEAN DE (French). Engraver of jetons, during the
second half of the sixteenth century. He was a Goldsmith by pro-
fession, and in 1560 he engraved irons with the arms and motto ot
the Roy Dauphin.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Barre, op. cit. Rondot, op. tit. Blanchet, op. cit., II,
p. 396.
MONCEL, ADOLPHE EMMANUEL (French). Contemporary Sculptor
and Medallist, born at Paris ; pupil of Millet, Thomas, and Mercie.
At the Salon of 1891 he exhibited two Portrait-medallions in
bronze: M me K***; -- M me N***, and in 1894, another, of M me
Carnot.
MONCEL, REGNAULT DE (French). Mint-master at Le Mans, 1429.
MONCK, J. BERKELEY (Brit.). Issuer of Reading Tokens, 1811-
1812, comprising : Forty Shillings, in gold; - The same, in
silver; Half Crown ; Eighteen Pence (3 var.). All these were
engraved by Halliday, and are fully described in Davis, Nineteenth
Century Token Coinage, 1906, pp. 29-30.
MONDE, A. J. VAN DER (Dutch). Assistant Mint-engraver at Utrecht,
from about 1806 until his death in 1824. He first worked under
the Chief Engraver George, and cut the Daalder of 1807 with
KONINGRIJK; then under David van der Kellen;his colleagues at
the Mint being from circ. 1819, P. van de Goor, and J. P. Schou-
berg.
MONDELLA, GALEAZZO (Ital.). Gem-engraver of Verona, mentioned
by Vasari as one of the cleverest artists of the first half of the
sixteenth century. Molinier suggests the attribution to him of a
plaque, engraved on chalcedony, representing Septimius Severus
ordering the body of Albinus to be decapitated (Berlin Museum);
ST
the signature is : GM ; and D r Bode ascribes to him a Relief in
bronze, representing the same subject ; also two other Plaques in
bronze, Mars and Venus surprised by Vulcan; oval, 4,8 X 5,7 ;
- Venus and Amor between other gods; oval, 3,4 X 4,3-
Mondella was a compatriot of Matteo del Nassaroand his teacher
in gem-engraving.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Molinier, Les Plaquettes, 1886. Vasari, op. cit. Marietta,
op. cit. Babelon, op. cit. Bolzenthal, of. cit. Bode, Die Italieniscben Bron^en,
Berlin, 1904.
MONDI, D. (Ital.). Medallist of the second half of the sixteenth
century. His signature : D. MONDI occurs on a medal, dated 1561,
with portrait on obv. of Camillo Castiglione (1517-1598), and
126
tyL EX VARIO CONSTANS. Diana descending from heaven on a
cloud and Endymion asleep (51 mill.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit., Ill, 113. Blanchet, op. cit., II.
MONDRANT (French}. This Engraver's signature occurs on the
obv. of a Portrait-medal of Louis XIV., dated 1681. Vide Rondot,
op. cit., p. 322.
MONET, PIERRE (French). Mint-master-general of the French
coins, 1581.
MONETA, ANTONELLO BELLA (//a/.). Mint-engraver at Venice,
circ. 1454.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. N. Papadopoli, Alcune Notice sugli Intagliatori della Zecca di
Venecia, Milano, 1888.
MONEYERS (Mediaeval). Vide Notes, Vol. II, pp. 372-4; also
MINT-MASTERS supra.
MONGIN (French). Foreman Die-sinker at the Duraffour Works
at Lyons, 1848. He published a Portrait-medal of Louis Napoleon
Bonaparte, of that date, of which 2700 specimens were struck.
Vide De Saulcy, op. cit., pi. XLII, 4.
MONGINO, STEFANO (7/0/.). Medallist of the second half of the
seventeenth century, who resided at Novara, and is mentioned by
Bolzenthal. Perrin, in his List of Savoyard Engravers, gives Stefano
Mongino as Mint-engraver at Novara, in 1630.
MONICCA (7te/.). Gem-engraver of the seventeenth century, but
whose works are not of very great merit.
MONIE (French). Engraver of the first quarter of the eighteenth
century, whose signature (MONIE F.) occurs on a Portrait-medal
of Charles Dommey (48 mill.), a specimen of which was in the
late Baron Pichon's Collection (lot 516).
Monie was working at Paris in the second half of the eighteenth
century. The Dommey medal is of that epoch. By this engraver
are jetons of the Six corporations of merchants of Paris, 1780, and
others (Note de M. Florange).
MONIER, EMILE ADOLPHE {French}. Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born at Paris, pupil of Ponscarme, Chaplain, and V.
Peter. At the exhibitions of the Paris Salon for 1902, 1903, and
1905, he showed various Portrait-medallions,Plaquettes, and Medals,
which are of good taste.
MONNERON, FRERES {French). Issuers of Tokens or private cur-
rency in 1791-2, also of various commemorative medals of the
Revolution. Hennin mentions the following : Message of the King
to the National Assembly, 1791 ; General La Fayette, 1791 (by
Rambert Dumarest; several varieties); Jean Jacques Rousseau,
1791 (by Dumarest ; sev. var.) ; Medaille de Confiance of 5 Sols,
1791, Type, so-called : au Pacte, federatif, or au Serment by Dupre;
many varieties); - - Medaille de Confiance of 2 Sols, 1791 (by
Dupre ; many varieties) ; Medaille de Confiance of 5 Sols, 1792 (by
Dupre ; Hennin describes six varieties, of two types : Commemo-
ration of the storming of the Bastille; and Hercules endeavouring to
break fasces); Medaillede Confiance of 2 Sols, 1792 (by Dupre;
several varieties of the types ot the Pyramid, and Liberty seated);
Monneron of i Sol, type of Hercules, 1792(3 pattern, by Dupre).
Most of Monneron's issues were struck at the Soho Mint, Birming-
ham, and a few Pattern pieces were never placed in circulation.
The tokens (medailles de con fiance) of 1791 are scarcer than those
of 1792, of which there was a large coinage. On the 3. September
1792, the National Assembly stopped the issues of private currency,
and the issuers were to redeem it within a month from the prom-
ulgation of the government decree. Vide AUGUSTIN DUPRE (Vol.
I, p. 647).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hennin, Histoire tiumismatique de la Revolution fratifaise.
Dewamin, Cent ans de nuinisniatique Jrattfaise de ijSyd iSSy. Paris, 1893.
MONNIER, CLAUDE (French). Mint-master at Romans, previous
to 1537 (from circ. 1500) and again after 1540 ; on i. February 1543
he was appointed for the third time, and resigned in 1548. His
issues are signed either CM or M. He may be the author of a medal
with portrait of Francis, Duke of Valois, Count of Angouleme;
tyL. Anns of France-Dauphiny, which was presented in 1504 by
the city of Romans to the Duke, during the Mint-mastership of
Claude Monnier.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Faivre, op. cit. Mazerolle, op. cit., II, p. 14, n 68.
MONNIER, L. GABRIEL (French). Engraver of Besancon, born
in 1733, died in 1804. By him is a Prize Medal of the Central
School of the Cote-d'Or, dated 1796.
MONSEGUR, ALEXANDRE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born
at Belfort (Haut-Rhin), 7. April 1849 ; pupil of Gerome, and A.
Millet. By him are various Portrait-medallions, among which the
best known are : 1878. Colonel Denfert-Rochereau ; 1880. Auto-
portrait ; -- 1882. M. S***; Col. Denfert-Rochereau, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie ct Auvray, op. cit. Catalogue du Salon, 1882.
MONTAGNA or MANTEGNA, BARTOLOMEO (ItaL). North Italian
Sculptor of the second half of the fifteenth century. At the Victoria
128
and Albert Museum, South Kensington, there is a bronze Plaque
representing St. Sebastian tied to a pillar between statues of Mars
and Minerva (3X2! inches.). It is signed : M. School of Mantegna.
An artist of that name was a famous Painter of Vicenza, circ.
1489-1522.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fortnum, Bronzes in the South Kensington Museum.
MONTAGNY, ETIENNE (French}. Sculptor and Painter, born at St.
Etienne ("Loire) on 17. June 1816; died at Paris in 1896; pupil
of F. Rude, and David d'Angers. He is the author of many famous
pieces of sculpture and of some fine Portrait-medallions in bronze :
1850. Thioliere Duchossv; -- 1852. M. Bavon, magistrate;
1859. M. J***; -- M rae B."C***; -- 1873. M C. B***; -- 1880.
M. Fourneyron, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, of), cit. Larousse, Grand Diction-
iiaire.
MONTAGNY, FLEURY (French). Son of the Line-engraver Jean
Montagny; Medallist, born at St. fctienne, 4. February 1760, died
at Marseilles in 1836. He received his first instruction from his
father, and was later apprenticed to a Paris Die-sinker. When the
French Government created in 1789 the State manufactory of arms
at Versailles, Fleury Montagny was a member of the Committee,
with Dupre, Dumarest, Jaley, and Galle, to whom were entrusted
the works of engraving, chasing, and sculpture at the new estab-
lishment. In 1809 he was appointed Director of the Marseilles Mint.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. Rondot, op. cit., p. 373.
MONTAGNY, JEAN PIERRE (French}. Medallist and Coin-engraver,
son of the Line-engraver, Clement Montagny, born at Saint-Etienne,
31. July 1789, died blind at Belleville in 1862; he was a pupil of
his father, of his uncle Fleury Montagny, and Cartellier.
Chavignerie and Auvray, mention the following productions
which the artist exhibited at the Paris Salons : 1819. The four
Evangelists, bas-relief in wax ; - - Models in wax ; - - Marriage-
Piece; Various Jetons for the Mint; Aesculapius, wax
model; Bas-relief, engraved on steel; 1822. Frame of medals
and wax impressions : Marriage Medal ; - - The Four Evangelists ;
Two commemorative Medals of the Birth of the Duke of Bor-
deaux, after Laffitte ; --The Duke and Duchess of Berry, and the
Duke of Bordeaux ; Bailly, first mayor or Paris ; Charles
James Fox; - - 1824. A Portrait, model in wax; Frame of
medals; -- 1824. Coronation of Charles X; Charles X., King
of France; -- Pope Leo XII.; -- 1833. Accession of Louis Phi-
lippe; Stamp of the Societe^ libre des Beaux-Arts, after a draw-
ing by Hittorff; - - Jeton of the Socite libre des Beaux- Arts ; -
129
Jeton for the Charcoal trade of the city of Paris; Prize Medal,
with the King's bust, granted by the French government;
1834. Commemorative Medal of the Passage of the Great St. Ber-
nard by Napoleon (after Andrieu ; 2 var.) ; - - Bonaparte, first
consul of the French Republic; France guided by her Genius
(allegorical subject in connection with the Revolution ot 1830);
Commemorative Medal of the Restoration of Napoleon's statue on
the Colonne Vendome; Commemorative Medal of the capture
of Antwerp citadel; Marquis Lally-Tollendal, 7 1830 ; 1835.
Medallions and Bas-reliefs representing Hunting scenes, Fights be-
tween animals, cvc. ; Truth lighting up Justice and the Genius of
Pattern 5 Franc pieces, by Montagny.
Evil conquered, bronze medals; Medal of the Societe libre des
Beaux-Arts ; 1837. Frame of medals ; 1838. Portrait-medallion
of Jacques Laffitte ; 1838. Prize Medal of the City of Marseilles ;
Agriculture, with the attributes of the town of Valenciennes ;
- 1851. Thirty medals and models in clay; 1852. Commemo-
rative medal of the Election of Louis Napoleon to the Presidency
of the French Republic; Cardinal Gousset, archbishop of
Rheims.
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists . IV. 9
130
Various commemorative medals of the Revolution of 1848,
described by De Saulcy, are by Montagny : Journees de Fevrier
1848 (Genie du mal vaincu); Archbishop Afire (struck at the
Paris Mint); - - The 23. and 24. February 1848 ($L. Genius); -
The Revolution of 1848, Triumph of Liberty (sev. var., signed
MONTAGNY F. or MONTAGNY FECIT); - - Another, on the same
event, ot different type; Pattern 20 Francs, 1848(2 var.);
Pattern 5 Francs, 1848 (2 var.; illustrated*); -- Pattern 10 Cen-
times, 1848 (2 var.). These pattern pieces, which exist in gold,
silver, and copper, were executed in competition with other artists
for the Monetary Commission of 1848.
In 1824 he produced a Pattern 5 Franc piece of Charles X., and
in 1831 a Pattern 100 Franc piece of Louis Philippe, also three
Pattern 5 Franc pieces, of same date. Again in 1852 he executed a
Pattern coin of Louis Napoleon, with his bust on obv. and head of
Liberty on fyL.
By Montagny are also the following medals : Visit ot Queen
Victoria to Chateau d'Eu, 1843 (2 var.) ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
1712-1778 (sev. var.); Campaign of 1814 ($L. Napoleon obser-
vant 1'ennemi); Return of Napoleon's ashes from St. Helena,
1840; Transfer of the body of Napoleon to the Invalides, 1840;
Napoleon's Tomb at St. Helena, 1841; Prince Louis Napo-
leon Bonaparte, elected to the Presidency of the French Republic,
1848; P. J. Beranger, poet; Bosquet, marshal of France; -
Cabet, French socialist; Obelisk of Louqsor, 1831; Louis
Philippe and Leopold I. of Belgium and consort, Visit to Paris,
1835; Louis Philippe and Marie Amelie, 1833; - - Louis
Philippe, Historical Museum of Versailles, 1837; Victor Emma-
nuel II., King of Sardinia, 1859 (2 var., with French and Italian
legends); - - Marat (sev. var.); Voltaire, 1820 (sev. var.); -
Robert Boyveau-Laffecteur, Jeton of the Royal Academy of Medi-
cine of Belgium (3 var.); -- Pope Leo XII., 1826, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. Bolzenthal,o/>. cit., p. 299.
Rondot, op. cit. De Saulcy, Souvenirs numismatiques de la Revolution de
1848. D r F. P. Weber, op. cit. Tobler, Die Mun%- mid Medaillen-Sammlung
Wunderly v. Muralt, IV. Numismatic Circular, n s 60552-57. Dewamin,
Cent ans de numistnatique fraticaise, 1889.
MONTAGNY, PIERRE ANTOINE (French). Medallist, whose activity
ranged between 1790 and 1816. He executed various medals and
jetons : Napoleon I., conquests, and campaign of 1806 (Istria,
Dalmatia, Naples, lena, Berlin, &c.); - - Medal of the French
nation, 31. December 1770 (signed on fyL. P. A M.) ; Jean Silvain
Bailly, mayor of Paris, 1791 (signed : P. A. MONTAGNY F.) ; -
Private currency; token or Bon for 6 Blancs (2 Sous 6 Deniers),
1791; ty,. Bust of Minerva (signed : MONTAGN.); -- Bonaparte,
First Consul, Scientific Expedition under Capt. Baudin; 1811.
Birth of the King of Rome; 1791. Mirabeau; IE POURSUI-
VRAI LES FACTIEUX PARTOUT; ty. LA NATION LA LOI
1791 METAL DE CLOCHE.
Pattern Five Francs, 1815.
To this Engraver a Pattern 5 Franc piece of Louis XVIII. , 1815,
unsigned, is generally attributed. It is reproduced in Dewamin,
Cent am de nmnismaliquefranfaise, PI. 40, n 10.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Rondot, op. cit. Edwards, op. cit.
- Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Revolution franfaise, Paris, 1826.
Nagler, op. cit.
MONTAIGU, ANDRE DE (French}. Mint-master at Marseilles, 1541
December 1545; then at Montelimar, 1547 circ. 1556 when the
Mint was closed. The Marseilles currency of that Master bears the
letters AM in monogram, and that of Montelimar has an E at the
end of the ^L legend.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Faivre, Etat actiul des Ateliers monetaires franyiis tide lews
different!, Paris, 1895.
MONTALAMBERT, PIERRE DE (French}. Mint-engraver at Angers,
before 1451.
MONTALEU, ROETTIERS DE (French}. Chiei-engraver at the Paris
Mint, in succession to Dupeyron de la Coste, under Louis XVI. ;
his privy-mark is a lion. Vide ROETTIERS.
MONTADTI, ANTONIO (Ital.}. A Florentine Sculptor, Architect,
and Medallist of the first half of the eighteenth century, who died
in 1740. He first worked in his native town, later at Rome, and
distinguished himself in architecture as well as in sculpture. He was a
pupil of Giuseppe Piamontini. At Rome he was entrusted with the
superintendence of the building of St. Peter's. When Frederick IV.
of Denmark visited Florence in 1708, Montauti executed his
132
Portrait-medal on the }$L. of which is a personification of the
Arno. He also preserved the memory of many notabilities of his
time : Lorenzo Magalotti ; Orazio Ricasoli Rucellaj ; Aretafila
Savini Rossi, &c. His signature is : A.M.F.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Krohn, Tbomsen Medailler.
MONTBRUN, BLAISE (French). Mint-master at Marseilles, 1644.
MONTDACO, MENAULT VE (French}. Mint-master at Bayonne, 1535-
1542 ; privy mark, D at the end of the legends.
MONTDELIF, GUILLEMOT DE (French}. Mint-master at Le Mans,
1428.
MONTEILH, LOUIS FERDINAND (French}. Line- and Gem-engraver,
Chaser, etc., born at Angouleme in 1792 ; died there on the 9 th of
May 1869. He was deaf and dumb by birth, and was educated at the
institution of the Abbe de 1'Epee at Paris. Later he studied draw-
ing and modelling, and learned the art of engraving in general, and
particularly gem-engraving. His cameos and intaglios in carnelian
and crystal, seals, pendants, Portrait-medallions (executed in
Mini's style) of Louis XVI., Marie Antoinette, Turgot, d'Epreme-
nil, and others, are not without merit. Many of them are signed :
MONTEILH, S. M. (Monteilh, sourd-muet).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Emile Biais, Le Graveur Monteilb, Numismatic Circular,
1907, col. 3914.
MONTEIRO (Brazil.). Mint-engraver at Rio de Janeiro, 1858. By
him is a commemorative medal of the Inauguration of the Don
Pedro II. Railway.
MONTELUPO,RAFFAELLODA(//fl/.). Goldsmith and Chaser of Flo-
rence, sixteenth century. He was one of Cellini's teachers and his
colleague, and is said to have designed some of the medals and
decorative works of Cellini.
MONTENI. Vide ANTONIO MONTAUTI supra.
MONTENZ, JEAN DE (French}. Mint-engraver at Lyons, circ.
1379.
MONTFORT, JEAN DE (Belg.}. A Flemish Sculptor and Medallist of
the first half of the seventeenth century. He was Assayer at the
Antwerp Mint in 1602, Councillor and Mint-master in 1613. He
also resided for some time in France, and has executed about ten
medals, the best known being that of the Infanta Isabella, daughter
of Philip II. He signed : MONTFORT F. ; IO.MONT.F- ; MONF.F.,
or MONT.
133
Pinchart describes the following medallic productions by this
artist : 1596. Archduke Albert; tyL. Altar (illustrated); - - 1599.
Philip III. of Spain; tyL. The Archdukes Albert and Isabella; -
1599. Archduke Albert ; 1$L. The Infanta Isabella (on their marriage) ;
- 1615. The Infanta Isabella; fyL. Cipher crowned with date 1615,
and St. George slaying the Dragon; 1633. The Infanta Isa-
bella; I. CD DLXVI'jETERNITATI AVGVSTjE'CD ID CXXIII
Archduke Albert, 1596.
The Infanta seated on globe above clouds with peacock at her feet
(on her death) ; 1644. Memorial Medal of Elizabeth of Bourbon,
consort of Philip IV. of Spain (signed : MONFORT); -- Undated.
Jean Richardot, president of the privy council; tyL. INSISTAM Owl
(IO.MONT.F.) ; - - Charles Alexandre de Croy, prince of the Holy
Roman Empire, count of Fontenoy-le-Chateau ; T$L. J'AIME QVI'
M'AIME-IE'SVSTENTERAY-CROY (illustrated)-, and perhaps
also : Joachin Aarssens, Abbot of S l Peter's Church of Ghent,
1629 ; Anne de Croy, duchess of Arschot, princess of Arenberg,
1619.
Memorial Medal of Charles Alexandre de Croy, by Montfort.
Interesting particulars are given of Jean de Montfort by Picqu
in Revue beige de nnmismatiqm, 1897, pp. 86-89.
- 134 -
This medallist's activity began at the time when Conrad Bloc,
who may have been his master, ceased to work in the Netherlands,
and, says Pinchart, " His medals are chased with more art than
those ot Bloc, and they distinguish themselves in that the portraits
are better modelled and more expressive. "
Jean de Montfort executed the lion in gilt copper which adorns
the mausoleum, erected by the Archduke Albert, to the Dukes of
Brabant John II. and Anthony of Burgundy, in the church of Sainte-
Gudule at Brussels.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Pinchart, Histoire de la Gravtire des
Medailles, 1870. C. Picque, La Medaille de Gcnei'ieve d 1 Urfe, ducbessede Cray,
Revue beige de num., 1897. A. Pinchart, Jean de Moiitjort, Revue beige II, 2
(1852), p. 97. Rondot and De La Tour, op. cit. Van Loon, op. cit.
Catalogus, &c. Kraram, op. cit.
MONTLUC DE BALAGNY, JEAN DE (French}. Governor of Cambrai,
under the protectorship of Francis of Alencon ; he issued there
obsidional Ecus in 1581.
MONTLUCON, JACQUELIN DE (French}. Sixteenth century Painter
to whom M. Blanchet attributes various projects for jetons and
medals (Proceedings of the Congres de Vhistoire de I' art}. Vide also
D. Mater, Etudes sur la numismatiqne du Berry, Gaz. Num. lr.,
1905, p. 247.
MONTORTIER, JEHAN DE (French}. Mint-master at Angers, 1552
21. May 1557.
MONTOURCIN, CESAR DE (French}. A merchant of Toulouse, who
during the Ligue contracted in 1590 to work the mint there for a
term of one year.
MONTPENSIER, FRANCOIS DE (French}. Mint-engraver at Lyons,
1503-1523. r/^MONTPANCIER.
MONTPANCIER, FRANCOIS DE (French}. Francois Nicolet, surnam-
ed De Montpancier (also Montpensier), goldsmith of Lyons, and
Mint-engraver there from 1503 to 1523. In 1509 he cut dies for
Dizains in billon called Lndovicus, and in 1515-16 Testons of
Louis XII.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, Les Graveurs de Lyon.
MONTPANCIER, PIERRE DE (French}. Goldsmith of Lyons, who
was employed at the Mint there to cut dies, 1515-1517.
MONTREDON, GERMAIN DE (French}, Mint-master at Lyons, 1427.
He struck there Blancs of Charles VII.
135
MONTREDON, JEAN DE (French'}. Goldsmith of Riom, who in
1592 applied for the post of Mint-engraver there, but unsuccess-
fully.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. N. Rondot, and H. de La Tour, op. tit.
MONY, ADOLPHE STEPHANE (French'). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Paris; pupil of Guitton and Bartholdi. By him are various
Portrait-medallions : 1777. M me A. Mony; 1880. Antoine Eme-
lin; 1881. S. Mony; 1883. M me F. D*** ; 1885.
M"' e Nancy M***; 1886. A. Mony; M lle Elise V***; 1895.
M. P. V***; 1897. Study of a female figure; 1903. M""C. B***;
AdolpheBrunier.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavigncrie et Auvray, op. cil. Catalogues du Salon, 1882-
790;.
MONZE (French'). Sculptor of the third quarter of the nineteenth
century, by whom I have seen a uniface Portrait-medallion
signed .: Mon^t' F. 1779 (size : 61 mill.) of R.C. Sage, member of
the Academic des Sciences, born in 1740 (illustrated}.
Medal of R. C. Sage, 1779, by Monze.
MOORE, JAMES (Brit}. Contemporary Founder and Caster, residing
at Thames Ditton,and employed at various times by sculptors and
modellers, to cast Portrait-medallions. Prof. Legros, Lantri, Morel-
Ladeuil, and other artists' productions were cast by him. He died
in April 1905, at the age of seventy-nine.
- i 3 6 -
He was until a few years ago the proprietor of the Thames Ditton
Bronze Foundry, where he produced altogether over 250 works of
colossal proportions, besides 340 smaller works, from statues by
distinguished sculptors and artists, including Sir Frederick Leighton,
Thomas Brock, C. B. Birch, Sir Edgar Boehm, Count Gleichen,
G. F. Watts, and Hamo Thorneycroft. Mr. Moore occasionally
visited Balmoral to receive the personal commands of Queen Victoria
in relation to a colossal equestrian statue of the late Prince Consort,
by Sir Edgar Boehm, which now stands at Windsor, and which is
14 ft. in height.
MOORE (BnY.). Secretary to the Society for the Encouragement
of Arts, &c., and Issuer of some Patterns for the coinage, and
Medals, which were engraved by Hancock : Undated Halfpenny;
%L. VIVAT ! across the field, and edge inscribed : ARMIS TUTE-
RIS MORIBUS ORNES (sev. var.)'; Halfpenny, 1788 (scv.
var.; one illustrated), c.
Pattern Halfpenny of George III., issued by Moore, 1788.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Montagu, Copper Coins of England, 1893. Spink, Montagu
Catalogue, &c. Crowther, op. cit.
MOORE, JOSEPH (Brit.}. Medallist of the second halt ot the nine-
teenth century, born at Birmingham, ry 1 ' 1 February 1817, died
there in 1901.
His father had served in the Peninsular War and met with a
serious accident when the future Engraver was yet a child. At ten
years of age he persuaded his parents to allow him to try to earn
his own living; he entered the office of a then well-known silver-
smith, and while there he learned drawing under Henry Follet
Osier.
His next step in life was when he was apprenticed tor eight-and-
a-half years to Thomas Halliday, a die-sinker, of Newhall Street,
nearly opposite to Little Charles Street. His training with Halliday
was most valuable to him. In starting business for himself he
- 137
began with dies for button making, which at that time was one of
the chief, if not the greatest, industry of the town. At that time
a " Brummagem button " was something more than a necessary
article for fastening clothes together. Buttons were made in all
sorts ot fanciful and really artistic designs, approaching in not
a few instances to works of art.
Joseph Moore, at the Exhibition of 1851, was awarded the prize
for excellent workmanship in the manufacture of buttons.
Before the term of his apprenticeship drew to a close he had a
strong desire to become a medallist. He obtained the requisite
tools, fitted up a bench in the attic of the house in which he then
lived, and, rising every morning at four o'clock he would copy
some of the designs he had brought from his shop on the previous
night.
When eighteen years of age he for a short time was under the
tuition of Samuel Lines, in whose school have been taught so many
talented engravers and die-sinkers.
In 1844, it was suggested to Moore that he might make a coin
which would be an improvement on the heavy and cumbersome
penny-piece which was then in currency. He designed a model
penny absolutely his own idea of about the sizeof a farthing,
inside the raised rim of which was a small piece of silver which
brought its value up to the proper standard. The rim was inge-
niously devised with the object of making the penny distinguish-
able from other coins of a similar size in the pocket merely by
- i 3 8-
feeling it. There was an enormous demand for these tokens; so
great, indeed, that Wyon, the coin die-sinker to the Mint, when
he came to consult Moore about his system of making dies so that
they would not break, good-humouredly explained that they had
met with such favour with the public that he had been compelled
to advertise the fact that they were the result of private enterprise
and not a Government issue.
Later, the Engraver entered, under advantageous conditions, the
business of W. James Taylor, medallist, Summer Lane. Mr. Ralph
Heaton of the Mint, and Mr. James Hinks were the first to give him
remunerative work. At that period the Birmingham Mint w.is
making dies for currency, and in their production Moore's services
were required.
By the very necessities of his case he has been unfortunate,
inasmuch as some of the best of his work has gone forth far
and wide without bearing his name, having been executed on
commission for leading Art firms. For half a century he devoted
himself exclusively to engraving medals and furnishing designs for
exhibitions in India, Canada, America, Australia, for Universities,
or in commemoration of all the principal events that have occurred
during that period. Whilst the general public may never know halt
of the excellent work he has performed, in Art circles it has not
been unrecognised nor unappreciated.
" Amongst the best known productions of Moore's skill is the
medal representing" Christus Consolator", which he executed when
Pattern Penny of Queen Victoria, 1860, by Moore.
he was 29 years of age. At the time it attracted much attention.
It contained 16 figures. When the idea of reproducing it on a
medal was mentioned to Mr. Peter Hollins, he urged Moore not
to attempt to carry it out. He pointed out the difficulty of retaining
on a medal only two-and-a-quarter inches across the individuality
of the features of the 16 figures in the picture. But Moore tried, and
this very successfully. When Queen Victoria visited Birming-
ham in 1858 for the purpose of opening Aston Hall, Moore
139
designed the medal in commemoration of the occasion. A gold
impression of the medal the cost of which was chiefly defrayed
by Mr. R. Heaton was presented to Her Majesty, who expressed
her high appreciation of it. He also made the die for the medal of
the late John Henry Chamberlain, whose features are reproduced
with great fidelity. On the reverse side ot this medal is the Art
building, with the inscription : " Given for Design in memory of a
Medal of the Royal National Eisteddfod at Carnavon, 1877.
Master of Design ". Moore was one of the most energetic members
of the now moribund Art Guild, in which, during the period of its
existence, he took much interest; and in the formation of the
Midland Art Club, he rendered valuable assistance" (Birmingham
Faces and Places, 1898, p. 45.)
For some time, Josepn Moore was in partnership with Mr. Allen,
and the business was carried on under the style of ALLEN & MOORE,
at Great Hampton Row, Birmingham. (Vide ALLEN & MOORE, Vol. I,
p. 41.)
Beside the Aston Hall medal, mentioned above, I have a note of
140
the following medallic productions of this Engraver : Set of English
Cathedrals; Welsh medals of the Portmadoc Eisteddfod, 1851
(signed : A. & M.) ; Royal National Eisteddfod, viz. Carnavon,
1877 (signed : J. MOORE BIRM. ; illuslrat&T), and others; Medals,
of Public Institutions, as those of King Edward's Grammar School,
and the Institution for the Blind ; Prize and Exhibition medals,
and Medals and Badges of Societies, Orders, and Lodges ;
Meeting of the British Association at Birmingham, 1849 ;
Eminent Men : Lord Brougham; Sir Charles Napier; Duke
of Wellington; -- General Gordon; George Frederick Muntz,
1890; George Dawson ; - - R r Hon. Joseph Chamberlain;
John Henry Chamberlain ; Nathan Mayer Rothschild ; Johann
Ronge; -- Prince Oscar of Sweden, on his Visit to the Works of
'
L: F
VEU
BROW
OH 12
D r Lawson Tait, 1890.
G. R. Collis, Birmingham, 1862 (signed : J. MOORE F.); - - The
Duke ofLeinster, Lodge of Free Masons, Lima, Peru, 1861;
John Bright and others, Corn Law Agitation, 1846 (signed :
A. & M.BIRM m ); Richard Cobden, Free Trade established, 1846 ;
Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny, M. D., Meeting of the British
Association at Cheltenham, 1856 (sev. var.); Thomas Holloway,
1857 (sev. var.); --Another, Advertising medalets, 1858 (sev.
var.); -- Robert Burns, Centenary, 1859 (signed : J. MOORE S^);
Martin Luther; Joseph Paxton, architect of the Crystal
Palace; - William Roscoe, Centenary, 1853, ' " D r W m Ross
Jordan, Birmingham, 1890 (A. J. N. 803); -- D r Lawson Tait,
Birmingham, 1890 (A J. N. 892; in Boston collection; illustrated);
- D r John Dalton, Manchester, 1781 (struck between 1850 and
1870) ; Lord Brougham, National Association for the Promotion
of Social Science, 1857; D r C. B. G. Daubeny, Oxford (A. J.
N. 631); D r Sir Charles Hastings, British Medical Association
(A. j. N. 656); - - Augustus Graham, Brooklyn Institute; -
Schiller (Medal executed in commission for the William Tell
Society, and published by C. L.Norton, a Birmingham bookseller);
Opening of the Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, 1864; -
Completion of Plymouth Breakwater, 1848; - - Society of Arts
School of Design, Birmingham, designed by T. Clark;
Edward VI. Grammar School, Birmingham, Tercentenary celebra-
tion, ^852; Industrial Exhibition at Plymouth, 1865 ; French
Revolution of 1848 (5 var.); -- Eugene Cavaignac, 1848; -
John Frothingham, British Canadian Schools; Canadian Jubilee
Medals of Queen Victoria, 1887, and 1897, &c.
By Moore are also some Patterns for coins : Model Crown
(undated) ; - - Model Two Shilling piece (signed : A. & M., illus-
trated, Vol. I, p. 41); Penny of Queen Victoria, 1860 (sev. var. ;
one illustrated). " These Patterns", says Montagu " were sent by
Moore to the Mint for the approval of the Government, but were
not accepted. The dies were destroyed in 1886 -after several
examples had been restruck in silver, white metal, bronze and
copper"; Australian Tradesmen's Tokens; -- Cent and Half
Cent of Rajah Brooke, of Sarawak, North Borneo (engraved for the
Mint, Birmingham).
G. W. de Saulles, late Chief-engraver at the Royal Mint, 1893-
1903, worked for Joseph Moore from 1888 to 1892.
Moore's signature occurs in various forms : J. MOORE SC.; -
J. MOORE F.; JOSEPH MOORE; J. M.; M. ; MOORE F., &C.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. S. M. Spink, Catalogue of Mr. Montagu's collection of Coins
from George 1. to Victoria, London, 1891. Hildebrand, op. cit. Marvin,*?/), cit.
- Numismatic Chronicle, 1888-1903. Cochran-Patrick, Scottish Medals.
Montagu, Copper Coins of England, 1893. - - W. J. Davis, Token Coinage of
Warwickshire. Id., Nineteenth Century Token Coinage, 1904. De Saulcy,
Souvenirs numismatiques, &c. D r Horatio R. Storer, MS Notes. Me Lachlan,
Canadian Diamond Jubilee Medals, 1897.
MOORE, JOSEPH (Brit.}. Son of the last, and his able successor, as
Die-sinker, Seal-engraver and Medallist.
Among his most recent productions I have noticed : Tercentenary
of Shakespeare (with his portrait surrounded by the busts of Phelps,
Macready and Irving; T$L. View of Stratford-on-Avon); Sir
Henry Irving (Memorial medal) ; William Murdoch ; Glasgow
Industrial Exhibition, 1886-7, etc.
Probably many of the later medals mentioned under Joseph Moore
Sen r are by his son.
MOORE, SAMUEL (Amer.). Fifth Director of the United States
- I 4 2 -
Mint at Philadelphia, appointed July 15, 1824, and succeeded by
Robert Maskell Patterson, May 26, 1835.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Evans, History of tlx U.S. A. -Mint. Snowden, Washington
Medals.
MOORS, M. (Germ. ?). A Treble " Chnstfestthaler ", undated, of
Hamburg, is signed M. MOORS, according to L. L. Hamburger,
who described the piece mRaritdten-Catalog, IV., 1900, lot 349. On
obv. is a representation of Christ's birth, and on tyL. the Adoration
of the Magi.
MOOS, MELCHIOR VON (Siviss.). Mint-master at Lucerne, 1545-
MORAES, MANUEL DE (Poring.}. Goldsmith, and Mint-engraver at
Lisbon, appointed on 3. October 1667, in succession to Joao
Baptista Coelho; in 1688 he was made an Assayer, and resigned,
7. July 1704 (Arch, da casa da moeda).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. C. Teixeira de Aragao, Descripfao geral e histories, das
Moedas cunhadasem nomedos Reis, Regentes e Governadores de Portugal, Lisbon, 1874.
MORAES, MANOEL DE (Port.}. Medallist of the third quarter of
the nineteenth century, and Engraver of the following medals :
Medal of the Royal Humane Society of Portugal, 1852; Visit of
Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, to Oporto, 1854, &c.
MORAN, FERNANDO (French). Mint-master at Bordeaux, circ.
1610.
MORAO, HENRY DE (French}. Mint-master at Dijon, circ.
1610.
MORAN & CLARK (Amer.). Issuers of private currency, at San
Francisco (California), vi%. 10 Dollar pieces, obv. Inscription.
1$L. Weight in wreath (circ. 1849-50).
MORAND, HUGUES (French). Mint-engraver at Besangon, circ.
1699-1721.
MORAU, HENRY (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at Pondi-
chery; pupil of Alphee Dubois and Henri Dubois. By him are
numerous Portrait-medallions, some of which have been exhibited
at the Paris Salons from time to time : 1888. M. le D r H. M***;
M iie A M ***. __ l889 Maitre A M ~*. _ M e v. C***; 1893.
M IIe A> M *** ? &c>
MOREAU (French). Engraver of the first half of the nineteenth
century, best known for his various Patterns for the coinage of
- 143 -
Charles X., 1824, and Louis Philippe, 1830. These consist of:
5 Franc pieces (DewaminPl. 49, 2); 2 Francs (D., PL 49, 3) of
Charles X. ; -- 100 Francs; 5 Francs &c. of Louis Philippe.
This artist's signature : MOREAU S. occurs on a medal commemo-
rating the Recovery of George III., Cheltenham, 1788-9.
Pattern Five Francs of Charles X.
Moreau engraved also Jettons, Tickets, Advertising Counters,
Badges, Prize Medals, cvc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Dewamin, op. cit.
MOREAU, AUGUSTE MATHURIN (French}. Sculptor of the nine-
teenth century, born at Dijon, 18 November 1822; pupil of
A. Ramey and Duniont; won in 1842 the second Grand Prix de
Rome; Knight of the Legion of Honour since 1865. Beside many
fine works of sculpture, he has executed Portrait-medallions, cast
in bronze, some of which were exhibited at the Paris Salons, as late
as 1906, when he showed fifteen bronze Plaquettes entitled :
Souvenirs de Troyes; and 1907, a bronze Plaquette, " Enfant ",
after Boucher.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.
MOREAU, EDMONDE AUGUSTIN JEAN (French}. Nineteenth cen-
tury Sculptor, born at Paris, 8. May 1831 ; pupil of A. Toussaint.
He is the author, amongst others, of a Portrait-medallion, carved
in ivory, of his master, A. Toussaint, executed after a drawing by
Gumery.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.
MOREAU, fiTIENNE (French}. Contemporary Sculptor and Gem-
engraver ; pupil of Macquet. By him is a gem representing a Lion and
Cupid.
MOREAU, HIPPOLYTE (French}. Contemporary Sculptor and
- 144 '
Medallist ; pupil of Jouffroy. He exhibited Portrait-medallions, cast
in bronze, at the Salons of 1897 and 1903.
MOREAU, JEAN (French). General des Monnaies, circ. 1626.
MOREAU, LOUIS (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at Paris;
pupil of his father, Thomas, and of Mathurin Moreau. At the Salon
of 1904 he exhibited :i Portrait-medallion of his mother.
MOREAU-VAUTHIER, GABRIEL JEAN PAUL (French}. Contemporary
Sculptor, born at Paris; pupil of his father, and Thomas; died in
1893. At the Salon of 1892 were two Portrait-medallions by him :
M iie S> M *** ; _ j. C ***. He excelled in ivory carving.
MOREHEN, HORACE (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist
of London, by whom are the following Portrait-medallions : Lord
Salisbury, February 1895; Gladstone, April 1894. These two
medallions were published by J. H. Mayer & C, London, in terra-
cotta, and old ivory; they measure both 8 inches in diam. This
artist has also executed Portrait-plaques of Miss Ellen Terry, Sir
Henry Irving, and others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Information kindly supplied by D r F. Parkes Weber.
MOREIRA.CYPRIANODASILVA (Poring.}. Engraver, born in 1755,
pupil ot Joao de Figueiredo at the Lisbon arsenal; and appointed
Engraver of coins, arms, and medals at the Mint there, 19. August
1804, with a yearly salary of 360 $ ooo reis. In 1812, his name
appears as fourth Engraver; in 1814 as third; and in 1826, the
year of his death, as second. His work is very creditable, but I have
never come across any of his medals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Aragao, op. cit.
MOREL (or MORET), ALFRED (French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Tours (Indre-et-Loire), and author of various Portrait-
medallions, amongst others, one of M me G***, which was exhibited at
the Paris Salon of 1880.
MOREL, ANDRE (French). Mint-master at Chambery, circ. 1565.
Vide Perrin, op. cit., p. 150.
MOREL, ANDRE (French). Mint-master at Lyons, 1543. to circ.
1561; he was succeeded by Francois Guilhem. Vallentin (Anniiaire
initnismatique, 1894) mentions coins of Henry II., dated 1560, and
struck at Lyons by Andre Morel, signed with an M above trefoil
after the date ; but this Mint-master's usual privy-mark is AM.
MOREL, ANDRfi II (French). Mint-master at Lyons, under
Charles IX. and Henry III. He signed his issues, like his prede-
- H5
cessor, AM, with, in addition, a pellet in the O's and three dots in
the Cs of the legends. He struck posthumous Douzains of
Charles IX., in 1575, before the return of Henry III. from Poland,
and coins in the name of Charles X. On the surrender of Lyons
to Henry IV., 7. February 1594, he had to resign in favour ot
Jehan Filliard, of Grenoble.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Faivre, op. cit.
MOREL, EDMOND (French}. Last Director of the Mint ot
La Rochelle, 1824 16. November 1837; privy-mark, a trident.
MOREL-LADEUIL, LEONARD (French'). Contemporary Silversmith
and Worker in metal, born at Clermont-Ferrand in 1834, died at
Louis Napoleon, Prince Imperial.
Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1888. He began as a chaser in bronze, and
worked with Vechte ; he also studied sculpture under Feuchere.
In 1855 ne executed a remarkable shield for Napoleon III., and
among his most noted productions are: Courage slaying the hydra
L.'FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists. IV. 10
146
of Anarchy; Night; - - Dreams; - - Music and Poetry; -
Much ado about nothing; The Merchants of Venice, and other
compositions taken from Shakespeare; -- Paradise Lost; Toilet
of a Pompeian lady; - - Twilight; - - Dawn; - - Charity (bas-
relief in repousse silver) ; Prometheus comforted by the Oceanids
(bas-relief in repousse silver) ; La Fable (1880), etc.
Morel-Ladeuil worked for a long time almost exclusively for the
London and Birmingham Silversmiths, Elkington & Co. The Vase
of the Helicon, executed by him, was offered to Queen Victoria in
honour of her Jubilee. One of his finest works, the famous ' ' Milton "
shield (Paris Exhibition, 1867), is no\v in the Victoria and Albert
Museum, South Kensington.
In 1878 the artist was decorated with the Legion of Honour.
At the Salon of 1888, he exhibited three Bas-reliefs: The Good
Samaritan ; - - Time dispersing the hours; -- Amor Patriae;-
and a Portrait-medallion in bronze.
D r F. P. Weber possessed a Portrait-medallion by him of the
Prince Imperial Louis Napoleon, as cadet and volunteer, 1873 00
signed : MOREL-LADEUIL, and cast by James Moore, of Thames-
Ditton, from a plaster model (illustrated). This medallion is now
in the British Museum.
In the Museum of the Palais de 1'Academie, at Clermont-Ferrand,
are original models (in red modelling-wax on white wood), made
by Morel-Ladeuil for a medal to commemorate the Opening of
Epping Forest to the public, 1882.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. - D r F. P. Weber, op.cit.,
and Num. Chronicle, 1907, p. 249.
MOREL, EUGENE (French). Sculptor and Medallist of the early
part of the nineteenth century, by whom are various medals, some
of which are signed : MOREL FILS. It is possible that there may
have been two Die-sinkers of that name, father and son.
His signature occurs on the following works : J. A. Manuel,
French deputy, 1823 (plaquette); -- Mercier, ex-sergeant of the
Paris Garde nationale, 1823 (plaquette); -- Defence ofthe heights
oftheButtes Chaumont by the pupils of the Polytechnic School,
30. March 1814; Charles Jean Jules, king of Sweden (2 var.,
signed: MOREL FILS F., and MOREL F.) ; -- Joseph Francis Oscar,
Crown-prince of Sweden, 1825 ; William Frederick George Louis,
Crown-prince of Holland, 1799 (signed: MOREL FECIT); Birth
of the Duke of Bordeaux, 1820; -- Bonaparte crossing the Great
St. Bernard, an VIII; D r Andre Mazet, Paris, 1821 ; George,
Prince Regent of Great Britain ; - - Napoleon and Marie Louise
(plaques and medals); -- Napoleon I. (plaques of repousse work);
Marie Louise (repousse plaques); Death of Prince Ponia-
towski, 1813 ; Napoleon's family, &c.
MOREL, MICHEL (French}. Mint-engraver at Montpellier, circ.
1542-1560.
MOREL, REMOND (French'). Mint-engraver at Toulouse, 1562.
MORELLI (Ital.} Gem-engraver of the early part of the nineteenth
century, who worked for Napoleon I. Some of the cameos, form-
ing part of the Napoleon relics, which were stolen from the
Liverpool Museum, in April 1905, were by this artist. These
objects are thus described :
1 . A ring set with sardonyx-cameo portrait of Napoleon, lau-
reated head and classical costume. The cameo is set off with small
diamonds, and the ring was a gift from Napoleon and Marie
Louise to Madame Ney, Princess of Moskowa.
2. A snuff-box, 3|in. by 2|in., made of vari-coloured enamels
and beautifully chased gold, with a sardonyx set in the lid, carved
with cameo containing portraits of Napoleon, Marie Louise, and
the young King of Rome, and signed MORELLI. Lapis lazuli, small
diamonds, and other valuable stones had been called into orna-
mental requisition for the box, which was a present to Marshal
Ney, Prince of Moskowa, from Napoleon and Marie Louise at the
same time as the ring was given to Madame Ney.
3. A gold seal with miniature military accoutrements adorning
the handle, and set with a cornelian upon which the initial" N"
and the Imperial eagle had been engraved in intaglio. The lower
part of the seal opens, displaying a small recess, which is said to
have held the private seal of Napoleon.
Pistrucci was apprenticed to Morelli.
MORELLO, ANDREAS (French}. Mint-master at Chambery, 1563-
1565.
MORET, ALFRED (French}. Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
born at Tours. By him are also Portrait-medallions : 1880.
M e G***; 1884. D r M***; -- 1885. L. D***; 1886. D r M***.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Catalogues du Salon.
MORETTI, MARCO AZIO (Ital.}. Gem-engraver and perhaps also
a Medallist of Bologna, who flourished about 1495. He is praised by
Achillini; and lo. Baptisto Pio, in a Latin elegy of 1509, invited
him to engrave a portrait of his Chloris. Mariette does not appear to
attach veVy much faith to these contemporaries' estimation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Babelon, op. cit. King, op. cit. Mariette, op. cit.
MOREY, VIRGILE (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, bom at
Paris; pupil of Hippolyte Moreau. By him is a Portrait-medallion,
which was exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1884.
MORGAN & CO (Vide H. MORGAN infra}. Die-makers, Medallists,
- 148 -
and licensed Token Manufacturers, at 12 Rathbone Place, Oxford
St., London, in the early part of the nineteenth century,
from about 1811. They mainly employed Halliday, who cut
the dies of all the tokens struck by this firm, either under
the style of H. Morgan, or Morgan & Co. They were accused in
1811 of issuing imitations of inferior value of the tokens of
Garratt & Co. of Bristol (Davis, Nineteenth Century Token Coinage,
p. 100-1).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Davis, op. cit.
MORGAN, GEORGE T. (Brit.'). Sculptor and Medallist, born at
Birmingham, in 1845. He studied at the Art School there, and
won a National Scholarship at the South Kensington, where he was
a student two years. He worked for Mr. Pinches, about 1873-1875,
and later went over to the United States, and was Assistant Mint-
engraver at Philadelphia (U. S. A.) under William Barber and
Charles E. Barber, circ. 1876-1890. He is best known by the so-
called "Bland " Dollar (illustrated), which is his design and execu-
" Bland" Dollar, 1878, by George T. Morgan.
tion, and was first struck in 1878. Amongst his medals are : David
Roberts, 1796-1864, executed in 1875 f r *h.e Art Union Co. of
London (signed: G. MORGAN SC.); - - Thomas Carlyle, on his
8o th Birthday (engraved by Boehm); - Railway Exhibition at
Chicago, 1883 (in conjunction with Barber); -- Henry Bessemer,
1879 (a specimen in gold was presented to H. M. Edward VII. in
1906, and is now in the Royal Collection), etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. -- Evans, History of the U. S. Mint and Coinage, 1892.
Watson, History oj the American Coinage, 1899.
MORGAN, H. (Brit.}. Issuer and Manufacturer ot tokens, in the
early part of the nineteenth century; he resided at 12 Rathbone
Place, London. Amongst his issues are : Cornwall, Shilling, 1811;
- Derby, Shilling, with view of Peterborough Cathedral ;
County of Devonshire, Shillings, witli view of Eddystone
Lighthouse (10 varieties, all engraved by Halliday); Gloucester,
Shilling and Sixpence (arms of city) ; Hampshire County,
Shillings (Ships at sea) ; Leicester, Shillings (4) and Sixpences
(2), 1811 ; London, Shillings (9) and Sixpences (6), iSn (all
engraved by Halliday); -- Lynn, Eighteenpence, Shilling, and
Sixpence, 1811; - - Mansfield, Shillings (3), 1812; -- Bristol,
Shillings (5), undated; Sixpences (2), etc.
MORGANTI, BENTO or BENVENUTO (ltd.). Medallist of the early
part of the eighteenth century, born at Rome, studied at Coimbra
(Portugal). His father was librarian to Don Thomas d' Almeida,
first patriarch of Lisbon. The artist distinguished himself in Port-
ugal as an Engraver of coins and medals, some of which are
described in the work : Numismalogia, o breve recopilafoo das algumas
meddhas dos imperadores romanos, Lisbon, 1737.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Raczynski, Dictionnaire bistorico-artistique du Portugal.
MORGHEN, RAFFAELLO (ltd.). Line-engraver, of the early part ot
the nineteenth century (1788-1833). He designed amongst others
the following medals : Marie Louise of Bourbon, and her son Charles
Louis, second king of Etruria, 1803 (after a model by Santarelli);
Giovanni Fantoni, 1807 ; Ferdinand III., king of Etruria, on
his visit to Milan, 1814; Ferdinand IV. of the Two-Sicilies, 1792,
etc.
His work in line-engraving comprises 254 pieces, among which
the best are those which he executed at Florence.
MORGUE, LOYS (French). Mint-master at Montpellier, circ. 1492.
MORGUE, PIERRE I. (French). Assayer and Engraver at the Mint
of Montpellier, appointed on 22. December 1397, and replaced by
Jean Perrin, 4 May 1398. In 1401 he was Die-cutter at the Mint
of Villeneuve Saint-Andre. His name still occurs on documents of
1418.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit.
MORGUE, PIERRE II. (French). Mint-engraver at Montpellier,
circ. 1435.
MORGUET, JEHAN (French). Mint-master at Amiens, circ. 1541.
MORI, IOHANNES ANTONIUS (ltd.}. Mint-engraver at Rome,
circ. 1612-1623. Ammon says he signed: I.A.M.; or I.A.MORI. Vide
Kohlers Mtin~bel., PI. xix, 207.339. FjWtfMORO.
MORIA, M" e BLANCHE ADELE (French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Paris; pupil of Schroeder, Chapu, and Merci. At the
Salon of 1885 she exhibited a Portrait-medallion ofM Ile A. B***, and
in 1905, M me de B***; ClaireD***; Jeannette ; -- Jeanne L***;
- 150 -
- M. Raulin, architect;-- Raymond; -- M me Poilpot, etc.; -
1906, Scenes rustiques; 1907, Jannine ; Le baiser ; --Jeanne;
- fitude; -- M. Raulin; -- Invocation; Au village, etc.
MORICE, LEON (Frenclf). Contemporary Sculptor, born at Angers;
pupil of Brunclair. At the salon of 1894 I noticed a Portrait-
medallion by him of the sculptor and medallist Alexandre Charpen-
tier.
MORILLON, ANTOINE (Belg.). Writer, Philosopher, Jurist, Painter,
Sculptor, and Medallist, of the sixteenth century. A native of
Louvain, he was born arc. 1522, and died 9. October 1556. Under
the auspices of Cardinal Granvella, who engaged him as librarian,
he visited Italy and Sicily, in search of antiquities. The first medal
executed by him, according to D r Simonis, is dated 1543, and pre-
sents a bust of Seneca (illustrated^), after the antique; the fyL. bears
ANTON MORILLON
the following inscription : EX LAPIDE . Another depicts
SCULPS
the features of the famous philosopher Theophrastus; legend: OEO
OPAITOI MEAANTA EPEIIOI. A third medal, also dated 1543,
represents D. Christo Abevuszum, a young personage of West
Friesland ; legend : D . CHRISTO ABEV VSZ VM . AET . XIX .A.M.
F.ttMDXLIII.
These three productions are the only authenticated works of the
Louvain artist, but D r Simonis suggests the attribution to him also
of a medal of Cardinal Granvella, }$L. Vessel of Ulysses passing near
rock on which three sirens (Armand II, p. 25 5) given by Plon to
Leone Leoni ; and of another, now unfortunately lost, of Lambert
Lombard, with the inscription : IN EFFIGIEM LOMBARDI A.M.
Obv. of Portrait-medal of Seneca, by Morillon.
Morillon may have been a pupil of Lombard. At his death, he
left a valuable collection of ancient coins to his brother Maximilian,
who was a bishop.
D r F. P. Weber recently presented a specimen of the Seneca
medal by Morillon to the National Collection.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D r julien Simonis, L'Art du medailleur en Belgique, Bruxelles,
1900.
MORIN, A. C. (Amer.}. Die-sinker at Philadelphia (U.S.A.), in
the middle years of the nineteenth century. His signature : A. C.
MORIN FECIT PHILAD. occurs on a Prize Medal of the Pensylvania
State Agricultural Society, 1851.
MORIN, GEORGES (French}. Contemporary Medallist, who exhi-
bited several Plaquettes at the Berlin Kunst-Ausstellung, i9oy:Herr
Schmidtmann; Prof. Dessoir; -- Christening Plaquette;
Medal of the Berlin Chamber of Commerce, etc.
MORIN, JEHAN (French}. Mint-master at Le Mans, 1425 (for one
year).
MORIN, LUCAS (French}. Mint-master at Le Mans, 1426-1428.
1)2
MORIN, PHILIPPE (French). Mint-master at Nancy, 1555-56.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Lepage, op. cit.
MORING, T. (Brit.). Die-sinker of London, circ. 1860. He engraved
in that year a Prize Medal of the Morfat Academy Club, signed :
T. MORING F.LONDON.
MORING, W. (Brit.'}. Designer of the Centenary Jewel of
Albion Lodge, London, 1851. (Vide Marvin, Masonic Medals,
ccccLxxvm, P . 192.)
MORITZ (Germ.). Goldsmith, and Die-cutter at Brunswick, circ.
1567, in which year he engraveed Thalers, Goldgulden, and Furs-
tengroschen.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Fiala, Mun^en und Medaillen der Welfiscben Landf, 1905.
MORIZOT, JULIE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at Saint-
Amand (Cher); pupil of L. E. Cougny. By her are numerous
Portrait-medallions in terra-cotta and cast bronze, amongst which
the following were exhibited at the Paris Salons : 1873. M. B***; -
M me B***; 1875. E. L. Cougny; - 1876. M me Francoise
Gabrielle C***; 1877. M. A. L***, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.
MORLET, PIERRE (French). Mint-engraver at Amiens in 1433,
then at St. Quentin, 1434-5.
MORLON, PIERRE ALEXANDRE (French). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Macon; pupil of Falguiere, Mercie, and H. Dubois. Since
1901 he has exhibited every year at the Paris Salons Portrait-
medallions and Plaquettes. In 1906 I noticed especially three fine
Plaquettes : Societe" Medico-chirurgicale; Vers la lumiere;
L'Imprimeur; and a medal, Gallia(obv. and^L.); and in 1907 :
M. Destailleurs, architect; -- M me de R***; -- M me Morion; -
Gallia, medal belonging to the Paris Mint; Aux Armes, similar
medal; Marriage Plaquette; Decorative Plaquette ; La soif;
L'imprimeur ; Plaquette for Motor Races, &c.
MORLOT, GEDEON (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, 25. September
1601 to circ. 6. February 1602. He issues are signed M. He died
in 1602.
MORMON ISSUES. The Mormons at Salt Lake City issued in 1849
and 1850 private currency consisting of: 1849. 2 f, 5 and 10 Dollars
(Clasped hands; T$L. Eye), 20 Dollars (Clasped hands; fyL. Mitre over
eye); - - 1850. 5 Dollars (type as last, stars on fyL.). The 1849
20 Dollar piece is extremely rare.
MORO, JACOBO ANTONIO (ItaJ.). Medallist and Coin-engraver,
born at Milan, and appointed Mint-engraver at Rome, in succession
to Giorgio Rancetti in 1610. He served under Popes Paul V. Bor-
ghese and Gregory XV., remaining in office until 1624, when
Gaspare Mola was called to fill his post. He died in January 1625.
From 1621 he was assisted by Camillo Corradini. One of his finest
productions is an Agnus Dei set with intaglios in precious stones.
Moro's medals are usually signed : I. A. M. ; I. A. MORO, or
I. A. MORI. Amongst the best known are : Paul V. The Church of
Santa Marja Maggiore, 1615 ; --St. Peter's Cathedral, An XIII. ;
The Vatican Palace, an XVI. (signed : I. A. MORI) ; - - The
Quirinal, 1616; Paul V., large medallion; tyL. Ponte di Ceprano
(2 varieties), 1620, and others of 1614 and 1618; Gregory XV.
Peace and Religion, 1623, medal for distribution by the Duca di
Fiano on his journey to the Valtellina, etc.
The coins of Paul V. Borghese are not signed, but may in all
probability be ascribed to Moro, after the fifth year of his pontificate.
The Portrait Scudi and Testoni exhibit very fine work.
Moro's name has been confused with that of Morone, who first
worked at Mantua, 1623, and later was Mint-engraver at the Papal
Mint at Rome, from 1640 to 1670.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Cav. Bertolotti, Antonio Moro, Gaspare Mola e Morone-Mola,
incisori della Zecca di Roma, Milano, 1877. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Keary,
op. cit.
MORO, ZUAN (/to/.). Mint-inspector at Venice, 1781.
MORODET, ANTOINE {French}. Mint-master at Amiens, 1645.
MORODET, JEAN JACQUES (French}. Contracted in 1645 to strike
173 Marks' worth of gold Ecus, and 156 Marks' of Quarter Ecus,
of Louis XIII. He was Mint-master at Amiens from drc. 1641 to
1647. Vide Mazerolle, op. cit. I, 626, 630.
MORONE-MOLA, GASPARO (/to/.). Nephew of the renowned
Medallist and Coin-engrave*r Gaspare Mola, and himself also a clever
Engraver. The date of his birth is not on record, but we know
that in 1633 he was working at Mantua as Mint-engraver there.
In 1637 we find him already in Rome, where he entered into a
partnership with Gaspare Mola and Orazio Ghibellini for the pro-
duction of commemorative and personal medals. On the death of
his uncle, he was appointed his successor as Engraver at the Papal
Zecca. He received his first monthly payment from the Mint in
February 1640. From that date until 1665 he executed all the annual
pontifical medals, as well as most of the coins, serving four Popes
in succession : Urban VIII. , Innocent X., Alexander VII. , and Cle-
ment IX. In 1668 he was given an assistant in the person of
Lucenti, who became his successor.
154
Morone's signature on coins and medals is nearly always : G. M.
but on medals it occurs also as : MORO, or MORONE. Among the
coins signed: G. M. are: Urban VIII. , A/". Scudo, 1643; JR.. Scudo,
An XX, 1643 (The Holy Conception ; sev. var.); - - An XXI,
1643 (ROMA Half-length figures of the apostles St. Peter and
St. Paul); -- An XX, 1643 (TE MANE TE VESPERE.ROMA.
The Pope kneeling before the Archangel Michael; 2 var., both
signed : G. M.) ; Same date (VIVIT DEVS . ROMA. The Archangel
slaying the Dragon; illustrated); -- ^R. Testone, An XX, 1643
(VIVIT DEVS; sev. var., all signed : G. M.), and others of lower
denominations. The coins of the succeeding Popes under whom
Morone worked do not appear to be signed.
Amongst the artist's medallic productions are : Urban VIIL
(1640-1643) : Bust of St. Peter, An XVIII; Mining scenery and
works of Monte Leone, FERRI . FODINIS . APERTIS MDCXXXXI.
ROMyE (signed : G. M.) ; - - View of the Wharves di Termini,
UBERIORI.ANNONAE.COMMODO, An XIX; View of the
walls of Rome, ADDITIS.URBI.PROPUGNACULIS, An XX
(signed: G. M.) ; -- Coronation of St. Elizabeth of Portugal, An
XX; Roma seated, and St. Peter's, AUCTA. AD.METAU-
i
Scudo of Urban VIIL, 1643, by Morone.
RUM.DITIONE.ROM,E, An XXI (signed : G. M.) ; - - Peace
seated between Prudence and Strength, 1644 (signed : G. M.), etc.
Innocent X. (1644-1655). Justice and Clemency, An II. ; Two
Angels supporting a cross, FRVCTVM SVVM DEDIT IN TEM-
PORE, An III; - The Basilica Lateranese, DECOR DOMVS
DOMINI, 1647; Interior of St-Peter's, VATICANIS.SACELLIS.
INSIGNITIS, An IIII ; - - St. Peter in glory, VP THESAVROS
ANNI SANCTIORIS TECVM APERIAM, An V ; The Palace
of the Capitoline Museum, An V; The Heavenly Father in the
clouds, FIAT PAX IN VIRTUTE TUA, An VI; -- The Washing
155
of the feet, An VI ; Jubilee Medal ; The Pope assisted by the
clergy opening the Porta Santa, 1650 (5 or 6 varieties of types);
- Jubilee Medal ; - - The Porta Santa closed (5 var.) ; -- Conse-
Medal for Merit of Pope Alexander VII.
- I 5 6 -
cration of the mausoleum of St. Agnes, An VII; The Fountain
of the Piazza Navona and Obelisk, built by Cav. Bernini, An VII ;
- Condemnation of the views of Jansenius, REPLEVIT ORBEM
TERRARUM, An IX ; View of the Church of St. Agnes, An X;
St. Peter holding keys and book, An X; - - Two Angels sup-
porting a cross, An X; - The "Spirito Santo", REPLEVIT
ORBEM TERRARUM, An XI; The Washing of the feet, TU
DOMINUS ET MAGISTER, An XI. Alexander VII. (1655-
1667). The following medals are also signed : G. M. : Accession
Medal, with bust of Christ on }$L., An I. ; - - Justice and Peace
embracing each other, An I; The Porta del Popolo, and Arrival
of Queen Christina of Sweden in Rome, An II (2 var.);
Assagium generale, 1656; Cessation of the Pestilence of 1656,
UT UMBRA ILLIUS LIBERARENTUR. An III ; Another, with
legend : POPULUM RELIGIONE TUETUR, An III ; - The
Washing of the feet, An III; The Church of Castel Gandolfo,
1659 ; -- Another, with legend : DILEXI DOMINE DECOREM
DOMUS TU^E, An V ; Dedication of the Church of S. Tommaso
da Villanuova, An V ; - - The Church of S. Maria della Pace,
An V; --The Palace of the Quirinal, 1659; -- Medal for Merit
(illustrated}; - The Court of the Collegio Romano, OMNIS
SAPIENTIA A DOMINO MDCLX ; The Arsenal of Civita
Vecchia, 1660; Bust of Christ, VIVO EGO JAM NON EGO
ROMA, An VI; Plan of the Piazza Vaticana, FUND AMENTA
etc., 1661 (2 var.); --The Church of S. Maria in Campitelli,
An VIII; The Church of S. Maria in Via Lata, An VIII.; -
St. Peter's Cathedral, PRIMA SEDES FIDEI REGULA ECCLESLE
FUNDAMENTUM, An VIII; The Royal Staircase at the
Vatican Palace, An IX; - The Procession del Corpus Domini,
An X (2 var.); - - Beatification of St. Francois de Sales, An XI;
The Hospital of San Spirito, AEDIBUS OECONOMIA ET
DISCIPLINA RESTITUTIS, An XII ; The Piazza Vaticana and
Portico minore, An XII (2 var.); -- Facade of the Church of St.
Andrea della Valle, An XII ; The Washing of the feet, FORM AM
SERVI ACCIPIENS, An XIII; - The Plague of 1656 (2 var. in
Boston Museum) ; -- The Plague of 1662, etc.
Morone's best medals are those of the New Fabric on the Campi-
doglio ; San Giovanni in Laterano ; Circo agonale ; Jubilee
Medal, 1650; - - Queen Christina of Sweden; Carlo Antonio
dal Pozzo; }$L. Pieta, etc., and he is also the author of the Portrait-
medals of Charles I., duke of Mantua, and Dukes Vincenzo I.
and II.; Charles, duke of Nevers, 1608, &c.
Most of the writers on Papal medals have confused the works of
the three medallists J. A. Moro, Gaspare Mola, and Gasparo
Morone, who were three distinct artists and have all three been in
succession Engravers at the Zecca of Rome from 1610 to about
1670.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bertolotto, /. A. Moio, Gaspare Mola, e Gasp. Morone-Mola,
Archivio storico lombardo, 1877. Cinagli, ot>. cit.
MORONI. I'ide MORONE supra.
MOROSINI, FRANCESCO (ltd.). Mint-master at Cattaro, 1608-
1610.
MOROSINI, LODOVICO (ltd.). Mint-master at Venice, 1748.
Initials L.M.H. on some ot" his issues.
MOROSINI, PIETRO (ItaL). Mint-master at Cattaro, 1624-1627.
MOROSINI, VETTOR (ItaL). Mint-master at Venice, circ. 1762.
Some of his coins are signed : VET.M.
MORREL (French). This Engraver's signature occurs on a medal
of the " Societe d'Emulation et de Prevoyance des Pharmaciens "
of Lyons, dated 1853.
MORRELL, RICHARD (Brit.). Goldsmith, whose name occurs as
one of the Jury of Goldsmiths elected by the Commonwealth in
1649 to superintend the making of standard trial pieces of Gold and
Silver for the coins.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chaffers, Gilda Aurifabrorum, p. 62.
MORRIS, WILLIAM (Brit.). Poet and artistic Decorator, born near
London in 183/1, died, 3. October 1896. He was educated at Marl-
borough College and Oxford, where he became intimately
acquainted with Burne-Jones. In 1863 he established the business
in stained glass and decorations which bears his name.
f. MorrU,
Morris has been the great English exponent of the revival of
artistic taste throughout Europe within the last twenty-five years,
and as such his name cannot DC omitted here. "He it was", says
- i 5 8 -
one of his biographers, "who snatched from the hand of Ruskin
the torch which Pugin earlier in the century had kindled, and fired
the love of beauty in us... He stamped the mark of his personality
upon the design of his generation... Morris was an absolutely
healthy idealist... He has exercised considerable influence upon
manufacture, but only indirectly, his methods being professedly
those of art. The greatest pleasure in life he said, was the pleasure
of creating beautiful things " (Vide art. W. Morris by Lewis
F. Day, in Easter Art Annual, 1899).
Indirectly this great artist has influenced medallic art in this
country and inspired new ideas in the earlier accepted theories.
MORRISON, JAMES (Brit.}. Purveyor of the Royal Mint, anno 8
of George III,, Deputy Master and Worker, anno 24.
MORRISON, JAMES W. (Brit.). Deputy Master and Worker of
the Royal Mint, anno 43 of George III. Probably the same person as
the last.
MORSIUS. This signature, which is probably a fictitious one,
occurs on a gem, tormerly in the Denham collection, representing
Hercules carrying a bull.
MORSSHEIMER, MAX (surnamed WAGENSTRYRER) (Germ.).
Moneyer at Worms, circ. 1483.
MORTIER, PAUL (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Rheims; pupil of Roufosse. At the Salon of 1888 he exhibited a
Portrait-medallion of Louis Corrons, and in 1892 a decorative Pla-
quette, of excellent taste.
MORTON, ARCHBISHOP (Brit.). Held the See of Canterbury from
1487 to 1500, and issued Half Groats of Henry VII. which are
Canterbury Half Groat of Henry VII.
159
distinguished by an M and ton (part of the rebus or punning sym-
bol of the name of the archbishop). There are many varieties (one
illustrated).
MORTON, ARTHUR (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
residing in London, who at the Royal Academy of 1905 exhibited
an Arts and Crafts Medal, in silver.
MORVILLER (French}. There is a Portrait-plaque in repousse work,
of Napoleon and Marie Louise, by this artist, in conjunction with
Gayrard.
MOSCA or (MUSCA), GIOVAN MARIA, surnamed PADOVANO (ltd.}.
Architect, Sculptor, and Medallist, born at Padua towards the end
of the fifteenth century. He was a pupil of the sculptor Agostino
Zoppo. Many of his works, executed in Italy before his settlement
in Poland in 1530, may be seen at Padua and Venice. He took part
in the decoration of the Chapel del Santo in St. Anthony's church
at Padua; in the church of St. Agnes is a Bas-relief : " The Judg-
ment of Solomon " by him, and above the gate of the old Baptis-
tery, " The Offering of Abraham. " Two of his mythological statues,
a "Satyr," and "Venus rising from the sea-foam" were exhibited
at one of the recent Exhibitions of Italian Renaissance Art at Paris.
Marble statues by Mosca of St. Sebastian and St. Pantaleone adorn
the altars of the church of S. Rocca at Venice ; a "Carita" is in
the church of St. Stephen, and another in the ." del Carmine "
church, &c. All these fine works carried the fame of the artist far
beyond the frontiers of his native country, and in 1530 he was
invited, in conjunction with other Italian artists, by Sigismund I.,
king of Poland, to settle at Cracow. There he executed the mauso-
leum in red Hungarian marble of king Ladislaus Jagiellon. On the
death of Sigismund I., Mosca passed into the service of his son,
Sigismund Augustus, who loaded him with honours and presents.
He was still living at the beginning of 1573 but probably died in
the same year.
Besides remarkable \vorks of sculpture, as the tombs of the three
consorts of Sigismund Augustus, the monument of St. Maciejowski
in Cracow cathedral, and that ot bishop Dzierzko\vski in Gniezno
cathedral, Padovano modelled several artistic medals, in the Italian
style. Only four are known, all bearing the date 1532, cast in
bronze, and of 70 mill, in diameter: Sigismund I.; ^..Polish eagle
(signed : IOHANNES MARIA PATAVINVS. F. ANNO DOMINI NOSTRI.
M.D.XXXII); - - Queen Bona Sforza ; fyL. Artichoke (signed :
JOHANNES MARIA^PATAVINVS FECIT) ; Sigismund II. (Sigis-
mund Augustus); $L. Lion to 1., &c. (signed: JOHANNES MARIA
PATAVINVS F. ; illustrated}; Princess Isabella, daughter of Sigis-
mund I.; %L. HIC ARMEI LINVS EST NOSTRAE PVDICITIAE
160
INDEX Diana (signed : JOA MAR PAT FT.). Originals of these medals
are very rare ; but numerous later casts of smaller size, in silver and
bronze, are met with.
Sigismund II., king of Poland.
A contemporary of Mosca, GIOVANNI JACOPO CARAGLIO (q. v.
Vol. I) settled over in Poland at the bidding of king Sigismund I.,
towards 1539. He was a native of Verona,where, circ. 1526, he
161
excelled in engraving on leather from models by Raphael, Titian,
Rosso de' Rossi, Pierino del Vaga, and others. Later he gave him-
self up to gem-engraving, goldsmiths'- and medallic work. One of
his works, an oval Portrait-cameo in agate, of Queen Bona Sforza
of Poland, signed : JACOBV. VERON. was tormerly in the Debruge-
Dumenil collection in Paris. Pietro Aretino, who recommended the
artist to Sigismund I., mentions two medals by Caraglio, which
are now lost : Queen Bona; ty. FORTIS BONA PRVDENS A
D.MDXL Crown above united arms of Poland and Sforza; -
Alessandro Pesenti, of Verona; t. VIRTYTE'DVCE'COMITE-
FORTVNA. Musical implements. Caraglio did not sign his medals,
so that other portrait-pieces of Sigismund Augustus, of Italian
character, may be attributed to him, although there is no other
evidence than the work.
A medal by Mosca (illustrated) is thus described in the Sale Cata-
logue of the Maxwell Collection (March 1906): Italian XVI th Cen-
tury Portrait-medal by Giovan Maria Mosca, of Sigismund Augus-
tus ofPoland, 1530-1572 ;!. PARCERE SUBIECTIS ET DE BEL-
LARE . SVPERBOS, Lion walking to left, with signature of artist in
full ; below, IOANNES.MARIA.PATAVINVS.F. (Armand, I, 4 -|2),
diam. 66, fine and rare.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Joseph de Zielinski, Notices biovraplriques stir Jean Marie Mosca
(Padovano) et Jean Jacob Caraglio, artistes italiens en Polognc an XV I e siecle, Rivista
italiam di numismatica, 1904. Armand, o/. cit. Bolzenthal, op. cit.
Merzbacher, Kunst Medaillen Katalog , Mai 1900, n s 566-569. Fortnum, .Browns
in the South Kensington Museum.
MOSCETTI, CARLO (Ital.). Medallist of the third quarter of the
nineteenth century, residing at Rome. By him I have seen the
following medals : Prof. Luigi Maria Rezzi, of Piacenza; Libera-
tion ot Rome, 1870; Medal ot Merit (Roma revendicata ai suoi
libcratori}; - - Fifth Century of the German Hospital at Rome,
under Papal patronage and Austrian Imperial Presidency, 1885;
Vaccination Medal, with bust of king Umberto, 1878; Gari-
baldi, 1875 ; Cholera Epidemics, 1885-86; Attempt on the
life of Umberto I., 1878; Raphael (International Artistic Asso-
ciation of Rome) ; Giuseppe Valadier, c.
The work of this Engraver is not of much merit.
MOSCHI, PAUL (Swiss}. Moneyer at Freiburg, but a native of
Strassburg. He was employed at the mint of Freiburg, which he left
in 1596.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D r Carl Brun, Sdrwei^er. Kunstkrlexikon.
MOSENGEIL, GOTTFRIED (Germ.). Warden of the Mint at Frank-
fort-on-Main, appointed 5. November 1761.
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists. IV. (I
162
MOSER (Swiss). Die-sinker of the middle years of the nineteenth
century, who resided at Lyons. The only medallic work I know by
him is a Portrait-medal of the French poet Cresset, 1854.
St. Vincent Rebellion suppressed, 1773.
MOSER, GEORG MICHAEL (Swiss). 1706-1783. Goldsmith, Chaser,
and Enameller, Gem-engraver, and Medallist, born at Schaffhausen
on 17. January, 1706. His father, Michael M., was a Coppersmith
- 163 -
of some note. With him, young Moser learned drawing and chasing.
At the age of 18 he went to Geneva and applied himself there to
the goldsmith's art. After a year and a half he left for Paris and
London, practically without means. In England, he was first
employed by a cabinet-maker, named Trotter, as a chaser of brass
ornaments for furniture. Becoming acquainted with the celebrated
artist Hayd, under his patronage, he soon made himself a name.
The fine enamelled snuff-boxes (enamelled by a process of his
own invention), watch-cases in repousse work, and other objects
of decorative art attracted the notice of the wealthy amateurs,
among them Lord Bute, and later also the King and the Prince ot
Wales.
In 1729, the artist married the daughter of the painter Claude
Gugnier of Grenoble, by whom he only had a daughter, Mary M.,
who became a flower painter of some note.
Moser was drawing-master to George III. during his boyhood,
and on the latter's accession in 1760 he was employed to engrave
his first seals. Before that, he had engraved seals for George II. and
medals of various institutions. For a fine watch-case, executed in
commission for Queen Charlotte, adorned with whole length
figures of her two eldest children, he received a " hatful of guineas".
His signature : G. M. MOSER F. 1774 occurs on a cameo, engraved
after the cameo of Alexander, representing a Cupid playing famil-
iarly with a lion, accompanied by a young Nymph, naked, and a
Bacchante with a tambourine in her left hand ; also on several
medals : MOSER F. on a large Portrait-medallion of George III.,
commemorating his Coronation, but undated; Suppression ot
the Rebellion at Saint Vincent (illustrated'), &c.
" When Hayd's Art School, afterwards known as the St. Martin's
Lane Academy was established, about 1736, Moser became manager
and treasurer, and continued in that position until the school was
absorbed in the Royal Academy". King George III. presided at the
official transformation in 1768.
" Moser ", says the writer of the artist's biography in
Sydney Lee's National Dictionary of Biography, " was an original
member, afterwards a director, of the Incorporated Society oi
Artists whose seal he designed and executed, and was one of the
twenty-one directors, whose retirement, in 1767, led to the
establishment of the Royal Academy, whose first President was Sir
Joshua Reynolds, and the second, Moser himself. The artist had
been elected first keeper, having rooms assigned to him in Somerset
House ".
" He died at Somerset House, 24. January 1783, and was
buried in the churchyard of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. His funeral
was attended by most of his fellow academicians and pupils ".
- i6 4 -
" On the day after Moser's death, a notice of him from the pen
of Sir Joshua Reynolds was published in which he was described as
the cleverest gold chaser in the kingdom, possessed of a universal
knowledge of all branches of painting and sculpture, and in every
sense the father of the present race of artists".
Moser was in the receipt of a Royal pension of 100.
Fusslin remarks : " Er ist nicht nur ein grosser Kiinstler, der nut
einer gebahnten Strasse mit Leichtigkeit und sicherm Schritte eine
hohe Stufe der Vollkommenheit erreicht ; er ist Erfinder und wusste
das Schmelzmalen auf einen bisdahin unbekannten Grad der
Vollkommenheit zu bringen ; auch verbesserte und berichtigte er
vieles darinne, und seine Farben sindvon besonderer Schonheit ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. F. M. O'D., Moser, Diet. Nat. Biog. Chaffers, op. cit.
Betts, op. cit. Bolzenthal, op. cit. D r Carl Brun, Moser, Scini'eif. Kfinstler-Lexi-
kon. Fusslin, Best. Kstler IV, p. 129. Fussli, K.-Lex. I, p. 443 ; II, p.9i8.
Nagler, K.-Lex. IX, p. 515. Gaz. des Beaux-Arts, XXV, p. 535, 539-541.
Midler, K. Lex. Ill, p. 131. Seubert, K.-Lex. II, p. 605. Singer, K. Lex. Ill,
p. 254.
MOSES, SIEGMUND (Germ.}. Die-cutter at the Mint of Breslau,
1610-1616.
MOSSHAMER, BENEDIKT (Austr.). Mint-warden, and Master at
Salzburg, 1685-1718. His name occurs also as MOSSHAMMER.
MOSSMANN, WALTER (Brit.). Mint-warden at Edinburgh, 1559.
MOSSOP, WILLIAM (Brit.). Medallist of the second half of the
eighteenth century, born at Dublin in 1751, died there either in
1804 or 1806. The following particulars are borrowed from Frazer's
work On the Medallists of Ireland and their Work.
" The name of Mossop's father vvas Browne, and when he died,
his widow married W. Mossop, a relation of the popular actor and
stage-manager, Henry Mossop. The father of her child having been
a Roman catholic, she changed his name, to obtain admission for
him into the Blue Coat School, to that of her second husband. On
leaving this school, about 1765, he was apprenticed to a Mr. Stone,
die-sinker, who made seal-dies for the Linen Board, and work of
similar description, upon which he kept young Mossop occupied.
At this time, the trade of die-sinking in Dublin was remunerative;
for there was much demand for buttons struck in metal, which
was so well paid that the workmen w r ho fabricated heavy gilt
buttons (then in ordinary use for gentlemen and their servants'
liveries) were able to earn large wages, and seldom worked above
three or four days each week, spending the rest of their time in
idleness and drinking. Stone was of intemperate habits, which
caused his death; and his son, following the father's example,
- i6 5 -
likewise soon killed himself. The entire support of unfortunate
Stone's family devolved on Mossop. He continued to work for
the Linen Board up to 1781, when a change took place in the
management ot the board ; and the dismissal of their secretary
led to a system of contract, which deprived him of his employ-
ment at a time when, having married, he was burdened with a
young family. A circumstance occurred about this period which
in a material degree influenced the course of Mossop's life. He
was requested to value a collection of medals for some friend,
who contemplated purchasing them; and becoming much interest-
ed in their execution, when his friend declined to do so, he
secured the collection himself. Their possession excited in him
the desire to make similar beautiful works of art; and thus his
labours as a medallist commenced. He carried his ambitious design
into execution without delay, and the result proved how wisely he
had selected his proper vocation. The medal he first produced was
that of Mr. Ryder, a well-known popular . actor in Dublin, which
was made in 1782; and when we consider that this premier essay
was executed by a person who had no previous training in such a
peculiar and special department, that the modelling of the portrait,
and its subsequent engraving on a steel die, were due to the
unaided development of his skill and natural talent, resulting in a
finished work deserving of high commendation, and one that placed
him in the rank of a medallist of exceptional ability, it must be
admitted we are describing the history of a man of genius, far
beyond the average standard. The portrait of Ryder was, by general
consent, considered a striking likeness. There is a rather rare engrav-
ing, which may have possibly aided Mossop's modelling and,
no doubt, he enjoyed opportunities of studying his appearance when
acting on the stage but we have no evidence that he was
permitted to model Ryder's face from a life-sitting ; and if this be so,
the result is still more surprising and exceptional. When the medal
was completed, it was inspected and admired by crowds of citizens;
yet it is related that, after the lapse of several months, there was
only a single medal sold : whether this is correct or not, it is beyond
question that it is seldom met with at present. Soon after he executed
a medal still more scarce, of which I know only a solitary
impression in the Royal Irish Academy - - that, with side busts,
of the Right Hon. John Beresford and his wife.
" Two works of such marked excellence succeeding each other
attracted the notice, and, better still, the assistance and friendship
of D r Quin, advantages which to Mossop's serious disappointment,
were soon lost by the death of his influential friend and benefactor,
of whom he completed a medallic likeness, at the request of
Mr. Wade, one of his patients, in grateful acknowledgment of his
166
recovery from a severe illness. D r Quin contemplated the idea of
sending Mossop to Boulton's great mint works in Birmingham ; but
his death put an end to this arrangement. In Gilbert's History of
Dublin (Appendix to Vol. II) there is a detailed list of most of
Mossop's works, compiled by his son, and collated by D r A. Smith,
with the assistance of private letters, which formed the first reliable
record of his labours. In the year 1784, Mossop resided at 13 Essex-
quay. He modestly describes his occupation as " letter-cutter and
die-sinker". He was subsequently employed by the firm of Camac,
Kyan and Camac (1793) in coining into halfpence the copper
which they obtained from their property, the Wicklow Copper
Mines. There was a scarcity of copper at that period, owing to the
Union Penny, 1789, by Mossop.
restricted working of the Royal Mint, which led to numbers of
traders striking private tokens throughout England and Ireland.
Amongst them, the Dublin Company of Camac competed so
largely that, to a great extent, at least in Ireland, they displaced the
royal coinage, and the phrase, " a Camac " became for several years
synonymous with a halfpenny. Mossop was engaged in making
their dies and superintending the practical working of their private
Camac, Kyan and Camac Haltpenny, 1793, by Mossop.
mint. The subsequent failure of this firm, in addition to the loss
of his appointment, entailed on him serious pecuniary loss. In 1797
he returned to his occupation as a private die-sinker, and so long
as work could be obtained he continued his laborious and little-
appreciated toil.
- i6 7 -
" The celebrated sculptor, Edward Smith, was a friend of
Mossop's, and aided him by his council and designs in some ot his
medals.
" It is difficult to obtain information respecting the numerous
seals of which Mossop prepared dies for different incorporated and
other public bodies in Ireland. Several of these seals were executed
in silver, and as they became disused were melted down for their
intrinsic metallic value, and so destroyed. I have a small silver seal
of the Irish Ordnance Department, which, I believe, is his work-
manship. He engraved a few compositions incarnelian and on ivory;
in the latter material he cut a small copy of the marriage of Cupid
and Psyche, but I am unable to trace its present possessor.
Masonic School Medal, by W. Mossop.
"Before cutting the steel die, Mossop was in the habit ot
executing in wax a careful model of the portrait or design he
intended to complete. He employed w r ax softened with turpentine,
and coloured white or brown, which was laid down on pieces of
slate or glass, and accurately moulded to the intended form. In
modelling figures, they were designed as a primary study, and the
drapery laid on by subsequent stages. He tnus preserved the posi-
tions of the limbs correct, however minute they were ; and the
examples I have of his workmanship evince by their delicate manip-
ulation the fineness of his touch and skill as a draughtsman-
Several of his steel dies were still recently preserved in the posses-
sion of Mr. J. Woodhouseof Dublin, who follows the same inter-
esting profession as a medallist. "
1 68
The die-sinker John Jones (q. v. Ill, 82) continued to strike
medals from Mossop's designs and dies after the death of that artist,
which occurred at Dublin in 1804 or 1806, after a few hours'
illness, from an attack of paralysis and apoplexy.
Mossop's signature on coins and medals occurs in the following
different forms: W. M. F.; W. MOSSOP; W. MOSSOP F. ; -
MOSSOP F.; MOSSOP, or MOSSOP FECIT.
LIST OF THE ARTIST'S MEDALS & COINS. Thomas Ryder, actor; -
Medallion of the Right Hon. John and Mrs. Beresford, 1788; -
Henry Quin, M. D., 1789; David La Touche, 1785; -
William Alexander, 1785; -- William Deane, 1785 ; Edmund
Sexton Viscount Pery (Dean Dawson states, that when Mossop had
finished this medal, Lord Pery expressed himself highly pleased and
inquired what remuneration he expected. On Mossop replying,
" Twenty guineas ", he handed him a cheque for forty, remarking
that he " considered the artist had not put a fair price on his work,
D r Henry Quin.
and hoped he would be satisfied with what he thought proper to
give ") ; Cunningham Prize Medal of the Royal Irish Academy,
with bust of Lord Charlemont, 1776; -- Down Corporation of
Horse Breeders, 1787; Primate Robinson, Lord Rokeby, 1779;
Pattern for the Camac Halfpenny, 1793 (signed: MOSSOP F);
Camac Halfpenny, 1793 (illustrated}; Union Penny, 1789
(executed from a design by Sir Joshua Reynolds; only a few bronze
proofs were struck (it is said, six only) when the die broke
(illustrated); Medals given at the Commencements, Trinity
College, Dublin (2 var.), 1793; Castlebar Medal, 1791;-
Louis XVI., two types (signed : W. M. This and the next medals
were copied from those by F. LOOS) Marie-Antoinette, 1793
(signed: W.M.) ; The Dauphin of France as Louis XVII. , 1793
(W. M.) ; -- Louis XVI. and Marie-Antoinette, 1793; Medal ot
the Friendly Brothers of Saint Patrick (sev. var.); Ticket of the
169
Private Theatre, i796(sev. var.); Ticket ofthe Private Theatre,
undated (signed: MOSSOP); -- Another, a Trial piece (signed :
MOSSOP F.) ; Medal ofthe Society for thepromotion of Religion
and Virtue, 1792; Memorial Medal of Camden, 1794;
D r Barret's School Medal ; Tyrone Regiment, for soldierly Merit
(one specimen was recently sold (1906) from Sir Henry Irving's
collection); Bantry Bay Medal (French Expedition to Bantry
Bay) ; Order of Orange and Blue (sev. var.); Orange Asso-
Union Penny, 1789.
ciation, with bust of William III., made in 1798; The Hon. Henry
St. George Cole, 1798 ; Masonic School Medal (designed by the
sculptor, Edward Smith; illustrated'); - Medals of the College
Historical Society (2 var.); Mossop's Medal (History, Oratory,
and Poetry; 2 varieties); -- Dublin Society Medal; Medals of
the Farming Society of Ireland (3 var.), 1800; -- Navan Farming
Society Medals, 1800; Irish Ordnance Medal, etc..
The Portrait of D r Quin was reproduced by the Tassies in paste.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. William Frazer, The Medallists of Ireland and tlxir Work.
Bolzenthal, op. cit. Dictionary of National Biography. Numismatic Chronicle,
1877-1897 (English Personal Medals). Raspe, op. cit. Tancred, op. cit.
Gray, op. cit. Davis, Xineteenth Century Token Coinage. Murdoch Sale Cata-
logue, 1906. Marvin, op. cit. Medallic Illustrations, etc.
MOSSOP, WILLIAM STEPHEN (Brit.'). Son of the last, and also a
Medallist, born at Dublin in 1788, and educated at the Academy of
Samuel White. " He was ", says Frazer, " in 1802, placed in the
Art Schools of the Royal Dublin Society, under Francis West, the
master of the Figure School, and became afterwards his private
pupil until the unexpected death ot his father obliged him, at the
age of sixteen years, to commence practising his future profession
for a livelihood. His first work was a medal for the Incorporated
Society for Promoting Charter Schools in Ireland, which he began
under his father's directions, and it was finished soon after, before
he was seventeen years ot age. His art studies were resumed for a
time under Mr. West; and, in 1806, young |Mossop was
- iyo -
commissioned by the Farming Society ot Ireland to prepare a medal
for their shows, which was likewise intended to be worn as a
badge by their life members. In 1810 he designed and struck a
large-sized medal to commemorate the fiftieth year of the reign of
George III., and in 1813 received the premium offered by the Society
of Arts for a die intended for a school medal. This was afterwards
purchased from him by the Feinaglian Institute and employed as
their premium medal. In the succeeding year (1814) he competed
again, with success, in accordance with an advertisement of the
Society of Arts, who promised to purchase the die, but afterwards
neglected to do so. The design which he prepared was a fine head
of Vulcan.
" Mossop followed the process adopted by his father when design-
ing the model of the future medal-die he intended to engrave,
using a preparation of bees-wax, melted and softened with turpen-
tine, coloured white by the addition of flake white, or brown with
oxide of iron. He spread this tempered wax upon a piece of glass
or slate, adding and working in successive portions until the design
was completed to his satisfaction. Several models prepared by him
in this manner are in my possession, which evince his skilful manip-
ulation and freedom of touch. With the care of a genuine artist,
when the human figure was intended to be reproduced, he,as a pre-
liminary stage, represented it in a nude condition, to secure a
natural and correct rendering of the postures and relative measure-
ments of the individual parts; afterwards the needful draperies and
other accessory embellishments were added and worked over. Such
models were made upon a scale that afforded a design of larger size
than the die which was intended to be engraved. They were plotted
into squares of equal measurements, and so transferred with accuracy
to the metallic surface, similar to the well-known method adopted
by painters. Thus the perfect medal was finished from a well-con-
sidered model, though the artist did not carry out in all instances
his primary ideas after a servile manner, for I find some of his
medals to differ in detail from the wax design, and the alterations
were usually improvements as well.
"Mossop was nominated secretary to the Royal Hibernian Acad-
emy when it was founded, and held office during his life-time.
He died in 1827, after an attack of mental aberration another in
the long list of those artists whose minds have suffered from
incessant brain work and the anxieties inseparable from the pursuit
of their profession when wanting the recompense of adequate
patronage.
"About seven years before his death he contemplated preparing
a series of forty medals to represent the portraits of distinguished
Irishmen. He completed the first medal of the set, that of Henry
Grattan, and worked out almost perfectly four others, namely,
Ussher, Charlemont, Swift and Sheridan ; but the inscriptions with
their names were not added, and the dies remained for several years
without being hardened. At length they passed into the possession
of J. Woodhouse, who annealed them with complete success, the
designs having by good fortune remained intact and in perfect con-
dition since they left the hands of Mossop. Another medal, it is
stated, was modelled by him, which I have seen no impression of,
namely, " Hercules slaying the Hydra". The heads of the hydra
in this design were reported to represent those of three prominent
political agitators in Dublin. The medal he made for the Rifle Bri-
gade is described from an unique example in my possession.
"Mossop left some valuable designs cast in plaster of Paris.
Certain of these casts reproduce the models he prepared for his Irish
portrait-medals : one represents the original design for his prize-
Dean Swift, by W. S. Mossop.
medal of Vulcan, and a few have no relation to any of his completed
dies. He w r as employed like his father in preparing the seals of differ-
ent corporate bodies and public boards, and some of the designs
he prepared for this purpose are works of artistic value, and well-
executed ; but no list of these seals has yet appeared. The following
imperfect record of such as have fallen under my own observation
is subjoined: Chamber of Commerce, Waterford ; Cork Institu-
tion, MDCCCVII; County of Sligo Infirmary, 1813; -- Irish
Medical Office; Seals of the Irish Treasury and Sub-Treasurers;
- Waterford Harbour Commissioners ; Derby Corporation Seal;
- Strabane Corporation ; 77 th Regiment ; Richmond Lunatic
Asylum; La Touche ; -- Episcopal Seals, with Arms (various);
- Prussian Consulate; United States Consulate; Command-
ing Officer of theRoyal Artillery in Ireland ; Seal of the Benchers
of King's Inns (possibly by the elder Mossop) ; - Seal of the
Rotundo Lying-in Hospital, MDCCCVII.
172
The following steel-dies of Mossop Jun r are preserved in the
Museum of the Royal Irish Academy : Obv. and tyL. dies of the
small medals of William III. ; Obv. and tyL. dies of Richard
Wogan Talbot's medal; Obv. and }$L. dies of George IV.'s
medal, and a "hubb" for the head of George IV.; -- Obv. and
}$L. of George III.'s Coronation medal ; Obv. of the heads ot
the "Three Georges", commemorating the Centenary of the
House of Hanover. "
LIST OF MEDALS. Incorporated Society for Charter Schools in
Ireland ; Medal of the Farming Society of Ireland (3 var.) ; -
George III.'s Jubilee Medal, 1809 (signed: W. S. M. FECIT) ; -
Kildare Farming Society, 1813 ; -- Centenary Medal of the House
of Hanover, 1814 (signed : MOSSOP F. on obv., and MOSSOP FECIT
on !$.); - Head of Vulcan; - Daniel O'Connell, 1816 ; -
Feinaglian Institution (3 varieties of different sizes and designs); -
Irish Society School, Coleraine ; Cork Institution Medal ; North
of Ireland Society ; Dublin Society Medal ; Large Wellington
Medal (unfinished; size: 2 "j in.; inscription: WATERLOO,
JUNE); Medalet of Wellington, 1815, published by West; -
Order of Merit of the 22 nd Cheshire Regiment; 77 th Regimental
Medal; Medal of the Rifle Brigade; -- Sir Charles Giesecke;
Colonel Talbot; Right Hon. Henry Grattan, 1820; Archbishop
Ussher; Dean Swift (illustrated); Richard Brinsley Sheridan;
Lord Charlemont; - Visit of George IV. to Ireland, 1821
(5 varieties, one struck for the Orange Association); -- Club of
Apprentice Boys of Derry, with bust of Rev. George Walker, 1814;
Orange Association (3 varieties, one a reproduction of his father's
medal); Unfinished medals, with figures of Fortune holding
caduceus, Equity, and an allegorical representation of Agriculture,
etc.
He also cut dies for the Dublin Penny and Halfpenny of 1804
(payable at the Pawnbrokers' Office, Bishop St.); Nevill & Go's,
Halfpenny, 1803;-- St. Patrick's Halfpennies 1804, 1819;
Fingall, Halfpenny, 1804, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. As above.
MOTTE, MENAUTON DE LA (French). Mint-master at Morlaas,
1492.
MOTTA, CHARLES (Swiss). Die-sinker of the second half of the
eighteenth century. According to Schlickeysen, he was residing
at Geneva, circ. 1770. In 1788 we find him at Motiers-Travers
(canton Neuchatel), in which year he submitted Pattern pieces for
4, 2 and f Creutzers for the Neuchatel coinage of Frederick
William II., 1788. These were not adopted.
Motta's signature occurs on Prize-medals of Geneva.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. W. Wavre, La " grande lacune " dans k monnayage de Neuchi-
tel de 1614 a 1789, Musee neuchatelois, 1894.
MOTTEN, THOMAS DOMINIQUE VAN DER (Belg.}. Mint-director at
Antwerp, 31. December 1752 to 18. December 1753; then at
Brussels, 1766-1772.
MOTZ, THOMAS (Swiss). A native of Berne; Mint-master at Hals,
1436, and Passau, 1438.
MOUARD, LOUIS BERNARD (French}. Sculptor of the middle years
of the nineteenth century, who exhibited various Portrait-medallions
at the Paris Salons, in the fifties.
MOUCHERON, EUGENE LOUIS, Vicomte de (French}. Contemporary
Sculptor, born at the castle of Maison-Maugis (Orne); pupil of
Fremiet. At the Salon of 1880 a Portrait-medallion in bronze of
Baroness B***, by him, attracted well-deserved attention ; and in
1890 he exhibited another of M. de M***.
MOUCHET, BENOIT (French}. Mint-engraver at Montpellier, circ.
I5I5--J- 1541. He signed his name Benet mouchet.
MOUCHON, LOUIS EUGENE (French). Medallist, Gem-engraver,
Metal-chaser, and Line-engraver, born at Paris, 30. August, 1843,
now residing at Mentone. He was apprenticed to his father as a
Die-sinker. "J'ai fait mon apprentissage chez mon pere, " writes
the artist, " graveur d'objets de ville, dans 1'absolue ignorance de
tout. Colliers de chien, plaques de portes, moules a bouteilles et a
savon, marques a moutons, haches de forestiers, chandeliers d'hotels
et numeros de cles, voila a la confection de quoi j'ai passe ma jeu-
nesse. Plus tard, je fis des timbres sees et humides, desfers pour la
reliure, des poincons de maitres pour bijoutiers ; plus tard encore
de la gravure sur bois, de la taille-douce, de la vignette en tous
genres; j'etudiai la galvanoplastie et la photographic; j'inventai
meme differents precedes chimiques. J'ai fait quantite de sceaux, de
cachets a la cire et des blocs d'acier pour le timbrage en couleur. "
Not satisfied with his attainments, Mouchon continued his stud-
ies, and first attempted medal work, when already forty-three
years' old. His first productions in that branch of art were exhibit-
ed at the Salon of 1887. At the Universal Exhibition, Paris, 1900,
he obtained the Grand Prix for Engraving in the section of Deco-
rative Art. In the meantime he had been created a Knight of the
Legion of Honour, 1895.
Until recent years, Mouchon engraved in steel most of the types
of the French State papers of value, and by him were the Postage
stamps from 10 to 30 Centimes of the type of the seated Republic,
which preceded thatnow in use with Roty's "Semeuse".The same
artist engraved the French postage stamps for the colonies and pro-
tectorates, also postage stamps for Belgium (Brussels Exhibition),
Holland, Persia, Luxemburg, Greece, Portugal, Monaco, Argentina,
Abyssinia, Servia (of King Peter's coronation, with the supposed
mask of Alexander I., recalled type), &c. ; further, coin-types and
dies for paper money, comprizing a series of sixteen banknotes of
different value and designs for Portugal.
The artist's signature occurs on the current issue of French
postage stamps (1907), with the altered type of Roty's " Semeuse ".
Mouchon's most remarkable productions in line-engraving are his
reproductions of the Livre cTheures of Symon Voslre and a Choix de
Prieres after Hippolyte Flandrin.
The artist obtained in 1888 a Medal of the third class ; in 1889,
the Gold medal of the Universal Exhibition; 1894, a Medal of the
second class and the Diplome d'honneur at the Exposition interna-
tionale du livre.
The following is as complete a list of Mouchon's medallic pro-
ductions as I have been able to compile :
STRUCK MEDALS & PLAQUETTES. 1887. Concours annueldes eleves
imprimeurs-typographes, with bust of Gutemberg; -- Concours
annuel des eleves lithographes, with bust of A. Senefelder ; Ensei-
gnementdu dessin; 1889. Orpheus; Lazare Carnot; 1891.
Apollon berger; 1894. Union du commerce; -- 1895. Joan of
Arc; - - St. Anthony of Padua, after Murillo; - - Souvenir of
E. Mouchon to his friends; 1896. Regina Virginum ; Siren;
1897, Pattern for a coin; Souvenir Plaquette of the Paris
Mint (illustrated) ; The Archangel Michael slaying the Dragon;
Souvenir Plaquette of the Paris Mint.
fyL View of Mont St. Michel; -- 1899. Joan of Arc; -- Queen
Wilhelmina ofHolland; -- 1899. The Pardon; 1901. Roses et
parsiflores; View and Arms of Mentone; 1902, Nicholas II.,
Czar of Russia; Alexandra, Czarina; Edward VII., Coronation
medal; -- 1903. Berlioz, and prince Albert of Monaco.
CAST MEDALS & PLAQUETTES. 1886. M me L. Mouchon (2 sizes);
Dead Hope.
M" e Jeanne Mouchon; Georges Mouchon, youthful head ;
L. A. Mouchon; -- M me M. J. Simon; -- M me A. Hubert;
1887. Fr. Filon, director of the Municipal Lavoisier school;
- i 7 6 -
M me Carlotta Overlino ; M lle Suzanne Terrier; -- R. Terrier;
- Faith, after P. Dubois; 1888. P. E. Gaumel ; M. X***; -
M lle and M. Mouchon, daughter and son of the artist.
1889. Orpheus; 1890, Ch. Gerson ; - Ecole municipale
Estienne (2 varieties) ; Christ; The Virgin; 1891. Rene";
- 177
Apollon berger ; - 1892. To the Memory of Philippe de
Girard ; Dead Hope (illustrated); 1893. Menelik II., Emper-
or of Ethiopia; -- H. Berteaux ; P. E. Herbette; Souvenir
of the 21. April 1893; Tourelle de Chenonceaux;
M Ile H. F. ; Robert Estienne; - - 1894. The French Republic;
- P. Tranchau; M llr X***; 1895. M Ile Jeanne Mouchon
(oval; illustrated); M. G. Mouchon, in military uniform (oval;
illustrated}; J. de Selves, French Postmaster-general ; M me M.
F. Tranchau ; St. Anthony of Padua ; The Bridegroom ; The
Bride ; Cupid ; Spring; Autumn ; Brittany shepherdess;
Yoke of oxen ploughing; Fleur deLys; 1896. Inauguration
of the new building of the Estienne Municipal school ; D r Theo-
phile Roussel; -- 1897. L. Bedorez, director of the Seine school-
board; -- Leon Bourgeois (Plaquette, and Medallion); J. de
Selves, prefect of the Seine; - - The Archangel Michael; 1898.
Joan of Arc; Christ and the Virgin; 1901. Ros.-setparsiflores;
- View and Arms of Mentone; Alfred de Musset. 1902.
Nicholas II. of Russia; The Czarina Alexandra ; Edward VII. of
Great Britain; M. Glena, architect; 1903. Berlioz and Prince
Albert ot Monaco ; 1906. Amiti et Souvenir; Agriculture ;
In memoriam amicorum ; S. A. le Prince de Monaco; Diane;
- Alfred de Vigny; --La Source; M. A. Mariani ; 1907.
Cadran d'horloge; Gallia Mater, medallion ; Orgueil; Alfred
de Vigny, plaquette ; M. Mariani ; Reliefs : Christ aux Oli-
viers; Pelerins d'Emmaus, etc.
At the Exhibition of Modern Medals, which was held at Brussels
in 1897, Mouchon was represented by the following works :
STRUCK MEDALS. Lazare Carnot ; - - Union du Commerce ;
St. Anthony of Padua; Apollon berger; Orpheus; Regina
Virginum.
PLAQUETTES. Art and Friendship.
CAST MEDALS. M. Poirson; M Ile Mouchon (oval) ; M. Mou-
chon fils (oval) ; - - M me Simon ; Menelik, Emperor of Ethio-
pia; - - M lle X***; Rene Terrier; Suzanne Terrier; -
M. Gerson ; Head of the Republic; St. Anthony of Padua;
- Apollon berger; Orpheus; Spring; Autumn.
PLAQUETTES. M. Herbette ; - - M. Tranchau ; M me Tran-
chau ; M. de Selves ; M. Berteaux ; Philippe de Girard ;
Christ; - - The Virgin ; Ecole Estienne; - - Tourelle de Che-
nonceaux (illustrated} ; Bergere bretonne ; Attelage de bceufs
bretons; Esperance morte.
At the Luxemburg Museum the following medallic productions
by Mouchon are on exhibition : Commemorative medal of the Foun-
dation of the Ecole Estienne; Orpheus; Gloire posthume,
commemorative medal of Philippe de Girard; Esperance morte;
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists IV. II
- i 7 8-
Apollon berger ; Menelik (illustrated) ; Leon Berteaux.
painter ; Emile Louvard ; Jeanne Mouchon ; M me Simon ;
- M lle Carlotta Overlino ; Rene Terrier; Suzanne Terrier.
Tourelle de Chenonceaux.
" Ce qui fait 1'originalite du talent de Mouchon, c'est que ce
talent est pour ainsi dire universe!. II est graveur en medailles et
plaquettes, graveur en creux, graveur de poinc,ons typographiques,
Menelik II., negus of Ethiopia.
en fers a dorer, en ornements cisele"s pour la reliure, en orfevrerie;
il est e"galement peintre, dessinateur, photographe, imprimeur,
enfin tout ce qu'une main obeissant fidelement a un cerveau artiste
- 179
puissamment organise puisse executer (Archives de I'imprimerie,
octobre 1900, p. 15).
" Tardive a etc la manifestation de sa puissance artistique, mais
le succes immediat et indiscute" : de la se degage la grande lec,on :
1'homme rencontrait la soudaine recompense d'une longue patience;
il se revelait maitre de tous ses moyens ; du coup il s'imposait. La
joie de s'etre enfin ouvert la voie souhaite ne ralentit pas son
effort. Le catalogue de 1'ceuvre gravee de Mouchon remplirait des
pages ; que de plaquettes, que de medailles ou 1'harmonie de la
composition, I'ingeniosite de 1'inspiration sont servies par une exe-
cution parfaite ! Ce qui emerveille le profane, le voyant a 1'neuvre,
c'est que cette meme main qui a besoin d'une vigueur extraordi-
naire pour entamer Tacier avec le burin, se conserve une telle
legerete, une touche si delicate, une si suave finesse de trait.
"Jusqu'en ces dernieres annees, Mouchon a grave sur acier tous
les types de 1'Etat pour les papiers de valeurs, soit directement,
soit pour les artistes a qui 1'Etat les avait commandes. " Car, j'ai
tristesse a le constater, nous dit-il, je suis le dernier survivant des
hommes qui savaient leur metier avant 1'introduction des precedes
mecaniques, chimiques et photographiques " (Moniteur universel,
avril 1900).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Roger Marx, Me'daiUeurs fraiifais. Id., Me'dailleurs contem-
porains. L. Benedite, op. cit. Gazette numistnatique francaise, 1897-1900.
Gazette numismatique Duprie^, 1898. Art et Decoration, 1899. D r J. H. de
Dompierre de Chaufepie, op. cit. Catalogues du Salon, 1887-1904. Information
kindly communicated by the artist.
MOUCHY, LOUIS PHILIPPE (French). Sculptor of the eighteenth
century, born at Paris, 31. March 1734, where he died, 10. Decem-
ber 1801 ; nephew and pupil of Pigalle. By him are large Portrait-
medallions and Plaques in bronze, which however do not come
strictly within the scope of the present work.
MOUGEOT, JEAN JOSEPH (French'). Gem-engraver, born at Paris
in 1780; pupil of Laurent pere, Morel, and Jouffroy. According to
Chavignerie et Auvray, he exhibited at the Paris Salon for the last
time in 1834, but I have been unable to find out the date of his
death. By him are the following gems : 1822. Two youths, after
Netscher; 1824. Various Cameos; - - Tiberius alighting from
his triumphal chariot; 1827. Portrait-cameo; - - 1823. The
Courtesan, after Sigalon ; 1834. Heads of Octavia and youthful
Marcellus, etc. He executed a series of Portrait-cameos for the
"Iconographie romaine", and he also engraved statues and antique
bas-reliefs for the Galerie Napoleon (i st series), published by Lau-
rent and Robillard ; a Portrait, after Van Dyck ; Souvenir, after
Arsene (subject inspired by Lamartine's " Meditations") ; The
Courtesan, after Sigalon, for the Galerie du Luxembourg, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit.
i8o
MOULERE, BERTHOMINE DE (French"). Widow of Auger de la
Garde; acted as Mint-master at Morlaas, September 1582.
MOULIN, GUILLAUME (French). Mint-master at Villefranche, in
Dauphiny, 1420.
MOULIN, STEPHEN (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Clermont (Oise). I have come across his signature on a Portrait-
medallion in bronze of Augustin Leclercq.
MOULINIER, JEAN (French). Mint-engraver at Bordeaux, 1758-
1784.
MOULLE (French). Die-sinker of the middle years of the nineteenth
century. He resided at Paris, and took part in the 1848 Competi-
tion for the coinage of the second Republic, by sending a Pattern
10 Centime-piece, which was however not adopted.
Obv. of Pattern 10 Centimes, by Moulle.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. De Saulcy, Souvenirs numismatiques de la Revolution de 1848.
MOULY, FRANQOIS JEAN JOSEPH (French). Sculptor, born at
Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-D6me) ; pupil of Jouffroy. He is the
author of vaiious Portrait-medallions, some of which were exhibited
at the Paris Salon: 1881. M lle Jeanne Berthon ; 1882. M mc
Claudia Mouly, etc.
MOUNTJOY, LORD (Brit.). (WILLIAM BLOUNT). Mint-master in
London, under Henry VIII. , anni i-io, and 23; he died in 1535.
The first coinage of that reign was made by virtue of an indenture
with him, and was similar in all respects to that of Henry VII. ".
Vide Kenyon, op. cit., 83 ; Hawkins, op. cit., 482. Ruding, op. cit.,
I, 34, 301, 306.
MOUNTSTEPHEN, ELEY GEORGE (Brit.). Sculptor of the latter end
of the eighteenth century, known as a Modeller of wax medallions.
One of the Tassie Portrait-cameos, representing a Captain Mackin-
tosh, was executed from a wax model of this artist.
MOUROT, CLAUDE (French). Goldsmith and Engraver at Pont in
Lorraine, circ. 1634, m which year he is said to have cut a seal of
the King.
MOUSLEY, FRANK (Brit.}. Assayer at the Mint of Perth (Western
Australia), appointed in October 1897.
MOUSSET, LEON (French'). Mint-engraver at Bayonne, circ. 1720.
MOUSTIER, COSME DU (French). Mint-master at Rouen, appointed
in February 1536; privy mark, a small hunting horn. He was still
in office in 1548.
MOUSTIERS, JACQUES DE (French). Goldsmith of Marseilles, and
Mint-master there, 1527-1531.
MOUTENS, BARTHELEMY (French). Mint-master at Lyons, 1368.
MOUTERDE, CLAUDE (French). 1761-1784. Master-gilder, Founder,
and Engraver, of Lyons ; son of Gabriel Mouterde, born 3 1 . July
1736. He has executed Portrait-medallions and religious Medals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit.
MOUTERDE, EMMANUEL (French'). Son of Louis Antoine Mouterde,
born in 1801, died in 1872, and also a Manufacturer of buttons, and
Medallist. He studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts of Lyons, and
obtained in 1820 a first Mention for decorative work.
Among his medals are : Bust of Louis Antoine Mouterde (3 var.);
- D r Joseph Ferdinand Gensoul, 1858 (signed : E. MOUTERDE);
-Notre-Dame de S. Didier au Mont d'Or ; CAST MEDALLIONS :
Alexandre Pierre Francois Barthelemy Monmartin ; - Robert
Francois Victor Edouard Bizot ; Mgr. Pavy , first bishop of Algiers ;
Jacques Bodin ; H. Jayr, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit.
MOUTERDE, GABRIEL (French). .. 1734-1759. Master-gilder and
Engraver at Lyons, born 30. January 1709. He executed one of the
cast medals of the Jubilee celebrations at Lyons, in 1734, which were
made in imitation of those of 1666, signed by Jacques Mimerel, with
St. John the Baptist standing on obv. and Censer on altar on fyL.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Natalis Rondot, Les graveurs du nom de Mouterde et le Mon-
iiayage du metal de cbche pur a Lyon. Lyon, 1880.
MOUTERDE, JEAN MARIE (French). .. 1773- f 1793. Master-
founder, Gilder, and Engraver, of Lyons; son of Gabriel Mouterde,
born 26. April 1748. He engraved various medals, and was one of
the promoters of the coinage of pure bell-metal in 1791.
He took part in the defence of Lyons, and was guillotined, 26.
December 1793.
182
Mouterde was the first to utilise pure bell-metal for purposes of
coinage; his dizains are well-known. His name, in conjunction with
those of Mercie and Mathieu, occurs on the following pieces : Bust
ofVienno, 1791 ; Assignatde 5 Livres 1791 ; Bust of Mirabeau,
which occurs in numerous varieties. To the same engraver may be
ascribed some of the dies for the Obsidional coinage of Lyons,
1793-
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit.
MOUTERDE, LOUIS ANTOINE (French}. .. 1798-1822. Manufacturer
of buttons, and Medallist, of Lyons; son of Jean Marie Mouterde,
born 15. September 1776, died 6. June 1838. His medallic pro-
ductions are usually signed : L.A. MOUTERDE. Among these Rondot
mentions a silver Medallion representing a female head, of pure
design and excellent execution.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit.
MOUTERDE, LOUIS ANTOINE JEAN (French}. Cousin of Emmanuel
Mouterde ; born in 1812; pupil of Jean Jacques Barre, 1830-1833;
was also more of a Die-sinker than a Medallist, but he however
produced several medals and medallions, which are signed :
L. MOUTERDE F., or L. F.
ENGRAVED MEDALS : Joseph Charles Jacquard, 1834;
Bonne foi et Justice; tyL. Tribunal de commerce de Lyon, 1835 ;
Conseil municipal de Lyon, 1838 ; The Virgin and St. Anne ;
$L. St. Blandine. -
CAST MEDALLIONS : J. C. Jacquard, 1834 (signed : L. MOV-
TERDE FECIT 1834); J. B. M. Vianney, of Ars ; -- M me Victor
Bizot, 1833; -- Antoine Etienne Emmanuel Mouterde, 1835 > "
Emmanuel Mouterde, 1836 ; Francois Verrier, 1845 ; Elizabeth
Scipion.
This artist, who was still living in 1880, was the last of the
family who distinguished himself in medal-work.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit.
MOUTERDE, MARIE EMMANUEL (French) .. i8i2-f 1836. Founder,
Gilder, Goldsmith, and Medallist, of Lyons; son of Jean Marie
Mouterde, born 23. May 1787, died 23. March 1836. His initials
M. M. occur on the medals engraved by him, which consist mostly
of religious badges. One of his best productions is a medal with
head of St. Anastasius on obv. and halt-length figure of St. Venan-
tius on ^6.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit.
MOWBRAY, PATRICK (Brit.}. Counterwarden at the Mint of
Edinburgh, 1691.
- i8 3 -
MOYA, ANTONIO DE OLIVEIRA (Port.). Mint-engraver at Bahia
(Brazil), appointed 6. April 1780.
MOYNE, GUILLAUME LE (French). Mint-master at Arras, 6 June to
2. September 1424.
M. P. Vide MARTIN PUSCH. Mint-master at Buchholz (Saxony),
1530-1540.
M. P. Vide MARMITTA PARMENSIS LODOVICO). Mint-engraver at
Rome, and Medallist, circ. 1550.
M. P. Vide MATTHIAS PULS. Mint-master at Liibeck, circ. 1596-
1611.
M. P. Vide MARKUS PHILIPSSOHN. Mint-master at Elbing, 1628-
1632.
M. P. Vide MARTINENGO. Mint-master, and PRANGE, Warden, at
Wiirzburg, 1762-1790.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
MP (Germ.). The signature 7^ , occurs on a Portrait-medal in
box-wood of Andreas Diirer, brother of Albert, dated 1534. Nothing
is known of the author of this fine production.
M. R. Vide MICHAEL RENNESCH. Mint-master at Reuss, 1623.
M. R. (MR). Vide MARTIN REIMANN. Mint-master at Coburg 1633-
1639.
M. R. Vide MARTIN REIMANN. Mint-master at Saalfeld, 1658-
1672.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
M. R. According to Hennin, these initials occur on a Monneron
of 2 Sols, 1791.
M. S. Vide MICHAEL SCHALENBERGER. Medallist at Nuremberg,
1601-1608.
M. S. Vide MATTHIAS STEIN. Mint-master at Coblenz, 1627-1652.
M. S. Vide MATTHAUS SCHAFFER Senior. Medallist at Nuremberg,
circ. 1580.
M. S. Vide MATTHAUS SCHAFFER Junior. Medallist at Nuremberg,
circ. 1622-1655.
M. S. or M. S. F. Vide MAXIMILIAN SOLDANI. Medallist at Florence,
1658-1740. Also M. SOLD.
- 1 84 -
M. S. Vide MARTIN SMELTZING. Medallist at Leyden, 1696-1712.
M.S. Vide MARCO SORANZO. Mint-master at Venice, 1765-1766.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
M. S. (Gfrw.). A Medallist of the second half of the sixteenth
century, whose productions are signed : M. S., is mentioned by
Bolzenthal as a clever artist, whom from outward circumstances and
the character of his work we may conclude to have been a Nurem-
bergian. His productions consist chiefly of the portraits of eminent
persons of Nuremberg, viz. S. Welzer, G. Nutzel, M. Pfintzing,
S. Haller of Hallerstein, and C. Zinner. Beside these are Portrait-
medals of the Margrave George Frederick of Bayreuth, with the
same letters, and apparently from the same hand. All of them belong
to the seventh and eighth decades of the sixteenth century. Andreas
Imhof says the author of these medals was Matthaus Schaffer, who
was also known under the name of Hauschild, but there is
nothing to support his attribution.
Gabriel Nutzel, 1569.
Erman calls this artist a Nuremberg Medallist, and places the date
of his activity between 1556 and 1570. His style resembles greatly
that of the Master J. D. Most of his medals show facing Portraits :
1551. Albert Romer, of Nuremberg; 1556. Stephan Brechtl the
elder, countermaker at Nuremberg; 1561. Martin Pfinzing; -
1566. Martin Pfinzing; -- Sebastian Welser; - 1567. Joachim
Pomer, of Nuremberg; 1569. Georg Friedrich von Brandenburg-
Anspach (in various sizes) ; - Gabriel Nutzel (illustrated) ;
Caspar Zinner; -- Sebald Haller; - - 1570. Georg Irnsinger ; -
Undated. Stephan Brechtl the younger (aet. 33).
D r Merzbacher catalogued two other medals signed : M. S. in
Kunst-Medaillen-Kalalog, Mai 1900, lots 340-41 : 1555. Lienhart
- i8 5 -
Mair (illustrated^). This medal, says D r Merzbacher, offers analogy
with Ludwig Neufahrer's medal of the Tyrolian patrician Sebastian
KurczvonSeuftenau ; 1559- Sebastian (and Justina)Unterholzer,
Lienhart Mair, 1555.
(also attributed to Neufahrer).
born at Salzburg in 1507, burger of Munich, and later, merchant,
burger, and town-councillor of Nuremberg. " Das Wort SOTTO ",
observes D r Merzbacher, " vor der Jahrzahl der Vs. verrath
Sebastian and Justina Unterholzer, 1559.
italienischen Einfluss. Es la'sst sich sonst an diesem Stuck nichts der
Art nachweisen, vielleicht gehort es zu den Arbeiten des Meisters
MS, mit dessen Manier eine andere Medaille des Unterholzer (Will
IV. 283) viel Aehnlichkeit hat ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. - - Erman, op. cit. D r Merzbacher,
op. cit. Will, Nurnbergische M&tKfvebutigUHge*, 4 vols, Altdorf, 1764. Imhof,
Sammlung eines Nurnbergiscben Mun^cabinets, 1782. Fiala, op. cit. Bergmann,
Medaillen auf berubmte Manner des osterreichiscben Kaiser staates, Wien, 1844.
- 186 -
Doppelmayr, Historiscbe Nacbricht von den Nurnbergischen Malhematicis und
Kunstlern, Niirnberg, 1730. Catalogue of the Felix Collection of German Renais-
sance Medals.
MUDIE, JAMES (Brit.}. Issuer of a series of medals, styled
" National Medals", commemorating British Victories over the
French, under the reign of George III., to whose son, George IV.,
the work was dedicated. The collection cost the publisher, in
addition to six years' devotion of his time and trouble, upwards of
10.000.
This series, to which various British and foreign artists contrib-
uted, consists of the following pieces : i. George III., Religion,
Faith, and Constancy, 1817 (Webb and Depaulis}; 2. Settlement
of the British at Bombay, 1662 (Dro^ and Mills}; 3. Earl Howe,
French fleet defeated offUshant, 1794 (W. Wyon) ; 4. Admiral
Earl St. Vincent, Spanish fleet defeated off Cape St. Vincent,
1797 (Mills and Brenet} ; --5. Admiral Viscount Duncan, 1797
(Webb and W. Wyon}; -- 6. Admiral Lord Nelson, 1805 (Dro$ ;
7. Admiral Sir Sydney Smith, Acre defended, 1799 (Mills
and Brenet} ; 8. Lieut. General Sir Ralph Abercromby,
Battle of Talavera, i
Arrival of the English army in Egypt, 1801 (Webb}', -- 9. Major
General Lord Hutchinson, E^ypt delivered, 1801 (Webb and
Duprf) ; 10. A Scottish soldier; I. EGYPT | PORTUGAL |
SPAIN, &c., 1 80 1 (Dnbois} ; n. Field Marshal Frederick, Duke
of York, 1802 (Webb and Brenet}; - 12. Arthur, Duke of
Wellington; }$L. The English army arrives in the Peninsula, 1808
(Brenet; fy.. designed by/. Mudie); 13. Battle of Vimiera, The
English army enters Lisbon, 1808 (Barre&nd Mills') ; 14. Lieut.
General Sir John Moore, 1809 (Mills and Couriguer);-- 15. The
Duke of Wellington; I. Passage of the Douro, 1809 (Brenet and
Dubois); 16. The Duke of Wellington ; fyL. Battle of Talavera,
1809 (Mills and Lafitte); 17. Fabius Cunctator, The English
- 1 8 7 -
army on the Tagus, 1811 (Petit and Dubois); - 18. Marshal
General Lord Beresford, Battle of Albuera, 1811 (Webb and Brenet);
- 19. Lieut. General SirT. Picton, Badajoz taken, 1812 (Mills);
20. Lieut. General Lord Hill, Capture of Almarez, 1812 (Mills
and Gayrard); 21. Battle of Salamanca, The British army
enters Madrid, 1812 (Brenet) ; 22. The Duke of Wellington,
Battle of Vittoria, 1813 (Mills and Lefevre); - - 23. Id., The
English army passes the Pyrenees, 1813 (Brenet) ; 24. Lieut.
General Lord Lynedoch, Capture of St. Sebastian, 1813 (Webb and
Mills)', 25. The Duke of Wellington, Surrender of Pampeluna,
1813 (Brenet and Dro%) ; 26. Britannia, Battle of Toulouse,
iSi^.(Brenet) ; 27. Britannia, Repose of Hercules, 1813 (Dro%);
- 28. George, Prince Regent; England gives peace to the world,
1814 (Mills and Dubois) ; --29. Visit of the allied sovereigns to
England ; $.. ARMIS ET CONSILIIS, 1815 (Mills and Brenet) ;
30. Britannia, Visit of Czar Alexander I. and Fred. William III. of
Prussia, 1814 (Brenet and Barre); -- 31. H. R. H. the Duke of
Cambridge, The English re-enter Hanover, 1814 (Webb and Barre);
- 32. Flight of Napoleon from Elba, Congress of Vienna, 1815
(Brenet and Defaults); 33. The British army in the Netherlands,
1815 (Depanlis and Lefevre); - - 34. Henry William, marquis of
Anglesey, Charge of the British at Waterloo, 1815 (Mills and
Depaulis) ; - - 3 5 . The Duke of Wellington ; IjL. WATERLOO,
1815 (Brenet); - - 36. Id., The English army enters Paris, 1815
(Brenefy ; 37. Napoleon, Surrender to H. B. M. S. Bellerophon,
1815 (Webb and Brenet); 38. Id., Napoleon at St. Helena, n. d.
(Webb and Mills'); - - 39. Admiral Lord Exmouth, Algiers, 1816
(Louis Brenet and Gerard} ; 40. England gives a Constitution to
the Ionian Islands, 1817 (Depaulis).
Beside these Mudie published other medals, amongst which I have
noticed : Rev. Samuel Parr; Death of Princess Charlotte, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. An Historical and Critical Account of a Gtand Series of National
Medals, published under the direction of James Mudie, Esq. and dedicated by permission
to His Most Excellent Majesty George the Fourth, London, 1820, in-4.
MUELICK, HANS (Germ.). Painter, Engraver, and Chaser of
Munich, circ. 1575. He is mentioned by Plon, Benvenuto Cellini,
FP- 35 2 "3j as having made a sword-handle ornamented with
medallions and other ornaments. The Muelick mentioned here may
be " Meister Miiller ", or Konstantine Miiller (q. i.).
MUELENBEQUE, JEAN VAN (Belg.~). Goldsmith and Seal-engraver
at Brussels, was employed as a Die-cutter at the Mint of Lille, circ.
1460-1472.
MUHLE, CARL ADOLF (Dan.). Medallist and Mint-engraver at
Copenhagen, 1787 -f- 1855. By this artist is a medal with portrait
1 88
of Christian IV., on the Second Centenary of the Exchange at Copen-
hagen, 1824 (signed : C. A. MUHLE), and others.
MUHLENBECK, GEORGE (Germ.). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Rigny-le-Ferron (Aube) ; pupil of Falguiere and Gauthier. At the
Salon of 1889 he exhibited a Portrait-medallion, cast in bronze :
M 1Ie Miihlenbeck.
MUHLER, HANS GEORG (Austr.). Mint-engraver at Waldstein
(Styria), circ. 1677-1686. He was a native of Vienna.
MUHLSCHLAGEL (Germ.). In conjunction with Heuss, he
contracted to work for the Mint of Stuttgart, 1746; the Mint-master
at the time was Rasp.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D r E. Bahrfeldt, Das Mun^-und GeU-wesen der Fnrsten-
tbumer Holieii^pllern , \ 900.
MULEKYN, DONATUS (//a/.). A native of Florence, who was
employed at the Mint of Edinburgh, circ. 1351-1358. On Groats
and Half Groats of that mint, and of that period, copied from the
English types, the letter D occurs in one of the quarters of the
reverse and may stand for his initial.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Burns, Coinage of Scotland, I, 248. -- H. A. Grueber,
Handbook, &c.
MULEKYN, GEOFFREY (Brit.). Mint-master at London, under
Richard II., anni 19-21 (1396-98). He was probably of Italian
origin.
MULEKYN, JACOBUS (Ital.). A native of Florence ; Mint-master
at Edinburgh, 1358-1377. His name occurs as " Magister Jacobus
Monetarius ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Burns, op. cit. Grueber, op. cit.
MULET DE SAINT-MARCELLIN, ANTOINE (French). Mint-master at
Chambery, 1399.
MULICH, ALBERT (Germ.). Mint-master at Liibeck, 1436.
MULLER (Germ.). Assistant Mint-master at Breslau, -j- 1797.
MULLER (Germ.). Sculptor, Engraver, and Chaser of the second
quarter of the nineteenth century. By him is a chased Portrait-
medallion in silver commemorating the 4O lh Anniversary of the
reign of Frederick William III. of Prussia, 1837. Von Kull mentions
a Chaser of the name of Muller, who was working at Munich in
1839. A Portrait-medal of Paracelsus, belonging to Durand's series,
1844, is also signed : MULLER. By the same artist are possibly also :
189
D r Jacob Harsen ; D r Friedrich Gottfried Hayne, Berlin, 1823 ;
Maximilian II. of Bavaria; Gustavus Adolphus, 1845 (Durand);
- Mozart; -- Goethe, 1833; -- Schiller, &c. The two last are
signed : C. MULLER.
MULLER, ADOLPH (Austr.}. Mint-engraver at Prague, clrc. 1773.
MULLER, ADOLPH (Austr.}. A Firm of Die-sinkers at Vienna,
now trading under the style of A.MULLER'S SOHNE. I have only come
across very few of their medallic productions : Betrothal of Archduke
Rudolf of Austria with Princess Stephanie of Belgium, 1880;
Their Marriage, 1881 ; Adam Mickiewicz, 1890 ; 2o th Anni-
versary of the Schweckat voluntary Fire Brigade, 1890 ; Choral
Festival at Heidenreichstein, 1890; Trooping of the Colour at
Atzgersdorf, 1890 ; - - Silver Wedding of the Emperor Francis
Joseph and Empress Elizabeth, 1879; 5. Austrian federal Rifle
Meeting at Vienna, on the occasion of Francis Joseph's Jubilee,
1898, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Mitth. des Klubs der Mun^-und Medaillenfreunde in Wien, 1892-
1905.
MULLER, ALFRED (Germ.}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at Paris;
pupil of Henri Burdif. At the Salon of 1903 he exhibited two
Plaquettes, representing a Child, and a Lady.
MULLER, ANDREAS (Dan.}. According to Nagler, an artist of that
name flourished in Denmark, during the second half of the
sixteenth century, as an Engraver of Gems and Armorial bearings.
MULLER, ANDREAS (Germ.'}. Mint-master at Weissenstadt, 1622.
MULLER, BALTHASAR (Germ.}. Goldsmith, and Seal-engraver, at
Munich, cm:. 1642-1650.
MULLER, BARTHOLOMAEUS (Germ.}. Mint-engraver, and Medallist,
at Ulm, 1671-1706.
MULLER, CONRAD (Germ.}. Gem-engraver, born at Lauffen, near
Nuremberg, died at Strassburg in 1733. He produced a great
variety of seals, armorial bearings, etc.
MULLER, CONSTANTIN. Vide MULLER, KONSTANTIN.
MULLER, CHRISTIAN. Vide MOELLER.
MULLER, CHRISTIAN ANDREAS (Dan.}. Also MflLLER. Sculptor
and Medallist, born in 1786, died in 1840. By him is a Coronation
medal of Frederick VI., 1815, etc.
MULLER, CHRISTIAN ERNST (Germ}. Son of the famous Medallist,
Philipp Heinrich Muller ; born at Augsburg; resided for some
190
time at Nuremberg, and in collaboration with his father worked
for the medal-publishers F. Kleinert and L. G. Lauffer; he was
also employed between 1710 and 1720 by the Salzburg mint; -
later, and until 1741, he appears to have been working at Augsburg;
and from 1759 to 1761, he was Mint-warden at Oettingen. Zeller
ascribes to him Portrait-Thalers, Half Thalers and Quarter Thalers
of Francis Anton von Harrach, archbishop of Salzburg, 1710-1720.
We know that in collaboration with his brother, Christoph
Heinrich Miiller, and under the supervision of his father, this artist
engraved Portrait-medals of Paul von Stetten, and by him are
also : Portrait-medal of Charles Alexander, Duke of Wurtemberg,
1733; : 9. Centenary of the Foundation of the Abbey of Seli-
genstadt, 1725. Ludwig Bartholomaeus von Herttenstein, 1741;
Second Centenary of the Augsburg Declaration of Faith, 1730, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzemhal, op. cit. Zeller, Die an der furster^biscboflich-
sal^burgischen Mun^e angestellten, u. a. Mun%eisenscbneider, Graveure und Medail-
leure, Wien, 1888.
MtJLLER, CHRISTOPH (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Dessau, 1693-1694,
and Muhlhausen, 1701; Mint-master at Eisenach, 1702-1715. His
initials C. M. occur on the coins.
MULLER, CHRISTOPH, HEINRICH (Germ.}. Medallist of Augsburg;
Mint-warden there, 1725-1738. He was a son of Philipp Heinrich
Miiller, the celebrated artist, under whose direction, and in conjunc-
tion with his brother, Christian Ernest, he engraved, amongst
others, Portrait-medals of Paul von Stetten, etc.
MtiLLER, CHRISTIAN HEINRICH (Germ.}. Born at Breslau, 27.
February 1772; at first a theologian, then a jurist, he was appointed
in 1831, Director of the Breslau Mint; he died at Warmbrunn,
14. September 1849. He was the founder of the " Gesellschaft fur
vaterlandische Kultur ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Friedensburg, Schlesiens neuere Mim^gescbichte.
MtJLLER-VANDEVELDE, M m " DALILA (Germ.}. Contemporary
Sculptor ; pupil of L. Gossin, Mathurin Moreau, and Hippolyte
Moreau. At the Salon of 1904, this artist exhibited a Portrait-
medallion of a young Girl.
MULLER, EMIL (Swiss}. Contemporary sculptor and Medallist,
who was residing at Basle in 1894, but later at Lucerne. His
signature occurs on the following medals : Medal of the Federal
Rifle Meeting at Frauenfeld, 1890 ; - - Federal Fete gymnastique
at Basle, 1894 (signed : E - MULLER, BASEL); Sixth Centenary of
the Swiss Confederation, 1901 (signed : E. M.), etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Revue suisse de numismatique, 1891-1894-1901.
MULLER, FRANZ (Anstr.}. Mint-engraver at Vienna, under
Leopold IL, 1790-1792. He was born at Benatek (Bohemia) in 1762,
and was apprenticed to Wiirth. He worked from 1786 to 1787 at
the Mint of Kremnitx.
MULLER, FRANZ CARL (Austr.}. Mint-engraver at Kremnitz, circ.
1762-1791.
MULLER, FRANZ FERDINAND (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Munich,
1719; Mint-master there, 1725.
MULLER, FREDERIC CHARLES (Germ.}. Medallist,born atStrassburg
in 1789, where he died in 1837. He settled in his native town on
the return from the regiment in 1812. His parents and ancestors
were tinsmithsand burgers of that city. Amongst others he engraved
a medal representing the Strassburg Cathedral, and another the
Monument of the Marechal de Saxe, etc.
MULLER, GEORG (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Crailsheim, 1622.
MULLER, HANS (Germ.}. Mint-master at Koenigsberg in Prussia,
1661-1666. His issues are usually signed : H. M.
MULLER, HANS GEORG (Austr.}. Mint-engraver at Vienna, 1668-
1686.
MULLER, HEINRICH (Germ.}. Contemporary Sculptor, residing
at Dusseldorf. He modelled the Prize Medal of the Dusseldort
Exhibition, 1902, etc.
MULLER, HEINRICH (Germ.}. Mint-master at Nuremberg, 1611-
1616. He was a native of Veltkirchen, and settled at Nuremberg
in 1588 as an assayer of gold and silver. On Paul Dietherr's decease,
he purchased the tools from his widow, and was appointed Mint-
master by the town council. He died in 1616, and was succeeded
by Hans Putzer. His daughter Margaretha married Georg Niirn-
berger.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. C. F. Gebert-Nurnberg, Geschicbte der Mim^statte der Reicbstadt
Niirnberg, 1891. Ammon, op. cit.
MULLER, HEINRICH (Germ.}. Seal-engraver, and Forger of coins,
who resided at Nuremberg, 1612.
MULLER, HEINRICH CHRISTIAN (Germ.}. Mint-master at Siegen
and Herborn, in Nassau, 1682-1684, and later at Eisenach, 1689-
1690. In 1691, he was appointed Mint- warden at Koenigsberg in
Prussia, where he died in 1718. His initials H. C. M. occur on
coins.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. J. Isenbeck, Das Nassauisclx Mun^u'esen, 1879. P. Joseph,
Dtu Miiu^rechl ^u Herbom, Frankfurter Munzzeitung, 173.
192
MULLER, HENNING (Germ.}. Mint-master and Engraver at Son-
dershausen, for the Counts of Schwarzburg, 1675-1682, and
conjointly at Ellrich from 1675 to ^78, and Gotha, 1681-1683.
He was in the service of the Counts Christian Wilhelm I. and
Anton Gunter II., of whom he engraved medals of 1677 and 1679
(of thaler and gulden sizes resp.), and beside these he is the author
of the Thaler, Gulden, Double Groschen, and Groschen on the
death of Count Ludwig Giinther II. at Ebeleben, 1681.
The following coins bear Miiller's initials : Christian Wilhelm I.
.V. Ducats, 1679 ; ^. 60 Kreutzer, 1675 (5 var -) 5 ~~ I Thalers,
167), 1676 (2 var.); -- Gulden, 1675 (3 var.), 1676 (3 var.),
1677 (2 var.); -- 24 Mariengroschen, 1675 ; | Thalers, 1676.
Anton Giinther II. M. Ducats, 1680; -- fiL. Thalers, 1681, 1682;
60 Kreutzer, 1675 (5 var.); | Thalers, 1676; Gulden,
1675 (3 var.), 1676 (5 var.); 24 Mariengroschen, 1675; -
| Thalers, 1676. Many other issues do not bear Miiller's signature,
which occurs also on currency of Duke Friedrich I. of Gotha,
1681-1682.
There is a jeton with Miiller's arms and the date 1680 on obv.
and Fbrtune on ]&,.
Fischer states that Henning Miiller belonged to a good family and
was a well-to-do and respected man. He appears to have had the
supervision of the coinage of the Gotha Mint, while still in the
service of the Counts of Schwarzburg.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ernst Fischer, Uber die Tdtigkeit des scbwar^burgiscben
meisters Henning Muller, 1901. Id., Die Mun^en des Hauses Schwarzburg, 1904.
MULLER, HIERONYMUS (Germ.). Mint-master at Augsburg, 1494-
1515.
MULLER, JEAN CONRAD (Germ.). Gem-engraver, and Medallist,
of the second half of the eighteenth century, born at Strassburg,
where his father, who died in 1733, followed the same profession.
He settled at Paris, and obtained a reputation for cutting seals,
armorial bearings, gems, etc. Mariette observes : " II marcha sur
les traces du sieur de Becker", but his work is of little merit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Babelon, Pierres grave'es, 1894. Mariette, op. cit.
MULLER, JOACHIM (Austr.). Mint-engraver at Prague, and Karls-
burg, circ. 1749--]- 1775. He was born at Libenau (Bohemia), and
worked at the Mint of Prague, first as assistant, then as Engraver,
until 1773, when he was removed to Karlsburg.
MULLER, JOHANN (Austr.). Assistant Mint-engraver at Prague,
circ. 1750.
MULLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (Germ.). Modeller in wax, and
Medallist, who resided at Stuttgart, circ. 1670-1695. He is the
author of the following medallic productions, which are all signed :
JCM : Undated. Carl Ludwig von der Pfalz (illustrated]', -- 1671.
Nuremberg Shooting Medal; Undated, and 1674. Eberhard III.
of Wurtemberg (Binder 1., 139, 145, 146); --Unaated. Wilhelm
Ludwig of Wurtemberg ; Undated, and 1680. Friedrich Carl of
Wurtemberg; -- 1682. Marriage of Friedrich Carl of Wurtemberg
with Princess Eleonora of Brandenburg, 1682 ; Konrad Wilhelm
von Wernau, bishop of Wiirzburg, undated, 54 mill, (reproduced
in Domanig, Die Deutsche Medaille, n 357), etc.
Carl Ludwig von der Pfalz.
Muller acted as Mint-engraver at Oettingen, circ. 1674. and a
Strassburg Thaler of 1679 on the Peace of Nymwegen bears the
initials I. C. M.
The medal of Charles Louis of the Palatinate is a very fine casting ;
most of the others are struck.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Erman, op. cit. Menadier, Scbaumfm^en des Houses Hohen-
^ollern, 1901. Domanig, Die Deutsche Medaille, Wien, 1907.
MULLER, JOHANN ELIAS (Germ.}. According to Nagler, a son of
Philipp Heinrich Muller, who worked at Stuttgart, and later at
Augsburg, during the first half of the eighteenth century.
MULLER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (Germ.}. Mint-engraver, and Medal-
list, at Ansbach, 1758-1766 (resp. 1769).
MULLER, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.}. Modeller of the third quarter
of the eighteenth century, who was employed at the Porcelain
Manufactory of Charlottenburg. His signature occurs on Portrait-
medallions of Frederick the Great, 1785 (signed : J. G. MULLER.
FEC: 1785) and Frederick William II., 1787.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Menadier, op. cit.
L. FORRER. Hi-graphical Notices of Medallists. IV. IJ
- 194 -
MULLER, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Stargard
(Pomerania), 1692-1693.
MULLER, JOSEF (Austr.). Director of the Vienna Mint, before
1901, when he was succeeded by Demeter Petrovits.
MULLER, KONSTANTIN (Germ.). Goldsmith, Seal-engraver, and
Medallist, who was working at Augsburg, circ. 1545. He is men-
tioned by Bolzenthal, and D r Fr. Kenner ascribes to him medals
and counters with decorative figures, portraits of ancestors of
Charles V., goldsmiths' models in gold, silver and other metals. By
an order of Charles V., dated from Worms, 20. May 1545, all seal-
engravers and die-cutters of the empire, were forbidden, under
severe penalty, to imitate within six years, any of this artist's
medals and counters.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D r Friedrich Kenner, Urkundliche Reitrdge %ur Geschicbte der
Mun^en und Medaillen unter Kaiser Ferdinand I. (1520 bis 1564), Wien, 1903.
Bolzenthal, op. cit. V. Kull, op. cit., II, 714.
MULLER, LIBORIUS (Germ.'). Mint-master at Berlin, 1620-1625,
and 1628-1642. His initials L. M. or in monogram appear on his
issues, namely Thalers, Goldgulden, and Ducats of 1620, 28, 33,
35, 36, etc., of Georg Wilhelm (1620-1640) and Friedrich
Wilhelm, 1641, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ammon,0/>. cit. Madai, op. cit. Schlickeysen-Pallmann,
. cit: Nagler, op. cit. Bahrfeldt, Die Mun%- und Medaillen -Sammhing in
\er Marienburg, Danzig, 1901.
MULLER, MATHAEUS (Swiss). Mint-master at Berne; died 15.
April 1532.
MULLER, MATTHAUS (Germ.). Modeller of Deisdorf (Saxony) ;
he is better known as a Forger of coins, for which offence he was
condemned to the gallows in 1711.
MULLER, MICHAEL (Austr.). Mint-master at Krummau (Bohe-
mia), 1642-1644.
MULLER (or MILLER), MICHAEL (Austr.). Engraver at the Mints
of Gratz and St. Veit, end of the seventeenth and early part of the
eighteenth century. He was still in office in 1712.
MULLER, MICHAEL (Germ.). Modeller at Augsburg, circ. 1552,
in which year he cut a view of Augsburg in boxwood.
MULLER, N. (Germ.). According to Nagler, a Gem-engraver at
Warmbrunn, first half of the nineteenth century.
MULLER, 0. (WOUTER) (Dutch). Silversmith, and Medallist of
Amsterdam, whose date of activity is comprised between 1653 and
f
der
195
i688. Bolzenthal calls him "der Meister Miiller", and praises
much the excellence of the execution of his medals, which, like
those of Peter Van Abeele, are embossed and chased, and in high
relief. Vide Franks and Grueber, Med. III., II, 733.
Of interest to English collectors are the following medals by this
artist : 1652. Admiral Martin Harpertsz ; 1653. Martin Tromp;
tyL. Naval engagement; 1654. Conclusion of the Peace of
Westminster with Holland; 1655. Prince William I. and the
four Burgomasters of Amsterdam ; William I. and the four Admirals;
Dedication of the new Town-hall of Amsterdam ; - 1658.
Cromwell and Masaniello ; 1666. Peace between Holland and
the Bishop of Munster (The Prince Elector of Brandenburg);
Michael de Ruyter ; fyL. Naval action (3 var., one illustrated') ;
Cornelius Evertsen ; F Naval engagement ; Cornelius Tromp ;
Admiral de Ruyter, 1666.
(an unpublished variety from the Murdoch collection).
}$L Naval action; 1667. Peace of Breda; 1677. Marriage ot
William III., Prince of Orange, and Princess Mary; 1688.
Embarcation of William of Orange at Helvoetsluys (3 var.), etc.
Bolzenthal says : " Only a few works are known by O. Miiller ;
two with the portraits of Admirals Mich. Adriaanszoon de Ruyter,
and Cornelis Evertsen, the latter killed in battle in 1666, and
a beautiful one of the Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg,
1666, who assisted the Germans against the Bishop of Galen and
thus procured peace. All these medals are in silver; the last men-
tioned has on the obverse an excellent full face portrait of the
Elector crowned by two warriors in Roman costume; underneath
words : KEUR VORST VAN BRANDENBURG. 1666, and around it, are
verses in Dutch, celebrating him as a faithful ally. On the reverse
196
is an allegorical representation surrounded also by a poetical
inscription in which the name of Muller appears. "
Besides the medals above-mentioned I have found the descriptions
of a few others : William I., Prince of Orange ; }$L. The four
Admirals; - - 1655. The Exchange of Amsterdam; -- Undated.
A group of three figures representing Amsterdam, Valour, and
Commerce, &c.
" Les me"dailles de Muller ", says Pinchart, " sont de tres grand
module et en haut relief. Toutes sont ornees de legendes ver-
sifiees en langue vulgaire (qu'il a peut-etre composees lui-meme),
particularite dont nous ne trouvons pas d'autre exemple d'un usage
aussi absolu. II n'a signe aucune de ses oeuvres a la maniere que
1'ont fait les autres artistes : il introduisait son nom dans les
legendes en declarant que c'est a 1'art de Muller qu'elles sont dues.
Ces inscriptions nous apprennent encore que parmi les productions
de son burin, dont on ne rencontre que des exemplaires d'argent,
celles qui offrent les portraits de Martin Tromp et de Ruyter
existent en or. En 1666 Muller mit au jour cinq differentes medailles,
tandis que de 1656 a 1665 et de 1668 a 1676 et 1678 a 1687, il
n'a rien produit; du moins aucune oeuvre de ces epoques ne nous
est connue. "
Dutch works of reference give this artist's name as WOUTER
MULLER.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Franks and Grueber, Medallic Illustrations, &c. Kamm
Levin en Werken, &c. Van Loon, op. cit. Grueber, Guide, &c. Pinchart,
Biographies, &c., Rev. num. beige, 1853, p. 52; 1889, p. 393. Oelrichs,
Geddcbtnissmun^en %ur Gescbickte Friedrich Wilhelm des Grossen, Berlin, 1778.
N. Chevalier, Histolrede Gnillaume III., Amsterdam, 1692.
MULLER, PAUL HIERONYMUS. This name is given in K. K. Katalog
der Mun^en-und-Medaillen-Stempel-Sammluug in Wien, no doubt in
error for Philipp Heinrich Muller.
MULLER, PHILIPP HEINRICH (Germ.}. Also MILLER. A famous
Medallist of the end of the seventeenth century, and early part
of the eighteenth. He was born at Augsburg, 2. October 1654,
and died there, 17. January 1719, at the age of 65. His father's
name was Hans Jakob Muller, and his mother's, Barbara, n&
Wachler. Very little is known of the artist's life, especially of his
early career. His parents being of modest means, he was obliged to
begin quite young to provide for himself, and learned the trade of a
silversmith and chaser. Later, and with the advice and protection of
the Augsburg town-councillor, Leonhard Weiss, he took to
medal-engraving, in which art he was soon to acquire universal
renown. In 1682 he married Anna Elisabeth Henesius, by whom
he had two sons, Christoph Elias and Christian Ernst, who both
followed their father's profession, but not with so much success.
197
Miiller's earliest medallic production is said to be a portrait ot
his patron and friend, Leonhard Weiss, 1677, who in that same
year entrusted him with the execution of the fine commemorative
medal on the Completion of the Town-hall of Augsburg. He was then
employed by Caspar Gottlieb Laufer, Chief Warden of the Mint of
Nuremberg, and Friedrich Kleinert, on the large series of medals
(Medaillen-Cabinet), which they issued, under Imperial permission
or privilege, and in collaboration with artists residing at Nurem-
berg, Augsburg, and other places, and among whom where Martin
Brunner, Georg Hautsch, Oexlein, Vestner, &c. Miiller settled in
business at Nuremberg, but returned to his native city sometime before
his death. His medals became known and admired all over Europe,
and they belong to the best of the time. He executed Portraits of
most of the Rulers and Princes of his time, and commemorative
Medals of events of interest in contemporary German history and
connected with other countries, as Great Britain, France, the
Netherlands, Italy, Austria, Russia, the Republic of Venice, &c.
Like Brunner he made a large number of dies for striking
draughtsmen in wood, which even excel the silver medals. Hofrath
D r von Ahorner presented a series of sixtv ot these in 1836 to the
Augsburg Historical Society, for the Annual Report of which he wrote
h. that year a biographical notice of the artist. Kohler, Lohner, Van
Loon, and other works reproduce some o! Ph. H. Miiller's medals,
which are usually signed : P.H.M. or marked with a Star ; those signed
with an M. only are supposed to have been executed in collaboration
with his sons, one of whom, Christian Ernst, was also employed by
the Salzburg Mint.
P. H. Miiller worked for various mints, beside those of Augsburg,
Nuremberg, and Salzburg, already mentioned, and his signature
occurs on currency of Brandenburg, Wurtemberg, Low r enstein-
Wertheim, Lucerne, &c.
The following list includes all the best known medals and coins
by Philipp Heinrich Miiller, but it is far from being complete. It
is impossible, from Lauffer's catalogue, to discriminate between the
works of the various engravers who contributed to his well-known
medallic series, but I have mentioned all those that have come under
my notice and about the authorship of which there can be no
doubt. They are given in their chronological order :
1676. Commemorative medal of the Coronation of Leopold I.,
1658 (inscribed on the edge : MEMORIA AVGVSTISSIMI CONIVGII
AVSTRIACO PALATINI ANNO 1676);
1677. Leonhard Weiss, of Augsburg; The Augsburg Town-
hall, built by Elias Holt, 1615-1620;-
1681. Leopold I., PAX SITPACIFIS&C. The Emperor and Empress,
&c. ; medal of Augsburg ; Coronation of the Empress Eleonora
and King Joseph I. at Augsburg ;
198
1 682. Joachim von Sandrart ;
1683. Siege of Vienna raised (several varieties); Bust ot
Count Ernst Riidiger Starhemberg, Relief of Vienna; -
1685. Johann Christoph, Prince Abbot of Ellwangen, oval,
48X44 mill.
1686. Leopold I. ; J$L. Jupiter on eagle; -
1687. Victories of Prince Elector Max Emmanuel of Bavaria
over the Turks; - - Battle of Mohacs, with bust of Leopold I.,
54 mill.; Bishop Marquard Sebastian, of Bamberg, oval,
54X46 mill. ; Leopold I., Emperor of Germany, 53 mill. ; -
1688. Portrait-medallion of Leopold I. (dedicated by the city ot
Augsburg) ; Campaign of John George III. of Saxony, on the
Rhine and Danube ; Capture of Belgrade ; - - The Nuremberg
Town-hall ;
1689. Accession of William III. of Great Britain; Safety ot
Britain (the Protestant faith secured) ; Toleration Act in Great
Britain; Recapture of Mayence; - Frederick III., Prince
Elector of Brandenburg, and Capture of Bonn, 12. October 1689 >
- Max Emmanuel, Prince Elector of Bavaria, His Campaigns
against the French ;
1690. Leopold I. and his son, Joseph (Obv. illustrated}-, View
of Augsburg; Death of Schomberg; - - Leonhard Weiss, ot
Augsburg; Francesco Morosini, Victory over the Turks at
Leopold I. and his son, Joseph.
Monembasia; ALCIDES DOMITO, &c. Hercules in the Garden of the
Hesperidae; tyL NEAPOLIS MALVASIAE,&C. Fortress and shipping; -
1691. Johann Philipp, Graf von Lamberg, bishop of Passau; -
Christian Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg (fyL. IOVE FRO IOVE NEC
- 199
BRVTA Eagle) ; Pacification of Ireland ; -- Congress of the allied
Princes at The Hague ; -
1692. Accession of Maximilian Emmanuel of Bavaria as Govern-
or of the Spanish Netherlands; -- Jacob Ernst Thoman; John
George IV., Prince Elector of Saxony, prepares for war; -- John
George IV. crosses the Rhine; Battle of 'La Hogue (two types,
one illustrated) ;
Battle of La Hogue, 1692, by P. H. Muller.
1693. Satirical medal on the Relief of Rheinfels; -
169/1. Campaigns of that year (Three Victories against the Turks,
and Taking of Peterwardein) ; - - Medal of Johann Adam, Prince
of Troppau (illustrated) ; -
20O
Johann Adam, Prince of Troppau.
1695. Casale taken and Liberty restored in Italy; - - Namur
recaptured ; Johann Heinrich Horbius, pastor in Hamburg ; -
1696. Broad Double Thaler of Georg Friedrich of Brandenburg ;
Thaler of Passau, with bust of the bishop John Philip, Count
of Lamberg ; -
1697. Thaler of Maximilian Charles, Count ot Lowenstein-
Wertheim (Rochefort branch); - Sakular-Thaler of Augsburg
. MEMORIAE ANNI CHRISTIANI MDCXCVIl) ; -- Peace of Ryswick
Thaler of John Philip, bishop of Passau, 1697.
2OI
(sev. var.); Thaler, of John Philip, bishop of Passau
(illustrated) ;
1698. Thaler in gold (weight of 5 ducats), and in silver, of
Lucerne;
1699. Marriage of Joseph I. with Princess Wilhelmina Amalie
of Liineburg; Medal of Franz Ludwig, Count Palatine of
Neuberg (signed : P. H. MILLER) ; -
1700. Charles XII., Battle of Narva; Leopold, Count von
Lambert, Austrian ambassador at Rome ;
1702. Recapture of Landau by the Imperial army (Wellenbeim,
7460); Peter the Great, Schliisselburg taken; Capture of the
citadel and city of Ulm ; - - Memmingen taken; Portrait-
medals of Max Emmanuel of Bavaria (2 var.) ;
1703. Max Emmanuel of Bavaria, his Victories in the War for
the Spanish succession ; Peter the Great, Capture of Nyenschanz ;
Foundation of St. Petersburg (2 var.) ;
1704. Peter the Great, Building of Cronschlots (2 var.);
Id., Capture of Dorpat; -- Id., Capture of Narva (2 types); -
Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse, Victory at Grevenburg; British
Victories in 1704 ; Relief of Vienna ; Victory of Hochstadt;
1705. Barcelona taken; Peter the Great, Capture of Mitau ;
-Nicholas Christoph Lyncker, jurist (1643-1726); - Johann
Philip Count Lamberg, Cardinal Archbishop of Passau ;
1706. Barcelona relieved; Bust of Charles III. ; }$L. VNIVS.LIBE-
RATIO . ALTERIVS . oppRESSio ; Prince Eugene of Savoy, Successes
in Italy ; ex. : SABAVD . LIBERAT . MEDIOLAN . RESTITVT . DVCE . AVRELIAN.
GYM EXERC . FVGATO ;
1707. George Louis, Prince Elector of Brunswick takes over the
command of the Imperial army against the French ; Thaler of
Eberhard Ludwig, of Wiirtemberg ; Dedication of the Cathedral
of Laibach, with portrait of Ferdinand, Graf von Khuenburg
(2 var.);
1708. Battle of Oudennrde; - - City of Lille captured;
Meeting of Prince Eugene and Marlborough ; Peter the Great,
Battle of Leesno (2 var.) ;
1709. Charles XII. of Sweden, his Sojourn at Bender; Id.,
Return to Helsingborg; -- Peter the Great, Victory of Pultawa
(2 var.); Capture of Lowenhaupt at Perewolotschna;
Campaign of 1709; - - Franz Anton, archbishop of Salzburg,
gold medal with a horse on tyL (illustrated) ; Another ; tyL. Arms ;
202
Charles William, of Baden-Durlach ;1$L. AVDACEM FORTVNA CORO-
NAT. Crowned lion to 1.; -
Medal of Franz Anton, archbishop of Salzburg.
1710. Victory of Charles XII. at Helsingborg; - Peter the
Great, a series of medals on the captures of Elbingen, Wiburg, Riga,
Dunamunde, Pernau, Arensburg, Kexholm, Reval, &c. ; Victories
of the Russians in Livonia ; Russian Successes in 1710; Capture
of Douai, St. Venant, Bethune and Aire;
1711. Concord in Great Britain (with bust of Queen Anne);
203
John William, Prince Elector Palatine, 1711.
1712. Thaler of Maximilian Charles, Prince of Lowenstein-
Wertheim; Homage of the city of Nuremberg to Charles VII.,
on his Coronation ; -
1713. Peter the Great's visit to Hamburg; Russian troops
landing at Abo; Battle ot Pelkinen ; -
1715. Joseph Clemens, archbishop of Cologne, The French
expelled; Peter the Great, Battle of Wasa; Id., Naval
Victory at Tweremunde; Id., Taking of Nyschlot ; Arrival ot
Charles XII. at Stralsund on his return to Sweden ; -
1715. Return of Max Emmanuel to Bavaria (Obv. illustrated') ;
Max Emmanuel of Bavaria:
204
Count Franz von Harrach, archbishop of Salzburg, large gold
medal with viewof the city; Another, with 1$L. Horse; Astrolog-
ical medal on the Coronation of Charles VI. ; Prince Elector
Palatine Johann Wilhelm of the Neuburg branch, as Administrator
of the Empire, 66 mill, (illustrated);
1716. Charles XII. ; Attack on Norway; Siege of Corfou ; -
1717. Medal (so-called " Saulthaler " on the Enmity of France) ;
S!HE SAVL, c. Saul on horseback; tyL. HORE NACHWELT !
(signed M.) ; Second Centenary of the Reformation, with bust
of Martin Luther (sev. var.); - - Another, of Heilbronn ; -
Another, of Memmingen ; The Coining-Press of Daniel
Krakau;
1718. Building of the Castle Church of Behringersdorf; Small
gold medal with Portrait of Franz Anton von Harrach, archbishop
of Salzburg; }$L. horse; Conclusion of the Peace of Passarowitz,
21. July 1818 (signed : P.H.M.) ; Another, with bust of Charles VI.,
published by Caspar Theophil Lauffer (one of the artist's last
works) ;
Undated. Prince Elector Joseph Clemens, archbishop of Cologne ;
Leopold I. ; Eleonora Magdalena Theresia, consort of
Leopold I. (illustrated); Prince Albert Ernst II., of Ottingen-
Ottingen, 44 mill. ; Medalet, with view of Stuttgart; So-called
"Rathhaus" Thaler of Nuremberg; -- Matth. John, Count Schu-
^^^
Empress Eleonora Magdalena Theresia.
lenburg, defender of Corfu; -- Lothaire Francis von Schonborn,
archbishop of Mayence (1695-1729); - - Eberhard Ludwig, duke
of Wurtemberg (1693-1733); -- Raimund Ferdinand, bishop ot
Passau (1713-1722); -- Ferdinand von Lobkowitz (1677-1715),
205
signed : P. H. MILLER ; - - Many religious medals for Marriage,
Christening, Dedication of buildings, and other festivities; Box
wood and Ebony Draughtsmen ; Friendship Medals, with figures of
David and Jonathan, Jacob and Esau, &c.
P. H. Muller is said to have engraved the dies for the Thalers,
Half, and Quarter Thalers of Salzburg, 1711-1716. The light
Austrian Thalers, which were issued at Augsburg during the
Austrian Occupation, from 1704-1714, were also engraved by
him, under the Mint-master, Christian Holeysen. Some of these
Muller signed with a six-rayed star.
Many of the medals mentioned under C. G. LaufFer were
engraved by this artist.
Ammon gives the following varieties of Miiller's signature :
P.H.M.; P. H. MULLER; -- P. H. MILLER: P. H. MILER F.; -
P. H. MVLLER F.; M.; P. H. MYLLER; X-
BIBLIOGRAPHY. D r von Ahorner, Nacbricbten uber den beruhmten Augsburg'-
schen Stempelschneider Pbilipp Heinricb Muller, and Beschreibung einiger von dem-
seJben gepragten historischen Medaillen, Jahrs-Bericht des historischen Vereins im
Oberdonau-Kreise, Augsburg, 1836. Nagler, Allgemeines Kunstler Lexikon.
Bolzenthal, op. cit. Ammon, op. cit. D r Eug. Mer/bacher, Kunst Medaillen
Katalog, Mai 1900. Iversen, Medaillen auf die Ttiaten Peter des Grossen, 1872.
Domanig, op. cit. Menadier, Schaumunqen des Hauses Hohenqolkrn, 1901.
Krohn, Thomsen Bronce Medaillier, 1860. Hildebrand, op. cit. Katalog der
Mun^en- und Medaillen-Stempel Sammlung in Wien, 1902. Tobler-Meyer,o/>. cit.
Catalogus der nederlandsche en opNederhind betrekking bebbende Gedenkpenningen,
1903. Van Loon, op. cit. - Domanig, Die Deutsche Medaille, Wien, 1907.
MULLER, PIET (Afr.}. A Boer general, who towards the close ot
the Anglo-Boer War, 1902, issued obsidional Ponds, with the mono-
gram ZAR, of the South African Republic, and date 1902 on obv.,
and EEN | POND on }$L. This issue was limited to 300 pieces.
MULLER, SEBASTIAN (Germ.}. Mint-master at Hanau, 1674-
1695. He signed amongst others Thalers of 1694/5 anc ^ Gulden
of 1693 an d 1695.
MULLER, WOUTER. Vide 0. MULLER supra.
MULLER, ZACHARIAS (Germ.}. Goldsmith of Hildesheim ; Mint-
master at Hitzack (Liineburg), appointed, 6. August, 1619.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bahrfeldt, op. cit.
MULLNER, HEINRICH (Germ.}. Vide HEINRICH MULLER supra.
Mint-master at Nuremberg, 1610-1616.
MULOT (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, by whom are various
Portrait-medallions, some of which were cast in bronze ; one of
them, of M elle B. G.*** was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1883.
MULOTIN, EDMOND (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
206
Reims (Marne), on January i., 1840; pupil of Devoulx and Ciappori.
By him are various Portrait-medallions in clay, some of which were
cast in bronze: 1866. M me la Vicomtesse L. de R*** ; M me la
Baronne H. de L***; --1867. M elles Blanche and Berthe de T***.
MULOTIN, M lle ERNESTINE (French'). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Leveville (Eure-et-Loir) ; pupil of Ciappori. Two Portrait-
medallions by her are mentioned in Chavignerie et Auvray : 1869.
M rae de H***; 1870. M rae la comtesse de F***.
MULOTIN-DE-MERAT, BLANCHE (French'). Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Paris; pupil of Edmond Mulotin de Merat. In 1880 she
exhibited at the Salon a Portrait-medallion of Baron Levevre; -
1883. M me A.T***; 1886. M. Rivier, curate of St. Nicolas des
Champs ; M me Louis de Philippe; 1889. M me Labruyere.
MUMLEIN (also MYNNLEIN), DIETRICH (Germ.). Mint-master at
Hassfurt, 1407.
MUNCH (Swiss). Goldsmith of Lucerne, who was employed to
engrave various coin-dies tor the Prince Bishop of Bale, John
Conrad II. (1705-1737).
MUNCH, JOHANN ANSELM (Germ.) Mint-master at Frankfort-on-
Main, 14. April 1637 to 1644; his privy mark was AM, which
occurs on coins from 1637 to 1643.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Paul Joseph, Die Mun^en von Frankfurt-am-Main, 1896.
MUNCHHEIMER (Germ.). Goldsmith, and Mint-engraver at Glatz,
1807.
MUlfCHHEIMER (Germ.). A Portrait-medal of Prince Pashiewicx of
Warsaw, of the nineteenth century, is thus signed.
MUNGER, R. (Swiss). Designer of a medal, engraved by F. Horn-
berg of Berne, on the Third Centenary of the Societe de Tir of
Aarau, 1596-1896.
MUNGGAU, JOHANN GEORG BECK VON (Austr.). Mint-master at
Plan, 1654-1655, in the service of the Counts of Schlick.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Fiala, Das Mun^wesen der Grafen Schlick, 1890.
MUNICH, JAKOB (Austr.). Moneyer at Vienna, 1470.
MUNICH, JORG (Austr.). Moneyer at Vienna, 1450.
MUNINCX (or MONACHY), GEORGE (Brig.). Mint-engraver at
Luxemburg, 1577.
MUNINCX (or MONACHY), HENRI (Belg.). Mint-engraver at
Luxemburg, 1615, under the archdukes Albert and Isabella.
207
MUNKERT, ANTON (Germ.}. Mint-warden at Munich, since 1901.
MUNSTERBERG, KARL VON (Bohem.}. Mint-master to the Chapter
of Sts. Peter and Paul am Wyschehrad, 1524.
MUNT, NIKOLAUS (Af//w.). Mint-master at Ekaterinenburg, 1810-
1821. His initials H.M. occur on coins issued under him.
MUNTZBURG, EDLER VON (Germ.}. Mint-director at Kremnitz,
1767-1770. His initials E.V.M. and E.v.M. occur on coins, sometimes
with the addition of a D, for DONATI, the Warden ot the mint.
MUNTZER, ULRICH (Bohem.}. Mint-master at Eger, circ. 1500.
MUNTZMAIER (Aastr.}. Various members of that family filled the
office of Mint-master at Zeiring, towards the end of the fourteenth
century.
MURAT (French). Mint-master at Paris, under the Commune,
appointed 8. May 1871.
MURDOCH, T. D. (Brit.}. Sculptor of the nineteenth century, who
resided at Edinburgh, and whose signature : T. D. MURDOCH, EDIN.
occurs on a Prize Medal of the Edinburgh University, with bust of
the famous chemist Dalton.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Cochran-Patrick, Medah of Scotland, 1884.
MURE, FRANCIS (Brit.}. Mint-master at Calcutta, 8. July 1799
to 1802.
MURGEY, THEOPHILE FRANCOIS (French}. Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Dijon ; pupil of Toussaint. At the Salon of 1886 he exhib-
ited Portrait-medallions : M me Murgey; M. Le"chauguette, &c.
MURRAY, ANDREW (Brit.}. A Mint-official of Dundee and Perth,
who was executed for importing false Hardheads, 1569. Vide Burns,
op. cit., p. 331.
MUSHATT, JOHN (Brit.}. Counterwarden at the Mint of Edinburgh,
1686-1690.
MUSICUS. Probably a fictitious signature on a sard gem in the
Hague Collection, representing Harpocrates standing. Vide King,
o/>. cit., p. 221.
MUSPER, ERNEST AUGUSTE (Swiss}. Contemporary Sculptor,
born at Bienne (canton Berne), now residing at Paris, where he
studied under Chaplain.
At the Salon of 1907 he exhibited six Plaquettes in rr.etal and a
Medallion in clay.
208
MUSSARD, JEAN (Swiss). Mint-master at Geneva, 25. December
164910 21. January 1651, the date of his death. The letter M occurs
on currency issued by him .
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Demole, Les maitres, les graveurs et les essayeurs de la
monnaie de Geneve, Fribourg, 1885.
MUSSIDIUS LONGUS, L. (Rom.}. Mint-master (Quatuorvir monetalis}
at Rome, B.C. 43-42, in conjunction with P. Clodius M. f. ;
L. Livineius Regulus, and C. Vibius Varus. He was entrusted
with the execution of the gold coinage.
MUSSLER, PHILIPP (Germ.'}. Mint-master at Michelstadt (Erbach),
1561-1562; Mint-warden at Frankfort-on-Main, 1567; Warden ot
the North Rhenish Circle, 1574; died in 1603.
MUSSOT, A. (French). Assistant Mint-engraver at Besanc,ou, 1705-
1707.
MUTEAU, JEAN (French*). Goldsmith of Troyes; Mint-assayer at
Troyes, 1382-1388; Die-cutter there, 1399-1414. In 1414 he was
appointed Mint-engraver at Lyons, but did not remain long in
office, as Guyot de Valenciennes was elected his successor in
December 1415. Muteau then returned to Troyes, where he died
between 1415 and 1417. He executed works of enamelled gold plate
for the cathedral and church of Saint-Etienne at Troyes.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, Orfevres de Lyon. Id., Graveurs deLyon. Id.,
Les medailleurs et les graveurs de monnaies, 1904. Graveurs de Troyes.
MUZARD (French} . Die sinker of Paris, who in conjunction with
Rohault, issued various Pattern coins, in 1844, one f which is
reproduced in Dewamin, Cent am de numismatique , PI. LVII, n.
MUZZI (Ital.}. Designer of a Portrait-medal of the Tuscan states-
man, Vittore Fossombroni, engraved by Fabris, 1844.
M.V. Vide MATTHIAS VAIST. Mint-master at Prague, 1688-1694.
M.V. Vide MAURICIO VEGLIA. Mint-engraver at Turin, after 1817.
M.V.A. Vide M. VAN ABEELE. Author of a commemorative medal
of the battle of Nieuport, 1600.
M.W. Vide MATTHIAS WEBER. Mint-master to the city ot
Hildesheim, 1605-1618.
M.W. Vide MARTIN WULF (Junior). Mint-master at Riga, 1615-
1633.
M.W. Vide MICHAEL WUNSCH. Mint-master at Heidelberg, 1694-
1752. Also I.M.W.
209
M.W. Vide M. WASSIDLO. Die sinker at Warsaw, after 1835.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
MYCON (Greek). Gem-engraver of the first century A.D. His signa-
ture MYKQNOC occurs on a gem with a male portrait, whom some
have called Aristotle, and others, Caligula. This gem was formerly
in the Fulvio Orsini collection, and Faber mentions it in his pretace
tolllustrium imagines, p. 4. Spon (Miscellanea, p. 122) gave a repro-
duction of it, describing the stone as a sard; he spells the artist's
name MIKQNOI, which according to M. Reinach is the only
correct orthography. Stosch possessed an impression and a drawing
of it. Lippert erroneously believed that a hyacinth signed MYKHN
with the supposed portrait of Caligula was the stone which had for-
merly belonged to Orsini.
Portrait-Gem, by Mycon.
King mentions four gems with the signature of Mycon: Head of
an old man, jasper (Stosch) ; Head of Caligula, jasper (Lippert);
Cupid on a lion, nicolo (Baron Magnancourt) once in Queen Caro-
line Murat's possession. Seemed to Clarac genuine, both work and
legend ; Muse seated, a roll in her left hand, the right lifted, as
if declaiming; before her a mask on a cippus; jacinth. " Said to be
at Florence. The work of no particular merit, scarcely likely to have
received an artist's signature " (King). A carnelian intaglio of the
same description in the Story-Maskelyne collection, signed MYKfl-
NOI, is considered antique by Prof. Furtwangler, who reproduces
it in Antike Gemnien, PI. L, 14, but states that the inscription is
modern.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. H. Brunn, op. cit., II, p. 516-517. Furtwangler, Antike
Gemmen. S. Reinach, Revue arche'ologique, 1894, II, p. 296. E. Babelon,
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists. IV. 14
210
Pierres gravies. Daremberg et Saglio, Gentmes, IV, 1480. King, Antique
Geins. Id., Handbook, etc. S. Reinach, Pierres grave'es, Paris, 1895.
Bracci, t. II., PI. 83. Raspe, n 12187.
MYDDELTON, SIR HUGH (Brit.). Goldsmith, Medallist, and Seal-
engraver of London, temp. James I. He had a shop in Basinghall
St., and was patronized by Sir Walter Raleigh. On the accession
of James I. he was appointed one ot the Royal Jewellers. He died
in 1631. The Welsh silver mines in Cardiganshire were discovered
by him.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. S. Lee, Diet. Nat. Biog. Chaffers, Gilda Aurifabronun.
MYLICZ, NIKLAS (Anstr.}. Son of the Goldsmith and Die-cutter
Wolf Milicz; worked at the Mint of Joachimsthal, 1545-1564; died
in 1575.
MYLICZ, WOLF (Austr.}. Mint-engraver at Joachimsthal, circ.
I535-I545-
MYND, THOMAS (Brit.'}. Manufacturer of tokens, who resided at
Birmingham, towards the end of the eighteenth century. He issued :
Deptford Halfpenny, 1795; --Fowler's London Halfpenny, 1794
(engraved by Wyon) ; London and Middlesex Halfpenny, with
bust of the Prince of Wales, undated, and others.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pye, Provincial Copper Coins, London.
MYONET, GUIGUES dit DOMEIN (French}. Mint-master at Grenoble,
appointed 13. January 1490, and in office until 1503, when he
was succeeded by Thomas Blondel. On his coins is a G which really
stands for the name of the Mint, but it disappeared with Louis XII.
His issues comprise : Ecus d'or of Charles VIII. (Hoffmann, n 8);
A variety of same (Hoffmann, n 9) ; Carolus (Hoffmann,
n 22 ; two varieties) ; Douzains of Louis XII. (several varieties,
without the G). Myonet died at the end of 1502.
The mint of Grenoble was opened in 1489.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. R. Vallentin, Les Differwts de la Monnaie de Grenoble de
1489 a ij$3, Annuaire numismatique, 1894, p. 329. E. Faivre, op. cil.
MYP... (Greek}. Mint-engraver at Agrigentum, circ. B.C. 415-406.
His signature occurs on the following coin, described in Brit- Mus.
Catalogue, Sicily, p. 9, n 54.
^R. Tetradrachm. Obv. AKPAFANTINON- Two eagles standing
to r. on supine hare, which lies on rocks; the farther, with spread
wings, about to tear the prey; the nearer, with closed wings,
raising its head and screaming. }$L. Quadriga to r., driven by
youth holding reins in both hands and goad in r. ; horses in high
action, the rein of the farthest broken and hanging down ; above,
Nike flying to 1., crowning charioteer; below, MYP; in ex., Scvlla
to r., her 1. hand raised.
211
Weight : 258. 6 grs. B.M.Cat., Sicily, p. 9, n 54. -
Weil, op. cit., PI. i, n 13. Berlin Museum. Head, Historia
Nutnomm, p. 106.
Tetradrachm of Agrigentum.
A variety in the National Collection is without the symbol on obv.
and shows a different disposition of the legend, but same reverse.
(Rothschild, Sale Catalogue, 1900, PL II, 83.)
In D r Hirsch's Sale Catalogue, XIX (November 1907) was a very
tine specimen of this coin, with the signature MY very small under
the horses on tyL. This coin realized 10600 Marks.
This 1$L on coins of Agrigentum signed MYP bears much resem-
blance with that of the engraver EYQ of Syracuse, and the group-
ing of the horses reminds one of the later coins of Selinus, as
D r Weil observes (Kilns tier inschr if ten, p. 9).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. L. Forrer, op. cit. Head, Historia Numorum, p. 106.
MYRON. The fictitious signature MYPON is said to occur on the
following gems, mentioned by King: Head of Muse, sard (Berlin);
Lion passant, sard (Blacas); Ajax kneeling and falling on his
sword (Berlin); -- Apollo pursuing Daphne (called " probably
modern "). Two of the Poniatowski gems bear also this signature :
Ulysses receiving a plant of moly from Mercury as a charm,
amethyst ; Aeneas addressing Venus after her interview with
him in the Lybian Wood, as she ascends to heaven, carnelian.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, of), cit. Prendeville, Collection of Antique Gems 0}
Prince Poniatou'ski, London, 1841.
MYRON(Gr^). A celebrated Greek Sculptor, a native ofEleutherae
in Boeotia; pupil of Ageladas of Argos, lived about B.C. 500-440.
Not only was he one of the most famous artists in antiquity, but
one of his works, the renowned Discobolos, is at the present day
almost the best known example of Greek sculpture of this period,
if not of all times. We are fortunate in possessing not only several
admirable copies of this statue, but also of another famous work,
the Satyr Marsyas. On the other hand the wonderful cow or heifer,
so often sung of by later poets of Greece and Rome, can only now
212
be reproduced by the imagination. Myron was both versatile and
prolific, his work being exclusively in bronze.
His most representative work was probably the Discobolus,
described by Quintilian and Lucian. Of this statue one of the most
perfect replicas is in the possession of Prince Lancelotti in Rome;
another is in the Vatican ; and a third in the British Museum. This
wonderful work of statuary has often been reproduced on medals,
and in particular on gems.
Myron's bronze cow on the Pynx at Athens was one of the
favourites of the Greek and Roman world. In Cicero's time it was
standing in one of the largest open places at Athens, whence it was
Aureus of Vespasian, with the supposed representation of Myron's bronze Cow.
later removed to Rome, and was still to be seen in the Temple of
Peace in the time of Procopius, circ. 500 A. D.
The type of Herakles strangling the lion on coins of Heraklea,
Metapontum, Tarentum, and other mints, by the engravers Aris-
toxenos, Kal..., Philistion, &c., is said to have been copied from
Myron's bronze group. It occurs also on ancient and modern gems.
Didrachm of Heraclea.
Myron was also an Engraver in metals; a celebrated patera of
his is mentioned is by Martial.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Walters, Greek Art, 1904. Smith, Dictionary, &c.
MYRTON (Greek). Gem-engraver of the first century A.D. (?) The
gem reproduced here is from Reinach's engraving, which is copied
from impressions in the Strozzi Cabinet at Rome. The original is no
longer extant, but there are pastes of it. The subject is, Venus
riding on a swan. A copy by Cerbera came into the British Museum
with the Blacas collection. The engraving and inscription, remarks
Reinach, offer nothing suspicious.
- 2i 3 --
King describes the Blacas gem as Leda, the swan flying towards her,
and in Handbook, &c., p. 266, he states : " Nymph with floating
veil borne upon the back of a swan with spread wings, under one
of which the name MYPTflN : formerly in the Strozzi Collection.
Stephani allows the name to be genuine from its evident connexion
Venus riding on a swan, by Myrton.
with the design, but supposes it to indicate Myrto, Pindar's mother;
or else the Eulaean nymph. Brunn thinks the work not sufficiently
important to bear an actual artist's signature; the name besides
exceeds the measure allowed to such, and is more than an accessory,
seeming to indicate either subject or owner.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, op. cit. Reinach, Pierres gravies, 1895. Archaol.
Zeits., 1858, p. 236. Bernouilli, dpbrodite, p. 408. Bracci, t. II, PI. 84.
Brit. Mus. Gems, n 2304. Brunn, op. cit., t. II, p. 570. Clarac, p. 151.
Kohler, t. Ill, p. 186. Pierres de Stosch, p. 35, n 142.--- Raspe, TassieGems.
MYS (Greek). A contemporary of Pheidias, circ. B.C. 440. He is
mentioned as one of the most distinguished Engravers of ancient
times by Pliny, Propertius, Martial and Satius. He worked relievos
on the shield of the bronze statue of Athena Promachos, in the
Acropolis of Athens; the subject represented was the battle of the
Lapithae and the Centaurs, and other figures.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fortnum, Bronzes in the South Kensington Museum, &c.
M. Z. Vide MARIA ZENO. Mint-inspector at Venice, 1656-1657.
-- 2I 4
N
N. Vide NYRIS. French Medallist, c\rc. 1675-169$.
N. Vide NiJRNBERGER. Two Nuremberg Medallists signed
occasionally N : G. F. Nurnberger, 1682-1724; and P. G. Nurn-
berger, 1721-1743.
N. Vide NEUDORF. Mint-warden, and Engraver at Oldenburg,
1761-1765.
N. Vide JOHANN JACOB NEUSS. ijyo-f 1847. Medallist of
Augsburg.
N. Vide VITTORIO NESTI. Medallist at Florence, second quarter
of the nineteenth century.
N. Vide JOHANN LORENZ NATTER. Gem-engraver and Medallist,
1740-1763.
N (French). Initial of a French Medallist, by whom are various
Jetons of Louis XIV., commemorating historical events, such as
the Taking ofNamur, the Peace of Ryswick, &c. There is also one
on the Paris Sewerage, 1668.
N (Swiss.}. Initial of a Mint-engraver at Chur (Graubiinden),
circ. 1825. A 10 Batzen piece of that date is thus signed on obv.
N (Greek}. Possibly an artist's signature on a Corinthian Stater of
Leucas, in Herr Gustav Philipsen's collection at Copenhagen. The
coin belongs to the fourth century B.C. :
Obv. Pegasos, with pointed wing, flying to 1. ; beneath, A (for
Leucas).
]$L. Helmeted head of Pallas; around, three ivy-leaves and the
letters AEY ; under the neck of Athena, the initial N, quite distinct,
although very small.
Var. B. M. Cat., Corinth, p. 128, n 40; PI. xxxv, 8.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. L. Forrer, Les signatures, &c.
AN. AB. Vide ANTONIO ABONDIO. Medallist and Founder, died at
Vienna, 1591.
- 21) -
AND. SPIN. F. Vide ANDREA SPINELLI. Medallist of Parma, second
quarter of the sixteenth century.
A. N. Vide A. NEUSS. Medallist at Augsburg, circ. 1840-1870.
ANIB. Vide ANNIBALE FONTANA. 1540-7 1587. Architect, Gold-
smith, Gem-engraver, and Medallist.
AN. SPI. F. Vide ANDREA SPINELLI supra.
AN (//a/.). Signature of a Venetian Medallist, who was working,
circ. 1450. By him is a Portrait-medal of the Doge Francesco
Foscari; }$L. VEKETIA . MAGNA . AN Draped female figure representing
Venice, seated facing, on throne. The same reverse occurs on a
medal of the Doge Cristoforo Moro, with obv. signed : ANT. Possibly
the two signatures AN and ANT refer to the same artist, but Armand
expresses his doubt about this.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit.
B. N. Vide BUNSEN and NEDMEISTER. Mint-officials at Frankfort-
on-M., 1764-1776.
B. N. Vide BISCHOF and NEUMEISTER. Mint-officials at Wurzburg,
1754-
C. N. Vide C. NIESENER. Mint-master at Mannheim, circ. 1746-
1750.
C. N. on Polish coins, I)28-I534 = CRACAU (mint) and NICO-
LAUS, surname of the treasurer, Szydlowiecki.
F. N. Vide FRANCHINI, NICOLO. Mint-master at Ferrara, 1621.
F. N. Vide FRANZ NOWACK. Mint-master at Breslau, 1698-1717.
F. N. Vide FRANZ NUBELL. Mint-master and Engraver at Schwerin,
circ. 1832-1850.
G. N. Vide GEORG NURNBERGER Junior. Mint-master at Frankfort-
on-M., 1644-1646.
G. N. Vide GEORG NEUMEISTER. Mint-warden at Wurzburg, 1754-
1762, and Frankfort-on-M., 1763-1789.
G. N. Vide G. NESTI. Medallist at Florence, second half of the
nineteenth century.
- 2l6
H. N. Vide HANS NEUDORFER, 1497-7 1563. Nuremberg patrician
and mathematician. His initials occur on Nuremberg medals.
H. N. or HI. Vide HANS NEUMANN. Mint-master at Schleusingen,
I 55~ I 553j an d 1555-1569; also at Eisleben, 1554-1555.
I. N. Vide JOHANN NEIDHARDT. Mint-engraver at Oels, 1674-
1705.
I. A. N. Vide JOHANN ANTON NOVAKH. Mint-master, Engraver,
and Medallist, at Gratz, 1676-1692.
I. N. (Austr.}. Initials of a Die-sinker, who executed various
Pilgrims' Badges of Maria-Taferl and Mariazell, in the last quarter
of the seventeenth century. He may have been JOHANN ANTON
NOVAKH q. v.
I. U. N. F. (5r//.). Engraver's signature on the obv. of a Portrait-
medal of Lord dive, struck on his successes in India, 1766, and
bearing on the }$L. the initials C. G. which are said to represent
the name ol C. GOSSET (FideVol. II, p. 302).
Portrait-medal of Lord Give, by I.U.N. (reduced).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. H. A. Grueber, Personal Medals, Num. Chron., 1890, 60.
L. N. Vide LUDWIG NEU. Medallist in Saxony, circ. 1550.
L. N. Vide LEVIN NUMMERS. Mint-master at Narva, 1670-1672.
L. N. or L. N. F. Vide JOHANN LORENZ NATTER. 1705-7 1763. Gem-
engraver and Medallist in Italy, England, and elsewhere ; he died at
St Petersburg.
L. N. Vide LUDWIG NEIFAHRER (NEUFARER, NEIFARRER, &c).
German Medallist, circ. 1537-1560. Also L. NF. ; LV. NE., and
LvDNEIFA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
- 217
P. N. Vide PETER NEWER. Mint-master to the city of Cologne,
1680-1693.
P. N. Vide PETER NEUSS. Mint-engraver at Augsburg, 1764-1775 ;
Mint-master there, 1775-1782.
P. N. V. H- Vide PETER NICOLAUS VON HAVEN. Mint-master at
Copenhagen, 1747-1761.
S. N. Vide. SMELTZING NEOMAGIENSIS. Dutch Medallist, circ.,
1686-1703.
S. N. F. r/WiSCHOLZ (Warden) N(urnberg) FORSTER (Mint-master)
1760-1764.
S. N. R. Vide SCHOLZ (Warden) N(urnberg) RIEDNER (Mint-
master), 1764-1770.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
NAAMEN, JOHAN SEBASTIAAN VAN (Dutch}. Mint-masteratUtrecht,
1782-1794.
NACHENIUS, D. (Dutch.}. Medallist of the last quarter of the
eighteenth century at Amsterdam. D r H. R. Storer describes in
Amer. Journ. of Num. a Portrait-medal of D r Andreas Bonn, of
Amsterdam, 1788, bearing the signature : D. NACHENIUS.
NACHON, ETIENNE(Fm/c/;). Mint-master at Grenoble, 8. January
1517 to the end of 1531, when he fled; his privy-mark was at first
E, then N, and later, EN.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Faivre, Etat actuel des Ateliers monetaires Jranfais, 1895.
Annuaire numisnatique, 1894, p. 338.
NACHTRABE, FRIEDRICH (Germ.}. Mint-master at Frankfort, and
Nordlingen, 1456-1464.
NACUB (Bohcm.}. Moneyer at Prague, under Bogislaus, early part
of the eleventh century. His name + NACVB IN PRAGA occurs in
various forms on a number of coins.
NADAUD, AUGUSTE B. (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Abbeville (Somme); pupil ofDuret and A. Toussaint. By him are
various Portrait-medallions : 1867. H. Poirson, painter; 1881.
M. Monval, of the Palais Royal; 1882. M Ile Petitpas;
M. P***, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. cit. -- Catalogue du Salon,
1882, p. 416.
218 -
NAGELBECKH, STEPHAN (Germ.). Mint-master at Landshut,
1451.
NAIUS, probably a misspelling for GNAIUS. This fictitious signature
occurs on a gem thus described by Raspe : Bust ot a Muse, in
front a Mask, (often called a Virgil.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY. -- King, Antique gems, London, 1860.
NANNI DI PROSPERO DELLE CORNIOLE (ItaL). Vasari mentions
him as a Painter, and " the son of Prospero, the Gem-engraver ''.
He is said to have executed some work in the glyptic art.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Mariette. op. cit.
NANUCCI (ItaL). Medallist of the first half of the nineteenth
century. His signature occurs on a Prize Medal of the Societa di
San Giovanni, 1827.
NALLET-POUSSIN, M me EMMA CAMILLE (French'). Contemporary
Sculptor; pupil of J. Gigoux, Rudder, and J. Valadon. At the Salon
of 1889 this artist exhibited a Portrait-medallion in bronze of
M. J. Valadon.
NAPIER OF EDINBILLIE, SIR ARCHIBALD (Brit.). General of the Mint
at Edinburgh, circ. 1590.
NAPIER, FRANCIS (Brit). A contract was passed between
James IV. and Napier, 5 th September 1591, by which it was ordered
that the " haill audit and fourpenny peces, at the leist fourteine
hundreth stane veocht ", were to be brought in and delivered to
the said Francis Napier within the space of four years, to be reduced
to the fineness often and a half deniers; as also all the other billon
money " penniys and twa penny plakis onlie exceptit " these
last being the half-hardheads withl-R.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Burns, Tfx Coinage of Scotland, II, 373.
NAPIER OF WRIGHTSHOUSES, WILLIAM (Brit.). The working of
the Mint of Edinburgh was let for three years, by Act of Parliament,
27 th February 1580-81,10 Alexander Clerk of Balbirnie, Provost
of Edinburgh, William Napier of W right slxnises, and four other
burgesses of Edinburgh, with THOMAS AITCHESOUN, master of the
mint, in consideration, " ofane hundreth thousand merkis promisit
be the pairtneris for the yeiris tak ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Burns, op. cit. II. 365.
NAR. Fide NARBONNE.
219
NARAYEN, VITHAL (Iiid.). Native Die-sinker employed as Mint-
engraver at the Bomb.iy Mint from 1891 to 1904.
NARBONNE (French). Die-sinker of the last decade of the
eighteenth century. Two masonic medals of the Lodge of the Friends
of Peace, Paris, 1789 (obv. Minerva seated), are signed :
NAR . . F., probably for Narbonne fecit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hennin, Histoire nuniismatique de la Rh'olution franfaise,
Paris, 1826. Marvin, of), cit.
NARCISSE, PHILIBERT (French*). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Autun; pupil of Gonnet. A Portrait-medallion in bronze of
M me Narcisse was exhibited by him at the Salon of 1896.
NARDO (Ital.). Goldsmith in the Service of the Papal Mint at
Rome, 1^84, in which year he is mentioned in conjunction with
Miliano as having executed stamps for the pontifical bulls: " 1484,
12 Oct. Miliano et Nardo aurificibus florenos auri centum de
Camera pro factura stampe plombi (sic) bullarum apostolicarum,
ut est moris. "
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Eug. Miintz, L' Atelier mone'taire de Rome, 1884.
NARDO, DOMENICO DI (Ital.). Sculptor in wood, who flourished
at Rome, during the second half ot the seventeenth century. He
was a pupil of P. Ceraso, and is said to have executed Portrait-
medallions of Popes, and contemporaneous celebrities.
NARET, GEORGES LEON (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Sezanne (Marne); pupil of Eugene Marioton. He is the author of
numerous Portrait-medallions, cast in bronze, some of which were
exhibited at the Paris Salon : 1886. M. J***; - - M nie D***; -
1888. Georges Duvernoy; - - M. and M me Marioton; -- 1889.
M. Mocker; - E. Marioton; 1890. M. J*** ; 1893.
D r Huguier, cvc.
NASCIMENTO, ANGELO MANUEL DO (Portug.). Mint-engraver at
Lisbon, circ. 1795-1799.
NASSARO, MATTEO DAL (Ital.). 1515^ 1547 or 1548. Painter,
Goldsmith, Gem-, and Coin-engraver, and Medallist, son of a
shoemaker of Verona, Jacopo dal Nassaro. In his youth, he learned
drawing and music, and was taught engraving by the two Veronese
artists, Galeazzo Mondella, who was a clever daughtsman, and
Niccolo Avanzi, who distinguished himself at Rome.
One of his first works of note was a Deposition from the Cross
in bloodstone, so managed that the sanguine spots of the jasper
220
represented the blood issuing from the wounds; it became the
property of the Duchess Isabella d'Este of Mantua. A Crucifixion
was treated in a similar way.
Soon after the battle of Marignano, Matteo went over to France,
either at the request of Francis I., or attracted there by the protec-
tion extended to Italian artists. The French king, who was a liberal
patron of the art, purchased a number of his gems, and attached him
to his Court, where he chiefly engraved cameos, the fashionable
ornaments of the day. A head of Dejaneira by him was greatly
admired, in which the various layers of the agate gave the different
colours of the flesh, the hair, and the lion's hide drawn over her
head (King, op. cit.,p. 263). Francis I. placed this stone in his casket,
and commissioned from the artist a portable Oratory adorned with
numerous gems, bas-reliefs, and statuettes in gold.
Of this same period are a Portrait-intaglio of Francis I., in the
Cabinet des Medailles, Paris (with the initials F- 1. on the back) and
one of two commemorative medals of the Battle of Marignano,
which M. H. De La Tour has attributed to Dal Nassaro from conclu-
sive evidence. The intaglio measures 22x25 mill. Mariette and
Portrait-intaglio of Francis I. (chalcedonyx).
Chabouillet had already seen in this fine gem a work of the famous
Italian engraver. De La Tour observes, in connection with it :
"Matteo est sans conteste 1'un des plus habiles parmi tous les
artistes qui nous ont laisse, sur la pierre ou sur le metal, les traits
de Frangois I. II combine et coordonne bien 1'ensemble, il dessine
et modele vigoureusement; il attaque, creuse et approfondit la
pierre avec un brio et un entrain merveilleux ; il a surtout, dans les
rinceaux de la cuirasse, peut-etre un peu trop saillant pour 1'effet
general, une souplesse et une habilete" consommees. C'est la une
oeuvre de maitre ' (Rev. num., 1893, P- 54)-
The commemorative medal of the Battle of Marignano measures
36 mill, in diameter. On the 1^6. is a representation of the battle,
with Milan in the background from which the Swiss emerged on
their attack on the French.
221
Chabouillet and Babelon have ascribed to Dal Nassaro another
intaglio in the Paris Medal Cabinet, depicting a battle scene, which
according to Mariette was copied from Raphael's drawing ot the
Battle of Constantine on the Milvian bridge. It bears an inscription,
OP.NS which has been interpreted into ovns xassari. A group ot
Battle of Marignano.
Venus and Cupid, probably by the same artist, is praised for the
ideal purity of the drawing, the material, and engraving. To him has
further been ascribed a cameo in the Imperial Collection at
Vienna, the subject of which is Noah and the animals issuing from
the Ark.
The artist set so high a value on his works that he gave them
away as presents rather than submit to what he considered too low
an offer; he is said to have broken to pieces a fine cameo which
had not been accepted by a nobleman under such circumstances.
A document of 1521 records a payment of 184 livres made to
Matteo for " les pourtraictz de 92 histoires de bergeryes prises
dans les bucoliques ".
After the defeat of Pavia (1525), the artist returned to Vienna,
but was recalled to Paris by Francis immediately upon the
recovery of his freedom, and settled definitively in France where he
married and had several children. He was granted a yearly pension
of 300 gold ecus beside numerous gratifications, and was employed
by the King, the French mint, and noblemen of the Court.
Matteo never filled the office of Mint-master or Engraver as
Vasari pretends, but he executed patterns (or models) for coins,
" coings des monnoyes et testons", and a medal which he struck
from the " coing desdicts testons par le commandement dudit
seigneur" (Francis I.). In 1519, he received a royal bounty in the
sum of 112 livres to reimburse him for money expended in the
222
purchase of tools and appliances necessary in the production of this
work.
The medal mentioned here is in reality the Double Ducat of
Milan, with bust of Francis I. Only two specimens are known, one
of which is in the Paris Medal Cabinet. The Pattern Testoon by
Double Ducat of Francis I. for Milan.
Matteo exists in gold and silver, in two varieties. " Par tous se:
caracteres, " remarks De La Tour, " 1'ensemble et les details, h
composition, le style, le relief des lettres, la couronne placee sous
le buste, la forme de 1'ecu, celle des grenetis, etc., cet essai se
ses
la
Pattern Teston of Francis I.
detache de toutes les autres monnaies du regne de Francois I. et
meme de tous les autres regnes. A cela s'ajoute une indeniable et
frappante tournure italienne. "
In 1631 Matteo received 100 e"cus "for a vase intended for
Madame, and 50 cus to erect machinery (mills) for making other
vases". We learn from this that the artist was also an engine- builder;
his was probably the first workshop in France tor the cutting and
engraving of precious stones. In a document of 1534, the mill is
thus described : " Un moulin porte par basteaulx pour pollir dya-
mans, aymeraudes, agattes et aultres especes de pierres." It was
known as the " Moulin de la Gourdayne".
22 3
Dal Nassaro's name occurs for the last time in the account of
the king's privy purse in 1539, when Francis I. remitted 1400 livres
to " Mathe"e d'Alnassar, painctre, vallet de chambre et graveur dudit
seigneur, pour le parfaict de ses gaiges des annees 1536, 1537
et 1538, a ladicte raison de 600 livres par an ". Notwithstanding,
he still remained in the king's service for several years, and pro-
bably until his death which occurred in 1547 or 1548, soon after
that of his Royal benefactor.
After the Battle of Cerisoles( 1641), Matteo executed a commem-
Battle of Consoles.
orative medal, with bust of Francis I. on obv., absolutely identical
with that of his former medals and coins, and on tyL. the King, in
Roman dress, seated on curule chair, between Victory (or Bellona)
and Mars, a design copied from the tyL. of Cristoforo Geremia's
medal ot Alfonso of Aragon.
Contemporaneous with this medal are an intaglio and the fine
large cameo with portrait of Francis I., reproduced by Babelon,
Histoire de la Gravure, etc., PI. X, 3. Both works are attributed
to Matteo by Chabouillet ; Babelon is less positive, although he
believes that the medal and the cameo are by the same hand ; but
De La Tour objects to the style of the cameo which he does not
consider in keeping with that of the medal.
Raspe, Tassie Gems, describes, as by Dai Nassaro, or in his style,
the following gems : -
Two men, one in the character of Venus, the other as Caesar,
and two ladies armed as Amazons, killing with their lances two
bulls attacked by a bear and a lion ; above, is seen a divinity with
a torch which Mariette supposed to be Saturn ; A Bull fight ;
22 4
Amazon on horseback and two cavaliers, etc. (3 var.) ; Hcrakles
carrying a stag on his shoulders in the presence of satyrs and fauns ;
- Herakles with his club and other heroes fighting with the
Amazons ; - - Battle ot Constantine, mentioned above ; - - Battle
of cavalry and infantry with Mars in the clouds ; Battle of four
horsemen, two of whom are dismounted; A skirmish of cavalry
and infantry; Portrait of Francis L, in white agate. All these
gems are in the Paris Cabinet des Medailles, Bibliotheque Natio-
nale.
Babelon suggests the attribution to Matteo of a beautiful ewer in
rock crystal and mounted in silver-gilt, which is preserved in the
Louvre museum. It bears the arms of Bourbon, and may have been
executed for the Constable of Bourbon, who perished so miserably
in 1527.
Dal Nassaro s name occurs in various forms in the accounts :
DALNASSAR, DALNASSAY, DALNASSAC, NAZARE, MESSIRE MATTEE, CtC.
Vasari makes of Matteo a master of modern glyptics ; De La
Tour, while not denying his talent, does not think his influence
was very marked on the French coinage, and it Marc Bechot was
his pupil, he fortunately preserved his own personality. A clever
draughtsman, of rare technical abilities, he lacked in inspiration,
correction and torce ; he was more of an imitator than an originator,
although some of his portraits in precious stones rank amongst the
finest of the Renaissance.
Babelon sums up his notice of the artist by the following com-
ment : " Matteo dal Nassaro fut doncl'artiste italien qui introduisit
en France les precedes de la Gravure sur pierres fines usitees en
Italic. II se fit par la le chef de 1'ecole francaise de la Renaissance.
Les eleves qu'il forma et qui travaillerent sous sa direction perpe-
tuerent apres lui son art et ses precedes dans notre pays et leurs
ouvrages anonymes attestent qu'ils surent s'elever a la hauteur de
leur maitre et de leurs emules d'au-dela des Alpes" (p. 134).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. H. de la Tour, Matteo dal Nassaro, 1893. Vasari, Le Vile
de pit tori, scultori ed arcbittettori, ed. Milanesi, V, pp. 271, 375-379. A. de
Montaiglon, Gazette des Beaux Arts, 2 e serie, t. XIII, 556. Mariette, Traite des
pierres grave'es. Armand, Les Me'dailleurs italiens des XF e et XVI C siecles, 1887.
Babelon, Histoire de la Gravure sur Gemmes en France, 1902. King, Antique
Gems, 1860. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Chabouillet, Catalogue, p. 64. Tre'sor de
numifniatique et de glyptique . J. J. Guiffrey, Ncuvelles Archives de VArt Jrancais,
Paris, 1879. E. Miintz, Hisloire de I' Art pendant la Renaissance, II. Rondot
& De La Tour, Les Me'dailleurs et les Graveurs de nionnaies. Mazerolle, Les
Me'dailleurs francais, 1902. C. von Fabriczy, Italian Medals, 1904. E. Plon,
Benvenuto Cellini, pp. S9, 15- J. Arneth, Die cinque cento Canieen. Babelon,
La Monnaie. Van Mieris, Hist, der nederl. Vorsten, II, 198. Hoffmann,
Monnaies royales de France. Gnecchi, Le Monete di Milano, 1884, PI. xxi, i.
Charton, Hist, de France, II, 36. A. Barre, Graveurs ge'ne'raux et particttlicrs des
monnaies de France, 1867. Renton, Intaglio-engraving, past and present, London,
1 89 1 . Raspe, Tassie Gems, 1791.
NASSAU or NASSOW, HERMAN VON (Dan.}. Mint-master at
Copenhagen, appointed in 1495, and succeeded by Berndt Buske
in 1526.
NASSIVET, GILLES (French}. Mint-engraver at La Rochelle, 1782.
His privy mark was a Tower before the date.
NAT, JEAN VAN DER (Belg.}. Mint-master at Louvain, 1488-1489.
NATALIS, FLAMINIO (Belg.}. Goldsmith, Seal-and Gem-engraver
of Liege, during the second half of the sixteenth century; he is said
to have engraved medals also. King mentions him as an admirable
Engraver of coats-of-arms, and states that he died at Rome in 1596,
at the age of 55. Nagler mentions that Flaminio Natalis was a
relative of Michel Natalis, whose father was Mint-engraver to the
Prince of Liege, Elector of Cologne.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Nagler, op. cit. Marietta, op. cit. Pinchart, op. cit.
NATHAN, GEBRUDER (Germ.}. A Hamburg firm of Jewish Die-
sinkers, who issued a Presentation medal by the Jews of Hamburg
to Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore on their return from Egypt and
the East in 1841. This medal is described and figured by O. C.
Gaedechen in Hamburgische Mun^en und Medaillen, Hamburg, 1850,
I, 258.
NATHAN, CHARLES (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris ; pupil of Mulotin de Merit. At the Salon of 1882 he exhibited
a Portrait-medallion of M me Nathan.
NATHANIEL. Vide NATHANIEL MARCHANT. Gem-engraver, and
Engraver of H. M's Seals, 1739-1816.
NATORP, GDSTAV (Germ.}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at Ham-
burg ; pupil of Prof. A. Legros, and Rodin. He is the author of
various Portrait-medallions cast in bronze ; one of Robert Browning
\vas exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1888, and at one of the
Exhibitions of the London Society of Medallists, of which the artist
is a member.
NATTER, JOHANN LORENZ (Germ.}. A renowned Gem-engraver,
Medallist, and Coin-engraver, born at Biberach, in Swabia (Wiir-
temberg) in 1705, died at St. Petersburg, 27. December 1763. He
was first apprenticed to a goldsmith of his native town, with whom
he remained for six years; he then went to Switzerland, learned
die-sinking with the Seal-engraver, Bernard Ochs, at Berne, and work-
ed there for several years, making also a prolonged stay at Neuchatel,
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallists. IV. 1 5
- 226
as a skilled workman in the employ of the jeweller and gem-
engraver, Hug, who had been previously Mint-engraver at Berne.
From there, he visited Italy, studied gem-engraving at Venice,
practised the art with success at Florence, 1732-1735, and first
obtained notoriety at Rome, by his portrait of Cardinal Albani.
In 1740 he came to England, and three years after he left for
Denmark, where he was much patronized by King Christian VI.,
for whom he not only engraved gems but also medals. From
Copenhagen he went to Sweden and St. Petersburg, in company
with the Nuremberg painter, Mark Tuscher. In 1751, the artist had
again settled in London (Vine Street, Piccadilly) which is the
address he gives in the work he published in 1754, Traite de la
methode antique de graver en pierres fines, comparee avec la me'thode
moderne, el expliquee en diverses planches. Three years later, Natter
was appointed Chief-engraver at the Mint of Utrecht, and worked
there for the Princess-Regent, widow of William IV. of Orange-
Nassau, and daughter of George II. of England. I possess a letter
of Natter, dated from Utrecht, 23 ld July 1757, and addressed to a
minister at the Dutch court, in which he complains of his emolu-
ments being too small, and of having too little leisure to devote to
gem-engraving. " M. Allamand m'ecrivait que j'aurais 1000 fl. de
traitement (comme on 1'appelle), ceque j'avais regarde comme une
espece de pension, suivant la coutume d'autres Cours. A Londres, a
Copenhague, a Stockholm, en France, etc., ily aordinairement trois
graveurs; le premier Medailleur a le titre de Esquire; sa pension
monte jusqu'a 300 . St., maison, charbon, chandeles, tout franc ;
chaque coin pour des medailles est pave a part. Le second Medail-
leur copie le Portrait pour la monoye; le troisieme graveur fait le
revers, etc. " He goes on to say that in six months he has already
spent 800 florins, and offers to leave his collection of gems to the
,Prince, providing he agrees to pay him a pension of three hundred
pounds sterling for life, in which case he would also undertake to
look after the Prince's cabinet. "En cette facon, " says he. "je
pourrois vivre tranquillement a La Haye, graver a mon aise, et
dessiner peu a peu la collection entiere. " Evidently, the artist's pro-
posal was not taken into consideration, as within three years of
that date, he was again in London, where in 1761, he received an
appointment of Assistant-engraver to the Royal Mint, but in the
following year he left again for Copenhagen, and thence went to.
St. Petersburg, dying in that city in 1763.
Natter, as a Gem-engraver, surpassed most artists of his time,
and perhaps even his contemporary, Jacques Guay, for whose
talent he did not express great admiration. His medals are of fine
execution. The following are of interest to English collectors :
Charles Sackville, Earl of Middlesex, afterwards Duke of Dorset,
- 227 -
1733 (engraved at Florence, and signed on obv. L NATTER. F. 1733,
and on tyL L. NATTER. F. FLORENT/) ; Sir Robert Walpole, 1741;
Another, with inscription on edge : REGIT NVMMIS ANIMOS
| ET NVMMIS REGITVR IPSE; - Tribute to George II., 1741;
Sir Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford, 1742 ($L. Britannia
trampling upon Envy) ; Prince William and Princess Caroline of
Orange, 1751 (signed on obv. LOR. NATTER F. 1751, and on
T$L. L. N.) ; Anne, Princess of Orange, Regent of Holland, 1751;
Coronation of George III., 1761 ; Coronation of George III.
and Queen Charlotte, 1761; - - Coronation of Queen Charlotte,
1761, &c.
Among his other medallic productions are also : Portrait-
medal of Christian VI. of Denmark ( " ouvrage ou j'ai peu de
Sir Robert Walpole, by L. Natter.
pratique ", writes the artist); -- William Charles Henry Friso,
Stadholder of Holland, 1747 (2 var.); Conclusion of the Peace
of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 (signed : N. S. [Natter scnlpsit], and not
N.V. S. which is N. van Swinderen's signature. The work of the
medal is entirely in Natter's style of treatment) ; Portrait-medal
ofPrince William IV. of Orange, 1750; Prince William (V) and
Princess Caroline, 1751; Death of William IV., 1751 ; -
Medal with bust ofPrince William IV. and his consort; ^.Portraits
of their two children (1751); Memorial Medal of William IV.
(1751); Princess Anne taking the oath as Regent, during the
minority of her son (1751); - - The Stolpian Legacy, instituted
by Jan Stolp of Leyden, 1753.
Natter's gems are very numerous; unfortunately many are unsigned,
others bear signatures of ancient engravers, so that it is most
228
difficult to establish even an approximate list of his works. His
earliest signature isL. N. in very minute characters; as his reputation
increased he signed : NATTER. On some we find his name NATTEP
in Greek characters, or the inscription, YAPOY, which is the
translation into Greek of the German word, Natter, a snake. The
following are described by Raspe ' Serapis Ammon with ram's horn
(signed : L. N.) ; Copy of the gem by Aspasios, with helmeted
bust of Pallas Athene decorated with a sphinx, a winged griffin and
four horses (signed : NATT6P 6ROI6I); Two other varieties of
the same subject ; Birth of Minerva from the brain of Jupiter
(unsigned, but a sulphur in the Stosch collection is marked on the
border Natter f., which proves this gem not to bean antique, and,
Half-figure of Pallas
(after the gem by Valerio Belli).
remarks Raspe : " If this piece does honour to the talent of Natter,
it at the same time makes us suspect that he not only attended to
the study and close imitation of the antique, but likewise employed
himself in the manufacture of antiques, for the too passionate
admirers, who buy them at enormous prices, and thereby encourage
the dishonest abuse of talent ") ; Half-figure of Pallas, imitated
from a gem in the Florentine Cabinet (illustrated) ; Bust of Ceres,
veiled (bearing a resemblance to Agrippina major, and what seems
accidental, to the Duchess of Gloucester, signed ACF1ACIOY, and
supposed to be by Natter); Mercury standing; (signed : AIOZ
KOYPIAOT) ; an imitation of the gem by Dioscorides. Raspe
mentions : " Natter has copied it with such success that one might
229
even suspect it to be a work of his own " ; and to quote the artist's
own words : " I am not ashamed to own that I continue to make
copies (with Greek inscriptions and masters' names) at all times
when I receive orders : but I defy the whole world to prove that I have
ever sold one for antique ") ; Mercury holding caduceus (signed :
NATTER !"!); - - Head of the dog Syrius (a copy of the gem
signed : FAIOC 6F1OI6I, which Raspe calls a work of Natter's) ;-
Head of youthful Hercules (copied from the Florentine gem, signed
ONHCAC); Hercules strangling the lion (signed : L. N.) ; The
Repose of Hercules; Venus sitting upon a rock; Cupid flying
towards her; Othryades killing himself (executed for the Prince
of Orange) ; Meleager before a statue of Ceres ; the boar's head
upon a pillar ; Perseus holding a shield decorated with the head of
Medusa (copied from the gem by Dioscorides) ; Head of Medusa
(signed : CI3-S3TTAN); -- Bust of Paris, in Phrygian cap; -
Another, signed : TAPOT; Bust of Augustus, called Britannicus
(signed : AN); -- Head of Augustus (signed : TAPOT); Head
of Julia, daughter of Titus (signed : NATTER. " Much praise", says
King, " is given to the artist's copy on a reduced scale of the Julia
Titi by Evodus"); -- Roman head, bare (signed : TAPOT);
Portrait-cameo of George I., of England; George II. : Queen
Caroline, consort of George II. (signed : L. NATTER F.) ;
Frederick, Prince of Wales, son of George II. ; Christian VI., of
Denmark; - - Cardinal Alexander Albani (signed : NATT6P.
nOI6l) ; - - William Pulteney, Earl of Bath; Lord Duncannon
(signed : NATTER F.) ; Lady Duncannon ; Bust of Hollis, the
famous English patriot (signed : L. N.); - - D r Mead (signed :
NATTER F.); Earl of Stairs, who commanded under George II.
at the battle of Dettingen (probably by Natter) ; Baron Philipp
Stosch (signed : N ATT HP. Fl) ; Sir Robert Walpole
(NATTER F.); - - Heads, uncovered, in the Roman manner, of
Miltiades, &c., several varieties, signed : NATTHP. I"IOII ; -
Head of Cicero(?); - The Character of Zingara by the Chev.
Bernini (NATTER F.) ; Marquis of Rockingham (L. NATTER; two
varieties); Prince William IV. of Orange, intaglio in carnelian ;
- Youthful bust of Prince William V., carnelian intaglio; -
Princess Caroline of Orange, intadio in chalcedonyx; Princesses
Amelie and Caroline, daughters of George II., white carnelian; -
Prince of Liechtenstein, oriental onyx ; Duchess of Portland ;
Earl Bentinck; The two sons of Earl Bentinck, red carnelian ; -
Archduke Joseph of Austria, chalcedonyx ; Marshal Bathiany,
chalcedonyx; Queen Ulrica Eleonora of Sweden; A vase,
engraved on a small diamond (in commission for Lord James
Cavendish); Seal of Christian VI. of Denmark; Elephant, in
oriental jasper; Portrait of Princess Anne of Holland, consort of
230
William IV. of Orange ; The Princess Regent of Holland, facing
bust, in white agate (" d'un si haut relief, que la tete a presque
toute sa juste proportion en bosse ronde"); - - Danae (a copy of
the Vettori Venus, to which is added the signature : ATAOT) ; ,
x
Autograph note of L. Natter.
Harpocrates ; - - Head of Medusa (copied from an antique gem
signed : CGOCOKA6). On the Strozzi Medusa, now in the British
Museum, which is antique, Natter or Costanzi added the inscription,
2OAONOC ; Head of Marciana; Cupid chained to a trophy
(signed : ATAOT ; an imitation from the antique); Bacchante ;
231
- Portrait ot Frederick V., of Denmark; Numerous Seals,
Armorial bearings, c. ; - Lion, amethyst; Faun, small
sard (signed : KOIMOT. Kohler, p. 182, n 8) ; - - Portrait of
John Gaston, Grand Duke of Tuscany; A series of Portraits ot
the Triumvirs, Roman Emperors, and Empresses, &c.
On the Medusa of Sosocles in the Hemsterhuys-Galitzin collection,
Natter added the letter N. The artist's works preserved at
St. Petersburg are described in Bernouilli, IV.
Natter's charge for engraving a portrait varied from ten to
twenty-fire guineas. I reproduce (p. 23o)afac-simile, a little reduced,
of an autograph note of the artist in my possession, dated, 6. July
1751, and addressed to Earl Bentinck, in which he mentions several
gems engraved by him and their respective prices.
Godfrey Krafft was one of Natter's most successful pupils.
In Natter's book, Traite de la method? antique de graver en pierres
fines, we gather, says Babelon, many valuable hints on the senti-
ments which animated gem-engravers of the eighteenth century
towards the works of the Greek and Roman glyptists. Many of these
artists indulged in the deplorable pratice of inscribing famous
engravers' names on ancient gems, or on their own productions.
Natter, whom Mariette accused of this mischievous custom, excuses
himself by saying that there is no blame attached to it as long as
the modern gems are not sold for antique. " Quand bien meme ",
observes Babelon, " on admettrait la sincerite et la bonne foi de
Natter et de tous les artistes, il n'en est pas moins vrai que les
gemmes fausses, car nous ne pouvons les appeler autrement au
point de vue archeologique, se sont repandues a profusion dans
le monde des amateurs et ont donne lieu, apres eux, a des duperies
sans fin. Les noms de Phrygillos, de Pergamos, d'Olympios,
d'Onatas, de Pyrgotele, d'Athenion, de Cronios, de Dioscoride, de
Solon, d'Aspasios, d'Agathopus, dePamphile, d'Eutyches, d'Hyllus,
d'Aulus, d'Epitynchanus, d'Evodus, ae Tryphon et de tous les
autres graveurs grecs et romains connus dans les trois derniers
siecles, ont ainsi ete profanes et prodigues sur des gemmes, les unes
antiques, les autres modernes, qui s'e" talent aujourd'hui dans toutes
les collections publiques. II faut lire dans les Merits des meilleurs
juges en cette matiere, tels que: Raoul Rochette, Panofka, Koehler,
H. Brunn, Chabouillet, King, Furtwangler, Murray et vingt autres
savants contemporains, les embarras et les hesitations qu'on eprouve
a se prononcer pour on centre 1'authenticite de la plupart des
signatures qu'on releve sur les pierres fines. Nous ne saurions
songer a entrer ici dans cet examen delicat, mais nous ne ferons
aucune difficulte d'avouer que 1'habilete diabolique avec laquelle
ces oeuvres ou ces signatures sont gravees nous jette dans une
perplexite d'autant plus grande que les pierres gravees, a 1'inverse
- 232
des monnaies ou des autres monuments, n'ont jamais de patine, et
qu'ainsi aucun caractere exterieur ne revele, le cas echeant, leur
modernite ; observez, d'autre part, que les sujets graves sont
souvent des copies d'oeuvres antiques, copies qui peuvent avoir ete
executees a n'importe quelle epoque. Pourtant, les caracteres
paleographiques de 1'inscription trahissent parfois la main du
faussaire, comme sur la Meduse Strozzi, aujourd'hui au Musee
britannique; la gemme, trouvee a Rome au commencement du
xviii 6 siecle, est antique ; mais Natter ou 1'un de ses emules y a grave"
la signature iOAONOC, dont la modernite est reveleepar la forme
donnee aux caracteres. Parfois, le procede du faussaire se trouve
demasque d'une maniere assez inattendue. C'est ainsi qu'il existeau
Musee britannique une cornaline representant un sphinx que son
style remarq liable permet de classer au iv e siecle avant noire ere;
mais, dans le champ, on a inscrit a I'epoque de la Renaissance, la
signature 0AMTPOT, dans le but d'attribuer 1'ceuvre a un artiste
grec du nom de Thamyras. Un tel graveur n'a jamais existe. Le nom
a ete emprunte a une autre gemme antique qui se trouve aujourd'hui
egalement au Musee britannique, seulement ici, etant donnees la
grandeur et la grossierete des lettres, nous sommes visiblement en
presence du nom du possesseur de la gemme. C'est ce nom qui, pris
pour une signature d'artiste au xvi e siecle, a ete reproduit sur une
autre gemme... Si Natter a pu ecrire que 1'art de graver les pierres
fines est le plus penible de tous les arts, nous pouvons, a notre
tour, sans crainte d'etre contredit, affirmer que de toutes les branches
de 1'archeologie, 1'etude des pierres gravees est, pour 1'authenticite
des monuments, la plus difficile et la plus delicate " (Babelon,
La Gravure en pierres fines , 1894, P- 2 93)-
" Although his works deceived so many of his contemporaries,
they will be found on examination to differ materially from the
antique, particularly in the treatment of the hair. Indeed he fell far
short of the success already attained by Sirletti in the revival of the
ancient style " (King, op. cit., 1872, p. 436).
Natter was well versed in history and mythology, but he prefer-
red to imitate the contemporary French painters rather than the
Ancients, says Nagler. Koehler thinks he might have become one of
the most celebrated artists of modern times, had he remained
longer in Italy. Few Gem-engravers have shown themselves so free
from what is usually termed mannerism, and he worked with a true
feeling of the exigencies of the glyptic art.
Baron Stosch, the famous collector, patronized Natter, who
executed intagli in imitation of the antique for him ; later, the
Duke of Devonshire and the DukeofMarlborough, Earl Bentinck,
Lord Cavendish, and others also liberally supported him.
Natter, says Marvin, was a Freemason; he is said to have taken
the rite of Strict Observance at Stockholm and St. Petersburg, and
by some Zinnendorf is thought to have obtained some of his
teachings from Natter; but this is doubtful ".
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Natter, Traite de la me'lhode antique de graver en pierres fines
conipare'e avec la me'thode moderne, London, 1751: Suppl. 1764. Murray and
Smith, Catalogue of Engraved Gems in the British Museum, London, 1890.
Mariette, op. oil. Brunn, op. cit. King, op. cit. Koehler, Abhandlung uber
die geschnittenen Sttine mil den Namm der Kunstler, St. Petersburg, 1851. Raspe,
Tassie Gems, 1791. Furtwangler, Sludien fiber die Gemnien mil Kunstlerin-
schrijten, Jahrbuch des kais. deutsch. archaeol. Instituts, 1888-1889. Nagler,
Allgemeines Kunstler- Lexikon. Bolzenthal, op. cit. -- Franks and Grueber,
op. cit. Babelon, op. cit. Ruding, op. cit. Gray, op. cit. Grueber, Guide
to English Medals, 1891. Marvin, op. cit. Ammon, op. cit. De Historie-
penningen en Munten betrekking hebbende op het Slanihuis van Oranje-Nassau,
S' Gravenhaag. - - Van Loon, Beschrijving van Nederlandsche Historie-Penningen,
Suppl. IV-V, 1848.
NAUDE, HENRI (French^. Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
born at Brenier-Cordon (Ain) ; pupil of Thomas, P. Dubois, and
Ponscarme. He has exhibited a number of Portrait-medallions, Pla-
quettes, and Medals, at the Paris Salons, from 1889 to 1893. I nave
seen by him: Bellona; -- Genius conquering Time; Flora in
triumphal chariot of the Sun (of very pretty design), etc.
NAUDIN (Frencfi). Die-sinker of the middle years of the nineteenth
century, who resided at Paris, and engraved various medals,
amongst which I may mention : Republican Medal, struck in
commemoration of the 24 th February 1848 (2 var.}; Commem-
orative Medal of the Banquet de la Sarthe, 15. October 1848
(2 var.y, - - General Cavaignac subduing the Insurrection, June
1848 (these medals were struck in lead from bullets seized on the
insurgents who were made prisoners) ; - - Third centenary of the
Reformed Churches in France, 1856, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. De Saulcy, Souvenirs numismatiqties, &c.
NAUHEIM, JOHANN PETER (Germ.}. Mint-engraver, and Medal-
list, at Schwerin, circ. 1752-*}- 1761. He worked for the Dukes
Christian Ludwig II., and Friedrich, of Mecklenburg- Schwerin.
Some of his productions are signed : I. P. N.
NAUMANN (Swiss). This signature occurs on a nineteenth cen-
tury medal, depicting on obv. the castle of Morat, while on the
fyL. is a standing figure of Adrian von Bubenberg.
NAUNDORFF, EGIDIUS (Swed.}. Field postmaster of Charles XII.,
and Designer of medals, engraved by G. V. Vestner and P. H.
Miiller of Nuremberg, on the King of Sweden's Camping at Bender
(inscribed on I. : INV: EG: NAUNDORFF MAG: POST: IN CAMPO:);
- 234
- Return to Sweden, by Stralsund, 1715 ; Attack on Norway,
1716, etc.
NAUNHEIM (Belg.). According to Nagler, and Kamm, Leivn en
Werken, etc. this Medallist was living in Belgium, circ. 1755. The
same authorities state that he is the author of a Portrait-medal of
J. G. Carpzov, 1756.
NAUSIAS (Greek). Gem-engraver of Athens, a contemporary of
the orator Lysias.
NAVALON, S. (Mexic.}. Medallist of Mexico, and Designer of
medals, third quarter of the nineteenth century. By him are numer-
ous official medals of Maximilian, 1864-1867, which are variously
signed : S. N. G. ; NAVALON G(rabador) ; - N. D. ; - - NAVALON
Tb(elineaior}, etc. They consist of Medals for Civil Merit, Military
Merit, Scientific and Artistic Merit, etc.; -- The Virgin ofGuada-
loupe (varieties with head of Maximilian, conjoined heads of Maxi-
milian and his consort Charlotte); -- Medal with bust of the
Empress, and tyi. AL MERITO CIVIL (" probably intended for presen-
tation to the recipients of the Order of San Carlos which was insti-
tuted by the Empress, to be bestowed upon ladies distinguished
for their charities and other estimable qualities") ; Repulse of
the French atPuebla, 5. May 1862, etc.
Navalon designed the coinage of Maximilian, which consisted of:
AT. 20 Pesos, 1866 ; JR.. Peso, 1866-67; 50 Centavos, 1866;
10 Centavos, 1864-1866, 5 Centavos, 1864-1866; JE. Centavo,
1864. The obverseof the 20 Peso piece bears the names ofitsdesigner
NAVALON and engravers, OCAMPO and SPIRITU.
During the short reign of Maximilian, Navalon appears to have
been Chief-Engraver at the Mexico Mint, and Ocampo and Spiritu,
his assistants.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Rosa, Monetario Americano, 1892. Betts, Mexican
Imperial Coinage, 1899. Rntie numismatique beige, 1886, p. 346.
NAVARRE, HENRI (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris; pupil of Chaplain and Verlet. At the Salon of 1907 he exhib-
ited a Portrait-medal in bronze, and two Plaquettes.
NAVARRE, SIMON DE {French}. Mint-master at Compiegne, 1590-
1596.
NAVARRETE (Span.}. Sculptor and Medallist of Valencia (Spain),
circ. 185 5 . A medal of the Exhibition at Valencia, da:ed MDCCCLV,
bears his signature, in conjunction with that of the designer,
Farinos.
- 235
NAZARO, ORAZIO (/ta/.). Goldsmith of Cremona, who was resid-
ing at Rome towards the end of the sixteenth century. Milanesi
suggested him as the author of a Portrait-medal of the Genoese,
Benedetto Lomellini, 1569, signed BN ; obv. Bust to 1. fyL. MAX-
SVETVDO. HN Draped female figure trampling under foot a snake,
and holding a dove (size: 45 mill.).
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Blanchet, op. cit. Armand, op. cit., I, 253; III, 121.
NAZAUAL or NAZAVAL (CM.). Sculptor and Medallist of San-
tiago de Chili, end of the eighteenth century. A Proclamation
medal struck by that city in honour of the accession of Charles IV.
of Spain, 1789, is signed on truncation of king's bust: NAZAUAL F.
and in exergue of reverse : NAZAUAL INCIDIT.
NAZEM, M" R ' CHRISTINE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born
at Amiens; pupil of Giraud. At the Salon of 1890 there was
Medallion in bronze by her, representing the Mater Dolorosa.
N. B. Vide NICCOLO BONIS or DE BONIS. Medallist to the Popes
Sixtus V. and his successors until Clement VIII. ; also Mint-
engraver at Rome, circ. 1580-1592.
N. B. Vide NICOLAS BRIOT. Medallist and Coin-engraver, 1580-
1646.
N. B. Vide NOAH BRETTSCHNEIDER. Mint-engraverat Koenigsberg-
in-Prussia, circ. 1624-1660.
N. B. Vide NEUMEISTER (Warden} and BISCHOF (Master) of the
Wurzburg Mint, 1754-61.
N. B. F. Vide NIKOLAUS BERNHARD FUCHS. Mint-master at Konigs-
berg, 1729-1732.
N. C. r/WeNICOLO CONTARINI. Mint-master at Venice, 1658.
N. C. Vide NICOLAS CHEVALIER. Medallist, born at Sedan, died at
Utrecht, 1720.
N. C. Vide NICOLO CERBARA. Gem-and Mint-engraver at Rome,
circ. 1829-1858.
N. D. Vide NICOLAUS DITMAR. Mint-master at Fulda, circ. 1727-
1764.
N. D. VideH. DARGENT. Die-sinker at Brussels, circ. 1840-1860.
N. D. Vide NAVALON DIREXIT. Mint-engraver at Mexico, 1864-
1867.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
- 2 3 6 -
NEALE, THOMAS (Brit.). Mint-master at the Royal Mint, London,
circ. 1678-1699, and succeeded in that office by Sir Isaac Newton.
He was called the Projector, and became famous for his system of
lotteries, which he founded in 1694, on the principle of those
existing at that time at Venice.
His signature, N. C. A. P. (Neale, Custos Artifex Primus) occurs on
medals by F. D. Winter, commemorating the Landing of William
of Orange at Torbay, 1688; -- William's landing in Holland,
Portrait-medal of Thomas Neale.
1691; His triumphal Entry into the Hague, 1691; The
Duke of Zell, Knight of the Garter, 1691 ; Capture of Athlone,
1691; Battle of Aghrim, 1691 (2 var.); Battle of La Hogue,
1692 (2 var.)', William arrives in Holland, 1694, etc.
Neale bore a great resemblance in features to James II.
A patent was granted to him and others, under James II., to
coin tin money at the rate of 20 d. from each pound of tin with
40 per cent, profit to the King.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Franks-Grueber, Metallic Illustrations, &c. Montagu,
Copper Coins of England, 1893.
NEAVE, W. A. (Brit.). Mint-master at Madras, from October to
November 1832.
NEBELTHAU, JACOB (Germ.). Ducal Saxon Mint-master and Admin-
istrator of the Saalfeld Mint, [588.
NECOCHEA, MARIANO (Peruv.). Mint-master at Lima (Peru),
1837. His signature occurs on a Pattern 8 Reales of that date,
described in Fonrobert's Catalogue, n 9055. On the coin he
is styled as EL GRAN MARISCALD N MARIANO NECOCHEA DIRECTOR
DE LA CASA DE MONEDA LIMA.
NEFF, MARTIN (Germ.). Mint-master in the service ot the Prince-
Abbot of Kempten at Obergiinzburg, 1621-1622.
237
NEGELEIN (Germ.'). Goldsmith and Modeller of Ratisbon, clrc .
1520. He engraved Seals, Armorial bearings, and modelled Por-
trait-medallions.
NEGELEIN, JOACHIM (Germ.}. Pastor and Professor at Nuremberg,
died in 1749. He designed numerous medals engraved by Vestner.
NEGRE, HENRI (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at Paris ;
pupil ot Baudoin, and A. Trupheme. He has modelled numerous
Portrait-medallions and some Medals. At the Salon of 1893
there was a Portrait-medallion of Pastor Collas by him, and in 1897
three medals in boxwood, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Catalogues du Salon, 1891-1897.
NEGRISOLI, GULIELMO (ltd.}. Sculptor of the early part of the
nineteenth century, by whom are Portrait-medallions of Napoleon I.
NEIDHARDT, GEORG (Germ.). Counter Manufacturer at Munich,
circ. 1580.
NEIDHART, JOHANN (Germ.). Medallist and Coin-engraver, born
at Nuremberg, and in the service of the DUKCS of Wurtemberg at
the Mint of Oels, from 1672 to 1707. He also worked for the
Imperial Mint of Brieg, and tor the Episcopal Mint of Neisse. By
him are various medals, amongst others a Scho 1 Prize Medal of
the city of Breslau, 1703, and commemorative medals of the Siege
Christian I. and Christiana of Saxe-Merseburg.
of Belgrade, 1688, signed I. N., and Peace of Passarowitz, 1718
(executed in conjunction with Martin Brunner).
Ammon calls his work poor, but a Portrait-medal of Christian I.
and Christiana of Saxe-Merseburg (illustrated) exhibits undoubted
skill.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Friedensburg, Netiere Mutifgescbicbte Scblesiftts. Mitthei-
lunvtn des Khibs der Mun--uud Medaillenjreunde in Wien. 1890-1895. Animon,
op. cit. Domanig, Die Detitsclx Medaille, 1907.
- 2 3 8 -
NEIDHARDT, WOLFGANG (Germ.). Artistic Founder and Modeller
ot Augsburg, circ. 1620.
NEIDINGER, JOSEPH (or JOHANN) FRANZ (Germ.). Medallist of the
second half of the seventeenth century, who resided at Venice, and cut
a series of medals with portraits of various members oftheBarbarigo
family, etc. I have seen his signature on the two following medals :
Franz Anton Berka, count Howora, baron von Dubba and Lippa,
1635-1706 (signed: 10. FRANC. NEIDINGER.); Francisco Morosini,
doge ot Venice, 1688-1694 (signed : NEIDINGER); D r J. C. Fetz,
of Feldkirchen,c.
Little is known of the artistic career of this Engraver, whose
work is not of great merit.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. -- Bolzenthal, op. cit. -- D l Merzbacher, Kunst-MedaiUen-
Catalog.
NEIFAHRER .Vide NEUFARER infra.
NEISOS. Fictitious signature on an ancient gem : standing figure
of Alexander, beardless, holding fulmen and aegis, large oriental
sard, in St. Petersburg Museum (NICOT)- Stephani decidesuncon-
ditionally in favour of the inscription, which he says is of the same
date as the intaglio, but this is not the opinion of other experts, most
ot whom pronounce the signature as modern (xvi. Cent.);-
- 239
Cock in a car drawn by two rats, legend broken off Nl-. , black
jasper, in Baron Roger's collection, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, op. cit. Babelon, op. cit. S. Reinach, op. cit. -
Furtwangler, op. cit.
NELL, HANS (Germ.'). Line-engraver, and Medallist of the second
quarter of the sixteenth century, at Augsburg, mentioned by
Bolzenthal, after Stetten, as the author of a Portrait-medallion of
Charles V., circ. 1540. Stetten has omitted to describe this medal,
and it is therefore impossible to recognize it among the great num-
ber dedicated to the fame of this monarch.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Stetten, Kunst-, Gewerb- und Hand-
werks-Gescbicbte der Reichstadt Augsburg, 1779. Nagler, op. cit.
NELLI, HENRI (French). Contemporary Sculptor and Medallist,
born at Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrenees); pupil of Dantan aine. By him
are Portrait-medallions.
NEMECEK, A. (Hung.). Contemporary Medallist of Budapest. His
signature occurs on the }$L. of a Portrait-medal of D r Theodor
Billroth, 1894.
NEPOS. Fictitious signature (NCFIGOC) which occurs on a sard of
the Schellersheim collection, representing a youth playing the lyre.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, op. cit.
NERESHEIMER, J.B. and NIGGL (Genii.). Die-sinkers and Manu-
facturers of artistic buttons, etc. at Munich, nineteenth century.
NERI, PAOLO (Ifal.). Sculptor, and Gem-engraver, born at Rome
in 1813. Besides many works of sculpture, Portrait-medallions in
terra-cotta, Cvc., he has executed Portrait-cameos and other Gems.
NERI DE' RAZANTI, PIETRO DI (Ital.). Gem-engraver at Florence,
arc. 1477.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Babelon, La Gravure en pierres fines, Paris, 1894. -
E. Muntz, Histoire de r Art pendant la Renaissance, I, pp. 241 and 258. Id., Les
Arts a la Cour des Papes, I, 6 ; II, 1 1 3.
NESH, H. (Austr.). Contemporary Sculptor of Lemberg, whose
name occurs in conjunction with that of GYP. CHODEBSKY on a
Prize Medal of the Lemberg National Exhibition, 1894.
NESTI, VITTORIO (Ita!.). Sculptor, and Medallist at Florence,
during the second quarter of the nineteenth century. He has exe-
cuted Portrait-medals, mostly bearing inscriptions on the reverses.
His best known medallic productions are: Antonio Allegri, 1825 ;
Bernardo Luino ; Ferdinand, Count of Bubna-Lititz,
Commander-general of Lombard}* (on his death, 1825); Diodara
240
Saluzzo, poetess, 1842 ; Juditha Pasta ; Gioacchino Rossini ;
- Maria Felicita Malibran, 1834 ; Antonietta de Montenegro,
1844; Gaudenzio Ferrari ; Raphael; Enrico Mylius, 1854;
- Carlo Parea; Bonaventura Cavalerius ; Subscribers to the
Italian Iconography, 1843 ; Giuseppe Parini, 1825; -- D r Gio-
vanni Rason, of Milan, 1837; Giovanni Antonio de Kramer,
Milan, &c.
Nagler states that Nesti was Mint-engraver at Florence, from
about 1825, but I have been unable to verify that statement. His
signature on medals occurs in various forms: VITTORIO NESTI; -
VITT. NESTI; V. NESTI; NESTI; NESTI F. ; V. N. etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Joseph u. Fellner, Mun^en von Frank-
furt a. M., 1896. Krohn, TJiomsen Bronce Medailler. Nagler, op. cit.
Mittb. des Klubs &c., 1901-1902.
NESTOR. Probably a fictitious signature, which occurs on a gem,
in chrysolite, with bust of Cupid, at The Hague Museum (NEZT)-
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, op. cit. Brunn, op. cit.
NETHE, CONRAD JOSEPH (Germ.'}. Die-sinker of Konigsberg,
who in 1776 competed for the post of Engraver-general of the
coins of the Netherlands at Brussels, in succession to James
Roettiers. He was unsuccessful, T. V. van Berckel having been
appointed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Pinchart, Histoire de la gravure des medailles en Belgique,
i&jo.
NETZER, HEINRICH(GW.). Sculptor and Medallist, born in 1865
at Isny in Wurtemberg; a pupil of the Academy of Munich. His
Marriage-medal ot Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, 1900, is reproduced
in Die Moderne Medaille, 1900, p. 69, and presents on obv. a
figure of Hymen, accompanied by the legend : YMENAIOZ- It is ot
powerful design and originality.
This artist's works of sculpture are better known, as the Triton
in the Herzog Wilhelmsstrasse at Munich, the colossal group of
Prometheus in the new University building at Wurzburg, the
Orpheus Fountain at New- York, etc.
NEU, LUDWIG (Germ.}. Medallist in Saxony, circ. 1550.
NEUANTOS (Greek}. Coin-engraver at the Mint of Cydonia in
Crete, circ. 350-308 B.C. The inscription NEYANTOI ETOEI
which occurs on a Tetradrachm of Cydonia is known since the
eighteenth century, and was published for the first time by the
Jesuit father, Froehlich, of Vienna. There can be no doubt as to
the signification of this signature which is followed by the word
EnOEI.
- 241
^. Didrachm. Obv. Female head to r., wearing necklace and
earring with four pendants; the hair is gathered up and rolled
around the head, and adorned with vine-leaves and grapes ; behind
the head, the inscription in minute characters : NEYANTO1 |
EFIOEI : border of dots.
fyL KYAHN. Male figure (Kydon), nude, standing to 1., bending
his bow : border of dots.
British Museum Collection. Paris Medal Cabinet.
Dumersan, Description du Cabinet Allier, p. 55. Friedlan-
der, Arch. Zeitung, 1847, p. 117; PI. vin, n 3. - - Von
Sallet, Kiinstkrinschriften, &c., p. 31. Burlington Fine
Arts Club Exhibition Catalogue, 1904; PL cm, 206.
Numismatic Chronicle, 1894, P- 9> n 95 PI- *> 8.
Svoronos, Numismatique de la Crete, p. 100, n 3. Macdon-
ald, Hunter Catalogue, PL XLI, 7.
The British Museum possesses a Didrachm of Cydonia, reproduced
in Brit. Mus. Cat., Crete, PL vn, n i, and presenting on the
obv. the same characteristics of style, which must in all probability
have been engraved by the same artist. Instead of the signature,
there is behind the head a monogram, in which some have endeav-
oured to read an Engraver's signature. Mr. Warwick Wroth, in
his admirable introduction to the Catalogue of Cretan Coins, gives
the following objections against this suggestion : i . The head is
of identical style with that of the signed coin; 2. Cretan engravers
never signed in monogram, but always in full, as far as evidence
allows us to judge; 3. The- monogram can be better explained by a
magistrate's name than by an artist's signature.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. W. Wroth, Cretan Coins, Num. Chron., 1884, pp. 1-58.
Id., Introduction to the Brit. Mus. Cat. of Cretan Coins, &c. D"- B. V. Head,
Historia Nnmorum, pp. 385, 391. G. Macdonald, Catalogue oj the Greek Coins
in the Hunterian Collection, II, 178. Photiades Pacha Sale Catalogue, lot 1245.
Xagler, op. cit.
NEUBAUER, ERNST GEORG (Germ.}. Mint-master at Berlin, 1725-
1749 ; probably, as Ammon states, a son of Johann Georg Neu-
bauer. His signature EGN occurs on the following coins : Frederick
L. FORRER. Biographical Notices of Medallirts. IV. 16
242
William I. N. Double Ducats, 1732-1733; Ducats, 1725, 1726,
1728-1740; Half Ducats, 1726; Wilhelms d'or, 1737-1740; Halt
Wilhelms d'or, 1738-1740; JfC. Thalers, 1727. Frederick II.
A/. Friedrichs d'or, 1741-1743, 1746; Double Ducats, 1749;
Double Ducats, 1741-1749; J^. Thalers, 1741 ; Gulden, 1741 ;
Half Gulden, 1741;^, Thalers, 1740-1746.
D r Menadier describes a gold Ducat of Frederick William I.,
1740, bearing the letters EGN, and a Portrait-medal, by P. P. Werner,
on the Great Parade, 1733, with N on tyL. Nagler describes Neu-
bauer also as a Medallist.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ammon, op. cit. - Menadier, Schaumim^en des Hauses
Hohen^ollern. Von Schrotter, Das Preussische Miin^ivesen, 1903-4.
NEUBADER, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.}. Mint-master at Berlin,
1718--}- 1725. He had previously been Mint-warden at Minden,
1685, Stargard, 1689, and Magdeburg, 1693. His issues are
usually signed : IGN, as the following : Frederick William 1. N .
Double Ducats, 1724; Ducats, 1719-1725; JR.. Thalers, 1718-
1719; Double Thalers, 1719; Gulden, 1719-1724; Half-Gulden,
1719-1723.
He was the father of the famous theologian, D. Ernst Friedrich
Neubauer, and perhaps also of Ernst Georg N., who succeeded him
as Mint-master at Berlin.
Bolzenthal states that J. G. Neubauer executed a Portrait-medal
in honour of the theologian, Joachim Lange, with ^6. Female figure
seated with a lamp and scales.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ammon, op. cit. Bolzenthal, op. cit. Von Schrotter,
op. cit.
NEUBAUER, JOHANN (Austr.}. Contemporary Medallist, residing
at Vienna. His signature occurs on a commemorative medal of the
Inauguration of the Gundulic Monument at Ragusa, 1893.
NEUBERGER, ANNA FELICITAS (Germ.}. Modeller in wax, at
Augsburg, 1680; daughter of Daniel Neuberger. By her are numer-
ous Portrait-medallions. This artist was also a clever Painter.
NEUBERGER, DANIEL (Germ.}. Modeller in wax, born at Augsburg,
circ. 1600; died at Vienna in 1660. He modelled all kinds of
historical and mythological subjects, battle-scenes, Portrait-medal-
lions, &c. (Battles of Alexander the Great; Portrait of Ferdinand III.).
Some of the specimens of wax modelling at Hertford House are
probably by him.
NEUBERGER, FERDINAND (Germ.}. Modeller in wax, Augsburg,
circ. 1630.
- 243 -
NEUBERGER, HANS (Genii.). Mint-master at Amberg, 1621, and
Erlangen, 1622.
NEUBERGER, RUDOLF (Austr.). Contemporary Medallist, and
Mint-engraver at Vienna, born in that city, 12. February 1861. He
is a pupil of Professors Stephan Schwartz, Trautzl, and A. Scharff.
In May 1883 he entered the Vienna Mint as an apprentice, and
continued his studies at the Art School of the Austrian Museum ;
four years later, he became Assistant-engraver; in 1893, K. K.
Mint-engraver (Miin^graveur) ; in 1901, K. K. Engraver and
Medallist to the Mint, and in 1905 Chief-engraver.
Besides engraving dies for the Austrian coinage, Neuberger has
devoted his leisure time in the service of art. He has executed a
Portrait-plaquette of Emperor Francis Joseph I.
number of Prize Medals for Exhibitions, Societies, &c., and in 1898,
he showed to the " Kliib der Miinz- und Medaillenfreunde " of
Vienna a fine series of Counters with charming representations of
animals.
It is only within the last eight years that the artist has begun
modelling Portraits, in which he worked under the direction of the
great master, A. Scharff. Among his reproductions are : Portrait-
plaquette of H.I. M. Francis Joseph I. (illustrated); -- Portrait-
plaquette of Empress Elizabeth (illustrated); -- Portrait-plaquette
of Carl Pickel; - - D r Joseph Pommer, composer; - - Wilhelm
Zierer, banker; H.R.H. Prince Nitika of Montenegro; -
244 '
Professor Kohl; - - Prof. D r J. Pommer; - Bergrat Kronfuss
Wostry; Ludwig Anzengruber; tyL. The German Volkstheater at
Vienna (reproduced in Moderm Medailk, p. 21); Reopening of the
Mining Works at Kuttenberg, 1888; -- Medal on the 25 th Anni-
versary of the Vienna " Landstrasser " Choral Society, 1891 ;
Portrait-medal of Field Marshal Count Radetzky, 1892; Choral
Festival at Krems, 1892 (3 var.); Silver Wedding of King and
Queen Carol I. of Roumania, 1894; Jubilee Medal of the Emperor
Francis Joseph I., 1898 (two varieties, with View of Schonbrunn
Portrait-plaquette of the Empress Elizabeth.
Palace, and Karls Bridge and the Hradschin at Prague); Another,
with youthful and older portraits of the Emperor face to face ;
Another, for suspension; tyL VIRIBUS UNITIS, 1848-1898; Fifth
Federal Rifle Meeting at Vienna, 1898; Erection of the Kaiser
Franz Josef Monument at Schwechat, 1898 (sev. var.);
2o th Anniversary of the Schwechat Fire Brigade (l. by A. Miiller);
Portrait-plaquette of A. Scharff, 1903 (after the bust, modelled
from life by the artist in 1902); Medal of the Numismatic
Society of Vienna (reproduced in " Blatter fur Miinzfreunde ",
1 893, PL 97); - - The Karls Church at Vienna; Jeton on the
Artist's Wedding, 1894; - - AT. 10 Kronen piece of 1892 ;
- 245 -
Nickel 20 Heller piece, 1892 (fyL. only): -- 10 Heller piece, 1892
(both sides) ; fiL. 2 Heller piece, 1882 (both sides) ; ro th Anni-
versary of the Foundation of Feldmarshal Graf Radetzky von
Radetz Veterans' Society, 1887; -- Prof. D r Josef Pommer, 1901;
- ]$L. of Medal on the 25 th Anniversary of the Technical Society
of Lemberg, 1902 ; Memorial Medal of Anton .Scharff, y 6 July
1903 ; Portrait-plaquette of D r Karl Lueger, burgomaster of
Vienna, 1905 (reproduced in Mitth. der Oester. Gesellsch. fur Miinz-
und Medaillenkunde, Janner 1906); A Portrait-medalet, of the
same ; Hofrath Pfliigl von Leiden ; Large Portrait-plaquette
of the late Empress Elizabeth of Austria, 1907, commemorating
the Completion of the Kaiserin Elizabeth Monument (for this medal
the artist was awarded by His Majesty the gold Cross of Merit
with crown).
Thanks to his strenuous efforts and perseverance, Rudolf Neu-
berge'r now stands in the front rank of Austrian medallists. His
portraits display sentiment and power, and an uncommon keenness
of artistic perception.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Information privately obtained Die Moderne Medaille, 1900.
Mittheilungen dcs Klubs der Mun^-tind Medaillenfreunde in Wien, 1890-1905.
NEUDECK, ANDREAS (Austr.}. Contemporary Sculptor, Medallist,
and Mint-engraver at Vienna. He was born on 18. October 1849,
and entered the Mint as Assistant-engraver, arc, 1870. On F.
Gaul's death in 1874, he was promoted to the rank of Engraver,
and in 1903 he became Director of the Engraving Department at
the Mint, which office he still holds.
Neudeck is a clever Die-sinker, and for many years worked under
the great Master A. Scharff, for whom he cut many reverses
of medals, being especially successful in decorative work and the
carrying out of minute details.
Amongst this artist's best known medallic productions are :
Fourth Austrian Federal Rifle Meeting at Briinn, 1892; Visits
of the " Kliib der Munz-und Medaillenfreunde " of Vienna to the
St. Florian Institute, May 1894, an d Klosterneuburg, 1896 (in
conjunction with F.X. Pawlik); Double Gulden of 1873, struck
as a Prize for the Vienna Rifle Meeting of that year (engraved in
conjunction with F. Gaul, and Friedrich Leisek) ; Prize Medal
of the Horticultural Society of Krakau ; Mining Double Gulden
of Kuttenberg, 1887 (obv. by Friedr. Leisek); -- T$L. of N. 20
Kronenpiece of 1892 (obv. by A. Scharff); fyL. of One Krone,
1892 (obv. by Scharff); -- Nickel 20 Heller piece, 1892 (obv.
only); JE. One Heller, 1892 (both sides); Prize Medal for
successful pupils ot the Theresianum at Vienna, 1883; -- Prize
Medal for Pupils of the Oriental Academy of Vienna, 1884; -
Prize Medal for the International " Concurrenzdorren " of Vienna,
246
i888; Visit of the Emperor to the Mint, 1899 (in conjunction
with A. Scharff); Prize Medal for Pupils of the Consular Acad-
emy at Vienna, 1899 ; -- Jubilee of the Lower- Austrian Choral
Society, 1885 ; -- Medals of the Vienna Touring Club, 1888 ; -
Medal of the Moravian Agricultural Society, 1895 ; Paul Cons-
tantin Fiala von Feigelsfeld, y 1685, Memorial Medal, 1898; -
Horticultural Show at Prague, 1898; Marriage Medal of Alfonso
Count Paar with Eleonora, Princess Windischgraetz, 1901 ; -
Birth of Maria Alexandra, Princess of Baden, 1902 ; Prize Medal
of the I. Corinthian Ornithological Society, 1896 ; - Ticket of
the Berndorf Metallwaaren fabrik, 1897 ; Inauguration by Francis
Joseph I. of the Institution built (1886) on the site of the Ring-
theater, which was burnt down, 8. December 1881 ; Centenary
of the Accession of Leopold the Saint, 1896 (in conjunction with
F. X. Pawlik) ; Second Centenary of the Preservation from
plague of the Vienna Mint officials, 1879; Commemorative
Jeton of the Marriage of H. I. H. Archduchess Elizabeth with
Prince Otto zu Windischgraetz, 1902; Mining Medal of Littai,
1886; 5 Kronenpiece, 1900 (designed by A. Scharff); -- The
German Theater at Prague ; Hans Makart, 1884 J ~~ Frankfort-
on-M. cathedral (!$.), 1886; Antwerp cathedral; Arkadenhot
at the Vienna Town House ; - - Russian Church at Vienna ; -
Count Enzenberg, 1900; Finance Minister Bohm-Bawerk, 1905 ;
- Technological Museum, 1905 ; Plaquettes, Castles Bachofen
and Echt, &c.
At the Frankfort-on-M. 1900 Exhibition of Modern Medals, this
artist's work was represented by fifteen medals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Mittbeilungen des Klubs der Mun%- und Medaillenfreunde in
Wien, 1890-1905.
NEUDORF, S. M. (Germ.). Mint-warden and Engraver at Olden-
burg, 1761-1765; then in the service of Simon Augustus, Count
and Lord of Lippe, for whom he engraved a Conventions-
thaler, 1767, struck to commemorate his 41" birthday. The
artist's initials :S. M. N. occur on the truncation of the Prince's bust.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op.cit. Ad. Hess Nachf. , Reiinmann
Sale Catalogue, 1892. C. T. Jorgensen, Beskrivelse over Danske Monter 1448-
1888, Copenhagen, 1888.
NEUDORFER, HANS (Germ.). A Nuremberg patrician and famous
mathematician, born 1497, y 1563. He designed various medals for
contemporaneous Nuremberg Medallists, in particular lor Valentin
Maler, who modelled his Portrait-medallion.
NEUDLINGER. Vide JOSEPH FRANZ NEIDINGER supra. German
Medallist, who resided at Venice, during the second half of the
seventeenth century, and engraved a series of Portrait-medals of the
- 247 -
Barbarigo family, and other patricians. Ammon calls him Neudlin-
ger in error.
NEUFARER, also NEIFAHRER, LUDWIG (Austr.}. Medallist, and
Coin-engraver of the first half of the sixteenth century. The date
and locality of his birth are not known, but he died at Prague in
the spring of 1563.
From the place of origin of his earliest works, we may surmise
that he was a native of Tyrol or Lower Austria. In 1541-42, he is
mentioned as Court Goldsmith to Ferdinand I. of Germany, Hun-
gary, etc., and Mint-medallist and Engraver at Joachimsthal. Later
(1550) he was Mint-warden at Prague, until about 1546. On 13.
August 1547 he was appointed Mint-warden at Vienna, and on
i. May 1557, Mint-master at Prague. After August 1560, being
unable to attend to his duties on account of ill-health, a substitute
Heinrich Treusch von Butler.
was procured in the person of Hans Harder, who ultimately suc-
ceeded him, 18. May 1562, when Neufahrer was pensioned off. At
Prague, the medallist Michael Hohenauer acted as Mint-warden
and Engraver under him, which accounts for various productions
on which we find the signatures of both artists. On one of his
pension receipts, Neufahrer styles himself ehemaliger Hofgoldscbmied
und Quardein in Wien und dann ^u Prag Mun&naisUr. He died in
April or May 1563, presumably at an advanced age.
The following medals bear Neufarer's signature, which occurs in
various forms : LvDNEIFA ; LN : F ; L. N ; L. NF; LV NE. ;
- LVD. NEV ; LVD. NEVF. FEC ; LVDWIG NEIFARRER; N 7 ; -
a rosette on coins, etc. : Hieronymus Apfelbeck, 1532, 32 mill. ;
- Peter Hoffmandl, 1535 ; - - Leonhard II Colonna, baron von
Vels, privy councillor to King Ferdinand L, burggraf of Tyrol,
- 2 4 8-
and fieldmarshal, 1536 (Bergman, PL xiv, 65); Wolfgang von
Roggendorf (1536) (Berg., PL xui, 64); - - Arnold von Bruck
(Berg., PL vn, 30); Sebastian Kunz von Senftenau of Innsbruck,
1536 (Bohm. Privm., PL xxvi, 220) ; -- Leonhard, baron von
Vels, 1536; 39 mill. ; Christoph, baron von Madruzzo, cardinal
bishop of Trento, 1540 (Berg., PL u, 6); -- Conrad von Bem-
melberg ("derkleine Hess"), general, 1540; Heinrich Treusch
von Butler (" derlangeHess "), 1540 (illustrated'); Prince Elector
Johann Friedrich, 1542; Johann Freiherr von Wolkenstein,
1541; Leonhard II. Colonna, 1543 ; Johann Hartting, 1542-
1543, 36 mill. ; Christoph von Madruzzo, 1548 (Berg., PL n, 7).
All these medals bear the monogram |sp. ; Charles V., on the
double Betrothal of Philip II. with Princess Mary of Portugal, and
of his sister Joan with Prince John of Portugal ; this medal is
signed : LVD. NEVFA. (or NEIFA-) F- on obv. and LV. NE on $.. ;
Portrait-medal ot Charles V., by Ludwig Neufarer.
John George of Saxony; ^6. Prophet Elias (signed : LVD NEV
FE ); Hieronymus Schlick (Bohm. Privm., PL LI, 431); John
Frederick of Saxony, 1542; Stephan Schlick ($L. by Michael
Hohenauer; Bohm. Privm. PL XLIX, 413); Chairedin Barbarossa
(two varieties of Portrait-medals, signed: LVD. NEV. F.,and'L. N. F.);
John Huss, the reformer (several varieties, one of which repre-
sents on obv. a scene out of So doma, and is signed : L. N. F. ; the
T$L. by Hohenauer represents Huss at the stake; Religious
medals, depicting: Story of Samson; Prophet Jona; fyL. Christ's
Resurrection (1557; signed : LVNA) ; Abraham offering Isaac ;
^<L. Christ on the cross, etc. ; Historical medals : Story of Cur-
tius ; Croesus and Solon, etc. ; - - Allegorical medals : One,
dated 1541; another, of 1533 has on obv. HEiNTE-J-AN-f-MiR-j-
MVRGEN-|-AN-|- DIR -j- ' I ' 5 ' 3 3 Youth tO 1. ; fyL ES ' 1ST DI AX SCHOK*
DEM'BAVM'AN'orwvMAT' 3. Male figure leaning against a tree
(signed : LVD. NEVF. FEC.), etc. ; King Ferdinand I. and consort
249
Anna; fyl. Eagle, 1536 (Domanig suggests Neufarer as" the author
of this medal); Portrait-medallion ot Ferdinand I.; T$L. plain;
signed : ff (Dom., n 74); -- Medal of Francis I. or Louis XII.
of France ; ~$L. Salamander (signed : L. N.) probably a copy of The-
venot's medal of Francis I. of same type, 1533 (illustrated); -
Giambattista Pisani ; fyL Milo of Croton (signed : L : N. F.) ; Medal
L, King of France.
of Barbarossa, a famous corsair, -j- 1546; signed : ^E (a specimen
in Mr. Max Rosenheim's collection) ; Georg and Magdalena
Gienger, undated ; 36 mill. ; Nikolaus Schindel, 1 544 ; 3 3 mill., &c.
Of striking analogy of treatment and work with Neufarer's
medal of Sebastian Kurcz von Senftenau is a Portrait-medal of
Lienhart Main, 1555 (illustrated) which has been ascribed to the
Medallist who signs : M. S.
D r Domanig mentions a medal of Bartholomaeus Schenleb, abbot
of Gottweig, 1533, which is in the art of Neufahrer, although
unsigned.
Lienhart Main, 1555.
2 5 -
Prof. D r B. Pick, in his Catalogue of German medals exhibited
at the Kunstgewerbe-Ausstellung, Dresden, 1906, describes two
medals by Ludwig Neifahrer : Karl V., 1542 (/R ) and John Fred-
erick, Prince-Elector of Saxony (1542?; lead. Gotha). Also the
following, signed hf , on which he expresses doubts as to the correct
attribution to Neifahrer ; Christoph von Madrutsch, bishop of
Trent, 1540 C#C.)> -- Wilhelm Prandt zu Prandthaussen, 1536
(JR.. gilt) ; Frederick, Duke of Saxony, son of George the
bearded, 1539 (^R. uniface).
The coins engraved or issued by Neufarer bear his privy mark, a
rosette.
Erbstein has suggested that the artist may have worked for
Valentin Maler, of Nuremberg, some of which medals bear the
monogram ff on the portrait sides.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. E. Fiala, Ludwig Neufarer, Num. Zeits. 1890. Erman,
Deutsche MedailLeure, 1884. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit., p. 327. Ham-
burger, Raritdten-Cabinel, IV. Domanig, op. cit. E. Fiala, Beschreibung , etc.
R. Weil, Die Medaille auf Johannes Huss, Zeits. fur Num., 1886, p. 225.
Ammon, op. cit. C. Oesterreicher, Regesten aus J. Newald's Publicationen fiber
osterreiMsche Mun^pragungen, 1890. J. und A. Erbstein, Nachrichten iiber den
Goldscbtnied, Medailleur und Mim^meister Ludwig Neufarer , etc., Blatter fur Miinz-
treunde, 1886. Mittheilungen des Klubs, etc., 1900, 97. -- D r Merzbacher,
Kunst-Medaillen-Katalog , 1900. -- Armand, op. cit. Domanig, Die Deutsche
Medaille, 1907.
NEUGEBAUER, EHRENFRIED {Germ.}. Comptroller of the Imperial
Mint of Breslau, -J- 1677.
NEUGEBAUER, HANS (Germ.). Mint-engraver at Brieg, 1622.
NEUHAUS, HANS FRANZ VON (Austr.}. Mint-director at Gratz,
1577-
NEUMANN, CASPAR (Germ.}. He designed many of the medals
engraved by the Kittels, which bear his signature C. N. with the
initials of the artist.
NEUMANN, GEORG CASPAR (Germ}. Medallist of the second quarter
of the eighteenth century. Nagler states that he issued, between
1730 and 1740, a series of Portrait-medals of celebrated men.
NEUMANN, HANS (Germ.}. Mint-master at Schleussingen (Hen-
neberg), circ. 1550-1553 and 1555-1569. Nagler states that between
1554 an ^ I555j he was Mint-master at Eisleben, and that his
monogram IN or initials H. N. occur on Saxon currency. I have
met with the signature H. N. on a Thaler of 1558 ot William VII.,
prince and count of Henneberg, as well as on Thalers of 1564 and
1565 of George Ernest.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ammon, op. cit. Nagler, op. cit.
- 2)1 -
NEUMANN, HEINRICH. Vide HANS NEUMANN. Nagler, Allgem.
Kiinstlerlexikon, mentions a Heinrich Neumann as Medallist at
Schleussingen, inthe serviceofthe Counts of Henneberg, 1564. He
no doubt refers to the Mint-master above-named, who probably
engraved dies for the coinage, and may have executed medals also.
NEUMANN, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.). Medallist of the latter end
of the seventeenth century, whose initials J. G. N. occur on a
Portrait-medal of D r Johann Juncker, of Halle, 1680.
NEUMANN, LEOPOLD WILHELM (Germ.'). Contractor of theBreslau
Mint, 1657.
NEUMANN, LORENZ (AustrJ). Provisional Mint-master at Kutten-
berg, 1635-1636. The Groschen issued under him are distinguished
by a circle.
NEUMANN, LUDWIG (Germ.'). Medallist of the sixteenth century.
By him are very fine Portrait-medals of Princes of the Ernestine
House of Saxony (Singer, Allgemeines Kilns tler-Lexikon, 1898).
NEUMEISTER, HEINRICH (Germ.). Moneyer at Ratisbon, 1345.
NEUMEISTER, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.). Mint-master at Wiirzburg,
1746-1761. On some of the currency of that period we find the
initials B. N., which stand for BISCHOF, Mint-warden, and NEU-
MEISTER. Schlickeysen describes him as Mint- warden at Wiirzburg,
1754-1762, and at Frankfort-on-M., 1763-1777. Joseph states that
Neumeister was appointed at Frankfort on 19. April 1763. His
initials G. N. occur on the currency of that mint, in conjunction
with those of Philip Christian Bunsen (C. B.) Mint-master, from
1764 to 1789. Neumeister died in 1790.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Joseph u. Fellner, op. cit. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit.
NEUNER, HANS (Germ.). Mint-warden to the Franconian Circle,
probably at Nuremberg, 1588.
NEUSS, AUGUST (Germ.). Son of Johann Jakob Neuss, and also a
Medallist, who worked at Augsburg, circ. 1840-1870. On his
father's death, he became the owner of the Die-sinking establish-
ment, founded by him towards the end of the eighteenth century.
A commemorative medal of the First German Parliament, dated
1848, still bears the signature of J. J. Neuss as Director, and 01
A. Neuss as the Engraver. The artists, Sebald, R. Daufler, Rabausch,
and others worked for A. Neuss, whose name then appears as
Director, as on the Portrait-medal of Archduke John of Austria,
1848 (A. NEUSS DIR. SEBALD F.). Amongst other medallic pro-
ductions of A. Neuss, I may mention the following : Archduke
John Baptist of Austria, 1848; Field Marshal Count J. J. W.
Radetzky, on his Victories at Somma Carhpagna and Custozza,
1848; Cathedral of Frankfort-on-M., 1867; The German
Confederation, 1840; - - Austro-Hungarian Constitution, 1849
(engraved by Rabausch) ; Swiss Federal Choral Festival at St-
Gall, 1856 (engr. by C. OH); -- Prince Charles Egon of Fiirsten-
berg, and consort Amalie, 1848 (engr. by Rabausch); Clemens
August, archbishop of Cologne ;fyl. IMMOTA . RESISTIT ; D r Georg
Anton von Strahl, 1843; -- Inauguration of the Railway from
Munich to Augsburg, 1840, &c.
NEUSS, JAKOB (Germ.}. Assayer, and Mint-engraver at Augsburg;
died in 1775.
NEUSS, JOHANN GEORG (Germ.}. Mint- warden at Presburg, 16.
June 1695 to 1709.
NEUSS, JOHANN JAKOB (Germ.}. Medallist and Mint-Engraver at
Augsburg, circ. 1765-1800. By him are various medals, amongst
which I have noted : 5o th Birthday of Prince Elector Carl Theodor
of Bavaria, 1780; Coronation of Leopold I., 1890; Visit of
Francis I. to Augsburg, 1792 ; Medal of the French Revolution;
- Carl von Miihlbach, 1793; Peace of Luneville, 1801, &c.
NEUSS, JOHANN JAKOB (Germ.}. Son of J. J. Neuss Sen r . ;
Medallist, and Gem-engraver, and owner of a private mint at
Augsburg; born in 1770; died in 1847 or 1848. He was apprentic-
ed to J. M. Buckle, on whose appointment as " Hofmedailleur"
to the Court of Baden, he became Medallist to the city of Augsburg.
After the incorporation of that town in the kingdom of Bavaria,
he obtained the title of K. B. Hofgraveur.
The medals by Neuss, says Nagler, are of tasteful treatment, and of
very careful and clean execution. His gems, seals, works in precious
stones, crystal, &c. have a certain merit. At any rate, we cannot
deny the Engraver, as Bolzenthal notices, the merit of having been
an industrious artist.
The list of Neuss' s productions is a very extensive one, but I only
know of the following : Sede Vacante of Brixen, 1791; The
French Revolution; Peace of Luneville, 1801 (three types); -
Peace of Amiens, 1802 (two types); Hans Adam, Marquard,
Carl and Aloys, Counts of Reisach, 1805; --- Ben. Adam von
Liebert, 1808; Prize Medal of the Augsburg Academy;
Empress Josephine ; Queen Hortense, of Holland ; - - King
Maximilian, of Bavaria; Duke Eugene of Leuchtenberg ;
Medal on the Constitution of 1816 granted by Maximilian to
Bavaria; Commemoration of the Augsburg Confession, 1820;
Castle Gailenbach, the property for 200 years of the families
- 253 -
von Koch and von Paris, 1822; - - Visit of King Maximilian of
Bavaria and Queen Caroline, to Augsburg, 1824; 2) th Anniver-
sary of Maximilian's Reign, 1824; Accession ofLudwigl. of
Bavaria, 1825; Johann Lorenz, Baron von. Schaezler, 1826;
Pope Leo XII., 1827; Albrecht Diirer, Third Centenary, 1828;
D r Georg Pickel, Wiirzburg, 1828; Inauguration of a Monu-
ment to King Maximilian, at Passau, 1829; DomeofUlm, 1830;
- St. Martin's Church at Landshut, 1831; St. George's Church
at Nordlingen. Dedication of the Evangelical Church at Munich,
1832; - - D r Carl von Rotteck, 1832; D r Franz Xavier von
Haeberl, 1834; D r Joseph Hoerger, Augsburg, 1834; Death
ot Emperor Francis L, 1835 ; Accession of Emperor Ferdinand I.,
T ^35 y ~~ Visit of Ludwig I. of Bavaria to Augsburg; Return of
Ludwig I. from Greece, 1838; -- Bishop Wittman, ofRatisbon;
Inauguration of the Gutenberg Monument by Thorwaldsen, at
Mayence, 1837; -- Centenary of the Diocese ofRatisbon, 1840;
Inauguration of the Railway line from Munich to Augsburg,
1840; 4 th Centenary of Printing, 1840; Federation of Ger-
man States, 1840; Dome of Cologne, 1842; Kissingen Spa,
1842; - - First German Parliament, at Frankfort-on-M., 1848
(engraved by A. Neuss); Weakness of the Frankfort Diet in
connection with Christian VIII. of Denmark's open letter, 1846 ;
- Clemens August, archbishop of Cologne, undated (engr. by
A. Neuss); - D r Georg Anton von Strahl, 1843 (engr. by
A. Neuss); - - The Reisacher, f 1511, 1805.
Besides the above, Neuss has executed a series of Portrait-medals,
and Historical, Religious, Prize medals, &c. ; also figures in precious
stones copied from antique seals, and gems, amongst which I will
only mention a Portrait in carnelian of Prince Charles of Bavaria,
1824, seals, armorial bearings, and other works in die-sinking
and decorative art.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bolzemhal, op. tit. Nagler, Allgemnnes Kimstler-Lexikon.
Various Sale Catalogues, &c. Singer, op. tit.
NEUSS, MATHIAS VON (Germ.'). Mint-master at Taucha, near
Leipzig, 1621-1623.
NEUSS, PETER (Germ.'}. Mint-master at Augsburg, 1775-1782.
According to Schlickeysen, he was also a Medallist. His initials
P. N. are said to occur on the currency issued by him.
NEUTHALER, PHILIPP (Austr.}. Mint-master at Kremnitz, 1598-
1615 ; died in May 1616.
NEUVILLE, JULIEN (French}. Contemporary Sculptor and Medal-
list; born at Paris ; pupil of the Ecole des Arts decoratifs. He is the
author of some Portrait-medallions.
- 254 -
NEUWALDT, ANTON (Germ.}. Mint-master at Gundelfingen,
1623.
NEVILLE, GEORGE (Brit.). Archbishop of York, 1465-1476. His
privy-mark, CT, occurs on York coins of Henry VI., and
Edward IV.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Grueber, Handbook, &c. Hawkins, op. cit.
NEVILLE, ROBERT (Brit.). Bishop of Durham, 1437-1457. His
privy-mark, interlaced rings, occurs on Pennies of Henry VI.,
struck at Durham. Bishop Booth, who succeeded Neville,
continued to use the Neville rings as mint-mark.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Hawkins, op. cit.
NEWER, PETER (Germ.). Mint-master at Cologne, 1680-1693.
His issues are signed : P. N.
NEWMANN, M RS FLORENCE (Brit.). Contemporary Sculptor and
Medallist, born in London'; pupil of A. Legros, George Frampton,
George Hampton, and others.
At the Salon of 1897, this artist exhibited a Portrait-medallion
of a Child, and in 1904 two Plaquettes in metal representing the
one a Male head, and the other a Female head. Later, I noticed at
the Royal Academy Exhibition, 1906, a Portrait-medallion in
bronze by her of W. A. Geare, Esq., and in 1907, another of
D r Waterhouse, in pewter.
NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (Brit.). A famous natural philosopher, born
in Woolsthorpe, near Grantham, in Lincolnshire, 25. December
1642, died in London, 20. March, 1727; buried in Westminster
Portrait-medal of Sir Isaac Newton, by James Roettiers.
Abbey. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1661, where he
applied himself to the study ot mathematics, becoming professor in
1669. He invented the method of fluxions, established the theory
of gravitation, discovered the composition of light, &c. In 1687,
encouraged by Halley, he published his "Princtpia".
In 1695, on tne recommendation of Lord Halifax, Newton was
appointed Warden of the Mint by William III., and in the follow-
ing year he directed the important operation of recalling and
remelting defaced and clipped currency, &c. Two years later, in
1699, he became Mint-master, a post which he held, with short
interruptions, till his death.
We have, from his pen, a " Report on the Gold and Silver Coin
of 1717" {Numismatic Chronicle 1849, p. 181, sqq. ; Revue de la
munisinatique beige, 1899, p. 439. sqq.) which is still of great
interest and importance as a numismatic document.
In 1724, he was called upon to report on an assay of Wood's
copper coinage for Ireland.
Queen Anne raised him to the peerage in 1705.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Kenyon, op. cit. Ruding, op. cit.
NEWTON (Brit.). Silversmith and Jeweller of Norwich, who in
1811 issued Halfpenny tokens. Vide Davis, Nineteenth Century
Token Coinage, p. 83.
NEYMANN, HENRY (French). Contemporary Gem-engraver, resid-
ing at Paris ; pupil of W. Ritzer.
At the Salon of 1896, he exhibited a stone representing Bacchus,
which is the only work I have seen of this artist.
N. F. Vide LVDWIG NEUFARER. Medallist and Mint-master at
Prague, 7 1563-
N. F. Vide NICOLO FRANCHINI. Mint-master at Ferrara, 1621.
|sF (Germ.). Erman mentions under this monogram several
medals, which most certainly belong to Ludwig Neufarer (q. v.).
He states that the Medallist who signed thus was in the service of
Ferdinand I., which corresponds to what we know of Neufarer,
and the comparison of the medal of Heinrich Treusch von Butler,
signed hF , with that of Charles V., signed LVD. NEIFA. will prove
beyond doubt the identity of this artist.
N. G. Vide NICOLAS GATTEAUX. 1751-7 1832. Medallist at Paris.
N. G. I. F. (French). Signature of a Medallist, on a Portrait-piece
of Pomponne de Bellievre, French chancellor, 1601 (Tre'sor, I,
PI. 53, 4). Vide NICOLAS GABRIEL JAQUET.
-2 5 6 -
N. G. & N. (Amer."). Initials of a firm of San Francisco, who in
1840 issued private currency, in the form of Five Dollar pieces,
with obv. Eagle and fyL. inscription.
N. H. Vide NIKOLAUS HOVEL VON KOLPINO. Administrator of the
Mint at Olkusz in Poland, 1583-5. He was born at Dantzig.
N. N. Vide NIKOLAUS HENNIG. Mint-master at Elbing, 1652-
1662.
NI... (Greek}. Possibly an Engraver's signature on coins of Velia,
of the second half of the fourth century B.C.
JR^. Didrachm. Obv. Head of Pallas, to 1., wearing helmet
adorned with griffin ; on the flap, the letter- <J>, which is supposed
to be the initial of the engraver Philistion; behind, monogram A*.
}$L. YEAHTHN. Lion to r. ; above, caduceus suspended from a
chain, begining with the two letters NI...
Didrachm of Velia.
Enlargement of the reverse.
Var. med. Carelli, PI. cxxxvin, n 39. -- Franz von
Wotoch Sale Catalogue Numismatic Circular, January
1902. Bulletin de Numismatique, 1902, i.
The coins of Velia described under n os 105-107 in Brit. Mus.
Cat., Italy, bear similar obv. and !. types ; symbol, caducens, with
or without fillet. The specimen reproduced here offers a distinct
variety from these in the curious little chain bound to a caduceus,
and artist's signature NI... Two didrachms of Velia in the National
Collection signed N on tyL. may be by the same engraver.
The coins of Velia are of the highest interest as showing various
forms of the same engraver's signature; thus a didrachm (B. M.
Cat., n 88) is signed on the band beneath crest of helmet of
Pallas, OlAIZTinNOZ, and on I. 01 ; another, with OIAII-
TIHN on obv. has <t> on ]$,.; B. M. Cat., n 70 describes a coin
with the obv. signature, KAEYAHPOY and fy,. >C; others bear the
monogram of Kleodoros on both Obv. and T$L.
Most of the letters of the Greek alphabet occur on Velian coins,
and it is of course impossible to ascertain their signification; some
may be magistrates' initials, others those of engravers; others still
may represent special issues, and soon.
The following signatures occur on Didrachms of Velia; those
indicated in italics undoubtedly refer to Engravers.
A .......... .... (A; A)
Ar ............. (AP; ff)
B .............. (B)
G. ............ (m)
D ............. (A)
E .............. (E)
Herakleidas ...... (HPA; H)
Th ............ (0)
Ie ............. (IE)
K ............. (K)
Kleodoros ........ (KAEYAQPOY ; >C ; >E ;
Ni ............. (HI; K)
Thr ............ ; POj; OP)
s .............. (z;c?
(T)
Pha
Philistion ........ (<t>lAIZTinNOZ; OIAIZTIHN; 0;
Ch ............ (X)
NICANDROS Vide N1KANDROS.
NICCOLO DI FROSINO. (Vide Vol. II, p. 164). A Goldsmith of Pisa,
\vho executed in 1560 a Portrait-medal of Charles the Bold, duke
of Burgundy, in commission for Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici,
second son of Cosimo I.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, Medaillenrs ilaliens, III, p. 94.
NICCOLO DI GIOVANNI BARONCELLI (/m/.). Sculptor and Chaser
of Ferrara, sixteenth century. He collaborated in the monument
ordered by Lionello d'Este in memory of his father Nicolo, and
executed relief work, and panels.
L. KORRKR. Biographical Noticts of Medalliils. IV. I?
- 2 5 8 -
NICCOLO SPINELLI Vide SP1NELLI.
NICEPHORUS. Probably a fictitious signature on a modern gem in
onyx, representing Mercury with his usual attributes, carrying in
his r. hand the eagle of Jupiter. This stone, which is described by
King as belonging to the Landgrave of Hesse's collection, is signed :
NIKHO. King describes a second gem bearing this signature :
Vulcan seated forging a helmet; sard, in the Florence Museum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, op. cit. Nagler, op. cit. Raspe, Tassie Gems.
NICHINUS. Armand states that the signature L:NF might be
translated into : LUDOVICUS NICHINUS FECIT, and would thus
represent LUIGI AN1CHINI (q. v. Vol. I), a famous Gem-engraver
of Ferrara, circ. 1550. I have personally no doubt that L : NF
represents LUDWIG NEUFARER, and that the Portrait-medal of Gio-
vanni Battista Pisani, thus signed, is by the Austrian medallist,
who executed other Italian Portrait-pieces. Vide also Mariette, op.
cit., p. 117.
NICHOLLS, SUTTON (Brit.}. Line-engraver and Medallist of the
first half of the eighteenth century. He engraved views of London
for Stowe's "Survey", published in 1725, and for other works,
says Mr. Grueber. By him is an imitation or copy of the Phoenix
Badge (1574) of Queen Elizabeth, signed : Nicholls.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Franks & Grueber, op. cit.
NICHOLS, T. (Brit.}. Contemporary Sculptor and Chaser in bronze.
By him is a Panel, representing the Virgin and Child, after Donatello,
which was executed in 1867 for the Society of Arts' Competition,
and which is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Ken-
sington.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Fortnum, Bronzes in the South Kensington Museum.
NICHOLYN, LUKE (Brit.). Mint-master at the Tower of London,
from the i7 th to the 24 th year of Edward III., in conjunction with
others. He was a native of Florence, and his name appears in various
forms : LOTTO NICHOLYN, JOHN LOTTE NICOLE, LOTTE NICOLI, etc.
In a document of 1344, we read : "In the eighteenth year of
the king, George Kirkyn and Lotto Nicholyn, of Florence, late
masters and workers, were commanded to deliver to Percival de
Porche de Lucca, then appointed master and worker, all things
belonging to the said office." The same persons were reappointed
about two years afterwards.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ruding, op. cit.
NICKEL, BALTHASAR (Germ.). Mint-master at Erlangen, 1549.
- 259 -
NICLAS (or NICHLAS) VON ESLARN (Anstr.}. Mint-master at
Vienna, 1326-1327.
NICLAS (or NIKLAS) DER MAESERLEIN (Austr.). Mint-master at
Vienna, 1336.
NICLAS DER MUNSER (Austr.}. Moneyer at Vienna, 1449.
NICLAS UNDERMHIMMEL (Ausir^). Mint-master at Vienna, 1427-
, I 433- I 43 6 > M37-I439,
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Arnold Luschin von Ebengreuth, Witns Mun^u'esen, Handel
und Verkehr im spdteren Mittelalter, Wien, 1902.
NICLAUSSE, PAUL FRANQOIS (French}. Contemporary Medallist
and Sculptor, born at Metz (Lorraine) ; pupil of Thomas, Pons-
carme, and others.
He has exhibited at the Paris Salons since 1896 : Two Portrait-
medallions; - - 1897. Two bronze medals and Four Portrait-
medallions in clay ; 1898. Musique guerriere, medal (illustrated) ' t
Musique guerriere, by Niclausse.
Pour Portrait-medallions in bronze: M me Dupont; M. Dupont;
M. Walter Dailey ; -- D r Henri Bonnet; 1900. Montyon
Prize Medal (59 mill.) ; 1901. Medal for the " Club d'Union et
de Perseverance de Belma ", 1901 (with bust of Antonio Jose de
Lemos (30 mill.); - - Medal ot the "Socite des Sauveteurs du
Puy-de-D6me" ; M. Jachiet ; La Femme au Chat ; Mater-
nite ; Agriculture ; Portrait of M me C*** ; 1 903 . M me George
Peyrebrune. At the Salon of the * Societedes artistes francos', 1907,
he exhibited eleven models for Medals and Plaquettes.
260
" Musique guerriere ", and" Maternite" (Mes en/ants sont ines
bijoux) were executed in commission for the Societd des Amis de la
Medaille d'Art.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Catalogues du Salon, 1896-1903. Roger Marx, Medailleurs
contemporains . Moderne Medaille, 1900.
NICLE. Vide BALTHASAR NIELE. Mint-master at Erlangen, 1548.
NICOLAI. F/Wt'JEAN SECOND.
NICOLAS, JEAN (French}. A native of Anjou, who is mentioned
.is Seal-engraver to Jeanne de Laval, second wife of King Rene II.
of Sicily, *J- 1480. He is called Gravator sigillonnn. By him is a signet,
in gold and enamel, which he executed for the Queen, with her
consort's portrait; for this work he was paid 1 1 livres.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Lecoy de la Marche, Les Sceaux, il
who was
HY. Lecoy ae ia marcne, i^es aceaux, 1009.
NICOLAS (French'). Gilder of Lyons, circ. 1306-1310,
employed as Mint-engraver there.
NICOLAS (French). Goldsmith, and Mint-engraver at Paris, circ.
1526-1528.
NICOLAS DE FLORENCE. Vide NICOLO FIORENTINO. Vol. II, p. 91.
This artist, whose name occurs as Nicolas de Florence, de Fleurance,
Florence, Florentin, or le Florentin was evidently a native of Florence.
Medal of Charles VIII. and Anne of Brittany, 1499.
He was a Master-gilder at Lyons, from about 1493 till his death
in 1499. There he married Guillermine Le Pere, daughter of Louis
Le Pere, in collaboration with whom he executed in 1499 the dies
of the medal with the portraits of Charles VIII. and Anne of Brit-
tany, struck on their Visit to Lyons.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Armand, op. cit. Rondot, op. cil.
26l
NICOLAS DE LAUSANNE (Swiss). Mint-engraver at Paris, 1308-
1313. His name occurs in an enquiry of that period relating to the
fabrication of false money. He may have been employed at the Mint
of Lausanne, before going to Paris, whence his name.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Morel-Fatio, Histoire monetaire de Lausanne.
NICOLAS, FORTUNE LEON FRANCOIS (French). Contemporary
Sculptor, and Medallist, born at La Crau (Var) ; pupil of Falguiere,
and Paris. By him are various Portrait-medallions, amongst which
I have noticed : 1886. M. Dollenc; 1889. Horace Vernet ;
1893. M" e V***, etc.
NICOLAS, HIPPOLYTE (French). Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Limoges ; pupil of Paul Comolera, and of the Fine Arts School of
Lyons. At the Salon of 1892 he exhibited a bronze Portrait-medal-
lion of his grandfather.
NICOLAUS (Germ.). Moneyer at Liibeck, 1349.
NICOLE, BON ANATHOLE (French). Mint-engraver at Besanc.on,
circ. 1699-1703.
NICOLE, CLAUDE FRANQOIS (French). Medallist; son of a Mint-
official of Besancon, born in that city about 1700, but resided at
Nancy from 1726, and died there in 1783. He filled the post of
Mint-engraver at Nancy for several years, and engraved a number
of medals, some of which are described by Lepage. The first in
chronological order is dated 1734, an( ^ bears a portrait of Count
Palatine, Christian III., duke of Zweibriicken. Saint-Urbain had
originally been entrusted with the execution of this piece. In 1748,
he engraved a jetton <c du cabinet du Roy de Pologne", with
1$L. Castle of Chanteleux. By him are further : Portrait-medal of
Stanislaus I., duke of Lorraine and Bar, 1765 ; Charles Alexander,
of Lorraine ;1$L. Anne Charlotte, abbess of Remiremont; Enthron-
ization of De La Tour du Pin, first bishop of Nancy, 1777;
Model for a Commemorative medal on the Inauguration of a statue
of Louis XV. in the Place Royale at Nancy, etc.
Nicole is said to have executed also medals for chaplets, seals,
religious badges, and other medallic productions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. cit. H. Lepage, Notes et Documents sur Jes
Graveurs de Mottnaies et Medailks el la fabrication des Mommies des Dues de Lorraine,
Nancy, 1875. Beaupre, op. cit. Piot, op. cit. Revue, beige, &c., 1855,
p. 314.
NICOLE (French). Son of the last; Medallist at Nancy, during the
second half of the eighteenth century. Vide Rondot & De La Tour,
op. cit., p. 358. In the early part of the nineteenth century, a Seal-
262
engraver of that name was residing at Brussels, and may have been
the same person (Revue de la numismatique beige, 1855, p. 315).
NICOLET, M' ne FIN A (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Paris ; pupil of Ottin and Caudron. By this artist are numerous
Portrait-medallions in marble, terra-cotta, bronze, etc., some of
which were exhibited at the Paris Salon : 1869. M 1!e B*** ; 1873.
M lle M. L. R***; 1874. M. O. de V***; F. Plante; -- 1878.
M. G. N***, etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Chavignerie et Auvray, op. oil.
NICOLET, FRANQOIS (French}. Goldsmith of Lyons, and Mint-
engraver there from 1503 to 1523. He was surnamed De Montpan-
cier or Montpander.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rondot, op. tit.
NICCOLO FIORENTINO. Vol. II. p. 91.
NICOLINI, FRANCESCO (ItaL}. Sculptor, and Medallist, of the
second half of the seventeenth century. He was a pupil of Gaspare
Mola.
NICOMACHOS (Greek}. The inscription NICONAC occurs on a gem
of the former Marlborough Collection, representing a Faun seated
ontheground upon his spread leopard's skin; black \ns\)f (illustrated}.
This stone is antique and the inscription authentic, but the latter
represents the name of the owner of the gem, and not an Engraver's
263
signature. Several reproductions exist oi this intaglio (Brit. Mns.
Gems, n 1036; Chabouillet, n 1658; Dubois, Pierres de GrrcaiiJ,
Denarius of Augustus.
n 193 ; de Jonge, Notice, p. 16, n 15). The same design may be
seen on a denarius of Augustus, struck by P. Petronius Turpilianus
(Archaol. Zeit., 1869, p. 99).
The inscription NICOMAC has been added on modern gems :
Head of youthful Herakles ; sard (Schellersheim) ; Venus Ana-
dyomene; sard (Uzielli), etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. King, op. cit. - - Renton, op. cit. Babelon, op. cit.
Reinach, Pierres grave'es. Brunn, op. cit. Furtwangler./oAr^McA, 1889, p. 65.
- Kcehler, op. cit. Marlborougb Gems, I, 34. Raspe, op. cit. Bracci, op.
cit., II, pi. 87. Qarac, p. 155.
NICOMOS. Fictitious signature on a Poniatowski gem, representing
Cupid, disguised as Ascanios, presenting gifts to Dido; carnelian.
NICOT, LOUIS HENRI (French}. Contemporary Sculptor, born at
Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine) ; pupil of Falguiere, Lenoir, Mercie, and
Peter. At the Salon of 1903 he exhibited five Portrait-medallions,
amongst which one, cast in bronze, of J. B. Cacheux, painter.
NIDEROST, G. (Germ.}. Mint-engraver at Pisa, and Medallist, circ.
1825-1858. His signature : NIDEROST or initials G. N. or N. occur
on gold and silver currency of Leopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany
(1824-1858), struck at Pisa, as : N. 80 Fiorini, 1827; Ruspone
or 40 Lire, 1836 and other dates; Zecchino, var. dates; yR.
Francescone of 10 Paoli, 1836, 1858 and other dates; Franceschino
of 5 Paoli, var. dates; Fiorino of 2 * Paoli, 1847, 1856, and other
dates; Paolo, 1858 and other dates; Mezzo Fiorino, 1827, and var.
dates; Quarto Fiorino, 1827, and other dates, &c.
By Niderost are also several medals, amongst which I may men-
tion : Franchise granted to Livorno, 1834; Plague of Cholera at
Leghorn, 1835 (signed : G. N.) ; - Portrait-medal of Leopold II.,
1838; tyL. Allegory (G. NIDEROST F.) ; Congress of Scientists at
Florence, 1841, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Domanig, op. oil. Sale Catalogues, etc.
NIEDERHAUSERN, AUGUSTS DE (Swiss). Contemporary Sculptor,
and Medallist, born at Vevey, now residing at Geneva ; pupil of
Chapu, Lanson, and others.
- 264
By him are various Portrait-medallions, of : H. F. Amiel ;
J. B. Alexandre Stroehlin (2 var.); Paul Verlaine (medallion
in wax) ; Favon ; Hodler, &c.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Catalogues du Salon, 1889 sqq. Revue suisse de ntimisma-
tiqne, 1892.
NIEDERLANDER, DAVID (Germ.}. Mint-master at Tubingen,
Hechingen, 1621-1623 > Mint-warden at Heidelberg, 1626. He
was in the service of the princely house of Leiningen-Dachsburg.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Schlickeysen-Pallmann, op. cit. Bahrfeldt, Munqen von
Hobenqollern.
NIEDERMANN, CHRISTOPH (Germ.}. Mint-master at Bayreuth,
1622.
NIELE, BALTHASAR. Vide NICKEL supra. Mint-master at Erlangen,
1549-
NIERT or NYERT, PIERRE DE (French}. Mint-master at Pau, 1573-
1576.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Mazerolle, op. cit. J. A. Blanchet, Histoire monetaire de
Beam.
NIES, I. CH. D. (Germ.}. Founder of Mannheim, who made cast
reproductions of a Masonic medal, by Meyer, of the Lodge zur
Einigkeit, of Frankfort-on-M., 1742.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Marvin, Masonic Medals, 1880.
NIESENER or NIESNER, C. (Germ.}. Mint-master at Mannheim,
1746, in the service of the Count Palatine. His initials C. N. occur
on the currency issued by him.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Atnmon, op. cit. J. V. Kull, op. cit.
NIEUKERKE, LOUIS VAN (Dutch}. Mint-master at Brussels, 13.
August 1592 to 10. April 1593.
NIEUWKERKEN, LOUIS VAN (Dutch}. Mint-master at Bruges,
29, April 1587 to 23. March 1593.
NIGGL. Vide BALTHASAR NICKEL. Mint-master at Erlangen, 1549.
NIK. Fictitious signature on a gem, representing Cupid playing
with a pig.
NIKANDROS (Greek}. Coin-engraver at Thurium, during the first
half of the fourth century B.C. Friedlander published for the first
time the coin bearing this artist's signature, NIKANAPO, in Arch.
Zeitung, 1847.
JR.. Didrachm. Obv. Head ot Pallas to r., wearing crested
Athenian helmet, adorned on the side with the monster Skylla
- 265 -
tor., carrying gubernatum on left shoulder; leaf ornament on the
helmet's flap.
ty,. OOYPIHN. Bull butting to r., the near fore-leg raised and
bent under him, head three-quarter-face to 1. ; beneath, on narrow
band, raised : NIKANAPO; above, a grass-hopper; in ex., tunny-
fish to r. ; border of dots.
Head, Hist. Num., p. 72. Garrucci, op. ci 
